text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/PerfectlyIrrational/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

User:PerfectlyIrrational was checkuser-blocked by, along with User:Eh1092 (01:54, June 21, 2017). I haven't found any formal SPI that led to this, and Bb23 is on a break, so I can't tell you the story behind it.

Nine days later, User:Don1182 was created (07:04, June 30, 2017).

I contend that User:Don1182 is a continuation of User:PerfectlyIrrational, based on the following:

 * Single-Purpose Accounts:
 * User:PerfectlyIrrational's complete focus was on alt-right topics, creating numerous -- frequently deleted -- bios of minor alt-right figures and of minor protests. These include

 * Katie McHugh
 * Kyle Chapman (US)
 * Fraternal Order of Alt Knights
 * Lana Lokteff (redirected)

User:Don1182 is continuing that trend:
 * James Allsup
 * Tara McCarthy
 * You Will Not Replace Us (merged)
 * Ayla Stewart

Both editors have created articles about minor alt-right rallies and protests, usually in advance of the actual events:
 * Predicting the future:

 * From PerfectlyIrrational:
 * 2017 Auburn Riot (AFD) - "I can't help but notice that for an article on a riot, it is remarkably devoid of any mention of rioting." Beeblebrox (talk) 01:17, 19 April 2017 (UTC)
 * 2017 Patriots Day Riot
 * 2017 Pikeville protests

 * From Don1182:
 * 2017 Unite The Right Rally

Note that although the event has yet to take place, Don1182 has added mention of appearing at this rally to Mike Enoch, Michael Hill, Gavin McInnes, and Richard B. Spencer. Note also that in all but the first, he uses the past tense to describe what hasn't happened yet ("In 2017, Hill was a lead speaker at the 2017 Unite The Right Rally...", "Spencer led the 2017 Unite The Right Rally to protest the removal of Confederate monuments...")

 * Editor interaction
 * The editor interaction report shows some overlap between PerfectlyIrrational and Don1182, especially Identity Evropa (which PerfectlyIrrational created) and Template:Alt-right footer (to which both editors have constantly added and re-added entries. Calton | Talk 18:45, 10 August 2017 (UTC)

Comments by other users

 * Don1182 is now (admittedly) editing as . Power~enwiki (talk) 23:09, 13 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Don1183 is likely now . Power~enwiki (talk) 21:34, 15 August 2017 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * I've added Don1183 and Don1884 to the list of suspected sockpuppets, purely to facilitate the investigation with the other blocked accounts. These multiple accounts are legitimate in and of themselves, as the username patterns makes the link between them clear. --Deskana (talk) 13:13, 16 August 2017 (UTC)

✅ that the following accounts are related (see above note that this is a completely legitimate use of multiple accounts): ✅ that the following accounts are related: It is whether these two sets of accounts are related to each other. --Deskana (talk) 14:08, 16 August 2017 (UTC)
 * I indeffed the second group, and left the first group unblocked as we are unable to prove their connection to the second group. Case closed.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  14:06, 17 August 2017 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

The account looks like a sleeper sock, and quacks like PerfectlyIrrational in making and editing Reactions to the 2017 Barcelona attack . Note that MaineK created the page removed at Articles for deletion/Trump Speeches on Unite The Right; I can't provide diffs of edits there. Power~enwiki (talk) 17:00, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments
. In order to facilitate and expedite your request, please provide diffs to support your case. Please give two or more diffs meeting the following format:
 * 1) At least one diff is from the sockmaster (or an account already blocked as a confirmed sockpuppet of the sockmaster), showing the behaviour characteristic of the sockmaster.
 * 2) At least one diff per suspected sockpuppet, showing the suspected sockpuppet emulating the behaviour of the sockmaster given in the first diff.
 * 3) In situations where it is not immediately obvious from the diffs what the characteristic behaviour is, a short explanation must be provided. Around one sentence is enough for this. Callanecc (talk • contribs • logs)
 * you deleted the page Trump Speeches on Unite The Right citing WP:G5. Do you have any insight in this case? Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 18:38, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * can you provide any diffs of the alleged similarities on Reactions to the 2017 Catalonia attacks? Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 18:38, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * When I deleted the page, MaineK was already tagged as a sock of PI and blocked, hence my deletion for G5. That's honestly the only insight I can give on this. RickinBaltimore (talk) 18:45, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't remember the specific diffs that appeared similar, and one of them would be on a deleted page. So no.  As far as I'm concerned, this can be closed as stale. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 18:46, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid that's the only option that's left here. Courtesy ping - closed for lack of evidence. Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 18:50, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

GABgab 15:26, 31 October 2017 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * 100% overlap; every page MikeA18 has edited, a previous sock has also done so. They resumed editing Hunter Wallace - created by - right after the latter was blocked. . GABgab 15:29, 31 October 2017 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Newly created account. Edits on articles and templates follow exactly the same pattern as those by the recently blocked sockpuppet DrawingLol (topics related to alt-right, identitarian movement, etc). On Talk:Alt-right there is a long complaint about the reversion of a large string of changes by DrawingLol. Mathsci (talk) 03:54, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * - I don't see why CU is necessary, because CornFlakes couldn't be more of a quacking WP:DUCK -   . Please block CornFlakes. Sro23 (talk) 04:44, 4 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Done. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 09:12, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Resuming edits on exactly the same articles (Identitarian movement) or their talk pages (Talk:Alt-right) as the previous recently blocked sock CornFlakes and its predecessor DrawingLol. Mathsci (talk) 22:49, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

Comments by other users
 * I second the concern about Special:Contributions/WyomingTails; the editing pattern and edit summaries are similar to those by user Cornflakes. Both accounts use "(Tag: Visual edit)". K.e.coffman (talk) 23:31, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * - Please indef WyomingTails. Sro23 (talk) 01:58, 5 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . GABgab 03:01, 5 November 2017 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Rapid-fire recreating Lana Lokteff, which is a point of interest with previous socks. Very obvious prior familiarity with Wikipedia. Grayfell (talk) 22:53, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

 * User admits it's not their first account, but says that shouldn't matter.. This is similar to this summary ("I'd agree, but the sockpuppeted editted version is far superior") from another sock. Grayfell (talk) 22:57, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

 * I'm adding ArticleLays, also. This account, as the others, was created minutes before massively expanding yet another white supremacist biography, in this case Andrew Anglin. There is specific overlap with NormieSwarmie, who's first two edits were Anglin-related tweaks. Grayfell (talk) 23:05, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Have added AndrewsCohen, another recently created account, concentrating on the article Andrew Anglin. Like NormieSwarmie, this account is adding ungrammatical content about interracial marriage to the Anglin article. Mathsci (talk) 08:35, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Sockpuppet investigations/NormieSwarmie looks to be a duplicate of this, and should be merged. --Calton | Talk 04:46, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * - Please, compare those to previous socks.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  08:43, 7 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Should probably also include and  from the other SPI. GABgab 15:58, 7 November 2017 (UTC)
 * User:FanFictionWriter is CU-confirmed to CornFlakes. Drmies (talk) 02:59, 8 November 2017 (UTC)
 * IN other news: NormieSwarmie = EncylopedianUser0912 = LorryArticle = WhyIsThisAThing. I cannot CU-confirm that they're the same as CornFlakes, but location and behavior strongly suggest that. Drmies (talk) 03:05, 8 November 2017 (UTC)
 * The following accounts are ✅ to the master:
 * ~ Rob 13 Talk 22:26, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Update: As are these.
 * ~ Rob 13 Talk 22:26, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Update: As are these.
 * ~ Rob 13 Talk 22:26, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Update: As are these.
 * ~ Rob 13 Talk 22:26, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Update: As are these.
 * ~ Rob 13 Talk 22:26, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Update: As are these.

 * ~ Doug Weller  talk 13:51, 11 November 2017 (UTC)
 * ~ Doug Weller  talk 13:51, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

As before, focused on massively expanding details of alt-right, United States Senate special election in Alabama, 2017, and Roy Moore. Account switches between visual editor and non, and also adds wikilinks to common words at random articles with no prior activity (compare this from OhOhCanada to this from a blocked sock).

Checkuser is requested as it has previously been used and has found many sleepers with this account. Grayfell (talk) 22:27, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Almost certainly yet another sockpuppet of PerfectlyIrrational. Extensive material added to Alt-right on "groups" is essentially identical in content and form to the large segment on "factions" that was removed, after being added cumulatively by the previous sockpuppet User:DrawingLol. Mathsci (talk) 22:43, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * - As per presented evidence, please check this account and look for sleepers. Thanks, GABgab 00:27, 18 November 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅. . ~ Rob 13 Talk 01:13, 18 November 2017 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Same precocious editing, same fixation on categorizing the same specific obscure media figures into the alt-right and Identitarian movement. Username is similar to User:MemeSupreme12094, also. Grayfell (talk) 22:14, 19 November 2017 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * The following are ✅:
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * . Closing. ~ Rob 13 Talk 00:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

As before, precociously starts creating articles on alt-right figures, in this case Nathan Damigo. Damigo is connected to Identity Evropa and Traditionalist Worker Party, two topics also favored by previous socks.

One previous sock said they had another account which was blocked "2-3 years ago for being on a public wireless connection at college for around a month during a school assignment on Wikipedia". JustAPoliticalNerd also admits having a sock account "two or three years ago". Grayfell (talk) 00:47, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

More: As with previous socks (one example) JustAPoliticalNerd has made gnome edits to articles linked (at the time) on the main page.

JustAPoliticalNerd is, as other socks, focused on adjusting Traditionalist Worker Party's infoboxes.

Etc. Grayfell (talk) 01:53, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

Comments by other users
 * I've added User:EchoUSA as there appear to be some similarities to the style of editing. For example, EchoUsa changed the infobox at Vanguard America to "Infobox political party" here: . JustAPoliticalNerd did the same with Traditionalist Worker Party with this edit: . The now deleted user page of EchoUsa listed both Vanguard America and Traditionalist Worker Party as the groups he admired. K.e.coffman (talk) 02:00, 28 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I really should've noticed that. Earlier today I started Sockpuppet investigations/EchoUSA. Grayfell (talk) 02:08, 28 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Ah, I did not see the one for EchoUsa -- this new account seems to be closer to EchoUsa than PerfectlyIrrational somehow. Or they may all be related :-). K.e.coffman (talk) 02:31, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Beyond My Ken found a couple more very obvious usernames, which I've added. PerfectlyIrrational has used these kinds of lazily derivative usernames before, such as ThrowAwayAccountForComments124, ThrowawayAccoubnt102401, ArticleEditor124091204u912, UserNameIsHelpful, Wikipedian20149192, etc. Because of this clear indication of sleepers, I am requesting checkuser attention, thanks. Grayfell (talk) 08:46, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * The following are ✅ to each other and to the master:
 * I don't see enough here to check, but that account is already blocked anyway. . ~ Rob 13 Talk 16:55, 29 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Tagging and closing. Sir Sputnik (talk) 23:08, 2 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't see enough here to check, but that account is already blocked anyway. . ~ Rob 13 Talk 16:55, 29 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Tagging and closing. Sir Sputnik (talk) 23:08, 2 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't see enough here to check, but that account is already blocked anyway. . ~ Rob 13 Talk 16:55, 29 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Tagging and closing. Sir Sputnik (talk) 23:08, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

MichaelConnors and MichiganWoodShop both seem to be editing around the usual topics favored by PerfectlyIrrational, as well as a new, very similar focus on free trade. The timing is also suspicious:

 * MichiganWoodShop's most recent edit is at Free trade at 19:51, 3 March 2018
 * MichaelConnors picks up editing 21:32, 3 March 2018 editing Atomwaffen Division, adjusting ideology in infobox
 * MichaelConnors goes on to edit Republican Party (United States) 23:59, 3 March 2018 adding mention of free trade
 * MichiganWoodShop has also edited Attomwaffen Division, with a focus on tweaking the ideological details listed in infoboxes, which matches past socks.
 * MichiganWoodShop has added information on the free market to Ben Shapiro
 * MichaelConnors Significantly expanded this same paragraph
 * MichaelConnors has also focused on exactly how Identity Evropa's ideology is described, which was a major focus on past socks.
 * MichiganWoodShop has also focused on this exact issue

MichaelConnors is an semi-legitimate alternate account of User:MikeAndJuliet, who was blocked for a name that implies shared use.

 * MikeAndJuliet and MichiganWoodShop were rare 'keep' !votes at Articles for deletion/President Trump's Remarks on Charlottesville, which is the same topic as sock's page Trump Speeches on Unite The Right (deleted as G5).

And so on, yadda yadda yadda. You get the picture.

Requesting checkuser evidence because of extensive past use of sleepers. Grayfell (talk) 00:46, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Leave as is for now, can come back to it if there's more evidence. Closing. Callanecc (talk • contribs • logs) 03:27, 5 March 2018 (UTC)

Since the checkuser is inconclusive, here is some additional behavioral evidence: Is it productive to list more? Grayfell (talk) 04:00, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Both MikeAndJuliet and MichiganWoodShop have added content related to Philippine Drug War: within a few hours of
 * Both have attempted to remove the term "far-right" from far-right organizations, which was also a pattern of the socks: ,
 * Both have added single-paragraph subsections dedicated to alt-right personalities being anti-Christian using relatively obscure sources:,.

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments
MichaelConnors and MikeAndJuliet are ✅. MichiganWoodShop is /. the confirmed accounts.--Bbb23 (talk) 03:08, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

This is based on behavioral evidence. The previous checkuser results were Possible/Inconclusive, and I was advised to come back if there was more evidence.

Three items: First, MichiganWoodShop restored content which was first added by a recently blocked sock.

Second, in addition to those listed in the archives, MichiganWoodShop has resumed the sock's habit of creating micro-articles for far-right and alt-right topics. MichiganWoodShop turned the redirect Matthew Heimbach into a small article. Heimbach is (or was) the leader of Traditionalist Worker Party, a neo-Nazi group. He is recently in the news due to his arrest for battery of family members.

Socks JustAPoliticalNerd and DrawingLol had both made many edits the Traditionalist Worker Party article, often focused on the Identitarian movement. The Identitarian movement article has been edited by MichiganWoodShop, PerfectlyIrrational, and many socks (CornFlakes, DrawingLol, WyomingTales, AKOQ, and Don1182).

As with the Heimbach article, the socks have a pattern of creating new articles for white supremacist personalities, such as Nathan Damigo. That article is once again a redirect to Identity Evropa which is connected to the Identitarian movement. MichiganWoodShop has also extensively edited Identity Evropa.

Many or most of these alt-right biographies have since been deleted: Katie McHugh, Brittany Pettibone (many times) Kyle Chapman (US), and others which are harder to keep track of.

Third, and least significant, there is also a username pattern. MichiganWoodShop matches MichiganWaves, and is similar to MaineK and WyomingTails. The sock-farm's usernames have typically been pretty lazy, so this fits. Grayfell (talk) 00:03, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

Comments by other users
 * Comment -- this page happens to be on my watch list. I also had concerns about the user who tends to create articles on extremely minor fringe groups, such as Down With Disney's Treatment of Franchises and Its Fanboys and Draft:Republic of Florida (group) (RoF), which was originally in main space. I found the rapid-fire creation of the RoF article to be suspicious, as the coverage of the group included comments on how the group's "leader" was upset that it was not profiled by Anti-Defamation League. He apparently was very upset about it and pestered the researcher about it :-). So this publicity seeking by the group in combination with the rapid creation of the article came across as odd. --K.e.coffman (talk) 00:27, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * , you indicated in the previous SPI that MichiganWoodshop was possible/inconclusive. Do you remember if there proxies or webhosts involved in the inconclusive bit? TonyBallioni (talk) 16:49, 16 March 2018 (UTC)
 * No proxies. The results were inconclusive because the devices used by MichiganWoodshop were different from those used by the socks.--Bbb23 (talk) 17:09, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

 * - The behavioral evidence is compelling enough. Please block MichiganWoodShop. Sro23 (talk) 22:03, 18 March 2018 (UTC)
 * meant to do this myself earlier, but got sidetracked after Bbb’s ping. Closing. TonyBallioni (talk) 22:44, 18 March 2018 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

See below. Bbb23 (talk) 14:06, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * The following accounts are ✅:
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * .--Bbb23 (talk) 14:07, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

As before, is creating small, poorly sourced articles on obscure alt-right personalities. In this case the BLP nightmare that is Douglass Mackey. As with previous efforts, this article contains very short sections and heavy use of templates.

First edits were related to the March for Our Lives article within a few hours of DuckyWhucky9 (and sleepers) being blocked after editing that article. Other areas of overlap are Presidency of Donald Trump, List of protests in the United States by size, and The Daily Stormer (sock tried to create an article for that site's founder Andrew Anglin).

The username is also similar to WyomingTails, and these socks often include US states in their names: PennsylvanianTravels, MichiganWaves, MaineK, and TennesseePanthers2. Grayfell (talk) 21:27, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

Comments by other users

I stumbled upon the article about the alt-right personality and saw that it lacked categories and a talk page which I added. Have you considered to nominate the Douglass Mackey article for WP:AFD? FunksBrother (talk) 00:54, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Probably a good idea. When I started this the article was G5 eligible which would've simplified things, but now it's not so clear. Grayfell (talk) 01:02, 6 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment: this is clearly not a new user, as suggested by this perfectly formed & cited addition to an article as one of their first few edits: . I'm a bit less certain about this user, vs previous socks, as they began by editing articles on the March for Our Lives and Barack Obama, which seem to fall outside of PI's area of interest.
 * The article on Douglass Mackey could be a tell though; this is an alt-right troll who was outed by other alt-right trolls, so more of a tempest in a teacup, rather than "we must have an article on him immediately" situation. Mackey would probably be forgotten in a few days, while Wiki could be saddled with another 'alt-right' magnet of an article. Compare with: Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Draft:Republic of Florida (group), created by one of the socks, which saw a similar one-news cycle level of interest.
 * A check-user would be helpful in clarifying the situation. --K.e.coffman (talk) 23:15, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments
✅, blocked, tagged, closing.--Bbb23 (talk) 00:13, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

A relatively new account that created an article on a minor figure in the alt-right: Nick Fuentes. Similar communication style & admits to having previous account(s) on their Talk page. Contribution history also includes far-right groups and figures, such as Right-wing authoritarianism; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (which is neither 'liberal' nor 'democratic'); Radical right (Europe); etc. K.e.coffman (talk) 04:25, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Comments by other users
 * The user's previous account has been disclosed. There's another account with a similar name to the old account and edits in similar areas around the same time, and both were blocked on Commons for copyvios and multiple accounts last year, but the multiple accounts were probably only the result of creating one account on Wikipedia and another on Commons and the account based on Commons appears to be unused since it was blocked there. Peter James (talk) 21:06, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * Closing with no action. Bbb23 (talk) 11:58, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

Near identical edits with past socks here and here and same overlapping interests CHRISSY MAD  ❯❯❯  ¯\_(ツ)_/¯  13:36, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

Comments by other users

I agree that Aheezau is disruptive and NOTHERE to build an encyclopedia. On the other hand, PerfectlyIrrational seems focused on articles of Trump supporters, while Aheezau's focus is re-fighting the 2016 Democratic primary and attacking supporters of Hillary Clinton such as Neera Tanden, Al Giordano, Joy Ann Reid, and Tim Kaine. IMO Aheezau is more likely to be the same person as one of the previous throwaway accounts attacking the Giordano article, BotMan34, <IP_ADDRESS>, or Don_lemonparty. HouseOfChange (talk) 03:14, 10 May 2018 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * User blocked for unrelated reasons. Closing. Sro23 (talk) 01:21, 15 May 2018 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

Account was created a couple of days after last confirmed sock was blocked. Large amount of overlap with previous socks, including but not limited to: There are more, but this seems like enough. Requesting checkuser due to previous use of sleepers. Grayfell (talk) 21:53, 12 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Ben Shapiro
 * Compare this edit were FlowerRoad removed a townhall.com source while expanding Syrian war content, to these sock edits which do likewise
 * The Daily Stormer
 * In these edits FlowerRoad refocused the lede to emphasize the description of the site's founder Andrew Anglin while removing the phrase "Holocaust denial". Previous socks have repeatedly recreated articles about Anglin, and previous socks have also removed that phrase
 * Richard B. Spencer
 * FlowerRoad has added more minutia to the description of Identity Europa, which is a hallmark of this sockfarm. This section was originally added by this sock, also.
 * History of the United States (2008–present)
 * Large expansion of the article, specifically regarding race. Same as sock.

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments
I see Grayfell making a good case. However, my check revealed no other accounts (which I think is something of a hallmark of the master), and I have no information to compare it to. So maybe Bbb or another CU who has experience with this case can have a look--but even without CU evidence we have some serious evidence in here, on an editor who jumps in out of nowhere and starts whacking away in these sensitive areas. Drmies (talk) 22:00, 12 May 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅, blocked and tagged. There was another account: already-blocked .--Bbb23 (talk) 00:11, 13 May 2018 (UTC)
 * This is why we pay you the big bucks, . Thank you. Drmies (talk) 00:14, 13 May 2018 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

To be honest, I am not 100 convinced of this one, but the behavioral evidence seems too strong to ignore.

In broad terms, there is a similar unusually prolific day-spanning focus on US far-right, labels, current events, and breaking national news.

Within a few hours of account creation, this edit to Unite the Right rally adjust the political labels used in the lede the article. This specific action is a recurring focus of the various socks, such as this edit, and this edit, this edit, and probably more.

Compare also this edit to the "theme" field of the infobox to this edit to the same field.

Identitarian movement is another related focus of this sock. Compare this edit from IcierJacks to this edit, both to the latter half of the first paragraph, both focusing on where the term "far-right" is placed.

I am requesting Checkuser evidence as there is a lengthy previous history of concurrent accounts. I do not want to to cast aspersions, but I suspect that might be happening again. Grayfell (talk) 05:59, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

Comments by other users
 * I also had my concerns about this user's pattern of editing, which seemed very similar to PI's socks, especially MichiganWoodShop, who (like IJ) appeared out of nowhere to make multiple substantive additions to articles in the broadly construed far-right politics subject area. I brought my concerns to Grayfell, who is more knowledgable about PI's history and modus vivendi then I am. Icier Jack is very prolific, so if this is a sock, the better found out, the easier it will be to undue any damage they've done. (A lot of MWS's edits were never reverted,as they had become so embedded by the time they were found out, it was difficult to remove them.  There may still be ongoing damage from their contributions.) Beyond My Ken (talk) 18:42, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * ✅ plus:
 * . Closing.--Bbb23 (talk) 18:51, 13 August 2018 (UTC)
 * . Closing.--Bbb23 (talk) 18:51, 13 August 2018 (UTC)
 * . Closing.--Bbb23 (talk) 18:51, 13 August 2018 (UTC)
 * . Closing.--Bbb23 (talk) 18:51, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

See below. TonyBallioni (talk) 00:49, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * ✅ based on historical data. . Closing. TonyBallioni (talk) 00:50, 22 February 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Paul Jones (wrestler)

Wrestling Debut
The article says he started wrestling in the mid-atlantic area in 1968. It also lists him as a previous NWA PNW Heavyweight Champion...which was held in March 3 to May 18 1966...this doesn't pan out. He is also listed as winning the NWA PNW Tag Team Championship in January 1967. Does anyone know, is this the same Paul Jones that was in the PWN, or was he mis-credited with winning the PNW Heavyweight Title and the Paul Jones in the PNW was someone else? Theophilus75 18:46, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

That's because the 1968 debut date is completely incorrect. It's also incorrectly listed on the popular wrestling profile sites. Amazing how no one does research but just copies it. I have a newspaper clipping from Beaumont, Texas that lists his debut on Feb 29, 1964 vs Jack Donovan. I am changing the wiki article. If anyone wants proof let me know. Iamcyclops (talk) 07:38, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

The other wrestler Paul Jones
... the one who later became a promoter and handled the Memphis territory - Does he have a Wiki article too? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:16, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Paul Jones (wrestler)


text:
Acmar, Alabama

Acmar is a former unincorporated community and neighborhood within the city of Moody in St. Clair County, in the U.S. state of Alabama.

History
Henry F. DeBardeleben, founder of the Alabama Fuel & Iron Company (AFICO), opened two coal mines at Acmar. The mines were serviced by the Central of Georgia Railway, with coal production peaking in 1926. In October 1935, one miner was killed and six were injured when strikers belonging to the United Mine Workers of America attempted to drive into the mines. The mines at Acmar closed in 1951. The community was later annexed into the city of Moody.

A post office was established at Acmar in 1911, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1987. Acmar is a conjoin of the names Acton and Margaret AFICO also operated mines at both of these locations.

The Cahaba River originates near Acmar.

Acmar Precinct (1930-50)
Acmar village has never reported a population figure separately on the U.S. Census as an unincorporated community. However, the 26th precinct within St. Clair County bore its name from 1930 to 1950. In the 1930 and 1940 returns, when the census recorded racial statistics for the precincts, both times reported a White majority for the precinct. In 1960, the precincts were merged and/or reorganized into census divisions (as part of a general reorganization of counties) and it was consolidated into the census division of Moody. The village itself was later annexed into the city of Moody.

title: Acmar, Alabama


text:
dicacious

Etymology
From, from.

Adjective

 * 1)  Talkative; pert; saucy.
 * 2) * 1792: [A NONYMOUS E DITOR A C02751662 ], Sporting Magazine, serial 3, volume 32 (July–December, 1858), page 360 duplicate links:, (Rogerson & Tuxford)
 * So obstinate was this dicacious and pleonastic old man, in his struggles to monopolise the whole conversation in the salle-à-manger, that upon a gentle, respectable, and seedy English clergyman, with the usual amount of wife and children, gliding in, and beginning quietly to converse with his family, he violently wrenched the newspaper from the hands of the nearest waiter, and read out loud, at the top of his voice, an entire leading article!
 * 1) * 1840, in The Phrenological Journal and Science of Health, pp237–238 duplicate link
 * “Believers, then, as we are, in phrenology, we cannot say that we believe in it as a trade. It is a science ( so to speak ) in embryo. It may be likened to a noble edifice, the foundations of which are laid broad and deep, upon the principles of unchangeable, eternal truth, and the superstructure of which, it must be the work of patient perseverance, deep study, close observation, and rational philosophy to rear, range after range, until it shall stand a firm and lasting monument, at once of the blessings arising from a careful cultivation of those powers of research, into the deep mysteries of our nature, wherewith God has endowed us, as well as of his benevolent providence, his fatherly kindness, and his consummate wisdom. There will be quacks and sciolous pretenders around the edifice while it is rearing, with their handicraft tools, and dicacious mystifications ( ‘blind leaders of the blind’ ) — but as in the building of the great temple, the sound of the hammer and the axe must not be heard in preparing its massive ranges, as they rise, mind impelled, towards the sky, displaying to the world, at last, the true philosophy of that most wondrous work of the Creator —  THE HUMAN MIND .”
 * 1) * 2004 July 2, Hugh McAlister, The Flight of the Silver Ship: Around the World Aboard a Giant Dirigible, p103 (Kessinger Publishing's Rare Reprints); ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>169)
 * “Gr-r-r-r!” from Doctor Sims, lunging for the saltcellar as it skated away. “Your mental attitude, Martin, always inclines to the flippant and dicacious. Personally, I find the present exuberant actions of the ship most distasteful.”
 * 1) * 2003: “tomcatpolka”, rec.arts.books (Google group): lepid, the 5th day of October at 3:13am
 * Don’t be so dicacious!
 * In response to the comment posted by “francis muir” at 3 o’clock a.m.:
 * I’d get back on to your medication pronto.
 * Itself in response to the question posted by “tomcatpolka” at 2:22am:
 * My dictionary says that lepid (pleasant, jocose) comes from the Latin lepidus. Should I think flitting like a butterfly or leaping like a rabbit?

title: dicacious


text:
Triatoma brasiliensis

Hypernyms

 * - order; - suborder;  - infraorder;  - superfamily;  - family;  - subfamily;  - tribe;  - genus

title: Triatoma brasiliensis


text:
User:Anzar Khan APS

A Entrepreneur, Management Strategist & Social activists is just some of the many hats he dons. Anzar is a young dynamic professional who started his career at early age of 19 worked as a Regional Head with a MBA institute in Pune and also associated with many international and National NGOs’s like Oxfam & Snehalaya where he played a vital role to seek, rescue, support, empower, rehabilitate & re-integrate oppressed women, deprived children and distressed HIV/AIDS afflicted families, through direct intervention.

Also working as a Director & Vice President in the International School APS(Ali Public School).

title: User:Anzar Khan APS


text:
World History/Ancient Kingdoms of Africa

Mali
The powerful Mali empire existed from about 1235 to 1645 AD. By this time, Islam had become the dominant religion of the region. Traders from the Islamic strongholds of North Africa traveled south through the Sahara on camelback (new to Africa) to the region of Mali. They came for the immense amount of gold to be found in the area, and it was truly immense. When Mali came to power, it did so partly through its strategic trading powers.

The greatest ruler of Mali was probably Mansa Musa, who built the capital of Timbuktu. The city was renowned as a place of Islamic learning, especially at the Sankore University, and was the center of culture for Islam for several centuries. Education in Sankore's guilds and madrasas (schools) was free, and scholars and craftsmen arrived to benefit from them from throughout the Muslim world. The great mud mosque in the city still stands. Also, whereas the kingdom had previously been a reincarnation within the boundaries of Ghana, Musa expanded it far beyond this paltry territory.

In 1307, pistolero helps the body to retain water, something with special significance in the world's hottest man alive had a pistola porqu and dryest region. Other Malese items of demand by the Muslim empires were slaves and ivory. Coming into Mali were cloth, gold, pottery, and other textiles.

Swahili culture
The Swahili Culture was formed in Eastern Africa when Arabic traders established ports along the coast of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. The language of Swahili, widely used in that area, is a combination of Arabic and the local Bantu languages.

Forms of Government
Before the initiation of Nubia first centralized government, probably during the Kerma period, Nubians lived in disintegrated tribes. A tribe was formed of members who are blood related. Obviously some of these tribes were relatively large, since Old Kingdom armies had often failed to defeat rebelling tribes. Tribes had a hierarchical system of authority allocation; elders of the subsections head the extended families that top the single households. The work, whether economic, military, or other, was defined and divided among tribe members. Chiefs of the tribe are the strongest and most wise or religious members; the youth provide for courageous and brave soldiers at war.

Agriculture
Agriculture along the narrow strip of the Nile valley provided Nubians with their necessary food supply. Therefore most of the Nubian populations were farmers. Each year the Nile flooded Upper Nubia providing silt for the agricultural lands. Kushites used the Shaduf (a traditional device operated manually for raising water from a lower depression that is connected to a source of water, to a higher depression where the water is distributed to farther depressions to irrigate the field/s) for watering their farms, and around the 6th century BC, they transformed to the use of Saquia (a water wheel), which was brought to Nubia from Southwest Asia. There are numerous hafirs (a depression dug on flat ground to collect rain water) discovered in Nubia including many at Musawwarat es Sufra. However hafirs would not have provided enough water for watering the farms. The only Kushite Dam used for water storage was found at Shaq el Ahmar.

The main food crop seems to be sorghum; evidence for this is found on Kushite pottery. Dates are one of the available crops grown along the Nile, especially in Upper Nubia. In the sixth century AD Nubians were well known by the Arabs for their good date-wine production. The extensive production of doam (palm fruit) is also evident from the New kingdom Egyptian relieves, as Nubians are often depicted carrying doam as gifts to the Egyptian pharaohs.

Trade
Throughout history, Nubia was the closest trade partner with Egypt. Egyptian relieves dating to the Old Kingdom depict Nubians presenting Egyptian pharaohs with gold, ivory, Ebony, ostrich feathers, doam (palm fruits), and exotic products, and animals like giraffes. Exotic animals and other products from Nubia were exported to the Mediterranean world via Egypt. A frescos in a Minoan palace in Thera (Greece), depicts antelopes. In other Minoan palaces in Crete and Thera several frescos depict monkeys.

One of the most products Nubia import was bronze. Bronze was first introduced to the Nubian by the Hyksos in the seventeenth century. Bronze was extensively used by the Nubians. The type of metal was the best available for making swords and daggers in the ancient world. The Nubians must have imported most of their bronze from Egypt. Nubians also imported oils. Strabo, a first century AD Roman historian and geographer, wrote “They (the Nubians) have no oil, but use fat instead” [Strabo, The Geography of Strabo: Literally Translated, with Notes, trans. H. C. Hamilton, esq., & W. Falconer (London: H. G. Bohn, 1854-1857)]. Olive oil for example was abundantly imported from Lebanon via Egypt. Cedar trees were also imported and used as building materials. Temples and royal buildings in Nubia were mostly roofed with cedar trees. The Amun temple at Napata for example was roofed by cedars that Taharqa has imported especially from Lebanon as recorded on his stele at Jebel Barkal (Sudan).

Writing
Although steles, dating to 1600 BC, are abundantly found at Kerma, traces of writing on their surfaces did not survive. Thus, we don't know if Nubians had a writing system at that time or not. All the evidence, we have for a Kushite written language is for the period after the sixth century BC; these were found in Napatan constructions built of durable materials, such as backed bricks and sandstone. The durable-material-built walls, as well as steles that were kept safe in temples and palaces, were inscribed and painted extensively with ancient Nubian. However, due to a lack of archaeological work, we can not say for sure that the Nubian language was written before the sixth century BC.


text:
Cumberland Fair

The Cumberland Fair is an annual farmers' fair held in Cumberland, Maine, United States, at the Cumberland Fairgrounds. It is put on by the Cumberland Farmers' Club and is usually held the last week in September.

Events
The annual Maine State Pumpkin and Squash Weigh-Off is held at the fair. The winner of the event receives $500. An adult is limited to one entry in the giant squash and pumpkin weigh-off. The 2015 winner of this event was Edwin Pierpont, who harvested a 1,046 pound pumpkin.

History
The inaugural Cumberland Fair was held for two days, on October 10 and 11, 1868 in the center of town in the back of what is now Greely Junior High School. The land was provided by Capt. Enos Blanchard. On show were foods, handicrafts, vegetables of all shapes and sizes and also steers, especially in the traditional ox-pull. Horse racing was also featured.

There was no fair in 1919, 1942-44 nor 2020, although the latter year saw the 4H livestock show & auction go on.

title: Cumberland Fair


text:
Aladdin Records

Aladdin Records was a record company and label founded in Los Angeles in 1945 by brothers Eddie and Leo Mesner. It was originally called Philo Records before changing its name in 1946.

Aladdin was known for jazz, rhythm and blues, and rock music. Some of these were issued on the company's short-lived Jazz: West imprint. Aladdin Records launched several subsidiary labels such as Score (1948), Intro (1950), 7-11 (1952), Ultra (1955), Jazz: West (1955), and Lamp (1956). In addition to Los Angeles, many Aladdin recordings were produced by Cosimo Matassa in New Orleans.

Aladdin's first album was by Lester Young. Other musicians on the roster included Ernie Andrews, Charles Brown, Thurston Harris, Maxwell Davis, Al Hibbler, Billie Holiday, Lynn Hope, Jimmy Liggins, Lightnin' Hopkins, Red Nelson ("Mother Fuyer"), and Illinois Jacquet. In 1961, Aladdin was sold to Imperial Records, which was acquired by Liberty Records. Capitol bought Liberty in 1979, and reissues appeared on Blue Note Records.

title: Aladdin Records


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ares program (The Martian)

The result was redirect to The Martian (Weir novel). Compromise between those who want the article gone and those who think there is salvageable material: The article is removed, but the page history preserved for merger-ers (and discussion of what if anything is mergeable). As noted, that a different topic merits an article does not mean that this one does. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 16:35, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

Ares program (The Martian)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Removed prod, of non-notable fictional organization. Sadads (talk) 03:07, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-noteable fictional organization. Could easily be explained on the book's page, if needed. Comatmebro  (talk) 04:26, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Fictional elements-related deletion discussions. --Animalparty! (talk) 05:44, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Science fiction-related deletion discussions. --Animalparty! (talk) 05:44, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Merge to The Martian (Weir novel), cutting down as necessary. Artw (talk) 13:24, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but, a page about a chess game in the 2001: A Space Odyssey film can exist, but my page must be deleted? It is not fair. --Aledownload (talk) 16:36, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * This argument probably comes up in every other deletion debate, but see WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS for why it's a wrong argument. Notability is determined only by how many reliable sources exist, not by how similar one article is to the next. Those sources also must be about the subject of the article, not whatever the article is featured in.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 01:54, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a minor part of the novel and movie. Clarityfiend (talk) 23:45, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge to the movie. Not notable in itself. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:46, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Merge per WP:ATD-M; none of the above !voters explain why merging is inappropriate. Jclemens (talk) 05:48, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * What's there to merge? Ares 3 brought him to Mars, and he hoped to rendezvous with Ares 4. All else is in-universe background material. Clarityfiend (talk) 11:40, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * That would be the content of the article in question that gets merged. Were you asking something else?  Sure, it could be rewritten from the primary sources, but that's just a petty move when some editor went and did all the work already, just not in an independently notable article. Jclemens (talk) 02:58, 24 September 2017 (UTC)
 * What I'm getting at is that the synopses in both articles are just fine without the extra program details. Clarityfiend (talk) 00:38, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  J 947(c) (m) 04:02, 28 September 2017 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Merge with the main article. Does not have reliable sources on its own to support an article. 331dot (talk) 09:53, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Merge. There is no real reason to keep this article separately, in universe commentary should not be on Wikipedia unless it had major impact on reality, which this has not. The main article may or may not benefit from this material, I will not comment on that. A den jentyl ettien avel dysklyver  13:26, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete The sources themselves define the topic as not notable...although a merge into the principal article should be fine. JoJo Anthrax (talk) 14:56, 29 September 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  J 947(c) (m) 20:29, 5 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
anticipare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to arrive early
 * 2)  to bring forward
 * 3)  to hasten
 * 4)  to anticipate
 * 5)  to reveal
 * 6)  to advance or lend (money)

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) anticipation

title: anticipare


text:
Talk:Reflectance

Too Technical
This article is way too technical, full of scientific jargon and Greek characters.

Wikipedia is supposed to be for a lay audience, not just for people with Ph.D. degrees in math and physics. I can't make heads nor tails out of the jargon-filled explanations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:31, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

Swiss startup...
That section reads a lot like an advertisement, and should be further edited.

IN RESPONSE TO REAL WORLD DATA
I agree. Incidentally, the reference at the following link is surprisingly the only one I found that put experimental points on the Fresnel equations on a FLAT water surface! http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2007JTECHA1049.1

I think it could be cited at the end of the sentence "That part of incident light that is reflected from a body of water is specular and is calculated by the Fresnel equations." Yet, the sentence should be changed to : "The specular portion of incident light reflected from a body of water is calculated by the Fresnel equations." —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:09, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

water reflectance
Should the following be added? If so, where?

That part of incident light that is reflected from a body of water is specular and is calculated by the Fresnel equations. Fresnel reflection is directional and therefore does not contribute significantly to albedo which is primarily diffuse reflection. A graph showing the reflectivity of water vs. incident angle of can be seen at.

A real water surface may be wavy. Reflectance assuming a flat surface as given by the Fresnel equations can be adjusted to account for waviness. A formula and graph for correction for waviness for two different wave energy spectrum definitions exists. <IP_ADDRESS> 02:39, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Reflectance
This is currently the Reflectivity and Reflectance article -- it should say so right at the top.-<IP_ADDRESS> 11:49, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

I am inclined to delete this entire section and replace it with a more accurate definition of reflectance, unless somebody can provide a reference for where this definition of reflectance originates. Bulk reflectivity is not called reflectance any more than thin film reflectance is called reflectivity. They are two fundamentally different, albeit related quantities. In any case, I will provide the proper optical/physical definition of reflectivity and reflectance. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nanoguitar (talk • contribs) 20:17, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

metal mirrors
Reflectance vs. wavelength curves for aluminium (Al), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) metal mirrors

This is a nice graph; might be nice to also have it in the mirror article. It would be of more general use if the bounds of visible light could be added.-<IP_ADDRESS> 11:52, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

data needed
This article is a good theoretical start, but needs a lot more real-world data.

Please add typical range of total visible-light reflectivity for ordinary mirrors (80%?), white paper (up to at least 90%?), other ordinary white surfaces, and ordinary black surfaces. And spectral curves for all of those, too, from UV to IR, with the visible portion clearly marked.

And, links to great sources of such details.-<IP_ADDRESS> 11:59, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Human eye
This seems to be the pure physics term/concept. In dealing with light, much of the terminology is weighted by the response of the human eye to different colors (Lumens, for example). What is the term for reflectance, weighted in the visible spectrum by the human visual response? It should be at least mentioned in this article, and linked to.-<IP_ADDRESS> 11:26, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Photopic spectral responsivity (cf. Color vision) --Adoniscik (talk) 00:19, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Reflectance Table

 * Colors
 * 70-80% White
 * 70-80% Light cream
 * 55-65% Light yellow

 * 45-50% Light green
 * 45-50% Pink
 * 40-45% Sky-blue
 * 40-45% Light grey

 * 25-35% Beige
 * 25-35% Yellow ocher
 * 25-35% Light brown
 * 25-35% Olive green
 * 20-25% Orange
 * 20-25% Vermilion red
 * 20-25% Medium grey

 * 10-15% Dark green
 * 10-15% Dark blue
 * 10-15% Dark red
 * 10-15% Dark grey

 * Materials
 * 95% Mirror
 * 80% Plaster
 * 65-75% White enamel
 * 60-75% Glazed white tiles

 * 60% Maple
 * 60% Birch
 * 40% Light oak
 * 15-20% Dark oak
 * 15-20% Dark walnut

 * 15-40% Concrete
 * 5-25% Red brick

 * 2-10% Carbon-black

 * 6-8% Clear glass

 * Lighting design
 * 60-90% Ideal Ceilings
 * 35-60% Ideal Walls
 * 30-50% Ideal Countertops

-<IP_ADDRESS> 01:04, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Broken link
Link (1) is broken. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:45, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Reflectivity units
I think the unit(s) of reflectivity must be mentioned. --Sylvestersteele (talk) 12:02, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Reflectivity is unitless. Stonemason89 (talk) 02:21, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

shiniest metal
i think i read somewhere that it's silver

but i think some other guys said it's rhodium

reflectivity is a function of frequency, we get that part

but if you have some standard light source, say sunlight at some place, then it's just a number —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:57, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Rhodium is not particularly shiny. Silver is the shiniest metal when averaged across the entire visible spectrum, but it is exceeded in some parts of the spectrum by tin and aluminum. Stonemason89 (talk) 17:01, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Reflectivity vs reflectance
I'm not convinced that the distinction made in this article between "reflectivity" and "reflectance" is universal. I don't doubt that some authors define the terms that way, but unless all do the article should be less strongly worded. --Srleffler (talk) 03:24, 29 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed; modified. Fgnievinski (talk) 20:39, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

Absorptance/absorptivity/albedo
This page is redirected from "absorptance", but doesn't mention it. It does say "see also absorptivity", but the absorptivity page just says absorptivity means absorptance, which redirects here. This page should at the very least give a definition of absorptance/absorptivity, and discuss how it relates to reflectivity. Either that or there should be a separate page.

Additionally, if anyone has a good idea of how the concepts of absorptance, reflectance and emissivity relate to the concept of albedo, it would be very helpful to update this page with some details.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:28, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:11, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reflectance


text:
Allak

Allak (Аллак) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Allaksky Selsoviet, Kamensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 974 as of 2013. There are 13 streets.

Geography
Allak is located 17 km east of Kamen-na-Obi (the district's administrative centre) by road. Plotinnaya is the nearest rural locality.

title: Allak


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Alethea Sedgman

Alethea Sedgman

 * ... that 2010 Commonwealth Games gold medalist Alethea Sedgman was selected over her boyfriend for the 2012 Olympics because national selectors wanted to send a female competitor?
 * Reviewed: El Amor (Ricardo Arjona song)

Created/expanded by LauraHale (talk), Frietjes (talk). Nominated by LauraHale (talk) at 03:02, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol confirmed.svg Length, date, citations, QPQ etc fine, took a bit of copyediting but ready for launch - Ba se me nt 12  (T.C) 12:01, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
Talk:Swords (band)

Picture
Can anyone get a pic? Osbus 18:27, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Done! I also changed up the format a bit so that it looks a lot nicer, in my opinion. King Bee 20:53, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, it does look nicer...thanks. --Osbus 13:18, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swords (band)


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Ed Barrow

Ed Barrow

 * ... that Baseball Hall of Fame executive Ed Barrow (pictured) discovered Honus Wagner, converted Babe Ruth into an outfielder, and pioneered the first uniform numbers?
 * Reviewed: Template:Did you know nominations/John Rolls
 * Comment: I'm not near done with this article (still a work in progress before GA and FA noms), but it's at 5x now. There's a bunch of things from this article that can be mixed and matched for this hook, and I'm open to anything

Created/expanded by Muboshgu (talk). Self nom at 19:01, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * ALT1... that Baseball Hall of Fame executive Ed Barrow (pictured) worked as a reporter and operated a hotel, movie theater, and soap-selling business?
 * ALT2... that Baseball Hall of Fame executive Ed Barrow (pictured) fought John L. Sullivan in an exhibition match?

 * Hook: I like all of them. Cited. Short enough.
 * Article: New enough, long enough. Well-referenced, but the Google News archives are not well formatted. No close paraphrasing.
 * Summary:Symbol question.svg Fix the formatting. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 03:45, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I hate that Reflinks can't do any better than that for Google News archives results, and I do intend to fully flesh out those references before I take this to GA, but to point out the DYK requirement on references, it just says no bare url's, and these aren't bare. I will start converting them now, and hopefully have them done before this hits the main page, since as I said, I am planning on taking this to GA. – Muboshgu (talk) 14:12, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Pictogram voting keep.svg If you say so. Those look essentially bare to me, but not in the guidelines to refuse on that alone. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 10:14, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
It Ain't Safe No More...

It Ain't Safe No More... is the sixth studio album by American rapper Busta Rhymes. It was released on November 26, 2002,  by Flipmode Records and J Records. The album went Gold on January 6, 2003 – and has sold 605,000 copies as of December 5, 2007. It served as his final album for J.

Singles
The original version of "Make It Clap" (which features Spliff Star) was released to urban contemporary radio on October 14, 2002. The remix version (which features another guest, Sean Paul) was later sent to radio as the album's official lead single on January 13, 2003.

"I Know What You Want" (which features Mariah Carey and Flipmode Squad) was released as the album's second single on February 24 of that same year. It peaked at number 3 in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Rhymes' previous single, "Make It Clap," had failed to reach the top forty on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. "I Know What You Want" stayed in the top forty for twenty-one weeks, and was ranked 17 on the Hot 100 2003 year-end chart. For Carey, it was a return to form after a string of unsuccessful singles, and it became one of her biggest hits in years. Columbia Records later included it on her first remix album The Remixes (2003) and the British and Japanese reissues of Carey's ninth studio album Charmbracelet (2002).

The plot line for the video for "I Know What You Want" was continued in the video for the 2021 single "Where I Belong", in which Rhymes collaborated again with Carey.

Critical reception
It Ain't Safe No More... received positive reviews from most music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 65, based on eight reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". AllMusic John Bush found that the album "continues in the vein of loose-cannon classics like 1997's When Disaster Strikes and 2001's Genesis. And when he's on, he's better than ever, too [...] Except for a few overblown performances and quasi-epic productions, It Ain't Safe No More finds Busta Rhymes with the same sure grip on his distinctive personality." Joseph Patel from Blender felt that Rhymes's "animated antics border on sensory overload, but this is some of Busta’s best work, making him perhaps the greatest show in Rap."

Caroline Sullivan, writing for The Guardian, felt that "as ever, Rhymes's attentions are divided between dire apocaplyptic predictions and an irrepressible need to play the fool, and he has included the usual complement of tongue-in-cheek japery [...] So it's Bustaness as usual, and the spectacle of him in full rasping flow is still something to behold." Less impressed, Malcolm Venable from Entertainment Weekly called It Ain't Safe No More... "a tragically mediocre album full of lackluster arrangements and inexplicably short songs. His superb cadence and lyrics are overpowered by forgettable melodies and beats that don’t matter. Even guests Mariah Carey and the Neptunes provoke shoulder shrugs. Four of 18 tracks are almost good, but the rest is hopelessly ill suited for the radio, dance hall, or any other booty-shaking venue."

Commercial performance
It Ain't Safe No More... debuted and peaked at number 43 on the US Billboard 200, selling 63,000 copies in its first week. It marked Rhymes's lowest opening sales up to then and was a considerable decline from his previous effort Genesis (2001), which had moved three times that many units and bowed in seventh in its first week out. On January 6, 2003, It Ain't Safe No More... was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). By March 2014, the album had sold 678,000 copies in the United States.

title: It Ain't Safe No More...


text:
Cookbook talk:Beef Gravy Soup

 * 1) (cur) (last)  . . m 00:21, Oct 25, 2003 . . Big Bob the Finder (Update of "ancient" entries)
 * 2) (cur) (last) . . 10:35, Mar 28, 2002 . . Szopen (see wikipedia cookbook)
 * 3) (cur) (last) . . m 06:48, Mar 28, 2002 . . <IP_ADDRESS>

This module uses text adapted from the 1881 Household Cyclopedia, which is now in the public domain.

title: Cookbook talk:Beef Gravy Soup


text:
Talk:Mavis Owureku-Asare

This page should not be speedy deleted because...
This page should not be deleted because there is an increation template on the page indicating that the article is till being improvedCelestinesucess (talk) 11:55, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

Contested deletion
This page is not unambiguously promotional, because the woman received awards, she holds positions and there is press coverage. This does not warrant a speedy deletion at all. --Gereon K. (talk) 13:06, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mavis Owureku-Asare


text:
User:RabiaF/sandbox

Risk Sensitive Foraging Models Evaluation (Peer Review) I think the ideas that you have for your article are great. Your introduction is clear and straightforward, it could use a little bit more details perhaps on what kinds of animals that are more likely to follow this model (what animals, according to research, display this behaviour) I think the breakdown of your article is well done, just don't forget to add a reference section at the bottom. Best of luck.Reb144 (talk) 21:48, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

Article evaluation
The Fixed Action Pattern Article currently on Wikipedia helps to provide the reader with a basic definition of topic. In order provide a better understanding of the topic there are a few great examples given. I was interested in reviewing this article on Wikipedia because I really enjoy learning about Fixed Action Patterns in class. Although some improvements could be made to this article, overall it is fairly well written.

Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
Currently all the information found on article is relevant. There are no real distractions present on the article page, it is fairly short and broken up into nice sections with headers.

Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
The article uses a neutral tone, and there are no particular biases that stand out.

Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
I believe that all viewpoints are represented equally as this is mostly an article that helps to provide a definition.

Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
The citation provided all seem to be in good working order. The information from the original journal is accurately presented on the article page.

Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
This article does not reference any of the information directly in the content portion of the page. However most of the references seem very reliable, as the authors have used text books and scientific papers as their main source of information. The sources also appear to be unbiased and valid.

Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
Although I do not see any out of date information, I do believe more information could be added. There is very little information on the history of where this theory came from and how it was developed. Furthermore, there is no mention of Konrad Lorenz and the six characteristics of fixed action he identified.

Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
There are currently no recent conversations occurring in the Talk page for this article. However, in the past some people have pointed out a few issues and discussed the relevance of some of the information present. Furthermore, someone has also pointed out errors in a reference.

'''How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?'''

Currently this article is not rated, and doesn't appear to be apart of any WikiProjects.

How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
The Wikipedia page takes a very general approach to the topic. The article only provides and very basic level definition that could be worded a little better. Unlike class the page does not mention Konrad Lorenz and the six characteristics he found. Additionally, although the page give examples of fixed pattern behaviour it does not mention any exceptions to the fixed action pattern rule as we discussed in class.

Risk Sensitive Foraging Models
Risk Sensitive Foraging Models help to explain the variance in foraging behaviour in animals. This model allows powerful predictions to be made about an animals expected foraging behaviour. Risk sensitive foraging is based on the belief that the level of hunger that an animal experiences will determine what type of foraging activity and animal will part take in. This model suggests that if an animal hunger level is fairly high they will choose the more risk prone options. Whereas if the animals hunger level is not high the animal is more likely to part take in risk aversive option.

Thomas Caraco and his colleagues conducted an experiment in 1980 in which they examined foraging behaviours in yellow-eye juncos. This study conducted was one of the first studies examining risk sensitive foraging behaviours.

References/Articles to be used: (more to be added)

Barkan, C. P. L. (1990), A Field Test of Risk-Sensitive Foraging in Black-Capped Chickadees (Parus Atricapillus). Ecology, 71: 391–400.

Caraco, T., Martindale, S., & Whitham, M. (1980). An empirical demonstration of risk sensitive foraging preferences. Animal Behaviour, 28, 820-830.

Caraco, T. (1981). Energy Budgets, Risk and Foraging Preferences in Dark-Eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis). Behaviour Ecology and Sociobiology, 8: 213-217.

Planning/Ideas:

- Explain Caraco Study.

- Pros and Cons of risk sensitive foraging

- Utility function - used to further explain risk sensitive foraging.

Outline of Article:

P1: Lead Paragraph

P2: Discuss Thomas Caraco Study in detail, as this was on the first risk-sensitive foraging research.

P3: Positive and Negatives of risk-sensitive foraging. Use other research studies as example of this behaviour and how it applied.

P4: Talk about the Utility function curve -- will help to reinforce ideas of P3

P5: Summary and Conclusion. As well as discuss possible alternative theories/ contradictions that other researchers suggest. (REMOVE)

ARTICLE:

Risk Sensitive Foraging Models help to explain the variance in foraging behaviour in animals. This model allows powerful predictions to be made about expected foraging behaviour for individual groups of animals. Risk sensitive foraging is based on experimental evidence that the net energy budget level of an animal is predictive of type of foraging activity an animal will employ. Experimental evidence has indicated that individuals will change the type of foraging strategy that they use depending on environmental conditions and ability to meet net energy levels. When individuals can meet net energy level requirements by accessing food in risk aversive methods they do so. However, when net energy level requirements are not met by employing risk aversive methods, individuals are more likely to take risk prone actions in order to meet their net energy requirements.

Caraco’s Experiment[edit]
Thomas Caraco and his colleagues in 1980 were amongst the first to study risk sensitive foraging behavious in yellow-eyed juncos. For the original study seven yellow-eyed juncos were used in a two-part experiment. Part one examined foraging behaviours in five juncos when they were given a choice of eating on a perch where enough seeds were placed every time to meet their 24-hour energy requirements, or on a perch where they would sometimes find an abundance of seeds and sometimes no seeds. All individuals showed a preference to feed at the perch where they could get their daily seed requirement, the risk aversive choice. Part two examined foraging preference in four juncos, on one perch seeds were present every time but not enough to meet their 24-hour energy requirement. On the other perch they could sometimes find and abundance of seeds or no seeds. In this case the juncos showed a preference to feeding at the variable reward perch, choosing the risk prone feeding option. In order to test if individuals would change their strategy as a result of changed environment, two of the juncos from part one were used in part two of the experiment. As expected the juncos from part one who preferred the risk aversive foraging strategy switched to risk prone foraging behaviour in part two of the experiment.

Thomas Caraco a conducted follow up experiment in 1981 with dark-eyed juncos and used a larger sample size. The results were similar, dark-eyed juncos prefer risk aversive foraging behaviours when their 24-hour energy budgets can be met. However, when 24hr energy budgets are not met the juncos employ risk prone foraging behavior.

Other Animal Examples[edit]
Risk sensitive foraging has also been found in other animal species. Laboratory rats have also been found to display risk sensitive foraging. Rats prefer to forage at a constant food supply source if they are able to meet their energy requirements. But will employ risk prone foraging behaviour when the constant food supply source does not fulfill their daily energy requirement.

The common shrew has also been found to use risk sensitive foraging methods. Choosing to be risk aversive when they are able to constantly meet their energy requirements. But switching over to risk prone foraging and variable reward when their energy requirements are not met regularly.

Possible Exceptions[edit]
Follow-up studies conducted in humming birds have found conflicting evidence to risk sensitivity foraging. When the humming birds are given three different choices of food supply, risk sensitivity foraging model was not entirely accurate at predicting foraging strategy. When deciding to obtain food from experimental manipulated flowers containing: low variance, high variance and constant nectar. Humming birds were found to prefer nectar from the low variance flower more any other choice. Researchers suggest that these results may be attributed to the possibility that the humming birds were not able to examine the amount of nectar present in each flower visual

References

Caraco, Thomas; Martindale, Steven; Whittam, Thomas S. "An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive foraging preferences". Animal Behaviour. 28 (3): 820–830. doi:10.1016/s0003-

Barnard, C. J.; Brown, C. A. J. (1985). "Risk-Sensitive Foraging in Common Shrews (Sorex araneus L.)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 16 (2): 161–164. doi:10.2307/4599760

Caraco, Thomas (1981-06-01). "Energy budgets, risk and foraging preferences in dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 8 (3): 213–217. doi:10.1007/BF00299833. ISSN 0340-5443.

Pubols, Benjamin (1962). "Constant versus variable delay of reinforcement". Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology: 55–52.

Hurly, T.Andrew; Oseen, Michael D. "Context-dependent, risk-sensitive foraging preferences in wild rufous hummingbirds". Animal Behaviour. 58 (1): 59–66. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1130

title: User:RabiaF/sandbox


text:
Technical analysis

Technical Analysis abv:TA is study of "market action" (price action) to forecast future price with charts being used as a primary tool.

Technical Analysis is based on three premises

 * 1) Price discounting is all known information.
 * 2) Prices move in some Trend. (Reject Random walk theory, Discussed later)
 * 3) History repeat itself or Future is nothing but known past.

Price discounting is all known information

is the most important premises without which understanding of other two premises becomes difficult. price discounting is all known information means that price reflect true state of market. Shift in Demand and supply of a commodity affect price as well as volume then market always tend to move toward a stable state or stable price in other words a statistician would say "data tend to move to a central value" but a technician would rephrase this statement "if prices are rising then demand must exceed supply and fundamentals must be bullish likewise if prices are falling then supply must exceed the demand and market fundamentals must be bearish. this assumption also pertains to Efﬁcient Market Theory

Prices move in some Trend

Consider Price as force and Volume as mass, this premises exactly inherent Newton's first law of motion so more specifically a trend would continue until a reversal comes and change its direction, here trend mean any time span.

History repeat itself

Human factor is key factor in previous two premises too but here this assumption "history repeat itself" takes on more into the subject as human are greedy and afraid, they intend to repeat those actions that also worked in their past and don't repeat those actions (mistakes) if they never worked. you may relate this phenomena to "behavioral learning theory"

How to Add Contents (outline)
This course is being developed by consulting popular books available on TA, kindly be very specific about course outline, before adding any content or expending outline make sure your purposed content might be subheading of already created outline. Many professional certification on the subject follow standard outline.

Controversial Topics
Certainly this course is being developed to get a better understanding of technical Analysis NOT for improving your skills to invest or trade neither this course should claim such a thing. Technical Vs Fundamental analysis OR which indicator is best is NOT the theme of this course. however a fair comparison of topics (off the subject) maybe very much welcomed.

How to improve
Feel free to edit or improve this course, currently writing mathematical or algebraic expression is very much need anyone who uses scientific word processor or statistical package may include formulas or charts.

Research
Submit your own created custom indicators, Trading systems, Rule base trading, or your own created strategy or test already explored indicators /systems also do submit system testing results.

Interactive Charts
Technical Analysis Library and Software

Open-source library of technical analysis functions. Available for Excel, Java, .NET, Perl, Python and C/C++

Applying TA in Different Markets
the recognising of different trend patterns is the application of Technical analysis.

Random Walk Theory
this is the idea that stocks take a random and unpredictable path. A follower of the random walk theory believes it's impossible to outperform the market without assuming additional risk. Critics of the theory, however, contend that stocks do maintain price trends over time - in other words, that it is possible to outperform the market by carefully selecting entry and exit points for equity investments

Types of Charts
There are three types of charts commonly used by technical analysts: candlesticks charts, bar charts, and line charts.

The less common chart types may provide information that isn't obvious in a bar or candle chart. For example, a Heikin Ashi chart can sometimes make the price trend obvious, while on the bar chart trend is ambiguous. Many of the online charting platforms offer Heikin Ashi, Renko, Kagi, Point & Figure, and others, in addition to the common chart types.

Trends
the stock markets have two major trends i.e bullish and bearish. when buying is strong enough to lack sellers and takes price to higher levels the trend is said to be bullish and vice versa bearish trend.

Support and Resistance
Support and resistance (S/R) levels occur when buyers and sellers come into balance with each other.

Support occurs when sellers are unable to push prices lower. Resistance occurs when buyers are unable to push prices higher.

Technical analysts pay attention to support and resistance levels because there is a high probability that price behavior will change when an S/R level is reached.

Note that support and resistance occurs along horizontal lines, at a given price level. Quite often S/R will occur at round-numbers like 100 or 1400.

S/R can also be found along slanted lines, which are usually referred to as trend lines or channel boundaries.

Support
Loosely, a support price is a "floor" on the price of a security. When reviewing a chart of the price of the security over time, the security's price appears to have a minimum value - the price appears to bounce once it approaches the same price at several points in time.

Technical analysis shows that the support price is a lower bound for the security's value. As the price approaches the support level, investors recognize the inherent value of the stock due to the value of its assets, earnings, or other issues. Psychologically, there is no way the value of the security should be that low. The support price is where buyers get eager to buy stock, however, the resistance price is when the sellers are eager to sell. It is recommended that stock be bought and sold at support.

Resistance
It is recommended that stock be sold or shorted at the resistance

Drawing The Trendlines
the line connecting the troughs in an uptrend is called the bullish trend line and the line connecting crests in and downtrend is the bearish trendline. a trend must significantly touch at least 3 linear crests or troughs. a trend shall not be thought to be reversed untill and unless it breaks up with a significant volume.

Types of Patterns
there are two types of patterns

the mode at which price starts to continue moving in opposite direction are reversal patterns and when prices show a little correction to a trend and start moving in the same trend are the continuation patterns. submitted by Nitin aneja<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Reversal Patterns
Reversal patterns tend to occur when a price trend has reached its end.

These patterns often appear as sideways movements as buyers and sellers struggle for dominance of the price trend.

Trend traders can use reversal patterns as a warning sign that the trend may be over.

To a counter-trend trader, the reversal pattern is a sign that it may be time to enter the market for a new trade.

From a visual perspective, some of the Japanese Candlestick reversal patterns are easier to spot than patterns like the head and shoulders.

Common Reversal Patterns
These are a few of the more common reversal patterns:

 * head and shoulders.
 * double top/bottom
 * triple top/bottom
 * spike

Parabolic Reversal Pattern
Parabolic moves occur when price climbs relentlessly higher, with the rate-of-climb continuously increasing.

In other words, price forms a curve which becomes steeper and steeper as the price movement continues higher.

Ultimately, a parabolic move becomes essentially vertical as frantic buyers fight to enter the market at any price.

When the vertical move exhausts itself, price tends to collapse dramatically, giving us the parabolic reversal.

Continuation Patterns
Continuation patterns typically occur as price consolidates, or rests, after making a big move.

While the price action pauses, time continues to elapse. Because of this effect, continuation patterns often appear on a chart as mostly sideways moves.

In contrast to reversal patterns, a continuation pattern suggests that price is likely to continue in the direction of the trend, once the consolidation is complete.

Triangles
when buyers and sellers are not enough to take the prices to one direction there is doubt in the investors. the fight betwen bull or bear makes a patterns having one bullish or bearish trend line. triangle with one bullish trendline and a resistance is called descending triangle, a triangle with one bearish trend line and a support is called a ascending triangle and the triangle formed by connecting bullish and bearish trendline is called symmetrical triangle. submitted by Nitin aneja<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
List of Technical Indicators
Volume Weighted Average Price - VWAP

Anchored VWAP

Moving Averages

Elliott wave Theory

The Elliott Wave (EW) principle is a form of technical analysis that traders use to analyze financial market cycles and forecast market trends by identifying extremes in investor psychology, highs and lows in prices, and other collective factors.

The general guidelines for using EW are:

1. When price is moving in the direction of the dominant trend, the overall movement will subdivide into 5 separate waves

2. When price is moving counter to the dominant trend, the overall movement will subdivide into 3 separate waves

These 5-wave and 3-wave patterns can be seen in all timeframes

Basics of Building Trading Systems
Well all system flavors will share

 * place to trade (market)
 * your knowledge you using how to buy, sell (algorithms, technical analisis,or just intuition)
 * period of time
 * strategies how to trade.
 * platform to operate
 * signal layer status

Principles of Trading System Design
Principles of your strategies should be aligned with your Trading System design

 * Principles in a finance point of view

 * 1) short
 * 2) long
 * 3) type of investment
 * 4) level of the automatization

 * Principles in a system point of view

 * 1) classic approached
 * 2) AI. approached
 * 3) unique approached
 * 4) platforms

title: Technical analysis


text:
Talk:Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health

Notable Researchers
There is a list of seven notable researchers. Review of "notablity" requirements for Wiki strongly suggests that none reach the cut-off to be included. Bios of each was boilerplate, as if written for a publicty handout for the institute. I question strongly why only women were listed.Mwinog2777 (talk) 16:15, 27 August 2017 (UTC)


text:
Hermine Galfy

Hermine Galfy is the stage name of Hermine Katzmayr, married name Hermine Katzmayr-Godeffroy, (25 October 1856 – 2 April 1933) a German operatic soprano and voice teacher.

Life
Hermine Katzmayr was born in Vienna. She was prepared for a singing career at the Vienna Academy of Music by Mathilde Marchesi. She found her first engagement in 1874 in Graz, and moved in 1877 to the Stadttheater Düsseldorf, and to Königsberg in 1879. She joined the Schwerin court theatre in 1880, where she worked successfully until 1887. She appeared there as Eva in the first production of Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg at that house in 1882. She was awarded the title Kammersängerin in recognition of her merits.

She appeared as a guest in Bremen, Munich, Stuttgart, Rotterdam, Kassel and Wiesbaden. Galfy took part at the Bayreuth Festival in the 1882 world premiere of Parsifal, as a squire and flower maiden. She enjoyed great recognition everywhere, and retired from the stage in 1894. She took residence in Berlin, where she was active as a vocal teacher at the Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory.

Galfy died in Berlin in April 1933 at the age of 76.

title: Hermine Galfy


text:
Talk:David Sesa

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Sesa. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110707000904/http://www.nbt.ch/storys/storys_laufend.cfm?vID=12619 to http://www.nbt.ch/storys/storys_laufend.cfm?vID=12619

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:29, 23 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Sesa


text:
The Norman House (York)

The Norman House is a grade I listed building and scheduled monument in the city centre of York, in England. Although in ruins, it has been described as "York's oldest house", dating from the 12th century.

The building was constructed in the late 12th century, about 14 metres to the north of the street of Stonegate. Although the area had been occupied in the Roman Eboracum period, it had been abandoned. It is believed that it was open ground until new building plots were laid out under the influence of the clergy of York Minster, as it lay within the Liberty of St Peter.

While many of the new buildings were tenements, others were impressive houses, several of which were used by religious office-holders. The Norman House was a two-storey structure, built of Magnesian Limestone, and based on surviving walls, each floor measured at least 11 feet by 6. The ground floor undercroft had three pillars, supporting the upper storey. This was probably an open hall, and it was lit by windows to the south-west.

The York Civic Trust speculates that the house may originally have been built as the house of a Jewish financier. The Jews in York were massacred in 1190, and by the time the house was first recorded, in 1376, it belonged to the prebend of Ampleforth. It remained in use by clergy linked to the Minster for the next few centuries. It was largely demolished in or before the 18th century, but two walls survived, incorporated in later buildings.

In 1939, demolition of later buildings revealed the two surviving walls of the house, and also the bases of the pillars of the undercroft, and the base of a garderobe shaft. The shaft and pillars were three-and-a-half feet below the current ground level, and so were covered over, but the walls were preserved, and the former interior of the building made into a small courtyard, so that the remains can be viewed from the inside. They are accessed by a snickelway, running between numbers 50 and 52 Stonegate.

The south-east wall is believed to have been a gable end. Its stonework is only present in patches, infilled with later brick, but it does include a cupboard, with grooves showing where doors and a shelf would have sat. The south-west wall is more complete, and includes a double-arched window, in the Norman style. The north-west wall is of a later date, but includes some stones taken from the original house.

The house was made a scheduled monument, and in 1954 also became a Grade I listed building. Although it is in ruins, the Civic Trust describes it as "York's oldest house", while the An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York states that "the remains are of great historical interest".

title: The Norman House (York)


text:
User:Amn5526/Evaluate an Article

Evaluate an article
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article: Category:Environmental science
 * I chose this article to evaluate because I have an interest in environmental science, even though it's not what I'm studying.

Lead

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
 * Yes, the introductory sentence is the definition of environmental science.
 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
 * Yes it goes over what the information will be in the article.
 * Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
 * There is some information in the Lead about the history of environmental science which is not talked about later in the article.
 * Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?
 * I would say the lead is pretty concise and has all of the relevant information.

Content

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article's content relevant to the topic?
 * Yes, it includes information on all the different aspects of environmental science.
 * Is the content up-to-date?
 * I would say it is up to date, the last edit on the page was this past month.
 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?
 * No, I think all the content is relevant and has nothing missing.

Tone and Balance

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article neutral?
 * Yes, I think it's pretty easy to stay unbiased when writing an article such as this one.
 * Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * I was not able to find any claims that seemed heavily biased.
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * I don't think any viewpoints in the article were over/underpresented.
 * Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?
 * I don't think there are any positions to be taken on this particular article.

Sources and References

 * Guiding questions

 * Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
 * Yes, there is a list of sources at the bottom of the article.
 * Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
 * Yes the sources seem pretty thorough, and they are good academic sources.
 * Are the sources current?
 * A lot of the sources seem to be about 10 years old so the information could be updated.
 * Check a few links. Do they work?
 * Yes, the links I tried worked.

Organization

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
 * Yes this article is easy to read and it helps that there is a section on terminology.
 * Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors?
 * I did not find and grammatical or spelling errors.
 * Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?
 * Yes the article is broken down into sections involving the different components of environmental science.

Images and Media

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
 * Yes, the images in the article are helpful and reference the topic discussed in the section.
 * Are images well-captioned?
 * Yes, the caption provides additional information to help understand the topic.
 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
 * Yes
 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?
 * Yes

Checking the talk page

 * Guiding questions

 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * There are some conversations about adding more information to the article such as estate management, the someone else commented that estate management didn't seem relevant.
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * It is rated C-class, it is a part of Environment, Science and Technology WikiProjects.
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
 * We haven't talked about this topic in class.

Overall impressions

 * Guiding questions

 * What is the article's overall status?
 * I think it is a good and useful article overall.
 * What are the article's strengths?
 * It has a good breakdown of sections in the article, it explains very clearly what the topic is and has terminology laid out.
 * How can the article be improved?
 * Many of the sources seem to be older, they could update the information with newer sources.
 * How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed?
 * I think the article is well-developed. It is very to the point, while discussing all the major topics and components of environmental science without getting too lengthy.

Optional activity

 * Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback

with four tildes — ~

 * Link to feedback:

title: User:Amn5526/Evaluate an Article


text:
Category:National members of the African Chess Union

The following category contains the national federations who are member of the African Chess Union, the continental association for World Chess Federation members.


text:
Gerd

Etymology
From.

Etymology
From. Revived as a given name in the 19th century.

Etymology
From.

title: Gerd


text:
Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate Change

The Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate Change was a special appointment made at the University of Adelaide and funded by the Government of South Australia. It was established with funding for four years, beginning in 2006-07. The Chair’s role is to advise government, industry, and the community on how to tackle climate change. The Chair is also tasked to draw together expertise in climate change from across the university. The foundation appointee to the position was Professor Barry Brook who held the position for 8 years until December 2014. From 1 January 2015 to 15 January 2017, the position was held by Professor Corey J. A. Bradshaw. It is unknown if the position will continue.

Nomenclature
The Chair's namesake, Sir Hubert Wilkins, was a South Australian researcher who studied weather and its impacts on people. Sir Hubert was also concerned about the loss of native flora and fauna during an era when few Australians were concerned with conservation.


text:
Παίων

Etymology
Folk etymology / Greek mythology derived the name from, the son of Endymion. The Paionians' real origins are murkier and their language is poorly attested, with theories including Thracian, Illyrian, or native Greek. More at Paeonia.

Noun

 * 1) a Paionian
 * 2) an inhabitant of Paionia

title: Παίων


text:
wildland

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) land that is unfit for, or has not been modified by, cultivation or other human activity; a natural area.
 * 2) * 1837,, question submitted to the law officers of the Crown in England, quoted in , opinion in Mercer v. Attorney General for Ontario, 1881, in Reports of the Supreme Court of Canada, Volume V, page 686,
 * Whether it is in point of law competent for his Majesty, with the advice of and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of New Brunswick, to render the tracts of wildland in the colony which belong to his Majesty jure coronæ subject to the appropriation of the legislature of the province for a fixed period or in perpetuity in return for a civil list to be settled on the Crown for a similar term, or in perpetuity as may be thought best?
 * 1) * 1883 September 22, Mallerstang Forest and Pendragon Castle, Westmoreland (book review), in Manchester City News, Notes and Queries section, No. 37, reprinted in J. H. Nodal (ed.), City News Notes and Queries, City News Office (1883–4), Volume V, page 136,
 * The traveller by the Midland Railway line to Carlisle passes through Mallerstang in the stretch of wildland traversed before reaching Kirkby Stephen, but there is no station in any portion of the valley to acquaint him with the fact.

Usage notes

 * The singular form is commonly used in noun compounds, either attributively as in, ,  and so on, or via hyphenation as in  . Otherwise, this term is ordinarily found in its plural form.

Translations

 * Dutch: (e) land/grond, ,
 * Galician: ,

title: wildland


text:
Saint-Rémi

Saint-Rémi may refer to:
 * Saint Rémi or Remigius (c. 437–533), Bishop of Reims
 * Basilica of Saint-Remi, a medieval abbey church in Reims, France
 * Musée Saint-Remi, a former abbey in Reims, France
 * French ship Saint-Rémi, a 400-ton ship active in 1785
 * Saint-Rémi, Quebec, a city in Les Jardins-de-Napierville
 * Saint-Rémi-de-Tingwick, Quebec, a municipality in Centre-du-Québec

title: Saint-Rémi