text:
Electronics/DC Circuit Analysis

DC Circuit Analysis
In this chapter, capacitors and inductors will be introduced (without considering the effects of AC current.) The big thing to understand about Capacitors and Inductors in DC Circuits is that they have a transient (temporary) response. During the transient period, capacitors build up charge and stop the flow of current (eventually acting like infinite resistors.) Inductors build up energy in the form of magnetic fields, and become more conductive. In other words, in the steady-state (long term behavior), capacitors become open circuits and inductors become short circuits. Thus, for DC analysis, you can replace a capacitor with an empty space and an inductor with a wire. The only circuit components that remain are voltage sources, current sources, and resistors.

Capacitors and Inductors at DC

DC steady-state (meaning the circuit has been in the same state for a long time), we've seen that capacitors act like open circuits and inductors act like shorts. The above figures show the process of replacing these circuit devices with their DC equivalents. In this case, all that remains is a voltage source and a lone resistor. (An AC analysis of this circuit can be found in the AC section.)

Resistors
If a circuits contains only resistors possibly in a combination of parallel and series connections then an equivalent resistance is determined. Then Ohm's Law is used to determine the current flowing in the main circuit. A combination of voltage and current divider rules are then used to solve for other required currents and voltages.

Simplify the following: (a) (b) (c)
 * Figure 1: Simple circuits series circuits.

The circuit in Figure 1 (a) is very simple if we are given R and V, the voltage of the source, then we use Ohm's Law to solve for the current. In Figure 1 (b) if we are given R1, R2 and V then we combine the resistor into an equivalent resistors noting that are in series. Then we solve for the current as before using Ohm's Law. In Figure 1 (c) if the resistors are labeled clockwise from the top resistor R1, R2 and R3 and the voltage source has the value: V. The analysis proceeds as follows.
 * $$R_{eq}=R_1+R_2+R_3 \,$$

This is the formula for calculating the equivalent resistance of series resistor. The current is now calculated using Ohm's Law.

 * $$i=\frac {V }{R_{eq}}= \frac {V}{R_1+R_2+R_3}$$

If the voltage is required across the third resistor then we can use voltage divider rule.
 * $$V_{R3}=\frac {VR_3}{R_1+R_2+R_3}$$

Or alternatively one could use Ohm's Law together with the current just calculated.
 * $$V_{R3}=iR_3= \frac {VR_3}{R_1+R_2+R_3}$$

(a) (b)
 * Figure 2: Simple parallel circuits.

In Figure 2 (a) if the Resistor nearest the voltage source is R1 and the other resistor R2. If we need to solve for the current i. then we proceed as before. First we calculate the equivalent resistance then use Ohm's Law to solve for the current. The resistance of a parallel combination is:
 * $$R_{eq}=\frac {R_1R_2}{R_1+R_2}$$

So the current, i, flowing in the circuit is, by Ohm's Law:
 * $$i=\frac {V(R_1+R_2)}{R_1R_2}$$

If we need to solve for current through R2 then we can use current divider rule.
 * $$i_{R2}=\frac {V(R_1+R_2)(R_1)}{(R_1R_2)(R_1+R_2)}= \frac {V}{R_2}$$(1)

But it would probably have been simpler to have used the fact that V most be dropped across R2. This means that we can simply use Ohm's Law to calculate the current through R2. The equation is just equation 1. In Figure 2 (b) we do exactly the same thing except this time there are three resistors this means that the equivalent resistance will be:
 * $$ \frac {1}{R_{eq}}= \frac {1}{R_1}+\frac {1}{R_2}+\frac {1}{R_3}$$
 * $$R_{eq} =\frac {R_1R_2R_3}{R_1R_2+R_1R_3+R_2R_3}$$

Using this fact we do exactly the same thing.

(a) (b) (c)
 * Figure 3: Combined parallel and series circuits

In Figure 3 (a), if the three resistors in the outer loop of the circuit are R1, R2 and R3 and the other resistor is R4. It is simpler to see what is going on if we combine R2 and R3 into their series equivalent resistance $$R_23$$. It is clear now that the equivalent resistance is R1 in series with the parallel combination of $$R_23$$ and R4. If we want to calculate the voltage across the parallel combination of R4 and $$R_{23}$$ then we just use voltage divider.
 * $$V_{4 | | 23}=\frac {R_4 | |(R_2+R_3)V}{R_4 | |(R_2+R_3) + R_1}$$

If we want to calculate the current through R2 and R3 then we can use the voltage across $$R_4 | |(R_2+R_3)$$ and Ohm's law.
 * $$i_{23} = \frac {R_4 | |(R_2+R_3)V}{(R_4 | |(R_2+R_3) + R_1)(R_2+R_3)}$$

Or we could calculate the current in the main circuit and then use current divider rule to get the current.

In Figure 3 (b) we take the same approach simplifying parallel combinations and series combinations of resistors until we get the equivalent resistance.

In Figure 3 (c) this process doesn't work then because there are resistors connected in a delta this means that there is no way to simplify this beyond transforming them to a star or wye connection.

Note: To calculate the current draw from the source the equivalent resistance always must be calculated. But if we just need the voltage across a series resistor this may be necessary. If we want to calculate the current in parallel combination then we must use either current divider rule or calculate the voltage across the resistor and then use Ohm's law to get the current. The second method will often require less work since the current flowing from the source is required for the use of current divider rule. The use of current divider rule is much simpler in the case when the source is a current source because the value of the current is set by the current source.

The above image shows three points 1, 2, and 3 connected with resistors R1, R2, and R3 with a common point. Such a configuration is called a star network or a Y-connection.

The above image shows three points 1, 2, and 3 connected with resistor R12, R23, and R31. The configuration is called a delta network or delta connection.

We have seen that the series and parallel networks can be reduced by the use of simple equations. Now we will derive similar relations to convert a star network to delta and vice versa. Consider the points 1 and 2. The resistance between them in the star case is simply

R1 + R2

For the delta case, we have

R12 || (R31 + R23)

We have similar relations for the points 2, 3 and 3, 1. Making the substitution r1= R23 etc., we have, simplifying,

$$ R_1 = \frac{r_2r_3}{r_1 + r_2 + r_3} $$

$$ r_1 = \frac{R_1R_2 + R_2R_3 + R_3R_1}{R_1} $$

in the most general case. If all the resistances are equal, then R = r/3.

title: Electronics/DC Circuit Analysis


text:
eyka

Etymology
From, from , from. Akin to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to increase
 * 2) to add

Adjective

 * 1) extra
 * 2) * tveir menn eyka
 * two men extra

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: eyka


text:
Occidental Mindoro Provincial Board

The Occidental Mindoro Provincial Board is the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial legislature) of the Philippine province of Occidental Mindoro.

The members are elected via plurality-at-large voting: the province is divided into two districts, each having five seats. A voter votes up to five names, with the top five candidates per district being elected. The vice governor is the ex officio presiding officer, and only votes to break ties. The vice governor is elected via the plurality voting system province-wide.

The districts used in appropriation of members is not coextensive with the legislative district of Occidental Mindoro; unlike congressional representation which is at-large, Occidental Mindoro is divided into two districts for representation in the Sangguniang Panlalawigan.

Aside from the regular members, the board also includes the provincial federation presidents of the Liga ng mga Barangay (ABC, from its old name "Association of Barangay Captains"), the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK, youth councils) and the Philippine Councilors League (PCL). Occidental Mindoro's provincial board also has a reserved seat for its indigenous people (IPMR).

Current members
These are the members after the 2019 local elections and 2018 barangay and SK elections:

 * Vice Governor: Peter Alfaro (PDP–Laban)

title: Occidental Mindoro Provincial Board


text:
persoona

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  person, grammatical person linguistic category used to distinguish between the speaker of an utterance and those to whom or about whom he is speaking
 * 2) personality
 * 3)  person human being; individual

title: persoona


text:
камꙑ

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬 or, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  stone

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) stone, rock

Descendants

 * See the descendants section at .

title: камꙑ


text:
First Line Management

Are you in work and managing staff? If so you are in first line management. You can work to improve your management abilities by studying the units listed below.

Learning support and accreditation
The following formal learning institutions offer learning support for first line management, and may offer assessment and certification based on the units.
 * Otago Polytechic, New Zealand offers assessment of prior learning, as well as face to face and online learning support for study of the (New Zealand) National Certificate in First Line Management.

Content
Below is a list of units that have been brought together to cover the skills and knowledge needed for the role of a first line manager. We suggest you go through each unit that is linked from this list, and complete a project from each.

The units listed here are based on the New Zealand Qualifications Framework for First Line Management. We expect that these units have much in common with other national qualifications frameworks. If you wish to obtain a New Zealand Certificate in First Line Management you need to complete all of the units up to and including Problem Solving. Then you will need to complete at least two of the remaining units listed after Problem Solving.

Otherwise, please use this as an informative guide to improving management in your organisation, and please feel welcome to make edits and improvements or discuss any content presented here.

 * Time management - In Time Management you’ll consider the concept of time, its use, and mis-use in a typical workplace. You’re invited to examine your current time management practices and try a range of effective tips and techniques.
 * Business writing skills - In Business Writing Skills you will examine the principles of English grammar, punctuation and their everyday usage. This module will also uncover all the elements a writer needs to develop and maintain a good writing style.

 * Health & safety plan - Here the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 and its 2003 amendment is examined to determine the responsibility for their implementation. You will also explore some ways of implementing health and safety requirements, as well as options to manage workplace emergencies.

 * Positive workplace relationships - In this module you’ll look at strategies to develop productive working relationships with staff and colleagues, and to minimise conflict situations. You’ll also examine employment contracts, social and community responsibilities and ethical behaviours.
 * Team building - In Team Building you’ll explore the principles and processes of team-building and the ways to consolidate and strengthen a team, as well as identifying team membership and leadership roles.
 * Managing conflict - Here you'll explore sources of interpersonal conflict and identify strategies to successfully resolve conflict situations. You'll also look at a model of negotiation as the management tool to get results.

 * Problem solving - In this unit you will look at the way to define, analyse and evaluate problems. You'll also explore the ways to successfully implement solutions, using a problem solving model as the management tool.

 * Performance monitoring & planning - You’ll examine performance management to determine the processes involved, the documentation required and what is needed from managers. You’ll also identify ways of giving feedback and consider some theories of motivation.
 * Analyse work content and identify work group needs - In this unit you’ll look at what factors contribute to the development of ‘work content’. You’ll be introduced to the complexities of competencies, the joys of job analysis and the place of position descriptions. You’ll consider how to use job analysis information to define workplace requirements, and also look at selection criteria - how they are best used and the benefits they bring.
 * Organisational principles - In this module you’ll identify the relationship between organisational principles and design and the achievement of organisational goals, along with different structures and the impact of internal and external factors. You’ll also consider the roles of managers in organisational design.
 * Managing workplace operations - Here you’ll identify the ways to supervise the production of goods, along with the factors that underlie the effective use of physical resources. Then you’ll consider the ways to monitor, measure and report on workplace operations.
 * Recruit and select staff - In this unit, you’ll look at what’s involved in planning for the recruitment and selection of staff. Then, you’ll consider how to recruit staff and the decisions that must be made about organisational requirements and the choice of media. The potential barriers to fair and equitable processes are also considered and you’ll be introduced to the steps involved in selecting staff.
 * Prepare and conduct staff selection interviews - In this unit, you’ll look at what documentation is required for staff selection procedures and you’ll identify the skills needed to advertise for and shortlist candidates for selection interviews. You’ll also consider what’s involved in conducting a selection interview as a first line manager.
 * Lead a team to complete routine and complex tasks - In this unit, you’ll look at what it takes to lead a team to complete routine and complex tasks. You’ll also consider what a manager needs to know and do, before beginning to lead a team’s activities. You’ll investigate teams, team building, team training and team tools. You’ll also look at management and leadership functions and management styles. All in all, you’ll discover what’s needed to successfully lead a team to complete its tasks on time.
 * Training & development - Here you’ll identify the components of training and development, including levels of need and competency. You’ll also examine some ways to establish and organise training and development requirements for individuals and teams, along with assessment options.
 * Prepare and implement a team project - Here you’ll look at what’s involved in scoping and planning a team project. You’ll also consider the ways to implement a project as a member of a project team. Of course, no action is complete without a review of progress, so finally you’ll look at how individual performance can be reviewed.
 * Demonstrate knowledge of change management - In this unit, you’ll identify the causes of change in a business operation and evaluate some models for managing change. You’ll also consider human resistance to change, see its personal impact on people and how it often manifests itself, as stress. You’ll also look at stress management techniques and discover how stress can be managed.

title: First Line Management


text:
Talk:autopilots

I don't think this actually exists as a word. If it does, then the context and usage needs to be specified. For example, if 'autopilot' is being used as an adjective eg 'the plane was flying on autopilot' it makes autopilots a nonsensical word.

Autopilot does not exist as an object/noun in itself; rather it is a feature of one such as planes, people (slang) etc.

Therefore 'autopilots' is an incorrect entry and this page should be deleted.

Tosh - do a Google book search - you will find sentences such as "These first autopilots were of a completely mechanical construction and supplied a corrector signal to the rudder which was proportional to the heading . . ." SemperBlotto 15:35, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:autopilots


text:
Talk:Meeussen

Did this car ever exist? I can find no other references to it. Malcolma 11:42, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe you can take a look at the Dutch Wikipedia... Belgian man 19:49, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Many apologies. I have looked harder this time. I have also added the link from Dutch Wikipedia. Malcolma 10:23, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, no problem. Belgian man 15:52, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
 * As there is also a picture, a dutch website and a Dutch wikipedia reference, it should clear things.
 * Indeed. Belgian man 16:36, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Meeussen


text:
Salafism

Etymology
From or.

Noun

 * 1)  A movement comparing itself to Sunni Islam, claiming to taking the pious ancestors, the salaf of the patristic period of early Islam, as exemplary models.

Translations

 * Albanian:
 * Arabic: سَلَفِيَّة
 * Chechen:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 沙拉菲主義
 * Czech: salafismus
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: salafismo
 * French:
 * German:
 * Hebrew: סלפייה, סלפיזם
 * Hindi: सलफ़ी,
 * Indonesian:
 * Italian: salafismo
 * Japanese: サラフィズム
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Malay:
 * Persian:
 * Polish: salafizm
 * Portuguese: salafismo
 * Russian:
 * Somali:
 * Spanish: salafismo
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish: Selefilik
 * Urdu:

title: Salafism


text:
arista

Etymology
From. .

Noun

 * 1)  One of the fibrils found on grains or fishes.
 * 2)  A bristle on the third segment of a fly's antenna.
 * 1)  A bristle on the third segment of a fly's antenna.

Translations

 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Finnish: ,
 * French: ,
 * German: ,
 * Italian: ,
 * Portuguese: arista
 * Russian: (grains)
 * Spanish: ,

 * German: Fühlerborste

Etymology 1
Possibly from, as it is considered the most prized cut of pig meat.

Noun

 * 1) pork loin

Etymology 2
., which was inherited.

Noun

 * 1)  awn, ear of grain
 * 1)  awn, ear of grain

Etymology
The origin is. Sometimes thus called, but this is in the first place not likely since the old Latins were agriculturalists nor are there formal grounds, compare 🇨🇬 for this formation.

A derivation from is likely, but concrete relations are. Čop has presented as cognates 🇨🇬,, , , 🇨🇬, , , , , , (elsewhere one lists a 🇨🇬 and puts to the forms also 🇨🇬 ), 🇨🇬, , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, but Puhvel finds these alleged cognates motley, and the Hittite word belongs to  related to burning and ashes, and the Irish word is from , from  also in. But the comparison just to the 🇨🇬 horsetail-words was already made by. A relation to is somewhat likely, while its etymology is likewise unknown. A relation with is considered.

Noun

 * 1) awn beard of grain
 * 2) ear of grain
 * 3) harvest; summer
 * 4) fishbone or a fibril thereof
 * 5) bristle (e.g. on a fly’s antenna – in Neo-Latin entomology)

Etymology
Borrowed from. , which was inherited.

Noun

 * 1)   one of the fibrils found on grains or fishes

Etymology
., which was inherited.

Noun

 * 1)  edge place where two faces of a polyhedron meet
 * 2)  arête
 * 3)  arris
 * 4)  awn
 * 5)  facets

title: arista


text:
User:INFO TECHZ/sandbox

is the YouTube Channel this Channel owned By a Child

Channel have wonderful facts Video & Biography & History of Country Types of Videos. I should recommend to Watch this Video's Had Thousand of Knowledge. I also watch a Channel Video. Surely You also like Videos

Channel link : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmykhDqHWm5CKul9hqVXG_A

title: User:INFO TECHZ/sandbox


text:
United States Government/The Executive Branch

The Executive Branch, which executes and enforces the laws, is headed by the President and the Vice President. In addition, it includes the executive departments, which deal with general topics, and the heads of departments, who are known as Secretaries (Attorney-General in the Department of Justice). Each Department, in turn, is divided into a number of bodies, which are known as agencies, services, commissions, councils, bureaus, authorities, offices, administrations, and boards.

The President
The President is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The President leads the Executive Branch and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.

Article Two of US Constitution vest the executive power in the President. The power includes execution of federal law, alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory and judicial officers and making treaties with foreign nations, however all treaties made by the President must be approved by a two-thirds vote of the Senate. The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances. The President is also largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which he is enrolled.

The President of the United States is often considered one of the most powerful people in the world.

Powers and Duties
Article One: Legislative Powers.

The first power the President is given in the Constitution, is the power to veto bills of legislation. The Constitution requires that all bills passed by Congress to be presented to the President before it can obtain legal force. Once a bill has been presented, the President has one of three options: Article Two: Executive Powers.
 * 1) The president may sign the bill, it which case it obtains legal force.
 * 2) The President may veto (refuse to sign) the bill, in which case it does not obtain legal force. The President then returns the bill, expressing any obligation he may have had on it, to Congress. Congress may override a veto by a two-thirds vote in both houses. Upon overriding the veto, the bill obtains legal force.
 * 3) The President may take no action on a bill. In this case the President does not sign or veto the legislation. If after ten days, not including Sundays, the President has still neither signed nor vetoed the bill, two possible outcomes emerge:
 * 4) * If Congress is still convened, the bill becomes law.
 * 5) * If Congress has adjourned, thus preventing the return of the legislation, the bill does not become law. This latter outcome is known as the pocket veto.

One of the most important Presidential powers is the command-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the United States. While the Constitution vest the power to declare war solely in Congress, the President is ultimately reasonable for the disposition and direction of the Armed Forces.

Along with the armed forces, the president also directs U.S. foreign policy. Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense, the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States. The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments, and negotiates treaties with other nations, which become binding on the United States when approved by two-thirds vote of the Senate.[citation needed]

Although not constitutionally provided, presidents also sometimes employ "executive agreements" in foreign relations. These agreements frequently regard administrative policy choices germane to executive power; for example, the extent to which either country presents an armed presence in a given area, how each country will enforce copyright treaties, or how each country will process foreign mail. However, the 20th century witnessed a vast expansion of the use of executive agreements, and critics have challenged the extent of that use as supplanting the treaty process and removing constitutionally prescribed checks and balances over the executive in foreign relations. Supporters counter that the agreements offer a pragmatic solution when the need for swift, secret, and/or concerted action arises

The President is the head/leader of the Executive Branch of the federal government and is Constitutionally bound to "take care that the law be faithfully executed." The President has the power to make appointments within the Executive branch. Ambassadors, members of the Presidential Cabinet, and federal court officers are appointed by the President, although every appointed official by him must be approved by the Senate.

The President also has the power to fire/remove purely executive officials at will, although Congress has the authority to curtail or constrain the Presidents power to fire/remove commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute.

The president possesses the ability to direct much of the executive branch through executive orders that are grounded in federal law or constitutionally granted executive power. Executive orders are reviewable by federal courts and can be superseded by federal legislation.

The president also has the power to nominate federal judges, including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States. However, these nominations do require Senate confirmation. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to U.S. district courts, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of Senatorial courtesy. Presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves for offense recognizable under federal law. The President cannot, however, grant pardons in impeachment cases, or grant pardons for persons convicted under State law/Jurisdiction.

The President also cannot be simultaneously a member of Congress, neither can any other executive officer. Therefore, the President cannot directly introduce legislative proposals for consideration in Congress. However, the President can take an indirect role in shaping legislation, especially if the President's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress. For example, the President or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. The President can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally mandated, periodic reports to Congress. These reports may be either written or oral, but today are given as the State of the Union address, which often outlines the President's legislative proposals for the coming year. Additionally, the President may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made.

Succession
If the President dies, resigns, is removed from office, or is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the Presidency, the Vice-President becomes President.

Under the Twenty-Fifth amendment, the President may declare himself disabled and upon doing so, transfers the powers and duties of the Presidency to the Vice-President, who then becomes acting President. The President may resume the powers and duties of the Presidency by declaring himself again able to discharge the same. Under the same amendment, the Vice-President, along with a majority of the members of the President's cabinet, may declare the President disabled by submitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate, stating that President is disabled from discharging the powers and duties of the Presidency, and upon doing so, transfer the Presidential powers to the Vice-President as acting President. The President may resume discharging the powers and duties of the Presidency by submitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and President pro tempore of the senate stating that such disability does not exist. If the Vice-President and Cabinet contest this claim, it is up to Congress, which must meet within two days if not already in session, to decide the merit of the claim.

A President is: A person may not hold the office of President, if that person:
 * 1) required to be natural born citizen,
 * 2) required to be at least thirty-five years of age,
 * 3) required to have been a permanent resident in the United States for at least Fourteen years,
 * 4) barred from being elected to the office more than twice.
 * 1) was impeached by the Senate and voted by the same to be disqualified from holding any federal office, including that of President,
 * 2) Once swore to uphold the Constitution and latter rebelled against the United States, although such disqualification can be removed by a two-thirds vote of both Houses of Congress.

The Vice President
The Vice President's only executive function in the Constitution is to become President in the event that the President dies or is incapacitated. The 25th Amendment provides that this may occur when:

 * 1) "the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary;" or

 * 1) "the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office."

Additionally, "whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress."

In practice, the Vice President often takes an active role in policy making.

The Vice President also serves as president of the Senate, but cannot vote except to break a tie.

Elections
Each state is entitled to choose a number of Electors equal to the number of Representatives and Senators it elects to Congress. Thus, a state will choose no less than three electors- two for the Senators, and one for the minimum of one Representative.

The state may choose its Electors in any way it pleases. However, all the states allow the people to choose all Electors. Forty-eight states use the following system: each candidate nominates a panel of electors. When a voter votes for a candidate, they actually vote for the nominated panel. Then, the candidate who wins more votes than any other candidate has his nominated panel appointed. Thus, a candidate who does not necessarily win all the votes will receive all of the state's electors. The exceptions to this system are Maine and Nebraska. These states allow a candidate to nominate one state panel of two electors, plus one elector for each district. Then, the candidate who wins the state has his two-member state panel appointed as electors, while the candidate who wins an individual district has his nominee for that district appointed. In all cases, the election for the Electors is held on the same day as Congressional elections.

Regardless of how they are chosen, the Electors all assemble in their own states in December. The manner of the voting by Electors has changed. Firstly, the following is the original system: If, however, no candidate received a majority, then the House of Representatives would choose one of the top five candidates as President. In voting for President, each state casts one block vote. In any case, whichever other candidate holds the greatest number of votes other than the candidate elected President becomes Vice President. In case of a tie for second-place, the Senate elects the Vice President.
 * Each Elector casts two votes for President. One of those votes must be for a person not an inhabitant of the same state as the Elector. Then, if a candidate receives the votes of a majority of Electors becomes President, while the runner-up becomes Vice President. If one compares the Presidency to a gold medal, then one may say that the Vice Presidency was like a silver medal.
 * The above system seems to allow for all contingencies, but it did not allow for the development of political parties. Prior to the election of 1800, parties did not nominate candidates. However, in 1800, the Democratic-Republican Party nominated Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr for Vice President. The pair won a clear majority of the votes. However, both had an equal number of Electoral votes. Though the original intention was clearly for Jefferson to become President and Burr to become Vice President, the House still had to vote to choose one or the other as President. The House votes tied thirty-five times until Jefferson was finally elected President.
 * In order to prevent a recurrence, the Twelfth Amendment was passed. Under the Amendment, the electors would vote separately for President and Vice President. In each case, a majority was required for someone to be elected. If no majority was apparent for President, then the House would choose among the top three candidates, again voting by states. Similarly, the Senate would vote between the top two candidates for Vice President.

The District of Columbia chooses Electors like the other states, but the District can in no event choose more Electors than any other state.

Executive departments
At present, there are fifteen executive departments. They are the departments of:

 * Department of Agriculture (USDA)
 * Department of Commerce (DOC)
 * Department of Defense (DOD)
 * Department of Education (ED)
 * Department of Energy (DOE)
 * Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
 * Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
 * Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
 * Department of Justice (DOJ)
 * Department of Labor (DOL)
 * Department of State (DOS)
 * Department of the Interior (DOI)
 * Department of the Treasury
 * Department of Transportation (DOT)
 * Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)

Each department is subdivided into a number of agencies, bureaus and other divisions.

Executive agencies
In addition to the Cabinet departments, there are certain independent bodies which are not part of any department, but report directly to the Executive Office of the President. These include:

 * Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
 * National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
 * Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
 * Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
 * Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR)

The Cabinet
The Cabinet currently consists of the Vice President, the White House Chief of Staff, the heads of each executive department, and the heads of the EPA, OMB, ONDCP and USTR.


text:
възьмати

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to pick up
 * 2) to take, take up
 * 3) * Death of Igor lines 1-38, from the Primary Chronicle:
 * "cu"

- возьємавъ дань поиде въ градъ свои.

title: възьмати


text:
Molecular Paleontology Reading Group

Welcome to the Molecular Paleontology Reading Group.

Learning Project Summary
Participants in the Molecular Paleontology Reading Group read and discuss articles from the literature that present data and theories related to the recovery of DNA from ancient human, animal, and plant remains.

Learning materials
Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

You should also read about the Learning model. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.

Discussions

 * Neanderthal DNA discussion - Do data from Neanderthal DNA studies settle the question of the cladistic relationship between modern humans and Neanderthals?

Readings
Each activity has a suggested associated background reading selection.

 * Neanderthal DNA
 * Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA by R. E. Green, J. Krause, S. E. Ptak, A. W. Briggs, M. T. Ronan, J. F. Simons, L. Du, M. Egholm, J. M. Rothberg, M. Paunovic and S. Paabo in Nature (2006) Volume 444, pages 330-336.
 * Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA by James P. Noonan, Graham Coop, Sridhar Kudaravalli, Doug Smith, Johannes Krause, Joe Alessi, Feng Chen, Darren Platt, Svante Pääbo, Jonathan K. Pritchard, Edward M. Rubin in Science (2006) Volume 314, pages 1113-1118.
 * Modern humans did not admix with Neanderthals during their range expansion into Europe by Mathias Currat and Laurent Excoffier in PLoS Biology (2004) Dec;2(12):e421.

 * Technical issues
 * Assessing the fidelity of ancient DNA sequences amplified from nuclear genes in Genetics by Jonas Binladen, Carsten Wiuf, M. Thomas, P. Gilbert, Michael Bunce, Ross Barnett, Greger Larson, Alex D. Greenwood, James Haile, Simon Y. W. Ho, Anders J. Hansen and Eske Willerslev (2006) Volume 172, pages 733-741.
 * Relatively well preserved DNA is present in the crystal aggregates of fossil bones by Michal Salamon, Noreen Tuross, Baruch Arensburg and Steve Weiner in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. (2005) Volume 102, pages 13783-13788.

Active participants
Active participants in this Learning Group

 * User:JWSchmidt
 * Enlil Ninlil 02:49, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Molecular Paleontology Reading Group


text:
Anemas (died 971)

Al-Nu'mān ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Shuʿayb ibn ʿUmar al-Qurṭubī, known by the Byzantines as Anemas, was the son of the last Emir of Crete, Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb. Following the Siege of Chandax and the reconquest of Crete by the Byzantines, Anemas and his father were taken as prisoners to Constantinople and displayed during the triumph of the conqueror and future emperor Nikephoros II Phokas.

Upon settling in Constantinople, Anemas converted to Christianity and joined the Byzantine army as a member of the imperial bodyguard.

When the emperor John I Tzimiskes campaigned against the Kievan Rus in 971, Anemas joined the expedition and went on to fight in a number of engagements during the Siege of Dorostolon. According to Leo the Deacon, during a sally of the besieged Rus, Anemas personally engaged and killed their second-in-command, Ikmor. On the next day (Leo gives it as Friday the 24th of July, but the 24th was a Monday) the Rus launched a determined all-out attack around sunset, hoping to break through. Anemas charged the Rus leader, Sviatoslav, and struck him on the neck, throwing him off his horse; his armour however saved Sviatoslav, and the Rus quickly came to his aid and attacked Anemas. The latter was able to kill several, but in the end was killed himself. The Rus then charged with renewed confidence, but were beaten back with heavy casualties, forcing Sviatoslav to capitulate and sign a treaty with Tzimiskes.

It is possible that the Anemas family that appears in the Byzantine aristocracy in the 11th–12th centuries were his descendants.

title: Anemas (died 971)


text:
South African Law/Cession/Object

The claim
As stated in Trust Bank of South Africa Ltd. v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd. 1963 (3) SA 166 at 189: ‘The rule of our law is that all rights in personam, subject to certain exceptions based principally on the personal nature of the rights, not here relevant, can freely be ceded [...].’

The ‘claim’ refers to the cedent’s right to performance (ius crediti) from the debtor. It is the debtor’s obligation to the cedent and the subject of the cession between the cedent and the cessionary.

Thus schematically,
 * The Cedent ↔ (transfers his claim as subject of the cession) ↔ Cessionary
 * ↑(obligation to perform = the claim )
 * Debtor

Description of the claim
From the above, it is apparent that the claim must be capable of transfer. In brief:
 * 1) Claims must be legal.
 * 2) Claims cannot be too personal.
 * 3) Claims must be identifiable.
 * 4) For cessionability of the claim, the claim cannot be limited by a pactum de non cedendo.

Legality of claims
It is trite that an illegal contract is unenforceable, and an unenforceable contract cannot be ceded.
 * Thus if Donald the debtor promised to pay Cedric the cedent from the proceeds of the bank that he has just robbed; that claim is unenforceable. This means that:
 * Cedric could not sue Donald.
 * Cedric could not transfer his claim to Susan the cessionary.

 * Claims which are contra bonos mores but legal are capable of transfer. An example would be the cession of Donald's pay-packet.

Personal claims (delectus personae)
Certain obligations are of such a personal nature, that they cannot be transferred. If the transfer of the obligation will result in a substantially different obligation on the debtor, then the general principle that a person may dispose of his rights, is restricted. See Sasfin v Beukes 1989 (1) SA 1 (A) at 31.
 * Example might be:

 * A usufruct granted to a specific person entitling that person to live on a specific property.
 * Note that in general terms a legacy itself is capable of cession.

Remember that the claim is a personal right and a vindicatory claim is a real right. Accordingly a vindicatory claim is not transferable by cession, but is transferable in the normal course by a deed or agreement of transfer.
 * Certian obligations flowing from a marriage contract.
 * The obligation to perform specific employment. E.g. the obligation of Donald the accountant to perform an audit of Cedric's books, cannot be ceded.

Identifiability of claims
Although this might seem trite, in practice, it often happens that claims are so widely identified, that they become meaningless. From a drafting point of view, it is therefore important to state precisely what is being transferred. In this discussion we shall look at various problems with identifying claims, and in particular
 * 1) The specificity principle.
 * 2) Future and contingent claims.

Specificity principle
For an obligation to be identified, three aspects must be incorporated. The first two aspects need little or no explanation save to say that the cedent must have an interest or right to the claim. A cedent cannot cede a third parties claim unless he has an interest in it.
 * The identity of the debtor (obligor);
 * The identity of the creditor (obligee);
 * The nature of the obligation.

The nature of the obligation
It often happens that the nature of the obligation is too widely identified, and as a result the cession agreement will be void for vagueness.

Coopers & Leybrand v Bryant 1995 (3) SA 761 (A) is a good example of a very wide cession. The crisp fact to be decided was whether the cedent had locus standi. However, the court did not address this question, but looked rather at the cession agreement and the object of cession. The court found that Bryant had intended to cede his business debts to Standard Bank, but not his personal debts.
 * The respondent (Bryant the cedent) sued the appellants (the debtor), a firm of chartered accountants and auditors, in a circuit court for damages arising from an alleged breach by the appellants of a verbal agreement between them. The appellant, in a special plea to the respondent's particulars of claim, contended that the respondent's claim was subject to the terms of a deed of cession (‘the deed’) concluded between him and Standard Bank (‘the bank’). Consequently he had divested himself of locus standi to institute the action in question. Respondent averred that, upon a proper construction thereof, the deed covered only his business debts.
 * The cession agreement contained the following clause: ‘I / we the undersigned, hereby pledge, cede, assign and transfer [...] my/ our / the companies right title and interest in all book debts and other debts and claims of whatsoever nature, present and future due to and to become due to me / us / the company and all rights of action arising thereunder’.
 * The court found that the matter was essentially one of interpretation: according to the 'golden rule' language had to be given its grammatical and ordinary meaning unless it resulted in some absurdity, or some repugnance, or inconsistency with the rest of the document. (At 767D/E-F paraphrased.)
 * Further, that the ordinary grammatical meaning of 'book debt' was a debt owed to a tradesman as recorded in his account books, but that a particular word or phrase should never be interpreted in isolation. (At 767F/G-G and H/I.)
 * The purpose of the cession was to provide the bank as cessionary with continuing security for allowing the respondent as cedent banking facilities. (At 768E/F-F.)
 * The expression 'book debts' unquestionably referred to the respondent's trading debts, and that expressions such as 'trading', 'records', 'accounts', 'books' and 'in the name of the firm in which I may be trading' were obviously intended to refer to the respondent's business. (At 768G-H.)
 * There was nothing in the deed to indicate that the parties intended to provide security to the bank for the respondent's personal affairs (i.e. for his private account). (At 768H-H/I.)
 * The respondent's claim against the appellants was clearly a personal one which was unrelated to his trading debts, and that the terms of the deed were accordingly not wide enough to include the said claim. (At 766A-A/B and B.)

The case has been trenchantly criticised by Professor Susan Scott (and correctly so) who pointed out that the purpose of the cession was to secure the bank overdraft. The deed of cession explicitly covered personal and business debts, and the courts finding of only business debts is just plain wrong. Prof Scott goes on to state that: ‘If the courts were to place sufficient emphasis on the principle of specificity, to the description of the object of cession, lawyers will pay more attention to the drafting of cession documents and avoid costly litigation. Furthermore if the courts were to address the whole issue of locus standi in the case of security cessions properly, there will be no need for this type of interpretation in deeds of cession.’

Future and conditional claims
Future claims distinguished from contingent claims.

 * 1) A future claim is a spes futurae actionis. In other words there is merely an expectation of a claim in the future. There is no juristic fact from which it could arise, i.e. there is no existing obligation on which to base the claim.
 * 2) A conditional or contingent claim (debitum conditionale or debitum futurum) is a claim in which there is an existing obligation, but it is not enforceable at the present time.

 * future claim
 * 1) *Blondie wants to sell her car because Blondie needs money.
 * 2) *Blondie enters into negotiations to sell the car to Donald.
 * 3) *Donald hasn’t seen the car, and has merely expressed an interest in purchasing the car.
 * 4) *Blondie urgently needs money: Blondie cedes the claim to Susan the cessionary.
 * 5) *Oh dear! There is no cession, because all that Blondie has is a spes that Donald will buy the car.
 * conditional claim
 * 1) *Future event:
 * 2) **Blondie sells the car.
 * 3) **Donald says that he will pay if he wins the lottery. (if he inherits) (if he gets married). [subject to a future event.]
 * 4) **Blondie urgently needs money and cedes her claim to Susan. -Susan is also a bit dim. This is a valid claim.
 * 5) *Time clause
 * 6) **Blondie does sell the car.
 * 7) **Donald says he will pay in three months time.
 * 8) **Blondie urgently needs money and cedes her claim to Susan the cessionary.
 * 9) *Installments
 * 10) **Blondie sells the car.
 * 11) **Donald says he will pay in five installments.
 * 12) *Blondie urgently needs money and cedes her claim to Susan.

FNB v Lynn 1996 (2) SA 339 (A) is an example of a conditional claim. Oliver JA: The claim is a contingent or conditional right [ conditional on the certificate being issued]. Future rights can be ceded and transferred in anticipando. This is the basis for ceding book debts (including future debts), ceding future rights, and factoring of future rights. Van Der Hever JA: This is a conditional right not a future right. NEW (cedent) acquired a personal right to performance against QU-QUA (debtor). The personal right was delayed [pending the certificate]. The personal right was transferred [by the deed of cession in securitatem debiti].
 * 1) *Natal Earth Works (cedent) ceded its debts in securitatem debiti to FNB (cessionary).
 * 2) *They later obtained a contract with the Gov of Qua-Qua (debtor). Qua-Qua was due to pay them when a final certificate of approval had been issued.
 * 3) *Then they went insolvent before the final certificate had been issued.
 * 4) *The Liquidators (Lynn) then said that the cessionary (FNB) was not a secured creditor because the money due by Qua-Qua (debtor) was not due before NEW (cedent) went insolvent. FNB who was a secured creditor appealed.
 * 5) *The Court found that FNB (cessionary) was entitled to be treated as a secured creditor. There were various minority judgments. On various points.

PG Bison Ltd & others v Master of the High Court & another Supreme Court of Appeal (judgment delivered 29 November 1999 ) is another clear case of a conditional claim.
 * Pats Planks CC (the cedent) ceded its book debts to PG Bison the cessionary.]
 * It was common cause that the cedent's attorney inserted the following additional clause (‘the additional clause’) into the deed of cession prior to its execution by the corporation: ‘This cession will not be implemented unless the account is overdue by 30 days and 7 days notice of the intention to implement this cession has been given’.
 * It was also common cause that at the date of the cedent’s liquidation the account was indeed overdue by thirty days, but the seven days notice had not been given.
 * The court found that the outcome of the appeal depends mainly upon the interpretation of the additional clause, read in context. The first step in construing the additional clause is to determine the ordinary grammatical meaning of the words in order to ascertain the common intention of the parties.
 * The court found further that ‘There can be no doubt in my opinion that the rights were duly transferred to the appellants (cessionaries) and remained vested in them’ and that that the appellants (cessionaries) [can] only take steps to recover the debts directly once they have terminated the corporation’s mandate by giving notice in terms of the additional clause.

Transfer of Contingent Claims
This is to enable the cedent to determine what he is transferring and the cessionary to determine what he is getting. The following are not acceptable. The following is acceptable. Construction. Materialisation When does the claim pass? When the future event happens, is it for a brief instant an obligation in the hands of the cedent, or has it already passed to the cessionary. There is no uniformity of views and needs to be determined still. Priority
 * 1) The legality of contingent claims.
 * 2) *Cession of future contingent claims is not contra bonos mores, although it has been argued that such cessions limit a persons economic activities, and that they could lead to a clash of security interests.
 * 3) Specificity principle.
 * 4) *The future claim must be determinable regarding:
 * 5) **The identity of the cedent.
 * 6) **The identity of the debtor
 * 7) **The cause of the claim.
 * 1) Any future claim against Donald of R1000.00 where the future claim against Donald is not R1000.00. [Donald’s future claims may be R5000.00 and R3000.00]
 * 2) 50% of any future claim I have against Donald. [sum is not determinable].
 * 3) My future claims against Donald to the maximum of R50 000.00. (the cessionary doesn’t know which claim has a maximum of R50 000.00).
 * 1) 50% of each of my (specified) future claims against Donald.
 * 2) 50% of my (specified) future claim against Donald.
 * 1) The difficulty with ceding a future claim is that of delivery. De Wet & Van Wyk argue that a future claim cannot be ceded because transfer of a non existent thing is impossible. Prof Scott argues that there is a distinction between
 * A future claim and
 * A corporeal thing not yet in existence.
 * A future claim can be transferred, because there is a method of doing so. i.e the cession agreement, which would include the transfer agreement.
 * A corporeal thing not yet in existence cannot be transferred.
 * 1) Where more than one cession of the same future right takes place, the future rights to claim will take place in the same order as they appear.

title: South African Law/Cession/Object


text:
User:Willardthecat/George Lewis (trombonist)/Bibliography

This is the section current in the article 28 Aug 20 Books and essays [by George E. Lewis]

 * Lewis, George E. "Lifting the Cone of Silence From Black Composers." The New York Times. July 3, 2020.
 * Lewis, George E. and Benjamin Piekut, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Critical Improvisation Studies, Vols. 1&2. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
 * Lewis, George E. "Americanist Musicology and Nomadic Noise." Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Fall 2011), pp. 691–95.
 * Lewis, George E. "Interactivity and Improvisation". In Dean, Roger T., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Computer Music. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press (2009), 457-66.
 * Lewis, George E. A Power Stronger Than Itself: The AACM and American Experimental Music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
 * Lewis, George E. "The Virtual Discourses of Pamela Z". In Hassan, Salah M., and Cheryl Finley, eds. Diaspora, Memory, Place: David Hammons, Maria Magdalena Campos-Pons, Pamela Z. Munich: Prestel (2008), 266-81.
 * Lewis, George E., "Foreword: After Afrofuturism." Journal of the Society for American Music, Volume 2, Number 2, pp. 139–53 (2008).
 * Lewis, George E., "Stan Douglas's Suspiria: Genealogies of Recombinant Narrativity." In Stan Douglas, Past Imperfect: Works 1986-2007. Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 42-53 (2008).
 * Lewis, George E., "Improvising Tomorrow's Bodies: The Politics of Transduction." E-misférica, Vol. 4.2, November 2007.
 * Lewis, George E., "Mobilitas Animi: Improvising Technologies, Intending Chance." Parallax, Vol. 13, No. 4, (2007), 108–122.
 * Lewis, George E., "Living with Creative Machines: An Improvisor Reflects." In Anna Everett and Amber J. Wallace, eds. AfroGEEKS: Beyond the Digital Divide. Santa Barbara: Center for Black Studies Research, 2007, 83-99.
 * Lewis, George E. "Live Algorithms and the Future of Music." CT Watch Quarterly, May 2007.
 * Lewis, George E. Improvisation and the Orchestra: A Composer Reflects. Contemporary Music Review, Vol. 25, Nos. 5/6, October/December 2006, pp. 429–34.
 * Lewis, George E. "The Secret Love between Interactivity and Improvisation, or Missing in Interaction: A Prehistory of Computer Interactivity". In Fähndrich, Walter, ed. Improvisation V: 14 Beiträge. Winterthur: Amadeus (2003), 193-203.
 * Lewis, George E. 2004. "Gittin' to Know Y'all: Improvised Music, Interculturalism and the Racial Imagination". Critical Studies in Improvisation (peer-reviewed online journal), Vol. 1, No. 1, ISSN 1712-0624, www.criticalimprov.com.
 * Lewis, George E. 2004. "Leben mit kreativen Maschinen: Reflexionen eines improvisierenden Musikers". In Knauer, Wolfram, ed. Improvisieren: Darmstädter Beiträge zur Jazzforschung, Band 8. Hofheim: Wolke Verlag, 123-144.
 * Lewis, George. 2004. Afterword to "Improvised Music After 1950": The Changing Same. In Fischlin, Daniel, and Ajay Heble, eds. The Other Side of Nowhere: Jazz, Improvisation, and Communities in Dialogue. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 163-72.
 * Lewis, George E., "Too Many Notes: Computers, complexity and culture in Voyager." Leonardo Music Journal 10, 2000, 33-39. Reprinted in Everett, Anna, and John T. Caldwell, eds. 2003. New Media: Theories and Practices of Intertextuality. New York and London: Routledge, 93-106.
 * Lewis, George, "Teaching Improvised Music: An Ethnographic Memoir." In Zorn, John, ed. Arcana: Musicians on Music. New York: Granary Books (2000), 78-109.
 * Lewis, George, "Improvised Music After 1950: Afrological and Eurological Perspectives." Black Music Research Journal, vol. 16, No.1, Spring 1996, 91-122. Excerpted in Cox, Christoph, and Daniel Warner. 2004. Audio Culture: Readings In Modern Music. New York: Continuum, 272-86.

 * Evaluating articles and sources


text:
C Programming/Operators and type casting

Operators and Assignments
C has a wide range of operators that make simple math easy to handle. The list of operators grouped into precedence levels is as follows:

Primary expressions
Identifiers are names of things in C, and consist of either a letter or an underscore ( _ ) optionally followed by letters, digits, or underscores. An identifier (or variable name) is a primary expression, provided that it has been declared as designating an object (in which case it is an lvalue [a value that can be used as the left side of an assignment expression]) or a function (in which case it is a function designator).

A constant is a primary expression. Its type depends on its form and value. The types of constants are character constants (e.g.  is a space), integer constants (e.g.  ), floating-point constants (e.g.  ), and enumerated constants that have been previously defined via.

A string literal is a primary expression. It consists of a string of characters within double quotes ( " ).

A parenthesized expression is a primary expression. It consists of an expression within parentheses ( ( ) ). Its type and value are those of the non-parenthesized expression within the parentheses.

In C11, an expression that starts with _Generic followed by an initial expression, a list of values of the form type: expression where type is either a named type or the keyword default, and constitutes a primary expression. The value is the expression that follows the type of the initial expression or the default if not found.

Postfix operators
First, a primary expression is also a postfix expression. The following expressions are also postfix expressions:

A postfix expression followed by a left square bracket, an expression, and a right square bracket in sequence constitutes an invocation of the array subscript operator. One of the expressions shall have type "pointer to object type" and the other shall have an integer type; the result type is type. Successive array subscript operators designate an element of a multidimensional array.

A postfix expression followed by parentheses or an optional parenthesized argument list indicates an invocation of the function call operator. The value of the function call operator is the return value of the function called with the provided arguments. The parameters to the function are copied on the stack by value (or at least the compiler acts as if that is what happens; if the programmer wanted the parameter to be copied by reference, then it is easier to pass the address of the area to be modified by value, then the called function can access the area through the respective pointer). The trend for compilers is to pass the parameters from right to left onto the stack, but this is not universal.

A postfix expression followed by a dot followed by an identifier selects a member from a structure or union; a postfix expression followed by an arrow  followed by an identifier selects a member from a structure or union who is pointed to by the pointer on the left-hand side of the expression.

A postfix expression followed by the increment or decrement operators ( or   respectively) indicates that the variable is to be incremented or decremented as a side effect. The value of the expression is the value of the postfix expression before the increment or decrement. These operators only work on integers and pointers.

Unary expressions
First, a postfix expression is a unary expression. The following expressions are all unary expressions:

The increment or decrement operators followed by a unary expression is a unary expression. The value of the expression is the value of the unary expression after the increment or decrement. These operators only work on integers and pointers.

The following operators followed by a cast expression are unary expressions:

Operator    Meaning ========    =======    &         Address-of; value is the location of the operand *        Contents-of; value is what is stored at the location -        Negation +        Value-of operator !        Logical negation ( (!E) is equivalent to (0==E) ) ~        Bit-wise complement

The keyword  followed by a unary expression is a unary expression. The value is the size of the type of the expression in bytes. The expression is not evaluated.

The keyword  followed by a parenthesized type name is a unary expression. The value is the size of the type in bytes.

Cast operators
A unary expression is also a cast expression.

A parenthesized type name followed by any expression, including literals, is a cast expression. The parenthesized type name has the effect of forcing the cast expression into the type specified by the type name in parentheses. For arithmetic types, this either does not change the value of the expression, or truncates the value of the expression if the expression is an integer and the new type is smaller than the previous type.

An example of casting an int as a float:

Multiplicative and additive operators
First, a multiplicative expression is also a cast expression, and an additive expression is also a multiplicative expression. This follows the precedence that multiplication happens before addition.

In C, simple math is very easy to handle. The following operators exist: + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (division), and % (modulus); You likely know all of them from your math classes - except, perhaps, modulus. It returns the remainder of a division (e.g. 5 % 2 = 1). (Modulus is not defined for floating-point numbers, but the math.h library has an fmod function.)

Care must be taken with the modulus, because it's not the equivalent of the mathematical modulus: (-5) % 2 is not 1, but -1. Division of integers will return an integer, and the division of a negative integer by a positive integer will round towards zero instead of rounding down (e.g. (-5) / 3 = -1 instead of -2). However, it is always true that for all integer a and nonzero integer b, ((a / b) * b) + (a % b) == a.

There is no inline operator to do exponentiation (e.g. 5 ^ 2 is not 25 [it is 7; ^ is the exclusive-or operator], and 5 ** 2 is an error), but there is a power function.

The mathematical order of operations does apply. For example (2 + 3) * 2 = 10 while 2 + 3 * 2 = 8. Multiplicative operators have precedence over additive operators.

will display the following:

i: 0   j: 1 i: 1   j: 2 i: 2   j: 3 i: 3   j: 4 i: 4   j: 5 At the end they have both equal values: i: 5   j: 5

The shift operators (which may be used to rotate bits)
A shift expression is also an additive expression (meaning that the shift operators have a precedence just below addition and subtraction).

Shift functions are often used in low-level I/O hardware interfacing. Shift and rotate functions are heavily used in cryptography and software floating point emulation. Other than that, shifts can be used in place of division or multiplication by a power of two. Many processors have dedicated function blocks to make these operations fast -- see Microprocessor Design/Shift and Rotate Blocks. On processors which have such blocks, most C compilers compile shift and rotate operators to a single assembly-language instruction -- see X86 Assembly/Shift and Rotate.

shift left
The  operator shifts the binary representation to the left, dropping the most significant bits and appending it with zero bits. The result is equivalent to multiplying the integer by a power of two.

unsigned shift right
The unsigned shift right operator, also sometimes called the logical right shift operator. It shifts the binary representation to the right, dropping the least significant bits and prepending it with zeros. The  operator is equivalent to division by a power of two for unsigned integers.

signed shift right
The signed shift right operator, also sometimes called the arithmetic right shift operator. It shifts the binary representation to the right, dropping the least significant bit, but prepending it with copies of the original sign bit. The  operator is not equivalent to division for signed integers.

In C, the behavior of the  operator depends on the data type it acts on. Therefore, a signed and an unsigned right shift looks exactly the same, but produces a different result in some cases.

rotate right
Contrary to popular belief, it is possible to write C code that compiles down to the "rotate" assembly language instruction (on CPUs that have such an instruction).

Most compilers recognize this idiom:

and compile it to a single 32 bit rotate instruction.

On some systems, this may be "#define"ed as a macro or defined as an inline function called something like "rightrotate32" or "rotr32" or "ror32" in a standard header file like "bitops.h".

rotate left
Most compilers recognize this idiom:

and compile it to a single 32 bit rotate instruction.

On some systems, this may be "#define"ed as a macro or defined as an inline function called something like "leftrotate32" or "rotl32" in a header file like "bitops.h".

Relational and equality operators
A relational expression is also a shift expression; an equality expression is also a relational expression.

The relational binary operators  (less than),   (greater than),   (less than or equal), and   (greater than or equal) operators return a value of 1 if the result of the operation is true, 0 if false. The result of these operators is type.

The equality binary operators  (equals) and   (not equals) operators are similar to the relational operators except that their precedence is lower. They also return a value of 1 if the result of the operation is true and 0 if it is false.

One thing with floating-point numbers and equality operators: Because floating-point operations can produce approximations (e.g. 0.1 is a repeating decimal in binary, so 0.1 * 10.0 is hardly ever 1.0), it is unwise to use the  operator with floating-point numbers. Instead, if a and b are the numbers to compare, compare  to a fudge factor.

Bitwise operators
The bitwise operators are  (and),   (exclusive or) and   (inclusive or). The  operator has higher precedence than , which has higher precedence than.

The values being operated upon must be integral; the result is integral.

One use for the bitwise operators is to emulate bit flags. These flags can be set with OR, tested with AND, flipped with XOR, and cleared with AND NOT. For example:

Logical operators
The logical operators are  (and), and   (or). Both of these operators produce 1 if the relationship is true and 0 for false. Both of these operators short-circuit; if the result of the expression can be determined from the first operand, the second is ignored. The  operator has higher precedence than the   operator.

is used to evaluate expressions left to right, and returns a 1 if both statements are true, 0 if either of them are false. If the first expression is false, the second is not evaluated. Here, the  operator checks the left-most expression, then the expression to its right. If there were more than two expressions chained (e.g. ), the operator would check x first, then y (if x is nonzero), then continue rightwards to z if neither x or y is zero. Since both statements return true, the  operator returns true, and the code block is executed.

The && operator checks in the same way as before, and finds that the first expression is false. The && operator stops evaluating as soon as it finds a statement to be false, and returns a false.

is used to evaluate expressions left to right, and returns a 1 if either of the expressions are true, 0 if both are false. If the first expression is true, the second expression is not evaluated. The  operator here checks the left-most expression, finds it false, but continues to evaluate the next expression. It finds that the next expression returns true, stops, and returns a 1. Much how the  operator ceases when it finds an expression that returns false, the   operator ceases when it finds an expression that returns true.

It is worth noting that C does not have Boolean values (true and false) commonly found in other languages. It instead interprets a 0 as false, and any nonzero value as true.

Conditional operators
The ternary  operator is the conditional operator. The expression  has the value of   if   is nonzero,   otherwise.

Example: The expression  evaluates to 0. The ternary operator then looks for the "if-false" value, which in this case, is 6. It returns that, so  is equal to six. Had  been a non-zero, then the expression would have returned a 10.

Assignment operators
The assignment operators are,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , and. The  operator stores the value of the right operand into the location determined by the left operand, which must be an lvalue (a value that has an address, and therefore can be assigned to).

For the others,  is shorthand for. Hence, the following expressions are the same: 1. x += y    -     x = x+y 2. x -= y    -     x = x-y 3. x *= y    -     x = x*y 4. x /= y    -     x = x/y 5. x %= y    -     x = x%y

The value of the assignment expression is the value of the left operand after the assignment. Thus, assignments can be chained; e.g. the expression  would assign the value zero to all three variables.

Comma operator
The operator with the least precedence is the comma operator. The value of the expression  will evaluate both   and , but provides the value of.

This operator is useful for including multiple actions in one statement (e.g. within a for loop conditional).

Here is a small example of the comma operator:


text:
Top-rated United States television programs of 1990–91

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1990–91 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
Talk:Dennis Bevington

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title: Talk:Dennis Bevington


text:
Open Mind

Open Mind may refer to:
 * Open Mind (album), by Jean-Luc Ponty
 * Open Mind (horse), an American Thoroughbred
 * The Open Mind (band), a British psychedelic rock group
 * The Open Mind (TV series), a public affairs talk show
 * Open Mind Common Sense, an artificial intelligence project
 * Open Mind Productions, a British television production company
 * Open-mindedness, the psychological concept
 * Monsieur Ouine, a novel by Georges Bernanos, known as The Open Mind in one translation
 * Open Mind (journal), a cognitive science journal

title: Open Mind


text:
Abquy

Abquy (, also Romanized as Ābqūy) is a village in Mazul Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 227, in 59 families.

title: Abquy


text:
Zboj

Zboj (Harcos, Збой) is a village and municipality in Snina District in the Prešov Region of north-eastern Slovakia.

History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1567. Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, Zboj was part of Zemplén County within the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1939, it was for a short time part of the Slovak Republic. From 1939 to 1944, as a result of the Slovak–Hungarian War of 1939, it was again part of Hungary. On 18 October 1944, the Red Army entered Zboj and it was once again part of Czechoslovakia.

Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 356 metres and covers an area of 50.542 km2. According to the 2013 census it had a population of 353 inhabitants.

title: Zboj


text:
Talk:Debby Boone

Fair use rationale for Image:Debby Boone-New.jpg
Image:Debby Boone-New.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 12:20, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Debby Boone


text:
Talk:Introduction to Calculus/Introduction

If you have any questions, please put them into the discussion page by pressing the "edit" bookmark at the top of the screen.

I believe that there is a factual error in the introduction when it states that a falling rock will fall 9.8t^2 meters in t seconds or 16t^2 feet in t seconds. the equation for distance is 1/2 gt^2. in mps^2 this works out to be 4.9t^2 meters in t seconds. does that make sense.

Question I
Why can't I continue? There is another heading underneath the lesson on calculating the average speed of a falling rock; however, there is nothing underneath the heading, and there is no obvious link to click to continue. I would like to move on to the next section... Thanks!
 * It hasn't been written yet. However, there is a wikibook Calculus which is probably more useful at this point.--Rayc 07:17, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Question II
What is the exponent above the variable "t" in the equation to determine velocity of the falling rock? Also, why is the exponent 3 for the section asking the student to calculate the velocity of the rocket but 2 for the velocity of a falling rock? Cpuga001 00:19, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Question III
I the example of the falling rock: "a rock will fall at 16t^2 or 9.81t^2 metres" this is very confusing. Acceleration due to gravity is expressed as 9.81 m/s^2, where did the 16 come from and what is it's unit? "the total distance traveled during this interval will be 16t_1^2-16t^2" t^2 is a unit of time not distance.

Its unit is feet. t is meant to be a unit of time, not distance, because the acceleration due to gravity makes distance a function of time.

Question IV
I didn't understand why it is 16t² feet or 9.81t²meters. The equation that measure H is H = gt²/2 if the initial velocity s zero( which it is) so it should be 9.81/2 not 9.81x2.

Comment
I have found this page long winded. It is full of examples, probably from college textbooks, without getting to the core idea. Calculus is about finding the instantaneous rate verses the average rate. Simple in a nutshell! It is represented by the gradient at a defined point on a curve. Differentiation is about calculating that gradient.


text:
Civ/Civilization II/Unit Index

 * A.D.M denotes the attack, defense, and movement ratings of the unit.
 * HP.F denotes the number of hit points and the firepower rating of the unit.
 * Tech denotes the civilization advance needed in order to build the unit.
 * Obsolescence denotes the civilization advance that renders the unit obsolete.
 * Cost denotes the number of shields required for the unit to be built.
 * Description is a short description of the unit's other capabilities it may have.

title: Civ/Civilization II/Unit Index


text:
Portal:Neurobiology

Welcome to the Department of Neurobiology, part of the Center for Neuroscience. The Department is a content development project devoted to learning resources about the structures and functions of nervous systems with special emphasis on how the cells of a nervous system form neural networks.

Topics of Study

 * Development and evolution of the cell types of nervous systems
 * Synapse formation
 * Axon targetting
 * Synaptic plasticity
 * Neuroplasticity research
 * How drugs alter synapse function
 * Diseases of neurons and glial cells
 * Mathematical modeling of neural networks

Research on Wikiversity

 * Friedman Lab

Other Content Developers

 * AFriedman

Neurobiología

title: Portal:Neurobiology


text:
Thomas Bouchard

Thomas Bouchard may refer to:

 * Thomas J. Bouchard Jr. (born 1937), American psychologist and geneticist
 * Thomas Bouchard (politician) (1865–1943), solicitor and member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly

title: Thomas Bouchard


text:
The Bootleg Series Vol. 13: Trouble No More 1979–1981

The Bootleg Series Vol. 13: Trouble No More 1979–1981 is a set of recordings from 1979 to 1981 by Bob Dylan that showcases the music he wrote and performed during his born-again Christian period, covered in the studio albums Slow Train Coming, Saved and Shot of Love.

The 11th installment in the Bob Dylan Bootleg Series, it was released by Legacy Records on November 3, 2017, and is available in three versions: a two-disc set common to the rest of the series after the first three volumes; a four-LP album version of the standard set; and a nine-disc deluxe version with one disc a DVD. A two-disc bonus set was available initially with the deluxe version, and the standard two-disc set comprises the material on the first two discs of the deluxe set.

History
In late 1978, Dylan became a Christian. He soon began to write Christian-themed and explicitly Christian songs, which appeared on Slow Train Coming (1979), Saved (1980), and portions of Shot of Love (1981). Their religious sentiments baffled segments of Dylan's fanbase—just as Dylan's "going electric" had alienated folk purists in 1965.

Content
Trouble No More consists mostly of live recordings from this era, plus unreleased session demos and outtakes from recording sessions for the three studio albums he recorded in the period. On September 20, 2017, the song "When You Gonna Wake Up (Oslo, Norway – July 9, 1981)" was published on Dylan's YouTube channel. It was the first single from the set, which was released in a number of different editions and media formats.

The standard two-disc edition contains live versions of every song that originally appeared on the albums Slow Train Coming, Saved, and Shot of Love with the exceptions of the Porter Wagoner cover "A Satisfied Mind" on Saved and "Heart of Mine", "Property of Jesus", "Lenny Bruce", and "Trouble" from Shot of Love. Three of its songs had been previously unreleased.

The deluxe nine-disc box set duplicates the standard set for its first two discs, and includes an additional six compact discs of music plus a ninth disc containing a documentary about this period of Dylan's work on DVD. The deluxe set premiered 100 previously unreleased recordings, both live and studio, including 14 unreleased songs (with the exception of "Ye Shall Be Changed", released in 1991 on The Bootleg Series, Vol. 1–3), a 120-page photo book and extensive liner notes. The box contains over eight hours of music, and two bonus discs with the complete concert from San Diego in 1979 were included with purchase of the deluxe edition through the official Dylan website.

The DVD documentary Trouble No More: A Musical Film (US, 2017, 59 min.), is a new feature-length cinematic presentation directed by Jennifer Lebeau and Ron Kantor combining unreleased footage from Dylan's 1980 tours with new material written by Lucy Sante and performed by Academy Award nominee Michael Shannon, plus over 28 minutes of extras. The documentary premiered at the 2017 New York Film Festival.

Track listing
All tracks are written by Bob Dylan, except where indicated.

Collective personnel

 * Bob Dylan — vocals, guitars, harmonica, piano
 * Al Kooper, Spooner Oldham, William "Smitty" Smith, Terry Young – keyboards
 * Steve Ripley, Carlos Santana, Fred Tackett — guitars
 * Tim Drummond — bass
 * Jim Keltner, Arthur Rosato – drums
 * Mary Elizabeth Bridges, Carolyn Dennis, Gwen Evans, Clydie King, Regina McCrary, Regina Peebles, Helena Springs, Mona Lisa Young – backing vocals, percussion


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alessio Foconi

The result was   delete. Article's subject is found to not be notable. — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 00:40, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

Alessio Foconi

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Fencer who has had some success on the junior level, but has not yet had any significant success as a senior. Junior success is not sufficient to show notability.Mdtemp (talk) 20:28, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I created the article on the ground that he earned three bronze medals in the Fencing World Cup: one in the 2008 Espinho World Cup, one in the 2011 Shanghai Grand Prix and one in the 2015 Bonn Grand Prix. He also took a team gold medal in the 2014 Havana Grand Prix. World Cup events are the top-level competitions in the sport after the Olympic Games and the World Championships. Foconi also won the 2013 *senior* (assoluti) Italian championships, which is in my opinion a significant result as Italy is a top-ranking nation in foil. The rankings I mentioned were senior ones and it was incorrect to add "junior" in front of them; please read the sources provided. Jastrow (Λέγετε) 08:15, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Italy-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 17:05, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sportspeople-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 17:05, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete Success in lesser events doesn't make him notable. No success shown in adult European or World championships. The article's link to his FIE record shows his ranking as being in the under-23 category. Like the nom, I would call that a junior ranking since it's certainly not the top level of fencing. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:41, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't understand the part about the rankings. Those mentioned in the article for 2010–11 and 2011–12 are senior ones: Foconi hasn't fenced in junior since 2009. These rankings have a "S" like "senior" in front of them on the EFC link you're mentioning. I don't know how it could be clearer. Everyone can see for themselves. About "lesser events", dismissing success in World Cup events seems a bit like dismissing success in WTA Premier tournaments because they're not Grand Slam. In fencing a Grand Prix weighs the same in World Cup points as a continental championship like the Europeans. Jastrow (Λέγετε) 20:18, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I suspect the IP made the same mistake I did. I clicked on the external EFC link in the article and got this which shows only an under 23 ranking. Even using the rankings you correctly pointed out, he's only ranked 34th. I don't think that's enough to show notability, especially when you consider that boxing (a far more popular sport) requires being ranked in the top 10 to show notability.Mdtemp (talk) 20:10, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ah, OK, it was baffling me. I see how it can be confusing. I'm not actually saying Foconi is notable for his ranking. As there are no fencing-specific notability criteria that I know of, I operated under the assumption that a medal in a World Cup event (ie a Grand Prix or a World Cup per se, to the exclusion of satellite events of course) was enough. I write almost only about fencing on en:, so I'm not very well aware of notability criteria for other sports.
 * To complete my previous explanations, all top-ranked fencers usually attend these competitions. In the Löwe von Bonn, in which Foconi got his last bronze, all Top 20 fencers attended there but one, who is injured. The competitions also use the same formula as the World Championships. There are eight a season, five World Cups and three Grand Prix. So I'd say that, *within fencing*, they're comparable to the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 for tennis. Jastrow (Λέγετε) 12:27, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Shii (tock) 01:35, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete With no appearances at a European or World championship or at the Olympics it's hard to argue that he's competed at the highest level. Doesn't appear to meet the notability criteria for athletes and a rank of 34 doesn't seem high enough to show notability.  Comparing this to tennis is irrelevant and I would say misleading since there are far more tennis players than fencers.  The coverage consists of routine reporting of sports results and not the significant independent coverage required to meet WP:GNG. He may become notable but right now it's at least WP:TOOSOON. Papaursa (talk) 20:39, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Just on the first sentence–the number of fencers is restricted to four by country at the European and the World championships (three per country for the Olympics). Italy sends their four Olympic team champions, while weaker countries can send fencers that have no international ranking. At the 2013 Europeans for instance the best-ranked Austrian in men's foil was No.60 and the best-ranked Portuguese was No.353. There is no number restriction at World Cups, so all the best fencers are there regardless of their country. Final phases of World Cups are at least the same level of competition as European or Worlds. Also for the sake of precision, 34th is Foconi's current ranking. His best end-of-the-season ranking is 24th in 2012. Jastrow (Λέγετε) 10:03, 23 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Cales Dale

Cales Dale is a short valley towards the head of Lathkill Dale near Monyash, Derbyshire, in the Peak District of England.

Cales Dale is included within Lathkill Dale as part of the Derbyshire Dales National Nature Reserve and is popular with tourists who visit for its natural environment and wildlife. Natural England manages the reserve which covers five separate dales of the White Peak (Lathkill Dale, Cressbrook Dale, Hay Dale, Long Dale and Monk’s Dale). The Lathkill Dale Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) includes Cales Dale and is known for its range of wildflower species (including orchids and the rare Jacob's ladder), butterflies, ancient woodland and the presence of birds of prey, dippers, woodpeckers and water voles. Most of Cales Dale is designated as Open Access Land under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. The Medieval settlement on the north western slopes of Cales Dale is a Scheduled Monument. The monument consists of earthwork remains from a settlement related to the neighbouring monastic grange at One Ash, which is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. In the late 12th century the Cistercian monks of Roche Abbey established the grange. The foundations of a building 20m long by 12m wide have been identified. Parts of a stone cross head, from the 10th or 11th century were found nearby and are now on display in Buxton Museum. One Ash Grange Farm's farmhouse, barn and pigstyes are Grade II listed buildings.

Calling Low bowl barrow is a Bronze Age burial mound above the east side of Cales Dale and is a Scheduled Monument. It was excavated by Thomas Bateman in 1846. He found a cist containing a human skeleton, a sandstone sphere and flint tools.

The Limestone Way long-distance footpath crosses Cales Dale near One Ash Grange Farm. There are parking areas near Monyash at the top end of Lathkill Dale. There is also a car park at Moor Lane towards Youlgreave.

The 'Battle of Wits' scene of the film The Princess Bride was shot at the foot of Cales Dale in 1986.

title: Cales Dale


text:
Night Peacock

Night Peacock (Le Paon de Nuit; ) is a 2016 romantic drama film directed by Dai Sijie. The film is a Chinese-French co-production. It stars Liu Yifei, Liu Ye, Yu Shaoqun and Leon Lai. The film was released in mainland China by SMG Pictures and Beijing Lupiaoda Media on 20 May 2016.

Plot
The film is set in Chengdu, China and in France.

Cast

 * Liu Yifei
 * Liu Ye
 * Yu Shaoqun
 * Leon Lai

Production
The film was shot in Paris, France, and in Chengdu, China.

Reception
The film has grossed CN¥26 million at the Chinese box office.

Critical
The film was awarded first prize under the Special Chinese Film category at the 40th Montreal World Film Festival, and Liu was nominated as Best Actress. It also won the Golden Angel Award for Film at the 12th Chinese American Film Festival.

title: Night Peacock


text:
Talk:Dianne Hadden

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text:
pullea

Etymology
Derived from (borrowing from ), with.

Adjective

 * 1) chubby, plump, rotund, round

title: pullea


text:
Plain Rap

Plain Rap is the third studio album by Los Angeles hip hop group The Pharcyde. The album was released on November 7, 2000, on Delicious Vinyl/Edel America Records. Slimkid3 (Tre Hardson) left the group after the release of the album.

The album peaked at #157 on the Billboard 200.

Production
The album contains production from Showbiz of D.I.T.C., J-Swift, and the group themselves. It features lone guest Black Thought.

Critical reception
The Los Angeles Times called the album "uninspired," writing that the group "deliver their lyrics without much of the inflection and flair that made the group’s earlier material memorable." The A.V. Club wrote that "too often ... Plain Rap sounds like what Labcabin's detractors unfairly accused it of being: mature and adult to the point of sounding hopelessly dull." Portland Mercury wrote that "it's not that the album is horrible--it just isn't going anywhere."

Robert Christgau listed "Trust" as a "choice cut."

Track listing

 * 1) "Trust" 4:42
 * 2) "Network (feat. Black Thought)" 5:08
 * 3) "LA" 3:24
 * 4) "Somethin'" 4:52
 * 5) "Misery" 5:10
 * 6) "Blaze"  3:33
 * 7) "Rush"   3:12
 * 8) "Sock Skit" 1:18
 * 9) "Guestlist" 3:51
 * 10) "Evolution" 4:02
 * 11) "Front Line 5:08
 * 12) "World"     5:48
 * 13) "Trust (Remix)" 4:51

title: Plain Rap