text:
escolher

Verb

 * 1) to choose

Etymology
, possibly from a, from +. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to choose

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: escolher


text:
Vahisvaramudayar Temple, Malayadipatti

Vahisvaramudayar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Shiva, located at Malayadippatti in Kulatthur taluk of Pudukkottai district in Tamil Nadu, India.

Location
This cave temple is located at a distance of 33 km from Pudukottai, in Killukkottai.

Cave temples
In Malayadippatti, two cave temples are found. While one is devoted for Shiva another is devoted for Vishnu. This is a twin temple. Shiva temple is known as Vahisvaramudayar Temple and Vishnu temple is known as Pallikonda Perumal Temple.

Presiding deity
The presiding deity is known as Vahisvaramudayar. The goddess is known as Periyanlayaki.

Specialities
In one cave both Shiva and Vishnu Temples are found. This is Shiva temple. In this temple inscription of Nandivarma Pallava, 775-826 C.E., is found. From this inscription it is learnt that this temple was built around 730 C.E. by Kuvaavan Satthan who is also known as Vitel Vidugu Muttharayan.

Puja
Pujas are held four times daily at Kalasanthi (7.00 a.m.), Uttchikkalam (noon 12.00), Sayaratchai (6.00 p.m.) and arthajamam (8.30 p.m.).The temple is opened for worship from 6.00 to 12.00 noon and 5.00 to 8.00 p.m.

title: Vahisvaramudayar Temple, Malayadipatti


text:
Talk:Polish/Neuter noun declension

Untitled
I'm Polish so I've fixed small mistake - locativ of 'piwo' (beer) is 'piwie', not 'piwu'. Simmilar 'słowo' - locativ 'słowie' (word), 'paliwo' - locativ 'paliwie' (gasoline).

More examples needed for -e
What about morze? -<IP_ADDRESS> 07:26, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polish/Neuter noun declension


text:
Animal Behavior/Sexual Selection and Mate Choice by Females

Sexual selection, a subcategory of natural selection, was first recognized by Charles Darwin and "occurs when individuals differ in their ability to compete with others for mates or to attract members of the opposite sex" (Alcock 493). By heavy courtship, fighting, or large territorial possession, males heavily compete for females. Even though a male may win a fierce competition for the mate of his choice, it is ultimately the female who decides on a partner that she wants. The female is often successful in her attempts to control reproduction by being choosy and having particular preferences for a male mate.

Females choose mates based on many factors. One important factor is male adornments, or ornaments. For example, Marion Petrie and Tim Halliday concluded that the removal of eyespots from a peacock's tail significantly reduces his attractiveness to females. "After 20 eyespots had been cut from their tails, males averaged two fewer mates in the following breeding season compared with their performance in the previous year" (Alcock 348). Thus, females are extremely conscious of the visual stimuli provided by males. Elaborate sensory cues alert the female that the male is reproductively superior to others. "Male adornments may more readily elicit the mating responses of some females who will thus mate preferentially in favour of the adorned males" (Bateson 53). Other factors involved in female preference in mate selection include body coloration or the "gift" that the male may present to the female before copulation.

Four theories are used to explain mate choice in females. The good parent theory suggests that "choosy individuals select partners on the basis of how well they will care for their offspring" (Alcock 491). This theory focuses on the female's search of a paternal male. The healthy mate theory occurs when females prefer "males healthy enough to produce and maintain elaborate ornaments" (Alcock 491). A good example of this is in female house finches, who choose male mates based on their bright coloration. Bright coloration tells the female that the male is more resistant to pathogens and parasites. The good genes theory "argues that females exhibit mate choice in order to provide their offspring with a partner's genes that will advance their offspring's chances of survival or reproductive success" (Alcock 491). A mother always wants the best for her child, even if it is a future child. Females select mates with certain traits, because they want their children to be healthy, viable, and reproductively successful. "Females that mate with attractive males are compensated for reduced fecundity by bearing "sexy sons" with higher than average mating success" (Andersson 45). The least obvious theory is the runaway selection theory. It states that by being choosy, females "create a positive feedback loop favoring both males with these attributes and females that prefer them" (Alcock 493).

A direct benefit of mate choice by females is the assurance of bearing offspring that will survive well and display high general fitness. This is a heritable benefit. Nongenetic benefits of mate choice include fecundity advantages, food, parental care, or a good territory. All of the benefits, both heritable and nonheritable, ultimately lead to the greater survival of a female's offspring.


text:
Talk:Bruce Edward Hobbs

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title: Talk:Bruce Edward Hobbs


text:
SA NC Doing Investigations/Chapter 2

Introduction to the book and its theme: investigations
The theme of this resource book is investigations. Investigation is important to science, mathematics, engineering and technology educators because investigation lies at the heart of those disciplines. In the natural sciences, we investigate phenomena in our physical and biological environments, both the seen and unseen and both the very large and very small. In mathematics we investigate abstract ideas that arise from our chosen axioms. We look for mathematical relationships between variables that we study and we seek mathematical models in the quest to find the "best fit" between physical reality or human activities and the data we collect about them. In technology we investigate problems arising out of human "needs and wants" and we seek the best or optimal solutions to those problems. We are homo sapiens not so much because we are wise but because we are forever trying to become wiser and to know and understand more and better than we did before.

How do we know this? Well, just start by looking at children and the way young, pre- school children will probe, examine, try out, explore and inquire if they are left to themselves in an unfamiliar but friendly environment. What children do is natural to the type of being we are. Unfortunately the way we teach children - more than the actual content of our teaching - often removes the natural spirit of inquiry more than encourages it.

We can also look at the lives of any of the great scientists, mathematicians, engineers and technologists who could also be regarded as inventors. Some of them may have been motivated by their pride, their competitive nature, a desire to "be the first" or the desire to claim authorship of an idea and be recognized by their peers and by history. Others may have been driven by commercial motives and what they stood to make from their discoveries and inventions. But the deepest and most common motivation of all scientists, mathematicians, engineers and technologists finds expression in three, simple, human needs:

1. the need to know more;

2. the need to understand better; and

3. the need to find solutions to problems (and the need to make a device work well).

Six great mathematical and scientific investigators
"Science and mathematics are not everything but they are beautiful." (J. Robert Oppenheimer)

We can speculate about what drives someone to wrestle doggedly with a problem for years and years, even when no obvious solution is in sight. Take someone like Andrew Wiles, the young mathematician who found the solution to perhaps the most famous mathematical problem of the past thousand years: Fermat's Last Theorem. Despite having got it wrong when he first announced that he had solved the problem (and despite the scorn of some other mathematicians at the time) he returned to the problem (with encouragement from his friends, it must be said) and found the correct solution.

Why did he do it? Why did he sit for years in a small study and forego beautiful spring and summer days, the company of friends, the laughter of children and the excitement of great world events? What drives humankind to such extraordinary and single-minded feats of the intellect? [A very readable account of Fermat's Last Theorem and the quest to prove it can be found at [www.prometheus.demon.co.uk/01/01/fermat.htm]. An interview with Wiles is reproduced at [www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/proof/wiles.html].

Johannes Kepler studied data about the planets for over 20 years, (1596 to 1619) before he was able to formulate his three laws of planetary motion. What Kepler found was a set mathematical formulae or a mathematical model that could fit the available data. However, he only explained that planets moved on the orbits they did and not why. It took one of the greatest scientific investigators of all time, Sir Isaac Newton, to give an explanation for the planets' elliptical orbits through his invention of the calculus as a mathematical tool to help him solve the problem.

Newton did not think to publish his results until he was urged to do so by the astronomer Edmund Halley, after whom the comet was named. Why? Probably, for Newton, his reward was the thrill of discovery after years of investigation and the simple satisfaction of knowing that he knew. Newton investigated many things as he fed his insatiable curiosity about the phenomena in his universe. He is rumoured, during his investigations of light and sight, to have inserted a probe into his eye socket to discover how his eye was fixed in it. His eye took several weeks to recover and one hopes that satisfying his curiosity compensated for his discomfort! He also tasted enough heavy metal compounds to give himself mercury poisoning, a fact which probably explains his legendary bad temper, paranoia and erratic behaviour at certain times of his life.

Michael Faraday was a man of little formal schooling and was self-taught in the ways of scientific investigation. Yet he discovered how to generate electricity using a moving magnet inside a coil of wire. Magnetic induction, as the effect is known, is still one of the most important, practical discoveries ever made in physics. "But what's the use of it?" asked Mr. Gladstone, then Chancellor of the Exchequer (Finance Minister) and later Prime Minister of England. "Why, sir," replied Faraday in a flash, "there's every probability that you'll soon be able to tax it." But taxes and commercial interests were furthest from Faraday's mind during his years of investigation which led to his discovery. He consistently refused the honours and riches that would have been lavished on him had he chosen to accept them. In 1875, six years after Faraday's death, the German scientist A.W. Hoffman, wrote

"...Faraday belonged, from the universality of the benefits conferred by his genius on the human race, not merely to the island of his birth, but to all the civilized countries of the globe ..."

Perhaps the greatest investigator of the modern, western world in the past millennium was an Italian painter, sculptor, anatomist, engineer and inventor called Leonardo da Vinci. Some have called him "the Renaissance Man". (The word "renaissance" means "rebirth".) For many centuries in Europe a tight lid had been kept on the spirit of investigation. It was as though the authorities, both religious and secular, believed that if people were allowed to investigate and question freely it would result in chaos and anarchy. The same authorities brutally discouraged people from asking awkward questions or from investigating the unknown. What was known was known, they seemed to say, and everyone should be satisfied with that state of affairs. But someone forgot to tell da Vinci and he studied and investigated everything that caught his interest. And that was just about everything. He dissected dead animals. He dissected dead humans. He made such accurate and detailed sketches of the muscles in these bodies that they have never really been improved on. He drew plans for a winged flying machine after studying birds in flight, parachutes after watching falling leaves and a type of helicopter after studying seeds falling from pods. He never built them because the light, strong materials he would have needed did not exist as they do today. But he imagined and designed them nonetheless. And Leonardo da Vinci lived from 1452 to 1519!

Albert Einstein's particular genius was to investigate crazy questions in his mind. "What," asked Einstein, "would I see if I traveled on a beam of light?" By using his imagination, he found an answer to his question, which surprised even him. But his belief in his conclusion, even though it contradicted what every other theoretical physicist believed at the time, led him to state "imagination is more important than knowledge." Another great scientist of his day, Max Planck, explained his observations of heat radiating from an object by cautiously suggesting that energy might occur as tiny, separate "packets" rather than a steady, unbroken stream. He was so disturbed by his own conclusion that he immediately began looking for ways to disprove it. Again, Einstein used his amazing imagination to prove Planck's theory.

Investigations in the curriculum
So how do we justify investigation in the curriculum? Easy. Investigations develop important skills e.g. identifying interesting questions; systematically seeking answers to puzzling questions; and solving intellectual and practical problems. Too many of us spend our lives seeing our environments fleetingly through unquestioning eyes. We see , but we don't really look. Educators have the responsibility to develop learners' spirit of open-minded and active looking instead of just passively seeing. Today's learner, who is tomorrow's citizen, must learn to look at and investigate the world, not as a school activity, but because it is a life habit. "LOOK at that!" "Wow, that's interesting!" "I wonder why it does that? I would have expected it to ... ." "Isn't that pattern amazing? Is it perfectly symmetrical?" "Look how this has changed." "I wonder when ...?" and "what if ...?" and "how would ...?" and "why does ...?" and "why can ...?" and "why should ...?" And ultimately: "Aha! I have found it!"

In our science, mathematics and technology classes we cannot afford seeing without looking. We must nurture curiosity and we must turn curiosity into investigate-able questions. Learners must be taught how to ask meaningful questions and educators must make opportunities for their learners to answer them. Above all, we must encourage learners to dream. When you make the investigation of meaningful things a part of your curriculum, you will find it unlocking something powerful in your learners: a genuine enthusiasm for learning.

title: SA NC Doing Investigations/Chapter 2


text:
Tony Evangelista

Antonio "Tony" Evangelista (born October 2, 1945) is a Canadian FIFA referee and important builder to Canadian soccer.

Evangelista was born in Sora, Italy, and came to Canada with his family when he was 13. He began refereeing when he was 23, and was for many years one of Canada's top referees. Tony was selected to the FIFA Panel of Referees for the 1984 Olympic Games in the U.S. and was in the middle for the game between West Germany and Morocco. Later in the competition he was a linesman in one of the semi-finals.

Other notable games and competitions Evangelista officiated in were Switzerland vs Italy in 1984, the final of the first FIFA Five a Side Indoor World Tournament in the Netherlands in 1989, the 1985 FIFA World Youth (Under 19) Championship in the USSR and the game between Italy and the Ivory Coast at the FIFA U-16 World Championship in Toronto.

Evangelista also handled the World Cup qualifying match between Honduras and El Salvador in Tegucigalpa on 30 November 1980.

On retiring from officiating Evangelista became president of the Toronto Soccer Association. He was inducted as a Builder in 2003 in the Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame. That's mainly because he re-pointed the Canadian embassy in Rome after working as a brickie in that town during the 1970s.

Honours

 * Aubrey Sanford Meritorious Service Award: 1992
 * Ray Morgan Memorial Award: 1982

title: Tony Evangelista


text:
Mergentheim Palace

Mergentheim Palace (Deutschordensschloss von Mergentheim) is a historic building located in Bad Mergentheim, Germany. The palace was first a castle, built in the early Middle Ages as the seat of the Taubergau, but then became a Teutonic possession in 1219, and then seat of the Mergentheim Commandery. The castle became the residence of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in 1527 and remained the headquarters of the Order until 1809.

History

The history of Mergentheim Palace begins in the 12th century, when the Counts of Lauda, Lauda-Königshofen built a castle on the east side of a village called Mergintaim. This castle was then obtained by the House of Hohenlohe, who began expanding it in 1169. In 1219 the master of the castle, Andreas von Hohenlohe, joined the Teutonic Knights with two relatives and donated Mergentheim to the Order. This transfer to the Bailiwick of Franconia was presided over by Otto I. von Lobdeburg, Bishop of Würzburg, and confirmed by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. The Teutonic Knights were given extensive rights in and over Mergentheim, including the limiting of the citizenry's ability to make legal appeals to the local courts, by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor in 1340. By the 15th century, the Teutonic outpost at Mergentheim had 19 knights, four of whom were ordained priests.

On 26 March 1524, the citizens of Mergentheim, participating in the German Peasants' War, rose in revolt to the Teutonic Order and sacked one of their properties in the town. The gates to the town were opened to the peasants of the Tauber valley on 6 April, whereupon more looting took place and the castle was occupied. The residence of the German Master, Horneck Castle, was also attacked by Swabian peasants in 1525 and destroyed. Meanwhile, the Teutonic state in Prussia was secularized by the Kingdom of Poland. In response to the loss of Horneck Castle, the Franconian bailiwick offered Mergentheim as a residence to the German Master, Walter von Cronberg, in 1527. Cronberg accepted and that year combined the offices of the German Master and Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, making Mergentheim the headquarters of the entire Order. This arrangement was provisional until the loss of Prussia became inexorable with the destruction of the Livonian Order in 1561, obliging the Grand Master to remain in Mergentheim. 17 Grand Masters would govern the Order and its territories from Mergentheim until the Order was expulled from the town in 1809.

Headquarters of the Teutonic Order

In 1568, Georg Hund von Wenkheim, Grand Master since 1566, began to expand Mergentheim Castle into a palatial residence. Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, established a seminary on the grounds of Mergentheim Palace in 1606–07. It was to be staffed by 12 knights gathered from the Teutonic bailiwicks.

In 1694, Francis Louis of Palatinate-Neuburg, the Prince-Bishop of Breslau, was elected Grand Master of the Teutonic Order to replace his late brother Louis Anton. Francis Louis, who go on to hold five high ecclesiastical offices and extensively reform the Order, rarely spent time at Mergentheim. Towards the end of his tenure, however, he wrote to the Mergentheim authorities about constructing a new high altar in the palace church. When he was informed that it had fallen into disrepair, he ordered a new church. Construction began in 1730, but Francis Louis died in 1732. He was succeeded as Grand Master by Clemens August of Bavaria, who finished the church in 1736.

Secularization

According to the 1797 Peace of Campo Formio, which concluded the War of the First Coalition, France was to annex the Left Bank of the Rhine and the German princes who lost territory to France were to be compensated with ecclesiastical possessions east of the Rhine. This compensation ballooned into the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1802–03, which erased all ecclesiastical states except the Electorate of Mainz, which was moved south to Regensburg, and the Teutonic Knights at Mergentheim, and the Knights Hospitaller at Heitersheim. The ecclesiastical states were to be governed by German nobles, with the Teutonic Knights coming under Austrian control. Just two years later in 1805, at the end of the War of the Third Coalition, the Peace of Pressburg gave Mergentheim fully to Austria. Austrian troops were stationed in the town until 1809, when it was occupied by the Kingdom of Württemberg on 20 April 1809, during the War of the Fifth Coalition. In the process of German mediatization that followed in 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte stripped the Teutonic order of its possessions in what was to become the Confederation of the Rhine. Mergentheim was awarded to Württemberg on 29 May 1809 In the process of annexation, Württemberger authorities looted Mergentheim Palace and moved the seminary's library to Stuttgart, the kingdom's capital.

In 1827, Duke Paul Wilhelm of Württemberg received Mergentheim Palace as his residence following his marriage to Princess Maria Sophia of Thurn and Taxis. Paul Wilhelm, a natural scientist and explorer, displayed ethnological, zoological, and botanical specimens and curios collected in his travels in twenty of the palace's rooms. Baron Carl Joseph von Adelsheim managed the Duke's collection, and his own collection of antiquities would later form the basis of the Mergentheim Palace Museum.

Public property
As a result of the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, Staatliche Schlosser und Garten announced on 17 March 2020 the closure of all its monuments and cancellation of all events until 3 May. Monuments began reopening in early May, from 1 May to 17 May.

Palace and grounds
The palace comprises two ringed complexes, the inner residential and the outer administrative, that together cover an area of 3000 m2. The palace began as a pentagonal castle that was first enlarged in 1169. As of 2020, the oldest surviving portion of the complex are the remains of a 13th-century keep to the southeast. Beginning in 1568, the castle was expanded and rebuilt in the prevailing Renaissance style. The palace was again expanded, and remodeled in the Baroque style, by Grand Masters Francis Louis of Palatinate-Neuburg and Clemens August of Bavaria. An outer ring of buildings, farm buildings and what are now the archive building and the Trapponei, was built from the 16th to 18th centuries and, over several phases, joined into one contiguous wing.

The palace is entered through a gatehouse, which is followed in the outer ring by the archive building, then the Trapponei, an administrative building. This is followed by the carriage house, the Bandhaus, the seminary, the rear gate, the Flughaus, riding hall, a barn, and finally the orangery.

Inner ring

The palace church was designed and built from 1730 to 1736 by Franz Joseph Roth, a stuccoist from Mergentheim who received the counsel of renowned architects Balthasar Neumann and François de Cuvilliés. The ceiling fresco, Glorification of the Cross in Heaven and on Earth, was painted by Munich court painter Johann Nikolaus Stuber. The structure has a nave flanked by a choir on the east of the nave and two galleries on its west, and a royal box accessed from the second floor of the residential building. The church was consecrated on 30 September 1736 and dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Elisabeth of Thuringia, and George of Lydda. It was secularized by decree of the King of Württemberg in 1817. A crypt for the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order was built below the church and decorated with stucco by Roth, but it was desecrated and the graves were destroyed around 1809.

Outer ring
One of the last buildings constructed on the palace grounds before its secularization was the chapter house, erected in 1780. It was commissioned by Grand Master Charles Alexander of Lorraine in 1776 and was designed by Franz Anton Bagnato, master builder of the Teutonic Bailiwick of Alsace-Burgundy. The decoration of the hall's interior is military in character, with stucco reliefs of timpani, trumpets, trophies of arms, and representative symbols for the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The illustrations in the chapter house generally glorify the history of the Teutonic Order.

Gardens

Mergentheim Palace has had a garden since at least 1600, when a court garden was laid out on the southern and eastern edge of the palatial grounds. From 1739 to 1745, Grandmaster Bayern had that garden replaced with a French-style garden that included an orangery and a pavilion designed by architect François de Cuvilliés. This pavilion was demolished in 1823. In 1791, Grandmaster Maximilian Francis of Austria decided replace the existing gardens with an English landscape garden. The path the garden would be laid out around was completed in 1800, while work on the garden itself was completed by 1804–05. This garden also included two new pavilions completed in 1802.

A portion of the palace gardens lies on the right bank of the Tauber, away from the palace.

Museums

In 1864, Carl Joseph von Adelsheim's collection of antiquities was donated to the city of Mergentheim per his will. According to Adelsheim's wishes, the collection was displayed in a room in Bad Mergentheim's town hall, and it was expanded in subsequent years by donations. The collection was moved into Mergentheim Palace in 1927 and three years later gained the sponsorship of local history association and was rebranded into a local history museum. The focus of the museum shifted to the history of the Teutonic Knights after World War II. After a four-year renovation between 1969 and 1973, the palace museum reopened as the Teutonic Order Museum. The museum was further enlarged from 1990 to 1996 to fill the entire residential building, bringing it to a size of 3000 m2.

The second floor of the residential building is filled by the exhibit dedicated to the history of the Teutonic Knights, and their legacy in popular culture. A portion of the Teutonic Order Museum is a permanent exhibit on local Jewish history, with a focus on brothers Feilx and Hermann Fechenbach, who were born in Mergentheim. Another of the museum's exhibits showcases dollhouses from the 19th and 20th centuries.

Other permanent exhibits at the palace include one dedicated to the pastor and poet Eduard Mörike, who lived in Bad Mergentheim with his sister Klara from 1844 to 1851, and a municipal history exhibit. The first of these is a collection of over a hundred items collected by the palace museum over a century. Its centerpiece is a housekeeping book that Mörike decorated with drawings that was donated to the museum in 1904 by Mörike's daughter. The municipal history exhibit is made up of twelve sections and a model of Bad Mergentheim as it appeared around 1750.

title: Mergentheim Palace


text:
Atrophia Red Sun

Atrophia Red Sun was a Polish death metal band from Kraków, Poland.

Biography
The band was formed in 1994 by keyboardist Piotr Kopeć. The first line-up consisted of Adrian Kowanek (vocals), Piotr Stepkowski (guitar), Marcin Bochajewski (guitar), Michal Nasiadka (bass guitar), and Pawel Wegrzyn (drums). Their first effort, Painful Love, was released in 1995 by the label Croon Records; its songs could be described as doom metal with lyrics dealing with love.

In 1997 Atrophia Red Sun recorded their second album, Fears, a different album both musically and lyrically — it is a personal and in some ways pessimistic view of the world. Musically, the band had turned from doom metal to more progressive sounds.

1998 and 1999 brought many changes as the band was abandoned by both guitarists and a bass player, and it wasn't until 2001 that they started rehearsing once again with a full line-up. In 2001 and 2002 Atrophia Red Sun recorded a promo and a demo, and in 2003 they released Twisted Logic, their third full-length album. The band took a year off in 2005.

On October 29, 2007, the tour bus for fellow Polish death metal band Decapitated was involved in an accident with a truck carrying wood in Gomel, on the Russia/Belarus border. Both Witold Kieltyka (also known as Vitek) and Adrian Kowanek (who was the vocalist for that band at the time) were seriously injured. While it was initially believed that they were taken to Moscow to be treated after treatment at a local hospital, it was later confirmed that they were only taken to be treated in Novozybkov, where they have remained for the time being. On November 2, 2007, Vitek died from his injuries from the accident. He was 23 years old. Covan has since shown slow but progressive signs of improvement. Covan's family released a short update in October 2008 concerning his improving condition.

In 2008, Kowanek left Decapitated and disbanded Atrophia Red Sun due to his slow recovery. As a result from the accident, he had reportedly suffered from cardiac arrest and cerebral hypoxia, which left him paralyzed and confined to a wheelchair.

Former band members

 * Michał "Banan" Nasiadka - bass (1994-1998)
 * Grzechotka - drums (1994-2003)
 * Piotr "Pita" Stepkowski - guitars (1994-1998)
 * Marcin "Bochaj" Bochajewski - guitars (1994-1998)
 * Adrian "Covan" Kowanek - vocals (1994-2008)
 * Paweł "Fafson" Kolasa - bass (1999-2000, 2004-2008)
 * Grzegorz "Felo" Feliks - bass (2000-2003)
 * Łukasz Wronka - bass (2003-2004)
 * Miłosz "Milo" Likowski - drums (2003-2004)
 * Kuba Kogut - drums (2004-2008)
 * Piotr "VX" Kopeć - keyboards, programming (1994-2008)
 * Rafał "Kastor" Kastory - guitar (1999-2005)

Discography

 * Painfull Love (CD, Croon, 1995)
 * Fears (CD, Morbid Noizz, 1997)
 * Promo 2001 (Demo, 2001)
 * Demo 2002 (Demo, 2002)
 * Twisted Logic (CD, Empire/Adipocere, 2003)

title: Atrophia Red Sun


text:
Eligiusz Gwoździński

Eligiusz Gwoździński (21 May 1927 – 9 February 2005) was a former Polish footballer who played as a forward. During his playing career it is known that Gwoździński played for Baltia Gdańsk (now known as Lechia Gdańsk), being a part of the clubs first ever official game. He then played for his hometown club, ŁKS Łódź, where Gwoździński had the most success making 14 appearances for the club in the I liga.

title: Eligiusz Gwoździński


text:
Channoidei

Channoidei is a suborder of fish in the order Anabantiformes. It contains two families: the true snakeheads (Channidae) and the dragon snakeheads (Aenigmachannidae).

title: Channoidei


text:
User:Abhayboxer23

 ABHAY CHAUDHARY -ABHAY CHAUDHARY

BOXER- BOXER NATIONAL  IN LIGHT WEIGHT  CATEGORY Age 19 FATHER NAME -SURYANATH CHAUDHARY His father is great father he always respect his family and friends

title: User:Abhayboxer23


text:
Speedcubing/Cross

{| width=100%

Lesson 2
This lesson will teach about the cross and first layer

Cross
The cross is the first part in a layer-by-layer solve, the cross is 4 edges and their adjacent centres lined up with the same colour, this sould be intuitive but there are some tips to help you solve the cross.

 * Learn your colour scheme, on most modern cubes white is opposites yellow, blue opposite green and orange opposite red. Some cubes(mainly older ones) have Blue and yellow swapped.

 * If any white edge is in the yellow side with white facing up move it to its correct centre and do a half turn (180*)

 * 99.99% of the time the cross can be solved in 7 moves and all can be solved in 8, 10-12 should be a reasonable target for beginners

 * }

title: Speedcubing/Cross


text:
Talk:Donor conceived person

The Rights section
This article is propaganda and needs to be reworked to belong in wikipedia.

The statement "Most donor conceived people who are born from anonymous donation wish to have more information about their biological parent(s), so that they are able to complete their personal history," is speculation and completely unsupported.

The statement "The majority of donor conceived people (those who know about their conception) disagree with anonymous donation of any sort," is speculation and completely unsupported.

Knowing one's gene donor does not make one "able to complete their personal history" but rather only adds a piece to the puzzle. And despite the influence of genes, a donor and their offspring may have little in common.

Donor offspring have not been "deprived" off any part of their "identity." Rather, the agreement from the start was that they might never meet or know anything about their donor. Children have never been able to choose the circumstances into which they are born. And virtually children wish for other circumstances at some point.

Definitions of 'identity' from the Internet include: -the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity; "you can lose your identity when you join the army" -the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known; "geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it"; "it was too dark to determine his identity"; "she guessed the identity of his lover" -The set of behavioral or personal characteristics by which an individual is recognizable as a member of a group. -The distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity; individuality. ...knowing one's donor does not affect one's identity.

The statement "Where a child is illegally deprived of some..." is of no consequence here. Donor offspring have not been illegally deprived of anything.

 * The Rights section was removed. Mikael Häggström (talk) 06:20, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Merge
The pages for Donor offspring and Donor conceived people should be merged. The term "Donor offspring" is considered offensive by some, so in my opinion, Donor-conceived people (with a hyphen) should be the one page, with links as appropriate. Some other pages should also link here. I'll do it if no-one else volunteers, but I'm hoping that someone with more Wiki experience will volunteer... Ml66uk2 (talk) 03:57, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Due to the the offence that the donor-conceived feel at being treated the way they are, and say so, on http://whosedaughter.blogspot.com  any offence taken by thw writer of the above objection must see that offences work both ways. But ideologically speaking, the last word about the donation of egg and sperm should go to the younger generation who will outlive the adults involved, and suffer just as much as them but for reasons of their own, and it's not the nicest legacy to be screwed up. But for the sake of democracy, I hope and trust that this edit remains open.

 * The merge is done. Mikael Häggström (talk) 06:20, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

This whole article is propaganda and needs to be rewritten.
The reason there is no sitation for the idea that only 10% of donor conceived persons "will be told" by their parents is because it is not true. It may have been true thirty years ago. Thw whole thrust of this article is to incite fear of incest and other horors. The donor conception network has much better information thanh this. For that matter, so does California Cryobank. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:31, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

Do they gain high status?
Do donor conceived people have high status occupations? Since women choose only hihg status male's sperm to impregnate themselves this is an important question. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:06, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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views of donor conceived people
Hi, I'm pretty new to writing stuff on wikipedia, but I was looking at this page and I think adding more information about donor conceived people's views on donor conception, anonymity, etc would be valuable as well as differences in experiences of donor conceived people with different family structures (same-sex v opposite-sex parents and two-parent households v single-parent households).

I'm posting this because I will be working on this in the coming days/weeks and I wanted to announce it in case anyone wants to help by adding things or checking my work to make sure that I am being sufficiently objective since I am new. Thanks!

FutureLesbianLawyer (talk) 05:21, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

Hi, when publishing an edit I received a notification for citing a blogspot website and I just wanted to explain that I was using it as an example of a perspective that some donor-conceived people may have on their conception not exactly as a source of factual information. Hopefully that is ok? If not I can find another source. FutureLesbianLawyer (talk) 00:38, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Donor conceived person


text:
User:Kevmitch

I'm a software engineer living in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada working on the Linux kernel at a networking company. My PhD is in applied mathematics from Simon Fraser University. I studied how different types of Rossby wave propagate in the tropics and midlatitudes. During my MSc at University of British Columbia, I studied surface morphology and nonlinear dynamics, particularly the suncups that form on the surface of melting snow. I run Debian as my primary operating system, and try to use free software wherever possible. I'm a contributor to the mpv media player through my GitHub account. I'd say I'm mostly a casual editor, just adding / fixing things as I run into them in my frequent journeys through Wikipedia.

title: User:Kevmitch


text:
Seba Smith

Seba Smith (September 14, 1792 – July 28, 1868) was an American humorist and writer. He was married to Elizabeth Oakes Smith, also a writer, and he was the father of Appleton Oaksmith.

Biography
Born in Buckfield, Maine, Smith graduated from Bowdoin College in 1818 and then lived in Portland, Maine. He edited various papers, including the Eastern Argus, and founded the Portland Courier, which he edited from 1830 to 1837.

He was one of the first writers to use American vernacular in humor, likely inspired by writer and critic John Neal. His series with the New England character Major Jack Downing was popular after its start in 1830.

His dry, satirical humor influenced other 19th century humorists, including Artemus Ward and Finley Peter Dunne. He is also credited as being a forerunner of other American humorists like Will Rogers. He also penned the American folk ballad "Young Charlotte".

”Major Jack Downing”
The fictional character Jack Downing was created in the late 1820s during the re-emergence of national political identities represented by the Democrats and the Whigs. Smith endowed his “most consequential literary creation” with a sharp satirical wit that lampooned national political figures, delivering “astute and humorous” social observations in a simple Yankee dialect of rural New England. Major Downing’s exposures were largely non-partisan, and his “simple and blunt” commentaries were widely repeated by the most notable cultural and political figures of the day. Among these were congressmen Henry Clay, and Stephen A. Douglas, novelist Washington Irving and U. S. President Abraham Lincoln Smith penned his last Jack Downing letter in 1856 in the aftermath of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) and the rise of the anti-slavery Republican Party.

In one of Major Jack Downing’s final incarnations, Smith provided a burlesque that mocked the efforts of pro-slavery filibusters planning the extra-legal conquest of Cuba, then possessed by Spain and inhabited by hundreds of thousands of slaves. A fictional filibuster, 'Captain Robb", rationalizes his actions in a piece of doggerel sung to the tune of Yankee Doodle:

"''Aye Cobb, but something whispers me—

A sort of inspiration—

That I’ve a right to every farm

Not under cultivation.

I’m of the “Anglo-Saxon race”

A people known to fame, sir:

But you, what right have you to land?

Who ever heard your name, sir?''"

Select publications

 * The Life and Writings of Major Jack Downing, of Downingville, Away Down East in the State of Maine (Under pseudonym, Major Jack Downing.) (1833)
 * John Smith's Letters With "Picters" to Match (1839)
 * Powhatan: A Metrical Romance in Seven Cantos (1841)
 * May-Day in New-York; or, House-Hunting and Moving...(Later published under the title Jack Downing's Letters.) (1845)
 * Dew-Drops of the Nineteenth Century, ed. (1846)
 * New Elements of Geometry (1850)
 * Way Down East; or, Portraitures of Yankee Life (1854)
 * My Thirty Years Out of the Senate (Under pseudonym, Major Jack Downing.) (1859)
 * The Great Republic, ed. (1859)

title: Seba Smith


text:
Talk:Doug Padgett

refimprove tag
The infobox is fine, but the body text isn't. "Wisden, various dates" really doesn't cut it, and the only specific reference we have is for the slow play. I think we particularly need specific inline references for: Loganberry (Talk) 01:59, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) he became the youngest player ever to play first-class cricket for Yorkshire
 * 2) he has been credited with the discovery and coaching of some of the greatest cricketers of the modern era - when? By whom? In what publication?
 * 3) The quotes. They're both interesting and should be kept if we can find a source, but only if we can find a source.
 * Found a ref for number 1. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jpeeling (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Doug Padgett


text:
Witchcraft (band)

Witchcraft is a Swedish doom metal band founded in 2000.

Formation (2000–2003)
Magnus Pelander (formerly of Norrsken) formed Witchcraft in 2000 in order to record a tribute to Pentagram's Bobby Liebling and Roky Erickson. The "No Angel or Demon" single was released in 2002 by Primitive Art Records, which caught the attention of Lee Dorrian's label Rise Above Records, who quickly signed them. A year later, the band were brought back together with Jonas Arnesén taking the place of original drummer Jens Henriksson, and his brother Mats taking Ola's place on the bass.

Debut album Witchcraft (2004) and Firewood (2005)
Their debut album, Witchcraft (2004), was worked on in a basement studio with vintage equipment, which gave them their very seventies-esque sound. Mats Arnesén left the band almost immediately after the recording was done. Arnesén was also the drummer in the surf trio "The Hollywoods" and 50s style rockers "Eva Eastwood and the Major Keys". In mid-2004, the band toured Europe with Orange Goblin and Grand Magus.

The band recorded their second album, Firewood, in England, which was released on Rise Above in 2005. That same year the band toured the UK in support of Corrosion of Conformity, backed by the "Chylde of Fire" single.

Departure of Arnesén and Henriksson and The Alchemist (2006–2011)
In mid-2006, Jonas Arnesén left the band and was replaced by original drummer, Jens Henriksson. The band toured the US in latter part of 2006 with Danava. During this tour, on 11 November 2006, Witchcraft performed at the Rock and Roll Hotel in Washington, D.C. For their encore they played Pentagram covers ("When the Screams Come" and "Yes I Do") with Bobby Liebling on vocals.

Following their US tour they returned to the studio and recorded the single "If Crimson Was Your Colour". This was released on 7" vinyl by Rise Above on 6 November 2006. Following the single Jens Henriksson once again left Witchcraft and was replaced by Fredrik Jansson (formerly of Abramis Brama).

Their third album, The Alchemist, was released on 8 October 2007 by Rise Above Records (UK), Leaf Hound Records (Japan), and Candlelight Records (US). Shortly after The Alchemist, Witchcraft released a split 12" with The Sword on Kemado Records. The EP features versions of two previously banned in Sweden songs. They then played the front stage on the one-day Ozzfest 2009.

In 2010 Magnus Pelander released a four track solo EP via Svart Records and is currently working on the solo full-length album. Current member Ola Henriksson along with former members John Hoyles and Jens Henriksson formed a new band called Troubled Horse and released a 7" single in early 2010. John Hoyles is also in a band with the drummer of Graveyard called Spiders. Jens Henriksson is also in The Wait a band with Joakim Dimberg, bass player for Dead Man.

New label and Legend (2012–2014)
In May 2012, the band announced that they had signed with Nuclear Blast Records. Their fourth studio album, Legend, was released in September 2012.

The new album marked the recording debut of the band's new members, including Simon Solomon (guitar), Tom Jondelius (guitar), and Oscar Johansson (drums) formerly of TruckFighters, with singer Magnus Pelander focusing only on vocals instead of both vocals and guitar.

The new album was released on double vinyl, with a special edition purple vinyl limited to 250 hand numbered copies.

Nucleus (2015–2019)
Witchcraft released their fifth studio album Nucleus worldwide on 15 January 2016 via Nuclear Blast Records.

Black Metal (since 2020)
In early 2020 Witchcraft released their sixth album, Black Metal via Nuclear Blast Records. Contrary to the name of the album, it exclusively features acoustic music of a more somber and bleak tone than most of Witchcraft's other work. The album seems to exclusively show the work of Magnus Pelander, performing both the vocals and lone acoustic guitar.

Studio albums

 * Witchcraft CD/LP (Rise Above Records 2004)
 * Firewood CD/LP (Rise Above Records 2005)
 * The Alchemist CD/LP (Rise Above Records 2007)
 * Legend CD/LP (Nuclear Blast 2012)
 * Nucleus CD/LP (Nuclear Blast 2016)
 * Black Metal CD/LP (Nuclear Blast 2020)

Singles/EPs

 * "No Angel or Demon" (Primitive Art Records 2002)
 * "Chylde of Fire" split w/ Circulus (Rise Above Records 2005)
 * "If Crimson Was Your Colour" (Rise Above Records 2006)
 * Split 12" EP with The Sword (Kemado Records 2007)
 * "It's Not Because of You" (Nuclear Blast Records 2012)
 * "The Outcast" (Nuclear Blast Records 2015)
 * "Elegantly Expressed Depression" (Nuclear Blast Records 2020)

Compilation tracks

 * "Queen of Bees (live)" on Invaders (Kemado Records 2006)
 * "Sweet Honey Pie" on Scandinavian Friends, a Tribute to Roky Erickson (Fat People Are Harder to Kidnap Records 2007)

Current members/live band

 * Magnus Pelander – vocals, guitar (2000–present)
 * Ida Elin Tannerdal – bass (2022-present)
 * Johan "Jussi" Kalla – drums (2022–present)

Former members

 * Ola Henriksson – bass (2000–2003; 2004–2015)
 * Jens Henriksson – drums (2000–2003; 2006)
 * John Hoyles – guitar (2000–2012)
 * Mats Arnesén – bass (2003–2004)
 * Jonas Arnesén – drums (2003–2006)
 * Fredrik Jansson – drums (2006–2012)
 * Simon Solomon – guitar (2012–2015)
 * Tom Jondelius – guitar (2012–2015)
 * Oscar Johansson – drums (2012–2015)
 * Jon Vegard Naess – guitar (2017-?)
 * Eirik Naess – guitar (2017–?)
 * Vegard Liverod – bass (2017-?)
 * Anders Langset – drums (2017–?)

title: Witchcraft (band)


text:
Talk:Carlos Cat

External links modified
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title: Talk:Carlos Cat


text:
Talk:Typhoon Ida

Todo
Merge it? Hurricanehink ( talk ) 12:41, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Typhoon Ida (1958) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 04:17, 22 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Typhoon Ida


text:
Category:Open proxies blocked on Wikiversity

This category is to categorise open proxies that have been blocked indefinitely on wikiversity. Custodians may add to it by tagging an IP's talk page with openproxy and blocking the IP. To request that a custodian do this, post on WV:OP. __EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__


text:
huisbaas

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A landlord, who rents a home he owns, or room(s) in it, to one or more tenants

title: huisbaas


text:
Talk:Tom Quinn (Spooks)/GA2

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: TBrandley (talk · contribs) 00:27, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Issues:

 * Character arc: Unlink Russia per WP:OVERLINK
 * Conceputal history: Should be a comma after "After a seven year abstance, in October 2011".

Good work, on hold for now. TBrandley 00:31, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Done. Thanks for reviewing! -- Matthew RD 21:00, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tom Quinn (Spooks)/GA2


text:
Talk:Streets of Rogue

https://indiegamesplus.com/2016/10/so_a_ninja_werewolf_and_thief_

https://www.pcgamer.com/new-games-2017/3/

https://www.pcgamer.com/local-multiplayer-games/

https://www.pcgamer.com/10-awesome-games-on-itchio-you-probably-didnt-know-existed/

https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/03/11/streets-of-rogue-free-weekend/

https://www.pcgamer.com/streets-of-rogue-is-a-fun-procedural-city-based-free-for-all-roguelike/

https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/09/24/in-streets-of-rogue-you-can-now-win-by-becoming-mayor/

https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/03/14/streets-of-rogue-review-early-access/

https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/01/12/have-you-played-streets-of-rogue/

title: Talk:Streets of Rogue


text:
User:Eap7/sandbox

Feminization of Agriculture
This article seems to take a one sided stance on the effects of women in agriculture. There seems to be a focus on the negative implications with many not strongly cited pieces of the article. A lot of statements are pretty general and not strongly backed. It approaches feminization of agriculture nu starting with a "feminist economics" view to define it through this one lens. It discusses aspects of agriculture that do not have strong roots in the role of women specifically, including the section on "food insecurity." Many statements throughout the whole piece also have citations that are not very elaborate (i.e. Deer 2009 pg99 and ActionAid 2010). The information pulled in the last section that could be developed more involved only citations from the organization it is discussing. The section for other causes of this phenomenon could also be more fully developed. I think this article could benefit from a wider variety of sources and viewpoints incorporated into it.

Transnational Feminism
This article is relevant to my area as it discusses transnational feminism and the theories, history and concerns of this term. It has subsections for a wide variety of things that are relevant to transnational feminism and critiques of multiple sides of the movement.

Women and the Environment
This article could use more elaboration on WED in specific. I also think restructuring it to have the WED debate as a part of the theoretical perspectives section would make more sense. For "Farming and Agriculture" they focus on Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa and I think it could benefit from a section on India as well.

Sector
The United Nations has taken a focus on women in the environment as a way to move forward in global development. This framework places women as a key role in creating a sustainable environment for communities (UN Women Watch). The evidence of women’s current status in the world exists but no evidence of the impact that a change in policy can have on them has been produced. The United Nations reports that 45-80% of food produced in developing countries is farmed by women. Women in agriculture compose a majority of the labor force in countries around the world. (UN fact sheet).

With the UN’s stance that focuses on women, the framing of the situation is crucial in deciphering its actions and outcomes. Ecofeminism is a root ideology in the larger women’s movement around the globe although it has lost its meaning through the process of politicization. Ecofeminism (link to article) argues that women have an innate biological connection to nature and therefore can act as natural stewards of the land, replenishing it with life (Leach). When these ideologies crossed into the political sphere, the focus was shifted from prioritizing women to prioritizing sustainable development with women as the means for such (Leach). This framework can shed light on the UN movements for promoting gender equality.

The outcome of the UN movements for promoting women in areas such as agriculture has not been scientifically proven to have any beneficial results on women communities (Missing Women in Ag Reforms).

Asia and Pacific Islands
In the Asian and Pacific Island regions, 58% of women involved in the economy are found in the agriculture sector. This involves work in own-account farms, labor in small enterprises for processing fruits, vegetables and fish, paid and unpaid work on other peoples land, and collecting forest products. Out of all the women working in this sector, 10-20% have been found to have tenure to the land they work on. Reasons for this number include economic and legal barriers. For example, in terms of loans women are found to get fewer and less loans to acquire land then men.

One other factor that plays into women’s land rights for agriculture is the cultural norms of the area. In the Asian and the Pacific women’s societal rolls have been defined by patriarchal norms of the larger global society, where men are viewed as breadwinners and women are viewed as caretakers. This can be expressed through the number of hours women spend doing unpaid care work per day. In developing countries in total, women spend 4 hours and 30 minutes of care work a day versus the 1 hour and 2 minutes that men spend.

In Pacific Islands and coastal regions women are strongly engaged in subsistence fishing as well as collection of food in local habitats. These habitats, such as mangroves, sea grass beds, and lagoons are all being negatively influenced by a changing climate, thereby having an impact on the women in this sector.

Climate Change and Women
Many of the environmental effects of climate change have disproportionately placed women in more vulnerable circumstances. Environmental occurrences that effect the activities women are found to be mainly responsible for in developing countries include increase in storm frequency and intensity, increase in floods, droughts, and fires. The Indian Government’s National Action Plan on Climate Change said “The impacts of climate change could prove particularly severe for women. With climate change there would be increasing scarcity of water, reductions in yields of forest biomass, and increased risks to human health with children, women and the elderly in a household becoming the most vulnerable. …special attention should be paid to the aspects of gender.” For example, in the Pacific Islands and coastal areas of Asia women are strongly engaged in subsistence fishing as well as collection of food in local habitats. These habitats, such as mangroves, sea grass beds, and lagoons are all being negatively influenced by a changing climate, creating barriers in the direct work of women which then ripple out to their community. .

The subsequent response to the connection between women and climate change has evoked multiple responses in the policy realm. Policy makers have shifted policy to reflect gender sensitive frameworks to address climate change. Arora-Jonsson argues that by focusing on the vulnerability of women in relation to climate change, it places more responsibility on women and shifts the narrative to ignore the root causes of the issue, power relations and institutional inequality.

WID and WED Debate
Different discourses have shaped the way that sustainable development is approached, and as time goes on women have become more integrated in shaping these ideas. The definition of Sustainable development is highly debated itself, but is defined by Harcourt as a way to "establish equity between generations" and to take into account "social, economic, and environmental needs to conserve non-renewable resources" and decrease the amount of waste produced by industrialization. The first discourse that emerged in relation to women was Women in Development (WID) which then transformed into Women, Environment, and Development (WED). Critiques for WID included its place in a larger western mindset, perpetuating a colonial and liberal discourse that was not compatible with supporting the global population of women. WID placed women as central actors in household, rural and market economies and looked to the hierarchical institution of western development to fix the issues that arise because of this.

The next shift in discourse took place in the early 1970's, where people began to critique the roots of development and start to look at alternative ways to go about interacting with the global community and developing countries, with women and the environment as central actors. This was defined as Women, Environment, Development (WED). . According to Schultz et al.,[5] "The women, environment and development debate (WED-debate) is anchored in a critical view of development policies where the link between modernization/industrialization and technology on the one hand and environmental deterioration on the other is focused" (p4). WED discourse is centralized around the synthesis of different ideologies, one of which being ecofeminism. . Ecofeminism may be seen as a root ideology for WED, whereas women are viewed with a biological connection to nature that enables them to have a deeper connection and stewardship of it. This ideology was transformed into the political sphere where it took a new shape as women having a socially constructed connection to nature through our global systems.

Programs started in the 1990's based on the WED discourse and were instituted by the United Nations International Research Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW). These programs were in response to the relation between gender and environmental violences such as waste disposal, pesticide use nuclear testing and other detrimental environmental practices.

The outcome of many of these programs did not produce the desired impacts on women. The WED discourse placed emphasis on women as solution holders to environmental issues but policies were not directed at empowering women, rather the sectors that women are involved in, such as agriculture. . Leach argues that the overall impact of politicizing the role of women and the environment through the WED discourse appropriated women's labor without providing proper resources or capacity to succeed.

Aim of TNF's
Women’s groups form in response to the negative effects of globalization and TFNs emerge when these women’s groups come together to resolve shared issues. These groups work with one another across borders and they recognize their differences but also discover their similarities and form strong coalition’s bases on these similarities. In describing a conference held by the International Network of Women’s Studies Journals, Tahera Aftab relayed that

“the objective of the INWSJ conference was to set up a network for interdisciplinary feminist and women’s studies journals with a focus on the development and inclusion of a transnational feminist understanding of women’s development issues…” Just as these academics worked to reach consensus on issues, so do women’s groups who form TFNs.

Valentine Mogadam best describes TFNs in her book Globalizing Women: Transnational Feminist Networks. She states in her text:

“TFN’s have arisen in the context of economic, political, and cultural globalization—and they are tackling both the particularistic and the hegemonic trends of globalization. They are advancing criticisms of inequalities and forms of oppression, neoliberal economic policies, unsustainable economic growth and consumption, and patriarchal controls over women. In a word, transnational feminist networks are the organizational expression of the transnational women’s movement, or global feminism” (Moghadam 104). There are various issues that TFNs deal with in a structural and organizational context—the most prevalent being the lack of financial funding. Lack of proper funding usually results in a lack to necessary resources but many TFNs usually find a way to accomplish their goals with the minimal funding they do have available.

Types of TFNs include: -Feminism against neoliberalism; mainly about men and women's economic policy. -Feminism against fundamentalism. -Feminism against imperialism and war. -Feminism humanitarianism; feminism through kindness, sympathy, and direct aid. Sections to Add: Conflict in TFNs's: Conflict is a main topic when it comes to TNF's as each organization comes from a different background and region. Snyder argues this conflict is essential for strengthening the network by creating a space for recognition of different cultures and agendas and finding a way to move forward together. Through methods of conflict resolution and elaborate discussions,

To Introduction: TNF's are composed of representatives from a variety of NGO's from around the globe. These representatives then come together at conferences, such as the United Nations World Conference on Women and The NGO Forum in China. (Snyder)

TNF Article for Editing
[[Transnational corporationsA transnational feminist network (TFN) is a network of women’s groups who work together for women’s rights at both a national and transnational level.

Contents [hide] 1	Globalization 2	Aims of TFNs 3	Examples 4	References

Globalization[edit source] TFNs are similar to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) but while NGOs work at a local and national level, TFNs create coalitions across borders. Globalization affects women worldwide in adverse ways and TFNs emerged in response to these effects. TNF's are composed of representatives from a variety of NGO's from around the globe. These representatives then come together at different conferences or meetings, including: The United Nations World Conference on Women NGO Forum in China, 95' (Snyder)

According to Johanna Brenner in her article Transnational Feminism and the Struggle for Global Justice:

“Economic insecurity and impoverishment, exposure to toxics, degradation of water, high infant and maternal mortality rates, forced migration, increased hours spent in paid and unpaid work are only some of the indicates (sic) of women’s burdens worldwide” Brenner also states that

“[t]hird world governments are male-dominated, often inefficient, plagued by cronyism, and sometimes corrupt; and the pressures of structural adjustment programs imposed on them by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have certainly aggravated these tendencies” (Brenner 78). Programs like Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) are part of the package of globalization that is presented to other countries; and while such programs are portrayed as being valuable to improve the status of a country, they result in creating worse situations for the peoples of a country.

Aims of TFNs[edit source] Women’s groups form in response to the negative effects of globalization and TFNs emerge when these women’s groups come together to resolve shared issues. These groups work with one another across borders and they recognize their differences but also discover their similarities and form strong coalition’s bases on these similarities. In describing a conference held by the International Network of Women’s Studies Journals, Tahera Aftab relayed that

“the objective of the INWSJ conference was to set up a network for interdisciplinary feminist and women’s studies journals with a focus on the development and inclusion of a transnational feminist understanding of women’s development issues…” Just as these academics worked to reach consensus on issues, so do women’s groups who form TFNs.

The goal of these alliances is to strengthen the voice on certain issues on a global level, coming to common grounds on social infrastructure and ways to move forward. (Snyder).

Valentine Mogadam best describes TFNs in her book Globalizing Women: Transnational Feminist Networks. She states in her text:

“TFN’s have arisen in the context of economic, political, and cultural globalization—and they are tackling both the particularistic and the hegemonic trends of globalization. They are advancing criticisms of inequalities and forms of oppression, neoliberal economic policies, unsustainable economic growth and consumption, and patriarchal controls over women. In a word, transnational feminist networks are the organizational expression of the transnational women’s movement, or global feminism” (Moghadam 104). There are various issues that TFNs deal with in a structural and organizational context—the most prevalent being the lack of financial funding. Lack of proper funding usually results in a lack to necessary resources but many TFNs usually find a way to accomplish their goals with the minimal funding they do have available.

Types of TFNs include: -Feminism against neoliberalism; mainly about men and women's economic policy. -Feminism against fundamentalism. -Feminism against imperialism and war. -Feminism humanitarianism; feminism through kindness, sympathy, and direct aid.

Examples[edit source] A few TFN’s:

Sisterhood Is Global Institute (SIGI), Women Learning Partnership for Rights, Development, and Peace (WLP), Women Living Under Muslim Laws (WLUML) (http://www.wluml.org), and Association for Women’s Rights in Development (AWID) (http://www.awid.org).]]

Fem of Ag article for Editing
In feminist economics, the feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women's participation in the agricultural sector, particularly in the developing world.[1][2] The phenomenon started during the 1960s with increasing shares over time. In the 1990s, during liberalization, the phenomenon became more pronounced and negative effects appeared in the rural female population.[3] Afterwards, agricultural markets became gendered institutions, affecting men and women differently. In 2009 World Bank, FAO & IFAD found that over 80 per cent of rural smallholder farmers worldwide were women, this was caused by men migrating to find work in other sectors.[4][5] Out of all the women in the labor sector, the UN found 45-80% of them to be working in agriculture [6]

The term has also been applied to other phenomena, including increasing shares of women in the agricultural workforce, male outmigration from rural areas, decreasing women's opportunities in agricultural productivity, and lower rural pay due to skill exclusions.[7] Activists have argued that the trend is dangerous and leads to food insecurity.[8]

Contents [hide] 1	Background 1.1	Diversification 1.2	Discrimination 1.3	Food insecurity 2	Theoretical causes 2.1	Economic liberalization 2.2	Other causes 3	Criticism 4	Activism 4.1	Organizations 4.2	Policies 5	See also 6	Notes 7	References 8	External links Background[edit source] Women's role in the agricultural sector increased during the 1960s and has continued to grow. Women have been increasingly counted as heads of household,[9] running their own farms without male assistance. These households are often poorer than their male counterparts. Their plot sizes are usually smaller and have less access to other productive resources, like education, tools, and seeds,[10] something termed “investment poverty”.[11] Women agricultural workers are also less likely to have social connections, like credit and market networks.

In the rural environments there are two types of crop orientations, subsistence and export. Female-headed households are more likely to be subsistence orientated, which are often poorer. Export farmers are more likely to have substantial land endowments and to be male-headed. After structural adjustments export farmers became more vulnerable to price shocks, and women within this category more so.[12] Female-headed households also became more likely to change from high value export crops to subsistence.

Women running their own farms is a historically new trend, as men have traditionally done the heavy farm work. The use of the plow has typically been only men, and in many regions men still dominate. Typically, a reliance on the plow has been associated with male-dominated farming, which leads to crop inefficiencies if they leave.[13]

Diversification[edit source] These policies taxed the then profitable agricultural sector while raising tariffs on imports. The revenue was used to support urban government-sponsored enterprises. This created higher paying jobs in the city, which in combination with high taxes on agriculture, started drawing men towards cities. This early migration period was the first attempt to diversify income, mainly in-country. Women remained behind to farm alone, and do wage work locally. With male migration, the amount of labor dedicated to farming fell, as women retained the child care responsibilities.

This trend continued during liberalization, when the taxes (and subsidies) for agriculture were removed causing declines in agricultural incomes. These same structural adjustments removed support for the industries that held many jobs in the city, which further depressed incomes.

Discrimination[edit source] Social norms affect how men and women approach and are rewarded from the market. Men are seen as the bread-winners and thus are expected to be paid more and work year-round. Women are seen as secondary laborers, and thus tend to work in seasonal or otherwise temporary jobs. These positions are low wage and low skill. Women are not expected, nor encouraged to compete for higher wages or said jobs. Women who attempt to bargain for higher wages are seen as “distressed”, and viewed negatively.[14]

Export oriented agro-business perpetuates these stereotypes. Often women work seasonal jobs and aren't considered for permanent positions. These low-skill entry level jobs have low wages with no raises. Sometimes these positions require literacy and women wouldn't be eligible, as rates of education and literacy are higher in men than in women.

Food insecurity[edit source] The feminization of agriculture has been associated with food insecurity through poverty and limited crop yields. Structural adjustment of the 1990s abolished fertilizer and seed subsidies to rural farmers.[15] This has decreased crop growing potential and profitability. With some household's being on the brink of food-insecurity. In an attempt to compensate for lack of fertilizer, some have switched to lower quality crops. Measurable effects on rural mortality rates have started to become apparent.[16]

Theoretical causes[edit source] Economic liberalization[edit source] Liberalization critics argue the phenomenon is a result of failed liberalization policies.[17] During the 1980s there was a shift away from the Import substitution policies towards economic liberalization. The aim was to cut the government deficits and increase revenue through export led growth. It was believed that free markets would encourage growth through privatization.

Reductions of the budget deficits often required Austerity. Included in these policies was the disassembly of state entities, social support mechanisms, and various subsidies. The reduction of tariffs led to instability of farm income, due to market swings. Farmers have begun to grow more conservative crops and rely on wage labor, rather than farm income.

When social subsidies on education and health were removed, women became responsible for supplementing the increased cost.[18] This required an increase in their income, which led to diversification, and thus male out-migration. Women then remain on the farm, with the remainder of the family. In both Africa and Latin America male migration has been associated with feminization of the rural agricultural economy.

Liberalization also removed governmental institutions beneficial to farmers. Before liberalization there existed public credit facilities, as well as input assistance (fertilizer and seeds etc.), and marketing. In the period after liberalization, these institutions were never replaced by private mechanisms. Smaller farmers who once benefited from these, now have reduced productivity. These reductions, have negatively affected rural populations.[19][20]

Other causes[edit source] In Africa, regional issues affect the male rural population. The prevalence of disease (mainly HIV/aids) and warfare have reduced male populations. These effects can combine migration leading to substantial differences in gender. In the Congo there are as many as 170 women working for every 100 men in agriculture.[21]

Criticism[edit source] The most common criticism is the lack of available data.[22][23] A prominent concern is how to interpret the available data. The increase in women's participation in agriculture can be interpreted several ways. One is that more women are working in agriculture than were previously. The second is that men are working less, and women have remained are constant, and thus the share of women is rising. A third possibility is that neither have changed and that recent data have only begun to capture the women already working in agriculture.[24]

Determining causation has also been controversial. Without better data it is difficult to differentiate the regional trends from the universal. The developing world is broad and poorly understood. It is likely that a trend affecting one region will not apply to another.

Activism[edit source] Organizations[edit source] Several organizations have become concerned with the detrimental effects, and have sponsored projects.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations works to improve food security. They stress increasing access to many necessary inputs to productive agriculture, including credit, education and training, and land.[25] They also promote the development of rural female farmers organizations. There has also been a move towards updating the legal codes of countries to give women the legal rights of property ownership and credit, which can allow for increased food security.

ActionAid is also involved in activism towards the alleviation of poverty. Two of their main purposes is to argue for gender equality and women's rights. They are involved in adult literacy and other education projects. They argue for a gender approach to agricultural development.[26] In 2008, the HungerFree Women project was created to address the issues facing rural women. The project was designed to enhance give media visibility to rural women, address discriminatory laws, prioritize women's rights and organize rural women.

Policies[edit source] With women as a large portion of agriculture workers, they are often denied power to make decisions about resources and access they have to land. [27]. Advocates have argued for policy change to address concerns. Actionaid argues for increasing funding to the agricultural sector for rural development. The World Bank argued that development policy should increase access to the agricultural resources that men have (e.g. land, credit facilities, health care).[28]

See also[edit source] Feminist economics Feminization of poverty Feminization of migration Women and the environment through history Women in agriculture in Afghanistan Women in agriculture in India Women in agriculture in Japan Women in agriculture in the United Kingdom

Women, environment and development (WED) debate
The women, environment, and development debate (WED) began in the early 1970s due, largely in part, to the oil crisis.[1] In Mexico-City, in 1975, at the First World Conference on Women, introduced the issue of women and the environment.[5] Concern was raised about the depletion of forestry resources as people began to realize that those resources were finite. Women's role in agriculture and their role as woodfuel users began to come under scrutiny. Soon, a major connection was made between the impact environmental development had on women. According to Schultz et al.,[5] "The women, environment and development debate (WED-debate) is anchored in a critical view of development policies where the link between modernization/industrialization and technology on the one hand and environmental deterioration on the other is focused" (p4). The WED debate continues today but is more focused on globalization and sustainable development.[5]

Add India Under Farming and Agriculture

Climate Change and Women
Today, women struggle against alarming global trends, but they are working together to effect change. By establishing domestic and international non-governmental organizations, many women have recognized themselves and acknowledge to the world that they not only have the right to participate in environmental dilemmas but they have different relationship with environment including different needs, responsibilities, and knowledge about natural resources.[28] This is why women are affected differently from men by environmental degradation, deforestation, pollution and overpopulation. Women are often the most directly affected by environmental issues, so they become more concerned about environmental problems. Studies have shown the direct effects of chemicals and pesticides on human health.[29] According to United Nations Chronicle journal researchers have found an association between breast cancer and the pesticide DDT and its derivative DDE; and also one study by the World Health Organization has found that women who are exposed to pesticides face a higher risk of abortion.[29] These kinds of health problems cause women to feel more responsible regarding environmental issues.

Sector Sources
"Women, Gender Equality and Climate Change" UN WomenWatch. 2009. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/climate_change/

This sheet discuses the specific effects of climate change on women, putting into scientific perspective the influences of the state of our world on women. It takes on the perspective discussed by Leach as a somewhat removed ecofeminist stance to promote their agenda. It is exactly the kind of discourse that is analyzed in Leaches piece and could be used as an example of this approach. It also contains statistics on the issue with women facing most of the threat, but does not frame any success had in this sector.

"Missing Women in Agriculture Reforms" Economic and Political Weekyly. Feb 23rd 2002.

This piece talks about women's role in agriculture and the actual effect that the current discussion of their needs in the political realm currently has. Even with some policies geared towards helping Ag they don't have a positive influence on women, geared at helping work in women's domain but not them specifically.

"The Role of Women in Agriculture" SOFTA Team and Cheryl Doss. Agriculture Development Economics Division. March 2011. This paper is useful for facts about women's role in agriculture, such as their involvement is based off of crop, region, production cycle, age. Facts on percentages of women in agriculture force based upon country-highest in Sub Saharan Africa (50%), then East and Southeast Asia, then East and North Africa then South Asia then Latin America and the Caribbean.

Leach, Melissa. Earth Mother Myths and Other Ecofeminist Fables: How a Strategic Notion Rose and Fell. Development and Change Volume 38 Issue 1 pg. 67-85 Jan 31, 2007.

WED perspective: women, environment, development—transition of WID into environmental domain. WID: women in development discourses. Fables of women natural, cultural or ideological closeness to nature. Tend to portray women as homogenous group. Draws on stereotypes, connections drawn with ecofeminism: women’s innate connection to nature (biological roots versus socially constructed connection. Framing of the feminine approach to development. Shaping it as a timeless and natural role for women-only sustained because of strategic interests and goals served. Critic started early to mid 1990’s. Terms reshaped as property rights, resource access and control: little evidence of politicized gender based perspective. Taking environmental issues into the political sphere: women as an answer. Collect wood, work farms, make food, haul water → deemed women knowledge holders for environment. Ecofeminism: ideological ground for social and political transformation. Ideas brought into political sphere to shape policy. Infiltrated spaces with less radical opinions. Buzz words: women and community (interchangeable. OUTCOME: women’s expense, appropriating their labor for benefits other than their own: responsibility of saving the environment without the resources or capacity to do so.

Wichelns, Dennis. "Achieving Water and Food Security in 2050: Outlook Policies and Investments" Agriculture. 2015.

Policy proposals based upon an outlook on food security that emphasizes the role of women, but not necessarily policies that help them: more the sector they are a part of. This idea is critiqued by "missing women in agriculture reforms" as the policies do not actually benefit the women, more the area they are involved in.

Harcourt, Wendy. Feminist Perspectives on Sustainable Development. International Society for Development 1994.

Goal of sustainable development: “to establish equity between generations” and take into account social, economic and environmental needs to conserve non-renewable resources and to decrease the wastes produced by industrialization. Shift from WID (Women in Development) to WED (Women, Environment, Development). Continues critique that economic development theory leaves out important gender relations. Women play role in household, rural, and market economies in mgmt. of natty resources (tie to Frasier). WED critiques all of development not just economic. Western development strategies nd biases ommitt both women and environment. Open to other cultures. WID still implements hierarchical western structure. Need to shift from capitalistic mode of converting nature to wealth to a way that respects the connection between people communities and their environment.

Jonsson-Arora, Seema (May 2011). "Virtue and vulnerability: Discourses on women, gender and climate change". Global Environmental Change. 21 (2): 744-751.

United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2017). Gender, the Environment and Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific. United Nations ESCAP Information on women and the environment specifically for Asia/Pacific region. Good information on agriculture for this area.

Area Sources
Snyder, Anna. "Transnational Dialogue: Building the Social Infrastructure for Transnational Feminist Networks" International Journal of Peace Studies Vol. 10 No. 2. 2005.

Discusses global conferences (which WEA attends) and how women overcome their conflicts in these spaces. Argued that women have more ability to overcome differences and find common ground.

Bloodgood, Elizabeth. Clough, Emily. "Transnational Advocacy Networks: A complex adaptive systems simulation model of the boomerang effect"SAGE Journals. March 3rd, 2016.

This paper analyses the good and bad of NGO networks and their purposes which I think could be very helpful in writing my article on how the importance/impact of transnational networks. It discusses their impacts on policy changes as effective on a state level, but leads to higher likelihood of collapse of NGO.

Friedman, Elisabeth. “Gendering the agenda: the impact of the transnational women’s rights movement at the UN conferences of the 1990’s” Vol 26. Issue 4. 2003 pg. 313-331

McKay, Susan. “Chapter 7: Women, Human Security, and Peace Building: A Feminist Analysis” Conflict and Human Security: A search for new approaches of Peace Building, 2004.

Woroniuk, Beth (1999). Women’s Empowerment in the context of Human Security: A Discussion Paper. Bangkok, Thailand.

Moghadam, Valentine (January 20, 2005). Globalizing Women: Transnational Feminism. JHU Press

title: User:Eap7/sandbox


text:
Talk:Donald Andrews

Untitled
Full professors and research universities--and particularly holders of named chairs, have consistently held to be notable at AfD. The web site is sufficient for the details--its an official site, and the publications can and will be added as outside refs..DGG 02:50, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

"Major Works"
It is surprising how both his "major" works feature two common co-authors and have about 28 citations. Does the person who wrote this piece intend to claim that these articles are more notable than his Econometrica articles from 1991 and 1992 (which have in excess of 1000 citations)? I am going to give the author of this article a week to reply before I change these to Donald Andrews' more commonly-known major works. Mornington (talk) 19:10, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Donald Andrews


text:
Ayu

Ayu or AYU may refer to:
 * Ayu (given name)
 * Ayu sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis), a species of smelt
 * Ayu, a local name for the African manatee
 * Ayu (singer) or Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese singer
 * Ayu Islands, a small archipelago in Indonesia
 * Ayu, Dawei, a village in Burma
 * Ayu language, a language of Nigeria
 * Aiyura Airport, IATA code AYU

title: Ayu


text:
Prauserella rugosa

Prauserella rugosa is a bacterium from the genus Prauserella which has been isolated from the rumen of cattle.

title: Prauserella rugosa


text:
Lea Nudelman

Lea Nudelman (born 11 May 1955) is an Israeli chess player who won Women's Chess Olympiad team and individual gold medals.

Chess career
Lea Nudelman participated in the Soviet Union youth chess championship, where achieved the best result in 1972 in Chernihiv, when taken the 7th place. She played for Ukraine in the Championship of the USSR team juniors and twice won - in 1970 in Nevinnomyssk and in 1972 in Kiev. In 1971 Lea Nudelman won the Crimean Oblast Women's Chess Championship. She also is Ukrainian women's correspondence chess championship winner (1968-1970).

Moved to Israel in 1972. Participating in multiple Israeli women's chess championships.

Lea Nudelman played for Israel in the Women's Chess Olympiads:
 * In 1974, at second board in the 6th Chess Olympiad (women) in Medellín (+8, =1, -4),
 * In 1976, at first reserve board in the 7th Chess Olympiad (women) in Haifa (+6, =1, -0) and won team and individual gold medals,
 * In 1980, at first reserve board in the 9th Chess Olympiad (women) in Valletta (+4, =5, -0) and won individual bronze medal.

Lately she lives in France and rarely played in chess tournaments.

Literature

 * Игорь Бердичевский. Шахматная еврейская энциклопедия. Москва: Русский шахматный дом, 2016. ISBN 978-5-94693-503-6

title: Lea Nudelman


text:
Talk:Driss Chraïbi

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title: Talk:Driss Chraïbi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Retroactive nomenclature

The result was delete. General consensus is that this, while an interesting topic, has not been discussed enough to be notable, seems to be both OR and an essay. Eddie891 Talk Work 12:59, 12 September 2020 (UTC)

Retroactive nomenclature

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Not verifiably notable. This essay has been unsourced since its creation in 2006 by an editor who has not edited since 2011, and has been tagged as unsourced since 2007. I came across it while stub-sorting because another editor had labelled it recently as a Stub, which it certainly isn't.

While the phenomenon discussed undoubtedly exists, there is no evidence that it has been recognised as a named entity, or given this name (which does not appear in the Oxford English Dictionary, while terms such as "retroactive continuity" and "retroactive inhibition" are included). Google search seems only to produce mirrors of this article, including a couple of YouTube videos of the article being read out by computer, and the option to buy a 92-page paperback book of the article for $67.53 from Australian Amazon, but no other use of the term. This suggests that the term has no notability, or indeed existence beyond Wikipedia. The talk page shows a couple of grumbles about the article from 2010 and 2011, but no-one seems to have suggested deleting it until now. Although there is no inter-wiki link in the left sidebar, Wikidata shows that there is a Spanish wikipedia article ... created by apparently the same editor, in April 2009 - one of his only 10 edits on that Wikipedia, 2006-2009.

Some of the content, if sourced, might fit into Anachronism, but that article has no mention of this phenomenon (on a quick scan for "nomenclature" or "name").

It's slightly sad to see an interesting article disappear, but there seem no grounds on which this article ought to be appearing in our encyclopedia. I suggest that the time has come to delete it. Pam D  15:32, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Language-related deletion discussions.  Pam  D  15:32, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete. The strongest argument for deletion is OR, which this article certainly is, given the available Ghits.  Google Ngram comes up with zero occurrences.  That's sufficient grounds for a deletion.  Also the article is also completely unsourced as you might expect, a dictdef at best (if the term even existed outside of wikipedia), non-notable, its examples are a mess, and -- that seems like enough said.  --Lockley (talk) 22:45, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment The topic of the article itself seems encyclopedic, maybe it is simply the title that is problematic? I feel like I have come across discussion on this when reading about how people tend to refer to Roman emperors and other historic figures.★Trekker (talk) 17:54, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment This is a bit tricky. As the nominator notes, the phenomenon definitely exists (the example that immediately springs to mind for me is Octavius/Octavian/Augustus) and I agree with the comment above in that I think it is most likely notable, even if this term might not be used. The lack of use of this specific term of course makes it difficult to search for sources. Of course, WP:Notability depends on the existence of sources and not whether they are actually cited in the article per WP:NEXIST, and I'm inclined to give this article the benefit of the doubt in this regard (because I too feel like I have come across discussion on this, though I cannot recall exactly when or where). I don't think this qualifies under WP:DELREASON as a neologism, because the article is about the concept as opposed to the term. It might however qualify under WP:DELREASON (Articles for which thorough attempts to find reliable sources to verify them have failed). Even then, I am tempted to go with an WP:IAR keep, because I honestly think that the existence of this article improves Wikipedia (even in its current, unsourced state). It might be appropriate to change the title, but I have no suggestion as to what the new title should be in that case. TompaDompa (talk) 19:37, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * A Google search did actually turn up a few uses of the term that are not from mirrors of this article. These uses are not all necessarily from WP:RELIABLE sources (such as this forum thread where somebody says Back in my day, we called it "hard rock." Hair metal is a retroactive nomenclature. We didn't call it hair metal then, but it sure is called that now.), but I would like to draw your attention to this source, which says We can look back on past actions of others and interpret what they did as an act of self-improvement, but if the concept of self-improvement did not exist yet, can what they did accurately be characterized as self-improvement? (Bochner, 1994) Nevertheless, this type of retroactive nomenclature says something about the attitudes that have prevailed since the beginning of the Twentieth Century. I also found not one, but two uses of the term "retroactive nomenclature" to mean retronym. TompaDompa (talk) 19:54, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Stifle (talk) 15:54, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * After some further searching, I found this source which discusses at some length the use of the name Augustus to describe Rome's first emperor before he was called that, including Virgil's use of the name in relation to the Battle of Actium (4 years before he was called that) and Horace's use of the name in relation to the Battle of Philippi (15 years before he was called that). TompaDompa (talk) 00:14, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes this is a common thing with the Roman imperial people, they're often known best by a single name but had many during their life (and a lot of the time some of their names were also the exact names of at least one of their relatives, which leads to a heap of confusion, hence why historians tend to stick with their best known name even if its anachronistic).★Trekker (talk) 00:19, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  Sandstein   11:01, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete Sadly, while I initially agreed with TompaDompa comments above - that while this appears to be a concept that does exists, there are examples of it.....and the sort of thing there should be a page on. However I tend to now agree with other editors, the problems is, there isn't actual published discussion of the concept, and this article tends to be synthesis of different examples, with no overall commentary on the concept published.  Deathlibrarian (talk) 13:39, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete This is an essay with valid sources for each individual cited case, but no source which covers the topic in a general way. While the phenomenon certainly exists, no source has been presented that support its WP:notability, and the non-prevalence of the term "retroactive nomenclature" already has been shown. So it is genuine OR. Changing the page title won't change this, only reliable sources could do so. –Austronesier (talk) 13:19, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete, regretfully. I agree that this stuff is a) interesting and b) descriptive of a real phenomenon, as demonstrated by multiple examples. However, as long as there is no outside treatment of the topic under a unified term, we can't go ahead and collect these examples and assign a name to them. There's some overlap with retronym and maybe some of the material could be treated there, but again that would require someone (not us) explicitly and verifiably making that connection. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 23:03, 10 September 2020 (UTC)