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Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2015 February 2

= February 2 =

Iran a parliamentary democracy?
According to the intro of its article, Iran's government "combines elements of a parliamentary democracy with a religious theocracy". Parliamentary democracy? As far as I can tell from its politics section, the president is paramount among the non-clerical officials, so not purely parliamentary, and the legislature doesn't appear to have much authority over the executive, other than approving vice-presidents, so not semipresidential on the French model, either. It sounds much more like a presidential system than anything else. Am I missing something, or is the intro wrong? Nyttend (talk) 04:48, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Best overall term might be "Guided democracy"... -- AnonMoos (talk) 18:28, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That's not what I'm attempting to address. Take out the religious theocracy, and what do you have?  Or in other words, if you had another state with similar arrangements of legislature, executive, and judiciary, and if they were the only real branches of government, what would you call it?  Would it be a parliamentary system, as the Iran article's intro seems to be saying, or would it be a rather thoroughly presidential system, or something else somehow?

SNP post-referendum bounce
Hello, everyone. The Scottish National Party may have lost the independence referendum, but it has managed to bounce back, has seen a membership surge and is now polling stronger than ever for the UK general election, where it seems poised to take almost all Scottish seats. Is this sheer luck, or can it be plausibly attributed to certain measures taken by the party in the post-referendum setting? Thanks a lot.--Leptictidium (mt) 08:59, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * A phenomenon also seen in the past in Quebec inter alia. People will vote for a "protest party" seeking secession far more than they would really vote for secession proper.  Collect (talk) 17:23, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Is there any study that deals with Wikipedia's entries on fiction?
hi everyone, let me please give it another try: a new day, new people, new opportunites, and maybe some spot-on-results this time :-) Does anyone know any research results on Wikipedia entries about fiction? see here for previous roundabout answers in section "Sought: study on a certain group of entries (fiction)" --C.Koltzenburg (talk) 09:04, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * If anyone knows of such studies it would most likely be the folks at WP:WikiProject Literature, try asking them. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 09:19, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * thanks, Roger (Dodger67), alas, no replies last time, so I thought I'd better opt for another try here :-) --C.Koltzenburg (talk) 09:59, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Here's a few academic research studies that at least mention fiction on WP  . The last is a short review, so there should be plenty of refs within. A complicating factor is we don't know what kind of study you want. Do you want a statistical analysis of word counts and coverage? Do you want a humanist review of literary techniques discussed in our articles? These will be very different papers, in different journals, with different sets of terminology. But they will both "deal with WP's entries on fiction." Maybe you just want anything at all related to WP articles about fiction?  If so - do you know how to use google scholar to go through forward and reverse citations? This is a bit of a tricky thing to search for, so I think you'll do better off linking through references than repeated word searches. Anyway, google scholar is your friend here :) SemanticMantis (talk) 15:13, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Great, good hints. Am looking for any kind of study, really. Mainly, I am interested in finding out what experts might say about theoretical slants in articles on literary works (NPOV slants, you see ;-), and since there seems to be none yet that has been made known (meaning: to the brand you name above) that deals with this topic heads-on, I was wondering what might be known (searchable/ retrievable) more generally. Thanks, SemanticMantis. --C.Koltzenburg (talk) 17:21, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Tanzania Youth Empowerment Group( TAYEG)
Hi,

My name is NURU CHRISTOPHER NZOYA, Am a Tanzanian with 24years old. In Tanzania there is humanity problem especially to youth between 15yrs to 35yrs, which is POVERT which mostly caused by lack of empowerment and intrepreneurship education. As my wishes i dicide to create a volunteer group to provide education on different issues concerned with intrepreneurship, empowerment, and agricutural improvement to Tanzanian youth. My request to your foundation is to ask for the support mostly financial and equipments in order to make our group plan implementations. Please help the human as much as possible can, order to make the joyful life to every one.09:39, 2 February 2015 (UTC)09:39, 2 February 2015 (UTC) Thanks,

It's TAYEG Secretary,

NURU CHRISTOPHER NZOYA

email: [redacted]

phone:[redacted] — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:39, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * This is the place to ask for information to help your volunteer group, not money and equipment. The Wikimedia Foundation is the place to ask for those things. (Do they have a page for such requests ?) StuRat (talk) 16:22, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Julian calendar date needed for Third Crusade
In Third Crusade it says Richard entered Limassol on May 6 and met with Isaac... Is this date of the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar, since it is 1191 they are speaking of? If it is not of the Julian calendar, then what date is that in the Julian calendar? An approximation is O.K. Thanks.--Doug Coldwell (talk) 13:17, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If it's in the Gregorian calendar it will be a week later. You would need to go to the source because some historians change all dates to the Gregorian. The medieval year started on Lady Day, but that isn't a problem for a date in May. Itsmejudith (talk) 14:29, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * We don't need to convert the dates to the Gregorian calendar for 1191, since there was only one calendar then. It was May 6 in England and France and Cyprus. All dates are the same for everyone until 1582. As Itsmejudith says, we do need to adjust the year sometimes, since different places started the new year on different days, but May 6 was in 1191 for everyone. (Well, actually, for Isaac it would have been the year 6699 in the Byzantine calendar, but it was still May 6!) Adam Bishop (talk) 15:38, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks, that answered my question = May 6 it is.--Doug Coldwell (talk) 15:52, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No, Itsmejudith is right, you need to see whether the source used the original Julian dates or converted them to Gregorian dates. Although the Gregorian calendar didn't exist and wasn't in use anywhere in 1191, it is possible for a modern historian to make the conversion.  I think most historians don't make the conversion, but it's a valid question.  Marco polo (talk) 16:49, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The source here seems to indicate May 6.--Doug Coldwell (talk)

 * Marco polo, any modern historian worth his salt would NEVER convert Julian dates earlier than 15 October 1582 to Gregorian. The Gregorian calendar was never meant to apply retrospectively, period.  Sure, it's possible to convert dates to what they would have been if the Gregorian calendar had been introduced earlier than it was, but it's also possible to work out what my age would be now if I had been born in 1903.  Both exercises are pointless and meaningless.  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  19:15, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I can't think of any reason anyone would ever do that, unless they were programming a time machine. I don't think I've ever seen an historian convert a Julian date from the Middle Ages. For the sources we're talking about here, the primary sources from the crusades and the modern history Doug is using, I can guarantee that none of those dates have been converted to the Gregorian calendar. That would make no sense at all. Adam Bishop (talk) 19:28, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * There may not be any good reasons any historian worth his salt would do it, but the difficulty is that people do things for bad reasons as well as good, and it's not always possible to know if a given historian is or is not sodium chloride-worthy. That various people have found and do find a use for the proleptic Gregorian calendar is testified to by the fact that it has a name and an article :)  Actual primary sources of course, as Adam points out, don't use proleptic dates.  People who edit Wikipedia articles seem quite prone to inserting proleptic Gregorian dates where they have no business being, so it's good to raise the concern from time to time. Especially in the context of saint's feast days, which frequently undergo this sort of "modification" because of someone's idea about what celebrating the anniversaries of a death should mean.- Nunh-huh 19:37, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I take May 6 as the Gospel truth.--Doug Coldwell (talk) 19:43, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Bless you, my son. :)
 * Yes, Nunh-huh, some people do confuse things. The classic one is Orthodox Christmas.  Orthos tend to say "We celebrate Christmas on 7 January", and others understandably wonder why.  The answer is that they've given only half the story.  The truth is that they celebrate Christmas on 25 December like everyone else, but unlike everyone else they use the Church Calendar, which is a slightly modified version of the Julian Calendar.   Their 25 December just happens to correspond to 7 January in the Gregorian calendar, but that's not the calendar they're following when it comes to Church events and activities.  I suppose they have to make it relatable to the rest of the world, for whom Christmas is now just a distant memory and who are now busy eating hot cross buns in readiness for Easter, which is still at least 10 weeks away.  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  20:00, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I hope that Orthodox kiddies find a way to parlay this into a few extra presents, at least ;) - Nunh-huh 05:00, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Sorry if I introduced an unecessary worry. It's always a good idea to look at the methodology your sources used (I hope). Itsmejudith (talk) 19:12, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

how is a scratch-off ticket not just hard cash without all the security features, times a probability?
I don't get that if you can convert a scratch-off ticket into money at location, how is a scratch-off ticket not the same as an actual currency, just with far fewer security features, and multiplied by a probability? Please help me understand the distinction or what I'm missing - i.e. is there a centralized aspect, where scratch-off ticket numbers are checked against a central database? If so then is a winning scratch-off ticket (anything redeemable for cash) actually a stored 'secret' (in the cryptographic sense) that can be used once? Or is there some other centralized feature that makes this different from my mental model. Thank you. I am also interested in other aspects or qualities of bearer instruments of all kinds, centralized and decentralized. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:01, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * They aren't redeemable everywhere. Most restaurants won't take them, for example. StuRat (talk) 16:16, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Euros aren't redeemable everywhere either. Most restaurants you're thinking of won't take them.  (I assume you have the US in mind or another English-speaking territory none of which are on the euro, to a first approx.) But all money exchange centers will, and give you dollars - just like scratch-off tickets.

 * For something to be useful as a medium of exchange, it needs to actually have a (more or less) known value. Though this is arguably true of scratch-off lottery tickets in sufficient bulk, it is demonstrably not true of individual tickets. Indeed, if it were true, logic would suggest that nobody would buy them in the first place, since their value (their expected mean payout) is less than their purchase price. AndyTheGrump (talk) 16:25, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * This is simply incorrect. A 1% chance of $1,000 has an exact value of $10 per the argument expressed in my subject line. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:53, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Evidently people who purchase lottery tickets think otherwise. AndyTheGrump (talk) 17:11, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I think you made a typo. $10 is not an "exact value", rather it is an expected value. And while the math of expectation is incredibly useful, it has to be used carefully to give meaningful results. The expected value of a single roll of a fair six-sided die is 3.5=(1+2+3+4+5+6)/6 -- but you will never roll a 3.5 on a six-sided die! And as Andy points out, an expected value is not a known value of a specific item. A dollar bill is always worth exactly a dollar, but no lottery ticket that only pays out $1,000 or zero is worth exactly $10. SemanticMantis (talk) 17:39, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You're simply wrong with "no lottery ticket that only pays out $1,000 or zero is worth exactly $10". To see why you're wrong, consider that obviously a lottery ticket that pays out either $1,000 or $0 with some probability, where that probability is 99.99999999999999999999999% the former, is worth exactly $1,000 not one penny less.  (Due to the number of 9's I included, which is 25 or less than 1 in 100 sextillion chance of being worth $0.)    Now in your mind decrease 99.99999999999999999999999% chance slowly but firmly toward 0.00000000000000000000001% and you will see that the value becomes worth exactly $0.00 - not even close to $0.00000000001 or even a trillionth of a penny.   As you do the push you can't help but reach arbitrary values.  You are just not thinking logically enough with your mind.  <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:17, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm thinking (with my mind!) quite logically about this. What you've illustrated is that you're conflating expected value with real value or nominal value or purchasing power or some other type of value. The former is clearly defined mathematically, the latter terms depend on all sorts of economic considerations. Take care, SemanticMantis (talk) 14:51, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Please answer in sequence: 1) does a lottery ticket with 99.99999999999999999999999% chance of being worth $1000 and 0.00000000000000000000001% chance of being worth $0 still have to be scratched off to be redeemed? 2) Why does it have to be scratched off?  3)  Under this scenario what is the exact value after scratching and seeing a winner, and after scratching and seeing a loser?  Are both possible?  Finally 4)  Under this scenario what is the ticket worth before scratching, after scratching and seeing a winner, and after scratching and seeing a loser?  Can a ticket be in any of the above three states under the described scenario? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:54, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You still seem to be missing the point that others have made above namely that there's no intrisic reason why someone will value a single ticket with the expected value. Firstly, as has been pointed out below and to some extent above, lottery tickets aren't particularly accepted. This is more important than you seem to appreciate since if someone is going to give me a ticket, even if it has 100% chance of being worth $1000, there's reason I will want to accept in in lieu of a $100 x 10 notes, or a bank transfer or the other alternatives which don't require me to go to a store or something to redeem my money want possibly submit ID and whatever else is required. In other words, just because something can be converted to $1000 in a more transferrable format doesn't mean it's going to be treated as equally transferrable and therefore of equal value. Perhaps more importantly, even if we put all this aside and assume I can get my money instantly, won't be taxed (as happens in some places like the US), the government is going to provide me the same level of protection and assistance against fraud and whatever else, it still doesn't mean someone is going to value a single ticket with the expected value. Rather than using such insalely high odds which makes it more difficult to see, consider a ticket with a 99/100 chance of being $1000 and a 1/100 chance of being $0. Many people receiving a single ticket are not going to treat it as $990. Heck they may not even treat value it at $980. And not because they don't understand statistics, but because there is still a risk they will lose out. In other words, while it may be far more likely they ill be $10 better off, there is a chance they will be $980 worse off and this is too much of a bad outcome. (In a similar way as much as people joke about lotteries being a tax on the stupid, there are plenty of people who do buy the lottery despite understanding the statistics properly.) If they were receiving 10000 of these tickets a year, than because it will average out they might be fine with it (but a smaller number, e.g. 10 is probably still not enough for a person to give the expected value of $990 or eve $980). Of course by that token, it is possible that a system could develop where the tickets become basically redeemable for the expected value because banks etc will accept them for such (since they're doing the averaging), although why they'd want to do this is unclear. P.S. You yourself mentioned the Euro above. Consider that although I may be able to go to a money changer and convert by €100 Euro note to US$105 (may be), it doesn't mean I'm going to value the €100 Euro note as US$105. If you're in a store in the US and someone offers you €100 instead of $100 change, many people will reject it and so will the store as payment, even if they're fully aware of the current exchange rate and are owner operated. Perhaps if you offer to pay €1000 instead of $750 they some owner operated stores might accept. Nil Einne (talk) 23:12, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Most lottery tickets have a serial number, on a small-scratch off panel. You shouldn't buy a ticket if the serial number is visible. When you redeem a winning ticket, either the ticket is sent by the retailer back to the lottery, or the serial number is. If it's serial number, then it's unique, and the lottery only allow it to be redeemed once. This is similar to the bar-coded event tickets you get now - if you print of the ticket twice, and give one to a friend, then you shouldn't be able to use both. LongHairedFop (talk) 16:36, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * So it is a secret embedded in a 'bearer currency'. How is this even remotely secure?  For example, since nobody checks serial numbers if the scratch-off shows no prize, what is to stop someone from buying rolls of tickets, manufacturing all the losing numbers onto a second roll (with covering over serial numbers) and redeeming all the winning ones?   Is there any independent verification that this isn't being done - for example, if 10% are supposed to be winning, does anyone randomly check rolls in grocery shops to see if in fact it isn't 5% in a statistically impossible way?  (Over 5000 tickets for example). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:53, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't it be simpler just to forge real currency? AndyTheGrump (talk) 17:08, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Forging of lottery tickets might not attract comparable penalties, however. The US Constitution permits Congress to punish people for "counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States", but it doesn't permit Congress to punish forgeries of anything else, and probably your average state would consider this kind of thing some sort of fraud, and its punishment might be significantly different from federal punishment for counterfeiting.  There's presumably no Secret Service analogue for lottery tickets, so you might be less likely to get caught.  Put all these together, and the chance of "losing" is probably less for forging lottery tickets than for forging money.  Nyttend (talk) 20:48, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Specifically, in California, creating a fake lottery ticket is defined as forgery, which is punishable only by imprisonment from one to three years. A far cry from the federal penalty for counterfeiting currency. No Matter How Dark (talk) 20:54, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The companies involve would have their own fraud detection systems which they probably keep mostly secret, and may not always work . But they do have the advantage that they usually only deal with retail outlet they choose, and have many different games (including non scratch ones) and also generally require identification for large prizes, so can look for unusual patterns to try and detect fraud. Being cynical, while there may be some legal risks (including closure), I'm fairly sure most lottos don't rely on prizes not being redeemed that much. So provided people don't find out and stop playing because of it, it doesn't actually matter to them who's redeeming the prizes. P.S. I don't think it's true no one check serial numbers if the ticket has no prize. Some people may make a mistake, and for complicated games some people can't be bothered working out if they've won. Of course, in recognition of this, lottery operators need to consider how they ensure people aren't fooled by those checking the ticket (if it isn't self-service). That said, this doesn't necessarily help you detect the fraud of the sort you mentioned, depending on the systems in place. Nil Einne (talk) 23:12, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Seriously, how many lucky $1 winners can you really pass, even at every store within driving range, before everyone recognizes you as the guy who only cashes tickets, never buys them, right as somebody at the lotto office is noticing an issue with the serial number? Not a chance, I think.  The big money should be for store owners who move a serious volume of tickets, if they can do forensic-style imaging to see which ones are the winners before the idiots customers have a chance to buy them. See also  It's not ethical to gamble unless you have a way to cheat! Wnt (talk) 21:16, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * A treasury note is a treasury note as long as it wasn't forged, and as long as it was issued, regardless of deficiencies in printing. Lottery tickets have no guaranteed value, and are routinely discredited at the sole discretion of the issuer. μηδείς (talk) 04:11, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

followup question
what keeps a government from issuing a currency with very few security measures (versus a US Dollar) but being centralized and containing a 'secret' that was scratch-off evident? (OP here) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:21, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * What's the point of such a currency. From an end user perspective, I don't see how it reassures me that the currency is safe to accept because the government can verify if it's genuine when I have little way to do so. Unless you meant the currency to be only used one time and the person with the currency and the person accepting will verify against a database at the time of acceptance but that would add great expense and time and is needless complicated compared to all the other things you can do with a centralised system. Nil Einne (talk) 05:01, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Couldn't the central one-time verification method be open to everyone? Then an unused secret could instantly be verified and transferred to another unused secret at which point only you would know that you were 'safe' with the piece of paper now in your hand - a fresh scratch-off ticket that still has a secret and that you just transferred a verified and used-once currency unit into?  Then all you would need to know is that you have a genuine roll of scratch-off secrets that are scratch-evident and hadn't been scanned (scammed) yet, i.e. a roll you get from the government.  Regarding 'what would be the point', have a look at Superdollar to see some of the massive amounts of physical security that have been put into US currency, which is a bearer instrument.  It's just a piece of paper, and if you can manufacture it for less than $1 you can start scamming people, and people do (and go to jail, and the secret service is involved, etc).  Tamper-evident scratch-off secrets are obviously relatively super-cheap to manufacture.  I was wondering if this solution actually works or what I'm missing.  Let's say for example that a very tiny organization wanted its own currency, without being able to afford good physical security for it - doesn't this work? If not why not?  Why isn't it used if it does work - am I the first to think of it?  Probably not. Scratch-off tickets are listed under bearer instruments. I must be missing something.  This is just a hobby of mine. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:21, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You seem to be missing the question of the confidence of users in your substitute currencies. For example, the value of your lottery ticket with a 1% chance of winning $1000 would be much below $10 to me because I don't know you, you live thousands of miles away, and it would cost me much more than £10 to redeem my $10.  This is why many currencies in the past were backed by gold.  Scratch-off currency would be much more expensive to print and distribute because everyone would need to check the serial number and be issued with a replacement by the issuers.  It would also be much more inconvenient because people would need to check the validity before accepting it.  You might be interested in our articles on Bitcoin, Virtual currency, Alternative currency and Private currency if you haven't already read them.    D b f i r s   09:43, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't really understand what you're suggesting. Once the panel has been scratched, it's no longer a secret. So you can't transfer it or anything to a third party. You could require a new note for every transfer, but as I already mention that would be expensive, time consuming and fairly pointless considering the plenty of alternatives which would work better since you are after all relying on a centralised system, or at least some networked system. Nil Einne (talk) 11:45, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * P.S. Have you considered that very often with a modern high security currency a lot of counterfeiting is actually detectable even without fancy equipment and without needing much training, it just succeeded because no one bothers, at least partially because it's time consuming? And you're proposing a person accepting a 10 $10 bills will need to scratch each one individually, and then check the number against a database (or alternatively not bother but have even less security than they do now)? Nil Einne (talk) 12:04, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No, I was more interested in the provable aspects, i.e. not the practical ones. like the scheme could be that, assuming you can check centrally, and assuming you can be sure a secret is still contained and hasn't been revealed, you can check and transfer a possibly already-used secret to the new secret, assuming you can establish a connection to the central Db that is secure.  In other words you can go from unverified money to verified money using an ssl conection and a $0.02 piece of paper that's scratch evident.  I'm sure dollars and other real currency cost considerably more than that.  I'm just asking in a cryptographic sense, not the common use of the word 'secret'.  it's just a mental exercise, I'm curious if such a scheme with such (pretty mild IMO) assumptions would have provably secure aspects.  I'm also interested in this for crypto currency reasons, as a hobby, since obviously in some sense the network/blockchain is an 'authority' that you 'connect to'.  so would this be a way to create bearer instruments (cash) based on such a concept?  Maybe this is the wrong reference desk for it though!  would math or computer science be better? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:34, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If you think requiring the printing and distribution (which you seem to have forgotten about) of 1000x or more notes each year because each one can only be used once and anyone receiving such notes to scratch 5 or whatever different notes depending how many they're receiving and manually enter the numbers (okay you could use a barcode, but this wasn't stated earlier) to verify each one, I'm not sure what world you're living in. I'm fairly sure even in most ultra low wage economies like various parts of Africa this wouldn't be cheaper. And of course such countries lack the reliable networks, or even transport systems to be able to do this anyway. Meanwhile countries which probably do have the networks and transport systems to do this to this to some extent (noting that it's not stores that need to verify the currency but the person in the store, as well as transactions taking place outside stores and networks go down, and so even in the most connected city where a large percentage of people have mobile phones there are still a percentage of transactions that occur without both parties having access to a device they trust), tend to have high minimum wages. So wasting time on scratching tickets is even more dumb. Of course you could develop machines to scratch the currency, but this significantly adds costs, remembering again it's both parties that need to scratch the currency since if you're using physical currency with a define value it's likely change will be needed. (Perhaps people will trust larger stores and not bother to verify their currency, but there will always be paranoid people, plus smaller stores or other transactions where people would be reluctant to trust the person, noting of course it may be difficult to prove or even remember where the currency came from once someone does scratch it and find out it's fraudulent, so you have to hope they do it enough someone detects them.) Of course the other point you still seem to be missing if even if getting people to scratch multiple new tickets for each transaction and the cost of doing this and distributing these is really lower than printing high security money and dealing with some level of fraud (not that the scratch system is going to be fraud free anyway), as me and others have said before there are many better alternatives which are already in use such as card transactions, mobile payments including perhaps cryptocurrency, which take advantage of such networks and devices you're I presume using to check these numbers. Rather than requiring a centralised system, yet for some unstated reason rather than primarily relying on the network and the devices, you're wasting time distributing a very large number of notes and requiring people to scratch and enter numbers. In other words, it's entirely unclear what's the point of producing physical notes if the only security of the note comes from the secret which you're going to have to scratch, reveal and check using a device which could just receive the info more directly. Nil Einne (talk) 22:36, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

You might like our article security printing. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:13, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Bless the Maker and all His Water

In Dune (film), Liet-Kynes (Max von Sydow), upon seeing the Sandworm, utters: "Bless the Maker and all His Water. Bless the coming and going of Him ..."; see e.g.. Where does this blessing / prayer come from? Is it something Frank Herbert made up de novo? Or is it borrowed from -- or referring to -- some prayer or quote in an existing Earth religion or tradition? It sounds oddly familiar yet I can't remember where it comes from, and it's driving me crazy o_O. Dr Dima (talk) 19:32, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Perhaps a conflation of two biblical verses:

 * Genesis 1:2: And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

 * Psalms 121:8: The LORD shall preserve thy going out and thy coming in from this time forth, and even for evermore. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:58, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Herbert intentionally created religions for his universe which were syncretic in some way, List of Dune religions covers the major ones. The idea is that the religions in his time were evolved versions of religions we know today; they have some familiarity to the reader, but they have all cross-bred to create hybrid religions.  Check out the Wikipedia article List of Dune religions and you get a sense for how this worked (with religions like Mahayana Christianity and Zensunni).  -- Jayron 32 15:03, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Anecdote alert. Any mention of Dune reminds me of the three hours straight that I sat on a bench outside Museum of Contemporary Art Australia waiting for my brother and sister-in law, who had missed their flight to Sydney and had to catch the next one. I left my mobile phone at home, of course, but I did remember to bring a book. And thus three hours of "Paul Muad'Dib" and "Bene Gesserit",  and the Dune universe syncretic religions, as Jayron explained. Is it only me, or does the "Butlerian Jihad"  bring to mind this Butler? Pete AU aka --Shirt58 (talk) 00:42, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Tamara de Lempicka's boarding school in Lausanne
I'm having trouble tracking down the name of the boarding school(s) Tamara de Lempicka had attended in Lausanne. Anyone know (or can anyone dig it up)? Thank you in advance! ---Sluzzelin talk  20:27, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I couldn't pin it down either, but found "La Casita, Le Grand Verger, Pensionnat Roseneck, Les Allieres, are among the better- known girls' finishing schools at Lausanne" The Spectator -Education in Switzerland (1927)

 * Still no luck here, but thanks for that, Alan! ---Sluzzelin talk  18:40, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Itinerarium Cambriae
I see Gerald of Wales appears to have written a works by the above title. I assume it is a history. Would Matthew Paris have used this or any of Gerald's works as a reference for any of his works? Which ones?--Doug Coldwell (talk) 20:45, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The Itinerarium is sort of a history, but is actually an account of Baldwin of Forde's trip through Wales (accompanied by Gerald), trying to raise money and men for the Third Crusade. I don't think any of Matthew's writings covered that period, did they? The parts of his history book that he wrote himself start in 1235, so he probably had no opportunity to refer to Gerald's works. Adam Bishop (talk) 01:16, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Appreciate your answer Adam. It gets me doing a little more research. As I get looking into this further our article says: After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236. Paris revised Roger's work, adding new material to cover his own tenure. This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document...  In the Chronica Majora article it says: The work begins with the creation of the world and contains annals up to 1259, the year of Paris's death. To me it looks like perhaps material from Gerald of Wales could have been worked on by Matthew and at least put into one of Matthew's works = Chronica Majora. --Doug Coldwell (talk) 12:11, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Possibly, although I don't know the extent of the additions that Matthew made to Roger's book. Matthew himself wrote in the Chronica that everything before 1235 was copied from Roger. Another possibility is that Roger used material from Gerard which Matthew then copied into the Chronica. We will have to investigate further... Adam Bishop (talk) 15:22, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm interested in anything you find along these lines. I see our article does say, ...Paris revised Roger's work... which to me indicates that he used Baldwin of Forde's work as reference material for Chronica Majora. Perhaps time and further research will verify this.--Doug Coldwell (talk) 15:30, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Why? There were dozens of historians in England and on the continent that he could have used as a source. We don't know what parts he revised. It's a big history, touching on centuries of European history. We have no idea if any of relates to the Itinerarium Cambriae or not. (That is, me and you don't know - I'm sure someone has written about it.) Adam Bishop (talk) 17:06, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Just curious. Yes, he could have used dozens of historians in England for reference material and I suspect he did for his Chronica Majora. Matthew Paris was a very good historian and quite thorough.--Doug Coldwell (talk) 17:20, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I definitely believe in the historical work of Matthew Paris and believe he did an outstanding job on his historical works. He gathered material from many sources to get his historical records very accurate. He would be a reliable source. Agree?--Doug Coldwell (talk) 22:07, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I would say he's generally quite reliable. Adam Bishop (talk) 01:53, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

WikiProject Reference Desk Article Collaboration
As a result of this question, I have created a stub article at Itinerarium Cambriae. Feel free to build on it. What's the tag for the talk page, to show it was prompted by a Ref Desk thread? --Dweller (talk) 10:21, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Got it:

Origin of the archetype of the immortal beautiful man
It seems like every year there are a few different television series running which have the same general premise: there is a beautiful man, muscular with long dark hair, who has exceptional capabilities because he has died, and come back from the dead not quite human. Other immortals of his kind exist who lack his humanity, and he fights them in battles to the death. Usually, the loser takes the winner's head, and perhaps with it, his power. He relies on his human companions for key assistance, and spends his life helping those in peril. There can be only one... or at least, I'd say that if there weren't so many of them. I'm thinking The Crow series, The Highlander, Angel (TV series), Sleepy Hollow (TV series) and (more dubiously on the attractiveness, but to each his own) Doctor Who (TV series) and Forever (TV series). On the fringe, Supernatural (TV series) (with two, who started off human) and Vampire Diaries (without the heroic part). I'm sure you could name many more.

I feel like I'm seeing the same archetype illuminated from many angles until it seems almost to have a reality separate from its implementations, and so I wonder at the explanation. Is this an adaptive radiation, where TV screenwriters each copied the same basic idea because it worked, each putting their own little spin on it? Is it convergent evolution, because when writing a story the screenwriter finds that he has to eventually kill the character, who has to come back, that he has to look a certain way for the best audience, that decapitation is the only plausible way to kill an immortal, and because the need to establish conflict requires others of his kind and so forth? Or is there some sort of collective unconscious aspect to this, tapping some Dreamtime revelation, or reassembling the elements which unconsciously permeate our society from some ancient epic like that of Gilgamesh or Orpheus? Wnt (talk) 21:47, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * See: The Hero with a Thousand Faces and Jungian archetypes; perhaps also The Golden Bough with this partial explanation. And I've almost finished The Count of Monte Cristo which comes quite close to the trope that you set out. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:13, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I can think of some good ways to kill an immortal besides decapitation. How about a nuclear bomb ?  Or will the atoms reassemble themselves from wherever they are blown ? StuRat (talk) 00:38, 3 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Dean Ing

Minor Revision
Added a link for the new article on Loose Cannon and turned the name Jerry Pournelle into a link. Durwoodie (talk) 23:58, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Notability Flag
I noticed that this wiki bio was just flagged for possible deletion for alleged lack of notability. Dean Ing certainly is notable! He is a prolific writer, and influential writer and a New York Times bestselling author. That fact that he leads a secluded life and only rarely grants interviews to newspapers or magazines should not be held against him. If that were our standard, then J.D. Sallinger would also be considered "non-notable." BellicoseSouthernBelle (talk) 04:37, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

He is now deceased...
His last book's publisher (Baen Books) mentioned it on facebook, and I've found this corrobrating link: https://www.echovita.com/us/obituaries/or/ashland/dean-charles-ing-11172821 - Is this enough, or do we need a more direct source? — CJewell (talk to me) 03:40, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

The 1996 domestic bombing
Given that the 1996 bombing was perpetrated by an American, why is the comment Ing made concerning it presented in this article in the context of 9/11? SlyGuyFox (talk) 04:33, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dean Ing


text:
Pallikonda Perumal Temple, Malayadippatti

Pallikonda Perumal Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Vishnu, located at Malayadippatti in Kulatthur taluk of Pudukkottai district in Tamil Nadu, India. This is a small village and one of the important rock cut temples of Pudukkottai district such as Thirumayam Rock cut temple. The Dvarapala's have only 2 hands unlike the other Dvarapala's who have 4 hands in other Vishnu temples.

Location
This cave temple is located at a distance of 33 km from Pudukottai, in Killukkottai.

Legend
Legend, says that Dhivakara Maharishi performed penance in this place so that Maha Vishnu will shover his blessings to him. He also wanted lord to recede in this place as Archa roopam so that people of Kali Yuga can offer prayers. He is called as Kannniraintha perumal and is believed that he will cure eye related problems. This temple is taken care by ASI by Archaeological Survey of India. Lord vishnu is in Archa roopam which means the lord formed into a statue for the devotees.

Cave temples
In Malayadippatti, two cave temples are found. While one is devoted for Shiva another is devoted for Vishnu. This is a twin temple. Shiva temple is known as Vahisvaramudayar Temple and Vishnu temple is known as Pallikonda Perumal Temple.This temple meant for Vishnu is known as Kan Thirantha Perumal Temple.

Presiding deity
The deity, in reclining posture, is known as Pallikonda Perumal. The Goddesses are Mahalakshmi and Boodevi.

Specialities
In the west part of the Shiva cave, Vishnu cave is found. In this cave temple, Pallikonda Perumal is found, sculpted in the cave itself. From the inscriptions it is learnt that this temple belonged to 7-8th century CE. The presiding deity is found like the presiding deity found in Thirumayam cave temple.

Puja
Pujas are held four times daily at Kalasanthi (7.00 a.m.), Uttchikkalam (noon 12.00), Sayaratchai (6.00 p.m.) and arthajamam (8.30 p.m.).The temple is opened for worship from 6.00 to 12.00 noon and 5.00 to 8.00 p.m.


text:
Talk:Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya

Disputed Content
I just removed the following material from the main article: ''Chattopadhyaya's writings on ancient Indian philosophies have been called the most interesting and sustained Marxist interpretation of Indian thought. Gerald Larson in his review of Chattopadhyaya's writings on Samkhya school of Hinduism states, "Chattopadhyaya proceeds to reconstruct what the original Samkhya position was, claiming that the classical notion did not include Purusha, and that the most important notion in the Samkhya is Prakrti, citing pre-Vedic Tantra traditions of a matriarchal society to be the foundation of original Samkhya." ''
 * Review of Chattopadhyaya's writings

Larson, in his 2011 edition of Classical Samkhya: An Interpretation of its History and Meaning'', considers such analysis of Chattopadhyaya as flawed, and states, "To argue, however, for an archaic agricultural-matriarchal tradition of mother-right and a pastoral-patriarchal tradition of male dominance and then to trace in a direct one-to-one correlation of a Samkhya materialism to the former and a Vedanta idealism to the latter is clearly an oversimplification that reflects Chattopadhyaya's political ideology more than it does India's ancient cultural heritage. Chattopadhyay's analysis of Samkhya and Vedanta schools of Hinduism has been criticized by Larson as, "what begins as a refreshing anthropological methodology for studying ancient thought and culture is reduced to an ideological perspective designed to show that "...private property and the state machinery are not eternal adjuncts to human existence..." and that "... the spiritualistic outlook is not innate in man". ''

The basis for the removal of this content is that too much prominence is being given to the review of one particular scholar (Larson); scholars writing on Indian philosophy invariably disagree with one another on some point or another. There are many scholars who do value and appreciate the work of Chattopadhyaya as per this 2012 Times of India article which hails Chattopadhyaya as the renowned historian of philosophy and books such as this one Essays in Honour of Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Personally i don't think its a good idea to have reviews of Chattopadhyay's works because i have not seen such reviews on the wikipedia pages of other Indologists. But, if someone really insists on including this material, then i suggest we can include 2-3 sentences of a scholar endorsing Chattopadhyay's body of work and 2-3 sentences of another scholar criticizing Chattopadhyay's body of work to provide balance in this article. Soham321 (talk) 05:59, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * On second thoughts, the review of a particular scholar can exceed 2-3 sentences, but the point is that there has to be balance in the article when it comes to reviews. We should include both positive and negative reviews in a balanced manner. We can also have multiple reviews (by more than two scholars); no harm in that, but i would insist on balance between positive and negative reviews.Soham321 (talk) 06:06, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

@Soham321: You are welcome to add balance by including review of the same book by other scholars. But don't delete well sourced scholarly content. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 15:12, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * So long as there is balance i have no objection. Your earlier review, giving a negative views of only one scholar, was making the article unbalanced. Soham321 (talk) 16:56, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

@Soham321: Blogs and websites such as carvaka4india.com are not an acceptable source in wikipedia. See WP:RS. Please avoid using such sources in wikipedia articles and provide a reliable source for this article. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 16:39, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree with this. I have replaced the source and given the alternative source which is Chattopadhyaya's book Lokayata where the review by Needham and Renou of his book are included (on the back cover). Soham321 (talk) 16:56, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

@Soham321: Will you please respect wikipedia policies and guidelines on content and tagging in this article? Why do you want to add peacocking language as you did here, and violate MOS:WTW guideline? This is also not an article about Joseph Needham or Sinology. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 17:18, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * There is no violation. The phrase 'greatest Sinologist in the west' was used by the Independent in his obituary, and not by me. This kind of praise is attributed all the time in wikipedia biographies. Soham321 (talk) 17:25, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * And regarding concomitant discussion of individuals A and B in a biography of one of them, see the section 'Nehru and Patel' in the wikipedia biography of Nehru. Soham321 (talk) 17:30, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * @Soham321: That Independent newspaper wrote it and some other wikipedia articles do it, is irrelevant. What is the relevance of "the greatest sinologist" puffery to this article? Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 17:52, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I have removed it. Soham321 (talk) 17:56, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

Review section rename
Some comments on the section:

While it is important to have this section I think it is unnecessary to have the names of reviewers as subheads. The "review" section could be called "Reception of Chattopadhyaya's Work" and all these views could be given in a few paragraphs. Also hyperlinking Joseph Needham seems enough; establishing his credentials etc on this page looks odd. Since he is such a celebrated scholar, and had also collaborated with Chattopadhayaya, this section could begin with his comments rather than those of Larson (though I agree Larson's comments are more substantial and less blurb-y.) -Mohanbhan (talk) 17:44, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The names of reviewers are fine. It more clearly identifies whose views those are and makes the section more organized. Just like the previous section, this section could be arranged chronologically. I am fine with renaming it to "Reception of Chattopadhyaya's Work". Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 17:52, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I endorse the suggestion of Mohanbhan. If there are only three of us participating in this discussion, then i think Mohan can go ahead and do the editing in the way he is mentioning. Soham321 (talk) 17:55, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't think one needs subheads to know who is saying what. The focus should be on the reception of his work, how his ideas have been critiqued, praised etc, not on who is making these comments. -Mohanbhan (talk) 18:03, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Please go ahead and do the editing of the entire Review section as you see fit. You have my confidence so we seem to have a consensus on this page.Soham321 (talk) 18:07, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

(ce) No. You both sound like Chattopadhyaya fans based on your recent edits and talk page comments on Carvaka and other pages. Lets get a third opinion from others or an admin. How about what do you think? since you have previously commented on Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya on the Carvaka page. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 18:09, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Abecedare is by no means is a neutral party since he has clearly expressed his views on Chattopadhyaya in the Charvaka talk page; he is not neutral on this issue. If Mohan and I like Chattopadhyaya it is because of his scholarship. Even Joseph Needham liked Chattopadhyay's scholarship. This repeated pinging to Abecedare (and earlier to Joshua Jonathan and Abecedare) constitutes canvassing as far as i am concerned and this is the second time you have done it. Soham321 (talk) 18:14, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * A third opinion on what Sarah Welch? -Mohanbhan (talk) 18:21, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

Mohanbhan's suggestion makes eminent sense to me. Also would recommend a less quotefarm-y and peacock-y approach: don't tell the reader simply that X thought the book was great; explain (through proper paraphrase of the reviews) what X liked or didn't like about the book. Abecedare (talk) 19:11, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

Chattopadhyaya and Joseph Needham section
In Joseph Needham's Papers, preserved in Cambridge University, one finds mention of Needham's academic correspondence with Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya and notes taken by Needham after personal interaction with Chattopadhyaya. The academic correspondence pertains to Chattopadhyay's upcoming book Studies in the History of Science in India, and about Debiprasad's exposition of the Purva-Mimamsa philosophy "and parallels with Europe and China with regard to belief in magic."The notes taken after personal interaction are about Chattopadhyay's forthcoming History of Science and Technology in Ancient India. The first volume of Chattopadhyay's three volume History of Science and Technology in Ancient India has a foreword by Needham.

This section needs to be developed. Does not serve anything other than an ornamental/anecdotal function at present. Can be added to the article after it is developed. -Mohanbhan (talk) 15:19, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 13:05, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya


text:
User:E Pluribus Anthony/Corpus callosum/List of Starfleet officers

This is a list of Starfleet officers, from the Star Trek fictional universe, arranged by surname. Only those ranks substantially depicted by main characters on-screen and during the regular course of the live-action productions are included.

 * For a listing of officers by rank, see List of Starfleet officers by rank.

[production]→ – indicates the starting point of a continous rank/position to the next similar change; absence of this indicates a temporary rank/position


text:
Talk:German/Appendices/Grammar II

Untitled
There is a tendency for contributors to want to rush ahead and give lots of information in tabular form. While I believe there is a place for this, the text of a lesson book should follow a gradual program of introducing simpler concepts first and then building on these. This page is now a good example. Verb conjugation needs to be spread out over many lessons, although the information and tables collected here make a good reference for the student to fall back on. The layout of this book (IMHO) should allow both approaches. Therefore, I am moving this page to an Appendix to serve as a resource for developing future lessons and as a permanent part of the book intact as a reference for the student. Hope I do not step on too many toes; both approaches are valuable, but different - Marsh 03:08, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)~

I agree completely that such a clump of tabular information needs to be saved for an appendix, and the work already done is excellent for an introduction. My only concern is that the tabular format for most conjugations seems incompletely labeled; without labelings for each part of speech, I'm afraid that newcomers to the language may find these tables difficult to decipher.

I'm new wiki formatting, but I hope that the 'sein' conjugation chart I modified gives a sense for what I'm talking about. It's certainly not perfect: perhaps someone with more table skills could edit the other tables to include a better set of top-line identifiers. - Saxo, 12 Feb 2004

 * Sorry. I just picked up on your note. When I move pages around I do not always mark them to be watched! You are right.  I can handle the table formatting, but you did good - Marsh 02:59, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:German/Appendices/Grammar II


text:
Durton Manor

Durton Manor (also Drodintone, 11th century; Dertune, 13th century; Droditone, 14th century) was a manor house on the Isle of Wight,  situated in the parish of  Arreton.

Durton, a mile and a half east of Newport, was a manor at the time of Domesday held by Soartin, one of the king's thegns, who had previously held it under King Edward as a freehold. Of this manor William rented two thirds of a hide. Geoffrey Whyteye died in 1309–10 holding 8 acres of land there of Peter Devercy, lord of East Standen, by knight service, and other land of other overlords. He died without heirs and the tenement probably lapsed to the various overlords.

title: Durton Manor


text:
Senator McClure (disambiguation)

James A. McClure (1924–2011) was a U.S. Senator from Idaho from 1973 to 1991.

Senator McClure may also refer to:

 * Alexander McClure (1828–1909), Pennsylvania State Senate
 * Ian McClure (politician) (1905–1982), Northern Irish Senate
 * John J. McClure (1886–1965), Pennsylvania State Senate
 * Mary A. McClure (1939–2016), South Dakota State Senate
 * Steve McClure (politician) (born 1984), Illinois State Senate

title: Senator McClure (disambiguation)


text:
English as a second language

The goal of this site is to help people learn English as a foreign language. Languages often have different meanings for words that seem the same. These are called false friends, an example are parents in English and parenti in Italian, which are a much broader group. For this and other reasons, learners may find it hard to establish the meanings of English words. Some teachers encourage learners to focus on whole sentences, rather than trying to understand every word.

When a learner tries to translate English phrases word-for-word into his native language, it is difficult to keep up with spoken speech, and such learners may find it hard to understand the rest of the conversation.

To avoid this, some teachers recommend focusing on key words in sentences. When you understand the meaning of the key words (usually nouns and verbs), you can ignore the other ‘unimportant’ words such as auxiliary verbs, prepositions, adverbs etc. and still get the main idea of the conversation.

Another very effective approach that works well with busy students who don’t have time to study as often as they would like to is the immersive method. The basic idea is: don’t study the language, live it! In other words, have fun in the language you want to learn. Find ways to include English in your everyday life: watch your favourite sitcom in English with subtitles (first in your native language, then with English subtitles), search for information online in English, set your homepage to an English news website, switch your mobile phone and computer to English, take notes in English. All these things will help you stay in contact with English and ‘revise’ the words and phrases you see and hear again and again even if you don’t have time to do your homework every night.

Breaking down words to learn their roots and development is a fun way to increase interest in and knowledge of English.

This page deals with developing resources for English as a Second Language (ESL) students.

 * Teachers of English as a second or foreign language, please see Topic:TESOL

Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the way a word or a language is spoken. The pronunciation of a word can be different for the individuals and groups who speak it. The way in which you pronounce a word can be different because of where you live, how you live, who you live with and so on. Someone who lives in the United States and speaks 'American English' will pronounce a word differently to someone who lives in England and speaks 'British English'.

Pronunciation

Grammar
Apart from the popular drill method, there are a number of other options to practise and learn grammar. One of them is speaking from day 1, when learners are encouraged to use what they learned in speaking from the very beginning. Learners should ignore mistakes they make and actively try to use whatever little they know of the language. This not only develops self-confidence, but also helps to consolidate the grammar structures they are learning. Other approaches include task-based learning, when students are prompted to use authentic language almost subconsciously to achieve a specific, meaningful goal, or as much exposure to listening practice as possible.

Some vocabulary learning techniques work equally well with some grammar structures, e.g. learning irregular verb forms with the use of flashcards (see spaced repetition below).

Vocabulary
Learners often mention remembering new words as the most difficult aspect of learning a foreign language. In fact, it is more effective to learn new vocabulary in phrases or sentences than as stand-alone words. Research shows that context, especially when it is connected to emotions, makes it easier to remember new words. So, instead of studying lists of random individual words, it is more effective to write down words the learner saw or heard used in a specific text. It is also recommended recording the words with the entire phrase or sentence. That will make it easier for the learner to use the word naturally when he speaks and thus achieve fluency, and the brain will also find it easier to remember the word with the context.

However, as Hermann Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve shows, the human brain tends to forget up to 80 % of what you learn as quickly as within one day unless you revise it. A strategy to overcome this is spaced repetition: exactly scheduled revision times with older and less difficult words being studied less frequently, often using flashcards.

Wikibooks

 * Subject:English_language
 * English as an Additional Language
 * English for B2 Students
 * First Certificate of English (help for the Cambridge examination)

Other Resources

 * The Writing Center
 * Teamspeak. audio example - using teamspeak for language learning (active listening)
 * The Wikibooks English Usage Center
 * External Links:
 * Online English grammar - A clear English grammar with lots of examples
 * http://speakenglish.biz/grammar.html
 * Teaching Methods: An Overview - summary of language learning methods

Learning Projects
Here are the current learning projects in ESL:
 * English Tense and Aspects
 * ESL for Primary School - Lessons for teachers of English as a Second/Foreign Language in Primary Schools.
 * ESL for Pre-School and Kindergarden Children - Lessons for ESL/EFL teachers of young learners (up to age 6 or 7).
 * Lessons in English as a Second Language - Lessons for adults working in pairs.
 * TESOL Materials - A collection of resources submitted and shared by teachers (aimed primarily at high school and university levels).
 * Distance Language Learning - A project dedicated to language learning at a distance.

title: English as a second language


text:
urban crawl

Noun

 * 1) A condition of hyperdensity, limited but enabling scale of communicative possibilities that converge opportunistically. It occurs when the pressure of an urban environment reaches a critical threshold in cities of developing countries.

title: urban crawl


text:
Talk:Algebra/Functions

Remark by initial writer of this module: Algebra/Functions
''Note: I think the topic of functions deserves a bit of introduction, though I'm not sure if this is the right module for it. Calculus/Functions covers similar ground, but this explanation is intended as less 'technical' and more level-appropriate. Perhaps it's the wrong tone to take in this book, though. Please post thoughts to the talk page. --Spikey 04:12, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)''

Moving introductory section of "Function graphing" module here
I am thinking of perhaps moving the introductory section of the next module Algebra/Function Graphing to this module, Algebra/Functions, and renaming this module Algebra/Functions and graphing and the next module would be renamed Algebra/Linear function graphing. This is because the existing Algebra/Function Graphing module has become fairly long, it only covers linear function graphing, and problems have not been added yet. Any thoughts on this matter? H Padleckas 14:00, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

To Do List For This Page
1. Extend Creating Functions with graphics like rest of the page. Nfgdayton (talk) 17:46, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

openion
I think the graph of fog is not correct its for gof because in fog  g is a function from first set to secound and f fron secound to outbut, fog from first set to the οutbut

I agree...--Busukxuan (discuss • contribs) 16:09, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

 * You both are correct, I have edited the image so that it is now accurate. Thenub314 (talk) 19:13, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Algebra/Functions


text:
Talk:Force of the South

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title: Talk:Force of the South


text:
Big Pharma (book)

Big Pharma: How the World's Biggest Drug Companies Control Illness is a 2006 book by British journalist Jacky Law. The book examines how major pharmaceutical companies determine which health care problems are publicised and researched.

Outlining the history of the pharmaceutical industry, Law identifies what she says is the failure of a regulatory framework that assumes pharmaceutical companies always produce worthwhile products that society will want.

Law has written about healthcare for 25 years, seven of them as associate editor of Scrip Magazine, a monthly magazine for the drugs industry.

Reception
Ike Iheanacho writes about the book that "The author is clearly no great fan of the industry. But, refreshingly, she avoids the sort of lazy polemic that casts major pharmaceutical companies as an evil empire that continually foists its products on unwilling and unsuspecting healthcare professionals and patients."

title: Big Pharma (book)


text:
時分

Noun

 * 1)  time

Noun

 * 1)  time; hour; season; time of the year

Synonyms

 * a case; occasion; time (more common)
 * a time; period (more common)

title: 時分


text:
User:Alexkrafcik/sandbox

Side Box: Car Connectivity Consortium Type: Consortium Industry: Automotive, Mobile Technology, Consumer Electronics, Automotive Infotainment, Telematics, Software Founded: United States of America Founders: Mika Rytkonen, Alfred Tom Headquarters: Beaverton, OR Area Served: Worldwide Key People: Mika Rytkonen, Chairman and President; Alfred Tom, Chairman of the Ecosystem Work GroupWebsite: www.carconnectivity.org

Overview
Members of the Car Connectivity Consortium (CCC) are credited with the creation and deployment of MirrorLink™, an embedded technology to sync smartphones with cars and to make smartphone apps accessible via dashboard screens and buttons.

The responsibilities of the CCC include writing technical specifications, building test tools for certifying products, supporting application developers with user-interface guidelines and conferences, and ensuring a trouble-free experience for users through publicity and trademark enforcement.

History
The CCC was founded on February 28, 2011. Since its inception, the CCC has grown to 69 members. These members are among the world’s leading automotive, mobile communications and consumer electronics industry companies representing more than 70 percent of the worldwide market share in vehicles and more than 60 percent of the worldwide market share in smartphones. The CCC unveiled the first official MirrorLink roadmap in September 2011.

MirrorLink
MirrorLink™ is a technology standard that offers safe and seamless connectivity between a smartphone and a car’s infotainment system. Drivers and passengers gain access to smartphone applications through steering wheel controls, dashboard buttons and touch screens.

MirrorLink is based on a set of well-established, non-proprietary technologies such as IP, USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Real-Time Protocol (RTP, for audio) and Universal Plug and Play (UPnP). In addition, MirrorLink uses Virtual Network Computing (VNC) to replicate the smartphone display on the navigation screen and to communicate user input back to the handset.

Charter
Alpine, Daimler, General Motors, Honda R&D Co, Ltd., HTC, Hyundai Motor Company, LG Electronics, Nokia, Panasonic, PSA Automotive, Samsung, Toyota, Volkswagen

Core
AISIN AW, BMW AG, Clarion Co. LTD., Delphi, Denso, FIAT GROUP AUTOMOBILES S.p.A, Ford Motor Company, Fujitsu Ten Corporation of America, Ixonos, jambit GmbH, JVC KENWOOD Corporation, KDDI Corporation, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Motorola Mobility, Pioneer, QNX Software Systems Ltd., RealVNC Limited, Renault SAS, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Robert Bosch, LLC., Sony Corporation, Sony Ericsson AB, Valeo, ZUKEN ELMIC, Inc.

Adopter
Akita Electronics Systems Co., Ltd, AllGo Embedded Systems, Alps Electric Co., Ltd., Audiovox Electronics Corp., Continental, Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd., Garmin International Inc, HARMAN, Huizhou Desay SV Automotive Co., Ltd., Huizhou Foryou General Electronics Co., Ltd., Hyundai Mobis, Johnson Controls, Inc., KPIT Cummins Infosystems, Ltd., Luxoft, MDS Technology Co., Ltd., MiTAC International Corp., NIPPON SEIKI CO. Ltd., OMRON Software, Qisda Corporation, Shanghai PATEO Electronic Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Shenzhen BYD Auto Co., Ltd, SK Planet Co., Ltd., Skypine Electronics (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Technisat Digital GmbH, Tokai Rika Co., Ltd., UBIVELOX, Inc., Wipro Limited.

Authorized Testing Labs
MirrorLink™ certification testing must be performed at an Authorized Test Laboratory(ATL). The following laboratories are recognized as CCC ATLs. Vendors wishing to certify products must make arrangements directly with one of the listed ATLs as well as providing the appropriate application documents to the Certification Body. Contact information for the Certification Body is located within the Members Pages.

7Layers Korea Ltd., Allion Test Labs, Inc., CETECOM, National Analysis Center, Inc., TA Technology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Telecommunication Metrology Center of MIIT, Testronic Laboratories Belgium NV.

Certification Program
MirrorLink™ Certification is based on MirrorLink™ Specification Conformance, client/server interoperability and a review of a series of administrative requirements. Certification is granted to a product of a specific manufacturer, product name, model number and revision number. Any change to the identifying markers of a product renders the product not certified. The CCC does, however, permit product variants or re-labelled products to re-use the Certification test results of similar products. The degree to which results may be re-used is determined by the serving Certification Body.

Only the original device manufacturer (ODM) may apply for Certification. If a product is to be re-labelled or remarketed for use by another member company, the processes contained in the Program Management Document must be followed.

While only end products are granted CCC Certification it is possible to collect and reuse Certification Test Results for software stacks, modules or other partial implementations. The same overall processes are followed for these partial implementations, but no claims of CCC Certification may be made in these cases. When these partial implementations are used in end products, the party responsible for the end product must clarify with the Certification Body the nature of the integration. The Certification Body will make the final determination on the partial or total reuse of partial implementation test results. The reuse of results will follow the principles of Section 9.13 and 9.14 of the Program Management Document.

title: User:Alexkrafcik/sandbox


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Talk:Motion - Dynamics

F=ma is a simplification, that only holds true when mass is constant throughout the scenario. The true law statest that force is the derivitave of momentum with respect to time (dP/dt), where momentum (P) is equal to mass * velocity (P=mv). In situations where mass changes (for example, in rocket propulsion),   F=ma does not work.

Yep. You can add it to the article :) --Jorge 17:10, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I think the calculus is best left out of the high school physics. This topic is normally done in grade 11 where the students have no notion of calculus. Harvey 17:34, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

Why are these pages categorized as "moved from Wikibooks"? All this has been created here. Harvey 23:30, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for asking - the page was imported in the past from Wikibooks, please see, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 22:16, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Well I guess the page with the title on it was imported, but I wrote all of the present content right here! Ditto for kinematics and Mechanics. Should I have written it in Wikibooks instead? Also, when you come in via the "main page" you have to go through School Subjects, Physics and Astronomy, Physics and then you see just an alphabetical list. I would expect a wikiversity subject to have some kind of course-like organization with a suggested order of topics to be studied. Harvey 04:58, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Hello Harvey, you decide where you want to participate. Here you find a little help what both projects are for: FAQ and then see "What is the difference between Wikiversity, Wikibooks, and even Wikipedia?". That is only text, best is always to live for a little while in a wiki project and see how the atmosphere/culture is.
 * If you want you can remove the category:Pages moved from Wikibooks from the learning resource.
 * About structure: feel free to add a comment at Wikiversity talk:Main Page or Colloquium or a link to here, so more people see that. See you around, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 18:46, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Motion - Dynamics


text:
1987 Dartmouth Big Green football team

The 1987 Dartmouth Big Green football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College during the 1987 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Dartmouth finished second-to-last in the Ivy League.

In their first season under head coach Eugene "Buddy" Teevens, the Big Green compiled a 2–8 record and were outscored 302 to 113. Matthew Drury and Brett Matthews were the team captains.

The Big Green's 1–6 conference record placed seventh in the Ivy League standings. Dartmouth was outscored 192 to 46 by Ivy opponents. The team's only league win was a two-point victory over Columbia, a team in the midst of a five-year losing streak.

Dartmouth played its home games at Memorial Field on the college campus in Hanover, New Hampshire.

title: 1987 Dartmouth Big Green football team


text:
Bahá'í Faith/Prophecy

Introduction
Bahá'ís believe that Baha'u'llah is the Promised One of all religions. A goal of this learning project is to compile information that assists in determining the truth of this claim

Prophecies

 * Prophecy of the Old Testament
 * Prophecy of the New Testament
 * Prophecy of Hinduism
 * Prophecy of Buddhism
 * Prophecy of Zoroastrianism
 * Prophecy of Islam
 * Prophecy of Bábism

Research Tools

 * Search Writings of the Bahá'í Faith and other World Religions
 * World Religions Free Research Library
 * The Prophecy Fulfilled Webpage
 * Messengers of God

title: Bahá'í Faith/Prophecy


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puhki

Etymology 1
From ; see.

Adverb

 * 1) punctured, burst, blown out, broken with a hole
 * 2) right through, punching a hole in
 * 3)  tired, exhausted
 * 1) right through, punching a hole in
 * 2)  tired, exhausted

title: puhki


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User:Rs2~enwikibooks

I've ceased keeping up on things. I'm going to contact The MathWorks again to see if they are putting up a wiki and what it would take to get an annotated manual started. - rs2 11/19/2004

Almost a year to the day since I was last here! Woh, what happened to my life? Rs2 06:33, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Matlab
My major goal had been to start a Wiki MATLAB Programming Reference Text here. I didn't put any copyrighted material onto this website. That being said, I am curious how one goes about writing a reference about a piece of software that is proprietary. I had been in contact with Mathworks to determine if there is any way to incorporate the existing manual into a Wiki, probably a Wiki owned and operated by Mathworks. However, I got really busy and quit caring. For some home computing I wanted to get a copy of MATLAB and realized it costs almost $2k, so now I'm using Octave. My goal is not only to see good, wikified documentation on Octave, but also to see Octave bring about the downfall of MATLAB -- the MathWorks can live on, but $2k is TOO much for MATLAB.

Wikis
I'm also tried to put together a Wiki HowTo documenting what I learned about how to start a Wiki, but the same time constraints apply. I just looked at that page and it's really taken off. Now when I get time, I can go back and read all the answers to the questions I didn't even know to ask 18 months ago when I was trying to get my own wiki started.

Pages I yanked because they were in bad shape
I'm starting to doubt the following page will ever get put back where I had it. I think the book will evolve beyond it or die anyway.
 * User:Rs2/Matlab

title: User:Rs2~enwikibooks


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Electronics/TTL

Introduction
TTL stands for Transistor-Transistor Logic. It is the system based on combining transistors in such a way that they can be used for logic gates. Transistors have the capability of becoming parts of very complex devices when combined. An average microprocessor uses upwards of 40 million transistors. Transistors in microprocessors, however, are microscopic as opposed to the discrete components used in consumer electronics and circuitboards.

The NOT Gate
The NOT gate works by inverting the input. The TTL version of the NOT gate contains one transistor, seen below:

 * [[Image:Electronics_TTLNOT.PNG]]

When the input, A, is high (+5V), the base of the transistor is saturated, allowing current to flow from the collector of the transistor to the emitter. Since this is possible, the current does not take the higher resistance path through the output (assuming it has a resistive load attached to it such as an LED). When the input is low (0V), the current has no choice but to flow out of the inverted A output (the A with the line overtop to indicate it is negated). The two resistors in the circuit are for limiting current as to not destroy the transistor, and sometimes may not even be required depending on the transistor.

(note: this image is considered *Resistor-Transistor Logic* The proper TTL representation is below.)

To further explain, the NOT gate has been integrated into a circuit by connecting it to a current probe and a battery. When the switch for the input of the not gate is not hit, the current flows in the path indicated by the red diagram below. The current flows through the resistor because the transistor does not conduct when the base is not saturated.:

However, when the switch is hit, making the input high, the circuit is shorted and current flows directly from one terminal of the battery through the transistor, to the other terminal. This is illustrated further in the next figure: In real logic gates, several more transistors are used in order to stabilize the input and output. Although this may seem like a large hike in complexity and price, creating transistors in ICs is a lot cheaper and easier to do, as they do not have to even have a shell or casing, and are a lot smaller.

title: Electronics/TTL


text:
Talk:DeMarlo Hale

to Blue Jays?
is this move official? the article quotes "an industry source". Sorta like Cesar Izturis a couple of days ago. Cpfan776 (talk) 22:00, 24 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I undid the Hale to Toronto updates because they are not announced/confirmed. Cpfan776 (talk) 00:14, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:DeMarlo Hale


text:
Salten District Court

Salten District Court (Salten tingrett) was a district court in Nordland county, Norway. The court was based in the town of Bodø. The court existed until 2021. It served the Salten area which included the municipalities of Beiarn, Bodø, Fauske, Gildeskål, Meløy, Saltdal, Steigen, Sørfold, Værøy, and Røst. It also held jurisdiction over the outlying territory of Jan Mayen. Cases from this court could be appealed to Hålogaland Court of Appeal. The court was led by the chief judge (Sorenskriver) Ingrid Johanne Lillevik. This court employed a chief judge, four other judges, and four prosecutors.

The court was a court of first instance. Its judicial duties were mainly to settle criminal cases and to resolve civil litigation as well as bankruptcy. The administration and registration tasks of the court included death registration, issuing certain certificates, performing duties of a notary public, and officiating civil wedding ceremonies. Cases from this court were heard by a combination of professional judges and lay judges.

History
On 26 April 2021, the court was merged with the Lofoten District Court to create the new Salten og Lofoten District Court.

title: Salten District Court


text:
User:Mike brown15

wonnor runs a v succesful twitter page annoying fellow footie fans with his views, rugger ( posh geza) , he likes the pub , he is a v famous man around the wimbledon area his most notable work is his connorunited yt channel , add up his snap rugbyharlequins or insta whu16connor_ he is from two sexy countries

title: User:Mike brown15


text:
Pet Circle

Pet Circle is an Australian online pet supplies company based in Sydney CBD, New South Wales, Australia, founded by Mike Frizell and James Edwards in 2011.

History
Pet Circle was founded as Paws for Life by Mike Frizell and James Edwards in mid-2011. In early 2014, the company rebranded into the current name.

After a $3 million capital fund raising in 2014, the company tripled its warehouse operations and expanded its product range. Between 2013 and 2015, the company grew by over 300 per cent.

In December 2021, Pet Circle raised $125 million in Series C funding with a valuation of over $1 billion.

In May 2023, Pet Circle added pet insurance to its services. The company secured a $75 million investment in July 2023 to fund its expansion.

Awards
In November 2014, the company was featured on Deloitte's list of fastest-growing technology companies. In 2015 the company's founder, Mike Frizell was nominated as a finalist in the Ernst and Young's Entrepreneur of the Year Awards.

title: Pet Circle


text:
Griff & Lock

Griff & Lock is an album by saxophonists Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis and Johnny Griffin recorded in 1960 and released on the Jazzland label.

Reception
The contemporaneous DownBeat reviewer described the album as "hearty, full-blowing jazz of the type now associated with this partnership of contrasting tenor styles". The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "Easily recommended to straightahead jazz fans."

Track listing

 * 1) "The Last Train from Overbrook" (James Moody) - 6:50
 * 2) "Hey Lock!" (Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis) - 7:54
 * 3) "Midnight at Minton's" (Babs Gonzales) - 5:23
 * 4) "Second Balcony Jump" (Billy Eckstine, Jerry Valentine) - 4:19
 * 5) "I'll Remember April" (Gene de Paul, Patricia Johnston, Don Raye) - 6:33
 * 6) "Good Bait" (Tadd Dameron) - 7:39

Personnel

 * Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Johnny Griffin - tenor saxophone
 * Junior Mance - piano
 * Larry Gales - bass
 * Ben Riley - drums

title: Griff & Lock


text:
Jean-Baptiste De Coster (Jesuit)

Jean-Baptiste De Coster (1896–1968) was a Belgian Jesuit who was recognised as Righteous Among the Nations for his role in sheltering Jews from Nazi persecution in German-occupied Belgium during World War II.

During the occupation, De Coster was the headmaster of the College of Saint John Berchmans in Brussels. De Coster used the school to hide Jews, particularly children, from Nazi persecution. Some refugees were also hidden by De Coster in a monastery and disguised as novice monks. Among others it is known that De Coster found a place to hide for the Blinder family. De Coster reportedly stated: "If these persecuted people are taken, I would have the consolation to leave with them."

De Coster was recognised as Righteous Among the Nations by Israel in 1975.

title: Jean-Baptiste De Coster (Jesuit)


text:
Filmmaking for High School Drama Departments/Script Writing

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" Introduction and Prologue A Sample Story for a Jr. High School Drama Department
 * style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

"The School Play" by Robert ElliottThe audience in the junior high school auditorium is sitting in their chairs waiting for the performance of the new school play. In the audience are three young students, Richard, Jane, and Robert.

The lights dim and the audience quiets down as the conductor (played by Jane) begins to conduct a dreadful school orchestra playing a short and dark piece of music from Giuseppe Verdi.

 * Prologue (in front of the curtain)

The audience applauds as a boy about 12 years old named Alfraido (played by Robert) enters from right side of the stage, walking to the center of the stage in front of the curtain. His costume consists of a cape, huge boots, a plumbed hat, a very ruffly white shirt, and a huge sword on a black belt worn over his shoulder. When the audience stops clapping, the boy begins to speak. "I am the evil villain, Alfraido."

The audience reacts with "boo" and hissing and stomps their feet which is appropriate for a melodrama.

Then the curtain in the middle of the stage parts briefly as a girl enters. She is Esmeralda who is played by Jane wearing a beautiful damsel costume. The audience applauds. Esmeralda is slowly but dramatically plucking the pedals off of a flower; first one lovingly, then one angrily, as if she is thinking, "he loves me, he loves me not." We see that Esmeralda acts more like an awkward Tom Boy than a refined young lady. The crowd applauds for her and when everyone is quiet, Esmeralda sings a musical scale (up and down one octave in the cord of C, slightly off key) and then goes back to madly plucking her flower.

Esmeralda sings, "La la la la la la la."

Alfraido continues to explain the situation to the audience, "And I love the beautiful maiden, Esmeralda."

The audience sighs at this romantic news. When they are finished, Esmeralda sings her scale again (one pitch higher, again off key) and begins to speak in a very melodramatic voice. "La la la la la la la. I am so beautiful, all the boys want to kiss me.  But I only love the gorgeous Rodriego."

Immediately, from left stage comes a swashbuckling soldier who walks to the center of the stage next to Esmeralda in front of the curtain which still remains closed. (Rodriego is played by Richard.)

Rodriego faces the audience and announces, "I am the gorgeous, Rodriego."

The audience cheers and then Rodriego continues, "I am so gorgeous that all the beautiful young girls are in love with me."

The audience applauds as the three actors exit to the stage wings. After a short musical interlude by this particularly wheeze orchestra, the curtain finally opens.

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

Your Assignment
 * style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #5050b0; background-color:Lavender;" |

Script writing for drama departments
This course shows how junior high school and high school drama departments can make their own motion pictures. This is the first lesson of the course.

 * In this first lesson, your assignment is to write a story that schools can film.

After your script has been accepted, your next lesson shows you how to format your story into a script using the free demo version of Final Draft.

The story requirements

 * The goal for your story
 * Your goal is to create a story which is both a play and a motion picture that can be filmed by a high school drama department or a junior high school department on the school stage. See the story on the left as an example.

The rules

 * Here are the rules that you must follow.

 * Filming must be done on a the school's stage using the normal stage and/or auditorium lighting and equipment. (The audience is optional.)

 * The set on the stage must be a traditional stage set with stage flats, stage props, stage curtains, etc. This provides a familiar and controlled environment.

 * The acting requirements of the students must be simple. As an example, a melodramatic acting style is easiest for junior high school students.

 * The story must be 1 to 9 minutes long. The shorter the story is, the more likely it will be turned into a motion pictures.  There is nothing wrong with a one minute motion picture.

 * No special equipment must be required. Example: no green screen or other non-stage items.  (Matte paintings are allowed since they are done in post production.  With a matte painting, you build only part of the movie set where the actors are and the rest of the movie set will be "painted" in with a matte painting during post production.)

 * }

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

Background Information

 * The High School Drama Department
 * The purpose of a high school drama department is to put on plays. This will not change.  A drama department cannot easily switch from making plays to making motion pictures.  Therefore, your motion picture must contain a play.  But your movie must not be a documentary; it must be a motion picture.

 * A break from the past
 * In the past, all high school dramas were filmed like documentaries or as a TV studio production. We need to go beyond this.  We must create a real motion picture and not a documentary or a TV studio production.  It must be filmed motion picture style.  (See "Disk #2 - "24 Unedited Scenes" from the Star Movie Shop to see examples of how scenes are broken down into a series of shots and then filmed in Hollywood.)

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 200px;" |

Special Instructions

 * Any subject within reason
 * You can create any story you wish that can be filmed at a local high school. Naturally, you are limited to a story that parents will approve of.

 * In front of a live audience
 * To make the acting easier for the students and the instructor, you should consider creating a story which can be filmed in front of a live audience. That is, you get all your wide angle shot from the live performance and you get the close up shots and all of the audio from filming later in a controlled environment.  By having a live performance, it forces the actors to memorize their lines and to explore their roles.  By doing all the close up shots later, the actors can prefect their performances.

 * To help you understand what is possible, we have a sample story on this page for you to look at.

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

Submit your story

 * Write a story
 * Send me your story. Once we have discussed your story, it will be posted here and you can begin Lesson 2.

Contact Your Instructor

 * Your instructor for this class is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply  Click Here. [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * }


text:
Claudia Florenti

Claudia Florenti was an Italian opera singer with the rank of "magnificent soprano." She, along with a few other Italians including Giovanni Bottesini, were in Mexico to take part in the first performance of the recently adopted Anthem of Mexico at the Santa Anna Theatre in 1854. January

title: Claudia Florenti


text:
Category:Uncategorized

Pages in this category have no categories (except this one). Please find at least one category for these pages. If it is a lesson, give it the category of its associated department.

See:.

See also: Special:Uncategorized pages and Special:Uncategorized categories.

title: Category:Uncategorized


text:
antisemit

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) anti-Semite

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) anti-Semite

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) anti-Semite

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) anti-Semite

title: antisemit


text:
Boy Oh Boy (Diplo and GTA song)

"Boy Oh Boy" is a song by American DJ and record producer Diplo and EDM duo GTA. It was released on October 7, 2013, via Mad Decent. The song was from Diplo's compilation album Random White Dude Be Everywhere.

Composition
The song uses a sample from "Work it" (2002) by Missy Elliot, and it is written in the key of C♯ Minor, with a tempo of 130 beats per minute.

Music video
The music video was released on March 26, 2014, and it was made with the help of fans, showed many vines like: "flamboyant dancing, dogs DJing, sports fails, and of course, an abundance of twerking."

title: Boy Oh Boy (Diplo and GTA song)


text:
Rødkærsbro railway station

Rødkærsbro station is a railway station serving the railway town of Rødkærsbro in Jutland, Denmark.

Rødkærsbro station is on the Langå–Struer line from Langå to Struer. The station was opened in 1863 with the opening of the Langå–Viborg section of the Langå–Struer line. It offers direct regional train services to Aarhus and Struer. The train services are operated by GoCollective.

History
Rødkærsbro station opened on 20 July 1863 with the opening of the Langå–Viborg section of the Langå–Struer railway line. In 1864, the railway line was continued from Viborg to Skive and in 1865 to Struer. In 1912, Rødkærsbro station also became the northern terminus of the new Kjellerup railway line from Rødkærsbro to Kjellerup, which was prolonged to Silkeborg in 1924.

The Kjellerup Line was closed in 1968, and in 1974 Rødkærsbro station was closed but continues as a railway halt.

Architecture
The current station building was built in 1911 before the opening of the Kjellerup line in 1912.

title: Rødkærsbro railway station


text:
Soboli, Altai Krai

Soboli (Соболи) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Glubokovsky Selsoviet, Zavyalovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 108 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Soboli is located 37 km north of Zavyalovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sitnikovo is the nearest rural locality.

title: Soboli, Altai Krai


text:
Öztekin

Öztekin is a Turkish surname constructed by fusing the Turkish names Öz ("self", "essence", "extract") and Tekin ("the only", "single"). Notable people with the surname include:

 * Ahmet Nuri Öztekin (1876–1951), Turkish officer of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army
 * Rasim Öztekin (1959–2021), Turkish actor
 * Yasin Öztekin (born 1987), Turkish football player

title: Öztekin


text:
Portal:Master of Business Administration

Welcome to the Wikiversity Master of Business Administration Program, part of the School of Business.

Introduction
This document will link and organize the information found here on WikiMedia and elsewhere on the internet to provide a comprehensive business education such as one provided by the top business schools in the world.

A Master in Business Administration (MBA) is unlike many other academic programs. While most Master programs provide a further specialization within a particular school or discipline (such as biology), an MBA is typically interdisciplinary, drawing from the fields of psychology, sociology, economics, accounting and finance.

Most of the materials found within an MBA program are not unique to business. Rather, an MBA provides exposure to the diverse ideas that are most useful to a person who is interested in succeeding in business within an easy-to-learn two-year bundle. Completing an MBA requires a substantial time commitment; if you work through all the concepts referenced, then one can expect to dedicate around 2,000+ hours. Likewise, familiarity with spreadsheets such as Excel is necessary.

Core Learning Projects Explanation
Some MBA programs have core course requirements in the fields listed below. For examples, please refer to the core requirements of Cass Business School, RSM Erasmus, INSEAD, Sciences-Po, Harvard Business School, Wharton Business School, Columbia Business School, Ashridge Business School and Oxford Brookes University Business School.

Many MBA programs also have coursework on advanced topics based on these core subjects. Other diverse subjects (such as psychology) also may be included in an MBA curriculum.

This listing of core learning projects attempts to replicate that core curriculum.

MBA Core Learning Projects

 * Basic Probability and Statistics
 * Financial Accounting
 * Managerial Accounting
 * Corporate Strategy
 * Microeconomics
 * Macroeconomics
 * Decision Models
 * Corporate Finance
 * Marketing Strategy
 * Marketing Implementation
 * Organizational Behavior and Structure
 * Leadership
 * Operations Management
 * Negotiations
 * Ethics
 * Capital Markets
 * Media Management
 * Innovation

Related Books From Amazon

 * The Ten-Day MBA: A Step by Step Guide to Mastering the Skills Taught in America's Top Business Schools, third edition, by Steven Silbiger, Harper Business, 2005. international bestselling summaries of the MBA coursework taught.

(all these books are also available in regional public library)

About the Contributors
One of the first contributors to this curriculum overview was John O'Brien. John received his MBA from Columbia Business School in 2006. He can be contacted online via Linked In.