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User:Donner60/American Civil War Library References, General Topics

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The following list of American Civil War books contains some of the books in my library. I have moved User:Donner60/American Civil War bibliography to User:Donner60/American Civil War Library as a better identification. That page, a full list of my books about the American Civil War in alphabetical order by author's last name was becoming too long to save easily. So I created this page and User:Donner60/American Civil War Library Biographies, Memoirs, Overviews (also includes guerrillas) to split off some of the topics so all the pages will save more easily. I tried to keep only one entry for each book even though some could fit into several topics. I may have left one or a very few in two sections, especially if they are on different pages. The divisions into topic sections should make titles easier to find and help my research.

I also have an incomplete list of mostly out of copyright books and some magazine articles that I have downloaded at User:Donner60/American Civil War bibliography from Internet.

"While citations should aim to provide the information listed above, Wikipedia does not have a single house style, though citations within any given article should follow a consistent style. A number of citation styles exist including those described in the Wikipedia articles for Citation, APA style, ASA style, MLA style, The Chicago Manual of Style, Author–date referencing, Vancouver system and Bluebook." Wikipedia:Citing sources. July 17, 2016. I use the Chicago Manual of Style format. It is easier to understand and edit. It can have one or two more pieces of information. ISBNs are checked automatically by the Wikipedia template, and that is the only advantage in its use of which I am aware. In 2018, "magic links" have been deprecated and the advantage of automatically checked ISBNs can be attained by using the correct format for ISBNs and still use the Chicago Manual of Style format. Wikipedia:Book sources and Help:ISBN are pertinent Wikipedia pages. Having the titles in citation form helps to include references in articles more quickly and accurately.

I have sections below the sections on various topics that have in Wikipedia template style certain of the reference or general overview works that may be frequently cited for ready use. Most articles on the American Civil War use the Chicago Manual of Style format, mainly thanks to Hal Jespersen, User:Hlj, no longer an active user. His publication of his American Civil War bibliography on his user pages gave me the idea to put my books on a user sub-page for ready reference in a proper format. I also use his templates below for examples of articles from journals, magazines or books.

My old ACW References page now lists only citations and quotes and general facts for American Civil War articles in various categories. It is, even in 2020, at a beginning stage. Therefore, it is quite incomplete and is not near the general resource I had planned. I have not added to it for a long time but perhaps I will do so in the future for quick citations for new articles or articles needing citations for those facts. In addition to general facts, the page does have a long section with citations and quotations from reliable sources concerning the Battle of Palmito Ranch as the last battle of the American Civil War.

 * ISBN and OCLC numbers [].
 * ISBN number conversion to hyphenated form [].

Latest edit: August 23, 2020.

Reference books

 * Blair, Jayne E. The Essential Civil War: A Handbook to the Battles, Armies, Navies and Commanders. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2006. ISBN 978-0-7864-2472-6.
 * Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. The Civil War Dictionary. New York: McKay, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8129-1726-0. First published 1959 by McKay.
 * Botkin, B. A. A Civil War Treasury of Tales, Legends and Folklore. Seacaucus, NJ: The Blue and Grey Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-89009-967-4. First published 1960.
 * Bowman, John S., ed. The Civil War Almanac. New York: Facts on File, Bison Book Corp., 1982. ISBN 978-0-87196-640-7.
 * Current, Richard N., ed., The Confederacy. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1993. ISBN 978-0-02-864920-7. Macmillan Compendium. Sections from the four-volume Macmillan Encyclopedia of the Confederacy.
 * Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 978-0-684-84944-7.
 * Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
 * Faust, Patricia L., ed. Historical Times Illustrated History of the Civil War. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. ISBN 978-0-06-273116-6. Articles cited > In Historical Times Illustrated History of the Civil War, edited by Patricia L. Faust. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. ISBN 978-0-06-273116-6.
 * Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 978-0-393-04758-5. Articles cited> In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 978-0-393-04758-5.
 * MacMillan. The Confederacy: Selections from the Four-Volume Macmillan Encyclopedia of the Confederacy. New York: Simon & Shuster Macmillan, 1993, introductory material, 1998. ISBN 978-0-02-864920-7. See Current, Richard N., ed.
 * Simmons, Henry E. A Concise Encyclopedia of the Civil War. New York: Bonanza Books, 1965..
 * Wagner, Margaret E., Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman. The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, Inc., 2009 edition. ISBN 978-1-4391-4884-6. First Published 2002.
 * Wright, Marcus J., General officers of the Confederate Army: officers of the executive departments of the Confederate States, members of the Confederate Congress by states. New York: The Neale Publishing Company 1911. . Reprinted Mattituck, NY: J.M. Carroll, 1983. . Reprinted Conway, AR: Oldbuck Press, 1993..

Chronologies

 * Denney, Robert E. The Civil War Years: A Day-by-Day Chronicle. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1992. ISBN 978-0-8069-8519-0.
 * Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971..

Atlases; Maps

 * Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of The Civil War. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962. . Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 62-18682. The same with minor changes as Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars, volume 1. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959.
 * Kagan, Neil, and Stephen G. Hyslop. National Geographic Atlas of the Civil War: A Comprehensive Guide to the Tactics and Terrain of Battle. Washington D.C.: National Geographic, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4262-0347-3.
 * McPherson, James M., ed. The Atlas of the Civil War. Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers, 2005. ISBN 978-0-7624-2356-9.
 * Nelson, Christopher and Brian Pohanka. Mapping the Civil War: Featuring Rare Maps from the Library of Congress. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, Inc., 1992. Library of Congress Classics. ISBN 978-1-56373-001-6.
 * White, Kristopher D. and Steven Stanley. Battle Maps of the Civil War: The Eastern Theater. Maps from the American Battlefield Trust, Volume 1. East Peoria, IL: Versa Press, Inc. 2019. ISBN 978-0-9988112-3-9.
 * Woodworth, Steven E., and Kenneth J. Winkle, Oxford Atlas of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-522131-2.

Battlefield guides
With brief historical articles; Kennedy and Salmon are especially good for these.

 * Bearss, Edwin C. Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7922-7568-8.
 * Bowery, Jr. Charles R. and Ethan S. Rafuse, eds. Guide to the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign. The U. S. Army War College Guides to Civil War Battles. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2014. ISBN 978-0-7006-1959-7.
 * Campi, James, ed. and Mary Goundrey, Wendy Valentine. Civil War Sites: The Official Guide to the Civil War Discovery Trail, 2d ed. Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press, 208. ISBN 978-0-7627-4435-0. First edition published 2003.
 * Gilbert, David T. Civil War Battlefields: Walking the Trails of History. New York, Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., 2017. ISBN 978-0-8478-5912-2. (Many color photos included).
 * Johnson, Clint. Touring the Carolinas' Civil War Sites. Second Edition. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, Publisher, 2011 ISBN 978-0-89587-403-0.
 * Johnson, Clint. Touring Virginia's and West Virginia's Civil War Sites. Second edition. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, Publisher, 2011. ISBN 978-0-89587-402-3.
 * Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.
 * National Park Service. Battlefields of the Civil War. New York: Arno Press Inc., 1979. Reprint of Washington: National Park Service, 1961. Historical handbook series. ISBN 978-0-405-12296-5.
 * Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8117-2868-3.
 * Stackpole, Gen. Edward J. and Col. Wilbur S. Nye. The Battle of Gettysburg: A Guided Tour. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1960..
 * Weeks, Michael. The Complete Civil War Road Trip Guide. Woodstock, VT: The Countryman Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-88150-860-4. [Distributed by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York.]

Compilations of Articles

 * Johnson, Robert Underwood and Clarence C. Buel, eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. ___. New York: Century Co., 1884-1888. . My edition: New York: Castle Books, 1956 (by arrangement with A.S. Barnes & Co., Inc.).
 * Cozzens, Peter, ed. Battles & Leaders of the Civil War. Volume 5. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-252-02404-7. Supplement to the four volume work: Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, edited by Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, 1887-1888. Articles cited > In Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 5, edited by Peter Cozzens. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-252-02404-7.
 * Cozzens, Peter, ed. Battles & Leaders of the Civil War. Volume 6. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-252-02879-3. Supplement to the four volume work: Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, edited by Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, 1887-1888. Articles cited > In Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 6, edited by Peter Cozzens. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-252-02879-3.
 * Cozzens, Peter and Robert I. Girardi, eds. The New Annals of the Civil War. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8117-0058-0.

Armies; Units

 * Bilby, Joseph G. The Irish Brigade in the Civil War: The 69th New York and Other Irish Regiments of the Army of the Potomac. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1995, 1997. ISBN 978-0-938289-97-5.
 * Boyle, Frank A. A Party of Mad Fellows: The Story of the Irish Regiments in the Army of the Potomac. Dayton, OH: Morningside House, Inc., 1996. ISBN 978-0-89029-329-4.
 * Catton, Bruce. Glory Road. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1952. ISBN 978-0-385-04167-6.
 * Catton, Bruce. Mr. Lincoln's Army. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1951. ISBN 978-0-385-04310-6.
 * Catton, Bruce. A Stillness at Appomattox. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1953. ISBN 978-0-385-04451-6.
 * Crute, Joseph H., Jr. Units of the Confederate States Army. 2d Edition. Gaithersburg, MD: Olde Soldier Books, Inc. Originally published: Midlothian, VT: Derwent Books, 1987. ISBN 978-0-942211-53-5.
 * Chapman, Craig S. More Terrible Than Victory: North Carolina's Bloody Bethel Regiment, 1861–65. Dulles, VA: Brassey's, 1999. ISBN 978-1-57488-219-3.
 * Connelly, Thomas L. Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee 1861–1862. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967. ISBN 978-0-8071-2737-7.
 * Connelly, Thomas L. Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee 1862–1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971. ISBN 978-0-8071-2738-4.
 * Current, Richard N. Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-1-55553-124-9.
 * Daniel, Larry J. Days of Glory: The Army of the Cumberland, 1861–1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8071-3191-6.
 * Davis, William C. The Orphan Brigade: The Kentucky Confederates Who Couldn't Go Home The Orphan Brigade: The Kentucky Confederates Who Couldn't Go Home. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0-8071-1077-5.
 * Horn, Stanley F. The Army of Tennessee: A Military History. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941..
 * Glatthaar, Joseph T. General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse. New York: Free Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-684-82787-2.
 * Herdegen, Lance J. The Iron Brigade in Civil War and Memory: The Black Hats from Bull Run to Appomattox and Thereafter. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie LLC, 2012. ISBN 978-1-61121-106-1.
 * Herdegen, Lance J. Those Damned Black Hats! The Iron Brigade in the Gettysburg Campaign. New York: Savas Beatie LLC, 2008. ISBN 978-1-932714-83-8.
 * Hess, Earl J. Lee's Tar Heels: The Pettigrew-Kirkland-MacRae Brigade. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-807-82687-4.
 * Johnson, Mark W. That Body of Brave Men: The U.S. Regular Infantry and the Civil War in the West, 1861–1865. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-306-81246-0.
 * Kreiser, Jr., Lawrence. Defeating Lee: A History of the Second Corps Army of the Potomac. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-253-35616-1.
 * Longacre, Edward G. Army of Amateurs: General Benjamin F. Butler and the Army of the James, 1863–1865. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8117-0135-8.
 * Longacre, Edward G. Lee's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of Northern Virginia. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8117-0898-2.
 * Longacre, Edward G. Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000. ISBN 978-0-8117-1049-7.
 * McMurry, Richard M. Two Great Rebel Armies. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-8078-1819-0.
 * Marcot, Roy M. U.S. Sharpshooters: Berdan's Civil War Elite. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8117-0271-3.
 * Newell, Clayton R. and Charles R. Shrader. Of Duty Well and Faithfully Done: A History of the Regular Army in the Civil War. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-8032-1910-6.
 * Nolan, Alan. The Iron Brigade: A Military History. Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1961. First Indiana University Press edition 1994. ISBN 978-0-253-20863-7.
 * Power, J. Tracy. Lee's Miserables: Life in the Army of Northern Virginia from the Wilderness to Appomattox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-8078-2392-7.
 * Pullen, John J. The Twentieth Maine. Stackpole edition. New foreword by Joan Waugh, Ph.D. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2008. Originally published by Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1957. ISBN 978-0-8117-3524-7.
 * Ray, Fred L. Shock Troops of the Confederacy: The Sharpshooter Battalions of the Army of Northern Virginia. Asheville, NC: CFS Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-9649585-9-3.
 * Robertson, James I., Jr. The Stonewall Brigade. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963. ISBN 978-0-8071-0396-8.
 * Rigdon. John C. Historical Sketch and Roster of the Tennessee 5th Infantry Regiment. Cartersville, GA: Eastern Digital Resources, 2020. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>842.
 * Sifakis, Stewart. Compendium of the Confederate Armies. Several volumes to be added.
 * Smith, Mark A. and Wade Sokolosky. "No Such Army Since the Days of Julius Caesar": Sherman's Carolinas Campaign: from Fayetteville to Averasboro. Ft. Mitchell, KY: Ironclad Publishing, 2005. ISBN 978-1-4767-9418-1.
 * Starr, Steven. The Union Cavalry in the Civil War: From Fort Sumter to Gettysburg, 1861–1863. Volume 1. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007. Originally Published in 1979. ISBN 978-0-8071-0484-2.
 * Starr, Steven. The Union Cavalry in the Civil War: The War in the East from Gettysburg to Appomattox, 1863–1865. Volume 2. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007. Originally published 1981. ISBN 978-0-8071-3292-0.
 * Starr, Steven. The Union Cavalry in the Civil War: The War in the West, 1861–1865. Volume 3. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007. Originally Published 1985. ISBN 978-0-8071-3293-7.
 * Taafe, Stephen R. Commanding the Army of the Potomac. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7006-1451-6.
 * Van Horne, Thomas B. The Army of the Cumberland: Its Organizations, Campaigns, and Battles. New York: Smithmark Publishers, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8317-5621-5. First published Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1885.
 * Walsh, George. Damage Them All You Can: Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7653-0755-2.
 * Wert, Jeffry D. A Glorious Army: Robert E. Lee's Triumph, 1862–1863. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4165-9334-8.
 * Wert, Jeffry D. The Sword of Lincoln: The Army of the Potomac. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. ISBN 978-0-7432-2506-9.
 * Weinert, Jr., Richard P. The Confederate Regular Army. Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing, 1991, ISBN 978-0-942597-27-1.
 * Wilkinson, Warren. Mother, May You Never See the Sights I Have Seen: The Fifty-Seventh Massachusetts Veteran Volunteers in the Last Year of the Civil War. New York: Harper & Row, 1990. ISBN 978-0-06-016257-3.
 * Wixson, Neal E., ed. Echoes from the Boys of Company 'H'. New York: IUniverse, Inc., 2009. First released 2008. ISBN 978-1-4401-2243-9.
 * Woodworth, Steven E. Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 978-0-375-41218-9.

General topics, strategy, command and analysis

 * Beringer, Richard E., Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William N. Still, Jr. Why the South Lost the Civil War. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986. ISBN 978-0-8203-0815-9.
 * Castel, Albert E., with Brooks D. Simpson. Victors in Blue: How Union Generals Fought the Confederates, Battled Each other and Won the Civil War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7006-1793-7.
 * Connelly, Thomas L., and Archer Jones. The Politics of Command: Factions and Ideas In Confederate Strategy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998. Louisiana Paperback Edition published 1998. ISBN 978-0-8071-2349-2. First published Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973.
 * Crocker, III, H. W., Robert E. Lee on Leadership: Executive Lessons in Character, Courage and Vision. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-7615-2554-7}.
 * Davis, William C. The Cause Lost: Myths and Realities of the Confederacy. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-7006-1254-3.
 * Davis, William C. Crucible of Command: Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee – The War They Fought, The Peace They Forged. Boston: Da Capo Press, A Member of Perseus Books Group, 2014. ISBN 978-0-306-82245-2.
 * Fuller, J. F. C. Grant and Lee: A Study in Personality and Generalship. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1957. Midland Book Edition, 1982. Originally published 1932. ISBN 978-0-253-20288-8.
 * Gallagher, Gary W. The Confederate War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-674-16056-9.
 * Gallagher, Gary W. Lee & His Army in Confederate History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8078-5769-4.
 * Gallagher, Gary W. Lee and His Generals in War and Memory. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-8071-2958-6.
 * Gallagher, Gary W., ed. The Union War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-674-04562-0.
 * Gallagher, Gary W., and Joseph T. Glatthaar, eds. Leaders of the Lost Cause: New Perspectives on the Confederate High Command. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8117-0087-0.
 * Gallagher, Gary W. and Alan T. Nolan, eds. The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-253-33822-8.
 * Goss, Thomas J. The War Within the Union High Command: Politics and Generalship during the Civil War. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7006-1263-5.
 * Hagerman, Edward. The American Civil War and the Origins of Modern Warfare: Ideas, Organization, and Field Command. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988. First Midland edition 1992. ISBN 978-0-253-20715-9.
 * Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0-252-00918-1.
 * Hearn, Chester G. The Civil War State by State. Devon: RedBlue Press, 2011. Maps by Mike Marino. ISBN 978-1-908247-04-9.
 * Leigh, Philip. The Confederacy at Flood Tide. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing LLC, 2016. ISBN 978-1-59416-248-0.
 * McPherson, James M. This Might Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-539242-5.
 * Prushankin, Jeffery S. A Crisis in Confederate Command: Edmund Kirby Smith, Richard Taylor and the Army of the Trans-Mississippi. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8071-3088-9.
 * Rafuse, Ethan S. McClellan's War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-253-34532-5.
 * Rafuse, Ethan S. Robert E. Lee and The Fall of the Confederacy, 1863-1865. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2008; Paperback edition, 2009. ISBN 978-0-7425-5126-8.
 * Sandburg, Carl. Storm Over the Land: A Profile of the Civil War taken mainly from Abraham Lincoln: The war years. Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky, reprint, no date. ISBN 978-1-56852-042-1. First published New York: Brace, 1939.
 * Sears, Stephen W. Controversies & Commanders: Dispatches from the Army of the Potomac. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1999. ISBN 978-0-395-86760-0.
 * Smith, Andrew F. Starving the South: How the North Won the Civil War. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-312-60181-2.
 * Stoker, Donald. The Grand Design: Strategy and the U.S. Civil War. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-537-305-9.
 * Thornton, Mark and Robert B. Ekelund, Jr. Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resource Books, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8420-2960-5.
 * Williams, T. Harry. Lincoln and His Generals. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952. ISBN 978-0-9654382-6-1.
 * Woodworth, Steven E. Davis and Lee at War. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1995. ISBN 978-0-7006-0718-1.
 * Woodworth, Steven E. No Band of Brothers: Problems in the Rebel High Command. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-8262-1255-9.
 * Some books in other categories perhaps could be included here also.

Intelligence; Spies

 * Fies, William B. Grant's Secret Service: The Intelligence War from Belmont to Appomattox. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8032-2005-8.
 * Fishel, Edwin C. The Secret War for the Union: the Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1996. ISBN 978-0-395-90136-6.
 * Horan, James D. The Pinkertons: The Detective Dynasty That Made History. New York: Bonanza Books, a division of Crown Publishers, 1967. . Pages 51-148 cover the Civil War period.
 * Markle, Donald E. Spies and Spymasters of the Civil War, revised and expanded edition. New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc., 2004. ISBN 978-0-7818-1037-1.
 * Mingus, Sr., Scott L. Soldiers, Spies & Steam: A History of the Northern Central Railway During the Civil War. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016. ISBN 978-1-5234-2823-6
 * Ryan, Thomas J. Spies, Scouts, and Secrets in the Gettysburg Campaign. El Dorado, CA: Savas Beatie LLC, 2015. ISBN 978-1-61121-178-8.
 * Stern, Philip Van Doren. Secret Missions of the Civil War. New York: Bonanza Books, 1959..
 * Waller, Douglas. Lincoln's Spies: Their Secret War to Save a Nation. New York: Simon & Shuster, 2019. ISBN 978-1-5011-2684-0.

Railroads
See User:Donner60/General and Miscellaneous History Library for more general railroad histories which may have some text about the railroad in the American Civil War

 * Abdill, George B. Civil War Railroads: Pictorial Story of the Iron Horse, 1861 thru 1865. New York: Bonanza Books, 1966. . First published Seattle, WA: Superior Publishing Co., 1961.
 * Alexander, Edwin P. Civil War Railroads & Models. New York: The Fairfax Press, 1989. Originally published New York: C. N. Potter, 1977. ISBN 978-0-517-66557-2.
 * Black, III, Robert C. The Railroads of the Confederacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1952..
 * Bonds, Russell S. Stealing the General: The Great Locomotive Chase and the First Medal of Honor. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, LLC, 2008. ISBN 978-1-59416-078-3.
 * Burke, James C. The Wilmington and Weldon Railroad in the Civil War. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2013. ISBN 978-0-7864-7154-6.
 * Clark, Jr., John E. Railroads in the Civil War: The Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001 ISBN 978-0-8071-3015-5.
 * DeFeo, Todd. Western and Atlantic Railroad. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4671-0339-8. Some text.
 * Green, Jr., Walter R. The Nashville and Decatur in the Civil War: History of an Embattled Railroad. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2022. ISBN 978-1-4766-8852-7.
 * Harncourt, Paul. Biography of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, revised edition. Denver, CO: Outskirts Press, Inc., 2005. ISBN 978-1-59800-172-3. Notable Civil War chapters.
 * Hess, Earl J. Civil War Logistics: A Study of Military Transportation. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 2017. ISBN 978-0-8071-6750-2.
 * Johnston, II, Angus James. Virginia Railroads in the Civil War. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1961..
 * Leavy, Michael. Railroads of the Civil War. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, LLC, 2010. ISBN 978-1-59416-119-3.
 * Lee, Dan. The L&N Railroad in the Civil War: A Vital North-South Line and the Struggle to Control It. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company Inc., Publishers, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7864-6157-8.
 * Lee, Dan. The Mobile & Ohio Railroad in the Civil War: The Struggle for Control of the Nation's Longest Railway. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2022. ISBN 978-1-4766-8972-2.
 * Mingus, Sr., Scott L. Soldiers, Spies & Steam: A History of the Northern Central Railway During the Civil War. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016. ISBN 978-1-5234-2823-6.
 * Mingus, Sr., Scott L. and Robert L. Williams. This Trying Hour: The Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad in the Civil War. Middletown, Delaware: publisher not identified (self-published?), 2017. ISBN 978-1-5449-6059-3.
 * Mingus, Sr., Scott L. and Cooper H. Wingert. Targeted Tracks: The Cumberland Valley Railroad in the Civil War, 1861-1865. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie LLC, 2019. ISBN 978-1-61121-461-1.
 * Mingus, Sr., Scott L. and Robert L. Williams. The Western Maryland Railroad and Its Civil War Legacy. York, PA: Scott Mingus Enterprises, 2022. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>893.
 * Noe, Kenneth W. Southwest Virginia's Railroad: Modernization and the Section Crisis in the Civil War Era. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8173-5064-2. Originally published Urbana, IL: The University of Illinois Press, 2003.
 * Pickenpaugh, Roger. Rescue by Rail: Troop Transfer and the Civil War in the West, 1863. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-8032-3720-9.
 * Stone, Jr., H. David. Vital Rails: The Charleston and Savannah Railroad and the Civil War in Coastal South Carolina. Columbia, SC: the University of South Carolina Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-57003-716-0.
 * Summers, Festus P. The Baltimore and Ohio in the Civil War. Gettysburg, PA: Stan Clark Military Books, 1939, new material 1992. ISBN 978-1-879664-13-5.
 * Taylor, George Rogers and Irene D. Neu. The American Railroad Network, 1861-1890. Urbana, IL and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003. Originally published: Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956. ISBN 978-0-252-07114-0.
 * Trelease, Donald. North Carolina Railroad 1849~1879. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-8078-1941-8. 4 chapters on the American Civil War.
 * Thomas, William G. The Iron Way: Railroads, the Civil War and the Making of Modern America. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-300-14107-8.
 * Toomey, Daniel Carroll. The War Came by Train: the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad during the Civil War. Baltimore: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum, 2013. ISBN 978-1-886248-01-4.
 * Turner, George Edgar. Victory Road the Rails: The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-8032-9423-3. First published by Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1953.
 * Weber, Thomas. The Northern Railroads in the Civil War, 1861–1865. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999, Originally published: New York: King's Crown Press, 1952. ISBN 978-0-253-33549-4.
 * Williams, Robert L. (author); forward by Scott L. Mingus, Sr. The Baltimore & Potomac Railroad: A Pictorial History. revised edition. York, PA: Scott Mingus Enterprises, 2023. ISBN 9-798391-752370.

Logistics; Weapons; Fortifications; Technology

 * Adler, Dennis. Guns of the Civil War. New York: Crestline, 2014. ISBN 978-0-7858-3229-4
 * Bilby, Joseph G. Civil War Firearms: Their Historical Background, Tactical Use and Modern Collecting and Shooting. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, Inc., 1996. ISBN 978-0-938289-79-1.
 * Coggins, Jack. Arms & Equipment of the Civil War. New York: The Fairfax Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0-517-40235-1. Reprint. First published New York: Doubleday, 1962.
 * Cooling, III, Benjamin Franklin and Walton H. Owen II. Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2010. ISBN 978-0-8108-6067-4 First editon 1988 by The Friends of For Ward, Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc.
 * Conner, Jr., Albert Z. with Chris Mackowski. Seizing Destiny: The Army of the Potomac's "Valley Forge" and the Civil War Winter that Saved the Union. El Dorado, CA: Savas Beatie, 2016. ISBN 978-1-61121-156-6.
 * Hacker, Barton C., ed. Astride Two Worlds: Technology and the American Civil War. Washington, DC, 2016. ISBN 978-1-935623-91-5.
 * Hazlett, James C., Edwin Olmstead, and M. Hume Parks. Field Artillery Weapons of the American Civil War, rev. ed., Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0-252-07210-9.
 * Henig, Gerald S. and Eric Niderost. Civil War Firsts: The Legacies of America's Bloodiest Conflict. Mechanisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8117-0354-3.
 * Hess, Earl J. Civil War Field Artillery: Promise and Performance on the Battlefield. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2023. ISBN 978-0-8071-7800-3.
 * Hess, Earl J. Civil War Logistics: A Study of Military Transportation. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 2017. ISBN 978-0-8071-6750-2.
 * Hess, Earl J. Field Armies and Fortifications in the Civil War: The Eastern Campaigns, 1861–1864. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8078-2931-8.
 * Hess, Earl J. Grant and Lee: Field Fortifications in the Overland Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8078-3154-0.
 * Hess, Earl J. In the Trenches at Petersburg: Field Fortifications & Confederate Defeat. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8078-3282-0.
 * Miller, ed. David. Uniforms, Weapons, and Equipment of the Civil War. London: Salamander Books Ltd., 2001. ISBN 978-1-84065-257-4.
 * Olmstead, Edwin, Wayne E. Stark and Spencer C. Tucker. The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast and Naval Cannon. Bloomfield, ONT, Alexandria Bay, NY: Museum Restoration Service, 1997. ISBN 978-0-88855-012-5.
 * Pickenpaugh, Roger. Rescue by Rail: Troop Transfer and the Civil War in the West, 1863. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-8032-3720-9.
 * Ripley, Warren. Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War. New York: Promontory Press, 1970. ISBN 978-0-88394-003-7.
 * Ross, Charles. Trial By Fire: Science, Technology and the Civil War. Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 2000. ISBN 978-1-57249-185-4.
 * Smith, Graham. Civil War Weapons. New York: Chartwell Books, Inc., 2011. ISBN 978-0-7858-2854-9.
 * Wert, Jeffry D. Civil War Barons: The Tycoons, Entrepreneurs, Inventors, and Visionaries Who Forged Victory and Shaped a Nation. New York: Da Capo Press, Hatchett Book Group, 2018. ISBN 978-0-306-82512-5.

Naval

 * Anderson, Bern. By Sea and by River: the naval history of the Civil War New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1962. Reprinted unabridged 1989 Da Capo paperback. ISBN 978-0-306-80367-3.
 * Browning, Jr., Robert M. From Cape Charles to Cape Fear: The North Atlantic Blockading Squadron During the Civil War. Tuscaloosa, AL, London: University of Alabama Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-8173-0679-3.
 * Browning, Jr., Robert M. Success Is All That Was Expected: The South Atlantic Blockading Squadron During the Civil War. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, Inc., 2002. ISBN 978-1-57488-705-1.
 * Carr, Dawson. Gray Phantoms of the Cape Fear: Running the Civil War Blockade. Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair, 1998. ISBN 978-0-89587-213-5.
 * Chaffin, Tom. The H. L. Hunley: The Secret Hope of the Confederacy. New York: Hill and Wang, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8090-9512-4.
 * Chaffin, Tom. Sea of Gray: The Around-the-World Odyssey of the Confederate Raider Shenandoah. New York: Hill and Wang, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8090-8504-0.
 * Chatelain, Neil P. Defending the Arteries of Rebellion: Confederate Naval Operations in the Mississippi River Valley, 1861-1865. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2020. ISBN 978-1-61121-510-6.
 * Coker, Michael D. The Battle of Port Royal. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-59629-665-7.
 * Coski, John M. Capital Navy: The Men, Ships, and Operations of the James River Squadron. New York: Savas Beatie LLC, 2005. ISBN 978-1-932714-15-9. Originally published by Campbell, CA: Savas Woodbury Publishers, 1996.
 * Davis, William C. Duel Between the First Ironclads. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981. First Published New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1975. ISBN 978-0-8071-0868-0.
 * deKay, James Tertius. The Rebel Raiders: The Astonishing History of the Confederacy's Secret Navy. New York: Ballentine Books (Presidio Press), 2003. ISBN 978-0-345-43183-7. First hardcover edition 2002.
 * Dougherty, Kevin J. Ships of the Civil War, 1861-1865: An Illustrated Guide to the Fighting Vessels of the Union and the Confederacy. London: Amber Books, Ltd., 2013. ISBN 978-1-909-160-67-5.
 * Dougherty, Kevin. Strangling the Confederacy: Coastal Operations in the American Civil War. Philadelphia: Casemate Publishers, 2009. ISBN 978-1-935149-24-8.
 * Hahn, Gil. Campaign for the Confederate Coast: Blockading, Blockade Runners and Related Endeavors During the American Civil War. Wilmington, DE: West 88th Street Press, 2021. ISBN 978-1-7349537-0-1.
 * Joiner, Gary D. Mr. Lincoln's Brown Water Navy: The Mississippi Squadron. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007. {ISBN|978-0-7425-5098-8}}.
 * Laramie, Michael G. Gunboats, Muskets and Torpedoes: Coastal South Carolina 1861-1865. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, LLC, 2022. ISBN 978-1-59416-395-1.
 * Luraghi, Raimondo. A History of the Confederate Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1996. ISBN 978-1-55750-527-9.
 * McPherson, James M. War on the Waters: The Union & Confederate Navies, 1861–1865. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-8078-3588-3.
 * Quarstein, John V. The Battle of the Ironclads. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing an imprint of Tempus Publishing Inc., 1999. ISBN 978-0-7385-0113-0
 * Simson, Jay W. Naval Strategies of the Civil War: Confederate Innovations and Federal Opportunism. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing, Inc., 2001. ISBN 978-1-58182-195-6.
 * Still, Jr., William N. Iron Afloat: The Story of the Confederate Armorclads. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1985, 1988. ISBN 978-0-87249-616-3. Originally published Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1971.
 * Summersell, Charles Grayson. CSS Alabama: Builder, Captain, and Plans. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-8173-0209-2.
 * Symonds, Craig L. The Civil War at Sea. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. First published in hardcover by Praeger, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-993168-2.
 * Symonds, Craig L. Lincoln and His Admirals. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Oxford University Press paperback. ISBN 978-0-19-975157-0. First published New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
 * Taafe, Stephen R. Commanding Lincoln's Navy: Union Naval Leadership During the Civil War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-59114-855-5.
 * Trotter, William R. Ironclads and Columbiads: The Civil War in North Carolina, The Coast. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, 1989. ISBN 978-0-89587-088-9.
 * Tucker, Spencer C. Blue & Gray Navies: The Civil War Afloat. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-59114-882-1.
 * Wise, Stephen R. Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-87249-799-3. Originally published in hard cover, 1988.

Combat; Medical; Soldiers

 * Adams, George Worthington. Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8071-2105-4. First published New York: H. Schuman, 1952.
 * Coco, Gregory A. A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg: The Aftermath of a Battle. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie LLC: 2017. ISBN 978-1-61121-405-5
 * Cunningham, H. H. Doctors in Gray: The Confederate Medical Service. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-8071-1856-6. First published 1958.
 * Freemon, Frank R. Gangrene and Glory: Medical Care during the American Civil War. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-252-07010-5. First published Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1998.
 * Hess, Earl J. Civil War Infantry Tactics: Training, Combat and Small-Unit Effectiveness. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 2015. ISBN 978-0-8071-5937-8.
 * Hess, Earl J. The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-7006-0837-9.
 * Lee, Gen. Robert E., et al. The Confederate Soldier in the Civil War. New York: The Fairfax Press, 1977..
 * Linderman, Gerald F. Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War. New York: The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan, Inc., 1987. ISBN 978-0-02-919760-8.
 * Lowry, M.D., Thomas P. The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8117-1515-7.
 * McGaugh, Scott. Surgeon in Blue: Jonathan Letterman, The Civil War Doctor Who Pioneered Battlefield Care. New York: Arcade Publishing, 2013. ISBN 978-1-61145-839-8.
 * McPherson, James M. For Cause and Country: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-19-512499-6.
 * Mitchell, Reid. Civil War Soldiers: Their Expectations and Their Experiences. New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1988. ISBN 978-0-670-81742-9.
 * Noe, Kenneth W. Reluctant Rebels: The Confederates Who Joined the Army after 1861. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8078-33-77-3.
 * Patterson, Gerard A. Debris of Battle: The Wounded of Gettysburg. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8117-0498-4.
 * Plaster, Major John L. Sharpshooting in the Civil War. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-58160-703-1.
 * Robertson, James I., Jr. Soldiers Blue and Gray. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-87249-572-2.
 * Robertson, James I., Jr. and Neil Kagan, ed. The Untold Civil War: Exploring the Human Side of War. Washington, D.C.: National Georgraphic Society, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4262-0812-6.
 * Trudeau, Noah Andre. Like Men of War: Black Troops in the Civil War 1862–1865. Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7858-1476-4. Originally published: New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1998.
 * Tucker, Phillip Thomas. Irish Confederates: The Civil War's Forgotten Soldiers. Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-893114-53-1.
 * Wert, Jeffry D. A Brotherhood of Valor: The Common Soldiers of the Stonewall Brigade, C.S.A., and the Iron Brigade, U.S.A. New York: Touchstone, 1999. ISBN 978-0-684-86244-6.
 * Wiley, Bell Irvin. The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978. ISBN 978-0-8071-0476-7. First published Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1952.
 * Wiley, Bell Irvin. The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978. ISBN 978-0-8071-0475-0. First published Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 1943.

Miscellaneous

 * Collins, J. J. (historian). Famine to Freedom: The Irish in the American Civil War. [United States]: J.J. Collins?, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4635-1351-1.
 * Davis, Burke. The Civil War: Strange & Fascinating Facts. New York: The Fairfax Press, 1982. ISBN 978-0-517-37151-0. First published New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960 as Our Incredible Civil War.
 * Grzyb, Frank L. The Last Civil War Veterans: The Lives of the Final Survivors, State by State. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., Inc., 2016. ISBN 978-1-4766-6522-1.
 * Halleran, Michael A. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Freemasonry in the American Civil War. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8173-1695-2.
 * Jones, Gordon L. Confederate Odyssey: The George W. Wray, Jr. Civil War Collection at the Atlanta History Center. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2016. ISBN 978-0-8203-4685-4.
 * Leigh, Philip. Lee's Lost Dispatch and Other Civil War Controversies. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2015. ISBN 978-1-59416-226-8.
 * Neff, Stephen C. Justice in Blue and Gray: A Legal History of the Civil War. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-674-03602-4.
 * Robertson, James I., Jr., ed. Stonewall Jackson's Book of Maxims. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House, 2002. ISBN 978-1-58182-296-0.
 * Varney, Frank P. General Grant and the Rewriting of History: How the Destruction of General William S. Rosecrans Influenced Our Understanding of the Civil War. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie LLC, 2013. ISBN 978-1-61121-118-4.
 * Zeller, Bob. Fighting the Second Civil War: A History of Battlefield Preservation and the Emergence of the Civil War Trust. Washington, DC: Civil War Trust, 2017. ISBN 978-0-9988112-0-8.

Government; Politics; International Relations

 * Boritt, Gabor S., ed. Why the Civil War Came. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-19-511376-1.
 * Davis, Jefferson. The Rise of the Confederate Government. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2010. Original edition: 1881. ISBN 978-1-4351-2066-2.
 * Davis, Jefferson. The Fall of the Confederate Government. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2010. Original edition: 1881. ISBN 978-1-4351-2067-9.
 * Davis, William C. A Government of Our Own: The Making of the Confederacy. New York: The Free Press, a division of Macmillan, Inc., 1994. ISBN 978-0-02-907735-1.
 * Davis, William C. An Honorable Defeat: The Last Days of the Confederate Government. New York: Harcourt, Inc., 2001. ISBN 978-0-15-100564-2.
 * Doyle, Don H. The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War. New York: Basic Books, 2015. ISBN 978-0-465-09697-8.
 * Engle, Stephen D. Gathering to Save a Nation: Lincoln & the Union's War Governors. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. ISBN 978-1-4696-2933-9.
 * Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. ISBN 978-0-684-82490-1.
 * Holt, Michael F. The Fate of Their Country: Politics, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Hill and Wang, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8090-4439-9. Originally published: New York: Hill and Wang, 2004.
 * Jones, Howard Blue & Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4696-2908-7.
 * Jones, Howard. Union in Peril: The Crisis Over British Intervention in the Civil War. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, Bison Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8032-7597-3. Originally published: Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
 * Mahin, Dean B. One War at a Time: The International Dimensions of the American Civil War. Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2000. ISBN 978-1-57488-301-5. Originally published: Washington, DC: Brassey's, 1999.
 * May, Robert E., ed. The Union, the Confederacy, and the Atlantic Rim. Revised edition. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2013. ISBN 978-0-8130-4922-9. Originally published by Purdue University Press, 1995.
 * Rable, George C. The Confederate Republic: A Revolution Against Politics. Chapel Hill: University Of North Carolina Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8078-2144-2.
 * Thomas, Emory M. The Confederate Nation, 1861–1865. New York: Harper & Row, 1979. ISBN 978-0-06-014252-0.
 * Wittenberg, Eric J., Edmund A. Sargus Jr. and Penny Barrick. Seceding from Secession: The Civil War, Politics, and the Creation of West Virginia. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2020. ISBN 978-1-61121-506-9.
 * Yearns, Wilfred Buck. The Confederate Congress. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2010. Originally published 1960. ISBN 978-0-8203-3476-9.
 * Yearns, ed., W. Buck. The Confederate Governors. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2010. Originally published 1985. ISBN 978-0-8203-3557-5.

Pictures

 * Angle, Paul M. A Pictorial History of The Civil War Years. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1967..
 * Buchanan, Lamont. A Pictorial History of the Confederacy. New York" Bonanza Books, 1951..
 * Campi Jr., James. Civil War Battlefields Then and Now. London: Pavilion Books, 2016, reprinted 2018. ISBN 978-1-910904-80-0.
 * Davis, William C., National Historical Society and Bell I. Wiley. The Image of War, 1861 – 1865. 6 volumes. Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday, 1981-1984. ISBN 978-0-385-15466-6.
 * Davis, William C. and Bell I. Wiley. The Image of War, 1861 – 1865, Volume I: Shadows of the storm.. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981. ISBN 978-0-385-15466-6.
 * Davis, William C. and Bell I. Wiley. The Image of War, 1861 – 1865, Volume II: The Guns of '62. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982. ISBN 978-0-385-15467-3.
 * Davis, William C. and Bell I. Wiley. The Image of War, 1861 – 1865, Volume III: The Embattled Confederacy. New York: Doubleday, 1982. ISBN 978-0-385-15468-0.
 * Davis, William C. and Bell I. Wiley. The Image of War, 1861 – 1865, Volume IV: Fighting for Time. New York: Doubleday, 1983. ISBN 978-0-385-18280-5.
 * Davis, William C. and Bell I. Wiley. The Image of War, 1861 – 1865, Volume V: The South Besieged. New York: Doubleday, 1983. ISBN 978-0-385-18281-2.
 * Davis, William C. and Bell I. Wiley. The Image of War, 1861 – 1865, Volume VI: The End of an Era. New York: Doubleday, 1984. ISBN 978-0-385-18282-9.
 * Davis, William C. Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8071-2079-8.
 * Davis, William C., William A. Frassanito and The National Historical Society. Touched by Fire: A Photographic Portrait of the Civil War. 2 volumes. Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1985–1986.
 * Davis, William C. and William A. Frassanito. Touched by Fire: A Photographic Portrait of the Civil War. Volume One. Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1985. ISBN 978-0-316-17661-3. (v. 1).
 * Davis, William C. and William A. Frassanito. Touched by Fire: A Photographic Portrait of the Civil War. Volume Two. Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1986. ISBN 978-0-316-17664-4. (v. 2).
 * DeMarco, Laura. Lost Civil War: The disappearing legacy of America's greatest conflict. London: Pavilion Books, 2021. ISBN 978-1-911663-44-7.
 * Frassanito, William A. Grant and Lee: The Virginia Campaigns 1864–1865. New York: Scribner, 1983. ISBN 978-0-684-17873-8.
 * Gragg, Rod. The Illustrated Confederate Reader. New York: Harper & Row, 1989. ISBN 978-0-06-015798-2.
 * Guernsey, Alfred H. and Henry M. Alden. Harper's Pictorial History of the Civil War. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1866. First published as Harper's Pictorial History of the Great Rebellion in the United States. Reprinted New York: The Fairfax Press, 1977..
 * Johnson, Rossiter. Campfires and Battlefields: The Pictorial History of the Civil War. New York: The Civil War Press, 1967..
 * Lossing, LL.D., Benson J. and Mathew B. Brady. Mathew Brady's Illustrated History of the Civil War, 1861–1865, And the Causes That Led Up to the Great Conflict. New York: The Fairfax Press, 1962. First published as A History of the Civil War. Reprint of the ed. published New York: War Memorial Association, 1912..
 * Pratt, Fletcher. The Civil War in Pictures. Garden City, NY: Garden City Books, 1955..
 * Ward, Geoffrey C., Ken Burns, and Ric Burns. The Civil War, an Illustrated History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990. ISBN 978-0-394-56285-8.

Documents

 * Dowdey, Clifford, and Louis H. Manarin, eds. The Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee. New York: Da Capo Press, 1961. ISBN 978-0-306-80282-9.
 * Gienapp, William E., ed. The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2001. ISBN 978-0-393-97555-0.

Pre-War History

 * Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny: 1847–1852. Vol. I. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947. ISBN 978-0-684-10423-2.
 * Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing: 1852–1857. Vol. II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947..
 * Nevins, Allan. The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan and Party Chaos 1857–1859. Vol. I. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1950..
 * Nevins, Allan. The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War 1859–1861. Vol. II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1950. ISBN 978-0-684-10416-4.
 * Potter, David M. completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848 – 1861. New York: Harper Perennial, reprint 2011. First published New York: Harper Colophon, 1976. ISBN 978-0-06-131929-7.
 * Woodworth, Steven E. Manifest Destinies: America's Westward Expansion and the Road to the Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. ISBN 978-0-307-26524-1.

Prisoner of War Camps

 * Keller, David L. The Story of Camp Douglas. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-62619-911-8. autographed.
 * Levy, George. To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas 1862–65. Revised edition. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company, 1999. ISBN 978-1-56554-331-7.
 * Pickenpaugh, Roger. Captives in Gray: The Civil War Prisons of the Union. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8173-1652-5.
 * Speer, Lonnie R. Portals to Hell: Military Prisons of the Civil War. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8117-0334-5.

References retrieved from internet

 * Confederate States of America. Southern History of the War. Official Reports of Battles, as Published by Order of the Confederate Congress in Richmond. New York: Charles B. Richardson, 1863..
 * Cullum, George W. George W. Cullum's Register of Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy. Vol. 1, 1868. . Retrieved January 12, 2011.
 * Cullum, George W. George W. Cullum's Register of Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy. Vol. 2. 1879. . Retrieved January 12, 2011.
 * Cullum, George W. George W. Cullum's Register of Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy. 3rd Edition, Revised and extended. Vol. 3 of 3. Nos. 2001 to 3384. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, The Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1891. . Retrieved March 24, 2020.
 * Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of Rebellion: Compiled and Arranged From Official Records of the Federal and Confederate Armies, Reports of the Adjutant Generals of the Several States, The Army Registers and Other Reliable Documents and Sources. Dayton, OH: Morningside Books, 1978. ISBN 978-0-89029-046-0. First published 1908 by Dyer Publishing.
 * Heitman, Francis B. Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army; From Its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903. Vol. 1 of 2 vols. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1903. . Retrieved January 12, 2011.
 * Heitman, Francis B. Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army; From Its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903. Vol. 2 of 2 vols. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1903. . Retrieved January 12, 2011.
 * Phisterer, Frederick. Statistical Record of the Armies of the United States. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1886. . Retrieved January 12, 2011.
 * Rodenbough, Theophilus F., and William L. Haskin. The Army of the United States: Historical Sketches of Staff and Line with Portraits of Generals-in-Chief. New York: Maynard, Merrill, and Co., 1896. . Retrieved January 12, 2011.
 * United States War Department. The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. . ISBN 978-0-918678-07-2.
 * United States War Department, The Military Secretary's Office, Memorandum Relative to the General Officers in the Armies of the United States During the Civil War, 1861-1865 (Compiled from Official Records.) 1906. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
 * United States War Department, The Military Secretary's Office, Memorandum relative to the general officers appointed by the President in the armies of the Confederate States--1861-1865 (1908) (Compiled from official records) Caption shows 1905 but printing date is February 11, 1908. Retrieved August 5, 2010.

Alternate Wikipedia citation style for some frequently used references

 * Sections from the four-volume ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of the Confederacy"
 * Sections from the four-volume ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of the Confederacy"
 * Sections from the four-volume ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of the Confederacy"
 * Sections from the four-volume ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of the Confederacy"
 * Sections from the four-volume ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of the Confederacy"

 * cite article as:
 * cite article as:
 * cite article as:
 * cite article as:
 * cite article as:
 * cite article as:
 * cite article as:
 * cite article as:
 * cite article as:

Alternate Wikipedia citation templates; some fields in edited templates often also would be omitted

 * Edited, brief, author:

Sample journals and magazine article citations

 * Polk, Capt. W. N. “Battle of Chickamauga.” Southern Historical Society Papers 10, no. 1/2 (January/February 1882): 1-24.
 * Ethan S. Rafuse. "Still a Mystery? General Grant and the Historians, 1981-2006." The Journal of Military History 71, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 849–74.
 * Himmer, Robert. "New Light on Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum's Conduct on the First Day at Gettysburg." Gettysburg Magazine 43 (July 2010): 49–60.

Example templates for articles in books (that I own)

 * XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. "XXX." In Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. XXX, edited by Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence C. Buel. New York: Century Co., 1884-1888..
 * XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. "XXX." In Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 5, edited by Peter Cozzens. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-252-02404-7. Supplement to the four volume work: Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, edited by Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, 1887-1888.
 * XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. "XXX." In Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 6, edited by Peter Cozzens. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-252-02879-3. Supplement to the four volume work: Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, edited by Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, 1887-1888.
 * XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. "XXX." In The Confederacy edited by Richard N. Current. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1993. ISBN 0-02-864920-6.
 * XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. "XXX." In Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, vol. 1, edited by Richard N. Current. New York: Simon & Shuster, 1993. ISBN 978-0-02-864920-7.
 * XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. "XXX." In Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, vol. 2, edited by Richard N. Current. New York: Simon & Shuster, 1993. ISBN 978-0-13-276023-2.
 * XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. "XXX." In Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, vol. 3, edited by Richard N. Current. New York: Simon & Shuster, 1993. ISBN 978-0-13-276031-7.
 * XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. "XXX." In Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, vol. 4, edited by Richard N. Current. New York: Simon & Shuster, 1993. ISBN 978-0-13-276049-2.
 * XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. "XXX." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 978-0-393-04758-5.
 * XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. "XXX." In Historical Times Illustrated History of the Civil War, edited by Patricia L. Faust. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. ISBN 978-0-06-273116-6.


text:
Talk:Philmont Scout Ranch/to do

 * Update per WP:MOS, including:
 * Ensure all measurements are listed in English system followed by metric system equivalents in parantheses.
 * Delink solitary year and months per Manual of Style guideline to link only when have strong connection to article - always link full dates to enable user date preference.

 * Add inline references - see WP:CITE and Footnotes.
 * Look for usable images of memorabillia.
 * Reduce the size of the article through the use of Summary style.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Philmont Scout Ranch/to do


text:
Harold Winter

Harold Winter (9 December 1887 – 14 October 1969) was a German sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Harold Winter


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2006 March 21

Category:VEI-8_supervolcanoes_to_Category:VEI-8_volcanoes

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename. Syrthiss 14:44, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Category:VEI-8 supervolcanoes should be renamed, for several reasons: — jdorje (talk) 21:04, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Consistency with the other categories in Category:Volcanoes_by_Volcanic_Explosivity_Index.
 * 2) Supervolcano is an unofficial term originated by the media, and is unencyclopedic to use as a name.
 * 3) Partly related to the above, supervolcanoes don't correspond exactly to VEI-8 eruptions.  Some large VEI-7 eruptions, like the Long Valley Caldera, are considered supervolcanoes as well.

 * Abstain (I honestly don't care which name it uses), but keep in Category:Supervolcanoes. - Gilgamesh 21:20, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Conditional rename, if "supervolcano" an unofficial/unencyclopaedic term. David Kernow 17:43, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

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Category:SOL_theory

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Syrthiss 14:42, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Misplaced article. Inappropriate category, wrong place for an article, poorly written fictional entry. —This unsigned comment was added by Front243 (talk • contribs).
 * Delete per nom. See also Articles_for_deletion/SOL_theory. ×Meegs 04:44, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. David Kernow 10:15, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:23, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

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Category:Exocrine glands

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Syrthiss 14:40, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Empty category with one interlanguage link to an Icelandic category which itself could probably be merged with its mother category. meco 15:52, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete and transfer interlanguage link to mother category if appropriate. David Kernow 15:28, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:National memorials in Washington, DC to Category:Memorials in Washington, D.C.

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename. Syrthiss 14:38, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Naming convention, and proper use of the designation "National Memorial". More info: Also, the new category should be moved to a subcat of Category:Memorials in the United States. — Eoghanacht  talk 15:02, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) The "DC" vs. "D.C." is a simple matter of category naming convetion.
 * 2) While the federal designation "National Memorial" is admittedly a bit vague, I think there are many public memorials in the District that would never be properly labeled as "National Memorials". For example, the James A. Garfield Monument and the Taft Memorial on the grounds of the Capitol or the Navy-Marine Memorial on Columbia Island.  In fact some already listed in this category should not be, I think.  Also, by my count (including proposed, etc.), there are only about 40-45 proper "National Memorials" in the entire U.S., so I don't think the Category:National Memorials of the United States needs subdividing. However, I agree that some sort of Memorials category for the District of Columbia is a good thing.
 * Rename as per my reasoning above. — Eoghanacht  talk 15:06, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. Postdlf 15:28, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment: "Postdlf" originally created this category. — Eoghanacht  talk 15:56, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. ×Meegs 04:47, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. --Looper5920 09:06, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Rename as per nom. David Kernow 12:53, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom. -choster 16:08, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom. Sumahoy 19:37, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * RENAME to Category:Memorials in the District of Columbia <IP_ADDRESS> 21:14, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment -- While I actually prefer the term "District of Columbia" for this location for categorization purposes, I frankly did not want to open up that can of worms for this CfR. — Eoghanacht  talk 14:24, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, let's leave that for a separate debate. Washington, D.C. matches the sibling, parent, and grandparent cats. ×Meegs 14:45, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

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Category:Transport by city

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Syrthiss 14:16, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

This cat and others by city were created by User:Rhollenton last December. There are already at least three (and often more!) routes for getting to articles on transport in a particular city: by the search box, by the individual City cat/article and by the Transport by Country (or region) cat. The extra Transport by City cat is an un-needed route leading to editors getting confused as to which cat to use for their articles - some using City, some using Country and others using both. In short, the cat is not enabling clarity and ease of use for either editors or readers. Because it is possible to have a cat does not follow that a cat should be created. A line has to be drawn at some point otherwise people could go on creating cats ad infinitum: Railway Transport by City; Underground Railway Transport by City; 19th Century Underground Railway Transport by City. I can see an argument being put forward for the usefulness of each of those cats, but: "Restraint should be used as categories become less effective the more there are on any given article." If the usefulness of a cat is outweighed by the muddle and distraction it causes, then it should not exist - especially when there are adequate alternatives already in use. I have not looked closely at the other categorisation by city cats, but I suspect they also should be deleted. SilkTork 09:47, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep I see no danger of the subcategories being overcategorised. Piccadilly 21:40, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep It's bad that there are several ways of getting to an article? I've always been under the impression that that is one of Wikipedia's main strengths. There are at least several cities with thousands of articles and many with hundreds of articles, and whatever the precise numbers of cities in each class may be, those numbers are increasing fast, so it follows that subcategories are appropriate. Cities are no different from other subject areas in this respect. Bhoeble 22:21, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment. Yes, it is bad when there is muddle and confusion. Effective classifying is simple, clear and easy to use. When there are already sufficient ways of getting to an article there is no genuine benefit in adding more. The result is loss of clarity.

I do see the value of overlapping subcategories, but caution should be exercised in order to keep subcategories on a manageable and useful level. Having too many subs is as bad as having none at all because there ceases to be order. With the current situation I would expect to find articles on Transport in the cities of the UK within the category Transport in the United Kingdom. But there is no sign. So I have to go through a subcat called Transport in the United Kingdom by locality which contains only four subcats, one of which is Transport in England by locality and there I find Transport in London. But I don't find Transport in Cardiff or Transport in Edinburgh. If I go to Transport by City I get cities scattered all over the world so I have to know which cities are in the United Kingdom and pick them out. Now, if you guys are saying that the current scattergun approach to classifying transport is clear and easy then I will concede, but if you try to find something in transport (which is what I was doing when I started to tidy up the transport classification) you will find it is not easy to use. When deciding on which subcats to keep it does help to go through the process of looking for something rather than relying on such abstract theories as "I see no danger of the subcategories being over categorised". SilkTork 08:00, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Here's a hard fact: George W. Bush is in 30 categories; category:Transport in Paris is in 3. You have picked a very odd place to worry about overcategorisation. There are subcategories grouping U.S., Canadian, Israeli and Indian cities, and such subcategories can be created for other countries if you want them. Bhoeble 09:09, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I know what you mean when you say that my choice looks odd when there are other areas that are in more obvious need of cropping. But I have an interest in roads and I wanted to see what information was on Wiki regarding roads in Great Britain. I was really finding it hard to get the information in one place because it is scattered in different subcats. So I started to tidy up and make sense of the subcats when User:EurekaLott suggested that Transport by City was a more useful subcat than I had originally given it credit. I could be looking at this from the viewpoint of someone who was looking for specific information and finding some of the arrangement not helpful to myself, but forgetting that some of the subcats could be helpful to other people. If that is the case then I would be reasurred if someone could give me a more convincing argument for the usefulness of Transport by City than that there are worse areas of Wiki, that having lots of subcats is a brilliant idea (despite Wiki policy to the contrary), or that categorising by city already happens so it's OK to carry on doing it. EurekaLott's argument was that she happened "to think that categorizing transport by city is useful, for a number of reasons. Categorizing by cities is a typical way of organizing many subjects, and lumping them all together at the national level does users a disservice, by making navigation more difficult. It's confusing to have different levels of government grouped together, and it becomes impossible to explore across national boundaries." That the subcats already exist is not a valid argument for keeping them. But the other point is decent enough, so it seems fair to bring it here as she hasn't done so herself. Her point about exploring across national boundaries is good. However, with so many cities in the world it has already become neccessary to group them by country - as with Category:Transportation in the United States by city - so the cities are started to be grouped by country anyway, making the sort of navigation she envisages impossible already. Transport by City clearly is not working already - it can only get worse. It is a subcat which is frought with problems as different countries have different classifications for cities. My own place, Rochester in Kent, used to be a city, but is now classed as a town. Cateforising by city simply gets in the way of navigation, and causes problems for editors as well as readers. SilkTork 20:49, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep of course. SilkTork people put articles in local categories and are quite right to do so. You can't seriously doubt that the transport systems of major cities are topics of interest in their own right. If I want to look up Grand Central Station I expect to find it in the New York category.Category:Transportation in New York City has 30 articles plus 17 subcategories. Some of the sub-categories have subcategories of their own. All told maybe a thousand articles. If the options are a)leave them where they are; b)move all 1,000 up to category:New York City; or c) clear them out of the NYC category altogether, it's a no-brainer for (a). I just can't see where you are coming from. Sure sometimes it takes a bit of digging around in Wikipedia to find what you want, but that's inevitable, and if things were organized in just one one rigid way rather than in diverse flexible ways, it wouldn't be easier to find things but a lot harder. If you want to create a transportation category for Rochester, go ahead and come back and ask for this to be renamed "by city or town" and I'll vote for it. The national subcategories don't make it impossible to compare across boundaries, they just mean you have to make one extra click, which would be necessary as soon as there were 200 categories in any case. Scranchuse 21:51, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * And you want Category:Roads in the United Kingdom. It wasn't so hard to find. Scranchuse 21:53, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not disputing articles on transport in cities. Not at all. It is how things are categorised that I am disputing. In your example of Grand Central Station, that can be found through Category:Transportation in New York. The city cat almost duplicates what is in the New York cat. And that is my point. The city cats create duplications and confusions and editors may use one or the other or both. And why do we need to create such confusion and possible loss of data or extra work. I have yet to be convinced of the value of a city cat when we already have country or state or area cats. And a large city cat needs to be broken down into a country or state or area cat anyway! SilkTork 17:50, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

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Category:Alleged Microsoft front organizations

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was yikes, delete in place and salt earth. Syrthiss 14:14, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Propose rename to Category:Possible Microsoft front organizations or deletion for due to pov and an attempt to make title slightly less weasel-y. Just another star in the night T 05:54, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Point of view however it is phrased. Piccadilly 21:41, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Alleged by who? "Possible" is an even worse "weasel word". A small minority opinion should not qualify for a category, and that's what it would be at best.pat8722 04:02, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Agree with Pat8722. No place in the encyclopedia.--Looper5920 09:08, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. David Kernow 12:54, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:23, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, per above. jareha (comments) 04:31, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

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Category:The Waterboys recordings

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. Syrthiss 14:10, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

I don't think there is a problem if there are categories for songs that were created by a specific person or group. But putting songs in a category of recordings will lead to huge numbers of categories for songs covered by many groups. For example, this category contains This land is your land which was covered by scores of recording artists. Imagine how many categories there would be for a song like Blowin' in the Wind which has many hundred covers. Some songs like I Heard It Through the Grapevine document multiple covers, and it seems that if a specific version is discussed in detail, a category listing might be in order. I would think that the song would have to have a notable connection with the recording artist to be listed as one of their songs. I don't know what the previous discussion has been about the categorization of songs, but Category:The Waterboys recordings seems not to be needed. Categories should make sense by looking at what articles they contain. They should also make sense by looking in the articles and having each article's categories be appropriate as well. All of this information is better handled by having lists: lists of covers for each song, and lists of songs performed by each artist. -- Samuel Wantman 05:02, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Piccadilly 21:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. I created this category because some of this band's best known recordings are not their songs.  Also true of a number of other bands.  The argument seems to be that if this category existed for every band that there would be too many cats in certain articles.  I suspect that there are probably cases in which having a cat for each cover doesn't make sense.  But the idea of replacing a cat like this with a List of covers of a specific song in article space to organize this information strikes me as a worse situation than, say, making a Category for a song such as This Land Is Our Land and making that Cat a subcat of Categories such as these.  All of that said, this should probably be discussed by participants at WP:SONG, who I will now notify.  I would like to gently encourage the nom to, in the future, contact the creator of the Category that they are nominating for deletion and bring it up at relevent WikiProjects.  Jkelly 04:59, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think your solution solves the problem. If an article OR a category gets put into hundreds of other categories it becomes useless.  If there are just a few covers of a song, they can be listed in the article about the song.   The songs can be listed in the articles by the performers.  If the lists get big they can be taken out of the articles and made into separate lists.  Categories should be left for information that is notable to the article.  And, by the way, I looked around for some previous discussion about this problem and did not find anything.  I did post a note at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Music/Notability_and_Music_Guidelines/Songs.  Sometimes the best way to get a discussion going is to post things here. -- Samuel Wantman 10:07, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete It might seem a hugely valuable category to a fan, but it just isn't, and the consequences of starting a set of such categories would not be good. Bhoeble 17:41, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge into Category:The Waterboys songs. It is really irrelevant who wrote it, other there would be nothing under Category:Elvis Presley songs. If the Waterboys created a notable recording of the song, it should be under Category:The Waterboys songs.--Mike Selinker 17:01, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

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Category:Middle schools in Georgia (U.S. state) to Category:Middle schools in Georgia

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Syrthiss 14:02, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Consistency with the Category:Elementary schools in Georgia and Category:High schools in Georgia categories in Georgia, as well as the link on the template that gives a ghost link with the fact that the category is titled as it is. (By the way, has anyone noticed an important (but unrelated to this Cfd) message I wrote at Village pump (miscellaneous) (not logged in)?? Georgia guy 02:12, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Under what heading did you post this message? Regards, David Kernow 12:56, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * See the village pump, under the heading with the word "troubleshooting". (Note that this is User:Georgia guy not logged-in for reasons relating to the troubleshooting problem. <IP_ADDRESS> 21:31, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep. The Georgia (U.S. state) form ought to be universal for those subcategories because there is a country named Georgia, i.e. the elementary and high school categories should be renamed. -choster 14:48, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep per choster. Postdlf 15:30, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep per choster. Bhoeble 22:22, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep per choster. Carlossuarez46 01:41, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep as per above. David Kernow 12:56, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * COMMENT - the non-conformant categories that are missing (U.S. state) need to be renamed <IP_ADDRESS> 22:11, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Zen masters to Category:Zen Buddhist monks and priests

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename. Syrthiss 14:00, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

"Zen master" is an irremediably ambiguous expression that has never had a clear definition. At best, it is laudatory and therefore not NPOV. I'm proposing to change it simply to a category for ordained persons, with no comment on whether they are "masters" in some sense. It's necessary to say "monks and priests" because, in the context of Zen, "monk" and "priest" form a continuum which often cannot be clearly distinguished. Nat Krause(Talk!) 00:31, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment : Category:Zen Buddhist practitioners...? David Kernow 12:57, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

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text:
Death squads in El Salvador

Death squads in El Salvador (escuadrones de la muerte) were far-right paramilitary groups acting in opposition to Marxist–Leninist guerrilla forces, most notably of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), and their allies among the civilian population before, during, and after the Salvadoran Civil War. The death squads committed the vast majority of the murders and massacres during the civil war from 1979 to 1992 and were heavily aligned with the United States-backed government.

According to the Attorney for the Defense of Human Rights (PDDH), death squads remain active in El Salvador. The PDDH registered 25 extrajudicial executions of gang members between May 2022 and May 2023 which it attributed to death squad activity during the country's gang crackdown.

Pre-civil war
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, many political groups arose in opposition to the military government of the National Conciliation Party (PCN). The Christian Democratic Party (PDC) was the chief opponent of the PCN, gaining significant influence in the Legislative Assembly. In the 1972 presidential election, PDC candidate José Napoleón Duarte, under the banner of the National Opposing Union (UNO), was declared to have won the election by 6,000 votes by the Central Election Board, but the result was canceled and the Legislative Assembly voted PCN candidate Arturo Armando Molina as president. ''

Other, less political groups which appeared included the United Front for Revolutionary Action (FUAR), Party of Renovation (PAR), Unitary Syndical Federation of El Salvador (FUSS), and the Christian Federation of Salvadoran Peasants (FECCAS). In order to combat the political and militant opposition to the government, President Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo established the National Democratic Organization (ORDEN). The organization was headed by General José Alberto Medrano and placed under the administration of the National Security Agency of El Salvador (ANSESAL). ORDEN was a group of several government controlled death squads which were used to arrest and torture political opponents, intimidate voters, rig elections, and kill peasants. ORDEN claimed to have somewhere from 50,000 to 100,000 members at its peak in the late 1960s.

During the civil war
During the Salvadoran Civil War, the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador officially dissolved the National Democratic Organization, leaving its paramilitaries to break free and operate independently. The paramilitaries openly targeted members of the FMLN and civilians, notably workers of human rights organizations.

Despite officially having no connection to the government, the death squads and paramilitaries were almost always soldiers from the Armed Forces of El Salvador, meaning the death squads were indirectly funded and armed by the United States. Further funding also came from right-wing politicians and businessmen. Several death squads held fascist ideologies.

Post-civil war
During negotiations to end the civil war in what are now the Chapultepec Peace Accords, part of the agreements were that the government of El Salvador would crack down on and suppress the paramilitaries that fought alongside them during the civil war. The accords stated that the government would "[s]uppress paramilitary entities (Civil Defense Patrols)."

Most of the paramilitaries that existed in the country before and during the civil war have since ceased to exist but one notable exception, Sombra Negra, continues to operate in the country, targeting gang members of MS-13 and 18th Street Gang as a form of vigilante justice.

Human rights violations
During the civil war, the paramilitaries, often labeled as death squads, came to public attention when on March 24, 1980, Archbishop of San Salvador Óscar Romero was assassinated while giving Mass. The Salvadoran government investigated but was unable to identify who assassinated Romero. The investigation did identify Major Roberto D'Aubuisson, a neo-fascist who commanded several death squads during the civil war, as having ordered the assassination.

The US-trained Atlácatl Battalion of the Salvadoran Army was responsible for committing two of the largest massacres during the civil war: the El Mozote massacre and the El Calabozo massacre.

Sombra Negra tortured victims, mostly gang members, and killed them with a point-blank shot to the head.

List of paramilitaries

 * Atlácatl Battalion (Batallón Atlácatl; BA)
 * Anti-Communist Brigade of the East (Brigada Anticomunista de Oriente; BACO)
 * Anti-Communist Front for the Liberation of Central America (Frente Anticomunista para la Liberación de Centroamérica; FALCA)
 * Anti-Communist Political Front (Frente Político Anticomunista; FPAC)
 * Armed Forces of Anti-Communist Liberation – War of Elimination (Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Anticomunista – Guerra de Eliminación; FALANGE)
 * Black Shadow (Sombra Negra; SN)
 * General Eusebio Bracamonte Battalion (Batallón General Eusebio Bracamonte; BGEB)
 * General Manuel José Arce Battalion (Batallón General Manuel José Arce; BGMJA)
 * Group of Social Extermination (Grupo de Exterminio Social; GES)
 * Legion of the Caribe (Legión del Caribe; LC)
 * Maximiliano Hernández Martínez Anti-Communist Brigade (Brigada Anticomunista Maximiliano Hernández Martínez; MHM)
 * National Security Agency of El Salvador (Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña; ANSESAL)
 * National Democratic Organization (Organización Democrática Nacionalista; ORDEN)
 * Organization for the Liberation from Communism (Organización para la Liberación del Comunismo; OLC)
 * Patriotic Association of Liberty or Slavery (Asociación Patriótica de Libertad o Esclavitud; APLE)
 * Salvadoran Anti-Communist Brigade (Brigada Anticomunista Salvadoreña; BACSA)
 * Salvadoran Anti-Communist Command (Comando Anticomunista Salvadoreño; CAS)
 * Salvadoran Proletariat Brigade (Brigadas Proletarias Salvadoreñas; BPS)
 * Secret Anti-Communist Army (Ejército Secreto Anticomunista; ESA)
 * Squadron of Death (Escuadrón de la Muerte; EM)
 * White Warrior's Union (Unión Guerrera Blanca; UGB, also called Mano Blanca)

title: Death squads in El Salvador


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