text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jordan Bateman

The result was delete.  Sango 123  02:55, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Jordan Bateman
No evidence of notability. RedRollerskate 01:07, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:BIO --Wafulz 01:14, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - doesn't meet WP:BIO. If necessary, create a ________ City Council article. -- pm_shef 01:28, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete —  Per nom. Fails WP:BIO. SynergeticMaggot 01:40, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Deeeeeleeeete City council members are really non notable. Unless they are famous or have done anything controversial. Furthermore, no mention of this guy in Canadian media. --Ageo020 02:00, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --דניאל talk contribs   Email 02:31, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom -- |  Shishir Rane  | talk | 05:24, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --Chris Griswold 06:39, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep According to point number two in WP:BIO, this is being stated: Political figures holding international, national or statewide/provincewide office or members of a national, state or provincial legislature. Isn't a city council member a political figure holding a statewide office? -- S iva1979 Talk to me  19:46, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Silva, actually a city council member is a local city office. If I live in Fargo, ND and someone is a city council member for West Fargo, ND, their decisions have no bearing on any laws made by the Fargo, ND city council, nor Bismarck, ND's or Grand Forks, ND's.  It fails that point. -- Brian  ( How am I doing? ) 20:04, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, city council member, no evidence that of meeting WP:BIO. -- Kinu t /c  20:30, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Ohconfucius 04:34, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep, exactly what Siva1979 said. VanHalen 20:54, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * ... but that was repudiated, based on what Bschott said. -- Kinu t /c  18:02, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. A local council member is notable? Give me a break! -- Necrothesp 22:04, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Deltabeignet 18:30, 13 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
The Great War and Versailles

Course Opening
The course has begun, and the first assignment has been posted. Please see below.

Course Outline
Classes will take place once a week to once every two weeks. Since the Great War has such a rich history, the focus will be placed on military history, though students are encouraged to branch out based upon their own interest. The following syllabus is open to modification:

 * Europe in 1914 / The Outbreak of War Assignment One, Lecture One
 * 1914: The Opening Campaigns / 1915: The War Continues
 * 1916: The War of Attrition / The United States Enters the War
 * 1917: The Year of Crisis / 1918: The Final Campaigns
 * Reflecting on the Experience of the War / 1919: The Peace Settlement

Currently proposed course study tasks or essay topics
(Perceived as synergistic learning while improving Wikiversity's free resources) Ideas or proposed study tasks or essay topics.

Recommended Text

 * The First World War by Michael Howard (Oxford University Press, 2003) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>: A short introduction to the topic. I will be drawing my lectures from it heavily.

Additional Books
See the Further Readings List for books relating to topics you may wish to study in more detail.

More on Wikibooks
Wikibooks already has some brief information on the Great War.
 * World War I and the Treaty of Versailles (1914 - 1920)
 * Causes and course of the First World War
 * Effects of the First World War

Class List

 * Professor:
 * Christopher Polizano
 * Students:
 * Alex beta 16:14, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Abc123 06:55, Jun 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * BarnacleKB 20:25, 1 Jul 2005 (UTC)
 * Muhgcee 4 July 2005 02:12 (UTC)
 * Master Thief Garrett 5 July 2005 04:20 (UTC)
 * Sarken 15:26, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * JBishop 1 Aug 2005 14:43 (UTC)
 * Lazyquasar 19:52, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * MateoP 05:41, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Pravin L Singh 21 February 2006
 * PaddyC 22:52, 03 August 2006 (UTC)
 * ObubbledO 19:35, 25 February 2009

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Great War and Versailles


text:
Guanshaling station

Guanshaling station is an interchange station for Changsha Metro Line 4 and Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan intercity railway.

China Railway
Guanshaling station is a railway station in Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan, China, operated by CR Guangzhou. It opened its services on 26 December 2017. Guanshaling station offers interchange to the Changsha Metro Line 4.

Changsha Metro
Guanshaling station is a subway station in Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan, China, operated by the Changsha subway operator Changsha Metro. Construction began on July 13, 2015. The station opened on 26 May 2019. Guanshaling Station offers interchange to the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Intercity Railway.

Layout
The station has one island platform.

Surrounding area

 * Guanshaling Park
 * Shijiagang Aquatic Park
 * Changsha Municipal Government
 * Changsha Municipal People's Procuratorate
 * Changsha Municipal Archives Bureau
 * Hunan Provincial Writers Association
 * Changsha Municipal Letters and Visits Bureau

title: Guanshaling station


text:
Talk:Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Comment
I am currently reading "My Experiments With Truth" and Gandhi's description of events in South Africa in this source seem to conflict with this article. The section I'd like to call into question is "Gandhi returned from his struggles against the Empire in South Africa" and in particular the reference to Gandhi's struggle against the Empire. Regularly through his auto-biography he says that he was a loyal British subject while in South Africa and while I have not yet read his history of Satyagraha I don't think his opinion changed until he returned to India and spent a significant amount of time there. He makes a distinction between the local, autonomous government of South Africa and the common Monarch a few times and identifies the struggle for freedom from indentured labour as a struggle against the former and not the latter.--Senor Freebie (talk) 01:52, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

Wife
Can somebody add information about Gokhale's wife to the article ? Thanks. (Jonathansammy (talk) 18:31, 13 December 2013 (UTC)).

Crap and nonsense
1. British Imperial Government

2. By 1920, Gandhi emerged as the leader of the Indian Independence Movement.

3. For Tilak, such reform movements were not to be sought under imperial rule when they would be enforced by the British, but rather after independence was achieved, when Indians would enforce it on themselves. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2409:4073:296:6D11:701E:92C7:7EFE:8FFE (talk) 13:36, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

These kinds of words and statements are utter crap and nonsense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2409:4073:296:6D11:701E:92C7:7EFE:8FFE (talk) 13:33, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:04, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Flag of the Indian National Congress.svg

White-washed and deleted
A huge content connected to Gokale's collaboration with the English administration is seen deleted over the years! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2409:4073:197:B715:14E1:8F3:B795:506B (talk) 03:23, 15 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gopal Krishna Gokhale


text:
Talk:Patrick Cranshaw

Untitled
-someone should check his movie history on imdb, because his first appearance there is before The Transparent Man.

This article needs better sources
This article has 0 reliable sources. Cranshaw may well have been notable, but the sourcing we have here in no way demonstates that.John Pack Lambert (talk) 18:12, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

What was his name
This source seems to suggest Patrick was a nickname, not his actual name.John Pack Lambert (talk) 18:22, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patrick Cranshaw


text:
Sinematic

Sinematic is the sixth and final solo release from Canadian singer-musician Robbie Robertson. It was released on September 20, 2019 and his final studio album, prior to his death in 2023. The tracks "I Hear You Paint Houses" and "Remembrance" both appear in the credits for the film The Irishman.

Personnel
Adapted from AllMusic.
 * Robbie Robertson – vocals, keyboards, guitar, cover painting
 * Jim Keltner – drums
 * Pino Palladino – bass guitar
 * Frédéric Yonnet – harmonica
 * Afie Jurvanen – guitar, keyboards
 * Jim Wilson – keyboards, programming
 * Derek Trucks – slide guitar
 * Terry And The Octo Pirates – guitar, Hammond organ
 * Reggie Hamilton – bass guitar
 * Howie B. – keyboards, programming
 * Randy Kerber – keyboards, Hammond organ
 * George Doering – guitar
 * Martin Pradler – keyboards, percussion
 * J.S. Ondara – backing vocals
 * Felicity Williams – backing vocals
 * Citizen Cope – backing vocals

title: Sinematic


text:
Talk:Jacques Brugnon

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 03:45, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jacques Brugnon


text:
User:Kurt Kawohl

 * Transcendentalist Theology

 * Transcendentalism Today

 * My Spiritual Journey

 * Internet Encyclopedia

 * Transcendentalism - A New Revelation

 * Transcendentalism

 * Author - Kurt Kawohl

-

Newport Beach, CA - Kurt Kawohl, author of a newly released book "Transcendentalism - A New Revelation" has reinstituted Transcendentalism in the USA. Kurt was born in Germany in 1941 and now lives in California where he is an Author/ Financial Advisor/ Real Estate Broker. It is his belief that the American Transcendental movement would have survived and thrived today if their philosophy had been more compatible with the majority American religious beliefs of spiritual inspirations and revelations together with insight as being acceptable communicators of the truth.

In his book Kurt explores the origin of religious beliefs and religions. Although he credits most past religious leaders, writers and portrayed prophets of the “Holy Books” with having experienced spiritual interaction with a spiritual existence, Kurt attributes their mind’s interpretation of these events as being blended with superstitions which was the norm of that time period. It is the author’s claim that his concept of a spiritual deity is also derived through his own spiritual experiences and that the spiritual existence in the spiritual realm is in actuality a spiritual collective; the progressive and accumulative spiritual intelligence of the universe; an agglomeration of all of the righteous souls who have passed into the spiritual realm.

Kurt states in his book, “Transcendentalism Today" can influence the beginning of a new integration of rationality into many religions. In this 21st Century, the Age of Technology, we are still plagued by religious beliefs that is a contributing cause toward terrorism, killings and wars between nations. Belief in a deity who caused catastrophes, punished people and created the universe out of nothingness as if by magic was brought about by hysteria and superstitions. This thought process needs to be reassessed and brought up to date. Open-minded people must use common sense to determine whether this so-called deity was incorrectly perceived, misinterpreted and misunderstood by the masses of a bygone era. When peoples' concepts are flawed, corrections, truth, logic and common sense thereof must eventually prevail.  It is the attributes of human characteristics to exercise upon others power, control, dominance, destruction, punishment, revenge, judgment and not the attributes of a deity. Everyone is personally responsible for his own soul's destiny, the only requirement for achieving spiritual continuity is righteous living. The destruction of civilizations, most sufferings and premature deaths are due to human frailties, stupidity or imperfections and are not a deity’s doings. The deity that mankind calls by several names exists in a spiritual realm and never has and never will interfere with anything on earth or in the universe.”

Will the author’s concept of Transcendentalism Today survive? Only time will tell. Kurt has had dialogue with religious leaders worldwide and supplies the evidence thereof in his book. On a website catering primarily to active and retired military personnel, at Military.com Kurt has posted his Transcendentalism opinions on who/what “God” is and supplied the website where his book can be accessed free of charge. Surprisingly over 10,000 people have visited there within a one year time period with many expressing their approval.

--- Lt. Colonel - US Air Force (retired) Melvin J. Beitscher wrote an email to Kurt stating, “As I near the end of your book and turn each page, I marvel at the insight, research and reading you have done to come to this point in your life and how you now affect so many more lives. Sometimes I lose a little hope for mankind but with you, and I know there are many like you, I realize that there is hope that we may transcend that which separates us. You have started that vital journey with a remarkable thesis in your book "Transcendentalism - A New Revelation". Your courage to fly in the face of organized religion and see the truth behind the basics of all religion deserves a Nobel Prize. The courage you display in listing the correspondence with other learned people even though it may be at odds with your statements is to be commended. Christopher Phillips writes "It is not enough to have the courage of your convictions, you must also have the courage to have your convictions challenged". You have that courage and wisdom. Congratulations on a work long needed“.

-

title: User:Kurt Kawohl


text:
Talk:Carpet bag

http://images.google.com/images?lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=Carpet%20bag&sa=N&tab=wi

Photo needed
Hello there. As a foreign user and not familiar with this type of bag, I'd like to see a photo of a carpetbag in the article, especially of the type that transforms itself into a rug to be used in a train wagon. Thank you. BlueSkies99 23:19, 6 January 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by BlueSkies999 (talk • contribs)

-- "The carpetbaggers of the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War were given their name from this type of luggage which they carried from the Scientific American Supplement, No. 561, October 2, 1886 [1]" This assertion is incorrect. The derisive term 'carpetbaggers' arose DURING Reconstruction, no thanks to an article in Scientific American appearing ten years after Reconstruction ended in 1877. For confirmation you need look no further than the wiki article on "carpetbaggers" which includes an historic political cartoon on the topic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 6lbr (talk • contribs) 06:57, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

possible sources
Moved from external links section

 * "Useful Bags and How to Make Them, By: John T. Humphrey"
 * "The History of Carpet Bags 1920s-1960s"
 * "JT Carpet Bag – Our Story"

Carbon Caryatid (talk) 17:06, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carpet bag


text:
Sir Christopher Conyers, 2nd Baronet

Sir Christopher Conyers, 2nd Baronet (1621–1693), was one of the Conyers baronets and Lord Lieutenant of Durham. He married, firstly Elizabeth Langhorne and secondly, Julia Lumley, the daughter of Richard Lumley, 1st Viscount Lumley.

His great-granddaughter, Teresa Conyers, became the Countess of Traquair; his son, Sir John Conyers, 3rd Baronet was the father of  Sir Baldwin Conyers, 4th Baronet whose daughter, Teresa, married Charles Stewart, 5th Earl of Traquair.

title: Sir Christopher Conyers, 2nd Baronet


text:
Talk:Nesbitt, Texas

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Nesbitt, Texas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060206063031/http://www.census.gov/popest/geographic/boundary_changes/index.html to https://www.census.gov/popest/geographic/boundary_changes/index.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:30, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nesbitt, Texas


text:
Web Design/An introduction to Project Management

Here's an activity that will help you demonstrate your ability to create task-breakdowns and Gantt charts, as well as reflect on some of the underlying principles of Project Management.

Scenarios
Pick a scenario from the following, or create your own!

Scenario 1: Party socialite
You're known around the joint as a bit of a party goer... people constantly come up to you asking when your next party is going to happen. You've already put on 4 big nights this year, but organising the whole deal is not something that you like doing. So, to make things easier for next time, you decide to plan this one in a way that you can re-use...

Variations: Organising an day-trip, dinner party, pub-crawl etc, community event.

Scenario 2: A holiday with friends
Getting away with friends has always been important to you, but for some reason, your friends always leave it up to you to organise the whole trip! Every time that you go away, you always pack similar stuff, but up until now, you've never kept the list of things that you have to pack or get done before going away. Now's the time...

Variations:

Scenario 3: Choose your own adventure
And add it back in here so that other people can use your idea! You could even use a real project that you're working on!

Your task
With your chosen scenario, you'll be specifying and ordering your tasks, as well as setting their durations to produce a beautiful Gantt chart. As well as this, we'll research and reflect a bit on what we're actually doing with Project Management. You can choose whether you demonstrate your work by uploading it to your blog (including a screenshot of your Gantt chart), or as a printed document. Here we go:

Create a task-breakdown for your project
Use your scenario to create a task-breakdown for your project. You should aim to have around 15-20 tasks (don't make it too big!) that need completing for your project. A simple list will do fine, such as:
 * 1) Find out who's interested
 * 2) Ring Adam to see if he can round up the gang
 * 3) etc.
 * 4) Find accomodation

Estimate your task times
Once you're happy with your task-breakdown, using the project management tool of your choice (one that can be used to produce Gantt charts, MS Project and Primavera can be the best choices), have a go at estimating how long it will take to complete each task.

Produce your Gantt chart
Now you're ready to specify what comes before what! Use your tool to specify the predecessors for each task (what has to happen before a task can start). This should get you your Gannt chart!

When you're happy with your Gantt chart, you might want to do a screenshot so you can upload the image to your blog.

Research and Reflection
If you're planning on using your blog to demonstrate your work, now's a good time to create a new post introducing your scenario, add your task-breakdown and include the image of your Gannt chart.

Using your research skills, include a reflection on the following:
 * Outline the stages of a typical project management lifecycle. Describe how the some of the stages match your own project plan as well as where your own project plan differs. Make sure you include references/links to any resources you use!
 * List the variables that Project management tries to control. Describe three different scenarios that demonstrate how each of these variables will be affected if something unexpected occurs with your own plan (eg. a plane is delayed, less people turn up than expected, the food at your resort is a lot more expensive than expected).Again, make sure you include references/links to any resources you use!


text:
Ministry of Evkaf

The Ministry of Evkaf Evkaf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti; Ministère de l'Evkaf) was an Ottoman Empire ministry in charge of awqaf (evkaf), administering waqfs (then known in Western languages as "vakouf", from the Turkish name). It was upgraded to a ministry in 1840 after being initially created in the century as the Bureau of Imperial Administration of Evkaf (Bureau d'Administration impériale de l'Evkaf).

title: Ministry of Evkaf


text:
Talk:Remittance

Merge proposal
I put up a proposal to merge this page with Remittances from overseas. These articles cover the same topic. The question is which title to use. I think "remittances" works the best.--Bkwillwm 02:24, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Agreed! - tk, 0643(GMT), 2006-03-30

Seeing as how the merge/redirect seems to have been completed, I'm going to remove the tag. --Betterliving 18:10, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Other meaning
There is another meaning of Remittances Discussed here : "Remittance also refers to the accounting concept of a monetary payment transferred by a customer to a business" I think more light should be thrown on this topic alongwith the discussed concept of money transfer from forigners.

Which countries benefit
This article should be expanded to include just how much each of the countries in the mentioned regions benefit from remmitances.

what about africans?!! --Nonchablunt 20:53, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Need to add research institutes and links to work
I added some external links to work on emergencies (of which I'm a part). I'll look to add links to the leading development and finance institutes working on remittances next (unless someone else does it first).

eg world bank remittances research asian development bank inter-american development bank <IP_ADDRESS> 14:59, 10 September 2007 (UTC)K Savage, ODI

Top ten remittance recipient countries
It would be better if the table of "Top ten remittance recipient countries" instead listed the countries whose share of remittance in GDP is the highest, not absolute value. France might get 12 billion in remittances, but that's peanuts compared to its overall GDP as opposed to say, Haiti, which probably gets much less in absolute value but where the remittances are much larger relative to the overall size of the economy.radek (talk) 00:48, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Israel is obviously by mistake on the list. If at all, it is a big importer of foreign labor, mainly from the Philippines, Nepal and India. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:40, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

Useless disambiguation notice
The disambiguation notice at the top of the page is fairly useless; the article it links to does not mention remittance at all, indicating a need for it to be covered in the accounting sense on this article. Is there any reason why that meaning is not covered here? If not, is it worth tagging this article for the attention of someone who can explain the concept? me_and (talk) 13:35, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Please do not plagarize
I just reverted two large additions that were put in by Pdevasconcelos. The text had no citations, but when I entered a chunk of the text into Google, it appeared to have been taken wholesale from other sources.Notmyrealname (talk) 21:53, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
Move Parsecboy (talk) 15:03, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Remittances → remittance — Page title should be in the singular remittance rather than the plural, remittance. — •••Life of Riley (T–C) 20:23, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

Social Remittances
The UN Human Development Report for 2009 on migration includes references to a concept known as "social remittances," which is an explanation of the finding that origin communities of migrants tend to experience upticks in demographic measures such as female literacy and other social rather than purely economic factors. If there are more sources for this term, it might warrant inclusion in this article in a short subsection. --Thomas B♘ talk 04:14, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Major Changes and Expansions
A colleague and I would like to provide updated 2010 statistics from the World Bank on the section titled "Top recipient countries." We also would like a broad description of the economic benefits remittances provide for top recipient countries. For the subsection titled "Asia," we would like to add a more nuanced description of the Philippines and Latin America. Lastly, for the section titled "Potential security concerns," we are proposing to insert a link connecting it to the page Migrant worker. Any feedback is greatly appreciated. DArquero (talk) 02:15, 1 April 2011 (UTC) FaithSara (talk) 02:22, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Data World Migration Report (IOM)
The International Office for Migration (IOM) publishes the World Migration Report every year with interesting updated data on remittances. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:13, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

Removed references
the following block of "references" was not used in ref-tags in the article and thus are hard to calssify. Additionally the first in the list is a dead link and most are poorly documenting of what they actually reference: --Giszmo (talk) 20:52, 19 November 2012 (UTC)
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * Ezra Rosser, Immigrant Remittances, 41 Conn. L. Rev. 1 (2008)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: here. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Diannaa (talk) 02:21, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

The kind of remittance discussed here is a specialized form, not the most common kind
In normal usage, a remittance is a sum of money that is sent as a payment. The kind of remittances discussed in this article are an important phenomenon but I think it would be better to make it clear in the article title that its subject is not remittances in general but the specific kind discussed here. This is important because other articles (Balance (accounting), for example) that use remittance in its broader, more general sense, link to this article.

Related to this problem, the disambiguation is ineffective and misleading. D.Holt (talk) 21:28, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

Incorrect data for Timor-Leste?
The text states that Timor-Leste has remittances above 200% of GDP. On one hand, I don't know how this is possible. On the other hand, this piece of data seems to suggest a number of 10-15%, which seems far more reasonable.

http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/timor-leste/workers%27-remittances-and-compensation-of-employees — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ambrosia0 (talk • contribs) 21:53, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

Dr. Bertoli's comment on this article
Dr. Bertoli has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"It would be good to mention that remittances figures come from Balance of Payments, and add the definition upon which these numbers are based (which do not only include money transferred by migrant workers; see compensation of employees, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114950-how-do-you-define-remittances).

"A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries. Workers' remittances are a significant part of international capital flows, especially with regard to labour-exporting countries.[1] In 2014, $436 billion went to developing countries, setting a new record."

I think that it would be important to add a word of caution here. A substantial share of remittances goes through informal channels, and it is likely to remain unrecorded. The sharp increase in remittances over the past few decades might in part reflect an improvement in our ability to measure remittances (see Clemens, M. A., & McKenzie, D. J. (2014). Why don't remittances appear to affect growth?. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6856).)

The paragraphs on the different countries or macro-regions of the world focus on them as recipient countries; the United States are analyzed as a remittance-sending countries, with a disproportionate space allocated to it.

"From a macroeconomic perspective, there is no conclusive relationship between remittances and GDP growth." Clemens and McKenzie (2014) could also be cited here.

The paragraph "Economic benefits for developing countries" should (possibly with a more general title) provide a more nuanced view of the effects of remittances. For instance, remittances can produce a real exchange appreciation (see Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Pozo, S. (2004). Workers' remittances and the real exchange rate: a paradox of gifts. World Development, 32(8), 1407-1417.).

"The World Bank and the Bank for International Settlements have developed international standards for remittance services.[39]" This sentence is out of the scope of the paragraph."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

We believe Dr. Bertoli has expertise on the topic of this article, since he has published relevant scholarly research:

 * Reference : Francesca MARCHETTA & Simone BERTOLI, 2014. "Migration, remittances and poverty in Ecuador," Working Papers 201407, CERDI.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 16:00, 24 August 2016 (UTC)

This is not the dictionary definition of the word
The word remittance is not solely referring to foreigners sending money. To present it so reeks of racial bias. Please consider modifying the topic to 'Foreign Remittance' or some other such identifiable word to identify the 'SubTopic' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:4898:80E8:4:0:0:0:79C (talk) 17:52, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

I was also surprised by this article as a whole as I thought the word remittance was a synonym for money transfer in general. But I am not a native speaker of English.--Hhgygy (talk) 09:11, 17 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Remittance providers (MTOs)
Wikipedia has a dearth of useful comparative information about notable fintech startups that have been shaking up the remittance industry. I was dismayed to find that most information about these companies made its way onto Wikipedia in the form of messy corporate PR attempts. People like me who are genuinely interested in how remittances affect the developing world do not want to scroll through bulky paragraphs about CEOs, funding rounds, advertising language, and awards. We want the articles to read more like UN and think tank reports. People looking around for remittance providers also just need to know the simple facts about the basic services offered, like which countries are available. As a result, I have been revamping these articles and adding categories to improve our knowledge of what the remittance market is actually like, while cleaning up corporate PR bias where it exists.

We can use articles like this to get started:

MSteinburg (talk) 04:33, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

SUGGESTED NEW TABLE
Howard from NYC (talk) 00:54, 30 January 2023 (UTC)

Q: does it make sense to insert a table with columns "Year", "Total World Wide Remittances", "World GDP", "% of World GDP", et al, to allow for readers to have a pithy overview of just how significant remittances have gotten as a percentage of World GDP since 1945?

title: Talk:Remittance


text:
User:Agerstein

I am Adam Gerstein. I grew up in Westport, CT, live in Milford, CT and work at Southern Connecticut State University in New Haven, Connecticut.

User tools

 * My userbox archive
 * My sandbox
 * My sandbox

Where I came from
I was born in Manhattan, New York, and spent my first year in Brooklyn, NY. Then my folks moved to the quaint little town of Westport, CT. This remained the status quo for the next 17 years, until I made a break for it, spending 6 months in Australia with various cousins and relations.

I went to Southern Connecticut State University in New Haven, CT, where I learned a lot and fell in love. We now live in Milford, CT and have 4 kids. I expect the oldest will start trying to edit Wikipedia and taking over the world any day now....

What I'm doing
These are some of the pages I watch, either because I'm interested in the topic or I try to keep the articles accurate:

Articles

 * Danger Man
 * Douglas Adams
 * Eureka (TV series)
 * Get Fuzzy
 * List of confidence tricks
 * List of nuclear holocaust fiction
 * Luke Greenfield
 * Macintosh
 * Milford, Connecticut
 * Mystery Science Theater 3000
 * Southern Connecticut State University
 * Spooks
 * Staples High School
 * Starship Troopers
 * The Girl Next Door (2004 film)
 * The IT Crowd
 * The Prisoner
 * The Walking Dead
 * Towel Day
 * V for Vendetta (film)
 * Westport, Connecticut
 * Wil Wheaton

User pages:

 * User:Agerstein
 * User:Oren neu dag/my sandbox1/United States Civil Flag

Where I'm going
I really don't know that right now. Check back with me in a few years. While I figure that out, I'll be monitoring various pages on the site.

title: User:Agerstein


text:
Talk:Geotherapy

A few of the links at the bottom of the article seem to be out of date or don't work at all. They could be updated or taken out entirely if the original page took them down. I also think the article could have a section dedicated to similar principles that match Geotherapy. There are also a lot of resources within the WikiProject Environment that could be used to help expand this article. Also some pictures would be a nice touch.

--Cocz6d (talk) 18:57, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Suggested Revision
The article needs editing for clarity, to correct the reference to geo-engineering, to introduce the notion of 'natural solutions', and to define geotherapy (is it a metaphor or a practice?).

The following text is recommended:-

Geotherapy is the practice of restoring the earth’s "health" by strengthening natural biogeochemical and physiological mechanisms that regulate the earth’s planetary life support systems and control global temperature, sea level, atmospheric composition, soil fertility, food, and fresh water supplies.[2][3] Geotherapy assumes that the earth's major environmental problems, such as global warming, can be diagnosed and mitigated in a way that is metaphorical to a medical doctor diagnosing and treating a human patient. [1] Geotherapy views human health and quality of life as a part of, and hence dependent on, the ecosystem services provided by biomes. It also recognises the urgent need to regenerate the earth’s severely damaged ecosystems for a sustainable future.[4]

Geotherapy favours the use of mitigation methods that are nature based, and so it has a lot in common with nature based solutions to climate change (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature-based_solutions). Geotherapy uses some of the climate mitigation methods that come under the banner of of geoengineering, but it avoids climate interventions, such as solar radiation management, and it avoids industrial methods that might have unintended consequences.

Geotherapy aims to regenerate the Earth's existing or natural life support mechanisms, whereas geoengineering tends to focus on hard technological solutions.[5] Geotherapy is sometimes also called BioGeoTherapy to highlight the goal of regenerating natural biological mechanisms rather than becoming reliant on hard engineering solutions.

title: Talk:Geotherapy


text:
しゃっくり

Etymology
Geminated form of.

Noun

 * 1)  a hiccup a rapid breath caused by spasms of the diaphragm
 * 2)  intense, convulsive crying

title: しゃっくり


text:
matutino

Etymology 1
Ablative (in temporal sense) of (sc. tempus).

Adverb

 * 1) early in the morning

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1)  morning
 * 2) early bird, early riser someone who wakes up or arrives early
 * 1) early bird, early riser someone who wakes up or arrives early

Noun

 * 1)  morning newspaper
 * 2)  morning program
 * 3)  matins
 * 1)  morning program
 * 2)  matins
 * 1)  matins

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1)  morning

title: matutino


text:
Gujarat under Akbar

In 1573, Mughal Emperor Akbar conquered Gujarat Sultanate (now Gujarat, India) taking advantage of young Gujarat Sultan Muzaffar Shah III and his quarrelling nobles. Muzaffar was held captive at Agra. He appointed his foster brother Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh as the first viceroy who faced an insurrection by the rebel nobles of the former Sultanate. Akbar quickly came to aid and ended the insurrection. He soon appointed Mírza Khán who managed to set revenue system and quelled attack by the Mirzas with help of Mughal minister Todar Mal. The next viceroy Shaháb-ud-dín strengthened the military. Soon Sultan Muzaffar escaped, returned to Gujarat and led an attack on Ahmedabad and recaptured it before his former noble and now viceroy Itimad Khan reach the city. Soon Mirza Khan was reappointed as the viceroy who defeated Muzaffar in the battle of Fatehwadi in 1584. Soon Kokaltásh returned as the viceroy and defeated Muzaffar and combined Kathiawad forces in battle of Bhuchar Mori. Later Muzaffar was captured but he committed suicide, putting an end to the Gujarat Sultanate. As Kokaltásh went to the Mecca on pilgrimage, Sultan Murad Bakhsh was appointed as the viceroy on whose death, Kokaltásh returned third time as the viceroy. Akbar was succeeded by Jehangir.

Background
The last two Gujarat Sultans, Ahmad Shah III and Mahmud Shah III, were raised to throne when they were young. So the nobles were had decided to carry on the government under one noble as a regent of the Sultan and they further divided the country among themselves. But the nobles had their own aspirations so started looking for opportunity to expand their territories with intention of the supremacy. On one such occasion, the noble named Ítimád Khán requested help from the Mughal Emperor Akbar who promptly agreed to help. Early in July 1572, he invaded Gujarat. He first captured Disa and then Patan and appointed a governor. The most Gujarat nobles soon surrendered to him and the rebel nobles fled to other parts of Gujarat. Akbar reached Ahmedabad, the capital of Gujarat Sultanate. He advanced to Cambay and later the Mirzas controlling southern Gujarat were defeated and Bharuch and Surat was captured.

Mirza Âzíz Kokaltash, First Viceroy, 1573–1575
During his conquest, on leaving Khambaht to expel the Mírzas, Akbar appointed his general and foster brother Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh as his first viceroy of Gujarát. He placed Surat in the charge of Kalíj Khán.

Muhammad Khán; son of Sher Khán Fauládi, the noble who previously held Patan; who had fled to the Idar hills, now returned and took the city of Pátan, besieging the Mughal governor, Sayad Áhmed Khán Bárha, in the citadel. At this time another noble Mírza Muhammad Husain was at Ranpur near Dhandhuka. When Sher Khán Fauládi, who had taken refuge in Sorath, heard of Muhammad Khán's return to Pátan, he met Mírza Muhammad Husain, and uniting their forces they joined Muhammad Khán at Pátan. The viceroy Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh with other nobles marched against them, and after a hard-fought battle, in which several of the imperial nobles were slain, Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh was victorious. Sher Khán again took refuge in Sorath, and his son fled for safety to the Ídar hills, while the Mírza withdrew to the Khandesh frontier. As the conquest of Gujarát was completed in 1573, Akbar returned to Agra.

Before leaving Gujarát Akbar placed the charge of the province in the hands of Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh. At the same time the emperor rewarded his supporters by grants of land, assigning Ahmedabad with Petlad and several other districts to the viceroy Mírza Âzíz, Pátan to the Khán-i-Kalán Mír Muhammad Khán, and Baroda to Nawáb Aurang Khán. Bharuch was given to Kutb-ud-dín Muhammad, and Dholka Khánpur and Sami were confirmed to Sayad Hámid and Sayad Mahmúd Bukhári. As soon as the emperor Akbar left, Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk and Muhammad Khán, son of Sher Khán, who had taken shelter in the Ídar hills, issued forth, and the viceroy marched to Ahmednagar (now Himatnagar) to hold them in check. Mírza Muhammad Husain advancing rapidly from the Nandurbar frontier, took the fort of Bharuch, and went then to Cambay (now Khambhat) which he found abandoned by its governor Husain Khán Karkaráh, while he himself marched to Ahmednagar and Ídar against Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk. The viceroy ordered Sayad Hámid Bukhári, Nawáb Naurang Khán, and others to join Kutb-ud-dín Muhammad Khán. They went and laid siege to Cambay, but Mírza Muhammad managed to evacuate the town and join Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk and Muhammad Khán.

After several unsuccessful attempts to scatter the enemy, the viceroy retired to Áhmedábád, and the rebels laid siege to the city. Kutb-ud-dín Khán, Sayad Mírán, and others of the Mughal party succeeded in entering the city and joining the garrison. After the siege had lasted two months, Akbar, making his famous 600 mile (400 kos) march in nine days from Agra, arrived before Áhmedábád, and, at once engaging the enemy, totally defeated them with the loss of two of their leaders Mírza Muhammad Husain and Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk.
 * Insurrection Quelled by Akbar, 1573

On the day before the battle Akbar consulting a Hazára Afghán versed in drawing omens from sheep's shoulder-blades, was told that victory was certain, but that it would be won at the cost of the life of one of his nobles. Seif Khán, brother of Zein Khán Koka, coming in prayed that he should be chosen to receive the crown of martyrdom. At the end of the day the only leading noble that was killed was Seif Khán.

After only eleven days' stay, Akbar again entrusting the government of Gujarát to Mírza Âzíz Koka, returned to Agra. Mírza Âzíz Koka did not long continue viceroy. In 1575, in consequence of some dispute with the emperor, he retired into private life.

Mírza Khán, Second Viceroy, 1575–1577
On his resignation, Akbar conferred the post of viceroy on Mírza Khán, son of Behrám Khán, who afterwards rose to the high rank of Khán Khánán or chief of the nobles. As this was Mírza Khán's first service, and as he was still a youth, he was ordered to follow the advice of the deputy viceroy, Wazír Khán, in whose hands the administration of the province remained during the two following years.

Soon after the insurrection of 1573 was suppressed the emperor sent his minister Rája Todar Mal to make a survey settlement of the province. In 1575 after the survey was completed Wajíh-ul-Mulk Gujaráti was appointed díwán or minister. Some historians say that in 1576 Wazír Khán relieved Mírza Âzíz Koka as viceroy, but according to the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi Mirza Khán held office with Wazír Khán as his deputy. One Prágdás, a Hindu, succeeded Wajíh-ul-Mulk as díwán. Troops were sent to reduce the Nándod and Ídar districts, and the fort of Sirohi was captured by Tarsu Khán, the military governor of Pátan. Afterwards, through the intervention of Pahár Khán Jálori, the Sirohi Rája, at an interview with Rája Todar Mal, presented Rupees 12,000 and other articles and was allowed to serve the provincial governor of Gujarát with 1500 horse.
 * Survey by Rája Todar Mal.

During Wazír Khán's administration Muzaffar Husain Mírza, son of Ibráhím Husain Mírza, raised an insurrection in Gujarát. This Mírza Muzaffar was as an infant carried to the Dakhan (Deccan) from Surat shortly before its capture by Akbar. He lived peacefully till under the influence of an ambitious retainer Mihr Ali by name, he gathered an army and entered Nandurbar. Wazír Khán distrusting his troops shut himself in a fortress, and wrote to Rája Todar Mal, who was in Pátan settling revenue affairs. The Mírza defeated the Mughal forces in Nandurbár and failing to get possession of Cambay (now Khambhat) marched straight to Áhmedábád. On the advance of Rája Todar Mal, the Mírza fell back on Dholka. The Rája and the Khán pursuing defeated him, and he retired to Junagadh. The Rája then withdrew, but the Mírza again advanced and besieged him in Áhmedábád. In an attempt to escalade the city wall, Mihr Ali was killed. Muzaffar Mírza withdrew to Khándesh and the insurrection came to an end.

Shaháb-ud-dín, Third Viceroy, 1577–1583
In the end of 1577, as Wazír Khán's management was not successful, the post of viceroy was conferred upon Shaháb-ud-dín Áhmed Khán, the governor of Malwa. Shaháb-ud-dín's first step was to create new military posts and strengthen the old ones.

At this time Fateh Khán Shirwáni, the commander of Amín Khán Ghori's army, quarrelled with his chief, and, coming to Shaháb-ud-dín, offered to capture the fort of Junagadh. Shaháb-ud-dín entertained his proposal, and sent his nephew Mírza Khán and 4000 horse with him. When the troops crossed the Sorath frontier, they were met by envoys from Amín Khán, agreeing, in his name, to pay tribute and surrender the country, provided he were permitted to retain the fortress of Junágaḍh and were allotted a sufficient grant of land. Mírza Khán rejected these proposals and continued his march against Junágaḍh. Amín Khán made a vigorous resistance and applied for aid to the Jám of Nawanagar State. At this juncture Fateh Khán died, and Mírza Khán went and besieged Mangrol. The Jám's minister Isá now joined Amín Khán with 4000 horse, and he, quitting Junágaḍh, marched to Mangrol. On their approach Mírza Khán retired to the town of Kodinar followed by Amín Khán. Here a pitched battle was fought, and Mírza Khán was defeated with the loss of his baggage. Many of his men were slain, and he himself, being wounded, escaped with difficulty to Áhmedábád. Shaháb ud-dín, who had meanwhile been giving his attention to revenue matters, and to the more correct measurement of the lands of the province, was rudely recalled from these peaceful occupations by his nephew's defeat.
 * Sends a Force against Junágaḍh

During the same time, the former Gujarat Sultan, Muzaffar Shah III escaped to Gujarat from his imprisonment in Agra in 1583. Muzaffar remained for some time in the Rajpipla country, and then came to one Lúna or Lúmbha Káthi, at the village of Khíri in the district of Sardhár in Sorath.
 * Muzaffar Shah III returns Gujarat

Ítimád Khán Gujaráti, Fourth Viceroy, 1583–84
Ítimád Khán Gujaráti was appointed viceroy by Akbar soon in 1583 in place of Shaháb-ud-dín. At this time a party of 700 or 800 Mughals, called Wazír Khánis, separating from Shaháb-ud-dín, remained behind in hope of being entertained by the new viceroy. As Ítimád Khán declared that he was unable to take them into his service, they went off in a body and joined Muzaffar at Khíri, and he with them and three or four thousand Káthi horse marched at once on Áhmedábád. On hearing this Ítimád Khán, leaving his son Sher Khán in Áhmedábád, followed Shaháb-ud-dín to Kadi, and entreated him to return. Shaháb-ud-dín at first affected indifference telling Ítimád that as he had given over charge he had no more interest in the province. After two days, he consented to return if Ítimád stated in writing that the country was on the verge of being lost and that Ítimád being unable to hold it was obliged to relinquish charge to Shaháb-ud-dín. Ítimád Khán made the required statement and Shaháb-ud-dín returned with him.

Meanwhile, Muzaffar Sháh reached Áhmedábád, which was weakly defended, and in 1583, after a brief struggle, took possession of the city. While the siege of Áhmedábád was in progress, Shaháb-ud-dín and Ítimád Khán were returning, and were within a few miles of the city, when news of its capture reached them. They continued their advance, but had barely arrived at Áhmedábád when Muzaffar Sháh totally defeated them taking all their baggage. Seeing the issue of the fight, most of their army went over to Muzaffar Sháh III, and the viceroy and Shaháb-ud-dín with a few men fled to Pátan. Kutb-ud-dín Muhammad Khán Atkah, one of the Mughal commanders, who was on the Khándesh frontier, now advanced by forced marches to Baroda. Muzaffar marched against him with a large army, recently strengthened by the union of the army of Sayad Daulát, ruler of Cambay. Kutb-ud-dín threw himself into Baroda, and, in spite of the treachery of his troops, defended the city for some time. At last, on Muzaffar's assurance that his life should be spared Kutb-ud-dín repaired to the enemies' camp to treat for peace. On his arrival, he was treated with respect, but next day was treacherously put to death.
 * Muzaffar captures Áhmedábád, 1583

The fort of Bharuch was also at this time traitorously surrendered to Muzaffar by the slaves of the mother of Naurang Khán, fief-holder of the district.

Mírza Abdúr-Rahím Khán (Khán Khánán), Fifth Viceroy, 1583–1587
On learning of the Gujarát insurrection, the emperor Akbar, at the close of 1583, conferred the government of the province on Mírza Abdúr-Rahím Khán, son of Behrám Khán, who had formerly (1575) acted as viceroy. Muzaffar, who was still at Broach, hearing of the advance of the new viceroy with a large army, returned rapidly to Áhmedábád, and in 1584 fought a pitched battle with Mírza Abdúr-Rahím Khán between Sarkhej and Sháh Bhíkan's tomb. In this engagement Muzaffar was entirely defeated, and fled to Cambay (Khambhat) pursued by Mírza Abdúr-Rahím Khán. Muzaffar now hearing that Mírza Abdúr-Rahím Khán had been joined by Naurang Khán and other nobles with the Mughal army from Málwa, quitted Cambay, and made for his old place of shelter in Rajpipla.
 * Battle of Fatehwadi

Finding no rest in Rájpípla, after fighting and losing another battle in the Rájpípla hills, he fled first to Pátan and then to Ídar, and afterwards again repaired to Lúmbha Káthi in Khiri. In reward for these two victories, the emperor bestowed on Mírza Abdúr-Rahím Khán the title of Khán Khánán. Bharuch now submitted, and Muzaffar sought shelter with Amín Khán Ghori at Junagadh, by whom he was allotted the town of Gondal as a residence. Muzaffar made one more attempt to establish his power. He advanced to Morbi, and thence made a raid on Radhanpur and plundered that town, but was soon compelled to return to Kathiawad and seek safety in flight. Amín Khán, seeing that his cause was hopeless, on pretence of aiding him, induced Muzaffar to give him some money, two lakh Mahmudi. When he had obtained the money, on one pretext or another, Amín Khán withheld the promised aid.

The Khán Khánán now marched an army into Sorath against Muzaffar. The Jám of Navánagar and Amín Khán sent their envoys to meet the viceroy, declaring that they had not sheltered Muzaffar, and that he was leading an outlaw's life, entirely unaided by them. The viceroy agreed not to molest them, on condition that they withheld aid and shelter from Muzaffar, and himself marched against him. When he reached Upleta, about fifteen miles north-west of the fortress of Junágaḍh, the viceroy heard that Muzaffar had sought shelter in the Barda hills in the south-west corner of the Kathiawar peninsula. Advancing to the hills, he halted his main force outside of the rough country and sent skirmishing parties to examine the hills. Muzaffar had already passed through Navánagar and across Gujarát to Danta in the Mahi Kantha. Here he was once more defeated by the Prantij garrison, and a third time took refuge in Rájpípla. The viceroy now marched on Navánagar to punish the Jám. The Jám sent in his submission, and the viceroy taking from him, by way of fine, an elephant and some valuable horses, returned to Áhmedábád. He next sent a detachment against Ghazni Khán of Jalore who had favoured Muzaffar. Ghazni Khán submitted, and no further steps were taken against him.

Ismáíl Kuli Khán, Sixth Viceroy, 1587–88 and Mírza Âziz Kokaltásh, Seventh Viceroy, 1588–1592

 * Battle of Bhuchar Mori

In 1587, the Khán Khánán was replaced by Ismáíl Kuli Khán as a governor. Ismáíl's government lasted only for a few months, when he was superseded by Mírza Âziz Kokaltásh, who was a second time appointed viceroy. In 1591, Muzaffar again returned to Sorath. The viceroy, hearing that he had been joined by the Jám of Nawanagar State, the Cutch State chief, and Daulat Khán Ghori the son of Amín Khán, marched with a large army towards Sorath, and, halting at Viramgam, sent forward a detachment under Naurang Khán, Sayad Kásim, and other officers. Advancing as far as Morbi, Naurang Khán entered into negotiations with the Jám, who, however, refused to accede to the demands of the imperial commander. On this the viceroy joined Naurang Khán with the bulk of his army, and after a short delay marched on Nawánagar. On his way, at a plateau called Bhuchar Mori at the village of Dhrol near Nawánagar, Muzaffar and the Jám opposed him, and an obstinate battle in which the imperialists were nearly worsted, ended in Muzaffar's defeat. The son and minister of the Jám were slain, and Muzaffar, the Jám, and Daulat Khán who was wounded, fled to the fortress of Junágaḍh. The viceroy now advanced and plundered Nawánagar, and remaining there sent Naurang Khán, Sayad Kásím, and Gújar Khán against Junágaḍh. The day the army arrived before the fortress Daulat Khán died of his wounds. Still the fortress held out, and though the viceroy joined them the siege made little progress as the imperial troops were in great straits for grain. The viceroy returned to Áhmedábád, and after seven or eight months again marched against Junágaḍh. The Jám, who was still a fugitive, sent envoys and promised to aid the viceroy if his country were restored to him. The viceroy assented on condition that, during the operations against Junágaḍh, the Jám should furnish his army with grain. The Jám agreed to provide grain, and after a siege of three months the garrison surrendered.

News was next received that Muzaffar had taken refuge at Dwarka (also known as Jagat). The viceroy at once sent Naurang Khán and others with an army in pursuit. On reaching Jagat it was found that Muzaffar had already left for a village owned by a Rájput named Sewa Wádhel. Without halting Naurang Khán started in pursuit, nearly surprising Muzaffar, who escaping on horseback with a few followers, crossed to Cutch (now Kachchh). Sewa Wádhel covering Muzaffar's retreat was surprised before he could put to sea and fought gallantly with the imperial forces till he was slain. Naurang Khán then came to Arámra, a village belonging to Singrám Wádhel, Rája of Dwarka, and after frustrating a scheme devised by that chief to entrap a body of the troops on board ship under pretence of pursuing Muzaffar's family, led his men back to Junágaḍh. The viceroy, hearing in what direction Muzaffar had fled, marched to Morbi, where the Jám of Navánagar came and paid his respects. At the same time the Cutch chief, who is called Rao Bháramalji I, sent a message that if the viceroy would refrain from invading his country and would give him his ancestral district of Morbi and supply him with a detachment of troops, he would point out where Muzaffar was concealed. The Khán-i-Ázam agreed to these terms and the chief captured Muzaffar and handed him to the force sent to secure him.
 * Muzaffar Shah III's last days

The detachment, strictly guarding the prisoner, were marching rapidly towards Morbi, when, on reaching Dhrol, about thirty miles east of Nawanagar (now Jamnagar), under pretence of obeying a call of nature, Muzaffar withdrew and cut his throat with a knife, so that he died. This happened in 1592. The viceroy sent Muzaffar's head to court of Akbar.

The viceroy was now recalled by Akbar, he delayed on pretence of wishing to humble the Portuguese. His real object was to make a pilgrimage to Mecca, and in 1592, after obtaining the necessary permission from the Portuguese, he started from Veraval. During this viceroyalty, an imperial farmán ordered that the state share of the produce should be one-half and the other half should be left to the cultivator and further that from each half five per cent should be deducted for the village headmen. All other taxes were declared illegal, and it was provided that when lands or houses were sold, half the government demand should be realized from the seller and half from the buyer.

Shahzádá Murád Mirza Eighth Viceroy, 1592–1600
The emperor, who was much vexed to hear of the departure of the viceroy, appointed prince Murad in his stead with as his minister Muhammad Sádikkhán one of the great nobles. In 1593–94 Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh returned from his pilgrimage and repaired to court, and next year on prince Murád going to the Dakhan (Deccan), Súrajsingh was appointed his deputy. In 1594–95 Bahádur, son of the late Muzaffar Sháh III, excited a rebellion, but was defeated by Súrajsingh.

Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh, Ninth Viceroy, 1600–1606
In 1600, owing to the death of prince Murád, Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh was a third time appointed viceroy of Gujarát, and he sent Shams-ud-dín Husain as his deputy to Áhmedábád. Further changes were made in 1602 when Mírza Âzíz sent his eldest son Shádmán as deputy; his second son Khurram as governor of Junagaḍh; and Sayad Báyazíd as minister. Khurram was afterwards relieved of the charge of Sorath and Junagaḍh by his brother Abdulláh.

Jehangir succeeded Akbar to the Mughal throne in 1605 when he died.

List of Viceroys under Akbar (1573–1605)

 * Mírza Âziz Kokaltásh, First Viceroy, 1573–1575
 * Mírza Khán (later Mírza Abdúr-Rahím Khán (Khán Khánán)), Second Viceroy, 1575–1577
 * Shaháb-ud-dín, Third Viceroy, 1577–1583
 * Ítimád Khán Gujaráti, Fourth Viceroy, 1583–1584
 * Mírza Abdúr-Rahím Khán (Khán Khánán), Fifth Viceroy, 1583–1587 (second time)
 * Ismáíl Kuli Khán, Sixth Viceroy, 1587–1588
 * Mírza Âziz Kokaltásh, Seventh Viceroy, 1588–1592 (second time)
 * Shahzádá Murad Mirza, Eighth Viceroy, 1592–1600
 * Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh, Ninth Viceroy, 1600–1606 (third time)

title: Gujarat under Akbar


text:
Waiter.com

Waiter.com, also formerly known as World Wide Waiter, is an online restaurant delivery service that went online in early December 1995. It was founded by two Stanford University Business School graduates Craig Cohen and Michael Adelberg. Although Waiter.com does service residential areas and takeout orders, its main focus is delivering for corporate business mealtime orders and catered meals. Waiter.com primarily operates in California, in the Bay Area.

History
Waiter.com is considered the first online restaurant delivery service on the web; it pioneered the concept of online restaurant ordering in 1995 when it offered meal options from 60 Silicon Valley partner restaurants, expanding to over 1,300 restaurants in 2017.

The first office was located in Los Altos, but is now situated in Sunnyvale, California.

Waiter.com serves multiple locations throughout the United States, including major cities like San Francisco, Dallas, Raleigh/Durham, Seattle, Austin, and Los Angeles. In January 2020, Waiter.com expanded its service to Portland, Oregon through its acquisition of local delivery company Portland Pedal Power.

title: Waiter.com


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User:Helpingwiki127

Introduction
Hi, I am Helpingwiki127, I edit sports, eSports, and local roads, and help other Wikipedia pages. I typically make small edits to Wikipedia pages, but I always make sure that they are accurate and well thought out.

Hobbies and Fandom
I'm a Dallas Mavericks and Dallas Cowboys fan, and I've dealt with a lot of losses from those teams lately :(. I'm also a huge VALORANT fan, espescially in TSM, The Guard, Evil Geniuses, and Cloud 9. I play a little basketball myself and also play cello.

 * Currently, I go to Jasper High School

Page Creations
I've created one page so far and edited an endless amount of other ones.
 * 2023 Valorant Champions

Major Edits

 * TSM's Valorant section - updated July 2023
 * FM 423 and its roads
 * FM 2478 and its roads

title: User:Helpingwiki127


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Paul the Persian

Paul the Persian or Paulus Persa was a 6th-century East Syriac theologian and philosopher who worked at the court of the Sassanid king Khosrau I. He wrote several treatises and commentaries on Aristotle, which had some influence on medieval Islamic philosophy. He is identified by some scholars with Paulus of Nisibis (d. 571 AD) and with Paul of Basra. According to Jackson, he was "a Christian who may have studied Greek philosophy in the schools of Nisibis and Gundeshapur". He is remembered for his writings in Syriac for his royal patron. These include his notes in Syriac on Aristotle's Logic, in which he declares the superiority of science over faith.

Life
Paul the Persian is known from the 9th-century The Chronicle of Seert and from the Chronicon Ecclesiasticum of the 13th-century Jacobite historian Bar-Hebraeus. These sources indicate that he was born in Dershahr in Persia. Bar-Hebraeus mentions that he lived during the time of the Nestorian patriarch Ezekiel (567-580). According to Bar-Hebraeus, Paul was a cleric in the Church of the East and well versed in ecclesiastical and philosophical matters.

Paul wrote two known works. He produced an introduction to the philosophy of Aristotle, which was delivered before the Persian King Chosroes I, and later translated into Syriac by Severus Sebokht. The same work was also translated into Arabic at a later date. The other work extant is On Interpretation, which has never been published.

Both the Chronicle of Seert and Bar-Hebraeus record that he aspired to become metropolitan of Fars, and, failing to be elected, converted to Zoroastrianism. However this is not otherwise documented and may merely be the product of the rivalry between the Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church and the Nestorian Church of the East. The entry in the Chronicle of Seert reads:

"(Chosroes) was very learned in philosophy, which he had studied, it is said, under Mar Bar Samma, bishop of Qardu, and under Paul the Persian Philosopher, who, being unable to obtain the metropolitan see of Persia, renounced the Christian religion."

Works

 * Prolegomena to Philosophy and Logic
 * Treatise on the Logic of Aristotle the Philosopher addressed to King Khhuosrowousrowau (in Syriac; British Museum ms. 988 [Add. 144660], ff. 55v-67rv; Wright 1872, 1872, p. 1161); translated into Latin by J. P. N. Land

title: Paul the Persian


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Greve in Chianti

Greve in Chianti (the old name was Greve; in 1972 it was renamed Greve in Chianti after the inclusion of that area in the Chianti wine district) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Florence, Tuscany, Italy. It is located about 31 km south of Florence and 42 km north of Siena.

Sitting in the Val di Greve, it is named for the small, fast-flowing river that runs through it, is the principal town in the Chianti wine district that stretches south of Florence to just north of Siena. Until recently it has been a quiet, almost bucolic town because it was, and still is, well off the main roads.

Even in ancient days Greve was not isolated because it was well-connected by secondary roads to the Via Volterrana and via Francigena. Nowadays, it is connected to the A1 superstrada between Florence and Rome and the main road between Florence and Siena. The old road network ensured easy access to Florence and to other places such as Figline where its tradesmen and farmers found ready markets for their goods and produce.

History
The site of Greve and the surrounding territory has been long settled, probably well before the Etruscans and then the Romans dominated the area. Historical documents of the 11th century refer to an ancient monastic settlement on a nearby hill, which is now called the hill of San Francesco. Before the Franciscans established their monastery in the 15th century, an earlier monastery dedicated to Santo Savi had already been built, and also a small hospital. Larger scale settlement occurred in the 13th and 14th centuries.

Although an independent town for most of its history, Greve ultimately came under Florentine control and remained so until the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was absorbed into the unified Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

Main sights
The Franciscan monastery is still at the heart of the old part of the city, as is the triangular main piazza, where a market has been running more or less continuously for centuries serving the nearby castle communities and hamlets.

The piazza is fronted by numerous medieval aged buildings, including the 11th century Chiesa Santa Croce which was rebuilt in 1325 after being burned to the ground, along with the rest of the town, by the Duke of Lucca, Castruccio Castracani. After further renovation, the church, which houses paintings of the school of Fra Angelico, now features a neo-classical façade. In the piazza there is also a monument to navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano, who was possibly born nearby, however more recent scholarly work places his birth at Lyon, France. In the frazione of Montefioralle is the church of Santo Stefano, with a late 13th-century Madonna with Child and a 15th-century Trinity and Saints. Also in the hamlet is a house which, according to the tradition, belonged to explorer Amerigo Vespucci. In the nearby is a Romanesque Pieve with narthexed façade and two mullioned windows. At 2 km from the centre of Greve is the castle of Verrazzano, sitting on a 348 m high hill. Built probably by the Lombards, it was a possession of the explorer's family, and in the 17th century was turned into a villa. Of the 13th-century manor a tower remains.

In the neighbourhood of the frazione of Panzano is the Pieve of San Leolino, known from the 10th century. The interior houses a 13th-century panel by Meliore di Jacopo, a 15th-century polyptych by the so-called Master of Panzano, as well as works by Raffaellino del Garbo and Giovanni della Robbia.

Wine production
With the enlargement of the Chianti wine district in 1932, Greve suddenly found itself in a noble wine area. The Chianti region supports a variety of agricultural activities, most especially the growing of the grapes that go into the world-famous Chianti and "Super Tuscan" wines. Olive oil production is another staple of the local economy. Extra virgin Tuscan olive oil is highly prized for its delicate flavor, as opposed to the stronger, thicker olive oils of the south. Truffle harvesting is a distinguishing feature of local food production. Both black and white truffles are hunted in Chianti. The region is also noted for its meat. The Cinta Senese pig is unique to this region and produces pork of superior quality. Wild game is a common feature on local menus, including rabbit, pigeon, venison, and, especially, cinghiale (wild boar). Greve is home to one of Italy's oldest and most renowned butcher shops, the Macelleria Falorni.

Due largely to this intense agricultural activity, and the wine and food production industries that have been built on top of it, since early medieval times, Greve evolved as the principal market town at the center of an (increasingly) densely populated area with an abundance of villages, parish churches, villas and castles. The latter were built mostly by the rich merchants and noble classes of Florence who enjoyed the country life, and developed their estates to earn additional income and also to supply their in-town tables.

The town of Greve's busy quaintness and the lushness and diversity of the undulating landscape which surrounds it, have long attracted tourists and travelers. The current flow of tourism to the area and the purchase of homes by both Italians and foreigners is fully integrated with viniculture, wine-making and various related enterprises to form a highly integrated and highly productive local economy.

Annual wine festival
Chianti Classico wine festival - every year on second weekend of September and the preceding Thursday and Friday, 5 - 8th Sept 2013. On Thursday, the festival starts at about 5 pm, and on Saturday and Sunday at about 11 am and the stands close at about 8 pm. Local merchants display their products, and wine tasting is offered for free. The visitor must purchase a glass, (10€ for the 2012 festival) then go to the displays. Olive oil is also available for tasting, served on fresh sliced Italian bread. Local cheeses are also available.

International relations
Greve in Chianti is twinned with:
 * Greve, Denmark, since 1966
 * 🇺🇸 Sonoma, USA, since 1983
 * 🇩🇪 Veitshöchheim, Germany, since 1994
 * 🇪🇭 Farsia, Western Sahara
 * 🇫🇷 Auxerre, France, since 1988
 * Brtonigla, Croatia, since 1999
 * Jasenice, Croatia
 * 🇪🇪 Haapsalu, Estonia, since 2004

title: Greve in Chianti


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C Programming/Advanced data types

In the chapter Variables we looked at the primitive data types. However advanced data types allow us greater flexibility in managing data in our program.

Structs
Structs are data types made of variables of other data types (possibly including other structs). They are used to group pieces of information into meaningful units, and also permit some constructs not possible otherwise. The variables declared in a struct are called "members". One defines a struct using the  keyword. For example:

is a variable of type, which we declared along with the definition of the new   data type. More commonly, struct variables are declared after the definition of the struct, using the form:

It is often common practice to make a type synonym so we don't have to type "struct mystruct" all the time. C allows us the possibility to do so using a  statement, which aliases a type:

The  itself is an incomplete type (by the absence of a name on the first line), but it is aliased as. Then the following may be used:

The members of a struct variable may be accessed using the member access operator  (a dot) or the indirect member access operator   (an arrow) if the struct variable is a pointer:

(Pointers will be explained in the next chapter.) Structs may contain not only their own variables but may also contain variables pointing to other structs. This allows a recursive definition, which is very powerful when used with pointers:

This is an implementation of the linked list data structure. Each node (a restaurant order) is pointing to one other node. The linked list is terminated on the last node (in our example, this would be the last order) whose  variable would be assigned to.

A recursive struct definition can be tricky when used with. It is not possible to declare a struct variable inside its own type by using its aliased definition, since the aliased definition by  does not exist before the   statement is evaluated:

The size of a struct type is at least the sum of the sizes of all its members. But a compiler is free to insert padding bytes between the struct members to align the members to certain constraints. For example, a struct containing of a char and a float will occupy 8 bytes on many 32bit architectures.

Unions
The definition of a union is similar to that of a struct. The difference between the two is that in a struct, the members occupy different areas of memory, but in a union, the members occupy the same area of memory. Thus, in the following type, for example:

The programmer can access either  or , but not both at the same time. Since  and   occupy the same area of memory, modifying one modifies the value of the other, sometimes in unpredictable ways. This is also the main reason that unions are rarely seen in practice.

The size of a union is the size of its largest member.

Enumerations
Enumerations are artificial data types representing associations between labels and integers. Unlike structs or unions, they are not composed of other data types. An example declaration:

In the example above, red equals 0, orange equals 1, ... and so on. It is possible to assign values to labels within the integer range, but they must be a literal.

Similar declaration syntax that applies for structs and unions also applies for enums. Also, one normally doesn't need to be concerned with the integers that labels represent:

This peculiar property makes enums especially convenient in switch-case statements:

Enums are a simplified way to emulate associative arrays in C.

de:C-Programmierung: Komplexe Datentypen Programmation C/Types avancés C/Typy złożone

title: C Programming/Advanced data types


text:
1949 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles

Eric Sturgess and Sheila Summers defeated the defending champions John Bromwich and Louise Brough in the final, 9–7, 9–11, 7–5 to win the mixed doubles tennis title at the 1949 Wimbledon Championships.

Seeds
🇦🇺 John Bromwich / 🇺🇸 Louise Brough (final) 🇦🇺 Bill Sidwell / 🇺🇸 Margaret Osborne (semifinals) 🇺🇸 Bob Falkenburg / 🇺🇸 Gussie Moran (withdrew) Eric Sturgess / Sheila Summers (champions)


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Boulevard Saint-Raymond

Boulevard Saint-Raymond is a major boulevard located in Gatineau, Quebec. It starts at Boulevard Saint-Joseph and ends at Boulevard Alexandre-Tache just west of the limits between the Hull and Aylmer sectors. Before 2003, it ended at Chemin Pink but since then it includes the former section of Chemin de la Montagne Sud.

Chemin de la Montagne also used to have a northern section which started from Chemin Pink and ended in Luskville in the Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais region. In the past, it also used to run all the way to the Casino du Lac-Leamy before it was renamed Boulevard du Casino east of Saint-Joseph.

Eastern section
The eastern section passes between two residential areas and is often very crowded (if not overcrowded), especially in the rush hours, where long lineups can be seen as motorists head towards Autoroute 5 (also caused by the lack of adequate access to Autoroute 50. There is also heavy volume near Cite-des-Jeunes Boulevard and it is sometimes congested due to the increasing amount of traffic heading towards Le Plateau.

There have also been complaints of speeding during the night as numerous motorists are traveling at very high speed in that stretch due to a hill.

Southern Section
After passing Boulevard de la Cite-des-Jeunes, it becomes a four-lane divided road (near freeway status) crossing Gatineau Park.

Its southern section is also very busy as it connects with the growing community of Plateau de la Capitale (which is also home to numerous big-box and department stores as well as a movie theatre) and also Boulevard des Allumettières (formerly Boulevard de l'Outaouais) a major freeway. Traffic is especially heavy during the weekend due to shoppers heading towards the commercial district on Boulevard du Plateau.

Meanwhile, there is construction currently underway on the boulevard. Boulevard des Allumetières, which will run under the Saint-Raymond overpass will be extended westwards to connect to Boulevard Saint-Laurent (which its segment was renamed des Allumettières after the completion of the project) and the downtown area in 2007. The current intersection with the freeway is part of an interchange that will be completed with the other portion to be at the intersection of Boulevard du Plateau.

Neighbourhoods

 * Manoir des Trembles
 * Le Plateau
 * Parc de la Montagne
 * Lac des Fees

title: Boulevard Saint-Raymond


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F. W. Forbes Ross

Frederick William Forbes Ross (December 1867 – 18 September 1913) F.R.C.S. was a British surgeon and inventor. Ross was an alternative cancer treatment advocate who promoted the theory that cancer is caused by a deficiency of potassium salts in the body and that if the deficiency is remedied, cancer will retrograde. He also commended the use of raw meat as a treatment for tuberculosis.

Biography
Ross was born in Jamaica. He was the eldest son of Sir David Palmer Ross, Surgeon General of British Guiana. He studied at Edinburgh University and Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. He graduated M.D. in 1893, his thesis was on the bacteriology of infantile diarrhoea and its treatment. In 1898, he obtained the D.P.H. of the London Conjoint Board and took its conjoint diploma in 1903. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1903. He was Civil Surgeon to the Guards' Hospital, London, and Clinical Assistant at the Samaritan Hospital. He was Surgeon to the Kensington General Hospital.

Ross invented several surgical instruments and apparatus such as a pilot catheter for removing blood-clot from the bladder and an inhaler for the continuous administration of oxygen. Ross advocated a new local anaesthetic made from a sterilized solution of quinine and urea hydrochloride which prevented pain after an operation.

In November 1912, Ross attended dozens of influenza patients but contracted the illness while visiting them. Ross died in a West End nursing home after an operation, in 1913.

Cancer research
Ross authored Cancer: The Problem of its Genesis and Treatment, in 1912. In the book he argued that cancer is caused by a deficiency of potassium salts. He noted that many people's diets are deficient in potassium because they boil their foods. Ross recommended that vegetables should be baked or steamed, not boiled. He opposed the consumption of alcoholic spirits, refined sugar and white bread because they are low in potassium.

Ross stated that by utilizing large quantities of potassium in his own practice for many years, not one case of cancer had developed among his patients. Ross had cancer patients sent to him from other medical men. He prescribed a daily amount of potassium citrate and phosphate with a weekly dose of five grains of potassium iodide to his cancer patients and reported successful results.

His book received mixed reviews in medical journals. A review in The Lancet concluded that "the cases are too recent and too few in number to enable any definite opinion to be formed as to the value of the treatment, but we believe the author to be thoroughly convinced of the truth of his theory." A negative review in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences commented that "his few experiments are insufficient and his deductions are poorly founded. The book is quite unconvincing to the scientific reader." In contrast, a positive review in the International Journal of Medicine and Surgery stated that "the book is written interestingly and deserves the careful perusal of all who are interested in the subject of cancer."

In 1924, Walter Sydney Lazarus-Barlow chief of the Cancer Research Department at Middlesex Hospital disputed Ross's potassium treatment for cancer. Lazarus-Barlow commented that "experiments were conducted here with a view to determining the amount of potassium in the blood and tissue of normal persons and cancer patients and we found that there was more in the latter."

Ross's ideas about cancer are largely forgotten today but have been cited in alternative medicine literature.

Meat diet
Ross held unorthodox opinions about raw meat which were widely reported in newspapers but criticized by the medical community. He stated that frozen mutton has never poisoned anyone. Ross advocated the feeding of tuberculosis patients with raw or partially cooked meat from tuberculosis cattle. He wrote a paper on the subject for the New York Medical Journal, in 1907. Ross stated that he was a "habitual eater of quantities of very underdone sirloin of beef steak, and I do so because I believe as a result of investigations it protects me against all forms of tuberculous infection." According to Ross, the meat of tuberculosis cattle is not injurious and should be consumed for the purpose of combatting the disease. Ross argued that butchers are least affected by tuberculosis.

"By using meat known definitely to be tuberculous we can regulate the dose of toxin and anti-toxin by mouth, and also regulate the amount of reaction and rise and fall of opsonic index. Tuberculous meat should be an article of food and cure in all sanatoria."

Ross stated that humans as hunters are essentially meat-eaters and recommended a regulated meat diet for old persons which he claimed could add from seven to twelve years to their life by eating meat daily.

Selected publications

 * Intestinal Intoxication in Infants, with Outlines of Infant Feeding (1897)
 * Meat Albumin Dietary In The Treatment Of Tuberculosis (1901)
 * Tuberculotherapy in Tuberculosis (1907)
 * Cancer: The Problem of its Genesis and Treatment (1912)

title: F. W. Forbes Ross


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User:Shonyaspie/sandbox

Worst Sumo Andrew Ciardella, professionally Worst Sumo, is an American Indie Rock artist formed around 2019 in Princeton, New Jersey. Previous to the rise of Worst Sumo, was a band named The Dirtee Blondes, which lasted from May 2018 to April 2019. The lead guitarist and vocalist of The Dirtee Blondes, Andrew Ciardella, formed his own musical act in 2019, and titled it Worst Sumo, after his mentor, John A. Sumo, whom he claimed was the worst. Sumo died in February of 2019 due to complications with his heart surgery.

title: User:Shonyaspie/sandbox


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Talk:Spanish/Lesson 7

The lesson says about the preterite: "...note that the nosotros form is the same as in the present tense...". Then it gives the example verb "comer". the preterite for "nosotros" is "comimos", but the present tense is "comemos", with E.

OASO (Octavio Salguero)

Thanks for pointing that out OASO. I've qualified the statement so that it refers to -ar and -ir verbs only. Thomas Strohmann

title: Talk:Spanish/Lesson 7


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Eudendrium tottoni

Eudendrium tottoni is a marine species of cnidaria, a hydroid (Hydrozoa) in the family Eudendriidae.

title: Eudendrium tottoni


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Organic Chemistry/Overview of Functional Groups

Introduction
The number of known organic compounds is quite large. In fact, there are many times more organic compounds known than all the other (inorganic) compounds discovered so far, about 7 million organic compounds in total. Fortunately, organic chemicals consist of a relatively few similar parts, combined in different ways, that allow us to predict how a compound we have never seen before may react, by comparing how other molecules containing the same types of parts are known to react.

These parts of organic molecules are called functional groups. The identification of functional groups and the ability to predict reactivity based on functional group properties is one of the cornerstones of organic chemistry.

Functional groups are specific atoms, ions, or groups of atoms having consistent properties. A functional group makes up part of a larger molecule.

For example, -OH, the hydroxyl group that characterizes alcohols, is an oxygen with a hydrogen attached. It could be found on any number of different molecules.

Just as elements have distinctive properties, functional groups have characteristic chemistries. An -OH group on one molecule will tend to react similarly, although perhaps not identically, to an -OH on another molecule.

Organic reactions usually take place at the functional group, so learning about the reactivities of functional groups will prepare you to understand many other things about organic chemistry.

Memorizing Functional Groups
Don't assume that you can simply skim over the functional groups and move on. As you proceed through the text, the writing will be in terms of functional groups. It will be assumed that the student is familiar with most of the ones in the tables below. It's simply impossible to discuss chemistry without knowing the "lingo". It's like trying to learn French without first learning the meaning of some of the words.

One of the easiest ways to learn functional groups is by making flash cards. Get a pack of index cards and write the name of the functional group on one side, and draw its chemical representation on the other.

For now, a list of the most important ones you should know is provided here. Your initial set of cards should include, at the very least: Alkene, Alkyne, Alkyl halide (or Haloalkane), Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid, Acyl Chloride (or Acid Chloride), Ester, Ether, Amine, Sulfide, and Thiol. After you've learned all these, add a couple more cards and learn those. Then add a few more and learn those. Every functional group below is eventually discussed at one point or another in the book. But the above list will give you what you need to continue on.

And don't just look at the cards. Say and write the names and draw the structures. To test yourself, try going through your cards and looking at the names and then drawing their structure on a sheet of paper. Then try going through and looking at the structures and naming them. Writing is a good technique to help you memorize, because it is more active than simply reading. Once you have the minimal list above memorized backwards and forwards, you're ready to move on. But don't stop learning the groups. If you choose to move on without learning the "lingo", then you're not going to understand the language of the chapters to come. Again, using the French analogy, it's like trying to ignore learning the vocabulary and then picking up a novel in French and expecting to be able to read it.

Functional groups containing ...
In organic chemistry functional groups are submolecular structural motifs, characterized by specific elemental composition and connectivity, that confer reactivity upon the molecule that contains them.

Common functional groups include:

Note: The table above is adapted from the Functional Groups table on Wikipedia.

Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes generates a powerful systematic nomenclature for naming organic compounds.

The non-hydrogen atoms of functional groups are always associated with each by covalent bonds, as well as with the rest of the molecule. When the group of atoms is associated with the rest of the molecule primarily by ionic forces, the group is referred to more properly as a polyatomic ion or complex ion. And all of these are called radicals, by a meaning of the term radical that predates the free radical.

The first carbon after the carbon that attaches to the functional group is called the alpha carbon.

Alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups are called glycols. They have both common names and IUPAC names.

Mnemonics for Functional Groups
These are possible mnemonics for the common functional groups.

Vowels: Remember the vowels "A", "E", and "Y" for Alkane, Alkene, and Alkyne. Alkanes have only single covalent bonds. Alkenes have at least one double bond. Alkynes have at least one triple bond. The letters "I", "O", and "U" are not used. Furthermore, "O" and "U" would result in awkward pronunciations.

Alcohol: Look for the "C-O-H" in "Alcohol."

Ether: Ethers were anesthetics used in the 1800s. Dr. Kellogg also lived at the same time. Corn Flakes are made by Kellogg's. A rooster or cock (C-O-C) is the cornflake mascot. Or, think there is a C on "either" side of the O.

Amine: Remember the "N" stands for nitrogen.

Aldehyde: This sounds like "Adelaide," the Australian city. Australia is at the end of the Asian islands, and aldehydes are at the end of the hydrocarbon chain. The "Y" indicates a C=O double bond.

Ketone: Imagine the diagonal strokes of "K" forming the C=O double bond.

Carboxylic Acid: "Box" stands for boxed wine or C-O-H, alcohol. The "Y" indicates a C=O double bond.

Ester: This sounds like "Estelle" George Costanza's mother in the TV show Seinfeld. George's nickname was Koko or Coco. So think of O=C-O-C.

Amide: Amine with a "D". D for double.


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Talk:Revolt of the Three Feudatories

A new start
I'm going to wipe out all the unreferenced parts in this article completely and do a clean start. It's poorly written and a lot of inaccurate information have been added in by some irresponsible editors. I'm going to write a new version based on translated information from Chinese Wikipedia. Of course, the referenced info can stay. Anyone opposes this idea? _LDS (talk) 05:46, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I've done it. The editors can now add back some of the removed information, provided that it is factually accurate and supported by reliable sources. _LDS (talk) 04:41, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Coherence
This article is difficult to understand because the information is not presented coherently. In some places it is presented out of order, in others it is repeated. There is a section called 'Causes' that does not discuss any causes. I'm going to reorganise the material, removing the repetitions, and presenting it as clearly as possible in coherent order.Mccapra (talk) 10:35, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Revolt of the Three Feudatories


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User:CrystalBlacksmith/delinting

Delint Wikipedia
We've all been stressed out while editing Wikipedia before, especially when an addition that took hours of work and thinking gets disputed or modified in a way we don't think makes sense. However, despite this stress, editing Wikipedia can often also be relaxing, allowing oneself to feel like a part of the community. For that reason, I recommend taking up delinting as a low-stress addition to everyone's editing toolkit. Wikipedia is large, and there's lots of minor code errors in the pages. Wikipedia has a pretty significant lint problem, but with how many editors there are, even if everyone only delinted a couple articles, the backlog would shrink rather quickly. Even if you don't want to go seeking out lint errors in your free time, I recommend that if you stumble across a page that needs delinting in your journeys through the pages, to spend a little time smoothing out the lint.

title: User:CrystalBlacksmith/delinting


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Joe Fanning

Joseph Kevin Fanning (born 24 September 1970) is a Group 1 winning Irish jockey. He has won races at every flat racecourse in Great Britain and has twice been All-Weather Champion Jockey. Since the 1990s, he has been stable jockey to Mark Johnston, for whom he has won most of his races. He is the 7th winningmost jockey in British flat racing history and has the most winners of any jockey not to have won the Jockeys' Championship.

Career
Fanning was born in Dublin, but grew up in Roundwood County Wicklow. He graduated from the Irish Racing Academy in 1986 and took a few rides for Irish trainer Kevin Connolly.

In 1988, he moved to England to work for trainer Tommy 'Squeak' Fairhurst in Middleham, Yorkshire, for whom he rode his first winner, over jumps, in a four-runner hurdle at Sedgefield. He broke two neck vertebrae in a fall at Newcastle after only three months and switched to flat racing. In 1990, he won his first flat race and within two seasons had lost his apprentice's claim. He now believes he was too light to have been a jump jockey in the first place.

Without an apprentice claim, it was more difficult for him to win races, although he won the 1993 Northumberland Plate for trainer George Moore on Highflying. As a result, he began to ride out for another Middleham trainer, Mark Johnston. The pair first connected in 1990, although it wasn't until 1996 that the connection became strong. In 1998, he won his first Listed race, the Tote Silver Tankard at Pontefract for Johnston.

The following year, he won his first Group race, the Group 3 September Stakes at Epsom on Yavana's Pace, a horse on which he would also win the Prix Gladiateur at Longchamp two years later, almost to the day. He was also second twice in the Irish St Leger on Yavana’s Pace - in both 1999 and 2000.

Darasim was his first Group 2 winner, taking the Prix Kergolay in August 2003. The horse would later provide other big race victories in the 2003 Prix Gladiateur, the 2004 Betty Barclay Rennen in Germany, and the 2004 Goodwood Cup. In 2004, he secured more than £1 million in British prize money in a season for the first time.

In 2006, he passed 100 winners for the first time. This was also the year of his first Royal Ascot winner - I'm So Lucky in the 2006 Wolferton Handicap. Then, in 2007, he won the King Edward VII Stakes at the Royal meeting on Boscobel, a horse on which he'd also won the Listed Glasgow Stakes at Hamilton. Earlier in that same season, he won the Lincoln on Very Wise for William Haggas. However, also in 2007, he broke two vertebrae in his back when falling at Goodwood and was out for seven months.

Other Royal Ascot victories have come on Holberg (2009 Queen's Vase), Hartnell (2014 Queen's Vase) and two Queen Alexandra Stakes on Oriental Fox in 2015 and 2017.

His biggest single prize pot to date came in the Goffs Million Mile at The Curragh in September 2009 on Shakespearean, again for Johnston. He won more than 100 races in Britain every season from then until 2020, with his highest total to date of 188 coming in 2012. Also in that period, he twice won the All-Weather Jockeys' Championship - in 2009/10 and 2011/12. In 2014, he surpassed £2 million in British prize money for the first time.

In September 2016, on his 46th birthday, he finally secured his first Group 1 victory on The Last Lion in the Middle Park at Newmarket by three-quarters of a length at 25/1, having won the Group 2 Sirenia Stakes at Kempton three weeks prior. Fanning later spoke of his satisfaction at winning a Group 1 after so many Group 2s and 3s "I wouldn’t have liked to face retirement without that Group 1 so I did have a feeling of relief," he said.

In 2023, he won the Ayr Gold Cup for the first time on Significantly and rode The Gatekeeper, the 25/1 winner of the closing Balmoral Handicap on British Champions Day at Ascot. For a short time in early-to-mid-season he headed the Jockeys Championship before eventually finishing 7th.

He reached a mark of 2,500 winners in Great Britain on 24 August 2019 with a win at Redcar on Universal Gleam for Keith Dalgleish. He is one of only two active jockeys to reach that total and he has won more races since 1995 than any other jockey. As of the end of the 2023 flat season, he needed fewer than 200 to reach the 3,000 winner milestone, which he said was a little bit of a target for him.

Besides the above injuries, he has also broken collarbones in falls at Ayr and Hamilton and his heel at Wolverhampton in June 2017. In June 2022, in a fall from Braes Of Doune at Musselburgh, he fractured his humerus and was sidelined for a large chunk of the busiest time of year, which contributed to his lowest seasonal total since the 1990s.

He has ridden a winner at every track in Britain and regards Kieren Fallon at his peak as the toughest jockey he has ridden against.

Relationship with Johnston
After Fanning won his first Group 1, his trainer Johnston remarked upon his loyalty, saying, "It's fantastic for Joe. He's ridden a huge number of winners for us over the years. He usually doesn't get the opportunity to ride in Group Ones. Hopefully he'll get a few more before he retires. He gives us loyalty. He came to us when he was just out of his apprenticeship. Many times he's been jocked off [i.e. the ride given to someone else] over the years and had to play second fiddle to a chain of jockeys. He never complains. He turns up every day and never lets us down. He's always been there for us when we need a jockey."

For his part, Fanning disagreed. "It’s never nice being jocked off a decent horse; just because I don’t complain doesn’t mean it doesn’t bother me." However, he respects Johnston and restated his loyalty. "I haven’t ridden out for any other trainers in 20 years or so and I respect the loyalty he has shown me. It’s something that works both ways."

Statistics
Flat wins in Great Britain by year

Major wins
Great Britain
 * Ascot Gold Cup - (1) - Subjectivist (2021)
 * Middle Park Stakes - (1) - The Last Lion (2016)

🇫🇷 France
 * Prix Royal-Oak - (1) - Subjectivist (2020)

title: Joe Fanning


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Saqi Beyg (, also Romanized as Sāqī Beyg; also known as Sāqī Bag and Sāqī Beyk) is a village in Sarvelayat Rural District, Sarvelayat District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 719, in 214 families.

title: Saqi Beyg