text:
User:Donald Trung/History of banking in China (Foundation for Economic Education expansion)

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "History of banking in China" and is preserved for attribution.
 * https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/921078034
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 18:38, 13 October 2019 (UTC).

Original draft
The history of banking in China includes the business of dealing with money and credit transactions in China.

Early Chinese banks
Chinese financial institutions were conducting all major banking functions, including the acceptance of deposits, the making of loans, issuing notes, money exchange, and long-distance remittance of money by the Song Dynasty (960-1279). In 1024, the first paper currency was issued by the state in Sichuan. Two major types of early Chinese banking institutions are piaohao and qianzhuang. The first nationwide private financial system, so-called "draft banks" or piaohao was created by the Shanxi merchants during the Qing dynasty. Smaller scale local banking institutions called qianzhuang, more often cooperated than competed with Piaohao in China's financial market.

Due to structural weaknesses of traditional Chinese law, Chinese financial institutions focused primarily on commercial banking based on close familial and personal relationships, and their working capital was primarily based on the float from short-term money transfers rather than long-term demand deposits. The modern concepts of consumer banking and fractional reserve banking never developed among traditional Chinese banks and were introduced to China by European bankers in the 19th century.

Piaohao

An early Chinese banking institution was called the draft bank or piaohao (票号) in Chinese, also known as Shanxi banks because they were owned primarily by Shanxi merchants. The first "piaohao" Rishengchang originated from Xiyuecheng Dye Company Pingyao in central Shanxi. To deal with the transfer of large amounts of cash from one branch to another, the company introduced drafts, cashable in the company's many branches around China. Although this new method was originally designed for business transactions within the Xiyuecheng Company, it became so popular that in 1823 the owner gave up the dye business altogether and reorganised the company as a special remittance firm, Rishengchang Piaohao. In the next thirty years, eleven piaohao were established in Shanxi province, including Pingyao and neighboring counties of Qi County, Taigu, and Yuci. By the end of the nineteenth century, thirty-two piaohao with 475 branches were in business covering most of China, and the central Shanxi region became the de facto financial centres of Qing China.

All piaohao were organised as single proprietaries or partnerships, where the owners carried unlimited liability. They concentrated on interprovincial remittances, and later on conducting government services. From the time of the Taiping Rebellion, when transportation routes between the capital and the provinces were cut off, piaohao began involvement with the delivery of government tax revenue. Piaohao grew by taking on a role in advancing funds and arranging foreign loans for provincial governments, issuing notes, and running regional treasuries.

Qianzhuang

Independent of the nationwide network of piaohao there were a large number of small native banks, generally called qianzhuang. These institutions first appeared in the Yangzi Delta region, in Shanghai, Ningbo, and Shaoxing. The first qianzhuang can be traced to at least the mid-eighteenth century. In 1776, several of these banks in Shanghai organised themselves into a guild under the name of qianye gongsuo. In contrast to piaohao, most qianzhuang were local and functioned as commercial banks by conducting local money exchange, issuing cash notes, exchanging bills and notes, and discounting for the local business community.

Qianzhuang maintained close relationships with Chinese merchants, and grew with the expansion of China's foreign trade. When Western banks first entered China, they issued "chop loans" (caipiao) to the qianzhuang, who would then lend this money to Chinese merchants who used it to purchase goods from foreign firms. It is estimated that there were around 10,000 qianzhuang in China in the early 1890s.

There were several financial crashes which occurred in China during which a large number of qianzhuang closed, the largest of these occurred in the years 1883, 1910, and 1911. By and by the traditional qianzhuang banks were being replaced by modern credit banks in China, particularly those residing in Shanghai. This would continue to happen well into the Republican period. The last qianzhuang banks were nationalised in 1952 by the government of the People's Republic of China.

During the 1990s qianzhuang made a come back in Mainland China, these new qianzhuang are informal financial companies which are often operating just within the edges of what is legal. The government attitude towards these new qianzhuang isn't that much different from their attitude in the 1950s.

Entry of foreign banks
British and other European banks entered China around the middle of the nineteenth century to service the growing number of Western trade firms. The Chinese coined the term yinhang (銀行), meaning "silver institution", for the English word "bank". The first foreign bank in China was the Bombay-based British Oriental Bank Corporation (東藩匯理銀行), which opened branches in Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shanghai in the 1840s. Other British banks followed suit and set up their branches in China one after another. The British enjoyed a virtual monopoly on modern banking for forty years. The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (香港上海匯豐銀行), now HSBC, established in 1865 in Hong Kong, later became the largest foreign bank in China.

In the early 1890s, Germany's Deutsch-Asiatische Bank (德華銀行), Japan's Yokohama Specie Bank (橫濱正金銀行), France's Banque de l'Indochine (東方匯理銀行), and Russia's Russo-Asiatic Bank (華俄道勝銀行) opened branches in China and challenged British ascendancy in China's financial market. By the end of the nineteenth century there were nine foreign banks with forty-five branches in China's treaty ports.

At the time due to unfair treaties, foreign banks enjoyed extraterritorial rights. They also enjoyed complete control over China's international remittance and foreign trade financing. Being unregulated by the Chinese government, they were free to issue banknotes for circulation, accept deposits from Chinese citizens, and make loans to the qianzhuang.

Government banks

After the launch of the Self-strengthening movement, the Qing government began initiating large industrial projects which required large amounts of capital. Though the existing domestic financial institutions provided sufficient credit and transfer facilities to support domestic trade and worked well with small-scale enterprises, they could not meet China's new financial demands. China turned to foreign banks for large scale and long term finance. Following a series of military defeats, the Qing government was forced to borrow from foreign banks and syndicates to finance its indemnity payments to foreign powers.

A number of proposals were made by a modern Chinese banking institution from the 1860s onwards. Li Hongzhang, one of the leaders of the self-strengthening movement, made serious efforts to create a foreign-Chinese joint bank in 1885 and again in 1887.

The Imperial Bank of China (中國通商銀行), China's first modern bank, opened for business in 1897. The bank was organised as a joint-stock firm. It adopted the internal regulations of HSBC, and its senior managers were foreign professionals. After the proclamation of the Republic of China, the bank changed its English name to the Commercial Bank of China in 1912. The name more accurately translated its Chinese name and removed any link to the Qing Dynasty.

In 1905, China's first central bank was established as the Bank of the Board of Revenue (大清户部銀行). Three years later, its name was changed to the Great Qing Government Bank (大清銀行). Intended as a replacement for all existing banknotes, the Da Qing Bank's note was granted exclusive privilege to be used in all public and private fund transfers, including tax payments and debt settlements. Da Qing Bank was also given exclusive privilege to run the state treasury. The Board of Revenue that controlled most of the central government's revenue transferred most of its tax remittance through the bank and its branches. The government entrusted the bank with the transfer of the Salt Surplus Tax, diplomatic expenditures, the management of foreign loans, the payment of foreign indemnities, and the deposit and transfer of the customs tax in many treaty ports.

Following the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, Daqing Bank was renamed the Bank of China. This bank continues to exist today.

Another government bank, the Bank of Communications (交通銀行), was organised in 1908 by the Ministry of Posts and Communications to raise money for the redemption of the Beijing-Hankou Railway from Belgian contractors. The bank's aim was to unify funding for steamship lines, railways, as well as telegraph and postal facilities.

Private banks
The first private bank dates to 1897, courtesy of the  entrepreneurship of Shen Xuanhui. Three private banks appeared in the late Qing period, all created by private entrepreneurs without state funding. The Xincheng Bank was established in Shanghai in 1906, followed by the National Commercial Bank in Hangzhou the following year, and the Ningbo Commercial and Savings Bank (四明銀行) in 1908. In that year, the Regulations of Banking Registration was issued by the Ministry of Revenue, which continued to have effect well after the fall of the Qing dynasty.

A lion's share of the profitable official remittance business was taken by the Daqing Bank from the piaohao. The piaohao all but disappeared following the Xinhai Revolution in 1911.

The same period saw the increasing power of private interests in modern Chinese banking and the concentration of banking capital. In Shanghai, the so-called "southern three banks" (南三行) were established. They were the Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank (上海商業儲蓄銀行), the National Commercial Bank (浙江興業銀行), and the Zhejiang Industrial Bank (浙江實業銀行). Four other banks, known as the "northern four banks" (北四行) emerged later. They were the Yien Yieh Commercial Bank (鹽業銀行), the Kincheng Banking Corporation (金城銀行), the Continental Bank (大陸銀行), and the China & South Sea Bank (中南銀行). The first three were initiated by current and retired officials of the Beijing government, whilst the last was created by an overseas Chinese.

Note suspension incident
In 1916 the Republican government in Beijing ordered the suspension of paper note conversion to silver. With the backing of the Mixed Court, the Shanghai Branch of the Bank of China successfully resisted the order.

The Bank of China's bylaws were revised in 1917 to restrict government intervention.

Golden Age of Chinese banking
The decade from the Northern Expedition to the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 has been described as a "golden decade" for China's modernisation as well as for its banking industry. Modern Chinese banks extended their business in scope, making syndicated industrial loans and offering loans to rural areas.

Takeover of the banking industry by the Kuomintang
Prior to the year 1935 the Republic of China had a limited free banking system. Throughout China there were privately-owned banks, although in reality the largest Chinese-owned banking companies and basically all the foreign-owned banks that were operating in China were based in the city of Shanghai. Some Chinese provincial governments had established their own provincial banks, which had existed since the late Qing dynasty period, but these local government banks had to maintain the same standards as privately-owned banks in order to compete on the financial market.

Despite various attempts, both the imperial Chinese and Republican Chinese governments did not have a central bank that regulated the Chinese monetary systems at the time, instead large networks of privately owned banks spread across China had more influence over the Chinese currency system. During this era copper was very commonly used for coinage, but silver was the primary medium of exchange and the whole economy of China was based on a de facto silver standard.

The Chinese free banking system allowed the interaction of private banks operating in various regions of China. Privately held banks during this period still operated like any other Chinese business and competed with one another to obtain customers. Most Chinese private banks still issued their own banknotes which were usually redeemable in silver. The banknotes from each bank until these reforms circulated freely with the banknotes from other banks throughout China.

In the year 1927 the Kuomintang (KMT) took over the Chinese government and slowly started taking steps to replace the Chinese free banking system with a more centralised banking system. Instead of immediately seizing all private banks they took slow steps aimed at gaining complete control over the Chinese currency by getting both the financial and political support of the largest banks in China by making these dependent on the Nationalist Chinese government. The final step in this process was to completely bring every bank in China under the control or influence of the Chinese government.

The slow process of getting complete control over the Chinese banking system by the government started in 1927 when the leaders of Communist labour unions instigated violent labour strikes in the city of Shanghai, these strikes completely crippled the industry of Shanghai. Shanghainese bankers appealed to the Kuomintang to stop the strikes. Chiang Kai-Shek saw these strikes as an opportunity to improve the financial standing of the new Chinese Nationalist government and he created a deal where he would take down the strikes in exchange for the bankers giving out loans for the newly established government. The banks of China calculated that a Communist Party victory would be less beneficial for them than a Kuomintang victory so they were eager to support the Kuomintang through issuing loans. However, the Chinese government appeared to be a financial black hole and the heads of China's largest banks began to suspect that the Chinese Nationalist government wasn't able to pay back their debts, this was as the Chinese government continued to increase its debt without having any way of servicing it to those it owed. This lead to some bankers to stop giving out more loans to the Chinese Nationalist government, but as a response Chiang started treating these bankers the same as he had done his political adversaries and would imprison them or confiscate their property on the grounds that these bankers were being politically subversive.

The Chinese Nationalist government had become extremely dependent on deficit financing as the Kuomintang saw introducing widespread taxation as being politically unattractive as well as an administrative nightmare to implement all over China, meaning that they were extremely dependent on receiving loans from private banks. Chiang Kai-Shek saw that deficit spending as the most expedient method for financing the Nationalist government. In the year 1927, which was the first year of the new Nationalist government's rule over China, loans the government had taken from private Chinese banks had accounted for as much as 49% of total government revenue.

In spring of the year 1928, Chinese minister of finance T. V. Soong had created a plan for the Chinese government to issue large quantities of government securities. In order to promote the purchasing of government securities Soong added high interest rates and the government sold these securities with large discounts. In the year 1931 the Chinese Nationalist government sold securities at around 50% of their face value. By issuing these government bonds the Chinese government was able to delay financial problems, at least until these government bonds would come due. In order to make sure that these securities were accepted by skeptics the government guaranteed them. Every issue of government bonds were backed by some form of government revenue, these forms included Chinese customs taxes or salt taxes. The bonds were so designed that bankers would be able to make more money from investing in government bonds than they ever could make in investing in private businesses.

The Nationalist government created the Central Bank of China in 1928, with T. V. Soong as its first president. The Bank of China was reorganised as a bank specialising in the management of foreign exchange while the Bank of Communications focused on developing industry. The Central Bank of China when it was established had its headquarters in the economically most influential city of Shanghai, and the entire country was formally put on a Chinese silver-dollar (yuan) standard.

The Bureau of Financial Supervision was set up under the Ministry of Finance, to supervise financial affairs.

At first the Central Bank of the Republic of China was mostly just an extension of the treasury of the Republic of China, but during this period it already started issuing its own banknotes. The revenues of the Central Bank of the Republic of China were used to buy government securities. In order to create a deeper relationship with the private banking industry T.V. Soong established a board for the Central Bank of the Republic of China which included members and directors of the private banks of China, but in reality the board had little to no actual decision making powers. By the year 1932, private Chinese banks which were located in the major city of Shanghai held between 50% and 80% of outstanding government bonds meaning that the bankers had become very much tied to the Chinese Nationalist government.

The banks had become so reliant on the government through this scheme that any activities by the government had a substantial effect on the worth of the assets held by the private banks.

It was common for the Kuomintang officials who were in charge of the issuance of government bonds to also sit on the boards of private Chinese banks. This would give these government officials inside information and many of them had become extremely wealthy by trading in government bonds and securities.

The Great Depression, the United States Silver Purchase Act of 1934, and deflation
During the global economic downturn that occurred during the Great Depression, starting in 1929, China had not only averted its negative effects, it thrived and experienced a boom in exports, during this time China enjoyed inflation while most of the world was suffering from severe deflation.

In September of the year 1931 the United Kingdom officially went off of the gold standard and more countries around the world started to depreciate their currencies, this had as a side-effect that the value of the silver Chinese yuan was negatively by this trend. In the years 1933 and 1934 the fatal blow to the Chinese currency, American president Franklin Roosevelt had remonetised silver as a part of his New Deal. The United States government then went on a silver-buying spree at a price which was above the world price in an attempt to push up prices in the United States.

The final blow to the autonomy of private banking in China was dealt largely by external factors, developments in the United States lead to the Chinese Nationalist government to enact reforms that ended autonomous Chinese private banking altogether. In 1933 the government of the United States had begun purchasing substantial amounts of silver, and the following year in June 1934 it passed the Silver Purchase Act, which stipulated that the United States Treasury should purchase silver from all over the world until the global price was higher than $1.29 per ounce, or until the total monetary value of the American silver stock would reach ⅓ of the monetary value of its gold stock. The original intent of the United States Silver Purchase Act was to be a commodity support programme for American silver producers, but it would have to prove many unintended consequences for the Chinese banking sector. This legislation by the United States federal government would cause the global price of silver to rise by 75% in 1933 alone and two years later this price would triple. As almost all banknotes that circulated in China were on the silver standard, China's many private currencies were experiencing a lot of deflation. The Republic of China was soon experiencing a rise in imports and a decline in exports, this also meant that silver started flowing out of the country.

The export price of silver would severely rose in the financial centre of China, Shanghai, this caused large amounts of silver to flow from the Chinese countryside to the main port cities on the Chinese coast, this was followed by a massive export of Chinese silver to the United States. The deflation of the silver prices in China most severely affected the Chinese agriculture and industry sectors.

As a result, private Chinese banks would sell their silver reserves outside of China while slowing down the production and issuance of new banknotes as they were withdrawing more of their older banknotes from circulation. This caused the supply of circulating banknotes to decline and those still left in circulation saw their purchasing power rise. This was disastrous for many private businesses across China as they would suffer from accounting losses as a result, the prices would continue to decline and the price of a sale was often lower than what the product had cost the business. Many business were forced to fire a large chunk of their work forces to stay afloat and cut production costs. The debts which many businesses had previously made remained in the prices of the pre-deflated currencies meaning that the value of their debts were rising as it had become harder to make more money for them. As nobody foresaw what the United States government would do, many businesses had made a large number of now unpayable debts.

In November of the year 1935 the Central Bank of China officially took the country off the silver standard, this happened following foreign-exchange controls imposed on silver exports in October of the previous year. This move also made the banknotes of the Central Bank of China legal tender and made the Chinese currency a fiat currency, which gave the Chinese Nationalist government in full control of the quantity of money circulating in China.

As there were now no restraints on the power of the Chinese government to turn the handle of the printing press to produce more banknotes, the Chinese Central Bank policy soon led to monetary disaster, this disastrous outcome was only made worse with the coming of China’s war with Japan.

The rampant deflation also severely affected the Chinese Nationalist government as their deficit financing scheme had become an even bigger burden for them. The Chinese Nationalist government quickly began to enact policies to halt the server deflation by creating controls on the export of silver out of China. But these new controls were proven to be largely ineffective as the Chinese government had no say over the operation of foreign banks in China which exported silver out of China and illegal smuggling of silver out of China had become a profession in of itself.

Desperate to keep its finances in check the Chinese Nationalist government was forced to seek new revenue streams. The Chinese Nationalist government gave special privileges to the Central Bank of the Republic of China such as exempting it from the current regulations on the export of silver, this allowed for the Central Bank of the Republic of China to thrive while almost all private banks in China were facing severe losses.

Because the Central Bank of China enjoyed government patronage it soon grew to become the most profitable financial institution in all of China. In the year 1934 the Central Bank of China owned only 11% of the assets of all Chinese-owned banks, but it earned as much as 37% of all Chinese banking profits. The majority of the income the central bank made were used for the Chinese government.

In spite of the export controls placed by the Chinese Nationalist government on silver and the revenues of the Central Bank of China, all throughout the year 1934 the financial situation of the Chinese Nationalist government had become exponentially unfavourable.

The Chinese Nationalist government them quickly attempted to sell more government securities to finance its endeavours, the Kuomintang issued the Savings Bank Law to help accomplish this goal. This piece of legislation mandated that each Chinese savings bank had to purchase government bonds until its holdings of these bonds would represent ¼ of all of its total deposits. But even the drastic Savings Bank Law had failed to have any substantial effect on the financial position of the Chinese Nationalist government.

Impact of the Second Sino-Japanese War on banks
Following the Japanese invasion in January of 1932 the banks were so closely linked to the Chinese Nationalist government that the arrival of the Japanese instigated a financial panic and many people rushed to the government bonds market to sell their bonds, only 5 days after the initial Japanese invasion the price of Chinese government bonds had dropped to become less than 60% of their face value. This meant that private banks which held a large amount of government bonds would see their value drop significantly as well.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War (World War II) many people started to fear that the banknotes issued by some banks would become irredeemable in a short amount of time, this caused a major panic to spread and bank runs severely affected some Chinese banks in process; at least two private Chinese banks had failed due to this crisis.

The Second Sino-Japanese war lasted for eight years, from July 1937 to September 1945. The imperial Japanese army occupied more than a third of all of China, this included virtually all of the leading Chinese port cities and industrial centres that were vital for the Chinese economy. Over 10,000,000 Chinese civilians had lost their lives during the conflict. During World War II the Chinese Nationalist government resorted to printing out a large amount of money to finance the majority of its spending, covering 65% to 80% of its annual expenditures through the creation of more money.

When the Second Sino-Japanese war broke out in 1937, the total quantity of Chinese yuan in circulation (this figure includes both currency and demand deposits) was 3.6 billion yuan. By December of the year 1941, when the [[Entry of the United States to World War II|United States entered the war]{, the total supply of Chinese yuan in circulation had increased to 22.8 billion yuan. For the remainder of the Second Sino-Japanese war the numbers were: 1942, 50.8 billion; 1943, 100.2 billion; 1944, 275 billion; and 1945, 1,506.6 billion.

The end of the Second Sino-Japanese war only re-opened the longstanding civil war between the Chinese Nationalist government and the large communist forces in China. These circumstances all proved to be disastrous for China's banking sector and overall economy. The civil war brought a worse inflation. During the Chinese civil war the Chinese Nationalist government financed its expenditures through a monetary expansion of 50% – 65% annually. Both during and after the war, the Chinese Nationalist government had imposed unworkable price and wage controls that would only succeed in creating even more distortions and imbalances throughout the Chinese economy at the time severely affecting the Chinese financial sector.

Confronted with imminent war with Japan, the Chinese government took control of over 70 percent of the assets of modern Chinese banks through the notorious banking coup.

The banking coup
In response to the dire financial situation of the Chinese Nationalist government, the biggest privately-owned bank in China, the Bank of China, tried to loosen their ties with the Kuomintang government. The Bank of China soon would try to liquidate all of their holdings that were denominated in Chinese government bonds, even at a short-term loss.

Generally speaking smaller private banks would follow the Bank of China in its decisions, so this move had become a worrying development for the Kuomintang, it had become very likely that a large-scale liquidation of Chinese government bonds by private banks would occur unless the government would act soon. If this would occur the Chinese Nationalist government would no longer be able to rely on deficit financing for their income, and the government was forced to act in desperation.

The new minister of finance, H.H. Kung decided to consult Chiang Kai-Shek to devise a scheme that would attempt to take the resources of the biggest private banks in China and make them underwrite the Kuomintang government. Rather than making the Chinese government bonds more attractive for bankers and investors, minister Kung wanted to nationalise the two biggest privately operated Chinese banks, the Bank of China and the Bank of Communications.

The Chinese Nationalist government instigated a propaganda campaign designed to place private bankers in a negative light, the campaign placed the blame of all of China’s economic problems on greedy bankers. H.H. Kung had asserted that business failures, which were caused by the monetary deflation tied to the international price of silver, were in reality a result of the private banks of China placing their own gains and profits above the public interest of the Chinese people. The campaign had worked to illicit hatred towards the private bankers. Angry Chinese civilians would voice their opposition to the private banks, and it became common for Chinese newspapers to run editorials that supported Kung's charges against the bankers.

The shift in public opinion and the defamation campaigns by Kung had convinced the banks to create a fund which was designed to make "emergency loans" to businesses that were having trouble due to the widespread deflation. Unbeknownst to the banks, H.H. Kung's was not designed for the financial well-being of private business owners, but for the finances of the Chinese government. The main reason of the large propaganda push was to get the Chinese people to support the nationalisation of the two largest Chinese banks. On 23 March, 1935, the Kuomintang officially unveiled their plans and Kung stated that the Chinese government would nationalise the Bank of China and the Bank of Communications. The takeover was veiled as being legal by arbitrarily creating enough shares in each of the two banks for the Chinese Nationalist government to become the majority stockholder in both of them. Money from the emergency find set up by the banks was being used to buy shares for the Chinese government. The rest of the government takeover was financed with a nominally equivalent value of Chinese government bonds. Kung then started to remove the old bank directors and had them replaced with government appointed people who would be more beneficial for the Chinese Nationalist government.

In June of the year 1935, the Chinese Nationalist government used the assets of the Bank of China and the Bank of Communications to take control over a number of smaller privately-owned Chinese banks. Kung then instigated a plan where the Central Bank of China, the Bank of China, and the Bank of Communications would start hoarding banknotes that were issued by smaller privately-owned Chinese banks and then present these banknotes for redemption at their offices all at the same time, knowing that the smaller banks would be unable to reimburse the government banks, Kung could then declare all of these banks to be insolvent and swiftly nationalise them. Kung insisted to the Chinrde public that the Nationalist government would manage these banks in the public interest. Like with the Bank of China and the Bank of Communications the directors of the smaller banks were removed and replaced with people appointed by the Chinese Nationalist government in order to keep these banks in check.

The end of the autonomy of private banks
By July of the year 1935, the Kuomintang had completely ended private banking in China. All assets and resources of privately owned Chinese banks and the (now nationalised) major banks of China were at the disposal of the Chinese government, as they had become the majority shareholder of each bank in China. The Chinese Nationalist government didn’t waste a second and immediately started using all resources of the Chinese financial sector to finance the government and its expenditures. The banks were all ordered to buy more government bonds and to lend more money to the Chinese government. Despite having all the resources of the largest banks of China, the Chinese Nationalist government only had just enough revenue to remain solvent.

The banking coup proved to have no effect, good or bad, on the deflation plaguing China at the time and many private businesses would continue to go bankrupt as smugglers would take more silver off the Chinese shores to sell at a profit. In order to prevent the illegal export of silver out of China, the Kuomintang made the crime of smuggling of silver out of China punishable by either the death penalty or life imprisonment. The new legislation proved ineffective and the deflation would continue to lower the prices.

As private banking had come to an end in China, minister Kung laid for a proposal to create a new national fiat currency which would only be backed by government promises. The new currency would only consist of paper money and was intended to give multiple benefits exclusively to the Chinese Nationalist government, one of these benefits was making all silver in China government-owned property and the other was by expanding the Kuomintang's control over China's economy. As the Chinese government was now officially in possession of all silver in China and with the aid of the "Currency Stabilisation Fund", which was created by the United Kingdom and the United States to help the Chinese currency, it was generally believed that China's deflation problem could be solved. The Chinese Nationalist government would gain a complete monopoly over the Chinese money supply, this would make it possible for the government to monetise its debts. The destruction of the Chinese monetary system during this era had helped the Chinese communist movement triumph on the Chinese mainland in 1949.

Introduction of the Chinese national yuan

Following the 1935 currency reform the government of the Republic of China introduced the fabi (法幣, "legal tender"), from November of the year 1935 to December of 1936, the 3 officially sanctioned note-issuing banks issued the new paper currency, the fabi was completely detached from the silver standard. The Central Government of the Republic of China had enacted these currency reforms to limit currency issuance to three major government controlled banks: the Bank of China (中國銀行), Central Bank of China (中央銀行), Bank of Communications (交通銀行), and later the Farmers Bank of China (中國農民銀行). Chinese people were required by government mandate to hand in all of their current silver reserves in return for the newly introduced fabi, this was primarily done by the government in order to supply the silver that the Chinese government owed to the United States. The Chinese government and the central bank were careful to do a controlled release of about 2,000,000,000 yuan worth of new fabi banknotes, this was done in order to prevent inflation, and the government had taken many precautions to distribute these banknotes both gradually and fairly. In the first few months following the release of the fabi banknotes, the Chinese government did this to wait to see whether the Chinese public would place their trust in the new, unified Chinese currency.

The banknotes issued by Chinese private banks (such as the zhuangpiao) were allowed to still circulate in amounts fixed by the government, but these privately produced banknotes were to be gradually phased out in favour of the new currency. All private individuals and intuitions that were in the possession of any silver were decreed to exchange it for the new national currency within a period of 6 months.

The new currency decree also contained language that was intended to preserve the confidence that the general populace held in the newly established currency. It contained a decree that promised the establishment of a new "Currency Stabilisation Fund" that would purchase and sell foreign exchange in an attempt to keep the exchange rate between the new Chinese yuan and foreign currencies quite constant.

The Currency Decree also contained several provisions that were intended to alter the function of the Central Bank of China itself. Instead of the central bank merely being a division of the Chinese government treasury, the Central Bank of China was decreed to become a "banker's bank" that would become completely distinct from the Chinese government treasury. The Currency Decree also maintained in its text that "plans of financial readjustment have been made whereby the National Budget will be balanced." And, Minister of Finance H.H. Kung also reaffirmed that the Chinese government was determined to make sure that the new currency would not suffer from inflation.

While the new Currency Decree was formulated in a way that the Chinese people would not fear that it would lead to uncontrollable inflation, the reality painted a very different picture. During this time Chinese newspapers would run editorials that were intended to assure the Chinese public that the Kuomintang had nothing but the absolute best intentions for the economy of China, and the move to a paper fiat currency was heralded by contemporary economists around the globe as a major step towards a more modern banking system. The currency reform and the newly introduced Chinese national yuan had, in reality, completely destroyed the private banking system in China, which had served the Chinese economy well, and placed control of the Chinese currency in the hands of an ill intended corrupt and inept government.

Despite the wording of the new Currency Decree, the Central Bank of China would continue to operate as a part of the Chinese Treasury and the Chinese Nationalist government made no attempt at balancing their national budget. In fact, the Chinese Nationalist government doubled down on their deficit financing scheme in the coming years. Inflation began almost immediately after the introduction of the new currency.

The new yuan replaced the old yuan at a conversion rate of 1:3,000,000 in 1948. In August of the same year the total amount of the new currency in circulation was 296.82 billion yuan.

The new yuan proved to be equally affected by the government overprinting, the printing presses produced enough money to cause hyperinflation in the new currency as well. By December of the year 1948, the supply of this new yuan in circulation had reached 8,186.33 billion yuan. Only gour months later, in April of the year 1949, the amount in circulation had increased to 5,161,240.0 billion yuan.

A combination of war-related scarcities and destruction, and the uneven impact of the monetary expansion led to the dramatic increase of prices to varying degrees across the many regions of China. The wholesale price index of Shanghai during this period increased dramatically during this period.

The Shanghai wholesale price index between May 1937 and April 1949:

During this era the value of China’s paper money on the foreign-exchange market also reflected this huge depreciation of the Chinese currency through the years. The market exchange rates on the black market rose drastically during this short period.

Jay Habegger of the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE) stated that the promises made by H.H. Kung seemed to be a cruel joke at the expense of the Chinese people. The severe hyperinflation had completely destroyed the wealth of the Chinese middle class and drove some segments of the rural and agricultural population of China into severe poverty.

Eventually, the inflation had become so severe that it helped bring about the collapse of the Chinese Nationalist government on Mainland China during the Chinese Civil War. But it would be an exaggeration to say that China's Great Inflation during this period was in fact the primary cause for the defeat of the Chinese Nationalist government at the hand of the Chinese Communist Party.

Taiwan

Following the Chinese civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the General Management Office and the Bank of Communications accompanied the government of the Republic of China during their move to Taiwan. The branches of Chinese banks that had remained in mainland China were nationalised by the government of the People's Republic of China and branches of the Bank of China and Bank of Communications continued to be called "Bank of China" and "Bank of Communications". The branches of Chinese banks abroad would continue to serve overseas Chinese. These branches would also accept remittances and assisted the government of the Republic of China in handling foreign procurement matters.

In the year 1960, the General Management Office of the Bank of China was reopened in Taiwan, during this era the Taiwanese version of the Bank of China was a professional bank for international trade and exchange, and operated as a general commercial banking corporation.

On 25 October, 1971, the Communist Party-run People's Republic of China replaced the Republic of China at the United Nations following the passing of Resolution 2758. In order to prevent all of its assets from being forcibly transferred to the government of the People's Republic of China as it was seen as a "successor state" that was "inheriting China" from the still existing Republic of China. For this reason the Bank of China in Taiwan was renamed to the "International Commercial Bank of China" (中國國際商業銀行), also referred to as the ICBC, it was later privatised by the government of the Republic of China.

After 1949
The history of the Chinese banking system has been somewhat checkered. Nationalization and consolidation of the country's banks received the highest priority in the earliest years of the People's Republic, and banking was the first sector to be completely socialized. In the period of recovery after the Chinese civil war (1949–52), the People's Bank of China moved very effectively to halt raging inflation and bring the nation's finances under central control. Over the course of time, the banking organization was modified repeatedly to suit changing conditions and new policies.

The banking system was centralized early on under the Ministry of Finance, which exercised firm control over all financial services, credit, and the money supply. During the 1980s the banking system was expanded and diversified to meet the needs of the reform program, and the scale of banking activity rose sharply. New budgetary procedures required state enterprises to remit to the state only a tax on income and to seek investment funds in the form of bank loans. Between 1979 and 1985, the volume of deposits nearly tripled and the value of bank loans rose by 260 percent. By 1987 the banking system included the People's Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of China (which handled foreign exchange matters), China Investment Bank, China Industrial and Commercial Bank, People's Construction Bank, Communications Bank, People's Insurance Company of China, rural credit cooperatives, and urban credit cooperatives.

The People's Bank of China was the central bank and the foundation of the banking system. Although the bank overlapped in function with the Ministry of Finance and lost many of its responsibilities during the Cultural Revolution, in the 1970s it was restored to its leading position. As the central bank, the People's Bank of China had sole responsibility for issuing currency and controlling the money supply. It also served as the government treasury, the main source of credit for economic units, the clearing center for financial transactions, the holder of enterprise deposits, the national savings bank, and a ubiquitous monitor of economic activities.

Another financial institution, the Bank of China, handled all dealings in foreign exchange. It was responsible for allocating the country's foreign exchange reserves, arranging foreign loans, setting exchange rates for China's currency, issuing letters of credit, and generally carrying out all financial transactions with foreign firms and individuals. The Bank of China had offices in Beijing and other cities engaged in foreign trade and maintained overseas offices in major international financial centers, including Hong Kong, London, New York City, Singapore, and Luxembourg.

The Agricultural Bank was created in the 1950s to facilitate financial operations in the rural areas. The Agricultural Bank provided financial support to agricultural units. It issued loans, handled state appropriations for agriculture, directed the operations of the rural credit cooperatives, and carried out overall supervision of rural financial affairs. The Agricultural Bank was headquartered in Beijing and had a network of branches throughout the country. It flourished in the late 1950s and mid-1960s but languished thereafter until the late 1970s, when the functions and autonomy of the Agricultural Bank were increased substantially to help promote higher agricultural production. In the 1980s it was restructured again and given greater authority in order to support the growth and diversification of agriculture under the responsibility system.

The People's Construction Bank managed state appropriations and loans for capital construction. It checked the activities of loan recipients to ensure that the funds were used for their designated construction purpose. Money was disbursed in stages as a project progressed. The reform policy shifted the main source of investment funding from the government budget to bank loans and increased the responsibility and activities of the People's Construction Bank.

Rural credit cooperatives were small, collectively owned savings and lending organizations that were the main source of small-scale financial services at the local level in the countryside. They handled deposits and short-term loans for individual farm families, villages, and cooperative organizations. Subject to the direction of the Agricultural Bank, they followed uniform state banking policies but acted as independent units for accounting purposes. In 1985 rural credit cooperatives held total deposits of ¥72.5 billion.

Urban credit cooperatives were a relatively new addition to the banking system in the mid-1980s, when they first began widespread operations. As commercial opportunities grew in the reform period, the thousands of individual and collective enterprises that sprang up in urban areas created a need for small-scale financial services that the formal banks were not prepared to meet. Bank officials therefore encouraged the expansion of urban credit cooperatives as a valuable addition to the banking system. In 1986 there were more than 1,100 urban credit cooperatives, which held a total of ¥3.7 billion in deposits and made loans worth ¥1.9 billion.

In the mid-1980s the banking system still lacked some of the services and characteristics that were considered basic in most countries. Interbank relations were very limited, and interbank borrowing and lending was virtually unknown. Checking accounts were used by very few individuals, and bank credit cards did not exist. In 1986 initial steps were taken in some of these areas. Interbank borrowing and lending networks were created among twenty-seven cities along the Yangtze River and among fourteen cities in north China. Interregional financial networks were created to link banks in eleven leading cities all over China, including Shenyang, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Chongqing, and Xi'an and also to link the branches of the Agricultural Bank. The first Chinese credit card, the Great Wall Card, was introduced in June 1986 to be used for foreign exchange transactions. Another financial innovation in 1986 was the opening of China's first stock exchanges since 1949. Small stock exchanges began operations somewhat tentatively in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, in August 1986 and in Shanghai in September 1986.

Throughout the history of the People's Republic, the banking system has exerted close control over financial transactions and the money supply. All government departments, publicly and collectively owned economic units, and social, political, military, and educational organizations were required to hold their financial balances as bank deposits. They were also instructed to keep on hand only enough cash to meet daily expenses; all major financial transactions were to be conducted through banks. Payment for goods and services exchanged by economic units was accomplished by debiting the account of the purchasing unit and crediting that of the selling unit by the appropriate amount. This practice effectively helped to minimize the need for currency.

Since 1949 China's leaders have urged the Chinese people to build up personal savings accounts to reduce the demand for consumer goods and increase the amount of capital available for investment. Small branch offices of savings banks were conveniently located throughout the urban areas. In the countryside savings were deposited with the rural credit cooperatives, which could be found in most towns and villages. In 1986 savings deposits for the entire country totaled over ¥223.7 billion.

Standard reference templates

 * October 2019.

 * September 2019.

 * August 2019.

 * July 2019.

 * June 2019.

 * May 2019.

 * April 2019.

 * March 2019.

 * June 2017.

To use

More sources to use

 * http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article1068.html
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 18:19, 8 October 2019 (UTC).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 18:19, 8 October 2019 (UTC).

 * https://fee.org/articles/the-great-chinese-inflation/
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 18:32, 13 October 2019 (UTC).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 18:32, 13 October 2019 (UTC).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 18:32, 13 October 2019 (UTC).


text:
plico

Etymology
Created by chanceries in the 15th century from a stem of.

Noun

 * 1) parcel, packet
 * 2) cover

Etymology
From, from (with i from its compounds, which had much use), the PIE root being an extension of. Cognate with.

Verb

 * 1)  to fold, bend or flex; to roll up
 * 2)   to arrive (this meaning comes from sailors, for whom the folding of a ship’s sails meant arrival on land)

Conjugation

 * A regularized perfect plicāvī is occasionally found in Medieval usage.

Descendants

 * Balkan Romance
 * Italo-Romance:
 * Padanian:
 * Rhaeto-Romance:
 * Gallo-Italic:
 * Northern Gallo-Romance:
 * Southern Gallo-Romance:
 * Ibero-Romance
 * Borrowings:
 * Rhaeto-Romance:
 * Gallo-Italic:
 * Northern Gallo-Romance:
 * Southern Gallo-Romance:
 * Ibero-Romance
 * Borrowings:
 * Northern Gallo-Romance:
 * Southern Gallo-Romance:
 * Ibero-Romance
 * Borrowings:
 * Southern Gallo-Romance:
 * Ibero-Romance
 * Borrowings:
 * Ibero-Romance
 * Borrowings:
 * Ibero-Romance
 * Borrowings:
 * Ibero-Romance
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: plico


text:
Hartmuth Pfeil

Hartmuth Pfeil (13 February 1893 – 4 June 1962) was a German painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Hartmuth Pfeil


text:
Sense and Sensibility (1971 TV series)

Sense and Sensibility is a 1971 BBC television adaptation of Jane Austen's 1811 novel. It was dramatized by Denis Constanduros, and directed by David Giles.

Cast

 * Michael Aldridge – Sir John Middleton (4 episodes, 1971)
 * Sheila Ballantine – Lady Middleton (4 episodes, 1971)
 * Esme Church – Mary (4 episodes, 1971)
 * Joanna David – Elinor Dashwood (4 episodes, 1971)
 * Isabel Dean – Mrs. Dashwood (4 episodes, 1971)
 * Robin Ellis – Edward Ferrars (4 episodes, 1971)
 * Clive Francis – John Willoughby (4 episodes, 1971)
 * Ciaran Madden – Marianne Dashwood (4 episodes, 1971)
 * Richard Owens – Colonel Brandon (4 episodes, 1971)
 * Patricia Routledge – Mrs. Jennings (4 episodes, 1971)
 * Jo Kendall – Charlotte Palmer (3 episodes, 1971)
 * Peter Laird – Rodgers (3 episodes, 1971)
 * David Strong – Palmer (3 episodes, 1971)
 * David Belcher – Robert Ferrars (2 episodes, 1971)
 * Frances Cuka – Lucy Steele (2 episodes, 1971)
 * Mischa De La Motte – Master of Ceremonies / ... (2 episodes, 1971)
 * Kay Gallie – Fanny Dashwood (2 episodes, 1971)
 * Milton Johns – John Dashwood (2 episodes, 1971)
 * Maggie Jones – Nancy Steele (2 episodes, 1971)
 * Clifford Parrish – Doctor Harris (2 episodes, 1971)
 * Ailsa Grahame – Mrs. Ferrars (1 episode, 1971)

title: Sense and Sensibility (1971 TV series)


text:
orda

Etymology
From and other sources, all ultimately from. (which see for more) and.

Noun

 * 1)  A political and military organizational structure used by Turkic and Mongol peoples, sometimes referred to as a horde.

Translations

 * Belarusian: арда́
 * Bulgarian:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Japanese: オルド
 * Kazakh: орда
 * Korean: 오르도
 * Kyrgyz: ордо
 * Macedonian: орда
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic:
 * Mongolian: ᠣᠷᠳᠤ
 * Polish:
 * Russian:
 * Tatar:
 * Ukrainian:

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  Mongol horde

Noun

 * 1) horde

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) tree-line

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1)  horde, army

Verb

 * 1) to talk, to spend words (on a topic)

title: orda


text:
LPI Linux Certification/LPIC1 Exam 101/Hardware & Architecture

Section Overview

 * BIOS Setting
 * Configure Modem and sound cards
 * Setup SCSI Devices
 * Setup different PC expansion cards
 * Configure USB Devices

Matériel & Architecture (LPIC101)


text:
Talk:B. P. Paquette

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on B. P. Paquette. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110806022413/http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/1997/052997/film3.html to http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/1997/052997/film3.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120213055333/http://www.thorneloe.ca/departments-a-programs/bachelor-of-fine-arts/programs to http://www.thorneloe.ca/departments-a-programs/bachelor-of-fine-arts/programs
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130430130122/http://www.laurentian.ca/content/motion-picture-arts to http://www.laurentian.ca/content/motion-picture-arts
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130331040623/http://www.sudburytheatre.on.ca/learn-to-act/film-acting to http://www.sudburytheatre.on.ca/learn-to-act/film-acting
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150910080119/http://www.cinefest.com/industry-portal/cinema-summit-2015-schedule to http://cinefest.com/industry-portal/cinema-summit-2015-schedule
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111015150445/http://www.aivf.org/magazine/2011/09/Sudbury_Cinefest_Benjamin_Paquette_%28Non%29_Fiction to http://www.aivf.org/magazine/2011/09/Sudbury_Cinefest_Benjamin_Paquette_%28Non%29_Fiction

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:00, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:B. P. Paquette


text:
Introduction to German/Input

Windows
(for these characters ensure that the num lock is on)
 * For ä, hold down Alt, and press the numbers 1, 3, 2 on the keypad. Then release the Alt button.
 * For Ä, hold down Alt, and press the numbers 1, 4, 2 on the keypad. Then release the Alt button.
 * For ö, hold down Alt, and press the numbers 1, 4, 8 on the keypad. Then release the Alt button.
 * For Ö, hold down Alt, and press the numbers 1, 5, 3 on the keypad. Then release the Alt button.
 * For ü, hold down Alt, and press the numbers 1, 2, 9 on the keypad. Then release the Alt button.
 * For Ü, hold down Alt, and press the numbers 1, 5, 4 on the keypad. Then release the Alt button.
 * For ß, hold down Alt, and press the numbers 2, 2, 5 on the keypad. Then release the Alt button.

Alternatively you can use the US-International keyboard layout.
 * For ä, hold down AltGr, and press Q.
 * For Ä, hold down AltGr+Shift, and press Q.
 * For ö, hold down AltGr, and press P.
 * For Ö, hold down AltGr+Shift, and press P.
 * For ü, hold down AltGr, and press Y.
 * For Ü, hold down AltGr+Shift, and press Y.
 * For ß, hold down AltGr, and press s

Mac

 * For ü, ö, and ä, hold down option-u, release, and type u, o, or a.
 * For ß type option-s.

GNU / Linux
Set up a key on the keyboard as the compose key. In GNOME this can be found in via the System -> Preferences -> Keyboard utility, on the Layout Options tab. To type an a letter with an umlaut, press the compose key followed by " and then the desired letter. To type the letter ß, press the compose key followed by the s key twice.

title: Introduction to German/Input


text:
IB Geography

Students studying IB Geography are expected to be able to:

Images Graphs Statistical tests and indices Research methods Writing Skills
 * Interpret and analyse maps using latitude, longitude, direction, scale, grid references
 * Interpret and (where appropriate) draw and annotate isoline, choropleth, flow, dot, topographic, and topological maps
 * Interpret satellite and aerial photos and cross sections (cross profile)
 * Interpret and construct: line, pie, bar scatter, triangular, logarithmic and bi-polar graphs, flow charts, radial diagrams, population pyramids and Lorenz curves
 * Interpret and calculate: total, mean, median, mode, frequency, range, density, percentage, ratio, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, chi squared test, nearest neighbour index, location quotient, diversity index, HDI, dependency ration and measures of spatial interaction (gravity models)
 * Observe and record information by: interviewing, draw a field sketch and taking photographs, measuring, judging, recording, classifying, describing trends, patterns and relationships in data, predicting, identifying anomalies, making decisions, concluding and evaluating research methods
 * Evaluate geographic information in terms of reliability, relevance, bias, and accuracy
 * Synthesize information, respond appropriately to command terms and present a coherent argument

Core Themes - Part 1 - Patterns and Change (SL/HL)
The four topics are compulsory:
 * 1) Populations in transition
 * 2) Disparities in wealth and development
 * 3) Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability
 * 4) Patterns in resource consumption

Optional Themes - Part 2 (SL/HL)
At standard level 2 options must be studied, at higher level 3 are required.

 * A. Freshwater - issues and conflicts

 * B. Oceans and their coastal margins

 * C. Extreme Environments

 * D. Hazards and disasters - risk assessment and response

 * E. Leisure, sport and tourism

 * F. The geography of food and health

 * H. Urban environments

Extension Themes - Part 3 - Global Interactions (HL)

 * 1) Measuring global interactions
 * 2) Changing space - the shrinking world
 * 3) Economic interactions and flows
 * 4) Environmental change
 * 5) Social-cultural exchanges
 * 6) Political outcomes
 * 7) Global interactions at the local level

title: IB Geography


text:
unclasp

Verb

 * 1)  to release the clasp from something
 * 2)  to become unfastened
 * 3)  to separate from being clasped
 * They unclasped their hands.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * French:
 * Ido:
 * Irish: dínasc
 * Latin: exfībulō

title: unclasp


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Isaiah Todd

The result was delete.  Sandstein  07:18, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

Isaiah Todd

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Deprodded without rationale. Obviously doesn't meet WP:NCOLLATH or WP:BASKETBALL. And coverage of him is routine sports coverage.  Onel 5969  TT me 02:56, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Sportspeople-related deletion discussions.  Onel 5969  TT me 02:56, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Basketball-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 07:01, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, RL0919 (talk) 04:41, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete This article on a high school basketball player seems WP:TOOSOON to me and requires a WP:CRYSTALBALL to claim he's notable. Many high school stars fail to become WP notable and I'm not seeing that WP:GNG is met. Papaursa (talk) 17:27, 5 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
Pat Riggin

Patrick Michael Riggin (born May 26, 1959) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender.

Birmingham Bulls
Riggin began his professional career while still a teenager with the Birmingham Bulls of the World Hockey Association. Riggin beat out veteran Ernie Wakely for the Bulls starting job, posting a 16-20-5 record.

Atlanta/Calgary Flames
Riggin was drafted 33rd overall by the Atlanta Flames in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft.

Riggin spent his rookie season backing up Dan Bouchard, and became the Flames' starter after Bouchard was dealt to the Quebec Nordiques in January 1981.

Riggin made his playoff debut in the 1981 Stanley Cup playoffs, stopping 42 shots in the Flames' Game 2 victory over the Philadelphia Flyers.

Riggin and Ken Houston were traded to the Washington Capitals on June 9, 1982 in exchange for Howard Walker, George White, a 1982 sixth-round pick, a 1983 third-round pick and a 1984 second-round pick.

Washington Capitals
With Washington, Riggin would platoon in the Capitals goal splitting duties with Al Jensen and both netminders excelled. They had a history before being teammates with both of them duelling during their Junior days to be the top goaltender in the OHA. Riggin was a First-Team All-Star with the London Knights in 1976-77 and Jensen a Second Team All-Star for Hamilton. The following year, the roles were reversed with Jensen taking top honours and Riggin on the Second Team.

Riggin suited up for 38 games in 1982-83 and posted 21 wins and a 2.66 goals against average in 41 games during the 1983–84 season. Riggin and Jensen shared the William M. Jennings Trophy as the Capitals' goaltending duo allowed the fewest goals in the NHL that season. Riggin earned NHL Second All-Star Team honors that season for his efforts.

Riggin played a career-high 57 games in the 1984-85 season, primarily in part to Jensen's knee injury. He placed among the league leaders for wins and goals against but fell short in the Stanley Cup playoffs. After being eliminated by the New York Islanders, Riggin joined Team Canada at the 1985 Ice Hockey World Championships, earning a silver medal.

Riggin sparked a minor controversy, as he cited his motivation for defeating the United States was primarily due to the influx of American talent establishing themselves on NHL rosters, which he felt was taking spots away from Canadian players. Riggin's remarks were controversial, primarily due to the fact he played for an American based NHL franchise. Riggin addressed the controversy, citing he used poor choices of words in his interview.

Riggin got off to a slow start to the 1986-87 season, recording two wins in his first seven games with a .827 save percentage. He would later be traded to the Boston Bruins.

Boston Bruins
Riggin was traded to the Bruins in exchange for Pete Peeters. He was part of another platoon situation with Doug Keans. Riggin played 39 games and led the team in wins and goals against, but only played in Game 1 of the Bruins playoff series with the Montreal Canadiens. Riggin was benched in favor of Bill Ranford for the rest of the series, in which the Bruins would be eventually eliminated.

Ranford and Keans were established as the Bruins goaltending tandem the following season, leaving Riggin as the odd-man-out. Riggin got into ten games with the Bruins before being assigned to their American Hockey League affiliate, the Moncton Hawks.

Pittsburgh Penguins
Riggin was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins on February 6, 1987, in exchange for Roberto Romano. Riggin was acquired by the Penguins to alleviate the workload of Gilles Meloche. Riggin made an immediate impact for his new club, posting a 8-6-3 record in 17 games following the trade.

Riggin struggled the following season, managing seven wins in 22 appearances. He was deemed expendable by the Penguins, following the emergence of young goaltender Frank Pietrangelo, and was assigned to the Muskegon Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League.

Riggin announced his retirement from hockey at the end of the season.

Personal life
Riggin is the son of former Detroit Red Wings goaltender Dennis Riggin.

title: Pat Riggin


text:
User:Beyondyours

Hey Wiki world, happy to be here. My username is Beyondyours and my hope is that through Wikipedia we all go beyond what we currently know about this world we live in.

I am excited to contribute and to become part of this community I've heard so much about.

I enjoy literature, science, and of course writing. ;)

I currently reside in Canada.

Thanks for stopping by and please feel free to drop me a line anytime.

title: User:Beyondyours


text:
springer spaniel

Noun

 * 1) A dog of either of two different breeds (the English springer spaniel and the Welsh springer spaniel).

Translations

 * Finnish: springerspanieli
 * Irish: spáinnéar preabach

title: springer spaniel


text:
Haskell/Overview

Haskell is a standardized functional programming language with non-strict semantics. Haskell features include support for recursive functions, datatypes, pattern matching, and list comprehensions. By combining these features, functions that would be difficult to write in a procedural programming language are almost trivial to implement in Haskell. The language is, as of 2011, the functional language on and in which the most research is being performed.

The examples below give a taste of Haskell, oriented toward those familiar with other programming languages.

Examples
The classic definition of the factorial function:

A cute definition using Haskell's built-in list notation and the standard  function:

Both definitions above should compile into the same efficient code via a smart compiler using equational reasoning.

A naive implementation of a function which returns the nth number in the Fibonacci sequence:

A function which returns a list of the Fibonacci numbers in linear time:

The previous function defines an infinite list, which is possible because of lazy evaluation.

One could implement  as: ( is an operator which gets the nth element of a list).

The Quicksort algorithm can be expressed in Haskell concisely as: (Note that, conventionally, quicksort swaps values in-place; however, since Haskell's lists are immutable, this requires values to be copied instead.)

Non-skipping stable merge sort is

where  is the function composition operator ,   is a lambda expression (a nameless function), and the predefined function      repeatedly applies a function fun  until a condition cond  is met; with   keyword introducing the local definitions showcasing the use of patterns (with   matching a non-empty list with the head   and tail  ) and guards.

The Hamming numbers sequence is just

using sections (partially applied operators) and the built-in function  working with lists, whether finite or not, due to lazy (i.e. by-need ) evaluation. Also, enclosing function's name into back-quotes turns it into infix operator so that sub-expressions are automatically formed as if by placing parentheses appropriately, forming a nested expression, as in 2+3+5 --> ((2+3)+5) ; and a comment line is introduced by two dashes.

Finally, the infinite list of prime numbers by trial division is or as unbounded incremental Sieve of Eratosthenes with ordered lists, defining primes corecursively as natural numbers which are not multiples of primes. Or with arrays,

It's not just for quicksort!
Haskell is also used to build "real world" programs, including graphical or web user interfaces. To get a taste of Haskell in the real world, check out web frameworks in Haskell and Haskell in industry articles on the Haskell wiki, or darcs, an advanced revision control system written in Haskell.

title: Haskell/Overview


text:
Internet Technologies/History and evolution

The Internet began life as a research project sponsored by ARPA. Previously US defense computers were connected to each other in a one way fashion such that each computer was connected to the others in series. In case of one computer being destroyed all others would lose communication. To avoid this the government decided to connect the computers in a web with each computer connected to all others. The motivation was to connect the few then existing proprietary computer networks to one interconnected network. The first version of the Internet was called ARPANET and was implemented in 1969. It then consisted of 4 Nodes in UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, Stanford Research Lab, and the University of Utah. In 1984, ARPA net has more than 1000 individual computers linked as hosts. In 1986, NSF connects NSF net to ARPA net and becomes what is known as internet. In 1995, NSF net terminates its networks on the internet and resumes status as research network. In 1996, internet2 was founded. It was to be the predecessor of what is today called the Internet. Today more than 550 million hosts connect to internet.


text:
Template:BAR season/doc

Usage
This is a utility template for articles relating to the Barcelona Dragons.

Use this template to link to "Barcelona Dragons season" article for a given year. For example, will create the following link: 1991.

title: Template:BAR season/doc


text:
Organizational behavior

Organizational Behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals,groups and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.

An organization is a collection of people who work together to achieve a wide variety of goals, both goals of the various individuals in the organization and goals of the organization as a whole. Organizations exist to provide goods and services that people want. These goods and services are the products of the behaviors of workers.

Organizational behavior (OB) is defined as the systematic study and application of knowledge about how individuals and groups act within the organizations where they work. It is the study of human behavior in organizational settings, how human behavior interacts with the organization, and the organization itself. Organizational behavior theories inform real-world evaluation and management of groups of people.

Organizational behavior is the study of the many factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations and how organizations manage their environments. Although many people assume that understanding human behavior in organizations is intuitive, many commonly held beliefs about behavior in organizations, such as the idea that a “happy worker is a productive worker,” are either entirely false or true only in specific situations. The study of organizational behavior provides a set of tools—concepts and theories—that help people understand, analyze, and describe what goes on in organizations and why. How do the characteristics of individuals, groups, work situations, and the organization itself affect how members feel about their organization?

The ability to use the tools of organizational behavior to understand behavior in organizations is one reason for studying this subject. A second reason is to learn how to apply these concepts, theories, and techniques to improve behavior in organizations so that individuals, groups, and organizations can achieve their goals. Managers are challenged to find new ways to motivate and coordinate employees to ensure that their goals are aligned with organizational goals.

Organizational Behavior addresses following points:

provides a set of tools—theories and concepts—to understand, analyze, describe, and manage attitudes and behavior in organizations. behavior to attain individual, group, and organizational goals. organization as a whole. A full understanding must include an examination of behavioral factors at each level. organization’s ability to achieve its goal. Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization’s human, financial, material, and other resources to increase its effectiveness.
 * Organizational behavior studies the factors that impact individual and group behavior in organizations and how organizations manage their environments. Organizational behavior
 * The study of organizational behavior can improve and change individual, group, and organizational
 * Organizational behavior can be analyzed at three levels: the individual, the group, and the
 * A manager’s job is to use the tools of organizational behavior to increase effectiveness, an

Part I: The Individual
• Ability & Learning • Values, Attitudes and Job Satisfaction • Personality & Emotions • Perception & Individual Decision Making • Basic Motivation Concepts • Motivation and its Applications

Part-II The Group
• Foundational of Group Behavior • Group and Team Work • Functions of Communication • Basic Approaches to Leadership • Contemporary Issues in Leadership • Power and Politics • Conflict and Negotiation process that includes defining goals, establishing strategy, and developing plans to coordinate activities.

Part-III The Organization System
• Organizational Structure • Work design and Technology • HR Policies and Practices • Organizational Culture • Organizational Change • Stress Management

Macro-OB generally includes the study of organizations with a focus on structure, technology, organizational change, organizational learning, culture, decision-making, innovation and creativity, and so on.

Micro-OB on the other hand tends to focus more on inidividuals, groups/teams, and interpersonal issues such as motivation, personality, leadership, ethics, job design, power, politics, conflict, negotiations, etc.

Contributing disciplines to the OB field
Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science that is built upon contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines. The predominant areas are psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science

Psychology
Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals. it may be;the mental and behavior characteristic of an individual or group; RELATONSHIP WITH OB If one want to improve the behaviour of an individual on group we have to look into the psychological needs of an individual and group.So the knowledge of psychology can realy help in improving and modifying the behaviour of individual and group.If the psychological needs are fulfilled ,it gives satisfaction to people and also give peace of mind, which can improve the ability of an organization.

Sociology
Sociologists study the social system in which individuals fill their roles; that is, sociology studies people in relation to their fellow human beings. also according to the Waliam Marrian dictionary, sociology is "the science of society social instituton and social relationship." This study really provides helping hand in the improvement and modificaton of OB. Society provides the base for collective living and relationship while social institutes provide the base for better form and shape for society among its different organizations. Meanwhile, social behaviour moulds the behaviour and values of the society. So, knowledge of social norms and values not to forget the customs really help in shaping the society.

Social psychology
An area within psychology that blends concepts from psychology and sociology and that focuses on the influence of people on one another. it deal with the fulfilment of social needs in a phycological sense of interpretations.it cause different socio psycho conditions and affair for the modification of OB.it deal with the inner self of an individual itself. Esteem must be preserved and hounourd. social phycology is the main and principal organ of bringing together different organ in a better harmony and this improve the OB and modified it towards further improvement and achevement.

Anthropology
The study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. we also define anthrapology as "science of human beings especialy of their environment and social relations and there culture" environment play a pivotal role in the iimprovment and modification of OB. environment like teacher and preacher determines the direction of OB. in our society colourful people are living ie from different religion,creeds,cast and culture. So for OB modificationand improvement,one must have the very trate and attitude of anthropology.

A manager’s job is to use the tools of organizational behavior to increase effectiveness, an organization’s ability to achieve its goal. Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization’s human, financial, material, and other resources to increase its effectiveness.

Political science
The study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment. It also means "the act or science of guiding or influencing governmental policy"; the study of politics is helpful in the nourishment and development of the OB. Among different groups and individuals, if loyalty is not found,then OB does not flourish and rather becomes the victim of deadlock. Political science provides an insight for the improvement and modification of the OB. The OB involves the application of political science at all levels. It may be at the highest level, like country, and at the lowest level, like an institute or organization. It involves the study of behaviour in a political environment.

quiz
{Organizational Behavior investigates the impact that ________, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations. + individuals - companies - technologies - strategies
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! Organizational Behavior studies the impact of individuals, groups, and structure.
 * Incorrect. The focus is on individuals, not companies.
 * Incorrect. The passage does not mention technologies in this context.
 * Incorrect. The passage does not mention strategies in this context.

{An organization is a collection of people who work together to achieve a wide variety of ________. + goals - products - strategies - tasks
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! Organizations work to achieve various goals.
 * Incorrect. While products might be a result, the correct term is "goals".
 * Incorrect. The passage mentions goals, not strategies.
 * Incorrect. The focus is on broader goals, not specific tasks.

{Organizational behavior (OB) is the study of human behavior in ________ settings. + organizational - social - individual - community
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! OB studies human behavior in organizational settings.
 * Incorrect. The focus is on organizational settings, not social ones.
 * Incorrect. OB studies behavior in organizations, not individual settings.
 * Incorrect. The focus is on organizational settings, not community ones.

{Many people assume that a “happy worker is a ________ worker,” but this belief can be false or true only in specific situations. + productive - satisfied - motivated - efficient
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! The saying is "a happy worker is a productive worker".
 * Incorrect. The passage specifically mentions "productive".
 * Incorrect. The saying is about productivity, not motivation.
 * Incorrect. The saying is about productivity, not efficiency.

{Organizational behavior provides a set of tools to understand, analyze, describe, and manage ________ and behavior in organizations. + attitudes - products - strategies - tasks
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! OB provides tools to manage attitudes and behavior.
 * Incorrect. The focus is on attitudes and behavior, not products.
 * Incorrect. The passage mentions attitudes and behavior, not strategies.
 * Incorrect. The focus is on attitudes and behavior, not tasks.

{Organizational behavior can be analyzed at three levels: the individual, the group, and the ________. + organization as a whole - community - team - society
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! These are the three levels of analysis in OB.
 * Incorrect. The community is not one of the levels of analysis in OB.
 * Incorrect. While teams can be part of the group level, the correct answer is the organization as a whole.
 * Incorrect. Society is not one of the levels of analysis in OB.

{A manager’s job is to use the tools of organizational behavior to increase ________, an organization’s ability to achieve its goal. + effectiveness - efficiency - productivity - profitability
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! A manager's role is to increase the organization's effectiveness.
 * Incorrect. While related, the passage specifically mentions "effectiveness".
 * Incorrect. The focus is on effectiveness, not just productivity.
 * Incorrect. The passage mentions effectiveness, not profitability.

title: Organizational behavior


text:
Introduction to Programming/Scope

The Motivations For Scope
Imagine that you have a really nice collection of tools—really nice. Now imagine that you decide to lend your tools to any neighbor who asks. Unless you have exceptional neighbors, you will probably find it necessary to modify this policy eventually because some of those tools will end up broken and others will disappear forever without a trace.

In the early days of computing, computer memories were small, the amount of data being processed was small and the size of the programs were small. In those days, all of the data was kept in one place and could be accessed by any part of the program. As computers and programs got larger and more complex, it was found that it became far too easy for one part of a program to mess up the data needed by another part of the program. Furthermore, it became difficult to determine which parts of the program were using the data correctly and which were not.

Features were added to programming languages so that parts of a program could control the access to their data.

Scope
Scope refers to the visibility of variables and methods in one part of a program to another part of that program. The importance and meaning of scope varies between languages, but there are two general scope concepts many languages have in common: local and global scope.

Local Scope
Variables or methods that have local scope (and for object-oriented programming, this includes instances of classes) are accessible only in the current block of code. There is a sort of "nested sets" model to the notion of scope. Beginning with global objects (see below), each contained block may access objects defined in a containing block; that is to say, in a code fragment in which a variable is defined and the program enters some kind of loop block, that loop sub-block does have access to that variable defined outside of the block, and it may, additionally, override it temporarily by declaring a variable of the same name in its own local scope (the scope of that loop block). See the example below. Local scope essentially refers to variables that are limited, as far as access is concerned, to the most current block of code, and not necessarily to any "outer" blocks that might also be counted in the nested model.

Global Scope
Certain variables and methods can be said to have global scope. This term encompasses a very qualified situation: all of the variables defined at the very beginning of a program are available to the entire program. Likewise, in a function, the variables declared at the beginning are available to all the remaining code in that function.

Scope Resolution
Most programming languages allow the programmer to "step outside" the current local scope and bring in variables or methods "from the outside" so to speak. In C++, this is accomplished using the "scope resolution operator" which is the double-colon: :: By using this operator, the function or program can obtain access to data members located in another "branch" of the program. If the structure of containment of variables in a program is thought of as a family tree, this means that a child requests access to his cousins through, say, the grandparents. e.g. "My mom's sister's daughter's dolls" is an example of stepping through the tree, and such a reference would use the scope resolution operator, although it is rare to see more than one level referenced in a statement containing the ::.

Duplicate Names
Variables used in a program, especially one involving mathematics, often are designed to solve a problem in which the same letters are ordinarily used on paper, but even then represent different values. Think of the x or a and b. A programmer must pay very careful attention to this fact and not "re-use" variable names, because to the computer, they are all the same. With one exception. It is possible to override a local variable that is defined slightly above the current block, by declaring another variable of the same name and possibly the same type, inside of this current block. This new variable with more local scope than the first can be used within the current block, but because the outer variable has been temporarily overridden, the new variable's value will hide whatever the outer variable's value is. Here is a C++ example:

int a=25; int b=30; { //at this point, a=25, b=30 a*=2; //a=50, b=30 b /= 2; //a=50,b=15 int a = b*b; //a=225,b=15 } ''//a = 50, b = 15

As you can see, the two variables were manipulated within that inner block, but then a second version of a was created with a new value, that was lost once we passed out of the block. The other changes were preserved, however.

Even with an understanding of variable scope, it is always good programming practice to declare variables at the beginning of their respective block, actually as high up as is practical in the hierarchical structure of the program. This is so that they can be easily referenced and there is no ambiguity as to whether a variable has been defined at any given point in the program.

 * Next Course
 * Previous Lesson

title: Introduction to Programming/Scope


text:
mikäli

Conjunction

 * 1) if, provided that, in the event that,

Adverb

 * 1) to what extent

Etymology
Formed as a terminative of. Akin to 🇨🇬.

title: mikäli


text:
Cookbook:Yorkshire Pudding

| Cuisine of the United Kingdom

A Yorkshire pudding is a light, fluffy dish that is usually cooked and served alongside a roast dinner, traditionally made with roast meat—especially roast beef. It comes from Yorkshire, a region in the United Kingdom, and is popular across the island. The exact recipe differs from area to area, even from family to family, so the below recipe offers a generic approach to the tasty pudding.

Ingredients

 * 140 g plain flour
 * 4 ea. (200 g) eggs
 * 200 ml milk
 * Sunflower oil or meat drippings
 * ¼ teaspoon salt
 * ¼ teaspoon pepper
 * Thyme (optional)
 * Rosemary (optional)
 * Mustard powder (optional)
 * Sage (optional)
 * Red onion (optional)

Equipment

 * 2 x 4-hole Yorkshire pudding tins, or a 12-hole large muffin tin
 * Large bowl
 * Jug
 * Whisk
 * Sieve
 * Silicone spatula
 * Oven gloves

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat the oven to 230°C (210°C convection)
 * 2) Fill your tin(s) with a thin layer of your chosen oil, and place into the oven to heat up.
 * 3) Sieve flour into a bowl, then beat in eggs until smooth.
 * 4) Slowly add the milk in stages, beating as you go until well-mixed.
 * 5) Season with salt and pepper. Add optional ingredients as desired.
 * 6) Transfer the batter to a pouring jug. For best results, rest the batter in the fridge for 1 hour.
 * 7) Being swift, but careful, remove the hot tin(s) from the oven, and evenly fill the holes with your batter.
 * 8) Place the tin(s) back into the oven, and leave them undisturbed for 20–25 minutes until puffed and golden brown. Opening the oven door can upset the cooking of the Yorkshire puddings—trust the process and watch with the door closed.
 * 9) Serve immediately. They can also be cooled and frozen for up to 1 month.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * For the best Yorkshire puddings, make sure your oil is as hot as it can be. Try a little batter first to see if it instantly puffs up.

title: Cookbook:Yorkshire Pudding


text:
ʤ

Symbol

 * 1)  a voiced postalveolar affricate.
 * 2)  a weak, fleeting or epenthetic.

Usage notes

 * Officially replaced by the sequence ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ or ⟨d͜ʒ⟩ but still common.

title: ʤ


text:
File:Ots14mm.jpg

Summary
Illustration of a possible field of view for an over the shoulder shot for the WikiU Film School created using FrameForge 3D Studio 2 Demo Version.

title: File:Ots14mm.jpg


text:
Talk:Ellie Caulkins Opera House

Removal of text about the electronic libretto system
viva-verdi is using wikipedia to self promote Simultex, A FIGARO SYSTEMS TRADEMARK PRODUCT using wikipedia. It is time to stop this arrogant user to continue with its SELF PROMOTION NOT ALLOWED !!!

In the article Electronic libretto one anonymous editor has persistantly removed text even though several other editors have supported the return of the text and a consensus has been reached. User talk:<IP_ADDRESS> (Talk) has been blocked for doing this on several occasions.

NOW <IP_ADDRESS> (Talk) repeats his/her deletions here with no justification beyond a posting on his/her talk page assuming that I'm "self promoting" Figaro Systems, the company which produces this system BUT WHICH IS NOT EVEN NAMED IN THE ARTICLE.

'''Again, I'm asking for consensus that this text (which I DID NOT write) be retained. Viva-Verdi 12:52, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

'''::Viva-Verdi 20:30, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

 * This anonymous editor cannot provide any evidence for their baseless accusations against Viva-Verdi. The Ellie Caulkins Opera House exists as a fact. It is also a fact that they use an electronic libretto system. All of this is notable in an article on wikipedia. It is a fact that they use the Figaro System. Viva-Verdi has even taken the extraordinary step of not naming the Figaro System in the article. As has been pointed out a consensus has been reached on the subject by several editors. The obsessive quality to <IP_ADDRESS>'s removal of these facts calls into question their motive in any edits on this subject. It is time to either protect this page or block the editor in question. I support either option and would ask any admin who comes across this to please look into this situation ASAP. Thanks you for your time in this matter. MarnetteD | Talk 19:07, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Editor <IP_ADDRESS> cannot ask that all three titling systems be listed in this article as this Opera House does not use all three just the one - which, it must be pointed out again, is not named on this page. The motives of this editor must now be called into question and this page should be protected from anonymous IP edits if the editor is not going to be blocked. MarnetteD | Talk 17:12, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

More on removal of text-December 2007
This has been posted on User talk:<IP_ADDRESS>'s page:

"== 29 Dec 2007: STOP YOUR NONSENSE on Ellie Caulkins Opera House == First: READ the TALK PAGE and you will see that there is consensus from more than 1 editor to leave the name of Figaro Systems in the article.

Second: STOP making these anonymous changes. Register, name yourself, and stand up to peer review, instead of snidely making changes and ignoring the comments of other editors.

Viva-Verdi (talk) 18:59, 29 December 2007 (UTC)"

 * We appear to have another anonymous editor (maybe the same one from a different computer) who keeps changing copy supported by at least TWO editors. He/she has been put on notice on his/her page.
 * Viva-Verdi (talk) 19:04, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup
There are sections of this article that read like promotional copy for the Opera House. I was asked to explain my changes, here are some examples of the material that needs to be cleaned up to meet wikipedia's standards.

To begin with, there are almost no proper references. Statements like "Denver was outgrowing its Municipal Auditorium and, while some wanted to tear it down and build a new one..." need to be backed up, otherwise they are only original research. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a promotional tool.

The section on Ellie Caulkins is unnecessary, unencyclopedic, and is lifted directly from a press release. If Mrs. Caulkins is a major figure in opera, as she seems to be, she should have her own article. There's no need to run down her resume here.

The section on the Opera House also reads like promotional copy. "All building elements, from lobby space, concessions and restroom areas to leg room in the seating areas, dressing rooms for performers, and the fly tower for sets and equipment, were designed to provide the best possible audience and artist experiences." That's unreferenced, and seems to have been taken from ad copy. In any case, it's unencyclopedic material.

The entire section on the seat-back tilting is written like ad copy for the company that made the seats. If the company is so notable, they should have their own article, which can be linked here. It's unreferenced and unencyclopedic to have this many details about the seats on this article, and makes it sound like an advertisement for the seat company.

The Kevin Taylor section is clearly advertising, as evidenced by the fact the man has his reservations number listed in the article. That's advertising to the point of spamming, and clearly not encyclopedic. The same goes for the Salon section, details like "the preferred gathering place" and what kind of get-togethers it can accomodate are unsourced, and read like advertising.

There's plenty of good information available about the Opera House, but what we use in this article should be encyclopedic. The article had become a promotional vehicle for the Opera House.

Removed Political Photo
I removed a photo that didn't seem like it belonged on the page. It was of a person with a very inflammatory political sign outside of the Denver Convention Center (not the theater) during the 2008 Democratic Convention. The Opera House was in the background of the picture, but this was very obviously not the focus. I don't know the reasons for putting the picture up, but I don't believe that it is appropriate for the page in question. Does anyone have thoughts? TrippCeyssens (talk) 00:40, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ellie Caulkins Opera House


text:
Magomed Azizov

Magomed Kurbanovich Azizov (Азизов Магомед Курбанович; born 12 May 1969 in Makhachkala) is a Russian of Avar descent former wrestler who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics and in the 1996 Summer Olympics.

World Champion 1994 and three time European Champion. He is former member of Dynamo Wrestling Club.

title: Magomed Azizov


text:
Talk:Rabbi Harvey

Other Characters section
I've collected the information about characters other than Rabbi Harvey into a separate section at the bottom. At this time, however, I don't really see a reason to include them in this article, as they are not Rabbi Harvey.

An alternative solution would be to completely restructure this article to make it about the series of books that Rabbi Harvey stars in, in which case the information about these supporting characters and antagonists would be relevant.Rosguill (talk) 22:33, 28 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rabbi Harvey


text:
Borovoye, Altai Krai

Borovoye (Боровое) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Borovskoy Selsoviet, Krutikhinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 388 as of 2013. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Borovoye is located 10 km north of Krutikha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Maslyakha is the nearest rural locality.

title: Borovoye, Altai Krai


text:
User:Bekkadn

Sports enthusiast
I really enjoy sports. I love watching basketball, baseball, and football games.

I also love participating in marathons and take pleasure in jogging daily.

I'm a music lover
Music I listen to:

title: User:Bekkadn


text:
Attilas '74

Attila '74: The Rape of Cyprus is a 1974 documentary film by Michael Cacoyannis about the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. It was filmed on location in Cyprus and Greece in the immediate aftermath of the two Turkish invasions and subsequent occupation of approximately the northern third of the island.

Cacoyannis chronicles the events of 1974 in Cyprus with rare interviews of President Makarios of the Republic, Nikos Sampson – the man the Greek junta imposed as leader after their attempted coup, and many Greek Cypriot victims of the Turkish invasion.

Academy Award-nominated director Cacoyannis provides insight and analysis about events leading up to the invasion, and the subsequent events and ramifications of Turkey's occupation of Cyprus. Including interviews with pro-Makarios and pro-junta supporters, this documentary also explores the anti-American and British imperialist sentiment on the island and outrage at the lack of action taken by them and the United Nations to protect Cyprus as Turkey was effectively given carte blanche to invade and occupy despite numerous United Nations Security Council resolutions demanding their withdrawal.

title: Attilas '74


text:
User:Dovi

See my user page at English Wikisource.

Useful pages here at Wikibooks:
 * Staff lounge
 * Annotated texts

title: User:Dovi


text:
Portal:Learning Materials/Quotes

"Education that consists in learning things and not the meaning of them is feeding upon the husks and not the corn." - Mark Twain

title: Portal:Learning Materials/Quotes