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Wikipedia:Peer review/Texas Revolution/archive1

Texas Revolution
This peer review discussion has been closed. and I are on a push to get this article to FA status by the end of March.

I tried very hard to be NPOV and explore the perspectives of both Mexico and the rebels, so please let me know where I didn't strike the proper balance. I also tried hard to keep out my natural inclination to make fun of both sides (I consider this war to be something of a farce on all sides), and I'm not sure how successful I was at that.

The article is currently just over 10,000 words, and that is after I already cut about 15% of the original text. Please help us figure out what, if anything, needs to be removed from the article or further summarized...or if we left anything out, despite the length. Copyediting is, as always, much appreciated.

Thanks, Karanacs (talk) 14:49, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Comments. As always, feel free to revert my copyediting. - Dank (push to talk)
 * "the increasingly large population of American settlers in Texas, when hostilities erupted, Texians": Is Texian meant as another way of referring to this group of settlers? If so, I'll reword to make that clearer. - Dank (push to talk) 21:18, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks for taking a look, Dan. Texian refers to the non-Mexican-born population (mostly people from the US, but there were also settlers from Ireland and Germany).  Karanacs (talk) 21:37, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Sure, but it's not a word most readers will know (exactly, even if they have a general sense), so work in whatever definition you like ... which probably means the sentence will have to be split. - Dank (push to talk) 22:58, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "toward, towards": More consistency is needed than you have. Generally, it's best to go with one or the other, but there are arguments that usage allows both. - Dank (push to talk) 20:20, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "fight against the Constitution of 1824": not sure whether this is aiming at "no longer dispute the Constitution of 1824" or "no longer fight the supporters of ...".
 * "78% had arrived from the United States after October 2, 1835": I don't get the sense that this was a time of fastidious record-keeping; do we know the figure this exactly?
 * Done. I like the pacing. - Dank (push to talk) 21:59, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Dan! Both the lead and the background section now mention that Texians were English-speaking settlers. I standardized on "towards" with the exception of a direct quote.  I clarified "fight against the supporters of the Constitution of 1824".  On the army composition, I moved the note to the end of the paragraph and expanded it a bit.  It reads: "These numbers are gathered from a combination of surviving muster rolls and veteran applications for land grants.  It is likely that the statistics on the Texian army size in both 1835 and 1836 underestimate the number of Tejanos who served in the army.  American volunteers who returned to the US without claiming land are also undercounted."  Karanacs (talk) 16:04, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Comments from Mike Christie
I'll add comments here as I go through the article. I'll copyedit as I go; feel free to revert at will.

Lead:
 * You say in the second sentence that the settlers are American, but I think you might add that adjective to "colonists" in the first sentence -- it's a key point and the first sentence should capture it if possible.
 * Done (by Dan?) Karanacs (talk) 19:20, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Looks like this hasn't been done. What I'm suggesting is changing this: "The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) began when colonists in the Mexican province of Texas rebelled against the increasingly centralist Mexican government. Despite a decade of political and cultural clashes between the Mexican government and the increasingly large population of American settlers in Texas" to this: "The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) began when American colonists in the Mexican province of Texas rebelled against the increasingly centralist Mexican government. Despite a decade of political and cultural clashes between the Mexican government and the increasingly large population of settlers in Texas". Mike Christie (talk - contribs -  library) 12:19, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I get it now. I've changed the first sentence to "colonists (primarily from the United States)".  Not all of the colonists were from the US, but most were American. Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree with Dank that "Texians" should be defined inline on first use. I lived in Texas for nearly twenty years, and my wife and all my in-laws are Texan, and I had never heard the word before seeing it on Wikipedia.  That doesn't mean we shouldn't use it, but we shouldn't require a reader to follow a link to understand a critical word.
 * Done. Karanacs (talk) 19:20, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The convention in 1836 was in March, but from the narrative in the lead the reader assumes it's no later than February since it appears that it is part of what offended Santa Anna, and led to his army entering Texas in February. I think the sequence as given in the lead is fine but the reader should be clearer we're stepping back a month or two.
 * Done. Karanacs (talk) 19:20, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Background:
 * The map has the main text rather clumsily overlaying the U.S.-Mexico boundary. This is an SVG, so it's fixable by anyone with an svg editor such as Inkscape.  I might be able to get to it if nobody else volunteers.
 * I don't have an SVG editor, unfortunately. Karanacs (talk) 19:02, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I can probably get to this; I'll hold off for now; see next comment. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 12:19, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I've now fixed this problem; you may have to refresh the page to see the new version, but the text at top right now does not overlap with the boundary. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 03:04, 20 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The map is wrong in another respect; what it describes as the current frontiers are definitely wrong -- the panhandle looks nothing like that. It would be easier to change the text to describe the frontiers as drawn that to change the frontiers, though both are doable.
 * It would be interesting to see a map of Coahuila y Tejas that is totally accurate. The one in the article was made in Mexico and represents Mexico's administrative divisions. Not sure what you mean about the panhandle not looking like that, since the Panhandle didn't come into being until the Compromise of 1850. But I believe the map in the article, if you just go by colonization grants to Anglos, is not that far off from Commons:File:Map of Coahuila and Texas in 1833.jpg that is directly from the Map Collection of the Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Here are some other maps: Commons:Category:Territorial growth maps of the United States.— Maile  (talk) 21:23, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * What I meant was that the "current frontiers" note in that map's legend is wrong; the panhandle today looks nothing like the map, so the map doesn't show the current frontiers. For our purposes we don't need it to, so just fixing the legend is OK.  However, there used to be editors that could create maps to order and would do so on request (with sufficient warning).  I think we should decide exactly what maps would be most useful here, and then request them.  I'll see if I can find the editor I remember, but there are probably others. Mike Christie (talk - contribs -  library) 12:19, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Here is one of the places I was trying to remember, but sadly it appears to be moribund. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 02:24, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

I followed the links that had provided and found a few more maps I didn't know existed.
 * 1) I put two of these in the Republic of Texas section in the article. One shows the location of the Rep. of Tx in comparison to Mexico; the other shows it in comparison to the US.  Keep both?  Keep just one?  Ditch both?
 * 2) For the background section, instead of the existing map, we could use this map of Coahuila y Tejas. It shows location only.
 * 3) I also found a new resource of maps at the Portal to Texas History that are in the public domain. this one shows the movements of the armies, but it's hard to read. Ideally this is what I would love to show, but it is still under copyright.  Karanacs (talk) 16:16, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I also found this map of Texas in 1838 that shows towns, rivers, and roads. Karanacs (talk) 17:04, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * And this one is fairly simple, BUT it has a misspelling (Houstin vs Houston) and it shows the Republic of Fredonia, which may confuse people. Karanacs (talk) 17:14, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * "Filibuster"'s speech-making meaning is now so much better known that I think you should clarify it inline; perhaps just with a parenthetical "(freebooters)".
 * Changing it to "freebooters". - Dank (push to talk) 18:45, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment here from an American. I had to look up the word filibuster when I first started seeing it on Wikipedia used in military terms.  To me, a filibuster is a long-winded talk-a-thon in government legislative bodies to prevent business from being done.  That said, I don't know if I've heard the word "freebooter" used much at all. — Maile  (talk) 18:56, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Freebooters is not a term I'm familiar with. ALL of the sources use filibusters.  Karanacs (talk) 19:02, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Okay, I went with "irregular soldiers acting without authority", does that work for you? - Dank (push to talk) 19:17, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I put filibuster back in. That's the proper term, and it is widely used in military articles. Karanacs (talk) 19:20, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If it's the proper term, we should use it, but can we add "(irregular soldiers acting without authority)" or some other explanatory parenthesis after it? Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 12:19, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * After the mention of Coahuila y Tejas, I'm no longer clear what geographical area the article is referring to by "Texas" -- e.g. when it says "Texas was very sparsely populated". Does this refer to the area in red labelled Texas on the map?  Or the area claimed by Texas after the revolution?
 * That's a great question. When I used Texas throughout the article, I meant Mexican Texas, the boundaries set out in the first paragraph of background.  Coahuila y Tejas had different boundaries, and the Republic of Texas had yet another set of boundaries.  I need to think on this a little. Karanacs (talk) 19:14, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "By 1834, an estimated 30,000 Anglos lived in Coahuila y Tejas,[19] compared to only 7,800 Tejanos": if this refers to the population of all of Coahuila y Tejas, as it appears to, it seems odd to refer to the non-Anglos as Tejanos if they lived in what used to be Coahuila and would never be referred to as Texas. Or have I misread this?
 * GREAT catch! I fixed it. Karanacs (talk) 19:20, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It appears that Béxar is shorthand for San Antonio de Béxar; it took me a while to work that out. Initially I thought Béxar must be another town.  Could this be introduced as an abbreviation?
 * Done. - Dank (push to talk) 18:52, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The location of the capital of Coahuila y Tejas is important at a couple of points -- first when it's pointed out that it's hundreds of miles from the Anglo settlers, and later when Viesca decides to convene the state assembly in Béxar instead because it's further from the Mexican Army -- but it's never named and the location is never given.
 * Done (Monclova). Karanacs (talk) 19:20, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Gonzales:
 * The flag image looks very like a modern impression to me, and not a reproduction of the original, assuming that it's known exactly what that looked like. I think this image might be better, though I don't know where this version actually comes from. I'm not going to be in Austin again before March, otherwise I'd go to the museum and check.
 * The "Source" listed at Commons says "self made". Reproductions are sold many places in Texas, such as the Texas Capitol Gift Shop #1 and Capitol gift shop framed cheesy version. Would it help to just label it as a reproductiion?— Maile  (talk) 22:18, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I've struck this, because labeling it as a modern reproduction solves the issue, but I think the older flags would be a better fit for the article. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 12:19, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * This isn't a requirement, just a suggestion, but you might consider a general area map with the main placenames indicated, including the key battles, and also some indication on the same map of modern boundaries. I've actually been to Gonzales, which puts me in a pretty small minority of Wikipedia readers, and even so I wouldn't mind being reminded just where it is.  This map, from the Roman-Persian wars article, is the sort of thing I'm thinking of.
 * I agree with you, but I am hopeless at creating maps. The one in the Goliad campaign section is the only one I've created, and I think it's awful. I can make one similar to that with more city names, if you think it would be worthwhile.Karanacs (talk) 19:02, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * See comment above about requesting maps. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 12:19, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

Gulf Coast campaign: Siege of Béxar:
 * "The remainder of the Mexican garrison, who had been out on patrol, approached": to my ear this should be "which", not "who", but perhaps it's an AmEng/BrEng difference.
 * Done. Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "accompanied by 15–20 loyal centralists from San Patricio": I had to search for "centralist" to realize that this meant supporters of the centralized Mexican government. How about "accompanied by 15–20 centralists, loyal to the Mexican central government, from San Patricio"?
 * I changed a sentence in background to read "Santa Anna soon revealed himself to be a centralist, transitioning the Mexican government to a centralized government.". Hopefully that makes it more clear. Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "all communication with the Mexican interior would now be transferred overland": not sure what "transferred" means here. If I understand the intended meaning correctly, how about rewriting the last two sentences of that paragraph as follows: "With their departure, the Texian Army controlled the Gulf Coast, so Cos's communication with the Mexican interior now had to be overland. The slower land journey left Cos unable to quickly request or receive reinforcements or supplies."  I changed "slower" to "land" because technically the land route was probably slightly shorter; surely the point is that it was slower?
 * I changed it to this -> "With their departure, the Texian Army controlled the Gulf Coast, forcing Mexican commanders to send all communication with the Mexican interior overland. The slower journey left Cos unable to quickly request or receive reinforcements or supplies." It was probably longer and slower, but slower gets the point across. Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Why did Austin resign? I assume it was his position as commander of the Army of the People that he resigned from?
 * Yes, he resigned as commander of the army to become head delegate to the United States asking for volunteers and other assistance in the revolution., I will let you word it as you will in the article. Check page 233 from Edmonson's book Alamo Story.— Maile  (talk) 22:50, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Changed to -> "After Austin resigned his command to become a commissioner to the United States," (I had actually just taken this out in my last copyedit, so now it's back for clarity). Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Texas Consultation and the Matamoros Expedition:
 * "Council members were enamored with the idea of": I checked and "enamored with" (instead of "enamored of") apparently is a fairly common usage, but it sounds very strange to my mostly BrEng ear. If there's another way to phrase this that you like equally well please change it; I think a lot of Brits would think this is an error.

Mexican Army of Operations: Alamo:
 * "By December 1835, 6,019 soldiers began": if you're going to use "by", I think it has to be "had begun".
 * Done. Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "Santa Anna disregarded Cos's promise not to take up arms in Texas as meaningless because it had been given to rebels": should be "regarded", not "disregarded"; or you could cut "as meaningless", but I think that's not as natural a way to say it.
 * That's what I get for rewriting this sentence half a dozen times - I changed the meaning! Doh.  Fixed. 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "Travis and Bowie would share command": why not just "Travis and Bowie shared command"?
 * Done. Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World" is capitalized as if it were a title, but you use it inline as if it were article text -- I think you have to go one way or the other. Perhaps just putting it in quotes would do the trick.
 * It's the name given to a letter. Those are not generally put in quotes.  I definitely understand the confusion but I haven't figured out a better way to do it. Karanacs (talk) 19:02, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If that's the standard orthography let's leave it. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 12:19, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The mention of the reprinting of the letter, following by the mention of volunteers, makes it seem possible that some of the volunteers showed up because of the letter, but surely there wasn't enough time?
 * Some of the volunteers inspired by the letter did arrive before the final battle (Apr 21). Many more arrived between May and Sep. Karanacs (talk) 19:02, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * OK, then there's no problem; it's just surprising. You might mention that in the article but it's not necessary. Mike Christie (talk - contribs -  library) 12:19, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I can't tell from the article which side asked Alsbury to negotiate -- she was sent to the defenders by Santa Anna? Or vice versa?
 * changed to "rebuffed by Santa Anna". Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

GolIad campaign:
 * "Mexican double agents continued to assure Johnson and Grant that they would be able to take Matamoros easily": neither Johnson nor Grant have been mentioned before this.
 * They are introduced in the Consultation and Matamoros Expedition section. In this section, should I mention again that they were the commanders of the Matamoros Expedition? Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No, no need; my mistake. Not sure how I missed that. Mike Christie (talk - contribs -  library) 01:40, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The map has an unlabelled red dot down by the Rio Grande river. Or is that a town called Rio Grande as well?  And Matamoros should be marked on that map.

Mexican retreat:
 * "He secretly promised to persuade the Mexican Congress to acknowledge the Republic of Texas and the Rio Grande as the border between the two countries": perhaps "to acknowledge the Republic of Texas, and to recognize the Rio Grande as"? That would avoid the reader temporarily parsing the Rio Grande as something to be acknowledged in the same way as the Republic of Texas.
 * Done. Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Legacy: OK, I'm done with my pass -- the second half of the article was very clean and I couldn't find much on two readings. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 12:25, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "the Alamo Mission, now an official state shrine": is shrine really the right word here? It's a reasonable figurative use, but I think it's not quite right to use it next to "official".
 * The Texas Legislature actually passed a bill that named the Alamo the official state shrine. 'Cause our politicians really don't have anything better to do.... Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yep. I used to live there; I should have guessed. Mike Christie (talk - contribs -  library) 01:40, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "1838's Mexico versus Texas": any reason not to name the author?
 * Historians aren't entirely sure who wrote it. They speculate that it was Anthony Ganilh.  I wasn't sure to put that in the article or not. Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Struck, but you might mention the possible authorship in a footnote. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 01:40, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Thanks so much to both of you. I'll get to the rest tomorrow. Karanacs (talk) 19:02, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Comments - as per usual, good writing. A few niggles:
 * - this could be combined into "... Texians and a flood of volunteers from the United States systematically defeated all the small garrisons of Mexican soldiers by mid-December 1835," I think.
 * - you should specifically note who this treaty is between.
 * More coming tomorrow. I was (forcibly) reminded that I had made plans for tonight. Ed [talk] [majestic titan] 01:07, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I've fixed both of those. Thanks! Karanacs (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Maps
Hope y'all don't mind, I thought it would be easier to continue the map discussion down here. I followed the links that had provided and found a few more maps I didn't know existed.
 * I put two of these in the Republic of Texas section in the article. One shows the location of the Rep. of Tx in comparison to Mexico; the other shows it in comparison to the US.  Keep both?  Keep just one?  Ditch both?  Karanacs (talk) 16:16, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * For the background section, instead of the existing map, we could use this map of Coahuila y Tejas. It shows location only.  Karanacs (talk) 16:16, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I can request a new map that shows the locations of major towns in the region (thanks for the link to the project}}...but we have to decide what to ask for, and where to get the specific information. Karanacs (talk) 16:16, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * There was a pre-existing category: Commons:Category:Maps of the Republic of Texas that was not linked to the Maps of Texas category, so I linked the two and added three maps from the article to it that the Maps of the Republic of Texas category on Commons. — Maile (talk) 17:13, 17 February 2015 (UTC)


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Talk:US History/Kennedy and Johnson

Add

 * Kennedy Assisanation
 * The Space Race
 * Early Vietnam Tensions

BOMBING
In the sentence concerning Vietnam: "Bombing began 1967" and  By 1968 more bombs were dropped than in WWII. I recall these phrases from that era, and consider them propaganda.

I don't know whether you, the editor, should elaborate or not; considering the brevity of the article. There is a vast difference between dive bombing and carpet bombing. Most "official" data was secret or government propaganda. The Media was flagrantly abusive. The fact is that limited precision dive bombing began over N. Vietnam in 1965. Carpet bombing by B-52s (the monkey killers) was limited to bombing Jungle-Mountain infiltration trails in N. Vietnam and Laos. It was primarily an image/morale exercise using up ship-loads (many ships) of bombs that did not fall on villages, towns or cities. They made match-sticks out of jungle. Really impressive when photographed from the air for TV. In this regard the reference to WWII is egregiously deceptive.

(Another matter, entirely, were Nixon's Christmas 1972 B-52 raids on downtown Hanoi. I recall 600 sorties, eleven days, that ended the war))

And perhaps you can advise me of the intended difference wetween Wikipedia and Wikibooks? Truely, I don't know.---plumalley

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:US History/Kennedy and Johnson


text:
Erich Andres

Erich Andres (b. 1905 Leipzig, d. 1992 Hamburg) was an autodidact German war photographer and photojournalist.

Biography
From 1921 to 1923, Andres was apprenticed to a typesetter in Dresden during which time he started to take photographs of landscapes, people, traditional costumes and folk customs with a home-made camera. In 1923 and unemployed he moved to Hamburg where he found work typesetting in a printery while freelancing as a photographer; his first sale was in 1927 of a cover image for Hamburger Anzeiger, then the Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung published his pictures of his travels in 1927/28 through southern Europe. In 1928/29 he also hiked through Yugoslavia, Greece and Italy.

In the Great Depression he again found himself without regular employment. His pictures of Hamburg's unemployed, of the workers' council meeting in Hamburg's trade union building, and workers' self-help were published in the Hamburger Echo and in Volk und Zeit, and in photo series entitled “Crisis” from November 1930 he pictured his own unemployment card.

Andres' conducted his first major photo reportage during the years 1931–2 in the multi-ethnic state of Albania, then coming increasingly under the influence of Mussolini. Andres' pictures show Albania at the time of King Ahmet Zogu, they expose its poverty and backwardness when on the surface the country had still a picturesque, nostalgic oriental flavour. Andres planned to publish the pictures as a book entitled People of Albania with publisher Reimar Hobbing, but the project was not realised, though as a result from 1932 he started working full-time as a photojournalist.

Berlin Olympics
Andres continued work as a photographer during the Nazi era and his officially-accredited documentation of the 1936 Berlin Olympics won him several awards. Eighty-five years later, the Olympic Committee itself referred to his imagery as blending "art, sport, aesthetics and technical mastery to capture immortal moments of winter sports action."

Spanish Civil War
In 1937, with permission of the Ministry of Propaganda, he documented the Spanish Civil War for the fascist insurgent side at the beginning of the conflict. He made two and a half thousand images during a journey that started in Paris, continued through different Spanish cities and towns, those of the peninsula and the Protectorate of Morocco, and ended in Lisbon. His photographic archive was acquired by the General Archive of the Civil War of Salamanca. Though he recorded republican prisoners-of-war at forced labour in the Toledo palace, his wide-ranging representations; landscapes, urban and rural, groups of combatants, troop movements, portraits, monuments, destruction of war and, especially, everyday scenes of the hardships of the general population during the civil war did not meet the Panglossian requirements of the Ministry.

Entartete Kunst
For the cover of a 1937 illustrated supplement to the Hamburger Anzeiger, Andres depicts two Bückeburg peasant women in traditional dress at the Nazi's Degenerate Art exhibition standing before Ludwig Kirchner's Expressionist sculpture of a naked couple. The caption reads "Bückeburg women before degenerate art. Kirchner's 'Couple', which one farmer's wife rejects with astonishment and the other with a smile, was bought in 1930 by a German art gallery for 3,000 marks." Andres' juxtaposition may have been deliberately ironic, given the newspaper's "spirit of resistance" in its treatment of propaganda.

Allied aerial bombardments
Andres was drafted into military service 1939 to 1945, undertaken in the naval propaganda corps. On home leave in June 1943, he married Hildegard Hänisch in Dresden where he photographed, against strict government prohibition, the destruction causing over 50,000 civilian deaths that resulted from the Allied aerial bombardment of Hamburg. The results were combined with writer Hans Erich Nossack's contemporaneous diary entries as the 1993 book Der Untergang.

Post-war
Andres worked as freelancer after the war, living at Langenfelder Straße 60, Hamburg, and at first documented devastated Munich, its black market and the city's reconstruction and often used a ladder for an unusual perspective. Later he worked for Der Spiegel and the Hamburg daily newspapers. In April 1958 he photographed the Bewegung Kampf dem Atomtod protests against atomic weapons and later recorded the inauguration of the Hohe Weide Synagogue and the North Sea floods of 1962. From 1962 onwards he illustrated annual reports and calendars.

Recognition
One of Andres' photographs, of girls in traditional costumes dancing a 'Ring o' Roses', was selected by Edward Steichen for the world-touring Museum of Modern Art exhibition The Family of Man, that was seen by 9 million visitors, and for its catalogue.

His photography of the destruction of Hamburg by Allied aerial bombardment provides a rare German perspective and has since been published in book form and exhibited. He was often consulted as an expert by museums seeking images of the history of Hamburg. In 1993 a re-edition of Hans-Erich Nossack's Der Untergang illustrated with Andres' photographs was sponsored by the Hamburger Abendblatt for the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the firestorm.

Andres was interviewed by Heinrich Breloer and Horst Königstein for their award-winning 1982 television film The Axe of Wandsbek (1982 film).

He died in Hamburg on 6 February 1992.

Legacy
The Dresden City Museum holds his archive. Pictures with a reference to Hamburg are held in the Hamburg Office for the Protection of Monuments and additional copies in the picture archive of Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin. Since February 2019, the Cologne-based United Archives GmbH obtained exclusive rights to imagery not related to Hamburg and Dresden.

title: Erich Andres


text:
Adobe Photoshop/Paint Bucket Tool

This tool is another of the most commonly used tools in both rendering and photo editing. It fills the selected area with a color and is often used to create a background. It is also one of the more straight-forward tools in Photoshop, and is relatively simple to use in most cases.

The Tool
Start by clicking the paint bucket icon. It will automatically use your current foreground color. Then goto the top of the page and find "tolerance". This works the same way as it does with the magic wand tool. Click where you want to fill with the color and it will automatically fill the selected area with your color. (It will fill like this: . . a. ) It is a very basic, but useful tool. But sometimes you will want a gradient, for that use the Gradient Tool

title: Adobe Photoshop/Paint Bucket Tool


text:
Lengthy Night

Lengthy Night (Էրկեն կիշեր) is a 2018 Armenian drama film directed by Edgar Baghdasaryan. It was selected as the Armenian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 92nd Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.

Plot
An unusual stone ties together three stories set in the early 2000s, the Armenian genocide of 1915 and the 11th century.

Cast

 * Shant Hovhannisyan
 * Samvel Grigoryan
 * Luiza Nersisyan
 * Babken Chobanyan

title: Lengthy Night


text:
1934 Kansas Jayhawks football team

The 1934 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Six Conference during the 1934 college football season. In their third season under head coach Adrian Lindsey, the Jayhawks compiled a 3–4–3 record (2–2–1 against conference opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 74 to 48. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas. Ole Nesmith was the team captain.

title: 1934 Kansas Jayhawks football team


text:
User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea purdieana

Chusquea  is a species of Chusquea bamboo in the grass family.

Distribution
Chusquea  is endemic to

title: User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea purdieana


text:
strapparsi

Verb

 * 1) to tear; to rip; to tear out; to pull
 * 2)  to tear injure as if by pulling apart or be torn
 * 3) to tear up
 * 4) to display great anger, desperation, etc.
 * 1) to tear up
 * 2) to display great anger, desperation, etc.
 * 1) to display great anger, desperation, etc.
 * 1) to display great anger, desperation, etc.

title: strapparsi


text:
Prauserella marina

Prauserella marina is a bacterium from the genus Prauserella which has been isolated from ocean sediments from the South China Sea near China.

title: Prauserella marina


text:
Finlando

Etymology
Ultimately from, but compare.

Etymology
Ultimately from, but compare.

Proper noun

 * 1) Finland

title: Finlando


text:
Oumoul Sarr

Oumoul Khairy Sarr (born 25 January 1984) is a Senegalese basketball player for IDK Gipuzkoa and the Senegalese national team.

She participated at the 2017 Women's Afrobasket.

title: Oumoul Sarr


text:
Talk:Moseley Railway Trust

I am searching for photographs
I am searching for photographs of Carriage O and Carriage H to be included into the article on the Penrhyn Quarry Railway, please. --NearEMPTiness (talk) 09:29, 30 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Moseley Railway Trust


text:
Ignacio Bayón

Ignacio Bayón Mariné (14 February 1944 – 4 May 2024) was a Spanish politician who served as Minister of Industry and Energy from May 1980 to December 1982. Bayón died on 4 May 2024, at the age of 80.

title: Ignacio Bayón


text:
Talk:E. Peter Raynes

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:E. Peter Raynes


text:
미나리

Etymology
if only Hangul attestations are considered. If Sinographic forms are taken into account, first attested as in the 1236 Hyangyak gugeupbang (鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방), where the first character is logogramic and the two later characters are phonogramic.

The word is from Middle Korean  +. The first element means "water" per the Hyangyak gugeupbang, thus it is often connected to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) water dropwort of species.

title: 미나리


text:
drjóli

Noun

 * 1) loafer, idler, sluggard
 * 2)  wang, dong, cock
 * 3) something big or large
 * 4) large, strong male
 * 5) hay for stuffing damp  with while they dry

title: drjóli


text:
Yanticaw Park

Yanticaw Park is an Essex County-owned park in Nutley, New Jersey along the Third River. It is located between Centre Street and Chestnut Street, extending east to Passaic Avenue.

History
After tremendous pressure from Nutley residents, Essex County began purchasing land in 1911 for creation of the park. Wetlands in the park were drained, and a dam was set up to form a lake. The park was completed in 1914. In 1962, the lake, containing a small island was drained and a channel was dug as a continuation of the natural Third River from the south.

"Girls' Park"
The lower section of the park, east of Park Drive, is commonly known as Girls' Park. This is the part of the park containing the Third River. It also includes the Frank A. Cocchiola Memorial Playground, completed in 2003 and dedicated on April 17, 2006. The park has a rubberized safety surface and equipment manufactured by GameTime. Gym classes from adjacent Nutley High School are commonly seen running through the park. North of the park is a public basketball court.

In 2010, the court, along with the playground bathroom facilities, were completely renovated.

"Boys' Park"
The upper section of the park, between Park Drive and Passaic Avenue, contains the Carmen A. Orechio Recreation Complex.

This complex includes an artificial turf softball field, plus a grass one and a large grass baseball field. All were newly graded in 2010.

title: Yanticaw Park


text:
Pokrovka, Slavgorod, Altai Krai

Pokrovka (Покровка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Slavgorod, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 507 as of 2013. There are 6 streets.

title: Pokrovka, Slavgorod, Altai Krai


text:
Pilcomayo Department

Pilcomayo is a department in the Argentine province of Formosa. Its capital is Clorinda, the second most populous city in the province. Pilcomayo has a surface of 5,342 km2 and a population of 78,114 according to the. Other communities in Pilcomayo include Laguna Blanca, Laguna Naick Neck, Riacho He-Hé and Siete Palmas. The Pilcomayo River National Park (Parque Nacional Río Pilcomayo) is about 45 kilometers west of Clorinda, crossed by the Pilcomayo River.

title: Pilcomayo Department


text:
Talk:Clennon Washington King Sr.

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title: Talk:Clennon Washington King Sr.


text:
Prebiotic score

A Prebiotic Score, also known as Prebiotic Activity Score, is a term sometimes used to estimate the health effects of prebiotics in humans or animals. The idea is that although prebiotics may have many different effects in the human gut, some of these may be quantified and combined to an overall score. For example, an increase in the populations of bifidobacteria or lactobacilli coincides with a relative increase in prebiotic activity; accordingly, an increase in enteric bacteria strains such as Clostridium perfringens result in a decrease of prebiotic activity. Also, increases and reductions of certain enzymes may be used as factors in a prebiotic score.

Measure of the prebiotic effect
Measure of the prebiotic effect (MPE) is a quantitative analysis that takes into an account a number of dominant bacterial groups and end products of fermentation such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and substrate assimilation. MPE was developed by Jelena Vulevic in conjunction with Glenn R Gibson and Robert Rastall and sponsored by Novartis Consumer Health

Quantitative approaches
Several quantitative approaches have been developed to aid in the analysis of prebiotics and their individual and collective activity within the gut microbiome. These approaches are in part used to calculate the Measure of the Prebiotic Effect or (MPE).

Prebiotic Index (PI)
One of the first quantitative approaches, the Prebiotic index or (PI), is a quantitative tool used to compare the prebiotic effect of dietary oligosaccharides. The Prebiotic Index equation takes into account bifidobacteria (Bif), bacteroides (Bac), lactobacilli (Lac), and clostridia (Clos): PI = (Bif/Total) - (Bac/Total) + (Lac/Total) - (Clos/Total)

Rate of assimilation
The rate of assimilation is the measure of the substrate assimilation calculated by measuring the substrate concentration over time: St = substrate concentration after the time interval, t, e.g. in hours; S0 = initial substrate concentration and Ar = rate of substrate assimilation, e.g. per hour, e.g. during the exponential phase of bacterial population growth. Rate of Assimilation: St = S0 - Art

Rate of growth
Rate of growth is determined by an equation that is based on the rate of growth for the bacterial populations. Rate of growth uses the following equation: ln Nt = ln N0 + μt

Adjusted prebiotic index
PIm = μmaxBif + μmaxLac + μmaxEub - μmaxBac - μmaxClos - μmaxEC - μmaxSRB

Total short-chain fatty acids
TSCFA = A + B + P + L

where A is acetate, B is butyrate, P is propionate and L is lactate

Ratio of lactate to total short-chain fatty acids
Ratio = dL/dTSCFA

Measure of the prebiotic effect
MPE = 0.5(X2Y2+Y2Z2+Z2X2)0.5

title: Prebiotic score


text:
Michillinda Lodge

Michillinda Lodge (previously MICH-ILL-INDA, the Michillinda Beach Tavern, and Michillinda Beach Lodge) is a summer resort on the Lake Michigan shoreline in Whitehall, Michigan. Its current property was purchased in 1894 by a group of leaseholders and investors from Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana, and named "MICH-ILL-INDA" in reference to those states in 1895. Originally a residential beach association, in 1920 Emanuel "Manny" Duttenhofer purchased an 18-room, 13000 sqft summer house on the site, which he subsequently opened as a resort.

Between 1920 and 2000, the Lodge was owned and operated by only three families—those of Duttenhofer and his sisters, Ray and Frances Johansen, and Don Eilers—and it developed slowly as both new buildings and activities were gradually debuted. In 2000, the Eilers family sold the Lodge to the investment group Promised Land LLC, which initially proposed the development of a "cottage community" on the site with 36 houses, cottages, and townhouses, although its plan was ultimately rejected by local officials.

On December 2, 2012, the original lodge was completely destroyed in a fire. No one was injured and none of Michillinda's other buildings were severely damaged, although the total losses were estimated in the "millions" of dollars. After being sold to Parkland Properties and developer Jon Rooks in September 2013, Michillinda Lodge reopened to the public in October 2013. As of January 2014, the resort's future directions are still undecided: while plans for rebuilding the lodge on its former footprint have been proposed, the redevelopment of the surviving buildings into either single-family "site condominiums" or weekly vacation rentals are also possibilities.

Since the fire, Michillinda Lodge consists of nine buildings offering 26 guest units in total. The resort positions itself as both family-oriented and historic in nature, and it includes numerous on-site amenities, ranging from an outdoor swimming pool and a miniature golf course to a campfire and a 400 ft private beach on Lake Michigan. Additionally, Michillinda Lodge accommodates weddings and receptions, as well as reunions and other gatherings. Before the restaurant in the main lodge was destroyed in the fire, it provided dining for both resort guests and the general public.

Early history (1894–1951)

The history of Michillinda Lodge began in 1894, when Theo Willson, a Moline, Illinois native and former Congregational pastor in Muskegon, Michigan, vacationed in a cottage at Sylvan Beach, Michigan, with three of his deacons. Sylvan Beach was a cottage community that had been established in 1883. The four men were so impressed by the experience that they decided to purchase 22 acre of land along the Lake Michigan shore that would ultimately become the grounds of the future resort. Together with one investor from Grand Rapids, Michigan, and another from Indiana, they bought the property from John R. Austin for $1,000. An alternate account in a contemporary 1895 issue of the Pharos-Tribune states the new private resort covered 40 acre and was platted by three men, respectively hailing from Moline; Elkhart, Michigan; and South Bend, Indiana.

Willson and his group decided to split the property into 23 lots and create a residential beach association, requiring that all leaseholders build on their land within two years or else relinquish their leases. Combined with the stipulation that all buildings constructed had to be worth at least $600, the result was the creation of a number of comfortable and fairly simple two-story cottages. In 1895, the property's leaseholders decided to name it "MICH-ILL-INDA", in reference to the three states from which they hailed: Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana.

Constructed in either 1904 or 1909, what would eventually become the main lodge was built as the vacation home of C. R. Stephens of Moline; it was erected using balloon construction, along with a wooden truss roof and asphalt shingles. The four-story building, which the Stephens family christened "Lover's Lane," measured 13000 sqft and, in its final configuration, featured 18 guest rooms as well as a kitchen and a pair of dining rooms with a capacity of 200. In 1920, Whitehall resident Emanuel "Manny" Duttenhofer purchased this building, which was one of the two largest summer homes at Michillinda. Initially, he intended to make it a summer retreat for his family, but after the unexpected death of his wife he instead used it to host friends and relatives. Shortly thereafter, he opened the building as a public resort and christened it the Michillinda Beach Tavern. In 1933, the resort was renamed Michillinda Beach Lodge to differentiate itself from alcohol-serving saloons, many of which renamed themselves "taverns" after the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. During their ownership, Duttenhofer and his sisters helped to develop Michillinda into one of the area's most frequented resorts, and the increased demand necessitated the construction of a two-story, 10-room Annex.

Johansen and Eilers ownership (1951–2000)

In 1951, after Manny Duttenhofer's death, Ray and Frances Johansen of Twin Lake's South Shore Resort bought Michillinda and put an emphasis on modernization and innovation at the resort. One of their most notable new creations was the "Evening Coffee Hour", which began a long-standing tradition of serving coffee and cookies at sunset. As Michillinda's reputation grew, it attracted the interest of local celebrities, including Nancy Fleming, who enjoyed a private retreat at the Lodge after being crowned Miss America in 1960. In 1965, the Johansens built a Chalet on the grounds to host evening programs, including a variety show on Friday nights; the same year, their daughter Judith married Don Eilers.

In 1972, the couple moved into the Lodge with plans to ultimately buy and operate it themselves; in 1973, after Judith's sudden illness and unexpected death, Don Eilers decided to acquire and manage Michillinda himself. Eilers, eventually with his second wife Sue, ran Michillinda Beach Lodge for the next 28 years, during which a number of new activities were introduced, including bingo on Sunday nights and a Western-style campfire. In 2000, the couple retired and sold the property for $1.65 million to Grand Rapids-based investment group Promised Land LLC, which was named in reference to Wilson's description of the site as the "promised land" to his congregation.

21st century
In 2000, shortly after purchasing Michillinda, Promised Land LLC revealed new plans for the Lodge that involved the creation of a "cottage community" consisting of a total of 36 houses, cottages, and townhouses. However, the proposal was rejected by Fruitland Township planners, and in 2001 Promised Land decided to continue to operate Michillinda Lodge as it existed. Also that year, Promised Land invested $1 million into renovating the main lodge, as well as upgrading Michillinda's lakeside buildings to make them usable during the off-season. In the summer of 2012, Promised Land hired Hotel Investment Services, of Troy, Michigan, to manage the Lodge.

2012 fire
On December 2, 2012, the original lodge was entirely destroyed by a fire while it was under renovation. At the time of the fire, there were five workers staying in the building, all of whom escaped safely. After a delay of 15 minutes during which the lodge's occupants attempted to suppress the fire themselves, the fire was reported at 4:27 am as it quickly spread through the building. The first fire truck arrived on the scene at 4:37 am; in total, 40 vehicles were involved in battling the blaze, including two aerial trucks and 15 tanker trucks, until fire loss was reported as stopped at 7:30 am. With no fire hydrants in the area, firefighters had to use the surrounding lakes as sources of water instead. Furthermore, winds blowing in from Lake Michigan at 35 mph fueled the flames and further increased the difficulty of the firefighting operation. In all, 77 firefighters and equipment from 15 different fire departments participated in the response. While they were not able to prevent the destruction of the 110-year-old main lodge, they were able to successfully protect the other buildings in the immediate vicinity.

Gregory Holman, the fire chief of the White Lake Fire Authority, noted that the firefighting effort would have been much more difficult had the fire occurred during the summer, when the lodge would have been at or near capacity. According to Holman, the cause of the fire was still "undetermined of an unknown origin" in May 2013. Ron Wilson, the CEO of Hotel Investment Services, stated that his "best guess" was that the fire was caused by an electric short in the building's heaters, although fire investigators could neither confirm nor deny an electrical cause to the fire. Business adviser John Harrington, who spoke on behalf of Michillinda's owners, estimated the damages as in the "millions" of dollars, including more than $1 million in recent renovations as well as lodging and wedding reservations already made for the 2013 season. The disaster took an additional emotional toll on the Lodge's owners, employees, and returning guests, some of whom were members of families who had vacationed at Michillinda for multiple generations. In the aftermath of the fire, Muskegon County police also reported that copper heat registers worth an estimated $2,000 were stolen from the burnt main lodge.

Post-fire recovery

While Hotel Investment Services and Promised Land LLC originally hoped to reopen Michillinda Lodge to the public during the summer of 2013, on September 6, 2013, they sold it to a local real estate firm, Parkland Properties, and developer Jon Rooks. While a final purchase price was not disclosed, the entire property and related assets, including the lodge fire insurance settlement, was listed at $2.6 million. After ultimately losing the entire summer 2013 season, the Lodge was reopened for business in October 2013 with a North Muskegon High School reunion followed by a private party. Upon reopening, the resort included a total of 11 cottages, the largest of which could accommodate guests in 14 rooms.

In August 2013, Rooks voiced his desire to keep Michillinda "as it is now as much as possible and preserve the history". Taking into account both township land-use ordinances and Michigan Department of Environmental Quality regulations, he outlined three possible future directions for Michillinda: rebuilding the lodge, converting all of the surviving buildings into single-family "site condominiums", or refurbishing those buildings as weekly vacation rentals instead. As the only lodge and restaurant on the Lake Michigan shoreline in all of Muskegon County before it burned down, Michillinda received strong support for rebuilding the lodge from the local tourism community, which included the White Lake Area Chamber of Commerce and the Muskegon County Convention & Visitors Bureau.

By January 2014, Rooks had decided to present plans for rebuilding the lodge on its former footprint to Fruitland Township officials. He stated that there would be "no intensive development plan and the lodge will be as similar to the old one as possible". However, the rebuilding proposal was still only in the planning stages, and Michillinda Lodge's future redevelopment plans remained undetermined.

Accommodations and amenities

As of 2015, Michillinda Lodge consists of nine buildings providing 26 guest units in total. The resort positions itself as both family-oriented and historic in nature, and does not provide either telephones or televisions in its guest rooms. On-site amenities include a heated outdoor swimming pool, two shuffleboard courts, a miniature golf course, basketball and volleyball courts, and two tennis courts. Also on the grounds are a playground, a campfire, and a 400 ft private beach on Lake Michigan. The destruction of the main lodge in 2012 did not damage any of these amenities.

Michillinda Lodge also accommodates weddings and receptions, the former on a deck overlooking Lake Michigan and the latter in a wedding tent on its lawn. By 2012, the Lodge was hosting roughly 35 weddings annually. Additionally, the Lodge hosts other types of gatherings, such as reunions, meetings, and parties. Before the destruction of the main lodge, meals were served in its dining rooms, and public dining that attracted a number of local patrons was also offered. However, after the Lodge's restaurant was lost in the fire, it simply recommends local restaurants to its guests.

title: Michillinda Lodge


text:
Mrs. Thomas Gage

Mrs. Thomas Gage is a 1771 oil painting on canvas by John Singleton Copley.

The portrait depicts Margaret Kemble Gage, the American-born wife of the British General Thomas Gage, commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America. It was painted in New York during a six-month stay there by Bostonian Copley.

title: Mrs. Thomas Gage


text:
Talk:Howard Newby

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text:
Daniel McCoy (politician)

Daniel McCoy (July 17, 1845 – November 6, 1908) was a Michigan politician.

Early life and education
Daniel McCoy was born on July 17, 1845, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to parents John and Mary Ann McCoy. There, he received a public school education. In 1867, McCoy moved to Romeo, Michigan.

Career
Once in Michigan, McCoy began a grain business which furnished supplies to the lumbering regions of Michigan. In 1872, McCoy sold out this business and took to lumbering on the south branch of the Manistee River. In 1873, McCoy settled in the village of Clam Lake, which is now the city of Cadillac, where he continued his lumbering business for ten years. While there, McCoy ended up holding the positions of village president of Clam Lake, and later mayor of Cadillac. In 1883, McCoy moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan. There, in 1886, he organized the Edison Light Company. In 1892, he organized the State Bank of Michigan. McCoy served as Michigan State Treasurer from 1901 to 1904. In 1905, McCoy was appointed a member of the Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan. That same year, McCoy was appointed by Michigan Governor Fred M. Warner, along with Lawton T. Hemans and Arthur Holmes, to be the commissioners to relocate the remains of the first governor of Michigan, Stevens T. Mason, from New York Marble Cemetery in New York City to Capitol Park in Detroit so that they may be reinterned there. Governor Mason's remains arrived in Detroit on June 4, 1905.

Personal life
In 1879, McCoy married Abigail Lyon Ayers. Together, they had at least one child.

Death
McCoy died on November 6, 1908, in Grand Rapids. There, he was interred in Oakhill Cemetery.

title: Daniel McCoy (politician)


text:
Akhmedkent

Akhmedkent (Ахмедкент; Kaitag: Ахӏмадла шши; Dargwa: ГIяхIмалаша) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Akhmedkentsky Selsoviet, Kaytagsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 1,023 as of 2010. There are 28 streets.

Geography
Akhmedkent is located 2 km west of Madzhalis (the district's administrative centre) by road. Madzhalis and Sanchi are the nearest rural localities.

History
Whilst travelling in the Caucasus, German explorer Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin was taken hostage by Usmey Khan of Khaïtakes and died of ill treatment in captivity in Akhmedkent.

Nationalities
Dargins live there.

Notable people

 * Gadzhimagomed Kambulatov (Hero of Socialist Labor)
 * Galiz Chupanov (Hero of Socialist Labor)
 * Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1745–1774), German physician and botanist

title: Akhmedkent


text:
User:JWSchmidt/Portal

Is virtual reality really an invention of the computer age? To think so would be like thinking that fusion did not exist before humans detonated a hydrogen bomb in 1952. Human consciousness has always existed within a virtual reality generated by human brains.

Virtual reality definitions: A narrow definition - a computer simulation of reality. A broad definition -  any model of reality.

Some philosophers of long ago issued warnings about the unreliability of our brain-generated virtual realities. Are we trapped by our senses in some version of Plato's Cave? Many people have been very willing to accept our personal experience of the world as THE true depiction of reality. Other sages have advised us to escape from the world we know through our senses and to ignore our brain-generated ego and seek to become one with the universe. How can we ever be sure that we know the true or ultimate nature of reality?

Just how limited is the brain-generated virtual reality that we take for granted? In his allegory of the cave, Plato wrote about the Sun as being symbolic of the Ideal Forms that Plato imagined as being fundamental to the true reality of the world. But think about how little philosophers like Plato knew about the Sun. Aristotle wrote about a "fifth element",  Aether as the material that constitutes celestial bodies such as the sun. Fire, Earth, Air, and Water were imagined to be the four elemental components of objects on Earth, but the stars were imagined to be eternal ("aether" is from the Greek word for eternity).

We now know that stars are born and die and that many of the atoms that are components of everything on Earth are "star dust". For 99.999% of human existence our understanding of the world was divorced from any true appreciation of the nature of physical reality because the atomic constituents are too tiny to be resolved by human senses like vision. It is now known that the iron that carries oxygen in our blood and the oxygen itself were generated by fusion reactions inside stars billions of years ago. Every second of every human life our bodies are streaming with solar neutrinos blasted from the sun's nuclear furnace. In fact, most of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy that our senses fail to register. The visible universe of burning stars is only a tiny fraction of our universe's reality.

I think Plato was correct to realize that our senses present us with a limited view of reality.....something a bit like shadows on a wall. But Plato did not know about evolution and the idea that our senses must have evolved to do a fairly good job of revealing reality to us or else we would not be able to survive. So it is not that the virtual reality produced by our brain is totally misleading. We simply must respect our own limitations and find ways to do better than what comes naturally to our limited bodies.

Now that scientific investigation has begun to provide a good understanding of the limitations imposed on us by our senses and our brains, we can ask if it is possible to use tools such as computers to help provide us with an improved version of reality. And I mean "version" not just "vision". We are in the business of creating the type of world we want to live in. Can we use computers as tools for both learning about the world and changing the world? For most people, understanding oxygen atoms and neutrinos is a matter of learning about them through the virtual reality of human language. Computers and computer-based tools like wiki are tools for amplifying the power of human language.

Hypertext
A major advance that computers provide over conventional books is the hypertext link. Pages of HTML on the internet are an educational resource that we are still learning how to fully make use of. Can we also harness such computer power for the construction of new reality?

Like any tool, computers can be used for both good and bad. Think of computer technology as being able to provide something analogous to a lens, a corrective appendage that can improve upon the limited capabilities of the human body. What is the basic nature of the defect that computers can correct?

The philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein worked in the tradition of skeptical philosophy, always looking for the ways that we "go off the rails" in our thinking about the world. Wittgenstein described the sort of philosophical therapy we need as being a battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language. And he meant both that language bewitches us and that we make use of language as a tool with which we go into battle against bewitchments.

I want to suggest that we make use of computers and hypertext and the cooperative nature of the wiki environment to do battle against all of the mistaken ideas that we have inherited as cultural baggage from the past. Can we make use of computer-generated virtual realities to battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence? Many online virtual realities are designed as escapist entertainment. I do not try to argue against such entertainments, but I do ask if we can make the magic of fiction work for us, if we can create fictional realities that open our minds to our unseen and unappreciated bewitchments.

Recreate
The human brain is a device for receiving culture from the previous generation and using that programming to guide us through life. We imbibe the virtual reality of our culture and get on with life, accepting the unquestioned assumptions upon which our society functions, just as Plato and Aristotle accepted the assumption that celestial objects must be made of something fundamentally different than their own bodies. It takes creative genius to rip away the distortions imposed upon us by our learning and see reality in a clearer way than has been possible in the past. How do we make use of computers to aid us in this struggle to escape bewitchment and to promote the on-going quest to discover and re-create reality?

Play is important. The primate brain is designed to make use of juvenile play as an energizing system for learning about the world. We learn best when we are having fun and our defenses can be relaxed. So we need computer tools and computer environments where we can play at the important work of questioning our assumptions. We must play a game of "What If?" in which we are free to let loose of the ideas we normally assume to be true. We need new ways to explore what the world might look like if we were given a new set of assumptions.

Our species has a long history of trying to imagine a better way of life. Many of us wonder why the world is the way it is, but a few creative people imagine how the world might be and then actually MAKE IT SO. Can we use computer-generated virtual realities as tools to help us change the world? For example, if we could construct a new social system within a computerized virtual reality simulation, then would people in the real world be encouraged to try to make that simulated social system a part of their lives outside of the simulation? Can wiki communities be cultural incubators where new patterns of social interaction are discovered and tested?

Can play within a wiki environment (where all information is free and open) lead us to new ways of living that can be applied to the real world? This essay originally appeared at RLS Wikia.

title: User:JWSchmidt/Portal


text:
Wikiversity:Threaded discussions with NavFrames with subst/archive

Archived at:<PHONE_NUMBER>3211

[ Purge] Demonstration This revision=20070519162600 [ Purge] {{subst:wikiversity:Threaded discussions with NavFrames with subst/preload}} {{subst:{{subst:NAMESPACE}}:{{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}|subst=subst:}} --Hillgentleman|Talk 16:26, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Argument: To start a thread, go to a page in a namespace with subpage function, and enter
 * To archive a thread, go to the subpage /archive of the thread, and
 * To reply, press the external link "reply".
 * To edit an existing (sub)thread, press "Edit" next to the section header.
 * reply[]

Questions? Comments?
NavHead This revision=20070519163246
 * Argument:

--Hillgentleman|Talk 16:32, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * reply[]

Testing the "external link"
Testing thread This revision=20070519101448
 * Argument:I'm guessing that my comment goes here.

--JWSchmidt 17:14, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Re-introducing the thread This revision=20070519181349
 * Argument: adding a thread to a deadend.

--Hillgentleman|Talk 18:13, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * reply to ":I'm guessing that my comment goes here" []

A one-liner may go here.
NavHead This revision=20070519182021 Here we can elaborate! --Hillgentleman|Talk 18:20, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Argument: The script is becoming too small.
 * reply[]

Perhaps I should change "argument" to "comment".
NavHead This revision=20070519182319 --Hillgentleman|Talk 18:23, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Argument: But I still like argument!
 * reply[]

Done Argument -->comment. :/preload
NavHead This revision=20070519182832 --Hillgentleman|Talk 18:28, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Comment:
 * reply[]

Testing sections
Can there be sections within threads? --JWSchmidt 17:29, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * reply[]

A one liner may go here.
NavHead This revision=20070519172843 --Hillgentleman|Talk 17:28, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Argument: Here we can elaborate....
 * reply[]

Here is the point: the REVISIONTIMESTAMP is precisely for that purpose.
NavHead This revision=20070519173345 Originally I tried REVISIONID, which didn't work: if we substitute a revisionid, we get blank. --Hillgentleman|Talk 17:33, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Argument: BASEPAGENAME/1/1/1/1/1... can only produce a linear structure.
 * reply[]

And try not to create your own section.
NavHead This revision=20070519173646 --Hillgentleman|Talk 17:36, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Argument: Use the "reply link" to create a new section, or else you would create a dead end.
 * reply[]

I mean,
NavHead This revision=20070519174254 My "A one-liner may go here" is a reply to ":I'm guessing that my comment goes here." and "Here is the point: the REVISIONTIMESTAMP is precisely for that purpose." replies "Can there be sections within treads". But that latter section was created articficailly (without pressing the "reply button") and so it hijacked the reply link to the previous comment. Or we can say, two different comments (and two different replies) were merged. That makes the questions and answers crossed. So it is a little confusing.
 * Argument:

In short, Don't create your own section. Use the "reply" link. Once you have created a section, you are free to edit your previous comments, correct mistakes, etc.

--Hillgentleman|Talk 17:42, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * reply[]

IF you find this text too small
NavHead This revision=20070519174550 go to a subthread by pressing the edit button.
 * Argument:

--Hillgentleman|Talk 17:45, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * reply[]

Problem fixed by reintroducing a thread
NavHead This revision=20070519183132 --Hillgentleman|Talk 18:31, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Comment: See above.
 * reply[]

Using the edit "button" for the new section that I started with the "external link" reply "button". --JWSchmidt 17:19, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

It is better to use the "edit" button only for correcting mistakes.
NavHead This revision=20070519173026
 * Argument: To state a new point, use the "Reply" link, or else your comment would be a dead end.

--Hillgentleman|Talk 17:30, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * reply[]


text:
Template:EMContribs

For Contributors
/Templates
 * Use one of these stencils as a model structure, whenever possible, to provide some uniformity in this textbook:
 * Standard Core Chapter Stencil
 * Reference Summary - Page Stencil - for One PubMed Paper
 * The ABEM/ACEP Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine guides creation of chapters and topics in this textbook, wherever possible.
 * If any references are medical articles with Unique Identifiers, they may link out to the PubMed Abstract.
 * For instance, a link to the PubMed article with Unique Identifier = 15635313 is created a PubMed Link - simply use the prefix 'PMID' and the PubMedId Number, for example:
 * Respiratory Rate Measurement PMID 15635313
 * The PubMed home page is here:
 * National Library of Medicine - PubMed
 * If you are contributing for the first time, or if you are not familiar with the Wiki system, please read this:
 * Guide to the OCTEM
 * Miscellaneous pages:
 * Roles
 * PIOPED References

title: Template:EMContribs


text:
Talk:Individualized medicine

Original research tag
I haven't rigorously verified every claim in the article, so it's possible there's more than one issue, but in particular I want to draw attention to the assertion that individualized medicine has become a new field of research followed by citations to ten-odd papers. While this claim may very well be true, citing a bunch of novel studies (essentially primary sources in this context) is not the way to back up such a claim. Rather, we should only make claims like this when we can source the claim directly to a source. signed,Rosguill talk 22:05, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Individualized medicine


text:
User:Maproom/barnstars

This one, with its accompanying threat, was I think intended to deter me from reverting its donor's controversial edits to Tekhelet.

title: User:Maproom/barnstars


text:
Cell Biology/Genes/Gene expression

Gene expression is the first stage of a process that decodes what the DNA holds in a cell. It is the expression of a gene that gives rise to a protein.

How does gene expression occur?

Genetic expression is a complex process. It is regulated by a series of mechanisms.

Gene expression begins with transcription of DNA, giving rise to messenger RNA (mRNA). This is performed by the enzyme RNA polymerase, which produces the mRNA. The mRNA in prokaryotes is coupled with several ribosomes which are responsible for translating proteins.

In eukaryotes, mRNA that is made from DNA is immature, and is called pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA loses non-coding sections (called exons), maturing to mRNA. mRNA is coupled to ribosomes on Rough Endoplasmatic Reticle (RER) where translation happens. Translation is made when a new polypeptide is formed. The genetic code indeed says the order of pe polypeptides, but it doesn't give us a clue about it's tridimensional structure. Tridimensional structure is given by post-translational processes.

Translation occurs following transcription wherein the protein synthesis machinery gets into action and uses its tools to read out the message that the RNA holds.

There are some genes known to be without coding proteins. Yet, they work as regulation sequences in a cell. In this case, the sequences can enhance coding (called "enhancers") or they can inhibit (called "repressors"). When a protein is coupled with these genes, a substrate or hormone, they join together.

In multicellular organisms only certain cells will produce a certain type of protein; e.g.: Haemoglobin is encoded in every cell of a mammal organism (it includes humans), but only precursors of red blood cells are allowed to express it (red blood cells are not allowed to express it, because they lose their nucleus). However, the enhancers and repressors are present in every cell of a mammal.

Genetic Information

In nature, there is information found in all living cells. Different cultures have often studied this information and used various forms of recording techniques to display it. Ancient Egyptians, in particular, referred to this information and its records as "provider of attributes" and determined it ||| to mean several, and that was earlier in human history of recording something that was known about nature.

There were often other signs as well that accompanied Egyptian writings on the source of this "information key of life". Among them were double, water and wick of twisted flax. But the most central one, for modern science, of course, was the snake like determinative that meant a worm or serpent in the limit of life. This limit, water, was "N" meaning that something or someone is, the essence which would be referred to by the Greeks as "esse" or "ens", and in today's English terms, the "essence". In anthropology, the language of gene expression is rooted in the sources of knowledge that Odhiambo Siangla of Kenya has called "rieko" and Jeremy Narby of Switzeland has termed the "cosmic serpent". Both Siangla and Narby are not only experts in cultures but are trained in communication and expression. And from both the key has been the "three letter word". In the alphabet of the three letter word found in cell biology are the organic bases, which are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). It is the triplet recipe of these bases that make up the ‘dictionary’ we call in molecular biology genetic code.

The codal system enables the transmission of genetic information to be codified, which at the molecular level, is conveyed through genes.

What is gene ? A gene is a region of DNA that produces a functional RNA molecule. If a region of DNA is not functional, that region is not a transmissible form of information for protein synthesis. And because the information is not transmissible, it is not readily functional. There are various sizes of gene. The first recorded attempts to imagine the very small was the Horus Eye, which is also a pristine idea of limit. Today we talk about bases. The insulin gene, for example, has 1.7 x $$10^3$$, about 1700 nucleotides. There exists a receptor gene known as low-density lipoprotein (LDL). This protein has 4.5 x$$10^4$$ nucleotides. In terms of nucleotides this (LDL) approximates to 45,000 nucleotides. Now, with the dystrophic gene as another example, we find the nucleotides to be around 2.0 x$$10^8$$, approximately 200,000,000 nucleotides in number.

Now, the introns. It is the noncoding regions of DNA that are called introns meaning the “intervening sequences”. Introns make up a greater part of the nucleotide sequences of a gene. The coding regions are called exons to mean “expression sequences”. They constitute a minority of the nucleotide progression of a DNA and they instruct cellular workshops for the formation of proteins via amino acids.

Through proteins, the expression of genetic information is achieved. In particular are the enzymes. Even during the ancient time the enzymes were understood and utilized well. The enzymes catalyze the chemical reactions of anabolic kind, that is, the building of cellular food and those of catabolic type, the braking down of food. The two processes are collectively termed metabolism. What, further, can we add about proteins?

We can further say that proteins are concentration of heteropolymers manufactured from amino acids. There are 20 amino acids used in synthesizing natural proteins. It is clear that a protein may consist of many, in fact, several hundred amino acid sediments. It is essentially unlimited in number to speak about how many different proteins we can make from combinations of amino acids. Mathematics explains it well. There is therefore a diverse set of proteins whose forms and functions can be achieved by means of a coding system explained below.

Genetic information flows unidirectional, from DNA to protein and with messenger RNA (mRNA) as intermediate. First, DNA encodes genetic information into an RNA molecule. This is called transcription (TC) of the information. Then the information gets converted into proteins, being named here translation (TL). It is this concept of information current that is called the Central Dogma of molecular biology. The Central Dogma is the fundamental theme in our exploration on gene articulation.

In order to complete the picture, we can add two further aspects of information flow. We can add duplication of the genetic material, which occurs prior to cell division. And that a DNA, in this case, represents duplication process, —DNA transfer. Wherefore in this case it is known as DNA replication. But where some viruses have RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material, we speak about reverse transcription (RT). With this transcription, we get a DNA molecule as a copy of the viral RNA genome.

In other words, genetic information, whether historically traced world wide (Narby,1998) or particularly assigned to ancient Africa (Siangla,1997) involves gene expression. Both DNA and RNA are polynucleotides, where nucleotides are the monomer—building units, which are composed of three basic subunits called nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphoric acid. Genetic information is contained in DNA. The genetic code in DNA expresses the connection between the polynucleotide alphabet of four bases and 20 amino acids. In one strand of the parental DNA molecule, there is a dictated amino acid sequence strictly for protein production.

We will discuss in the next few postings, a relatively detailed understanding of the polymerization of amino acids sequence as directed by base sequences of messenger RNA.

At the moment, though, let us note that protein synthesis is an expression of genetic information. Protein synthesis is the cellular procedure, as we have said, of making proteins and involves two main processes: Transcription and Translation. The two processes mean that the direction of the synthesis is from DNA to RNA and then from RNA to protein respectively. Is this true to all organisms?

Yes. With a few exceptions, which are in mitochondria, and as stated above, some viruses become exceptions to this order because in their genetic material, they have RNA instead of DNA as their initial information source. However it is true that in all organisms, methods that relate the nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA to the amino acid sequence in proteins (genetic code proper) are the same. For in the given exceptions there occurs reverse transcription (RT). With that viral example of transcription noted, we get DNA molecular information being copied from the genome of viral RNA.

Building on this clue that is provided by transcription processes, we can readily see that a three-nucleotide sense codon denotes each amino acid. For example, UUU specifies phenylalanine, UCU specifies serine and GCA specifies alanine. But UAC and UAU both specify tyrosine. We will speak more about this tyrosine when expanding cell biology in the study of melanin.

Here now are other ways to see the remaining three properties of the genetic code. One is the contiguous property. With this property the codons do not overlap and at the same time they do not separated by spacers. The other is degenerate property in which there is more than one codon for some amino acids as exemplified by tyrosine in the above paragraph. And finally, there is the unambiguous property. With this genetic code of unambiguity, each codon specifies only one amino acid.

title: Cell Biology/Genes/Gene expression


text:
Maskar, Topola

Maskar (Маскар) is a village in the municipality of Topola, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 206 people.

title: Maskar, Topola


text:
Hypopyra vespertilio

Hypopyra vespertilio is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787. It is found in China, Korea, Honshu in Japan, India (Maharashtra, Jammu and Kashmir, West Bengal), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Java, Sumatra and Sulawesi.

Description
The wingspan is 74–90 mm in male and 72–104 mm in female. Male has minutely fasciculate antennae. Male with an erectile tuft of long hair from femur-tibial joint of forelegs. Tibia and hind tarsi not fringed with long hair, nor the hindwings clothed with long woolly hair on ventral side. The wings are grey suffused with slight fuscous brown. The forewings have the stigma usually reduced to spots or to two spots on discocellulars. The antemedial line is excurved below the costa then oblique to the inner margin. There is a double postmedial line, angled below the costa. The postmedial line is crenulate. The hindwings are fuscous brown with antemedial oblique lines. The medial and submarginal lines are crenulate and the inner margin is crimson. The darkest form is vespertilio which has the male dark brown; the costal and outer areas of forewing suffused with grey and olive; the stigma most developed; female much paler and greyer. The adult has been recorded as fruit-piercer.

Ecology
The larvae feed on Albizia, Acacia, Wisteria and possibly Camellia species. They are pale grey.

title: Hypopyra vespertilio


text:
Talk:The Black Vampyre: A Legend of St. Domingo

Peer review
I peer reviewed your article! Good work. Hbberryhill (talk) 04:18, 12 October 2019 (UTC) Hanna Berryhill

Same, y'all are off to a good start. Bbelliott1875 (talk) 22:15, 12 October 2019 (UTC)

As you may already have noticed that is a citation in your first or second sentence of the article that no longer exists. I read your article and honestly it is packed with information. Personally I found everything easy to follow. I would attempt to make the Characters section flow better, you've bolded the names but also try to simplify the importance of every character. Aeoliver (talk) 23:56, 12 October 2019 (UTC) Andrea Oliver

Other Stuff

•	“The vampire concept was also beginning to appear as a metaphor for economic or emotional exploitation” (page 1) •	“In a similar vein, D’Arcy makes slavery central to his work, most obviously by making his titular vampire black and specifically an African brought to New World enslavement.” (page 3) •	“The Black Vampire draws on this obeah literature to enmesh it with vampirism, sprinkling the already well-established conventions common to representations of obeah throughout its vampire plot.” (page 4) •	“The developing dorms of capitalism are emphatically linked with both the vampire’s violence in sucking life from the living and the horror of dead-but-undead institutions.” (page 6) •	“vampirism exploring this metaphor, reflecting too on the ostensibly rational origins of the United States that have prompted a different turn to mythology and monstrosity.” (page 7) •	The Transatlantic Zombie o	“This phenomenon, which transform the zombie’s purpose from an expression of dark fatalism to a narrative of survival, is also spreading worldwide.” o	“half rotten people greedily devouring the entrails of their friends; a snarling, blankly vicious look in the eyes of a child.” o	Cannibalistic ghoul is a folk tale from Haiti o	Which originally represents a slave raised from the dead to labor, who revolts against his masters o	Zombie is deeply connected to a colonial and post colonial history of oppression o	Comes to America due to occupation on Haiti o	Zombie is typically a futile, disempowered figure, the image of a walking corpse hardly seems effective as a figuration of rebellion •	Exploiting ignorance, the church was (Catholic) and the wedding the Prince performs Themes Undead During the buildup of the Haitian Revolution, it was not uncommon for the undead to appear in folktales. For example, zombies were prominent undead creatures that appeared frequently during this time because they were “deeply connected to colonial and postcolonial history of oppression.” [Transatlantic Zombie citation] Similarly, vampires served as metaphors for slave revolts.

The text features many variations on the vampire, including ghouls, afrits, vroucolochas, vardoulachos, broucolokas. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roshnispatel (talk • contribs) 17:40, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

"Whoever D’Arcy was, he was quick to use vampirism as a metaphor for a number of concerns of 1819 New York" (Didn't know if we could use this quote from one of our sources if we talk about vampirism as a metaphor) - Ashton

Notes (10/24)
Hi! I have some notes:

 * Be very careful with sources, as not all sources are considered to be usable. For example, this blog is a self-published source and as such, would not be seen as a reliable source unless it's routinely cited as a reliable source by other reliable sources. Keep in mind that not all Internet search results are usable as sources - the majority of them will actually be unusable as far as Wikipedia goes. Commonplace looks to be good - a look into who put the site out shows that the journal is backed by some reputable organizations, which lend to its reliability.

 * Some of the sources aren't actually about the book in and of itself, which poses an issue of original research. The source really needs to mention the story and explicitly state the claims, as otherwise it can be seen as original research to draw ties between the story and various other stories, events, and people.

 * Some of the claims are unsourced.

This is good, but there needs to be some caution to resolve and fix the above issues. Shalor (Wiki Ed) (talk) 20:26, 24 October 2019 (UTC)

Feedback from New Page Review process
I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: Excellent work..

signed,Rosguill talk 06:31, 30 December 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Erdem Architects

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 11 external links on Erdem Architects. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050317/http://www.erdemarchitects.com/en/awards.php?id=7 to http://www.erdemarchitects.com/en/awards.php?id=7
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060234/http://www.zaman.com.tr/dunya_new-yorkun-gelecegi-turk-mimarlarina-emanet_2152547.html to http://www.zaman.com.tr/dunya_new-yorkun-gelecegi-turk-mimarlarina-emanet_2152547.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060229/http://www.zaman.com.tr/dunya_turk-mimarlardan-abdye-yuzen-gokdelenler_2104901.html to http://www.zaman.com.tr/dunya_turk-mimarlardan-abdye-yuzen-gokdelenler_2104901.html
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20140428142308/http://activate2013.tumblr.com/winners to http://activate2013.tumblr.com/winners
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060232/http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_turk-mimar-kardeslerden-sehir-meydani-projesi_2039965.html to http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_turk-mimar-kardeslerden-sehir-meydani-projesi_2039965.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141201214559/http://europaconcorsi.com/results/115788-Old-harbour-along-with-rfirisey-in-Reykjav-k to http://europaconcorsi.com/results/115788-Old-harbour-along-with-rfirisey-in-Reykjav-k
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050313/http://www.erdemarchitects.com/tr/works.php?id=120 to http://www.erdemarchitects.com/tr/works.php?id=120
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141129233601/http://v3.arkitera.com/yarismalar/ulusal/yarisma10042s.htm to http://v3.arkitera.com/yarismalar/ulusal/yarisma10042s.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141201214559/http://europaconcorsi.com/results/115788-Old-harbour-along-with-rfirisey-in-Reykjav-k to http://europaconcorsi.com/results/115788-Old-harbour-along-with-rfirisey-in-Reykjav-k
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20140428142308/http://activate2013.tumblr.com/winners to http://activate2013.tumblr.com/winners
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141103115048/http://www.anadolujet.com/aj-en/anadolujet-magazin/2013/june/articles/architects-of-future.aspx to http://www.anadolujet.com/aj-en/anadolujet-magazin/2013/june/articles/architects-of-future.aspx

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:42, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Erdem Architects


text:
burk

Verb

 * 1)  To vomit.
 * It was nasty, y’all. She just burked all over my sedan.

Etymology
From, from. Related to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) pot, can, jar; an inflexible vessel, usually with lid and often approximately cylindrical, used for storage
 * 2)  TV set
 * 3)  computer case
 * 4)  sidecar (on a motorcycle, chiefly in the context of competitions)
 * 5)  idiot

title: burk


text:
ποντίκι

Etymology
,, diminutives of , from the , that is a from ;. The computing term is a.

Noun

 * 1) mouse
 * 2) strong muscles, especially biceps
 * 3)  meat from the lower part of the leg of a calf
 * 4)  mouse
 * 5)  recruit, newbie

title: ποντίκι


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2019 September 17

= September 17 =

Green moon
Did anyone ever see actual green-colored moon in history? What are the causes of literal green moon? Planet Star  00:09, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

 * It seems to be a gag or hoax: . But is it possible ? Maybe, if it was behind an aurora (which is often green) ? Of course, then it would only appear green from that perspective. (In the pics I've found of the combo, the Moon seems to overpower the aurora, but there might be cases where the Moon is dimmer or the aurora brighter.) SinisterLefty (talk) 00:33, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * And what about stand-alone green moon? I say the possible causes of green-colored moon are unusual amounts of suspended dust or aerosols in the atmosphere (caused by dust storm or volcanic eruption) that if in right combination of materials would allow to scatter light from the moon mostly in the green region of the spectrum. I believe the humanity had seen the green moon at least few times, perhaps just after a major volcanic eruption, a nearby dust storm, a fire covering a huge area (forest or city), or even a smog. Agree? Planet  Star  01:34, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Could those make the whole Moon appear green ? Probably not. Those particulates might be able to create a prism effect, where the colors would be separated, and some of that might be green. I would expect water droplets or ice particles to have more of this rainbow effect: . See green flash for a similar event involving the Sun, which can also happen with the Moon: . It only appears right at dawn or dusk, where the maximum amount of atmosphere must be traversed. SinisterLefty (talk) 01:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, it possibly could.... People reportedly saw literal blue moons, such as in 1950 and 51 after forest fires in Sweden and Canada, and in 1883 after the Krakatoa volcanic eruption. Other times when there's large amount of dust in the atmosphere, the moon looks red, even when high up in the sky and not eclipsed. Just like large amount of dust or aerosols in the atmosphere causing blue or red moons, why not green moon too? Perhaps when people saw blue moon high up in the sky in the early 1950s and in 1883, they may have saw green moon during the same period, when the moon was low in the sky, during which the moonlight has to pass through more of the atmosphere, scattering away blue light from the moon and shifting towards the red, making it green (in other words, green moon is a "reddened" blue moon). Planet  Star  02:11, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Improved your link. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:08, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

During World War I, when chlorine was used as a weapon, to the soldiers being attacked it had the appearance of a gray-green cloud. No doubt if the Moon had been in the sky behind the gas cloud, it would have appeared green. Not an experiment I would want to imagine anyone repeating, though! --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:14, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I personally have seen a green-coloured Moon. It was around 1972 give or take a year, in Kent, England, and seemed to me at the time to be caused by a slight haze of fine smoke resulting from woodland fires in the general vicinity. At the time I was about 15 and had been actively interested in astronomy for several years (my school had a small observatory with an 8" reflector, and I went on to read Astronomy at university) so I was alert to celestial phenomena. {The poster formerly known as <IP_ADDRESS>} <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:49, 17 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Chennevières

Geography
Chennevières is the name or part of the name of two communes of France:
 * Chennevières-lès-Louvres in the Val-d'Oise département
 * Chennevières-sur-Marne in the Val-de-Marne département

People

 * Charles-Philippe de Chennevières-Pointel, a French writer and art historian

title: Chennevières


text:
Irina Rutkovskaya

Irina Rutkovskaya (born 14 January 1969) is a Russian former basketball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics.

title: Irina Rutkovskaya


text:
Writing

This lesson serves as a comprehensive exploration into the art of effective writing, providing a universal introduction suitable for all ages.

Writing, a uniquely human tool, serves as a visible expression of language, allowing the conveyance of thoughts in diverse ways. Much like spoken language, the possibilities for arranging words are infinite, enabling the communication of ideas, thoughts, images, and emotions. Whether the aim is to inform, persuade, entertain, or a combination of these, the written word remains a powerful means of expression.

In the realm of written language, several fundamental components shape the structure of writing. Paragraphs, separated by indentations or line breaks, serve as building blocks. Words, composed of letters, are the basic units of expression. Punctuation marks guide the reader, providing cues for timing and emphasis. Sentences function to encapsulate concise ideas, while paragraphs unite sentences to convey a broader concept. Essays, whether lengthy or concise, compile paragraphs into cohesive compositions. The diversity of essays spans various types, each serving unique purposes.

In the realm of fiction, ideas take on imaginative forms, crafted by the writer's creativity. Conversely, non-fiction endeavors to explore ideas and concepts grounded in reality. This lesson invites writers of all ages to delve into the intricacies of written expression, fostering an understanding of the myriad ways in which words can shape, inform, and enrich our communication.

Tips for better writing (mostly for English)

 * Overcome writer's block.
 * Follow the /basic grammar rules of American English writing/.
 * If you are required to follow a specific style guide or style manual, then 1) obtain a copy of that guide, 2) study it, and 3) follow the requirements of that guide.
 * Use correct punctuation.
 * Full stops, also know as the period character, (.) separate declarative sentences. The question mark (?) is used at the end of a question, and an exclaimation point (!) is used after an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or to show emphasis.
 * Know how to use it's and its. It's is always a contraction of "it is"; its is possessive ("belonging to it").
 * Use capital letters correctly.
 * Use the /paragraph as the major organizing element/.
 * Choose /suitable sentence length/.
 * Good writing is clear thinking made visible.
 * Be Intellectually honest.
 * Advance no falsehoods.
 * /Good Writing is Precise and Concise/.
 * Choose precise descriptive, and engaging language.
 * Do not use words like "very", "good", "get", "thing", or "things" if it can be avoided.
 * Choose to use or avoid /contractions/ based on the context and tone of the writing.
 * Do not confuse words (known as homonyms) that sound the same yet are spelled differently.
 * Examples include: their, they're and there; weather and whether; etc.
 * Refer to this longer list of commonly confused homonyms to avoid misuse.
 * /Read extensively/ to refine your craft and continually evolve.
 * Use transition phrases skillfully.
 * Favor /active voice/ over passive voice.
 * Use /poetic phrases/ skillfully.
 * Whenever possible, /show rather than tell/ to describe the scene.
 * Use a /variety of phrases/ during dialogue.
 * Strive to create /great writing/.
 * /Great writing is clever writing/.
 * /Great writing is witty/.
 * /Choose the title/ carefully. It is often best to keep the title concise and to the point.
 * Write candidly. Express your opinions clearly, accurately, and courageously.
 * Request writing /assistance from ChatGPT/ (or other LLM).
 * Acknowedge any assistance you receive.
 * Consider this /hypothetical advice on writing from great thinkers/.
 * Edit and proofread everything, even if it is a one-page essay or short email.

Collaborative papers
You can start a collaborative paper in the main namespace, or if you would like to create something individually, please keep it in the user namespace on your userpage or as a subpage to your userpage.
 * Perfection
 * On Hatred
 * Privacy, Security, and Implied Mutual Exclusion

title: Writing