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User:Bosleyway/sandbox

Bridge Flipper

A bridge flipper is an aide-memoire sometimes used by students of the game of contract bridge. It can be employed in both rubber bridge and duplicate bridge. Most such publications focus on the auction phase of the game. The intention behind the flipper is that by having it by the player's side, he or she will be able to make swift bidding decisions as the auction progresses. However Law 40B2(d) of the Laws of Duplicate Bridge states that "a player is not entitled to any aids to his memory, calculation or technique during the auction period and play."

title: User:Bosleyway/sandbox


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User:Asadz31/sandbox

Samofalov Konstantin Grigor'evich

Konstantin G. Samofalov - a corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, doctor of technical sciences, professor, laureate of State Prize of the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR.

K.G.Samofalov was born November 12, 1921 in Sumy region  in a small city Druzhby. It was said that that fall in the village there were many cases of typhus and birth of a boy was registered  only when it became clear that the child will live. He finished school in 1940. In the school he was a good student, was seriously interested in sports, had the first rank in gymnastics. Even in school his organizing abilities were showed: two years in a row he headed a Komsomol organization of the school. By Komsomol assignment after graduation he went to the Black Sea Fleet. The Great Patriotic War Konstantin G. met in Odessa. One of the first volunteer sailors came down from his warship to fight in the famous 1st Marine Regiment defending Odessa. October 16, 1941, he was included in a special group of sailors, to undermines the port facilities. He was the last to leave Odessa. Then there were Sevastopol and Novorossiisk, Kerch and Sevastopol again. There was a bitter retreat, there was the joy of victory. And there were three injures. For feats during landing at Eltigen, after the war, he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of the city of Kerch. Then, completely surrounded on a small piece of land they fought more than a month. During the fighting on the Danube there was an order to send the most experienced fighters Marines in the Far East. "The war in the Pacific was not easy, the Japanese defended very desperate" - recalled veteran. The war is over for him only in Port Arthur. Konstantin Samofalov exploits during World War II marked by 3 orders and 6 medals.

Thirst for learning led Sergeant 1st Class K..G Samofalov in Kiev Polytechnic Institute. Immediately after demobilization he became a student of Faculty of Electrical Engineering. After graduation of the KPI, in 1951 he was admitted in the graduate school. From 1954 Konstantin Grigor'evich is on a pedagogical work. It was here that it was fully revealed his exceptional talent of an educator, organizer and scientist. Outstanding milestone of his organizational and pedagogical activity was the creation of the first in Ukraine KPI Computer Engineering Department, which was headed by Konstantin Grigor'evich from 1960 to 1990. On the basis of the department of computer engineering by the efforts K. Samofalova the first in Ukraine Department of Applied Mathematics was founded, as well as the department of specialized computer systems. Now these departments are basic in Ukraine.

It is impossible to overestimate the personal contribution of K. Samofalov as a teacher, scientist, organizer of science and higher education in the timely provision of industry, research, academic and educational institutions with qualified engineers and scientists in computer science.

Outstanding scientist and teacher K. Samofalov created in NTUU"KPI" and brought to the world level the research and teaching school, which is represented in Ukraine and in the 12 countries by 50 professors and 10 Department of Informatics and Computing. There are among the students of the school Academicians and Corresponding Members of NAS of Ukraine and academies of other countries. Scientific-methodical works of K. Samofalov become classics (12 books in different languages). He led the educational direction of Computer Engineering Scientific and Methodological Council of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, as a member of the Professional Board he was actively involved in the reform of higher education in Ukraine.

Pedagogical and organizational activities Konstantin Grigor'evich organically combined with fruitful scientific work. Talented scientist, author of over 400 scientific papers, 19 books and 124 inventions, K. Samofalov undertook a significant contribution to the fundamental theory of computing. He explained the new direction in science and a scientific school of homogeneous and combined computing environments, which led to creation of the world's first integrated dielectric matrix memory. This remarkable achievement of world-class in 1989 was awarded the USSR State Prize in the field of science and technology. become A fundamental monograph "Fundamentals of the theory of multi-tier computing systems" became a significant, internationally recognized contribution to the theory of modern computing systems K.Samofalov personally trained 12 doctors and 100 candidates of sciences. For 30 years, he led Specialized Council for the award of the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences.

Outstanding scientific-pedagogical and organizational activity KG Samofalova was awarded by the Order of Lenin (1990), the Order "Badge of Honor" (1986). He was the winner of the State Prize of the USSR in the field of science and technology (1978).

Corresponding Member of NASU K. Samofalov conducted fruitful organizational and scientific activity in the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, was a member of the Presidium of the Ukrainian National Committee of the International Association of computer simulation IMACS, the presidium of the Scientific Society of Radio Electronics and Communications of Ukraine, member of the editorial boards of several prestigious scientific periodicals, Vice-President society "Ukraine - Jordan."

Colleagues and students Konstantin Samofalov appreciated him for his great life wisdom, deep knowledge, erudition and an active position in science and public life. High professionalism, humanity, sincerity, honesty and integrity inherent K.Samofalov, made him well-deserved authority among a wide range of specialists in computer technologies, colleagues, teachers and students.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Asadz31/sandbox


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2019 World Athletics Championships – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase

The men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2019 World Athletics Championships was held at the Khalifa International Stadium in Doha from 1 to 4 October 2019.

The winning margin was 0.01 seconds which as of 2024 is the only time the men's 3,000 metres steeplechase has been won by less than 0.2 seconds at these championships.

Summary
Kenya considers the steeplechase to be their national sport. With defending champion Conseslus Kipruto, they qualified four to the final. the USA, with two Kenyan ex-pats and Ethiopia, also qualified all three of their entrants. This was only the second major championship since 2007 without perennial medalist Mahiedine Mekhissi-Benabbad. Kipruto almost didn't make it. A stress fracture in April would sideline him for months, but he builds a primitive swimming pool at his home in Mosoriot Kenya to do aqua training until he could run again.

While they are a neighboring long-distance running rival, Ethiopia does not have the same successful track record in the steeplechase, but was encouraged by Getnet Wale winning the 2019 IAAF Diamond League. Here the Ethiopians took to the lead. Chala Beyo took the point first with Wale ,and Kipruto pushing the pace out front. After two laps, Wale took over. Beyo would not finish. Starting slower, Lamecha Girma ran in the middle of the pack for a while before moving forward to take over leading duties for the team. The fast pace dropped off many of the runners, the lead pack dwindling to the entire Kenyan team, Hillary Bor, Djilali Bedrani, returning silver medalist Soufiane El Bakkali, Wale and Girma. With two laps to go, Kipruto moved out to the lead and looked around for his teammates to join him, but help did not come forward. Instead, Wale moved ahead again and El Bakkali planted himself on Kipruto's shoulder. As the pace increased, the other three Kenyan's fell off the back of the pack. Bedrani and Bor were the next to go. It was a four-man group at the bell with Girma on the tail end. Through the penultimate turn, El Bakkali took the lead. For most of the last decade, the steeplechase was decided by a devastating move off the first barrier on the backstretch, usually by Ezekiel Kemboi. It is where Kipruto won the race in 2017 and the Olympics in 2016. Here, coming off the barrier, Kipruto gained a couple of feet on Wale but El Bakkali remained in command. Instead, Girma ran around the group and into the lead. Kipruto tried to react, passing El Bakkali over the water jump. Wale had no answer for the speed and the medalists were decided. Going into the final barrier, Girma opened up two metres on Kipruto. Coming off the barrier, Kipruto launched into a sprint gaining slightly on Girma. Desperately looking for the finish Girma dipped a little early, Kipruto dipped like a seasoned professional hurdler. In the photo finish, Kipruto took the gold by .01. 18-year-old Girma got the consolation prize of the Ethiopian national record that 19-year-old Wale had improved twice already in 2019.

Records
Before the competition records were as follows:

Qualification standard
The standard to qualify automatically for entry was 8:29.00.

Schedule
The event schedule, in local time (UTC+3), was as follows:

Heats
The first three in each heat (Q) and the next six fastest (q) qualified for the final.

Final
The final was started on 4 October at 21:45.


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stott

Noun

 * 1) bullock, steer

Etymology
. Perhaps from, , from ; or alternatively from , , from. Compare 🇨🇬 (whence 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1)  an inferior type of horse

title: stott


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Introduction to Likelihood Theory/Maximum Likelihood Estimation

A simple idea: Since we have seen in previous section (Intuitive Meaning?), we may regard likelihood as the probability of the sample $$x$$ showing up in the space of all the possibles samples of size $$n$$ for a given value of $$\theta$$. But the sample $$x$$ has actually occurred and the sample space is infinite, so this sample might have something special - perhaps it's probability of showing up is bigger than the others. Why don't we maximize it?

Maximizing the Likelihood
If we try to maximize likelihoods of variables with densities like the Gaussian
 * $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\exp\left\{-\frac{(x-\mu)^{2}}{2\sigma^{2}}\right\}$$

directly, things can be rather complicated. But, we know from calculus that maximizing (or minimizing) $$g(f(x))$$ when $$g$$ is strictly crescent is equivalent to maximizing $$f$$. So, we take the logarithm of the likelihood and call the function
 * $$\ell(\theta)=\ln(L(\theta))=\sum_{j=1}^{n}\ln(f_{Y_{j}}(y',\theta))$$

log-likelihood. So, we will maximize the log-likelihood instead of maximizing the proper likelihood.

Statistics, Estimators, Unbiased Estimators, Variance and Consistency of an Estimator
A statistic is a function from a sample $$S$$ in any space we are interested, and suppose that there a log-likelihood function $$\ell(\theta)$$; A estimator for $$\theta$$ is a statistic used to estimate $$\theta$$. These definitions don't add much, but since these words are commonplace for staticians worldwide, they are worth defining. Note that any statistic or estimator is itself a random variable.

In this section we will use our previous notation for samples. A estimator $$s(S)$$ for $$\theta$$ is called unbiased if $$E[s]=\theta$$, and asymptotically unbiased if

$$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} E[s(S_{n})]=\theta$$

where $$S_{n}$$ is a sequence of samples(as defined in the section about sampling). In classical views of statistics, only estimators that possessed at least one of these properties where admissible, but the Maximum Likehood Estimators (MLE) are not necessarily unbiased nor asymptotically unbiased.

TODO: Examples of biased estimatives (the easier one is the variance of a normal distribution).

The variance of a estimator $$s$$ is another important thing; We expect that, as our data grows in size, the variance of the estimator goes to zero, for more data means more information, more information means more certanity. So, we say that the estimator is consistent if

$$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} V[s(S_{n})]=0$$

but such a strong condition is rarely satisfied; Usually, we have to contempt ourselves with weakly consistent estimators, estimators where

$$V[s(S_{n})]=O_{p}(n^{-1})$$

Reparametrization and Invariance
TODO: Show how to reparametrize a gaussian using the coefficient of variation instead of the variance. Show how to reparametrize $$f(x,\theta)$$ to $$f(x,g(\theta))$$.

A estimator $$s$$ of $$\theta$$ is called invariant under the transformation $$f$$ if the estimator of the parameter $$f(\theta)$$ is $$f(s(\theta))$$. One important property of maximum likelihood estimators is that they are invariant under strictly monotone transformations.

TODO: Show estimators that aren't invariant under monotone functions.

Properties of Maximum Likelihood Estimates
TODO: Show that the MLE are consistent.

Examples of finding Maximum Likelihood Estimators
TODO: Example with a single parameter, continuous case.

TODO: Example of discrete case. Mark-Recapture Sampling.

A wildlife biologist captures and tags n1=300 ducks, and then releases them. After allowing time for mixing of the tagged birds with the population, a second sample of n2=200 birds is taken. It is found that m2=10 of these birds are found to be tagged.

Write down a binomial likelihood for m2.

Plot the likelihood of m2 as a function of the population abundance, N.

What is a maximum likelihood estimator of N?

TODO: Example with a two or more parameters, continuous case. that is nothing

TODO: Example Finding MLE's with a numerical method.

Often in applied problems the likelihood is so complicated that a closed form solution for the MLE cannot be found. In such cases, one must use numerical methods to find an approximate solution. The Metropolis Algorithm is a commonly used approach.


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Rechka-Kormikha

Rechka-Kormikha (Речка-Кормиха) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Novoyegoryevsky Selsoviet, Yegoryevsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 7 as of 2013.

Geography
Rechka-Kormikha is located on the Kormikha River, 24 km northwest of Novoyegoryevskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novosovetsky is the nearest rural locality.

title: Rechka-Kormikha


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Religion in Mexico

Christianity is the predominant religion in Mexico, with Catholicism being its largest denomination representing around 78% of the total population as of 2020. In recent decades the share of Catholics has been declining, due to the growth of other Christian denominations – especially various Protestant churches, Jehovah's Witness and Mormonism – which now constitute larger shares of the population. Conversion to non-Catholic denominations has been considerably lower than in Central America, and central Mexico remains one of the most Catholic areas in the world.

Mexico is a secular country and has allowed freedom of religion since the mid-19th century. Mainline Protestant denominations and the open practice of Judaism established themselves in the country during that era. Modern growth has been seen in Evangelical Protestantism, Mormonism and in folk religions, such as Mexicayotl. Buddhism and Islam have both made limited inroads through immigration and conversion.

Religion and the state
The Mexican Constitution of 1917 imposed limitations on the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico and sometimes codified state intrusion into religious matters. The government does not provide financial contributions to the religious institutions, nor does the Roman Catholic Church participate in public education. Christmas is a national holiday and every year during Easter and Christmas all schools in Mexico, public and private, send their students on vacation.

In a major reversal of the Mexican state's restrictions on religion, the constitution was amended in 1992 lifting almost all restrictions on the religions, including granting all religious groups legal status, conceding them limited property, and lifting restrictions on the number of priests in the country. Until recently, priests did not have the right to vote, and even now they cannot be elected to public office.

Historical Trends

 * Sources: Based on Pew Center Research (including historical percentages of Catholicism) and the National Institution of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) both historical Census and specially 2010 and 2020 Census, according to WorldDataValue and Latinobarómetro, Catholicism grew since 1995 or end-90s, in fact almost 30% of Mexicans are involved in religious denomination changes one, twice or more times, near 70% has been always Catholic affiliated (compared to 82% in 1960) and near 3% has been from other religion or none.

Christianity
Historically the Catholic Church in Mexico is the oldest established church, established in the early sixteenth century. At independence, the Catholic Church kept its status as the only permissible church in Mexico. In the mid-nineteenth century, Mexican liberals curtailed the exclusive standing of the church, and Protestant missionaries, mainly from the United States, legally evangelized in Mexico. Other Christian denominations have grown in Mexico, dating from the twentieth century. With the growth of immigration from the Middle East, Eastern Catholic churches were established. Evangelical Protestant churches have expanded their reach significantly from the late twentieth century.

Catholicism
Catholics are 77.8% of the total population, down from 82.7% in 2000 and 96% in 1970. The number of Mexican Catholics has fallen by 5% in the first decade of the 21st century and in the south-east Catholics make up less than two-thirds of the population. In absolute terms, Mexico has 90,224,559 Catholics, which is the world's second largest number of Catholics, surpassed only by Brazil.

More than half of Mexicans Catholics are actually, nominal, some combine or syncretize Catholic practices with native traditions. In the Yucatán Peninsula, some Mayan people still practice the traditional beliefs of their ancestors, without being syncretized with Christianity. The same happens with the Wixarika people of Jalisco and Nayarit. Urban Catholics are secularizated, on religious practice and beliefs, the middle and high urban class population are spiritually aphatic, except for some beliefs like zodiac signs, and generally the believing of Virgin Mary (see Lady of Guadalupe) is more rooted than the abrahamic God. In recent decades, there is a notably boom of New Age attraction into million of Roman Catholics.

There are major festivities in Mexico celebrating the Christian holidays of Epiphany (6 January) (Día de los Reyes Magos), All Saints' day (1 November), All Souls' day or Day of the Dead (2 November)(Día de los fieles difuntos), and the feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe (12 December). These are not public holidays in Mexico. Christmas is celebrated as a religious and public holiday.

Eastern Catholicism in Mexico
There are also Eastern Catholic Churches that exist alongside the Roman/Latin Catholic Church in Mexico, all of which are in communion with the bishop of Rome or the pope. The Vatican II document, "Orientalium Ecclesiarum" (Of Eastern Churches), proclaimed that "Eastern Catholic communities are true Churches and not just rites within the Catholic Church." Carlos Slim, for example, is a Maronite Catholic and a member of the Maronite Church.

 * the Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of the Martyrs of Lebanon in Mexico
 * the Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nuestra Señora del Paraíso in Mexico City
 * the Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico

Protestantism
About 11% of the population (6,160,000 people over the age of 5, according to the 2000 census, including Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons who are usually considered to be non-Protestant and part of Restorationism or individual Christian branches) are Protestant, of whom Pentecostals and Charismatics (called Neo-Pentecostals in the census), are the largest group. The Anglican Communion is represented by the Anglican Church of Mexico.

Protestantism is strongest where the Catholic Church and the Mexican state have little presence, and accounts for over 10% of the population in the four states that border heavily-Protestant Guatemala: Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, and Tabasco. It is also sizable in the Mexican states that border the U.S. State of Texas. Protestantism had been on the rise as it offers a less legalistic and hierarchical version of Christianity. But in some recent surveys like Latinobarometro, Protestantism in the whole country has dropped from nearly 10% to less than 5%, in counterpart, between 2010 and 2020, the Census recorder an increase from 8% to 11%, ARDA estimated 10.7% in 2015.

Eastern Orthodoxy
There are some Mexicans practicing Eastern Orthodoxy in Mexico, mainly foreign-born people. The Orthodox Church in America has a diocese in Mexico established through mass conversions, as well as through immigration and missionary activity. The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch also has a presence in Mexico, through its Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Mexico, Venezuela, Central America and the Caribbean.

Seventh-day Adventist
There are also a number of Seventh-day Adventists (488,946 people).

Jehovah's Witnesses
The 2000 national census counted more than one million Jehovah's Witnesses. According to the Jehovah's Witnesses official figures for 2014 there were over 800,000 members involved in preaching.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The first LDS missionaries in Mexico arrived in 1875 (although the original Mormons came to Mexico in the 1840s in Utah, when it was a Mexican territory). In 1885, 400 Mormon colonists moved to Mexico. In 1993 the Mexican government formally registered the LDS Church. This allowed the church to own property in Mexico.

The 2010 Census reported 314,932 Mormons. As of 2015, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) claims 1,368,475 members, 231 stakes, 1,998 congregations, and 12 temples in Mexico.

La Luz del Mundo
La Luz del Mundo is a Charismatic Christian denomination with international headquarters in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Its flagship church in Guadalajara is said to be the largest non-Catholic house of worship in Latin America.

Islam

The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 111,000 Muslims in Mexico in 2010. Islam is mainly practiced by Lebanese Mexicans and other Arab Mexicans, with only a few non-Arab Mexicans. There is also a growing population of Muslims among indigenous populations in Chiapas.

Judaism
The presence of Jews in Mexico dates back to 1521, when Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs, accompanied by several Conversos. According to the last national census by the INEGI, there are now more than 67,000 Mexican Jews, roughly 95% of whom live in the Greater Mexico City area.

Bahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í Faith in Mexico began with visits of Bahá'ís before 1916. In 1919 letters from the head of the religion, `Abdu'l-Bahá, were published mentioning Mexico as one of the places Bahá'ís should take the religion to. Following further pioneers moving there and making contacts the first Mexican to join the religion was in 1937, followed quickly by the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of all Latin America being elected in 1938.

With continued growth the National Spiritual Assembly was first elected in 1961. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated almost 38,000 Bahá'ís in 2005.

Buddhism
Approximately 108,701 Buddhists are counted in Mexico. Also one of six Tibet Houses in the world – Casa Tibet México – is located in Mexico City. It is used by the Dalai Lama and other leaders of Tibetan Buddhism to preserve and share Tibetan culture and spirituality. Alejandro Jodorowsky has stated that he discovered Zen Buddhism in the 1960s while in Mexico.

There are also two institutions from Theravada Buddhism tradition, the Theravada Buddhist Monastery and the Vipassana House of Meditation. There are at least 30 Buddhist groups in Mexico.

Hinduism
There are about 800 Indian families in Mexico, constituting about 900 NRIs. Most of them are recent arrivals in the country. There is a big presence of recently arrived Indians working for Tata Consultancy Services in Guadalajara, Querétaro and Mexico City. Mexico has a non-discriminatory policy with regard to the grant of its citizenship. The spouse of a Mexican national would generally not face any problem in acquiring local citizenship. But although quite a few NRIs have married Mexicans, they have retained their Indian citizenship (India doesn't allow dual citizenship). A Sai Baba temple and a Vaishnav temple have been constructed in Mexico City by the Sangam Organisation.

Sikhism
There are around 8,000 Sikhs in Mexico. Most of them are of Punjabi origin.

Nonreligious
It's important to specify that irreligion and atheism in Mexico is complex to measure because many Catholics and part of Protestants leads a secular life patterns, and some religious studies with a particular purpose can reports differents percent of unaffiliated people, the National Census in 2010 reported 4.7% having no religion, as well as, World Population Review estimated 38% of non-religious. Although, according to INEGI, the number of atheists grows annually by 5.2%, while the number of Catholics grows by 1.7%.

Majority of population is Theistic but religious particing is very much lower as the expected on a very christian-religious continent, recent surveys have shown that around 3% of Catholics attend church daily and 44% attend church at least once a week.

Freedom of religion
The Constitution of Mexico and other laws establish and protect the freedom of religion in Mexico; religious instruction is prohibited in public schools, but religious groups are allowed to maintain private schools.

Religious groups may not own or administer broadcast radio or television stations and government permission is required for commercial broadcast radio or television to transmit religious programming.

In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.

title: Religion in Mexico


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Talk:David Alliance, Baron Alliance

Original name
Was he really born in 1932 Iran with the last name Alliance, or did he somehow Anglicise his name after moving to the UK? C'est la vie (talk) 17:59, 23 October 2016 (UTC)
 * The WP:COMMONNAME seems to be "David Alliance" and it is also more WP:CONCISE. I propose moving this article to that title.VR talk 20:35, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Alliance, Baron Alliance


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nabi Hasan

The result was delete. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 14:36, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

Nabi Hasan

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

This page has WP:NOTCV written all over it. I see no real coverage in independent sources, and most of the "awards and recognition" are trivia, so the obvious problem is notability. However, the Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi is quite a big university in India and the "lifetime achievement award 2015" may rise to WP:NACADEMIC #2. (I am not convinced) Tigraan Click here to contact me 13:04, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 14:52, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 14:52, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete. No RS, full of OR, orphan, basically a CV. "Librarian" is not notable per se. Written by SPA whose 1st edit was creating this article. Likely a vanity page. Agricola44 (talk) 15:44, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  MBisanz  talk 02:28, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete no indication the subject is notable.John Pack Lambert (talk) 16:52, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete: of the 10 sources the article cites, every single one of them has "profile" in its description. The article is nothing more than a résumé so fails WP:NOT.    Dr Strauss   talk   17:54, 2 October 2017 (UTC)


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Cryptography/DES

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) was a widely-used algorithm for encrypting data. It was developed by IBM under the name Lucifer, and was submitted to NBS in response to a 1973 solicitation for better cryptosystems. The US National Institute of Standards and Technology with help from the National Security Agency took IBM's design and made some changes; DES was adopted as a standard in January 1977.

DES is a product block encryption algorithm (a cipher) in which 16 iterations, or rounds, of the substitution and transposition (permutation) process are cascaded. The block size is 64 bits, so that a 64-bit block of data (plaintext) can be encrypted into a 64-bit ciphertext. The key, which controls the transformation, also consists of 64 bits. Only 56 of these, however, are at the user's disposal; the remaining eight bits are employed for checking parity. The actual key length is therefore 56 bits.

Subsets of the key bits are designated K1, K2, etc., with the subscript indicating the number of the round. The cipher function (substitution and transposition) that is used with the key bits in each round is labeled f. At each intermediate stage of the transformation process, the cipher output from the preceding stage is partitioned into the 32 leftmost bits, Li, and the 32 rightmost bits, Ri. Ri is transposed to become the left-hand part of the next higher intermediate cipher, Li+1. The right-hand half of the next cipher, Ri+1, however, is a complex function of the key and of the entire preceding intermediate cipher. The essential feature to the security of the DES is that f involves a very special nonlinear substitution—i.e., f(A) + f(B) does not equal f(A + B)--specified by the Bureau of Standards? in tabulated functions known as S-boxes. This operation results in a 32-bit number, which is logically added to Ri to produce the left-hand half of the new intermediate cipher. This process is repeated, 16 times in all. To decrypt a cipher, the process is carried out in reverse order, with the 16th round being first. The DES algorithm lends itself to integrated-chip implementation. By 1984 the Bureau of Standards had certified over 35 LSI- and VLSI-chip implementations of the DES, most on single 40-pin chips, some of which operate at speeds of several million bits per second.

When the cipher was first released, the design criteria for the S-boxes was not released. With the National Security Agency's involvement in the design of the S-boxes, most security researchers were wary of DES, and there was the widespread fear that the modifications of the NSA were intended to weaken the cipher.

In 1990 with the independent discovery and open publication by Biham and Shamir of differential cryptanalysis, it turned out that at least some of the wariness was uncalled for. After the publication of this paper, the IBM personnel involved in the designed publically stated that the main factor in the design was to strengthen them against differential cryptanalysis. The secrecy behind the design criteria at the time appears to have been due to the fact that the technique was not known to the public at the time.

Notably, DES is theoretically vulnerable to a technique discovered later by Matsui, linear cryptanalysis. It is unknown whether the NSA was aware of linear cryptanalysis at the time DES was finalized, but most knowledgeable observers think not. Don Coppersmith, one of DES's designers at IBM, has stated that IBM itself was not aware of linear cryptanalysis at that time.

Because the key length is only 56 bits, DES can be, and has been, broken by the brute force attack method of running through all possible keys. It is believed that one of the reasons this reduced key length was chosen was that NSA in the mid-'70s possessed enough computer power to brute force break keys of this length. In the years since, computer hardware progress has been such that most anyone now can have sufficient computational capacity. The EFF, a cyberspace civil rights group (with neither much funding nor personnel), did it in a little more than 2 days' search at about the same time at least one attorney from the US Justice Department was publicly announcing that DES was and would remain unbreakable.

The most obvious way of improving the security of DES is to encrypt the data multiple times with different keys. Double encrypting data with DES does not add much security as it is vulnerable to meet in the middle attacks. Going one step about this, many former DES users now use Triple DES (3DES) which was described and analyzed by one of DES's patentees (see FIPS 46-3); it involves DES encryption of each data block three times with different keys. 3DES is widely regarded as adequately secure for now, though it is quite slow. Note, however, that there are several ways to use DES three times; only one of those is Tuchman's 3DES.

After another, long delayed competition, (NIST) has selected a new cipher, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to replace DES (fall -'01). AES was submitted by its designers under the name Rijndael.

Implementations:

http://www.codeproject.com/KB/cs/NET_Encrypt_Decrypt.aspx (C#, Xinwen Cheng) http://frank.anemaet.nl/crypto/DES/ (Java implementation, Frank Anemaet) http://www.tero.co.uk/des/ (Javascript implementation, Paul Tero)

Crittografia/DES

title: Cryptography/DES


text:
Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/September 29, 2019

I appreciate that it is lifted from the article, but this Romantic style is thoroughly un-encyclopaedic. Centre of his world, in this room he did one thing; around this table he did another; his refuge; a devastating stroke. Suited to a tourist guide or a particularly cotton-woolly hagiography, but by no means encyclopaedic treatment of a building. Kevin McE (talk) 17:54, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * This is a very recent FA, and the blurb is a reasonable summary of the lede. Have you considered posting to the article talk page?--Wehwalt (talk) 18:05, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I am amazed that it was passed for FA with such a blatant disregard for WP:TONE, and have said so on the article's talk page. If I could find the process for challenging elevation to FA status I would do that.  Kevin McE (talk) 18:15, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

"a English country house" should be "an". (This is way down my list of concerns with this article, some of which are manifested in the extract here) Kevin McE (talk) 12:58, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I'd like to make changes to the blurb all at once rather than piecemeal. Can you consult with the article editors and come up with an agreed list of what needs changing in the blurb as a result of your recent discussions? The clock is ticking.--Wehwalt (talk) 13:03, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * It wouldn't bother me to lose "... "the most beautiful and charming" Churchill had ever seen" from the blurb; the rest seems fine. But I can't be sure; I'm not really comfortable with the subject matter. - Dank (push to talk) 14:03, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I just created the "Day-after-tomorrow's FA" subsection at ERRORS ... that might be a good place to discuss this, in about 25 hours. - Dank (push to talk) 23:14, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

Just noting that I'm aware of the article talk page conversation, so I changed one word to "debilitating", and in anticipation of further changes, I deleted "..."the most beautiful and charming" Churchill had ever seen". I'll check in once or twice per day. - Dank (push to talk) 20:23, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

,, - I'll respond in a little more detail at the FAR but I appreciate the difficulty in which the coordinators are placed when an FA due to feature on the front page in three days time is made the subject of an FAR. Arguments about the page on the day it appears as TFA will do nothing for Wikipedia's reputation, so I will understand completely if the decision is made to pull it. Whether an individual editor should be allowed to subvert community consensus in this way is another matter. KJP1 (talk) 20:31, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you for that, I very much appreciate it. Right now I am just waiting and seeing. I think I have a couple of Churchill bios about the place, I'll start looking for them.--Wehwalt (talk) 20:44, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * FWIW, given the current state of the article, the discussions, the blurb, and the WP:FAR, the current blurb looks fine to me. But as always, people may have other opinions at WP:ERRORS, and we'll have to weigh those appropriately. - Dank (push to talk) 21:03, 26 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Culdee Fell Railway

The result was redirect to Sodor (fictional island). Vanamonde (Talk) 05:02, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Culdee Fell Railway

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non-notable fictional railway. "pegnsean.net" looks like a self-published fansite, so probably not unreliable. The rest of the sources, except for one, are all primary sources to the fiction series. The one source is a biography of the author, but I can't access it to determine if the content is significant coverage. A WP:BEFORE search is bringing up nothing reliable. I'm finding Wikia, blogs, web forums, and, which is a book complied from Wikia content. only covers the railway in two sentences. That's all that showed up in the exactly six pages of Google hits. There's some Google scholar hits, but most of them are for "Culdee" with railway appearing separately in the article. The ones about it just parrot the in-universe sentence " A Rack Railway climbed up the Culdee Fell, largely for tourism purposes, and there were several more engines in a small railway owned by Sodor China Clay". I'm not finding any way in which this obscure fictional concept could possibly be notable. Hog Farm Bacon 02:10, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Fictional elements-related deletion discussions. Hog Farm Bacon 02:10, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Literature-related deletion discussions. Hog Farm Bacon 02:10, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Transportation-related deletion discussions. Hog Farm Bacon 02:10, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete or redirect to Sodor (fictional island) but in all honesty I think that article will be gone too before too long. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:49, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Sodor (fictional islamd) a minor detail in one book is not worth having a seperate article on.John Pack Lambert (talk) 18:07, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable fictional railway. It can stay as a redirect to Sodor but that's it. GhostDestroyer100 (talk) 19:36, 19 August 2020 (UTC)


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Loy Mauch

David Loy Mauch (born April 7, 1952) is a Republican former member of the Arkansas House of Representatives for District 26, based primarily in Hot Spring County in central Arkansas. At the time of his election in 2010, he was a resident of Bismarck. Mauch is a former bullrider and cable splicer for Southwestern Bell and AT&T.

Mauch was elected in the 2010 Arkansas elections, having received 53.5 percent of the 7,531 ballots cast. He succeeded Democrat Mike Burris, who did not run again due to term limits. Mauch was defeated by Democrat David Kizzia in the November 6, 2012 general election.

On January 28, 2014, Mauch testified at a hearing at a committee meeting regarding a law that would separate the joint holiday honoring civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. and Confederate general Robert E. Lee. Mauch spoke in support of Lee, saying Lee had "committed no crimes, broke no laws, and violated no part of the Constitution...the historically uneducated continue to denigrate him with their false accusations." The law did not pass.

Political views
Mauch, a neo-Confederate, is a member of the League of the South and was a unit commander for the Sons of Confederate Veterans until 2009.

Mauch believes, among other things, that Abraham Lincoln should not be honored in Arkansas and that the Confederate flag is a symbol of Jesus Christ and biblical government. Mauch was a supporter of the Tea Party movement. Mauch is a prolific writer of letters to the editor to the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. In these letters he compared Abraham Lincoln and Northern generals to Nazis, war criminals and communists and wrote that slavery couldn't have been that bad because "Jesus and Paul never condemned it".

title: Loy Mauch


text:
Shpagino

Shpagino (Шпагино) is a rural locality (a selo) in Novomonoshkinsky Selsoviet, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 118 as of 2013. There are 7 streets.

Geography
Shpagino is located 41 km southwest of Zarinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novomonoshkino is the nearest rural locality.

title: Shpagino


text:
Talk:Dur-Sharrukin

Untitled
In what way does "16280 Assyrian units" correspond to "the numerical value of Sargon's name"? <IP_ADDRESS> 18:22, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The cuneiform signs used for writing his name also had a numerical value, in the same way as Roman letters are used for numbers, like MDCCCLXXXVIII "1888". Units must refer to the cubit.--JFK 16:31, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Khorsabad redirect
The article Khorsabad is now redirected to Dur-Sharrukin. The short text from the Khorsabad article, i.e. the geographical location, was integrated into the Dur-Sharrukin article. --JFK 16:31, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * may i ask why? khorsabad and dur-sharrukin are not the same thing. the latter is only a ruin. i guess we should redirect mexico city to tenochtitlan as well? granted, khorsabad's claim to fame is dur-sharrukin, but we could add more about the village. supine 21:45, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

proposed additions
The following could be worked into this. some reduncy may need to be eliminated. If some else want to work it in that is fine or if there are any sugestions I'll take them into consideration when I do it. The source is a little unorganized about Bottas attempt to move statues but I'll clear that up for anyone who wants to check it. I could add a little more about history too from this source: Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings.

Sargon II ruled from 722-705 BCE  The Palace of Sargon the second in Khorsabad includes statues weighing 10-40 tons. Sargon supposedly lost at least one of these in the river.  Sargon II brought the Assyrian empire to the height of it's power before he was killed in 705 BCE while putting down an uprising at Tabal in the Taurus mountains.  Paul Emile Botta and Victor Place attempted to move 2 additional 30 ton colossi to Paris from Khorsabad by in 1853. In order to facilitate their shipment to Paris they were sawed in pieces and they still ran into problems. One of them fell into the river into the Tigris never to be retrieved. The other made it to Paris. They made a plaster replica to replace the lost one in 1957. I don't know how much work a stone one would have been but aparentlly they thought it was to much.

In 1928 Eward Chiera unearthed a colossal Bull estimated to weigh 40 tons In Khorsabad. This was split into three large fragments. the torso alone weighed about 20 tons. this was shipped to Chicago. It was to big to fit through the tunnels and had to be rerouted from New York to Chicago via New Orleans.

Zacherystaylor (talk) 09:34, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

If anyone is interested in checking the reference for relocating the bulls the part about Botta is a little unorganized in the book but it is all there. on page 112 they talk about dificulties he had but don't give details. on page 120 after talking about other bulls they provide missing details from page 112. I had to flip back and forth myself to clear up confusion but it is about the same bull.

Zacherystaylor (talk) 07:08, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Arch redo
I completely redid the archaeology section, and made some modest improvement in the article in general. I see now that there is an excellent article in the French wikipedia on the temples found at Du-Sharrukin

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temples_de_Dur-Sharrukin

and hopefully someday, someone who's French is better will import the article or add the material to the main page.Ploversegg (talk) 23:19, 24 November 2009 (UTC)ploversegg

Dur-Šharru-ukin
Where exactly does this "Dur-Šharru-ukin" on the head of the template come from? There is no reference whatsoever, it is not once mentioned in the article and it is unclear in which language this particular form should supposedly be. It has definitely nothing to do with Akkadian or Assyrian where the root šar does not have anything like that "h". I admit I do not speak Arabic nor Syriac, so does it come from either of those? Anyway, it is just a very bad style in an encyclopedia to have one version of a name as the name of the article, another in the template, and - not here, but quite often - a third one in the beginning of the lead. --Oop (talk) 13:52, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm sure it's just a typological error -- the Akkadian can be rendered "Šarru" or "Sharru," I imagine someone was changing from one to the other and forgot to remove either the haček or the h. The name of the king, while Anglicized as "Sargon" based on Biblical spellings in the Hebrew alphabet, was in Akkadian "Šarru-ukīn."  — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:20, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dur-Sharrukin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100728212012/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/digsites/Mesopotamia/Khorsabad_10/index.htm to http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/digsites/Mesopotamia/Khorsabad_10/index.htm

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title: Talk:Dur-Sharrukin


text:
Church of São Francisco (Porto)

The Church of Saint Francis (Igreja de São Francisco) is the most prominent Gothic monument in Porto, Portugal, being also noted for its outstanding Baroque inner decoration. It is located in the historic centre of the city, declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

History
The Franciscan Order was established in Porto around 1223. Initially, the order was antagonised by the secular and clergy of other religious institutions, particularly by the bishop of Porto. It took a papal bull, the Bulla Doelentis accepimus by Pope Innocent V, to restore to the Franciscans the plot of land previously donated to them. They began building the convent and a first, small church dedicated to Saint Francis of Assisi around 1244.

In 1383, under the patronage of King Ferdinand I, the Franciscans began to build a more spacious church. This new structure was finished around 1425 and followed a relatively plain Gothic design, typical for the mendicant orders in Portugal. The general structure of the church has not been extensively altered, making São Francisco the best example of Gothic architecture in Porto.

During the 15th and 16th centuries, prominent Porto families chose the Franciscan for their pantheon. The Chapel of St John the Baptist is a notable example, built in the 1530s for the Carneiro family in Manueline style, the Portuguese late Gothic. The main artistic campaign of the church was carried out in the first half of the 18th century, when most of the surfaces of the interior of the church, including walls, pillars, side chapels and roof, were covered with Portuguese gilt wood work (talha dourada) in Baroque style. Particularly notable are the many Baroque altarpieces of the apse chapels and the nave, which are among the best in Portugal.

A fire, caused by the siege of Porto in 1832, destroyed the old cloisters. In its place, the Commercial Association of the city built the Stock Exchange Palace (Palácio da Bolsa), a magnificent example of 19th century Neoclassical architecture.

Exterior and floorplan
The main façade of the Franciscan church has a large, elaborate rose window in Gothic style. This is the only original decoration of the main façade. The West portal is now a typical Baroque work, organised in two tiers, with solomonic columns and a statue of St Francis.

The South portal, facing the river, is still Gothic. The portal is stepped forward from the facade and has a triangular gable decorated with a pentagram. The opening is composed of a series of Gothic archivolts; the inner moulding is decorated with an arcade relief of Mudéjar (Islamic influenced) design.

The church has a nave with three aisles, with the central aisle being the highest. The East end of the church has a transept and an apse with three chapels. The crossing area is illuminated by the large windows of the transept arms and main chapel, as well as by a small rose window over the main chapel with tracery in the shape of a pentagram.

Interior
A polychrome granite statue (13th century) of Saint Francis of Assisi, standing inside the church next to the entrance within a Baroque altarpiece, is a remnant of the first St Francis church, replaced after 1383 by the present structure.

During the 15th and 16th centuries several noble families chose St Francis as their pantheon. Near the entrance is located the old pantheon for the family of Luís Álvares de Sousa, with an interesting Gothic portal decorated with a coat-of-arms and a dedicatory inscription. The chapel is nowadays occupied by a Baroque altarpiece.

Another interesting chapel is the one dedicated to Saint John the Baptist (São João Baptista), built around 1534 in the right transept arm for the family of João Carneiro. This chapel, by architect Diogo de Castilho, has a beautiful portal and is covered with an intricate rib vaulting in Manueline style. The Baroque altarpiece of the chapel still has the 16th-century painting, representing the Baptism of Christ, incorporated into a Baroque altarpiece. From the same period, the church also has a fine Renaissance tomb, imbedded onto a wall.

In the early 18th century the lateral aisles and apse chapels were extensively decorated with exuberant gilt wood work (talha dourada) by several Portuguese wood carvers. This decorative richness is the most notable feature of the Franciscan church, covering almost completely the roofs of the aisles, pillars, window frames and chapels and hiding the underlying mediaeval architecture. Even though the Baroque gilt work does not completely harmonise with the Gothic structure of the church, it is considered one of the most outstanding of Portugal.

Among the altarpieces, particularly important is the one that depicts the "Tree of Jesse" on the North lateral aisle. This polychromed woodwork was carved by Filipe da Silva and António Gomes, as stated in a contract of 1718. It represents a family tree of Jesus with twelve kings of Judah connected through branches of the tree to the recumbent body of Jesse. On the top of the tree is Joseph, under an image of the Virgin and the Child. The niches flanking this tree contain statues of St. Anne and St. Joachim (father and mother of Maria) and four Franciscan doctors who wrote about the Immaculate Conception.

Another notable example of gilt wood decoration in Porto is the interior of the Santa Clara Church.

The facade of the church is flanked by interesting monuments like the 18th century, Neoclassical Church of the Ordem Terceira de São Francisco and the Dispatch House of the Order (Casa de Despachos), which houses a museum and has an interesting Baroque interior.

title: Church of São Francisco (Porto)