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Windows: An Overview

At the time of this era, the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems runs the vast majority of the world's home computers. How did Windows rapidly become the dominant operating system for home use on the planet?

History
Microsoft Windows began as a GUI add-on to DOS. The early versions of Windows required DOS to be installed first. The first version that did not require DOS to be pre-installed was Windows 95. Early on, Windows split into two branches - the DOS-based branch and the NT based branch. Today, The DOS-based branch has been discontinued due to bugs (errors in software), Lack of hardware support, and instability. All versions of Windows since Windows NT 3.1 (these are Windows NT 3.1, NT 4.0, Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, and 8) are NT based.

Predecessors
Here are the predecessors to Microsoft Windows 95 in the order of release:

 * Windows 1.0

 * Windows 2.0

 * Windows 2.1 (Windows/286, Windows/386, and Windows/486)

 * Windows 3.0

 * Windows 3.1 (with a respective Windows for Workgroups release)

 * Windows 3.11 (also with a respective Windows for Workgroups release)

 * Windows 3.2 (a minor update to 3.1 for Simplified Chinese support, also with a respective Windows for Workgroups release)

CP/M
The CP/M Operating System, first written by Gary Kildall in PL/M, a language of his own invention, in 1975. It was written for the Intel 8080 CPU, which was the power behind such legendary machines as the Altair 8800 and the IMSAI 8080, one of which was used in the movie 'War Games'. The system was very popular among those early computer users, and saw the introduction of many new devices, such as the 5 1/4" floppy disk drive and the hard disk drive. In 1980, when IBM was building its first PC, they went to Gary Kildall, who didn't think the system would take off. It might interest you to know that one or two years later, the CP/M-86 OS was released independently of IBM, and cost about ten times what the then-new MS-DOS system did. Initially CP/M had many advanced features that MS-DOS did not have. However, because Gary did not want break off from his licensed based distribution of CP/M rather than accepting the OEM based distribution IBM wanted, Microsoft's MS-DOS was chosen to be the choice on the IBM PC. In addition to this, many of CP/M's features, such as multi-level directories and hard drive support, were not really thought of as needed.

DOS
DOS stands for Disk Operating System. A product called Microsoft DOS was released by Microsoft in 1981 for the IBM Personal Computer. It offered file system access to FAT partitions and had tools for editing, programming, and management. Later versions would support a semi-graphical navigator, and the ability to mount remote shares. Microsoft DOS had a long-lasting effect on the computer world, a very scaled down version of Microsoft DOS was present in every Windows OS including the recent Windows Vista (and the Windows NT operating systems, Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003, and Windows XP).

OS/2
New Key Features: Overlapped windows and icons Windows 2.0 came with the ability to let windows and icons are overlapped. Windows can be freely resized and moved in the screen. 386 enhanced mode to take advantage of memory larger than 640K There are two versions of Windows 2.0. The first version of Windows 2.0 was called Windows/286 later after Microsoft releases Windows 2.0 with support of 386 enhanced modes, which is called Windows/386. The 386 enhanced modes gave the system the capability to run multiple MS-DOS applications simultaneously in extended memory.

Inception
Microsoft was not the first company to investigate the use of a Graphical User Interface, or GUI, to control a personal computer. Microsoft uses private servers to run Windows. That distinction belongs to the Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC). Xerox demonstrated seven key ideas whose strategic importance were immediately apparent to both Microsoft and Apple, and critical to the success of both the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows: 1. The use of a windowing system to give a user common presentation and operation of different applications, 2. The concept and use of a mouse to navigate that system, 3. A clear demonstration that multitasking (running several applications at the same time) could actually be useful to home and business users, 4. The demonstration of a laser printer, which significantly increased the potential for desktop publishing, 5. That a computer could potentially be used by an operator with little or no training, 6. That such an operator, once familiarized with the system, would be strongly opposed to moving back to a more complicated environment, and 7. That such a computer could be networked. The impact of that final idea took a long time to be fully realized- Windows certainly did not embrace it, or even support it, initially- but the whole package really was demonstrated that long ago. Why Xerox wasn't able to capitalize on its own strokes of genius would be (and, indeed, is) another book, in and of itself.

16-Bit Versions
Most Personal Computers are using Intel X86 instruction sets. As long as they are using the same instruction sets, they can perform the same job. That is, 286, 386, 486, Pentium and many other types of processors are equally well. The only differences between them are the speed, and memory addressing capability. Although 086 and 286 are using the same X86 instruction set, however, because of having some troubles on addressing the high memory, therefore, many programs are not able the run on these older processors.

Windows 3.0 - 3.1
386 Enhanced mode implemented all the benefits of Standard mode, plus 32-bit addressing and paging for faster memory access, and virtual 8086 mode for safer execution of MS-DOS programs: each of them now ran in a virtual machine. In the previous modes, multiple MS-DOS programs could only be run in full-screen, and only the program currently active was executing; but in 386 enhanced mode, they could be run simultaneously in separate windows. This mode required a 386 processor and 1 MB of extended memory (in addition to the base 640KB) – beyond the specifications of most PCs sold in 1990.

Windows for Workgroups
A Winsock package was required to support TCP/IP networking in Windows 3.x. Usually, third-party packages were used, but in August 1994, Microsoft released an add-on package (codenamed Wolverine) that provided TCP/IP support in Windows for Workgroups 3.11. Wolverine was a 32-bit stack (accessible from 16-bit Windows application via WinSock thunks), which gave it superior performance to most of the third-party TCP/IP Windows stacks available. However, it was only compatible with Windows for Workgroups 3.11 and lacked support for dial-up. The Wolverine stack was an early version of the TCP/IP stack that would later ship with Windows 95 and provided an early testbed for the 16-to-32-bit compatibility layer that was crucial to Windows 95's success.

32-Bit Versions
The increased address-space size in 32-bit Windows impacts 16-bit code in several ways: •Pointers are all 32 bits wide and are no longer near or far, and your code cannot make assumptions based on segmented memory. •Window handles to other objects (such as pens, brushes, and menus), and graphics coordinates have increased to 32 bits. Thus, you cannot use types such as WORD interchangeably with HWND as you could in 16-bit Windows. •Message handlers must be rewritten because the different sizes can change the way information is packed in some message parameters. •The larger size of graphics coordinates affects a number of function calls. The key areas of 16-bit code affected by these changes are: •Window procedure declarations •Near and far type declarations •Data types •Messages •Calls to API functions •WinMain function For a thorough discussion of 32-bit adaptations in each of these areas, see Porting 16-Bit Code to 32-Bit Windows.

Windows NT
MS-DOS and all previous versions of Windows were single-user systems. NT, however, supports multiprogramming, so several users can work on the same machine at the same time. For example, a network server may have multiple users logged in simultaneously over a network, each accessing its own files in a protected way.

Windows 95
The first 32-bit operating system in the Windows Family outside of Windows NT. But still, it is easier to crash than Windows NT (but harder to crash than Windows 3.1), and relative to Windows NT, not very stable. This project has been abandoned years ago.

Windows Nashville
Windows Nashville is a cancelled version of Windows commonly referred to as "Windows 96" by the community.

Windows 98
In computing, the Windows Driver Model (WDM) — also known at one point as the Win32 Driver Model — is a framework for device drivers that was introduced with Windows 98 and Windows 2000 to replace VxD, which was used on older versions of Windows such as Windows 95 and Windows 3.1, as well as the Windows NT Driver Model.

Windows 98 SE
Windows 98 SE (Second Edition) included DVD support)

Windows 2000
This version of Microsoft Windows preceded Windows XP. Its core functionality is very similar, but it lacks some of the features later added to XP. Many continue to use 2000 instead of XP because they believe the extra XP features are unnecessary and cause the computer to run slower. Windows 2000 is the final NT-based system without activation.

Windows Me
Windows Millennium Edition was meant to bring an end to the 95/DOS line of OS's, although it still contains DOS 8.00. It sported new features in the multimedia area, such as Windows Movie Maker 1.0 and Windows Media Player 7. It also had other important new features such as System Restore. Most of the new features were continued into Windows XP making XP what it is. Windows Me is the final DOS-based system without activation.

Windows XP
Windows XP was originally released in the year 2001. It included improved graphics and a more user-friendly environment. Windows XP was built on the core of Windows 2000 but adds greater stability for most desktop users plus a fancier graphical user interface. Although the goal of perfect security continues to elude the OS, Service Pack 2 (SP2) improves matters over the original release and rolls up enhancements added between release and mid-2004.

Windows 2003 Server/Advanced Server
Windows Server 2003 (sometimes referred to as Win2K3) is a server operating system produced by Microsoft, introduced on 24 April 2003. An updated version, Windows Server 2003 R2, was released to manufacturing on 6 December 2005. Its successor, Windows Server 2008, was released on 4 February 2008. According to Microsoft, Windows Server 2003 is more scalable and delivers better performance than its predecessor, Windows 2000.

64-Bit Versions
There is currently support for the 64-bit Intel Itanium processor in Windows Server 2003 Enterprise and Datacenter editions, supporting up to 64 Itanium CPUs in the later. Windows Server 2003 SP1 adds x64 support. Note: Source update under this version will be suffixed by "IA64", there is the difference from the usual Intel/AMD architecture of "x64" bit sources.

Note also that there are computers based on the 64-bit IBM Power chips that are used in the G5 Macintosh computers that are running the Windows NT kernel. These "Macs running Windows" are used for game development on the future generation Xbox that will use IBM Power CPUs.

(explain existing 64-bit CPUs- AMD, Intel, etc.)

Windows Vista
This version of Microsoft Windows, released on January 2007, is the latest major upgrade for the Windows operating system.

Until the product name was revealed in July 2005, Windows Vista was known as 'Codename Longhorn'.

It includes major changes graphically. Translucency and other visual effects are highly used. Also, applications are now switching over to the .NET framework. (Add something more about core like Avalon, and GUI)

Windows Server 2008 Systems
With this introduction of Microsoft Windows Servers, released in October 2008, it contains the same code base as Vista (Windows6.0). Its significant change and added feature set are enabling the virtualization of Microsoft Windows Server Systems. The support from 32-bit Windows 2000, Windows 2003, 2003 R2 and Windows 2008 itself, plus the associated existing 64-bit version will expect to become the enabler of any enterprise system, large, medium or small to harness the use and simplicity of virtualized Windows systems (including some flavors of Linux) to meet everyday needs of computing.

Design Goals
A main design goal of Windows was hardware and software portability.

Installation
This chapter will explain how to install Windows. Since installation is fairly similar between versions- with important, and sometimes subtle, differences- we will example how to install Windows XP, Home Edition, and then review the differences for other versions. This chapter explains only the basics; once you're up and running, check out the Configuration chapter to personalize your system.

Make sure that whatever you are installing, that you have a copy of the files you need to be stored in a safe place, even if it's on a separate partition. You're generally better off wiping the partition with your old operating system so as to remove all the incompatible files, viruses, spyware and general clutter/temp files that all computers accrue over their lives.

Installing Windows XP, Home Edition
Depends if you install from booting a CD or from running the setup program from another version of Windows. It's better to boot from the disk, this way you can alter your partitions before you install whereas otherwise, you may find yourself being forced to install it over an old copy.

Differences for Windows XP Professional
Adds greater networking and enterprise features. If you have a network, this is the version you need.

Differences for Windows MCE base-2004-2005
Windows XP Media Center Edition is distinguished from other editions of Windows XP by an exclusive preinstalled application, Media Center, which provides a large-font ("10-foot"), remotely accessible interface for TV viewing on the computer as well as recording and playback, DVD playback, video playback, photo viewing, and music playback.

Configuration
The Windows configuration was always meant to be user-friendly to office support and home, although some Windows Operating Systems and editions were meant to mean one thing or another.

Basic Configuration
(how to set the machine name, time, etc.; NOT networking)

Appearance and Environment
For Windows Classic, you will normally follow this step to change the appearance, wallpaper, resolution, etc.: In a desktop area (not on a window), right click. A menu will appear so you will click properties.

Networking
The workgroup is usually set up when the operating system is first installed. This choice can be edited from the network wizard later on. Once a computer has a network (basically before its first boot) it can trade files with other computers on that network.

(basic Workgroup and Domain configuration; NOT connection sharing, firewall stuff, etc.; that goes into Advanced Stuff)

Printers
(needs to be below networking because this should explain network printers; explain how to add a printer; how to change the default printer; how to change the printing defaults; when to choose PCL vs. PS when printer offers both; parallel vs. USB vs serial vs. network; explain FAX send can be a printing device, etc.)

Accessibility
Both Windows XP and Windows Vista include options for those with difficulty reading or using a computer(Color-blind etc). They are found under: Start->All Programs->Accessories->Accessibility.

(handicapped access; explain Magnifier, text-to-speech, voice recognition, etc., including a -brief- a discussion of third-party options)

Outlook Express
By default, Microsoft Windows includes Outlook Express to allow access to electronic mail.

Note: for Windows Vista/7, there's Windows Mail instead of Outlook Express

Mozilla Thunderbird
A rather more secure e-mail program than Outlook Express and works almost exactly the same. Further details: http://www.mozilla.org/products/thunderbird/

Using Windows
Windows comes with a variety of software including Paint(A basic image editing program), Notepad(A simple text editor) and in later versions: Word, Internet Explorer, Outlook Express or Windows Mail and so on. A great variety of freeware, shareware and commercial packages are available.

Basic Operation
Most computers come pre-installed with an OS called Microsoft® Windows®. Most OS's and programs have the same features whether they use Windows or not, but all computers running Windows will have these features with these names. The thing we did in the last chapter with the box that comes up when you turn on your computer is called logging in. The screen you see after logging in is called the Desktop. Most things on a computer are named after things in real life, and they are usually used similarly too. Just like a real desktop the desktop on a computer is where you go to access all your data. However, a real desktop has a flat horizontal surface.

Screenshots
A screenshot of the entire monitor, complete with taskbar, can be copied to the system clipboard by pressing the Print screen key. Alternatively, pressing [Alt + Print screen will copy just the active window to the clipboard. One can then paste the clipboard into a program such as MS Paint or Paint.NET to save it as an image file (for posting online, for instance), or paste it directly into a document. If saving as an image file, it is best to use a format which uses lossless compression (e.g. PNG) or no compression (e.g. BMP). Use a format which supports 24-bit color if the screenshot contains many colors.

Optimizing Performance
Some people say that the various "tweaks" one can apply to the system never improve the performance significantly, certainly not enough to justify the hours and hours that some people spend experimentally tweaking.

The problem is that the effects of many tweaks are a bit iffy. There are some programs that work and some tweaks that, while they have an effect, are not something that you are likely to notice. Generally the Internet Speed tweaks and XPLite programs are worth using. Beyond that though, don't bother. If things like the appearance settings and NTFS Last Access Stamp tweaks noticeably improve your speed then you would be better off running either Win98SE or Linux, conversely they all have some effect and removing unneeded features does help.

Some people say that many "tweaks" are well worth doing.

There are lots of things you can do to improve performance. Defragment the disk, turn off services you don't need - Google for a list - restart Firefox regularly (if you use it) since it's a memory hog...

Ways to increase performance include: defragmenting the hard disk, disabling unneeded visual effects, upgrading the amount of RAM in the computer, and using various utilities and programs available for download or purchase.

If the intent is simply to improve the speed at which the system runs, regardless of all other considerations, then the ultimate speed improvement is achieved by uninstalling Windows XP, and installing Windows 98SE or Windows ME instead, since those versions of Windows are only half the size of Windows XP, so they subjectively run twice as fast as XP on any given CPU.

General Tips
Several programs work for almost all Windows versions.

X-setup Excellent commercial tweaking program for Win9x/ME and WinXP/Vista/7, comes well recommended. DH TuneXP Free WinXP tweaker program, has useful tweaks. SG TCP/IP Optimizer Use this for fast internet tweaking. cFos Homepage (English) Get the packet shaping software from here. XpLite Very useful in removing parts of Windows 2000 and XP systems. Nlite Fulfils the same function as XpLite but instead works on a Windows XP CD image, which is then transformed into a bootable CD. This program is freeware and more versatile than XpLite.

Processor Scheduling
When using Windows 2000 and XP there is an option to retry your operating system allocates processing power to programs. this is governed by registry entry called Win32PrioritySeparation and the values for this are allocated as follows...

Start with zero and add numbers as follows

The ratio of foreground to background priority

''3:1, add 2.  2:1, add 1.  1:1, add 0. ''

Length of the quanta

''Variable lengths: add 4.  Fixed lengths: add 8. ''

The intervals between switching quanta.

''Shorter: add 32.  Longer: add 16. ''

By default it is set to "2" which is equal to "38", setting it to background processes sets it to "24". Note that this value is in decimal. Personally, I use a value of "36" for the best all-around benefit. This value allows all programs to work seamlessly even at 100% processor usage; mind you this is on a P4 so your mileage may vary.

Internet Speed
Generally optimizing an Internet connection involves tweaking the MTU (maximum transmission unit)and the receive window. The MTU controls how much data is in every download packet, larger settings improve efficiency by reducing overhead and require fewer acknowledgement packets. The receive window sets how much data is to be received before needing to send an acknowledgement packet, this setting does not need to be a multiple of the MTU and should be as large as reasonably possible.

It would also be worth the time to set up a packet scheduler. Generally doing heavy uploading and downloading at the same time would slow down your connection, with a packet scheduler this is less of an issue. Additionally, some packet schedulers like cFosSpeed allow for prioritizing specific programs like games over more bandwidth intensive but less interactive applications like FTP clients.

Trimming the OS
Litepc creates software to trim operating systems. Removing unused parts of the OS is beneficial in several ways. It reduces the amount of disk space that the OS takes up, removes possible security issues and results in less of a RAM hit. XPLite allows for a currently installed operating system to be altered while NLite (as previously mentioned) does the same to a CD image. XPLite leaves corrupted registry entries and is less versatile than Nlite.

Side Note
On a final note it is important to know what any changes actually do, besides "provides speed boost" and how they affect your computer. I have had many incidents where the accusation of "tweaks" served to slow the computer down. Don't rely on being able to undo them with the program.

Windows CE
The consumer edition of Windows. Used with consumer electronics. Most notably used with the revolutionary Sega Dreamcast video game console. Windows CE is also used on many Pocket PCs and Smart Phones. The newest ist Windows CE 6.0, released in 2007.

Windows XP / 2000 / Server 2003
Beforehand it should be noted that 2000 is often acknowledged to provide better performance with real-world use (Several programs running at the same time). It lacks some of the features of XP including the themes but is essentially the same and uses the same drivers.

There are some tweaks that do not require specialized software.

Control Panel>System Advanced>Performance Settings> Disabling features will reduce the overhead on any action and some users can notice significant performance benefits from deselecting everything. Font smoothing, especially if using ClearType, will depend heavily on the graphics card, disabling it may have a significant effect.

Paging File
There are plenty of recommendations on this, the one that makes the most sense is to set the minimum to cover normal system use like 256 or 512 MB which will not require it to change in size while in general use but to set the maximum much higher to cover contingencies. The default will work fine in most cases, note that setting the minimum higher will result in paging file fragmentation, which is very hard to fix and if succeeded, will give a speed hit. An average user might be able to download and use PageDefrag from Sysinternals to defragment paging file on Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Server 2003.

Cluster Size
This represents the cluster size on a partition, generally bigger means less fragmentation as files expand and slightly higher disk speed as less data is spent on overhead, conversely it wastes space as each file takes up a minimum of one cluster. The default seems to do fine. Altering the cluster size on the partition with the Master Boot Record may cause problems. Also, the default cluster size (4KB on NTFS / Windows XP) allows the computer to transfer data without using extra buffering.

Services.msc / Msconfig
Run>services.msc

Really there is no reason why anyone should bother with this section. Unless disabling security flaws removing services causes no end of interesting errors and will free up around 7-12MB.

One benefit to using services.msc to msconfig is that services can be set to manual. However most services will not properly startup, I recommend to use Run>msconfig after identifying what services are necessary to disable them, they can also be restored to Windows default by clicking select all.

Services that are critical or that are needed and may not start otherwise should be set to Automatic while the other Automatic services should be set to Manual. This will theoretically cause them to only start when needed (again, it should be noted that this is almost never true). Note that some services are set to disable by default on Windows Server 2003, these are Windows XP features that are generally not needed by a server, if they are required they must first be enabled at services.msc.

UDMA/66
Hardware>Hard Disk This must be enabled on Windows 2000 as it is disabled by default. If your system is capable of UDMA/66, enable it, if the system is not capable then rebooting will untick the box.

Prefetching
System>File system>Windows Prefetching Windows prefetcher will monitor an application's startup sequence and Windows boot. After three application startups or three Windows boot ups, it creates a .PF file in the Windows Prefetch folder for the application or the associated boot item. This file is referenced anytime the application is launched but only when it is launched and NOT before. Windows uses the information in the applications.PF file to optimally load the necessary files associated with the application loading into memory. Such as DLL A before B etc... Windows also use this file when the defragmenter is run to layout all necessary files that the application uses to startup in sequence on the hard drive to further improve application load time. The same things happen during boot up but only in relation to files used for the boot process. Applications that are not loaded on startup are NOT precached or preloaded into Memory during boot. They are not precached at any time. This is NOT a cache and the .PF files should NOT be deleted or "cleaned". Manually deleting .PF Files does nothing but force Windows to recreate the .PF file if it is missing the next time the associated application is launched. This is a waste of time. Simply leave the .PF files and the Prefetch folder alone. Windows will automatically clean it as necessary in relation to uninstalled applications. Prefetching is NOT Caching, it is a new feature of Windows that improves application load and boot time performance automatically.

File System
System>File system>Windows NT/2K/XP Options>Windows File System Options These are generally useless features, note that disabling the last access timestamp can cause windows cleanup to have interesting ideas on what is useless data. Disabling the creation of short file names may cause issues in some programs as well as pretty much all programs are written for dos. Conversely, you are unlikely to use those programs and it will help when dealing with folders that have many files that start the same.

RAM
System>Memory Unloading .dll files instantly can cause system instability, conversely, extra ram is always a good thing. Instability will only occur in very rare circumstances however if you start the same programs over and over this could be beneficial. This depends on how much ram you have thought of leaving it as it is may be the best choice.

Disabling paging will force the computer to keep more of the system in RAM. This will also prevent the computer from entering sleep mode. Windows will NEVER page the core kernel & drivers (that would cause a crash), however, it is willing to page a part of its systems. This setting causes more of the system to not be paged, probably won't help your game speed but if you run RAM heavy programs it will prove beneficial. The theory is that the programs will page but not the Windows core which should do less of a performance hit.

Cacheman
Just one setting, may improve performance, may do nothing.

Settings>Cache Set the bottom box to "Balance" It would be a good idea to stop Cacheman starting with Windows which you can do from the Options bar; it's worth noting here that "RAM Recovery" is generally agreed to be completely worthless, don't use it.

Other Links
Optimize Xp Wonderful site, also includes links to tweaking myths.

Ancient times
Microsoft was trying to enter the PDA market years before the release of the first Windows-powered handhelds. First development initiatives happened as early as 1990. When Apple's Newton MessagePad emerged, Microsoft decided to begin development of the new OS.

The WinPad project would be a revolution in the user interface design. With the touch screen and handwriting recognition support, the project promised brand-new user experience. However, the mobile devices' hardware was not ready for such an operating system at that moment. The main fault of the developers was possibly the attempt to use portions of the existing kernel modules' code. The project was closed in 1994.

At the same time, Microsoft worked on the Pulsar project. The concept of a multi-purpose wire- and keyboardless device featuring unique architecture was too pathbreaking, and Microsoft discarded this idea as well.

(to be continued...)

(...and PocketPC... and Handheld PC... and so on... make some sense of this mess for the reader! this of all things is clear as MUD even to developers!)

And on 9th March 2006, MS has unveiled their UMPC.

Windows XP Embedded
Microsoft® Windows® XP Embedded is a componentized version of the Microsoft® Windows® XP Professional operating system that brings the rich feature set of Windows XP Professional to embedded devices. However, there are some differences between Windows XP Professional and Windows XP Embedded. The major difference is that Windows XP Embedded is engineered specifically to support embedded devices and their manufacturers. This document describes Windows XP Embedded solutions for common embedded scenarios and describes Windows XP Professional features that Windows XP Embedded does not include.

Microsoft's Development Cycle
SDL Practice #1:

Core Security Training

Software security training is a prerequisite for implementing the SDL, and individuals in technical roles (developers, testers, and program managers) who are directly involved with the development of software programs must attend at least one unique security training class each year.

Why should I follow this practice? Understanding software security problems is a foundational part of building better software. By allowing individuals involved with the development of software programs to stay informed about security basics and latest trends in security and privacy, you’ll increase their commitment to writing more secure software. For more information, read the Essential Software Security Training for the Microsoft SDL whitepaper.

When should I employ this practice? Basic software security training should cover foundational concepts such as:

■Secure design, including attack surface reduction, defence in depth, the principle of least privilege, secure defaults

■Threat modelling, including an overview of threat modelling, design implications of a threat model, coding constraints based on a threat model

■Secure coding, including buffer overruns (for applications using C and C++), integer arithmetic errors (for applications using C and C++), cross-site scripting (for managed code and web applications), SQL injection (for managed code and web applications), and weak cryptography

■Security testing, including: differences between security testing and functional testing, risk assessment, security testing methods

Privacy, including types of privacy-sensitive data, privacy design best practices, risk assessment, privacy development best practices, and privacy testing best practices

Training resources by SDL phase Training Phase: Introduction to Microsoft Security Development Lifecycle (SDL) Requirements Phase: Privacy in Software Development Design Phase: Basics of Secure Design, Development and Test Introduction to Microsoft SDL Threat Modeling SDL Quick Security References – Cross-Site Scripting, Exposure of Sensitive Information, SQL Injection SDL Developer Starter Kit – Secure Design, Threat Modeling, and Threat Modeling Tool Principles Implementation Phase: Basics of Secure Design, Development and Test SDL Quick Security References – Cross-Site Scripting, Exposure of Sensitive Information, SQL Injection SDL Developer Starter Kit – Secure Implementation Principles, Banned APIs, Code Analysis, Source Annotation Code Language, SQL Injection, Compiler Defenses, Buffer Overflows, and Cross-Site Scripting Verification Phase: Basics of Secure Design, Development and Test SDL Quick Security References – Cross-Site Scripting, Exposure of Sensitive Information, SQL Injection SDL Developer Starter Kit – Secure Verification Principles, Fuzz Testing, Code Review, SQL Injection, Compiler Defenses, Buffer Overflows, and Cross-Site Scripting

The Windows Version Lifecycle
When a version is released, it is soon discovered that there are thousands of bugs (errors) and miscellaneous problems, especially security issues. This leads to a large stream of patches being released which sometimes get condensed into a service pack. As the program ages and newer systems are released the support will be discontinued so as to force users to upgrade.

More info here: http://www.microsoft.com/windows/lifecycle/default.mspx

(explain how a Windows version is serviced- Service Packs, Windows Update, etc- and finally obsoleted; explain how support options change and eventually evaporate)

Windows Vienna
See Wikipedia article Windows 7.

DOS
Ctrl+Alt+Delete - performs a soft reset

Left arrow, right arrow - Move cursor backwards or forward one character

Ctrl + left arrow, right arrow - Move cursor backwards or forward one word

Home, End - Move cursor to start or end of line

Up, down arrow - Scroll up and down stored (command) buffer

Page up, down - Places oldest or most recent (command) in a command line

Insert - Toggle between the insert and over-type modes. (square cursor denotes over-type mode)

Esc - Delete current line

F1 - Repeat text typed in preceding line character by character

F3 - Repeat text typed in preceding line (complete)

F5 - Cycle through entire current (command) buffer

F7 - Display all entries in current (command) buffer with line numbers

Alt+F7 - Delete all entries in current (command) buffer

F8 - As F5, If preceded by entry of character string, will load the latest buffer line with corresponding characters (from the start of buffer entry line)

F9+Buffer line number - Displays relevant buffer line; normally F7 first to show lines with numbers

Ctrl+C - Close down most applications and return to prompt

All versions
On Windows XP and later, CTRL+ALT+DELETE starts Windows Task Manager, which you are able to force programs to close, see CPU activity, and even manage user CPU status.
 * ALT+F4 closes the active program
 * Win+M Minimizes most programs
 * CTRL+ALT+DELETE presented shutdown options
 * CTRL+C - Copies the selected text or images
 * CTRL+X - Cuts the selected text or images
 * CTRL+V - Pastes the previously copied or cut material

Microsoft Windows Windows-opas

title: Windows: An Overview


text:
William Arndt

William Arndt (born August 13, 1993) is a professional gridiron football quarterback for the Albany Firebirds of the Arena Football League (AFL). He attended Western Connecticut State University, where he played college football. Arndt made his professional debut in 2019 for the Ottawa Redblacks.

College career
At the time of this graduation Arndt held multiple Western Connecticut State University records including; most passing yards in a career (7,940 yards), total offense (9,248 yards), passing touchdowns (73), and total touchdowns (91). He was named the team captain for three seasons, and was twice named to the All MASCAC Academic Team.

Ottawa Redblacks
Following his time in Western Canada Arndt signed with the Ottawa Redblacks on September 13, 2017. Arndt spent the closing three months of the season learning from the sideline. He was re-signed by the team on January 3, 2018. Arndt spent the entire 2018 season in the CFL as a backup quarterback behind Trevor Harris. For most of the 2019 season Arndt was the third sting quarterback behind Dominique Davis and Jonathan Jennings. Arndt came in relief of starting Jennings in the second half of the team's Week 15 loss to the BC Lions. As the team fell to a record of 3-11 Arndt was named the starting quarterback for the team's Week 18 match against the Toronto Argonauts. In his first career start Arndt completed 28 of 42 pass attempts for 288 yards with two passing touchdowns and three interceptions. Arndt started the following match against the division leading Ti-Cats but was unable to effectively move the ball down the field, completing 17 of 30 pass attempts for only 112 yards with no touchdowns or interceptions. Arndt made his third and final start of the season in the second last game of the season. He was released by the Redblacks on January 23, 2020.

BC Lions
Arndt signed with the BC Lions on January 30, 2020. However, he did not play in 2020 due to the cancellation of the 2020 CFL season and was then released during 2021 training camp on July 26, 2021.

Albany Firebirds
On February 24, 2024, Arndt signed with the Albany Firebirds of the Arena Football League (AFL).

Coaching career
Arndt retired following his release by the BC Lions, and joined the Edmonton Elks as an offensive assistant on September 1, 2021. Arndt joined the Ottawa Redblacks as a quarterback coach in advance of the 2022 season. Following the season, in December 2022, Arndt announced that he was stepping down from his role as quarterbacks coach in order to pursue a playing opportunity.

Personal life
Arndt portrayed Penn State play-caller Matt McGloin in the HBO movie Paterno, which was released in early April 2018.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: William Arndt


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ISFP

ISFPs at work
ISFPs generally are underachievers and like low key, low stress, aesthetically beautiful work environments that are fun. They like to work by themselves or in small groups cooperatively, but may not like being the leader and they have a harsh inner critic. They are gentle people and don't like to pressure others into deadlines unless necessary. When forced into a position of power, they may feel cornered and very uncomfortable making decisions. Their favorite subjects might be music, cooking, painting, drawing, gardening, musical theatre, sculpting and helping others. They are often quite talented but often quiet about showing the world. Make work a game, and they'll work happily. Many ISFPs are attracted to fine arts, which they often have hidden talent in.

ISFPs in relationships
ISFPs are kind, modest, quietly generous people. They like people and make true blue friends, however it may take a while. Their partners need to respect the ISFPs need for the privacy they need to recharge themselves. They like to spend time with people one-on-one or with a small group of two or three others who understand them. When the ISFP gets to know you on a personal, one-on-one basis, they are warm, affectionate, a little more talkative and even humorous, telling jokes to make friends laugh. They share opinions only with people they know very well. ISFPs like to make people happy with a smile and a song, slapstick comedy or light practical joking (ice cube down the back). If nothing works, they think it is their fault and withdraw. They often make friends with those they feel will protect and stand up for them, and usually have a small group of close (often very outgoing) friends. For love, they want someone patient who will be there for them and also stand up for them when they can't themselves, and whom they could speak their mind with without feeling foolish. However, they do not want someone to control them, as they value their freedom highly. They can be afraid of commitment at times. They take criticism personally, and feel at fault for people's reactions toward them. To show love, ISFPs would give you something they made themselves like a painting, some homemade cookies, a song dedicated to you or something they found that just happened to remind them of you. They like to be told how special and important they are to you, be specific and truthful. They aren't wordy people but can be eloquent and descriptive in their speech when they want to be.

Fictional ISFPs
John Watson (Sherlock)

Severus Snape (Harry Potter)

Harry Potter (Harry Potter)

Dobby (Harry Potter)

Legolas (Lord Of The Rings)

Touka Kirishima (Tokyo Ghoul)

Eleven (Stranger Things)

Jonathan Byers (Stranger Things)

Arya Stark (Game Of Thrones)

Princess Aurora (Sleeping Beauty)

Black Panther (Black Panther)

Cinna (Hunger Games)

Jeremy Gilbert (Vampire Diaries)

Snow White (Once Upon A Time)

Shaggy Rogers (Scooby Doo)

Marceline (Adventure Time)

Rey (Star Wars)

Zuko (Avatar: The Last Airbender)

Lara Croft (Tomb Raider)

Famous ISFPs
Michael Jackson (Musician)

Billie Eilish (Musician)

Bob Dylan (Musician)

Prince Harry (Royal) Brad Pitt (Actor)

Elizabeth Taylor (Actress)

Ryan Gosling (Actor)

Pamela Anderson (Actress)

Lana Del Rey (Musician)

Paul McCartney (Musician)

Monica Bellucci (Actress)

Avril Lavigne (Musician)

Mick Jagger (Musician)

David Bowie (Musician)

Skrillex (Musician)

John Travolta (Actor)

Zac Efron (Actor)

Norman Reedus (Actor)

How to deal with an ISFP

 * Talk to them gently and in a soft voice
 * Hug them often; they prefer actions rather than words to express love
 * Ask them how they feel about things and what they would like to do
 * Go with them on long leisurely walks alone together
 * Let them have their space
 * Play gentle games with them--they like competition but prefer co-op
 * They like horror films because of the adrenaline rush, but anything too sad or graphic kills their happy mood.
 * Make work fun, or they won't want to do it at all.
 * Let them have some me-time in which they can do anything they want
 * Tell them how they're talented when they doubt themselves, which could be often
 * They have an affinity for soft fabrics and long walks in natural settings away from large crowds
 * They like flowers and often have a favorite kind; ask them
 * As sensors, they enjoy physical activities (Archery, Sports, Hiking, etc.)

Web links

 * ISFP on TypeLogic
 * ISFP on PersonalityPage and careers
 * ISFP Profiles and Famous ISFPs on TypeTango

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ISFP


text:
Ole Jørn Myklebust

Ole Jørn Myklebust (born 30 April 1977 in Eidsdal, Norway) is a Norwegian Jazz musician (trumpet, flugelhorn and vocals), educated at the Norges Musikkhøgskole. Known for performing in Subtonic, Køhn/Johansen Sextet, Geir Lysne Listening Ensemble, Østenfor Sol and Dixi, Myklebust has collaborated with Mari Boine and Unni Wilhelmsen.

Career
Myklebust was voted "The Best Young Jazz Musicians in Norway" in 2000. He has also played with the band Østenfor Sol, in addition to Mari Boine's and Unni Wilhelmsen's bands. Myklebust also works as composer, musical arranger and producer. He has composed music for TV, film, and documentaries. He came in as a substitute on the trumpet with Mike del Ferro Quintet, with among others Anne Paceo (drums), on their Norway tour in January 2012.

Discography
From Groove.no & Discogs.com

As band leader

 * With "Østenfor Sol"
 * 1998: Syng, Dovre (MajorStudio)
 * 2001: Troillspel (MajorStudio)

 * With "Subtonic"
 * 2004: In This House (Aim Records)
 * 2006: Oslo Jazzfestival 20 År (Oslo Jazzfestival), various artists live – on the track "Subtonic»

As sideman

 * With Geir Lysne
 * 2002: Aurora Borealis – Nordic Lights (ACT Records), Suite For Jazz Orchestra
 * 2003: Korall (ACT Records), "Geir Lysne Listening Ensemble" feat. Sondre Bratland
 * 2006: Boahjenásti – The North Star (ACT Records), "Geir Lysne Listening Ensemble"

 * With "Notodden Blues Band" & Torhild Sivertsen
 * 2003: Soul (Bluestown Records)

 * With Køhn/Johansen
 * 2003: Angels (Real Records), on the track "Mercurial Love»

 * With Bugge Wesseltoft
 * 2004: New Conception of Jazz: Film Ing (Jazzland Records), on the tracks "Hi Is?" & "Oh Ye»

 * With Samsaya
 * 2004: Shedding Skin (Port Azur/Tuba)

 * With Jaa9 & Onkl P
 * 2004: Sjåre Brymæ (C+C Records, Sonet Music)

 * With Dum Dum Boys
 * 2006: Gravitasjon (Oh Yeah!/EMI Virgin), on the track "Lunta Brenner»
 * 2009: Tidsmaskin (Oh Yeah!/EMI Virgin)

 * With Unni Wilhelmsen
 * 2006: Til Meg (St. Cecilia Music)

 * With Torun Eriksen
 * 2006: Your Guide to the North Sea Jazz Festival 2006, various artists – on the track "This Is So Real"

 * With "El Axel"
 * 2007: It Is Wha It Is (Pass It Records), on the track "Showtime (Move Your Arms)»

 * With Paal Flaata
 * 2008: Old Angel Midnight (Pass It Records), on the track "Ten Pretty Houses in a Row»

 * With Brynjar Rasmussen
 * 2011: Arctic Mood (Nordnorsk Jazzsenter, Finito Bacalao Records)

As arranger for Jim Stärk

 * 2002: Ten Songs and Hey Hey – (BP/Sonet)

title: Ole Jørn Myklebust


text:
Talk:List of Tunisia national football team managers

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:24, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * JalelKadri2022.jpg


text:
User:Kleikajno/sandbox/Rentberry

Rentberry. , is an international long-term rental marketplace company based in San Francisco, CA. The company was founded in 2015 by Oleksiy Lubinsky, Denis Golubovskiy, and Alex Kotovskov. In 2018, Rentberry signed its first international partnership with OnTheMarket and started listing UK listings on the platform, following an international expansion plan.

History
Rentberry was founded as a San Francisco PropTech startup by Oleksiy Lubinsky, Denis Golubovskiy and Alex Kotovskov in 2015. It looks to automate all rental tasks online and offers rental terms negotiation technology to oppose under-the-table bidding wars, and benefit both parties. Tenants could see the real demand for each rental and analyze the applications of other prospects; landlords can analyze applications on the spot and could choose the best tenant among the prospects considering the offered rent, security deposit, and tenant screening results.

Press called Rentberry an ‘eBay for renting’ and claimed that this platform is a good thing for the rental market.

In 2017, the company launched nationwide in the United States and partnered with Realtor.com and Walk Score to syndicate rental listings.

In 2017, Rentberry announced the integration of blockchain technology on the platform in order to offer clients a way to save on rental deposits. On 28 February 2018, their token sale ended. Rentberry became one of several PropTech companies that conducted the successful token sale, raising $6M via a token sale. Rentberry stores user data within the blockchain network.

In 2018, Rentberry entered the UK rental market and announced its international expansion. As of June 2019, the platform is available in 50+ countries including Australia, Canada, Germany, Spain, Italy, etc.

In 2019, the Company filed the patent with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Rentberry patented its technology related to block chain and automation/auctioning technology during the application process.

Rentberry voiced the plan to integrate virtual reality/360 tours on the platform. Once integrated the properties could be rented without visiting open houses.

Funding
Rentberry raised more than $12M from angel investors and VC funds represented by ten countries: USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, China, Germany, UK, Switzerland, France, and Poland. In 2015, Rentberry product prototype raised $845,000 during the seed funding.

It got also funding by angel investors like Former CEO/Chairman of CBRE, CEO of Invesque, CEO of Swiss Life, CEO of Hopewell Development, CEO of Intensity, President of 92 Ventures, Co-Chair of Harvard Business School Alumni Angels, Senior Partner of McKinsey & Company, former President of Nokia Technologies, and many others.

In 2017, Rentberry raised $2.5 mln in a venture funding round. VC funds that joined the round include Zing Capital, 808 Ventures, Beechwood Ventures, and Jade Value.

In June 2020, conducted a campaign on WeFunder. Rentberry raised more than $1.7M from more than 1,500 investors in less than three weeks after launched a public campaign on WeFunder.

In 2020, Rentberry will integrate the ability for landlords and tenants to rate/review each other after the expiration of the rental lease. Parties will have 14 days to submit their feedback after the expiration of the rental agreement.

Organization model
Rentberry HQ is located in San Francisco, CA. Overall the Company has 29 team members (as of 2019).

Tenants submit a custom offer while applying for the rental listing on Rentberry. Landlords can accept or decline the offers and specify the reason. Landlords are able to screen all the applicants and conduct background checks/criminal checks and receive their credit reports.

Users can send and receive rental payments online within the Rentberry platform in the corresponding profile sections. Initially, Rentberry used Dwolla to conduct rental payments. In 2020, Rentberry is migrating to Braintree Payments.

=== eSigning === Rentberry partnered with HelloSign, the ability for tenants and landlords to legally sign binding documents on the platforms. It uses DataUSA.io API. It analyzes platform listings and provides the rent price trends for cities.

Partnerships
In 2017, the company launched nationwide in the United States and partnered with Realtor.com and Walk Score to syndicate rental listings.

In 2018, Emaar proposed to partner with Rentberry and utilizing Rentberry's proprietary technology to build a platform for commercial real estate – specifically shopping malls. On January 30, 2019, Rentberry signed a partnership with Emaar. At the end of 2019, Rentberry finalized the development of the commercial real estate platform – Floorly.

Controversies
"In 2018, the Seattle City Council voted to impose a one-year moratorium on rent-bidding platforms, which allow landlords to take competing bids from prospective tenants and then sign leases with the highest bidders — a little bit like eBay, but for apartments. RentBerry CEO Alex Lubinsky expressed disappointment over the council’s vote. In an interview, Lubinsky said his platform can save tenants money by allowing them to compare themselves to other applicants and seek discounts".

COVID-19
COVID-19 pandemic attributed to doing all of the rental tasks without passing paper applications, mailing paper checks, and going to the banks to cash them, etc.

As of May 2020, Rentberry had 300k monthly active users (MAU)

Awards
On November 12, 2016, Rentberry won the Design of the Day by CSS REEL.

On December 15, 2016, Rentberry was also nominated by Awwwards for one of the most user-friendly designs in the rental industry.

The Company for its practical, light and intuitive design also received recognition by CSSDesignAwards.

In 2017, the Company received the “Blockchain Best Industry Application Award”

title: User:Kleikajno/sandbox/Rentberry


text:
User:14alexa/Evaluate an Article

Evaluate an article
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article: Design studies
 * Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate. = I have decided to evaluate this article because I'm interested in design. To be more specific I'm interested in graphic design. Therefore I wanted to read about design studies and see if there's connections or similarities.

Lead

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
 * Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
 * Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

Lead evaluation
Yes, the lead does include an introductory sentence that clearly describes the article's topic. I believe the could have done a better job on describing the major sections of the article. The lead does not include information that is not present in the article. The lead isn't overly detailed however the description is a bit confusing.

Content

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article's content relevant to the topic?
 * Is the content up-to-date?
 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?

==== Content evaluation The article's content is relevant to the topic. This article is up to date. There is a lot of information in the article and nothing is missing. Although it seems as some of the information isnt needed and it makes the article a bit overwhelming. ====

Tone and Balance

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article neutral?
 * Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

Tone and balance evaluation
The article is neutral. No there is no such claims. The article doesn't really persuade at all.

Sources and References

 * Guiding questions

 * Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
 * Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
 * Are the sources current?
 * Check a few links. Do they work?

Sources and references evaluation
No not all facts are backed up. The sources do reflect the available literature on the topic. however not all sites the links lead to are reliable. whole the sources are current it is unknown if the articles are unbiased. the links do work although there is one that seems to take you to a different page from what it states.

Organization

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
 * Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors?
 * Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

Organization evaluation
I believe the article is a bit confusing. It isn't easy to read at all. There are very few grammatical errors. the article should have more citations. It is well organized. some sections aren't needed though.

Images and Media

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
 * Are images well-captioned?
 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

Images and media evaluation
The article doesn't not include images except for one in the beginning. however that image doesn't enhance understanding of the topic.

Checking the talk page

 * Guiding questions

 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?

Talk page evaluation
There isn't much happening in the talk page. Some have discussed the citations of the article. how there should be more citations and how do they decide what should or shouldn't be in citations. it is a part of a few wikiprojects and in almost all it is rated as C.

Overall impressions

 * Guiding questions

 * What is the article's overall status?
 * What are the article's strengths?
 * How can the article be improved?
 * How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed?

Overall evaluation
some of the article strengths is that it mentions the different subjects in design studies. The article can be improved by simplifying the lead and deciding again what should be in citations. The overall status of this article is that it's okay but seems rather unimportant.the article is underdeveloped. It can definitely improve.

Optional activity

 * Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback

with four tildes — ~

 * Link to feedback: Talk:Design studies

title: User:14alexa/Evaluate an Article


text:
User:M jurrens

Hi,

I will keep this to a simple letter. I, as well as many others on this website have a passion for knowledge. I believe that knowledge should be:

 * Free for all
 * Available for all
 * Shared and/or by all
 * Not regulated by any authority unless it supports the overall well being of a governing system responsible for all, whether it be authority over other people or providing information systems.

All this said within reason, I enjoy contributing to Wikipedia, and like to share its "Deep tomes" of world class knowledge. Send me a message, or email me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>I am willing to take constructive criticism and would love to hear from you. Mark J.

“It is the knowledge we use and share in our daily lives that will become our legacy.”

title: User:M jurrens


text:
Talk:Dracula (1979 film)

Screenplay credit
Are Deane and Balderson - who both died decades before the film was made - actually credited for the screenplay as indicated in the infobox? Or is the film credited as being based on their play, just as it's credited has being based on Stoker's novel (but Stoker does not receive screenplay credit)? This looks like an error unless Richter was expanding an actual screenplay (not stage script) written by the two? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:26, 8 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dracula (1979 film)


text:
Michala Hartigová

Michala Hartigová (born 14 November 1983, in Pardubice) is a Czech former basketball player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics and in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

title: Michala Hartigová


text:
Sandeep Kumar (politician)

 Sandeep Kumar is an Indian politician who served as minister of SC/ST Welfare and Women and Child Welfare in the Delhi government, under the Chief Minister of Delhi, Arvind Kejriwal. He was the youngest minister in Kejriwal's cabinet during his tenure. He was a member of the Aam Aadmi Party. He represents Sultan Pur Majra (Assembly constituency) in the Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi.

Kumar was removed from his cabinet post and expelled from his party by Kejriwal on 31 August 2016 after he allegedly appeared in a sex tape.

Early life and education
Sandeep Kumar is a son of Zile Singh. He is resident in the Sultanpur area in Delhi. He completed his 12th standard in 2001, under the CBSE board of Delhi. He acquired a Bachelor of Arts (BA) from Dyal Singh college, University of Delhi in 2004. He gained an LLB degree from the Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut in 2009. He is married to Ritu Verma, who is a housewife.

Political career
A lawyer, Kumar fought cases for economically and socially backward people, without taking any fees. He first met Arvind Kejriwal, who was later instrumental in founding the AAP, during the India Against Corruption movement in 2012.

Kumar contested the 2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly elections as an AAP member in the Sultan Pur Majra Assembly constituency. He secured 30,346 votes, finishing second to the sitting MLA Jai Kishan of the Indian National Congress (INC), by a margin of 1,112 votes.

The AAP renominated Kumar for the constituency in the 2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly elections. He won with 80,269 votes. He defeated Kishan, who finished third, by 64,439 votes. He was described as a "giant killer" by The Financial Express for defeating the four-times elected Kishan.

After the AAP's defeat in Delhi in the 2014 Indian general election, where all seven Delhi seats were won by BJP, Kumar and other volunteers were credited with revival at the grass-root levels. He conducted several corner meetings and organised door-to-door voter connect campaign to increase the voter base in North West Delhi. His elevation as minister of SC/ST Welfare and Women and Child Welfare, in Kejriwal's cabinet was regarded as a recognition of his efforts for the party. The ministry was previously held by Rakhi Birla, who courted controversy in the last Kejriwal cabinet. He was also placed in charge of the social welfare and language ministries. With average age of 42 years, the cabinet was described as the "youngest" in the country, and 34-year-old Kumar was its youngest member.

Sexual assault allegations
Kumar was removed by Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal on 31 August 2016 after he received a sex CD showing Kumar in a compromising position having sex with two women. Kumar was arrested by Delhi Police on 3 September 2016 after a woman alleged he had spiked her drink, raped her and secretly filmed her. His membership of the AAP was suspended. He was subsequently expelled from the AAP and in September 2016 was placed in judicial custody for a fortnight. He was granted bail in November 2016, with the judge noting that any trial would have to determine several possible explanations for the actions that were claimed to be rape.

Still a sitting member of the Assembly, it was alleged in April 2017 that Kumar had been voicing support for a BJP candidate in the then municipal council election campaign. The BJP distance themselves from the story, claiming that it was an attempt by the AAP to smear them.

title: Sandeep Kumar (politician)


text:
Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 7

In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write "ま", "み", "む", "め" and "も".

title: Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 7


text:
Talk:Foster–Payne House/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Wilhelmina Will (talk · contribs) 02:24, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

: With a few minor grammatical corrections made here and there in the text, and the issues raised below having been satisfactorily addressed, the article now complies with MOS policies for structure, layout, prose and grammar. Grinding, grinding, grinding... what are we finding, finding, finding... (talk) 23:57, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * (a)
 * (b)

: The article contains several sources of a reputable nature in its bibliography, and makes proper use of them throughout the article. Everything checks out as verifiable, as far as I can see. Grinding, grinding, grinding... what are we finding, finding, finding... (talk) 23:56, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * (a)
 * (b)
 * (c)

: The article appears to cover all encyclopedically relevant aspects of the topic for which reliable information was readily available. None of the information strikes me as trivial, either. Grinding, grinding, grinding... what are we finding, finding, finding... (talk) 23:54, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * (a)
 * (b)

. The article discusses its topic in a neutral, unbiased tone. Grinding, grinding, grinding... what are we finding, finding, finding... (talk) 02:39, 10 February 2015 (UTC) . Since its creation, the article has not been subjected to any edit warring or disputes. Grinding, grinding, grinding... what are we finding, finding, finding... (talk) 02:26, 10 February 2015 (UTC) : Both images used in the article are validly licensed, and serve useful purposes. Fair use is not an issue, as both images are derived from the Wikimedia Commons. Grinding, grinding, grinding... what are we finding, finding, finding... (talk) 02:29, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * (a)
 * (b)

Comments

 * "In 1873, he formed a partnership with Walter E. White and Samuel H. Baily. The White, Foster & Company would last until White retired in 1878 and it became known as Foster & Bailey... Foster would continue to be successful in his jewelry manufacturing business..." I'm not certain if it is all one business being described in this paragraph, but if it is, then shouldn't the type of business be described at the start, i.e., "In 1873, he formed a jewelry-manufacturing partnership with..."? Grinding, grinding, grinding... what are we finding, finding, finding... (talk) 02:46, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * - I believe I fixed it. Yes, the three formed the business and when White left, the name of the film was re-stylized (re-named) to have just Foster and Baily because White was not longer a partner. Similar to Johnson & Dwight being renamed Johnson & Doyle once Dwight is replaced by Doyle, the name of the partnership reflects the partners. So I tightened the prose to reflect the partnership aspect and address the prose issue. ChrisGualtieri (talk) 17:14, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you, very much; all systems are go! Grinding, grinding, grinding... what are we finding, finding, finding... (talk) 23:52, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

After a thorough review of this article, a comparison against the criteria, and a few minor fixes such as those addressed in the above comments, the article checks out for GA status. Congratulations! Grinding, grinding, grinding... what are we finding, finding, finding... (talk) 23:58, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Foster–Payne House/GA1


text:
Draft:Original research/Journalism

Journalism is a method of inquiry and literary style that aims to provide a service to the public by the dissemination and analysis of news and other information.

Theory of journalism
Def. the "aggregating, writing, editing, and presenting of news or news articles for widespread distribution, typically in periodical print publications and broadcast news media, for the purpose of informing the audience" or the "style of writing characteristic of material in periodical print publications and broadcast news media, consisting of direct presentation of facts or events with an attempt to minimize analysis or interpretation"

is called journalism.

Ethics and standards
Journalism ethics and standards comprise principles of ethics and of good practice as applicable to the specific challenges faced by journalists is widely known to journalists as their professional "code of ethics" or the "canons of journalism".

While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness, and public accountability, as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.

Like many broader ethical systems, journalism ethics include the principle of "limitation of harm" which often involves the withholding of certain details from reports such as the names of minor children, crime victims' names or information not materially related to particular news reports release of which might, for example, harm someone's reputation. Some journalistic codes of ethics, notably the European ones, also include a concern with discriminatory references in news based on race, religion, sexual orientation, and physical or mental disabilities. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe approved (in 1993) Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of Journalism, which recommends that journalists respect the presumption of innocence, in particular in cases that are still sub judice.

Entities
"Hegemonic leadership could also be provided by subordinated groups or classes in order to resist the ideas and actions of the dominant group."

Newsworthiness
"What is "newsworthy"? Newsworthy items pass three tests: They are specific, relevant, and fresh."

Specifics
"Each news article documents some specific event — the focus — which the headline and lede must identify. An ongoing process is unlikely to pass muster; look for some specific development in an ongoing process, to serve as the focus."

Relevants
"How many people does the story impact? [...] If the answer is a few hundred or less, the story would probably not be significant enough".

Def. the "condition of being of current interest; contemporary" is called topicality.

Freshness
Unpublished news is typically considered fresh when it's less than two or three days old.

Interviews
Def. a "conversation in person (or, by extension, over the telephone, Internet etc.) between a journalist and someone whose opinion or statements he or she wishes to record for publication, broadcast etc" is called an interview.

Arts journalism
On the right a journalist highlights the idea of bringing arts journalism into the mainstream media and its importance in current times.

Broadcast journalism
On the right, Police Commissioner Suleiman Kova answers and addresses the media at ground zero near the 2013 Dar es Salaam building collapse.

Business journalism
A television reporter interviews a corporate chief executive officer (CEO) in the image on the right.

Entertainment journalism
In the image on the right an entertainment journalist on the right interviews a couple of entertainers before cameras.

Fashion journalism
In the image on the right, a fashion journalist interviews a fashion model on camera.

Investigative journalism
Def. a "form of journalism in which the reporter deeply investigates a single topic of interest, often involving crime or corruption" is called investigative journalism.

"Reporting, through one's own initiative and work product, matters of importance to readers, viewers, or listeners [is investigative journalism]."

"An investigative journalist is a man or woman whose profession it is to discover the truth and to identify lapses from it in whatever media may be available. The act of doing this generally is called investigative journalism and is distinct from apparently similar work done by police, lawyers, auditors, and regulatory bodies in that it is not limited as to target, not legally founded and closely connected to publicity."

Local journalism
"For more than a century, local journalism has been taken almost for granted. But the twenty-first century has brought major challenges. The newspaper industry that has historically provided most local coverage is in decline and it is not yet clear whether digital media will sustain new forms of local journalism."

Local "news and journalism [has significance] for local communities and their economic, political, social and cultural life [...].”

“Journalism is changing, nowhere more rapidly than in locally produced news."

“We will never be able to compete with the national news outlets on scale. So instead, we will acknowledge our strengths: Proximity. Intimacy. Fidelity.”

"For years, local and regional news outlets have been assaulted from all sides. Our costly investigations and shoe-leather reporting are summarized into clicky headlines and shared wildly by profitable aggregators. Advertisers are leaving in droves for Google and Facebook. And every year, it seems we have fewer journalists left to do this crucial work."

"We will accept that digital display advertising on our sites alone won’t drive enough revenue to support our newsrooms, that the daily rise and fall of unique visitors has little to no actual correlation to the bottom line. With that understanding, we’ll pivot from our ruthless worship of Omniture to content and business strategies based upon a half-dozen or more revenue streams."

"We will quickly capitalize on opportunities to welcome ourselves into our neighbors’ homes using consumer toys like Amazon Echo and Playstation VR. The Flash Briefing is the logical evolution of the push alert strategy. Chat bots and text subscriptions will allow for personal-feeling interaction with local journalists, and also allow us to talk to you even when you turned off your news alerts."

"Local television stations will begin to look more like legacy news organizations; devoting more resources to social media strategy and mobile news presentation. Legacy news organizations will leverage new broadcasting power with streaming options like Facebook Live and will look more like local television stations. Both will place less weight on driving readers to our own .coms and seek instead to engage with them wherever we can find them. And we’ll make a little bit of cash by selling ad adjacencies, at an premium, on those platforms."

"If local news organizations want to jump on this train, they will need to sharpen their focus to producing meaningful experiences and irreplicable content only — useful breaking news, purposeful beat coverage, jaw-dropping investigations, and moving storytelling centered around regional identity."

Medical journalism
On the right is a photo of Danielle Krol, MD, calling a researcher that conducted the study she will report on.

Political journalism
President Richard M. Nixon, USA, poses with members of the press during his trip to Shanghai, China on 28 February 1972.

Sports journalism
Sports reporters converge on Marcos René Maidana at right after his victory in Buenos Aires, Argentina on September 23, 2011.

Technology journalism
On the right, tech journalism reporter Joshua Topolsky interviews Julie Uhrman about OUYA! at SZSW.

Video-game journalism
In the image at right Shaun Clark is interviewed by a British Broadcasting Company reporter regarding Team Dignitas.

Video journalism
"Video Journalism will assist you to develop a video news story that may have the density for further development, to become a current affairs piece and ultimately a documentary film. This study schedule, therefore, is a production process that an independent video journalist can follow with the view to broadcasting their work through reputable news outlets, or disseminating it through online open source news media channels like Wikinews."

War journalism
In the image on the right, Marion von Haaren, a correspondent for the German public television station ARD interviews German Army General Karl-Heinz Lather, chief of staff of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Allied Command Operations, NATO, after a mission briefing Oct. 7, 2009, at Forward Operating Base Ghazni, Afghanistan.

Compositions
A newspaper, or online, feature article is composed of the following:
 * 1) a lede,
 * 2) topic sentence,
 * 3) a body, and an
 * 4) ending.

The ratio of each of these may depend on the audience. In an inverted pyramid style the ratios are about 5:3:2 for lede (including topic sentence), body, and ending.

There is also what's called a "news-peg" or "hook", a focus, something that will interest a reader, usually the first sentence or the title.

The following elements should be present: What, When, Where, Why, Who, and How. Nearly all of these elements must appear somewhere in the story.

Def. "the state or condition of being" with "all parts included; with nothing missing; full" is called completeness.

Hypotheses

 * 1) The dominant group in journalism determines the course and focus of journalists.

title: Draft:Original research/Journalism


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User:RexxS/sandbox9

An example of CBC results showing a low hemoglobin, mean red cell volume (MCV), mean red cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean red blood cell hemoglobin content (MCHC). The person was anemic. The cause could be iron deficiency or a hemoglobinopathy. Adapted from Blann and Ahmed (2014).

Left: blood film from a person with chronic myeloid leukemia, a myeloproliferative disorder; many immature and abnormal white blood cells are visible. Right: Example of CBC results in chronic myeloid leukemia. The white blood cell and platelet counts are markedly increased, and anemia is present. The differential count shows basophilia and the presence of band neutrophils, immature granulocytes and blast cells.

{| style="float:right;" role="presentation"
 * + Complete blood count
 * - style="vertical-align:top;"

Left: blood film from a person with chronic myeloid leukemia, a myeloproliferative disorder; many immature and abnormal white blood cells are visible. Right: Example of CBC results in chronic myeloid leukemia. The white blood cell and platelet counts are markedly increased, and anemia is present. The differential count shows basophilia and the presence of band neutrophils, immature granulocytes and blast cells.
 * }

title: User:RexxS/sandbox9


text:
Akureyri Botanical Garden

The Akureyri Botanical Garden (Lystigarður Akureyrar, regionally also ) is located on the west side of the inland end of the fjord Eyjafjörður at about 45 metres elevation. It is located in the southern part of the city of Akureyri in Northern Iceland, 50 kilometres south of the Arctic Circle. It is one of the northernmost botanical gardens in the world.

In 1910, women from Akureyri founded the Park Association to beautify their city. The previous year the city had given them a hectare of land. The garden, the first public park in Iceland, was headed until 1953 by the Park Society. During this time the garden area increased to 3.6 hectares. Besides being a place of peace and tranquility the garden is a place for scientific research. It has proven that shrubs, trees and other plants can survive on the edge of the Arctic. Jón Rögnvaldsson's plant collection was purchased by the city in 1957. Rögnvaldsson was a leading force in the garden many years, along with Margarethe Schiöth. Both of them are represented by busts in the garden, along with Akureyri clergyman Matthias Jochumsson, the poet of the Icelandic national anthem. Besides arctic plants, those from the temperate zones and high mountains are grown. Icelandic plants are represented by about 400 species in the southeastern corner of the garden. By the end of 2007, there were about 7000 species. IThe entrance to the garden is free, and it is open year-round. There are public toilets open in the summer only. There is a cafe located in the gardens, serving coffee and some light meals. The garden contains a few wooden houses, of which Eyrarlandsstofa is one of the oldest in Akureyri.

title: Akureyri Botanical Garden


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Falom Office Tower

The result was redirect. There was nearly a consensus to delete. Redirecting and keeping the history allows someone to carry out a merge (the other possible outcome of this debate) if they wish, and consensus at the destination article allows. Petros471 16:30, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Falom Office Tower
A ten-story building in Windsor, Ontario that does not give any indication of being important. There are tens of thousands of ten-story buildings in the world, and not all of them deserve their own page. This article is part of a series of articles about buildings in Windsor, one of which has already been deleted (see Articles for deletion/Solidarity Towers). Indrian 18:25, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-notable. BFD1 18:30, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable building. Akradecki 19:08, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge into "urban renewal" or "high-rise buildings" section in Windsor, Ontario article?  User:Raccoon Fox • Talk • Stalk''' 16:23, 12 August 2006 (UTC)


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User:TheFallenPower

Welcome to my user page! I first learned to edit wikis on Fandom, where I still spend a lot of time, usually editing wiki pages about international dubs.

title: User:TheFallenPower


text:
User:Abhinav123456789

ABHINAV ATREYA was born on 6 march 1998 in guwahati, assam, india.He is Nepali by accent.He currently studies in DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL,GUWAHATI.

He is also a good chess player.He have also played in tournaments for assam.

He is also a singer and has performed in many live performances.

ACHIEVEMENTS

1.Won 2 quizzes held by nestle. 2.Won 3 school quizzes. 3.Secured first position in maths talent hunt in guwahati by securing 99 marks held some years back.

title: User:Abhinav123456789


text:
Cristina Cosentino

Cristina Cosentino (born 22 December 2000) is an Argentine field hockey goalkeeper.

Hockey career
She was the part of the Argentine team that won the 2016 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup after a beating the Netherlands in the finals.

In 2019, Cosentino was called into the senior national women's team. She competed in the team that finished fourth at the 2019 Pro League in Amstelveen.

title: Cristina Cosentino


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tujhe Kitna Chahne Lage

The result was keep. After rewrite.  Sandstein  08:11, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

Tujhe Kitna Chahne Lage

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No claims of notability made. ("viewed more than 59 million times since the day of its release" or " 20 million views on same day" is not really notable.) Fails WP:NSONG and WP:GNG. §§Dharmadhyaksha§§ {Talk / Edits} 03:17, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions. §§Dharmadhyaksha§§ {Talk / Edits} 03:17, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. §§Dharmadhyaksha§§ {Talk / Edits} 03:17, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, RL0919 (talk) 04:41, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep as it passes WP:NSONG Criteria #1. A quick google search shows that notable song that has been topping the charts since its release. User:Dharmadhyaksha should be trouted for skipping WP:AFDBEFORE-- D Big X ray ᗙ  07:55, 6 October 2019 (UTC)

 * The ref you provided says "Song Tujhe Kitna Chahne Lage Hum from Kabir Singh is in the Top charts since its release and even when the film is nearly out of the cinemas, the song remains Number 1 on all streaming sites." This vague one sentence in the very good editorial masterpiece of 5 sentences is not meeting WP:CHART. §§Dharmadhyaksha§§ {Talk / Edits} 08:16, 6 October 2019 (UTC)
 * One can dig in for more sources, but what has been found already is enough to convince me to Keep this article per the reasons stated.-- D Big X ray ᗙ  09:03, 6 October 2019 (UTC)
 * And I am not surprised as this is not the first song related AfD wherein you seem to disregard NSONG and CHART very conveniently when probed. Just saying that it passes NSONG doesn't make it happen so. §§Dharmadhyaksha§§ {Talk / Edits} 18:57, 6 October 2019 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  Sandstein   07:17, 7 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Dharmadhyaksha please refrain from ad-hominems.-- D Big X ray ᗙ  08:23, 7 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Here are the weekly rankings of the song in Music Plus Charts
 * Rank 1
 * Rank 1
 * Rank 1
 * Rank 2
 * Rank 2
 * Rank 2
 * Rank 2
 * Rank 3-- D Big X ray ᗙ  08:23, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

So its ok for you to suggest to whack me with some fish but it becomes personal when i ask you follow notability guidelines? And how does www.musicplus.in meet WP:CHART? §§Dharmadhyaksha§§ {Talk / Edits} 10:11, 7 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Please explain why music plus is not a reliable chart ? Please tell me which Indian chart is reliable, so that I can check out the ranking of this song on that chart. Meanwhile I have found another chart. -- D Big X ray ᗙ  11:13, 12 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete - There's practically nothing to write about; Musicplus charts are not acclaimed/significant either. Also, DBigXray has skipped over a clause that explicitly follows criterion 1 of NSONG, that he is taking refuge of:- Note again that this indicates only that a song may be notable, not that it is notable. ∯ WBG converse 17:40, 10 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Voting a Delete here is completely unjustified here as Note 1 of WP:NSONG states
 * You claim "Musicplus charts are not acclaimed" but refuse to provide any basis for your assertion. Music Plus Charts, has published its criteria which looks quite reasonable to me. The topic of discussion is not Musicplus but the song. Please let us know which charts in India are acclaimed/significant according to you. I am sure that a song that remained on top of charts for 3 months and counting will surely feature in other charts as well. WP:AFDISNOTCLEANUP the current quality of the article may not be great but that does not mean there isn't enough material to write about it. -- D Big X ray ᗙ  06:45, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete per WBG's rationale. --Rsrikanth05 (talk) 11:16, 11 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Please see Arguments_to_avoid_in_deletion_discussions-- D Big X ray ᗙ  12:07, 11 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm not recanting my !vote. Go thru some of those sources that you've dumped below. They're mere mentions of the song, even if an entire article has been written about it. --Rsrikanth05 (talk) 15:04, 11 October 2019 (UTC)
 * yes, I have completely read each and every sources I listed below, but after reading your comment, I doubt if you have done so as well. The articles are of varying length covering various aspects, release, reception, review etc of the song but all the articles are covering the song "Tujhe Kitna chahne Lage". Please explain how you reached the conclusion that these articles e.g.    from independent reliable sources are trivial ? -- D Big X ray ᗙ  16:08, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Comment In continuation of my Keep vote above, I am shocked to see how a notable hit song that has been widely covered by reliable media is being voted as delete here. There seems to be a huge disconnect in what I am seeing in my searches vs what others are claiming. I disagree that there is "nothing to write about it" as I prove this in the refs below. If that would have been the case then the song would not have been covered as Individual articles in the reliable media. Here are some of the sources that in my opinion clearly show that the song passes the WP:GNG criteria based on the significant coverage. I have produced what RS I have found that covers the release, reception and popularity. Multiple articles covering the song from same publisher are grouped together. DNA India NDTV, Zee News Dainik Bhaskar NewsX India TV reported that the song was among the top 10 songs in the World. SpotboyE News18 Catch News Zoom Times Now Scroll.in India Today , Aaj Tak The Times of India Navbharat Times , Amar Ujala , The Statesman , Firstpost  -- D Big X ray ᗙ  12:07, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Why are you shocked that editors are asking for deletion but not shocked at the poor page 3 references you are bringing up? Most of the articles you have dumped here are reporting the release of the song. Such PR stunts are pulled by all films. Then there is second category of the articles that simple put words to what is seen in the music video. Then of course you have presented the masterpiece which claims the song to be most viewed of the YouTube song. Just like how vaguely these refs claim that the song "tops the chart", it goes hyperbolic in making the claim of being the most viewed song as well. User:Winged Blades of Godric rightly said that there is nothing to write about the song. What he meant was there is nothing "encyclopedic" to write about the song. For the sake of writing one may always stoop down the quality levels and also write about all the codes to apply to make this song your caller tune. §§Dharmadhyaksha§§ {Talk / Edits} 16:14, 11 October 2019 (UTC)
 * ignoring the beating around the bush. Same Q as above. Please explain how you reached the conclusion that these articles e.g.    from independent reliable sources are trivial ? -- D Big X ray ᗙ  16:19, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: Relisting to allow for discussion of recent updates to the article.
 * Update I would invoke WP:HEYMANN now to keep the article. The article has now been completely Re-written by me and expanded 8 times of the size when it was nominated for deletion. Folks who believe that there isn't enough content to write the article have been proved wrong. I will continue my expansion and have plans to nominate this for DYK once the AfD is closed. I have added sources proving WP:GNG and added charts from India as evidence that this is indeed a notable song.-- D Big X ray ᗙ  10:56, 12 October 2019 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Ad Orientem (talk) 01:46, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep: The article is taking shape decently, though it does require some cleanup. I don't think notability should be an issue, enough cites...keep. DiplomatTesterMan (talk) 11:20, 19 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Merge to the article about the film where it can be adequately explained and also provided better context. The main reason is that most sources mention the song either in the context of the film or they are short announcements of the release. What is missing is why this song is independently notable of the film soundtrack. I might follow up with a detailed justification later.--DreamLinker (talk) 20:14, 21 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep per WP:HEY and WP:SIGCOV and WP:GNG. The article's text and sourcing has vastly improved since it was nominated. There seems to be enough text and coverage to warrant a separate article. If others disagree, I suggest they tag the page itself for merger and discuss on the article's talk page instead of having that conversation here at AFD.4meter4 (talk) 21:59, 22 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep WP:GNG easily met, and I could readily understand the context of the topic as a separate matter from the film, per WP:NOPAGE.  78.26  (spin me / revolutions) 13:59, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep: Per 4meter4. I have not been able to look closely but I am going to side with keep at this time because I see the sincerity of an editor to make improvements in accordance to policies and guidelines --- and the length of time on the relist. Otr500 (talk) 17:23, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep: Passes WP:SIGCOV with new sources. From AnUnnamedUser (open talk page)  00:17, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Varsit

Varsit (Варсит; Kaitag and Dargwa: ВарситӀ) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Varsitsky Selsoviet, Kaytagsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 245 as of 2010. There are two streets.

Geography
Varsit is located 24 km south of Madzhalis (the district's administrative centre) by road. Surkhavkent and Shuragat are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Dargins live there.

title: Varsit


text:
Category:Discoverers of comets

People who discovered, individually or jointly, one or more comets.

 * The most successful visual comet discoverer of all time was Jean-Louis Pons, who claimed to have discovered thirty-seven; the second most prolific was William Robert Brooks.
 * The first woman known to have discovered comets was Caroline Herschel.
 * The first telescopic discovery of a comet was made by Gottfried Kirch in 1680.
 * The first photographic discovery of a comet was made by Edward Emerson Barnard.
 * By convention, comets are named after their discoverer or discoverers, but several of the most famous periodic comets, such as Halley's Comet, discovered by Edmond Halley, and Encke's Comet, found by Johann Franz Encke, are in fact named after the person who first computed their orbit.

title: Category:Discoverers of comets


text:
Talk:Dion Byrum

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:46, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dion Byrum. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160420162103/http://www.arenafan.com/teams/Orlando_Predators-13/transactions/ to http://www.arenafan.com/teams/Orlando_Predators-13/transactions/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:44, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dion Byrum


text:
Northern Arizona University/Philosophy of Law/Wikibook

The book is divided into two volumes. Each volume is then divided into several chapters. Each chapter will be structured like a part of the Federalist papers in that a set of papers will be devoted to questions on the philosophical foundations of constitutional law and international law.

/Constitutional law papers: vol. 1/

/International law papers: vol. 2/

Draft of ideas for structuring the page:

Comparative law: think about the similarities and differences between different systems of constitutional law. In addition to examining our own constitution, consider whether or not there are suggestions for improving constitutional systems of law generally. Do we all face similar problems in the development of law?

 * 1) Sovereignty of states: a stumbling block for the development of international law?
 * 2) Status of indigenous peoples within both constitutional and international law.
 * 3) Relationship between private international law and public (the degree to which commerce between states shapes the development of public international law).
 * 4) human rights within constitutional law and international law.


text:
User:ChrisRapetswa/sandbox/Chris Katlego Rapetswa

Chris is an ambitious,humble and career oriented young man who was on the 04 August 1993 in a small remote village called Cyferskuil in North West. He is the only son of Dipuo Johannah Rapetswa whom is a daughter to Meisie Dimakatso Rapetswa. He was raised in large extended family by his great grandmother(Johannah Shalati Rapetswa) and his Great grandfather(Samuel Rapetswa) and later went to live with his single mother,Dipuo Rapetswa.

Chris upbriging has always been a sad, hard and challenging like many other children who were born in very disadvataged backgrounds. He believes in strong moral values and has acquired extensive experience in various leadership roles since the time of his high school days. He started school at Tiisetso Primary School and later completed his Grade 12 at Utsane High school in 2011. He passed his Matric with overall of 5 Distinctions( Mathematics, Physical Science, Biology, English and Life Orientation).

He was awarded a scholarship by NUMSA INVESTMENT to study Bachelor of Laws at the University of North West(NWU). In 2014 Chris was elected as the Secretory of North West University Law Student Council under leadership of Prof.Mbau. He regard himself as a community minded citizen.In 2016, he volunteered to provide Mathematics,Physical Science and Life-Science extra Lessons at Letsatsing Science School in Mafikeng, under Golden Key International Tutoring Programme. He is a good standing member of: Black Lawyers Association,Golden Key International,South African Pharmacy Council,Student for Law and Social Justice.

He obtained his Bachelors Degree on the 25 of April 2017 -Bachelor of law(LLB) at the University of North West. He holds a diploma in Pharmacist Assistant and also registered member with the South African Pharmacy Council. He worked in different environments such as Media(Radio Presenting) and Retail. While he was waiting for an opportunity to serve his law articles,he worked as a pharmacist Assistant at Clicks Retail Group for a period of 2years. He believes that a degree doesn't define your success but your dreams do.

On the 01/08/18 he was appointed as a Candidate Attorney at Gildenhuys Malatji Inc for a period of 2 years. He has acquired vast knowledge in Civil Litigation, Labour and Employment law and has assisted with advising clients in respect of restructuring process, advised client in compiling an Employment Equity Plan, conducted and reported on a legal due diligence investigation, conduct hearings, and assisted in dispute resolution at the CCMA. He also has experience in Medical Negligence,Unlawful Arrest, Road Accident Fund,Insurance, commercial Litigation., Corporate and Criminal law. He has completed both Practical Legal Training and Also passed Attorneys Board Exams with an overall of 2 Distinctions(Administration of Estates & Professional Ethics) and  admitted as an Attorney of the High Court.