text:
Japanese/Grammar/Politeness

_: See also:
 * Japanese/Lessons/Introduction/Konnichiwa/Formality
 * Japanese/Grammar/Honorifics
 * Japanese/Lesson Giving and Receiving and Japanese/Grammar/Giving
 * Japanese/Lessons/Personal pronouns

Politeness in Japanese language is important when speaking to anyone; being punched in the face or getting fired by your employer are prime examples of what can happen when being impolite by simply speaking!

The Japanese society can be thought of like a ladder: at the top rungs are those of the highest social standing (royalty, company CEOs, high-ranking government officials, high-ranking religious figures, and so on), and then below them are the common people, and then the scum of the earth even farther below. These distinctions are quite evident in how people act around others and how they act towards them. While all cultures reflect this on some level, Japanese culture revolves around it.

From the bottom of the social ladder upwards, the Japanese language changes in sometimes subtle, sometimes noticeable ways. Let's start in the middle, with Standard Polite language. This is comprised of ていねい (teinei, or polite) verbs, grammar, and nouns. (As a side note, all foreigners should begin learning Japanese with Standard Polite forms, then move around from there.) One would use verbs ending in -ma + the ending, standard honorifics when required, and state the subject every few times once understood until the subject changes. Even further upwards, at the top, highly irregular verbs replace the more common ones, one would speak in a way to make the listener or object more honored and the speaker lower and humbler.

Going down the social ladder, the language becomes simpler, rougher, and even rude to some. The subject, once understood, can be dropped altogether at first. It would become highly repetitive to constantly say the subject over and over once understood by the listener. While this facet of informality is seen in all levels of Japanese language formality, it becomes more and more prominent in informal speech. One can replace the polite copula "desu" with the simple copula "da," or drop it altogether. Simple forms of verbs and adjectives are used more often. Vulgar or taboo words appear more frequently. Honorifics are rarely seen, if at all. Talking in this way to higher ranking people than yourself is comparable to obliviating your social life and your chances to advance in rank.

An example chart of comparitive polite forms is below.

title: Japanese/Grammar/Politeness


text:
Paul Fourmarier

Paul Frédéric Joseph Fourmarier (1877—1970) was a Belgian geologist and specialist in tectonics and stratigraphy, after whom the Fourmarierite mineral is named.

Fourmarier was born in La Hulpe, Province of Brabant, Belgium and studied at the University of Liège, graduating in 1899. He became a professor of geology at the university in 1920.

He won the Wollaston Medal in 1957 and the Penrose Gold Medal in 1952.

Research
His specialist area was the study of fold structures and cleavage and he described the overthrust nappes in the Ardennes. Fourmarier was much involved in the geology of his native Belgium, as well as Zaire (then the Belgian Congo) and other African places. He also worked on continental drift.

Works

 * 1901. Le bassin dévonien et carboniférien de Theux.
 * 1906. Pétrographie et paléontologie de la formation houillère de la campine, H. Vaillant-Carmanne (Liège).
 * 1907. La Tectonique de l’Ardenne.
 * 1916. La Tectonique du bassin houiller du Hainaut.
 * 1933. Principes de géologie.
 * 1934. Vue d'ensemble de la géologie de la Belgique.
 * 1939. Hydrogéologie: introduction à l'étude des eaux, destinées à l'alimentation humaine et à l'industrie, Paris.
 * 1954. Prodrome d'une description géologique de la Belgique. Geological Survey of Belgium, Liège, 826 p.

Memory
An award named after him, the Fourmarier Prize, was established. In addition, a secondary uranium-lead mineral, fourmarierite, was named in his memory.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Paul Fourmarier


text:
Brandon House

Brandon House was the first fur-trading post or posts of the Hudson's Bay Company on the southern prairies, operating from 1793 to 1824 during the Assiniboine River fur trade.

It was located at several places on the north bank of the Assiniboine River between Brandon, Manitoba, and the mouth of the Souris River, about 21 miles southeast of Brandon in what is now the Municipality of Glenboro-South Cypress. Because of its location near the Souris River, it was a center for trade with the Mandans in North Dakota.

It was moved four times and there were related forts nearby. The first post was abandoned by 1811 in favour of other nearby sites, including the Brandon House No. 4 site several miles to the northwest.

History
Around 1750, a French missionary lived in the area. Before 1793 there were ill-documented independent traders in the area and perhaps in 1793 a small post was established two miles upstream from the Souris by Ronald Cameron, a clerk to Peter Grant.

In the period 1793 to 1811, the North West Company was then first to arrive followed very shortly by the Hudson's Bay Company. The XY Company had a post from 1798 to 1804.

In 1793, Cuthbert Grant Sr. and John MacDonnell of the North West Company established the first Fort Assiniboine (not to be confused with Fort Assiniboine on the Athabasca River). From the first year they traded in buffalo robes with the Mandan villages on the upper Missouri. In 1797, explorer David Thompson passed through on his way to determine the latitude and longitude of the Mandan villages. In 1804, when the NWC absorbed the XY Company, Fort Assiniboine was moved across the river to the site of Fort La Souris#1. In 1806, Alexander Henry the younger passed through. The man in charge was François-Antoine Larocque who later reached the Yellowstone River. In 1807, the fort was torn down and its parts rafted downstream to Fort des Épinettes.

In 1793, Donald McKay le malin and John Sutherland of the Hudson's Bay company established Brandon House about 100 yards away from the new NWC post. It was supplied from Fort Albany on James Bay. McKay lived up to his nickname by shooting at Joseph Augé who ran the NWC post. From 1795, they traded with the Mandans. There were usually two trips per year, in October and January. Using dog sleds or horses, they followed the Souris River as far as Minot, North Dakota and then headed southwest across the prairie. The Assiniboines sometimes tried to block the trade and a few traders were killed. In 1796 John Evans (explorer) reached the Mandan country from near Saint Louis. Brandon House seems to be the first HBC post to hear of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In 1809, Manuel Lisa's group arrived on the upper Missouri and in 1812 the trade was abandoned to the Americans. In 1806 to 1807, there were 53 men at the post. In 1807, part of the saga of Isobel Gunn may have taken place here.

In 1798, the XY Company built Fort La Souris on the opposite (south) bank of the river. In 1804 the NWC absorbed the XY Company and Fort Assiniboine was moved to the Fort La Souris site. In 1801 the NWC built a small post about half a mile upstream.

The HBC established this one in May 1811 on the south side of the river six miles above the mouth of the Souris. Peter Fidler (explorer) was in charge from 1811/1812 to 1819. In May 1816, during the so-called Pemmican War, Cuthbert Grant and his men seized a load of pemmican coming down from Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan and then plundered Brandon House and took their loot across the river to Fort La Souris. The following year the fort was almost completely destroyed by fire, but Peter Fidler began rebuilding it in 1817. By 1821, there was a cart trail north of the river that was used in preference to canoes. When the two companies merged in 1821 Brandon House was moved across the river to Fort La Souris. In 1824, it was closed as part of George Simpson's attempt to consolidate posts.

In 1811, the NWC closed Fort des Épinettes and built a second Fort La Souris 200 yards from Brandon House#2. In June 1814, during the so-called Pemmican Wars, Miles Macdonell sent a group of men from the Red River Colony and seized some thirty tons of pemmican and other food at Fort La Souris. Some was taken to Brandon House but most was sent downriver to the River settlements. In 1821, the two companies merged and Brandon House was moved to the Fort La Souris site.

Brandon House was re-established in 1828 to prevent the Indians from taking their trade to Pembina, North Dakota. The site was 12 miles upriver due to the lack of trees for building at the old site. It was closed when the area became trapped out and because of fear of attack by the Gros Ventres. Fort Ellice replaced it.

Locations
Brandon House was moved four times on the north bank of the Assiniboine River between Brandon, Manitoba, and the mouth of the Souris River, in what is now the Municipality of Glenboro-South Cypress.

A man named Barkley from the United States had a post between the first two locations at an unknown date. The exact locations of these posts do not seem to have been determined.

The first Brandon House was on the north bank of the Assiniboine about two miles above the mouth of the Souris River on the Yellow Quill Trail to Portage la Prairie opposite something called "Five Mile Creek". Kavanagh (1946) has this at 49.67361°N, -99.62917°W, the XY post at the edge of the woods below the mouth, one post across the river in an obvious clearing and another to the north of the creek in a plowed field.

The second Brandon House was six miles upriver from the Souris on the west bank and the NWC post on a high bank across the river. Kavanagh (1946) has this as 49.70528°N, -99.66917°W, but he also puts the first Brandon House on the east bank at this location which was probably the NWC post.

The third (or fourth) location is about 15 km northeast of the first, probably near the cairn erected in October 1828 at 49.77833°N, -99.74611°W by Chief Trader Francis Heron. It was abandoned in 1832.

title: Brandon House


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mira Gonzalez (3rd nomination)

The result was keep. RL0919 (talk) 18:05, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

Mira_Gonzalez
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non-notable person, does not pass WP:BIO. Published a single book of poems 6 years ago and does not appear to be active. Appears to be a vanity page for the author to link to on twitter. KiTA (talk) 12:39, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep - Seems to pass WP:AUTHOR 4)c. Was featured with new poetry in a literary publication 3 years ago .  Alternative to deletion: the page should be updated with this content.  Linking to her twitter is relevant considering her creation of a poetry book based on collages of her (and others') tweets, which also supports WP:AUTHOR 2.

 * Delete - Per nomination, does not seem notable and author seems to promote her own Wikipedia page via social media, suggesting the page may be a vanity piece. Saget53 (talk) 17:46, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep - This article fits the criteria for notability. In particular, the bio receives significant coverage from independent sources that do not come from and are not directly related to the subject of the bio. The sources are reliable mainstream publications such as the Guardian. I agree with what was stated above - this article should just be updated to reflect more recent info about the subject. I should also point out that there is considerable new interest in deletion after comments the subject made against a well-known personality, so arguments favoring deletion may come from a biased intent against the subject rather than an impartial evaluation of the article itself. MindPrism (talk) 19:17, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep as per two previous Keep discussions. Notable poet, reviews in reliable sources.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 22:52, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete - Not notable. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:25, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Weak keep - I’ve seen articles on less notable people survive AfDs. I agree that the article now looks like a vanity page. However, the better response is to correct the article, as opposed to delete it. I already tried to do that by deleting all puffery that was supported by ñon-existing articles, but that got reverted. I’ll leave it to other users now. Regards, Jeff5102 (talk) 07:48, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Authors-related deletion discussions. Thsmi002 (talk) 13:27, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Women-related deletion discussions. Thsmi002 (talk) 13:27, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Poetry-related deletion discussions. Thsmi002 (talk) 13:27, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of California-related deletion discussions. Thsmi002 (talk) 13:27, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep: appears to be notable: notability is not temporary so "does not appear to be active" is irrelevant, and she is no less notable than when passing two previous AfDs. Pam  D  11:55, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep: She meets notability, but the article needs a serious edit - it is a shining, A+ example of puffery. JSFarman (talk) 15:37, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep. Plenty of sources talking about her in depth. Current activity is irrelevant. Binksternet (talk) 19:51, 26 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
keksiä

Etymology 1
From. Originally meant "to prod with a pike pole", whence "to observe" and then "to invent".

Verb

 * 1) to invent to design a new process or mechanism
 * 2) to make up, concoct, imagine or invent to create something fictional for a particular purpose
 * 3) to devise, come up with to use the intellect to plan or design something
 * 4) to give birth to invent a new idea
 * 1) to give birth to invent a new idea

Synonyms

 * (colloquial)

title: keksiä


text:
D Programming

The goal for this book is to create a complete, free, open-content, well-organized online book for the D programming language.

D is a programming language being designed as a successor to C++. Until this page gets better written and more informative, the D home can be found here.

Introduction
This book aims at beginners learning D language. It will cover all the language basics and some design aspects. In addition it will introduce topics like multi-threading, GUI programming and standard library to get you started with real-world applications.

Overview
To quote Walter Bright, the author of the D Programming Language: D is a general purpose systems and applications programming language. It is a higher level language than C++, but retains the ability to write high performance code and interface directly with the operating system API's and with hardware. D is well suited to writing medium to large scale million line programs with teams of developers. D is easy to learn, provides many capabilities to aid the programmer, and is well suited to aggressive compiler optimization technology.

D is not a scripting language, nor an interpreted language. It doesn't come with a VM, a religion, or an overriding philosophy. It's a practical language for practical programmers who need to get the job done quickly, reliably, and leave behind maintainable, easy to understand code.

D is the culmination of decades of experience implementing compilers for many diverse languages, and attempting to construct large projects using those languages. D draws inspiration from those other languages (most especially C++) and tempers it with experience and real world practicality.

D is a statically-typed, multi-paradigm language supporting imperative programming, object-oriented programming, and template metaprogramming. It also supports generics and design by contract.

Main features of D
D has many features not seen in C++, implementing design by contract, unit testing, true modules, automatic memory management (garbage collection), first class arrays, associative arrays, dynamic arrays, array slicing, nested functions, inner classes, closures (anonymous functions), and has a reengineered template syntax. D retains C++'s ability to do low-level coding, and adds to it with support for an integrated inline assembler. C++ multiple inheritance is replaced by single inheritance with interfaces and mixins. D's declaration, statement and expression syntax closely matches that of C++.

The inline assembler typifies the differentiation between D and application languages like Java and C#. An inline assembler allows a programmer to enter machine-specific assembly code alongside standard D code—a technique often used by systems programmers to access the low-level features of the processor needed to run programs that interface directly with the underlying hardware, such as operating systems and device drivers.

Built into the language is a documentation generator called Ddoc.

Memory management
Memory is usually managed with garbage collection, but specific objects can be finalized immediately when they go out of scope. Explicit memory management is possible using the overloaded operators new and delete, as well as simply calling C's malloc and free directly. It is also possible to disable garbage collection for individual objects, or even for the entire program if more control over memory management is desired.

Interaction with other systems
C's ABI (Application Binary Interface) is supported as well as all of C's fundamental and derived types, enabling direct access to existing C code and libraries. C's standard library is part of standard D.

In D 1.0, C++'s ABI is not supported, although it can access C++ code that is written to the C ABI, and can access C++ COM (Component Object Model) code. D 2 already supports some interaction with the C++ ABI.

Implementation
Current D implementations compile directly into native code for efficient execution.

Getting and installing D
The Digital Mars D compiler can be obtained from the digital mars website. http://www.digitalmars.com/d/download.html You will need the two files dmd.zip and dmc.zip. According to the manual both files should be extracted into a root directory or one without spaces or other special characters. The location of link.exe should then be added to the path. D programs can now be compiled by calling 'dmd'.

Win32: Example of configuration 1 (dmd)
Create a batch file "dmd_vars.bat" and move it to a directory that is included in the path:

Then:

 * Open a Command Window (cmd.exe)
 * Call "dmd_vars.bat" before compiling something
 * Call "dmd hello.d -ofhello_world" for example, which creates "hello_world.exe"

Note: This works well, even if you have other compilers/tools installed (which might also have link.exe/make.exe etc.)

Your first D programs
/First Program Examples/

With Tango library the classic hello world program is:

/Alternate Program Examples/

With the Phobos library the classic hello world program is:

Compilation
Compiling hello world:

Reference manual to D

 * The official website
 * http://www.digitalmars.com/d/
 * Other websites
 * http://www.prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi?FrontPage
 * /Quick Reference Card/

All D features
This is an incomplete list of all D features. It is specifically created to show and teach the D programming language with lots of examples.

 * /Lexical/
 * /Modules/
 * /Declarations/
 * /Types/
 * /Properties/
 * /Attributes/
 * /Pragmas/
 * /Expressions/
 * /Statements/
 * /Arrays/
 * /Structs/
 * /Classes/
 * /Unions/
 * /Enums/
 * /Functions/
 * /Interfaces/
 * /Operator overloading/
 * /Templates/
 * /Mixins/
 * /Contracts/
 * /Conditional compilation/
 * /Exceptions/
 * /Garbage collection/
 * /Memory management/
 * /Floating point/
 * /Inline assembler/
 * /Documentation comments/
 * /Interfacing to C/
 * /Portability guide/
 * /Embedding D in HTML/
 * /Named character entities/
 * /Application Binary Interface/

D compilers

 * /GNU D Compiler/ (GDC)
 * /Digital Mars D compiler/ (DMD)
 * LLVM D Compiler (LDC)

D libraries

 * Libraries
 * Phobos - Standard D Runtime Library
 * Tango - D Runtime Library (beta)
 * Platform
 * Programming D in Windows
 * Programming D in Linux
 * Programming D in Macintosh
 * Programming D in xBSD

D GUI libraries

 * DFL - D Forms Library
 * gtkD - Wrapper for GTK+ (previously known as DUI)
 * wxD - Wrapper for wxWidgets
 * DWT - A D port of Java's SWT Toolkit
 * QtD - Wrapper for Qt Toolkit

Special

 * The D garbage collector
 * Using the Linux Realtime Application Interface (RTAI)

D言語 D Язык программирования D

title: D Programming


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Novica Marjanovic

The result was   delete. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 02:54, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Novica Marjanovic

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

Unable to find reliable, secondary sources which evidence the notability of this author and academic under WP:GNG. However, language barriers may very well be in play. The SRWIKI entry was based (it says) off the dust jacket. Worldcat does note one of the books, plus lists a single library where it's held (but how well does Worldcat cover Serbia?) Still, WP:AUTHOR seems in doubt. Still, I couldn't find much under "Novica Marjanovic", or "Новица Марјановић". Additional sources welcomed. j⚛e deckertalk 17:06, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete Only a bargain basement standard author/ academic. Bit worrying that the articles creator can't spell biography which makes me think this page could have being made by a family member or student with basic english skills. Seasider91 (talk) 17:30, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete Appears to be a copy of another Wiki. I have been unable to find any reference to any of the books mentioned. I have even gone through the history of the article where it had an ISBN listed, and that book did not pull up on the library search. No RS found. I can't even find proof that anything listed there is real. Turlo Lomon (talk) 17:46, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Serbia-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:50, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:51, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Authors-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:51, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Weak delete The article is 10 days old but without WP:RS there is no way to establish if this person is notable or not. I doubt this person is or google would turn something up especially when the Serbian wikipedia version here has no web reference either. --Artene50 (talk) 04:54, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not seem to pass notability requirements under WP:PROF or WP:BIO.--Eric Yurken (talk) 19:31, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability looks unlikely but verifiability is an even bigger problem. —David Eppstein (talk) 14:19, 15 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete lacks verification and notability is suspect. If verifiable, will need help from native speaker.CouchSurfer222 (talk) 19:12, 15 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Maya Lin

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mayakearns.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:40, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 23:44, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Nationality
In regards to this edit - - please note that "United States" is the standard way of presenting American nationality despite a person being Chinese American or any other XXX-American. Hong Qi Gong (Talk - Contribs) 15:51, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Cite 20 link
The citation for now directs to the front page of mayalin.org, was it something else earlier? Someone who knows how please revert it. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:40, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) ^ Maya Lin's Bicentennial Park at Ohio University in Athens Ohio - IBM Punch Card Art is no Vietnam Veterans Memorial

create two new links?
how about creating new links to her official web sites -- mayalin.com and whatismissing.net ?

maybe also create a section on her environmental advocacy with her "What Is Missing? project, as this is now a major area of her efforts. (see "Three Rivers are inspiration for Maya Lin's 'Pin River'" by Mary Thomas, Pittsburgh Post Gazette, Feb. 5th, 2012

jj Feb 13, 2012  — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:36, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

racism in design criticism?
This statement "Opponents of the design also voiced objection because of Lin's Asian heritage." Support for this statement is given as three references. The link for the first one doesn't work. The second two references are something called greenmuseum.org and jackmagazine.com, neither of which look terribly reliable. And the statements they make supporting the sentence aren't terribly strong anyway. We have " In addition to personal attacks regarding Lin's Asian heritage, her design sparked anger among many veterans." from greenmuseum.org (were there a lot of attacks or just a few nuts?) From jacksmagazine we have "however, once the wall was chosen, she was discriminated against because of her Asian descent" and "Many people felt that the winning design was chosen because she was Asian" so apparantly there may have some controversy as to whether she actually benefitted from her race. We have a couple sources that don't look all that reliable making some vague statements. I'm old enough to remember the debate and what I remember is that there was a lot of objection to the memorial being a whole in the ground rather than something inspirational or something that celebrated the heroism of the soldiers, so if the sentence claiming racism is to be kept I would would like to see a reliable source showing that racism was a big enough part of the debate to be notable. Readin (talk) 05:48, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

Early Racism Awareness
Lin said that she has no awareness of racism and prejudice until she went studying abroad in Denmark. However Lin mentioned that she did not fit into the high school environment at all. At the time Lin thought that was because of her look, which is much younger than her classmates. Lin said her classmates treated her as a little girl; "there was a little bit of a China doll". Besides, Lin thought she has no extracurricular activities at all, "My activities were absolutely isolated. I would make anything artistic at home." However, Lin did not treat that isolated environment as a negative impact to her childhood, instead, Lin thought that her creativity and her artistic drive emanated from that childhood. Being a female Asian in high school in Ohio, Lin went through the challenges of double jeopardy as well as being a role model of the minority. Despite that, Lin had achieve great success in school, and she also emanated her childhood from that environment. Lin described herself as being "very naive" back then, and all she wanted were "studying and getting A's". Although Lin did feel the uneasiness in high school, she considered that almost as an instinct  Bqnguyen (talk) 08:51, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

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External links modified (January 2018)
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Maya discussing her design concept for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial
In the Vietnam Veterans Memorial section, Maya's own thoughts about her design of the memorial are presented with a reference to a blog written October 23, 2019.

This blog, although it contains very good information and presentation, it is not the best reference for depicting the presentation of Maya's actual thoughts on the subject. The material from the "The Woman Who Healed America" blog entry is used, with changes/revisions so it is not a direct copy. In doing so has created a somewhat "fictional" presentation that is not actually faithful to Maya's actual thoughts on the subject.

I have run across a wonderful essay entitled "Making The Memorial" written by Maya in the fall of 1982 which was "put it away" by Maya until she allowed it to be published in the November 2, 2000 issue of "The New York Review of Books". It seems very likely that this essay was the source used for the blog entry

The Vietnam Veterans Memorial section needs to be revised using the seminal material from the essay Maya wrote.

A reference to the blog, "The Woman Who Healed America", should be retained in some manner as it adds knowledge and insight to the subject.

If there is no objection, at some point I will return to this Wikipedia article and edit it to reflect my proposal.

Osomite (talk) 21:23, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maya Lin


text:
Finswimming at the 1981 World Games

The finswimming events of World Games I were held on July 25–27, 1981, at Santa Clara International Swim Center in Santa Clara, California, in the United States. These were the first World Games, an international quadrennial multi-sport event, and were hosted by the city of Santa Clara. Athletes from Italy won 16 of the 36 total medals. France followed with 11 medals. Jürgen Kolenda of West Germany collected four gold medals.

Medalists
Sources:

50m apnoea
1. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 16.667.

2. Sandro Sola, Italy, 17.728.

3. Dario Broglia, Italy, 17.790.

4. Mickel Zorte, France, 18.375.

5. Clemens Franck, W. Germany, 18.512.

6. Peter Swenson, Sweden, 18.563.

7. Thierry Lasbleye, France, 18.577.

8. Lars Anderson, Sweden, 20.484.

100m freestyle
1. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 41.201.

2. Sandro Sola, Italy, 41.881.

3. Giuseppe Galantucci, Italy, 43.264.

4. Dario Broglia, Italy, 43.345.

5. Peter Svenson, Sweden, 43.541.

6. Thierry Lasbleye, France, 43.862.

7. Clemens Franck, W. Germany, 44.952.

8. Michel Zoete, France, 45.903.

200m freestyle
1. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 1:33.294.

2. Walter Olander, Sweden, 1:35.511.

3. Sandro Sola, Italy, 1:36.397.

4. Dario Broglia, Italy, 1:36.397.

5. Giuseppe Galantucci, Italy, 1:37.149.

6. Thierry Lasbleye, France, 1:38.315.

7. Peter Svenson, Sweden, 1:38.696.

8. Thierry Henry, France, 1:40.661.

9. Clemens Franck, W. Germany, 1:41.627.

10. Lars Anderson, Sweden, 1:47.239.

11. Mickel Zorte, France, 1:47.575.

400m freestyle
1. Giuseppe Galantucci, Italy, 3:28.01.

2. Walter Olander, Sweden, 3:28.62.

3. Paolo Vandini, Italy, 3:28.65.

4. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 3:31.78.

5. Peter Swenson, Sweden, 3:42.33.

6. Thierry Henry, France, 3:42.48.

7. Memens Franck, W. Germany, 3:42.72.

1500m freestyle
1. Paolo Vandini, Italy, 13:48.495.

2. Giuseppe Galantucci, Italy, 14:12.079.

3. Walter Olander, Sweden, 14:12.100.

4. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 14:43.935.

5. Thierry Henry, France, 15:14.295.

100m immersion
1. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 39.941.

2. Dario Broglia, Italy, 40.695.

3. Thierry Lasbleye, France, 41.255.

4. Clemens Franck, W. Germany, 42.142.

5. Sandro Sola, Italy, 42.586.

6. Peter Svenson, Sweden, 45.028.

7. Mickel Zorte, France, 45.225.

8. Clemens Henry, France, 45.991.

9. Walter Olander, Sweden, 46.976.

10. Sven Olander, Sweden, 49.459.

50m apnoea
1. Cristiana Covoni, Italy, 19.937.

2. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 20.935.

3. Anne Menguy, France, 21.021.

4. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 22.036.

5. Anette Thorsell, Sweden, 22.642.

6. Marion Collot, France, 22.865.

7. Maria Gustafson, Sweden, 26.323.

100m freestyle
1. Anne Menguy, France, 49.205.

2. Christiana Govoni, Italy, 49.263.

3. Anne-Marie Rouchon, France, 49.605.

4. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 49.653.

5. Marion Collot, France, 50.746.

6. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 50.814.

7. Anette Thorsell, Sweden, 51.893.

8. Anke Goldner, W. Germany, 53.177.

9. Maria Gustafson, Sweden, 55.753.

200m freestyle
1. Anna-Marie Rouchon, France, 1:45.527.

2. Anne Menguy, France, 1:50.414.

3. Marion Collot, France, 1:50.450.

4. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 1:50.882.

5. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 1:51.956.

6. Anette Thorsell, Sweden, 1:57.632.

400m freestyle
1. Anne Rouchon, France, 3:42.81.

2. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 3:53.43.

3. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 4:01.70.

4. Pia Strand, Sweden, 4:07.27.

800m freestyle
1. Ana-Marie Rouchon, France, 7:45.878.

2. Marion Collot, France, 8:12.129.

3. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 8:26.652.

4. Pia Strand, Sweden, 8:28.317.

100m immersion
1. Cristina Govini, Italy, 46.569.

2. Anne Menguy, France, 48.541.

3. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 51.156.

4. Carina Blomberg, Sweden, 54.407.

5. Maria Gustafson, Sweden, 58.292.

title: Finswimming at the 1981 World Games


text:
Leucostoma effrenatum

Leucostoma effrenatum is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

Distribution
United States.

title: Leucostoma effrenatum


text:
Emoia baudini

Emoia baudini, also known commonly as Baudin's emo skink, Baudin's skink, and the Great Bight cool-skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is native to New Guinea, Maluku, and Sulawesi.

Etymology
The specific name, baudini, is in honour of French explorer Nicolas Baudin.

Common names
In addition to the above English common names, E. baudini is known as mas in the Kalam language of Papua New Guinea.

Habitat
The preferred natural habitat of E. baudini is forest.

Reproduction
E. baudini is viviparous.

title: Emoia baudini


text:
Bioeconomics

Bioeconomics is the theory of economic exploitation of living resources, dealing with two dynamic systems: population dynamics and the dynamics of economic systems. Bioeconomics therefore leans on two traditional university disciplines, biology and economics.

Short reference to production theory
Production theory is a central element in microeconomics and describes simply the conversion of inputs (v) into outputs (Q):

There are several ways of specifying this function. One is as an additive production function:

where p0, p1, .... pn are parameters that are determined empirically.

Another is as a Cobb-Douglas production function (multiplicative):

Other forms include the constant elasticity of substitution production function (CES) which is a more general formulation including the Cobb-Douglas function, and the quadratic production function which is a specific type of additive function. The best form of the equation to use and the values of the parameters vary from company to company and industry to industry.

In a short run production function at least one of the (inputs) is fixed. In the long run all factor inputs are variable, in principle at the discretion of management.

In classical theory production may involve three types of input: Labour (L), Capital (K) and Natural resources (R). Some classical works splits the latter into two: Natural resources and Energy resources (E). More often outputs from other production processes are used as inputs others. But in principle it should be possible to separate all inputs down to the three or four basic types of input.

Catch production in the short run
The simplest model of catch production involves only two input factor: A natural resource (x) and a fishing activity (fishing effort, F).

Production of fishing effort
Let us start to discuss the production of a certain quantity of fishing effort. Further let us assume that human labour input (which could be regarded as a natural resource, but is more practically described as labour) and Capital (boats, fishing gears, etc.) is the two basic types of input in the production of fishing effort. Also assume one of the two factors could be perfectly substituted by the other in a certain quantity.

While limiting the input factor to two, the substitution rates can easily be viewed in a contour plot, often referred to as isocurves of production (Fig. 3.1).

The concept of efficient production
Equation 3.1 is simply giving a technical description on how F is produced by the input factor L and K and does not give us any suggestions on which mix of input factors are to be preferred. In order to prioritize between different alternatives of producing a specific quantity of F, it is convenient to look at the cost of the two input factors. Let the unit cost of labour (L) be w and the unit cost of capital (K) be r. The total cost of production (C) then is:

Lagrange's method can be used in order to maximise the production of fishing effort at a cost constraint, which is the dual problem of minimising the cost at a given production. The Lagrange equation will be:

where C0 is the given cost and $$\lambda$$ the Lagrange multiplier.

The first order condition when maximising the Lagrange equation, is that the partial derivatives of the equation with respect of L and K equals 0, from which follows:

This expression is referred to as the marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS). In the most cost-efficient production MRTS should according to Eq. (3.4) equal the price ratio of the two input factors. Cost efficient solutions of different levels of production are shown in Figure 3.2.

Producing fish harvest by two input factors
By regarding production of fishing effort as an independent production process, production of (h, fish harvest) can be expressed by the two input factors x and F:

It is reasonable to assume that x and F is substitutable in the same way as L and K in Figure 3.1. In order to fish a certain quantity, say one kilo fish, when the stock biomass is low (low x-value), one has to input a larger fishing effort than in the case of a higher stock density (large x-value).

Eq. (3.5) therefore is of the same type as Eq. (3.1) and in principle we have the same type of continuous substitution as indicated in Figure 3.1.

Market failures while using common resources
The first problem makes it impossible to continue along the normal methods of identifying cost efficient solutions. Since the scarcity of the natural resource is not reflected in a price, we lack the value information on this factor. The other problem is also corrupting our model, as it attacks the basic assumption of independency in availabilities of the two input factors. In the long run in fact we have:

The straight forward implication of this is obvious from Eq. (3.5):

showing that in the long run (keeping fishing effort constant over a sufficient period of time) catch will be determined by the fishing effort alone.

The crucial relationship to investigate further therefore is the x-F relationship. How the stock biomass x be defined as a function of fishing effort F? At this point we have to turn to biology and population dynamics.

Population growth
Population dynamics is the study of marginal and long term changes in numbers, individual weights and age composition of individuals in one or several populations, and biological and environmental processes influence those changes. In idealized population growth models one differs between compensatory growth and decompensatory growth, the first one is regarded as normal growth.

The logistic growth model is a widely-used compensatory growth model.

Logistic growth
Let us assume annual biomass growth of a fish population to follow logistic growth (first proposed as a demographic model by Verhulst, 1838. (Applied as a biomass growth model by Pearl, 1934.) The population dynamics is described by a differential equation where biomass (x) is a function of time (t) and the time derivative of population biomass is:

Note that the two parameters (constants), r often referred to as the intrinsic growth rate and K the population biomass at natural equilibrium, are not the same as the parameter r and the variable K above (in pnt. 3).

The parabolic function (square function) in Eq. 4.1, shown in Figure 4.1, describe and increasing biomass growth as the population biomass increases, up to a certain population size (which is easy to identify as K/2), where the biomass growth starts declining to reach zero at biomass level K. K therefore represents a natural equilibrium biomass of an unexploited stock.

Biomass growth as a function of time
The differential equation (4.1) has a unique solution ( = INTEGRAL):

x0 being the biomass at t=0.

Catch production in the long run
Let us start with catch production in the short run as discussed above. Eq. (3.5) defines catch as an output from of production process where stock biomass, x, and fishing effort, F, are input factors. x can be substituted by F. This assumption of substitution is taken care of in the so-called Schaefer production equation:

q is a constant (parameter) often referred to as the catchability coefficient. By referring to Eq. (2.3) we see that the Schaeffer production equation is of the Cobb-Douglas type, with powers set equal to 1. Later we will investigate the consequences of the choice of power values.

The biomass growth equation (4.1) now has to be adjusted to include catch. The annual biomass growth will be the natural growth (right hand side of 4.1) minus the harvested biomass (e.g. 5.1):

As Eq. (4.1) identify K as the natural biomass equilibrium when $$t \rightarrow {\infty}$$, Eq. (5.2) also identify an equilibrium biomass when keeping F constant over an infinite number of years. The equilibrium is defined by

from which follows (in the case of Eq. 5.2):

Skipping the trivial solution x=0, the stock biomass - fishing effort relationship is given directly from Eq. (5.4):

The long term catch equation is finally found by inserting Eq. (5.5) into the short term catch equation defined by Eq. (5.1):

title: Bioeconomics


text:
DAZ Studio/Review

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 95%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" |

Filmmaking Software Review

 * Narrative Film Production :
 * Free Software for Filmmaking

 * {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="350px"

 * bgcolor="#ffffbb" style="border: 1px #ffff00 solid;" | DAZ Studio version 1
 * }

 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

DAZ Studio

 * This is an interesting program. Even though parts of the program are extremely annoying, I recommend that you download and learn to use this program.

 * This first version of the program is fully working but not necessarily perfectly. The version I downloaded still had some of the debugging features turned on. (version <IP_ADDRESS>).

 * Also, in this version, the human interface is occasionally extremely stupid. The program cannot remember the file name when you want to save a new version.  This is a feature that even the simplist Macintosh programs offer.

 * The good news is when you try to produce artwork using this program, most the features for doing this work very well. That much they did right.

 * Latest download edition is now 1.7 (sept 07) and is an excellent program and easy to use.

The history of DAZ Studio and Poser

 * As best that I can figure, there is a breif history of Poser and DAZ.

 * Poser was born.

 * Poser and DAZ (formerly Zygote) meet and fell in love. Poser provided the software and Zygote provide the models.

 * Poser and DAZ had a divorce, arguing over the direction they should go and the file format.

 * DAZ created DAZ Studio to draw people away from Poser.

 * DAZ became busy with other things and let DAZ Studio slide.

 * Now Poser 7 seems to have jumped far ahead of DAZ Studio.

 * DAZ needs to get serious about DAZ Studio. End of story.

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: #EFFFEF; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" |

Uses at WikiU Film School

 * For 3D storyboards

 * Movie poster creation

 * Animation

Contact Your Instructor

 * Your instructor for these courses is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply  Click Here.

title: DAZ Studio/Review


text:
Win the Future

Win the Future (WTF) is an American political organization. It was co-founded in 2017 by Reid Hoffman, Mark Pincus, and Adam Werbach following Donald Trump's election to the U.S. presidency.

Focus
WTF's website says that the organization is “a non partisan project lab exploring and developing techniques to give more voice and choice to the American voter.

A December, 2018 article in the New York Times said that the group was created "to encourage every American to become an informed voter."

Methods
On September 25, 2017 WTF projected a wicked-witch themed image onto the Rayburn House Office Building in Washington, D.C. calling on Congress to protect the Affordable Care Act. The group chose this theme using a summer crowdsourcing campaign where they gathered ideas from their members on social media. In the 2017 mid-term elections, WTF supported first-time candidate Donte Tanner, a U.S. Air Force Veteran in his challenge to Tim Hugo, the third-ranking delegate in the Virginia General Assembly at the time, who had held the seat since 2002. Tanner was initially declared the winner by 68 votes, but late uncounted ballots caused him to narrowly lose after a recount.

In 2018, the group announced a collaboration with political comedian Samantha Bee to develop a non-partisan voter turnout game called This is Not a Game: The Game. Bee launched the game in the weeks before the 2018 U.S. midterm elections. According to Bee, the goal was "to make something that would drive voter turnout in a bipartisan way."

The game was downloaded over a million times and launched in the top five games on the Apple App Store.

title: Win the Future


text:
Oulad Zyan

Oulad Zyan or Awlad Ziyan (al-Hilalia) (أولاد زيان) is a tribe in Morocco belonging to the Chaouia tribal confederation.

The special feature of this tribe is that its lands are separated into two parts by a distance of 30 km.: Oulad Zyan Moualine el Oued, which is southeast of Casablanca, and Oulad Zyan Soualem, which is south-west of the same city.

Geography
The tribe is bordered by the Ziaida tribe northeast, by the Mdakra tribe southeast, by the Oulad Hariz tribe south-west by the Mediouna tribe northwest, and by the Zenata tribe in the north.

On his land, the river flows Oued el Maleh, it is also characterized by its many water sources (Ain Sbaa, Hlilifa Ain, Ain Zahra Ain Ghassalat, etc.). Its territory stretches for 12 km along the Atlantic coast and separates Mediouna (Chaouia) and Chiadma (Doukkala).

Origin
The origin of Oulad Zyan is Arab, being the descendants of Oulad Khalifa as accepted by Ibn Khaldun. Their great grandfather is Zyan bin Khalifa bin Askar (which she kept the name) bin Nadir bin Urwa bin Zughba bin bin Abi Rabi bin Nahik of Banu Hilal, Arab tribe originating of Nejd (now a province of present Saudi Arabia).

title: Oulad Zyan


text:
azzardare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to risk, to hazard
 * 2)  to venture (a question, advice, an objection)
 * 3)  to gamble, to take a risk
 * 1)  to venture (a question, advice, an objection)
 * 2)  to gamble, to take a risk

title: azzardare


text:
Hunfrid of Prüm

Saint Hunfrid of Prüm (died 871), commonly Saint Humphrey in English, was a Benedictine monk at the Abbey of Prüm who was reluctantly promoted to become Bishop of Thérouanne by Pope Nicholas I.

His feast day is 8 March.

title: Hunfrid of Prüm


text:
Talk:Dee Wallace

Dee's TV work
She and Chris also did an episode of Murder, She Wrote (I believe as the descendant of a Pilgrim-like individual said to haunt Cabot Cove every year) and I saw on the day I type this an episode of Without a Trace billing simply Dee Wallace (which I believe was her billing in E. T.). —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:52, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Last name
How did she get the name Wallace? Pumpkin Sky  talk  15:47, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dee Wallace


text:
Talk:Software testing/Introduction

navigation bar
A good testing of the software... test the one that lays out the page. Where do you get the Nav class in the german wikiversity?--Rayc 01:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi Rayc, the navigation bar was made by Exxu. He is a very helpful guy. And also other people here, because the navigation bar works now. you can see the template here, if you would like to use it. --Erkan Yilmaz 08:32, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually I made a mistake: it was done by ManWing2. Since ManWing2 did not do much in the course, I actually blacked him out :-( So, please adress to him for issues regarding the navigation. --Erkan Yilmaz 08:46, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

background info: the intention behind this story
Hi, The reason for the story is, to show: we can test everything and I use the fairy tales, because (probably) many people know it and if not, there is a similar fairy tale probably in the culture available. It should also show, that things, which we see as obvious (like stories which we heard in our past as children) can be viewed from different points, which is also one important thing for testing. About the story "princess and the frogs": this was not selected by me - it was selected by another tutor. Actually I like another story from below (guess which one :-) ). But the advantage of this story is: there are aleady comments available, which can guide people for their answers.

This would be the other stories: Hansel + Gretel the kings meals Snow White also other stories with fairy tales are planned (e.g. Rapunzel)

BTW: the "new" versions of the stories is from me (not the stories itself, they are from e.g. Brothers Grimm). So, I guess I am not harming any copyright here. And if so, I will adapt the stories. --Erkan Yilmaz 14:20, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Inter-lingua

 * The discussion in German.

How much testing would you like?
Thanks for this course. I worked many years as a system test manager. I was often pressured by management who continued to ask "why does the testing take so long?" or "when will the testing be done?" or "Everything is done except for the testing, so get going", etc. It took me many years, but I finally figured out what the problem was. I began to ask people "How much testing would you like? and things turned around fast! The insight is this, it helps to be clear what the risks are, who is assessing those risks, how are those risks communicated, and who is assuming the risks. The major risks are: 1) launching with unacceptable bugs, and 2) Delaying the launch unnecessarily. The system test organization can report on the scope of testing performed, the bugs found, and functions not yet tested. None of this is a risk assessment. By being clear who is taking the risk by asking "How much testing would you like?" the conversation quickly shifts to productive topics. I hope this helps. Thanks! --Lbeaumont (discuss • contribs) 21:19, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Software testing/Introduction


text:
Prue MacSween

Prudence Gay MacSween is an Australian television and radio presenter, reporter, social commentator, and public relations director with a heavy bias for the Australian Liberal Party. She is the public relations director of Verve Communications, as a media commentator, MacSween has made a number of comments considered to be controversial whilst under the influence of alcohol.

Career
MacSween's extensive career in the media began at Eastern Suburbs Newspapers, as a cadet journalist. during which time she studied at the Sydney Technical College where she completed an Advertising Certificate in 1972.

Her first foray into television was after she successfully applied for a job at the locally owned television station TNQ-7 in the North Queensland city of Townsville initially working as a reporter before also hosting a children's program. Also while at TNQ-7, MacSween created a weekly talk show at TNQ which she also presented. While working in Townsville, MacSween was offered a job with the Nine Network in their Sydney newsroom, before she became a reporter in 1976 on the network's daytime current affairs program No Man's Land in Melbourne.

Following a brief period with Channel 9 in Perth, MacSween moved back to Sydney to work for Are Media (then named Southdown Press) publisher of magazine's New Idea and TV Week, eventually becoming the New South Wales editor for TV Week.

MacSween was a briefly judge on Network Ten's short-lived talent show You're a Star, in 1982 hosted by Tim Webster before being 'unceremoniously dumped'. In 1986, MacSween founded her own public relations business, Prue MacSween & Associates (PMA), which focused on the promotion and marketing fortified wine products.

MacSween is arguably best known for being one of the "beauties" on a Foxtel revival of daytime panel discussion program Beauty and the Beast, which aired from 1996 until 2002, hosted by Stan Zemanek and then Doug Mulray.

In 2003, MacSween wrote a biography for fellow Beauty and the Beast panellist, Carlotta entitled I'm Not That Kind of Girl. MacSween's book was used for reference by the producers of the ABC's 2014 telemovie about Carlotta's life.

When Zemanek left his 2UE radio program in December 2006, MacSween was appointed the show's replacement, but later decided to leave the program and was later replaced by Stuart Bocking. MacSween continued to work for 2UE in an occasional capacity and in 2012 was reportedly in negotiations with the station to become the co-host of 2UE's morning program with Tracey Spicer. Both MacSween and Spicer reportedly rejected the pay deal offered by 2UE to do the show.

MacSween competed against fellow celebrities Josh Thomas, Chloe Maxwell and Kris Smith on the first episode of Celebrity Come Dine With Me Australia on Lifestyle in December 2012. In 2013, MacSween competed with thirteen other celebrities on the third series of The Celebrity Apprentice Australia on the Nine Network. MacSween was the sixth-last person to be "fired" after having raised $50,000 for the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute.

MacSween is currently a director at her own public relations firm, Verve Communications.

Controversies
MacSween caused offence during an appearance on Channel 7's Weekend Sunrise in 2010 for using the word "retard". A fortnight later, MacSween and the program apologised for their use of the word.

During an appearance on Channel 7's Sunrise in 2013, MacSween described Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd as a "psychopath", prompting complaints from viewers.

In 2017, during an appearance on 2GB's Deplorables program hosted by Chris Smith, MacSween said she would be tempted to run over television presenter Yassmin Abdel-Magied. This prompted Macquarie Media to issue a statement saying the station didn't condone MacSween's comments, while MacSween defended her comments as being satirical and said she believed it was 'tragic' that many Australians had lost their sense of humour, and lamented about no longer being able to 'take the mickey out of people'.

During the 13 March 2018 edition of Sunrise, MacSween appeared on the program's Hot Topics segment – a panel discussion with the show's presenter Samantha Armytage, and Brisbane radio presenter Ben Davis. The trio discussed a newspaper article which had appeared in The Courier-Mail quoting Federal Children's Minister David Gillespie as saying he wanted to relax rules which required at-risk Indigenous children to be placed with other Aboriginal families.

During the discussion, MacSween claimed a lot of children in the Stolen Generation were removed for their own well-being, and perhaps Australia "need to do it again", as removing at-risk children from their homes was a "no brainer". This prompted an investigation by the Australian Communications and Media Authority which ruled the Seven Network had breached the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice as it provoked serious contempt on the basis of race and contained strong negative generalisations about Indigenous people. The discussion also resulted in a number of protests outside Channel 7's studios in Martin Place and at an outside broadcast on the Gold Coast. In June 2020, Channel 7, and MacSween were sued as a result of this segment.

MacSween has also attracted media attention for comments made on Nine's morning program Today Extra, including about Australian Greens MP Adam Bandt, whom she described as a "little flea" and "a danger to the community and I suspect a danger to his wife" and about Australian tennis player Nick Kyrgios, whom she described as "a spoilt little Greek brat", "a little creep" who "should have been slapped as a child".

Prue also courted controversy on 25 May 2023, when she confused Tina Turner with Aretha Franklin on the day Tina Turner passed away.

Personal life
Her parents were Watson MacSween and Laurette (née Isaacs). Her father died in 1970 when she was 18. During childhood, MacSween underwent hip operations and needed to use a wheelchair. MacSween was diagnosed with breast cancer in March 2014 and subsequently underwent a lumpectomy and chemotherapy treatment.

She is a step mother to three children.

MacSween's charity work includes the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Save Our Sons, Youth Off The Streets and Cancer Australia.

title: Prue MacSween


text:
Talk:Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election

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text:
manovrare

Etymology
, from, from +.

Verb

 * 1)  to maneuver
 * 2)  to operate
 * 3)  to manipulate
 * 4)  to maneuver
 * 5)  to plot, to scheme
 * 1)  to plot, to scheme

title: manovrare


text:
Talk:Dave Liebman

It says he's played exclusively soprano sax since 1980...
but I've seen him perform on tenor within the past few years, here's a pic to prove it: http://louisville.edu/music/localresources/images/jazz/jazzweek2006/Dave%20Liebman%202-25-06/Rehearsal%20with%20JEI/Dave%20Liebman.jpg

- MZ —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:39, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

press release?
This thing reads like a press release. A lot of the superlatives could be toned down a bit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:16, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Plagiarism
Most of the main section is plagiarized from this press release (which is why it reads like a press release) by this revision on 22 September 2009. As such, unfortunately I think the main section will have to be totally redone.

Discography
Someone please needs to put some work into the discogrpahy, taking the leader sessions out of the sideman section and putting them in the table. I've done my best. Cosprings (talk) 23:02, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

Dave Liebman discography
 Support split - Discography section takes up more than one half of the page, and should be split to a new article entitled Dave Liebman discography. --Jax 0677 (talk) 18:41, 22 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Dave Liebman


text:
User:Lyellin~enwikibooks

This is the same Lyellin as on the English Wikipedia, and Wikinews

On Wikibooks, I'm currently mostly working on the Wikijunior project, on the Solar System and South American books. I am also looking over a few random books, mostly for typo correction type stuff.

I have at least one pet WikiReader, and I'm in planning for another- I'd like to get those finished.

title: User:Lyellin~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:The Anthem of the Heart

Title Change
I don't know how to change the title on this page but can someone change it to Anthem of the Heart -Beautiful Word, Beautiful World- because that is now the official English title. Check ANN for more details. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:43, 22 March 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ I've moved to The Anthem of the Heart per the official website.--ひなどり(Hinadori) 07:13, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Anthem of the Heart


text:
pupillary space

Noun

 * 1) An opening made by the pupil in the eye.
 * 2) * 2005, Kersey, McMullan, and Broadway, Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery, volume 31, issue 7, page 1452
 * Cornea edema obscured detail of the anterior chamber, but the edge of the lens could be seen clearly within the pupillary space.

title: pupillary space


text:
Deborah Holland

Deborah Holland is an American-Canadian singer-songwriter. She rose to national prominence in 1987 as the lead singer and songwriter of Animal Logic featuring Stanley Clarke and Stewart Copeland.

As of March 2020, Deborah Holland has released six solo albums: Freudian Slip (1994), The Panic Is On (1997), The Book of Survival (1999), Bad Girl Once... (2006), Vancouver (2013), and Fine, Thank You! (2019).

In 2007, Holland formed The Refugees with Cidny Bullens and Wendy Waldman. As of January 2020, The Refugees have released two albums, Unbound (2009) and Three (2012); and the EP How Far It Goes in 2019.

Early life and education
Holland grew up in Passaic and Clifton, New Jersey. She began learning piano at age 5 from her father, Irwin Heilner, who was a composer and songwriter.

At age 14 she began playing the guitar, writing songs, and performing in New Jersey and New York City. She appeared twice on Izzy Young's Folk Show on WBAI and in 1969 her song, "When I Hear About War" was published in Broadside magazine. She attended the New Lincoln School in New York City (Grades 11-12) where she studied music with Philip Corner and Cathy MacDonald, and also took classes at the Mannes School of Music.

She briefly attended the Berklee College of Music and later received her B.A. in Jazz Studies at Livingston College (Rutgers University) where she studied with, and was mentored by, jazz pianist Kenny Barron.

In 1977 Holland moved to Los Angeles to pursue her career. In 1996 she became the first student to earn a master's degree in Commercial Music from California State University, Los Angeles and in 1997 joined the faculty; running the Master's in Commercial Music from 1998-2010.

Animal Logic (1987–1991)
In 1987, Holland won the audition to be the lead singer and songwriter of Animal Logic, after a two-song demo tape was forwarded to Police drummer Stewart Copeland by publisher Dan Howell. She was selected over hundreds of other singers who auditioned for the band. Holland is credited with writing nearly all the songs recorded by the group.

Animal Logic released their debut album Animal Logic in 1989, peaking at No. 106 on the Billboard 200. A second album, Animal Logic II was released in 1991.

Both albums featured guest appearances from well-known musicians, including: Jackson Browne, David Lindley, George Duke, Steve Howe and Freddie Hubbard.

The band toured and appeared on The David Letterman Show, The Tonight Show, and had videos on MTV and VH1.

In a March 2020 interview with sterwartcopeland.com, Deborah confirmed that Animal Logic has been working on material for a new EP: “We’re in the process of finishing up five songs though the bulk of the work is now on Stanley’s shoulders and he has a crazy schedule so it may take a while.”

Solo recordings (1988–2007)
In the years following the demise of Animal Logic, Holland released five solo albums, and has recorded and performed music for movies, television and commercials.

In 1988 Deborah recorded "Come To Me" from the movie Fright Night Part 2. She also contributed to the I.R.S. Records compilation Just In Time For Christmas (1990), providing the song "It Only Comes Once a Year".

She has scored five films, including Circuitry Man, and has had two collaborations with Stewart Copeland used in films; "Heaven is a Place" in the 1991 movie Highlander II: The Quickening, and "For One Moment" in the 1992 television movie Afterburn.

More recently, Holland's songs have appeared in the television shows Keeping Up with the Kardashians, My Name Is Earl, and Longmire.

The Refugees (2007–2012)
In 2007 Holland formed a folk supergroup called The Refugees, with Wendy Waldman and Cidny Bullens. The group released their first album Unbound in 2009, which won the International Acoustic Music Award for Best Album. The Refugees' second album, Three, was released in 2012 and made the Folk DJs' Top 20 charts as well as charting on Roots Music Report's TOP 50 Folk charts. The trio toured extensively throughout the U.S. and in Canada appearing at venues, arts centers, folk clubs, and festivals, including the Philadelphia Folk Festival, Wheatland Music Festival, Canmore Folk Festival, the Iowa Women's Music Festival and more.

Vancouver (2013)
Holland's most recent album, Vancouver, was released June 2013. The album is her first CanCon recording and received international radio play. The record charted for over nine months on Roots Music Report's Top 50 Americana/Roots chart and Galaxie Music's Canadian Folk charts. The song “Home” made the finals of the International Acoustic Music Awards.

Fine, Thank You! (2020)
On March 23, 2019 Deborah made the announcement on her official Facebook page that she was working on 2 new EPs - a solo release for 2020, and one with Animal Logic with no set release date.

On Feb 25, 2020 it was announced that Deborah would release her sixth solo album, Fine, Thank You on March 27. The six song offering was produced by Winston Hauschild and features performances by Stewart Copeland (on four tracks), JUNO-winning backup vocalist Shari Ulrich, and Patterson Barrett on pedal steel.

Personal life
After receiving a master's degree from California State University, Los Angeles, Holland joined the faculty, running the Master's in Commercial Music program from 1998 to 2010.

In 2010, Holland relocated from Los Angeles to Vancouver, BC. In 2011, Holland began teaching songwriting at Langara College in Vancouver.

Solo albums

 * 1994 – Freudian Slip
 * 1997 – The Panic is On
 * 1999 – The Book of Survival
 * 2006 – Bad Girl Once
 * 2013 – Vancouver
 * 2020 – Fine, Thank You!

With Animal Logic

 * 1989 – Animal Logic
 * 1991 – Animal Logic II

With The Refugees

 * 2009 – Unbound
 * 2012 – Three (2011 album)

Compilation albums

 * 1990 - “Just In Time For Christmas” – IRS Records Compilation

title: Deborah Holland


text:
User:Email4shopping/Books/Bakker's Bones

Fossil - SO div A 2015

 * Fossil
 * Index fossil
 * Geologic time scale
 * Period (geology)
 * Biological classification
 * Archaeocyatha


text:
Templin, Queensland

Templin is a rural locality in the Scenic Rim Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, Templin had a population of 89 people.

Geography
The Boonah–Fassifern Road enters the locality from the south-east (Kents Pocket) and exits to west (Fassifern Valley).

History
The locality was probably named by German settlers, William Gerner Zerner and Wilhelm F. Hohenhaus, both of whom came from Templin in Brandenburg, Prussia.

Templin State School opened on 18 January 1892 on land donated by Wilhelm Zerne in 1890. It closed on 31 December 1974. In 1975, the Fassifern District Historical Society took over the site to develop as the Templin Historical Village. Both the school building and the teacher's residence remain on the site.

In 1976, the former St John's Anglican Church was relocated from its original site in Cannon Creek to the Templin Historical Village. The church was built in 1911.

Demographics
In the, Templin had a population of 86 people.

In the, Templin had a population of 89 people.

Heritage listings
Templin has the following heritage-listed sites:
 * 397 Boonah-Fassifern Road (-27.9738°N, 152.6504°W): former Templin State School

Education
There are no schools in Templin. The nearest government primary schools are Kalbar State School in neighbouring Kalbar to the north-west and Boonah State School in Boonah to the south-west. The nearest government secondary school is Boonah State High School, also in Boonah.

Attractions
The Templin Historical Village is at 397 Boonah-Fassifern Road (-27.9738°N, 152.6504°W); the museum is operated by the Fassifern Historical Society.

title: Templin, Queensland


text:
Khuduts

Khuduts (Худуц; Dargwa: ХудуцI) is a rural locality (a selo) in Ashtynsky Selsoviet, Dakhadayevsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 425 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Khuduts is located 47 km southwest of Urkarakh (the district's administrative centre) by road, on the Ulluchay River. Ashty and Kunki are the nearest rural localities.

title: Khuduts


text:
Canadian History/Precolonial

‹ Back to the Introduction

Upon reaching North America these newcomers found an abundance of prey and land and spread across the continent ...

Discuss how they spread, then in the next chapter talk about the various "Native" people.

Forward to the People of the Lands ›

title: Canadian History/Precolonial


text:
User:Steinbja/sandbox

Marouan, Maha, et al. "Disorientation In Julie Otsukas When The Emperor Was Divine: The Imprisoned Spaces Of Japanese Americans During World War II." Race and Displacement : Nation, Migration, and Identity in the Twenty-First Century. 143. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 2013. Project MUSE. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.

title: User:Steinbja/sandbox


text:
Electromagnetic relays

Relay is an electrical switch. It opens and closes under control of electric curent applied. The switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close sets of contacts. When a current flows through the coil, the generated magnetic field attracts an armature, mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact.
 * When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually it is done by spring, or by gravity.

Relay Contacts
The contacts are either Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC), or Double Throw (also known as "Form C" or change-over (CO)) contacts.
 * Normally-open contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; and disconnect when the relays is deactivated.
 * Normally-closed contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive.
 * Change-over contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. Simply speaking they just switch in-between circuts.

Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In order to reduce noise in a low voltage application, and to reduce arcing in high voltage or high current application.

 * Suggested reading Relays

AND GATE
In the AND gate circuit, both relays, in series with their own switch buttons are placed (in parallel) independently from each other, yet connected to the same source. The lamp (output) circuit is also connected to the same source. However, the lamp is connected in series with NORMALY OPEN contact of relay A, then in series with NORMALY open contacts of relay B. So the lamp will light up only if … both contacts will be closed. And it will happen only if both relays be activated.

OR GATE
In the OR gate circuit, both relays, in series with their own switch buttons are placed (in parallel) independently from each other, yet connected to the same source. The lamp (output) circuit is also connected to the same source. However, the lamp is connected in series with NORMALY OPEN contact of relay A, parallel to the contactsof relay A the normally open contact of relay B is placed. So the lamp will light up only if either contact of relay A or the contact of relay B will be closed. And it will happen if any one of relays be activated.

NAND gate
In the NAND gate circuit, both relays, in series with their own switch buttons are placed (in parallel) independently from each other, yet connected to the same source. The lamp (output) circuit is also connected to the same source. However, the lamp is connected in series with NORMALY CLOSE contact of relay A, parallel to the contacts of relay A the normally closed contact of relay B is placed. So the lamp will light up only if either contact of relay A or the contact of relay B will be closed. And it will happen if either NONE or just ONE of relays be activated. But not the both, when both normally closed contacts will be open.

NOR GATE
In the NOR gate circuit, both relays, in series with their own switch buttons are placed (in parallel) independently from each other, yet connected to the same source. The lamp (output) circuit is also connected to the same source. However, the lamp is connected in series with NORMALY CLOSED contact of relay A, then in series with NORMALY closed contacts of relay B. So the lamp will light up only if … both contacts will be closed. And it will happen only if NONE of the relays be activated. If some of the relays be activated, it will open the normally closed contacts which comprise the serial circuit with a LAMP (output) so the entire circuit will be open, and the lamp will not light up.

XOR Gate
In the XOR gate circuit, both relays, in series with their own switch buttons are placed (in parallel) independently from each other, yet connected to the same source. The lamp (output) circuit is also connected to the same source.

The contact arrangement is more complex if compared with previous ones. XOR gate outputs 1 if either one of the inputs is one, but NOT THE BOTH. So, speaking in other words, XOR’s output is 0 if both inputs are the same. XOR’s output is 1 if the inputs are different. In our circuit it is achieved by the below-described structure, in series with a lamp: "Two parallel chains of contacts, where in a first chain the Normally Open contact of relay A is in series with Normally Closed contact of relay B; and in the second chain, the Normally Closed contact of Relay A is in series with Normally open contact of relay B"

So, if relay A is activated its contact in upper chain will be closed and its contact in lower chain will be open. And if relay B is not activated its contact in upper chain is closed and in lower is open. It provides a normal conductivity for a lamp to light up.

If relay B is activated, its normally open contact in a second chain will be closed, and normally closed contacts of relay A will be closed (relay A is not activated) and the circuit will work.

If both relays will be activated, the chains will look like this “closed-open” “open-closed” -- neither one provides conductivity and the lamp will not light up.

Varying pull-in and drop-out time of relays
Fast to energize, and slow to de-energize

A capacitor, placed in parallel with relay, acts as a conductor when a voltage is supplied to it. With a passage of time, it becomes charged, and when a voltage on its plates build up as high as relay activation voltage – the relay will pull in. Deenergizing the circuit, the some charge will be still left in the capacitor. When it will discharge through the resistance of the relay coil, and a voltage across its plates will drop below the relay drop-out voltage, the relay will drop out.

Slow to energize (pull in) and slow to de-energize (drop out)
Parallel to relay there is an RC (resistor-capacitor) chain. When the circuit is energized, the voltage across relay coil is a power voltage. Since relay coil is connected directly to the power source (yet parallel with an RC chain) the voltage across it is the same as a power voltage. However, the voltage in RC chain varies (across Capacitor vs. across resistor) When the circuit is de-energized, the capacitor discharges through the resistance of a resistor in series with the resistance of a coil. It takes time for the voltage to drop from a power voltage to the drop out voltage of the relay.

Fast to energize
When a power is suddenly connected to the coil of relay, the current is built up in the coil. The votage in the coil is a Delta I / Delta t … Delta t (change of time) is small, so the big voltage may arise, destroying the relay. So, we need to couple a resistor with relay. In our circuit, the resistor is placed across the normally closed contacts of relay. When the relay is activated they open, “replacing a conductor by a resistor” and all the induction current will be dissipated through this resistor.

Inductor spike suppressor
When a relay coil is de-energized, its electromagnetic field collapses, which induces a brief voltage spike into the coil's wire. This voltage can damage connected components in the circuit. So in order to suppress it, a diode is placed across the relay such that it will conduct current in direction of the spike, effectively short-circuiting the coil in the reverse direction. The energy in the spike is thus converted to heat by the internal resistance of the diode, and dissipated.

title: Electromagnetic relays


text:
Talk:Metacommunity

Open source vs. closed source
Discussion opened 20:10, 20 December 2006 (UTC) by CQ

title: Talk:Metacommunity


text:
Top-rated United States television programs of 1986–87

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1986–87 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
Tomos Moped/Mobile Toolset

No perfect portable toolset exists, as a minimum, you'll want a screwdriver (both slot and philips), a cresent wrench and some sort of pliers.

Other tools mentioned worth carrying include:

General Tools

 * Leatherman
 * Screwdriver (Slot/Philips); a Multi-tip or Kit is better
 * Set of metric allen wrenches
 * Small Cresent wrench
 * Small Vise Grips
 * Small Needle Nose
 * Metric Socket Set
 * Pliers

Spark problems

 * Several spark plugs
 * Spark plug tool with compatible wrench
 * Spark gap tool/feeler gauges

Tire problems

 * Tire inner-tube
 * Tire irons
 * Patch kit
 * Tire pump or CO2 kit

Assorted replacement parts

 * Bulbs
 * Gas tubing
 * Brake cable
 * Throttle cable

Assorted other items

 * Thread-lock
 * Penetrating oil
 * 2-5 zip ties
 * 36-inches of bailing wire
 * 2-stroke oil in 2-4 ounce container
 * Roll of electrical tape
 * Bungee cords in several sizes
 * Rags
 * Money
 * Pepperspray
 * Lighter
 * Compass/GPS
 * Cell phone

For endurance-trips

 * Piston
 * Rings
 * Aluminum cleaner for scratched cylinder

title: Tomos Moped/Mobile Toolset


text:
Talk:Lost Decade (Peru)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 January 2021 and 27 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Eschimia. Peer reviewers: Jshelton22, Leadfern.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:16, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:52, 9 October 2020 (UTC)
 * 5 millones intis.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:18, 18 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Major Social Protests in Peru, 1978-2004 .png

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 * Alan García habla como invitado en el Congreso argentino.jpg

title: Talk:Lost Decade (Peru)


text:
aardolie

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  petroleum, fossil crude oil
 * 2)   A particular variety or composition of petroleum.

title: aardolie


text:
2019 Codasur South American Rally Championship

The 2019 Codasur South American Rally Championship is an international rally championship sanctioned by the FIA and run by the Confederacion Deportiva Automovilismo Sudamericana (Codasur). The championship was contested over five events held in five South American countries from March to November.

Paraguayan Toyota driver Alejandro Galanti won the championship for the first time. Galanti won by a single point in a dramatic finish to the championship. Galanti won the season ending Rally del Atlántico ahead of second placed Hyundai driver Diego Domínguez who had been leading the championship going into the final rally. Domínguez won the first two events, the Rally de la Tierra Colorada and the Rally Trans Itapúa, and was second at the Rally de Erechim. Defending champion, Škoda driver Gustavo Saba, who had also still been in contention to win the championship, was third in the final event and the championship. Saba had won the Rally de Erechim. The Rally Santa Cruz de la Sierra was won by Bolivian Škoda driver Marco Bulacia Wilkinson.

Galanti was the first new Codasur champion since Domínguez won his first championship in 2014.

Event calendar and results
The 2019 Codasur South American Rally Championship was as follows:

Championship standings
The 2019 Codasur South American Rally Championship points were as follows:

Points were awarded to the top ten finishers of each rally and for the top eight positions of each leg of each rally.


text:
Shallow reading

Shallow reading refers to social practices in which people acquire information or entertainment quickly from texts, images or other meaningful forms, individual or combination, by using various modern media. Shallow reading as a representational form of post-modern mass culture reflects a transition of expense principle tendency from print culture towards visual culture.

Background
With the continuous update of advanced media technology and popularization of Internet, people are stepping into mobile Internet era shifting. In this process, an obvious change is that traditional reading mode is gradually shifting to shallow reading. The prevalence of shallow reading has attracted attention of media, publishing and library fields.

Features
1. Superficial

In order to enable people obtain useful information during the process of quick browsing, the target materials of shallow reading are usually very clear and easy to understand as well as with clear-cut topics.

2. Visual

Objectives of shallow reading are often short texts with illustrations and pictures even images and/or video without text captions.

3. Recreational

For deep readers, traditional reading is a process of thinking training and a cultivation of aesthetic culture while shallow reading gets rid of the seriousness of deep reading and mainly aim at facilitating readers acquire information and entertainment in a relaxing and interactive atmosphere.

title: Shallow reading


text:
Torres–Banks languages

The Torres–Banks languages form a linkage of Southern Oceanic languages spoken in the Torres Islands and Banks Islands of northern Vanuatu.

Languages
François (2011) recognizes 17 languages spoken by 9,400 people in 50 villages, including 16 living (3 of which are moribund) and one extinct language.

The 17 languages, ranked from northwest to southeast, are:

 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! Language !! Number of speakers !! ISO 639-3 code !! Island(s) spoken
 * Hiw || 280 || [hiw] || Hiw
 * Lo-Toga || 580 || [lht] || Tegua, Lo, Toga
 * Lehali || 200 || [tql] || Ureparapara
 * Löyöp || 240 || [urr] || Ureparapara
 * Volow || extinct || [mlv] || Mota Lava
 * Mwotlap || 2100 || [mlv] || Mota Lava
 * Lemerig || 2 (moribund) || [lrz] || Vanua Lava
 * Vera'a || 500 || [vra] || Vanua Lava
 * Vurës || 2000 || [msn] || Vanua Lava
 * Mwesen || 10 (moribund) || [msn] || Vanua Lava
 * Mota || 750 || [mtt] || Mota
 * Nume || 700 || [tgs] || Gaua
 * Dorig || 300 || [wwo] || Gaua
 * Koro || 250 || [krf] || Gaua
 * Olrat || 3 (moribund) || [olr] || Gaua
 * Lakon || 800 || [lkn] || Gaua
 * Mwerlap || 1100 || [mrm] || Merelava
 * }
 * Mwesen || 10 (moribund) || [msn] || Vanua Lava
 * Mota || 750 || [mtt] || Mota
 * Nume || 700 || [tgs] || Gaua
 * Dorig || 300 || [wwo] || Gaua
 * Koro || 250 || [krf] || Gaua
 * Olrat || 3 (moribund) || [olr] || Gaua
 * Lakon || 800 || [lkn] || Gaua
 * Mwerlap || 1100 || [mrm] || Merelava
 * }
 * Koro || 250 || [krf] || Gaua
 * Olrat || 3 (moribund) || [olr] || Gaua
 * Lakon || 800 || [lkn] || Gaua
 * Mwerlap || 1100 || [mrm] || Merelava
 * }
 * Mwerlap || 1100 || [mrm] || Merelava
 * }
 * }

Comparative studies
A. François has published several studies comparing various features of the Torres–Banks languages:
 * François (2005): Inventories of vowel systems, and their historical development;
 * François (2007): Systems of noun articles, and their historical development;
 * François (2009): How several languages grammaticalized a set of light personal pronouns into markers for “aorist” aspect;
 * François (2011): How Torres–Banks languages tend to show structural isomorphism, yet lexical diversity;
 * François (2013): Etymological reconstruction of spiritual terms in Torres–Banks languages;
 * François (2015): Systems of geocentric space directionals, and their historical development;
 * François (2016): Historical morphology of personal pronouns.

François (2012) is a sociolinguistic study of the area.

Genealogical structure of the Torres–Banks linkage
The internal structure of the Torres–Banks linkage was assessed based on the Comparative method, and presented in the framework of historical glottometry (François 2014, 2017; Kalyan & François 2018).

Kalyan & François (2018: 81) identified the following best-supported subgroups (in decreasing order of genealogical closeness):
 * Mwotlap – Volow
 * Hiw – Lo-Toga
 * Vurës – Mwesen
 * Lemerig – Vera'a
 * Koro – Olrat – Lakon
 * Dorig – Koro – Olrat – Lakon
 * Olrat – Lakon
 * Lehali – Löyöp – Mwotlap – Volow
 * 15 Banks languages together (Lehali – Löyöp – Mwotlap – Volow – Lemerig – Vera'a – Vurës – Mwesen – Mota – Nume – Dorig – Koro – Olrat – Lakon – Mwerlap)

It is possible that the strict common ancestor of any two members of the Torres–Banks linkage is Proto-Oceanic itself. Evidence of this is found in the preservation of final consonants in Lakon (via a now-lost paragogic vowel), consonants which were lost in most other languages.

Proto-language
The common ancestor of all Torres-Banks languages is called Proto-Torres–Banks, viewed here as a mutually-intelligible chain of dialects within the Torres and Banks islands.

title: Torres–Banks languages


text:
Talk:Dillianne van den Boogaard

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title: Talk:Dillianne van den Boogaard


text:
Matt Caldwell

Matthew H. Caldwell (born August 12, 1981) is an American Republican politician and a former member of the Florida House of Representatives, representing the 79th District, which includes northern Lee County, stretching from Lehigh Acres to North Fort Myers, from 2012 to 2018. Caldwell previously represented the 73rd District from 2010 to 2012.

Caldwell was the Republican nominee for Florida Commissioner of Agriculture in 2018, but lost the general election to Democrat Nikki Fried.

History
Caldwell is a 7th generation Florida native whose family came to Micanopy in 1826. Matt attended Florida Gulf Coast University, from which he received a degree in history in 2004. He works as a real estate appraiser and consultant with Maxwell, Hendry, Simmons in Fort Myers, having attained the highest state certification in his field and being qualified as an expert witness in multiple states and federal court. Matt was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 2010 to 2018, serving on and chairing several committees during his tenure, including tax policy, redistricting, insurance and banking, agriculture, natural resources and public lands, transportation and infrastructure, local, federal, and military affairs, & oversight of government operations, such as pensions & elections.

2008
In 2008, when Democratic State Senator Dave Aronberg ran for re-election in the 27th District, which sprawled from West Palm Beach to Cape Coral and included parts of Charlotte County, Glades County, Lee County, and Palm Beach County, Caldwell ran against him. He won the uncontested Republican primary and advanced to the general election. Ultimately, Caldwell won only 39% of the vote to Aronberg's 59% and Green Party candidate Aniana Robas's 2%.

2010
When incumbent State Representative Nick Thompson opted to run for a position as a Circuit Judge on the 20th Judicial Circuit of Florida in 2010 rather than seek re-election, Caldwell ran to succeed him in the 73rd District, based in northern Lee County, including Fort Myers and stretching from Suncoast Estates to Gateway. He faced Jason Moon, John Schultz, and Deanna Casalino in the Republican primary. Caldwell was able to narrowly defeat his opponents to win his party's nomination, receiving 35% of the vote to Moon's 29%, Schultz's 27%, and Casalino's 8%, and he advanced to the general election, where he was opposed by Democratic nominee Cole Peacock and Tea Party candidate Pantoja Rodriguez in the general election. In the end, Caldwell defeated both of his opponents, winning 59% of the vote to Peacock's 38% and Rodriguez's 3%.

2012
When state legislative districts were redrawn in 2012, Caldwell was moved into the 79th District, which retained most of the territory that he had previously represented in the 73rd District. In the Republican primary, he was opposed by Jon Larsen Shudlick, whom he was able to defeat in a landslide, winning re-nomination with 86% of the vote. He was unopposed in the general election and won his second term in the legislature uncontested.

2014
Caldwell again ran for District 79 in 2014. In the Republican primary he faced opponent Matt Miller. Caldwell was able to win the race with 60.6% to his opponents 39.4%. He did not have an opponent in the general election once again.

2016
In Caldwell's last race for the Florida House in 2016, he won 51% to Democratic candidate John W. Scotts 38% and Independent Matt Millers 10.6%.

2018
After terming out of the Florida House of Representatives, Caldwell ran for Agricultural Commissioner of Florida. In the Republican primary election, Caldwell won the party's nomination receiving 34% of the vote to Denise Grimsley's 26%, Mike McCalister's 12%, and Baxter Troutman's 26%. In the general election, Caldwell faced Democrat Nikki Fried. On election night, Caldwell appeared to be leading by a margin of more than 40,000 votes, but after the votes were fully counted, the margin was close enough that a recount was performed, and after that recount, he was narrowly defeated by 6,753 votes out of more than eight million cast.

2020
In 2020 Caldwell ran for Lee County Property Appraiser after Ken Wilkinson retired from his 40 year long tenure. In the Republican Primary he was opposed by Matt Miller and was able to move onto the General with 59% of the vote. In the General Election Caldwell faced only a write in candidate and was able to win the election with 96% of the vote. Also in 2020, Caldwell ran for State Committeeman for the Republican Party of Florida and was able to defeat the incumbent, Chris Crowley, with 54% of the vote.

title: Matt Caldwell


text:
Paralissotes

Paralissotes is a genus of stag beetle that is endemic to New Zealand.

Taxonomy
Paralissotes was described in 1996 by Beverly Holloway. New Zealand species previously placed in the Australian Lissotes genus were transferred to Paralissotes due to notable differences in the form of the elytral scales. Paralissotes reticulatus is the type species for this genus.

Etymology
The name Paralissotes refers to how similar the genus is to Lissotes, "para" means close/near whilst "lissotes" refers to the Lissotes genus.

Distribution
This genus is distributed from Three Kings Islands to as far south as Waimate in the South Island at altitudes below 1000m. These stag beetles are absent from the Chatham Islands.

Species
There are seven currently accepted Paralissotes species:

 * Paralissotes mangonuiensis (Brookes, 1927)
 * Paralissotes oconnori (Holloway, 1961)
 * Paralissotes planus (Broun, 1880)
 * Paralissotes reticulatus (Westwood, 1844)
 * Paralissotes rufipes (Sharp, 1886)
 * Paralissotes stewarti (Broun, 1881)
 * Paralissotes triregius (Holloway, 1963)

title: Paralissotes