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Battle of Barranca Seca

The Battle of Barranca Seca was a battle of the Second French intervention in Mexico and took place right after the Battle of Puebla on 18 May 1862. Contrary to the latter it was won by the unified reactionist Mexican-French forces. The battle was preceded by a coup de chef of the reactionist forces, which was heated by the intrigue of the Spanish high command against Almonte and Márquez and French pressure towards the replacement of Zuloaga. After the battle Almonte remained the only contender for the Commander-in-Chief office within the reactionist party and Márquez as acting General; both of them serving French interests.

Preparation for the battle
On 5 May General Ignacio Zaragoza ordered them to march from Atlixco to Izúcar de Matamoros to fill in for the departure of reactionist General Leonardo Márquez and prevent him from joining the French. The next morning, Tomás O'Horán Escudero and Antonio Carbajal brigades of the Eastern Army entered Puebla. In the evening, arrived the brigade Antillón, composed of the Guanajuato National Guard sent by the government, to strengthen the body of the Eastern Army. On the 7th The French was still residing at Amalucan Zaragoza ordered the brigade of Carbajal and Miguel Ameche's cavalry to march to Amozoc taking the rear-guard of the French Army. However this plan was double-crossed by Ignacio Echegaray, from the fort San Carlos de Perote, who imprisoned his commander Francisco Paz and defected to the French Army with the garrison of 300 men and joined reactionist general José Gálvez. General Zaragoza decided to change the orders given to Carbajal and direct him after the defectors, who on the 8th caught up with the deserted troops and after a two-hour fight at the Ixtapa valley dispelled them and took possession of the stolen equipment from fort Perote.

On the night of May 8, reactionist General D. Florentino Lopez arrived in Amozoc, after escaping from the division commanded by Spanish General José M. Cobos. Lopez met with pro-French General Juan Almonte, already residing in the French camp, and told him that General Márquez was removed as the commander of the reactionist army by Félix María Zuloaga who was pretending to be president of the Republic, based on the old Plan de Tacubaya. This commandment was also given to General Cobos, who signed a secret agreement with republican Minister of Foreign Affairs Manuel Doblado, with the consent of the Chief of the Spanish Intervention Army, General Juan Prim, and lent that one million francs, which he was previously offered by the republican government of president Benito Juárez to maintain mutual neutrality during the intervention (thus General Prim had all the grounds to tell on a conference on 9 April that the reactionist generals betrayed Almonte, but he hid the fact that he was involved the betrayal of the aforementioned generals). At the moment General Almonte had become convinced of this plot against him and immediately sent to Márquez to adhere his orders, take command of the army, disregard the authority of general Zuloaga and Cobos and to come to unify with the French Army without delay. Herran, who was at Atlixco with all the cavalry and infantry corps, was ordered to submit himself to Márquez and place his troops to the general's disposition. .

The French Army led by Charles de Lorencez felt the consequences of the defeat at Puebla. He reorganized his troops and was about to get 2,500 cavalry as reinforcements at Orizaba from the pro-conservative Mexicans. He was accompanied and assisted by Alphonse Dubois de Saligny and Juan Almonte. The army left the camp to meet Leonardo Márquez' auxiliaries on the 9th and arrived to Tepeaca on the 11th. On 12th they moved to Acatzingo. The following day they relocated to Quecholac and then advanced to Palmar and Cañada the next two days. They took 22 cavalrymen prisoners in the former village. Meanwhile, Márquez was on his way to join the French but was blocked at the passage to Barranca Seca by Santiago Tapia of the "Álvarez" Brigade who controlled the Acultzingo-Orizaba road. Lorencez stopped at Acultzingo on the 17th and sent General Edmond-Aimable L'Hériller of the 99th Infantry Regiment of the Line to Orizaba next morning with two pieces of artillery to make contact with the reactionists and guard the Rio Blanco-Puebla route at Ingenio. On the Republican side Tapia also sent for another 1,000 soldiers from the main Estaren Army of Zaragoza to prevent this fusion. As he expected at 3 p.m. on the day of the battle further 1,400 infantrymen incorporated into his army to equal the reactionists.

Márquez headed his troops for Rancho del Potrero on the 17th, from where he continued his trip alone to Tecamalaca to personally meet the French officers leaving his command to José Domingo Herran, who was about to join him the next day with the army. There General Márquez, presented himself as the de facto elected interim supreme leader of Mexico as per the Treaty of Córdoba. He also confirmed that he arrested Generals Zuloaga and Cobos and brought them to Orizaba as prisoners (prior to this meeting Cobos tried to clear his name and change sides. He showed up to Almonte and offered him the same bribe money he received - worth of 200,000 piasters and one million francs in the form of U.S. treasury bill of exchange. He was hoping to get a presidential pardon in return but was rejected). General Almonte, enraged by the development of the events and the involvement of Zuloaga and Gobos he warned them that the best they could do was to leave the territory of Mexico. This is what they did, and both sailed from Vera Cruz to Havana after the battle (Cobos then left for the United States with the intention of getting his exchange bills cashed in, but the agreement with the United States Minister to Mexico Thomas Corwin, by which the U.S. pledged to pay eleven million dollars to Juarez, was not ratified by the U.S. Senate, Cobos returned unpaid to Havana and ended up being shot in Matamoros).

While negotiating with the French high command on the day of 18th Márquez was informed that at the road crossing at Barranca Seca the Republicans and the reactionists were facing each other already in battle order and within firing range of each other. He immediately rode back to take charge of his forces and start the battle.

Battle
The Republicans were divided into four columns covering the road between the flanks of two opposite hills of the valley. The center was defended by the infantry, which numbered 662 men and the dismounted Carabinier Corps of the "Álvárez" Brigade. General Márquez's units were split in two divisions; one, made of the combined brigades of Ponciano Castro and Juan Vicario commanded by and named after the latter as Division "Vicario" and the second, also a joint division of "Márquez" was put together of the brigades of Herrán and José G. Campos (although the troops were tired after a four-day 150 km march to Potrero. Herrán held the bridge on the Rio Blanco on the right flank with 50 fusiliers and had two columns as rear guard. The center was the same riflemen as the Republicans had led by Vicario covered by two columns of skirmishers and Campos guarded the left wing with one line of backup. The battle started slowly with none of the parties taking any risk and pushing back-and-forth within the firing range until finally at 5 p.m. the Republicans received major support from the main Eastern Army.  Infantry Colonel José Mariano Rojo reached the battlefield with 1,100 fresh soldiers  and launched a mixed frontal assault breaking the center of Márquez  involving the "Hidalgo Battalion" and the Sappers Bataillon of San Luis. Herrán on the right was able to hold his position against a smaller mixed division of the Morelia pickets  and repulse the attack. At this moment Eugène Lefèvre and his 99th Regiment from Ingenio ran 20 km within four hours in a hurry to intervene just in time. The French plunged into the Republican left wing and crushed it. General Vicario had already been wounded in the struggle and Herran was reinvigorated by the presence of the 99th Regiment that helped to hold the bridge. The three companies on the right, preceded by skirmishers pushed the center and left of the enemy vigorously with a bayonet charge and drove away his cavalry while the three companies heading to the left flank climbed the slopes despite the brisk fire. This momentum relieved the cavalry of General Marquez, who passed behind the French infantry and charged vigorously the enemy's left. The success of the fight was already assured, but this maneuver did fall into hands of the French and their auxiliaries a considerable number of prisoners. The pursuit of the withdrawing Republicans distracted by an unexpected infantry offense from the left. Afraid of being cut off and surrounded the French coloumn stopped and initiated a bayonet raid. Captain Herran and his French brigades passed the bridge and chased the Republicans to their camp. They reunited with the reactionist left wing who also pursued the remnants of the Eastern Army and taking the place of the center only stopped at Venta of San Diego when the night came. After one hour of fight hostilities were terminated at 6:15, the Mexicans were in full retreat, along with the main Republican Army, with whom they retired to San Agustín del Palmar.

Mexican battle of order
The Mexican National Eastern Army counted 7,500 but only 2,000 participated in the battle.

First Command Général de Division "Berriozábal"
 * Commander-in-chief, Brigadier General Ignacio Zaragoza
 * Quartermaster, Brigadier General Francisco Mejía
 * Commander of the Artillery, Coronel Zeferino Rodríguez
 * Commander of the Engineers, Coronel Joaquín Colombres
 * 1st Division d'Infanterie (Felipe B. Berriozábal)
 * 1st Brigade "Antillón" (Florencio Antillón)
 * 1st Light Infantry Battalion of Guanajuato
 * 3rd Light Infantry Battalion of Guanajuato
 * 6th Light Infantry Battalion of Guanajuato
 * 2nd Brigade "O'Horán" (Tomás O'Horán)
 * 1st Light Infantry Battalion of Toluca
 * 2nd Light Infantry Battalion of Toluca
 * 3rd Light Infantry Battalion of Toluca
 * Bataillon of fixed infantry of Veracruz
 * 3rd Brigade "Díaz" (Porfirio Díaz)
 * "Guerrero" Battalion of Oaxaca
 * "Morelos" Battalion of Oaxaca
 * 1st Battalion of the National Guard of Oaxaca
 * 6th Battalion of the National Guard of Oaxaca
 * 2x Marine artillery batteries
 * 2nd Infantry Division (Miguel Negrete)
 * 1st Brigade "Lamadrid" (Francisco Lamadrid)
 * Riflemen Bataillon of San Luis
 * "Réforma" Bataillon
 * Sappers Bataillon of San Luis
 * 1st Light Battalion of San Luis
 * 2nd Light Battalion of San Luis
 * 2nd Brigade "Rojo" (José Mariano Rojo)
 * Picket of the Battalion of Morelia
 * Picket of the Fusilier Battalion of Morelia
 * Picket of the Jäger Battalion of Morelia
 * Riflemen Battalion of Mexico
 * Battalion "Hidalgo" of Morelia
 * 4th Battalion of the National Guard of Puebla
 * 3rd Brigade "Alatorre" (Francisco Alatorre)
 * Picket of the Battalion of Morelia
 * Mixed Battalion of Querétaro
 * Picket of the Jäger Battalion of Morelia
 * 6th Battalion of the line
 * 2nd Battalion of the National Guard of Puebla
 * 6th Battalion of the National Guard of Puebla
 * 1st Cavalry Brigade "Álvarez" (Antonio Álvarez)
 * Carabinier Corps
 * Lancer Squadron of Toluca
 * Lancer Squadron of Oaxaca
 * 2nd Cavalry Brigade "Carbajal" (Antonio Carbajal)
 * 1st Lancer Corps of Morelia
 * Lancer Squadron of Quezada
 * 5th Police Corps
 * 1st Carabinier Corps
 * Scout Corps
 * Bolded units actually participated in the battle

title: Battle of Barranca Seca


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Trương Hòa Bình

Trương Hòa Bình (born 13 April 1955) is a Vietnamese politician and the former First Deputy Prime Minister of The Socialist Republic of Vietnam. He is considered to be one of the more promising members' of the Vietnamese Government, having previously served as Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court of Vietnam from 2007 to 2016.

Before 1975 Trương Hòa Bình was nicknamed Nguyễn Văn Bình, also known as Sáu Đạt (Six Dat), native in Phuoc Vinh Dong, Can Giuoc, Long An province.

His father Trương Văn Bang was a former Secretary of the Southern Party and Secretary of Saigon-Gia Dinh. He was considered to be one of the first regimental commanders of the revolutionary armed forces in South Vietnam, having participated in the robbery of the Saigon government. He was active in 1945 and in the beginning of the resistance war against the French in the East, which the South then called the Three Kingdoms.

His mother was Nguyễn Thị Nho (Nguyễn Thị Một) was a member of the Communist Party from 1935 to 1936 who had served as a member of the Can Giuoc District Commissioner, Standing Vice President of the Tay Ninh Provincial Party Committee. Eastern women. In 1955, she was assigned to Chief of the Southern Party Committee, when Lê Duẩn was Secretary of the Southern Party Committee. In 1959, she was imprisoned and tortured by the South Vietnamese Secret Service, but she remained faithful and loyal to the Community Party. Later, she joined and became a member of the Long An Provincial Assembly.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trương Hòa Bình


text:
Cohasset, California

Cohasset (formerly, Keefers Ridge and North Point) is a census-designated place in Butte County, California, United States, approximately 17.7 mi NNE of Chico, California. Its main street is named Cohasset Road, which comes from the Algonquian Indian language and means "long rocky place". The population was 847 at the 2010 census.

The town is a mountain community at 2828 ft above mean sea level. It sits on Cohasset Ridge: an eleven-mile (18 km) ridge running roughly southwest-to-northeast. The U.S. Geological Survey feature ID is 1655909 and NAD27 coordinates for the community are 39.92556°N, -121.73°W. The ZIP Code for the community is 95973, which is shared with about seven other nearby towns, and the area code 530.

The primary airport is the Chico Municipal Airport.

History
In the mid-19th century the local lumber and farming operations began, prior to which the Maidu inhabited the area for many generations. By the early 20th century, Cohasset was famous for its high quality apples. Today, they are better known for peaceful country living, the Annual Cohasset Bazaar, and the beauty of the Cohasset Ridge. A post office operated at Cohasset from 1888 to 1920. The early lumbermen designated the ridge after the pineries. A school district was formed July 16, 1878 to provide a place of learning for the children of the growing number of pioneer families and was given the name of North Point District. The entire ridge came to be known by the name of North Point. In 1887 the ridge residents requested the United States Government to establish a post office there, to be named North Point. The Post Office Department concurred in the need of a postal facility but balked at the requested name. There were already too many stations in the country with either North or Point in their names so it was requested that another name be selected. For a name selecting committee two young ladies of the ridge, Miss Marie Wilson and Miss Electa Welch (the school teacher) were appointed and they chose the name Cohasset, meaning "City of Pines" in the Algonquin Indian language. There was a precedent for this in Cohasset, Massachusetts, a charming resort town of pines and rocks located on the seacoast southeast of Boston. The new name was satisfactory and the first Cohasset, California post office was established February 20, 1888

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Cohasset had a population of 847. The population density was 33.5 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Cohasset was 764 (90.2%) White, 8 (0.9%) African American, 14 (1.7%) Native American, 2 (0.2%) Asian, 1 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 20 (2.4%) from other races, and 38 (4.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 43 persons (5.1%).

The Census reported that 847 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 355 households, out of which 98 (27.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 188 (53.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 22 (6.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 25 (7.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 21 (5.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 96 households (27.0%) were made up of individuals, and 32 (9.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39. There were 235 families (66.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.86.

The population was spread out, with 178 people (21.0%) under the age of 18, 42 people (5.0%) aged 18 to 24, 198 people (23.4%) aged 25 to 44, 321 people (37.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 108 people (12.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.7 males.

There were 408 housing units at an average density of 16.1 per square mile (6.2/km$2$), of which 355 were occupied, of which 292 (82.3%) were owner-occupied, and 63 (17.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.5%. 684 people (80.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 163 people (19.2%) lived in rental housing units.

State
The citizens of Cohasset, as constituents of California's 1st Assembly District, are represented by in the California State Assembly, and as members of California's 4th Senate District, are represented by  in the California State Senate.

Federal
Cohasset is in.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Cohasset has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.

title: Cohasset, California


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/content.cappies.com

Links

 * content.cappies.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 4 additions out of 4 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/content.cappies.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\bcontent\.cappies\.com\b   # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/content.cappies.com ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 19:42, 22 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Giant Coaster (Fuji-Q Highland)

Giant Coaster (ジャイアントコースター) was a steel roller coaster located at Fuji-Q Highland in Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan. Giant Coaster was the longest roller coaster in the world when it opened, as featured in the Guinness Book of World Records, as well as a commemorative display placed in Fuji-Q Highland during the 2019 season.

title: Giant Coaster (Fuji-Q Highland)


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Beginning Lighting

Lighting, you say? Psshh. Just throw up one light source and let her run, right?

Lighting is probably the most underestimated part of a scene by new 3D artists. Unlike real life, it’s actually quite easy to produce a uniformly well-lit, shadowless scene in Blender. But such scenes are usually pretty dull and boring.

Far more interesting are ones with highlights drawing attention to some areas, and shadows in other areas, leading the viewer to wonder what they might conceal. If a picture tells a story, and a picture is worth a thousand words, then lighting is like the punctuation for those words, the pauses between sentences and the sudden dramatic changes of tone.

Extremely uniform lighting can even give the picture a “photoshopped” look, as though the artist took part of one picture and stuck it on top of another. Whereas even a little bit of shadowing of one object by another can reinforce the impression that they are very much three-dimensional objects with a definite spatial relationship to each other, located in the same scene.

The following tutorials will help you gain knowledge of the technical use of lights in your scenes.


text:
Steve Locher

Steve Locher (born 19 September 1967 in Salins) is a former Swiss alpine skier, who won the bronze medal in the combined event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville.

title: Steve Locher


text:
Għarbi

Etymology
From. One of the few words referring to Arabo-Islamic culture that was actually inherited (and not later reborrowed from Italian). Might also be used to refer to the early forms of Maltese language either by its speakers or foreigners who visited Muslim and later re-Christianized Malta.

Adjective

 * 1) Arab, Arabic

Usage notes

 * The plural form is used chiefly with non-personal referents (like ).

Noun

 * 1) Arab

Proper noun

 * 1) Arabic language

title: Għarbi


text:
Salome of the Tenements (novel)

Salome of the Tenements is a novel published in 1922 by Jewish-American writer Anzia Yezierska. The novel follows the story of a young Jewish immigrant living in New York who wishes to marry a wealthy man and escape the bounds of her lower-class upbringing. Yezierska drew inspiration for the novel from the lives of Rose Pastor Stokes and her husband J. G. Phelps Stokes, as well as her own relationship with John Dewey. The novel was published by Boni & Liveright, and it was adapted into a film of the same name in 1925.

Synopsis
The novel's main character, Sonya Vrunsky, is the daughter of Russian-Jewish immigrants living in the Lower East Side of Manhattan. At the beginning of the novel, Sonya is working as a journalist at a local Jewish newspaper, however she yearns to escape the lower-class world of the immigrant community. She sets her sights on marrying a wealthy, Christian man, named John Manning, who lives in the much wealthier and upper-class Upper East Side of Manhattan. Sonya uses her ethnic background as a Russian Jew to portray herself as exotic and exciting, which ends up being, as she had hoped, appealing to John. Eventually, Sonya and John become married. Once married, however, Sonya soon realizes that the kind of life that she had desires for so long is not what she initially thought it would be like. Sonya leaves John, and by the end of the novel, Sonya has found a successful career as a fashion designer and has married a fellow designer whom she truly loves.

Reception
When first published, Salome of the Tenements received a wide variety of reviews. Some praised Yezierska's writing style and admired how the novel depicted immigrant communities that were often under-represented in literature. On the other hand, many critics found Sonya's attempt to pull herself up out of poverty by marrying a rich man to be both shocking and off-putting.

title: Salome of the Tenements (novel)


text:
1949 Iowa State Cyclones football team

The 1949 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Big Seven Conference during the 1949 college football season. In their third year under head coach Abe Stuber, the Cyclones compiled a 5–3–1 record (3–3 against conference opponents), tied for third place in the conference, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 169 to 134. They played their home games at Clyde Williams Field in Ames, Iowa.

The team's regular starting lineup consisted of left end Dean Laun, left tackle Lowell Titus, left guard Joe Brubaker, center Rod Rust, right guard Billy Myers, right tackle John Tillo, right end Jim Doran, quarterback Don Ferguson, left halfback Lawrence Paulson, right halfback Bob Angle, and fullback Bill Chauncey. Dean Laun was the team captain.

The team's statistical leaders included Bill Chauncey with 544 rushing yards and 30 points scored (five touchdowns), Bill Weeks with 1,247 passing yards, Jim Doran with 688 receiving yards, and Bob Angle with 18 points (three touchdowns). Three Iowa State players were selected as first-team all-conference players: Doran, Weeks, and Lowell Titus.

title: 1949 Iowa State Cyclones football team


text:
Cape Verde in World War II

Cape Verde (also known as Cabo Verde) remained a Portuguese colony throughout World War II. Portugal and its colonial empire were officially neutral but gradually came to support the Allies in the conflict. While no major battles took place in or around Cape Verde, the archipelago was still of key strategic importance to the Allies throughout the war. Several important domestic developments took place in Cape Verde during and as a result of the war.

History
The Suez Canal was traditionally how Britain reached its lucrative and important eastern colonies such as India, but the canal became a battleground during the war as the Axis tried to capture it from the Allies. As such, the Allies needed to rely on Atlantic islands and archipelagos such as Cape Verde for their critical supply lines between Europe and South and East Asia.

Throughout the war, Allied ships were stationed at the Cape Verdean city of Mindelo on the island of São Vicente.

An Allied invasion of several Atlantic islands belonging to Portugal was planned and code named Operation Alacrity. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt also wanted to include an invasion of Cape Verde to be part of the plan, openly saying that Axis occupation of Cape Verde would threaten U.S. safety and would force the U.S. to act upon its Monroe Doctrine. This statement came in mid-1941, before the Attack on Pearl Harbor and led U.S. military officials to draft War Plan Gray, a predecessor to Operation Alacrity that included solely the United States. Neither War Plan Gray nor Operation Alacrity ever came to fruition, as the Axis could never reasonably threaten Portugal's Atlantic island territories with an invasion.

In 1941, three German U-boats were ambushed by Allied naval forces off the coast of Cape Verde. The location of the U-boats was only found out after Alan Turing and the British government cracked the Enigma encryption code used by the Germans. The attack off of Cape Verde led German Admiral Karl Dönitz to conclude that the Enigma cipher had been compromised by the Allies.

Cape Verde saw its worst ever famines during World War II, specifically from 1941 to 1943 and 1947 to 1948. The famines caused the deaths of an estimated 45,000 Cape Verdeans and led thousands more to flee the country, with many coming to the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, also controlled by Portugal at the time.

Several Cape Verdean Americans fought in the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy during the conflict, serving in both the European and Asian theaters of the war.

The political and economic situation of the post-war world eventually allowed Cape Verde to gain independence from the Portuguese Empire in 1975, as part of a much larger trend of decolonization across the world.

title: Cape Verde in World War II


text:
Talk:New Year's Six

Redundant tables
The tables regarding the CFP appearances and CFP title appearances appear redundant with those on teh CFP and CFP championship game articles.

Since this article is specifically on the New Year's Six bowl games, I feel like those tables shouldn't be in this article and are more at home on the previously mentioned article.

In fact, I think it would make sense to remove the CFP championship appearances from the NY6 tables as well, since that isn't technically a NY6 bowl and introduces the Appearances vs. Games concept unnecessarily. Zaqwert (talk) 06:36, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

Wins vs Appearances
Alabama is listed as having the most NY6 wins with 8, yet Ohio State is listed as having the most NY6 appearances with 7. Can someone reconcile this? Scott.Ibbotson (talk) 00:18, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

That is correct. Teams can win more than one game per appearance.  DAWG in  Roswell 12:37, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Year's Six


text:
8:00 class/11 May 2007

This is an archive of Wikiversity current events from 11 May 2007

Colloquium summary
Short summaries of active discussions at Colloquium
 * Issues with categories - using categories and page navigation tools to organize related Wikiversity pages.
 * m:RFCU? - is it time for Wikiversity to have CheckUsers?

Internet Relay Chat topics of the day
Re-cap of topics discussed in #wikiversity-en.
 * Discussion of how to improve Wikiversity pages so as to better serve new visitors. Related links: Introduction Overhaul Taskforce, Main Page/Draft version 0.2, Topic:Wikiversity, Portal:Wikiversity
 * What is the status of courses within Wikiversity?
 * If asterisk and voice recording are good enough for the Wikimedia Foundation Office, are they also good enough for Wikiversity? Related links: Wiki Campus Radio, Sandbox Server, Topic:VoIP. What about VoIP as a tool for a virtual Wikimania?
 * Free software and Vista.
 * A MOO at Wikiversity? Related links: Virtual Wikiversity, Mooversity, MOO Universities.
 * New Wiki Campus Radio session plans.

Email discussions and blogs
Summaries of Email discussions and blogs with relevance to Wikiversity participants.
 * Lingering comments arising from proposal to change "Wikiversity" to Wikipedia Learning. Related blog comments.
 * Use strong passwords. Related links: Wikipedia Signpost, Notices for custodians.

Recent changes
Today's trends in active editing efforts.
 * The Trentcosta financial management case study project from Georgetown University continues to be active. Is this case study copyrighted property of Georgetown University? Is this a group project or are these students cheating? Should this project be listed at School and university projects?
 * Much new School of Medicine content from user Koppertone and user Palmd001
 * Does Template:Welcome need an update?
 * New page: Adding content tutorial. Related link, Introduction Overhaul Taskforce.

title: 8:00 class/11 May 2007


text:
D'ni/Adverbs

D'ni has adverbs, both original or derived from adjectives. Adverbs generally follow the verb they describe, except the temporal ones which precede the verb.

There are a few adverbs attested:

Mode

 * þoe 'how?'
 * megóré 'straight (out of)'
 * ril 'not'

Quantity

 * blo 'about, approximately'

Temporal

 * gormot 'then'. Maybe gormot is a compound of gor ‘time’ and mot ‘that, which’.
 * gormet 'now'. Not attested, but a hypothised compound of gor ‘time’ and met ‘this’.
 * gaþ 'still'
 * can 'always'

Derivation from adjectives
The adverbs can be derived by ''-sh suffixed to an adjective

 * kera 'brave' > kera-š 'bravely'
 * garo 'might' > garo-š 'mightily'

title: D'ni/Adverbs


text:
José Mendes Melo Alves

José Mendes Melo Alves (Doze Ribeiras, 12 November 1936 — Angra do Heroísmo, 13 March 1991) was an Azorean Politician who, in addition to other positions, was a member of the Junta Regional dos Açores and the Azores Regional Government and Presidency, elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Azores and the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal).

Biography
José Mendes Melo Alves was born in Doze Ribeiras, a rural parish on the west side of Terceira Island. He attended the Liceu Nacional de Angra do Heroísmo, and went on to study law at the University of Coimbra, having graduated with a Licentiate degree in 1960.

When he finished his degree he returned home, where he took on the position of secretary of the Civil Government of the Autonomous District of Angra do Heroísmo, which he held until the extinction of the District in 1975 as a result of the creation of the Junta Regional dos Açores. In 1976, with the creation of the administration of the autonomous region he became a lawyer with the Regional Secretary of Public Administration.

During the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974 he sided with the autonomists who founded the party Partido Popular Democrático in the Azores. He actively participated in the writing of the Provisional Statutes of the Azorean Autonomy, "Estatuto Provisório de Autonomia dos Açores" in Portuguese, created under the Junta Regional dos Açores.

His career in the Partido Popular Democrático, later renamed Partido Social Democrata included being a member of the Political Commission and Chair of the Congress. In his last years, he was part of a critical group named Grupo da Terceira.

He was a member of the I Governo Regional dos Açores (1976-1980), as Regional Secretary of Public Administration with the responsibility of installing the autonomous administration of the region and the dissolution of the administrative organs of the Estado Novo (Portugal) in the Azores. He remained as the Regional Secretary of Public Administration in 1980, as a member of the II Governo Regional dos Açores. He left the executive branch in 1982 to become a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Azores.

He was elected by the Azores to the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal) in the IV e V legislatures.

title: José Mendes Melo Alves


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/La Mirada Mall

The result was keep. (non-admin closure) ~ Amkgp  💬  02:22, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

La Mirada Mall

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

The article does not meet WP:GNG or WP:BUILD: "Buildings, including private residences and commercial developments, may be notable as a result of their historic, social, economic, or architectural importance, but they require significant coverage by reliable, third-party sources to establish notability." Subject does not have coverage that meets significant coverage by reliable, third-party sources to establish notability. Mall has been closed for 30+ years but newspaper archive search for WP:BEFORE revealed advertising and WP:ROUTINE coverage of events.  // Timothy ::  talk  02:45, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Shopping malls-related deletion discussions. Robert McClenon (talk) 03:04, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of California-related deletion discussions. Robert McClenon (talk) 03:04, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Strong keep: The statement that there is not significant coverage "only ads" is false: there already were three newspaper articles and I have added two which cover strategic changes in the mall. These articles tell a story; they were not promotional pieces. It was a *regional* mall. It was the first branch of Ohrbach's in suburban Los Angeles. This was the largest structure in a city of 50,000. It is notable. Keizers (talk) 03:24, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment - Did nominator mean to link to WP:BUILD? Caro7200 (talk) 16:05, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep per Keizers. Calliopejen1 (talk) 18:46, 25 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Raül García Paolicchi

Raül García Paolicchi (born 30 December 1952) is an Andorran chess player who received the FIDE title of FIDE Master (FM) in 1993. He is a two-time Andorran Chess Championship winner (2011, 2013) and Chess Olympiad individual gold medalist (1990).

Biography
Raül García Paolicchi became Andorran Chess Championship silver medalist four times (2001, 2002, 2005, 2010) and won this tournament twice (2011, 2013). He participated in FIDE Zonal Chess Tournaments four times: 1987, 1993, 1995, and 1998. In 1994, in Spain, he won the international chess tournament Mollerussa Open, and a year later he came second in this tournament.

Raül García Paolicchi played for Andorra in the Chess Olympiads:
 * In 1984, at the first board in the 26th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki (+5, =6, -2),
 * In 1986, at the first board in the 27th Chess Olympiad in Dubai (+8, =3, -3),
 * In 1988, at the first board in the 28th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki (+6, =4, -4),
 * In 1990, at the first board in the 29th Chess Olympiad in Novi Sad (+9, =3, -2), winning an individual gold medal,
 * In 1992, at the first board in the 30th Chess Olympiad in Manila (+5, =3, -4),
 * In 1994, at the first board in the 31st Chess Olympiad in Moscow (+7, =0, -6),
 * In 1996, at the first board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad in Yerevan (+1, =6, -5),
 * In 1998, at the first board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad in Elista (+1, =5, -5),
 * In 2000, at the second board in the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul (+1, =5, -4),
 * In 2002, at the third board in the 35th Chess Olympiad in Bled (+2, =2, -6),
 * In 2004, at the first reserve board in the 36th Chess Olympiad in Calvià (+2, =2, -3),
 * In 2006, at the fourth board in the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin (+2, =2, -5),
 * In 2008, at the second board in the 38th Chess Olympiad in Dresden (+1, =5, -5),
 * In 2010, at the third board in the 39th Chess Olympiad in Khanty-Mansiysk (+2, =3, -3),
 * In 2012, at the third board in the 40th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul (+3, =4, -3),
 * In 2014, at the third board in the 41st Chess Olympiad in Tromsø (+2, =1, -5),
 * In 2016, at the fourth board in the 42nd Chess Olympiad in Baku (+3, =2, -5),
 * In 2018, at the third board in the 43rd Chess Olympiad in Batumi (+3, =4, -1).

title: Raül García Paolicchi


text:
Tim Shaw (American football)

Timothy Bruce Shaw (born March 27, 1984) is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Penn State and he was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the fifth round of the 2007 NFL Draft.

Shaw also played for the Jacksonville Jaguars, Chicago Bears and Tennessee Titans.

College career
Shaw was recruited out of Livonia Clarenceville High School as a running back. A three-star recruit, he decided to attend Penn State, spurning other scholarship offers from Big Ten schools such as Michigan and Michigan State. Shaw saw extensive playing time on special teams and began earning snaps on defense. He became a starter, playing alongside Bednarik Award winning linebackers Paul Posluszny and Dan Connor, on what many people consider the best Penn State linebacking corps of all time. Shaw was a 2006 Academic All-American.

Carolina Panthers
In the 2007 NFL Draft, Shaw was selected in the 5th round by the Carolina Panthers.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Shaw was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on November 26, 2008, and appeared in three games for the Jaguars that season. He spent the 2009 preseason in Jacksonville's camp before being released on September 5, 2009.

Chicago Bears
The Chicago Bears signed Shaw on September 14, 2009 after opening-week injuries to linebackers Brian Urlacher and Pisa Tinoisamoa depleted their linebacking corps. He set a club record for special teams tackles with 30 after an 8 tackle performance with a forced fumble and recovery against the Detroit Lions (January 3, 2010). On January 27, 2010, USA Today announced that Shaw had made its All-Joe Team, honoring the NFL's unsung and underrated players.

Tennessee Titans
On September 5, 2010, Shaw was claimed off waivers by the Tennessee Titans. He played in 48 games over three seasons for the Titans and was their special teams captain in 2011 and 2012. He was released during final cuts on August 31, 2013.

Personal life
Shaw is a Christian. He has said that his faith is "... the foundation of who I am." Shaw has gone on two mission trips to Costa Rica and two mission trips to Haiti.

Shaw is close friends with former tight end Kevin Boss. The two are represented by the same firm, XAM Sports, and were roommates while training in Florida prior to the 2007 NFL Draft. He attended Boss' July 4, 2009 wedding.

Shaw is reportedly a jigsaw puzzle enthusiast.

ALS
On August 19, 2014, Shaw revealed in a video that he has ALS. He then dumped a bucket of ice water over himself as part of the Ice Bucket Challenge. He has since been heavily involved in efforts to advance ALS research through better funding, and raise awareness about ALS, using different platforms. He is considered to be a champion of the cause, and has impacted ALS communities throughout the country.

On March 19, 2015, Shaw addressed the Tennessee General Assembly, making a pitch that would declare the month of May as ALS Awareness Month in Tennessee. On April 18, 2015, Best Man Tim held a fundraising event during Penn State's Blue White weekend that included an Ice Bucket Challenge. Shaw attended the dedicated event where he signed autographs, posed for photographs, and enjoyed the support of hundreds of community members. A large amount of Penn State legends and lettermen supported the event, including the Paterno Family. Jay Paterno participated in Best Man Tim's Blue White weekend event.

On August 27, 2017, Shaw's high school renamed its football stadium after him. At halftime of a football game, the Clarenceville High School introduced the David B. McDowell Field at Shaw Stadium in honor of Shaw. That same year, Shaw's book titled "Blitz Your Life: Stories From An NFL And ALS Warrior" was released. Shaw has continued to help fundraise for ALS research, inspire others who are battling ALS, and make himself available wherever he can be helpful to others. In 2017, Shaw was invited to speak to the current Penn State football team he spoke about his challenges after his diagnosis and spoke about his time playing football at Penn State and his experience in the NFL. His speech resonated with head coach James Franklin who posted his speech on his Twitter account which gained national attention. On November 18, 2017 Shaw was the honorary captain for Penn State's game vs the Nebraska Cornhuskers. He was honored with a video tribute and standing ovation by fans along with both teams.

In 2019, Shaw participated in a Player's Tribune article about his journey with ALS, in which he encouraged his younger self and others to "live your best life today and enjoy every little blessing."

On December 18, 2019, a documentary video was released on YouTube that covered Project Euphonia. Google teamed up with Dimitri Kenevsky to create an AI-powered live transcription application that was specifically trained to understand and transcribe Shaw’s impaired voice. Using hours of interviews as audio reference, a separate AI program was created to synthesize Shaw’s old voice. While still in beta, the hope is to some day give Shaw the ability to clearly communicate again.

title: Tim Shaw (American football)


text:
Cady (surname)

Cady is a surname that may refer to:

People bearing it include:

 * Benjamin A. Cady (1840–1920), American lawyer and politician
 * Bertha Chapman Cady (1873–1956), American entomologist and educator
 * Burt D. Cady (1874–1952), American politician
 * Calvin Brainerd Cady (1851–1928), musician, music teacher and educational philosopher and writer
 * Carol Cady (born 1962), American shot putter and discus thrower
 * Charles A. Cady (1819–?), American politician
 * Charlie Cady (1865–1909), American baseball player
 * Chauncey G. Cady (1803–1893) American farmer and politician
 * Claude E. Cady (1878–1953), American politician
 * Daniel Cady (1773–1859), American jurist, father of Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 * Duane L. Cady (born 1946), American philosopher
 * E. F. Cady (fl. 1860), American entrepreneur and settler
 * Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902), American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist and leading figure of the early women's rights movement
 * Ernest Cady (1842–1908), American politician and Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut
 * Frank Cady (1915–2012), American actor
 * Frank A. Cady (1858–1904), American lawyer
 * H. Emilie Cady (1848–1941), American homeopathic physician and author
 * Hamilton Cady (1874–1943), American chemist
 * Harrison Cady (1877–1970), American illustrator
 * Hick Cady (1886–1946), American baseball player
 * Horace H. Cady (1801–1887), American farmer and politician
 * J. Cleaveland Cady (1837–1919), American architect
 * Jack Cady (1932–2004), American author
 * Jerome Cady (1903–1948), American Hollywood screenwriter
 * John Hutchins Cady (1881–1967), American architect, historian, and preservationist
 * Mark Cady (1953-2019), American judge
 * Virgil H. Cady (1876–1934), American politician
 * Walter Guyton Cady (1874–1974), American physicist and electrical engineer

title: Cady (surname)


text:
Talk:La Castellane

Coverage of Crime
I think that the amount of coverage given to crime in La Castellane might be disproporitonate in comparison to the amount of information given about living conditions, government funding, and social realities of people living there. I'm not sure how much coverage exists on these subjects that could be used as sources, but I worry that the focus on crime might bias the entry overall. Perhaps the section on crime should be given its own section and abbreviated.

Sometimesitbelikethat (talk) 09:45, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:La Castellane


text:
pitkin

Etymology
Instructive plural of. Akin to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Postposition

 * 1) along in a line with, with a progressive motion on
 * 2) along by the length of; in a line with the length of; lengthwise next to

Etymology
Instructive plural of. Akin to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Preposition

 * 1) along

Postposition

 * 1) along

title: pitkin


text:
Talk:Heathenry

this article is completely unreferenced. It claims that the German translation of "Heathenry" is "Heidentum". This is questionable. "Heidentum" translates to heathenry, paganism. Capitalised "Heathenry" is ostensibly not the same as the generic English noun heathenry. "Heathenry" is a neologism, used as self-designation by some neo-pagans. I went to the trouble of actually providing a reference documenting the earliest use I could find.. For some reason, two editors decided to roll this back to the unreferenced version by User:Beobach972, without giving as much as an edit summary. I am not sure what the referencing standards are at wiktionary, but seeing that a highly dubitable and completely unreferenced version is defended by revert-warring by apparently established users doesn't bode well. --<IP_ADDRESS> 15:19, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for your comments. Some clarifications:
 * You are mistaken in your claim that capitalized "Heathenry" refers only to neo-paganism; for example, at, the second cite is capitalized. (Perhaps the capitalized version is only used by neo-pagans? I'm not sure. This bears investigation, not arbitrary and mistaken conclusions.)
 * Your etymology was likely erroneous; you found a cite in '98, and didn't find cites before that, so decided the term must only be attested since '98? Maybe you're right, but you can hardly say you had a "reference" for this claim. At any rate, "attested since …" phrases are really more word history than etymology; I'm not opposed to including factual word history in an etymology section, but the operative word is "factual".
 * But, thank you for bringing this to the talk-page; together, we can work on improving the entry and developing something mutually agreeable.
 * —Ruakh TALK 16:25, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Question
Does Wiktionary adhere to the same general principles as Wikipedia?

For example, "Exploring the Northern Tradition[1], page 23:" has reference before the punctuation, opposite of Wikipedia. Quebec99 (talk) 16:18, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heathenry


text:
Poughill

Poughill (pronounced "Pofil" or "Puffil") is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Bude-Stratton, in the Cornwall district, in north-east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is located one mile north of Bude. In 1931 the parish had a population of 413.

History
Poughill is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Pochehelle. The name is of uncertain origin. It may be from Old English pohha 'pouch', used in the topographical sense of a deep valley, or Pohha used as a personal name or nickname, and hylle 'hill' or wylle 'spring'. So the meaning could be "hill by a deep valley", "spring in a deep valley", "hill of a man named Pohha" or "spring of a man named Pohha".

Poughill was an ancient parish, in the hundred of Stratton. It became a civil parish in 1866. In 1900 the developing area of Flexbury was transferred from the parish to the new Bude–Stratton Urban District. On 1 April 1934 a small part of the parish was transferred to Kilkhampton, the remainder of the parish was transferred to Bude–Stratton, and the civil parish was abolished.

Battle of Stamford Hill
The Battle of Stamford Hill, also known as the Battle of Stratton, was fought on the outskirts of Poughill on 16 May 1643. Each May, on the closest weekend to the anniversary, there is a two-day re-enactment of the battle, fought over the Saturday and Sunday, together with a procession through the streets of neighbouring Stratton village.

Notable buildings
Notable old houses in Poughill include Burshill Manor (a Grade II listed building), an open hall house dating from the early 16th century, and Church House, a Grade II* listed building dating from the early 16th century.

The village's water-mill is located on the footpath towards Bush. Lying at the foot of Trevalgus Hill in thick woodland, it is believed to have been a manorial mill for Trevalgus Manor. The mill was powered by the stream which runs south towards Stratton called the Stratt. Part of the mill building was constructed of timbers from ships wrecked along the coastline.

St Olaf's Church
At the heart of the village is St Olaf's church. The church is of exceptional interest and dates from the 14th century. The frescoes date from about 1470, and depict St Christopher.

Notable residents
During the latter half of his life, Sir Goldsworthy Gurney, the surgeon, gentleman scientist, inventor, and pioneer of applying steam power, lived in Reeds, a small house on the outskirts of the village, until his death in 1875.

Sir Henry Lovell Goldsworthy Gurney, a Malaysian colonial administrator assassinated by Communist extremists during the Malayan Emergency, was born here in 1898.

Cornish wrestling
Cornish wrestling tournaments, for prizes, were held in Poughill in the 1800s.

title: Poughill


text:
Real Analysis/Sequences

Definition
Sequences occur frequently in analysis, and they appear in many contexts. While we are all familiar with sequences, it is useful to have a formal definition.

 * Definition A sequence of real numbers is any function a : N→R.

Often sequences such as these are called real sequences, sequences of real numbers or sequences in R to make it clear that the elements of the sequence are real numbers. Analogous definitions can be given for sequences of natural numbers, integers, etc.

Given a sequence (xn), a subsequence, notated as $$(x_{n_j})_{j=1}^\infty$$, is a sequence where (nj) is strictly increasing sequence of natural numbers.

For example, taking nj=2j would the subsequence consisting of every other element of the original sequence, that is (x2, x4, x6, …).

Sequence Notation
However, we usually write an for the image of n under a, rather than a(n). The values an are often called the elements of the sequence. To make a distinction between a sequence and one of its values it is often useful to denote the entire sequence by $$(a_n)_{n=1}^\infty$$, or just (an). Some employ set notation and denote it as {an} When specifying a particular sequence, it may be written in the form (a1, a2, a3, …), when the sequence is infinite, or (a1, a2, …, an) when the sequence is finite. We tend only to discretely write down enough elements is so that the pattern is clear, which is typically 3 times.

Examples of Sequences
(1, 2, 3, 4, …), (1, -2, 3, -4, …), and (1, π, π2, π3, π4, …) are all examples of sequences. Note, however, that there need not be any particular pattern to the elements of the sequence. For example, we may specify an to be the n-th digit of π. Often sequences are defined recursively. That is, to specify some initial values of the sequence, and then to specify how to get the next element of the sequence from the previous elements. For example, consider the sequence x1=1, x2=1, and xn = xn−1 + xn−2 for n ≥ 3. This sequences is known as the Fibonacci sequence, and its first few terms are given by (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, …). Another familiar example of a recursive sequence is Newton's method. With an initial guess x0 for the zero of a function, Newton's method tells you how to construct the next guess. In this way you generate a sequence which (hopefully) converges to the zero of the function.

Operations on Sequences
We can also perform algebraic operations on sequences. In other words, we can add, subtract, multiply, divide sequences. These operations are simply performed element by element, for completeness we give the definitions.

 * Definition Given two sequences (xn) and (yn) and a real number c, we define the following operations:

Classification of Sequences
Some properties of sequence are so important that they are given special names.

Some of these terms are prefixed with strictly because the term increasing is used in some contexts with meaning either that of strictly increasing or of non-decreasing, and similarly decreasing can mean the same as either strictly decreasing, or non-increasing. As a result, these ambiguous terms are usually prefixed with and strictly. We will try adhere to using this unambiguous term.

From here, we will also describe properties of sequences based on boundedness, a word which we will define for sequences below.

Convergence and Limits
A further important property of sequences (arguably the most important property from the perspective of analysis) is the property of convergence. This property can be easily described by extending the epsilon-delta definition. However, because sequences are relative to counting numbers, there exists an additional way to imagine convergence. Both methods are described below.

 * Definition Let (xn) be a sequence of real numbers. The sequence (xn) is said to converge to a real number a.
 * if for all ε>0, there exists N in N such that |xn-a|<ε for all n≥N.

If (xn) converges to a then we say a is the limit of (xn) and write

 * $$\lim_{n\to\infty}x_n=a$$

or

 * $$x_n\to a$$ as $$n\to\infty$$.

This is read xn approaches a as n approaches ∞. If it is clear which variable is playing the role of n then this may be abbreviated to simply xn→a or lim xn=a.

If a sequence converges, then it is called convergent.

It is also useful to extend this concept and allow sequences whose limits are either ∞ or −∞

 * Definition We say xn→∞ as n→∞ if for every M in R there is a natural number N so that xn≥ M for all n≥N.  We say xn→−∞ as n→∞ if for every M in R there is a natural number N so that xn≤ M for all n≥N.

Despite this, we do not refer to sequences such as these as convergent. They are instead called divergent.

Although convergence can be proven using the epsilon-delta definition as proof, another method to prove convergences of sequences is through mathematical induction, since sequences are referenced using counting numbers. Through this method, some theorems are easier to prove. However, proof using mathematical induction cannot generalize to real numbers like a proof using epsilon-delta can.

The following theorems will prove that variations of a convergent sequence, expressed either through inductive notation, limit notation, or Cauchy notation, converges to exactly one number. This may seem intuitively clear, but remember that intuition often fails us when it comes to limits. It is also in proper mathematical style to rigorously prove every mathematical notion presented to us.

Theorem (Uniqueness of limits)
A sequence can have at most one limit. In other words: if xn → a and xn → b then a = b.

Proof
Suppose the sequence has two distinct limits, so a≠b. Let ε=|a−b|/3.

Certainly ε>0, using the definition of convergence twice we can find natural numbers Na and Nb so that

 * $$|x_n-a|\leq\epsilon$$ for all n > Na.

and

 * $$|x_n-b|\leq\epsilon$$ for all n > Nb.

Taking k=max(Na,Nb) then both of these conditions hold for xk. Hence we deduce that |xk−a|≤ε and |xk−b|≤ε. Applying the triangle inequality, we see
 * $$|a-b|=|(x_k-b)-(x_k-a)|\leq 2\epsilon=(2/3)|a-b|,$$

which is a contradiction. Thus, any sequence has at most one limit. $$\Box$$

Theorem (Convergent Sequences Bounded)
If the subsequence $$(x_n)_{n=1}^{\infty}$$ is a convergent sequence, then it is bounded.

Proof
Let $$a=\lim_{n\to\infty}x_n$$, and let ε = 1.

From the definition of convergence there exists a natural number N such that

 * $$|x_n-a|\leq 1$$ for all n ≥ N.

The sequence $$(x_n)_{n=N+1}^{\infty}$$ is bounded above by a+1 and below by a−1. Let M = max(|x1|,|x2|,|x3|,…,|xN|, |a|+1). It follows that −M ≤ xn ≤ M for all n in N. Hence the sequence is bounded. $$\Box$$

Theorem (Boundedness of Cauchy Sequences)
If $$(x_n)_{n=1}^{\infty}$$ is a Cauchy sequence, then it is bounded.

Proof
Let (xn) be a Cauchy sequence. By the definition of a Cauchy sequence, there is a natural number N such that |xn−xm|<1 for all n,m > N. In particular, |xN+1−xm|<1 for all m > N. It follows by the reverse triangle inequality that |xm| < |xN+1| + 1. If we take M=max(|x1|, |x2|, …, |xN|, |xN+1| + 1), then |xn| ≤ M for all n in N. $$\Box$$

The following theorem tells us that algebraic operations on sequences commute with the taking limits. This simple theorem is a useful tool in computing limits.

Properties of Sequences
Given our new definition of convergence, it should be essential that we can use the values we get from them algebraically and whether or not we can apply algebraic intuition in regards to converging sequences as well.

Algebraic Operations
If (xn) and (yn) are convergent sequences and a ∈ R, the following properties hold:
 * 1) $$\lim_{n\to\infty}(x_n+y_n)=\lim_{n\to\infty}(x_n)+\lim_{n\to\infty}(y_n)$$.
 * 2) $$\lim_{n\to\infty}(x_ny_n)=\left(\lim_{n\to\infty}x_n\right)\left(\lim_{n\to\infty}y_n\right)$$.
 * 3) $$\lim_{n\to\infty}(ax_n)=a\lim_{n\to\infty}(x_n)$$.
 * 4) $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{x_n}{y_n}\right)=\frac{\displaystyle \lim_{n\to\infty}x_n}{\displaystyle \lim_{n\to\infty}y_n}$$ (assuming yn ≠ 0 for all n in N and lim y_n ≠ 0).
 * 5) If xn ≤ yn for every n in N, then $$\lim_{n\to\infty}x_n \leq \lim_{n\to\infty}y_n$$.

Proof
1. Let x=lim xn and y=lim yn. We need to show that for any ε>0 there is natural number N so that if n≥ N, then |(xn + yn) − (x + y)|≤ε. Given any ε>0 we have ε/3>0 so from the definition of convergence there is a natural number Nx so that |xn−x|≤ε/3 for all n>Nx, similarly we can choose Ny |yn−y|≤ε/3 for all n>Ny.

Let N=max(Nx ,Ny). If n>N, then by the triangle inequality we have
 * $$|(x_n+y_n)-(x+y)|=|(x_n-x)+(y_n-y)| \leq \epsilon /3 + \epsilon /3<\epsilon,$$

which is what we needed to show. $$\Box$$

2. Let x=lim xn and y=lim yn. Since these sequences are convergent they are bounded. Let Mx be a bound for (xn) and let My be a bound for (yn). By increasing these quantities of necessary we may also assume Mx > x and My > y. Given ε>0, there exists some Nx and Ny such that
 * $$|x_n - x| < {\epsilon \over 2M_y}$$ for n > Nx and
 * $$|y_n - y| < {\epsilon \over 2M_x}$$ for n > Ny.

Then for every n > max(Nx, Ny),

$$\Box$$
 * $$|x_n y_n - xy|\,$$
 * $$= |(x_n - x)y_n + x(y_n - y)|\,$$
 * $$\leq |x_n - x|M_y + M_x |y_n - y|$$
 * $$\leq \frac{\epsilon}{2} + \frac{\epsilon}{2}\leq \epsilon.$$
 * }
 * $$\leq |x_n - x|M_y + M_x |y_n - y|$$
 * $$\leq \frac{\epsilon}{2} + \frac{\epsilon}{2}\leq \epsilon.$$
 * }
 * $$\leq \frac{\epsilon}{2} + \frac{\epsilon}{2}\leq \epsilon.$$
 * }

3. Let yn = a for all n in N. The statement now follows from 2. $$\Box$$

4. We can reduce this to showing that lim (1/yn) exists and equals 1/(lim yn). Then it follows by 2 that we have:
 * $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{x_n}{y_n}\right)= \left( \lim_{n \to \infty} {1 \over y_n} \right) \left( \lim_{n \to \infty} {x_n} \right)=\frac{\displaystyle \lim_{n\to\infty} x_n}{\displaystyle \lim_{n\to\infty} y_n}.$$

Let y=lim yn. By the exercises, since y and yn are not 0, we can find δ > 0 so that |y_n| > δ and |y| > δ. It follows that 1/|yny|<1/δ2. Given ε > 0 choose n in N so that |yn − y| < δ2ε. We have
 * $$\left| {1 \over y_n} - {1 \over y} \right| = |y - y_n|{1 \over |y_n y|} \le \frac{|y - y_n|}{\delta^2} < \epsilon$$.

Hence, $$\lim_{n \to \infty} {1 \over y_n} = {1 \over y}.$$ $$\Box$$

5. We first can reduce to the case when one sequence is identically 0. To see this let zn = xn − yn. Then zn < 0 for all n in N. Let z = lim zn. Suppose that z > 0 then we can then find a natural number N so that
 * $$|z - z_N| < z\,$$.

Since zN ≤ 0 < z, the absolute value equals z − zN. Subtracting z we find that −zN < 0. Hence zN is positive. Contradiction. Therefore we must have that z ≤ 0. Which means that by 1 we get:
 * $$\lim_{n \to \infty} x_n - \lim_{n \to \infty} y_n = \lim_{n \to \infty} z_n = z \le 0.$$

Therefore lim xn ≤ lim yn $$\square$$

Theorem (Squeeze/Sandwich Limit Theorem)
This is the important squeeze theorem that is a cornerstone of limits. Since converging sequences can also be thought of through limit notions and notations, it should also be wise if this important theorem applies to converging sequences as well.

Given sequences (xn), (yn), and (wn), if (xn) and (yn) converge to a and xn ≤ wn ≤ yn, then wn converges to a.

Proof
Fix ε > 0. We need to find an N such that |wn − a| < ε if n > N. Since (xn) → a and (yn) → a the definition of convergence ensures that there exists integers Nx and Ny so that |xn − a| < ε for n > Nx and |yn − a| < ε for n > Ny.

Let N=max(Nx, Ny). Then, for all n > N we have −ε < xn − a and yn − a < ε. Since xn < wn < yn, it follows that xn − a < wn − a < yn − a.

Thus if n ≥ N, then −ε < xn − a < wn − a < yn − a < ε. In other words, |wn − a| < ε.$$\Box$$

Completeness
The following results are closely related to the completeness of the real numbers.

Theorem (Convergence of Monotone sequences)
Any monotone, bounded sequence converges. If the sequence is non-decreasing, then the sequence converges to the least upper bound of the elements of the sequence. If the sequence is non-increasing, then the sequence converges to the greatest lower bound of the elements of the sequence

Proof
Let (xn) be any monotone sequence that is bounded by a real number M. Without loss of generality, assume (xn) is non-decreasing. Since (xn) is bounded above, it has a least upper bound by the least upper bound axiom. Let x = sup {xn | n ∈ N}. We will now show that (xn) → x.

Fix ε > 0. As was shown in the exercises, if s = sup(A), then for any ε > 0 there is an element a in A  so that  s − ε < a < s. Hence, it follows that there exists an N in N so that x − ε < xN < x.

For any n > N, since xn is non-decreasing, we have that
 * $$x- \epsilon < x_N \leq x_n < x$$.

Thus |x − xn| < ε and by the definition of convergence, (xn) converges to x. $$\Box$$

Theorem (Nested intervals property)
If there exists a sequence of closed intervals In = [an, bn] = {x | an ≤ x ≤ bn} such that In+1 ⊆ In for all n, then ∩In is nonempty.

Proof
Since In+1 ⊆ In it follows that an ≤ an+1 and bn+1 ≤ bn.

Since (an) and (bn) are monotonic sequences they converge by the previous theorem. Furthermore, since an < bn for all n, it follows that lim an ≤ lim bn.

By the monotonicity of (an) and (bn) we have for every n
 * $$a_n \leq \lim_{n\to\infty}a_n \leq \lim_{n\to\infty}b_n \leq b_n.$$

Therefore lim an ∈ [an, bn] for every n, which implies that
 * $$\lim_{n\to\infty}a_n \in \bigcap _{n=1}^{\infty} I_n.$$

Thus the intersection is nonempty. $$\Box$$

Theorem (Bolzano—Weierstrass)
Every bounded sequence of real numbers contains a convergent subsequence.

Proof
Let (xn) be a sequence of real numbers bounded by a real number M, that is |xn| < M for all n. We define the set A by A = {r | |r| ≤ M and r < xn for infinitely many n}. We note that A is non-empty since it contains −M and A is bounded above by M. Let x = sup A.

We claim that, for any ε > 0, there must be infinitely many points of xn in the interval (x − ε, x + ε). Suppose not and fix an ε > 0 so that there are only finitely many values of xn in the interval (x − ε, x + ε). Either x ≤ xn for infinitely many n or x ≤ xn for at most only finitely many n (possibly no n at all). Suppose x< xn for infinitely many n. Clearly in this case x ≠ M. If necessary restrict ε so that x + ε ≤ M. Set r = x + ε/2 we have that r < xn for infinitely many n because there are only finitely many xn in the set [x,r] and x must be less than infinitely many xn, furthermore |r| < M. Thus r is in A, which contradicts that x is an upper bound for A. Now suppose x< xn for at most finitely many n. Set y = x − ε/2. Then there are at most only finitely man n so that xn ≥ y. Thus, if r < xn for infinitely many n, we have that r ≤ y. This means that y is an upper bound for A that is less than x, contradicting that x wast the least upper bound of A. In either case we arrive at a contradiction, thus we must have that for any ε > 0, there must be infinitely many points of xn in the interval (x − ε, x + ε). Now we show there is a subsequence that converges to x. We define the subsequence inductively, choose any xn 1 from the interval (x − 1, x + 1). Assuming we have chosen xn 1, …, xn k−1 , choose xn k to be an element in the interval (x − 1/k, x + 1/k) so that nk∉{n1, …, nk−1}, this is possible as there are infinitely many elements of (xn) in the interval. Notice that for this choice of xn k we have that |x − xn k |<1/k. Hence for any ε>0, if we take any k > 1/ε, then |xn k -x| < ε. That is the subsequence (xn k ) → x. $$\Box$$

Theorem (Cauchy criterion)
A sequence converges if and only if it is Cauchy. Although this seems like a weaker property than convergence, it is actually equivalent, as the following theorem shows:

Proof
First we show that if (xn) → x then xN is Cauchy. Now suppose that for a given ε > 0 we wish to find an N so that |xn − xm| < ε for all n, m > N. We will choose N so that for all n ≥ N we have that |xn − x| < ε/2. By the triangle inequality, for any n, m > N we have:

 * $$|x_n - x_m| \leq |x_n - x| + |x_m - x| < \frac{\epsilon}{2} + \frac{\epsilon}{2} = \epsilon$$.

Thus (xn) is a Cauchy sequence.

Now we show that if (xn) is a Cauchy sequence, then it converges to some x. Let (xn) be a Cauchy sequence, and let ε > 0. By the definition of a Cauchy Sequence, there exits a natural number L so that |xn − xm| < ε/2 whenever n, m > L. Since (xn) is a Cauchy sequence it is bounded. By the Bolzano—Weierstrass theorem, it has a convergent subsequence (xn k ) that converges to some point x. Now we will show that the whole sequence converges to x

Because (xn k ) converges, we can choose a natural number M so that if nk > M, then |xn k − x| < ε/2. Let N = max(L, M), and fix any nk > N. For n > N we have that

 * $$|x_n - x| \leq |x_n - x_{n_k}| + |x_{n_k} - x| < \frac{\epsilon}{2} + \frac{\epsilon}{2} = \epsilon$$.

Thus by definition of convergence (xn) → x. $$\Box$$

These theorems all describe different aspects of the completeness of the real numbers. The reader will notice that the least upper bound property was used heavily in this section, and it is the axiom that separates the real numbers from the rational numbers. While these theorems would be false for the rational numbers, not all of them can substitute for the least upper bound property. The Cauchy criterion and the nested intervals property are not strong enough to imply the least upper bound property without additional assumptions, while the Convergence of Monotone sequences theorem and the Bolzano—Weierstrass property do imply the least upper bound property.

Limit superior and limit inferior
Limits turn out to be a very useful tool in analysis, their primary draw back is that they may not always exist. Occasionally it is useful to have some notion of limit that makes sense for any sequence. To this end we introduce the limit superior (often just called the "lim sup") and the limit inferor (often called the "lim inf").

Definition For a sequence (xn) we define the limit superior, denoted lim sup by:
 * $$\limsup_{n\to\infty} x_n=\inf_{k}\sup_{n\geq k} x_n.$$

Similarly we define the limit inferior, denoted by lim inf by:
 * $$\liminf_{n\to\infty} x_n=\sup_{k}\inf_{n\geq k} x_n.$$

If (xn) is not bounded above, we say that lim sup xn = ∞. If (xn) is not bounded we say that lim inf xn = −∞.

Notice that for bounded sequences the lim sup and the lim inf always exist. As we know general bounded sequence the limit doesn't always exist. But in the case when the lim sup and lim inf are equal, life is nicer as the next theorem shows.

Theorem (Limit Superior and Inferior)
Let (xn) be a bounded sequence. Then (xn) → x if and only if lim sup xn = x = lim inf xn.

Proof
First suppose (xn) → x. Fix an ε > 0 choose a natural number N so that x − ε < xn < x + ε for any n > N. Hence for any k > N we have that
 * $$x-\epsilon\leq \sup_{n>k}x_n\leq x+\epsilon$$

and hence x − ε < lim sup xn < x + ε. Since ε was arbitrary, this can only happen if lim sup xn = x. A similar argument shows that lim inf xn = x.

Now suppose lim inf xn = x = lim sup xn, and we wish to show that lim xn = x.

First recall that the x=lim sup xn is defined as:
 * $$x=\inf_k\sup_{n>k} x_n$$

Given an ε > 0, since we can get arbitrarily close to the infimum, we can choose we will choose Nls so that
 * $$\sup_{n>N_{ls}} x_n - x < \epsilon$$

Similarly recall that the x=lim inf xn is defined as:
 * $$x=\sup_k\inf_{n>k} x_n$$

Since we can get arbitrarily close to the supremum, we can choose we will choose Nli so that
 * $$x-\sup_{n>N_{li}} x_n< \epsilon$$

Let N = max(Nls, Nli). Now if n > N, then
 * $$\inf_{n> N_{li}}\leq \inf_{n\geq N}\leq x \leq \sup_{n\geq N}\leq \sup_{n> N_{ls}}$$

Hence for any n > N
 * $$x-\sup_{n> N_{ls}} x_n \leq x-x_n\leq x-\inf_{n>N_{li}} x_n.$$

By our choice of Nls and Nli this implies for any n > N

 * $$-\epsilon \leq x-x_n\leq \epsilon.\quad\Box$$

title: Real Analysis/Sequences


text:
Werner

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Werner is the 1,013th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 34,488 individuals. Werner is most common among White (95.24%) individuals.

Etymology

 * + ; roughly equivalent to English.

Proper noun

 * , German style spelling of Verner

title: Werner


text:
Islamic political thought/Twelvers

Twelver Shi’ism

Required Reading: The Isma'ilis: Their history and doctrines Farhad Daftary Cambridge University Press, Great Britain 1990

Goals: Read pages 57- 85, 126-190 to gain context for and history of the Twelvers. Also, read all of 252 through 253 and discuss the evolution of Twelver law. Discuss the important modern aspects of Twelver politics, particularly where they dominate, in Iran and Iraq.

Important Definitions: hujja- proof or testimony, argument. Shi'a: 'proof' of god's presence of will, including a person who is evidence of mankind, god's will.

Modern Implications:

Iranian Shi'ism is an integral portion composing the image of Twelvers. Ahmadinejad has expressed intentions for a "powerful, developed and model Islamic society. Today, we should define our economic, cultural and political policies based on the policy of Imam Mahdi’s return. We should avoid copying the West’s policies and systems."

The Twelfth Imam, according to the Shi’ites in general, comes to ease the chaos, but Islam exists prior to the Imam’s return, and thus any justification Ahmadinejad has made of his behavior in terms of the Imam rings familiar to a Hojjatieh belief. The Hojjatieh of Iran believe that creating chaos in the world, which could involve unjust acts or acts that disturb the peace can speed the return of the Twelfth Imam.

The government must not only allow for conditions which are suitable to the arrival of the next Imam, such as uniting Islamic people by way of their religious beliefs, it must create the conditions commonly viewed as necessary to the arrival of the Twelfth Imam—a chaotic element or a profound spiritual tragedy within the world as we know it. Ahmadinejad has publicly proclaimed his belief in the Twelfth Imam—the individual Westerners would describe this, through translation style comprehension of the religion, as the messianic aspect of Iran’s Islamic culture. It must also be noted that Shi’ite Muslims, who prescribe to the belief in the return of the Twelfth Imam, comprise the majority in not only in Iran, but also in neighboring Iraq.

Generally held true that human believers cannot actually instigate the arrival of the Twelfth Imam in any way, the chaos that invites the Imam’s arrival is a necessary condition leaders can instigate (their main element of control), as it is a worldly aspect of the dilemma. This belief held by the Iranian group, called the Hojjatieh, can become integral to messianic action as regards Islamic countries.

An additional point of concern that may be held by Ahmadinejad if he is indeed in pursuit of the “utopia of the ideally just Islamic commonwealth” (Skocpol, 280) that could be reigned in by the Twelfth Imam, is in the deputy that some Shi’ite Muslims believe will assist the returned twelfth Imam here on earth. This deputy will be a conduit through which the Imam Mahdi will rule.

The population of Iran can be characterized as a cultural and religious people, swayed by a “popular messianic yearning for the return of the Twelfth Imam”. (Skocpol, 277)

...because it is Shi’a Islam that led to and was the necessary condition for the Iranian Revolution. It is “radical-fundamentalist Shi’a clerics” that led, under Khomeini, the formation of the Islamic Republic Party. (Skocpol, 277)

The return of the Twelfth Imam means a return to a world aligned with God, no longer experiencing the spiritual strife of the divisions currently experienced on a day-to-day basis in the world as we know it.

“legitimate authority in the Shi’a community has long been shared between political and religious leaders, neither of whom can unambiguously claim to represent fully the will of the “Hidden Imam,” a supreme leader who went into transhistorical occultation in the ninth century.”

Important Points:

- Twelver Shi'ism is the "crystallized" version of the moderate trend representing the majority body of the Shi'a (Daftari, 58) -It is associated with non-Zaydi Shi'is in that they "had come to acknowledge chiefly the Husaynid Fatimids".

-The Imam Mahdi, according to the text, is "still awaiting the parousia of the twelfth imam." -Incorporates the importance of the ideal that the "second Islamic century would be a turning point in the realization of the Shi'i messianic expectations" -Makes provisions for Abu Hashim as Mahdi. There is also a possibility for the descendents of Ibn al-Hanafiyya or Ibn al-Hanafiyya himself when at the point at which his last descendent died. (Daftari, 61)

-The Twelvers are historically connected to the Ghulat (minority Muslim groups who sometimes ascribe extraordinary levels of divinity to their rulers) (Daftari, 64)

-The adoption of taqiyya by Twelvers is integral to their historical formation of politics (Daftari, 71)

-Ja'far al-Sadiq's imamate provides the basis for Twelvers as well as Isma'ilis. Refer to 85 for specific principles Ja’far contributed (Daftari, 83)

-"On the basis of certain allusions found in the early Isma'ili sources, it seems that the central leaders of the sect, before 'Ubayd Allah's reform, assumed the rank of hujja for themselves. It was mainly through the hujja that one could establish contact with the exalted 'ayn, namely the imam; and the imam referred to the hidden Mahdi. In other words, the leaders of the movement at first apparently acted as the hujjas of the hidden Muhammad b. Isma'il and summoned people to obey him. By his reform, 'Ubayd Allah had in effect openly elevated himself and his predecessors from the hujjas of the expected Qa'im to actual imams. This, of course, also implied the denial of the Mahdiship of Muhammad b. Isma'il." (Daftari, 126)

-"It was in this sense that the application of the term was systematized by the Twelver Shi'is to designate the category of prophets and imams and, after the Prophet Muhammad, more particularly of the imams without whom the world could never exist." (Daftari, 126-7)

- Succesors of Buwayhid Mu'izz al-Dawla led to the thought and practices that allowed for the development for twelvers. (Daftari, 186)

-Usuli school adherents are authorized to be agents of the hidden twelfth imam. (Daftari, 252-3)

Questions:

1.	Discuss the evolution of Twelver Shi’a Law as well as the important figures involved.

2.	Discuss the nature of the Twelver beliefs in relation to/versus other branches of Islam previously discussed or with further research.

3.	Distinguish the Shi’a beliefs, from the Mahdist or Twelver perspective, about Imams and the Imam Mahdi. In other words, why do Twelvers believe what they believe, and practice in the way they practice?

4.	Describe a principle you find most applicable to Twelver thought that stemmed from Ja’far al-Sadiq’s ideas.

Recommended Readings:

Ludwig, Paul “"Iranian Nation" and Iranian-Islamic Revolutionary Ideology.” Die Welt des Islams 39 (1999). Journal on-line. Available from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-2539%28199907%292%3A39%3A2%3C183%3A%22NAIRI%3E2.0.CO%3B26 600432539. Accessed 1 March 2007.

Sells, Michael “Expectation of the Millennium: Shi’ism in History  Review by Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid; Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza.” The Journal of Religion 71 (1991). Journal on-line. Available at http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4189%28199104%2971%3A2%3C298%3AEOTMSI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6. Accessed 1 March 2007.

Skocpol, Theda “Rentier State and Shi’a Islam in the Iranian Revolution.” Theory and Society 11 (1982). Journal on-line. Available from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0304-2421%28198205%2911%3A3%3C265%3ARSASII%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W. Accessed 1 March 2007.

title: Islamic political thought/Twelvers


text:
jänta

Etymology
, from, cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a girl

Usage notes
Somewhat folksy. Could also be translated as, , etc., depending on context.

title: jänta


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tennessee Pass (Oregon)

The result was delete. Tone 12:27, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

Tennessee Pass (Oregon)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

I have tried to improve this article, but other than the GNIS entry I can find essentially nothing on this rather minor passage; everything that looked like a hit turned out to be about the much more famous location in Colorado. Mangoe (talk) 02:12, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Geography-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 08:48, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Oregon-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 08:48, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Salvio 10:28, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete Seems really obscure. Almost no mentions of the pass anywhere. Glendoremus (talk) 23:52, 1 September 2020 (UTC)


text:
Loose Ends (novel)

Loose Ends (2001) is the first original novel based on the Roswell TV series.

Plot summary
It started out as an innocent road trip to Carlsbad Caverns to unwind, but now Max, Isabel, Michael, Liz, and Maria are totally regretting their plan. Hundreds of feet underground, in the cavern gift shop, Liz turns and is stunned to see someone she thought she'd never meet again—the man who shot her long ago in the diner. Their eyes meet and Liz bolts. But running won't solve the group's new "problem." Because the shooter has recognized Liz. Now he wants her dead. And nobody knows why.

Reception
Don D'Amassa said in his review for Science Fiction Chronicle that "Cox does a craftsman like job of elaborating this minor theme and turning it into a reasonably good adventure."

Trivia

 * A large part of this book concerns a day trip to a real New Mexico attraction, the Carlsbad Caverns.

title: Loose Ends (novel)


text:
Novy, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai

Novy (Новый) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Beryozovsky Selsoviet, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 400 as of 2013. There are 54 streets.

Geography
Novy is located 10 km east of Novoaltaysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Solnechnoye is the nearest rural locality.

title: Novy, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/lyricstamilan.com

Links

 * lyricstamilan.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 4 additions.


text:
New Catch Republic

New Catch Republic is an English professional wrestling tag team consisting of Pete Dunne and Tyler Bate. They are currently signed with WWE and appear on the Raw brand.

The group was originally a stable known as British Strong Style made up of Dunne, Bate, and Trent Seven, who last worked for WWE in the NXT UK brand, before his release in August 2022. The group took its name from a style of professional wrestling that is a mixture of Japanese strong style and traditional British catch wrestling. The three were a prominent part of the NXT UK roster, and were central figures of the NXT UK programme when it premiered in October 2018. They were nicknamed "the founding fathers of NXT UK" by WWE, due to their crucial part in the creation and growth of the brand.

Dunne and Seven formed the group in the Progress Wrestling (Progress) promotion in July 2016 as a tag team, before adding Bate, who had been Seven's tag team partner as part of Moustache Mountain since April 2015, in November 2016. The group dominated Progress over the following year with Dunne holding the Progress World Championship and Bate and Seven the Progress Tag Team Championship. Though primarily appearing in Progress, the stable has also worked for several other promotions in the United Kingdom, including Chikara, where they won the 2017 King of Trios tournament.

Through a partnership between Progress and WWE, all three members of British Strong Style also appeared for WWE since 2017, with Bate defeating Dunne in the finals of the first United Kingdom Championship Tournament to become the inaugural WWE United Kingdom Champion. Dunne won the title from Bate later that year. During Dunne's UK Championship reign, Seven and Bate were NXT Tag Team Champions for a short time in June 2018, making all three members champions in WWE for a short period. Dunne and Bate would then begin teaming together in early 2024 after Bate was moved to the SmackDown brand, and the team took on the new name of New Catch Republic.

Progress Wrestling (2016–2019)
On 31 July 2016, the Dunne Brothers (Damian Dunne and Pete Dunne) were set to take on Moustache Mountain (Trent Seven and Tyler Bate) at Progress Wrestling's event in London, England. The match ended with Pete and Seven turning on their partners and walking off together, signaling the start of a new partnership, which they subsequently dubbed "British Strong Style". On 25 September, Dunne and Seven defeated the London Riots (James Davis and Rob Lynch) for the Progress Tag Team Championship. On 27 November, Dunne and Seven took part in a seven-man elimination match for the vacant Progress World Championship. The match came down to Dunne, Seven and Jimmy Havoc. After Havoc managed to eliminate Seven from the match, he was attacked by both Seven and Dunne, which brought out Tyler Bate, seemingly to exact revenge on Seven. Bate, however, turned on Havoc, helping Dunne become the new Progress World Champion and turning British Strong Style into a trio. Bate and Dunne were positioned as the spotlight wrestlers of the group, while Seven became its mouthpiece.

After capturing the Progress World Championship, Dunne attempted to pass his half of the Progress Tag Team Championship to Bate, which led to Progress management stripping British Strong Style of the tag team title. They did however allow Bate and Seven to wrestle for the vacant title, leading to a match on 30 December, where the two defeated the London Riots and LDRS (Marty Scurll and Zack Sabre Jr.) to become the new champions.

In January 2017, all three members of British Strong Style took part in a tournament held by WWE to crown the inaugural WWE United Kingdom Championship. The trio were not acknowledged by WWE, instead Bate and Seven were referred to by the Moustache Mountain name, with Dunne being positioned opposite the two as the main villain of the tournament. The tournament eventually came down to Bate and Dunne in the finals with Bate emerging victorious to become the first WWE United Kingdom Champion. After a four-month reign, Bate lost the title to Dunne at NXT TakeOver: Chicago. While WWE did not recognize British Strong Style as a stable, the WWE United Kingdom Championship was entered into storylines involving the group in Progress. The trio's participation in the tournament was also added to their villainous act in Progress with the members wearing NXT jackets, playing up the fact that they were under WWE contracts and promising they were going to leave Progress with the promotion's two championships.

On 23 April, British Strong Style faced off against the Ringkampf stable of Axel Dieter Jr., Timothy Thatcher and Walter from the German Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw) promotion in a six-man tag team match, where both of their Progress titles were on the line. The match ended with Seven pinning Walter for the win, meaning that British Strong Style continued both of their title reigns. The following month, British Strong Style found themselves new rivals in the #CCK stable of Chris Brookes, Kid Lykos and Travis Banks, who debuted by interrupting their attack on Matt Riddle. This led to a match on 25 June, where Bate and Seven lost the Progress Tag Team Championship to Brookes and Lykos. On 9 July, British Strong Style and #CCK faced off in a six-man tag team match, where Brookes and Lykos agreed to put the Progress Tag Team Championship on the line with the added stipulation that if British Strong Style did not win the match, they could never again challenge for the title. British Strong Style ended up cheating their way to a victory, making Bate and Seven the new Progress Tag Team Champions.

On 10 September, British Strong Style lost both of their Progress titles to members of #CCK with Bate and Seven losing the Tag Team Championship to Brookes and Lykos in a ladder match, while Dunne lost the World Championship to Travis Banks, ending the group's ten-month domination over Progress. Following the loss of their titles, British Strong Style turned face with Dunne apologising for some of his actions as champion. At Chapter 76, Seven defeated Doug Williams to win the Progress Atlas Championship. At Chapter 82, a rematch of the WWE United Kingdom Championship match from NXT TakeOver: Chicago between Dunne and Bate was the main event. Dunne defeated Bate in what ring announcer and co-owner Jim Smallman said was the duos farewell match, implying both seemingly were going full-time with NXT UK and WWE.

Chikara (2017)
On 1 September 2017, British Strong Style, billed as "House Strong Style", entered the 2017 King of Trios tournament, hosted by the American Chikara promotion in Wolverhampton. After defeating House Whitewolf (A-Kid, Adam Chase and Zayas) in their first round match, House Throwbacks (Dasher Hatfield, Mark Angelosetti and Simon Grimm) in the quarterfinals, and House Rot (Frightmare, Hallowicked and Kobald) via forfeit in the semifinals, House Strong Style advanced to the finals of the tournament, where, on 3 September, they defeated House Sendai Girls (Cassandra Miyagi, Dash Chisako and Meiko Satomura) to become the 2017 King of Trios.

NXT UK (2018–2022)
After Roderick Strong turned on Pete Dunne at NXT TakeOver: New Orleans, Dunne teased a return of the stable in WWE on Instagram days later. In April during WrestleMania Axxess weekend, Bate and Seven lost an NXT Tag Team Championship match to Strong and Kyle O'Reilly. After the match, they were attacked by The Undisputed Era until Dunne made the save, thus reuniting for the first time in WWE. It was later announced that Dunne, Bate and Seven would take on The Undisputed Era on the first night of the second annual United Kingdom Championship Tournament in June 2018.

British Strong Style won their match against The Undisputed Era on 18 June. The following night, Bate and Seven defeated O'Reilly and Strong to win the NXT Tag Team Championship for the first time, whilst Dunne retained his WWE United Kingdom Championship against tournament winner Zack Gibson, meaning that all members of British Strong Style were now champions in WWE. However, Bate and Seven lost the titles back to O'Reilly and Strong two days later. At NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn 4, Bate and Seven failed to regain their titles against The Undisputed Era while Dunne retained his title against Gibson once again. The group disbanded in late July 2022 after Seven was released from his WWE contract.

Main roster (2024–present)
Bate was promoted to the SmackDown brand and reunited with Dunne, then known as Butch who returned to his original name two weeks later, at SmackDown: New Year's Revolution on 5 January 2024 and defeated Pretty Deadly in a tag team match. On the 16 February episode of SmackDown, the team was renamed to New Catch Republic. New Catch Republic won the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship Contender Series for an Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship match at Elimination Chamber: Perth but failed to defeat The Judgment Day (Finn Bálor and Damian Priest) for the titles at the event. New Catch Republic participated in a six-pack tag team ladder match for the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship at Night 1 of WrestleMania XL but failed to win any of the tag titles.

At Night 2 of the 2024 WWE Draft, New Catch Republic were drafted to the Raw brand in the supplemental draft. At Week 2 of Spring Breakin', New Catch Republic returned to NXT to assist Axiom and Nathan Frazer retain the NXT Tag Team Championship against The Final Testament's Authors of Pain (AOP). In July, Bate was reportedly sidelined for a torn pectoral muscle after he suffered an injury, putting the team on hiatus.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Attack! Pro Wrestling
 * Attack! 24/7 Championship (2 times) – Bate (1), Dunne (1)
 * Attack! Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Bate and Seven
 * Chikara
 * Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas (1 time) – Bate and Seven
 * King of Trios (2017) - Bate, Dunne and Seven
 * Destiny World Wrestling
 * DWW Championship (1 time) – Dunne
 * Fight Club:Pro
 * FCP Championship (1 time) – Dunne
 * FCP Tag Team Championship (2 time) – Bate and Seven
 * FutureShock Wrestling
 * FSW Adrenaline Championship (1 time) – Dunne
 * Insane Championship Wrestling
 * ICW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Seven
 * International Wrestling Syndicate
 * IWS World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Bate and Seven
 * Kamikaze Pro
 * Relentless Division Championship (1 time) – Bate
 * Over the Top Wrestling
 * OTT No Limits Championship (1 time) – Dunne
 * OTT Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Bate, Dunne and Seven
 * Pro Wrestling Revolver
 * PWR Tag Team Championship (1 time) - Dunne with Millie McKenzie
 * Progress Wrestling
 * Progress Tag Team Championship (3 times) – Dunne and Seven (1), Bate and Seven (2)
 * Progress World Championship (1 time) – Dunne
 * Progress Atlas Championship (1 time) - Seven
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked Dunne No. 29 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017
 * Ranked Bate No. 50 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017
 * Ranked Seven No. 168 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2018
 * Revolution Pro Wrestling
 * RPW Undisputed British Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Bate and Seven
 * VII Pro Wrestling
 * VII Pro Championship (1 time) – Dunne
 * Westside Xtreme Wrestling
 * wXw Shotgun Championship (2 times) – Dunne (1), Bate (1)
 * WWE
 * NXT Tag Team Championship (2 times) – Bate and Seven (1), Dunne with Matt Riddle (1)
 * NXT UK Tag Team Championship – Bate and Seven (1 time)
 * NXT UK Heritage Cup (1 time) – Bate
 * WWE United Kingdom Championship (3 times) – Bate (2), Dunne (1)
 * WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament (2017) – Bate
 * NXT Tag Team Championship Invitational (2018) – Bate and Seven
 * Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic (2020) – Dunne with Matt Riddle
 * Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship Contender Series (2024) – Dunne and Bate
 * NXT Year-End Award (1 time)
 * Match of the Year (2017) – Bate vs Dunne for the WWE United Kingdom Championship at NXT TakeOver: Chicago

title: New Catch Republic


text:
Talk:Craig M. Wright

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The Maze and The Warrior
I rather feel this to be a pivotal text in the study of the "Music" facet of the academic norm of the Quadrivium, which was reduced from four paths (Music and Arithmentic on the one hand, Cosmology/Astrology and Geometry on the other, allo describing in their own way a theological thesis - the one I found was Ruusbroec's Spiritual Tabenacle illustrated by van Eyck's Fountain of Life - in the Prado - and The Mystic Lamb - St Bavo's Ghent - on the second side, and the first side admirably covered by this text of Professor Wright's, describing the Dufay L'Homme Armé as the other legs. I cannot post this as this is original work, however it is peer-reviewed, but unpublished. The essence is the framework which brought the three together, namely Jean Gerson's advice to Pierre d'Ailly on the resolution of the 1387 Papal Schism, which came to fruition in the 1414-18 Council of Constance: Gerson told d'Ailly to focus on Ruusbroec's consoldiation of exegetic theology to justify the Church taking control of the economy, after the Black Death (1347-50) collapsed the economy of Western Europe. Scouller, The Lives of Five French Prelates, is the seminal text here. In d'Ailly's entourage at the Council he convened were two adolescents, Jan van Eyck and Guillaume Dufay, and although there's a hiatus of 18 years between the end of the Council and the rise of the Papal Imperium under Eugenius IV, a period taken by the Church to see off the last of the Roman Papal Families who had caused the schism, the two young men both produced works on the them at the start of that Papacy, endorsing the role of the Pope. This would trigger the Renaissance - and that's far too long a study for here, go read the Professor's work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:09, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Craig M. Wright


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/U. T. Downs (2nd nomination)

The result was speedy delete. G5: creation by banned user (Billy Hathorn) Kudpung กุดผึ้ง (talk) 16:29, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

U. T. Downs
AfDs for this article:
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Local politician that fails WP:NPOL. ...William, is the complaint department really on the roof? 11:37, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Louisiana-related deletion discussions. ...William, is the complaint department really on the roof? 12:48, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Politicians-related deletion discussions. ...William, is the complaint department really on the roof? 12:48, 21 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
IB Mathematics (HL)/Calculus

Calculus is the study of rates of change. It involves differentiation and integration. Basic differentiation and its applications:
 * 1) Differentiation from first principles
 * 2) Rules of differentiation
 * 3) Interpreting derivatives and second derivatives
 * 4) Trigonometric functions
 * 5) The exponential and natural logarithm functions

If you want more information, check out for some more information from the 1998 sylabus.

title: IB Mathematics (HL)/Calculus


text:
Nussenzweig v. DiCorcia

Nussenzweig v. diCorcia is a decision by the New York Supreme Court in New York County, holding that a photographer could display, publish, and sell street photography without the consent of the subjects of those photographs.

Erno Nussenzweig
Erno Nussenzweig (born 1922) is a retired diamond merchant from Union City, New Jersey. Nussenzweig was represented in this lawsuit by attorney Jay Goldberg.

Philip-Lorca diCorcia
Philip-Lorca diCorcia (born 1951) is an artist and photographer who shows with the Pace/MacGill Gallery in New York City. DiCorcia was represented in this lawsuit by Lawrence Barth of the law firm of Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP in Los Angeles, California.

Photograph
The photograph was taken by diCorcia in Times Square in Manhattan. The images were exhibited at Pace/MacGill Gallery from September 6, 2001 to October 13, 2001. Pace/MacGill then published them in a book of diCorcia's work titled Heads. DiCorcia created ten limited edition prints of each photograph in the book and they were sold for US$20,000 to US$30,000 each.

Lawsuit
In 2005, Nussenzweig learned of the photograph and filed a lawsuit, claiming that diCorcia and Pace/MacGill had violated his privacy rights under Sections 50 and 51 of New York's Civil Rights Law and that, as a Klausenburg Orthodox Jew, such a display would violate the Commandment in Torah against graven images. New York law prohibits the use of a person's likeness, without consent, "for advertising or for purposes of trade." DiCorcia and Pace/MacGill argued that the photograph represented "artistic expression", and was protected under the 1st Amendment and that the statute of limitations had expired for bringing a lawsuit. On February 8, 2006 the court ruled in favor of diCorcia and Pace/MacGill Gallery and dismissed the lawsuit on both counts. In March 2007 the decision was upheld by the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In November 2007 the New York Court of Appeals upheld all previous decisions based on the statute of limitations and "artistic expression".

title: Nussenzweig v. DiCorcia