text:
Probability and statistics

This curriculum reflects a hybrid between the typical undergraduate and graduate programs in Statistics. It aspires to provide a strong foundation in both the applied and theoretical branches of Statistics. Generally an "undergraduate statistics program" is functionally a math major with an emphasis in some statistical topics. (Rarely will an undergraduate student have the desire or foresight to focus on the field of Statistics quite this much.)

That's okay! Mentioned in this curriculum is the idea of a "statistics minor" which might be a stats emphasis on a math degree or perhaps someone in the applied physical sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, geology, or even psychology) wants to have a strong foundation in experimental design to supplement a research-oriented career. In these cases the student would want to tailor her curriculum with classes up through the fourth semester.

If the student wishes, however, to pursue a real professional career in Statistics, or is considering graduate school, the fifth semester and on will provide an excellent preparation. If anyone actually mastered this entire curriculum, he or she would be on par with any modern graduate student. A full-fledged thesis is expected, and the student will be expected to prepare well in advance starting in the sixth semester so the thesis does not fall under that hurried, last minute curse. Additionally the student will be expected to write a shorter summary paper for submission to two academic journals.

Semester 0: Preparations and Review
Semester 0 is conceptually a collection of preparatory pre-classes intended to give the student a good working foundation before he or she starts the study of Statistics in earnest. These would probably qualify as "half-credit" classes at most. Some students already possessing a strong background in mathematics may opt to test out of these classes and proceed directly to the first semester.

 * Fundamentals of Probability, Statistics, Experiments and Data This discusses the history and nature of "What are Probability and Statistics?" The nature of data (types of data—discrete versus continuous, categorical, etc.) is discussed, as well as topics of problems in data gathering, unintended outside forces getting confounded with the data, etc.
 * Combinatorics This class doesn't require any "fancy high-level math" but it is computationally intensive. Lots of problems will exercise the student's brain, developing that muscle that is expected to understand and visualize issues in probability in later semesters. "Pump it up and feel the burn!"
 * Pre-Statistics Topics in Math, Introduction to Computing with R This is both a review of all the math that will be expected in the first semester (don't worry, it's pre-calculus at best) and an introduction to using R, the Open Source statistical package and programming language that is used in most academic institutions on the graduate level!

Semester 1: Introducing Probability
The first semester provides an introduction to Probability in its true mathematical context. This class attempts to introduce strong foundations while avoiding too much mathematical rigor. (The Probability 2 and Statistics 2 classes will pick up with material that assumes a strong understanding of Calculus.)

 * Introduction to Probability Probability defines the concepts of probability spaces, random variables, distributions, density and distribution functions. Independent and IID (independent identically distributed) random variables are also discussed. It ends with the introduction of expected values, attempting to provide an introduction that is accessible to a student who has not quite yet had a course in calculus.
 * Research Methods and Library Science In today's age so many students don't know how to use a library. The student will be introduced to some of the primary statistical journals and will learn how to conduct research, including modern "interlibrary loan" systems and other means for accessing materials when we don't have a major research library nearby! This class is really intended for the serious student who plans to complete the full major program and attempts to prepare her for the research that will be necessary for thesis work. Fact: you can't just look it all up on the Internet!

Semester 2: Introducing Statistics and Linear Models
The second semester is a continuation under the same pace as the previous semester, with an attempt to establish some foundations and familiarity with statistical and mathematical notation, while avoiding the rigor that requires calculus. (That will come soon enough!) The second half of Regression and Linear Models with attempt to reinforce and restate some of the theory from Introduction to Statistical Analysis in the context of lineal algebra.

 * Introduction to Statistical Analysis Statistical Analysis reviews some fundamental summary statistics and then begins to relate sample statistics with their parallel components in probability. (Sample mean to probability mean, sample variance to variance, etc.) Concepts of confidence intervals and hypothesis testing are introduced with simple examples of each.
 * Regression and Linear Models Theory of regression is presented in the context of Linear Models with a strong emphasis for example. Optional modules that give a solid proficiency in the R computer package are encouraged. Topics from the previous semester's introductory Probability and Statistics courses will be reiterated in the context of Linear Models.

Semester 3: Completing the Basics
These courses complement each other, focusing on a different aspect of the field of Statistics. Whereas Statistics for Experimenters is very "applied" and data-oriented for the experimental or "laboratory" statistician, the time series course will appeal to the pure mathematician and theorist. These classes can be taken concurrently.

 * Statistics for Experimenters This is mostly a review course, discussing all previous material in the context of real-world scientific research. Addition topics will include: best practices for using statistics in "thesis work" in any of the other disciplines, effective writing and presentation in papers and journals, application of the R package, best practices in data gathering. A preview of Sampling and Design of Experiments will hopefully encourage serious researchers to also take those Semester 4 classes.
 * Stochastic Processes and Intro to Time Series Not for the weak of heart, a Statistics Major will now be expected to understand material presented with heavy mathematical notation. Topics in probability are extended into the time-dimension. Concepts of stationarity, ARMA and ARIMA and introduced. The semester ends with an introduction to the kalman filter.

Semester 4: Applied Statistics Topics for Researchers
This semester is very heavy in the "applied statistics" arena. A student pursuing a minor in Statistics would conclude with one of these classes as his or her final class. (One of these classes will be a more natural fit depending on what the specific major program is.)

 * Design of Experiments Class uses the foundations built in Statistics 103: Regression and Linear Models to explore experimental design. This is an example-heavy class with a large amount of work done in R with pre-designed data sets.
 * Sampling All main sampling designs are explored, from Simple Random Sampling to Stratified and Importance Sampling.
 * Categorical Methods and GLIM This class is most useful to students in the social sciences, psychology and pre-med. Contingency tables, Logistical Regression and GLIM will be introduced. This class is also very computer-intensive with sample analyses being performed using R.

Semester 5: Advanced Probability
These classes are not considered for a minor study in Statistics. Probability 2 is a required course for a Statistics major and approaches the level of a first-semester graduate course. From this point all students are expected to have a solid grasp of Calculus.

 * Probability 2 "The rest of probability," this class looks at cumulative distribution functions, moment generating functions, calculation of expectation, conditional probability and random vectors.
 * Computational Statistics Computer modeling, monte-carlo design, kernel density estimation, and other advanced topics.

Semester 6: Advanced Statistics and Thesis Preparation
More of the same: Statistical Analysis 2 has plenty of mathematical rigor. The Advanced Topics are purely considered electives. The student at this point is expected to prepare for a final project, consulting with an advisor and fulling documenting the experimental or sampling design.

 * Statistical Analysis 2 If this class doesn't kill you, nothing will. All the theory leading up to this point will be brought to bear on topics of minimal sufficient statistics, maximum likelihood, confidence intervals and hypothesis testing.
 * Advanced Topics: Clinical Trials An introduction to the application of statistics to clinical trials in the pharmaceutical industry. Includes discussions of Phase I-IV clinical trials. Some independent reading of literature (ie. statistical journals) will be expected.
 * Advanced Topics: Consulting Lab This class is geared to prepare a statistical consultant to help outside experimenters seeking help. Case studies will examine common problems and misconceptions, communication issues, and differences between being brought in early (for planning and design) and being brought in late (a.k.a. "help bring meaning to my worthless data") and everything in between.
 * Thesis Design and Preparation An idea, design, and acceptable levels of background research must be presented to the advisor. Bibliographies of all "background research" materials must be prepared in advance. A detailed calendar must be presented and checked off by the advisor.

Semester 7: Advanced Time Series and Thesis Work
Time Series 2 returns to the time-oriented data with the application of all the Probability and Statistics that has been acquired so far. This semester is generally where the student is supposed to perform the thesis work that had been planned out in the previous semester, including any mid-experiment analysis.

 * Time Series 2 More math analysis and proofs of theorems. Applied examples and outside readings will show how the theory can be applied and developed for various "real world" problems.
 * Advanced Topics: Bayesian Statistics Examination of Bayesian theory and its controversies. The class will discuss instances where a Bayesian approach has the most advantages.
 * Advanced Topics: Spacial Analysis Theories and testing for regularity and clustering, etc.
 * Thesis Work The outline, introduction and background material and most of the bibliography must be completed before the end of the semester. A draft of the journal paper must be in a similar state of preparedness.

Semester 8: Multivariate and Thesis Defense
The student will defend a thesis during this semester, based on the (guided) planning and execution over the previous two semesters.

 * Multivariate Statistics Everything we've done in Statistics 2 is taken to the n-dimension with an extension from random variables to random vectors. Techniques for analyzing eigenvalues and eigenvectors, transforming into orthogonal axes, etc.
 * Mathematical Statistical Theory A purely optional class extending "Probability and Statistics 2" to the next step. The proofs of advanced concepts like the Weak and Strong Laws of Large Numbers and introduction of Measure Theory are approached. This class can really only aspire to set the foundation for a real class in this arguably doctoral level material.
 * Thesis Defense Student will defend the thesis by mid-semester, perform revisions, and will submit a condensed review of work to at least two industry journals. (They just have to be submitted, but accepted.)

title: Probability and statistics


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom

Article promoted by Gog the Mild (talk) via MilHistBot (talk) 21:20, 4 November 2020 (UTC) « Return to A-Class review list

Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom
Instructions for nominators and reviewers
 * Nominator(s):

I am nominating this article for A-Class review because... I am not sure what to do with it. Originally this article was mainly about nose art and tail markings. I overhauled the article, but it was ineligible for DYK. Hawkeye7  (discuss)  03:15, 16 August 2020 (UTC) No copyright or layout issues (t · c)  buidhe  00:03, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Image review—pass

Support by Nick-D
Great topic for an article! I have the following comments:
 * I came to it from Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:56, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Nick-D (talk) 10:49, 22 August 2020 (UTC) Support My comments are now addressed. For FA, I'd suggest adding a para or section at the end noting that USAF strategic bomber deployments to the UK have continued after SAC's disbandment/re-designation (from memory, this has included further B-52 combat sorties and the establishment of facilities in the UK to allow B-2s to operate from USAF airfields there. I think that there's still a huge USAF munitions storage facility in the UK which is geared towards strategic bombers as well. Nick-D (talk) 05:14, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest adding a para in the Early Cold War Tensions discussing the huge USAAF infrastructure and bomber force in the UK during World War II, as well as the close relationship between the RAF and USAAF developed during the war.
 * ✅ Added a new first paragraph.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:56, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "No B-29 operations were conducted from the UK during the war" - not sure if it's worth mentioning, but a single B-29 did visit in 1944 to confirm whether the type could operate from airfields in the UK and as part of an unsuccessful attempt to convince the Japanese that the B-29s would be used against Germany not Japan.
 * ✅ Added a couple of sentences about this.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:51, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * This section doesn't seem to discuss the consideration of operating B-29s against Germany and modification of some airfields to accommodate them during the war noted in the lead
 * ✅ It says "there were three bases in the UK that met these requirements: RAF Lakenheath, RAF Marham and RAF Sculthorpe, which had been extended to a width of 200 ft and length of 8000 ft when there were still plans to use B-29s against Germany". Added a little bit more about these plans.
 * " Shell-Mex gave the USAF access to 30,000,000 litres (250,000 US bbl) of aviation spirit, enabling tankers at sea to divert to Bremen to supply the airlift" - this is a bit unclear
 * ✅ Tried to clarify.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:51, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "On 23 July, four B-29s" - the year here is unclear. Also, do we know why the British soldiers decided to damage the B-29s? Was this driven by ideology, or were they disgruntled national servicemen?
 * ✅ 1950. Officially, they were disgruntled servicemen. But Young notes that there is a strong sense that the matter was swept under the rug.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:51, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Was the SAC force in the UK in the 1940s and 50s and/or their training and war plans integrated with RAF Bomber Command? (which remained a pretty formidable force)
 * ✅ Yes. Added a section about this.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  02:56, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "to permit operations in the scorching heat of the English summer" - hmm. I'd suggest either deleting "scorching heat", or tweaking to something less cynical.
 * ✅ Deleted "scorching".  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:51, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Did the SAC tankers in the UK have a role in US nuclear war plans (for instance, to refuel bombers headed from the US to the Soviet Union), or were they there to support tactical operations in Europe?
 * ✅ SAC tankers were purely to support SAC.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:51, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "The British government was troubled by the 1956 U-2 incident, but clung to the cover story that they were for weather surveillance" - did the British Government know what the true purpose of the U-2s was? It's not clear from this wording.
 * ✅ Yes, it was aware. Added this.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:51, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Is the 'Emblem gallery' section needed? I'm not sure what value it adds.
 * ✅ Me neither. Deleted.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:51, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments Support from Hog Farm
Looks interesting, I'll give it a look. Based on length and being generally busy, it might take me a few days to get all the way through this one. Hog Farm Bacon 20:00, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
 * You don't have to review the whole thing; you can look at just part of it. I normally recommend looking at the bottom half, as most reviewers start at the top. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  20:59, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm too Type A/OCD to not review a whole article, so you'll be getting the whole review. In all honesty, I should be able to get through this in less than 24 hours, I just gave the longer span as a disclaimer.

 * Lead
 * "The bases were initially manned by the RAF, were handed over to the USAF in 1951" - You've actually never introduced the United States Air Force before this point in the lead, so go ahead and gloss and link the full name here.
 * ✅ Added. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  01:37, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * " and the deport at RAF Burtonwood " - Is deport a typo for depot?
 * ✅ Typo. Corrected. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  01:37, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Link North Sea? I consider myself to be a fairly well-educated Midwesterner, and I barely know where the North Sea is.
 * ✅ Linked. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  01:37, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Early Cold War Tensions
 * Since this is a rather long article, I'm not going to harp about most duplinks, as they're split up enough they're conceivably helpful. However, linking the Soviet Union and the USAAF twice in the first two paragraphs of this section is a touch excessive.
 * ✅ Cleaned up.
 * " Since there was insufficient clearance for a Fat man under a B-29" - Capitalization here.
 * ✅ capitalised. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  01:37, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * "although a lone YB-29, Hobo Queen (41-36963) - Is there a way to gloss the type of plane the Hobo Queen was? I had to Google this.
 * ✅ Linked YB-29. The "Y" means "prototype" (presumably because the letters P, R, O and T were already taken.) Hobo Queen was the only one to deploy though.
 * "ten aircraft of the 340th Bombardment Squadron ," - Extra space before the comma
 * ✅ Removed. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  01:37, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Base development
 * Link North Sea
 * Already linked (sea above)

 * Nuclear weapons
 * " that personnel carry side arms in case of sabotage" - I've always seen this spelled as one word. Is the two-word form a British English concept?
 * ✅ Spelt as one word. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  01:37, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Be consistent with Communists vs communists
 * ✅ capitalised. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  01:37, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

More to come. Hog Farm Bacon 23:49, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

 * B-36 deployments
 * Link Texas
 * ✅ Linked. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  04:18, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * "Another six B-36Ds had set out from Carswell Air Force Base in Texas but has been forced to return due to bad weather" - Weird tense switch here
 * ✅ Typo. D is next to S on the keyboard. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  04:18, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Reconnaissance deployments
 * "The first deployment was 8 RB-47s from the 3 squadrons of the" - MOS:NUMERALS on 8 and 3
 * ✅ Corrected. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  04:18, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Cooperation with the RAF
 * "under Project E. when Air Chief Marshal Sir" - Capitalize the start of the sentence at When
 * ✅ Capitalised. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  04:18, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * " Mills argued that in view of the thermonuclear weapons could cause in the UK, " - This doesn't read right to me
 * ✅ Word missing. Corrected. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  04:18, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * "who had succeeded Le may" - Le May
 * ✅ Capitalised. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  04:18, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

Through that section. Gonna take a pause here for the night. I'll get the rest of it tomorrow. Hog Farm Bacon 01:51, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Thor missile deployments
 * "provided technical support to the RAF Thor squadrons" - sentence fragment
 * ✅ Replaced full stop with comma. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:36, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Refuelling operations
 * "It relocated to RAF Mildenhgall on 1 July 1978," - spelling
 * ✅ Corrected. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:36, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * "US Navy aircraft carriers USS America " - Three links in a row, MOS:SEAOFBLUE
 * ✅ Tweaked wording. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:36, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

That's it from me. Good work on this. Hog Farm Bacon 14:20, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * U-2 deployments
 * CIA Detachment A is all three words capitalized, but CIA detachment G only has two. I feel like they should have the same capitalization procedures
 * ✅ Capitalised. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:36, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

Source review - pass
I'll take a look at this soon. Hog Farm Bacon 16:14, 6 October 2020 (UTC) All sources reliable with the possible exception of Wooldridge. A handful of formatting things above. No source checks done. Hog Farm Bacon 19:51, 6 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Add a publishing location for Boyes
 * ✅ Added location. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:22, 6 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Clark & Angell - Be consistent with the use of title case, so capitalize diplomacy
 * ✅ Capitalised. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:22, 6 October 2020 (UTC)
 * worldcat suggests that Duke 1985 has an OCLC
 * ✅ Added. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:22, 6 October 2020 (UTC)
 * WP:SCHOLARSHIP says Masters dissertations and theses are considered reliable only if they can be shown to have had significant scholarly influence. Does Wooldridge have this sort of influence?
 * ✅ Switched source. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:22, 6 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Capitalize Documentary and History in the Wynn citation
 * ✅ Capitalised. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:22, 6 October 2020 (UTC)
 * worldcat gives an OCLC for Wooldridge
 * ✅ Added. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:22, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

 * All issues addressed. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:22, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

Comments from Harry
As usual, Hawkeye, this is top-notch. I'm trying really, really hard to pick up bits to criticise, if only to show that I've read it and this isn't a drive-by support! The only real criticism I have is that the article wanders away from the core subject in a few places, which may be allowable for a short article on a narrow subject but large articles on big subjects need to stay focused or they end up sprawling. —HJ Mitchell | Penny for your thoughts? 20:53, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * As a Midlander myself, I was surprised to see Brize Norton et al described as being in the Midlands. Those bases are all in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire, which are usually considered to be southern England.
 * ✅ Corrected. It was probably referred to as such in one of the sources. (In my Master's thesis I referred to a place in southern England as "Perham Downs"; it is referred to as such in the official history, the war diaries, and letters from John Monash and my own uncle. Imagine my surprise after it became available on the internet to receive an email from one of the locals saying that his town was actually called "Perham Down".) Are all the bases in the correct locations? I had a lot of trouble with the map. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:38, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Sir Arthur Henderson, announced that the two groups were in the UK on temporary duty, and noted that: What prompted him to make such a statement? And was it a statement to the press or to the House of Commons?
 * ✅ Hmm. The book sources the quote to "HC debs 454 col 123 (written answers 28 July 1948". So it was to the House of Commons. I have a added a few more details. Since it was a government back bencher, I presume the question was Dorothy Dix.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:38, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I notice you have a couple of red links for USAF colonels. There's nothing wrong with red links but have you determined that these officers are notable enough to sustain an article should somebody write one?
 * Both were subsequently promoted to major general, and have entries on the USAF web site
 * Tanker is probably an unnecessary link, ditto sidearm
 * ✅ Unlinked. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:38, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * familiar problems of different terminology and work practices familiar from where, and can we have an example if you can fit it in concisely?
 * Not sure... Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:38, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Removed sentence. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  19:22, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
 * personnel carry sidearms in case of sabotage Was this on-base only? And how standard was this for US personnel in (relative) peacetime? Noting of course that this is about 40 years before the UK's blanket handgun ban, though we've always been more restrictive of firearms than our cousins.
 * ✅ It wasn't normal for peacetime deployments, hence the order. Source doesn't say whether it was on the base only. Changed to "be equipped with". Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:38, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Soon after, Steed himself was put out of action "soon after" begs the question, and I wonder how relevant the whole sentence is to the article. It seems like a tangent seeing as the narrative picks up where it left off afterwards.
 * ✅ In July. I thought it was a noteworthy incident. Deleted. 22:38, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * General Lauris Norstad, the Commander in Chief of United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). The USAF Director of Plans and Operations, Major General Samuel E. Anderson, proposed that a new air division be created within SAC to control the deployments. This proposal was accepted by the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General Hoyt Vandenberg, That's a lot of ranks, names, and positions in quick succession which rather hampers readability. Can we trim it a little bit? Perhaps right down to "a new air division was created"? At 9,000 words I think we can afford to sacrifice a little detail for readability.
 * ✅ Trimmed this. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:38, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II aircraft carrying Cullen, his staff, and personnel of the 509th Bombardment Group to the UK caught fire and was forced to ditch into the Atlantic. There were no survivors. Major General Archie J. Old, the designated commander of the 5th Air Division in French Morocco assumed temporary command of the 7th Air Division until Major General John P. McConnell, Johnson's deputy, took over on 24 May, and Old moved on to Morocco Quite a lot of detail on a peripheral subject.
 * It's about the command. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:38, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay, but do we need the model of the plane and the unit name and the details of the crash? Can we not just say he died in a plane crash (which has its own article)? HJ Mitchell | Penny for your thoughts? 23:41, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Since the crash has its own article, I think it is safe to trim this back. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  00:30, 1 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The wing remained returned to the US remained returned??
 * ✅ Deleted "remained". Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:38, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * worth £55 million (equivalent to £1.2 billion in 2019) to the British economy.[69] Reflex was terminated at RAF Fairford I'm not sure how the second sentence follows on from the first.
 * ✅ Reorganised this a bit. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:38, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * seized control of the US embassy in Tehran and took the staff hostage, demanding the return of the Shah of Iran, who had fled to the United States There's a lot of detail there for an operation whose only relevance is that one of the refuelling tankers took off from the UK.
 * ✅ Trimmed this back. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:38, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * aircraft carriers USS America and USS Coral Sea of the US Navy in the Mediterranean Sea  Not really relevant to SAC in the UK
 * ✅ Trimmed this back. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:38, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Is there scope for a sentence or two about residual USAF deployments in the UK? Lakenheath and Mildenhall are still USAF bases.
 * Yes, there is still a presence. There's also an article on the United States Air Force in the United Kingdom. The end of SAC just seemed like an appropriate place to stop. What do you think it should say?
 * I'm not sure. I guess the reader could be forgiven for thinking that that was the end of the USAF in the UK if they don't click the "see also" or scroll down to the navbox at the bottom. HJ Mitchell | Penny for your thoughts? 23:41, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Added a paragraph that said that. Hawkeye7   (discuss)  01:00, 1 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Are these changes okay with you? Hawkeye7   (discuss)  19:22, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
 * My apologies. I've been back to this twice with the intention of declaring support but somehow got distracted both times. Yes, I'm happy with the changes and I believe the A class (and FA, assuming you're heading that way) criteria are met. Support. HJ Mitchell | Penny for your thoughts? 20:32, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/thevitalsolutions.com

Links

 * thevitalsolutions.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * COIBot domainredlist search for link thevitalsolutions.com gives:
 * thevitalsolutions.com (Automonitor: reported to en:MediaWiki talk:Spam-blacklist (diff))
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link would be caught by rule \bthevitalsolutions\.com\b on the monitor list (Automonitor: reported to en:MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist (diff - )).
 * Link is blacklisted by \bthevitalsolutions\.com\b on [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediawiki:Spam-blacklist en.wikipedia.org]
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link would be caught by rule \bthevitalsolutions\.com\b on the monitor list (Automonitor: reported to en:MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist (diff - )).
 * Link is blacklisted by \bthevitalsolutions\.com\b on [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediawiki:Spam-blacklist en.wikipedia.org]

Additions

 * Displayed all 11 additions.


text:
Talk:Saint Brendan's Island

Picture
http://www.bienmesabe.org/noticia/2010/Noviembre/la-foto-de-san-borondon That article, in Spanish, cites official sources (newspaper ABC editions). The other photos are the witnesses back when they were kids and later.

Picture
Would anybody actually have the picture taken by Rodriguez Quintero that they could post up on the internet somewhere?
 * Evidently the image in the article linked above is supposed to be that photo. 2601:441:4400:1740:ED87:8B9:E93B:BBD (talk) 23:21, 22 May 2022 (UTC)

Merge?
I might be wrong, but this seems to be the same island as Island of St. Brandan... if this is so, these articles should be merged. :: Salvo (talk) 04:29, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

For image of island see: http://www.iiee.cl/frien2.htm about halfway down. Text reads: "In 1985 the prestigious Spanish periodical ABC published a photo showing an unclear, vague outline of an alleged island that could be San Borondon. It was taken by Manuel Rodriguez Quintero of Llano de Aridane together with neighbours."

Writing style giving the wrong impression
People who claimed to have seen San Borondon probably saw a mirage of La Palma. The reports of landings on the island must have been frauds. This should be pointed out more clearly. After all, there is no eighth Canary Island!

2006-11-25 Lena Synnerholm, Märsta, Sweden.

Removed ", and on 6 December 2003 at noon the phantom island of San Borondon was visible from the southern tip of Tenerife and Gran Canaria and video-recorded by tourists for several minutes (according to Indy Alonso, Zona Cero, December 2003)". No journal is cited and the authors' names appear to be spurious. Restore if proof can be found. Adambondy 00:04, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Reference
I found a reference to this Island, but could not see where to add it into the article. I list it here for others to consider: HairyWombat 02:52, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

Is this the same mythical island that is referred to in Charles Kingsley's "The Water Babies"? (St. Brandan's Isle)<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:12, 11 March 2017 (UTC)K.M.

Spanish names
Matea Dacesta doesn't makes sense in Spanish. Mateo is the Spanish for Matthew. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:46, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saint Brendan's Island


text:
User:FrankB~enwikiversity

=Welcome= Hi!

 * Reach me at M:User talk:Fabartus or W:User Talk:Fabartus...

 * The former lets me know by email that the page's been changed. Use when hot!

 * Or just email: Fabartus--at--Comcast.net. Thanks! // FrankB 03:45, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User:FrankB~enwikiversity


text:
File:New screen shot1.jpg

Summary
Screen Shot from a beta release of Virtual Woman Millennium. This image was widely distributed by the publishing company to promote the software's upcoming release. Copyright CyberPunk Software

title: File:New screen shot1.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nicklaus andersen

The result of the debate was speedy delete by User:Academic Challenger. — Kimchi.sg | Talk 00:11, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Nicklaus andersen
Delete, insofar as IMDB finds neither the actor nor the films in which he is said to have acted; non-notable (likely vanity) bio and, in any case, largely nonsensical Joe 23:16, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Article was just deleted. Joe 23:20, 19 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Badams17

Badams17 here, I'm from Chicago, Illinois. I go to Illinois Institute of Technology and love anything science! I'm a huge math, science, and engineering nerd.

title: User:Badams17


text:
Pembina River (Ontario)

The Pembina River is a river in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The river is part of the James Bay drainage basin, and flows from Pembina Lake to Pembina Bay on the north shore of Lake St. Joseph. The latter lake is the source of the Albany River, which flows to James Bay.

title: Pembina River (Ontario)


text:
Tree Without Leaves

Tree Without Leaves (落葉樹) is a 1986 Japanese autobiographical drama film written and directed by Kaneto Shindō.

Plot
Haru, an aged scriptwriter living alone in a house in the mountains, reminiscences his childhood in Hiroshima Prefecture.

The youngest child of four, Haru grows up as the son of a wealthy landowner. His passive father serves as a guarantor of someone else's debts, and slowly loses the family's fortune. Haru's older brother confronts the father for his inactivity, even threatening him with a knife during a violent dispute. Unable to change the father's mind, the brother leaves the house and joins the police force.

The old Haru is paid a visit by a woman who delivers food to his remote residence. She discovers his draft for a novel, asking if he stopped writing screenplays. Haru replies that he is too old and, being the last surviving member of the family, wants to keep his mother's memory alive.

The oldest sister of the young Haru accepts the marriage proposal of an émigré whom she does not love, on the condition that he pays 2,000 yen to help pay the family's debts. Still, neither her dowry nor the younger sister's leaving for the city can prevent the bankruptcy. After selling the estate, Haru and his parents move into the warehouse, while the main house is demolished to sell the usable parts.

Eventually, the mother dies. Back in the present, the old Haru hears his mother's voice, calling him for supper, a reminder of the opening scene.

Cast

 * Keiju Kobayashi – Old Haru
 * Nobuko Otowa – Mother
 * Ichiro Zaitsu – Father
 * Midori Sono – Older sister
 * Shiori Wakaba (as Shiori Suwano) – Younger sister
 * Shinsuke Kawamichi – Older brother
 * Kazuki Yamanaka – Young Haru
 * Taiji Tonoyama – Sakuzo
 * Meiko Kaji – Woman who comes to the mountain
 * Rokkō Toura – Bailiff

Background
Already in his 1984 film The Horizon (地平線), Shindō had chronicled the fate of his older sister, who married a Japanese-American émigré whom she followed to the U.S.

The house in the mountains where the old Harun lives was director Shindō's actual mountain retreat, and is the same building as in A Last Note.

Reception
Reviewer Ben Sachs of the Chicago Reader regarded Tree Without Leaves as a "clinically observant work about a terminally detached person", whose methods eventually "cumulate to powerful effect".

title: Tree Without Leaves


text:
Killing of Julian Lewis

On August 7, 2020, Julian Edward Roosevelt Lewis, an unarmed 60-year-old American carpenter, was fatally shot by Georgia State Patrol officer Jacob Gordon Thompson, on a rural road in Screven County, Georgia. Thompson attempted to stop Lewis for driving a vehicle with a broken tail light. When Lewis failed to stop, Thompson performed a PIT maneuver to force Lewis's car into a ditch and shot Lewis once in the face. On August 14, Thompson was charged with felony murder.

People involved
Lewis was a 60-year-old Black semi-retired carpenter from Sylvania, Georgia.

Thompson, who is white, was 27 years old at the time of the shooting. He joined the Georgia State Police on July 28, 2013.

Traffic stop
According to a Georgia State Patrol (GSP) report, around 9 p.m. on Friday, August 7, 2020, Thompson attempted to stop Lewis's Nissan Sentra for a broken taillight on Stoney Pond Road near Sylvania, Georgia, in a rural part of Screven County about 60 miles northwest of Savannah. According to a Lewis family attorney, Lewis had gone to a convenience store to buy a grape soda for his wife and was on his way home at the time. Lewis did not stop and Thompson briefly chased Lewis down several rural roads. Thompson forced Lewis's car to stop in a ditch using a "precision intervention technique" or "PIT maneuver".

According to Thompson's report of the incident, after Lewis's vehicle stopped, Thompson pulled up alongside and drew his handgun as he exited. Lewis revved his car's engine and Thompson activated the light on his gun. Thompson saw Lewis with both hands on the steering wheel, "wrenching the steering wheel in an aggressive back-and-forth manner towards me and my patrol vehicle." Thompson wrote that Lewis "was trying to use his vehicle to injure me" and that, "Being in fear for my life and safety, I discharged my weapon once." According to prosecutors, Thompson fired one shot "at some point", striking Lewis in the face and killing him. According to an attorney for Lewis's family, Thompson shot Lewis "almost immediately" after the PIT maneuver.

Thompson reported that he unsuccessfully tried to help Lewis after shooting him. Lewis was pronounced dead at the scene. Thompson was not injured.

According to their attorney, Lewis's family did not learn about his whereabouts or death until around 1 a.m. the next day.

Prosecution
Thompson was fired, arrested, and charged with felony murder and aggravated assault on August 14, 2020. He was booked into Screven County Jail.

An autopsy of Lewis's body is being conducted by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation.

The case went to a grand jury and on June 28, 2021, the case was judged a “no bill” and all charges against Thompson were dropped.

Impact
A candlelight vigil was held for Lewis on August 14 in front of Sylvania City Hall with funeral services held the following day.

According to the Associated Press, Thompson "was charged amid a national outcry over racial injustice" after the recent murders of George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery, and the killing of Rayshard Brooks at the hands of police. Lewis's family attorney described the decision to fire and arrest Thompson only a week after Lewis's death as a surprise, which he believed was a direct result of protests surrounding the police murder of Floyd and killing of Breonna Taylor earlier in 2020. The Georgia NAACP described the killing as "a case of racial profiling".

The State of Georgia paid $4.8 million dollars to the widow and survivors of Mr. Lewis to resolve the civil rights claims. The settlement is the largest civil rights settlement paid by the State of Georgia. The Atlanta, Georgia law firm Hall & Lampros, LLP represented Mr. Lewis's family.

title: Killing of Julian Lewis


text:
Chain mail

Summary
This learning project is about chain mail. It is also called chainmaille, chain maille, or simply mail or maille. Armor, jewelry, sculptures, clothing, and more can be made with chain maille. The construction of these items has many things in common, such as how to make rings, how to properly open and close them, and how to assemble patterns, known as weaves. Differences will be in the material used, the size and gauge of the jump rings, and shape that is built with the rings.

Warning
Because of the nature of the materials and tools used, it can be dangerous to make chain mail. Be sure to take proper precautions for using the tools you choose. You are the only person responsible for what happens while making chain mail.

Prerequisites
The project will assume no knowledge. You will need rings, which you can make yourself or buy from specialty suppliers. You will also need two pairs of pliers. The type of pliers you choose will depend on which metals you wish to work with. Softer materials and colored rings should be worked with toothless pliers, or pliers with a soft coating. Hard materials are better gripped by toothed pliers, and will not be marred by them. The minimum equipment and supplies can be acquired at low cost.

Goals

 * To be a place of learning for people of beginning and intermediate knowledge about Chain mail.
 * To be a source of information about chain mail.
 * To provide links to other sources of information on chain mail.

There will always be links to other informative pages here, as there is little point in duplicating a good source of information.

Activities

 * /Getting Rings/
 * /Armor/
 * /Jewelry/
 * mail pattern
 * Historic view of chain mail

Other Links

 * Lorica Hamata
 * A Study of Weapons Effects on Chain Mail
 * A test of the effectiveness of chain mail against arrows

title: Chain mail


text:
CACS

Table of Contents

 * /Preface/
 * /Authors/

Hardware

 * /Hardware Introduction/
 * /Computers/
 * /Peripherals/
 * /Hardware Architecture/
 * /Communications Hardware/

Software

 * /Software Introduction/
 * /Software Platforms/
 * /Software Middleware/
 * /Software Toolboxes/
 * /Software Applications/
 * /Software Architecture/

Communications

 * /Communications Introduction/
 * /Communications Architecture/
 * /Communications Networks/
 * /Internet and Web/
 * /Internet Content/

Applications

 * /Applications Introduction/
 * /Desktop Applications/
 * /Departmental Applications/
 * /Application Processing/
 * /Application Platforms/
 * /Vertical Applications/

Services

 * /Skills and Specialties/
 * /Methods/
 * /Analysis/
 * /Programming/
 * /Education/
 * /Project Management/
 * /Business Planning/
 * /Consulting/

The Computer Business

 * /Business Introduction/
 * /Manufacturers/
 * /Software Vendors/
 * /Support Structures/
 * /Service Providers/
 * /New Business Functions/
 * /New Delivery Models/

Miscellaneous Topics

 * /User Conundrum/ - An essay.
 * /Trouble with Models/ - A view of models and their uses.

Appendices

 * /Glossary/
 * /Index/

title: CACS


text:
Category:Ministers in the Chamberlain peacetime government, 1937–1939

This category holds articles about ministers who served in the Chamberlain ministry of 1937–1939.


text:
C. V. K. Abdul Rehim

Justice C. V. K. Abdul Rehim (born 2 May 1958) is an Indian judge. He is former Judge of Kerala High Court.

Justice Rehim is known for his historic judgements. During the year 2019 he served as the Acting Chief Justice of Kerala High Court.

Career
He was appointed as Judge of Kerala High Court on 5 January 2009. He has also served as Acting Chief Justice of Kerala High Court. He was retired on 1 May 2020.

title: C. V. K. Abdul Rehim


text:
bifoliate

Adjective

 * 1)  Having exactly two leaves. Compare bifoliolate, having two leaflets per leaf.

Usage notes
Not to be confused with bipinnate.

Translations

 * Irish: dédhuilleach
 * Scottish Gaelic: dà-dhuilleach

title: bifoliate


text:
User:Fifthcoastbobcat/sandbox

pages needed or that need work:
Karl Gentner - citations need to be fixed

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvina_Ocampo

Notes on Adam Parfrey, Feral House, and Michael J Moynihan

I could see this list as relevant in terms of people interested in finding out more information about Feral House and it's publishing books by well-known fascist authors, Joseph Goebbels, and Michael Moynihan who was also an editor at Feral House. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:29, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

joy james joy james

It can be helpful to copy and paste the text below into a sandbox, and apply all of the options directly to this text to see what it does.

Paragraph: This helps you set the style of the text. For example, a header, or plain paragraph text. You can also use it to offset block quotes.

A: Highlight your text, then click here to format it with bold, italics, etc. The "More" options allows you to underline, add code snippets, and change language keyboards.

Links: The chain button allows you to link your text. Highlight the word, and push the button. VisualEditor will automatically suggest related Wikipedia articles for that word or phrase. This is a great way to connect your article to more Wikipedia content. You only have to link important words once, usually during the first time they appear. If you want to link to pages outside of Wikipedia (for an "external links" section, for example) click on the "External link" tab.

Cite: The citation tool in VisualEditor helps format your citations. You can simply paste a DOI or URL, and the VisualEditor will try to sort out all of the fields you need. Be sure to review it, however, and apply missing fields manually (if you know them). You can also add books, journals, news, and websites manually. That opens up a quick guide for inputting your citations. Finally, you can click the "re-use" tab if you've already added a source and just want to cite it again.

Bullets: To add bullet points or a numbered list, click here.

Insert: This tab lets you add media, images, or tables.

Ω: The final tab allows you to add special characters, such as those found in non-English words, scientific notation, and a handful of language extensions.

New page for Shane E. Evans? African American Illustrator and Effie Lee Morris Lecture: https://sfpl.org/index.php?pg=1032812901

Google Books Search: https://www.google.com/search?q=%22shane+e+evans%22&tbm=bks&ei=10OIW5OUIvy-0PEPpeG28A0&start=0&sa=N&biw=1536&bih=700&dpr=1.25

Resources for editing Wikipedia pages: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/Beginner%27s_guide_to_Wikipedia

General Wikipedia, how to edit resources

 * Wikipedia cheetsheet - quick guide to Wiki markup for text formatting, etc. and various templates!
 * Beginners’ Guide to Wikipedia (account creation, article editing)
 * Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Tutorial
 * How to Edit a Page
 * How to add images to an article
 * Article Development
 * Your First Article (using the Article Wizard if you wish)
 * Manual of Style
 * Bookshelf

Draft of Routes of Exile page:

Routes of Exile: A Moroccan Jewish Odyssey is a Moroccan film directed by Mohamed Ismaïl. Set-up in Casablanca, the movie depicts the fate of Moroccan Muslim and Jewish families during the exodus of the Jews of Morocco in the beginning of the 1960s. The plot inspires itself from the tragic sinking of the Egoz, when 44 Moroccan Jews who were clandestinely emigrating to Israel lost their lives.

title: User:Fifthcoastbobcat/sandbox


text:
Wikiversity:Useful content

Wikiversity's educational content can be described by the general term "learning resources". Learning resources can be roughly divided into learning materials and learning projects. Some learning resources are "lessons". Repeating: all lessons, learning activities, learning materials, and educational content belongs on pages of the main Wikiversity namespace.

Main namespace
The main namespace is intended for the educational content of Wikiversity. Pages in the main namespace are given names with NO prefix, for example: Cell Biology (ie not School:Biology - which is in the "School:" namespace). If you want to add content right now, just create main namespace pages and start typing in your information. If you are concerned about how to organize Wikiversity content pages, read the rest of the page, below.

See Namespaces for a description of how the main namespace relates to all the other Wikiversity namespaces. In the future, Wikiversity will have many learning resources. Wikiversity needs a way to organize learning resources according to a hierarchy of conventional academic topics. To aid in this organization, Wikiversity uses three meta-discussion namespaces: the "School:", "Topic:" and "Portal:" namespaces. These three namespaces serve to organize the efforts of Wikiversity participants while they develop the educational content of Wikiversity

title: Wikiversity:Useful content


text:
Talk:Smart card/Archives/2014

Chipknip
"Smart-card-based electronic purse systems (in which value is stored on the card chip, not in an externally recorded account) were tried throughout Europe from the mid-1990s, most notably in Germany (Geldkarte), Belgium (Proton), the Netherlands (Chipknip and Chipper), Switzerland ("Cash"), Sweden ("Cash"), UK ("Mondex") and Denmark ("Danmønt"). None of these programs attracted any notable public interest, and usage levels remained low to negligence."

What is this statement based on? I know it isn't true for the Netherlands (I don't know about the other countries). The Chipknip is used by a very large percentage of the Dutch population ever since it's introduction in 1996. Usage has never been "low to neglible". For example, if you ever visit this country you might notice that you can't even pay for car parking in some cities without having a Chipknip. Almost every shop here offers the possibility of paying with Chipknip. I suspect it is used more often than creditcards (of the non-PIN type).

The Chipknip was in fact a big failure in the Netherlands, where i happen to live. Even though most shops and such did provide the possibility to pay with Chipknip hardly anybody ever used this. A possible explanation for the wide availability is the fact that often the same device is used to pay with both Chipknip and PIN. (one device with a swipe card reader for PIN payments, and a Smart card reader for Chipknip). It is true that often you can only pay for parking through your chipknip, but this is actually a relatively new thing and most parking meters accept cash aswell. The Chipper was a (supposidly) chear alternative to the Chipknip which was released simultaniously by two Chipknip competitors: Postbank and KPN. This card however used different technology and was therefore imcompatible with the dutch bank system. Furthermore, the Chipknip is currently going out of use, and using it to pay in shops is usually no longer a possibility. In general, the Chipknip was found to be a impractical way of paying, as it requires you to transfer money to it first, after which you can spend it later. (it's basically a digital wallet). Also, it's a relatively unsafe way of using your money, since paying with a CHipknip does not require a PIC-code or any other kind of verification. (it merely requires the customer to press the 'OK' button on the payment-device, therefore anybody can use any card and spend the money on it. The Chipknip is not going to dissapear completely, bit will be still used on a smaller scale such as payments in office cantinas and hospitals. (vending machines and such) The dutch banks and the company exploiting the Chipknip (Currence) however have expressed their doubt about the future of the Chipknip, and with vending machines and parking meters (aswell as other appliances where the Chipknip was used) being equiped with other methods of payment (PIN, Credit card, mobile phone) it is very likely that the Chipknip will die out within the next few years or so. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:46, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

GlobalPlatform (talk) 13:12, 29 July 2008 (UTC) SIM (GSM Smart card for 2G and 3G market) is the main smart card market (90 % of the total smart card market) and is not even introduced in this article. I suggest to split the article in 4 main articles : Roland Moreno is known as the inventor of the smart card (patent in 1974). is there a German appropriation here ?
 * smart card technology
 * financial smart card
 * ID smart card (including new biometrics passport)
 * and GSM smart card

Problem with picture
The picture shown to give an idea of the scale of a smartcard chip is deceiving because not everyone would recognize that as a penny, because of the ambiguous colour, and because people from other countries with different currencies would also not recognize it.
 * Done!. Problem solved! (I think so...) Cfr the article page, I've written (at that picture TEXT): --- (cfr: it's a penny). --PLA y Grande Covián (talk) 12:08, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Requested move
changing title to its standard (and more common) form

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

correct statement

Decision
Page moved. Ryan Norton T 12:11, 15 October 2005 (UTC) I inserted the original comment. I worked with almost all European banks on their electronic purse rollouts, and was as saddened as anyone by their complete failure.The person who claimed that Chipknip usage has been high in the Netherlands since its introduction is clearly misinformed. Perhaps they are confused by the large amount of advertising done by the banks for Chipknip, as well as Telecom for Chipper. Although there are some implementations that seem fairly high-profile (the parking meters in Amsterdam) the percentage of all non-cash transactions Europe-wide carried out by electronic purse is much less than 1%. Most of the banks actively involved in electronic purse schemes in Europe are Savingsbanks owned by their local city or state;(Sparkassen, sparbanken, Caixia, etc.), and are of course somewhat shy about publishing the low usage rates and, consequently, the huge waste of public funds wasted on these card programs. VisaCash(all 4, incompatible versions of it):discontinued. Mondex: Discontinued. GeldKarte: usage so low its hard to track. The others I have lost track of. When e-purse cards were conceived, costs for telecommunications and processing were high, which made smartcard off-line transactions attractive. Since then, the steep drop in prices for these services have wiped out any economic justification for contact (Iso7816)based e-purse schemes. The success in the US of Mastercard's rfid (14443)PayPass program is something of an embarassment of riches, since it finally offers what the e-purses promised, but is in fact just a contactless creditcard transaction. (Also not EMV compliant. Sorry about that, all you UK banks that just invested zillions in the switchover. This time, we promise it will work!)

Splitting contactless cards
Please Properly Mark You Motion With the Support or Oppose Text Following A Bullet It Took Me A While To Sort These Out. --Koman90 (talk) 01:07, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Support - The page is a little long, and I think contact (ICC) cards and contactless (RFID) cards should have separate articles. Stifle (talk) 19:24, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose - There is already a short page at Contactless card that redirects to Proximity card. I think the material on the contactless cards section on this page should be used to expand that existing page, rather than creating another separate page. Zaian 09:59, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose - I don't think this article is that long. A well organized and sectioned article with a Table of Contents should allow this article to grow even more. In fact, I would recommend integrating other articles related to the subject (i.e., Proximity card etc), into this more general article on smart cards (i.e. cards with processor technology) because many are either evolutions or spawns of the smart card concept. HOWEVER, if you choose to separate these into separate articles -- I recommend a section called "Related card technologies," "Technologies Related to Smart Cards," or some such thing containing links to these other Wikipedia articles. (Wiki writer 22:35, 17 June 2006 (UTC))

 * Support - I think the article should be split, the subject is too big in itself <IP_ADDRESS> 17:41, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose - More and more smart cards have dual-interface capabilities, with both contact and contactless data transmission leading to a single ICC. The distinguishing feature of the smart card is not the mode of transmission, but the increased capability and added information security that comes from the use of applications, data storage and cryptography.  The infrastructure and business processes required to support the smart card are signicantly different from those supporting older contact or contactless interface cards.  Splitting the smart card page on the basis of the interface lead to confusion.

 * Oppose - Keeping both contact and contactless cards in the same page is more appropriate, as they share common underlying technology. <IP_ADDRESS> 21:42, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Support There should definitely be a separate article. The contactless smart card industry is growing, and has distinct concerns. Additionally, the overlap and relationship between pages needs to be clarified (it does not seem practical or useful for "contactless smart cards" to be the section of one article while "contactless card" redirects to a short and general article about proximity cards, and all pages lack adequate clarification and linking for related pages, technologies, etc.) Thinked 08:16, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Support- Contactless Smart Cards based on re-writable RFID technology are a completely different technology form traditional "Contacted Microchip" smart cards, and are being used in many areas as a form of paperless ticketing sytem. a main innovator of this technology is Cubic Transportation Systems, Inc. who have created a lot of paperless ticketing cards such as Compass Card system in San Diego, the Tap System in Los Angeles, the SmarTrip card in Washington DC, The Chicago Card in Chicago, the Go-To card in Minnesota, the Go Card In Australia, and the Oyster card On the London Underground. None of these require the use of the metal contacts of a traditional smart card. Manny Os the Smart Cards wit more than one type of transition are referred to as Hybrid Smart Cards, by Cubic So I actually Recommend a Dual Split. Because a proximity card is a different technology that is used for the security industry, and only contains a serial number, and is used only as a form of keyless entry it dose not qualify as a smart card. --Koman90 (talk) 00:55, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Split- Due To Inactivity I Herby close the poll today all signatures as ip addresses are considered invalid in a split/merge poll. To accommodate the growth of smart card technology article will be slit with suggestion at top of each article, and contactless smart cards will also cover a section on hybrid smart cards. --Koman90 (talk) 01:39, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Cracking
It says that one reason for introducing smartcards is to cut down on fraud. Any info on why smartcards are so much more secure than normal swipe cards or whatever else? The bellman 08:39, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Simple: you have to type your PIN for the transaction to be authorized! And data may be encrypted inside the chip.
 * 1)Smartcards do not automaticaly require a PIN; PIN could also be used for mag-stripe credit cards, as they are for debit.

 * 2)Most of the added security benefit comes from the fact that a smartcard is much more difficult and expensive to copy than a magstripe card.

 * "Smartcards do not automaticaly require a PIN" : perhaps, but they should, as it's done in France. So the only way to obtain the PIN is to spy the user when typing it then steal his card, or to threaten him. And when a robber uses only the card number without the PIN, for example when purchasing on Internet, the card owner has a mandatory bank insurance which compensates him up to 7600 €. Wagner51 12:51, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * There are several reasons smartcards are harder to crack:

--Brwna (talk) 17:20, 14 March 2011 (UTC)
 * the hardware is specifically hardened against a number of attacks, including rather sophisticated ones.
 * because a real smartcard can do crypto inside the card, there is no reason to ever expose the "secret". In good implementation, it is generated inside the card and never leaves it.
 * in the same way, cryptographic functions should take place inside the card, giving less opportunity for attacks
 * and in the end, you add a physical factor to a multi-factor authentication.

Moscow transport cards are not smart cards - only magnetic stripe
Moscow metro cards and mosgortrans cards are not smart cards. They do not have integrated circuitry and are just magnetic stripe cards. Hence these cards were removed from the list of smart transportation cards. They were also wrongly put under contactless section.
 * Moscow use both since September 1998. Elk Salmon 20:13, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

New York MetroCards are also magnetic stripe, not the chip-on smart cards described here. The MetroCard page even mentions that there are plans to convert to smart cards in the near future. I'm removing NY from the table. Pjbflynn 14:50, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

At present, Moscow metro card is Mifare and Mifare UltraLight smart card. Parer cards with a magnetic strip used and are using. MikeKn 04:51, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Seoul contactless smart card introduction
Hi, Seoul has had a contactless smartcard system for its metro since 2001, not 2004 as the list states. It was rebranded TMoney in 2004 and more advanced cards were introduced (the new card is aware of transfers from bus to train to allow discounts). But for a while both old and new cards continued to work. --JackSeoul 01:33, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

New York City Metrocard is not smart card
New York City's Metrocard is not a smart card. Instead it is a flimsy plastic card with a magnetic strip. However, they are working on a smart card. I suggest removing this from the table until they create one. >>And doesn't Macau have a smart card bus pass they use on buses. Saw it but I think its only for residents. Herenthere 22:16, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

São Paulo card solution is multi-vendor
I was chocked reading that "Bilhete Unico" have Digicon as provider. Having being worked over 2 year providing consultancy on the project, i have to say: this is a lie.

The provider and contractor and solution integrator, is SPTrans. Digicon, and many others were supliers of hardware, software, cards, services, ideas, etc, etc.

The major difference of São Paulo solution is that the main goal was to have an provider independent solution. Most other cities (or countries like Holland) chooses one provider and buy his solution.

This was a huge and complex work coordinating many companies, with different interests to share information and help to build an new solution, different that the one that he wants to sell.

I have write one article about the project, nominating many other along Digicon. And many other, that I can´t remember now, I will try to list on it.

Mmorsello 16:28, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

No mention of...
look at ISO/IEC 7816 MikeKn 04:43, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Article does not mention protocols. Smart card use protocols such as T=0 and T=1. -- Frap 11:30, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Transfer speeds. I believe to be like 9,600 to 115,200 bps.
 * Amount of capacity for storage space. I believe to be like 32-64kb.
 * EEPROM
 * Microcontrollers like PIC and AVR.
 * Card operating systems (COS) like ACOS, M.O.S.T, JavaCard, MultOS, etc.

Privacy?
The sentence in the "Identification" section reading "Smart cards are a privacy-enhancing technology, for the subject carries possibly incriminating information about him all the time" is either overly opaque or nonsense, and I suggest removing it.

How does carrying "possibly incriminating evidence all the time" -- presumably referring to the information on the card -- confer greater privacy to the subject than the alternative (not carrying the information)?

If this sentence has a rational point it should be made far clearer. If not, cut it. Fenrisco 02:02, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that it should be removed. The sentence does not make any sense. Actually smart cards are bad for privacy as it ties every card use to a person, in contrast to cash which is much better. -- -- Frap (talk) 17:17, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

 * In regards to payment, I concur. For other uses, however, smart cards can enhance privacy - e.g. medical records, where the patient can access his own medical records and control who gets to see them, and which ones, including access tracking = who looked at what. --Brwna (talk) 00:03, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Card Fraud in Australia
I was amazed to see the following: "For example, in Australia the consumer bears the risk of credit card fraud, possibly explaining the lack of progress the banks have made in rolling out smartcards."

Who wrote this? It is nonsense! The liability varies according to the issuing institution, but in general it is the institution that bears the risk; not the consumer.

Unless someone comes up with evidence backing that assertion, I will delete it.JimBreen (talk) 07:29, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

OK, no response, so I will remove that sentence. While I am at it, I will remove Australia from the "With the exception of countries such as the United States of America and Australia there has been significant progress...." All my recently issued cards have chips, and I am seeing increasing numbers of EMV-compliant POS machines.JimBreen (talk) 11:24, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Dimensions / Protocols
Only ID-1 and ID-000 types are mentioned. Other available dimensions should also be listed (if possible with picture). Even non-standard card formats are in use (ID-1 with one or more strongly rounded corners).

More than the 3 listed card protocols are in use (S=8, S=9, S=10, or the one used for FeliCa cards)

Security philosophy fault totally unaddressed in the article
Smartcard is a silly idea. The very little chip in the card cannot be made resilient enough to fend off a dedicated attack done by powerful computers, expensive RF scanners and electron microscopes. If the smartcard does something important, not just miserable city bus ticket vending, it will be cracked if it is worth cracking. If the Octopus card authorized to launch a thermonuclear ICBM strikes, it would be hacked in three days. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:19, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Octopus system use Mifare Classic card (Philips-> NXP). Mifare Classic "cryptogram" is based on 6 bytes "key" and use a simple polinom like Philips "secret" algoritm. As GSM "cripto" algorithm it is a private algoritm developed by ignoramus.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:01, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * smartcards have been designed to withstand such attacks, and the "real" ones are still holding. Whatever attacks on smartcards were possible have been done as proof-of-concept so far - if you were really concerned with the issue of SC security, you would know about the history of research in this area.

 * The cheap rip-offs to a real smartcard like the ones you mentioned are of course vulnerable, that's why they are never to be used for serious things. If you buy "fake" stuff, you cannot expect full quality. But that is no "philosophy fault", that's how things are for every type of product. --Brwna (talk) 17:36, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Examples para needs fixing
Under Contactless smart card, this paragraph needs fixing:
 * Examples of widely used contactless smart cards are Hong Kong's Octopus card, South Korea's T-money (Bus, Subway, Taxi), London's Oyster card, Japan Rail's Suica Card and Mumbai Bus transportation service BEST uses smart cards for bus pass, which predate the ISO/IEC 14443 standard. All of them are primarily designed for public transportation payment and other electronic purse applications.

It's not clear how many of the listed examples "predate [...] 14443". Mitch Ames (talk) 11:15, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Contactless protocol - not "T=CL"
I have reverted the name of the contactless communications protocol from "T=CL" to "ISO/IEC 14443" (again). I have copies of both ISO/IEC 7816-3:2006(E) -- which defines T=0, T=1 -- and ISO/IEC 14443-4:2008(E), and neither of them mention "T=CL". 14443-4 doesn't actually give a "name" to the protocol, it merely refers to (clause 7) "the half-duplex block transmission protocol".

Before anyone changes it back to T=CL, please provide an appropriate reputable reference that defines a protocol of that name. If citing an ISO/IEC standard, please include the version and clause number for easier verification. Mitch Ames (talk) 10:52, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Problem with Contact Images
The description on the image at the top right says "Many different pad layouts can be found on a contact Smart card". Meanwhile the image under Contact smart card: Electrical signals description, it says "A smart card pinout". These descriptions strongly imply differing pinouts (and correspondingly differing protocols). The actual situation is in many implementations contacts C7 and C8 are left unused; on many cards for those situations, those pins are completely omitted from the cards, making it appear they have 2x3 contacts, instead of the 2x4 contacts shown under "Electrical signals description". There should be an emphasis that in these circumstances contacts C1-C6 are in the same position of the physical card, thus as long as the card/reader isn't in a circumstance that require the extra contacts they are interoperable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:47, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Hatnote: "radio freqencies" vs "radio waves"
I changed the hatnote to say "radio waves" (as the communication channel) for contactless cards, but that change was reverted on the grounds that the industry uses the term "radio frequency" (RF). While I acknowledge that the industry (in which I worked for several years) uses the term RF - and in fact ISO/IEC 14443-2 is titled "Radio frequency power and signal interface" - I still maintain that RF is incorrect in this context. In particular the hatnote includes a link to the radio frequency/frequencies article which states in the lead sentence that "RF is a rate of oscillation in the range 30 kHz to ...." Ie RF is defined as a frequency, not a communication medium. Contact cards (using ISO/IEC 7816-3) can and do communicate at frequencies above 30 kHz on a piece of wire. The use of the term "RF" to mean "radio" (rather than "... frequency") may be common, but it is still imprecise and misleading (if not actually wrong), and I don't think we should do follow that poor practice - we should strive to be accurate and unambiguous. If "radio waves" is not agreeable, perhaps we should just say "radio" - either of them is accurate, and both have suitable articles as targets for the link. Mitch Ames (talk) 12:42, 7 September 2010 (UTC)
 * You are correct, but the primary reason why I pulled your changes was an attempt to use the exact same terms as it is called in the specification. The thing that I find the most confusing when trying to learn about a new engineering topic or specification is when multiple people (authors) use different names for the exact same thing. Sometimes you read along and then say "oh...those mean the same thing". Many times authors or companies or advertisers use the wrong naming or description, then once that term becomes popular or well known, whether correct or not, then we are stuck with it. :( Sbmeirow (talk) 05:13, 8 September 2010 (UTC)
 * You might want to create a new section that talks about this controversy, so at least people are aware of it. I have zero experience with ISO/IEC 14443 but my last 3 project involved up to 48 SIMs ISO/IEC 7816 on one PCB. In addition to edits, I am currently watching for spam and crazy changes on 500+ articles. Recently I added this wiki article to my watch list, so I didn't mean to pick on you, and look forward to your changes! Sbmeirow (talk) 05:27, 8 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I've created a new section "RF as a synonym for wireless" in the radio frequency article, to help clarify the common "abuse" of the term. I agree with you 100% about the need to use the same terminology, and the confusion created by using different terms for the same thing. The problem we have here is: which is correct. If someone were to follow the radio frequency link they will find an explicit definition that is different - and as I pointed with reference to the comms speed of contacted cards - contradictory to the context (the hatnote) in which the term appeared. I accept that "RF" now has a second usage (as a synonym for "radio"), but because it still has a well-defined primary meaning, I don't think we should use it here. "Radio" is accurate. Given the context, I don't think anybody will be confused. If they're looking for contactless smart cards they're going to follow the link and find them. Do you still object to my changing the hatnote from "radio frequency" to "radio"? Does anyone else have any opinions on this matter? Mitch Ames (talk) 06:24, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
 * In the absence of any further objections, I've changed the hatnote again, this time to "radio".

RAM
Can somebody add a note on RAM capacity and what this memory is and could be used for. For example, when my EFTPOS card was first issued there was talk of embedding an ID photo, nothing ever came of this but is something like this possible? E x nihil (talk) 21:50, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * There is little to none RAM (0.5-8k usually), because RAM loses its contents after power disconnect - and power loss happens every time you take a card out of the reader or reader field. So there is no good reason to put much RAM in them.

The storage capacities for the NVRAMs however has been climbing up from a few kByte to several MByte now. Of course this affects the price; for the cheapest types (as used for ticketing), this would be a waste, so the actual amount of NVRAM depends on the chip type. --Brwna (talk) 23:58, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Australia circa 1985 ?
I took a clipping of a newspaper article "Smart cards fight fraud" circa 1985 in QLD, Australia - does anyone know how to check that actual date (or recover the article, I've since lost it)? I'm especially amused how it took Aussie banks 25 years to incorporate these things on cards, and it's only the last 1 or 2 years that we've been able to actually use them.

I think some deep commentary on the reason why chipcards have been so fiercely resisted in commerce needs to be added to this article. My suspicion is that banks and card companies are making billions out of fraud (paid for by the merchants, who cover the problem via increased prices). Preventing it is a bad business decision for them. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:03, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Smart Card Web Server (SCWS)
The Smart Card Web Server (SCWS) is currently discussed in WP:AfD. As this topic might be worth mentioning in this article, I dump it verbatim here:Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 19:46, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I have added an appropriate paragraph about SCWS here to the Smart card article. Zad68 (talk) 16:17, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Merge from Smart Card Security
Suggested merge because there's not much content on the other page (Smart_card_security), it has only one reference, and its history suggests it was originally created as an advertorial page anyways.Cheolsoo (talk) 02:58, 6 January 2014 (UTC) +1 2620:0:1000:1900:4D03:1482:64C2:DEF6 (talk) 18:32, 20 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Agree The other article doesn't add much, and what it does, could easily be merged into this article. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:58, 26 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Smart card/Archives/2014


text:
Podcasting

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project for podcasting.

The term Podcast is most often used to refer to audio, but video and other media formats can also be distributed as podcasts. Regardless of the types of media transmitted, the common element of podcasting is use of a Web feed to make a list of digital files available to an audience. Audience members can use specialized software applications, web feed readers, to search for and view podcasts.

This learning project helps participants learn how to access existing podcasts and handle the digital media that you download from podcasts, create digital files that can be included in podcasts and make your own podcasts.

Digital media used in podcasts
There are a few digital media file types that are most commonly used in podcasts. In addition to emphasizing popular file types (such as MP3 audio), the discussion of file types (below) is guided by the biases of the Free Culture movement. Some file types are patented and in the past some patent holders have charged fees for the use of patented file types. In other cases, the details of a file format are kept secret, limiting the availability of software that can use the file format and allowing a company to sell compatible software at monopoly prices.

Some digital media file types are freely available for use without patents or other trade restrictions. Of particular interest are digital video file formats. The only video format allowed for upload to Wikimedia Foundation projects is the Ogg file format which is an Open source format. Software to allow you to play Ogg format audio and video files can be obtained at Xiph.Org Foundation website. Wikipedia maintains Help pages for the Ogg file format.

In addition to audio and video, other media types such as Portable Document Format (PDF) can be delivered by podcasting. For example, Wikinews has offered a PDF podcast.

Creating Ogg videos
To allow as many people to play video content as possible, it should be encoded into the open-source Theora format. The following are instructions on how to do so:

Mac PPC
This will not work on any Intel Mac, because ffmpeg2theora is not available in a Universal Binary (Note: version 17 says it is universal, but I get "Illegal instruction" when trying to use ffmpeg2theora on an Intel iMac). You should either follow these instructions on any G3, G4 or G5-based Macintosh, or use either Boot Camp or Parallels Workstation to convert the video under Microsoft Windows.

 * 1) Create the video that you would like to put online, using whatever software you would normally use. When you've finished, export the video.
 * 2) Download the free converter StreamClip, and open the file you wish to convert to Theora. Click the Play button to ensure that it plays correctly.
 * 3) Select "Export to Quicktime" from the File menu.
 * 4) In the new window, select "Sorenson Video 3 Compressor" from the Compression drop-down menu, and drag the Quality slider all the way to the right (100%). Ensure that Sound is set to "Uncompressed".
 * 5) Click "Make movie".
 * 6) Download ffmpeg2theora universal binary from here. Double click on the .zip file, which will extract the .pkg file. Double click on the .pkg file to install it. This will install a command-line application that can only be invoked from a Terminal window, using parameters. See (note on using the ffmpeg2theora command line application)
 * 7) Open up the Terminal application, which can be found in the Utilities folder in Applications (you can jump there by typing apple-shift-U from within the Finder). A few lines of text should appear, the last of which should say something like "davids-ibook-g4:~ username$".
 * 8) To test the installation was succesful, type "/usr/local/bin/ffmpeg2theora" (without quotes) and ENTER. You should see something similar to (this).
 * 9) Press the up arrow to bring back the last command, and go to the end of the line.
 * Now, press the spacebar once to add a space, and copy and paste the following text into the Terminal window, without the quotes: "-o outputfilename.ogg -V 512 -K 48 -A 64 -c 2 -H 44100". Note: "-V 512 -K 48 -A 64 -c 2 -H 44100" are specifications for properties of the movie such as video and audio data rates. You do not need to specify these values; the default values are often fine.
 * 1) Add a space to the end of that line
 * 2) Finally, drag the video file that you created earlier onto the Terminal window. The text should now look something like this: "davids-ibook-g4:~ username$ /Users/dweeb/Desktop/ffmpeg2theora -o outputfilename.ogg -V 512 -K 48 -A 64 -c 2 -H 44100 /Users/dweeb/Desktop/Editing\ tutorial-large.mov"
 * 3) Press return. The video will now be converted into a file with the name outputfilename.ogg and in the same folder as the original file (not for me...you may have to search for it), but with the .ogg extension. It can be played using either VLC or MPlayer OS X.

 * Tip: If you have problems synchronizing the audio and video try using --sync
 * Note: With version 0.1.7 of the XiphQT QuickTime package, you can use iMovie to make ogg format videos. This may be all you need for some things, but there are very few controls. In iMovie, file menu, share, compress for setting to expert, then click share. If you set the export option to "movie to ogg" then it seems to only make a 720 x 480 pixel movie. I could not get a sharp image for fine text in screencasts. Other types of video and the audio seems good with the default settings.

Resources

 * Podcasting (on Wikibooks)
 * Five steps to free podcasting - warning: this is one of the many "infomercials" on the internet that attempts to get people to use the commercial Feedburner website.
 * Audio Podcasting at Internet Archive.
 * Wink (tutorial software) - screencasting software
 * Wikihow: Start your own podcast - warning: this is one of the many "infomercials" on the internet that attempts to get people to use the commercial Feedburner website.
 * Find music for your podcast & avoid paying HUGE royalties.
 * Podcast directory
 * IRC chat channel ##wikimedia-podcasting

title: Podcasting


text:
Internet Technologies/Domain names

The Domain Name System, most often known as simply DNS, is a core feature of the Internet. It is a distributed database that handles the mapping between host names (domain names), which are more convenient for humans, and the numerical Internet addresses. For example, www.wikipedia.org is a domain name and <IP_ADDRESS> the corresponding numerical internet address. The domain name system acts much like an automated phone book, so you can "call" www.wikipedia.org instead of <IP_ADDRESS>. So, it converts human-friendly names such as "www.wikipedia.org" into computer-friendly (IP) addresses such as <IP_ADDRESS>. It can also handle the reverse mapping, meaning that we can query for a name for <IP_ADDRESS>, that return larousse.wikipedia.org

DNS was first invented in 1983 by Paul Mockapetris; the original specifications are described in RFC 882. In 1987 RFC 1034 and RFC 1035 were published which updated the DNS specification and made RFC 882 and RFC 883 obsolete. Subsequent to that there have been quite a few RFCs published that propose various extensions to the core protocols.

DNS implements a hierarchical name space by allowing name service for parts of a name space known as zones to be "delegated" by a name server to subsidiary name-servers. DNS also provides additional information, such as alias names for systems, contact information, and which hosts act as mail hubs for groups of systems or domains.

The present restriction on the length of domain names is 63 characters, excluding the www. and .com or other extension. Domain names are also limited to a subset of ASCII characters, preventing many languages from representing their names and words correctly. The Punycode-based IDNA system, which maps Unicode strings into the valid DNS character set, has been approved by ICANN and adopted by some registries as a workaround.

The DNS system is run by various flavors of DNS software, including:

 * BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), the most commonly used namedaemon.
 * DJBDNS (Dan J Bernstein's DNS implementation)
 * MaraDNS
 * NSD (Name Server Daemon)
 * PowerDNS

Any IP computer network can use DNS to implement its own private name system. However, the term "domain name" is most commonly used to refer to domain names implemented in the public Internet DNS system. This is based on thirteen "root servers" worldwide, all but three of which are in the United States of America. From these thirteen root servers, the rest of the Internet DNS name space is delegated to other DNS servers which serve names within specific parts of the DNS name space.

An 'owner' of a domain name can be found by looking in the WHOIS database: for most TLDs a basic WHOIS is held by ICANN, with the detailed WHOIS maintained by the domain registry which controls that domain. For the 240+ Country Code TLDs the position is usually that the registry holds the entire authorative WHOIS for that extension, as part of their many functions.

The current way the main DNS system is controlled is often criticized. The most common problems pointed at are that it is abused by monopolies or near-monopolies such as VeriSign Inc., and problems with assignment of top-level domains.

Some also allege that many implementations of DNS server software fail to work gracefully with dynamically allocated IP addresses, although that is the failure of specific implementations and not failures of the protocol itself.

DNS uses TCP and UDP port 53. Most DNS queries (such as name resolution requests) use UDP connections as the amount of data transferred is small and the session establishment overhead would introduce unnecessary traffic and load on nameservers. DNS zone file transfers between nameserver peers use TCP connections as the volume of data transferred is potentially much larger.

A DNS domain definition (sometimes referred to as a 'zone file') consists of individual DNS records. There are several record types in common usage:
 * SOA or Start Of Authority records contain parameters for the domain definition itself.
 * A records resolve names into an IP addresses
 * PTR records resolve IP addresses to names
 * NS records define the authoritative nameservers for the domain.
 * CNAME or Canonical Name records allow aliasing of one name to another.
 * MX or Mail Exchange records define the mail server associated with a domain or A record.
 * HINFO or Hardware Information records can be used to hold descriptive text about a specific device.

Virtually all modern operating systems and network applications contain resolved libraries or routines for interrogating DNS services. However, OSs generally provide a command line interface for querying DNS servers. The Windows NT family of operating systems provides the 'nslookup' command. Unix-based operating systems may also offer 'nslookup' or 'dig' tools.

nslookup can either be used interactively, or non-interactively. An example of non-interactive usage follows. In this example, we gather the A record for www.wikipedia.org from the client's default nameserver:

nslookup www.wikipedia.org

Nslookup is somewhat more powerful when used interactively. An example of this follows. In the example, we find the mail servers for the domain wikipedia.org:

nslookup

> set q=MX

> wikipedia.org

Non-authoritative answer:

wikipedia.org  MX preference = 50, mail exchanger = mormo.org

wikipedia.org  MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.wikimedia.org

>

See also: cybersquatting, dynamic DNS, ICANN, DNSSEC

title: Internet Technologies/Domain names


text:
Chloe Magee

Chloe Noelle Magee (born 29 November 1988) is an Irish professional badminton player. She represented her country at the Olympic Games for three consecutive times in 2008 Beijing, 2012 London, and 2016 Rio de Janeiro. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, she became the first Irish woman to win a badminton match at the Olympics. She has been described as "the poster girl for Irish badminton". Together with her brother Sam Magee, she clinched a bronze medal at the 2017 European Championships, became Ireland's first medal at the European Badminton Championship. The duo also captured the bronze medals at the 2015 and 2019 European Games.

2007
In 2007, Magee won the women's doubles title at the Irish International Championships in Lisburn. Competing alongside Bing Huang, the pair beat second seeds Eva Lee and Mesinee Mangkalakiri of the United States 21–15, 9–21, 21–11 in the final.

2008 Summer Olympics
Magee competed for Ireland at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China at the age of 19. She became the first ever Irish woman to win a badminton match at the Olympics, beating Estonian Kati Tolmoff by a score of 18–21, 21–18, 21–19 in the first round of the women's singles. She was eliminated after losing her second round match 12–21, 14–21 to world number eleven Jun Jae-youn of South Korea. "I have loads to improve on and I will take away a lot from this," Magee said after the match.

2009
In 2009, Magee competed at the World Championships in Hyderabad, India, losing in the first round to Japanese number two Ai Goto by a score of 21–13, 21–9.

2012 Summer Olympics
Magee, ranked 44th in the world, qualified for the women's singles at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London as the 26 ranked player on the list of participants. She was one of two Irish badminton players at the Games; Scott Evans competed in the men's singles. Magee and her brother Sam, ranked 40th in the world as a pairing, were third reserves for the mixed doubles event.

In July 2012, Magee reached the final of the White Nights pre-Olympic tournament held in Russia. She beat Slovakian Monika Fasungova, 21–17, 20–22, 21–5, in the quarter-finals and Russia's Romina Gabdullina, 21–15, 17–21, 21–15, in the semi-finals but finished runner-up after losing to Poland's Kamila Augustyn, 21–19, 14–21, 14–21, despite having a 10–6 lead in the final set.

A slight schedule change led to Magee starting her 2012 Olympic campaign against Egypt's Hadia Hosny at 20.17 (29 July) and France's Hongyan Pi at 20.32 (30 July).

Bill O'Herlihy sparked controversy while covering Chloe Magee's progress at the 2012 Summer Olympics by suggesting badminton was "a mainly Protestant sport". RTÉ confirmed it received complaints about O'Herlihy's sectarian remarks on live television. The remarks prompted Magee to inform Highland Radio: "We need to remember what the Olympics is all about. I don't think it is any different from any other sport. There are people here from all over the world and from many different religions."

She lost 16–21, 21–18, 21–14, to Hongyan Pi and exited the 2012 Summer Olympics.

In December 2012, Magee reached the final of the Turkish Open.

2016 Summer Olympics
In Rio，she lost the game to Chinese player Wang Yihan in Group P 7-21 and 12–21 and to Karin Schnaase by 14–21 and 19–21, placing third in her group.

European Games
Mixed doubles

European Championships
Mixed doubles

BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017.

Women's singles

Mixed doubles
 * BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
 * BWF Grand Prix tournament

BWF International Challenge/Series
Women's singles

Women's doubles

Mixed doubles
 * BWF International Challenge tournament
 * BWF International Series tournament
 * BWF Future Series tournament

title: Chloe Magee


text:
School talk:Construction

Some material imported from Wikibooks is at Portal:Construction. --JWSchmidt 03:10, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

HEY! I think it would be great if we started an online construction management program free to the world!. I propose that we should develop tons of courses at different "levels" and make this competitive with a real CM program. The courses can extend all the way through graduate level material. I hope that one day Wikiversity will allow its' users to earn a degree. Because I believe that it will eventually happen, I think we should take the initiative and develop a world-class curriculum. --Rallen7753 03:59, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Thanks for setting this up. I'm going to format this page, organize the material and then try to add some more content. Bklynkenny (discuss • contribs) 12:09, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

title: School talk:Construction


text:
1985 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships

The 1985 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, also known by its sponsored name Union Warren Bank U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor green clay courts at the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts in the United States. The event was part of the Super Series of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix circuit. It was the 58th edition of the tournament and was held from July8 through July 15, 1985. First-seeded Mats Wilander won the singles title and earned $35,700 first-prize money.

Singles
🇸🇪 Mats Wilander defeated 🇦🇷 Martín Jaite 6–2, 6–4
 * It was Wilander's second singles title of the year and the 18th of his career.

Doubles
Libor Pimek / Slobodan Živojinović defeated 🇦🇺 Peter McNamara / 🇦🇺 Paul McNamee 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(8–6)

title: 1985 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships


text:
Talk:Brooklyn, Illinois

Name
Why does this village have two names, and where do the names come from? Badagnani 05:05, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Notable residents also include Attorney Russell Debow and Annie Malone —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:59, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Too reliant on one source
By citing various reviews of one book, this article is highly reliant on one source, a book that is a history of Brooklyn. At least one review thought this work was flawed because of an overly Marxist-determinant view of the village's history, so editors should seek additional sources to provide other context. The big collaborative archeology/history project should be revealing some substantive material.Parkwells (talk) 18:28, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Brooklyn, Illinois


text:
Talk:Juan Guzmán

Been born in Moca, Dominican Republic. Withdrawn of the Autonoma University of Santo Domingo(UASD) and the Tecnologic Institute of Santo Domingo(INTEC), with degrees of Degree in Administration of Companies and Economia, graduated as Creativity in Mass/Media of the school Interamerican AA, dedicated, from 1985 to Photografy and TV Production: Programs, Commercials, Documentaries. Institutional productions and Events. Administrative Ex-Director of the Institute for Latin American Concern, supported by the University of Omaha, Nebraska. Media work field in: Puerto Rico, Haiti, Guatemala and Honduras.

title: Talk:Juan Guzmán