text:
Java Programming/Integer variables

As part of this lesson, there are going to be some small programs, partly to illustrate some important aspects of programming in Java and partly to give you, the student, some opportunities to incrementally improve your understanding of the language.

Printing Integers in Java
In much the same way that you created the HelloWorld.java file in the previous lesson, create a file Integer0.java with the following contents.

If you have been reading Introduction to Programming, then you might recognize that this statement int i = 1; creates a memory location of type "int", giving it the name i - it declares the variable i. It then goes and stores the value 1 in that location, a process known as assignment, where the single equal sign character is the Java operator telling the computer to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left.

The second statement is a variation on what was in the Hello World program from the previous lesson. System.out.println is a piece of code that causes whatever is inside the parentheses to be printed.

In the case of the Hello World program, what is inside the parentheses is a string literal. A string literal is a sequence of characters between a pair of quotation marks (""). In the program above, what you see is a string expression. The plus sign (+) is an addition operator when operands are numbers but if either operand is a string then it becomes a concatenation operator that glues the operands together into a single string. If one of the operands is not a string, then it attempts to create a string with a text representation of the given value.

Note that a string expression can be arbitrarily long. For example: "The area of the figure is " + area + " square centimeters" and "The volume of a cube with a radius of " + radius + " meters is " + volume + " cubic meters." are both valid examples of string expressions (assuming that the variables used are properly declared).

It should be reasonably obvious what the output of the program will be. Now save and compile the file (javac Integer0.java) and then run it (java Integer0). Did you get what you expected to see?

System.out.println is an important construct in Java programs for producing visible results. What would be the point of a program that ran calculations and didn't share the results?

A special note about programming exercises
In order to be able to program effectively, it is necessary to understand what a program is telling the computer to do. One source of errors in computer programs is that what the programmer thought and what he wrote is not always the same. When you look at a piece of code, ask yourself three questions:

 * What does this code actually do?
 * What did the programmer want it to do?
 * What is the program supposed to do?

Very often, the three answers will be identical. All too frequently, though, they are not.

Integer Variable Types
As was mentioned in Introduction to Programming, Java has five different sizes of integers.

What does it really mean, though, when we say that the largest value that can be stored in a byte is 127? Type the code shown below into a file called Integer1.java.

What do you expect the value of i + 1 to be? Compile and run it.

This is an example of a condition known as an overflow - where the result of a calculation exceeds the ability of the allocated memory location to be able to store it.

Now try this program. What do you think will happen?

This just goes to show that you can't fool the computer - it knows that 32768 is too large to store in a variable of type short.

Now try the code shown below. Before you compile it, think about the statement short s = i;. We are asking the computer to take the value from a four byte int and store it in a two byte short. What is the computer going to do? As you can see, the computer is not going to assume that you know what you are doing. In order to assign an int value to a short variable, you have to use a cast. In the corrected version of the program, shown below, the sequence (short) tells the compiler that, whatever the next value is, change it to a short. What are you going to get for output?

Now compile and run it. Do the results match your expectations? The lesson here is that, while you can use a cast to reassure the computer that you know what you're doing, you actually do have to know what you're doing if you want to get the results that you are expecting.

Integer Literals
While there are five types of integer variables, there are only three types of integer literals - int, long and char.

An ordinary looking integer literal such as 27 is a four byte int. What if you want to use literals bigger than<PHONE_NUMBER>, the largest possible value for a four byte int?

To turn an integer literal into an eight byte long, all you have to do is add an upper or lower case 'L' to the end. 27 is an int, but 27l or 27L is the same value as an eight byte long. Note that, while the lower case l is allowed, it is far too easy to confuse it with the numeral 1 and so it is strongly recommended that the upper case L be used for long literals.

Sometimes, people find it useful to express literals in octal or  hexadecimal.

A numeric literal with an extra leading numeral 0 is treated as an octal value. For example, the number 27, given as an octal literal, would be 033. The octal literal for 0 is 00. The largest possible positive int, in octal would be<PHONE_NUMBER>77.

A numeric literal with the leading characters 0x or 0X is treated as a hexadecimal value. The compiler ignores the case of the characters in the literal and so 0xAbc, 0Xabc and 0xABC all have the same value (2748 decimal). The hexadecimal literal for 0 is 0x0. The largest possible positive int, in hexadecimal would be 0x7fffffff

Character Literals
In Introduction to Programming, it was mentioned that some languages handle text characters as a type of integer and, as you can see from the table of Java integer types (above), Java is one of those languages.

public class Integer4 {   public static void main(String[] arguments) {       short i = 'A'; System.out.println("i is " + i); i += 1;

char a = (char) i;       System.out.println("A + 1 is " + a); } }

Think about this program before you run it. What do you think the output will be? There will be two lines of output and the second line will be the easier than the first. Now go ahead and run it.

Why 65? All text including characters and character strings in Java are represented using a system known as Unicode.

Why B and not 66? The short answer is that println knows that char is not a standard integer type and automatically converts the output to the character with the appropriate Unicode character code. Whether or not your computer can correctly display a given character may depend on the specific character, the operating system of the computer and on what fonts are installed.

 * Reading: Unicode (Wikipedia article)
 * Reference: Code Charts (directory of PDF reference documentation)

If you look at the Unicode chart for Basic Latin, you will see that the code for an upper case letter 'A' from the Latin alphabet is 0x0041 which is the hexadecimal representation of 65.

You can see that Unicode supports a tremendous variety of characters from many different languages. In theory, a properly written Java program could support a wide variety of languages.

Integer Expressions
The real power of computers is in manipulating information, not just storing it. With integers, most calculations are performed in integer expressions - a sequence of values and operators that produce integers as a final result.

The Basics
As in pretty much every programming language, Java supports the use of parentheses in expressions. As in math, operators inside parentheses are evaluated before operators outside of them. The use of parenthesis to improve the readability of expressions is strongly encouraged. Everyone who programs in Java might know the rules of precedence, but forcing folks to think through them in a complex expression is just asking for trouble.

The most commonly used operators are for the four standard operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division - plus the assignment operator.

Multiplication is represented by a single asterisk character (*) and division by a single slash character (/). Among these five, they have the highest precedence in that they are evaluated before any addition, subtraction or assignment operators. They associate left-to-right so that in the expression a * b / c the multiplication would be evaluated first.

Addition (+) and subtraction (-) have the next highest precedence and also associates left-to-right.

Assignment (=) has the lowest precedence. Unlike the others, it associates right-to-left. The result of an assignment operation is the value being assigned - i.e. the value on the right side of the equal sign.

Type In Expressions
Consider these declarations: byte a = 1 short b = 2; char c = 3 int d = 4; long e = 5;

What would be the type of a + b? b + c? a + b + c? a + b + c + d? a + b + c + d + e?

For most numeric operators, if both operands are integer types other than long then result is always an int. If either operator is a long then the result is a long. Any value in an expression that is a smaller type than the result is first converted to the larger type in a process known as a widening conversion.

So all of the expressions above are ints except a + b + c + d + e which is a long.

Integer Division
What is the value of 1 / 2? The type of the result is int (both operands are int literals). In Java, the result of an integer division is truncated, i.e. the largest integer value that is less than or equal to the actual value. So 1 / 2 is 0.

Exercise 1
Consider the evaluation of the expression at the bottom of this code.

int a = 1; int b = 2; int c = 4;

a = b = a * b / c + 1;

What order are the operators evaluated in? What are the final values of the three variables?

Click here for the answer

Increment and Decrement
In computer programming, it is very common to need to add one to, or subtract one from, a variable. It is so common that the designers of the C programming language created operators that did nothing else. The character sequence ++ (two adjacent plus signs) is the increment operator and the sequence -- (two adjacent minus signs) is the decrement operator.

If you were to run this code: int i = 1; i++; System.out.println("i = " + i); It would produce the output i = 2.

The increment and decrement operators are unary operators in that they only have one operand. Also, that operand must be a variable and not a literal. 2++ is an illegal construct - you can't increment the integer 2.

How does the compiler decide which variable is attached to an increment operator? Let's look at the expression i ++ j. In fact, it doesn't matter because increment operators aren't like regular operators, you can't put them between two variables because they take only one operand. To the compiler, i ++ j is no better than i j which is illegal.

Now look at the following code: int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = i+++j; System.out.println ("i = " + i); System.out.println ("j = " + j); System.out.println ("k = " + k);

What will it print? In order to figure that out, you have to know what the compiler is going to do with three adjacent plus signs. In this case, as it is examining i +++ j, it sees the variable i and it knows that an increment operator could go there, so it takes the first two plus signs as an increment operator and the final plus sign as an addition operator.

We still don't know what that means for this expression.

Prefix vs Postfix
It turns out that ++i (prefix increment) and i++ (postfix increment) do not have exactly the same meaning.

Within the context of a larger expression such as i +++ j, a prefix operators are executed before the statement as a whole is evaluated. Postfix operators are evaluated after the statement as a whole is evaluated. So int k = i +++ j; is the same as int k = i + j; i++;

One last detail. The value of i++ is the value of the variable i, not the variable itself, so the expression i++++, with two increment operators would be illegal.

Exercise 2
Now go back to the code above and determine what was printed.

For extra credit, change the declaration of k to be int k = i ++ + ++ j;. What does it print now?

Answer

One Final Note About Increment and Decrement
Using prefix/postfix operators, it is quite easy to implement some cute little tricks that are satisfyingly terse. In fact, many programmers take great pride in just how terse they can make their code.

This attitude is a big, fat mistake. Terse code is harder to read, harder to understand, harder to fix and more likely to contain defects. Unless you are infallibly omniscient, it is best to avoid writing any code that might be considered terse. In particular, avoid any expression involving increment/decrement operator where prefix or postfix would matter. Better yet, do not use one of these operators in any expression more complicated than the operator and the variable.

Compound Assignment Operators
It turns out to be fairly common need to operate on the value of a variable and then assign the result of the operation back to that same variable, as shown here: i = i + 1; j = j * 5;

The designers of the C language decided to create a class of operators to take care of this need. Every binary numeric operator in Java has a corresponding compound assignment operator which is a character sequence containing the operator with an equal sign appended. So the expression i += 1; is the same as i = i + 1;.

Increment and decrement are not binary operators and so they do not have a compound assignment form.

A Special Note About Type
The expression below requires a cast because the right hand operand of the assignment operator is an expression, that evaluates to int by default. short i = 2; i = i + 2;

Review of Concepts From This Lesson

 * declaration - the process of allocating a location in memory and giving it a name
 * assignment - the process of storing a value in a location in memory
 * overflow - when a computed value becomes too large to store in an intended memory location

 * string literal - A sequence of text characters contained in a pair of quotation characters ("")
 * concatenation operator - the plus sign (+) when used in a string expression
 * string expression - a string literal or two string expressions joined by a concatenation operator

 * Unicode - the universal system of character codes used by the Java Virtual Machine

 * prefix operator - the operator is evaluated before the remainder of the expression containing it
 * postfix operator - the operator is evaluated after the remainder of the expression containing it

title: Java Programming/Integer variables


text:
mithridatisation

Etymology
From, in reference to of.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) mithridatism; slow immunization (to a toxin) by repeated ingestion of increasing doses
 * 2)  desensitization (to a thing) by repeated exposure

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: mithridatisation


text:
Ellen Weston

Ellen Weston (born Ellen Weinstein) is an American actress, producer, and writer.

Early years
Born in New York City, Weston is the daughter of educators; her mother was a teacher, and her father was a superintendent of schools. She attended Performing Arts High School, Hofstra University, New York University, and Hunter College. She completed work on her Bachelor of Arts degree two years after she dropped out to act full-time.

Career
Weston's Broadway credits include Toys in the Attic, A Far Country, and Mary, Mary.

Her first notable television role was a stint as Robin Fletcher on Guiding Light from 1963 to 1964, followed by another daytime role as Karen Gregory on Another World. From 1978 to 1980, she appeared as Derek's ex-wife on The Young and the Restless. She portrayed Betty Harrelson in S.W.A.T. and Dr. Steele in Get Smart.

She also appeared in The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, Bonanza, Wonder Woman, Bewitched, Hawkins, and The Bob Newhart Show and in television movies such as Letters from Three Lovers (1973), Miracle on 34th Street (1973), The Questor Tapes (1974), and Revenge of the Stepford Wives (1980). The only feature film in which Weston has appeared was Dangerous Relations.

In 1972, Weston co-wrote seven songs with singer Lesley Gore for Gore's MoWest debut album Someplace Else Now.

Her first television writing job was as a staff writer for the CBS soap opera Capitol. She was hired to write made-for-TV movies, including Lies Before Kisses, See Jane Run, The Disappearance of Vonnie, and As The Beat Goes On: The Sonny and Cher Story. She was also a producer on several of these.

In 2003, John Conboy, executive producer of Guiding Light, hired Weston — who had worked for him on The Young and the Restless and Capitol — as the head writer. Weston's central story was the Maryanne Carruthers mystery. The story brought actress Carrie Nye, a friend of Weston, back to the show. The story was criticized for its resemblance to a similar plot that Guiding Light had broadcast 20 years earlier and for the substantial revisions to history that the story made for five main characters. Weston was replaced with new head writer David Kreizman in 2004.

title: Ellen Weston


text:
Sandakan Memorial Park

The Sandakan Memorial Park (Taman Peringatan Sandakan) is a memorial site built in the former grounds of the former Sandakan camp in the Malaysian state of Sabah. The site is dedicated as a memory for all prisoners in the camp who died during the Sandakan Death Marches, and to those died during a march to Ranau. It is also recognises the suffering and sacrifice of the native population. This park hosts the Sandakan Memorial Day service on August 15.

History
As the Japanese expanded its Empire into the Southwest Pacific Ocean during the early stage of World War II, a large numbers of Allied soldiers prisoners were detained in a various camp in the pacific. In July 1942, already 1,500 Australian prisoners of war were transferred from Singapore to Sandakan as a forced labour to build a military airfield. The number getting increase in 1943, with about 2,500 prisoners had been housed in the camp site.

At the end of the war, all of the human remains of the prisoners of war, who were found during investigation at the site, were transferred to a military cemetery in Labuan. Those who can be identified were buried in a grave and marked with a name, while those who cannot be identified were listed on a corresponding plaques in Labuan and also in Singapore.

In 1995, an agreement between the state government of Sabah, the government of Australia, the veterans association Returned & Services League of Australia (RSL) and the Sandakan Municipal Council resulted in the creation of this memorial site. The Australian government built the pavilion with an obelisk was erected on the memory site and restored the remains of the technical equipment of the facility with a digger, steam generator and other generator. The opening ceremony of the memorial site was held on 18 March 1999.

Location
The memorial park is located about 1.5 kilometres southwest of present-day Sandakan Airport, which occupies part of the former camp of the Australian B Force.

Stations
The memorial is divided into six stations that are connected by a circular route.

Excavator
The excavator was used for the construction of an airport for the Japanese. During repairs, it was sabotaged by Australian prisoners of war rendering it inoperable and so it never worked again.

Steam generator and generator
The steam generator and other generator became the main power source for the camp. The wood-fired steam engine powered generator, was used for the lighting of the camp and its enclosure.

The Great Tree
"The Great Tree" (The Big Tree) is a huge specimen of a Mengarisbaumes (Koompassia excelsa) originally stood where the memorial obelisk is placed today. It was the dominant structure of the POW camp by its size. Shortly after the war, the tree was destroyed by a fire. A new Mengarisbaum was planted near the entrance on 25 April 2008 for the park.

Food depot, storage area and kitchen
The Japanese also operating a food depot and kitchen for the Japanese with water tank has been preserved from concrete.

Main entrance and access road
The main entrance was on the east side of the memorial park before the storage area. The road leading to the airport and to the left and right was the Mile 8 Road street from Sandakan to Ranau. It was from here, all three marches to Ranau.

Memorial pavilion
The Sandakan Commemorative Pavilion was opened on 18 March 1999 by the Veterans Affairs Minister Bruce Scott of Australia. It contains a permanent exhibition about the POW camp and the death marches in both English and Malay language.

Obelisk description
The "Sandakan Memorial" obelisk is a black stele, on a circular, cobbled square diameter of about ten metres. It bears the inscription:

Sandakan Memorial

In Remembrance Of All Those

Who Suffered and Died Here,

On The Death Marches

And At Ranau

POW route
The memorial park is the first stop on the "POW Route" during the three death marches. The route begins in Sandakan and ends at the "Last POW Camp" at Ranau. Every stations on the route is marked with a sign.

Literature

 * Australian Government, Office of Australian War Graves SANDAKAN MEMORIAL PARK, Department of Veterans' Affairs, Canberra, 2006

title: Sandakan Memorial Park


text:
10 daily

10 daily was a news and entertainment website. Part of the Ten Network Holdings, it was launched in May 2018 as Ten daily, and rebranded as 10 daily that October as part of an overall rebranding of the network. The site had 1.04 million visitors in September 2018. 10 daily created content aimed at the 18 to 39-year-old demographic; as of May 2019, the majority of visitors were between 18 and 44, female, and accessing the website on mobile devices. On their first anniversary 10 daily launched a new tagline, "news with benefits".

The 10 daily website closed on 22 May 2020, though some content was transferred to 10 Play and social media accounts.

title: 10 daily


text:
Wikiversity talk:Requests for proofreading

If you folks are getting swamped, I can take on the occasional proofread. The Jade Knight 09:01, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * If you have the time, your help would certainly be appreciated! I've cleared most of these except for Topic:Genetics, which is going to be quite time-consuming to proofread. AmiDaniel (talk) 18:45, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

proofread needs to be subst: to show date--Balloonguy 21:41, 1 March 2007 (UTC)


text:
User:WHayana

My page!!!!! Be a public Wikipedia user. Forever, be this type of a user forever and ever and ever! Hi there! Nice to meet you!

title: User:WHayana


text:
Portal:Professions/WikiProjects

Content development projects exist on pages in "School:" or "Topic:" namespaces:
 * Architecture
 * Aviation
 * Business
 * Business Process Management
 * Dentistry
 * Education
 * Engineering
 * Law
 * Martial Arts
 * Medicine
 * Military
 * Nursing
 * Pharmacy
 * Podiatry
 * Project Management
 * Social Work
 * Veterinary Medicine
 * Merchant Marine
 * Archeology

title: Portal:Professions/WikiProjects


text:
David Attenborough: A Life on Our Planet

David Attenborough: A Life on Our Planet is a 2020 British documentary film narrated by David Attenborough and produced and directed by Jonnie Hughes. The film acts as a "witness statement", through which Attenborough shares first-hand his concern for the current state of the planet due to humanity's impact on nature and his hopes for the future. It was released on Netflix on 4 October 2020, along with a companion book A Life on Our Planet.

Synopsis
From Pripyat, a deserted area after the nuclear disaster, Attenborough gives an overview of his life. Interspersed with footage of his career and of a wide variety of ecosystems, he narrates key moments in his career and indicators of how the planet has changed since he was born in 1926. As a child, Attenborough enjoyed studying fossils. His documentary career began in the 1950s when he began working for the BBC, a British public service broadcaster. He visited places such as the African Serengeti, in which native animals require vast areas of land to maintain grazing patterns. Over time, he noticed a decline in wildlife when searching for fish or orangutans in Borneo or other animals which he was looking for as part of his documentaries. Areas of the Arctic or Antarctic were different to what the filming crew expected due to ice caps melting. The causes are anthropogenic climate change and biodiversity loss pushing the planet towards a sixth mass extinction event over a period of centuries rather than the hundreds of millennia that built up to previous mass extinctions.

Attenborough describes the film as his "witness statement" and gives an impression of what could happen to the planet over the course of a lifetime beginning in 2020 and lasting as long as his own, were human activity to continue unchanged. The Amazon rainforest could degrade into a savanna; the Arctic could lose all ice during summer; coral reefs could die; soil overuse could cause food crises. These irreversible events would cause mass extinction and exacerbate climate change further.

However, Attenborough describes actions which could prevent these effects and combat climate change and biodiversity loss. He asserts that the solution has been "staring us in the face all along. To restore stability to our planet, we must restore its biodiversity. The very thing that we've removed." He proposes re-wilding; moreover, he says that bringing countries out of poverty, providing universal healthcare and improving girls' education would make the growing human population stabilise sooner and at a lower level. Renewable energy such as solar, wind, water and geothermal could sustainably power all human energy usage. Protecting a third of coastal areas from fishing could allow fish populations to thrive and the remaining area would be sufficient for human consumption. Humans changing their diet to eliminate or reduce meat in favour of plant-based foods could allow land to be used far more efficiently. Attenborough cites government intervention in Costa Rica causing deforestation to reverse, Palau's fishing regulations and improved use of land in the Netherlands as good examples.

Production
Initially scheduled for cinematic release on 16 April 2020, the film was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film premiered on 28 September 2020 in cinemas and debuted on the online streaming platform Netflix on 4 October. The day prior, a promotional video was released showing Attenborough answer questions from celebrities.

A companion book, A Life on Our Planet: My Witness Statement and a Vision for the Future, was released in October 2020.

Reception
The film received positive critical reception. Patrick Cremona of Radio Times gave it five out of five stars, finding it "quite unlike" Attenborough's previous works and lauding its "blending" of a "terrifying condemnation" of humans' treatment of the natural world, and a "hopeful and inspirational manifesto" of how to address the climate crisis. Rating it four out of five stars, Ed Potton of The Times approved of the depiction of animals and Attenborough's "intimacy" and "authority" in his narration, but suggested that more of Attenborough's personal life could have been shown. Emma Clarke of the Evening Standard called the film "an essential watch". Natalia Winkelman of The New York Times praised the "astonishing nature photography" and juxtaposition between thriving and dying ecosystems.

Accolades
In 2021, the film was nominated for five Emmy Awards.


text:
Senator Cameron

Senator Cameron may refer to:

Members of the United States Senate

 * Angus Cameron (American politician) (1826–1897), U.S. Senator from Wisconsin from 1875 to 1885
 * J. Donald Cameron (1833–1918), U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania from 1877 to 1897
 * Ralph H. Cameron (1863–1953), U.S. Senator from Arizona from 1921 to 1927
 * Simon Cameron (1799–1889), U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania from 1867 to 1877

United States state senate members

 * Dean Cameron (politician) (born 1961), Idaho State Senate
 * Howard W. Cameron (1915–1986), Wisconsin State Senate

title: Senator Cameron


text:
Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Decisions

If statement
As always I believe I should start each chapter with a warm-up typing exercise, so here is a short program to compute the absolute value of a number:

Here is the output from the two times that I ran this program:

Type in a number: -14 The absolute value of -14 is: 14

Type in a number: 24 The absolute value of 24 is: 24

So what does the computer do when it sees this piece of code? First it prompts the user for a number with the statement " ". Next it reads the line " ". If  is less than zero Python runs the line " ". Otherwise it runs the line " ".

More formally Python looks at whether the expression  is true or false. An  statement is followed by an indented block of statements that are run when the expression is true. Optionally after the  statement is an   statement and another indented block of statements. This second block of statements is run if the expression is false.

There are a number of different tests that an expression can have. Here is a table of all of them:

Another feature of the  command is the   statement. It stands for else if and means if the original  statement is false but the   part is true, then do the   part. And if neither the  or   expressions are true, then do what's in the   block. Here's an example:

and the output:

1 <= 7 2 <= 7 3 <= 7 4 <= 7 5 <= 7 6 > 5 7 > 5 8 > 5 9 > 5 10 > 5

Notice how the  is only tested when the   statement fails to be true. There can be more than one  expression, allowing multiple tests to be done in a single   statement.

Examples
And the output

False False

High_low.py

Sample run:

Guess a number: 100 Too high Guess a number: 50 Too low Guess a number: 75 Too low Guess a number: 87 Too high Guess a number: 81 Too high Guess a number: 78 Just right

even.py

Sample runs:

Tell me a number: 3 3 is odd.

Tell me a number: 2 2 is even.

Tell me a number: 3.14159 3.14159 is very strange.

average1.py

Sample runs:

Enter 0 to exit the loop Enter a number: 3 Enter a number: 5 Enter a number: 0 The average was: 4.0

Enter 0 to exit the loop Enter a number: 1 Enter a number: 4 Enter a number: 3 Enter a number: 0 The average was: 2.66666666667

average2.py

Sample runs:

This program will take several numbers then average them How many numbers would you like to average: 2 Number 1 Enter a number: 3 Number 2 Enter a number: 5 The average was: 4.0

This program will take several numbers then average them How many numbers would you like to average: 3 Number 1 Enter a number: 1 Number 2 Enter a number: 4 Number 3 Enter a number: 3 The average was: 2.66666666667

Exercises

 * 1) Modify the higher or lower program from this section to keep track of how many times the user has entered the wrong number.  If it is more than 3 times, print "That must have been complicated."  Note that the program does not have to quit asking for the number before it is guessed, it just has to print this after the number is guessed.
 * 2) Write a program that asks for two numbers.  If the sum of the numbers is greater than 100, print "That is a big number."
 * 3) Write a program that asks the user their name, if they enter your name say "That is a nice name", if they enter "John Cleese" or "Michael Palin", tell them how you feel about them ;), otherwise tell them "You have a nice name."


text:
Nick Wolters

Nick Wolters (born 5 August 1993) is a Dutch football player. He plays for Swedish club AFC Eskilstuna.

Club career
He made his Eerste Divisie debut for FC Dordrecht on 1 September 2017 in a game against FC Emmen.

In the summer 2018, Wolters moved to Sweden and joined Gottne IF. He left the club at the end of 2019, to join Division 3 Södra Svealand club Eskilstuna City FK for the 2020 season.

Ahead of the 2021, he joined Superettan club AFC Eskilstuna.

title: Nick Wolters


text:
Talk:Paul Harney

I can't find three of his 7 PGA wins – Tewapack or Dakpowers, please help me out.--Hokeman 22:10, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paul Harney


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Time Traveler (roller coaster)/archive1

Time Traveler (roller coaster)

I've listed this article for peer review because I'm interested in nominating this article in the future as a potential candidate for WP:FA. In doing this listing, I want to know if there is any key details that appears to be missing from the timeline of the roller coaster's history or within any of the sections that may be important, any grammatical issues that the article has in its prose, or items that are stated that a general reader may-or-may-not understand based off the general language of the article. Any input would be welcomed!

Thanks, Adog  ( Talk ・ Cont ) 00:37, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * NOTE: when you close this peer review, please be sure to remove it from Template:FAC peer review sidebar. If FA regulars have to do all the maintenance, they may stop following that very useful sidebar :) And please add the sidebar to your userpage so you can help out at Peer review!  Good luck, Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  17:16, 29 October 2020 (UTC)


text:
pacijent

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) patient person receiving medical treatment
 * 2)  perverse, eccentric person, person who does things strangely or cluelessly, nutcase
 * 3)  irritating, unwanted person

title: pacijent


text:
Silvio de Abreu

Silvio Eduardo de Abreu (born 20 December 1942) is a Brazilian actor, director, and screenwriter. He is currently the director of the dramaturgy department of Rede Globo.

title: Silvio de Abreu


text:
Talk:Madhavadhara

Film shooting
Some of the scenes of c/o kancharapalem movie had been shot here Demandgoal123 (talk) 17:07, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

Ok Demandgoal123 (talk) 17:08, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Madhavadhara


text:
Ramon Picarte Mujica

Manuel Felipe Ramón Picarte Mujica, better known as Ramón Picarte Mujica (June 9, 1830 – 1884?) was a Chilean scientist.

Early life
Picarte was born on 9 June 1830, to father Ramon Picarte and mother Carmen Mujica. His father, a colonel in the independence army, had an outstanding career under the command of José Miguel Carrera: he took part in many of the actions that led to Chilean independence, became commander of the garrison of Valparaíso, and later mayor of Valdivia. As a liberal in the newly formed nation, he opposed Diego Portales, who he considered authoritarian and elitist. As a result of this, he was expelled from the army and died in poverty in 1830. The temperament of his father would later find expression in Picarte.

Education
Little is known of Picarte's early education. The subjects studied in Chile at the time were reading, writing, Christian doctrine, arithmetic (addition, subtraction, division, multiplication) and morality and etiquette. That was considered more than enough for ordinary citizens.

His secondary education was better. At the time, secondary education in Chile was divided in two basic courses: humanities (intended for future lawyers) and mathematics (for future surveyors). The former was a longer course but gave a more promising future.

Picarte studied in one of the most prestigious and old state schools in Chile, the General José Miguel Carrera National Institute from 1840. Some of his classmates would become illustrious figures, including Guillermo, Joaquín and Alberto Blest Gana; Víctor and Miguel Luis Amunátegui; Diego Barros Arana, one of the fathers of Chilean historiography; Eusebio Lillo, poet and the composer of the national anthem, and Pedro León Gallo Goyenechea, a prominent politician.

Picarte began his studies on the humanities course, but soon after finishing the Roman law module, he switched to maths. Fortunately for him, he had an excellent maths teacher in Andrés Antonio Gorbea. For Professor Gorbea, maths was an essential part of education and should not be limited to the requirements of future surveyors. He based his teaching on the book "A complete course of pure mathematics" by Louis Benjamin Francoeur, a professor of the French Academy of Sciences. Picarte had lectures on topics including analytic geometry, probability theory, algebra, series, differential calculus and integrals. He obtained a degree as surveyor in 1852.

Early work
In 1854, Picarte became a mathematics professor at the military academy of the Chilean Army. In those days, mathematics was dependent on mathematical tables, which were as important for mathematicians as computers are today. There were just a few limited division and multiplication tables available in Chile at the time. Picarte extended those tables to include numbers up to 10,000, and in doing, greatly improved the accuracy and reach of the tables.

He translated and improved the most commonly used logarithm tables in Chile, and invented a new way of calculating divisions by creating a table that allowed mathematicians to divide any number up to 10,000 with a simple sum. He also improved the Lalande algorithm tables which were widely used by engineers, architects, surveyors, merchants, or anyone needing to solve complex mathematical problems.

Picarte asked other Chilean mathematicians examine his work but did not receive an enthusiastic response. He tried to sell the copyrights for it at a very low price so that it could be published and distributed, but was unable to find a buyer. He then applied for support from the government but received the same response as from his peers: indifference and incredulity. This may have been because there were very few mathematicians in Chile at the time able to review or check his work. Lalande, who had produced the existing, widely distributed algorithm tables, was also a famous French astronomer and mathematician, so there was some resistance to replacing them with something new.

Essentially, Picarte's work did not align with the needs of president Manuel Montt’s development project for the newly born nation. There were no government financial support for scientific or mathematical research, and Lalande's existing tables were sufficient for Pedro José Amadeo Pissis’s work on topographical maps and for the astronomical studies carried out by Carlos Moesta, director of the newly created Santa Lucía Hill observatory.

Success in
Confident in the value of his invention despite the lack of recognition in Chile, Picarte decided to leave his homeland. He travelled to Peru in 1857, where he also failed to find a publisher. He stayed for two months taking on whatever casual work he could find, and begged his Chilean acquaintances for money to continue onwards, first to Panama, and then to Southampton, England. Once in England, sold his watch in order to complete the last leg of his journey to France.

In Paris, with no more than his tables and the clothes on his back, he followed the advice of other mathematicians and spent 5 months reviewing and compiling his work in order to present it to the French Academy of Sciences. He finally presented his work on 15 February 1859 and received warm praise from the academics. The report of this session was signed by famous members of the academy, Mathieu, Bienaymé and Charles Hermite. Picarte's mathematical tables were welcomed in Europe. He stayed in France for some time and received some income from selling the copyright of his work. Soon, the government of Chile realized of the magnitude of his achievement and offered him official recognition and a cash prize via the consulate in France.

Return to Chile
Picarte returned to Chile in 1862. In October of that year he joined the Faculty of Physics and Maths at the University of Chile, although he didn't teach classes until the beginning of 1890. Free of financial problems, he dedicated his life to his studies. He patented three inventions: A siphon pump, a steam siphon and a steam reciprocating pump.

When he returned to Chile, Picarte was preoccupied with the social problems that he saw around him. In France he had learned about the socialist ideas of Charles Fourier, cousin of famous mathematician François Marie Charles Fourier. These ideas had a great impact on him, and he dedicated himself to helping to solve Chile's welfare issues.

Observing the conditions in his own country and comparing them to what was happening in Europe, Picarte developed an interesting theory that he incorporated to his university thesis, called: "The importance of life insurance, and related projects which are likely to be established in Chile" (Importancia de la Institución de Seguros de la Vida, y proyectos sobre el particular que son susceptibles de establecerse en Chile) In his thesis, Picarte expressed his views as follows: "If this horrible state of things (misery) is a necessity in that sad European civilization, sustained only by poverty and selfishness; in America, continent of new republics, and especially in Chile, where the arteries of blundering speculation are not yet formed or solidified, it would be an eternal shame if we (society) can do something about it and don’t." In this report, Picarte criticizes the economic system and sets out the basis of the scientific approach to a future social program in Chile, after seeing how those organizations operate in Europe. Through mathematics, he proposes that it is scientifically proven that these social institutions are possible ("es un hecho matemáticamente probado que son posibles").

In the years that followed, Picarte dedicated himself to this project, though again, he received almost no support. But he was not just an intellectual: in 1863, he organized a union for tailors, and another for shoemakers. In 1864, he took his ideas to a larger scale with the "Sociedad Trabajo para Todos" (Society of Work for All), a production and mutual support organization with a people's savings bank, similar to a cooperative and organized according to his theories. His leaflets claimed that the organization would provide affordable and healthy food for everyone, eliminating intermediaries, and would reduce housing costs by sub-letting houses and rooms from other members of the organization at lower prices. The organization also promoted work, encouraging its members to produce and exchange goods within the organisation. Picarte expect the organization to produce some income, and with that, expand its benefits to other areas. In order to get capital for his plans, he waited in his office everyday from 12 to 3 to receive anyone who wanted to partner with him, but no-one supported or financed his project.

In 1865 Picarte obtained a degree in law and became a lawyer. His degree thesis discussed similar social issues and highlighted the need to organize state finances in order to be a truly independent nation.

"All that is needed is that want it, that we believe we are now capable of being such men; that we leave behind the sad concerns that have made us view what comes from that out-of-date Europe with a kind of respect.".

As a lawyer, Picarte offered his services for free to those who were unable to pay. He also wrote and published leaflets that explained the key rights enshrined in the Chilean Civil Code in simple words, putting them within reach of those with no knowledge of the law.

Around this time, Picarte moved to the southern Chilean town of San Carlos. Then, in 1866, he moved to Chillán, where in 1869 he married Clorinda Pardo, the daughter of a Chilean army colonel. It is not known if the couple had any children. He made the news again in 1883 when he published "Large logarithm tables to twelve decimal points" (Grandes Tablas de Logaritmos a doce decimales) in Chile and France, financed by the Chilean government. He then travelled back to France, after which there is no further record of him.

title: Ramon Picarte Mujica


text:
Wiki Campus Radio/April 28 2007

Reasons for not using copyleft licenses, and ; these audio files were made from a Wiki Campus Radio voice chat session recorded on April 28, 2007. Most of the discussion is Chris and Leigh discussing reasons why some people do not want to release materials under licenses like the GFDL coyyleft license. Help with ogg audio play.

Part A

 * 1) start - 14 seconds: music by User:CQ.
 * 2) 14 seconds - 1 minute 43 seconds: voice-over (music continues) introduction by User:JWSchmidt. Useful links: GFDL, Creative Commons licenses, Copyleft, Free Culture movement
 * 3) 1 minute 44 seconds: User:Chrismo welcome
 * 4) 1 minute 46 seconds- 2 minutes 10 seconds: music continues
 * 5) 2 minutes 10 seconds: Chris introduces topic. Useful links: Networked learning, Learn Online Blog, Web 2.0
 * 6) 2 minutes 26 seconds: Leigh Blackall self introduction. Otago Polytechnic, Teach and Learn Online eGroup,Share-alike, Attribution.
 * 7) 5 minutes: Chris asks for problems with copyleft
 * 8) 5 minutes 32 seconds: Leigh talks about cultural artifacts that people do not feel comfortable making available for others to re-use. Also, educators who feel that their educational resources should not be available for others to use for commercial purposes.
 * 9) 7 min. 45 sec. Chris mentions Māori people and Wikipedia content.
 * 8:15. Leigh mentions some cultural artifacts approved for sharing, some not. Alexander Hayes example of mis-use of cultural artifacts.
 * 1) 11 min. Chris Murri people and openness to sharing their knowledge
 * 2) 13 min. Leigh discusses the problem of mixing copyleft content and resources that are not available for modification or commercial use.
 * 14:35. Chris talks about the need to educate people about the advantages of copyleft.
 * 16:05. Leigh talks about getting contributions to WikiEducator.
 * 16:30. Chris mentions some specific types of documents that do not make sense to think about modifying under a copyleft license. Leigh adds an additional example.
 * 18:30. Chris suggests that even if original documents are not made available under copyleft then other related educational resources could be created that could be placed under a copyleft license. Reply and discussion with Leigh.
 * 21:40. Chris suggests that education about free software can go hand-in-hand with education about copyleft learning resources. Reply and discussion with Leigh about difficulties of mixing copyleft materials with more restricted content.
 * 27:45. Leigh describes efforts at Otago Polytechnic to create institutional policy on licensing of educational resources.
 * 28:55. User:CQ asks about copyright.
 * 29:55. Chris asks about limits on education if copyleft is not used.
 * 33:00. Intellectual property. What is the value of educational resources?
 * 34:00. Conventional thinking within educational institutions about protecting learning resources as valuable property.
 * 1) 35. More questions about types of resources such as published articles and other content that should not be altered by others because that could mis-represent the original work.

Part B

 * 0:0. Leigh completing thoughts on how educational institutions can provide flexibility in licensing.
 * 1:30. Chris suggests maybe having some indigenous people on Wiki Campus Radio to discuss licenses.
 * 1) 3 min. Copyright is not supposed to inhibit education or science, many educators just ignore copyright for educational resources.
 * 2) 6 min. Is copyleft just too complicated for most people?
 * 3) 7 min. Copyleft as an effort to improve problems that exist with copyright; provide alternatives and options.
 * 4) 9 min. Is copyleft a barrier to participation by educators at educational institutions? School and university projects
 * 9:30. Links from Wikiversity to outside educational institutions. Problems?
 * 10:45. Chris asks about Leigh's on-going contributions to Wikiversity. Learning by editing wiki pages, participating in learning activities.
 * 12:20. User:JWSchmidt comments about who most of the Wikiversity editors are and why they edit.
 * 14:25. Uploading conventional learning resources to wikis like Wikieducator and Wikiversity. An aid to international cooperation? Seed material for Web 2.0 students?
 * 1) 17 min. What do educational wikis need in order to facilitate online learning? Challenges to mixed online learning and conventional bricks-and-mortar. Benefits in developed vs developing nations.
 * 2) 19 min. 20 sec. One laptop per child and use of Wikipedia as educational content. M-learning integration.
 * 3) 20 min. Interactive voice chat at Wikiversity. User:JWSchmidt comments on challenges arising from use of the GFDL for integration of audio and video resources into Wikiversity.
 * 4) 22 min. Uses for voice chat at Wikiversity.
 * 5) 23 min. Inter-Asterisk eXchange is being used at Wiki Campus Radio.
 * 24:50. Local wikis for special purposes using MediaWiki software.
 * 28:40. GNU General Public License, GNU free software and free documentation licenses.
 * 1) 32 min. Support for users of free software.
 * 2) 33 min. Will crack-downs on pirated software lead more people to use free software?
 * 34:30. Chris asks for advice on improving Wikiversity. Leigh suggestions: options for licensing, integration of external resources and software tools with Wikiversity, conversion utilities for transferring various content formats into MediaWiki markup, good WYSIWYG editing tool, better browser-based editing tools, or better ways to learn MediaWiki markup?
 * 39:40. Problems with FireFox spelling checker in MediaWiki edit windows?
 * 42:00. Challenges of integrating free software into educational institutions.
 * 45:30. User:Historybuff; thanks, plans for future conference calls
 * 46:20. Sign-offs, fade to music (User:CQ).
 * 47:35. Information about how the audio files for this Wiki Campus Radio program are licensed (see).

title: Wiki Campus Radio/April 28 2007


text:
Gerardo del Mazo Morales

Gerardo del Mazo Morales (born 29 November 1976) is a Mexican politician from the New Alliance Party. From 2009 to 2012 he served as Deputy of the LXI Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the Federal District.

title: Gerardo del Mazo Morales


text:
Chaetodon daedalma

Chaetodon daedalma or the wrought-iron butterflyfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a butterflyfish belonging to the family Chaetodontidae. It is native to the western Pacific ocean near central and southern Japan.

Description
Chaetodon daedalma is mainly metallic black in colour with yellow margins to the dorsal, anal and caudal fin. The body has some markings resembling a cross hatch in pattern. The scales, have pale yellow centres and broad black margins forming a lattice or netted pattern. The largely black colouration is very unusual for a species of butterflyfish which are normally much more colourful. This species attains a maximum total length of 15 cm.

Distribution
Chaetodon daedalma is endemic to Japan where it is found on the main islands of Japan south of Sagami Bay, as well as the Ryukyu Islands, the Ogasawara Islands, and the Izu Islands.

Habitat and biology
Chaetodon daedalma is found in clear and outer waters at depths which are normally in excess of 10 m in depth. They are sociable fish and the adults are normally found in schools which number more than 10 individuals. They are also nomadic and the schools will range over a wide area. This is an oviparous species and the males and females form pairs for breeding. They prefer rocky reefs where the graze on algae and benthic invertebrates, including fanworms, hydroids, gastropods, barnacles and tunicates. Sometimes these fish congregate to graze in huge numbers, creating in tight formation which undulates referred to as a "wrought-iron ball". This is thought to be a defensive strategy.

Taxonomy and etymology
Chaetodon daedalma was first formally described in 1902 by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan (1851-1931) and Henry Weed Fowler (1878-1965) with the type locality given as Naha, Okinawa Island in the Ryukyu Islands. The specific name daedalma means a style of artistic embroidery and refers to the patterning shown by this species.

Utlisation
Chaetodon daedalma is uncommon in the fish keeping trade outside Japan as it has a rather restricted distribution and it prefers cooler conditions than related species. When it is exported it commands a high price.

title: Chaetodon daedalma


text:
A-level Chemistry/AQA/Module 5/Thermodynamics/Slow and Fast Expansions

Adiabatic and Isothermal Expansions
What is the difference between a slow and fast expansion or compression? Thermodynamically we say that if an expansion is fast it is Adiabatic, i.e. A process where there is no heat flow into the system. A slow expansion is generally an isothermal expansion, where the temperature of the system remains constant throughout the process.

Adiabatic Processes
Adiabatic Process are reversible as the entropy stays the same. No heat flows into the system and all work is done at the expense of Internal Energy.

For an Ideal Gas the equation of a PV equation of an Adiabatic Process is $$ PV^\gamma \propto 1 $$ where γ is the ratio of the Specific Heat at Constant Pressure to that of Constant Volume.

Isothermal Processes
Isothermal Processes are a little different, the system must be connected to a heat bath so that heat can flow into or out of the system in order to keep the temperature constant.

For an Ideal Gas the PV plot is hyperbolic, i.e. $$ PV \propto 1 $$


text:
Botswana Wholesale, Furniture & Retail Workers' Union

The Botswana Wholesale, Furniture & Retail Workers' Union (BWF&RWU) is a trade union affiliate of the Botswana Federation of Trade Unions in Botswana.


text:
Gießkanne

Etymology
Compound of

Noun

 * 1) watering can (a container used to carry and dispense water for plants)

title: Gießkanne


text:
ajudar

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to help, aid

Etymology
From, from , present active infinitive of.

Verb

 * 1) to help, aid

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to help

Etymology
, from.

Verb

 * 1) to help, aid; to assist

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to help

title: ajudar


text:
Solonovka, Pavlovsky District, Altai Krai

Solonovka (Солоновка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Cheryomnovsky Selsoviet, Pavlovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 160 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Solonovka is located 41 km southeast of Pavlovsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Cheryomnoye is the nearest rural locality.


text:
Deadly Awards 1998

Winners of The Deadlys Awards 1998, the awards were an annual celebration of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander achievement in music, sport, entertainment and community.

Music

 * Outstanding Contribution to Aboriginal Music – CAAMA
 * Most Promising New Talent – Native Ryme Syndicate
 * Male Artist of The Year – Archie Roach
 * Female Artist of The Year – Christine Anu
 * Album Release of The Year – The Pigram Brothers, Saltwater Country
 * Band of The Year – NoKTuRNL
 * Single Release of The Year – Warren H Williams, Raining on the Rock

Arts

 * Excellence in Film or Theatrical Score – Jimmy Chi, Kuckles, The Pigram Brothers – Corrugation Road

Community

 * Aboriginal Broadcaster of The Year – Mary Geddardyu (Mary G alter ego of Mark Bin Bakar), Radio Goolarri

title: Deadly Awards 1998


text:
Home Remedies/Chapter 6

A
Tobacco is good for wasp stings. Just wet it and find a way to keep it on the spot on which you were stung. It takes the stinging away and some of the swelling. Or, cut a piece off a fresh onion and hold it to the spot of the sting. Works with bee stings as well.

B
Brewers' Yeast tablets contain a chemical (the Vitamin B?) which comes out in your sweat and helps repel mosquitos.

H
Honey is very effective in cough appearing during night. Lick slowly a tea spoon full mixed with a pinch of Termaric powder and for some time water should not be taken.

P
Plantain leaf, which comes from a common lawn weed, can be of help in removing poisons. This plant has oval shaped leaves with veins running the length of the leaf. It has spiked flowers. To use, simply chew the leaf and use the resulting mush as a poultice for bee stings, spider bites and even snake bites. You may want to put a bandage over the poultice to hold it in place. Change it twice daily or more often as needed.

S
If you are in an area and climate where you may be bitten by a snake, take the homeopathic remedy Lachesis with you. It may save your life!

V
Ordinary Vinegar (used in the kitchen) is an easy and effective remedy against insect stings, bites etc.

title: Home Remedies/Chapter 6


text:
Talk:Pray Naked

Fair use rationale for Image:PrayNaked.jpg
Image:PrayNaked.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:49, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pray Naked


text:
Islamic political thought/Islamic Feminism - Contemporary Debate

Goals

 * 1) To understand the debate of Islamic Feminism; the debate whether it is an authentic and new feminism or not a true feminism at all.
 * 2) To recognize the influence of national, political, and social contexts, particularly nationalism and imperialism, on Islamic feminism.
 * 3) To engage in the debate over Islamic feminism through discussion questions and recommended readings.

Required Reading
Moghadam, V. M. (2002). Islamic Feminism and Its Discontents: Toward a Resolution of the Debate. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 27 (4), 1135-1171.

Discussion Questions

 * 1) Is Islamic feminism truly feminism?
 * 2) Is a conservative Islamic feminism, like that found in Malaysia which accepts prescribed gender roles to some extent; is this culturally specific feminism, or is it a regression?
 * 3) If so, is it legitimate to have a reactive feminism, which was created in part to stand in difference to the feminism associated with (and sometimes complicit with) imperialism?

Contemporary Debate
In the reading selected for this lecture, Valentine Moghadam discusses the evolution of Islamic feminism in Iran after the Islamic Revolution and formation of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In comparison with Leila Ahmed, Moghadam is critical of the formation of Islamic feminism, but also of its opponents and of supporters of an exclusively Western interpretation of feminism. Moghadam frames the debate with attention to the objections and assertions of both sides and in doing so places herself in the middle of debate, conceding neither that Islamic feminism is ideal nor that culturally specific feminism or feminism inspired by Islam is invalid.

Moghadam concludes her discussion by asking the question that this debate must ultimately decide: “whether Islamic feminism is indeed feminism.” Moghadam is a secularist and answers criticism on both sides of the debate by saying that “Islam, like other monotheistic religions […] may inspire civil codes, political processes, social policies, and economic institutions” [emphasis Moghadam’s]. She does not explain where the difference lies between Islam-inspired and Islam-derived nations and laws. She does make clear, however, that “it is not possible to defend as feminist the view that women can attain equal status only in the context of Islam” because this “is a fundamentalist view.” The answer is perhaps a vague one, but it establishes a secularist view which attempts to balance new feminisms with the dominant (and perhaps monopolistic) Western humanist feminism.

The Case of Malaysia
There are movements which complicate Islamic feminism as we have seen it discussed in Moghadam’s position and Ahmed’s discussion. In “Muslim Women’s Challenges to Islamic Law: The Case of Malaysia,” Rebecca Foley discusses the role of Islamic women’s movements in Malaysia. In Malaysia, women can work, can be a part of civil society, and can vote on equal terms with men. Foley describes Islam in Malaysia as a “softer” version than those found in the Middle East because it has been influenced by the native Malaysian custom of adat, which stipulates that descent and inheritance are equal for men and women. The Malaysian government, however, has pursued an authoritarian control of civil society and the interpretation of Islam, which limits feminist movements in the country. Foley claims that this has lead women’s organizations to accept conservative social norms, such as emphasis of a woman’s role in the family over her ability to work. Despite this, women’s movements are active in Malaysia, focusing on reinterpretation of Islamic doctrine and of state law because in they “are intertwined […] to argue for legal reform requires an interpretation of the religious texts to support arguments for change.” There are, however, different ways to engage in this reinterpretation.

Foley makes the distinction between equity and equality women’s movements in Malaysia. Equity movements seek to interpret the Qu’ran and the Sunnah in a way that recognizes women’s rights, but solely within the limits of the conservative framework the government has laid. This position acknowledges that women and men cannot play the same roles in society, kind of like separate but equal, and that a woman’s predominant duty is to her family. These groups are, not surprisingly, more successful in legal reforms and focus on reconciling women’s duty to family with the growing need for women to work. It is important to remember that despite these seemingly conservative goals, equity movements do argue that women are equal to men while accepting differentiated gender roles.

Equality movements are reinterpreting the Qu’ran and the Sunnah, but also assert that the Syar’iah (Islamic law) are man-made and therefore open to interpretation. These movements, such as the Malaysian group Sisters in Islam, advocate equal rights for men and women and do not accept the patriarchal interpretation of Islam taken by the government. Both equality and equity movements are fully engaged with interpretation and are inherently non-secular. However, equality movements are less successful than equity movements because they are seen as less focused on working within the existing theological framework.

Foley then addresses the debate on whether these variations on what could be called Islamic feminism are actually feminism. Her stance does not address whether non-secular movements are valid as feminist movement, but she points to the ultimate goals of these groups. She asserts that “both Islamic equity and equality activists demonstrate an awareness that women have been and continue to be oppressed because of their gender and they are attempting to liberate women from this.” This is a very general way to define feminism, but Foley finds this adequate to claim these movements as feminist within this political, social, and cultural context.

Further, Foley sees that these movements are changing what feminism can be by building a feminist movement around an identity which includes religion. The fact that these movements use Islam to claim gender equality and actively reinterpret and reform their religion and its political aspects “provides food for thought for those feminists who consider religion as merely a private matter or outside the feminist framework.” This challenges both the dominant secular interpretations of feminism and Moghadam’s contextually interested but still steadfastly secular feminism. Foley takes us beyond simply asking if Islamic feminism is feminism. She asks whether conservative Islamic feminist movements, which accept the traditional interpretation of gender roles with women as primarily caregivers but attempt to achieve equal rights for men and women in Malaysia’s conservative political atmosphere, are truly feminist.

Islamic feminism in Iran
To return to Moghadam, we see Islamic feminism in Iran arising amid a stronger reaction to nationalism and to the reversion of gender roles after formation of the Islamic Republic. It is perhaps this context which creates a more liberal feminist reform movement to be successful in Iran in the 1990s and into the current decade. Within the spectrum of Iranian feminism, Moghadam finds that critics of Islamic feminism argue that an Islamic interpretation cannot be truly feminist within the socio-political history of Iran (especially the Revolution and its aftermath), and that in fact Islamic feminisms “unwitting delegitimize secular trends and social forces.” Further, the context of Iran provides a particularly debatable example because in Iran “Islam is not a matter of personal spiritual choice but rather a legal and political system.” For Haideh Moghissi and Hammed Shahidian, critics of Islamic feminism, the problem is that Islamic feminism works with the political system of Iran which they claim restricts personal freedom. Islamic feminism legitimizes this system, and ignores the repressive contexts of the social and political climate in Iran. Taking a different approach, Mahnaz Afkhami lays out an argument that Islam is fundamentally not feminist; “the epistemology of Islam is contrary to women’s rights […] I’m not an Islamic feminist – that’s a contradiction in terms.” Yet Foley’s work in Malaysia begs the question; what do you call movements, even ones which cooperate with conservative governments, which seek to advance the liberation of women within an Islamic political and/or religious context?

Supporters of Islamic feminism, as Moghadam presents it, focus on ijtihad, or the ability to use reason to interpret the texts of Islam, although that term is not always used, which allows for a reinterpretation of the Islam which presents it as supporting women’s rights. Afsaneh Najmabadi, whom Moghadam focuses on to describe the movement towards Islamic feminism notes that this “‘revisionist approach is a radical decentering of the clergy from the domain of interpretation, and the placing of woman as interpreter and her needs as ground for interpretation.’” This use of ijtihad not only reinterprets Islam, but also may create a new, culturally-specific kind of feminism. Nayereh Tohidi, another significant Iranian proponent of Islamic feminism, argues that this reinterpretation of both Islam and feminism allows women to, for example, “reappropriat[e] the veil as a means to facilitate social presence rather than seclusion, or minimize[e..] the compulsory hijab and dress code into fashionable styles.” In other words, Islamic feminism allows both for religious interpretation and subversion of the oppressive Islamist law and politics of Iran. This responds to the objections by opponents of Islamic feminism who claim it legitimizes oppresive Islamic regimes, while Tohidi would argue that Islamic feminists try to challenge Islamist interpretations which restrict the rights of women and others.

Reconciling the Discourse of Islamic Feminism
When it comes to synthesizing these views, Moghadam finds some difficult questions. The term “feminism” is not easily defined, and certainly political or religious affiliations have not prevented feminism movements from arising in the West. As Moghadam points out, feminism “‘is a contested term even in the present, and historical literature is full of kinds of feminists who would surely have had a hard time finding common ground: Nazi feminists and Jewish feminists, Catholic feminists and Islamic feminists, […] imperial feminists and national feminists’” Moghadam identifies the particularly important question to Islamic feminism; “is ‘feminism’ a Western ideology.” I would add to that, in light the other writings discussed here such as Foley’s case for Malaysian feminist movements. I would add: is feminism a necessarily secular ideology, or is it just Islam which some feel is contradictory to feminism? Moghadam somewhat answers this when she discusses her personal reasoning for secular feminism. Her assertion is that as long a feminist movements are ”focused on theological rather than socioeconomic and political questions, and so long as their point of reference is the Qur’an rather than universal standards, their impact will be limited at best.” However, the same could be said for movements which focus simply on political or just on social questions, and ignore their theological roots. Foley points out, as mentioned above, that it is significant that the feminist movements in Malaysia are reinterpreting the theology which as at the heart of their political system.

Moghadam addresses her own concerns when she discusses the fact that American liberal feminist movements, which work within the existing political and economic system, are not seeking radical change. Islamic feminists are seeking revolutionary change to political and social institutions by “question[ing] the exclusive right of clerics and the faqih to interpret the Islamic texts and to define and implement Islamic jurisprudence.” Moghadam, however, continues to assert that feminism needs to operate in a secular way in order to balance the tendency towards fundamentalism in social and political institutions. She even points out that it is particularly Islam which puts in danger feminist movements because Islam and the “Islamic state […] defines citizenship rights on the basis of sex and religion.”

Ultimately, Moghadam places herself comfortably, and perhaps necessarily, between the opposing sides of the debate, claiming the open discourse between new cultural feminisms and older feminism is more important than one side dominating the debate; in fact she asserts that this conflict is necessary for evolution of feminism around the world, and for arising, culturally-specific feminisms. She also points out that a tendency towards fundamentalism and discrimination within Islam is reason enough to support secular feminism. Moghadam does not, however, address the question of in-the-mean-time, as I would put it. What do feminist movements in Malaysia do if they are only successful in achieving change through Islamist movements? How do we provide women their day to day needs, like protections from unfair divorce and marriage laws, without engaging feminism in an Islamic context? Why should feminism not derive from an Islamic identity?

Foley’s study brings up other questions about feminism outside of the Islamic feminism debate. Is feminism necessarily an equality movement, or can it be an equity movement? The latter is difficult for Western feminists to accept; that a movement which accepts a separate but equal status for women would be called feminism. Yet perhaps this gets at the root of the debate over Islamic feminism, and to Moghadam’s ultimate position. Culturally specific feminist movements do not fit into pre-conceived ideas of feminism, or into Western feminist templates. Within their time and place, they are all achieving liberation goals for women, as Foley asserts. The global debate between placed-based or culturally-based feminisms serves to evolve feminism around the world, and new feminisms are necessary to bring up new questions and to make more inclusive the movement(s) for the liberation of women.

Recommended Reading
Ahmed, L. (1992). Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press [particularly Chapters 9 and 10].

Foley, R. (2004). Muslim Women’s Challenges to Islamic Law: The Case of Malaysia. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 6(1), 53-84.

Majid, A. (2002). The Politics of Feminism in Islam. In T. Saliba, C. Allen, & J. Howard (Eds.), Gender, Politics, and Islam (pp. 53-93). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Moghadam, V. (2001). Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: A Secularist Interpretation. Journal of Women’s History, 13 (10), 43-45.

Saliba, T. (2000). Arab Feminism at the Millennium. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 25 (4), 1087-1092.

a


text:
sbornia

Etymology 1
, from. Compare and  from the same root.

Noun

 * 1) drunkenness, binge drinking

title: sbornia


text:
Alpine skiing at the 2015 Winter Universiade – Women's giant slalom

The women's giant slalom competition of the 2015 Winter Universiade was held at Universiade slope, Sierra Nevada, Spain on February 11, 2015.


text:
Nikanor I

Nikanor I, also referred to as Nikanor; Nikanor I, Serbian Patriarch; and Nicanor was a Serbian Orthodox prelate.

Career
He became the 17th Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch when he replaced Savatije Sokolović in 1588. Church records state that he was enthroned in 1588 but lack information about his term. Jerotej Sokolović succeeded him the following year.

He came from Novo Brdo and was instrumental in establishing the first printing press in Serbia.

While at the Gračanica Monastery, he was credited for producing manuscripts in the Serbian version of the Old Church Slavonic. As a Metropolitan, he was a donor of cathedra icons.

title: Nikanor I


text:
mulher

Etymology
From, (hence also 🇨🇬), from , of uncertain origin. Maybe from (milk; to milk). Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  woman adult female human
 * 2)   wife married woman
 * 1)   wife married woman
 * 1)   wife married woman
 * 1)   wife married woman

Adjective

 * 1)  pansy; wimpy; effeminate

title: mulher


text:
User:Jonathan Webley/Lesson template

 Previous < Up > Next

Introduction
This lesson aims to... In this lesson, you will learn how to..

Topic 1
English sentence only:
 * The man sits.

Sample sentences:

Exercises
Go and read the exercise again, memorize the new words and then try these exercises. If you need to, go back and read the previous exercises.

 * 1) Vocabulary
 * 2) Affixes
 * 3) Klingon to English
 * 4) English to Klingon

Conclusion
In this lesson, you learnt how to...

 Previous < Up > Next

title: User:Jonathan Webley/Lesson template


text:
Lysergsäure-diethylamid

Etymology
Composed of.

Noun

 * 1)  The psychedelic drug LSD, acid

Synonyms

 * (abbreviation)

title: Lysergsäure-diethylamid


text:
Wikiversity:Resources

Resources can provide you with valuable opportunities to learn. If you are looking for help with creating educational resources on Wikiversity, or to move your educational resources to Wikiversity, please refer to Help:Resource types.

Services

 * Wikiversity and Wikipedia services

Resources

 * Learning resources

Miscellaneous

 * Supporting Wikiversity participants
 * Wikipedia administrators
 * Wikimedia Commons
 * Wikimedia

External

 * WikiInfo
 * Berkeley lectures on YouTube
 * Know How 2 Go .org - Resources about how to go to college

Categories

 * Category:Howtos

title: Wikiversity:Resources


text:
友好

Adjective

 * 1) friendly; amicable

Noun

 * 1) close friend
 * 2) friendship

Synonyms

Etymology 1
Appears to be a. First cited to a text from 1900.

Noun

 * 1)  friendship, amity

Derived terms

 * : friendly, amicable
 * : a friendly nation
 * : a friendship treaty, a treaty of amity

Etymology 2
Compound of. The kanji used for the yoshi reading is an example of jukujikun.

title: 友好


text:
Ingegerd

Etymology
, from -, ("the god Ing/Yngvi") and, ("protection"). Historical name revived in 1837. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

title: Ingegerd


text:
säiliö

Etymology

 * derived from the same root as, ..

Noun

 * 1) vessel, container, tank, cistern any closed container, e.g. for storing liquids

title: säiliö


text:
List of local nature reserves in Hertfordshire

Hertfordshire is a county in eastern England. It is bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south. The county town is Hertford. As of June 2014, the county has a population of 1,154,800 in an area of 634 sqmi.

Local nature reserves (LNRs) are designated by local authorities under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. The local authority must have legal control over the site, by owning or leasing it or having an agreement with the owner. LNRs are sites which have a special local interest either biologically or geologically, and local authorities have a duty to care for them. They can apply local bye-laws to manage and protect LNRs.

As of July 2015, forty-two LNRs in Hertfordshire have been notified to Natural England. The largest site is Therfield Heath with 147.3 ha. It has some of the richest chalk grassland in England, and it is also a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The smallest is Oxleys Wood in Hatfield, which has an area of only 1.2 ha. This wood often floods, and it provides a habitat for a wide range of insects and birds. Several other sites are also SSSIs, such as Croxley Common Moor and Sherrardspark Wood. The oldest LNR in Hertfordshire listed by Natural England is Hilfield Park Reservoir, declared in 1969, and the newest Weston Hills in 2012.

Other classifications

 * CAONB = Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
 * HMWT = Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust
 * SSSI = Site of Special Scientific Interest


text:
birtokos

Adjective

 * 1) proprietary, propertied
 * 2) possessive, genitive of, or relating to the case of possession

Noun

 * 1) owner
 * 2)  possessor
 * 1)  possessor

title: birtokos


text:
The Unicyclopedia/Resources

Where do I find other unicyclists
Many unicyclists post on Rec.Sport.Unicycling. If you wish to converse with other unicyclists on non-unicycle related topics, Just Conversation is popular amongst unicyclists. Also look at the Unicycle Roster or the Unicyclist Googlemap. A few unicyclists currently use IRC on irc.freenode.net in #unicycling. You could also get in touch with your local or national Unicycle Organisation.

Trials

 * - Unitrials.de
 * - Hell on Wheel
 * Ottawa Unicycle Invasion 2004
 * Jess Riegel
 * Tony Melton - Unit 1.0

Street

 * Mindless Films
 * Xavier Collos

Freestyle

 * Unicon 2004
 * NAUCC 2004
 * 2004 All Japan Unicycling Championships
 * Leo Vandewoestijne

Misc

 * unicyclist.org thousands of clips on skills.
 * One Wheel - Muni and Street Videos
 * Syko Production clip of the week
 * Uni videos selected by Matayo Uptodate selection of the best videos available on the web

Obstacle building and inspirations for it

 * Detailed How-Tos for building different obstacles
 * Gallery of obstacles KrisHolm rode in shows

External resources
a few external resources

Personal Pages

 * skyko productions
 * Leo Vandewoestijne

Unicycle Stores & Manufacturers

 * Unicycle.com
 * Flames 'N Games Unicycle Store
 * Semcycle
 * Bedford Unicycles
 * Coker 36" Wheel
 * uniproshop

Forums and Communities

 * The Unicyclist Community

Unicycle Hockey & Basketball

 * Unicycle Hockey Homepage

Tips

 * unicyclist.org
 * unicycletips.com

Other Languages
other languages besides English
 * Swiss unicycle federation
 * The French Federation of Unicycling
 * Lithuanian Uni
 * Russian unicycles
 * Monociclos en español

title: The Unicyclopedia/Resources


text:
Martin Trust

Martin Trust also known as Marty Trust (1934 – 2019) was an American business magnate entrepreneur and philanthropist who was also known for his contributions to the economy of Sri Lanka by modernising the country's apparel industry. He is also known as the 'father of the modern Sri Lankan apparel industry', as he was instrumental in making the country one of the global leaders in the apparel industry. He is still regarded as one of the pioneers of American fashion retail sector. He died on 12 September 2019 at his home at the age of 84 in Boston, US.

Early life
Martin was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1934 in a middle class family. He joined his father Max Trust on his bread truck routes, delivering bread from the factories to restaurants.

Career
He received his Bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art and after graduation, he decided to enter into the apparel industry.

He co-founded the MAST Industries with small capital along with his wife in 1970, which later went onto become one of the important fashion industries in US. In 1978, Limited Brands acquired MAST Industries. He also introduced the Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship in 1990s which is a scholarship scheme to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Trust began working with the Sri Lankan textiles and apparel companies in 1985. Trust continued to work with those companies, establishing MAST Industries first joint venture with Sri Lanka's Omar Group (formerly called as LM Apparels, part of Brandix) in 1986. In 1987, the MAST Industries under Trust's leadership established another joint venture with Amalean Group of Sri Lanka.

Trust invested in over twenty different businesses in Sri Lanka over a period of thirty years, which enabled the growth in the Sri Lankan economy. In 1994, the Government of Sri Lanka honored him by awarding the title, Sri Lanka Ranjana, for his outstanding and active involvement in the development of the country’s apparel industry. He also founded Trust Family Industries in 2001 and launched Brandot International in the same year.

Personal life
He met Diane, who was later known as Dena, Kagen in 1957, and they married three years later.

Legacy
In 2011, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) honored him by giving new services in respect of him.

title: Martin Trust


text:
Talk:Daniel Hackett

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Daniel Hackett. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.euroleague.net/euroleaguenews/transactions/2013-14-signings/i/127044

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:44, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daniel Hackett


text:
Talk:Moon Patrol

Music
"Yes, the Moon Patrol music was used in Paperboy for both Arcade and Master System version."

 * Why do you say that? I have owned full size arcade machines of both Moon Patrol and Paperboy for years. I assure you the music is not the same. The games aren't even made by the same companies! I can't comment on the Master System as I don't have one, but if the music is different for that system than the original arcade machine then the trivia bullet should specify "Master System version of the game". I would like some sources sited for your claim either way.
 * Peter Hirschberg 16:25, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * My bro sent me a link to some videogame remixes http://remix.kwed.org/ I can't say either game sounds like the other.

 * The Music is only vaguely simular. I agree that it is certainly NOT the same music in the Arcade Versions, I own a Moon Patrol Cocktail table btw. Tsubasa 22:52, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

The music of Moon Patrol and Paperboy is not even that similar. Without having an arcade machine, load up Moon Patrol on Arcade's Greatest Hits, The Midway Collection 2 for Windows PC... for that matter just browse the MOONSND folder on the CD, play MOON9.WAV, and listen to it to completion. A single synth line with a constant drum track is all there is to it, though it does fit the game well enough. Now listen to Paperboy's bassline theme during each day's delivery and the subsequent organ-like portions that occur along with the bassline (any port faithful to the arcade version will do, but without a sound test option one has to play and listen)... nothing like Moon Patrol, the rhythms are significantly different. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:28, 8 January 2019 (UTC)

"The music during gameplay appears to pay homage to the baseline of James Brown's "Soulful Christmas.""

 * The melody is also highly similar to "Speed Kills" by the English Band 10cc Invalidname (talk) 23:26, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TITLE moonpatrol.png
Image:TITLE moonpatrol.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 04:39, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Proper screenshots
It seems someone has been trying to promote a modern remake (a browser flash game) of Moon patrol in this article. The screenshot image heading the info box was labeled as being from the arcade version, but it was actually from the flash game. By chance, I had recently played the flash game, and I found it to be rather unfaithful to the original, so I think it's improper to have it in the info box (even if labeled correctly). Looking at the history, it seems links to a flash game has been removed in the past.

Maybe it's a good idea to use an image from the original arcade game (in the info box). A picture of the cabinet could be relevant too, as I'm sure many have memories standing in front of it. Images from some of the more popular ports could be fun as well.

<IP_ADDRESS> 07:27, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Spectrum version
Does anyone know why the Spectrum version was never released? 2fort5r (talk) 15:09, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Moon Alert (released in 1984) is a very similar game for the Spectrum. Maybe it was release under this name on Spectrum? z0d (talk) 14:31, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

Gameplay Screenshot
I've uploaded a fair use screenshot, and added it to the Gameplay section for illustrative purposes. - super βεε cat 23:55, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Moon Patrol


text:
Cell Biology/Cell division/Mitosis

Mitosis is the normal type of cell division. Before the cells can divide, the chromosomes will have duplicated and the cell will have twice the normal set of genes.

The first step of cell division is prophase, during which the nucleus dissolves and the chromosomes begin migration to the midline of the cell. (Some biology textbooks insert a phase called "prometaphase" at this point.)The second step, known as metaphase, occurs when all the chromosomes are aligned in pairs along the midline of the cell. As the cell enters anaphase, the chromatids, which form the chromosomes, will separate and drift toward opposite poles of the cell. As the separated chromatids, now termed chromosomes, reach the poles, the cell will enter telophase and nuclei will start to reform. The process of mitosis ends after the nuclei have reformed and the cell membrane begins to separate the cell into two daughter cells, during cytokinesis.

The mitotic phase which includes both mitosis and cytokinesis is the shortest part of the cell cycle. The interphase cycle accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle. This phase is where the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division. In the G1 phase which is also called the “first gap” the cell grows as it copies its chromosomes. In S phase, the cell starts to synthesize the DNA and completes preparation for cell division. In G2 it starts to divide.

In biology, Mitosis is the process of chromosome segregation and nuclear division that follows replication of the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. This process assures that each daughter nucleus receives a complete copy of the organism's genetic material. In most eukaryotes, mitosis is accompanied with cell division or cytokinesis, but there are many exceptions, for instance among fungi. There is another process called meiosis, in which the daughter nuclei receive half the chromosomes of the parent, which is involved in gamete formation and other similar processes, which makes the parent cell still active.

Mitosis is divided into several stages, with the remainder of the cell's growth cycle considered interphase. Properly speaking, a typical cell cycle involves a series of stages: G1, the first growth phase; S, where the genetic material is duplicated; G2, the second growth phase; and M, where the nucleus divides through mitosis. Mitosis is divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

The whole procedure is very similar among most eukaryotes, with only minor variations. As prokaryotes lack a nucleus and only have a single chromosome with no centromere, they cannot be properly said to undergo mitosis.

Prophase

The genetic material (DNA), which normally exists in the form of chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome. Since the genetic material has been duplicated, there are two identical copies of each chromosome in the cell. Identical chromosomes (called sister chromosomes) are attached to each other at a DNA element present on every chromosome called the centromere. When chromosomes are paired up and attached, each individual chromosome in the pair is called a chromatid, while the whole unit (confusingly) is called a chromosome. Just to be even more confusing, when the chromatids separate, they are no longer called chromatids, but are called chromosomes again. The task of mitosis is to assure that one copy of each sister chromatid - and only one copy - goes to each daughter cell after cell division.

The other important piece of hardware in mitosis is the centriole, which serves as a sort of anchor. During prophase, the two centrioles - which replicate independently of mitosis - begin recruiting microtubules (which may be thought of as cellular ropes or poles) and forming a mitotic spindle between them. By increasing the length of the spindle (growing the microtubules), the centrioles push apart to opposite ends of the cell nucleus. It should be noted that many eukaryotes, for instance plants, lack centrioles although the basic process is still similar.

Prometaphase
Some biology texts do not include this phase, considering it a part of prophase. In this phase, the nuclear membrane dissolves in some eukaryotes, reforming later once mitosis is complete. This is called open mitosis, found in most multicellular forms. Many protists undergo closed mitosis, in which the nuclear membrane persists throughout.

Now kinetochores begin to form at the centromeres. This is a complex structure that may be thought of as an 'eyelet' for the microtubule 'rope' - it is the attaching point by which chromosomes may be secured. The kinetochore is an enormously complex structure that is not yet fully understood. Two kinetochores form on each chromosome - one for each chromatid.

When the spindle grows to sufficient length, the microtubules begin searching for kinetochores to attach to.

Metaphase
As microtubules find and attach to kinetochores, they begin to line up in the middle of the cell. Proper segragation requires that every kinetochore be attached to a microtubule before separation begins. It is thought that unattached kinetochores control this process by generating a signal - the mitotic spindle checkpoint - that tells the cell to wait before proceeding to anaphase. There are many theories as to how this is accomplished, some of them involving the generation of tension when both microtubules are attached to the kinetochore.

When chromosomes are bivalently attached - when both kinetochores are attached to microtubules emanating from each centriole - they line up in the middle of the spindle, forming what is called the metaphase plate. This does not occur in every organism - in some cases chromosomes move back and forth between the centrioles randomly, only roughly lining up along the midline.

Anaphase

Anaphase is the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell (opposite ends of the nuclear spindle). Centromeres are broken and chromatids rip apart.

When every kinetochore is attached to a microtubule and the chromosomes have lined up along the middle of the spindle, the cell proceeds to anaphase. This is divided into two phases. First, the proteins that bind the sister chromatids together are cloven, allowing them to separate. They are pulled apart by the microtubules, towards the respective centrioles to which they are attached. Next, the spindle axis elongates, driving the centrioles (and the set of chromosomes to which they are attached) apart to opposite ends of the cell. These two stages are sometimes called 'early' and 'late' anaphase.

At the end of anaphase, the cell has succeeded in separating identical copies of the genetic material into two distinct populations.

Telophase

The nonkinetochore microtubules elongate the cell and try to cut the cell in two. The nuclear envelopes start to become created by fragments of the parents cell’s nuclear envelope. Then, the chromatids start to become less tightly coiled together. By this point, cytokinesis is fully under way.

Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis refers to the physical division of one eukaryotic cell. Cytokinesis generally follows the replication of the cell's chromosomes, usually mitotically, but sometimes meiotically. Except for some special cases, the amount of cytoplasm in each daughter cell is the same. In animal cells, the cell membrane forms a cleavage furrow and pinches apart like a balloon. In plant cells, a cell plate forms, which becomes the new cell wall separating the daughters. Various patterns occur in other groups.

In plant cells, cytokinesis is followed through by the usage of contracting ring of microfilaments that pull the cleavage furrow within itself, cutting the cell in two. In plant cells, vesicles from the Golgi apparatus start to form a cell plate within the center of the cell. When this cell plate solidifies and connects the two ends of the cell, a new cell wall is created and two daughter cells are produced.

Regulation of Cell Cycle
Protein kinases are enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them. These give out the signals for the G1 and G2 checkpoints to occur. However, to be active, the kinase must be attached to a cyclin. This is why it is called a CDK or a cyclin-dependent kinase.

Internal kinetochores exhibit a wait function. Not until all kinetochores are attached to a spindle microtubule does the cell process starts. This helps prevent some chromosomes from being left behind. Density dependent inhibition is when cells have a cue to multiply until a certain level of density is fulfilled. This means that a cell keeps multiplying until there is a full layer or until a certain level of pressure is built upon each other.

One possible explanation of why cancer cells do not follow normal signals is because they have an abnormality in the signaling pathway that conveys the growth factor’s signal to the cell-cycle control system. Usually, a cell will follow normal checkpoints due to the release of CDK in the system that regulate the cell process. However, in a cancer cell, the checkpoints are random. This means that because the cell does not follow density-dependent inhibition or follow the growth signals, the cell replicates at random points.

title: Cell Biology/Cell division/Mitosis


text:
Wikiversity talk:Categories/2007/Week21

I took Category:Wikiversity out of Category:Content because I don't think the categories near the top of the tree need to be redundant. I took Category:Categories with portals out of Category:Wikiversity and put it in the top-level Category:Categories because it says "categories..." and should be even with Category:Content, IMO. That OK? -- CQ 05:57, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Categories/2007/Week21


text:
User:HanLoong/Books/CFR

中國民間宗教

 * Portal:Chinese folk religion
 * Chinese folk religion
 * Xian ling
 * I Ching
 * Wenchang Wang
 * Jingxiang
 * Lei Gong
 * Chinese temple
 * Qingming Festival
 * Shang dynasty
 * Ancestor veneration in China
 * History of China
 * List of nature deities

title: User:HanLoong/Books/CFR


text:
Talk:Richard B. Hubbard

Fair use rationale for Image:Sealtexas.jpg
Image:Sealtexas.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 01:13, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Richard B. Hubbard. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20000210020912/http://www.co.hidalgo.tx.us/ to http://texashistory.unt.edu/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20000210020912/http://www.co.hidalgo.tx.us/ to http://texashistory.unt.edu/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:02, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard B. Hubbard