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Instructional design/Psychomotor behaviors/Self Talk in Psychomotor Skills

Topic:Instructional Design > Psychomotor behaviors > Self Talk in Psychomotor Skills

Introduction
“It is not the skills we actually have that determine how we feel, but the ones we think we have.”

-	Mihaly Csikszenthmihalyi, from “Flow”

In this lesson, you will learn to
 * define self talk
 * relate the impact of self talk on performance in psychomotor skills
 * diagnose common performance problems unrelated to skills and knowledge
 * distinguish between motivation and self efficacy beliefs
 * apply self talk improvement strategies as they relate to psychomotor tasks and skills your learners are expected to master.

Case studies
Before continuing with this lesson, print out the Lesson worksheet.

“Out too fast” Tracy
What are the common threads in these stories? Think about what you would do if you were coaching each of these individuals. Complete questions 1-3A from the lesson worksheet.

The concept of “self talk”
Stage fright. The jitters. Performance anxiety. Call it what you want. If your learner needs to perform in a high stress situation, no matter how much they've practiced or how much they know, you may need to help them approach a psychomotor task using a mind set that will contribute most to success.

The concept of “self talk” refers to the mental voice that a performer hears while completing their task. Self talk can be positive or negative and can directly contribute to how successful the performer is at a task. Self talk is especially key in a wide range of psychomotor skills. By addressing self talk, you can enhance the performance on the task.

Self talk is somewhat related to self-efficacy beliefs. Self talk describes the learner's internal dialogue as they complete a task. This differs from self efficacy in that self talk occurs during performance and may or may not be related to the learner's general beliefs about their ability to succeed at the task. Self efficacy beliefs generally refer to a learner's general response and beliefs related to their own performance, either before or after performance has occurred. Self efficacy beliefs also form as a response to external feedback.

Strategies for addressing performance issues caused by negative self talk
Tennis coach Timothy Galway, an expert in managing performance in a wide range of fields, developed the following a model of self concept:

“Self 1” is what is causing the chatter, or the anxiety and nerves about the performance. It is usually in the form of verbal, internal negative feedback, although it can take the form of a physical response (shaking, stammering, nausea) or emotional response (anxiety, fear, nervousness). “Self 2” is the ideal state, where the performer can apply all skills and knowledge to the task, without dealing with a barrier of internal dialogue, feelings and/pr physical symptoms working against them.

What then, can you do when you know and have seen a performer complete a psychomotor task successfully, but then see it decline under stress? Read on to learn more about how to identify root causes for negative self talk and provide strategies to help a performer manage.

Awareness & Diagnosis
Try this for a moment. Walk ten feet in a perfectly straight line. As you are doing this, make sure everything is done perfectly. No twisting of the feet, no wiggling around. Each step must be absolutely perfect. If not, you will have completely failed in this task. Repeat this guidance to yourself as you are walking the line.

How well did you do? Likely, not very well. The guidance above represents the type of negative “self 1” dialogue that may occur. If you notice well skilled and capable learners have difficulty performing:
 * First ask them what is occurring in their mind as they are completing the task. Try asking the question several different ways if you aren’t getting much of a reponse (“What do you think of when you do x…?” “What are you feeling?”, “What are your greatest concerns?”
 * Then, ask them to focus their awareness on their thoughts, emotions and physical reactions as they are performing.
 * Have them report back to you.

By focusing the performer's awareness on the symptoms of nervousness and anxiety, they may be able to address their own performance issues without further work. For example, if you are coaching an individual on presenting, they may realize as they focus on their own performance that they say “um” a lot during their presentation. Acknowlegdement of saying "um" may in itself be enough for them to cease this outward manifestation of negative self talk.

If self awareness alone does not solve address performance jitters, try one of these addition 5 strategies below as you discuss and diagnose the source of performance anxiety.

Focus
“Task relevant concentration” is the term used by sport psychologists to help a performer maintain focus and reduce the amount of negative "self 1” thoughts. For tennis, it could be the feel of a tennis racket on your hand, the color of the ball as it come toward you or the sound as it hits the racket springs. By picking on a single element to focus on, this keeps the mind concentrated and minimizes the effect of any internal or external distractions. This is a strategy that can be planned by picking an element prior to performance or used spontaneously. One musician reported that as they felt themselves getting more and more nervous, they managed to focus on the bald head of a audience member to keep their mind from straying off task.

Mood/mantra words
Barbra was in her third year as a surgical resident and was finding that as she made her first incision, her hands sometimes shook uncontrollably. Not a good thing for a surgeon. She realized that she was nervous about making a mistake, although she had received some of the highest grades in her classes. She decided that as she was prepping for surgery, she would let only one thought enter her head: “I am the best surgeon in the world”. She would repeat this phrase until the first incision was completed and found that her shaking hands had disappeared.

Picking a mood or mantra of some sort can help some focus their thoughts in a more positive fashion. It can be as simple as “I am the best…” or a single word (nonsense or real) that may have special meaning to the performer.

Picturing success
Think of a role model in your occupation. Someone you admire and respect. Someone that you see as very effective and influential.

Now, the next time you are performing a difficult task in your field, pretend you are your role model. Visualize what they would say and do. See how your performance changes.

This example illustrates visualization techniques that can help enhance performance. The selection of a role model is one. Another is mentally rehearsing the task prior to performance. Rehearsing the task allows learners to focus on potential problems and how to fix before they happen. It can also help in building confidence as they see themselves being successful.

Goal setting
Csikszenthmihalyi shares the story of a factory worker who excelled above his peers. Although the work was fairly repetitive and uninteresting, this particular worker was always able to meet and exceed quota for the day. When asked what he thought he did differently from his peers, he shared how he played a game with himself each day. He would count how many packages he was able to complete that day and then add 10 more to it. The task he gave himself for his next shift was to meet this number and beat it if he could. He found that the time passed much more quickly and he found himself enjoying the work more than he might have otherwise.

This is an example of goal setting that can be used to manage nervousness or boredom. Goals can be set can by segmenting a task and/or determine certain milestones. Distance and time are also ways that goals can be set when performing a physical task.

Breathwork
Try this simple exercise. Inhale for 4 counts. Hold your breath for 7 counts. Now exhale for 8 counts. Try this three times in a row. Feeling any different?

Breathing exercises such as the one above can help steady nerves and reduce anxiety. When paired with music and neck and shoulder shrugs, this can slow down the heart rate. What this does is helps focus the mind, as well as impact physiological aspects that contribute to a stress reaction. Other types of meditation and yoga breathing exercises can all help. This can be done moments before the performance or as a long term preparation strategy the night before. Cellist Yo Yo Ma has been known to meditate for a full day prior to an important performance.

Summary and practice
You should now have an understanding of self talk, describe how it can negatively impact performance and can provide guidance to your learners on how to improve their performance.

Now complete your lesson worksheet (questions 3B - 6). For those responses not placed in this lesson's discussion tab, review your answers. Self talk and flow is simply a persons way in individually masticate themselves, controlling ones breathing or playing a game with your mind to beat your self and reach a goal.


text:
Talk:Basic Math for Adults

= Naming =

Shouldn't this be named as something else? I tend to think of applied math as mathematical models of physical systems and their solutions (numerical or closed-form).

''I agree. From the table of contents, it only seems to cover the sort of math I expect everyone adult to be able to do. Elementary school math ? pre-algebra ? Primary school math ? I think of "applied math" as also including all other kinds of specialized math that can be applied to the real world (trig in carpentry and surveying; boolean algebra in digital electronics and programming; tensor calc in mechanical engineering; probability in medicine; etc). I call the leftover bits of math (outside of applied math) (various kinds of infinity; surreal numbers; etc.) "pure math" or "theoretical math". -- DavidCary 19:34, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)''

-Well, is this Book meant to make an electronic device that can calculate? So that it has a mathematical 'intelligence'? Or should it clear up some logic in really calculating things for humanbeings? I guess both.

From the outline of the text, it would seem that this is a textbook aimed at developing basic math skills for people who are training for an entry-level job. (In my opinion this is a wholly legitimate use of Wikibooks, and I can envision such a text being used in job training programs for adults.) As such, perhaps the title should be something along those lines; perhaps something like "Applied Basic Math Skills" or something similar.

Also, the outline needs to be rethought, as each skill needs to build on skills previously acquired and mastered. For example, multiplication of fractions builds on the previous knowledge of both multiplication and fractions. As it stands, the outline of the book seems to be a document plagarized from elsewhere on the Web listing merely the competencies expected of a student. --Chuck Hoffmann 12:43, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Agree with you there (the last person before me). I also think that more text is required to give people indept insight so the problem is covered from a wide angle. Yet, I think that this wikibook shouldn't be underestimated. How many of you use (and found) efficient methods for calculations? Unless you do head-calculating as a hobby, I think most of us need some shaving of the edges to become more competent. And if we add some more text maybe it'll show a more scientific look. By the way, I found a nasy mediawiki error I think. I'm currently working on whole number multiplications. Look a the code yourself, I can assure you that there are no errors or incompleteness in the code itself. Well, edit it (I wiki-dare you ;-)).

I know nobody is actually looking at this, but is there a way to strike using any numbers inside the TeX markup? I'm trying to use this for reducing numbers. WB 08:20, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This Wikibook gets a [face_plain]. --Mga 04:33, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Hmm. This book discusses elementary level math concepts, but is written at an 11th grade reading level. Something is not quite right there. - w:User:KeithTyler
 * true... easy concepts for grade 11s... hard terminology for elemetary school... - WB 06:11, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Maybe we should divide this into several pages? WB 06:11, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This book indicates that a number ending in 5 should be rounded up, and that a number ending in 0 should be rounded down. I realize that this is the way that it is often taught(inaccurately), and accepted on tests, but it is not completely accurate. In fact, any last digit from >0 to <5 should be rounded down, and any last digit from >5 to <0(.95 is greater than .9) should be rounded down. A number ending in exactly 5 can go either way: 15 is equally far from 10 and 20(-5 and +5 away). I think it would be better if this book was more accurate on rounding. CatastrophicToad 19:15, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

To skip back to the last topic: I agree that the name needs to be changed. I think that the title in the table of contents should be more descriptive. "Basic Math for Adults", for example, or "Adult Math Basics". I think there should be another textbook for kids, too. Maybe "Math for Kids". The "Primary School Mathematics" text is for parents and teachers, which doesn't help precocious children much, who will be growing up with the Internet. This solves the 'reading level' problem. Just target your diction for kids or adults, depending on the text. (Of course, then you have the problem of deciding on the reading level for the kids or the adults, but at least you can narrow the gap somewhat.) Dave Finch 18:09, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

= Multiplying Whole Numbers =

My math aint that good, but is Multiplying Whole Numbers Single number times Single number producing a Single number

Take the first number as 'n1' Take the second number as 'n2' Repeat 'n1' 'n2' times and add the 'n1 's together

n_1 = 3 \times 10^0 n_2 = 2 \times 10^0 (n_1)\times(n_2)= 2(3 \times 10^0) = 6 \times 10^0 = 6 ai'nt the answer 5?

ufoolme

 * I fixed the confusing text and removed the exponentials. No reason to have them if they were never discussed.  For future reference. 10^0 is equivalent to 1.--Retropunk (talk) 22:13, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

= There is a long history of books on this topic =

This is quite an important subject for a Wikibook, and it will be a good exercise in clear writing to extensively update this book. There are many good public-domain books on mathematics for adult readers (readily found via Google Books) that will help with the revision process here. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 00:06, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

= Should we add exercises? =

I'd like to add some exercises like this:

Should I make a top-level section for all exercises? Melikamp (discuss • contribs) 16:56, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Basic Math for Adults


text:
User:<IP_ADDRESS>/sandbox

Draft article

Lead Sleep

Sleep apnea  is a disorder in which a person stops breathing for moments at a time. There are different types of sleep apnea such as Obstructive sleep apnea and central. Sleep apnea can occur in all ages, if this disorder in not treated on time it has the potential to lead to heart attacks, Glaucoma, diabetes and cognitive behavioral disorders furthermore, it affects a person long term, It can cause tiredness and feeling drowsy even after a full nights rest. However, there are treatments for this disorder such as exercise, doing cardioactive fitness for the fact that it builds up the a stronger air way and helps manage the sleep disorder. The other treatment is CPAP this machine allows air to move into the nasal passage to maintain an open airway. Sleep apnea can occur in different ages but is most prominent in the elderly and men have a high chance of having it. Sleep apnea may be either obstructive (in which breathing is interrupted by a blockage of air flow), central (in which regular unconscious breath simply stops), or a combination of the two. Obstructive (OSA) is the most common form. Risk factors for OSA include being overweight, a family history of the condition, a small breathing airway,enlarged tonsils. Some people with sleep apnea are unaware they have the condition. In many cases it is first observed by a family member.Sleep apnea is diagnosed in a sleep study, For a diagnosis of sleep apnea, more than five episodes per hour must occur, these episodes include snoring, shortness of breath, choking or gasping for air.

Treatment may include lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, exercise, and surgery. Lifestyle changes may include avoiding alcohol, losing weight, change smoking habits and sleeping on one's side. Breathing devices include the use of a CPAP machine. Without treatment, sleep apnea may increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, diabetes, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, obesity, and motor vehicle collisions.

Signs and symptoms

People with sleep apnea have problems with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), impaired alertness, and vision problems OSA may increase risk for driving accidents and work-related accidents If OSA is not treated, people are at increased risk of other health problems, such as diabetes. Death could occur from untreated OSA due to lack of oxygen to the body.

Due to the disruption in daytime cognitive state, behavioral effects may be present. These can include moodiness, belligerence, as well as a decrease in attentiveness and energy. These effects may become intractable, leading to depression.

There is evidence that the risk of diabetes among those with moderate or severe sleep apnea is higher. There is increasing evidence that sleep apnea may lead to liver function impairment, particularly fatty liver diseases (see steatosis). Finally, because there are many factors that could lead to some of the effects previously listed, some people are not aware that they have sleep apnea and are either misdiagnosed or ignore the symptoms altogether.

furthermore, it affects a person long term. It can cause tiredness and feeling drowsy even after a full nights res. However, there are treatments for this disorder exercise which helps as a breathing exercise as well as a continuous positive airway pressure other wise known as CPAP. I is best for individual's with sleep apnea to exercise doing cardioactive fitness for the fact that it builds up the a stronger air way and helps manage the sleep disorder. The other treatment is CPAP this machine allows air to move into the nasal passage to maintain an open airway. In this article I will go more in depth how sleep apnea effect different age ranges and can cause negative long affect to the body as well as goin over the different treatments.

When an episode occur breathing is paused, carbon dioxide builds up in the bloodstream. The brain is signaled to awaken the person, in which this clears airway and allows breathing to resume. Breathing normally will restore oxygen levels and the person will fall asleep again. People with sleep apnea experience reduced or no slow-wave sleep and spend less time in REM sleep.

Diagnoses

Sleep apnea can be diagnosed through the process of (polysomnography, or sometimes a reduced-channels home-based test). A study can establish reliable indices of the disorder, derived from the number and type of event per hour of sleep (Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI), or Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI)), associated to a formal threshold, above which a patient is considered as suffering from sleep apnea, and the severity of their sleep apnea can then be quantified. Mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) ranges from 5 to 14.9 events per hour, moderate OSA falls in the range of 15–29.9 events per hour, and severe OSA would be a patient having over 30 events per hour.

Despite this medical consensus, the variety of apneic events (e.g., hypopnea vs apnea, central vs obstructive), the variability of patients' physiologies, and the inherent shortcomings and variability of equipment and methods, this field is subject to debate. Sleep apnea symptoms can be different based on someone's age, example of a commonly adopted definition of an apnea (for an adult) includes a minimum 10-second interval between breaths, with either a neurological arousal (a 3-second or greater shift in EEG frequency, measured at C3, C4, O1, or O2) or a blood oxygen desaturation of 3–4% or greater, or both arousal and desaturation.

Oximetry

Oximetry,used to measure the oxygen levels in the blood, which may be performed over one or several nights in a person's home,its more simple, yet its a less reliable alternative to a polysomnography. The test is recommended only when requested by a physician.

Obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). requires treatment to prevent low blood oxygen

Individuals with low muscle-tone and soft tissue around the airway structural features that give rise to a narrowed airway are at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea. The elderly have a higher chance of having this disorder than younger people.

Common symptoms include loud snoring, restless sleep, and sleepiness during the daytime. Diagnostic tests include home oximetry or polysomnography in a sleep clinic.

Some treatments involve lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol or muscle relaxants, losing weight, and quitting smoking. Many people benefit from sleeping at a 30-degree elevation of the upper body or higher, as if in a recliner. Doing so helps prevent the gravitational collapse of the airway. Lateral positions (sleeping on a side), as opposed to supine positions (sleeping on the back), are also recommended as a treatment for sleep apnea, largely because the gravitational component is smaller in the lateral position. Some people benefit from various kinds of oral appliances such as the Mandibular advancement splint to keep the airway open during sleep. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most effective treatment for severe obstructive sleep apnea, but oral appliances are considered a first-line approach equal to CPAP for mild to moderate sleep apnea, according to the AASM parameters of care. There are also surgical procedures to remove and tighten tissue and widen the airway.

Snoring is a common finding in people with this syndrome. Snoring is the turbulent sound of air moving through the back of the mouth, nose, and throat. Although not everyone who snores is experiencing difficulty breathing, snoring in combination with other risk factors has been found to be highly predictive of OSA. The loudness of the snoring is not indicative of the severity of obstruction, however. If the upper airways are tremendously obstructed, there may not be enough air movement to make much sound. The loudest snoring does not mea that an individual has sleep apnea syndrome. The sign that is most suggestive of sleep apneas occurs when snoring stops.

The term "sleep-disordered breathing" is commonly used in the U.S. to describe the full range of breathing problems during sleep in which not enough air reaches the lungs (hypopnea and apnea). Sleep-disordered breathing is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, high blood pressure, arrhythmias, diabetes, and sleep deprived driving accidents. When high blood pressure is caused by OSA, it is distinctive in that, unlike most cases of high blood pressure (so-called essential hypertension), the readings do not drop significantly when the individual is sleeping. Stroke is associated with obstructive sleep apnea.

It has been revealed that people with OSA show tissue loss in brain regions that help store memory, thus linking OSA with memory loss. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the scientists discovered that people with sleep apnea have mammillary bodies that are about 20 percent smaller, particularly on the left side. One of the key investigators hypothesized that repeated drops in oxygen lead to the brain injury.

Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with problems in daytime functioning, such as daytime sleepiness, motor vehicle crashes, psychological problems, decreased cognitive functioning, and reduced quality of life. Other associated problems include cerebrovascular diseases (hypertension, coronary artery disease, and stroke) and diabetes. These problems could be, at least in part, caused by risk factors of OSA.

Central sleep apnea[edit]
Main article: Central sleep apnea

In pure central sleep apnea or Cheyne–Stokes respiration, the brain's respiratory control centers are imbalanced during sleep. Blood levels of carbon dioxide, and the neurological feedback mechanism that monitors them, do not react quickly enough to maintain an even respiratory rate, with the entire system cycling between apnea and hyperpnea, even during wakefulness. The sleeper stops breathing and then starts again. There is no effort made to breathe during the pause in breathing: there are no chest movements and no struggling. After the episode of apnea, breathing may be faster (hyperpnea) for a period of time, a compensatory mechanism to blow off retained waste gases and absorb more oxygen.

While sleeping, a normal individual is "at rest" as far as cardiovascular workload is concerned. Breathing is regular in a healthy person during sleep, and oxygen levels and carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream stay fairly constant. Any sudden drop in oxygen or excess of carbon dioxide (even if tiny) strongly stimulates the brain's respiratory centers to breathe.

In central sleep apnea, the basic neurological controls for breathing rate malfunction and fail to give the signal to inhale, causing the individual to miss one or more cycles of breathing. If the pause in breathing is long enough, the percentage of oxygen in the circulation will drop to a lower than normal level (hypoxaemia) and the concentration of carbon dioxide will build to a higher than normal level (hypercapnia). In turn, these conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia will trigger additional effects on the body. Brain cells need constant oxygen to live, and if the level of blood oxygen goes low enough for long enough, the consequences of brain damage and even death will occur. However, central sleep apnea is more often a chronic condition that causes much milder effects than sudden death. The exact effects of the condition will depend on how severe the apnea is and on the individual characteristics of the person having the apnea. Several examples are discussed below, and more about the nature of the condition is presented in the section on Clinical Details.

In any person, hypoxia and hypercapnia have certain common effects on the body. The heart rate will increase, unless there are such severe co-existing problems with the heart muscle itself or the autonomic nervous system that makes this compensatory increase impossible. The more translucent areas of the body will show a bluish or dusky cast from cyanosis, which is the change in hue that occurs owing to lack of oxygen in the blood ("turning blue"). Overdoses of drugs that are respiratory depressants (such as heroin, and other opiates) kill by damping the activity of the brain's respiratory control centers. In central sleep apnea, the effects of sleep alone can remove the brain's mandate for the body to breathe.

 * Normal Respiratory Drive: After exhalation, the blood level of oxygen decreases and that of carbon dioxide increases. Exchange of gases with a lungful of fresh air is necessary to replenish oxygen and rid the bloodstream of built-up carbon dioxide. Oxygen and carbon dioxide receptors in the blood stream (called chemoreceptors) send nerve impulses to the brain, which then signals reflex opening of the larynx (so that the opening between the vocal cords enlarges) and movements of the rib cage muscles and diaphragm. These muscles expand the thorax (chest cavity) so that a partial vacuum is made within the lungs and air rushes in to fill it.
 * Physiologic effects of central apnea: During central apneas, the central respiratory drive is absent, and the brain does not respond to changing blood levels of the respiratory gases. No breath is taken despite the normal signals to inhale. The immediate effects of central sleep apnea on the body depend on how long the failure to breathe endures. At worst, central sleep apnea may cause sudden death. Short of death, drops in blood oxygen may trigger seizures, even in the absence of epilepsy. In people with epilepsy, the hypoxia caused by apnea may trigger seizures that had previously been well controlled by medications. In other words, a seizure disorder may become unstable in the presence of sleep apnea. In adults with coronary artery disease, a severe drop in blood oxygen level can cause angina, arrhythmias, or heart attacks (myocardial infarction). Longstanding recurrent episodes of apnea, over months and years, may cause an increase in carbon dioxide levels that can change the pH of the blood enough to cause a respiratory acidosis.

Mixed apnea[edit][edit]
Some people with sleep apnea have a combination of both types; its prevalence ranges from 0.56% to 18%. The condition is generally detected when obstructive sleep apnea is treated with CPAP and central sleep apnea emerges. The exact mechanism of the loss of central respiratory drive during sleep in OSA is unknown but is most likely related to incorrect settings of the CPAP treatment and other medical conditions the person has.

Management[edit][edit]
The treatment of obstructive sleep apnea is different than that of central sleep apnea. Treatment often starts with behavioral therapy. Many people are told to avoid alcohol, sleeping pills, and other sedatives, which can relax throat muscles, contributing to the collapse of the airway at night.

Continuous positive airway pressure[edit][edit]
Person using a CPAP mask, covering only the nose CPAP machine with two models of full face masks

See also: Continuous positive airway pressure

For moderate to severe sleep apnea, the most common treatment is the use of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or automatic positive airway pressure (APAP) device. These splint the person's airway open during sleep by means of pressurized air. The person typically wears a plastic facial mask, which is connected by a flexible tube to a small bedside CPAP machine.

With proper use, CPAP improves outcomes. Whether or not it decreases the risk of death or heart disease is controversial with some reviews finding benefit and others not. This variation across studies might be driven by low rates of compliance—analyses of those who use CPAP for at least four hours a night suggests a decrease in cardiovascular events. Evidence suggests that CPAP may improve sensitivity to insulin, blood pressure, and sleepiness. Long term compliance, however, is an issue with more than half of people not appropriately using the device.

Although CPAP therapy is effective in reducing apneas and less expensive than other treatments, some people find it uncomfortable. Some complain of feeling trapped, having chest discomfort, and skin or nose irritation. Other side effects may include dry mouth, dry nose, nosebleeds, sore lips and gums.

Weight loss[edit][edit]
In weight loss studies of obese and overweight individuals, those who lose weight show reduced apnea frequencies and improved Apnoea–Hypopnoea Index (AHI) compared to controls.

Surgery[edit][edit]
Several surgical procedures (sleep surgery) are used to treat sleep apnea, although they are normally a third line of treatment for those who reject or are not helped by CPAP treatment or dental appliances. Surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea needs to be individualized to address all anatomical areas of obstruction.

Nasal obstruction[edit][edit]
Often, correction of the nasal passages needs to be performed in addition to correction of the oropharynx passage. Septoplasty and turbinate surgery may improve the nasal airway.

Pharyngeal obstruction[edit][edit]
Tonsillectomy and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP or UP3) are available to address pharyngeal obstruction. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. A) pre-operative, B) original UPPP, C) modified UPPP, and D) minimal UPPP. The "Pillar" device is a treatment for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea; it is thin, narrow strips of polyester. Three strips are inserted into the roof of the mouth (the soft palate) using a modified syringe and local anesthetic, in order to stiffen the soft palate. This procedure addresses one of the most common causes of snoring and sleep apnea — vibration or collapse of the soft palate. It was approved by the FDA for snoring in 2002 and for obstructive sleep apnea in 2004. A 2013 meta-analysis found that "the Pillar implant has a moderate effect on snoring and mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnea" and that more studies with high level of evidence were needed to arrive at a definite conclusion; it also found that the polyester strips work their way out of the soft palate in about 10% of the people in whom they are implanted.

Hypopharyngeal or base of tongue obstruction[edit][edit]
Base-of-tongue advancement by means of advancing the genial tubercle of the mandible, tongue suspension, or hyoid suspension (aka hyoid myotomy and suspension or hyoid advancement) may help with the lower pharynx.

Other surgery options may attempt to shrink or stiffen excess tissue in the mouth or throat; procedures done at either a doctor's office or a hospital. Small shots or other treatments, sometimes in a series, are used for shrinkage, while the insertion of a small piece of stiff plastic is used in the case of surgery whose goal is to stiffen tissues.

Multi-level surgery[edit][edit]
Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) is considered the most effective surgery for people with sleep apnea, because it increases the posterior airway space (PAS). However, health professionals are often unsure as to who should be referred for surgery and when to do so: some factors in referral may include failed use of CPAP or device use; anatomy which favors rather than impedes surgery; or significant craniofacial abnormalities which hinder device use.

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) targets the back of the roof of your mouth. It involves removing and repositioning excess tissue in the throat to make the airway wider. The surgeon can trim down your soft palate and uvula, remove your tonsils, and reposition some of the muscles of the soft palate. Though this treatment is effective it is not used for sever sleep apnea.

Potential complications[edit][edit]
Several inpatient and outpatient procedures use sedation. Many drugs and agents used during surgery to relieve pain and to depress consciousness remain in the body at low amounts for hours or even days afterwards. In an individual with either central, obstructive or mixed sleep apnea, these low doses may be enough to cause life-threatening irregularities in breathing or collapses in a patient's airways. Use of analgesics and sedatives in these patients postoperatively should therefore be minimized or avoided.

Surgery on the mouth and throat, as well as dental surgery and procedures, can result in postoperative swelling of the lining of the mouth and other areas that affect the airway. Even when the surgical procedure is designed to improve the airway, such as tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or tongue reduction, swelling may negate some of the effects in the immediate postoperative period. Once the swelling resolves and the palate becomes tightened by postoperative scarring, however, the full benefit of the surgery may be noticed.

A person with sleep apnea undergoing any medical treatment must make sure his or her doctor and anesthetist are informed about the sleep apnea. Alternative and emergency procedures may be necessary to maintain the airway of sleep apnea patients.

Sleep apnea can impose harful effcet even under and anesthetic Patients with obstructive sleep apnea are particularly vulnerable.5 w2 This is not only the case for operations or other invasive interventions aiming at alleviation of obstructive sleep apnoea through reduction of the obstructive upper airway; even after surgery not related to obstructive sleep apnoea, such as hip and knee operations, patients with obstructive sleep apnoea are at risk of developing respiratory and cardiopulmonary complications postoperatively. Serious complications include reintubations and cardiac events

title: User:174.80.105.26/sandbox


text:
2019 CS Ice Star

The 2019 CS Ice Star was held in October 2019 in Minsk, Belarus. It was part of the 2019–20 ISU Challenger Series. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, and ice dance.

Entries
The International Skating Union published the list of entries on September 24, 2019.

title: 2019 CS Ice Star


text:
letelepít

Verb

 * 1)  to settle; to plant to place a seed or plant in soil or other substrate in order that it may live and grow

title: letelepít


text:
Cookbook talk:Rice and Cabbage Minestrone

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text:
Angie Nixon

Angela Nixon is an American politician and community organizer from Jacksonville, Florida. She serves in the Florida House of Representatives. Nixon is currently Director for the Florida Public Service Union's (FPSU) Higher Education Campaign and was previously the Florida state field director for the Service Employees International Union, of which FPSU is an affiliate.

Early life and career
Nixon is a native of Jacksonville and a graduate of Stanton College Preparatory School and the University of Florida. She formerly worked as an aide to Mia L. Jones when Jones was the representative from the 14th district.

Melanin Market
Nixon is the organizer and co-founder of the Melanin Market, which provides small business owners with resources to grow their businesses, provides healthy food options in a food desert and connects residents to resources and services needed to enhance their quality of life.

Health and literacy
Nixon co-authored a book with her daughter, Natalie McGriff. When Natalie was 7, in response to her low self-esteem about her natural hair, Nixon suggested the two write a comic-style children's book about a girl whose Afro puffs transform her into a powerful superhero. The Adventures of Moxie McGriff was born. The book won Florida's One Spark where they received enough funding to publish and tour the book, donating many copies to organizations that promote literacy.

Nixon, along with her daughter, opened and operate a smoothie/ice cream/sandwich shop on the Eastside of Jacksonville called Natalie’s Nook & Candy Shop. The goal is for their restaurant, is to bring healthy food options to the food insecure neighborhood.

Political career
In the 2020 elections, Nixon defeated incumbent Kimberly Daniels, who was seeking re-election to the Florida House of Representatives District 14 (part of Duval County), in the Democratic Party primary election. In the heavily-Democratic 14th district, this nomination is tantamount to election.

In April 2022, Nixon attempted to stage a sit-in demonstration to prevent a vote on Florida's congressional district maps. The demonstration was ultimately unsuccessful.

In 2022, Nixon was redrawn from House District 14 to House District 13 thanks to once-in-a-decade re-districting. She went on to defeat unaffiliated candidate La'Ciara Masline, NPA and on to replace Tracie Davis as Florida state House representative for District 13.

On November 9, 2023, Nixon introduced a resolution calling for a ceasefire in the Israel-Hamas war and the release of hostages by Hamas. The Florida State House voted 104-2 to reject the resolution.

Elections

Since there were no other party nominees for the office, and the two persons who had discussed running as write-in candidates withdrew, the general election was cancelled and Nixon was declared the winner.

title: Angie Nixon


text:
User:CompVisExp/sandbox

= Definition = 'Screen content' is a term for images showing content that can be seen on computer screens during typical office work. This term is mainly used by the vidio compression community.

Unlike video data captured by video cameras, computer screens usually display text and graphics combined with pictorial elements. Text and graphics are also referred to as 'computer-generated', 'born-digital', or 'synthetic', while pictorial elements such as photographs or medical images (e.g. X-ray images) are called 'natural'. Note that computers can generate photorealistic images that appear natural. A former term for images that contain a mixture of synthetic and natural elements was 'compound images'.

Synthetic data is characterised by a small number of different colours and repetitive patterns. Natural images usually do not contain sharp colour or intensity edges but varying colour gradients. This is mostly combined with a certain amount of noisy texture.

= Dealing with screen content =

Applications dedicated to screen content
Main applications for processing screen content data include web-based application sharing and desktop sharing. Other keywords are 'virtualized desktop' or 'thin client'. The idea behind this is the 1:1 transfer of screen content from a computer to a remote display. .

Compression of screen content
The Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) undertakes activities on display stream compression (DSC). The latest standard for video compression, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), contains several tools for the treatment of synthetic image content which are summarised as 'screen content coding' (SCC). There are some academic-driven efforts to improve the compression of screen content as, for example, towards its efficient lossless compression.

Quality assessment
The quality assessment of screen content has high importance because the digital modification of synthetic image data (e.g. by lossy compression) leads to higher visual degradation than the modification of pure natural image data. Dedicated compression schemes must take the human visual system into account and should try to get a good compromise between high compression ratios and low quality degradation.

= References =

title: User:CompVisExp/sandbox


text:
SAASTE Technology/Modules/Structures Grade 5

GLOSSARY:
together in a specific manner
 * Structure: consists of materials which are joined
 * Frame structure: made up of individual pieces of material &shy it forms a framework
 * Shell structure: protects things from the outside.
 * Solid / mass structure: consists mainly of matter.
 * Natural structure: exists in nature.
 * Constructed structure: is built by people

The environment we live in consists of structures .Structures are made of materials that are suitable for a certain function.

Structures which exist in nature are known as natural structures and those built by people are known as constructed structures.

There are 3 basic types of structures:
 * Shell structures: protect something.
 * Frame structures: form a frame work.
 * Solid / mass structures: consist mostly of matter

Structures either:
 * Perform a supportive role (bear loads e.g. pillars, constructed beams, crutches, towers), span gaps (e.g. bridge), protect contents (e.g. helmet, eggshell), contain or hold things (e.g. box), provide stability (foundations).

Sometimes structures tend to collapse or fail to do their job because of failure of the materials: i.e. wrong material being used for a particular job, or because they have been designed incorrectly, or because they have been manufactured badly.

Activity 1:
-(approx.: 1 week (L.O. 2)

Look at the pictures and identify the type of structure it represents.

ACTIVITY 2 : Research task
- (approx. 1week (L.O 1, 3) Collect at least 2 different samples of the following materials.
 * Paper
 * Plastic
 * Cardboard

1. Find out 3 properties of each material- (such as hard/soft, waterproof, strong/weak, etc)

2. Give 2 uses of each material

3. How or what did people in the past who did not have paper to write on do for writing material?

ASSESSMENT: RESEARCH

ACTIVITY 3: PRACTICAL TASK
- (approx. 1week (L.O.1) Choose from the list of material supplied and make one of the following of the structures named below. Structures: windmill, hill, box

Materials: plasticine (clay), paper, cardboard, plastic straw. (Additional materials for joining: glue /pin)

ASSESSMENT: PRACTICAL

TEST: Match the word in COLUMN A with the correct sentence in COLUMN B

TOTAL: [5X2] ASSESSSMENT: TEST

ACTIVITY 3: TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS
- approx. 2 weeks (L.O.1)

SITUATION
Your school is hosting its annual concert. It is expected of the Gr.5 learners to design and make some of the props for the concert using suitable materials

Use your knowledge and skills that you have gained and design and make the props .The material must be suitable for the particular structure that you will be making.

Investigate: Find out what props are needed. Then say what you will make

(Design brief): I will make a:

Design: Show 2 different designs of the product you have chosen to make.

Choose a final design and your design must include labels.

Material list Name the materials you will use.

Tool List (I will use the following tools.....) Circle the tools and add in others that you will use.

needle scissors saw glue gun cutting board ruler craft knife

Flow diagram: Complete the guided passage on how you are going to make your item.

STEP .1

 * First I.........................................

STEP. 2
 * Then I................................................

STEP.3
 * Afterwards I .........................................................

STEP .4

 * Then I................................................

STEP .5
 * Finally I.............................................................


text:
History of Elven Writing Systems/Second Age

= Quenya Mode = Some changes occurred in Noldorin phonology, already in Valinor, that differentiated it from the dialect of the Vanyar: th merged with s, initial ch with h and maybe later, but still before the Exile, z with r. Those changes were inherited to Exilic Quenya which slowly evolved further.

There is not much known about the slow elvish evolution in 2nd Age, but certainly the sages of Númenor, as well as Elven sages of middle-Earth, were using the Quenya Tengwar and applied some changes and simplifications to them. It is not known when exactly those changes that brought us to the final form of the table in Appendix E took place, but if we consider some changes as “early” or “late”, we could attribute some intermediate stages to the 2nd Age. It still must be noted that some changes described here could not had happened then, but later.

Aldwin Lowdham wrote some Numenorian names with tengwar and Lisa Star believes this writing represents a Numenorean mode. This mode reminds of Sanskrit: since a was very frequent, its sign was sometimes left out, and the sound was just meant, giving the script therefore an abugida flavour. An unutixë (underdot), which in this case was called Putta, was used to indicate that a consonant is not followed by any vowel (Minyatur, t%5Ô1Y6Ê ).

Examples
Concerning the mode of Númenor, this is how Elendil’s Oath can be transcribed

- `V1 `V`7Rj°^ `V2^7R5: `M1~Mj%`V5È = 8`B5^t$ t7Uy5È `6 dTm%5Ô6 1R5: `w6 t$1; --

''Et Eärello Endorenna utúlien. Sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn' Ambar metta.''

And other words. Please pay attention to their etymology:

3f92^ 	Sangahyando < *Thangahyando (‘Throng-cleaver’, a name)

`V,Fj^°d6 	*Erellochar < Ezellochar (Green Mound in Valinor)

9FjLn 	Helwa < HEL (pale blue)

d^q8Ê 	Hopas < *Chopasse (harbour)

=General Use mode= The Noldor founded Eregion in the year 750 of the Second Age. When this civilization reached its peak, it was already a cultural and financial crossroad of races: Noldor, Sindar, Dwarves and Men, Dúnedain or other.

In The Howlett Rivendell Inscriptions, Tolkien affirms that there was a "general use (applicable to both S[indarin] and Q[uenya])" around the end of the Third Age but there is some evidence that the same or similar concept must have been employed back to the Eregion times: The Third Age "general use" shown by Tolkien is consistent to the Second Age the Ring-inscription, which, Isildur says, is "fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion" ; this mode bore many similarities to the actual theoretical and unused values of the Tengwar.

A similar system is also used for the few late Second Age Adûnaic words in Edwin Lowdham's Manuscript, Text I, we may tentatively assume that the "general use" is of Númenorian influences.

The origins of the General Use Mode are unclear; we can assume that it originated in Eregion that could satisfy the needs of non-Elvish languages and facilitate writing and communication in those multicultural circumstances; out of this contact Sauron could have inscribed the Ring. But it is also possible that this Mode originated in Númenor and spread with the use of Westron.

Since the Ring Inscription is the only Second Age source for this, and because the "General Use" is mentioned mostly in context to the Third Age, please see the relevant section

= Angerthas Daeron = Similar to the "General Use" modes, the Cirth also saw universal usage. The Gelydh (Noldor) made use of the cirth and made a name for them in Quenya, Certar. They even extended the Certhas and added several cirth. The adding of 2 whole new rows was attributed to the Ghelydh (CH-row and QU-row). It was considered an extention of Certhas Daeron, so it was named Angerthas Daeron (''and+certhas=long runerow).

Tolkien is not clear about when the name 'Angerthas Daeron' was used. An Introduction to Elvish interprets Tolkien as if the Angerthas was an earlier invention, while the authors use the custom name 'Angerthas Eregion' to refer to the system of the Second Age explained below.

Whatever this system was called, we see the innovations concerning the employment of the two new CH and QU-series, a new certh for h to replace the previous certh # which became ch. This certh was preferred for ch because its shape seemed to be between the shapes of the T and K cirth (8 T + e K > # CH), to represent how the ch sound also (phonologically) exist between t and c. There was also a new certh for nd, which as Tolkien notes, its form wasn’t much related to the dental cirth.

Some of the new letters were used for sounds of Quenya (and other tongues) not found in Sindarin. In that stage, the Angerthas reached its fullest extent, but for most forms of writing other than carving, the Tengwar were used.

Examples
The Angerthas was convenient for Quenya and alien languages, probably Mannish, and maybe the ancestor of the Common Speech. We can see how some archaic Mannish words that maybe were current, can be written.

9Dec@ 	Dûkan (Roh. dweller)

ecf8S 	Kastu (treasure)

Rnrl@ 	Rógin (Woses)

8Rc.ca9 	Trahald (Nor. Mannish: burrowing)

= Angerthas Moria = During the 2nd Age, or maybe its beginning, the Dwarves got accustomed with Angerthas of the Noldor and they modified it to suit Khuzdul, their language. This alphabet was spread further wherever the Dwarves went, hence the name Angerthas Moria, which is exemplified on the Balin's Tomb Inscription.

The Dwarves introduced various new cirth and some unsystematic minor changes to the values. The greatest of those changes, which resulted in major reorder, was the switch of the cirth for s and h (f and . ), and for unknown reasons, the abandonment of the cirth $, q for which they substituted R , T. Subsequently they used @ for r and subsequently u for n!

They used also ,, which was a simplified form of u. Following the relation of those two letters, they gave to w the value z to relate better with . , which as mentioned had now the value s.

Tolkien doesn’t mention any other cirth abandoned by the Dwarves but much must have been, as there are many that represent sounds not occurring in (at least our published words of) Khuzdul, like th, dh, hw etc. It is strange also to observe that some of the cirth they introduced represent sounds not occurring in their language, like nj, hy, ñ, y-, hy! Of course, our corpus of Khuzdul is very limited to judge the necessity or not, of these sounds.

Examples
The only Angerthas Moria inscription by Tolkien is Balin’s Tomb.

2calu 3SdluSa Sw2c9eVcwc99D6S

Balin Fundinul UzbadKhazadDûmu

From the documentation, the Dwarf battle-cry could be as written:

}2c@SeeVcwv9IeVcwv9cl6xuS}

''Baruk Khazâd. Khazâd ai-mênu!''

and some other words:

gcwvu ‘azân < `-Z-N (dimness, shadow)

gcwcuSa2lwc@ ‘Azanulbizar (Dimrill Dale)

uSaSeeVlw9lu 	Nulukkhizdin (caves of Nargothrond)

8Vc@eDu 	Tharkûn (Staff-man, the dwarves name for ‘Gandalf’)

glral%6xe 	‘iglishmêk (the gesture code / sign language of the Dwarves)

eVzaz9wv@c6 	Kheled-zâram < Kh-L-D, Z-R-M ('Mirrormere')

eVcwv9 Khazâd < Kh-Z-D (Dwarves)

Go to:

 * ../First Age/
 * ../Third Age/


text:
Senator Griggs

Senator Griggs may refer to:

 * John W. Griggs (1849–1927), New Jersey State Senate
 * Ron Griggs (born 1952), New Mexico State Senate

title: Senator Griggs


text:
James Philip Mills

James Philip Mills CSI, CIE, FRAI (1890 – 1960) was a member of the Indian Civil Service and an ethnographer.

Early years
James Philip Mills was born on 18 February 1890, younger son of James Edward Mills and his wife Ada Smith. He was educated at Windlesham House School, Winchester College (1903–1908) and Corpus Christi College, Oxford (1909–1912).

Career
In 1913 Mills joined the Indian Civil Service and was posted to Assam Province. During the First World War he served as a trooper in the Jumna Valley Light Horse.[4] In 1916 he was assigned to the Naga Hills District, where he was appointed Subdivisional Officer based at Mokokchung.[2]

In 1926 he advised the government on the administration of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and was acting Deputy Commissioner of Cachar 1927-8. [4]

He was Deputy Commissioner Naga Hills District, based at Kohima during the 1930s.[3]

Alongside his official tasks, Mills took an interest in ornithology, gathering information on birds and mammals for the Bombay Natural History Society, which was published in 1923.[2]

While at Oxford he had acquired an interest in anthropology and inspired by the curator of the Pitt Rivers Museum. Henry Balfour, he and his colleague J.H. Hutton made important  ethnographic  collections for that institution.[4]  Philip Mills  published three monographs on the Nag as: The Lhota Nagas 1922, The Ao Nagas 1926 and The Rengma Nagas 1937. [4]   In 1930 he was appointed Honorary Director of Ethnography for Assam. The same year he married Pamela Moira Foster-Vesey-FitzGerald. From 1943-47 he was Adviser to the Governor of Assam for Tribal Areas and States.[3] This enabled him to visit little-known places north of the Bramhaputra such as the Subansiri and Lohit areas.[3]

Mills retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1947, and the following year was appointed Reader in Language and Culture at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London until his retirement in 1954.[3]  After his death, his collection of several hundred photographs was donated to SOAS. [4].

From 1951 to 1953 Philip Mills served as President of the Royal Anthropological Institute. He  died on 12 May 1960.

Publications
Archives
 * The Lhota Nagas, 1922
 * The Ao Nagas, 1926
 * "Folk Stories in Lhota Naga", J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 22/5 (1926)
 * with J.H. Hutton, "Ancient Monoliths of North Cachar", J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 25/1 (1929)
 * The Rengma Nagas, 1937
 * The Mishmis of the Lohit Valley, Assam, Presidential Address:  Jour. RAI Vol.82 (1952)
 * Anthropology as a Hobby, Presidential Address: Jour. RAI Vol. 83 (1953)
 * SOAS, diaries and papers relating to Assam; photographic collection.
 * MSS Royal Anthropological Institute London, Mongsen Ao word list.
 * U. Cam., Centre for South Asian Studies, papers.
 * U. Oxf., Pitt Rivers Museum, artefacts and papers.
 * Anthropological research notes and other papers of J P Mills are held by SOAS Archives.

Awards

 * 1941: C.I.E
 * 1942: Rivers Memorial Medal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
 * 1945: Gold medal, The Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.
 * 1947: C.S.I.

title: James Philip Mills


text:
2020 Appalachian State Mountaineers baseball team

The 2020 Appalachian State Mountaineers baseball team represented Appalachian State University in the 2020 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Mountaineers played their home games at Beaver Field at Jim and Bettie Smith Stadium and were led by fourth year head coach Kermit Smith.

On March 12, the Sun Belt Conference announced the indefinite suspension of all spring athletics, including baseball, due to the increasing risk of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Sun Belt Conference Coaches Poll
The Sun Belt Conference Coaches Poll was released sometime on January 30, 2020 and the Mountaineers were picked to finish fifth in the East Division.

Preseason All-Sun Belt Team & Honors

 * Drake Nightengale (USA, Sr, Pitcher)
 * Zach McCambley (CCU, Jr, Pitcher)
 * Levi Thomas (TROY, Jr, Pitcher)
 * Andrew Papp (APP, Sr, Pitcher)
 * Jack Jumper (ARST, Sr, Pitcher)
 * Kale Emshoff (LR, RS-Jr, Catcher)
 * Kaleb DeLatorre (USA, Sr, First Base)
 * Luke Drumheller (APP, So, Second Base)
 * Hayden Cantrelle (LA, Jr, Shortstop)
 * Garrett Scott (LR, RS-Sr, Third Base)
 * Mason McWhorter (GASO, Sr, Outfielder)
 * Ethan Wilson (USA, So, Outfielder)
 * Rigsby Mosley (TROY, Jr, Outfielder)
 * Will Hollis (TXST, Sr, Designated Hitter)
 * Andrew Beesley (ULM, Sr, Utility)

Schedule and results

 * Schedule Source:

* Rankings are based on the team's current ranking in the D1Baseball poll.


text:
Cookbook talk:Hot Sauce (Homemade)

My first stab at a Wikibooks Cookbook entry (moved over from Wikipedia). -- Kaszeta 19:50, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Hot Sauce (Homemade)


text:
User:Atishay123

= 'My name is Atishay Jain. I have done my graduation from Shaheed Bhagat Singh college (University of Delhi). I have done my Senior secondary education from Navbharti School Pitampura.' =

title: User:Atishay123


text:
Kristin Heaston

Kristin L. Heaston (born November 23, 1975, in Walnut Creek, California) is a female shot putter from the United States.

Heaston was a participant in the 2008 Olympic Games where she placed 23rd in the qualifying round with a throw of 17.34 m. Prior to her Olympic appearance, she was a runner-up at the Olympic Trials with a throw of 18.34 m.

In 2003 Heaston became the American indoor and outdoor shot put champion. At the 2004 Olympic Games Heaston became the first woman ever to compete at the ancient site Olympia. In 2005, she became American outdoor shot put champion for the second time.

She finished thirteenth at the 2001 Summer Universiade and seventh at the 2006 World Athletics Final and the 2007 World Athletics Final.

Her personal best throw is 18.74 m, achieved in June 2007 in Indianapolis.

title: Kristin Heaston


text:
Molbergen

Molbergen is a municipality in the district of Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany, approximately 8 km west of Cloppenburg.

Notable people

 * 1919-2009: Carlos Kloppenburg, German bishop in Brazil
 * (born 1943), Manfred Carstens, German politician (CDU)

title: Molbergen


text:
Adal Ray

Adal Ray (formerly Adal Hernandez) is an American tattooist and visionary artist currently residing in New York City, where he owns and operates the Brooklyn studio Majestic Tattoo NYC. Adal was born in Chicago and raised between Texas and Chicago, where he attended the Art Institute of Chicago's Early College Program and completed his tattoo apprenticeship under Chicago's Tattoo Tom. Adal has been tattooing professionally since 1993, settling in New York in 1998.

In his 19 years as a tattoo artist, Adal has been featured in several body art-related publications, including Skin & Ink; Inked, and Tattoo Burst. He was featured on PBS in a special entitled "The Body Adorned," which also featured an American Museum of Natural History Exhibition on the history of body art, to which Adal contributed. Adal has also been featured in multiple non-tattoo related publications for his work in other media.

Majestic Tattoo NYC opened in early 2012 as a small studio specializing in custom, visionary, often psychedelic and fractal tattoos. The space also functions as an independent art gallery, displaying the work of both American and international artists. This double function represents Adal's goal of unifying the differing forms of artistic expression: in his words, "The tattoo renaissance has pushed the art form to new places."

Early life
Adal was born in Chicago, IL, and spent his childhood split between Texas and Chicago. He began training himself to draw in the 5th grade through informal drawing competitions with his classmates, taking inspiration from action figures and objects found around his home. At the same time, Adal also became interested in comic book art, and could be found creating his own comic books, his most memorable creation being a blaxploitation action hero. Adal had an early interest in the art of Pablo Picasso and other famous modern artists, though it was his 7th grade art teacher in Brownsville, TX who exposed him to the more underground works of the New York pop art movement and Keith Haring. In high school, Adal moved back to Chicago, where he aspired to a career in creating socially conscious murals. In 1989, an opportunity to make this goal a reality presented itself when at age 16, Adal was able to meet Keith Haring when Haring traveled to Chicago to work on a mural project with high school students, titled "Keith Haring at the Pinnacle." Adal ended up contributing to the mural, as well as assisting Haring on two other murals in a hospital. As a memento, Haring and his photographer, Tseng Kwong Chi, both signed Adal's leather jacket.[11]

16 was also the age at which Adal first began to develop his lifelong interest in tattoo art. A friend, who was already an avid tattoo enthusiast, was impressed by Adal's sketches, and took him to meet Guy Aitchison, an established Chicago tattoo artist. Adal began hanging around the shop and started to gain his first in-depth knowledge about the art of tattooing from Guy, inspiring him to pursue a life as a tattoo artist.

Later on, Adal studied in an early college program at the Art Institute of Chicago before moving to Austin, TX. At age 18, Adal got a tattoo apprenticeship offer in Chicago, studying under Tattoo Tom. Since then, Adal has split his time at numerous tattoo studios in Austin, Chicago, and New York City. He currently owns and operates his own studio, Majestic Tattoo NYC, in the intersection of Bedford-Stuyvesant and Bushwick in Brooklyn, New York.

title: Adal Ray


text:
1980 Robinsons South Pacific Classic

The 1980 Robinsons South Pacific Classic was an Association of Tennis Professionals men's tournament held on outdoor grass courts at the Milton Courts in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia that was part of the 1980 Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 6 October until 12 October 1980. First-seeded John McEnroe won the singles title.

Singles
🇺🇸 John McEnroe defeated 🇦🇺 Phil Dent 6–3, 6–4
 * It was McEnroe's 6th singles title of the year and the 21st of his career.

Doubles
🇺🇸 John McEnroe / 🇺🇸 Matt Mitchell defeated 🇦🇺 Phil Dent / 🇦🇺 Rod Frawley 8–6

title: 1980 Robinsons South Pacific Classic


text:
User:Buddpaul

Buddpaul has been aware of Wikiversity for some time now, but only just recently registered as a user. He is heavily involved at Wikipedia, Wikia and Wikibooks.

title: User:Buddpaul


text:
Talk:Charles Churchill (British Army officer, born 1656)

Error
There has never been a King James II of Great Britain as this article states. It's King James VII of Scotland, II of England. The Kingdom of Great Britain didn't exist until later.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:24, 3 February 2020 (UTC)Christopher L. Simpson


text:
User:<IP_ADDRESS>/Choose an Article

Article Selection
Please list articles that you're considering for your Wikipedia assignment below. Begin to critique these articles and find relevant sources.

Option 1

 * Article title: Structuralism (psychology)
 * Article Evaluation: S
 * Sources: Structuralism (psychology)
 * Sources: Structuralism (psychology)
 * Sources: Structuralism (psychology)

Option 2

 * Article title: Association Psychology
 * Article Evaluation: S
 * Sources: Wikipedia
 * Sources: Wikipedia
 * Sources: Wikipedia

Option 3

 * Article title: Situationism Psychology
 * Article Evaluation: S
 * Sources: Wikipedia
 * Sources: Wikipedia
 * Sources: Wikipedia

Option 4

 * Article title: Functional Psychology
 * Article Evaluation: S
 * Sources: Wikipedia
 * Sources: Wikipedia
 * Sources: Wikipedia

Option 5

 * Article title: Psychology
 * Article Evaluation: S
 * Sources: Wikipedia
 * Sources: Wikipedia
 * Sources: Wikipedia

title: User:131.91.4.59/Choose an Article


text:
Lingnan penjing

Lingnan penjing (Jyutping: Ling5 naam5 pun4 ging2; Traditional Chinese: 嶺南盆景), sometimes called Cantonese penjing (Jyutping: Jyut6 paai3 pun4 ging2; Traditional Chinese: 粵派盆景), is the style of penjing (called "Pun-ging" in Cantonese) of the Lingnan region - the mainly Cantonese-speaking Southern Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. Despite being recognized only in early 20th century, this style can trace its roots to at least the 15th century.

Aesthetics
It is said that Lingnan penjing "embraces nature", and is not inclined to be bounded by rules or formula. It has been described as "Spring from the Mother Nature, Exceed the Mother Nature” : This style is noted for an emphasis on the match between "the natural" and "the artificial" parts of the bonsai. For instance, artists of Lingnan penjing tend to spend much time choosing a pot that matches the plants. Furthermore, it explicitly focuses on "inner beauty" - Lingnan penjing artists always pay attention to the penjing's own unique ambiance and mood. When viewing a Lingnan penjing, a viewer is expected to savor the messages and emotions behind the penjing work.

Techniques
Lingnan penjing artists generally prune their trees with the “Grow and Clip” method. Instead of using wires to bend them, the branches keep being clipped as they grow. Every clip creates a new twist and a new session on the said branch, and in every session grows new branches. At last, as the tree keeps growing and being pruned in this way, it will taper from the base to apex. The result is that the proportions between the trunk and branches will be highly developed, with branches full of turns and twists.

title: Lingnan penjing


text:
Talk:Alignments (album)

Requested move 11 September 2020

The result of the move request was: Moved. User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 00:10, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

Alignments → Alignments (album) – This non-charting April 2020 album stub probably should be deleted, but clearly is not the Primary Topic of "alignments", restore alignments -> alignment. In ictu oculi (talk) 23:16, 11 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Strong support per WP:ASTONISH and WP:PLURALPT no clear primary topic, although views[|Alignments] show the archaeology meaning gets around as many views as the album this could partly be due to the attention its been getting from being a few page. When I Google Alignments Alignment (Dungeons & Dragons) comes up after a selection of images but apparently nothing for the album. Images and Books also don't appear anything for this album. Redirect to Alignment per WP:DABCOMBINE, thankyou for moving the page previously since the lack of a plural redirect to the DAB was obviously an error which we can fix but why didn't you redirect this title to the DAB which would have meant the unnecessary disambiguation revert would have been moot?  Crouch, Swale  ( talk )  09:53, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:09, 16 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Alignments (album)


text:
Man Power

Man Power is a lost 1927 American comedy silent film directed by Clarence G. Badger and written by Ray Harris, Louise Long, George Marion Jr., Sam Mintz and Byron Morgan. The film stars Richard Dix and features Mary Brian, Philip Strange, Charles Hill Mailes, Oscar Smith and George Irving. The film was released on July 9, 1927, by Paramount Pictures.

Cast

 * Richard Dix as Tom Roberts
 * Mary Brian as Alice Stoddard
 * Philip Strange as Randall Lewis
 * Charles Hill Mailes as Judson Stoddard
 * Oscar Smith as Ptomaine
 * George Irving as James Martin
 * Charles Clary as Albert Rollins
 * Charles Schaeffer as Reverend Guthrie

Production
The railroad scenes were filmed on the Sierra Railroad in Tuolumne County, California.

title: Man Power


text:
Kongo-Brazzaville

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
While the official name in Swedish is “”, sources differ in terms of the short name. “Kongo‐Brazzaville” is used for instance by the Swedish Institute of International Affairs and the Swedish Wikipedia, while Utrikes namnbok recommends just “”.

title: Kongo-Brazzaville


text:
Panovo

Panovo (Паново) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Pavnovsky Selsoviet, Rebrikhinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 926 as of 2013. There are 16 streets.

Geography
Panovo is located 17 km southwest of Rebrikha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Molodyozhny is the nearest rural locality.

title: Panovo


text:
Talk:Murder of Carolyn Wasilewski

Notability and article title.
I'm fairly certain this doesn't meet the notability guidelines per WP:GNG, as this is probably a WP:BIO1E. You removed the WP:PROD and added one contemporary source of coverage for this, which honestly doesn't really speak much to notability, given WP:NOTNEWS. Do you have any other indication of notability? If not, I think we should go to AfD at this point. If notability is established, I'm guessing that we're going to want to move it to Death of Carolyn Wasilewski, as her murder is likely the only thing notable about her (by this I mean no offense, but not many people are notable, and even fewer of those are notable at age 14). 0x0077BE [talk/contrib] 17:22, 28 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Interesting. On the deletion discussion page, the very reason for deletion is a reason I would use to keep the page. The user wrote, "The event was broadly covered at the time (up until about a year after the event) and then there was a single follow-up article 46 years later..." Her death is notable because some evidence indicates she was a victim of retaliation for testimony she had given in a sexual assault case. By keeping her article on Wikipedia, we can improve our chances of learning about her testimony and the possibility that her death was in retaliation for her testimony. Sexual assault and associated retaliation for testimony are two problems victims have traditionally faced without much support the traditional power structure, so I would not have expected to see much news coverage in the years following her death. Her story is one of the few documented examples of how victims have traditionally been treated. Furthermore, she can be considered notable for her bravery in testifying in a "carnal knowledge (rape)" case at age 14. User99L (talk) 07:12, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

"Baltimore legend"
Baltimore legend claim foootnote located to this murder by this columnist ShulMaven (talk) 20:09, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

"carnal knowledge"
Just what, exactly, is a "carnal knowledge case"??? I assume it means statutory rape? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:53, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Murder of Carolyn Wasilewski


text:
HMS Howe (1885)

HMS Howe was an Admiral-class ironclad ironclad battleship built for the Royal Navy during the 1880s. The ship was assigned to the Channel Fleet in mid-1890 and was badly damaged when she ran aground in late 1892. After repairs were completed, Howe was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in late 1893. She returned home in late 1896 and became a guardship in Ireland. Howe remained there until late 1901 when she was assigned to the Reserve Fleet. The ship was paid off in three years later and then sold for scrap in 1910.

Design and description
The Admiral class was built in response to French ironclad battleships of the FRENCH IRONCLAD Hoche and Marceau-class ironclades. Howe and her sister ship, HMS Rodney (1884), were enlarged and improved versions of HMS Collingwood (1882) with a more powerful armament. The sisters had a length between perpendiculars of 325 ft, a beam of 68 ft, and a draught of 27 ft at deep load. They displaced 10300 LT at normal load, some 800 LT heavier than Collingwood, mainly due to the heavier armament, which also increased the draught by 18 in. The ships had a complement of 525–536 officers and ratings.

Howe was powered by two 3-cylinder inverted compound-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller. The Humphreys engines produced a total of 7500 ihp at normal draught and 11500 ihp with forced draught, using steam provided by a dozen cylindrical boilers. The sisters were designed to reach a speed of 16 kn at normal draught and Howe reached 16.9 kn on her sea trials, using forced draught. The ships carried a maximum of 1200 LT of coal that gave her a range of 7200 nmi at a speed of 10 kn.

Armament and armour
Unlike Collingwood, the later four Admiral-class ships had a main armament of 30-calibre rifled breech-loading (BL) 13.5 in Mk II guns, rather than the 12 in guns in the earlier ship. The four guns were mounted in two twin-gun, pear-shaped barbettes, one forward and one aft of the superstructure. The barbettes were open, without hoods or gun shields, and the guns were fully exposed. The 1250 lb shells fired by these guns were credited with the ability to penetrate 28 in of wrought iron at 1000 yd, using a charge of 630 lb of smokeless brown cocoa (SBC). At maximum elevation, the guns had a range of around 11950 yd with SBC; later a charge of 187 lb of cordite was substituted for the SBC which extended the range to about 12620 yd. There were significant delays in the production of the heavy guns for this ship and her sisters, due to cracking in the innermost layer of the guns, that significantly delayed the delivery of these ships. Even as late as early 1890, Howe only had two of her guns installed.

The secondary armament of the Admirals consisted of six 26-calibre BL 6 in Mk IV guns on single mounts positioned on the upper deck amidships, three on each broadside. They fired 100 lb shells that were credited with the ability to penetrate 10.5 in of wrought iron at 1000 yards. They had a range of 8830 yd at an elevation of +15° using prismatic black powder. Beginning around 1895 all of these guns were converted into quick-firing guns (QF) with a much faster rate of fire. Using cordite extended their range to 9275 yd. For defence against torpedo boats the ships carried a dozen QF 6-pounder 57 mm Hotchkiss guns and 10 QF 3-pdr 47 mm Hotchkiss guns. They also mounted five 14 in above-water torpedo tubes, one in the bow and four on the broadside.

The armour scheme of Howe and Rodney was virtually identical to that of Collingwood. The waterline armour belt of compound armour extended across the middle of the ships between the rear of each barbette for a the length of 140 ft. It had a total height of 7 ft deep of which 6 ft was below water and 1 ft above at normal load; at deep load, their draught increased by another 6 inches. The upper 4 ft of the belt armour was 18 in thick and the plates tapered to 8 in at the bottom edge. Lateral bulkheads at the ends of the belt connected it to the barbettes; they were 16 in thick at main deck level and 7 in below.

The barbettes ranged in thickness from 11.5 to 10 in with the main ammunition hoists protected by armoured tubes with walls 12 inches thick. The conning towers also had walls of that thickness as well as roofs 2 in thick. The deck of the central armoured citadel had a thickness of 3 in and the lower deck was 2.5 in thick from the ends of the belt to the bow and stern.

Construction and career
Howe, named after Admiral Richard Howe, was the fourth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy. The ship was laid down at Pembroke Dockyard on 7 June 1882, launched on 28 April 1885 and was delivered at Portsmouth on 15 November 1885, complete except for her main armament, at a cost of £639,434. She was commissioned on 18 July 1889 to take part in fleet manoeuvres. Finally fully armed, she was assigned to the Channel Fleet in May 1890. On 2 November 1892, she ran aground on a shoal off Ferrol, Spain, due primarily to faulty charts, and was salvaged with great difficulty, being finally freed by HMS Seahorse (1880) on 30 March 1893. The ship paid off at Chatham Dockyard for repairs and an overhaul that cost £45,000. In October of that year, Howe was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet where she remained until December 1896, when she became port guardship at Queenstown. Captain Henry Louis Fleet was in command from January 1900 until she was paid off at Devonport on 12 October 1901, when her entire crew was transferred to HMS Empress of India (1891), which took over as the Queenstown guardship. The ship was then assigned to the Reserve Fleet and then fully decommissioned after her last manoeuvres in September 1904. Howe was sold to Thos. W. Ward for £25,100 on 11 October 1910 and towed to Briton Ferry, Wales, to be broken up in January 1912.

title: HMS Howe (1885)


text:
Talk:Dawn of X

Merge
House of X and Powers of X is an article about two comic books that are part of this relaunch. It should be merged here. Ultimate someone (talk) 13:18, 12 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose - there would be way too much weight on the HoX/Pox content after a merge given the lengthy summaries. Plus the HoX/PoX page is about two actual series, hence the plot summary, reception (ratings/sales), etc., whereas Dawn of X is more of a summary article that is not about a specific series, but a central hub describing the relaunch of several series. -2pou (talk) 00:03, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Reading Order
With the exception of the HOXPOX minis, I haven't seen any specific issue by issue reading orders like the one posted, at least not an official one of any kind. Is there a source? 2601:41:4200:7AA0:DD6C:33A6:E8E3:CFD5 (talk) 06:40, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

I've been making my own reading order, and it's a bit like this:
 * HOX/POX
 * X-Men 1
 * Marauders 1
 * X-Force 1-3 (happens before Marauders 2)
 * X-Men 2-4 (happens after the events of X-Force 2 and 3)
 * Fallen Angels 1-6 (happens after X-Force 1)
 * X-Men 5-6 (happens after Fallen Angels 6)
 * Giant-Size X-Men: Jean & Emma (probably happens after X-Men 5, when they attack the Vault)
 * Hellions 1 (happens after Fallen Angels 6)
 * Excalibur 1-9 [can be read independent of the other books]
 * Marauders 2-9 (Marauder 2 happens after Excalibur 2)
 * Cable 1 (Happens after Marauders 7, note Calypso's clothes)
 * New Mutants 1 (happens after X-Men 1)
 * New Mutants 2,5,7
 * X-Force 4-9 (X-Force 4 either happens before New Mutants 1 or after New Mutants 7, presence of Doug Ramsey in the Quiet Council)
 * Wolverine 1-2 (Wolverine 1 happens after X-Force 8, note Domino's health; Wolverine 2 happens after Marauders 8, after the events surrounding Kate)
 * X-Men 7-9 (X-Men 7 happens after New Mutants 7)
 * New Mutants 3,4,6,8
 * New Mutants 9 (happens after New Mutants 7 and 8

X-Men/Fantastic Four is a mess:
 * 1) Kate's nose is healed up (after Marauders 4 or before Marauders 1)
 * 2) they are using the Marauder [ship] (after Marauders 2)
 * 3) but Pyro is still wearing his mask (prior to Marauders 2)

so I just put it after X-Men 1 -<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:00, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

Noticed there are a two missing from the reading list that aren't the latest version published.... New Mutants 8, X-Men 7. Xenomorph1984 (talk) 19:16, 18 July 2020 (UTC)

Reign of X
Reign of X has started but there still isn't any Wikipedia article regarding it. Should there be a separate page for Reign of X? Or should it be merged with this page? --Wansawansa (talk) 04:09, 10 January 2021 (UTC)
 * There's a draft for it here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Reign_of_X Don't know why it isn't published yet. UnderIrae (talk) 04:32, 10 January 2021 (UTC)
 * The draft seems to have disappeared. It is redirecting to itself for me, and there is no history containing the true draft content, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Reign_of_X <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:13, 19 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dawn of X


text:
Talk:Don Novello

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 11:16, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Canadian radio show
I can remember the Father appearing on a Canadian radio (CBC) show back in the late 1970s but I don't remember the name of the show. I don't think it was the Royal Canadian Air Farce, because the had a host which isn't how that show worked. Anyone remember the name of the show? --plaws (talk) 17:18, 16 August 2016 (UTC)

Discontinuity
"Novello performed on The Smothers Brothers Show in 1975" This timeline is impossible since that TV program only existed in 1966. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:34, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Novello


text:
Robotics/Design Basics/Building Materials

Robotics: Design Basics: Building Materials

There is plenty of choice when it comes to picking the building materials for your robot. However not every material is a good choice.

There are three groups of materials. Each of these three groups have their own characteristics, possibilities and difficulties.

Note: There is a fourth group of materials called ceramics. However this group is only marginally useful for robotics.

Note In this book robot sizes are mentioned as small, medium and large. With small I mean any robot that can maneuver on a table. Medium means any robot that's too large to move on a table but still is light enough to lift on your own. Large mean anything bigger and heavier than that. Also robots that'll have to operate in real life (rough) condition should be counted as either medium or large.

Wood
Wood is probably the best material to start with. It's light, pretty strong and easy to work on. Not to mention cheap and easily available. Even if you intend to use metal or plastic, wood can be handy for various purposes like prototyping and building jigs and other aids in working on metal or plastic parts.  The main reason that you will not see many wooden robots is because wood doesn't seem to fit in the picture of high tech machines. Funny thing is that (synthetic) composite materials have a very high coolness-factor (e.g Kevlar® Yes, Kevlar is a brand name. It's made of Aramide), yet wood, a natural composite material, hasn't.
 * Useful for small or medium sized robots, prototyping and as construction aid.

Metal
There are 80 different pure metals each having different properties. However in the world of Robotics there are only a select few from the 80 that are useful. This list is increased by Alloying. Alloying is the process of combining either in solution or compound, two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components.The properties of some metals and their alloys are below.

Some alloys are limited in supply in the market due to the limited demand for them. In order to obtain these materials it is often required to look further than the general consumer market.

Aluminum
Aluminium (or aluminum, both are correct) is commonly available in extruded forms in different shapes. It's pretty cheap, light, strong, resistant to corrosion and easy to work with. However welding aluminum isn't practical as it needs special welding equipment (MIG/MAG or TIG welding) and the bond isn't very strong. While soldering is possible, it doesn't make a strong bond. Rather use nuts and bolts or rivets.
 * Useful for small or medium sized robots.
 * Useful for non-load bearing parts in large robots.
 * Not very good for bearings.

There is an alloy of aluminium called Duraluminium it is almost as strong as soft steel but very light thus making it a natural choice for the construction of Aircraft. However as a trade off for the combination of being strong and light it is quite expensive (if you can find it at all). The best bet is to search aircraft wrecking yards.

Steel
Commonly available steel is an alloy of iron. It's stronger than aluminum, but it's also heavier and harder to work with - in particular, it blunts tools more easily and swarf is always razor sharp. Welding isn't much of a problem. However heating steel (at welding temperatures) changes its characteristics (strength, hardness, rust resistance). Note that drilling steel requires cooling and a slow drill speed (both rotational and feeding). If you drill too fast, you'll see your drill heating up red hot. Drills that have been red hot lose their hardness and will be dull in no time.
 * Useful for large robots and robots intended to operate in rough conditions. Too heavy for small or medium sized robots.

Bronze
Heavy. Very good for bearings. Too expensive and heavy for most other purposes.

Brass
Heavier and more expensive than aluminum. Can be soldered.
 * Useful for bearings.

Copper
Mostly available as wire or axles. Quite heavy, very good conductor.
 * Useful for special parts and wires.

Synthetic Materials
Like steel, synthetic materials are a name for a very large group of materials. There are hundreds of different plastics each with different characteristics and uses. We'll be covering only a few of them, but many techniques work just as well with other synthetics.

Most synthetic materials can be bent into shape after they are heated. A hot air gun (used to remove paint) can be sufficient for this purpose. Drilling and sawing these materials requires low speeds or they have to be cooled with water so the material doesn't melt. Soft plastics can be cut with an utility knife.

PVC
Polyvinyl chloride: Used for plastic tubes.

Plexiglass
Polymethyl methacrylate: Transparent material. Can be bent when heated to 200°C.

Composite materials
Polymer composite materials are materials consisting of a polymer matrix and a reinforcing material. (think of reinforced concrete: the polymer matrix is the steel grid and the reinforcing material is the concrete) These materials are considerably stronger and stiffer than steel and aluminium alloys.

Material          Specific strength        specific stiffness Steel             150*103 Nm/kg            20*106 Nm/kg E-fiberglass/epoxy 300*103 Nm/kg           10*106 Nm/kg Aramide/epoxy     500*103 Nm/kg            25*106 Nm/kg

The reason why composite materials haven't replaced steel is because of cost. Composites are only used where weight is a more important factor than price, e.g., airplanes: less weight means less fuel consumption and/or more useful payload.

Foamcore
Foamcore is relatively weak, but it is very practical for making fast prototypes. .

Cardboard
Generally, it's weak and looks ugly, but it's very practical for making fast prototypes. Can be cut with a knife or scissors and put together with duct tape, glue gun, or sticky tape. When dry, it's an insulator and can be used as a prototyping board for circuits.

With careful design, corrugated cardboard is strong enough to hold up full-sized humans ( a b c ).

Often a cardboard mockup is built to make sure the parts of the robot all fit together properly.

Sometimes cardboard is more than strong enough for many parts of a working robot (a b).


text:
User:Khaleejscreenawards1

In order to honor artistic excellence of professionals in Lollywood, Khaleej Screen Awards is the first Pakistani International Film Award, which will be presented to Pakistani production in gulf region. Khaleej Screen Awards has been designed for Pakistani movies, which were released in UAE. The Idea is to encourage Pakistani talent and production on International Platform.

After a long period, young filmmakers took on a stance to demonstrate the high-quality content that could be produced by the local film industry by using the limited and available resources. Since the fresh minds started production, they created a new image of Lollywood on the globe to encourage and motivate new talents. The Khaleej screen Awards will be held on 7th of December in Duty Free Tennis Stadium Dubai, this is called a mega event of Pakistani film industry and almost all Pakistani current film stars, singers, producers directors and technicians will participate in this event.

title: User:Khaleejscreenawards1


text:
Spleen Exam (OSCE)

Patient positioning

 * knees flexed
 * expose from nipples to pubis

Spleen location

 * posterior to the midaxillary line (MAL), between 9 to 11th ribs, size of palm

Peripheral signs of hypersplenism

 * pallor
 * bruising
 * oral ulcers
 * skin infections
 * petechiae

Stigmata of diseases associated with splenomegaly

 * hepatomegaly
 * lymphadenopathy (CLL, lymphoma, EBV)
 * jaundice (hemolytic anemia)
 * macroglossia (amyloidosis)

Inspection
*from the FOOT OF THE BED

Static

 * Skin
 * surgical scars
 * discoloration
 * Contour
 * distended
 * obese
 * umbilical herniation
 * bulging flanks

With Deep Inspiration

 * Symmetry - during several deep inspirations
 * note that the spleen enlarges toward the RLQ

Traube’s Space

 * 6th rib, lower costal margin, MAL
 * tympanic due to the gastric bubble - in splenomegaly, stomach is displaced and region sounds dull (not a specific test)
 * False Positives: full stomach, pleural effusion and pneumonia

Castell’s sign

 * lowest intercostal space, L AAL
 * ask the patient inhale and exhale slowly and deeply
 * splenomegaly → resonant on expiration but dull on inspiration

Palpation
1. With right hand beginning in RLQ, pull the L ribcage forward (give slack for the R hand to feel under the costal margin), palpate superficially toward the LUQ
 * assess effect of deep inspiration
 * describe: firm/soft, nodular/smooth, tenderness

2. Hooking Maneuver have patient lie on right lateral position
 * stand on patient’s left and try hooking hands under left costal margin

Auscultation

 * 1) all 4 QUADRANTS for bowel sounds
 * 2) Friction rub (inflammation, tumor, infarction)
 * 3) systolic murmur over spleen - massive splenomegaly (dilated, tortuous splenic artery)

 * 1) kidney is BALOTTABLE, spleen is NOT
 * 2) NOTCH ON ANTERIOR BORDER - palpable in spleen, not in kidney
 * 3) spleen enlarges diagonally towards RLQ, while the kidney enlarges inferiorly
 * 4) kidney can be resonant to percussion (d/t overlying bowel), spleen should be DULL
 * 5) UPPER EDGE of spleen NOT palpable, upper edge of kidney is
 * 6) SPLENIC RUB on auscultation (have patient breathe in and out) and kidney its not

title: Spleen Exam (OSCE)


text:
Talk:2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole

synthesis
Although well reported, the synthesis for this compound seems weird. As depicted, it precedes with reduction of the S centre, which is fairly unusual for thionyl. Presumably there's an intermediate sulfoxide? (although I've never seen anything have N2S-OH group). I can't find a paper discussing the mechanism but I'd be interested it see it. --Project Osprey (talk) 23:21, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Sulfoxides are R2S+–O– (not neutral S with an OH) and the O is nucleophilic enough to react with a range of acylating agents including SOCl2 (see Pummerer rearrangement) and in the Swern oxidation and related protocols. The next step in all these cases is an elimination reaction in which the acylated oxygen is the leaving group. An alternate synthesis uses disulfur dichloride instead of thionyl chloride (see 10.1021/jo01284a040 for proposed analogous intermediate). A large amount of thionyl chloride is used (413 mmol, vs 92 mmol o-phenylenediamine according to ), so there is easily a second equivalent available to dehydrate the R–HN–S(O)–NH–R (I think this is called an aminosulfinamide?) to R–N=S+–NH–R, which can then become the 1,2,5-thiadiazole (or a resonance structure of it) by loss of that remaining NH hydrogen. DMacks (talk) 05:13, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, Dmacks is correct. I had to think carefully about the mechanism, too, when adding the reference. It is interesting to bear in mind that at the time the ring system was normally drawn as a benzene ring fused to a ring drawn with -N=S=N- bonds. That makes it a bit easier to envisage the mechanism. has a good recent review which I'm going to add to the article Michael D. Turnbull (talk) 12:15, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, that fits. You'd need a very good leaving group as the dehydration step also sees the benzene unit adopt the quiniod configuration. I think the sulfur diimide is a minor resonance form. --Project Osprey (talk) 22:16, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * One might think that the reaction would proceed via a compound called 1,3-Dihydro-2lambda4,1,3-benzothiadiazole 2-oxide (Pubchem ) but I suspect that such a beast doesn't in fact exist as I can find only that one reference and it or its tautomers are not in Chemspider. Time to get into a lab and try adding the thionyl chloride very slowly at low temperature ;-) P.S. might be worth updating the diagram to show the proper stoichiometry and the byproduct SO2, as I've done in the text. Michael D. Turnbull (talk) 10:28, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'll update the diagram tonight. I see a few known chemicals containing "sulfamoyl chloride" (N–SO2–Cl) but none containing just one oxygen. DMacks (talk) 13:54, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I swapped in the balanced-equation image. DMacks (talk) 16:32, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * My first guess had been a sulfinylamine continuing via 'C1=CC=CC2=C1N=[S](N2)O' (whatever that's called). I honestly don't have any idea how likely that is.--Project Osprey (talk) 18:57, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Sulfur diimides would have the sulfur sp-hybridized and the two π bonds at right angles to each other, which is consistent with its behavior more similar to a cumulene than any sort of all-conjugated 3-atom system. And that does not seem compatible with the orbital or electron-count requirements for aromatic nature of this chemical. DMacks (talk) 13:42, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It is briefly mentioned in one of the refs (pg 237), although the mechanism of tautomerization doesn't make immediate sense to me (again) - valence tautomerisation perhaps? I think it's sufficiently minor that we don't have to worry about it too much. --Project Osprey (talk) 18:57, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * My library doesn't subscribe to that journal. Could you send me the page? DMacks (talk) 16:33, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I have found an Eli Lilly patent that claims both sorts of substructure (e.g. examples 78-81 and 154-157). Normally, I would think of Eli Lilly chemists as being reliable but in this case I think it's fantasy stuff: they have no detailed experimental for any of these! Michael D. Turnbull (talk) 17:38, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * There's an open access version here but as I said, I don't think it's very important--Project Osprey (talk) 21:26, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
 * That's actually quite helpful. For the sulfur dimine form of the thiodiazole ring, I assume you are referring to the "delocalized form" in Scheme 4 of that paper? Those N–S bonds are delocalized (one bond is dotted line), not a diimide (two full lines of a double bond). Instead of two pi bonds, there is only "some pi bonding"; as a start, consider it like one sulfur lone-pair spread across the whole N–S–N region (3-center–2-electron in the pi world). By resonance, it's like N3 of imidazole, that has pi bonding to both adjacent C but has a "frozen" lone-pair on it rather than a full C=N=C bonding pattern. DMacks (talk) 02:31, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * No, Scheme 27 but I can't get into the references that discuss it. --Project Osprey (talk) 12:24, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I couldn't get your link to work (it seems to have an expiry date) but it was available from academia.edu which I found by Googling the doi. The article is by Neto et al, who seems to be writing a lot on this heterocycle recently: I added that review to our references. All he is saying in Scheme 27 is that when co-ordinated to metals (Ru in this case), the electronics is better explained by the resonance form with -N=S=N- rather than =N-S-N=. Michael D. Turnbull (talk) 14:19, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * That's all I was saying though; that the sulfur dimine appeared to be a valid resonance form. It's probably very minor - but also one of those awkward ones that's hard to explain with simple curly arrows. I'm not saying that it's important, I just find it interesting. --Project Osprey (talk) 23:46, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole