text:
Clinical trials in India

Clinical trials in India refers to clinical research in India in which researchers test drugs and other treatments on research participants. NDCTR 2019 and section 3.7.1 to 3.7.3 of ICMR guidelines requires that all researchers conducting a clinical trial must publicly document it in the Clinical Trials Registry - India. Various government agencies and laws regulate clinical trials. The Drugs Controller General of India grants approval for clinical trials and is the top level authority which specifically oversees clinical trials. The Drugs Controller is a part of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation and answers to that organization. Both of those organizations answer the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare as the highest level government agency overseeing everything related to medicine and health. The Indian Council of Medical Research governs the professional and ethical behavior of the doctors and scientists. The Pharmacovigilance Program of India tracks reports of harm from the use of drugs. Outside of the central government, each state has its own regional regulatory agencies with some input into governing trials.

Since the early 2000s there have been international discussions from science, medicine, and business sectors which observed that India is both an attractive and challenging place to conduct medical research. Favorable characteristics of India included that there are many trained workers including health professionals, there is a large and diverse population, and that the cost of research is relatively low in India in comparison to other countries capable of doing research. Challenging characteristics include lack of research capacity, evolving and uncertain government regulatory infrastructure, diversity of languages, and the need for a culture of research participant confidentiality.

In the years around 2010 there were various scandals in media and popular discussion in which companies conducted clinical trials in unethical ways. There were many discussions raising many complaints, including that researchers were not getting informed consent from research participants, and that the medical research was dismissing high rates of injury and death among research participants. Following the 2013 case Swasthya Adhikar Manch v. Union of India in the Supreme Court of India, various government agencies reformed their regulations to make clinical trials more ethical. There have been many changes with various responses. Among the responses, some say that the clinical trials are safer for participants, and others say that the new rules favor large domestic and international companies over other stakeholders.

Government regulation
Since 2009 the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization has mandated that anyone conducting clinical research in India must preregister in the Clinical Trials Registry – India before enrolling any research participants.

Various government agencies and laws regulate clinical trials. The Drugs Controller General of India grants approval for clinical trials and is the top level authority which specifically oversees clinical trials. The Drugs Controller is a part of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation and answers to that organization. Both of those organizations answer the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare as the highest level government agency overseeing everything related to medicine and health. The Indian Council of Medical Research governs the professional and ethical behavior of the doctors and scientists. The Pharmacovigilance Program of India tracks reports of harm from the use of drugs.

Before 2005 India had a "phase lag" policy for clinical trials from foreign countries. In this policy, all clinical research in India had to begin at phase one. A 2005 change to liberalize the policy begin allowing companies to skip earlier phase trials to start with more risky trials in India, if there was prior research doing those earlier trials in another country.

Clinical trials have to be monitored by an ethics committee which registers with the government. A study examining all registered ethics committees in 2017 reported that few of them were in academic medical institutions, which is the global norm and desirable for such organizations.

Some legal commentators describe how the Constitution of India provides fundamental rights in India which apply to participants in clinical trials.

Overview of trials
Various reports have discussed the number of clinical trials which the Indian government has approved per year. A theme of these reports is that the number of trials generally increases, and that changes in the rates of the number of trials approved corresponds with regulatory changes.

The government approval process for clinical trials is sporadic. A 2013 report commented that in one day, the Indian government approved 50 trials after not having approved any in the past six months. The same report noted that the rate of government approval changes by year.

A single study examining a sample of academic papers which reported the results of dentistry-related clinical trials in 2011-12 found that the reporting was poor.

Ethics
Various commentators have noted that there is a conflict between the opportunity for business investors to conduct research in India and the rights and safety of the volunteer research participants who participate in these clinical trials. Discussions of this issue often propose some kind of balance where researchers do trials, but not too many or too quickly, and that the trials collectively support ethical and safety practices which community stakeholders, academic researchers, doctors, and the government all create together.

Wealthy companies in countries with strong economies routinely seek to purchase clinical trial research in India as they seek comparable results at lower cost. As the wealthy country has the power of its money, and as typical participants in clinical trials are volunteers with no understanding of the money involved or power dynamics, many ethical issues arise.

A 2018 study on informed consent found that in a set of cancer-related trials, nearly all research participants had serious misconceptions about their research participation. A common misconception was an expectation of improved health care. The study recommended improved research participant education as a way to make the management of trials more ethical.

Government talks of permitting human challenge studies in India began in 2017. The Translational Health Science and Technology Institute expressed support for allowing these trials at that time.

One 2015 audit of 5 years of trials at a single site found that the expected percentage of people invited to participate declined to do so. That study said that this rate of refusal was an indication of an appropriate level of persuasiveness in study participant recruitment.

An evaluation of about 50 clinical trials in 2007-08 found that the reported results had higher than expected rates of false positive errors due to the statistical methods the researchers used.

Comparison to other countries
India's clinical research is a subject of comparison with that of China, countries in Africa, and countries with similarly sized economies. India is both an attractive and challenging place for both Indian and foreign clinical research for various reasons.

A common motivation for foreign companies doing research in India is relatively lower cost in as compared to comparable research elsewhere. India was a single nation with a large, diverse population. Many potential research participants in India had not previously had medical treatment, and clinical trials get better data from such people. India also has a well trained workforce and many research sites which met international good clinical practice standards. India's national health system provides a lot of care in large urban hospitals. This centralization is also favorable to conducting research.

One challenge to doing research is a shortage of research sites which could conduct research and expand the sector. This shortage has various causes, including lack of educational programmes leading health professionals into research as a career track, the lack of experienced administrators who could expand study capacity, and a national research environment with either insufficient quality control processes.

When researchers conduct trials in multiple countries collecting patient-reported outcomes is useful. However, to make sense of any such reports from India, then researchers have to adapt the instructions for local Indian culture.

A 2011 evaluation found that a sample of clinical trials in India complied with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials.

To make India more compliant with international standards the government amended the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 in 2005 and 2008.

At the end of 2010 India was conducting 7% of phase III and 3% of phase II trials globally. In 2019 India was hosting about 1% of the world's clinical trials.

Social awareness
There was perception in the research community that the media had usefully brought public scrutiny of the ethics and conduct of clinical trials. While researchers and investors wanted trials, they also wanted a reliable research environment which the public and media could trust. Various changes in government regulation sought to make trials safer for research participants and investment in trials. The response to having changes in general was positive, although there was intense debate from stakeholders on the individual changes. The criticism tended to argue that the changes were too strict.

There was criticism that medical journals in India were publishing the results of trials without requiring that the articles describe compliance with regulatory standards including Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials.

Injury
In 2013 the Supreme Court of India ordered the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to police and prevent multinational companies from conducting illegal clinical trials in India.

There is public information reporting how many people die during clinical trials. It is also known that when people die during trials in India, the trial organization rarely pays compensation to the family of the deceased.

The research industry has formulas for calculating how much money to pay when someone dies in a clinical trial.

Foreign influence
A 2011 paper noted that low operational costs, improved government regulation, and existing business infrastructure have made India increasingly attractive as a place for foreign companies to conduct clinical trials.

Some clinical trials based in the United States also do research in India. A 2019 examination of 10 years of United States children's health research found that of about 9000 trials registered about 120 of them also included clinical trials in India. This study found that these trials were for health issues which actually affect children in India, and that consequently, the research was appropriate for India.

Some researchers study global practices for managing clinical trials and apply lessons learned to multiple countries at once, with India being among them.

When foreign companies conduct only phase III trials in India, the researchers conducting those trials tend to not publish as many scientific insights as researchers typically do in other circumstances. There is a foreign expectation that perhaps because India has relatively less regulation than foreign countries which export clinical research, then perhaps the researchers in India would have more insights. The reasons for this are not clear, but one reason may be that researchers who oversee the trial for longer periods and not just the last phase tend to care more about publishing research results.

When financial investment is the priority then foreign sponsored research tends to focus on the health concerns of the host country rather than the health needs of India. A characteristic of a healthy clinical trials sector in a country is prioritizing the most urgent health concerns of the population. Some researchers advocate for reflection on India's research priorities.

A review of clinical trials from 2006 to 2013 foundation that when India hosted clinical research for either the United States or European Union, and when research in India led to the availability of a new drug in those places, then in 40% of cases India did not also get domestic approval to use that drug. This low rate of domestic drug approval demonstrates that the research is not actually a medical benefit to the local population in India. More frequent drug approvals for drugs tested in India and approved elsewhere would be a public benefit.

Business
Various reports describe the global industry of outsourcing clinical research from one country to another, and present India as one of the lower cost countries for conducting trials.

A 2007 paper reported that in the past few years the annual revenue of the clinical trials industry had grown 25% annually.

Companies conducting clinical trials in India often do so through a contract research organization. Since the 2000s there has been recognition that India is an attractive place to grow an industry of drug research.

A 2008 report described the entry of multinational companies into India for clinical trials research as a frenzy. At the time there was a perception that the industry was going to grow fast for the foreseeable future in a way that favored the research investor. Most investors wished into enter India through contract research organizations.

Foreign investment in India has resulted in a concentration of international research centers in India. Larger research companies are growing faster than small ones, and larger ones are capturing the influence to propose government regulations more quickly than other stakeholder groups. The investment from foreign companies has resulted in more education, professional training, and jobs in the clinical research sector. However, there has been an obvious sudden increase of influence by both foreign and domestic large companies as this research field has developed.

The establishment of the Pharmacovigilance Program made India a more attractive international destination for foreign companies to bring clinical trials research.

History
Until 1995 the United States, Europe, and Japan conducted most clinical trials. The first evaluation of good clinical practices for research in India was done in 1995. A 2004 paper advised that India lacked the research environment which most clinical researchers require. Because of the risks, that paper advised that foreign countries would not gain benefit from outsourcing clinical trials to India.

2005 to 2013
India agreed to comply with the TRIPS Agreement in 2005. The agreement changed the way India recognizes intellectual property and changed the research environment in way that enabled foreign companies to conduct clinical trials in India. Foreign contract research organizations were able to conduct clinical trials in India from this point.

An estimate in 2007 predicted that India would be conducting about 20% of the world's clinical trials by 2010. Further speculation of the time was that India would be the preferred global destination for many sorts of clinical trials. Among all that growth, a major concern was establishing regulation to improve the ethics and integrity of clinical research in India. The Indian Council of Medical Research established the Clinical Trials Registry - India in July 2007 with the intent to improve India's clinical trials research environment.

In 2008 a representative for the Indian Council of Medical Research remarked that increased government regulation would be necessary to ensure research integrity and public safety in clinical trials. In 2008 a group of Indian medical journals made a pledge that from 2010 onward, they would only publish research on clinical trials if that trial was appropriately registered. Prior to this, there were essays considering whether the time was right to do this.

In 2009 there was a significant expansion in clinical trials done in India. Beginning in 2013 there were many regulatory changes which had the effect of reducing the number of clinical trials while also drawing attention to ethical challenges of clinical research in India.

In May 2012 the 59th report of the Indian Parliamentary Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare issued a report criticized the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization. The report complained that the organization was underfunded and understaffed. Because of lack of staff, the organization would never be able to perform its duties. The staff who were there were working under a misguided mandate to "meet the aspirations … demands and requirements of the pharmaceutical industry", which was an error and a conflict of interest against protecting the health of the public. Another problem that the report identified was that although India requires drug companies to conduct at least phase III trials in India if other countries have already approved the drug, for some undocumented reason, the Drugs Controller was granting approvals without this research. Also, in 3 cases, drugs which neither had approval in other countries nor trials in India got approval for undocumented reasons.

2013 to 2019
By 2013 the problems with clinical trials had become troublesome to the point of media and public attention. When the media criticized trials, those reports tended to say that the researchers were exploiting the research participants by treating them as experimental guinea pigs. The media attention and public discussion resulted in researchers conducting fewer trails. The number of trials went from 529 in 2010, to about 250 in 2012, to about 100 in 2013.

The response to this was that various government agencies organized regulatory changes to resolve many problems at once. Researchers reflected on the causes of the problems, and the necessary changes to prevent future problems, and the regulatory reform which would support the changes in science and industry.

One change was that the government named a list of responsibilities and divided among the ethics committee, the investigator, and the sponsor. This way, each of those agents in a clinical trial take responsibility for their parts. From this point the researchers must register all clinical trials into the Clinical Trials Registry - India. Another change was that ethics committees associated with clinical trials had to themselves register with the Drugs Controller General of India. The informed consent process had to include all information both in the text document and a verbal description. No principal investigator can oversee more than three trials at once. Anyone funding a principal investigator has to disclose to the government how much they are paying. The government regulator set up audit process for ethics committees. The researchers must report serious adverse events quickly to the study sponsor, the ethics committee, and the government regulator. All trials will comply with publicly available payment formulas for calculating how much money to give in case of someone dying or experiencing any other serious adverse effect.

In the informed consent process there was consensus for addressing some communication issues. One was explaining that the control group in a placebo-controlled study will get no treatment. Another was explaining that the drug candidate is experimental, and not necessarily an effective therapy. There was also recognition that many administrative, procedural, and reporting functions needed national standardization.

In 2018 the government established a process for approving drugs in India, without clinical trials, in exceptional circumstances such as an epidemic.

2019—present
In 2019 the government enacted the New drugs and clinical trials rules 2019. These rules provided more guidance for how the ethics committee of a clinical trial should oversee it. Critics of the rules said that the government compromised public safety in favor of industry and financial interests.

Special populations
When Indian people consider volunteering for clinical trials they frequently have the same reasons for either joining or declining. Motivations for joining include intent to gain health benefit, altruism, in respect of the request of their physician, to get money for participating, and to get an opportunity to learn more about health and research. Reasons for not wanting to participate in a trial include mistrust of the organizations managing the research, fear of trial risks, stress, the obligation of participating, fear that the trial will not respect their personal information, creating a burden on their friends and families to support them in the trial, and the lack of available information about the research in their own local language.

People with schizophrenia require specific cultural support to participate in clinical trials.

A 2009 report described how innovation in phase 1 cancer research trials could have a big impact on Indian health.

Various studies in the United Kingdom have described how British researchers can make trial participation easier for South Asian people living in the UK.

A 2011 report encouraged teaching clinical research in the curriculum of medical students to prepare them to conduct trials.

A 2019 survey found that respondents in India were cautious in saying that they would approve of clinical trials related to the sexual health of adolescent girls.

title: Clinical trials in India


text:
Las Mañanitas metro station

Las Mañanitas is a Panama Metro station on Line 2. It was opened on 25 April 2019 as part of the inaugural section of Line 2 between San Miguelito and Nuevo Tocumen. This is an elevated station built above the Pan-American Highway, locally known as Corredor Sur. The station is located between Corredor Sur and Hospital del Este.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Las Mañanitas metro station


text:
Brec Bassinger

Brec Marie Bassinger (born May 25, 1999 ) is an American actress. First coming to attention in the recurring role of Emma in the 2013–2014 Nickelodeon series, The Haunted Hathaways, Bassinger went on to star as Bella Dawson, the lead role in Nickelodeon's 2015–2016 television series, Bella and the Bulldogs. From 2020 to 2022, Bassinger played the title role on the American superhero television series Stargirl from DC Universe and The CW.

Early life
Bassinger was born in Saginaw, Texas. She resides with her mother, while the rest of her family remains in Texas. She used to play basketball, volleyball, and run track and field. Bassinger participated in beauty pageants and was an Our Little Miss World Winner. She has two older brothers named Beric and Brice. Before becoming an actress, she was a competitive cheerleader. She was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes at the childhood age of 8.

Career
In 2014, Bassinger was cast in the lead role of the Nickelodeon comedy series Bella and the Bulldogs, which ran for two seasons from 2015 to 2016. In 2016, she joined the cast of the 2018 direct-to-video teen comedy film Status Update. Also in 2018, Bassinger played the role of Roni in the Hulu television series All Night from AwesomenessTV. In 2019, she appeared in the thriller film 47 Meters Down: Uncaged.

In 2018, Bassinger was cast in the lead role of Courtney Whitmore/Stargirl in the television series Stargirl, which premiered on DC Universe and The CW in May 2020.

In March 2024, it had been announced that Bassinger will be cast in a lead role for the upcoming sequel of the horror franchise Final Destination; the sixth film has been titled Final Destination: Bloodlines.

title: Brec Bassinger


text:
Jammu–Baramulla line

The Jammu–Baramulla line is a railway track being laid to connect the Kashmir Valley in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir with Jammu railway station and thence to the rest of the country. The 338 km railway track will start from Jammu and end at Baramulla. This Rail project from Jammu to Baramula was being initiated by Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi in 1983 later in 2002 Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced it National Project.Some of the section of this Railway Project was being inaugurated by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh in 2008, 2009 & 2013 & later in 2014 Prime Minister Narendra Modi also inaugurated some section of this Railway Project.It comes under the jurisdiction of the Firozpur railway division of Indian Railways' Northern zone. Part of this railway route from Udhampur to Baramulla is known as Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramula Rail Link (USBRL). The 359 m tall Chenab Bridge lies on this line, which is the tallest railway bridge in the world. The total project cost in 2022 was INR28,000 crore (~US$3.5 billion).

Construction of the route faced natural challenges including major earthquake zones, extreme temperatures and inhospitable terrain. Although scheduled completion date for the project was 15 August 2007, the revised timeline for the completion of remaining Katra–Banihal section of the project is December 2024.

The extension of railway line from Baramulla to Kupwara has also been approved, and revised Detailed Project Report (DPR) for it was submitted in July 2020 by the Railway Board.

Timeline

 * 1994: While the Jammu-Udhampur line remains unfinished after many extensions of time and money, the railway minister announces a rail line to Baramulla, well beyond even Srinagar. It is learned that the proposed line will begin from Qazigund and run to Srinagar and then onwards to Baramulla. This means that there will be two disconnected stretches of track within the state, and that the proposed new line, which will service only the Kashmir valley, will not connect to the national network. The reason for this is that laying a railway line from Udhampur to Qazigund (a distance of around 120 km) through the mountains seems unattainable, in view of the non-progress of the Jammu-Udhampur stretch.
 * 2002: Eight years after the announcement, little progress has been achieved since 1994 on the proposed "Valley" line (later known as "Leg 3"), mainly due to militancy and Pakistan-sponsored terrorism. The Vajpayee government declares the railway line a national project, to be funded entirely by the central government. It also states that an unbroken rail link is imperative, and that they will spend whatever money is required and provide all required environmental or other clearances to establish a rail link from Udhampur through Katra to Qazigund, and then onwards through Srinagar to Baramulla. The estimated cost is now inr<PHONE_NUMBER>0.
 * 2004: The 53 km long Jammu–Udhampur section finally opens, 21 years and inr<PHONE_NUMBER> after its beginning, the line's Leg 0. The line, which cuts through the Shivalik Hills, has 20 major tunnels and 158 bridges. Its longest tunnel is 2.5 km in length and its highest bridge is 77 m (India's highest railway bridge).
 * 2008 (Sept): The Ministry of Railways cancels the project on the existing alignment between Katra and Qazigund due to suspected geological instability, ordering Konkan Railway (which had been tasked with the project) to stop all work on the section (including the Chenab Bridge) and terminate all contracts issued for work on the section before major route changes. The Railway Board appoints a committee to examine the feasibility of the project's Leg 2 and rework the Pir Panjal Range route, proposing a fresh survey for a shorter line.
 * 2008 (Oct): The 66 km section between Anantnag and Manzhama (Mazhom near Pattan, outside Srinagar) opens on 11 October 2008, with twice-daily service in both directions. Complications continue to affect the project for connection with the plain.
 * 2009 (Feb): On 14 February 2009, Leg 3 service is extended beyond Mazhom/Pattan to Baramulla. An extension of the track from Baramulla northward to Kupwara had been proposed, and its survey was completed in 2009, but the proposal is kept in abeyance for the time being.
 * 2009 (June): In June 2009, work on the section between Katra and Qazigund is resumed after the committee approves the existing alignment with only minor changes. Additional geotechnical tests of rock strata and changes to other portions of the alignment would be reviewed.
 * 2009 (Oct): On 29 October the same year (2009), the 18 km-long section from Anantnag to Qazigund is inaugurated by the prime minister, marking the completion of Leg 3. This means that the entire "Valley" portion of the line, from Qazigund to Baramulla, as proposed in 1994, is now operational, but it remains disconnected from the national railway network.
 * 2010: In December, Indian Railways completes a crucial tunnel in Sangaldam on the route between Katra and Banihal (on the Katra-Banihal-Qazigund section).
 * 2011–12: Boring of the 11.215 km (7-mile) long Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, known informally as the Banihal–Qazigund tunnel, is completed in October 2011. This was a crucial and extremely challenging project and its completion is hailed as an achievement. Tracks are laid during the following year, and a trial run begins on 28 December 2012. This means the line northward from Banihal (to Qazigund and on to Baramulla) is ready, but not the southward stretch towards the rest of India. Eight years after the contract to design and build the world's tallest rail bridge was awarded to Afcons Infrastructure Limited, excavation of the foundations of the 1315 m bridge across the Chenab River begins. The construction of all tunnels between Udhampur and Katra, including the T1 Tunnel which had seepage problem, was completed.
 * 2013: The Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel and Banihal station are opened. Trains can now run northward from Banihal on Jammu side through the tunnel to Qazigund on the Kashmir side and there onwards up to Baramulla. However, the southward connection to the rest of India is still incomplete. On 9 December 2013, a trial train reaches Katra from the Udhampur side, marking an engineering achievement on the southern side.
 * 2014: On 11 June, a (second?) trial train from Delhi arrives in anticipation of the opening of the Udhampur–Katra line, which will connect Katra to the rest of the country. On 4 July, the Udhampur-Katra line is opened and the Katra railway station is inaugurated. Commercial railway services now exist from the rest of India up to Katra, and also from Banihal all the way north to Baramulla, but the stretch from Katra to Banihal, an extremely challenging stretch, as described below, remains unfinished.
 * 2018: On 8 November 2018, the Central Government approves extension of railway line northward from Baramulla to Kupwara. It may be recollected that the project had been proposed in the mid-2000s and a survey had been carried out in 2009.
 * 2019: Status as of July 2019 is as follows: All portions of the track are ready except for the link between Katra and Banihal. This stretch of track is only 111 km long, but as much as 97.34 km of this is made up of tunnels. There will also be 27 major bridges (mostly connecting one tunnel to another tunnel) and 10 minor bridges along this length. Among these bridges will be one built across the deep gorge of the Chenab river near the Salal hydro-electric dam. This bridge of steel arches will be 1315 metres long and will stand at a height of 359 metres from the ground, which is 35 metres more than the height of the Eiffel tower. The project, which also encompasses 203 km of access roads, is expected to be ready by 2021.
 * April 2021: The main Arch of the Chenab Bridge (near Salal dam) is completed and closed on 5 April 2021. Now construction of structures like tracks, side railings, girders and access amenities on top of the arch bridge will begin.
 * Mar 2022: The piers on the top of the main Arch are ready. Launching the girders has started.
 * Sep 2023: A trial run was conducted and announcement that 95% of the work was completed.
 * Dec 2023: Final Location Survey of five lines has been sanctioned in Jammu and Kashmir. The lines include doubling of Baramulla-Banihal section (135.5 kilometers), Baramulla-Uri (50 kilometers), Sopore-Kupwara (33.7 kilometers), Awantipora-Shopian (27.6 kilometers) and Anantnag-Bijbehara-Pahalgam (77.5 kilometers).
 * Feb 2024: A 125kmph high speed trial was conducted successfully between Banihal and Sangaldan (48.1 km) on Feb 16th as part of Commissioner for Railway Safety (CRS) Inspection. On 20th Feb, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the first electric MEMU train between Baramulla and Sangaldan, extending service from Banihal through Khari and Sumber before terminating at Sangaldan. This Inauguration delivers three new milestones of USBRL project.
 * Fully electrified tracks between Udhampur and Sangaldan
 * First electric train in operation in Kashmir Valley
 * Longest transport tunnel in India - T50 (12.77 km) - in operation between Khari and Sumber railway stations.
 * However, the entire project of connecting Kashmir to Rest of India by rail which was slated to be commissioned in February this year, was further delayed to the last quarter of the year due to infrastructural snags. The entire length of 272 km connecting Udhampur with Srinagar and Baramulla was earlier planned to be inaugurated prior to the Loka Sabha elections in March with a Vande Bharat express service between Udhampur and Baramulla.

Progress
The railway line is divided into four sections:

 * Leg 0, running 53 km from Jammu to Udhampur and completed in April 2005.
 * Leg 1, running 25 km from Udhampur to Katra. The section was completed on 4 July 2014.
 * Leg 2, running 111 km from Katra to Banihal section has total tunnels 35 ie 27 main and 8 escape. This under construction section is expected to be completed by December 2024.
 * Leg 3 running 135 km from Banihal to Baramulla. The section was completed on 26 June 2013.

Leg 0
Leg 0 has been operational since 2005. It was built over 21 years, between 1983 and 2004-05.

Leg 1
Leg 1 has been operational since July 2014. The leg had missed opening dates in the past, including December 2005, December 2006 and May 2009. Work on the section, suspended for two years due to a partial tunnel collapse, resumed in September 2009. Although the section was planned to open by 2 February 2014, passenger service was delayed due to Commission of Railway Safety concerns about one bridge and tunnel. The route includes seven tunnels and 30 bridges. The section was opened on 4 July 2014.

Leg 2
Leg 2, running 111 km from Katra to Banihal is under construction, and missed the deadline in December 2023. Construction on the leg has been beset by technical difficulties with alignment and disputes with contractors, and was originally expected to be finished in 2017–18. This is the line's most difficult section of the rail line, with 62 bridges and a number of tunnels totalling 10 km out of total 129 km. It requires 262 km of access roads connecting 147,000 people in 73 villages; 160 km, connecting 29 villages, is completed. In July 2008, work on part of the Katra-Banihal section was suspended for a possible realignment. The alternative alignment, proposed by the railway, reduced the track length from 126 km to 67 km. A committee appointed by the Railway Board recommended abandoning 93 km of the previously-approved alignment. On 12 November 2014, the Delhi High Court directed the central government to appoint a committee to review the 126 km-long section.

An 18 km stretch of Leg 2, between Quazigund and Banihal, was authorised on 26 June 2013. The stretch includes the 11.215-km (7-mile) Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, also known as the Banihal railway tunnel. India's longest rail tunnel, it is 8.4 m wide and 7.39 m high. The tunnel includes a 3 m-wide service road for maintenance and emergency use. Its average elevation, 1760 m, is 440 m below the existing road tunnel.

The tunnel facilitates transportation during winter (when inclement weather closes the Srinagar-Jammu highway), and halves the distance between Quazigund and Banihal (35 km by road and 17.5 km by train). The Banihal railway station is 1,702 m (5,584 ft) above mean sea level, and trains run from Banihal to Qazigund through the tunnel. The 5 km Banganga section was expected to be operational before the completion date of 2017–18 for the entire project.

This leg contains the construction of two extremely challenging bridges, an arch bridge on the Chenab river and cable-stayed Anji Khad Bridge.

Status updates
Status update of under construction 148 km route from Katra to Banihal.

 * Oct 2018: work on Chenab Bridge have stopped due to difference of opinion between contractor and railway staff.
 * Dec 2018: Rail line likely to miss 2020 deadline.
 * Aug 2019: New target period for completion is 2021–22.
 * July 2020: The Railways have completed the construction of over 20 out of 37 small and large bridges. The Union Railway Minister Piyush Goyal announced that the construction of this leg will be completed by August 2022.
 * Aug 2022: 75% (28) of total 37 bridges and 97.6% of 35 tunnels (160.52 km out of total 164 km tunnel length completed, including 95.47 km of 27 main tunnels and 65.05 km of 8 escape tunnels) of tul completed. Cumulative spend on Katra-Banihal rail link up to June is INR23071 crore (~US$3 billion). Chenab Railway Bridge - world's highest railway bridge also completed after its 'Golden joint' was launched on Chenab river and minor works on 1.3 km long bridge is expected to be completed by November 2022.
 * Feb 2024: Banihal to Sangaldan half distance is opened for public and train runs from Baramulla to Sangaldan. The distance between the two stations is 183 k.m.s and takes around 4 hours and 30 minutes to complete.

Leg 3
Leg 3 has been operational since October 2009. The line from Baramulla to Banihal, across the Pir Panjal Range, is 130 km long. Since the 25 km-long Udhampur-Katra section was commissioned in October 2013, only the 148 km Katra-Banihal section of Leg 2 remains to be constructed. Until the Katra-Laole section of railway is finished by 2020, travel from Jammu Tawi (or Udhampur) to Banihal by road and from Banihal to Srinagar by rail is possible.

The Banihal–Baramulla section is also being electrified, and track-electrification work has been in full swing since July 2020.

In June 2017 Ministry of Railways also laid the foundation stone of five new halt railway stations on the Banihal–Baramulla section i. e. Sangdan, Ratnipora, Razwan, Monghall and Nadigam but civil works of these stations has yet to start.

Extension

 * Baramulla-Kupwara line: Rs 3843 crore 39-km-long extension of the railway line from Baramulla to Kupwara was approved by the Central Government in Nov 2018. In July 2020, the completed survey was submitted to the Railway Board.
 * Baramulla-Uri line: 50 km lone Railway extension from Baramulla to Uri is planned. It will have following one existing and several new stations, existing Baramulla railway station existing, Sheeri, Gantmulla, Boniyar, Limber, Nougram, Lagama and Uri. The third party consultant has submitted alignment approval report to the Northern Railway in September 2023 and the ariel and ground survey will commence soon.

Infrastructure and construction
The line may be the most difficult rail project undertaken on the Indian subcontinent. The young Himalayas are geologically surprising and problematic. The track's alignment presents one of the greatest railway engineering challenges ever faced; only Tibet's Qingzang Railway, completed in 2006 across permafrost and climbing to over 5000 m above sea level, is comparable. Although the Indian temperatures are less severe, the region experiences harsh winters with heavy snowfall. In the Pir Panjal Range, most peaks exceed 15000 ft in height.

The route includes many bridges, viaducts and tunnels. The railway is expected to cross over 750 bridges and pass through over 100 km of tunnels, the longest of which is 11215 m. Engineering challenges include crossing the Chenab River on a 1315 m bridge 359 m above the riverbed and crossing the Anji Khad on a 657 m bridge 186 m above the riverbed. The Chenab Bridge will be the highest railway structure of its kind in the world, 35 m higher than the top of the Eiffel Tower. Both bridges will be simple. Weathering steel is planned for an environmentally-friendly appearance and to eliminate the need for painting. The design and structure is similar to West Virginia's New River Gorge Bridge. The project is managed by the Konkan Railway Corporation. Completion was scheduled for 2012 (four years after the first isolated section of the route was opened for local passenger service), and it requires 26,000 tonnes of steel.

All tunnels are built with the New Austrian tunnelling method, and a number of challenges have been encountered while tunnelling through the geologically-young, unstable Sivalik Hills. In particular, water entered the Udhampur-to-Katra section; this required drastic solutions with steel arches and several feet of shotcrete. Along with shotcrete, lattice girder support were provided according to different class of rocks found along the entire terrain of mountains in the proposed project. Although the rail line is being built through a mountainous region, a one-percent ruling gradient has been set to provide a safe, smooth, reliable journey. Bank engines will not be required, making the journey quicker and smoother. It will use broad gauge continuous welded rail laid on concrete sleepers, with a minimum curve radius of 676 m. The maximum speed will be 100 km/h. Provision for future doubling will be made on major bridges. Provisions for future electrification will also be made, although the rail line will use diesel locomotives initially; the region is presently electricity-scarce. There will be 30 stations on the route, initially served by 10–12 trains per day.

Closed-circuit television cameras at major bridges, tunnels and stations are planned, and all major bridges and tunnels are illuminated.

Rolling stock
Passenger service will be provided by high-power diesel multiple units and heated, air-conditioned coaches have wide windows, sliding doors and reclining seats. The driver's cabin has a heating and defogging unit, and is fitted with a one-piece glass window for a wider view. A snow-cutting cattle guard is attached to the front of the train to clear snow from the tracks during winter. Due to the valley's cold climate, the 1,400-horsepower diesel engine has a heating system for quick, trouble-free starts. Coaches have a public-information system (display and announcements) and a pneumatic suspension for riding comfort. There is a compartment for the physically disabled, with wider doors.

Freight rolling stock for the route will come from the existing national fleet. Freight service (grain and petroleum products) will run between the 10–12 daily passenger trains. Maintenance will be done at the Badgam workshop, north of Srinagar. Three-aspect colour-light signalling is being installed on the route for safety, and GSM-R equipment may be installed in the future to improve its quality.

Project agencies
Indian Railways is in charge of the 25 km Udhampur-Katra section. The subsidiary Konkan Railway Corporation is in charge of the 90 km Katra-Laole section. This is arguably the line's most difficult portion, with over 92 percent tunnels or bridges—12 km of bridges and 72 km of tunnels. Ircon International, a public-sector company, is in charge of the 175 km Dharam-Qazigund-Baramulla section. One hundred thirty-eight kilometres of the line, including the valley and the Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, is operational. Hindustan Construction Company built the 11215 m Pir Panjal tunnel through the range for about ₹900 crore. Afcons Infrastructure Limited and South Korea's Ultra Engineering will design and build the Chenab Bridge for around ₹974 crore. Gammon India and South Africa's Archirodon Construction will build the Anji Khad Bridge for ₹745 crore.

Construction-related casualties

 * June 2005 – Altaf Hussain, a Hindustan Construction Company (HCC) labour, was killed by a tunnel collapse in Tathyar; two others were injured.
 * 16 May 2007 – Two girls, ages nine and seven, drowned in an excavated ditch.
 * 14 Feb 2008 – A Nepali labour named Tika Ram Balwari was killed after being struck by a boulder in the Uri Varmul.
 * 18 Apr 2008 – Late at night while working on the Katra-Qazigund project, a dump truck rolled into a deep gorge in Lower Juda More (near Kouri in Reasi district). Tara Chand Singh, driver of the tipper including five other labours namely Resham Singh and Shambhu Ram, residents of Pattian in Reasi, Dhani Ram, Sandeep Lal and Vishno, residents of Nepal were killed and two others were injured.
 * 27 Mar 2011 – Two workers, Abdul Rahman (age 34) and Jumma Baksh (24) were killed at a railway bridge under construction over the Chenab River in the Reasi district when the basket in which they were riding (attached to a crane) unhooked and fell over 100 metres.

title: Jammu–Baramulla line


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Waya sahoni/Wikigadugi

We have observed stalking of Waya sahoni externally and the evidenced behavior seems most aggregious, and potentially unlawful based on real world laws and WP policies. Since WP is unable and apparently unwilling to provide a safe and productive environment for Waya, he is welcome to come with us and we will fund and support his projects at this new site. There have been additional juvenile and purile actions since his account was blocked by the admins of this site which are clearly indicitive of the "age" field of some WP accounts and experience levels. To avoid further conflict, we have moved Waya's projects off Wikiepdia where he can work in them in a productive environment WP seems unable to provide.

The various language and licensing concerns raised here have been discussed by the Wikigadugi Project and addressed, and we have updated the license to address them as best we can. Also be advised that all traffic on the wikigadugi site is packet captured in a mutli-terabyte array and archived permanently. Public traffic of all IP addresses are also displayed. If you dont want your IP information available publicly, you should use a proxy to access to the site. See [| Wikigadugi IP Tracking]. The operating system and server running this wiki is very powerful and feature rich. We hope you enjoy the site and hope to contribute jointly where it makes sense in the future.

Also, the limit of Wikipedia's power and control end at its own site and does not extend to ours. We will block any users dentified from this site who appear to be stalking or attempts by WP editors to disrupt the site. Several Wikiepdia editors have already embarked on a campaign of vandalism and been blocked. It is highly probable based upon their IP addresses that they are the same accounts named in this ARBCOM action.

If there are any additonal concerns with regard to our licensing and use of Wikipedia materials, please visit the Talk page on the site where Licensing discussions are in process and we will attempt to address the specific concerns [| Wikigadugi License Talk Page]. We look forward to working together with Wikipedia where it makes sense. Thanks for your hospitality.

Sincerely. WikiGadugi Website.

'''UPDATE: We have unlocked the License page at www.wikigadugi.org. Any WP editors wishing to correct and adjust the license to comply with its spirit are welcome to do so. Please create an account so we know who you are.'''

Block Logs from [| Wikigadugi Project]. Address <IP_ADDRESS> used the password from the Waya sahoni accounts on Wikipedia (which was the same as on wikigadugi) to gain Sysop access and remove the block from the logs and records of their edits. This indicates an administrator or sysop on wikipedia had access to this password and used it for hacking on wikigadugi. Other IP addresses provided for named parties for review. The account had been setup this way intentionally to see if Wikipedia high ranking members were involved. Full IP Packet capture logs available for WP and ARBCOM review. Post a request on the talk page for Wikisysop for access to these logs.

 * 21:22, 19 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (I can do this all day, and enjoy it. block anonymous proxy)
 * 21:12, 19 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (block anonymous web proxy)
 * 21:03, 19 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (block anonymous web proxy)
 * 20:59, 19 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (block anonymous web proxy)
 * 20:54, 19 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (criminal hacking conduct. IP Trace Logs shows probable sockpuppet of Fvw or Vryl of Wikipedia)
 * 20:49, 19 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (criminal acking conduct)
 * 20:42, 19 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (hacker)
 * 20:39, 19 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (hacker)
 * 20:29, 19 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (hacker)
 * 20:10, 19 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (hacking)
 * 20:05, 19 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (vandalism)
 * 08:56, 19 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:TheNationalist" with an expiry time of 1 week (inappropriate language)
 * 19:23, 18 March 2006 Gadugi blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of 1 week (inappropriate edits, personal attacks)
 * 19:20, 18 March 2006 Gadugi blocked "User:Jeff Merkey" with an expiry time of infinite (sockpuppet account used for stalking)
 * 11:44, 18 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:Jeffrey Vernon Merkey" with an expiry time of infinite (sockpuppet account created to stalk another user)
 * 11:27, 18 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (Internet Stalker and Vandal)
 * 11:23, 18 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:<IP_ADDRESS>" with an expiry time of infinite (internet stalker and vandal)
 * 11:17, 18 March 2006 Waya sahoni blocked "User:Jeffrey Merkey" with an expiry time of infinite (sockpuppet account created to stalk another user)

Proxy Portals posted on Wikipedia used to vandalize another site

The following was also posted by Wikipedia editors to the wikigadugi site. Log excerpts included. User:talks_to_birds, a participant in this dispute, has posted anonymous proxy access points to perform these types of edits from the Wikipedia site at User_talk:<IP_ADDRESS>.

 * View and restore deleted pages
 * From Ahniyvwiya

 * (Deleted revision as of 20 March 2006)

 * Jeff Merkey brutally raped my 5 year old son over the period of 3 months. I want the world to know this! Keep your children away from him!

 * Index this google!

 * Linux rocks!

Deleted Page and IP Address History

View and restore deleted pages From Ahniyvwiya

If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. Deletion log

 * 05:28, 20 March 2006 Waya sahoni deleted "Jeff Merkey raped my 5 year old boy" (content was: 'Jeff Merkey brutally raped my 5 year old son over the period of 3 months. I want the world to know this! Keep your children away from him!Index this...' (and the only contributor was '<IP_ADDRESS>'))

Page history

* 05:14, 20 March 2006. . <IP_ADDRESS> * 05:12, 20 March 2006. . <IP_ADDRESS>

 * I said I'm not following this arbcom request anymore, but I have to make one last comment. The above is yet more grandstanding by Jeff Merkey. Except this time, he's using those logs to slander two editors (one of which is an admin). He claims that an arbitrary IP (<IP_ADDRESS>) belongs to either wikipedia user Fvw or Vryl. That is nonsense. Mr. Merkey doesn't have access to checkuser here on wikipedia, so he wouldn't have the first clue who that IP belonged to. Further, a whois of the IP shows that it is registered in Sri Lanka:

inetnum:     <IP_ADDRESS> - <IP_ADDRESS> netname:     SLTNETBLK descr:       Sri Lanka Telecom descr:       Internet Service Provider in Sri Lanka country:     LK

 * I don't know for sure, but I would seriously doubt either of those users live in Sri Lanka. A quick checkuser will probably show this to be nonsense as well. He's using this arbitration request to slander anyone who he feels is in on some massive conspiracy against him. I think this is a far more serious issue than Jeff's (most likely) fabricated allegations. Further, this user is blocked. He's evading an indef. block to continue to slander people here. This is simply ridiculous. --BWD(talk) 01:02, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Jeff is a strange fish, paranoid and one that has trouble with the truth. He knows my IPs. They all originate in Australia and I imagine someone at WP can verify that (please do).  I have posted twice on wikigadugi, once asking about fair use, when Jeff was being silly about licencing, and once on my talk page.  http://www.wikigadugi.org/index.php/User_talk:Vryl
 * Can anyone look into his strange claims here: http://www.wikigadugi.org/index.php/User_talk:Red_Bear where he claims that someone has pinched his passwords from WP. Is this even possible?  Are they stored in plaintext?  If so, they probably shouldn't be... it is simple enough to only store the hashed password + salt, and check users against that, ie /etc/passwd.


text:
Chain mail/Jewelry

With chain mail you can do at least those jewelry:
 * Necklaces
 * Bracelets
 * Anklets
 * Earring
 * Pendants
 * Headpieces
 * Watch wrist
 * Inlay

Here is a list of many possible weave sorted by difficulty. Their existe tutorial on the web for many of them.

title: Chain mail/Jewelry


text:
believing

Etymology 1
From, , , , from , ,. Equivalent to.

Etymology 2
From, , equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) The act or process of having faith, trust, or confidence in.
 * 2) Belief.

title: believing


text:
Basic Blues & Rock

Welcome to the Wikiversity Rock & Blues Garage, part of the School of Music and home of the Garage Band. Get ready to Rock!

Department description
Participants study the basic Blues patterns, the elements of Rock & Roll, Hard Rock, Headbanging, Jamming, Establishing a Groove, and other Garage Band traditions.

Department news

 * Friday 13 October 2006 - Department founded!
 * 02:02, 13 February 2007 (UTC) - Guitar lessons being recorded ... tune your IRC client to #wikiversity-en for details in real time.

Learning Projects
See: Learning Projects and the Learning model.

Portals
Portal:Music

 * Introduction to Music
 * Understanding music
 * Introduction to Chords
 * Beginners Music Theory
 * Key Signatures
 * Scales
 * Intervals
 * Aural Training

Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the learning project (learning projects are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

We're going to be using learning project template, to build our new:

 * Portal:Music/Blues & Rock

Collaborations

 * Wikiversity the Movie/music - participants make the sound track, including original music, for Wikiversity the Movie.
 * Creating music with your PC - participants make music using their personal computer
 * Audio Engineering - we're going to try to build a repository of original audio files, through a new project...
 * Internet Audio and Video - Wikio - Wikiversity's Web radio station, where we may eventially be able to facilitate Jamming Online. (who knows?)
 * Getting started with sound recording - need to do this right away

Lessons
Remember, Wikiversity has adopted the "learning by doing" model for education. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. We learn by doing.

 * Blues basics
 * Rock basics
 * Blues & Rock instruments
 * Guitar tuning
 * Circle of fifths
 * add many!

Sessions
We're going to customize Learning project codes, by adding "sessions":

 * Portal:Music/Blues & Rock
 * Tuning up
 * 12-bar Blues Jam
 * Learn to Rock
 * Forming a Band

These will probably be made from templates of some sort that work through a Tablature system that we'll have to come up with. The current session will be in the section Garage below and on Topic talk:Basic Blues & Rock.

If everything goes according to plan, we should be able to produce actual audio files. See The Future: Native Firefox ogg Support and Internet Audio and Video.

Garage
Sweeping the garage... chill for a bit

Meanwhile, you can read Introduction to GarageBand

To do
Lots of things to do

See: Naming conventions

Chores
Wikiversity is really new and plenty of mundane chores need to be done:

 * A lot of things were imported from Wikibooks, and need to be refactored to work well here.
 * Portal:Music and Category:Music need a major sweep.
 * Wikiversity needs better representation at other w:Wikipedia:Sister projects and we could probably help with that. See Wikiversity outreach
 * add stuff here

Lists
We need a list of lists:

 * things to put in our new Category:Blues & Rock
 * things to include on Portal:Music/Blues & Rock.
 * articles for Category:Blues & Rock:

 * 1) genres
 * 2) instruments
 * 3) artists

We can draw on Wikipedia for most all of this but we need to decide what to include in the Wikiversity main namespace.

Active participants
Active participants in this Learning Group

The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. Please introduce yourself fully under a new section (use + and your username as a heading) at Topic talk:Basic Blues & Rock and enroll below.

Enrolled

 * 1) CQ • no subpage yet
 * 2) Ex Machina • no subpage yet
 * 3) Mirwin Music SubpageUser:Mirwin/musical_activities
 * 4) TheVividDream • no subpage yet
 * 5) Thierry613

User subpages
We're going to make this section a bit more accomodating to the Musician ego. We would like to ask participants to create a subpage to their userpage with a format that includes links to instrument you play (or want to learn) – Guitar, Bass, Drums, Saxophone, etc. Instrument articles should be in the main namespace. If not create one!

You should also indicate styles and influences: Beatles, Pink Floyd, Electronica, Delta Blues, etc. If you have your own website, you can of course list that, too, but see the next section.

If you are a member of a Music or related WikiProject at Wikipedia, you can show that also.

Once we come up with a format, we'll do a template like or something. Meanwhile just introduce yourself on the talk page.

Someday, we may form the Wikiversity Gargage Band!

Resources
These are mostly at Sister projects (under the Wikimedia Foundation umbrella). Wikiversity resources should be listed above this section.

Meta
Meta

 * Embed Media

Wikibooks
Wikibooks

These may be imported to Wikiversity later :

 * The Physics of Music
 * Triads
 * add other wikibooks here

Commons
Commons :

 * commons:Category:Music
 * commons:Category:Wikiversity music New!

Wikipedia
Wikipedia :

 * w:Portal:Music
 * w:Portal:Rock and Roll
 * w:Category:Tuning START HERE
 * w:Category:WikiProject Music
 * w:Wikipedia:WikiProject Music terminology
 * w:Wikipedia:WikiProject Songs

External resources
This section is not for linkspam! These should be links to relevant resources.

USE COMMON SENSE!: If and only if you are enrolled above, you may include a link to your site below preceded by three tildes. If your sight has innapropriate content, obnoxious advertising ploys, or other crap, its link will be removed!

 * Category:Music @ Wikia.com
 * Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary
 * Linux Audio Developer's Simple Plugin API (LADSPA) (for Techs)
 * TapeOp Magazine - Creative Music Recording Magazine Tape Op: Free in US and UK but... "Tape Op Magazine requires you to have a valid email address to maintain and renew a free subscription. If you do not have a valid email address, you can purchase a first class subscription"

title: Basic Blues & Rock


text:
Bad Apple!!

"Bad Apple!!" is the sixth track in the soundtrack of the 1998 bullet hell video game Lotus Land Story, the fourth entry in the Touhou Project series created by Team Shanghai Alice. The instrumental theme was originally designed to be played during the third stage of the game, as chiptune on the Japanese NEC PC-9800 computer platform, at 161 beats per minute using a frequency modulation synthesis chip. The Lotus Land Story version that has more than 1.4 million views on YouTube is a remake of the song from an official Touhou album named Akyu's Untouched Score Volume 1 and was released on the 21st of May, 2006.

It is notable for leading to a much later cover by Alstroemeria Records and a subsequent accompanying black-and-white shadow puppet-video – commonly called Shadow-art. The video became a Japanese internet meme in the late 2000s, correlating with the peak of Touhou's popularity, and experienced a resurgence in the mid-2010s when the black-and-white video was ported to esoteric media such as obsolete hardware, displays created within sandbox video games (e.g. Minecraft), and other unusual media (such as a mechanical television) as a graphical test. As of May 2024, it has achieved more than 80 million views on YouTube.

Since then, Alstroemeria Records' version has been licensed to various other video game companies that acquired a Touhou licence, and has been guest featured in many rhythm games such as Dance Dance Revolution, Groove Coaster, Muse Dash, maimai and Hatsune Miku: Colorful Stage!. It has even been used in officially licensed spin-offs such as Touhou Spell Bubble as the game's tutorial track and free play song.

Pop song
On 20 May 2007, the day of the 4th Reitaisai convention, a longer cover version featuring the Japanese singer nomico was released on the album Lovelight by the doujin circle Alstroemeria Records, led by Masayoshi Minoshima. It shared little similarity with the original soundtrack, borrowing only a little of melody samples, but nonetheless it was notable as being the only vocal song in the album, and for its lyrics dealing with depression and apathy.

From May 2017 to August 2018, Alstroemeria Records released a series of 10th Anniversary Bad Apple!! albums consisting entirely of remixes and covers of their version of "Bad Apple!!".

Music video
On June 8, 2008, a user from Nico Nico Douga uploaded a video of a crude storyboard based on Alstroemeria Records' version, asking for anyone to animate it. Several animation videos started appearing, with relatively few successes.

Between October 2008 and October 2009, a collaborative group led by Anira (あにら) created a shadow-art (black and white) animation video based on the storyboard, which was released on Nico Nico on 26 October 2009. It quickly grew in popularity as an internet meme – as of September 2018, the original Nico Nico upload had been viewed more than 26 million times and a YouTube reupload more than 80 million. The video itself shows many of the Windows-era Touhou Project characters up to Scarlet Weather Rhapsody as they transition between one another.

On May 21, 2020, the animation by the group Anira became the official music video and was released by Alstroemeria Records.

Use as a graphical and audio test
The song saw a rise in popularity in the mid-2010s, when the shadow-art video was ported to several second-generation video game consoles and graphing calculators – presumed to be incapable of playing back full-motion video – for retrocomputing demoscene competitions. In this way, the video became a graphical equivalent to "Hello, World!" programs.

 * In June 2014, the "8088 Domination" demo included a section rendering the "Bad Apple!!" shadow video on an 1981-era IBM 5150 at 640×200 resolution and 30 frames per second.
 * In June 2014, about two minutes of "Bad Apple!!" have been ported to the Commodore 64 as 2000 frames at 12 frames per second on a single side diskette.
 * By 2015, "Bad Apple!!" had been ported to the 1982 Vectrex console; along with ports to the 1977–Atari 2600, 1985–Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), 1988–Sega Genesis, and Texas Instruments TI-84 Plus series graphing calculators.
 * In 2017, the Bitshifters demo group released a BBC Micro version running in the Teletext-compatible Mode 7 with chiptune music.
 * In 2017, fenarinarsa released an Atari STE demo rendering the video at 320×200 resolution at 30 fps with 50 kHz audio.
 * In 2019, Stéphane Hockenhull programmed an Arduino Mega to render the video (without sound) at 128×176 resolution and 60 fps. The same year "Wiz" of the demogroup Imphobia released a demo rendering the video on an Apple 2.
 * In 2020, an Amiga AGA demo was released at the NOVA2020 demoparty.
 * In 2024, tool-assisted speedrunner OnehundredthCoin released a video where they recreated the video inside of Super Mario Bros. for the Nintendo Entertainment System using the game's original sprites and arbitrary code execution to build the audio and animation.

Usages in meme culture
Besides the above, "Bad Apple!!" has also been re-created through unconventional methods as an internet meme, including through stop motion cutout animation, mods within the video game Minecraft, and laser light shows. In 2023, users of the Touhou Project, Osu! and Hatsune Miku subreddits collaborated to recreate "Bad Apple!!" on Reddit's r/place canvas, during its 2023 event.

title: Bad Apple!!


text:
Wikipedia:Mediation Cabal/Cases/2006-03-20 Insurance Corporation of British Columbia

Mediation: 2006-03-20 Insurance Corporation of British Columbia
Please observe Etiquette and Talk Page Etiquette in disputes. If you submit complaints or insults your edits are likely to be removed by the mediator, any other refactoring of the mediation case by anybody but the mediator is likely to be reverted. If you are not satisfied with the mediation procedure please submit your complaints to Wikipedia talk:Mediation Cabal.

Request Information

 * Request made by: Fishhead64 06:22, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Where is the issue taking place?
 * ...Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC) - the content of the article itself.

 * Who's involved?
 * ...Myself (Fishhead64), and two users who I think are the same person (since they make exactly the same points and insert the same links - Kduhaime and <IP_ADDRESS>.

 * What's going on?
 * ...When I came across the article a few days ago, it provided limited information and was written in an extremely POV manner. I expanded the material, and edited in such a way as I included a section on the controversy concerning the public insurer, presenting concisely the major points from both sides.  The other editor(s) has repeatedly gone in to expand the Controversy section to edit it with extensive anti-ICBC language.  I have tried to engage the individual in dialogue both on the user page and the talk page but s/he has not responded.

 * ''What would you like to change about that?
 * ...In my latest revert, I have left stand the external links the other editor(s) referenced. But I would like the individual to be persuaded somehow to refrain from extending his/her argument against ICBC in the body of the article itself, and just allow for a concise presentation of the controversy for the sake of neutrality.  But I can't engage the person in dialogue about the neutrality policy.

 * If you'd prefer we work discreetly, how can we reach you?
 * ...I'd rather you didn't work discreetly - it's not a very widely read article, and if other wikipedians from BC can be made aware of it, perhaps I could enlist some help in keeping it NPOV. So you can just contact me on my talk page.

 * Would you be willing to be a mediator yourself, and accept a mediation assignment in a different case?
 * Sure!

Mediator response
Lacking an indication of which specific edits Fishhead64 has a problem with, I am using the following two: this Kduhaime edit and this <IP_ADDRESS> edit.

Findings:

 * 1) The edits to the Mandate section are valid. The Fishhead64 edits are better phrased, but sound like they emit from a public relations factory. Sentences such as "In setting premiums, ICBC does not discriminate on the basis of age, sex or marital status and discounts are provided based on the number of years that a driver has been claims free", while grammatically and structurally correct, sound canned.
 * 2) The edits to the Controversy section are not necessarily violations of WP:NPOV. A section titled "controversy", by definition, should including opposing points of view.

Suggestions:

 * 1) I suggest the sentences be rephrased to sound less strained.
 * 2) I'm not convinced that mentioning "ICBC does not discriminate on the basis of age, sex or marital status" is at all necessary. It would only be noteworthy if this were not a common feature of government-owned institutions. However, it should be possible to rephrase the entire sentence such that this point is kept, but does not appear as it were something special. For instance: "In contrast to rival insurance companies (such as ....) that base premiums on demographic factors such as age, sex or marital status, ICBC establishes premiums based on the number of years that a driver has remained claims free."
 * 3) I suggest the sentence "In 2005, ICBC made an unexpected profit, and so made across-the-board reductions in insurance premiums" be rephrased, with a citation of the press-release where it actually says a) the profit was unexpected, and b) the company reduced premiums because of it. Moreover, from what I've read in the article, given the criticism of being non-transparent, I can imagine that this move alone raised eyebrows. If that is so, I recommend that the sentence (with rephrase) be moved to Controversy.
 * 4) I strongly suggest that the Controversy section be restructured, with one controversial issue per paragraph. As it is now, all controversial issues are in one paragraph, with the views of one side blurring into the views of the other. It may also make it simpler for other editors to write concisely.
 * 5) I suggest that the second paragraph of the Controversy section be moved to the introduction.

Perhaps implementing these suggestions will resolve the problem Kduhaime and anon have with the article. -- Fullstop 16:39, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Evidence
Please report evidence in this section with for misconduct and  for 3RR violations. If you need help ask a mediator or an advocate. Evidence is of limited use in mediation as the mediator has no authority. Providing some evidence may, however, be useful in making both sides act more civil. Etiquette: Although it's understandably difficult in a heated argument, if the other party is not as civil as you'd like them to be, make sure to be more civil than him or her, not less.

Compromise offers
This section is for listing and discussing compromise offers.

Comments by others
While using the talk page of the article in question to solve a dispute is encouraged to involve a larger audience, feel free to discuss the case below if that is not possible. Other mediators are also encouraged to join in on the discussion as Wikipedia is based on consensus.

Discussion
Per your recommendations, I have altered the article. I provide a summary of my edits and rationale on the article's talk page. I remain concerned by the extended, uncited, and anecdotal anti-ICBC language used in outlining the controversy, and I will continue to revert if it keeps popping up. So far, the other editors have refused to engage in discussion, which is a frustration. Fishhead64 21:43, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Well done edits. These will hopefully keep the other side from destroying the quality of the article.

 * Since mediation doesn't work if a side refuses to participate, I'm going to close this case with only a response to your comment above:
 * With respect to the refusal of the other parties to discuss changes: a) point them to Consensus, b) try your best to incorporate their views in Controvery.
 * If an editor repeatedly refuses to discuss edits, you can always request page protection. This will, in effect, force a discussion if the editor really cares about his/her edit.
 * Avoid reverts at all costs. Reverts are a powerful tool, but are also a sure way to annoy and aggrieve, and thats not a good foundation for discussion. First and foremost, assume (and show) good faith. Repeatedly, if need be. Yes, it can be frustrating, but you won't be able to invoke Policy if you violate it yourself.
 * Again, well done with the edits, and good luck with this and other articles. -- Fullstop 15:55, 25 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Height finder

A height finder is a ground-based aircraft altitude measuring device. Early height finders were optical range finder devices combined with simple mechanical computers, while later systems migrated to radar devices. The unique vertical oscillating motion of height finder radars led to them also being known as nodding radar. Devices combining both optics and radar were deployed by the U.S. Military.

Optical
In World War II, a height finder was an optical rangefinder used to determine the altitude of an aircraft (actually the slant range from the emplacement which was combined with the angle of sight, in a mechanical computer, to produce altitude), used to direct anti-aircraft guns. Examples of American and Japanese versions exist. In the Soviet Union it was usually combined with optical rangefinders.

Radar
A height finder radar is a type of 2-dimensional radar that measures altitude of a target.

The operator slews the antenna toward a desired bearing, identifies a target echo at a desired range on the range height indicator display, then bisects the target with a cursor that is scaled to indicate the approximate altitude of the target. Such systems often complement 2-dimensional radars which find distance and direction (search radar); thus using two 2-dimensional systems to obtain a 3-dimensional aerial picture. Height finding radars of the 1960s and 70s were distinguished by their antenna being tall, but narrow. As beam shape is a function of antenna shape, the height finder beam was flat and wide horizontally (i.e., not very good at determining bearing to the target), but very thin vertically, allowing accurate measurement of elevation angle, thus altitude.

Modern 3D radar sets find both azimuth and elevation, making separate height finder radars largely obsolete.

title: Height finder


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/vrindakunja.org

Links

 * vrindakunja.org resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 3 additions out of 3 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/vrindakunja.org

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\bvrindakunja\.org\b        # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/vrindakunja.org ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. No links left in here mentioned edits. Marked stale. --COIBot (talk) 07:13, 20 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Electronics/Preface

Importance of Electronics
Electronics is the study and use of devices that control the flow of electrons (or other charged particles). These devices can be used to process information or perform tasks using electromagnetic power.

Electronic circuits can be found in numerous household products, including such items as telephones, computers, and CD players. Electronic devices have also allowed greatly increased precision in scientific measurements.

Interest in the field of electronics increased around 1900 and the advent of radio. Interest reached an all-time high in the 1940s, 50s, 60s, with the invention of transistor radios, the launch of Sputnik, and the science and math educational push to win the space race. Interest in electronics as a hobby in the 1970s led to the advent of the personal computer (PC).

Electronics have since seen a decline in hobbyist interest. Electronics is now generally studied as part of a college-level program in electrical engineering.

This book is an attempt at reviving the hobbyist mentality that made electronics so big in the first place, by making electronics concepts more accessible and giving practical knowledge, as well as providing technical information for the student.

title: Electronics/Preface


text:
Lake Pasteur

Lake Pasteur (Lac Pasteur) is a long and narrow fjord-like lake in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec, Canada.

Location
Lake Pasteur is 21 km long and less than 1000 m wide, with an area of 18.8 km2. Its surface elevation is 83 m above sea level. The lake is extremely elongated, as are Lake Walker and Lake Quatre Lieues in the same watershed. The Pasteur River enters the north end of the lake, and leaves the south end to join the Aux Rochers River.

Lake Pasteur is in the unorganized territory of Lac-Walker, in the Sept-Rivières Regional County Municipality. The lake is about 10 km north of Shelter Bay, now Port-Cartier, on the shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Its name is mentioned in the Dictionnaire des rivières et des lacs de la province de Québec (Dictionary of Rivers and Lakes of the Province of Quebec) in 1925. It was named after the French chemist and biologist Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), who discovered microbial life and invented pasteurization.

Environment
The lake is in the proposed Lake Pasteur Biodiversity Reserve, in the Sainte Marguerite Plateau, a natural region in the Central Laurentian natural province. The terrain is hilly, covered with glacial till. A map of the Ecological regions of Quebec shows the area of the reserve belongs to the eastern spruce/moss domain of the boreal zone. The average annual temperature in the region is 0 C. The warmest month is July, when the average temperature is 16 C, and the coldest is January, with -16 C.

Sediment
A study of short gravity core samples along transects in the nearby fjord-lakes Pasteur, Walker and Pentecôte, published in 2018, evaluated the distribution of laminated post-glacial segments and the potential for formation of annual sedimentary layers, or varves. Four main types of sedimentary facies were identified: laminated, partially laminated, bioturbated and massive sediments. Lake Pentecôte mainly holds massive, partially laminated sediments. Lake Pasteur holds partially laminated sediments and non-annual sediments similar to varves. Lake Walker holds laminated sediments that probably are varves. The difference is probably due to the greater depth of Lake Walker, among other factors.

History
In November 1922 there was a deadly boating accident on the lake when the schooner Amoria was holed by early ice formed on the lake and sank. Ten people died, including Father Auguste Tortellier and Doctor Roméo Vézina.

title: Lake Pasteur


text:
User:Udit Solanki

BE KHILADI hey Buddy! Be Khiladi is a popular you tube channel where you can learn some different and most popular things.

Visit the you tube channel " be Khiladi " and watch there some different and awesome things.

title: User:Udit Solanki


text:
Ycf4 protein domain

In molecular biology, the Ycf4 protein is involved in the assembly of the photosystem I complex which is part of an energy-harvesting process named photosynthesis. Without Ycf4, photosynthesis would be inefficient affecting plant growth. Ycf4 is located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Ycf4 is important for the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. To date, three thylakoid proteins involved in the stable accumulation of PSI have been identified, these are as follows: The Ycf4 protein is firmly associated with the thylakoid membrane, presumably through a transmembrane domain. Ycf4 co-fractionates with a protein complex larger than PSI upon sucrose density gradient centrifugation of solubilised thylakoids.
 * BtpA (INTERPRO),
 * Ycf3
 * Ycf4.

Ycf is an acronym standing for hypothetical chloroplast open reading frame.

title: Ycf4 protein domain


text:
Sutbuk

Sutbuk (Сутбук; Dargwa: СутбукӀ) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Sutbuksky Selsoviet, Dakhadayevsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 285 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

Geography
Sutbuk is located 30 km southwest of Urkarakh (the district's administrative centre) by road. Urtsaki and Uragi are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Dargins live there.

title: Sutbuk


text:
Orašje City Stadium

Gradski stadion (Cyrillic: Градски стадион, "City Stadium") is a multi-use stadium in Orašje, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of HNK Orašje. The stadium holds 3,000.

title: Orašje City Stadium


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Tour De Cure Australia/archive1

Tour De Cure Australia
I've listed this article for peer review because it's the first time I've created a page from scratch. Would love some feedback.

Thanks, Wik-ed100 (talk) 02:50, 20 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
User:GivingTechLabs/sandbox

Headquartered in Seattle, WA, Giving Compass is a nonprofit organizing the world's information to make it easier to give well. Giving Compass guides donors who want to give with intention and impact on a journey to learn, connect with others, and take action to drive meaningful change in communities and the world. Learn more at www.givingcompass.org.

title: User:GivingTechLabs/sandbox


text:
Talk:okta

RFV discussion
--Connel MacKenzie 22:15, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
 * This and octa now cited. Thryduulf 09:43, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

RFV passed. Thanks, Thryduulf. —Ruakh TALK 04:22, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:okta


text:
File talk:Street hackers and mp3 pirates.jpg

I find this a very problematic image, is there any proof that this image shows indeed hackers???? SybilleY (talk) 19:40, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

I think everyone is just going off the description made by the photographer here Sebs.sd (talk) 03:19, 17 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Template talk:Singapore Exchange

Untitled
Brackets can be omitted here in order to combine with other stock templates. Shawnc 03:38, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Singapore Exchange


text:
Duhig

Duhig is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Christina Duhig, American poet
 * Ian Duhig (born 1954), British poet
 * James Duhig (1873–1965), Irish-born Australian Roman Catholic bishop
 * James Vincent Duhig (1889–1963), Australian pathologist
 * Michael Duhig (1953–2010), Canadian actor and radio host

title: Duhig


text:
eyewear

Noun

 * 1) A vision aid or similar device worn over the eyes, such as eyeglasses, contact lenses, or protective goggles.

title: eyewear


text:
Category:WikiProject International development participants

Participants in WikiProject International development.

If you want to add yourself, put on your user page. But if you don't want to display the userbox, you can add yourself to this category placing on your user page.


text:
Holy Transfiguration Monastery (Milton, Ontario)

The Holy Transfiguration Monastery (Манастир Светог Преображења Господњег / Manastir Svetog Preobraženja Gospodnjeg) is a Serbian Orthodox monastery. It is located in Campbellville, Milton, Ontario and it serves as the headquarters of the Eparchy of Canada.

It is the first and only Serbian Orthodox monastery in Canada.

History
The monastery was built on 43 acres of land purchased in 1984 and blessed four years later in 1988. Beside the Holy Transfiguration Church, there is a residence, library - established by Mirjana Tomicic in 1995, now with over 10,000 books and museum. The frescoes were painted by Mr. Dragan Marunic, the famous painter from Belgrade, Serbia. Upon completion, the monastery was blessed by the Serbian Patriarch Pavle on June 12, 1994.

The first Serbian cemetery in Canada is located on the grounds of the Holy Transfiguration Monastery. Many relics are kept in the monastery such as holy bones of St. Vasily, St. Irina, St. Ignatius and many others. Since the land surrounding the monastery is used as a picnic area during summer, there are playgrounds, and many sports fields allowing its visitors to engage in various sports activities such as soccer, basketball or volleyball.


text:
Talk:That Don't Impress Me Much

More on lyrics needed
Couldn't there be more on the lyrics of the song in this article? ACEOREVIVED (talk) 22:20, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on That Don't Impress Me Much. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.allmusic.com/artist/shania-twain-mn0000161808/awards
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=43&dfom=19990001
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6DjFWdpde?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/assets/files/yearly%20best%20selling%20singles.pdf to http://www.bpi.co.uk/assets/files/yearly%20best%20selling%20singles.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ifpi.se/wp-content/uploads/ar-19991.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:21, 6 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on That Don't Impress Me Much. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20170425031726/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9964&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=t4ltff4m5qkcuf2s8fesf8nh06 to http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9964&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=t4ltff4m5qkcuf2s8fesf8nh06

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:24, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:That Don't Impress Me Much


text:
User:Lovemynation/sandbox

SERVICE MEDIA

“Service Media” means intellectual property created based on mediums of mass communication such as Internet, Mobile, Television, Radio, etc. which enables Lead Generation and Delivery of Services involving Humans and Technology.

The invention of this concept was done by Mr. Alan Gomes, founder of MAGAS. The concept has been Globally Copyrighted through International Online Copyrights Office, (Interocco), Berlin, Germany as WORK OF SCIENCE under Berne Convention 1971 for protection of Literary & Artistic Works.

“Service Media Platforms” is an innovative Lead Generation and Service Delivery mass media portals based on Geolocation and Industry Specific.

“Service Media” although synonymous to “Social Media” extracts the service element out of the Social Media where it’s transactional in nature.

title: User:Lovemynation/sandbox


text:
Wikiversity talk:Teacher advising

While some of university "tuition" stems, in my mind, from the fair trade of knowledge for cash- a greater amount of that trade is for the portability of knowledge or skills proof. In other words, I don't see how we can charge $1000 for courses/classes, when the resultant degree is not recognized by any other institution or employer. Just a thought.

title: Wikiversity talk:Teacher advising


text:
User:Anubhuti007/sandbox

Indian Premier League From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Indian Premier League DLF IPL Logo.svg Logo of the Indian Premier League Countries 	India Administrator 	BCCI Format 	Twenty20 First tournament 	2008 Next tournament 	2013 Tournament format 	Double round-robin and playoffs Number of teams 	9 Current champion 	Kolkata Knight Riders Most successful 	Chennai Super Kings (2 titles) Qualification 	Champions League Twenty20 Most runs 	Suresh Raina (2101, Chennai Super Kings)[1] Most wickets 	Lasith Malinga (81, Mumbai Indians)[2] Website 	iplt20.com 2012 Indian Premier League

The Indian Premier League (IPL) is a professional league for Twenty20 cricket championship in India. It was initiated by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), headquartered in Mumbai,[3][4] and is supervised by BCCI Vice President Rajeev Shukla,[5] who serves as the league's Chairman and Commissioner. It is currently contested by nine teams, consisting of players from around the world. It was started after an altercation between the BCCI and the Indian Cricket League.[6]

In 2010, IPL became the first sporting event ever to be broadcast live on YouTube in association with Indiatimes.[7] Its brand value is estimated to be around US$2.99 billion in fifth season.[8] However, the league has been engulfed by series of corruption scandals where allegations of cricket betting, money laundering and spot fixing were witnessed.[9][10] Contents

1 History 1.1 First season 1.2 Second season 1.3 Third season 1.4 Fourth season 1.5 Fifth season 2 IPL Trophy 2.1 2008–2010       2.2 2011–2013    3 League organisation 3.1 Franchises 3.2 Rules 4 Statistics and records 4.1 Winners 5 Prize money 6 Television rights and sponsorships 6.1 Television rights 6.2 Sponsorships 6.3 Revenue and Profits 6.4 Controversy about tax exemption 6.5 Mobile applications 6.6 Official website 7 Global interest 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

History First season Main article: 2008 Indian Premier League

The inaugural season of the tournament started on 18 April 2008 and lasted for 46 days with 59 matches scheduled, out of which 58 took place and 1 was washed out due to rain. The final was played in DY Patil Stadium, Nerul, Navi Mumbai. Every team played each other both at home and away in a round robin system. The top four ranking sides progressed to the knockout stage of semi-finals followed by a final. Rajasthan Royals defeated Chennai Super Kings in a thriller and emerged as the inaugural IPL champions.[11] Second season Main article: 2009 Indian Premier League

The 2009 Indian Premier League season, abbreviated as IPL 2 or the 2009 IPL, was the second season of the Indian Premier League. The tournament was hosted by South Africa and was played between 18 April and 24 May 2009. IPL 2 was the second biggest cricket tournament in the world, after the Cricket World Cup,[3] and was forecast to have an estimated television audience of more than 200 million people in India alone. The top four ranking sides progressed to the knockout stage of semi-finals followed by a final. Deccan Chargers defeated Bangalore Royal Challengers in a thriller and emerged as the second IPL champions. Third season Main articles: 2010 Indian Premier League and List of 2010 Indian Premier League personnel changes

The third [season] opened in January 2010 with the auction for players. 66 players were on offer but only 11 players were sold. In this season, Deccan Chargers did not play at their preferred home location of Hyderabad, India due to the ongoing political crisis in the Telangana region. The new bases for the champions this season were Nagpur, Navi Mumbai and Cuttack. Four teams qualified for the semi-finals. The first semi-final was won by Mumbai Indians who defeated Bangalore Royal Challengers by 35 runs. Chennai Super Kings defeated Deccan Chargers in the second semi-final. The final was played between Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians. Chennai Super Kings won by a margin of 22 runs. Fourth season Main articles: 2011 Indian Premier League and List of 2011 Indian Premier League personnel changes Chennai Super Kings are the most successful team in the tournament winning the championship twice and qualifying for the top four every time.

On 21 March 2010, it was announced in Chennai that two new teams from Pune and Kochi will be added to the IPL for the fourth season. However, the bid around the kochi franchisee turned controversial resulting in the resignation of minister, Shashi Tharoor from the Central Government and investigations by various departments of the Government of India into the financial dealings of IPL and the other existing franchisees. Later, Lalit Modi was also removed from IPL chairmanship by BCCI. On 5 December 2010, it was confirmed that Kochi will take part in the fourth season of IPL.[12]

The addition of teams representing Pune and Kochi was to have increased the number of franchises from 8 to 10. The BCCI originally considered extending the tournament format used in previous season to ten teams, which would increase the number of matches from 60 to 94. Instead, the round-robin stage of the tournament was to have been replaced by a group stage with two groups of five, limiting the number of matches to 74.[13] But this format was replaced by another one in which each team would play 5 other teams in a two-way round robin format and there would be 2 teams against whom they would play only at home and remaining 2 teams against which they would play only away matches.Thus each team plays 14 matches.Top four teams would qualify for the semi-finals.

In October 2010, the Rajasthan Royals and Kings XI Punjab had their franchises terminated for breaching ownership rules. The new Kochi franchise was also issued a warning to resolve all their ownership disputes.[14] Two months later both teams were finally allowed to take part in the 2011 edition after a court ruling.[15]

Chennai Super Kings won their second consecutive title after defeating the Royal Challengers Bangalore by 58 runs in the final.[16] This is the first time a franchise has won two titles. The top four teams qualified for the 2011 Champions League Twenty20, which the Mumbai Indians won. Fifth season Main articles: 2012 Indian Premier League and List of 2012 Indian Premier League personnel changes Kolkata Knightriders are the most recent champions of the IPL.

The fifth season featured nine teams after the termination of the Kochi franchise and the players auction was held on 4 February 2012. The season saw an increase in the allowed maximum number of players in each squad from 30 to 33. The season of 76 matches began and ended in Chennai with the opening match on 4 April and the final on 27 May.[17] The Delhi Daredevils, Kolkata Knight Riders, Mumbai Indians and Chennai Super Kings qualified for the playoffs. Delhi daredevils was the top in the table.

This edition of the IPL was the most competitive with 14 matches producing results in the last over, and a couple in the last ball.[18][19] Towards the end of the league, the season faced various hurdles including a spot fixing case, which allegedly included 5 players caught on a sting operation carried on by a local news channel; India TV.[20]

The final of the season was played at the Chepauk Stadium on 27 May, where the defending champions Chennai Super Kings played against Kolkata Knight Riders. Kolkata Knight Riders won the match in the last over riding on the backs of Manvinder Bisla and Jacques Kallis with 5 wickets and 2 balls to spare, thereby ending Chennai Super King's two year winning streak. IPL Trophy 2008–2010

The diamond-encrusted trophy of DLF Indian Premier League (IPL) Cricket was designed by Orra brand, owned by Antwerp-based Rosy Blue Group. It comprises a player in a gold leafing. He is shown holding a bat in his hand, next to a map of India. On the map, the names of all the IPL teams have been engraved by rubies. It took a team of as many as 14 craftsmen to make the trophy. Every year, the winners of the IPL T20 tournament are presented with a replica of this trophy, along with the prize money. 2011–2013

A new trophy was designed for IPL 4 in view of the two new teams which are now in the fray. It has been changed to a large cup.[citation needed] League organisation Franchises

The winning bidders for the eight franchises were announced on 24 January 2008.[21] While the total base price for auction was US $400 million, the auction fetched US $723.59 million.[22]

On 21 March 2010, Pune and Kochi were unveiled as the two new franchises for the fourth edition of the Indian Premier League. The base price was $225 million. While Pune was bought by Sahara Adventure Sports Group for $370 million, the Kochi franchise was bought by Rendezvous Sports World Limited for $333.3 million. The process was to have been completed on 7 March but was postponed by two weeks after many bidders and the BCCI objected to stiff financial clauses.[23] The second franchise auction fetched total $703 million. Indian Premier League is located in India

title: User:Anubhuti007/sandbox


text:
User:Elnole

Hi.

I'm from Peru, my nickname here is Elnole. I can already speak english fluently, but i'm more familiar to the linguistics y literature in spanish. I've studied that. It doesn't mean i don't know literature in english, it's just i haven't read enough books (just The turn of the screw and Frankenstein).

I know some quechua, japanese and french. I'm trying to finish learning one of these languages so i can learn more german. then i think i'll be happy (kidding, come on). I hope i'm able to help.

Opinion: Well i don't think wikiversity has to be a new university. That's just not going to be possible, because of special features of wiki technology. Then i'm affraid that people is doing it all wrong. I mean, the first list of people who wanted to study language is hidden somewhere and, who's supposed to call them now? I don't really know what Schmitt and Co. are planning, but i bet some of this people is just not willing to participate after a while (because it's not serious to say register and then after several months to say "hey you just got into this". impolite). Also i don't think universitary-resembling curricula is going to work here. Unless you want to turn wikiversity into a new university, which is going to be a failure. Universities have money to create this and that. Here we depend of good will, so, using educative jargon here is just only going to scare the potential population. I know that's what we have and that's the best for education right now, but that's gonna have to change. Also someone has to point out the successful activities we are having right now. How is the film school doing? Nobody knows.

es:Usuario:Elnole

title: User:Elnole


text:
puling

Etymology 1
From.

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) A whining or whimpering.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a foreign object in the eye

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a foreign object in the eye

title: puling