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Compiler Construction/Glossary

Glossary
The glossary is intended to provide definitions of words or phrases which relate particularly to compiling, not to provide definitions of general computing jargon, for which a reference to Wikipedia may be more appropriate.

If the word or phrase you want is not here:
 * 1) Try looking it up on Wikipedia.
 * 2) Try searching the World Wide Web using Google or similar.

If you find the word or phrase, consider adding it to this glossary with explanation and/or references.

If you don't find the word or phrase, or can't understand what you did find, add the word or phrase itself to this glossary without an explanation, and leave it for someone else to explain.

When adding an item
When adding a word or phrase, please keep things more or less in alphabetical order to make it easier for others to find things.

The following guidelines will keep this glossary consistent (just follow the same style as some existing entry):
 * The key word or phrase should be:
 * preceded by a blank line,
 * in bold,
 * on a line by itself.
 * The actual definition/description should be indented.
 * Any cross-references to other items in this glossary should be in italic.
 * The alphabetical splits can be refined as required to try and keep the number of entries in each section below about 20.

Wikipedia

 * Addressing mode
 * Algol 60
 * Assembly/Assembler language
 * Tiny BASIC language
 * BASIC
 * BNF: Backus-Naur Form
 * Bootstrapping
 * C
 * C++
 * Chomsky
 * Chomsky hierarchy
 * Compilers
 * Computer architecture
 * CPU design
 * EBNF: Extended BNF
 * FORTRAN
 * High-level language
 * Low-level language
 * Interpreters
 * Pascal
 * PL/0 - Wirth's Toy/Example Compiler from A+DS=P
 * PL/1
 * Recursion
 * Side effect
 * Ada

A to I
checking for meaning
 * This is an alternative phrase for semantic analysis.

comment
 * Part of a source program which is intended for a human reader and which is ignored by the compiler. As a minimum, all variables and all routines should have explanatory comments.  A comment may attempt to explain nearby code, but problems ensue if the code is updated and the comment is not. Ideally, comments should tell WHAT code does, not HOW; the code should be self-explanatory.

compilation
 * The act of translation performed by a compiler.

compiler
 * A computer program that translates a computer program written in one computer language (called the source language) into an equivalent program written in another computer language (called the target language).

compile-time
 * The period during which a program is being compiled, as distinct from run-time when a program is actually running. Certain errors can be detected at compile-time (e.g. misspelt identifier) while other errors may not be detectable until run-time (e.g. division by 0).

 GNU
 * A recursive acronym "GNU's Not Unix". Independently written Unix lookalike, which can be combined with Linux kernel to produce GNU/Linux - a useful free operating system.

GPL
 * GNU General Public Licence. Much copyrighted free software, including GNU/Linux, is available under this licence. The general intention is to ensure that such software remains freely available for anyone to use and/or modify.

identifier
 * A name used in a program. Normally some (possibly unpronouncable) combination of letters and digits which starts with a letter.  Some programming languages may allow other characters such as underline '_' or hash '#'.  Identifiers may be defined by the programmer or they may be pre-defined by the language (e.g. 'sqrt' is often a pre-defined identifier for referring to a 'square-root' function).  Older programming languages used to limit identifiers to a maximum of 6 characters - the resulting abbreviations tended to make programs more difficult to understand.  Many programming languages allow identifiers of almost any length, though some may only take the first 32 characters into account.  There are two main styles of writing long identifiers: either  now_for_some_long_name  or  NowForSomeLongName.

implementation language
 * This is the programming language in which the compiler or interpreter is written. It might be the same as either the source language or the target language.

intermediate language
 * Some moderately low-level language used as an interface between the front-end and the back-end of a compiler.

interpreter
 * A computer program which examines a computer program written in some source language and carries out the actions required by that program more or less directly, without translating it into some other language. May well be slower than a compiled program, especially if there is a lot of calculation.

J to R
just-in-time compilation
 * A cross between a compiler and an interpreter. The source language is parsed in real-time and translated to machine language which is run immediately. The underlying machine runs the code whereas with an interpreter, it does the work itself.

keyword
 * Many programming languages reserve some identifiers as keywords for use when indicating the structure of a program, e.g. if is often used to indicate some conditional code. Languages such as Pascal/C/C++ have around 50 reserved keywords, Fortran doesn't have any, COBOL has around 300.

lexical analysis
 * This is an alternative name for scanning or tokenisation. The function of lexical analysis is to scan the source program (a sequence of characters arranged on lines) and convert it to a sequence of valid tokens.  Any comments are usually removed at this stage as well.  Syntax analysis is responsible for checking that it is a valid sequence.

machine language
 * This is the lowest level language. It consists of just binary digits. It was only ever used when computers were first invented to create the first compilers.

parsing
 * This is an alternative name for syntax analysis.

pass
 * The number of times that the source text has to be scanned or rescanned in order to compile the program. Due to limited main memory, some early compilers had a large number of passes (about 60).

pragma
 * This is sometimes referred to as a significant comment. The intention is that of passing directives to the compiler or the preprocessor at various points in the source program.  Such directives might indicate whether speed or space is more important, or if certain checks should be suppressed, or if a particular routine is to be timed, etc.

preprocessor
 * A program that takes text and performs lexical conversions on it. The conversions may include macro substitution, conditional inclusion, and inclusion of other files. This can be used to write platform-independent code by excluding source files that are not necessary on certain platforms without changing the build instructions.

reserved word
 * This is an alternative phrase for keyword.

run-time
 * The period when a program is running/being executed/doing some hopefully useful work, as distinct from compile-time when the program is being translated.

S to Z
scanning
 * This is an alternative word for lexical analysis or tokenisation.

semantic analysis
 * The function of semantic analysis is to check that the source program is meaningful. Note that a program can have a valid meaning and still be incorrect if it doesn't do what was really intended.

source language
 * The language accepted as input by a compiler, and translated/compiled into a target language. It is normally a high-level language, written using some mixture of English words and mathematical notation.

syntax analysis
 * This is an alternative name for parsing. The function of syntax analysis is to check that the source program is grammatically correct, i.e. that we have a valid sequence of tokens.  Checking that the source program actually means something is the job of semantic analysis.

target language
 * The language in which the output of a compiler is written. It is normally a low-level language such as assembler, written with somewhat cryptic abbreviations for machine instructions, but may instead be machine code for some actual or virtual computer.

token
 * A fundamental symbol as processed by syntax analysis. A token may be an identifier 'Result', a reserved keyword if, a compound symbol '<=', or a single character '+'.

tokenisation
 * This is an alternative word for lexical analysis or scanning. It means 'conversion to tokens'.

title: Compiler Construction/Glossary


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User:Artur

Hi! I'm Artur and I live in São Paulo, Brazil.

 * Wiktionary:Requested articles:Portuguese
 * Quotations
 * User:Artur/IPA
 * Category:Portuguese inflection templates

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Artur


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Australian Vocational Education and Training/ICAS3034A Determine and action network problems

From the official document:
 * "This unit defines the competency required to document network-related problems, determine the resources required, solve the client problem or escalate the problem to a new support level."

Basically, that means ... (translate above into plain english)

You can read more about this unit on the National Training Information Systems Official document for ICAS3034A.

Prerequisite units The following units are prerequisite for this competency:

 * ICAS3024A Provide basic system administration
 * ICAT3025A Run standard diagnostic tests

This unit is part of the following qualifications:
 * Cert III Applications Qualification in Australia

How this unit will help you
After learning and applying the skills required by this unit you'll be able to demonstrate your skills in:

 * translate the above elements and performance criteria into plain english and summarise here...

Ideas for learning the required skills
...

Ideas for demonstrating this unit
The best way to demonstrate these skills is ...

Grading
If you are demonstrating this unit as part of a formal course, you might find that the unit is graded (meaning you can not only demonstrate your competence, but can also gain a credit or distinction). Your facilitator may already have set criteria that your college uses. If not, here are some ideas for possible credit/distinction activities that you can discuss with your facilitator:


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Portal:Learning Materials/Learning Materials topics

 * Learning materials - general discussion of Wikiversity learning materials.
 * Portal:Learning Projects - other types of learning projects
 * List of websites at the Wikibooks "Blended Learning" textbook.
 * Research collaboration
 * Learning resources
 * TESOL Materials


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Talk:Chipmunks in Low Places

I nominate this for deletion from the Discography section of the entry The Chipmunks, because despite having sung the lead vocals on this album, it isn‘t a true Chipmunks album. It also takes place entirely in the reality of the show Alvin and the Chipmunks... Sk'py Skwrrrl, March 24, 2006, 03:46 UTC

Fair use rationale for Image:Chipmunks in Low Places (cover).jpg
Image:Chipmunks in Low Places (cover).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:19, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chipmunks in Low Places


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Lucha Underground Trios Championship

{{Infobox pro wrestling championship }} The Lucha Underground Trios Championship was a professional wrestling world tag team championship promoted by Lucha Underground. In contrast to usual tag team championships for two wrestlers, it is exclusively for three-man tag teams, also known as trios in Lucha libre. The titles were announced by the storyline owner of Lucha Underground, Dario Cueto on a show that aired on January 25, 2015, followed by a trios tournament that played out over several episodes of Lucha Underground. The final champions were The Reptile Tribe (Kobra Moon, Daga & Jeremiah Snake).
 * name = Lucha Underground Trios Championship
 * image = Lucha Underground Trios Championship.png
 * caption = One of three identical belts that symbolize the championship
 * currentholder =
 * won =
 * aired =
 * promotion = Lucha Underground
 * created = February 8, 2015
 * retired =March 19, 2018
 * firstchamp = Angélico, Ivelisse & Son of Havoc
 * mostreigns = Angélico, Ivelisse & Son of Havoc – Team (2 reigns) Son of Havoc – individual (3 reigns)
 * longestreign = Killshot, The Mack & Son of Havoc (608 days)
 * shortestreign= Dragon Azteca Jr., Prince Puma & Rey Mysterio (7 days)
 * oldest = Rey Mysterio (41 years)
 * youngest = Fenix (25 years)
 * heaviest =Dante Fox, Killshot & Willie Mack ({{convert|656|lb|abbr=on}}})
 * lightest = Angélico, Ivelisse & Son of Havoc (406 lb)

As it was a professional wrestling championship, the championship was not won not by actual competition, but by a scripted ending to a match determined by the bookers and match makers. On occasion the promotion declares a championship vacant, which means there is no champion then. This can either be due to a storyline, or real-life issues such as a champion suffering an injury being unable to defend the championship, or leaving the company.

History
During Season 1's episode 20 ("The Art of War") storyline owner Dario Cueto announced that he was honoring the lucha libre tradition of the Trios teams as he introduced the Lucha Underground Trios Championship and announced that the Trios title tournament would start on the following show. On Episode 21 ("Uno! Dos! Tres!") the team of Big Ryck, Killshot & Willie Mack defeated the team of Pentagón Jr., Sexy Star & Super Fly. The following week the dysfunctional team of Angélico, Ivelisse & Son of Havoc defeated Aero Star, Drago & Fénix to earn a spot in the finals. In the third week (S1E23 "Fire in the Cosmos") of the tournament Dario Cueto hand-picked the team of King Cuerno, Cage & El Texano Jr. defeated Lucha Underground Champion Prince Puma, Johnny Mundo & Hernandez to earn the third and final spot in the finals. Episode 24, named "Trios Champions" was dedicated almost exclusively to the finals of the Trios tournament. Angélico, Ivelisse & Son of Havoc won the three-way match, which was believed to be the finals. After the match was over Dario Cueto announced that it was only the semi-finals and that the winners had to face "The Crew" (Bael, Mr. Cisco & Cortez Castro) for the championship. The dysfunctional, yet popular team of Angélico, Ivelisse & Son of Havoc won the match, becoming the first holders of the Trios Championship. On the May 24, 2015 episode of Lucha Underground (Episode 28 Shoots and Ladders) the champions were forced to defend the Trios championship against the Crew despite Ivelisse being injured and in a cast. The match was a Ladder match and ended with Ivelisse climbing the ladder despite her injury to claim the belts and a successful title defense. On Episode 30 ("Submit to the Master") the champions had another successful title defense, defeating the team of Big Ryck, Cage & Delavar Daivari. Angélico, Ivelisse & Son of Havoc lost the Trios championship to The Disciples of Death (Barrio Negro, El Sinestro de la Muerte & Trece) as part of the end of the season Ultima Lucha special event. The show was taped on April 19, 2015, and aired for the first time on July 29, 2015.

title: Lucha Underground Trios Championship


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User:TeaPartyWV/sandbox

Dale Anderson II was a former Liberty Candidates endorsed Republican for Mayor of Huntington, WV. Mr. Anderson is on Board of Directors at the Huntington Tea Party and maintains the office of Chief Operating Officer (COO). In 2011, he served at President & CEO. Dale maybe planning a 2014 bid for the State House of Delegates.

Dale is a devout Reformed Baptist and holds to the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith.

title: User:TeaPartyWV/sandbox


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Smith, Bell and Company House

Smith, Bell and Company House (Filipino: Bahay-Kalakal ng Smith, Bell & Co.) or the Angela Manalang Gloria Ancestral House is a Spanish-era structure is in Tabaco, Albay, Philippines. It one of the national cultural heritage of the country, and the biggest ancestral house in the city of Tabaco.

The structure made of stone bonded with mortar and molasses was initially hosted the offices of the Smith, Bell and Company, a trading firm involved in the abaca business which had a history dating back in 1868. In 1965, poet Angela Manalang-Gloria bought the building and made it her residence.

title: Smith, Bell and Company House


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Bahuwara, Bhojpur

Bahuwara is a village in Jagdishpur block of Bhojpur district in Bihar, India. As of 2011, its population was 1,462, in 216 households. It is located southeast of the city of Jagdishpur, on the Chher Nadi stream.

title: Bahuwara, Bhojpur


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Michael Curtis Reynolds

Michael Curtis Reynolds (born April 6, 1958) is an American who was convicted of terrorism-related crimes after a series of December 2005 online discussions with a US judge posing as a militant.

Biography
Described as a transient, Reynolds was living with his mother at the time of his online comments.

A 1976 graduate of North Salem High School in North Salem, New York, he was also arrested on charges of disorderly conduct and breach of the peace. He was also named on legal documents related to tax liens against him, and outstanding debts he owed.

He was convicted of trying to blow up his family's Purdys, New York, home in 1978. He was given a conditional discharge after pleading guilty to a misdemeanor charge of fourth-degree attempted arson.

In 1982 he married Tammy Danise, and the couple had three children together. They later divorced, and the children went into their mother's custody. His father-in-law described him as a "John Wayne-wannabe"

Conspiracy
Reynolds discussed his wishes to bomb US-based oil pipelines with online acquaintances in October 2005, including in the Yahoo! chat room entitled OBLcrew, where he posted messages stating "It is true America has overstepped its bounds in invading Iraq. Those serious enough to do something about it should e-mail... . Contact soon... . We both want something, let's talk." on October 25, and repeating his plea the following day with "Still awaiting someone serious about contact. Would be a pity to lose this idea". At some point between his online discussions in October, and his arrest in December, Reynolds moved to Pocatello, Idaho, and found work with American Microsystems.

After becoming unemployed again, Reynolds was arrested in December 2005, after arranging to meet an online acquaintance, secretly FBI informant and controversial vigilante online-terrorist-hunter Shannen Rossmiller, who had promised him $40,000 to help him purchase fuel trucks to help destroy targets. At the time, he had been living in Room 205 at the Thunderbird Motel, and his net worth was only $24.85.

Reynolds has since claimed that he was running an independent sting operation, hoping to expose terrorist cells working within the United States. He sent a letter to a local newspaper stating that version of events.

Legal proceedings
Reynolds was formally charged with a firearms offence for possessing a hand grenade, though a sealed statement from the FBI also stated that he intended to blow up multiple pipelines in the United States in a bid to help further terrorist causes.

His case made further headlines when the Department of Justice subpoenaed both Reynolds and Microsoft Corporation for access to view his Hotmail eMail account, which revealed him discussing the need to leave the country after his attacks, and that he could be sentenced to death for treason.

In February 2006, unnamed judicial officials said that it was likely Reynolds was not, in fact, a terrorist, and likely suffered mental illness.

Applications for release on bail, acquittal and for the firearms charge to be dismissed, were all denied.

On October 2, 2006, Reynolds was additionally charged with "providing assistance to Al-Qaeda", in addition to "seeking to destroy property used in interstate or foreign commerce".

He waived any dispute to extradition and was extradited to Lackawanna County Prison in Scranton, Pennsylvania, where he was incarcerated pending trial, which began July 9, 2007. The judge, having been informed that Reynolds had been held without contact with his mother or any means of financial aid, suggested that the state government might afford the cost to purchase him a suit of clothing for the trial.

Reynolds had initially been assigned a public defender but had a dispute with her, and hired Joseph A. O'Brien as his attorney, before announcing he would represent himself and relegated O'Brien to the position of "advisor". Despite initial rejections from the judge who did not believe Reynolds to be mentally competent to defend himself, the petition was eventually granted

On July 13, 2007, he was convicted of plotting to blow up energy installations, attempting to enlist help on the internet, and possessing a hand grenade, and sentenced to 30 years in prison. He is now at FCI Greenville with BOP# 10671-023.

Referenced targets

 * Williams Natural Gas refinery in Opal, Wyoming
 * Transcontinental natural gas pipeline that runs from the Gulf Coast to New York
 * Standard Oil refinery in Perth Amboy, New Jersey

title: Michael Curtis Reynolds


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Talk:List of snowmobile trails in New York

Further development
I would suggest, at a minimum, that before this is moved back to the mainspace that interested editors flesh out full descriptions of the various types of trails and try to fill in the tables with a full list of the numbers. We can wait to fill in lengths and other details, but at a minimum, there should be a nearly complete listing of the numbers.  Imzadi 1979  →   02:28, 22 September 2017 (UTC)


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Sher (dance)

A sher or sherele is a dance and musical form in Eastern European Jewish folk music, notably Klezmer music. The words mean "scissors" / "little scissors" respectively. Therefore sometimes it is called the scissors dance or little scissors dance.

The sher is a set dance in 4/4 march-like tempo. The set is made up of four couples in a square formation, similar to a quadrille or square dance formation. There are many figures used, such as couples advancing, retiring, changing places, couples visiting, circling, threading the needle, etc. The "sher" figure involves two opposite men advancing towards each other and then crossing past each other turning as they pass. The name of the dance may come from the sher figure that is thought to imitate the cutting action of scissors.

Michael Alpert of the klezmer band Brave Old World has written the following description of the dance: "The sher (also called sherele) is one of the most popular and widespread East European Jewish figure dances. Dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it is similar to the American square dance, the Russian kadril [quadrille] and other urban and rural figure dances originating in northern and central Europe of the past 150 years. Calling for individual, couple and group participation, the sher functions as one of the richest venues for both social interaction and individual expression in the East European Jewish dance repertoire." (from "Sher #1 (Pessl's Sher)," Unpublished article provided in support of a presentation made by Michael Alpert in Kradow, 1994.)

title: Sher (dance)


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Purpleville, Ontario

Purpleville is a hamlet located south of the intersection of Pine Valley Drive and Teston Road, in the city of Vaughan, in Ontario, Canada. In 2017 the city approved a subdivision on the site of this hamlet. The historic hamlet of Purpleville is located at the intersection of Pine Valley Drive and Teston Road. There are two cemeteries and several single detached dwellings that exist on the subject lands that will either be moved or demolished.

Almost unrecognizable because of its small size, the only remnants of Purpleville are at Hadwin Chapel and Pioneer Cemetery with a small historical plaque, and a cemetery containing the very few settlers that lived there.

As with other hamlets in Ontario, its growing surroundings has led to its incorporation into the larger city of Vaughan.

title: Purpleville, Ontario


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User:Joeltheguywiththepinkmohawk

Yesterday is history, Tomorrow is a mystery, Today is a gift and that is why it is called the present -Kong Fu Panda

title: User:Joeltheguywiththepinkmohawk


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Constitution of Liechtenstein

The Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein (Verfassung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein) was promulgated on 5 October 1921, replacing the 1862 constitution.

It was granted by Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, and established the rule of partial parliamentary democracy mixed with that of constitutional monarchy, as well as providing for referendums on decisions of the Landtag. It also abolished the three seats in the Landtag appointed by the Prince and lowered the voting age from 24 to 21. The country replaced universal male suffrage with universal suffrage, following a national referendum in 1984.

Background
Following the November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch, which had greatly undermined the 1862 constitution and in combination with the economic devastation created from World War I, it had created a large and significant basis of support for constitutional revision in the country. Primarily formed around the ideas of Wilhelm Beck, who advocated for the expansion of welfare, broader voting rights and a Liechtensteiner head of state.

This would begin a period of the next three years where both the Progressive Citizens' Party and Christian-Social People's Party worked together in creating a new constitution based on a constitutional monarchy, much of which was loosely based on the Swiss Federal Constitution. The drafting process included prominent politicians such as Wilhelm Beck, Josef Ospelt and Josef Peer. The constitution was signed into law by Prince Karl Aloys on behalf of Johann II and Josef Ospelt as a government representative on 5 October 1921.

Chapters
The constitution has twelve chapters:

 * Chapter I. The Principality
 * Chapter II. The Reigning Prince
 * Chapter III. Responsibilities of the State
 * Chapter IV. General Rights and Obligations of Liechtenstein Citizens
 * Chapter V. The Parliament
 * Chapter VI. The National Committee
 * Chapter VII. The Government
 * Chapter VIII. The Courts
 * A. General Provisions
 * B. The Ordinary Courts
 * C. The Administrative Court
 * D. The Constitutional Court
 * Chapter IX. Administrative Bodies and Civil Servants
 * Chapter X. The Municipalities
 * Chapter XI. Constitutional Amendments and Interpretation
 * Chapter XII. Final Clauses

Amendments
The constitution has been amended several times, including:
 * 1939: Article 49, paragraph 4 inserted (allowing substitutions for Landtag members unable to attend), article 53 amended
 * 1947: Article 48, paragraphs 2 and 3 and Article 64 paragraphs 2 and 4 amended
 * 1958: Article 47, paragraph 1 and Article 59 amended.
 * 1972: Article 16, paragraphs 6 and 7 annulled. Article 17, paragraph 1 amended.
 * 1973: Article 46, paragraph 3 inserted setting the electoral threshold at 8%. Approved by referendum.
 * 1982: Article 61 amended
 * 1984: Article 48 paragraphs 2 and 3 and Article 64 paragraphs 2 and 4 amended.
 * 1988: Article 46, paragraph 1 amended to increase number of Landtag members from 15 to 25. Approved by referendum.
 * 1989: Article 52, paragraph 2 annulled. Article 63b is inserted.
 * 1992: Article 31, paragraph 2 and 3 amended.
 * 1994: Article 46, paragraph 2 amended and corrected.
 * 1997: Article 46, paragraph 4 amended, paragraph 5 inserted, article 47 paragraph 2 annulled. Article 63ter inserted.
 * 2000: Article 29, paragraph 2 on citizenship amended. Approved by referendum.
 * 2003: Articles 1, 3, 4, 7 (paragraph 2), 10, 11, 13, 13bis, 13ter, 51, 62f, 62g, 63 (paragraphs 1 and 2) all amended. Article 62h inserted. Article 63, paragraph 3 annulled. Approved by referendum.

title: Constitution of Liechtenstein


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Civil Defence Auxiliary Unit

The Civil Defence Auxiliary Unit (CDAU) is part of the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) consisting of uniformed volunteers.

The volunteering programme in SCDF was first started in 1982 under the National Civil Defence Plan and Volunteer Scheme which provided an avenue through which residents can volunteer their service in civil defence roles within their local community. However, these volunteer residents were not expected to perform duties to the level that of a professional SCDF officer.

In response to the increased threat of terrorism following the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York City, there was a growing need to enhance the civil defence capability of the country. In addition, SCDF realised that in the wake of a crisis such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, Nicoll Highway collapse, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, large scale manpower is required for sustained deployment which will be taxing on its standard regulars. Mobilisation of NS men is not feasible due to impact on economic activity and deemed too heavy a response.

As a result, a new form of volunteer organisation, the Civil Defence Auxiliary Unit, was created to provide an immediate pool of ready personnel. Modelled from the Singapore Police Force’s Volunteer Special Constabulary (VSC) scheme of service, members of the CDAU are given the same status and authority of regular SCDF officers. They are expected to perform frontline operational duties alongside regulars. As volunteers, CDAU officers are paid an allowance instead of wages.

In April 2006, the Civil Defence Auxiliary Unit (CDAU) was officially launched to provide an avenue for the public to volunteer their service with the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF). CDAU comprises volunteers from all walks of life, from professionals to blue-collar executives to even undergraduate, bonded with the same aspiration to serve the nation by complementing the Singapore Civil Defence Force. Donning SCDF uniforms and possessing the same status and powers of SCDF regulars, CDAU officers perform frontline duties alongside regular officers in the areas of fire-fighting & rescue, emergency ambulance service, community involvement, public education. Professionals with the expertise in specialised areas such as Fire Safety, Info-Communications, Chemistry, Life Sciences and Chemical Engineering may enter directly into the Senior Officer scheme.

In late 2010, 3 more CDAU vocations are created which are Enforcement Officer, Heritage Gallery Guide and Search Dog Handler. In future, CDAU Officers may also be participating in national events such as NDP, F1 etc. to supplement the regular force. Since 2015, CDAU firefighters scheme is extended to those without prior fire-fighting experience for both male and female. These fresh volunteers must complete a 16-week non-residential fire-fighting course conducted after office hours at Civil Defence Academy. Upon graduation, these volunteer fire-fighters are awarded the fire badge identical to regulars. The first batch graduated in late 2015 becoming the first volunteer fire-fighters in SCDF history. CDAU celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2016.

Recruitment
Since its inception, the target is to reach a pool of about 500 CDAU Officers within 5 years. SCDF holds periodical recruitment via SCDF web portal to attract new candidates. Applicants must meet certain basic physical and academic requirements or can be former SCDF Servicemen. Basic requirements include: 18 years old & above, secondary education. Singapore citizenship or permanent residency, as well as minimum weight and height requirements. Male recruits must have completed full-time NS. Applicants are offered direct entry into any of the 7 vocations.

 * 1) Fire Fighting & Rescue
 * 2) Emergency Medical Services
 * 3) Public Education & Community Involvement
 * 4) Expertise Group
 * 5) Enforcement Officer
 * 6) Heritage Gallery Guide
 * 7) Search Dog Handler (defunct)
 * 8) Ops Centre Specialist

Training
Depending on the type of service, non-residentical training is conducted at the Civil Defence Academy (CDA) located at Jalan Bahar or at the Division HQ after office hours or weekends. Upon successful completion of training, CDAU officers will be deployed to the respective Division HQ or Fire Stations.

Service & Deployment
CDAU is not an independent unit but placed subordinate to the different line units. Senior Officers (Lieutenant & Above) and Junior Officers (Senior Warrant Officer & Below) serve at least 24 and 16 hours respectively per month. They are required to serve a minimum of 2 hours per duty. Former SCDF regulars and national servicemen are given their last-held rank subject to approval. Those who are not previously served in SCDF will start with the corporal rank. Like the regulars and NS men, CDAU officers are rewarded similarly for their respective IPPT results. CDAU officers are also eligible for commendations and service medals awarded to their regular counterparts. With effect from November 2016, the hourly allowance increase from $3.60 to $4.60 meant to offset out-of-pocket expenses such as transport and food. As a result of the home team unified rank structure and scheme started in July 2016, new CDAU officers will start off as SGT 1 from July 2017 onwards. Most of the existing CDAU officers holding corporal rank will be emplaced to SGT 1 similarly.

CDAU officers can remain active in service as long as he is medically fit, up to the age of 50 for junior officers or 55 for Senior Officers. As CDAU follows SCDF rank structure, auxiliary officers must meet the stringent requirement as their regular counterparts to be eligible for career progression. Similarly to their regular counterpart, CDAUs must clear their annual IPPTs and other mandatory tests required for the respective vocations. Duty in CDAU are not counted as part of reservist liability. CDAU members are also trained in SG Secure initiatives from 2016 onwards.

Attire
Auxiliary officers are issued with either the working or field dress, similar to that of ordinary SCDF officers, to suit their working conditions. Auxiliary officers uses identical equipment with their regular counterparts. Currently, only the difference in epaulette distinguish between ordinary SCDF officers and Auxiliary officers. Auxiliary Officers are allowed to don the respective SCDF decoration identical to their regular counterparts whenever qualified.

From April 2014 onwards, CDAU Officers don the similar epaulette as SCDF Officers. CDAU Officers are distinguish by a badge pinned on the top right breast pocket.

Others
CDAU should not be confused with Community Emergency Response Team (CERTs) as the latter is a non-uniformed organisation under People's Association and is only limited to support in its own community with lesser duty obligation. When the Committee to Strengthen National Service (CSNS) report is released in May 2014, CDAU was mentioned. Following that, CDAU was quoted on several media included Minister of Defence speech in Parliament seating.

In popular culture
Fictional Television programs
 * Fiery Passion (烈焰焚情 Liè Yàn Fén Qíng), 12 February 1992
 * On the Frontline (穿梭生死线 Chuān Suō Shēng Sǐ Xiàn), 2000
 * Life Line, 2005
 * Without Warning 26 October 2006
 * Life Line 2, 15 May 2007
 * Rescue 995, 06 Feb 2012

title: Civil Defence Auxiliary Unit


text:
Template:Year in Siam/doc

Inserts a chronology navigation box on a "Year in Thailand" chronology page.

Usage
Produces the box on the right.

If a year is not specified, then an error message is generated.

title: Template:Year in Siam/doc


text:
Multiplicity of infection

In microbiology, the multiplicity of infection or MOI is the ratio of agents (e.g. phage or more generally virus, bacteria) to infection targets (e.g. cell). For example, when referring to a group of cells inoculated with virus particles, the MOI is the ratio of the number of virus particles to the number of target cells present in a defined space.

Interpretation
The actual number of viruses or bacteria that will enter any given cell is a stochastic process: some cells may absorb more than one infectious agent, while others may not absorb any. Before determining the multiplicity of infection, it's absolutely necessary to have a well-isolated agent, as crude agents may not produce reliable and reproducible results. The probability that a cell will absorb $$n$$ virus particles or bacteria when inoculated with an MOI of $$m$$ can be calculated for a given population using a Poisson distribution. This application of Poisson's distribution was applied and described by Ellis and Delbrück.

 * $$ P(n) = \frac{m^n \cdot e^{-m}}{n!} $$

where $$m$$ is the multiplicity of infection or MOI, $$n$$ is the number of infectious agents that enter the infection target, and $$P(n)$$ is the probability that an infection target (a cell) will get infected by $$n$$ infectious agents.

In fact, the infectivity of the virus or bacteria in question will alter this relationship. One way around this is to use a functional definition of infectious particles rather than a strict count, such as a plaque forming unit for viruses.

For example, when an MOI of 1 (1 infectious viral particle per cell) is used to infect a population of cells, the probability that a cell will not get infected is $$P(0) = 36.79\%$$, and the probability that it be infected by a single particle is $$P(1) = 36.79\%$$, by two particles is $$P(2)=18.39\%$$, by three particles is $$P(3) = 6.13\%$$, and so on.

The average percentage of cells that will become infected as a result of inoculation with a given MOI can be obtained by realizing that it is simply $$P(n>0) = 1 - P(0)$$. Hence, the average fraction of cells that will become infected following an inoculation with an MOI of $$m$$ is given by:

 * $$ P(n>0) = 1 - P(n=0) = 1 - \frac{m^0 \cdot e^{-m}}{0!} = 1 - e^{-m} $$

which is approximately equal to $$m$$ for small values of $$m \ll 1$$.

Examples
As the MOI increases, the percentages of cells infected with at least one viral particle also increases.

title: Multiplicity of infection


text:
Talk:Ding Wei (Go player)

Biography issue
There seems to be a factual inaccuracy.

"In 1992, Ding became a professional. He advanced a rank every year until 2001, where he reached his current rank, 8 dan". If he became a 1-dan pro in 1992, and was promoted every year thereafter, he would have reached 8-dan in 1999, not 2001.

title: Talk:Ding Wei (Go player)


text:
The Girls of the Ghetto

The Girls of the Ghetto is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company. The film focuses on Bella, who works in a sweatshop and save enough money to have her little sisters emigrate to New York. John Magie encounters one of the girls and urges to attend classes. During an outbreak of fever, John is suddenly taken ill and Bella nurses him back to health. At the time of its production, the term "ghetto" was a buzzword and the focus of the hardworking Jewess struggling to survive was a focus of other 1910 productions. The film was released on July 19, 1910, and received criticism for not having the character appear to be Jewish and incorrectly portraying her place of work as a sweatshop. The film is presumed lost.

Plot
Though the film is presumed lost, a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from July 23, 1910. It states: "Bella is an immigrant girl doing sweatshop work in the ghetto of a great city. But by saving for some time, she manages to get enough money to send to the old country for her two little sisters. She meets them at Ellis Island and escorts them across Battery Park to their new home. The three girls live with an uncle and aunt in one poor room in a tenement. The smallest of the sisters while playing on the sidewalk one day gets lost and suddenly finds herself in Chinatown. She is dismayed at the entirely strange surroundings, and is weeping bitterly when found by John Magie, a young settlement worker. He dries her tears and takes her safely to her sweatshop home. John is at once attracted by Bella, whom he meets for the first time when he brings the little one back. He does the family many little kindnesses, bringing them flowers and books, and induces the girls to attend the classes at the settlement. While teaching his class one evening, John is suddenly attacked with a fever, which is epidemic at that time. All his pupils flee from him in fear, except Bella, who remains and nurses him back to health. Upon his recovery John makes Bella his wife and they take up together the work of bringing knowledge and happiness to the poor of the East Side [of New York City]."

Cast

 * Marie Eline as an immigrant's child
 * Anna Rosemond

Production
The writer of the scenario is unknown, but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan. Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions. J. Hoberman, author of Bridge of Light: Yiddish Film Between Two Worlds, writes that the Lower East Side had reached a total population of 540,000 and the world "ghetto" became a buzzword. Other 1910 films on the subject included Yankee's The Ghetto Seamstress and D. W. Griffith's A Child of the Ghetto. Patricia Erens, author of The Jew in American Cinema says these films highlight the hard-working Jewess in melodramatic situations that are only resolved with improbable solutions. The setting for the film included scenes in Manhattan's Chinatown and was advertised as "a study of settlement conditions in the great East Side of New York City. It was produced right in the heart of the ghetto to assure a faithful presentation of East Side localities and life. Representatives of all races and nationalities pass through the picture, from the slow-stepping Russian to the gliding Chinee." Some of the details of the production were recorded due to the flaws in the depicting a sweatshop and the fact the Hebrew characters are not recognizable as Hebrews.

The film director and the cameraman are unknown, but the "Thanhouser Kid" Marie Eline and Anna Rosemond are known credits. Members cast may have included the leading players of the Thanhouser productions Frank H. Crane and Violet Heming. Despite the lack of production details, the quality of the Thanhouser films in general stood out amongst the Independent producers. An editorial by "The Spectator" in The New York Dramatic Mirror contained specific praise for Thanhouser productions by stating, "...practically all other Independent American companies, excepting Thanhouser, show haste and lack of thought in their production. Crude stories are crudely handled, giving the impression that they are rushed through in a hurry - anything to get a thousand feet of negative ready for the market. Such pictures, of course, do not cost much to produce, but they are not of a class to make reputation. The Thanhouser company, alone of the Independents, shows a consistent effort to do things worthwhile..." The editorial warned that American audiences were not subject to be entertained by the novelty of moving images and cautioned the Independents that there was distinct danger in quantity over quality. The editorial was written by Frank E. Woods of the American Biograph Company, a Licensed company, and like the publication itself had a considerable slant to the Licensed companies.

Release and reception
The single reel drama, approximately 1000 feet long, was released on July 19, 1910. The film had a wide national release with known advertisements by theaters found in Indiana, Nebraska, Missouri, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Texas.

This production was met with negative attention by film critics. A reviewer in The Moving Picture News wrote, "There isn't a lot to the story, but the acting is of the class which still finds favor with the public. The pictures taken in Chinatown do not go quite far enough in depicting East Side conditions; the photography of these particular scenes is not the ideal of Thanhouser productions..." The New York Dramatic Mirror was more moderate in its criticism by identifying specific faults with the portrayal, but found that the story to be good and the parts well-acted. The Morning Telegraph offered similar criticism, "The story of this picture is fairly good, but the details are wrong. In the first place, the producers evidently never were in a sweatshop, or else they would not have representing a sweatshop a store like a custom tailor shop, doing a thriving business. The people who are supposed to be Hebrews hardly resemble them. The next objection is when the settlement worker falls into a faint, the girl is very slow in picking him up. The story tells of a poor immigrant Hebrew girl who falls in love with a settlement worker, who returns her affection, which finally results in their marriage." Some advertisements would bill the production as seeing the other side of New York City life.

title: The Girls of the Ghetto


text:
Sociotechnology

Sociotechnology (short for "social technology") is the study of processes on the intersection of society and technology. Vojinović and Abbott define it as "the study of processes in which the social and the technical are indivisibly combined". Sociotechnology is an important part of socio-technical design, which is defined as "designing things that participate in complex systems that have both social and technical aspects".

The term has been attributed to Mario Bunge. He defines it as a grouping of social engineering and management science. He sees it thus as a form of technology, distinguished from other branches of it such as engineering, biotechnology, information technology and general technology. Its goal is to help engineer sociosystems and evaluate their performance, while making use of social science research. In short, sociotechnology can be seen as the creation, modification and maintenance of social systems.

Writing on sociotechnical change, Bijker wrote: "Society is not determined by technology, nor is technology determined by society. Both emerge as two sides of the sociotechnical coin."

Technology is the sum of ways in which social groups construct the material objects of their civilizations. The things made are socially constructed just as much as technically constructed. The merging of these two things, construction and insight, is sociotechnology. "For example, we typically build a bridge when there’s some expectation that people need to get from Point A to Point B, and there’s something they need to bypass along the way (e.g. a river, a canyon, another road). Failure to consider the social factors as well as the technical factors could lead to a "bridge to nowhere" – and we all know at least one person who's had a problem with those".

Business
Business use "richness and reach". The richness and reach strategy has evolved with technology. Richness is the ability to understand the information being passed; for example, calling someone is less rich than face to face contact. Reach is the number of people who exchange the information. In the past it was easier to complete richness and reach, but now with new technologies like video chatting, it is easier for business to do fulfill both richness and reach. Positive economics is the study of existing (or historical) means of exchange- a social science such as sociology, history, and political sciences. Normative economics is the social technology because it attempts to create different kinds of economic arrangements.

Community and technology
Accelerating growth of technology is a major problem and cause of destabilization of a communicational world. Paul Virilio believes that the "real" is being mistaken by virtual and the virtual world destroys physical presence. Marshall McLuhan wrote about the extension of human senses and the nervous system into the world through electronic media. Essentially he believes that the mind, the self, and consciousness are made from already created technology, media, and language as opposed to create naturally like those who made technology, media, and language. The image of one's self becomes aware of itself in a world of technology. Consciousness and desire become less individualistic and turns into more already constituted social forms. The response to how someone feels something, what it means, and how it feels (for example feeling "attached" to someone after losing your virginity to them) is already set up through media communication (show, music, movies, articles). People will anticipate that they will be attached because of what they already know about it, so when it happens they do feel attached because that is how they were programmed to feel. People have turned to technology to create their "self" and determine how they feel and act. The conscious mind does not move into a world-as-other mindset but into an already constituted world.

Lewis Mumford believed the world of relying on technology began with early human experiments in industrialization including coal mines because coal and iron built and powered industrialization. It has come to the point where communication is relied on technology. Conversation turned into talking through a machine (texting, phone calls, social media).

The difference between the past and present technology is the extent of social binding. The more social forces it binds together the more powerful the technology is. For example, the attack on the World Trade Center as opposed to the attack of Pearl Harbor. It took a year to see the film of the attack on the American battleships. Because of this, people were more unaware and it was less of a big deal than what 9-11 was. During the terrorist attack in 2001, everything was broadcast in the moment. People were seeing the destruction with their own eyes in the moment, causing more passion for the situation.

Robots replacing people
Furbie and Tamagotchi are electronic toys made for children that make noises and demand for care. These toys caused children to form a companionship with robots instead of human beings. Paro is a robotic baby seal that was created in Japan to perform therapeutic functions. Paro had positive psychological results for those in nursing homes. A woman constantly argued with her son and turned to the Paro for comfort and confided in the Paro instead of fixing things with her son. Society has turned to demanding more intimacy from sociable robots then from each other. People that use the robots for comfort feel like they are being comforted by someone even though they are actually alone. These robotic characters cause people to have a relationship with technology while avoiding the trouble of human interaction.

Social technology
Science and technology are big contributions to the economic development, but can also lead to negative side effects as it evolves. For example, people care more about materialistic things than the negative influences they have created in human morals and education. For example, it is more important for people to know words to songs than to remember things for their test. There are other problems due to the development of new technologies such as the conservation of the environment because there is a demand for more products which leads to more destruction of environment to build more to sell from. Many social problems have appeared in society and cannot seem to be solved by natural science and technology alone. It requires the need for social sciences as well. Social technology is the strategy used to help solve the wrong behaviors in the world that are caused by social problems like how to solve the issue of people being invested in materialistic goods more than morals, so that they economy can still continue to grow, and society can be a better place.

Organizational theory borrows from sociotechnology through its use of sociotechnical systems, a subset of the concept of sociotechnology.

title: Sociotechnology


text:
Wiktionary:Translation requests/archive/2007-03

How do you write 'beloved father' in Greek using the english alphabet

how would you write:
i love you steven in spanish?

 * "Te quiero, Steven" (or "Te quiero, Esteban"). —Stephen 12:24, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * "Te amo, Steven" would be more appropriate if Steven is more than a friend. Loiseaujoli 16:52, 29 May 2007 (UTC)9:45 AM 29 May 2007(PDT)
 * Partly this depends on 1) which meaning of "love" is meant and 2) whether the statement is made in public or in private, in my experience. Very few native Spanish speakers (at least in Mexico or Peru, where I've been) would say "te amo" in public.  Most would publicly say, "Te quiero", regardless of the intimacy of the relationship, because "te amo" is considered to be an intimate phrase, not to be said in public except in rare circumstances.  In private, they would use whichever word fit the situation, but people who are in love (even married) use both to each other in private, since they have slightly different meanings, like the difference between saying "I love you" and "I cherish/appreciate you" in English, both of which I can say to my wife.  --Cromwellt|Talk|Contribs 23:32, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

CIGARETTED
how to say smth with it e.g cake with honey in adjective version

 * I don’t understand what you are trying to say. What language are you talking about? What is the English? Do you want to translate "cigaretted cake with honey", or "cake with cigaretted honey", or what. What is a cigaretted cake (or cigaretted honey)? —Stephen 14:55, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

translation
what is the meaning of gerald in hebrew?

 * I don’t know of any Hebrew word that sounds like that. —Stephen 14:43, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Aramaic
How do you write 'Jesus loves me' in Aramaic

Irish
I am Irish in latin

Translation to Gujarati
Please help me by translating "You are my princess who rules my heart and will rule it forever" into Gujarati.

Thanks a bunch.

Translation from english to greek
I want the greek translation of my family name:

Tzafolias

Just the Greek Letters for my name would be appreciated

 * We write it this way: Τζαφώλιας. —Stephen 18:55, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Thanks Stephen I really appreiate it!!!!

spanish translation
i want to write this message in spanish,                                                                    just want to say thank you babe,for the holiday and everything else that you did,it was great, love always, natasha. p.s i love you. can anyone help me with this,id be most grateful.

 * "Gracias, chico, por el día de fiesta y por todo lo que hiciste. ¡Era tremendo! Cariños, Natasha. P.S. -- Te amo." —Stephen 17:59, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

English to Greek
Beloved little sister (αγαπημένη αδελφή)

Beloved Father/Papa (αγαπημένος πατέρας)

Αδελφή, means sister. Little sister would be 'αδελφούλα', the diminutive. Or even, 'αδερφούλα', λ and ρ often being interchangeable. Anyway, nobody would say in Greek just αγαπημένη αδελφούλα. It sounds wrong and translated word by word straight from the ditionary. Αγαπημένη μου αδελφούλα would be the correct form. The possessive 'μου=my' is indispensable. Same thing for the father. Ο αγαπημένος μου πατέρας or, Αγαπημένε μου πατέρα, if you are addressing him.

beautiful smile
translate this into any language

 * Well, in French it's un beau sourire, in Spanish una sonrisa linda. Any particular languages you're after? Widsith 12:31, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * חיוך מקסים [IPA: ] in Hebrew. !!!!

 * In Arabic: (ibtisāma jamīla). In Portuguese: sorriso lindo. In Russian: красивая улыбка (krasívaya ulíbka). —Stephen 14:19, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Swedish: vackert leende. \Mike 15:43, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Italian: sorriso meraviglioso Ricky91

Déach
Déach --<IP_ADDRESS> 14:22, 15 March 2007 (UTC)--<IP_ADDRESS> 14:22, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

how do you say forgiven in irish gaelic

dinner
how do u translate "dinner" in Spanish?

 * Dinner = la cena. —Stephen 14:04, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It would depend on exactly which meal you mean. Some places I've lived, "dinner" refers to lunch (almuerzo/comida ("food", technically)), and in some places it refers to supper (cena).  Generally, it means the largest meal of the day (which is where the ambiguity comes from), or can mean a special meal like a banquet (banquete).  --Cromwellt|Talk|Contribs 23:45, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

How to Pronounce
Tzafolias in english

Τζαφώλιας in greek

Thanks

 * /dza.FO.lyas/ —Stephen 15:26, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Zhushika
Hi, My Hungarian pastor used to call me Zhushika..or at least that's how I remembered him pronouncing my name (birthname: Susan). I've seen others online use that name as their online name and thought it was the Hungarian version of my name. A friend of mine (another Hungarian descendent named Susan) told me I was wrong and that there was another version and spelling for the name. Can you tell me what the actual meaning of this word (or at least one that he might have meant that is close to this pronunciation? Like I said, I don't know how he might've spelled it...just how it sounded when he said it. "Zhushika" is my made up spelling of how it sounded. Thanks, Suz

 * Zhushika would be spelt Zsusika in Hungarian (Hungarian s = sh), but I think the pronunciation "Zhuzhika" is more common, which would be Zsuzsika. —Stephen 15:49, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Note: the Hungarian for Susanna is Zsuzsanna. —Stephen 23:30, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

bye
Howe do u say "goodbye" in scottish?

 * mar shin leibh (pronounced something like marsh in lev) is the scottish gaelic for goodbye. Conrad.Irwin 23:21, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Just grunt while raising your hand. Universal meaning. <IP_ADDRESS> 18:35, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

my daughter
how do you say my daughter in arabic

 * "my daughter" = (ibníti). —Stephen 10:50, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

kiss me
How do you say the command "kiss me" in romanized Russian?

 * You could say: Pa-da-REEM-nye pats-eh-LOO-y. Or you could say: Pats-eh-LOO-y min-YAH. —Stephen 23:53, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

To thine own self be true
how would you say--To thine own self be true-- in gaelic?

I need this translated into kmer for a tattoo I want
May your enemies run far away from you. If you acquire riches, may they remain yours always. Your beauty will be that of Apsara.Wherever you may go, many will attend, serve and protect you, surrounding you on all sides.

translation
How do you say beloved sister in irish gaelic?

merde alors
Sometimes used in English. Meaning changes according to context.

'Damn it', 'blast', or more frequently, 'blow me down' are possible equivalents in English.

 * Literally it means "shit then", but it has the sense of English wow! —Stephen 16:27, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

how do you say "only god can judge me" in kanji/japaniese
like the title says

 * 神だけは、私を裁くことができます — Kami dake wa, watashi o sabaku koto ga dekimasu. —Stephen 16:49, 26 March 2007 (UTC)


text:
Irbit State Museum of Fine Art

The Irbit State Museum of Fine Art contains some important works including etchings by famous European artists. At the moment the museum is the only one in Russia specializing in engravings. In its collection there are engravings by Italian, Dutch, Flemish, German, French, English, Spanish, Swiss, Austrian, Polish, Bulgarian, Belgian, and North American artists. The collection includes works from Albrecht Dürer to Francisco Goya. In 2012 the museum unveiled a major oil work by Peter Paul Rubens to add to its collection of his etchings. Russian art is represented by the works of A. F. Zubova, I. A. Sokolova, E. P. Chemesova, Mikhail Dobuzhinsky, Alexander Deyneka, and many others. The domestic collection represents the artists of Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Tagil.

title: Irbit State Museum of Fine Art


text:
бегъл

Etymology
From, an archaic past passive participle of 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) cursory, fugitive, rough, vague, sketchy, superficial

title: бегъл


text:
Talk:Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:14, 8 July 2021 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike


text:
User:Alfred Koffide/sandbox

Alfred Koffide is a lawyer and a blogger of Kenyan descent. He has gained a lot of recognition for his personal blog, Africa Law Centre, which has been described by many as "law students best friend". In most of his social media websites, he describes himself as "the best of his generation. A believer in free and critical thinking:A staunch believer in the philosophy of free and critical thinking where everyone's opinion count and nobody's ideology is best"

Well that is up to the world to judge.

Born and raised in Homa_Bay_County in the former Nyanza_Province in The western part of Kenya. He is an alumnus of St. Josephs School Rapogi and Kenyatta_University.

He currently works at O&M Law LLP, one of the top law firms in Kenya.

title: User:Alfred Koffide/sandbox


text:
User:JoachimGrzega

Joachim Grzega
www.grzega.de

born on 9 September 1971 in Weißenburg (Germany)

Associate Professor at the University of Eichstätt (Germany)

 * 1991-1998 studies at the universities of Eichstätt, Salt Lake City, Paris-Sorbonne, Graz
 * 2000 Dr.phil. (Ph.D.) in Romance, English and German Linguistics
 * 2004 habil.diss. in English and General Linguistics
 * interim professorships at the universities of Münster, Bayreuth, Erfurt, Freiburg (Germany)

Author of 10 books (including Hello World! for teaching English as a global language at primary schools; Tickets to Basic Global English - Englisch in 111 Tagen for self-teaching English; How to Become the Perfect Intercultural Professor: Tricks and Bricks for Intercultural Academic Teaching in English (or Other Languages)) and several dozen articles

Editor of the internet journals Onomasiology Online and Journal for EuroLinguistiX

Founder of the Academy for SocioEconomic Linguistics (ASEcoLi)

Internet Projects

 * EuroLinguistiX (ELiX) - platform with discussion forum, materials, academic journal and project wiki
 * Basic Global English (BGE), a concept for teaching English as a lingua franca to beginners, with school project
 * Onomasiology Online (OnOn)
 * Sprachwissenschaft für die Öffentlichkeit - collection og predominantly student papers for interested laypersons and teachers
 * the didactic model Lernen durch Lehren (LdL)

Research Interests

 * eurolinguistics
 * onomasiology
 * public-oriented linguistics/practical linguistics, linguistics for the public
 * intelligible linguistics
 * linguistic economics/socioeconomic linguistics, linguistics and knowledge society (basic article)
 * Austrian German
 * language contacts
 * intercultural communication
 * teaching English as an international language (Basic Global English)
 * didactic issues at university (especially Learning by teaching -- cf. my English article)

Current projects

 * article on Eurolinguistics
 * project in the German Wikiversity: European Sociolingistics
 * book project: Basic Linguistics – An Alternative Introduction to Language and Languages
 * course project: Introduction to Applied Historical English Linguistics
 * webpage Teaching English as a lingua franca

Working for Wikipedia
Cf. my Wikipedia user profile.

de:Benutzer:JoachimGrzega

title: User:JoachimGrzega


text:
Amadeus

Amadeus most often refers to:
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791), prolific and influential composer of classical music
 * Amadeus (name), a given name and people with the name
 * Amadeus (play), 1979 stage play by Peter Shaffer
 * Amadeus (film), 1984 film based on the play

Amadeus may also refer to:
 * Amadeus (presenter) (1962), an Italian television and radio presenter
 * Amadeus Quartet, a former English string ensemble
 * Amadeus, a database of financial and business information on European firms, developed by Bureau van Dijk
 * Amadeus CRS, a computer reservation system used by airlines and travel agencies
 * Amadeus IT Group, a travel and tourism industry transaction processor and owner of Amadeus CRS
 * Amadeus Basin, a sedimentary basin in Australia
 * Amadeus Press, publishing house, imprint of Rowman & Littlefield
 * Amadeus (airline), former German airline

title: Amadeus


text:
Talk:Emil Bagin

Notability
Subject meets WP:NHOCKEY via criteria #2, played 200 or more games in the Slovak Extraliga (Tipsport Liga), 312 regular season games and 24 playoff games for 336 games in total. Tay87 (talk) 07:55, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emil Bagin


text:
Kabakov

Kabakov (Russian or Bulgarian: Кабаков) is a Russian masculine surname originating from the word kabak meaning tavern; its feminine counterpart is Kabakova. It may refer to
 * Aleksandr Kabakov (1943–2020), Russian writer and journalist
 * Emilia Kabakov (born 1945), Russian-American artist, wife of Ilya
 * Georgi Kabakov (born 1986), Bulgarian international football referee
 * Ilya Kabakov (1933–2023), Russian-American conceptual artist
 * Larisa Kabakova (born 1953), Soviet sprint canoer
 * Miryam Kabakov (born 1964), American social worker
 * Mitko Kabakov (born 1955), Bulgarian sailor

title: Kabakov


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ferocia

The result was delete. It's up to editors to decide whether to redirect this to somewhere.  Sandstein  09:39, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Ferocia

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non-notable fictional character TTN (talk) 15:36, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Fictional elements-related deletion discussions. TTN (talk) 15:36, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Comics and animation-related deletion discussions. TTN (talk) 15:36, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Merge somewhere. Hyperbolick (talk) 15:41, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge to List of Marvel Comics characters: F. BOZ (talk) 21:17, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Merge - not independently notable, but the content can be kept, eg at the list suggested by BOZ --DannyS712 (talk) 05:53, 23 September 2019 (UTC) see comment below --DannyS712 (talk) 18:33, 29 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete - The content is not notable and does not deserve it's own article. Why should transferring the article whole cloth to a list of non-notable articles suddenly make it worth preserving? If these List of Marvel Character articles were simple lists, that might be worthwhile, but as it stands they just seem to exist to allow people to store content which isn't notable. --Killer Moff- ill advisedly sticking his nose in since 2011 (talk) 12:24, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete: No real sources means that this is entirely WP:OR or WP:SYNTH and doesn't have anything worth preserving. Rockphed (talk) 17:52, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete per Killer Moff. The character is extremely minor and has no sources demonstrating any sort or real world notability.  Merging to one of the Marvel lists means that those already bloated lists just has even more unnotable, poorly sourced information added to it.  Rorshacma (talk) 14:56, 29 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Redirect the deletion !votes are convincing, but at the least the page should be redirected to a marvel article --DannyS712 (talk) 18:33, 29 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete per Killer Moff.4meter4 (talk) 00:42, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ferocia


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Edinburgh Princes Street railway station

Princes Street Station was a mainline railway station which stood at the west end of Princes Street, in Edinburgh, Scotland, for almost 100 years. Temporary stations were opened in 1848 and 1870, with construction of the main station commencing in the 1890s. The station was closed completely in 1965 and largely demolished in 1969–70. Only its hotel remains, but it is no longer in railway ownership.

Previous stations
In April 1847, the foundation stone for the Caledonian Railway company's Edinburgh station was ceremonially laid. Designed by William Tite, the station was to be a large Italianate structure. Due to the railway company's lack of funds this was not built and when the first services arrived in February 1848 there was only a temporary station with basic facilities, called Lothian Road Station from its location on that street.

By 1870, with increasing traffic, it was decided to build a new station slightly further north, still on Lothian Road but nearer Princes Street. Renamed Princes Street Station, it was opened in May 1870. It was built of timber with a pitched, slated roof. In June 1890, the building, which had been called the "wooden shanty", suffered a major blaze.

Construction of the Princes Street terminus
Due to further increases in traffic, plans had already been made for a new station and between 1890 and 1893 a grand station with seven platforms and an 850 ft long bayed roof was erected. Initially it had its own power station, to the west of the station in Rutland Court, to power its lighting. Parcels and goods were dealt with at the nearby Lothian Road station.

In 1899, work started on building a grand railway hotel above the main three archway entrance of the station, and opened in 1903 as Princes Street Station Hotel. It was commonly known as The Caledonian Hotel. It was designed by Edinburgh architects, Peddie and Washington Browne. The main pedestrian entrance to the station became the right hand arch of the original three while vehicular access was by way of Rutland Street. Both the station and the hotel were built in red sandstone in common with most Caledonian Railway buildings.

Mainline and suburban services
The mainline to London, via Carstairs, headed southwest from the station, which was later augmented with a number of suburban stops, Merchiston, Slateford, and Kingsknowe, and a branchline to Colinton and Balerno. The Caledonian railway company later added other suburban lines serving the north and west of the city, including Barnton, Davidson's Mains, Granton, and Leith. In 1901, on weekdays, there were five trains a day to England, 20 to Carlisle, 16 to Glasgow (11 taking 65mins), 10 to Aberdeen and local trains to Balerno, Cramond Brig (later renamed Barnton) and Leith. There were also through coaches to many destinations, including Liverpool, Manchester, Oban and Stranraer.

Closure
After nationalisation of the railways in 1948, it was considered logical to concentrate all rail services in Edinburgh at one station. With Waverley Station a short distance along Princes Street beyond Princes Street Gardens, by the 1960s Princes Street Station was seen as surplus to requirements. Although its street-level entrance was rather more convenient for travellers than that of Waverley (which is in the valley between Princes Street and the Old Town and requires a steep climb to reach street level), the latter was much larger, more conveniently located within the city, and (crucially) had access to the East Coast Main Line. After closure of Princes Street, the west of the city would continue to be served by nearby Haymarket Station.

Local services were gradually withdrawn, starting with those to Balerno in 1943, followed by those to Barnton in 1951, Leith North in 1962, and stopping trains on the main line to Carstairs in 1964. The remaining services to Glasgow Central, Stirling and English cities were then diverted to Waverley, allowing Princes Street Station to be closed in September 1965. The station was demolished in 1969–70, with the West Approach Road being built along the track bed in the early 1970s. The hotel still operates on the site and has been renamed The Caledonian Edinburgh Hotel. Part of the station space still remains within it and the vehicle entrance screen is still visible at the side of the hotel. The former Parcels Office survived on Lothian Road between the hotel and the West Approach Road, until a major office development was constructed on its site in the 1990s.


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User:Kleathers

Kevin Leathers is an American web project manager, web designer, artist, songwriter, marketing professional and former film production and stage protégé, born in Stoughton, MA (Boston), having lived in Mentor, OH (Cleveland), Dallas, TX, Garland, TX, Tyler, TX (Tyler Junior College), Lubbock, TX (Texas Tech University - Bachelor of Business Administration in Marketing), Los Angeles, CA, Burbank, CA and has returned to and is currently living with his beautiful wife and adorable daughter near Lake Travis in the Hill Country of Austin, TX.

His Film and entertainment industry experiences in Hollywood included working with director Andy Fickman (She's the Man, Reefer Madness and Who's Your Daddy) on the stage performance or SNEAUX, featuring Kristen Bell (Veronica Mars, Spartan with Val Kilmer, Fifty Pills, Reefer Madness, Pulse...), Christine Lakin (Step By Step with Patrick Duffy and Suzanne Somers, Who's Your Daddy), Lori Alan (Reefer Madness and voices on SpongeBob SquarePants and Family Guy), director Dwight H. Little (Murder at 1600 with Wesley Snipes, Diane Lane, Dennis Miller and Alan Alda, Free Willy 2, Marked for Death with Steven Seagal, Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers...) on the Feature Film Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid (Sony Pictures, Columbia Tri-Star Pictures), as well as with producers and casting agents at Middle Fork Productions in Beverly Hills, CA.

Kevin Leathers used to be Band Manager for musical acts in Austin, TX, including The Ringers, Blind Luck and The Box Socials, featuring members that have since joined other acts such as Micky and the Motorcars and Phil Pritchett and is currently participating in the works of Roland Perez and the Burgundy Brothers, where he co-wrote the song Hollywood Girl on the bands latest album.

His visual art career began in 1992 when he first picked up the brush and took off in the late '90s when he regularly hung works publicly in Austin, TX, until interest took him away from actively perusing that avenue and focusing on the fore mentioned music industry efforts and nurturing his marketing and design talents for upstart Internet companies

Kevin has continually worked with companies in the high-tech, software and Internet industries, primarily as a consultant or subcontractor and is currently Web Project Manager at the 3M Design Center in Austin, staffed by Liaison Resources, and is responsible for management of the Communications division website.

title: User:Kleathers


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User:Lkcoulte/sandbox

Table of Contents 1.	Introduction to the Book 2.	Character List 3.	About the Author 4.	Chapter Analysis 1.	Chapter 1: Confused 2.	Chapter 2: Tears Formed 3.	Chapter 3: Unable to Cry 4.	Chapter 4: Running from Reality Poem Analysis 5.	Poem Analysis 1.	A foggy Reflection 2.	Unable to Escape My Fears 3.	I Can’t Help I 4.	Buried Alive 5.	Absent Of A Fathers Love 6.	Questions Unanswered 7.	Innocence Lost 8.	Con Artist V.S Survival 9.	You Said That 10.	The Lions Den 6.	Themes 1.	Destruction 2.	Emotion & Psychological Factors 7.	Bibliography & References

1.	Introduction to the book

An Unheard Cry is an autobiographical story which walks the reader through the journey of a young boy’s life through stories and poems. His family life, social factors and psychological factors, all present immense obstacles to this young boy which lead to destruction. His journey to finding out what life is all about and where he belongs presents an emotional experience for readers.

3. Character List

1. Narrator(Roy) - A young Boy 2. Roy’s abusive stepfather - Also the only male influence in Roy’s life because all of his siblings were sisters 3. Roy’s mother - Got injured at work and addicted to drugs and ends up 	neglecting her children which leads to them being taken into foster care 4. Roy’s sisters - Three sisters (Rosie Jasmine, and Vanessa) 5. Roy’s grandmother - Young boys likes to go to his Grandmothers house for release and happiness, a young boy and his sisters go to live with their Grandmother when they mother neglects them before someone calls children services on them. 6. Roy’s Uncle - Lives with the Grandmother, plays small role in the children’s lives 7. Roy’s Father and Step Mother - Arrives in the picture to take custody of children after they are taken away from their mother and put into foster care 8. Mr. Elijah & Mrs. Serenity –Caseworkers who never leave Roy’s side or give up on him. Roy looks to Mr. Elijah as a father figure.

4. About the Author

Sasenarine “Roy” Persaud Jr was a new writer in the 1980’s and his writing fell under the “Guyanese literature.” He is an essayist, novelist, short story writer and a poet. Persaud’s donors and awards include the KM Hunter Foundation Award, fiction poetry awards from the Ontario Council for the Arts, and a fellowship from Boston University where he got his master’s degree in creative writing. His poetry has been nominated for the Canadian National Magazine Awards and the Forward Prize in the UK. Roy was born in Guyana in 1958, lived in Toronto for several years and currently resides in Tampa Florida. (Poetry Foundation) Persaud’s work has been published in eight countries and is used in colleges and universities in Canada, England, Guyana, India, the Caribbean, Mauritius and the United States. (Wixsite)

5. Chapter Analysis

Chapter 1 - Confused

Chapter one starts with the narrator, a young boy named Roy telling a story about his stepfather being aggressive with his mother for saying she did not want anything to eat. This is when the readers learn that Roy’s stepfather is abusive and this is also the first time the readers get a sense at the young boy’s difficult life. The narrator then continues on to inform the reader about the rest of his family life and explains how his family life effects his life. He explains that the only male influence in his life is his abusive stepfather and that he is terrified of him but has a strong willingness to prove his worth to him. Roy states that he is unsure whether this want to prove his worth to him came from him craving male love or simply because he was scared of making him angry. Roy explains that his life was filled with chaos and fear and that his way of release was either playing baseball or visiting his grandmother even though he was never fully away from his problems. Further, in to the chapter, the narrator describes a night where his family tells him that he became aggressive with his grandmother but has no recognition of it. He explains this moment as “the first time the violence and abuse took its first significant toll on me.” (Persaud 13) This moment caused Roy to begin wondering if he was turning into his stepfather. He proclaimed that he refused to make the people he loved afraid of him. Next, Roy explains that the abuse from the stepfather got worse and worse until the police eventually force him to leave. Soon after, his mother began to self-destruct by doing drugs and neglecting her children so Roy lived with his grandmother until children’s services were called. Children’s services put Roy and his sisters into foster care until they were officially separated from their mother and forced to move to Florida to live with their father who had previously abandoned them. Roy concludes the chapter by stating this experience made him feel like an “object.”

Chapter 2 Tears Formed

Chapter two beings with the narrator saying “My soul hurt, my heart felt as though it had been maliciously ripped out of my chest.” (Persaud 23) This instantly sets the tone for the reader and informs us that the narrator is going through an extremely difficult time at this point in his life. Roy could not understand why no one would step in and take him and his sisters instead of having to go live with their father who abandoned them. Roy and his sister settled in to their new home but Roy states that they were never fully liked or shown any compassion or understanding. Roy felt as though they were expected to act, speak and do whatever his father and stepmother wanted. Over time, Roy states that his interaction with his dad became better as he attempted to be more fatherly and do things with him such as flying kites and fishing. However, Roy knew that this would not last long and that destruction was soon to come. Things continued to get worse throughout the chapter, Roy’s father became abusive and Roy had no one he could trust in Florida so he continuously wanted to escape and prayed that things would get better. The chapter ends with a child protection investigator finally getting involved and Roy knew it was time to pack his things and leave.

Chapter 3 Unable to Cry

Chapter 3 takes flight with Roy being taken away from his father again and heads to a new group home in Sebring Florida. After a month in this new home, Roy’s parents decided to visit him. Roy was quite nervous but excited at the same time, he is aware of the way he gets treated at home. The false sense of having a male figure in his life really gets to him, and this is why he gives his father so many chances throughout the book. When they arrived they accused him of being the reason for everything going south “After I replied the expected blame game began, it was all my fault” (Persaud 48). Roy had never lashed out in his life, but after learning that others affected his actions anyway, he began to lash out; a reaction caused by his upbringing. Once he returned home with Jasmine, his dad begun to rape Jasmine fairly often without Roy and her understanding. Roy was eventually hauled away to a new group home. This time he gets placed at a different type of group home, called Touching Hearts Homes for Kids. He then met Mrs. Patricia, who was his life, it gave him a reason to act well and live. Roy and friends ran away for a few weeks eventually and lived in an abandoned house, this turned Roy back to his anger filled self. Roy eventually returned to school, he was actually quite smart, but never unlocked his fullest potential. He eventually got expelled from school; again. He actually managed to be expelled 3 times in his school path. This led him to lash out, he started fighting a new child, and every teacher that tried to stop it, the guidance of Mr. Elijah and Mrs. Serenity helped him along the way, giving him the support he craved and the father figure he so much desired.

Chapter 4 Running From Reality

Chapter four begins with Roy turning 18 at the exact same time of his “Grad Bash Day”. This is where students who gradate from high school all celebrate and go out to an amusement park. As many of you know, 18 is the end of the foster care system, which led Roy to begin the journey of finding his own place. Roy then leased an apartment in Lakeland where he would attend a nearby Community College. Now that his graduation day had finally arrived, he got to walk the stage in front of his family. After his first few days at college, Roy became very frustrated and continued to blame his poor upbringing for his lack of opportunities to succeed. He then eventually moved back to California to reconnect with his family. This reunion was short lived, as Roy then did not feel at home. This caused him to leave for Georgia to be with his adoptive family. After about a year, he eventually headed back to Florida to finish his degree to what he states “had to be the most challenging and harsh times that I went through” (Persaud 103). Roy then begins to close his book and explain why he wrote it.

6. Poem Analysis

1. A Foggy Reflection

“A foggy reflection” is about how much Roy has changed. He uses not recognizing himself in the mirror as a metaphor to explain to the audience how much his life has changed. He states that the person he used to know in the mirror was full of life and radiance, but that the “fire once lit had subsided and died replaced with anger, hurt, false hopes and lies.” (Persaud 11)

2.	Unable to Escape My Fears

In the poem “Unable to Escape My Fears,” Roy begins with discussing his current fears that he lives with everyday. However, he then goes on to share one of his biggest fears with the readers that had not yet come out. Roy states that he worries his offspring may live a terrified life just like he did, and that the cycle will continue with his grandchildren and so on. The ending line of the poem is “Will we conquer this demon of claim defeat,” (Persaud 15) implying that fear is the demon and defeat is the continuous cycle of fear being passed down to each generation after him.

3.	I Can’t Help I

This poem is related to the point in Roy’s life when his mom began to self-destruct, she began using drugs and neglecting her children. He is letting out some of his feelings towards this situation in this poem. Roy used the words “there was no exist not even a window of hope” (Persaud 19) to explain how he felt during this difficult time in his life. This was a pivotal point when his family started to fall apart.

4.	Buried Alive

“Buried Alive” takes place in chapter two during Roy’s difficult transition period when he moved to Florida to live with his father after being taken away from his mother. The severity of Roy’s loneliness is portrayed in this poem when he states “Is there no one sent to save me from the darkness in which I dwell” (Persaud 26) Roy also states that most of the people in his life are only in it because of obligation. He believed no one who was worthy of his trust and that no one could take on the burden of his heartache and pain; “Unable to take upon their shoulders the burden of my heartache and pain.” (Persaud 26)

5. Absent Of A Fathers Love “Absent Of A Fathers Love” describes the way Roy feels about his father being absent from his life. It discusses the things Roy has missed out on; “I can’t wear a shirt that says my dads the best.” (Persaud 34) because of not having a father, it tells the reader things that Roy has questioned his whole life due to his father’s absentness. The tone in the beginning of the poem is upsetting as Roy questions why his father left him. The poem then ends with a positive outlook as he states “He left me here to forage and learn to fly by myself, But it’s cool I could do it, I’m a lion not a gazelle.” (Persaud 34)

6. Questions Unanswered “A question unanswered” is Roy being placed in his childhood. This poem gives the affect as if it was the thoughts of Roy as a young boy, and how his mind would wonder into the thoughts of being dealt such a rough hand in life. Throughout this poem, Roy asks a series of questions that relate to his life at home and family related such as “Why don’t I have a Mom?” and “Why don’t I have a Dad?” (Persaud 47) These questions are being asked throughout a portion of the story, Roy explains he just entered a new group home once again. At this age when this is happening, Roy is so confused as to why he doesn’t get things in life that others do. He also wonders why he is so young with so many unanswered questions.

7. Innocence Lost “Innocence lost” is a poem created by what is going on in Roy’s life at the time. Roy was stuck in the stage of not knowing that his father was raping his sister, she as well did not know what to think of this. Roy later on makes a reference that his father gets an “erection” from Jasmine, indicating that he was raping her “I fell for his embrace that I thought was love and protection. Not knowing when he sees his little girl, he gets a full on erection” (persaud 53).

8.Con Artist V.S Survival This poem was created and placed in the part of the story where Roy was being taken to a new group home. Roy then continues to incorporate this into his poem “Con Artist V.S Survival” by including the lines “so go on and think I’m a con artist if you must. Put yourself in my shoes and its survival you’ll lust.” Persaud 59) Roy is taking a shot against the people who are against him, and give up on him in life by saying they don’t understand why he acts this way. They don’t know how to survive in his lifestyle. He reiterates that if they were in his “shoes” they would be acting the same way.

9. You Said That “You said That” is a poem by Roy dedicated to his father. Roy is so lost at this moment, he begins to blame his father by stating things he said, but didn’t fall through with “I will love you and protect you from this cold world. Shield you from the stones, that might hurled. YOU SAID THAT” (Persaud 62) Persaud is clearly taking a shot at his father for making false promises and ironically makes this statement about claiming to be protected, but in reality he just got punched in the face.

10.The Lions Den The Poem “The Lions Den” is explaining how throughout his whole life Roy has not been dealt a fair hand and people do whatever they can to bring him down. This is where Roy then makes a direct reference to this in his poem by stating that no one ever believes in him and are always looking to bring him down “People everywhere cheering and roaring with awe. Not for my succession but for my downfall” (Persaaud 67). He names this the “The Lions Den” because he found someone to trust in him in this home and if they keep wanting to bring him down, he is going to bring out the fight in him just as a Lion would near its own den.

7. Themes

1. Destruction Destruction makes its appearance many times throughout this novel as a prominent theme. The theme of Destruction mainly makes its way into this story though Roy and his family issues, as well as through Roy’s anger issues. Destruction makes an appearance through Roy’s family as it begins to fall apart time and time again. Roy begins to crave destruction between his family as he can’t take being treated that way anymore and seeks to get taken away “Let them come and take me, away, away from this place I’m suppose to call home” (Persaud 44). Destruction also makes its way into this novel through Roy and his anger problems. Roy begins to develop a horrible attitude towards everyone that attempts to get close to him, he begins to ruin opportunities and everything in his life with such a negative approach “I ended up getting kicked out and sent to another group home where my attitude only started to get worse. I felt as if everyone who was there were only there because it was mandatory for them” (Persaud 58). Roy is destructing everything in his life including such valuable relationships.

2. Emotion Emotion is clearly a key element in this story as the reader can sense Roy’s emotions as he recounts his story and tells the readers about the many obstacles he has had to face in his life. The emotions that are most commonly seen in this story are fear and loneliness. A lot of this emotion is caused from psychological factors that occur throughout the story such as when Roy and his sisters are separated from their mother; “I was actually excepting a gift whose purpose was to make me feel alright and distracted about getting taken away. The lady took us to a foster home.” (Persaud 20-21)

8.	Bibliography & References

“Sasenarine Persaud.” Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/sasenarine-persaud.

Sasenarine Persaud, Wix.com, Poet, Writer, Yogic Realism, Love in a Ti, sasenarinepersaud.wixsite.com/sasenarine-persaud.

An Unheard Cry Roy Persaud.

title: User:Lkcoulte/sandbox


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Ear training/Intervals

Introduction
Learning intervals is arguably the most fundamental and important part of ear training. Not just recognizing specific intervals but feeling where the melody goes next is crucial for dictation, triad and chord constuction, sight singing, and all that jazz.

An interval is simply the distance between two pitches. There are 12 unique pitches in Western music (not counting the octave), and therefore only 12 intervals (not counting invervals greater than an octave). The difficulty lies in that they each have several ways of being written, which seemingly creates many more. For example, a minor sixth is also an augmented fifth and so forth. But these are easy to do once the rules become apparent. For now (and in general) one only needs to focus on the main notation.

Recognizing By Ear
For recognizing Intervals, one can use a few different methods. Simply memorizing them (through drill and kill) may be effective for some, but for most of us, it is more useful to use association. You've probably heard these intervals all your life, and maybe you've attatched some innate feeling or emotion to some. Example - major 6ths sound sweet to some people, and minor 6ths may sound distraught, depressed, longing. Tritones (augmented 4th or diminished fifth) to some may remind some of the 8bit sound in video games when your ship crashed, to others it may sound horrible, especially when played simultaneously (in the middle ages tritones were connected with Satan for their dissonance), still others may recognize them as the note that leads into a perfect 5th, and remember the opening theme to "The Simpsons" or the song "Maria" from West Side Story ("THE - SIMP" and "MA - RI") are tritones. There are many examples in popular music both for intervals going up and going down.

Recognizing Written Intervals
Written intervals can be recognized in several ways. One method is to count how many half steps are between 2 notes (e.g 7 half steps is a perfect fifth, 1 half step is a minor second). Another method is to compare the interval to the location on the scale of the key note. For example, C and A form a major 6th, as A is the 6th note on C major scale. D and F would form a minor third, as F is a half step below F#, which is the third note of the D major scale.

Quizzes

 * ../Quiz/Major scale/
 * ../Quiz/Minor scale/

listening
GNU Solfege is a free music education program for learning intervals, chords, and scales by ear, among other things.

Musical Mind has free interval ear training exercises online, as well as other exercises for solfege, dictation and playing by ear.

written
http://musictheory.net/trainers/html/id84_en.html - Interval Trainer for recognizing written triads

title: Ear training/Intervals


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Phases (Angel Olsen album)

Phases is a compilation album by American musician Angel Olsen. It was released November 10, 2017 through Jagjaguwar.

title: Phases (Angel Olsen album)


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Talk:Congo (region)

Nomenclature: Congo Region and Middle Africa
Today I created the article Congo (region) mainly because I felt that it was missing from Template:Regions of the world. Only afterwards did I discover that Congo already exists, but that this article seems to restrict itself to dealing solely with the two Congos, and not the wider, vaguer subregion. What is the preferred option now: should Congo me merged with Congo (region) and redirect to Congo (disambiguation) instead? Please have your say here. Thanks.

And a related issue: I would argue that the UN designation Middle Africa - which currently redirects to Central Africa - is the least ambiguous name for the region, as listed at Template:Africa, just like Southern Africa is used to effectively disambiguate from South Africa. Please respond here. Thanks!  // Big Adamsky •  BA's talk page 10:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Congo (region)


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Cryptography/Social Engineering and Coercion

In encryption, the weakest link is almost always a person.

While you could spend many hours attempting to decipher an encrypted message, or intercept a password, you can easily trick a person into telling you this information.

Suppose Bob works for a large company and encrypts document E with key K. Suppose Eve, wishing to decrypt document E, calls Bob and pretends to work for the company's information security department. Eve would pretend a problem existed with the computers, servers, etc. and ask Bob for his key, K, which she would use to decrypt E. This is an example of social engineering.

Randall Munroe in an xkcd comic once presented a scenerio in which bad guys find it more convenient to hit Bob with a $5 wrench until he gives up his key rather than attempt to break the crypto system.