text:
Physics Exercises/Kinematics in 2-3 Dimensions

Kinematics in 2 or 3 dimensions is essentially the same as ../Kinematics in One Dimension/ with an extra step added: one must separate the motion into 2 or 3 perpendicular directions (for each problem, one particular choice of axes is better than others) and solve motion in each direction separately as it is done in ../Kinematics in One Dimension/.

Without Calculus

 * 1) A cannon (assumed to be at ground level) is fired off a flat surface at an angle θ above the horizontal with an initial speed of $$v_0$$. Assume no air resistance.
 * 2) What is the initial horizontal component of the velocity?
 * 3) What is the initial vertical component of the velocity?
 * 4) What is the horizontal component of the velocity at the highest point of the trajectory?
 * 5) What is the vertical component of the velocity at that point?
 * 6) What is the horizontal component of the velocity when the projectile lands?
 * 7) What is the vertical component of the velocity when it lands?
 * 8) A woman walks north at 3 km/h on a boat that is moving east at 4 km/h.
 * 9) With respect to the shore, how fast is the woman moving?
 * 10) With respect to the shore, at what angle from the north is she moving?

With Calculus

 * 1) Just for this problem, assume t is a unitless quantity measuring time. A cockroach has a velocity $$v = \sin(t)~\hat{x} + e^t~\hat{y}$$. The cockroach starts at the origin. Derive an expression for
 * 2) the speed of the cockroach as a function of time,
 * 3) the position of the cockroach as a function of time,
 * 4) the acceleration of the cockroach as a function of time.


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Advanced Classical Mechanics/The Principle of Least Action

Introduction
If we throw a ball through the air, what does its path look like?

Let's first look at the trajectory along the x-direction. I could imagine the ball going a bit faster at a certain time and then travel more slowly later to arrive at the same time. However, because the kinetic energy is quadratic in the velocity doing this would increase the integral of $$T$$ along the trajectory. The area below the red line and above the black line in the top-left panel is larger than the area below the black line and above the red line. This is similar for the blue path.

If we perturb the path in the y-direction we could have the ball go higher or lower. If we make the ball go higher, the integral of both $$T$$ and $$V$$ increases. On the other hand, if we make the ball go lower, the integrals decrease. The changes to the x-trajectory didn't affect the potential energy at all. Looking at the motion in the horizontal direction tells us that the integral of the kinetic energy is minimized but we are free to add a term for the potential energy as well. For the vertical direction, unless we include the potential energy in opposition to the kinetic energy we find that the integral will increase or decrease without bound as we change the peak of the curve.

Minimizing the Integral
Let's try to find the integral to minimize that gives the actual motion of the ball. Let's try

$$ S = \int_1^2 \left ( \alpha T - \beta V \right ) dt = \int_1^2 \left (  T - \beta V \right ) dt = \int_1^2 K dt $$

where we have set $$\alpha=0$$ without loss of generality and defined $$K$$ to be the combination of $$T$$ and $$K$$. What we are interested in finding is the path $$q_i(t)$$ where $$q_1=x$$ and $$q_2=y$$ that results in the minimum value of the integral $$S$$.

This seems like a place to use calculus and take a derivative, but taking a derivative lets you find the minimum of a function with respect to changes in a variable. Here we are interested in the minimum of an integral of a function with respect to changes in that function. What we have is

$$ S = S \left[ q_i(t) \right ] $$ and $$ \frac{\delta S}{\delta q_i} = 0. $$

The brackets denote that the quantity $$S$$ is a functional of the path. The funny deltas denote that we would like to take the functional derivative of $$S$$ with respect to the function $$q_i$$ and find where it is zero.

The Calculus of Variations
It appears that we have introduced a whole new type of mathematical problem. In fact we have, but to solve the problem at hand, we can use a modest extension of the calculus that you already know -- The Calculus of Variations. Let's imagine that the path $$q_i(t)$$ is indeed the one that minimizes the integral -- the true path of the ball through the air -- and look at nearby paths whose starting and ending points coincide with the true path,

$$ p_i(t) = q_i(t) + \gamma r_i(t) $$

Because $$q_i(t)$$ minimizes the integral, the value of the integral $$p_i(t)$$ shouldn't be much different. Let's write it out

$$ S\left [ p_i(t) \right ] = \int_1^2 K \left (p_i(t),{\dot p}_i(t) \right ) d t = \int_1^2 K \left ( q_i(t) + \gamma r_i(t), {\dot q}_i(t) + \gamma {\dot r}_i(t) \right ) dt $$

where $$K$$ is a function of the position and velocity of the ball. One could generalize this for functions that also depended on higher derivatives of the path. We have always imagined that difference between the true path and perturbed path is small so it is natural to use a Taylor expansion of $$K$$ to evaluate the integral

$$ S\left [ p_i(t) \right ] = \int_1^2 \left \{ K \left ( q_i(t), {\dot q}_i(t) \right ) + \gamma \sum_i \left [ \frac{\partial K}{\partial q_i} r_i(t) + \frac{\partial K}{\partial {\dot q_i}} {\dot r}_i(t) \right ] \right \} dt. $$

Because $$q_i(t)$$ minimizes the integral we must have $$d S[p_i]/d\gamma=0$$ for any deviation $$r_i(t)$$ so we must solve

$$ \int_1^2 \sum_i \left [ \frac{\partial K}{\partial q_i} r_i(t) + \frac{\partial K}{\partial {\dot q_i}} {\dot r}_i(t) \right ] dt = 0 $$

If we integrate the second term by parts we get the following integral

$$ \int_1^2 \sum_i \left [ \frac{\partial K}{\partial q_i} - \frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial K}{\partial {\dot q_i}} \right ] r_i(t) dt = 0. $$

However since the deviation $$r_i(t)$$ is completely arbitrary the quantity in the brackets must vanish, so we find that for the path that mimimizes the integral $$S$$ the following set of differential equations holds

$$ \frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial K}{\partial {\dot q_i}} - \frac{\partial K}{\partial q_i} = 0. $$

If we take $$K=L=T-V$$, these are simply Lagrange's equations that we derived earlier from $$F=ma$$; therefore, a particle that at every instant manages to follow the second-order differential equation $$F=ma$$ somehow also manages to minimize the integral of $$T-V$$ over time. These two different ways of looking at the same process offer insights into the connection between quantum and classical mechanics and the underpinnings of physics in general. The integral of $$T-V$$ over time is known as the action and it has units of energy multiplied by time. The realm of quantum mechanics is delineated by the constant $$\hbar$$ that also has units of energy multiplied by time. When the change in the action between the classical path and neighbouring paths is smaller than $$\hbar$$, the effects of quantum mechanics become crucial to understand what happens.

Applications
We are free to apply the results derived in the previous section to a wide variety of problems where you are trying to minimize the integral of a function. We only need to find the integrand $$K$$ and apply Lagrange's equations to get a set of differential equations to solve.

Bubbles
An example will make things a bit clearer. Let's say that you have two rings of different radii $$r_1$$ and $$r_2$$ held a distance $$l$$ apart from each other. The rings are parallel to each other and their centres lie on a line perpendicular to the rings.

We dip the rings in soapy water and a bubble forms between them. The surface of the bubble is a surface of revolution and surface tension of the bubble forces it to form a surface that minimizes the area. Essentially there is an energy proportional to the area of the surface and the bubble evolves to minimize this energy.

So we wish to minimize the area of the surface. Let's denote the crossection of the surface by $$r(x)$$ where $$r(0)=r_1$$ and $$r(l)=r_2$$. The total area is

$$ A = \int_0^l 2 \pi r \sqrt{ dr^2 + dx^2 } = \int_0^l 2 \pi r(x) \sqrt{ 1 + \left [ r'(x) \right ]^2 } d x $$

so $$ K = 2 \pi r \sqrt{ 1 + r'^2} $$, $$q_1=r$$ and $$x$$ plays the role of $$t$$. These are just names for things but the basic problem is the same we would like to minimize some functional by changing the function $$r(x)$$. Here is the Lagrange equation,

$$ \frac{d}{dx} \frac{\partial K}{\partial r'} - \frac{\partial K}{\partial r} = 0. $$

which yields

$$ \frac{d}{dx} \left [ \frac{2 \pi r(x) r'(x)}{\sqrt{1+\left [r'(x) \right ]^2}} \right ] = 2\pi \sqrt{1 + \left [ r'(x)\right]^2} $$

and after some simplification we have

$$ 2\pi \frac{r(x) r''(x) - \left [ r'(x) \right ]^2 - 1}{\left \{ 1 + \left [ r'(x) \right ]^2 \right \}^{3/2}} = 0. $$

We will solve this equation by making a guess. We have a function times its second derivative is sort of equal to its first derivative squared. If we have a plus sign between the terms, we would be tempted to use sines or cosines but since there is a minus sign, that points toward hyperbolic functions. Let's try substituting

$$ r(x) = a \cosh \left [ b \left (x - c\right) \right ] $$

into the differential equation. This yields $$a^2 b^2 = 1$$ so we have the following general solution

$$ r(x) = a\cosh \left (\frac{x-c}{a} \right ) $$

that we need to fit to the boundary conditions. The minimum radius of the bubble is $$a$$ at $$x=c$$. The total area of the bubble is

$$ A = \left. \pi a \left [ x - c + \frac{a}{2} \sinh \left ( 2 \frac{x-c}{a} \right ) \right ] \right |_0^l. $$

Some interesting things that you may find. First, if the two rings are different sizes there is only a solution when the rings are sufficiently close together. Second, even for rings of equal size there comes a point where the bubble can take a much different form that has lower area. Specifically, if the bubble collapses to a line between the centres of the rings and fills the rings themselves we have

$$A=\pi \left (r_1^2 + r_2^2 \right).$$

When this area is less than the area of the locally minimizing curve, the bubble can take a much different form and dramatically reduce its energy (it usually pops at this point). The derivation that the minimizing curve satisfied Lagrange's equations assumed implicitly that the curve was smooth and looked for local extrema. Because we could also derive Lagrange's equations from $$F=ma$$ the physical relevance of the equations is not affected by this; rather we have to be a bit careful while applying these equations to minimize integrals.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Jiao Qiu

Jiao Qiu
I am a Translation Studies MSc student at the University of Edinburgh.

My example citation
I read an article.

My example lists
Things like:
 * reading
 * watching
 * going shopping

my subpage

 * User:Jiao Qiu/draft area

title: User:Jiao Qiu


text:
Steckborn District

Steckborn District is a former district of the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland. It had a population of (as of 2009). Its capital was the town of Steckborn.

The former district contained the following municipalities:

title: Steckborn District


text:
Portal:New Zealand/Selected article/Week 13, 2006

The New Zealand Cadet Forces (NZCF) is the parent organisation of the three forces New Zealand Cadet Corps, New Zealand Sea Cadet Corps, and New Zealand Air Training Corps. Its members are civilians. Members have no obligation to head into the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF); however, some do choose to join the NZDF.

The NZCF is a disciplined and well structured youth development and leadership-training organisation, that comprises units from Kerikeri to Invercargill, which provide male and female teenagers from 13 – 18 years old, with an opportunity to experience a wide range of outdoor activities and develop leadership qualities. The structured training provides a 3-year programme and promotes teamwork, self-reliance, resourcefulness, perseverance and an ethic of community service. The training is developed by using the processes developed by and for the NZDF, modified to be implemented by civilian cadet force officers and undertaken by young and developing adults. Recently featured: New Plymouth · Āpirana Ngata · History of aerial topdressing in New Zealand · Archive


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/optimaweb.co.id

Links

 * optimaweb.co.id resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 7 additions.


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Value

When an event arrives to the IN port (and only in such case), it is immediately changed to a value set by VAL port. It's a simple and very fast substitution of one value to another one.

title: Reaktor/Modules/Value


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Drang-drung Glacier

Drang-drung Glacier

 * ... that the Drang-drung Glacier (pictured) in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir is the source of Stod River and is the largest glacier out side the Karakoram Range in Ladakh?
 * Comment: Article expanded by myself on 12-07-2012.

Created/expanded by Mehrajmir13 (talk). Self nom at 03:33, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol confirmed.svg Plagiarism check at here show no cause for concern. Hooked fact found in article and supported by sources.
 * Pictogram voting keep.svg Images have acceptable copyrights.  Bit leery of one as it was uploaded to Commons with a description which makes me question its legitimacy as most Commons images don't have this, nor do people upload to Commons with that but probably badly going to AGF here.  Book sources support article facts and were not plagiarised.
 * Symbol question.svg Article not fully supported by inline citations. Looks like nominator has 5 DYKs so QPQ is required.
 * Symbol possible vote.svg  Prose size (text only): 1480 characters (264 words) "readable prose size".  Article is NOT long enough.  --LauraHale (talk) 05:30, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

Address above concerns. Once done, comment here AND my talk page to let me know so I can finish the review. --LauraHale (talk) 05:30, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I‘ve added few more references and expanded to the required prose. I don‘t have 5 DYK‘s so QPQ is not required, you can check. I‘ve addressed the concerns.

 Mehra j Mir  '(Talk)  12:25, 14 July 2012 (UTC) 1. Yusmarg, 2. Lidder Valley, 3. Sir Walter Roper Lawrence, 4. Sir Walter Roper Lawrence, 5. Drang-drung Glacier. Ah. My bad with counting vis-a-vis QPQ counting. Next one absolutely will require QPQ though. Article now fully sourced. Article now long enough. Article now looks good to go. --LauraHale (talk) 19:44, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Minor changes in hook : ALT ... that the Drang-drung Glacier (pictured) in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir is the source of Stod River and is the largest glacier outside the Karakoram Range in Ladakh? -- ɑηsuмaη  ʈ ᶏ ɭ Ϟ  11:35, 19 July 2012 (UTC)


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Cookbook:Bacon

| Basic foodstuffs | Meat and poultry

Bacon is made by curing and often cold smoking or drying the sides, back, or belly of pork. Because it is cured, bacon tends to keep for a very long time.

Characteristics
There are several kinds of bacon, differentiated mainly by the cut of pork from which they are made.

Belly/side
American or streaky bacon is made by curing the pork belly/side with sugar, salt, pepper and other assorted spices for at least three days, and then cold smoking it. It has long "streaks" of fat running along it. Italian bacon (pancetta) is made by removing the skin and seasoning the meat with salt, pepper and other spices such as juniper berries, muscot nuts, cloves, and cinnamon. It is cured for two weeks and then rolled up and packed into a skin much like salami. Like many sausages high in fat, pancetta is hard to cut.

Bacon made from the back of the belly is fattier than bacon made from the front of a belly.

Back
Bacons made from the back/loin of a hog are much leaner, and they do not taste the same as bacons made from the pork belly. They are similar in texture to ham, and they include Canadian bacon, English back bacon, and Irish bacon.

Other
For those who do not eat pork, bacon approximates made from other animals such as turkey and duck are a viable alternative. Turkey bacon tends to be made of chopped and formed turkey meat, with no streaky fat. Duck bacon can be streaky with subcutaneous fat.

Selection and storage
Choose your desired variety of bacon according to its final use—you'll want to take things like fat content and added flavorings into account. Bacon can be bought as slabs or sliced into rashers, depending on the desired use. Unopened bacon typically lasts for several weeks in the fridge, but it can also be frozen for 1–2 months either before or after cooking due to its typical high fat content.

Use
Bacon—especially fatty varieties—is best cooked slowly over low heat to allow rendering and crisping. This can be done in the oven or in a skillet. Avoid cooking bacon at high heat, since this can singe it and convert some of the curing agents into unpleasant byproducts.

As a versatile ingredient with savory, salty, and fatty flavors, bacon can be eaten on its own or incorporated into a variety of dishes. It is common at breakfast in the cuisines of the United States and United Kingdom. It can also be used in sandwiches and salads to add a pop of salty and savory contrasting flavor. Fatty bacon is sometimes used to wrap or line other pieces of meat to prevent them from drying out during cooking.

Bacon fat or grease that has rendered out of the bacon can be used as a cooking fat in other dishes.

title: Cookbook:Bacon


text:
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1995

The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1995 took place 9–19 March 1995 in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. This marked the second time the separate championships (not part of Winter Olympics) were held outside Europe (the first was in the US towns of Lake Placid, New York, and Rumford, Maine, in 1950). The Nordic combined team event was changed from a 3 × 10 km relay to a 4 × 5 km relay for these championships.

10 km classical
11 March 1995

10 km + 15 km combined pursuit
13 March 1995

30 km classical
9 March 1995

50 km freestyle
19 March 1995

This marks the first recorded time the 50 km was completed in under two hours.

4 × 10 km relay
17 March 1995

5 km classical
12 March 1995

5 km + 10 km combined pursuit
14 March 1995

15 km classical
10 March 1995

30 km freestyle
18 March 1995

4 × 5 km relay
17 March 1995

15 km individual Gundersen
9 March 1995

4 × 5 km team
10 March 1995

Individual normal hill
12 March 1995

Individual large hill
18 March 1995

Team large hill
16 March 1995

Medal table
Medal winners by nation. The host country, Canada, did not get any medals.

title: FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1995


text:
Albert L. Allred

Albert Louis Allred (born September 19, 1931) is an American chemist accomplished in the fields of inorganic chemistry and electronegativity. He was born in Mount Airy, North Carolina, United States.

Education and career
Allred studied chemistry at the University of North Carolina and earned a bachelor's degree in 1953. He studied at Harvard University and earned a master's degree in 1955, followed by a doctorate in 1957. In 1956 he was an instructor, 1958 assistant professor, and 1969 professor at the College of Arts and Sciences of Northwestern University. From 1980 to 1986, he was chairman of the chemistry department. In 1992, he became acting vice president for research as well as dean of the graduate school.

In 1987, he was a visiting scholar at Cambridge University, in 1965 Honorary Research Associate at University College London and in 1967 at the University of Rome. From 1963 to 1965, he was a Sloan Research Fellow. He has been a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science since 1981.

Allred introduced the Allred-Rochow scale of electronegativity with Eugene G. Rochow in 1958. They predicted that electronegativity, should be related to the charge experienced by an electron on the "surface" of an atom. They calculated this formula for the electronegativity, χ, where "$$ Z_{\rm eff}$$" is equal to the effective nuclear charge and "$$r_{\rm cov}$$" is the covalent radius. When the covalent radius is expressed in picometers:

 * $$\chi = 3590{{Z_{\rm eff}}\over{r^2_{\rm cov}}} + 0.744$$.

When expressed in Angstroms however, the value 3590, becomes .359.

 * $$\chi = .359{{Z_{\rm eff}}\over{r^2_{\rm cov}}} + 0.744$$

Allred has also since dealt with synthetic inorganic, organometallic chemistry, and electrochemistry.

title: Albert L. Allred


text:
Talk:Doug Jolley

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:49, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Life
Added life section to introduction.GarbledLecture933 (talk) 02:07, 31 October 2011 (UTC)
 * added Tight end Stub.GarbledLecture933 (talk) 02:10, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doug Jolley


text:
Talk:Do-It-Yourself/Sword

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: <IP_ADDRESS> 21:05, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * [2003-02-11T06:07:06Z] <IP_ADDRESS> ( Initial entry )
 * [2003-02-11T06:18:04Z] <IP_ADDRESS>
 * [2003-02-12T06:40:12Z] Ddeanok ( add 'edge' comment and 'sharpen' link )
 * [2003-02-12T06:43:58Z] Ddeanok ( correct link title for new article )
 * [2003-08-16T13:59:36Z] Tim Starling ( link fix )
 * [2003-09-10T22:00:18Z] MyRedDice ( headers )
 * [2004-08-25T18:04:51Z] Michael Snow
 * [2004-09-05T04:48:15Z] Siroxo
 * [2004-09-26T21:44:45Z] Travis K

title: Talk:Do-It-Yourself/Sword


text:
滋潤

Adjective

 * 1) moist; damp
 * 2)  comfortable; pleasant; free from hardship

Verb

 * 1) to moisten; to wet

title: 滋潤


text:
Lyon Hall

Lyon Hall may refer to:

 * Lyon Hall (Demopolis, Alabama), a historic house in Demopolis, Alabama.
 * Lyon Hall on the Cornell West Campus in Ithaca, New York.

title: Lyon Hall


text:
User:The Saitou~enwikibooks

MetaWiki Wikipedia Nipponese Wikipedia English Wiktionary English Wikibooks English Wikicities MediaWiki other account

I am Nipponese.

I was born in 1979, a self-proclaimed student of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical Engineering, March 2004), unemployed.

Links

 * The_Saitouの日記（MainBlog）
 * The_Saitouの日記2（SubBlog）

ja:User:せくそろじすと big

title: User:The Saitou~enwikibooks


text:
Eublemma viettei

Eublemma viettei is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Zimbabwe and in Réunion.

Its length is about 7–8 mm, with a wingspan of approx. 14–16 mm.

title: Eublemma viettei


text:
User:Peterjmullan/sandbox

Old bull

This is a term that historically refers to an older human male who feels threatened out of his previous position by younger males, and behaves in a posturing and aggressive way to defend his territory, often using outdated responses from a previous generation.

When in this situation a person is often highly sensitive to status loss, jealousy and possible loss of social status.

Having aged, but being in denial, they often behave inappropriately, but will defend this behavior, often using appeals to their status and validity based on age, and therefore experience, despite getting older.

In certain ways the feeling that the will be replaced or phased out causes worry over a loss of control and their position in society, and causes a set of difficult emotions to cope with to arise in coming to terms with a possible restructured future social order.

They often behave aggressively in a brutish dismissive way to younger people, and want to fight despite this being an agenda that other people are not interested in.

They might attempt to preserve their perceived social options in the way a person going through a midlife crisis would, attempting to behave in the way a younger person would, in terms of approaching younger women sexually to try affirm themselves in the face of the loss of their youth, and often buying expensive status representative items, and attempting to show off their `virility` despite having aged themselves out of this, and often making fools of themselves in the process.

The term refers to the way a hypothetical older bull behaves scraping his hoof in the ground and lowering his horns, snorting and posturing aggressively at younger newcomers.

It's possible that a lot of this behavior is rooted in the older version of masculinity and how men behave, and theories of folk psychology based on pack animals and the theory of alpha males in wolf and ape societies that the previous generation had been brought up with, and could largely be outmoded in future generations, the thought that a leader needs to be aggressive and hostile being replaced by, in the modern world, caring, intelligent, informed and understanding.

People described in terms of being an old bull often won't understand the disconnect between the way the modern generation views things, in conflict with the way their generation did, and blindly make social errors repeatedly in attempting to posture in an outdated way.

This is again reminiscent of a hypothetical old bull whose senses have faded, their responses seeming to mostly be like an old machine puffing steam, not suited to function in the current situation a modern one would, and their self defensive responses in response to this situation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_status

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machismo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jealousy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_masculinity

title: User:Peterjmullan/sandbox


text:
Micronized rubber powder

Micronized rubber powder (MRP) is classified as fine, dry, powdered elastomeric crumb rubber in which a significant proportion of particles are less than 100 μm and free of foreign particulates (metal, fiber, etc.). MRP particle size distributions typically range from 180 μm to 10 μm. Narrower distributions can be achieved depending on the classification technology.

MRP source materials
MRP is typically made from vulcanized elastomeric material, most often from end-of-life tire material, but can also be produced from post-industrial nitrile rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), butyl and natural rubber compounds.

Characteristics
MRP is a free flowing, black rubber powder that disperses into a multitude of systems and applications. Due to its micron size, MRP can be incorporated into multiple polymers, and provides a smooth surface appearance on finished products. In some cases, in order to improve compatibility with host materials, the MRP is given a chemical treatment to activate, or “make functional” the surface of the powder particles. This is referred to as functionalized MRP or FMRP.

MRP represents an evolution over previous post-manufactured rubber technologies. The most basic rubber processing technology converts end-of-life tire and post-industrial rubber material into rubber chips that are typically one inch or larger in size. These chips are then used in tire-derived fuel and civil engineering projects. A second-generation processing technology converts end-of-life tire and rubber material into crumb rubber, also known as ground tire rubber (GTR). GTR typically comprises chips between one inch and 30 mesh in size, with the associated fiber and steel mostly removed. This material is used in asphalt, as garden mulch and in playgrounds.

MRP is a micron-size material that is produced in various sizes, including 80 mesh and down to 300 mesh. MRP is virtually metal and fiber-free, enabling its use in a wide range of advanced products.

Applications
MRP is used as a compound extender to offset the use of natural rubber and synthetic polymers as well as act as a process aid in material production. In some cases, MRP can reduce formulation costs, because it replaces commodity-priced rubber- and oil-based feedstocks, According to some estimates, MRP offers up to 50 percent cost savings over virgin raw materials.

MRP also can improve the sustainability, and in some cases the performance, of the compounds in which it is used. For example, the smaller particle sizes of MRP are known to increase the impact strength of certain plastic compositions. However, in all applications the particle size and loading levels depend on the target application.

Due to its size and composition, MRP can be incorporated into more advanced and higher-value applications than crumb rubber. Industries incorporating MRP into their products include tire, automotive, construction, industrial components and consumer products. It is also used as an additive in tires, plastics, asphalt, coatings, and sealants. MRP can also be incorporated into prime or recycled grade polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and nylons. Additionally, the incorporation of MRPs in thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) and thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV) makes it a feasible ingredient for automotive and building and construction applications.

Currently, the leading producer of MRP is Lehigh Technologies, which utilizes a cryogenic turbo mill process with more than 100 million pounds of annual production capacity. MRP produced by Lehigh has set high benchmarks for performance in a range of applications with customers and third-party research institutions, including several studies on increased asphalt performance. Lehigh claims more than 250 million tires on the road today have been made using its MRP.

There is an applicable American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specification [ASTM D5603-01 (2008)]  for the classification of rubber powder, including MRP.

Safety
Numerous U.S. and European studies have found crumb rubber and MRP meet standards for human health and safety. Recently, an EPA study found that crumb rubber in field turfs and playgrounds contained concentrations of materials below harmful levels.

title: Micronized rubber powder


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Akbar Abdullayev

The result was   delete. Rather a serious WP:BLP problem, this article.  Sandstein  09:31, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

Akbar Abdullayev

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

Serious WP:BLP violation. No reliable sources to back any claims made in this article. WikiDan61 ChatMe!ReadMe!! 18:12, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Uzbekistan-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 18:57, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Politicians-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 18:58, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete I nominated this article for speedy deletion a while back and it was successfully deleted. Keystoner  idin (speak) 20:03, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete per WP:BLP violation. Article should not be recreated like this with the inherent bias here. --Artene50 (talk) 20:47, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment Does this line about him controlling "over 70 per cent of the region’s economy" have any value? The source listed doesn't look particularly reliable, but is it possible that this could be supported with more sources?  If this source is anything close to the truth, it seems like this guy may be passably notable. Zujua (talk) 10:55, 15 July 2012 (UTC)


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Talk:Domain Name System Security Extensions

History section is very "lean"…
I'd go as far as to call it "malnourished". *When*, for starters, was DNSSEC-bis published? And where (which RFC)? And don't give me any "it's in other parts of the article" crap. An encyclopedia is not for reading completely, it's for finding info you're looking for (*especially* when you split it in sections), so the info one looks for MUST be in the section one reads/scans. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:12, 12 February 2022 (UTC)


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Phaedropsis meropialis

Phaedropsis meropialis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1886. It is found in Jamaica and Cuba.

title: Phaedropsis meropialis


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Operating System Design/Graphical user interfaces

GUIs display visual elements such as icons, windows, and other gadgets. The precursor to GUIs was invented by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute (led by Doug Engelbart) with the development and use of text-based hyperlinks manipulated with a mouse for the On-Line System. The concept of hyperlinks was further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC, who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used GUIs as the primary interface for the Xerox Alto computer. Most modern general-purpose GUIs are derived from this system. For this reason some people call this class of interface a PARC User Interface (PUI) (note that PUI is also an acronym for perceptual user interface). The PUI consists of graphical widgets (often provided by widget toolkit libraries) such as windows, menus, radio buttons, check boxes, and icons, and employs a pointing device (such as a mouse, trackball, or touchscreen) in addition to a keyboard. Those aspects of PUIs can be emphasized by using the alternative acronym WIMP, which stands for Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointing device.

The GUI familiar to most of us today in either the Mac or the Windows operating systems and their applications originated at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Laboratory in the late 1970s. Apple used it in their first Macintosh computers, followed by Atari with their ST range, and Commodore with the Amiga. Later, Microsoft used many of the same ideas in their first version of the Windows operating system for IBM-compatible PCs. Examples of systems that support GUIs are Mac OS, Microsoft Windows, NEXTSTEP and the X Window System. The latter is extended with toolkits such as Motif (CDE), Qt (KDE) and GTK+ (GNOME).

Types of GUIs
GUIs that are not PUIs are most notably found in computer games, and advanced GUIs based on virtual reality are now frequently found in research. Many research groups in North America and Europe are currently working on the Zooming User Interface or ZUI, which is a logical advancement on the GUI, blending some 3D movement with 2D or "2 and a half D" vectorial objects. Some GUIs are designed for the rigorous requirements of vertical markets. These are known as "application specific GUIs." One example of such an application specific GUI is the now familiar touchscreen point of sale software found in restaurants worldwide and being introduced into self-service retail checkouts. First pioneered by Gene Mosher on the Atari ST computer in 1986, the application specific touchscreen GUI has spearheaded a worldwide revolution in the use of computers throughout the food & beverage industry and in general retail. Other examples of application specific touchscreen GUIs include the most recent automatic teller machines, airline self-ticketing, information kiosks and the monitor/control screens in embedded industrial applications which employ a real time operating system (RTOS). The latest cell phones and handheld game systems also employ application specific touchscreen GUIs.

GUI vs. CLI
GUIs were introduced in reaction to the steep learning curve of Command Line Interfaces (CLI), text-based user interfaces requiring commands to be typed on the keyboard. Since the command words in CLIs are usually numerous and composable, very complicated operations can be invoked using a relatively short sequence of words and symbols. This leads to high levels of efficiency once the many commands are learned, but reaching this level can take a while because the command words aren't easily discoverable. WIMPs, on the other hand, present the user with numerous widgets that represent and can trigger some of the system's available commands. Most modern operating systems provide both a GUI and a CLI, although the GUIs usually receive more attention. The GUI is usually WIMP-based, although occasionally other metaphors surface, such as Microsoft Bob, 3dwm or (partially) FSV. Applications may also provide both interfaces, and when they do the GUI is usually a WIMP wrapper around the CLI version. The latter used to be implemented first because it allowed the developers to focus exclusively on their product's functionality without bothering about interface details such as designing icons and placing buttons. Nowadays, the GUI is no longer considered an optional part of most applications because users have grown accustomed to the ease of use provided by their familiar GUIs.


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Cornelis Floris de Vriendt

Cornelis Floris or Cornelis (II) Floris De Vriendt (c. 1514 – 20 October 1575) was a Flemish sculptor, architect, draughtsman, medallist and designer of prints and luxury. He operated a large workshop in Antwerp from which he worked on many large construction projects in Flanders, Germany and Denmark. He was one of the designers of the Antwerp City Hall. He developed a new style, which was informed by Flemish traditions, the 16th century Italian Renaissance and possibly the School of Fontainebleau. His innovations spread throughout Northern Europe where they had a major influence on the development of sculpture and architecture in the 16th and early 17th centuries.

Life
Cornelis Floris II was born around the year 1514 as the eldest of the four sons of Cornelis the Elder and Margarita Goos. The earliest known ancestors of the Floris de Vriendt family, then still called only 'de Vriendt', were residents of Brussels where they practiced the craft of stonemason and stonecutter which was passed on from father to son. One of Cornelis' ancestors became in 1406 a master of the Brussels stonemasons guild. A family member, Jan Florisz. (abbreviation of Floriszoon, meaning son of Floris) de Vriendt, left his native Brussels and settled in Antwerp in the mid 15th century. The patronymic name 'Floris' became the common family name of the subsequent generations. The original form 'de Vriendt' can, however, still be found in official documents until the late 16th century.

Little is known about his training. He probably worked in the workshop of his father who was a stonemason. He traveled abroad and was reportedly in Italy when his father died in 1538. He then returned to Antwerp to take care of his mother and younger brothers. In 1539, he became a master in the local Guild of Saint Luke. He served as the dean of the Guild in 1547 and 1559. At around 1540, the guild register was embellished with grotesque initials which were signed by Cornelis. These grotesque motives, that were inspired by Italian contemporary models which in turn were based on archeological finds in Rome, would become an important characteristic of the Floris style and were used by him (as well as his brother Frans) in his other works.

A study published in 2024 argues that the drawings in the Berlin Kupferstichkabinett, traditionally attributed to Maarten van Heemskerck, were made by Cornelis Floris de Vriendt during his journey to Italy in 1535/36-1538. The Berlin collection of drawings, which survives in two volumes, consists of three disintegrated sketchbooks and individual sheets which, with a few exceptions, can be attributed to Floris. Of particular interest for Floris' later work as a sculptor and architect is the so-called Mantuan Sketchbook, which contains copies of drawings from the collection of Giulio Romano and, as later additions, original designs by Floris for grotesque engravings and sketches for the ephemeral triumphal arches that were erected for the entry of Prince Philip of Spain into Antwerp in 1549.

In 1550, Floris married Elisabeth Machiels and bought a house in Antwerp that he renovated in his own style.

Cornelis Floris II died on 20 October 1575 after a rich career. At the beginning of his career, the renaissance was just starting to appear in the Netherlands. By the time he died, the new style was firmly established in the Netherlands. This was, however, not a simple copy of the Italian example as artists like Floris had imbued the style with homegrown sensibility.

Cornelis' brothers also became excellent artists. The most famous one is Frans, who was one of the leading Flemish mannerist painters while Jacob was a painter of stained-glass windows and Jan was a potter.

Cornelis had many pupils, a number of whom became established artists in their own right. They included Willem van den Blocke, Gert van Egen, Gillis de Witte, Philip Brandin, Robert Coppens, Heinrich Hagart, and Hieronymus van Kessel (I).

Works
Cornelis Floris was a versatile artist. He was mainly active as architect and sculptor, but also worked as a designer of prints and other objects such as vases.

Sculpture
As a sculptor, he is principally known for his work on funeral monuments. In 1549, he received the commission for a funeral monument to be placed in Königsberg Cathedral for Dorothea, the wife of Albert, Duke in Prussia and daughter of the Danish king Frederick I. This was the beginning of many commissions for sepulchral monuments for members of the Danish royal family. These included the tomb of Albert, Duke in Prussia in Königsberg Cathedral, the mausoleum of King Christian III of Denmark and the Cenotaph of Frederick I in Schleswig Cathedral. The monuments were typically made in marble with the statue of the deceased executed in alabaster.

In his home country, he created in 1522 for the St. Leonard's Church in Zoutleeuw a stone tabernacle in the form of an 18-meter-high, nine-level tower. The tower made of white Avesnes stone was shipped in parts from Floris’ workshop in Antwerp to the church. This work still incorporates gothic elements. He created another tabernacle for the St. Catherina Church in Zuurbeemde (now part of Glabbeek) in 1555-1557 which is in a pure renaissance style. He also made the rood screen for the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai and the tomb monument of Jean II de Mérode in the Saint Dymphna Church in Gheel. This sequence of major assignments points to a large workshop with a fair number of employees. Cornelis Floris acted mainly as an organizer and planner. His pupils and assistants travelled to the various locations (usually in Northern Europe) where the monuments designed by Floris were to be installed. Many of them remained to live and work in Northern Europe where they set up their own workshops. They relied on the Floris network to find their own commissions while often also continuing to assist with the execution of designs of Floris in their place of residence. Some of these artists, such as Willem van den Blocke and Gert van Egen, became artists working for the local court and were instrumental in the spread of the Floris style in Northern Europe.

Architecture

From the late 1550s, Cornelis Floris was additionally active as a designer of buildings. He is listed among others as architect of the Antwerp City Hall. There are divergent views on the precise role of Cornelis Floris in the design of the building and its construction, as it was a collaborative effort which involved a great number of architects and sculptors including, amongst others, Willem van den Broeck, Hans Hendrik van Paesschen and Jan Daems. His contribution was not restricted to collaboration in the design. It is certain that he also had an important role in the practical execution. He visited quarries to choose stone and at that time maintained a large workshop in the Everdijstraat with a dozen assistants who were mainly busy with work related to the construction of the city hall. Their activity likely focused on the sculptures for the interior and the facade.

The Antwerp City Hall became a figurehead for the new renaissance style in architecture in the Netherlands. The city halls of Vlissingen and The Hague in the Netherlands and the design of the city hall of Emden, the portico of the Cologne City Hall (1557) in Germany and the Green Gate in Gdańsk, Poland were inspired by this new style.

Cornelis Floris also designed in Antwerp the Hanseatic League building and the town house of his brother Frans (1562–5). Both buildings no longer exist.

Prints
Floris was a prolific designers of prints and collaborated with the Antwerp publishers on various projects. Hieronymus Cock published in 1548 in Antwerp a series of 21 prints entitled Vazen, kannen en schalen met grotesken ('Vases, jugs and bowls with grotesques') which represented designs for vases, jugs and bowls with grotesque designs. The prints were cut by Balthasar van den Bosch.

Hans Liefrinck printed in 1555 in Antwerp a set of 18 prints after designs by Floris under the title Pourtraicture ingenieuse de plusieurs facons de Masques (Ingenious depiction of various forms of masks). The prints were cut by Frans Huys and show 'grotesques' style derived from ancient Roman prototypes. The grotesque decoration originated from ancient Roman designs rediscovered in the late 15th century in the underground rooms, or grottoes, of the Golden House of Emperor Nero in Rome. Grotesque ornaments took inspiration from fish and animal forms or from vegetation.were used to decorate a wide range of objects, such as ceramics. Floris is credited with inventing a Flemish version of the grotesque style in about 1541.

Hieronymus Cock published in 1556 in Antwerp a suite of six strapwork cartouches with philosophical quotes in Latin. The engravings were cut by Joannes van Doetecum the Elder or Lucas van Doetecum. Hieronymus Cock published Veelderleij Veranderinghe van grotissen ende Compertimenten ghemaeckt tot dienste van alle die Conste beminne ende ghebruiken (Many variations of grottoes and compartments made to serve all who love and use art) in 1556 in Antwerp. The plates for this publication were cut by Joannes or Lucas van Doetecum after designs of Floris. The publication contained ornamental designs for the use by other artisans in the creation of furniture, vases, textiles etc. Many of the designs used grotesques, which were popular at the time. Hieronymus Cock published in 1557 a book with Floris' designs for tomb monuments and ornaments entitled the Veelderley niewe inuentien van antycksche sepultueren ('The many new designs of antique grave tombs'). The 14 plates were engraved by Joannes or Lucas van Doetecum.

These publications contributed to the spread of Floris' inventions and style throughout Northern Europe.

title: Cornelis Floris de Vriendt


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User:AtaxiaLearnedZen/sandbox

The Polybian Society of the University of Pennsylvania is a collegiate political society. Envisioned as a nonpartisan alternative to political organizations around the university, the society was founded in 2013 as a branch of the university's Government and Politics Association to "increase the amount of political discourse on Penn's campus". The name Polybian is derived from the second-century Greek historian Polybius, who is renowned for his ideas concerning the separation of powers in government. The society's motto, sapere aude, challenges members to think critically. Weekly symposia are held every Thursday evening at the Polybian House.

Notable Polybians

 * Matthew Caulfield, 2016

Other historic societies

 * Philomathean Society, The University of Pennsylvania
 * Philolexian Society, Columbia University
 * Philodemic Society of Georgetown University
 * American Whig-Cliosophic Society, Princeton University
 * Jefferson Literary and Debating Society, University of Virginia
 * Demosthenian Literary Society, University of Georgia
 * Philoclean Society, Rutgers University

title: User:AtaxiaLearnedZen/sandbox


text:
Cookbook:Tomato Sauce Piquante

Ingredients

 * 1 ounce ham
 * Butter
 * ½ onion
 * ½ carrot
 * ½ stalk celery
 * 1 bay leaf
 * 1 sprig thyme
 * 1 clove
 * 4 peppercorns
 * ⅓ cup vinegar
 * ½ glass Chablis white wine
 * 1 cup stock
 * 6 tomatoes, cut up and strained of all their liquid
 * Veloute or Espagnole sauce
 * 1 tsp castor sugar
 * Juice of ½ lemon
 * 1 ounce butter

Procedure

 * 1) Cut up the ham, onion, carrot, and celery very finely. Fry them in butter together with the bay leaf, thyme, clove and peppercorns.
 * 2) Over this pour the vinegar, and when the liquid is all absorbed, add the Chablis and stock, then the tomatoes.
 * 3) Cook this in a covered stew pan and pass it through a sieve, making sure none of the bay leaf or thyme goes through.
 * 4) Mix this sauce with an equal quantity of Veloute sauce (No. 2) or Espagnole sauce, (No. 1), let it boil and pass through a sieve again.
 * 5) Add the castor sugar, the lemon juice, and butter.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Another tomato sauce may be made like this, using stock instead of vinegar and leaving out the lemon juice and sugar.

title: Cookbook:Tomato Sauce Piquante


text:
Wikipedia:Meetup/Online edit-a-thon SDGs September 2020/Tasks

This pages provides detailed information on how to carry out tasks to volunteer in the Online edit-a-thon for SDGs in September 2020.

Content related information
You can find SDG content-related tasks here on the talk page of this event. For example, we have listed some recent reports about the SDGs which could be utilized to enrich Wikipedia articles.

Editing Wikipedia articles
The table below shows you what you can do to help to improve Wikipedia articles. It might look a bit scary but you can easily select just one, two or more tasks that are suitable for your abilities and background by clicking on the sorting arrows at the top of the table.

Applying standard outlines for the 17 individual SDG articles
Proposed standard section headings for the 17 SDG articles are shown below:
 * The lead
 * Background
 * Targets, indicators and progress (with some example maps from SDG Tracker website)
 * Overall progress and monitoring
 * Links with other SDGs and other issues
 * Organizations or Activities of organizations
 * Reception (or controversies)
 * Society and culture
 * See also
 * References
 * External links
 * Categories

More information is available in the "how to" table below. Many of the SDG articles are now already in reasonable shape (and can serve as examples), for example: SDG 6 and SDG 5.

Wikipedia articles that are SDG-related and need to be improved
The SDG-related Wikipedia articles that require improvement are listed below. The terms were selected by reviewing the targets and indicators of the goals (some of the terms appear for several SDGs), see List of SDG targets and indicators. The terms that are shown in red don't have a Wikipedia article yet.

To sort the list by view rates, click on the arrows in the table headers. The view rate figures are the average number of views each day, for several years up to July 2020.

Articles relevant for all SDGs
Country articles to improve further:
 * Sustainable Development Goals and Australia
 * Sustainable Development Goals and Ghana
 * Sustainable Development Goals and Iran
 * Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon
 * Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria

Goal 13
If you have an in-depth interest in climate change, take a look at the "To-dos" compiled by members of the WikiProject Climate Change here.

Adjust your "Preferences"

 * Go to Wikipedia.org and login.
 * Click on "Preferences" at the top right of the screen and adjust your preferences.
 * These five tabs are especially important:
 * Editing: Use the pull-down menu next to "Editing mode" and select "show me both editor tabs." (Click here to learn about the difference between "edit" and "edit source.") Most novices use "edit" because it's just like editing a Word document then. For some functions and for advanced users, the "edit source" button needs to be used (for example to set up a page redirect, a reference list or to insert an image from Wikimedia Commons).
 * Watchlist: Tick boxes to assure that pages you create, edit, or upload will be on your watchlist.
 * User profile: Tick the box "Email me when a page or a file on my watchlist is changed."
 * Notifications: Tick boxes to tell Wikipedia what type of e-mail notifications you want to receive.
 * Gadgets: Have a look and see if you want to tick or untick any of the boxes

Read and write on the talk pages
The Talk tab is located at the top left of any Wikipedia article. It takes you to the page where people talk about the article. How to use the talk pages:
 * Ask (and answer) questions related to the Wikipedia article.
 * Add your question or answer to the bottom of the page to make reading the running dialogue easy.
 * At the end of what you write, insert four tildes ( ~ ) and the system automatically "signs" with your username and the date.
 * For more information: Talk page guidelines.

Use the "edit" or the "edit source" tabs to edit
The "Edit" or "Edit source" tabs at the top take you to the page where you can make changes to the article. There you can:
 * Use the editing ribbon just as you do for editing documents: Bold, Italic, font size, numbered list, etc.
 * Hover over the icons and you will find ones for adding hyperlinks, images and references.
 * If you don't have both buttons visible, you need to adjust your Wikipedia Preferences at the top right (scroll up a little on this page to see where this is explained)

Saving or publishing your edits
The "save" button has recently been renamed to "publish changes" and is located at the top right.
 * Make sure you save your edits often (this protects yourself in case your internet connection gets lost; also it helps others to follow your progress (via the edit summary fields); also it avoids editing conflicts if someone else is working on the same page at the same time). Saving your edits is done by clicking on the button "Publish changes" at the top right.
 * Fill in the "Edit summary" box so others can see the reasoning behind your changes.
 * The "Watch this page" box is already ticked by default.

A "search for help" tip

 * To search for something inside of the Wikipedia system (i.e. the "internal" pages), simply put "WP:xxx" into Wikipedia's search field at the top right. This will search Wikipedia's guidance and help pages for the search term xxx. For example: "WP:adding images" will bring up the Wikipedia guidelines on how to add images. Or if you put "WP:Manual of Style" into the search box of Wikipedia, it will take you to the internal Manual of Style pages of Wikipedia.

Browse Wikipedia help pages

 * Ten simple rules for editing Wikipedia
 * Avoiding common mistakes
 * Tutorial
 * Policies and guidelines
 * The Five pillars of Wikipedia
 * Dos and dont's pages in Wikipedia
 * Manual of Style - a helpful guide on how to write a Wikipedia article
 * Verifiability - what to keep in mind regarding the verifiability of information being added to Wikipedia
 * Neutral point of view - about Neutral point of view (NPOV) on Wikipedia, what it is and why it is so important
 * What Wikipedia is not - what Wikipedia is NOT, always important to keep in mind.
 * Talk page guidelines.

Tutorial videos
Take a look at short introduction videos (created by EMsmile and other Sanitation Wikipedia volunteers in 2017): Youtube Playlist. The three videos include: More videos created by EMsmile explaining various editing tasks in Wikipedia are available in this playlist.
 * How to make your first edits in Wikipedia: https://youtu.be/e-pK3aByl6U
 * First steps in Wikipedia editing: talk pages, editing, watchlist, preferences, history... https://youtu.be/_Z7F9pbYIx8
 * How to insert references and images to Wikipedia articles: https://youtu.be/qgd9UM_eCzk

Improve the quality of the first thing readers read
What Wikipedia calls the "Lead" appears first - just before the table of contents and the first section of every article. We want those leads to be the highest quality possible.

The lead should:
 * be like an "executive summary" for the article (similar to an abstract for a journal paper)
 * have up to 4 paragraphs (each paragraph no longer than 6 lines).
 * include hyperlinks for key words (so readers will click and go to other Wikipedia pages).
 * use short clear sentences of no more than 15-20 words.

More information about the lead is here. An example of a good lead in terms of length is the one for pit latrine.

Improve the "readability" of the entire article
Simple edits you can do will improve the readability:
 * Replace long words with short words whenever possible.
 * Replace passive voice with active voice
 * Make long sentences shorter or break them into two sentences.
 * Reduce paragraph lengths to 4-6 lines.

You can check the impact of your work by using this tool (webfx) or this tool (online utility) which gives you various readability scores for either a whole website or just a block of text. Paste in the web address of the revised article to get the new readability score. The Hemingway App is also a useful tool for improving readability. Do you want more tips on improving readability? See here.

Adding citations

 * Find articles that need a citation. Here you can search for articles needing a citation based on the list of articles related to SDG.
 * Search the literature to see if there's more current information available than is currently cited in the articles.
 * Find citations for assertions not referenced, or delete unsupported assertions. Adding references (or citations) is explained here.

Adding images and world maps

 * Search the literature and internet to see if there are more maps, schematics and alike that could be added to the articles (they need to be under the open access licence CC-BY SA).
 * How to add images is explained in detail here.
 * Useful world maps for the SDG articles, and especially their indicators, are available on the SDG Tracker website which is part of Our World in Data. And the best thing: they are under an open access licence so we can directly use them, and most of them have already been imported to Wikimedia Commons. From there, you can copy the link to insert the map with just a few mouse clicks. See e.g. here for SDG 1: SDG Tracker maps for SDG 1. You can find those maps in the category "Our World in Data" within Wikimedia Commons here.

Work offline: no need to learn the Wikipedia editing system

 * Copy the lead or the article you want to work to Microsoft Word or any other word processor and make your changes with the "track changes" function turned on.
 * Email your document to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and we'll input your changes into Wikipedia.

Example to-do list from WikiProject Climate Change
Active Wikipedians have set up a To-Do list for Climate Change topics here. Equivalent to-do's exist on a range of SDG-related topics.

Where to get help
Want to ask a question? You have several options:
 * Send an e-mail to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>A person will respond within 24 hours.
 * Click on the "talk" tab at the top of this Meetup Page, and type in your question, followed by the 4 tildes: ~ (you need to have a Wikipedia login, and be logged in, to use a talk page)
 * Write on the talk page of the event coordinator User:EMsmile here.
 * If you work on articles related to SDG 6 you can also post your question on the SuSanA discussion Forum. Click SuSanA Discussion Forum.

Do's for brand new editors

 * 1) Do get a Wikipedia user name (think about real name versus non-real name, see Username policy).
 * 2) Do adjust your "Preferences" within Wikipedia - see here how it's done: Finding your way around Wikipedia (for novices).
 * 3) Do add at least a little bit of information on your user profile. This reduces the chances that your edits will be reverted. See for example the user profile of Elisabeth here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:EMsmile
 * 4) Do edit Wikipedia only after logging in (sometimes one forgets that one isn’t logged in which results in “anonymous” edits). The easiest method is to just tick the box “Keep me logged in (for up to 365 days)”
 * 5) Do save your changes frequently, always clicking on “Publish changes” and adding a short edit summary each time that you have made a change.
 * 6) Do write in simple, easy to understand language (think of your parents when you write - anyone should be able to understand it). Wikipedia is for laypersons and it is read by people who don’t have English as their first language.
 * 7) Do always cite the source(s) of your statements and content. See here what constitutes a reliable source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources
 * 8) Do put the reference directly after the fullstop, not before. Do put all references at the very end of the sentence, not in the middle.
 * 9) Do paraphrase sentences that you wish to include from elsewhere. Paraphrase and provide the sources. If paraphrasing is not possible you could use quotation marks for some statements but this should not be done too often. The reasons for paraphrasing are: 1) to make the sentences understandable for laypersons - short sentences, simple language, no jargon; 2) to avoid copyright problems as most of the publications that you find on the internet (particularly those from the UN) are actually "all rights reserved", sadly. If they were open access then we could directly copy content, except for the reasons described under Point 1.
 * 10) Do familiarise yourself with Wikipedia’s copyright policy which is very strict! Copying material without the permission of the copyright holder from sources that are not public domain or compatibly licensed (unless it's a brief quotation used in accordance with Wikipedia's non-free content policy and guideline) is likely to be a copyright violation. See here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations

Don'ts for brand new editors

 * 1) Don’t edit Wikipedia while not logged into your Wikipedia account, as it makes it harder for others to react to your changes; also your edits would not be counted towards the editathon (and you could not win any of the prizes).
 * 2) Don’t start editing if you haven’t yet registered yourself for this editathon (after logging into Wikipedia) here
 * 3) Don’t copy whole sentences or even paragraphs across from another publication or website for several reasons: (1) the language is likely to be unsuitable for Wikipedia readers who are laypersons - language needs to be simple and easy to understand; no jargon. (2) it is likely not written in an encyclopedic style; (3) the document is likely under copyright and not open access;.
 * 4) Don’t add content to Wikipedia if you think that doing so may be a copyright violation.
 * 5) Don’t include anything in Wikipedia that hasn't been already written elsewhere. Unless it's something completely plain and obvious, such as "the sky is blue". In Wikipedia language this is called “no original research”. Wikipedia does not publish original thought. All material in Wikipedia must be attributable to a reliable, published source. Articles may not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to reach or imply a conclusion not clearly stated by the sources themselves. See here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research
 * 6) Don’t add your own personal opinions, knowledge etc. - unless this information has been published somewhere already; then you can cite it. Blog posts count as a reference, so do newspaper articles, or opinion pieces. See here what constitutes a “reliable source”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources
 * 7) Don’t engage in an “edit war” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring). If someone has reverted your edits, try to talk to them about it by mentioning them on the talk page of the article (they will be notified by e-mail or your mention).
 * 8) Don’t get upset or disheartened when a more experienced Wikipedian “scolds” you for something or reverts your edit. If you experience any problems, simply approach the event coordinators or any other experienced Wikipedia editor that you know.
 * 9) Don’t add external links into the Wikipedia article. The only place where you can add external links is under “External links” at the very end (that list should be short).
 * 10) Don’t use bold or any other formatting in a Wikipedia article. The only bold text that is allowed is the first few words of the very first sentence of the lead.

Do’s for intermediate editors

 * 1) Do try to include information from several different sources, particularly if the sources look at the topic from different angles and might even reach different conclusions.
 * 2) Do always maintain a neutral and objective point of view. Try to always look at it from all angles If there are opposing views, present both, without making a judgement - unless that judgement has also been published somewhere.
 * 3) Do keep in mind that we are writing an encyclopedia for the general public. We want to present them with all the available information in easy to understand language.
 * 4) Do use American English for this entire edit-a-thon (in particular for all the SDG articles and any new articles). However, for existing well-established articles, continue in either American or British English, whichever the article is using so far. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Retaining_the_existing_variety
 * 5) Do use talk pages frequently to discuss upcoming changes to an article. Do always sign your statements with the four tildes (~). This is Wikipedia’s convention and converts into a “date and person” stamp when you click on “publish changes”.
 * 6) Do give full details for each reference, i.e. not just a link to a website but rather title of page, title of website, publisher; not just a link to a pdf file but author, year, title, publisher. More dos and donts about references are here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts
 * 7) Do add the page number to your reference when it’s a big report and the source of your statement is hard to find (this looks like this in source editor:  for page 2.
 * 8) Do remember that consensus is Wikipedia's fundamental model for editorial decision-making. See list with dos and donts about consensus here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus_dos_and_don%27ts
 * 9) Do experiment with the tabs “edit” versus “edit source” because each has its usefulness for different things. The main editor you will probably use most of the time is the “editor” (see the button labelled “edit”) which is “what you see is what you get” (WYSIWYG)
 * 10) Do add internal links (wikilinks) to other Wikipedia articles but do follow the guidance provided here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking_dos_and_don%27ts
 * 11) Do browse Wikipedia guidelines for greater insights: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_guidelines

Don'ts for intermediate editors

 * 1) Don’t write like an opinion piece or essay, using wording like “we need to keep in mind that…”. “It is unfair that…”.
 * 2) Don’t use expressions that may introduce bias, lack precision, or include offensive terms. Use clear, direct language. Let facts alone do the talking! Wikipedia calls this “words to watch”, see here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions
 * 3) Don’t write “Smith and Miller stated that poverty is a problem”. Simply write: “Poverty is a problem.[2]” and then put the reference by Smith and Miller at the end of your statement.
 * 4) Don’t create a new Wikipedia article unless absolutely necessary. Often the same article already exists under a similar title. For the purposes of the edit-a-thon we recommend to check with Elisabeth (User:EMsmile) before starting a new Wikipedia article.
 * 5) Don't put a wikilink to a non-existing Wikipedia article (it shows up in red), unless you have a valid reason (see here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Red_link).
 * 6) Don’t make the lead longer than 4 paragraphs (the lead is the part at the start, before the table of contents, and is meant to be a summary of the article). For more dos and donts for the leads see here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_dos_and_don%27ts
 * 7) Don’t delete other people’s content of articles unless you have a very good reason. It’s best to discuss it first on the talk page or to at least explain it in your edit summary.
 * 8) Do not make big changes to an article in one go without explaining to people on the talk pages what you are planning to do. Sometimes it’s best to spread out big changes over 2-3 days so that other people have time to react.
 * 9) Don’t use bullet point lists unless they are really needed. Prose is usually better.
 * 10) Don’t repeat references more than once in the reference list. The same reference can be used many times in the article but it should appear only exactly once in the reference list. You can just copy and paste it inside the article. For example, the little a, b, c in the reference list indicates that this reference is used three times in the Wikipedia article: a b c Andersson, Kim; Dickin, Sarah; Rosemarin, Arno (2016). "Towards "Sustainable" Sanitation: Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Areas". Sustainability. 8 (12): 1289. doi:10.3390/su8121289.

Links to other edit-a-thons to learn from

 * Wikipedia writing challenge to improve the coverage of women on Wikipedia, April 2020 (online), high impact
 * COVID 19: Health and Gender Editathon, June 2020 (online)
 * WikiGap Nigeria Online Challenge, May 2020 (online)
 * African Climate Change edit-a-thon, Aug 2019 (in person)
 * Sanitation Wikipedia edit-a-thon, November 2017 (online)
 * Training: Running Editathons and other Editing Events


text:
Lee Chan-dong

Lee Chan-dong (born 10 January 1993) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Chonburi in Thai League 1.

Career
He was selected by Gwangju FC in the 2014 K League draft.

International
Lee was part of the senior South Korea squad for the 2015 EAFF East Asian Cup.

Honours
South Korea
 * EAFF East Asian Cup: 2015

authors: ยุทธนาสาระขันธ์

title: Lee Chan-dong


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ruby Corp.

The result was delete.  Sandstein  18:52, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

Ruby Corp.

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Unreferenced company article. No indication of notability. Rathfelder (talk) 22:03, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Canada-related deletion discussions. Rathfelder (talk) 22:03, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions.  CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 22:46, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete the only sources I see are its own website and stories about Ashley Madison where it’s mentioned in passing as the owner. Mccapra (talk) 01:36, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, – filelakeshoe (t / c) 🐱 10:46, 1 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
Nguveren Iyorhe

Nguveren Iyorhe (born 9 June 1981) is a Nigerian basketball player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics.

title: Nguveren Iyorhe


text:
Gambas/Text

Back to Gambas

The Key Code Program
With this simple miniprogram you can check out the keycode of a button you have pressed. You only need a Form to get the program going. Once you started the program and you use a button on your keyboard, the keycode is printed in the terminal window.

The Code

PUBLIC SUB Form_KeyRelease PRINT key.code END

The Key Release Program
With this miniprogram you can check the arrow keys. When they are used and released a new information is shown.

You need a textbox to get the program going.

Once you started the program and you use an arrow key in the textbox, the content of the textbox will change.

The Code

PUBLIC SUB TextBox1_KeyRelease SELECT Key.code CASE Key.left Textbox1.Text ="Left" CASE Key.right Textbox1.Text ="Right" CASE Key.up  Textbox1.Text ="Up" CASE Key.down Textbox1.Text ="Down" END SELECT END

Input Restrictions
If you want a textbox to accept only digits you should use the command STOP EVENT.

Example

You need a textbox on your form to get it going.

PUBLIC SUB MyTextBox_KeyPress IF Instr("0123456789", Key.Text) = 0 THEN STOP EVENT ENDIF END SUB

Example2

You can reach nearly the same with the following code:

PUBLIC SUB TextBox1_KeyPress IF key.Code >= 48 AND key.Code <= 57 THEN ELSE IF key.Code = key.BackSpace THEN ELSE IF key.Code = key.Delete THEN ELSE STOP EVENT ENDIF END PUBLIC SUB Form_Open ME.Text = "Only digits accepted !" END

title: Gambas/Text


text:
Ferdinand K. D. Goka

Ferdinand Koblavi Dra Goka (1919-2007) was a Ghanaian teacher and politician. He was a Volta Regional minister, and as Ghana's second finance minister during the first republic. He is often credited as the man who changed the name of Trans Volta Togoland to the Volta Region.

Early life and education
Goka was born on 7 November 1919 to Reverend F. D. Goka at Mafi Anfoe in the Volta Region. He was educated at Evangelical Presbyterian Church (E. P. C.) Middle School in Hohoe where he obtained his Cambridge School Certificate in 1941. He went on to study at the Akropong Presbyterian Training College from 1943 to 1944. He entered the Ewe Presbyterian Theological Seminary at Ho and qualified as a catechist.

Career and politics
After his basic education Goka was employed as a pupil teacher in 1934 at his hometown Mafi Anfoe in the Volta Region. After qualifying as a Certificate A Grade I teacher he took an appointment at the Keta Presbyterian Middle School in January 1946. He resigned his teaching appointment in June 1948 and took office as the Assistant Education Secretary of Anlo-Tongu District Education Committee.

Goka later ventured politics and in June 1954 he was elected member of the legislative assembly and that same year he was appointed Minesterial Secretary (deputy minister) for the Ministry of Health. He was appointed Regional Commissioner for the Volta Region in June 1959 and, on 1 July 1960, he became the Minister for Trade. On 8 May 1961, he was appointed Minister for Finance and later that year, the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of Finance were merged. On 1 October 1961, he became the Minister for Trade and Finance. He worked in that capacity until 1964 when he was replaced by Kwesi Amoako Atta.

Death and tribute
He died in 2007, aged 86 or 88. Togbe Kwasinyi Agyeman IV, the Fia (Chief) of Adidome, described him as "the greatest son of Mafiland" in his funeral tribute.

title: Ferdinand K. D. Goka


text:
Tamunosisi Gogo Jaja

Tamunosisi Gogo Jaja is a Nigerian politician who represented Opobo–Nkoro in the Rivers State House of Assembly during the 4th, 5th and 6th Assembly. He also served as Majority Leader of the House for two tenures lasting a total of eight years. He was the All Progressives Grand Alliance nominee for Deputy Governor of Rivers State in 2011. He later switched political allegiance, joining the Rivers State People's Democratic Party. He is currently serving as Commissioner of Education in the second Wike Executive Council.

title: Tamunosisi Gogo Jaja


text:
Talk:Dirk Matschenz

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dirk Matschenz. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061022033418/http://www.skeletonsport.com/athletes/?contactid=889 to http://www.skeletonsport.com/athletes/?contactid=889

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:21, 11 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dirk Matschenz


text:
Counterpoint/Dissonant Intervals

Dissonant intervals in counterpoint are:

 * Second
 * Fourth
 * TRITONE - diminished fifth or augmented fourth
 * Seventh

title: Counterpoint/Dissonant Intervals


text:
Explorer 12

Explorer 12, also called EPE-A or Energetic Particles Explorer-A and as S3), was a NASA satellite built to measure the solar wind, cosmic rays, and the Earth's magnetic field. It was the first of the S-3 series of spacecraft, which also included Explorer 12, 14, 15, and 26. It was launched on 16 August 1961, aboard a Thor-Delta launch vehicle. It ceased transmitting on 6 December 1961 due to power failure.

Spacecraft

The spacecraft weighed 37.6 kg. Explorer 12 was a spin-stabilized, solar-cell-powered spacecraft instrumented to measure cosmic-ray particles, trapped particles, solar wind protons, and magnetospheric and interplanetary magnetic fields.

Instruments
Explorer 12 was designed to study space physics, and so had a multitude of instruments including a cosmic-ray detector, a particle trapper, and a magnetometer. Its instrumentation included 10 particle detection systems for the measurement of protons and electrons and their relation to magnetic fields, a solar cell damage experiment, optical aspect sensor and one transmitter. A 16-channel PFM / PM time-division multiplexed telemeter was used. The time required to sample the 16 channels (one frame period) was 0.324 seconds. Half of the channels were used to convey eight-level digital information, and the other channels were used for analog information. During ground processing of the telemetered data, the analog information was digitized with an accuracy of 1/100th of full scale. One analog channel was subcommutated in a 16-frame-long pattern and was used to telemeter spacecraft temperatures, power system voltages, currents, etc. A digital solar aspect sensor measured the spin period and phase, digitized to 0.041 seconds, and the angle between the spin axis and Sun direction to about 3° intervals. Good data was recorded for 90% of the mission.

Charged particles
The experiment was designed to measure the flux and energy spectrum of charged particles and cosmic rays and to determine their spatial and temporal distribution over the spacecraft orbit. The detectors included: (1) a shielded Anton type 302 omnidirectional Geiger–Müller tube, which detected protons with E>23 MeV and electrons with E>1.6 MeV, (2) an electron magnetic spectrometer utilizing three thin-windowed Anton type 213 directional Geiger–Müller tubes sensitive to electrons with energies from 40 to 100 keV, and (3) three directional cadmium sulfide crystals for measurements of the total flux of protons with energies from 1 keV to 10 MeV and electrons with energies from 200 eV to 500 keV. All directional detectors were mounted so that the axes of their fields of view were perpendicular to the satellite spin axis. (The initial spin period was 2.2 seconds.) Counts in each detector were accumulated for 10.24 seconds, and the contents of the accumulators were telemetered at the end of each sampling interval. The encoder accumulators were time shared so that each detector response was sampled once every 79 seconds. The experiment operated satisfactorily from launch until spacecraft failure on 6 December 1961.

Cosmic rays
The instrumentation for the Cosmic-Ray Experiment consisted of (1) a double scintillation counter that measured 55- to 500-MeV protons in six energy intervals and protons above 600 MeV, (2) a single scintillator that measured 1.4- to 22-MeV protons at five energy thresholds and electrons above 150 keV, and (3) a GM counter telescope that measured proton fluxes above 30 MeV. A complete set of measurements was made every 6.8 min. The experiment operated throughout the active lifetime of the spacecraft.

Electrostatic Analyzer of Solar Plasma
An electrostatic analyzer with a current collector was used to investigate boundary phenomena between the geomagnetic field and the interplanetary plasma and to monitor low-energy proton fluxes at lower altitudes. The instrument detected protons in the energy range 100 eV to 20 keV. The voltage across the plates rose to full value in about one-half second and then decayed in 155 s, during which time the collector plate current was sampled 470 times. Particles were accepted over a 10- by 80-deg solid angle that swept out a nearly hemispherical region of space as the payload spun. Proton current measurement had a dynamic range of 10 to the fourth power. The experiment apparently malfunctioned before injection into orbit and returned no useful data.

Fluxgate Magnetometers
This experiment was designed to measure the magnitude and direction of the Earth's magnetic field between 3 and 13 Earth radii. It consisted of three orthogonal fluxgate magnetometers mounted on the end of an 86.4 cm boom. One magnetometer axis was within 2° of the spacecraft spin axis. Each of the three sensors had a range of -1000 to +1000 nT with a digitization uncertainty of 12 nT. The three components of the magnetic field were all measured within a 50-ms time period once every 327 ms. An inflight calibration system applied a known magnetic field to each sensor in turn once every 115 seconds. This experiment performed normally from launch through 6 December 1961.

Proton-Electron Scintillation Detector
This experiment was designed to measure the directional fluxes and spectra of low-energy trapped and auroral protons and electrons. It employed a 5-mg-thick powder phosphor scintillator covered with a 1000-A aluminum coating. Additional absorbers were inserted in the detector aperture by a 16-position stepped wheel. The aperture was pointed at 45° to the spin axis. Due to the thinness and type of phosphor, the detector in the pulse mode would respond only to low-energy ions, and, therefore, essentially measured the flux of protons that penetrated the absorbers and stopped in the phosphor. Both the pulse counting rate and the phototube current were telemetered once each frame period. Sixteen readings were telemetered in each wheel position, and thus one complete set of data was obtained every 256 frames (one wheel revolution=80 seconds). Protons in seven energy ranges were measured. The high energy limit was about 10 MeV for all ranges, and the low-energy cutoffs were 100, 135, 186, 251, 512, 971, and 1668 keV. The energy fluxes of electrons in three ranges were measured separately using scatter geometry, absorbers, and the phototube current. The low-energy cutoffs were 15, 26, and 31 keV, and the high-energy cutoff was about 100 keV for all three ranges. Except for saturation of some of the proton channels in the heart of the outer belt, the experiment worked properly throughout the life of the spacecraft.

Solar Cell Damage Experiment
Four banks of p-on-n solar cells were cemented to the satellite skin to measure the effects of the deterioration caused by direct exposure to radiation in the Van Allen radiation belts. On bank of cells remained unprotected, while the others had 3-, 20-, and 60-mil-thick coatings of protective glass. The unshielded strip of cells degraded very rapidly during the first two orbits. On each orbit, severe degradation began about 2.5 hours before perigee, when the altitude of the satellite was approximately 33000 km. After the first two orbits, the remaining output of the cells was only 50% of the initial output. The periods of severe degradation coincided with periods of peaked directional intensities of protons with energies between 150 kev and 4.5 mev. It is known that protons of this level would not penetrate the 20-mil glass shields. When the satellite ceased transmitting, the output of the unshielded cells had further degraded to 29% of the initial value. The solar cells with 3-mil glass shields degraded by approximately 6% over the lifetime of the satellite. No solar cell degradation was indicated of the banks with 20- and 60-mil shielding when their outputs were compared on 19 September and 3 December 1961, when the incident-Sun angle was the same.

Launch
This satellite was launched from the Atlantic Missile Range by a Delta launch vehicle on 16 August 1961. Its objective was the investigation solar wind, interplanetary magnetic fields, distant portions of the Earth's magnetic field, and energetic particles in interplanetary space and in the Van Allen radiation belt.

Mission
The spacecraft achieved orbit and all instrumentation operated normally. Its transmitter ceased operations on 6 December 1961, after sending 2568 hours of real time data. During its life of 112 days, it completed 102 orbits and data was acquired approximately 80% of the time. This satellite provided significant geophysical data on radiation and magnetic storms.

The spacecraft functioned well until 6 December 1961, when it ceased transmitting data apparently as a result of failures in the power system. Good data were recorded for approximately 90% of the active lifetime of the spacecraft. The initial spin rate was 28.0 rpm, and the spin axis direction was right ascension 48°, declination -28°. The direction was nearly constant with time, and the spin rate slowly increased with time to 34.3 rpm. Apogee direction varied from about 12:00 hours to 06:00 hours local time.

A back-up satellite of the Explorer-12 is on display in the Space Science exhibition station at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia.

title: Explorer 12


text:
Wikijunior:South America/Colombia

Part of Wikijunior South America project

Colombia is a country in the northwest of South America. It is home to forty-eight million people. This includes nine million or more people living in the capital Bogota D.C. (Bogota Distrito Capital = Capital District of Bogota). Nearly three-quarters of the Colombian people live in cities, as compared to under two-thirds at the year 1955.

Of the people, 1.4% are indigenous Amerindians. They live in the eastern lands and around the country. A third have less than 15 years of age, two-thirds are aged between 15 and 64 years, and five percent have more than 64 years. The average Colombian man today has an expected life 67 years; the average Colombian woman today has an expected life 76 years. For each 1000 Colombians, 22 babies are born each year, and 5 people die each year.

Most Colombians live in western Colombia in the valleys and basins of the Andes Mountains.

Culture of Colombia
Colombians are generally close to their families, especially because of the Catholic faith of most Colombians. Many families are extended as well as nuclear. Godparents (padrinos) are particularly important. They give money and help the family of the child in his or her upbringing.

Many women in Colombia are working outside the home, and are professionals and in high positions in government, education, etc.

What are Colombia's national symbols?
The flag of Colombia has yellow, blue and red stripes. The yellow is wider than the other two and represents the native gold, blue indicates two oceans and red represents the blood spent in the struggle for independence from Spain.

The Coat of Arms of Colombia contains a shield with numerous symbols. Perched on top of the shield is a condor holding olives. The national flag is draped on each side of the shield. On the shield itself, there are ships, a Phrygian cap, a pomegranate and two horns of plenty containing fruit and gold and silver coins.

What are some famous places in Colombia?
Bogotá is the capital of Colombia, as well as the county's largest city with more than eight million inhabitants. The first European settlement was in 1538, but it was a population center for the native Muiscas long before that. Bogotá is the business hub of the nation and is home to Colombia's stock market. It also has many schools, Universities, and colleges.

What important events have happened in Colombia?
There were two main groups living in Colombia before Spanish Colonization. They were the Carib and the Chibcha. A Chibchan tribe called the Muisca lived in the region where Bogota is now. The Muisca traded salt, emeralds, beans, maize and other crops with other tribes.

The first permanent Spanish settlement, at Santa Marta, was founded in 1525. In 1549, Santa Fe de Bogota became the capital of New Granada. New Grenada was what the Spanish called the area that is now Colombia.

In 1819, forces led by Simon Bolivar won Colombia’s independence. At first, Colombia, Venezeula, Panama and some other nearby areas were all part of a country called Gran Colombia (Greater Colombia). Venezuela and Ecuador split off from Colombia first. Later Panama revolted, and gained its independence.

In the last forty years of the twentieth century, there was civil war in Colombia. This war continues today. The main combatants are the Colombian military, independent private armies (called paramilitaries), and two different rebel groups. The Colombian government is working to disarm the paramilitary and disarm or defeat the rebels.

What is the natural environment like in Colombia?
Colombia is very close to the equator and parts of the country are very hot. The country also has many high mountains and the higher the altitude the cooler the climate. Colombia has less than 1% of the world's area, but 10% of the species in the world can be found there. There is a wide variety of birds there too. Almost 15% of the world's species of birds are found in Colombia.

What types of things are exported from Colombia?
Colombia exports oil and petroleum products. Colombia is also renowned all over the world for its coffee. The coffee is mainly grown in volcanic soil on plantations in the Andes mountains. Colombia has many delicious native fruits that it sells. Colombia produces tropical fruit juices and concentrates. Cut flowers are another product that Colombia is famous for, they are sold to the rest of the world. Colombia is also famous for their roses. They ship roses all across the world for countries to sell.

What is school like in Colombia?
Most Colombian kids go to primary school between the ages of 6 and 11. Primary schooling is paid for by the government and mandatory for all kids. Still, some kids in this age group do not go to school, especially in rural areas. School is conducted in Spanish. There is often Catholic religious instruction as well as instruction in mathematics, science, reading, and writing.

In rural areas there may be many different ages in the same classroom. Because many of the students in rural areas are poor some must frequently miss school so they can work. Some rural Colombian schools are "New Schools". They provide guidebooks that allow students to work self-directed at their own pace with assistance from an instructor and other students. Students of all ages will sit at a large table each working on a different course of study from their guidebooks.

Only half of Colombian kids continue their education into secondary school. Secondary school starts at age 11 and continues for six years. Unlike some other countries, there is no vocational training in secondary school. Colombia has twenty-four public Universities, so there are opportunities for good students to pursue higher education.

What is the food like in Colombia?
Colombians eat a wide variety of meats, vegetables, and fruits. The biggest meal of the day happens at midday. One very common dish is called Ajiaco. It is a type of chicken soup. It typically contains chicken, corn, potatoes, sour cream, capers, and avocado. Bandeja paisa is a dish from a mountainous region named Antioquia. This dish typically has many different types of foods and large portions, it is served on large trays. Typically, bandeja paisa includes beans, rice, ground meat, spicy sausage, fried egg, corn cakes(arepas) and pork skin(chicharon). It is usually accompanied by avocado, and tomato.

What music is popular in Colombia?
A unique musical style in Colombia is called cumbia. It comes from Ghana, Africa, and is a combination of folk and dance. Many working people enjoy it. The costumes associated with cumbia are colourful.

In the north part of Colombia, vallenato is played. Vallenato is a musical genre characterized by instruments like accordion, guacharaca, etc. Big vallenato singers are: Diomedes Diaz, Los Hermanos Zuletas, Los Betos, Ivan Villazon, El Binomio de oro, etc. Today, there are a lot of new and great vallenato singers.

Champeta is another type of music develop in the Atlantic Coast, especially in Cartagena. At the beginning it was rejected because it was considered not appropriate, since the singers came from low-status families, the content in it was not appropriate and its dancing was very sensual. Today is well recognized and played in most of Colombian cities.

What sports are popular in Colombia?
Some of the national sports include soccer, tennis, baseball, and bicycle racing, and also competitive skating. The indigenous people contributed the ancient game TEJO! to Colombia. The players use a heavy metal disk and throw it at a distance to a triangular piece of paper (usually pink) filled with gunpowder, and Boom! The aim of the game is to cause many explosions for your throw.

Who are some famous people from Colombia?
The famous novel writer: "Gabriel Garcia Márquez", is a national from this country. The international pop music star Shakira is also from Colombia. A famous Colombian painter named Fernando Botero is noted for his portraits. In the portraits, his subjects look very fat. The actor and comedian John Leguizamo was born in Colombia before immigrating to the United States. Also the famous singer Shakira was born in Colombia.

Wikichicos/América del Sur/Colombia

title: Wikijunior:South America/Colombia


text:
Talk:Donald Fisher

Fisher political question
Why do we have his political affiliation mentioned? It didn't state that he was a candidate in the article. Wethar555 (talk) 19:34, 7 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071112014637/http://alumni.berkeley.edu:80/CAA_Events/Charter_Gala/2007/dfisher.asp to http://alumni.berkeley.edu/CAA_Events/Charter_Gala/2007/dfisher.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/19980613225401/http://www.gap.com/ to http://www.gap.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091001105327/http://www.gapinc.com:80/public/About/about_donfisher_bio.shtml to http://www.gapinc.com/public/About/about_donfisher_bio.shtml

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External links modified
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Family ties?
Is Donald Fisher related to Max Fisher? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:29, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Donald Fisher


text:
Wendy Glazier

Wendy Glazier is an English-speaking Canadian actress (region of Toronto). She is mainly known in the world of web series as Theresa LeMay, one of the main roles in the many-times-awarded LGBT web series Out With Dad.

Movies

 * 2009 - Son of the Sunshine : Bank Teller
 * 2014 - The Hotel Dieu : Dawn

Short films

 * 2012 - Green Apple : Amanda Wellington

Webseries

 * 2010/... - Out With Dad (including Vanessa's Story, Dir. : Jason Leaver) : Theresa LeMay
 * 2012-2013 - Clutch (S2E02, S2E06, S2E09) : Agatha

Nominations and awards
She was nominated and received the following awards:

2012

 * 3rd Indie Soap Awards (2012) ( 1 only winner in a category )
 * Nominations: Best Breakthrough Performance (All shows) for " Out with Dad "

 * LA Web Series Festival 2012 ( multiple prizes in the same category )
 * Award : Outstanding Ensemble Cast in a Drama for " Out with Dad " :
 * Kate Conway, Will Conlon, Lindsey Middleton, Corey Lof, Laura Jabalee, Darryl Dinn, Jacob Ahearn, Wendy Glazier, Robert Nolan.

 * Academy of WebTelevision Awards 2013
 * Nomination : Best Ensemble Performance for " Out with Dad "

2015

 * Academy of WebTelevision Awards 2015
 * Award : Best Ensemble Performance for " Out with Dad "

title: Wendy Glazier


text:
Atonye Nyingifa

Atonye Nyingifa (born 8 December 1990) is a Nigerian-American basketball player for Porta XI Ensino and the Nigerian national team.

She participated at the 2017 Women's Afrobasket.

title: Atonye Nyingifa