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Chris Taylor (ice hockey)

Chris Taylor (born March 6, 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who is currently an assistant coach with the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL). He played in 149 NHL games with the New York Islanders, Boston Bruins, and Buffalo Sabres. In 2017, Taylor was named the head coach of the Rochester Americans in the American Hockey League, the affiliate of the Buffalo Sabres. In 2019, he was recalled by the Sabres as an assistant coach on an interim basis and returned to the Americans in late November, staying until June 2020.

Playing career
Taylor had an impressive junior career with the London Knights, ending his tenure with the team as their all-time points leader with 378 (later surpassed by Corey Perry with 380 points) and was drafted by the New York Islanders in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft (2nd round, 27th overall) He then played for the Islanders, Boston Bruins, and Buffalo Sabres in the National Hockey League, but was frequently sent between the NHL and the minor leagues before going overseas with the Frankfurt Lions of Germany's Deutsche Eishockey Liga before the 2006–07 season.

On July 16, 2009, Taylor agreed to a two-year contract with the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League, a team he had played for from 1999 to 2006 while he was signed to their NHL affiliate, the Buffalo Sabres.

Coaching career
On August 31, 2011, the Rochester Americans announced that Taylor had been hired as their development coach for the 2011–12 season. Later that season, he was promoted to an assistant coach. On June 6, 2016, incoming Rochester head coach, Dan Lambert, opted not to retain Taylor on the Americans' staff. Taylor subsequently joined the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins, AHL affiliate of the Pittsburgh Penguins, as an assistant coach on August 2, 2016.

On June 30, 2017, Taylor was named head coach of the Rochester Americans. A few days before the start of the 2019–20 season, Taylor was called up by the Buffalo Sabres as an interim assistant coach when Don Granato was forced to take a medical leave of absence from the Sabres.

On June 16, 2020, Taylor was relieved of his duties as coach, along with Amerks general manager, Randy Sexton, and assistant coaches Gord Dineen and Toby Petersen Taylor led the Amerks to a 116-65-33 record across three seasons as head coach.

On October 23, 2020, he was hired as an assistant coach by the New Jersey Devils.

title: Chris Taylor (ice hockey)


text:
Fifth Eskadra (video game)

Fifth Eskadra is a 1984 video game published by Simulations Canada.

Gameplay
Fifth Eskadra is a game in which a modern naval war is simulated.

Reception
William Highfield reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "The release of FE convinces me that Simulations Canada will be climbing in importance in the computer simulation field."

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fifth Eskadra (video game)


text:
SheerPower4GL

SheerPower 4GL is a fourth-generation programming language developed by Touch Technologies, Inc. SheerPower 4GL is the result of porting Touch Technologies' Intouch 4GL programming language that runs on OpenVMS (for DEC Alpha and VAX computers) to Windows, launching in 2000. Downloads are free from the official SheerPower 4GL website. SheerPower 4GL is similar to the BASIC programming language, and is easy to learn.

Features
SheerPower 4GL has several key features:

It is free for hobbyists and non-profit organizations.

Web scripting features make it fast and easy to develop dynamic web pages using SheerPower's BASIC-like syntax. Version 5.0 was the official release containing the syntax and logic for web scripting in SheerPower.

SheerPower utilizes a "Perfect Precision Math Package" for which the patent 7149765 "Apparatus and method for precision binary numbers and numerical operations" is applied to. This precision math eliminates the rounding off errors experienced when using a floating point data type.

SheerPower comes bundled with ARS – Advanced Record System database engine. ARS is a proprietary database engine also developed by Touch Technologies, Inc. TTI created the ARS engine because performance is critical in many applications. For example, ARS is over 20 times faster than MySQL for shared read/write operations.

Open Database Connectivity - SheerPower supports other database engines through its ODBC interface, and its own ARS engine can be accessed via ODBC in other database applications.

SheerPower Internet Services (SPINS) Webserver also comes bundled with SheerPower 4GL. The SPINS Webserver comes bundled with SheerPower and was developed for simplicity in use and high-speed for performance. On a modern multi-core system, the SPINS web server can perform over 1,000 page hits per second—given enough bandwidth of course.

There is also a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) interface built into SheerPower, along with many other built-in functions designed for high-performance and increased programmer productivity.

Security
SheerPower 4GL has the following built-in security features:

A SheerPower program cannot be run from any Windows Temporary folder. This stops computer viruses written into SheerPower programs from being emailed and run when the email is opened.

SheerPower does not mix data and code during database operation, which makes it impervious to SQL injection attacks.

Platforms
A binary distribution is available for Microsoft Windows NT, 2000, 2003, XP and Vista. The virtual machine can be downloaded alone for the purpose of running .SPSRC or .SPRUN programs (SheerPower source code files or deployed files with the code encrypted).

License
The software is free for non-commercial use, its terms undefined besides levels of support for business customers. Non-profit organizations and hobbyist programmers can use the free license that comes with the download. License fees are outlined for those wanting to develop applications for commercial or business use. High-priority support packages are available. Email and web forum support is available at no charge. Sheerpower is 100% free for all uses including commercial purposes.

title: SheerPower4GL


text:
Trigonometry/Addition Formula for Sines

Sine Formulas
The addition formula for sines is as follows:
 * $$\sin(\alpha+\beta)=\sin(\alpha)\cos(\beta)+\sin(\beta)\cos(\alpha)$$

This is an important tool that allows us to relate the sines and cosines of angles of different sizes.

There is a related formula for cosines, discussed in the next section:
 * $$\cos(\alpha+\beta)=\cos(\alpha)\cos(\beta)-\sin(\alpha)\sin(\beta)$$

 * You are told that:
 * $$\sin(45^\circ)=\frac{\sqrt2}{2}$$
 * $$\cos(45^\circ)=\frac{\sqrt2}{2}$$
 * $$\sin(30^\circ)=0.5$$
 * $$\cos(30^\circ)=\frac{\sqrt3}{2}$$

 * Use the sine addition formula to calculate $$\sin(75^\circ)$$

Answer: Using the first formula:
 * $$\sin(45^\circ+30^\circ)=\sin(45^\circ)\cos(30^\circ)+\sin(30^\circ)\cos(45^\circ)$$
 * $$\sin(45^\circ+30^\circ)=\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\cdot\frac{\sqrt3}{2}+\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\cdot 0.5$$
 * $$\sin(75^\circ)=\frac{\sqrt6+\sqrt2}{4}$$

 * Check the answer in the worked example agrees with the correct value by using a calculator.

 * You are told that
 * $$\sin(10^\circ)\approx 0.1736$$ and
 * $$\cos(10^\circ)\approx 0.9848$$

 * Use the formulas to calculate the sine and cosine of $$20^\circ,30^\circ,40^\circ$$
 * Check that your answers agree with the values for sine and cosine given by using your calculator to calculate them directly.

The addition formulas are very useful.

Here is a geometric proof of the sine addition formula. The proof also shows how someone could have discovered it.

Proof
We want to prove:
 * $$\sin(\alpha+\beta)=\sin(\alpha)\cos(\beta)+\sin(\beta)\cos(\alpha)$$

About the Diagram
First, a word about the diagram used in the proof. How on earth would you come up with a diagram like that?

Well,

 * We need a diagram with right triangles and we need to show an angle of $$(\alpha+\beta)$$, so having $$\triangle ABC$$ is a must.
 * We want to express the lengths in this triangle in terms of lengths of two right triangles, one with angle $$\alpha$$ and one with angle $$\beta$$, so adding points like $$E$$ and $$F$$ is essential.
 * Having got that far we could start trying to solve the problem, and we'd find we ran into a problem when calculating the distance $$\overline{BC}$$ . That's why we split $$\overline{BC}$$ into $$\overline{BD}$$ and $$\overline{DC}$$ . We can calculate the distance $$\overline{DC}$$ . It is the same length as $$\overline{EF}$$ . Also $$\overline{BD}$$ is a length we can calculate using Soh-Cah-Toa.

Be aware that there is nothing really special about the diagram we chose. It's possible, for example, to calculate $$\sin(\alpha+\beta)$$ using a diagram where the right triangle $$\triangle ABE$$ has its right angle at $$B$$ rather than at $$E$$. You might like to try that.

We've chosen this digram and this lettering because it is exactly the same as used in the Khan Academy video on proving addition formula for sine so if you have trouble with the proof presented here, you can follow it on video instead.

Video Link
There is a video of the proof which may be easier to follow at the Khan Academy.
 * Proof: sin(a+b) = (cos a)(sin b) + (sin a)(cos b)

The Proof

First check that the $$\angle DBE$$ really is the same as $$\angle FAE$$. That's going to be important to the proof. We're just using the fact that angles in a triangle add up to 180° to make that check, noting that we know the 90 degree angles.

Now an expression for $$\sin(\alpha+\beta)$$. Here we're using Soh-Cah-Toa. We're going to be using Soh-Cah-Toa a lot.
 * $$\sin(\alpha+\beta)=\frac{BC}{AB}$$

Looking at the diagram we can replace $$\overline{BC}$$ by $$\overline{BD}+\overline{DC}$$ and we also have $$\overline{DC}=\overline{EF}$$ so:

 * $$\sin(\alpha+\beta)=\frac{BD+DC}{AB}=\frac{BD+EF}{AB}=\frac{BD}{AB}+\frac{EF}{AB}$$

Let's work out another way to express $$\overline{BD}$$ and another way to express $$\overline{EF}$$. You'll need to look at the diagram to see which triangles we are using.

Putting it all Together

 * $$\sin(\alpha+\beta)=\frac{BD}{AB}+\frac{EF}{AB}=\frac{\overline{AB}\sin(\beta)\cos(\alpha)}{\overline{AB}}+\frac{\overline{AB}\sin(\alpha)\cos(\beta)}{\overline{AB}}$$

The $$\overline{AB}$$'s cancel.

 * $$\sin(\alpha+\beta)=\sin(\alpha)\cos(\beta)+\sin(\beta)\cos(\alpha)$$

We're done!

Exercises
When we drew the diagram we said nothing about its size. That means we could still choose to make one of the sides be of whatever length we like. We can do this for just one edge. Once we've done that all the other sides lengths are determined. Fixing one length to be a nice value can shorten the proof.

So, let us decide that $$AB$$ is 1 km. Actually we'll not worry about the units whether km, m or cm and just write '1'.

$$\triangle ABE$$ is a right triangle and:
 * $$\overline{AE}=\overline{AB}\cos(\beta)=\cos(\beta)$$

Your task is to simplify the entire proof of the addition formula by replacing the lengths like $$\overline{AE}$$ with the actual values assuming that we've set $$\overline{AB}=1$$. You're effectively removing $$\overline{AB}$$ and multiplication and division by $$\overline{AB}$$ from the proof. It should become a lot shorter and clearer. You should also mark up the lengths on the diagram, assuming $$\overline{AB}=1$$.

Read the description About the Diagram of how the diagram was constructed again. Make your own diagram that is different to the one shown, with right angles in different places to the diagram shown, and do the proof using it instead.
 * Tip: If you find yourself adding lots of lines and lots of extra points then you are probably making the proof a lot harder than you need to. You want to add only enough lines to be able to 'chase' lengths from one place to another. Once you've got the three basic triangles, one extra line should be enough.

Trigonometria/Formule goniometriche Matemática elementar/Trigonometria/Adição, subtração, duplicação e bissecção de arcos

title: Trigonometry/Addition Formula for Sines


text:
Developing Scripts and Case Studies for cisLunarFreighter/Radio Communications/STC/implementation/Callsign Selection

Callsign selection
The user will be asked for a two or three digit code (this depends on the space port choosen).

A box with callsign populated based on craft type and home port pops up.

The user then types in (on the keyboard) numbers based on the space-port. Some Spaceports use three digits - smaller sites only 2.

After they are finished, return to the initial screen.


text:
User:Francisco hills

Francis Chinonso Ugwu,A Nigerain computer engineer also known as Francisco Hill.born on 24 february 1998 .

title: User:Francisco hills


text:
User:Ellsie.c/sandbox

User:Ellsie.c/sandbox

This is my sandbox page on Wikipedia for practicing editing and citations. I can also use it to practice wiki mark-up. It is also a safe place to write an article while I figure out how to use wiki mark up and my work won't get erased.

I am in Wiki editing for the first time as part of a Wiki training course called Wikipedia+Librarian: Better Together.

I am experimenting with "bold" and linking today.

Paragraph: This helps you set the style of the text. For example, a header, or plain paragraph text. You can also use it to offset block quotes.

A: Highlight your text, then click here to format it with bold, italics, etc. The "More" options allows you to underline, add code snippets, and change language keyboards.

Links: The chain button allows you to link your text. Highlight the word, and push the button. VisualEditor will automatically suggest related Wikipedia articles for that word or phrase. This is a great way to connect your article to more Wikipedia content. You only have to link important words once, usually during the first time they appear. If you want to link to pages outside of Wikipedia (for an "external links" section, for example) click on the "External link" tab.

Cite: The citation tool in VisualEditor helps format your citations. You can simply paste a DOI or URL, and the VisualEditor will try to sort out all of the fields you need. Be sure to review it, however, and apply missing fields manually (if you know them). You can also add books, journals, news, and websites manually. That opens up a quick guide for inputting your citations. Finally, you can click the "re-use" tab if you've already added a source and just want to cite it again. Insert: This tab lets you add media, images, or { "version": 2, "width": 400, "height": 200, "data": [ {			"name": "table", "values": [ {					"x": 0, "y": 1 },				{					"x": 1, "y": 3 },				{					"x": 2, "y": 2 },				{					"x": 3, "y": 4 }			]		}	],	"scales": [ {			"name": "x", "type": "linear", "range": "width", "zero": false, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "x" }		},		{			"name": "y", "type": "linear", "range": "height", "nice": true, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "y" }		}	],	"axes": [ {			"type": "x", "scale": "x" },		{			"type": "y", "scale": "y" }	],	"marks": [ {			"type": "line", "from": { "data": "table" },			"properties": { "enter": { "x": { "scale": "x", "field": "x" },					"y": { "scale": "y", "field": "y" },					"y2": { "scale": "y", "value": 0 },					"interpolate": { "value": "monotone" },					"stroke": { "value": "steelblue" },					"strokeWidth": { "value": 3 }				}			}		}	] }.
 * Bullets: To add bullet points or a numbered list, click here.

Ω: The final tab allows you to add special characters, such as those found in non-English words, scientific notation, and a handful of language extensions.ΑΒβΔεηθκΛλΜμΝνξΠπΡρΣσςφψΩω

title: User:Ellsie.c/sandbox


text:
Oval electric ray

The oval electric ray (Typhlonarke tarakea) is a little-known species of sleeper ray in the family Narkidae. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it is generally found on the sea floor at a depth of 300 - 400 m. Seldom exceeding 30 cm in length, this species has a thick, oval pectoral fin disc and a short, stout tail with a single dorsal fin. It is blind, as its tiny eyes are covered by skin. Its pelvic fins are divided in two, with the anterior portion forming a limb-like appendage. These appendages likely allow the ray, which may not be able to swim at all, to "walk" along the bottom. The claspers of adult males extend beyond the disc. Polychaete worms are known to be part of its diet, and its reproduction is aplacental viviparous. It can produce an electric shock for defense. The International Union for Conservation of Nature presently lacks the data to assess its conservation status.

Taxonomy
The oval electric ray was described by William John Phillipps of the Dominion Museum, in a 1929 volume of the New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology. The type specimen was collected off Island Bay, Wellington. A specimen of this ray had been illustrated earlier by Augustus Hamilton, in his 1909 description of the related T. aysoni. Hamilton obtained the specimen at the fish market at Dunedin and made note of its different shape, but did not recognize it as a distinct species.

The IUCN Red List considers Typhlonarke tarakea a poorly preserved specimen of the blind electric ray (Typhlonarke aysoni), which is given a conservation status of Least Concern. However, other authorities recognise the two species.

Distribution and habitat
Confusion between the two Typhlonarke species has led to uncertainty regarding the extent of the oval electric ray's distribution. Both species are found off the eastern coast of New Zealand, between the East Cape of North Island and the Snares Shelf south of South Island, including the Cook and Foveaux Straits and the Stewart and Chatham Islands. Bottom-dwelling in nature, this species is generally found at a depth of 300 - 400 m but has been recorded from as shallow as 46 m and as deep as 800 m.

Description
The pectoral fin disc of the oval electric ray is ovoid in shape, tapering smoothly towards the rear, and has a very thick margin. The eyes are minute and located 2 - 3 mm beneath the surface of the skin; though not visible externally, their positions are marked by small white patches. The spiracles follow the eyes and are oval with smooth rims. The nostrils are closely together, with their outer rims curled to nearly form tubes and their inner rims expanded and fused together into a fleshy skirt-shaped curtain, that nearly conceals the small, deeply recessed mouth. The teeth number 11 rows in either jaw and are arranged with a quincunx pattern to form narrow plates restricted to the front of the jaws. The teeth in the back have a single sharp cusp, while those at the front are worn down and blunt. There are five pairs of short, curved gill slits, with the first and fifth pairs smaller than the others.

Each pelvic fin is divided: the anterior portion is formed into a long appendage resembling a finger, while the posterior portion is merged smoothly with the pectoral fin to form part of the disc. The trailing margins of the pelvic fins join the body evenly, without a notch. Adult males have cylindrical claspers that extend past the disc margin. The single dorsal fin has a rounded margin and originates just ahead of where the disc margin meets the body. The tail is short and thick, with faint lateral skin folds running along the sides, and ends in a nearly circular caudal fin. The skin is completely smooth. The oval electric ray is dark brown above, lightening towards the disc margins and on the underside. The area around the mouth and nostrils, and the underside of the pelvic appendages, are white. This species can grow to 36 cm long, but most do not exceed 30 cm.

Biology and ecology
Thick and flabby with a rudimentary tail, the oval electric ray seems virtually incapable of swimming. Instead, it likely relies on its mobile pelvic fin appendages, which are better developed than those of T. aysoni, to push it along the bottom. Like other electric rays, it can produce a defensive electric shock from a pair of kidney-shaped electric organs placed on either side of its head. Each organ consists of 180–200 relatively large, fluid-filled hexagonal columns, which essentially act as batteries connected in parallel. The oval electric ray is sightless and captures prey via suction; it is known to feed on polychaete worms. It is aplacental viviparous, with females bearing litters of up to 11 pups. The newborns measure 9 - 10 cm long.

Human interactions
The oval electric ray is susceptible to capture in bottom trawls, and the presence of major commercial fishing activity within its range may merit concern. However, given insufficient data the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed it under Data Deficient. In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the oval electric ray as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Data Poor" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

title: Oval electric ray


text:
Mettembert

Mettembert is a municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

History
Mettembert is first mentioned in 1170 as Mettenbere. In 1208 it was mentioned as Mettenberg. The municipality was formerly known by its German name Mittemberg, however, that name is no longer used. Until 1 January 1984 it was officially known as Mettemberg.

Geography
Mettembert has an area of. Of this area, 0.93 km2 or 40.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.24 km2 or 53.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.18 km2 or 7.8% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.01 km2 or 0.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.3%. Out of the forested land, 51.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 17.2% is used for growing crops and 10.8% is pastures and 11.6% is used for alpine pastures.

The municipality is located in the Delemont district, on the exposed side of a small valley north-west of Delemont.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or, a Billy Goat Sable attired, langued and hoofed Gules.

Demographics
Mettembert has a population of. , 9.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of -4.7%. Migration accounted for 4.7%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.8%.

Most of the population speaks French (99 or 85.3%) as their first language, German is the second most common (14 or 12.1%) and Italian is the third (2 or 1.7%).

, the population was 47.9% male and 52.1% female. The population was made up of 49 Swiss men (40.5% of the population) and 9 (7.4%) non-Swiss men. There were 60 Swiss women (49.6%) and 3 (2.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 45 or about 38.8% were born in Mettembert and lived there in 2000. There were 31 or 26.7% who were born in the same canton, while 24 or 20.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 15 or 12.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 32.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 11.2%.

, there were 54 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 56 married individuals, 5 widows or widowers and 1 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 41 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.8 persons per household. There were 10 households that consist of only one person and 7 households with five or more people. , a total of 37 apartments (72.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 11 apartments (21.6%) were seasonally occupied and 3 apartments (5.9%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.75%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 45% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (32%), the CSP (11%) and the FDP (8%). In the federal election, a total of 54 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.4%.

Economy
, Mettembert had an unemployment rate of 3.4%. , there were 9 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 3 businesses involved in this sector. No one was employed in the secondary sector. 5 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 3 businesses in this sector. There were 58 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.7% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 13. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 8, all of which were in agriculture. There were no jobs in the secondary sector. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 5; 1 was in the sale or repair of motor vehicles and 2 were in a hotel or restaurant.

, there were 2 workers who commuted into the municipality and 40 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 20.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 19% used public transportation to get to work, and 56.9% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 83 or 71.6% were Roman Catholic, while 18 or 15.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 11 individuals (or about 9.48% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 8 (or about 6.90% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1 individuals (or about 0.86% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Mettembert about 36 or (31.0%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 15 or (12.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 15 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.0% were Swiss men, 20.0% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009–10 school year, there were no students attending school in Mettembert. , there were 8 students in Mettembert who came from another municipality, while 28 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Mettembert


text:
Talk:George Bakhmeteff

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on George Bakhmeteff. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061032/http://www.marinlibrary.org/sites/default/files/userFiles/californiaroom/crm.essays.beales_0.pdf to http://www.marinlibrary.org/sites/default/files/userFiles/californiaroom/crm.essays.beales_0.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:43, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Bakhmeteff


text:
User:Abisha1226/sandbox

''' https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ICT_in_Education/Definition_of_Terms

information and communication technologies ICTs stand for information and communication technologies and are defined, for the purposes of this primer, as a “diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information.”Italic text''

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title: User:Abisha1226/sandbox


text:
Portal:Latin America/Featured article/Day 27

Mário Raul de Morais Andrade (October 9, 1893 – February 25, 1945) was a Brazilian poet, novelist, musicologist, art historian and critic, and photographer. One of the founders of Brazilian modernism, he virtually created modern Brazilian poetry with the publication of his Paulicéia Desvairada (Hallucinated City) in 1922. He has had an enormous influence on Brazilian literature in the 20th and 21st centuries, and as a scholar and essayist—he was a pioneer of the field of ethnomusicology—his influence has reached far beyond Brazil.

Andrade was the central figure in the avant-garde movement of São Paulo for twenty years. Trained as a musician and best known as a poet and novelist, Andrade was personally involved in virtually every discipline that was connected with São Paulo modernism, and became Brazil's national polymath. He was the driving force behind the Week of Modern Art, the 1922 event that reshaped both literature and the visual arts in Brazil. After working as a music professor and newspaper columnist he published his great novel, Macunaíma, in 1928. At the end of his life, he became the founding director of São Paulo's Department of Culture, formalizing a role he had long held as the catalyst of the city's—and the nation's—entry into artistic modernity.


text:
Alcudia bridge disaster

The Alcudia bridge disaster (Spanish: Catástrofe del Puente de Alcudia) was a train incident in the province of Ciudad Real, Spain, on 27 April 1884. With 59 reported deaths, it became by far the largest train disaster in the country up to that date.

History
The bridge, inaugurated in 1864, is located at kilometre point 279 of the Madrid–Ciudad Real–Badajoz railway line, between the stations of Chillón and Almadenejos. The line was owned by the Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Madrid a Zaragoza y Alicante (MZA).

The events took place in the early morning of 27 April 1884, at about 04:00 AM, when a locomotive (along several carriages and cages with sheep) derailed off the bridge. The flow of the river was very high compared to its usual modest flow due to rain fallen in previous days.

The disaster brought 59 deaths, 54 of them soldiers of the infantry regiment Castilla and 3 soldiers of the infantry regiment Granada, as well as two civilians. There was 56 injured, who were moved to the hospital of Almadén (those critically injured) and Almadenejos.

The incident report was jointly drafted by engineers employed by the Spanish State and MZA. The experts reported one of the three pillars of the bridge had been cut down, prompting the contemporary press to talk about an alleged premeditated sabotage.

The train drivers were indicted of homicide and injuries, and the trial started in 1885. The sentence cleared both the workers and MZA.

title: Alcudia bridge disaster


text:
Talk:Learning the basics of French/Introducing Yourself/Exercises

I do not know who wrote "écriver" but it does not exist. The verb is "écrire", and "écrivez" is the way it is written when talking to several people. (e.g: vous écrivez).

So how are we supposed to get an instructor?

Bonjour et Adieux
Hi, I don't really see the point of this exercise. I mean, I'm French and I failed. I don't think it is so important to know exactly which greeting to use at which time of the day or how to say goodbye properly. I often use "Bonjour" even if it is after 19h, it's no big deal. A "Bonjour" for greeting and an "Au revoir" for leaving will always do.

I would rather put an exercise about the "Être" and "Avoir" verbs. Only the conjugation or putting the verb in the right form in very easy sentences.

What do you think? If you want I can come up with an exercise like that.

Albane69 15:56, 2 December 2009 (UTC)


text:
Geometry for Elementary School/Points

A point is a dot that is so small that its height and width are actually zero! This may seem too small. So small that no such thing could ever really exist. But it does fit with our intuition about the world. Even though everything in the physical world around us of things larger than atoms, it is still very useful to talk about the centers of these atoms, or electrons. A point can be thought of as the limit of dots whose size is decreasing.

A point is so small that even if we divide the size of these dots by 100, 1,000 or 1,000,000 it would still be much larger than a point. A point is considered to be infinitely small. In order to get to the size of a point we should keep dividing the circle size by two – forever. Don't try it at home.

A point has no length, width, or depth. In fact, a point has no size at all. A point seems to be too small to be useful. Luckily, as we will see when discussing lines we have plenty of them. It may be best to think of a point as a location, as in a location where two lines cross.

Why define a point as an infinitely small dot? For one thing it has a very precise location, not just the center of a rough dot, but the point itself. Another reason is that if the drawing is made much bigger or smaller the point stays the same size. A point which is an infinitely small dot would be too small to see, so we must use a big old visible normal dot, or where two lines cross to represent it and its approximate location on paper.

When we name a point, we always use an uppercase letter. Often we will use $$P$$ for "point" if we can, and if have more than one dot, we will work our way through the alphabet and use $$Q$$, $$R$$, and so on. However, nowadays many people will start with any letter they like, although the $$P$$ still remains the best way.

If some points are on the same line, we call them 'colinear'. If they are on the same plane, they are 'coplanar'. Two points are always colinear. But a point can be collinear with several points.Two to three points are always coplanar. Of course this is tautological since the definition of a 'line' is 'two connected points', and the definition of a 'plane' is 'the surface specified by three points'.

Geometria per scuola elementare/Punti Geometria dla szkoły podstawowej/Punkty

Exercises
{Which of the following does a point have? - Length + Location - Volume - Area
 * type=""}

{A collection of points are colinear if they are: - On the same surface as each other. - On the same circle as each other. + On the same line as each other.
 * type=""}

{A collection of points are coplanar if they are: + On the same flat surface as each other. - On the surface of the same cube. - On the surface of the same cone as each other.
 * type=""}

title: Geometry for Elementary School/Points


text:
Talk:Action research/AREOL25

Discussion about the page Action research/AREOL25.

Introduction
Areol is an online program for learning about action research. It is offered by Southern Cross University, Australia

Purpose
To establish a forum for discussing matters relevant to the Areol on-line action research program [#25] and for sharing information about action research

Role

 * To identify and examine themes of interest to Areol 25 program participants
 * To provide a shared platform for Areol 25 program participants
 * To share thoughts and understandings about action research and create consensus and personal documents that may interest Areol 25 program participants and others interested in action research.

Membership
The Areol 25 Wiki study group currently consists of:

 * Cormac Lawler [UK]
 * David Don [Au]
 * Helen Phelan []
 * Michael Bourne [Au]
 * Stephanie Panke [Germany]
 * Sue Brown []

All Areol 25 participants are invited to join the Wiki Action Research Study Group (WARSG.

Other contributors are asked to peruse the Areol website before editing these pages: http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/areol/areolhome.html

Reports to

The participants in this program owe a duty of care to the facilitators and participants in Areol 25

Sub groups
Sub groups may be formed to address particular matters as agreed by the participants, e.g. to discuss issues related to the processes of communication between participants in this forum. [Matters related to themes are simply addressed in the pages of the forum]

Virtual meetings
Any member may call for an on-line meeting in a ‘Chat room’ and is responsible for planning the meeting at a time that will give an opportunity for participants from around the world to join in and with consideration for the agenda and roles needed to capture the proceeds of the virtual meeting.

Support
Note that the Wiki Action Research Study Group site evolves continuously as participants post new information and build on earlier posts. Mutual support is required to facilitate the ongoing development and maintenance of this site. [N] dd 23:13, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the above, David. I think it's good to have a shared sense of purpose and responsibility to each other - however, I'm not comfortable with new members having to ask a convenor. I think people should be allowed join in (as well as leave) as and when they like - AREOL participants or not - in the true spirit of the wiki. This is a space to discuss action research - and why not have it as open as possible? I'm interested in the "meetings" bit - though it isn't something we have discussed here on-wiki or on-list. Should this be coordinated via the list or the wiki? And where would it take place - Skype, MSN, IRC...? Looking forward to hearing yours (and others') thoughts... Cormaggio talk 23:34, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Action research/AREOL25


text:
regenerative

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) That serves to regenerate.
 * 2) Being a kind of circuit, much used in radio receivers, that allows an electronic signal to be amplified many times through a feedback loop.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:

title: regenerative


text:
caña

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) cane
 * 2) reed
 * 3) branch
 * 4) glass of beer

Etymology
Perhaps form.

Noun

 * 1) aguardiente, a brandy or distillate of grape pomace

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) cane
 * 2) reed
 * 3) slim, cylindrical type of glass, used to serve beer
 * 4) glass of beer
 * 5)  hangover
 * 6)  shank
 * 7)  drinking straw

title: caña


text:
Steve Alvers

Steven Dean Alvers (born April 4, 1957) is a former professional American football tight end and center who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills in 1981 and the New York Jets in 1982.

title: Steve Alvers


text:
Lunar Boom Town

Lunar Boom Town is a set of strategic engineering simulations intended to help interested parties and organizations with research and self education efforts. It is hoped that participants will eventually be involved with implementation of engineering technologies, business ventures, and research endeavors sufficient and necessary to establish successful space settlements.

At this time various free electronic games and other free online data resources are used by participants to further refine and investigate issues involved with settling in space. Team role playing or charades are used with heterogeneous teams to exchange knowledge and practical experience related to the challenge of prospering in space related activities. Actual physical processes and systems are designed, built, tested, and documented within some asynchronous activities.

A long term goal, among others, is to create a virtual environment suitable for neophytes to safely explore all known factors and ramifications of a personal commitment to settle in space while they assist experts with reducing the unknowns and hazards actual pioneers and settlers will face.

Why play around with concepts involving space technology? Consider that this course Technical writing specification alleges that effective technical projects spend up to one third of their time figuring out what precisely they wish to accomplish. How is this to be done with no preexisting markets and little preexisting directly applicable art or off-the-shelf components? Within Lunar Boom Town game scenarios and technical proposals we use free engineering techniques to pool and share our collective judgment regarding how, what, and why specific activities and technologies might be useful in space settlements.

Open entrepreneurial ideas
What business could be start up or run in a Lunar Boom Town? Laundry, waterless

Potential triggers for lunar boom towns

 * Space Tourism;
 * A commitment to extensively explore or settle Mars.  This implies Aldrin Cyclers;
 * A decision to build a space elevator;
 * Global warming: A shift to solar power satellites as part of carbon reduction efforts. Manufacturing centers at L5;
 * Advances in Nuclear Fusion using He3 in Fuel Cycle;
 * Asteroid mining - asteroide mining;
 * The detection of habitable extrasolar planets.

This project focuses on business plans, evaluation of business models, technical approaches, and risk factors.

There is a budding business plan course – The Business Plan – that may be a bit too technical for our purposes. Wikibooks has some detailed information (Wikibooks:Writing a Business Plan) on standard business plans. Keep in mind we do not need excessive detail to get started and we can all collaborate on our lunar business models and plans. A business plan is merely a communications tool to help tell others how we plan to conduct our business.

Participants will also find marketing concepts and skills helpful in identifying and analyzing target market segments.

In the meantime we need some icons for one of our local freight company simulators.
 * CisLunarFreighter Java guys requested some .jpegs or .pngs for graphics! Post samples here or there or somewhere you think appropriate.
 * /links to technical papers/
 * /sites with information/

The current theme song is by Sharam. We are considering remixing it with some drums to represent discrete large missions abruptly impacting the markets. We use this theme song to represent the complex interplay of businesses and customers in free markets. If you have a better theme song for Lunar Boom Town, please leave a link here or on discussion page so others may evaluate it as a replacement.

Evolving game concepts

 * /Draft Game Concepts/
 * /Creating data/
 * /Task Requests/
 * Ideas from #wikiversity-en IRC
 * /Team Building/

Public service bulletin
There has been some simulated vandal activity (edit wars, personal attacks, faked data citations, misquotes, incorrect hacked engineering software tools, etc.) within these projects and Wikiversity custodians are considering declaring parts of Lunar Boom Town a designated vandal haven until this malicious behavior has been reigned in effectively. Vested interests please share thoughts below:
 * I think Cargo Imports is bordering on problematical in that there are dangerous physical processes being shared prior to adequate preparation of safety recommendations. Mirwin 06:37, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

It may be expensive to live on the moon
What kinds of businesses, factories, and exports would it take to pay for the necessary imports? What kinds of skills would be needed? We need to figure all this stuff out before our boomtown will prosper, whether in a virtual simulation or actually on the moon.

Help us budding business tycoons find out and figure it out by gathering and using appropriately sources of information. Remember to report back creatively to assist the entire community. Use of open/free design methodologies is encouraged to enhance probability of success and shorten development timelines. Primarily, we are interested in living and working on the moon, not licensing technologies for others to do so. Public collaboration and publishing of results is intended to help create future space settlements with dynamic successful economies.

Design task challenges and activities
Using online lunar data find a prime location for our boomtown. Remember, it should be close to resources and future customers. The following online resources can be used for finding a prime location for our boomtown.
 * Lunar Global GIS (most comprehensive dataset collection so far)
 * NASA Moon trek (includes custom VR tours)
 * Direct evidence of surface exposed water ice in the lunar polar regions - includes map of surface ice deposits
 * Best Time to See Moon Mountains in May Is Now

Feasibility Study Automated Cargo Flow - Terran Spaceport Warehouse to Designated Lunar Delivery Zone

Help prove to the polished senior professional engineers whose assistance we need occasionally that our engineering students, combat artists, and synergistic hunter/gather scouts are second to no other chaotic strategic mobocracy anywhere in the world while we play at getting to the moon with enough profits leftover to be influential investors in the Mars Society's pathetic attempt to get to Mars and back alive with the Chinese junk components that the NATO/Nipponese empire embarrasses their "defense forces" with ..... all I can say really is that it was a nice life for me as one of the few privileged Americans never discriminated against while it lasted. Mirwin 06:08, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Should the initial automated cargo carrier use methane or LH2 or some other fuel mix combination for the delivery crashlander and software stages?
 * http://groups.google.com/group/sci.space.policy/browse_thread/thread/70cd1001dac867ee#8dfe8a3c87ad123d

 * advanced engineering text stub on design considerations for naval ships offers clues about how to go about looking for issues to address and/or ignore based upon known analytical and/or empirical relationships. I have not found a book on specifically vertical launched spacecraft and staged boosters but I think this stub gives us clues about how to get started.  Look for an insight or meaningful question and express it somewhere for agreement (grows confidence to proceed) concerns(someone else has insight about easily overlooked constraint which is documented as simplifying constraint and then automatic checks can be be implement such as:  If design mass exceed 1000kgs, (M>1000kg) reanalyze structural elements such and such to verify expect peak stress are still below the elastic yield point Introduction_to_Elasticity of materials specified.
 * If M > 1000Kg Then initiate analysis tasks with tags (xxx,stress, ...)

 * /GLOP Processor patterns, templates, details/ Discuss humor and deadly perils associated with dumpster diving and compare contrast switching route initialization and management for household GLOP process interfaced to larger and smaller grid transceiving stations by variety of methods ranging from voluntary, ignored, tracked, enforced etc. at a profit or at least reduction of localized expenses. Mirwin 00:05, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
 * /Humorous scenarios/
 * /bubbler air particle reducer/

Other concepts

 * /Lunar base light cycles/
 * Lunar eclipses

Potentially collaborating organizations

 * /Current Participant List/

Commons

 * Category:Lunar surface

title: Lunar Boom Town


text:
Optile

Optile (Organisation Professionnelle des Transports d'Île-de-France, or Professional Transport Organisation of Île-de-France) is a public transport organisation, created in October 2000 from a merger between several private bus companies serving suburban Paris. It regulates bus routes under the authority of Île-de-France Mobilités, the region's transport authority.

Key facts

 * 1,070 bus lines
 * 1,100 of the 1,300 communes of Île-de-France served
 * 24,000 bus stops
 * 250 million passenger journeys per year

title: Optile


text:
Help talk:Tables

Align top
Is it also possible to align text in the top? What code should you use? 18:34, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

not aligned:

header aligned: right

see sourc code: I used style="text-align: right;"| Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat + Identi.ca 19:03, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Help talk:Tables


text:
fiocco

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) bow, ribbon, knot
 * 2) flock, tuft
 * 3) flake, snowflake
 * 4)  flake
 * 1)  flake
 * 1)  flake

Etymology 3
, perhaps via.

Noun

 * 1)  jib triangular staysail set forward of the foremast
 * 2)  drifter a very light sail used when no wind available

title: fiocco


text:
Fiji at the 2019 World Athletics Championships

Fiji competed at the 2019 World Championships in Athletics in Doha, Qatar, from 27 September 2019.

Men

 * Track and road events


text:
Template:Uncited

This template will categorize resources into either Category:Resources needing sources or a monthly category like Category:Resources needing sources from July 2024, if a date is supplied.

Usage
This template also has one optional field.

The field is a date parameter, entered as. Adding this sorts the resource into subcategories of Category:Resources needing sources by month and out of the parent category, allowing the oldest problems to be identified and dealt with first.

title: Template:Uncited


text:
Talk:Kids Can't Fly

Original line-up
I can't remember who was in the original incarnation of the band but Robin was not one of the founding members.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:52, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kids Can't Fly. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120623184041/http://hevypetal.com/interviews/111/kids-cant-fly to http://hevypetal.com/interviews/111/kids-cant-fly

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:06, 5 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kids Can't Fly. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20121129131315/http://kidscantfly.tumblr.com/post/22857539302/big-news to http://kidscantfly.tumblr.com/post/22857539302/big-news

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:46, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kids Can't Fly


text:
Malaya Rechka

Malaya Rechka (Малая Речка) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Rasskazikhinsky Selsoviet, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 23 as of 2013. There is 1 street.

Geography
Malaya Rechka is located 57 km south of Novoaltaysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nizhnyaya Petrovka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Malaya Rechka


text:
2020 International GT Open

The 2020 International GT Open is the fifteenth season of the International GT Open, the grand tourer-style sports car racing series founded in 2006 by the Spanish GT Sport Organización. It began on 8 August at the Hungaroring and ended at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya on 1 November after six rounds.

Race calendar and results

 * A seven-round provisional calendar was revealed on 22 October 2019. The schedule will feature six circuits from the 2019 calendar, with Silverstone dropped in favor of the Hungaroring. The schedule also switches the order of some rounds with the Spa round now occurring before the Hockenheimring and the season finale occurring at Catalunya rather than Monza. On 19 March 2020, it was announced that the season opening round at Le Castellet would be moved to 20-23 August in response to the coronavirus outbreak. On 6 April, 2020, it was announced that the Spa round would be postponed to a later date as well. The Barcelona round was also moved in response to avoid having races on consecutive weekends. A provisional calendar was released on 19 May 2020 and involved dropping to a six round season instead of the planned seven due to the cancellation of the Hockenheim round because of track conflicts. The only change made afterwards to this calendar was to move the Hungaroring round to a new date.

Points systems
Points are awarded to the top 10 (Pro) or top 6 (Am, Pro-Am, Teams) classified finishers. If less than 6 participants start the race or if less than 75% of the original race distance is completed, half points are awarded. At the end of the season, the lowest race score is dropped; however, the dropped race cannot be the result of a disqualification or race ban.

Teams' championship
Only the highest two finishing cars from a team count towards the Teams' Championship

title: 2020 International GT Open


text:
медъ

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) honey

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) honey
 * 2) mead

Alternative forms

 * ,, , , , міодъ,

Etymology
, from, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) honey
 * 2) mead
 * 3) tree sap
 * 4) cinnamon
 * 1) cinnamon

title: медъ


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/newmusicnetwork.ca

Links

 * newmusicnetwork.ca resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 3 additions.


text:
List of protected heritage sites in Chastre

This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Chastre. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.

 * }


text:
Shafiabad, Nishapur

Shafiabad (, also Romanized as Shafī‘ābād; also known as Shā‘fīabād Bātān) is a village in Rivand Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 23, in 8 families.

title: Shafiabad, Nishapur


text:
раба

Noun

 * 1) female servant

Noun

 * : female slave

Etymology
From. .

Noun

 * 1) female slave

title: раба


text:
Changshan Commandery

Changshan Commandery (常山郡), or Hengshan Commandery (恒山郡), was a historical commandery of China, located in present-day southern Hebei province.

The commandery was established as Hengshan by the Qin state after it annexed the state of Zhao. After the foundation of Han dynasty, it became part of the Zhao Kingdom. During Empress Dowager Lü's reign, it was briefly granted to Liu Buyi (劉不疑), son of the Emperor Hui, as his fief. After the death of Buyi, the territory was first passed to Liu Hong, Emperor Houshao of Han, then it was granted to Liu Chao (劉朝), another son of Emperor Hui. During the defeat of the Lü clan, Liu Chao was killed and the territory again became a commandery of Zhao. The name was later changed to Changshan for the naming taboo of Emperor Wen of Han (personal name Liu Heng).

The territory became a separate principality in 145 BC during Emperor Jing's reign, and was granted to Liu Shun (劉舜). In 113 BC, Shun's successor Liu Bo (劉勃) was deposed and the principality was abolished. A brother of Bo, Liu Ping (劉平), was granted part of the former Changshan as the principality of Zhending, while the remaining territories became Changshan Commandery. In late Western Han dynasty, the commandery administered 18 counties, namely Yuanshi (元氏), Shiyi (石邑), Sangzhong (桑中), Lingshou (靈壽), Puwu (蒲吾), Shangquyang (上曲陽), Jiumen (九門), Jingxing (井陘), Fangzi (房子), Zhongqiu (中丘), Fengsi (封斯), Guan (關), Pingji (平棘), Hao (鄗), Leyang (樂陽), Pingtai (平臺), Duxiang (都鄉) and Nanxingtang (南行唐). The population in 2 AD was 677,956, or 141,741 households.

Zhending was merged back in early Eastern Han dynasty, and the seat of the commandery was moved to Zhending County (真定縣). The commandery became the fief of imperial princes several times during the Eastern Han. In 140 AD, the population was 631,184, or 97,500 households. From the Jin dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties period, its territory was reduced as new commanderies were formed and counties were transferred to other commanderies.

The commandery was abolished in early Sui dynasty. Later, Hengshan Commandery became an alternative name of Heng Prefecture (恒州). In 741, the name was again changed to Changshan. At the time, Changshan administered 11 counties and had a total population of 342,134.

title: Changshan Commandery


text:
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council, 1823–1843

This is a list of members of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1823 to 1843. All members were appointed.


text:
talk in circles

Verb

 * 1)  To argue a point by repetition of the same theme, sometimes by using different words, but without making any progress.

title: talk in circles


text:
2019 Darwin Tennis International – Women's singles

Kimberly Birrell was the defending champion, but chose not to participate.

Lizette Cabrera won the title, defeating Abbie Myers in the final, 6–4, 4–6, 6–2.

Seeds
• # 🇦🇺 Zoe Hives (quarterfinals)

• # 🇦🇺 Lizette Cabrera (champion)

• # 🇦🇺 Maddison Inglis (quarterfinals)

• # 🇦🇺 Destanee Aiava (second round)

• # 🇦🇺 Kaylah McPhee (second round)

• # 🇨🇳 Xu Shilin (first round)

• # 🇯🇵 Ayano Shimizu (second round)

• # 🇬🇧 Naiktha Bains (first round)


text:
User:John Cummings/Documentation/Surveying sources

=Surveying sources=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
 * Noun Project process icon 2519390.svg

Process

 * 1) Describe the source using the form below, if you'd like to recommend a source for Wikipedia to use you only need to complete this step.
 * 2) Survey the source: Work on your own or with others to survey the source, when working with other people you can use a list of tasks to keep track of what is being worked on.
 * 3) Add the facts into Wikipedia: Add the facts into Wikipedia with references.
 * 4) Record where these facts have been added in Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects e.g Wikidata.
 * }
 * }

Steps
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
 * Pencil (480248) - The Noun Project.svg

1. Describe the source
Fill out the form to record some basic information about the source, if you'd like to recommend that Wikipedia use a source of information simply complete this step. Completing this form will add it to the list of sources below and will allow people to work together to find useful information in the source.

Add FormWizard form here {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
 * }
 * Noun Project list icon 1510508 cc.svg

2. Survey the source
Work on your own or with others to identify facts in the source that can be used in Wikipedia. You can find sources to survey using the list of topics below. You can annotate the source and keep a record of what has and hasn't been surveyed. Because of copyright restrictions and lack of features it is difficult to annotate a source on Wikimedia projects. You can use whichever platform you want to e.g Google Docs. If you have an issue that you cannot resolve explain it on the page and move the page from 'In progress' to 'Help needed'.

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
 * }
 * }
 * Noun project plus icon 1014395 cc.svg

3. Add the facts into Wikipedia
Rewrite the facts and add them to Wikipedia, you have to rewrite the facts in your own words so you don’t break copyright. Use additional references from other sources where possible (ideally at least others) to show the notability of the topic. If you identify a topic which should be included in Wikipedia which isn’t you can add it to Wikidata, request the article is created or create it yourself.

Additionally if a source is available under a Wikipedia compatible open license text can be copied into Wikipedia (using this guidance) and images and other media can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
 * }
 * }
 * Noun Project Save Icon 1527077.svg

4. Record where these facts have been added
Add the rewritten text and where the text was added to the annotated document. Once the document has been assessed and all facts have been added please move the page to the 'Complete' category (??add instructions in here??). If the source is available under a Wikipedia open license please record where you have uploaded the content.
 * }
 * }

Notes (to be deleted)
User:John_Cummings/Surveying_sources/European_Investment_Bank_blog#Link_to_working_document


text:
Solar System, technical/Mercury

Mercury is the smallest and least massive of the eight major planets in the Solar System (Pluto is no longer considered a planet). Mercury is the second densest planet in the solar system after Earth. At a mean distance from the Sun of 57.8 million kilometres, it is also the closest. Mercury has a faint atmosphere, mainly helium, and experiences extremes of temperature ranging from over 350°C during the day to -170°C at night. The planet orbits the Sun in 88 Earth-days and rotates on its axis in a period of 58.6 days. The gravity at the surface is 37.7% of what it is on Earth. Mercury's radius is 2439.7 kilometers at the equator, and has a mass 3.302 x 1023.

Orbital characteristics

 * Aphelion: 69,816,927 km (0.46669733 AU)
 * Perihelion: 46,001,210 km (0.30749909 AU)
 * Semi-major axis: 57,909,068 km (0.38709821 AU)
 * Eccentricity: 0.205630294
 * Orbital period: 87.969 098 d (0.240846264 a)
 * Synodic period: 115.88 d
 * Avg. orbital speed: 47.362 km/s
 * Mean anomaly: 174.795884°
 * Inclination: 7.005015818° (3.38° to Sun’s equator)
 * Longitude of ascending node: 48.330541°
 * Argument of perihelion: 29.124279°
 * Satellites: None

Physical characteristics

0°N, 0°W 100 K 	340 K 	700 K   85°N, 0°W 	80 K 	200 K 	380 K
 * Mean radius: 2439.7 ± 1.0 km (0.3829 Earths)
 * Flattening: < 0.0006
 * Surface area: 7.48 × 107 km² (0.108 Earths)
 * Volume: 6.083 × 1010 km³ (0.054 Earths)
 * Mass: 3.3022 × 1023 kg (0.055 Earths)
 * Mean density: 5.427 g/cm³
 * Equatorial surface gravity: 3.7 m/s² (0.38 g)
 * Escape velocity: 4.25 km/s
 * Sidereal rotation period: 58.646 day (58 d 15.5 h)
 * Rotation velocity at equator: 10.892 km/h
 * Axial tilt: 0.01°
 * Right ascension of North pole: 18 h 44 min 2 s (281.01°)
 * Declination of North pole: 61.45°
 * Albedo: 0.119 (bond) 0.106 (geom.)
 * Surface temp.: min 	mean 	max
 * Apparent magnitude: up to -1.9
 * Angular diameter: 4.5" — 13"
 * Adjectives: Mercurian

Atmosphere

 * Surface pressure: trace

 * Composition: [citation needed]
 * 1) 31.7% Potassium
 * 2) 24.9% Sodium
 * 3) 9.5% Atomic Oxygen
 * 4) 7.0% Argon
 * 5) 5.9% Helium
 * 6) 5.6% Molecular Oxygen
 * 7) 5.2% Nitrogen
 * 8) 3.6% Carbon dioxide
 * 9) 3.4% Water
 * 10) 3.2% Hydrogen

Cosmic-rays
From the Mariner 10 observations in electron astronomy, it is concluded that "[d]ue to the limited shielding provided by its relatively weak magnetic dipole moment, the surface of Mercury is everywhere subject to bombardment by cosmic rays and solar energetic particles with energies greater than 1 MeV/nucleon."

"Galactic cosmic rays should have very similar fluxes on Mercury and the Moon." "Solar Cosmic Rays which result in the formation of particle tracks also increase by a factor of up to 10 when compared to the Moon. However, surface temperatures reach 700 K, which can result over millions of years in the annealing of irradiation effects."

Protons
"During the Mercury flyby of Mariner 10, observations of large fluxes of energetic ... protons (0.53 < E < 1.9 MeV) have been reported" but these may be due to "the pileup of low-energy electrons rather than the presence of protons in the vicinity of Mercury."

The Energetic Particles Experiment aboard Mariner 10 "was designed to measure energetic ... protons ... in the interplanetary medium and in the vicinities of Venus and Mercury. The instrumentation consisted of a main telescope and a low-energy telescope. The main telescope consisted of six co-linear sensors (five silicon detectors and one CsI scintillator) surrounded by a plastic scintillator anti-coincidence cup. One pulse height analysis was performed every 0.33 s, and counts accumulated in each coincidence/anti-coincidence mode were measured every 0.6 s. Particles stopping in the first sensor were protons ... in the range 0.62--10.3 MeV/nucleon ... . The aperture half angle for this mode was 47 degrees, and the geometric [factor was] 7.4 sq cm-sr for protons ... . The telescope aperture half-angle decreased to 32 degrees for coincident counts in the first and third sensors. The low-energy telescope, a two-element (plus anti-coincidence) detector with a 38 degree half angle aperture and a 0.49 sq cm sr geometrical factor, was designed to measure 0.53--1.9 MeV and 1.9--8.9 MeV protons without responding to electrons over a wide range of electron energies and intensities."

"The ... solar proton flare on 20 April 1998 at W 90° and S 43° (9:38 UT) was measured by the GOES-9-satellite (Solar Geophysical Data 1998), as well as by other experiments on WIND ... and GEOTAIL. Protons were accelerated up to energies > 110 MeV and are therefore able to hit the surface of Mercury."

Neutron astronomy
The neutron spectrometer on the MESSENGER spacecraft "[d]etermines the hydrogen mineral composition to a depth of 40 cm by detecting low-energy neutrons that result from the collision of cosmic rays and the minerals. "

"During large solar flares, the region near Mercury may be strongly illuminated with solar neutrons."

Electron astronomy
Mariner 10 has aboard "one backward facing electron spectrometer (BESA). ... An electron spectrum [is] obtained every 6 s, ... within the energy range 13.4-690 eV. ... [B]y taking into account [the angular] distortion [caused by the solar wind passing the spacecraft] and the spacecraft sheath characteristics ... some of the solar wind plasma parameters such as ion bulk speed, electron temperature, and electron density [are derived]."

Mariner 10 had three encounters with Mercury on March 29, 1974, September 21, 1974, and on March 16, 1975.

The BESA measurements "show that the planet interacts with the solar wind to form a bow shock and a permanent magnetosphere. ... The magnetosphere of Mercury appears to be similar in shape to that of the earth but much smaller in relation to the size of the planet. The average distance from the center of Mercury to the subsolar point of the magnetopause is ∼ 1.4 planetary radii. Electron populations similar to those found in the earth’s magnetotail, within the plasma sheet and adjacent regions, were observed at Mercury; both their spatial location and the electron energy spectra within them bear qualitative and quantitative resemblance to corresponding observations at the earth."

"[T]he Mercury encounter (M I) by Mariner 10 on 29 March 1974 occurred during the height of a Jovian electron increase in the interplanetary medium."

X-rays
"Now, 205 measurements of Mercury's surface composition, made by the X-ray spectrometer onboard Messenger, reveal how much Mercury's surface differs from those of other planets in the solar system."

"The surface is dominated by minerals high in magnesium and enriched in sulfur, making it similar to partially melted versions of an enstatite chondrite, a rare type of meteorite that formed at high temperatures in low-oxygen conditions in the inner solar system."

""The similarity between the constituents of these meteorites and Mercury's surface leads us to believe that either Mercury formed via the accretion of materials somewhat like the enstatite chondrites, or that both enstatite chondrites and the Mercury precursors were built from common ancestors," [Shoshana] Weider [a planetary geologist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington] said."

Ultraviolets
"[U]ltraviolet observations by Mariner 10 provided evidence for the presence of H and He in the atmosphere (~1011 and 1012 atoms cm-2 respectively3".

Aboard Mariner 10, "[t]he extreme ultraviolet spectrometer consisted of two instruments: an occultation spectrometer that was body-fixed to the spacecraft and an airglow spectrometer that was mounted on the scan platform. When the sun was obscured by the limbs of the planet, the occultation spectrometer measured the extinction properties of the atmosphere. The occultation spectrometer had a plane grating which operated at grazing incidence. The fluxes were measured at 47.0, 74.0, 81.0, and 89.0 nm using channel electron multipliers. Pinholes defined the effective field of view of the instrument which was 0.15 degree full width at half maximum (FWHM). Isolated spectral bands at approximately 75 nm (FWHM) were also measured. The objective grating airglow spectrometer was flown to measure airglow radiation from Venus and Mercury in the spectral range from 20.0--170.0 nm. With a spectral resolution of 2.0 nm, the instrument measured radiation at the following wavelengths: 30.4, 43.0, 58.4, 74.0, 86.9, 104.8, 121.6, 130.4, 148.0, and 165.7 nm. In addition, to provide a check on the total incident extreme UV flux to the spectrometer, two zero-order channels were flown. The effective field of view of the instrument was 0.13 by 3.6 degree. Data also include the interplanetary region."

Blue astronomy
"MESSENGER's Wide Angle Camera (WAC), part of the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS), is equipped with 11 narrow-band color filters. As the spacecraft receded from Mercury after making its closest approach on January 14, 2008, the WAC recorded a 3x3 mosaic covering part of the planet not previously seen by spacecraft. The color image shown here was generated by combining the mosaics taken through the WAC filters that transmit light at wavelengths of 1000 nanometers (infrared), 700 nanometers (far red), and 430 nanometers (violet). These three images were placed in the red, green, and blue channels, respectively, to create the visualization presented here. The human eye is sensitive only across the wavelength range from about 400 to 700 nanometers. Creating a false-color image in this way accentuates color differences on Mercury's surface that cannot be seen in black-and-white (single-color) images."

"Color differences on Mercury are subtle, but they reveal important information about the nature of the planet's surface material. A number of bright spots with a bluish tinge are visible in this image. These are relatively recent impact craters. Some of the bright craters have bright streaks (called "rays" by planetary scientists) emanating from them. Bright features such as these are caused by the presence of freshly crushed rock material that was excavated and deposited during the highly energetic collision of a meteoroid with Mercury to form an impact crater. The large circular light-colored area in the upper right of the image is the interior of the Caloris basin. Mariner 10 viewed only the eastern (right) portion of this enormous impact basin, under lighting conditions that emphasized shadows and elevation differences rather than brightness and color differences. MESSENGER has revealed that Caloris is filled with smooth plains that are brighter than the surrounding terrain, hinting at a compositional contrast between these geologic units. The interior of Caloris also harbors several unusual dark-rimmed craters, which are visible in this image. The MESSENGER science team is working with the 11-color images in order to gain a better understanding of what minerals are present in these rocks of Mercury's crust."

Yellows
"[H]igh-resolution spectral measurements of Mercury show emission in sodium D lines (Potter and Morgan 1985a). This suggests a substantial sodium population in Mercury's atmosphere ... possibly due to photo-sputtering of the planetary surface".

Radars
"Water ice strongly reflects radar, and observations by the 70 m [Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex] Goldstone telescope and the [Very Large Array] VLA in the early 1990s revealed that there are patches of very high radar reflection near the poles. While ice is not the only possible cause of these reflective regions, astronomers believe it is the most likely. "

Radar astronomy of Mercury "[i]mproved [the] value for the distance from the earth [including] [r]otational period, libration, [and] surface mapping, [especially] of [the] polar regions."

Crater astronomy

"Mercury's surface is heavily cratered and similar in appearance to Earth's Moon ... For example, an unusual crater with radiating troughs has been discovered which scientists called "the spider." ... Craters on Mercury range in diameter from small bowl-shaped cavities to multi-ringed impact basins hundreds of kilometers across. They appear in all states of degradation, from relatively fresh rayed craters to highly degraded crater remnants. Mercurian craters differ subtly from lunar craters in that the area blanketed by their ejecta is much smaller, a consequence of Mercury's stronger surface gravity. "

"The largest known crater is Caloris Basin, with a diameter of 1,550 km. The impact that created the Caloris Basin was so powerful that it caused lava eruptions and left a concentric ring over 2 km tall surrounding the impact crater. At the antipode of the Caloris Basin is a large region of unusual, hilly terrain known as the "Weird Terrain"."

"Overall, about 15 impact basins have been identified on the imaged part of Mercury. A notable basin is the 400 km wide, multi-ring Tolstoj Basin which has an ejecta blanket extending up to 500 km from its rim and a floor that has been filled by smooth plains materials. Beethoven Basin has a similar-sized ejecta blanket and a 625 km diameter rim. Like the Moon, the surface of Mercury has likely incurred the effects of space weathering processes, including Solar wind and micrometeorite impacts. "

"On November 29, 2012, NASA confirmed that images from the space probe Mercury Messenger had detected that craters at the north pole contained water ice. Sean C. Solomon was quoted in the New York Times as estimating the volume of the ice as large enough to "encase Washington, D.C., in a frozen block two and a half miles deep.""

"A small crater named Hun Kal provides the reference point for measuring longitude. The center of Hun Kal is 20° west longitude. "

"Mariner 10 provided the first close-up images of Mercury's surface, which immediately showed its heavily cratered nature"

Meteorites
"NWA 7325 is actually a group of 35 meteorite samples discovered in 2012 in Morocco. They are ancient, with Irving and his team dating the rocks to an age of about 4.56 billion years."

"NWA 7325 has a lower magnetic intensity — the magnetism passed from a cosmic body's magnetic field into a rock — than any other rock yet found, Irving said. Data sent back from NASA's Messenger spacecraft currently in orbit around Mercury shows that the planet's low magnetism closely resembles that found in NWA 7325, Irving said."

"NWA 7325 has olivine in it that is insanely magnesium-rich. Iron and magnesium are two elements that are almost always found together in rocks; the ions they make have the same size and charge so they happily occupy the same positions in crystal lattices. It's weird to have a rock that is so dominantly magnesium-rich. Mercury's surface rocks are known (thanks to MESSENGER) to be unusually low in iron."

"NWA 7325's oxygen isotope ratios do not match any known meteorites from any other planet-size body. In fact, they're not particularly similar to much of anything that we've measured oxygen isotope ratios for."

"The ratios of Al/Si (0.224) and Mg/Si (0.332) plus the very low Fe content of NWA 7325 are consistent with the compositions of surface rocks on Mercury [6], but the Ca/Si ratio (0.582) is far too high. However, since NWA 7325 is evidently a plagioclase cumulate (and presumably excavated from depth), it may not match surface rocks on its parent body. The abundance of diopside rather than enstatite might be consistent with some earlier spectral observations of Mercury [7]."

"[I]t's about 23 times harder to get a rock from Mercury to Earth than it is from Mars to Earth. Given that we've got more than 70 known Mars meteorites in our collections, that means we ought to have found 3 (give or take a couple) Mercury meteorites by now."

Magnetohydrodynamics
"Despite its small size and slow 59-day-long rotation, Mercury has a significant, and apparently global, magnetic field. According to measurements taken by Mariner 10, it is about 1.1% as strong as the Earth's. The magnetic field strength at the Mercurian equator is about 300 nT. Like that of Earth, Mercury's magnetic field is dipolar. Unlike Earth, Mercury's poles are nearly aligned with the planet's spin axis. Measurements from both the Mariner 10 and MESSENGER space probes have indicated that the strength and shape of the magnetic field are stable. "

"During its second flyby of the planet on October 6, 2008, MESSENGER discovered that Mercury's magnetic field can be extremely "leaky." The spacecraft encountered magnetic "tornadoes" – twisted bundles of magnetic fields connecting the planetary magnetic field to interplanetary space – that were up to 800 km wide or a third of the radius of the planet. These 'tornadoes' form when magnetic fields carried by the solar wind connect to Mercury's magnetic field. As the solar wind blows past Mercury's field, these joined magnetic fields are carried with it and twist up into vortex-like structures. These twisted magnetic flux tubes, technically known as flux transfer events, form open windows in the planet's magnetic shield through which the solar wind may enter and directly impact Mercury's surface. "

"The process of linking interplanetary and planetary magnetic fields, called magnetic reconnection, is common throughout the cosmos. It occurs in Earth's magnetic field, where it generates magnetic tornadoes as well. The MESSENGER observations show the reconnection rate is ten times higher at Mercury. Mercury's proximity to the Sun only accounts for about a third of the reconnection rate observed by MESSENGER. "

There are "observed MHD fluctuations in the magnetosphere" of Mercury.

Planetary science
"Optical reflectance studies of Mercury provide evidence for Mg silicates."

"Solar heating at ‘‘noontime’’ at Mercury’s equator causes surface temperatures of ~700 K, while the side of Mercury away from the Sun cools to ~100 K (due to radiation losses) during the long night."

"Mercury [has a] tenuous ballistic [atmosphere]."

The MESSENGER X-ray spectrometer (XRS) "[m]aps mineral composition within the top millimeter of the surface on Mercury by detecting X-ray spectral lines from magnesium, aluminum, sulphur, calcium, titanium, and iron, in the 1-10 keV range. "

Classical planets
Wednesday is the day of Mercury and its color varies blue/brown/black.

-5102 b2k, is the historical year assigned to a Hindu table of planets that does include the classical planet Mercury (or Hermes). "Hermès observait en -1660; donc les Indiens observaient en -3102, et ils observaient bien!" "Babylonian astronomy, too, had a four-planet system. In ancient prayers the planets Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and Mercury are invoked; ... and one speaks of "the four-planet system of the ancient astronomers of Babylonia." "

~ 3300 b2k: “The earliest known recorded observations of Mercury are from the Mul.Apin tablets. These observations were most likely made by an Assyrian astronomer around the 14th century BC. The cuneiform name used to designate Mercury on the Mul.Apin tablets is transcribed as Udu.Idim.Gu\u4.Ud ("the jumping planet"). ”.

~2900 b2k: “Babylonian records of Mercury date back to the 1st millennium BC. The Babylonians called the planet Nabu after the messenger to the gods in their mythology. ”.

~2400 b2k: “The ancient Greeks of Hesiod's time knew the planet as (Stilbon), meaning "the gleaming", and (Hermaon). Later Greeks called the planet Apollo when it was visible in the morning sky, and Hermes when visible in the evening. Around the 4th century BC, Greek astronomers came to understand that the two names referred to the same body.”.

“The Romans named the planet after the swift-footed Roman messenger god, Mercury (Latin Mercurius), which they equated with the Greek Hermes, because it moves across the sky faster than any other planet. ”.

"In ancient China, Mercury was known as Chen Xing (辰星), the Hour Star. It was associated with the direction north and the phase of water in the Wu Xing. ... Hindu mythology used the name Budha for Mercury, and this god was thought to preside over Wednesday. The god Odin (or Woden) of Germanic paganism was associated with the planet Mercury and Wednesday. The Maya may have represented Mercury as an owl (or possibly four owls; two for the morning aspect and two for the evening) that served as a messenger to the underworld. "

"In my understanding Mercury was once a satellite of Jupiter, or possibly of Saturn. In the course of the events which followed Saturn’s interaction with Jupiter and its subsequent disruption, Mercury was pushed from its orbit and was directed to the sun by Jupiter. It could, however, have been a comet and the entwined snakes of the caduceus may memorialize the appearance it had when seen by the inhabitants of the Earth."

Enki
"Enki ... is a god [dingir] in Sumerian mythology ... Beginning around the second millennium BCE [~4000 b2k], he was sometimes referred to in writing by the numeric ideogram for "40," occasionally referred to as his "sacred number."   The planet Mercury, associated with Babylonian Nabu (the son of Marduk) was in Sumerian times, identified with Enki."

Hermes
"Hermes ... Greek : Ἑρμῆς ... [is] son of Zeus and the Pleiade Maia. ... In the Roman adaptation of the Greek pantheon ..., Hermes was identified with the Roman god Mercury, who, [is] inherited from the Etruscans ... The Thracian princes identified him with their god Zalmoxis, considering his ancestor. "

Nabu
"Nabu (in Biblical Hebrew Nebo נבו) is the Assyrian and Babylonian god of wisdom and writing, worshipped by Babylonians as the son of Marduk and his consort, Sarpanitum, and as the grandson of Ea."

"In Chaldean mythology, Nebo was a god whose worship was introduced into Assyria by Pul [Tiglath-pileser III] (Isa. 46:1; Jer. 48:1). The great temple at Birs Nimrud was dedicated to Nebo."

Ningishzida
"The caduceus was an emblem of the Babylonian deity Ningishzida, and an astronomical tablet from Boghazkoi [Boghaz Keui, in Anatolia] identifies Ningishzida with Nebo-Mercury (Weidner, Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie, p. 61 )."

Thoth
"Thoth ... [in] the Greeks' interpretation ... was the same as their god Hermes) and ... [Shmounein] in the Coptic rendering. ... The Greeks related Thoth to their god Hermes due to his similar attributes and functions. ... [Egyptian] mythology also credits him with the creation of the 365 day calendar. Originally, according to the myth, the year was only 360 days long and Nut was sterile during these days, unable to bear children. Thoth gambled with Khonsu, the Moon, for 1/72nd of its light (360/72 = 5), or 5 days, and won. During these 5 days, Nut gave birth to Kheru-ur (Horus the Elder, Face of Heaven), Osiris, Set, Isis, and Nepthys."

"In the Ogdoad cosmogony, Thoth gave birth to Ra, Atum, Nefertum, and Khepri by laying an egg while in the form of an ibis, or later as a goose laying a golden egg."

title: Solar System, technical/Mercury


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