text:
Wiktionary talk:Votes/2007-10/Lemma entries/words

Some "fixes": —msh210 ℠ 18:37, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The etymology is for word, not for words: is this from an OE plural, or form an OE singular with a modern plural suffix appended, or what?
 * "Zero, multiple, or an unknown or undisclosed number of distinct units" is too wordy: how about just "Units"?
 * The inflection line (both parts of speech) has the wrong word: word. Instead perhaps have inflection lines (better wikified than I'm writing it, but similar to): words (plural form of word:) category:English nouns; and words (third-person singular simple present form of word:)  category:English verbs. (Better yet, use, which will categorize.
 * And link to the translation table on the lemma's page, or something, per my comment on Votes/2007-10/Lemma entries.

 * I don't think form-of entries need an etymology section, unless it's somehow different than that of the root word. Synonyms, antonyms, related terms, translations, see also, et cetera are basically the same. What we want is useable information, not regurgitations of the same stuff that's in the main entry. I'm going to put 2 examples after this message. These entries really don't need that much information, but I think to just list the "form of" and nothing else is heinous :-p — [ ric | opiaterein ] — 19:22, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

{| style="width=100%;background:#f0f0f0;border:1px solid #d0d0d0;padding:.2em"

Pronunciation

 * — etc. with whatever other pronunciations

Noun
words
 * 1) Plural form of word. — I don't think the definitions aren't really necessary: English Wiktionary, for speakers of English? In the case of English entries, I'm not that concerned about it either way.
 * Actions speak louder than words

Verb
words
 * 1) Third-person singular form of word — which, by the way is inexplicably missing from the actual 'words' article. :-)

Anagrams

 * sword

Noun
cuvintele (plural definite form of cuvânt)
 * 1) the words
 * }

Translations
Some seem to like the idea of adding translations to non-lemma entries, but when it comes to verbs in heavily inflected languages, how would we handle this exactly? It's an interesting idea, but is it practical? I'm going to use "said" (past particple and simple past form of say) as an example here.

 * Korean: 말한, 말하신
 * Latin: not even going to try. :D
 * Romanian: zis
 * Spanish: dicho

That's easy enough, IF we don't go into numbers and genders, which some say they want to do. But then...

 * Korean: 말했다, 말했어, 말했어요, 말했습니다, 말했느냐, 말했어, 말했어요, 말했습니까, 말하셨다, 말하셨어, 말하셨어요, 말하셨습니다, 말하셨느냐, 말하셨어, 말하셨어요, 말하셨습니까
 * Latin: dīxī,	dīxistī, dīxit, dīximus, dīxistis, dīxērunt
 * Romanian:
 * Singular: 1st person: zisei, 2nd: ziseşi, 3rd: zise
 * Plural: 1st person: ziserăm, 2nd: ziserăţi, 3rd ziseră
 * Spanish:
 * Singular: 1st person: dije, 2nd: dijiste, 3rd: dijo
 * Plural: 1st person: dijimos, 2nd: dijisteis, 3rd: dijeron

At least for Romance languages, the simple past is a personal form, meaning that there is no real simplest way to put it. And for every possible language? Notice that those examples only have 6 forms, but consider Slovenian which has 3 numbers rather than 2, and since technically past tense verbs are conjugated according not only to number, but gender.... that's a lot of forms to be stickin' in this table. Comments, suggestions? We can't just go doing this without some kind of plan of action. — [ ric | opiaterein ] — 20:32, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Indeed. I added the past forms of just a single Korean translation to the above example.  It really should be about four times larger, though, because there are multiple common translations of "said" into Korean.  This would be a maintenance nightmare.  Rod (A. Smith) 20:52, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

These should have person, number, etc. indicated. An alternative approach follows, but I don't know enough about languages to know whether it's at all feasible; it's not if there a large number of different number-person-etc. combinations that are not shared by many languages.

 * Foo: bar
 * Baz: blicky

etc.—msh210 ℠ 21:00, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I threw in those number and person indicators for Romanian and Spanish. Looks a little better, but still that's a lot of information to be sticking in a translation table. Multiple tables would be easier to organize information, but....

drop downs within the drop down, watch out!

 * Romanian: zisei, spusei
 * Spanish: dije

 * Romanian: ziseşi, spuseşi
 * Spanish: dijiste

 * Romanian: zise, spuse
 * Spanish: dijo

 * Romanian: ziserăm, spuserăm
 * Spanish: dijimos

 * Romanian: ziserăţi, spuserăţi
 * Spanish: dijisteis

 * Romanian: ziseră, spuseră
 * Spanish: dijeron

That looks better and is more manageable, I admit, but it's still a lot to manage. I personally don't have a strong objection to it, if this is what we end up wanting to do, that's fine. I just wanted to point this stuff out :) — [ ric | opiaterein ] — 21:13, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Ohsht. What about synonyms? *Adds to table* — [ ric | opiaterein ] — 21:21, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

I'm amazed that some people think this approach is reasonable. If you're going to split it up for person, number, gender, then why not also by formality, deference, and mood? The reason is that the grammars of various languages differ so drastically that the only reasonable place to describe the grammatical relationships between inflected forms of a word are in the entry for the inflectable lexeme itself, supplemented by appendices for that lexeme's language. If we try to divide foreign term inflections by their approximate mapping to the semantics of non-lemma English entries, we will end up with an inaccurate, unmaintainable mess. Rod (A. Smith) 21:15, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I didn't say reasonable. lol. Not all languages inflect. For chinese, this would actually be really easy. "wo shuole", "ni shuole", "ta shuole", "women shuole", "nimen shuole", "tamen shuole". It's completely possible to do this, but my qualm with it is that it's so much to do. It won't be inaccurate if people know what they're doing when they're adding, and it won't be a mess if they do it properly and we have a decent format to use before jumping into it. — [ ric | opiaterein ] — 21:21, 1 November 2007 (UTC)


text:
Statistics/Distributions/Poisson

Poisson Distribution
Any French speaker will notice that "Poisson" means "fish", but really there's nothing fishy about this distribution. It's actually pretty straightforward. The name comes from the mathematician Siméon-Denis Poisson (1781-1840).

The Poisson Distribution is very similar to the Binomial Distribution. We are examining the number of times an event happens. The difference is subtle. Whereas the Binomial Distribution looks at how many times we register a success over a fixed total number of trials, the Poisson Distribution measures how many times a discrete event occurs, over a period of continuous space or time. There isn't a "total" value n. As with the previous sections, let's examine a couple of experiments or questions that might have an underlying Poisson nature.

 * How many pennies will I encounter on my walk home?
 * How many children will be delivered at the hospital today?
 * How many mosquito bites did you get today after having sprayed with insecticide?
 * How many angry phone calls did I get after airing a particularly distasteful political ad?
 * How many products will I sell after airing a new television commercial?
 * How many people, per hour, will cross a picket line into my store?
 * How many alien abduction reports will be filed this year?
 * How many defects will there be per 100 metres of rope sold?

What's a little different about this distribution is that the random variable X which counts the number of events can take on any non-negative integer value. In other words, I could walk home and find no pennies on the street. I could also find one penny. It's also possible (although unlikely, short of an armored-car exploding nearby) that I would find 10 or 100 or 10,000 pennies.

Instead of having a parameter p that represents a component probability like in the Bernoulli and Binomial distributions, this time we have the parameter "lambda" or λ which represents the "average or expected" number of events to happen within our experiment. The probability mass function of the Poisson is given by

 * $$P(N=k)=\frac{e^{-\lambda}\lambda^k}{k!}$$.

An example
We run a restaurant and our signature dish (which is very expensive) gets ordered on average 4 times per day. What is the probability of having this dish ordered exactly 3 times tomorrow? If we only have the ingredients to prepare 3 of these dishes, what is the probability that it will get sold out and we'll have to turn some orders away?

The probability of having the dish ordered 3 times exactly is given if we set k=3 in the above equation. Remember that we've already determined that we sell on average 4 dishes per day, so λ=4.

 * $$P(N=k)=\frac{e^{-\lambda}\lambda^k}{k!} = \frac{e^{-4} 4^3}{3!} = 0.195$$

Here's a table of the probabilities for all values from k=0..6:

Now for the big question: Will we run out of food by the end of the day tomorrow? In other words, we're asking if the random variable X>3. In order to compute this we would have to add the probabilities that X=4, X=5, X=6,... all the way to infinity! But wait, there's a better way!

The probability that we run out of food P(X>3) is the same as 1 minus the probability that we don't run out of food, or 1-P(X≤3). So if we total the probability that we sell zero, one, two and three dishes and subtract that from 1, we'll have our answer. So,

 * 1 - P(X≤3) = 1 - ( P(X=0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2) + P(X=3) ) = 1 - 0.4335 = 0.5665

In other words, we have a 56.65% chance of selling out of our wonderful signature dish. I guess crossing our fingers is in order!

de:Statistik: Poissonverteilung

Mean
We calculate the mean as follows:
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X] = \sum_i f(x_i) \cdot x_i = \sum^{\infin}_{x=0} \frac{e^{-\lambda}\lambda^x}{x!}x$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X] = \frac{e^{-\lambda}\lambda^0}{0!}\cdot 0 + \sum^{\infin}_{x=1} \frac{e^{-\lambda}\lambda^x}{x!}x$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X] = 0 + e^{-\lambda} \sum^{\infin}_{x=1} \frac{\lambda \lambda^{x-1}}{(x-1)!}$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X] = \lambda e^{-\lambda}\sum^{\infin}_{x=1} \frac{\lambda^{x-1}}{(x-1)!}$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X] = \lambda e^{-\lambda}\sum^{\infin}_{x=0} \frac{\lambda^x}{x!}$$

Remember that $$\mathrm{e}^{\lambda} = \sum^{\infin}_{x=0} \frac{\lambda^x}{x!}$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X] = \lambda e^{-\lambda}e^{\lambda}=\lambda$$

Variance
We derive the variance using the following formula:

 * $$\operatorname{Var}[X] = \operatorname{E}[X^2] - (\operatorname{E}[X])^2$$

We have already calculated E[X] above, so now we will calculate E[X2] and then return to this variance formula:

 * $$\operatorname{E}[X^2] = \sum_i f(x_i) \cdot x^2$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X^2] = \sum^{\infin}_{x=0} \frac{e^{-\lambda}\lambda^x}{x!}x^2$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X^2] = 0+\sum^{\infin}_{x=1} \frac{e^{-\lambda}\lambda \lambda^{x-1}}{(x-1)!}x$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X^2] = \lambda\sum^{\infin}_{x=0} \frac{e^{-\lambda}\lambda^x}{x!}(x+1)$$ ....replacing $$x$$ with $$x+1$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X^2] = \lambda\left[\sum^{\infin}_{x=0} \frac{e^{-\lambda}\lambda^x}{x!}x+\sum^{\infin}_{x=0} \frac{e^{-\lambda}\lambda^x}{x!}\right]$$

The first sum is E[X]=λ and the second we also calculated above to be 1.
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X^2] = \lambda\left[\lambda+1\right]=\lambda^2+\lambda$$

Returning to the variance formula we find that

 * $$\operatorname{Var}[X] = (\lambda^2+\lambda) - (\lambda)^2=\lambda$$

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Statistics/Distributions/Poisson


text:
Talk:Second Thoughts (album)

Titus about Captain Oakes?
On the Cpatain Oakes page it says that the song "Titus" is about Oakes, just after we walked away from the Scott capm. Uhhh... I don't see it.

I found myself in silver dreams/I'm talking in my sleep to pawns & queens/Outspoken words, you know they just don't mean the same thing

Somebody must be kiddin' me/Somebody must be lying to me/Oh please don't tell me/Which is red and which is black

When are you coming back to me babe/Oh when are you coming back to me babe

I saw myself in checkered lands/I even dreamt I was the knight in command/The bishop screamed `Don't horse around boy'

Somebody must be kiddin' me/Somebody must be lying to me/And please don't tell me/I'm losing my way

You promised me everything now, didn't you babe?/You promised me everything now, didn't you babe? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:04, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

Reassessed
This article has been reassessed as Stub class according to WP:ALBUM guidelines. Once this has been done, you can request a new assessment at WP:ALBUMA. - Alex valavanis 10:24, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Please add a photo with correct Fair Use justification. (The old one was deleted.)

Fair use rationale for Image:Second thoughts.jpg
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BetacommandBot 19:57, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Second Thoughts (album)


text:
Wikiversity talk:Project incubator

basic framework translated
I have translated the basic framework now for a better understanding. But I need someones help about the design. As you can see in the German page it looks nicer (I like the red tone). I will continue translating the subpages, so you could somehow work on the design please. Thx, Erkan Yilmaz (evaluate me!, discussion ) 18:19, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * So, all pages are finished now. Perhpas I add a sample real project, let's see. Erkan Yilmaz (evaluate me!, discussion ) 20:01, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Erkan, I'd like to work a bit on the wording -- the concepts are great. There is more content on the DE page -- are those projects that are already in incubation? Historybuff 20:08, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Historybuff, of course word as much as possible please.
 * yes, they are projects in incubation, I added now here also a German project, so you could see, how it looks like: Project for mobilization against disadvantage of education. Erkan Yilmaz (evaluate me!, discussion ) 20:24, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Just a quick note - there is a comment in German on the top of the page (HTML comment) - I'm not sure if it's important, but might be worth looking at to see if it can be translated. Historybuff 20:51, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I know, I did not want to translate it now, but since you ask for it, I will do this now. Erkan Yilmaz (evaluate me!, discussion ) 20:53, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * done :-) Erkan Yilmaz (evaluate me!, discussion ) 20:56, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

projects for incubation

 * Suggestion: How much do we know about Global Warming?  Is it happening?  What are the possible scenaria?  Who win?  Who lose?--Hillgentleman|Talk 02:27, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Sounds interesting, there is set up a brainstorming page. Also a template in the incubator for a project proposal with an example goal (must be concrete in the next future, when people bring in ideas). Erkan Yilmaz (evaluate me!, discussion ) 06:04, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Please keep in mind, any idea goes here for brainstorming. Arguing can be later done :-) Erkan Yilmaz (evaluate me!, discussion ) 18:56, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Project incubator


text:
Sandwell Provincial Park

Sandwell Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is a small oceanfront site on Lock Bay, on the northeast shore of Gabriola Island. Hiking, swimming and beach-walking are popular activities here, though it is only accessible at low tide and park facilities are limited. There are also petroglyphs carved into the sandstone boulders on Lock Bay's foreshore.

Gabriola Island, on which the park is located, is in the Southern Gulf Islands of British Columbia. Nearby communities include Nanaimo and Yellow Point. Access to the park is via North Road, Barrett Road and left onto Strand Road, continuing to the park. Access to Gabriola Island is by a 20-minute ferry trip from Nanaimo on Vancouver Island to Descanso Bay on Gabriola Island.

Other parks on Gabriola Island are the nearby Drumbeg Provincial Park and Gabriola Sands Provincial Park.

title: Sandwell Provincial Park


text:
Alkabo, North Dakota

Alkabo is an unincorporated community in Divide County, North Dakota, United States. Alkabo is located on the Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad, 6 mi west-southwest of Fortuna. The Alkabo School, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located in Alkabo.

The name is a portmanteau of alkali and gumbo, two types of soil found in the area.

title: Alkabo, North Dakota


text:
Still Life (1970s UK band)

Still Life was an English progressive rock band characterized by expert Hammond organ playing, intricate and original vocal harmonies, and an agile and precise rhythm section. They had one self-titled album that was originally released in 1971, and later re-released in 2003. The album credits kept an aura of mystery about their membership. Martin Cure, Graham Amos, Terry Howells and Alan Savage were actually involved.

Career
Bassist Graham Amos and vocalist Martin Cure began their musical experience in 1963 in a Coventry based band called The Sabres. They later formed The Peeps in 1965. The other two members of the band were Roy Albrighton (guitar) and Paul Wilkinson (drums). The Peeps recorded five SPs for Philips Records (1966–68). In 1968, they recruited Terry Howells on organ (ex-Ray King Soul Band). Their drummer, P. Wilkinson, left the band in 1968 (he joined a band called Flying Machine). With a new drummer, Gordon Reed (ex-Vampires), the group's name was changed to Rainbows. They recorded two singles for CBS Records. The Rainbows also had some gigs in Hamburg, Germany, and when they were finished there their guitarist, R. Albrighton, decided to stay in Germany (later, he formed a band called Nektar). When Rainbows came back to England, Reed left the band. The three remaining musicians: Amos, Cure, and Howells, changed a band name to Still Life. Alan Savage was recruited at short notice prior to the new line-up recording their debut album. It was recorded at Nova Sound Recording Studios, near Marble Arch, London.

Savage was involved with the recording on the following dates: 1, 2, 5, 6 and 13 October 1970. The album was mixed on 26 October. Stephen Shane produced the album, which was released through Vertigo Records. The Allmusic journalist, Richie Unterberger, noted "The record was early organ-dominated progressive rock, its lyrical themes dwelling upon uneasy doubt and sadness, the melodies colored with the gothic classicism prevalent in much of the genre during the period". The band had a recording contract to produce six such albums, but they drifted apart.

After the split
Amos was living in England, but he died in June 2003. Howells now lives in Switzerland, and in April 2012 recorded a solo album, Tangerine Puddles. The album is solo piano, with all composition by Howells. Savage lives in Northampton, and still plays the drums. Martin Cure joined Cupid's Inspiration in 1971, and in 1980, he and his friends from Cupid's Inspiration formed a group called Chevy. In 1981, they had a record deal with Avatar Records and recorded one album and three singles. In 1983, Cure played with the group Red on Red. He now has his own PA company but still does occasional gigs with Cupid's Inspiration and The Rouges.

Discography

 * Still Life (Vertigo Records, 1971) (Akarma, 2003)

title: Still Life (1970s UK band)


text:
List of Pacific War campaigns

This is a list of campaigns during the Pacific War.

Flags indicate the country, or countries, winning the offensive.

Second Sino-Japanese war
Before 1942 and inclusion in the Pacific War: After inclusion in the Pacific War: Franco-Japanese Border War
 * 1937-07-07 – 1937-07-09 Marco Polo Bridge Incident
 * 1937-08-13 – 1937-11-26 Battle of Shanghai
 * 1937-09-01 – 1937-11-09 Battle of Taiyuan
 * 1937-12-09 – 1938-01-31 Battle of Nanjing
 * 1938-03-24 – 1938-05-01 Battle of Xuzhou
 * 1938-06-11 – 1938-10-27 Battle of Wuhan
 * 1939-03-17 – 1939-05-09 Battle of Nanchang
 * 1939-04-20 – 1939-05-24 Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang
 * 1939-09-13 – 1939-10-08 Battle of Changsha (1939)
 * 1939-11-15 – 1940-11-30 Battle of South Guangxi
 * 1940-05-01 – 1940-06-18 Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang
 * 1940-08-20 – 1940-12-05 Hundred Regiments Offensive
 * 1941-01-30 – 1941-03-01 Battle of South Henan
 * 1941-03-14 – 1941-04-09 Battle of Shanggao
 * 1941-05-07 – 1941-05-27 Battle of South Shanxi
 * 1941-09-06 – 1941-10-08 Battle of Changsha (1941)
 * 1941-12-24 – 1942-01-15 Battle of Changsha (1942)
 * 1942-05-14 – 1942-09-07 Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign
 * 🇺🇸 1943-05-12 – 1943-06-03 Battle of West Hubei
 * 1943-11-02 – 1943-12-20 Battle of Changde
 * 1944-04-17 – 1944-12-10 Operation Ichi-Go
 * 1945-03-21 – 1945-05-11 Battle of West Henan–North Hubei
 * 🇺🇸 1945-04-09 – 1945-06-07 Battle of West Hunan
 * 1945-04-18 — 1945-08-04 Second Guangxi Campaign
 * 1940-09-22 – 1940-09-25 Battle of Lạng Sơn
 * 1940-09-24 – 1940-09-26 Bombing of Hải Phòng

🇹🇭 Franco-Thai War
 * October 1940 – 9 May 1941

Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
 * 1938-07-29 – 1938-08-11 Battle of Lake Khasan
 * 1939-05-11 – 1939-09-16 Battles of Khalkhin Gol

Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia and Pacific

 * 1941-12-07 (12-08 Asian Time) Attack on Pearl Harbor
 * 1941-12-08 Japanese invasion of Thailand
 * 1941-12-08 Battle of Guam (1941)
 * 1941-12-07 Japan declares war on the United States and the United Kingdom; 1941-12-08 The United States and the United Kingdom declare war on Japan
 * 1941-12-08 – 1941-12-25 Battle of Hong Kong
 * 1941-12-08 – 1942-01-31 Malayan Campaign
 * 1941-12-10 Sinking of HMS Prince of Wales (53) and HMS Repulse (1916)
 * 1941-12-11 – 1941-12-24 Battle of Wake Island
 * 1941-12-16 – 1942-04-01 Battle of Borneo (1941–42)
 * 1941-12-22 – 1942-05-06 Battle of the Philippines
 * 1942-01-01 – 1945-10-25 Transport of POWs via hell ships
 * 1942-01-11 – 1942-01-12 Battle of Tarakan
 * 1942-01-23 Battle of Rabaul (1942)
 * 1942-01-24 Battle of Balikpapan
 * 1942-01-25 Thailand declares war on the Allies
 * 1942-01-30 – 1942-02-03 Battle of Ambon
 * 1942-01-30 – 1942-02-15 Battle of Singapore
 * 1942-02-04 Battle of Makassar Strait
 * 1942-02-14 – 1942-02-15 Battle of Palembang
 * 1942-02-19 Air raids on Darwin, Australia
 * 1942-02-19 – 1942-02-20 Battle of Badung Strait
 * 1942-02-19 – 1943-02-10 Battle of Timor
 * 1942-02-27 – 1942-03-01 Battle of the Java Sea
 * 1942-03-01 Battle of Sunda Strait
 * 1942-03-01 – 1942-03-09 Battle of Java
 * 1942-03-31 Battle of Christmas Island
 * 1942-03-31 – 1942-04-10 Indian Ocean raid
 * 1942-04-09 Bataan Death March begins
 * 🇺🇸 1942-04-18 Doolittle Raid
 * 1942-05-03 Japanese invasion of Tulagi
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1942-05-04 – 1942-05-08 Battle of the Coral Sea
 * 1942-05-31 – 1942-06-08 Attacks on Sydney Harbour area, Australia
 * 🇺🇸 1942-06-04 – 1942-06-06 Battle of Midway

Allied offensives
South East Asian campaigns: 1941-12-08 – 1945-08-15
 * 🇬🇧 🇮🇳 🇨🇦 🇺🇸 Burma Campaign: 1941-12-16 – 1945-08-15
 * 🇺🇸 October 1943 – March 1945 Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
 * 🇬🇧 1945-05-15 – 1945-05-16 Battle of the Malacca Strait

New Guinea campaign
 * 1942-01-23 – Battle of Rabaul
 * 1942-03-07 – Operation Mo (Japanese invasion of mainland New Guinea)
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1942-05-04 – 1942-05-08 Battle of the Coral Sea
 * 🇦🇺 1942-07-01 – 1943-01-31 Kokoda Track Campaign
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1942-08-25 – 1942-09-05 Battle of Milne Bay
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1942-11-19 – 1943-01-23 Battle of Buna-Gona
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1943-01-28 – 1943-01-30 Battle of Wau
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1943-03-02 – 1943-03-04 Battle of the Bismarck Sea
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1943-06-29 – 1943-09-16 Battle of Lae
 * 🇦🇺 🇳🇿 🇺🇸 1943-06-30 – 1944-03-25 Operation Cartwheel
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1943-09-19 – 1944-04-24 Finisterre Range campaign
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1943-09-22 – 1944-01-15 Huon Peninsula campaign
 * 🇦🇺 🇳🇿 🇺🇸 1943-11-01 – 1943-11-11 Attack on Rabaul
 * 🇦🇺 🇳🇿 🇺🇸 1943-12-15 – 1945-08-15 New Britain campaign
 * 🇺🇸 1944-02-29 – 1944-03-25 Admiralty Islands campaign
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1944-04-22 – 1945-08-15 Western New Guinea campaign

Madagascar Campaign
 * 🇬🇧🇿🇦🇦🇺 1942-05-05 – 1942-11-06 Battle of Madagascar

Aleutian Islands Campaign
 * 🇨🇦 🇺🇸 1942-06-06 – 1943-08-15 Battle of the Aleutian Islands
 * 🇨🇦 🇺🇸 1942-06-07 – 1943-08-15 Battle of Kiska
 * 🇺🇸 1943-03-26 – Battle of the Komandorski Islands

Guadalcanal Campaign
 * 🇦🇺 🇳🇿 🇺🇸 🇹🇴 1942-08-07 – 1943-02-09 Battle of Guadalcanal
 * 1942-08-09 Battle of Savo Island
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1942-08-24 – 1942-08-25 Battle of the Eastern Solomons
 * 🇺🇸 1942-10-11 – 1942-10-12 Battle of Cape Esperance
 * 1942-10-25 – 1942-10-27 Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1942-11-13 – 1942-11-15 Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
 * 1942-11-30 Battle of Tassafaronga

Solomon Islands campaign
 * 1943-01-29 – 1943-01-30 Battle of Rennell Island
 * 🇺🇸 1943-03-06 Battle of Blackett Strait
 * 🇦🇺 🇳🇿 🇺🇸 🇫🇯 1943-06-10 – 1943-08-25 New Georgia Campaign
 * 1943-07-06 Battle of Kula Gulf
 * 1943-07-12 – 1943-07-13 Battle of Kolombangara
 * 🇺🇸 1943-08-06 – 1943-08-07 Battle of Vella Gulf
 * 🇯🇵 1943-08-17 – 1943-08-18 Battle off Horaniu
 * 🇳🇿 🇺🇸 🇫🇯 1943-08-15 – 1943-10-09 Land Battle of Vella Lavella
 * 1943-10-06 Naval Battle of Vella Lavella
 * 🇦🇺 🇳🇿 🇺🇸 🇫🇯 1943-11-01 – 1945-08-21 Battle of Bougainville
 * 🇺🇸 1943-11-01 – 1943-11-02 Battle of Empress Augusta Bay
 * 🇺🇸 1943-11-26 Battle of Cape St. George

Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
 * 🇺🇸 1943-11-20 – 1943-11-23 Battle of Tarawa
 * 🇺🇸 1943-11-20 – 1943-11-24 Battle of Makin
 * 🇺🇸 1944-01-31 – 1944-02-07 Battle of Kwajalein
 * 🇺🇸 1944-02-16 – 1944-02-17 Attack on Truk
 * 🇺🇸 1944-02-16 – 1944-02-23 Battle of Eniwetok

Bombing of South East Asia, 1944-45
 * 🇬🇧 🇺🇸 Operation Cockpit 1944-04-19
 * 🇬🇧 🇺🇸 Operation Transom 1944-05-17
 * 🇬🇧 🇺🇸 Bombing of Bangkok 1944-05-20
 * 🇺🇸 Operation Matterhorn 1944-06-05 – May 1945
 * 🇬🇧 Operation Meridian 1945-01-24 – 1945-01-29

Mariana and Palau Islands campaign
 * 🇺🇸 1944-06-15 – 1944-07-09 Battle of Saipan
 * 🇺🇸 1944-06-19 – 1944-06-20 Battle of the Philippine Sea
 * 🇺🇸 1944-07-21 – 1944-08-10 Battle of Guam
 * 🇺🇸 1944-07-24 – 1944-08-01 Battle of Tinian
 * 🇺🇸 1944-09-15 – 1944-11-25 Battle of Peleliu
 * 🇺🇸 1944-09-17 – 1944-09-30 Battle of Angaur

Philippines campaign
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1944-10-20 – 1944-12-10 Battle of Leyte
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1944-10-24 – 1944-10-25 Battle of Leyte Gulf
 * 🇺🇸 1944-11-11 – 1944-12-21 Battle of Ormoc Bay
 * 🇲🇽 🇺🇸 1944-12-15 – 1945-07-04 Battle of Luzon
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1945-01-09 Invasion of Lingayen Gulf
 * 🇺🇸 1945-01-31 – 1945-02-08 Recapture of Bataan
 * 🇺🇸 1945-02-03 – 1945-03-03 Battle of Manila
 * 🇺🇸 1945-03-18 – 1945-07-30 Battle of the Visayas
 * 🇺🇸 1945-03-10 – 1945-08-15 Battle of Mindanao

Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign
 * 🇺🇸 1945-02-16 – 1945-03-26 Battle of Iwo Jima
 * 🇦🇺 🇨🇦 🇳🇿 🇬🇧 🇺🇸 1945-04-01 – 1945-06-21 Battle of Okinawa
 * 🇺🇸 1945-04-07 Operation Ten-Go

Borneo campaign
 * 🇦🇺 🇳🇱 🇺🇸 1945-05-01 – 1945-05-25 Battle of Tarakan
 * 🇦🇺 1945-06-10 – 1945-06-15 Battle of Brunei
 * 🇦🇺 1945-06-10 – 1945-06-22 Battle of Labuan
 * 🇦🇺 1945-06-17 – 1945-08-15 Battle of North Borneo
 * 🇦🇺 🇺🇸 1945-07-07 – 1945-07-21 Battle of Balikpapan

Japan campaign
 * 🇺🇸 1945-07-22 Battle of Tokyo Bay
 * 🇺🇸 1945-08-06 – 1945-08-09 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Soviet invasion of Manchuria
 * 1945-08-08 – 1945-09-02 Soviet invasion of Manchuria

Command areas
The command structures of the Pacific War varied, reflecting the different roles of various belligerent nations, and often involving different geographic scopes. These included the following:

 * American commands:
 * Pacific Ocean Areas
 * South West Pacific Area
 * British and Allied commands:
 * GHQ India, commanding the British Army in India
 * Eastern Fleet
 * American-British-Dutch-Australian Command
 * South East Asia Command
 * Far East Command, the Soviet command during the war against Japan in 1945
 * Japanese commands:
 * Japanese Combined Fleet, the Japanese command which oversaw naval operations
 * Southern Expeditionary Army Group, the Japanese army command in the South West Pacific and South East Asia

title: List of Pacific War campaigns


text:
D4 polytope

In 4-dimensional geometry, there are 7 uniform 4-polytopes with reflections of D4 symmetry, all are shared with higher symmetry constructions in the B4 or F4 symmetry families. there is also one half symmetry alternation, the snub 24-cell.

Visualizations
Each can be visualized as symmetric orthographic projections in Coxeter planes of the D4 Coxeter group, and other subgroups. The B4 coxeter planes are also displayed, while D4 polytopes only have half the symmetry. They can also be shown in perspective projections of Schlegel diagrams, centered on different cells.

Coordinates
The base point can generate the coordinates of the polytope by taking all coordinate permutations and sign combinations. The edges' length will be $\sqrt{2}$. Some polytopes have two possible generator points. Points are prefixed by Even to imply only an even count of sign permutations should be included.

title: D4 polytope


text:
Talk:Lorraine Bracco

Thank you? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:56, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

Birthdate
IMDb says 1954 at the moment. Is there any more official source than IMDb? Gimmetrow 14:14, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, her book (On the Couch) says "...I was born on October 2, 1954." on page 38 Corto 01:12, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Good. Gimmetrow 02:49, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

What's up with the zodiac message on her page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:17, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Relationship to Harvey Keitel
According to On the Couch she was never married to Keitel. See page 129 in the hard-cover edition (New York:Putnam's 2006) ISBN 0-399-15356-X. This is also confirmed in her interview with Terri Gross (Fresh Air) on 6 April 2007 Corto 01:13, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Didn't she have some sort of difficult breakup with Keitel??? I seem to recall that legal fees ate her alive and she ended up filing for bankruptcy or something. But none of that is in her Wikipedia bio entry. Doesn't mention it all. Has this been taken out for some reason??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:48, 7 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I recall the same thing - it took her to the cleaners, and I think I recall her having to file for bankruptcy. But I don't think negative things are allowed in Wikipedia bios - that's why the bios here are rubbish.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:20, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

•=== According to the personal section, where it's stated "Bracco and Keitel fought a lengthy custody battle over Stella, resulting in Bracco's depression, a loss of acting roles, and $2 million in legal fees." - the part about "a loss of acting jobs" is clearly untrue. From 1993 through 1998 her film and television credits show the by-then-40 year old female actor was working continuously - or nearly so - right through her 8 season run on one of the hottest shows on television ("The Sopranos" - [1999-2007]). Nor did she seem to lack for work after The Sopranos. While Harvey Keitel MIGHT have plenty of influence in Hollyweird circles, Bracco WAS working in spite of his enmity. The only thing limiting her roles were well-established Hollyweird female-age/sexism (well past 50, by the time "The Sopranos" ended) AND the association/identification with such a world-widely viewed role as Tony Soprano's headshrinker. Bracco is a fine actress & MIGHT have had even more work had she not had difficulties with Harvey Keitel, but the film & TV credits (2 dozen movies, 19 awards nominations-2 wins, & a hit TV series since) are evidence the statement should be amended and the portion concerning "a loss of acting roles" removed as unsustainable as to it's veracity. IdioT.SavanT.i4 (talk) 21:31, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dr melfi.jpg
Image:Dr melfi.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 04:56, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

--

What's happened to Lorraine's acting? It's fallen apart in Rizzoli and Isles.

Rosa Lichtenstein (talk) 12:33, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

In 1974 Bracco.. a fashion model for Jean-Paul Gaultier.
The following claim is made (without reference) in the first line of the section 'Career': "In 1974 Bracco moved to France, where she became a fashion model for Jean-Paul Gaultier." According to the page 'Jean Paul Gaultier', in the first paragraph of 'Life and career': "Pierre Cardin was impressed by his talent and hired him as an assistant in 1970. Afterwards he worked with Jacques Esterel in 1971 and Jean Patou later that year, then returning to manage the Pierre Cardin boutique in Manila for a year in 1974.[2]" {Ref: "bio". <IP_ADDRESS>. Retrieved 8 November 2009.}

This seems straightforwardly contradictory, and even if LB was hired by JPG to do modeling for PC's boutique, it is surely a stretch to make the bolder claim. Which claim is accurate (if either) is correct I do not know, but it was the very idea that JPG might, at the age of 21/22, be established enough to be hiring model's (implication - for his label) that drew me to this cross-checking. All the best to anyone who wants to correct the claim(s) and/or typos(s). MinWikkiKonto (talk) 22:06, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Lorraine Bracco. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20130319105345/http://www.nyjnews.com/obits/Obit1.php?pid=3103578 to http://www.nyjnews.com/obits/Obit1.php?pid=3103578

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:15, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

Winery External Link is Bunk
the link to the winery official site is some chinese "lucky 18" nonsense. please review or I will be removing it as potentially hostile to users. Dennizenx (talk) 03:58, 5 December 2017 (UTC) Dennizenx (talk)

Martial arts categories
I removed the martial arts categories per the discussions which led to the guidelines at Category:Martial artists. I have no objection to mentioning martial arts skills in the article, if sourced, but that's different than claiming they belong in a martial arts category. It's like putting someone who was in a high school play in the same category as Laurence Olivier or that playing in a pick-up basketball game puts someone in the same category as LeBron James. Papaursa (talk) 03:21, 17 May 2018 (UTC)

Stella Keitel link leads directly to Harvey Keitel's page
There's a link on this page to Stella Keitel which at the moment just redirects to Harvey Keitel where she's only mentioned in passing. I'm removing the link as I expect she's not likely to get her own page. --2003:C9:472A:C200:89B0:6AD:91D5:D017 (talk) 20:53, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Known for

 * Lorraine Bracco (born October 2, 1954) is an American actress known for her distinct husky voice and Brooklyn accent.

I'm fairly certain this needs to be deleted and rewritten. She is not known for either of those things, and frankly, I find it bizarre that someone would phrase it as such. She's known for her acting career, first and foremost, and secondarily, for other things like modeling and business-related things. Viriditas (talk) 21:02, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Viriditas (talk) 21:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Note, after thinking about it further, I'm fairly certain this was an underhanded dig at her. There's a popular meme on Reddit that makes fun of lower class Italian women in the U.S. based on their husky voice and accents, usually due to chain smoking and screaming at their boyfriends and friends while drunk.  The combination of the tobacco and excessive use of vocal chords is said to lead to this husky tone.  It's supposed to be a joke.  My guess is that the person who added that material was playing around with the meme. Viriditas (talk) 21:30, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lorraine Bracco


text:
Portal:Education/Participate/Development Projects

Wikiversity is new and depends on volunteer editors. In the Education area we have Content development projects for: the School of Education - Primary and Secondary Streams - Distance Education and eLearning - Education and Technology - Educational Leadership - Instructional Design - Internet Audio and Video - Learning Objects - Wiki Science


text:
User:Brajesh Sanodiya

Brajesh Sanodiya is software developer. Born on 25th, june 1987 at Seoni(M.P.)

title: User:Brajesh Sanodiya


text:
호프

Etymology 1
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) bar or pub

Etymology 2
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) hope, youth of promise

title: 호프


text:
Road skating

Road skating is the sport of skating (inline skating or quad roller skating) on roads, much like road cycling. It shares much with inline speed skating.

Roadskaters often skate in tight packs, drafting each other and sharing the lead, which allows a pack to travel faster than an individual skater. The individual members of a pack use comparatively less energy than the lone skater traveling at the same speed. Even the lead skater in the pack enjoys an advantage from the drafting skaters behind.

While gliding downhill, an inline skater in a tucked position can achieve speeds that exceed the speed of a tucked cyclist. This is due to lower wind resistance. The rolling resistance is similar for a cyclist and a skater — it is only when actively skating (i.e., in the skating stroke) that the skater incurs greater resistance. Skating is roughly 50% slower than cycling on flat ground.

Skaters routinely achieve downhill speeds of 60 km/h (37 mph), similar to cyclists. Compared to cyclists, though, skaters particularly suffer on uphills, when the drafting advantage disappears.

A skating paceline going down hills may easily achieve speeds faster than a cycling paceline of equal length. The reason is that the road skating paceline has a much more efficient draft effect. The draft effect in road skating is superior for three reasons:
 * 1) each skater can be much closer to the person in front of her, whereas each cyclist is limited by the distance of the wheels;
 * 2) each skater gaining inertia energy from being in the draft can translate this energy to the person in front of her by maintaining contact (usually by placing a hand on the lower back of the person in front); and
 * 3) the skater has much less equipment-related aerodynamic drag than the cyclist.

Cross training
Skating (especially road skating) is much more like cycling than running in terms of the muscles employed. Cyclists and skaters commonly participate in each other's sports as cross-training. Runners often switch to road skating due to injuries associated with the impact of running. Many skiers use road skating for off-season and pre-season conditioning as well. In addition, skating is an excellent cross-training activity for a wide range of other sports due to the lateral (side-to-side) motion involved in the skating stride.

Drafting
Road skating in a pack has some common rules that most skaters follow. Such rules include skating in single file except when passing or moving into the back of the pack, rotational "pulling" in the front of the pack to shield the rest of the pack from the wind, and signaling about road conditions, hazards and alike to skaters in the back of the pack. Single-file skating in a pack is mostly dictated by the need to minimize the impact of air resistance on the pack, thus shielding from the wind behind the back of the first person who is "pulling" the pack. "Pulling" is associated with up to 30% higher energy exertion; thus, it is generally accepted that skaters rotate through "pulls," allowing for equal energy exertion through the pack. A skater who has finished "pulling" steps out of the pack and slowly moves into the back of the pack. The skater in front of the pack has a better view of the road ahead and points and calls out road hazards (holes, cracks, water puddles, cars, etc.).

Street skating

Street skating is the practice of roller skating (commonly on inline skates or quad skates) in groups on public roads. Street skates can be formal affairs, with prespecified routes, marshals and, at times, police escorts or ad hoc gatherings of like minded individuals.

There are organized street skates in a number of cities around the world. Some of the largest are in Paris (the 'Pari Roller'),  Munich and Berlin. London also has an active street skating scene. LondonSkate runs free events on Wednesday evenings; and a smaller scene can be found in Nottingham.

Such events may involve several hundred participants, so to minimize disruption to other road users the events are usually operated in coordination with the police and other relevant local authorities, such as bus operators. Therefore, the route must be decided in advance. Volunteer marshals help to control traffic at busy junctions. Their goals are to minimize disruption to all road users and to ensure the safety of the skaters.

These events are usually free to enter. Normally, the only requirement is that each individual skater can keep pace with the rest of the group and can turn and stop safely. Participants that don't meet these requirements are usually asked to leave the skate and encouraged to practice their skating skills for a few days and return to the next street skate event.

Wednesday Night Skate NYC
Wednesday Night Skate NYC is also known as WNS NYC. It’s one of several well-established groups in the city. WNS is run by volunteers since the late 1990s. Every Wednesday from April to October, weather permitting, organizers show up wearing yellow-green vests at the south-side steps of Union Square around 7:45pm. By then a sizable crowd of skaters have already gathered at the steps. At 8pm an organizer gives a brief safety speech and introduces the route planner of the week, the leader of the day, and the sweeper. The leader signals followers to take breaks at pre-designated stops along the route, so that the rest of the group may catch up, with the sweeper being the last person to arrive at each stop. The route circles back to Union Square, where a day’s skating concludes. On average a trip takes 2 hours and covers 12 miles.

Friday Night Skate
A (often abbreviated to FNS) is a group skate occurring on Friday nights, a common night for a street skate in many cities throughout the world. In Vienna (since at least 2011) and Graz (Austria) once in a year – around resp. on Carfree Day, 22 September – one of the 20–25 km long tours runs for a small part on an urban highway. FNS run there weekly, if streets are dry, since 1999 in Vienna as a "political demonstration" by activists of the Green Party, starting at 21:00 partially in dark night and since 2000 in Graz as a sporting event, that has to pay fees to the city and accompanying police, starting at 19:30, reaching dawn only in late August.

Full Moon Skate
A generic name for an event which typically consists of a group of individuals participating in road skating during a night when the moon is in its full phase.

title: Road skating


text:
Iqbal Singh (spiritual leader)

Iqbal Singh Kingra (1 May 1926 – 29 January 2022) was an Indian socio-spiritual leader of the Sikh community. He was the Founder President of The Kalgidhar Trust, The Kalgidhar Society and Baru Sahib. He was considered to be one of the most influential Sikhs in the world. He was awarded the Sikh Lifetime Achievement Award in 2016. In 2018 he was bestowed with Shiromani Panth Rattan (precious jewel of the Sikh community) by Takht Sri Harmandir Ji Patna Sahib. In 2022, he was conferred with the Padma Shri by the Government Of India for his contributions in the field of social work.

Early life
Singh was born to Sanwal Singh and wife Gulab Kaur in Bharyal Lehri, Gurdaspur district of Punjab. Young Iqbal Singh was particularly fascinated by the lives of Dhruva and Bhakta prahlada on the one hand and Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, the younger Sahibzadas of Guru Gobind Singh on the other hand. While in 6th grade, he was touched by the lives of Sanghamitta and Mahinda, the daughter and son of Ashoka.

Education and career
Singh completed a Bachelor of Science Agriculture in 1949 from Lyallpur, Pakistan. In Pakistan he met Teja Singh Ji and Attar Singh and was influenced by their teachings. He later became disciple of Teja Singh Ji. Singh was highly impressed by their lives and teachings. He remained in constant touch with Teja Singh while pursuing his master's degree in Agriculture science.

Iqbal Singh later worked for the Himachal government. He revealed the hitherto known Tapo Bhoomi at Baru Sahib, which was established in 1956. Later in 1982, Iqbal Singh founded and registered The Kalgidhar Trust and later The Kalgidhar Society.

Works
Iqbal Singh retired in 1986 from his job with the Himachal government. He moved permanently to Baru Sahib after his retirement and immediately started working on Brahm Vidya Kendra. He started the Akal Academy assisted by Khem Singh Gill, with only five students as a one-room school. The school later evolved as a 10+2 English-medium private school, affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi. This school is now affiliated with the International Baccalaureate for IB Primary Years Programme.

Apart from the educational programs, 129 low-cost schools and two private universities were established by Iqbal Singh at Baru Sahib in Himachal and at several other places in Punjab, Haryana, UP and Rajasthan.

Iqbal Singh has been working with the support of beneficiaries and volunteers in the direction of imparting education in the rural marginalised areas of North India. He believed that rural children are excluded from the mainstream and cannot contribute to the nation's growth, hence the drive to “educate-enshrine-empower” these large masses is necessary.

He established Eternal University at Baru Sahib in 2008   and Akal University, Guru ki Kashi at Damdama Sahib in Punjab in 2015. His biography by Benedict Parmanand was released in April 2017 by former Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh in New Delhi.

Death
Singh died in Baru Sahib on 29 January 2022, at the age of 95.

Books

 * Sikh Sidhant (2001)
 * Sikh Faith (2014)
 * Tribute to Saint Teja Singh (2015)
 * Turban - The Pride and Honour of India (2008)

Biography

 * Benedict Parmanand, Mission to Reboot Punjab through Value-based Education (2016)

Awards and recognition

 * In January 2011 he attended a Workshop on Global Development and Institutions Inspired by Faith in South and Central Asia in Dhaka organised by Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, Georgetown University, Washington, USA
 * In November 2013 he was adjudged as the fifth most influential Sikh in the world by World Sikh Awards UK.
 * In April 2014 he was awarded a Citation for being an Outstanding Individual, one which is worthy of the esteem of the country, the community, and the Great State of New York in 2014 by the New York City State Assembly for promoting tolerance to all people irrespective of culture or race.
 * In December 2014, he attended The Alliance of Religions: Peace Summit of the Americas as a guest of honour and signed the symbolic Peace Agreement
 * In March 2016 he was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by NICER (National Institute of Cleanliness Education Research).
 * Also, Baba Iqbal Singh has been awarded the Sikh Lifetime Achievement Award by Top Sikh 100, London on 19 November 2016.
 * Helped fight the Turban ban by FIBA International
 * In July 2018, he was bestowed with "Shiromani Panth Rattan" by Takht Sri Harmandir Ji Patna Sahib.
 * In 2022, he was conferred with the Padma Shri by the Government Of India for his contributions in the field of social work.

Controversies
Iqbal Singh has been criticised for his take on the early regimen of his students, vegetarian habits and simple dress code of the school. In the institution established by him, students are punished even with expulsion if caught defiling their hair or beards as per Sikh tenets.

Akal Academy became the center of a controversy in 2008. There was an allegation that the 'Turban' was being imposed on them. Akal Academy later replied to the controversy explaining that Sikh students were expected to wear the Turban and that children from other faiths needed to cover their heads with a simple patka (piece of cloth as a headgear).

title: Iqbal Singh (spiritual leader)


text:
Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez

Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez is a Mexican economist and former member of the Cabinet of Mexico designated as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit (SHCP) by President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) to replace Carlos Manuel Urzúa Macías on July 9, 2019, ratified on July 18, 2019, by the Chamber of Deputies. On June 9, 2021, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced that Herrera would step down as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit and nominate him as governor of the Bank of Mexico in December 2021. Herrera had previously served as Assistant Secretary in the same office. From 2000 to 2006 he served as secretary of finances for Mexico City under both AMLO and Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez. He worked for the World Bank 2010 to 2017.

Education
Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez received a bachelor's degree in economics from the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), a master's degree in economics from El Colegio de México (Colmex), and has done studies towards a doctorate from New York University (NYU). He has taught classes in economics at Colmex and NYU.

Bank of Mexico
In anticipation of the end of Alejandro Díaz de León term as governor of Bank of Mexico, AMLO announced his intention of proposing Herrera to Congress as Díaz de León's successor. At the same time Rogelio Ramírez de la O is announced as Herrera's replacement as secretary of finance.

Family and personal life
Herrera Gutiérrez was born in Actopan, Hidalgo, Mexico, on March 21, 1968. His father was Arturo Herrera Cabañas, a friend of composer Eduardo Mata, and his mother is Irma Gutiérrez Mejía. He has two brothers, Tonatiuh Herrera Gutiérrez and Yuri Herrera Gutiérrez; his uncle Rafael was municipal president of Actopan, who began the Feria de Barbacoa in the community.

title: Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez


text:
In Those Days

In Those Days (In jenen Tagen) is a 1947 German drama film directed by Helmut Käutner and starring Gert Schäfer, Erich Schellow and Winnie Markus. It was one of the cycle of Rubble films made in the wake of Germany's defeat during World War II. The film addresses issues of collective guilt during the Nazi era, using the device of a car built in 1933 and dismantled in 1947 narrating the various experiences of its owners in a series of seven separate episodes. The film's objective was to highlight the private resistance of various figures to the Nazis even while they publicly accepted the repression of Nazi society.

Production
The film was produced in Hamburg in the British Zone as part of a growing post-war trend in western Germany of moving film production away from its traditional centre of Berlin. The film was made under extremely difficult conditions including a lack of raw film stock and hunger amongst the cast and technicians. The director, Helmut Käutner, had several of his earlier films banned by the Nazis which led to him being perceived as possessing greater moral authority than many of his colleagues. Consequently, the film was seen as a standard-bearer for the values of the post-war German film industry.

Reception
It was well received by the German public in 1947 who were generally receptive to its message. In the 1960s the film began to attract criticism for allegedly whitewashing ordinary Germans' acceptance of Nazi ideology. However, this criticism has in turn been challenged as being ahistorical and ignoring the conditions under which it was made - such as the constraints put on German film-makers by the Allied occupation powers and the resistance of contemporary German audiences to films that explicitly examined their possible collective guilt.

title: In Those Days


text:
A Town Called Hypocrisy

"A Town Called Hypocrisy" is the second single taken from Liberation Transmission, the third studio album by the Welsh rock band Lostprophets.

The single was released on 11 September 2006 in the United Kingdom. It peaked at No. 23 in the UK Singles Chart making it the band's seventh UK Top 40 single. It spent only 2 weeks in the Top 40.

Music video
The music video was made available on Kerrang! TV from the 11 August 2006. It depicts frontman Ian Watkins as a children's television presenter on a fictional television show called Town Time and is arguably a response to the accusations of the band's metrosexuality. The video also shows the juxtaposition of attitudes in the band between when they appear during transmission and when they are shown behind the scenes of Town Time. During transmission, it shows the other band members — bar Watkins — dressed as the following (mainly paying homage to the Village People): a toy soldier, a bumbling policeman, a doctor, a builder and a construction worker.

The video, although seemingly based around the things infant children watch (therefore making it seem quite innocent) is filled with sexual references, both very subtle and very obvious. An example of the more subtle references is at the beginning when we see Tender Tim (Watkins) and Mayor Mary ending the 5000th episode of Town Time. Tim replies to Mary's question, "What have we learnt today, Tim?" and Tim replies: "We've learnt about sharing, saying 'please' and oral [he pauses here, before Mary nudges him] hygiene." An example of the more obvious references is the large amounts of drinking and scantily clad women (dressed in all sorts of outfits, ranging from animals to a tooth) performing "kinky," yet childlike, activities on the men in the group behind the scenes.

In several frames of the video, it also paid homage to 'Silhouette Blends', the series of spelling clips by The Electric Company. It is the first video by the band not to feature skaters.

Personnel
Musicians
 * Ian Watkins – lead vocals
 * Jamie Oliver – piano; keyboard; samples; vocals
 * Lee Gaze – lead guitar
 * Mike Lewis – rhythm guitar
 * Stuart Richardson – bass guitar
 * Josh Freese – drums; percussion (recording)
 * Ilan Rubin – drums; percussion (music video)

title: A Town Called Hypocrisy


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/divalto.fr

Links

 * divalto.fr resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * divalto.fr is hosted on divalto.com
 * divalto.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 1 additions.


text:
The Sheng Ching Shih Pao

The Sheng Ching Shih Pao was a Japanese-owned Chinese newspaper established in Fengtian on October 18, 1906 by Japanese journalist named Nakajima Masao (中島真雄), after Japanese controlling of Manchuria as a result of Russo-Japanese War between 1904 and 1905. It ceased to operate at the end of Second Sino-Japanese War during the Surrender of Japan in August 1945. The newspaper received financial assistance from Japan's consulate-general in Fengtian during its early years. Some modern writers, unaware of its official English title, translated to English from its Chinese name as Shengjing Times, Shengjing Shibao, or abbreviated SJSB.

Its name Sheng Ching (盛京), a Mandarin Chinese name with meaning flourishing capital, once a capital of Manchu, then known as Mukden in English or Fungtien (奉天) prefecture, becomes present-day Shenyang. It reused this name from a Russian-owned newspaper, running from Russian invasion of Manchuria.

The newspaper was the highest circulation Chinese language daily newspaper and the most important instrument of Japanese press influence in Manchuria. It is the first Chinese-language newspaper published by the Japanese in Northeast China, and it was also Japan's longest-published newspaper in China.

With a circulation comparable to that of Far Eastern Journal, its dominance of public opinion in the Northeast China remained unchallenged after the demise of Far Eastern Journal until the closing months of the World War II.

title: The Sheng Ching Shih Pao


text:
Dynamo Dushanbe

Dynamo Dushanbe (stylised as «Динамо») is a professional football club based in Dushanbe in Tajikistan.

History
The club was founded in 1937 under the name "Dinamo Stalinabad", before changing its name to "Dynamo Dushanbe" in 1971.

In 2007, Dynamo Dushanbe merged with Oriyono Dushanbe, keeping their name.

Honours

 * Tajik League
 * Champions (1): 1996
 * SSR Tajikistan League
 * Champions (7): 1937, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1958
 * SSR Tajikistan Cup
 * Winners (12): 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1946, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1959, 1971

title: Dynamo Dushanbe


text:
Talk:SchoolForge

Wikiversity should have contacts with other organizations that have a similar mission. We should make clear to these other organizations that they are free to use Wikiversity resources. I need someone to explain what SchoolForge actually does or has done or plans to do. I've made several trips into their webpages and I still do not understand what they actually do. --JWSchmidt 16:48, 28 January 2007 (UTC)
 * SchoolForge is currently dormant, but is expected (by me, at least) to bounce back to "life". It had steady growth and surges of interest from 1998 to 2002 thanks to the KDE Edutainment Project, SEUL, the Debian community and many others. No one can say exactly what happened. (I have a theory.) But the advent of Wikiversity could change the context dramatically. CQ 21:07, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Project for SchoolForge
I get the idea that they are not too sure of what they want do. Fortunately, I have something which needs to be done which people can learn from. Therefore, I will create a project and see what happens. If it does not fit their needs, then we can move it to some other kind of educational category. Robert Elliott

Thanks Robert - I would invite you to stop by the SchoolForge discussion list to share more about this project. I can understand how it may have appeared that we weren't too sure of what we wanted to do - but there are probably a few good reasons for this. The overall goal is to increase awareness and facilitate communication - and simply to bring people to find the benefits of free software. There were a lot of ideas bounced around when I started working on the web development, and I switched from Joomla to Drupal (which I had never used, but was willing to learn) after a discussion with the community. As I've been learning Drupal and getting through the learning curve, things have started to mesh and perhaps now the direction would be a bit more visible. JustinR

SchoolForge is a Coalition
Individuals may not join SchoolForge. Only organizations may. There is a document that states that somewhere But I can't find it any more. (...and that is, I think, an acceptable, if not typical practice for a coalition). The site has been refactored since my group, OzoneFarm participated. (Ozonefarm is now reduced to a dead SourceForge project and a channel on FreeNode with some hangers-on lurking) CQ 21:07, 28 January 2007 (UTC)
 * A bit of an update: ozonefarm is coming back to life now that I'm in Memphis and have access to a mountain of old computers via a group called CCM. I'm setting up servers and workstations in several locations running FreeBSD and Linux. Things are finally getting back on 'tract'. yeoman 13:37, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

SchoolForge then and now
The story is best seen by looking at the Coalition page and its subpages:
 * current
 * historical

A Comment on this - While there is a significantly lesser amount of members in the Coalition presently as compared to the historical status of the SchoolForge Coalition - to suggest that some 'story' can be read into this, I think, is a bit of a stretch. There had been no organized coalition activity for a number of years. When I started leading the web project, many of the projects that were listed didn't even exist anymore. We made contact with as many people that were involved as we could, and asked those who would like to carry on with the Coalition to sign up. I think it's better to have fewer, but more involved members than a huge list of some defunct projects (and some not) presented as members. Also, the Coalition was formed primarily to show unity amongst free software projects and organizations in response to the DOJ Anti Trust case with Microsoft - I think that now, that shared sense of unity exists without it having to be explicitly stated. I feel that there is some truly fascinating and visionary work happening by members of this community, and I can only hope that my efforts with the website provide a focal point to others who wish to learn more and become involved. JustinR

SchoolForge-UK
SchoolForge-UK is alive! I started a page there for Wikiversity. --CQ 17:45, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Update: Cormaggio (who studies at Manchester-UK) and I have started contributing there. Hopefully some SchoolForge people will reciprocate. CQ 20:25, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Coalition-building
I've added a section, Related groups at the bottom of the SchoolForge page with a couple of entries for groups that may qualify as coalition members. I think it is important and possible to increase participation by identifying groups out there that fit coalition membership criteria. I was pleased to chat on #wikiversity-en with Justin Riddiough who administers the main SchoolForge.net site. Whether or not Wikiversity becomes an official "member" of the coalition, we can still contribute greatly to expanding its mission through this learning project. CQ 13:48, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

BeautifulIinteresting site!
BeautifulIinteresting site! Thank you

title: Talk:SchoolForge


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Stratford School District

The Stratford School District is a community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade from Stratford in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Students from Laurel Springs attend the district's schools for grades 7 and 8 as part of a sending/receiving relationship. Students from Hi-Nella attend the district for PreK-8 as part of a sending/receiving relationship, under a five-year transition that started in 2012-13, bringing in an additional 100 students to the district.

As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprising two schools, had an enrollment of 862 students and 69.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.5:1.

The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "DE", the fifth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.

For ninth grade through twelfth grade, public school students attend Sterling High School, a regional high school district that also serves students from Magnolia and Somerdale, along with the sending districts of Hi-Nella and Laurel Springs. The high school is located in Somerdale. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 958 students and 69.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.7:1.

Awards and recognition
Samuel S. Yellin School was recognized by Governor Jim McGreevey in 2003 as one of 25 schools selected statewide for the First Annual Governor's School of Excellence award.

Schools
Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) are:
 * Elementary school
 * Parkview Elementary School with 367 students in pre-kindergarten through third grade
 * Michele Taylor, principal
 * Middle school
 * Samuel S. Yellin Elementary School with 487 students in grades 4 - 8
 * David L. Ricci, principal

Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
 * Thomas Attanasi, superintendent
 * Debra Trasatti, business administrator and board secretary

Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district. The board includes additional trustees from the sending districts, with one from Hi-Nella and one from Laurel Springs.

title: Stratford School District


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Magoffin County High School

Magoffin County High School (MCHS) is a public secondary-level education high school located in Salyersville, Magoffin County, Kentucky and is part of the Magoffin County Public School District. MCHS is the only high school located within Magoffin County.

History
Tragedy struck the Magoffin County High School building at Hornet Drive on March 2, 2012, when an EF3 tornado caused extensive damage to the primary building, along with multiple other buildings in the area. Two years passed until $40 Million in funding was raised to build a new complex for Magoffin County High School adjacent to the Mountain Parkway and US 460.

In August 2016 the new buildings were open to all students. This included a new Gymnasium, a new Football Field, a new Running Track, all new classrooms and cafeterias.

Starting in 2004, Magoffin County High School teamed up with local cable provider "Howard Cable" to create the "Magoffin County Schools Television" channel (MCS-TV). The channel's programming includes school athletics games, club-created programs, field trip memorial videos and other original programming focused on the county's public schools.

Career and technical development
In addition to the primary Magoffin County High School building, the public school system offers the Magoffin County Career & Technical Center (MCCTC). The career development programs offered by MCCTC include Electricity, Carpentry, Welding, Computing and Horticulture.

Clubs
Magoffin County High School offers many clubs to its students. These include Academic Team, Beta Club, Champions Against Drugs, Students Against Drunk Drivers, Christian Youth Club, Drama Club, Key Club, MCHS Band, MCHS Cheerleaders, MCHS Dance Team, MCHS Yearbook.

Sports
Magoffin County High School offers many extra-curricular sports activities. These include boys' baseball, boys' and girls' basketball, cheerleading, boys' and girls' cross country, dance team, American football, girls' fast pitch softball, golf, boys' and girls' tennis, boys' and girls' track & field and girls' volleyball.

In 2006, Head Coach Steve Miller and his Magoffin County Lady Hornets basketball team won the 15th Regional Basketball Championship.

In 2024, the boy's basketball team became 15th Regional Champions and advanced to the Sweet 16 for the first time in the school's history.

The boys' and girls' track and field teams have produced numerous individual regional championships with respectful placings in state competitions. The Magoffin County High School Dance Team has won many regional and state championships.

title: Magoffin County High School


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South African folklore

South African Folklore originates from an oral, historical tradition. It is rooted in the region's landscape with animals – and the animal kingdom – playing a dominant role. Some of the subjects covered include: plant life taking on a human form, women being married to gods, messages being delivered by thunder. Music and song is often used to tell the story and the tales values are usually African, with community and sharing being key. Some 19th century folklore tales from this genre include: "Crocodiles Treason", "Lion’s Share", The World's Reward, "The Dance for Water or Rabbit’s Triumph", "The Hunt of Lion and Jackal", The Zebra Stallion, "Lion Who Taught Himself Wiser Than His Mother" and "the Origin of Death".

title: South African folklore


text:
Talk:Paleontology/Introduction

Q&A
Q. What is fossil record? Srinivasasha 11:52, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It is like any other record, either a criminal record, tax record, linguistic record. It is evidences of a species and that the single specimen existed. All these specimens add up to form a rough chain of evolution is a sequence like Roman or European history. This chain is rough because fossilization is not common and most species dont leave evidence behind. Enlil Ninlil 06:30, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paleontology/Introduction


text:
Biochemistry/Thermodynamics

<< Introduction to Biochemistry | Thermodynamics | Catalysis >>

Why Do Substances React?
Chemical (and thus, biochemical) reactions only occur to a significant extent if they are energetically favorable. If the products are more stable than the reactants, then in general the reaction will, over time, tend to go forward. Ashes are more stable than wood, so once the energy of activation is supplied (e.g., by a match), the wood will burn. There are plenty of exceptions to the rule, of course, but as a rule of thumb it's pretty safe to say that if the products of a reaction represent a more stable state, then that reaction will go in the forward direction.

There are two factors that determine whether or not reactions changing reactants into products are considered to be favorable: these two factors are simply called enthalpy and entropy.

Enthalpy
Simply put, enthalpy is the heat content of a substance (H). Most people have an intuitive understanding of what heat is... we learn as children not to touch the burners on the stove when they are glowing orange. Enthalpy is not the same as that kind of heat. Enthalpy is the sum of all the internal energy of a substance's matter plus its pressure times its volume. Enthalpy is therefore defined by the following equation:

 * $$H = U + PV \,$$

where (all units given in SI)
 * H is the enthalpy
 * U is the internal energy, (joules)
 * P is the pressure of the system, (Pascals)
 * and V is the volume, (cubic meters)

If the enthalpy of the reactants while being converted to products ends up decreasing (ΔH < 0), that means that the products have less enthalpy than the reactants and energy is released to the environment. This reaction type is termed exothermic. In the course of most biochemical processes there is little change in pressure or volume, so the change in enthalpy accompanying a reaction generally reflects the change in the internal energy of the system. Thus, exothermic reactions in biochemistry are processes in which the products are lower in energy than the starting materials.

As an example, consider the reaction of glucose with oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water. Strong bonds form in the products, reducing the internal energy of the system relative to the reactants. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing 2805 kJ of energy per mole of glucose that burns (ΔH = -2805 kJ/mol). That energy is given off as heat.

Entropy
Entropy (symbol S) is the measure of randomness in something. It represents the most likely of statistical possibilities of a system, so the concept has extremely broad applications. In chemistry of all types, entropy is generally considered important in determining whether or not a reaction goes forward based on the principle that a less-ordered system is more statistically probable than a more-ordered system.

What does that mean, really? Well, if the volcano Mt. Vesuvius erupted next to a Roman-Empire era Mediterranean city, would the volcano be more likely to destroy the city, or build a couple of skyscrapers there? It's pretty obvious what would happen (or, rather, what did happen) because it makes sense to us that natural occurrences favor randomness (destruction) over order (construction, or in this case, skyscrapers). Entropy is just a mathematical way of expressing these essential differences.

When it comes to chemistry, there are three major concepts based on the concept of entropy:
 * 1) Intramolecular states (Degrees of freedom)
 * 2) * The more degrees of freedom (how much the molecules can move in space) a molecule has, the greater the degree of randomness, and thus, the greater the entropy.
 * 3) * There are three ways molecules can move in space, and each has a name: rotation = movement around an axis, vibration = intramolecular movement of two bonded atoms in relation to each other, and translation = a molecule moving from place to place.
 * 4) Intermolecular structures
 * 5) * When molecules can interact with each other by forming non-covalent bonds a structure is often created.
 * 6) * This tends to reduce randomness (and thus entropy) since any such association between molecules stabilizes the motion of both and decreases the possibilities for a random distribution.
 * 7) Number of possibilities
 * 8) * The more molecules present, the more ways of distributing the molecules in space - which because of statistical probabilities means more potential for randomness.
 * 9) * Also, if there is more space available to distribute the molecules within, the randomness increases for precisely the same reason
 * 10) * solid matter (least entropy) << liquids << gases (most entropy)

Changes in entropy are denoted as ΔS. For the reasons stated above (in the volcano situation), the increase of entropy (ΔS > 0) is considered to be favorable as far as the Universe in general is concerned. A decrease in entropy is generally not considered favorable unless an energetic component in the reaction system can make up for the decrease in entropy (see free energy below).

Gibbs Free Energy
Changes of both enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) combined decide how favorable a reaction is. For instance, burning a piece of wood releases energy (exothermic, favorable) and results in a substance with less structure (CO2 and H2O gas, both of which are less 'ordered' than solid wood). Thus, one could predict that once a piece of wood was set on fire, it would continue to burn until it was gone. The fact that it does so is ascribed to the change in its Gibbs Free Energy.

The overall favorability of a reaction was first described by the prominent chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs, who defined the free energy of a reaction as
 * ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS

where T is the temperature on the Kelvin temperature scale. The formula above assumes that pressure and temperature are constant during the reaction, which is almost always the case for biochemical reactions, and so this book makes the same assumption throughout.

The unit of ΔG (for Gibbs) is the "joule" in SI systems, but the unit of "calorie" is also often used because of its convenient relation to the properties of water. This book will use both terms as convenient, but the preference should really be for the SI notation.

What Does ΔG Really Mean?
If ΔG < 0 then the reactants should convert into products (signifying a forward reaction)... eventually. (Gibbs free energy says nothing about a reaction's rate, only its probability.) Likewise, for a given reaction if ΔG > 0 then it is known that the reverse reaction is favored to take place. A state where ΔG = 0 is called equilibrium, and this is the state where the reaction in both the forward and reverse directions take place at the same rate, thus not changing the net effect on the system.

How is equilibrium best explained? Alright, as an example set yourself on the living room carpet with your most gullible younger relative (a little nephew, niece or cousin will work fine). Take out a set of Monopoly, take one ten dollar bill for yourself and give your little relative the rest. Now both of you give the other 5% of all that you have. Do this again, and again, and again-again-again until eventually... you both have the same amount of money. This is precisely what the equilibrium of a reaction means, though equilibrium only very rarely results in an even, 50-50% split of products and reactants.

ΔG naturally varies with the concentration of reactants and products. When ΔG reaches 0, the reaction rate in the forward direction and the reaction rate in the reverse direction are the same, and the concentration of reactants and products no longer appears to change; this state is called the point of chemical equilibrium. You and your gullible little relative have stopped gaining and losing Monopoly money, respectively; you both keep exchanging the same amount each turn. Note again that equilibrium is dynamic. Chemical reaction does not cease at equilibrium, but products are converted to reactants and reactants are converted to products at exactly the same rate.

A small ΔG (that is, a value of ΔG close to 0) indicates that a reaction is somewhat reversible; the reaction can actually run backwards, converting products back to reactants. A very large ΔG (that is, ΔG >> 0 or ΔG << 0) is precisely the opposite, because it indicates that a given reaction is irreversible, i.e., once the reactants become products there are very few molecules that go back to reactants.

Metabolic pathways
The food we consume is processed to become a part of our cells; DNA, proteins, etc. If the biochemical reactions involved in this process were reversible, we would convert our own DNA back to food molecules if we stop eating even for a short period of time. To prevent this from happening, our metabolism is organized in metabolic pathways. These pathways are a series of biochemical reactions which are, as a whole, irreversible. The reactions of a pathway occur in a row, with the products of the first reaction being the reactants of the second, and so on:
 * A ⇌ B ⇌ C ⇌ D ⇌ E

At least one of these reactions has to be irreversible, e.g.:
 * A ⇀ B ⇌ C ⇌ D ⇀ E

The control of the irreversible steps (e.g., A → B) enables the cell to control the whole pathway and, thus, the amount of reactants used, as well as the amount of products generated.

Some metabolic pathways do have a "way back", but it is not the same pathway backwards. Instead, while using the reversible steps of the existing pathway, at least one of the irreversible reactions is bypassed by another (irreversible) one on the way back from E to A:
 * E ⇀ X ⇌ C ⇌ B ⇀ A

This reaction is itself controlled, letting the cell choose the direction in which the pathway is running.

Free energy and equilibrium
For ΔG, the free energy of a reaction, standard conditions were defined: Under these standard conditions, ΔG0' is defined as the standard free energy change.
 * concentration of reactants and products at 1Mol/dm³
 * temperature at 25°C
 * acidity at pH 7.0

For a reaction
 * A + B ⇌ C + D

the ratio of products to reactants is given by keq' (=keq at pH 7.0):
 * $$k_{eq}^\prime = {\text{products} \over \text{reactants}} = {[C][D] \over [A][B]}$$

The relationship of ΔG0' and keq' is
 * ΔG0' = - R T ln keq' = - R T 2.30 log10 keq'

with
 * R = 8.315 [J mol-1 K-1] (molar gas constant)
 * T = temperature [K]
 * In = loge ("e" equals to 2.71828...)

In theory, we can now decide if a reaction is favorable (ΔG0' < 0). However, the reaction might need a catalyst to occur within a reasonable amount of time. In biochemistry, such a catalyst is called an enzyme.

<< Introduction to Biochemistry | Thermodynamics | Catalysis >>

The purpose of DNA melting or DNA denaturation is emphasizing and demonstrating the life cycles of all organisms and the origin of replication. The origin of replication specific structure varies from species to species. Furthermore, the particular sequence of the origin of replication is in a genome which is the human genes. Nevertheless, DNA replication is also part of origin of replication which examen in the living organism such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Thermodynamically, there are two important contributions on the DNA denaturation. One of them is the breaking all of the hydrogen bonds between the bases in the double helix; the other one is to overcome the stacking stability/energy of bases on top of each other. There are several methods to denature DNA; heat is known as the most common one use in laboratory. We just have to heat the sample to reach above its melting point, the unstack ability of DNA can be then monitored. Melting point and denaturation of DNA depend on several factors: the length of DNA, base-composition of DNA, the condition of the DNA and also the composition of buffer. For instance, the longer DNA will contain more H-bonds and more intermolecular forces compared to the shorter one; therefore, denaturations of longer DNA requires more time and more heat. Base-composition of DNA can also play as a key factor because A:T requires two hydrogen bonds and G:C interaction requires three hydrogen bonds. The region of DNA which contains more A:T will melt/denature more rapidly compared to G:C. We can also see how the condition of DNA is important because condition of DNA is related to whether the DNA is relax, supercoiled, linear or heavily nicked. It is important because it allow us to examine how much intermolecular forces existing in the double helix. Finally, condition of buffer is also playing an essential role to study DNA denaturation because it allow us to control the amount of ions present in the solution during the entire process.

Biologically, DNA denaturation can happen inside the cell during DNA replication or translation. In both cases, DNA denaturation is an essential step and a beginning to start each of the process. Most of the time, denaturation happened because of binding of protein or enzymes to a specific region of DNA, the binding will likely lead to open or denature of the helix. However, the actual meaning of the DNA melting is the denaturation of DNA which changes the structure of DNA from double stranded into single stranded. The processes of DNA denaturation is unwinding the double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid and breaks it into two single stranded by breaking the hydrogen bonding between the bases. DNA denaturation is also known of DNA annealing because it is reservable. The main steps DNA annealing are double helical will go through the denaturation to become partially denatured DNA then it will separated the strands into two single strand of DNA in random coils.

title: Biochemistry/Thermodynamics


text:
2019 KNSB Dutch Sprint Championships

The 2019 KNSB Dutch Sprint Championships in speed skating were held in Heerenveen at the Thialf ice skating rink from 26 January to 27 January 2019. The tournament was part of the 2018–2019 speed skating season. Hein Otterspeer and Jutta Leerdam won the sprint titles. The sprint championships were held at the same time as the 2019 KNSB Dutch Allround Championships.

Women's sprint
Source:

title: 2019 KNSB Dutch Sprint Championships