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Talk:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary

Renaming
At the talk page for Sino-Japanese, the following comment has been posted:

 * I agree the title is misleading. Not because of whether or not Sino-Japanese is a language or not, but because that phrase is often used to describe the relationship between Japan and China for various other topics. If you type "Sino-Japan" into google, you get topics like "Sino-Japan ties" and "The Sino-Japanese war". Nothing comes up about language.

 * I think Wikipedia's "Sino-Japanese" entry should merely be a small blurb saying "'Sino-Japanese' is a label for topics on the relations between Japan and China. Please see: Sino-Japanese War, Sino-Japanese Relations, Sino-Japanese Language"

I think that the same arguments apply to "Sino-Vietnamese". Perhaps we should consider renaming this page "Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary" or "Hán Việt". 'Sino-Vietnamese could then become a page redirecting users to Sino-Vietnamese (Hoa), Sino-Vietnamese relations, Sino-Vietnamese Conflict, etc. Bathrobe 06:01, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * If you can find a short, precise name, you've got my vote. DHN 05:51, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * "Short, precise name" - good point! At Sino-Japanese, the names "Sino-Japanese words (kango)" and "Sino-Japanese vocabulary (kango)" have been suggested. Precise, yes. Short, no! "Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary (han viet)" is probably too long. What do Vietnamese speakers/experts think?
 * Bathrobe 06:53, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * We Viet call it "Từ Hán Việt". Từ means term.  Why not call it "Sino-Viet Term"?

 * I think "Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary" would be better. Anyone for a move to that page (along with a link from Từ Hán Việt, maybe?
 * Bathrobe (talk) 02:35, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

My reply at the Sino-Japanese talk page -. Hong Qi Gong (Talk - Contribs) 02:57, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

 * My reply also at the Sino-Japanese talk page.

Bathrobe (talk) 03:39, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Studying History
How do vietnam students read primary source historic vietnam history documents if they can't read their original Chinese language?<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:08, 22 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The same way that Italian students read primary source historic documents in Latin: by studying it or by reading translations. DHN (talk) 23:00, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

VANDALISM
This appears to be vandalized by anti Vietnam elements. PLEASE　Ｃｏｒｒｅｃｔ — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:48, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

Han-Viet
I have just seen this article creation from a redirect to Sino-Vietnamese at Han-Viet. The other Han Viet redirect is intact. This WP:FORK looks like WP:SYNTHESIS and is not supported in English or Vietnamese printed sources.
 * Kenneth A. S. MacLean The arts of disclosure: peasant-bureaucrats, historiography 2005 "Sino-Vietnamese (Han-Viet) is the general term for loan words — primarily political, religious, and literary in nature — derived from classical Chinese, but pronounced in accordance with ...
 * Lonely Planet Vietnam, Mason Florence, Robert Storey - 2001 p50 "Sino-Vietnamese literature (Han Viet) was written in Chinese characters (chu nho). It dates from 939 AD, when the first independent Vietnamese kingdom was established. Sino-Vietnamese literature became dominated by Confucian and ..."
 * A related WP:FORK and merge are under discussion at Talk:Chu nho. In ictu oculi (talk) 02:35, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

"close to their original spelling or pronunciation"
In the 'Names' section, there is a very vague and imprecise sentence: "[…] Vietnamese names for countries of the world are now close to their original spelling or pronunciation […]"

"Original" spelling is relative, since it does not say what is considered "original": most countries around the world have endonyms and exonyms, but the modern Vietnamese names are usually not the original endonyms. It would be more precise to say most country names are now borrowed from English/French/etc. and adapted to Vietnamese phonology. ImreK (talk) 08:43, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140912074400/http://ir.lib.ntnu.edu.tw:80/retrieve/52226/metadata_02_01_s_05_0162.pdf to http://ir.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/retrieve/52226/metadata_02_01_s_05_0162.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:45, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

Chinese words of Austroasiatic origin
The fact that Schuessler proposes Austroasiatic origins for some Old Chinese words is not particularly relevant to their later borrowing into Vietnamese. These two are separated by a thousand years or more. By the time they were borrowed, they were simply Chinese words. The sources do not make this linkage, and neither should we.

The etymology of OC words is off-topic for this article, but note also that Schuessler's AA etymologies are controversial, as is the theory of a former branch of AA in Shandong, on which they are based. Kanguole 17:18, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary


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User:Sourya Singh Rajput

Sourya Singh Rajput is an indain social media influncer.

Full Name: Sourya Singh

Nikename: Sonu

Born: 01 November 2002

Occupation: Student

Social media links-

Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/Thesouryasinghrajput

Facebook- https://www.facebook.com/Thesouryasinghrajput

Tweeter- https://mobile.twitter.com/Thesouryasingh

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Sourya Singh Rajput


text:
Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 1

Welcome to the first installment of the hiragana lessons. In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write the Japanese vowels, "あ", "い", "う", "え" and "お".

The Long Vowel Sound
One can extend the vowel sound of a kana by affixing either a あ、い、or う depending on the vowel. The vowel would be extended for one more mora, or beat. In most cases: あ follows あ; い follows い or え; う follows う or お.

There are rare exceptions where an え vowel is extended by adding え or an お vowel is extended by お. Some examples of this include おねえさん (oneesan or onēsan), おおい, and おおきい (ōkii).

One giveaway to an English-speaking accent in Japanese speech is the use of a diphthong for the elongated "e" sound (Such as the sound in "Eight"). In actuality, "えい" is pronounced correctly by speaking the え sound twice as long as normal.

It is important to make sure you hold the vowel sound long enough because you can be saying "middle-aged lady" （おばさん）(obasan) instead of "grandmother" （おばあさん）(obaasan or obāsan) if you do not stretch it out correctly.

Japanisch/ Hiragana Japonais/Hiragana/Leçon 1 日语/假名/平假名/第一課

title: Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 1


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List of educational buildings by Alfred Waterhouse

Alfred Waterhouse (1830–1905) was a prolific English architect who worked in the second half of the 19th century. His buildings were largely in Victorian Gothic Revival style. Waterhouse's biographer, Colin Cunningham, states that between about 1865 and about 1885 he was "the most widely employed British architect". He worked in many fields, designing commercial, public, educational, domestic, and ecclesiastical buildings.

Waterhouse was born in Liverpool of Quaker parents. After being articled to Richard Lane in Manchester, he took a ten-month tour of the Continent, then established his own practice in Manchester. Many of his early commissions came from Quakers and other nonconformist patrons. He came to national recognition when he won a competition for the design of Manchester assize courts. His next major public commissions in Manchester were for Strangeways Gaol and Manchester Town Hall. In 1865 he opened an office in London, which was followed by his first major commission in London, the Natural History Museum. Meanwhile he was also designing country houses. Here his major work was the rebuilding of Eaton Hall in Cheshire for the 1st Duke of Westminster, which was "the most expensive country house of the [19th] century". He also designed educational buildings including schools and works for the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Manchester, and Liverpool. In the commercial field, he designed banks, and offices for insurance and assurance companies, especially the Prudential Assurance Company, for whom he built 27 buildings.

Waterhouse's success came from "a thoroughly professional approach rather than on brilliance or innovation as a stylist". He paid particular attention to detail and, although he designed many major buildings, he still accepted smaller commissions. Although most of his work was in the Gothic Revival style, he also employed other styles, including Romanesque and French Renaissance. He used many building materials, but is noted for his use of red brick and terracotta. The use of these materials for many university buildings in the north of England is a major factor in their being termed "red brick universities". In addition to his design work as an architect, Waterhouse was an assessor for about 60 architectural competitions. He was awarded the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1878 for his design for Manchester Town Hall, and was president of that institution from 1888 to 1891. He was gained international diplomas, and in 1895 was awarded an honorary LL.D by Manchester University. Waterhouse was also a painter, exhibiting 80 watercolours at the Royal Academy. He suffered a stroke in 1901, and died in his home at Yattendon, Berkshire, in 1905. His practice was continued by his son Paul, followed by his grandson, Michael, and his great-grandson. His estate at death amounted to over £215,000 (equivalent to £0 as of ).

During his career Waterhouse designed buildings for educational use, ranging from village schools, grammar and private schools in whole or in part, and buildings for colleges and universities, the latter including Oxford and Cambridge, and for institutions that later became the universities of Manchester, Liverpool, and Leeds. This list contains the major works in this field.


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User:Sdixit2017/be bold

Being bold is important on Wikipedia. Being bold doesn't mean being over confident. It means being polite and professional.

title: User:Sdixit2017/be bold


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Talk:DJ Hollywood

Official name change?
Is there any evidence that he officially changed his name from his birth name? Or was Hollywood a stage name? If the latter, the lead sentence should be changed. LK (talk) 03:04, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:DJ Hollywood


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Highway H06 (Ukraine)

H06 is a regional road (H-Highway) in Crimea and Sevastopol. It runs northeast-south-southwest and connects Simferopol with Sevastopol. Since the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, the route was given another code 35P-001 and 67P-1 (within Sevastopol).

Main route
Main route and connections to/intersections with other highways in Ukraine.

title: Highway H06 (Ukraine)


text:
Ivan Oleynikov

Ivan Antonovich Oleynikov (Иван Антонович Олейников; born 24 August 1998) is a Russian football player who plays for Akhmat Grozny. He is deployed as an attacking midfielder or winger on either side of the field.

Club career
He made his debut for the main squad of CSKA Moscow on 20 September 2017 in a Russian Cup game against Avangard Kursk. He made his second appearance on 10 October 2018 in a Russian Cup game against Tyumen.

On 22 February 2019, Oleynikov had joined Fakel Voronezh on loan until the end of the season. He made his Russian Football National League debut for Fakel on 3 March 2019 in a game against Khimki.

On 19 June 2019, Oleynikov left CSKA Moscow to join Shinnik Yaroslavl on a permanent transfer.

On 2 July 2022, Oleynikov signed with Russian Premier League club Akhmat Grozny for one year with an option to extend for three more years. He made his RPL debut for Akhmat on 16 July 2022 against Spartak Moscow.

On 25 February 2024, Oleynikov extended his contract with Akhmat to June 2027.

title: Ivan Oleynikov


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Talk:Cady

Cady and kd
oooh I was tempted to add a link to K.d. lang. --Dweller 12:16, 11 August 2006 (UTC) --Jerzy•t 03:25, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Usually the proper way to deal with such temptations is to add them to WP:BJAODN, but her k.d. is often pronounced like Cady or Katy, and belongs as a see-also at Katy, which may in turn deserve a See-also on Cady (disambiguation) etc.

title: Talk:Cady


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CisLunarFreighter/Scripts and case studies/Instrument panel/Attitude indicator

Title: Main instrument panel - attitude indicator
In the main simulation, there is an indication of the vehicles attitude on the insturment panel This indication is by means of at least one insturment The insturment consits of an outer ring, and a central slider

If the vehicle turns left, right (ie. no bank) then the red and green blobs move across the central slider, respectively If the red and green sliders are reversed from their normal postions ( red -port, green starboard)

Then the vehicle is at 180 degrees and effectivly 'backward' ( Even though it may be going in a forward direction :-P ) However the slider is not fixed at the Horizon The horizon will rotate counter clockwise for a bank to the 'left' port side, and clockwise for a bank to 'right' starboard side If the Horizion is at 180 degrees to normal the vehicle is upside down. The indciator adjust it's positon relative to attitude data supplied to it in the sim


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Saint Clare Parish

Saint Clare Parish is a parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California. It is located in Santa Clara, California.

The parish community of St. Clare originated from the Mission Santa Clara de Asís and can trace its history to January 12, 1777, when Fathers Tomas de la Pena and Jose Antonio de Murguia celebrated Mass on the west bank of Santa Clara's Guadalupe River.

St. Clare Parish was built to take over the parochial functions of the Mission Santa Clara de Asís after it burned in 1925. The parish was built later that same year one block west of the mission on Lexington Street.

Archbishiop Edward Hanna constituted the mission for non-parochial services for college students and the parochial powers of the church pass to St. Clare's Church built by Father George Bulter.

Father Bulter ordered a statue of the Blessed Mother from Rome. It was dedicated along with the church in a ceremony where parishioners gathered in front of the mission and carried the statue in a procession across the street to the new St Clare church on August 15, 1926 (four days after the feast day of St. Clare).

The mission was rebuilt in 1928 and is now used as the chapel for the Santa Clara University.

The parish also assumed control of the Saint Clare School located next door and founded in 1856.

St. Clare's church celebrated its 200th anniversary on Sunday, April 17, 1977, with a 12:15 pm mass officiated by Archbishop Joseph McGucken and a reception dinner and dancing at Santa Clara's Benson Center.

Santa Clara City Historical and Landmarks Commission plaque outside the steps of St. Clare Parish contains the following text:

"Point of historical interest. St. Clare's Parish.  St. Clare's Catholic Parish founded by the Franciscans under Father Tomas De La Pena, in 1777.  Parish came under the guidance of the Jesuit Fathers in 1851.  Plaque marks the sixth site of parish church.  1777-1977.  Placed by the order of the Santa Clara City Council by the Historical and Landmarks Commission."

title: Saint Clare Parish


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Talk:Allenwood G.F.C.

FAO Ecorry
I am not vandalising the correct infobox is this one Infobox GAA club please use this, their is no need for an infobox for very county. If you where willing to contact me on my talk page we could work together instead against each other (Gnevin 12:57, 21 March 2006 (UTC))

title: Talk:Allenwood G.F.C.


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User:Gonzalez1011/citing sources

Diogenes heteropsammicola hermit crab, in and out of coral.png

walking coral (left) and swimming freely (right)]]

References

title: User:Gonzalez1011/citing sources


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Talk:Samson Ramadhani

Untitled
Samson Nyonyi Ramadhani or Samson Ramadhani Nyonyi? Samson Ramadhani Nyonyi seems to get more hits on google than Samson Nyonyi Ramadhani.--Blue520 12:06, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samson Ramadhani


text:
Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Alkyne hydration

Alkynes readily combine with water in the presence of acid (usually sulfuric acid) and mercury(II) salts (usually the sulfate is used) to form carbonyl compounds, in a process known as Kucherov's reaction. In the case of acetylene (ethyne) the product is acetaldehyde (ethanal), while other alkynes form ketones. Terminal alkynes reliably form methyl ketones and symmetric internal alkynes give single ketone products, but mixtures of ketones may form from unsymmetrical internal alkynes.

The intermediate product is an enol (an alkene with a hydroxyl group attached to a doubly bonded carbon), which then transforms to its keto tautomer through keto-enol tautomerisation.

Mechanism
Alkene hydration only requires acid catalysis and proceeds through the most stable carbocation available (Markonikov selectivity), but alkynes are less basic (less easily protonated), as they would generate less stable vinyl cations upon protonation. Both H+ and Hg2+ are catalysts in the hydration of alkynes. The Hg2+ additive presumably adds to the alkyne to form a more stable vinyl cation (β-stabilized) than would be afforded by protonation. As with Markovnikov selectivity in the case of alkenes, the most stable vinyl cation (usually the most highly substituted) is preferred.

Addition to either end of a symmetric alkyne (internal or acetylene/ethyne) gives the same cation and only one carbonyl product is formed, but addition to unsymmetrical alkynes gives two possible cations, and two products are possible. Terminal alkynes selectively produce a methyl ketone owing to a strong preference for the most highly substituted vinyl cation, but unsymmetrical internal alkynes can produce two different vinyl cations, whose stabilities may be similar if the alkyne's substituents are electronically and sterically similar, and therefore two different ketone products would be obtained in a mixture.

After the addition of water and O-deprotonation to an α-mercurated enol, the acid can effect an electrophilic substitution of the Hg2+ by α-C-protonation (ipso-protonation) and elimination of Hg2+ (demercuration), a process akin to electrophilic aromatic substitution (SEAr).[example]. Both routes result in an enol that (usually) tautomerizes to the (usually) more stable keto form, again an acid-catalyzed process.

The α-mercurated enol may instead tautomerize to the (usually more stable) keto form in an acid-catalyzed step involving α-C-protonation and O-deprotonation, but this is mechanistically unproductive; this must be reversed by reprotonation of the carbonyl O to trigger the fragmentation and loss of Hg2+. Both routes start with α-C-protonation; whether this is followed by immediate demercuration or by O-deprotonation, O-reprotonation and demercuration (the "tautomer detour") is indistinguishable. The more direct C-protonation-demercuration route is the most step-economical and suffices to explain the alkyne hydration process. Although both enol and keto forms of the α-mercurated ketone likely co-exist, only the protonated version has mechanistic significance.

Note

 * A specific SEAr analogy to the H+-Hg2+ exchange involved in alkyne hydration is the acid-promoted demercuration of arylmercury(II) salts, triggered by ipso-protonation, while the mercuration of arenes, a substitution of H+ by Hg2+, would be an example of the reverse reaction.


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Talk:Dino Dvornik

This article reads like a fansite
One user has lengthened this article a great deal today, but a substantial proportion of it is very biased, including a large amount of praise that borders on worship of the subject. The contributor is stating his opinion and basically claiming him to be the greatest ever in his field.

The article needs to be made neutral.Werdnawerdna (talk) 21:31, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Dubious statement
Speaking of "Afrika" video:
 * This video was the first Croatian music video ever aired on MTV.

This is not true. The first Croatian music video aired on MTV was likely one of Psihomodo Pop's videos - could be "I'm in Love with Gorbac" in 1990 or 1991. At any rate, "Afrika" was not even Dvornik's first video on MTV - "Ljubav se zove imenom tvojim" was aired in the early 1990s. This is my recollection, not hard fact, so if anyone can trump this with a citation, please go ahead. GregorB (talk) 21:38, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dino Dvornik


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ripercussione

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) reflection (of light)
 * 2) reverberation (of sound)
 * 3) repercussion

title: ripercussione


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Case/Normalmouth

''The following discussion is preserved as an archive of a Request for checkuser. Please do not modify it .''

Normalmouth

 * (this is the IP address currently being used to vote on a Page move)
 * (this is the IP address currently being used to vote on a Page move)
 * (this is the IP address currently being used to vote on a Page move)

Normalmouth was using the <IP_ADDRESS> IP address to support his edit warring on 19 January, 2006. It was discovered and he used the sockpuppet Goatmix to remove the sockpuppet template from that account. He subsequently owned up to being the operator of the Goatmix account.

Unfortunately for him, he has clearly thought that we would have forgotten about these old accounts, and he is using <IP_ADDRESS> to vote in a current Page move discussion. Mais oui! 11:35, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure what you want here. If it is as you say then he's up to his old tricks and you don't need our confirmation. Otherwise you're asking us to "out" his IP address, which we won't do except in extreme cases. Mackensen (talk) 16:52, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * What I want is the User to be reprimanded for sockpuppetry and for his dishonest behaviour at that Talk page to be noted by an Admin and his IP vote to be struck through, with appropriate note by an Admin.

 * Is the whole point of CheckUser not to stop dishonest Users from disrupting Wikipedia to serve their own purposes? I do consider using a sockpuppet to vote twice in a Move vote to be serious vandalism (although perhaps not "extreme"), but if CheckUser does not, then fair enough. He has, to all intents and purposes, "outed" his own IP address himself. --Mais oui! 10:58, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The release of an IP address is considered very serious. It seems as though the alleged sockpuppetry is this user and that IP address. If it's a fairly obvious case of sockpuppetry then you don't need our say-so (furthermore, IPs aren't allowed to vote anyway). Mackensen (talk) 14:04, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I did not make any comments while logged out. Alas, Mais oui! is determined behave aggressively toward me (and a number of other users by the looks of things). The irony is that this accusation has come about following me adhering to the correct procedures for renaming a page. Mais oui!, by contrast, renamed it from the original title without any discussion. Normalmouth 04:33, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the Request for checkuser. Please do not modify it. Subsequent requests related to this user should be made above, in a new section.''


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Kungälvs VBK

Kungälvs VBK is a volleyball club in Kungälv, Sweden, established in 1973. The club won the Swedish men's national championship in 1989, 1991, 1992 and 1993.

title: Kungälvs VBK


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Salavea

Salavea (also spelled Salave'a) is a Samoan surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Joe Salave'a (born 1975), American football defensive lineman and coach
 * Manaia Salavea (born 1986), Samoan rugby union footballer

title: Salavea


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Howard Franklin Bowker

Howard Franklin Bowker (1889-1970) was a numismatist and philatelist, collecting and specialising in Chinese coins, stamps and banknotes. He created the first bibliography of Western language publications on East Asian numismatics.

Family life
Howard Bowker was born on 3 January 1889 in Winona, Minnesota, the third of seven children. After graduating from the Crane High School (Chicago) in 1903, at the age of fourteen, he went to work at the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company to help support the family. He married Violetta ("Letta") in 1912. They had three sons: Hoawrd Franklin Bowker Jr (born 1914), Gordon Albert Bowker (born 1917), ad Irving Allen Bowker (1922-1995). The first son was a Marine Corps Major; the second served in the US Navy; the third served in the US army. After retirement from the Navy, Bowker and his wife retired to Oakland, California. He died on 8 July 1970.

Naval career
He joined the navy in October 1912, and served for 34 years, including both World War I and World War II, mostly in administration, usually associated with payroll. He served on board the USS Intrepid (1904), USS Jupiter (AC-3), USS Black Arrow, USS Newport News (AK-3). He was stationed at the Cavite Navy Yard in the Philippines from 1921 to 1923, then assigned to the Naval Garrison at Hankow from May 1923, to April 1924. After this, he served on the USS Chaumont, USS Seattle (ACR-11) and USS Procyon (AG-11). After an assignment at the Naval Purchasing Office at San Francisco, he served on the USS Tennessee (BB-43) (1931), USS Saratoga (CV-3) (1931-1935), USS Medusa (AR-1) (1935). Between 1935 and 1937 he served at the naval stations at Yerba Buena and Mare Island, in the San Francisco area. In 1937 he left for Guam, serving on the USS Gold Star, and at the Naval Station Guam until June 1939. After Guam, he went to Brooklyn, NY, where he served on a receiving ship until 1941, thereafter serving on the USS Catlin, USS West Point (AP-23) and USS Whitney. From August 1943 to August 1944 he was assigned to the Naval Supply Depot at Oakland, California, and thereafter to the Brooklyn Navy Yard. His last service on board ship was on the USS Clytie. He retired from the Navy with the rank of Lieutenant Commander on 23 December 1945.

Numismatic career
By 1910 Bowker was a self-proclaimed, self-employed coin dealer in the Chicago area. He became interested in Chinese coins while stationed in Hankow (1923-1924). He visited collections at the Smithsonian Institution, the American Numismatic Society, the University of Pennsylvania, and was an active member of the Numismatic Society of China, the Pacific Coast Numismatic Society, the American Numismatic Society, and the American Numismatic Association. His service with the Navy enabled him to collect both in the US and overseas, and to meet with collectors (e.g. Kalgan Shih, Eduard Kann). He curated a large exhibition of Chinese numismatic material at the California State Numismatic Society's show in Santa Rosa in 1951 (featuring pieces from his collection, the A.G. Adams collection, pieces borrowed from A.B. Coole and other collectors). In the mid-1950s he provided consulting services to the Smithsonian Institution, a position that became official in 1958.

His collections
In his will, Bowker stipulated that his collections should go to the Smithsonian Institution. His philatelic collections are now part of the National Postal Museum in Washington, DC. Several unsuccessful attempts were made to transfer the numismatic collection to the Smithsonian, after which they went into storage and disappeared for 38 years. After Violetta's death in 1972, the collection passed to Bowker's son Irving, and on his death, to his widow Nancy. The collection was rediscovered by Michael Chou and Bruce W. Smith in 2007. Michael Chou, serving on behalf of the Bowker family, was engaged to contact museums in China. Chou bought Bowker's library of numismatic books and donated it to Bruce W. Smith. The following major donations from the Howard Franklin Bowker Collection have been made: Coins from the Bowker East Asian Collection were sold at auction on 23 August 2016.
 * 139 coins and dies to the Shanghai Mint Museum (16 April 2010). One of the four exhibition halls in the Shanghai Mint Museum is dedicated to the Bowker Collection.
 * 212 banknotes to the China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation (6 Sept 2010)
 * 84 coins to the Shenyang Mint (13 May 2011)
 * 37 coins to the Shanghai Mint Museum (23 March 2015)
 * 6132 coins to the Art Museum of Moritzburg (Halle) Saale (May 2016)
 * 24 coins to the Shanghai Mint (15 June 2016)
 * a large collection to the National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian National Museum of American History (2017)

Publications

 * A Numismatic Bibliography of the Far East (American Numismatic Society, 1943)

"This pioneering work recorded more than 900 books, articles and even auctions of East Asian coins and paper money, published in Western languages. [Bowker] was the first to record auction catalogs in an East Asian bibliography. Except for the auction catalogs, the entire work is arranged in a single, alphabetical listing by the author. But, going a step farther, Bowker added a notation indicating in which of more than a dozen listed libraries each work could be found. This is important because many of the books are rare or difficult to locate." - Bruce W. Smith

 * Bibliography of Far Eastern Numismatology (co-authored with Arthur Braddon Coole and Hitoshi Kozono) (1967).

Bowker was also a regular contributor to several journals, including The China Journal, The Coin Collectors Journal, The Numismatist, Numismatic Bulletin, Calcoin News, Seaby's Coin & Medal Bulletin, The Far Eastern Quarterly, Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine, Pa Kua Bulletin, Spink's Numismatic Circular, China Clipper, (ANS) Museum Notes, Cash on the Line, Collectors Club Philatelist, The Stamp Specialist, and Essay Proof Journal.

Biographies and obituaries

 * "Howard Franklin Bowker, Sr", by Ron Guth, Bruce Smith, and the Bowker Grandchildren, in Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN), no. 5, 2017, pp. 45–58.
 * Obituary, Calcoin News (Fall 1970), p. 113.
 * Obituary, China Clipper (Sept 1970), p. 109.
 * Obituary, Coin World (29 July 1970), p. 1132.
 * Obituary, Numismatic Scrapbook (Aug 1970), p. 1088.
 * Obituary, The Numismatist (Sept 1970), p. 1263.
 * Obituary, World Coins (Sept 1970), p. 1133.

title: Howard Franklin Bowker


text:
Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/More on Lists

We have already seen lists and how they can be used. Now that you have some more background I will go into more detail about lists. First we will look at more ways to get at the elements in a list and then we will talk about copying them.

Here are some examples of using indexing to access a single element of a list:

>>> some_numbers = ['zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five'] >>> some_numbers[0] 'zero' >>> some_numbers[4] 'four' >>> some_numbers[5] 'five'

All those examples should look familiar to you. If you want the first item in the list just look at index 0. The second item is index 1 and so on through the list. However what if you want the last item in the list? One way could be to use the  function like. This way works since the  function always returns the last index plus one. The second from the last would then be. There is an easier way to do this. In Python the last item is always index -1. The second to the last is index -2 and so on. Here are some more examples:

>>> some_numbers[len(some_numbers) - 1] 'five' >>> some_numbers[len(some_numbers) - 2] 'four' >>> some_numbers[-1] 'five' >>> some_numbers[-2] 'four' >>> some_numbers[-6] 'zero'

Thus any item in the list can be indexed in two ways: from the front and from the back.

Another useful way to get into parts of lists is using slicing. Here is another example to give you an idea what they can be used for:

>>> things = [0, 'Fred', 2, 'S.P.A.M.', 'Stocking', 42, "Jack", "Jill"] >>> things[0] 0 >>> things[7] 'Jill' >>> things[0:8] [0, 'Fred', 2, 'S.P.A.M.', 'Stocking', 42, 'Jack', 'Jill'] >>> things[2:4] [2, 'S.P.A.M.'] >>> things[4:7] ['Stocking', 42, 'Jack'] >>> things[1:5] ['Fred', 2, 'S.P.A.M.', 'Stocking']

Slicing is used to return part of a list. The slicing operator is in the form. Slicing cuts the list before the  and before the   and returns the parts inbetween. You can use both types of indexing:

>>> things[-4:-2] ['Stocking', 42] >>> things[-4] 'Stocking' >>> things[-4:6] ['Stocking', 42]

Another trick with slicing is the unspecified index. If the first index is not specified the beginning of the list is assumed. If the last index is not specified the whole rest of the list is assumed. Here are some examples:

>>> things[:2] [0, 'Fred'] >>> things[-2:] ['Jack', 'Jill'] >>> things[:3] [0, 'Fred', 2] >>> things[:-5] [0, 'Fred', 2]

Here is a (HTML inspired) program example (copy and paste in the poem definition if you want):

with the output being:

Bold [ 1 : 4 ] ['Jack', 'and', 'Jill'] Bold [ 11 : 15 ] ['fetch', 'a', 'pail', 'of'] Bold [ 20 : 23 ] ['down', 'and', 'broke'] Bold [ 28 : 30 ] ['Jill', 'came']

The  function takes in a list that is broken into words and tokens. The tokens that it looks for are  which starts the bold text and  which ends bold text. The function goes through and searches for the start and end tokens.

The next feature of lists is copying them. If you try something simple like:

>>> a = [1, 2, 3] >>> b = a >>> print b [1, 2, 3] >>> b[1] = 10 >>> print b [1, 10, 3] >>> print a [1, 10, 3]

This probably looks surprising since a modification to resulted in   being changed as well. What happened is that the statement  makes   a reference to. This means that  can be thought of as another name for. Hence any modification to  changes   as well. However some assignments don't create two names for one list:

>>> a = [1, 2, 3] >>> b = a * 2 >>> print a [1, 2, 3] >>> print b [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3] >>> a[1] = 10 >>> print a [1, 10, 3] >>> print b [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

In this case  is not a reference to   since the expression  creates a new list. Then the statement gives  a reference to   rather than a reference to. All assignment operations create a reference. When you pass a list as an argument to a function you create a reference as well. Most of the time you don't have to worry about creating references rather than copies. However when you need to make modifications to one list without changing another name of the list you have to make sure that you have actually created a copy.

There are several ways to make a copy of a list. The simplest that works most of the time is the slice operator since it always makes a new list even if it is a slice of a whole list:

>>> a = [1, 2, 3] >>> b = a[:] >>> b[1] = 10 >>> print a [1, 2, 3] >>> print b [1, 10, 3]

Taking the slice  creates a new copy of the list. However it only copies the outer list. Any sublist inside is still a references to the sublist in the original list. Therefore, when the list contains lists, the inner lists have to be copied as well. You could do that manually but Python already contains a module to do it. You use the  function of the   module:

>>> import copy >>> a = 1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6 >>> b = a[:] >>> c = copy.deepcopy(a) >>> b[0][1] = 10 >>> c[1][1] = 12 >>> print a 1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6 >>> print b 1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6 >>> print c 1, 2, 3], [4, 12, 6

First of all notice that  is a list of lists. Then notice that when  is run both   and   are changed, but  is not. This happens because the inner arrays are still references when the slice operator is used. However with was fully copied.

So, should I worry about references every time I use a function or ? The good news is that you only have to worry about references when using dictionaries and lists. Numbers and strings create references when assigned but every operation on numbers and strings that modifies them creates a new copy so you can never modify them unexpectedly. You do have to think about references when you are modifying a list or a dictionary.

By now you are probably wondering why are references used at all? The basic reason is speed. It is much faster to make a reference to a thousand element list than to copy all the elements. The other reason is that it allows you to have a function to modify the inputted list or dictionary. Just remember about references if you ever have some weird problem with data being changed when it shouldn't be.


text:
Perl Programming/TOC

< Perl Programming

Beginning Perl; Table of Contents

 * Chapter 1: Getting Started
 * Getting Perl
 * Useful Skills
 * Layout of this Book
 * Definitions
 * Try-it Boxes
 * Notes
 * Writing Programs
 * A Sample Program
 * Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
 * Running Programs
 * Windows
 * Unix-like Systems

 * Chapter 2: Your First Program

 * Chapter 3: Strings
 * Introduction to Strings
 * Comments
 * Double Quoted Strings
 * Single Quoted Strings
 * String Operators
 * The . Operator
 * The x Operator
 * Exercises

 * Chapter 4: Numbers
 * Floating Point Numbers
 * Integers
 * Non-decimal Numbers
 * Number Operators
 * The +, -, /, and * Operators
 * The ** Operator
 * Exercises

 * Chapter 5: Scalar Variables
 * Introduction to Scalar Variables
 * Assigning and Using Scalar Variables
 * Naming Conventions
 * Assinging a Scalar Variable
 * Scalar Variables
 * Scalar Variables and Strings
 * Comparison Operators
 * Numeric Comparison Operators
 * String Comparison Operators
 * Exercises

title: Perl Programming/TOC


text:
Erna

Proper noun

 * , a feminine form of

Usage notes
Matronymics
 * son of Erna: Ernuson
 * daughter of Erna: Ernudóttir

Etymology
Short form of and, Latinate feminine forms of.

Usage notes

 * Popular in Germany around 1900.

Etymology
From. Recorded in Norway since the 18th century.

Etymology
From. First recorded in Sweden in 1697.

title: Erna


text:
Deep Medhi

Deepankar (Deep) Medhi is an Indo-American computer scientist and inventor. He is a Program Director in the Computer & Network Systems (CNS) Division  at the National Science Foundation (NSF). He worked as Curators' Distinguished Professor in the department of computer science and electrical engineering at the University of Missouri–Kansas City. He is a fellow of IEEE.

Prior to joining the University of Missouri–Kansas City, he worked as a technical officer at AT&T Bell Laboratories, routing and designing teletraffic networks. While at AT&T Bell Laboratories, he co-invented the Facility Diverse Routing system.

He is currently working as a program director in the computer and network systems (CNS) division of the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the United States.

Birth and family
Deepankar Medhi was born in Guwahati in 1962. His father was statistician Jyotiprasad Medhi and his mother was Prity Medhi. His great-grandfather Kaliram Medhi is an Assamese writer.

Book

 * Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
 * Routing, Flow, and Capacity Design in Communication and Computer Networks

Honors and awards

 * Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018.
 * N.T. Veatch Award for Distinguished Research and Creative Activity, UMKC, 2012.
 * Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Graduate Mentoring, UMKC, 2012.
 * Curators' Distinguished Professor Designation by the Board of Curators of the University of Missouri System, 2011.
 * Kansas City Star's Tech 50 List, Summer 2002.

title: Deep Medhi


text:
Harriet Taylor Treadwell

Harriet Taylor Treadwell (1870 – December 12, 1931), also seen as Harriette Taylor Treadwell, was an American suffragist and educator.

Early life
Harriet Taylor was born in Williamstown, New York, the daughter of Hiram Taylor and Delia C. Taylor. She trained as a teacher in New York, and earned a bachelor's degree at the University of Chicago in 1911.

Career
Treadwell's career was in education. She was a schoolteacher as a young woman. She was a school principal in Chicago for many years, and president of the Chicago Teachers' Federation from 1905, succeeding Margaret Haley. In 1910, she and Margaret Free published a primer, Reading Literature. This was followed by The First Reader (1911), The Second Reader (1912), The Third Reader (1912), The Fourth Reader (1913), The Fifth Reader (1915), and The Sixth Reader (1918). Treadwell was also active as a suffragist. She was president of the Chicago League of Women Voters, and of the Illinois Women's Legislative Congress. With Harriet Stokes Thompson and Grace Wilbur Trout, she was a leader of the Chicago Political Equality League. She spoke against the state and federal Supreme Courts, saying they were "courts of law, and not of justice." She also took an interest in prison reform. She managed circulation for a Women Voters' Special issue of the Chicago Examiner in 1913.

In November 1913, Treadwell welcomed British suffrage leader Emmeline Pankhurst at a Chicago appearance, after she was one of a group of Chicago suffragists who petitioned Woodrow Wilson to reverse the deportation of Pankhurst from the United States. In 1920, she spoke at the final meeting and victory banquet of the Illinois Equal Suffrage Association, predicting that the women's vote would bring a minimum wage, extended public school and public health measures, and pensions for mothers.

Personal life
In 1897, Harriet Taylor married Dr. Charles H. Treadwell. They had a son, Charles Jr. She was widowed in 1918, and she died suddenly from a heart attack in 1931, aged 62 years, in Hammond, Indiana. Her granddaughter and namesake, Harriette Taylor Treadwell (1929-2012), was also a teacher and author, and served in the United States Air Force during the Korean War.

title: Harriet Taylor Treadwell


text:
Category:Essays

Educational essays: academic, learning, critical analysis.
 * "Wikiversity resources and activities should promote learning above any personal opinions, beliefs, or biases that you may have. If you wish to express your personal take on someone or something, please do so in a way that is open, respectful, inclusive of academic participation, and informs participants on the issues that matter to you. Critical analyses and academic lectures are two possible ways to do this." - What Wikiversity is not

title: Category:Essays


text:
summerlike

Adjective

 * 1) Resembling or characteristic of summer.

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * Georgian: ზაფხულის, ზაფხულური
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Norwegian: sommerlig

title: summerlike


text:
Whitehorse Riverdale

Whitehorse Riverdale was a territorial electoral district in the Canadian territory of Yukon, which was represented on the Yukon Territorial Council from 1974 to 1978. The district consisted primarily of the Riverdale area in the capital city of Whitehorse.

It was one of four districts, alongside Ogilvie, Pelly River and Whitehorse Porter Creek, which existed only for the 1974 Yukon general election; the district was newly created in 1974 when the territorial council was expanded from seven to 12 members, but was further split into the districts of Riverdale North and Riverdale South when the new Legislative Assembly of Yukon was established in 1978.

The district elected Willard Phelps in the 1974 election, but Don Branigan filed for a court injunction to overturn his election on the grounds that as the government was renting space in Phelps' commercial real estate holdings for some of its liquor stores, his serving on the council placed him in a conflict of interest. Phelps was removed from office in 1975; Branigan ran in the resulting by-election, but lost to Walt Lengerke.

title: Whitehorse Riverdale


text:
User:Shidali1/sandbox

= Specific Carbon Theory =

The specific carbon theory states that there is a specific carbon that is responsible for the life of every single living being, weather it is a human or tiny Microorganism. Every carbon element exists in three states, solid, liquid, gas, plasma and other states that are yet to be discovered. This carbon is like a soul to the creature. It exists in two forms, dead and alive. When the creature dies its chemical reactions stop and the carbon comes to a dead state. It is then recycled by a process called Carbon cycle. The carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make Earth capable of sustaining life. It describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere. Thus every living creature comes back to life by this process.

Specific Carbon and Humans
According to Specific Carbon Theory there is no difference between humans and other creatures in terms of life. Every creature has it own consciousness. The only difference is of body, shape, size, organs and locomotion. Carbon is like a soul, that gives life only when all the conditions are met for life to exist and sustain. Otherwise it exists in a dead form. When dead it has no consciousness. When a person dies his carbon of life undergoes a natural process called Carbon cycle. When someone eats food or drinks water, he is actually eating carbon as everything has carbon in it. During the fetal development there is a time when specific carbon is selected in the womb to give life and consciousness to the baby. Hence the carbon selected in this process becomes alive. It would not be wrong if we say that we are all carbon.

title: User:Shidali1/sandbox


text:
Belgian Resistance

The Belgian Resistance (Résistance belge, Belgisch verzet) collectively refers to the resistance movements opposed to the German occupation of Belgium during World War II. Within Belgium, resistance was fragmented between many separate organizations, divided by region and political stances. The resistance included both men and women from both Walloon and Flemish parts of the country. Aside from sabotage of military infrastructure in the country and assassinations of collaborators, these groups also published large numbers of underground newspapers, gathered intelligence and maintained various escape networks that helped Allied airmen trapped behind enemy lines escape from German-occupied Europe.

During the war, it is estimated that approximately five percent of the national population were involved in some form of resistance activity, while some estimates put the number of resistance members killed at over 19,000; roughly 25 percent of its "active" members.

German invasion and occupation
German forces invaded Belgium, which had been following a policy of neutrality, on 10 May 1940. After 18 days of fighting, the Belgian Army surrendered on 28 May and the country was placed under German military occupation. During the fighting, between 600,000 and 650,000 Belgian men (nearly 20 percent of the country's male population) served in the military. Many were made prisoners of war and detained in camps in Germany, although some were released before the end of the war. Leopold III, king and commander-in-chief of the army, also surrendered to the Germans on 28 May along with his army and was also held prisoner by the Germans. On 18 June the Belgian Government fled and arrived first in Bordeaux, France after the French government had fled to the region three days earlier. On that same day the Belgian government sent a telegram to the imprisoned Belgian king, stating their resignation to the king. Marcel-Henri Jaspar, the Belgian Minister of Health, went to London on 21 June without the permission of the government. He later gave a speech on BBC Radio on 23 June stating he would continue to fight against the Germans. Three days later the Belgian government stripped his ministerial title in reaction to the speech.

Growth of resistance
Among the first members of the Belgian resistance were former soldiers, and in particular officers, who, on their return from prisoner of war camps, wished to continue the fight against the Germans out of patriotism. Nevertheless, resistance was slow to develop in the first few months of the occupation because it seemed that German victory was imminent. The German failure to invade Great Britain, coupled with aggravating German policies within occupied Belgium, especially the persecution of Belgian Jews and conscription of Belgian civilians into forced labour programmes increasingly turned patriotic Belgian civilians from liberal or Catholic backgrounds against the German regime and towards the resistance. With the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, members of the Communist Party, which had previously been ambivalent towards both Allied and Axis sides, also joined the resistance en masse, forming their own separate groups calling for a "national uprising" against Nazi rule. During the First World War, Belgium had been occupied by Germany for four years and had developed an effective network of resistance, which provided key inspiration for the formation of similar groups in 1940.

Most of the resistance was focused in the French-speaking areas of Belgium (Wallonia and the city of Brussels), although Flemish involvement in the resistance was also significant. Around 70 percent of underground newspapers were in French, while 60 percent of political prisoners were Walloon.

Passive resistance
The most widespread form of resistance in occupied Belgium was non-violent. Listening to Radio Belgique broadcasts from London, which was officially prohibited by the German occupiers, was a common form of passive resistance, but civil disobedience in particular was employed. This was often carried out by Belgian government institutions that were forced to carry out the administration of the territory on behalf of the German military government. In June 1941, the City Council of Brussels refused to distribute Star of David badges on behalf of the German government to Belgian Jews.

Striking was the most common form of passive resistance and often took place on symbolic dates, such as the 10 May (anniversary of the German invasion), 21 July (National Day) and 11 November (anniversary of the German surrender in World War I). The largest was the so-called "Strike of the 100,000", which broke out on 10 May 1941 in the Cockerill steel works in Seraing. News of the strike spread rapidly and soon at least 70,000 workers came out on strike across the province of Liège. The Germans increased workers' salaries by eight percent and the strike finished rapidly. Future large-scale strikes were repressed by the Germans, although further important strikes occurred in November 1942 and February 1943.

King Leopold III, imprisoned in Laeken Palace, became a focal point for passive resistance, despite having been condemned by the government-in-exile for his decision to surrender.

Active resistance
Active resistance within Belgium developed from early 1941 and took several directions. Armed resistance, in the forms of sabotage or assassinations, took place, but was only part of the "active" resistance's scope of activity. Some groups had very specific forms of resistance and became extremely specialized. The Service D group, for example, had many members in the national postal service and used them to intercept letters of denunciation, warning the denounced person to flee. In this way, they succeeded in intercepting over 20,000 letters.

Membership of the active resistance, which had been quite low in the early years of the resistance, swelled exponentially during 1944 as it was joined by so-called "resisters of the eleventh hour" (résistants de la onzième heure) who could see that Allied victory was close, particularly in the months after D-Day. It is estimated that approximately five percent of the national population were involved in some form of "active" resistance during the war.

Structure and organisation
The Belgian resistance effort was extremely fragmented between various groups and never became a unified organization during the German occupation. The danger of infiltration posed by German informants meant that some cells were extremely small and localized, and although nationwide groups did exist, they were split along political and ideological lines. They ranged from the very left-wing, like the Communist Partisans Armés or Socialist Front de l'Indépendance, to the far-right, like the monarchist Mouvement National Royaliste and the Légion Belge which had been created by members of the pre-war Fascist Légion Nationale movement. However, there were also other groups like Groupe G which, though without an obvious political affiliation, recruited only from very specific demographics.

Sabotage and assassination
Belgium's strategic location meant that it constituted an important supply hub for the whole German army in Northern Europe and particularly northern France. Sabotage was therefore an important duty of the resistance. Following the Normandy landings in June 1944 on orders from the Allies, the Belgian resistance began to step up its sabotage against German supply lines across the country. Between June and September alone, 95 railroad bridges, 285 locomotives, 1,365 wagons and 17 tunnels were all blown up by the Belgian resistance. Telegraph lines were also cut and road bridges and canals used to transport material sabotaged. In one notable action, 600 German soldiers were killed when a railway bridge between La Gleize and Stoumont in the Ardennes was blown up by 40 members of the resistance, including the writer Herman Bodson. Indeed, more German troops were reportedly killed in Belgium in 1941 than in all of Occupied France. Through its sabotage activities alone, one resistance group, Groupe G, required the Germans to expend between 20 and 25 million man-hours of labour on repairing damage done, including ten million in the night of 15–16 January 1944 alone.

Assassination of key figures in the hierarchy of German and collaborationist hierarchy became increasingly common through 1944. In July 1944, the Légion Belge assassinated the brother of Léon Degrelle, head of the collaborationist Rexist Party and leading Belgian fascist. Informants and suspected double agents were also targeted; the Communist Partisans Armés claimed to have killed over 1,000 traitors between June and September 1944.

Clandestine press
During the occupation an underground press flourished in Belgium from soon after the Belgian defeat, with eight newspapers appearing by October 1940 alone. Much of the resistance's press focused around producing newspapers in both French and Dutch language as alternatives to collaborationist newspapers like Le Soir. At its peak, the clandestine newspaper La Libre Belgique was relaying news within five to six days; faster than the BBC's French-language radio broadcasts, whose coverage lagged several months behind events. Copies of the underground newspapers were distributed anonymously, with some pushed into letterboxes or sent by post. Since they were usually free, the costs of printing were financed by donations from sympathisers. The papers achieved considerable circulation, with La Libre Belgique reaching a regular circulation of 40,000 by January 1942 and peaking at 70,000, while the Communist paper, Le Drapeau Rouge, reached 30,000. Dozens of different newspapers existed, often affiliated with different resistance groups or differentiated by political stance, ranging from nationalist, Communist, Liberal or even Feminist. The number of Belgians involved in the underground press is estimated at anywhere up to 40,000 people. In total, 567 separate titles are known from the period of occupation.

The resistance also printed humorous publications and material as propaganda. In November 1943, on the anniversary of the German surrender in the First World War, the Front de l'Indépendance group published a spoof edition of the collaborationist newspaper Le Soir, satirizing the Axis propaganda and biased information permitted by the censors, which was then distributed to newsstands across Brussels and deliberately mixed with official copies of the newspaper. 50,000 copies of the spoof publication, dubbed the "Faux Soir" (or "Fake Soir"), were distributed.

Intelligence gathering
Intelligence gathering was one of the first forms of resistance to grow after the Belgian defeat and eventually developed into complex and carefully structured organizations. The Allies were also deeply reliant on the resistance to provide intelligence from the occupied country. This information focused both on German troop movements and other military information, but was also essential for keeping the allies abreast of the attitudes and popular opinion of the Belgian public. Each network was closely organized and carried a codename. The most significant was "Clarence", led by Walthère Dewé,which had over 1,000 members feeding it information which was then communicated to London by radio. Other notable networks were "Luc" (renamed "Marc" in 1942) and "Zéro". In total 43 separate intelligence networks existed in Belgium, involving some 14,000 people. The Belgian resistance provided around 80 percent of all information received by the Allies from all resistance groups in Europe.

Resistance to the Holocaust
The Belgian resistance was instrumental in saving Jews and Roma from deportation to death camps. In April 1943, members of the resistance group, the Comité de Défense des Juifs successfully attacked the "Twentieth convoy" carrying 1,500 Belgian Jews by rail to Auschwitz in Poland. Many Belgians also hid Jews and political dissidents during the occupation: one estimate put the number at some 20,000 people hidden during the war. There was also significant low-level resistance: for instance, in June 1941, the City Council of Brussels refused to distribute Stars of David badges. Certain high-profile members of the Belgian establishment, including Queen Elizabeth and Cardinal van Roey, Archbishop of Malines, spoke out against the German treatment of Jews.

In total, 1,612 Belgians have been awarded the distinction of "Righteous Among the Nations" by the State of Israel for risking their lives to save Jews from persecution during the occupation.

Escape routes for Allied airmen
As the Allies intensified their strategic bombing campaign from 1941, the resistance began to experience a significant increase in the number of Allied airmen from the RAF and USAAF who had been shot down but evaded capture. The resistance's aim, assisted by the British MI9 organization, was to escort them out of occupied Europe and over the Pyrenees to neutral Spain where they might return to England. The best-known of these networks, the Comet Line, organized by Andrée de Jongh, involved some 2,000 resistance members and was able to escort 700 Allied airmen to Spain. The Line not only fed, housed, and provided civilian clothing for the pilots, but also forged Belgian and French identity cards and rail fares. As the airmen also needed to be hidden in civilian houses for prolonged periods of time, escape lines were particularly vulnerable. During the course of the war, 800 members of the "Comet" line alone were arrested by the Gestapo of whom 140 were executed.

German response
The German Geheime Staatspolizei ("Secret state police"), known as the Gestapo, was responsible for targeting resistance groups in Belgium. Resistance fighters who were captured could expect to be interrogated, tortured and either summarily executed or sent to a concentration camp. The Gestapo was effective at using informants within groups to betray whole local resistance networks and in examining resistance publications for clues about its place of production. 2,000 resistance members involved in underground press alone were arrested during the war. In total, 30,000 members of the resistance were captured during the war, of whom 16,000 were executed or died in captivity.

The Germans requisitioned the former Belgian army Fort Breendonk, near Mechelen, which was used for torture and interrogation of political prisoners and members of the resistance. Around 3,500 inmates passed through the camp at Breendonk where they were kept in extremely degrading conditions. Around 300 people were killed in the camp itself, with at least 98 of them dying from deprivation or torture.

Towards the end of the war, the militias of collaborationist political parties also began to participate actively in reprisals for attacks or assassinations by the resistance. These included both reprisal assassinations of leading figures suspected of resistance involvement or sympathy (including Alexandre Galopin, head of the Société Générale, who was assassinated in February 1944) or retaliatory massacres against civilians. Foremost among these was the Courcelles Massacre, a reprisal by Rexist paramilitaries for the assassination of a Burgomaster, in which 20 civilians were killed. A similar massacre also took place at Meensel-Kiezegem, where 67 were killed.

Relations with the Allies and Belgian government in exile
The Belgian government in exile made its first call for the creation of organized resistance in the country from its first place of exile in Bordeaux, before its flight to London after the French surrender:

"We trust fully in the power of Britain to deliver us from German bondage ... We claim the right to share in the burden and honour of this fight in the measure of our modest but not altogether negligible resources We are not defeatists ... We will have nothing to do with those faint-hearted countrymen of ours, who, despairing of the victory of the allied cause, would be willing to come to terms with the invader. We know that neither Belgium nor the Congo will be saved until Hitlerism is crushed."

Nevertheless, the apparent isolation of the government in exile from the day-to-day situation in Belgium meant that it was viewed with suspicion by many resistance groups, particularly those whose politics differed from that of the established government. The government, for its part, was afraid that resistance groups would turn into ungovernable political militias after liberation, challenging the government's position and threatening political stability. Nevertheless, the resistance was frequently reliant on finance and drops of equipment and supplies which both the government-in-exile and the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) were able to provide. During the course of the war, the government-in-exile delivered between 124-245 million francs, dropped by parachute or transferred via bank accounts in neutral Portugal, to the Armée Secrète group alone, with smaller sums also distributed to other organisations.

In the early years of the war, contact with the government in exile was difficult to establish. The Légion Belge dispatched a member to try to establish contact in May 1941, it took a full year to reach London. Radio contact was briefly established in late 1941, however, the contact was extremely intermittent between 1942 and 1943, with a permanent radio connection to the Armée Secrète (codenamed "Stanley") only established in 1944.

In May 1944, the government-in-exile attempted to rebuild its relationship with the resistance by establishing a "Coordination Committee" of representatives of the major groups, including the Légion Belge, Mouvement National Belge, Groupe G and the Front de l'Indépendance. However, the committee was rendered redundant by the liberation in September.

The Resistance during the Liberation

After the Normandy Landings in June 1944, the Belgian resistance increased in size dramatically. In April 1944, the Armée Secrète began to adopt an official rank hierarchy and uniform (of white overalls and armband) to be worn on missions in order to give their organization the status of an "official army".

Though they usually lacked the equipment and training to fight the Wehrmacht openly, the resistance played a key role in assisting the Allies during the liberation of Belgium in September 1944, providing information on German troop movements, disrupting German evacuation plans and participating in fighting. The resistance was particularly important during the liberation of the city of Antwerp, where the local resistance from the Witte Brigade and Nationale Koninklijke Beweging, in an unprecedented display of inter-group cooperation, assisted British and Canadian forces in capturing the highly strategic port of Antwerp intact, before it could be sabotaged by the German garrison. Across Belgium, 20,000 German soldiers (including two generals) were taken prisoner by the resistance, before being handed over to the Allies.

The Free Belgian 5th SAS was dropped by parachute into the Ardennes where it linked up with members of the local resistance during the liberation and the Battle of the Bulge.

All together, almost 4,000 members of the Armée Secrète alone were killed during the liberation.

Disarmament
Soon after the liberation, the reestablished government in Brussels attempted to disarm and demobilize the resistance. In particular, the government feared the organizations would degenerate into armed political militias which could threaten the country's political stability. In October 1944 the government ordered members of the resistance to surrender their weapons to the police and, in November, threatened to search the houses and fine those who had retained them. This provoked significant anger among resistance members, who had hoped that they would be able to continue fighting alongside the Allies in the invasion of Germany. On 25 November, a large demonstration of former resistance members took place in Brussels. As the crowds moved towards the Parliament, British soldiers fired on the crowd, which they suspected to be trying to make left-wing coup d'état. 45 people were wounded.

Nevertheless, large numbers of former members of the resistance enlisted into the regular army, where they formed around 80% of the strength of the Belgian Fusilier Battalions which served on the Western Front until VE Day.

Legacy
The Belgian resistance was praised by contemporaries for its contribution to the Allied war effort; particularly during the later period. In a letter to Lieutenant-General Pire, commander of the Armée Secrète, General Eisenhower praised the role that the Belgian resistance had played in disrupting German supply lines after D-Day. The continuing actions of the resistance stopped the Germans ever being able to use the country as a secure base, never fully becoming pacified.

The attempt of the resistance to enter mainstream politics with a formal party, the Belgian Democratic Union, failed to attract the level of support that similar parties had managed in France and elsewhere. Associations of former members were founded in the years immediately after the war and campaigned for greater recognition of the role of the resistance. The largest association, the Fondation Armée Secrète, continues to fund historical research on the role of the resistance and defending the interests of its members.

In December 1946, the government of Camille Huysmans inaugurated a medal to be awarded to former members of the resistance and bestowed various other benefits on other members, including pensions and a scheme of state-funded apprenticeships. Individuals were accorded military rank equivalent to their status in the movement during the war, entitling them to title and other privileges. Today the role of the resistance during the conflict is commemorated by memorials, plaques and road names across the country, as well as by the National Museum of the Resistance in Anderlecht.

title: Belgian Resistance


text:
Contemplation

Lesson 1 (What Contemplation is and is not)

Introduction
This Lesson will offer an introduction-to, and overview-of … a thousand-year biographical history of "Infused-Prayer" by setting-forth, in bold-relief, the writings of John of the Cross and Teresa of Avila.

Purpose
This Lesson will...

 * 1) Identify the single, radical distinction between Oriental Mysticism and Christian Contemplation.
 * 2) Expose the oft-ignored difference between the Desert Fathers of Syria and the Fathers of Egypt.
 * 3) Put "Prayer of the Heart" in bold-relief by citing carefully-selected excerpts of John of the Cross’ writings.
 * 4) Set a stage for Unit Seven's attempt at a common-sense/five-part teaching on Contemplation.

Hints
As you read the Sources, look for the following:

 * 1) The critical difference between Oriental Mysticism and Christian Contemplation.
 * 2) Root-cause of the critical difference between the Desert Fathers of Egypt and those of Syria.
 * 3) A sense of the absolute richness of John of the Cross' Inner Life.
 * 4) A grasp of essential characteristics in the growth-stages in Contemplative Prayer.

To undertake study of this Lesson, go to: http://www.contemplativerudder.com/ContemplationIA.pdf

title: Contemplation


text:
Portal:Learning Materialsnew/Intro

Welcome to the Learning Materials Portal.

Part of the Wikiversity mission is to provide a collection of learning materials and links to online learning resources. Some Wikiversity participants are devoted to these tasks.

Wikiversity is not a platform for commercial enterprises to advertise education-related products. Wikiversity is devoted to free education. Wikiversity provides server space for public domain and copy-left learning materials. Wikiversity provides links to online learning resources that are available for free to students and teachers. Wikiversity also evaluates and links to learning materials that are made available at low cost as part of the open software movement.

title: Portal:Learning Materialsnew/Intro


text:
1995–96 Sheffield Shield season

The 1995–96 Sheffield Shield season was the 94th season of the Sheffield Shield, the domestic first-class cricket competition of Australia. South Australia won the championship, thus making up for their inning and 101 run defeat at the hands of Queensland in the 1994-95 final.

title: 1995–96 Sheffield Shield season


text:
User:Srose/welcometemplate

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! We're so glad you're here. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, please leave a message.
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
 * Also feel free to make test edits in my sandbox.

title: User:Srose/welcometemplate


text:
Afsana Ara Bindu

Afsana Ara Bindu is a Bangladeshi model and actress. She got her break as a model on the 2006 season of reality television show Lux Channel I Superstar, in which she was the first runner-up. Soon after this, she landed a brief role in Tauquir Ahmed's Daruchini Dip. She then appeared in Jaago - Dare to Dream and Piriter Agun Jole Digun. Bindu's last film was Eito Prem (2015)

Career
Bindu is a model, presenter and actress. She comes in film win after Peeriter Dokandari. Then she has worked Daruchini Deep and Jaago in these movies. Besides, she has also worked in film like Priter Agun Jole Digun and Eito Prem. She has acting with different actors in film as Arefin Shuvo, Ferdous, Emon, Shakib Khan and so on. Besides, she has also worked in drama, telefilm, package drama and advertisement. She has worked with many actors in the drama such as Shajal, Chanchal Chowdhury, Mosharraf Karim, and Nobel and so on.

Awards and nominations

 * 1st runner up of the 2006 LUX Channel I Superstar
 * Nominated in primary selection of Meril-Prothom Alo Award Show for her film Daruchini Deep

title: Afsana Ara Bindu


text:
Off Camera

Off Camera is an American interview-based television series, magazine and podcast. It was created by photographer and director Sam Jones, who is also the host. Off Camera airs on DirecTV's Audience channel 239, with a twelfth season as of August 19, 2019. Jones created the show out of his passion for the long-form conversational interview, and as a way to share his conversations with a myriad of artists, actors, musicians, directors, skateboarders, photographers and writers that pique his interest. Interviewees featured on Off Camera have included Dave Grohl, Robert Downey Jr., Sarah Silverman, Jeff Bridges, Jackson Browne, Jessica Chastain and Tony Hawk, among others.

Season 1
Season 1 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV in February 2014. It featured Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests.

 * 1. Val McCallum
 * 2. John Krasinski
 * 3. Blake Mills
 * 4. Aimee Mann
 * 5. Robert Downey Jr.
 * 6. Tony Hawk
 * 7. Dave Grohl
 * 8. Judd Apatow
 * 9. Laura Dern
 * 10. Stacy Peralta
 * 11. Martin Short
 * 12. Will Forte
 * 13. Michael B. Jordan

Season 2
Season 2 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV in the Fall of 2014. It featured Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests.

 * 14. Sarah Silverman
 * 15. Matt Damon
 * 16. Ed Helms
 * 17. Jackson Browne
 * 18. Judy Greer
 * 19. Jeff Bridges
 * 20. Taylor Goldsmith
 * 21. Laird Hamilton
 * 22. Jon Brion
 * 23. Jason Sudeikis
 * 24. Chris Pine
 * 25. Jessica Chastain

Season 3
Season 3 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV in March 2015. It featured Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests.

 * 26. Will Ferrell
 * 27. Ethan Hawke
 * 28. Jon Hamm
 * 29. Lake Bell
 * 30. Jennifer Beals
 * 31. Zach Braff
 * 32. Lizzy Caplan
 * 33. Chris Moore
 * 34. Rashida Jones
 * 35. Kevin Bacon
 * 36. Dax Shepard

Season 4
Season 4 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV on September 21, 2015. It featured Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests.

 * 37. Jake Gyllenhaal
 * 38. Cindy Crawford
 * 39. Elliot Page
 * 40. Tatiana Maslany
 * 41. Olivia Wilde
 * 42. Jack Black
 * 43. Carrie Brownstein
 * 44. Connie Britton
 * 45. William H. Macy
 * 46. Joseph Gordon-Levitt
 * 47. Paul Dano
 * 48. Bill Lawrence
 * 49. Linda Cardellini
 * 50. Aubrey Plaza
 * 51. Tim Robbins
 * 52. Matt Berninger

Season 5
Season 5 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV on March 7, 2016. It featured Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests.

 * 53. Joanne Froggatt
 * 54. Dan Patrick
 * 55. Michelle Monaghan
 * 56. Don Cheadle
 * 57. Kristen Bell
 * 58. Richard Linklater
 * 59. Bob Odenkirk
 * 60. Titus Welliver
 * 61. Glen Hansard
 * 62. The Edge
 * 63. Krysten Ritter
 * 64. Keegan-Michael Key
 * 65. Kathryn Hahn
 * 66. Imogen Poots
 * 67. Thomas Middleditch
 * 68. Luke Wilson

Season 6
Season 6 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV on September 12, 2016. It featured Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests.

 * 69. Todd Phillips
 * 70. Adam Scott
 * 71. Vince Vaughn
 * 72. Mindy Kaling
 * 73. Kate Beckinsale
 * 74. Nick Offerman
 * 75. Ewan McGregor
 * 76. Mark Duplass
 * 77. Thandie Newton
 * 78. Mike Colter
 * 79. Rob Lowe
 * 80. Mackenzie Davis
 * 81. Michael Shannon
 * 82. Riz Ahmed
 * 83. Andrew Garfield
 * 84. Greta Gerwig

Season 7
Season 7 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV on January 9, 2017, featuring Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests.

 * 85. Rachel Bloom
 * 86. Aaron Paul
 * 87. Ricky Carmichael
 * 88. Elijah Wood
 * 89. David Oyelowo
 * 90. Kenneth Lonergan
 * 91. Sam Richardson
 * 92. Gillian Jacobs
 * 93. Jerrod Carmichael
 * 94. Maggie Siff
 * 95. Hank Azaria
 * 96. Courteney Cox
 * 97. Jenny Slate
 * 98. Freida Pinto
 * 99. Matt Walsh
 * 100. Ron Howard
 * 101. Colin Hanks
 * 102. Elisabeth Moss
 * 103. Chris Shiflett
 * 104. Billy Crudup
 * 105. Danny McBride
 * 106. Jim Jefferies
 * 107. Sam Elliott
 * 108. Kumail Nanjiani
 * 109. Zoe Lister-Jones
 * 110. Zoe Kazan
 * 111. Michaela Watkins
 * 112. Lauren Lapkus
 * 113. Holly Hunter

Season 8
Season 8 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV on May 1, 2017, featuring Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests.

 * 114. Mike White
 * 115. Jay Duplass
 * 116. Alan Tudyk
 * 117. Tom Papa
 * 118. Nick Kroll
 * 119. Chadwick Boseman
 * 120. Willem Dafoe
 * 121. Rebecca Hall
 * 122. Emmy Rossum
 * 123. Michael Connelly
 * 124. Pamela Adlon
 * 125. Jeff Daniels
 * 126. Sam Rockwell
 * 127. Octavia Spencer
 * 128. John Doe
 * 129. Neil Patrick Harris

Season 9
Season 9 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV on September 25, 2017, featuring Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests.

 * 130. Pete Holmes
 * 131. Diane Kruger
 * 132. Jenna Fischer
 * 133. Danai Gurira
 * 134. Common
 * 135. Taylor Kitsch
 * 136. Jason Katims
 * 137. Andie MacDowell
 * 138. Bill Hader
 * 139. Dan Stevens
 * 140. John Goodman
 * 141. Zach Woods
 * 142. Mae Whitman
 * 143. Josh Radnor
 * 144. Christina Hendricks
 * 145. Jason Isbell
 * 146. John Mulaney
 * 147. Peter Krause
 * 148. Natasha Leggero
 * 149. Sarah Paulson
 * 150. Rachel Brosnahan
 * 151. Alison Brie
 * 152. Keri Russell
 * 153. Betty Gilpin

Season 10
Season 10 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV on June 11, 2018, featuring Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests.

 * 154. Rose Byrne
 * 155. Chris O'Dowd
 * 156. Awkwafina
 * 157. Uzo Aduba
 * 158. Paul Feig
 * 159. Chris Messina
 * 160. Elizabeth Olsen
 * 161. Eric Idle
 * 162. Javier Bardem
 * 163. Sissy Spacek
 * 164. Mary Elizabeth Winstead
 * 165. Ryan Bingham
 * 166. Hasan Minhaj
 * 167. Rosamund Pike
 * 168. Matt Damon
 * 169. Bo Burnham
 * 170. Carey Mulligan
 * 171. Ted Danson
 * 172. Emily Mortimer
 * 173. Steve Coogan
 * 174. Ron Livingston

Season 11
Season 11 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV on November 26, 2018, featuring Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests.

 * 175. D'Arcy Carden
 * 176. Dax Shepard
 * 177. Regina Hall
 * 178. Stephen Merchant
 * 179. Daniel Radcliffe
 * 180. Norman Reedus
 * 181. Patton Oswalt
 * 182. Ray Romano
 * 183. Lauren Cohan
 * 184. Brit Marling
 * 185. Joey King
 * 186. David Harbour
 * 187. Busy Philipps
 * 188. Seth Rogen
 * 189. "Weird Al" Yankovic
 * 190. Sarah Goldberg
 * 191. Jason Mantzoukas
 * 192. Andrew Bird
 * 193. Ian McShane
 * 194. Fred Armisen
 * 195. Olivia Wilde
 * 196. Sienna Miller
 * 197. David Tennant
 * 198. Ramy Youssef
 * 199. Scoot McNairy
 * 200. Robert Downey Jr.

Season 12
Season 12 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV on August 19, 2019, featuring Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests.

 * 201. Jason Sudeikis (In a role switch, Sudeikis interviews Sam Jones)
 * 202. Wyatt Russell
 * 203. Constance Wu
 * 204. Andrea Savage
 * 205. Scott Aukerman
 * 206. Zach Galifianakis
 * 207. Beth Behrs
 * 208. Adam DeVine
 * 209. Jake Johnson
 * 210. Jeff Bridges
 * 211. Edward Norton
 * 212. Lance Reddick
 * 213. Noomi Rapace
 * 214. Josh Gad
 * 215. Tracy Letts
 * 216. Jenny Slate
 * 217. Mike McGill and Steve Caballero
 * 218. Liz Phair
 * 219. Year-end Holiday Wrap-up Show

title: Off Camera


text:
Talk:Dave McMillan (Bass Player)

Reason for creating page
As a big fan of Ian Thornley and Big Wreck I have been following the band extensively in the last few years. The album Albatross is amazing and the show they had in Toronto recently was phenomenal. I wanted to add what I could do the Big Wreck page and noticed that Dave McMillan, bass player, did not have a link to another page as Ian Thornley and Paulo had, so I thought I would start one. I found information on the Traynor website, which he is endorsed by and was hoping other people would had to his page as well as the other band members as they were able to. It seems as a good entry as the band has had two singles in the last album in the top 10 of the rock charts in Canada, with the title track, Albatross, staying at number 1 for weeks.

If the page were to be opened again, I could add more information from the following references: http://www.massivetankstudios.com/davemcmillan.html - school where Dave McMillan teaches http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/article.cfm?section=Arts&articleID=1628&month=3&day=21&year=2007 - newspaper article about band dave was in http://www.canadianinterviews.com/interview/index.php?ID=1114&SECTION=96&type=music

title: Talk:Dave McMillan (Bass Player)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of charities

The result of the debate was delete. Mailer Diablo 02:06, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

List of charities
A list with greater scope than can be covered in a wikipedia article. The number of charities in the world is likely to be at least many thousands given that it is a legal status rather than anything to do with doing good. It is not possible to document the entire list and in any case this list is redundant with Category:Charities. The prospect of deletion has been raised on the talk page. MLA 15:20, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete A complete list of charities for all of the countries listed? The Charity Commission in the UK listed [167,466 charities on its register by December 2005.  How many hundreds and thousands of others would be needed from each country to make this list approach comprehensiveness?  The list would be useless to a researcher. [[User:(aeropagitica)|  (aeropagitica)  ]] 15:57, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete This page is always going to be prone to POV, systemic bias, linkspam, and fraud. It also gives the appearance that Wikipedia endorses or recommends the listed charities, or that a listing here implies legitimacy. An earlier deleted version was created as a way to promote disaster relief (even Jimbo weighed in on the edit war). This is a bad compromise based on very good intentions, and it can be covered better as a category. Jokestress 16:48, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. I used to like lists, but I'm having it beaten out of me by the proliferation of undiscriminating listcrufters.  Slowmover 20:40, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete permanently extremely incomplete listcruft. Smaller charities deserve coverage too, this systemically leans towards the big boys.  Dei z io  01:33, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Much better as a Category.  --Midnighttonight 01:43, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Horrendously unmaintainable as a list, great as a category. Grand  master  ka  06:58, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 04:12, 25 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
käpp

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  paw
 * 2)  a hand

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) stick (long piece of wood); cane

title: käpp


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Burgess McCranie

The result was   delete. As the size of the city (which I have actually lived in, ironically...) does not make a politician notable, per WP:POLITICIAN, the article's subject is found to not be notable. — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 00:22, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

Burgess McCranie

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Only claim to fame is being the mayor of a town of less than 100k people; doesn't come close to meeting WP:NPOL. Prod was disputed by creator. OhNo itsJamie Talk 00:44, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment Ohnoitsjamie sought to kill six Bossier City mayor articles in a period of eight minutes on Feb. 10. He moved against George Nattin at .52, against Lo Walker at .51; against Jake W. Cameron at .47, at Marvin Anding at .49, at Hoffman fuller at .46, and Burgess McCranie at .44. I suppose this means 12:52 a.m. for Mr. Nattin but am not sure, maybe 12:52 p.m. How could he read and analyze six revised articles in eight minutes? Billy Hathorn (talk) 19:51, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

 * delete non-notable local politician per WP:POLITICIAN Deunanknute (talk) 01:52, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment approximately an hour after the nominations for deletion by ohnoitsjamie, User:Deunanknute posted the line: delete non-notable local politician per WP:POLITICIAN. Several of those "delete" statements were made in the same minute of time. Billy Hathorn (talk) 20:01, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * CommentIf one sees a bunch of similar articles, with the same notability problems, it is not remarkable for an editor to place deletes in the related AFDs in a short period, or to nominate several in a short period. . A clockwatching argument is as unimpressive as "otherstuffexists."Edison (talk) 20:34, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep The notability rules say nothing about mayors or the size of their cities. Portland, Maine, has a population 5,000 larger than Bossier City, but it has 24 mayors all deemed notable with their own Wikipedia articles. There are ten articles on Bossier City mayors, all but two recently submitted.

Bangor, Maine, a city about half the size of Bossier City, has eight mayors on Wikipedia and twelve city council members. Many times city council members are excluded from Wikipedia unless they have held other offices. There are no articles on Bossier City Council members.

Here is a listing of certain cities, followed by population, and number of mayoral Wikipedia articles:
 * Scranton, Pennsylvania, 76,000, 6
 * Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 50,000, 6
 * Burlington, Vermont, 42,000, 6
 * Augusta, Maine, 19,000, 7
 * New London, Connecticut, 28,000, 5
 * Terre Haute, Indiana, 61,000, 4
 * Wasilla, Alaska, 8,000, 5
 * Hoboken, New Jersey, 50,000, 23
 * Juneau, Alaska, 31,000, 18
 * Key West, Florida, 25,000, 8
 * Medford, Oregon, 56,000, 12
 * Norwalk, Connecticut, 85,600, 87
 * East Orange, New Jersey, 64,000, 6
 * Taunton, Massachusetts, 56,000, 13
 * Wilmington, Delaware, 70,000, 10
 * Santa Fe, New Mexico, 70,000, 10
 * Ashland, Kentucky, 22,000, 27
 * Melbourne, Florida, 76,000, 33
 * Fairbanks, Alaska, 32,000, 7
 * Missoula, Montana, 66,000, 16
 * Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 59,000, 41

So Bossier City, Louisiana, 61,000 10 is consistent with the above listing.

Mr. McCranie left office in 1957. There are sources here showing his notability. All these Bossier City mayors should be considered notable, even if more material on them would be desirable though not yet located. Billy Hathorn (talk) 04:36, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * comment - Wikipedia also says notability is not determined by similar articles. See WP:WHATABOUTX.
 * Comment If you look closely at the articles about the mayors from those towns, you'll see that most of them went on to do more notable things (i.e., become a governor or member of congress). OhNo itsJamie  Talk 15:39, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Note In Hoboken, New Jersey, smaller than Bossier City, seventeen of 22 mayors with Wikipedia articles served in no higher office; a few had been on the city council before becoming mayors. Five others also held other offices, mostly in the legislature. There is nothing in the Wikipedia rules about mayors and population of their cities.Billy Hathorn (talk) 19:42, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Louisiana-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 18:14, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Politicians-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 18:14, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep - WP:POLOUTCOMES notes that "Mayors of cities of at least regional prominence have usually survived AFD, although the article should say more than just 'Jane Doe is the mayor of Cityville'." This referenced article about a mayor of a city of regional prominence does say more than that. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:35, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * comment- is Bossier City, Louisiana regionally prominent? And again, how is this person notable? Deunanknute (talk) 18:54, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * comment These articles were probably all nominated at the same time for the same reason I've been commenting at the same time; for a group of very similar articles, it's sometimes easier to research them together. Also, please only add comments to the end of a discussion. Deunanknute (talk) 23:05, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete Bossier City is not a regionally important city, it is a suburb of Shreveport. It is not large enough or important enough to make the mayor default notable.John Pack Lambert (talk) 18:17, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment "Other stuff exists" is not a workable argument. Wikipedia has lots of articles that do not meet inclusion criteria. Articles are judged on their merits. That said, being a member of a state legislature is a position that makes people notable, being a mayor is not.John Pack Lambert (talk) 18:19, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment. I have not heard of Bossier City being called a "suburb" of Shreveport; they are in different parishes. Mr. McCranie falls under "local politicians", and there is nothing in the Wikipedia rules that says mayors regardless of the size of the city are not notable if there is coverage of the individual. Billy Hathorn (talk) 04:11, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * They're cheek-and-jowl on Google Maps; "suburb" wouldn't be improper. Pax 08:21, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:27, 18 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Keep. With all respect to the good faith of every participant here, I sense a tendency to equate "city of regional importance" with "city I've heard of". From the standpoint of Wikipedians based in East and West Coast urban centers, or outside the USA, Louisiana occupies little mind space, and "Bossier City" is a ridiculous-sounding name. To those unfamiliar with the region, it doesn't evoke a city larger than (say) Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (which it is).  We should pay attention to the population numbers and avoid jumping to an impressionistic conclusion. Kestenbaum (talk) 21:45, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, N ORTH A MERICA 1000 17:20, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete He is NOT notable per WP:POLITICIAN, since he was not mayor of a city of regional prominence; Bossier City isn't even the parish (county) seat. His subsequent offices are also non-notable. And population numbers are irrelevant; despite assertions that 50,000 or 100,000 or whatever population makes a mayor automatically notable, no such number has ever achieved consensus. It doesn't matter if some other mayors of some other cities have articles; WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS is not a valid argument. He also fails WP:GNG for lack of significant coverage. --MelanieN (talk) 02:14, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * P.S. I would also be OK with Richard Arthur Norton's suggestion (above) of a redirect to the city article (which surprisingly does not have a list of its former mayors, but it could). --MelanieN (talk) 03:03, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment. Bossier City may not be the parish seat, but it does have a majority of the parish's population. Kestenbaum (talk) 02:05, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Population is not our criterion. It's "city of regional importance". --MelanieN (talk) 15:46, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment. He was first mayor under the city commission government. A pre-Internet figure, there is not a lot of information on his four-year term. All these mayors should be notable under "local politicians".


text:
Queen Maud Gulf

Queen Maud Gulf lies between the northern coast of the mainland and the southeastern corner of Victoria Island in Nunavut, Canada. At its western end lies Cambridge Bay, leading to Dease Strait; to the east lies Simpson Strait; and to the north, Victoria Strait. It is home to the Queen Maud Gulf Migratory Bird Sanctuary.

History
In 1839, it was crossed by Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson. It was named by the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen in 1905 for the Norwegian queen Maud of Wales.

The wreck of HMS Erebus (1826) from Franklin's lost expedition of 1845 to find the Northwest Passage was found in 2014. The wreck lies at the bottom of the eastern portion of Queen Maud Gulf, west of O'Reilly Island.

Islands
Islands in the Queen Maud Gulf include:

 * Jenny Lind Island
 * King William Island
 * Royal Geographical Society Island

title: Queen Maud Gulf


text:
World Speech Day

World Speech Day takes place annually on 15 March, celebrating "speeches and speech making through live speaking events across the world". World Speech Day was launched at the Athens Democracy Forum in 2015; the first World Speech Day took place on 15 March 2016, with memorable events in Athens,  Singapore, Tawau and Moscow.

At World Speech Day 2017, there were in events in some 80 nations. These ranged from the Parliament Hall in Ulaan Baatar to a school classroom in Palestine, from the Ismaili Centre in Bangladesh to the Oxford Union at Oxford University, from lecture theatres in Ibadan and Lagos to high schools and colleges across the USA.

Many events are broadcast on livestream TV, via WSD TV.

Anyone can make a speech on World Speech Day and anyone can host an event, by simply joining as a WSD member on the site. The goal is to reach out to unexpected voices everywhere.

The theme for World Speech Day is “Thoughts for a Better World”: speeches can change the world. Those changes can be in the life of an individual; or local, in the life of a village or community or school or social group; or they can be more ambitious, touching the life of a nation.

title: World Speech Day


text:
User:Robt.D.McKenzie

'''IDENTITY (what) crisis? '''

I grew up believing my surname rather unique and my given name to be only shared with father and a distant uncle. Imagine my surprise when I entered the world of the wide web.

Not only is Klan McKenzie prolific, but Roberts were abundant within. Because I perceive many, including my father, much more dignified, distinguished, and reserved than myself I sought to create an identity that would protect them from unjust credit or blame.

Since my written signature was already an abbreviation of an otherwise long name that required a middle initial to distinguish me from "Robert son of Kenzie, the elder" it wasn't a great leap to my current username.

It harkens to days when spaces had to be signified with underscores that required a two handed reach, and pays tribute to search engines habit of using spaces as delimiters to find reference to the multitudes aforementioned. Since most input fields are tolerent of the Universal Resources Locator format the periods seemed a natural fit since they also connotate abbreviations.

Of course there's exceptions to every rule. So it's likely you'll find me designated RobtDMcKenzie as well. If I'm lazy or in a hurry, even just Robt.

Robt and ROBT is more popular that you'd think, so it is sometimes expressed R0BT. Go ahead and read it a robot if you must. I don't care.

Another identity you may find me writing/posting under is alteredEG0. It involves having ptsd and the responses I got when I was trying to identify (along with everyone else) what was wrong with me and why. It's an in you face slap at those who beat me up with 'get over it', take responsibility, and 'just think happy thoughts'. There are many other cliche those erzatz folks who ignore cause and effect favor but that's fodder for other gardens.

--Robt 18:26, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC) webLog profile

title: User:Robt.D.McKenzie


text:
Talk:Fort Hill, Boston

Requested move 20 March 2015

The result of the move request was: not moved. However, I have placed hatnotes on each of the articles and changed the "Fort Hill, Boston" redirect to point here per the comments below. DrKiernan (talk) 10:55, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

Fort Hill, Roxbury → Fort Hill, Boston – An out-of-town author on a talk page for the National Register of Historic Places Wikiproject found the designation of Fort Hill as being part of Roxbury to be misleading, and I find the argument persuasive. Fort Hill is a neighborhood/historic district in the city of Boston, MA that comprises a part of the Roxbury neighborhood. Moving the page seems to be more consistent with naming conventions. Chambers617 (talk) 04:14, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Fort Hill, Boston presently redirects to Fort Point, Boston, which gives the history of a (now former) similarly-named yet different place on the Boston peninsula. There's a small argument that "Fort Hill (Boston)" ought to redirect there, since that would be the proper way to disambiguate a (now former) geographic feature, freeing up "Fort Hill, Boston".  If the move is to take place, it needs to account in some way for both uses of "Fort Hill", via redirects and/or hatnotes.  I have no strong feeling about this, but you should probably also post a pointer back to this discussion at Talk:Fort Point, Boston, Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Massachusetts, and Wikipedia Talk:WikiProject Boston.  Magic ♪piano 19:31, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Fort Hill in Boston which is now known by the common name of Fort Point, and Fort Hill in Roxbury are very different places. While Roxbury is currently a neighborhood of Boston, it used to be it's own city/town. While confusion may be a problem, I don't see any way around it. Maybe putting a disambiguation page on Fort Hill, Boston which would allow for both to be represented, since one is in South Boston and the other in Roxbury which are both parts of Boston, but this article is correctly named.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:31, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the tip about posting this in Wikipedia Talk:WikiProject Boston, Magic . I'm still trying to figure out the ins and outs of the community here. Apparently there are opposing viewpoints and this merits discussion. I'm not sure I agree with For Hill redirecting to Fort Point. If you complete a simple Google search for Fort Hill Boston and scan the first 100 hits you'll see the vast majority point to Fort Hill in the Roxbury Neighborhood. The Wikipedia article for Fort Point is the lone high hit in the first 30 or so regarding the Fort Hill-Fort Point Boston connection. This imbalance suggest to me that the Wikipedia redirect to Fort Point is pointing people astray. Roxbury has been part of Boston for 150 years so this isn't a recent development. It seems to me like the starting point for the discussion should probably focus on whether there needs to be a disambiguation page or whether Fort Hill (Roxbury), should be moved in its entirety, with a mention as you suggest to the Fort Point page. Here's a question: there's a disambiguation page for Fort Hill. Would a possible solution be using it as the pointer to clarify the connection with Fort Point? Chambers617 (talk) 23:30, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fort Hill, Boston


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