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John O'Connell Bligh

John O'Connell Bligh (3 March 1834 – 12 October 1880) was a Native Police officer in the British colonies of New South Wales and Queensland. He achieved the rank of Commandant of this colonial paramilitary force from 1861 to 1864. Bligh is probably best known for an incident in Maryborough, where he shot a number of Aboriginal Australians along the main street and into the adjoining Mary River. After retiring from the Native Police, Bligh became a police magistrate in the towns of Gayndah and Gympie.

Early life
John O'Connell Bligh was born in 1834 in Buckinghamshire, England. He was a grandson of Vice-Admiral William Bligh, the former Governor of New South Wales and central figure of the mutiny on the Bounty and the Rum Rebellion. Bligh was also a nephew of former Lieutenant Governor, Sir Maurice Charles O'Connell. He emigrated to Australia probably around 1850 and lived with his brother Richard John Bligh who had been Commissioner for Crown Lands and head of the Border Police at Warialda since 1847. John was appointed Registrar of the Small Debts Court at Warialda in 1852.

Lieutenant in Native Police
Bligh was appointed by the New South Wales Government to the position of sub-Lieutenant in the Native Police on 7 April 1853. He was nineteen years old. Bligh seems to have been posted to the Wide Bay region on a regular basis early on in his career.

Capture of John 'Gilburri' Fahy
He captured a runaway convict named John Gilburri Fahy who had been living with the local Wide Bay aboriginals for over twelve years. In order to arrest Gilburri, Bligh and his troopers handcuffed all the station Aboriginal workers at Barambah pastoral station around a large gum tree overnight to prevent him from receiving any information that the Native Police were nearby. Fahy was sent to Cockatoo Island prison but was soon assigned to be an interpreter on the exploratory journey of A.C. Gregory.

Further Native Police operations
In 1854 and 1855, Bligh was transferred to the 8th Division of the Native Police based at the Yabba barracks in the Conondale Range and at Maryborough. The funding of the Native Police at this stage was uncertain and Bligh had trouble with equipment supplies and the mutinous conduct of some of his Aboriginal troopers. Corporal Donald threatened to hit and handcuff him. Ten days later, Bligh reported that Donald died of dysentery. During this period, he pursued a group of Aboriginal people who had committed "depredations" in the Mary Valley to the coast and massacred them at Teewah Beach.

In October 1855, Bligh was sent to the Clarence River area to take charge of the section there as a 2nd Lieutenant. In June 1857, he was appointed to 1st Lieutenant of the Native Police by Commandant Edric Norfolk Vaux Morisset. Bligh was stationed mostly in the Wide Bay-Burnett region or on missions involving the recruitment of troopers for the force around the Clarence River districts. In 1859, he was involved in dispersing Aboriginals attending the Bunya festival in the Conondale Range. The Aboriginals fled to nearby Manumbar where the proprietor noticed that "the fear of Bligh acts like a hangman's whip" over them.

The Governor General of New South Wales appointed John O'Connell Bligh of the Native Police to be a Magistrate for New South Wales on 30 August 1858.

Maryborough incident
In early 1860, Bligh and his troopers, then stationed at Coopers Plain barracks just to the south-west of Maryborough, chased a number of Aboriginals into the town. In broad daylight and in front of the citizens of Maryborough, these Aboriginals were shot down. Several were killed and an unknown number were wounded. At one stage, Bligh requisitioned a boat in order to shoot two Aboriginals who had fled into the Mary River. A meeting was held in the courthouse to collect money for a gift of appreciation to give to Bligh. At a ceremony later organised by the high-profile Maryborough people, Bligh was given a ceremonial sword as a reward for his actions. However, his actions divided the town, with the Maryborough Chronicle describing it as "one of the most disgraceful acts ever perpetrated by any community, a blot so foul and deep-stained as will leave on this otherwise fair portion of God’s earth the brand of eternal infamy". The Moreton Bay Courier listed the names of individual Aborigines who had been killed, including Darkey (who was shot down in the street and later roasted) and Young Snatchem (who was driven into the river before Bligh "shot the defenceless, tired, unresisting wretch, in the back").

On 8 July 1861 Lieut John O'Connell Bligh was examined regarding the above incident by the Select Committee on the Native Police Force and the Condition of the Aborigines generally. The Select Committee also questioned other witnesses regarding Bligh's actions in the same incident. The Select Committee asked his opinion of suggested restructure or disbandment of the Force.

Commandant of the Native Police
After the retirement of E.N.V. Morisset, John O'Connell Bligh was appointed Commandant of the Native Police in July 1861. His first major duty as Commandant involved organising the severe reprisals for the Cullin-la-ringo massacre where, in October 1861, Aboriginals around the Nogoa River killed nineteen settlers. Bligh travelled to the area and personally oversaw the operations. Colonists in the Nogoa region such as Charles Boydell Dutton described how these operations consisted of orders to Native Police officers to "disperse blacks wherever they found them." Bligh himself dispersed members of peaceful tribes working for the colonists and galloped his horse over an Aboriginal woman causing her extensive injuries.

Bligh was the commanding officer of the force as the British expanded into the Northern parts of Eastern Australia into areas such as Bowen, Peak Downs and Mackay. The Native Police under Bligh were instrumental in enforcing colonial rule over the Aboriginals in these areas. For much of the time Bligh administered the force from the barracks at Murrays Lagoon near Rockhampton. It was here in late 1863 that he received a kick to the face from a horse that caused severe facial and head injuries.

Police Magistrate
The reorganisation of the Queensland Police force in early 1864 saw the position of Commandant of the Native Police abolished and the force came under the direct auspices of the new Queensland Police Commissioner, David Thompson Seymour. Bligh was retired from the force and took up a police magistrate position at Gayndah. While in this position, Bligh was involved in a controversy that led to his temporary suspension. A local vagrant by the name of Tim Shea who presented ill to the police station was arrested and sentenced by Bligh to six months jail. Mr. Shea died while being transported on an open dray to Maryborough, with multiple bruisings and his tongue bitten through later being observed on his body. Bligh was to be transferred to Clermont for his actions but his powerful family connections in Brisbane prevented this. He later transferred to the gold mining towns of Gympie and Kilkivan.

Death and legacy
Bligh remained as a police magistrate in Gympie until his death in 1880 at the relatively young age of 46. As a result of the kick to the face from the horse in Rockhampton, Bligh lost the sight in one eye and had chronic insomnia issues. He died of an overdose of chloral hydrate at his home in Gympie.

Bligh was widower when he died and had several children. A daughter, Lucy, later married Bligh's nephew, John Bligh Nutting, who had also served in Queensland as an officer in the Native Police.

Bligh Street in Gympie is likely to have been named after him and given both Gympie and the site of the Yabba Native Police barracks are nearby, the Bligh Street in Kilkivan is also very likely to have been named in his honour.

title: John O'Connell Bligh


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User:Mvoet/sandbox

Fat-Stem was founded by dr. Guy Wouters in 2009 to develop stem cell therapies for animals. The main focus is on delivering regenerative products for orthopaedic problems in horses and dogs. Fat-Stem Laboratories conducts research in the therapeutic fields of adipose-derived adult mesenchymal stem cells and was the first biotech company in the European Union offering commercially based stem cell therapies for horses with ligament and/or tendon injuries or horses suffering from osteoarthritis.

Product Range
Fat-Stem manufactures autologous and allogeneic therapies for horses, cats and dogs. The clinical application of these products are the regeneration of damaged cartilage, ligaments and tendons.

Horse therapies
When Fat-Stem started out in 2009 mostly high-value sporting horses were treated with its stem cell products. Currently the broader public has access to the same products and therapies as they became a lot more affordable and more veterinarians gained knowledge on this relatively recent development in veterinary medicine.

Plate-Stem
Plate-stem is an adipose derived adult mesenchymal stem cell therapy for horses to treat tendinopathy. It is autologous, which means it requires a biopsy to be taken from the horse. See the paragraph below about the autologous therapy process for the full procedure.

Allo-Stemfrost
Allo-Stemfrost is an adipose derived adult mesenchymal stem cell therapy for horses to treat tendinopathy. It is allogeneic which makes it the more economical solution for tendon and ligament repair.

PLT-fix
PLT-fix does not contain stem cells but is an allogeneic plateled enriched plasma (PRP) blood product for tendon repair. It is instantly available.

Chondro-Stem
Chondro-stem is an adipose derived adult mesenchymal stem cell therapy for horses to treat damaged cartilage. It is autologous, which means it requires a biopsy to be taken from the horse. See the paragraph below about the autologous therapy process for the full procedure.

Arti-Stemfrost
Allo-Stemfrost is an adipose derived adult mesenchymal stem cell therapy for horses to treat damaged cartilage. It is allogeneic which makes it the more economical solution for cartilage repair.

IRAP-fix
IRAP-fix does not contain stem cells but is an allogeneic blood product which stops the vicious cycle of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in it's tracks. It is instantly available.

Top-Stem
Top-Stem is an adipose derived adult mesenchymal stem cell therapy for horses to improve their general condition. It is available autologous, as well as allogeneic.

Dog-StemgradeIV
Dog-StemgradeIV is an adipose derived adult mesenchymal stem cell therapy for dogs to treat damaged cartilage due to grade IV osteoarthritis as a result from hip or elbow dysplasia. It is autologous, which means it requires a biopsy to be taken from the dog. See the paragraph below about the autologous therapy process for the full procedure.

Dog-Stem
Dog-Stem is an adipose derived adult mesenchymal stem cell therapy for dogs to treat damaged cartilage due to mild to severe osteoarthritis. It is autologous, which means it requires a biopsy to be taken from the dog.

Dog-Stemallo
Dog-Stemallo is an adipose derived adult mesenchymal stem cell therapy for horses to treat damaged cartilage due to mild to severe osteoarthritis. It is allogeneic which makes it the more economical solution for cartilage repair.

Cat-Stem
Cat-Stem is the newest addition to the Fat-Stem product range and is still in a testing phase. It is an adipose derived adult mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cats to treat feline chronic kidney disease. It is available autologous, as well as allogeneic.

Autologous therapy process
All autologous treatments require these 3 steps to be carried out: a biopsy to harvest the adipose tissue, the injection of the stem cell product and after care.

The biopsy
The vet orders a product kit which should be in his posession the day of the biopsy. During the biopsy about 2 teaspoons of adipose tissue as well as some blood are collected from the animal under local anesthesia in aseptic conditions. The kit is send back to Fat-Stem and will be processed within 24 hours.

The ultrasound guided injection
After 15 to 20 days the product is sent to the veterinary clinic to be injected on the same day. The patient is lightly anesthetized. If the product needs to regenerate cartilage, the joint will be surgically prepared. Joint fluid is aspirated to ensure correct placement before the product will be administered by ultrasound guided injection.

The after care
After injection, the joint is routinely bandaged for a couple of days. A revalidation period of 3 to 6 months with controlled movement is critical and will improve the quality of the healing. Rehabilitation under supervision of an animal physiotherapist is advised.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Mvoet/sandbox


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Euclidean geometry/Congruency

Congruency

 * Two things are congruent if they are the same. Okay, onto next topic...
 * Wait a second; we didn't define that very well! That's okay. Congruency is a thing that is defined for everything that is used in geometry. For example, congruency can be defined for peanut butter jars

 * Two jars of peanut butter are congruent if and only if they have jars of the same shape, are filled to the same height with peanut butter, and the peanut butter tastes the same for both jars.

 * You could do a similar thing for gumballs, but that wouldn't be relevant to geometry, unlike peanut butter jars. Every element of geometry has its own definition of congruence.

 * This is the symbol of congruence.

 * $$\cong$$

 * Now for some congruency definitions!

 * Two line segments are congruent if and only if they have equal lengths.

 * Two angles are congruent if and only if their measures of the angles are equal.

 * Two points, lines, rays, or planes have no congruency definition.

 * Actually, those three definitions will do for now!

title: Euclidean geometry/Congruency


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Kadhim Aboud

 Kadhim Aboud  (1 July 1948 – 12 July 2018) was an Iraqi football midfielder who played for Iraq between 1969 and 1970.

On 11 July 2018, Aboud died at the age of 70.

title: Kadhim Aboud


text:
Radiation Oncology/Historical documents about radiation

Radiation history timeline
 * A Brief Chronology of Radiation and Protection by J. Ellsworth Weaver III

Interesting historical documents about radiation and its effects on humans or animals.
 * Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (1994-1995)
 * Home page
 * Final report
 * - Bibliography of secondary resources, as of June 16, 1995.

 * Wake Forest, 2005 PMID 17411764 -- "Publication rate of abstracts from the annual ASTRO meeting: Comparison with other organizations." (Papagikos MA, J Am Coll Radiol. 2005 Jan;2(1):72-5.)
 * Retrospective. Oral presentation ASTRO Abstracts 1999-2001
 * Publication rate: 56%, no difference based on country of origin, category, or study design. 50% published in 1 year, 90% in 2 years. Journals IJROBP 62%, JCO 8%, Radiotherapy and Oncology 3%


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User:Coolsoundingme

Christopher Richard Wahl

Born: 4 October 1984 Buffalo, NY USA

Private Pilot Certificate - Airplane Single Engine Land: 25 April 2003

Instrument Rating - Airplane Single Engine: 27 August 2003

Commercial Pilot Certificate - Airplane Single Engine Land: 5 May 2005

Certificated Flight Instructor - Airplane Single Engine Land: 3 October 2007

B.S. Professional Pilot, Farmingdale State University of New York.

title: User:Coolsoundingme


text:
Taichung City Seaport Art Center

The Taichung City Seaport Art Center is an art center in Qingshui District, Taichung, Taiwan.

History
The construction of the center began in 1993. It was then officially opened in March 2000.

Architecture
The center was constructed with a Southern Fujian architectural style and courtyard space with a total floor space of 30,394 m2. It consists of the exhibition hall, concert hall, Taichung City artists archives, conference hall, recreation area and open air stage, arts and crafts classrooms and administration offices.

Transportation
The center is accessible within walking distance northwest of Qingshui Station of Taiwan Railways.

title: Taichung City Seaport Art Center


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Patania agilis

Patania agilis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1936. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Orientale, North Kivu, Katanga, Equateur).

title: Patania agilis


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John McCormac

John E. McCormac is an American Democratic Party politician, who is serving as the Mayor of Woodbridge Township, New Jersey. He served as State Treasurer of New Jersey for four years in the cabinets of former Governor of New Jersey James McGreevey and former Gov. Richard Codey.

Biography
McCormac was born and raised in Woodbridge. He attended St. Cecelia's grammar school in Iselin and graduated from St. Thomas Aquinas High School in 1976. He earned a BA in Accounting from Rutgers University and a master's degree in Finance from St. John's University.

McCormac had served as chief financial officer and business administrator of Woodbridge Township, during McGreevey's tenure as Mayor of the Township. When McGreevey became governor, he named McCormac to the treasurer's job. Codey, who succeeded McGreevey in November 2004, retained McCormac in the post for his administration.

After leaving the treasurer's office in January 2006, McCormac announced his intention to seek the Democratic nomination for Mayor of Woodbridge in the 2007 election. He was planning on opposing Mayor Frank Pelzman in the Democratic primary. Pelzman's unexpected June 2006 death triggered a November 2006 special election where McCormac won; he was sworn in on November 13, 2006 and has held the post ever since; State Senator Joseph Vitale was appointed to serve as mayor until the special election winner was sworn in. McCormac is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition.

title: John McCormac


text:
User:Mammoth Supremacy 55/sandbox

Mammoth Supremacy 55 is an American YouTuber who started YouTube in August 17, 2017. Mammoth mainly does stop motion films and video game reviews.

Site: https://bladee.xyz/channel/UCClBy3C0N0m4zXfULSKLbxA

title: User:Mammoth Supremacy 55/sandbox


text:
Talk:Orangefield, Texas

Distance from Beaumont
Please note that the Handbook of Texas Online reference gives the approximate distance from Beaumont to Orangefield as "twenty miles". This is only correct per road miles and not measured straight across on a map. The true distance via air is between 12 to 14 miles. JungleCat   talk / contrib  18:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orangefield, Texas


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/anikolsky.com

Links

 * anikolsky.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 7 additions.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/filtercoffeemachine.co.uk

Links

 * filtercoffeemachine.co.uk resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is globally blacklisted by \bfiltercoffeemachine\.co\.uk\b
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is globally blacklisted by \bfiltercoffeemachine\.co\.uk\b

Additions

 * Displayed all 3 additions.


text:
Talk:Extremely Rotten Live

Fair use rationale for Image:Extremely Rotten Live.jpg
Image:Extremely Rotten Live.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:34, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Extremely Rotten Live


text:
Category:Osphronemidae

Gouramis are members of the freshwater fish family Osphronemidae (order Perciformes).

Note: some fishes which are not part of the Osphronemidae have "gourami" in their common names; these are not part of this category.

title: Category:Osphronemidae


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User:Red1

Dear WikiVersity,
 * Much of my writings are anchored in http://red1.org/
 * I am a child of knowledge, I existed to know what i know not.
 * So now, it is to fill in what gaps i find in this place.

 * smile*

email contact: red1(at)adempiere.org

About Me
Redhuan D. Oon has, since venturing on his own in 1980, taken to very undisciplined experiences:
 * Learning - from cosmology to what presidential candidates say on CNN
 * Teaching - from dropout school-kids to the university hopeless
 * Selling - from newspapers, mugs to an entire B2B transatlantic migration project
 * Computing - from caching payslips to debugging Java
 * Conspiring - from escaping work to world domination

I never attended University

 * Perhaps this is a proud truth i profess in, having never attended beyond A' Levels Cambridge from my high school, i have by choice left the paper chase and now bask in utter alienation of the ivory towers.
 * It saves me a lot of interview money because i never attended one, as they all ask for a formal degree before i can attend.
 * I have to work in more creative ways to get where i want
 * Ok, ok, i am more hungry than you... you, you Fatsos!

Open Source ERP

 * What i have been doing and teaching too
 * There are so many learning points that i wish to capture and leave as legacy
 * Open Source ERP/Executive Masters is now offered in a private University that supports Open Source spirit by having the materials free.

Open Source Community

 * Eric Raymond's Bazaar requires further practical treatment and experience
 * Much recent development that has split into Commercial and Community variations
 * As founding member of a top ten SourceForge project ADempiere Bazaar i can share many tots on it

title: User:Red1


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Persecution of Muslims by Meccans

When the Islamic prophet Muhammad initially spread Islam in his hometown, Mecca, he did not meet with any significant opposition from his tribesmen, the Quraysh. Rather, they were indifferent to his activities, as they did not appear to be particularly interested in devotional meetings. This was the case until Muhammad started attacking their beliefs, which caused tensions to arise. The Muslims then reportedly received persecution that lasted for twelve years beginning from the advent of Islam to Hijrah.

After Abu Talib refused, they (Quraysh of Makka) gathered together to confer and decided to draw up a document in which they undertook not to marry women from the Banu Hashim and the Banu al-Muttalib, or to give them women in marriage, or to sell anything to them or buy anything from them (until the Prophet was given up to them to be killed). They drew up a written contract to that effect and solemnly pledged themselves to observe it. The event forced Abu Talib to move the clans to a valley called Shi'b of Abu Talib. The boycott lasted three years and was ended when relatives of the clans intervened.

In the next year when Abu Talib, his uncle who supported him in this ordeal died, Muhammed was left with no protection. The repercussions of the death of Abu Talib were in the political sphere. His successor as chief of the Banu Hashim appears to have been his brother, Abu Lahab. Although Abu Lahab had joined the 'grand alliance' against Hashim during the boycott, he is said at first to have promised to protect Muhammad in the same way as Abu Talib had done. After a time, however, Abu Lahab formally refused protection to Muhammad on the grounds that Muhammad alleged 'Abd al-Muttalib to be in hell. The loss of security was on the surface a great disaster for Muhammad and for the cause of Islam.

In 622, Muhammad and his few hundred followers left Makkah and travelled to Madinah, knowing that Quraysh were plotting to kill him and his followers.

Overview
Slaves Sumayyah bint Khabbab, and her husband Yasir, were tortured to death by their master Abu Jahl.

Muhammad was protected somewhat by the influence of his family. Abu Lahab's wife, Umm Jamil, would regularly dump filth outside his door. An eyewitness mentioned that the worst thing he ever saw the Quraysh doing to Muhammad was that a person from Quraysh clutched his clothes.

Narrated Abdullah that while Muhammad was in the state of prostration, surrounded by a group of people from Quraysh pagans. Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt came and brought the intestines of a camel and threw them on the back of Muhammad. Muhammad did not raise his head from prostration until Fatima (i.e. his daughter) came and removed those intestines from his back.

Umayya ibn Khalaf brutally tortured Bilal upon learning that Bilal had embraced Islam. Umayya would put a rope around Bilal's neck and drag him in the streets. In the burning hot desert heat, Umayya used to wrap Bilal in raw cow's hide. Due to the great stench of rotting hide, Bilal would find it difficult to breathe. Umayya would also chain Bilal heavily, lay him on hot sand, and put heavy stones on him.

Abu Lahab used to fling stones at Muhammad. He forced his two sons to divorce Ruqaiya and Umm Kulthum, who were daughters of Muhammad. People used to spit and throw dust at Muhammad. Makkan polytheists used to grab the hair of Uqbah and twist his neck. The slaves were often tortured by their masters for apostasy.

Migration age
Two migrations took place before the migration of Medina.

The Migration to Abyssinia (الهجرة إلى الحبشة, al-hijra ʾilā al-habaša), also known as the First Hijrah (هِجْرَة hijrah), was an episode in the early history of Islam, where Muhammad's first followers (the Sahabah) fled from the persecution of the ruling Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They sought refuge in the Christian Kingdom of Aksum, present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea (formerly referred to as Abyssinia, an ancient name whose origin is debated), in or. The Aksumite monarch who received them is known in Islamic sources as the Negus (نجاشي najāšī) Ashama ibn Abjar. Modern historians have alternatively identified him with King Armah and Ella Tsaham. Some of the exiles returned to Mecca and made the Hijrah to Medina with Muhammad, while others remained in Abyssinia until they came to Medina in 628.

This emigration takes place with 11 men and 4 women. The earliest extant account is given in Ibn Ishaq's sira:

"When the apostle saw the affliction of his companions, [...] he said to them: 'If you were to go to Abyssinia (it would be better for you), for the king will not tolerate injustice and it is a friendly country, until such time as Allah shall relieve you from your distress.' Thereupon his companions went to Abyssinia, being afraid of apostasy and fleeing to God with their religion. This was the first hijra in Islam."

Another view, grounded in the political developments of the time, suggests that following the Sassanid capture of Jerusalem in 614 many believers saw a potential danger to the community as they were not the partisans of the Persians who both practiced Zoroastrianism and had earlier supported the Arabian Jews of Himyar. The acceptance of these Muslims into the Kingdom of Axum at precisely a moment of Persian triumph in the Levant recalls the Ethiopian foreign policy of the previous century which saw Axum and Persia compete for influence in the Arabian Peninsula.

In almost one hundred Muslims made a second migration back to Abyssinia where they stayed protected by king Najashi (Ashama ibn Abjar) who is a just ruler. After the Muslims in Arabia had migrated to Medina in and attained security, the Muslims in Abyssinia migrated back to Arabia and reunited with them in Medina after six years absence.

The Meccan boycott of the Hashemites by the Quraish was proclaimed in 617.
 * This is a sub-article to Muhammad before Medina

The Meccan boycott of the Hashemites was a public boycott against the clan of Banu Hashim, declared in 616 (7th year of Prophethood) by the leaders of Banu Makhzum and Banu Abd-Shams, two important clans of Quraysh. According to tradition, the boycott was carried out in order to put pressure on Banu Hashim to withdraw its protection from Muhammad.

The terms imposed on Banu Hashim, as reported by Ibn Ishaq, were "that no one should marry their women nor give women for them to marry; and that no one would trade with them, and when they agreed on that they wrote it in a deed." The boycott lasted for three years but eventually collapsed mainly because it was not achieving its purpose; the boycott had caused extreme privation and the sympathizers within the Quraysh finally united to annul the agreement.

In the Islamic tradition, the Year of Sorrow (عام الحزن, also translated Year of Sadness) is the Hijri year in which Muhammad's wife Khadijah and his uncle and protector Abu Talib died. The year approximately coincided with 619 CE or the tenth year after Muhammad's first revelation.

After the death of Abu Talib, Muhammad became vulnerable due to the loss of clan protection granted by Abu Talib (who was also the chief of Banu Hashim). He began to be the target of physical attacks by his Meccan opponents. He visited Ta'if to look for help and invite the inhabitants to Islam, but was rejected. On the way back to Mecca, he petitioned several prominent Meccans to ask for protection. Chief Mut'im ibn 'Adi, from the Banu Nawfal clan, acceded to his request, escorted Muhammad into the city and announced the clan's protection of Muhammad.

Previous events
Previously the preaching of Islam by Muhammad had been confined to Mecca, and his success with Abu Bakr on during the Year of Sorrow his main source of Ta'if to invite the people there to Islam.

Leaders of Ta'if
Muhammad was received by the three (Abd Yalail, Mas'ud and Habib, their father was Amr Bin Ummaya Ath Thaqafi) chiefs of the local tribes of Ta'if and they let him freely have his say, however, they paid little heed to his message. After a while they even showed signs of apprehension lest his welcome in Ta'if might embroil them with the Meccans, so they left him to be dealt with by street urchins and the riff raff of the town.

Rejection
By rejecting Muhammad's religion, the people of Ta'if ordered their children to throw rocks and stones at Muhammad and Zayd ibn Harithah to make them leave the city and never come back. Muhammad and Zayd ibn Harithah were finally turned out by mocking and jeering crowds. The rocks that were thrown at Muhammad and Zayd by the Ta'if children caused them to bleed. Both were wounded and bleeding as they left Ta'if behind them. Muhammad bled so profusely from the stoning that his feet became clotted to his shoes and was wounded badly.

Orchard
Once Muhammad and Zayd ibn Harithah were outside the city walls, Muhammad almost collapsed. They went a short distance outside of the town and stopped in an orchard that belonged to Utaba and Sheba.

The owners of the orchard had seen Muhammad being persecuted in Mecca and on this occasion they felt some sympathy toward their fellow townsman. They sent a slave (named Addas) who took Muhammad into his hut, dressed his wounds, and let him rest and recuperate until he felt strong enough to resume his journey across the rough terrain between Ta'if and Mecca. It was there that the Angel Gabriel came to him with the Angel of the Mountains and said that if Muhammad wanted, he would blow the mountains over the people of Ta'if (or crush the people of Ta'if in between the mountains).

Muhammad prayed: "'O Allah unto thee do I complain of my weakness, of my helplessness, of my want of resources, and of my lowliness before men. O Most Merciful of the merciful, Thou art Lord of the weak. And Thou art my Lord. Into whose hands wilt Thou entrust me? Unto some far off stranger who will ill-treat me? Or unto a foe whom Thou hast empowered against me? I care not, so Thou be not wrath with me. But Thy favoring help -that were for me the broader way and the wider scope! I take refuge in the Light of Thy Countenance whereby all darkness's are illuminated and the things of this world and the next are rightly ordered, lest Thou make descend Thine anger upon me, or lest Thy wrath beset me. Yet is it Thine to reproach until Thou art well pleased? There is no power and no might except through Thee.'"

The owners also told their Christian slave named Addas from Nineveh to give a tray of grapes to the visitors.

Muhammad took the grape and before putting it into his mouth he recited what has become the Muslim grace: "In the name of God, Ever Gracious, Most Merciful." (Arabic Bismillah ar-Rahman, ar-Raheem). Addas became curious and inquired about the identity of Muhammad who presented himself. The conversation that ensued led Addas to declare his acceptance of Islam, so that Muhammad's journey to Ta'if did not prove entirely fruitless.

He stayed preaching to the common people for 10 days.

Return
Muhammad sent Zayd to seek asylum (Istijarah) for him among 4 nobles in the city. Three of them, 'Abd Yalil ibn 'Abd Kalal and then Akhnas ibn Shariq and Suhayl ibn Amr, refused but the fourth one, Mut'im ibn 'Adi, responded.

Mut'im ordered his sons, nephews and other young men of his clan to put on their battle-dress and then marched, in full panoply of war, at their head, out of the city. He brought Muhammad with him, first into the precincts of the Kaaba where the latter made the customary seven circuits (Tawaf), and then escorted him to his home.

Invasion of Safwan
Muhammad ordered an attack to pursue Kurz bin Jabir Al-Fihri. Because he attacked Prophet Muhammad's pasture in Madinah and ran away after looting Prophet Muhammad's camels.

Invasion of Sawiq
Muhammad ordered Muslims to pursue Abu Sufyan for killing 2 Muslims and burning a corn field

Males

 * Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habshi, tortured by Umayyah ibn Khalaf
 * Abu Fakiha, Aflah ibn Yasar, tortured by Abu Jahl
 * Abu Fuhayra/ Abu Amr, Amir ibn Fuhayra, tortured by Abu Jahl
 * Khabbab ibn al-Aratt, tortured by (Umm Anmaar) Harla bint Abd-al-Uzza and (Abu Jahm) Siba'a ibn Abd-al-Uzza
 * Yasir ibn Amir, tortured by Abu Jahl until died
 * Harith ibn Yasir, also tortured by Abi Jahl until died
 * Abdullah ibn Yasir, also tortured by Abu Jahl until died
 * Ammar ibn Yasir, tortured by Abu Jahl twice
 * Ami Mu'mil ibn Abdullah al-Thaqafi, tortured by Abu Jahl

Females
Tags: The females were tortured by Umar ibn al-Khattab and Abu Jahl

 * Lubaynah,
 * Al-Nahdiah
 * Hakima bint Habib ibn Ku'ayb al-Nahdiyya al-Thaqifiyya
 * Umm Ubays
 * Na'ilah bint al-Mu'ammil
 * Umm Umays
 * Umm Unays
 * Harithah bint al-Mu'ammil
 * Zunayra al-Rumiya bint al-Mu'ammil
 * Umm Shareek
 * Ghaziyyah bint Jabir ibn Hakim
 * al-Dawsiyah
 * al-Mu'ammilah
 * Sumayya bint Khayyat
 * Jariyyah bint Amr ibn al-Mu'ammil

Male

 * Abu Fakih – tied and dragged on burning sand, had a very heavy stone put on his chest
 * Ammar ibn Yasir – tortured.

Female

 * Al-Nahdiah – tortured
 * Umm Ubays – tortured
 * Lubaynah– extensively beaten
 * Zinnira – beaten until she lost her eyesight temporarily.

Free Muslims

 * Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad – was divorced on orders of Abu Lahab
 * Ruqayyah bint Muhammad – was divorced on orders of Abu Lahab
 * Sa'd ibn Ubadah – tortured and almost killed.

title: Persecution of Muslims by Meccans


text:
Osinovsky

Osinovsky (Осиновский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Verkh-Suyetsky Selsoviet, Suyetsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 114 as of 2013. There are 7 streets.

Geography
Osinovsky is located 6 km southwest of Verkh-Suyetka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Beregovoy is the nearest rural locality.

title: Osinovsky