text:
User:Trin28/sandbox

Article Evaluation-

Article Title- Thai Cuisine- Link to Article- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine

Notes on the Article:

The article does an extremely thorough job of presenting all of the angles and facets involved within Thai Cuisine. Perhaps the article stretched a little longer than I would have hoped when breaking down each of the regions within Thailand, but I understand the need for accuracy and sometimes even redundancy to avoid misinformation. The overall format of the article provided an easy and comprehensive roadmap for following the history as well as direction of Thai Cuisine. The only section within the article that caused me to pause and challenge the reading was the section speaking on Thai Street Food. Up until this section of the article, the information remained completely objective and simply provided the facts and information of certain aspects of Thai Cuisine. The difference that arose in the Thai Street Food section is that the article began to have a voice of a tourist or someone who simply views Thai food as a sort of spectacle. During this section of the article, they must improve in speaking on Thai Street Food objectively and providing the insight and feelings that Thai citizens themselves feel about it all.

Adding to an Article-

Name of Article- Thai Cuisine - Link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine

Parts added to the article:

Potential Topics-

Part 1: Choose your Topics

1: Name of Article: Thai Cuisine - Link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine - The Thai "Street Food" section needs to be further explored and talked about from less of a touristic perspective. An understanding of how those who grew and and live in Thailand view this niche section of their cuisine.

2: Name of Article: Fish Sauce - Link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_sauce - The information regarding Fish Sauce right now is extremely brief and short-lived. The article does speak about the process of how Fish Sauce is created, but sums of that entire section into a few sentences near the beginning of the page. I surely argue that this page can offer a lot more insight into not only the history of Fish Sauce, but why it has become such a staple for not only Thai Cuisine, but a large portion of East-Asian Cuisine.

3: Name of Article: Buddhist Cuisine - Link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine - The article itself provides a very impressive and detailed overview of Buddhist Cuisine as a whole. The area in which this article needs some work is speaking about the role food plays and the very cuisine itself that is involved in Buddhism in Thailand. Growing up in Thailand and visiting these temples regularly, it is clear to me the significance of food both as a way of life and as symbols for greater things: a piece of Buddhism that should not be left out of its story.

Part 2: The two choices that I am most interested in further exploring would either be exploring the Buddhist aspect of Thai Cuisine or explaining the many missing holes that speak on Food and its role in Buddhism. I believe that I can add valuable insight and find information and facts that can help further develop a stronger idea of what both of these concepts constitute.

Finalize Topic/Find Sources

Article Title: Buddhist Cuisine - Link -

Final Topic- Adding to “Variations by Region” in Buddhist Cuisine - TheravadaฺBuddhism

'''Theravada Buddhism- ''' Expand on the many different paths that Buddhist Cuisine has taken throughout the years, expand on the relationship that Theravada Buddhist monks have with the community around them, expand on the impact that this has had on the rest of the community, expand on modern iterations of this specific variation of Buddhist Cuisine.

I plan to find new sources of information outside of our class in order to provide more insight on the specific area of Buddhist Cuisine that is characterized as the Theravada branch of Buddhism. “It is the dominant form of religion in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is practiced by minority groups in India, Bangladesh, China, Nepal, Philippines and Vietnam”. This new variation on a cuisine isn’t literally a cuisine in its definition, but due to its continued growth in the Theravada practices of Buddhism has reached a point in which there no longer exists a temple cuisine. The overall cuisine thrives on the involvement of the community surrounding the temple, as members come on a daily basis with “merits” of both lunch and dinner. Merit-making is important to Buddhist practice: merit brings good and agreeable results, determines the quality of the next life and contributes to a person's growth towards enlightenment. This variation on Buddhist eating is found in Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar. Common

Final Draft of Additions/Changes

History of Theravada Buddhism-

Similar to that of all other Buddhist schools and teachings, Theravada Buddhism claims to adhere closest to the first Pali Canon doctrines and practices that were passed down by the Buddha. A direct translation of “Theravada” literally means “Teaching of the Elder”; it is the form of Buddhism that can most commonly be found in Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Dating back as far as the 3rd century BCE, Theravada Buddhism was also seen present in a more scattered presence in South India and Indonesia. As for modern times, there is a total estimated 100 million Theravada Buddhist worldwide. The ultimate goal of the practice being to liberate oneself from all forms of suffering and to live entirely free reached through living your life under the Four Noble Truths: Dukkha: or the noble truth of suffering, Samudaya: or the noble truth of the origin of suffering, Nirodha: or the noble truth of the cessation of suffering, Marga: or the noble truth of the way leading to the cessation of suffering. . Another one of the key differences that Theravada Buddhism has to the more commonly practiced forms of Buddhism (Mahayraha, Varjaissi), is that the community is also responsible to see that the monks/nuns do not suffer from the lack of the four requisites: Food, clothing, shelter and medicine. Due to the fact that monks and nuns are not permitted to having an occupation, they depend entirely of the laity for their sustenance. To show the gratitude and respect for this charity, the monks and nuns are expected to live and lead exemplary lives. . Lastly, the teaching of Theravada Buddhism break into four core pillars: The Supernatural, The Buddha, The God (Rather the lack of one), and The Path to Enlightenment. The Path of Enlightenment is reached through three main ways of life, the life of a scholar monk, meditation monks, and lay devotees. Scholar monks being those who study the literature, wisdom and teachings of Buddha, Mediation monks being those who reach for their inner piece with Buddha through mediation, and lastly lay devotees, the members of the community around who choose to follow and practice in the ways of Theravada Buddhism. . Different to that of scholar and meditation monks however, lay devotees are without a direct channel to Buddha, therefore are left with one way in which to show their devotion: Giving Merit.

Theravada Buddhism Cuisine-

As a result of this monastic focus, the role of lay devotees has traditionally been relegated to 'merit making' activities. These pursuits include offering food and other basic necessities to monks, making donations to temples and monasteries, burning incense or lighting candles before images of the Buddha, and chanting protective or merit-making verses from the Pali Canon. . Earning merit is not only an important but crucial aspect of everyday Theravada Buddhist life. Buddhists earn merit by giving money, goods, and labor to the temples, or by providing one of the two daily meals of the monks. Children often look after the fruits trees and vegetable gardens inside their local wat, or temple. . In addition to offering food and other basic necessities to monks, making donations to temples and monasteries, burning incense or lighting candles before images of the Buddha, and chanting protective or merit-making verses from the Pali Canon are all ways of showing one’s devotion. . All in all, the relationship between monks and lay devotees in Theravada Buddhism is very strong. This type of Buddhism could not, in fact, exist in its present form without this interaction. It is a way of mutual support - lay people supply food, medicine, and cloth for robes, and monks give spiritual support, blessings, and teachings. But this is not a tit for tat situation. Monks are not allowed to request anything from lay devotees; and lay devotees cannot demand anything from the monks. The spirit of it is more in the nature of open-hearted giving. . From all of this interaction, it is not exactly a “cuisine” by definition that is risen as a result: even so, different to that of the larger branches of Buddhism (Mahayana and Vajrayana) which both consist of in-temple cuisine, Theravada Buddhism cuisine is created and constructed by the community that live amongst them. In Thailand, Tak Bat is the name for giving merit, and as a result of this process, monks and nuns have developed a cuisine that included all sorts of different Thai dishes, but more uniquely, may also include dishes that are still being created and modernized today. Simply put, there would be no one way of defining what Theravada Cuisine: it is a cuisine that takes the form of the community and people who devote their lives to it.

title: User:Trin28/sandbox


text:
User:Socar27

Sonia Cardinale is an Italian student. She studies interpreting and translation in Bolonia. She is doing her Erasmus in Spain, she studied at Valencia University. Her first language is Italian, but she also studies Spanish, English and Portuguese. She did an internship with a Spanish translator. During the internship, she translated some texts, she wrote the subtitles for some Spanish videos, she wrote some articles on different web pages and she translated three Italian articles on Wikipedia.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Socar27


text:
User:Aefiorito

The purpose of creating this account is for me to edit pages related to the local history of the area where I live (Montgomery County, Pennsylvania). I have been collecting older histories and papers related to local history for a number of years and I'd like to share that content.

title: User:Aefiorito


text:
Yesung discography

The discography of South Korean singer-songwriter Yesung, consists of two studio albums (one in Japanese and one in Korean), five extended plays (EPs), and twelve singles.

title: Yesung discography


text:
Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 538 km

Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 538 km (Железнодорожная Казарма 538 км) is a rural locality (a station) in Vesyoloyarsky Selsoviet, Rubtsovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 16 as of 2013. There is 1 street.

title: Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 538 km


text:
Talk:David Vance (soldier)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Colonel David Vance. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:46, 10 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Vance (soldier)


text:
Talk:David Justin Freeman

Contested deletion
This article should not be speedily deleted for lack of asserted importance because... Cut me some slack here. I just started this thing and I'm working on getting some references together. Sheesh. It'll look better in a few hours. --Justinblack (talk) 18:02, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Justin Freeman


text:
Targhee

Targhee may refer to:

 * Targhee National Forest, now the Caribou-Targhee National Forest a federally protected woodland in Idaho and Wyoming, United States
 * Targhee sheep, a domestic breed developed within and named for the forest
 * Grand Targhee Resort, a ski resort in Alta, Wyoming, within and named for the forest

title: Targhee


text:
Serial Programming/RS-422

NOTE: This is a very sparse document right now. You may want to check out RS-422 or RS-232 in the meantime for more information.

RS-422 describes a serial data link that is technically superior to RS-232. Apple Macintosh computers from 1984 to ___ all had a RS-422 port.

If you are designing new hardware, you'll generally want to design to the RS-485 standard instead (see the Serial Programming/RS-485). That way your new hardware will be able to communicate with both RS-485 and RS-422 equipment.

History
(stub)

Physical Layer
(stub)

Requirements
(stub)

Limitations
(stub)

Handshaking
(stub)

Nonstandard Connectors and Wiring
(stub)

Physical Limitations in Practice
(stub)

In today's modern real world RS422 is mostly used as a data extension cord, for example to extend RS232 over several hundred feet. Used as a data extension cord the RS232 signal would be converted to RS422 and then back again to RS232 at the other end of the link. For this purpose a device called a RS232 to RS422 converter is used.

title: Serial Programming/RS-422


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/digitallatitude.net

Links

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 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
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 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Users
No users found.

Additions
No additions recorded.


text:
User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea tarmensis

Chusquea tarmensis is a species of Chusquea bamboo in the grass family.

title: User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea tarmensis


text:
User:Apysingh/sandbox

MEMRISTOR

INTRODUCTION

1.	Generally when most people think about electronics, they may initially think of products such as cell phones, radios, laptop computers, etc. others, having some engineering background, may think of resistors, capacitors, etc. which are the basic components necessary for electronics to function. Such basic components are fairly limited in number and each having their own characteristic function.

2.	Memristor theory was formulated and named by Leon Chua in a 1971 paper. Chua strongly believed that a fourth device existed to provide conceptual symmetry with the resistor, inductor, and capacitor. This symmetry follows from the description of basic passive circuit elements as defined by a relation between two of the four fundamental circuit variables. A device linking charge and flux (defined as time integrals of current and voltage), which would be the memristor, was still hypothetical at the time. However, it would not be until thirty-seven years later, on April 30, 2008, that a team at HP Labs led by the scientist R. Stanley Williams would announce the discovery of a switching memristor. Based on a thin film of titanium dioxide, it has been presented as an approximately ideal device.

3.	The reason that the memristor is radically different from the other fundamental circuit elements is that, unlike them, it carries a memory of its past. When you turn off the voltage to the circuit, the memristor still remembers how much was applied before and for how long. That's an effect that can't be duplicated by any circuit combination of resistors, capacitors, and inductors, which is why the memristor qualifies as a fundamental circuit element.

4.	The arrangement of these few fundamental circuit components form the basis of almost all of the electronic devices we use in our everyday life. Thus the discovery of a brand new fundamental circuit element is something not to be taken lightly and has the potential to open the door to a brand new type of electronics. HP already has plans to implement memristors in a new type of non-volatile memory which could eventually replace flash and other memory systems.

.

MEMRISTOR THEORY AND ITS PROPERTIES

Definition of Memristor

5.	The memristor is formally defined as a two-terminal element in which the magnetic flux Φm between the terminals is a function of the amount of electric charge q that has passed through the device. Chua defined the element as a resistor whose resistance level was based on the amount of charge that had passed through the memristor

Figure 2. Symbol of Memristor. Memristance

6.	Memristance is a property of an electronic component to retain its resistance level even after power had been shut down or lets it remember (or recall) the last resistance it had before being shut off.

WORKING OF MEMRISTOR Figure 3. Al/TiO2 or TiOX /Al “Sandwich”

7.	The memristor is composed of a thin (5 nm) titanium dioxide film between two electrodes as shown in figure 5(a) above. Initially, there are two layers to the film, one of which has a slight depletion of oxygen atoms. The oxygen vacancies act as charge carriers, meaning that the depleted layer has a much lower resistance than the non-depleted layer. When an electric field is applied, the oxygen vacancies drift changing the boundary between the high-resistance and low-resistance layers.

FEATURES

8.	The reason that the memristor is radically different from the other fundamental circuit elements is that, unlike them, it carries a memory of its past. When you turn off the voltage to the circuit, the memristor still remembers how much was applied before and for how long. That's an effect that can't be duplicated by any circuit combination of resistors, capacitors, and inductors, which is why the memristor qualifies as a fundamental circuit element.

New Memristor  Could Make Computers Work like Human Brains

9.	After the resistor, capacitor, and inductor comes the memristor. Researchers at HP Labs have discovered a fourth fundamental circuit element that can't be replicated by all combination of the other three. The memristor (short for "memory resistor") is unique because of its ability to, in HP's words, "[retain] a history of the information it has acquired." HP says the discovery of the memristor paves the way for anything from instant on computers to systems that can "remember and associate series of events in a manner similar to the way a human brain recognizes patterns." Such brain-like systems would allow for vastly improved facial or biometric recognition, and they could be used to make appliances that "learn from experience."

10.	 In PCs, HP foresees memristors being used to make new types of system memory that can store information even after they lose power, unlike today's DRAM. With memristor-based system RAM, PCs would no longer need to go through a boot process to load data from the hard drive into the memory, which would save time and power especially since users could simply switch off systems instead of leaving them in a "sleep" mode

Memristors Make Chips Cheaper

10.	The first hybrid memristor-transistor chip could be cheaper and more energy efficient. Entire industries and research fields are devoted to ensuring that, every year,computers continue getting faster. But this trend could begin to slow down as the components used in electronic circuits are shrunk to the size of just a few atoms.Researchers at HP Labs in Palo Alto, CA, are betting that a new fundamental electronic component--the memristor--will keep computer power increasing at this rate for years to come. They are nanoscale devices with unique properties: a variable resistance and the ability to remember the resistance even when the power is off.Increasing performance has usually meant shrinking components so that more can be packed onto a circuit. But instead, Williams's team removes some transistors and replaces them with a smaller number of memristors. "We're not trying to crowd more transistors onto a chip or into a particular circuit," Williams says. "Hybrid memristor-transistor chips really have the promise for delivering a lot more performance."12 A memristor acts a lot like a resistor but with one big difference: it can change resistance depending on the amount and direction of the voltage applied and can remember its resistance even when the voltage is turned off. These unusual properties make them interesting from both a scientific and an engineering point of view. A single memristor can perform the same logic functions as multiple transistors, making them a promising way to increase computer power. Memristors could also prove to be a faster, smaller, more energy-efficient alternative to flash storage.

Memristor as Digital and Analog

11.	 A memristive device can function in both digital and analog forms, both having very diverse applications. In digital mode, it could substitute conventional solid-state memories (Flash) with high-speed and less steeply priced nonvolatile random accessmemory (NVRAM). Eventually, it would create digital cameras with no delay between photos or computers that save power by turning off when not needed and then turning back on instantly when needed.

No Need of Rebooting

12.	The memristor's memory has consequences:The reason computers have to be rebooted every time they are turned on is that their logic circuits are incapable of holding their bits after the power is shut off. But because a memristor can remember voltages, a memristor-driven computer would arguably never need a reboot. “You could leave all your Word files and spreadsheets open, turn off your computer, and go get a cup of coffee or go on vacation for two weeks,” says Williams. “When you come back, you turn on your computer and everything is instantly on the screen exactly the way you left it.”that keeps memory powered. HP says memristor-based RAM could one day replace DRAM altogether.

FUTURE OF MEMRISTOR

13.	Although memristor research is still in its infancy, HP Labs is working on a handful of practical memristor projects. And now Williams's team has demonstrated a working memristor-transistor hybrid chip. "Because memristors are made of the same materials used in normal integrated circuits," says Williams, "it turns out to be very easy to integrate them with transistors." His team, which includes HP researcher Qiangfei Xia, built a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) using a new design that includes memristors made of the semiconductor titanium dioxide and far fewer transistors than normal.Engineers commonly use FPGAs to test prototype chip designs because they can be reconfigured to perform a wide variety of different tasks. In order to be so flexible,however, FPGAs are large and expensive. And once the design is done, engineers generally abandon FPGAs for leaner "application-specific integrated circuits." "When you decide what logic operation you want to do, you actually flip a bunch of switches and configuration bits in the circuit," says Williams. In the new chip, these tasks are performed by memristors. "What we're looking at is essentially pulling out all of the configuration bits and all of the transistor switches," he says. According to Williams, using memristors in FPGAs could help significantly lower costs. "If our ideas work out, this type of FPGA will completely change the balance," he says. Ultimately, the next few years could be very important for memristor research.

When is it coming?

14.	Researchers say that no real barrier prevents implementing the memristor in circuitry immediately. But it's up to the business side to push products through to commercial reality. Memristors made to replace flash memory (at a lower cost and lower 14 power consumption) will likely appear first; HP's goal is to offer them by 2012. Beyond that, memristors will likely replace both DRAM and hard disks in the 2014-to-2016 time frame. As for memristor-based analog computers, that step may take 20-plus years

title: User:Apysingh/sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/bikroykoro.com

Links

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Discussion
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New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 21:05, 24 September 2019 (UTC) No links left in here mentioned edits. Marked stale. . --COIBot (talk) 18:20, 25 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Kollagunta

Kollagunta is a village in Chittoor district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Karvetinagar mandal.kollagunta village situated exactly at Andhrapradesh and Tamil Nadu Border.

About
According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Kollagunta village is 596433. It is situated 12 km away from sub-district headquarter Karvetinagaram and 42 km away from district headquarter Chittoor. As per 2009 stats, Kollagunta village is also a gram panchayat.

The total geographical area of the village is 355 hectares. Kollagunta has a total population of 3,394 peoples. There are about 833 houses in Kollagunta village. Tirupati is the nearest town to Kollagunta which is approximately 55 km away.

Temples in Kollagunta Village

 * Padiveti Amma
 * Kanakamedalamma (Grama Devatha)
 * Om Shakthi
 * Darmaraja Temple
 * Lord Vinayaka
 * Ayyappa Swamy
 * Muneswara Swamy
 * Krishna bajan mandir.
 * Lord Muruga (Inside of Kanakamedalamma temple)
 * Lord Shiva (Inside of Kanakamedalamma temple)
 * krishna Temple (rythu street)

Village Festivals in Kollagunta Village

 * Ganga Jathara: They will conduct in The month of March 2 Days Festival
 * Darmaraja Tirunallu: They will conduct in the month of MaY 18 Days Festivals
 * Ayyappa Jyothi Pooja in the Month Of Oct-Dec.
 * Om Shakthi Pooja in the month of Oct -Nov will be conducted
 * Lord Vinayaka Festival celebrate by Youth

title: Kollagunta


text:
Talk:Heart Mountain Relocation Center

Restoration
The article states that the camp is being restored, as per a 2006 law. Restored as what? A national monument? A national park? Use for private land? This should be made more obvious, both for accuracy & information, and also because it's not made explicit, as it stands now, that the camp isn't being restored to be used once again as a political prison. LordAmeth 20:56, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

edit of Heart Mountain Relocation Center
I am editing based on the National Historic Landmark Nomination Form. This form is peer reviewed and considered by most folks to be reliable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by N michler (talk • contribs) 02:18, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Regardless, it cannot be copied verbatim - it must be re-worded to comply with the GFDL. Also, please make sure that you retain wiki-links where appropriate - your last edit removed a number of them (I have restored them).  Thanks. CosmicPenguin (Talk) 03:07, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Thanks CP
for the guidance, removing some excess verbiage, and restoring the wiki-links. I am digesting the material and not copying verbatim. N michler (talk) 20:00, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

This article is frightningly misguided
He talks about this like it was a luxury resort, not a forced internet camp where American citizens were strippe of their rights and then forced to serve in the military for their former fellow citizens, now their oppressers. This article is both well written and extremely offensive. I have no knowledge of the topic, so I can not revise it, but PLEASE! Someone fix this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:57, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I have fairly extensive knowledge of the internment experience. The article is very much incomplete, but how is it offensive? And if you have no knowledge of the topic, why are you offended by it? That makes no sense at all. -- Gmatsuda (talk) 21:24, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Image needs replacement
Hello all...

An image used in the article, specifically Image:Heart mountain honor roll flag pole.jpg, has a little bit of a licensing issue. The image was uploaded back when the rules around image uploading were less restrictive. It is presumed that the uploader was willing to license the picture under the GFDL license but was not clear in that regard. As such, the image, while not at risk of deletion, is likely not clearly licensed to allow for free use in any future use of this article. If anyone has an image that can replace this, or can go take one and upload it, it would be best.
 * And also Image:Heart mountain marker with mountain behind.jpg

You have your mission, take your camera and start clicking.--Jordan 1972 (talk) 21:02, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

I lived in heart mt after the war and it was like it was during the war except no guns   I was 6<EMAIL_ADDRESS>—Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:14, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Removed "needs additional citations" tag
I just removed both the refimprove tags, as there seem (to me) to have been sufficient citations added since the article was last tagged 3 years ago. Obviously, if somebody disagrees, feel free to re-tag. MartinaDee (talk) 19:01, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Heart Mountain Relocation Center. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:10, 31 October 2017 (UTC)

concentration camp?
I must say, I find the word concentration camp to describe these places misguided, simply because the term is so associated with Nazi Germany. The British interned Germans in WW2, are those camps with sometimes rather ugly conditions called KZs (or KLs) - Konzentrations- Lager? Even the Japanese prison camps in World War II, as the late great Rudy Kousbroek pointed out in his The East Indian Camp Syndrome ("Het Oostindisch kampsyndroom"), were not as bad as the German ones. --Ralfdetlef (talk) 02:09, 12 August 2022 (UTC)
 * No one is equating these camps' conditions to those of the death camps in Nazi Germany. That would be ludicrous. This is simply a matter of using accurate terminology as well as reflecting contemporary usage. Your feelings are understandable and, not surprisingly, this topic has been discussed many times over the years. Please see Internment of Japanese Americans for some background.—Myasuda (talk) 02:36, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heart Mountain Relocation Center


text:
Revere Capital Advisors

Revere Capital Advisors is a hedge fund based in New York City and London.

Locations
The firm has two locations. In New York City, it is located at 12 East 52nd Street on the island of Manhattan. In London, it is located at 3, Hill Street in Mayfair.

History
Revere Capital Advisors was established in 2008. Its co-founders are former executives at the Man Group: Harvey McGrath, formerly Chairman, Daniel Barnett, formerly Finance Director, and John Kinder, formerly Head of Global Sugar Trading.

Initial fund holdings came from Broadmark Asset Management, a fund based in San Francisco, and Dickson Capital, a London-based fund. In July 2011, they introduced the Revere Tactical Risk Fund, an equity investment tool with risk protection. In 2013, they launched REM Founders Fund, a dozen early stage funds, to investors. They also established Revere Merchant Capital, a merchant banking group within the firm.

title: Revere Capital Advisors


text:
René Wiedmer

René Wiedmer (18 November 1936 – 12 April 2013) was a Swiss field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: René Wiedmer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cerity Partners

The result was soft delete. Based on minimal participation, this uncontroversial nomination is treated as an expired PROD (a.k.a. "soft deletion"). Editors can request the article's undeletion. North America1000 11:10, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

Cerity Partners

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Fails WP:ORGIND and WP:CORPDEPTH   scope_creep Talk  14:19, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
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Talk:Claude Bettinger

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Ingrid Hafner

Ingrid Hafner (13 November 1936 – 20 May 1994) was a British actress, born in London. Her father was Raoul Hafner, an Austrian helicopter pioneer, and her mother Eileen Myra McAdam was a descendant of Scottish-born John Loudon McAdam, the road builder.

Film and television
Her first film role was as Ursula in 'The Quarry', made for television and directed by John Boorman - his first fiction work as distinct from his documentary films for the BBC in the West of England. She is best remembered for her role as Carol Wilson in the first season of the television series The Avengers. She had previously played Amanda Gibbs opposite Ian Hendry in the series Police Surgeon. She also appeared as Laura Granton in The Main Chance. She appeared as Kay Price in an episode of Public Eye in 1975.On cinema she played Giselle Dureaux in the 1960 film Bluebeard's Ten Honeymoons starring George Sanders, and later appeared opposite Sanders again in The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders (1965). One of her later roles was as Sheila Clare in the HTV series The Clifton House Mystery, in 1978.

Theatre
Hafner studied at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School and subsequently joined the Old Vic under Michael Benthall, where she played ‘Sylvia’ in The Two Gentlemen of Verona; ‘Lavina’ in Titus Andronicus, ‘Iris’ in Anthony and Cleopatra and ‘Lady Anne’ in Richard III.

Her other theatre work included repertory at Windsor, Colchester, Glasgow Citizens, Richmond Theatre (15 plays), From the French at the Strand Theatre in the West End, Jungle in the Cities at Stratford East and numerous productions at the Bristol Old Vic, including her first appearance there in Cyrano, in which she played Roxanne.

Death
The 57-year-old Hafner died in 1994 from motor neurone disease, leaving husband Richard Clothier and two sons, Ben and William.

Selected filmography

 * Bluebeard's Ten Honeymoons (1960) - Giselle
 * Edgar Wallace Mysteries (1963) Episode: Five to One (film) - Pat Dunn
 * Dilemma (1962) - Jean Barnes
 * The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders (1965) - Elder Sister

title: Ingrid Hafner


text:
Talk:Har Prasad Nanda

Feedback from New Page Review process
I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: Thank you for this new article. Note that it is currently an "orphan" meaning that no other Wikipedia articles link TO it. This makes the article tough to find for interested readers. For pointers, follow the links in the notice at the top of the page..

---  DOOMSDAYER 520 (Talk|Contribs) 19:34, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Hello, thank you for reviewing the page. I have removed the Orphan tag after inter-connecting the page with two other Wikipedia pages. Csgir (talk) 04:02, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Har Prasad Nanda


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User:Technodigest15s/sandbox

"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pd2Vgstr8FQ Techno Digest All about knowledge]" is all about helping people. Owner:- Prashant Yadav Channel Established:- 18/08/2020 Here is the channel Link :- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDPzmi8pUtco7Evzi-uqx0w content:- "Bootable Pendrive – how to make pendrive bootable and install windows – easy and step by step"

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Talk:Brian H. Rowe

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Jubilee Class

Jubilee Class may refer to:
 * LNWR Jubilee Class, 4-4-0 steam locomotives built between 1897 and 1900
 * LMS Jubilee Class, 4-6-0 steam locomotives built between 1934 and 1936
 * Jubilee-class ocean liner, class of five ocean liners built for the White Star Line for their Australian service between 1899 and 1901.

title: Jubilee Class


text:
User:Chamercy eke/sandbox

Mercy lambo is a big brother contanstant born on 04june 1993 who entered bbn at the age of 26 the viewers fav contantant found love in the show with ikechukwu and already has a best friend daine yashim🤣🤣

title: User:Chamercy eke/sandbox


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African dance as proprioceptive art

The following is a research hypothesis derived from experience with learning African dances:

 * African dance is essentially not a visual, but a proprioceptive art, i.e. an art form targeting the body-internal sensors (see Proprioception).

 * A rhythmic pattern might be perceived as an auditive pattern (in the music one can here) or visual (in a dance one sees). From the point of view of the dancer, the same rhythmical pattern might also be a proprioceptive pattern, i.e. a pattern that the dancer observes with the muscle and touch receptors in his body. The abstract pattern is always the same. You can transfer a piece of music to another musical instrument or you can "play" it with your own body.

 * So music in Africa is not necessarily an auditive art. In fact, African polycentric dance can be viewed as a proprioceptive art where the dancer is the only person who can perceive the piece of art completely. The rhythmical structure the dancer feels in the body is then integrated with the auditive music into a "multimedia" experience of great esthetic beauty. So Africans have created an art form for the body-internal proprioceptive senses which have been neglected in other parts of the world as a target for art.

 * If one knows the dance, one can perceive the structures in somebody else's dance one observes, but primarily, African dance is not a visual art but a proprioceptive art. The fact that many African languages don't distinguish between concepts of music and dance in the same way as European languages do might therefore be based on the following phenomena: an auditive pattern might be transferred to a proprioceptive pattern and vice versa (the abstract pattern of "music/dance" being the same in both ways of performing it) and both parts of the experience might be integrated into one multimedia "gesamtkunstwerk" in the dancer's/listener's brain/mind.

Questions
1) Has this hypothesis about African dance been formulated before? If so, relevant references should be posted here.

 * The concept and general idea of the possibility of proprioceptive art appears, too, in Markus Schrenk's article ‘Is Proprioceptive Art Possible?’ (in Graham Priest and Damon Young (eds): Anthology on the Philosophy of Martial Arts. Routledge (2014) 101–116).

 * Independently of this entry here, Schrenk argues that (some) Martial Arts can be subsumed under the category 'proprioceptive art'. The formulation "To play ones body as an instrument" can be found there too, and, also, the observation that, in proprioceptive art, the performer is (necessarily) their own audience.

 * It is great so see that the concept of "proprioceptive art" finds its application also in African Dance!

2) How is dance and music conceptualized in African languages. Do these conceptualizations show a concept of proprioceptive music (music felt in the body instead of being heard).

title: African dance as proprioceptive art


text:
Talk:List of Pacific hurricanes

New article
Based on its length alone I split this off from the list of notable tropical cyclones. It needs a lot of work however (as does that article). — jdorje (talk) 07:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Costliest EPAC canes
The current template has Iniki on top, though the Hurricane Pauline article shows the storm caused $7.5 billion, making it costlier than Iniki. Should that be changed? Hurricanehink ( talk ) 02:03, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Typhoon Man-yi (Japan 07/2007)
Sorry to be repeating myself on another page, but as this is the page dedicated to Pacific typhoons, I believe that Man-yi deserves mention here. It is, as I said on List of notable tropical cyclones, it hit Japan outside of its usual typhoon season (Sept/Oct). It is, according to 日本放送局 (Nihon-housou-kyoku (NHK)(Japan Broadcasting Network))'s weather report, the 'strongest typhoon to hit Japan in July since the end of World War 2'. After watching the news, and the results of the typhoon in Naha, Okinawa and the death toll in Kagoshima (although it is not very high at all), I feel it is a good candidate for this page.

Question: Would I add it to the 'Out of season' landfall (or whatever the title is - sorry)? Please give some advice.

Thank you.

lallous 20:53, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * This is a list of Eastern and Central Pacific hurricanes, not Western Pacific typhoons. The addition at List of notable tropical cyclones is sufficient. Thanks,  SpL o T  // 10:01, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

 * One more thing, though. There is no predefined season for the Western Pacific - the season runs year round. While more typhoons could strike Japan in certain months, to the best of my knowledge, the official agency (JMA) has not prescribed any such period. -  SpL o T  // 10:03, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Size
This article now has 220 numbered inline cites and uses a total of 113 different sources. However, it has a new problem: size. It is 72 kilobytes in size, which is quite hefty for an incomplete list. Hence I think splitting it is a legitimate line of discussion.

When expanding this list I especially created analogous sections to those in the Atlantic list. Hence the existence of the naming, seasonal activity, and etc sections. The most reasonable sections to be split would be those about seasonal records, perhaps to list of Pacific hurricane seasons. A similar discussion was done ages ago about adding the records to the Atlantic seasons list. Also, since there's no real point in having both lists cover different things, so this probably applies to list of Atlantic hurricanes as well.

But does anyone have alternative sections to split, or should size not be a concern as this is a list? Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 20:20, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Except for peer review input, this list is now finished in my view, and is even bigger. The same justification for a possible split still holds. Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 20:30, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Lists do not have to worry about having too many sources. Excluding the references and the images, the article size is very reasonable, although certainly some articles could be made out of the sections (List of deadliest Pacific hurricanes, or perhaps just List of deadly Pacific hurricanes, come to mind). One concern I have of the article is the lack of a sufficient lede, but otherwise it looks good. --♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 21:01, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I added a bit more to the lead. Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 23:59, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Cool, nice. --♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 00:36, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Does anyone have any thoughts on if we should do the same process we did to List of Atlantic hurricanes? It'd become a dab with the various EPAC-centric lists. The only subjects left would be deadliest, costliest, the season activity, duration records, most intense, and the worldwide records. The season activity could be put in List of Pacific hurricane seasons, and the worldwide records are (or should already be) on List of tropical cyclone records. I believe the duration records is a bit trivial, and we can mention the record and stuff those storms' articles (as John already has it). The most intense is also a bit trivial, IMO. The strongest in each month is per HURDAT, so perhaps should be deleted. That leaves just deadliest and costliest. I have a problem with both of them, since we don't have a good source to back up either of them. Not to mention, I believe both have templates. So, we should be good to go in converting this to the AHS page. All we'd have to do is move the season activity and worldwide records, and we should be good. --♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 16:16, 11 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I think we should remove all the stuff about the impact and either do one of two things. A) move to List of Pacific hurricane records or B) a merge into List of Pacific hurricane seasons. YE  Pacific   Hurricane  16:38, 11 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't think there's quite enough for List of Pacific hurricane records, so yea, I think any of the etc. stuff should go into List of Pacific hurricane seasons. --♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 16:42, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

Class
In order to be upgraded to B class, I think some of the article below likely needs to be included in the lead, which is supposed to be a summary of the article below. Thegreatdr (talk) 18:19, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Merger
Is there anything actually worth keeping in this article.Jason Rees (talk) 01:31, 9 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I'd say the second section and parts of the 1st should be merged into the List of Pacific hurricane seasons article. YE  Pacific   Hurricane  01:38, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Now that we're approaching 2014, should this be merged with Pacific hurricane? --♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 22:55, 26 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Anyone have any thoughts about merging this with Pacific hurricane? ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 21:31, 28 August 2014 (UTC)

Pauline listed twice in costliest hurricanes section with two different total damage numbers
Hello. I think I have noticed a small issue in the "Known storms causing $100 million (2009 USD) or more in damages" section. 1997's Hurricane Pauline is listed twice in that table, and the damage totals are different for each listing, too. Does anyone know which one of the damage total is the correct one for Pauline? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:29, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

Removing the "Unnamed but historically significant" section
Anyone object to me eliminating this section? These issues arise:
 * What criteria do we use to add a storm to this section? It seems to boil down to "notable tropical cyclones that cannot be listed anywhere else"
 * They are elsewhere in the list, and therefore already qualify for inclusion in their own right

Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 23:44, 16 August 2014 (UTC)
 * To be honest im not sure this article should exist. The structure of the article is not brilliant and contains information that is in other articles such as TC naming and Rainfall on Hawaii.Jason Rees (talk) 00:24, 17 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Come to think of it, maybe you're right. IIRC there used to be a similar list for the Atlantic, and there was an "inverse merger". Perhaps this page requires the same treatment. Split out everyting into other lists (some already exist) and reduce this page to disambiguation. Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 00:45, 17 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Agreed with both of you. There are tons of historically important storms not even in the article, FYI. This article as a whole has honestly become a list of things that don't have anything else. Here, believe it or not, I'd split almost everything to Pacific hurricane. YE Pacific Hurricane  00:49, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

I'd just delete the article, tbh. ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 21:55, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

Hurricane Ana the longest lasting Central Pacific tropical cyclone?
In the article, it is stated that "no known tropical cyclone forming in the central north Pacific lasted for longer than 14 days without crossing into another basin; the tropical cyclone forming in the central Pacific that spent the most time there was 1988's Hurricane Uleki at 11.5 days from formation to crossing the dateline." However, Ana has surpassed Uleki by lasting for 12.5 days (Advisory #51 was issued an hour ago). Should this be added to the article? --Weatherlover819 (talk) 09:59, 26 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Also, according to the CPHC's FAQ site, the longest lasting Central Pacific hurricane was Hurricane Tico of 1978, lasting 12.5 days (from July 18 0000 UTC to July 30 1200 UTC). Why is Uleki listed as the longest? --Weatherlover819 (talk) 10:15, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

 * The CPHC has just confirmed via the monthly summary, that Ana is the longest tropical cyclone in the basin for now.Jason Rees (talk) 19:46, 1 November 2014 (UTC)

Major hurricanes counted as minor hurricanes in table on highest seasonal activity, and hurricanes are customarily counted as tropical storms as well
I have changed the table accordingly, and brought one or two more numbers in accordance with the content of the articles on the various pacific hurricane seasons.Redav (talk) 02:55, 28 October 2014 (UTC)

WPAC to CPAC
Im not sure its wise to include a list on WPAC to CPAC tropical cyclones, when we have ex-tropical cyclones regularly making the crossing. Even if it is kept though I would object to Omeka being on the list since it wasnt considered tropical until after it had crossed the dateline in BT.Jason Rees (talk) 16:17, 20 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Lots of things in the article are questionable. I wouldn't mind if it was deleted/merged, with the useful info put in Pacific hurricane. IMO, the crossers wouldn't be one of the things I'd include, as it's fairly trivial. ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 17:44, 20 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Actually, the JMA considered Omeka to be a tropical depression while it was on WPAC, so I can say that Omeka was a legit basin crosser, at least more legit than the likes of Enrique and Jimena, whose status as TCs on WPAC is debatable since both weren't reported by JMA. ABC paulista (talk) 18:18, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

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Strongest storm each month
I know that we tend to use pressure to rank storms by strength, but both the CPHC and NHC use winds to rank storm strength, and I feel like we should respect that in this basin. In particular, this would cause John to be listed as the strongest in August rather than Ioke. --Jasper Deng (talk) 19:00, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Not only August would suffer changes, but other months as well. But, I feel that such change would be wrong since the World Meteorological Organization uses the minimum central pressure as a parameter for intensity, withe they being the maximum body for meteorological services, and NCH acknowledges that minimum central pressure is a parameter for intensity.
 * Still, nothing impede us to add a new table, listing the strongest TC per maximum sustained winds per month. ABC paulista (talk) 19:21, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
 * To be honest while a new table could be introduced for the strongest storm of each month etc, I am not sure that this article is needed. This is because while its great that we are aware of all these records, several are trivial and others are split off into their own articles.Jason Rees (talk) 19:52, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
 * While recognizing that central pressure is a metric for storm intensity, the NHC uses winds in e.g. its TCR's. Note that the NHC didn't call Patricia the "strongest" EPAC storm until its winds exceeded Linda's, even when its pressure was already well below Linda's.--Jasper Deng (talk) 20:26, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Well, NHC recognized Wilma as the most intense cyclone on Atlantic basin mostly based on it's central pressure. And since WMO favors minimum pressure, we should go along as well.
 * What, again, still don't impede us to add a new table listing the strongest TC per maximum sustained winds per month. ABC paulista (talk) 23:13, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
 * The wording is important. They said it had the lowest pressure. They did not say it was the strongest (in fact, that word does not show up at all in the TCR). For example, here they say Celia is tied for the strongest June hurricane even though its official pressure estimate is higher than Ava's.--Jasper Deng (talk) 00:24, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

Well, I still think that it would be better to add a list instead of substitute the current one. ABC paulista (talk) 01:05, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I would be fine with that, though I still maintain that readers would be looking for wind rankings, not pressure.--Jasper Deng (talk) 03:35, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

Considering how there are often no pressure readings given for Pacific hurricanes in previous years, solely using pressure as a basis to compare the storms' intensities would inaccurately portray that most of the strongest storms occurred in modern times. In fact, all 3 storms that made their way into the current list did so by virtue of being the only storm active in that month. Furthermore, it is stated explicitly in the section: "Intensity is measured solely by central pressure unless the pressure is not known, in which case intensity is measured by maximum sustained winds." I would interpret it as requiring a comparison of storms' wind speeds to rank their relative strengths if one of the storms did not have a pressure, instead of ignoring that storm. But sure, creating a separate list would be acceptable as well.Qscdefb99 (talk) 10:28, 7 October 2016 (UTC)
 * We simply cannot assume that "portraying that most of the strongest storms occurred in modern times" is innacurate because without the central pressure we cannot access it's official intensity, so we don't really know how much intense they were and that means that these are, intensity-wise, incomparable. We have to use the data that we have, and if a storm doesn't have a official pressure, we can't use highest sustained winds to suppose that a storm was more intense than the other that had its pressure estimated, otherwise this would constitute WP:OR. Maximum sustained winds are somewhat correlated with central lowest pressure, but they aren't totally proportional, as Hurricane Matthew showed us recently.
 * And, you interpreted that phrase incorrectly. Maybe it's a bit misleading the way it is now, but the phrase "Intensity is measured solely by central pressure unless the pressure is not known, in which case intensity is measured by maximum sustained winds." was indeed to make storms that have no pressure records ineligilble in favor of storms that have a official estimated and/or measured pressure in a given month. We should only use the winds as a secondary parameter, when all storms in a given month have no official pressure. Lowest pressure should be always above highest winds, since the World Meteorological Organization acknowledges it as a better intensity parameter. ABC paulista (talk) 15:59, 7 October 2016 (UTC)
 * At the least, the period for which all Pacific hurricanes are given a pressure estimate should be included, to remind readers that there exists a possibility that there are other storms prior to that period that are stronger than those listed. A separate list which uses wind speeds should also be created, as it has been done with the list of strongest storms.
 * Since hurricanes are categorized in the SSHWS scale by their wind speeds, instead of their pressures, the public perception of hurricanes' strengths are based on wind speeds. It would be very confusing to an average reader to discover that Winnie '83 is not found, even though it is a high-end category 1 hurricane while omeka is just a moderate tropical storm.
 * At the least, I would like the ambiguity to be removed, that storms without a given pressure would NEVER make the list unless all storms within that month do not have a pressure, and that storms were not necessarily given a pressure until ~20 years ago, while data for wind speeds are available for more than half a century. I consider this addition to be important, since most other records are given across the satellite era, but it is not apparent that this list constitutes an exception. I would also argue for creating another list using wind speeds as the parameter, since wind speed is a parameter for measuring storms' strengths after all, and it would be more consistent with the "strongest storms" section.Qscdefb99 (talk) 01:44, 12 October 2016 (UTC)
 * The Saffir-Simpson Wind Scale is only used by NHC and CPHC and only applied in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. No other official RSMC or TCWC use it, with them having their own wind scale and their own way to measure it (10-min sustained, gusts, how many quadrants have the winds, etc), so the SSHWS is very, very far from being a unanimity. And WMO officialy states that central pressure is the official way to measuure a storm intensity, so the Lowest pressure is always more official and consistent with the "strongest storms" section than highest winds, since the World Meteorological Organization is above all the meteorological agencies, NHC and CPHC included.
 * I'm in favor of creating a second table though. ABC paulista (talk) 00:31, 13 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I believe that EPAC's Best Track is enough reference for the inclusion of the strongest storms per month. After all, the Atlantic record's article also has one. ABC paulista (talk) 21:54, 28 April 2017 (UTC)
 * It doesn't, per this but I don't think finding NHC sources will be hard. YE Pacific Hurricane  01:59, 29 April 2017 (UTC)

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WIKIPEDIA RELATED GRIEVANCES
I'm not usually one to make this sort of post - trust me, look through my entire 8-year editing history and you will find nothing of the sort - and you may just find it a more worthwhile endeavor than the experience I just went through.

For the sake of my feeble ape mind not believing that this endeavor was a total waste, I shall relay to you poor wikipedians an incident which has taken place on this very article, not one hour ago as my time of writing.

I've been following these pacific hurricanes for a good while now, thinking "oh my! This season has been quite active of late! I wonder how this compares to other seasons in how soon new hurricanes formed" That, dear friends, was my very first mistake.

My second mistake immediately followed; rather than simply wondering aloud and never considering the thought again, or perhaps searching the answer up on google and giving up when I couldn't find the answer, I instead noticed that there was no documentation whatsoever on this, and endeavored to find it myself.

what followed was a frantic carpal-tunnel infused perusal through the ever-anal annals of wikipedia's pacific hurricanes portal, searching all hurricanes from the last SEVENTY (70) years for an answer. The first couple were easy: The earliest hurricane to form was Pali in 2016, followed closely by Winona in 1989, and the earliest second was Hali in 1992, followed likewise by Bud in 2012.

The rest were much more of a hodgepodge - there was one stalwart hurricane Four in 1956, a nearly unquantifiable amount from 1984, 1985, and 1992, and a 6th, 10th, and 13th from 1970 that I later had to rewrite once I realized I'd been counting a tropical depression as a "storm", oh woe is me!

But that was not the only woe I was to find. No, indeed, as I had finished compiling the odd storm from 2012, 2014, 2018 - the single E from 2021 that remained, all of the storms from 1974 and 1978, gone back around to make sure I got all the dates right, and properly linked up (with in-section links no less!) I had no idea what was in store for me. Indeed, as I was about to press the terrifying "show preview" button I am still afraid to even gaze upon now lest it enact its revenge once again, I simultaneously found myself hitting the backspace on my computer by mistake!

Thrown forwards and backwards in the textual space-time continuum at the same time, this page I had spent the last seven hours compiling full-time found itself immediately torn apart like some internet version of being tossed into black hole, thrown into in a place beyond time, beyond space entirely: where it ended up, I know not, nor does science as a whole. What I do know, however, is that it is no longer within this corporeal realm.

I frantically checked every version - I had saved gratuitously, of course. The caches had vamoosed! absconded! hightailed out of town! I found myself staring into the very article I had been staring at for the last seven hours, something inscrutable missing, the memories of alphebatized lists already fading quickly from mind as in a dream after waking up.

Was I merely dreaming? Would it have been better if I had been? I do not know the answer, nor am I sure I want to. What I do know is that there now exists a timeline, not too distant from our own, in which there is now a list of the earliest hurricanes to form in the basin over the last eighty-some-odd years, preserved for generations to come, edited by prospective amateur hurricaneologists excitedly exclaiming "Victor is the earliest storm to form in this basin since 1992!" as they submit another typo-ridden, citation-famished paragraph of text to the newest seasonal article. However, this is not the timeline we live in, and that, my friends... makes me mad. exoplanetaryscience (talk) 04:30, 20 July 2021 (UTC)

Adding CPAC to WPAC and adding Olivia to EPAC-WPAC.
There are many notable tropical cyclones from there like Ioke 2006 and Paka 1997. and Olivia should be counted as its remants reformed ad a WPAC Depression — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thegoodguyas (talk • contribs) 02:15, 16 February 2022 (UTC)
 * CPAC to WPAC crossovers happens way too frequently to be notable, and the fact that notable cyclones like these were part of it does'nt change the fact that this happening isn't notable on itself. And what Olivia are you talking about? There were 10 storms named Olivia on EPAC. ABC paulista (talk) 02:20, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Pacific hurricanes


text:
abdes

Etymology
Borrowed from, from. Alternatively via given the loss of the -t.

Noun

 * 1) abdest

Etymology
See.

title: abdes


text:
Bulbostylis burbidgeae

Bulbostylis burbidgeae is a flowering plant in the sedge family, Cyperaceae, that is native to Western Australia.

The annual grass-like plant has a tufted to erect and spreading habit and typically grows to a height of 3 to 25 cm. It blooms between March and August producing brown flowers.

It is found among granite outcrops and at cliff bases in the Pilbara region north of Newman where it grows in granitic soils.

The species was first described in 1980 by Karen Wilson, and the species epithet, burbidgeae, honours Nancy Burbidge.

title: Bulbostylis burbidgeae


text:
merkwürdig

Etymology
.

Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) strange, odd
 * 2)  remarkable, noteworthy; worthy to remember
 * 1)  remarkable, noteworthy; worthy to remember

title: merkwürdig


text:
User:Ride or die baby/sandbox

Here are some sources for the calcium channel research and editing: Plans for editing page:
 * 1) "The role of T-type calcium channels in epilepsy and pain."
 * 2) "The role of calcium channel blockers in the treatment of essential hypertension." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1992952
 * 3) "PKD2 cation channel is required for directional sperm movement and male fertility." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14680633
 * 4) "Function and dysfunction of two-pore channels." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26152696

Beef up table by adding information about two-pore channels and cation channels of sperm and cite good sources"Two-pore channel: Gated by: Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAADP) Gene: TPCN1, TPCN2 Location: endosomal/lysosomal membranes Function: NAADP-activated calcium channel across endosomal/lysosomal membranes (http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9ULQ1)""Cation channels of sperm: Gated by: Calcium Gene: PKD2 family Location: sperm (specifically flagella) Function: non-selective calcium-activated cation channel directing sperm in female reproductive tract ('PKD2 cation channel is required for directional sperm movement and male fertility.' https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14680633) *this information and the information on two-pore channels will be added into the table listing different types of calcium channels. This will help round out the information presented in the article and make it more comprehensive."Beef up pharmacology section by expounding on mechanism of epilepsy and hypertension treatment and cite good sources"Hypertension: in most areas of the body, depolarization is mediated by sodium influx into a cell; changing the calcium permeability has little effect on action potentials. However, in many smooth muscle tissues, depolarization is mediated primarily by calcium influx into the cell. Calcium channel blockers selectively inhibit these action potentials in smooth muscle which leads to dilation of blood vessels; this in turn corrects hypertension.""'Pharmacology and mechanisms of action of calcium-channel blockers.' https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3540226""Epilepsy: increased calcium conductance in the neurons leads to increased depolarization and excitability. This leads to a greater predisposition to epileptic episodes. Calcium channel blockers reduce the neuronal calcium conductance and reduce the likelihood of experiencing epileptic attacks.""'Role of voltage-gated calcium channels in epilepsy.' https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312315/ *This info on hypertension and epilepsy will replace the final paragraph in the article and give it a little more depth."

Peer Review by Jarett Anderson
I think this is a really good start. I would only suggest next to make an outline of which paragraphs you want to incorporate your research into. Don't forget to find one image or figure to add, and I've found that if you click the "cite" button above, it will cite your sources next to any word you choose. Be sure to use that once you start to implement what you've researched and inserted it into the original source. Great job, just organize it now!

-Jarett

Thanks for the feedback Jarett! This is really helpful, I have already added the citations like you showed me how to do. I will get on looking for a good figure to add. And I'll be a little more clear as to where I will be adding this new information.

2nd peer review: The sources look great! Based on your presentation I think there is some room to talk about the difference between L-type and T-type calcium channels and to possibly explain the difference between the voltage-gated calcium channel vs the ligand gated calcium channel.

Excited to see the final product!

Jarett

Thanks again for the timely feedback my man! I appreciate it. I understand that the current page doesn't go into much detail about those differences you mentioned, and I think it is because they are more thoroughly filled out in their own Wikipedia pages. I feel like it would be somewhat redundant to add more than the brief descriptions that are already there. But if there is something specific you feel should be added regarding the differences, let me know. I'm open to suggestions.

title: User:Ride or die baby/sandbox


text:
Portal talk:Science

If you want to experiment with a radical new version of Portal:Science you can work at Portal:Sciencenew. --JWSchmidt 16:09, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

If you update featured content on the portal, make sure that you update Portal:Science/Featured. --JWSchmidt 18:45, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

resource
Fields of science may be useful. --Remi 01:12, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 19:03, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

The zero consept
I want to know if we can make 2=1 <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 20:33, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Sure. Raise both sides with a zero exponent. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 22:07, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

Physics
Electrostatic <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 13:03, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Science


text:
Talk:David Arnason

External links modified
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title: Talk:David Arnason


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Rachel Morrison

The result was: promoted by Allen3 talk 14:13, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

Rachel Morrison

 * ... that cinematographer Rachel Morrison has had seven films screen at the Sundance Film Festival over the past six years?
 * ALT1:... that Dope is cinematographer Rachel Morrison`s seventh film to screen at the Sundance Film Festival in six consecutive years?
 * Reviewed: Robert Boal

Created by Shivertimbers433 (talk), 97198 (talk). Nominated by 97198 (talk) at 13:48, 11 February 2015 (UTC).

 * Symbol confirmed.svg Nice article. Good length. Experienced nominator. Seems neutral. Refs are fine. Hook is interesting although I removed "2015 film" from the second one as I think that's obvious. Feel free to revert. No image (pity) so nor rights issues. Good for WHMonth if thats OK with you two. I prefer the second hook but both are OK. I could not see close paraphrasing but only checked one large source. Thank you. Victuallers (talk) 14:05, 11 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Carole Demas

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Carole Demas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120704040951/http://www.newyorkchildrenstheaterfestival.org:80/about_us.html to http://www.newyorkchildrenstheaterfestival.org/about_us.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:03, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carole Demas


text:
Dean, Pennsylvania

Dean is a village and an unincorporated community within Dean Township in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area.

title: Dean, Pennsylvania


text:
Talk:Wood processing

Would you delete the article English language because the articles American English and British English already exist? --Vuo 19:32, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Huh? --Dante Alighieri | Talk 21:05, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * You're about to delete a stub article about a field of engineering, since there are articles about its subfields. --Vuo 00:07, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Sending to Wiktionary for the time being. I'm sure this is an expandable stub. theProject 21:14, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Hello?? Can't you get at least some editor who knows something about engineering? Maybe it's a stub now. --Vuo 00:05, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * This has nothing to do with knowledge of engineering, this has to do with the fact that the "article" is currently no more than a definition. Definitions belong at Wiktionary, not here. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 16:07, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * A stub encyclopaedia article and a dictionary article are two quite different things. Don't conflate them.  "Wood processing" is not an idiom. Uncle G 22:56, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wood processing


text:
Zakladnoye

Zakladnoye (Закладное) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Zakladinsky Selsoviet, Romanovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 803 as of 2013. There are 12 streets.

Geography
Zakladnoye is located 20 km southwest of Romanovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tambovsky is the nearest rural locality.

title: Zakladnoye


text:
User:Whitenoise101~enwikiversity

Hi, could anyone teach me how to revert pages? I accidentally edited the wrong page.

title: User:Whitenoise101~enwikiversity


text:
Conlang/Beginner/Writing

OK, you have your sounds and words, but you think that this alphabet we use is boring? Well, you're in luck! This page will give you a few hints and tips about creating your own writing system, commonly called a "conscript".

Types of script
To make an interesting writing system the last thing you want to do is copy the Roman script. So, before you actually start to create any glyphs (symbols), you will need to decide what kind of script you would like to make. Scripts are divided up by how many sounds are expressed per glyph.

 * One glyph for an entire syllable (like Cherokee, or Japanese kana).
 * Only glyphs for consonants (like Hebrew).
 * One consonant per glyph with little marks for vowels (like Sanskrit).
 * A separate glyph for each consonant and vowel (like English, or Hangul).
 * One glyph for each unit of meaning or concept (like Chinese).

Naturally, you are not limited to just these types. You can modify or combine them to fit your language and style.

Glyphs
Now that you have chosen the type of script you want, you get to design the glyphs themselves. Here are a few things to keep in mind:

 * Think about how many distinct glyphs you will need. How you determine this will depend on what type of script you have chosen.  In a script with very many glyphs, you will probably want most glyphs to have a fair amount of detail, so they can be readily told apart.
 * Many cultures began writing with basic pictures of objects, such as the ancient Maya or the Egyptians using hieroglyphs. These pictures were simplified and worn down over time into more abstract shapes.  For example, the letter A has its origins in a glyph representing the head of a bull.
 * If you prefer to use symbols you can either do them by hand or start with pictures and write them fast with a pen or brush to see how they morph.
 * If too many symbols are very similar or just turned versions of other symbols, they can be very confusing to read. Although, if you are making a secret language, this might be your goal.
 * Think about where your script is written. Carved or etched letters will tend to have hard lines, while letters written by brush will often be flowing. A script originating as knots tied in a string — a common ancient record-keeping technique — may have a connecting line written through the middle of every letter.
 * A cursive version of your script can be made by writing each of your letters as fast as you can. If you make sure they still look different from each other, but slur them enough for speed, they should come out with a viable cursive form.
 * Scalability. How small can your glyphs get before details are lost and it is too difficult to distinguish one from another?  If you plan on creating a font for your writing system this will be important.

Writing Direction
Okay, now you have your sounds and your symbols but you have one more thing to figure out: which way the words will be written.

 * Top to Bottom
 * Left to Right
 * Right to Left
 * Bottom to top
 * Boustrophedon — write one way until the end of the line and then write the opposite way from there for the next line:

You then need to find out which way the lines will go. For example, Japanese is sometimes written top to bottom with vertical lines going right to left. Arabic goes right to left but the lines go top to bottom horizontally. Chinese and Mongolian are both traditionally written top to bottom but with vertical lines going left to right and right to left respectively. Some writing systems like Ogham are sometimes even written in a circle.

Now you can write in your own script!

title: Conlang/Beginner/Writing


text:
Lucy Alibar

Lucy Alibar (born Lucy Harrison in 1983) is an American screenwriter and playwright best known for co-writing the 2012 film Beasts of the Southern Wild with Benh Zeitlin.

Early life
Lucy Alibar was raised near Monticello, Florida; her parents are Baya M. Harrison III, a criminal defense attorney, and Barbara Harrison, an artist who taught painting classes in prisons. She went to high school in Tallahassee, Florida, where her mother worked, and began spending time reading in public libraries "until the library closed every day". It was there that she discovered experimental theatre and aspired to become a playwright. She won a writing competition at the age of fourteen run by Young Playwrights Inc. When she turned eighteen, she legally changed her surname from Harrison to Alibar, a portmanteau of her mother and grandmother's first names (Barbara and Alice), since "they both worked so hard and cultivated so much of their own happiness [and] I wanted to have that like an amulet."

Career
Alibar attended New York University in Manhattan, where she studied under the Tisch School of the Arts' experimental theatre program. After graduating from NYU, she continued to live on New York's Lower East Side, working multiple jobs as a sandwich maker, bartender and waitress while writing plays in her free time. Around 2010 she wrote Juicy and Delicious, a play based on her own experiences in dealing with her father's declining health. In the play, a young boy named Hushpuppy faces the illness and death of his father, which paralleled her reaction to her father's cerebrovascular disease and coronary artery bypass surgery. She showed the completed script to her longtime friend, filmmaker Benh Zeitlin, who suggested that they adapt the play into a film. For the film, Hushpuppy is a girl. Alibar and Zeitlin began to develop a screenplay, which was chosen by the Sundance Institute to be developed with support from other filmmakers at the institute's Screenwriting Lab. After the script was completed, Alibar moved to Louisiana to assist in the production of the film, titled Beasts of the Southern Wild, which was being directed by Zeitlin. It was selected for screening at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival; in order to afford the travel fares to attend the festival in France, she raised money through the crowdfunding website Indiegogo. The film was released in June 2012 and Alibar and Zeitlin's script received numerous awards and nominations, including a Humanitas Prize and an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay, while Alibar won the award for Woman of the Year at NYU's Fusion Film Festival.

After the release of Beasts of the Southern Wild, Alibar wrote a film adaptation of The Secret Garden to be directed by Guillermo del Toro and adapted one of her plays, Christmas and Jubilee Behold the Meteor Shower, into a screenplay for the production company Escape Artists. The resulting film titled Troop Zero debuted at the Sundance Film Festival in 2019. In late 2013 she also sold a novel, The Prophet of Grady County, to Scribner.

In 2019, Alibar joined other WGA writers in firing their agents as part of the WGA's stand against the ATA and the practice of packaging. Lucy wrote the screenplay for Where the Crawdads Sing.

Personal life
Lucy married producer Pavun Shetty on August 29, 2022 in Florence.

title: Lucy Alibar


text:
Talk:Marie-Elsa Bragg

Bragg describes herself as "half French, half Cumbrian",
So why describe her as ethnically English? What does it say on her passport/s? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:34, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marie-Elsa Bragg


text:
List of awards and nominations received by Richard Linklater

The following are the accolades received by American filmmaker Richard Linklater.

He has received numerous accolades including two BAFTA Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and an Independent Spirit Award. He has also been nominated for five Academy Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award.

He is known for his films such as Before Sunrise (1994), Before Sunset (2004), Before Midnight (2013), Bernie (2012), and Boyhood (2014).


text:
Talk:Eli Yishai

merge
To delete one of the duplicated articles, I suggest that this article/naming Eli Yishai be kept because: Yishai is virtually only known by 'Eli', and this article is a bit more developed the the Eliyahu one'. There are only a couple of items from the Eliyahu that should be retreived. --Shuki 17:21, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Agreed Petergee1 12:57, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

xenophobe?
Ha-aretz published an opinion that was extremely critical of Yishai, calling him "Le Pen with a beard", the "ultimate Israeli xenophobe". --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:12, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Sept 14/2010 CNN has video of him calling for the immediate expulsion of non-jewish children under five to protect the "jewishness" [sic] of Israel. If that isn't xenophobic... Mrrealtime (talk) 16:16, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Are you soapboxing now? That is not xenophobic. And would you expect anything different, in any country from anyone responsible for immigration issues to be tolerant of illegal aliens? --Shuki (talk) 20:25, 14 September 2010 (UTC)
 * it's only racist/xenophobic if you want to expell jews — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:24, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

Controversies - Palestinian Hamas
I fail to see how an opinion that Hamas should be "wiped out" would fit into a Controversies category with some of the more radical statements. Most of the Western world considers Hamas to be a terrorist organisation, and generally deals with terrorism in precisely that manner. Is America's opinion of Al Qaeda considered to be a controversy? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:39, 1 May 2012 (UTC) daphne

 * Wiping out a party means wiping out the people behind it. That means killing people, just like USA have done with al-Qaeda. USA's behaviour towards al-Qaeda has, on top of that, been illegal. So yeah, of course it's a controversy. Especially when the man have come with such remarks about Muslims that he have.

--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:58, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

 * In Wikipedia we have WP:Biographies of living persons which does not allow unsourced negative statements to remain. I wouldn't be surprised if he said these things, but they have to be sourced. If someone wants to source them, I advise looking in News Google Archives and searching his name and each subject. (Otherwise all you come up with is this article.)
 * According to Yishai, asylum seekers should be accommodated in voluntary work camps in order to work off their expenses free of charge. He has also called homosexuality "sick", and stated that Hamas should be "wiped out".
 * Please read policy if you do not understand. CarolMooreDC 21:48, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eli Yishai


text:
American Gigolo (disambiguation)

American Gigolo is a 1980 feature film, written and directed by Paul Schrader and starring Richard Gere.

American Gigolo may also refer to:
 * American Gigolo (soundtrack), soundtrack album to the abovementioned feature film
 * American Gigolo (TV series), an American drama television series based on the film
 * "American Gigolo," a song by Weezer from their 2002 album Maladroit

title: American Gigolo (disambiguation)


text:
Microrhodopis

Microrhodopis is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:

 * Microrhodopis albovittata Breuning, 1976
 * Microrhodopis rufipennis Breuning, 1957

title: Microrhodopis


text:
Walther Arber

Walther Arber (born 3 August 1923) was a Swiss field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Walther Arber


text:
Trigonometric interpolation

This lesson is currently under construction!

What is trigonometric interpolation?
Say we have a set of data points that is approximately periodic. An example of such data would be a sound byte, or an electric signal. We then want to approximate the behavior of such phenomena using an interpolant. Hence, we are looking for an interpolant that has the property of being periodic. So, what examples of periodic functions exist? The obvious ones are the sine and cosine functions. Hence, we would want to relate the sine and cosine functions to a set of data points. Therefore, we seek a trigonometric polynomial $$\pi_n(x)$$ such that:

 * $$\pi_n(x) = a_n + \sum_{j=1}^{n} (a_j \cos (jx) + b_j \sin (jx))$$

As one can see, we have 2n + 1 unknowns to evaluate in order to derive $$\pi_n$$. Why do we call this function a polynomial? In fact, it is a degree $$n$$ polynomial in $$\cos x$$ and $$\sin x$$. This can be seen from de Moivre's theorem:

 * $$e^{ix} = \cos x + i \sin x$$
 * $$e^{ijx} = (\cos x + i \sin x)^j = \cos (jx) + i \sin (jx)$$

Hence, we can see that, in fact, the interpolant is indeed a polynomial in terms of $$\cos x$$ and $$\sin x$$. From the above identities, one can derive these two statements:

 * $$\cos x = \frac{e^{ix}+e^{-ix}}{2}$$      $$\sin x = \frac{e^{ix} - e^{-ix}}{2i}$$

These identities will be the basis of how we will interpolate a function trigonometrically, as our new function will be of the form:

 * $$\pi_n(x) = \sum_{j=0}^{n-1} \gamma_j*e^{ijx}$$

Discrete Fourier Transform
For this lesson, we will focus on the case where a sequence of data given at equal time steps is given as the data to be interpolated.

Now we need a technique to interpolate a set of given data points into a function of the same form as that of $$\pi_n$$. First of all, since the results of our $$\pi_n$$ need to be real numbers, one can determine that the coefficients $$\gamma_j$$ need to occur in complex conjugate pairs. Now, what would be a good choice of nodes to use for the interpolation? It is now time to introduce a concept called the nth roots of unity:

Definition: The nth roots of unity, denoted $$\omega_n^0, \omega_n^1, \cdots, \omega_n^{n-1}$$ are all of the complex numbers z such that $$z^n - 1 = 0$$ holds true.

A geometric interpretation of the nth roots of unity would be to first, draw the unit circle on the complex plane. Then, since 1 is always a root of $$z^n - 1 = 0$$, draw the first dividing line from the origin to the point (1,0). After that, then divide the rest of the circle into n equal parts. This is demonstrated above in the case with $$n=4$$. Indeed, the four solutions to $$z^4 - 1 = 0$$ are 1, -1, i, and -i. After doing so, simply take the exponential of each of these four roots to obtain the 4th roots of unity. From this geometric method, we can derive, using de Moivre's theorem, the general form of $$\omega_k^n$$:

$$ \omega_n^k = e^{i\frac{2k\pi}{n}} = \cos\left(\frac{2k\pi}{n}\right) - i \sin \left(\frac{2k\pi}{n}\right)$$

This formula makes intuitive sense to us, as one would first start at 0 radians and then split the entire circle of $$2\pi$$ radians into n parts, into which we then travel clockwise through k of those divisions to obtain our desired root.

Now that we have our nodes for interpolation, it is actually quite easy to now find the coefficients. The method for doing so is called the Discrete Fourier Transform.

Definition: Let $$\mathbf{x} = [x_0, x_1, \cdots, x_{n-1}]$$. The Discrete Fourier Transform $$\mathbf{y} = [y_0, y_1, \cdots, y_{n-1}]$$ is determined by:

 * $$y_m = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} x_k\omega_n^{mk}$$, $$m = 0, 1, \cdots, n-1$$.

It is often easier to think of this process in matrix-vector notation. First of all, we will define the Fourier matrix:

Definition: For a sequence of n data points, the Fourier matrix $$\mathbf{F}_n$$ used in the DFT algorithm is simply the Vandermonde matrix of the n-1th roots of unity. For example, if we have $$n = 4$$ then:

 * $$\mathbf{F}_4 = \left( \begin{array}{cccc}

1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & \omega_4 & \omega_4^2 & \omega_4^3 \\ 1 & \omega_4^2 & \omega_4^4 & \omega_4^6 \\ 1 & \omega_4^3 & \omega_4^6 & \omega_4^9 \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{cccc} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & -i & -1 & i \\ 1 & -1 & 1 & -1 \\ 1 & i & -1 & -i \end{array} \right)$$

We can now write the DFT in terms of matrix-vector multiplication:

 * $$\mathbf{y} = \mathbf{F}_n \mathbf{x}$$

Because our transformation is a matrix-vector multiplication, finding the coefficients, which are the elements of the y vector in our DFT, can be done in $$O(n^2)$$ time. It is also easy to convert back from these coefficients to the original x vector. It can be shown that the following is true of the Fourier matrix:

 * $$\mathbf{F}_n^{-1} = \frac{1}{n}\mathbf{F}_n^H$$

Here, H denotes the Hermitian of $$\mathbf{F}_n$$. Hence, all we need to do to find the inverse DFT matrix is to simply transpose the matrix, take the conjugates of the entries, and then divide all entries by n, all of which can be done within reasonable amount of time. We now have what is called the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform, which, in matrix-vector notation, is simply:

 * $$\mathbf{x} = \mathbf{F}_n^{-1}\mathbf{y}$$

Fast Fourier Transform
Now that we have a method of transforming samples from the raw data into the Fourier coefficients, one can wonder if we can do better than $$O(n^2)$$. Well, we can, and the method for doing so is called the Fast Fourier Transform. In this method, n is assumed to be even.

This method takes advantage of some properties of the Fourier Matrix. Let $$\mathbf{P}_n$$ be the permutation matrix that places the even number columns before the odd numbered columns. Let $$\mathbf{D}_{n/2}$$ be the matrix that has the first $$(n/2)-1$$ nth roots of unity on the diagonal with zeros for the other entires. First of all if we were to multiply the matrix $$\mathbf{F}_4$$ by $$\mathbf{P}_n$$, we would have:

 * $$\mathbf{F}_4\mathbf{P}_4 = \left( \begin{array}{cccc}

1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & -1 & -i & i \\ 1 & 1 & -1 & -1 \\ 1 & -1 & i & -i \end{array} \right)$$

Now, comparing to the matrix $$\mathbf{F}_2 = \left( \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 1 \\                                                                          1 & -1 \end{array} \right)$$, we can see that the top left and bottom left corners of $$\mathbf{F}_4\mathbf{P}_4$$ contain the $$\mathbf{F}_2$$ matrix. Given that $$  \mathbf{D}_2 = \left( \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0 \\                                        0 & -i \end{array} \right)$$, one can also see the the top right corner of the matrix is $$\mathbf{D}_2\mathbf{F}_2$$ and the bottom right corner of the matrix is $$-\mathbf{D}_2\mathbf{F}_2$$. Hence, we have the following statement for $$\mathbf{F}_4$$:

$$\mathbf{F}_4 = \left( \begin{array}{cc} \mathbf{F}_2 & \mathbf{D}_2\mathbf{F}_2 \\ \mathbf{F}_2 & -\mathbf{D}_2\mathbf{F}_2 \\ \end{array} \right)$$

In fact, this recursive behavior applies in general for any Fourier matrix of size $$2^n$$. This recursive behavior is the basis for the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm for computing the DFT. Here is a summary of Fast Fourier Transform:

Given x, the input vector, y the output vector, n the number of data points, and omega the root of unity:

1. If n = 1, let y = x and exit procedure. Otherwise, continue to step 2. 2. Split x into 2 sequences p and s, with p containing the numbers in the even positions of the sequence x and s containing those numbers in the odd positions of x.  3. Recursively call this algorithm with input p, output q, n = n/2, and omega = omega^2 4. Recursively call this algorithm with input s, output t, n = n/2, and omega = omega^2 5. Output y such that for k = 0, 1, ..., n-1 $$y[k] = q[k \mod(n/2)]+\omega^kt[k \mod(n/2)]$$.

This algorithm does $$O(n)$$ operations per level of recursion and has $$O(\log_2 n)$$ levels of recursion, so the running time for this particular method is $$O(n \log_2 n)$$, which is significantly faster than that of Discrete Fourier Transform. Also, the inverse DFT can be calculated using this algorithm as well with a few modifications.

However, there are some limitations to this algorithm. First, the algorithm assumes that the number of data points is a power of two, and that they are equally spaced and periodic. Therefore, if one tries to do a FFT of a set of points that is not periodic or tries to "scale" a sequence to be a power of 2, noise can result.

Applications
There are many applications of DFT and trigonometric interpolation. It is used to filter noise in a signal by first applying DFT to a discrete signal, then setting all of the undesired frequencies to zero. After that, inverse DFT is performed on the new data to obtain the filtered signal.

Some convolutions are easier computed in the frequency domain, so one would use DFT to convert the data needed from the time domain to the frequency domain.

Fast Fourier Transform can be used to evaluate polynomials more quickly, by choosing n points as being the roots of unity for the algorithm.

title: Trigonometric interpolation


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