text:
Timeline of computing 2020–present

Significant events in computing include events relating directly or indirectly to software, hardware and wetware. Excluded (except in instances of significant functional overlap) are: Currently excluded are:
 * events in general robotics
 * events about uses of computational tools in biotechnology and similar fields (except for improvements to the underlying computational tools) as well as events in media-psychology except when those are directly linked to computational tools
 * events in computer insecurity/hacking incidents/breaches/Internet conflicts/malware if they are not also about milestones towards computer security
 * events about quantum computing and communication
 * economic events and events of new technology policy beyond standardization

AI

 * An AI-based study shows for the first time that fingerprints from different fingers of the same person share strong detectable similarities.
 * A preprint trial suggests large language models could be used for tailored manipulation, being more persuasive than humans when using personal information.

 * Notable innovations: LAION releases a first version of BUD-E, a fully open source voice assistant, an automatic waste sorting system that can distinguish between over 500 waste categories is released, researchers describe an AI ecosystem interface of foundation models connected to many APIs as specialized subtask-solvers, the chatbot Grok is made open source to a substantial extent.

Hardware

 * Researchers describe an approach for an optical disk with petabit capacity,

AI

 * Chatbot and text-generating AI, ChatGPT (released on 30 Nov 2022), a large language model, became popular, with some considering the large public's attention as unwarranted hype as potential applications are limited. Similar software such as Cleverbot existed for many years, and the software is, on the fundamental level, not structured toward accuracy – e.g. providing seemingly credible but incorrect answers to queries and operating "without a contextual understanding of the language" – but only toward essentially the authenticity of mimicked human language.    It was estimated that only two months after its launch, it had 100 million active users. Applications may include solving or supporting school writing assignments, malicious social bots (e.g. for misinformation, propaganda, and scams),  and providing inspiration (e.g. for artistic writing or in design or ideation in general).

 * Google released chatbot Bard due to effects of the ChatGPT release, with potential for integration into its Web search and, like ChatGPT software, also as a software development helper tool. DuckDuckGo released the DuckAssist feature integrated into its search engine that summarizes information from Wikipedia to answer search queries that are questions. The experimental feature was shut down without explanation on 12 April.  There has been further development regarding LLMs or ChatGPT as user interfaces of Wikipedia or as software using its structured knowledge by others.  A proprietary feature by scite.ai was released that delivered answers that use research papers and provide citations for the quoted paper(s). It may demonstrate an alternative approach to ChatGPT whose fundamental algorithms are not designed to generate text that is true, including for example "hallucinations" and fake citations or misinformation more generally.  Elicit.org may provide a free alternative to this tool.  A broader alternative approach to the software's Q&A applications and use of text generation for assignments may be the improvement of media literacy and Web search skills in education systems.

 * Further LLM developments during what has been called an "AI boom" included: local or open source versions of LLaMA which was leaked in March,  news outlets reported on GPT4-based Auto-GPT that given natural language commands uses the Internet and other tools in attempts to understand and achieve its tasks with unclear or so-far little practicality, a systematic evaluation of answers from four "generative search engines" suggested their outputs "appear informative, but frequently contain unsupported statements and inaccurate citations", a multi-modal open source tool for understanding and generating speech, a data scientist argued that "researchers need to collaborate to develop open-source LLMs that are transparent" and independent, Stability AI launched an open source LLM.

 * A method for editing NeRF scenes, a novel media technique from 2020, with natural language commands was demonstrated by Nvidia.
 * An open letter "Pause Giant AI Experiments" initiated by the Future of Life Institute called for "AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4" due to "profound risks to society and humanity". It received substantial media attention and also contributed to speculations about perceived large LLM potential). At the time there was extensive media coverage of views that regard ChatGPT as a potential step towards AGI or sentient machines, also extending to some academic works (e.g. a popular preprint by a company). The coverage focused on such views may not represent the majority expert views and, for example, some researchers noted that e.g. the ability to generate coherent text and imitations are not the same as understanding language. A set of techniques under development included self-refining code or text.
 * ChatGPT was shown to outperform human doctors in responding to online medical questions when measured on quality and empathy by "a team of licensed health care professionals", albeit the chatbot may have previously been trained with these reddit question and answers threads.
 * News outlets reported on a preprint that described the development of a large language model software that can answer medical questions with a 67.6% accuracy on MedQA and nearly matched human clinician performance when answering open-ended medical questions, Med-PaLM. The AI makes use of comprehension-, recall of knowledge-, and medical reasoning-algorithms but remains inferior to clinicians.  As of 2023, humans often – if not most often – conduct query-based web searches, read websites and/or conduct physical doctor's visits to inquire health information, despite various difficulties,    partly as they typically did not undergo any formal training in media literacy, digital literacy or health literacy, as such is not part of schools curricula in most education systems as of 2023.
 * A novel potentially significantly more efficient text-to-image approach, as implemented in MUSE, was reported.
 * A first successful autonomous long-duration operation, including simulated combat, of a modified F-16 fighter jet, X-62A, by two AI software was reported.
 * A text-to-speech synthesizer, VALL-E, that can be trained to mimic anybody's voice with just three seconds of voice data and may produce the most natural-sounding results to date, was reported in a preprint.
 * A use of world models for a wide range of domains that make decisions using e.g. different 3D worlds and reward frequencies and outperforms previous approaches, DreamerV3, was reported as a step towards general artificial intelligence in a preprint.
 * A large language model, ProGen, that can generate functional protein sequences with a predictable function, with input including tags specifying protein properties, was reported.
 * A deep-learning model, ZFDesign, for zinc finger design for any genomic target for gene- and epigenetic-editing was reported.
 * Software for generating 3D dynamic scenes (text-to-4D), MAV3D, was reported.
 * A study reported the development of deep learning algorithms to identify technosignature candidates, finding 8 potential alien signals not detected earlier.
 * An international norms and arms control proposal for artificial intelligence in the military (such as LAWs and weapons decision-making), the "Political Declaration on Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy]", was published by the U.S. government.  The first international summit on military AI led to a joint unbinding statement by the U.S., China and other nations, with some external calls for starting negotiations on an internationally binding law or an enforcement-mechanisms-driven law.
 * The world's first COVID-19 drug designed by generative AI was approved for human use, with clinical trials expected to begin in China. The new drug, ISM3312, was developed by Insilico Medicine.
 * The LLM GPT-4 was launched by OpenAI. It and ChatGPT based on it continued to receive major global media attention.
 * Researchers suggested that growing influence of industry in AI research means that "public interest alternatives for important AI tools may become increasingly scarce".
 * Google revealed PaLM-E, an embodied multimodal language model with 562 billion parameters.
 * Researchers demonstrated an open source 'AI scientist' that can create models of natural phenomena from knowledge axioms and experimental data, showing the software can rediscover physical laws like "Kepler's third law of planetary motion, Einstein's relativistic time-dilation law, and Langmuir's theory of adsorption" using logical reasoning and a few data points.

 * Researchers demonstrated a non-invasive brain-reading method. It can translate a person's neural activity into a continuous stream of text using fMRI data and transformer machine learning. Prior training data is required for this semantic decoding. Participants listened to stories for 16 hours while their brain activity was recorded.
 * A new AI algorithm developed by Baidu was shown to boost the antibody response of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines by 128 times.

 * Computational neuroscientists showed that people with higher intelligence scores in HCP cognitive tests took more time to solve difficult problems and that their higher synchrony between brain areas allowed for better integration of evidence (or progress) from preceding working memory sub-problem processing. Reducing synchrony in "avatar" simulations, that were adjusted and tuned towards personalization, "led decision-making circuits to quickly jump to conclusions". Their codified results may be useful for an understanding of cognition to replicate or imitate in bio-inspired computing.
 * AI was used to develop an experimental antibiotic called abaucin, which is shown to be effective against A. baumannii.

 * A machine learning model is trained to recognise the key features of chemicals with senolytic activity. It finds three chemicals – ginkgetin, periplocin and oleandrin – able to remove senescent cells without damaging healthy cells.
 * Articles in science outlets like Nature suggest contemporary viral concerns about hypothetical existential risk of AI "plays into the tech companies' agenda" – partly in the form of 'criti-hype' – and that this "hinders effective regulation of the societal harms AI is causing right now" and in the near-future.
 * A science writer provides an overview of "the nascent industry of AI-designed drugs".
 * A preprint introduces the concept of "thought cloning" by which AI use data of or imitate human thinking.

 * Metaresearchers showed that AI trained with study-author-networks data could generate scientifically promising "alien" hypotheses that would likely not be considered otherwise.
 * A study provides an overview and living review of open source LLMs, assessing the levels of openness of their differentiated elements and reviewing the risks of relying on proprietary software or the importance of open source AI.

 * AI-supported mammography screening was demonstrated to have the potential to substantially reduce workload and to possibly improve cancer detection rates.
 * A review outlined applications and challenges of using AI to accelerate science.
 * A study that won an international competition demonstrated an approach that predicted 70% of earthquakes, suggesting some form of earthquake prediction may be feasible in the future.
 * Researchers released a large set of audiobooks for free books in Project Gutenberg created automatically via generative AI with near-natural voice.
 * A natural language system was demonstrated that can provide explanations for the conclusion-making of machine learning models for explainable AI.
 * A preprint reported some large language models have an 'extractable memorization' flaw by which training data can be extracted at affordable costs by queries.
 * Google DeepMind announced its Gemini multimodal language model, which it claims has advanced "reasoning capabilities" and can outperform GPT-4 on a variety of tasks.
 * A new class of antibiotic candidates, able to kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was identified using explainable deep learning.

 * Notable innovation products: an open source automated experimentation science platform (BacterAI) for predicting microbial metabolism with little data, a low-cost smartphone-attachment (BPClip) for blood pressure measurement, an open source transfer learning-based system (Geneformer) for predicting how networks of interconnected human genes control or affect the function of cells, a performant open source AI software for protein design (RFdiffusion) was introduced, multimodal biomedical Med-PaLM M was introduced.

Software-hardware systems

 * A two/multi-robot and beacons mesh communication paradigm for exploration by robotic probes, drones, spacecraft, disaster recovery rovers or underwater robots was reported.
 * Researchers showed parrots can and enjoy using a videocalling system.

 * A 'chef' robot developed is trained to watch and learn from cooking videos, and recreate dishes itself.
 * Autonomous drones won first races against human champions of FPV drone racing.
 * An autonomous laboratory for synthesis of inorganic powders, the A-Lab.

 * Notable innovations: a low-cost open source air pollution sensor (Flatburn), a laser-using drone-based methane plume localization method, and a portable EEG helmet with significant accuracy of decoding thought words to text (DeWave).

Software

 * Researchers demonstrated how pre-installed apps on Android smartphones in China are used for mass surveillance in China.
 * Scientists reviewed safety-by-design technology- and policy-based approaches to ensure biosafety and biosecurity to prevent engineered pathogen pandemics, including digital methods such as DNA sequence screening, some of which are already implemented and part of regulations to some degree.
 * Studies investigated dating apps, revealing high gender inequality, partly exploring possible relevance to the rise of both "sexual loneliness" and concentration of sex in various developed countries, and reported subsets of well-being effects.
 * A study hypothesized mental health awareness efforts (in current forms) or glamorised and romanticised mental disorders on social media (e.g. quotes about depression on aesthetically-appealing backgrounds shared widely on certain social media) may have contributed to the recent rise in reported mental health problems – by intensifying and over-diagnosing of such – beyond e.g. increased reporting of previously under-recognised symptoms or mental health-related issues.
 * A news outlet reported on a systematic study of major issues in popular currently available commercial VPNs for Internet privacy and security.
 * Researchers reported 'digital resignation', calling for regulations and education reform.
 * Parts of Twitter's recommender algorithms became open source, welcomed and requested by many albeit with several issues related to code exclusion and verifiability. Around the time, the free version of its API, which was also used for research, esd shut down – followed shortly thereafter by reddit, proprietary verification checkmarks caused controversy, parts of its source code were leaked, and applications of a "state-affiliated media" label – which purportedly uses "Category:Publicly funded broadcasters" data which, like the label, does not differentiate and list the shares of funding sources – caused controversy. In April, Twitter was warned by EU digital policy-makers after a report indicated its recent policies "boost" Russian disinformation-based propaganda.
 * One of the first empirical studies on what real users are shown during their typical use of popular Web search engines interpreted its results to show that choices for unreliable news sources for their queries are driven primarily by users' own choices and less by the engine's algorithms. The Web scientists linked their findings to the concept of filter bubbles which emphasizes the role of design- and personalization algorithms. A report accompanied by an open letter concluded that Alphabet Inc, against its voluntary promises, still runs climate misinformation ads. Statements by Elon Musk in 2022 suggested YouTube may also show ethically disputed advertising other than science-related misinformation such as extensively showing "scam ads".
 * An umbrella review summarized the research on benefits and risks associated with digital media use by youths, suggesting caregivers, policymakers and researchers should continue to move away from prevailing oversimplified recommendations to reduce screen time to instead focus on distinguished types of screen use.
 * An experimental study reported online search to evaluate the truthfulness of false news articles increased the probability of believing them, especially for those for whom search engines return lower-quality information. It suggests media literacy programs with tested strategies and solutions for identified search engines issues are needed.
 * The concept of enshittification] about the quality of content on social media platforms introduced in 2022 gained traction.

 * Notable innovations: a Tor browser-equivalent Web browser for privacy-protected browsing when using a VPN (Mullvad browser) was demonstrated,  after moderators of the Web content aggregation-based platform Reddit strike against the site's introduction of API pricing and the ensuing closing of several mobile client apps, several novel decentralized open source aggregation platforms gain substantial numbers of users – most notably Lemmy and Kbin which can synchronize their posts via interoperability,   the first upgrade of the Global Earthquake Model data for disaster risk reduction,  and the misinformation-countering system Community Notes became relatively widely used on X (formerly Twitter).

Hardware and wetware

 * Researchers demonstrated an open-brain surgery-free brain implant, Stentrode, that can record brain activity from a nearby blood vessel, showing it can be used to operate a computer.
 * News outlets reported on a study (21 Nov. 2022) demonstrating locust antennae implanted as biosensors into (bio-hybrid) robots for AI-interpreted machine olfaction.

 * Scientists coalesced recent developments using human brain organoids into a new field they term organoid intelligence (OI), seeking to harness OI for computing – as a novel type of AI – in an ethically responsible way. Networks of such miniature tissues could become functional using stimulus-response training or organoid-computer interfaces – to potentially become "more powerful than silicon-based computing" for a range of tasks – and could also be used for research of various pathophysiologies, brain development, human learning, memory and intelligence, and new therapeutic approaches against brain diseases.
 * Biological organoid intelligence, 'Brainoware', was demonstrated to solve computational tasks in a preprint, with implications for bioethics and potential bottlenecks and limits of nonbio-AI.
 * A study demonstrated functional integration of a magnetically steered microbot containing neurons, 'Mag-Neurobot', in a mouse "organotypic hippocampal slice" as physical (semi-) artificial neurons.
 * Researchers reported the development of a fuel cell implant powered by blood glucose. It can also release insulin at certain levels and have enough energy to allow smartphone implant control.

 * Researchers reported the development of neuromorphic AI hardware using nanowires physically mimicking the brain's activity in identifying and remembering an image from memory.  A university reported on a demonstration of multisensory motion cue integration by a neuromorphic nerve for robots.

 * Researchers demonstrated encoding and storing data – small images – as DNA without new DNA synthesis by recording light exposure into bacterial DNA via optogenetic circuits. The 'biological camera' extends chemical and electrical interface techniques.
 * Researchers demonstrated the use of biological-electronic hybrid Organoid Intelligence, 'Brainoware', for speech recognition.

AI

 * DeepMind announced that its AlphaFold program had uncovered the structures of more than 200 million folded proteins, essentially all of those known to science.

 * News outlets reported artificial intelligence art had won the first place in a digital art competition. Such artistic imagery is generated using input consisting of text and sometimes images, usually including parameters such as artistic style (text-to-image generation). Around the time, an expert concluded that "AI art is everywhere right now", with even experts not knowing what it will mean, a news outlet established that "AI-generated art booms" and reported issues of copyright and automation of professional artists, a news outlet investigated how online communities (e.g. their rules) confronted with many such artworks react, a news outlet raised concerns over deepfakes, a magazine highlighted possibilities of enabling "new forms of artistic expression", and an editorial noted that it may be seen as a welcome "augmentation of human capability". Moreover, additional functionalities – such as enabling the use of user-provided concepts (like an object or a style) learned from few images for novel personalized art generated from the associated word/s or expanding beyond the borders of artistic images in the same style – were reported. On 22 August, Stable Diffusion released as open source software, making the technology more accessible and free to use on personal hardware as well as extendable by third-parties (i.e. other software projects).

 * A new deep learning technique enabled year-round measurements of sea ice thickness in the Arctic.

 * A screening AI system for many cancer types that integrates different types of data via multimodal learning was reported.

 * Researchers reported the development of a deep learning system that learns intuitive physics from visual data (of virtual 3D environments) to some degree "from scratch" based on an unpublished approach inspired by studies of visual cognition in infants. Two weeks later, other researchers reported the development of a machine learning algorithm that could discover sets of basic variables of various physical systems and predict the systems' future dynamics from video recordings of their behavior.

 * Researchers reported the development of deep learning software that can design proteins that contain prespecified functional sites.

Software-hardware systems

 * The first laparoscopic surgery performed entirely by a robot was reported.
 * Researchers demonstrated semi-automated testing for reproducibility (which is lacking especially in cancer research) via extraction of statements about experimental results in non-semantic, gene expression cancer research papers and subsequent testing with breast cancer cell lines via robot scientist "Eve".
 * Agilicious, an open-source and open-hardware versatile standardized quadrotor drone, tailored toward agility, was released.
 * A university reported the release of 'Quad-SDK' which may be the first open source full-stack software for large agile four-legged robots, compatible with the ROS.
 * News outlets reported deployment, research and development of novel military drone technology in the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022, including demining drones, self-repurposed commercial/hobby drones (including via a hackathon), reconnaissance microdrones, kamikaze drones, bomb-dropping modified drones, and countermeasures such as electronic ones.
 * The first data transmission to exceed 1 petabit per second (Pbit/s) using a single laser and a single optical chip was demonstrated by European researchers.
 * News outlets reported a novel agricultural robot for viable weed control using lasers or "laserweeding". There are similar precision agriculture machines that have been reported before, also e.g. applying low amounts of herbicides and fertilizers with precision while mapping plant locations, in some cases autonomously. Their benefits may include "healthier crops and soil, decreased herbicide use, and reduced chemical and labor costs".
 * A satellite-free GPS-alternative higher-resolution positioning system using existing telecommunications networks was demonstrated, SuperGPS.
 * Impossible Metals announced its first underwater robotic vehicle, 'Eureka 1', had completed its first trial of selectively harvesting polymetallic nodule rocks from the seabed nearly without harming the environment (as compared to other seabed mining) to help address the rising global need for metals for renewable energy system components – mainly batteries. It operates autonomously and uses advanced computer vision, e.g. using AI to determine which rocks have signs of visible life on them so that they are not harvested.

Software

 * A report by the Royal Society listed potential or proposed countermeasures against misinformation, mainly online misinformation, such as, broadly described, building resilience to scientific misinformation and a healthy online information environment.
 * Computational biologists reported the largest detailed human genetic genealogy, unifying human genomes from many sources for insights about human history, ancestry and evolution. It demonstrates a novel computational method for estimating how human DNA is related, in specific as a series of 13 million linked trees along the genome, a tree-sequence, which has also been called "the largest human family tree".
 * Researchers reported the creation of a version control system for cell engineering, suggesting it to be a "significant step toward more open, reproducible, easier to trace and share, more trustworthy engineering biology", and possibly increased safety by enabling faster tracing of organisms lab of origin and design details via barcoding.
 * A preprint demonstrated how backdoors can be placed undetectably into classifying (e.g. posts as "spam" or well-visible "not spam") machine learning models which are often developed and/or trained by third parties. Parties can change the classification of any input, including in cases with types of data/software transparency, possibly including white-box access.
 * Researchers reported routes for recycling 200 industrial waste chemicals into important drugs and agrochemicals using a software for computer-aided chemical synthesis design, helping enable "circular chemistry" as a potential area of a circular economy.
 * The first global, interactive AI- and satellite monitoring-based, map and analysis of plastic waste sites to help prevention of plastic pollution, especially ocean pollution was published.

An editorial published in a journal noted that remote surgery and types of videoconferencing for sharing expertise (e.g. ad hoc assistance) have been and could be used to support doctors in Ukraine. A forum contribution analyzed Russian users' reactions to the Bucha massacre on social media – on nationalist Telegram channels. Computer science and technology was also used to defend against the 2022 Russian invasion such as with military technology, to document and communicate war events including via facial recognition of dead Russian soldiers and Russian war crimes,  and for aggregated information about support opportunities for Ukrainian scientists.
 * A study suggested that in children at age 9–12 during two years time, gaming or watching digital videos can be positively correlated with measures of intelligence, albeit correlations with overall screen time (including social media, socializing and TV) were not investigated and 'time gaming' did not differentiate between categories of video games (e.g. shares of games' platform and genre).
 * Computing and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine:
 * Researchers demonstrated an MRI-ML-based approach that can diagnose early Alzheimer's disease with high accuracy and may help identify unknown related changes in the brain.
 * A study explored the efficacy of GitHub Sponsors, launched in 2019, in terms of supporting FOSS-efforts and the sponsors' intentions as well as the motivation of sponsors and various quantitative and qualitative analyses relevant to this approach of FOSS-funding.

The living document-like aggregation, assessment, integration and review website Project Drawdown added 11 new CCM solutions to its organized set of mitigation techniques. The website's modeling framework was used in a study document to show that metal recycling has significant potential for CCM. A revised or updated version, using computer models, of a major worldwide 100% renewable energy proposed plan and model was published.
 * Progress in climate change mitigation (CCM) living review-like works:

 * Teaching hospital press release:
 * News outlets reported that in July, for the first time, more people watched streaming TV than cable within the U.S..
 * A researcher reported that the social media app TikTok adds a keylogger to its, on iOS essentially unavoidable, in-app browser in iOS, which allows its Chinese company to gather, for example, passwords, credit card details, and everything else that is typed into websites opened from taps on any external links within the app. Shortly after the report, the company claimed such capabilities are only used for debugging-types of purposes. To date, it has largely not been investigated which and to which extent (other) apps have capacities for such or similar data-collection.
 * A university reported the development of a driver isolation framework to protect operating system kernels, primarily the monolithic Linux kernel which gets ~80,000 commits/year to its drivers, from defects and vulnerabilities in device drivers, with the Mars Research Group developers describing this lack of isolation as one of the main factors undermining kernel security.
 * A study concluded that advanced artificial intelligence with learned goal planning would or may intervene in the provision of reward to short-circuit reward via advanced exploits of ambiguity in the data about its goal such as considering the sending of the reward itself as humans' goal and intervening in the data-provision about its goal.

 * University press release:
 * A research report by NewsGuard indicated there is a high level of online misinformation delivered – to a mainly young user base – with TikTok, whose usage is increasing.
 * The second largest cryptocurrency, Ethereum, switched from the proof-of-work (electricity consumption for validation) to the proof-of-stake (staked holdings for validation) algorithm, which cuts its large electricity consumption.
 * Results of investigations about the issue of recommendation systems shifting their users' preferences "so they are easier to satisfy" were reported, including actively optimizing such software to avoid problematic shifts/manipulation, suggesting "that recommenders that optimize for staying in the trust region can avoid manipulative behaviors while still generating engagement".
 * An open source platform to match genomically profiled cancer patients to precision medicine drug trials was reported.
 * After domain seizures of Z-Library by copyright law enforcement and moves toward dark web and IPFS technologies by its content providers, the open source shadow library UI Anna's Archive – which also provides access to a full copy of Z-Library content and scientific articles – was established by a team of archivists, essentially providing the largest human book and literature library.
 * News outlets reported the development of a post-editing model using GPT-3 that improves machine translations after identification of current translation problems.
 * The largest global inventory and interactive map of greenhouse gas emission sources was released by Climate TRACE (9 November).
 * Around the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk (27 October), interest in alternatives to the site – described as "one of the world's most high-profile information ecosystems", a contemporary suboptimal public square, and as heavily used by many journalists and news media – increased substantially. However, no alternative such as Mastodon, Reddit or the Bluesky protocol was found to match its features such as ease of use to date, in terms of being able to substitute the site.
 * Two studies demonstrated platform-built-in as well browser-integrated misinformation mitigation.
 * Researchers developed falsity scores for over 800 contemporary elites on Twitter and associated exposure scores.
 * News outlets reported the first fully self-supervised anti-money laundering AI software using contemporary suboptimal datasets, LaundroGraph.
 * A university reported on the first study of the new privacy-intrusion Web tracking technique of "UID smuggling" by the ad industry, which finds it to be prevalent and largely not mitigated by the latest protection tools – such as Firefox's tracking protection and uBlock Origin – and contributes to countermeasures.
 * Text-to-3D software became sophisticated, shortly after generative AI art. OpenAI released Point-E, a machine learning system that can generate 3D models from text prompts, similar to previously released GET3D and Magic3D by Nvidia. DreamFusion from Google may also be notable.

Hardware

 * A logic gate for computation at femtosecond timescales was demonstrated.
 * A study estimated losses of 61 metals to help the development of circular economy strategies, showing that usespans of, often scarce, tech-critical metals are short.
 * Researchers reported a robotic finger covered in a type of manufactured living human skin. Researchers demonstrated an electronic skin giving biological skin-like haptic sensations and touch/pain-sensitivity to a robotic hand.  A system of an electronic skin and a human-machine interface was reported that can enable remote sensed tactile perception, and wearable or robotic sensing of many hazardous substances and pathogens.  A multilayer tactile sensor hydrogel-based robot skin was demonstrated.
 * Samsung announced the first mass production of computer chips using a 3 nm process. These feature a gate-all-around transistor architecture that reduces power consumption by up to 45%, improves performance by 23% and reduces area by 16% compared to 5 nm.

 * Researchers reported the development of nanoscale brain-inspired artificial synapses, using the ion proton, for 'analog deep learning'.
 * The creation of artificial neurons that can receive and release dopamine (chemical signals rather than electrical signals) and communicate with natural rat muscle and brain cells was reported, with potential for use in BCIs/prosthetics.
 * Scientists reported a so far unique and unknown feature of material VO2 – it can "remember" previous external stimuli (via structural rather than electronic states), with potential e.g. data storage.
 * Researchers reported the development of remote controlled cyborg cockroaches functional if moving to sunlight for recharging.
 * Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research reported an organic artificial spiking neuron for in-situ sensing and biointerface that exhibits the signal diversity of biological neurons.

2021

 * [Meta/Policy/Philosophy] – Thomas Metzinger, a German philosopher of cognitive science and applied ethics, called for a "global moratorium on synthetic phenomenology" which, "until 2050", precautionarily bans "all research that directly aims at or knowingly risks the emergence of artificial consciousness on post-biotic carrier systems" – and could be gradually refined. The paper does not describe mechanisms of global enforcement of such proposed regulations which do not consider biotic or semi-biotic systems and aims to limit suffering risks.
 * [Type of database] – A new global food emissions database indicated that the current food systems are responsible for one third of the global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.
 * [Data usage] – In a static proprietary article that appeared in and was co-reviewed by a scientific journal, authenticated scientists analyzed data from multiple public databases to create a regional representation of levels of deforestation induced by nations' recent, largely unmodulated, trade-, production- and consumption-patterns.

 * A study found that carbon emissions from Bitcoin mining in China – where a majority of the proof-of-work algorithm that generates current economic value is computed, largely fueled by nonrenewable sources – had accelerated rapidly and would soon exceed total annual emissions of countries like Italy, interfering with climate change mitigation commitments.
 * Neuralink revealed a male macaque with chips embedded on each side of its brain, playing a mind-controlled version of Pong. While similar technology has been demonstrated for decades, and wireless implants have existed for years, some observers noted that the organization increased the number of implanted electrodes that are read wirelessly.
 * Scientists reviewed materials strategies for organic neuromorphic devices, suggesting that "their biocompatibility and mechanical conformability give them an advantage for creating adaptive biointerfaces, brain-machine interfaces, and biology-inspired prosthetics".

 * Researchers published the first in-depth study of Web browser tab interfaces. They found that many people struggle with tab overload and conducted surveys and interviews about people's tab use. Thereby they formalized pressures for closing tabs and for keeping tabs open. The authors then developed related UI design considerations which could enable better tools and changes to the code of Web browsers – like Firefox – that allow knowledge workers and other users to better manage their tabs.
 * Operation of the U.S. Colonial Pipeline was interrupted by a ransomware cyber attack.
 * A new record for the smallest single-chip system was achieved, occupying a total volume of less than 0.1 mm³.

 * Scientists demonstrated the first brain–computer interface that decodes neural signals for handwriting. The character output speed of a patient with a paralyzed hand was up to 90 characters per minute – more than double the previous record. Each letter is associated with a highly distinctive pattern of activity in the brain, making it relatively easy for the algorithm to distinguish them.
 * Archivists initiated a rescue mission to secure enduring access to humanity's largest public library of scientific articles, Sci-Hub, due to the site's increased legal troubles, using Web and BitTorrent technologies.
 * Google demonstrated a research project called LaMDA, an automatic language generation system designed to sustain a conversation with a person on any topic.
 * The most comprehensive 3D map of the human brain – of a millionth of a brain and requiring 1.4 petabytes of storage space – was published.
 * El Salvador passed the Bitcoin Law, making it the first country to give cryptocurrency and bitcoin a status of legal tender. The law was passed by the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador on June 8, 2021, giving the cryptocurrency bitcoin the status of legal tender within El Salvador after September 7, 2021. It was proposed by President Nayib Bukele. The text of the law states that "the purpose of this law is to regulate bitcoin as unrestricted legal tender with liberating power, unlimited in any transaction, and to any title that public or private natural or legal persons require carrying out".
 * GitHub Copilot, a programmer assistant AI, was released. Later FOSS variants of the tool included FauxPilot.

 * In the debate regarding the cognitive impacts of smartphones and digital technology, a group reported that, contrary to widespread belief, scientific evidence does not show that these technologies harm biological cognitive abilities and that they instead change predominant ways of cognition – such as a reduced need to remember facts or conduct mathematical calculations by pen and paper outside contemporary schools. However, some activities – like reading novels – that require long attention-spans and don't feature ongoing rewarding stimulation may become more challenging in general.
 * Open 3D Engine – a game engine that is free and open source software (FOSS) and has GNU/Linux support – was released.
 * Researchers used a brain–computer interface to enable a man who was paralyzed since 2003 to produce comprehensible words and sentences by decoding signals from electrodes in the speech areas of his brain.
 * Japan achieved a new world record Internet speed: 319 Tbit/s over ~3000 km which, albeit not being the fastest speed overall, beats the previous record of 178 Tbit/s.
 * Scientists reported that worldwide adolescent loneliness and depression increased substantially after 2012 and that loneliness in contemporary schools appears to be associated with smartphone access and Internet use.

 * DeepMind announced that its AlphaFold AI had predicted the structures of over 350,000 proteins, including 98.5% of the ~20,000 proteins in the human body. The 3D data along with their degrees of confidence for accuracy was made freely available with a database, doubling the previous number of protein structures in the public domain.
 * Scientists published the first complete neuron-level-resolution 3D map of a monkey brain which they scanned within 100 hours.

 * A researcher reported that solar superstorms would cause large-scale global months-long Internet outages. She described potential mitigation measures and exceptions – such as user-powered mesh networks and related peer-to-peer applications – and the robustness of the current Internet infrastructure.

 * Scientists concluded that personal carbon allowances (PCAs) could be a component of climate change mitigation. They found that the economic recovery from COVID-19 and novel digital technology capacities open a window of opportunity for first implementations. PCAs would consist of – e.g. monetary – credit-feedbacks and decreasing default levels of per capita emissions concessions. The researchers found that recent advances in machine learning technology and "smarter home and transport options make it possible to easily track and manage a large share of individuals' emissions" and that feedback effective in engaging individuals to reduce their energy-related emissions and relevant new personalized apps could be designed.  Issues may include privacy, evaluating emissions from individuals co-running multinational companies and the availability and prices of products and services.
 * Cerebras announced a new hardware and software platform that can support AI models of 120 trillion parameters, enabling neural networks greater than the equivalent number of human brain synapses.
 * Pathogen researchers reported the development of machine learning models for genome-based early detection and prioritization of high-risk potential zoonotic viruses in animals prior to spillover to humans. They concluded that their tool could be used for virus surveillance for pandemic prevention via (i.a.) measures of "early investigation and outbreak preparedness" and would have been capable of predicting SARS-CoV-2 as a high-risk strain.
 * A loss of public IP routes to the Facebook DNS servers due to malfunctioning capacity-assessment code, routinely triggered after configuration changes of routers of the company's data centers, resulted in stoppage of BGP routing information broadcasts caused the 2021 Facebook outage.
 * A study of data traffic by popular smartphones running variants of the Android software found substantial by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out (i.e. even the NetGuard firewall, which is not installed by default, may not reliably and completely prevent such data traffic) and implications for users' privacy, control and security.
 * Media outlets reported novel technologies for virtual try-ons of clothes for more sustainable fashion and improved online shopping, which increased relative to shopping at local shops that store clothes due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
 * A method of DNA data storage with 100 times the density of previous techniques was announced.
 * Scientists demonstrated that grown brain cells integrated into digital systems can carry out goal-directed tasks with performance-scores. In particular, playing a simulated (via electrophysiological stimulation) Pong which the cells learned to play faster than known machine intelligence systems, albeit to a lower skill-level than both AI and humans, was reported. Moreover, the study suggested it provides the "first empirical evidence" of information-processing capacity differences between neurons from different species.
 * Researchers reported the development of organic low-power neuromorphic electronics which they built into a robot, enabling it to learn sensorimotorically within the real world, rather than via simulations like in the study above. For the chip, polymers were used and coated with an ion-rich gel to enable the material to carry an electric charge like real neurons.
 * Researchers reported the development of a system of machine learning and hyperspectral camera that can distinguish between 12 different types of plastics such as PET and PP for automated separation of waste of, as of 2020, highly unstandardized plastics products and packaging.
 * A scientific review summarized research and data about telemedicine. Its results indicated that, in general, outcomes of such ICT-use are as good as in-person care with health care use staying similar.
 * The Log4Shell security vulnerability in a Java logging framework was publicly disclosed two weeks after its discovery. Because of the ubiquity of the affected software, experts have described it as a most serious computer vulnerability. In a high-level meeting, the importance of security maintenance of open-source software – often also carried out largely by few volunteers – to national security was clarified.
 * Researchers reported the development of a database and analysis tool about perovskite solar cells which systematically integrates over 15,000 publications, in particular device-data about over 42,400 of such photovoltaic devices. Authors described the site – which requires signing up to access the data and uses software that is partly open source but to date not free software – as a participative "Wikipedia for perovskite solar cell research" and suggest that extensively capturing the progress of an entire field including interactive data exploration functionalities could also be applicable to many fields in materials science, engineering and biosciences.
 * A third main convergent graphical shell (Maui Shell) and UI framework (MauiKit), based on KDE/Kirigami, for the GNU/Linux operating system on smartphones, desktops and other devices, was released.

2020

 * Scite.ai – a deep learning-based citation index that classifies scientific citations as 'Supporting', 'Mentioning' or 'Contrasting' the respective study (a type of semantic metadata) – was released.
 * February 7 – AMD released the Ryzen Threadripper 3990X, the first 64 core CPU for consumer market based on the Zen 2 microarchitecture.
 * March 26 – After one of the first and largest public volunteer distributed computing projects, SETI@home announced its shutdown by March 31, 2020, and due to heightened interest as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the distributed computing project Folding@home became the world's first system to reach one exaFLOPS.  The system simulates protein folding, is used for medical research on COVID-19 and achieved a speed of approximately 2.43 x86 exaFLOPS by April 13, 2020 –  many times faster than the fastest supercomputer, Summit.
 * April 20 – Researchers demonstrated a diffusive memristor fabricated from protein nanowires of the bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens which functions at substantially lower voltages than previously described ones and may allow the construction of artificial neurons which function at voltages of biological action potentials. The nanowires have a range of advantages over silicon nanowires and the memristors may be used to directly process biosensing signals, for neuromorphic computing and/or direct communication with biological neurons.
 * May 22 – Australian computer scientists reported achieving, thus far, the highest internet speed in the world from a single optical chip source over standard optical fiber, amounting to 44.2 Terabits per sec, or "downloading 1000 high definition movies in a split second".
 * May 27 – A study showed that social networks can function poorly as pathways for inconvenient truths, that the interplay between communication and action during disasters may depend on the structure of social networks, that communication networks suppress necessary "evacuations" in test-scenarios because of false reassurances when compared to groups of isolated individuals and that larger networks with a smaller proportion of informed subjects can suffer more damage due to human-caused misinformation.

 * June 11 – Chatbot-technology and text-producing AI GPT-3 was released.
 * July 6 – [Novel protocol/standard] – The Versatile Video Coding standard (H.266) was finalised, designed to halve the bitrate of previous formats, reducing data volume and being especially useful for on-demand 8K streaming services.
 * June 15 – Researchers reported the development of a polymer device that can receive dopamine signals from real cells and learns from it.
 * July 15 – A cyborg beetle with a camera was demonstrated. It streams video to a smartphone via Bluetooth for a "bug's eye view".
 * August 28 – Elon Musk revealed a model of the prototype brain–computer interface chip, implanted in pigs, that his company Neuralink has been working on.
 * September 3 – Scientists reported finding "176 Open Access journals that, through lack of comprehensive and open archives, vanished from the Web between 2000–2019, spanning all major research disciplines and geographic regions of the world" and that in 2019 only about a third of the 14,068 DOAJ-indexed journals ensured the long-term preservation of their content themselves, with many papers not getting archived by Web archiving initiatives such as the Internet Archive.

 * September 18 – Media reported what may be the first publicly confirmed case of a civilian fatality as a nearly direct consequence of a cyberattack, after ransomware disrupted a hospital in Germany.
 * September 25 – [Novel application of computing / software] – Chemists described, for the first time, possible chemical pathways from nonliving prebiotic chemicals to complex biochemicals that could give rise to living organisms, based on a new computer program named ALLCHEMY.
 * October 28 – A review suggested only surgical robot platforms "that can effectively communicate their intent and explain their decisions to their human companions will find their way into the operating room of the future", defined levels of autonomy and suggested "positive evidence will soon emerge and build up" that would motivate "transition to clinical trials".

Digital policy

 * In 2024, the European Union approved the Artificial Intelligence Act.
 * In 2024, the European Union approved the Cyber Resilience Act.

2023

 * March 24: Gordon Moore, 94, American businessman, engineer, and co-founder of Intel Corporation
 * May 5: Ian Witten, 76, English-New Zealand computer scientist, co-creator of the Sequitur algorithm, Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand (b. 1947).

2022

 * January 2: Hagit Shatkay, 56, Israeli-American computer scientist
 * January 30: Takao Nishizeki, 74, Japanese mathematician and computer scientist
 * February 16: Lorinda Cherry, 77, American computer scientist and programmer
 * February 28: Mary Coombs, 93, British computer programmer
 * September 2: Peter Eckersley, 43, Australian computer scientist

2021

 * January 2: Brad Cox, American computer scientist, and inventor of the Objective-C programming language (b. 1944)
 * January 28: Alice Recoque, French computer scientist (b. 1929)
 * February 1: Walter Savitch, American computer scientist and theoretical mathematician (b. 1943)
 * February 6: Ioan Dzițac, Romanian computer scientist and mathematician (b. 1953)
 * March 6: Lou Ottens, Dutch engineer and inventor of the cassette tape (b. 1926)
 * April 1: Isamu Akasaki, Japanese engineer and physicist, and inventor of the blue LED (b. 1929)
 * April 16: Charles Geschke, American computer scientist, and co-founder of Adobe Inc. (b. 1939)
 * April 23: Dan Kaminsky, American computer security researcher (b. 1979)
 * May 23: Makoto Nagao, Japanese natural language processing pioneer (b. 1936)
 * June 23: John McAfee, British-American antivirus software pioneer, and founder of McAfee (b. 1945)

2020

 * January 2: Robert M. Graham, American computer scientist (b. 1929)
 * January 3: Joseph Karr O'Connor, American computer scientist (b. 1953)
 * January 8: Peter T. Kirstein, British computer scientist (b. 1933)
 * February 11: Yasumasa Kanada, Japanese computer scientist (b. 1949)
 * February 16:
 * Larry Tesler, American computer scientist (b. 1945)
 * John Iliffe, British computer designer (b. 1931)
 * February 18: Bert Sutherland, American computer scientist (b. 1936)
 * March 2: Vera Pless, American mathematician (b. 1931)
 * March 15: Olvi L. Mangasarian, Iraqi-American computer scientist and mathematician (b. 1934)
 * April 7
 * Mishik Kazaryan, Russian physicist (b. 1948)
 * Adrian V. Stokes, British computer scientist (b. 1945)
 * April 11: John Horton Conway, British mathematician (b. 1937)
 * April 25: Thomas Huang, American computer scientist (b. 1936)
 * May 9: Timo Honkela, Finnish computer scientist (b. 1962)
 * June 5: Deborah Washington Brown, American computer scientist (b. 1952)
 * July 10: Michael M. Richter, German mathematician and computer scientist (b. 1938)
 * July 26: Bill English, American computer engineer and co-developer of the computer mouse (b. 1929)
 * August 4: Frances Allen, American computer scientist, first woman to win the Turing Award (b. 1932)
 * August 11: Russell Kirsch, American computer scientist and inventor of the first digital image scanner (b. 1929)
 * August 25: Rebeca Guber, Argentine mathematician and computer scientist (b.1926)
 * October 2: Victor Zalgaller, Russian-Israeli mathematician (b. 1920)
 * November 7: Chung Laung Liu, Taiwanese computer scientist (b. 1934)
 * November 14: Peter Pagé, German computer scientist (b. 1939)
 * November 23: Konrad Fiałkowski, Polish computer engineer (b. 1939)
 * December 1
 * Norman Abramson, American computer scientist and engineer (b. 1932)
 * Eric Engstrom, American software engineer and co-creator of DirectX (b. 1965)
 * December 14: Claudio Baiocchi, Italian mathematician (b. 1940)
 * December 22: Edmund M. Clarke, American computer scientist (b. 1945)
 * December 23: Lars Arge, Danish computer scientist (b. 1967)

Further topics
Very broad outlines of topic domains and topics with substantial progress during the decade not yet included above with a Further information: link: • Applications of wearable technology

• Recent applications of automation

• Smart grid

• R&D of novel machine-readable media

• Digital literacy

• AI literacy

• Remote sensing

• * Category:Earth observation platforms

• Digital agriculture

• * Precision agriculture

• Precision medicine

• Remote control animal

• Electronic health record

• Neurotechnology

• Neuromorphic engineering

• Research question

• Category:Free BIOS implementations

• List of open-source hardware

• Information and communications technology

• List of unsolved problems in computer science

• Outline of finance

• Outline of public relations

• Outline of computing

Software

 * Applications of artificial intelligence
 * Argumentation theory
 * Explainable artificial intelligence
 * Artificial intelligence art
 * Climate change mitigation
 * Education
 * Archivist
 * Decision-making software
 * Emulator
 * Video game console emulator
 * Technical standard
 * Supply chain sustainability
 * Sustainability standards and certification
 * Linux for mobile devices
 * Usage share of operating systems

COVID-19

 * Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education
 * Learning management system
 * Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology
 * Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation

Economic events and economics

 * 2020–present global chip shortage
 * Cryptocurrency bubble
 * Bug bounty program
 * China–United States trade war or general technological sovereignty policies
 * General topics
 * Business models for open-source software
 * Digital transformation
 * Distributive justice
 * Sustainable distribution
 * Sustainable design
 * Algorithms for resource allocation
 * Sustainable food system decision-making
 * 2020s in economic history

title: Timeline of computing 2020–present


text:
Samurai Cop

Samurai Cop is a 1991 American direct-to-video action film written, coproduced and directed by Amir Shervan and starring Robert Z'Dar, Matt Hannon and Mark Frazer. It has attained a cult following.

Plot
When a renegade Japanese gang known as the Katana take control of the cocaine trade in Los Angeles, the LAPD transfer in a "samurai" policeman from the SDPD to help tackle the problem. Joe Marshall has been trained by the masters in Japan and “speaks fluent Japanese”, but dresses like a commoner.

An attempted bust meets with failure after a bizarre car chase leads to multiple deaths and the only witness burned and unable to testify. Katana boss Fuj Fujiyama orders the injured Katana member to be executed and his head displayed on a piano to remind all remaining Katana members of their code of silence. Joe and his partner Frank confront the Katana at the Carlos'n Charlie's restaurant on Sunset Boulevard and attempt to reprimand them into obeying the law. When that fails, Fujiyama's right-hand man Yamashita wages war in the parking lot, executing his own men who fail to subdue Joe and Frank, thus maintaining the code of silence.

Joe eventually seduces Fujiyama's girlfriend Jennifer and they become intimate while several of his police comrades are tortured and killed by the Katana gang who are looking for him, and Fujiyama kidnaps Jennifer out of revenge. Unable to contain his anger any longer, commanding officer Captain Rohmer sanctions an assassination of every single Katana gang member. Joe and Frank head to Fujiyama's compound and gun down every living person and a final sword battle between Joe and Yamashita ends the Katanas' reign of terror. At the end, Joe and Jennifer embrace again on the beach.

Cast

 * Mathew Karedas as Joe Marshall (credited as Matt Hannon)
 * Robert Z'Dar as Yamashita
 * Mark Frazer as Frank Washington
 * Cranston Komuro as Fuj Fujiyama
 * Janis Farley as Jennifer
 * Gerald Okamura as Okamura
 * Dale Cummings as Captain Rohmer
 * Melissa Moore as Peggy
 * Jimmy Williams as Officer Carter

Production
The film moved swiftly into production, within a week of Amir Shervan and ex-Sylvester Stallone bodyguard Matt Hannon's first meeting. Upon walking into Shervan's office for the first time, Matt Hannon was told that he was perfect and was immediately handed the full script to the film. Despite the film being titled Samurai Cop, Hannon had no experience with weapons training, and all of his formal practice would be classified as MMA. As a result of Hannon's lack of experience and Shervan's inability to direct, all of the combat scenes were choreographed by martial arts expert Gerald Okamura, or were planned out by the actors themselves, sometimes only fifteen minutes before the scene in question was filmed.

Filming took place over several months, starting in June 1990. When actor Hannon had considered shooting to be finished, he had his hair cut short, only to be told that further shooting was to be done. Director Shervan obtained a lady's wig for the actor, which can be seen in several close up shots throughout the film. Lead actor Hannon stated that he and several other actors became frustrated with the dialogue in the film, while also expressing frustration at the lack of multiple takes. Hannon admitted to intentionally ruining takes due to his frustration, assuming that Shervan would not put them in the film, but these takes ended up in the film. A reflective Hannon was able to laugh at this, stating "so shame on me" in a 2014 interview with Red Letter Media. The shooting schedule was also poorly planned as Hannon and Mark Frazer both assumed the film was finished before Shervan called them in for reshoots in early 1991.

Amir Shervan could not afford lighting to shoot at night so the entire film is set during the day. Shervan also only had access to a handful of prop firearms, with the same Ruger GP100 and Smith & Wesson Model 15 revolvers reappearing in the hands of multiple characters, whereas Joe's Taurus PT92 pistol is exclusive to a single character. Actors also wore their own clothes and drove their own cars. Much of the film was shot without sound and done with single takes. Shervan had to dub voices months after production but could not get many of the bit part actors to return. Choosing to use his own voice, he warped it in post-production to sound different. His lack of ability to do this correctly resulted in ADR with a heavily robotic sound. Both lead actors, Hannon and Frazer, also supplied much of the voice over in the looping process. Hannon has stated in an interview with Red Letter Media that, "Amir did about 80% of the ADR voices." During these ADR sessions, Amir would film much of the necessary pick up shots, all from within the office. This is why many of the inserts of Frazer and Hannon in the film seem to be shot from the same corner of an office, which doesn't match with the rest of the location for any given scene.

Release
Director/Producer Amir Shervan took the film to the American Film Market (AFM) in the hopes of finding a distributor to buy the final product and give it a proper release. The film was never given a proper theatrical release; however, Polish distributor Demel International Corporation released it in Europe on VHS. It was released on DVD by Media Blasters in 2004 and on DVD in 2013 and Blu-ray in 2014 by Cinema Epoch.

There were rumors that the initial released cut of Samurai Cop was a print that had been found in a castle. Gregory Hatanaka, the founder of Cinema Epoch, and the one who owns the rights to the initial Samurai Cop film, claimed that this story was only partially true. The original 35mm print of the film was discovered by an employee of Hatanaka's in a vault that was specifically meant to store reels of film and preserve them. It was assumed that Shervan had stored the print for Samurai Cop as well as a few of his other films in this vault where they were happened upon by chance.

Reception and legacy
The film gained a following and achieved cult classic status due to its unintentional humor.

On March 25, 2016, Samurai Cop was released as a VOD title by RiffTrax. The RiffTrax edition received a two-day theatrical release in April 2017, provided by Fathom Events.

In August 2021, RiffTrax made the film officially available for free on their YouTube channel.

Sequel
Gregory Hatanaka, founder of Cinema Epoch, produced and directed a sequel, Samurai Cop 2: Deadly Vengeance, which was released in 2015.

It was revealed in a Vice interview that the lead actor of Samurai Cop, Mathew Karedas, (who is credited as Matt Hannon) was believed by many fans of the cult hit to have been dead for two years.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Samurai Cop


text:
Schönfeldspitze

Schönfeldspitze is, with an elevation of, the second highest mountain (after Selbhorn) in the Steinernes Meer, a sub-range of the Berchtesgaden Alps. It is located in the Austrian state of Salzburg, close to the German border.

Schönfeldspitze has a quite uncommon summit cross showing Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus (a Pietà).

title: Schönfeldspitze


text:
Topic talk:Marine biology

Ideas for learning and research projects
I've already posted some of my thoughts on the school of marine sciences page http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/School_talk:Marine_Sciences, so here are just a few suggestions specific to marine biology-

 * Secondary research project on the impact of global climate change on plankton - there is a growing body of research that the impact could be greater than expected - perhaps some scope for primary research into the extended effects of this - e.g. on distribution and ecology of consumers of plankton

 * Courses in 'Plankton and Microbial Life', 'Energy in the seas', 'Coral Reefs and Primary Productivity', 'Fisheries and Exploiting The Seas' and 'Introduction to Marine Chemistry and Physics'.

Jimbobalina2005 16:12 (GMT) 2 September 2006

title: Topic talk:Marine biology


text:
User:Fabian fernandes123

Name: Fabian Fernandes

DOB: 27 08 2001

place of birth : Malwan

city:Kalyan

state: Maharashtra

country:India

title: User:Fabian fernandes123


text:
Shilipu station (Wuhan Metro)

Shilipu Station, is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2014. It is located in Hanyang District.

title: Shilipu station (Wuhan Metro)


text:
Talk:Dawid Podsiadło

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:32, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dawid Podsiadło


text:
Battle of Río Bueno (1759)

The Battle of Río Bueno in 1759 was a military engagement between Spanish colonial forces and local Huilliche in the Bueno River of south-central Chile. The battle was fought on January 27 with the Spanish forces led by Juan Antonio Garretón. The battle of 1759 was an exception to the overall policy of befriending indigenous communities on behalf of the Spanish authorities in Valdivia.

Beginning in the mid-18th century the Spanish enclave of Valdivia started a period of agricultural expansion. The expansion was mainly directed to the south and was done mostly by pacific means, but hostilities with indigenous Huilliches did occur. In 1758 Huilliche chief Huarán requested Spanish soldiers to defend his lands against his Cunco enemies. The Governor of Valdivia Ambrosio Sáes de Bustamante responded to this call leading to the Battle of Río Bueno in 1759.

There are differing views on the outcome of this battle; according to Diego Barros Arana it was a Spanish victory, yet historian Salvador Rumian Cisterna considers that with the battle chiefs Catrillanca and Paidil managed to halt any further Spanish advance.

After the battle captured Huilliches told the Spanish about the existence of uncontacted Spanish settlements further inside indigenous territory, envigorating belief among the populace of Valdivia about the legendary City of the Caesars. Ignacio Pinuer, a staunch believer in the existence of the city, was present in the battle of Río Bueno claiming "the Caesars" participated in the "Christian" side by attacking the indigenous rearguard at night, securing thus a Spanish victory.

title: Battle of Río Bueno (1759)


text:
Witham Third District IDB

Witham Third District IDB is an English internal drainage board set up under the terms of the Land Drainage Act 1930. The Board inherited the responsibilities of the Witham General Drainage Commissioners, who were first constituted by an act of Parliament of 1762. They manage the land drainage of an area to the north and east of the River Witham, between Lincoln and Dogdyke, which includes the valley of the River Bain to above Hemingby, and the valleys of Barlings Eau and most of its tributaries, to the north east of Lincoln.

Most of the parishes were enclosed in the late 1700s, by separate acts of Parliament, and steam-powered drainage was introduced from the 1830s. Steam engines were gradually replaced by oil and diesel engines, and most have since been superseded by electric pumps. The Witham Third District IDB maintains seventeen pumping stations and 140 mi of drainage channels.

Organisation
The River Witham passes through low-lying land in Lincolnshire, which is susceptible to flooding. In 1762, an Act of Parliament was passed, which created the Witham General Drainage Commissioners, and divided the area into six districts, each with responsibility for land drainage. These were called the Witham First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Districts. The Third District covered an area of 4621 acre, bounded on the south and west by the river, and including Stainfield and Tattershall, with the higher ground to the north and east forming the other boundary.

There was initially one Commissioner for each of the parishes or places of the district, and these District Commissioners then elected five General Commissioners to represent them on the Witham General Drainage Commission. This body consisted of 31 Commissioners, with the remaining 26 being elected by the five other Drainage Districts created by the original Act.

The Land Drainage Act 1930 made provision for the creation of internal drainage boards. The Witham Third District IDB was formally constituted on 1 November 1934, and brought together the Witham Third District Commissioners, the River Bain Drainage Board, the Bardney Drainage Board, the Greetwell District Drainage Commissioners, and the Kirkstead Drainage Board. A committee of 15 was appointed by a government minister, and the administrative offices were in Mint Street, Lincoln. Two clerks, an engineer and a finance officer were soon appointed, and a finance committee and works committee were formed. A third committee looked at how resources could be shared with the Witham First District IDB, but this was short-lived.

When the IDB took over from the Drainage Commissioners, there were three main pumping engines, at Short Ferry, Stixwould and Dogdyke. The pumping station attendants lived isolated lives, ensuring that the coal-fired engines were available for service at any time of the day or night. These were replaced by diesel engines, and a scheme to replace the large stations with a number of smaller electric pumping stations was started in the 1950s. The large number of directly employed men and the use of contractors for new schemes has been replaced by a small team of multi-skilled workers who maintain the watercourses using a variety of machinery. The controlling Board is made up of 31 members, seven appointed by the City of Lincoln, three by West Lindsey District Council and four by East Lindsey District Council. 15 are elected by the ratepayers of the district, and the final two are joint appointments.

Development
Prior to the eighteenth century, land on both sides of the River Witham below Lincoln was open common land. During the summer months, it was possible to graze animals on it, but even then, it was subject to regular flooding. During the winter months, it was generally under water for long periods, and could not be used at all. Although work had been carried out to straighten the channel of the river, and constructing the Grand Sluice to the north of Boston, neither measure was sufficient to make the land suitable for agriculture. In order to achieve this, it would be necessary to embank the land, and to provide means of raising the water into the main rivers. Such an action would also require the common rights of the local people to be removed. The bodies created by the 1762 Act were responsible for all interior works within their area, and the maintenance of drains and pumping engines, for which they had powers to change rates.

Although the Third District Commissioners were established by the Act, in practice smaller areas within the District, known as Drainage Levels, obtained their own Acts of Parliament to authorise specific works. Thus there were Drainage Levels for Greetwell; Stainfield, Barlings and Fiskerton; Bardney, Southrey and Stixwold; and Tattershall. The Greetwell Drainage District was established by an Act obtained in 1861. Five Commissioners managed the Level, and to be a Commissioner, either he or his wife had to own at least 20 acre within the District, or be an occupier of at least 40 acre. Because of the increased volumes of water which would be pumped into the Witham, the Commissioners had to pay £5 per year to the Great Northern Railway Company (GNR). The GNR were the owners of the Witham Navigation, and the money was for maintenance of the banks of the river. The Greetwell Level covered an area of around 1500 acre, but the amount of water that had to be managed was disproportionate, as water from the higher ground to the north found its way into the drains, and the banks of the Witham were porous, resulting in significant seepage out of the river and into the drains.

Responsibility for the North Delph, a catchwater drain running parallel to the river for 9 mi from Lincoln to Horsley Deeps, passed from the GNR to the Commissioners. Before the Act, the land had been drained by a wind pump, but the Commissioners built a steam pumping station where the South Delph and the old course of the River Witham met. It was rated at 30 hp and drove a scoop wheel which was 31 ft in diameter. The cost of the project was £949. A second pumping station, with a 50 hp steam engines driving two 21 in centrifugal pumps was erected in 1893 at a cost of £644. The first engine was made by Jarvis and Horsfield of Leeds, while the second was supplied by Robey and Company. Both lasted until 1935, when they were replaced by two Ruston & Hornsby twin-cylinder engines, connected to 30 in pumps manufactured by Gwynnes. Although superseded by an Allen-Gwynnes 27 in pump and electric motor in 1977, the diesel engines were retained as a standby system.

There was also a 16 hp steam engine located near Barlings Lock, which pumped water into the old course of the Witham near Shorts Ferry, but this was privately financed by landowners. The engine was rated at 16 hp and was installed some time before 1881. It was replaced by a 30 hp steam engine driving an 18 in Gwynnes pump in 1896. The plant was demolished between 1943 and 1953, and the district has been drained by an Allen-Gwynnes 20 in electric pump since 1977.

Drainage of the Bardney District, which consisted of the villages of Bardney, Bucknall, Edlington, Horsington, Southrey, Stixwould, Tupholme and Thimbleby, was authorised by an Act obtained in 1843. The district covered an area of 2720 acre, and a drainage engine was erected in 1846. It consisted of a low pressure condensing beam engine, driving a 28 ft scoop wheel. Drainage rates were collected from 2610 acre, but again, water entered the district from the higher ground to the north, and so the engine drained almost twice that area. The beam engine and scoop wheel were replaced by a Robey tandem compound steam engine and a vertical spindle pump in 1913. The station was further upgraded in 1936, when two Ruston & Hornsby oil engines with Gwynnes pumps were installed. Electric pumps manufactured by Allen-Gwynnes were installed around 1977, but the oil engines were retained as a back-up system.

Kirkstead was a smaller district, with an engine which drained some 700 acre. It was unusual, in that there was a flour mill between the engine and the scoop wheel, and the engine was used to power that when drainage was not necessary. The engine was scrapped some time before 1936. In 1948, an 18 in axial-flow Gwynnes pump was installed, which was driven by a 37.5 hp induction motor. It was controlled automatically.

The Tattershall District was the earliest to obtain an Act of Parliament, which it did in 1796. After enclosure, it was drained by a wind engine, but this was replaced by a steam engine with a 24 ft scoop wheel in 1855. The engine was a 16 hp beam engine, manufactured by Bradley & Craven Ltd of Wakefield. Steam was generated by a Cornish boiler, which was replaced by a Foster boiler in 1909. The engine house originally had a 100 ft chimney, but this was struck by lightning in 1922, after which it was shortened. It was demolished in 1941, soon after a new pumping station was built, housing a Ruston diesel engine and a 22 in Gwynnes pump. This has been superseded by an electric pumping station, but is still maintained by the Third District as a backup. The steam and diesel engines are cared for by the Dogdyke Pumping Station Preservation Trust, and the station is opened to the public several times a year, when the engines are operational. The boiler was replaced by a Clayton cross-tube vertical boiler in 1976, and replaced again in 2001. The buildings are Grade II listed and scheduled ancient monuments.

title: Witham Third District IDB


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Turning point of World War II/archive1

Turning point of World War II

I've listed this article for peer review because I would consider it (relatively) high on the importance scale and knowing myself I've probably made a bunch of mistakes that I could resolve with a fresh pair of eyes

Thanks, Loafiewa (talk) 13:11, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

 * According to https://brooksysociety.com/2020/03/24/winston-churchills-reaction-to-pearl-harbor/ Churchill knew the war was won when the USA entered. Chidgk1 (talk) 07:25, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment everything needs to be cited to a reliable source. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 06:39, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment. 1. A single Historynet article cand hardly establish the significance of the artitcle's subject. We need more sources. 2. We need monographs written by renowned military historians about WWII (not about individual battles/operations) to determine which events are mentioned as "the" turning point of WWII by specialists. 3. About 50% of the article is unverified, we need more citations to scholarly works. Borsoka (talk) 02:41, 30 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The view that there wasn't a turning point also needs to be discussed, as some historians argue that the Axis never had a realistic prospect of victory - from memory, this might be Adam Tooze's view. There seems to be something close to a consensus that Japan never had a chance of success in its war with the United States and was doomed to defeat from Pearl Harbor. Nick-D (talk) 00:33, 10 October 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:David Mabberley

Untitled
Oh do us a favor, Mabberley is hardly one of the greatest etc! This person is a botanist in later years doing what all successful botanists will do, this is subjective comment, it is also very over-stated. Biography wikipedians will inspect this entry for this over-statement in future years we hope! —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:51, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Overstatement
Please edit this; it has all the signs of being written by Mabberley himself. In particular his failed attempt to recreate Robert brown's identification of the cell nucleus for BBC television was spectacular and should be critically reviewed. As the previous commentator has so wisely suggested, this needs objective editing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:55, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

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 * Professor David John Mabberley.jpg

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title: Talk:David Mabberley


text:
Song Ha-choon

Song Ha-choon (born September 27, 1944) is a South Korean writer, critic, and a researcher of Korean literature.

Early life and education
He was born in Kimje, Jeollabukdo. He graduated from Namsung Middle School and Namsung High School in Iksan, Jeollabukdo. He entered Sungkyunkwan University but dropped out. Later he graduated from Korea University in Korean literature and received a doctorate from the same school. He then worked as a Korean literature professor at Korea University.

He began his literary career when he won the Chosun Ilbo New Writer's Contest in 1972 with “Han beon geureotge bonaen gaeul” (한 번 그렇게 보낸 가을One Autumn I Had Spent That Way).

Writing
Song Ha-choon says that to him, writing fiction is a type of buffer. The world is a hopeless place, but he can use fiction to buffer the shock of such despair. As brutal and reckless as it gets, when he fights it with a clear mind, he says that it gives him strength to live on in the world. Writing gives him the strength and the abundance in mind that enables him to endure the world.

As such, his fiction also warmly looks upon those that are struggling through life. In his 1987 novel Eunjangdowa teureompet (은장도와 트럼펫 The Silver Sword and the Trumpet), he depicts the everyday enlightenments of life that happen through concrete experiences. Habaekui ttaldeul (하백의 딸들 The Daughters of Habaek), published in 1994, depicts those that struggle to live in a twisted society with a benevolent view. Literary critic Kim In-hwan has said that Song Ha-choon is “not an escapist writer who tries to oppose the world and withdraw into the inner mind, but is more of the harmonic type who trusts in the kindness of people and aims for order in the world”, adding that he is a writer that writes fiction that “contains longing for harmonic life that does not violate or hurt others“.

Works

 * Hankukgeundae soseolsajeon: 1980-1917 (한국근대 소설사전 1980-1917 The Encyclopedia of Modern Korean Fiction: 1980–1917), 2015.
 * The Sphinx Does Not Know Either (스핑크스도 모른다), 2012.
 * Panjeonui geulssi (판전의 글씨 The Words on the Tablet), 2006.
 * Taepyeongyangeul oreuda (태평양을 오르다 Climbing the Pacific), 2004.
 * Son Chang-seop (손창섭), 2003.
 * Kkumkkuneun gongryong (꿈꾸는 공룡 The Dreaming Dinosaur), 1998.
 * Tamguroseo-ui soseoldokbeob (탐구로서의 소설독법 Fiction Reading as Research), 1996.
 * 1920 nyeondaeui hankuksoseolyeongu (1920년대 한국소설연구 Study of 1920s Korean Literature), 1995.
 * Habaekui ttaldeul (하백의 딸들 The Daughters of Habaek), 1994.
 * Chae Man-sik (채만식), 1994.
 * 1950 nyeondaeui si-indeul (1950년대의 시인들 Poets of 1950s), 1994.
 * 1950 nyeondaeui soseolgadeul (1950년대의 소설가들Fiction Writers of 1950s), 1994.
 * Balgyeoneuroseo-ui soseolgibeob (발견으로서의 소설기법 Discovery as Writing Technique), 1993.
 * Hobak-kkot yeoreum (호박꽃 여름 The Summer of Pumpkin Flower), 1990.
 * Eunjangdowa teureompet (은장도와 트럼펫 The Silver Sword and the Trumpet), 1987.
 * Hanbeon geureotge bonaen gaeul (한번 그렇게 보낸 가을 One Autumn I Had Spent That Way), 1979.

Awards

 * Chae Man-sik Literary Award, 2012.
 * Oh Yeongsu Literary Award, 1995.

title: Song Ha-choon


text:
Jesus Prayer

Proper noun

 * 1)  A short formulaic prayer entreating mercy from Jesus Christ.
 * 2) * 1957,, "Zooey", in, 1961, , 1991 LB Books edition, page 111
 * The old monk tells him that the one prayer acceptable to God at all times, and 'desired' by God, is the Jesus Prayer—'Lord Jesus Christ, have mercy on me.'

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 耶穌禱文

title: Jesus Prayer


text:
User:Goclenius/book annotation

Usage:

Smith, John. My best book. New York: Vanitas Press, 1900.

Smith, John. My worst book. New York: Melancholia Press, 1901.

title: User:Goclenius/book annotation


text:
Derek Stanford (politician)

Derek C. Stanford (born October 18, 1970) is an American statistician and politician serving as a member of the Washington State Senate, representing the 1st district since 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a member of the Washington House of Representatives from 2011 to 2019.

In July 2019, Stanford was appointed to the Washington Senate after previously serving in the Washington House of Representatives. He was appointed to complete the term of Guy Palumbo who resigned to lobby for Amazon. Stanford was replaced in the House by Bothell City Councilmember Davina Duerr.

title: Derek Stanford (politician)


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Blond Ambition World Tour/archive1

Blond Ambition World Tour
I've listed this article for peer review because me and want to take this article to GA. We would like to request a Peer review before we proceed with the nomination.

Thanks, Christian (talk) 23:30, 20 September 2019 (UTC) I'll take a look. Thatone weird wikier Say hi 20:04, 8 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Accessibility concerns – I noticed that the table lacks  to identify rows (see WP:DTAB). Also, MOS:DTT advises against headers, such as "Asia", "North America", and "Europe" in the table and provides two alternatives. A recent discussion questioned whether identifying the continents is necessary. Otherwise, it seems to be a very comprehensive and well-written article. —Ojorojo (talk) 15:16, 29 September 2019 (UTC)
 * "Originally planned to be called Like a Prayer World Tour..." Like a Prayer World Tour probably needs quotation marks. ✅
 * "A highly controversial tour due to its sexual and catholic imagery..." This needs rewording, especially in the context it's in.✅
 * I think it would be better to mark the five parts of the show in the 'Setlist' section, if you can.
 * This has never been done on other Madonna-related articles (and so many of her tours are divided into sections), besides the sections are already stated in "Concert Synopsis"

That's everything. Well done so far! Thatone weird wikier Say hi 20:16, 8 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Done! --Christian (talk) 18:22, 12 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Looking much better. Thanks for your time! Thanks, Thatone weird wikier Say hi 05:51, 13 December 2019 (UTC)


text:
Germanic names in Italy

Germanic names in Italy started to proliferate after the fall of the Roman Empire due to the Barbarian Invasions of 4th-6th centuries.

Early studies of the Germanic names in Italy were carried out by German scholars (e.g., Bruckner (1895), and Gamillsсheg 1934 - 1936).

History
The adoption of Germanic names in Italy was less prominent than in Gaul, another part of the Roman Empire conquered by the Barbarian kingdoms, and was associated with the Ostrogothic and Lombards settlement in Italy. Over time, there was a growing mismatch between the ethnicity and the naming, similar to the Gaul. While initially Gothic names belonged to the Goths, by the 10th century the choice was influenced by the fashion independently of the ethnicity. Often the names were hybrids: German suffixes were added to Roman roots (e.g., Forteramnus =Forte + -ramn + -us) and vice versa (Hrodemia, from Hroðr). Eventually Germanic names have become predominant, but did not displace the Latin-language ones completely. Christianity has played a considerable role in preservation of the classical Greco-Latin names, related to religious ideas and saints. Even the names of pagan gods were preserved via the name of saints (e.g., Mercurius, Victoria) Eventually, in the process of the adoption by non-Germans, Germanic names mutated and became the new names of their own.

title: Germanic names in Italy


text:
Talk:Annius Plocamus

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title: Talk:Annius Plocamus


text:
Mirazizbek Mirzakhalilov

Mirazizbek Mirzakhalilov (born 27 February 1995) is an Uzbek professional boxer. As an amateur, he won a gold medal at the 2019 World Championships, 2019 Asian Championships, and 2018 Asian Games.

Olympic result
Tokyo 2020
 * Round of 16: Defeated by Kurt Walker (Republic of Ireland) 4–1

World Championships result
Yekaterinburg 2019
 * Round of 32: Defeated Douglas de Andrade (Brazil) 5–0
 * Round of 16: Defeated Mohamed Hamout (Morocco) 4–1
 * Quarter-finals: Defeated Kairat Yeraliyev (Kazakhstan) 4–1
 * Semi-final: Defeated Erdenebatyn Tsendbaatar (Mongolia) 5–0
 * Final: Defeated Lázaro Álvarez (Cuba) 3–2

Belgrade 2021
 * Round of 32: Defeated by Jahmal Harvey (United States) 3–2

Asian Games result
Jakarta-Palembang 2018
 * Round of 16: Defeated Mohammad Al-Wadi (Jordan) 5–0
 * Quarter-finals: Defeated Kharkhüügiin Enkh-Amar (Mongolia) 3–2
 * Semi-finals: Defeated Sunan Agung Amoragam (Indonesia) 5–0
 * Final: Defeated Jo Hyo-nam (North Korea) RSCI

Early career
Mirzakhalilov made his professional debut on 3 April 2021 in a bout against Tasha Mjuaji. Mirzakhalilov knocked his opponent down twice on route to a knockout win in the opening round.

title: Mirazizbek Mirzakhalilov


text:
Talk:Nate Jones (cornerback)

Mention Jones' Appearance on Kitchen Nightmares
The article should mention somewhere that Nate Jones appeared on season 2 Episode 9 of Kitchen Nightmares. James Jones appeared in the same episode and his Wikipedia page mentions his show appearance. Michaelma4 (talk) 03:44, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nate Jones (cornerback)


text:
Talk:Polish

Untitled
Should we split this into several pages? -- Emperorbma
 * I think so. Please go ahead. Kpjas

When I red this I wonder how I was capable to learn this language :) I think that it would be nice to write something about double negation in polish. Dryobates.
 * i'm not sure that i wouldn't say that i don't disagree with you. ;) Boud 12:01, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

I started a new link: Polish Idioms and Expressions. But I need someone else to write in it! Please, be a Polish person =) or someone who speaks Polish REALLY fluently :-) Dziewcyna Gwiazda

I'm from Poland and I can help you. Just say, what do you want?

Hi Dziewcyna Gwiazda, some of my friends on pl.wikipedia and other online forums might well enjoy making a list of boud-ish idioms and expressions in Polish ;), before they get lost because i forget my old errors... But that would be too cult-ish. Boud 13:49, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

There is an idiomatic expression in Polish which literally translates into English as: "He is from Pipiduvec." Pipiduvec (sp.?) is a mythical town where only "stupid people" live, so the expression means, "He is stupid," or "he is an idiot." Do you know this expression?

 * As far as I know (I'm native speaker but not a linguist), it's not exactly like that. "pipidówa" (pipi-doova) is a term for a small, primitive village. You could say "damn, what a pipidówa, they don't even have a shop here". --Derbeth talk 18:04, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Naming convention change
Would anyone have something agains changing naming convention from archaic colon style to new slash style (Polish:Introductions would become Polish/Introductions)? This change would provide readers with backlinks to the table of contents on top of every chapter.

This change can be done by a bot, with no need to edit anything manually. I just need consensus of book contributors. --Derbeth talk 08:12, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Forum
If this is a book for the people who want to learn Polish, maybe it would be a good idea to create a sister-forum to this book? I mean, to create a forum where people who learn Polish could ask questions and some netives (like me) would answer them?

Too focused in grammar
Hello. I am writing the polish wikibook in portuguese language and I would just like to say to the english writers that this course is too focused in grammar. A beginners course should have a more vocabulary then grammar. Take a look at the German wikibook for some inspiration. thanks --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:17, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

More pharses and useful words! (nie lubię angielskiego ;p)

Licence vs. License
SHB2000, you have reverted my typo fix: Polish. I didn't know that "Licence" is correct in British English. Thanks! But also GNU Free Documentation License is the official name of the license. Probably, this particular case is not w:WP:ENGVAR. -- Alexey Vazhnov (discuss • contribs) 09:41, 3 January 2023 (UTC)
 * my bad. Usually, though, license in British English is a verb while licence is a noun (but as a speaker of Australian English, I just use license regardless), but I didn't realise it was a part of a proper name. I'll self-revert my edit. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 09:46, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polish


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barbara Poppe

The result was soft delete. Based on minimal participation, this uncontroversial nomination is treated as an expired PROD (a.k.a. "soft deletion"). Editors can request the article's undeletion. North America1000 15:54, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

Barbara Poppe

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

A government agency director turned private consultant in a niche field who have connection. When a government agency obtain reports, they often make it available to the public which is then picked up by the media and that's just how it is. The person does not pass the ANYBIO criteria. The article was also crated by someone working for as made evident by the "ich" suffix in the article creator's name.

"The person has received a well-known and significant award or honor, or has been nominated for such an award several times." - does not appear so.

"The person has made a widely recognized contribution that is part of the enduring historical record in a specific field." does not appear so. not widely recognized after doing google scholars search.

"The person has an entry in the Dictionary of National Biography or similar publication." - nope Graywalls (talk) 20:53, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Businesspeople-related deletion discussions. Graywalls (talk) 20:53, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Women-related deletion discussions. Graywalls (talk) 20:53, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Note to closer for soft deletion: This nomination has had limited participation and falls within the standards set for lack of quorum. There are no previous AfD discussions, undeletions, or current redirects and no previous PRODs have been located. This nomination may be eligible for soft deletion at the end of its 7-day listing. --Cewbot (talk) 00:03, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Logs:

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Salvio 11:16, 23 August 2020 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Aaqib Anjum Aafī (talk) 18:34, 30 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Vineet Kothari

Justice Vineet Kothari (born: 2 September 1959) is an Indian Judge who is now a designated Senior Advocate practising at Supreme Court of India. He is former Acting Chief Justice of Gujarat High Court. He is Former Judge of Madras High Court, Karnataka High Court and Rajasthan High Court.

Career
He born in a Jain family of chartered accountants. He completed B.Com.(Hons.) from Jodhpur university in 1978. After practising as a chartered accountant for 26 years, he served with distinction the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal for 15 years from 1989 to 2004. He was not the member of income tax appellate tribunal rather his elder brother Mr. B M kothari was member of income tax appellate tribunal.

He was elevated as Judge of Rajasthan High Court on 13 June 2005. Transferred as Judge of Karnataka High Court on 18 April 2016. Transferred as Judge of Madras High Court on 23 November 2018. Transferred as Judge of Gujarat High Court on 4 January 2021. Appointed as Acting Chief Justice of Gujarat High Court on 31 August 2021 consequent upon the appointment of Justice Vikram Nath as a Judge of Supreme Court of India. He was retired on 1 September 2021.

title: Vineet Kothari