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Talk:David B. Frohnmayer

Suggestions
Those editing this article might do well to read about biographies of living persons (BLP), neutral point-of-view, and What Wikipedia is Not. (it is not a battleground, a soapbox, it is not censored, etc.) Other policies and guidelines may apply, but note that as long as the citations are from reliable sources (which include but are not limited to major newspapers), back up the stated facts, adhere to BLP, and are worded neutrally, then both "positive" and "negative" information may be included in the article. This is not the place to paint either a "good" or "bad" picture of the subject, and it is not a free place for posting PR or propaganda. It is supposed to be an encyclopedia article about the subject. Think about if Encyclopedia Britannica were to have an article on the subject, what would it include? If you have a vested interest in the subject (personally, politically, etc.) please read about conflict of interest and decide if you should be editing this article at all. If you wish to declare a COI, you can post your suggested changes on this page where uninvolved editors can discuss them. Thanks. Katr67 (talk) 00:51, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Gubernatorial campaign
I have to admit, I'm confused by the repeated reversions. It seems to me that everything there is supported by the citations. I also added a citation to the original Jeff Mapes story from 1990, which corroborates several of the points. I suppose it's possible there's some nuance in the text that is offensive or not literally supported by the articles; if so, please point it out. But it is my firm belief that the text is well-cited, and furthermore, that it's important to include it, as it shows Frohnmayer's connection to one of the largest political scandals in the state. -Pete (talk) 01:30, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Death date
An unregistered user says that Frohnmayer died early in the morning on March 10, but most news sources are saying March 9. The news story I used quoted the family statement released on March 10 saying he had died in his sleep "last night", which I and apparently most sources took to mean the 9th. Although this article is no longer subject to BLP guidelines, should we let the edits stick, per something akin to WP:BLPKINDNESS or demand sources? I'm going to assume good faith that the changes were by someone who knows, and not a vandal. Frohnmayer's formal obituary will likely be published soon and clear the matter up. Valfontis (talk) 23:48, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:David B. Frohnmayer


text:
Sayuri Yamauchi

Sayuri Yamauchi (山内 小百合), also known by the stage name Sayuri (紗ゆり), was a Japanese voice actress. Yamauchi voiced Itchy and Maude Flanders on the Japanese dub of The Simpsons. Sayuri was formerly affiliated with Kyu Production and affiliated with Aigumi at the time of her death. On March 6, 2012, Yamauchi died of cancer and was 55 years old at the time of her death.

Anime

 * The Big O: Vera Ronstadt
 * The Brave Fighter of Legend Da-Garn: Hikaru Kosaka
 * Crayon Shin-chan: Nanako Ohara, Lulu Lu Lulu
 * Cyborg 009: 0012
 * Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood: Satella
 * The King of Braves GaoGaiGar: Primada, Ikumi Kaidou, Ai Amami (Mamoru's mom)
 * Saint of Braves Baan Gaan: Astral
 * Mobile Suit Gundam Wing and Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz: Lady Une
 * Outlaw Star: "Twilight" Suzuka
 * Samurai Champloo: Osuzu
 * Shaman King: Maya
 * Shamanic Princess: Tiara

Live-action

 * A.I. Artificial Intelligence: Monica Swinton (Frances O'Connor)
 * Erin Brockovich: Donna Jensen (Marg Helgenberger)
 * The Long Kiss Goodnight: Trin (Melina Kanakaredes)
 * Love, Honour and Obey: Sadie (Sadie Frost)
 * The Matrix: Switch (Belinda McClory)
 * Mission: Impossible: Claire Phelps (Emmanuelle Béart)
 * Pecker: Precinct Captain (Mink Stole)
 * The Sea Inside: Rosa (Lola Dueñas)
 * Suspiria (1998 DVD edition): Miss Tanner (Alida Valli)
 * Twin Peaks: Audrey Horne (Sherilyn Fenn)

Animation

 * The Simpsons: Itchy; Maude Flanders

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sayuri Yamauchi


text:
Sandra Mitchell Hedetniemi

Sandra (Sandee) Mitchell Hedetniemi (born July 5, 1949, née Sandra Lee Mitchell) is an American mathematician and computer scientist, known for her research in graph theory and algorithms on graphs. She is a professor of computer science at Clemson University.

Education and career
Hedetniemi majored in applied mathematics at Centre College in Kentucky, graduating in 1971. She completed a Ph.D. in computer science in 1977 at the University of Virginia under the supervision of Stephen T. Hedetniemi. Her dissertation was Algorithms on Trees and Maximal Outerplanar Graphs: Design, Complexity Analysis, and Data Structures Study.

She joined the University of Louisville faculty as an instructor in applied mathematics and computer science 1973, and became an assistant professor there in 1975. She moved to the department of computer and information science at the University of Oregon in 1978, and was given tenure there in 1981. In 1982 she moved again to Clemson University, taking a half-time position as an associate professor of computer science, and she was promoted to full professor in 1994.

Personal life
Hedetniemi is originally from Louisville, Kentucky; her father, Wilber A. Mitchell, was a US Navy veteran, psychiatrist, and hospital administrator. She married Stephen T. Hedetniemi, her former advisor, in 1979, when both were faculty members at the University of Oregon.

title: Sandra Mitchell Hedetniemi


text:
Werner Visser

Werner Jakobus Visser (born 27 February 1998) is a South African male discus thrower, who won a gold medal at the 2015 World Youth Championships in Cali. At senior level, he won his first medal, a silver, at the 2018 African Championships in Asaba.

Achievements
All information taken from World Athletics profile.

National titles

 * USSA Championships
 * Discus throw: 2018, 2019, 2022

 * South African U20 Championships
 * Discus throw: 2017

title: Werner Visser


text:
Ana Conta-Kernbach

Ana Conta-Kernbach (5 November 1865 – 13 December 1921) was a Romanian teacher, writer, and women's rights activist. Educated at the Humpel Institute in Iași, she graduated in 1883 and began teaching there that same year. Continuing her studies at the same time, she enrolled at the University of Iaşi, studying both in the normal school and philosophical faculties. In 1885, she transferred to the Oltea Doamna Lyceum and graduated in 1888. In 1893, she went to Paris to study at the University of Paris and the Collège de France, earning her doctorate in 1895. Returning to Romania, she became the director of the Normal School of Applications and taught both pedagogy and psychology at the Mihail Sturdza Normal School for more than two decades.

In addition to her teaching Conta-Kernbach published literary works beginning 1891 and in her later life as an active suffragist published articles in favor of women's rights and equality. She was one of the founders in 1918, of the Association for the Civil and Political Emancipation of Romanian Women in Iași. The first woman admitted to the General Council of Instruction, she also served from 1913 as the inspector for all girls' schools throughout the country until her death in 1921. Conta-Kernbach was honored twice by the government of Romania with the Educational Work Reward Medal, first class, for both primary and secondary education. She is regarded as one of the pioneering teachers who helped develop the educational system and pedagogic theory in Romania.

Early life
Ana Conta was born on 5 November 1865 in Târgu Neamț in the Romanian United Principalities to Mărioarei (née Scutariu) and Grigore Conta. She was the next to last sibling in the family of ten children, which included her older brother Vasile Conta, who would become a philosopher and politician. Her family was originally from the commune of Bodeștii-Precistei, where several generations had served in the priesthood of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Her father was hired in 1864 to serve at the Bărboi Monastery in Iaşi, where the family moved soon after her birth. Her mother died when Conta was young, and her brother Vasile became an important influence on her sense of responsibility to address societal issues. He also encouraged her musical ability and she became an accomplished pianist.

In 1878, Conta entered the Humpel Institute. She completed the seven-year curricula within five years and graduated in 1883. Continuing her education, that year, she entered the University of Iași studying both in the normal school and philosophical faculties. Simultaneously with her university studies, she taught history, logic, and psychology at the Humpel Institute, until 1885, when she began teaching at the Liceul "Oltea Doamna" (Oltea Doamna Lyceum), where she remained for almost a decade. Conta obtained her degree, magna cum laude in 1888 and in 1891, married poet Gheorghe Kernbach, who encouraged her to begin writing and publishing both poems and prose. Her debut as a writer occurred in Convorbiri literare (Literary Conversations) in 1891 and other works were soon published in the journals Junimea literară (Literary Jubilee) and Arhiva (Archive). In 1893, Conta-Kernbach went to Paris, without her husband to continue her education. Taking courses in art history, pedagogy, and philosophy, she studied at the University of Paris and the Collège de France.

Career
That year, at the request of the Ministry of Education, Conta-Kernbach produced two reports evaluating vocational education available to girls in France. The following year, she provided an assessment on the same topic for girls from Saint Petersburg. In 1895, she completed her doctorate, again graduating magna cum laude, and returned to Iași, where she began teaching pedagogy and psychology at the Mihail Sturdza Normal School and would remain there for more than 20 years. She also was named by the Ministry of Education as the director of the Şcolii Normale de Aplicaţie (Normal School of Applications) and worked to modernize the professionalism of teachers with pedagogic training at both schools. Her approach to pedagogy was to use both association and experimental psychology put forth by masters like John Amos Comenius, Friedrich Fröbel, John Locke, and others and apply their ideas to education from a Romanian context.

Conta-Kernbach was one of the first Romanian delegates sent by the government to international scientific meetings. She participated in the International Congress of Women's Institutions, held in Paris in 1899, the International Congress of Pedagogy, hosted in Brussels in 1911, as well as other events hosted in Geneva and Nuremberg. They also sent her abroad to research the organization of schools in France and Germany and she became the first woman admitted to the General Council of Instruction. The Council of Instruction is the body which determines requirements for schooling and from 1913 until her death, she served as the inspector for all girls' schools throughout the country. She was awarded the medal Răsplata Muncii pentru Învățământ (Educational Work Reward Medal) first class, for primary education and later the same award for secondary education.

During World War I, Conta-Kernbach became involved in the feminist movement and began publishing articles about wage equity and protecting women's rights to be professionals. She proposed that women be allowed to become citizens in their own right, and supported women's suffrage, co-founding the Asociția pentru emanciparea civilă și politică a femeilor române (Association for the Civil and Political Emancipation of Romanian Women) in Iași in 1918, along with Calypso Botez, Maria Baiulescu, Elena Meissner, Ella Negruzzi, Izabela Sadoveanu, Ortansa Satmary, and Olga Sturdza. The goals of the Association were to work for legal, socio-economic, and political rights of women. That year, universal suffrage for men over the age of 21 was passed by the legislature and women were promised that at a future date their right to vote would be considered. In 1920, Conta-Kernbach petitioned the legislature to grant political rights for women who had demonstrated their public service, participated in the war, or who were wives and mothers of soldiers who fought in the conflict.

Death and legacy
Conta-Kernbach died from heart disease on 13 December 1921 in Iași and was buried in the city's Eternity Cemetery. In 1925, when Adela Xenopol established Revista scriitoarei (Woman  Writer's  Magazine), Conta-Kernbach was one of the featured feminists, whose writings were profiled in the influential journal. She is remembered as one of the pioneers who helped systematize Romanian pedagogy practices and education.

Journalism

 * Munca și plata ei. Reglementarea petrecerilor (Work and Pay Them: Regulating Parties, 1919)
 * În chestiunea feministă (The Feminist Question, 1920)
 * Pentru ridicarea Iașului (''To Raise Iași", 1920)
 * Cu toții la muncă (We All Work, 1921)

Literature

 * Clipe (Moments, 1897)
 * Fulgi (Flakes, 1905)
 * Biografia lui Vasile Conta (Biography of Vasile Conta, 1916)
 * Boabe de mărgean (Beads of Coral, 1922)
 * Pulbere (Powder 1925)

Scientific

 * Școlile profesionale din Franța (Professional Schools in France, 1893)
 * Dezideratele Congresului din  Petersburg  privitoare  la  organizarea  învățămîntului profesional de fete, (Petersburg Congress Goals Concerning the Organization of Girls' Professional Education, 1894)
 * Les programmes actuels et la nouvelle méthode d’enseignement, au point de vue de l’hygiene intellectuelle (The Current Programs and the New Method of Teaching, from the Intellectual Hygiene Point of View, 1904)
 * Școlare (School, 1904)
 * Elemente de metodică (Elements of Methodology, 1905)
 * Elemente de pedagogie (Elements of Pedagogy, 1907)
 * L’éducation manuelle (The Education Manual, 1913)
 * Noțiuni de pedagogie și metodică (Notions of Pedagogy and Methodology, 1914)
 * Despre muzică (About Music, 1920)
 * Elemente de cultură generală: Noțiuni de Pedagogie, Didactică și Metodică (General Culture Elements: Notions of Pedagogy, Didactics and Methodology, 1921)
 * Logică și psihologie: Schița unui manual de școală. Anexă la Elemente de cultură generală: Noțiuni de Pedagogie, Didactică și Metodică (Logic and psychology: Sketch of a school textbook. Annex to General Culture Elements: Notions of Pedagogy, Didactics and Methodology, 1921)

title: Ana Conta-Kernbach


text:
Fundamentals of probability and statistics

Why statistics are used
Statistics provide a way to describe the behavior of a person or thing or a collection of persons or things. For instance, sport statistics are used to describe the sports performance of players of the sport. Knowing that one baseball player is a .300 hitter while another player is batting .210 can help a baseball coach know which player needs additional help to improve their batting average.

Statistics provide a way for a person to make decisions when the person is uncertain about the things or quantities involved in a decision. For instance, statistics are used in the insurance industry to make decisions about the insurability of people or things as well as to determine the rate to charge for the insurance. Statistics are used in determining the length of product warranties and to track how good sports players are. The use of statistics are good for making decisions involving the stock market and which lottery tickets to buy.

History of Statistics
Statistics were, in a way, studied by the Ancient Greeks. However, statistics began in earnest during the 1600s.

History of Probability
If we consider that man has evolved through the ages, that is Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age, then we could have a basis of discussion.

Probability is a way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will occur or has occurred. Probability may actually have a history not defined. Looking at the definition of probability;the likely occurance of an event (define as you find appropriate), it seems to have existed before man walked the earth. The decisions that are made in today's life are all based on the facts of their being likely to occur. Similarly, decisions that were made in stone age, Bronze Age or Iron Age were also based on the facts of occurrence,and the likelihood of their success or failure. In the early ages, there were no generalised educated definitions for probability

This means that every decision, has an element of probability in it. This only implies that from the time man was in the primitive stage to start using tools, probability was playing a vital role. Because there were chances that the tools and methods that were going to be used, could or could not work. Just like dressing up does not necessarily guarantee warmth as a function of clothing, some people dress up for fashion's sake not for either covering up or warmth.

Animals also use probability for their survival. They go hunting expecting to catch prey, or find a meal for themselves. But, there is a possibility that they might or might not catch their prey_ Their success and failure is measured by their instincts to survive or fight of which they do not have a guarantee of success. Taking an example of lions, when they catch prey they have a high success rate that they will have it all; but a school of hyenas due to their large numbers (one hyena will fail) will always scare the lions off their meal.

Mordern day mathematicians, however, have studied many systems and have come up with the formulae that would help one make constructive decisions about certain occurrences. Take an example of lotto tickets, every set of six numbers drawn have a chance of one in more than 12 million chances to win the jackpot; the lotto gurus suggest that one who at least plays 72 sets will reduces the base the more sets played, the higher the chances of winning. The stock exchange decisions and Investment decision are made all basing on the fact that using certain modules there is a higher probability of their success.

For The educated and modern definition and history, please view:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory#History

From Ssemondo

Variables and Measurements
There are two basic concepts for a person studying statistics to know and understand: what is a variable and what is a measurement.

A variable represents something which can change. For instance, if we are wanting to determine the batting average of a baseball player, two variables would be (1) number of hits and (2) number of times at bat. To calculate the batting average for a baseball player you must observe the desired behavior, ability to hit the ball successfully, and take measurements of the behavior. In this case the ability to hit the ball is computed by taking measurements of two variables, the number of times the baseball player is batting and the number of times when the baseball player is able to hit the ball successfully.

Different players will have different measurements or counts for these two variables. Some players will hit more often than other players. Some players may miss games due to illness or injury so have fewer times at bat.

Other examples of variables are:
 * number of meals served in a restaurant
 * price of houses in a neighborhood
 * miles driven per gallon of gas consumed
 * number of students in a classroom
 * type of pie served in a restaurant
 * high and low temperature for the day

Notice that of this list of variable examples, the types of measurements are different. Some such as number of meals served in a restaurant are counts, the meals are counted. Some such as price of houses in a neighborhood are financial figures or amounts, the amount of money someone paid for a particular house. Some, such as type of pie served in a restaurant, are types meaning that they are not really numbers at all but are classifications of objects (apple pie, chocolate pie, banana cream pie).

There are four different kinds of measurements. Each of these different kinds have different uses in statistical procedures. Some types of statistical procedures are used only with certain kinds of measurements.

The four kinds of measurements [w:Level of measurement] are:
 * Nominal measurement. The numbers are actually placeholders for names, can be replaced by names, and usually are.  Nominal measurements can be compared to see if they are equal or unequal, the same or different.  There is no other kind of comparison that can be made with nominal measurements.  This type of measurement can be remembered as "nominal means named".
 * Ordinal measurement. The numbers are like nominal measurements with another added feature, ordinal measurements have rank or order.  Ordinal measurements can be compared to see if they are equal or unequal.  They can also be compared to see if one is less than or greater than the other.  However, two ordinal measurements can not be added to each other or subtracted from each other.  Ordinal measurements do not have standard intervals.  This type of measurement can be remembered as "ordinal means ordered nominal".
 * Interval measurement. The numbers are like ordinal measurement with another added feature, interval measurements are separated by the same interval.  This means that interval measurements are based on a standard scale making arithmetic such as addition and subtraction possible.  Interval measurements can be compared to see if they are equal or unequal.  They can also be compared to see if one is less than or greater than the other.  In a comparison, not only can you say one is greater than the other but that you can say how many units greater.  This type of measurement can be remembered as "interval means ordinals with intervals".
 * Ratio measurement. The numbers are like interval measurements with another added feature, ratio measurements have ratios between the possible measurement values.  This means that ratio measurements are based on a standard scale which has a fixed zero point in which the zero point means zero amount.

To better explain the differences, lets take a look at examples of each of these different levels of measurements. In some of these cases we will also convert one level of measurement to another to help you understand the differences between the levels of measurements.

Examples of nominal measurements are:
 * type of pie served in a restaurant. The pies served in the restaurant have different names such as chocolate pie, banana cream pie, apple pie (remember nominal means named)
 * religious preference of students in a class. Each student has a particular religious preference such as Catholic, Baptist, Muslim, Hindu (remember nominal means named)

Examples of ordinal measurements are:
 * finish position in a horse race. Each horse finishes in a sequence, first place, second place, third place (remember ordinal means ordered nominal)
 * taste comparison of drinks. Flavor of drinks are compared and ranked in order of preference, first choice, second choice, third choice (remember ordinal means ordered nominal)

Examples of Interval measurements are:
 * temperature in degrees Celsius. Because the Celsius temperature scale has an arbitrary zero point, the freezing point of water, you can compare 5 degrees Celsius to 10 degrees Celsius to see which is greater.

Examples of ratio measurements are:
 * gallons of water used in flushing toilets. The scale for gallons of water has a non-arbitrary and specific zero point.
 * number of slices of pizza eaten. The scale for number of slices of pizza eaten has a non-arbitrary and specific zero point.

Central Tendency and Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
There are two basic kinds of statistics. The first kind is descriptive statistics which are used to describe a sample or a population from which the sample is drawn. The second kind is inferential statistics which are used to infer from a sample characteristics of the population from which the sample is drawn.

Central tendency is the tendency or direction of a sample or a population. The central tendency is usually expressed as the mean though there are other statistics used to express central tendency. For instance a student's Grade Point Average (GPA) is a measure of central tendency, in this case the tendency of the student's ability to be a good student. Descriptive statistics are the basic computations which we all know and learn quite early. The descriptive statistics can be divided into two major types, descriptions of the central tendency and descriptions of how much the measurements vary, the variance. Descriptions of central tendency are the arithmetic mean, the mode, and the median. Descriptions of variance are the variance, the standard deviation, and the range.

dependent variables. Typically, the question one attempts to answer using statistics is that there is a relationship between two variables. To demonstrate that there is a relationship the experimenter must show that when one variable changes the second variable changes and that the amount of change is more than would be likely from mere chance alone.

There are two ways to figure the probability of an event. The first is to do a mathematical calculation to determine how often the event can happen. The second is to observe how often the event happens by counting the number of times the event could happen and also counting the number of times the event actually does happen.

The use of a mathematical calculation is when a person can say that the chance of the event rolling a one on a six sided die is one in six. The probability is figured by figuring the number of ways the event can happen and divide that number by the total number of possible outcomes. Another example is in a well shuffled deck of cards, what is the probability of the event of drawing a three. The answer is four in fifty two since there are four cards numbered three and there are a total of fifty two cards in a deck. The chance of the event of drawing a card in the suite of diamonds is thirteen in fifty two (there are thirteen cards of each of the four suites). The chance the event of drawing the three of diamonds is one in fifty two.

Sometimes, the size of the total event space, the number of different possible events, is not known. In that case, you will need to observe the event system and count the number of times the event actually happens versus the number of times it could happen but doesn't.

For instance, a warranty for a coffee maker is a probability statement. The manufacturer calculates that the probability the coffee maker will stop working before the warranty period ends is low. The way such a warranty is calculated involves testing the coffee maker to calculate how long the typical coffee maker continues to function. Then the manufacturer uses this calculation to specify a warranty period for the device. The actual calculation of the coffee maker's life span is made by testing coffee makers and the parts that make up a coffee maker and then using probability to calculate the warranty period.

Experiments, Outcomes and Events
The easiest way to think of probability is in terms of experiments and their potential outcomes. Many examples can be drawn from everyday experience: On the drive home from work, you can encounter a flat tire, or have an uneventful drive; the outcome of an election can include either a win by candidate A, B, or C, or a runoff.

Definition: The entire collection of possible outcomes from an experiment is termed the sample space, indicated as $$\Omega$$ (Omega)

The simplest (albeit uninteresting) example would be an experiment with only one possible outcome, say $$A$$. From elementary set theory, we can express the sample space as follows:

$$\Omega = \{ A \} $$

A more interesting example is the result of rolling a six sided dice. The sample space for this experiment is:

$$\Omega = \{ 1,2,3,4,5,6 \}$$

We may be interested in events in an experiment.

Definition: An event is some subset of outcomes from the sample space

In the dice example, events of interest might include a) the outcome is an even number b) the outcome is less than three

These events can be expressed in terms of the possible outcomes from the experiment: a) : $$ \{2,4,6\} $$ b) : $$ \{ 1,2 \}$$

We can borrow definitions from set theory to express events in terms of outcomes. Here is a refresher of some terminology, and some new terms that will be important later: $$ \cup $$ represents the Union of two events $$ \cap $$ represents the Intersection of two events $$\{\cdots\}^{c}$$ represents the complement of an event. For instance, "the outcome is an even number" is the complement of "the outcome is an odd number" in the dice example. $$ A \backslash B $$ represents difference, that is, $$A$$ but not $$B$$. For example, we may be interested in the event of drawing the queen of spades from a deck of cards. This can be expressed as the event of drawing a queen, but not drawing a queen of hearts, diamonds or clubs. $$\varnothing$$ or $$\{\}$$ represent an impossible event $$\Omega$$ represents a certain event $$A$$ and $$B$$ are called disjoint events if $$A\cap B = \varnothing$$

Probability
Now that we know what events are, we should think a bit about a way to express the likelihood of an event occurring. The classical definition of probability comes from the following. If we can perform our experiment over and over in a way that is repeatable, we can count the number of times that the experiment gives rise to event $$A$$. We also keep track of the number of times that we perform the same experiment. If we repeat the experiment a large enough number of times, we can express the probability of event $$A$$ as follows: $$P(A) = \frac{N_{A}}{N} $$ where $$N_{A}$$ is the number of times event $$A$$ occurred, and $$N$$ is the number of times the experiment was repeated. Therefore, the equation can be read as "the probability of event $$A$$ equals the number of times event $$A$$ occurs divided by the number of times the experiment was repeated (or the number of times event $$A$$ could have occurred)." As $$N$$ approaches infinity, the fraction above approaches the true probability of the event $$A$$. The value of $$P(A)$$ is clearly between 0 and 1. If our event is the certain event $$\Omega$$, then for each time we perform the experiment, the event $$\Omega$$ is observed; $$N_{\Omega} = N$$ and $$P(\Omega)=1$$. If our event is the impossible event $$\varnothing$$, we know $$N_{\varnothing}=0$$ and $$ P(\varnothing) = 0$$.

If $$A$$ and $$B$$ are disjoint events, then whenever event $$A$$ is observed, then it is impossible for event $$B$$ to be observed simultaneously. For example, a number may either be odd or even, so the sets of odd and even numbers from 1 to 20 are disjoint events. Therefore, the number of times events $$A$$ union $$B$$ occurs are equal to the number of times event $$A$$ occurred plus the number of times $$B$$ occurs. This can be expressed as: $$N(A\cup B) = N(A) + N(B)$$ Given our definition of probability, we can arrive at the following: $$P(A\cup B) = P(A) + P(B)$$

At this point it's worth remembering that not all events are disjoint events. For events that are not disjoint, we end up with the following probability definition. $$ P(A\cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A\cap B)$$ How can we see this from example? Well, let's consider drawing from a deck of cards. I'll define two events: "drawing a Queen", and "drawing a Spade". It is immediately clear that these are not disjoint events, because you can draw a queen that is also a spade. There are four queens in the deck, so if we perform the experiment of drawing a card, putting it back in the deck and shuffling (what statisticians refer to as sampling with replacement, we will end up with a probability of $$\frac{1}{13}$$ for a queen draw. By the same argument, we obtain a probability for drawing a spade as $$\frac{1}{4}$$.  The expression $$P(A\cup B)$$ here can be translated as "the chance of drawing a queen or a spade".  If we incorrectly assume that for this case $$P(A\cup B) = P(A) + P(B)$$, we can simply add our probabilities together for "the chance of drawing a queen or a spade" as $$\frac{1}{13}+\frac{1}{4}$$.  If we were to gather some data experimentally, we would find that our results would differ from the prediction—the probability observed would be slightly less than $$\frac{1}{13}+\frac{1}{4}$$.  Why?  Because we're counting the queen of spades twice in our expression, once as a spade, and again as a queen. We need to count it only once, as it can only be drawn with probability of $$\frac{1}{52}$$. If we counted it twice with $$\frac{1}{13}+\frac{1}{4}$$, we will have to subtract it once: $$\frac{1}{13}+\frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{52} $$. This reduces to $$\frac{4}{13}$$. Still confused?

Proof: If $$A$$ and $$B$$ are not disjoint, we have to avoid the double counting problem by exactly specifying their union. $$A \cup B = A \cup (B \backslash A) $$ so $$P(A \cup B) = P(A \cup (B \backslash A)) $$ $$A$$ and $$B \backslash A$$ are disjoint sets. We can then use the definition of disjoint events from above to express our desired result: $$P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B \backslash A)$$ We also know that $$P(B \backslash A) = P(B) - P(B\cap A)$$ so $$ P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(B\cap A)$$ Whew! Our first proof. I hope that wasn't too dry.

Conditional Probability
Many events are conditional on the occurrence of other events. Sometimes this coupling is weak. One event may become more or less probable depending on our knowledge that another event has occurred. For instance, the probability that your friends and relatives will call asking for money is likely to be higher if you win the lottery. In my case, I don't think this probability would change.
 * See also Probability/Conditional Probability

To obtain a formal definition of conditional probability, we begin with a working definition of probability: $$P(A) = \frac{N_{A}}{N}$$ Consider an additional event $$B$$, and a situation where we are only interested in the probability of the occurrence of $$A$$ when $$B$$ occurs. A way at this probability is to perform a set of experiments (trials) and only record our results (that is: occurrence of $$A$$) when the event $$B$$ occurs. In other words $$ \frac{N_{A\cap B}}{N_{B}} $$ We can divide through on top and bottom by $$N$$ the total number of trials to get $$P(A\cap B)/P(B)$$. We define this as 'conditional probability': $$P(A|B) = \frac{P(A\cap B)}{P(B)}$$ which when spoken, takes the sound "probability of $$A$$ given $$B$$."

Bayes' Law
An important theorem in statistics is Bayes' Law, which states that $$ P(B|A) = \frac{P(A|B)P(B)}{P(A)}$$, It is easy to prove. We start with identical expressions for $$P(A\cap B)$$. We know that: $$ P(A\cap B) = P(B\cap A) $$, $$ P(A\cap B) = \frac{P(A|B)}{P(A)}$$, and $$ P(B\cap A) = \frac{P(B|A)}{P(B)}$$. Since $$ P(A\cap B) = P(B\cap A) $$, $$\frac{P(A|B)}{P(A)} = \frac{P(B|A)}{P(B)}$$. A Simple rearrangement of above line gives us Bayes' Law.

Independence
Two events $$A$$ and $$B$$ are called independent if the occurrence of one has absolutely no effect on the probability of the occurrence of the other. Mathematically, this is expressed as: $$P(A\cap B) = P(A)P(B)$$.

Random Variables
It's usually possible to represent the outcome of experiments in terms of integers or real numbers. For instance, in the case of conducting a poll, it becomes a little cumbersome to present the outcomes of each individual respondent. Let's say we poll ten people for their voting preferences (Republican - R, or Democrat - D) in two different electorial districts. Our results might look like this: $$\{RRRDRRDRRR\}$$ and $$\{DDDDDRDDDD\}$$ But we're probably only interested in the overall breakdown in voting preference for each district. If we assign an integer value to each outcome, say 0 for Democrat and 1 for Republican, we can obtain a concise summary of voting preference by district simply by adding the results together.

Discrete and Continuous Random Variables
There are two important subclasses of random variables: discrete random variable (DRV) and continuous random variable (CRV). Discrete random variables take only countably many values. It means that we can list the set of all possible values that a discrete random variable can take, or in other words, the number of possible values in the set that the variable can take is finite. If the possible values that a DRV X can take are a0,a1,a2,...an, the probability that X takes each is p0=P(X=a0), p1=P(X=a1), p2=P(X=a2),...pn=P(X=an). All these probabilities are greater than or equal zero.

For continuous random variables, we cannot list all possible values that a continuous variable can take because the number of values it can take is extremely large. It means that there is no use to calculate the probability of each value separately because the probability that the variable takes a particular value is extremely small and can be considered zero P(X=x)=0).

Expected Value
Expected value is a generalization of the concept of "average" to included "weighted averages". It is often denoted as E(X), but the overline and bracket notation is also used.

Example : Consider the following calculation of the average value of X if Xi take on these three values {1, 3, 3, 5}. Using the overline to denote "average" (or "mean" or "expectation value"), we have:

 * $$E(X) = \langle X \rangle = \overline X = \frac {\sum_{i=1}^N X_i}{N} =\frac{1+3+3+5}{4}$$

We can also group these by the number of times each number appears, using $$w_i$$ to denote the "weight", or number of times each value of Xi is repeated.

 * $$\overline X = \frac {\sum_{i=1}^N w_i\cdot X_i}{N} =\frac{1\cdot 1+2\cdot 3+ 1\cdot 5}{N} =\frac{12}{4}=3$$

Factor the N inside the sum:

 * $$\overline X = \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{w_i}{N}\cdot X_i =\frac 1 4 \cdot 1+\frac 2 4\cdot 3+ \frac 1 4\cdot 5$$

Suppose you randomly selected one of the values in the set, {1, 3, 3, 5}. The probability of selecting a 3 is 50% because 2 out of four of the elements equal 3. Letting P denote probability, we have P(3) = 2/4 = 50%, and P(1) = P(5) = 1/4. Defining the probability,

 * $$\overline X = \sum_{i=1}^N P_i \cdot X_i$$  where   $$P_i = \frac{w_i}{N}$$

With video lectures

 * 1) Probability and Random Processes, Mrityunjoy Chakraborty, IIT Kharagpur, 2004.
 * 2) Probability Primer, mathematicalmonk, YouTube
 * 3) Probabilistic Systems Analysis and Applied Probability, John Tsitsiklis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Fall 2010

Without videos lectures

 * 1) Fundamentals of Probability, David Gamarnik and John Tsitsiklis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Fall 2008.
 * 2) Applied Probability and Stochastic Modeling, Edward Ionides, University of Michigan, Fall 2013
 * 3) Probability and Statistics I, Motoya Machida, Tennessee Tech University, Fall 2010
 * 4) Probability and Statistics II, Motoya Machida, Tennessee Tech University, Spring 2011
 * 5) Probability and Random Processes, Tara Javidi, University of California, San Diego, 2012.
 * 6) Introduction to Statistical Methods, Joseph C. Watkins, University of Arizona, Spring 2013
 * 7) Probability Theory, Jenny Baglivo, Boston College, Fall 2013.
 * 8) Mathematical Statistics, Jenny Baglivo, Boston College, Fall 2013.
 * 9) Modern Statistics, Jenny Baglivo, Boston College, Spring 2014
 * 10) Probability, Colin Rundel, Duke University, Spring 2012.
 * 11) Applied Probability, Matthias Winkel, Oxford University, 2012.
 * 12) Probability, Frank King, University of Cambridge, 2007–08.
 * 13) Nonparametric Methods, Tom Fletcher, Utah University, Spring 2009.
 * 14) Communication Theory, B. Srikrishna, IIT Madras, Jul-Nov 2007.

Formula sheets

 * 1) Probability Formula Sheet by Colin Rundel
 * 2) Theoretical Computer Science Cheat Sheet
 * 3) Probabilistic Systems Analysis Cheat Sheet by Gowtham Kumar
 * 4) Probability and Statistics Cookbook by Matthias Vallentin, 2012
 * 5) Review of Measure Theory by Joel Feldman, 2008
 * 6) A Probability Refresher by Vittorio Castelli.
 * 7) Cheat Sheet for Probability Theory by Ingmar Land, 2005
 * 8) Combinatorics Cheat Sheet by Lenny Pitt

Other resources

 * 1) Probability and Statistics, Wolfram MathWorld
 * 2) e-Statistics, Dept of Maths, Tennessee Tech University.
 * 3) Online Statistics Education by Rice University (Lead Developer), University of Houston Clear Lake, and Tufts University
 * 4) Category:Probability theory paradoxes, Wikipedia
 * 5) Category:Probability Theory, ProofWiki.
 * 6) Notes on Financial Engineering, K. Sigman, Columbia University.
 * 7) Probability by Surprise by Susan Holmes
 * 8) GameTheory.net
 * 9) Java Applets provided by James W. Hardin
 * 10) Java applets for power and sample size by Russ Lenth
 * 11) Web Interface for Statistics Education at Claremont Graduate University


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Claudette Cain

The result was delete.  MBisanz  talk 03:24, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

Claudette Cain

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Fails WP:POLITICIAN, along with her fellow mayors of Gloucester, Ontario, who are also up for deletion. Local coverage only. Clarityfiend (talk) 08:08, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Politicians-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 09:02, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Ontario-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 09:02, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete Not that notable. I agree with the nomination. It clearly fails WP:POLITICIAN. I mean Gloucester today, is a suburb of Ottawa. Not even its own city anymore and even if it was, it would not be a major one (10th largest, if you compare it to the other cities in the province). All the sources are from local news agencies and the individual, Claudette Cain, has not received significant news coverage because a quick Google search has revealed nothing of key importance. Lefcentreright  Talk   09:40, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep Google news is NOT a reliable metric for news coverage of events before 2010. For example, Caludette Cain is mentioned in a Globe and Mail article from 1997:"Mayors reassured taxes won't rise: But Ontario won't revive subsidies" on page 1 (photo on page A6) on 12 Aug 1997. Some Wikipedia editors appear to be under the mistaken impression that if it isn't available to them online, then it doesn't exist. Coverage of subject went beyond the Gloucester region even based on the existing references. --Big_iron (talk) 19:40, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * A mere mention in a newspaper article doesn't count as significant coverage, online or not. Clarityfiend (talk) 19:46, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * As stated, this was in support of my first point, that Google News is woefully inadequate as a measure of news coverage other than for recent events. My second point was that the Ottawa Citizen which is already cited hardly qualifies as a local paper, being the primary English-language printed news source for eastern Ontario including the Ottawa valley as well as for western Quebec. --Big_iron (talk) 23:28, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The question of whether a newspaper is "local" or not, for the purposes of demonstrating the notability of a person who has to pass notability criteria that depend on having more than just routine local coverage, is not a question of the newspaper's distribution range — it is a question of the context of what the person is getting covered for. Even The New York Times is not "nationalizing" coverage for the purposes of making a municipal councillor in Yonkers or New Rochelle more nationally special than other smalltown municipal councillors — those towns are inside the NYT's local coverage area, so even the NYT is still just local coverage in that context. Bearcat (talk) 14:15, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Also GNG specifically states Notability is based on the existence of suitable sources, not on the state of sourcing in an article so this nomination is seriously flawed. --Big_iron (talk) 11:10, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I disagree. I mean Gloucester today is a SUBURB of Ottawa. If it still was a "city", it would not be the largest. It would have been the tenth largest. Just being a mayor of a city (not even the largest, if it still existed. It doesn't even exist anymore, so that is enough reason for the article not existing) is not enough reason for a Wikipedia article to be created. WP:POLITICIAN reads: "Just being an elected local official...does not guarantee notability." WP:POLITICIAN also reads: "Major local political figures who have received significant press coverage." A mere mention in a newspaper could not possibly be considered significant press coverage. Lefcentreright  Talk   11:19, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * To be fair, a city's ordinal ranking in a list of cities-by-size is not part of Wikipedia's notability criteria for mayors at all. Neither affirmatively ("largest city in X" is not a notability freebie that exempts a mayor from having to be substantive and well-sourced enough to clear NPOL) nor negatively (ranking tenth is not a demerit if the article is substantive and well-sourced enough to clear NPOL.) It's simply not relevant whether a town or city ranks first, tenth, fiftieth or five millionth on any given list. Bearcat (talk) 14:20, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * NEXIST only applies to the extent that suitable, notability-improving sources are demonstrated to exist, and does not magically shut down an AFD discussion if all you do is speculate about the possibility that suitable sources might exist. Bearcat (talk) 14:15, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Again please read the standard: "before proposing or nominating an article for deletion, or offering an opinion based on notability in a deletion discussion, editors are strongly encouraged to attempt to find sources for the subject in question and consider the possibility of existent sources if none can be found by a search". Also, on a separate point, news items on the contest for mayor of Ottawa were classified as news of "national" interest by the CBC. Also, the point that Gloucester is now a suburb of the city of Ottawa is not relevant since that does not relate to the post of mayor at the time that this person held the post. --Big_iron (talk) 17:14, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Political notability is judged exclusively in terms of offices that the person held, and has absolutely nothing to do with any office they ran for but lost. So the fact that the Ottawa election got more nationalized coverage than Gloucester's mayoral elections ever did does not contribute any new notability points, because she didn't win the Ottawa mayoral election. Bearcat (talk) 22:44, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep. Gloucester is large enough that its mayor would have enough reliable sources to have a Wikipedia page. Of course there's not going to be that much on the web, she was mayor in the 1990s.-- Earl Andrew - talk 05:26, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Articles are not exempted from having to be substantial and well-sourced just because their notability claim predates the Google News era. We are allowed to cite print-only coverage, such as newspapers and books, but we judge notability based on the depth and quality of the sources that are shown to exist — merely speculating about the possibility that better sources might exist does not change the equation if you don't put in the effort to find and show them. Yes, poorly sourced articles can be kept if better sources can be shown — but we still only consider sources that people show, and not sources that people merely speculate about. Bearcat (talk) 14:15, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete Glouchester is not a city that gives the mayor default notability. So unless actual sources are produced we delete the article.John Pack Lambert (talk) 07:04, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete unless article sees significant improvement. The old idea that a city's population size confers an automatic "inherent" notability freebie on a mayor regardless of the article's quality and depth was deprecated nearly a decade ago, as was the idea that mayors are automatically notable just because the local media routinely reports the election results. The notability of a mayor, rather, is demonstrated by writing a substantial article about their political significance — such as actually addressing specific important projects that they championed, specific issues that they were involved in, and on and so forth. For an example of a good article about a mayor of a place much smaller than Gloucester, ponder Marie Curtis — Long Branch was far too small to confer inherent notability on its mayors just because they existed, but an editor was able to find enough sources to support a genuinely substantial and detailed article that makes a strongly credible claim that she's much more special than the norm for smalltown mayors. And for an example of a city about the same size as Gloucester where the mayor's article is still clearly superior to this, consider Nancy Diamond, where the sources were carefully selected to ensure that the article's content addressed specific things she did as mayor (which not nearly enough articles about mayors do) rather than simply to verify and reverify that she got elected and then re-elected and then re-elected again (which is what far too many articles about mayors actually do). And conversely, places much larger than Gloucester have had their mayors deleted if the article just stated that the person existed as a mayor, and couldn't be improved with substantive content about their political importance. The notability test for mayors is not simply the ability to write and source that they existed, it is the ability to write and source that their mayoralty was important in a substantive and informative way — but this article, as written and sourced, is doing the former, not the latter. No prejudice against recreation in the future if somebody can find enough sources to support enough substance to move it from the former to the latter, and I'm certainly willing to reconsider this if somebody can get her over the real notability bar for mayors before this discussion closes — but local reportage of local election results doesn't do that, glancing mentions of her name in coverage of other people or things besides her don't do that, and on and so forth: we need sources that analyze and contextualize the importance of her mayoralty, not just sources which verify that she existed. Bearcat (talk) 14:36, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I know you do have an imaginary population limit (or perhaps an arbitrary limit of a city's "importance"), because you have created near-stub mayor articles before for medium sized cities (larger than Gloucester, granted, but not cities of 1 million people either). Anyway, I'm fairly certain a well written article can be created on Claudette Cain, if User:Big_iron is willing to do the research in time. -- Earl Andrew - talk 13:54, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Sure, I used to, just as we all did, back when a population test was the consensus. As soon as it got deprecated, I stopped, and only very rarely create articles about mayors at all anymore — I now only do it when I'm motivated to put in the kind of work that the current notability standard for mayors now demands, and there are only a very small handful of cities that I have anything approaching enough knowledge about to bother trying. I've even happily nominated some of my own past work on mayors for deletion if I couldn't get them from the old "population = automatically in" standard to the current "sourcing and substance has to be on point" standard. Under the current consensus for the notability of mayors, when I start an article about a mayor it looks like Doug Craig (politician): significant content about his mayoralty to make the article substantive and informative, and referenced to sources that support a lot more than just "he was elected and then re-elected and then re-elected again". Bearcat (talk) 15:48, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Women-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 01:42, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete. Fails WP:SIGCOV and WP:GNG.4meter4 (talk) 02:50, 29 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Swoboda

Swoboda may refer to:

 * Swoboda (surname)

Places

 * Swoboda, Chodzież County, in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Swoboda, Gostynin County, in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Swoboda, Kalisz County, in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Swoboda, Lublin Voivodeship, in east Poland
 * Swoboda, Mińsk County, in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Swoboda, Wieruszów County, in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Swoboda, Zgierz County, in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)

title: Swoboda


text:
User:Bakasuprman/Garage

A list of tools for easy access. Home Page

Stub Sorting - List of stubs - WP:TDEL - WP:TD - WP:BOX - WP:UTM - Essjay tools - WP:INB - WP:DSI - WP:INBIN - PageHist stat - Category:India_stubs - WP:TEMPLAR

title: User:Bakasuprman/Garage


text:
Nana Asamani

Nana Asamani (or "Asameni") was the first black Governor of Christiansborg Castle, located in Osu, Accra, Ghana, on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea.

Asamani was known as the Akwamuhene who tricked the Danes and seized Christiansborg Castle in 1693. Asamani sold the castle back to the Danes in 1694 for 50 marks of gold, but kept the keys to the castle after the sale.

Personal life
He was known as a businessman who traded with the Danes and the Ga-Adangbe people in Accra. He served as a broker between the Danes, the Ga-Adangbe, and the Akwamu traders.

Seizure of Christiansborg Castle
Asamani planned to seize the castle in 1693. Disguising himself as a cook and interpreter, he studied the traders and merchants who visited the castle, and the arrival and departure of ships. In June 1693, Asamani told the Danes that he and a group of Akwamu traders were visiting to buy ammunition. Asamani and the traders entered the castle under the guise of testing the ammunition before finalizing the purchase, and hid ammunition, powder and shots under their clothes. Asamani attacked the Danes and captured the castle; several Dutch officials were taken as captives.

Asamani replaced the Danish flag with the Akwamu flag. Asamani appointed himself Governor of the castle, where he remained for a full year, and traded with English and Dutch merchants.

The Akwamu kept the 26 silver keys won by Asamani.

Real world Implication
Needs updating

title: Nana Asamani


text:
Gregoria Ortega

Gregoria Ortega is a Mexican American activist and religious sister. She is best known for her support of students in an Abilene school walkout and her co-creation of the religious organization for Hispanic sisters and lay women in the Catholic Church, Las Hermanas. She continues work as an activist today.

Biography
Ortega was raised in El Paso, Texas and attended Bowie High School. When she was very young, her father impressed on her that being a sister was an important job, saying, "They are women who dedicate their entire lives to the Church and to God." She became a sister at 18 when she joined the Our Lady of Victory Missionary Sisters, also known as Victorynoll. She was newly professed in 1962. After taking vows, she served in San Angelo and Eagle Pass, Texas. On August 5, 1967, she took perpetual vows and then was assigned to Tulare, California. Ortega also spent time studying Spanish in Guanajuato City.

In 1969, she arrived in Abilene. She started teaching religious education in the highly segregated schools in the diocese of San Angelo. Ortega opposed the "severe physical abuse of Chicano/a students by their teachers. She encouraged her students to learn about peaceful civil rights protests which led to a nine-day walkout which Ortega supported. Around 300 students participated in the walkout.

Ortega also helped support the students throughout the lawsuit which the students and their families brought against the Abilene School Board. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) was involved with the lawsuit which was filed in December of 1969. MALDEF counsel supported the students' rights to free speech and assembly.

Without support from her superiors, alone, "she faced down police officers, judges, school principals and school boards." Ortega's life was threatened for her involvement. Because of her involvement, she was expelled from the diocese.

In 1970, she helped form a Chicano group to deal with issues facing Mexican Americans in the public schools in Rotan.

Ortega met Gloria Gallardo through a friend, Father Edmundo Rodriguez, and the two of them worked together to form Las Hermanas in 1971. When Gallardo showed interest in creating a group for Spanish-speaking sisters and invited Ortega to live with her, Ortega obtained travel funds from Victoryknoll's mother superior and bought a one-way ticket to Houston. Gallardo and Ortega formed Las Hermanas by finding and inviting Mexican-American women to meet in Houston in April 1971. The group eventually grew to have around 900 sisters who were members, and met annually.

In 1973, Ortega and other members of Las Hermanas protested for farmworker's rights in Fresno. Later, Ortega and Sister Carmelita Espinoza were involved in the creation of El Centro Guadalupano, which served Mexican parishioners and was created between 1985 and 1986 in Spokane.

title: Gregoria Ortega


text:
USA-42

USA-42, also known as GPS II-3 and GPS SVN-16, was an American navigation satellite which formed part of the Global Positioning System. It was the third of nine Block II GPS satellites to be launched, which were the first operational GPS satellites to be placed into orbit.

Background
It was part of the 21-satellite Global Positioning System (GPS) Block II series that provides precise position data (accurate to within 16 m) to military and civilian users worldwide. Its signals could be received on devices as small as a telephone. The GPS II satellites, built by Rockwell International for the Air Force Space Systems Division, each have a 7.5-year design life. The Air Force intends to launch a GPS II every 2 to 3 months until the constellation of 21 operational satellite and 3 spares is aloft. The GPS Block II join 7 operational Block 1 satellites.

Launch
USA-42 was launched at 05:57:59 UTC on 18 August 1989, atop a Delta II launch vehicle, flight number D186, flying in the 6925 configuration. The launch took place from Launch Complex 17A (LC-17A) at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), and placed USA-42 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37XFP apogee motor.

Mission
On 19 September 1989, USA-42 was in an orbit with a perigee of 20113 km, an apogee of 20246 km, a period of 717.86 minutes, and 54.9° of inclination to the equator. The satellite had a mass of 840 kg, and generated 710 watts of power. It had a design life of 7.5 years, and ceased operations on 13 October 2000.

title: USA-42


text:
History of Quebec and Canada/Study Guide/Topic 1: Reasons for Exploration

What were the major reasons why Europeans explorers went on great voyages of exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries? A major reason behind these explorations was that the Ottoman Turks had blocked the overland trade routes to Asia through their capture of Constantinople in 1453. Consequently, not only did it become more dangerous to travel, but luxury items such as silk, spices, gold and silver became extremely expensive. A new route by sea had to be found to India and China and this resulted in European explorers searching for the Northwest Passage (see map).

Other reasons included:

Political reasons

'Kings wanted more power.' By creating colonies overseas they hoped they would become richer and more powerful. Colonies could also provide them with gold and silver.

Commercial reasons

Merchants hoped to get rich in return for paying to equip the voyage. If the ship returned with spices, silk, and gold, the merchants could sell them for high prices.

Technological reasons

There were now better ships (caravels), improved maps and new navigational instruments such as the astrolabe and the magnetic compass.

Religious reasons

Church leaders wanted to send missionaries to newly-discovered lands. They wanted to convert the people of other lands to the Christian faith.

Do the following questions on Topic 1: Reasons for Exploration

1. FOR WHICH TWO OF THE FOLLOWING REASONS DID EUROPEAN KINGS,MERCHANTS AND BANKERS SUPPORT THE GREAT EXPLORATIONS?

1. The need to find waters rich in all types of fish. 2. The need to find lands rich in all types of fur. 3. The need to find a new, easier and more direct route to the Orient. 4. The growing demand for gold and silver needed for trade.

5. The desire of the Amerindians to convert to Catholicism.

2. WHICH TWO CHARACTERISTICS BELOW DESCRIBE THE COUNTRIES THAT PARTICIPATED IN THE GREAT VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION?

1. They all had large ports on the Mediterranean Sea. 2. They were the poorest countries in Europe. 3. They had mastered navigational techniques and used compasses, caravels and astrolabes. 4. They were searching for new markets for their products. 5. Their kings had to find new routes to Asia after the Turks conquered Constantinople.

3.WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING FACTORS MOTIVATED THE EUROPEAN MONARCHS TO FINANCE EXPEDITIONS WESTWARDS?

1. the invention of new navigational instruments 2. the scarcity of gold and precious metals

3. the desire to claim new territories 4. the conversion of the natives 5. the creation of a naval war fleet

ANSWER: A B C D Go On To Topic 2: Cartier's VoyagesHistory_of_Quebec_and_Canada/Study_Guide/Module_1:_The_French_Empire_in_North_America


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/Preface

Book
The goal of this book is to provide a comprehensive coverage of eXtensible Markup Language (XML) in a textbook format. This book is written and edited by students for students. Each student who uses the book should improve its quality by correcting errors, adding exercises, adding examples, starting new chapters and so forth.

Chapters 2 through 6 take the perspective that an XML schema is a representation of a data model, and thus these chapters deal with mapping the complete range of relationships that occur between entities. As you learn how to convert each type of relationship into a schema, other aspects of XML are introduced. For example, stylesheets are initially introduced in Chapter 2 and progressively more stylesheet features are added in Chapters 3 through 6.

Consolidation chapters (e.g., Chapter 7 "Data schemas") bring together the material covered across previous chapters; in this case, Chapters 2 through 6. This means students see key skills twice: once in the context of gradually developing their broad understanding of XML and then again in the specific context of one dimension of XML.

Application chapters cover particular uses of XML (e.g., SVG for scalable vector graphics) to give the reader examples of the use of XML to solve particular types of problems. This part of the book is expected to grow as the use of XML extends.

Project
Professors typically throw away their students’ projects at the end of the term. This is a massive waste of intellectual resources that can be harnessed for the betterment of many by creating an appropriate infrastructure. In our case, we use wiki technology as the infrastructure to create a free open content textbook.

University students are an immense untapped global resource. They can be engaged in creating open textbooks if the right infrastructure is in place to sustain renewable student projects. This book is an example of how waste can be avoided.

History

 * Graduate students at the University of Georgia started writing this book in January 2004. They were students in an Advanced Data Management class, and most were studying for a Masters in Internet Technology.
 * Students at two German Universities, the University of Passau and the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, added material to the first few chapters in May, 2004.
 * A Chinese translation was started in mid 2004 by Dr. Xu Zhengchuan of Fudan University in Shanghai.
 * An Italian translation was started in late 2004 by Jubjub68.
 * Students in Data Management classes at the University of Georgia use the book each semester and continue to improve it.
 * In the first semester of 2006, the Advanced Data Management class at the University of Georgia undertook a complete review of the book to improve quality and consistency.
 * 2006-Aug-31: "Global Text Project aims to create free, Wiki-based textbooks for developing nations": press release links directly to http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/XML.
 * http://globaltext.org/ links directly to http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/XML.

Software
To complete the exercises in the book and view the slides, you will need access to the following software (or a suitable alternative):
 * Java for NetBeans
 * NetBeans for XML editing, validation, and transformation
 * MySQL
 * OpenOffice
 * Firefox

title: XML - Managing Data Exchange/Preface


text:
Talk:Preston station (Houston)

added point of interests
added several hotels and a few attractions nearby. Needs to be expanded a bit more. Needs overhead map. Perhaps a box giving specific businesses/hotels and a general overview in the main body? --Hourick 15:26, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

I added the list of connecting bus routes. I hope to redo the infobox to be more like University of Houston-Downtown -- 257Townsen (talk) 03:16, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Preston station (Houston)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Netstep

The result was delete. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 18:59, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

Netstep

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non-notable software program, fails WP:GNG, could not find sources for most of the sources are about other non-notable companies with similar names. -  C HAMPION  (talk) (contributions) (logs) 23:49, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Computing-related deletion discussions. -  C HAMPION  (talk) (contributions) (logs) 23:50, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Software-related deletion discussions. -  C HAMPION  (talk) (contributions) (logs) 23:51, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Latin America-related deletion discussions. -  C HAMPION  (talk) (contributions) (logs) 23:51, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  Bobherry Userspace  Talk to me!   Stuff I have done  20:44, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete -- published in 2010, not notable (by reference) then. The product was discontinued the same year. No lasting power, not notable. Rhadow (talk) 22:28, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete: A WP:SPA article on a subsequently abandoned Firefox fork. I am seeing nothing to indicate that it attained encyclopaedic notability, by WP:NSOFT or WP:GNG. AllyD (talk) 17:11, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Netstep


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shepeshot

The result of the debate was DELETE. J I P | Talk 16:16, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Shepeshot
Delete Non-notable game invented in 2000, apparently. Google returns 0 hits. Article has previously been nominated for speedy delete and prod, both times the original editor removed the tags. If evidence of notability can be provided I'll withdraw the AfD nomination, but so far none has. Gwernol 23:34, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete, article does not assert notability of the game or provide sources. — Kimchi.sg | Talk 00:01, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete: If google returns 0 results, it can't be very noteworthy. --Wizardman 00:03, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete, no hits, no dice. Moreover, after reading the description, it's not at all clear to me that this game even makes sense. --Deville (Talk) 00:07, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. ¡Dustimagic!  ( T / C ) 05:16, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:58, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Tankeray 20:17, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep What type of notability should I provide? It is a small following and if you were to actually play the game, it would make sense. It has been played as a CRUD alternative especially for people who do not wish to engage in drunk shoving. It has a loyal following among the people that play it. It obviously lacks the attention of games like CRUD or baseball, but that doesn't make it any less of a game in my opinion. If a google search is the only measure you're judging this on, then why not just google evevrything you want to know about instead of wikipedianing? If you want me to get other people who have played the game to edit the article or something to prove that I didn't waste hours of my time writing some nonsense, I can do that. I feel like just because something isn't well known or still a new version of an older game, that doesn't mean it is useless. Bounce Two is a basketball game that a lot of people play that google doesn't list, yet you all have probably heard of it and played it. I spent time on this game and this article and I'd hate to see it deleted just because it's so new.

 * If it would help to keep it, would I be able to list it under the CRUD page as a different version of the game?Tankeray 20:44, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

This is a legit article about a legit game. I spent many of my boyhood hours engaging in this good, wholesome activity. Fun for everyone! Maybe instead of complaining and trying to get it deleted, you all should try playing it and stop being negative nancies.

This is a great game. You should at least try playing before you discount it. A fantastic way to have fun indoors with a larger group of people than a normal game of pool can handle. Keep 03:09, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep It's been played by students at Dartmouth College for a few years now. Not sure how it got from NY to NH, but it did.  It's important to have standardized rules for a game that's spreading, and to know a bit about its origins.

 * Keep This game was extremely fun, and still is, and I have taught it to a few people at the University of Richmond. It was competed in very intensely in Hamilton, all throughout higfh school, and resulted in, among other things, broken windows and ripped pants. This article really made me want to play it again.


text:
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, 2006–2010

This is a list of members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, elected at the 2006 state election.

 * Labor MHA for Franklin and outgoing Premier of Tasmania, Paul Lennon, resigned on 27 May 2008. Ross Butler was elected as his replacement on 10 June 2008.
 * Tasmanian Greens MHA for Denison and party leader, Peg Putt, resigned on 7 July 2008. Cassy O'Connor was elected as her replacement on 21 July 2008. Putt was replaced as leader by Nick McKim.
 * Labor MHA for Franklin, Paula Wriedt, resigned on 18 January 2009. Daniel Hulme was elected as her replacement on 2 February 2009.


text:
Craig Cwm Silyn

Craig Cwm Silyn is a mountain in Snowdonia, North Wales which forms the highest point on the celebrated Nantlle Ridge.

The steep northern face is popular with climbers. To the west the Nantlle Ridge continues over Garnedd Goch and ends at Mynydd Graig Goch. To the east the ridge dips down to 515m before rising up to Mynydd Tal-y-mignedd, Trum y Ddysgl, Mynydd Drws-y-coed and ending at Y Garn in Nantlle. The views are extensive, offering a 360-degree panorama.

title: Craig Cwm Silyn


text:
J Awards of 2016

The J Award of 2016 is the twelfth annual J Awards, established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. The announcement comes at the culmination of Ausmusic Month (November). For the third year, four awards were presented; Australian Album of the Year, Double J Artist of the Year, Australian Music Video of the Year and Unearthed Artist of the Year.

The eligible period took place between November 2015 and October 2016. The winners were announced live on air on Triple J on Tuesday 17 November 2016.

title: J Awards of 2016


text:
User:Walter

 * Timezone: UTC +1

Hi,

I am user Walter (Walter Vermeir) form Belgium. My home Wiki is the dutch Wikipedia or "Wikipedia NL" like we call it.

I am not active on this wiki

For more info see my userpage on Wikimedia Meta; wikimedia:meta:user:Walter

Contact

 * My talk page on Meta; wikimedia:meta:user:User_talk:Walter

title: User:Walter


text:
Category talk:Coaticook Regional County Municipality

Contested deletion
This category should not be speedy deleted as being unpopulated, because... (your reason here) --Gaétan Veillette 10:27, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Keep - The "Coaticook Regional County Municipality" (or "Municipalité régionale de comté" (MRC) in French) is including 12 municipalities of Estrie administrative region in Quebec. This category should be kept as well as other RCM (MRC) in Quebec. The RCM is an important municipal structure for the regional services in complement of municipal administration. Gaétan Veillette 10:27, 16 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
mess around

Verb

 * 1)  To fiddle idly.
 * The kids sat there messing around with leaves and blades of grass because they were bored.
 * These guys don't mess around! They finished the whole job in ten minutes.
 * 1)  To joke, kid, or play.
 * Hey, don't take it personally. I was only messing around.
 * Don't mess around with electricity if you don't understand it.
 * 1)  To have a sexual relationship, especially one which is non-commital.
 * Rumor has it that he's messing around with his secretary.
 * Rumor has it that he's messing around with his secretary.

Synonyms

 * about, ,
 * about, ,

Translations

 * Esperanto:
 * French:
 * German: herumspielen
 * Maori: mahi āniwa
 * Polish:
 * Spanish:

title: mess around


text:
Clarence Lorenzo Simpson

Clarence Lorenzo Simpson Sr. (1896–1969) was a Liberian politician who served as the 22nd vice president and the speaker of the House of Representatives. He served also as Secretary of State during much of World War II (1934–1943) under President Edwin Barclay, and later as Liberia's ambassador to the United States.

Early life
Clarence Lorenzo Simpson was born in Liberia to Alpha D. Simpson, an Americo-Liberian and Kamah Gray, a Vai woman who was the grand-daughter of the Great Vai King Long Peter from Grand Cape Mount, Liberia. Alpha D. Simpson was a son of John Simpson, who was born in slavery in Florida, and Julia Ann Simpson, née Russell, a daughter of Liberian President Alfred Francis Russell.

Political career
Before becoming Secretary of State, Simpson had served as Post Master General and Speaker of the Liberian House of Representatives from 1931 to 1934. After leaving the Department of State in 1943, Simpson was one of the six candidates in that year's election. He lost to William Tubman. He served as the Vice President of Liberia from 1944 to 1952 under Tubman.

Simpson was the Liberian delegate to the League of Nations in 1934 and headed the Liberian delegation to the United Nations in 1945.

Simpson also held the following positions: Ambassador to the Court of St. James, London, England; Ambassador to the United States, Washington, D.C.; Grand Master of Masons, Republic of Liberia, and Head of the National True Whig Party of Liberia, a political party that ruled Liberia for over 100 years.

Autobiography
Simpson, Clarence L. The Memoirs of C.l. Simpson: The Symbol of Liberia. London: Diplomatic Press and Pub. Co, 1980.

Personal life
Clarence Simpson was married and had several children including Hilaria Simpson-Adams, Clarice Simpson-Abdallah, Clarence Lorenzo Simpson Jr. and Amanda Simpson.

title: Clarence Lorenzo Simpson


text:
User:Diwanji Shailesh

I am a engineering student, learning in second year, mechanical department. Photography is my hobby, I like to capture the the images also I edit to look more beautiful. I don't totally know about people choice when they looks the photos but i trying my best.

title: User:Diwanji Shailesh


text:
Talk:David Kopay

Fair use rationale for File:Kopay.jpg
File:Kopay.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 10:32, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 15:23, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:40, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on David Kopay. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081216003905/http://www.outsports.com:80/nfl/2002/kopay0902.htm to http://www.outsports.com/nfl/2002/kopay0902.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:27, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Kopay


text:
Talk:Ralna English

Dubious talent
English is perhaps the former Lawrence Welk star who had ridden the wave of Welkmania on the least talent. Never able to hold a note, and possessing a weak reedy voice, English failed in all her attempts at a successful solo career, and must perform with her ex-husband Guy Hovis in order to stay solvent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:07, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ralna English


text:
Russellite Unionist

The Russellite group were the followers of Thomas Wallace Russell, an Irish political leader of the early twentieth century.

Russell was the Liberal Unionist MP for South Tyrone. He and some followers left the party in February 1904. They favoured a policy of compulsory land purchase. Dod's Parliamentary Companion regarded them as ex-Liberal Unionists who had joined the Liberal Party, although Russell's two Parliamentary colleagues had been first elected as Independent Unionists and they did not seek re-election as Liberals in 1906.

At by-elections and in the 1906 United Kingdom general election Russellite candidates contested elections in Ulster seats as Independent Unionists. F.W.S. Craig's compilation of election results for 1906 includes them with the Liberals, but gives them a footnote.

MPs in the 1900-1906 Parliament

 * Thomas Wallace Russell, South Tyrone elected at the 1900 United Kingdom general election
 * James Wood, East Down elected at a by-election 5 February 1902
 * Edward Mitchell, North Fermanagh elected at a by-election 20 March 1903

MPs elected in 1906

 * Robert Graham Glendinning, North Antrim
 * Thomas Wallace Russell, South Tyrone

Russell became clearly associated with the Liberal Party in the 1906-1910 Parliament. Glendinning was regarded by Dod's Parliamentary Companion as an Independent Liberal. No new Russellite candidates stood in by-elections.

In the January 1910 general election, Glendinning retired and Russell lost his seat as a Liberal candidate. In 1911 he was elected as a Liberal in the North Tyrone by-election.

title: Russellite Unionist


text:
Talk:David Harvey (footballer)

David Harvey
Improvements expected.--andreasegde (talk) 17:36, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Harvey (footballer)


text:
Indonesian/Link Words

^ Indonesian ^

Dan - And

 * Saya dan Budi makan roti dan pisang-pisang - I and Budi eat bread and bananas

Atau - Or

 * Kamu mau makan atau minum? - Do you want to eat or drink?

Tapi - But
Kata ini memiliki beberapa bentuk - This has several forms
 * Tapi: Dia mau makan, tapi harus roti - S/he wants to eat, but it has to be bread
 * Tetapi: Dia mau makan, tetapi Ana tidak mau - S/he wants to eat, but Ana doesn't want to
 * Akan tetapi: Dia mau makan, akan tetapi ia tidak punya uang untuk makan - S/he wants to eat, but s/he doesn't have money for eating.

Kalau / Jika - If / When

 * Kalau kamu mau makan, makanlah - If you want to eat, go ahead and eat
 * Kalau sudah selesai makan, bereskanlah - When you finished eating, clean it up

The words Kalau and Jika are interchangeable

Karena - Because

 * Karena kamu sudah makan, kamu harus belajar - Because you've eaten already, now you have to study

Walau / Walaupun - Although / Even Though

 * Walaupun makanmu banyak, kamu tetap kurus - Even though you eat a lot, you're still thin
 * Walau malam telah larut, Joni masih mencari makan keluar - Although it was late at night, Joni still went out to look for food

Meski / Meskipun - Although
Synonymous to walau and walaupun.

Juga - Also

 * Saya juga mau makan di kantin - I also want to eat at the canteen.

Bahkan - Even/Even more so

 * Ia bahkan pergi tanpa sempat makan - S/he is even went out without having a meal first

Jadi / Maka - So/Therefore

 * Jadi, setelah ini kita mau makan kemana? - So, where do we want to eat after this?
 * Saya makan maka saya kenyang - I ate therefore I'm full
 * Makanan disini murah, maka dari itu pengunjungnya banyak - The food here is cheap, therefore it has a lot of visitors

The phrase maka dari itu is very often used to mean therefore.

Sehingga - And so / Resulting that

 * Makanku empat kali sehari, sehingga pengeluaranku bertambah - I eat four times a day, as a result my expenses have increased.

Supaya - So that

 * Saya makan supaya saya hidup - I eat so that I live

Agar - So that / In order to
Synonymous with supaya. It is often used together "agar supaya" to mean in order to, but using either one is fine.

Hanya - Only

 * Silakan makan sepuasnya, hanya jangan dibawa pulang - Please eat all you can, only don't bring any home

Saja - Only / Just)
Synonymous with hanya. However, if both are being used together as one phrase (i.e. in hanya saja), it means however, or rather "the catch is".

Lagi - Again

 * Kami pergi makan di tempat yang sama lagi - We are going to eat at the same place again

If it is used in the front of the sentence, we should use the phrase sekali lagi or lagi-lagi to mean again, or rather one more time.

 * Sekali lagi, mereka makan di restoran Italia yang sama itu - Once again, they eat at the same Italian restaurant

Lagipula - Moreover

 * Sayangnya saya tidak bisa makan lagi, lagipula makanannya sudah habis semua - It's a pity that I can eat no more, moreover, the food is all gone already

^ Indonesian ^

title: Indonesian/Link Words


text:
Talk:Spanish/Lesson 6

I have a question about the format in the vocabulary. In my opinion, the correct translation for "la manzana" (for instance) is "the applet" and not "applet". Is perfectly correct to say in Spanish "manzana". I think that if we want to use "el" or "la" with the words for make more clear the genre we should translate that like "the applet". That sounds more correct for me.

Wintermute 19:47 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I think the sentence "Quiero mostrar una casa a ti." can be written as "Quiero mostrarte una casa." The first form is correct, but it sounds somewhat foolish or childish.

 * OASO (Octavio Salguero)

 * I've changed the sentence OASO, (btw. feel free to just go and edit the pages right away if you see something that is incorrect and/or stylistically bad). Thomas Strohmann

Platano and/or Banano?
Hlasso 22:22, 30 March 2006 (UTC) In some countries the words 'banano' and 'platano' are used for different fruits. Banano is very similar to platano, however, platano is bigger and requires cooking to be eaten. In several countries the green 'platano' (not reap yet) is fried to make 'Patacón'.

Articles in Spanish
Hlasso 22:27, 30 March 2006 (UTC) I agree that translating "la manzana" to "apple" is incorrect. And I think this small error can be found throughout the document. For example: "El Vocabulario" is not common in spanish, books having a vocabulary usually have that section named "Vocabulario".

I'd help modifying the pages, but I'd like to hear the main author point of view before doing so.

title: Talk:Spanish/Lesson 6


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The rebel alliance(band)

The result of the debate was speedy delete, no assertion of notability. Mushroom (Talk) 06:16, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

The rebel alliance(band)
Disputed PROD. Reason on original prod: No explanation of nobility, fails WP:Music み使い Mitsukai 05:35, 20 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
griseus

Etymology
Borrowed from, found in Medieval Latin. See 🇨🇬 and older 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1)  grey

title: griseus


text:
Workshed

Workshed is an English heavy metal band formed in Harrogate in 2014. The band consists of former Cathedral and Acid Reign members Adam Lehan and Mark Wharton, and Helen Storer. Their debut self-titled album, recorded by Jaime Arellano, was released on 13 September 2019 through Rise Above Records.

History
Lehan and Wharton had both played in Harrogate thrash metal band Acid Reign together in the 1980s. Eventually, the two would find themselves in doom metal band Cathedral, however both departed after the release of Statik Majik By 2014, Lehan had approached Wharton with a number of guitar riffs he had written, leading to them beginning to write music together once again. After some time, the pair approached former-Cathedral vocalist Lee Dorian, who agreed to release their album through his label Rise Above Records. Decibel premiered the track "Safety Behaviours" off of the album on 30 August 2019 and their self-titled debut album was released on 13 September the same year. In October 2021, they announced Wharton's departure, and his replacement by Scott Naylor.

Musical style and influences
The band's music has been described as doom metal, sludge metal and experimental metal. Outburn described the sound of their debut album as "redolent of all the great doom and sludge heroes of the past and thrillingly fresh and inventive, songs like rampaging opener ‘The Windowpanes At The Lexington’ and the pulverising ‘Nowhere To Go’ sound very much like the finished, riff-worshipping article" as well as referring to it as "hate-doom". Whereas, Dead Rhetoric described it as "unafraid to obliterate in distortion gloom for the crux of an arrangement, then lob a serene clean passage midway through before a gargantuan low-tuned riff shatters the airspace".

They have cited influences including Motörhead, Trouble, The Obsessed and Type O Negative.

Members

 * Adam Lehan – vocals, guitar (2014–present), bass (2014–2019)
 * Helen Storer - bass (2019–present)
 * Scott Naylor – drums (2021–present)

 * Past
 * Mark Wharton – drums (2014–2021)

Discography

 * Workshed (2019)

title: Workshed


text:
User:Wannydame/sandbox

Mat Dickie is an English indie video game developer. He makes games for PC and Mobiles. His PC games include Federation Wrestling,Federation Booking, Sure Shot, Sure Shot Star Wars Edition, Sure Shot 3D,The MDickie Show, Talk Sport, Grass Roots, Popscene, Popscene 2, Popcorn,Hard Time,The You Testament,Wrestling MPire,Wrestling Encore, The Making Of A Prophet Under Development and Wrecked. His games for Mobile include Wrestling Revolution, Hard Time, School Days,Super City, Popscene and Wrecked.

title: User:Wannydame/sandbox


text:
Talk:Falun (symbol)

Hi, I would like to discuss the proposal of merging the article into the Falun Gong article. I'm not sure, but would just like to say that I think it deserves it's own place, in the same way that Yin-Yang and Srivatsa have thier own articles. They are not merged into the Tai-Chi and Buddhism articles. And on the subject of Falun Gong articles, the article Falun Gong Outside of China contains almost all the exact same text as the main Falun Gong article, with only a small amount of extra text. Sorry I forgot to sign. --- MarsPyramid2012 (talk) 15:35, 10 July 2012 (UTC) First I would like to let you know that I am a second incarnation of user'MarsPyramid2012', as I forgot my password I don't want to cheat and try to make you think I am 2 users. So, I am happy with most of the changes and thank other authors for thier input, but think I might attempt some minor edits after further reasearch. FreedomFred (talk) 13:52, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:07, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Falun Gong Logo.svg

title: Talk:Falun (symbol)


text:
Talk:74th Tony Awards

Who Won?
I came here looking for information and the winner/nominees section doesn't explain it. Normally the winner is bolded, but none of the nominees are bolded. How can I tell who won? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:20, 20 January 2021 (UTC)
 * The ceremony has not happened and the winners have not been announced either. BOVINEBOY 2008 21:26, 20 January 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ The date of the event was September 26, 2021. The sections have been updated to reflect who the contenders were and who won.  Jurisdicta Talk
 * Jurisdicta (talk) 03:04, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:74th Tony Awards


text:
Computer Programming/DOS Programming

About the platform
DOS, or Disk Operating System, can colloquially refer to any of a hundred different such operating systems. The name itself derives from it's ability to work with disks, a significant improvement over previous methods of storage. Generally this means the OS supplies a means of organizing, listing, reading, and writing files on the media.

MS-DOS was Microsoft's first Operating System. It was built upon QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System), which was deliberated modeled after Gary Kildall's CP/M. The original MS-DOS was simplistic and very difficult to use for the untrained. As time progressed, the interface remained essentially the same (keyboard on a text console), however it had some significant usability features (e.g. DOSKey) implemented as well.

MS-DOS retained the crown of most used DOS until Microsoft usurped its own OS with Windows, however there were other non-Microsoft disk operating systems (DOS) as well. DR-DOS was the primary competitor for MS-DOS and did fairly well until Windows 95 arrived. Afterwards, most people abandoned the non-GUI DOS system.

A few diehards continued to use DOS, however, and some have produced a version of DOS written under an Open Source license known as FreeDOS. Although abandoned by its "creator", DOS is still a stable and viable operating system, although it has been overshadowed by Windows and the most popular open source operating system, Linux.

DOS is still occasionally used on boot disks, so system recovery software may sometimes be written for DOS.

The most popular languages for use on the DOS platform, besides DOS batch files and Intel x86 Assembly Language, are C and BASIC.

See QEMU/FreeDOS and A Neutral Look at Operating Systems/DOS for more information about FreeDOS.

C/C++ Compilers
The main compiler for 32-bit DOS is DJGPP ( http://www.delorie.com/djgpp ). Nevertheless, 16 bit programs make up a substantial amount of the pre-Windows 95 program set, and so you may need to find a 16 bit compiler if you want to program on extremely old computers.

For the most part however, one can just use a 32 bit DOS extender, such as CWSDPMI.

Batch files
DOS allows the use of batch files, which are a collection or "batch" of DOS prompt commands stored in a file. When a user types in the filename (with or without the extension) of a batch file, DOS will perform each command listed in the .bat file, then return control to DOS.

Assembly Language
DOS comes with a low-level debugger called DEBUG. This allows debugging of an executable program which it loads into memory along with DEBUG. This is done by running DEBUG program at the DOS prompt, where program is the name of your program. DEBUG will work with .com and .exe executables. You must include the file extension in the filename when you call it using DEBUG. DEBUG does not work with .bat files.

DEBUG can also be run without a file to view CPU register contents, memory, and to assemble machine instructions directly into memory. A brief walkthrough of how to run DEBUG to view and change memory and registers, as well as assemble and run some basic machine instructions can be viewed here.

DOS MS-DOS/PC DOS入門 MS-DOS

title: Computer Programming/DOS Programming


text:
Talk:David H. Stern

Surfing book
I have severe doubts that it is by the same author - if it can be proved! - then it can go back. It is not really sufficient to have the book listed by booksellers in the same list as this is a common mistake to take a person of identical name and assume they are one and the same person. They maybe, but I have not yet found the evidence. :: Kevinalewis  : (Talk Page) /(Desk)  10:11, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The surfing book is provably by the same author. David H. Stern spoke in detail about the California period of his life in a personal report he gave to Ben Hoekendijk, published in the anthology 'Twelve Jews discover Messiah', Kingsway Publications 1992.
 * The rsp. chapter of the book ist online at http://www.the-new-way.org/testimonies/conv_giud_08_david.html
 * --Liberatus (talk) 12:34, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:David H. Stern


text:
adventitia

Etymology
From the.

Noun

 * 1)  The outermost layer of epithelial tissue encasing a visceral organ.

Translations

 * Portuguese:

title: adventitia


text:
USA-79

USA-79, also known as GPS IIA-3, GPS II-12 and GPS SVN-25, was an American navigation satellite which formed part of the Global Positioning System. It was the third of nineteen Block IIA GPS satellites to be launched.

Background
Global Positioning System (GPS) was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to provide all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for military ground, sea, and air forces. Since its implementation, GPS has also become an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational used (e.g., boating, aircraft, hiking), corporate vehicle fleet tracking, and surveying. GPS employs 24 spacecraft in 20,200 km circular orbits inclined at 55.0°. These vehicles are placed in 6 orbit planes with four operational satellites in each plane.

GPS Block 2 was the operational system, following the demonstration system composed of Block 1 (Navstar 1 - 11) spacecraft. These spacecraft were 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointing using reaction wheels. Dual solar arrays supplied 710 watts of power. They used S-band (SGLS) communications for control and telemetry and Ultra high frequency (UHF) cross-link between spacecraft. The payload consisted of two L-band navigation signals at 1575.42 MHz (L1) and 1227.60 MHz (L2). Each spacecraft carried 2 rubidium and 2 Cesium clocks and nuclear detonation detection sensors. Built by Rockwell Space Systems for the U.S. Air force, the spacecraft measured 5.3 m across with solar panels deployed and had a design life of 7.5 years.

Launch
USA-79 was launched at 22:29:00 UTC on 23 February 1992, atop a Delta II launch vehicle, flight number D207, flying in the 7925-9.5 configuration. The launch took place from Launch Complex 17B (LC-17B) at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), and placed USA-79 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37XFP apogee motor.

Mission
On 27 March 1992, USA-79 was in an orbit with a perigee of 19913 km, an apogee of 20318 km, a period of 714.70 minutes, and 54.70° of inclination to the equator. It had PRN 25, and operated in slot 2 of plane A of the GPS constellation. The satellite had a mass of 840 kg. It had a design life of 7.5 years, and ceased operations on 18 December 2009.

title: USA-79