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Machi (shaman)

A machi is a traditional healer and religious leader in the Mapuche culture of Chile and Argentina. Machis play significant roles in Mapuche religion. In contemporary Mapuche culture, women are more commonly machis than men, but it is not a rule. Male machi are known as Machi Weye.

Description
The Mapuche live in southern South America, mostly in central Chile (Araucanía and Los Lagos) and the adjacent areas of Argentina. As a religious authority within Mapuche culture, a machi leads healing ceremonies called Machitun. During the machitun, the machi communicates with the spirit world. Machis also serve as advisors and oracles for their community; in the past, they advised on peace and warfare. The term machi is sometimes interchangeable with the word kalku. Kalku usually has an evil connotation, whereas machi is usually considered good. This is not always the case, however, as the terms may be interchanged in common use.

To become a machi, a Mapuche person has to demonstrate character, willpower, and courage, because initiation is long and painful. A person is usually selected in infancy, based upon the following:
 * premonitory dreams
 * supernatural revelations
 * influence of the family
 * inheritance
 * her or his power of healing disease
 * own initiative

Machiluwun is the ceremony to consecrate a new machi. The chosen child will live six months with a dedicated machi, where he or she learns the skills to serve as a machi.

Role in Mapuche medicine
The machi is a person of great wisdom and healing power, and is the main character of Mapuche medicine. Machis have detailed knowledge of medicinal herbs and other remedies, and are said to have the power of the spirits. In addition, it is claimed that machis have the ability to interpret dreams, called pewma in Mapudungun. Machis are also said to help communities identify witches or other individuals who are using supernatural powers to do harm. Allegedly, Mapuche traditional medicine is gaining more acceptance within broader Chilean society.

Gender
Becoming a machi is a spiritual transformation that also fosters a place where people can flow between spectrums of gender. Within machi rituals and ceremonies, gender is fluid and dynamic. The majority of machi are female, but males can also be machis; the machi power is said to usually be passed down from the maternal grandmother. Gender is not determined by sex, as it typically is in Chilean society, but rather by identity and spirituality, and is ambiguous among machi. Some scholars have coined this as "cogender," which is a partly feminine and partly masculine identity. Most of this research has focused on males and femininity versus females and masculinity, but all forms of gender fluidity are present within machi culture. During some ceremonies, gender is transcended and transformed spiritually, where binaries between genders do not exist and new gender identities are explored.

Within Mapuche culture, plants and spirits are given gender; these assigned genders are usually based upon perceptions of masculinity and femininity. As examples, Laurel is a feminine plant because it is regarded as soothing and soft, whereas Triwe is masculine because it has protective powers. These genders are fixed and do not change; machi, however, transcend static gender and dynamically flow between them. During healing ceremonies, machis can flow between male, female, and cogendered identities in order to balance the spirit of the person they are healing. As Shamans of the Foye Tree says, “Gender of spirits remain[s] permanent, whereas machi move between gender identities." This is because, in machi cosmology, the Nguchen, or the giver of life, is balanced by four identities: the man, the woman, the young man, and the young woman.  During ceremonies, machis seek to embody some or all of these identities at different times in order to perform healing.  When someone is sick, machis believe it is because the four identities are out of balance.  Within Mapuche culture, there are “well defined notions of gender, but Machis are able to manipulate them." To the machi, gender exists in two realities that they are able to flow between freely: the earthly where gender is fixed, and the spiritual where gender is fluid.

Gender roles and discrimination
The gender identity and construction of the machi is nuanced and complex. Gender in machi culture is filled with contradictions, paradoxes, and complications because they simultaneously exist within the gender binary while also defying it. “Whereas male machi legitimate their sexuality as celibate priests, most female machi gain status and virtue by marrying and having children." Thus, machi still abide by gender roles and norms of Mapuche culture, but during spiritual ceremonies and rituals they challenge traditional roles and perceptions of gender, and embrace cogendered identities.  Machi are perceived to fluidly move between genders throughout different ceremonies, but then face discrimination from Chilean society and fellow Mapuche themselves.  While machis accept many different and even conflicting identities, Chilean society often does not.  Homophobia and transphobia are rampant in Chilean and Mapuche culture, and machi who do not fit into traditional gender roles may face discrimination and transphobia.  One machi states, “People [here] don’t talk much about homosexuality because it is looked down upon." The machis are respected, but also shunned - machi women are not viewed fully as women by Mapuche society because of their "masculine power," and machi men are not viewed fully as male because of their "femininity."

Although machi women are sometimes cast-out from traditional Mapuche gender roles, they are also simultaneously feared and revered. Masculine female machi are called derogatory terms such as bruja (witch), mujer de la calle (woman of the street), or marica (derogatory term of homosexual). One machi describes that machi women are given a higher status than other Mapuche women because “they are sent here by god” and are therefore divine. An example of this would be the machi being served before others at meals.

As a result of the gendered perception that machis are usually female, many male machi face discrimination from fellow Mapuche and Chilean society as a whole. Machismo in Chilean society plays a large role in such discrimination, as men are ostracized from groups because they are seen as “too feminine." Many male machi dress in women’s clothing, as this is perceived to be more pious and connected to nature.  Since they do not fit conventional gender stereotypes, these feminine male machis are made outcasts and called derogatory names.  As a result, many male machi have reinvented themselves as “celibate priests” or “spiritual warriors” in order to avoid further criticism and protect their masculinity.  One Mapuche says that, although he discriminates against machi men, “when [he] is sick, when [he] needs a ngillatun, [he] goes begging to the male machi." Another Mapuche states, “They [male machi] may be stronger, but they wear women’s clothes...He must like pigs legs."

Both male and female machi face discrimination, but gendered stereotypes also create complicated power dynamics in which some circles perceive female machi as more powerful than male machi, and others vice-versa. To some, male machis are perceived as weak for taking feminized roles, but are simultaneously regarded as more powerful than female machis due to traditional gender stereotypes of women being inherently weaker. Yet, some view males as “not possessing as many powers as the [female] machis” because “females are more connected to nature." Male machis are not permitted to participate in some healing ceremonies and rituals, because “they are not close enough to nature” and “[women] are more patient with the sick and know more about herbs…the spirits get along with women better."

Some Machis are concerned about the way the West portrays them, afraid that they are only perceived as homosexuals or brujas (“witches”). One machi states, “Why do anthropologists always say who we are? Why don’t they ask us?” Ana Bacigalupo, a distinguished anthropologist in the field of machi gender roles, urges people to see the nuances in machi gender identity and allow complexity to exist.”  According to Bacigalupo, the gendered identities and practices of machis can be experienced and interpreted endlessly along different paths and for different purposes that simultaneously bind people together and draw them apart.”

Controversy
A modern ritual human sacrifice occurred during the devastating earthquake and tsunami of 1960 by a machi of the Mapuche in the Lago Budi community. The victim, five-year-old José Luis Painecur, had his arms and legs removed by Juan Pañán and Juan José Painecur (the victim's grandfather), and was stuck into the sand of the beach like a stake. The waters of the Pacific Ocean then carried the body out to sea. The sacrifice was rumored to be at the behest of the local machi, Juana Namuncurá Añen. The two men were charged with the crime and confessed, but later recanted. They were released after two years. A judge ruled that those involved in these events had "acted without free will, driven by an irresistible natural force of ancestral tradition." The arrested men's explanation was: "We were asking for calm in the sea and on the earth."

title: Machi (shaman)


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Brisbane Golf Club

Brisbane Golf Club is an 18-hole golf course in Tennyson Memorial Avenue, Yeerongpilly, Queensland in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

History
The golf course was originally established in Chelmer with an official opening on Saturday 12 December 1896 by the Queensland Governor Lord Lamington. In 1903 the course relocated to its current site, a larger piece of land in Yeerongpilly in 1903.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brisbane Golf Club


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Science Journalism

Science journalism conveys reporting about science to the public. The field typically involves interactions between scientists, journalists, and the public.

Readings

 * Science journalism

Activities

 * 1) Science Journalism /Activities/
 * 2) Biographical science journalism - analysis of science-related news articles that have a major focus on biographical information about scientists
 * 3) Somatic cell nuclear transfer
 * 4) Australia approves cloning for research by Rod McGuirk, Canberra’s Associated Press bureau chief
 * 5) RNA World - RNA Silencing Sheds Light on the RNA World by Rachel Jones
 * 6) Create and maintain recent science news content that will be displayed at the Science Portal.
 * 7) Help develop articles at Wikinews.
 * 8) Biomedical Research Project; Avian flu
 * 9) Develop Wikimedia content related to Nobel Prizes in science.
 * 10) * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * 11) * Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * 12) Make audio files that can be used both at Wikiversity and on WikiCast. See: Biophilia Project.

title: Science Journalism


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Talk:Dick Williams

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Dick Williams. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news%3B_ylt%3DAnictCTk2DuP0kztE89BCZ0RvLYF?slug=ap-halloffame&prov=ap&type=lgns
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030819060855/http://espn.go.com/mlb/news/2000/0128/320663.html to http://espn.go.com/mlb/news/2000/0128/320663.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071018055526/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php?name=Dick_Williams_1929 to http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php?name=Dick_Williams_1929
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080125081926/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/sabr/tbi/W/Williams_Dick.tbi.stm to http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/sabr/tbi/W/Williams_Dick.tbi.stm

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dick Williams. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130713073457/http://sport/ to http://sport/

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title: Talk:Dick Williams


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Bohunice, Ilava District

Bohunice (Vágbanya) is a village and municipality in Ilava District in the Trenčín Region of north-western Slovakia.

History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1229.

Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 276 metres and covers an area of 7.036 km². It has a population of about 752 people.

Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia"

 * Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1768-1896 (parish A)

title: Bohunice, Ilava District


text:
MFE

MFE may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * McAllen Miller International Airport
 * Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand)
 * MFE - MediaForEurope

Education

 * Master of Financial Economics
 * Master of Financial Engineering

Other uses

 * European Federalist Movement
 * Mail for Exchange
 * Magnetic fusion energy
 * Mauritian Creole, by ISO language code

title: MFE


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Carlovico/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

All created the same article at various places. Requesting CU for sleepers. GSS  💬 16:25, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Draft:Shaista Üsta, User:September vibes/sandbox, User:Just Allow Me Please/sandbox, User:Bollywood exploration/sandbox, User:Shaista Usta1/sandbox, User:Bollywood research/sandbox. Listing them all here for the record. GSS  💬 16:38, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * ✅ group 1:
 * ✅ group 2, ❌ to group 1:
 * No additional accounts visible, all blocked. ST47 (talk) 07:13, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * All tagged and case closed.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  11:14, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , Shaista Usta1 is tagged as a master. Should they be moved to their own case (along with Zaki74080)? -- RoySmith (talk) 13:08, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You can, if you want. But, there's no real need to create new page for those two accounts.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  13:10, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , OK, thanks. I'll just let it stay like this. -- RoySmith (talk) 13:50, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No additional accounts visible, all blocked. ST47 (talk) 07:13, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * All tagged and case closed.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  11:14, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , Shaista Usta1 is tagged as a master. Should they be moved to their own case (along with Zaki74080)? -- RoySmith (talk) 13:08, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You can, if you want. But, there's no real need to create new page for those two accounts.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  13:10, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , OK, thanks. I'll just let it stay like this. -- RoySmith (talk) 13:50, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You can, if you want. But, there's no real need to create new page for those two accounts.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  13:10, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , OK, thanks. I'll just let it stay like this. -- RoySmith (talk) 13:50, 17 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
File:Ots16mm.jpg

Summary
Illustration of a possible field of view for an over the shoulder shot for the WikiU Film School created using FrameForge 3D Studio 2 Demo Version.

title: File:Ots16mm.jpg


text:
Topčagić

Topčagić is a Bosnian Muslim surname, derived from the turkism of topčaga, meaning "commander of an artillery unit". It may refer to:

 * Mihret Topčagić (born 1988), Austrian footballer, born in Gračanica
 * Mustafa Topčagić (fl. 1941–42), Ustasha sympathizer, geometrician from Visoko
 * Nada Topčagić (born 1953), Serbian singer, born in Modriča

title: Topčagić


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Talk:Inland waterways of the United States

Western Rivers
I changed instances of "western rivers" to, instead, "West Coast rivers" to avoid confusion with the U.S. legal term Western Rivers, which refers to rivers west of the Allegheny Mountains—including most notably the Mississippi. The term is still in use today, but it predates, if I'm not mistaken, U.S. acquisition of or claim to the West Coast. — Muffuletta 20:12, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Basic Definitions
This article does not define the term "inland waterway" (nor the related term "intracoastal waterway," which also appears as "intercoastal" in the image caption). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:29, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * It also fails to mention one of the biggest waterways - the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence Seaway. Rmhermen (talk) 18:45, 5 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I added the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence, but I'm also vague on the definition. -- Beland (talk) 04:25, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

Also missing the Erie Canal and Champlain canals

Map
Could use a higher-resolution map, with labels. Similar to a nationwide version of File:Mississippi watershed map 1.jpg. -- Beland (talk) 04:28, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

Incomplete Map
The first map on the page is missing 3 major river systems in the United States: the Missouri River, Rio Grande and Colorado River... It is unfinished. Stevenmitchell (talk) 10:16, 4 August 2019 (UTC)

 * It's also missing the entire Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway and its associated canals and navigable rivers. Thepsyborg (talk) 15:53, 5 August 2023 (UTC)


text:
Justice Duel

Justice Duel is a platform game developed and published by Mega Cat Studios. It was released on the Nintendo Entertainment System in 2017. Players battle one another while riding cybernetically enhanced eagles. The game plays similarly to Joust.

Gameplay
The player controls a cyborg version of a past President of the United States riding a cybernetically enhanced eagle to duel either against other human players or the game's AI. The player duels by firing projectiles at their opponents; a level is completed once there are no remaining opponents. Players can pick up power-ups in the form of mines and traps to use against opponents. Justice Duel supports multiplayer for up to four players through the NES Four Score.

Development
Besides Joust, the game's developers cite TowerFall and Balloon Fight as having inspired elements of the game's design.

Evercade release
Mega Cat Studios released Justice Duel in a compilation cartridge for the Evercade, along with several other titles from the studio, including Little Medusa, Log Jammers, and Coffee Crisis.

Child's Play edition
In 2018, Mega Cat Studios released a special edition of Justice Duel to raise money for the charity Child's Play; it debuted at PAX East and was part of the Omegathon tournament. This special edition of the game features two additional playable characters: Della and Rod, who ride a duck and a quail, respectively.

Reception
Justice Duel has received a generally positive reception from the press, being praised for its aesthetic and fast paced gameplay.

title: Justice Duel


text:
Talk:Your Filthy Little Mouth

To do
This is a really good article. I recommend that the whole article be copyedited for tone, to convert peacock words and original research into an encyclopedic synthesis and quote structure.Smuckola (talk) 05:45, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

Lead Singer of Van Halen ?
First sentence of the first paragraph "...David Lee Roth, the lead singer of the American rock band Van Halen." Shouldn't it be "...David Lee Roth, the former lead singer of the American rock band Van Halen." or, more accurately, ""...David Lee Roth, the former and future lead singer of the American rock band Van Halen."" (Bold added to show the difference in the connotations.)

Point being, when this album was made Roth was not the lead singer of Van Halen. When the wiki article was written, he may have been, but that doesn't matter. He might still be the lead singer as of this writing, but I haven't checked my magic 8-ball lately to see if he was in or out or if the band Van Halen is even active right now. FiggazWithAttitude (talk) 19:28, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Your Filthy Little Mouth


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User:ALUKADU DEVI/sandbox

Sree Alukadu Devi Temple is a Hindu religious shrine at Aukadu,poonthura Trivandrum in Kerala, India. . The Temple is situated near the heart of the city, 4 kilometres away from Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple, East Fort in Thiruvananthapuram. Devotees believe that all of their wishes will be fulfilled by the goddess, provide prosperity and can attain salvation. Alukadu devi is often worshipped in 3 forms such as Maha Saraswati (goddess of knowledge), Maha Lakshmi (goddess of wealth) and Mahakali/ Durga/ Parvathy (goddess of power).Here in front of Sree kovil at the time of Deeparadhana all devotees praying devi sthudi"Amme Narayana Devi Narayana Lekshmi Narayana Bhadre Narayana"

title: User:ALUKADU DEVI/sandbox


text:
Electronics/Humor

Sample joke: (rough draft)

Q: How do you tell the difference between elementary particles? A: Protons are positivists, electrons are negativists, and neutrons have no opinion.

Two atoms are walking down the street. The first atom says to the second atom "I think I lost an electron!" The second says "Are you sure?" To which the first states "I'm positive!"

title: Electronics/Humor


text:
Hein Müller

Hein Müller (6 December 1903 – 29 April 1945) was a German boxer, who was a champion of Europe as both an amateur and a professional. He won German amateur titles at three weights, was European amateur champion at light heavyweight, and as a professional won the German and European heavyweight titles.

Career
Born in Cologne, Müller first had success as an amateur. He won a bronze medal at the 1925 European Championships in Stockholm in the welterweight division, and in 1927 in Berlin, he won gold at light heavyweight. He won the German national championship three times, in 1925 at welterweight, in 1926 at middleweight, and in 1927 at light heavyweight.

In 1927, Müller turned professional, making his pro debut at light heavyweight in April that year. He was unbeaten in close to twenty fights by the end of 1928, including wins over former Scandinavian middleweight champion Martin Tancred, future French champion Abel Argote, former German (VDF) heavyweight champion Hans Breitenstraeter, the only fight he failed to win during this period a controversial draw with future British champion Harry Crossley which resulted in the referee being suspended by the German authorities and Crossley instructed to omit the fight from his record.

In February 1929 he beat Hein Heeser on points over 15 rounds to take the VDF German light heavyweight title. He followed this two months later with a points win over Gipsy Daniels. In June 1929 he challenged for Michele Bonaglia's IBU European light heavyweight title in Turin, the Italian stopping him in the fourth round.

Müller moved up to heavyweight, and after a draw with German (VDF) champion Hans Schoenrath in a non-title fight in November 1930, faced him with the title at stake in February 1931. Müller took a points decision to become German heavyweight champion. In August he beat Pierre Charles on points to take the IBU European heavyweight title. He was stripped of the title after failing to fight mandatory challenger Otto von Porat. In January 1932 he beat Reggie Meen at the Granby Halls in Leicester, Meen being forced to stop in the fourth round due to an eye injury. The fight was subsequently recognized by the IBU as a European title fight, with Müller regaining the title.

He had been due to fight Larry Gains early in 1932, but he was forced to withdraw due to a badly-bruised chest, with Don McCorkindale taking his place. He suffered only the second defeat of his professional career in April 1932, when he was beaten on points by McCorkindale at the Royal Albert Hall, McCorkindale a substitute for Gains who had injured his thumb (the agreed fight with Gains required the lifting of the colour bar that had been in place at the venue since 1923), and in his next fight, in May, lost his European title, with Charles taking a points verdict to regain his title.

Müller's career never recovered, winning only two of his last nine fights (over Hans Schoenrath and Gustave Limousin), suffering knockouts at the hands of von Porat and Jack Petersen (in front of 50,000 spectators at Ninian Park), and failing in three attempts to take the BDB German heavyweight title from Vincenz Hower. In April 1934, Müller announced his decision to retire from boxing and return to his former profession as a baker. He did, however, return for one more fight, an eighth-round stoppage loss to Erwin Klein in November 1934. He retired with a record of 32 wins from 47 fights.

After retiring from boxing, Müller took up professional wrestling, competing in the UK in the late 1930s.

During World War II, Müller was initially exempted from military service due to an eye condition, but in March 1945 he was enrolled into the Volkssturm. He was shot dead by Allied forces during fighting for Berlin on 29 April 1945.

title: Hein Müller


text:
User:Reswik

Hi, my main information page is Reswik on Wikipedia. This account is my Wikiversity id for doing research, policy, theory, and editing talk and work. I may use Doug (old) here for learning and teaching work, sometime. Doug

title: User:Reswik


text:
Japanese submarine I-21

I-21 (伊号第二一潜水艦) was a Japanese Type B1 submarine which saw service during World War II in the Imperial Japanese Navy. She displaced 1,950 tons and had a speed of 24 kn. I-21 was the most successful Japanese submarine to operate in Australian waters, participating in the attack on Sydney Harbour in 1942 and sinking 44,000 tons of Allied shipping during her two deployments off the east coast of Australia.

Service history
The submarine was laid down on 7 January 1939 at the Kawasaki shipyard, Kobe, and launched on 24 February 1940. On 15 July 1941 she was completed, commissioned and assigned to Submarine Squadron 1's Submarine Division 3 in the Sixth Fleet. I-21 was based in the Yokosuka Naval District.

On 31 October 1941 Commander Matsumura Kanji was assigned as Commanding Officer, and on 10 November he attended a meeting of submarine commanders aboard the light cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Katori, convened by Vice Admiral Mitsumi Shimizu, to be briefed on the planned attack on Pearl Harbor.

Attack on Pearl Harbor
I-21 departed Yokosuka on 19 November and sailed to the rendezvous at Hitokappu Bay, Etorofu, arriving on the 22nd, and departing on the 26th for the Hawaiian Islands, acting as a lookout ahead of the Carrier Striking Force. On 2 December 1941 the coded signal "Climb Mount Niitaka" was received, signifying that hostilities would commence on 8 December (Japan time). On 7 December 1941 I-21 was assigned to patrol north of Oahu, Hawaii.

On 9 December I-6 reported sighting a Lexington-class aircraft carrier and two cruisers. I-21 and the rest of SubRon 1 boats, were ordered to pursue and sink her. However I-21's pursuit was delayed by diesel engine breakdowns and electrical problems. Finally, on 14 December, the chase was abandoned and I-21 and the other submarines were ordered to the West Coast of the United States.

Sinking of SS Montebello
On 23 December 1941, I-21 sighted the Union Oil Company's oil tanker SS Montebello. The 440 ft vessel, built in 1921, was en route from Port San Luis, California, to Vancouver, British Columbia.

At 05:30, I-21 fired two torpedoes at a range of 2190 yd. One was a dud, but the other struck forward in the pump room and dry storage cargo hold. The 38-man crew abandoned the tanker in four lifeboats, which were machine-gunned by I-21 with no casualties. Montebello sank in 900 ft of water about 4 mi south of Piedras Blancas Light at 35.58333°N, -121.26667°W.

In November 1996, a team of marine researchers surveyed and filmed the wreck in a two-person submarine. Montebello was on the sea floor in 900 ft of water adjacent to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. The wreck was reexamined in 2010 for the level of deterioration and to determine if the oil was still in the hold and if so, did it pose an environmental threat. The researchers reported in October 2011 that the cargo had dissipated into the vast ocean shortly after sinking.

Shelling of Newcastle, Australia
On 8 June 1942, I-21 briefly shelled Newcastle, New South Wales. Among the areas hit within the city were dockyards and steel works. There were no casualties in the attack and damage was minimal.

Possible sinking of USS Porter
On 26 October 1942, in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, I-21 is credited in most sources with sinking of the destroyer USS Porter (DD-356). However, author Richard B. Frank states that Japanese records do not support this, and that, more likely, an errant torpedo from a ditching U.S. Grumman TBF Avenger hit Porter and caused the fatal damage.

Sinking of SS Kalingo
On 17 January 1943, I-21 torpedoed and sank the Union Steam Ship Company's SS Kalingo about 110 mi east of Sydney. Two firemen were killed when the torpedo hit, and 32 of her crew reached safety in a boat.

Sinking of SS Iron Knight
The BHP Shipping iron ore carrier SS Iron Knight (1937) was part of a convoy of ten ships travelling up the east coast of New South Wales on 8 February 1943. At approximately 2:30 am, north of Twofold Bay, I-21 fired a torpedo at the naval ships flanking Iron Knight at the head of the flotilla under cover of darkness. The torpedo passed under the bow of the Bathurst-class corvette HMAS Townsville (J205) and struck Iron Knight, sinking her with the loss of 36 crewmen, including her commander, in less than two minutes. Most of the ship's crew were below decks and were unable to escape as the ship went down. Only 14 survived, clambering aboard a single lifeboat to be picked up by the FRENCH DESTROYER Le Triomphant. HMAS Mildura, the other corvette guarding the convoy, pursued the I-21 for several days.

On 4 June 2006, the wreck of Iron Knight was discovered in waters off the New South Wales town of Bermagui at a depth of approximately 125 m. Local fishermen had snagged their nets on the wreck over the years. Families and descendants of the crew traveled to the site and laid a wreath and poppies on the waters above the wreck. The sole remaining survivor of the sinking, John Stone, was unable to make the journey from his home in southern Victoria.

Sinking of Starr King
On 11 February 1943, I-21 sank the 7,176 GRT U.S. Liberty Ship Starr King near Port Macquarie. There were no casualties, and the crew was picked up by HMAS Warramunga (I44).

Other ships damaged or sunk along the Australian east coast
On 18 January 1943, I-21 torpedoed the tanker Mobilube, 60 mi off the coast of Sydney, with the loss of three lives. On 22 January 1943 I-21 also torpedoed the Liberty ship Peter H. Burnett, approximately 420 mi north of Sydney, it was towed back to Sydney by the corvette HMAS Mildura. On 12 November 1943 the troopship SS Cape San Juan was torpedoed near the Fiji Islands while sailing from San Francisco to Townsville and sank the next day. Injured and others were taken off by Edwin T. Meredith. Survivors in the water were picked up by USS McCalla (DD-488), USS Dempsey (DE-26) and YMS 241.

Loss
I-21 was never sighted again following a final report made on 27 November 1943, off the Gilbert Islands. A Japanese Type B submarine, which was probably I-21, was torpedoed and sunk by TBF Avengers off Tarawa on 29 November 1943.

title: Japanese submarine I-21


text:
Ghana Medical and Dental Council

The Ghana Medical and Dental Council is an agency of the Ghana government responsible for regulating the standards of training and practice of medicine and dentistry in Ghana. It is located in Accra the capital city of Ghana.

title: Ghana Medical and Dental Council


text:
Perreton Manor

Perreton Manor (also Peryton, 16th century) is a manor house on the Isle of Wight, situated in the parish of  Arreton.

A member of Arreton Manor, it belonged at the Dissolution to the Quarr Abbey. A messuage called Perreton was granted in 1545 to Anthony Beyff, and in 1591–2 it was granted to John Welles. It comprises the land between Arreton and Redway, and a field to the west of the road leading from Croucher's Cross to Arreton is called Old Perreton and pointed out as the traditional site of the house. The present house lies in the low ground and is of the ordinary farm type of the 17th century. It has a date stone, L.B. 1668, the initials of Levinus Bennet.

title: Perreton Manor


text:
User:KDS4444/Narrow pennant

A narrow pennant is a swallow-tailed tapering flag.

http://books.google.com/books?id=aNTxO4yHt0sC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=%22broad+pennant%22&source=bl&ots=SbWL6Qh0kF&sig=QMQfiPSFD6u_dwCdBExBjLK0f0w&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ybH8T-29L4fTqgGUuZyLCQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22broad%20pennant%22&f=true

title: User:KDS4444/Narrow pennant


text:
Portal:Databases

School:Computer Science -> Topic:Computer Programming -> Topic:Databases

Course Purpose
1) The aim is to present the general principles of the database systems with a practical focus, and some implementation assignments. Those assignments may or may not include programming.

2) The course assumes that students have some programming or strong logical reasoning skills in programming languages like C or C++. Some programming data structures such as (heap files, buffer manager, B+ trees, hash indexes, various join methods) are used in the course

Learning projects

 * Topic:SQL - SQL Wikipedia article, SQL at Wikibooks
 * Topic:MySQL - popular Open Source database system (MySQL Wikipedia article, MySQL at Wikibooks)
 * Topic:PostgreSQL - large scale, fully SQL compliant Open Source database system (PostgreSQL at Wikipedia, PostgreSQL at Wikibooks)
 * Topic:Object-Oriented Programming - includes a discussion of Object-relational databases
 * Topic:Web Design - includes learning materials for building dynamic websites with database-driven backends
 * MariaDB

Prerequisites
Learners interested in Topic:Databases should first enroll at School:Computer Science and Computer Programming.
 * Introduction to Programming

Lessons

 * Introduction to Databases
 * Data structures
 * Database Management Systems
 * Introduction to SQL
 * Oracle Database

Introductory course
This course is intended to serve as a quick-and-dirty introduction to Relational Databases, leading the reader to a point where they could create a useful small database for home or small business use.

 * Introduction to Relational Databases
 * Designing a Relational Database
 * Datatypes
 * Generating the Databases
 * Querying to the Database

Forums

 * Wikiversity forum for general discussion of databases. On this page, people will answer the questions you pose about databases.

Wikipedia articles

 * Database
 * Relational database

Wikibooks

 * Databases
 * Database Design
 * MySQL

title: Portal:Databases


text:
Talk:Derrick Turnbow

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Derrick Turnbow. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090303211210/http://hotstove.mlblogs.com/archives/2009/01/turbow_rangers_in_agreement.html to http://hotstove.mlblogs.com/archives/2009/01/turbow_rangers_in_agreement.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091016181853/http://www.rotoworld.com/content/playerpages/player_main.aspx?sport=MLB&id=2973 to http://www.rotoworld.com/content/playerpages/player_main.aspx?sport=MLb&id=2973

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:47, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derrick Turnbow


text:
Portal talk:Finnish

Languages and Language Families
Please have a look at Languages and Language families and The Language Index. Get involved at Wikiversity translations and the Translation Taskforce. Be sure to accomodate Foreign Language Learning for Finnish and link to the Schools of Linguistics, Language and Literature. Thanks to JukkaM for starting this Language topic! CQ 02:37, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Finnish


text:
David Lubinski

David J. Lubinski is an American psychology professor known for his work in applied research, psychometrics, and individual differences. His work (with Camilla Benbow) has focussed on exceptionally able children: the nature of exceptional ability, the development of people with exceptional ability (in particular meeting the educational needs of gifted children to maximise their talent). He has published widely on the impact of extremely high ability on outputs such as publications, creative writing and art, patents etc.

Lubinski has argued against the "threshold hypothesis" which suggests that a certain minimum of IQ might be needed, but higher IQ did not translate into greater productivity or creativity. Instead, he has argued that higher intelligence leads to higher outcomes with no apparent threshold or dropping off of its impact.

Education
He earned his B.A. and PhD from the University of Minnesota in 1981 and 1987 respectively. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1987 to 1990 with Lloyd G. Humphreys. He taught at Iowa State University from 1990 to 1998 and took a position at Vanderbilt University in 1998, where he currently co-directs the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY), a longitudinal study of intellectual talent, with Camilla Benbow.

In 1994, he was one of 52 signatories on "Mainstream Science on Intelligence", an editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in The Wall Street Journal, which declared the consensus of the signing scholars on issues related to intelligence research following the publication of the book The Bell Curve.

In 1996, he won the American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution to Psychology (Applied Research/Psychometrics). In 2006, he received the Distinguished Scholar Award from the National Association for Gifted Children (NAGC). In addition to this, his work has earned several Mensa Awards for Research Excellence and the organisations Lifetime Achievement Award. He is an APA Division 1 Fellow. He has edited a book with Camilla Benbow, and another with Rene V. Dawis, and has published over 50 refereed journal articles.

Books (edited)

 * Benbow CP, Lubinski, D. J. (Eds.) (1996). Intellectual talent: Psychometric and social issues. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5302-8
 * Lubinski DJ, Dawis, R. V. (Eds.) (1995). Assessing individual differences in human behavior: methods, concepts, and findings. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. ISBN 0-89106-072-3

title: David Lubinski


text:
Death and state funeral of Heydar Aliyev

Heydar Aliyev, the former President of Azerbaijan, died on 12 December 2003 in the Cleveland Clinic (United States) at 10 am local time from heart failure at the age of 80. On 14 December, his coffin was taken to Baku.

Funeral commission
On 13 December, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev signed a decree on the establishment of the State Commission for the funeral of his father, Heydar. The following list contains members of the commission:

 * Ilham Aliyev - President of the Republic and Chairman of the State Commission
 * Murtuz Alasgarov - Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan
 * Artur Rasizade - Prime Minister of Azerbaijan
 * Ramiz Mehdiyev - Head of the Presidential Administration
 * Farhad Abdullayev - Chairman of the Constitutional Court
 * Vilayat Guliyev - Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Safar Abiyev - Minister of Defense
 * Namig Abbasov - Minister of National Security
 * Ramil Usubov - Minister of Internal Affairs
 * Zakir Garalov - Prosecutor General
 * Allahshukur Pashazade - Chairman of the Caucasian Muslims Office
 * Mahmud Karimov - President of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan
 * Hajibala Abutalibov - Mayor of Baku
 * Anar Rzayev - Chairman of the Writers' Union of Azerbaijan

Ceremony
The farewell ceremony was held 15 December 2003 at the Palace of the Republic (nowadays Heydar Aliyev Palace) and was broadcast live on the main Azerbaijani TV channels. The funeral lasted seven hours and was attended by 250,000 people. At 9.00 local time, the farewell ceremony began, with a guard of honor from the National Guard of Azerbaijan being lined up at the coffin. A prayer service was also held at the local mosque. After the official ceremony, a procession of many kilometres took place. After staying in Baku for only an hour and a half, Putin and Nazarbayev left the ceremonies early via Bina International Airport. Heydar Aliyev was buried in the Alley of Honor next to his wife Zarifa Aliyeva. During the funeral, an artillery salute was given.

Dignitaries
The ceremony was attended by past and present Azerbaijani politicians and a plethora of international dignitaries, which included the following:
 * 🇦🇿 The President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev
 * 🇦🇿 The First Lady of Azerbaijan, Mehriban Aliyeva
 * 🇷🇺 The President of Russia, Vladimir Putin
 * 🇷🇺 The Mayor of Moscow, Yury Luzhkov
 * 🇷🇺 The President of Dagestan, Magomedali Magomedov
 * The Secretary General of CIS, Vladimir Rushallo
 * 🇰🇿 The President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev
 * 🇰🇬 The President of Kyrgyzstan, Askar Akayev
 * 🇲🇩 The President of Moldova, Vladimir Voronin
 * The President of Georgia, Nino Burjanadze
 * The Former President of Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze
 * Candidate in the 2004 Georgian presidential election, Mikheil Saakashvili
 * Chairman of the Government of Adjara, Aslan Abashidze
 * 🇺🇦 The President of Ukraine, Leonid Kuchma
 * 🇹🇷 The President of Turkey, Ahmet Necdet Sezer
 * 🇹🇷 The Prime Minister of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
 * 🇺🇿 The Speaker of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis, Erkin Khalilov

Reactions

 * 🇰🇿 President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev expressed condolences to Ilham Aliyev, saying "The people of Azerbaijan suffered a heavy loss".
 * 🇰🇬 On 13 December, President of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev sent a telegram of condolences to Ilham Aliyev.
 * 🇷🇺 Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed his condolences in a phone call with President Ilham Aliyev. The Azerbaijani Embassy in Moscow opened its doors for people to sign the book of condolences. Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow referred to Aliyev as "the wisest statesman has passed away, who devoted his whole life to the prosperity of the people of Azerbaijan and made a significant contribution to strengthening the once common state for our peoples." Condolences also came from former Russian Premier Yevgeny Primakov.
 * 🇺🇸 The United States Department of State sent condolences to Ilham Aliyev.


text:
thermal desorption

Noun

 * 1) The removal of contaminants from soil etc. by heating

Translations

 * Finnish: terminen desorptio

title: thermal desorption


text:
Nehemiah Walter

Nehemiah Walter (born December 1663, Youghal, County Cork, Ireland – died 17 September 1750, Roxbury, Boston, British Colonial America) was a clergyman. He came with his father, Thomas, to the American colonies in 1679, settling in the Boston area. He was graduated at Harvard in 1684. After living for a time in Nova Scotia, became colleague to John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians. He was minister of Roxbury, Massachusetts from 17 October 1688 until his death.

Walter married a daughter of Increase Mather. He published The body of death anatomized: A brief essay concerning the sorrows and the desires of the regenerate, upon their sense of indwelling sin (Boston, 1707); Practical Discourses on the Holiness of Heaven (1726); and a posthumous volume of Sermons on Isaiah LV (1755).

title: Nehemiah Walter


text:
Talk:Kemi Sámi

Poems
Can anyone translate the Swedish translations of the two poems into English? -- TonyM ｷﾀ━( °∀° )━ｯ!!  08:32, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Why is there a Swedish translation at all on the English wikipedia? <IP_ADDRESS> 21:21, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * If the first one should have been translated from Swedish to English, that is outright necessary. G Purevdorj (talk) 23:44, 17 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Me, not at all sure of the accuracy of the translations. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:35, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I have proofread these works now: Guldnasas and Moarsi favrrot. - Christopher Forster (talk) 21:40, 10 January 2011
 * I think it is questionable to formulate North Saami names for those songs, which do not even represent the North Saami lineage but very different kind of language. A random reader might get an erroneous impression that they are just wrongly written North Saami. Jaakko Häkkinen (talk) 20:17, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kemi Sámi


text:
Charles (Manson) in Charge

"Charles (Manson) in Charge" is the tenth episode of American Horror Story: Cult, the seventh season of the anthology television series American Horror Story. It aired on November 7, 2017, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk, and directed by Bradley Buecker.

Plot
Kai resolves to orchestrate a "night of a thousand Tates", referring to the infamous Tate murders. Gary and a few of Kai's followers break into a local Planned Parenthood office. Once inside, Gary is surrounded by Kai and his followers wearing their clown attire and he is stabbed to death. During an interview, Kai suggests that the incumbent senator is responsible for Gary's murder.

Kai begins to suspect that there is a mole in the cult. He begins having hallucinations where he receives advice from Dr. Vincent and Charles Manson. Ally tells Kai that she has found a listening device. The doorbell rings and Kai instructs Ally to stay where she is. Kai answers the door and finds Bebe standing there. They both go to the basement where Bebe tells Kai that he isn't keeping his end of the deal they made a year ago. Bebe pulls a gun on Kai and Ally shoots her in the back of the head.

That evening, Winter shaves Kai's head in the bathroom. Kai tells Winter that he feels as though she's slipping away and she tells Kai that every follower of his will leave him one day except for her. Kai tells Winter that he is planning on having her by his side when he is in the White House and they briefly hug each other. Kai then suggests that Winter run away to Montana and pulls out the train ticket she gave to Beverly earlier.

In the basement, Kai, convinced that Winter is the mole, demands her to confess. When she denies that she is the mole and refuses to confess, Kai tearfully strangles her to death. Speedwagon runs to his car afterward and destroys a wire. Ally enters his car and greets him.

Reception
"Charles (Manson) in Charge" was watched by 1.82 million people during its original broadcast, and gained a 0.8 ratings share among adults aged 18–49.

The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Charles (Manson) in Charge" holds an 80% approval rating, based on 15 reviews with an average rating of 7.08 out of 10.

Tony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode a 3.5 out of 5, saying "While Kai's subversion and Ally's apparent conversion are unexpected, American Horror Story: Cult doesn't quite pull the rug out from under us this week. The recreation of the murders is expertly done, fulfilling the anticipation of the promised gore, but the American horror at the center of the episode is more sad than frightening. If nothing else, this episode convinced me that Butte, Montana, is the scariest place on earth."

Kat Rosenfield from Entertainment Weekly gave the episode an A−. She particularly praised the scenes with Charles Manson, calling them "horrifying even by AHS standards". She also enjoyed Billie Lourd's performance in this episode. However, she noticed that some plot points, like Gary's death, could only be explained by Kai's madness, "because it otherwise makes absolutely no sense".

Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a 6 out of 10, with a mixed review. He said "A week out from the finale, Cult revealed that Kai was never the person we'd come to know, even in flashbacks. Instead, he was a bitter woman hater who was most definitely not pretending to be a woman hater for the sake of a twist that could have flipped the show on its ear. With increasing paranoia and drug use, Kai went from a man leading an ambitious and lethal social experiment to... just another unremarkable trolling bigot."

title: Charles (Manson) in Charge


text:
Souris West

Souris West is a municipality that holds community status in Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was incorporated in 1972. Contains the Locality of Souris West and part of the Locality of Lower Rollo Bay.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Souris West had a population of $379$ living in $159$ of its $227$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $361$. With a land area of 7.73 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Souris West


text:
User:Cketelhohn/sandbox

The origin of the common prayer, "Now I lay me down to sleep,"may have first appeared in an essay provided by Joseph Addison to The Spectator magazine on March 8, 1711. The essay says: "When I lay me down to Sleep, I recommend my self to his care; when I awake, I give my self up to his Direction."

title: User:Cketelhohn/sandbox


text:
General Chemistry/Covalent bonds

Covalent bonds create molecules, which can be represented by a molecular formula. For chemicals such as a basic sugar (C6H12O6), the ratios of atoms have a common multiple, and thus the empirical formula is CH2O. Note that a molecule with a certain empirical formula is not necessarily the same as one with the same molecular formula.

Formation of Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds form between two atoms which have incomplete octets — that is, their outermost shells have fewer than eight electrons. They can share their electrons in a covalent bond. The simplest example is water (H2O). Oxygen has six valence electrons (and needs eight) and the hydrogens have one electron each (and need two). The oxygen shares two of its electrons with the hydrogens, and the hydrogens share their electrons with the oxygen. The result is a covalent bond between the oxygen and each hydrogen. The oxygen has a complete octet and the hydrogens have the two electrons they each need.

When atoms move closer, their orbitals change shape, letting off energy. However, there is a limit to how close the atoms get to each other—too close, and the nuclei repel each other.

One way to think of this is a ball rolling down into a valley. It will settle at the lowest point. As a result of this potential energy "valley", there is a specific bond length for each type of bond. Also, there is a specific amount of energy, measured in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) that is required to break the bonds in one mole of the substance. Stronger bonds have a shorter bond length and a greater bond energy.

The Valence Bond Model
One useful model of covalent bonding is called the Valence Bond model. It states that covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons with each other in order to complete their valence (outer) electron shells. They are mainly formed between non-metals.

An example of a covalently bonded substance is hydrogen gas (H2). A hydrogen atom on its own has one electron—it needs two to complete its valence shell. When two hydrogen atoms bond, each one shares its electron with the other so that the electrons move about both atoms instead of just one. Both atoms now have access to two electrons: they become a stable H2 molecule joined by a single covalent bond.

Double and Triple Bonds
Covalent bonds can also form between other non-metals, for example chlorine. A chlorine atom has 7 electrons in its valence shell—it needs 8 to complete it. Two chlorine atoms can share 1 electron each to form a single covalent bond. They become a Cl2 molecule.

Oxygen can also form covalent bonds, however, it needs a further 2 electrons to complete its valence shell (it has 6). Two oxygen atoms must share 2 electrons each to complete each other's shells, making a total of 4 shared electrons. Because twice as many electrons are shared, this is called a 'double covalent bond'. Double bonds are much stronger than single bonds, so the bond length is shorter and the bond energy is higher.

Furthermore,, nitrogen has 5 valence electrons (it needs a further 3). Two nitrogen atoms can share 3 electrons each to make a N2 molecule joined by a 'triple covalent bond'. Triple bonds are stronger than double bonds. They have the shortest bond lengths and highest bond energies.

Electron Sharing and Orbitals
Carbon, contrary to the trend, does not share four electrons to make a quadruple bond. The reason for this is that the fourth pair of electrons in carbon cannot physically move close enough to be shared. The valence bond model explains this by considering the orbitals involved.

Recall that electrons orbit the nucleus within a cloud of electron density (orbitals). The valence bond model works on the principle that orbitals on different atoms must overlap to form a bond. There are several different ways that the orbitals can overlap, forming several distinct kinds of covalent bonds.

The Sigma Bond
The first and simplest kind of overlap is when two s orbitals come together. It is called a sigma bond (sigma, or σ, is the Greek equivalent of 's'). Sigma bonds can also form between two p orbitals that lie pointing towards each other. Whenever you see a single covalent bond, it exists as a sigma bond. When two atoms are joined by a sigma bond, they are held close to each other, but they are free to rotate like beads on a string.

The Pi Bond
The second, and equally important kind of overlap is between two parallel p orbitals. Instead of overlapping head-to-head (as in the sigma bond), they join side-to-side, forming two areas of electron density above and below the molecule. This type of overlap is referred to as a pi (π, from the Greek equivalent of p) bond. Whenever you see a double or triple covalent bond, it exists as one sigma bond and one or two pi bonds. Due to the side-by-side overlap of a pi bond, there is no way the atoms can twist around each other as in a sigma bond. Pi bonds give the molecule a rigid shape.

Pi bonds are weaker than sigma bonds since there is less overlap. Thus, two single bonds are stronger than a double bond, and more energy is needed to break two single bonds than a single double bond.

Hybridization
Consider a molecule of methane: a carbon atom attached to four hydrogen atoms. Each atom is satisfying the octet rule, and each bond is a single covalent bond.

Now look at the electron configuration of carbon: 1s22s22p2. In its valence shell, it has two s electrons and two p electrons. It would not be possible for the four electrons to make equal bonds with the four hydrogen atoms (each of which has one s electron). We know, by measuring bond length and bond energy, that the four bonds in methane are equal, yet carbon has electrons in two different orbitals, which should overlap with the hydrogen 1s orbital in different ways.

To solve the problem, hybridization occurs. Instead of a s orbital and three p orbital, the orbitals mix, to form four orbitals, each with 25% s character and 75% p character. These hybrid orbitals are called sp3 orbitals, and they are identical. Observe:

$$C\quad  \frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{1s}\;\;   \frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2s}\;   \frac{\uparrow\,}{2p_x}\;   \frac{\uparrow\,}{2p_y}\;   \frac{\,\,}{2p_z}$$

$$C^{*}\quad \frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{1s}\;\;  \frac{\uparrow\,}{sp^3} \frac{\uparrow\,}{sp^3} \frac{\uparrow\,}{sp^3} \frac{\uparrow\,}{sp^3}$$

Now these orbitals can overlap with hydrogen 1s orbitals to form four equal bonds. Hybridization may involve d orbitals in the atoms that have them, allowing up to a sp3d2 hybridization.

title: General Chemistry/Covalent bonds


text:
Introduction to Abstract Algebra

{| An introductory course from the School of Mathematics
 * bgcolor="#E6CFDD" style="border:1px solid #cfcfcf;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0em;"| Introduction to Abstract Algebra
 * bgcolor="#E6CFDD" style="border:1px solid #cfcfcf;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0em;"| Introduction to Abstract Algebra

 * bgcolor="#F4E3F3" style="border:1px solid #cfcfcf;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0em;"|
 * bgcolor="#F4E3F3" style="border:1px solid #cfcfcf;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0em;"|

Course Overview
The main topic of the course is to introduce students to Group Theory, including the Sylow theorem. We'll also cover the structure of abelian groups and various permutation groups. If we have time, I'll also give a brief introduction to rings and fields including polynomial rings, factorization, the classical geometric constructions, and Galois theory.

Course requirements
The following knowledge is required or desirable on commencement of study of this course:
 * School of Mathematics:Introduction to Proofs
 * Linear Algebra

Course outline
We're going to follow a number of different sources for ths course. Primarily, we will follow Wikibooks' Abstract Algebra textbook. A good textbook to pick up is Topics in Algebra by I.N. Herstein. Another is Abstract Algebra by W.E. Deskins.

 * Set Theory, Mappings and some Number Theory
 * Introduction to Groups
 * Subgroups
 * Cosets
 * The Lagrange Theorem
 * Normal Subgroups
 * Homomorphisms
 * Automorphisms
 * Cayley's Theorem
 * Permutation Groups and Class Equations
 * Sylow's Theorem
 * Direct Products
 * Intro to Rings, Fields and Galois Theory

I will not assign grades unless you ask me to. If you would like to have your work graded, your grade will be the best of weighted averages of the three exams.

Lecture series
Lecture 1 - Introduction/Set Theory Lecture 2 - Relations and Mappings Lecture 3 - Groups

Assignments
Problem sets will be posted here after every lecture. These problem sets are designed to prepare the student for the exams. These will not be graded.

Problem Set #1 Problem Set #2 Problem Set #3

Examinations
The plan is to have two 'midterm' exams and a comprehensive 'final' exam. Exam questions will be based on questions from the problem sets and the lectures. I'm debating on how to implement the exams, more information will be available soon. More than likely a link to the exam will be posted here, and you will post the answers on your user page or other page.

Recommended student evaluation scheme
not available yet

Sign Up List
If you are interested in taking this course, please indicate so here.

With video

 * Verity Seeker, Basic abstract algebra, Youtube.
 * Benedict Gross, Abstract Algebra, Open Learning Initiative, Harvard University Extension School.
 * Bob Donley, Abstract Algebra, Math Doctor Bob, Youtube

Without video

 * Scott Williams, Introduction to Abstract Algebra, University of Arizona, Fall 2013.

Reading

 * Abstract Algebra
 * Thomas W. Judson, Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications
 * Samir Siksek, Lecture Notes, Introduction to Abstract Algebra, Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick -- Also see associated homework sets, listed under the appropriate section here.

 * }

title: Introduction to Abstract Algebra


text:
User:Jaxman123

i am an expert in Identity fraud, and "identity theft protection"

i am versed in both the credit and non credit Identity fraud arena, as well as the history of the fraud.

these categories may include but are not limited to : financial, criminal, medical, data-breach, child, social security.

title: User:Jaxman123


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zooniverse (comic book)

The result was   redirect to Fil Barlow. Whether and what to merge are editorial decisions, as always. Seraphimblade Talk to me 03:56, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

Zooniverse (comic book)

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

This article describes a comic from 1987 which seems not to have had a legacy in the arts. It ran for 6 issues. No reliable sources are identified giving information about it. Information given in this article does not meet notability criteria.  Blue Rasberry   (talk)   19:46, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Comics and animation-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 03:03, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Keep - Zooniverse is notable in that it was one of the very first Australian written and drawn comics that was published and distributed by a US comic book publisher. I have added a number of references to verify the article. Dan arndt (talk) 05:15, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep - Zooniverse Fil Barlow has returned to comics and is working on animated versions atLoop De Loop and a collected album of the six issue comic series with publisher Milk Shadow Books along with smaller black and white comics of new Zooniverse work, the first of which was published last week. Thank you to Dan Arndt for helping with the verifications. Pungence (talk) 06:01, 11 July 2012 (UTC) — Pungence (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.

 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Australia-related deletion discussions. Dan arndt (talk) 05:49, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, BusterD (talk) 20:58, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, T. Canens (talk) 16:44, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Mark Arsten (talk) 18:11, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Merge to Fil Barlow. The sources added to the article are, with the exception of Design & Art Australia, not reliable sources; notability is not established for this comic series. A merge and redirect to the comic artist seems appropriate for this subject. - The Bushranger One ping only 22:24, 8 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Merge to Fil Barlow per The Bushranger. Rorshacma (talk) 17:13, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Merge to Fil Barlow. This series does not appear to meet notability for a stand-alone article, but the artist is notable - so a merge/redirect would appear to be apt  Phantom Steve / talk | contribs \ 02:42, 11 August 2012 (UTC)


text:
Zsolt Gombos

Zsolt Gombos (born 27 February 1968 in Zalaegerszeg) is a Hungarian former wrestler who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics, in the 1996 Summer Olympics, and in the 2000 Summer Olympics.

title: Zsolt Gombos


text:
User:Mrakash1025

Amit Hasan Akash was born on April 16, 2000 in Binodpur, Shibganj, Chapai Nawabganj, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. His village name Sadharitola, Binodpur.

title: User:Mrakash1025


text:
Psychosensory therapy

Psychosensory therapy is a form of therapeutic treatment that uses sensory stimuli (i.e., touch, sight, sound, taste, smell) to affect psychological and emotional health. In addition, psychosensory therapy is a group of therapeutic techniques that involves applying sensory inputs to treat various behaviors, mood, thoughts, symptoms, and pain. Psychosensory therapy has its roots in traditional Chinese medicine in addition to energy psychology. Some important figures in psychosensory therapy include chiropractor George Goodheart, psychiatrist John Diamond, clinical psychologist Roger Callahan, and Ronald Ruden.

Some of the common techniques used in psychosensory therapy include havening techniques, emotional freedom techniques, Callahan technique–thought field therapy (Callahan, 1985), and eye–movement desensitization and reprocessing.

These techniques in addition to others, according to both American Psychiatric Association (2016) and Stapleton and colleagues, are effective for treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Depression, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Background and influences
The origin of psychosensory therapy is rooted in applied kinesiology, traditional Chinese medicine, and the field of energy psychology. The term was first used by Ruden, which he described as altering feelings, thoughts, and behaviors through utilizing sensory input. Ruden argues that psychosensory therapy should be thought of as a third pillar to treatment, in addition to psychotherapy and psychopharmacology. Regarding traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture was used as a way to cure disease through different energy meridians in our body. According to Chang, the idea with TCM is that health is harmony, and disease is a lack of harmony, and one way of achieving harmony is through interaction of rhythms. Beginning in the field of Applied Kinesiology, where chiropractor George Goodheart (in the 1960s and 1970s) began exploring clinical observations through muscle testing (i.e., technique where tester monitors subtle changes in muscle tone as an indicator of sickness and health within the body). Goodheart also developed the technique “tapping” which he found helped his patients feel relief from trauma and stress, and is currently used today. According to Mollon, around the same time, John Diamond, a psychiatrist, joined Goodheart's team and began exploring the implications to psychological disorders and emotional conditions. What the team found was that when an individual thinks of something upsetting or lies, the muscle test will be slightly weaker. The team also found that by stimulating specific acupuncture meridians and asking the individual to say certain emotional affirmations, that would result in an ameliorated weakened muscle test and the individual would experience relief from the distress that just occurred. Therefore, Diamond found connections between acupuncture meridians, words, and emotions, and thus found a way of rapidly ameliorating the distress. Roger Callahan, a clinical psychologist, extended Diamond's work after a client he had been working with, was responding only marginally to cognitive and behavioral forms of treatment for a longstanding phobia of water. According to Mollon, one day in 1979, Callahan performed a muscle test (as Goodheart and Diamond did) and found his client to have a problem in her stomach meridian, so he asked her to tap on the other side of the meridian (her second toe or under the eye), and within a few seconds his client reported the anxiety in her stomach was gone and she ran to the swimming pool with her phobia never returning. Dr. Callahan went on to explore this event further, and with minimal success at the beginning, he eventually discovered that individuals require multiple points to be tapped in a specific sequence, and that varied between individuals. Callahan developed this procedure further and eventually, through trial and error, refined a muscle testing procedure that enabled the tapping sequence to be found, which worked rapidly at relieving distress for his clients. Callahan initially only applied this technique with phobias and anxieties, as his first book was titled “The Five Minute Phobia Cure” but was later found to be helpful with other emotional problems and with PTSD.

Callahan also discovered, through an individual's muscle response, an indication of individual's resistance to recovery. For example, a normal muscle response when an individual says, "I want to get over this issue" is strong, and when an individual says, "I don't want to get over this issue" the normal muscle response is weak. However, some individual's muscles would respond to "I don't want to get over this issue" as strong, and as Callahan suggests, these individuals would not benefit from the tapping method in addition to other treatments. According to Mollon, Callahan called this "a reversal" and claimed it would completely block treatment. Callahan speculated that these reversals would contain hidden motivations and conflicts that result from the body's energy system, and they can be rapidly reduced by Callahan's methods. Callahan called these methods thought field therapy (TFT) because an individual's thought does not only occur in the mind, but also in an energy field within the body that can be accessed through acupuncture and other similar methods. TFT was not based on a theory but more on observations based on the techniques he used. Callahan was mostly the only clinician during the 1980s to use these techniques, but in the 1990s others have started to promote these techniques.

Energy psychology is a form of therapeutic techniques aimed at using our senses (e.g., touch) in combination with psychological exposure and cognitive techniques. The idea is thought to in part be sparked by quantum theory, in that, energy and matter are from the same reality, therefore, all psychological problems involve a dysregulated or imbalanced energy system. These techniques are derived from non-Western systems for spiritual development and healing. Energy psychology is also thought of as "acupuncture without needles" for treating psychological disorders. Energy psychology has roots in applied kinesiology, traditional Chinese medicine, and clinical psychology. For example, TFT involves utilizing imagery and/or thoughts, feelings, and acupuncture as a way of improving symptoms. TFT involves techniques performed while the individual is thinking about his/her problem. These techniques involve activating specific acupuncture points, which then alleviate negative emotions that are associated with the psychological problems.

Elements
Psychosensory therapy can be defined as a form of therapeutic treatment that uses sensory input (i.e. touch, sight, sound, taste, smell) to alter our thoughts, mood, and behavior. The sensory input is often used therapeutically to evoke an extrasensory response—a response not bound to the limits of human senses (beyond the five senses). Sensory input can alter the brain. For instance, one may feel joy when listening to music, hunger when passing a restaurant, and comfort and warmth when massaged.

Touch
Touch therapy is older than recorded time, dating back to 1800 BC. The mechanism of touch is based on mechanoreceptors embedded in the skin. These mechanoreceptors monitor pressure, heat, perception of pain, and texture. Touch is a form of nonverbal communication that can have an extrasensory effect. The use of touch has been long associated with healing. For instance, acupuncture needling, an ancient practice in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and a touch therapeutic technique, deals with the insertion of needles into the skin in order to affect one's mood and perception of pain. Reiki, a Japanese touch technique, deals with movement of hands on the body and is often used for stress reduction. Massage therapy involves kneading different parts of the body with some pressure. This form of touch therapy breaks down tissue tensions, and restores normal lengths to the tendons, thus reducing stress. Massage has been shown to decrease cortisol levels, and cause a rise in dopamine and serotonin.

Sight
Symmetry and order may produce a calming effect to one's sight. The construction of symmetry can produce a sense of balance, harmony and perfect proportion. Symmetry is usually perceived to be more attractive than asymmetry. For instance, a beautiful symmetrical face can be comforting and pleasing to look toward. Lack of order can evoke confusion. Extensive research has demonstrated that the lack of sunlight can produce disorders such as depression, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation and intent.

Sound
The Ancient Greeks considered music and sound to penetrate the depths of the soul. Various aspects of music can affect one's emotional state. For instance, the speed, rhythm, and melody are some aspects of music that can affect the human mind and emotions. Early forms of music such as communal chanting was often used in religious settings in order to evoke a feeling of safety and unity within the community. Some researchers consensually agree that music's soothing effect is due to inhibiting other sensory input (taste, sight, etc.), from affecting the senses. Different forms of music can affect one's mood. For instance, seasonal music may make one feel more cheerful, while martial music can make one feel more combative and quarrelsome.

Taste
Taste can have a sensory impact other than curbing hunger. Sugar is a mind-altering substance that can trigger a serotonin-release and produce a craving for sweet things such as comfort foods. Comfort foods typically have a high-carbohydrate and sugar content. The extrasensory effect of food can cause it to feel like a drug and comforting, which may lead to health concerns such as obesity. These comfort foods may be associated with positive, good feelings such as comfort, home, and safety.

Smell
Smell is a chemical sense that involves odoriferous molecules as the primary source of information. Smell is the fastest route to the brain's limbic system which governs emotion. Smell impulses are faster than other sensory stimuli such as visual and auditory processing, and thus has a powerful effect on one's emotional state. Aromatherapy, is a smell technique that uses essential oils, extracted from plants for the treatment of physical and emotional health. The essential oils can be ingested or inhaled, or applied topically. Research has shown aromatherapy to produce modest to significant effects. In one study, researchers studied various scents (lavender, lemon, rose) for anti-stress. Results indicated that lemon scents were the best anti-stress aromas for stress situations.

Interventions
According to Ruden there are multiple psychosensory therapy techniques, including havening techniques, emotional freedom techniques (EFT), Callahan technique–thought field therapy (CT-TFT) and eye movement desensitizing and reprocessing (EMDR). Ruden claimed that some psychosensory therapy techniques need continuing maintenance, while others can facilitate permanent change. However, of these psychosensory therapy techniques, only EMDR for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is recognized as a psychological treatment for the Society of Clinical Psychology Division 12 of the American Psychological Association.

Havening techniques
Havening therapy refers to Ruden's approach to treating suffering related to trauma. This technique utilizes sensory inputs, including physical touching between the therapist and patient, to create a safe space for de-encoding traumatic memories. In practice a practitioner might lightly tap and stroke a subject who hums and practices eye movements, in the hope this might alleviate pain.

According to Ruden, touch facilitates an increase in calming chemicals like serotonin, which deactivates specific receptors in the memory bank. Consequently, successful havening can result in permanent change as amygdala-activated emotional responses to the traumatic memory are removed. However, havening has been criticized for a lacking empirical support, and that significantly more research on havening is needed before the practice can be considered evidence based.

Emotional freedom techniques
Emotional freedom techniques (EFT) utilizes various psychological treatments, like exposure techniques and cognitive techniques in tandem with stimulation of acupuncture points. In place of needles, EFT patients tap acupuncture points on the upper body and face. Reviews of EFT literature suggest that EFT only has moderate empirical support from primarily small or moderate randomized controlled trials. One report of two major reviews of the supportive evidence for EFT gathered over 30 years showed support for EFT to be methodologically weak.

Callahan technique–thought field therapy
Callahan technique–Thought field therapy (CT-TFT) was introduced by Roger Callahan in his book Five Minute Phobia Cure (Callahan, 1985). Like EFT, CT-TFT utilizes manual stimulation of acupuncture points, utilizing the stimulation while simultaneously focusing on the objects of fear or anxiety. As with havening techniques and EFT, the empirical basis for CT-TFT is a contested issue, as critics state CT-TFT support is methodically weak.

Eye movement desensitizing and reprocessing
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) combines traumatic memory processing with eye movement. EMDR hypothesizes that bilateral eye movements information processing and integration, promoting fuller processing of traumatic memories. Unlike havening techniques, EFT, and CT-TFT, EMDR is recognized by the Society of Clinical Psychology Division 12 of the American Psychological Association as psychological treatment for PTSD with strong, albeit controversial research support. Some evidence shows that EMDR is comparably effective to exposure therapies for trauma, suggesting that exposure represents the critical element, and the eye movement component is superfluous.

title: Psychosensory therapy


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Talk:Bodil Honorary Award

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This article was created on 8 February as Danish Film Critics Association Honorary Award,. As no source ever has referred to the award using such a name, or its supposed Danish equivalent Danske Filmkritikeres Ærespris, that choice was not well thought out.

I moved the article on the 9th to the policy-compliant and category-logical title Bodil Honorary Award in, leaving the edit summary "In compliance with article titles for other awards, with a redirect from Honorary Bodil".

I now notice that the article yesterday was moved by article creator in to its current title Honorary Bodil Award without leaving an edit summary.

I find this an odd move, and suggest the article is moved back, but I'd like to hear the rationale for the move if there is some logic here that I'm overlooking. -- Sam Sing! 12:59, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

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Bermuda hawk

The Bermuda hawk (Bermuteo avivorus) is an extinct bird of prey that was endemic to Bermuda. It was the sole member of the genus Bermuteo.

Distribution
The Bermuda hawk inhabited the island of Bermuda where it is recorded in the fossil record. It is thought to account for a report of sightings of raptors made on the island in 1603 by Diego Ramírez, which mentions their possible island tameness: "very handsome sparrow-hawks, so stupid that we even clubbed them".

Extinction
The species apparently was not present in 1623, when Captain John Smith noted that there were only migrant raptors on Bermuda. Its date of extinction is not known but is presumed to have followed the human settlement on the island in the 17th century and may have been due to hunting and the introduction of invasive species, such as feral pigs.

title: Bermuda hawk


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OC Photography Program

Contents

 * About the OC Photography Program
 * The Open Content Photography Program is being built to help people to learn professional photography. It is not a book about photography, it's a book about learning photography on your own.

 * Art History for Photographers
 * For photographers art history is very important to keep an open mind, and to know the evolution of other arts that can be considered forerunners of photography.

 * Photography History
 * By studying the masters we can learn a lot about photography. Each of them has important lessons to teach the photography student.

 * /Fundamentals of Photographic Technique/
 * Traditional and digital photography techniques have a lot in common. Whatever tools you use, it's important to understand the fundamental techniques of the medium.

 * The Light
 * Photographia, in Greek, literally means "writing of light". Understanding, and sometimes controlling light is a very important task for photographers.

 * Traditional Darkroom
 * Does a traditional darkroom make sense in a digital age? It is an excellent way to learn photography. Also, traditionally produced images still carry a cachet for some galleries and collectors.

 * Digital Photography
 * In commercial photography, personal photography and fine art, digital photography brought new possibilities.

 * Digital Cameras
 * Choosing a digital camera can be a difficult task, so knowing the particular uses to which it is to be put is important.

 * Digital Darkroom
 * The "digital darkroom" is what photographers call the computer software they use to process images. Knowing how to use digital tools is essential for a practicing photographer today.

 * Commercial Practices
 * The difference between being a good photographer and a good professional photographer is not technical but commercial.

 * Resources

Photographie

title: OC Photography Program


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Talk:Fardeen Khan/Archive 1

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 17:55, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

fardeenkhan
Website. DEEPAK HUPLEKER. Sr.Ctzn #00019801227.India. Sd/- 11:50, 15 August 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Deepak Hupleker (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Fardeen Khan/Archive 1


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Dean railway station

Dean railway station, also shown as Dean (Wilts), serves the village of West Dean in Wiltshire, England. The station is on the Wessex Main Line, 88 mi from London Waterloo. Whilst the station building is in Wiltshire, the platforms straddle the county boundary with Hampshire.

South Western Railway (SWR) operates a regular service between Salisbury and Southampton Central via Romsey. This runs hourly during the week, with a two-hourly service on Sundays, and uses two-car Class 158 units. As a result of the introduction of the SWR service, the number of Great Western Railway (GWR) trains between Portsmouth Harbour and Cardiff that stop at Dean was reduced. Since October 2011, there have been no GWR trains stopping at Dean, and from April 2020 the management of the station was transferred from GWR to SWR.

title: Dean railway station


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C.S.I Jayaraj Annapackiam College

C.S.I Jayaraj Annapackiam College, is a general degree college located in Nallur, Tenkasi district, Tamil Nadu. It was established in the year 1997. The college is affiliated with Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. This college offers different courses in arts, commerce and science.

The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

title: C.S.I Jayaraj Annapackiam College


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Using GNOME/Preferences

GNOME is designed with good defaults in mind. However, it also allows configurability. Hence GNOME allows you to change your preferences. Here is a guide to the available preferences.

 * Desktop Background
 * File Management
 * Font Preferences
 * Keyboard
 * Keyboard shortcuts
 * Menus and toolbars
 * Mouse
 * Network Proxy
 * Screen Resolution
 * Sound
 * Theme
 * Windows

Accessibility

 * Assistive technology support

Advanced

 * CD Database
 * File Types and programs
 * Login Photo
 * Panel
 * Preferred Applications
 * Screensaver
 * Sessions

title: Using GNOME/Preferences