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World History/Ancient Civilizations

The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies
Early nomadic hunter-gatherers lived off the land and had a minimal effect on the environment around them. Around 10,000 years ago people started to settle down and developed agriculture possibly in response to a warming climate. The origin of agriculture is often referred to as the Neolithic Revolution. Keep in mind that different societies domesticated plants and animals, and consequently agriculture, independently i.e. Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Ancient China. These farmers had to overcome obstacles such as dry land with technologies like large scale irrigation. These large agricultural byproducts, irrigation, had a large impact on the environment. Pastoralism, the branch of agriculture concerned with raising livestock, developed in Afro-Eurasian grassland, negatively affecting the environment when pastures were overgrazed.

The switch to agriculture created a much more reliable and abundant food source which allowed populations to soar. This led to diversification of labor which meant that food requirements could be on the backs of certain people and new classes like artisans or warriors could develop. These people developed technologies like pottery, metallurgy or plows.

The Development and Interactions of Early Societies
About 5,000 years ago the first urban societies developed laying the foundations for the first civilizations. Nearly all civilizations share the same few features—they have abundant food surpluses, contained cities, political bureaucracies, armies, defined religious and social hierarchies and long distance trading.

Civilization makes its debut (8000 - 3000 BC)
Neolithic means "new stone", even though agriculture was the crowning achievement of the period. Civilizations started out small. Agriculture at first tended to tie only small groups together. These groups all settled along rivers, important as a reliable and predictable source of water. As time passed, families usually worked the same plot of land over successive generations, leading to the concept of ownership.

The earliest examples of settlements date to about 12000 BC to 9500 BC, and seem to predate agriculture. These settlements, termed Natufian, suggest cultivation of rye. The first such excavation was at Tell Es-Sultan, just outside of Jericho.

Ancient mortars and grinding tools unearthed in a large mound in the Zagros Mountains of Iran reveal that people were grinding wheat and barley about 11,000 years ago. Grass pea, wild wheat, wild barley, and lentils were found throughout the site, including some of the earliest known samples. This was much further east than most sites known for early agriculture. These were found with stone figurines in levels where earthen buildings had been flattened and destroyed, as though civilization had kept building atop their own ruins, or re-purposing land, as needs changed.

Evidence in the middle east shows pottery styles moving throughout the Arabian peninsula, especially during the late Halaf-Ubaid period, where painted pottery and flint arrowheads have been discovered in great number. Pottery decorations are used to indicate trade and cultural contact, or widespread immigration during this period. The excavations on Dalma Island in the Persian gulf show the first date stones (pits from a fruit known to be from a widely cultivated palm in the middle east) known from a human settlement, approximately 5000 BC and may be the precursor to agriculture. Interestingly, at this same site, bones were found from long-tail tuna, dolphin, dugong and turtle, gazelle, needle-fish, grouper, sea bream, emperor, and jack. Some of the groupers found would have been nearly a meter long, indicating considerable fishing skill.

As agriculture became more and more widespread, people began to accumulate surpluses of food, meaning that a single family grew more than it consumed. At the same time, the increasing tendency to remain in a single location put pressure on groups to protect themselves from other still nomadic peoples. In addition, when peoples stayed rooted near one another, cultural and social bonds began to form. People began to do things in similar ways (it is a property of human nature to want to belong). Because of these factors, especially a surplus of food, labor began to specialize and branch out away from just farming. When everyone did not have to farm all of the time to live, people began to become artisans and craftsmen. Such developments also brought trade, and a class of merchants. Merchants often traveled along the same routes. Also, within individual villages, artisans contributed to the homogenization of culture. Merchants caused further interaction and exchange, known as Cultural Diffusion. Human religion also began to evolve. Rising above the past nomadic "religions", cultures developed a unified polytheism within their ranks, which led them to further bond themselves together. Priests became a class as well. As you can see, specialization of labor was a direct offshoot of an agricultural surplus.

The new societies had one problem, however: now that the labor was specialized, agricultural surpluses had to happen every year without a break if the new culture was to remain intact. In stepped governments to fill the void. Government most likely began with religious leaders, such as priests, exercising control. Governments also provided roads for their citizens and merchants. They further cemented the bonds between people within villages and regions, unifying culture to the point that it might be called a civilization. However, governments needed a way to pay the laborers who built and worked on their projects. Taxes thus first, perhaps unfortunately, appeared on the scene, usually in the form of a tax-in-kind (taking a portion of a product, such as grain from a farmer, the use of money was yet to appear). Suddenly, all the parts of an ancient civilization appeared. Governments soon fell into a type of system known as a monarchy, or rule by hereditary leaders (such as kings or princes). The reason for this was two-fold: monarchy came naturally because it was like the family, with the parents on top and the children beneath; eventually the parents grew old and the children became adults and parents in their own right and the cycle continued. Secondly, monarchy was predictable and reliable. In an age without mass communication or speedy travel, it was important for any void left by the death of a leader to be filled quickly, without fuss and strife. Most of the new governments were, however, small city-states, or independent countries composed of a city and some surrounding farmland. This was the beginning of the world's oldest civilizations in Ancient Mesopotamia.

An insight into the spread of farming:

The spread of farming and early domestication of plants and animals was extensive, as the practices expanded from three specific regions (7000 BC) of the world to various other regions, spreading to five continents by the year 3000 BC. Agriculture first started in the Middle East around 10,000-9500 BC. By 7000 BC it had spread to the western part of the Indian subcontinent, and by 6000 BC to Egypt. By 5000 BC, it had reached China, and around 2700 BC, corn was being farmed in Mesoamerica. The Middle East, covering the areas of modern day Turkey, Iraq, Palestine, and Israel, had domesticated cattle and pigs. They were also successful in the domestication and farming of several crops and plants like wheat, barley, rye, onions, peas, and grapes. The Mesoamericans had begun farming corn, beans, avocados, squash, pumpkins, and cotton. They had not domesticated any animals. In the Andes region (Peru), potatoes, tomatoes, lima beans, peanuts, and sweet potatoes were farmed. The Andeans had also domesticated the llama. The spread in the Middle East had the greatest expansion in terms of area. Sheep were domesticated in the greater Middle East; goats were originally domesticated in Central Europe, olives in the Mediterranean. Cotton was first farmed in the Indian sub-continent, and hemp, camels, and buckwheat were originally domesticated west of the Caspian Sea. Furthermore, in the Americas, the Mesoamericans expanded north and south, spreading farming and herding to Central and slightly further into North America. From there the practice extended to South America. The Andeans had minimum spread, expanding farming and herding to regions immediately around theirs. The farming and domestication of plants and animals, by 3000 BC, had been independently innovated in Southeast Asia, China, and North-central Africa. In Southeast Asia, rice, citrus, and chickens were originally farmed and domesticated. The farming of millet and soybean was practiced in China. Sorghum and coffee were farmed originally in north-central Africa. In a brief period of 4000 years, humans had farmed and domesticated over 30 plants and animals. The spread of farming and herding had reached over five continents, and ten regions of the world.

River Valley Civilizations
The first civilizations came about in river valleys which provided a constant source of water for crops. Irrigation works were often needed which required leadership perhaps leading to the creation of the first states. In addition rivers facilitated travel helping a common culture spread along its banks. The four river valley civilizations were the world’s first and each shared many common characteristics. The four river valley civilizations: China (along the Yellow River aka Huáng Hé) Indus Valley (along the Indus River) Mesopotamia (along the Tigris and Euphrates river) Egypt (along the Nile)

Each Civilization had:
 * A form of writing
 * Cities
 * Agriculture and surplus of food
 * A form of government (usually claiming divine right)
 * A polytheistic or henotheistic religion
 * Art and Architecture

Whereas historians argue on what exactly civilization is, writing, cities, agriculture, government, religion and art are usually on the list.

Ancient Mesopotamia
While the earliest agricultural tools are known from beneath Jericho, approximately 7000 BC, further signs of civilization and tool making quickly cropped up across the Zagros mountain range.

The Halaf civilization (estimates vary but generally run either from 6100-5100 BC or 5100-4100 BC) is known from a number of different locations, primarily in Syria where pottery has been found. The different types of designs found in specific locations especially Tel Sabi Abyad) seem to indicate a significant trade, or possibly migration from the surrounding mountains. During the Halaf period, a variety of grains and herbs (including barley, emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, free threshing wheat, oats, hawthorne, crosswort flax, lentils, legumes, cornelian cherry, clover, sweet clover, fleawort, field peas, linseed,  wild olive, pistachio, grape, fig and hawthorn were commonly found at the archaeological site at Ras Shamra in northwest Syria.

Halaf pottery has been found as far as the earliest cities in Sumer.

Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) was home to the world's first truly urban cultures -- societies featuring permanent cities whose populations were fed from the surrounding countryside, but themselves engaged in other activities besides agriculture, such as trade, specialist crafts and record-keeping. From 4000 to 3000 BC, the Sumerians established some of the first known cities in the then-moist land of Sumer (modern southern Iraq, called Ki-en-gir by the Sumerians). It is not currently known with certainty where the Sumerians came from, but immigration from elsewhere seems probable; their myths suggested a seafaring background. From an anthropological viewpoint Sumerians belonged to the Caucasian, Mediterranean, Balkan European race.

Historians speculate that the first Sumerian settlers may have been driven by overpopulation or conflict, as Sumeria was superficially inhospitable to stone-age man; it lacked the stones needed in Neolithic life to make most tools. However, the early Sumerians discovered that mud could be dried and used as a building material, and the soil was rich in clay to use to make farm tools. Once the Sumerians began to plant, they realized that Sumeria's rich mud yielded far greater quantities of food than they could consume. This surplus resulted in some of the first known exports in history.

Situated near the head of the Persian Gulf, Sumer was well-positioned for sea trade, as well as having land connections to neighboring Anatolia and Elam (modern southern Iran), both of which harbored simpler cultures. The early Sumerians began to trade their surplus grain with their neighbors for the items that Sumeria did not have, such as livestock and stone. This influx of goods (and therefore merchants) gave rise to some of the first true cities. Sumerian cities spoke the same language and worshipped the same gods. However, they were not one, with whole cities being burnt to the ground in their inter-city warfare. A typical run-of-the-mill city-state consisted of the city proper and much of the countryside around it. Early Sumerian government was strictly theocratic, and governed everything from sacrifices to taxation to irrigation. Therefore, the central point of each city was its great platform/ziggurat in the centre. These ziggurats became the main form of the later Babylonian monument architecture in the same region.

Writing in its strictest sense was first invented and used by the Mesopotamians around 3100 BC. It evolved out of a Mesopotamian trade tradition. When two merchants made an agreement, they would make clay models of the items being traded and then would seal them in a clay ball. However, if one of the merchants wanted to double check the quantities agreed upon in the contract, the merchants would need to break open the clay ball, literally breaking the contract. Therefore, the merchants began to scratch little picture of the items onto the outside of the clay ball. Eventually someone realized that the ball and models were no longer necessary. Later the Sumerians created more symbols for use in writing down laws and eventually even stories. This form of writing was called cuneiform.

As many as a thousand clay tablets were found in the Uruk archaeological layer dating to the 30th century B.C. From Sumer, cuneiform script and civilization spread to all the peoples of Asia Minor (Assyrians, Hittites, Urartuans, etc). For instance, the ancient Asomtavruli alphabet of the modern Georgian language has ethno-cultural contacts with the Sumerian world. Georgian specialists study the similarity of Sumerian and Iberian-Caucasian languages. Sumerian remained the language of religion and science in the 2nd-1st millennium B.C. before its replacement by Semitic languages. But Sumerian did not confide the Semites with the Majuscule alphabet, the secret spiritual alphabet that has a lot of similarity to ancient Georgian Asomtavruli alphabet. More than 200 Sumerian and Svanian terms are identical both phonetically and semantically. Sumerians created a new simplified 22 simple letter-signs alphabet. The Semitic alphabet created by Sumerian scientists for Accadians laid the foundation for various people's writing creation and spreading (Moabs, Phoenicians, Hebrews, Greeks, Latins, Arabs and others) Sumerian sacral alphabet of 35 letter signs that concealed the Sun and the Moon calendar.

After flourishing for the better part of a millennium, Mesopotamia apparently experienced a climate change, which led to drought, exhaustion of the heavily-used soil, agricultural failure, and the decline of the Sumerian city-states that had become dependent on reliable surplus food production. Neighbouring peoples and tribes launched military incursions against the weakened city-states, resulting in political power shifts and the rise of new states and cities further north. Sumerologist Samuel Noah Kramer wrote "in the last quarter of the 3rd millennium B.C. the Semites inhabiting the town of Akkad conquered Sumer and made the Sumerian scientists create an alphabet for them, which subsequently came to be called the Semitic" This event took place in 2125 B.C.

Origins of Akkad
Semitic speakers seem to have already been present in Mesopotamia at the dawn of the historical record, and soon achieved preeminence with the first Dynasty of Kish and numerous localities to the north of Sumer—where rulers with Semitic names had already established themselves by ca. the 3rd millennium BC. One of these, contemporary with the last Sumerian ruler, Lugal-Zage-Si of Uruk, was Alusarsid (or Urumus) who "subdued Elam and Barahs (Barahsi?)" thus beginning the trend towards regional empire.

The first known mention of Akkad is in an inscription of Enshakushanna of Uruk, where he claims to have defeated Agade—indicating that it was in existence well before the days of Sargon of Akkad, who the Sumerian kinglist claims to have built it. Sargon has often been cited as the first ruler of a combined empire of Akkad and Sumer, although more recently discovered data suggests there had been Sumerian expansions under previous kings, including Lugal-Anne-Mundu of Adab, Eannatum of Lagash, and Lugal-Zage-Si.

Sargon and his sons
The fame of the early establisher of Semitic supremacy was far eclipsed by that of Sargon of Akkad (Sharru-kin = "legitimate king", probably a title he took on gaining power[5]) (23rd century BC), who defeated and captured Lugal-Zage-Si, conquering his empire.

The earliest records in Akkadian all date to the time of Sargon. Sargon was claimed to be the son of La'ibum or Itti-Bel, a humble gardener, and possibly a hierodule, prostitute, or priestess to Ishtar or Inanna.

One legend related of Sargon in neo-Assyrian times says that "My mother was a changeling, my father I knew not. The brothers of my father loved the hills. My city is Azurpiranu (the wilderness herb fields), which is situated on the banks of the Euphrates. My changeling mother conceived me, in secret she bore me. She set me in a basket of rushes, with bitumen she sealed my lid. She cast me into the river which rose not over me. The river bore me up and carried me to Akki, the drawer of water. Akki, the drawer of water, took me as his son and reared me. Akki the drawer of water, appointed me as his gardener. While I was gardener Ishtar granted me her love, and for four and (fifty?) ... years I exercised kingship."

Originally a cupbearer to a king of Kish with a Semitic name, Ur-Zababa, Sargon thus became a gardener, responsible for the task of clearing out irrigation canals. This gave him access to a disciplined corps of workers, who also may have served as his first soldiers. Displacing Ur-Zababa, the crown was set upon Sargon's head, and he entered upon a career of foreign conquest.[7] Four times he invaded Syria and Canaan, and he spent three years thoroughly subduing the countries of "the west" to unite them with Mesopotamia "into a single empire."

However, Sargon took this process further, conquering many of the surrounding regions to create an empire that reached as far as the Mediterranean Sea and Anatolia, and extending his rule to Elam, and as far south as Magan (Oman), an area over which he reigned for 56 years. Trade extended from the silver mines of Anatolia to the lapis lazuli mines in Afghanistan, the cedars of Lebanon and the copper of Oman. This consolidation of the city-states of Sumer and Akkad reflected the growing economic and political power of Mesopotamia. The empire's breadbasket was the rain-fed agricultural system of northern Mesopotamia and a chain of fortresses was built to control the imperial wheat production.

Images of Sargon were erected on the shores of the Mediterranean, in token of his victories, and cities and palaces were built at home with the spoils of the conquered lands. Elam and the northern part of Mesopotamia (Subartu) were also subjugated and rebellions in Sumer were put down. Contract tablets have been found dated in the years of the campaigns against Canaan and against Sarlak, king of Gutium.

Sargon, throughout his long life, showed special deference to the Sumerian deities, particularly Inanna, his patroness, and Zababa, the warrior god of Kish. He called himself "The anointed priest of Anu" and "the great ensi of Enlil" and his daughter, Enheduanna the famous poet, was installed as priestess to Nanna at the temple in Ur.

He also boasted of having subjugated the "four quarters"—the lands surrounding Akkad to the north (Subartu), the south (Sumer), the east (Elam) and the west (Martu). Some of the earliest texts credit him with rebuilding the city of Babylon (Bab-ilu) in a new location.

Troubles multiplied toward the end of his reign. A later Babylonian text states "In his old age, all the lands revolted against him, and they besieged him in Akkad (the city)"...but "he went forth to battle and defeated them, he knocked them over and destroyed their vast army". Also shortly after, "the Subaru (mountainous tribes of) the upper country—in their turn attacked, but they submitted to his arms, and Sargon settled their habitations, and he smote them grievously".

These difficulties broke out again in the reign of his sons. Revolts broke out during the 9-year reign of his son, Mush, who fought hard to retain the empire—and in the fifteen year reign of Mush's elder brother, Humanist. The latter king seems to have fought a sea battle against 32 kings who had gathered against him. Both appear to have been assassinated.

Naram-Sin
Naram-Sin (Beloved of Sin), Sargon's grandson, who assumed the imperial title of "King Naram-Sin, of the four quarters (Lugal Naram-Sin, Šar kibrat 'arbaim)", and, like his grandfather, was addressed as "the god (Sumerian = DIN.GIR, Akkadian = ilu) of Agade" (Akkad), also faced revolts at the start of his reign.

Naram-Sin also recorded the Akkadian conquest of Ebla and Armani (also read Armanum or Armanim). The Assyrians, who are direct descendants of Akkadians, to this day refer to Armenians by the inscription from Armani. They were located between Carchemish and Ebla. To better police this area, he built a royal residence at Tell Brak, a crossroads at the heart of the Khabur basin of the Jezirah. Naram-Sin is supposed to have possessed an army of over 360,000 men, the largest of any state up until that date. It enabled him to campaign against Magan (thought to be Oman) which also revolted; Naram-Sin, "marched against Magan and personally caught Mandannu, its king". The chief threat seemed to be coming from the northeastern mountaineers. A campaign against the Lullubi led to the carving of the famous stele, now in the Louvre. This newfound Akkadian wealth may have been based upon benign climatic conditions, huge agricultural surpluses and the confiscation of the wealth of other peoples.[8]

The economy was highly planned. After the advancing Akkadian forces from Tell Brak took the massive (100 acre) site of Tell Leilan, they destroyed nearby villages and brought the organization of farming and grain distribution into its bureaucratic control. Grain was cleaned, and rations of grain and oil were distributed in standardized vessels made by the city's potters. Taxes were paid in produce and labour on public walls, including city walls, temples, irrigation canals and waterways, producing huge agricultural surpluses. Stele of Naram-Sin, king of Akkad, celebrating his victory against the Lullubi from Zagros.

In later Babylonian texts, the name Akkad, together with Sumer, appears as part of the royal title, as in the Sumerian LUGAL KI.EN.GIRKI URUKI or Akkadian Šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi,[10] translating to "king of Sumer and Akkad". This title was assumed by the king who seized control of Nippur,[11] the intellectual and religious centre of southern Mesopotamia.

During the Akkadian period, the Akkadian language became the lingua franca of the Middle East, and was officially used for administration, although the Sumerian language remained as a literary language. The spread of Akkadian stretched from Syria to Elam, and even the Elamite language was temporarily written in Mesopotamian cuneiform. Akkadian texts later found their way to far-off places, from Egypt (in the Amarna period) and Anatolia, to Persia (Behistun).

Collapse of Akkad
Within 100 years the Empire of Akkad collapsed, almost as fast as it had developed, ushering in a Dark Age. By the end of the reign of Naram-Sin's son, Shar-Kali-Sharri, the empire collapsed outright from the invasion of barbarians of the Zagros known as "Gutians". It has recently been suggested that the Dark Age at the end of the Akkadian period (and First Intermediary Period of the Ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom) was associated with rapidly increasing aridity, and failing rainfall in the region of the Ancient Near East, caused by a global centennial-scale drought.[12]

The fall of the empire established by Sargon seems to have been as sudden as its rise, and little is known about the Gutian period. From the fall of Akkad until around 2100 BC, there is much that is still dark.

The Sumerian king list, for the period after the death of Sharkalishari, states:

Who was king? Who was not king? Igigi the king; Nanum, the king; Imi the king; Elulu, the king—the four of them were kings but reigned only three years. Dudu reigned 21 years; Shudurul, the son of Dudu, reigned 15 years. (A total of) 11 kings reigned 197 years. Agade was defeated and its kingship carried off to Uruk. In Uruk, Urnigin reigned 7 years, Irgigir, son of Urnigin, reigned 6 years; Kudda reigned 6 years; Puzur-ili reigned 5 years, Utu-utu reigned 6 years. Uruk was smitten with weapons and its kingship carried off by the Gutian hordes.

(These kings of Uruk may have been contemporaries of the last kings of Akkad.)

In the Gutian hordes, (first reigned) a nameless king; (then) Imta reigned 3 years as king; Shulme reigned 6 years; Elulumesh reigned 6 years; Inimbakesh reigned 5 years; Igeshuash reigned 6 years; Iarlagab reigned 15 years; Ibate reigned 3 years; ... reigned 3 years; Kurum reigned 1 year; ... reigned 3 years; ... reigned 2 years; Iararum reigned 2 years; Ibranum reigned 1 year; Hablum reigned 2 years; Puzur-Sin son of Hablum reigned 7 years; Iarlaganda reigned 7 years; ... reigned 7 years; ... reigned 40 days. Total 21 kings reigned 91 years, 40 days.

Evidence from Tell Leilan in Northern Mesopotamia shows what may have happened. The site was abandoned soon after the city's massive walls were constructed, its temple rebuilt and its grain production reorganised. The debris, dust and sand that followed show no trace of human activity. Soil samples show fine wind-blown sand, no trace of earthworm activity, reduced rainfall and indications of a drier and windier climate. Evidence shows that skeleton-thin sheep and cattle died of drought, and up to 28,000 people abandoned the site, seeking wetter areas elsewhere. Tell Brak shrank in size by 75%. Trade collapsed. Nomadic herders such as the Amorites moved herds closer to reliable water supplies, bringing them into conflict with farmers. This climate-induced collapse seems to have affected the whole of the Middle East, and to have coincided with the collapse of the Egyptian Old Kingdom. A relatively well-known king from that period is Gudea, king of Lagash.

This collapse of rain-fed agriculture in "the Upper Country" meant the loss to southern Mesopotamia of the agrarian subsidies which had kept the Akkadian Empire solvent. Water levels within the Tigris and Euphrates fell 1.5 metres beneath the level of 2600 BC, and although they stabilised for a time during the following Ur III period, rivalries between pastoralists and farmers increased. Attempts were undertaken to prevent the former from herding their flocks in agricultural lands, such as the building of a 180 km wall between the Tigris and Euphrates under the neo-Sumerian ruler Shu-Sin. Such attempts led to increased political instability; meanwhile, severe depopulation occurred to re-establish demographic equilibrium with the less favourable climatic conditions.

It has also been suggested (Burroughs, 2007) that the rapid climatic collapse, marking the Akkadian Dark Age, may have been responsible for the religiously prescribed prohibition against the raising and consumption of pigs that spread through the Ancient Middle East from the end of the third millennium BC.

The period between ca. 2100 BC and 2000 BC is sometimes called the 3rd dynasty of Ur or "Sumerian Renaissance", founded by Ur-Nammu (originally a general). Though documents again began to be written in Sumerian, this dynasty may also have been Semitic; Sumerian was becoming a purely literary or liturgical language, much as Latin later would be in Medieval Europe.

The Curse of Akkad
Later material described how the fall of Akkad was due to Naram-Sin's attack upon the city of Nippur. When prompted by a pair of inauspicious oracles, the king sacked the E (temple)E-kur temple, supposedly protected by the god Enlil, head of the pantheon. As a result of this, eight chief deities of the Anunaki pantheon were supposed to have come together and withdrawn their support from Akkad. For the first time since cities were built and founded, The great agricultural tracts produced no grain, The inundated tracts produced no fish, The irrigated orchards produced neither syrup nor wine, The gathered clouds did not rain, the masgurum did not grow. At that time, one shekel's worth of oil was only one-half quart, One shekel's worth of grain was only one-half quart. . . . These sold at such prices in the markets of all the cities! He who slept on the roof, died on the roof, He who slept in the house, had no burial, People were flailing at themselves from hunger. For many years, the events described in "The Curse of Akkad" were thought, like the details of Sargon's birth, to be purely fictional. But now the evidence of Tel Leilan, and recent findings of elevated dust deposits in sea-cores collected off Oman, that date to the period of Akkad's collapse suggest that climate change may have been the culprit.

The Babylonians
The Babylonians built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and sun baked clay houses. They also introduced the convention of using 360 degrees in a circle, and of dividing the day into 24 hours, and each hour into 60 minutes.

Ancient Andes
3500BCE

Valdiva 3500 BCE-1800BCE
Valdiva culture were an Andean Civilization of Ecuador. They lived on coastal areas of Guayas. Many of their houses were put into circular positions in the central plaza. They are known for their pottery work. Most of their pottery resembled females. Females possibly held a high position in their society. Valdivia Culture domesticated llamas and cultivated cotton.
 * Their diet included:
 * Maize
 * Squash
 * Kidney beans
 * Cassava
 * Hot peppers
 * Fish
 * Occasionally deer

Ancient Egypt
3100 BC-30 BC

The Old Kingdom
The Old Kingdom started circa 2700 BC during Egypt's 3rd dynasty. During this period of Egyptian history the Pharaohs were absolute rulers. It was during the Old Kingdom that the Great Pyramid was built as a tomb for Khufu, a Pharaoh during Egypt's 4th dynasty. The Old Kingdom failed at around 2150 BC for a number of reasons. These included the long life span of Pepi II, who ruled 94 years. Pepi II lived to be about 100 years of age, outliving many of his heirs. Additionally, the lower Nile inundation became irregular and led to failed harvests, which may have been caused by a drier climate.

The First Intermediate Period
Monarches competed for control of Egypt and civil wars were common. Famines were common during this period and it is called the dark age of Egyptian History.

The Middle Kingdom
Egypt's Middle Kingdom was Egypt's golden age because of trading, and new conquest. It lasted from 2050-1650 BC. The Pharaohs period of this period called themselves good shepherds and they were not as powerful as they were during the Old Kingdom. Their pyramids were smaller. The Middle Kingdom ended because of weak Pharaohs and an invasion by Asiantic people called the Hyksos.

The Second Intermediate Period
The Hyksos ruled Lower Egypt from about 1650-1550 BC until the Thebean king named Ahmose I expelled them out of the country and started the New Kingdom.

The New Kingdom
During the New Kingdom Egypt was at its height of power. This period lasted from 1550-1070 BC. During this period Egypt became an empire when Thutmose III conquered Palestine, Syria, and Nubia this empire lasted to Amenhoptep VI who ended Egypt's worship of many gods in favour of one god Aton. Later his son Tutankhamen restored the old religion, Tutankhamen died at 18 leaving no heirs to the throne. Seti I restored some of Egypt's empire in Palestine and Syria and his son Ramses II fought the Hitties at Kadesh, then made the first peace treaty with them. He ruled for 67 years. The last great Pharaoh was Ramses III, who was not a relative of Ramses II. He protected Egypt from invasion. About 1070 BC the New Kingdom ended.

Ancient Indian Civilization
The earliest known farming cultures in south Asia emerged in the hills of Balochistan, Pakistan, which included Mehrgarh in the 7th millennium BC. These semi-nomadic peoples domesticated wheat, barley, sheep, goat and cattle. Pottery was in use by the 6th millennium BC. Their settlement consisted of mud buildings that housed four internal subdivisions. Burials included elaborate goods such as baskets, stone and bone tools, beads, bangles, pendants and occasionally animal sacrifices. Figurines and ornaments of sea shell, limestone, turquoise, lapis lazuli, sandstone and polished copper have been found. By the 4th millennium BC we find much evidence of manufacturing. Technologies included stone and copper drills, updraft kilns, large pit kilns and copper melting crucibles. Button seals included geometric designs.

Indus Valley civilization
By 4000 BC a pre-Harappan culture emerged, with trade networks including lapis lazuli and other raw materials. Villagers domesticated numerous other crops, including peas, sesame seed, dates, and cotton, plus a wide range of domestic animals, including the water buffalo which still remains essential to intensive agricultural production throughout Asia today. There is also evidence of sea-going craft. Archaeologists have discovered a massive, dredged canal and docking facility at the coastal city of Lothal, India, perhaps the world's oldest sea-faring harbour. Judging from the dispersal of artifacts the trade networks integrated portions of Afghanistan, the Persian coast, northern and central India, Mesopotamia (see Meluhha) and Ancient Egypt (see Silk Road).

Archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh, Pakistan, discovered that these peoples in the Indus Valley Civilization had knowledge of medicine and dentistry as early as circa 3300 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization gains credit for the earliest known use of decimal fractions in a uniform system of ancient weights and measures, as well as negative numbers (see Timeline of mathematics). Ancient Indus Valley artifacts include beautiful, glazed stone faïence beads.

The Indus Valley Civilization boasts the earliest known accounts of urban planning. As seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and (recently discovered) Rakhigarhi, their urban planning included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Evidence suggests efficient municipal governments. Streets were laid out in perfect grid patterns comparable to modern New York. Houses were protected from noise, odors and thieves. The sewage and drainage systems developed and used in cities throughout the Indus Valley were far more advanced than that of contemporary urban sites in Mesopotamia.

Vedic Civilization
The Vedic civilization is the Indo-Aryan culture associated with the Vedas, which are the oldest extant Indo-European texts, composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The exact connection of the genesis of this civilization with the Indus Valley civilization on one hand, and a possible Indo-Aryan migration on the other hand, is the subject of disputes. Early Vedic society was largely pastoral. Later on, the society became agricultural, and was organized around four Varnas, or classes. Several small kingdoms and tribes merged to form a few large ones which were often at war with each other.

In addition to the principle texts of Hinduism, (the Vedas), the great Indian epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the latter of which constitutes the longest poem in the world, are said to have been first written during this period, perhaps from a longer spoken tradition of unwritten recitation. The Bhagavad Gita, another primary text of Hinduism, is contained within the Mahabharata.

Early Indo-Aryan presence probably corresponds to the presence of ochre coloured pottery, archaeologically. The kingdom of the Kurus marks flowering of the Vedic civilization, corresponding to the Black and Red Ware and the beginning of the Iron Age in Northern India begins, around 1100 BC, likely also contemporary with the composition of the Atharvaveda. Painted Grey Ware spread over all of Northern India marks the late Vedic period, corresponding to a wave of urbanization occurred across the Indian sub-continent, spreading from Afghanistan to Bengal, in the 7th century BC. A number of kingdoms and republics emerged across the Indo-Gangetic plain and southern India during this period. 16 Mahajanapadas (great kingdoms) are referred to in ancient literature of the period.

The Mahajanapadas
By 600 BC, sixteen hereditary monarchies known as the Mahajanapadas stretched across the Indo-Gangetic plains from modern-day Afghanistan to Bangladesh. The largest of these nations were Magadha, Kosala, Kuru and Gandhara. The right of a king to his throne, no matter how it was gained, was usually legitimized through religious right and genealogies concocted by priests who ascribed to the king divine origins.

Hindu rituals at that time were complicated and conducted by the priestly class. It is thought that the Upanishads, the secondary texts of ancient Hinduism, dealing mainly with philosophy, were first composed early in this period. The court language at that time was Sanskrit, while the dialects of the general population of northern India were referred to as Prakrits. In 537 BC, Gautama Buddha gained enlightenment and thus founded Buddhism, which was initially intended as a supplement to the existing Hindu Vedic dharma. Around the same time period, in mid-6th century BC, Mahavira founded Jainism. Both religions had a simple doctrine and were preached in Prakrit which helped it gain acceptance by the masses. While the geographic impact of Jainism was limited, Buddhist nuns and monks spread their teachings of Buddha to Tibet, Sri Lanka and South East Asia.

In around 500 BC, the Indus Valley region was invaded by the Persian ruler Darius I making the far north-west of India a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. Though the Persians made Taxila the capital, their influence was marginal and governed the region for around 150 years. The Persians were defeated by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. In 326 BC, Alexander the Great crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and invaded what is now Pakistan. However, costly campaigns against the forces of Porus (also known as Puru), and the tired troops forced him to retreat to his empire after reaching the Beas River in Punjab. He appointed Greek governors to rule the newly acquired province to keep open trade routes between India and Greece.

Maurya Dynasty
In 321 BC, exiled general Chandragupta Maurya overthrew reigning king Dhana Nanda to establish the Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta was succeeded by his son Bindusara, who expanded the kingdom over most of present day India, barring the extreme south and east. During this time, most of the subcontinent was united under a single government for the first time.

The kingdom was inherited by his son Ashoka the Great who initially sought to expand his kingdom. In the aftermath of the carnage caused in the invasion of Kalinga, he renounced bloodshed and pursued a policy of non-violence or ahimsa after converting to Buddhism. The Edicts of Ashoka are the oldest preserved historical documents of India, and from Ashoka's time, approximate dating of dynasties becomes possible. The Mauryan dynasty under Ashoka was responsible for the proliferation of Buddhist ideals across the whole of East Asia and South East Asia, fundamentally altering the history and development of Asia. Ashoka the Great has been described as one of the greatest rulers the world has seen.

Shunga Dynasty
The Sunga dynasty was established in 185 BC, about 50 years after Ashoka's death, when the king Brihadratha, the last of the Mauryan rulers, was brutally murdered by the then commander-in-chief of the Mauryan armed forces, Pusyamitra Sunga, while he was taking the Guard of Honour of his forces. Pusyamitra Sunga then ascended the throne.

Ancient Chinese Civilization
The earliest written record of China's takes the form of inscriptions of divination records on the bones or shells of animals—so-called "oracle bones".

The earliest comprehensive history of China, the "Historical Records" written by Sima Qian, a renowned Chinese historiographer of the 2nd century BC, begins perhaps 3600 BC with an account of the Five Emperors (五帝). These rulers were legendary sage-kings and moral exemplars, and one of them, the Yellow Emperor, is sometimes said to be the ancestor of all Chinese people. Following this period Sima Qian relates that a system of inherited rulership was established during the Xia dynasty, and that this model was perpetuated in the successor Shang and Zhou dynasties. It is during this period of the Three Dynasties (Chinese: 三代) that the historical China begins to appear.

Xia Dynasty
Sima Qian's account dates the founding of the Xia Dynasty (夏) to some 4,000 years ago, but this date has not yet been corroborated. Some archaeologists connect the Xia to excavations at Erlitou in central Henan province, where a bronze smelter from around 2000 BC was unearthed. Early markings from this period, found on pottery and shells, have been alleged to be ancestors of modern Chinese characters, but such claims are unsupported. With no clear written records to match the Shang oracle bones or the Zhou bronze vessel writings, the Xia remains poorly understood.

Shang Dynasty
Archaeological findings provide evidence for the existence of the Shang dynasty (商), ca. 1600 to 1046 BC, and the archaeological evidence is divided into two sets. The first, from the earlier Shang period (ca. 1600 to 1300) comes from sources at Erligang, Zhengzhou and Shangcheng. The second set, from the later Shang or Yin period, consists of a large body of oracle bone writings. Anyang in modern day Henan has been confirmed as the last of the six capitals of the Shang (ca. 1300 to 1046 BC).

Chinese historians living in later periods were accustomed to the notion of one dynasty succeeding another, but the actual political situation in early China is known to have been much more complicated. Hence, as some scholars of China suggest, the Xia and the Shang can possibly refer to political entities that existed at the same time, just as the early Zhou (successor state of the Shang), is known to have existed at the same time as the Shang. What was the religion?

Zhou Dynasty
By the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Zhou Dynasty (周) began to emerge in the Huanghe valley, overrunning the Shang. The Zhou appeared to have begun their rule under a semi-feudal system. Nevertheless, power became decentralized during the Spring and Autumn Period when regional feudal lords began to assert their power, absorb smaller powers, and vie for hegemony. The Hundred Schools of Thought of Chinese philosophy blossomed during this period and such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism were founded. After further political consolidation, seven prominent states remained by the end of 5th century BC, and the years in which these few states battled each other is known as the Warring States period. Though there remained a nominal Zhou king until 256 BC, he was largely a figurehead and held little real power.

Meanwhile, neighboring territories of these warring states were gradually annexed, including areas of modern Sichuan and Liaoning, and governed under the new local administrative system of commandery and prefecture (郡县), which had been in use since the Spring and Autumn Period and was very loosely a primitive prototype of the modern system of Sheng and Xian (province and county). The final expansion in this period began during the reign of Ying Zheng, the king of Qin. His unification of the other six powers, and further annexations in the modern regions of Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi in 214 BC enabled him to proclaim himself the First Emperor (始皇帝，Shi Huangdi), forming the first Chinese empire under the Qin Dynasty (秦), that laid the foundation for the consolidation of the Chinese territories that we know today.

The Hittites
The Hittites were the prescendants of the Caucasian Kartvelian group of nations and were the descendants of Sumerians. Their innovations in the design of chariots, moving the wheel to the centre from the back, gave them a military advantage over other civilizations. Another point of note is that the first international peace treaty was signed by the Hittites and the Egyptians after the Battle of Kadesh. The original copy is kept in the headquarters of the United Nations. After 600 years as a major empire in the Ancient Middle East the Hittites, crippled by the attacks of the Sea Peoples abandoned their capital, Hattusa, and seemed to vanish from history.

The Assyrians
The Assyrians were a civilization located near modern Iraq, along the Tigris River. The Assyrians eventually grew to occupy modern-day Iraq, northern Egypt, the eastern parts of Asia Minor and modern-day Jordan.

Assyria started around 2000 BC with Semitic barbarians invading the area and establishing the roots for a civilization. By 1800 BC the Assyrians had firm control over most of northern Mesopotamia, but later lost it to the Babylonians.

By 1076 BC, the Assyrians reached the Mediterranean coast. The Empire reached its peak at around 1000 to 700 BC, with the conquering of northern Egypt and Babylon. However, the Assyrians were very harsh with the lands they conquered, and thus it's citizens were very unhappy with the ruling class. By 600 BC, their capital, Nineveh, fell to the revolting vassal states, including Babylon. Soon after, the Assyrians existed only in the history books.

Though the Assyrians did not advance far in the fields of science and technology, philosophy or the arts, they were mentioned in Biblical records for being great warriors, and their tactics of war would influence later powers, such as the Persians.

The Persians
The Persian Empire started in the north west corner of what is now Iran. It grew through military conquest to cover a huge region that roughly encompasses today's Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Afghanistan, Turkey, Bulgaria, many parts of Greece, Egypt, Syria, much of what is now Pakistan, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Caucasia, Central Asia, Libya, and northern parts of Arabia. The empire eventually became the largest empire of the ancient world. Persepolis was the ceremonial capitol of Persia. Susa and Pasargadas also acted as capital cities at different times in Persian history. They were all in what is now Iran.

What did they eat?
The food prepared for Persian kings was luxurious. Persians ate stews made from meat and fruit with herbs. They ate rice and bread made with wheat. Yoghurt was also a staple in Persian food. Tablets from the time of these ancient peoples indicate that the inhabitants of Mesopotamia were using basil, cilantro, cumin and caraway in their food in 4,000 BC. Apricots, artichokes, eggplants, lemons, lime, oranges, pistachios, spinach, saffron or tarragon all came to Europe through Persia. Other condiments and spices such as cinnamon, cardamom, cloves, coriander, dill, nutmeg, pomegranates, saffron, sumac, turmeric, as well as orange-flower water and rose water were used in Persian food. Lamb and goat were the primary meats eaten by Persians.

What did their buildings look like?
Persians made very interesting buildings. The Ruins at Persepolis are an example of ancient Persian buildings. Persians were among the first to use mathematics, geometry, and astronomy in their building. Their buildings were grand and were created by skillful workers. Some Persian buildings had huge barrel-vaulted chambers. The Persians created huge domes of rock and clay and supported their roofs with tall columns. They also decorated the walls of their palaces with lions, bulls and flowers. The Kharaghan twin towers and the Shah Mosque are two other old buildings built in a Persian style.

What did they wear?
The Persian king wore a robe of honour that was a large piece of fabric that was draped around him. For the king and other aristocracy, their clothes were often decorated with golden clothing ornaments. Some of these are in the form of roundels, while others are gold plaques with loops or rings on the back so they can be sewn onto the cloth. Rich people also liked to wear gold jewelry such as bracelets with animal head carvings. Common people wore coats and pants made out of leather. Men's coats reached from their shoulders down to their knees and were fastened with a girdle. Their sleeves were somewhat tight and went down to their wrists. Originally woman's clothing was quite similar to men's clothing but as time went their style changed. Initially their clothes were short and tight but when the style changed their clothes were made longer, more voluminous and were made out of softer materials. Persian shoes were usually just pieces of leather that were wrapped around their feet and were tied up on the top. These would have look similar to moccasins.

What did their writing look like?
Old Persian was written from left to right in Old Persian cuneiform script. Old Persian cuneiform script was supposedly invented by King Darius I, one of ancient Persia's famous kings. There were 36 letters in their alphabet, although some of them essentially represented different syllables. For example they had one symbol for "ka" and another symbol for "ku". They used these symbols even though they also had symbols that represented "a" and "u".

What did they believe?
The Persian civilization spawned three major religions: Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, and Manichaeanism. The Persian thinker Zoroaster (who propagated Zoroastrianism) was the main religious movement leader. Living around 3500 years ago, he helped to unite the Persian empire. He rejected the old Persian gods and introduced that a single wise god, Ahura Mazda, ruled the world. However, Ahura Mazda was often in battle with the prince of evil and lies, Ahriman. On Earth, each person had to choose which side to support. Zoroaster's teaching were written in a book, the Zend-Avesta. It said that Ahura Mazda would conquer over the forces of evil, Ahriman, at the end. On that day, all the people would be judges for their actions. Those who did good would enter paradise. Those who did evil would be condemned to eternal suffering.

Are some of them famous even today?
Of course, but perhaps the most famous Persian of all time is Cyrus the Great who founded the Persian Empire. In fact, in 1992 he was ranked #87 on Michael H. Hart's list of the most influential figures in history. Other famous Persian kings were Cambises and Darius the Great. Darius III is famous only because he suffered under the hands of Alexander the Great of Greece. During Darius' reign, the whole Persian Empire was destroyed by Alexander, who first attacked the Persians in what is now modern Turkey. He then moved on into the heart of the Empire where he captured the capital Susa. Darius ran away from battle against Alexander twice, but was murdered by his governor Bessus who wanted the throne for himself. Alexander was angry this happened and respected his dead opponent. He held a great funeral for the dead king. Later, Bessus was captured and executed.

What is left of them today?
Persians are one of the only ancient civilizations that has made significant contributions to humanity from prehistoric times by their Persian empire all the way through to the modern day in their country Iran. Most Persians are now Muslims, although there are Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians still living and practicing their religion in Iran. There are also some Persians, called Parsis, living in mainly the north and west of India.

title: World History/Ancient Civilizations


text:
User:Mgcrank/sandbox

Neoff
Neoff is a action created by a man named willem, but TB and I ,Michael Crank, tbs friend made the word and added to the action. Neoff is a action where you bring your hands up and make a pyramid to charge up then you swing your arms back and hold them back while saying neoff for a sudden short burst of speed.Hold your arms back for no more than 2 seconds you can do it many many times a day but different people have a different amount of times they can do it because of there energy, but the more you do it the more energy you can hold and the more you can do it in a day.

Neoff-Verb
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXcFlHlBMbqpqsVrRj_efcw

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Mgcrank/sandbox


text:
User:Suresh anand

Suresh Anand Jha credited as Suresh Anand (born 13 September 1968) is an established Indian playback singer who works in Bollywood and whose songs have been featured mainly in Maithili and Bhojpuri movies. He has sung 1200 songs in over 13 languages.He is from Deoghar Jharkhand, India. He has acted in Bhojpuri films, noticeable hits, Movie Sasta Zinagi Mahadh sailur (Maithili) & In Serial DD Bihar Master Saheb.

title: User:Suresh anand


text:
Talk:Deifying

This belongs in Wiktionary not here.--Jersey Devil 05:26, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

You must have missed the sections that do not belong there.--Striver 12:28, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

See Divinization and Theosis, it could probably be merged to one of those - if WP:V. Esquizombi 23:04, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Why does this page link to the Jolly Green Giant? Javguerre 02:59, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deifying


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South Cheshire College

South Cheshire College is a former further education college, located in Crewe, Cheshire, England. The College was a single campus situated in a residential area about one mile from Crewe town centre. It also served students from Nantwich, Alsager, Middlewich, Sandbach, Congleton and throughout South and East Cheshire. The College also provided courses for adults at a range of centres, including high street locations in Middlewich and Congleton.

It merged in March 2017 with West Cheshire College to form Cheshire College – South & West, which retains the Crewe campus.

History
The college began in 1843 as the Mechanics' Institution, run by the London and North Western Railway Company. It moved to its current site in 1966 and was officially opened by the Queen Mother in 1968. After several name changes, including Dane Bank College (which it is commonly known as locally), it became South Cheshire College in 1982. The original building was replaced by a brand new single campus building, started in 2008 and completed in 2010. The new campus is 4 stories high, but occupies a larger footprint than the original.

The design of the Crescent shaped atrium was driven by the requirement to retain an oak tree copse within the campus area. The atrium curves around the copse on one side and on the other, a moat separates the copse from other parts of the campus. Five buildings radiate from the Crescent site, including the Library building, the Theatre building and the other three buildings, named East, West and North, based on the general direction each one faces. These contain academic classrooms and vocational workshops.

In March 2017, Cheshire College - South and West was formed which was a combination of South Cheshire College in Crewe along with West Cheshire College which has a campus in both Chester and in Ellesmere Port.

Alumni

 * Tashi Dorje, tenor
 * Chloe Lloyd, model
 * Rick Moore, (born 1989), cricketer
 * Simon Radley, chef
 * Laura Smith, Member of Parliament (MP) for Crewe and Nantwich from the 2017 general election until 2019.

Awards
The College has received numerous awards, including coming top in the 2004 Ofsted report.

title: South Cheshire College


text:
Talk:Art Knapp

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Art Knapp. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110612070358/http://www.saanich.ca:80/discover/artsheritagearc/saanicharchives/index.html to http://www.saanich.ca/discover/artsheritagearc/saanicharchives/index.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:37, 18 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Art Knapp


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personal day

Noun

 * 1) A day when one is permitted to not attend work in order to attend to personal matters.

Translations

 * Finnish: henkilökohtainen vapaapäivä
 * Spanish: moscoso

title: personal day


text:
quotare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to quote (to name the current price of a financial security)
 * 2) to value

title: quotare


text:
Template talk:World economic integration

Rationale
I made this template because the same map with the same legend is used on a lot of pages, and it's a lot of work to keep updating all of them every time there's a correction or real-world change. (Which is happening a lot these days.) -- Beland (talk) 23:01, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

ASEAN - not a single market
Latest reports claim "solid progress towards promoting the seamless movement of goods, services, capital, skilled labour and communication" while in practice Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand are struggling to implement expedited customs clearance and enable the electronic exchange of border documents   — Preceding unsigned comment added by CultureArchitect (talk • contribs) 09:20, 27 February 2019 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Make It So

The result was   delete. Missvain (talk) 05:56, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

Make It So

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Prod notice deleted. No claim of notability. Only selfpub references. Dweller (talk) 17:54, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete: Subject of the article fails WP:NMUSIC. Nothing significant to assert the subject notability. Wikic¤l¤gyt@lk to M£ 12:09, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:01, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of California-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:01, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete, subject has not received significant coverage in multiple non-primary reliable sources, therefore the subject is not notable according to WP:GNG or WP:NSONG. As the primary subject of the phrase "Make it so" is not the subject of this article per WP:OUTCOMES this article should be deleted.--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 05:17, 11 February 2015 (UTC)


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The Housemaid (2016 film)

The Housemaid (Cô Hầu Gái) is a 2016 Vietnamese gothic romance horror film directed by Derek Nguyen and starring Nhung Kate, Jean-Michel Richaud, Kim Xuan, and Rosie Fellner. Released in Vietnam on 16 September 2016, the film became the third-highest-grossing horror film in Vietnam's history and had its North American premiere at the 2017 Los Angeles Film Festival.

Plot
Set in 1953 Vietnam during the First Indochinese War, the film tells the story of an orphaned country girl named Linh, who gets hired to be a housemaid at a haunted French rubber plantation. She unexpectedly falls in love with the French landowner Captain Sebastien Laurent, and awakens the vengeful ghost of his dead wife, Camille... who is out for blood.

Cast

 * Nhung Kate as Linh
 * Jean-Michel Richaud as Captain Sebastien Laurent
 * Kim Xuan as Mrs. Han
 * Rosie Fellner as Madeleine
 * Phi Phung as Mrs. Ngo
 * Kien An as Mr. Chau
 * Svitlana Kovalenko as Madame Camille
 * Linh Son Nguyen as Bao

Release
The film was released in Vietnam on 16 September 2016. Since then, the film has sold to 18 different territories including Australia (JBG Pictures), Turkey (Medyavizyon), Peru (Delta Films), Malaysia (Suraya Filem), and the UK (Eureka Entertainment). IFC Films released the film theatrically and on video on demand on 16 February 2018 in North America via their horror label IFC Midnight.

Critical reception
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 69% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 13 reviews, with an average rating of 5.79/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 4 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Awards
At the 2017 Los Angeles Film Festival, Nhung Kate received a Special Jury Prize for Acting for her portrayal of Linh.

The film was honored with the Silver Lotus Award (second prize) at the 2017 Vietnamese Film Festival and received awards for Best Score and Best Sound Design.

Remake
CJ E&M Film Division is producing and financing an American remake of the film, with a screenplay to be written by Oscar-winning screenwriter Geoffrey S. Fletcher.

title: The Housemaid (2016 film)


text:
Huerta del Maule

Huerta del Maule or Huerta de Maule is a Chilean hamlet (caserío) in San Javier, Linares Province, Maule Region. This picturesque and bucolic place, with a current permanent population of less than 300, used to have far more importance and population two centuries ago, having been a strategic place because of its location at the south of the  Maule river   and west of the   Loncomilla River in central Chile, over the busy, old colonial route from Santiago - Talca to Concepción.

History
Huerta del Maule was officially founded with the name of "San Antonio de la Florida" in 1754. Although a settlement already existed there since the second half of the 17th century, originally associated to the presence of a Franciscan Monastery, and according to tradition, was further encouraged by the discovery of gold in its environs. Typically, the inhabitants of Chile's Maule Region in colonial times were strongly rooted to their haciendas and, for a long time, there was strong resistance by the population to leave the rural areas and small villages and move to the cities. As in other villages of the region, in Huerta de Maule, the productive agricultural and commercial activities kept the place alive and relatively wealthy.

Traditions
In Huerta de Maule, October 4 marks the traditional celebration of St. Francis of Assisi, a popular religious festival presided by the local bishop, that brings to the village thousands of pilgrims and tourists every year.

Geography
Huerta del Maule lies in the foothills of a low-altitude chain of the "Cordillera de la Costa" in Central Chile, west of the Loncomilla river and the Gupo hill, and southwest of the town of San Javier, Chile. Altitude: 496 m.

Demography
According to the 1992 census, Huerta del Maule had a population of 308, which had fallen to less than 270, in 2002. The area surrounding Huerta de Maule is sparsely populated. Within a radio of seven miles from the place there live a mere 2,000 people.

Climate
The climate of the zone is temperate, with an average temperature of 14.4 °C (or 57.92 °F) and an average annual precipitation of 680 mm concentrated between the months of June and August.

title: Huerta del Maule


text:
Lea Valley Saints

The Lea Valley Saints was an Australian rules football club in the Lower Lea Valley region of London, England.

History
The club was formed as a foundation member of the British Australian Rules Football League in 1990. They competed until 1996, the high point of their existence being a grand final appearance in 1993, although they were defeated by the London Hawks. The founder of BARFL, John Jelley, was the first president of the Saints.

title: Lea Valley Saints


text:
Talk:Israel in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest

Proposed merge with Kids.il
Following advice and suggestions at a recent AfD in regards to another Junior Eurovision artist (Eliias), it has been recommended that all JESC biographical articles be merged into their respective country by year articles. This is so we avoid future WP:AfDs, WP:SPEEDY, and WP:NOTREPOSITORY. The content the BLP article can easily be explained in the context of this country by year article, and it is currently of a reasonable size that the merging of BLP article will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned.  Wes Mouse | T@lk 19:13, 2 July 2015 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of exports of Poland

The result was no consensus. North America1000 09:20, 10 October 2017 (UTC)

List of exports of Poland

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

OR based on 2012 data; lacks notability and encyclopedic relevance. Part of an apparent walled garden around The Observatory of Economic Complexity created by Special:Contributions/Willy_turner. K.e.coffman (talk) 23:20, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 23:49, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Poland-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 23:49, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete as statistics cruft. Renata (talk) 04:57, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 07:39, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Speedy keep. List of exports of a country seems to me pretty much like standard stuff to find in an encyclopedia. This does not seem to be OR, it is sourced, through the linked page is (somewhat?) dynamic and is already showing data for 2015. Exports and imports by country is a totally encyclopedic and notable topic, and while this need better sourcing, historical trends, etc., it is nowhere near deletion. Also, on procedural grounds, why is Poland singled out from the Category:Lists of exports by country? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:40, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete - If there's encyclopedic information here, it should be included in Economy of Poland. However, I doubt that a list like this is of much use. Are we going to update the figures quarterly? It's best for Economy of Poland to talk about exports in more generality, rather than trying to keep up with the precise figures as they change. I'd be in favor of the deletion of these sorts of export-list articles in general, of course. -Thucydides411 (talk) 04:53, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Keep - Meets WP:LISTN. If someone wants to argue otherwise, we should discuss Category:Lists of exports by country and the alleged The Observatory of Economic Complexity walled garden as a whole, not pick off articles one at a time. ~Kvng (talk) 13:56, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Nom's comment -- There was no intent to single out Poland; I PROD'ed two similar articles on the same day, as can be seen on my PROD log. The concern was about the nature of the article, either as an in-house project, or a promotional walled garden, around The Observatory of Economic Complexity and single sourced to it.
 * In any case, this is not a functional list, in Wiki sense, as the constituent entries are not Textile exports of Poland, but links to generic articles. I agree that this is "statistics cruft" and should be deleted. I believe that this nomination should be treated on its merits, so that it can be used as a test case going forward. K.e.coffman (talk) 22:58, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * It looks like your complaint is not about notability of the subject but about the state of this article and eventually the similar articles in Category:Lists of exports by country. Is List of exports of Poland a notable topic for the encyclopedia? Probably yes. Is this article in good shape, Probably no. Can this article be improved? Probably yes. Treated on its merits, that's a Keep for me. When the other articles are taken into consideration, the calculation may be different. ~Kvng (talk) 18:46, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't it be better to just embed a discussion of Poland's most important exports into the Economy of Poland article? That's much more informative than a bare list of export. Exports of Poland might be suitable for an article, if someone could write something informative up, and one could even include a list within the article, but List of exports of Poland doesn't seem useful at all. -Thucydides411 (talk) 00:26, 25 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Certainly that article should summarize the issue, but the point is that the topic of 'exports by Foo' is notable, and even if the list is incomplete and obsolete this does not constitutes reasons sufficient for deletion. It is just a list-stub. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:59, 25 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Indeed Exports of Foo could be a notable topic; wikipedia has a number of such articles, such as Foreign trade of Argentina. But List of exports of Foo is not such a topic. K.e.coffman (talk) 01:30, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 09:57, 25 September 2017 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * keep Subject is notable. Article needs workDlohcierekim (talk) 02:58, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  J 947(c) (m) 04:16, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete statistics cruft. This is routine information that also happens to be outdated. No indication of notability from independent sources and therefore fails GNG. Also, this list is put together by editors's discretion, not WP:RS, and fails content policy WP:NOR. We are not a repository for indiscriminate information WP:IINFO. This list seems to be an inversion of acceptability per WP:LISTN - the list is comprised of separate notable Wikipedia topics, but the topic of the list itself has no claim notability and seems to be WP:OR or WP:SYN. This list would not be much use in another article such as Economy of Poland. In fact this is probably already covered in that article in some way or other. Steve Quinn (talk) 04:44, 3 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
Vaughn Corley

Vaughn D. Corley (November 2, 1907 – November 18, 1977) was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts—now known as New Mexico State University—from 1948 to 1950, compiling a record of 9–20. Corley played football and ran track at Texas Technological College—now known as Texas Tech University. He began his coaching career in 1929 at Las Cruces High School in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Corley moved to New Mexico A&M as an assistant football coach in 1933 and coached the linemen there under head coach Jerry Hines until 1938. He coached the line at the University of Oregon, from 1939 to 1942 and again from 1945 to 1946, and at the University of Arizona in 1947 before returning to Mexico A&M as head coach in 1948. Corley also coached at the Saint Mary's Pre-Flight School during World War II.

Corley died on November 18, 1977, at a hospital in Las Cruces.

title: Vaughn Corley


text:
Talk:Sofia Hultquist

Potential page merge
Hello, wondering if anyone has thoughts on merging this with Drum & Lace? As per WP:MERGE, Sofia Hultquist's page seems to have significant overlap with Drum & Lace (WP:REDUNDANT). Gapbridger (talk) 06:10, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sofia Hultquist


text:
Talk:David Thornton (American football)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:41, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:David Thornton (American football)


text:
Pookkari

Pookkari is a 1973 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Krishnan–Panju and produced by Anjugam Pictures. The film stars M. K. Muthu, Manjula and Nirmala, with Jayachitra, Jayakumari, V. K. Ramasamy, S. V. Subbaiah and Ambareesh (credited as Amarnath) in supporting roles. It was released on 25 October 1973, and failed commercially. Despite this, in 1978 the film was remade in Kannada as Halli Haida directed by Amirtham, cinematographer of the original with Ambareesh reprising his role.

Plot
Valli is a flower seller and her brother Murugesan is a real estate broker. One day, Valli meets Kanthan and they fall in love. Meanwhile, there is a wealthy man with a daughter, Shyamala. He has a nephew Ravi who is a womaniser. Although Ravi has a mistress, he is also after Muthu's sister, Dhanam, who he eventually rapes. Traumatised by the incident, she loses her voice.

Ravi and Kanthan fight frequently, but during one such incident, Dhanam pleads with Kanthan to spare Ravi. During that incident, she also regains her voice and Ravi agrees to marry her. Upon realising this, Ravi's mistress plans to go to the wedding hall in disguise, with a hidden gun, and shoot Ravi dead. Shyamala learns of the mistress' plans and rushes to save Ravi, but Valli takes the bullet instead. Before dying, she manages to unite Shyamala and Kanthan. Ravi and Dhanam marry.

Cast
As per the opening credits:

Production
Pookkari was directed by the duo Krishnan–Panju, and produced under the banner Anjugam Pictures. Panju edited the film under the pseudonym "Panjabi". It was photographed by Amritham, a relative of politician and screenwriter M. Karunanidhi. The story and dialogue were written by T. N. Balu.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by M. S. Viswanathan. The song "Kaadhalin Pon Veedhiyil", written by Panchu Arunachalam and sung by T. M. Soundararajan and S. Janaki, attained popularity.

Release and reception
Pookkari was released on 25 October 1973, and failed commercially. Kalki criticised the film for being anti-progressive towards Tamil cinema but praised some of the cast performances.

title: Pookkari


text:
allogamy

Noun

 * 1)  The fertilization of an ovum from one individual with the spermatozoa of another; cross-fertilization

Related terms

 * allogamic
 * allogamous

Translations

 * Bulgarian: кръстосано опрашване
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Greek:
 * Italian: allogamia
 * Polish:, obcopylność
 * Portuguese: alogamia
 * Spanish: alogamia

title: allogamy


text:
User:Gulfroadster

Just getting started with a deeper look into the Wiki world. Let the "adventure" begin.

Charles aka "gulfroadster" in Mobile, Alabama.

title: User:Gulfroadster


text:
Elizabeth Vaughan

Elizabeth Vaughan (born 12 March 1937) is a Welsh soprano, later a mezzo-soprano.

Vaughan was born in Llanfyllin, Montgomeryshire, and studied at the Royal Academy of Music with Olive Groves. She made her debut in Cardiff with the Welsh National Opera as Abigaille in Nabucco in 1960, a role which she also sang at Sadler's Wells. She first appeared at the Royal Opera House as Isotta in Die schweigsame Frau in 1961, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1972 as Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni. Her account of Lady Penelope Rich in a 1984 performance of Gloriana at English National Opera was televised, and she appeared on screen numerous other times as well, including as an opera singer in the 1982 film Victor/Victoria.

title: Elizabeth Vaughan


text:
Los Herreras

Los Herreras is a municipality in the state of Nuevo León, Mexico and also the name of its seat of government and main population center. Los Herreras is at 281 meters above sea level and is located in the east-central part of the state. Its coordinates are 25º53' N and 99º33' W.

History
The foundation of this village goes back to the middle of the 17th century and was originally called 'Rancho de la Manteca', Spanish for Lard Ranch. Don Juan de Zavala was given a land grant for its foundation by the governor, Don Martín de Zavala. Juan de Zavala and inhabitants from Cadereyta began the foundation.

The haciendas of San Vicente, Guadalupe and San Agustín, which are all under the jurisdiction of the modern municipality of Los Herreras, were all older foundations with larger populations than Rancho de la Manteca. However, this last one was chosen as the head of the municipality for its closeness to the railroad line that went between Monterrey and Matamoros.

Rancho de la Manteca was elevated to the status of township ("Villa") by a state congressional decree on November 20, 1874, which was signed into law by governor Don Ramón Treviño on December 9, 1874.

At its elevation to township status, the name of the municipality was changed to Los Herreras. The most commonly accepted reason for the selection of this name is that it was to honor the Herrera brothers, heroes of the battle of San Bernabe during Mexico's fight for independence from Spain.

Geography
Los Herreras is at 281 meters above sea level and is located in the east-central part of the state.

Climate
The climate is an arid dry steppe, with very high temperatures in the summer and very little rainfall. The average annual temperature is 24°C and average annual precipitation is 500 mm. May and September are the rainiest months. Predominant winds are from the east.

Population
According to the 1990 federal census, the municipality had a population of 3,363 — a density of 7.68/km2. 69.91% of the population lived in the municipal seat. The census total showed that 1,705 inhabitants were male and 1,658 female.

The 2000 federal census showed a population decline compared to the previous count, with a total of 2,795 inhabitants, of which 50.8% were male and 49.2% female.

The population, like most of the northern part of the state, is predominantly of European or "White" descent, most of which are concentrated in the communities of San Agustin, San Vicente, La Laja and La Hacienda de Guadalupe.

Population centers
The municipality has 21 population centers, among the principal ones are:

 * Los Herreras — Main population center and seat of government.
 * San Vicente — Second largest population center.
 * San Agustin — Third largest population center.
 * San Jose de La Laja — Fourth largest population center.
 * Barretosa — Fifth largest population center.
 * La Hacienda de Guadalupe — Sixth population center.

title: Los Herreras


text:
Other Free Learning Resources

This project (formerly the "Hunter-gatherers project") aims to find, list, and evaluate Internet learning resources that anyone can freely access and use. We encourage you to discuss and explore ways to integrate these resources with Wikiversity courses. These are important tasks and essential aspects of Wikiversity's purpose.

0 - 9

 * 120 Minutes with JTS (Jewish Theological Seminary): A wide variety of Jewish topics, many of general interest to students of world history.

A - D

 * Academia Thules, a site that offers courses about ancient Rome and ancient Roman reenactment
 * Academic Earth, a site containing video courses from various Universities and Lecturers.
 * Access Excellence Activities Collections
 * Alison
 * Better Explained
 * Bioscience Education
 * BBC: Colin And Cumberland - An interactive game that teaches elementary Gaelic
 * BBC: OU offers free learning materials
 * Bhakti Ananda Goswami’s Collected Works: The Primal Revelation at the Heart of Civilization
 * Big History - An Introduction to Everything
 * Brand Management Study Guide - A complete tutorial on Brand Management.
 * Beyond Intractability - Lots of essays about constructive approaches to dealing with conflict.
 * ByMath: Algebra (text)
 * ByMath: Basic Arithmetic (text)
 * Carnegie Mellon University Open Learning
 * Cell Biology and Cancer Activities
 * CK-12 Foundation
 * Colorado Education Resources in Environmental Sciences
 * Conflict Resolution Information Source
 * Coursera
 * Curriki
 * Darakht-e Danesh
 * DMoz

E - H

 * ECGpedia - free online electrocardiography (ECG) course and textbook.
 * edHelper - on-line lessons paid subscriptions, but can be viewed for ideas.
 * EdX is a joint partnership between The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University to offer online learning to millions of people around the world.
 * Excel Easy - fully illustrated Excel tutorial + 300 examples. 100% free.
 * Excel Template - A collection of over 200 free Excel templates for any occasion imaginable. Calendars, planners, timesheets, finance and accounting documents, charts and dashboards, and other documents for productivity, business, study, and private life.
 * The Floating University - Released by Big Think to distribute big ideas.
 * Free University
 * Freedesktop
 * Free Video Lectures
 * GeoGebra - Similar Figures manipulation for 6th grade math
 * Gentoo Linux Wiki
 * Goodwill Community Foundation Learn Free
 * Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment
 * HowStuffWorks
 * HippoCampus The goal of HippoCampus is to provide high-quality, multimedia content on general education subjects to high school and college students free of charge. HippoCampus was designed as part of Open Education Resources (OER), a worldwide effort to improve access to quality education for everyone.
 * Strategies for Teaching History University of California Santa Barbara
 * Higher Still Notes Full Course Notes for Scottish Higher Courses
 * Humiliation Studies Network list of open education resources.

I - L

 * Issuelab Online publishing forum for nonprofit research licensed under CC-BY-SA[?].
 * Internet FAQ Archives
 * JavaScript 1.5 Reference
 * John Hopkins OpenCourseWare
 * Khan Academy with the mission of providing a world-class education to anyone, anywhere. It has more than 1800 videos on math, biology, chemistry and more.
 * Learnamic Online directory and reviews of self-paced learning tools
 * The Linux Documentation Project

M - P

 * Math Drills Math worksheets for elementary and middle school
 * Math Solutions Math by Marilyn Burns
 * Math Village Teaching materials for middle school math
 * MERLOT II A collection of free and open online teaching, learning, and faculty development services.
 * The University of Michigan Initiative on Disability Studies courses are available here
 * Mooc-List
 * Monterey Institute for Technology and Education - An educational non-profit organization committed to improving access to education.
 * More Video Lectures
 * National Repository of On-line Courses (NROC) - Project supports the development and distribution of high-quality on-line courses to a worldwide audience.
 * University of Nebraska Lincoln Digital Commons
 * Ocean resource center
 * OER Commons
 * Open Education Consortium
 * Open courseware finder
 * OpenStax - free scholarly materials, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0
 * Open Study - OpenStudy is  a website partnered with institutions like MIT OpenCourseWare and Yale Open Course
 * MIT OpenCourseWare
 * Tokyo Institute of Technology OpenCourseWare
 * Tufts OpenCourseWare
 * Utah State University OpenCourseWare
 * OpenLearn: access to Open University course materials under a Creative Commons licence
 * P2P University
 * Physics Forums: An Introduction to PH and Buffer Solution Calculations (text)
 * Programming Resources List - Helpful resource list for those wanting to learn how to code.

Q - T

 * Request for Comments - Documentation for Internet protocols
 * Saylor.org is a free and open collection of college level courses.
 * STEM Sheets A collection of free customizable and printable math and science worksheets and flashcards.
 * Ted Ed Lessons Worth Sharing
 * Scientific Methods
 * Standford Introduction to General Relativity (video)(pdf)
 * Tools for Structural Biology Education
 * Scientist.By Community: Educational Webinars
 * Questgarden - webquest activities for a range of ages and study areas

U - X

 * Visual Calculus is a very good introduction to single variable calculus with explanations and exercises made with flash.
 * Visual Fractions is an online reference - covering fraction and math calculators, percentages, unit conversions, and more. There is a Spanish Version as well.
 * The Whole Frog Project
 * World Wide Web Consortium
 * WikiEducator
 * WikiHow
 * The WWW Virtual Library
 * W3 Schools On-line Web Tutorials
 * The Wolfram Demonstrations Project is an open-code resource that uses dynamic computation to illuminate concepts in science, technology, mathematics, art, finance, and other fields.
 * Wonder How To
 * WorksheetGenius hosts educational worksheet generators for homeschoolers, teachers or parents who want differentiated, randomized worksheets at the click of a button.
 * The Xorg Foundation

Y - Z

 * YouTube EDU - lectures, demonstrations, and other educational videos. See also YouTube.

title: Other Free Learning Resources


text:
Nigel McClintock

Nigel McClintock is a Northern Irish organist, choral conductor and teacher.

Education and career
Nigel McClintock was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland and studied at Methodist College Belfast. He then moved to London, studying piano, organ and choral conducting at the Royal College of Music under Nicholas Danby, Patricia Carroll and Paul Spicer. During his studies, he held organ scholarships at Mill Hill School and St Albans Cathedral, where he worked under Barry Rose.

Between his undergraduate and postgraduate studies at the Royal College of Music, he worked as director of Music at St George's Parish Church, Belfast. There, he produced numerous recordings of the boy choristers with Lammas Records, which were produced by Barry Rose. After received an MMus in Choral Conducting, he worked as director of music at Croydon Parish Church from 2000 to 2007.

In 2008, McClintock took up the position of director of music at St Peter's Cathedral, Belfast, leading the newly formed Schola Cantorum. He also became involved in the Charles Wood Summer School, based in Armagh. In 2010, the choir was the subject of a 3-part BBC One TV documentary, following McClintock as he led the choir to sing at St Peter's Basilica in Rome for the Pope. McClintock left the post in 2018. Since then, the role and choir, in its then format, has disbanded.

Nigel has since been exposed as a paedophile and convicted after sending explicit messages to a young boy.

title: Nigel McClintock


text:
Glyaden-3

Glyaden-3 (Глядень-3) is a rural locality (a selo) in Blagoveshchensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 296 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Glyaden-3 is located 43 km southeast of Blagoveshchenka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Glyaden is the nearest rural locality.

title: Glyaden-3


text:
Category:American films about revenge

American films about revenge, committing a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance, be it real or perceived.

title: Category:American films about revenge


text:
User:Coffeeandcrumbs/Selected anniversaries/September 25

Selected anniversaries/September 25: Page ID# 492874

 * September 25: Page ID# 28203
 * Non-bio
 * Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec
 * Nauru
 * Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 * Profumo affair
 * United States
 * United States Bill of Rights

 * Quarry
 * Bio
 * Catherine Zeta-Jones – born
 * Edward Said – b. November 1
 * Jessica Anderson – born
 * José Fernández (pitcher) – died
 * Miller Huggins – died

September 24

September 25

September 26

 * view
 * edit
 * history


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/She Has a Name

She Has a Name
Created/expanded by Neelix (talk). Self nom at 16:41, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * ... that She Has a Name is a Canadian play about child prostitution in Thailand?
 * Reviewed: Template:Did you know nominations/Joyful, Joyful
 * Symbol question.svg Lead seems not to correctly summarize the topic. Also, i had some trouble finding which is the reference which supports the hook. Also, the hook is almost what the lead says. — Hahc 21  06:02, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Reference 2 (the Eye See media one) states that the play is about "a young girl, forced to work as a prostitute in a Bangkok brothel". What is incorrect about the lede? Should the lede and the hook differ? Neelix (talk) 01:45, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol redirect vote4.png Needs a full review, as original reviewer has not returned. BlueMoonset (talk) 03:46, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol confirmed.svg The lead is only one sentence but it actually does summarize the topic: it is a play about this subject. The text is quite comprehensive so I suppose a few sentences could be added to the lead but I don't think there is any problem with the single sentence in this case. The article was new the day the DYK was posted. It has been expanded 10-fold since then so it is more than long enough. It has many references; some of which were added later. Nineteen of these references are available through on line links and every one of them supports the hook because every one of them states the subject of the play. The hook is restated in paraphrased form more than once and supported each time by a citation. The text is a good synthesis of the various articles and is made comprehensive by taking details that appear in less than all of the articles. I found no copyright violations or other policy problems. Hook is only 125 characters with the hidden characters, interesting, accurate, cited with inline citation and neutral. It is not about any specific identified or identifiable living person. QPQ is done. No image. Good to go in my opinion. Donner60 (talk) 04:37, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
Talk:Sylvette Frichot

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 October 2018 and 15 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dborage.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:59, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Sources I Plan to Use - Bibliography
https://books.google.com/books?id=3_7kSP6mH7QC&pg=PA150&lpg=PA150&dq=sylvette+frichot&source=bl&ots=ph95hpiVl3&sig=V_C4jIieAsnWNrY1_qxyhWwezTc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja5aaXkMbeAhWB14MKHRK0A88Q6AEwAnoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=sylvette%20frichot&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=vMlWPez0380C&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq=sylvette+frichot+article&source=bl&ots=UlkgO-IhhZ&sig=OZAVXR1-8Cq-Xer1xr7NAYjdVEE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIhPOmkcbeAhWDxIMKHccgAiQQ6AEwC3oECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=sylvette%20frichot%20article&f=false — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dborage (talk • contribs) 01:16, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sylvette Frichot


text:
Game Tengoku

Game Tengoku: The Game Paradise! (ゲーム天国) is a 1995 vertical-scrolling shooter arcade game developed and published by Jaleco. The game is a parody of arcade shooters in a vein similar to the Parodius series. It was followed up with a sequel, ''Gun Bare! Game Tengoku 2''.

An updated port of the Sega Saturn version for PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows, titled Game Tengoku CruisnMix, was released on November 29, 2017. The official English localization was released on November 29, 2018. A port for Nintendo Switch was released in Japan on December 19, 2019. It was released in North America and Europe on May 28, 2020.

Gameplay
Game Tengoku is a vertical-scrolling shooter similar to games like Parodius (1987). Its plot involves a mad scientist named Genius Yamada harnessing the power of arcade cabinets to take over the Me & You video arcade. The arcade's clerk, Yuki Ito, calls upon the help of various Jaleco protagonists to stop Yamada before he takes over all of the arcades in the world.

The player controls one of these Jaleco characters throughout the game's six stages, as they must destroy moving formations of enemies and avoid collision with them and their projectiles. These characters are pulled from five 1980s arcade games: Exerion (1983), Formation Z (1984), Momoko 120% (1986), Butasan (1987), and Plus Alpha (1989). Each of them possesses their own unique weapon loadout themed to their original game; some feature a faster firing rate while others have more powerful projectiles. Characters also have "superbombs" that clear the screen of enemies when deployed. Destroying red cubical enemies dispenses a power-up capsule that increases the strength of the player's weapons, as well as two small ships known as "options" that provide additional firepower. Options take the form of one of the player characters and their weapons correspond to the character they are based on. The Sega Saturn version features several additions to the game, including a character from Field Combat (1985), an "Arrange" mode that implements story-driven cutscenes, and a remixed soundtrack.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Game Tengoku in their February 1, 1996 issue as being the sixteenth most-popular arcade game at the time.

title: Game Tengoku


text:
Talk:Naming conventions/Network naming conventions

Votes

 * Reswik 17:34, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Comments
There are two issues to consider in the current naming proposal: structural and linguistic. I think that this naming system is simpler than the structural aspects of the naming convention proposal and that the language used in the network proposal could invite more creativity in study areas and networking amongst them. In practice, it seems the structural proposal (divisions/subdivision/departments/etc) brings focus onto presenting extra unnecessary departmental structural elements which will detract from focusing quickly on developing learning resources and projects. A networking approach and language could invite a less territorial approach and more collaborative atmosphere to co-creating content. See discussion here for more points:. Reswik 17:39, 21 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Interactive labs (Java applet)

Broaden the scope?
Can we broaden the scope of this project so that it includes any potential subject? Whatever is created for Mathematics and Physics could be used as a template for other subjects. My area of interest happens to be Java. Building applets for education seems to make perfect sense.
 * We sure can, I just needed to start with the obvious. Drawing force vectors and simulating motions is just such a straight forward lab, that I went for that, first. What else did you have in mind? Awolf002 15:39, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
 * (PS: You should sign your posts, so it easier to follow the thread, just use ~ )
 * An applet is an applet is it not? If any applet runs others should unless they are broke or violate JVM security or resource policies. The real key is getting wikimedia server to send the files in response to the request.  On other web sites this is done with an applet "container" such as Tomcat from the Apache Foundation.  We run wikimedia software simultaneously with wikimedia software? Mirwin 06:45, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Technical issues
(following two comments moved to talk page by --Fasten 20:55, 7 March 2007 (UTC))

Might be better to enable the html that calls the applet. A lot of programmers and people around with knowledge of that two or three lines of code necessary and sufficient. It is documented in Sun's documentation. Why use our own unique reference language instead of standard html tags? Mirwin 06:55, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The JAR file contains precompiled class files and other support files. To keep the learner's computer safe from unwanted or detrimental software, the source for the class files need to be open to audits and the creation and upload of JAR files need to follow a trustworthy process. Additionally, the applets should be regarded as "untrusted" by the web browser, so that the restrictions of the Java sandbox are enforced.
 * Best it seems to upload source code, open for review and after approval build on the server side. That way it is easy to eliminate all tricks around signed applets. Signed applets are needed for many areas but they are not necessary for interactive demonstration. Audriusa 07:51, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

OLPC
The OLPC laptop will apparently not include a Java VM by default. This does, of course, not prevent anybody from adding a Java VM. --Fasten 21:07, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * First encyclopedia must developed, only then shipping Java starts making sense. Audriusa 07:53, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interactive labs (Java applet)