text:
Talk:Majority minority in the United States

What about children?
Aren't there several more states where non-Hispanic whites under a certain age are a minority within that age group, while the state still has a white majority overall. I would bet that the number of states where white infants are a minority among the state's newborn population may be as high as 15. These states could be assigned a number, a sort of "minority age threshold" where white people below that age are a minority and white people over that age are the majority. That data would be proof that the state absolutely will become a majority-minority state in a matter of time, barring some radical technological advance which would prolong the lifespans of the white babyboomer generation indefinitely. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:50, August 28, 2007 (UTC)

Women a minority group?
Is that meant seriously? --<IP_ADDRESS> 08:23, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Women have historically been discriminated against in a number of fields solely because they are women - but they are usually a majority. bd2412  T 10:55, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

I've moved two sections here for discussion, as they largely report information irrelevant to majority-minority status, and are vague and badly written. --JWB 02:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The subject matter only relates to gender identity, a truely biological concept and demographers in nearly every country in the world finds women outnumber men (51-60% female vs. 40-50% male). So this edit doesn't belong to this article due to its' irrelevance about racial or ethnic minorities. +<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:30, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

 * An uneven gender ratio for a given county, state or nation alters the population growth in a negative way. Same applies for an imbalanced age ratio like a state with a quarter or more are over the age of 65 (i.e. Florida) and those with median ages under 30 (i.e. Utah) should take caution on moderating birth rates. + <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:54, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Projections
U.S. Census projections suggest that states will continue to shift into this category in the coming decades. As of 2004, those next in line for minority majority status according to the U.S. Census Bureau (35% or more minority populations) were:

 * Maryland        40.2%
 * Mississippi     40.1%
 * Georgia         39.8%
 * New York        38.9%
 * Arizona         38.9%
 * Nevada          38.8%
 * Louisiana       38.2%
 * Florida         37.2%
 * New Jersey      36.2%

By contrast, more rural states such as North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine are not projected to experience such a change for centuries, if ever. Of course, if the majority of the U.S. population becomes Hispanic (for example), then it is those more rural states which will become majority-minority states, as their white majority will be at odds with that of the rest of the country.

 * 35% currently says nothing about how fast growth is. --JWB 02:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Somewhat in agreement - what we need are tables comparing older and newer numbers, which show some rather dramatic trends. bd2412  T 15:36, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

External factors
Demographic shifts may be influenced by factors other than normal patterns of population growth (births, deaths, urbanization, etc.) Following the U.S. Civil War, some former Confederate states such as Georgia and South Carolina had majority-black populations, but decades of racial discrimination, along with greater economic opportunities in the industrial north, drove large numbers of black people to northern states in the Great Migration.

 * True, but says nothing about the future. --JWB 02:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The article is not on "the future of majority-minority states"; the above correctly points out that certain states were majority-minority, then ceased to be. bd2412  T 15:49, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

External factors may influence the status of majority-minority states. For example, the success of the Christian Exodus movement, which supports the migration of conservative Christians (who are predominantly white) to South Carolina, would likely reverse the trend of the growing black proportion of the overall population of that state. Hurricane Katrina, which scattered the mostly-black population of New Orleans to neighboring states, may also have had an effect this trend in several states.

 * There's no evidence that Christian Exodus is likely to have any effect. Louisiana is not a major destination for minority migration, and is not heading for majority-minority status any time soon. --JWB 02:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * True with respect to Christian Exodus, but their goal is to make their own "majority-minority" state, with the majority composed of persons who see themselves as being a religious minority. With respect to Louisiana, the point is actually the opposite: the state was headed towards becoming a majority-minority state, but Hurricane Katrina discplaced a large minority population to other states, thus reversing the trend as to Louisiana - but accelerating it as to Alabama, Georgia, and Arkansas, and enhancing it as to Texas. bd2412  T 15:49, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Also, other factors such as stricter enforcement of immigration laws would likely slow the move toward majority-minorities, as this would slow the flow of minority illegal immigrants, especially along the border states such as Texas and California. This would have a great effect in the border states, where Hispanics from South and Central America (particularly from Mexico) are the predominant minority group, although it would have only a minor impact on states where the predominant minority groups are legal immigrants or are American-born.

 * Texas, California and New Mexico are already listed as majority-minority, so are not relevant to discussion of states that may become so in future. Also, currently numerous minority groups are not relevant; it's increasing minority groups that are relevant. --JWB 02:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Disagree entirely. First, immigration from minority groups definitely increases the rate at which all states may become majority-minority states; second, it enhances the "minority" population of Texas and California, cementing their majority-minority status... the article should also mention Arizona, and destination states such as Nevada and Colorado. bd2412  T 15:49, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Florida, for example, has a large Cuban American population, encouraged by the federal government's Wet Feet/Dry Feet Policy, which allows Cuban refugees who make it to dry land to remain in the United States. New York and New Jersey have a significant population of Puerto Ricans, who are United States citizens and do not face any restrictions on travel to the mainland. Alaska and Hawaii each have large indigenous populations, deemed to have become citizens when those states entered the union.

 * Not many Cubans are currently immigrating. Puerto Rican population on the mainland is stable, not rapidly increasing. Hawaii is already majority-minority. Alaska is unlikely to become majority-minority. Phrasing as "deemed" is also poor. JWB 02:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Disagree. The wet foot/dry foot policy is responsible for the existing large minority population, which is trending towards becoming the majority. This explains how Hawaii became a majority-minority state in the first place (it always was one). Why is "deemed" poor phrasing? That is exactly what happened... perhaps "declared" or "accepted as"? bd2412  T 15:49, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

This article ends with the word "and".
And what?--Greasysteve13 23:22, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Fixed. bd2412  T 17:36, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well done--Greasysteve13 05:12, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Definition
I'm confused. I was quite sure the term "majority-minority state" did *not* mean that the majority group in the state did not match the majority group in the nation. I was sure it meant "there is no group representing more than 50% (a majority) in this state" = "all groups are minorities in this state". The crucial difference is, for example, if California were to become 60% Hispanic, it would no longer be considered "majority-minority state" the way I defined it (since there would be a majority group in the state), but it would still be a "majority-minority state" they way it's defined here (since Hispanics are not a majority group in the rest of the country). Am I off here? I at least feel that's how we use the term in (my part of?) California, but I could be wrong about how the rest of the nation uses it. --SameerKhan 00:31, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * In fact, now I'm sure I'm right. I did a little research to confirm what I was already pretty sure was true - there is no group that forms the majority of the population (50%+) in any of the four states mentioned here. In all four states, all groups are minorities. For example, in California, whites are still the largest group, although they make up less than 50%. They are not outnumbered by any other group (other than, of course, "non-whites", if that can be considered a group). This article is highly misleading; the way it is currently written, it makes it seem as though there is some particular group that forms a majority in California and the other states, which is simply wrong. Hispanics, Asians (both of which are really huge groups that should be broken down to be more accurate), and other groups do not make a majority in California and Texas at least (Hawaii is majority Asian if you clump all different Asian origins in as one group; I didn't look at New Mexico), unless you group them into a super "non-white" category. Anyhow, unless someone can show me why the current definition is more accurate, I think we should make a significant change. --SameerKhan 04:52, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It would seem that a majority of the population is of any minority, not a specific one. The interesting statistic that this article references is when a majority of the population of a state does not share the same race as the majority of the country.  Whether the majority of a state is comprised of a specific minority or many minorities is irrelivant in this definition.  It is also worth noting that the statistic of a single state having a majority of its population coming from a single minority is extremely unlikely. <IP_ADDRESS> 08:00, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I am amazed that this kind of organized racism is possible.--Daanschr 13:41, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * How is this racist? (Unless your point is that categorizing people by race is an exercise in racism itself). It could cut in any direction - if a city in South Africa (with its majority black population) has a white majority within its municipal borders, it is a majority-minority city, because the majority in the city is the minority in the country.  bd2412  T 02:17, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Which is the correct term?
I see both "majority minority" and "minority majority" used in the article. Which term is correct? Or are they both acceptable? <IP_ADDRESS> 17:54, 2 January 2007 (UTC) Andreas.
 * As a sociologist, I'd say majority-minority is correct, as in a majority of the entire population is made of persons who are members of minority groups. bd2412  T 02:15, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

As an historian, I would say that minority-majority is correct. This indicates that mininorities (taken as a whole) make up a majority of the population. In other words, the majority group (whites in our country) does not make up a majority of the population of these states, minorities are the majority. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Oh2bkokopelli (talk • contribs) 02:58, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The term used in the USA is typically "Majority Minority". I have heard that term often, and never heard "minority-majority". Despite wikipedia and all its mirrors pointing to the latter, the former still gets FAR more hits. I say it should be moved to "Majority-Minority". Kold9 (talk) 01:22, 22 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I am going to move this. Kold9 (talk) 05:48, 9 February 2009 (UTC) ...I cannot move it. If an administrator would kindly do so that would be nice. Please move to Majority-minority. Note, not to majority-minority state: This subject does not simply refer to states; I'm not sure why someone thought it did and named this article "majority minority state".

a bit too obvious sentence?
''It is important to note that Hispanics do not constitute a race but rather an ethnicity. Individuals who market white and Hispanic were therefore not counted as being multi-racial but rather only as White.'' Why is such blatantly obvious 'information' even necessary? How could there ever be confusion about this? So should someone need to explain that germans, french, italians, polish, irish, swedish, czech etcetc are also white??? --<IP_ADDRESS> 18:19, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Hawaii as the only state always to have been minority-majority?
I don't buy this. What about New Mexico? It was a settled by the Spanish, along with some Mexican Native-American allies over 300 years ago. They settled a land populated by over 19 pueblo tribes/cultures, severa groups of nomadic Native Ameican tribes -- Navajo, Apache, Comanche, Ute.

These people settled the state long before non-Hispanic whites arrived. So how does Hawaii get the distinction of being the only state always to have been minority-majority. I do not buy this. I think that you're wrong. Can you tell me when New Mexico wasn't a minority-majority territory (1848-1912) or state (1912-present)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Oh2bkokopelli (talk • contribs) 02:54, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * New Mexico was purposefully not admitted as a state until the population of white settlers had overtaken the other populations (bear in mind that it was very sparsely populated overall at the time). It remained majority-white until only recently. Cheers! bd2412  T 03:23, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

has incomplete data. Apparently non-Hispanic Whites have been close to 50% since sometime in the 19th century. New Mexico may not have been a "majority minority" state for most of its history in the US, though it is also a poor fit for the alarmist idea of nonwhite immigrants overwhelming whites. Hispanic New Mexicans were present from the start, were considered white by the US, and considered themselves whites of Spanish ancestry, not Mexican. They were only placed in a non-majority Census category when the "Hispanic/Latino" "ethnicity" was added to the Census relatively recently. They have also made up a fairly stable proportion of the population. --JWB (talk) 03:52, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Another note, having read up more on the history of New Mexico, Compromise of 1850, etc.: Proposals for New Mexico statehood were seriously considered in 1850 and 1860. The political football on both occasions was not whether the state was dominated by non-Hispanic Whites, but whether it would be dominated by Southerners or not. --JWB (talk) 01:25, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

 * The demographic history of Hawaii is unique out of all the 50 states. The majority of inhabitants, two-thirds or (65%) there are of Asian American origins, the highest percentage of east Asians (note the umbrella term "Asian" isn't racial either but peoples from South Asia and Southwest Asia are classified "Asian") in any US state: about a quarter (27%) are of Japanese descent, one-fifth (23%) are Filipino and one-third (31%) have various degrees of Native Hawaiian ancestry despite the number of full-bloods are 2% and continually drops over time. Large numbers of Japanese came in the 1880's followed by Chinese (about 15% of Hawaiians are Chinese), Koreans (an estimated 5% are Korean) and finally, Filipinos from the then US-ruled Philippines.

In the 1920's and '30's, over 10,000 Puerto Ricans (Latinos) from Puerto Rico arrived to replace the numerical decline of imported Asian laborers and Mexicans joined the contract labor force, thus one-tenth (9%) of the state's population are Hispanic/Latino of any race. The racial situation of African Americans in Hawaii is relatively good than what's observed in the Southeastern or other parts of the U.S., about 5% of Hawaii's people are black who came from the mainland throughout the 20th century. Non-Hispanic white "Haole" or Caucasian Hawaiians are 15% of the population depending on any available data, the majority are mixed-race with Asian and native Hawaiian blood themselves, although a large wave of European Portuguese settlers arrived to influence the state's blended diverse culture. + <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:27, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Several people involved in the Puerto Rican statehood movement have told me that California's original state constitution (1847) was written entirely in Spanish . I would also assume that the majority, or pretty darn close to it, of California's population in 1847 was majority Hispanic. I would venture a guess that Hispanics were a majority in all pre-statehood territories in the Southwest. Also is the racial aspect a reason why it took so long for Hawaii to gain statehood? If I recall Hawaii had been pushing for statehood since at least the 1930s before finally being admitted in 1959. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:59, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

Wrong data?
The sum for California is way below 100% since this edit. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:45, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The edit appears to be updating from 2005 to 2007 census data. Should be easy enough to find out what the census actually says. bd2412  T 05:50, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Data are similar to these (labeled 2006), but "Hispanic or Latino" has 35.9% there, not 17.3%. Note that you need to calculate percentages from the "Hispanic or Latino and race" table under "show more" (except for "White (all)"), because the census concepts of race and "Hispanic" status are orthogonal . --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:26, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The 1940 Census report on California was performed in a way to excluded Hispanic and Asian ethnic groups at the time. According to the article, 89 percent of the state's population was white 'non-Hispanic' except the percentage of Mexicans or Spanish-surnamed Americans in the state's first century was typically a tenth or 11-15 percent (i.e. in the 1970 census, about 1.5 to 2 million Mexicans out of the total 19 million reported to live in Cal.) But there was a "Mexican" race category devised in the previous census (1930) and was from anti-Mexican sentiment held by Anglos at the time. Some Mexican-Americans protested the race categorization during WWII as nothing more than racism similar to the Nazis' anti-semitism (i.e. Nuremberg race laws against German Jewish citizens). Mexicans were reincluded in the "white" category by the Truman Administration in 1946. + <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:02, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

The Other Uses section
This section is not accurate at all, at least from my perspective. Can anyone provide a few examples "majority-minority" refering to religion? If not, it should be removed. Kold9 (talk) 05:51, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Move away from being concentrated on US?
I was brought here by a link on the page about Leicester, a UK city which is almost minority-majority. Maybe we should have an article about that generally, rather than just in the US. YeshuaD avid  •  Talk  • 17:25, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

I laughed out loud about the reference to French surburban housing projects with "majority-minority" populations. Surely a suburb here or there is completely immaterial to the article at large. My building here in Taiwan is also full of foreigners...should we include that too as an exxample?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:18, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

Why
... is the title "Minority-majority state" but the first line is "Majority minority"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:52, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Moving article to Majority minority
This article discusses majority minority US cities as well as majority minority areas in other countries, and is not strictly about m-m states. Of 39 non-redirect incoming namespace links, 17 are redirected from variations of "majority minority" (with various capitalization and hyphenation). 22 incoming links are for "Minority-majority state" (or variant redirects). However, at least 3 of these (History of Los Angeles, Illinois's 1st congressional district election, 2000, California's 15th congressional district) are using pipes to redirect from a phrase that doesn't include the word state, and Pardo covers m-m areas in Brazil. The majority of incoming links are looking for an article not strictly about m-m US STATES.

"Minority majority" (511k) and "Majority minority" (509k) have a similar number of Google results. Google ignores the presence of a hyphen in the phrase, but the first few pages of results show mixed usage of hyphens in either phrase. The Wall Street Journal uses both phrases. This page on Wikipedia is a high result for "minority majority" and may have influenced recent usage. Two editors on this talk page have previously suggested that "majority minority" is preferable. My understanding of Wikipedia article title policy suggests that omitting the hyphen is preferable.

I'm going to attempt to move this page to Majority minority myself or list it with WP:RM if I can't move it. I also want to move Majority-minority district to List of majority minority United States congressional districts; while that title is long it is more precise, and I doubt that article while ever be more than a List.Plantdrew (talk) 05:26, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

this is called a Plurality
We already have a word for this in English. It's called plurality.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:16, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

No, it's not quite the same thing. An area in the US which was 60% black/40% white would be considered majority minority as would an area which was 30% black, 30% hispanic, 40% white. The former has a black majority, and the latter has a white plurality.Plantdrew (talk) 19:30, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

Map
The map should be changed to reflect that Louisiana is now under 60% non-Hispanic white according to 2012 estimates.

http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22000.html

External links modified
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Nevada
Given that Nevada is now 49.9% non-Hispanic White American as of 2016, the map in the article should be updated. Nevada is now "majority minority", so the state should be colored red instead of pink. Bohemian Baltimore (talk) 14:55, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

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Boundaries of the majority group
I don't think it is sufficiently addressed that "majority" might mean different things in a particular country at different times and in different contexts. For example, at times Catholics were seen as a threat to the majority American culture, and that their church could one day become the largest in the United States was seen as a nightmare future.--Pharos (talk) 22:04, 4 September 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:51, 2 October 2018 (UTC)
 * USMajorityMinorityStates17.png

Maryland
According to the recent 2020 US Census results, Maryland is now only 49.8% non Hispanic White. The map in the article should be updated to reflect the latest census results, so the state should be colored red instead of pink. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:02, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

Removal of information in opening

 * These stats are the correct stats and should not be removed
 * "Per the 2019 American Community Survey, the percentage of non-Hispanic white residents has fallen below 60% in Georgia (51.8%), Florida (53.0%), Arizona (54.0%), New Jersey (54.3%), New York (55.1%), Mississippi (56.3%), Louisiana (58.25%), and Alaska (59.8%)"
 * This statement is not true per the census definition (which is what is used to define what minority means) and unsourced "White Hispanic and Latino Americans are sometimes excluded in minority-majority definitions and sometimes included."
 * we do not need to add "excluding Hispanic Whites" to the definition of majority-minority at every use since it is defined in the first sentence
 * why remove:
 * "Ethnic minority children will make up the majority of children in the entire United States by 2020."
 * "*Minority children are the majority among children in the following ten states: California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Mississippi, and Maryland." Patapsco913 (talk) 13:39, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

Table in Maps and graphs
Why is there an edit war over U.S. numbers? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:33, 18 February 2022 (UTC)

I don't think all these numbers are from 2020. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:05, 18 February 2022 (UTC)


text:
Portal talk:Mythology

Be sure and coordinate with the other schools in the Humanities, as well as the School of History, for a more well-rounded, in-depth approach to Mythology. Jade Knight 23:18, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

External Link
Hello, I have added a link to the MythiMedia research project (Bologna University, Italy) http://www.mythimedia.org/. The project explores the presence of Greek mythology in today's culture, and contains articles on art and design, cinema, comics and cartoons, music, radio and tv, and theater. The site is written entirely in English. Thanks. Wikipedia user Fallingdrapery <IP_ADDRESS> 12:00, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Portal talk:Mythology


text:
Talk:Street light interference phenomenon

From someone who experiences this...
i'm someone who experiences this strange effect on a very regualar - almost nightly - basis. it is something i've only reluctantly looked up, as i at first thought it must be a random coincidence. however, it has happened so frequently that it is to me more than coincidence. i also regularly experience dead battery on my car, even though it has been changed many times. in regards of 'specific' lights, not sure if they are the same lights that either turn off or on, but they are definitely on the same stretch of road in the same place. - mat, cyprus: unsigned by <IP_ADDRESS>

One thing I noticed in myself is that specific lights go out and come on. There are specific lights that very often go out when I'm near, while most never change at all (I'm trying to point out that the idea isn't based on random lights randomly shutting off). This isn't in the article; if it's in one of the sources, it should be included, as it's pretty significant. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:23, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Good point. I understand what you are saying about "specific" lights going out and coming on. Look at the YouTube video links I have put in that show this and there are additional videos at You Tube that show this point. I think this is described also in the book reference called "The SLI Effect" - and when I find the wording on this I will make a note of it in the article and reference it. Thanks for the ideas and note on this.--Doug talk 15:17, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Found some additional references to specific lamps being put out, not just random lamps. Have made reference to this in the heading. Uploaded 6 videos to You Tube showing the effect on a specific mercury vapor lamp at an apartment complex. They show it doesn't effect lamps randomly as other nearby lamps of the same type were not turned off or put on by the SLIDER person as was this certain specific mercury vapor lamp in the center of a 3 story apartment building stairway several times. The circuit to these outside lamps are all on one light sensing device as a bank of lights, so somehow this one single specific lamp is being affected and seems to respond to the nearness of the SLIDER as the video illustrates. While the videos could have been "faked" it does show that it is on a specific lamp and not just any random lamps in general. --Doug talk 23:37, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I think you've just noticed that not all lamps are near their end of life (and thus turning on and off), just specific ones.  r speer  / ɹəəds ɹ  00:37, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't know much about the life spans of lamps, but the ones in my experience have been in service for years, but continue to exhibit this behavior. It would seem that, if it were a life span question, the lamps would have failed already. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:03, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Interestingly this specific mercury vapor lamp at this apartment building is still there in service and has not been replaced since these videos were made over 18 months ago. The maintenance person that held the camera while the SLIder went under the lamp to illustrate his effects on the lamp has since tried to duplicate the event with his coworkers and other tenants of the building with no success. The lamp, while it may be at its life cycle end, has not displayed a consistent "cycling" where it could be put on video. Also the presence of another person under or near the lamp when it goes off or on has not been able to be duplicated. The knowledable maintenance manager that held the camera has been at the complex for years and lives in one of the adjacent buildings and has never seen the effect happen to any other tenant (thousands). The large complex has dozens of identical buildings with the same outside electrical mercury vapor lamps and circuits that control them. The additional reference by <IP_ADDRESS> is excellent because it also shows several others that have responded to this outside source as the event also happening to them with their stories. Also this reference talks about SLIders generally being shy about wanting to report the event because of ridicule by the skeptics. Even Hilary Evans in his book of The SLI Effect points out that most SLIders would just as soon stay out of the limelight. Most in fact think it is something that is just happening to them and are relieved to find that others throughout the world experience identically the same thing. Most do not even know that this phenomenon is referred to as "Street Light Interference". I even had to ask the Wikipedia science reference desk last year if there were others that this Human "Radio Wave" Transmitter (as I referred to it as) had ever happen where they effected "street lights" (my wording). One Wikipedian then pointed out this article to me which up to that point I knew nothing about.--Doug talk 14:07, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The story about the guy and the apartment building is an interesting anecdote, but far from a scientific experiment. If there were a real cause and effect here, and not just coincidental correlations, then it would be able to be reproduced under controlled settings. Unfortunately, people like ASSAP aren't interested in following the scientific method (many of their criteria for studying Street Light Interference are anti-scientific).  r speer  / ɹəəds ɹ  18:07, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

This is rigoddamnediculous. I hate you guys, seriously.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:51, 7 November 2008 (UTC)DLM

From someone who experienced this 2
This has happened to me. It is always the same street light, I can give GPS position http://maps.google.se/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=&daddr=57.72456,12.924959&hl=sv&geocode=&sll=57.724559,12.924954&sspn=0.001302,0.004128&vpsrc=6&mra=mift&mrsp=1&sz=19&ie=UTF8&ll=57.724561,12.924954&spn=0.001296,0.004128&t=h&z=19&iwloc=ddw1

First time I walked by, the light switched off, I just thought it was random. It turns on again when you've walked away from it a bit. Second time, I thought the same thing. It's just random. It happened a third and a fourth time, and I started to think it was strange and was wondering if someone in the apartements nearby was playing a prank on me. I didn't understand it, maybe it was some sort of interference. That wouldn't be too strange. Once I walked there with a friend, and I said to her "This light is going to turn off when we walk by", at first I was a little worried that it wasn't going to just because I told her, but it did! :D so we walked a little further, she just thought it was random. So she said to me "OK, walk back there again and try again". And I did, and it turned off every time! We just laughed at it, never thought there was something called "Street light interference phenomenon", lol. I definitely don't think it is paranormal though, lol. I have proven to at least one person that it is true so I feel confident, there is some good explanation of course. --Spektrum1983 (talk) 12:01, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Your description fits what's been happening to me for over 20 years, in various parts of the country from California to Florida. I also do not believe it is paranormal. There is an explanation, however science has not proven what it is yet. Someday it will be shown, as this happens to thousands of people in all parts of the world. It has been so predictable for me at times that I have video taped it.

 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okE86VRv9xU
 * --Doug Coldwell talk 12:39, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

Page 16 quote
Since you rewrote Hilary Evans' quote it is no longer what he said. What you wrote is not referenced and is just your opinion as to what should be a fact and what should not be a fact. I don't believe this is the intention of Wikipedia articles. I think a statement should be referenced if I am not mistaken. Do you have a reference for your new wording? The quote before you removed it and reworded Evans' own words is on page 16 of Evans' book (Pub: Frome, ASSAP - London, England 1993, 2005 ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>). Can you give me a reason why the quoted wording below should not be put back, keeping in mind that Wikipedia does not determine "fact" but only that a statement should be referenced. The below is referenced at Evans' book on page 16: This, it was suggested, is sufficient to explain the SLI effect; what happens is that the witness just happens to be passing such a lamp during its death-throes, and is led by the synchronicity to imagine that he is somehow responsible. But as the testimony shows, even if we allow the coincidence in place and time, this effect could account for only a small fraction of the reported cases. For one thing, other types of lamp are involved besides sodium lamps. Then again, only a small number of reports describe anything like an SL going off, then on, then off again. And what about when a witness extinguishes a whole batch of SLs: are we to conclude that the whole batch was purchased together, and so shared the same life-span, and such was the perfection of their manufacture, that they all reached their death-point simultaneously? Yet even if we allow that, there is still the fact that some SLIders extinguish a row of SLs in sequence, each one going out as the witnesses nears it: it is asking too much to suppose that a series of lamps would have been arranged in order of their life-span.

Verifiability - The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth—that is, whether readers are able to check that material added to Wikipedia has already been published by a reliable source, not whether we think it is true. I believe your rewriting of Evans' quote would not follow this policy of your "rewriting to not claim Hilary Evans' opinion as "fact". I am just using his quote directly, which has been in the article for over 18 months with no objections from others. If you don't object further, or have a reference for your material of Evans' rewording you did to this referenced quote, then I will be putting it back in with the reference on page 16 of his book. --Doug Coldwell talk 15:01, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

It happens to me quite often but most often when I seem to be disturbed about something and deep in thought. In other words my mind is working in over drive and I will notice the street lamps seem to go out as I pass near or under them and return to normal as my distance increases. I reason that I am putting out some form of electromagnetic energy that tricks the lamps into going off as if hit by a sunburst of light. Whether the effect is of the paranormal realm or has a basis in science is undetermined. All I know is that I have experienced it for years and there is a definite pattern to it. An interesting test is to walk down the street and observe the phenomena and allow the street lamps to resume their standard regular luminosity and return back down the same route to observe their dimming in a second occurrence. Magical Thinking is rarely so punctual.

 * Yes, this is the identical description for me also.--Doug Coldwell talk 10:18, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

What about with cars?
I've experienced this effect while driving my car (with probably faulty electrical shielding) near street lights. I notice that as I approach some lights, the bulb fairly reliably dies when I'm about 20 feet from the lamp. I suspect that this is due to the EMI generated by the electrical spark ignition of the car. Would this be a reasonable explanation for my situation? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:03, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Yes, this is the identical description for me also while driving or riding in a car. Just my opinion, but I believe it to be EMI generated by myself. How and why I have not the foggest idea. The 20 foot range seems to apply to me also, while driving a car or walking underneath the lamp pole structure with no car in site. I don't think it has anything to do with the car itself. Reason being is that I have tested this with my wife with identically the same vehicle at the same time of day. With her alone the lights stay on and she observed closely. I ride with her in the same vehicle another time, these same lights go out one after another as we are going down the street. Can't explain it. All I know is that it happens. Magical power of some kind I do not believe. Controllable, no. Gift, no. Nuisance, perhaps, from the viewpoint when I point it out to people (even before their very own eyes) they do not believe it. In this case, seeing is not believing. I stopped mentioning it to people, mainly because it doesn't make any difference even if I could prove it. Only my wife believes it, since she has seen it happen so many times. Over the years I have received thousands of remarks from others around the world that it happens to them also. It has no "magical" power for them either. Its just a phenomena that happens. Perhaps sophisticated electronics someday will detect the human EMI or whatever it is that sets off these lamps. I believe it is scientific and will be solved someday. That's my opinion.--Doug Coldwell talk 13:28, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

Other SLIder "symptoms"
There was an article in the Brit teen magazine Sugar in the late 90s about a girl with this condition. Since publications of this sort occasionally overdramatize stories and sometimes even delve into the tabloid realm, and since my memory of this is not spectacular, take this with a grain of salt.

The girl in the article was alleged to be possibly the most intensely-affected SLIder. The street light bit was a factor, but she caused problems with many other electrical items (I think household appliances and the like). The article suggested it might be familial; the girl stated that her mother and sibling(s) had minor issues. A wristwatch would stop working while they wore it, then function normally after being taken off. The term SLIder was used, and they quoted an expert or two on the nature of the phenomenon and its prevalence in the UK/worldwide.

I probably have this issue packed away somewhere, so if I can dig it up, I'll see if it includes anything worth a mention in the main article here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:37, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

It happens to me often
It happens to me often If I remain calm I can control it at times. If you think "off and on" it will not work. Too often is the premise here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:27, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

Happened to me a few times.
Altho i understand the need for this article i want to point out that there can be problems with street lighting that somehow causes them to switch off. I had an experience where i was cycling along a line of streetlights. At a certain point four consecutive lights switched off one by one the moment i passed each of them. That seems a bit high for a random occurence. I have hardly ever seen this effect with one pole at a time. But four poles reacting the same way as i passed? The chance that it is pure random behaviour is astronomically small. So there very propably is something particular about street lights that makes them sensitive to vibrations at times. I think that this should not be excluded as a possible cause for these experiences. Skeptics that just cover the 'confirmation bias' explanation and throw out any correlation are just as guilty of confirmation bias as any other victim of confirmation bias. They are just confirming their own bias that it must be due to confirmation bias. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:11, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

 * 'Confirmation Bias' is just plain wrong. I'll change it.  Claimants only being able to detect nearby lights is purely a matter of physics.  The prior beliefs or selective memory of Confirmation Bias aren't required.  The actual fallacy here is called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, or "correlation doesn't require causation." <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:34, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

Not just high-pressure sodium
All high pressure discharge lamps can enter a cycling state at the end of their life. It might be more common for HPS lamps, but mercury (and metal halide) lamps also do it. The life of such lamps is in the 15000 to 24000 hour range, or a few years with normal operation. As the electrode materials wear out, the lamp can start, but doesn't have enough voltage to keep the arc going at full pressure. The lamp then goes out, until the pressure drops enough to restart the arc, beginning the process again. Some ballasts have special circuitry to detect it, but most continue cycling pretty much forever. Gah4 (talk) 01:52, 17 June 2014 (UTC)
 * You are correct, all HIDs do it, and the light will continue to cycle for years until the bulb is changed, it doesn't happen when the light is 'nearing the end of its life', it happens when the bulb is essentially dead. A dead HID will cycle forever. And wind, rain, snow, ice and hail storms can send rows of lights cycling. I have advice for people who think they are causing the cycling: time the intervals between the light(s) on and off periods, using your phone. They should be almost identical every time. And try paying better attention, if there is a light you think you are turning on and off when you walk by it, next time you walk that direction, stop a block before where the light is and watch it for five or ten minutes (again, time it with your phone). I guarantee you'll see it cycle. SLI isn't a thing. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:26, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Light sensors in street lights
I remember having read an article, maybe in Skeptical Inquirer, about a pro-paranormal radio show where a guest said this happened to him when driving his car, and that it was unexplainable. Several auto mechanics called in and said they were familiar with the phenomenon: the street lamps in some areas have light sensors to tell them when it is day and night - the lamps go out in the morning when the sensors are lighted, and go on in the evening when they aren't. If your headlamps point too high, they hit the sensors, causing all the lamps on the way to go out. The mechanics in areas where the lamps work like this knew about this because they had to adjust the headlights.

But as I said: I don't know where I read that. --Hob Gadling (talk) 07:50, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Not only would they have to be aftermarket spotlights since headlights can't be tilted that high, but the sensors would also have to be installed improperly. The sensors are placed on the back of the light facing away from the road. The people who call into radio shows are experts in BS. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:42, 1 April 2023 (UTC)
 * headlights can't be tilted that high You are thinking too simply. A headlight is not a laser that points exactly in one direction only. And this is not a forum where we discuss our own ideas. See WP:OR and WP:NOTFORUM. I was trying to find a source I remember. If the source is found, we can use it. --Hob Gadling (talk) 10:06, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Here and there within Wikipedia are little backwaters where idiotic ideas are discussed with grave seriousness. This article is one of them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by EEng (talk • contribs) 15:05, 1 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The sensors on street lamps aren't exactly precision components to begin with, they're also not routinely placed at the rear of the fixture, but wherever the engineer decided to emplace the translucent dome or cylinder housing. I've noticed a very similar occurrence when walking at night, a common enough event being that I'm walking on a street at night when it occurs. No magic needed, just recollection of the fact that street lamps are made by the lowest bidder and receive minimal maintenance.Wzrd1 (talk) 13:04, 9 May 2024 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Dave Levac

Commencement of Teaching Career
"He became a teacher in 1997" - incorrect. He taught at St. Paul's School in the early 1980's. I was one of his students. - Sstteevvee

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text:
Puzzles/Logic puzzles/10 Hats

Puzzles | Logic puzzles | 10 Hats

Ten students are caught cheating on a math exam and the teacher wants to give them a final chance. He makes them sit on separate rows, each one behind the other, facing the board. Each one sees all others at the front (i.e. 10th row student sees 9 students, 9th sees 8 students, ..., 1st one sees no one).

He puts a hat on each student's head randomly, white or red. If at least 9 of them guess what color hat is on his or her head, the teacher will release them without punishment. Each student is allowed to talk once and may only say one word, which is his or her guess. They may decide on a strategy before starting to talk. Once they begin, they are not allowed to say or do anything else but guessing a color. Only one student is allowed to make a mistake.

What kind of a strategy should they follow?

See also Infinite Hats.

Solution

title: Puzzles/Logic puzzles/10 Hats


text:
Talk:Darwin Gross

Untitled
Gross lived in Grants Pass, Oregon for a number of years in the 1980s. There is reference to him living in Portland in the '60s in this article, enough to link with the WP:Oregon project. C. Williams (talk) 11:34, 8 March 2009 (UTC) Is this Dhunami group the legitimate successor to the ATOM teachings? I do not see anything about Dhunami on the ATOM website. Is this just another guy trying to benefit from the Masters teachings? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:32, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

The ATOM website is the source to get some news about the Ancient Teachings of The Master, tought by Darwin Gross. Other individuals stating that they are a master or teacher, it is up to you to decide whether or not he is telling the truth. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rhedas (talk • contribs) 11:14, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

The Party Master
As trollish as the title sounds, it is intended as a compliment. Pre-Harold Eckankar under Darwin's Leadership was very exciting. All the major seminars happened in different major North American and European Cities at 4 and 5 star hotels. Eckankar would reserve a large block of rooms at the main hotel and have to secure 3 or 4 overflow hotels as well. Harold continued this practice for the first few years of his leadership but once he had his Temple built in cold, out of the way Minnesota, the party was over.

Darwin was also a musician and performed during and after his Living ECK Master time.

Zerostatetechnologies (talk) 05:41, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

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text:
Suleh, Razavi Khorasan

Suleh (, also Romanized as Sūleh) is a village in Sarvelayat Rural District, Sarvelayat District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 99, in 23 families.

title: Suleh, Razavi Khorasan


text:
Wikipedia:Wiki Ed/University of Alaska Anchorage/ENGL A474 Sociolinguistics (Fall 2017)

Investigates the relationship between language variation and social structures, and addresses theories and methods of sociolinguistic research, with a focus on the production and perception of linguistic variation.

Week 1
Welcome to your Wikipedia project's course timeline. This page will guide you through the Wikipedia project for your course. Be sure to check with your instructor to see if there are other pages you should be following as well.

This page breaks down writing a Wikipedia article into a series of steps, or milestones. These steps include online trainings to help you get started on Wikipedia.

Your course has also been assigned a Wikipedia Expert. Check your Talk page for notes from them. You can also reach them through the "Get Help" button on this page.

Week 4
This assignment is designed to get you set up to work on Wikipedia. To complete it, do all of the following:

 * 1) Create an account and join this course page, using the enrollment link your instructor sent you. (To avoid hitting Wikipedia's account creation limits, this is best done outside of class. Only 6 new accounts may be created per day from the same IP address.)
 * 2) Review the following handouts:
 * 3) * Editing Wikipedia (focus particularly on pages 1–5)
 * 4) * Evaluating Wikipedia
 * 5) It's time to dive into Wikipedia. Below, you'll find the first set of online trainings you'll need to take. New modules will appear on this timeline as you get to new milestones. Be sure to check back and complete them! Incomplete trainings will be reflected in your grade.
 * 6) When you finish the trainings, practice by introducing yourself to a classmate on that classmate’s Talk page.

This week, everyone should have a Wikipedia account.

It's time to think critically about Wikipedia articles. You'll evaluate a Wikipedia article related to the course and leave suggestions for improving it on the article's Talk page.

 * Complete the "Evaluating Articles and Sources" training (linked below).
 * Create a section in your sandbox titled "Article evaluation" where you'll leave notes about your observations and learnings.
 * Choose a non-stub article on Wikipedia related to your course to read and evaluate. As you read, consider the following questions (but don't feel limited to these):
 * Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
 * Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
 * Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
 * Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
 * Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
 * Optional, but recommended: Alongside the notes you make in your sandbox, choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback with four tildes: DBowie (talk) 19:49, 5 October 2017 (UTC).

Week 5

 * Before Monday’s class this week, review the linked training on sources and citations.
 * Blog posts and press releases are considered poor sources of reliable information. Why?
 * What are some reasons you might not want to use a company's website as the main source of information about that company?
 * What is the difference between a copyright violation and plagiarism?
 * What are some good techniques to avoid close paraphrasing and plagiarism?

Week 6
Amidst thinking about what makes a "good" Wikipedia article, consider some additional questions:

 * Wikipedians often talk about "content gaps." What do you think a content gap is, and what are some possible ways to identify them?
 * What are some reasons a content gap might arise? What are some ways to remedy them?
 * Does it matter who writes and edits Wikipedia?
 * What does it mean to be "unbiased" on Wikipedia? How is that different, or similar, to your own definition of "bias"?

Week 7
It's time to choose an article and assign it to yourself.

 * Review page 6 of your Editing Wikipedia guidebook.
 * In advance of this assignment, Dr Bowie will provide you with a list of sociolinguistics stubs that could be expanded.
 * Choose one of those articles to work on. Find it on the list of "Available Articles" on the Articles tab on this course page, and then click Select to assign it to yourself.
 * In your sandbox, write a few sentences about what you plan to contribute to the selected article. Some things to do as you make your plan:
 * What can you add? You have been assigned a stub, which means that it needs information added to it. Post some of your ideas to the article's talk page.
 * Compile a list of relevant, reliable books, journal articles, or other sources that you could use to add information to your assigned article. Post that bibliography to the talk page of the article you'll be working on, and in your sandbox. Make sure to check in on the Talk page to see if anyone has advice on your bibliography.

Week 8
You've been assigned a topic and started finding your sources. Now it's time to start writing.

 * Go through the linked training modules for useful background information.
 * A suggestion: Start by writing an outline of your topic in the form of a standard Wikipedia article's "lead section" in your sandbox.
 * A "lead" section is not a traditional introduction. It should summarize, very briefly, what the rest of the article will say in detail. The first paragraph should include important, broad facts about the subject. A good example is Ada Lovelace. See Editing Wikipedia page 9 for more ideas.
 * Keep reading your sources and expanding your list of them as you prepare to write the body of the article.

Resources: Editing Wikipedia pages 7–9

Everyone has begun writing their article drafts.

Week 9

 * What do you think of Wikipedia's definition of "neutrality"?
 * What are the impacts and limits of Wikipedia as a source of information?
 * On Wikipedia, all material must be attributable to reliable, published sources. What kinds of sources does this exclude? Can you think of any problems that might create?
 * If Wikipedia was written 100 years ago, how might its content (and contributors) be different? What about 100 years from now?

 * In this and the following weeks, keep working on transforming your article into a complete first draft. Pay attention to when peer reviews will occur, and make sure you plan your time so that it will be ready in time.
 * If you'd like a Wikipedia Expert to review your draft, now—before peer reviews by classmates!—is the time. To make use of this resource, click the "Get Help" button in your sandbox to request notes.

Week 11

 * First, take the "Peer Review" online training.
 * In class as this assignment approaches, you will learn about the topics that the other students are working on. You will provide Dr Bowie with a list of preferences for peer review (which could actually be an explicit statement of no preference at all).
 * Dr Bowie will assign you two classmates’ articles to peer review and copyedit. As soon as you are informed what they are, go to the Articles tab and find the articles that you are assigned. Then in the "My Articles" section of the Home tab, assign them to yourself to review.
 * The actual peer reviews are due as part of wiki assignment #5, but you should, of course, start those reviews early.

Week 12
Others are now reviewing your draft, but that doesn’t mean that you have to keep it in some sort of static, unchanging form!

Please continue to do additional research and writing to make further improvements to your article, based on suggestions and your own critique.

 * Read Editing Wikipedia page 12 to see how to create links from your article to others, and from other articles to your own. Try to link to 3–5 articles, and link to your article from 2–3 other appropriate articles.
 * Consider adding an image to your article, if appropriate. Wikipedia has strict rules about what media can be added, so make sure to take the Contributing Images and Media Files training before you upload an image.

Week 14

 * First, repeat the "Peer Review" online training.
 * Peer review your classmates’ drafts. Leave suggestions on the Talk page of the article, or sandbox, that your fellow student is working on. Other editors may be looking at your work, so look for their comments! Be sure to acknowledge feedback from other Wikipedians.
 * As you review, focus particularly on tone (i.e., is the article encyclopedic?) and clarity, but also make spelling, grammar, and other mechanical adjustments.

Every student has finished reviewing their assigned articles, making sure that every article has been reviewed.

You now have some feedback from other students, and possibly other Wikipedians. It's time to work with that feedback to improve your article!

 * Read Editing Wikipedia pages 12 and 14.
 * Return to your draft and think about the suggestions. Decide which ones to start implementing first. Reach out to your instructor or your Wikipedia Expert if you have any questions.

Expand and improve your work, and format your article to match Wikipedia's tone and standards. Remember to contact your Wikipedia Expert at any time if you need further help!

Week 15
Once you've made improvements to your article based on peer review feedback, it's time to move your work to Wikipedia proper—the "mainspace."

Keep the following tips in mind:

 * NEVER copy and paste your draft of an article over the entire article. Instead, edit small sections at a time.
 * Copy your edits into the article. Make many small edits, saving each time, and leaving an edit summary. Never replace more than one to two sentences without saving!
 * Be sure to copy text from your sandbox while the sandbox page is in 'Edit' mode. This ensures that the formatting is transferred correctly.

It's the final week to develop your article.

 * Read Editing Wikipedia page 15 to review a final check-list before completing your assignment.
 * Don't forget that you can ask for help from your Wikipedia Expert at any time!

Everyone should have finished all of the work they'll do on Wikipedia, and be ready for grading.


text:
Akteur

Etymology
, from, from , whence.

Noun

 * 1) actor, player participant
 * 2) actor theatrical or film performer
 * 1) actor theatrical or film performer

Usage notes

 * The term is not used to refer to one's profession. One would use the term  instead. For example:

title: Akteur


text:
Office of the Pardon Attorney

The Office of the Pardon Attorney assists the president of the United States in his exercise of executive clemency as authorized by Article II, Section 2, of the US Constitution. It is part of the United States Department of Justice and is in consultation with the Attorney General of the United States or his delegate.

Under the Constitution, the president's clemency power extends only to federal criminal offenses. All requests for executive clemency for federal offenses are directed to the Office of the Pardon Attorney for investigation and review. The pardon attorney prepares the department's recommendation to the president for final disposition of each application.

Executive clemency may take several forms, including pardon, conditional pardon, commutation of sentence, conditional commutation of sentence, remission of fine or restitution, respite, reprieve and amnesty. A pardon may be posthumous. The Office of the Pardon Attorney currently has a staff that includes the Deputy Pardon Attorney, an executive officer, four staff attorneys, and its clerical staff and paralegals who assist in the review of petitions.

The power of clemency is "one of the most unlimited powers bestowed on the president by the Constitution."

History
Since 1789 various offices within the federal government have provided the president with administrative support for the exercise of executive clemency. A presidential order in 1865 formally delegated this responsibility to the Department of Justice. The office's current name was adopted in 1894.

Historically, the norm was for presidents to rely on the pardon attorney process before making pardons (they are not required to do so). During the presidency of Donald Trump, he circumvented this process in his pardons.

Pardoning standards
When the president proposes to exercise his or her executive clemency, the case is directed to the Office of the Pardon Attorney for review.

There are five standards for someone to be considered to be pardoned. Generally, the petitioner must be in a good standing during their sentence and must wait a period of at least five years before applying to pardon. However, this five-year wait period can be waived.

The first standard is how the person's conduct, character, and reputation have been during conviction. This means that the individuals conducted themselves as responsible and knowledgeable people who are aware of their crime and are ready to return to normal society. They must have the potential to create a better society by achieving employment, providing for themselves and loved ones, as well as keeping a clean criminal background. A very recent example of this would be when President Trump commuted 63-year-old Alice Marie Johnson's sentence after the case was brought up by celebrity Kim Kardashian. The White House described their reasoning for the pardon by stating "while this administration will always be very tough on crime, it believes that those who have paid their debt to society and worked hard to better themselves while in prison deserve a second chance".

Second is the seriousness and when the offense occurred. When the offense is years in the past and did not affect many people, the chance to achieve a pardon is much greater than if the offense was very recent and a high crime. Things that must be considered include how the victims would deal with the pardon, and how it will set a precedent for future similar crimes. During his presidency, President Barack Obama granted clemency 1,715 times. Most of these were for nonviolent drug offenders, in an effort to get non-serious offenders out of prison and to reverse the negative outcomes from the War on Drugs.

Third is the individual's acceptance of responsibility and self-awareness of how serious their actions were. The individual's behavior, if they are creating excuses or reasons why they committed the crime, will greatly lower the chances of pardon. If the individual desires forgiveness and portrays complete responsibility for their actions, then the chances are much higher. Generally, every person who is considered for a pardon exudes these behaviors.

Fourth is the legal disabilities the individual suffered from the conviction. Someone like a lawyer or doctor may have lost their licenses as a result of their conviction. This may grant reason to consider a pardon. Though pardons for this type of relief are minimal and very rare, they will not be put at a higher priority over an otherwise deserving person who has a desire for forgiveness. An example of this would be when President Andrew Johnson pardoned Samuel Mudd in 1869. Mudd was imprisoned because he treated John Wilkes Booth's leg after Booth assassinated President Lincoln in 1865. This crime was not very serious, considering Mudd claimed he was unaware of Booth's actions at the time and he was doing what his profession entailed.

Lastly, referrals and recommendations from people in powerful positions like politicians, attorneys, judges, and even victims are looked over carefully to decide if an individual is worthy of a pardon. A controversial pardon was President Bill Clinton pardoning his half-brother, Roger Clinton Jr., for cocaine possession and trafficking convictions.

Posthumous pardons
Posthumous pardons are rare because it is generally Department of Justice policy to not accept requests for non-living persons. This is due to the limited resources and personnel at the Department of Justice, and cases involving living persons take precedence over those who are deceased. The same procedure and reasoning are applied to clemency applications for federal misdemeanors, giving precedent to cases involving federal felony convictions. This structure is designed to allow the DOJ to devote its time to those who will receive the greatest benefit from Federal clemency. Only Presidents Clinton, George W. Bush, and Trump have granted posthumous pardons.

Steps and process
The Office of the Pardon Attorney handles all and every clemency related correspondence and issue, including petitions and applications. This involves several steps. The Office receives and reviews clemency correspondences, and investigates applications along with the files sent with them to make more valid the petitioner's plea for pardoning. It then prepares a recommendation for each application, and sends it to the president for his final decision as to whether or not to grant a pardon.

For 125 years, the key adviser to the president on clemency has been the Department of Justice's Office of the Pardon Attorney (PARDON) which normally reviews all requests for pardons.

Based on government data, lawyers, advocates for criminal justice advocates, and former officials from both the White House and pardon, President Trump regularly bypassed the pardon attorney, according to a 2020 investigation by The Washington Post. Unlike previous presidents, Trump has granted clemency to "well-connected offenders who had not filed petitions with the pardon office or did not meet its requirements."

title: Office of the Pardon Attorney


text:
Talk:Calculus/Differentiation/Differentiation Defined

2003
Why use square brackets for the differential operator? IMHO, round brackets are just fine... Dysprosia 09:17, 16 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * My calc book uses square brackets when differentiating an expression, like $${d \over dx} [x^2]$$. Some is style, some is real theory.  Ex.: what is $$\lim_{\Delta x \to 0} {\Delta y \over \Delta x}$$?  Why it's $${dy \over dx}$$ of course.  It would look wierd to have $${\Delta \over \Delta x} y$$; delta what, right?  So I guess that's the reason.  However, that's also why I think that the equation for the derivative should be $$\lim_{\Delta x \to 0} {f(x + \Delta x) - f(x) \over \Delta x}$$ because it correctly shows what dy/dx really means.Boothinator 02:17, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

question
How do the last two steps listed for f'(sin(x)) work? Ugen64 01:09, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * You mean D sin(x)? The second summand should be clear (from sin(x)/x -> 1 as x->0), and the second is a result from that limit, though I should point that out in the article (and leave it to the Trig page ;). Dysprosia 05:20, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Is it worth it to prove the product rule, division rule, or chain rule here? Do prove the mean value theorem in this book?

--Cronian 07:43, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, am I the only one who can't see the apostrophe in f'(x)? If not, should I put a space after the f, or is there a better way to make it more readable? --Xhad

If you itallicize the 'f' and the 'prime' you can read it a bit more clearly: f'(x). The whole bit itallicized: f'(x). Maybe that's better? ChaoticLlama  14:59, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

question
In the differentiation rules (d/dx)c=0 and (d/dx)mx=m, what exactly does "d" stand for? does it stand for change in x and y??? could somebody please explain these rules more clearly? --Elpenmaster
 * I think of the letter d as meaning "a tiny difference". ..... (d/dx)c means a tiny difference of a constant (obviously there is none, or else it would not be a constant!) divided by a tiny difference in x is zero. ..... And (d/dx)mx means (a tiny difference of the product m times x) divided by (a tiny difference in x) is m, where m, by the way, is the trigonometric tangent of the angle of that line (y = mx + any constant) against the horizontal. QUITTNER <IP_ADDRESS> 18:42, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * First: The power rule is used in an example (about the addition rule) before it is introduced. Would people new to calculus be confused by the sudden transformation and miss the point of the example as a whole?

 * Second: Regarding proofs, in my opinion, lengthy proofs (read, "90% of proofs") are not overly important to the average reader. I believe that important proofs (chain rule, product rule, etc.) could all be placed on a seperate page in order to keep the text from becoming cluttered. If the goal is to reach people who don't already understand calculus, too much notation all at once becomes confusing and distracting.

--User:Noah 16:14, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

power rule
I noticed that the power rule section said $$\frac{d}{dx}\left[x^n\right]=nx^{n-1}, n\ne0$$. If you work it out when $$n=0$$, you get $$\frac{d}{dx}\left[x^0\right]=0x^{0-1}=0x^{-1}=0$$. Since $$x^{0}=1$$, you get $$\frac{d}{dx}\left[1\right]=0$$, which is true. Unless I made a mistake, the $$n\ne0$$ is not needed. Should it be taken out of the equation? DanielLC 00:28, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

While often $$x^{0}=1$$, there is some confusion over the special case of x=0 (0^0).

The $$n\ne0$$ keeps us far, far away from that one point of confusion.

--DavidCary 20:13, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

bold new words
Should new words like "derivative" and "differentiable" (Section 2.1) be emphasized (bold/italic) for clarity? --anonymous

I think the first thing that should be included on this page is the definition of the derivative of a function by First Principles, ie. limit of the gradient of secants, and then possibly explain some of the derivatives pulled, apparently, out of the blue, in terms of that.

Second, for those asking what the d in (d/dx)c is all about - d/dx is a "differential operator", which means it's something that acts on a function to differentiate it, in this case with respect to x. It follows some of the rules of normal fractions, so you have (d/dx)(f(x)), which means "the derivative (with respect to x) operator applied to the function f of x", and write it df/dx, which means "the derivative of f with respect to x" (ie. pretty much the same thing). Then if f(x) = c, ie. a constant function, then you can write either (d/dx)c or dc/dx, both of which equal 0. <IP_ADDRESS> 18:52, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

High school
I'm a bored high school student currently in Precalc, trying to teach myself derivatives, so hopefully I can contribute to this project. I had to read the old Sales Example several times to figure out exactly what was going on, so I tried to make it more clear, based on what I gathered from the article, and also tried to make it more text-bookesque. Someone please check the changes in that section, because I'm not entirely sure I'm correct. --SimRPGman 03:44, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well done for deciding to contribute, it is a great way to learn the subject.  That example looks correct to me.  My only concern is the sentence

"Because the functions are defined for all n >= 0 and are only differentiable in n > 0, the only points that can be minima or maxima are those above."

 * Actually it is defined and differentiable for all n. But we are only concerned with positive n (as it makes no sense to produce -5 items).
 * Also here are some idead which might make the example clearer

 * Instead of 8.1n maybe use (8.1)n.  When I first read it I thought it mean 8.(1n)
 * It is implicit by using the integer n that we are dealing with whole numbers. (otherwise we should use a letter like x,y,z).    Since the max is 3.97.... the seller really has to produce 4 units (as that is the nearest whole number) Juliusross 11:34, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The previously quoted sentence was like that when I had it.
 * The example states that all amounts are in thousands, so 3.797 thousand units would be a valid amount at 3,797 units.
 * --SimRPGman 23:09, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * My mistake, you are right. Juliusross 23:52, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Confused
Hey folks, the section on the Maxima and Minima confused the heck out of me. I tried to re-word the first paragraph, as I thought I grasped the point, but the second paragraph eluded me. If someone with more math knowledge than me (I'm trying to learn this stuff) could take a look I'd appreciate it. It almost seems as though it were written by someone with English as a second language, or just someone who knows their math but perhaps isn't as smooth with English. Not that I'm criticising the effort! Thanks all.--Dave
 * Agreed. These two paragraphs need to be expanded (it might take a few pages in an ordinary textbook).  One way to learn is to write.  Do you want to get involved? Juliusross 12:43, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * (This is me, the same as above--I just got an account) Well, that sounds like a challenge...sure, I'm game. Let me give it a shot and then get a critique. Dubitable 13:52, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Also on the subject of Maxima and Minima, I "stole" some info from Wikipedia and formed it into a introduction to the concept. A picture would really be nice. Should we use Wikipedia's picture? --SimRPGman 05:41, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Sure, take any material from wikipedia if you think it is suitable. You should maybe add a line at the bottom of the page to say you have taken material from wikipedia, and put in a link (although I am not 100% sure what is really necessary) Juliusross 02:18, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Ok, I took a swing at that last paragraph on Maxima and Minima and actually made two paragraphs out of it. Please review and see if it's any clearer and if I'm right (because I'm not entirely certain I am). --SimRPGman 04:27, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Whoever is editing this book needs to stop adding "Example" as a category - it appears in the table of contents and looks very cumbersome. If each subcategory extended for more than page - THEN it might be good to add example to the table of contents - but as it stands it just looks horrible. I fixed a couple of them. Fresheneesz
 * I agree that this is not optimal. But  we need a consistent way of presenting examples.  Until per page css is possible this is the best I can come up with.  Have a look at the discussion page on the main calculus page and you will see some other comments about this Juliusross 18:40, 5 November 2005 (UTC)
 * You changed my mind. I will not longer use example as a category. Juliusross 02:18, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

I rewrote the Maxima and Minima section (and renamed it, though I'm not sure that it shouldn't be "Stationary Points"), as it was confusing and incorrect in several places. It is possible to classify a stationary point without doubt. My browser crashed and I forgot to log in so I am <IP_ADDRESS>. Sorry. Inductiveload 20:40, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Better exercises needed
I've already been through the mill on learning derivatives and can practically do them in my sleep (I'm a AP Calculus C student), but I had to read the exercise at the bottom of the page twice to understand what it's asking. To someone who's just learning differentiation it's a horribly ambiguous question to ask. I've added some simpler straightforward differentiation exercises above the existing one, which is now at the bottom of the list (if someone could clean up my LaTEX equation syntax, I'd appreciate it; I've never used it myself). It's better to go through the process itself a few times from a few different approaches before getting that in-depth into the workings of it--asking a student to use the definition of derivative to prove the theories discussed in the article before having them actually do any differentiation independently of running it through the definition of derivative is a bit of a stretch. I also reworded the exercise that was already there to make it a little more clear in what it's asking. --Jesse Hannah 05:38, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

What is Differentiation?
This section is a little bit in depth for someone who is just being introduced to derivatives. While those of us who have already taken calculus would understand it fine, I am a little worried that those who have not taken calculus will be lost as soon as you start introducing syntax. I think this section should just mention that differentiation is a way of solving the tangent problem, and leave it at that. Maybe mentioning the difference quotient would be good. Tapioca 19:23, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Overall Structure
I've been reading through the differentiation article several times making edits as I go, however I've noticed there is little flow in this article; Even from sentence to sentence. As I finish finalizing the notes I am creating, I will post the structure and teaching method that I believe to be most effective. I would appreciate any comments in modifying this layout, yet do not reply if you merely wish to comment on this post.

ChaoticLlama 17:51, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Section Removed
I don't see how this hand-waving argument adds to the article. Any comments otherwise? ChaoticLlama 14:53, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Moving Sections Around
IMO, this article should be focused on describing the theory of differention, and its techniques. Topics such as Maxima & Minima or the Sales Example are clearly applications of differentiation. I'd move Max & Mins to applications, and put the sales example under Mean Value Theorem. Thoughts? ChaoticLlama  15:09, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I agree sales and extrema are application, but the concept of local extrema, and their relation to differentiation, is very important. So if and when they are moved, they should receive their own clearly defined section, preferably at the very top of the application section. cheers. --Cronholm144 07:56, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with both. The extrema section is (now) well written, but it doesn't flow with the rest of this page. More importantly it relies on Calculus/Higher Order Derivatives, which is a later module. --Mrwojo (talk) 01:16, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

addition and subtraction
In the very first line of the section on addition and subtraction rules, the brackets in the expression in the numerator are imbalanced. There are 2 open brackets and 1 close bracket. I would think we need a close bracket just to the left of the first minus sign. $$ \lim_{\Delta x \to 0}\left[\frac{[f(x+\Delta x) \pm g(x + \Delta x) - [f(x) \pm g(x)]}{\Delta x}\right] $$ Johnor (talk) 02:39, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Fixed. --Mrwojo (talk) 01:04, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Unusual Terminology
Hi, I find the use of the term "Gradient" a bit unusual. I have not often encountered the phrase, and most calculus books I have encountered stick with the term slope. I am fine with keeping the first sentence of section "The Definition of Slope" but I think after that it would be wise to use the term slope. Does anyone mind if I make this change? Thenub314 (talk) 11:08, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Proof of the Power Rule
I don't have time to implement this now, but if someone else would like to, it would be nice to have a brief discussion of where the power rule for non-integer exponents comes from. There is a proof given at PlanetMath that may be useful. --Greenbreen (discuss • contribs) 17:48, 11 June 2011 (UTC)


text:
Dennis Wight

 Dennis Marley Wight  (born 1953) was the Archdeacon of St Davids from 2013 until 2018.

Wight was educated at the University of Southampton and studied for the priesthood at Sarum and Wells Theological College; and was ordained deacon in 1985, priest in 1986. After a curacy at Gillingham, Dorset, he was Vicar of Coseley from 1990 to 1994; Team Rector of Stoke Prior from 1994 to 2002 (Rural Dean of Droitwich from 1996 to 1999); and Vicar of Dale, Pembrokeshire, until 2010. He was Director of Mission, Warden of Ordinands and Bishop's Chaplain in the Diocese of St Davids from 2010 to 2014.

title: Dennis Wight


text:
Internet Publication

The Internet has revolutionized the way information flows in society. This course focuses on exploring the evolution of the Internet and how its structure democratizes the sources of knowledge. This is an attempt to fuse media theory, computer programming, and political science into a synthesis exploring the potential of the Internet and other technologies to make our public life more participatory, egalitarian, and liberated.

Projects

 * MediaWiki Project - guides participants from introductory HTML to developing MediaWiki features for the Wikiversity community.
 * Topic:MediaWiki - department of the School of Engineering and Technology for understanding and using MediaWiki software.
 * Wiki - learning project devoted to learning how to use wiki technology to facilitate online learning.
 * Free online peer reviewed journals - directory of Free online peer reviewed journals
 * Bibliography and Research Methods - find out how to properly obtain sources for Wikiversity to properly and successfully conduct research
 * Publishing original research

Readings

 * Open Source
 * Wiki Science

Links

 * Freenet
 * Electronic Frontier Foundation

title: Internet Publication


text:
береза

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

, a borrowing from.

Noun

 * 1) birch

Etymology
, from, from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) birch

Etymology 1
From, from , from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) birch (tree)
 * 2) a hard wood taken from the birch tree

Etymology 2
From older form, from , which is related to 🇨🇬. Ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1)  leader at any activities (parties, choir, caroling etc.)

title: береза


text:
Linear Algebra/Linear Transformations

A linear transformation is an important concept in mathematics because many real world phenomena can be approximated by linear models.

Unlike a linear function, a linear transformation works on vectors as well as numbers.

Motivations and definitions
Say we have the vector $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$$ in $$\mathbb{R}^2$$, and we rotate it through 90 degrees, to obtain the vector $$\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$$.

Another example instead of rotating a vector, we stretch it, so a vector $$\mathbf{v}$$ becomes $$2\mathbf{v}$$, for example. $$\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}$$ becomes $$\begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix}$$

Or, if we look at the projection of one vector onto the x axis - extracting its x component -, e.g. from $$\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}$$ we get $$\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$$

These examples are all an example of a mapping between two vectors, and are all linear transformations. If the rule transforming the matrix is called $$T$$, we often write $$T\mathbf{v}$$ for the mapping of the vector $$\mathbf{v}$$ by the rule $$T$$. $$T$$ is often called the transformation.

Note we do not always write brackets like when we write functions. However we should write brackets, especially when we want to express the mapping of the sum or the product or the combination of many vectors.

Linear Operators
Suppose one has a field K, and let x be an element of that field. Let O be a function taking values from K where O(x) is an element of a field J. Define O to be a linear form if and only if:
 * 1) O(x+y)=O(x)+O(y)
 * 2) O(λx)=λO(x)

Linear Forms
Suppose one has a vector space V, and let x be an element of that vector space. Let F be a function taking values from V where F(x) is an element of a field K. Define F to be a linear form if and only if:
 * 1) F(x+y)=F(x)+F(y)
 * 2) F(λx)=λF(x)

Linear Transformation
This time, instead of a field, let us consider functions from one vector space into another vector space. Let T be a function taking values from one vector space V where L(V) are elements of another vector space. Define L to be a linear transformation when it:
 * 1) preserves scalar multiplication: T(λx) = λTx
 * 2) preserves addition: T(x+y) = Tx + Ty

Note that not all transformations are linear. Many simple transformations that are in the real world are also non-linear. Their study is more difficult, and will not be done here. For example, the transformation S (whose input and output are both vectors in R2) defined by

$$S\mathbf{x} = S\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix}= \begin{pmatrix}  xy\\ \cos(y)\end{pmatrix}$$

We can learn about nonlinear transformations by studying easier, linear ones.

We often describe a transformation T in the following way
 * $$T : V \rightarrow W$$

This means that T, whatever transformation it may be, maps vectors in the vector space V to a vector in the vector space W.

The actual transformation could be written, for instance, as
 * $$T\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} x + y \\ x - y \end{pmatrix}$$

Examples and proofs
Here are some examples of some linear transformations. At the same time, let's look at how we can prove that a transformation we may find is linear or not.

Projection
Let us take the projection of vectors in R2 to vectors on the x-axis. Let's call this transformation T.

We know that T maps vectors from R2 to R2, so we can say
 * $$T: \mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^2$$

and we can then write the transformation itself as
 * $$T\begin{pmatrix} x_0 \\ x_1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} x_0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$$

Clearly this is linear. (Can you see why, without looking below?)

Let's go through a proof that the conditions in the definitions are established.

Scalar multiplication is preserved
We wish to show that for all vectors v and all scalars λ, T(λv)=λT(v).

Let
 * $$\mathbf{v}=\begin{pmatrix} v_0 \\ v_1 \end{pmatrix}$$.

Then
 * $$\lambda\mathbf{v}=\begin{pmatrix} \lambda v_0 \\ \lambda v_1 \end{pmatrix}$$

Now
 * $$ T(\lambda\mathbf{v}) = T\begin{pmatrix} \lambda v_0 \\ \lambda v_1\end{pmatrix} = $$
 * $$ \begin{pmatrix} \lambda v_0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} $$

If we work out λT(v) and find it is the same vector, we have proved our result.
 * $$ \lambda T\mathbf{v}= \lambda \begin{pmatrix} v_0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}=$$
 * $$ \begin{pmatrix} \lambda v_0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} $$

This is the same vector as above, so under the transformation T, scalar multiplication is preserved.

Addition is preserved
We wish to show for all vectors x and y, T(x+y)=Tx+Ty.

Let
 * $$\mathbf{x}=\begin{pmatrix} x_0 \\ x_1 \end{pmatrix}$$.

and
 * $$\mathbf{y}=\begin{pmatrix} y_0 \\ y_1 \end{pmatrix}$$.

Now
 * $$T(\mathbf{x}+\mathbf{y})=T\left(\begin{pmatrix} x_0 \\ x_1 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix} y_0 \\ y_1 \end{pmatrix}\right)=$$
 * $$T\begin{pmatrix} x_0 + y_0 \\ x_1 + y_1 \end{pmatrix} =$$
 * $$\begin{pmatrix} x_0 + y_0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$$

Now if we can show Tx+Ty is this vector above, we have proved this result. Proceed, then,
 * $$T\begin{pmatrix} x_0 \\ x_1 \end{pmatrix} + T\begin{pmatrix} y_0 \\ y_1 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} x_0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} y_0 \\0 \end{pmatrix}=$$
 * $$\begin{pmatrix} x_0 + y_0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$$

So we have that the transformation T preserves addition.

Zero vector is preserved
Clearly we have
 * $$T\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} $$

Conclusion
We have shown T preserves addition, scalar multiplication and the zero vector. So T must be linear.

Disproof of linearity
When we want to disprove linearity - that is, to prove that a transformation is not linear, we need only find one counter-example.

If we can find just one case in which the transformation does not preserve addition, scalar multiplication, or the zero vector, we can conclude that the transformation is not linear.

For example, consider the transformation
 * $$ T\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} x^3 \\ y^2\end{pmatrix}$$

We suspect it is not linear. To prove it is not linear, take the vector
 * $$ \mathbf{v} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} $$

then
 * $$ T(2\mathbf{v}) = \begin{pmatrix} 64 \\ 16 \end{pmatrix}$$

but
 * $$ 2T(\mathbf{v}) = \begin{pmatrix} 16 \\ 8 \end{pmatrix}$$

so we can immediately say T is not linear because it doesn't preserve scalar multiplication.

Problem set
Given the above, determine whether the following transformations are in fact linear or not. Write down each transformation in the form T:V -> W, and identify V and W. (Answers follow to even-numbered questions):
 * 1) $$T\begin{pmatrix} v_0 \\ v_1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} v_0^2 + v_1 \\ v_1 \end{pmatrix}$$
 * 2) $$T\begin{pmatrix} v_0 \\ v_1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ v_0 \end{pmatrix}$$
 * 3) $$T\begin{pmatrix} v_0 \\ v_1 \end{pmatrix} = \mathbf{0}$$
 * 4) $$T\begin{pmatrix} v_0 \\ v_1 \\ v_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} v_0 - v_2 \\ v_1 \end{pmatrix}$$

Answers

 * 2. No. A check whether the zero vector is preserved readily confirms this fact. T : R2 -> R2
 * 4. Yes. T : R3 -> R2.

Images and kernels
We have some fundamental concepts underlying linear transformations, such as the kernel and the image of a linear transformation, which are analogous to the zeros and range of a function.

Kernel
The kernel of a linear transformation T: V -> W is the set of all vectors in V which are mapped to the zero vector in W, ie.,
 * $$ \mathrm{ker}\ T = \{v \in V\ |\ T\mathbf{v} = \mathbf{0}\}$$

Coincidentally because of the matr to the matrix equation Ax=0.

The kernel of a transform T: V->W is always a subspace of V. The dimension of a transform or a matrix is called the nullity..

Image
The image of a linear transformation T:V->W is the set of all vectors in W which were mapped from vectors in V. For example with the trivial mapping T:V->W such that Tx=0, the image would be 0. (What would the kernel be?).

More formally, we say that the image of a transformation T:V->W is the set
 * $$ \mathrm{im}\ T = \{w \in W\ |\ w=T\mathbf{v}\ \mathrm{and}\ \mathbf{v}\in V\}$$

Isomorphism
A linear transformation T:V -> W is an isomorphic transformation if it is:
 * one-to-one and onto.
 * kernel(T) = {0} and the range(T) = W.
 * an inverse of T exists.
 * dim(V) = dim(W).

title: Linear Algebra/Linear Transformations


text:
Talk:Tha Alkaholiks

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 15:48, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tha Alkaholiks


text:
The Patti Page Show

The Patti Page Show is an American television series which aired from 1955 to 1956. It aired in a 15-minute time-slot, with two commercial breaks for sponsor Oldsmobile. In the series, Patti Page lip-synced pop songs, mostly standards, with additional songs by the Page Five singers, a vocal group of three men and two women. The series aired in first-run syndication. It was produced by Screen Gems. There were 78 quarter-hour episodes, which around 1958 were edited into 31 half-hour episodes.

In its quarter-hour form, the program was sold to the UK and Australia. In London it was broadcast on ITV (ATV) and in Australia on TCN-9 and HSV-7. The Patti Page show was the very first US show ever aired on Australian television.

title: The Patti Page Show


text:
rectilinear

Etymology
From post-Classical ; either from or from  (whence ) +, in both cases ultimately deriving from  +.

Adjective

 * 1) In a straight line.
 * The crankshaft and connecting rods of an engine convert the rectilinear motion of the pistons to rotary motion of the flywheel.
 * 1)  Formed from straight lines.

Translations

 * Belarusian: прамаліне́йны
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan: rectilini
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 沿直线的
 * German:
 * Irish: dronlíneach
 * Italian:
 * Polish: prostoliniowy
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: rectilíneo
 * Swedish:
 * Ukrainian: прямоліні́йний

title: rectilinear