text:
Teddy Pilley

Teddy (Thadée) Pilley was a linguist and conference interpreter.

Family
He was born as Ari Thaddeus Pilichowski in Paris. His parents, Leopold Pilichowski (1860–1934) and Lena Pillico (Pilichowski) (1884–1947), were Jewish émigrés from Poland and were both accomplished artists. Pilley had two sisters, Maia Gainsborough (Pilichowski) (1904–1936) and Thea Doniach (Pilichowski) (1907–1986), and a brother Vivien Pilley (Pilichowski) (1907–1982). When Teddy Pilley was 4‑years old, his parents moved the family from Paris to London, where he remained until his death.

He was married to Nora (Sachs), and they had one son, Peter.

Education
Pilley's early education was at Merchant Taylors' School in London. He then studied at St John's College, Oxford, graduating with a PPE degree.

Second World War
During the Second World War, Pilley served in the RAF, reaching the rank of squadron leader. Pilley was first stationed at RAF Aldergrove in Northern Ireland, where he flew with No.245 Squadron.

He was later transferred to Bletchley Park, where he remained for the duration of the war. At Bletchley, he worked in the Air Intelligence section in Hut 3, translating, classifying and prioritising Luftwaffe signals, which had previously been intercepted and then decoded using Bombe and Enigma machines.

Conference interpreting
During the post-war years, Pilley became a renowned linguist and conference interpreter. He interpreted principally between French (his mother tongue) and English, and vice versa; in addition, he was competent in both German and Dutch, and could also converse in several other European languages.

Pilley was well known as an organiser and recruiter of simultaneous-interpreting teams for major international conferences worldwide, operating as the International Conference Secretariat. In the 1950s, before conference venues had proper facilities for interpreters, Pilley developed portable equipment, consisting of microphones, headphones, wiring and associated electronics; this equipment could be moved from place to place, to provide temporary facilities for simultaneous interpreting during international conferences; Pilley named this equipment Archie, after the famous ventriloquist's dummy.

Pilley was a co-founder of the International Association of Conference Interpreters, and of the Institute of Linguists. He was also the owner and principal of The Linguists’ Club, a language and social club in London. At The Linguists’ Club, Pilley established working parties, an educational tool used to teach aspiring interpreters. Participants were first screened to establish both their language proficiency as well as their aptitude to the work; successful applicants were then trained in the art of professional interpreting.

In his later years, Pilley was recognised as an Officier d’Académie by the French Government, for his services to France.

title: Teddy Pilley


text:
Adolfo Cubas

Miguel Adolfo Cubas Contreras (born December 2, 1964, in Caracas, Venezuela) is a well known Venezuelan actor.

Biography
Miguel Adolfo Cubas Contreras was born on December 2, 1964, in Caracas, Venezuela. He grew up in a conservative family. Cubas wanted to become a priest and he attended a Catholic seminar school with that purpose in mind, but he left the school after two years. He has admitted that later on as a teenager, he attempted to commit suicide.

Personal life
Adolfo Cubas has a daughter who was born in 1987. Adolfo Cubas divorced in 1998. In 2005, a brain tumor was removed that nearly ended his life. Once recovered, he had to endure criticism for having publicly thanked the former president Hugo Chávez for his help because the insurance did not cover the intervention and he could not pay for it, being Chávez the one who had him operated at the Hospital Militar Dr. Carlos Arvelo. In 2010, he had a controversy for having had a relationship with Ricky Martin. On May 18, 2013, he became the godfather of a girl named Roiderlyn Martínez.

Career
Adolfo Cubas started to become involved in the entertainment world when he met and made a friendship with members of Los Chamos, a famous 1980s boy band. Cubas led Carlos Baute to become involved in Los Chamos. Cubas also became a friend of Menudo's Ricky Martin. From 1984 to 1987, Cubas himself became a member of Los Chamos. In 1987, Cubas made his telenovela debut, participating in Mi amada Beatriz. From 1988 to 1989, he was part of the cast of the television series Abigail. Cubas participated in two other telenovelas before he joined Guillermo Dávila and Sonya Smith in 1992's Cara Sucia one of Venevision's most famous telenovelas of all time. He shaved his head and has participated in seventeen other film productions since. Cubas participated in a Playboy Channel Latino production which was recorded in Peru.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Adolfo Cubas


text:
Talk:Desmond Connell

Rename page
Shouldn't this page be title as Desmond Connell and not Desmond Cardinal Connell. For example it is Bertie Ahern not Taoiseach Bertie Ahern. ant_ie 10:00, 28 July 2007 (UTC) The convention in the Catholic Church is for the Christian name then Cardinal title, then surname. In general usage it seems that it's Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, but more formally it would be His Eminance Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger. Thats the convention followed for the title page. Otherwise its informal. Just following tradition. --Pinwatch (talk) 22:01, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Dublin Archdiocese investigation
The report will probably appear here and material from it should be relevant to the article.Autarch (talk) 19:08, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Update - report is here.Autarch (talk) 15:03, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:47, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Desmond Connell


text:
Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Dealing with the imperfect

...or how to handle errors
So you now have the perfect program, it runs flawlessly, except for one detail, it will crash on invalid user input. Have no fear, for Python has a special control structure for you. It's called  and it tries to do something. Here is an example of a program with a problem:

Notice how when you enter  it outputs something like:

Traceback (innermost last): File "try_less.py", line 4, in ? number = int(raw_input("Enter a number: ")) ValueError: invalid literal for int: @#&

As you can see the  function is unhappy with the number   (as well it should be). The last line shows what the problem is; Python found a. How can our program deal with this? What we do is first: put the place where the errors occurs in a  block, and second: tell Python how we want  s handled. The following program does this:

Now when we run the new program and give it  it tells us "That was not a number." and continues with what it was doing before.

When your program keeps having some error that you know how to handle, put code in a  block, and put the way to handle the error in the   block.

Here is a more complex example of Error Handling.

The program above uses concepts from previous lessons as well as the current lesson. Let's look at the above program in sections.

After we define the function called "main", we tell it that we want to "try" function named "epact". It does so "while" there is no "success". The interpreter then goes to the line. The interpreter takes the value entered by the user and stores it in the variable named "year".

If the value entered is not an integer or a floating point number (which would be converted to an integer by the interpreter), an exception would be raised, and execution of the  block ends, just before   is assigned the value 1.

Let's look at some possible exceptions. the program above does not have an  clause for every possible exception, as there are numerous types or exceptions.

If the value entered for year is an alphabetical character, a  exception is raised. In the program above, this is caught by the  line, and the interpreter executes the print statement below the , then it sets the value of "year" to 0 as a precaution, clearing it of any non-numeric number. The interpreter then jumps back to the first line of the  loop, and the process restarts.

The process above would be the same for the other exceptions we have. If an exception is raised, and there is an except clause for it in our program, the interpreter will jump to the statements under the appropriate except clause, and execute them.

The  statement, is sometimes used in exception handling as well. Think of it as the trump card. Statements underneath the  clause will be executed regardless of if we raise and exception or not. The  statement will be executed after any   or   clauses prior to it.

Below is a simpler example where we are not looped, and the  clause is executed regardless of exceptions.

If we were to enter an alphabetic value for, the output would be as follows:

Please enter a number. t Error. I am executing the finally clause.

Exercises
Update at least the phone numbers program (in section ../File IO/) so it doesn't crash if a user doesn't enter any data at the menu.


text:
User:Takahaha/sandbox

Accusation of rape and subsequent trial

In September 1931 Joseph “Kalani” Kahahawai, Benedict “Benny” Ahakuelo, Horace Ida, David Takai, and Henry Chang were accused of raping Thalia Massie, the wife of a Navy officer, in Waikiki. She alleged that on the night of September 12, while walking home from a party, she was dragged into a car, taken to a remote location and assaulted by a group of Hawaiian men. The five defendants enter a plea of not guilty. The assault trial of Territory of Hawaii v. Ahakuelo et al. began on November 18. On December 5, the jury reports it is unable to come to a verdict and is sent back to deliberation. After more than ninety-seven hours of deliberation, Judge Alva Steadman declares a mistrial.

Funeral procession

Joseph Kahahawai’s funeral took place at the Puea Cemetary in Kalihi-Palama, on  January 10, 1932. It had over two thousand people in attendance and was described as the largest funeral held for any Native Hawaiian not of royalty.

title: User:Takahaha/sandbox


text:
Suprapleural membrane

The suprapleural membrane, eponymously known as Sibson's fascia, is a structure described in human anatomy.

It is named for Francis Sibson.

Anatomy
It refers to a thickening of connective tissue that covers the apex of each human lung. It is an extension of the endothoracic fascia that exists between the parietal pleura and the thoracic cage. Sibson muscular part is originated from scalenus medius muscle. Fascial part is originated from Endothoracic Fascia. It attaches to the internal border of the first rib and the transverse processes of vertebra C7. It extends approximately an inch more superiorly than the superior thoracic aperture, because the lungs themselves extend higher than the top of the ribcage.

Clinical significance

 * The function of the suprapleural membrane is to protect the apex of the lung (as some of the part which extends outside the rib cage) and to protect the cervical fascia. This helps in resisting intrathoracic pressure changes therefore preventing inflation and deflation of the neck during expiration and inspiration respectively and also providing rigidity to the thoracic inlet.
 * Herniation of the cervical fascia may result due to injury to suprapleural membrane.
 * "The thoracic duct traverses Sibson's Fascia of the thoracic-inlet up to the level of C7 before turning around and emptying into the left (major) duct. The right (minor duct) only traverses the thoracic inlet once."

title: Suprapleural membrane


text:
Eric Lott

Eric Lott (born 1959) is an American cultural historian and Distinguished Professor of English at The Graduate Center, CUNY in New York City. The son of Richard L. (an attorney) and Judith K. (an administrator) Lott, Eric Lott was previously a faculty member in the Department of English at the University of Virginia.

Lott received his Ph.D. in 1991 from Columbia University. His book about the origins, evolution, and cultural significance of blackface minstrelsy, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (1993), received the 1994 Avery O. Craven Award from the Organization of American Historians and the first annual Modern Language Association's "Best First Book" prize, and the 1994 Outstanding Book on the Subject of Human Rights by the Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Human Rights.

Love and Theft extensively documents the racism and cultural appropriation inherent in blackface performance; Lott also argues that it demonstrates a current of homosexual desire for Black men's bodies; he also argues that "mixed in with vicious parodies and lopsided appropriation, minstrelsy involved a real love of African American culture."

Bob Dylan is widely reported to have taken the title of his album Love and Theft from that of Lott's book; Lott, in turn, considered his own title "a riff on" Leslie Fiedler's Love and Death in the American Novel.

His writing has also appeared in numerous publications, such as Village Voice, The Nation, Transition, and American Quarterly. He is one of the co-directors of the Futures of American Studies Institute at Dartmouth College.

Lott's latest book, Black Mirror, extends his views on the contradictions of American racism to more contemporary themes, including the presidency of Barack Obama, Elvis impersonation, and Dylan's Love and Theft. The analysis in the book is heavily driven by Marxist analysis regarding "surplus value," which is extended to an analysis of the "symbolic capital" of cultural appropriation.

Books

 * The Disappearing Liberal Intellectual (2006)
 * Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (1993; 2nd ed., 2013)
 * Black Mirror: The Cultural Contradictions of American Racism (2017)

title: Eric Lott


text:
Talk:American Vandal

Love the use of Brown for the second season header :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:13, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:American Vandal


text:
Jeppe Hansen

Jeppe Hansen (born 10 February 1989) is a retired Danish professional footballer who plays as a forward.

Hansen, who began his career with his hometown club FC Fredericia, has also played for Otterup B&IK, Næsby BK and OB, as well as Icelandic sides Stjarnan, KR and Keflavík

Career
Hansen began his career as a youth player with his local side FC Fredericia, before making small number of appearances for the first team. After spells with lower league clubs Otterup B&IK and Otterup B&IK, he signed a one-year deal with Danish Superliga club OB, where he scored 1 goal in 8 matches. After his contract ended in May 2014, Hansen moved to Iceland, signing for Úrvalsdeild club Stjarnan. However, Hansen remained in Iceland for just two months, before returning to his hometown team FC Fredericia where he signed a two-year deal. During this time, however, Hansen expressed his desire to return to Iceland, and in January 2015, he once again signed for Stjarnan.

After a successful season with Stjarnan, in which he scored 12 goals in 32 matches, Hansen was signed by Icelandic giants KR in July 2016. At the end of the 2016 Icelandic season, Hansen agreed a two-year deal with 1. deild side Keflavík.

In January 2019, Hansen joined Danish third tier club Kolding IF. He reached promotion to the second division in his first season with the club. After 1,5-years at the club, Hansen left and signed for Aarhus Fremad on 5 June 2021.

title: Jeppe Hansen


text:
Svetloozyorskoye

Svetloozyorskoye (Светлоозёрское) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Svetloozyorsky Selsoviet, Biysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1,141 as of 2013. There are 18 streets.

Geography
Svetloozyorskoye is located 30 km east of Biysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Maloyeniseyskoye is the nearest rural locality.

title: Svetloozyorskoye


text:
Sharyland Independent School District

Sharyland Independent School District is a public school district based in Mission, Texas (USA).

The district serves parts of Mission, McAllen, Palmhurst, and Alton.

In 2009, the school district was rated "recognized" by the Texas Education Agency.

High School (Grades 9-12)

 * Sharyland High School Home of the Rattlers
 * Sharyland Pioneer High School Home of the Diamondbacks
 * Sharyland Advanced Academic Academy Home of the Cobras

Junior High Schools (Grades 7-8)

 * Sharyland North Junior High School
 * B.L. Gray Junior High School

Elementary Schools (Grades PK-6)

 * Jessie Jensen Elementary
 * John H. Shary Elementary
 * Lloyd & Dolly Bentsen Elementary
 * Olivero Garza Sr. Elementary
 * Romulo D. Martinez Elementary
 * Ruben Hinojosa Elementary
 * Donna Wernecke Elementary
 * Harry Shimotsu Elementary

title: Sharyland Independent School District


text:
GCSE Science/Introduction

Standards
This book is intended to cover science as taught in schools to 14 - 16 year old pupils. It is called GCSE science because the first draft is intended to cover the GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) standard as taught in schools in the UK, but generally in Scotland. Having said that if you are not in the UK and wish to include material to bring it up to another similar standard feel free to do so. (Note: It would be appreciated if you could use the British way of spelling words (e.g. colour)!

Additional resources
There will be teacher notes added in time with worksheets, experiments and additional questions. There will also be a study help desk set up so that students can ask questions.

Contributing to this book
If you spot any errors in the texts, just go ahead and edit them out (click the link that says edit this page and start typing). If you wish to help writing any of the modules, either click on any red module and start typing, or if you need help drop me a line on my talk page Theresa knott

Authors
Add your name to this section if you have contributed content to this book (i.e. not copyediting).

 * Theresa Knott first draft of electricity module
 * Bodil
 * Wykis, adding different content (mostly writing not started articles, based on Wikipedia)
 * Andy, adding content on Global Warming

Go to contents >>

title: GCSE Science/Introduction


text:
User:Anne drew Andrew and Drew

Useful links

 * and
 * ,, and
 * and - dynamic columns
 * - respond to edit requests
 * - linking to someone without pinging them
 * - Random page in category
 * - Plus, minus, check, cross, and comment icons
 * - display templates prettily
 * - for quoting in talk page discussions
 * - for block-quotes in talk pages
 * - Use references in talk pages
 * - for block-quotes in talk pages
 * - Use references in talk pages
 * - Use references in talk pages

 * WP:BEFORE - Checks to do before starting a discussion at WP:AfD
 * WP:CSECTION - why there should be no "controversy" or "criticism" section
 * WP:DRIVEBY - don't tag articles with cleanup templates without explaining why you did it
 * Draft:Emoji in political identity
 * List of citogenesis incidents
 * Recently active admins - For revdel requests and what have you
 * WP:PetScan - Search a category according to some criteria
 * Top 25 Report - Most popular Wikipedia articles of the week with commentary

Templates and user scripts

 * - For visibly preventing a section from automatically archiving
 * - For quoting tweets

 * AdminTagger.js - a script that tags users with emojis depending on which usergroups they belong to
 * PageDetails.js - a script that adds useful links to the sidebar
 * SetupAutoArchive.js - a script that enables automatic archiving of talk pages
 * WatchingIndicator.js - a script that adds an indication of whether you're watching the page to your signature.
 * Gigawatch.js - watch all of the pages in a category

Articles

 * Jake and Amir
 * Jake and Amir (web series)
 * Stuart McLean
 * List of daily news podcasts

title: User:Anne drew Andrew and Drew


text:
Swimming at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre freestyle

The women's 100 metre freestyle event for the 1976 Summer Olympics was held in Montreal, with the final on 18 July 1976.

Heats
Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Heat 5

Heat 6

Heat 7

Semifinals
Heat 1

Heat 2


text:
Cookbook talk:Flour

This module, or a version in the page history, contains text copied from the Wikipedia article Flour, and is used under the GFDL. The page history at the time the text was copied is below:

* (cur) (last). . 16:33, 12 Feb 2004. . Mkweise (Starting bulleted list under ===Types of Flour===) * (cur) (last). . 08:19, 15 Jan 2004. . BRG (links) * (cur) (last). . 12:49, 12 Jan 2004. . Alf Boggis (Added links for millstones and watermills.) * (cur) (last). . 14:19, 11 Jan 2004. . <IP_ADDRESS> (de:eo:nl:) * (cur) (last). . M 18:48, 18 Nov 2003. . CatherineMunro * (cur) (last). . M 02:02, 16 Nov 2003. . Sdw25 * (cur) (last). . M 02:02, 16 Nov 2003. . Sdw25 * (cur) (last). . 11:16, 24 Oct 2003. . <IP_ADDRESS> (+ja) * (cur) (last). . 11:34, 20 Aug 2003. . Marshman (add link to seed; add taro flour) * (cur) (last). . 11:30, 20 Aug 2003. . Marshman (add "non-grain") * (cur) (last). . 22:57, 22 Apr 2003. . Jimfbleak (some tweaks) * (cur) (last). . 22:35, 22 Apr 2003. . Kowloonese (explosion) * (cur) (last). . 18:22, 22 Apr 2003. . Jaknouse (several minor things) * (cur) (last). . 18:12, 22 Apr 2003. . Jaknouse (adding lotsa stuff) * (cur) (last). . M 12:07, 21 Jun 2002. . Toby Bartels (Corn to Maize.) * (cur) (last). . 12:19, 11 Jun 2002. . Ark * (cur) (last). . 12:08, 11 Jun 2002. . Ark (improve flow) * (cur) (last). . M 11:43, 11 Jun 2002. . Robert Merkel (stub)

title: Cookbook talk:Flour


text:
extrahelical

Adjective

 * 1)  Beyond, or temporarily removed from the double helix, of a nucleic acid molecule

Usage notes

 * Used especially to describe the thermally induced movement of a base that is a feature of base-pair breathing

title: extrahelical


text:
Cookbook:Coriander

Coriander is a spice from the same plant that produces cilantro, also known as "coriander leaf".

Characteristics
The spice takes the form of round, tan seeds—technically seed pods—with a fragrant aroma when crushed. The characteristic aroma is different from that of cilantro, with elements of orange/lemon peel, sage, caraway, and pine.  The seeds are usually dried but can be eaten green.

Selection and storage
If the spice is bought whole in a non-dried form, it can be dried in the sun. Most commonly, however, it is bought in its dried form, either whole or ground. Store coriander in a tightly sealed container away from sunlight and heat. For maximum flavour, grind only right before use, use within 6 months, and keep for no more than 1 year.

Use
Coriander is commonly used in Latin American, West-, South-, and South-east Asian cooking. The seeds are a key ingredient in Indian curries and garam masala, along with other spice mixes. It is also used in Ethiopian and Arabic cooking, and it can sometimes flavor baked goods and liqueurs.

If working with whole seeds, they can be briefly roasted or heated in a dry pan to enhance the aroma before grinding in an electric grinder or mortar and pestle. It is also recommended to cook the seeds in oil to help release the fat-soluble flavors.

title: Cookbook:Coriander


text:
Talk:Ariel Cohen

Format and stylistic example
I used James Carville as a reference for a consistent way to structure this article. Metao (talk) 10:07, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Contested deletion
This page should not be speedily deleted because... (your reason here) --TOMTOM2012 (talk) 17:11, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Ariel Cohen is widely recognized and respected expert in his academic field. I'm writing my thesis and he is one of only three experts Im citing extensively that doesn't have a Wikipedia page.

I would be happy to edit the article to make sure it adheres to all of the Wikipedia rules.

 * The sooner the better then - currently the article is not cited to independent reliable secondary sources, which means there is little evidence that Cohen is notable enough for Wikipedia. Things that Coehen has written himself do not count towards his 'notability'. Sionk (talk) 20:16, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Zionist and right-winger
Ariel Cohen is a Zionist who sympathizes with the Israeli blockade of Gaza and, using his conservative credential as an expert on Russia to equate ethnic Russians in Ukraine with Hamas. He also mocks Vladimir Putin by comparing him to the late Hugo Chavez and in this way expects to count on the support of the American public who have been fed a diet of anti-Chavez propaganda for years. OrodesIII (talk) 15:12, 21 April 2014 (UTC)OrodesIII
 * Completely agreed. Listening to Ariel Cohen on Echo of Moscow radio station right now http://new.radio.rambler.ru/radio/echo (I am a Jew myself, btw)
 * Wow. A Zionist and anti-Putin, and condemns the invasion in Ukraine to boot. Seems like a good guy on the first blush. (0: I'll need to look up his articles. -- C opper K ettle  09:27, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

Self-published
The info seems to be sourced, why is it tagged as "self-published"? Thanx — Preceding unsigned comment added by A1982K (talk • contribs) 13:35, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/112/66781.pdf
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"Key Predictions"
We have a whole section that presents Cohen as a modern-day Nostradamus. However, every one of the four sources used to support Cohen's "key predictions" are commentaries written by Cohen himself and published by the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation. There's a fifth source which is just an empty link. I think we should remove this section, though I wouldn't be opposed to some of the material appearing elsewhere in the bio. -Darouet (talk) 19:39, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ariel Cohen


text:
User:VeronicaRoss/subpage

Overview
"Need to know what a 1940s Los Angeles gas station or the interior of a Cold War submarine looked like? What about different types of gladiator helmets? Hoping for some direction on what kind of undergarments women wore in a Russian shtetl or what a shtetl itself looked like?"

Lillian Michelson owned the last remaining research library for movie studios, an essential pre-Internet resource for filmmakers. Her research supported the efforts of movie prop masters, storyboard artists, directors, writers, musicians, costumers and production designers. Working in many prominent movie studios and institutions through the 1960s-2000s, Ms. Michelson became known as “the dean of film research” in Hollywood. Her contacts, tenacity and wealth of idiosyncratic information contributed to numerous classic American movies. Alfred Hitchcock, Steven Spielberg, Francis Ford Coppola, Mel Brooks and others depended upon Lillian for research skills to bring authenticity to motion pictures.

Early Career
Lillian Michelson began her career at Samuel Goldwyn Studios in West Hollywood, California in 1961 as a volunteer movie research assistant to library owner Lelia Alexander. It was a connection she made through her husband Harold Michelson's work as a studio storyboard artist.

Owner of the Michelson Library
Movie studio research libraries were responsible for collecting and archiving every manner of visual reference material required by their productions. The Michelson Library began as the research library for the Pickford-Fairbanks Studio, then United Artists, and finally Samuel Goldwyn Studios. With $20,000 from an insurance policy, Lillian Michelson purchased the reference library from Lelia Alexander in 1969. The owners of the Samuel Goldwyn Studios, responding to the break-up of the old studio system, gave the library notice to find a new home. The Lillian Michelson Research Library moved to the American Film Institute. Running out of room, she moved to Paramount Studios. A call came in from Zoetrope Studio, and Lillian moved there to support the work of Francis Ford Coppola and others. When Zoetrope went out of business she moved her library to the American Film Institute, where she would meet her future documentarian, director Daniel Raim while he was a student there. She received an offer via Jeffrey Katzenberg to move the Michelson Library to the newly opened DreamWorks Animation, where it remained until Lillian's retirement due to health reasons 19 years later.

Currently in storage, unavailable to the public and looking for a new home, the Library’s inventory consists of 1,594 boxes, stored on 45 pallets: Books: 5,000 apx. (Out of print, earliest editions date back to the early 1800s) Periodicals: 5,000 apx. (All historic and rare dating to the early 20th century) Photographs: 30,000 apx. (Architectural, set dec., prop, graphic subjects & motion picture set stills) Visual Clipping File Folders: 3,000 apx. (All indexed by subject) Memorabilia: 5,000 pieces apx. (Production notebooks, graphics, sketches, set drafting and production ephemera).

Body of Work
Given screen credit for seven films on the IMDB filmography, she is also associated (1999) One Man's Hero (research librarian) (1995) Three Wishes (researcher) (1987) Full Metal Jacket (researcher - uncredited) (1983) Scarface (researcher - uncredited) (1983) The Right Stuff (researcher - uncredited) (1983) Rumble Fish (researcher) (1982) Hammett (additional researcher) (1981) Reds (additional researcher) (1981) History of the World: Part I (researcher) (1979) 1941 (researcher - as Lillian Michaelson) (1971)Fiddler on the Roof (researcher - uncredited) (1968) Rosemary's Baby (researcher - uncredited) (1964) Fail Safe (researcher - uncredited) (1963) The Birds (researcher - uncredited)

Retirement
Lillian has been retired since 2010 at the Motion Picture Television Fund home in Southern California for health reasons.

Bio-Documentary: Harold and Lillian: A Hollywood Love Story
This bio-documentary covering the personal and professional relationship of husband and wife Harold and Lillian Michelson was executive produced by actor and director Danny DeVito, written and directed by Daniel Raims, distributed by Zeitgeist Films and was screened in 68 U.S. cities.

It features interviews of a few filmmakers that worked with both Harold and Lillian, including Mel Brooks, Francis Ford Coppola and Danny DeVito, as well as vintage interviews with Harold and Lillian, new interviews with her, as well as Harold's artwork and storyboards and scenes from the films they worked on. Husband Harold Michelson built a reputation for himself as a storyboard artist who had an uncanny ability to turn the written word into innovative shot designs such as Moses parting the Red Sea in Cecil B. DeMille’s 1956 “The Ten Commandments” or Mrs. Robinson’s raised leg in the foreground with Benjamin in the background in 1967’s “The Graduate.”.

"Their bottom line devotion always to one another, Harold demonstrates that however high up the professional ladder one goes, a good marriage is worth fighting for; Lillian meanwhile demonstrates a kind of loving-wife feminism that defies today’s narrower understanding the term."

The documentary was selected as a New York Times Critics Pick and a Los Angeles Times Critic Pick in 2017

'Save The Michelson Library Now' Initiative
The ADG Archives conducted a general inventory for purposes of decontamination, re-boxing, and appraisal in 2014. Through that process it was determined that none of the Library’s unique and historic materials could be found online. The original collection was curated and indexed by subject in a manner that was unique and typical of the studio’s practices and production methods. Offers of donation of the library was declined by AMPAS, USC, UCLA, AFI, Loyola Marymount, Chapman College, PHI Stoa, The Ransom Center, Zoetrope, and Lucas Film LTD. Fundraising goals include ongoing storage space, a user survey and feasibility study for use of the materials, a strategic plan, securing of equity partnerships, and a digital information technology provider.

Family
Lillian Michelson was born in Florida in 1928. She was raised in several orphanages outside of Miami due to what she described as an abusive home. She viewed reading books as her best escape. She won a state spelling championship in grade school.

Her husband, Harold Michelson, was her best friend's older brother. After being a navigator for bombarding missions in World War II, he came home and began a courtship of Lillian, despite her initial reluctance and his family's resistance because she lacked 'prospects' as an orphan. She encouraged his interest in art as a career. The two married when she was 19 and he was 28. They had three sons: Alan (retired computer programmer), Richard and Dennis (production designer). Their marriage lasted for 60 years until Harold's death due at age 87.

When Harold was no longer able to work due to advanced dementia, Lillian brought him with her to work at DreamWorks where he could continue to talk with movie people. Harold and Lillian were the models for DreamWorks animators as Fiona's parents, King Harold and Queen Lillian, in Shrek 2.

Early Feminism
In the bio-documentary Harold and Lillian: A Hollywood Love Story, Lillian frequently mentions her frustration with society's limited expectations of women in her time. "Daniel Raim told me that [his wife and documentary film editor] Jennifer [Raim] brought "a sensitivity and sensibility toward Lillian's very personal feminist struggles." This became crucial in presenting Lillian to an audience who would be primed to receive her message of perseverance and hope."

"One of the things that surprised Raim about the release of Harold and Lillian...was how much of a rock star Lillian would be. In fact Lillian Michelson has had a profound effect on many people who have watched the film, myself included. She is the feminist hero many of us women look to for guidance and inspiration."

Autism
Lillian discussed the challenges of raising their autistic son in an era when autism was not yet diagnosed and Freudian psychology blamed mothers for the condition as 'refrigerator mothers'. She walked out of a support group for mothers of autistic children after years of attendance, realizing the damage it was doing to her family. “We were saddled with the term ‘refrigerator mothers’; they said we gave our children no love, no attention,” Lillian says. After she left, four of the other five mothers left as well the next day.

"We were very lucky with Alan," she said. "He's such a gentle soul. Never, never angry. He would sit and rock and have all the classic symptoms, but he had the soul of an angel."

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Talk:pinner

RFV discussion
Adjective sense. Not in any other dictionary. SemperBlotto 09:26, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

RFV failed, section removed. —Ruakh TALK 23:15, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

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Age of the Earth

This is a learning project for exploration of scientific methods that have been used to measure the age of the Earth.

Background
Until the Scientific revolution there was no way for people to systematically explore the age of the Earth. People in some cultures imagined that the Earth was very old (maybe even infinitely old) and others imagined that it was young, possibly only a few thousand years old.

Even after modern science began to develop in Western Europe, exploration of topics such as the age of the Earth was inhibited by cultural momentum. When Galileo was led by his astronomical observations to "radical" ideas such as the Earth moving around the Sun, he was ordered to abandon his heliocentric ideas. This religiously-motivated ban on advocacy of heliocentrism lasted more than 100 years. Ernst Mayr suggested that new discoveries such as recognition by astronomers of the large distance to the stars was important in allowing Europeans to begin to think about both vast space and long durations of time. In response to astronomical observations made using telescopes, some philosophers such as Immanuel Kant (1755, Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven) eventually began to discuss cosmological theories in which the universe might have "infinite extent, both in space and time".

study project
Which cultures around the world have favored either short or long ages for the Earth?

Geology
During the 1700s geologists began to interpret evidence such as sedimentary rock strata as being consistent with vast periods of time during which erosion produced layers of sediments that were compacted into rock. Buffon thought it likely that the Earth was hundreds of thousands of years old, but such estimates were based on indirect arguments linking observations of recent geological processes to interpretations of observable rock strata.

study project
What are the deepest known sedimentary rocks?

See also: Geological structures of fossiliferrous bearing material.

Biology
Along with careful analysis of sedimentary rock strata came recognition that different types of fossil organisms are found in the various rock strata. Charles Darwin's intuitions about the time required for biological evolution made him comfortable with an interpretation of the geological evidence consistent with Earth being billions of years old.

study project
When were the first microscopic fossils recognized?

Reading: Solution to Darwin's dilemma: Discovery of the missing Precambrian record of life by J. William Schopf See also: Bacterial fossils

Physics
In Darwin's time, physical scientists such as William Thomson performed calculations on physical processes such as the cooling of the Earth and the burning of chemical fuel by the sun. They concluded that the Earth might only be tens of millions of years old. These estimates, based on seemingly irrefutable physical principles deeply troubled Darwin. How could the geological record and a gradual evolution of the great diversity of living organisms be made compatible with such a young age for the Earth?

Marie Curie and her collaborators eventually discovered radioactivity. Radioactivity provides a source of heat for the Earth that was unknown during Darwin's life time. Nuclear fusion was eventually recognized as a natural energy source that could keep the sun burning far longer than any chemical fuel.

study project
Assume that the Sun is made of coal. Estimate how much longer the Sun could burn at its current rate of energy release.

Radiometric dating
Radiometric dating makes use of the existence of radioisotopes. An example of a useful radioisotope for dating very old rocks is uranium. Uranium-238 is the most common isotope of uranium, accounting for more than 99% of uranium atoms in rocks on Earth. Uranium-238 nuclei are not stable: uranium-238 has a half life of about 4.5 billion years. Uranium-238 decays to lead-206. There are some minerals such as zircon which incorporate uranium but not lead. Most of the lead found in zircon comes from decay of uranium, so a determination of the ratio of uranium to lead allows estimation of the age of zircon-containing rock. This method was used as early as 1907 by Bertram Boltwood, who found that some Earth rocks appeared to be well over a billion years old.

Nucleosynthesis and the age of the universe
Since the best estimates of the age of the Earth come from studies using radiometric dating, it is worth asking where radioactive isotopes such as uranium-238 come from. Cosmologists estimate that the universe is about 14 billion years old (see: age of the universe). About 14 billion years ago, most of the atoms of our universe formed and have remain unchanged as hydrogen and helium atoms. Most heavier atoms such as uranium apparently formed inside stars during the past 14 billion years (see: Supernova nucleosynthesis). Nucleosynthesis of uranium inside stars was followed by release of that uranium when stars exploded. The Sun is classified as a third generation star because of its relatively large amount of high atomic number atoms. The vast majority of atoms in the universe are hydrogen atoms. Stars such as the Sun fuse hydrogen atoms and produce helium atoms. An estimate of the age of the Sun can be made based on the ratios hydrogen and helium. The large amount of helium in the Sun (about 25%) is consistent with the solar system being several billion years old.

Study project
At the current rate of hydrogen --> helium fusion, how long will it take to increase the helium content of the Sun from 25% to 50%?

Limitations on the use of radiometric dating of Earth rocks
There are some serious limitations on the use of radiometric dating of Earth rocks as a way to estimate the age of the Earth. There may have been an extended period of time during which the Earth existed without solid minerals and rocks. It is widely assumed that when the Earth was young it was too hot to allow formation of a solid crust. Estimation of the age of the Earth by radiometric dating of Earth rocks relies on the formation of minerals under relatively cool conditions and the persistence of those minerals at cool temperatures until the time they are processed for radiometric dating.

An additional problem is that the Earth remains geologically active. Rocks and minerals near the surface of the Earth are at risk of being subjected to subduction, heating and removal of any once accessible radiometric record of the past.

Radioactive Isotopes decay at an average rate. Therefore, an accurate half life is unknown for small samples, and thus age estimates are not as reliable as are often claimed. Does it matter if we can precisely date the Earth? One reason to try to find and date the oldest rocks is to compare when they formed to the age of the rocks with the oldest fossils.

Radiometric dating of meteorites
When the solar system formed, mineral condensations formed in space millions of years before the Sun ignited. Meteorites have been dated by radiometric methods, providing estimates of how long ago the Earth probably began to form by a process of accretion.

Time
Tests with atomic clocks have shown that the flow of time is related to the speed of an object. Current theories suggest that the universe is either accelerating or decelerating (depending on who you believe). If this is true then it is safe to say that the Universe is expanding at a different speed than it was 1 billion years ago, i.e. as the earth is in a non-central position in the universe, it is moving at a different speed than 1GYa. This would lead to the conclusion that the flow of time (i.e. the length of 1s) was different 1GYa which leads to decay rates being different and, ultimately the age of the Earth being different that that which can be calculated. Once the varying speeds of the progression of the Galaxy through the Universe, the varyiance in the rotational speed of the Galaxy as well as those of the local cluster and solar system, the actual age of the Earth could be very different from the 4.54GYa quoted.Kendroche 07:56, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Study project on time dilation
Motion of the Earth: what is the current best estimate of the velocity of the Earth? Use the equations of time dilation to calculate the difference in time, had the Earth been stationary during its entire history. See Time dilation.

Reading

 * Age of the Earth - Wikipedia article (needs more citations to good sources)
 * The Age of the Earth by Brent Dalrymple. Stanford University Press 1994. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
 * Bursting the Limits of Time by Martin J. S. Rudwick. University of Chicago Press 2005. ISBN 0-226-73111-1

Activities

 * Develop Geology

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Abdel Moneim El Shahat

Abdel Moneim El Shahat (Arabic: عبد المنعم الشحات) (born 1970 in Alexandria) is a religious preacher, TV Host, and the official spokesman of the Egyptian Salafist group al-Da'wa al-Salafiya ("The Salafist Call"). He graduated from the faculty of Engineering in Alexandria University in 1992. He became a regular guest on talk shows after the 2011 Egyptian revolution as his opinions about tourism and Naguib Mahfouz's novels were publicly debated.

A Salafist, El Shahat has called for Egyptians of the Baháʼí Faith to be prosecuted for treason and for ancient Egyptian statues to be covered in wax.

Following the 2012 Port Said Stadium riot, El Shahat claimed that football is prohibited in Islam, and that the only permitted sports in Islam are shooting, swimming, and horseback riding.

El Shahat and his group supported the 2013 Egyptian coup d'etat which ousted Egypt's first elected president, Mohamed Morsi.

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User:Ramanalokraman/sandbox

Dr. Nitesh Kumar MD&CEO Emami Realty Dr. Nitesh Kumar, Managing Director and CEO Of Emami Realty is a multi-skilled professional with over 26 years in Real Estate Industry & Funds experience, executing multi-dimensional projects - Retail, Commercial, Residential, Institutional & Multiplexes. Currently, he is spearheading the entire Real Estate Portfolio of the group Pan India ie Kolkata, Chennai, Coimbatore, Jhansi, Bhubaneswar, Mumbai, etc. Heading all the departments with Responsibility of P& L Head of the group. Before Emami Realty, He Spearheaded functions as Chief Executive Officer with TDI Infracorp Ltd (TDI Group) And worked with Indiabulls Real Estate Ltd as PRESIDENT MARKETING.

title: User:Ramanalokraman/sandbox


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User:Jonathan Cristillo/sandbox

Jonathan Cristillo He is basicly a pro basketball player. He is hot and sexy with the freshest kicks around. All his friends think he is so nice, trustworthy, honest and sexy. He is a very good friend follow him on insta! He is a cool as a Fan

title: User:Jonathan Cristillo/sandbox


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European History/The Crises of the Middle Ages

The Middle Ages was a period of approximately one thousand years of history; generally accepted as spanning from the fall of the Roman Empire (toward the end of the 5th century) to the Protestant reformation in the 16th century. This period began with a demographic downturn at the end of the Roman imperial era, with European populations shrinking and many cities and rural estates abandoned. A cooling climate, disease, and political disorder each played a part in this opening period which saw Classical Mediterranean civilization eclipsed. Across Europe, there emerged smaller, more localized hybrid societies combining Roman, Christian and Germanic or Celtic barbarian influences. By the 9th and 10th centuries, populations had reached their minima, and Europe became a largely rural and somewhat backward region. Commerce and learning flourished in the Islamic world, China and India during the same period. Islamic armies conquered Spain during the 7th and 8th centuries, but were defeated by the Frankish kingdom in 732 when they attempted to enter France.

The turn of the first millennium saw renewed growth and activity, as kings and cities consolidated their authority and began to repopulate lands left empty by Rome's decline. Warmer weather after 900 allowed more land to be brought into food production. The feudal system of agriculture, where peasants were tied to their estates by obligations to local lords or to the church, provided a degree of economic stability. This was aided by the arrival in Europe of the horse collar from Asia, which increased crop yields by allowing plows to be drawn by horse, rather than by slower oxen. Commercial towns flourished in England, France and the Low Countries. German rulers dispatched monks and peasants to clear forests and settle in Eastern Europe and the Baltic regions. The city-states of northern Italy rose in wealth and influence. Islamic Spain became a center of learning and culture where Christians, Muslims and Jews coexisted in relative amity. Despite many local wars and disputes between knights, the High Middle Ages, from 1000–1250, saw growing populations and prosperity enough to build great cathedrals and send European armies abroad on crusades.

After 1250, demographic stagnation emerged. Population growth slowed or stopped as the limits of medieval agriculture were reached. Major conflicts between powerful kingdoms, such as the Hundred Years' War between England and France, became more frequent. The Christian church, previously secure in its spiritual authority, was racked by schisms and increasing financial corruption. The year 1348 saw a catastrophe as the virulent bubonic plague (the "Black Death"), entered Italy, carried by ships from Asia. It spread across the continent over three years killing, by some estimates, one-third of all Europeans. Many believed it was the end of the world foretold by Christian prophecy. Along with its suffering, the plague wrought economic havoc, driving up the cost of labor and making the old feudal system untenable, as surviving peasants scorned its demands.

The following century and a half transformed Europe from a patchwork of feudal fiefdoms, under loose royal and church control, into a collection of newborn but increasingly unified national states. Towns became centers of resistance and dissent to the old royal and church authorities. Former noble and knightly influence declined, and rulers realigned themselves toward the increasingly wealthy and influential burgher and merchant classes. Emergence of the printing press and spreading literacy, increased religious and political conflict in many countries. By 1500, Christopher Columbus had sailed across the ocean to the New World, and Martin Luther was about to challenge the authority of the Roman Papacy and its right to award dispensation of sins for money. These developments opened the modern era of history, and brought the Middle Ages to their true end.

A number of modern institutions have their roots in the Middle Ages. The concept of nation-states with strong central governmental power stems from the consolidation of powers by some kings of the Middle Ages. These kings formed royal courts, appointed sheriffs, formed royal armies, and began to collect taxes - all concepts central to modern government. A leading example was the French kingdom, ruled by the Capetian dynasty from 987 until the early 14th century. French provincial nobles and their castles and knights were brought under effective royal control during this time, and national unity benefited. Conversely Germany, which had strong kings in the 10th and early 11th centuries, suffered a series of political conflicts during the High Middle Ages between rulers and the Church, which weakened national cohesion and elevated regional lords to great influence.

During the Middle Ages, Kings originally called Parliaments to explain their policies and ask for money. Parliaments at this time represented the three collective estates - the clergy, nobles, and merchants - not individuals.

The idea of limited government also arose, challenging the traditional notion at the time that rulers were all-powerful (such as a Roman emperor or an Egyptian pharaoh). The most substantial occurrence was in 1215, when the nobles of England asserted their rights against King John in the Magna Carta. In addition, the notion of parliaments, as explained above, came into existence, and the reciprocal nature of the feudal and manorial contracts laid the most basic groundwork for the concept of the social contract.

In addition, the formation of governmental bureaucracy began during this time, as the royal councils of medieval kings evolved into modern government departments.

Finally, the regulation of goods and services became increasingly prominent during the Middle Ages, as guilds protected the consumer from poor products.

Thinkers of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment tended to look at the Middle Ages with scorn, but the Middle Ages were essential in laying the groundwork for the times to come.

Crusades
The history of the Crusades is a  violent one. In 1095, Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade. These were a series of military expeditions by European Catholics. The goal was for the European Catholics to take back the Holy Land, which was mostly controlled by Muslims. These conflicts ended in 1571, due to the Protestant Reformation, which led to a decrease in papal authority and overall decline in Catholicism. The Crusades lasted a very long time and caused much division in Europe.

Christianity was used to justify the crusaders’ atrocities. The crusading armies were made up of mercenaries hired by the Catholic Church, which gave mercenaries a reason to sack and loot Muslim towns and cities. The papacy also told crusaders to crush domestic enemies  such as so-called pagans, witches and heretics. Knights and noblemen could seize land and force commoners to live in servitude; these domestic Crusades were used to terrorize poor people. This idea of forcing the poor into servitude also influenced the development of slavery in the Americas.

According to historian Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, the Crusades also played a part in the birth of white supremacy across the world. The phrase Limpieza de Sangre, meaning “cleanliness of blood,” was popular during the Crusades and was also used during the Spanish Inquisition. Dunbar-Ortiz also states that white supremacy was “ the core ideology of modern colonialism”. This newborn idea of white supremacy gave privilege to “ Old Christians” whether they were poor or rich. This idea of “ Old Christians” punished Jews and Muslims who were forced to convert to Christianity. Elie Wiesel observed, “The road to Auschwitz was paved with the earliest days of christendom”. In this way, the Crusades are also influential in the rise of white supremacy.

New Forms of Art
Both painting and literature received a new burst of life as the Early Middle Ages came to an end.

Painting
Giotto began to express the human form more realistically. Although his forms seem primitive compared to those of the Renaissance artists, he was the first to attempt to bring back the realism of Roman art. He also began to develop techniques of perspective in paintings to achieve depth. Most of his art was in the form of plaster-based frescoes on the walls of chapels and churches.

Literature
As the prestige of the Papacy began to decline, national consciousness began to increase; this nationalism was manifested in literature written in national languages, or vernacular, instead of traditional Latin. This use of the vernacular opened up such that cultural peculiarities could be more naturally expressed. This allowed literature to feel more realistic and human to the readers, and is why pieces such as The Canterbury Tales are considered depictions of life in the times in which they were written.

While the literacy of laypeople increased as a result of increased vernacular writings, society was still largely based on oral culture.

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)

 * I am the way to the dolent city
 * I am the way to eternal sorrow
 * I am the way to a forsaken people
 * Abandon all hope ye who enter here.
 * -- Canto III, Inferno

Dante Aligheri was born in 1265 in Florence, Italy. His family was not rich but was considered an aristocratic line. He was taught by Brunetto Latini, who trained him in the classical liberal arts, including Latin and Greek. Yet, Dante set out to embrace his vernacular language and began to write The Divine Comedy in his local Tuscan dialect. Today he holds a place in history as the first author to do so. Alighieri considered his work a comedy due to the differences between his Italian writing style and the great Latin tragedy. His three-part epic poem sarcastically criticized the Church and commented on a variety of historical and contemporary individuals. The most important of these figures is Virgil, the Latin poet, who plays the role of Dante's guide through the afterlife. Dante's personal feelings towards many people are also evident in his writing. In the deepest layer of hell he punishes those for whom he personally had the greatest disdain. Much of this personal disdain came from his position as a politician in Florence. One of the victims of his deepest layer of hell is Boniface VIII, a pope whose political policy of expansion he opposed. Each of the poem's parts portray degrees of salvation, with "Inferno" being Hell, "Purgatorio" being Purgatory, and "Paradiso" being Heaven. Inferno includes many of the archetype depictions of hell including the River Styx, and the ferry man Charon who carries people across the river.

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories, exposed the materialistic, worldly interests of a variety of English people. This collection of stories was set in a frame based around a trip to Canterbury as a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket. The stories are the individual tales of thirty people making this pilgrimage. The accounts range from romance to family to religion, providing a cross section of society at the time. A large percentage of the populace, and therefore a large percentage of the characters, seemed more focused on material pleasure than on their eternal souls. The Canterbury Tales is also useful as a study of English vernacular at the time. It is a classical example of Middle English that linguists and those studying medieval and early modern England continue to use to this day.

The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

The Hundred Years War was a very complex war, fought between France and England (with the occasional intervention of other countries), over three main conflicts. In particular, the nations fought over control of the Gascony region in France, rebellions supported by Britain in French cloth production towns, and English claims to the French throne after the death of Charles IV.

The war, initially sparked by a dispute over who would become King of France after the death of King Charles IV, quickly became an amazingly complex and multi-faceted war. King Edward III and his son Edward, commonly known as "The Black Prince", invaded Aquitaine, a huge region in southwest France claimed by England. As time went on, the Kings of England and France involved themselves in many more operations, ranging from a civil war in Brittany, trade disputes in what became Belgium, even a war in Castile. The three major battles of the Hundred Years War, Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt, were resounding English victories, the flower of French nobility being cut down at every battle. However, even though the English won every major battle and many of the smaller ones, relatively poor England was never able to subdue southern France, by far the wealthiest portion of France, which eventually led to the English losing the war.

The Rise of Towns and Commerce
From the 6th to 10th centuries, there were few commerce centers and only small merchant classes in Europe. What long-distance trade there was usually focused on luxury goods for the nobility and church elites, and was mediated by traveling merchants such as Syrians or Jews. Crafts were carried on locally in manors. Populations were not large enough to support further economic developments, and Viking and Arab attacks made trade routes hazardous.

During the High Middle Ages of 1000-1500, long distance trading became safer and thus more profitable. As a result, craftsmen moved into growing centers of trade, forcing lords and serfs to have to get their goods from these centers of trade. Towns formed leagues and urban federations, or communes, that worked together to fight crime or deal with monarchs and nobles. Guilds also arose, allowing for the collective supervision of affairs - the work was done by reliable people, and the guilds provided for vocational education. The spirit of the medieval economy, however, was to prevent competition.

The rise of towns had an emancipating effect. They forced the lords to offer freer terms to the peasantry. Often, peasants earned freedom in return for an annual payment to the lord. Allowing large numbers of people to move from agricultural to industrial work in the towns brought economic acceleration. Indeed, a sort of handicraft industrial revolution took place during the 12th and 13th centuries, especially in the Low Countries where great cloth-making centers such as Ghent and Bruges accumulated much wealth and stimulated growth in Western Europe generally. The Hansa, a widespread league of North Sea, Norwegian and Baltic trading towns, emerged in this period, opening up Scandinavian resources to supply Western Europe with furs, timber, beeswax, and fish.

The High Middle Ages also saw Europeans returning from Crusades in the Middle East, where they had developed tastes for goods not produced at home. These homecomings introduced medieval Europeans to exotic spices, silks, fruits, drugs, and other eastern products for the first time. Cities around the Mediterranean took part in the trade that developed, with Venice becoming the richest port of entry for Asian goods, the base from which Marco Polo and his companions set forth on their journey to China.

Growth of National Monarchies
During this same time period, the monarchies began to grow, and as a result people began to see the formation of unified nation-states. Kings sent executive orders and began to institute royal courts, and they lived off of money from the manors that they owned and fees from their vassals. The king's royal council was a group of his vassals that advised him on state matters, which resulted in the formation of basic departments of government. When representatives of towns began to meet, this was an early formation of basic parliaments.

These parliaments didn't have the ability to dictate to the king, but could state grievances and the king could act upon them. This was a basic sort of legislation.

In addition, the formation of these parliaments led to the establishment of the three estates: the first estate, which was encompassed by the clergy; the second estate, made up of the landed and noble class; and the third estate, or the burghers of chartered towns. England had two houses of parliament - the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Commons allowed lesser landholders to become members.

The Black Death

Black Death, or Bubonic Plague, hit Europe in 1347. Transmitted primarily by fleas and rats, the bacteria Y. Pestis swept across the continent, killing one third of the population by 1351. The bacteria is thought to have been endemic among rodent populations on the Asian steppes, and jumped to humans in Europe with great virulence. The onset of the disease was sudden; the symptoms were fever, weakness, delirium, lung distress, and dark-colored swellings (buboes) in the neck, armpit and groin areas. Quite often, those infected died within 1–2 days, including young and previously healthy individuals.

Causes of the Plague
The revival of trade and commerce increased the potential for the spread of communicable diseases. Europe had not suffered a continent wide plague since the plague of Justinian in 535, and the unexposed populations of 1348 had no inherited immunity. Though prosperity had risen, nutrition and sanitation for most Europeans were very poor by modern standards, decreasing immune resistance in general. Many adults had also suffered as young children in the Great Famine of 1316-1321, when several years of cold and wet weather caused crops to fail across the continent. This experience in childhood may also have compromised their resistance to the plague bacillus in later life.

The plague is thought to have been brought to Europe during a Mongol attack on Kaffa (in the Black Sea); when sickness forced the Mongols to abandon their attack, they catapulted a few plague victims into town before leaving. Ironically, this became a common practice for Europeans in castle siege. From there, merchants spread the disease to Constantinople, where it propagated throughout Europe, first by ship to Mediterranean ports such as Messina and Genoa, and then by land in all directions.

A shortage of wood fuel, due to cutting of forests for agriculture, resulted in the shutting down of bath houses which relied on burning wood to heat the water. Particularly in winter, only the rich could afford to bathe. This further contributed to poor hygienic conditions. Cities were also very poorly designed for hygiene. Citizens commonly dumped waste into the street which attracted rats, and thus fleas. Living in cities was also very close, which meant that fleas had little area to travel to infect another person.

The plague was blamed on many things in particular the Jews were a common scapegoat for the plague, including city leaders claiming that members of the Jewish community had poisoned the water supply, or spread a poisonous salve on the gates of the city.

It is important to understand that Europeans did not understand the real cause of the plague. To them the plague was a curse brought on them by their lack of piety, or the failings of the church, the cities' Jewish population, or even the configuration of the stars. Others even attributed the plague to bad air. To combat it, they carried kerchiefs or bags of "aromatics" that they could hold to their noses as needed. (The opinion of Europe's leading medical faculty, at the University of Paris, was that the outbreak was brought on by an unfavorable astrological alignment in the year 1345). Lacking the real facts, many Europeans' attempts to quell the disease actually helped it spread.

Responses to the Plague
Some people thought the plague was punishment by God against sinners. The flagellants arose as a result. Flagellants whipped themselves to bleed, prayed for mercy, and called upon their congregations to repent sins. Wandering over plague-stricken central Europe, many groups of flagellants turned to banditry and violence. Towns and feudal lords eventually prohibited them or even tried to wipe them out. In addition, violence against Jews broke out, and mobs killed all who refused baptism. Many Jews were forced to flee their homes.

Physicians in medieval Europe used a mixture of trial-and-error methods and classical Greek or Roman sources to care for their patients. Without knowledge of microorganisms, or the role of rats and fleas in spreading the infection, doctors were unable to cure infected victims or limit the spread. As a result, plague sufferers survived or perished according to the general state of their health, and whatever genetic resistance they happened to possess.

Consequences of the Plague
Massive death opened the ranks for advancement in society, and as a result landlords made more concessions to obtain new tenant farmers. The supply of laborers plummeted, resulting in higher wages for workers. A low grain demand resulted in the drop of overall grain prices. Noblemen lost a portion of their wealth, and became more dependent upon monarchs and war for income and power.

Additionally, the plague resulted in the improvement of living standards for the peasantry and the urban working population. Peasants and artisans now had more luxuries and a better diet, and production shifted from manufacturing for a mass market to a small luxury market. However, the monetary disparity grew, as fewer people possessed proportionately greater money.

Finally, Europeans saw that the church's prayer did not cure the plague, and that even leaders of the church were dying. This caused the general populace to lose a great deal of faith in the church, and opened the door to many new and local religious movements which had previously been suppressed, a factor which helped prepare the coming of the Reformation a century later.

Challenges to Spiritual Authority at the End of the Middle Ages
The Middle Ages provided many foundations to the Reformation of the 16th century. During the time, the church provided order, stability, and a framework for the medieval world. The most essential foundation of medieval life was salvation - and the ultimate life goal of all people was to obtain salvation. As people lost faith in the church and its ability to provide salvation, the church began to lose its hold on the populace.

Plague
As explained earlier, the plague contributed to the people's loss of faith in the church. However, some more ardent believers would have regarded such a plague as being sent from God to punish the world for its sins. The church of the day would have played upon such a notion so as to encourage more ardent belief and to attack any dissenters.

Heretical Movements and People
A number of movements and people challenged the authority of the church during the end of the Middle Ages.

Free Spirits
The free spirits believed the church was not meeting the spiritual needs of the people, and advocated mysticism, or the belief that God and humans are of the same essence.

John Wycliffe (1328–1384)
John Wycliffe, an English priest and professor at Oxford, founded the Lollard movement. The Lollards argued that salvation didn't have to come through the pope, and that the king was superior to and more important than the pope and religion. He said that Bible reading and prayer were important to religion, not the interpretation by priests. He was one of the first to set out to translate the Bible into a vernacular language rather than using the Latin Vulgate. He also objected to the extreme wealth of the church and clergy.

Jan Hus (1369-1415) in Bohemia
Jan Hus, by forming the Hussites, attempted to bring about reforms like those attempted by Wycliff in England. Hus was a priest in Bohemia when he learned of Wycliff's teachings. While the people around him thought them heretical and forbade them, Jan thought they had a right to be taught. Through his various disagreements and dealings, Hus came to think the church corrupt, and left his native land to pen On the Church, a work which criticized the manner in which it was run. His teachings appealed to the masses, and he developed a group of followers known as Hussites. In 1413, Hus was invited to a council designed to reform the church, but when he arrived he was arrested for his views. The following trial was in many ways just a formality, as he was guilty the moment he stepped in. Hus was burned at the stake on July 6, 1415.

Corruption in the Church
The vast corruption in the church also led many to doubt and question its authority. The excess wealth of clergy and the frequency of clergymen having mistresses and illegitimate children was a major concern. The people also questioned the church's sale of indulgences, or receiving payment to forgive people of their sins; nepotism; simony, or the sale of church office; pluralism, or holding multiple church offices; and the extreme luxury of cathedrals.

The Great Schism

In 1305, the King of France invited the Pope to move the headquarters of the Church away from Rome, a city plagued by warring local factions, to Avignon in the Rhone Valley. After Pope Gregory XI's return of the papacy to Rome in 1377, elections were convened for a new Pope. The citizens of Rome, demanding the election of an Italian Pope, forced the Cardinals to elect Urban VI. Dissenting French Cardinals reconvened in Avignon and on their own elected their own pope, Clement VII. The French popes of the Great Schism, referred to by historians as antipopes, held papal power in some regions of Europe, and for 39 years there were two Popes. In an attempt to reconcile this Schism, Conciliarists held a conference at Pisa to elect a new Pope, but could not depose either of the two in power, resulting in a threefold split in the papacy. Not willing to give up, the Pisan convention elected yet another Pope, to the same result.

Finally the Council of Constance (1414–1418) stepped in and called for the abdication of the three popes in power. With the support of the Holy Roman Emperor, the three popes were deposed and Martin V was elected as a single pope, ending the Great Schism. The Council of Constance also took action against John Wycliffe and John Huss, two reformers within the Catholic Church.

História da Europa/Crises da Idade Média Lịch sử châu Âu/Cuộc khủng hoảng của giai đoạn cuối Trung Cổ


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AMOS-6 (satellite)

AMOS-6 was an Israeli communications satellite, one of the Spacecom AMOS series, that was built by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), a defense and aerospace company.

AMOS-6 was intended to be launched on flight 29 of a SpaceX Falcon 9 to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) on 3 September 2016. On 1 September 2016, during the run-up to a static fire test, there was an anomaly on the launch pad, resulting in an explosion and the loss of the vehicle and AMOS-6. There were no injuries.

Terminology
AMOS stands for "Affordable Modular Optimized Satellite" and is also an allusion to the prophet Amos. This spacecraft is the second implementation of the AMOS-4000 satellite bus, the first was the AMOS-4. It is one of a AMOS series of satellites built by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).

History
Spacecom, the AMOS satellites operator, announced in June 2012 that it had signed a US$195 million contract to build AMOS-6, the newest addition to the AMOS constellation, with Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). In January 2013, Spacecom announced that they had signed a contract with SpaceX for the 2015 launch of the AMOS-6 satellite on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle. AMOS-6 was intended to replace the AMOS-2 satellite, planned to be retired in 2016. During 2015 Spacecom announced the launch date had slipped to mid-2016. A final launch date was set for 3 September 2016.

Under the deal with Spacecom, state-owned IAI was contracted to build AMOS-6 and its ground control systems, as well as provide operating services. Spacecom estimated that the cost of launching, insuring and one year's operation of AMOS-6 would be US$85 million.

The AMOS-6 included payload components from various sub-contractors including Canada's MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates, which built the communications payload, and Thales Alenia Space ETCA for the electric propulsion. The satellite "[incorporated] new technologies that represent a significant leap forward in the capabilities of IAI and the state of Israel in space", according to IAI's president.

Lease to external customers
In October 2015, social media company Facebook and satellite fleet operator Eutelsat agreed to pay Spacecom US$95 million over a period of about five years for the lease of the Ka-band spot-beam broadband capacity — 36 regional spotbeams with a throughput of about 18 Gbit/s — on AMOS-6 to provide service for Facebook and a new Eutelsat subsidiary focusing on African businesses. Costs would be divided in approximately equal shares between Eutelsat and Facebook. The parties agreed to the right to terminate the contract if AMOS-6 and the ground gateways in France, Italy and Israel were not ready for service by 1 January 2017. The lease was for the use of the satellite until September 2021, with an option for a two-year extension at a reduced rate. After a technical analysis, including an assessment of customer power requirements, Facebook and Eutelsat concluded that only 18 out of the 36 Ka-band spot beams could be used simultaneously without sacrificing user experience.

Destruction
On 1 September 2016, during propellant loading for a routine test, the Falcon 9 launch vehicle suffered an anomaly that destroyed the vehicle and its AMOS-6 payload. The explosion started near the upper stage LOX (liquid oxygen) tank. Because the satellite was destroyed prior to the launch, the cost of the satellite was not covered by Spacecom's insurance policy, but rather by the manufacturer, IAI. IAI had its own insurance and filed a claim in order to compensate Spacecom. Spacecom's contract with SpaceX specified that Spacecom could choose to receive US$50 million, or a future flight at no cost. Spacecom chose the future flight to launch AMOS-17.

News reports in early November 2016 indicated that SpaceX had determined the root cause for the anomaly, that it was straightforwardly fixable, and that SpaceX would return to flight in December 2016. On 2 January 2017, SpaceX released an official statement indicating that the cause of the failure was a buckled liner in several of the Composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV) tanks, causing perforations that allowed liquid and/or solid oxygen to accumulate underneath the lining, which was ignited by friction.

title: AMOS-6 (satellite)


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User:Polycarp Mubweka Etyang

Polycarp Mubweka Etyang is a Kenyan Blogger and Youtuber. He gives instant Updates on trending stories within the Entertainment industry as well as New Technology Trends.

He was born at on 31st December 2001 Gilgil and raised at Busia County, Kenya.

He schooled at St Peter's Mumias Boys' High School, and joined Zetech University , to pursue Bachelor of Information technology.

He runs his blog polycarptv.com and a YouTube  channel Polycarp TV from where he shares Celebrity stories mostly from East Africa.

title: User:Polycarp Mubweka Etyang


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Zane Kapeli

Zane Rance Kapeli (born 28 September 1992) is a Tongan rugby union player who generally plays as a loose forward represents Tonga internationally and currently plays for club Bay of Plenty Steamers. He was included in the Tongan squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup which is held in Japan for the first time and also marks his first World Cup appearance.

Career
He made his international debut for Tonga against Georgia on 24 November 2018.

title: Zane Kapeli


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Portal talk:Analytical chemistry

Transwiki from Wikibooks
I've transwikied the old pages from Wikibooks, and the index page can be found at School:Chemistry/Import.--digital_metalk 02:19, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks :-) --HappyCamper 02:21, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

School:Chemistry
There is now School:Chemistry as it was developed at Wikibooks. The Topic:Chemistry page should be re-named (and moved to the new page) as a department within the School of Chemistry, maybe something like Topic:Analytical chemistry. --JWSchmidt 03:22, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, great! --HappyCamper 00:30, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Move complete to Topic:Analytical Chemistry. --JWSchmidt 09:36, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

As I posted under the School:Chemistry page, I will be taking Organic and Analytical Chemistry courses this upcoming semester. I would like to contribute, and it seems like much work needs to be done. What materials do we already have available? HallAtHarding (discuss • contribs) 15:11, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

how can you learn analytical chemistry theoretically?
what do you expect to have here? how can you learn analytical chemistry theoretically?

title: Portal talk:Analytical chemistry


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Fall of Haifa (1265)

In 1265, the army of Baibars the Mamluk captured Haifa, destroying its fortifications, which had been rebuilt by Louis IX of France, as well as the majority of the city's homes to prevent the European Crusaders from returning.

title: Fall of Haifa (1265)


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Bovlstrup

Bovlstrup or Boulstrup is a village in Jutland, Denmark. It is located in Odder Municipality of the Central Denmark Region, near the Bay of Aarhus.

History
Early in its history, Borvlstrup contained a warehouse and a customs post.

Bovlstrup Station opened near the village in 1884, as a stop on the Hads-Ning Hundreds' Railroad, connecting Bovlstrup to Hou, Odder and Aarhus. When the Hou-Odder stretch was shut down in 1977, the station in Bovlstrup was shut down as well.

title: Bovlstrup


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User:Clarkede

Telecommunications industry R&D leader, initiator of the NFV industry effort in 2012, now a freelance consultant based in the United States.

title: User:Clarkede


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Foxcon Terrier 200

The Foxcon Terrier 200 is an Australian light-sport aircraft, designed and produced by Foxcon Aviation of Mackay, Queensland. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The Terrier 200 was designed to comply with the US light-sport aircraft rules. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from vacuum-molded composites with the design goal of strength at a light weight. Its 8.7 m span wing employs a Chris Mark 4 airfoil and mounts flaps. The standard engines available in 2012 were the 80 hp D-Motor LF26, the 100 hp Rotax 912ULS, the 100 hp Subaru EA 81 and the 116 hp Lycoming IO-233-LSA four-stroke powerplants. By 2015 only the Subaru EA 81 and Rotax 912ULS were still offered. Floats for water operations are optional.

Variants

 * Terrier 200
 * Base model with two molded individual seats.

 * Terrier 200C
 * Model with bench seats that fold into a 200 by bed for camping.

title: Foxcon Terrier 200


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Emmaboda IS

Emmaboda IS is a sports club in Emmaboda, Sweden, established in 1927.

The men's soccer team has played three seasons in the Swedish second division.

title: Emmaboda IS


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Let's Go Steady

Let's Go Steady is a 1945 American musical film directed by Del Lord, produced by Columbia Pictures, and starring Pat Parrish, Jackie Moran, June Preisser, and Mel Tormé.

Cast

 * Jackie Moran as 	Roy Spencer
 * June Preisser as 	Mable Stack
 * Jimmy Lloyd as Henry McCoy
 * Mel Tormé as 	Streak Edwards
 * Pat Parrish as 	Linda Saxon
 * Arnold Stang as 	Chet Carson
 * Skinnay Ennis as 	Larry Tyler
 * William Moss as 	Andy
 * Byron Foulger as 	Waldemar Oates
 * Gladys Blake as 	Miss Schlepheimer
 * Eddie Bruce as 	Freddie Williams
 * William Frambes as Bertram Quill

title: Let's Go Steady


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Skeletal System

Skeletal System - a body system made up of bones, joints and connective tissues. Marrow - a soft tissue in the center of some bones. Cartilage - A strong, flexible, gel like tissue that cushions your joint. Tendons - Connect Muscles to bones. Ligaments - Connect Bones to Bones.
 * Connecting Parts

Your skeletal system allows you to move. There are 206 bones in the human body. A newborn has 350 bones.

What does the Skeletal System do?

 * Supports the body by providing a framework for the body.
 * Protects the internal organs. Example: The rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
 * Stores minerals needed by various systems in the body. Examples: Calcium and phosphorus.
 * Makes blood cells in the bone marrow.

Bones

 * Cranium - Skull; Keeps the brain protected.
 * Clavicle - Collarbone; Keeps the scapula in place/maintains structure for the shoulder and the upper body.
 * Sternum - Long, flat, bony plate which protects the heart, lungs and blood vessels.
 * Scapula - Shoulder Bone; Connects the lower part of the body to the top of the body/maintains structure for the upper body and shoulder (flat bone).
 * Humerus - Arm; The long bone connects the scapula to the lower part of the arm (the ulna and radius)/maintains structure for the upper arm.
 * Ulna - The bone that stores minerals and makes blood cells in the marrow/allows movement through the elbow and the wrist.
 * Radius - Paired up with the Ulna and accomadates with the rotation of the forearm. The ulna also performs this function. Also maintains structure for lower arm.
 * Ribs - The ribcage serves to protect the heart and lungs, supports the torso and performs respiration (flat bone).
 * Vertebrae - Spine/Backbone; 33 ring-shaped bones stacked on top of each other to make the spinal cord/protects the spinal cord and provides support for the upper body (types of vertebrae are irregular).
 * Pelvis - Hip; Protects the organs of the pelvic cavity and supports the hips, thighs, and abdomen (legs).
 * Carpals - Helps with the movement of the wrist.
 * Femur - Thigh; Supports the weight of the body and accommodates in leg motion/Longest and heaviest bone.
 * Patella - Kneecap; Covers/protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint.
 * Fibula - Stables the ankles and helps out with the muscles of the lower leg.
 * Tibia - Biggest bone in the lower leg; Shin bone which helps with the distribution of weight across the knee to the ankle/supports lower leg.
 * Tarsals - Helps with the distribution of force from the tibia to the heel bone.
 * Phalanges - Bones in the fingers and toes.

Joints
A joint is the point where two bones meet. There are three types of joints: immobile, slightly mobile, and mobile joints.

Immobile
Examples: Cranium (skull): the fused bones covered by your scalp; coccyx (tailbone): the fused bones at the base of your spine.
 * Immobile joints are joints that don't move after an infant develops toward maturity, and the separate bones fuse together.

Slightly Immobile
Example: Between the vertebrae of the back. These joints are cushioned by a spongy disk that can break open and leak the shock-absorbing gel inside. Such a herniated, ruptured, or "slipped" disk can result in inflammation of surrounding tissues and varying levels of pain.
 * Slightly Immobile joints are joints that permit slight movement.

Mobile
Examples: Knees, shoulders, fingers. Over time, if mobile joints suffer wear or injury, the lubricating fluid between the bones becomes prone to the periodic accumulation of tiny gas bubbles. The popping of these bubbles when the joint is moved produces an audible "crack" or "creak". A great example of this is the annoying sound of "cracking your knuckles". Once the bubbles pop, it takes time for more bubbles to accumulate, which is why you cannot continuously crack your knuckles, and why many people hear their joints crack when they get out of bed or rise from a prolonged sitting position.
 * Mobile joints are joints that permit a wide range of movement.

Connective Tissues
Connective tissues are strong, flexible tissues that connect, secure, and cushion joints. There are three types: ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. Damage to or loss of connective tissue has a negative impact on the working of the joint, as well as causing varying levels of pain. Some injuries may require surgery to enable healing; for example, a third-degree sprain of the anterior cruciate ligament, better known as a "torn ACL", is a common knee injury often suffered by professional athletes and requires surgical treatment. Loss of connective tissue may also require surgical treatment or replacement.

 * Ligament: Connects the bones of a joint.
 * Tendon: Secures muscle to bone.
 * Cartilage: Cushions the bones of the joint.

Sprains/Diseases in relation with the Skeletal System
Fractures - A break in a bone caused by an injury. Dislocations - When a bone is pushed out of its joint. Sprain - Stretching or twisting of ligaments. (Full definition: Ligaments are short parts of tough, flexible connective tissues that connects two bones, or cartilages, or holds together a joint) Overuse - Injuries - occurs over time. Scoliosis - A disorder where the spine curves in a "C" or "S" like curve/shape. Osteoporosis - A disease where the bones are brittle.

Taking care of your skeletal system
A. Good Dairy products contain calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and Vitamin D. These vitamins help with the strengthening of bones. B. Regular Exercise: Increases Bone Mass. C. Good Posture helps keep the spine healthy and in balance. D. Take time to heal: Wait for it to be completely healed before returning to physical activity. E. Use protective gear when doing physical activities, such as riding your bicycle.

title: Skeletal System


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File:FrameForgeSBTDS12a.jpg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to create 3D storyboards with FrameForge 3D Studio Demo Version.

title: File:FrameForgeSBTDS12a.jpg


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2021 U.S. Open Cup

The 2021 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup was planned to be the 107th edition of the U.S. Open Cup, a knockout cup competition in American soccer. After the 2020 competition was suspended and ultimately canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States Soccer Federation announced that qualification for the 2021 Open Cup would be canceled and all 100 teams that had qualified for that competition would be invited back. On February 8, 2021, the U.S. Soccer Federation backtracked and stated that only 24 teams would be allowed to participate in a new abbreviated tournament, with the exact qualification details still being determined.

On March 29, US Soccer announced the tournament would be downsized to 16 teams who would play four rounds. The opening round was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, while the Open Cup Committee convened to decide whether the competition could proceed. This version of the tournament was to feature eight Major League Soccer teams, four USL Championship teams, one National Independent Soccer Association team, one USL League One team, and two teams from the Open Division determined by a random draw.

On April 16, US Soccer announced that the tournament would not be held in the spring due to a combination of financial and logistical issues, and that they were evaluating holding the tournament later in the year.

On July 20, US Soccer finally announced that the tournament would be cancelled for 2021 and would resume in 2022.

Atlanta United FC won the previous tournament after defeating Minnesota United FC in the 2019 final.

Qualification
The list of eligible teams for the 2021 tournament features 102 teams including 64 professional sides. Two professional teams became eligible since the 2019 tournament (Rio Grande Valley FC Toros and FC Tucson) and two have folded (Reno 1868 FC and 2019 quarterfinalists Saint Louis FC). Entrants include the American clubs from across the soccer leagues system, with timing determined by league division. These include the 24 American clubs of Major League Soccer, as well as the teams in the USL Championship and USL League One that are not owned or operated by an MLS and USL Championship (in case of USL League One). ; MLS-affiliated clubs from these leagues are eligible. In addition, clubs from the National Independent Soccer Association (NISA), a sanctioned Division III league, are set to take part. This would be the first time two professional leagues from the same tier have both competed in the tournament since 2017.

Both Crossfire Redmond and GPS Portland Phoenix qualified for the 2020 tournament through league results in the National Premier Soccer League and USL League Two respectively. However, neither were listed as eligible in U.S. Soccer's announcement.

The four participating USL Championship teams will be the USL Championship 2020 semifinal playoff teams: El Paso Locomotive FC, Louisville City FC, Phoenix Rising FC, Tampa Bay Rowdies.

Number of teams by state
The eligible 2021 field represents a total of 34 states and the District of Columbia.

States without a team in the Open Cup: Alaska, Arkansas, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Maine, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming.

Broadcasting
All matches from the first round to the final were expected to be streamed on ESPN+. U.S. Soccer and ESPN signed a 4-year deal to air the tournament in 2019.

title: 2021 U.S. Open Cup


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Jessica Ashwood

Jessica Ashwood (born 28 April 1993) is an Australian competitive swimmer who was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 800-metre freestyle event, as well as the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Early life
Ashwood was born in Darlinghurst, New South Wales, on 28 April 1993. She is from the suburb of Padstow, Her grandmother is a swimming coach. She attended Regina Coeli Primary School before going to high school at MLC School.

Swimming
Ashwood is a swimmer, specialising in the 800-metre freestyle event. As a four-year-old, she started swimming. In 2012, she was training with Jayden Hadler, Daniel Arnamnart, James Magnussen and Daniel Tranter. She was coached by Jon Shaw from 2009 to 2010. Brant Best became her coach in 2010 and was her coach from 2012 to 2014, and by Vince Raleigh since joining the Chandler Swimming Club in Queensland.

At a 2009 transtasman swimming meet, Ashwood beat Kiwi Phoebe Williams to finish first in the 800-metre freestyle event. At the 2009 Australian Youth Olympic Festival, she lost to Kelly Marquenie in the women's 800-metre freestyle event. She finished second in the women's 400-metre freestyle event. At the 2011 Queensland State Championships, she came in second in the women's 800-metre freestyle event, finishing seven seconds behind the winner. At the 2011 National Championships, with a time of 16:14.47, she finished second in the 1500-metre freestyle which secured her a spot on the national team going to the World Championships. At the 2011 World Swimming Championships, in her national team debut, she did not make it out of the semifinals in the 1,500-metre. At the 2011 Junior Pan Pacific Championships, she finished third in the 400-metre freestyle with a time of 4:12.47. At the 2012 Australian National Championships, she finished second in the women's 800-metre freestyle with a time of 8:27.97. As an 18-year-old, she was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 800-metre freestyle event in what were her first Games.

At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Ashwood represented Australia in both the 400m & 800m freestyle. She won a silver medal as part of the women's 4 × 200m freestyle team.

title: Jessica Ashwood


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tzicatl

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Leaf-cutter ant (Atta sp.).

Etymology
From. Cognate to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ant.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Ant.

title: tzicatl


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User:Raul Lapeira

Some personal Data

 * Name: Raúl Lapeira Herrero
 * E-Mail: raul at roboticspot.com.
 * Born: Madrid, España, 9 May 1979
 * Profession: Entrepreneur, Information technology consulting.
 * Studies: Computer Science Software Engineer, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Campus de Madrid.
 * Languages: Spanish and English.
 * Hobbies: Robotics, Dancing, Sports, Java_(programming_language).

My work at Wikipedia
I write mainly in topics related to my hobbies and work: Robotics SOA Java_(programming_language)

title: User:Raul Lapeira


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User:AlexCorzo

Hi.

I'm Alex Corzo. I'm not the only one, according to a Google search, but I can certianly be found in a couple of articles randing from the Florida International University Press Page to USA Today.

Well, that is all for now.

All the Best, AC

title: User:AlexCorzo