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North Dakota State Bison football

The North Dakota State Bison football program represents North Dakota State University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision level and competes in the Missouri Valley Football Conference. The Bison play in the 19,000-seat Fargodome located in Fargo. The Bison have won 17 national championships and 37 conference championships. They have won nine NCAA Division I AA FCS National Championships between 2011 and 2021. The Bison hold the record for most overall NCAA national championships and the record for the most consecutive championships with five titles between 2011 and 2015 for Division I FCS.

Since 2011, the North Dakota State Bison have a record of 149–12 (.920) which included a record 22-game playoff win streak, making them the most successful college football program in Division I FCS this decade. The Bison are 202–39 (.830) since moving to Division I in 2004. Since 1964, the Bison have had only three losing seasons and an overall record of 551–136–4 (.800) through that 58-year span, one of the best in all of college football. Among FCS programs, North Dakota State has more all-time program wins than any non-Ivy League program, over 750. Of all teams established after 1894, only Oklahoma has won a higher percentage of its games than NDSU. The team also holds the record for the longest winning streak in the Football Championship Subdivision, which stands at 39 consecutive games spanning from 2017 to 2021.

In the final AP Football Poll of the 2013–14 season; after their third consecutive National Championship, North Dakota State finished with 17 votes which ranked them at #29 in all of D-I football, the highest end-of-season ranking of any team in the history of FCS football. After defeating 13th-ranked (FBS) Iowa in 2016, the Bison earned 74 votes and a #27 ranking in the entire D-I field, overtaking their previous record to become the highest-ranked FCS team of all time.

Collectively, the Bison have won 37 conference championships, and 17 national championships. They were selected as NCAA College Division II champions by polling three times (1965, 1968, 1969), won the NCAA Division II National Football Championship five times (1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990), and have won the NCAA Division I Football Championship nine times in eleven seasons (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021). The 2019 Bison are the first of any Division I team since 1894 Yale to finish 16–0. From 2012 to 2014, the Bison had a formerly FCS record of 33 straight wins (which is tied for the third longest in modern NCAA history). They subsequently had a 39-game winning streak that ran from 2017 to 2020.

Early history (1894–1921)
The Bison fielded their first team in 1894 and were originally known as the NDAC Farmers. From the early 1900s to 1921, the nickname of the school then known as North Dakota Agricultural College was the Aggies. The first coach for the new NDAC football team was Henry Bolley, who also fielded the first football program at Purdue University in 1887 and was their first Quarterback. He challenged the University of North Dakota to a football match in 1890, but did not have enough players until 1894, the first official year of football at NDSU. In 1902, Eddie Cochems, known as the father of the forward pass was hired as head coach of the Bison where he experimented building an offense around his new technique; which subsequently became legal in the 1906 college football season; Cochems went 9–1 in his two-year stint as head coach. The college hired famed Michigan halfback Paul Magoffin, the first player to ever catch a forward pass in 1907, as head coach, but he left for the head coaching position offered to him by George Washington University a year later. The 1918 season was canceled due to the outbreak of the Spanish Flu in conjunction with the first World War. The 1943 and 1944 seasons were also canceled due to World War II and the shortage of eligible players. Keeping with their Michigan favoritism, the NDAC hired Stanley Borleske in 1919 to coach the football, basketball, and baseball teams. After six years of on and off coaching. and a 36–36–7 record, Borleske left for Fresno State but is largely credited with developing the Bison mascot. It was well known he was not a fan of the "Aggies" mascot, wanting something 'strong and fierce' he came up with the 'Bison' which remains the mascot today. He also coined the term "Thundering Herd" which is still a common reference to the NDSU Bison Football fanbase.

Division II (1922–2003)

In 1921, NDSU became a charter member of the now-defunct North Central Conference, which they remained affiliated with for 82 years until 2003. Their primary rival during this time were the University of North Dakota Fighting Sioux (now the Fighting Hawks) whom they competed with to win the Nickel Trophy. As members of Division II, they won 8 national championships with an overall record of 347–94–4 having only two losing seasons from 1964 to 2003.

Division I-FCS (2004–present)
In 2004, all North Dakota State athletic teams moved to Division I. From 2004 to 2007, the Bison were members of the Great West Football Conference.

Since 2008 they have been affiliated with the Missouri Valley Football Conference. Since moving to Division I, their primary rival are the South Dakota State University Jackrabbits whom they compete with each year for the Dakota Marker. The team's former head coach was Craig Bohl, who led the Bison from 2003 to 2013, holds the school record for most wins by a head coach, going 104–32 in his tenure at NDSU.

Bohl's successor Chris Klieman went 69–6 in his five seasons (2014–2018). During the Bison's successful run to the 2018 FCS title, Klieman was named as the successor to the retiring Bill Snyder as head coach at Kansas State, though both schools agreed that Klieman would remain at NDSU while the Bison were involved in the FCS playoffs. Bison defensive coordinator Matt Entz took over as head coach following that season's championship game.

The NDSU Bison are the only FCS program to ever be ranked higher than #34 in the AP National Football Poll. After the 2011 championship game, the Bison became only the third team in FCS history to receive votes in the final AP Top 25 with 2, putting them at #32 overall (FCS Record); the others being Appalachian State who receive 5 votes after their third consecutive FCS Championship in 2007 and ended at #34 and James Madison University after their 2010 upset of then #13 Virginia Tech.

After the 2012 season, the Bison again broke the barrier and became the first-ever FCS team to breach the poll twice by receiving 1 vote and ending at #36 in the nation. Due to the overwhelming support and attention NDSU got during this run, ESPN announced that it would host its ESPN College GameDay program in downtown Fargo on September 21, 2013. The Bison ended up beating Delaware State 51–0 later that day.

2013 season
The Bison finished the 2013 regular season with an undefeated 11–0 record, their first perfect season since 1990. The Bison became the first FCS team to ever finish the regular season ranked on the AP Poll at #34 with 1 vote.

The 2013 team also had a perfect 15–0 season, becoming the first program to do that since Marshall in 1996. They won their third consecutive national championship, tying an FCS record. A majority of the starters played in all 3 national championship games and went 43–2 in their three-year stint, a number unrivaled in Division I FCS football. The Bison only lost 2 games in the three-year span by a combined 6 points.

After the 2013 season, the Bison were ranked #29 in the National Division I AP Poll, tallying a massive 17 votes, far beyond what any other FCS team had ever received. They later outdid themselves when they defeated Iowa in 2016, putting the Bison 27th in the AP Poll with 74 votes, the highest ranking of any team in FCS history.

Through 2013, the Bison outscored their opponents by a combined 581–169 (+412) on the season. Only two other teams in FCS history have had a larger point spread through a season, 1996 Marshall (+448) and 1999 Georgia Southern (+485). Unlike the Marshall and Georgia Southern teams, NDSU's defense held their opponents to just 127 points in the regular season (11.5 ppg) and just 11 points on average through the playoffs that year. NDSU won its playoff games with an average margin of victory of 32.75 points, which just falls behind the 1996 Marshall team, which averaged a 34-point spread.

In 2013, the Bison tallied three shutouts, and held nine teams to 10 points or less, including a streak of nine consecutive quarters without allowing a point. The offense was known for a ground-and-pound strategy, which wore opponents down and controlled the time of possession. The team averaged over 34 minutes of possession per game, while allowing an average of just 250 yards of opposing offense.

In the 12 playoff games they played from 2011 to 2013, they allowed an average of 9.3 points per game, an FCS record. The only playoff loss the seniors experienced in their four-year career was the 38–31 overtime loss at eventual champion Eastern Washington in 2010 in the FCS quarterfinals. The span of seasons that followed for NDSU in the years after that overtime loss are easily the best and most dominant years Division I football has seen from a single team.

After the 2013 season, following three consecutive national titles Head Coach Craig Bohl was hired away to lead the Mountain West's Wyoming Cowboys. Bohl finished his time at NDSU having successfully transitioned the program from Division II to Division I and built into the premier FCS powerhouse in the nation that continues today. He finished at NDSU with a career record of 104–32.

Chris Klieman era (2014–2018)
Following Bohl's departure, defensive coordinator Chris Klieman was promoted to head coach.

2014 season
In 2014, after beating their 5th consecutive FBS team, Iowa State, and their subsequent game against Weber State; which was their 26th straight victory, ESPN again announced they would bring College GameDay back to downtown Fargo on September 13, 2014 to cover the Bison's amazing run for the second straight year. The visit marked first time the show has ever visited the same FCS school twice and only the sixth time they have visited a non-FBS school since 1993.

The Bison won an FCS record 33 straight games from 2012 to 2014, which is also the third longest in the history of Division I NCAA football. From 2010 to 2014, the Bison did not lose a single road game, a span of 22 games. They also had a winning streak of 26 home games (2012–2015) and have a record streak of 22 wins in the FCS playoffs. The Bison have won 16 straight home openers since their 1999 loss to Ferris State and are 21–1 in home openers since the Fargodome opened in 1992.

2015 season
2015 would start with a surprise loss to #13 Montana broadcast nationally on ESPN; however, the season would extend both the MVFC run and National Championship run to five consecutive titles culminating in a 37–10 national title game against Jacksonville State. After this season, quarterback Carson Wentz was selected second overall by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 2016 NFL Draft.

2016 season
2016 brought about one of the high points in Bison football history when, in week three, NDSU defeated #13 ranked Iowa on the road. Despite the impressive win, 2016 would be the worst season for the team since 2010. Not only would the team have the fewest wins since 2010 (12), they also lost the Dakota Marker for the first time since 2009. Ultimately the season would bring about the end of the Bison's historic title run with a semifinal loss against the eventual champion James Madison Dukes.

2017 season
2017 would be a return to form for NDSU, only two games all season were decided by one possession, the best mark since the 2013 season. On December 15, NDSU became the only team in FCS history to make 7 consecutive semifinal appearances in the playoffs. In the title match the Bison would get revenge for the previous season defeating James Madison 17–13 in Frisco.

2018 season
The 2018 season would arguably top the 2013 season as the best in school history. NDSU went 15–0 for the second time in school history and had only one game all season decided by less than one touchdown (the Dakota Marker match up against #3 South Dakota State). NDSU captured their seventh title in eight years, defeating Eastern Washington 38-24 on January 9, 2019. It was also Chris Klieman's fourth title in five years.

The 2018 Bison defeated opponents by an average score of 41.5 – 12.6, good for a score differential of 28.9 points. The season saw quarterback Easton Stick finish his college career with a record of 49–3, the highest win total for any quarterback in FCS history. Right before the semifinal matchup against South Dakota State Klieman was hired by former Bison athletic director Gene Taylor to lead the Kansas State Wildcats, he was allowed to finish the season with NDSU.

On March 4, 2019, President Donald Trump hosted the NDSU football team at the White House. They were served fast food, as was FBS champion Clemson. Easton Stick presented a number 45 NDSU football jersey to Trump. The visit was orchestrated by Senator John Hoeven.

Matt Entz era (2019–2023)
On December 13, 2018 NDSU announced defensive coordinator Matt Entz would replace Chris Klieman as head coach.

2019 season
The Bison started the 2019 season with 57–10 victory over Butler in front of record-breaking "home" crowd of 34,544 at Minneapolis's Target Field. 2019 saw the first game against in-state rival North Dakota since 2015. The Bison were victorious over the Fighting Hawks 38–7 in front of the largest Fargodome crowd (18,923) since NDSU hosted Northern Iowa for Homecoming in 2015 (18,954).

On October 20, 2019 it was announced that ESPN would be bringing their College GameDay program to Brookings, South Dakota to cover the Dakota Marker featuring #3 South Dakota State and #1 North Dakota State. The Bison defeated SDSU 23–16. On January 11, 2020, NDSU won another FCS title after defeating James Madison University 28–20, and also became the first Division I team since 1894 Yale to finish 16–0, their second undefeated season in a row.

2020 season
On May 2, 2021 the NDSU Bison, under Entz, ended a three-championship win streak by losing 24–20 to Sam Houston State University in the quarterfinals of the 2020 FCS playoffs. This is the first time since 2010 that the NDSU Bison did not make the semifinals.

On May 13, 2021, former Bison QB Trey Lance was drafted with the 3rd overall pick in the 2021 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers after leaving the team before the Spring season began.

2021 season
On October 2, 2021 the NDSU Bison played in-state rival North Dakota (UND) in Grand Forks for the first time since 2003, with NDSU and UND, respectively, ranked 5th and 10th at the time. The Bison won this matchup, 16–10. On November 6, 2021, the 22nd edition of the battle for the Dakota Marker ended with a SDSU victory, 27–19. NDSU was ranked 2nd at the time and SDSU ranked 9th. This marked the first time SDSU had won multiple games in a row in the Marker series since 2016–17 when the Jacks won back-to-back marker games against the Bison.

On January 8, 2022, the Bison played the Montana State Bobcats for the FCS championship. They ended up winning, 38–10, as FB Hunter Luepke ran for three touchdowns in the first half.

2022 season
On January 8, 2023, the Bison lost the 2023 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game to rival South Dakota State, 21–45. This was NDSU's first loss in a Division I championship game, and only their third at any level.

2023 season
On September 2, 2023, the Bison hosted Eastern Washington in Minneapolis, Minnesota for the first ever college football game to be played at US Bank Stadium. NDSU would go on to win the game, 35-10.

On October 15, 2023, the Bison fell to their in-state rival UND for the first time in over two decades.

The 2023 season was the first fall season since 2010 that the Bison were unseeded heading in to the playoffs. They then became just the fourth unseeded team to reach the FCS semifinals since the playoffs added byes.

On December 10, 2023, North Dakota State announced that Entz would be leaving Fargo for the vacant USC linebackers position coach job. He was allowed to finish the 2023 playoff run at NDSU. The Bison would fall at Montana later in the week in double overtime.

Tim Polasek era (2024–present)
On December 17, 2023, North Dakota State announced that Wyoming offensive coordinator/quarterbacks coach Tim Polasek would take over as the next head coach of the Bison. Polasek had previously coached for the team from 2006–12 and 2014–16.

National championships
North Dakota State have won 17 national championships: three as a member of the College Division (precursor of Division II), five as a member of Division II, and nine as a member of Division I FCS. The Bison have been the runner-up four times (1967, 1981, 1984, and 2022) and have appeared in a total of 20 national championship games.

Conference championships
North Dakota State has won 37 conference championships, 24 outright and 12 shared; North Central Conference (26), Great West (1), Missouri Valley (10) † Co-champions

Division I FCS
(2004–present)

North Dakota State has appeared in a total of 14 NCAA Division I Football Championship playoffs, all of which have been consecutive. The Bison have an overall record of 47–5 in postseason play since becoming eligible in 2008, including a record streak of 22 consecutive playoff wins from 2011 to 2016. The Bison have won more Division I FCS playoff games than any other program (past or present). NDSU has won 9 national championship games, lost 1 and have advanced to the quarterfinal round in every playoff they have appeared in. Every playoff game NDSU has lost (5) has been to the eventual national champion that year, excluding 2023 in which Montana went on to fall to South Dakota State in the title game.

Division II
(1964–2003)

North Dakota State appeared in 23 NCAA Division II playoffs from 1964 to 2003. During this stretch NDSU compiled a 347–94–4 record winning almost 80% of their games for four decades and claiming eight championships along the way. NDSU appeared in seven out of ten championship games from 1981 to 1990; including appearing in four straight championship games, an unrivaled number in D-II as they posted a 111–16–2 (.875) mark from 1981 to 1990. While this is a startling record, from 1964 to 1973 the Bison went 90–12–1 (.887) which included a 35-game unbeaten streak.

 * At the end of the 1984 championship game NDSU took the lead on a field goal making it 17–15 with 1:36 left; after being on the Troy State 2-yard line and settling for 3 points. Troy State subsequently drove down the field with no timeouts to the Bison's 33 yard line with 15 seconds remaining. With apparent confusion on the field Troy State (known since 2005 as Troy) rushed the field goal team out on the field and freshman kicker Ted Clem kicked the longest field goal in Troy history at 50 yards as time expired to give the Trojans the victory.

Northern Iowa
The Bison are 25–16 against Northern Iowa (UNI) all time. Both Chris Klieman and Matt Entz spend time on the UNI defensive staff before getting hired away to NDSU. Kleiman, in particular, played football at Northern Iowa and spent two separate stints on the Panther coaching staff. The two schools played every season from 1954 to 1979 as members of the North Central Conference. The schools were reunited in 2008 when NDSU moved to the Missouri Valley Football Conference. Northern Iowa won the first three battles, with the 2009 edition marked by a sideline fight between the two sides.

In the early 2010s North Dakota State–UNI was regularly one of the highest-profile games of the season, and the two considered each other to be top rivals. In 2011 the #3 ranked Bison hosted #2 UNI in front of a near-capacity crowd of 18,886. The herd won the matchup 27–19 in a game sometimes regarded as the start of the NDSU dynasty. Two seasons later NDSU would again host UNI in a top-five matchup, the Herd won the game by a narrow margin of 24–23, by far the closest matchup of the 2013 season. The following year the Panthers would be the team to end NDSU's record-breaking 33-game winning streak, thoroughly thrashing the three-time defending champions 23–3.

The 2015 edition of the rivalry was one of the most interesting in the series, and is considered one of the greatest games in NDSU history. The game was announced as homecoming before the season, the day started with SportsCenter's "On the Road Show" broadcasting live from the Fargodome. The #3 Bison trailed nearly all game before Carson Wentz hit future Green Bay Packers receiver Darrius Shepherd (who didn't play most of the first half due to injury) in the endzone for the game-winning touchdown with less than a minute remaining. Recently the rivalry has cooled as the Bison have won six straight in the series, with the 2018 and 2019 edition being won by a combined score of 102–45.

Head coaches
Tim Polasek is the 32nd and current head coach of the Bison, and he takes over after the team lost to Montana in the semifinals of the 2023 FCS playoffs. He succeeded Matt Entz, who was named to the open Linebackers/Assistant Coach position at USC. Entz concluded his five seasons as head coach (2019–2023) with a 60–11 record and two FCS national championships, as well as two MVFC titles. Craig Bohl holds the record for most wins in school history with 104 in his 11-year career averaging over 9.5 wins per season. Ron Erhardt holds the record for most conference titles won with 6, followed by Rocky Hager and Chris Klieman with 5 each.

Facilities
The Bison have played in the Fargodome since it opened in 1993. It holds 18,700 for football games and over 19,000 including standing room only tickets, making it the largest stadium in Fargo. The record attendance at the Fargodome is 19,108 when the Bison played Missouri State on October 12, 2013. The Bison have only lost one playoff game in the history of the Fargodome. The tremendous crowd noise caused by the Fargodome's steel roof disrupts many opposing offenses and creates one of the best home field advantages in college football

Football records in the Fargodome
 * Playoffs: 35–1 (.970)
 * Home openers: 28–1 (.960)
 * Overall record: 183–28 (.860)
 * Record attendance: 19,108 on 10-12-2013 vs. Missouri State

In 2011, the Fargodome was ranked as the 49th-best stadium in all of college football. The article cites, "There aren't many indoor venues in college football, but the few that do exist at the non-FBS level are very unfriendly to any visiting team. That effect is only amplified in a playoff atmosphere." The Fargodome is routinely ranked as one of the loudest college football stadiums in the country. In 2016, Stadium Journey ranked the Fargodome as the #2 Best FCS stadium to experience a game in On December 10, 2011 in a game against Lehigh, the crowd noise was measured at 111 decibels, comparable to when the New Orleans Saints play in the Superdome. During the 2011 playoffs, the decibel level spiked past 130 decibels several times but was not an official measurement. On December 14, 2012 in an FCS semifinal game against Georgia Southern, the crowd noise exceeded the 115-decibel mark and was known to be one of the loudest games in NDSU history. The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead conducted an informal study of Fargodome crowd noise from the press box during a playoff semifinal game, December 2013. The readings showed a high of 111 decibels following a late touchdown by quarterback Brock Jensen. The decibel meter consistently read 102–106 throughout that game, according to The Forum. NDSU to study decibel levels at playoff football game During the 2013 Furman playoff game, the crowd noise was measured at 115 decibels. During the 2015 playoffs against Montana, the crowd noise measured 120 decibels, the Bison beat the Grizzlies 37–6, avenging their season-opening loss in Missoula. The record for the loudest indoor stadium crowd was set in 2013 at the Sacramento Kings' former home of Sleep Train Arena at 126 decibels. Due to the notorious noise, the Fargodome is sometimes referred to as the "Thunderdome". An example of this loudness can be found when the Bison offense advances the ball and gets a "first down". The announcer says over the loud speaker, "With that carry/pass, thats another Bison", in which the crowd loudly responds in unison "FIRST DOWN...AH MOVE THE CHAINS". Although an announcer declaring a "first down" is not unique to the Fargodome, the audience's response along with the prompt to move the chains is fairly unique to the Fargodome. This tradition was started back in the days when the team played in Dacotah Field. The crowd would do the traditional chant after every Bison first down and it was carried over to the FargoDome when the team played its first game in the new facility.

Prior to the Fargodome, the team played at Dacotah Field from 1910 to 1992, an outdoor stadium dealing with the very harsh winters in Fargo.

FCS records

 * 39 Consecutive Wins (2017–2021)
 * 30 Straight Weeks at #1 in the FCS Coaches Poll (2012–2014)
 * 20 Straight Weeks at #1 in the STATS Poll (2012-2013) (30 weeks at #1 out of 31)

FCS Top 25 streaks

 * 181 Straight Weeks in the STATS Poll (2011–Present)
 * 173 Straight Weeks in the Top 10 of the STATS Poll (2011–2023)

Games against the FBS
The following is table of all the games North Dakota State has played against a Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) school since they began reclassification to become a FCS school.

All-Americans
''The list below covers North Dakota State All-Americans since the 2004 season when the program joined the FCS. This list uses six total selectors, the Associated Press (AP), STATS FCS (once they began coverage in 2015), HERO sports (once they began coverage in 2016 and stopped in 2023), TSN (who began FCS coverage in 2006 and stopped in 2014), the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), and the Athletic Directors Association (ADA).''

This list is in progress.

NFL players

 * Billy Turner, free agent
 * Carson Wentz, Kansas City Chiefs
 * Joe Haeg, retired
 * Chris Board, Baltimore Ravens
 * Easton Stick, Los Angeles Chargers
 * Derrek Tuszka, free agent
 * Ben Ellefson, retired
 * Trey Lance, Dallas Cowboys
 * Dillon Radunz, Tennessee Titans
 * Jabril Cox, free agent
 * Christian Watson, Green Bay Packers
 * Cordell Volson, Cincinnati Bengals
 * Cody Mauch, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
 * Hunter Luepke, Dallas Cowboys
 * Noah Gindorff, free agent
 * Nash Jensen, Carolina Panthers
 * Spencer Waege, San Francisco 49ers
 * TaMerik Williams, Seattle Seahawks
 * Jalen Sundell, Cleveland Browns
 * Jake Kubas, New York Giants
 * Jayden Price, Atlanta Falcons

Future non-conference opponents
Announced schedules as of August 8, 2023.

title: North Dakota State Bison football


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Botany/Plant morphology

<< Contents Page | << Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 >>|

Chapter 6. Plant Morphology

Introduction
Plant morphology is the study of the external structure or form of plants. The concept was put in circulation by the author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, in the early 1800s. You have already covered important aspects of plant morphology in the previous chapters on plant organs (leaves, stems, roots), flowers, and fruits. Those chapters emphasized both plant anatomy (the internal structure) and plant morphology (the external form) of specific parts or organs. Here, we will be concerned especially with the various growth forms that plants take and how such morphologies contribute to the success of each species.

Simple plant forms
The forms taken by simpler "plants" (e.g., algae) will be considered in greater detail in Section II of The Guide. However, lichens offer a good general introduction to basic plant forms in a group whose members are sometimes informally classified on the basis of morphology.

 * Read Lichens ( You need not follow links except to clarify unfamiliar terms )

Imagine an early earth, with most life in the oceans, but the beginnings of terrestrial life represented by primitive photoautotrophic organisms spread over rocky surfaces. In the seas, the autotrophs would be floating forms and encrusting slimes, or calcareous rich crusts.

When we think about the evolution of more complex forms, even within such groups that today appear rather primitive such as the multicellular algae, we need to consider what forces were operating on the mechanism of natural selection to drive evolution in certain directions. We must also always be mindful of realistic limitations.

When you previously read the article on algae, you may recall the following description of life forms of these simple "plants": Most algae are unicellular, flagellates or amoeboids, but colonial and non-motile forms have developed independently among several of the algal groups. The more common organizational levels beyond unicellular forms are:

 * Colonial – small, regular groups of (usually) motile cells
 * Capsoid – individual non-motile cells embedded in a common mucilage
 * Coccoid – individual non-motile cells with adherent cell walls
 * Palmelloid – non-motile cells embedded in common mucilage
 * Filamentous – a string of non-motile cells connected on end together and sometimes branching
 * Parenchymatous – cells forming a thallus with partial differentiation of tissues

Complex plant forms

 * Read Trees ( You need follow links only to clarify unfamiliar terms )
 * Read Shrubs ( You need follow links only to clarify unfamiliar terms )

External Resource

 * Online Image Collection of the Botanical Society of America

From the earliest times itself plants have been classified as herbs, shrubs and or trees. Reference-Morphology of Plants. By S.R. Mishra, Published by Discovery Publishing House, 2004 ISBN 817141821X,<PHONE_NUMBER>213

Herbs read Herbs at Wikipedia

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Botany/Plant morphology


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Talk:Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway

 * 1) REDIRECT Talk:Interstate 88 (west)

Untitled
Actually, the East-West Tollway was built to Dixon.. and then an access connector was built to U.S. Route 30 EAST of Sterling, IL (that exit is still there).

The second phase was construction of a southern by-pass of Sterling/Rock Falls - that also crossed the Rock River. The road terminated here for a few years, and old state route 2 provided a connector to U.S. Route 30 on the WEST side of Rock Falls/Sterling.

 * Iowa had hoped that Illinois would provide a connector from this interchange to Clinton, IA via Morrison (Highway 30) - to match-up with their 4-lane and route improvements in Clinton and west to Hwy. 61.

The last section is not tollway - but state funded from this intersection west of Rock Falls/Sterling to Interstate 80. An interesting tale of poor Illinois highway construction (and numerous legal proceedings). This 35 mile section of the concrete road had to be completely rebuilt (down to new roadbed and proper drainage) over the past 7 years.

The Rock Falls Sterling to Quad Cities section:

 * No major city along this linkage (route travels south of Morrison, IL)
 * Parallels an old Rock Island railroad branch line to Rock Falls (old roadbed can be seen in some sections south of highway right of way) - parts of this are now set aside for natural prairie.
 * Old IL State Route 2 largely followed this route - and was co-signed in one section with IL SR-5 for a few years.
 * Section of highway crosses a glacial fill area (Illinoisan glacier - 100,000 years ago) - that is 700 feet deep (to bedrock) and deepest point. This is the ancient Mississippi river bed from Bureau County to Quad Cities area - when Mississippi followed the Illinois River valley south of Princeton area
 * Only 2 interchanges (SR-78) abut in middle of section.
 * Rock River stays south of the route -- but many smaller creeks and drainages cross route that empty into the Rock River.

title: Talk:Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway


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Ram Niwas Goel

Ram Niwas Goel is an Indian politician serving as Speaker of the Delhi legislative assembly since 2015. He serves as a Member of Delhi Legislative Assembly for Shahdara.

Early life and education
Ram Niwas Goel was born in Safidon Mandi, Haryana on 5 January 1948 to a business family. Goel is the eldest of eight siblings (five brothers and three sisters). In 1964, their family moved to Delhi. He completed his secondary and senior secondary education in Haryana and Delhi and subsequently he attended Hansraj College to attain B.Com. degree. He has been actively involved in social work especially in the field of Education & Health for the weaker sections. He has been associated with numerous social organizations active in providing medical services, health services, promotion of religious harmony and servicing kanwad yaatris.

Some of prominent positions held by him from time to time are: Founder Member, Maharaja Agrasen Sewa Sansthan, Pathological Lab, X-Ray, Ultrasound, E.C.G. etc. on not-for-profit basis. Chief Organiser, Delhi-UP Border Shiv Kanwad Samiti which is the most popular camp for Kanwad Yatris in Delhi. Chief Advisor of Maharaja Agrasen Sewa Sangh which provides ambulance service and hearse service to general public on not-for-profit basis.

Political career
Ram Niwas Goel was elected as Speaker of Delhi Legislative Assembly on 23 February 2015. His term as MLA in the Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi is his second term and is a member of the Aam Aadmi Party.. He defeated Jitender Singh Shunty of Bhartiya Janata Party by a margin of 11,731 votes in the 2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly elections. In 1993, for the first First Legislative Assembly of Delhi he contested the elections as a BJP candidate and was elected.

title: Ram Niwas Goel


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Talk:Logluv TIFF

'''One of the other drawbacks of 24 bit RGB was the linerization of the colors. ' Who said the RGB color model has a linear relation between its numeric values and the actual intensity outputted''? --Abdull 18:16, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Colour Depth Claim
According to the TIFF standard, a Baseline Colour TIFF file is 24 bit RGB, but using the BitsPerSample parameter the TIFF standard mentions expanding this to 16 or 32 bits per sample - i.e. 48 or 96 bit colour. I believe that Photoshop uses this expanded colour range already. Also, the numbers in this article do not add up: 15 bits per colour * 3 colours = 45 bit colour, not 48 bit colour. --Ozhiker 00:00, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

This was all wrong anyway, Logluv is 32bit or 24 bit. --GENtLe 00:00, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Logluv TIFF


text:
Using Firefox/Advanced

about:config
In Gecko-based browsers, such as Firefox, SeaMonkey, and their derivatives, about:config is a powerful way to tweak preferences in ways that are not normally accessible through the Preferences page (earlier, the Options window).

As in the Firfeox user interface, preferences in about:config apply only to the active browser profile. Different user profiles can have different preferences; though most settings are the same across profiles.

Type about:config into the Firefox address bar, press Enter/Return, and you might first be shown a page to warn you, that these are advanced settings, and changing some of them might break how Firefox works. There is a 'Continue' button and a checkbox not to show the warning page again. After clicking the 'Continue' button, you are then taken to about:config settings.

At the top is is a search bar to allow finding the right preference by filtering the list. Copying and pasting a preference name into the search bar makes it easy to find the right one.

A user is presented with a table-based list of preferences, showing their name, status, type, and value in their respective columns. The list can be sorted in ascending and descending order by clicking on each column's header. One can move around in the list by single-clicking a setting to move cursor focus into the list, and then using the keyboard navigation keys (Up, Down; PgUp, PgDn; Home, End).

Most about:config preferences are built-in and displayed. Some preferences are hidden, and must be added by the user. Other preferences are created by an installed extension, such as NoScript.

A preference status can be one of the following:
 * default
 * modified — if changed from their default value, the entire line is shown in boldface
 * locked — shown in italics. This status is rare and is meant to prevent a preference from being trivially changed. A setting is typically locked by a Linux distribution (to prevent telemetry, for example) or by a system administrator (usually in a corporate environment).

A preference type can be one of the following:
 * a boolean — a true/false setting;
 * an integer — full numbers from 0 to something large. The numbered values can and do have different units;
 * a string — This can be any form of text or numbers, though each string of text usually has its own syntax, as required by each preference.

Changes can be made by double-clicking one of the available options, or selecting them and pressing the Return/Enter key.

That way, via double-click or Enter, the booleans are toggled, as they have only a single value of true or false, and are thus the simplest to change. Other preference types are modified, in which case an input box appears for numbers (integers) or text (strings).

Note: In some preference cases, a string type preference can contain or may require a simple integer number instead of text. Therefore, when changing a respective preference's value, pay attention to its type and documentation.

When right-clicking a preference, a context menu appears with the following commands:
 * Modify/Toggle;
 * Copy — copy the preference name and value separated by a semicolon. It is pasted as
 * Copy Name — copies only the preference name for easy pasting and searching
 * Copy Value — copies only the preference value. Very useful, if the value is a long string of text and extends well outside the display area.
 * New > — Create a new preference that is not listed: a string, integer, or a boolean.
 * Reset — resets the preference value to the default pre-set by the browser or an installed extension. This is useful, should anything go wrong.

A more complete list of about:config settings can be found here, with descriptions and which values the preference will take (where applicable).

Example preferences

 * browser.block.target_new_window — if set to true, links that normally force a new window to open will open in the current window instead.

 * browser.xul.error_pages.enabled — if set to true, Firefox displays an error page similar to IE instead of a message box if loading a page fails. This is an older and deprecated preference, as Firefox now uses error or message pages.

 * layout.frames.force_resizability — if set to true, allows the user to resize frames on any web site that uses them.

Optimise resource usage
Setting some of the settings one or another way is either imperative or recommended for memory-limited devices, such as those with 1 GB or less RAM, especially in a liveCD condition, as liveCD environments might not be able to use swap — specifically with computers that have Windows, where a Linux swap partition does not exist on the hard drive.

Computers with 1 GB RAM or less must have that setting on to reduce memory and resource consumption.

Devices with 1.5–2 GB RAM in a liveCD setting are able to handle greater resource requirements, but not by too much. At this point, the value that is imperative for 1 GB RAM, is only recommended for computers and devices with 2 GB RAM memory.

Disable media
All media functionality is disabled: this includes playback, media capture (audio and video recording), and screen sharing.

Optional, or not required, if computer RAM memory is 2 Gb or greater.

Speed up network access
The following changes can be made to speed up network access.

Usually, the preferences related to network speeds do not need to be changed, unless you know exactly what you want to do with these settings.

Changing these preferences may speed up browsing, but in most cases, the difference is negligible. Some of these settings have also been deprecated in modern Firefox versions.

General browsing speed can be improved through extensions by using an adblocker (such as Adblock Plus or uBlock Origin) and/or a scriptblocker, such as NoScript. As they variously block content, page rendering speeds improve, and network requests to advertisements and trackers are also reduced.

Pipelining
Normally, the browser will make one request to a web page at a time. When you enable pipelining, it will make several requests at a time, which usually speeds up page loading. Make these changes to enable pipelining:

Set "network.http.pipelining" to "true"

Set "network.http.proxy.pipelining" to "true"

[Tip: If your browser is set to connect to an optional http proxy, you can leave "network.http.pipelining" as "false", then add the domains of websites that do not work with pipelining (like images.google.com) to the proxy exclude list.]

Set "network.http.pipelining.maxrequests" to 8. — This means, that Firefox will make up to 8 requests at once rather than the default 4. This is only an advantage if you have a fast and reliable internet connection.

Maximum number of connections
For broadband users:

Set "network.http.max-connections-per-server" to 14. Many guides recommend setting this figure to 100, but this can have undesirable effects upon webservers.

Set "network.http.max-connections" to 48

Rendering
Right-click anywhere and select New-> Integer. Name it "nglayout.initialpaint.delay" and set its value to "0".

This preference sets the amount of time the browser waits before it acts on information it receives, but it will increase the total time taken to render the page. While this option is more suitable for a faster computer, setting the value to something low, or "0" works better with slow connections.

The default vaue is "250". Try a value of "100", if "0" causes problems.

Introduction
A user agent string (UA string) is a string of text with a specific syntax identifying the user agent — usually that of a web browser — which is sent to a website or domain when making a request to download a page or fetch information. Some other user agents are screen readers for blind people, download managers, webcrawlers, indexers, and archivers, each of which send their own unique UA string.

Some sites require specific versions of browser, or a specific browser and operating system combination in order for a web application to offer specific features, or to function at all.

For most sites, user agent strings do not require modification. Such modification is also called user agent spoofing.

There are use cases, where user agent strings do need to be more specific:
 * A particular site requires a specific browser;
 * A user wants their web client to identify as a mobile, tablet, or desktop browser for certain domains and use cases;
 * A user has a legacy browser that needs to identify itself as a newer one for certain sites;
 * A user wants their browser to have the most generic user agent for privacy purposes;
 * Conversely, some people want a very specific user agent string in order to demonstrate to sites the existence of their favourite browser, or a particular OS, or that a certain operating system version is still in use.

The latter example most often applies to people who might use a Firefox derivative (such as GNU IceCat or WaterFox), or who might use older versions of Firefox, or if their operating system is Linux, or if they use a legacy version of Android.

The reason for featuring a specific UA string is to nudge site developers to take note of which configurations visit their site, which browsers and operating systems they should keep testing against, and which they ought to keep supporting.

Thus, promoting a non-generic UA string causes these users to also have a dilemma with regard to having a privacy trade-off, because a very specific user agent string is very unique, and therefore much easier to identify for sites that use browser fingerprinting.

Comparably, the default web browser in many versions of Android even sends the device make and model in their user agent string, while the UA string of Firefox for Android typically contains less information, and has also in past cases been less accurate.

Nevertheles, desktop Firefox alone has become a minority browser — with its usage share greatly overshadowed by Google Chrome, and Firefox for Android being an even greater minority on phones and tablets. Each Firefox version is therefore more unique, and each version of a Firefox derivative even more unique.

It should be noted, though, that if they wish to do so, advanced users are usually aware of how to properly anonymise the browsing traffic that runs from their computer through the wider Internet.

 * To find out what kind of information web sites can collect about the browser you use and the device you're on, visit the Electronic Frontier Foundation's Panopticlick site at https://panopticlick.eff.org

Modifying
In desktop Firefox, changing the user agent string in about:config preferences does not work, while it works admirably in Firefox for Android.

To change the user agent string in desktop Firefox, one must use extensions.

 * UAControl is a legacy XUL extension for Firefox 56.0 and earlier. It supports user-agent spoofing for specific domains, leaving the default user agent string for all other sites, though it does not have a pre-set list of UA strings (these can be picked up from the web). UAControl requires the User-Agent JS Fixer add-on to work.
 * Custom UserAgent String is a WebExtension that is similarly versatile in employing per-domain user-agent spoofing, but has a clunky user interface. It's available for Firefox 48.0 and greater.

Editing the userChrome.css File
userChrome.css is a file that allows you to change the appearance of Firefox with CSS rules. The actual browser window (i.e., not the webpage, but everything else) is called the "chrome". The file userChrome.css overrides default settings to allow for more customization.

userChrome.css is not created by default. It should be created in your profile folder, which can be found in the following places:

Windows: %appdata%\Roaming\Mozilla\Firefox\Profiles\\ Linux: ~/.Ajay/firefox// Mac OS X: ~/Library/Ajay/Firefox/Profiles// or ~/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles//

In all cases, the profile is randomly named, with 8 characters followed by .default. Inside that folder is another named "chrome". Inside the chrome folder is where userChrome.css needs to be created.

Editing the userContent.css File
The UserContent.css file allows a user to change the general appearance of web pages. This requires knowledge of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).

Changing the web pages' appearance through this file can be relatively cumbersome, and is limited to CSS only. Using the GreaseMonkey or Stylish extensions is recommended, as each provides a user interface to doing the same things, and are therefore easier to use.

The GreaseMonkey extension is more advanced, as it allows adding JavaScript to downloaded web pages to make a webpage or site function better. With some extra effort, this also includes adorning pages with CSS.

Comparatively, Stylish allows adding only CSS-based modifications to downloaded pages, and unlike GreaseMonkey, Stylish also runs on all versions of Firefox for Android.

Note, that while these extensions only change the appearance of web pages downloaded into the browser; the extensions do not change the pages' and sites' appearance on the web server.

Tips

 * Allowing extension downloads from mozilla.org instead of www.mozilla.org will match all subdomains of mozilla.org, just as blocking cookies from doubleclick.net instead of www.doubleclick.net will allow blocking of all doubleclick.net subdomains. Allowing "www.mozilla.org" would not allow "addons.mozilla.org". However, as a security measure, when whitelisting sites for extensions, the most specific domain available should be used (i.e., addons.mozilla.org instead of mozilla.org) to prevent potentially malicious installs from other subdomains on a site.

 * To get Firefox on a computer without an internet connection, or where internet downloads are blocked, one can download the installer as normal from another computer (usually you can do this at a public library), and then put the *.exe file on some removable media and transfer it to the first computer. Another option is to download Firefox portable on a USB stick or memory card, and run the portable Firefox off external storage.

title: Using Firefox/Advanced


text:
Bhagwati Prashad Singh

Bhagwati Prashad Singh was a Nepalese judge who served as 4th Chief Justice of Nepal, in office from 9 April 1964 to 10 July 1970. He was appointed by the then-king of Nepal, Mahendra.

Singh was preceded by Hari Prasad Pradhan and succeeded by Ratna Bahadur Bista.

title: Bhagwati Prashad Singh


text:
William Wiley (editor)

William D. Wiley was a civil rights activist and newspaper editor who worked in Providence, Rhode Island. Wiley edited and published the Providence Chronicle, the only black newspaper in Rhode Island in its time. He co-founded and served as president of the Providence Urban League.

Wiley was born in South Carolina and moved to Providence to live with his father and his second wife (servant of the prominent Rhode Island family, the Chafees) when his mother died. Wiley was editor of his high school newspaper. He could not afford college and joined the Navy in 1918, working as a mess attendant before being promoted to the level of steward. When he returned from service in 1919, he worked for the Imperial Printing and Finishing Company. He met his wife, Olive F. Wiley, in 1921, and they were married in 1925. Wiley worked briefly as the editor of religious publication The Burning Bush in Wisconsin, and he trained to be a minister in the late 1920s. In the 1930s, the Wileys returned to Providence. There, Wiley began editing the Providence Chronicle, and became one of the founding members of the Providence Urban League along with Andrew J. Bell.

In 1985 Olive and William Wiley were jointly inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame.

His son was the civil rights activist George Alvin Wiley, and his granddaughter is the civil rights activist Maya Wiley.

title: William Wiley (editor)


text:
China-Canada Dinosaur Project

The China-Canada Dinosaur Project (Chinese: 中国-加拿大恐龙计划; Pinyin: Zhōngguó-jiānádà kǒnglóng jìhuà; also known as Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project) was a six-year series of palaeontological expeditions carried out by scientists from China and Canada.

Background
In the 19th and early-20th centuries, foreign and domestic researchers, including Roy Chapman Andrews and Yang Zhongjian, made many dinosaur-related discoveries in China and Mongolia, particularly in the Gobi Desert. This changed with the rise of the Chinese Communist Party and establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, which saw Chinese academia reorganized and some fields, including anthropology, fall out of favour over their perceived ties to imperialism. The Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) in Beijing had many of its students reassigned onto other projects, such as the Down to the Countryside Movement, but began to rebuild in the mid-1970s with the reestablishment of the institute's journal Vertebrata PalAsiatica and monumental discoveries like the Dashanpu bonebeds. Chinese palaeontologist Dong Zhiming became prominent in the organization following the death of Yang Zhongjian, his mentor and the "father of Chinese vertebrate paleontology."

A period of economic and political reforms known as the "Opening of China" in the West led to scientific cooperation beginning between researchers in the country and abroad, drawing the attention of Canadian researchers. While establishing the Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in 1982, Provincial Museum of Alberta palaeontologist Philip J. Currie suggested to communications consultant Brian Noble that the Gobi Desert was an ideal location for discovering dinosaur fossils. Noble received an $8,000 CAD grant from the Canada Council to begin a feasibility study into creating a cultural program that could facilitate joint research missions by Canadian and Chinese palaeontologists, and in 1984 founded the Ex Terra Foundation, an Edmonton-based non-profit. Noble would remain executive director of the foundation for the duration of its existence, later bringing on Kevin Taft to serve as CEO from 1986 to 1991.

Creation
The China-Canada Dinosaur Project (CCDP) was formally launched by the Ex Terra Foundation in 1985 to organize cooperative expeditions between the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa, the IVPP in Beijing, and the Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller, Alberta with the support of the provincial government of Alberta, the federal government of Canada, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Inner Mongolia Museum. Canadian Airlines International provided transportation to China for Canadian researchers involved in the project.

The stated mission of the Dinosaur Project was to improve the understanding of dinosaurs from North America and Asia by conducting field work in the Canadian Arctic, the Gobi Desert, the Junggar Basin, and other places of interest over the course of the following eight years. Philip J. Currie of the Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Dong Zhiming of the IVPP, and Dale Russell of the Canadian Museum of Nature served as project leads for the CCDP. Dong Zhiming and Sun Ailing of the IVPP visited Alberta in October–November 1985. The project's official logo featured the English word "dinosaur" adjacent to its Chinese translation, "恐龙."

Field work
Field work related to the China-Canada Dinosaur Project began in May 1986 with an eight-day expedition to the Gobi Desert, the first to involve Western scientists since 1930. In the early summer a larger-scale reconnaissance mission was led by Currie, Dong, and Russell in which they and their team travelled across the Gobi to identify sites of interest for dig teams in the future. This three-week excursion was the first major operation of the Dinosaur Project and marked the first use of eight Jeeps granted to the CCDP by the Toronto-based Donner Canadian Foundation. The team also visited fossil sites in Alberta, Montana, and the Arctic, with their first fossil-collecting mission occurring in Dinosaur Provincial Park in July, where the project's first major find, a troodontid braincase, was made by Tang Zhilu.

The 1987 field season was extremely productive for the CCDP. Between August and October, the team uncovered fossils which would later serve as the holotypes for Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum and Sinraptor dongi in China, and began work on the Devil's Coulee fossil site discovered earlier in the summer by Wendy Sloboda in Canada.

In 1988, Dale Russell discovered the therizinosaurid Alxasaurus in the Gobi Desert. A team led by Phil Currie uncovered five juvenile Pinacosaurus and sixty-six protoceratopsians near the town of Bayan Mandahu, in addition to three dinosaur egg nests and an incomplete Alectrosaurus skeleton from the Iren Dabasu Formation. Two years later, further work at the site would uncover seven more juvenile Pinacosaurus in the same quarry.

The 1989 field season represented a turning point for the Dinosaur Project. Canadian researchers arrived in China and began work on dig sites in Xinjiang amid ongoing protests in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. Following the government crackdown against demonstrators on 4 June, the government of Canada ordered all of its citizens in China to return home, cutting that year's field season short. Canadian scientists returned to China again in 1990 to continue excavating at dig sites identified on earlier expeditions, and noteworthy discoveries were made on a near-daily basis. An extraordinarily well-preserved cycadophyte fossil was discovered near Urad Houqi in 1990, sixty years after the Sino-Swedish Expeditions (1927-1935) had uncovered fossils at the same site in 1930. By the time CCDP researchers returned to Canada in August, the organization had already determined there would be no further missions to China. Later that summer a handful of Canadian sites failed to produce any notable fossils. A final expedition was made to Dinosaur Provincial Park and Grande Cache in 1991, during one of the most successful field seasons in the history of the Royal Tyrrell Museum. Chinese researcher Tang Zhilu, who had made the first major discovery of the CCDP, made one of the last discoveries of the project when he uncovered an ankylosaurid skull belonging to Edmontonia.

With the conclusion of the 1991 field season, the China-Canada Dinosaur Project ended six years into their eight-year mandate. The CCDP produced an enormous amount of fossils, with over fifteen tonnes of fossil material collected in Canada and another sixty tonnes in China.

Discoveries
New dinosaur taxa described by the China-Canada Dinosaur Project include Alxasaurus, Bellusaurus, Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum, Monolophosaurus, Sinornithoides, Sinraptor, and Wuerhosaurus ordosensis. An incomplete skeleton recovered from Pingfengshan in 1989 is believed to be an unidentified species of Euhelopus. The project also described non-dinosaurian fossils such as the turtles Khunnuchelys, Ordosemys, and Zangerlia neimongolensis; the crocodyliforms Rugosuchus and Sunosuchus junggarensis;  the crocodilian Borealosuchus griffithi; the trace fossil Fictovichnus; and an unidentified atoposaurid tentatively assigned to the genus Theriosuchus. The CCDP also produced six distinct types of fossilized embryos believed to belong to the protoceratopsians Protoceratops and Bagaceratops.

In addition to specimens recovered in the field, CCDP researchers also reanalyzed fossil material that had gone ignored following earlier expeditions. This includes a partially-complete ankylosaur skull discovered in 1959 or 1960 by a multinational expedition made up of Chinese and Soviet researchers but which was placed into storage and never properly described. The skull was rediscovered while searching for fossils to feature in the Dinosaur Project's touring show; in 2001, it was made the holotype for a new genus of dinosaur: Gobisaurus.

A survey conducted of the Djadochta Formation during the CCDP dated the formation to the Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous.

Chinese response
The National Natural Science Foundation of China was founded in 1986 in conjunction with the China-Canada Dinosaur Project and reflected on the program's successes at an international palaeontology symposium which ran from 10 to 12 October 2001 to celebrate the foundation's fifteenth anniversary. Even after the CCDP ended, some Canadian and Chinese palaeontologists continued to work together, resulting in the description of newly named dinosaurs like Gobisaurus and the reevaluation of known genera such as Shanshanosaurus.

After the CCPD concluded, Chinese institutions were quick to begin collaborating with other foreign bodies, resulting in three additional dinosaur projects being launched in the 1990s: the Sino-Japan Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition (1992-1993), the China-Japan-Mongolia Mongolian Plateau Expedition (1995-1999), and the Sino-Belgium Dinosaur Project (1995-2001). Zhao Xijin and other participants in the CCDP continued to lead multinational expeditions to the Gobi Desert for years after the project ended.

Dale Russell, one of the CCDP's leaders, departed from the Canadian Museum of Nature in the years after the Dinosaur Project concluded and was replaced by fellow Dinosaur Project researcher Wu Xiaochun.

Western response
At the conclusion of the 1990 field season, Ex Terra Foundation CEO Kevin Taft was quoted as saying, "This concludes one of the biggest hunts in history." Peter Dodson, an American palaeontologist from the University of Pennsylvania, called the China-Canada Dinosaur Project "a very significant expedition." Phillip J. Currie, one of the project's leads, attributed the ongoing collaboration between Canadian and Chinese populations to the relationships established during the CCDP and referred to the project as a high point in the careers of all involved. Another project lead, Dale Russell, described working in the Gobi Desert as "like being on another planet. You have a wonderful feeling of time, of antiquity."

In recognition of shared customs between the Indigenous peoples in Canada and China, the Indian Association of Alberta (IAA) organized a symbolic exchange of tipis from the Peigen Reserve (now Piikani 147) and yurts from Kazakhs living in Inner Mongolia. The tipis were presented by Piikani elder Joe Crowshoe, Sr. at a research site in China in September 1987 at a ceremony which, following the tipi raising, featured a series of cultural events including horse races and dancing. A lack of funding resulted in the IAA and the Ex Terra Foundation initially cancelling the event before additional funding was secured.

Less than five years after opening and after four years participating in the CCDP, the Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology received the title "Royal" from Queen Elizabeth II on 28 June 1990 near the start of the 1990 field season.

The CCDP was the subject of the 1993 non-fiction book The Dinosaur Project by Wayne Grady.

In 1996, the Royal Tyrrell Museum put on a special exhibit entitled "Kong-Long: Dinosaurs from the Gobi" which covered discoveries made by the CCDP and other researchers in the Gobi Desert. To promote a 2013 Pacific National Exhibition attraction based on Genghis Khan, science journalist Don "Dino Don" Lessem travelled to China and Mongolia with the radio show Ideas and revisited the site where Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum was discovered by the CCDP in 1987 as part of the program.

Preparation
One of the largest science exhibitions in history was organized by the Ex Terra Foundation to showcase dinosaur fossils from China and Canada, with a heavy focus on those discovered by the CCDP. The show was alternatively known as "The Dinosaur Project," "The Greatest Show Unearthed" and "The Dinosaur Project World Tour," and was meant to raise funding for non-fiction books and documentaries that covered the research done by the CCDP.

Work began on the touring show in 1986. A preliminary analysis conducted by the Harrison Price Company to determine the possible financial returns of the project was completed in 1989 and projected that the Dinosaur Project exhibition could draw 900 to 3,200 daily visitors in North American markets and 6,000 to 10,000 in Japan. In preparation for the show, Ex Terra acquired archived fossil material from historic expeditions in China, leading to the rediscovery of previously-overlooked fossils such as a skull which was later made the holotype for Gobisaurus. Some names used to identify fossils featured in the show, such as "Gobisaurus" and "Sinornithoides," had not been published in academic literature at the time of the show. As a result, these names were considered nomen nudum until they were described in official publications.

Tour
The show was originally scheduled to tour Canada, the United States, Europe, Australia, and Japan in 1990, but was delayed multiple times. Officials announced in October 1990 that Edmonton would host the premiere showing of the Dinosaur Project World Tour from 15 May to 5 July 1992 before moving on to Toronto; other locales which had been considered to host the show were Calgary, Ottawa, and Winnipeg. The government of Alberta contributed $1.94 million CAD towards the Edmonton portion of the tour. Ultimately, the event was delayed again and went forward in 1993, premiering in Edmonton before travelling to Toronto. The show made its international debut in Osaka in 1994 and then appeared in Singapore and Vancouver in 1995 before moving on to Sydney for the summer of 1996–1997. The show also appeared in Dallas, Milwaukee, and Winnipeg. In 1997, the Ex Terra Foundation ended the tour and sold many of its assets to the Royal Tyrrell Museum. Of the eleven cities suggested as venues by a 1989 consultation with the Harrison Price Company, only Dallas and Toronto ever hosted the show.

The opening of the Edmonton show was attended by Ralph Klein, Premier of Alberta; Donald H. Sparrow, Minister of Economic Development and Tourism; Dianne Mirosh, Minister of Innovation and Science; and Tom Musgrove, MLA for the Bow Valley electoral district. Mirosh and Musgrove were critical of the show, saying it lacked sufficient recognition for Dinosaur Provincial Park's contributions to palaeontology. The show was also derided as "Bedrock meets Epcot" by critics as it toured Canada. However, Deputy Premier Ken Kowalski repeatedly defended the show and deemed it a success. During an October 1993 meeting of the Alberta Legislative Assembly, Kowalski deemed dinosaurs one of Alberta's primary tourist attractions:

"Most of the reviews that are done clearly indicate that people are fascinated by three things in the province of Alberta. They're fascinated by RCMP with red serge coats, they're fascinated by the Rocky Mountains, and they're absolutely fascinated by dinosaurs. There's something international about a dinosaur, and of course Alberta is really the great home of the dinosaur."

Features
Fossils featured prominently in the tour included samples from a Centrosaurus bonebed, a Daspletosaurus skull, a well-preserved ornithomimid, a nearly-complete Prosaurolophus skeleton, a stone slab containing twelve juvenile Pinacosaurus, a Mamenchisaurus skeleton, and a Tyrannosaurus skeleton known as "Black Beauty." A number of artistic recreations were prepared for the tour, including a life-size Albertosaurus sculpture created by Canadian palaeoartist Brian Cooley. Many of the sculptures and other palaeoart used in the tour were acquired by the Royal Tyrrell Museum in 1997 and have been periodically reused by the museum and other touring exhibitions.

The exhibition was set up in each locale under large tents and consisted of several areas. The Great Hall, or "Boneworks," featured not only dinosaur fossils but an interactive centre for children and several tables where guests could engage with CCDP researchers. The final product also featured a recreation of one team's field camp.

1986

 * Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories (now Nunavut)
 * Isachsen Formation, Axel Heiberg Island, Northwest Territories (now Nunavut)
 * Judith River Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta
 * Shishugou Formation, Jiangjunmiao, Xinjiang

1987

 * Ejinhoro Formation, Ordos, Inner Mongolia
 * Tugulu Group, Xinjiang

1988

 * Bayan Mandahu Formation, Urad Rear Banner, Inner Mongolia
 * Bayin-Gobi Formation, Alxa League, Inner Mongolia
 * Ejinhoro Formation, Ejin Horo Banner, Inner Mongolia
 * Iren Dabasu Formation, Erenhot, Inner Mongolia
 * Shishugou Formation, Jiangjunmiao, Xinjiang
 * Tugulu Group, Xinjiang

1989

 * Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories (now Nunavut)
 * Kanguk Formation, Bylot Island, Northwest Territories (now Nunavut)
 * Shishugou Formation, Jiangjunmiao, Xinjiang
 * Wucaiwan Formation, Jimsar, Xinjiang

1990

 * Bayan Mandahu Formation, Urad Rear Banner, Inner Mongolia
 * Ejinhoro Formation, Ordos, Inner Mongolia
 * Gates Formation, Grande Cache, Alberta
 * Iren Dabasu Formation, Erenhot, Inner Mongolia
 * Shishugou Formation, Jiangjunmiao, Xinjiang

1991

 * Judith River Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta

title: China-Canada Dinosaur Project


text:
Sainte-Marguerite River Old Forest

The Sainte-Marguerite River Old Forest (Forêt ancienne de la Rivière-Sainte-Marguerite) is a protected area of old-growth forest in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean and Côte-Nord regions of Quebec, Canada. It is classified as an exceptional forest ecosystem. It protects an area on the northeast bank of the Sainte-Marguerite River.

Location
TheSainte-Marguerite River Old Forest is in two parts on either side of the Marcelle-Gauvreau Ecological Reserve, along the north side of Quebec Route 172. The west part is in the unorganized territory of Mont-Valin in Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality of the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region. The east part is in the La Haute-Côte-Nord Regional County Municipality of Côte-Nord. The forest covers an area of 37 ha, and is 20 km northwest of Sacré-Coeur.

The forest is administered by Quebecʻs Ministry of Natural Resources, Wildlife and Parks, Forest Environment Directorate. It was designated old-growth forest in 2003, and has IUCN management category III. A map of the ecological regions of Quebec shows the Sainte-Marguerite River as the boundary between the fir/yellow birch bioclimatic subdomain to the southwest, and the fir/white birch subdomain to the northeast. Technically, the forest is in the latter subdomain.

The region has rugged terrain with high hills and mountains cut by steep sided valleys. The forest is on the lower part of a mountainside north of the Sainte-Marguerite Valley. It mainly grows on scree slopes made of stones and rocks from the escarpment, with scattered areas of glacial till or soil. The land slopes steeply and drains fast.

Flora
The forest has not suffered from serious natural disturbances such as fires, wind storms or insect infestations for a very long time. The balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees of the forest have never been disturbed by human activities, although a few northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis) have been cut. The forest stands are at least 270 to 290 years old, and have been able to evolve naturally. There are senescent trees and much wood debris in different stages of decomposition. There are cedars almost 300 years old with trunk diameters of 65 cm, and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) 250 years old with heights of 25 m and trunks at least 60 cm in diameter. Given the high latitude and poor soil conditions, the size of the trees is remarkable.

The main stands of the old forest are stands of fir and cedar, in some cases including white pine. The last outbreak of spruce budworm in 1975–1985 reduced the dominance of the fir, and since then several trees have been blown down by the wind, but only in small areas. The abundant paper birch (Betula papyrifera), almost always in open areas, indicates the frequency of minor disturbances. The fir/cedar stands have large numbers of cedars from 200 to 300 years old, with trunk diameters of 42 to 65 cm. The fir/cedar/white pine stands have white pines more than 230 years old, 25 m tall and with trunks 50 - 60 cm in diameter. The abundance of fir in the understory, often with cedar, indicates that these two species will remain dominant for several decades. The white pines, which are at the limit of their natural range, are mostly old specimens located in rocky sites on escarpments.

title: Sainte-Marguerite River Old Forest


text:
Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala

Siaosi (George) Manumataongo ʻAlaivahamamaʻo ʻAhoʻeitu Konstantin Tukuʻaho (born 17 September 1985) is the crown prince of Tonga. Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala became heir apparent to the throne in March 2012 upon the accession of his father, Tupou VI, as King of Tonga.

Early life and education
Tukuʻaho was born on 17 September 1985 in Nukuʻalofa. He was educated at Australian National University, graduating with a Master of Military and Defence Studies in 2018 and a Master of Diplomacy in 2021.

2012 wedding
On 12 July 2012, Crown Prince Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala married his double second cousin, Sinaitakala Fakafanua, in a wedding attended by 2,000 people. He was 26 years old at the time, while his wife was 25 years old. Sinaitakala Fakafanua is 26th in line to the Tongan throne.

The wedding marked the first marriage of a Tongan crown prince in sixty-five years. The ceremony was held at the Centennial Church of the Free Church of Tonga in Nuku'alofa, with more than 2,000 guests, including Samoan and Fijian chiefly families. The groom wore morning dress, while the bride wore a long-sleeved, lace wedding gown with a veil that reached the floor of the church. A Maʻutohi ceremony, which celebrates the issuance of a marriage license, was held earlier in the week.

Controversy
The marriage between the Crown Prince and Fakafanua caused controversy over the continued practice of marrying closely related cousins. Tongan royal protocol requires that members of the royal family only marry members of noble families to maintain a 'strong' bloodline. All royal marriages are arranged.

The wedding between the cousins was openly criticised by a few members of Tongan political and royal circles. Two prominent members of the Tongan royal family, Queen mother Halaevalu Mataʻaho ʻAhomeʻe and the king's sister, Princess Royal Salote Pilolevu Tuita, disapproved of the marriage and refused to attend the ceremony. Daughter of the Princess Royal of Tonga, Hon. Frederica Tuita, who is ninth in line to the throne, openly condemned the union, calling the royal arranged marriage "extremely arrogant and only perpetuated the motive behind social climbers". Pro-democracy leader ʻAkilisi Pohiva also criticised the wedding, telling TVNZ, "They are too close... I do not know about biological effects of two close bloods mixed together, but I think they need new blood from outside." A leader of Tongans living in New Zealand, Will Ilolahia, stated that many Tongans opposed the second cousins' marriage, but were unwilling to speak out publicly.

A maternal uncle of the Crown Prince, Lord Vaea, defended the marriage saying, "It's a new beginning for the royal household. They are both in their twenties, we are looking at that to preserve that constitutional monarchy within Tonga."

Issue
His firstborn child, a son, Prince Taufaʻahau Manumataongo, was born on 10 May 2013 at Auckland City Hospital in Auckland, becoming second in the Succession to the Tongan throne, after his father.

On 12 July 2014, the Crown Princess gave birth to a daughter, Princess Halaevalu Mataʻaho, at Auckland City Hospital in Auckland.

His third child and second daughter, Princess Nanasipauʻu Eliana, was born on 20 March 2018 at the Auckland City Hospital in New Zealand.

His fourth child and third daughter, Princess Salote Mafileʻo Pilolevu, was born on 25 February 2021 at Calvary Public Hospital Bruce in Canberra.

National

 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of Pouono
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Queen Salote Tupou III
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Tonga
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga: Recipient of the King Tupou VI Coronation Medal

Dynastic

 * Royal House of Two Sicilies: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I

title: Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala


text:
一直

Adverb

 * 1) straight; straight ahead
 * 2) all along; always; constantly; long; the entire time
 * 1) all along; always; constantly; long; the entire time

title: 一直


text:
Talk:Shub-Niggurath

Quake
Really? No quake reference? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:29, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shub-Niggurath


text:
User:Forclassaccount/sandbox

Alice Walker

Womanism,Black feminism, Africana womanism,The Color Purple (novel),The Color Purple (film),The Third Life of Grange Copeland,The Temple of My Familiar, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens,Clenora Hudson-Weems

Alice Walker is an American writer that is known for her contribution to African American stories that speak to the importance of Womanism and Black Feminism. Walker has written several novels and her contributions have served as inspirations for present day writing as well as theatre and higher education influences. Alice Walker`s literary works are revered around the world. Her books have shared the unclaimed stories of generations of Black women. Walker`s most famously known for her book The Color Purple and the cultural significance that it has held. Walker is also known and awarded for writing about African American stories that speak to the triumphs and hardships of the African American experience.

Womanism

Walker is credited for creating womanism, and used the term in a short story called "Coming Apart" in 1979. Womanism is the social construct that categorizes women of color who are feminist and acknowledge the unique position of Black Women`s experiences. Alice Walker is well known for the quote "Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender." Walker`s literary works exude womanist views as the main characters in her books are Black Women that navigate American culture through racist and sexist constructs.

Katie Geneva Cannon`s "Black Womanist Ethics" (1988) describes an evolving view of Womanism. Cannon describes womanism as a system that configures around rejection and circumstance that is not closed and fixed to only highlight past problems, but includes problems of the present and future. Cannon believes that Womanism is dedicated to addressing oppression and social justice.

Black Feminism and Africana Womanism

Black feminism and Africana womanism is relevant to Alice Walker`s creation of Womanism. Similar to Womanism, these terms are used to articulate the gap that is in place through feminism and addresses concerns of Black Women that may be overshadowed in more general spaces. In Patricia Hill Collins` "What`s In A Name? Womanism, Black Feminism and Beyond" she writes on the debate of whether the Black Woman`s point of view should be called Womanism or Black Feminism. Collins lists the four meanings of Womanist that Alice Walker initiated in, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens. Walker starts defining Womanism by stating that a womanist is a Black feminist or feminist of color. This section of feminism is purposed to display the sexist and racist struggles that are specific to Black Women.

Africana Womanism was coined by Clenora Hudson-Weems in the 1980s. This specific type of Womanism related to women specifically from the African diaspora and the specific struggles that accompany that identity.

Womanist centered Books/Novels

Alice Walker is well known for her book The Color Purple but her other literary works deserve the same acclaim and she has been well recognized for providing literature that speaks to the life stories of so many American Black Women.

 * The Third Life of Grange Copeland                                                 https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/The-Third-Life-of-Grange-Copeland/9780156028363
 * Meridian                                                       https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/meridian/9780156028349
 * The Temple of My Familiar                                                               https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/the-temple-of-my-familiar/9780547480008
 * Possessing the Secret of Joy                                        https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/possessing-the-secret-of-joy/9780151731527

Plays/Theatre

The Color Purple (musical)

Movies

The Color Purple (film)

title: User:Forclassaccount/sandbox


text:
Talk:K. C. Irving

Criticism
"however, their tremendous wealth holds sway over politicians of all stripes, federally and provincially." While I'm sure this statement is likely true, it is a very serious accusation, as such practices are prohibited by Canadian law. Unless a source can be given for this statement, it should probably be removed. Sandwiches99 04:14, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Are writers on here threatened by that mentioned family? Having the ownership of the media in their state, this is dangerously close to a conglomerate of private interests and politics which is the opposite of a democratic and republican governing of a state. Writers should feel free to think about a level of corruption and do some research there. Truth always finds its way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:40, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Alternately, of course, we could just produce a neutral, well-researched, balanced, and thoroughly-cited encyclopaedia entry on the Irvings and leave the editorializing for discussion boards elsewhere. Your call. Geoff NoNick (talk) 16:47, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

 * They are made to seem so dark, evil, secretive and up to no good. Why hasn't anybody written up on the decent things they have done? More about work provided? Efforts to replenish trees, clean water, produce cleaner air? As any producer out there, they aren't perfect, but they aren't as ominous as they are made to sound on here. (SaintJohner - July 15, 2009)

 * The Hells Angels do good from time to time, too, for it improves their positive reputation. Sure, a certain Austrian with an exotic moustache gave a lot of work to the Germans when he came into power, too. Positive, agreed. To find the truth is no bedeveling. Why not write about press censorship, environmental destruction, blacklisting and other 'things' which would be called something very different by independent judges and politicians if it was not in N.B.? Little to be found in local media as people lose their jobs if they oppose The Mighty I. But Canada is not Russia yet, so free speech as well as fundamental background info must be published. Unless Wikipedia lets itself be converted into a mouthpiece of a company. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:05, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

 * There is a book available titled: Twenty-First Century Irvings, by Harvey Sawler 2007, The book mentions a 2001 CBC Documentary titled: Unlocking the Mystery, The Irvings as You've Never Seen Them Before, just thought I'd mention it if anyone wanted to know the real story on the Irvings and do a nice write up here. Wild Heart of Kent (talk) 11:46, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

Need Irving Oil article there is one
The above discussion is for Irving Oil, not K. C. Irving--two totally different things as far as WP is concerned. Irving Oil's effect on NB and Maine, and now much of New England is worth looking at, but not in a posthumous biography.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:40, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Background parents etc
No info given in the article about the parents and farther ancestors of K.C.I.? Other industrialists' families are way more extensely covered than this one. Contrary to the majority of the old population of New Brunswick, they do not stem from Loyalists. This family's immigrant ancestors came from the West March area of the border region between Scotland and England.

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title: Talk:K. C. Irving


text:
1919–20 Michigan College of Mines Huskies men's ice hockey season

The 1919–20 Michigan College of Mines Huskies men's ice hockey season was the inaugural season of play for the program.

Season
After World War I college hockey began to expand west from its heartland in New England. Michigan College of Mines was one of two schools in the midwest to begin play in the 1919–20 season (the other being Notre Dame). Due to the lack of collegiate opponents, MCM didn't play any other colleges during their first season, nor did they play any home games as the school did not own or lease any of the local rinks.

Schedule and Results
!colspan=12 style=";" | Regular Season


text:
Talk:Mother Earth News

Controversy over the sale and lifetime subscriptions
Hmmm. It's interesting to note the other issues that occurred after the Shuttleworths divested themselves of the Magazine. The "bankruptcy" engineered by the new owners, probably to divest THEMselves of the obligations to several thousand of "Mother's Lifers" who forked up a significant wad of cash each to become lifetime subscribers. The new owners simply left them by the wayside, denying any responsibility to them.

The TMEN article doesn't address any of the controversies surrounding this event. Perhaps they should ask employees of BackHome Magazine...
 * If you've got more info, please post it. But keep in mind that supposition is unwelcome and a neutral point of view is required. -- Kickstart70 · Talk 18:09, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Shuttleworth Sale Inconsistencies
How do we reconcile the "facts" here, when two successive paragraphs (near article's end) have sentences reading:

Paragraph A: "In 1979 editor Bruce Woods and two other employees bought the magazine from the Shuttleworths."

Paragraph B: "The magazine declined, somewhat, with the declining popularity of the back to the land movement in the early 1980s. The Shuttleworths eventually sold the magazine to a major publisher in the mid-1980s, who redesigned the magazine with a much slicker image and repositioned..."

1979 or early 1980s? Sold to editors or sold to a major publisher?

 * Because the above was never resolved (and it's doubtful that the Shuttleworths sold the magazine twice), the last paragraph has been rewritten to reflect the probable facts. Anybody knowing the story better can alter the article again.  But simple reversion wouldn't be a smart idea, as the above should be dealt with.

Seems to Use Loaded Terms
Approaching environmental problems from a down-to-earth, practical, how-to standpoint, Mother Earth News has, since the magazine’s founding in 1970, been a pioneer in the promotion of renewable energy, recycling, family farms, saner agricultural practices, better eating habits, medical self-care, more meaningful education, affordable housing, and, in the process, offered a platform for some of the most far-thinking minds of the day.

To me, this article seems to use loaded words and terms.

 * I think "down-to-earth, practical" and "better eating habits" are pretty neutral, but agree that the other phrases you put in boldface could be changed. The passage reads almost like a press release from the magazine, in which case it might be best to find something like that and quote it. PoetrixViridis 00:49, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In a related vein, the paragraph referring to the Plowboy interview is a non sequitur; it doesn't seem to have anything to do with the paragraphs around it and reads more like a quotation from the back cover of a book. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:43, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

When was the "The" dropped?
The original title was "The Mother Earth News", the current title is just "Mother Earth News". When was the word "The" dropped from the title? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)

Whatever happened to Jack Vaughan?
In the late 70's and early 80's, Jack Vaughan drew small cartoons that were scattered throughout the pages of TMEN (in a manner similar to the small cartoons sprinkled around the pages of "MAD") and for many issues did a full color page called "The Weird Humor of Jack Vaughan".

When was he born? How many full color pages did he do for TMEN? Has he done any other work? Is he still alive? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)
 * Unsure, 'twas before my time reading MEN, but they sell a compilation. -- Kickstart70 - T - C 20:01, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Jack Vaughan continued to draw his cartoon page for BackHome Magazine and only stopped a few years ago. He still illustrates Geoff Taylor articles for GreenPrints (a gardening magazine based in Fairview, N.C.). John Shuttleworth is the one that came up with the name "The Weird Humor of Jack Vaughan" and it drove Jack crazy. His cartoons in BackHome all had different names. He does not remember how many he drew for either magazine. BillySedan (talk) 01:28, 11 July 2012 (UTC) BillySedan

 * I found a site with all the Jack Vaughan pages. First one was in the November/December 1977 issue. Last one was in the May/June 1986 issue. One more page was printed in the July/August 1986 issue (number 100) but it was a compilation of panels from previous pages except for one depicting a stewed (drunk) tomato. Bizzybody (talk) 09:22, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

Missing info on changes in MEN's earlier decades
If anyone knows more about how this magazine grew from a no-frills, $1500-budget operation produced out of the Shuttleworths' home to a massive, organized enterprise offering summer seminars to 20,000 (!) people and a national radio show, please offer the details. PoetrixViridis 00:49, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Mother Earth News


text:
Alidou

Alidou is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

 * Hassana Alidou (born 1963), Nigerien diplomat
 * Ousseina Alidou (born 1963), Nigerien academic, twin sister of Hassana
 * Alidou Badini, Burkinabé film director
 * Alidou Barkire (born 1925), Nigerien politician

title: Alidou


text:
Talk:Don Randall (politician)

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title: Talk:Don Randall (politician)


text:
User:Joakim godson

My name is Joakim Godson i am a student at Tanzania, I am a form four student.I am very glad to have an account in WIKIPIDEA.

title: User:Joakim godson


text:
life of its own

Noun

 * 1)  An independent existence with some characteristics of life.

Usage notes

 * Not to be confused with.

title: life of its own


text:
Jeff Clements

Jeff Clements (born 1962) is an American attorney, author, and the co-founder and CEO of American Promise. He is the author of Corporations Are Not People: Reclaiming Democracy From Big Money And Global Corporations. Since 2010, he has been one of the chief advocates for a 28th Amendment to overturn Citizens United v. FEC and allow the U.S. Congress and states to set reasonable limits on campaign spending in U.S. Elections.

Early life and education
Clements majored in Government at Colby College, graduating in 1984, he obtained his J.D. from Cornell Law School in 1988, graduating Magna Cum Laude.

Legal career
Hired by Massachusetts Attorney General Scott Harshbarger in 1996, Clements served as Assistant Attorney General of Massachusetts from 1996 to 2000 where he worked on Investigations and enforcement of deceptive trade practices, antitrust, and consumer protection laws. Starting in 2006, Clements served as the Assistant Attorney General and Chief of the Public Protection Bureau in Massachusetts. In private practice, Jeff has been a partner at Mintz Levin in Boston, and in his own firm.

Advocacy work
In 2009, as a private attorney, Clements represented several public interest organizations with a U.S. Supreme Court amicus brief in the Citizens United case. Clements argued: "[w]hether or not the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United explicitly addresses 'corporate rights' under the Constitution, a holding that overrules Austin and McConnell would rest on the remarkable - and erroneous - assumption that the Constitution provides corporations with First Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment rights equivalent to those of people for purposes of political expenditures."

Following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Citizens United v. FEC, Clements and John Bonifaz founded Free Speech For People in 2010 to advocate for a 28th Amendment to overturn the Courts controversial 5–4 ruling.

In 2012, Jeff co-founded Whaleback Partners LLC, provides accessible start-up funding for farmers and businesses engaged in local, sustainable agriculture.

In 2016, Clements founded American Promise to accelerate the movement to win a 28th amendment by building cross partisan, grassroots infrastructure across the United States.

title: Jeff Clements


text:
Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics and computational biology involve the use of techniques including applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, chemistry and biochemistry to solve biological problems usually on the molecular level. Research in computational biology often overlaps with systems biology. Major research efforts in the field include sequence alignment, gene finding, genome assembly, protein structure alignment, protein structure prediction, prediction of gene expression and protein-protein interactions, and the modeling of evolution.

The terms bioinformatics and computational biology are often used interchangeably. However bioinformatics more properly refers to the creation and advancement of algorithms, computational and statistical techniques, and theory to solve formal and practical problems posed by or inspired from the management and analysis of biological data. Computational biology, on the other hand, refers to hypothesis-driven investigation of a specific biological problem using computers, carried out with experimental and simulated data, with the primary goal of discovery and the advancement of biological knowledge. A similar distinction is made by National Institutes of Health in their working definitions of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, where it is further emphasized that there is a tight coupling of developments and knowledge between the more hypothesis-driven research in computational biology and technique-driven research in bioinformatics. Computational biology also includes lesser known but equally important subdisciplines such as computational biochemistry and computational biophysics.

A common thread in projects in bioinformatics and computational biology is the use of mathematical tools to extract useful information from data produced by high-throughput biological techniques such as genome sequencing. A representative problem in bioinformatics is the assembly of high-quality genome sequences from fragmentary "shotgun" DNA sequencing. Other common problems include the study of gene regulation using data from microarrays or mass spectrometry.

Prerequisite
To understand Bioinformatics it is necessary to know basic computer operation and  Molecular Biology. For advanced study it may be necessary to know some Mathematics, Computer Administration, and Computer Programming

Learning materials and learning projects

 * How to access the genome databases

Sequence alignment exercises

 * Dot-matrix_methods

Reference

 * Bioinformatics

Scientific Journals
Journals found at Directory of Open Access Journals

Open Access Bioinformatics Online Courses

 * EMBL-EBI Train Online e-learning Portal
 * SIB online courses
 * NCBI tutorials

Open Access Journals

 * EURASIP Journal on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology
 * Advances in Bioinformatics
 * BMC Bioinformatics
 * Advances and Applications in Bioinformatics and Chemistry
 * Evolutionary Bioinformatics
 * In Silico Biology
 * International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics
 * International Journal of Integrative Biology
 * Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics
 * The Open Bioinformatics Journal
 * Proteome Science
 * Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling
 * Türk Biyokimya Dergisi (Turkish Journal of Biochemistry)

Hybrid Access Journals

 * Bioinformatics

title: Bioinformatics


text:
Template:Construct

''This Wikiversity page is under construction. If you see a Red link, turn it into a Blue link. If you see something that needs Translation, translate it. If you don't agree with something or have a question, simply go to : with your concerns. This is a wiki!''

title: Template:Construct


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Cruel Summer (GOOD Music album)

 * Keep*- This is useful information and there is no reason it needs to be deleted. I personally use this page all of the time. Don't remove it!
 * I have moved this to the Project Page. Callanecc (talk • contribs) talkback (etc) template appreciated. 01:58, 13 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Meshkanlu

Meshkanlu (, also Romanized as Meshḵānlū; also known as Kalāteh-ye Mollā Moḩammad Qolī, Kalāteh Mollā Mohammad Alī, Kalāteh-ye Mollā Moḩammad ‘Alī, Kalāteh-ye Mollā Moḩammad Qoli, Meshkallū, and Kalāteh-ye Mollā Qoli) is a village in Dughayi Rural District, in the Central District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 298, in 98 families.

title: Meshkanlu