text:
User:Robert Elliott/RETestPage

 * Lesson #002 - Study the Way Movies are Filmed in Hollywood
 * Page 1 - The Basic Filmmaking Process

 * The pages of this lesson are…
 * Title Page for this lesson
 * Page 1 - The Basic Filmmaking Process     → You are here!
 * Page 2 - Analyzing the movie George Lucas in Love
 * Page 3 - Watching how real scenes are broken down and filmed in Hollywood.

 * Current Location
 * Wikiversity (English) $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Humanities $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Art and Design $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Fine Arts $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Film and Television $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Narrative Film Production $$\Leftrightarrow$$  Course #01 - Learning the Basics of Filmmaking  $$\Leftrightarrow$$  Lesson #002 - Study the Way Movies are made in Hollywood$$\Leftrightarrow$$   Page 1 - The Basic Filmmaking Process

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

The Process of Single Camera Filmmaking for Narrative Dramas
The following outline intends to give you a brisk walkthrough of what film and television production entails when filming narrative dramas. (That means dramatic scenes with actors and scripted dialog filmed with a single camera and edited non-linearly so time can be lengthened or shorted as needed.)

Development
Before even pre-production, there is the initial phase where ideas are bounced around. The idea for our movie had been around for many years. Now seems like the ideal time to turn it into a short motion picture.

 * Examples of Ideas for a Motion Picture
 * There are thousands of ideas for short motion picture. Just look around at normal every day things… such as Enriched Wheat Flour.  Does anyone know what is in that?  Who actually makes the enriched part?  What if Microsoft made those unknown ingrediants, what would people look like who ate it?  Do the chemicals in hard water interact with the chemicals in enriched Wheat Flour to create really ugly people?  Is this a binary poison?  Coffee and donuts, anyone?

Think about it!!!!

The Story
All movies start with a story. Click here to look at our story.

In Hollywood, the story might start with just an idea. Or the story might be a book which is turned into a movie.

The Script
In Hollywood, the script is the bible for the movie. So before we begin, the story must be turned into a script. For a novel, that means cutting 20 hours of material down to 90 minutes. That is a lot of cutting!!!.

The first step is to analyze the story to find the characters, the dialog, the action, and the parenthetical comments.

Look at our lesson on formatting the script] to see how we cut our very short story down to just the basic ingredients for a script. This is not the only way to boil our story down into a script. You try!!!

Script formatting
Finally, the script must be formatted before you show it to anyone. To be formatted, the script must be typed in the certain format that everyone quickly understands. In Hollywood, there is a basic format that writers follow for narrative motion pictures. Computer programs such as Final Draft help you create the proper format.

Our story is very simple so typing the script is quick and easy using a script formatting program. You can do quickly by learning a formatting program such as Final Draft and then using this program to format our script.

Good News: Final Draft has a free demo version which is ideal for learning the program and for typing our short script. When itis finished, our script looks great. Look at our [[Media:SBTDS_Script_Ciprian2.pdf | script as formatted by one of our students]].

Creating the thumbnail storyboards
Of all the steps of fimmaking, the most important steps is storyboarding.

The simplest storyboard of all is made with thumbnail sketches. The thumbnail storyboarding is where all the important decisions are made for the visual images of the movie.

The reason that storyboards are so important is this is where you make the major decisions of this movie. When you have completed this movie, you have a good idea how the movie will be shot.

Thumbnail Storboarding

 * The Beginning of the Movie
 * The script says, "EXTERIOR - The local movie theater - NIGHT. The Young Person and Old Person stand looking at the movie poster outside the theater.  Young Person says, "That was a great movie...but I do not understand one thing."

Possible Opening Shots
· ·  ·  ·  ·

Select the Opening Frame
Which frame would you select for the first frame of the movie? You can decide in lesson on thumbnail storyboarding.

When you do the storyboards for our movie, you are making thousands of tiny decisions. That is why this step is so important.

Creating the music
Normally, filmmakers don't worry about the music now. However, in our movie, the music will be one of the actors in the movie. It will be our narrator.

Since the music is so important to our movie, we begin to create a rough draft of our music so we know how long it will be. This will help us in the filming of our movie. You can see this in the lesson to create the temp track for our animatic which will be a test movie made from the storyboards.

Recording the dialog for the animatic
For our movie, we are going to create an animatic from the storyboards. To do this, we need voices of the characters of our movie. You can see how we do this in the lesson about the dialog recording.

Editing the animatic
Once you have the storyboards, you can turn the storyboards into a movie using an editing program on your computer. This is called the animatic which is normally done for special scenes.

To create an animatic from the storyboards, we need to edit it like a slide show but with the narrative music and the spoken dialog. You can see how this will be done in the lesson on editing the animatic.

3D Human Models, 3D Costumes, and Movie Sets
Since we are creating an animated version of our movie, we need to select the models that we will use. This is not just the basic figures but also the cast and costumes.

Lesson 10. Creating 3D Storyboards
The first step in creating an animated motion picture with 3D figures is to create a 3D storyboard. These storyboards are much fancier that thumbnail storyboards and much more accurate. However, they take ten times the effort.

Using a program like DAZ Studio, you can create very useful 3D storyboard artwork. More important, we can also use these illustrations as keyframes in our animation.

Lighting the movie set

 * Selecting the lighting for the movie set for the animated version is rather easy. Creating a light in animation is very fast.  The difficulty is deciding how to get the proper look.  Light is used as a paintbrush.  You create a special look to the movie set by adjusting the lights.

Animating the digital actors

 * Finally, we do the character animation for the animated movie.  Getting digital figures to appear gorgeous is easy.  Getting them to move so they do not look like idiots is hard.  If our digital puppets look too real, any fault in the character animation will be magnified.  So far, animation software for digital puppets is a total failure.  Therefore, this lesson will be more of an exploration of what is possible.

Editing the animated version

 * A movie created with 3D figures is shot like a live action movie. Then the clips have to be edited just like a live action movie.   Editing the animated movie requires an editing program like Final Cut Pro to combine the animation with the dialog, music, and sound effects.

Plan our sound effects and ambience

 * As we edit the movie, we will also worry about the sounds which are not dialog and music. This is more than just basic sound effects or ambience or Foley sounds.   Designing and creating the sounds for the ambience means getting all the sound to work together to help tell the story and to set the correct mood.

Create the Foley sounds

 * One of the most entertaining ways to create sound efects is designing and creating the sounds for the Foley which are sound effects that are too numberous to record separate so they are done live while watching the movie.

Record the music

 * Back at the beginning of the editing process, we create the rough musical score. Now we need to  record the final musical sounds for the movie.  There are many ways to do th is.  Perhaps we can hire a symphony orchestra to record our musical sounds for this movie.

Create the matte painting

 * For our movie set, we used a simple wall with a sign. To create the actual background for our movie (which is a theater on a far and distant planet), need to fake it with a painting that fits around our movie set for the final shot of the movie.   Creating the matte paintings for the movie is can be done with paint brushes and oil paints but I think we will be using a 3D modeling program like Vue or Bryce.

Combine the Matte Painting with the animated scene

 * During the final shot, the audience moves from begining close to the actors to being very far away. Since the matte painting is static, we must do this with a zoom shot.  We will need to  composite the actors into the matte painting which is done with a program such as Adobe AfterEffects.

Live Action
Once we have the animated version complete, we will start on the live action version. The animated version will be the planning for the live action version.

Budgeting
The animated version was done almost completely inside our computers. Therefore, the expenses were limited to computer hardware and software. Now we have to budgeting For Live Action with real movie sets, a real movie camera, and live actors.

Financing

 * Financing the Live Action - Financing the live action version of this movie]] - We have to determine how much money we need and then we have to find it.

 * Constructing the Movie Set - Planning and constructing the movie set for a live action shoot]] - We have to build a movie set.

 * Lighting the Movie Set - Selecting the lights for the movie set for a live action shoot]] - We have to light the movie set.

 * Hiring the Crew - Selecting the crew for a live action shoot]] - We have to find a crew for this movie.

 * Casting the Actors - We have to audition and select the cast.

 * Casting the Actors - Finally we film the live action version.

 * Edit the movie - We have edit either the live action or the animated version of the movie. In both cases, this is done the same way.

 * Designing and creating the sounds for the ambience - We have to decide what sounds are needed for the ambiance for this movie.

 * Designing and creating the sounds for the Foley - We have to record the Foley sounds for the ambiance for this movie. If you don't know who Jack Foley was, go to this wonderful website www.marblehead.net/Foley/jack.html

 * Re-record the dialog - We have to replace the dialog for this movie using ADR.

 * Recording the musical sounds for the movie - We have to create the musical sounds for this movie.

 * Creating the matte paintings for the movie - live action - We have to create the matte paintings for the live action movie.

 * Compositing the matte painting - live action - We have to combine the matte paintings for the live action movie with the actual filming of the movie.

Distribution/Exhibition

 * Creating the titles - We have to create the titles and credits for both the animated and the movie.

 * Prepare the movie's elements for distribution - Creating the titles]] - We have to prepare the movie for distribution.

 * Creating the foreign dubs - We have to create the foreign dubs for this movie.

 * Authoring the disk - We have to create layout and design of the DVD-Video release.

 * Creating the posters, etc. - We have to create the posters, jacket, and slicks for this movie.

 * Accounting - We have to account for the finances of the movie.

Crewing up
This movie will be filmed both as 3D animation and as a live action movie. For the live action movie, the film's line producers will design a basic timeline and make initial wish-lists of actors, head crew members (director, director of photography (DP), gaffer, sound, visual effects designer, computer effects designer, editor and musician), locations and equipment as it affects format (b&w or colour film, video or digital video).

For the animated version of this movie, we have to locate the models which will be used for the two characters in our movie — the Young Person and the Old Person. We will begin this search in the lesson in casting and costumes for aniamtion.

Finance
This stage runs concurrently with conceptualization but can only really reflect actual needs after the script breakdown and production design stages have finished. We will have completed the animated version before we begin to work on the financing of the live action version. This will be done in the lesson on financing the movie.

Budget
This tries to take into account all expenses for the entire venture based on results from the script breakdown and production design as well as budgets from similar projects. The line producer (someone familiar with filming in a particular geographical region) usually does the initial budget. You will see this in the lesson on budgeting.

Investors
As we approach actual filming of the movie, the live action filming will require investors to commit to the project to carry it through to completion. The art of deal-making rules this stage. Hopefully, we will see that in the lesson on financing a movie.

Live Action Motion Pictures
For live action, the executive producer gives the money to the producer to make the motion picture. The producer hires the director who will control the performance of the actors. The producer hires the cinematographer (director of photography) who will capture the performance of the actors on film or digitally. The producer hires a production manager (or line producer) who then hires all the workers (the crew) for the filming of the motion picture. The producer or the production manager will hire the sound recordist (sound mixer) who will capture the dialog of the actors. The producer and the director select the actors for the motion picture with the assistance of a casting director. Each day on the movie set, the actors and crew turn into reality the planning of the production. On the set: Lights, Camera, Action!

Head crew

Directors and assistant directors, script supervisor and location manager.

Camera department

Director of photography, camera operator, camera assistants and focus pullers.

Lighting/electrical department

Gaffer, best boy electric and electricians (sparks).

Grip department

Key grip, dolly grip, best boy grip, rigging grips and grips.

Sound department

Sound mixer, sound assistants and boom.

Art department

Art director, prop manager, painters, set dressers, and construction crew.

Make-up/hair department

Make up artist, hair designer, special effects make-up designer and assistants.

Wardrobe/costume department

Costume designer (not on set), wardrobe manager, and dressers.

Visual effects department

Visual effects supervisor and support crew.

Production department

Production manager (not on set), production coordinator, and production assistants (PAs).

Support crew

Medical, transport, catering, personal assistants, still photography, and behind-the-scenes videographers.

Animation
For animation, the procedure is backwards. (To be completed soon...)

Post Production
After 20 to 60 days of filming, you are finished shooting your motion picture. After all that effort, the only thing you have to show for your work is about 100 reels of film, 60 rolls of audio tape, and a well-worn copy of the script which has been marked up by the script supervisor. That's it! Other than publicity stills and maybe a documentaries and perhaps some effects shots being done at effects houses around town, this is all you get for your 40 million dollars. So now, what do you do?

Now you start Post Production. Now you turn the developed film and audio reels into a motion picture for viewing at a film festival. (Much later, you worry about getting the movie ready for distribution.)

Once the dailies are prepared for editing, the film editor begins to edit the picture and the dialog. The sound department will get busy creating an infinite number of sound effects and the film composer will create beautiful music for your movie. If any visual effects are needed, they will get done too at special effects houses... along with the titles and credits.

Finally, when everyone is happy, the negative will be cut to match the edit of the movie and a print will be made for showing at Sundance.

Let's look at these steps individually.

Dailies/Workprint/Telecine/Capture/Syncing Audio
Each day during production of a feature film shot on motion picture film, dailies are prepared for viewing by the director, the crew and the studio executives. To save money, the same dailies can be used by the editor to edit the movie... or at least they can be created at the same time.

Preparing the dailies for editing seems like a trivial task but can be a major headache if not done very carefully. This is just as true for digital video as for film. Some people think that just because they use a digital camcorder, they do not have to process the film dailies. Dailies still have to be captured into the computer so they can be edited. And if you using a separate sound system for recording the dialog, you will still have all the problems of syncing audio to picture for your digital dailies.

For more information on preparing film dailies for editing and the telecine process, see the section on Telecine in the Movie Making Manual.

Logging
If you film and edit only one scene (or a short), you can easily keep track in your head of all the raw footage. But for a feature film, keeping track of all the different shots is not easy. Walter Murch uses Apple's FileMaker Pro. At Macworld Expo, there is usually at least one lecture on how he uses this database during the editing process.

Picture and Dialog Editing
When the movie is edited, the editor must think about more than just the picture and the dialog. The sound effects and the music work together with the pictures and the dialog to tell the story. The sound effects, music, picture and dialog all interact. The editor must figure out how all these elements work together to tell the story.

In Hollywood, there are special teams what do the visual effects, music, and sound effects. But if you are just one person doing the edit of low-budget motion picture, you might have to do everything yourself as you edit the movie.

 * Narrative Films Only
 * This manual covers dramatic movies with scripted dialog. Be aware that editing a documentary, corporate video, multimedia or event video is totally different from editing narrative dramas.  For more information about the process of film editing for narrative motion pictures and televison drama see the section What is Editing in the Movie Making Manual.

For narrative feature films, there are two different kinds of scenes - Action sequences and Conversation. When you edit a conversation, there are lots of constraints... special the script which dictates the spoken dialog. Action sequences have few constraints.

There are two kinds of music - Background music and Narrative music. Background music means very soft music while narrative music is music that gets in your face. At this stage, a temp track is acceptable for background music but for music which tells part of the story, you really need to use something which will be close to the final music.

While there are many kinds of sound effects, at this stage you are only worried about the sound effects that help tell a story, not the sound effects which make the scenery seem realistic such as Ambience, Walla and Foley. These can be done when the editing is finished. For now, just worry about the sound effects that help narrate the story.

For more instructions on how to edit a dramatic scene with scripted dialog, see the section How To Edit a Dramatic Scene in the Movie Making Manual.

ADR (Automatic Dialog Replacement)
Once you have edited the movie, you might need to replace some of the spoken dialog. For more information on ADR, see the section ADR in the Movie Making Manual.

Sound Effects
Once all the scenes are edited, you begin to add all the little sounds which makes the movie seem real. If a scene does not seem realistic, you have not added enough sound effects such as:

Ambiance
The background sounds of the environment.

Walla
This is the indistinguishable sounds of people talking in the background.

Foley
The footsteps and the rustling of clothing make your scene seem real. which are so numerous that it is faster to record these sound effects live while watching the movie. If you have only a few footsteps, you can do this from sound effects libraries in your editing program. But in general, when you need hundreds of tiny sound effects, it is easier to do them with Foley

For more information on Sound for motion pictures, see Sound Design in the Movie Making Manual. For more information on Foley, see the section Foley in the Movie Making Manual. (Note: "Foley" stands for Jack Foley who pioneered this kind of sound effects creating.)

Visual Effects
When doing the basic edit, blank frames or storyboard frames are used in place of visual elements. Once the effects shots are finished, they must be inserted into the edit.

Titles and Credits
Titles can be done any way that you wish. Determining which people to include in the credits can be complicated. This is a good place to make a lot of people angry. Therefore, you must be very careful to list all the people who deserve credit for making the movie. Sometimes, the unions decide this. Sometimes your contracts with the cast and crew decide this. Doing the credits is not as easy as it looks.

Film Scoring
Music creates the mood. Once the edit is complete (with a temp score), the temp score must be replace by the final score. For more information on film scoring, see the section Music/Film Scoring in the Movie Making Manual.

Breakdown into reels
A motion picture must be in manageable pieces for distribution and projection. In the break between reels, there must be no sound or picture.

Conform the Negative
Most of the time, it is not possible to edit at the highest possible resolution. In these cases, up until now, editing is off-line. If there is no digital intermediary, you need to conform the negative.

Prep for Distribution
This should be in the marketing section because it is done after you have a distributor but before the distributor accepts delivery of the motion picture and all its elements. Therefore, only after you have sold the movie, do you learn what film formats are required. This is a hidden expense can be rather nasty. If you have not planned ahead, this can cost you a fortune. Read Robert Rodriguez' Rebel without a Crew which is about the making "El Mariachi" This book should be required reading in all film schools.

Animated Feature Films
Note that if you are making an animated feature-length motion picture, the procedures above are done in a slightly different order.

Post Production
(To be combine with above.) On completion of filming (and even while it still continues) the editing team goes to work to start cutting the project together. If you are interested in learning how to do these steps using your personal computer, see the Teach Yourself Filmmaking section.

Developing /Dailies/Logging
Every night during shooting of the motion picture, the film reels and the sound reels are sent to the lab. The film is developed and circle takes printed onto film or telecined onto video tape. Then the audio is synced with the picture to create the dailies. Or to explain it another way: The dailies are created by combining the visual image (from the motion picture camera or from the DV Camcorder) with the audio (the dialog) from the sound recorder. To begin post production, a copy of these dailies are converted into the formatted required by the film editor and logged. On film, this is known as the work print. The editor never works with the original negative which scratches too easily. For digital films, this is called the off-line edit which is lower resolution than the original images which saves disk space and speeds up playback. For bigger films, logging means that information about every piece of film and every bit of audio must be entered into a huge database which is accessible by the entire post production staff.

Editing
Building the scenes to tell a story. Nowadays, non-linear editing using computers has become the norm (Avid, Final Cut Pro, ...) The editor works closely with the sound effects department and the film scoring person to bring the maximum impact to the movie. For action sequence, the scene will be edited based on the visual images, the music and the sound effects. For conversations, the editor must cut to get the best quality dialog... as well as to worry how the music and sound effects will effect the scene.

ADR
Editors must re-record dialogue that cannot be salvaged from production in a process called looping, dubbing, or ADR. ADR stands for either Additional Dialogue Recording, or Automated Dialogue Replacement, depending on whom you ask. But don't ask why the A sometimes stands for Automated, because there's nothing particularly automatic about the process. An actor watches the image repeatedly while listening to the original production track on headphones as a guide. The actor then re-performs each line to match the wording and lip movements.

Actors vary in their ability to achieve sync and to recapture the emotional tone of their performance. Marlon Brando, for example, was said to enjoy looping because he didn't like to freeze a performance until he knew its final context. (People have said that he mumbled during his on-camera performances to make the production sound unusable, so that he can make adjustments in looping.)

ADR is a necessary evil when production sound is unusable, but directors can also use it to add new character or interpretation to a shot. By altering a few key words or phrases an actor can change the emotional bent on a scene.

Sound Effects
The sound effects (including the Foley, Walla, & Ambiance) make a scene seem real. Without the addition of sound effects, a scene would feel like it was filmed on a studio sound stage... which it probably was. Sound effects recorded by a sound effects person are rarely used as is. Instead, sound effects are "sweetened" and enhanced.

Foley
A sound effects technique for synchronous effects or live effects. Foleying supplies the subtle sounds that production mikes often miss. The rustling of clothing and a squeak of a saddle when a rider mounts his horse give a scene a touch of realism that filmmakers find difficult to provide using other effects methods. Sounds for a steamy sex scene probably come from a foley artist making dispassionate love to his or her own wrist. The good Foley artist must "become" the actor with whom they sync effects or the sounds lack the necessary realism to convince the audience. Most successful Foley artists are audiles; they can look at an object and imagine what type of sound it can be made to produce. The foley crew include the artist or "walker," who makes the sound, and a technician or two to record and mix it. A foley stage often appears as a storage area for the studio's unwanted junk. Metal laundry tubes filled to the brim with metal trays, tin pie plates, empty soda cans, hubcaps, bedpans, knives, forks and broken staple guns. They use these crash tubes for anything from comedy crashes to adding presence (brightness and naturalness) to something as serious as a car crash.

Walla
Walla is the indistinguishable mutterings of people in a crowd. It takes a special skill to create a series of intelligible words with no clear meaning. wal

Ambiance
Unlike sound for television dramas, a motion picture normally records only the dialog (the spoken words) during production. All the other sounds are created in post production. This gives greater freedom when editing the dialog. Therefore, the natural sounds of the environment need to be added. This is especially true if the scene was recorded on a sound stage at the motion picture studio where the background sounds are never natural or realistic. The sound of the environment is the ambiance and must be recorded in a real location. Even though ambiance is very soft in the background, a scene will feel flat without it.

Ambiance is also sometimes referred to as "room tone."

Musical Scoring
The musical score and the musical sound effects create the mood for each scene. Writing the music for film and TV requires special skills from the composers, musicians and sound engineers; they all need a flair for the dramatic and the ability to envision sound. Even though the actors' voices adds a kind of music to a scene as they speak, adding additional music is often necessary to create the proper mood. It is often the director who tells the film's composer what what moods he wants the audience to feel during the action and the dialog in the motion picture.

Visual Effects
Visual effects are any element which was not captured during filming that must be created later. This can be done by computers (CGI) or by matte paintings. When two or more elements must be combined (such as live actor shots with computer generated effects), the images are composited.

CGI
CGI stands for Computer Generated Imagery. This term refers to any element created within a computer and encompasses anything from adding digital fog to a scene, to generating a crowd at a stadium, to creating whole characters, completely animated, such as Gollum from the Lord of the Rings films.

Matte Painting
Matte Paintings were originally hand-painted scenery on glass which was photographed along with the live action. When using a matte painting which has been painted on clear glass, the matte painting sits in front of the camera while the actors perform on a partial movie set which can be seen through a clear spot on the matte painting. The rest of the movie set is simply the painting. Now Matte Paintings are created with hand painting, paintings using computer software, still image manipulation, and/or 3D models which have been rendered, and then the matte painting is combined with the live action by compositing in post production, rather than during the filming of the movie.

Titling
Filmmakers consider designing the opening and closing credits to a film or TV piece as an art and skill in itself. Nowadays people's whole careers can consist only of designing titles for major motion pictures and television series.

Composting
When separate visual elements on film are combined, this is called opticals. With computers and digital images, this is called compositing which is just like combining pictures with Photoshop.

Conforming the Negative
Once all the post production is finished and a working edit of the movie is completed and approved, the negative must be cut to match the working edit of the movie. Only after the negative is conformed is the movie is ready for viewing in a theater (usually at a film festival) where the motion picture will be seen by the public (and potential distributors) for the first time. If the motion picture was made with digital images, the movie must be rendered at full resolution (the on-line edit) and transfered to film. If there will be an digital intermediary, the digital version or a digitized version of the conformed negative is color corrected and then rendered onto film.

Distribution
If the project has distributors on-board from the beginning, this process requires little more than sitting back on the part of the producers and investors, as the distributors practice their trade. However if the producers have not pre-sold the distribution rights, this can entail going to film festivals and/or door-to-door selling to TV, cable stations or video/DVD distributors.

Delivery
Once the motion picture has been sold to a distributor, the distributor will spell out exactly the elements that the distributor requires for the distributor to accept the film. Then the filmmaker goes back and prepares all these elements. For very low budget movies, this can cost more than the entire production and includes such odd things as insurance policies for errors and omissions and a sound track for the motion picture which has been divided into three separate parts - Dialog, Music and Effects. It is the distributor who will create all the foreign language versions of the motion picture and make all the necessary cuts and reedits to the motion picture to get it acceptable for foreign markets.

Publicity material
Marketing also requires the design of posters, audio & visual trailers and merchandise. Special staff, like graphic artists and voice-over characters, work to produce these invaluable tools. It is the distributor who creates the DVD-Video disk so the distributor must create the special features and publicity for the DVD-Video disk. Hopefully, the production company has created and saved the necessary items need for the publicity such as production stills and documentaries for the DVD-Video disk.

Getting Started
If all of this sounds exciting, you can get started by reading the section called Teach Yourself Filmmaking. This section of the Movie Making Manual shows you simple ways to begin learning how you can make your own motion pictures.

Your Teachers at the Wiki Film School

 * User:Robert_Elliott

title: User:Robert Elliott/RETestPage


text:
1992–93 Danish Superliga

The 1992–93 Danish Superliga season was the 3rd season of the Danish Superliga league championship, governed by the Danish Football Association.

The tournament was held in two rounds. The first round was in the autumn of 1992, and the second in the spring of 1993. The teams placed first to eighth in the first round, and played in the second round. Their scores were reset to zero, and their mutual points were shorted to half.

The two teams placed ninth and tenth in the first round, played in the qualification league in the spring. They had respectively 8 and 7 points with.

The Danish champions qualified for the UEFA Champions League 1993-94 qualification, while the second and third placed teams qualified for the qualification round of the UEFA Cup 1993-94. The teams placed first and second in the qualification league promoted.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1992–93 Danish Superliga


text:
Ethics

Ethics relate to morality. This resource will serve to hold studies and resources that are primarily ethical in nature and may include original research and opinion.

Contents

 * /Nonkilling/
 * /Life after death/

Learning resources

 * Category:Documenting crony capitalism
 * Business ethics
 * Introduction to ethics
 * Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Ethics
 * Ethical medical research
 * Medical ethics
 * Sport research/Ethics
 * Bioethics
 * WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Ethics

Wikipedia

 * Ethics

Essay/discussion questions ideas

 * Why are adhering to a decent set of ethics in business important?
 * What are some potential unintended consequences of behaving unethically?
 * How does virtue relate to ethics?
 * Are ethics the same as virtues? How are they similar and different?
 * Should suicide be legal? - an ethical discussion related to psychiatric laws and psychiatric coercion

title: Ethics


text:
Artistic gymnastics at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games – Women's teams

The women's artistic team competition of the gymnastics events at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games were held in Cartagena, Colombia, on July 17.


text:
File:Buck65Square.jpg

Fair use in Square (album)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) http://www.buck65.com/secrethouse/uploads/square.jpg
 * 2) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Buck65Square.jpg


text:
Prolog

Welcome to the Prolog book. This book can serve as a textbook or tutorial for anyone who wants to learn the Prolog programming language. No prior programming experience is required. Some basic knowledge of logic can come in handy. For those new to the subject, a short introduction to logic is given, but this is not required reading.

The first chapters of the book (under Basics) describe the central syntax and features of the language. The next section, Programming, explores additional concepts that are useful when programming in Prolog. The chapters under Basics and Programming are meant to be read in order.

The section Built-in Predicates deals with the functions available in many Prolog compilers. These and other chapters can be read in any order.

Special pages

 * What is Prolog?
 * History of Prolog
 * /Introduction to logic/
 * /Glossary/
 * /Built-in predicates/
 * /Frequently Asked Questions/
 * Exercises (external link)

Beginning Prolog
Basics:
 * /Introduction/
 * /Rules/
 * /Recursive Rules/
 * /Variables/
 * /Lists/
 * /Math, Functions and Equality/
 * /Putting it Together/
 * /Solving a Logic Puzzle/

Programming:
 * /Cuts and Negation/
 * /Reading and Writing code/
 * /Difference Lists/
 * /Definite Clause Grammars/
 * /Inference Engines/

Built-in Predicates:
 * /Testing Terms/
 * /Bagof, Setof and Findall/
 * /Modifying the Database/
 * /Input and Output/

Advanced Prolog

 * /Associative map/
 * /Search techniques/
 * /Sorting/
 * /Graphics: XPCE/

Prolog and beyond

 * /Higher Order Programming/
 * /Constraint Logic Programming/
 * /Definite Clause Grammars/
 * /Combining Languages/
 * A selection of interesting usergroup topics
 * /External Links/

Prolog Prolog Prolog Пролог

title: Prolog


text:
Harlem Book Fair

The Harlem Book Fair is the United States' largest African-American book fair and the nation’s flagship Black literary event. Held annually in Harlem, New York, the Harlem Book Fair features exhibition booths, panel discussions, book sales, and workshops. Notable authors participating have included Cornel West, Sonia Sanchez, Amiri Baraka, Walter Mosley, Terry McMillan, Touré, Farai Chideya, Stanley Crouch, Nelson George, Mark Anthony Neal.

History
Founded by Max Rodriguez, publisher of QBR The Black Book Review (the first national book review exclusively dedicated to books about the African experience, set up by Rodriguez in 1992), the Harlem Book Fair (HBF) was first held in July 1998 on the plaza of the Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building on 125th Street. Outgrowing this space, HBF moved to Harlem’s 135th Street, and at its peak covered three city blocks, stretching from 5th Avenue to Frederick Douglass Boulevard. HBF is an indoor and outdoor event, and the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, the Countee Cullen Library, and the Thurgood Marshall Academy have served as venues. C-SPAN's Book TV has broadcast from the Harlem Book Fair since 1999, airing its popular panels.

With its growing popularity, the Harlem Book Fair has been hosted in other cities including Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Boston, Hempstead, Newark, and Buffalo, Caribbean authors have also been promoted at the book fair, with the inclusion of such Caribbean initiatives as the Bocas Lit Fest.

Phillis Wheatley Award
The Harlem Book Fair has given the Phillis Wheatley Awards to black authors including Maya Angelou, Gordon Parks, and Terry McMillan for their body of work.

title: Harlem Book Fair


text:
Josef Baccay

Josef Brian Baccay (born 29 April 2001) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a leftback for Eliteserien club Odd.

Professional career
On 16 May 2018, Baccay signed his first professional contract with Lillestrøm. Baccay made his professional debut with Lillestrøm in a 2-0 Eliteserien loss to Molde FK on 22 April 2019.

International career
Baccay was born in Norway to a Filipino father and Norwegian mother. Baccay is a youth international for Norway.

Philippines
In March 2024, Baccay was reportedly one of the players being recruited by head coach Tom Saintfiet and team manager Freddy Gonzalez to play for the Philippines.

title: Josef Baccay


text:
Raquel Willis

Raquel Willis (born 1990/1991) is an African American writer, editor, and transgender rights activist. She is a former national organizer for the Transgender Law Center and the former executive editor of Out magazine. In 2020, Willis won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Magazine Article. Her memoir, The Risk It Takes To Bloom, was published in November 2023.

Early life and education
Willis was born and raised in Augusta, Georgia. She grew up in a Catholic family that encouraged volunteerism, stewardship, and giving back to the community. Her parents were both Sunday school teachers, and she attended church every weekend.

As a child, Willis "was very conflicted" over her gender and sexuality. She was bullied at school and by kids in the neighborhood. As a teenager, she came out as gay, and eventually found acceptance from her peers and parents.

Willis attended college at the University of Georgia, where she encountered more harassment for being gender non-conforming. She came to realize that she was a trans woman, and decided to transition. She worked with other students to counter discrimination based on gender identity. Willis graduated in 2013 with a bachelor's degree in journalism.

Activism and career
Following graduation from UGA, Willis moved to Atlanta and began getting involved in activism with fellow transgender and gender non-conforming people of color. She later came to live in Oakland and work as a communications associate, then national organizer, for the Transgender Law Center.

Willis was one of the speakers at the 2017 Women's March in Washington, D.C. She later stated that though she was glad to be there, she felt that trans women were an "afterthought in the initial planning", and she was cut off by organizers when she tried to say this at the demonstration itself.

Willis has spoken out strongly on behalf of trans women. For example, she has criticized comments by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, when Adichie differentiated transgender women from cisgender women, and Willis called for a boycott of The Breakfast Club radio show after comedian Lil Duval joked about killing trans women during an interview.

Willis designed the Black Trans Flag, a variation on the Transgender Pride Flag with a black instead of white stripe across the middle.

Willis' writings have appeared in publications including The Huffington Post, BuzzFeed, and Autostraddle. She also hosted The BGD Podcast with Raquel Willis.

In December 2018, Willis was appointed as executive editor of Out magazine, becoming the first trans woman to lead the publication.

Willis, along with Neal Broverman, endorsed Elizabeth Warren in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. Later that year in June 2020, Willis was announced as the new Director of Communications for the Ms. Foundation for Women. She held that role until January 2021.

Willis' memoir, The Risk It Takes To Bloom, was published in November 2023 by St. Martin's.

Work

 * 2017 – Sojourner Truth Transformational Leadership Fellow
 * 2018 – Jack Jones Literary Arts Sylvia Rivera Fellow
 * 2018 – Open Society Foundations Soros Equality Fellow
 * 2019 – The Trans Obituaries Project

Awards and recognition

 * 2017 – Essence Woke 100 Women
 * 2017 – The Root 100 Most Influential African Americans
 * 2018 – San Francisco Transgender Day of Visibility Emerging Leader Award
 * 2018 – Frederick Douglass 200 awardee
 * 2020 – GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Magazine Article
 * 2021 — Fast Company Queer 50

title: Raquel Willis


text:
Talk:Beta Ursae Minoris

Arabic origin and name
The article very cautiously mentions a possibility for an arabic origin while many Russian and few French sources go even further. According to them the full Arabic name of the star is "Кохаб-эль-Шемали" / "Kaucab al Shemali" which translates to "The star of the Nord". It makes sense (much more than Kochab=star in de.wiki for example) but I cannot find any source in English. Obviously my knowledge in Arabic is zero, and my knowledge in Arabic (historical) names of the stars is even lower. -- Goldie (tell me) 04:33, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

As far as I know Arabic, the word for 'star' in this language is something like 'najm' or 'najmun'. (<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:03, 17 July 2008 (UTC))

According to Richard Hinckley Allen's book Star Names: Thier Lore and Meaning (page 458), Kochab is derived from the Arabic phrase Al Kaukab al Shamaliyy, meaning "Star of the North".Lily20 (talk) 21:52, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Beta Ursae Minoris. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6630AbtJZ?url=http%3A%2F%2Foutreach.atnf.csiro.au%2Feducation%2Fsenior%2Fastrophysics%2Fphotometry_colour.html to http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100810114313/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/e_research_chinengstarzone_b.htm#PrupleForbiddenEnclosure to http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/e_research_chinengstarzone_b.htm#PrupleForbiddenEnclosure

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:46, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

Apparent declination
I corrected an outdated statement of the apparent distance of Polaris from the north celestial pole as an pole alignment marker from Kochab. It is currently about 38 arcminutes, a few minutes different from the J2000 epoch due to precession. The apparent declination also varies several minutes of arc due to atmospheric refraction during the time of day. The apparent position is not visually precise to arcminutes without a complex sidereal calculation, so the stated precision is misleading. Richard J Kinch (talk) 04:46, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beta Ursae Minoris


text:
privatisoida

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬). Adapted with the verbal suffix.

Verb

 * 1)  To privatise/privatize.

title: privatisoida


text:
Monopol Hotel, Katowice

Monopol Hotel in Katowice is a five star historic hotel located in Katowice, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland at Dworcowa Street 5.

History
The hotel was built in 1900 in the eclectic style with elements of Art Nouveau and Gothic Revival architecture on the site of former Cafe Central. It was designed by architect Ludwik Goldstein and officially opened in 1902. It quickly became one of the most representational hotels in the city. Its first owner was Arnold Lustig. The hotel is located opposite the Katowice historic train station and in the 1930s it housed the Orbis travel agency, restaurants, cafes, hairdersser's studio as well as the Kaftal lottery hall. During World War II, the hotel building was taken over and managed by the Germans. After he war, the hotel was the seat of such institutions as PKO Bank Polski and Polish Press Agency. At the beginning of 21st century, the hotel was renovated and in 2007 it acquired the five star status. Today it is part of the Likus Hotele & Restauracje group which belongs to the Likus family of hoteliers who also manage luxury hotels in Kraków, Łódź and Wrocław.

Notable guests
Among the prominent guests of the hotel are Jan Kiepura, Arthur Rubinstein, Josephine Baker, Karol Szymanowski, Eugeniusz Bodo, Marta Eggerth, Deep Purple, Woody Allen, David Beckham and Paris Hilton. In 2012, the England national football team as well as the Portugal national football team stayed at the hotel during the UEFA Euro 2012.

title: Monopol Hotel, Katowice


text:
Talk:Eden Auerbach Ofrat

[Untitled]
Full Disclosure: This page was created in exchange for payment. Maorkap3 (talk) 07:57, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eden Auerbach Ofrat


text:
New Zealand at the Deaflympics

New Zealand has been participating at the Deaflympics since 1957. New Zealand has earned about 18 medals at the Deaflympic Games.

New Zealand has also competed at the Winter Deaflympics on two occasions, in 1987 and in 1991.

authors: Алексей Густов

title: New Zealand at the Deaflympics


text:
Conop

Conop (Konop) is a commune located in Arad County, Romania. Conop is situated at the southern foot of Zărand Mountains, in the Mureș River Couloir. The commune stretches over 5466 ha and it is composed of five villages: Belotinț (Belotinc), Chelmac (Maroseperjes), Conop (situated 50 km from Arad), Milova (Milova), and Odvoș (Odvos).

Population
At the 2021 census, Conop had 2,096 inhabitants, of which 95.23% were Romanians, while at the 2011 census, it had a population of 2,258, with 94.46% Romanians. At the 2002 census, the commune had 2,342 inhabitants; of those, 98.4% were Romanians, 0.5% Hungarians, 0.2% Germans, 0.4% Ukrainians, and 0.5% of other or undeclared nationalities.

History
The first documentary record of the locality Conop dates back to 1506. The other settlements were attested as follows: Belotinț in 1607, Chelmac in 1717, Milova and Odvoș in 1440.

Natives

 * Petru Dugulescu (1945 – 2008), Baptist pastor, poet, and politician
 * Siluan Mănuilă (born 1971), bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Church

Economy
The commune's present-day economy can be characterized by a powerful dynamic force with significant developments in all the sectors present in the commune. Conop is known as an important fructiferous basin of the region.

Tourism
Conop commune can become an area with touristic attraction by trimming up its anthropic and natural potential. Among the most important touristic sights of the commune put under protection we can mention the walls of the Eperyes monastery in Chelmac, the Ștefan Cicio Pop mansion in Conop built at the end of the 18th century (today being a general school), the ruins of the mining exploitation "Zidurile de la Tău" in Milova (1800), and the Konopi castle in Odvoș, built in the 18th century in neoclassic style. Another touristic sight of the commune is the school camp in Odvoș.

title: Conop


text:
Using GNOME/Menu bar

The Menu bar in GNOME is a item on the panel. It is split into two sections : Applications and Actions.

Applications is a menu of available applications installed, organized by category.

Actions is a list of actions available for the system. The actions are :
 * Run Application...
 * Search for files...
 * Recent Documents
 * Take Screenshot...
 * Lock Screen
 * Log out

title: Using GNOME/Menu bar


text:
User:Nerdie ZA

Keamogetswe Calvin Mojolwane (born 22 March 2001), best known as Nerdie, is a South African rapper, songwriter and actor. Born in Krugersdorp West, Gauteng and raised in Krugersdorp. He started creating music at the age of 16,but his love for Hip-Hop music started at a very young age. He grew up listening to musicians like Eminem, Akon, Lil Wayne, Ludacris, Bruno Mars, Kendrick Lamar and many more.

title: User:Nerdie ZA


text:
Guitar/Slide Guitar

Introduction
A slide is a metal/glass/ceramic tube which fits over a finger (most commonly the ring finger or little finger, but any will work). If you wish to experiment with slide guitar, but do not have a slide, objects ranging from lighters and glass bottles to sections of metal pipe and batteries can work just as well, and in some cases provide entertainment and stage presence to a performance. Do not press the string down. The slide rests on the string, not enough to give fret buzz, but enough to stop the string buzzing against the slide. Some players will lightly deaden the string behind the slide with a trailing finger to stop any unwanted vibrations.

Practice getting a crisp note without sliding first. Because the slide rests on the strings, the slide playing a single note should be directly above the fret, not behind it as with the fingers. Usually the slide guitarist keeps the slide moving backwards and forwards slightly to create a vibrato effect.

A common technique found in slide guitar is playing fingerstyle as opposed to the use of a pick or plectrum. The benefits of fingerstyle playing includes the ability to more easily pick the desired strings, while using the other fingers to dampen the other strings from undesired vibration. Raising the action of the guitar is also recommended. The normal low action, which is ideal for playing lead in standard tuning, is counter-productive when playing slide because of string buzz and lack of a clear sounding note. For this reason many guitarists have a second guitar where they raise the action to such a height to make it almost unplayable using normal technique. This high action guitar is permanently kept in an "open tuning" and is used exclusively for slide playing. Note that raising (or lowering) the action means that the intonation of the guitar has to be re-set. This can simply be done with a guitar tuner and just involves turning the string adjuster until the open string and its octave at the twelfth fret (fretted and harmonic) produce exactly the same note. Basically the needle or display of an electronic guitar tuner should settle exactly dead center regardless of whether you are playing an open high E string or fretting its octave at the twelfth fret. A guitar that is correctly set up will show this on all strings. Setting the action of electric guitars is very easy due to the string adjusters; however, acoustic guitars have their intonation set at the factory and don't have string adjusters. Adjusting the action of an acoustic should be left to a guitar shop or luthier who specializes in repair and maintenance.

Though slide guitar is often played in open chord tunings, Open G and Open D being the most common, playing slide in standard tuning is also possible and can add a new dimension to your playing. Slide guitar has always provided a fascinating approach to playing the guitar and the sound of the slide has found a home in genres such as rock and country.

History
One of the earliest mentions of slide guitar is in W.C.Handy's autobiography "Father Of The Blues":

"As he played, he pressed a knife on the strings of the guitar in a manner popularized by the Hawaiian guitarists who used steel bars"

This is also one of the earliest references to the blues. As you can tell from the quote above the use of the slide in no late-comer to the blues genre and there is large body of work from the 1920s to the present day. No guitarist can confuse the slide playing of Duane Allman with that of Robert Johnson. Each period informs of itself the dictates of taste and style.

1930s
Robert Johnson is cited as the first great slide guitarist. Other famous blues performers had comer before him, Blind "Lemon" Jefferson was a major entertainer during the 1920s but Robert Johnson is considered to be the first major exponent of the slide. During his life-time he only recorded a handful of tracks and though known locally for being a fine entertainer; the world-wide fame that is associated with his name now is more down to later blues fans and guitarists who have sought the roots of the blues.

title: Guitar/Slide Guitar


text:
Talk:near the knuckle

RFV discussion
Meaning risque? bd2412 T 00:57, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. That is what the idiom means in the UK at least (I don't know why). SemperBlotto 08:15, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Struck. SB's word is good enough for me. Cheers! bd2412 T 17:53, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:near the knuckle


text:
User:Simtastic01

I mostly do random edits to uphold the integrity of Wikipedia, and strive to make it a more inclusive platform.

My main area of interest is in nature, wildlife, sustainable living. Other areas of interest are higher education, especially In the area of Sociology, Management and Economics.

title: User:Simtastic01


text:
Hundslund

Hundslund is a village in Jutland, Denmark. It is located in Odder Municipality 15 km northeast of Horsens and 11 km southwest of Odder.

Hundslund Church
Hundslund Church is located in Hundslund. The nave and choir was built in the 1100, with the church porch built late in the 1400s. The altarpiece was made in 1613 in the former village of Vrold, which has today merged with Skanderborg. The pulpit is from 1600 and the sounding board from around 1700.

title: Hundslund


text:
Winsloe South

Winsloe South is a former municipality in Prince Edward Island, Canada that held community status between 1986 and 2017. It amalgamated with Brackley on December 15, 2017.

title: Winsloe South


text:
Talk:United States war plans (1945–1950)/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Zawed (talk · contribs) 08:54, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

I'll take this one. It is a biggish article, it may take a few days to work through it all. Cheers, Zawed (talk) 08:54, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

Lead
 * All war plans assumed that the war would open... To avoid close repetition of "war", suggest replacing "the war" with "conflict".
 * ✅ Good idea. Done.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  11:13, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

Background
 * Bush did not think it was possible to build a missile like the V-2 but with 2,000 nautical miles (3,700 km) range. This reads oddly, perhaps "Bush did not think it was possible to build a missile like the V-2 but having a range of 2,000 nautical miles (3,700 km)..." Also suggest clarifying that the V-2 was a weapon of Nazi Germany.
 * ✅ Sure. Done.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  11:13, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Would the sources support a general statement to close out this section along the lines of "A series of war plans were developed over the next several years for dealing with any conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States and its Allies."
 * ✅ Sure. Added.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  11:13, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

Pincher
 * Suggest clarifying that mobilization entails increasing the size of the standing army (the 113 divisions mentioned in previous section) to ensure no confusion between that number and the increased number of divisions in this section.
 * ✅ linked to the article on mobilization.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  11:13, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * ...forcing a retreat into Spain. A retreat for who?
 * ✅ Added.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  11:13, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

More to come. Zawed (talk) 09:56, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

Still with Pincher:
 * The most likely region for this was the Middle East,... suggest replacing this with hostilities
 * ✅ Done.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:08, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The possibility of recapturing Scandinavia was considered... this is the first mention of Scaninavia. Perhaps the previous paragraph needs to mention the Soviets moving north in Europe?
 * ✅ Added.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:08, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * was codenamed Caldron, and dealt with the Middle East. suggest "...which was codenamed Caldron and dealt..." Also just checking this isn't meant to be Cauldron?
 * ✅ Done. Double-checked it against a second source to ensure that it was not a typo. Apparently, caldron is the US spelling. I blame Webster.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:08, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Given the limitation of the Soviet fleet in the region,... the phrase "in the region" is also used in the previous sentence, suggest rephrasing.
 * ✅ Re-worded.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:08, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Pincher finished, will move onto Broiler. Zawed (talk) 10:11, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * As an aside, isn't this something of a change of pace for you?  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:08, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You mean subject matter and not my very slow approach? Yes. Zawed (talk) 23:35, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, the subject matter; you normally specialise on subjects related to New Zealand.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

Broiler
 * Although the Pincher studies were not accepted as a war plan... I am struggling to understand this because the Pincher section says it was a "basic outline war plan".
 * ✅ Re-worded that. The whole process was an iterative one, in which a war plan was gradually constructed. At no time in the period covered by the article did they have a workable one.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The Joint Strategic Plans Group also drafted ... use the abbreviation
 * ✅ Done.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Presumably the same scenario as Pincher applies, the Soviets would overrun Western Europe apart from Spain? It may pay to reiterate here given the final few sentences of the Broiler section discuss this
 * ✅ Yes. Added this.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The Soviet Union was expected to have developed nuclear weapons by 1952,... suggest replacing expected with envisaged to avoid repetitive language
 * ✅ Re-worded.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * To secure the United States,...} suggest a paragraph break at this point due to the change in focus of the existing paragraph here
 * ✅ Done.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * An additional Army unit was created in May 1948... it is not clear what the nature of this unit and those of the USAF were? Delivery, assembly, special weapons?
 * ✅ assembly teams known as special weapons units. Harmonised the terminology.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ...to the bases in the Middle East whose bases? Would this be the proposed base in Karachi?
 * ✅ Cairo-Suez. Clarified.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * many mothballed cargo ships might want to link mothballed
 * ✅ Linked.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ...Broiler, Frolic and Charioteer no context for Frolic at this point, that only comes later
 * ✅ Dropped.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

Halfmoon
 * Royall, was particularly disturbed... it is not clear to me what he is disturbed about the use of nuclear weapons or Truman's position
 * ✅ By Truman's objection.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * In three successive sentences starting with this one It concluded that aircraft production there is multiple use of "requirements"; suggest this be rephrased to avoid the repetition
 * ✅ Re-worded.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I think the table needs a source and could it be placed to one side, like an image?
 * ✅ Added. Yes, I can make a table float.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

Offtackle
 * But Field Marshal Lord Montgomery reported in June 1949 that the Rhine could not be held. It seems like something is missing here. I think you are implying that despite NATO's formation, the Rhine still could not be held.
 * ✅ Yes. Added a bit more about this.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:10, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Montgomery's role needs a little context to explain his advice/opinion
 * ✅ Good question. Added a bit more..  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

Outcome
 * To build up the ground forces,... suggest "To build up US ground forces..."
 * ✅ Re-worded as suggested.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

References
 * Williamson needs a state in its location
 * ✅ Added.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

images
 * I think GTA Porta di Brandenburgo.jpg needs a US tag? The others look OK. Zawed (talk) 23:35, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Aaargh. Switched pic.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

That's it for me, apologies for the length of time taken. Zawed (talk) 23:35, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

 * No worries. Thanks for taking the time to review. Much appreciated.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The changes look good, so am passing as GA as I believe it meets the relevant criteria. The article is well written and sourced, provides reasonable coverage of topic, and is appropriately illustrated. Great work! Zawed (talk) 01:44, 30 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:List of high commissioners of Australia to India

Requested move 18 August 2022

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 17:34, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

List of Australian High Commissioners to India → List of High Commissioners of Australia to India – WP:NCGAL, more apealing to be official BoyHayHay (talk) 07:11, 18 August 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. – robertsky (talk) 07:16, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Lists has been notified of this discussion. – robertsky (talk) 07:17, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Australia has been notified of this discussion. – robertsky (talk) 07:17, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject India has been notified of this discussion. – robertsky (talk) 07:17, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Category:Lists of High Commissioners of Australia shows that the titles are split between the two options. Personally, I would like more consistency but unless all the changes are discussed at once, there is no reason to move this particular page. StAnselm (talk) 20:14, 27 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I would also like to see all related page moves being discussed together at one place before supporting or opposing. D4iNa4 (talk) 04:58, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of High Commissioners and Ambassadors of Australia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:02, 7 August 2023 (UTC)


text:
Acicarpha

Acicarpha is a genus of flowering plants in the family Calyceraceae, native to drier areas of southern South America. They prefer to grow alongside rivers or the shores of the Atlantic Ocean.

Species
Currently accepted species include:

 * Acicarpha bupleuroides Less.
 * Acicarpha itatiaiae (Dusén) S.Denham & Pozner
 * Acicarpha juergensii (Pilg.) S.Denham & Pozner
 * Acicarpha obtusisepala Marchesi
 * Acicarpha procumbens Less.
 * Acicarpha spathulata R.Br.
 * Acicarpha tribuloides Juss.

title: Acicarpha


text:
User:LucyMurdy

LucyMurdy
I am a student on the Reproductive Biology Hons. course at the University of Edinburgh.

My example citation
I read an interesting article on the BBC News site about the Bombardier tax ruling.

My example list
Things I like:
 * Kayaking
 * Hiking
 * Brownies

title: User:LucyMurdy


text:
Norm Johnson (politician)

Norman Martin Johnson (born July 29, 1938) is an American politician of the Republican Party. He was a member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 14th district.

Awards

 * 2014 Guardians of Small Business award. Presented by NFIB.

title: Norm Johnson (politician)


text:
potra

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) inguinal hernia
 * 2) good luck
 * 3) colic

Etymology 2
.

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Adjective

 * 1) energetic, lively mostly only used of boys, particularly male babies

Usage notes
Nowadays mostly only in the expression.

Noun

 * 1)  intestinal hernia
 * 2)  a disease that causes bulges to appear on the stems of plants
 * 3)  luck; good fortune
 * 4) arrogance; haughtiness
 * 1) arrogance; haughtiness
 * 1) arrogance; haughtiness

Etymology
From (whose own etymology is unknown).

Noun

 * 1) ; filly, (young) mare, foal

title: potra


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Academia Izturis

The result was delete. czar 04:43, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

Academia Izturis

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non-notable company. Happens to be run by two former professional baseball players, which does not make the company itself notable. Content can me merged. Dmoore5556 (talk) 03:59, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Sportspeople-related deletion discussions. Dmoore5556 (talk) 03:59, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. Dmoore5556 (talk) 03:59, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Salvio 11:24, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete Does not pass WP:GNG. I found articles in El Impulso but they do not list an author and I couldn't find a masthead on the site. Therefore, I consider it unreliable. I disagree with a merge because I'm unsure which brother should get the redirect and there's no sourced material to transfer. Z1720 (talk) 15:09, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment I'm fine with a deletion without merge; while content could be merged, lack of proper sourcing obviates that. Thanks. Dmoore5556 (talk) 05:34, 28 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
MediaWiki talk:Group-sysop-member

Should this be changed to "custodian"?
 * No, don't think so, because in Special:ListAdmins, it's a "flag" attached to each custodian, much like the bureaucrat "flag" if the custodian also has that bit. TeleComNasSprVen 09:39, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Group-sysop-member


text:
Jane Dowling

Irene Mary Dowling (6 December 1925 – 6 February 2023), better known as Jane Dowling, was a British artist.

Biography
Dowling was born in London and while studying for a degree at St Anne's College, Oxford between 1943 and 1946 also studied at the Slade School of Fine Art. Between 1946 and 1963 she took further courses at the Ruskin School of Art, the Byam Shaw School of Art and the Central School of Arts and Crafts in London. Dowling went on to teach at the Byam Shaw School, Maidstone School of Art and at the Royal Academy Schools. Beginning in 1961 she became a regular exhibitor at the Royal Academy, including at the 2019 Summer Exhibition, and from 1974 onwards she had a series of solo shows at the New Grafton Gallery in London and also exhibited with the New English Art Club. During 1984 and 1985, Dowling and her husband, the portrait painter Peter Greenham (1909–1992) had a joint touring exhibition. A retrospective exhibition of her work was held at the Mompesson House in Salisbury in 1992 and further solo shows followed, notably at the Chappel Galleries in 2002.

Dowling was elected a member of the Art Workers' Guild in 1980, became an honorary member of the Royal Society of British Artists in 1997 and a member of the Society of Tempera Painters in 1999. Dowling completed a number of commissions for the National Trust and also one for the Oxford Oratory Church. Several Oxford hospitals, plus the town's Ashmolean Museum and also Southampton Art Gallery hold examples of her work.

Dowling died on 6 February 2023, at the age of 97.

title: Jane Dowling


text:
下邊

Noun

 * 1) below; beneath; bottom; under
 * 2) next in order; following
 * 3) lower levels; subordinates

Synonyms

title: 下邊


text:
Dichotomous Key/Myriapoda

This is a Dichotomous Key for the Myriapods.

1

 * Diplopoda: Two pairs of legs per segment.
 * 2: One pair of legs per segment.

2

 * Symphyla: Twelve trunk segments present.
 * Pauropoda: Eleven or fewer segments present.
 * 3: More than twelve trunk segments present

3

 * Chilopoda: First appendages modified into venom claws called forcipules.

title: Dichotomous Key/Myriapoda


text:
Las Chicas del Can

Las Chicas Del Can were an all-female merengue group from Dominican Republic. Originally created by pianist Belkis Concepción, several teams of female vocalists and musicians have alternately performed under the name Las Chicas del Can throughout the group's history.

History
Founded in 1981, Las Chicas del Can performed a number of hits throughout the eighties, and a great number of their singles and albums achieved gold and/or platinum status. Hits such as "El Negro No Puede," "La Media María," "Sukaína," "Juana la Cubana," "Culeca," "Ta' Pillao," "Fuego," "Fiebre," and "Las Pequeñas Cosas" are now regarded as merengue classics.

Las Chicas Del Can had tremendous success, receiving platinum records and gold records and made extensive tours around the world and Europe, including Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Puerto Rico, the United States, Holland and others.

The dance "Juana La Cubana" was popularized by the eternal Juana the Cuban Teresa Dominguez. The album Juana la Cubana received a platinum record in Venezuela in 1988 for 100,000 copies sold and the single sold a further 50,000 copies, combining into one of the most recognized works in the entire trajectory of Las Chicas Del Can

Pianist Belkis Concepción left the group early to go solo in 1985. Singers Miriam Cruz and Eunice Betances then teamed up and got vocal support from, among others, Verónica Medina. Verónica Medina herself then went solo in 1987.

In 1988 singer Heidy Bello (replacing Verónica Medina), joined Las Chicas Del Can but was replaced in 1991 by singers Arismar Eduardo and Rosana Eusebio.

In 1992, the group reinvented itself under the name Míriam Cruz y Las Chicas. The first year under that name, they produced a successful album titled Nueva Vida featuring a hit song written by Juan Luis Guerra, "Te Propongo." Later that year, "La Loba" was also well received by merengue fans. A European tour (1993-1994) soon followed. In 1994 Miriam Cruz y Las Chicas scored another hit with the song "Con Agua de Sal (OTI)," and 1995 included another successful European tour.

Meanwhile, the original name was kept alive by a music industry manager who discovered a group of new and talented young ladies who would carry the torch for Las Chicas del Can. In 1993, Michell Flores, Grissel Baez and Florángel del Villar teamed up to keep the legacy alive. Due to the situation not entirely clear among fans, the new girls were hailed as the "Monumental". They started traveling around the globe, covering the band's original repertoire with songs like "Juana la Cubana". This second line-up of Las Chicas Del Can quickly became a successful act in their own right with hit tunes such as "Voy Pa'llá," "Hacer El Amor Con Otro," "Celoso," "Explosivo" and "Sin Compromiso." After the albums "Botando Chispas" (1994) and "Derramando Sueños" (1996) lead singer Michell Flores went solo and the 2nd line-up of Las Chicas del Can disbanded in 1998.

Las Chicas del Can was eventually reformed a third time in 1999, but this particular group was never able to achieve the success of earlier line-ups. To this date, the first line-up of Las Chicas Del Can (which featured Míriam Cruz, Eunice Betances and Teresa Domínguez) has proven to be the most successful line-up.

Discography

 * Belkis y Las Chicán (1982, Karen Records)
 * Belkis y Las Chicán (1984, Karen Records)
 * Chicán (1985, Karen Records)
 * Pegando Fuego (1986, Karen Records)
 * Mi General (1987, Sonotone Records)
 * Caribe (1988, Sonotone Records)
 * Sumbaleo (1990, Sonotone/Bomba Records)
 * Juana La Cubana (1990, Bomba Records)
 * Nada Común (1991, TH-Rodven Records/Sonotone Records)
 * Explosivo (1992, TH-Rodven Records)
 * Nueva Vida (1993, Karen Records)
 * Platino (1994, Rodven Records)
 * Botando Chispas (1994)
 * Con Mucha Potencia (1994)
 * Los Años Dorados (1995, Karen Publishing Co.)
 * Oro Merenguero (1996, Rodven/PolyGram Records)
 * Derramando Sueños (1996, Rodven/PolyGram Records)
 * Las Chicán (1997, Palma Music, Inc.)
 * Nuevos Remixes (1997)
 * Todo Éxitos (1998, Palma Music)
 * Te Quiero Ver (1998, Pa'ti Pa'mi records)
 * Botando Chispa! (1999, Palma Music)
 * Caribe (1999, Palma Music)
 * 17 Años (2000, Palma Music)
 * ''Lo Mejor de: Las Chicas del Can (2002, Orfeón Videovox, S.A.)

title: Las Chicas del Can


text:
Prionolomia heros

Prionolomia heros is a species of squash bugs belonging to the Coreidae family.

Distribution
This species is present in Indonesia.

title: Prionolomia heros


text:
Riemann zeta function

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  The function ζ defined by the Dirichlet series $$\textstyle \zeta(s)=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac 1 {n^s} = \frac1{1^s} + \frac1{2^s} + \frac1{3^s} + \frac1{4^s} + \cdots$$, which is summable for points s in the complex half-plane with real part > 1; the analytic continuation of said function, being a holomorphic function defined on the complex numbers with pole at 1.
 * 2) * 2009, Arthur T. Benjamin, Ezra Brown (editors), Biscuits of Number Theory,, page 195,
 * The Riemann zeta function is the function $$\textstyle \zeta(s)=\sum_{n=1}^\infty n^{-s}$$ for $$s$$ a complex number whose real part is greater than 1.The historical moments include Euler's proof that there are infinitely many primes, in which he proves
 * $$\zeta(s)=\prod_{p\text{ prime}} \left (1-\frac 1 {p^s}\right )^{-1}$$
 * as well as Riemann's statement of his hypothesis and several others. Beineke and Hughes then define the moment of the modulus of the Riemann zeta function by
 * $$I_k(T)=\frac 1 T \int_0^\infty \left\vert\zeta\left ( \frac 1 2 + it\right )\right\vert^{2k}dt$$
 * and take us through the work of several mathematicians on properties of the second and fourth moments.
 * 1)  A usage of (a specified value of) the Riemann zeta function, such as in an equation.
 * 2) * 2005, Jay Jorgenson, Serge Lang, Posn(R) and Eisenstein Series, Springer, 1868, page 134,
 * When the eigenfunctions are characters, these eigenvalues are respectively polynomials, products of ordinary gamma functions, and products of Riemann zeta functions, with the appropriate complex variables.
 * 1) * 2005, Jay Jorgenson, Serge Lang, Posn(R) and Eisenstein Series, Springer, 1868, page 134,
 * When the eigenfunctions are characters, these eigenvalues are respectively polynomials, products of ordinary gamma functions, and products of Riemann zeta functions, with the appropriate complex variables.

Usage notes

 * The Riemann zeta function and generalizations comprise an important subject of research in.
 * There are numerous analogues to the Riemann zeta function: such a one may be referred to as a, and some are given names of the form X zeta function. Many, but not all functions so named are generalizations of the Riemann zeta function. (See )
 * The Riemann zeta function is used in physics (such as in the theory of heat kernels and wave propagation), apparently for reasons more to do with the function's behavior than any approximation of reality.

Translations

 * Dutch: Riemann-zeta-functie
 * German: riemannsche ζ-Funktion
 * Italian: funzione zeta di Riemann
 * Spanish: función zeta de Riemann
 * Turkish: Riemann zeta fonksiyonu

title: Riemann zeta function


text:
Miyazaki Prefectural Art Museum

Miyazaki Prefectural Art Museum (宮崎県立美術館) was established in Miyazaki, Japan, in 1995. The collection focuses on artists from or associated with Miyazaki Prefecture and also includes works by Picasso, Klee, and Magritte.

title: Miyazaki Prefectural Art Museum


text:
Talk:Dean Butler (field hockey)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dean Butler (field hockey). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20051217210904/http://www.hockey.org.au:80/natteams/player_details.asp?PlayerID=388 to http://www.hockey.org.au/natteams/player_details.asp?PlayerID=388

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:38, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dean Butler (field hockey)


text:
User:Vuara/Bronze Age Literacy

Bronze Age Literacy

In The Beginning Prior to the alphabet in Greece, in the Bronze Age, the majority of ideas, stories, concepts, and lessons were passed orally. The men would pass their wisdom to the boys, and the women would pass theirs to the girls. Most of what was discussed among the people was related to the work and what was required to keep the society functioning. Society was divided into four major areas: the slaves, the women, the ordinary men, and the aristocrats. The slaves, women, and most men did not have a lot of use for reading and writing. The women were tending to things at home, and watching the children, and were not allowed to participate in the function of government. The majority of men who were not aristocrats or slaves, were farmers, and did not have time or need to read and write because they needed to bring in the crops and tend to the animals. During this time, life flowed without much need for writing.

Before the alphabet came to be known to the Greeks, a similar form of symbols was used in about the 13th century BC. This form, called Linear B, is not related to later forms of Greek. Linear B was used by palace administration prior to anyone else needing to write or read. When the palace administration disappeared, so did the need for Linear B.  Linear B was found in the form of clay tablets on the Mycenaean mainland in  Greece. They have been found often burned, dating from around the 13th century. None of the symbols found relate to the alphabet finds of 500 years later. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF LINEAR B

Try writing a letter to a friend; notice how many letters are used together.

 * http://www.historyforkids.org/greekciv/dailylife/literacy/linearb.gif

title: User:Vuara/Bronze Age Literacy


text:
Neurothemis stigmatizans

Neurothemis stigmatizans, known as the painted grasshawk, is an Australian species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. The genus Neurothemis is distributed from India to the western Pacific. This species is found in northern Australia in an arc from the southern Queensland border to Broome, Western Australia.

Neurothemis stigmatizans is a medium sized dragonfly (wingspan 60-85mm) which inhabits still waters in the vicinity of grassy areas. The male abdomen is reddish-brown with a lighter dorsal stripe, his wings have deep reddish-brown markings that extend past the nodus, with paler contrasting veins. The female is pale greenish-yellow with a dark dorsal stripe and side stripe; her wings are mostly hyaline with a dark smudge beyond the nodus and dark wingtips. The pterostigma of both sexes is pink or pale coloured.

title: Neurothemis stigmatizans


text:
Ari (Jammu and Kashmir)

Ari is a village situated in Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is one of the largest villages in Jammu and Kashmir. It is located approximately 2 kilometers away from Mendhar Tehsil and 44 kilometers away from Poonch district

Demographics
According to the 2011 Indian Census, the village consists of a total population of 7,772 people. The literacy rate of the Ari village is 74.48 per cent which is higher than the literacy rate of 67.16 per cent of Jammu and Kashmir.

Air
Poonch Airport is a non-operational airstrip in the district headquarters Poonch. The nearest airport is Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport in Srinagar, located 180 kilometres from Ari.

Rail
There is no railway connectivity to Ari. There are plans to construct a Jammu–Poonch line which will connect Jammu with Poonch with railways. The nearest major railway station is Jammu Tawi railway station located 195 kilometres from Ari.

Road
The village is well-connected to other places in Jammu and Kashmir and India by the NH 144A and other intra-district roads.

title: Ari (Jammu and Kashmir)


text:
teu

Etymology
(feminine ), from, from. The original stem was modified by analogy with.

The weak form is also from  in an unstressed (monosyllabic) position.

Pronoun

 * 1) your, yours (singular)

Usage notes

 * When preceding a noun, is always preceded by the appropriate definite article.

Noun

 * 1) moon

Etymology
From, from.

Pronoun

 * 1)  yours (singular you)

Etymology
From, probably through an intermediate or *teus. Compare to Catalan and Daco-Romanian.

Adjective

 * 1) your
 * nomelu teu
 * your name

Etymology
From, from.

Adjective

 * 1) your

Pronoun

 * 1)  yours

Noun

 * 1) rain

Etymology
From, from , from.

Pronoun

 * 1) your; yours
 * 1) your; yours

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) T-square

Noun

 * 1) water

Verb

 * 1) dig

title: teu


text:
2015 ITF Women's Circuit UBS Thurgau

The 2015 ITF Women's Circuit UBS Thurgau was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the third of the tournament which is part of the 2015 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland, on 16–22 February 2015.

Seeds

 * 1 Rankings as of 9 February 2015

Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
 * Karin Kennel
 * Nina Stadler
 * Tess Sugnaux
 * Jil Teichmann

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
 * 🇨🇿 Jesika Malečková
 * 🇬🇧 Tara Moore
 * 🇸🇰 Rebecca Šramková
 * 🇩🇪 Tayisiya Morderger

The following player received entry by a lucky loser spot:
 * 🇵🇱 Justyna Jegiołka

The following player received entry by a protected ranking:
 * 🇩🇪 Kathrin Wörle-Scheller

Singles

 * 🇧🇾 Olga Govortsova def. 🇸🇰 Rebecca Šramková, 6–2, 6–1

Doubles

 * 🇺🇦 Lyudmyla Kichenok / 🇺🇦 Nadiia Kichenok def. 🇫🇷 Stéphanie Foretz / 🇫🇷 Irina Ramialison, 6–3, 6–3

title: 2015 ITF Women's Circuit UBS Thurgau


text:
Talk:National Geographic Video

Should National Geographic Specials redirect here?
National Geographic Specials is a long time television series that began on CBS in 1964, first produced by Wolper Productions. It moved to ABC in 1973 and PBS in 1975. (Alex McNeil. Total Television: The Comprehensive Guide to Programming from 1948 to the Present. Fourth Edition. New York: Penguin, 1996, 591.) This article starts nineteen years after the series moved to PBS. Scottandrewhutchins (talk) 22:00, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

Cleanup
This page is in need of serious cleanup. There's no logical order to the list, and it includes irrelevant data. I propose the following:

1) We delete the columns for product number, runtime, and isbn, because they're useless and weigh down the article.

2) We sort the items by release date instead of product number.

If nobody objects, I'll move forward with the cleanup by the end of the month.

Spiritoftheeast1993 (talk) 17:13, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:National Geographic Video


text:
il quale

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1)  whom; which
 * 2)  who; whom; which; that;
 * 1)  who; whom; which; that;
 * 1)  who; whom; which; that;
 * 1)  who; whom; which; that;
 * 1)  who; whom; which; that;
 * 1)  who; whom; which; that;
 * 1)  who; whom; which; that;

Usage notes

 * Used instead of after numerals and other quantifiers + :
 * Sometimes used when the invariant alternatives or  are ambiguous with respect to gender or number:
 * Generally, use after a preposition is moderately common, while use as a subject or object is quite rare.
 * Generally, use after a preposition is moderately common, while use as a subject or object is quite rare.
 * Generally, use after a preposition is moderately common, while use as a subject or object is quite rare.
 * Generally, use after a preposition is moderately common, while use as a subject or object is quite rare.

title: il quale


text:
The Family of Man (Three Dog Night song)

"The Family of Man" is a song written by Paul Williams and Jack Conrad, produced by Richard Podolor. It was most famously performed by Three Dog Night and featured on their 1971 album, Harmony.

In the US, "The Family of Man" reached #12 on the Hot 100 and #27 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart. Outside of the US, "The Family of Man" peaked at #5 in Canada.

Personnel

 * Michael Allsup – guitar
 * Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards
 * Danny Hutton – lead vocals (first verse), background vocals
 * Chuck Negron – lead vocals (2nd verse and fade out), background vocals
 * Joe Schermie – bass
 * Floyd Sneed – drums
 * Cory Wells – lead vocals (3rd verse), background vocals

Other versions

 * Williams released a version of the song on his 1974 album, A Little Bit of Love.


text:
Blohm & Voss P 163

The Blohm & Voss P 163 was a design project for an unconventional bomber during World War II. Constructed mainly from steel, its crew were accommodated in large wingtip nacelles, giving it a triple-fuselage appearance. Its propeller drive system was also unusual, with the central fuselage containing twin engines coupled to a front-mounted contra-prop.

Design
The P 163 was one of several highly unusual bomber configurations studied by the Blohm & Voss aircraft division under Chief Designer Richard Vogt. It was developed in response to a 1942 Luftwaffe requirement for a Heinkel He 111 replacement.

The primary structure was of welded sheet steel, in order to avoid using the strategically important light alloys which were in short supply.

Its main fuselage was unmanned but otherwise conventional, having a tractor propeller and conventional tail, with the tailplane mounted part way up the fin. The tail section and control surfaces were to be made of fabric-covered wood. A shallow indent on the underside allowed for carriage of a semi-recessed bomb load.

The lightly tapered, unswept wing was mounted low on the fuselage and its inner section housed the retractable main undercarriage. A large nacelle was mounted on each wing tip. also of armoured steel, and each housing two crew fore and aft, with additional gun positions. This unusual arrangement was designed to provide the pilot with maximum visibility and the gunners with maximum field of fire. Heavy defensive armament such as mixed 20 mm guns and 30 mm cannon was proposed.

The distribution of weight outboard also improved the span loading of the wing, reducing the bending forces at the roots by an estimated 44% and allowing a lighter structure.

To test the asymmetric pilot's position, one wing tip of a Blohm & Voss BV 141 was fitted with an experimental nacelle. Pilots found it sufficiently intuitive to use, although it was not fitted with flight controls.

The propulsion system was also unconventional. The propeller was contra-rotating and driven by two coupled engines located in the fuselage immediately behind it. Two variants were studied in parallel, having different powerplants but being otherwise almost identical.

The P 163.01 had a Daimler-Benz DB 613C based on two DB 603 series inline engines located side by side. The P 163.02 was given the more powerful BMW 803A based on two BMW 801 series radials placed back to back.

Various offensive bomb loads were considered, between 2000 kg and 2500 kg. Large bombs would be recessed into the fuselage, while multiple smaller bombs would be carried under the wing, inboard of the undercarriage.

title: Blohm & Voss P 163


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Universitat de València

The result of the debate was SPEEDY KEEP -- Francs2000 01:13, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Universitat de València
the article doesn't tell you anything  Wh e  re  (talk)  Clarify T1-reduce wikiStrife 00:48, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep - If it didn't tell you anything that would make it a speedy deletion candidate, not an afd candidate. As it is Google shows that there really is a university of this name, therefore this should be cleaned up, not deleted. -- Francs2000 [[Image:Gay flag.svg|25px|  ]] 00:50, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Agree, this article should be expanded and cleaned up, not deleted. Why would you ever want to delete an article that refers to a legitimate University?
 * Merge or expand. Unless this article is greatly expanded it seems to make more sence to place this information in the education section of the article on Valencia, which is currently empty.
 * Keep and expand article -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 01:00, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. This was tagged one minute after it was written. That has to be a record. Universities need articles. I suggest speedy keep in fact to let this editor have a go at it. --Bduke 01:05, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep since this is notable enough and it is a very new article.  WC  Quidditch  ☎   ✎  01:12, 20 March 2006 (UTC)