text:
Wikiversity:Glossary

This is a glossary of terms commonly used on Wikiversity. For more help, see Help:Contents, Questions, and Help desk.

A

 * Administrator
 * At Wikipedia, sysops are called administrators, but at Wikiversity, they are called custodians. The various others are known as Bureaucrats and others are authorized to use bots to clean up our foundation.

 * AGF
 * Abbreviation for "assume good faith", a guideline whereby one should not assume that a bad edit was done maliciously. See Assume Good Faith.

 * Anon
 * Abbreviation for "anonymous user". This is what you are if you have not logged in.
 * Also used: IP user.

 * Archive
 * A subpage of a Talk page to which some parts of the discussion are transferred, to reduce the size of the Talk page. Rarely, the term may refer to the Archive page, for obsolete historical material.
 * See also: How to archive a talk page.

B

 * Ban
 * Banning is the extreme, last resort action by which someone is prevented from editing Wikiversity for a prolonged or indeterminate length of time. Reasons for banning are usually a long history of biased edits, persistent adding of incorrect or doubtful material, refusal to cooperate with others, or extreme incivility and threats. If someone is banned, their username is blocked, and any username or IP that is with great likelihood identified as being the same person can be blocked without any further reason. See also: Block.

 * Barnstar
 * Barnstars are a light-hearted system of awards given to Wikiversity editors by other editors to acknowledge good work or other positive contributions to Wikiversity. They take the form of an image posted to an editor's talk page, usually in the form of a five-pointed star. There are a wide variety of different types of barnstar, each indicating a different reason for the award having been given.

 * Be Bold
 * The exhortation that users should try to fix mistakes in articles themselves, rather than complain about them. See Be bold.

 * Blanking
 * Removing all content from a page. Newcomers often do this accidentally.  On the other hand, if blanking an article is done in bad faith, it is vandalism.  If blanking is done to a vandalised brand-new page, it is maintenance, and the page will be deleted by a Custodian within a few hours if no dispute arises. Delete should be added to the blanked page to draw attention to it, rather than just blanking it.  Newcomers often mistake blanking for deletion.

 * Block
 * Action by a Custodian, removing from a certain IP-number or username the ability to edit Wikiversity. Usually done against addresses that have done vandalism or against users who have been banned. See also: Ban.

 * Boilerplate text
 * A standard message which can be added to an article using a template. For example, stub is expanded to the following:

''This article is a stub. You can help Wikiversity by [ expanding it]''.

 * Bot
 * A program that automatically or semi-automatically adds or edits Wikipedia-pages.
 * See also Bots.

 * Broken link
 * Also used: edit link, red link.
 * A link to a nonexistent page, usually colored . Template: may display this way depending on your settings.

 * Broken redirect
 * Redirect to a non-existing page. Common opinion is that these should be removed.

 * Bureaucrat
 * A Wikiversity custodian who has been entrusted with promoting users to Custodian.
 * See also Bureaucrats.
 * Also used: Crat.

C

 * Category
 * Also used: cat
 * A category is a collection of pages automatically formed by the Wikiversity servers by analysing category tags in articles. Category tags are in the form  .  The part after the ":" is the name of the Category.    Adding a category tag causes a link to the category and any super-categories to go to the bottom of the page.  As stated, it also results in the page being added to the category listing.  A list of basic categories to browse through can be found at Category:Wikiversity. A user-friendly way to find a category for academic topics is to start at Category:Wikiversity portals.

 * Checkuser
 * An access level that lets users with it see the IP addresses of logged-in users, usually to determine if someone is using sockpuppets to violate policy. Currently only granted to certain members of the Arbitration Committee and other trusted users.
 * See also checkuser.

 * Cleanup
 * The process of repairing articles that are ungrammatical, are poorly formatted, etc. Cleanup generally requires only editing skills, as opposed to the specialized knowledge that is more often called for by pages needing attention.
 * See also: Wikipedia:Cleanup process.

 * Comment out
 * To hide from normal display whilst retaining the material for editors to see. This is done by inserting the characters at the end. These character strings are used to delimit comments in HTML code.

 * Community Portal
 * One of Wikiversity's main pages. It can often be found on the quickbar (on the left side in most skins), and is a page that lists the collaboration of the week, outstanding tasks that need to be addressed, and several other useful bits of information and resources. The Community Portal is useful for picking an article or topic to work on or read.

 * Content development
 * The Wikiversity project exists as a website devoted to the creation and hosting of educational content. A general term for the intended Wikiversity content is learning resources. Wikiversity has many content development projects where participants collaborate to create, organize and develop particular types of learning resources. See: Content development.

 * Contribs
 * Short for contributions. These are the edits that a user has made.

 * Copyedit
 * A change to an article that only affects formatting, grammar, and other presentational aspects.

 * Copyvio
 * Also used: copyviol, and occasionally CV.
 * Copyright violation. Usually used in an edit summary when some copyrighted material has been added to Wikipedia.
 * See also Copyrights.

 * Crat
 * Short for Bureaucrat.

 * Cut and paste move
 * Moving a page by taking the text of the page, and put it into the edit window for the second page. Generally considered worse than the 'move page' option, because it causes the page and its edit history to be in different places. Cut and paste moves can be fixed by Custodians.

 * CV
 * See Copyvio.

 * Colloquium
 * The Colloquium is a general Wikiversity community discussion page.

 * Course
 * Courses are one type of learning project. The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees rejected the first Wikiversity project proposal and instructed the Wikiversity community to modify the proposal to "exclude online-courses". See the Wikiversity e-learning model for thoughts on how wiki technology can be used to assist learning without using conventional courses. See also: Courses.

 * Custodian
 * Wikiversity sysops are called "custodians".

D

 * Department
 * A Wikiversity Department is a content development project for organizing learning materials for a narrow topic of study. Example: the Department of Cell Biology. Pages for Departments are placed in the "Topic:" namespace.

 * Dif
 * Within wiki projects, a "dif" is the "difference" between a wiki webpage's contents from before an edit to after an edit. The "dif" for any edit can be obtained from the history page of the edited page. Use the "compare selected versions" button. (example)

E

 * EOD
 * EOD means "End of Discussion" or "End of Day" - mainly used in business communication (other definitions).

F

 * Faculty
 * The term "faculty" is used at some Universities to refer to very large fields of study. Within Wikiversity, such large academic subject areas are organized by Portals.

 * Foo
 * Foo - "foo" is often used as a place-holder term. See Foo at Wikpedia.

G

 * GFDL
 * GFDL stands for "GNU Free Documentation License" and is the license that is applied to all the text added by editors to Wikiversity pages. See: The GFDL and you.

 * Graphical User Interface (GUI)
 * The Graphical User Interface (GUI) is the portion of the computer program that is seen by a user with graphics and text, as opposed to just text. The simplest way to explain it is to look at the windows you see on your desktop that are part of your Operating System (OS).  By using these windows, task bars, buttons, sliders, your keyboard and your mouse, you are interacting with the OS and all the other programs installed into your computer.  Without the graphics, you would be using a command line, like in MS-DOS or the terminal of a Linux OS.

I

 * IAR
 * Ignore A Rule. In all cases, Wikiversity rules, guidelines and policies exist to facilitate the goals of the Wikiversity project. If a rule, guideline or policy is being used to defeat the goals of the Wikiversity project, then Wikiversity participants should ignore that rule and work to replace it with a rule that serves the needs of the project.

L

 * Learning project
 * Learning projects at Wikiversity are usually collaborative webpage editing projects for Wikiversity participants. By participating in learning projects, Wikiversity editors "learn by doing" in the wiki way.

 * Learning resource
 * Learning resources are the intended content of Wikiversity.

 * Lesson
 * Lessons are one type of learning project. Conventional lessons can be downloaded and used outside of Wikiversity or read by Wikiversity browsers. Other Wikiversity lessons include activities that require collaborative editing of Wikiversity webpages.

N

 * Namespace
 * Wikimedia Foundation wiki projects like Wikiversity use a standard set of namespaces. Each namespace holds pages that serve a specific function. See Namespaces.

 * NPOV
 * Neutral Point Of View. Most Wikimedia Foundation projects follow a conventional NPOV policy in order to limit bias in wiki webpages. Wikiversity has the Disclosures policy in order to allow some pages to express a bias.

O

 * Outing
 * At Wikimedia projects, "outing" is a term used to refer to unwelcome disclosure of an editor's personal information such as legal name, date of birth, identification numbers, home or workplace address, job title and work organization, telephone number, email address, or other contact information. See: Privacy policy.

P

 * Page Section
 * Wikiversity webpages that have a large amount of content usually divide that content into page sections, often just called "sections". See Section headings.

 * Policy
 * Many Wikiversity policies are similar to those for Wikipedia. Other Wikiversity policies are specific for the educational mission of Wikiversity. In all cases, Wikiversity policy exists to facilitate the goals of the Wikiversity project.

 * Portal
 * Wikiversity portals are user-friendly webpages that guide Wikiversity browsers to webpages related to a particular subject area. Wikiversity portal pages exist in the "Portal:" namespace. See: Portal.

 * POV
 * Point of view. Wikiversity pages that explore a topic from the perspective of a biased point of view explicitly describe that perspective according to the Disclosures policy.

 * Prefix
 * Some page names at Wikiversity have a prefix such as "Topic:" or "School:". Such pages with prefixes are in namespaces, special collections of pages that all serve a related function. For example, pages that start with the "Topic:" prefix are content development projects where Wikiversity participants collaborate to create learning resources for a narrow topic area. See Namespaces for details.

 * Project
 * Project - Wikiversity is a place for collaborative learning projects. Wikiversity has many collaborative content development projects where participants create, organize and develop learning resources for particular subject areas (See Schools and Topics). Wikiversity also has community development projects that concern the general function of Wikiversity as a wiki (example: Introduction Overhaul Taskforce). Within the set of Wikiversity namespaces, the "project namespace" is the "Wikiversity namspace" where all pages start with the "Wikiversity:" prefix. The "Wikiversity namspace" is for policy pages and other pages concerned with the entire Wikiversity project.

R
Revert
 * "Reverting a page" means returning a page to a previous version of its history.

Rollback
 * custodians have access to a rollback tool for rapidly reverting the edits of vandals, see: Rollback.

S

 * section
 * See page section, above.

 * side bar
 * The side bar holds a collection of links and the search tool and is displayed at the upper left edge of Wikiversity pages.

 * School
 * Within Wikiversity there is a "School:" namespace. A Wikiversity school functions as a special content development project that can organize the efforts of Wikiversity participants who create learning resources for a set of related academic topics. See: Schools.

 * Stub
 * a stub page is a short page that needs further development. See Stub.

T

 * Template
 * The contents of a Wikiversity page can be easily transcluded (copied) into other Wikiversity pages. See Help:Template and Templates.

 * Topic
 * Wikiversity has a special "Topic:" namespace for content development projects. See Topics.

W

 * WikiProject
 * At the Wikipedia website there is a "WikiProject" psuedonamespace that places all content development projects inside the "Wikipedia:" namespace. At Wikipedia, all content development projects have page names that start with "Wikipedia:WikiProject". Rather than use a pseudonamespace for content development projects, Wikiversity uses the "School:" and "Topic:" namespaces. See w:Wikipedia:WikiProject and WikiProject.

Z
de:Wikiversity:Glossar fr:Wikiversité:Jargon it:Aiuto:Glossario es:Wikiversidad:Glosario

title: Wikiversity:Glossary


text:
Klyuchi, Kamensky District, Altai Krai

Klyuchi (Ключи) is a rural locality (a selo) in Stolbovsky Selsoviet, Kamensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 63 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Klyuchi is located 31 km northeast of Kamen-na-Obi (the district's administrative centre) by road. Stolbovo is the nearest rural locality.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Klyuchi, Kamensky District, Altai Krai


text:
tavoletta

Noun

 * 1) small table
 * 2) tablet, bar (especially of chocolate), cake, slab
 * 3) toilet seat
 * 4)  a painting, often consisting of several panes, executed on a tabletop

title: tavoletta


text:
Talk:Denis Paradis

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Denis Paradis. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150815061116/http://www.elections.ca:80/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/canlim&document=index&lang=e to http://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/canlim&document=index&lang=e

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:57, 11 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Denis Paradis. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101206210851/http://farnham.enregion.ca/index.asp?s=detail_actualite&ID=5717 to http://farnham.enregion.ca/index.asp?s=detail_actualite&ID=5717

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:34, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denis Paradis


text:
Electronics/Voltage Dividers

Ideal case
Consider the illustration below. Assume initially that no current is flowing in or out of the terminal marked Vout. In this case, the only path for current is from Vin through R1 and R2 to GND. The equivalent resistance of this configuration is R1+R2 since these are resistors in series. From Ohm's law the current flowing through both resistors is     $$I = \frac{V_{in}}{R_1+R_2}$$. Also from Ohm's law, we know that the voltage drops across the resistors are I*R1 and I*R2 respectively. A quick check shows that the sum of the voltage drops across the resistors adds up to Vin. Now we can calculate the voltage at Vout (still assuming that no current flows through the terminal Vout). In this case the voltage is just $$0V + IR_2$$ where the 0V is the voltage at GND. If we substitute what we calculated for I, we obtain $$V_{out} = \frac{R_2}{R_1+R_2}V_{in}$$. This is the voltage divider equation for the ideal case where no current flows through the output. Another way of saying that no current flows through the output is that the output has infinite resistance. A quick mental check using $$I=V/R$$ shows that the voltage calculated divided by infinity equals zero

Non-ideal case - finite resistance outputs
In the non-ideal case, we need to consider the resistance of the output. If we assume that the resistance of the output is R3 (and it is connected only to GND), we need to modify our analysis as follows. Now we have two resistors in parallel from the Vout junction to GND. The equivalent resistance of the parallel resistors then is $$R_{eq}=\frac{R_2R_3}{R_2+R_3}$$ and the equivalent resistance of the entire circuit is    $$R_{tot}=R_1+\frac{R_2R_3}{R_2+R_3}$$. This yields a current of     $$I=\frac{V}{R_{tot}}=\frac{V_{in}}{R_1+\frac{R_2R_3}{R_2+R_3}}$$. Now we multiply this by $$R_{eq}$$ calculated above to obtain the output voltage: $$V_{out} = IR_{eq} = \frac{R_{eq}}{R_{tot}}V=\frac{\frac{R_2R_3}{R_2+R_3}}{R_1+\frac{R_2R_3}{R_2+R_3}}V_{in}$$ Normally R2 will be much smaller than R3 so Req will be approximately equal to R2. Keep in mind that a resistance R3 that is 100 times as large as R2 results in a voltage sag of about 1% and that a resistance R3 that is 10 times as large as R2 results in an almost 10% voltage sag.

Non-ideal case - complex impedance
Both voltage divider equations hold for complex impedances. Just substitute Z's for R's and do the complex arithmetic. The resulting equations are just the following: $$V_{out}=\frac{Z_2}{Z_1+Z_2}V_{in}$$ - ideal case $$V_{out}=\frac{\frac{Z_2Z_3}{Z_2+Z_3}}{Z_1+\frac{Z_2Z_3}{Z_2+Z_3}}V_{in}$$ - non-ideal case

title: Electronics/Voltage Dividers


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/raphaelgerard.fr

Links

 * raphaelgerard.fr resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 2 additions.


text:
1887 Staten Island Cricket Club football team

The 1887 Staten Island Cricket Club football team was an American football team that represented the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball club during the 1887 football season. In their first year as a member of the American Football Union, the Islanders compiled a 1–3 record (all in the AFU), and were outscored by their opponents by a total of 52 to 37.


text:
User:Aqilahhambali/TWA/Earth

The Earth is home to millions of species of plants and animals, including humans.

The Earth is home to millions of species of plants and animals, including humans.

Fixed 5 typos

title: User:Aqilahhambali/TWA/Earth


text:
Ecospirituality

Ecospirituality connects the science of ecology with spirituality. It brings together religion and environmental activism. Ecospirituality has been defined as "a manifestation of the spiritual connection between human beings and the environment." The new millennium and the modern ecological crisis has created a need for environmentally based religion and spirituality. Ecospirituality is understood by some practitioners and scholars as one result of people wanting to free themselves from a consumeristic and materialistic society. Ecospirituality has been critiqued for being an umbrella term for concepts such as deep ecology, ecofeminism, and nature religion.

Proponents may come from a range of faiths including: Islam; Jainism; Christianity (Catholicism, Evangelicalism and Orthodox Christianity); Judaism; Hinduism; Buddhism and Indigenous traditions. Although many of their practices and beliefs may differ, a central claim is that there is "a spiritual dimension to our present ecological crisis." According to the environmentalist Sister Virginia Jones, "Eco-spirituality is about helping people experience 'the holy' in the natural world and to recognize their relationship as human beings to all creation.

Ecospirituality has been influenced by the ideas of deep ecology, which is characterized by "recognition of the inherent value of all living beings and the use of this view in shaping environmental policies" Similarly to ecopsychology, it refers to the connections between the science of ecology and the study of psychology. 'Earth-based' spirituality is another term related to ecospirituality; it is associated with pagan religious traditions and the work of prominent ecofeminist, Starhawk. Ecospirituality refers to the intertwining of intuition and bodily awareness pertaining to a relational view between human beings and the planet.

Origins
Ecospirituality finds its history in the relationship between spirituality and the environment. Some scholars say it "flows from an understanding of cosmology or the story of the origin of the universe." There are multiple origin stories about how the spiritual relationship with people and the environment began. In Native America philosophy, there are many unique stories of how spirituality came to be. A common theme in a number of them is the discussion of a Great Spirit that lives within the universe and the earth represents its presence.

Ecospirituality has also sprung from a reaction to the Western world's materialism and consumerism, characterized by ecotheologian Thomas Berry as a "crisis of cosmology." Scholars have argued that "the modern perspective is based on science and focused on the human self with everything else being outside, resulting in the demise of the metaphysical world and the disenchantment with the cosmos." Therefore, ecospirituality originates as a rebuttal to the emphasis on the material as well as Western separation from the environment, where the environment is regarded as a set of material resources with primarily instrumental value.

Ecological crisis
Ecospirituality became popularized due to a need for a reconceptualization of the human relationship with the environment. Terms such as environmental crisis, ecological crisis, climate change, global warming all refer to an ongoing global issue that needs to be addressed. Generally the ecological crisis is referring to the destruction of the earth's ecosystem. What this encompasses is a highly controversial debate in scientific and political spheres. Globally we are faced with pollution of our basic needs (air, and water) as well as the depletion of important resources, most notably food resources.

Annette Van Schalkwyk refers to the environmental crisis as “man-made”. It is arguably the result of a “mechanistic and capitalistic world view”. Whether it is man-made, or as some argue, a natural occurrence, humans are not helping. Pollution and depletion of resources play a major role in the ecological crisis. Bringing religion into the ecological crisis is controversial due to the divide between religion and science. Ecospirituality is prepared to acknowledge science, and work in tandem with religion to frame the environment as a sacred entity in need of protection.

Mary Evelyn Tucker notes the importance of religion and ecology connecting with sustainability. Due to the environmental crisis, perceptions of sustainability are changing. Religion and ecology, and the way people experience ecospirituality, could contribute to this changing definition of sustainability.

Research on ecospirituality
Ecospirituality has been studied by academics in order to understand a clearer definition of what individuals label as ecospirituality and the framework in which they create this definition. One study focused on holistic nurses, who themselves characterize their profession as having a fundamentally spiritual nature and a sense of the importance of the environment. Researchers performed a phenomenological study where they assessed the nurses' ecospiritual consciousness. For the purpose of their study, they defined ecospiritual consciousness as "accessing a deep awareness of one's ecospiritual relationship." They then narrowed down their findings to the five principles of ecospiritual consciousness, which are: tending, dwelling, reverence, connectedness, and sentience. Another study looked at medical effects of ecospirituality by having patients with cardiovascular disease practice "environmental meditation" and log regular journal entries about their experiences. Researchers started out with the research question of, "What is the essence of the experience of ecospirituality meditation in patients with CVD?" CVD is an acronym for cardiovascular disease. From analyzing journal entries of participants, researchers abstracted four major themes of ecospirituality meditation: entering a new time zone, environmental reawakening, finding a new rhythm, and the creation of a healing environment. This research was driven by the goal of raising awareness among healthcare professionals about ecospirituality and the medical importance of both self and environmental consciousness. Anecdotal evidence showed a decrease in blood pressure. However, the psychological benefits of environmental meditation were the main focus for the researchers.
 * 1) Tending was defined as "being awake and conscious," with "deep, inner self-reflection."
 * 2) Dwelling was defined as "a process of being with the seen and the unseen."
 * 3) Reverence was defined as "rediscovering the mystery present present in all creation and is embodied sense of the sacred," focusing on the earth.
 * 4) Connectedness was defined as an "organic relationship with the universe."
 * 5) Sentience was defined as "a sense of knowing."
 * 1) Entering a new time zone was described by researchers as "the expansion of time during meditation."
 * 2) Environmental Reawakening was described by researchers as "opened participants’ eyes to vistas not previously noticed"
 * 3) Finding a new rhythm was described by the researchers as "enhanced relationships with their family, friends, coworkers, and even their pets."
 * 4) The creation of a healing environment was described by the researchers as "With raised consciousnesses, they became aware of the choices they had regarding what types of intentions and energy that wanted to put out in their environment"

Dark Green Religion
Dark Green Religion is one way in which people, both secular and religious, connect with nature on a spiritual level. Bron Taylor defines Dark Green Religion as "religion that considers nature to be sacred, imbued by intrinsic value, and worthy of reverent care" in his book Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future. Nature religion is an overarching term of which Dark Green Religion is a part of. A key part of Dark Green Religion is the "depth of its consideration of nature." Dark Green Religion differs from Green Religion. Green Religion claims that it is a religious obligation for humans to be environmental stewards, while Dark Green Religion is a movement that simply holds nature as valuable and sacred. Spiritual types of Dark Green Religion include Naturalistic and Supernaturalistic forms of Animism and of Gaianism. The diverse views within Dark Green Religion are not without the idea that the earth is sacred and worthy of care. The perceptions of Dark Green Religion are global and flexible. Taylor's use of the word 'Dark' gestures toward these negative possibilities. According to Taylor, Dark Green Religion has the possibility to "inspire the emergence of a global, civic, earth religion." Dark Green, Green and Nature Religions are arguably all a part of ecospirituality. The term ecospirituality is versatile and overarching.

Ecofeminism and spirituality
The umbrella term "ecospirituality" covers the feminist theology called Ecofeminism. The term ecofeminism was first coined by the French writer Françoise D'Eaubonne in her book, Le Féminisme ou la Mort in order to name the connection between the patriarchal subjugation of women and the destruction of nature. In it, she argues that women have different ways of seeing and relating to the world than men. These differences can give rise alternative insights on interactions between humans and the natural world when women's perspectives are considered. The suppression and control of woman and the natural world are connected. On the ecofeminist view, women are controlled because they are thought to be closer to primitive nature. By understanding the connection between femininity and nature and by exploring feminine ways of seeing and relating, ecofeminism asserts that humans can realize positive ways of interacting with the natural world and with each other.

Ecofeminism and Christianity on the ecological crisis
A significant figure in Christian ecofeminism is Rosemary Radford Ruether. Ruether argues that feminism and ecology share a common vision, even though they use different languages. In her work, Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing Ruether provides three recommendations on ways to move forward with repairing and "healing" the ecological crisis. The first recommendation is that "the ecological crisis needs to be seen not just as a crisis in the health of nonhuman ecosystems, polluted water, contaminated skies, threatened climate change, deforestation, extinction of species, important as all these realities are. Rather one needs to see the interconnections between the impoverishment of the earth and the impoverishment of human groups, even as others are enriching themselves to excess." The second recommendation is that "a healed ecosystem – humans, animals, land, air, and water together – needs to be understood as requiring a new way of life, not just a few adjustments here and there." The third and final recommendation is that the need for a new vision is necessary: "one needs to nurture the emergence of a new planetary vision and communal ethic that can knit together people across religions and cultures. There is rightly much dismay at the role that religions are playing in right-wing politics and even internecine violence today. But we need also to recognize the emergence of new configurations of inter-religious relations."

Ecofeminism and Christianity in liberation theology
According to Ivone Gebara, in Latin America, particularly in Christian Churches in Brazil, it is difficult to be a feminist, but more difficult to be an ecofeminist. Gebara explains ecology as one of the "deepest concerns of feminism and ecology as having a deep resonance or a political and anthropolocial consequence from a feminist perspective." Gebara believes that it is the task of different groups of Latin American women to "provide a new order of meaning including marginalized people." This task is both challenging and political. Gebara says: "We can choose the life of the planet and the respect of all living beings or we choose to die by our own bad decisions."

Ecospirituality and paganism
Paganism is a nature-based religion that exists in a multitude of forms. There is no official doctrine or sacred text that structures its practice. Due to its lack of structure, many Pagans believe that it should be used as a tool to combat the current ecological crisis because it is flexible and can adapt to the environment's needs. Ecospirituality advocates contend that an ecology-based religion that focuses on the nurturing and healing of the earth is necessary in modernity. As paganism is already based in nature worship, many believe it would be a useful starting point for ecospirituality. In fact, neopagan revivals have seen the emergence of pagan communities that are more earth-focused. They may build their rituals around advocacy for a sustainable lifestyle and emphasize complete interconnectedness with the earth. Paganism understands divine figures to exist not as transcendent beings, but as immanent beings in the present realm, meaning that their divine figures exist within each of us, and within nature. Many pagans believe in interconnectedness among all living beings, which allows them to foster moments of self-reflection before acting. These pagan ideals coincide with ecospirituality because pagans understand the environment to be part of the divine realm and part of their inner self. Therefore, in their view, harming the environment directly affects their wellbeing. Pagans have already recognized the importance of incorporating environmental ideologies with their own religious beliefs. The Dragon Environmental Network is a pagan community based in the UK. They are committed to practicing "eco-magic" with the intention of recognizing the earth as sacred and divine. Their four goals are as follows: Paganism combines religion with environmental activism. Pagans organize protests, campaigns, and petitions with the environment in mind while staying true to their religious beliefs. Bron Taylor, argues that their core Pagan beliefs greatly improves their environmental activism. Additionally, the Pagan community has recently released a statement on the ecological crisis. It explains that Pagans lead lives that foster “harmony with the rhythms of our great Earth" and that they view the Earth as their equal in stating “we are neither above nor separate from the rest of nature”. It states that we are part of a web of life, and are fully interconnected with the biosphere. This connection to all living beings is seen as spiritual and sacred. And in turn it provides a framework that Pagans can use to combine their religious beliefs with environmental activism. It calls for a return to ancient understandings of the earth by listening to ancient wisdom. It asks Pagans to practice their religion in all aspects of their lives in order to give the Earth room to heal. The statement concludes by stating “building a truly sustainable culture means transforming the systems of domination and exploitation that threaten our future into systems of symbiotic partnership that support our ecosystems”.
 * 1) Increase general awareness of the sacredness of the Earth.
 * 2) Encourage pagans to become involved in conservation work.
 * 3) Encourage pagans to become involved in environmental campaigns.
 * 4) Develop the principles and practice of magical and spiritual action for the environment.

Ecospirituality and Christianity
Most Christian theology has centered on the doctrine of creation. According to Elizabeth Johnson, in recent years, this has led to growing ecological awareness among Christians. The logic of this stance is rooted in the theological idea that since God created the world freely, it has an intrinsic value and is worthy of our respect and care. In 1990, Pope John Paul II wrote a letter on ecological issues. He concluded the letter with a discussion of Christian belief and how it should lead to ethical care of the earth. He ended the letter with the principle "respect for life and the dignity of human person must extend also to the rest of creation."

The doctrines of Christ that Christians follow also have the potential for ecological spirituality for they support interpretations that are consistent with ecospirituality. According to Elizabeth Johnson, Jesus' view of the Kingdom of God included earthly wellbeing. According to Thomas Berry, Christians recognize a need for an Earth Ethic. The Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, leader of the Greek Orthodox Church, has organized major religion and science symposia on water issues across Europe, the Amazon River and Greenland. He has issued statements – including a joint statement with John Paul II in 2002 – calling destruction of the environment "ecological sin." Bishop Malone, president of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops has said: "The Church stands in need of a new symbolic and affective system through which to proclaim the Gospel to the modern world." In the ecotheology of the late Thomas Berry, he argues that Christians often fail to realize that both their social and religious wellbeing depend on the wellbeing of Earth. Earth provides sustenance for physical, imaginative and emotions, and religious wellbeing. In Thomas Berry's view, the Christian future will depend on the ability of Christians to assume their responsibility for Earth's fate. An example of such responsibility-taking can be seen in the founding of an association called "Sisters of Earth," which is made up of nuns and laywomen. This network of women from diverse religious communities is significant, both for the movement of general concern for the natural world and for the religious life in Christian contexts.

Ecospirituality and Hinduism
Many teachings in Hinduism are intertwined with the ethics of ecospirituality in their stress on environmental wellbeing. The Hindu text called the Taittariya Upanishad refers to creation as offspring of the Supreme Power, paramatman. Thus, the environment is related to something that is divine and therefore deserves respect. Since the late 1980s when the negative effects of mass industrialization were becoming popularized, India instituted administrative policies to deal with environmental conservation. These policies were rooted in the ways that the Hindu religion is tied to the land.

In the Hindu text Yajurveda (32.10), God is described as being present in all living things, further reinforcing the need to show respect for creation. Passages such as this lead some Hindus to become vegetarian and to affirm a broader type of ecospiritual connection to the Earth. Vishnu Purana 3.8.15. states that, "God, Kesava, is pleased with a person who does not harm or destroy other non-speaking creatures or animals." This notion is tied in with the Hindu concept of karma. Karma means that the pain caused to other living things will come back to you through the process of reincarnation.

Ecospirituality can also be seen in the Prithivi Sukta which is a "Hymn to Mother Earth." In this text, the Earth is humanized into a spiritual being to which humans have familial ties. Through ecospirituality, the notion of praising and viewing the Earth in this way brings about its strong connections to Hinduism.

Ecospirituality and Jainism
Contemporary Jaina faith is "inherently ecofriendly". In terms of the ecological crisis, Jains are “quite self-conscious of the ecological implications of their core teachings.”

Jain teachings center on five vows that lead to reverse the flow of or release karma. One of these vows is ahimsa or non-violence. Ahimsa “is said to contain the key to advancement along the spiritual path (sreni). This requires abstaining from harm to any being that possesses more than one sense” The principles of the Jaina tradition are rooted in environmental practices. The Jaina connection to nature is conducive to ecospirituality.

Ecospirituality and Islam
Some scholars argue that while looking at the scriptural sources of Islam, you can see it is an ecologically orientated religion. Looking at textual sources of Islam, the shari'a preach a number of environmentally focused guidelines to push environmentalism, in particular, "maintenance of preserves, distribution of water, and the development of virgin lands." Much of Muslim environmentalism is a result of the Qur'anic stress of stewardship which is explained through the Arabic concept khilafa. A quote translated from the hadith states, "Verily, this world is sweet and appealing, and Allah placed you as vice-regents therein! He will see what you do." Within the Islamic faith, there is a set importance to following the messages set forth in scripture, therefore the environmentalism spoken through them has led to a spirituality around the environment. This spirituality can also be seen with Qur'anic concept of tawhid, which translates to unity. Many Muslim environmentalists see this meaning spiritually as "all-inclusive" when in relation to the Earth.

A majority of Muslim writers draw attention to the environmental crisis as a direct result of social injustice. Many argue that the problem is not that, "humans as a species are destroying the balance of nation, but rather that some humans are taking more than their share." Muslim environmentalists such as Fazlun Khalid, Yasin Dutton, Omar Vadillo, and Hashim Dockrat have drawn a correlation between the capitalist nature of the global economy to being un-Islamic and essentiality leading to ecological crisis.

The issues of environmental degradation are especially important to Muslims as majority of Muslims live in developing countries where they see the effects of the ecological crisis on a daily basis. This has led to conferences discussing Islam and the environment to take place in Iran and Saudi Arabia as well as the introduction of environmental nongovernmental organizations.

Ecospirituality and Buddhism
Buddhism was founded in ancient India between the 6th and 4th century BCE. However, with modern concerns on issues such as global warming, many Buddhist scholars have looked back at what Buddhist teaching has to say about the environmental crisis and developed what is called Green Buddhism. One of the key players in this introduction was Gary Snyder who brought to light where Buddhist practice and ecological thinking intertwine. Green Buddhism made waves in the 1980s when they publicly addressed the ecological crisis to create awareness and in 1989 when the Dalai Lama won a Nobel Peace Prize for the proposed introduction of Tibet as an ecological reserve. Buddhism has been open to working with other world religions to combat the environmental crisis seen at an international conference for Buddhist-Christian studies that addressed the environment. Although Green Buddhism has not commented much on technical issues such as air and water pollution, they use their spirituality to focus heavily on "rich resources for immediate application in food ethics, animal rights, and consumerism."

title: Ecospirituality


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2015 Team LottoNL–Jumbo season

The 2015 season for the  road cycling team began in January at the Tour Down Under. As a UCI WorldTeam, they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour.

In June 2014 it was announced that Belkin would stop sponsoring the cycling team. On July 20, 2014, the team announced they had an agreement in place with the Brand Loyalty skating team. A day later, the team also released the news that the Dutch Lotto will also sponsor the team. On September 29, 2014, the contracts were signed between the two teams, meaning that the new name would be TEAMLottoNL, with the renaming taking effect from 1 January 2015. On October 23, 2014, the team was unveiled in Utrecht as Team LottoNL–Jumbo showing their new black and yellow team kit. Lotto had previously been confirmed as the team's title sponsor, supermarket chain, Jumbo, was presented as the second sponsor of the WorldTour team.

Team roster

 * Riders who joined the team for the 2015 season

 * Riders who left the team during or after the 2014 season

title: 2015 Team LottoNL–Jumbo season


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User:Miniswrang

The Bodos (pronounced [boːɽoː]) are an ethnic and linguistic aboriginal group of the Brahmaputra valley in the northeast part of India. Bodos are the single largest group in the Northeast region of India. They are recognized as a plains tribe in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Udalguri, Chirang, Baksa, Sonitpur, Goalpara, Dhemaji, Lakhimpur, Darrang, Bongaigaon, Kokrajhar of Assam are considered the centre of the Bodo area. The Bodos living in West Bengal, Nepal are called Mech. The Bodos use the term Bodosa (which is pronounced as Borosa meaning son of Bodo) to describe themselves.

title: User:Miniswrang


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obpandurate

Adjective

 * 1)  Having a reverse pandurate shape, with the sinuosity toward the apex and the broadest part toward the base.

title: obpandurate


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User:Diego López~enwiki

Diego Lopez's Wikipedia User Page

Articles

 * Iñaki Gabilondo

Contributions

 * Journey South

title: User:Diego López~enwiki


text:
dwi-

Etymology
From, meaning "two".

Usage notes
Current official IUPAC practice is to use a systematic element name based on the atomic number of the element as the provisional name, instead of being based on its position in the periodic table as these prefixes require.

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from ,.

Etymology
From, from , from , from ,.

title: dwi-


text:
Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Acids and bases/Proton donors and acceptors

<< Acids and bases | Electron donors and acceptors >>

The first and earliest definition of acids and bases was proposed in the 1800s by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius, who said that an acid was anything that dissolved in water to give up H+ ions. Such as hydrochloric acid and a base was anything that dissolved in water to give up OH- ions such a sodium hydroxide.

The Brønsted-Lowry definition of 1923 broadened this idea a bit:

 * an acid is any proton donor, and a base is any proton acceptor.

The focus of this definition is on donating and accepting protons, and is not limited to aqueous solution.

The Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases is one of two definitions we commonly use. The second definition deals not with protons but with electrons, and has a slightly different emphasis.

<< Foundational concepts | << Resonance | << Acids and bases | Proton donors and acceptors | Alkanes >>


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Sodopsis curvifascia

Sodopsis curvifascia is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Sodopsis. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1961.

title: Sodopsis curvifascia


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User:Marshman~enwikibooks

I'm the same Marshman from the Wikipedia Project but presently not active.

Here at WikiBooks, I am interested in putting together a Study Guide on Botany and on on Ecology, by which I mean an outline of botanical or ecological subjects organized as they would be found in a textbook with links to appropriate Wikipedia articles (where I am working to instill botanical credibility). In time, text would need to be added to the Study Guide to introduce and transition between subjects. Eventually, this outline could be fleshed out into a textbook. Hopefully this approach will result in a useful product (although incomplete) much sooner than attempting to write a textbook from scratch.

I am a biologist with a background in marine biology, terrestrial botany, water quality, and ecology. I am still active in the work force as a biologist/consultant and own a 13-person consulting firm in Hawaii.

title: User:Marshman~enwikibooks


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Talk:David Driskell

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ndstewart.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:05, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David C. Driskell. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130207023323/http://liveurbanlux.com/prize-fighter/ to http://liveurbanlux.com/prize-fighter/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:19, 16 January 2018 (UTC)

Death
The sources listed say he lived in Maryland, so I'm assuming he contracted COVID in Maryland and then was hospitalized in DC. That's why I categorized him as a Maryland COVID case. Looks like a couple of other editors had the same idea. Aristophanes68 (talk) 00:52, 8 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Driskell


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Talk:South Luzon Expressway

Exits
I suggest that we arrange the exits list be placed in a table or something like it make it less cluttered. Please do the same to the North Luzon Expressway article. - Emir214 07:42, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I had already fixed that problem about the cluttered list of exits in South Luzon Expressway. I will try to fix also the list in North Luzon Expressway if I have excess time... Thanks and Good Luck!!! The General 15:52, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

can you post a new toll rates or south luzon expressways...thanks19841411

South Luzon Tollway (SLuT)
This highway, like most infrastructure in the Philippines is too little, too late, and too expensive.

It is too little in that they've had a cash flow for many decades (from tolls) but have applied none of that income to extending the road a little bit each year or each couple of years. By now it should reach Tayabas Bay.

It is too late in that it needed to be widened to three lanes at least twenty years ago.

And it is too expensive because the minimum speed (60kph) has never been delivered. They allow so many vehicles/drivers that/who are physically/genetically incapable of sustaining a minimum speed of 60 kph.

Even during the current construction, a speed of 60kph (which is very near the ideal fuel economy of most vehicles) should be 'doable'--it is 'doable' in other countries, whether in Oceania (Oz) or in N America (US, CA). Mind you, that would mean that the contractor would need to smoothen parts of the road and install temporary lane markings and lighting. But those items are in the budget anyway (unless someone cheated on international construction standards).

I mention these things because the current Wikipedia page reads too damned much like a press release by the owning/operating corporation or the GoRP. Even when the current projects are completed, they will be too little too late.

Ratu Caqe —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:32, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I am not yet contributing in Wikipedia when the article existed, and I am already aware of the issue. The article looks like a press release and a development plan since its creation. Exit lists have even resembled a driver's guide, and even addressed the reader "you", and it is the same issue with intersection/exit lists of other Philippine roads, that I am transitioning them to a standard format laid out in the Manual of Style, first using wikitable-based lists, but with my creation of two new templates (PHLinttop and PHLint) based on two existing ones (Jctinttop and Jctint) created for generating standardized intersection/exit lists, but is designed to accommodate Philippine administrative divisions, I am transitioning intersection/exit lists for Philippine roads from hard-coded wikitable to template-based type.

 * Another problem I addressed is a lack of historical background. I already addressed that. And the sections, that looks like parts of a press release, I am fixing them to be like the structure of articles of American road articles. And section names is not an issue unique to this article. Other articles about Philippine expressways have some issues like those found in the SLEX article, but in varying degrees, that are fixable. There are issues with sections related for tolling, that many are just a list of toll rates, but I am changing them to be like those in articles of toll roads in other countries, for example, the Pennsylvania Turnpike in the United States, which has an explanation of the toll system used.

 * Though you sent this when I am not yet editing on Wikipedia, I took the chance to reply on the issue you addressed. Thanks for addressing it. --TagaSanPedroAko (talk) 15:27, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

Metro Manila Skyway and South Luzon Expressway
The Metro Manila Skyway must not be in this article.. the Skyway is not part of South Luzon Expressway (SLEx). also, there is a seperate article here in Wikipedia named "Metro Manila Skyway". Azurich (talk) 23:53, 30 January 2015 (UTC)Azurich

You're right, the three paragraphs in the section "Future" don't belong in this article. (Just noticed it after editing them.) Please someone delete these sub-sections and probably move them to the Skyway article. Thank you. --Miles2north (talk) 21:35, 12 February 2019 (UTC)

History
There is no history related to the South Luzon Expressway, from its opening possibly in the 60's, extension in the mid-70's, rehabilitation (existing, but too brief), and extension in 2010. Can someone add verifiable history, either coming from books or web sources (may be archived by the Wayback Machine or WebCitation)?--TagaSanPedroAko (talk) 07:14, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 September 2018
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:50, 27 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Hhkohh (talk) 13:33, 28 September 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:14, 31 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Skyway SLEX PNR.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:54, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Vlag Fil Batangas.gif

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussions at the nomination pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:36, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Vlag Fil Cavite.gif (discussion)
 * Vlag Fil Laguna.gif (discussion)
 * Vlag Fil Quezon.gif (discussion)

Please get a new picture of Caltex Southbound, Biñan
The image we currently have dates to 2013. Nine years later it's now one of the biggest shopping centers in the area (along with Shell Northbound, Mamplasan). I think having a decade-old image will confuse readers, especially if they're not from the area. Can we get a newer photo? 2001:4453:5F7:6400:6CE3:F195:56EA:EE2C (talk) 06:42, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Luzon Expressway


text:
Talk:Dennis Mak

Please make this article more like an encyclopedic entry!
In my view it is embarrassing; it reads like a fanclub flyer. Has this person sung/performed on any records, gigs? Does he sing lead or harmony?

Whatever. LessHeard vanU 22:35, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dennis Mak


text:
Human Anatomy/Osteology/Introduction

The framework of the body is built upon a series of bones, supplemented in certain regions by cartilage; the bony part of the framework constitutes the skeleton.

The skeletal system serves several functions, among them are:

 * Protection and support: The ribs protect the organs of the thorax and the skull protects the brain. The legs support the weight of the entire body. The vertebrae also support the upper body.

 * Movement: Most skeletal muscles attach to the bones of the skeletal system and use them as leverage points for movement of the body.

 * Production of blood cells: The bone marrow produces blood cells in a process known as hematopoiesis.

 * Storage: "Yellow bone marrow" or adipose tissue stores fat in the medullary cavity of long bones. Bones can also be broken down to release inorganic calcium and phosphorus stored in the non cellular matrix of the bone.

In the skeleton of the adult there are generally 206 distinct bones:

Axial Skeleton:
 * Vertebral column 26
 * Skull 22
 * Hyoid bone 1
 * Ribs and sternum 25
 * Auditory ossicles 6
 * Total 80

Appendicular Skeleton:
 * Upper extremities 64
 * Lower extremities 62
 * Total 126

Total 206

Types of Bones
Bones are divisible into four classes: Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular. Long Bones are found in the limbs and function as levers, they are longer than they are wide. Short Bones transfer forces of movement and are cube shaped as in the carpus and tarsus. Flat Bones are used for either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment. The bones expand into broad, flat plates, as in the skull and the scapula. Irregular Bones have peculiar forms, cannot be grouped under the preceding heads, and are used for muscle attachment and articulation. Some irregular bones include the vertebræ, sacrum and coccyx.

LONG BONE
Long bones consists of a body or shaft and two extremities. The body, or diaphysis is cylindrical, with a central cavity termed the medullary cavity. The wall consists of dense, compact tissue of considerable thickness in the middle part of the body, but becoming thinner toward the extremities. Within the medullary cavity is adipose tissue or "yellow bone marrow".

The extremities are refered to as the epiphysis. Within the epiphysis is the "spongy bone" also known as "red bone marrow". It is within this marrow that red blood cells are produced at an average rate of 2.5 million per second. Running horizontally across the spongy bone of this region is the Epiphyseal line which is a region of cell growth responsible for lateral bone growth during youth, when growth is complete this line calcifies and becomes known as the epiphyseal plate.

Nutrient foramen run through the compact bone and allow the passage of nutrients in and out of the bone. There is a thin outer layer of connective tissue called the PERIOSTEUM which is highly vascular and allows for muscle and tendon attachment, it is bound to the bone itself by PERFORATING FIBERS which are composed of collagen. This layer does not cover the articulating regions of the bone. The bones belonging to this class include: the clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges. it is strongest largest of all body bones.

SHORT BONE
Short bones are generally equal in length, width, and thickness. They are found in the wrists and ankles. Aside from points of insertion and vascular areas, short bones are almost completely covered by articular surfaces.

FLAT BONE
These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of spongy bone. They generally offer protection, as is the case with the bones of the cranium and with the ribs and sternum.

title: Human Anatomy/Osteology/Introduction


text:
Fire and emergency management/Fire Investigator

About the Open Source Learning Project

General

Scene Examination

Documenting the Scene

Evidence Collection and Preservation

Interview

Post Incident Investigation

Presentations

Cognitive Applications

Psychomotor Applications


text:
Talk:G.G. (Gossip Girl)/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: TBrandley (talk · contribs) 16:01, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Issues:

 * Top: Add the DISPLAYTITLE template at the top to italic Gossip Girl, as it is a television series
 * ✅ Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Infobox: No need for "The CW" in the infobox
 * ✅ Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Infobox: Add "running time" to the infobox
 * ✅ Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Image Caption: "Blair and Louis' wedding day arrives in the show's 100th episode." This is suppose to say what is in image, not 100th episode overall. How about: "Blair and Louis' get married." Or something like that. Thanks
 * ✅ I put what you wrote ;-) Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Image Caption: "The St. James' Episcopal Church saw the wedding taking place" What does that mean
 * ✅ Reworded Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Lede: the show's 100th overall → the show's 100th episode overall
 * ✅ Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Lede: ""G.G" revolves around the wedding of Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) to Prince Louis Grimaldi (Hugo Becker)." Maybe switch that up a bit so it doesn't sound like an ad
 * I changed the sentence a bit but I don't know if it's what you want Sofffie7 (talk) 08:38, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

That's all. On hold. TBrandley 16:15, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Lede: Remove ""G.G" makes Gossip Girl the first series that premiered on The CW to hit 100 episodes." It already says "the show's 100th overall" at the top
 * ✅ I know it sounds redundant but it was to note that Gossip Girl was the very first CW series to reach that amount of episodes; other series were cancelled before or have not yet reached the 100 episodes... Nonetheless, I have removed the sentence Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Plot: Expand to show what fully happened in episode for the 44 minutes
 * ✅ Do you think it is OK that way? Sofffie7 (talk) 08:14, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Music: Per guidelines, try to write the music in a few sentences, rather than a bulleted list
 * ✅ Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Critical reception: Digital Spy should be in italics
 * ✅ Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * References: Ref. 3 - Yahoo! TV. Remove that source. Yahoo! TV isn't a good source for Wikipedia
 * ✅ I changed it but I also erased the part about the editor since it isn't supported by the new source. Sofffie7 (talk) 21:00, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * References: Ref. 4 - Huffington Post should be The Huffington Post
 * ✅ Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * References: Ref. 7 - That is a dead link, as I see here Please archive it, replaced it, or remove it
 * ✅ Removed Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * External links: For Internet Movie Database and TV.com links, it should be "G.G" not "G.G. (Gossip Girl)"
 * ✅ Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * External links: Missing quoteation marks for The CW link
 * ✅ Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * External links: The CW should be cwtv.com. Still, link to The CW Television Network
 * ✅ Sofffie7 (talk) 19:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for reviewing. I've tried to address all the issues you mentioned. --Sofffie7 (talk) 08:38, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:G.G. (Gossip Girl)/GA1


text:
Perception and knowing

Asking questions. How do we know anything? What is the role of our senses in allowing us to know?

Proposals: ways of knowing

 * panpsychism - the entire universe is fundamentally composed of mind. Since we are part of the universe, we automatically know.
 * faculty of knowing - humans have rationality or intuition or a knowing soul (non-material component of a person) that has the function of knowing.
 * Human brains process information recieved through the senses, store memories and construct a mental model of the world.
 * Ancestors have molded warnings into our mind. We are born with some phobias.
 * ..add more

Testing the proposals

 * Sensory deprivation. If our senses are what makes it possible to learn about the world, can we study the process by selectively depriving test subjects of sensory experience? Can we take advantage of natural cases of sensory deprivation and sensory disruption to learn about the role of the sense in learning?
 * Neuropharmacology. How can drugs be used to alter brain function and probe how learning takes place and memory functions?
 * Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain functions can be blocked by transcranial magnetic stimulation.
 * Disease. Disease processes such as viral infection can result in the destruction of particular brain regions. Sometimes strokes, the treatment of epilepsy, degenerative nervous system diseses or removal of tumors results in damage to specific brain regions. What can be learned about how memories are stored from such selective destruction of brain regions?

Reading
Search the Entrez database for information about the topics listed above. Add useful sources of information to the list, below.
 * Clinical studies of Speech/Language Delay, Hearing Loss and Learning Disabilities
 * Activation of the prefrontal cortex in the human visual aesthetic perception

Discussion

 * What are some things that people know without having to learn them by making use of their senses?
 * What evidence exists for a human capacity to remember events that took place before birth?
 * What evidence exists for Extra-sensory perception?
 * If human knowledge comes from learning and the storage of information in the bran, is it possible to make artificial intelligences that would rely on computer technology as a medium for learning, memory and construction of conceptual models of the world?

title: Perception and knowing


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pauletta Pearson Washington

The result was   delete. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 02:46, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Pauletta Pearson Washington

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

WP:NN actress with only bit and minor parts. Claim to fame is wife of celebrity (WP:NOTINHERITED). Toddst1 (talk) 21:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete - Non-notable Maractus (talk) 22:48, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 00:34, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Strong delete Fails WP: ACTOR and WP: NOTINHERETED. If the only "claim to fame" is spouse, than that's not notable, as per WP: NOTINHERETED. Electriccatfish2 (talk) 00:42, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Strong delete Notability is not WP:NOTINHERITED --Artene50 (talk) 01:26, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete Doesn't appear to be notable as actor. CodeTheorist (talk) 22:19, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete Does not have own notability, spouse's notability is not enough. The Determinator  p  t  c  16:04, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Weak keep If the claim that she was the first black Miss North Carolina pageant contestant can be verified, in addition to her minor acting roles, would that be enough to indicate notability? I'm guessing though that ballerwives.com isn't too reliable a source though, so I'll keep looking... Zujua (talk) 08:02, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete - Edit: Can't find anything to support that claim. Zujua (talk) 05:47, 17 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
User:Bigrabid

Bigrabid is an undergraduate student of International Relations and Diplomatic History at the University of Pennsylvania. He created the Wikibook, Diplomatic History. He believes in the relentless pursuit of truth and strives to use his poorly developed cognitive skills to this effect. He also enjoys reading, singing, religion, and Aikido, and has distant and far-fetched hopes of being a college professor one day.

--Bigrabid 09:22, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Bigrabid


text:
Category:GA-Class Lethwei articles

This category contains articles that have been rated as "GA-Class" by the Lethwei Wikiproject. Articles are automatically placed in this category when the corresponding rating is given; please see the assessment department for more information.

title: Category:GA-Class Lethwei articles


text:
Mary Totah

Mary David Totah OSB, known as Sister Mary David, born Michelle Frieda Totah, (26 March 1957 - 28 August 2017) was an American nun who became prioress of St Cecilia's Abbey on the Isle of Wight, England.

Early life
Totah was born in Philadelphia to Catholic Arab parents from Ramallah, Palestine. She grew up in Louisiana and attended Holy Savior Menard Central High School. where she was the first female student president. She studied English literature at Loyola University New Orleans and obtained an M.A. at the University of Virginia, and in 1980 she became one of the first women to study at Christ Church, Oxford, where she obtained a D.Phil. (1985) from University of Oxford, her thesis title being Consciousness versus authority : a study of the critical debate between the Bloomsbury Group and the Men of 1914, 1910-1930. (The term "Men of 1914" was used by Wyndham Lewis to refer to himself T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound and James Joyce.) She began an academic career with a tenure-track appointment in the English Department at the College of William & Mary, Virginia, United States.

Religious calling
After having spent some time in retreat at the Benedictine St Cecilia's Abbey at Ryde on the Isle of Wight when she had completed her doctoral research, she decided to leave William and Mary and join the enclosed community there. She was its novice mistress for 22 years and the prioress for eight years.

In 1996 she published an edition of the writings of Prosper Guéranger, Cécile Bruyère and Paul Delatte, from St. Cecilia's Abbey, Solesmes, entitled The Spirit of Solesmes. She also published works on prayer, fasting, the consecrated life, and confirmation, and a collection of her writing was published posthumously in 2020 under the title The Joy of God.

Death and legacy
Sister Mary David died on 28 August 2017 after suffering from bowel cancer for five years.

In 2020, Bloomsbury published her collected writings as The Joy of God.

Selected publications

 * The Spirit of Solesmes: Dom Prosper Guéranger (1805-1875), Abbess Cécile Bruyère (1845-1909), Dom Paul Delatte (1848-1937), selected, edited and introduced by Mary David Totah (1996, Burns & Oates: ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>) (2nd edition published 2016)
 * Deepening Prayer: Life defined by prayer (2006, Catholic Truth Society: ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>)
 * Christian Fasting: Disciplining the body, awakening the spirit (2012, Catholic Truth Society: ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>723)
 * A Divine Gift: The consecrated life (2014, Catholic Truth Society: ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>083)
 * Confirmation: The spirit of Christ (2017, Catholic Truth Society: ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>104)
 * The Joy of God: Collected writings. Bloomsbury, London, 2020. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>326

title: Mary Totah


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Talk:Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Nose

As far as i am concerned this method for reality testing is misleading. I can see no reason that such a test will work other than suggestion and expectation. Why would the dreaming mind have any trouble creating a dream nose with one (dream eye) closed?

Where is the scientific justification of this technique and what is the source?

 * Admittedly, most reality checks have no scientific justification but many people have found them reliable and some have been tested by the Lucidity Institute. Most techniques, reality checks etc. now end up in online forums and therefore it is extremely hard to find the original inventor of any technique. I do not see why the source is relevant.

 * It has been found helpful but not nessecary for you to already believe or be uncertain if your surroundings are a dream. Usually before you do a reality check you are uncertain.

 * One possible explanation with, I stress, no scientific justification, is that your mind cannot simulate the suffocation which would occur if you were to hold your nose indefinately. Heartrate has been found to be linked to the heartrate in dreams (at least it speeds up during dreams and further during nightmares) and I cannot see why breathing can't be linked as well. Breathing does speed up in the REM state. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 12:30, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I am sorry, I thought you were talking about the breathing reality check. I really wish this naming problem could be solved somehow :(.

 * Seeing things in dreams is not quite related to your "dream eyes". Every experiences third-person vision at some point in their dreams, don't they? Additionally, avid readers of manga/anime comics can sometimes dream in comic style, complete with speechbubbles!

 * It is obvious that the logic part of the brain is not as active in a dream, lucid or no, compared to waking. This is a possible explanation. Different reality checks work for different people and some people find that they wear off and become less reliable. I am scared that this may happen with the breathing RC for me because it has failed once for me, luckily just doing the reailty check made me a bit lucid (see the example on LD RC Breathing). r3m0t (cont) (talk) 12:36, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Nose


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Talk:Atushe

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title: Talk:Atushe


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šok

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  shock

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) the period of mourning following the death of one's close relative

Etymology
and.

Noun

 * 1) shock

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) shock

title: šok


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Apasmara

Apasmara (अपस्मार, ) is a dwarf who represents spiritual ignorance and nonsensical speech in Hindu mythology. He is also known as Muyalaka or Muyalakan.

Etymology and medical application of name
The suffix smāra (from smaranam – 'utterances' or 'memorization') signifies 'memory', not 'speech'. The compound apasmāra means 'loss of memory/dementia/amnesia', 'gibberish', that is, nonsensical or unintelligible speech or ego (Ahamkara). The Ayurvedic disease concept 'Apasmara' (see below) referred to certain neurological disorders having such memory loss (not speech) as a symptom, but, given the absence, at the time, of such modern adjuncts to diagnosis as brain-scanning, it is hard now to determine with any exactitude what all these may have been.

Hinduism

To preserve knowledge in the world, Apasmara must be subdued, not killed, as to do so would disturb the necessary balance between spiritual knowledge and ignorance. Killing Apasmara would symbolise the attainment of knowledge without the (essential) effort, dedication and hard work involved, and this would lead to the devaluing of knowledge in all its forms. To subdue Apasmara, Shiva adopted the form of Nataraja – the Lord of Dance – and performed the cosmic dance of tāṇḍava. During this dance, Nataraja suppressed Apasmara by crushing him with his right foot. As Apasmara is one of the few demons destined to immortality, it is believed that Shiva forever remains in his Nataraja form suppressing Apasmara for eternity.

"Nataraja's right foot is planted squarely on a horrible little subhuman creature - the demon, Muyalaka. A dwarf, but immensely powerful in his malignity, Muyalaka is the embodiment of ignorance, the manifestation of greedy, possessive selfhood. Stamp on him, break his back! And that's precisely what Nataraja is doing. Trampling the little monster down under his right foot. But notice that it isn't at this trampling foot that he points his finger; it's at the left foot, the foot that, as he dances, he's in the act of raising from the ground. And why does he point at it? Why? That lifted foot, that dancing defiance of the force of gravity - it's the symbol of release, of moksha, of liberation."

This mythological dwarf is generally depicted with his hand in the Añjali Mudrā. He is often depicted in this posture in depictions of Nataraja.

Apasmara is also visible in depictions of Dakshinamurti, another form of Shiva as a guru who imparts wisdom of the shastras to sages. The representation of Apasmara with Dakshinamurti is very similar to that of it being associated with Nataraja, with it being crushed by the right foot and having to be subdued.

Disease concept in Ayurveda
The concept of Apasmara in Āyurveda relates to a group of neurological disorders, one of which may be identified as epilepsy: according to Maharṣi Caraka, there are 4 types of apasmāra. These 4 types of apasmara are Vataja, Pitaja, Kapahaja and Sannipataja.These can be related to conditions associated with loss of memory like amnesia and dementia or temporal lobe epilepsy with fugue states or hysteria. Charakhas instituted this classification depending upon the different doshas of the body.

title: Apasmara


text:
Polish/Verbs

There are two classes of verbs in Polish - perfective verbs to talk about actions that are completed or will be completed, and imperfective verbs for actions that are taking place in some moment (no indication of completion). Very often they form pairs.

Perfective verbs don't have a present tense - if something is already done you must use the past tense and if it's not - the future tense. This "future perfective" tense is identical in form to the present tense. Let's take the imperfective and perfective verbs for "to drink":
 * Kot pije mleko - "The cat drinks milk" or "The cat is drinking milk now", pije is an imperfective verb
 * Kot wypije mleko - "The cat will drink (all the) milk", wypije is a perfective verb

To form other tenses besides the present and future perfective we need two more verb forms - the infinitive and the participle.

The infinitive usually ends with "-ć". The participle depends on the subject's number and gender:

Very often a perfective verb is formed from the imperfective by some prefix. Another class of pairs is verbs which are already derived from some other verb by prefixing. In Polish double prefixing is very rare, so an alternative form of base verb is used with the same prefix.

Participles usually have regular endings showing the number and tense of the verb's subject: "ła", "ł", "ło", "li", "ły". In some cases "a" also changes to "e" in the plural person-masculine, where a softened consonant is used. This is one of the typical features of the Polish language, and it can also be found in other places, for example the locative of the noun "miasto" (city) is "mieście".

The future imperfective is formed by the future form of the verb "to be" (equivalent to "will" in English) and either the third person form of the participle or simply the infinitive. The participial form is more common, however, if you're unsure of the correct ending, just use the infinitive.

 * Basia będzie czytać książkę - Basia will be reading a book.
 * Basia będzie czytała książkę - also correct
 * Basia przeczyta książkę - Basia will read the (whole) book
 * Dziecko będzie jadło ciastko - "The child will be eating a cake", or "The child will eat part of cake" (it might eat the whole cake, but the sentence doesn't specify this)
 * Dziecko będzie jeść ciastko - also correct
 * Dziecko zje ciastko - the child will eat the (whole) cake
 * Zrobisz obiad? - will you make dinner? (question about effect or result, that is dinner. Contains implied expectation of completion of action)
 * Będziesz robić obiad? - will you make dinner? (question about action. No indication if dinner is expected to be completed)

You can also use the verb "to be" on its own:
 * Ciastko będzie smaczne - The cake will be tasty (the cake probably hasn't been made yet, but when it is made, it will be tasty)
 * Basia będzie mamą - Basia will be a mother (Basia is pregnant)
 * Adam będzie inżynierem - Adam will be an engineer (maybe he's studying engineering)

Past tenses - past perfective and past imperfective - were originally formed in a similar way, but later the auxiliary verb merged with the participle. The Polish past perfective doesn't have anything to do with the English perfect tense - it's used for completed actions and is more similar to the English simple past.

The participle alone is the correct third person past tense:

 * Basia zrobiła kawę - Basia made coffee (past perfective tense, important thing is that coffee is available now)
 * Basia robiła kawę - Basia was making coffee (past imperfective tense, answer for "what was Basia doing when you last saw her" or "what is all that mess in the kitchen". No indication if the action was completed.)

In first and second person you have to add:
 * First person singular - "m"
 * Second person singular - "ś"
 * First person plural - "śmy"
 * Second person plural - "ście"

Note that for the masculine singular ("-ł") you have to add an extra "-e-":
 * zrobiłem kawę - I made coffee (masculine I)
 * zrobiłam kawę - I made coffee (feminine I)
 * zrobiłeś kawę - you made coffee (singular masculine you)
 * zrobiłaś kawę - you made coffee (singular feminine you)
 * zrobiłyśmy kawę - we made coffee (... and we are all girls)
 * zrobiliśmy kawę - we made coffee (... and there is at least one man among us)

There is also a tense to mark something that happened before a given event in the past, like the English "pluperfect", but it's very archaic now and rarely used in modern Polish.

title: Polish/Verbs


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Dimitrios Varis

Dimitrios Varis (Δημήτριος Βάρης, ?–1821) was a Greek revolutionary and member of the Filiki Eteria.

Biography
He was born in Sozopol in the late 19th century. During the Constantinople massacre of 1821, he with his brother, metropolitan of Sozopol Paisios Prikaios, organised a revolt and cooperating with the Bulgarian voivode Antonov they managed to concentrate some thousands participants. The revolt, which took place in April 1821 failed, as the battles against the Ottomans between Ahtopol and Sozopol were unsuccessful, resulting in Varis getting killed in action and the massacre of some inhabitants of the region, including the Greek kodjabashi Chatzi-Aslanis and the priest Antonakis Skouloglou.

title: Dimitrios Varis


text:
Komfort

Etymology
19th century, partly from (hence the -m-), partly from  (hence the mute -t), both from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) a state of relative luxury, ample sufficiency, especially with regard to mod cons
 * 2)  comfort, cosiness more generally
 * 1)  comfort, cosiness more generally

title: Komfort


text:
Shanshan (disambiguation)

Shanshan, shan-shan, or variation, may refer to:

Places

 * Shanshan, ancient kingdom in located in Xinjiang
 * Shanshan County, county in Xinjiang, Pichan County in Uyghur
 * Shanshan, Loudi (杉山镇), a town of Louxing District, Loudi, Hunan

People

 * Huang Shanshan, Chinese gymnast
 * Huang Shan-shan, Taiwanese politician
 * Li Shanshan, Chinese basketball player
 * Li Shanshan, Chinese discus thrower
 * Li Shanshan, Chinese gymnast
 * Liu Shanshan, Chinese footballer
 * Shanshan Feng, Chinese golfer
 * Wang Shanshan, Chinese footballer
 * Yuan Shanshan, Chinese actress
 * Zhong Shanshan, Chinese businessman

Other uses

 * Susanna (1967 film), Hong Kong film

title: Shanshan (disambiguation)


text:
Cookbook:Oil and Fat

| Basic foodstuffs | Nutrition

Oils and fats, also called lipids, are one of the three basic types of calorie sources, the others being carbohydrates and proteins. With 9 calories per gram (38 kJ/g), lipids have the highest food energy content of the three. The other two have 4 calories per gram.

In general, the difference between oils and fats is that, at normal room temperature, fats are solid while oils are liquid. Palm, palm kernel, and coconut oils are exceptions to this rule.

Role in human health
Many lipids are absolutely essential for life, and a minimum amount of dietary fat is necessary to facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and carotenoids. However, certain lipids, particularly trans-fatty acids are risk factors for heart disease, among others, and some individuals may wish to limit them in their diet.

Humans have a dietary requirement for certain essential fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) because these fats cannot be synthesized from simpler components in the diet. Most vegetable oils (including safflower, sunflower, and corn oils) are rich in linoleic acid. Alpha-linolenic acid is found in the green leaves of plants, and in selected seeds, nuts and legumes (such as flax, canola, walnuts and soy). Fish oils are particularly rich in the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Food sources
The foods listed below each type of lipid contain high concentrations of that lipid.

 * Saturated
 * Butter, ghee, suet, tallow, coconut oil, and palm kernel oil, dairy products (especially cream and cheese), solid fat on meat, chocolate, and some prepared foods.

 * Monounsaturated
 * Nuts, avocados, tea seed oil, olive oil, grapeseed oil, ground nut oil, peanut oil, flaxseed oil, sesame oil, corn oil, popcorn, whole grain wheat, cereal, oatmeal, safflower oil, sunflower oil, tea-oil Camellia. Canola oil is 57%–60% monounsaturated fat, olive oil is about 75% monounsaturated fat, lard is 45% monounsaturated fat, while tea seed oil is commonly over 80% monounsaturated fat. Other sources include

 * Polyunsaturated
 * Grain products, seafood (herring, salmon, mackerel, halibut, fish oil), soybeans, sunflower oil, safflower oil, cottonseed oil, flaxseed oil. Foods like mayonnaise and soft margarine may also be good sources, but nutritional facts vary by style and brand.

 * Trans unsaturated
 * Trans fats make up 2–5% of the total fat in the milk and body of ruminants (such as cattle and sheep), however the vast majority of trans fats consumed today are created by the processed food industry. As such, these fats can be found in many fast foods, snack foods, fried foods and baked goods that have hydrogenated oils. Margarine and shortening may also contain high levels of trans fats, depending on their country of origin — for example, Australian margarine is produced by a different method to American margarine and contains no trans fat.

Smoke points
The smoke point of an oil or fat is the temperature at which it gives off smoke. When oil is smoking, it gives off bad fumes and is prone to bursting into flame. Flames from a pot of burning oil will reach up for 2 or 3 feet. The smoke point of an oil should be high when the oil is used for deep-fat frying or when it will be exposed alone on surfaces such as cookie sheets. The numbers here are common values; oils will vary.

Olive oil is particularly variable; higher quality cold-pressed grades have lower smoke points than cheaper solvent-extracted and refined grades. It is better not to use high-quality olive oil for deep frying—save it for your salads.

Index
For a complete list, see Category:Fats and oils or browse below:

title: Cookbook:Oil and Fat


text:
User:Evesealy/TWA/Earth/2

Shape and structure

Tectonic plates

Surface

Atmosphere

Weather, climate, and water cycle

Orbit and rotation

title: User:Evesealy/TWA/Earth/2