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Topology

General Topology is based solely on set theory and concerns itself with structures of sets. It is at its core a generalization of the concept of distance, though this will not be immediately apparent for the novice student. Topology generalizes many distance-related concepts, such as continuity, compactness, and convergence.

Before You Begin
In order to make things easier for you as a reader, as well as for the writers, you will be expected to be familiar with a few topics before beginning.

 * Real analysis
 * Continuous Functions
 * Sequences & Series, Convergence & Divergence
 * /Set Theory/
 * Set Operations: Union, Intersection, Complement, De Morgan's laws, etc.
 * Order Relations: Ordered Sets, Equivalence relations, Lattices.
 * Functions: Definition and Properties of Functions
 * Cardinality: Finite, Countable, and Uncountable sets
 * Zorn's Lemma and the Axiom of Choice
 * Mathematical Logic & Proofs
 * Mathematics is all about proofs. One of the goals of this book is to improve your skills in doing proofs, but you will not learn any of the basics here.

Motivation and Preliminaries

 * Chapter 1.1 /Introduction/
 * Chapter 1.2 /History/
 * Chapter 1.3 /Basic Concepts Set Theory/

Introduction to Topology

 * Chapter 2.2.1 /Metric Spaces/
 * Chapter 2.2.2 /Topological Spaces/
 * Chapter 2.2.3 /Bases/
 * Chapter 2.2.4 /Points in Sets/
 * Chapter 2.2.5 /Sequences/
 * Chapter 2.2.6 /Subspaces/
 * Chapter 2.2.7 /Order/
 * Chapter 2.2.8 /Order Topology/
 * Chapter 2.2.9 /Product Spaces/
 * Chapter 2.2.10 /Quotient Spaces/
 * Chapter 2.2.11 /Continuity and Homeomorphisms/

Properties of Topological Spaces

 * Chapter 2.3.1 /Separation Axioms/
 * Chapter 2.3.2 /Connectedness/
 * Chapter 2.3.3 /Path Connectedness/
 * Chapter 2.3.4 /Compactness/
 * Chapter 2.3.5 /Comb Space/
 * Chapter 2.3.6 /Local Connectedness/
 * Chapter 2.3.7 /Linear Continuum/
 * Chapter 2.3.8 /Countability/
 * Chapter 2.3.9 /Cantor Space/
 * Chapter 2.3.10 /Completeness/ - not a topological property
 * Chapter 2.3.11 /Completion/
 * Chapter 2.3.12 /Perfect map/ - optional section which is challenging

Vector Spaces

 * Chapter 3.1 /Vector Spaces/
 * Chapter 3.2 /Morphisms/
 * Chapter 3.3 /Convexity/
 * Chapter 3.4 /Hahn-Banach Theorem/
 * Chapter 3.5 /Topological Vector Spaces/
 * Chapter 3.6 /Euclidean Spaces/
 * Chapter 3.7 /Normed Vector Spaces/
 * Chapter 3.8 /Banach Spaces/
 * Chapter 3.9 /Hilbert Spaces/

Homotopy

 * Chapter 4.1 /Free group and presentation of a group/
 * Chapter 4.2 /Deformation Retract/
 * Chapter 4.3 /Homotopy/
 * Chapter 4.4 /The fundamental group/
 * Chapter 4.5 /Induced homomorphism/

Polytopes

 * Chapter 5.1 /Simplicial complexes/
 * Chapter 5.2 /Barycentric Coordinates/
 * Chapter 5.3 /Geometric Complexes/
 * Chapter 5.4 /Barycentric Subdivision/
 * Chapter 5.5 /Simplical Mappings/
 * Chapter 5.6 /Imbedding Theorem/

Homology

 * Chapter 6.1 /Exact Sequences/
 * Chapter 6.2 /Homology Groups/
 * Chapter 6.3 /Singular Homology/
 * Chapter 6.4 /Relative Homology/
 * Chapter 6.5 /Mayer-Vietoris Sequence/
 * Chapter 6.6 /Excision Theorem/
 * Chapter 6.7 /Eilenberg–Steenrod axioms/
 * Chapter 6.8 /Relative Homotopy/
 * Chapter 6.9 /Vietoris Homology/

Cohomology

 * Chapter 7.1 /Cohomology/
 * Chapter 7.2 /Cohomology Product/
 * Chapter 7.3 /Cap-Product/
 * Chapter 7.4 /Relative Cohomology/
 * Chapter 7.5 /Induced Homeomorphism/
 * Chapter 7.6 /Čech Cohomology/

Advanced Methods

 * Chapter 8.1 /Poincaré Duality/
 * Chapter 8.2 /Spectral Sequences/

Differential Topology

 * Chapter 9.1 /Manifolds/
 * Chapter 9.1.1 Categories of Manifolds
 * Chapter 9.2 /Tangent Spaces/
 * Chapter 9.3 /Vector Bundles/

Appendices

 * A /Further Reading/
 * B /Index/

Question & Answer
Have a question? Why not ask the very textbook that you are learning from?

1. What is the difference between topology, algebra and analysis?

 * Topology is a generalization of analysis and geometry. It comes in many flavors: point-set topology, manifold topology and algebraic topology, to name a few. All topology generalizes concepts from analysis dealing with space such as continuity of functions, connectedness of a space, open and closed sets, (etc.). Algebraic topology attributes algebraic structures (groups, rings etc.) to families of topological spaces to distinguish topological differences in those families. Manifold topology works with spaces that are locally the same as Euclidean space, i.e., surfaces. Often manifolds are equipped with extra structure, such as smooth, PL, symplectic, etc. A naive description of topology is that it identifies those qualities of a space that do not change under twisting and stretching of that space. As such, it is popularly referred to as "rubber sheet geometry." In reality topology does far more than this, in fact providing a rigorous foundation under all branches of mathematics dealing with "spaces."

 * Algebra deals with the structure of sets under various operations with particular properties. Commonly studied algebraic objects include Groups, Rings and Field. One of the major results from Algebra include Galois Theory, which eventually shows that there is no general solution to quintic polynomial equations by radicals. Also important results from Algebra are the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra (which says that, in the Field of Complex numbers, every non constant polynomial has at least one root), Group Classification, and much more.

 * Analysis (or specifically real analysis) on the other hand deals with the real numbers $$\mathbb{R}$$ and the standard topology and algebraic structure of $$\mathbb{R}$$. Analysis provides rigorous proofs for the definitions of derivatives and integrals, as well as treatments of sequences and limits. One can, in some sense, view it as a rigorous treatment of the Calculus.

2. How are the concepts of base and open cover related? It seems that every base is an open cover, but not every open cover is a base. But, why are both concepts needed?

 * The terms base and open cover are not evidently related. Every base is an open cover which is probably the main relation. Take a second countable topological space for instance (second countable means that the space has a countable base for its topology). Such a space satisfies the property that every open cover has a countable sub-cover. To prove this we use the countability of the base. Basically, for any open cover, we choose for each element of the space, an element of the open cover containing it and hence a basis element contained in that element of open cover. Therefore, for any open cover, we can generate a open cover of basis elements that is an 'open refinement' (see Wikipedia for definition). From here we can get properties of open covers from properties of the base. If the base is countable, we can generate a countable open cover from the original cover.

The reason we have both definitions is because these two things have different properties. The most useful fact about a base is that it determines the topology. A basis must have "arbitrarily small" sets, that is, any open set contains a basis element. On the other hand, an open cover does not determine the topology at all. It can be used to build things such as partitions of unity, and often draws on the compactness property. Topology Expert (talk) 04:17, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

3. What is a homology?

 * While homotopy is what one would want to study at first, it turns out that most questions in homotopy theory are rather hard. If we "replace" the spheres of homotopy theory with simplices we can extract similar information about "holes" in the space (often what one is interested in), we get a much more computable sequence of groups. The Hurewicz theorem even gives us that in some cases the homotopy groups can be calculated via the homology groups.

General Topology

 * Aleksandrov; Combinatorial Topology (1956)
 * Baker; Introduction to Topology (1991)
 * Dixmier; General Topology (1984)
 * Engelking; General Topology (1977)
 * Munkres; Topology (2000)
 * James; Topological and Uniform Spaces (1987)
 * Jänich; Topology (1984)
 * Kuratowski; Introduction to Set Theory and Topology (1961)
 * Kuratowski; Topology (1966)
 * Roseman; Elementary Topology (1999)
 * Seebach, Steen; Counterexamples in Topology (1978)
 * Willard; General Topology (1970)

Algebraic Topology

 * Marvin Greenberg and John Harper; Algebraic Topology (1981)
 * Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology (2002)
 * Hu, Sze-tsen, Cohomology Theory (1968)
 * Hu, Sze-tsen, Homology Theory (1966)
 * Hu, Sze-tsen, Homotopy Theory (1959)
 * Albert T. Lundell and Stephen Weingram, The Topology of CW Complexes (1969)
 * Joerg Mayer, Algebraic Topology (1972)
 * James Munkres, Elements of Algebraic Topology (1984)
 * Joseph J. Rotman, An Introduction to Algebraic Topology (1988)
 * Edwin Spanier, Algebraic Topology (1966)

de:Mathematik: Topologie Topologie 位相幾何学 Topologia ogólna

title: Topology


text:
Category:Wikipedians interested in pool (cue sports)

This user category contains the user pages of Wikipedians who are interested in or fans of pool.
 * For Wikipedians who play pool, see Category:Wikipedian pool players.

To add your user page to this user category, place one of the following pieces of Wikitext on your user page.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Dick Douglas

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:34, 27 November 2017 (UTC)

Misleading source name
The source marked 'Scottish Daily Herald news report on Douglas' defection' is actually a link to a Sunday Herald article on the rumour of a Labour MP defecting to the SNP in 2007 - it simply briefly mentions that Douglas had defected in 1990. Dunarc (talk) 22:43, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Infobox nationality
Wasn't a hundred percent sure whether to put Scottish or British in the infobox. In my experience putting British in Infobox's seems to be popular for politicians so I will put it there for now.Llewee (talk) 13:10, 23 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dick Douglas


text:
Kim Yong-il (disambiguation)

Kim Yong-il (born 1944) is a North Korean politician who acted as Premier (2007–2010).

Kim Yong-il may also refer to:

 * Kim Yong-il (politician, born 1947), deputy foreign minister of North Korea
 * Kim Yong-il (footballer) (born 1994), North Korean midfielder

title: Kim Yong-il (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2006-04-03/Features and admins

Administrators
Eight users were granted admin status last week: Dustimagic (nom), Encephalon (nom), Laurascudder (nom), DaGizza (nom), Turnstep (nom), HereToHelp (nom), Gryffindor (nom) and CBDunkerson (nom). Essjay has become the latest bureaucrat with a final vote of (143/16/4).

Featured content
A record twenty-one articles were featured last week: Mini, History of Michigan State University, Hurricane Iniki, History of Puerto Rico, Battle of Cannae, S. A. Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition of 1897, Philosophy of mind, Pakistan, Mexicanos, al grito de guerra, Military history of France, William Tecumseh Sherman, Keratoconus, Ran (film), Geology of the Capitol Reef area, Diane Keaton, Simon Byrne, Hopkins School, Battle of Austerlitz, Retreat of glaciers since 1850, Hurricane Gloria and Manchester City F.C..

The following featured articles were displayed last week on the main page as Today's featured article: Frog, Noah's Ark, Voter turnout, Yom Kippur War, Saffron, Spoo and George IV of the United Kingdom.

Articles that were de-featured last week: Ian McKellen.

Four lists reached featured list status last week: List of French monarchs, List of Florida birds, List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes and Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc.

Six pictures reached featured picture status last week:


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tabescent

Etymology
From, present participle of.

Adjective

 * 1) Wasting away, or becoming emaciated.

title: tabescent


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Raju Srivastav

Satya Prakash Srivastav (25 December 1963 – 21 September 2022), known professionally as Raju Srivastav and often credited as Gajodhar, was an Indian comedian, actor and politician. He was born in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, and moved to Mumbai in the 1980s to work in the Hindi film industry. He acted in Baazigar, Bombay to Goa, Aamdani Atthanni Kharcha Rupaiya among others. He contested in the comedy show The Great Indian Laughter Challenge and became the runner-up. He won the title of "The King of Comedy" in its spin-off show The Great Indian Laughter Challenge – Champions. He did many stand-up comedy live shows.

He had been a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party since 2014.

Early life
He was born in 1963 in Kanpur city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in a Kayastha family. His father Ramesh Srivastav was a poet. In his childhood, Srivastav liked to mimic film stars including Amitabh Bachchan.

Career
In 1980s he moved to Mumbai, and started his career by doing small roles in Bollywood films. He had a part in the Rajshri Productions movie Maine Pyar Kiya and other small roles in various movies such as Baazigar and Bombay to Goa. He worked as an actor and comedian in the Bollywood movie Aamdani Atthanni Kharcha Rupaiya.

In 2005, he ventured into stand-up comedy with the talent show The Great Indian Laughter Challenge and finished as second runner-up. Then he took part in its spin-off, The Great Indian Laughter Challenge – Champions, and won the title of "The King of Comedy". He became famous because of this show. By 2009, he had done more than 2,800 live shows.

In 2009, in an interview, he said the vulgarity in comedy shows was a concern for him. He believed that comedians should practice self-regulation. Srivastav participated in 'Bigg Boss' (Hindi season 3), the Indian counterpart of the Big Brother. After staying in the house for more than two months he was voted out on 4 December 2009. In 2010, Srivastav received threatening calls from Pakistan warning him not to crack jokes on underworld don Dawood Ibrahim and Pakistan during his shows.

In 2013, Raju along with his wife participated in Nach Baliye season 6, which is a couples dance show on StarPlus. He has also appeared on Comedy Nights with Kapil.

In 2016, he appeared in Mazaak Mazaak Mein, a Hindi reality television talent competition.

In 2019 participated in the comedy show Comedy Ka Maha Muqabala.

Political career
The Samajwadi Party (SP) fielded Srivastava from Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency for the 2014 Lok Sabha election. But on 11 March 2014, Srivastav returned the ticket, saying he was not getting enough support from the local units of the party. SP was expecting him to quit as the contest in the seat had become important. SP withdrew his candidature from Kanpur after he quit.

Within days of leaving SP, he joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) on 19 March 2014. BJP did not give him the ticket for Lok Sabha 2014. He campaigned in support of BJP candidates in Lok Sabha and Assembly elections. In 2014, he was appointed by the BJP led Union government as the brand ambassador of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and had recorded advertisements for the campaign. In 2018, Srivastav disclosed on social media that he would get the chance to contest in the 2019 Indian general election as BJP candidate for Lok Sabha, although that did not materialize.

In March 2019, he was appointed by the BJP-led Government of Uttar Pradesh as the chairman of the Uttar Pradesh Film Development Council.

Reception
Widely described as the "king of comedy", his looks were also noted for having resembled Amitabh Bachchan.

In January 2021, Raju Srivastav released a small video clip on social media criticizing the creators and actors of the web series Tandav for allegedly hurting Hindu sentiments by insulting Hindu religion and Hindu deities. In response, filmmaker Vinod Kapri and others shared several videos of Srivastav's comedy shows where he had used Hindu deities and the Indian holy epic Ramayana in his comedy sketches. Kapri said that Srivastav had mocked the Hindu god Brahma and had joked about Brahma meeting actress Madhuri Dixit and his white beard turning red.

Following Shrivastav's death, comedian Sunil Pal praised Shrivastav and added that "He would help juniors find gigs. He would also help his juniors financially, made sure they are paid on time and paid well. He brought in a lot of good changes in the comedy circle". Comedian Bharti Singh said that Shrivastav's death is "a great loss for the entire country".

Personal life
Srivastav married Shikha from Lucknow on 1 July 1993. They had two children, a boy and a girl.

Death
On 10 August 2022, while running on the treadmill in the gym, Raju Srivastav complained of chest pain and suffered a cardiac arrest. He underwent an angioplasty and was put on ventilator. Swelling was observed in his brain during his treatment and he was also treated by neurologists. His condition was stated to be critical ever since he suffered the heart attack. On the morning of 21 September 2022, he died during his treatment in Delhi.

The post mortem was done using the method of virtual autopsy. His last rites were conducted in Delhi.

Prolific figures including Narendra Modi, Yogi Adityanath, Rajnath Singh, Amit Shah, Ajay Devgn, Akshay Kumar, Anil Kapoor, Vivek Agnihotri, Rajpal Yadav and others expressed their condolences over Shrivastav's death.

title: Raju Srivastav


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oughtness

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  In ethics, the quality which makes an action dutiful or morally obligatory.
 * 2)  The state or characteristic of something's being as it ought to be; rightness.
 * 3)  The obligatoriness of future actions or future states of affairs which are morally worthy of being produced through human effort.
 * 1)  The state or characteristic of something's being as it ought to be; rightness.
 * 2)  The obligatoriness of future actions or future states of affairs which are morally worthy of being produced through human effort.
 * 1)  The obligatoriness of future actions or future states of affairs which are morally worthy of being produced through human effort.

title: oughtness


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Additive number theory

Additive number theory is the subfield of number theory concerning the study of subsets of integers and their behavior under addition. More abstractly, the field of additive number theory includes the study of abelian groups and commutative semigroups with an operation of addition. Additive number theory has close ties to combinatorial number theory and the geometry of numbers. Two principal objects of study are the sumset of two subsets A and B of elements from an abelian group G,

 * $$A + B = \{a+b : a \in A, b \in B\},$$

and the h-fold sumset of A,

 * $$hA = \underset{h}{\underbrace{A + \cdots + A}}\,.$$

Additive number theory
The field is principally devoted to consideration of direct problems over (typically) the integers, that is, determining the structure of hA from the structure of A: for example, determining which elements can be represented as a sum from hA, where A is a fixed subset. Two classical problems of this type are the Goldbach conjecture (which is the conjecture that 2P contains all even numbers greater than two, where P is the set of primes) and Waring's problem (which asks how large must h be to guarantee that hAk contains all positive integers, where

 * $$A_k=\{0^k,1^k,2^k,3^k,\ldots\}$$

is the set of k-th powers). Many of these problems are studied using the tools from the Hardy-Littlewood circle method and from sieve methods. For example, Vinogradov proved that every sufficiently large odd number is the sum of three primes, and so every sufficiently large even integer is the sum of four primes.  Hilbert proved that, for every integer k > 1, every non-negative integer is the sum of a bounded number of k-th powers.  In general, a set A of nonnegative integers is called a basis of order h if hA contains all positive integers, and it is called an asymptotic basis if  hA contains all sufficiently large integers.  Much current research in this area concerns properties of general asymptotic bases of finite order.  For example, a set A is called a minimal asymptotic basis of order h if A is an asymptotic basis of order h but no proper subset of A is an asymptotic basis of order h. It has been proved that minimal asymptotic bases of order h exist for all h, and that there also exist asymptotic bases of order h that contain no minimal asymptotic bases of order h. Another question to be considered is how small can the number of representations of n as a sum of h elements in an asymptotic basis can be. This is the content of the Erdős–Turán conjecture on additive bases.

title: Additive number theory


text:
Talk:History of Brasenose College, Oxford

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121028125233/http://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/345/brasenose-college-archives-and-history-38/college-history-212/a-brief-history-of-brasenose-397.html to http://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/345/brasenose-college-archives-and-history-38/college-history-212/a-brief-history-of-brasenose-397.html
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120213110804/http://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/345/brasenose-college-archives-and-history-38/brasenose-people-216/principals-list-of-past-and-present-413.html to http://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/345/brasenose-college-archives-and-history-38/brasenose-people-216/principals-list-of-past-and-present-413.html
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:19, 4 November 2017 (UTC)


text:
Scouting/BSA/Backpacking Merit Badge

Requirement 1
Show that you know first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur while backpacking, including hypothermia, heatstroke, heat exhaustion, frostbite, dehydration, sunburn, insect stings, tick bites, snakebite, blisters, and hyperventilation.

Requirement 2
Do one of the following:
 * A. List 10 items which are essential to be carried on any overnight backpacking trek and explain why each item is necessary.
 * B. Describe 10 ways you can limit the weight and bulk to be carried in your pack without jeopardizing your health or safety.

Requirement 3
Do one of the following:
 * A. Define limits on the number of backpackers who should be in a backpacking crew.
 * B. Explain the reason for the upper limit and the lower limit in a backpacking crew.

Requirement 4
Tell environmental considerations that are important for backpackers and describe five ways to lessen their impact on the environment. Describe proper methods for disposing of solid and liquid wastes.

Requirement 5
Demonstrate two ways to purify water and tell why water purification is essential.

Requirement 6
Demonstrate that you can read topographic maps. While on a hike, use a map and compass to establish your position on the terrain at random times and places.

Requirement 7
Tell how to prepare properly for and deal with inclement weather while on a backpacking trek.

Requirement 8
Do the following:
 * A. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of three different types of backpacking stoves using at least three different types of fuel.
 * B. Demonstrate that you know how to operate a backpacking stove safely and to handle liquid fuel safely.
 * C. Prepare at least three meals using a stove and fuel you can carry in a backpack.

Requirement 9
Do the following:
 * A. Plan a patrol backpacking hike.
 * B. Properly pack your own gear and your share of the crew equipment and food. Protect it against inclement weather. Show that your pack allows you to get quickly to items you may need on the trail and provides for comfort, balance, and neatness. Show how to use effectively a pack frame and hip strap to distribute the weight on your body.
 * C. Conduct a prehike inspection of the patrol and its equipment.
 * D. Carrying your pack, complete a hike of at least two miles.

Requirement 10
Take three backpacking treks. Each must consist of at least three days duration with two different overnight campsites, and each must cover at least 15 miles. Carry everything you will need throughout the trek.

Requirement 11
Do five of the following:
 * A. In addition, assist in planning and take a backpacking trek of at least five days with at least three different campsites, and covering at least 30 miles. Your written plan submitted to your counselor must include route, food and menus, equipment, and emergency notification. Prepare lightweight, reasonably priced trail menus. Carry everything you need throughout the entire trek.
 * B. On returning, tell what you did to get in shape for this trek and how you might do it differently again.

title: Scouting/BSA/Backpacking Merit Badge


text:
User:Yuukismh/sandbox

Andrew Lin
Andrew Lin ( Born 20 November 2007), known online as yuukismh, is a New Zealand YouTuber, comedian, gamer, and actor, known primarily for his comedic formatted videos.

title: User:Yuukismh/sandbox


text:
Design engineering

Design Engineering (or Engineering Design) is Design within the context of the applied arts and sciences, in a number of generalized fields of engineering. This developing learning resource begins as a treatment of Engineering and Technology "through a wide-angle lens" from a design perspective and continues as a learning path toward a set of specific exemplary subjects. The goal is to take a learning group on a journey together into real-world problem-solving and critical thinking. General topics will be subjects like Energy, Architecture, Systems theory, and such. Specific topics might include Geospatial Information Systems (GIS), Web Design, ..add yours...

The topics and schools linked from the Engineering and Technology Portal provide a generalized structure for moving forward down the Practicum. The term "path" is used in place of "course" for the simple reason that this resource is designed to be flexible, adaptable, scaleable, consensus-driven, collaborative and most-of-all applicable to the real world.

Starting point
The philosophical basis for this resource is called Participatory Action Research or PAR. The principles are discussed in depth at the project page entitled Learning to learn a wiki way. This is a pilot implementation for that project group. Please familiarize yourself with the goals there and meet us back here at the discussion page. This resource by design is dependant upon your participation, thus, may not move any further until someone "breaks the ice" on the discussion page. Go for it!

title: Design engineering


text:
Kalk Bay

Kalk Bay (Afrikaans: Kalkbaai) is a fishing village and suburb of Cape Town. It lies on the east coast of False Bay. Much of the town is built on the slopes of mountains which border the sea, with peaks of Table Mountain Sandstone forming valleys. The railway from Cape Town to Simon's Town passes through Kalk Bay, which has one station near the harbour.

Kalk Bay is adjacent to the historically connected suburb of St James, with the division between the two being largely formal. They share the Kalk Bay & St. James Ratepayers and Residents Association, which manages a heritage committee and co-operates with the government on matters of safety and conservation.

In 2018 Forbes Magazine voted the neighborhood one of the "coolest in the world".

Early history
It is challenging to separate the history of the Kalk Bay area from the wider history of False Bay. It is likely that the Kalk Bay area was inhabited by Khoekhoe for thousands of years before white settlement, much like the rest of False Bay. Middens found under cliff overhangs in the mountains on which Kalk Bay sits indicate they may have been used for shelter.

The village of Kalk Bay was likely established in the 17th century. The first written mention of the name Kalk Bay came from Simon van der Stel in 1687. Its name is derived from the Dutch and Afrikaans name Kalkbaai, translating to Lime Bay. This name likely emerged from the deposits of mussel shells which were burnt by early settlers to make lime.

The early fishing population of Kalk Bay consisted primarily of slaves from the British colony of slaves brought from Bengal, Indonesia, and Ceylon. They would gain their freedom in 1807, when slavery was made illegal in the British Empire. They were also largely Muslims, leading to the construction of a mosque in 1846. Under British rule, whaling became an important industry within Kalk Bay. It began around the start of the 19th century, and drove human settlement in Kalk Bay. By the 1870s, whale stocks were so depleted that it became a secondary activity to fishing, and by the early 20th century the whale fishery collapsed.

The population was bolstered by the arrival of Filipino fishermen in the 1850s, likely arriving from Simon's Town. The largely Catholic Filipinos are the origin of the separation between Kalk Bay and St James, which contains the only Catholic church in the area.

The railway line to St. James & Kalk Bay was opened in 1883, with construction beginning on the formal harbour walls in 1913.

Attempts at dislocation
The passing of the Slums Act of 1934 called for the demolition of 'slums', and was applied with the intent of advancing segregation. Within Kalk Bay, this led to the demolition of houses in an area known as Die Land. This housing was largely inhabited by the Coloured fishing population due to its proximity to the harbour. The act did require for the construction of replacement housing, but this housing was usually segregated and built on the periphery of towns and cities.

The population of Kalk Bay fought for replacement housing to be built in the same location and succeeded, leading to the construction of a set of flats on the cleared land, colloquially known as the "Fisherman Flats".

In 1967, Kalk Bay was proclaimed a "White Area" under Proclamation 150 of the Group Areas Act. This led to significant protest within Kalk Bay, and a historically unique about-face in which the majority of Kalk Bay's non-White population was allowed to remain for 15 years. This 15 year deadline was never acted upon, meaning that most of the population remained. Roughly a quarter of families were evicted.

Tourism
The historically dominant fishing industry of Kalk Bay has largely been replaced by tourism, driven by a few notable attractions.

Kalk Bay has a reef with a break known as "Kalk Bay Reef". It is known for heavy barrels and the associated shallow reef, which makes it more hazardous than most popular surf spots. It is best surfed on a big south-easterly swell or a north west wind. In smaller swells low tide makes for better barrels. The waves are often good for surfing in the winter and early spring.

Another popular activity is whale watching, as Southern right whales migrate through False Bay during a few months of the year.

In addition, the mountains above Kalk Bay contains multiple hikes, being Echo Valley and Trappieskop (which translates from Afrikaans as steps hill). These are accessible from Boyes Drive, which runs across the mountain above Kalk Bay. These trails can be used to access sandstone caves known as "Boomslang Cave" and "Ronan's Well", popular among amateur cavers for their ease of access, relative safety, and simple layouts.

These caves are of importance to speleologists because they have formed in sandstone. Large cave systems are not often found in this type of chemically nonreactive rock.

Coat of arms
Kalk Bay (including Muizenberg and St James) was a municipality from 1895 to 1913. The town council assumed a coat of arms, designed by Frank Newnes, in July 1901.

The shield was divided horizontally. The upper half was divided vertically, depicting a fishing boat (partly obscured by a small shield) and eight fleurs de lis, while the lower half depicted a bunch of grapes. A small shield displaying an arum lily was placed in the centre.

title: Kalk Bay


text:
Robert J. Cohen

Robert J. Cohen (born 1948) is the Executive Director of the Legal Aid Society of Orange County.

Education
In 1972, Cohen graduated from the John Marshall Law School (Chicago).

Career
Cohen started his career in 1974, as a staff attorney for Clark County Legal Services in Las Vegas, Nevada. Cohen joined Legal Aid in 1980. He worked for five years at the National Senior Citizens Law Center in Los Angeles.

Awards
The State Bar of California presented Cohen with 2003 Loren Miller Legal Services Award.

title: Robert J. Cohen


text:
Template:User WikiProject Indonesia

Use
To join WikiProject Indonesia, add your username to: If you place   on your user page, this template will display the userbox shown above and will add your user page to: For other Indonesia user templates, please see:
 * WikiProject Indonesia/Members
 * Category:WikiProject Indonesia participants
 * Category:Wikipedians interested in Indonesia
 * Category:Indonesia user templates

title: Template:User WikiProject Indonesia


text:
džoint

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  joint (marijuana cigarette)
 * 2)  a needle used for drug injection

title: džoint


text:
Gorodetsky, Altai Krai

Gorodetsky (Городецкий) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Kulundinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 205 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Gorodetsky is located 22 km north of Kulunda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Vozdvizhenka, Yambor and Kharkovka are the nearest rural localities.

title: Gorodetsky, Altai Krai


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Draft:A Man Called Nereus

 __NOINDEX__

The result of the discussion was Keep. — xaosflux  Talk 03:39, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

Draft:A Man Called Nereus

non-notable per WP:FILM no independent mentions, possible COI by creator Deunanknute (talk) 23:33, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * There is an Independent review one of many: http://www.searchmytrash.com/cgi-bin/creditsb.pl?mancallednereus%282012%29 — Preceding unsigned comment added by PRose88 (talk • contribs) 00:04, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That does not appear to be a reliable source. It explicitly states that it reviews non-notable movies. Deunanknute (talk) 00:13, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * http://www.comicbooked.com/victoria-paege-at-phoenix-comicon-2012/ .... http://www.futureclassx.com/bodypaint/conventions/PhoenixComiCon/120526-PHXCC-ISIS/2012PhoenixComiconFilmFestival.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by PRose88 (talk • contribs) 00:53, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * http://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/03/prweb11682343.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by PRose88 (talk • contribs) 00:56, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Your first and second aren't even about the movie, and all three are standard press releases. (not exactly, but close enough) Deunanknute (talk) 01:00, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment User:PRose88 is the article's author. Meters (talk) 23:26, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep - This is not an article, it is a draft; a draft that was created today and nominated for deletion one minute after its creation. Draft space is where articles can be worked on to improve its quality.  Slapping a deletion notice on it one minute after its creation is counterproductive.  The might notabel, or it might not, but there has been no opportunity afforded to the creator of the article to work on it. -- Whpq (talk) 01:18, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment It's not looking good for this draft. The creator added a few refs immediately after it was tagged, but they are not of much use. A blog, Wikipedia, a PR site, etc. are not an improvement over the original IMDB and facebook refs. The claim that the film won an award for "Best Characters in a Film" seems a bit overstated given that the actual award was "Characters That Make You Go 'Hmmmmm'" in the Fanboy/Fangirl Category. I'll give it a bit longer, but it seems unlikely this is going to be able to meet WP:NOTFILM. Meters (talk) 21:12, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete WP:NFF Two weeks since nom. No improvement to article. No response to query on author's talk page. Shown at a comic convention, but no evidence that this film has ever been distributed. Meters (talk) 22:55, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep - We don't need to be micromanaging draft content. If sources appear and the creator subsequently moves to mainspace, then scrutiny would be appropriate. Carrite (talk) 16:17, 27 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep - as draft. Movie is available on iTunes and may become notable. --Surturz (talk) 17:09, 4 March 2015 (UTC)


text:
Matija Gregurić

Matija Greguric (born 17 September 1996) is a Croatian male hammer thrower, who won an individual gold medal at the Youth World Championships.

title: Matija Gregurić


text:
Miloš Perunović

Miloš Perunović (born 14 January 1984) is a Serbian chess player. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster (GM) by FIDE in 2004. He is a two-time national champion (2005, 2007).

Chess career
Perunović played first board on the bronze medal-winning FR Yugoslavia (Serbia & Montenegro) team at the 2001 European U18 Team Chess Championship. He won the Serbia and Montenegro Chess Championship in 2005 and its successor, the Serbian Chess Championship in 2007. One of the most consistent performers at the national championship, he also has three silver and three bronze medals.

A regular national team member, Perunović has represented his country in four Chess Olympiads (2004, 2008, 2012, 2014) and seven times in the European Team Chess Championship (2003, 2005, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017).

In 2012, he won a bronze medal with the City of Novi Sad team in the 1st FIDE World Cities Chess Championship.

Perunović tied for 10th - 23rd at the 2014 European Individual Chess Championship, which qualified him for the Chess World Cup 2015, where he was defeated in the first round by Wang Hao.

In 2016, Perunović tied for first in the Grenke Chess Open in Karlsruhe, Germany with Matthias Blübaum, Vladimir Fedoseev, Nikita Vitiugov, Ni Hua, and Francisco Vallejo Pons, taking third place on tiebreak.

He finished second in the 2018 Chigorin Memorial Blitz.

Books

 * The Modernized Benko Gambit. Thinkers Publishing (2018). ISBN 978-9-49251-021-1.

title: Miloš Perunović


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Help desk/Archives/2020 August 12

= August 12 =

00:00:17, 12 August 2020 review of submission by Thebuzzreporters
Thebuzzreporters (talk) 00:00, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

03:01:20, 12 August 2020 review of submission by <IP_ADDRESS>
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:01, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Please link to the draft you refer to so that we can actually provide help. CaptainEek  Edits Ho Cap'n!⚓ 03:21, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Seems I need help in editing the submission to pass thru guidelines...what is my best approach to make appropriate edits?

03:43:42, 12 August 2020 review of submission by Allthewaydigital
Who are you do decide? Allthewaydigital (talk) 03:43, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , It appears that we are the ones who make the decisions. Please come back without a conflict of interest. We do not accept advertising Fiddle   Faddle  09:13, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

05:51:42, 12 August 2020 review of submission by Theenglishworkshop
I would like to know why my article is not worthy of being made public. This is just a biography. It is not meant to be educational. Is there some other section where I can post? I am confused. Theenglishworkshop (talk) 05:51, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Your draft was rejected because it has no independent reliable sources with significant coverage to support its content. Wikipedia is not for merely telling about someone. A Wikipedia article should summarize only what independent reliable sources with significant coverage have chosen on their own to say about a subject, showing how(in this case) it meets the special Wikipedia definition of a notable person. "Significant coverage" goes beyond brief mentions, name drops, routine announcements, interviews, and other primary sources. Please see Your First Article for more information. 331dot (talk) 08:56, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Request on 06:57:14, 12 August 2020 for assistance on AfC submission by Ana Maria Teodorescu
Hello, thank you for your review on my article Dragos Iliescu. It looks like the submission was not accepted due to copyright. But the information you are referring to are part of the person's CV, which he sent me. The CV was written by himself and he gave it to me to use as a reference. And these are names of books he wrote or was co-author. Would it be accepted if I include the CV as a reference?

Ana Maria Teodorescu (talk) 06:57, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , No.
 * For a living person we have a high standard of referencing. Every substantive fact you assert, especially one that is susceptible to potential challenge, requires a citation with a reference that is about them, and is independent of them, and is in WP:RS, and is significant coverage. Please also see WP:PRIMARY which details the limited permitted usage of primary sources and WP:SELFPUB which has clear limitations on self published sources. Providing sufficient references, ideally one per fact cited, that meet these tough criteria is likely to make any draft a clear acceptance (0.9 probability). Lack of them or an inability to find them is likely to mean that the person is not suitable for inclusion, certainly today. Fiddle   Faddle  09:09, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

08:41:23, 12 August 2020 review of draft by Vsp.manu
This draft has been declined by saying it needs more notable reference. I have rewritten this page and added more References. I am requesting you to help to improve the contents if you have noticed.

It will great help if you suggest me to either include or exclude or arrange the information given in the draft. I am open to remove if anything is against policy.

Many thanks.

Vsp.manu (talk) 08:41, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

09:22:49, 12 August 2020 review of submission by <IP_ADDRESS>
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:22, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * This submission lacks any form of verifyability. The 3 inline citations are dead links for me, two being a no longer existing server and the third one a classic HTTP 404. The facebbok profile, which isn't a reliable source never existed aparently (it redirects to the homepage) and the Twitter account was banned for violating the rules. If you are, who originally created this draft, please login. Victor Schmidt (talk) 10:23, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

12:16:17, 12 August 2020 review of submission by Aryanfanpage24
I have made this page and there is nothing copyright material or any type of restricted material available on my draft, its my personal draft, so please re-review it and approve it Thank You

Aryanfanpage24 (talk) 12:16, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You have no sources at all in the draft, let alone independent reliable sources. A Wikipedia article is not for merely telling about someone.  A Wikipedia article should only summarize what independent reliable sources have chosen on their own to say about a person, showing how they meet the special Wikipedia definition of a notable person. Please read Your First Article for more information. 331dot (talk) 12:21, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

13:30:43, 12 August 2020 review of submission by Alikhan7770
Alikhan7770 (talk) 13:30, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * What you wrote is not an encyclopedia article, but an advertisement. 331dot (talk) 13:35, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

14:40:16, 12 August 2020 review of submission by Chamofdo.99
Chamofdo.99 (talk) 14:40, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , I rather think you need to ask a question. The draft is.... unsuitable. Fiddle   Faddle  14:48, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Request on 14:52:35, 12 August 2020 for assistance on AfC submission by Jakecalder
Hey, Can someone review my draft - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Vivek_Ramachandran

Thank you

Jakecalder (talk) 14:52, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , there is a small chance that your draft is notable, but the sources don’t fully show that. Eternal Shadow   Talk  16:17, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note that most of the sources are unreliable as well, furtherly making it problematic. Eternal Shadow   Talk  16:17, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

15:01:43, 12 August 2020 review of submission by Ipsub14
Ipsub14 (talk) 15:01, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , your draft was promotional, but you blanked it, so I will G7 it (presumably good faith blanking). Eternal Shadow   Talk  16:14, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

17:20:08, 12 August 2020 review of submission by Sensei daniel san
Sensei daniel san (talk) 17:20, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Both someone else from my company and I wrote Wikipedia articles for our firm- so there are 2 submissions pending. Will the most recent one replace the other? Both of us spent a lot of time on the articles, and don't want to lose our work.

 * have either of you declared that you are paid by your company to write drafts here? PLease see paid Fiddle   Faddle  17:25, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

 * @Fiddle the article I am writing is indeed for my employer, but they have not asked me or directly paid me to write it. Nonetheless, I will include that I belong to this company in my article. Do I just print that template you gave me at the top of the article? Sensei daniel san (talk) 18:11, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , I ttink it has all been done. Thank you. We construe paid editing pretty broadly, so an employee of X is considered to be paid by X when they write about X or and of X's staff. This saves improper and unpleasant accusations. Transparency is a good thing.
 * Please advise your colleague to do the same Fiddle   Faddle  21:08, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

20:41:17, 12 August 2020 review of submission by Mehmoodj1
Mehmoodj1 (talk) 20:41, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , Does it look like any other valid article to you? Fiddle   Faddle  21:10, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

22:52:38, 12 August 2020 review of submission by Sensei daniel san
Sensei daniel san (talk) 22:52, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

@Fiddle does this mean it's going to always be a 'no'? Or do I just need to be transparent about my employer and remove all references that point directly back to the company webpage?
 * Realistically, it will be "no" for years. Some day Draft:EdCast could become notable, but there's no sign of that being just around the corner for EdCast. You may find WP:BFAQ informative. --Worldbruce (talk) 05:52, 13 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Zhongzhu Harbor

The Zhongzhu Harbor is a port in Lehua Village, Dongyin Township, Lienchiang County, Taiwan. It is the main port for people to get in and out from Dongyin Island.

History
The harbor was constructed by the Republic of China Armed Forces. They used rock blasted out to build a levee at the northern part of the harbor, connecting Dongyin Island and Xiyin Island.

Architecture
Next to the harbor is the giant Chinese characters pictures showing that people are at Lehua Village.

Destinations
Boats departing from this harbor departs to Fu'ao Harbor in Nan'gan Township.

title: Zhongzhu Harbor


text:
hyvästä

Postposition

 * 1) for ... (reason)

Usage notes
Rarely used in this sense outside of the collocations listed above.

title: hyvästä