text:
Leelavathi murder

Leelavathi murder was a high profile murder on 23 April 1997, involving the murder of Leelavathi, a councilor in Madurai, in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. She was an active member of Communist Party of India (Marxist) and was murdered by the opposing member of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, a leading party which ruled the state for many years. Her murder is also quoted as the first assault on a woman leader after the introduction of 33% reservation of women in local bodies in Tamil Nadu.

As soon as assuming office as Councilor during October 1996, Leelavathi brought piped water to her elected ward, which was a backward community bereft of water supply. The community also suffered as they had to buy water from lorry supplied water sold at a higher price by a water mafia. She was murdered two days before the formal inauguration of water supply.

The murder was prominent as the sentenced were functionaries of the ruling Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party and were close to the DMK. The court sentenced six to life sentence including that of Nallamaruthu, the brother of the DMK functionary Essar Gopi. On 8 February 2008, the accused were released during Anna birth century by then Chief minister Karunanidhi in spite of firm resistance from opposition parties. Nallamaruthu was again arrested in 2015 and sent to prison on account of further criminal charges. The murder opened up several debates on the participation of political parties in local body elections.

Background
Leelavathi was from a humble background and was involved in weaving for her living. She was attracted to Marxism by her husband Kuppusamy, who was a functionary of the state unit of Communist Party of India (Marxist). She turned into an activist and social worker in Villapuram area in Madurai. Leelavthi contested successfully to the civic body elections in 1996 in Ward 59 in Villapuram. In the councilor election for the Madurai Corporation during October 1996, she defeated Valli, the wife of DMK party functionary Annadurai, who represented ward 59. The Madurai councilor post was reserved for women based on 33% reservation for women in local bodies. Annadurai fought against the election officer against declaring the result and issuing the winning certificate to Leelavathi quoting the margin of defeat. Leelavathi was successful in getting the certificate from the officer. During the same night, Annadurai came to Leelavathi's house along with his supporter for another fight.

As soon as she assumed office, her single mission was to bring piped water to her elected ward, which was a backward community bereft of water supply. The community also suffered as they had to buy water brought in by lorries sold at a higher price. She was successful in bringing piped water to her ward six months from the time of her election. She was murdered two days before the formal inauguration of water supply. Her work in bringing water to the community threatened the business of the water mafia of water tank owners who plotted her murder.

Court proceedings
Leelavathi (40) was murdered on day light in Villapuram area in Madurai during broad day light by five armed men on 23 April 1997. She was going to a local provision stores at around 8:30 am when the gang of six equipped with sickles (aruval) started attacking her. She died on the spot in a pool of blood. The victim's husband filed a police complaint at around 10 am. Since Leelavathi was popular in her area, there were protests from public to arrest the killers and bring them to justice. The police arrested Muthuramalingam, Karimalayan alias Annadurai, Murugan, Murugan alias Soongu Murugan, Meenakshisundaram and Marudhu alias Nallamarudhu on 24 and 27 April 1997. The police also recovered the weapons from the accused. Nallamarthu (41) was brother of DMK party functionary Essar Gopi who was close to M.K. Azhagiri.

The case was conducted in the Madurai Additional Sessions court. The prosecution accused Muthuramalingam (A-2) armed with aruval cut the victim on the right side of the neck, Karimalayan alias Annadurai (A-1) with aruval cut the deceased on the right side of the neck, Murugan (A-3) with aruval cut the deceased on the cheek, right ear, right shoulder & right hand, Murugan alias Soongu Murugan (A-4) with aruval repeatedly cut the deceased on the right and left hands, Meenakshisundaram (A-5) and Marudhu alias Nallamarudhu (A-6). After multiple hearings, the court sentenced Nallamarudhu, the brother of DMK functionary Essar Gopi, and five others accused in the case during 2000. Their life sentence was confirmed by the Madras High Court in 2003. The court dismissed multiple bail pleas from the accused on the grounds of close political connection with the ruling party.

In popular culture
Academicians are divided on the view of political parties contesting in local body elections. As per Dr. G. Palanithurai, who heads the Pre election Voter Awareness Campaign of Tamil Nadu, involvement of political parties at grassroot levels would avoid the phenomenon of auctioning of the village president posts as done in many village panchayats. He showcased the contrast in Melavalavu incident where six people were killed without much of media notice compared to Leelavathi Murder case, which was taken up at a very high level since she was from a registered party. Other academicians are of the view that the elections would be conducted on time for the local bodies as in the case of general elections, if it is left to the local parties.

Swaraj was an award winning movie which was based on the real-life story of Leelavathi, though under a different context setting outside Madurai. In the movie, the protagonist is portrayed fighting the cause of the backward community to bring piped water to them.

Aftermath
M. Karunanidhi, the ruling Chief minister of Tamil Nadu, released Nallamarudhu and four others who were convicted and ordered life in the case. One of the sentenced died in prison during 2004. The release was ordered during the birth century of Annadurai on the grounds of good conduct from the convicted. As per another guideline, the life sentence should have been 10 years, but the DMK government reduced it to seven years during 2008. The release drew strong opposition from the CPI (M) party and other opposition parties in the state. The CPI (M) state secretary N. Varadarajan wrote to the chief minister opposing the release. As per the guidelines of the government, the people getting prematurely released during special occasions should not have any criminal proceedings for the next three years. Nallamarudu was involved in multiple criminal proceedings after his release in 2009 along with his brother Essar Gopi. As per the police statement, V. Balakrishnan, the Superintendent of Police, Madurai, sent a recommendation to the Government of Tamil Nadu to cancel the order of release of Nallamarudu during 2013 quoting continued criminal involvement. But the Madurai District Police received orders to cancel his release only on 20 August 2015. He was arrested on 23 August 2015 from his house in Avaniapuram area and was sent to Madurai jail.

Her murder is also quoted as the first assault on a woman leader after the introduction of 33% reservation of women in local bodies. It was a case study quoted in other cases where convicts were released prematurely during the life sentence on political grounds.

Timeline

 * October 1996 - Leelavathi elected Councilor for Ward 59 of Madurai Municipal Corporation.
 * 23 April 1997 - A group of six armed men kill Leelavathi in daylight in Villapuram area of Madurai
 * 24-28 April 1997 - Police arrest six men involved in the case, namely Muthuramalingam, Karimalayan alias Annadurai, Murugan, Murugan alias Soongu Murugan, Meenakshisundaram and Marudhu alias Nallamarudhu and recovered their weapons
 * 8 February 2008 - The Additional sessions court of Madurai sentences Nallamaruthu and five others to life sentence.
 * 20 August 2015 - Madurai District Police receives orders to cancel his sentence
 * 23 August 2015 - Madurai Police arrests Nallamaruthu and sends him to Madurai jail

title: Leelavathi murder


text:
solanine

Etymology
From 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  A poisonous glycoalkaloid found in many species of the nightshade family, including potato and tomato.
 * 2) * 1989, R. P. Sharma, D. K. Salunkhe, Chapter 8: Solanum Glycoalkaloids, Peter R. Cheeke (editor), Toxicants of Plant Origin: Alkaloids, Volume 1: Alkaloids, page 214,
 * Apparently the high activity of α-solanine injected into the bloodstream may be due to cholinesterase inhibition, while the lesser effects of orally administered α-solanine could reflect its poor adsorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

Translations

 * Esperanto: solanino
 * French:
 * German: Solanin
 * Italian:
 * Polish: solanina

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: solanine


text:
Steve Kim

Steve Kim (born 1972) is a United States magistrate judge for the United States District Court for the Central District of California who is a former nominee to be a United States district judge of the same court.

Education
Born in Seoul, South Korea, Kim received his Bachelor of Arts, with special distinction, from the University of Oklahoma in 1996 and his Juris Doctor, magna cum laude, from Georgetown University Law Center in 1999, where he was inducted into the Order of the Coif and served as Notes & Comments Editor of The Georgetown Law Journal.

Career
Upon graduation from law school, Kim served as a law clerk to Judge Sidney R. Thomas of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and Judge Stephen Victor Wilson of the United States District Court for the Central District of California. Before his work as a federal prosecutor, Kim practiced civil trial and appellate litigation at Munger, Tolles & Olson in Los Angeles. Beginning in 2003, he served as an Assistant United States Attorney in the Criminal Division of the United States Attorney's Office for the Central District of California. Before taking the bench, Kim was the Managing Director for Stroz Friedberg, LLC, where he advised clients in cybersecurity compliance, data privacy, and law and technology issues.

United States magistrate judge
He assumed office as a United States magistrate judge in 2016. In that capacity, he presided over the arraignment of actress Lori Loughlin, in her trial for fraud in connection with the admission of her daughters to the University of Southern California, which was part of the larger Varsity Blues scandal. Kim set Loughlin's bail at $1 million.

Expired nomination to district court
On September 20, 2019, President Donald Trump announced his intent to nominate Kim to serve as a United States district judge for the United States District Court for the Central District of California. On November 21, 2019, his nomination was sent to the Senate. President Trump nominated Kim to the seat vacated by Judge Beverly Reid O'Connell, who died on October 8, 2017. Kim was "recommended for appointment by California's Democratic senators", and noted to have an "apolitical background and relatively noncontroversial record", for which it was therefore predicted that he "should be confirmed relatively comfortably". However, on January 3, 2020, his nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate. On February 13, 2020, his renomination was sent to the Senate. On January 3, 2021, his nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate.

title: Steve Kim


text:
Spanish/Contents

Páginas generales

 * Introduction to the course
 * The rules of pronunciation
 * Contributors to the Wikibook

Punto de partida
"A starting point" — the basics of conversation and grammar.
 * ¿Cómo te llamas? — Greetings, names, the Spanish alphabet.
 * ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños? — Numbers, ages, dates, birthdays.
 * Introducción a la gramática — Articles, regular verbs, questions and exclamations.

¿Qué opinas?
"What do you think?" — a world of opinions and viewpoints.
 * ¿Dónde vives? — Countries, Habitations, "O" and "A" Adjectives, City and Countryside.
 * ¿Qué te gusta hacer? — Sports and Activities, UE Verbs, Complex sentences, Negatives, Opinions.
 * ¿Qué comes? — Food and Drink, In the Shop, "E" and Consonant Adjectives, Colours.

¿Cuándo se hará?
"When will it be done?" — The busy world of time.
 * ¿Qué hora es? — Telling the Time, Times of Day, Time-related Adverbs, Reflexive verbs.
 * ¿Adónde vas a ir? — Simple Future, Holidays, Accommodation, IE verbs.
 * ¿Cuál es tu trabajo? — Jobs and Occupations, Little Words, Workplaces, Future Tense.

Vocabulary

 * Thesaurus of Spanish cognates
 * Common false cognates
 * Everyday vocabulary
 * 100+ High-Frequency Words
 * Conversational forms
 * Loan Words
 * Translation Reference (archived)
 * Common words (archived)
 * Idioms (archived)
 * Slang words (archived) from different countries
 * Spanish phrasebook on Wikivoyage

Grammar

 * Grammar Index (Archived) is a former section of the Spanish book, with information in pages on Spanish grammar.

Verbs

 * Spanish/Tenses is a grammar appendix which outlines all possible verb conjugations for regular Spanish verbs. Verbs are first divided by mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative), then by aspect (simple, perfect, continuous, perfect continuous), and finally by tense (present, preterite, imperfect, conditional, future). This appendix can be used as a reference for any and all regular verb conjugations.
 * Spanish/Verbs (archived) is a guide to verbs, with some other pages in it too.

Nouns

 * /Valuable noun-related phrases/ (perfect for the beginner). Will prove valuable for also learning present tense and past tense. Can be used to learn the sentence structure.

Pronouns

 * Spanish/Pronouns An introduction to pronouns.

Other materials
The materials below are mostly miscellaneous or incomplete.

Incomplete lessons

 * Las personas — Describing people and opinions about them.
 * La escuela — School, ser versus estar.
 * El tiempo pasado — The past tense- All about the past tense in Spanish: Preterito, Imperfecto, Differences between the two.

Learning

 * Ask questions at the Question and Answer page.
 * Request for improvement to the Wikibook at the request page.
 * Archived materials have more lessons which you can use.
 * How to Study Spanish is an archived guide to the proper way to learn the language.
 * Web Resources is a page with links to other websites you can go to to learn Spanish.

Alternative methods of learning

 * The Wrong Way To Learn Spanish: An alternative and fun method of learning Spanish
 * Dictionary: A dictionary related to the alternative method.
 * Part 2: Translation of sample paragraphs.

Contributing to this Wikibook
This is a Wikibook—please feel free to edit, enhance, update and add to it, in any way that will make it a better teaching resource! Especially if you are a native Spanish speaker, please consider recording sound files for any of the dialogue or vocabulary. It seriously improves the learning potential of the book if you can listen as you read! A list of the people who have contributed to this featured book is here.

The book already has all of the most basic information allowing you to construct a simple sentence, and say a few things in Spanish. However, do try to help by adding some more information on other topics that are not here. As you write, remember that people reading this book can be totally new to the language. Do not write as if you are writing for another Spanish speaker, but keep in mind to explain things in great detail to enable learners to use this book easily.

Contribute to this book to make it a good way for new learners to learn the Spanish language!

title: Spanish/Contents


text:
GURPS Places of Mystery

GURPS Places of Mystery is a supplement by Phil Masters and Allison Brooks, published by Steve Jackson Games in 1996 for the role-playing game system GURPS.

Contents
GURPS Places of Mystery is a supplement which presents both real and legendary world wonders, and how they could be used in fantasy role-playing adventures. Locales include places in Africa, the British Isles (including Stonehenge), and the Far East, as well as fictional location Atlantis.

Reception
In the May 1996 edition of Arcane (Issue 6), Jonathan Palmer was ambivalent about the book, saying, "Places of Mystery is a source of inspiration for referees of any system, with some fascinating 'facts', but it just doesn't go far enough. There are plenty of better 'mysterious places' books on the market and you're smart enough to work out for yourselves how to incorporate the information they contain into your games." He concluded by giving the book a below average rating of 4 out of 10.

In the October 1996 edition of Dragon (Issue #234), Rick Swan called the scope of the book "ambitious", but pointed out that "the designers summarize material from historical and literary sources... enterprising gamemasters could dig most of this out of the local library." But Swan did concede that "for those without access to the right books -- or who have misplaced their library card -- it's a useful resource."

Reviews

 * Casus Belli #95

title: GURPS Places of Mystery


text:
cribellum

Etymology
Borrowed from, diminutive of.

Noun

 * 1)  A spinning organ having many fine pores, situated in front of the spinners in some araneomorph spiders.
 * 2) * 1996: some groups of spiders have a sieve-like plate, the cribellum, just in front of the spinners. — Michael J. Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe (Collins 1996, p. 17)

Translations

 * Catalan: cribel
 * French:
 * Spanish: cribelo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  a small sieve

title: cribellum


text:
altist

Etymology
Borrowed from. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) altoist

Etymology
or.

Noun

 * 1)  A person who plays the viola

Noun

 * 1) altoist

title: altist


text:
User:Mark ma

My name is Mark. I am with Albanian origin, and my family comes from the small town Ulqin, in Montenegro.

Currently located in Ocean City, MA.

Thanks, Mark

title: User:Mark ma


text:
User:Valeriez

User:Valeriez Hello everyone! Welcome to my page! My name is Valerie Zhang. I am a freshman in James Madison University right now. I am doing the research about the environmental issues recently. I am creating this Wikipedia page just for sharing some fun facts with all of you. You're also welcome to add your criticism, or you can do so at my talk page. I grew up in China. My family decided to move to the United States in 2012. I like to play tennis and swim if I have free time.

title: User:Valeriez


text:
sille

Etymology
From, , from.

Noun

 * 1) a slap clapped with palms

Etymology 1
From, from , ultimately from.

Verb

 * 1) shall, will
 * 2) infinitive and third person plural of the auxiliary verb indicating future tense.

Inflection

 * Variant past plural: soenen

Etymology 2
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) windowsill

title: sille


text:
Esperanto/Contents

The Wikibooks Esperanto Textbook is a collaborative project to create an online open-content textbook for Esperanto, which we hope will become the definitive Esperanto textbook for English speakers.

Contents

 * An introduction to Esperanto
 * The quick-and-dirty guide to Esperanto

Lessons

 * 1) Introducing Yourself - Grammatical Introduction: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, personal and possessive pronouns, the present tense, direct and indirect objects
 * 2) Traveling - Verb conjugation for active verbs and the forms of all six participles
 * 3) Recreational Activities - Correlatives and participle synthesis
 * 4) Family
 * 5) School - More complex verbs formed with participles
 * 6) Word Synthesis
 * 7) Electronic Communication
 * 8) Typesetting Esperanto Texts

Appendices

 * Alphabet and pronunciation
 * Original 1889 English-Esperanto word list
 * English-Esperanto word list
 * Esperanto-English word list
 * Abbreviations
 * Summary of grammar
 * Web resources
 * Table of correlatives
 * Table of word endings
 * Table of affixes
 * False friends
 * Slang
 * Common phrases
 * Starting vocabulary list

About the book

 * Authors

title: Esperanto/Contents


text:
User:PetermanBlyLee

¶The author of Plenary Sphere and families of academia or simply set in their own ways. As a alto soprano accompaniment, the half notes and ampersand, direct attends. As orbits of eugenic chemicals, the defrainment is noted. Oral hygiene has purpose to control toxins from inferred solids. With diaphones of Motifs in musical arrangements, there has been attire with sontifs LCCN number. The lend to leasing was performed torwards fips to ratify a full spectrum resource to depositorial grants. With Fips 6 7 the 7 spheres in the principals, torwards the Millinium Declaration with usury has been contented. Though with once insular venue there has been transposing of by laws articles of stat defunct. Odious with permits of a decisive Rossby's in accord with noaa protrudes in a quintestamonial motions.

title: User:PetermanBlyLee


text:
aDNA

Etymology
Initialism, from.

Noun

 * 1)  Any DNA sample recovered from biological samples not intended for DNA use, including historical and archeological samples.

title: aDNA


text:
Anderstorps IF

Anderstorps IF is a sports club in Anderstorp, Sweden, established in 1927.

The women's soccer team played in the Swedish top division in 1979.

Billy Lansdowne and Billy Lansdowne Junior have both played games for the club.

title: Anderstorps IF


text:
Joe Norton (politician)

Joseph Tekwiro Norton (29 August 1949 – 14 August 2020) was a Canadian politician and tribe chief of the Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke.

Biography
Norton was a proprietor of the internet club Absolute Poker. He was on the board of directors of TeKnoWave, Turtle Technologies, and Mohawk Internet Technologies. He was a consultant for the Federal Bridge Corporation. He had previously worked as a structural steel fitter. In 2002, he won the National Aboriginal Achievement Award.

Joe Norton died on 14 August 2020 at the age of 70.

title: Joe Norton (politician)


text:
Template:Attached KML/Maine State Route 206

 Maine State Route 206  ff0000ff 5  -69.444,44.25608 -69.44378,44.25646 -69.44324,44.25735 -69.44258,44.25841 -69.44198,44.25933 -69.44153,44.2601 -69.44116,44.26081 -69.44052,44.26212 -69.43984,44.26352 -69.43963,44.2639 -69.4393,44.26441 -69.43899,44.26481 -69.43859,44.26525 -69.4381,44.26578 -69.43782,44.26614 -69.43761,44.26649 -69.4374,44.2669 -69.43725,44.26739 -69.43708,44.26792 -69.43683,44.26871 -69.43662,44.26947 -69.43628,44.27065 -69.43591,44.27204 -69.43583,44.27251 -69.43578,44.27303 -69.43572,44.27395 -69.4357,44.27502 -69.43574,44.2758 -69.43578,44.27694 -69.43581,44.2776 -69.43582,44.27789


text:
aliphatic PVA

Etymology
Trade name.

Noun

 * 1) A strong glue made from polyvinyl acetate mixed with any of a range of other materials such as resin

title: aliphatic PVA


text:
Filip Jers

Filip Jers (born November 7, 1986, in south of Sweden) is a Swedish harmonica player and composer.

Filip Jers gained recognition after winning the World Harmonica Festival in Trossingen (2005).

He received the 2003 Musik Direkt jazzprize, 2003 Åmåls Junior Blues Prize, 2004 Danish Munspelsmästerskapen 1st prize, 2004 Musik Direkt Jeunesses Musicales International International prize, 2004 Höörs Community Cultureprize, 2005 World Harmonica Championships 1:a prize, 2006 Sundsgården Musicianscholarship, 2006 Lions Musicscholarship Höör, 2009 Royal College of Music Studentgrant, 2010 SWEJS Göteborg Jazz Scholarship, 2010 Harry Arnolds Jazz Standy-By Prize, 2010 Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien Jazzgrant and receiving the Alice Babs Jazz scholarship in 2012.

Filip Jers was the first harmonica student to be accepted and receive a diploma in harmonica by the Royal College of Music in Stockholm. He plays often as a guest soloist but also as a permanent member in Stockholm Lisboa Project, Primus Motor and Filip Jers Quartet.

Discography

 * In the Spirit of Toots, 2023 - Filip Jers & Carl Bagge Trio
 * Filip Jers Quartet Plays Classical, 2022 (feat. Henrik Hallberg & Wille Alin)
 * New Scandinavian Harmonica, Vol. 1, 2014 - Jouko Kyhälä & Filip Jers
 * Diagonal, 2009 with Stockholm Lisboa Project
 * Åka med, 2012 with Primus Motor
 * Spiro, 2011, Solo CD
 * Look to the West - West of Eden (guest appearance on Going to Hull)

title: Filip Jers


text:
2020 Clare Senior Football Championship

The 2020 Clare Senior Football Championship was the 125th staging of the Clare Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Clare County Board in 1887. The championship was postponed indefinitely due to the coronavirus pandemic in Ireland. The draw for the opening round fixtures eventually took place on 1 July 2020. The championship began on 1 August 2020 and is scheduled to end in September 2020.

The 2020 champions, and holders of the Jack Daly Cup are Kilmurry-Ibrickane who won their sixteenth overall title.

Format Change
Time constraints led to a revision of the championship format. The group stages were abolished and any amalgamations withdrawn. The championship saw six first-round games with the winners of these ties being drawn against each other in the quarter-final stage. The losers of the first round faced off against each other in order to produce one semi-finalist. Open draws applied to all rounds. There will be no relegation.

First round

 * Six winners advance to Quarter-finals
 * Six losers move to Round 2

-

Second round

 * Played by six losers of Round 1
 * Three winners advance to Round 3

The original fixture between Clondegad and Cratloe was postponed due to an outbreak of COVID-19 within both the Cratloe and Clondegad GAA communities. After an emergency meeting of the Clare County Board it was agreed to postpone any game that the Cratloe Senior and Junior, and Clondegad Junior teams were due to play by a period of two weeks. All subsequent games involving these clubs or their conquerors would also be delayed down the line due to this decision. This would allow sufficient time for those affected to recover before returning to play.

Third round

 * Played by three winners of Round 2
 * Draw to decide which team gets bye direct to Round 3B
 * Winner of Round 3B advances to Semi-finals
 * Loser of Round 3A moves to Senior B Championship

Quarter-finals

 * Played by six winners of Round 1
 * Three winners of this round advance to Semi-finals
 * Three losers move to Senior B Championship

Semi-finals

 * Played by three winners of Quarter-finals and winner of Round 3B

Senior B Championship

 * Played by three losers of Quarter-finals and loser of Round 3A

The original fixture between Éire Óg and Ennistymon was not played due to a dispute over the fixture. A decision on whether a re-fixture will be played or the title awarded to the team that actually showed up is pending an emergency meeting of the Clare County Board.

title: 2020 Clare Senior Football Championship


text:
Talk:Malta at the 2012 Summer Paralympics/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Gonzo fan2007 (talk · contribs) 15:49, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Lead

 * Is there a need to specifically state it is an "island" country? Not sure the relevance of this addition.
 * Should Matthew Sultana be linked in the lead and infobox, similar to the results table? « Gonzo fan2007  (talk)  @ 16:32, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Background

 * "Malta debuted in the Paralympic movement at the 1960 Summer Paralympics" - maybe something like "Malta debuted in the Paralympics in the 1960 Summer games". The duplication of "Paralympics" sounds off.
 * Should Matthew Sultana be linked, similar to the results table?
 * "Marathon runner Derren French met the minimum qualifying standards for his event though a number of faster athletes causing an upper limit on participants forced him to withdraw" - this sentence doesn't make sense, especially the last part. Please clarify and maybe split into two sentences. « Gonzo fan2007  (talk)  @ 16:32, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Disability qualification

 * No comments. « Gonzo fan2007  (talk)  @ 16:32, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Swimming

 * "At the time of the London Paralympics Matthew Sultana was 15 years old and he was the only athlete to compete for Malta." - comma after "Paralympics" and remove "he"
 * "This put him 21st (and last) overall and he did not qualify for the final since only the eight overall fastest swimmers made that stage of the competition." - consider an emdash to break up the sentence like: "This put him 21st (and last) overall and he did not qualify for the final—only the eight overall fastest swimmers made that stage of the competition." « Gonzo fan2007  (talk)  @ 16:32, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

References/Images

 * No images except PD flags.
 * References are formatted correctly and in a uniform manner. They are all archived.
 * Please update  to
 * References are all reliable (although Ref 2 seems borderline).
 * No copyvio issues.
 * Ref 3 is dead, thus you should update the url-status field in the citation. « Gonzo fan2007  (talk)  @ 16:32, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Comments

 * I will review this one shortly. I made a quick copyedit with some minor changes. « Gonzo fan2007  (talk)  @ 15:49, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * That's all I got. Will place on hold, nice work. « Gonzo fan2007  (talk)  @ 16:32, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Have made all of the necessary changes. MWright96 (talk) 18:11, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Looks good. Passed. « Gonzo fan2007  (talk)  @ 18:24, 20 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Darryl Wakelin

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:48, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Darryl Wakelin


text:
aeroplanski

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  aeroplane

Adverb

 * 1) in the manner of an aeroplane

title: aeroplanski


text:
kummin

Noun

 * 1) caraway, , Persian cumin (plant and bread spice)

Usage notes

 * Can also be used as a neuter noun (kumminet).
 * with, see.

title: kummin


text:
Buderim Ginger

Buderim Ginger is a brand of ginger-based food products in Australia. The Buderim Ginger Factory is a working ginger factory and tourist attraction in Pioneer Road, Yandina, Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia.

The Buderim Ginger Factory is operated by Buderim Ginger Limited that was listed as a public company in December 1988. The company manufactures confectionery ginger products (sugar-based) that are marketed in Australia and exported to a number of international markets including UK, USA, Canada and various European countries. The company also operates a similar factory in Suva, Fiji. The ginger factory was originally located at Buderim, before moving operations to Yandina in 1978.

History
Not long before World War I, some pieces of raw ginger found their way to Buderim, Australia—which was then a small farming area about 100 km (60 miles) north of Brisbane, where the comparatively high rainfall and humidity combined to produce conditions which were ideal for growing this unusual crop.

The interruption to the supply of ginger from China, caused by World War II, provided the opportunity for growers in the Buderim area to expand their sales. As a result of this, five Buderim farmers met together in an old blacksmith's shop and formed The Buderim Ginger Grower's Co-operative Association Limited. Between them they had capital of 25 pounds, two wooden vats and 14 tons of green ginger.

In 1979, an area of nearly nine hectares was leased from the Department of Commercial & Industrial Development. The first stage of a new factory complex was commenced, opening in time to help in processing the 1980 Early Harvest. The establishment of the Tourist and Administrative Complex in Yandina during 1985 completed the industry's relocation program and in 1989, Buderim Ginger Limited was listed on the stock exchange.

Buderim Ginger exports to over 17 countries.

Buderim Ginger has expanded its business, become the world's leading processor and marketer of macadamias with both Australian and Hawaiian macadamia growing and processing commencing. In 2005, Buderim Ginger also became the owner of Buderim Baking Company which produces a range of savoury pastry products that are distributed to customers in the Australian retail market. The Ginger Factory maintains its position as one of the region's tourist attractions with the launch of the Taste of Ginger Tour and the opening of the Heritage Centre.

Tourism
There are rides, tours of the factory, and shops, restaurants and other exhibits for visitors.

title: Buderim Ginger


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Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure/Octet rule and exceptions

<< Filling electron shells | Molecular orbitals >>

The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in their valence shell.

The main exception to the rule is hydrogen, which is at lowest energy when it has two electrons in its valence shell.

Other notable exceptions are aluminum and boron, which can function well with six valence electrons; and some atoms beyond group three on the periodic table that can have over 8 electrons, including sulfur. Additionally, some noble gasses can form compounds when expanding their valence shell.

The other tendency of atoms with regard to their electrons is to maintain a neutral charge. Only the noble gasses have zero charge with filled valence octets. All of the other elements have a charge when they have eight electrons all to themselves. The result of these two guiding principles is the explanation for much of the reactivity and bonding that is observed within atoms; atoms seeking to share electrons in a way that minimizes charge while fulfilling an octet in the valence shell.

<< Foundational concepts | << Filling electron shells | Molecular orbitals >>


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Talk:David Bartlett

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User:Hako9/Draftify log

This is a log of pages moved to draftspace using the MoveToDraft script.

August 2020

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September 2020

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US History/European History

The peoples of Europe have had a tremendous effect on the development of the United States throughout the course of U.S. history. Europeans "discovered" and colonized the North American continent and, even after they lost political control over its territory, their influence has predominated due to a common language, social ideals, and culture. Therefore, when endeavoring to understand the history of the United States, it is helpful to briefly describe their European origin.

Ancient Greece

 * See also: Ancient History/Greece

The first significant civilizations of Europe formed in the second millennium BCE. By 800 BCE, various Greek city-states, sharing a language and a culture based on slavery, pioneered novel political cultures. In the Greek city of Athens, by about 500 BCE, the male citizens who owned land began to elect their leaders. These elections by the minority of a minority represent the first democracy in the world. Other states in Greece experimented with other forms of rule, as in the totalitarian state of Sparta. These polities existed side by side, sometimes warring with each other, at one time combining against an invading army from Persia. Ancient Athens is known for its literary achievements in drama, history, and personal narrative. The individual city-states did not usually see themselves as a single entity. (The conqueror Alexander the Great, who called himself a Greek, actually was a native of the non-Greek state of Macedon.) The city-states of Greece became provinces of the Roman Empire in 27 BCE.

Rome

 * See also: Ancient History/Rome

The city of Rome was founded (traditionally in the year 753 BCE). Slowly, Rome grew from a kingdom to a republic to a vast empire, which, at various points, included most of present-day Britain (a large part of Scotland never belonged to the empire), France (then known as Gaul), Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Palestine (including the territory claimed today by the modern state of Israel), Northern Arabia, Egypt, the Balkans, and the entire north coast of Africa. This empire was maintained through free-born or adoptive citizenship, citizen education and indoctrination, a large and well-drilled army, and taxes directed by a large bureaucracy directed by the emperor. As each province produced more Roman citizens, the state became hard to maintain. Whole kingdoms in the north and east, and the invading peoples we know as the Germanic tribes (the Ostrogoths and Visigoths and the Franks) sat apart from the system.

After the death of one emperor in 180 CE, power struggles between the army and a succession of rulers of contested origins produced anarchy. Diocletian (243 - 316) reinstated the Empire by 284. Rome regained territory until 395, when the Empire was so large that it had to be divided into two parts, each with a separate ruler. The two halves sat uneasily together. The East, which considered itself the heir of Alexander the Great, spoke Greek or a dialect, while the West spoke Latin. The Eastern Empire survived until 1453, but the system to maintain the Western Empire broke apart. Plagues and crop failures troubled the world. In 476, Germanic tribes deposed the boy who was then the Emperor. Roman roads fell into disrepair, and travel became difficult. Some memories remained in the lands which had once known Roman rule. The supreme rulers of various tribes called themselves king, a distortion of the Roman word Caesar.

The Roman Empire to the Holy Roman Empire
After Rome's fall, monks from Ireland (which had never known Rome) spread Catholic Christianity and the culture and language of the Western Roman Empire across Europe. Catholicism eventually spread through England (where the Germanic tribes of the Angles and the Saxons now lived)and to the lands of the post-Roman Germanic tribes. Among those tribes, the Franks rose to prominence.

Charlemagne (742 - 814), the King of the Franks, conquered great portions of Europe. He eventually took control of Rome. The senate and the political organs of Rome had disappeared, and Charlemagne did not pretend to become the head of the Church. Charlemagne's domain, a confederation of what had been Roman Gaul with Germanic states, was much smaller than Diocletian had known. But prestige came with identity with the past, and so this trunk of lands became The Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne's descendants, as well as local rulers, took their sanction from the Church, while the Church's pope influenced both religious and political matters.

The result of political stability was technological advance. After the year 1000, Western Europe caught some of the East's discoveries, and invented others. In addition to vellum, Europeans now started making paper of rags or wood pulp. They also adopted the wind and water mill, the horse collar (for plows and for heavy weights), the moldboard plow, and other agricultural and technological advances. Towns came into being, and then walled cities. More people survived, and the knights and kings over them grew restive.

Viking Exploration of North America
In the eighth century, pushed from their homes in Scandinavia by war and population expansion, Norsemen, or Vikings, began settling parts of the Faeroe, Shetland, and Orkney Islands in the North Atlantic. They went where ever treasure was, trading as far as Byzantium and Kiev in the East. In the West they raided from Ireland and England down to the Italian peninsula, sailing into a port, seizing its gold, and murdering or enslaving its people before fleeing. They began settling Iceland in approximately 874 CE. A Viking called Erik the Red was accused of murder and banished from his native Iceland in about 982. Eric explored and later founded a settlement in a snowy western island. Knowing that this bleak land would need many people to prosper, Eric returned to Iceland after his exile had passed and coined the word "Greenland" to appeal to the overpopulated and treeless settlement of Iceland. Eric returned to Greenland in 985 and established two colonies with a population of nearly 5000.

Leif Erikson, son of Erik the Red, and other members of his family began exploration of the North American coast in 986. He landed in three places, in the third establishing a small settlement called Vinland. The location of Vinland is uncertain, but an archeological site on the northern tip of Newfoundland, Canada (L'anse aux Meadows) has been identified as the site of a modest Viking settlement and is the oldest confirmed presence of Europeans in North America. The site contains the remains of eight Norse buildings, as well as a modern reproduction of a Norse longhouse. But the settlement in Vinland was abandoned in struggles between the Vikings and the native inhabitants, whom the settlers called Skraelingar. Bickering also broke out among the Norseman themselves. The settlement lasted less than two years. The Vikings would make brief excursions to North America for the next 200 years, though another attempt at colonization was soon thwarted.

By the thirteenth century, Iceland and Greenland had also entered a period of decline during the "Little Ice Age." Knowledge of their exploration, in the days before the printing press, was ignored in most of Europe. Yet the Vikings are now considered the true European discoverers of North America. The influence of their people outlasted even the terrible raids, and their grandchildren became kings and queens. For example, a branch of Viking descendants living in France, the Normans, conquered England from the Anglo-Saxons in 1066.

The Great Famine and Black Death
The Little Ice Age led to European famines in the years 1315-1317 and in 1321. In the year 1318 sheep and cattle began to die of a contagious disease. Farmers could not support the growing population. And then, in 1347, some Genoese trading ships inadvertently brought a new, invasive species of rat to Europe. These rats carried bubonic plague.

Plague was also called the Black Death, from the darkened skin left after death and from its deadly reach. It had three strands: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. In bubonic plague fleas carried by the rats would leave their hosts and bite people. The masses of bacteria would flow through the human system, killing cells and leaving their refuse in lymph nodes in the armpit, groin, and neck. These nodes would swell and turn black, creating bubos. Infection could also spread into the lungs, so that a person might cough or sneeze the germ into the air. This created pneumonic plague, spreading disease into spaces where people gathered and where rats dared not go. It also spread through contamination of food. The last form of disease, and its most deadly, was septicemic. This attacked the blood, leaving stretches of pale skin looking black, and killing the person within hours.

Surviving laws of cities and guilds regulate public cleanliness and penalize adulteration of food. They cannot show how strictly these laws were applied. And they show no knowledge, of course, of germ theory and the need for sterilization. Older systems such as the few public baths which remained from the days of colonial Rome were seen as sinful and dangerous, invitations to the plague. The dwelling places of survivors of pre-Christian Rome, the Jews who were forced to live apart, were attacked by mobs who attributed the Black Death to their poisoning Christians' wells.

The responses to plague can be seen in the records left by survivors -- one third of the population of Europe died in repeated waves of disease -- and in the subsequent changes in society. Airplanes and satellites show the foundations of plague-era towns which were emptied by the disease. In just one square mile of pre-plague Europe there are reports of there being 50,000 people. In large cities, families would flee or lock themselves away, trying to keep themselves from death. Other families were locked in by city authorities. This is the beginning of the modern system of quarantine. Some branches of the family would not be among those so helped. The Black Death seemed erratic, sometimes taking people deemed good and pious, sometimes not. One priest or church prelate might die, and another survive. And a living priest might give no aid to other survivors. Some critiques of the Church which had become spread through most of Europe date from this era.

Although some lands became waste through lack of tilling, those people who survived grasped the property of those who had not. Europe then had a land-based economic system. Rich people became richer. There began a labor shortage: the farmers who survived needed hands to take in their crops. The wages of farm hands began to rise. In the surviving towns they needed people to guard the gates: in the courts they began to look for rising young men. Cities became more powerful in the depleted lands, and authority grew more centralized.

Education
During the Middle Ages Western society and education were heavily shaped by Christianity as expressed through the Roman Catholic Church. Towns, courts, and feudal manors had their priests, monasteries and nunneries had their scriptora or libraries, and after the 11th century CE, a few cities had Universities, schools to educate men to be high-ranking clerics, lawyers, or doctors. Where children had schools, their parents paid a fee so that they might learn Latin, the language St. Jerome had used for his translation of the Bible. Latin was the language of the Church. It was also learned, along with military tactics and the rules of chivalry, by men who trained to be knights. A smattering of Latin was necessary, along with Math, even for the elementary schools which sprang up in some cities. There both boys and girls were taught literacy and math, prerequisite for acceptance as an apprentice in many Guilds. Latin across Europe created a European-wide culture: a doctor from Padua could talk to his fellow from Oxford in Latin.

As in the Greek and Roman eras, only a minority of people went to school. There were not enough books, little travel, and no means of spreading standardized education. Schools were attended first by persons planning to enter religious life. Occasionally a cleric would reach out to educate a very bright peasant boy. This was one of the few ways peasants could rise in the world. But the vast majority of people were serfs who served as agricultural workers on the estates of feudal lords. They were, in effect, tied to the fate of the land. From the serf up to some high princes, the vast majority of people did not attend school, and were generally illiterate.

In the rise of the Universities in the 11th century, the Church translated several manuscripts of the ancient Greek writer Aristotle into Latin. From Aristotle's emphasis upon human reason, philosophy and science, and the Church's emphasis upon revelation and the teachings of Christ, medieval scholars developed Scholasticism. This was an philosophical and educational movement which attempted to integrate into an ordered system both the natural wisdom of Greece and Rome and the religious wisdom of Christianity. It was dominant in the medieval Christian schools and universities of Europe from about the middle of the 11th century to about the middle of the 15th century, though its influence continued in successive centuries. The idea of Man in the middle of ordered nature, and yet dominant over nature, bore fruit in the observation of natural phenomena, the beginnings of what the Western World knows as science. It also led to the exultation of system over observation, and the persistence of the Ptolemaic theories such as geocentrism among formally educated people.

Noble girls were sometimes sent to live in nunneries in order to receive basic schooling. Nuns would teach them to read and write and the chores necessary to run their establishments, including spinning and weaving. (Cloth-making was a major national industry in the Middle Ages.) They taught them their manners and their prayers. Some of these girls later became nuns themselves.

Christianity, Islam, Judaism
During the centuries after the fall of Rome, various flavors of Christian churches spread from Northern Africa and Armenia westward. This changed after Mohammed established Islam in 610 CE. Like Christianity, it spread through conversion and conflict. At its height it was also a faith of Europe, from Spain to Albania and Bosnia and their sister states. Both Prince and Caliph held that their state must have one faith, and no other belief was encouraged. When Jerusalem was reconquered by the Seljuq Turks, Christians were no longer able to go on religious pilgrimages to the Holy City.

At the end of the eleventh century, Pope Urban II inaugurated the Crusades, urging Western European kings and great nobles to begin what would be a century and a half of warfare. Christian armies fought first to reconquer and then to hold part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Crusaders ultimately failed in the face of resurgent Muslim forces. Western Europeans within Church and State argued for and against the Crusades.

Despite the failure of the Crusades, militant Western Christianity persisted in Spain in an effort known as the Reconquista (the "reconquest"), which purged the land of the Muslims who had arrived there in 711. By the fifteenth century, the Muslims were confined to the kingdom of Granada, which bordered the Mediterranean Sea in the southern side of the Iberian Peninsula. Granada finally fell in 1492 to the Spanish Christians, ending the reconquista.

Rome had destroyed Israel in 70 CE, but allowed a remnant of her people to survive. Fortified by rabbinic culture and centered on the Torah, they became a resilient group. They survived as the known world became Christian. They spread, as traders, through East and West. However, Christian relationships with Jews were punctuated by hatred. They were held to be guilty of Jesus' death, and they were supposed to be evil because they had not converted to Christianity. They were forced into the notorious ghettos, usually built on waste or undesirable land. They were forced to wear strange clothing which marked them off, and to pay heavy taxes. Christians spread rumors that Jewish officials sometimes kidnapped and killed young boys for their sacrifices. Sometimes a mob might break into the ghetto, killing some people. Individuals were sometimes forced to convert. One of the effects of European nationalism was the expulsion of a country's Jewish population. England was the first, in the 13th century; later, a reviving France; later still, Spain and Portugal. Some men crewing the ships in the Age of Exploration were Jews, often practicing their faith in hiding.

For a period in the late Twelfth century there two sets of Popes, a line in Rome and another in the French city of Avignon under the sway of that Court. In reaction against this, the Church centralized its powers in parallel to what nations were doing. There had been dissension before, in medieval England's Lollards and later with the Czech priest John Hus. However, it was only in an age after the printing press, when people began printing the Bible in their own languages, when Martin Luther founded the Protestant church. England's King Henry VIII, who had won the title "Protector of the Faith" for a work defending the Pope, later left it to become the head of the Church of England. This division of Western Christianity created religious minorities, who were persecuted throughout Europe. Among these were the Pilgrims, who helped settle America.

The Renaissance

 * See also: European History

Another, more humble result of the plague was the accumulation of rags left over from clothing. These were quickly used to make paper. Books were very rare during the Middle Ages, and the monks who made them chained them to their shelves. It took one year for a man to make one book. In that climate Bibles took priority: we have only one copy of Democritus's most famous work surviving from this period. As rag paper replaced velum, books began to become more plentiful. The supply was augmented by Europe's adoption of Johannes Gutenberg 's fixed-type printing press in the 15th century.

There had been earlier leaps in culture, including the wave of population and technological adaptation in the 12th century. This left its mark in increased population and the Roman Catholic Church's adoption of Aristotle. Yet the press made it possible for knowledge to have a foothold in society. Inventions in one place could be explained and adopted across a continent. The Greeks fleeing the fall of Byzantium brought their knowledge of ancient Greek culture to the West. The Bible, the basic book of Christendom, could be pored over by laypeople, and reading it could be learned by more people than ever before. Learning was no longer solely the province of the Church.

If the Bible was first off of the presses, pseudo-science and science followed soon after. The European witch trials were one result of the new medium. The questioning of scientific consensus was another. Andreas Vesalius published his observations about the circulatory system. Books discussing the theories of Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei demolished the old geocentric theory of the cosmos. The arts were not neglected. Giorgio Vasari's biographical Lives introduced such new artists as Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti to the larger world.

A later time called this growth of knowledge the Renaissance. They said it began in the Italian city-states, spreading throughout most of Europe. The Italian city of Florence was called the birthplace of this intellectual movement.

Books spread the Crusader's newly found experience and knowledge of the Mediterranean, a region whose technology was at that time superior to that of western Europe. Books written about traders, adventurers, and scholars spread knowledge of Chinese technology such as gunpowder and silk. They spread writings of the ancient world which had been lost to Europe, and nurtured a taste for new foods and flavors. They spread pictures of ancient Greek statues, Moorish carpets, and strange practices.

In the fifteenth century, the Mediterranean was a vigorous trading area. European ships brought in grains and salts for preserving fish, Chinese silks, Indian cotton, precious stones, and above all, spices. White cane sugar could be used to preserve fruit and to flavor medicine. Cinnamon was medicine against bad humors as well as preservative and flavoring, part of the mysterious poudre douce, and now available even to some European common people.

Toward Nation-States
The great age of exploration was undertaken by nation-states, cohesive entities with big treasuries who tended to use colonization as a national necessity. When such nations as Portugal, England, Spain, and France became stronger, they began building ships.

The Rise of Portugal
The Italian peninsula dominated the world because of its position in the Mediterranean Sea. Universities in Padua, Rome, and elsewhere taught men from East and West. Above all, principalities such as the Republic of Venice and Florence controlled trade. Genoa and Venice in particular ballooned into massive trading cities. Yet there was at yet no nation of Italy, so each city's riches belonged only to that city. Individual cities used their monopoly to raise the price of goods, which would have been expensive in any case, because they were often brought overland from Asia to ports on the eastern Mediterranean. The mad prices, in turn, increased the desire of purchasers to find other suppliers, and of potential suppliers to find a better and cheaper route to Asia.

Portugal was just one of many potential suppliers, with a location which extended its influence into the Atlantic and down, south and east, to Africa. Prince Henry, son of King John I, promoted the exploration of new routes to the East. He planned Portugal's 1415 capture of Ceuta in Muslim North Africa. He also sponsored voyages that pushed even farther down the West African coast. By the time of his death in 1460, these voyages had reached south to Sierra Leone.

Under King John II, who ruled from 1481 to 1495, Bartolomeu Dias finally sailed around the southernmost point of Africa to the Cape of Good Hope (1487-1488). In 1497-1499 Vasco da Gama of Portugal sailed up the east coast of Africa to India.

The Portuguese colonized and settled such islands in the Atlantic as Madeira, Cape Verde, the Azores, and Sao Tome. These islands supplied them with sugar and gave them territorial control of the Atlantic. West Africa was more promising, not only unearthing a valuable trade route to India, but also providing the Portuguese with ivory, fur, oils, black pepper, gold dust, and a supply of dark skinned slaves who were used as domestic servants, artisans, and market or transportation workers in Lisbon. They were later used as laborers on sugar plantations on the Atlantic.

France, England, And The Hundred Years' War
King Harold of England faced William the Norman usurper after defeating the last Viking forces holding the North of England. And when William the Norman became William the Conqueror, he held England by consolidating the nation. His army was ruled from newly built castles, and had the best technology of the time. His sons and their sons fought the original inhabitants of their country in Scotland and Wales, pushing their boarders. They also claimed the right to their ancestral Normandy, in what is now France. (There had long been rivalry between England and France over the wool trade.) By a English king's marriage to an former queen of France, Eleanor of Aquitaine, the king subsequently claimed Aquitaine. During the years of 1337 to 1453, the kings of England claimed the whole of France and beyond, fighting The Hundred Years' War there and in the Low Countries. For some years the English threatened Paris, and there was a question whether the small area of France proper would be entirely conquered. The early stages of the war marked by English victory against a demoralized French people and their Prince. But around 1428, a young peasant girl from Lorriene, France named Joan of Arc approached a garrison of the French army. She told them that Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret had told her to lead the army to victory. She said that God had come to her in a dream, and told her how to defeat the English. She claimed that God said Prince Charles of France needed to be crowned in order for France to claim victory over the English. After gaining the new French king, support of the populace, and several key victories, Joan was sold to the English for treason and as an appeasement. Yet France had been renewed. It pushed back against the invaders, and took back most of the land. In the next few centuries it was to remove England from Continental Europe.

The Hundred Years' War devastated both countries. But it ultimately turned both of them into stronger, colonial powers. The Hundred Years' War created opportunities for wealth and advancement for the knights of both countries. The Chivalric code showed great influence during this period. France absorbed Aquitaine, Castile, and Normandy itself, prosperous areas. The twin strokes of the plague and the Inquisition weakened opposition to the French king's rule. And English centralization continued as its own royalty sought service of serf and Baron. A group of new dialects, Middle English, came out of the tug between Norman lord and Anglo-Saxon peasant. If the nation could not get new land in Europe, it could use its ships to sail elsewhere.

Review Questions
1. Explain how one of these late medieval devices affected prosperity: the wind mill; the horse collar; the printing press.

2. How did the plague infect individuals? How did mass death affect society?

3. What was the importance of these four men to the Renaissance? Galileo Galilei, Nicolaus Copernicus, Andreas Vesalius, Leonardo Da Vinci.

title: US History/European History


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List of protected heritage sites in Mettet

This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon municipality Mettet. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.

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User:Muhammad Azhar344

Muhammad Azhar Aslam Rajput from Sindh, Pakistan, Works as a Police Officer in Nh&Mp Pakistan

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Talk:Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Chains/Mending a broken chain

Revision history

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* (cur) (last). . 23:05, 4 Jan 2004. . Egil * (cur) (last). . 12:13, 4 Jan 2004. . Egil (Move to Wikibooks?) * (cur) (last). . 02:35, 20 Dec 2003. . Dhodges (mending a chain)


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User:Ugly.rxt

Taylor Franz

''Is a Respectful primary student with compassion and knowledge in all her work. Her besties (best friends/bffs) include: SIENNA, Lilly and Rhiannon. She is a shy, yet sassy person who always comes to class with a smile on her face despite what is going on at home. Taylor you are suing Star I wove you. Yours Sincerely, Sienna Ross''

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Talk:United States Government/Colonial Government in America

I'm interested in finding the tax rates imposed by Great Britain on the states. I will come back when I have more information, but am interested in what everyone else can find.

This page implies the colonists were united in their opposition to Great Britain, which was hardly the case. Its hard to fix without making things too confusing. There must be a term for the non-loyalists that could replace 'colonists'.

Americans is a great term.

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What about replacing the word colonist with settler?

The United States didn't exist under Great Britain, silly. Refer to them as the 13 colonies. This page needs to be moved. --Jiang 04:00, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)


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Talk:Acacia armitii

Link does not work
The link to source #3 does not work correctly. Smiley.Rileigh (talk) 13:23, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

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Talk:Queen City, Texas

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Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking

The origins of cooking began with primitive humans roughly 2 million years ago. There are various theories as to how early humans used fire to cook meat. According to anthropologist Richard Wrangham, author of Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, primitive humans simply tossed a raw hunk of meat into the flames and watched it sizzle. Another theory claims humans may first have savoured roasted meat by chance when the flesh of a beast killed in a forest fire was found to be more appetizing and easier to chew and digest than the conventional raw meat.

Culinary techniques improved with the introduction of earthenware and stoneware, the domestication of livestock, and advancements in agriculture. In early civilizations, the primary employers of professional chefs were kings, aristocrats, or priests. The divide between professional chefs cooking for the wealthy and peasants cooking for their families engendered the development of many cuisines.

A great deal of the study of culinary arts in Europe was organized by Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, a man famous for his quote "Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are," which has since been mistranslated and oversimplified into "You are what you eat." Other people helped to parse out the different parts of food science and gastronomy. Over time, increasingly deeper and more detailed studies into foods and the Culinary Arts has led to a greater wealth of knowledge.

In Asia, a similar path led to a separate study of the Culinary Arts, which later essentially merged with the Western counterpart. In the modern international marketplace, there is no longer a distinct divide between Western and Eastern foods. Culinary Arts students today, generally speaking, are introduced to the different cuisines of many different cultures from around the world.

The Culinary Arts, in the Western world, as a craft and later as a field of study, began to evolve at the end of the Renaissance period. Prior to this, chefs worked in castles, cooking for kings and queens, as well as their families, guests, and other workers of the castle. As Monarchical rule became phased out as a modality, the chefs took their craft to inns and hotels. From here, the craft evolved into a field of study.

Before cooking institutions, professional cooks were mentors for individual students who apprenticed under them. In 1879, the first cooking school was founded in the United States: the Boston Cooking School. This school standardized cooking practices and recipes, and laid the groundwork for the culinary arts schools that would follow.

Historic texts
The origin of many modern dishes can be traced back to ancient times, but there are very few surviving texts written before 1000 AD that deal with cooking. In many cases where texts exist, the recipes and directions they provide are little more than guidelines and assume much knowledge on the part of the cook.

For example, the following is a recipe taken from the Forme of Cury, a roll of cookery written around 1390 by the master cooks of King Richard II of England. It is written in late Middle English, is open to interpretation as it gives no specific quantities, and assumes that the reader will know how long certain things need to be cooked, soaked, etc.: Compost

Take rote of persel, of pasternak, of rafens, scrape hem and waische hem clene. Take rapes & caboches, ypared and icorue. Take an erthen panne with clene water & set it on the fire; cast alle þise þerinne. Whan þey buth boiled cast þerto peeres, & parboile hem wel. Take alle þise thynges vp & lat it kele on a faire cloth. Do þerto salt; whan it is colde, do hit in a vessel; take vyneger & powdour & safroun & do þerto, & lat alle þise thynges lye þerin al nyyt, oþer al day. Take wyne greke & hony, clarified togider; take lumbarde mustard & raisons coraunce, al hoole, & grynde powdour of canel, powdour douce & aneys hole, & fenell seed. Take alle þise thynges & cast togyder in a pot of erthe, & take þerof whan þou wilt & serue forth. You shouldn't let this deter you from reading old texts concerning cookery; indeed there is a certain degree of fun in taking an old recipe and determining how it might have been prepared.

title: Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/twojetanienoclegi.eu

Links

 * luxmarae.twojetanienoclegi.eu resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * luxmarae.twojetanienoclegi.eu is hosted on luxmara.pl
 * luxmara.pl resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

 * nowvillnate.twojetanienoclegi.eu resolves to [//X X]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
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 * twojetanienoclegi.eu resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 2 additions.


text:
Waller baronets

There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Waller, one in the Baronetage of Ireland and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. One creation is extant as of 2024.

 * Waller baronets of Newport (1780)
 * Waller baronets of Braywick Lodge (1815)

title: Waller baronets


text:
Souled Out (Raelets with Ike & Tina Turner album)

Souled Out is a compilation album by the Raelets with Ike & Tina Turner. The album was released on Ray Charles' Tangerine label in 1970. It is the first album by Charles' girl group, the Raelets who were also his backing vocalists.

Recording and release
Souled Out features eight songs by the Raelets who were the background singers for Ray Charles, and four songs from R&B duo Ike & Tina Turner.

Ike & Tina Turner recorded for Tangerine Records in 1966, resulting in the singles "Dust My Broom" and "Anything You Wasn't Born With." After the success of "Proud Mary" by Ike & Tina Turner in 1971, "Dust My Broom" was reissued as a single from the album and reached No. 54 on the Cash Box R&B chart.

Critical reception
The album was selected as a special merit pick from Billboard magazine.

Billboard (February 28, 1970): "Ray Charles' Tangerine label features the Raelets and benefits greatly by the addition of Ike a Tina Turner to the album. The Raelets star on 'I Get Along All Right,' plus Charles' 'A Lover's Blues' and 'One Hurt Deserves Another,' while the Minit Records duo kick up a storm on 'Dust My Broom,' 'Beauty Is Just Skin Deep' and two others. A quality album for the ABC-distributed label, offering both the soft and funky side of soul."


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/hemispherx.com

Links

 * hemispherx.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 11 additions out of 11 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/hemispherx.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\bhemispherx\.com\b         # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/hemispherx.com ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 00:49, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 01:17, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 01:54, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 02:05, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 02:07, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 02:26, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 02:41, 8 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Jack Crawford (tennis)

Fair use rationale for Image:Crawford Hitting Volley.jpg
Image:Crawford Hitting Volley.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 07:05, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jack Crawford (tennis)


text:
User:E A Tarina

This user, I have to admit is me. Elenda Amanda Tarina. Not my name by birth but a name I have given myself. Hopefully you will in a couple of years see it splashed across the news saying "The new star author E. A. Tarina has done it again. Will she be a bigger star then J K Rowling?". Thart is my hopes. In the mean time I study. In high school for the moment and then at the univesity in some country I have not yet decided. Maybe I should eplain a bit about who I am.

I am Amanda. Born in Sweden 17 years ago. The 4th of October, 1989. My mother is born americain and therefor I am too. My father is swedish so am that too. I speak cutesy to my parents both swedish and english. And thanks to my school in sweden french too. Last year I also started to learn german. I live for the moment in Detroit, Michigan and am a senior at one of the many schools here. My hopes are that after this year I will go to Georgetown university or to a univesity in France.

I am here as a user because I feel that I at least a little bitshould pay back for all the help that Wikimedia has given me through my years in school. So here I am eager to help. Eventhough I know my english is not the best. But I want to help. Eventhough I know I might not have much toime over from school. Any way I thank you for all the help you have given me and I wish I can somewhat repay you for that by help helping others.

title: User:E A Tarina


text:
Megeb

Megeb (Мегеб; Dargwa: Мия МехӀвела) is a rural locality (a selo) in Gunibsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 700 as of 2010.

Geography
Megeb is located 28 km southeast of Gunib (the district's administrative centre) by road. Shangoda and Sogratl are the nearest rural localities.

title: Megeb


text:
Talk:Club Passim

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 08:52, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Club Passim. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.clubpassim.com/history/

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:38, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

Pronunciation
The section of near the top of the article that discusses pronunciation is incorrect. Bob Donlin pronounced it as pass-eem as you can hear in this recorded radio broadcast from the club at approximately 1:06:39. Note that the radio announcer incorrectly refers to it as "Club Passim" near the beginning of the broadcast, but Bob says just "Passim". I'm not sure how to translate Bob's pronunciation into IPA phonetics so I haven't edited the article

History of the name
This, from the article, isn't quite accurate: "It was opened ... in 1958, when it was known as Club 47 (based on its then address, 47 Mount Auburn Street, also in Cambridge..."

At its first location, on Mount Auburn Street, it was called "Club Mount Auburn 47". The name was later changed to "Club 47". When the club moved to Palmer Street in 1963, the house number at its new location was changed to "47" so it could keep the same name.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:23, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

Club 47 Mt. Auburn St.
Many people don’t know that the original Club 47 was at 47 Mt. Auburn St. on the other side of Harvard Square from where Passim now is. My older sister was involved with the original group of folks that started it, inc. Paul and Terry Rothchild. I was just a kid, 14 - 15 then, but I spent a lot of time there. I remember hanging out with John Lee Hooker between sets. Such a sweet man he was. I remember seeing Ramblin’ Jack Eliot so drunk he fell off the stage. Mike Seeger and the New Lost City Ramblers were regulars. I think Odetta played there but I can’t say for sure. There were lots of other performers but it took awhile before Joan Baez and Bob Dylan played the Club. Don’t know if they played at Mt. Auburn St.

I was wondering about Bonnie Raitt so I looked her up. Turns out she was 10 years old when I first started going there! 2601:195:4180:5780:A941:6922:AB34:D01B (talk) 00:40, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Club Passim


text:
Pallavaram Friday Market

Pallavaram Friday Market (Popularly Known as Pallavaram Sandhai) is a market in Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It is an ancient marketplace for vendors where food items, plant saplings, animals and electronic goods are available.

The market had its origin in 1800. The market is open only on Fridays, and is known locally as the Friday Market.

The Friday market is located closer to Pallavaram Railway Station, Pallavaram Bus Stand and Chennai International Airport.

History
Pallavaram Sandhai was originally existed in Cattle Shandy Road (or) Sandhai Road (Currently Known as Acharya Tulsi Road) in Cantonment Pallavaram. Later the market was moved to Old Trunk Road near Pallavaram Railway Station Flyover.

title: Pallavaram Friday Market


text:
δημόσιος

Etymology
From *δημότ with, from , from +

Adjective

 * 1) belonging to the state or people, public

Etymology
. The sense as in the neuter.

Adjective

 * 1) public

Related terms
compounds like

title: δημόσιος


text:
Talk:Oscar the Grouch

Oscar the Grouch
A character from the Sesame Street? I doubt he has slipped into English lexicon --Keene 20:19, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
 * deleted --Williamsayers79 20:44, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It most certainly has. Restored and cited. DAVilla 16:03, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * keep - thanks DAVilla. This has reached the level where I regularly hear people allude to Oscar in speach.  Major children's character like Cookie monster from the same program.  But given this happened all in 1 day, it makes me wonder if Keene and Williamsayers79 were acting a play.--Halliburton Shill 18:31, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not certain about all of those cites - the second 1989 and first 2002 quotes refer directly to the character, the second 2002 and 2004 quotes possibly do as well, and and unless we want an entry for every character from every popular television program, I think we need to show broader use. The first 1989 quote does this, and I'm not sure either way about the 2003 quote. Thryduulf 17:26, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The second 1989 is attributive (as is the 2003). I included the others because they're completely out of context. If it's quotations like the first which you like best, I'm sure they're not hard to find. Google books lists 457 hits for the exact phrase. I've never collected quotes faster. DAVilla 17:39, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * So we don't like Greater Manchester because its made up or BS but we can have Sesame Street characters, what is happening here! TIC BTW--Williamsayers79 09:00, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * It's the CFI "attributive use" criterion at work. Words used referentially have a backstage pass in for inclusion that most geographic names do not.  Thus, if you can find solid evidence of attributive use, it's in.  But for those words that have no such use, we struggle to find some other tack.  We really need a comprehensive proper noun policy, but I dread the "discussions" it would spawn. --EncycloPetey 20:33, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * As EP noted and I'm not suggesting that all Sesame Street characters get a pass. Oscar is also not a sum of all parts.  As opposed to Big Bird, as I understand it, Oscar is meant to refer to the inherently grouchy.  It also has a much longer history and may even be better known than Harry Potter.--Halliburton Shill 23:16, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Requests for deletion - kept
Kept. See archived discussion of November 2007. 07:05, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oscar the Grouch


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Khuzaima ilyas/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

Edited the same, with the same promotional content  — Jeff G. ツ 23:27, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * - The usernames show enough that the deleted edits may be related (though I can't see them) and that if related, there may be additionals trying to push this content. -- Amanda - mobile  (aka DQ) 04:34, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Unsurprisingly, they are the same user. Note that the usernames aren't exactly trying to hide and there is no temporal overlap, so it may be a case of a forgotten password. Reaper Eternal (talk) 17:28, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * already dropped a uw-agf-sock on both, I think that's enough for now. If they start making overlapping edits, we can start handing out blocks. GeneralNotability (talk) 19:55, 14 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Category:User block templates

This category groups block templates used by administrators. These templates should generally be placed on the user discussion page using (some templates may have optional parameters).

title: Category:User block templates


text:
Category:CC-BY-SA-2.5

This category contains documents uploaded on Wikiversity which has been licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 License.

title: Category:CC-BY-SA-2.5


text:
Ὀδυσσεύς

Alternative forms

 * — the earliest epigraphic form
 * — the earliest epigraphic form
 * — the earliest epigraphic form
 * — the earliest epigraphic form
 * — the earliest epigraphic form
 * — the earliest epigraphic form
 * — the earliest epigraphic form
 * — the earliest epigraphic form

Etymology
According to M. L. West, (Aeolic-)Ionian epics and dependent traditions have δ-forms while in all mainland Greece and most colonies only the λ-forms are attested. It is unclear which ones are older, and it is thought that the connection of the name with the Trojan War probably is secondary. Kretschmer believed that δ-forms are secondary and due to a paronymic attraction to a verb discussed below, while Solmsen, on the contrary, proposed that λ-forms actually originate in dissimilation of dentals.

The etymology of the name is contested. Ancient authors (beginning with the Odyssey (19.406 sqq.) link it to the verb, which is from , but a non-Greek or even a non-Indo-European origin seems more likely. Beekes tentatively reconstructed the source as *Od/luk$y$eu.

Proper noun

 * 1) Odysseus

Descendants

 * ; Ulixes; Ulysses
 * ; Ulixes; Ulysses

title: Ὀδυσσεύς


text:
User:Mark-roberts

Welcome to my non-existant user-talk page.

I'm currently working on the Assembly Language subsection of Programming I'll follow up with Python and possibly C/C++ once I make reasonable progress with Assembly.

title: User:Mark-roberts


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article review/Hyderabad/archive1

 * The following is an archived discussion of a featured article review. Please do not modify it. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page or at Wikipedia talk:Featured article review. No further edits should be made to this page.

The article was kept by Maralia via FACBot (talk) 17:59, 7 March 2015 (UTC).

Hyderabad

 * Talk page notification: December 2014 Notified: Omer123hussain, WikiProject Cities, Noticeboard for India-related topics

I am nominating this featured article for review because since its promotion the new state of Telangana has been created. This has introduced instability to the article, and a blanket change of all mentions of Andhra Pradesh to Telangana has resulted in frankly false statements such as the claim that Hyderabad is in the north-western part of Telangana, which it isn't. The entire article needs copy-editing, fact-checking and updating. DrKay (talk) 12:08, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi, I understand your concerns, but I dont think there is any emergency to review the articles FA status, We had been visiting the article regularly and updated required changes and c/e. May be minor corrections are required which we can do with concensus by discussing on articles talkpage, I am ready to cooperate. Regards :)--Omer123hussain (talk) 19:06, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * There is now only one part of the article that I am not happy about, but as it is in the lead, and impacts on more than one of the featured article criteria, it is sufficient to preclude me from supporting the FA status of this article. Namely, the article says that Hyderabad State join[ed] the Indian Union in 1948. Such wording implies that the State joined willingly, and it entirely omits to mention the invasion. Firstly, this is not neutral: it is bias towards the Hindu viewpoint that the annexation of Hyderabad was justified. I understand that saying the invasion was illegal would be seen as a Muslim viewpoint and also bias; however, the way to resolve such a disagreement is to come to a compromise, not select one view over another. I also feel that this phrase is neither comprehensive, since it omits key details, nor well-researched, since it does not reflect the prevailing consensus that Hyderabad was invaded and annexed. If joining cannot be replaced with was annexed by or was incorporated into, then something more substantial needs to be said, to avoid misleading readers.
 * The last discussion on the talk page that seems to tackle this issue (Talk:Hyderabad/Archive 5) suggests instead of after joining the Indian Union in 1948, and ... the wording: after 1948, when the Nizam signed an Instrument of Accession with the Indian Union at the conclusion of Operation Polo. It ... I see no opposition to this on the talk page. It is worded more fairly than the present but less concisely than one of the other alternatives, so I propose this as a third alternative wording. DrKay (talk) 17:54, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Sir, its a very valid point you (DrKay) highlighted, I suggest to replace Joined with brought. "The city continued as the capital of Hyderabad State after it was brought into the Indian Union in 1948". Hope it works. Regards :)--Omer123hussain (talk) 23:05, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I've put it in. Let's see how it plays. DrKay (talk) 08:09, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Close without FARC, having gotten a swift response to my one remaining concern. Even if the new wording does not take hold, I believe this single point (which only effects one word) should be resolvable through ordinary editing or on the talk page of the article. DrKay (talk) 08:46, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 * In the "Common capital of ... " section, I suggest we need either some re-phrasing or quote marks from the text supported by this source. Based on that, a spotcheck for close paraphrasing might be in order.  Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 16:01, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It is better if we chopp that section | Common_capital or atleast merge it into some suitable section, The same phrases are mentioned in Notes. Regards :)--Omer123hussain (talk) 18:19, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I think the section should be kept since it is clearly an important point, but the note and notes section could be cut; I presume they are only there because there was disagreement over whether it was a common capital at first. Personally, I don't think it's a problem to quote from the act, given that it is clearly marked as a quote and it precludes disagreements if we just report what the act says. DrKay (talk) 18:31, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * DrK, you lost me on "clearly marked as a quote"? I'm talking about the top ofthis section, which is not in quotes, or indicated as a quote, or paraphrased adequately ... ???  Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 21:19, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, I see; I've added quote marks. DrKay (talk) 23:18, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I am not sure if this | image of Hyderabadi Biryani is okay with CC liscense to keep in the article, as per image file it is sourced from [Flickr,here, So shall we replace or continue it. Regards :)--[[User:Omer123hussain|Omer123hussain]] (talk) 23:41, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I noticed that the uploader at flickr had changed the license to one that is no longer compatible, but it is not possible to revoke rights once released. The image was originally uploaded to flickr as cc-by, and so it remains cc-by. The subsequent change at flickr to by-nc-nd is invalid. I have added a note to the file. DrKay (talk) 08:05, 26 February 2015 (UTC)

 * , if you are still satisfied, then I concur with Close without FARC. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 14:35, 1 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Still OK, thanks. DrKay (talk) 16:13, 1 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Comments from four days ago pending still.  Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 15:21, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment: The Climate section needs attention. The prose and the weatherbox disagree on figures repeatedly. They are cited to different sources, which themselves represent data for wildly disparate date ranges. The prose cites a source that claims anywhere from 18–50 "years on record", while the weatherbox is based on sources covering 1951–1980 and 1971–1990. This results in such anomalies as different months being determined the coldest (January or December?). Aside from the internal inconsistency issue, data that ends at 1980 or 1990 seems quite insufficient especially when it comes to climate. Maralia (talk) 19:39, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Hope its okay now, thanks for your prompt action. Regards :)--Omer123hussain (talk) 05:56, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I think I wasn't clear. Before, we had numbers in the prose and the weatherbox that did not agree, and data in the weatherbox that was sorely out of date. With this edit, the numbers in the prose now match the weatherbox, but the underlying problem of out-of-date data remains: the weatherbox does not reflect any data from the past 25 (and sometimes 35) years. Maralia (talk) 18:41, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I can't find anything more recent for six of the nine parameters. I have updated the three others to the figures collected 1951–2000. DrKay (talk) 17:03, 6 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I couldn't find anything before either—NOAA only had figures for 1971–1990—but I got fed up and dug further, knowing that we have several other Indian city FAs. The climate sections on Darjeeling and Mysore both cite this document from the IMD, which contains data from 1951–2000 and does have figures for Hyderabad as well. Wish I had looked this far earlier. Thoughts on incorporating this source? Maralia (talk) 05:54, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * That's the one I used above to update "to the figures collected 1951–2000". I'm reassured though, that someone else has also checked for sources and come up with the same. DrKay (talk) 08:57, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, this made me laugh (at myself) so hard! It's awfully charitable of you not to point out that I appear to be losing it. That's what I get for working on content and sources in the wee hours. Maralia (talk) 17:57, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

Maralia (talk) 17:59, 7 March 2015 (UTC)


text:
Shabdukh

Shabdukh (Шабдух; Шабдухъ) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Tsudni-Shabdukhsky Selsoviet, Gumbetovsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 143 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

Geography
Shabdukh is located 16 km southwest of Mekhelta (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tsundi and Ichichali are the nearest rural localities.

title: Shabdukh


text:
Corryocactus brevistylus

Corryocactus brevistylus or is a species of columnar cactus found in Peru. It is most noteworthy for its exceptionally long and formidable spines, up to ten inches (25 centimeters) in length.

title: Corryocactus brevistylus


text:
Talk:Mikhail Petrenko

Article name
I think normal convention to disambiguate opera singers is to use their voice type, so this article should be named Mikhail Petrenko (bass). -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 12:27, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.mariinsky.ru/en/company/opera/troupe/bass/petrenko. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and according to fair use may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Diannaa (talk) 17:46, 26 March 2015 (UTC)

Date of birth
The cited date of birth (12/29/1975, probably Julian date) cannot be verified (source?). WorldCat gives 1976 as year of birth.--Alsfeld (talk) 17:54, 12 February 2019 (UTC)--Alsfeld (talk) 18:01, 12 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The article started with 1976 as his YoB, until User:Tjmayerinsf changed it . Note that the category:1976 births remained unchanged. That editor has been blocked for copyright violations since April 2015. I suggest to restore the previously given date. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 02:43, 13 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree.--Alsfeld (talk) 11:00, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mikhail Petrenko