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Battle of Vevi (1941)

The Battle of Vevi (or Veve, Μάχη της Bεύης), in Greece, also known as the Battle of the Klidi Pass, was part of the Greek campaign of World War II. It took place on 11–12 April 1941, north of the town of Amyntaion, close to the northwestern Greek border. Allied troops fought forces from Nazi Germany.

Background
German forces invaded Greece and southern Yugoslavia from Bulgaria in the first week of April 1941. Following the collapse of resistance in Yugoslavia, the left flank of the Vermion line held by Greek and British Empire forces became exposed. A new plan intended that Imperial British forces would hold off Germans forces in western Macedonia, until non-motorised Greek infantry units had withdrawn on foot from Mount Vermion to Mount Siniatsiko, and a new defensive line had been formed between Mount Olympus and the Aliakmon River.

On the morning of 10 April, the German XL Panzer Corps advanced from Monastir to seize the Greek city of Florina, 13 km south of the Yugoslav border, utilising the Monastir Valley (or "Monastir Gap"). Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH), a brigade group-level unit commanded by Oberstgruppenführer Josef "Sepp" Dietrich and accompanied by 9th Panzer Division, advanced further south and occupied the town of Vevi on 11 April. The German 73rd Infantry Division followed behind LSSAH and attacked to the west, to widen the front of the German breakthrough. Confronting the Greek Cavalry Division in an action at Pisoderi Pass, the 73rd failed to make any progress.

A mixed Australian-British-New Zealand-Greek formation – known as Mackay Force – was hastily assembled. Its task, in the words of the British Empire's commander in Greece, General H. Maitland Wilson, was to "stop a blitzkrieg down the Florina Valley." The force was named after its commander, the Australian Major General Iven Mackay, who deployed his headquarters in Perdika.

Allied
The Klidi Pass (Kirli Derven) – which links the towns of Vevi and Klidi to the south – is 100 - 500 m wide, a winding defile, with steep, rocky and treeless sides up to 1000 m high.

During April 1941, conditions at the top of the pass were "bitterly cold"; rain turning into snowstorms. These hindered the ability of the Allied infantry to sleep, especially the Australians and New Zealanders – who were tired after a long and sudden journey from North Africa, and were not experienced in or equipped for wintry, mountain conditions.

Mackay Force was deployed in two sub-sectors: Greek forces around the town of Kelli, 10 km east of the pass and British Empire forces at the pass (Kirli Derven) itself.

The British Empire's units occupying Kirli Derven itself were predominantly Brigadier George Vasey's Australian 19th Infantry Brigade: the 2/4th (minus one company) and 2/8th Battalions, complemented by the British 9th Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (also known as the 1st Rangers). The infantry were supported by parts of the New Zealand 27th (Machine Gun) Battalion, the Australian 2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment, the British 2nd Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery and other smaller elements of Australian and British artillery units. Vasey's headquarters were located a substantial distance away, approximately 10 km south of the town of Klidi.

Around the pass, Vasey's three infantry battalions were spread across a 16 km-wide front: the 2/8th was on the ridge to the east of the pass, the 1st Rangers was on a north-facing spur on the western side, and the 2/4th was to the west of the Rangers, on Golema Glava height 1001 m). New Zealand machine gunners were distributed among the infantry. Australian and British artillery units were concentrated in the pass itself.

The Kelli sub-sector was covered by a Greek brigade-level force, primarily the Dodecanese Regiment (three battalions totaling 3,500 personnel), which was reinforced by the Greek X Border Sector (500 personnel), three Greek artillery batteries (one mountain artillery, one field artillery and one anti-tank artillery battery equipped with 75 mm field guns), one sapper (engineer) company and one machine gun company. The total strength of the Greek force – under Colonel Sergios Aristotelis – was about 5,000 personnel and 15 guns. The 3rd Battalion, Dodecanese Regiment (III/Dod.) was deployed on the right flank of the British Empire' units, on Delinski Dol heights 1200 m), followed by I/Dod., II/Dod. and X Border Sector to the far right. Two 75mm guns were deployed in the antitank role between III/Dod. and I/Dod., controlling the road that passed through the village of Kelli.

Immediately west of Mackay Force and covering its left flank, across Radosi heights (Mala Reka ridge), were the 350 personnel of the Greek I/88 (1st Battalion, 88th Regiment; 21st Brigade), part of the Greek Cavalry Division.

German
The German forces detailed for the attack on Klidi Pass belonged to the 9th Panzer Division and LSSAH. During the rapid advance through south Yugoslavia, 9th Panzer had formed a Vorausabteilung Appell (Vor.Abt. Apell; "advance guard formation") under the commander of the 9th Motorised Infantry Brigade (Schützen-Brigade), Oberst Wilhelm von Apell, which crossed into Greece together with the LSSAH. The action would also be supported by artillery from XL Corps' assets.

The ''Vor.Abt. Apell'', on the right flank, consisted of the following units: From XL Corps' assets, II./37 Schwere-Artillerie-Battalion (2/37th Heavy Artillery Battalion) – with 12 150 mm guns – along with a battery from the 29th Observation Battalion, had the mission of counter-battery fire.
 * staff, 9th Mot. Infantry Brigade;
 * 9th Reconnaissance battalion;
 * I./11 Schützenbattalion;
 * II./102 Artillerie Battalion minus the 6th battery;
 * one battery, 86 FlaK Battalion;
 * one company, 50 Panzerjäger Battalion and;
 * one company, 86 Panzerpioner Battalion.

LSSAH placed its battalions as follows: on the right the reinforced I./LSSAH: Kampfgruppe Witt (KG Witt) was to attack Vevi Pass frontally, and on the left the reinforced III./LSSAH would attack the recognised Schwerpunkt (focal point) of the battle, to achieve a breakthrough from Kelli toward Amyntaio. Battalion II./LSSAH, minus its 7th and 8th Companies, ) would stay in Florina as a reserve securing the area from south and west. The reconnaissance group (under Kurt Meyer) was initially ordered to link up with 2nd Panzer Division near Edessa, although this plan later changed, so that the reconnaissance group would pursue the Allies toward Sotir after the pass was opened. To support KG Witt, V./LSSAH (a "Heavy Battalion") detached 15 tracked self-propelled artillery pieces, comprising its battery of six Sturmgeschütz III (StuG III) assault guns (75 mm) and its Panzerjäger company of nine Pz.Jg. I (47 mm gun). The LSSAH pioneer battalion would stand behind KG Witt waiting for orders (ie. to clear mines and repair damage on the road). One light howitzer battery would provide direct support to III./LSSAH, and a heavy howitzer battery to KG Witt. The LSSAH artillery regiment, minus an 88 mm Flak battery, would coordinate its actions with KG Witt. Sturmbannführer Fritz Witt led KG Witt, which was composed of:
 * the reinforced infantry battalion I./LSSAH;
 * the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th and 8th Infantry Companies from II./LSSAH;
 * the 4th Machine Gun Company from II./LSSAH;
 * two "light infantry weapons" platoons;
 * a "heavy infantry weapons" platoon;
 * three anti-tank platoons;
 * two engineer platoons;
 * a light field howitzer troop;
 * an 88mm Flak platoon, and;
 * a number of StuG III and Pz.Jg. I. (Allied infantry usually referred to the self-propelled guns as "tanks"; neither the Germans nor Allies believed that armoured vehicles would be able to climb the extremely rocky slopes surrounding the pass. )

The dividing line between LSSAH and ''Vor.Abt. Apell'' was about two kilometres west of the Niki-Vevi-Klidi road and parallel to it. The missions assigned to them were: the LSSAH was to open the pass, while the ''Vor.Abt. Apell would move (after the LSSAH'' attack) from the area of Flambouron toward Aetos and Xino Nero (Eksisou), and the rear of the forces defending the pass.

Opening skirmishes
On the Dodecanese Regiment's front at midnight (10/11 April), the Germans attempted reconnaissance patrols and probing attacks against Glava Hill, but were repelled after a two-hour battle. The Germans repeated these actions at 14:00 against Delinski Dol but were also warded off.

The Waffen-SS did not probe the British Empire's front until the afternoon of 11 April. This included an encounter with Australian artillery positions on the main road; Captain Gordon Laybourne Smith of the 2/3rd Field Regiment later commented that the German commander had sent: "In all his insolence ... trucks down the main road ... to within 3,000 yards [~2,750 metres] of our infantry, and proceeded to debus [i.e. disembark]. At first I could not believe it was an enemy, all had been so still and quiet. Then came some sense. My orders flew over the wire and the first rounds screamed through the air... A few furious moments and back went the Hun [a derogatory term for Germans], but five trucks stayed in the road as silent witness that my troop could shoot". More prolonged skirmishes were directed at the positions of the 2/8th Battalion. These became more aggressive as night closed in. In the words of the Australian War Memorial: "[d]espite being strung out and exhausted from a long march to the position and bitterly cold weather, the 2/8th managed to fend them off."

By the morning of 12 April, fresh snow over 30 cm deep lay on the hillsides. By dawn, many of the Australians and New Zealanders stationed in the Hills were suffering from frostbite and were unable to operate their weapons effectively. However, orders had now been issued for an orderly withdrawal to the Aliakmon line, to begin that evening.

German main assault
At 08:30 on 12 April (09:00 according to one German source), the main German attack was launched. ). Without artillery preparation, the 1st Company of LSSAH, acting as the vanguard of KG Witt on its left flank, attacked the key Hill 997, which was occupied by a company of the 2/8th Battalion, under Captain Bill Robertson. After hard close fighting, by 11:00 they had captured the Hill, having in the process overrun an Australian platoon of which only six men survived. At 12.30 the 7th KG Witt' company extended the attack toward Hill 917 which it captured after strong resistance by 14:00. The Hill was defended by an Australian company under Captain Coombes at the far left of 2/8th's sector, near where it adjoined the 1st Rangers.

According to the Australian official history, at 11:00 the 1st Rangers – possibly believing that the 2/8th was retreating – began to withdraw. This opened the pass itself to the Germans, created a gap between the 2/4th and 2/8th Battalions, severed communications between Vasey and the 2/8th and left Australian anti-tank guns without infantry protection. To the west of the battlefield, the Greek 21st Infantry Brigade reported at 12:00 that it had lost contact with the Australian 2/4 Battalion. At 13:00, the Dodecanese Regiment reported that the Australians of the 2/8th Battalion were retreating, although the Regiment itself had taken no such order yet. The two companies of the 2/8th Battalion on the western flank (Coombes' and Robertson's), were forced to retreat up the slopes.

However, in the words of Australian official historian Gavin Long: "At 2:00 pm ... Lt.-Col. [John] Mitchell of the 2/8th ... ordered a counter-attack which regained some vital ground on top of the ridge... After six hours of intermittent fighting in the pass and on the slopes to the east, the 2/8th still held the Hills though their left had been mauled; the Rangers, however, were rallying astride the road about two miles to the rear, but five of the six supporting guns of the 2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment had been left without protection and abandoned. Thus the ridge held by the 2/8th formed a deep salient."

According to Long, Vasey was informed of the Rangers' withdrawal by officers from other units, but refused to believe it. The Dodecanese line began taking artillery fire at 14:30, concentrated mostly on Delinski Dol. In the west, the Greek 21st Brigade reported from 14:30 that groups of Australians were retreating south towards Xino Nero.

From 14:35 a number of assault guns and Panzerjäger vehicles had arrived to support the 1st and 7th companies of KG Witt.

Following the earlier German successes, the 2nd Company of LSSAH and a heavy machine gun platoon attacked west of the road, with the 3rd Company astride and left (east) of the road, the 7th Company attacking from Hill 917 to the west of Klidi village and the 1st Company from Hill 997 to the east of Klidi village. By 15:30, the 2nd and 3rd Companies had captured Hill 1009 in the 1st Rangers' sector, reducing British machine gun positions with heavy weapons. At 16:00 the forces fighting against KG Witt began to retreat and carried out demolitions on the road. KG Witt attacked forward, and pioneers coming behind the 3rd company started to open a corridor in the Allied minefield eventually allowing two assault guns (StuG) to pass through. Simultaneously, III/LSSAH and Vorausabteilung Apell began their attacks.

The Allied escape movement
With German artillery fire on the Greek lines becoming more intense, at 15:40, Mackay ordered the Dodecanese Regiment to retreat immediately and to have completed the evacuation of its positions by 18:00 (bringing forward the withdrawal scheduled for 19:00). At 16:30, the Regiment began its withdrawal, after destroying its artillery pieces which could not be evacuated. When the Regiment began its retreat, it reported that no British Empire forces were to be seen in the Kirli Derven sector. According to German sources, III/LSSAH began its attack toward Kelli at 16:20.

In the west at 16:00, the German attack was extended against the Greek 1/88th Battalion, which began taking artillery and mortar fire. Between 16:30 and 18:00, a force reported by the Greeks as elements of the German vanguard – primarily the 9th Reconnaissance Battalion and the I/11 SchützenBattalion – concentrated against the battalion's sector (Radosi Hill), and came to assaulting distance, under harassing fire from the Greeks.

The 2/8th had been exposed on two flanks by the Greek and British withdrawals; it was soon coming under German machine gun fire from the east. According to an official Australian account, Vasey "realised his men were not going to be able to stage an orderly withdrawal. At 17:00, he telephoned the commanding officer of the 2/4th Battalion ... with the code phrase indicating that a pull-out was now vital – "the roof is leaking."

At 17:30, the Australian official history reported that 500 German infantry supported by self-propelled guns attacked in force along the width of the 2/8th's sector. A German participant of the battle, Obersturmbannfuhrer Kurt Meyer, wrote later of his surprise at how easily the heavy StuGs had climbed the slopes. "We watched the guns advance in amazement. They climbed higher and higher, and then joined the fight. Nobody [had] thought it possible to use them, but now they were up there, giving valuable support to the infantry. Completely shaken by the impression German shelling had made on them, British [sic] prisoners came down the mountain. They were tall, strong fellows and formidable opponents." The self-propelled guns effectively sealed the Allies' defeat at Vevi. The 2/8th Battalion was forced into a chaotic retreat, with component units being separated and officers ordering the abandonment even of light weapons, to speed the withdrawal. Losses among the Australian infantry would have been much worse it were not for the 2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment and the British Royal Horse Artillery standing their ground in the centre, until the Germans were only 400 m away.

According to German sources at 18:00 the 7th and 1st Companies of LSSAH captured the village of Klidi, having taken 82 prisoners. A little later the 3rd company captured the exit of the rail tunnel taking another 250 New Zealand, British and Australian prisoners. Both Greek and German sources agree that III/LSSAH was in Kelli at 18:15 and subsequently occupied vacant Greek positions, also reaching Petra by 20:15. However, German sources report that Greek units were still fighting to the far east at 20:00, when 40 Greek and 60 Australian prisoners were taken.

Allied defeat
The early collapse of the British Empire's lines in the Klidi Pass, allowed German forces to advance south of the pass before the Dodecanese Regiment had completed its withdrawal to the west. Its right column (consisting of the III and I battalions, as well as the regimental HQ company) was attacked by "about 20 German tanks" (actually six StuG and nine PzJg I) at 18:00 west of Amyntaion, with fire from a distance of 800 - 1000 m. The column was saved by the timely intervention of 25–30 British tanks that prevented their capture.

In the west, the positions of the Greek 88th Regiment were assaulted at 18:30. After a brief uneven clash at close quarters, the Germans overran the 88th, which reeled back toward Aetos. According to Greek sources, an attempted counterattack was aborted when the 88th Regiment's commander was killed; however, German sources mention repulsing a Greek attack against the German right flank at 19:00 (which conforms to the actual disposition of forces, with the Greek regimental HQ south-west of the German attack).

Meanwhile, to the east, at 19:00 the 12th and 13th companies of III/LSSAH marched over Hill 1202 (presumably Delinski Dol, noted in Greek maps as Hill 1200), to the east, while the 14th company west of Lake Petron to the village of Petres. The 2nd company attacked astride the road followed closely by the 3rd company, while the 1st and 7th came down from the Hills flanking the pass toward Sotir. At 21:00 operations stopped at a line extending from the east of Xino Nero almost to Sotir.

At 20:00, the remnants of the Greek 88th Regiment had started to arrive at Aetos. It had suffered 11 killed, 18 wounded (including its commander) and 96 captured (some of them wounded). The Regiment began to reorganise, although its numbers were only sufficient to form one company. German casualties were reported by the Greeks as "heavy".

German sources also report that elements of the Vorausabteilung Appell captured Hill 966 (Seveskeravi Hill) at 22:30 after hard fighting against Australians. However, the hill belonged to the Greek sector and is not mentioned in the Australian or Greek official histories.

Aftermath
The 2/8th Battalion was effectively destroyed as a fighting force for the rest of the Greek campaign. According to some accounts, at its fallback position of Rodona, the battalion could muster only 250 men, of whom only 50 had weapons. Although the 2/4th Battalion had been spared the brunt of the German assault at Vevi, it had 70 personnel taken prisoner at a German roadblock during its retreat to Sotir. The Germans claimed 480 "English" prisoners at Vevi for the loss of 37 dead, 95 wounded and two taken prisoner. For Witt, the victory was perhaps overshadowed by the death of his brother, also a member of LSSAH, whose vehicle drove over a mine during the battle. Gerhard Pleiss – a platoon commander whose men captured the highest point – was subsequently awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest German award for bravery on the battlefield. A further 14 members of KGW received the Iron Cross First Class.

Although it was defeated and suffered heavy losses, Mackay Force's actions at Vevi gained two days for the retreat and regrouping of Allied forces to the south. Despite this, by the time the Allied resistance at Klidi collapsed, the Greek 20th and 12th Divisions had yet to complete their withdrawal, and subsequently found themselves defending their resistance positions on the Mount Siniatsiko line (passes of Kleisoura, Vlasti and Siatista) in very disadvantageous terms. The Dodecanese Regiment, the most combat-worthy of the 20th Division's units, was scattered during the westward withdrawal, due to misunderstandings with the British who undertook their transport on lorries as the Regiment’s commander chose not to show up at the scheduled rendezvous with Battalion I and III, and remained as the reserve of the 20th Division for the remainder of the war. The bulk of the 20th Division was still straggling westward towards Mt. Siniatsiko when the German LSSAH brigade made contact with the main defensive line at Kleisoura in the evening on 13 April.

The 12th Division, retreating through snowstorms over Mount Vermion, was still east of the Florina-Servia road when Mackay Force retreated from Klidi. Although the British 1st Armoured Brigade fought delaying battles at Sotir and Proastio during 13 April, covering 12th Division's withdrawal, the latter was eventually split by the German advance, losing three of its battalions which were cut off the main body and retreated south towards Servia. When the German 9th Panzer Division made contact with the Siatista defensive location at 13.30 on 14 April, only one battalion of the 82nd Regiment was in position. When expecting the German assault on Siatista pass on 15 April, 12th Division could muster only 1,000 men as an effective strength; it was greatly demoralised and fatigued.

title: Battle of Vevi (1941)


text:
Otto Horber

Otto Horber (7 May 1912 – 14 March 2003) was a Swiss sports shooter. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and 1952 Summer Olympics.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Otto Horber


text:
User:Michael from Texas/sandbox

Wiki: A correction is suggested: Under your Article - UNITED STATES, you have the following: "The United States of America (USA)—commonly referred to as the United States (U.S.), America, USA—is afederal republic[16][17] consisting of 50 states and a federal district."

May I be so bold as to suggest the following first sentence: "The United States is a land mass on the North American continent and Hawaii, whose government is named the United States of America, a federal republic consisting of 50 states and a federal district." To support the above change, I would draw your attention to the CIA Website, cia.gov, to the World Fact Book showing exactly what is proposed. Also, check the Articles of Confederation for the style of the government, "The United States of America."

Proposed in the interest of clarity. I would also draw your attention to my website, below listed, where in you will find some very interesting factual information not readily discussed, but true, and my conclusions therefrom. I would invite any comments on my website you may have.

title: User:Michael from Texas/sandbox


text:
Topic talk:German

German topic page created
Hi guys, I decided to just go ahead and create the German front pages as per other languages... I'm going to do as much as I can this week, hopefully make it obviously how and where to add lessons.

Thanks, Aaron AaronRichard 11:56, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Interlingual Beta Club
Hurray Aaron! Thanks for your involvement here at the German Language Division! We are in the process of advancing Multilingual Studies from a social standpoint. Please see our page here at the English version of Wikiversity, and follow the links around the planet. The Interlingual Beta Club and the Translation TaskForce have started a new Transwiki-versity project and we intend to spread the word, quickly. Please join the fun! CQ 00:25, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Why don't you go to the German Wikiversity!?
Hi, why don't you work at your project "Topic:German" in the German Wikiversity, where native speakers could correct your German? In Germany, there exists "Deutsch als Fremdsprache", so you could learn the language there much better and (!) you would help to improve the connections between the German and the English Wikiversity.

Falls Interesse besteht, könnten wir entsprechende Kurse für English speaker in der deutschen Wikiversity anbieten. An den deutschen Hochschulen nimmt der Bereich "Deutsch als Fremdsprache" (DaF) in der Tat breiten Raum ein, wäre sicher für beide Seiten ganz fruchtbar... --Michael Reschke 21:34, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

If you are interested, we could soon offer courses for English speakers at the German Wikiversity. At the German universities "German as a foreign language" is securely established, indeed. It could be fruitful for both sides... --Michael Reschke 21:34, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I just might go over there and try things out. Would the community be welcoming of such users? I wouldn't know how to do anything other than write things like "Ich möchte mein Deutsch verbessern". By the way, is it "mein" or " meine "? Another good idea might be to create a "German-English Wikiversity exchange program" of some sort, where it's a common space for people to read and write in both languages, and share their experiences on the Wikiversities.

 * das Deutsch > mein Deutsch

 * der Hund > mein Hund - the dog > my dog
 * die Katze > mein e (!) Katze - the cat > my cat
 * das Haus > mein Haus - the house > my house

 * As for your edit summary, it seems like you are already quite fluent in English. I have some stylistic recommendations for you :-)
 * The construction "why don't you..." can come across as being mildly bossy. The negation constrains the way in which an answer can be given. A more neutral approach might begin with "have you considered/thought of/ doing...". The important part of the sentence is how you frame the infinitive "to do".
 * "...improve the connections between the German and the English Wikiversity" - I have a strong tendency to feel that the second article is unnecessary. Even the first feels unnecessary, since speakers both know which specific Wikiversities we are thinking about.
 * "At the German universities..." --> "In German universities..."
 * "securely established" -> "well established" - the word well is shorter, has less syllables, and (of just minor importance, if at all important) invokes more positive connotations than the word "security".
 * "...we could soon offer" --> "...we will soon offer". Changing the verb tense makes it sound like it's more probable that it will happen. Cheers, --HappyCamper 12:04, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

I had English in school some years ago... Thank you very much for correcting my English, I will try to improve my English... I'm reading much in English but this is not the same like writing in English. In German now, excuse me: Wenn ihr Deutsch lernen wollt, ist dafür die deutsche Wikiversity der richtige Ort! Drüben ist alles Deutsch, so wie hierhin kommen sollte, um mein Englisch zu verbessern. Durch Korrekturen lernt man und ihr wärt drüben herzlich willkommen... Momentan wenig Zeit, aber das ändert sich bald wieder... --Michael Reschke 00:52, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

 * You can sign up here. Cheers, --Michael Reschke 11:06, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Aim of this side?
Hi, wanting to do something for Wiki I thought of using my native German knowledge to make it possible to other people learning my language. When I first hit this page I was confused about the sentence "Hier wird Deutsch gesprochen!" (="Here's German spoken") what in fact should not be part of a language learning side. So I checked and found the problem: In the language and literature school are two topics with both containing a subtopic German linked to this page. I think this is just disappointing to newcomres and was not planned. I'd say splitting this page in the two different topics and letting this page have a link at both of them would be a possible solution - or are there other ideas? --Edmond Dantes AUT 14:24, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Division of Foreign Languages
 * 2) Foreign language learning

 * Don't worry, feel free to just jump in and make the changes as you see fit. --HappyCamper 17:15, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * After nearly two days of work I finished what I think has a better order than the previous one. Hope nobody's angry with me ;) - So if you think something can be better, be bold. (Added also an Introduction to the German course - mainly to see how the courses would possibly look like in the end) --Edmond Dantes AUT 13:51, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Jokes and Anecdotes
Nancy Astor gave a speech in which she said that during one debate in the House of Commons, "a quiver of horror ran along the bench of Scottish Tory MPs - looking for a spine to run up!"

BuildConstruct
Through the use of an old drawing from 1970 when the mall was originally built, we had a general idea where the utilities would be. We pot-holed areas where we thought the utilities should be to locate them, and then used appropriate best management practices to expose and protect the utility lines as site work progressed. Prior contact with the utility companies was also helpful to finally identify these lines so our workers could proceed on with prepping the site and locating the utility lines before they were damaged by the heavy equipment.

title: Topic talk:German


text:
Talk:David "Honeyboy" Edwards

Fair use rationale for Image:DavidHoneyboyEdwards.jpg
Image:DavidHoneyboyEdwards.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 00:49, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Honeyboy deserves better than this article
Given Honeyboy's longevity and stature as one of the last surviving Delta bluesmen from the heroic period of the 1920s and 1930s, he deserves a much more extensive entry. I'm surprised and dismayed by the brevity of this stub. Plenty of textual evidence for the details of Honeyboy's life story is available, most notably his autobiography, The World Don't Owe Me Nothing, ghostwritten by Janice Martinson and Michael Franks. He's been interviewed repeatedly by the major blues periodicals; English bluesman Dave Peabody has spoken about touring with him; Alan Lomax writes about him in The Land Where the Blues Began. Come on, people! Help out. KudzuRunner (talk) 21:59, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

last Delta blues player?
The text right now reads that Honeyboy and Pinetop Perkins are "arguably, the last Delta blues players still touring the United States remaining from the last century." What does it mean to be the "last Delta blues player" or the last "remaining from the last century." Oldest makes sense, but there are plenty of other Delta blues players - they are neither the last nor the only ones from the 20th century. I think this sentence should be clarified or removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:58, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

Was it all a lie?
So... uh... did David Edwards die or not? I read the history of the article and it said he died. The article remained that way for 3 weeks. Then someone took that part out. Is he dead or isn't he??? — Preceding unsigned comment added by JamieTwice (talk • contribs) 19:53, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Life and career
His friend Robert Johnson did not die by poisoned Whsikey. That is a legend, because poisoned Whiskey sounds better than Syphilis.Simply (talk) 19:59, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

"Film" section
Paragraph about "autobiographical" documentary (surely the writer meant "biographical," unless Edwards was filming himself) needs sourcing and formatting fixes. I see no reason to try to fix the formatting myself, as neither Google nor imdb leads me to a source to reference. Relgif (talk) 21:48, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

New sources don't belong in the External links section
External links is not the place to put new sources. They belong here on the talk page. Beware- I didn't check to see if what I just moved here is acceptable in the article. In the future, please place new references here! Thank you. --Leahtwosaints (talk) 20:13, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Illustrated David "Honeyboy" Edwards' discography
 * David 'Honeyboy' Edwards and The Blue Shoe Project
 * Internet Radio Interview w/ David Honeyboy Edwards
 * 2006 interview with David "Honeyboy" Edwards
 * CD Review of Last of the Great Mississippi Delta Bluesman - Live in Dallas
 * 2001 Documentary film featuring David Honeyboy Edwards
 * 2008 documentary film "Cheat You Fair: The Story of Maxwell Street"
 * Photographs of David Honeyboy Edwards performing at various venues
 * [//worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n86-857363 Works by or about David "Honeyboy" Edwards] in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Issues in the article
I replaced the photo in the infobox. It is clear, beautiful in color, and from the same time period. Next, I don't see any real attention to a guitar and/or instrument section. I noticed the "See Also" section and the Photo gallery. Both technically shouldn't exist since they only add more clutter, and the photos are supposed to reflect what is in the text. Apparently, too often we just jam more and more into these biographies, and it affects the whole piece. Normally, a very good editor should be able to add focused and detailed text, and place the photos as I mentioned above. See: WP:IMAGES to help. When considering either additional sections or images, think: "less is more"!
 * Re: jamming too much into the article, long quotes should be used sparingly. This article was just made of 2 paragraphs, a long quote which could have been avoided merging the info around the photo with a reference, and then that cluttered gallery, and other unnecessary junk. We can fix all this! --Leahtwosaints (talk) 20:54, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080530124235/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=6490 to http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=6490

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title: Talk:David "Honeyboy" Edwards


text:
USA-100

USA-100, also known as GPS IIA-15, GPS II-24 and GPS SVN-36, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the fifteenth of nineteen Block IIA GPS satellites to be launched.

Background
Global Positioning System (GPS) was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to provide all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for military ground, sea, and air forces. Since its implementation, GPS has also become an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational used (e.g., boating, aircraft, hiking), corporate vehicle fleet tracking, and surveying. GPS employs 24 spacecraft in 20,200 km circular orbits inclined at 55.0°. These vehicles are placed in 6 orbit planes with four operational satellites in each plane.

GPS Block 2 was the operational system, following the demonstration system composed of Block 1 (Navstar 1 - 11) spacecraft. These spacecraft were 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointing using reaction wheels. Dual solar arrays supplied 710 watts of power. They used S-band (SGLS) communications for control and telemetry and Ultra high frequency (UHF) cross-link between spacecraft. The payload consisted of two L-band navigation signals at 1575.42 MHz (L1) and 1227.60 MHz (L2). Each spacecraft carried 2 rubidium and 2 Cesium clocks and nuclear detonation detection sensors. Built by Rockwell Space Systems for the U.S. Air force, the spacecraft measured 5.3 m across with solar panels deployed and had a design life of 7.5 years.

Launch
USA-100 was launched at 03:40:01 UTC on 10 March 1994, atop a Delta II launch vehicle, flight number D226, flying in the 7925-9.5 configuration. The launch took place from Launch Complex 17A (LC-17A) at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), and placed USA-100 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37XFP apogee motor.

Mission
On 15 April 1994, USA-100 was in an orbit with a perigee of 19986 km, an apogee of 20315 km, a period of 716.69 minutes, and 54.9° of inclination to the equator. It broadcasts the PRN 06 signal, and operates in slot 1 of plane C of the GPS constellation. The satellite has a mass of 840 kg. It had a design life of 7.5 years, but it remained in service until 21 February 2014, shortly after the launch of USA-248.

title: USA-100


text:
Walter Cowen Short

Walter C. Short (April 2, 1870 – March 5, 1952) was a career officer in the United States Army. A veteran of the Spanish–American War, Pancho Villa Expedition, and World War I, he attained the rank of brigadier general. Short was most notable for the organization and training of several units during the first World War, and his command of the 1st Cavalry Division between World War I and World War II.

Early life
Walter Cowen Short was born in Columbus, Ohio on April 2, 1870, a son of John Short and Elizabeth L. (Cowen) Short. He was raised and educated in Columbus, and attended Marietta College from 1887 to 1888. He was a student in the preparatory department at Ohio State University from 1888 to 1889. Short attended Michigan Military Academy from 1889 to 1890. After graduating, he remained on the academy's faculty as professor of grammar and arithmetic.

Start of career
While attending Marietta College, Short joined the Ohio National Guard's 3rd Infantry Battalion. He was soon commissioned as a captain, and he remained with the battalion for two years. In 1889, he was commissioned as a colonel on the staff of Governor Joseph B. Foraker, and his duties included arranging for the participation of Ohio National Guard troops in the inauguration of Benjamin Harrison as president.

At Michigan Military Academy's 1891 graduation ceremony, U.S. Army officers in attendance including Colonel Edward Miles Heyl commended the drill and ceremony of cadets under Short's command and made note of Short's bearing and appearance. When a lieutenant's vacancy occurred in the 6th Cavalry Regiment shortly after the graduation, Heyl recommended Short for the appointment despite the fact that he was not among the 1,800 individuals who had applied. He did not pass the week-long qualifying examination on the first attempt. He passed on the second, and received his commission as a second lieutenant of Cavalry on October 7, 1891.

Short reported for duty with the 3rd Cavalry at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Soon after he arrived, the Garza Revolution began when Catarino Garza launched an attack on Mexico from Texas in an effort to topple the government of Porfirio Díaz. Short was ordered to Fort Ringgold with two cavalry troops under the command of a captain. He was soon assigned to command of the troops, and led them until hostilities died down when Garza went into hiding to avoid capture by U.S. soldiers. During this conflict, the units under Short's command participated in a number of engagements along the Texas-Mexico border and took several prisoners.

After leaving Texas, Short joined the 6th Cavalry at Fort Niobrara, Nebraska, and assumed command of Troop L (the regiment's American Indian scouts). During the 1894 Pullman Strike, the 6th Cavalry was on duty in Chicago, and Short served on the regimental staff. After the strike, the 6th Cavalry was assigned to Fort Myer, Virginia and Short continued to serve on its staff.

Spanish–American War
At the start of the Spanish–American War in 1898, Short was assigned command of the 6th Cavalry's Troop A. While the regiment was in Tampa, Florida awaiting transportation to Cuba, Short was appointed an assistant adjutant general of United States Volunteers with the temporary rank of major. His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate, but Short declined in order to serve at the front with his regiment.

After arriving in Cuba, Short was promoted to temporary captain. The 6th Cavalry led the charge at the July 1, 1898 Battle of San Juan Hill, with most troopers marching because they had been required to abandon their horses due to the difficult terrain. Short was mounted in order to better direct his troops, and his horse was shot during the fighting. He continued to lead on foot, and was among the first soldiers to reach the top of the hill. During the battle, Short was shot three times, with one round entering his side and passing out near the spine, one causing a flesh wound to one of his arms, and one wounding his wrist. Despite his wounds, Short remained on his feet until clearing the Spanish army's breastworks. His comrades, including John J. Pershing, carried him from the battlefield, convinced he would not recover. A photo in The Illustrated London News of August 20, 1898 depicted the scene of Short being carried, and he gained a measure of fame as a result.

Short was evacuated to a military hospital in Key West, Florida. After convalescing for ten days, he was well enough to sneak away from the hospital and rejoin the 6th Cavalry in Cuba. He received a brevet promotion to major in recognition of his heroism and remained in Cuba until the end of the war.

Post-war
After leaving Cuba, Short served with the 10th Cavalry regiment at Fort Riley, Kansas and Fort Sam Houston, Texas. He was then ordered back to Cuba as the officer in charge of a 100-man detail from the 10th Cavalry. Short and his men took part in the United States Military Government in Cuba, and Short was appointed de facto governor of the city of Bayamo and surrounding towns. Under his leadership, 10th Cavalry soldiers drove out or captured gangs of robbers who had long dominated the area, and killed 37. They improved sanitation in Bayamo, established several new schools, installed telegraph lines, and improved the roads between the city and Cuba's coastline.

After his service in Cuba, Short was assigned to Vancouver Barracks, Washington as a major in the 35th United States Volunteer Infantry. The regiment was soon ordered to the Philippines, where Short served during the Philippine–American War. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in 1901 and promoted to captain as a member of the 13th Cavalry at Fort Keogh, Montana.

In 1902, the Army established the Cavalry School at Fort Riley, and Short was appointed its first senior instructor. He remained on the faculty until 1907, when he was selected for attendance at the Cavalry School in Saumur, France. After completing the course as a student, which enabled him to observe French methods of instruction, Short returned to Fort Riley as the Cavalry School's assistant commandant, where he remained until 1911.

Short was assigned to the 1st Cavalry Regiment in 1911. In addition to performing duty with his regiment at the Presidio of San Francisco, Short was also assigned as commander of Fort Yosemite and the troops assigned to oversee the operations of Yosemite National Park. In 1913, Short was assigned to Schofield Barracks, Hawaii as a member of the 4th Cavalry Regiment. In 1915 he was promoted to major and assigned to the 16th Cavalry at Fort Ringgold, Texas. During this assignment, Short performed duty on the Texas-Mexico Border during the Pancho Villa Expedition.

World War I

In May 1917, a month after the American entry into World War I, Short was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In August 1917, he was promoted to temporary colonel and assigned command of the 337th Infantry Regiment during its initial organization and training. He subsequently commanded the 312th and 315th Cavalry Regiments, which he organized and trained. When the Army determined that Cavalry units were not needed on the front lines, Short was responsible for converting these regiments to Field Artillery, and they went to France as the 71st and 72nd Artillery Regiments.

From September to October 1918, Short commanded the 8th Infantry Regiment at Camp Fremont, California. He was promoted to temporary brigadier general in October 1918 and assigned to command the 32nd Brigade, 16th Division at Camp Kearny, California. Due to the Armistice with Germany on November 11, 1918, the war ended before the 16th Division departed for France, and Short reverted to his permanent rank of lieutenant colonel in 1919.

Post-World War I
After World War I, Short served in Belgium as manager of the U.S. equestrian team at the 1920 Summer Olympics. He then attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth. After graduation, he was promoted to colonel and assigned to command the 16th Cavalry at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. In 1921, he was transferred to command of the 7th Cavalry. In October 1923, Short was detailed to the Inspector General's department, and he served for two years in San Francisco and two in Honolulu.

In October 1927, Short was promoted to brigadier general and assigned to the Advanced Air Corps School at Fort Langley, Virginia. He subsequently served at the Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia and the Cavalry School at Fort Riley. In 1928, he took command of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade at Fort Bliss, Texas. Also in 1928, Short was manager of the U.S. equestrian team that took part in the Summer Olympics, which were held in Amsterdam. He commanded the 1st Cavalry Division from 1930 to 1932. He was commander of Fort Bliss in 1933 and commanded the 1st Cavalry Division again in 1934. Short retired in April 1934.

Death and burial
In retirement, Short was a resident of San Diego, California. He died at Naval Medical Center San Diego on March 5, 1952. Short was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego.

Family
In 1901, Short married Hortense DuBois Wilson in Omaha, Nebraska. They were the parents of a daughter, Hortense Wilson, who was the wife of Major General Verne D. Mudge.

Awards
Short was a recipient of the Silver Star Citation for his Spanish–American War Service, which was upgraded to the Silver Star when that decoration was created in 1918. In addition, he received the Purple Heart for the wounds he sustained in the Battle of San Juan Hill after the award was created in 1917.

title: Walter Cowen Short


text:
Robert Shafer

Robert Shafer may refer to:

 * Robert L. Shafer (born 1932), American lawyer, lobbyist, and diplomat
 * Robert Shafer (conductor) (born 1946), American conductor and classical composer
 * Robert R. Shafer (born 1958), American actor

title: Robert Shafer


text:
Figure skating at the 2015 Winter Universiade – Ice dance

The ice dancing competition of the figure skating at the 2015 Winter Universiade was held at the Universiade Igloo in Granada. The short dance was held on February 6 and the free dance was held on February 7.


text:
1994–95 Danish Superliga

The 1994–95 Danish Superliga season was the 5th season of the Danish Superliga league championship, governed by the Danish Football Association.

The tournament was held in two rounds. The first round was in autumn 1994, and the second in spring 1995. The teams that placed first to eighth in first round, played in second round. Their goal scores were reset to zero, and their mutual points were shorted to the half.

The two teams placed ninth and tenth in first round, played in the qualification league in the spring. They had respectively 8 and 7 points with.

The Danish champions qualified for the UEFA Champions League 1995-96 qualification, while the second and third placed teams qualified for the qualification round of the UEFA Cup 1995-96. The fourth and sixth placed teams qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup 1995. The teams placed first to fourth in the qualification league promoted.

title: 1994–95 Danish Superliga


text:
The Brotherhood (Lynch Mob album)

The Brotherhood is the seventh album by American hard rock band Lynch Mob.

Personnel

 * Oni Logan – vocals
 * George Lynch – guitar
 * Sean McNabb – bass
 * Jimmy D'Anda – drums

title: The Brotherhood (Lynch Mob album)


text:
Talk:Discrete Mathematics/Functions and relations

Lots of material there, maybe enough for several "modules". Would it make sense to divide it up ? -- Karl Wick

I'd be against the idea, in my opinion. If someone's trying to study the material, it'd be a great deal more difficult jumping back and forth through linking to other modules. Anyway, this module's almost done, just going to cover Hasse diagrams and some questions/answers and I'm done with this bit, I think. Dysprosia 10:20, 5 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Confusion about Cartesian product definition of Function
I was reading the Other function notation section of this module and was a bit confused by the wording of the last sentence:

So using set notation, a function can be expressed as the Cartesian product of its domain and range.

Shouldn't that read a function can be expressed **as a subset of** the Cartesian product of its domain and range.? Otherwise, the function would be defined as F={(1,1),(1,4),(1,9),(2,1),(2,4),(2,9),(3,1),(3,4),(3,9)}.

Or perhaps my understanding of a Cartesian product is incorrect. Just wanted some clarification. Thank you.
 * This confuses me too. Tim J Tylor (talk) 11:06, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

I think there is a short coming in the discussions of functions nothing has been mentioned one to one function or generally the types of functions

OR or XOR in trichotomy
I just added an example in the Trichotomy section but I'd like to know if the or we have is a strict OR (XOR) or not. If it is then my example is incorrect (since sometimes both aRb and bRa hold).

Thanks for your help :)

how can we find the union,intersection,complement, difference of two sets named R & S?

New Introduction and other fixes
Hi, I've taken the liberty to add an introduction and some other (less major) fixes. I'd like to know what everyone thinks. --Brian C. Wells (discuss • contribs) 05:37, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

Weird Approvals of Property Changes
I just undid a change that removed "Transitive" as one of the properties of equality. Equality is transitive: a = b and b = c implies a = c. In fact, the transitive property is one of the three necessary properties of an equivalence relation, of which equality is the classic example.

I have also seen other examples changed to false answers, but what bothers me more than these erroneous edits by random IPs is that they are being approved by Wikibookians with the rights to do so. I'm fairly new here, so I don't know what Wikibookians' common problems are, but what's going on here? Are they just too busy to make a detailed review? Does nobody care what's right and wrong here? Or is there something else I'm missing? Thanks in advance. --Brian C. Wells (discuss • contribs) 09:07, 5 June 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Jessica Walter

Birthyear
Was Jessica born in 1940 or 1941? IMDB has 1941. Hotwine8 02:31, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Someone claiming to be from her public relations firm sent me a note saying she was born in 1941 and not 1940. IMDb probably got the same note. 04:51, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Forgot to mention...
You forgot to mention that she is Jewish! :) (<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:19, 17 July 2013 (UTC)) You forgot to mention her role in the 1974 TV Movie Hurricane as Louise Damon — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:41, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

You forgot to mention her role in an episode of "Love American Style", i.e, "The Jealous Husband" with Jerry Van Dyke. She played Mary Pettidrew. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:55, 22 December 2016 (UTC)

As busy as this page has been lately, these omissions are difficult to understand. I hope someone is caretaking it? https://tvline.com/2011/01/09/big-bang-theory-jessica-walter/ Sadsaque (talk) 23:47, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Jessica Walter. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110613213644/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/149578-Bon-Voyage-Anything-Goes-With-Sutton-Foster-and-Joel-Grey-Opens-on-Broadway to http://www.playbill.com/news/article/149578-Bon-Voyage-Anything-Goes-With-Sutton-Foster-and-Joel-Grey-Opens-on-Broadway
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101231164155/http://www.tvland.com/shows/retired-at-35/bios/jessica-walter to http://www.tvland.com/shows/retired-at-35/bios/jessica-walter

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The Love Boat
She appeared on at least one episode of The Love Boat. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:39, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

Mission Difficult
Does anyone know when she provided the voice-acting for the season 12 finale of Archer? It seems strange they knew to write the character out, or was she planning on retiring from the role regardless? WakandaQT (talk) 03:44, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Picture
Hello! Is it possible there is a better photo of Ms. Walters out there to put at the top of the article? The one that's there doesn't look like her as she appeared through much of her career and isn't immediately recognizable as her. The microphone in front of her face also makes the photo an unfortunate choice for a profile image. I've never had experience with putting a new photo into a Wikipedia page, so if anyone can help out here, that would be great! AK4M2 Alaska4Me2 (talk) 15:42, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * You can look through the commons category (here) to see if there's one you think is better, and I will try to find other free images, but if you're suggesting using any random image, then it is discouraged. There are free images of her, so it is unlikely anyone will accept that using a non-free image is fair use, unless you can make a convincing argument that all of the free images are completely unrecognizable (i.e. don't fulfill the purpose of depicting her). As, I think, the current image does identify her, the quality is a secondary concern. Kingsif (talk) 21:57, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

I did find a better photo that was taken by the same photographer at the same location and time. The photo that was there before I replaced it made her look goofy and didn't capture who she was throughout her career. Jessica Walter was known as a sultry actress with a strong but mysterious quality. That image was solidified with her unforgettable performance in Play Misty For Me. It would be a shame for anyone coming to this article to see the photo that was there which really made her unrecognizable. Even the photo that I added isn't truly the best depiction but it is far better than the one it replaced. I must say I'm glad the process of adding a photo wasn't difficult at all! Thank you for your reply to my query. AK4M2 Alaska4Me2 (talk) 16:19, 30 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Is this a joke? You square-cropped an image that was almost identical but with her face tilted away. You picked a worse-framed photo taken minutes apart from the longstanding one, i.e. clearly not an improvement. I'm also concerned at your edit reason on the article and your explanation here: we shouldn't be trying to find images to make people look "sultry". Because it's often not the most accurate representation, but also because it's creepy. Kingsif (talk) 00:40, 31 December 2021 (UTC)

Of course it's not a joke. There's no need to be insulting and rude. There's also no need to keep an insulting photo of Ms. Walter in the article. The bottom line is the one you seem to prefer doesn't even look like her and it's completely unattractive. Not to mention the microphone is obscuring more of her face. I've looked through a number of other photos at Wikipedia Commons that are used as profile images and not all of them are portrait cropped. I believe this photo is more than an improvement. I don't see any reasonable explanation why the one you prefer should remain and is in any way better than the one I replaced it with. Cordially, AK4M2 Alaska4Me2 (talk) 15:00, 31 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jessica Walter


text:
Track speed skating at the 1981 World Games

The track speed skating events of World Games I were held on July 29–31, 1981, in Parking Lot J of Marriott’s Great America amusement park in Santa Clara, California, in the United States. These were the first World Games, an international quadrennial multi-sport event, and were hosted by the city of Santa Clara. The course was a 400-meter triangle-shaped track. Italian athletes won 11 of the 18 track speed skating medals.

Medalists
Sources:

5000 m

 * 1) Tom Peterson, USA, 10:29.58.
 * 2) Giuseppe Cruciani, Italy, 10:29.73.
 * 3) Hermes Fossi, Italy, 10:30.42.
 * 4) Dimitri Van Cauwemberge, Belgium, 10:31.11.
 * 5) Chuck Jackson, USA, 10:31.20.
 * 6) Danny Van De Perre, Belgium, 10:31.22.
 * 7) Robb Dunn, USA, 10:32.10.
 * 8) Scott Constantine, New Zealand, 10:32.24.
 * 9) Augustin Ramirez, Colombia, 10:32.37.
 * 10) Dean Huffman, USA, 10:33.31.
 * 11) Alvaro Arrendondo, Colombia, 10:34.06.
 * 12) Humberto Triana, Colombia, 10:34.34.
 * 13) Serge Plante, Canada, 10:38.04.
 * 14) Roland De Roo, Belgium, 10:41.69.
 * 15) Moreno Bagnolini, Italy, 10:51.69.
 * 16) Doug Blair, Canada, 10:56.24.

10,000 m

 * 1) Tom Peterson, USA, 20:19.19
 * 2) Hermes Fossi, Italy, 20:19.35
 * 3) Moreno Bagnolini, Italy, 20:19.41
 * 4) Danny Van de Perre, Belgium, 20:19.41
 * 5) Chuck Jackson, USA, 20:19.67
 * 6) Robb Dunn, USA, 20:19.81
 * 7) Scott Constantine, New Zealand, 20:19.87
 * 8) Humberto Triana, Colombia, 20:20.01
 * 9) Dean Huffman, USA 20:20.09
 * 10) Augustin Ramirez, Colombia, 20:20.64
 * 11) Alvaro Arrendondo, Colombia, 20:20.70
 * 12) Dimitri Van Cauwenberghe, Belgium, 20:20.75
 * 13) Serge Plante, Canada, 20:20.97
 * 14) Roland De Rod, Belgium, 20:21.00
 * 15) Giuseppe Cruciani, Italy, 20:27.09
 * 16) Doug Blair, Canada, 20:49.68

20,000 m
1. Chuck Jackson, USA, 40:40.04.
 * 1) Scott Constantine, New Zealand, 40:03.43.
 * 2) Giuseppe Cruciani, Italy, 40:38.02.
 * 3) Moreno Bagnolini, Italy, 40:38.06.
 * 4) Danny Van De Perre, Belgium, 40:38.08.
 * 5) Tom Peterson, USA, disqualified from 3rd, no time credited
 * 6) Hermes Fossi, Italy, 40:39.02.
 * 7) Augustin Ramirez, Colombia, 40:39.04.
 * 8) (tie) Robb Dunn, USA; Dimitri Van Cauwenberghe, Belgium; Serge Plante, Canada, 40:39.08.

2. Humberto Triana, Colombia, 40:40.06.

3. Doug Blair, Canada, 40:42.08.

5000 m

 * 1) Monica Lucchese, Italy, 10:18.90.
 * 2) Paola Sometti, Italy, 10:19.01.
 * 3) Annie Lambrechts, Belgium, 10:19.53.
 * 4) Mary Barriere, USA, 10:19.80.
 * 5) Paola Christofori, Italy, 10:20.49.
 * 6) Sue Dooley, USA, 10:24.79.
 * 7) Fiona Wass, New Zealand, 10:25.53.
 * 8) Darlene Kessinger, USA, 10:31.03.
 * 9) Christine DeClerk, Belgium, 10:34.59.

10,000 m

 * 1) Paola Cristofori, Italy, 21:45.13
 * 2) Darlene Kessinger, USA, 21:45.25
 * 3) Anne Lambrechts, Belgium, 21:45.84
 * 4) Mary Barriere, USA, 21:46.14
 * 5) Paola Sometti, Italy, 21:46.17
 * 6) Monica Lucchese, Italy, 212:46.45
 * 7) Luigia Foini, Italy, 21:46.60
 * 8) Fiona Wass, New Zealand, 21:47.36
 * 9) Sue Dooley, USA, 21:47.68
 * 10) Christine DeClerck, Belgium, 21:48.00
 * 11) Marie Van Damme, Belgium, DNF

15,000 m

 * 1) Annie Lambrechte, Belgium, 33:45.04. (time as published in source)
 * 2) Paola Christofori, Italy, 33:45.03.
 * 3) Monica Lucchese, Italy, 33:45.03.
 * 4) Darlene Kessinger, USA, 33:45.04.
 * 5) Paola Sometti, Italy, 33:46.02.

No times –

1. Mary Barriere, USA

2. Fiona Wass, New Zealand.

3. Luigia Fioni, Italy.

4. Sue Dooley, USA

5. Christine de Clerck, Belgium.

6. Marie-Claire Van Damme, Belgium.


text:
homodyne

Adjective

 * 1)  Pertaining to two waves which originate from a single radiation source, or have exactly the same frequency.

Translations

 * Italian:

Verb

 * 1) To combine two waves of identical frequency.

title: homodyne


text:
Wikiversity talk:Sandbox

There should be people watching the sandbox
Dave and I have been watching the Sandbox constantly, is anyone else interested in volunteering? --Goldenburg111 (talk) 15:22, 14 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes I will, but what do I have to do? --<IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 21:44, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Cleanup the sandbox by reverting cleanup edits! --Goldenburg111 21:46, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes, it just needs to be reset occasionally, but not over-zealously. In particular, don't reset it if a user has been editing within the last hour or so.  They may still be testing something.  -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 23:46, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Keep up the good work. --Rockchalk 03 (discuss • contribs) 12:20, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Maybe, but it is really necessary? I can see in the page history that a robot is running sometimes ("Robot: Automatically cleaned"). If it was written in the information box when it was running (for example at a specified day and time every week), then nobody should be surprised if what they have written, will disappear. /Patrik Näsfors (discuss • contribs) 19:05, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I clean it when what is already there might discourage another editor from testing their own edits. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 19:13, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Sorry Dave if I don't understand your answer (so clarify if you like), but if it is reset often enough, I can't see why it should be necessary to watch and do it manually. At OpenSourceCMS (where you also can try a demo of MediaWiki, which the link points to), demos are deleted and re-installed every hour. I don't know how much a bot can be programmed to do, but as you stated above, it could be fine if the bot could see if there is more than an hour since the last edit before purging the page. Could that be done? It's just a suggestion so people don't have to check and clean manually like now. /Patrik Näsfors (discuss • contribs) 20:34, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

 * It isn't reset often enough. The bot that is active here only resets the sandbox on Saturday mornings. It's certainly possible to write a bot to do this. I don't run mine unattended, but I'd be happy to help someone else learn how to write the code to do this if they're interested. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 20:58, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarification. I'd be happy to help with that. I also have a server running continuously if that's a requirement. I haven't learned to program in Python yet, but it's on my to-learn list and I'd like to learn what else is necessary. (I'm also a quick learner). But actually it seems the Mu301Bot does not run anything at the moment (and the task to clean the Sandbox have been inactive since July 2016).

 * I can also see why it's necessary to do it manually once in a while, because the page is totally changed sometimes. That raises another question. Is it possible to protect a section at the top (the header) and prevent that it is modified, or can only whole pages be protected? Or might a solution be to create subpages for sandboxing? /Patrik Näsfors (discuss • contribs) 22:40, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I'm a bit biased, but there's a good Python course at Python Programming. There's sample bot code at MediaWiki API/Pywikibot. The Pywikibot course is very outdated, but the instructions at mw:Manual:Pywikibot were good the last time I tried them (maybe six months ago). -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 00:28, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Education
I would like to find out more information about free learning resources on the internet that once completed and I pass the course I would earn a free certificate showing my accomplishments. ChrisREdG33 (discuss • contribs) 20:48, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

 * In most cases, free certificates are worth what you pay for them. Free learning is great. Free proof of learning doesn't go very far. I encourage you to look at your goals and determine what proof of education is necessary for those goals. If it is a portfolio, create your own proof of experience. If certification is required, you'll likely need to pay for that testing or proof. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 13:07, 21 July 2018 (UTC)

Science
I think we should a develop scientific project Umeh elochukwu (discuss • contribs) 13:59, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

We should try making a drone Umeh elochukwu (discuss • contribs) 14:01, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

love,live, and let go
I just wanted to see if anyone is actually interested in conversation on this choice of a topic that I chose. If you are interested then please say so and I will begin. Ronniewaddle79 (discuss • contribs) 21:14, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I am interested, please proceed @Ronniewaddle79 Sierra Seven (discuss • contribs) 13:17, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/W.Waleczek/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

Only edits are to Draft:Wojciech Waleczek. I've already blocked User:PianistChopin per WP:DUCK, making a formal report for this one as it looks like becoming a classic WP:LTA time sink. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 22:06, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * Based on the near-identical deleted drafts, no question that Lisztpianist and PianistChopin are related. My only question is whether the latter two are the same person as W.Waleczek or this is some sort of meatpupetry, but W.Waleczek is long stale so we can't tell for sure. I'm going to go ahead and duck block without CU (either sock or meat), but if they pop up yet again CU is probably in order. GeneralNotability (talk) 23:21, 16 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Autobahnkirche Siegerland

Autobahnkirche Siegerland or Autobahnkirche an der A 45 is an ecumenical Christian road church at the Bundesautobahn 45 near Wilnsdorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Opened in 2013, the building has received several architecture awards.

History
The church is one of several German road churches which was initiated by private patrons and was financed primarily by donations. The building was erected following a design by Schneider + Schumacher from Frankfurt which won a 2009 competition. It was inaugurated on 26 May 2013 and received several architecture awards.

The church is dedicated to quiet contemplation by Christians of all denominations and is always open. It is run by the Förderverein Autobahnkirche Siegerland association. The association organises a Wochenschluss-Andacht on Fridays and occasional cultural events with religious themes, such as sacred music.

Architecture
The exterior is based on simple geometric elements such as triangles, mostly in white. The silhouette alludes to the pictogram for the German road churches. It resembles a piece of folded paper, with an allusion to two towers. The entrance area features a typographic installation by Peter Zizka, quoting from Psalm 91:11 (Er hat seinen Engeln befohlen dich zu behüten auf allen deinen Wegen - For he shall give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways).

The interior, dominated by wood, contrasts with the abstract exterior. An "organic" wooden structure is reminiscent of a tent. A wooden free-standing structure is focused on the altar, enhanced by indirect lighting.

Awards
The building was awarded several architecture prizes, including:
 * Iconic Awards 2013
 * DAM Preis für Architektur in Deutschland 2013
 * AIT (trade magazine) Award 2014
 * Publikumspreis A + Award: "spektakulärstes religiöses Gebäude 2014"

title: Autobahnkirche Siegerland


text:
Mergers and Acquisitions/Transactional Due Diligence

Welcome to Transactional Due Diligence, M&A 5410. This course is designed to introduce the student to Transactional Due Diligence - analysing the transaction's (aquisition agreement's) design and structure against securities, tax and accounting regulations.

Course Outline

 * Course Outline Course Outline & Syllabus

Sessions

 * Session 1: An Overview of Transactional Due Diligence
 * Session 2:
 * Session 3: Reviewing Transaction and Documentation
 * Session 4:
 * Session 5: Analysing Exposure Under Securities Law
 * Session 6:
 * Session 7: Analysing Exposure Under Tax Law and Accounting Regulations
 * Session 8:

Required Reading

 * The Art of M&A Due Diligence


text:
Omutnaya

Omutnaya (Омутная) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Verkh-Kamyshensky Selsoviet, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 36 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Omutnaya is located 10 km southwest of Zarinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Batunny is the nearest rural locality.

title: Omutnaya


text:
ACASS

ACASS, or Architect-Engineer Contract Administration Support System, was developed in 1975, in response to The 1972 Brooks Architect-Engineer Act, Public Law 92–582 (see external link below). The Brooks Act requires the public announcement of requirements for A–E services by Federal agencies (with some exceptions provided by other statutes); selection of the most highly qualified firms based on demonstrated competence and professional qualifications; and the negotiation of a fair and reasonable price, starting with the highest qualified firm. Hence, the selection of A–E contractors is focused on qualifications, and not the lowest price. ACASS supports procedures defined in Part 36 of the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR).

As envisioned, ACASS collected and distributed information used by Federal Government Selection committees in the process of awarding A–E contracts. This information included the SF 330 part II A-E Qualifications Statement submitted by A-E firms to the Online Representations and Certifications Application (ORCA), limited DoD Contract Award information, and A-E Performance Evaluations. Evaluations were retained in the ACASS system for six years from the date signed by the Rating/Evaluating Official.

The ACASS number was abolished when the ACASS system transitioned to a modernized platform on October 5, 2005. The ACASS system now uses the D.U.N.S. number, in place of an ACASS number. Firms should supply their DUNS number, and notify the requestor of the discontinuation of the ACASS number, when asked for their ACASS number.

title: ACASS


text:
KTLO-LD

KTLO-LD (channel 46) is a low-power television station in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States, affiliated with the Spanish-language network Telemundo. It is owned by the News-Press & Gazette Company (NPG) alongside ABC affiliate KRDO-TV (channel 13) and radio stations KRDO (1240 AM) and KRDO-FM (105.5). The four stations share studios on South 8th Street in Colorado Springs, where KTLO-LD's transmitter is also located.

Due to its low-power status, KTLO-LD's broadcast range only covers the immediate Colorado Springs area. Therefore, it is simulcast in 720p high definition on KRDO-TV's second digital subchannel in order to reach the entire market. This signal can be seen on channel 13.2 from a transmitter on Cheyenne Mountain.

title: KTLO-LD


text:
Moshe Abutbul

Moshe Abutbul may refer to:

 * Moshe Abutbul (footballer) (born 1984), Israeli association football player
 * Moshe Abutbul (politician) (born 1965), Israeli politician

title: Moshe Abutbul


text:
Reproductive health/Anatomy and physiology of reproduction

The male reproductive system
Male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes, seminiferous tubule, bulbourethral gland, vas deferens, seminal vescicles and urethra.
 * Anatomy
 * Spermatogenesis
 * Reproduction

The female reproductive system

 * Anatomy
 * Oogenesis
 * Menstrual cycle
 * Fertilization
 * Pregnancy
 * Menopause


text:
Talk:Dean Crawford

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Dean Crawford


text:
biokemija

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  biochemistry

Noun

 * 1) biochemistry (the chemistry of those compounds that occur in living organisms, and the processes that occur in their metabolism and catabolism)

title: biokemija


text:
Introduction to graph theory/Glossary

]] ]]
 * Forest : [[School of Mathematics:Introduction to Graph Theory:Lecture 2#What is a forest?|A graph with no cycles.
 * Tree : [[School of Mathematics:Introduction to Graph Theory:Lecture 2#What is a forest?|A connected graph with no cycles.

title: Introduction to graph theory/Glossary


text:
Talk:Fortune India 500

External links modified
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title: Talk:Fortune India 500


text:
Talk:Pot-in-pot refrigerator

First used by the Egyptians?
I heard it said that this was first used by the Egyptians - anyone have info on this? --Singkong2005 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:28, 15 December 2006 (UTC).

My parents used something similar with a bucket covered by a cloth while camping (before 1995...), so this is not a new idea. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:55, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I believe that the Ancient Romans used a similar technology. They placed the food inside stoppered glazed pot (i.e. waterproof), and then placed that pot inside larger unglazed pot. The gap between the pots was then filled with water, the larget pot stoppered, and placed in a shaded, windy location. The water would diffuse through the unglazed pot, and evaporate as it reached the surface, thus cooling the food. CS Miller (talk) 10:22, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

technical details?
how cold does it get? how long does it take for the food to cool? Does it actually stop most bacterial growth? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:27, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

 * You can read about it at the Rolex Award webpage for Mohammed Bah Abbas. It said that the system "maintained temperature below 20°C" and "up to 14 degrees cooler than the surrounding environment". Roger Hui (talk) 21:05, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

 * "maintained temperature below 20°C" is for a room-sized chamber with brick walls at the Punjab Agricultural University in Ludhiana — cmɢʟee୯ ͡° ̮د ͡° ੭ 18:01, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Theoretically devices like this can cool arbitrarily close to the dew point, which is what makes them effective in the dry desert climates. This also means that, apart from the SW US, Spain and Australia, they're quite useless in western countries. Right now the temperature in my room is 26⁰C, dew point is 22⁰C, so it would cool to about 23⁰C. I wouldn't buy a refrigerator like that, even if it costed me only €1. Which brings me to the point, the sentence about potential use in western countries can be removed. It's hardly encyclopedic anyway. If somebody thinks it is, just reinstate. PiusImpavidus (talk) 16:01, 19 June 2013 (UTC)

chilly bins
This system would appear to be ideal for chilly bins/coolers/ice boxes. A link from this article to such a product would be useful. I'll search for a link now <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:11, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Additional References
I found quite a lot that would be useful to add to this article, but also quite a lot that I can't verify. Can someone please take a look at these links and the references they cite (as applicable) and see if there's anything we can incorporate? Sutematsu (talk) 22:21, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Appropedia Zeer Pot Refrigeration
 * Pot-in-pot: Refrigeration for the Poor

It was never very effective in Scotland or Wales, for reasons that other parts of the article make clear
 * This porous stone(?) fridge Seems to be a largely identical technology which was commercially available in Europe in the 1960s.

Hieroglyphics
Before I added cites and additional info, I saw that the article mentioned that this type of refrigeration had been mentioned in hieroglyphics. However, I couldn't find anything to support this, and removed the reference. If someone else knows where we can get a reference to this, please add it. Sutematsu (talk) 22:25, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

Citation Needed in Construction Section
"Evaporative coolers tend to perform poorly or not at all in climates with high ambient humidity." This is basic science. As humidity increases, evaporation decreases up to the point of 100% relative humidity where it stops. Less or no evaporation means less or no evaporative cooling.

"If there is an impermeable separation layer between the food and the porous pots, undrinkable water such as seawater can be used to drive the cooling process, without contaminating the food. This is useful in arid locations near the ocean where drinkable water is a limited commodity, and can be accomplished by using a pot that is glazed on the inner wall where the food is stored." This is basic logic. A physical barrier protects the food from being contaminated with non-potable water.

"Extended operation is possible if the pots are able to draw water from a storage container, such as an inverted airtight jar, or if the pots are placed in a shallow pool of water." Again basic logic. The jar or dish acts as a reservoir that replenishes the moisture in the sand as it evaporates through the outer wall of the outer pot.

These three statements seem clear and not needing of additional citation beyond basic science and logic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:02, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed on points one and three, and the "citation needed" tags have been removed from those. However, not as sure about point number two. Are all glazes necessarily waterproof? Sutematsu (talk) 22:10, 19 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Realized that I could get around the "are all glazes waterproof?" issue with a small rewrite in the text. *facepalm* Edited and citation tag removed. Sutematsu (talk)

proposed merger 2012

 * The following discussion is closed. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

solar powered refrigerator+pot-in-pot refrigerator
 * oppose The solar powered refrigerator article is talking about modern compression based refrigerators, which happen to generate electricity via solar power. That is not an appropriate target for a merge (although a see also may certainly apply) Gaijin42 (talk) 15:42, 3 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Each article discusses a different, and largely unrelated, technology. The Pot-in-pot refrigerator article does not even mention the word "solar". Johnfos (talk) 20:00, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Have either of you actually read solar-powered refrigerator? The only parts which are referenced refer to the pot-in-pot refrigerator, specifically Emily Cummins's eco-fridge variant, and multiple sources refer to this as a "solar-powered refrigerator". Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) (talk) 07:58, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. Yes, pot in pot is solar powered, just like a clothesline is. But the other article is talking about using standard freon/compression refrigeration technologies, which happened to be powered by the sun. That is a completely different concept. Pot in pot can be created by anyone with mud. solar power refrigerators require advanced manufacturing capabilities. Gaijin42 (talk) 17:43, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

 * PiPR is not really "solar powered" in any direct sense. What it needs is ambient heat from the local environment, and very low humidity. A common condition of arid/desert environments.

 * Solar power usually involves direct photonic radiation absorption, such as through a photovoltaic panel or thermal absorption tank. PiPR is indirect due to water evaporation drawing heat off of the pot. You would want to shield the pot from direct sun exposure as that would likely cause more heating than evaporative cooling.

 * PiPR is generally likely to be an indoor technology out of the sun, such as inside a tent or other shelter, but needing very low ambient humidity to drive the evaporation process.

 * A building-cooling method that involves evaporation and air ventilation is known as a swamp cooler. DMahalko (talk) 04:46, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

 * This is all very nice, but it's irrelevant to the matter of the merge. Right now, solar-powered refrigerator is basically just a wad of personal opinion on theoretical or obscure conventional electric fridges which use solar power (which doesn't warrant inclusion at all) coupled with discussion of the eco-fridge, which is a PiPR. As such, the most logical way to proceed would be to merge said article here so that the sources (which really discuss the PiPR) are included in the right article, while we do not lend undue weight to alleged high-tech devices which have had no established impact on the world. A merge makes sense because even if it is not "solar powered" in the conventional sense, numerous reliable sources have referred to the PiPR as a "solar-powered refrigerator". Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) (talk) 04:53, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Gaijin42 and DMahalko make some good points. Pot in pot (PiPR) can be created by anyone with mud, whereas solar power refrigerators require advanced manufacturing capabilities. They are completely different concepts. PiPR is not "solar powered" in any direct sense. I still oppose the merge, and suggest that all the PiPR material be put in one article, and all the solar powered refrigerators material in the other. Johnfos (talk) 05:08, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, there's still work to be done here. I'll be moving all of the material currently in solar-powered refrigerator which deals with the eco-fridge to pot-in-pot refrigerator. At the same time, I'll be removing the unsourced essay-type material from solar-powered refrigerator and readding a hatnote pointing to pot-in-pot refrigerator due to the references which refer to the eco-fridge as a solar-powered refrigerator. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) (talk) 06:59, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

 * It doesn't look like you have consensus to do the merge.

 * The PiPR is "dry air powered", not solar powered. Don't need sunlight to have dry air to operate the cooling process.

 * Besides there can be purely solar powered thermally operated refrigerators using modern technology. Take a look at ammonia refrigeration.. Absorption refrigerator. Those can certainly be solar powered to drive the boiling chamber. They are also commonly powered by propane in recreational vehicles.

 * And it is fair to discuss solar powered electric refrigeration, with photovoltaic panels and batteries in the other article. Likely would not be a huge 1000 watt auto-defroster fridge like in an average American home though.

 * DMahalko (talk) 06:46, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Err, yes, that's why I removed the merge tag. I'll continue to work on this, as like every other sustainable development topic on Wikipedia our coverage here is still a complete mess. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) (talk) 09:10, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

No picture?
How in the world does this entry have no picture? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:04, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Here is a picture link : https://www.facebook.com/greenrenaissance/photos/a.430117437006046.105279.120085081342618/834875839863535/?type=1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:01, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

Unfortunately we can't just appropriate pictures from someone else's website without permission. That would be a copyright violation. Richerman   (talk) 16:59, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

Pot-in-Pot Preservation Cooling System
Is the "Pot-in-Pot Preservation Cooling System" technically any different? Is it not simply that Nigerians were generally unaware of the underlying technology - despite it having been used through Europe and North America for thousands of years.Royalcourtier (talk) 20:12, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The history of Zeer is in this article, and Zeer redirects here. Gaijin42 (talk) 20:15, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Commercial marketing
The last section reads like a commercial for the Nigerian pot-in-pot: "Pot-in-pot refrigeration has had multiple positive impacts on the population that uses them beyond the simple ability to keep food fresh for longer periods of time and decreasing instances of food-related disease", etc.Royalcourtier (talk) 20:17, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Commercial evaporative coolers ?
Perhaps we can mention some discontinued popular evaporative coolers like the Osokool (see here). The top of this cooler was made of chalk and had an indentation into it in which you poured water. The evaporative effect of the wet chalk caused a temperature drop inside the box.

Also, perhaps we best mention Emily Cummins' evaporative cooler (see here and here)

KVDP (talk) 11:28, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

Medicine and vaccine storage
Reading the article, I see that the Effectiveness section says that Non- electric evaporative cooling devices – such as ECCs and clay pot coolers – are not suitable for items that require sustained temperatures below 20 °C (medicine, meat, and dairy products), but at the same time, in the following Impact section it says that among the benefits of the technology there is The ability to store vaccines and medicines that would otherwise be unavailable in areas without refrigeration facilities. I wanted to let other editors know, if there were still following the article, and have added the respective inline tags. NoonIcarus (talk) 18:50, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pot-in-pot refrigerator


text:
Talk:David Chadwick (writer)

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title: Talk:David Chadwick (writer)


text:
Cymbeline Refinished

Cymbeline Refinished (1937) is a play-fragment by George Bernard Shaw in which he writes a new final act to Shakespeare's play Cymbeline. The drama follows from Shaw's longstanding need to reimagine Shakespeare's work, epitomised by his play Caesar and Cleopatra and his late squib Shakes versus Shav.

Creation
The play was written "as a lark" after the committee of the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre were looking for a way to market a staging of Cymbeline as part of a plan to fund a memorial to Shakespeare. The ending of Cymbeline had been ridiculed in the nineteenth century, but the play was just beginning to be reconsidered as an "experimental romance". Shaw was consciously engaging in a long tradition of rewriting Shakespeare for modern values and tastes.

Shaw had expressed the standard Victorian view of the play in 1896 when he wrote that it was "stagey trash of the lowest melodramatic order". After altering the ending, Shaw changed his mind about the bulk of the play, but remained convinced that the last act was a disaster, writing in 1946 that it was "one of the finest of Shakespeare's later plays" but "goes to pieces in the final act".

Plot
Shaw removed many of the revelations that accumulate in the final act, cutting its length by more than half. He minimises the discovery that Polydore and Cadwal are Imogen's long lost brothers. In the end they decide to return to rural life in Wales rather than join the royal court. The deus ex machina scene in which Jupiter descends from the heavens is also dropped. Shaw removes the implausible account of the British victory over the Roman legions, which in the original is achieved purely by the superhuman heroism of Posthumus, Polydore and Cadwal. He replaces it with a conversation in which the Romans discuss the possibility that the Britons recalled Belarius, a general who "knew his job", to command their forces.

Shaw also makes Imogen a much more assertive figure, in line with his feminist views. He creates a scene in which Iachimo confesses to Posthumus. Imogen recognises Posthumus's voice and actively uncovers his identity. After Posthumus repents, she continues to point out the immorality of his actions, and resents the suggestion that she should accept her husband back unconditionally, but in the end accepts that "I must go home and make the best of it, as other women must."

89 lines of the original play were retained in Shaw's version.

Critical views
Paradoxically Shaw offered his own alternative ending as challenge to producers to restore Shakespeare's original, which had been crudely cut in many productions. The act is written in blank verse, but C.B. Young notes that there is "a violent change of tone from the fairy-tale and romantic atmosphere of the original acts to the Shavian wit with a touch of cynicism, of the end." Bernard F. Dukore says that "Shaw's refinishing of Cymbeline's last act reveals such features of Shavian comedy as his typical treatment of exposition; his focus, not on the resolution of a situation, but on the response of the characters to that resolution; and broad comedy with a realistic base."

title: Cymbeline Refinished


text:
Patricia Stephens

Patricia Stephens may refer to:
 * Patricia Stephens Due, African-American civil rights activist
 * Patricia Stephens (badminton), American badminton player

title: Patricia Stephens


text:
Zamse Senior High Technical School

Zamse Senior High Technical School is a second-cycle co-educational institution located in Bolgatanga in the Upper East Region of Ghana.

History
The school was formally established in 1976 as a junior high school located in Bukere. However, on the 10th of October, 1979 it was changed to a technical senior high school and relocated to Bolgatanga.

Headmasters

 * Francis Banbogo

title: Zamse Senior High Technical School


text:
Federal Correctional Institution, Fort Dix

The Federal Correctional Institution, Fort Dix (FCI Fort Dix) is a low-security United States federal prison for male offenders in New Jersey. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons. A satellite prison camp houses minimum-security male inmates.

FCI Fort Dix is located in Burlington County on the ASA Fort Dix entity of Joint base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst. It is approximately 40 mi from Philadelphia. The prison is in the Fort Dix census-designated place, and also within New Hanover Township, New Jersey.

Fort Dix is the largest single federal prison in the United States in the number of inmates housed there.

It is divided up into three compounds: The separate East and West Compounds (both low-level, each constituting a single prison in its own right) and a camp between the two.

Identity theft ring
In early 2010, a joint FBI and Federal Bureau of Prisons investigation found that Dimorio McDowell (50711-019), an inmate at FCI Fort Dix, was operating a major identity theft ring from the prison. Eight co-conspirators, with whom McDowell communicated by telephone, were also arrested. The ring targeted credit cards issued by major chain stores such as Macy's, Saks Fifth Avenue, Staples, Home Depot, Lowes and others. McDowell and his co-conspirators obtained the personal information of credit card holders through customer service departments and added themselves as authorized users. When McDowell's co-conspirators went to make purchases, they showed false identification or provided the last four digits of the cardholder's Social Security number and charged high-end items such as a John Deere tractor, big-screen televisions, snow blowers and stoves. The companies that issued the cards, including Citigroup Financial, HSBC and GE Capital, lost between $500,000 and $1 million.

McDowell subsequently pleaded guilty to aggravated identity theft and conspiracy to commit wire fraud and bank fraud and was sentenced to 14 additional years in prison on January 18, 2011. McDowell is currently incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary in Atlanta, which has a Communication Management Unit, where inmate contact with the outside world is severely restricted and tightly monitored. He is scheduled for release in 2028.


text:
Talk:David Milgaard

Copyvio
the timeline was just copied and pasted from the CBC site, what a fucking joke. you can't do that, it's called plagiarism —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)

 * Good catch. The timeline was inserted in this edit on December 14 2006. The copyright infringement does not seem to have been malicious, considering that the user put a link to the page in question at cbc.ca. I left a note at the talk page of the user who inserted it but he/she has been inactive for a couple of months, so I went ahead and undid the insertion. --Mathew5000 06:23, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Section on Milgaard inquiry results NPOV
The point of view of the Inquiry Results section is heavily biased. The section reads like an angry rant. I believe the information in that section is important to the article, and should be retained, but it desperately needs to be rewritten.Neuron (talk) 03:04, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

"Yeah, that was added onto what I wrote, I found it filled with quite a bit of vitriol. Frankly, it should just be reverted to what I originally wrote without any personal views on the matter. It can then be amended with any other relevant, non-POV information. TomeOne (talk) 15:29, 10 October 2008 (UTC)"

The whole thing seems pretty NPOV to me <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:07, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

I've rewritten the second part of the section and removed the neutrality notice. It's obviously not received much attention since October 2008, so I doubt there will be much response to my changes. Looking over how the section has evolved, it is clear (to me, at least) that the material is not neutral and is in fact very opposed to the inquiry and the justices involved. While I left the major point of the rant in my rewrite, I wrote it as neutrally as I could based on the actual quote given, and I also took the statements about Linda Fisher and the Saskatoon police for granted. This is why I affixed a fact tag—no source is given for the first three sentences of the paragraph. I think this still gives the benefit of the doubt to the author of the original nasty paragraph.  Big Nate 37 (T) 04:45, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Freeze! Police!
How is it the chief of police & the prosecutor who hung a frame on an innocent man don't even get mentioned? BTW, they deserve a mention here, too. TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  02:59, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Milgaard


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User:Chaitanyak

Hello, I'm Chaitanyak, also known as Chaitanya or c2ktheotherartist. Unfortunately am not a very active contributor to Wikipedia anymore.. I just make occasional correction/contributions. I'm an illustrator, designer and animator working out of Bangalore.

title: User:Chaitanyak


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Portal:Wiki Scholar/About the movie

About the Wiki Scholar movie
The word “scholar” can be applied to anyone who is a learner, although I would reserve its use for someone who consciously tries to find better ways to learn. The movie is meant to provide some images that concern Wikiversity as a place for scholars. The movie starts with a baby reaching towards an object. This act of reaching is part of an instinctive human drive to explore the world. The phrase, “reach for the stars” and the similar phrase, “follow your star” are applicable to Wikiversity. Conventional educational institutions are typically restricted by the demands of their expensive infrastructure and students are forced to adapt themselves to the factory-like educational apparatus. In contrast, the Wikiversity infrastructure is cheap and of a type (the wiki user interface) that can adapt so as to support the needs of students. The baby is reaching towards a star. From the perspective of biology, human behavior is fundamentally dependent on social learning. Even small children learn to use cultural artifacts, “tools”, that amplify one’s ability to explore the world. Wiki technology in general and Wikiversity in particular are tools that scholars can use as learning aids. The baby’s hand (which looks like the letter “w”) is shown grasping the wiki tool. Wikiversity becomes a tool that a scholar can use to explore the world.

I like the phrase “learning the wiki way” because it is an example of a phrase that has two good meanings. 1) A good topic for Wikiversity scholars is: “the nature of wiki-style online collaboration”. We need to learn about "the wiki way". 2) Wikiversity should be a place that strives to support learning in the wiki style of learning projects that involve collaborative webpage editing. At Wikiversity we adopt the practice of learning in the wiki way.

“Wikiversity” is a strange word. For banners, I like the approach of putting the “wiki” part of “Wikiversity” above the “versity” part. I also like keeping the “star” and using the “hand” of a “w” to reach for the star. This leads to a logo that only uses the star and the "w" and "v" from "Wikiversity".

title: Portal:Wiki Scholar/About the movie


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Azanus soalalicus

Azanus soalalicus, the small Madagascar babul blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found on Madagascar. The habitat consists of forests.

title: Azanus soalalicus