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Talk:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy/Archive 3

Abbreviations
Quite Frankly this is rediculous. This is not 'How-do-you-form-impropper-leet-based-abreviations.com' I am taking them out fully expecting you to put them back in. In a propperly Formed abreviation only the capital letters are relivant enough to be apart of the abreviation, however people tend to ignore this aspect in popular culture making abreviations of World of Warcraft as WOW (not even using WoW for crying out loud). There for, because it both looks bad and is urbandict worthy material I am removing the improper abreviations.

1) who taught you how to type? A penguin? 2) That is quite possibly the most ridiculous reason to get angry I've ever heard of. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:04, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

1) You should really grant more time for responses before editing like that. 2) It would also be a good idea to go through the talk page archives, precisely because issues such as this one have been covered before. I have restored a couple of the more notable abbreviations, for reasons stated in my edit summary, but which I will restate here: H2G2 was used by Gaiman in his biography of Adams, and Adams used it himself when launching h2g2 the website. HHGTTG is used by one of the notable fan sites: hhgttgonline.com. --JohnDBuell 23:26, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

While I don't share the above commenter s seemingly harsh attitude about them, I also think the article would be better if the abbreviations were removed. They make the first sentence of the second paragraph highly confusing -- on my first time looking at the article they pretty much stopped me dead in my tracks. If that paragraph instead began "The title The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy[3] can refer to any of the various incarnations of the story..." it would be significantly stronger. The only one that really seems relevant is h2g2 and that is covered later in the paragraph in context as it should be. If you think other abbreviations are related to other substantive facts about Hitchhiker's, then maybe those should be included lower down the article near the relevant fact. Atduskgreg 07:19, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It's a VERY common encyclopedic convention to introduce a topic and its most common abbreviations within the introductory paragraphs of that topic's article. The trouble here is that it seems to be a magnet for everybody's favorite custom abbreviation, when really only two or three have gained meaningful usage, and those are the two I pointed out last October. --JohnDBuell 12:51, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for changing it; I think that paragraph scans much better now. My one other suggestion would be that the next sentence, the one that starts "The series is often referred to as...", is just plain unnecessary. Again, it makes the whole paragraph harder to follow, and those aren't even really true abbreviations, more truncations. -- Atduskgreg 19:56, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Again the usage convention is the same. Adams himself often referred to his own creation as Hitchhiker or Hitchhiker's in interviews. --JohnDBuell 22:30, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

I'm not going to edit anything, but I think the H2G2 abbreviation makes no sense and is ridiculous. <IP_ADDRESS> 09:39, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

The whole series makes no sense and is ridiculous. That's what makes it fun.

 * Hitch-hiker's Guide to the Galaxy, two H's, two G's, H2G2. --JohnDBuell 17:50, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * And as stated above, since DNA used H2G2 himself, I think it makes perfect sense. Faithlessthewonderboy 04:54, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * If its DNA you want, HHGTTG looks much more like DNA.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:48, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Venus on the Half-Shell vs. Hitchhiker's Guide
I can't help but notice some interesting similarities between the Hitchhiker's series and the lesser known Philip Jose Farmer novel Venus on the Half-Shell. Both works are about men who search the universe for the meaning of life after a catastrophe destroys Earth.

There are differences too, of course, but it's nevertheless worth noting that Venus on the Half-Shell was published a good four years before Hitchhiker's Guide made its radio debut. Could Hitchhiker's Guide have been inspired by Venus on the Half-Shell, or is wandering through space after losing one's home planet a common science-fiction theme that has existed well before either book was published? Inquiring minds want to know! -M.Neko

 * I've never heard this come up from any of Adams's biographers or seen any other connection made. I would tend to doubt that the work was known in the U.K. in the early 1970s. Adams had explored the theme of "the Earth blowing up" before - Out of the Trees for example - but it was only later, with Hitchhiker's that he sent characters off into the Milky Way after that destruction. Adams's peers have also said that Adams had read a lot of English literature, but very very little science fiction (and this IS brought up in the published biographies), so I would tend to doubt that he was aware of the work at all. --JohnDBuell 12:35, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the info! It's entirely possible that this was a coincidence.  Both books were science-fiction comedy, but Philip Jose Farmer (writing under the pseudonym Kilgore Trout) took his story in an entirely different direction, with less subtle, more sexual humor.  It's like the difference between Red Dwarf and Spaceballs, really.

--M.Neko 07:35, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Having read this above, I remember hearing Adams on a Radio 4 series in the early 1980s. I think it was called 'It Makes Me Laugh' where, as the title suggests guest presenters chose things that make them laugh. I remember that he chose a piece from Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut. Whilst Venus on the Half-Shell was written by Farmer, he borrowed the fictional Kilgore Trout name from a recurring character in Vonnegut's books including Slaughterhouse Five. So maybe Adams had heard of it? Pure speculation, of course but quite interesting. Tony Corsini 18:23, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Scope of this article
This article was re-written a year ago to be a "jumping-off point" for all of the various versions of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, not just the novel, or the film, or the radio or TV series. Those four versions now all have their own sub-pages, and many other versions are discussed within the text of this article. The aforementioned sub-pages are now all linked in the introductory text of this article - links like dablinks were tried, but eventually edited out, as they were thought to cause too much clutter at the top of the article, since there IS a template at the bottom (in addition to the links to sub-pages in the text, as mentioned). At any rate, this article has almost become a Portal to H2G2 in all forms, in all but name, and saying that this article is about just the novel is simply incorrect. --JohnDBuell 18:46, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * John, and others - with great respect for your work here, I have to insist that The HG2G – or a general page about it – is not best categorised by the name of a business model. If the work has been licensed by the copyright holder to a variety of progeny, this is incidental – other than in a business context. To make this the first information that the user encounters on the page upon searching the name, is to trivialise the creative importance of the original work and inflate the relative value of commerce involving it. I have therefore replaced the term "franchise" with the more general term "work", as would be used to refer to a book, play, painting or other such oeuvre, whatever the medium.  The disputed term was introduced in 2005 but much lower down the page, in a notes section template. I'm not going to trace its bubbling up to the top from there. If anyone wants to mention the franchise model of the commercialisation of the work lower down, that is not a problem for me. In the page header, it is just crass. So, with a lot of thought, I've edited the DABlink without changing its functionality in any way. Best,  Trev M  ~  16:15, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

book or radio series better?
I'm currently listening to the radio series, and I love it. Are the books much different? Is there a general consensus on which one is "better" or are they fairly equal in quality? What are the most important changes? Which is considered the most important "source"? etc.--Sonjaaa 20:38, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You will likely hear an equal number of arguments from fans of both. The radio series WAS the original, but the books are much more tightly edited.... --JohnDBuell 21:55, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * If we wanted to list the differences between the radio series and the books, we would need a whole new article for that... I like the books better. They make more sense than the radio series. For example, in the radio series they are blasted to the Restaurant at the End of the Universe because the computer at Magrathea explodes. In the books a lot happens before they get to the Restaurant from Magrathea. I also didn't like the whole Lintilla part with the statue of Arthur etc... They do not exist in the book except for the shoe event horizon as a rather brief mention at Frogstar B. --ZeroOne 23:30, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Been done. There's a four page spread in SFX Collection, Special Edition Issue 22 "Best of Cult TV" that compares Hitchhiker's books to radio to TV series to movie, written by Pat Wright. The magazine was published about a year ago. --JohnDBuell 23:36, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it is fair to say that there is no consensus when it comes to the books or radio show. There are bits of content that are exclusive to each and there are advantages to each type of media which makes a straight comparison impossible. For the record, I first read the books and then heard the radio show and enjoy both. Also, the tertiary to quintessential phases of the radio show stick much more closely to the books than do the first phases for the obvious reason. Probably the only consensus is that the recent movie is not particularly great for fans that have in-depth exposure to the book or radio series
 * ... to complicate things further there is also the old BBC miniseries (which uses most of the radio series cast) which I have bought but have yet to watch. --Mucus 16:43, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Sonjaaa - I much prefer the radio series - original and best. It's the ideal medium for this type of craziness (like the Goon Show) and the music, sound effects and voices (especially Marvin) are great. The stories diverge fairly soon so its worth listening to / reading both. I also liked the film - again the story is different but it is in much the same style. Let us know what you think. Poujeaux 12:45, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Depends on how you look at it. You could say that the radio series was original and therefore better, however, another could say that with the books Adams had more time to perfect it and get it the proper way.  I personally like the books better, bu that might just be that I read them long, long before I listened to the radio series.  ?

Mbatman72 23:26, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * In case anyone cares (probably not), I'd like to pitch in that the book took the best bits of the radio series and edited them into a more sensible, yet just as zany and obscure order, gave it a stronger plot, etc...breaking habit for a hardcore H2G2 fan, I think the film was actually quite good. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:19, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

The books are very good but the radio series is better for the following reasons;
 * 1 - it was the original upon which the books were based, so if you had already heard the radio series then the books are merely elaborations on the series.
 * 2 - at the time of the first broadcast, AFAIK there had been no other sci-fi comedy radio shows of note, and so the programme was quite a novelty. FWIW, it preceded Red Dwarf by ten years or so. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:21, 14 May 2014 (UTC)

Hitchhiker's as an "English Icon"
I just found out that The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy novels are under nomination as an "English Icon" at www.icons.org.uk - currently polling with 80% for and 20% against, whereas Harry Potter is getting a 50/50 split! --JohnDBuell 15:40, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Excellent! Of course it's a English icon... cup of tea anyone? -- Treen

2005 Movie image
I noticed there was no image for the 2005 movie section, so I was bold and added one. I was careful not to duplicate the movie poster used in the main article on the film, so I used an alternatre version. Upon further investigation, however, I see that my image is already in use in the article HHG2 as an International phenomenon. I will try to find a "foreign" (that is, non-English language) poster for the latter article, but in the meantime, what does everybody think about the image being used here? It seems the film section deserves some image, main article or no. Thoughts? Reimelt 22:16, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it's a fine addition, and a great idea to use the #2 poster to be different from the movie article. --JohnDBuell 00:09, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Towels and canon
I removed the following sentence that got reinserted:
 * "There have also been a series of towels that are considered by some to be canonical, as they include text from the first novel."

As I said in the edit summary, that doesn't really make any sense to me. The towels themselves are considered canon because they contain text from the first novel? The text implies that the towels don't include anything that hasn't been published in the books before, so they don't introduce anything new. So how can the towels be canon, then? By that logic, if I write something from the book on a piece of toilet paper, the toilet paper becomes canon. That really doesn't make too much sense to me, so am I missing something or should this sentence go? --Conti|✉ 01:47, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

No response, so I guess I can remove the sentence again soon, unless anyone has any objections. --Conti|✉ 14:54, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually I think the appropriate noun/adjective pair is "official version." Most of fandom (see the listed websites, alt.fan.douglas-adams, Don't Panic, etc.) lists towels as one of the official "Hitchhiker's versions", after the radio series, stage plays, books, TV series, computer game, etc. I believe that the article has said 'canonical' for the last year and a half, at least, and it did pass Peer Review and FAC without being questioned. --JohnDBuell 14:58, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, it's either "considered by some to be canon" or it's official canon, it can't be both at the same time. If the towels are officially considered canon, that's fine with me. My point is that it just doesn't make sense to consider something canon that doesn't offer a single new sentence. I understand that it's funny to consider towels canon, and if that's officially so, we can state this. But I have a problem when "some" (weasel words!) consider them to be canon. --Conti|✉ 15:09, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well it's really just Adams's fans - and I don't think it'd be fair to say ALL of Adams's fans.... Digging around the a.f.d-a FAQ lists towels under merchandise, and I don't know that anyone gives it as an official version anymore, but Adams clearly wore one during the 1985 interview with Kevin J. Davies.... --JohnDBuell 16:12, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Whether he wore one or not doesn't say much about whether they are considered canon, right? Not even the reference for the canon-sentence mentions anything about the towels being canon or not. The main point is, still, that the towels logically can't be canon when they don't contain a single new word, but only quotes or excerpts from the books. --Conti|✉ 16:30, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually I thought we'd already come to agreement that 'canon/canonical' was the wrong descriptive word. I've changed the section. --JohnDBuell 20:32, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, sorry for the misunderstanding, then. I'm fine with the new version, thanks! --Conti|✉ 20:53, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Towel manufacture
There seems to be a misconception about the towels that feature the text of the towel entry. These were not printed, as JohnDBuell (who clearly doesn't own one) insists – apart from the label, which introduces a novel misspelling of 'separately'. Neither were they 'sewn', as he also mysteriously deduces – except around the edges, of course.

No, these were quality items. The lettering was incorporated into the fabric by the use two different coloured threads: white and either navy blue or dark red. Consequently, when the towel is viewed from the other side, the lettering is not just a mirror image but also a negative image.

More recently, ZZ9 produced a smaller towel, featuring a hand gripping a towel, and the words 'Don't Panic'. This image was, I believe, printed on the towel. Grant 16:18, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The one shown on Douglas Adams's shoulder during the interview with Kevin Jon Davies looks like a silkscreened process to me. Where the towels have been described in available literature (Don't Panic for instance), the process has NOT been described. I would insist on a reference, or rule this as a violation of WP:OR, except that it has occured to me thanks to Sally Kentfield's research that a rewrite is in order anyway, to discuss the variety of towels manufactured from 1984-2005. Thus I am removing the description of the Beer-Davies towels altogether, in order to reflect 20 years worth of towels, and thus nip any edit-warring in the bud. --JohnDBuell 17:47, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

I can confirm what is said by Grant. I own examples of the orignals towels in blue and red (actually a dark purple) and they are white with blue/red writing on one side, blue/purple on the other with white writing. I also own the Pan "Don't Panic" towel that is on Sally's site (which is also woven) as well as movie towels from the US, UK, France and Australia. The towel shown over Douglas's shoulder actually belongs to Kevin Davies who also owns both blue and red versions. I have a photo somewhere of him at the movie last year with the red one.--Gusty42 24 September 2006.
 * The burden of proof is still on the editor making the claims, and no verifiable sources have been given, thus the rewrite. That's the way research works. --JohnDBuell 15:40, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * That is very funny. 5000 copies of the thing were 'published'. It even had a copyright statement. And if you care to look at the site you yourself cite, you'll see that the advert at the bottom describes the towel as "woven with text from the book". But if you choose to censor an interesting fact simply because it contradicts an error that you have previously reinstated, then it seems that I shall have to be the one to avert an edit war – by leaving as it is the unsatisfactory mess that you have created. Grant 21:47, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * (I was wrong about the hand gripping the towel, though. That was the ZZ9 logo.)

 * I don't see why multiple "generations" of Hitchhiker's towels should not be described, instead of just the one. I hadn't actually noticed that Sally had cited Mostly Harmless issue 25, which would naturally be an acceptable citation. However, this had NOT been cited in the article, and I don't know any editor that wouldn't back me on not previously having a listed source. Every time any edit is made, you should see the legend "Encyclopedic content must be verifiable." If you'd now like to reinstate the text, using tags and the template, feel free. --JohnDBuell 22:05, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Hang on a minute. I don't remember seeing a citation when you changed 'woven' to 'printed'. The only difference is that I was right and you were wrong. Or am I missing something? Grant 22:20, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * No you are quite right in saying so. The prior statement had been based on visual evidence (mostly the towel on Douglas's shoulder). There still has not been, to my knowledge, any photograph made available that provides a close-up view from which anyone could deduce that such a towel was woven, instead of silkscreened. Another form of the advertisement reproduced from Mostly Harmless issue 25 also appeared in the first edition of Neil Gaiman's Don't Panic, but I no longer have my copy of that edition, and it was not reprinted in subsequent editions as the offer for the towels was no longer valid (thus I don't have any other way of stating/showing what phrasing was used in the advertisement in question). My perception of production methods without proper view of a closeup was, I admit, faulty, and you have correctly pointed out the appropriate evidence that I overlooked. Again, if you wish to reinstate the text, with the proper tags, feel free.

 * By the same token, there cannot possibly have been any photographic evidence that the towel was silkscreened rather than woven, and yet... Oh, never mind – I think I've made my point. Grant 23:51, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If you're interested, there is a picture of the towel here, but it's probably no more conclusive than your DVD screenshot. The 'Kevin' in some of the other pictures is Kevin Davies. Grant 00:15, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * No it really isn't (nor the one on Sally's page), which I think makes your point. Photographic evidence alone proves nothing (and come to mention it, it can all be photoshopped anymore anyway, as we all know). Again, point conceded. --JohnDBuell 00:22, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Just to prove the point I PM'd Kevin on the DAC forum and his response is here http://douglasadams.se/forum/viewtopic.php?p=202640#202640. I think it is pretty clear this is woven. Even the most talented photoshopper would find it difficult to fake that and sources don't come much better than Kevin when it comes to Hitchhiker.Gusty42 17:34, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

could wiki be the new HGG?
Since you can find info on just about any subject, could it? just a thought

 * Not really - see our archive and H2G2. Ck l o stsw o rd|queta!|Suggestions? 17:47, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Definitely not. I checked Earth and instead of an entry saying 'mostly harmless' there's a load of fancruft about some obscure lump of rock in space. I've reported it for notability. Totnesmartin 10:30, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Happy People Vertical Transporters or whatever such gibberish
What about the Happy People Vertical Transporters that can look into the future? There aren't any definitions about it.
 * I suppose the Happy Vertical People Transporters (a product of the Sirius Cybernetics Corporation) could be included either in the SCC article or the Minor characters from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy article. But certainly not in this main article. --JohnDBuell 18:00, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * "What does it want, a pension scheme?" Briantist 13:12, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

That number again ...
Now then, folks: isn't it obvious? 42 may be 6 * 9 (in base thirteen), but is also the number of Laws which govern the game of Cricket!

'Nuff said? <IP_ADDRESS> 20:56, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * No, that's just another meaningless coincidence. :) ☢  Ҡ i∊ ff   ⌇  ↯  22:58, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, it IS enough said. It's only a coincidence. --JohnDBuell 22:56, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

42 is NOT the answer to the meaning of life and everything. The computer that gave that answer did not know the question so it gave the answer of 42 and even told the two people that they did not state the question clearly enough to get a good enough answer. The computer also stated that it would create another computer that  could give the answer to the "Ultimate Question", Earth. R d the savior 02:00, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that you mistyped. I think that you meant that the other computer (the Earth) was built to find the Ultimate Question. Val42 17:28, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

I believe it has been written by the man himself, Adams, that it is impossible to know both the answer and the question. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:13, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, that was in the book, if that's what you meant. Ged UK (talk) 19:42, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

-Hi, I'd like to point out that the number 42 strikes me as the number of chromosomes laboratory rats have, which are identified as the most intelligent animal on Earth. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:16, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Saw a documentary some time ago (on tv) about Douglas Adams and I seem to recall someone close to Adams reporting that a great deal of time was spent (I think with Geoffrey Perkins?) debating the choice of number, purely on the grounds of humour. "42" was eventually selected solely as they concluded that it was the funniest number to use. Apologies for the vagueness and lack of cast iron authority on that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:49, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Stephen Fry said in an interview that Adams once told him the reason for choosing 42 and implied it was something more than just a random choice or it being a "funny" number, but unfortunately was sworn to secrecy. One thing that did occur to me is that "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" contains 30 letters and "Douglas Adams" 12 letters - 30 + 12 = 42.  This is definitely original research though! MFlet1 (talk) 12:18, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

BBC Radiophonic Workshop
Sound design, as the article correctly states, is a such an important part of the original radio series that I was very surprised to find the BBC Radiophonic Workshop receives no mention (despite name checking Paddy Kingsland). Can someone rectify this and do the reqd linkage to workshop wiki article please? <IP_ADDRESS> 12:37, 4 November 2006 (UTC) Ed

It wasn't just the famous Paddy Kingsland, but also Dick Mills and Harry Parker.

Some of the Hitch Hiker's sound effects (book acitvation, Slartibartfast's aircar, Penargulon relocation device) appeared on the BBC Sound Effects #26 album, and "The Whale" (the music behind the TV whale) and "Brighton (sic) Pier" (during the 2nd TV espisode where Arthur and Ford are rescued) appeared on the BBC Radiophonics 1983 SoundHouse album.

Briantist 13:03, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

5.1 Tertiary phase in WMA were downloads
The Tertiary phase WMA 5.1 files were downloads, you could save copies of them by clicking "Save As...", which is what I did! They files were severed by http, not via a streaming protocol.

Please see http://web.archive.org/web/20041009205833/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/hitchhikers/

Briantist 15:56, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You might be the only one that worked for then. Everyone else I know had to either capture the stream or wait for the CDs. The BBC website described them as streams, as did Dirk Maggs, as did Nick Webb (the source of information on the legal dispute with Disney on having downloads available in the first place). And anyway, if it "worked for you" and all other sources state that both formats were audio streams, that would clearly be Original Research. If you're going to throw URLs at me, have a look at - the archived BBC page shows that the Windows Media files were .ASX, which are clearly audio streams. Sorry. --JohnDBuell 16:04, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The 3rd Phase episodes were only supposed to be available for streaming but the BBC carelessly left downloadable versions in the same directory they were being streamed from and left this directory publicly available. The filenames were coded but it wasn't difficult to figure out which was which. They even goofed so far as to put the version of Episode 2 (fit 14) up before it was even broadcast. There is some correspondance on this at www.douglasadams.se if you can be bothered to trawl through the posts on the HHG Media section. Gusty42 13:54, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * If someone wants to change the relevant section in the article to indicate that the BBC intended to only permit streaming, per their agreement with Disney, but that downloads of the Tertiary Phase were inadvertently made available AND post the appropriate references, that would be the best compromise. --JohnDBuell 15:14, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Project Galactic Guide
There is actually another HHG-inspired encyclopedia project that predates H2G2 by a number of years, it is called Project Galactic Guide (no relation to The Galactic Guide Project). It started out in the early 1990s or so as a Usenet project to create their own version of the HitchHiker's Guide to the Galaxy space encyclopedia. They made their own special reader for the articles, and split the article types up into Real, Semi-Real, and Unreal. Eventually they converted the whole system into a wiki-like online system and dropped the reader software.

It can be found here:

http://www.galactic-guide.com/

I actually wrote a few articles there myself, way back when.

There was also an independently-created HHG-like encyclopedia that existed as a computer system some guy was carrying around to various sci-fi cons back then, and included (with Douglas Adams' permission) many articles exerpted from the novel interspersed with original articles. I gather that some of latter also appeared in Project Galactic-Guide.

An article about that can be found here:

http://www.galactic-guide.com/articles/1R16.html

Yours Galacticly, Nomad Of Norad 19:51, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Hmmm... I see we've already got a page on it here: Project Galactic Guide

...so why isn't there a link to http://www.galactic-guide.com/ within this article?

Nomad Of Norad 20:02, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

"6x9" might symbolize a Yin Yang cosmology which could answer the QUESTION

In many eastern philosophies, the Yin and Yang, expressed numerically as 69, symbolizes a truth that all things in the universe have two opposing but complementary forces. Such as up and down, yes and no, good and bad, -1 and +1. This can be put into a cosmology: In the beginning there was nothing. From nothing came something and a negative something (mathematically: 0 = -1 + 1). That function, repeated infinitely and in all dimensions, would result in - and, in other words, Life, the Universe, and Everything. The issue of computer getting the wrong number, while subconscious revealing "6x9," is a comic telling of technology's failure and humanity's triumph. Csapien2 03:41, 12 November 2006 (UTC)Chuck

 * That's WP:OR. And that's not allowed on the page.-- SUI T What!?  42! 03:44, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Or it could mean The Answer has something to do with sex! :-D --Nomad Of Norad 05:32, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

US LP adaptations
"The front covers of the US cassette releases of the audio adaptations of the first radio series. These are roughly the same programmes as the UK LPs, released a few years afterwards"

roughly? what does this mean? "same programmes as UK LPs". The UK LPs are not programmes, they are re-recordings. Can someone please clarify if the US tapes are edits of the UK ones, re-recordings or what? Ta Briantist 03:08, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I could have sworn that I remember reading that when Simon & Schuster released the LP re-recordings on cassette in the US they had to be slightly edited to fit on one ninety and one sixty minute cassette, respectively. My point was to indicate that the contents of the cassettes are very nearly identical to the UK LPs. They absolutely are NOT the radio series, which as mentioned in my edit summary were issued in the US at the end of the 1980s in a white BBC Radio Collection box containing six sixty minute cassette tapes.
 * I just skimmed through Pocket Essential Hitchhiker's Guide and Hitchhiker the biography, and find reference only to Simon & Schuster doing US distribution, not a slight re-edit. The US/Canadian LPs were identical, but I can find no difference cited about changing the LPs to cassettes, even looking through the FAQs. Alibris has a copy of the first tape for sale for about US$20 (I'm keeping mine, though). --JohnDBuell 03:54, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It may not be in any of the secondary literature about the series, but after finally getting my hands on a set of the US/Canada LPs, I have already confirmed that the Veet Voojagig sequence from side 3 is missing from the Simon & Schuster cassettes, as is Ford's departing shout to Arthur that he should read through the Guide while stuck on guard duty with Marvin, and the line from Peter Jones in the center of the LP that Arthur bruised his arm (like the TV episode). --JohnDBuell 04:08, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

The Guide itself
Is there any article on the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy as it exists within the story? I can't find one, and it seems odd that there wouldn't be one. Raistlin11325 06:46, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * No, there really isn't. I don't know how that would work since it changed quite a bit between each version. There would probably be a serious debate about how to title such an article: The Guide (Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy)? The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (fictional device)? Mainly the different versions tell about how the guide was implemented for each (Here, radio series, television series, movie, computer game). --JohnDBuell 15:05, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I suggest that at least a stub can be created of it. Once such an article exists, it is up to the people of earth to edit it to what is the most proper form. Mortsggah 19:14, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, such a page HAD been created, but nobody ever bothered to follow up with that information here. It's The Guide (character). --JohnDBuell 21:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Tim Souster's Journey of the Sorcerer
I'm just a tiny insy winsy bit confused about a bit of the front page article which mentions that Tim Souster's version of JotS was used for both the LP and TV series. I can definitely hear that they are two very similar. But for accuracy's sake, should it be a good idea to mention that the TV version is slightly different?

JasonXV

Frood
Why does Frood redirect here? What is Frood? There is no mention of Frood in the article, so why should Frood redirect here? -- Leothar 16:48, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Because, Frood is a slang term used within the series meaning a "really together guy who knows where his towel is" I know its wierd, but it is in the book.10acious 01:54, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
 * According to our own talk page archives here, Sass used to do the same thing. The quotation is "Hey, you sass that hoopy Ford Prefect? There's a frood who really knows where his towel is." --JohnDBuell 02:05, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually I think 'frood' means 'really amazingly together guy'- sass was 'meet, know, have sex with', and hoopy meant 'really together guy'. If memory serves, anyway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:33, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Yea the above commenter is correct in the meanings of those words. felinoel (talk) 17:42, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Yeah, but if it is a redirect, then there should at least be an explanation of that. Talk page explanation isn't quite enough. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:06, 7 April 2011 (UTC) This is rather missing the point if your a Frood you will know the explanation is on the talk page is and if your not your never going to be and frankly it's too late — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:50, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Can anybody include the pronunciation in english ?. Thanks in advance. --HybridBoy 08:14, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Pronunciation of ...what? --JohnDBuell 13:33, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * ...good question BlazeOfGlory15 11:09, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Infobox
Wait- a featured article without an infobox? Thanks, Codelyoko193  Talk 22:58, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Wait, sorry. I noticed that this wasn;t about the book. Thanks, Codelyoko193  Talk 22:59, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Missing Links
Hi—great article. I just wanted to let you know that the two articles cited in the "media which have used this article" (I'm paraphrasing here) section above have both apparently been removed from their servers. Neither displays, so you get an error message if you try to view them. I'm not sure if they should be removed or just unlinked, so I'll let somebody with more knowledge take care of it! MeegsC | Talk 08:18, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

For a Featured Article, the Lead/Intro looks absolutely awful
Compare to the article's WP:TFA appearance on the Main Page back in 2005, in paragraph form. This article should either be demoted from WP:FA status, or fixed up. Cirt (talk) 00:45, 3 January 2008 (UTC).

Cosmic Cutie
I might be worth mentioning somewhere in the article about the Cosmic Cutie, which appears on all the U.S. covers of the novels and videos. "What is that green thing?" is a frequently asked question by American readers/viewers. DNA himself answered the question in the 1980s on the Usenet newsgroup alt.fan.douglas-adams (on which he was a regular participant), pointing out that it's called the Cosmic Cutie, and was invented by the U.S. publisher. DNA was never shown or told about the character prior to publication. Although it was created without DNA's knowledge or approval (though it didn't seem like he minded too much, as I recall), it has become a recognizable icon of the series to U.S. fans (didn't it even appear in the starfield in one of the U.S. trailers for the movie?).

The only problem with adding this information is getting the citation. There aren't many -- or any -- Usenet archives that will go back that far to find DNA's post about it, and particularly not for alt groups. But, hey, "wiki" stands for "what I know is", and this is what I know. So... there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:16, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I hope you were joking : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:15, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

"Mega"
The Cultural References section suggests that the liberal usage of the prefix "mega" (mega-donkey, mega-big, Megadodo) in HGG played a significant role in promoting its slang and marketting usage. To my recollection, the fad was already well under way, and i saw Adams' overuse of it as poking fun at it. —überRegenbogen (talk) 06:41, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * It's unsourced, and like you I suspect it's wrong, so I've taken it out. Ged UK (talk) 07:14, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

"HHG Disambiguation page"
HHG is also the abbreviation to High Harmonic Generation, an optical phenomenon. I suggest that a disambiguation page should be made to those seeking info on that topic. I don't know how to do this, and I don't know if this is the best place to suggest this modification. Sorry if it's not the proper place. Thanks
 * Not to mention the Holy Hand Grenade. Tenk you veddy much. --Wack'd Talk to me! • Admire my handiwork! 21:41, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

I agree that this main article should be spelled "Hitchhiker's", but...
...don't forget that the radio series was released as "Hitch-hiker's" and the TV show as "Hitch Hiker's". Shouldn't those articles retain their original spellings, in the interest of accuracy? Tenk you veddy much. --Wack'd Talk to me! • Admire my handiwork! 14:56, 30 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Probably, but did this ever get done? felinoel (talk) 17:40, 5 June 2010 (UTC)


text:
User:Corrinnewiki/sandbox

ORIGINS OF THE TRUE APARTHEID MUSEUM

In 1977, some seventeen years before the world celebrated the new South Africa, Mike Stainbank set about conceptualizing form and substance to celebrate victory over colonialism and apartheid, while simultaneously examining the devastating impact of both these forms of repression on South Africans and others further afield on the continent. The vision and mission, set way back then, was expansive and had the central objective of bringing victims of colonial oppression and apartheid to a cognitive understanding of the Black experience. After many years of development, the form and substance became manifest in Stainbank’s vision as The Apartheid Museum®. In 1990 Stainbank registered the trademark in class 41 with the Registrar of Trademarks who allocated him registration number B90/03560. In 1998 he again registered the trademark but this time in class 35. Here the Registrar of Trademarks allocated him number 1998/13337.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Corrinnewiki/sandbox


text:
User:Cz-mitch

Hey, My name is Martin Keller I am a student at Makerere University doing software engineering and currently in my final year.

I'm interested in innovations and technological advancements

title: User:Cz-mitch


text:
Steven T. Rosen

Steven T. Rosen is the executive vice president and director emeritus of City of Hope's Beckman Research Institute and cancer center. He was previously the provost and chief scientific officer of City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California. In addition to previously directing City of Hope's Comprehensive Cancer Center, he also led the Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope and the Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences. Previously (1989-2014), Rosen was the director of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center at Northwestern University, which was awarded comprehensive cancer center status by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in 1997.

In 2015 Rosen received a lifetime achievement award from the Israel Cancer Research Fund (ICRF) for his work in cancer research. His main areas of research involve the development of new treatments, particularly for Hematologic malignancies.

Education
Rosen received his bachelor's degree and medical degree with distinction (1976) from Northwestern University. He was a resident in Internal Medicine at Northwestern. He was a fellow in Medical Oncology at the National Cancer Institute.

Career
Rosen joined City of Hope on March 1, 2014 as its first provost and chief scientific officer. City of Hope has been a Comprehensive Cancer Center since 1998.

Before joining City of Hope, Rosen worked at Northwestern University. He joined Northwestern University in 1981 as a junior faculty member. He was the director of Northwestern University's Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center from 1989 to 2014, and the Genevieve Teuton professor of medicine at the Feinberg School of Medicine. Beginning in 1993, the center at Northwestern received National Cancer Institute (NCI) funding as a designated cancer center in the United States. In 1997, it was awarded comprehensive cancer center status by NCI.

Major areas of focus for his research include 1) the mediation of cancer cell death by glucocorticoids in hematologic malignancies 2) the use of RNA-directed nucleoside analogs in cancer therapy and 3) the role of proteins in cancer metabolism.  One of the nucleoside analogs he has worked on is in trials for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Rosen has also worked to develop novel treatments for cutaneous lymphoma.

Rosen is the author of more than 450 publications in his field. He is editor-in-chief of the book series Cancer Treatment and Research and Oncology News International.

He has served on a number of boards, including the Board of Directors of the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (2011-2014), the American Society of Clinical Oncology's Conquer Cancer Foundation and the Scientific Advisory Board of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation.

Rosen is an advocate for precision medicine and translational medicine. Under his leadership, City of Hope has partnered with the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen).

Other interests
Steven Rosen has four children. He has published a collection of poetry, Stolen moments.

Awards

 * 2021, Inducted into the Giants of Cancer Care® Program
 * 2019, Association of American Physicians
 * 2018, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
 * 2017, Fellow of the American Society of Clinical Oncology
 * 2016, "Angel Award" for outstanding service to the Cancer community, Imerman Angels
 * 2015, Lifetime achievement award, Israel Cancer Research Fund (ICRF)
 * 2011, Man of Distinction Award, ICRF; Nov. 9, 2011 Declared Steven T. Rosen Day in Chicago
 * 1996, Women's Board of Northwestern Memorial Hospital for Compassionate Care
 * 1996, Marv Samuel Award, Chicago Baseball Cancer Charities
 * 1995, Martin Luther King Humanitarian Award, Northwestern Memorial Hospital
 * 1994, Northwestern University Medical School Alumni Achievement Award
 * America's Top Doctors® list, Castle Connolly Medical Ltd.
 * 1976, Alpha Omega Alpha

title: Steven T. Rosen


text:
CisLunarFreighter/Detailed requirements analysis

An overview of major requirements: What do we and the users want from a/the game?

1. Entertainment -- Should be fun.
 * Hands on ship control against fairly realistic G fields is fun.
 * Dodging debris and asteroids is fun.
 * Blasting asteroids to mine for valuable ore, artifacts, or other resources is fun.
 * Working together as a team to accomplish some giant task is fun.
 * Communicating with online buddies is fun.

2. Social -- Interaction with other people via
 * Chat -- most mud environments allow this
 * Possible IRC integration.
 * Possible GAIM integration.
 * Email -- useful or not?
 * Potentially useful.
 * Game consequences -- Makes the game more interesting
 * Loads delivered begin to pile up or generate demand for missions. Player or others may undertake new missions.
 * There could be a combat component
 * You could be a smuggler and have to smuggle space contraband

3. Educational - Exposure to some science, engineering, and operations concepts
 * Links to applicable background reading of various levels
 * Internal math and reading requirements
 * Math practice - Examples
 * Loading of fuel and cargo mass vs. destination decisions in math assistance screen demonstrating use of spreadsheets in load balancing calculations with easy reference and reading showing sample problem solutions to control the center of mass. Java applet with sliders to allow easy selection for within specification loading.
 * Learn about how gravity affects space crafts
 * Learn about theoretical fuel requirements to attain certain amounts of power and speeds
 * Malfunctions might occasionally require mission abort or manual calculations.
 * Misfortune (hijacked to Saturn by pirates) might require decisions about how much cargo to abandon or redistribute manually as fuel
 * Or how to combat/outsmart pirates using strategy or finger twitching
 * Reading around the web
 * Use of open source tools for modding
 * Software design and coding techniques

4. Reinforcement of Societal Norms
 * Aliens and Pirates are best avoided but blasting is ok for self defense. Self defense applies only if your ship has taken demonstrable damage from the other side of the battle.
 * Mistakes blasting other freighters results poor reputation, Space Patrol pursuit, and eventual game session loss or incarceration, ship lockdown.
 * Responding successfully to distress signals can improve standing with police.
 * Maybe have a karma system where you can be "bad" or "good". Why not allow the gamer to be a "good guy", a police man, a pirate, or alien?
 * Do we want aliens?
 * Mistakenly blasting a Space Patrol ship is not survivable since escalating levels of Space Patrol show up to capture or blast miscreants.


text:
Zambia at the Deaflympics

Zambia first competed at the Summer Deaflympics in 2013. The country also competed at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics held in Samsun, Turkey.

The country sent a delegation of three athletes to both events. In 2013, the country competed in events in athletics. In 2017, the country competed in badminton and cycling.

The country has not yet competed at the Winter Deaflympics.

title: Zambia at the Deaflympics


text:
Senator Lawson

Senator Lawson may refer to:

 * Al Lawson (born 1948), Florida State Senate
 * Connie Lawson (born 1949), Indiana State Senate
 * David G. Lawson (born 1946), Delaware State Senate
 * Iver Lawson (publisher) (1821–1871), Illinois State Senate
 * John W. Lawson (1837–1905), Virginia State Senate
 * Robert R. Lawson (1872–1934), New York State Senate

title: Senator Lawson


text:
User:フルブル

"フルブル"(huruburu) is Wikipedian which comes into action with the center in Japanese edition Wikipedia.

I can't speak English so much, but when being necessary, English version is used.

ja:User:フルブル

title: User:フルブル


text:
Talk:David S. Goyer

Untitled
I'm deleting the stuff about Goyer creating Whistler. He was in the Spider-Man cartoon of the early 90s, before the movie Blade —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:44, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Goyer did not write the screenplay for The Dark Knight as stated in the article. He does have "story credit" for that film which I think may have been as little as themes being continued from Batman Begins (which he is credited as writing with Nolan) to maybe tossing out some ideas in a writer's room brainstorming session... but as for writing the screenplay, no.Chance X74 (talk) 23:26, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Controversy
I notice this section consists almost entirely of the extended quotation of what Goyer actually said, with fairly limited discussion of why this was controversial. We shouldn't be assuming readers of the David Goyer article are intimately aware of the minutiae of comic-book lore -- especially more aware than the subject himself. As far as I can tell, a big part of the controversy (including no doubt Stan Lee's thought behind the quote provided) was that the character in question was not intended as a love interest for Bruce Banner because she's his cousin. What does everyone else think of this text: "Some fans considered the reference to She-Hulk being a love interest for the Hulk (her cousin) to be an inappropriate, and likely unintentional, reference to incest."? (This is a pretty good source, as far as I can tell.) Hijiri 88 ( 聖やや ) 23:22, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I tried fixing up the writing mistakes on the Controversy section, but I see your point, there's nothing gravitating towards any Fan backlash or outrage by the comic book community, no sources, no links, only the source for Stan Lee's comments. Also, this whole article needs to be analyzed and sources need to be properly added accordingly. I'm not gonna name X Y or Z of what needs to be fixed or altered, but if you're smart, you'll know what needs altering and fixing. 2601:C:780:234:98F3:9670:3BCD:BA95 (talk) 20:00, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

The Hanged Man
Why is there no reference to this Internet series which originally appeared on the icebox.com website created by Goyer and Josh Levitan? YborCityJohn (talk) 17:38, 18 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Gay look on picture no so perfect
please remove it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:C7:7724:15C9:391C:110C:CAD3:98F2 (talk) 23:51, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

Krypton
Krypton Should be finished it’s a great series 2A00:23C8:7D03:3301:104F:8CF4:77BE:7A1 (talk) 23:36, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:David S. Goyer


text:
File:MC8.JPG

Fourth photo copy: Survivors from Morro Castle disaster at Spring Lake N.J.police station,1934. From photo copies owned by Lew Norris, deceased and now owned by C.V.Norris who has copyright privileges. All of the copies of the (original photos), that will be submitted to Wikipedia for use on their Morro Castle information, are at the New York, Maritime Industry Museum of Fort Schyler, donated by C.V.Norris.

(Tagged as GFDL-self by User:JesseW due to the name of the uploader and the clear intent to make the photos available on Wikipedia.)

title: File:MC8.JPG


text:
Talk:Rueda de Casino

Because editing is restricted on the Rueda de Casino WikiBook, I don't know who to contact to let them know that three links in the Resources section are no longer valid! --Thanks! Casinera. Casinera (discuss • contribs) 19:04, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

Can anybody tell me about where to get a pictorial guide to learn salsa. If its on net and for free it would be great...Thanx Vipul

If anybody wants to edit this page, take careful note of the templates used, they're fairly fragile. There are some planned changes to mediawiki that will make the markup used here simpler. When I hear that they're implemented, I'll change this book so that it is easier for people to edit. Ricky Clarkson 09:37, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

maybe a place for alternative names - multiple names for one move and multiple moves for one name is common. for example i've encountered at least 3 variants of Dedo, there is confusion as to which move is setenta y seis and which is setenta complicado, and even more confusion about prima, prima con la hermana vs adios, adios con la prima vs adios (2 turns no partner shift) vs avión (same)

also, i propose this book is expanded to not just quick incoherent notes about moves but an attempt to a more systematical description. introduction could contain list of terms such as outside/inside turn, cross-handed, right to right, guapea, etc. Saur43 23:21, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Video Links to the Wiki
I am trying to figure out where to find the info for the codecs used in the .avi links provided in wikibook index. If someone can direct me there, it would be most helpful.

Application for visualisation
Just a heads up if you want to add some pictures of the steps to this book. There is a nice free Java application, that can be used for illustrating dancing steps that already has the basic moves for all dances built in. Have a look here: http://www.sebastianbauer.info/index.php?page=simpledance If you create new moves, don't forget to write a mail to the author, so he can make them available to everyone. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:14, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rueda de Casino


text:
Jeong Su-nam

Jeong Su-nam (정수남; born 6 June 1996) is a South Korean female tennis player.

She has career-high WTA rankings of 357 in singles, achieved on 29 May 2017, and 937 in doubles, achieved on 25 July 2016. Jeong has won seven ITF Circuit singles titles in her career.

She made her WTA Tour main-draw debut at the 2017 Korea Open, where she received a wildcard alongside Park Sang-hee in the doubles tournament.

title: Jeong Su-nam


text:
General Astronomy/The Celestial Sphere

If you look out from an empty field into a dark sky, you will get the impression that you are standing on a flat plate, enclosed by a giant dome. Depth perception fails us for the distant objects we see in the sky. This creates the appearance that all of the stars have the same distance.

The stars appear to move together across the sky during the night, rising in the east and setting in the west, as if they are affixed to the inside of a dome. Because of this, many ancient civilizations believed that a dome really did enclose the Earth. Only a few centuries ago astronomers came to realize that the stars are actually very far away, scattered throughout the Milky Way Galaxy, rather than attached to the inside of a vast sphere.

The old idea remains useful, however. The concept of the celestial sphere provides a simple way of thinking about the appearance of the stars from Earth without the complication of a more realistic model of the universe. Working with the celestial sphere offers a convenient way of describing what we see from Earth. When we refer to the celestial sphere, we are imagining that everything we see on the sky is set on the inside of a huge spherical shell that surrounds the Earth. We will use the reference points of the celestial sphere as the basis for several coordinate systems used to place celestial locations with respect to one another and to us.

The celestial sphere is an imaginary hollow globe that encloses the Earth. The sphere has no defined size. It can be taken to be infinite (or at least really big), with an infinitesimal Earth at the center. The observer is always taken to be at the center of the celestial sphere, even though the observer isn't at the center of the Earth. Our particular position among the stars gives us a particular view. Brighter stars appear closer; stars in nearly the same direction appear nearby each other, even if they are separated by great distances. Our first and most basic look out into the universe is completely stripped of any depth perception.

The celestial sphere can be seen from either of two perspectives. In one perspective, the celestial sphere itself remains still while the Earth turns inside it. In the other perspective, the Earth stands still and the celestial sphere rotates once per day. To an observer on Earth, these two perspectives appear the same. As we think about how we would expect to perceive the rotation of the Earth, we can use this second perspective to guide us.

Everything we see in the sky, we see as though projected onto the celestial sphere. The stars in the constellation Orion, for example, are at a variety of distances, but the differences are imperceptible to us on Earth. Orion's pattern would disappear if we could view it from any other angle or if we could perceive the depth, because the stars would project differently.

Because depth perception is lost, measurements of size are much more difficult. The Sun and the Moon look about the same size in the sky, even though the Sun is really much larger. The Sun appears to be the same size as the moon because the Sun is much farther away simply because the Sun is both 400 times larger in diameter and 400 times farther away than the Moon.

Although we can't easily measure the physical sizes of celestial objects, we can measure their apparent sizes. We do this by measuring the angle an object subtends in the sky. The Sun and the Moon, for example, subtend an angular diameter of half a degree. Most objects in the sky are smaller than this, so it is often convenient to use a smaller measure of angle. For this purpose, astronomers use arc minutes and arc seconds. There are sixty arc minutes in a degree, and sixty arc seconds in an arc minute. Angles this small are near or beyond the limits of ordinary human vision, but they become useful when using a telescope to make observations.

For casual stargazing, observers think about much larger angles. You can easily measure these angles when stargazing by using your hand as your ruler. From arm's length, your index finger has a width of about one degree, your palm measures about ten degrees across, and your full finger-span, including your thumb, is about 25°. This can be useful for estimating the position of a star in the sky, or for gauging the angular separation of two stars.

While the apparent movement of a star across the sky each night, with the celestial sphere, is great, the measurement of an object's movement across the Celestial Sphere as the object drifts through space, is called proper motion, and is measured in arc seconds per year.

To begin thinking about the view of the sky from Earth, we will identify a few points of reference that are fixed to the ground and of importance to astronomers. Some of these are widely known from common experience.

 * A great circle is a circle drawn on the celestial sphere (or any sphere) which has the center of the Earth as its center. On the Earth, the equator is an example of a great circle. Other lines of latitude are not great circles because their center is not at the center of Earth. Lines of longitude are all great circles because they are always centered on Earth's center. A great circle is the largest possible circle that can be drawn on a sphere.
 * The horizon is where earth and sky meet. It is the boundary between the portion of the sky that is blocked by the Earth and the portion that is visible. There is a distinction between the local horizon, which is defined by real objects specific to the observer's location such as trees or buildings, and the idealized horizon, which is what the local horizon would be if the ground were completely flat and there were no obstructions. For hypothetical or idealized cases, astronomers use the idealized horizon.
 * A star's altitude is the angle between it and the horizon.
 * The cardinal points are points on the celestial sphere that are on the horizon and due north, south, east and west. The North point, for example, is the point due north on the horizon.
 * The zenith is the point in the sky directly overhead. It is necessarily true that any point on the horizon is 90° from the zenith.
 * The meridian is the great circle that passes through the North point, the South point, and the zenith and lies on the celestial sphere.

To any observer, regardless of location, these markers stay in the same positions relative to the observer. The zenith is always directly overhead, the horizon is always level, and so on. Observers standing at different places on Earth will have a different view of the sky. An observer in Singapore might see the Sun at the zenith while another observer in New York would not see the Sun at all. These reference points change with the location of the observer.

There are also reference points that are fixed in the sky. These fixed reference points don't move with respect to the stars, but different observers see them in different positions. They are the basis for the fixed coordinate systems that we discuss later. For now, we will identify only the two most useful of these — the celestial poles and the celestial equator.

The celestial equator is an extension of the Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere. If you stand on Earth's equator, the celestial equator will always be directly overhead and pass through the zenith. It will run from the East point up to the zenith and down again to the West point. Anywhere you stand on Earth, the celestial equator will intersect the East and West points on the horizon. The nearer you are to the equator, the nearer the celestial equator come to the zenith. At the North Pole or the South Pole, the celestial equator lines up with the horizon.

Like the celestial equator, the celestial poles are an extension of the Earth's pole onto the celestial sphere. The North Pole extends out into space to create the North Celestial Pole. Likewise the South Pole creates the South Celestial Pole. In the Northern Hemisphere, only the North Celestial Pole is visible because the South Celestial Pole is below the horizon. In the Southern Hemisphere, only the South Celestial Pole is visible. At the equator, the North Celestial and South Celestial Poles would lie on the horizon where the meridian intersects the horizon.

Polaris is called the "North Star." It can be found at the last star on the "handle" of the Small Dipper. The last two stars of the "cup" of the Big Dipper are called the Guardians (or "Pointers"), and point to Polaris in the sky. Polaris is special because the Earth's North Pole points almost exactly towards it. This means that Polaris will always appear to be due north to any observer, and it will always stay in the same position on the sky.

Often, beginning stargazers assume that Polaris must be a very bright or prominent star. This is not really the case. Polaris is only remarkable because it is almost exactly in line with Earth's axis of rotation. Because of this, Polaris always remains at nearly the same place in the sky. For example, Shakespeare made reference to Polaris in the play Julius Caesar:

 * I am constant as the northern star,
 * Of whose true fixed and resting quality
 * There is no fellow in the firmament.
 * Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, III.1.65-68

Though it must be pointed out that Shakespeare actually got it wrong. At the time Shakespeare wrote Julius Caesar Polaris was indeed the pole star but in Julius Ceasar's time Polaris was not the pole star.

The fact that Polaris always stays in the same position due north has given it much fame. It also makes Polaris a useful reference point for navigation — Using geometry, it is easy to show that the angle Polaris or the celestial pole makes with the horizon is equal to the observer's latitude. In the diagram, the angle $$\angle d$$ is the observer's latitude. The pole and the equator are at right angles, so
 * $$\angle d + \angle a = 90^\circ.$$

or $$\angle a = 90^\circ - \angle d.$$ Since the angles in a triangle add to 180°, we know that
 * $$\angle a + \angle b + 90^\circ = 180^\circ.$$

When we combine these two equations, we have $$\angle b = \angle d$$. The angles $$\angle b$$ and $$\angle c$$ are alternate interior angles, so
 * $$\angle b = \angle c$$

and
 * $$\angle d = \angle c,$$

which means that the angle between the pole and the horizon is the same as the observer's latitude. This fact was once used by navigators at sea, who could easily find their latitude by measuring the position of Polaris.

Like many things in astronomy, the celestial sphere can be very difficult to visualize because of its three dimensional geometry. A visit to a planetarium or a session under the night sky can be very helpful to you in developing a conceptual understanding of the celestial sphere. In the absence of the opportunity for these, it can be helpful to try to draw diagrams such as the one at the beginning of this section for yourself.

To begin drawing a celestial sphere such as the one above, you only need to know the latitude of the observer. Then imagine that the spot where the observer is standing is the "top of the world"; draw circle for the earth, and draw an observer standing at the top. Now draw a much larger circle around that; this represents the celestial sphere.

Since our observer is always on top of the Earth, the features on the celestial sphere that are defined relative to the ground will always be in the same position on the sphere. The zenith is the point directly above the observer's head, at the top of the celestial sphere.

The next important reference is the horizon. The horizon will be horizontal on the diagram. Remember that the celestial sphere has no specific size relative to the Earth, regardless of how you've drawn it. Draw the horizon across the middle of the celestial sphere, so that it's center is the same as the center of Earth. Markers such as the horizon are always idealized, so it doesn't matter whether your observer's view of the sky is actually cut off at the position marked by the horizon.

The next reference points we'd like to place are the North Celestial Pole and the South Celestial Pole. Think about what the orientation of the pole should be given the observer's latitude. If the observer is at the equator, the pole should go horizontally through the Earth. If the observer is at one of the poles, the pole should go through the Earth vertically. Extend the Earth's poles out to the celestial sphere and mark the intersections as the North Celestial Pole and the South Celestial Pole.

If we're in the northern hemisphere, the North Celestial Pole will be above the northernmost point on the horizon, and the South Celestial Pole will be on the opposite side of the celestial sphere, below the horizon. If we're in the southern hemisphere, the situation is reversed. Remember to check that the angle the horizon makes with the pole is about the same as the observer's latitude.

For any given latitude, one can build an appropriate celestial sphere. First, consider the sky in relation to the earth. Take the north and south poles and extend them into the sky; these become the north and south celestial poles. The Earth's equator can be projected outward to form the celestial equator. We'll get something that looks like the picture above.

When you're done, you should have a celestial sphere very like the one at the top of this section.

A celestial sphere forms the basis for the application of many coordinate systems. For example, the horizon and the celestial meridian together form the reference circles for giving the position of stars in terms of altitude and azimuth, making it easier for one to find them on the night sky. The celestial sphere is also a natural system for describing the motion of the sun. In order to explore these concepts, however, it is necessary to understand just how the celestial sphere changes for an observer at a given latitude. As we consider the daily rotation of the Earth, we'll see that your perception of the daily motion depends very much on your latitude.

As you look at the sky, your mind will naturally identify obvious patterns. The Big Dipper and Orion are two very prominent groupings of stars, and others stand out all over the celestial sphere. These asterisms are guideposts to the night sky. You can use them to keep your bearings when you look at the sky. The appearance of the night sky has remained much the same for millennia. Many of the ancient civilizations across the globe invented stories about the sky.

Often, the groups of stars are called constellations. Constellations have a very long history in astronomy, dating back thousands of years. Early in the twentieth century, a list of constellations was formally established by the International Astronomical Union, a widely recognized body of astronomers. The IAU identified constellations that would be used in astronomy and defined specific boundaries to unambiguously establish which constellations each star belonged to. It's easy to learn a few of the most prominent constellations so that you can find your way around the night sky. Beginning with a few easy-to-find landmarks you can find the rest by using familiar stars as guideposts.

Another useful guide in the sky is the ecliptic. The ecliptic is an imaginary line in the sky that the sun draws. The ecliptic is even with the plane of the Earth's orbit around the sun; thus, all of the main planets and the moon should be found relatively close or on the ecliptic, because the solar system is mostly flat. Also, along the ecliptic are the 12 constellations of the zodiac. Thus, by finding some of the main zodiac constellations in the night sky, one can determine if certain objects they see may or may not be planets by whether or not they lie on the ecliptic.

title: General Astronomy/The Celestial Sphere


text:
Talk:Charles the Younger

Untitled
This page said that Neustria consisted of Frisia, Saxony, Hesse, and Franconia. This is obviously wrong, but does anybody know the basis for the statement: mere confusion or did Charles' kingdom include these regions? Srnec 02:20, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Son Rowland of Neustria
I see the reference to Charles' possible son Rowland (or Rowlande) of Neustria was removed. While it's true there is debate about wether or not Rowland 'the Paladin' was actually Charles' son, he was claimed as an ancestor by the De Contevilles:

Charles the Younger with Juliana of Aachen Rowland of Neustria Godfrey of Neustria Baldwin I/II of Blois Baldwin II/III of Blois Jean de Conteville Herlevin (or Herluin) (de Burgo) de Conteville

The latter is the father of Odon de Conteville and Robert de Burgo de Mortaigne with Herleve de Falais, who was also the mother of William the Conqueror. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:54, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Charles didn't leave any children, legitimate or illegitimate. Nor was he married: his father tried to arrange a marriage between Charles and King Offa's daughter, but that fell through. It's something of a mystery as to why Charlemagne didn't arrange for his son to be married and produce heirs, but I've not seen anything about Charles having any children - and if he had, I'm sure they would have been mentioned (Charlemagne is known to have provided for the children of his second son, Pepin, and even allowed Pepin's illegitimate son Bernard to inherit Italy - so if Charles had had a son, Charlemagne would have provided likewise). Michael Sanders 22:01, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I believe that Charles did have children. I don't know if the were legitimate or illegitimate, but I believe his only son was Robert the Strong. It makes perfect sense, because Robert succeedes as the next Duke of Maine. And I belive that his daughters are as follows, Maria, born 800, Liutgarde, born 802, Dhuoda, born 804, Bilechilde, born 806, and Robert the Strong born 809. And for the mother I don't really know who their mother could be, but she could be a daughter of Offa, King of the English or it could be a girl from the Frankish nobility named Juliana I don't known. I do know that all those five children up their are Charles' children. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Emperor00 (talk • contribs) 19:42, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Michael, perhaps you should find something better to do with your life than forging a descent from Charlemagne for yourself? Choess (talk) 23:00, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * My name isn't Michael, its Professor Richardson —Preceding unsigned comment added by Emperor00 (talk • contribs) 04:44, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

I have excised the section above, entitled "[edit] A Theory Descent from Charles the Younger", from this article. It is unreferenced, and of marginal relevance to the life, career and historical significance of this son of Charlemagne. If there are references to support this genealogy, then perhaps it could be included in the article on Herluin de Conteville? Please note that reference citations are necessary to include these details.--Iacobus (talk) 01:39, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I did reference them, didn't you see those five or 6 website under the reference thing.--Emperor00 (talk) 02:49, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * (BrownHairedGirl, I have taken the liberty of undoing your undo to answer Emperor00). I note refs to genealogical sites, although as far as I could tell they were not footnoted to the paragraph in question. Nevertheless, I deleted the section for two other reasons.

 * Firstly, in the concluding paragraph you write: "The title of Baron of Tonsburgh does not really exist, but is their to emphisized that they held some sort of power. Those names may not even be their real names, their names could have been lost to history." The mights and maybes cast doubt on the genealogy. If you are not confident of the accuracy of the facts you present on Wikipedia, you should leave those facts out until you can verify them.

 * Secondly, the genealogy you present has no real relevance to Charles the Younger. The relevance of this claimed descent is for Herluin de Conteville. I would suggest that a much better place for this genealogy (properly referenced with footnotes) would be in the article about him. Please don't be offended if someone edits your Wikipedia contributions, it's just the nature of the WikiBeast!--Iacobus (talk) 00:27, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Sigh, I've wasted all that rational eloquence on a sock puppet for a blocked user.--Iacobus (talk) 00:53, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles the Younger


text:
The Susso

The Susso is an Australian slang term referring to "sustenance" (welfare) payments, especially during the Great Depression. "Susso" could also be used as a noun, for someone depending on such payments, often unsympathetically.

Background
By late 1929, the Great Depression had hit all Western countries.

Causes
The prices of wool and wheat — two of the nation’s biggest exports — had been in rapid decline. Overseas investments and loans started to disappear. As money became tight, there was a large decrease on spending on public work, which led to an increase in unemployment. The unemployment was further exacerbated by the falling income from primary producers. At the end of 1929, Australia's unemployment rate sat at around 13%. By 1932, it had peaked at a staggering 29%.

Effects
Though the downturn in the economy had a much greater effect on the lives of the poor, not even the very rich could ignore the situation, as evidence of the Depression could be found everywhere. It was seen in the dole queues, soup kitchens doling out staple, filling foods, such as bread and potatoes, and shanty towns that sprang up across the nation. The Depression was illustrated by the estimated 40,000 homeless who had to create makeshift accommodation in public parks and fields and by the men that went wandering—"on the track"—in search of work during this time, or even food, known as swagmen. These men, estimated to be somewhere around 30,000 in number, had to report to a police station every week, where they could claim very basic rations of food.

The susso
By 1932, more than 60,000 people depended on sustenance payments, known as "the susso", merely to survive. This was only for the truly destitute, who had been unemployed for a sustained period of time, and had no assets or savings. Relief was state-based; in South Australia, it was in the form of rations and vouchers. At a time when the basic wage was £2/11/8d, "the susso" in Queensland was 3s. to 4/6d per child. "Many spend more than that on a dog", one speaker was quoted as saying. Numerous campaigns took place around Australia in which community members carried out protests over inadequate levels of sustenance and the invasive and patronising treatment of recipients. In many cases these forced authorities to make improvements.

It was immortalised in a contemporary children’s rhyme (probably based on "You're in the Army Now", a World War I song featured in intertitles of the 1925 King Vidor silent film The Big Parade):
 * "We’re on the susso now,
 * We can’t afford a cow,
 * We live in a tent,
 * We pay no rent,
 * We’re on the susso now."

title: The Susso


text:
Reshmi Menon

Reshmi Menon is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in Tamil films.

Career
In 2008, Menon was pursuing Visual Communication at Women's Christian College, Chennai, a course she enrolled in because she "loved the media". She accompanied her friend to the auditions for the Prakash Raj production, Inidhu Inidhu (2010), and was offered the lead role. She shot for the film while still studying, and had to skip classes at WCC to work in the film. Reshmi was one of several newcomers to make their acting debuts in Inidhu Inidhu. A remake of the Telugu film Happy Days, it had her reprising the role originally played by Tamannaah. Critics were divided on her performance. While The Hindu felt that she was a "cute find", Sify's critic said that she "sticks out like a sore thumb". Sekhar Kammula, the director of the original film, stated that he forgot Tamannaah and could only see Reshmi, when he saw the remake.

Reshmi then acted in the independent film Om Obama directed by Janaki Vishwanathan. The film was shot over a period of 35 days in 2010, but remains unreleased.

In 2011, she had her second release, Theneer Viduthi, the directorial debut of music director S. S. Kumaran. Reshmi played a "bubbly and talkative girl" alongside her Inidhu Inidhu co-star Adith Arun. The film, a rural comedy set in Bodinayakkanur, received mixed reviews; considering Reshmi's performance, Sify stated that she "settles into her character so comfortably that one believes that she is indeed from Bodinayakanur".

Her next release, the comedy-thriller Burma, came three years later. It received generally favorable reviews  and her performance was well received, although critics felt that her role was insubstantial.

Her latest films include the fantasy thriller Urumeen, Kirumi, a "drama with elements of a psychological thriller", Natpadhigaram 79, a tale of friendship directed by Ravichandran  and the romance flick Hyderabad Love Story, her maiden Telugu venture.

Personal life
Menon got engaged to actor Bobby Simha on 8 November 2015, and they married on 22 April 2016. Their daughter was born on 2 May 2017. On 11 November 2019 she gave birth to their second child, a boy.

Filmography

 * All films in Tamil; Otherwise noted

 * As producer
 * Vasantha Mullai (2023)

title: Reshmi Menon


text:
Tisinec

Tisinec (Tizsény) is a village and municipality in Stropkov District in the Prešov Region of north-eastern Slovakia.

History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1379.

Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 195 metres and covers an area of 3.758 km². It has a population of about 428 people.

Climate
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfb" (Warm Summer Continental Climate).

title: Tisinec


text:
Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Transition states

Introduction to Reactions

Transition State
Many reactions occur in a single step when two reactant molecules collide with sufficient energy in the proper spatial orientation to create a product. Many other reactions, however, do not occur in a single step, and such reactions are said to have transition states. Multistep reactions have products that result from a series or chain of reactions, and these reactions are the kind that actually do pass through a transition state.

Intermediate Molecules
Multi-step reactions have an intermediate molecule that forms as a sort-of halfway point between the reactant and the product. This intermediate molecule cannot be isolated in solution, because it is typically of much higher energy than either the reactants or the products. However it does have a finite lifetime before it reacts.

At a basic level of organic chemistry the intermediate molecule is often merely predicted or assumed, but many are also known to exist due to experimental observations in the laboratory. Racemization of molecular configuration without another, more plausible explanation is one type of proof that certain reactions pass through a transition state.

"EXAMPLE: In a 1st order nucleophilic substitution (SN1 reaction) the chirality of a carbon is 'flipped' from S to R configuration (or vice versa) 50% of the time, leading to a racemic product (assuming it is chiral). This is because the chiral carbon becomes achiral in the carbocation intermediate, due to the sp2 carbon center that is flat and thus subject to nucleophilic attack from either the top or the bottom. If there were no intermediate, simple retention or inversion would be expected 100% of the time.  This type of racemization during an SN1 reaction may be seen as evidence of a carbocation intermediate."

Energy Diagrams and Transition States
Observing energy diagrams of reactions, you may notice that instead of a single peak energy, the energy peaks, drops a little, peaks once again and then returns to a lower energy state for the product. The "saddle" (minimum) between the two peaks represents a reaction intermediate - a place where the reaction temporarily "rests" between energy peaks. The energy peaks (maxima) are defined as 'transition states' with no finite existence.


text:
User:RobLevy~enwikiversity

Hello, I'm Rob. I study Electronic Engineering at the University of Manchester. I'll try to convert the stuff we learn in lectures into my own work and put it here, helping both my revision and anyone reading it hopefully!

title: User:RobLevy~enwikiversity


text:
User:AKA MBG/Todo

Test "Notes".

Help:
 * Help:Shortened footnotes

= Wiktionary =

Wiktionary data are heavily used in various NLP tasks (see ).

Wiktionary data in NLP
Wiktionary has semi-structured data. Wiktionary lexicographic data should be converted to machine-readable format in order to be used in natural language processing tasks.

Wiktionary data mining is a complex task. There are the following difficulties: (1) the constant and frequent changes to data and schema, (2) the heterogeneity in Wiktionary language edition schemas and (3) the human-centric nature of a wiki.

There are several parsers for different Wiktionary language editions:
 * DBpedia Wiktionary — a subproject of DBpedia, the data are extracted from English, French, German and Russian wiktionaries; the data includes language, part of speech, definitions, semantic relations and translations. The declarative description of the page scema, regular expressions and finite state transducer are used in order to extract information.
 * JWKTL (Java Wiktionary Library) — provides access to English Wiktionary and German Wiktionary dumps via a Java API. The data includes language, part of speech, definitions, quotations, semantic relations, etymologies and translations. JWKTL is available for non-commercial use.
 * wikokit — the parser of English Wiktionary and Russian Wiktionary. The parsed data includes language, part of speech, definitions, quotations, semantic relations and translations. This is a multi-licensed open-source software.

The various natural language processing tasks were solved with the help of Wiktionary data:
 * Rule-based machine translation between Dutch language and Afrikaans; data of English Wiktionary, Dutch Wiktionary and Wikipedia were used with the Apertium machine translation platform.
 * Construction of machine-readable dictionary by the parser NULEX, which integrates open linguistic resources: English Wiktionary, WordNet и VerbNet. The parser NULEX scrapes English Wiktionary for tense information (verbs), plural form and part of speech (nouns).
 * Speech recognition and synthesis, where Wiktionary was used to automatically create pronunciation dictionaries. Word-pronunciation pairs were retrieved from 6 Wiktionary language editions (Czech, English, French, Spanish, Polish, and German). Pronunciations are in terms of the International Phonetic Alphabet. The ASR system based on English Wiktionary has the highest word error rate, where each third phoneme has to be changed.
 * Ontology engineering and semantic network constructing.
 * Ontology matching.
 * Text simplification. Medero & Ostendorf assessed vocabulary diffculty (reading level detection) with the help of Wiktionary data. Properties of words extracted from Wiktionary entries (definition length and POS, sense, and translation counts) were investigated. Medero & Ostendorf expected that (1) very common words will be more likely to have multiple parts of speech, (2) common words to be more likely to have multiple senses, (3) common words will be more likely to have been translated into multiple languages. These features extracted from Wiktionary entries were useful in distinguishing word types that appear in Simple English Wikipedia articles from words that only appear in the Standard English comparable articles.
 * Part-of-speech tagging. Li et al. (2012) built multilingual POS-taggers for eight resource-poor languages on the basis of English Wiktionary and Hidden Markov Models.
 * Sentiment analysis.

title: User:AKA MBG/Todo


text:
User:Pavleta kolova

INTRODUCTION
Fact № 1 We all know that children like playing.

Fact № 2 We also know that they like studying interesting things and, moreover, they like using the knowledge they have gained. Or in other words, children like active learning.

Why, then, most of the students eventually lose their interest in school? Because, we teachers, eventually forget these two facts.

Knowledge for the real life Nobody likes studying something that is useless. Children are not an exception. It does not matter whether you are a teacher in Maths, English or Computer Skills you should motivate your pupils that they are studying something very important for their lives and also you have to show them how exactly they could use the new knowledge.

Children and school nowadays Children nowadays communicate less and less with each other. Most of them spare their time in front of the computers surfing in the Internet. Undoubtedly, there is a lot of useful information there. Children nowadays are much more informed on different topics then ever. Sometimes, pupils even know more on particular topics than their teachers. Is it possible to make pupils interested in school then? Yes, teachers can make pupils interested in school by using interesting and useful topics shown in an amusing way. One possible method that fulfills these acquirements is the Web Quest.

HYPOTHESIS
Web Quests are a very interesting and effective complementary method for making teaching more interesting. It combines effectively Computer and Interenet Skills, English, World Orientation and Social Skills. If it is used once or twice during the school year, it :

•	motivates children;

•	makes them more skillful at finding and working with information in the Internet;

•	develops their skills in reading, writing, speaking and listening in English;

•	develps their social skills;

•	develops their skills to work in a team and in a group;

•	meets them with important, useful and interesting information that shows them the connection between school and real life.

WEB QUESTS
What is a Web Quest? The inventor of the Web Quest is Bernie Dodge. He defined his new learning method as an “inquiry-oriented activity in which some or all of the information that learners interact with comes from recourses on the Internet.” In other words, it is a didactic concept within which explorative activities with the Internet are planned by the teacher and he/she transforms from a teacher into a guider of the learning process. The aim is the autonomous acquisition and presentation of knowledge.

A good Web Quest has the following structure:

•	Introduction – it aims to motivate the pupils about the topic in a visually interesting and thrilling way.

•	Task – explanation what they have to do in every lesson.

•	Process – detailed step-by-step instructions how to do their tasks.

•	Recourses – all internet addresses used in the Web Quest.

•	Evaluation – pupils use it for self-evaluation and then the teacher evaluates them using the same evaluation criteria.

•	Conclusion – concludes the result of the successfully finished work. What pupils know now and how they could use taht knowledge in their lives.

•	Teacher Page – information about the teacher who has designed the Web Quest and about the Web Quest itself.

What skills does a pupil need to develop in order to work with a Web Quest?

Working on a particular Web Quest means that a pupil has to:

•	follow strictly their teacher’s instructions

•	work with particular internet addresses

•	find particular information

•	work on this information with a partner

•	find the answers on particular questions by themselves or in a team

•	make a final project (in a group)

•	self-evaluation.

MY WEB QUEST
Example This is my first try to make my own Web Quest

RESEARCH
If you open the link to my Web Quest above, you will see that after the Conclusion I have added Give Opinion. There students have to give an answer to 10 questions. Nine of them are with options and the last one is an open question about their personal opinion. The results will be automatically calculated.

Here you could see the Questionnaire

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
My hypothesis was proved and the results from my research show that more than 90 per cents of the students who have taken part in it:

• were very interested in the Web Quest and listened to me with a great interest as they had never done a Web Quest before;

• thought that they have developed their reading, speaking and writing skills;

• had learned new words in English;

• had learned more about healthy food;

• thought that the Web Quest was a good exercise for looking for specific information n the Internet;

• thought that the knowledge they gained was practical;

• would like to have such lessons at school.

I can conclude from the results that Web Quests are an interesting and effective complementary method for making teaching more interesting, effectively combining Computer and Interenet Skills, English, World Orientation and Social Skills.

Here you could see the detailed results

MY PROJECT HOMEPAGE
After my hypothesis was proved I made a homepage of my project. Here you could see it

title: User:Pavleta kolova


text:
κουμπάρος

Etymology
From, , from , from +.

Noun

 * 1) one's best man, koumbaros; the primary attendant to the couple in a wedding ceremony
 * 2) the same person may become the godfather of one's child, forming a strong relationship with the family
 * 3)  manner of addressing unknown person

title: κουμπάρος


text:
Talk:Gore: Ultimate Soldier

Untitled
This is my first Wikipedia article written entirely from scratch. I'm a big fan of the game Gore and it certainly needed its own article to further Wikipedia's goal to cover every topic in the universe. I realize that right now, in its current state, the article still has a lot of room for improvement (The introduction desperately needs a general overview paragraph). I'm not that great and encyclopedic writing, so you may notice some akward wording here and there. However, I was mainly concerned with including everything I thought would be pertinent to the game. If anything, I am being bold because Wikipedia wants me to!

I invite any more experienced Wikipedia writers and editors to alter whatever's necessary, and should any Gore players read this, I encourage you to add and expand too.

Stuff to mention in future: - MarphyBlack 00:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1.48 Bonus Pack and 1.50 patch
 * The demo
 * Gore Test 1 and 2
 * I would suggest including a plot summary and more information about the single player mode. I placed a cleanup template on there to reflect this. Jedibob5 (talk) 22:05, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Gore stamina.jpg
Image:Gore stamina.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:43, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Gorebox.gif
Image:Gorebox.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:44, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Gore: Ultimate Soldier. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081211095056/http://uk.gamespot.com/pc/action/goreultimatesoldier/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary%3Bread-review to http://uk.gamespot.com/pc/action/goreultimatesoldier/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary%3Bread-review

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:17, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gore: Ultimate Soldier


text:
User:Jaroslav Mašek

About Writing Wikipedia
I have started writing Wikipedia at a Wikipedia course on November 7, 2016.

New articles

 * Google EDU Groups (November 28, 2016)
 * Bořivoj Brdička (December 12, 2016)
 * Prezident 21 (December 22, 2016)

New translated articles (into Czech)

 * The Open Championship (July 23 - 31, 2017)
 * U.S. Open (golf) (August 6. - 31., 2017)

Completed Courses
Kurz psaní Wikipedie (in Czech) - November 2016 Kurz psaní Wikipedie (in Czech) - spring 2017

My Courses

 * We Write Wikipedia (in Czech Píšeme Wikipedii) - a course for high school students based on courses Students Write Wikipedia (in Czech Studenti píší Wikipedii) and Seniors Write Wikipedia (in Czech Senioři píší Wikipedii) in collaboration with Gabriela Boková.

title: User:Jaroslav Mašek


text:
User:Yah100/newSandbox

My first new Sandbox.

Makoto Niitsu (新津 誠), also known as Makoto Shinkai (新海 誠), is a Japanese animator, filmmaker and manga artist best known for directing Your Name, the highest-grossing anime film of all time and 2019's Weathering With You, among other works such as The Garden of Words and 5 Centimeters per Second. He was listed by Variety as one of 10 animators to watch in 2016. This is a test citation.

title: User:Yah100/newSandbox


text:
arca

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) chest, coffer
 * 2) ark boat

Noun

 * 1)  starboard

Etymology 2
From, , , from.

Noun

 * 1) ark; chest; coffer
 * 2) box; casket
 * 3)  brattice (of a castle)
 * 4) dolmen, megalith
 * 5) thoracic cavity
 * 1) dolmen, megalith
 * 2) thoracic cavity
 * 1) thoracic cavity

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) idol, a graven image or representation of anything that is revered, or believed to convey spiritual power.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) ark (casket or tomb)

Noun

 * 1) chest, box, coffer, safe safe place for storing items, or anything of a similar shape
 * 2) coffin box for the dead
 * 3) ark kind of ship
 * 4)  Noah's Ark
 * 5)  Ark of the Covenant

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sculpture, idol
 * 2) a shadow that can be seen in the mirror, through a camera lens or when dreaming
 * 3)  icon

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) image, cult-statue

Etymology 1
,, borrowed from. .

Noun

 * 1) ark
 * 2)  ark ship built by Noah
 * 3)  ark clam mollusc in the genus Arca
 * 4)  coffer strong chest used for keeping valuables safe
 * 5)  coffer a supply of money belonging to an organization
 * 6)  thorax
 * 7)  pawnshop
 * 8)  hug
 * 1)  hug
 * 1)  hug

Etymology
,, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) ark, chest

title: arca