text:
Java String Class

This topic will guide through the most used functions of the String class. You need to know basic Java to understand this

Functions
One very useful function is the substring(int, int) method (or substring(int)). This method will return a string starting at the first integer, inclusive and ending at the second position (within that String), exclusive. Same as array elements, characters in the String count from 0. For Example: In this case, test2 would be 'hing'. Another is equals(String). If you want to check if a string is "Hello", then: Do not compare strings directly, with the == sign. It is a different operation, an identity comparison. It may succeed in some cases, but in others will return for you incorrect false. Another is replaceAll(String, String). It replaces all instances of the string you enter in the entire string with the second string. You want to replace all instances of to with ot: String s="i want to go to school too fast, to study" s.replaceAll("to", "ot")

Another is charAt(int index).It will returns the character at the specified index String str="Welcome"; for (i=0;i0) {       System.out.println("First string is ordered after the second string"); }

equals and hashCode
The method equals(String other) returns true if the string passed as a parameter is equal by content (this is the correct operation to test strings for equality). The similar method equalsIgnoreCase(String other) performs case insensitive comparison. The method hashCode computes the numeric value that depends on the string content. The different strings most often have different hashcodes but in some corner cases may happen that they have the same. However two strings with the same content never have different hashcodes. Hashcode is used when implementing various advanced algorithms on strings.

As String implements hashCode and equals properly, it is possible to have structures like HashMap or HashSet of strings. The set will not store duplicate entries and the map will always find a key that matches the passed key string by content.

Add more useful functions...

title: Java String Class


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Piracy/Archive 4

Atacked ships
Hi, I have been working on List of ships attacked by Somali pirates for some time. I hope to compile lists for other acts of piracy. There are stub articles for each year with almost no information on them and I intend to expand these individually. This is an overwhelming task so I would welcome any assistance. -- Cat chi? 18:52, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

 * What kind of help are you looking for? - Adolphus79 (talk) 02:37, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Project update / cleanup / work...
I was looking at our projects main page just now, and was thinking it could use some updating... I was thinking about the following changes:

 * Goals - Make a nice clean list of the project's goals (see the list of goals that I originally wrote for WikiProject The Simpsons for an idea of what I'm talking about)...
 * Parentage & Descendant WikiProjects - Parentage does not specifically mean just the history of our project, but also our "parent" projects... we should figure out exactly what our parentage is (as well as cleanup the history snippet a little)...
 * Formatting - our articles should follow the Manual of Style no matter what, no exceptions... formatting should be an important part of each of our articles, as that is an important part in assessment... whether we follow the standard MoS, or decide to modify it for our own uses, we should focus on a nice uniform format (all the biographies looking the same, nicely organized lists, etc.)
 * Scope - we need to clarify this a little, maybe just organize how it is worded and cleanp the prose a little...
 * Guidelines - We have no guidelines? Why not? We should... exactly what constitutes whether a person is a pirate or privateer? What is the definition of participant (as far as the project goes)? etc...
 * Participants - Go ahead and seperate active, semi-active, and inactive editors (as discussed before)... not based solely on their Wikipedia edits & activity in general, but based on their work within the scope of this Project...
 * Articles - Organize the articles section, maybe remove the redundant missing articles list (we could just transclude WikiProject Piracy/Wanted articles), stuff like that...
 * General cleanup - Just go through and copyedit the page as a whole, making the text flow a little smoother... maybe even some fancy formatting here and there (tables, etc.)... remove the parts of the boilerplate project page that we don't use (collaberations, etc.)

I think if we clean up and organize the project, it will be a lot easier to keep up on the articles that we cover... make this page more user-friendly, where those of us in the project can find the information we're looking for, and people new to the project can quickly and easily gain an idea of what's going on... after the Project page gets cleaned up, then we can start focusing on other things, like article assessment, templates, transclusions, etc...

First, though, we need to figure out what to do with the above... those who are active (I don't know who all is active at the moment) need to discuss these changes and ideas here, then we can make the changes on the main page... What does anyone else think of this? Any other ideas to be added to the above list? Any volunteers for specific jobs? Discuss amongst yourselves... and don't worry, this isn't something that happens overnight, we will work on it over time (as I did with WikiProject The Simpsons)... - Adolphus79 (talk) 03:12, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

 * With no activity or comments from anyone else, I've started making minor changes here and there... just trying to organize the project and articles, and cleanup the projectspace and make it a little more efficient... if anyone ever does check in, feel free to leave comments... - Adolphus79 (talk) 06:22, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Coordinators' working group
Hi! I'd like to draw your attention to the new WikiProject coordinators' working group, an effort to bring both official and unofficial WikiProject coordinators together so that the projects can more easily develop consensus and collaborate. This group has been created after discussion regarding possible changes to the A-Class review system, and that may be one of the first things discussed by interested coordinators.

All designated project coordinators are invited to join this working group. If your project hasn't formally designated any editors as coordinators, but you are someone who regularly deals with coordination tasks in the project, please feel free to join as well. — Delievered by §hepBot  ( Disable )  on behalf of the WikiProject coordinators' working group at 06:17, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Do we have a coordinator? - Adolphus79 (talk) 15:45, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Article alerts
This is a notice to let you know about Article alerts, a fully-automated subscription-based news delivery system designed to notify WikiProjects and Taskforces when articles are entering Articles for deletion, Requests for comment, Peer review and other workflows (full list). The reports are updated on a daily basis, and provide brief summaries of what happened, with relevant links to discussion or results when possible. A certain degree of customization is available; WikiProjects and Taskforces can choose which workflows to include, have individual reports generated for each workflow, have deletion discussion transcluded on the reports, and so on. An example of a customized report can be found here.

If you are already subscribed to Article Alerts, it is now easier to report bugs and request new features. We are also in the process of implementing a "news system", which would let projects know about ongoing discussions on a wikipedia-wide level, and other things of interest. The developers also note that some subscribing WikiProjects and Taskforces use the  parameter, but forget to give a link to their alert page. Your alert page should be located at "Wikipedia:PROJECT-OR-TASKFORCE-HOMEPAGE/Article alerts". Questions and feedback should be left at Wikipedia talk:Article alerts.

Message sent by User:Addbot to all active wiki projects per request, Comments on the message and bot are welcome here.

Thanks. — Headbomb {{{sup|ταλκ}}κοντριβς – WP Physics} 09:33, 15 March, 2009 (UTC)

New Somali Pirates Event
I'm not sure if this is where the project members would like this, but I haven't seen an article or update on the most recent pirate attack on a Japanese ship off the Somali coast. Anyone on this? TeamZissou (talk) 18:54, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Is it notable enough for it's own article, or does it belong on WikiNews? (see WP:NOTNEWS...) - Adolphus79 (talk) 19:11, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * It looks like it was added to the list of attacks article, I guess that's good enough for it as it wasn't particularly notable Observer31 (talk) 21:58, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

Infobox Pirate Ship
is being discussed at here, if a member of the project would like to comment. Benea (talk) 22:14, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Current event: Somali pirates capture German owned ship
The Comcast website has a story about a German owned, Maltese flagged ship taken by pirates off Somalia:

Piracy off Somalia--DThomsen8 (talk) 14:15, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Wikiproject advert
Howdy. I've removed adverts for this wikiproject (Template:Piracy) from a handful of articles. While I love the project (who doesn't like a good aaah-haaargh every so often), and in particular the great quality articles coming from it, WikiProjects are part of the 'plumbing' that underlies the main encyclopaedia and as such shouldn't form part of it unless they themselves become encyclopaedic. CHeers. - TB (talk) 12:25, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

 * It appears that an IP editor mistakenly (AGF) added that template to a number of articles... that template should not be used in article space, only in user talk space... - Adolphus79 (talk) 17:27, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Treasure Island GAR notice
I have conducted a reassessment of the article as part of the GA sweeps process. The article needs some work to meet WP:GAC so has been delisted. You can find details of issues that need addressing at Talk:Treasure Island/GA1. Thanks. Jezhotwells (talk) 00:22, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Arrr...
Arrr... a cheer to all you scurvey slags, this fanciful day! - Adolphus79 (talk) 18:44, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

WP 1.0 bot announcement
This message is being sent to each WikiProject that participates in the WP 1.0 assessment system. On Saturday, January 23, 2010, the WP 1.0 bot will be upgraded. Your project does not need to take any action, but the appearance of your project's summary table will change. The upgrade will make many new, optional features available to all WikiProjects. Additional information is available at the WP 1.0 project homepage. — Carl (CBM · talk) 03:47, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

Privateering project?
I stomp in, slam down my tankard on the wooden table, and like Robert Surcouf DEFY all twelve armed drunken soldiers here to say why there ought not to be a privateering project, instead of just pirates? Pirates were not romantic colorful handsome attractive and sexy in a bizarrely effeminate way, like Johnny Depp. They were filthy diseased louse-ridden toothless murdering raping stealing wretches. Not good role models. Privateers on the other hand swashbuckled just as much--more so in fact, since they didn't have to run from the authorities, didn't risk a hanging if captured (usually) and often would stand and  fight and not skulk away if the odds were against them. Granted some like William Kidd or Harry Morgan or Luke Ryan or the Lafitte brothers crossed the line on occasion, but most privateers would be insulted if you called them pirates. We need a privateering project, maybe to convert this one--and HANG the pirates from the nearest dangling participle.FrederickFolger (talk) 19:08, 11 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Privateering should indeed be covered by a Project, and I see no reason whatsoever why it shoulldn't be covered by THIS project. In fact, given this project's recent struggles to sustain itself, anything that broadens its remit is a good thing. The question should surely be: in a merged privacy AND privateering project, does the name need to change?Metabaronic (talk) 08:44, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Well. In six months, one reply.  All the pirates are too groggy to speak?   Talk about a long hangover.  Bringing in privateers does have this drawback: the emblem of this project is a skull and crossbones flag.  I note historically pirates usually sailed under false colors, this country or that.  When the time came they'd hoist a simple red flag, solid red, blood colored, to signify "surrender or we give no quarter."   But the skull and crossbones, the Jolly Roger?   Edward England and John Taylor, maybe; none of the others used that.   And no privateer ever did.  Even if sailing under a false flag, a privateer had to haul it down and hoist his true colors before firing the first cannon.  Or risk forfeiting the prize. So. Privateers may not be over-eager to find themselves identified with this lazy drunk dissolute skull and crossbones riffraff.  FrederickFolger ⚓ (talk) 19:11, 13 September 2010 (UTC)
 * One man's privateer is another man's pirate. And a fair few pirates covered by this project would have at various tiems called themselves privateers or even innocent seafarers. :) That sets the scope of this prohject pretty wide, but I reckon privateers should be in. Euryalus (talk) 23:49, 20 July 2014 (UTC)

Have you got a plank ready?
Because may be in need of a walk along it! Seriously, he's been tagging articles with this WP, but using code that marks the article as A class and top importance. Would members from this WP please check his contributions and make the necessary corrections. Mjroots (talk) 07:52, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The tagging is of very tangential articles, and based on reasoning such as this. I admire the enthusiasm, but think its created an article list that is both unwieldy and not directly related to piracy. Captain Hook, for example, is correctly tagged as a piracy article, but Hook is not (even though so tagged). Also, the tagged articles are not all of top importance, or A-class. Will correct these review comments as I go.

 * I've removed the tags from some articles per WP:BRD, but would welcome any discussion and/or contrary opinions on the ones I've done. A list of removed tags will be posted here soon, or can be seen in the interim here. Euryalus (talk) 00:39, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

 * OK. Removed the project tag from Cannon, Julius Caesar, Alcohol and Sailing. Left the tag on Doubloon, Treasure, and Cutlass because the article content contains substantial pirate references, but reassessed as other than “Top” importance.  Also reassessed some of the pirate-themed computer game pages – they’re pirate-related articles but they are hardly of the same importance as, say, Blackbeard. Comments, disagreements welcome. Euryalus (talk) 01:07, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
It has been proposed to split this 176k long list into four lists. Comments at the talk page please. Mjroots (talk) 09:32, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Signpost report?
Is this project still active? If enough editors are interested, we could fulfill the project's request for a WikiProject Report in the Signpost. Please respond if you would like to participate. -Mabeenot (talk) 01:02, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

Piracy articles have been selected for the Wikipedia 0.8 release
Version 0.8 is a collection of Wikipedia articles selected by the Wikipedia 1.0 team for offline release on USB key, DVD and mobile phone. Articles were selected based on their assessed importance and quality, then article versions (revisionIDs) were chosen for trustworthiness (freedom from vandalism) using an adaptation of the WikiTrust algorithm.

We would like to ask you to review the Piracy articles and revisionIDs we have chosen. Selected articles are marked with a diamond symbol (♦) to the right of each article, and this symbol links to the selected version of each article. If you believe we have included or excluded articles inappropriately, please contact us at Wikipedia talk:Version 0.8 with the details. You may wish to look at your WikiProject's articles with cleanup tags and try to improve any that need work; if you do, please give us the new revisionID at Wikipedia talk:Version 0.8. We would like to complete this consultation period by midnight UTC on Monday, October 11th.

We have greatly streamlined the process since the Version 0.7 release, so we aim to have the collection ready for distribution by the end of October, 2010. As a result, we are planning to distribute the collection much more widely, while continuing to work with groups such as One Laptop per Child and Wikipedia for Schools to extend the reach of Wikipedia worldwide. Please help us, with your WikiProject's feedback!

For the Wikipedia 1.0 editorial team, SelectionBot 23:28, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

US Piracy trial
I heard on the news that the first US piracy trial in over a century is commencing. Details, please!--DThomsen8 (talk) 12:40, 12 March 2011 (UTC)
 * You misheard slightly. The first piracy trial in the USA in 100 years just wrapped up (the accused was found guilty and sentenced). We have an article on it here. Another piracy trial in the USA has just started as 14 pirates were indited on March 11 in a court in Virginia . It doesn't appear that we have an article on that yet, though I think an article on the SY Quest incident could stand to be created. i.m.canadian (talk) 16:07, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Wokou
Wokou is requested to be renamed, see Talk:Wokou. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:56, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
 * To be a bit more precise, there is an ongoing rename discussion at Talk:Wokou as to whether the article should be renamed from "Wokou" to "Wako". If you are familiar with the topic, feel free to join the discussion. --  李博杰  | —Talk contribs email 04:49, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

Turgut
Hi, everyone. When you have time, could you control this attempt (Turgut Reis) ? Thank you. Takabeg (talk) 01:38, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Hello
I've been doing some work for the project in recent weeks. This included reorganizing the "Requested articles" list and contributing missing (i.e. "red linked") names on List of pirates. I wrote Francis Verney via AFC, however, my other submissions have since been rejected. I didn't have time to do hard research for these biographies, using sources listed on the main "List of pirates" article, but I did find Dutch-language books which looks to have substansial material on these men. One editor claimed the main cited reference I used, M. Bruyneel's Isle of Tortuga, was an unreliable source. A second editor removed an in-line citation and, oddly enough, rejected the article for having no in-line citation. I'm not going to argue the point but if someone wants to add to these biographies here are the links. Someone should also de-link the names from the "List of pirates" article.

 * Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Jan Marinus van Sommelsdijk
 * Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Meinart Dircxsen
 * Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Filips van Zuylen
 * Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Jacob Janssen van den Bergh

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:25, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Henry Every
The Henry Every article seems very thorough and well-cited. Perhaps we can make a push to good article status? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:05, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

Split proposal for Piracy in Somalia
This is a notification that I've proposed a split of Piracy in Somalia. Please see Talk:Piracy in Somalia for details and to voice your opinion. Thanks, BDD (talk) 21:57, 23 January 2013 (UTC)

Wokou
There's a dispute at and Talk:Wokou, that was brought up at WT:JAPAN. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:49, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

Proposed removal of "Importance" categorisation in Assessments
Returning to WP:YAR after a couple of year's break, I'm struck by how arbitrary the "importance" categories are in the Assessment process. A project like this that covers millennia, continents and some of the world's most enduring myths, sayings and folklore, cannot be easily rated in terms of the importance of every article. And while the article quality can be objectively assessed, the importance ratings tend to be exact mirrors of what other projects have rated them as, which is a nonsense in the specific context of piracy.

I propose to follow the lead of WP:SHIPS and remove article "importance" from the WP talkpage tags, leaving only the quality scale. I doubt this will diminish any readers' understanding or exploration of articles in the project, and will address the current arbitrary assessment processes.

Other views welcome as always. Euryalus (talk) 11:18, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Done . Not Done as I'm too rusty on template use and don't want to risk error across that many pages. Will read up and try again at a later date. Euryalus (talk) 04:31, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

About the tally of "captures"
I have been reading some of the pirate biographies while working on a related page. During the course of this project, I noticed that when a certain captain commanded a pirate fleet, the total number of ships captured that is attributed to him seems to actually be the combination of those that he captured directly and the ones that other ships in his fleet captured. This is ambiguous, because some of these pirate captains actually employed pirates that went on to become infamous by themselves. Yet the credit of the captures seems to always go to the "one in charge" at the moment. Should we differentiate (or at least clarify) the ones actually captured by the captain's flagship from the ones that were captured by his other ships? -  Ca ri bb e a  n ~ H. Q.  07:09, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

""
The usage of is under discussion, see talk:Mark Read (singer) -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:57, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

Leaflet For Wikiproject Piracy At Wikimania 2014
Are you looking to recruit more contributors to your project? We are offering to design and print physical paper leaflets to be distributed at Wikimania 2014 for all projects that apply. For more information, click the link below. Project leaflets Adikhajuria (talk) 11:41, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Comment on the WikiProject X proposal
Hello there! As you may already know, most WikiProjects here on Wikipedia struggle to stay active after they've been founded. I believe there is a lot of potential for WikiProjects to facilitate collaboration across subject areas, so I have submitted a grant proposal with the Wikimedia Foundation for the "WikiProject X" project. WikiProject X will study what makes WikiProjects succeed in retaining editors and then design a prototype WikiProject system that will recruit contributors to WikiProjects and help them run effectively. Please review the proposal here and leave feedback. If you have any questions, you can ask on the proposal page or leave a message on my talk page. Thank you for your time! (Also, sorry about the posting mistake earlier. If someone already moved my message to the talk page, feel free to remove this posting.) Harej (talk) 22:47, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

Discussion relevant to this project
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Piracy Oiyarbepsy (talk) 14:52, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

WikiProject X is live!

Hello everyone!

You may have received a message from me earlier asking you to comment on my WikiProject X proposal. The good news is that WikiProject X is now live! In our first phase, we are focusing on research. At this time, we are looking for people to share their experiences with WikiProjects: good, bad, or neutral. We are also looking for WikiProjects that may be interested in trying out new tools and layouts that will make participating easier and projects easier to maintain. If you or your WikiProject are interested, check us out! Note that this is an opt-in program; no WikiProject will be required to change anything against its wishes. Please let me know if you have any questions. Thank you!

Note: To receive additional notifications about WikiProject X on this talk page, please add this page to WikiProject X/Newsletter. Otherwise, this will be the last notification sent about WikiProject X.

Harej (talk) 16:56, 14 January 2015 (UTC)

Piracy in Somalia move discussion
Hi. There's a discussion taking place here about whether to move and rename Piracy in Somalia. The discussion partly concerns consistency of naming of articles on piracy, so input from editors involved in this project would be welcome. Cordless Larry (talk) 09:42, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Ahoy there (again)! Another move discussion is now taking place about this article, following a failure to reach consensus on the previously suggested move. Cordless Larry (talk) 09:41, 8 April 2015 (UTC)

Category:Pirate hunters
Should be created. We have categories for the other two types, "pirates" and "privateers", but we are missing the third player. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:43, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

German pirates needs expansion
only lists 8 pirates. Would be nice to see an expansion. --IronMaidenRocks (talk) 18:56, 3 June 2016 (UTC)

German pirates needs expansion
only lists 8 pirates. Would be nice to see an expansion. --IronMaidenRocks (talk) 18:56, 3 June 2016 (UTC)

Factual issues with Forbes' "Top Earning Pirates"
This piece by Matt Woosley is being given a lot of prominence in some of our articles, in particular in the quantification of the wealth of these pirates. However, there are clearly some issues with the certainty that the author lists the subjects, even when the currency conversion was more or less accurate (in 2008 USD). First of all, it is completely missing Henry Every, whose Ganj-i-Sawai heist would certainly place him at or near the top of the list. Second, it is way too anglo centric. Within the Wikipedia biographies that have a "wealth" cited, there are at least two Caribbean-based pirates that would make an accurate "Top (20)Earning Pirates" list.

The first is Miguel Enríquez, whose 500,000 peso fortune would translate to 150-160 million today, which is more than any of the pirates listed by Woosley (who includes Drake, a fellow privateer). The 4,000 pesos cited in Roberto Cofresí would be around 4 million, meaning that even the remnants of his fortune would place him within the top earning pirates if the figures in that list are accurate. There are others that do not have a cited "wealth", but who surely earned more that a million, such as Samuel Hall Lord and Jean Lafitte, who are nowhere to be found in Woolsey's article.

Due to these issues, I think that we should avoid saying "#[1-20] Forbes' top-earning pirate" in the lead of the biographies. We can certainly keep their conversions, but unless they are willing to publish an updated list, we should avoid repeating the order that Woolsey is pushing due to the aforementioned omissions (and those we are likely missing in biographies without cited "wealth"). With talk like a pirate day upcoming, they may be interested in doing so if we contact them. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:41, 5 July 2016 (UTC)

WikiProject collaboration notice from the Portals WikiProject
The reason I am contacting you is because there are one or more portals that fall under this subject, and the Portals WikiProject is currently undertaking a major drive to automate portals that may affect them.

Portals are being redesigned.

The new design features are being applied to existing portals.

At present, we are gearing up for a maintenance pass of portals in which the introduction section will be upgraded to no longer need a subpage. In place of static copied and pasted excerpts will be self-updating excerpts displayed through selective transclusion, using the template Transclude lead excerpt.

The discussion about this can be found here.

Maintainers of specific portals are encouraged to sign up as project members here, noting the portals they maintain, so that those portals are skipped by the maintenance pass. Currently, we are interested in upgrading neglected and abandoned portals. There will be opportunity for maintained portals to opt-in later, or the portal maintainers can handle upgrading (the portals they maintain) personally at any time.

Background
On April 8th, 2018, an RfC ("Request for comment") proposal was made to eliminate all portals and the portal namespace. On April 17th, the Portals WikiProject was rebooted to handle the revitalization of the portal system. On May 12th, the RfC was closed with the result to keep portals, by a margin of about 2 to 1 in favor of keeping portals.

There's an article in the current edition of the Signpost interviewing project members about the RfC and the Portals WikiProject.

Since the reboot, the Portals WikiProject has been busy building tools and components to upgrade portals.

So far, 84 editors have joined.

If you would like to keep abreast of what is happening with portals, see the newsletter archive.

If you have any questions about what is happening with portals or the Portals WikiProject, please post them on the WikiProject's talk page.

Thank you. — The Transhumanist  07:51, 30 May 2018 (UTC)

Notice of Move Request
At Capture of the Anne. See here for discussion - wolf  02:26, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

A new newsletter directory is out!
A new Newsletter directory has been created to replace the old, out-of-date one. If your WikiProject and its taskforces have newsletters (even inactive ones), or if you know of a missing newsletter (including from sister projects like WikiSpecies), please include it in the directory! The template can be a bit tricky, so if you need help, just post the newsletter on the template's talk page and someone will add it for you.
 * – Sent on behalf of Headbomb. 03:11, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Decree of Turda

Neutrality, factual accuracy
It is not based on the complete work of Aurel Pop. The reference to the original spirit of the decree is cenzured by the clique of self-named admins here. With what right? The degree can be read -- maybe you SHOULD help the readers by providing the original text, instead of cenzuring truth!PredaMi (talk) 02:15, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

(1) "The conditions imposed by the decree for maintaining or acceding nobility (in particular, affiliation to the Roman Catholic Church and possession of a royal certificate of donation for the owned land) were to select and limit the noble class over a period of centuries, which in turn accelerated the decline of the Estate of Romanians." (2) "This was the first time in Transylvania that discriminatory law enforcement along ethnic lines was legally codified."
 * No conditions were imposed by the decree, therefore the decree did not limit Romanians to receive noble status.
 * The decree explicitly states that an oath taken by a Romanian knez brought to his land by royal writ equals to an oath taken by a nobleman, and oath taken by other Romanian knezes and Romanian communers are also treated equally with oath taken by judges or non-Romanian communers, respectively. Is this a discrimination?
 * Actually, discriminatory legislation "along ethnic lines" had already been adopted in the Kingdom of Hungary: against Jews, Muslims and Cumans.
 * Actually you clearly confuse the religious intolerance (which is a basic element of medieval European societies) with the ethnic discrimination (which earliest form was born only in the era of nationalism in Europe). — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:23, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
 * No. In the case of Cumans, legislation was aimed against their nomadic way of life. Moreover, Saxon towns in Transylvania prohibited Hungarians to settle among them from the 1400s, in Kolozsvár/Klausenburg/Cluj the townspeople was clearly divided along ethnic lines (German v. Hungarians), in France laws were adopted against the Lombards (yes, they were bankers). So, I think history is not so clear, that anything can clearly begin only in this or that age, our human faults are always the same. Borsoka (talk) 18:32, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

(3) "Louis I's systematic Catholic proselytising campaigns encountered a determined resistance among Romanians, who were Eastern Orthodox." (4) "The decree takes an explicitly negative view of Romanians: propter presumptuosam astuciam diversorum malefactorum, specialiter Olachorum[1] in ipsa terra nostra existencium (…) ad exterminandum seu delendum in ipsa terra malefactores quarumlibet nacionum, signanter Olachorum [2] - because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially Romanians, who live in that our country (…) to expel or to exterminate in this country malefactors belonging to any nation, especially Romanians." Borsoka (talk) 02:56, 3 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Louis I proselytized by force on the southern borderlands of his kingdom (mainly in the territories occupied from Bulgaria), but otherwise there were Orthodox landholders in the kingdom who fiercely supported the king. For instance, Balc of Moldavia received significant estates and held high offices in the kingdom.
 * The decree itself states what was the reason of its reference to the Romanians ("their way of life and disorderly behaviour"), but it is ignored in the article.
 * It is true, the problem was that the vast majority of contemporary Vlachs lived nomadic lifestyle, nomads and settled (civilized) people had always many conflicts, due to the sharp differences of their moral and ethical values. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:28, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Although, the above remark seems to be an OR for the time being, I agree with it. Just one remark, I would not state that settled people are civilized in contrast with the uncivilized nomadic people - nomadism was the only economic activity which enabled people to live in the Eurasian steppes and in the high mountains of the Balkan Peninsula and Central Europe for centuries. Therefore without nomads civilization could not appear in this territories. Borsoka (talk) 18:32, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Do you deny the fact that agricultural civilised societies (means settled)are more developed than nomadic societies? Nomadism is a stage between indigenous-communities of prehistoric lifestyle and civilised agricultural societies. The development of human societies have 5 main basic levels: 1. indigenous-communities of prehistoric, 2. Nomadism 3. civilsed (settled) lifestyle with agriculture 4. Industrial society 5. post industrial society. (the development have more detailed levels but they are not basic levels)

"...the whole article is based on one source, Ioan-Aurel Pop's work..."

the article contains five references from three authors so, the remark is simply not true — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:53, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * But we should provide a neutral picture. For instance, we should present the POV, that the decree of Torda/Turda proves that the sudden appearance of a migrating population (the Vlachs) among the sedentary Saxons and Hungarians made the adopiton of special laws necessary. Borsoka (talk) 23:43, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * 1. "...a migrating population (the Vlachs)..." The Romanians (using the endonym Romanian, not the exonym Vlach) were by no means a migrating but an autochtone population
 * 2. "...made the adopiton of special laws necessary... this is a pure speculation, thus, OR, which is not allowed in WP
 * We do need the honest and good-intended expertise of contributors, not the mythology of Hungarian patriots — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:04, 9 March 2017 (UTC)
 * (1) Yes, there is a POV, which claims, the Romanians did not migrate from the Balkans to the Kingdom of Hungary, even if the earliest Romanian chronicles explicitly say that the Romanians came across the Danube before moving to the kingdom. This POV is mentioned in the article. (2) A sentence followed by a reference to a peer reviewed book cannot be described as OR. Borsoka (talk) 01:57, 10 March 2017 (UTC)
 * "earliest Romanian chronicles explicitly say that the Romanians came across the Danube before moving to the kingdom"
 * care to cite sources ? I don't think so, since there are none
 * "A sentence followed by a reference to a peer reviewed book cannot be described as OR" - what sentence ?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:33, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * "since there are none"....? i.e. Cantacuzino Chronicle(KIENGIR (talk) 12:05, 29 March 2017 (UTC))
 * Yes: "...the Romanians arrived who had separated from the Romans and wandered to the north. Having crossed the waters of the Danube, they dismounted at Turnu Severin, others in Hungary, by the waters of the Olt, by the waters of the Mureș and by the waters of the Tisa, reaching as far as Maramureș." And see also the Moldo-Russian Chronicle: "In the time of King Vladislav, the Tatars led by their prince, Neymet advanced from the waters of the Prut and the Moldova against the Hungarians. … King Vladislav … sent envoys to the Old-Romans and the Romanians. Thereupon we, Romanians joined forces with the Old-Romans and came to Hungary to help King Vladislav. … Vladislav, the Hungarian king rejoiced over the divine assistance. He highly appreciated and rewarded the Old-Romans for their courage. … King Vladislav … granted them lands in Maramureș between the Mureș and Tisa at a place called Crij. The Old-Romans gathered and settled there. They married Hungarian women and led them into their own Christian religion." ( pp. 27-28.) Borsoka (talk) 16:04, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * no doubt about it ! however, calling the Cantacuzino Chronicle "earliest Romanian chronicles" is simply false and you should know it better and this was the point i objected to; besides, inferring historical truth from late medieval chronicles about early medieval events is ... hazardous; anyway, in this case, indications about a late wave of (a)romanian transdanubian migration from the south in the tenth century seems to be endorsed by ethnological and linguistical arguments: at least a rural upper class in medieval Maramures appears to have aromanian roots. And please refrain from deleting sourced information and feel free to complete the work, not destroy it in a confrontational way. I appreciate you having answered. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:49, 31 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Please try not to delete well sourced information. Yes, I fully agree with you: we should not base historical research solely upon medieval chronicles. For instance, if there is no evidence of the presence of a Romanian-speaking population in Transylvania between the 5th and 12th centuries, we should not say that the Romanians continuously lived there based on a medieval chronicle either. Borsoka (talk) 10:28, 31 March 2017 (UTC)
 * "...if there is no evidence of the presence of a Romanian-speaking population in Transylvania between the 5th and 12th centuries..." there is plenty of evidence, linguistical, archeological, written sources, etc. The scientific historical community and all mainstream works consider the early (proto-)Romanian presence in Transylvania as an evident truth and closed subject. On WP we are not allowed to simply delete well sourced information, as you do. Please come with other, alternative information, if any and please refrain from obscuring legitimate information.
 * "Eurocentral" !? Who is this ? How ridiculous ! — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:56, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

Rename to Decree of Torda
This article should be renamed 'Decree of Torda'. Turda is only from 1918. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:17, 22 April 2019 (UTC)
 * The decree belongs to the history of the ethnic Romanians, who lived in Transylvania (then part of Hungary). So, the current title is well-founded. However, I think, The notability of the article itself is highly questionable.--Norden1990 (talk) 15:22, 22 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Dear IP, from 1920. I'd support the renaming, hence the Romanian notability of the event has not any connection to the contemporary name.(KIENGIR (talk) 23:36, 22 April 2019 (UTC))
 * Hi Super!
 * I have feedback https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decree_of_Turda&diff=prev&oldid=1153438575
 * I do not know exactly at the moment the wiki rules but when the decree was made in 1366 the city was part of Hungary and called Torda. Other article also uses contemporary name: Edict of Torda
 * I know present name is Turda, but it would be not accurate that we should use the contemporary one? I see in wiki the birth place of many persons named on the contemporary name and write the present day name also. Like János Arany: (2 March 1817 Nagyszalonta, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire (now Salonta, Romania)) OrionNimrod (talk) 19:33, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello. Rules do not require to use the name of the time. There are however conventions in certain topic areas. In that of Hungary and Romania this is indeed what is commonly done. I don't have a problem with the article being moved but only through a formal requested move (RM). Read WP:RM to learn how to propose one so that we can get the participation of several users. Super   Ψ   Dro  20:16, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Super! Thanks your feedback and advice! OrionNimrod (talk) 21:22, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Super! What do you think about the name? "Decree of Torda" now, but this is from 1366, but it was a lot of diets at Torda with a lot of decrees at Torda: in the link each year means a diet at Torda: https://mek.oszk.hu/04700/04756/html/41.html. I suggest to rename "Decree of Torda in 1366". OrionNimrod (talk) 16:28, 7 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The common format would be Decree of Torda (1366). You still need to do a formal requested move (how to at WP:RM). Super   Ψ   Dro  17:43, 7 May 2023 (UTC)
 * This topic is highly connected to the history of the Romanians (this decree is relatively unknown in Hungary), thus I support the current title of the article. --Norden1990 (talk) 08:45, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

Discriminatory/POV lead
Hi @OrionNimrod

Any particular reason you do not want to use talk page to discuss changes?

Also, I see you are following my edits on any page, even ones you were not a contributor. Any reason for that? Aristeus01 (talk) 16:34, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi Aristeus01!
 * I think you started this thing some month ago without any talk page, you started an edit war https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decree_of_Turda&diff=prev&oldid=1152375418
 * Again https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decree_of_Turda&diff=prev&oldid=1153880325
 * Again, big obsession: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decree_of_Turda&diff=prev&oldid=1163241460
 * I removed https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decree_of_Turda&diff=next&oldid=1152375418
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decree_of_Turda&diff=prev&oldid=1154109975
 * Borsoka also did not accept it https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decree_of_Turda&diff=next&oldid=1163241460
 * You agreed https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decree_of_Turda&diff=prev&oldid=1163384120
 * I see you do not like the full text of the decree, just deliberately biased cherry picking https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decree_of_Turda&diff=prev&oldid=1163571471
 * I explained everything in the comment of my edits.
 * The decree takes action against malefactors: propter presumptuosam astuciam diversorum malefactorum, specialiter Olachorum in ipsa terra nostra existencium (…) ad exterminandum seu delendum in ipsa terra malefactores quarumlibet nacionum, signanter Olachorum - because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially Romanians, who live in that our country (…) to expel or to exterminate in this country malefactors belonging to any nation, especially Romanians.
 * Do you deny this text? This is the decree the topic is about that.
 * As we can see first you intented to add a not neutral content to the lead (refering to Pop biased language, the Romanian nationalist author) exclusively use the biased Romanian viewpoint by him as the lead fact. You wrote "took explicit discriminatory measures against Romanians" it is biased to pretend that decree had only bad deeds and nothing more, and those bad Hungarian deeds exclusively against Romanians. We extended what is in the text of decree actually: "to take measures against malefactors belonging to any nation, especially the Romanians." Your content is still inside, but you are not happy, I see you do not like "malefactors of many nations" part which is in the decree text. Do you deny this part? I see you do not like it if the content is no biased but presenting what is in the text.
 * You say in your revert that presenting the original text is not neutral, just I do not understand that how can be not neutral the original text, this is not Hungarian or Romanian viewpoint, this is simple just the original text, however you had not a problem with the neutrality to presenting your biased content to the lead. I assume you edit by bad faith.
 * I also does not make any sense to duplicate the exactly same content what is in the next sentence in the backroung section just below. OrionNimrod (talk) 17:05, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @OrionNimrod
 * I would've never imagined the description of an act that is explicitly discriminatory against Romanians will be contested by anyone for being described as explicitly discriminatory but here we are... I guess the mentality in some Hungarian circles hasn't changed much in the last 700 years, as seen by your party's contribution to Wikipedia.
 * You consider Pop nationalist? Well, too bad. Unless you can prove it, it's just your bias, don't ask me to support it. As far as reality goes he is the head of Romanian Academy, therefore one of the most reliable voices for articles like this.
 * You always assume I edit "by bad faith", this isn't the first time you claim that. I've asked you repeatedly to take the case to an admin if this is what you think, but you prefer to revert my edits anywhere and harass me. Do you deny this? Aristeus01 (talk) 18:03, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Aristeus01,
 * "I would've never imagined the description of an act that is explicitly discriminatory against Romanians will be contested by anyone for being described as explicitly discriminatory but here we are"
 * I do not understand, I wrote: "to take measures against malefactors belonging to any nation, especially the Romanians." I added just words what is the actually text, seems you are who deny what is in the original decree text. That decree was against malefactors belonging to any nation and ephasized the Romanian malefactors, not all Romanians. As we can see the Romanians were not exterminated. But you pretend the decree made measures explicitly discriminatory against all Romanians, however only against malefactors Romanians.
 * "I guess the mentality in some Hungarian circles hasn't changed much in the last 700 years, as seen by your party's contribution to Wikipedia." "but you prefer to revert my edits anywhere and harass me. Do you deny this?"
 * Well I did not make any law against anybody or against any ciriminals because I am not working in justice so please do not refer to me, also you do not know what is my party, but you are to keen to spread misinformations or biased info in Hungarian related contents. I do not revert you everywhere just in these Hungarian related cases, but I see you forgot not only me reverted you in several cases.
 * Well I saw when even Romanian users claimed Pop as nationalist here in Wiki, and after reading some analysis about Pop's works it is really clear that he repeats just that well known national-communist anti-Hungarian theories and he wrote many factual incorrect things as I read myself some things from him. https://www.g4media.ro/academia-romana-intra-oficial-in-zodia-nationalismului-noul-presedinte-ioan-aurel-pop-e-protectorul-lui-ponta-si-un-admirator-al-curentului-nationalist-din-ungaria-polonia-si-cehia.html
 * But Pop is presented in the article, so this was just an opinion about Pop. OrionNimrod (talk) 18:40, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Decree of Turda


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KNHS radio

The result of the debate was delete. Mailer Diablo 01:18, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

KNHS radio
nn high school radio station with 559 google hits, some of which are not relevant. One of the google hits indicate that it closed in 1991. It appears to be of little historical interest.Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 00:35, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete article written in first person. - the.crazy.russian   (T)   (C)   (E)  01:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Rewrite it then, wikify it! Mike (T C) [[Image:Star_of_life2.svg|20px]] 07:08, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom, non-notable radio station -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 01:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per Crazy Russian. Roy  boy cr ash  fan  [[Image:Flag_of_Texas.svg|30px]] 01:44, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 04:07, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-encyclopædic, first-person account of a minor High School radio station.  (aeropagitica)   07:06, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep Held a valid license, even if it is a small radio station still was notable IMO for the sheer fact it was a licenced radio station. Mike (T C) [[Image:Star_of_life2.svg|20px]] 07:08, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom -Focoe 15:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Userfy (i.e. Delete from mainspace). Might be worth a line or two in the High School's article. --kingboyk 15:54, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Oliver Keenan 20:43, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete I would go with merge to the highschool, but it isn't clear to me that anything is salvagable/verifiable. JoshuaZ 04:27, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Unless they have a website and a crediable source --DragonWR12LB 07:00, 22 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
List of PlayStation 4 games (M–Z)

This is a list of games for the PlayStation 4. The PlayStation 4 supports both physical and digital games. Physical games are sold on Blu-ray Disc and digital games can be purchased through the PlayStation Store. See Arcade Archives and Arcade Game Series for a list of emulated arcade games that have been released for the PlayStation 4, and List of PlayStation 2 games for PlayStation 4 for PlayStation 2 games running on PlayStation 4 with an emulator. See List of PlayStation VR games for a larger range of dedicated PlayStation VR games.

List
There are currently  games on this list.

title: List of PlayStation 4 games (M–Z)


text:
User:Chicknug0110

The On Air with Brandon Atkins Show is a weekly radio show hosted by Brandon Atkins and Helena Esposito. The show broadcasts weekly on a Friday night, on Coast FM 963 in Gosford, Australia. The show’s content is then put into podcast form, and uploaded on IHeartRadio and Spotify.

title: User:Chicknug0110


text:
Alessandro Birindelli

Alessandro Birindelli (born 12 November 1974) is an Italian retired footballer who played as a full-back or as a wide midfielder. Equally at ease on both the left and the right flanks, he was best known for his 11-year spell with Juventus, during which time he won several accolades and appeared in nearly 300 official games.

Early years
Born to Paolo and Erminia Birindelli in Pisa as the second of two children, Birindelli started playing football at the age of eight for the local team of San Frediano (an area of Pisa not far from his boyhood home and the church of the same name).

A longtime Juventus FC fan, being an admirer of Michel Platini, he was also influenced by Paolo Maldini's professionalism and sportsmanship, and entered Empoli FC's youth academy, beginning his career as a right winger before moving into defence. In 1996, he won the Coppa Italia Serie C, as the team finished second in its group in Serie C1, thus earning Serie B promotion; Empoli followed this with another climb, now to Serie A, after collecting 64 points which trailed only Brescia Calcio's 66.

Juventus
After nearly 150 official matches, Birindelli ended his career with Empoli and moved to Juventus in 1997, managed at the time by Marcello Lippi, joining an already strong squad – which featured young prodigies Alessandro Del Piero and Zinedine Zidane – and arriving alongside Edgar Davids and Filippo Inzaghi. He made his league debut in a 2–0 victory over US Lecce on 31 August, but his first competitive appearance had taken place in the Supercoppa Italiana defeat of Vicenza Calcio.

In his first season Birindelli won the Scudetto over Inter Milan, by five points. He was an unused substitute as the club lost the UEFA Champions League for the second consecutive time, now to Real Madrid.

Birindelli won two more leagues with Juventus, in 2002 and 2003, adding two Italian Supercups and also reaching two Coppa Italia finals. Again, he was a part of the side which lost in a Champions League final, this time in the 2002–03 edition against AC Milan on penalties which was the first all-Italian final in the history of the competition, being one of only team players to convert his attempt in an eventual 2–3 defeat.

In the summer of 2005, while playing a friendly against S.L. Benfica, Birindelli injured his ankle and missed the entire campaign. Due to the Turin club's involvement in the 2006 Italian football scandal, it was stripped of its 2005 and 2006 titles, and also relegated to the second division.

Birindelli and Juventus initially started 2006–07 with a 30-point deduction as a further punishment for their role in the match-fixing scandal, but it was ultimately reduced to nine, which allowed for another Cadetti conquest for the player and the subsequent promotion. He contributed with 37 league appearances to this feat, while also becoming vice-captain.

Claudio Ranieri took over as coach for the 2007–08 season, and Birindelli only played seven times in the league. On 17 May 2008 he left the club after 11 years, claiming that he wished to continue playing for another year or two.

Late career
On 22 July 2008, Birindelli was announced as Pisa Calcio's new signing, thus finally giving him the opportunity to play for his hometown side. However, the team suffered relegation from the second tier at the end of the campaign, and then excluded from Italian football due to financial issues.

In August 2009, Birindelli signed a two-year contract with lowly AS Pescina Valle del Giovenco. He found himself a free agent in June 2010, after the club was excluded from football due to heavy debts.

On 19 September 2011, Birindelli was appointed head coach at US Pistoiese 1921 in Serie D, leaving his post the following month.

International career
Birindelli represented Italy's under-17s at the 1991 FIFA World Championship, but did not start in any of the team's three games. His first start in a national jersey was as part of the Marco Tardelli-led under-23 squad that competed in the 1997 Mediterranean Games, held in Bari: the nation went on to win the gold medal, with him featuring in three of the four matches including the final against Turkey.

Birindelli's full debut came with Giovanni Trapattoni on 20 November 2002, a 1–1 friendly draw with Turkey. He went on to gain a further five caps in nearly two years, the last being the 0–2 loss in Iceland, and was not summoned for UEFA Euro 2004.

In July 2010 Birindelli retired from active football, immediately being named assistant coach in the Zambia national team led by countryman Dario Bonetti. He resigned from his position in February 2011, due to misunderstandings.

Style of play
Birindelli was a hard-working, tenacious, and versatile player, who was capable of playing as a full-back or wide midfielder on either flank, although he often played on the right side of the pitch. He was mainly known for his speed, stamina, and consistency, as well as his sportsmanship, which enabled him to cover the flank effectively.

Personal life
Birindelli married childhood sweetheart Silvia, with whom he had two children, Samuele and Matteo. Samuele Birindelli made his professional debut as a defender for Pisa in December 2016.

Club

 * Empoli
 * Coppa Italia Lega Pro: 1995–96

 * Juventus
 * Serie A: 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 1997, 2002, 2003; Runner-up 1998, 2005
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1999
 * Serie B: 2006–07
 * Coppa Italia: Runner-up 2001–02, 2003–04
 * UEFA Champions League: Runner-up 1997–98, 2002–03

International

 * Italy U23
 * Mediterranean Games: 1997

title: Alessandro Birindelli


text:
Introductory Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science

This is the first of two discrete math subjects for students of Computer Science at Wikiversity. The second course is called Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science. This page is tailored to provide you with introductory topics and problems in discrete mathematics. It is a prerequisite for Analysis of Algorithms, which is fundamental to any computing practices that require optimal performance in the face of limited resources.

Discrete mathematics is the part of mathematics devoted to the study of discrete (i.e. distinct) objects. In general, it is used whenever objects are counted, when relationships between finite (or countable) sets are studied, and when processes involving a finite number of steps are analyzed. It is important for computer science because in computing machines, information is stored and manipulated in a discrete fashion.

Logic

 * Video: Boolean Algebra and formal logic (no audio)
 * Video: More logic: quantifiers and predicates (no audio)
 * Lesson 1.1: Introduction to boolean logic
 * Lesson 1.2: Using truth tables
 * Lesson 1.3: Logical AND
 * Lesson 1.4: Logical OR
 * Lesson 1.5: Logical XOR
 * Lesson 1.6: Conditional Operator
 * Lesson 1.7: Biconditional Operator
 * Lesson 1.8: Compound Propositions and Useful Rules

Set Theory

 * Video: Sets
 * Video: Diagonalization, functions and sums review

 * Lesson 2.1: Introduction to set theory
 * Lesson 2.2: Intersection
 * Lesson 2.3: Union

Functions and Relations

 * Video: Functions 1, Video: Functions 2, Video: Functions 3

 * Video: Equivalence Relations and Partial Orders
 * Video: Equivalence Relations and Partial Orders
 * Lesson 3.1: Introduction to functions

Sums and Recurrence Relations

 * Video: Basic arithmetic and geometric sums, closed forms
 * Video: Solving recurrence equations
 * Video: Solving recurrence equations (cont.)

Mathematical Reasoning

 * Video: Mathematical Induction
 * Video: Methods of Proof
 * Video: Proving Programs Correct

Counting
Introductory counting videos

 * Video: Combinations and permutations
 * Video: Counting problems 1
 * Video: Counting problems 2
 * Video: Counting problems using combinations, distributions
 * Video: Counting problems using combinations, distributions
 * Video: The pigeonhole principle and examples; inclusion/exclusion theorem and examples; a combinatorial card trick
 * Lesson 6.1: Introduction to counting

Graphs

 * Video: Graphs
 * Video: Graphs (cont.)
 * Video: Trees
 * Video: Trees and graphs

 * Lesson 7.1: Introduction to graphs

Number Theory

 * Video: Euclid's Algorithm
 * Video: Cryptography

Problems Sets
ADUni problem sets:

MIT Assignments and Solutions

Exams
ADUni exams:

MIT Exams and Solutions

Exams are open notes, as they are in Columbia University's COMS 3203 course in Discrete Mathematics (as of Spring 2009).

 * Review of Lesson 1

Textbooks
Free textbooks:
 * A Short Course in Discrete Mathematics, by Edward A. Bender and S. Gill Williamson

 * Discrete Mathematics with Algorithms, by M. O. Albertson and J. P. Hutchinson
 * Notes on Discrete Mathematics, by James Aspnes, which is used in the Yale University CPSC 202 class

You may also buy a copy of the following text, which is used in the Columbia University course: Discrete Mathematics and its Applications, 6th ed. by Kenneth Rosen (book homepage). Schaum's Outline of Discrete Mathematics by Lipschutz and Lipson is another possible resource.

Instructors

 * AFriedman 23:24, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Online Courses
Art of Problem Solving:
 * Introduction to Counting and Probability
 * Intermediate Counting and Probability
 * Introduction to Number Theory
 * Intermediate Number Theory

Related Websites

 * Extra lecture videos:
 * Full set of lecture videos and notes from the University of Colorado
 * MIT (ADUni) Discrete Mathematics course
 * Art of Problem Solving:
 * Wiki pages for number theory articles and problems, and counting articles and problems
 * Alcumus - interactive problems and solutions for counting and probability
 * Forum for proposing and solving math problems
 * Columbia University's Spring 2009 course in discrete mathematics, offered by the Department of Computer Science
 * Nic Ford's personal webpage, which contains a tutorial on logic, set theory and the foundations of mathematics
 * A collection of logic resources intended for homeschoolers
 * How to Write Proofs, from Professor Larry Cusick's page at California State University, Fresno
 * Supplementary discrete mathematics Lecture notes by L. Lovász and K. Vesztergombi


text:
Collaboratively Building Concepts

This resource explores an idea for the use of collaborative learning environments. The idea was originally developed by User:Saidkassem.

We build concepts everyday
Without concepts, how would we be able to think and form thoughts? Through human language, we have constructed for ourselves a multitude of concepts, some primitive, some new --others "under construction"-- that guide the way we think about phenomena and surrounding objects. Concepts are more than words (which are symbols). Concepts are ideas. The singular term "dog" is not a concept because it is not considered a mental construct; it is, rather, a term or a word, the denotation of an object. A dog is conceptualized, for example, when one begins to differentiate between "dog as best friend" and "dog as delicacy". By attaching another attribute ("edible") to the object ("dog"), we add meaning and make it more conceptually developed.

Fuzzy concepts
Concepts, however, are sometimes total abstractions from the physical realm, unavailable to the naked eye, necessarily fuzzy. Yet we find many instances of consensus across societies on the properties of concepts. Take the idea of "happiness". It is a concept that most people of similar ages from Peru to Pakistan will recognize on similar ("intersubjective") standards. It is only when discussing the particulars of what may constitute happiness, does one begin to observe a divergence in the way different societies conceive the mental models that shape concepts of "happiness" for them. For example, in some societies, there may be a close relationship between the dual concepts of "vocational success" and "happiness", whereas in others, there may be no obvious correlation.

Even under circumstances of extreme agreement over the nature of a concept between two thinkers, there is still room to explore the specific shape and form these concepts take within the cognizer's mental imagery. Chances are, the way they measure what is and what is not a part of the concept, diverges at a certain point.

The perspective of cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology posits that the human mind understands new concepts by assimilating them to a pre-constructed framework of understanding. Like a fingerprint, the cognitive structure of an individual is always unique and will have the effect of appropriating new information in a way that relates to the overall framework or cognitive structure humans develop (or inherit) during the course of their lives. Stated simply, humans do not conceive meanings for objects/abstractions in a vacuum; meanings arise vis-a-vis their relation to pre-formulated intellectual structures of the individual and society. The most obvious intermediary, of course, being language which entangles itself into the individual's thought process.

Necessarily, then, we are all "seeing" these concepts a bit differently since, at the social level, we do not escape language, its discourses, as well as our life narrative which imbues the field of vision/imagination with individualized mental constructs.

Building concepts in a collaborative learning environment
Within the context of a collaborative learning environment, "seeing" concepts differently is a very good thing. Collaborators may want both to conserve these differences and blend them in collaboration. A concept building space properly designed helps co-participants flex their intellectual powers through a dialogical process of mutual discovery.

First Exercise: "Backing Away from Knowledge" or "Blind Concept Building"
This exercise would still harness the powers of Wiki collaboration, but departs drastically from the Wikipedia model in one sense: the exercise, rather than drawing from the genealogy of produced knowledge (that has already cast its definitions onto concepts), it is attempting to intellectualize from scratch. Since the introduction of the Gutenberg Press, there may have been, let's say, 678 books written to serve the purpose of explaining what happiness is. The traditional encyclopedic task then, is to synthesize all the authoritative literature on happiness into a knowledge compendium format. Wikipedia's happiness article does exactly just that.

As noble as that may be, this particular exercise isn't about "standing on the shoulders of giants". Rather, the exercise, by design, guides students to think through the legacy of human-made mental constructs (thanks to literature and research) of the phenomena and ideas that constitute our lived experiences. There are so many socially accepted ideas already existing as "stable" knowledge or concept that can, and should be, re-conceived by way of the conceptualization process: such concepts exist under terms like terrorism, freedom, war, modernity, God-- to name a few.

Conceptualizing within the context of this project entails drawing from one's inner voice when searching for the right language to explain a concept. Imagine having to write a book on a newly discovered emotion, but you are confined to a jail cell that affords you no access to any books or reference materials. Students placed into this exercise would now be in the position of producing knowledge from the first link onward.

Students would be specifically asked to produce definitions for concepts through collaborative composition under similar guidelines used to craft exploratory essays (thesis, supporting arguments, conclusion, etc..). Students would italicize what they believe to be the thesis, or the irreducible, core essence of the concept's definition.

During the crafting of the "concepts" article, it is the facilitator's role to make sure participants are insulating their definitions from tautological explanations and external sources (reference works, literature, research) which relieves participants of the burden of explication (hence "blind" concept building).

Second exercise: Citation-supported concept building
This second exercise can either be an alternative or supplement to blind concept building. This time, participants are allowed to propose definitions for concepts that are supported with research of primary reference materials. As with college research papers, citing encyclopedias, dictionaries and other derivative sources are not allowed. It would be fair to equate this with collaborative research; however, unlike the traditional collaborations found within academic and corporate research communities, the Wikiversity is opening itself to new participant pools that combine a diverse multitude of minds.

Third exercise: Collaborative Excavations
In this case, a single news report of a politically controversial event is submitted for a collaborative attempt at highlighting different words in the text whose meanings are polyvalent. Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe in their theory of discourse refer to such words as "floating signifiers" -- these word's meanings are contingent upon a particular discourse which temporarily "fixes" the "floating" signifer in place. In this case a particular word or phrase, most likely conceptually-loaded, will be identified as a potential "floater" and submitted for collaborative scrutiny. Once the words are isolated for analysis, collaborators will attempt to identify all the various, local/regional/national discourses that favor using this word in alternative ways that diverge from other discourses. Participants will attempt to rewrite sections of the article as it would have been written under the identified list of discourses. All the re-writings will be juxtaposed for comparison.

List of suggested concepts for exploration

 * Justice and/or Righteousness

 * Heaven (inspired by Barbara Walter's recent ABC documentary covering what Heaven means to several communities, religious and non)

 * War
 * See also: War Seminar

 * Apartheid (Jimmy Carter has sparked a furor over his use of the term "apartheid" to characterize Palestinian living today under the Israeli state

 * Human Nature (related to: original sin and holiness)
 * mind, brain, soul
 * See also: God Gene

 * Masculinity / Femininity (or Social roles of men and women)

 * Globalization (and its diverse and enigmatic counterparts: nationalization, regionalization, localization and personalization)

 * Extreme Sport (performing spectacular feats of skill, strength, discipline and balance involving speed, height, danger, physical exertion, specialized eqipment, ... courage, drive and spirit) See Extreme sport

 * Atheism or Rationalism(The idea about the world without a God. Exploring the reasons for everything)

 * Night vision or: how to see (or see better) in the dark

 * Topic_talk:Collaborative learning consider education

 * Add your own concepts!

The benefits of collaboratively building concepts

 * Co-participants expose and share their thought processes. By doing this, they discover how their own mental models (that aid in understanding purportedly "obvious" characteristics of a given concept) fare in a comparative learning environment. They may find commonalities or differences, thus prompting the reconstruction, refinement, or blending of their concepts.

 * Without any sources to draw (and depend) from, participants are strengthening their own critical thinking and composition skills.

title: Collaboratively Building Concepts


text:
List of traditional gentlemen's and working men's club buildings

This is a list of notable buildings that have housed traditional gentlemen's clubs or working men's clubs. These are individual buildings that are listed on a historic register or have other significance. The focus of this list is on buildings, not on the clubs themselves.

 * in England
 * Of 25 gentlemen's clubs in London, many are ensconced in historic, dedicated buildings, including:
 * Boodle's building at 28 St. James's Street, its home since 1782
 * Athenaeum Club building at 107 Pall Mall since 1830 or before
 * Houldsworth Working Men's Club, Manchester, a Grade II listed building
 * Dial House, Sheffield, location of former Dial House Working Men's Club

Many traditional gentlemen's clubs in the United States are situated in notable historic buildings, a number of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
 * in the United States

 * Tallulah Men's Club Building, Tallulah, LA, NRHP-listed
 * West End Wheelmen's Club, Wilkes-Barre, PA, built 1897, NRHP-listed. Shingle Style, with a wraparound porch and porte cochere, built in.
 * Issaquah Sportsmen's Club, Issaquah, WA, NRHP-listed
 * Cincinnati Gymnasium and Athletic Club, Cincinnati, Ohio, NRHP-listed
 * Denver Athletic Club, Denver, CO, NRHP-listed
 * Elks Athletic Club, Louisville KY, NRHP-listed
 * Midwest Athletic Club, Chicago, IL, NRHP-listed
 * Missouri Athletic Club Building, St. Louis, MO, NRHP-listed
 * Union Pacific Athletic Club, Laramie, WY, NRHP-listed
 * Southside Sportsmens Club District, Great River, NY, NRHP-listed

Non NRHP Buildings

 * The Boston Club, New Orleans, LA, built by noted architect James Gallier


text:
Guide to Unix/Linux

Linux® is an open source, Unix®-like kernel and operating system. The author of the kernel itself is Linus Torvalds, plus a loosely-knit team of programmers who enhance it in a collaborative effort over the Internet. This page provides a brief overview of the main features of the Linux kernel and system, especially in comparison to other Unix-like systems. There are several other Wikibooks about Linux with more information.

General Introduction

 * Distributions: The Linux system that you actually obtain, install, and run, is one of the many available Linux distributions. A Linux distribution (or 'distro' for short) is a bundle of the Linux kernel and applications and a suite of programs for installing and maintaining a Linux system.
 * There is much variation between distributions concerning the available packages, the installation procedure, the preferred desktop environment, and even the Linux kernel configuration. Some distributions have different target audiences: these might be home users, enterprise users, free software supporters, hobbyists, or users of certain applications.
 * Typically, distributions are in CD or DVD form. One can download them as a raw disc image in ISO format and burn it. One can also inexpensively purchase a Linux distro as a retail package. Live CDs or DVDs allow users to boot from a disc and run Linux using a RAM disk rather than a hard disk.
 * A Neutral Look at Operating Systems has a comparison of Linux systems.
 * Wikipedia has a list of Linux distributions.
 * Packages: A complete GNU/Linux operating system uses many free software (open source) packages from the BSD, X11, GNU, and other projects. There are also non-free packages without source code, or requiring one to buy licenses. Each distro decides which packages to provide.
 * Mascot: The official mascot of Linux is Tux, the Linux penguin.

Kernel

 * Copyright license: The Linux kernel and its source code are released under the GNU General Public License. Many of the userland packages also use this license. If you modify Linux or another package using this license, you can redistribute your modified version, but you must use the same license, which means you must provide source code. Every Linux vendor provides Linux source code.
 * Separate development: The Linux kernel is developed and maintained separately from userland.
 * With most other Unix-like systems, the kernel is maintained at least with the basic set of utilities, which would include the shell, shell utilities, C compiler, C library, system configuration utilities, and system boot scripts.
 * Linus Torvalds and his team can worry about the kernel (and userland programs which query and configure the kernel) and let other teams develop the userland system separately.
 * Both kernel and userland maintain extra compatibility so that one can update only the kernel, or only some userland package like the C library. In general, the Linux distro vendors take care of making updates install correctly.
 * Customizable kernel: Linux is probably the most customizable Unix-like kernel. There are even several ways to edit the kernel configuration before building the kernel.
 * Most builds of Linux use modules aggressively (though use of modules is optional). Modules allow pieces of the monolithic kernel, such as device drivers and network protocol implementations, to reside in separate files, load on demand, and unload when not used.
 * Many systems have multiple versions of Linux headers installed, in /usr/include/linux-version. Both the Linux kernel and some userland software, such as the C library, need these. On non-Linux systems, /usr/include/sys would sometimes have files used shared by the kernel and userland.
 * Special filesystems: Linux has some special filesystems which are not used for normal files.
 * /proc holds information about running processes. Other Unix-like systems sometimes provide /proc, but it is not as important as with Linux. Programs that use /proc often have trouble with ports to non-Linux systems.
 * /sys holds other information about the running kernel.
 * /dev is often a dynamic filesystem where device nodes appear and disappear dynamically, when modules load or unload or when devices are connected or disconnected. However, you can also just have /dev contain static device nodes like on other Unix-like systems.

Userland

 * GNU project: The GNU (GNU's Not Unix) project created the shell, core commands, C compiler and build tools for a Unix-like system. However, their kernel, Hurd, never worked well, and thus GNU encourages users to use Linux kernel.
 * Nearly every Linux distribution uses these programs, which makes them "GNU slash Linux" distributions. But with the exception of the GNU C library and core commands, many GNU tools and applications are also found on other Unix-like systems. In fact, *BSD and Mac OS X, like Linux, depend on the GNU C compiler, assembler, and linker.
 * The GNU project always insists on providing their packages as free software, using licenses like the GNU General Public License.
 * The GNU project also has a connection to the desktop environment called GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment).
 * /lib: The directory /lib exists on Linux and holds libraries needed by /bin and <tt>/sbin</tt> because <tt>/usr</tt> might not be mounted.
 * /usr: Stuff provided by your Linux distro often becomes installed in <tt>/usr</tt> instead of <tt>/usr/local</tt>. This frees <tt>/usr/local</tt> for packages which your Linux distro does not provide.
 * Text editors: Most distros provide the traditional Unix editors "vi" and "emacs", but some install neither by default. Even "ed" could be missing. Traditional Unix skills for text editing are not necessary when GNU "nano" is the installed non-X11 editor.
 * Package management: Most distros provide a package management system such as "apt" (Advanced Package Tool), "rpm" (Red Hat Package Manager), or Portage. These automate the installation and upgrade of packages. Both application packages and base system packages use this system. The package manager is often the biggest difference between distros.
 * Graphical user interface: Many of the popular Linux distros now boot the user straight into a desktop environment (GNOME or KDE, both based on X11 window system) immediately after installation. This is in contrast to some Linux distros and most *BSD distros which drop you at a root shell prompt, and expect you to use the root shell prompt to install X11, GNOME or KDE if you want it.
 * Source distros: Some Linux distros, such as Gentoo, emphasise building from source. Though every Linux distro with a compiler gives one the opportunity to rebuild the Linux kernel and other packages from source, these source distros provide scripts that not only automate the process, but help the system administrator make customisations and optimisations.

Linux Administration
Objective: To equip linux novice with essential administration skills to be proficient with the Linux environment.

cron

 * Definition: Cron is a scheduler that automatically executes a group of commands at certain time interval.
 * Configuration files:
 * 1. /etc/crontab - Main configuration
 * 2. /etc/cron.d/ - User based configuarton

Wikibooks for Linux
Wikibooks has several other books on its Linux section of the computing bookshelf. Here is a sample:
 * Linux Guide

In addition, some books have Linux chapters:
 * Computer Programming has information on Linux Programming
 * LPIC101 Certification: LPI Linux Certification/LPIC1 Exam 101/Linux Installation & Package Management
 * Movie Making Manual has information on Linux in film production

Distribution Related

 * Distro Watch
 * Linux ISOs

title: Guide to Unix/Linux


text:
User:Shanpanman

Hello there! I'm not going to come right out and say my name, but if my information makes you suspect you know it, you're probably right. I'm an alum of Wellesley College with a BA in Japanese Language and Culture. I am currently an assistant language teacher in Japan.

I'm new to editing Wikipedia, and for the time being I'm planning on correcting errors, typos, grammar, etc. rather than generating much original content.

title: User:Shanpanman


text:
User:Skorhuis/sandbox

Korvan

Korvan was a small manufacturing company that focused on the needs of farmers who had crops that grew in tall, thin rows like raspberries, blueberries, grapes and coffee.

The Korvan company was purchased by Oxbo International in 2004. Oxbo is headquartered in Byron, NY. Oxbo is the combination of two other manufacturers of specialty agricultural equipment: Byron Industries (Byron, NY) and Pixall Corporation (Clear Lake, WI)

In 2012, Oxbo was purchased by a Dutch consortium now called the Ploeger Oxbo Group (Roosendaal, Netherlands).

History

In 1985 Korvan® Manufacturing was founded in Lynden, WA. In 1987 the company reorganized under the new name Korvan Industries, Inc.

Locally, raspberries were a major crop. A new variety, Meeker, was introduced into the market. This plant was much larger than the traditional Willamette variety. The company designed and built a raspberry harvesting machine for this plant. 1988 was a banner year for the company as they produced 50 of their Model 8600.

In 1988 Korvan introduced rotary picking technology to the raspberry industry with the introduction of the patented Vertirotor® picking system. This system had rods radially protruding from a center shaft. These rods moved up and down 1 inch. This the rotation of the center shaft and vertical component was incorporated in the name Vertirotor. Additionally, that year, the first auto steer system was tested and proven effective.

A couple of good years caused the company to invest more in research and development. Opportunities presented themselves in blueberries and coffee. Extensive work was done in Hawaii to develop a coffee harvester and by 1992 this machine was being marketed and sold. This diversity probably saved the company as 1992 was a very bad year for berry harvester sales. Six coffee harvesters sold to Kauai Coffee kept the company going.

By 1996, Korvan was selling coffee harvesters in Brazil. This went well until 1999 when the Brazilian Real collapsed. This put a major financial strain on the company. By 2001, the company had pulled out of Brazil and sold coffee harvesters to growers in Hawaii and occasionally Australia.

The coffee harvester gave the company another picking system dubbed the Dynarotor. It used similar picking fingers as the first rotary head, but these fingers vibrated in the horizontal plane. Picking coffee required a more aggressive picking system; this new shaker provided the energy need to pick coffee cherries from the plant.

At the same time the company was moving into the blueberry industry with a modified raspberry harvester. Blueberries were slightly more difficult to pick, so the newly developed Dynarotor was used to pick blueberries.

In the later part of the 1990s, growers were looking for higher quality picked fruit. Using technology from an existing expired patent, Korvan introduced the Orbirotor picking system. Now we have the action of the Vertirotor and Dynarotor combined causing the tip of the picking finger to move in an oval or circle. This proved slightly more aggressive compared to a Vertirotor, but less aggressive than a Dynarotor. We were able to pick a slightly less ripe piece of fruit in both blueberries and raspberries. The quality proved beneficial to the growers and they were now able to pick fruit acceptable as individually quick frozen (IQF).

As California vineyards became more popular in the late 1990s, the company expanded into grape harvesting. By 1999 they were selling the Model 3000 to growers in California and Washington, but also in Chile where the company had previously established distribution for the berry products.

Technological advances were created and patented by Korvan. For berries, the Dynarotor® and Orbirotor® were created for gentle, effective picking. For grapes a cost effective 3-wheel design.

In 1999 Korvan applied for and received money from the Florida Department of Citrus to develop a canopy shaking orange tree harvester. At the same time, they applied for a grant and received it from the California Olive Commission. By 2001, large harvesters for these tree crops were being commercially sold. Unfortunately, sales were limited, and the products were dropped a few years later.

In 2004, Oxbo International acquired Korvan. Oxbo specializes in building harvesting equipment for seed corn, sweet corn, beans, peas and other niche markets.

Between 1985 and 2004, the company built and sold just over 1,000 harvesters; about 60% were berry machines, 30% were grape and 10% coffee. There were a few others built, but these make up the bulk of the product.

Now the Lynden facility builds harvesting equipment for raspberries, blueberries, grapes and olives; generally thing that grow in tall thin rows.

The coffee machine designed and built in Lynden is now being produced in a new Oxbo facility in Rio Grande de Sol, Brazil

Patents

During the short 19-year history of Korvan, 10 patents were issued to employees of the company. This work shows the high degree of innovative thinking going on in this small company. These patents include:

4,750,322: Apparatus for dislodging and collecting produce from upstanding crops. A new method for shaking berries off the plant.

4,972,662: Crop harvester aggregating apparatus. A method to narrow the plant near the ground to minimize ground loss of fruit.

4,974,404: Apparatus and method for adjusting a harvester to an oblique profile of cane type berry plants. All picking apparatus were perpendicular to the ground. This covered all other angles.

4,982,558: Counterweight method and system for a beater rod of a harvester. A weight system that balanced picking shakers and paved the way for rotary head picking of berries.

5,010,719: Method and system for automatically steering along row crops. A method for automatically steering a berry harvester down a berry row.

5,027,593: Crop beater method and apparatus. Up until now, all picking fingers were straight. The covered picking finders that were curves so the rod would have better coverage.

5,660,033: Raisin harvesting apparatus and method. The company patented a machine to mechanically harvest dried raisins.

5,666,796: Beater rod assembly and method for a mobile harvesting machine. Fiberglass rods delaminate when they hit each other. This put a protective covering over the fiberglass to keep it from fragmenting.

6,070,402: Harvesting systems and methods. A fruit harvester with three wheels and two frame elements.

6,484,487: Plant engaging systems and methods for harvesting machines. A rotary shaking system that imparts a substantially horizontal picking action into a plant to remove fruit. Designed to remove olives and oranges from a tree.

Ownership

Over the years the ownership of the company changed:

1985: Don Korthuis and Will Vander Hage started the company. Using the first three letters of their last names, they created the Korvan name.

1986: Ken Stremler, Lewis Stremler, Herbert Korthuis, Kevan (Butch) Kvamme, Dorothy Otter and Eldon Vander Ploeg, making 6 partners

1987: Don Korthuis joined the above group making 7 partners.

1989: Scott Korthuis joined the group making 8 partners

2001: Eldon Vander Ploeg left the group making 7 partners

2002: Jon Olson joined making 8 partners

2003: Don Korthuis left the group, now at 7 partners

2004: when the company sold to Oxbo there were 7 partners: Ken Stremler, Lewis Stremler, Herbert Korthuis, Scott Korthuis, Kevan (Butch) Kvamme, Jon Olson and Dorothy Otter

title: User:Skorhuis/sandbox


text:
Marius Cheregi

Marius Cheregi (born 4 October 1967) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for clubs such as: UTA Arad, Bihor Oradea, Dinamo București, Brașov, Cercle Brugge, Samsunspor, Videoton or Ferencváros, among others.

Honours

 * Dinamo București
 * Liga I: 1991–92
 * Samsunspor
 * Balkans Cup: 1993–94
 * Ferencváros
 * Nemzeti Bajnokság I: 2000–01
 * Magyar Kupa: 2002–03

title: Marius Cheregi


text:
вѣтръ

Alternative forms

 * Glagolitic:

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) wind
 * "cu"
 * "cu"

- i съниде дождъ и придѫ рѣкꙑ и вьзвѣашѧ вѣтри

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) wind

title: вѣтръ


text:
User:CTSeal/sandbox

Animal Ocean
Animal Ocean Expeditions was founded by Steve Benjamin in 2009 in Cape Town, South Africa.

title: User:CTSeal/sandbox


text:
Vojvodina Rugby Club

The Vojvodina Rugby Club, (Serbian: Рагби клуб Војводинаm) is a rugby union team from Novi Sad, Serbia. The club is a member of the Rugby Union of Serbia. The team wears a red and white strip.

History
In September 2001, a group of enthusiasts and lovers of rugby founded Ragbi Klub Vojvodina.

Current squad
Senior Squad:

title: Vojvodina Rugby Club


text:
Talk:David Michaels (actor)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:54, 25 June 2019 (UTC)
 * David michelshot1.png

title: Talk:David Michaels (actor)


text:
Tanya Lokshina

Tanya Lokshina (Таня Локшина; born 17 June 1973) is a human rights researcher, journalist, and writer from Russia. She is director of the Russia program at Human Rights Watch (associate director for Human Rights Watch's Europe and Central Asia division). Lokshina is an expert on the human rights situation in the Post-Soviet states.

Early years
Tanya Lokshina was born in the City of Moscow on June 17, 1973. She tells about her childhood that when she was in school, there were many prohibitions and punishments for schoolchildren in Soviet Union, but a lot was already allowed, for example, it was forbidden to wear a Christian cross necklace in school, but when she came to school with a cross, administration still didn't kick her out of school, but her parents in the soviet times often told her how to behave: “Don't, it's dangerous, don't, and why are you showing off? You cannot break this whole stone wall with your forehead."

Education and work
Lokshina lived together with parents in the United States since 1990 where she studied journalism. While living in the US, she worked as a freelance for several Russian media. Lokshina later returned to Russia where she was also working as a journalist.

Journalism
Lokshina's articles, dedicated to Human Rights, were published in many newspapers like the Guardian, Le Monde, the Moscow Times, Novaya Gazeta, the Washington Post.

Lokshina was awarded for her writing in the Moscow online news website "Polit.Ru", — with other three nominees and one winner laureate Anna Lebedeva, — on the 2006 Sakharov prize, — a prize for journalism, established by entrepreneur, former Soviet dissident, Peter Vins.

Career of human rights researcher. Human Rights Watch
Lokshina worked for the human rights organization the Moscow Helsinki Group since 1998, where her researches were mostly about the second Chechen war, that began that time; Lokshina documented the Chechen war's abuses, interviewed witnesses and victims of the war. She travelled to Chechnya and Dagestan several times for her human rights work.

She works at Russian office of Human Rights Watch since 2008, that time her researches were about numerous human rights violations in North Caucasus as well as at 2008 war conflict in Georgia. Later she researched situation of political persecutions of individuals in Russia, also violations of human rights in Eastern Ukraine during war conflict.

Threats
Lokshina was under threat attack in 2012, when she began to systematically receive telephone messages with text detailing events of her private life. She was pregnant that time, and one of the threatening messages was saying: "We are waiting for the birth of your child", other message said that her childbirth wouldn't be "an easy birth." The Human Rights Watch's executive director Kenneth Roth told about the messages: "They knew where she lived, what she was doing. They made explicit reference to the fact of her pregnancy. They threatened harm to herself and to her unborn baby." When HRW appealed about the threats to a number of Russian State securities departments, the messages stopped, albeit later other HRW researcher received another message that an unknown sender had known about a scheduled HRW conference and Lokshina's pregnancy.

Protecting women's rights in North Caucasus
Lokshina works a lot to study the situation with women's rights, in 2010 she interviewed women in Chechnya, trying to understand what are the changes in the current North Caucasus. According to her observations, the women of Chechnya have become more restricted in movement, men have begun to commit violence against women more often. She published her observations in the article "Chechnya: Choked by Headscarves" (2010).

Meeting with Edward Snowden
When Edward Snowden was landed in Russia, he sent the email to Tanya Lokshina on July 11, 2013, to ask regarding her presence on his closed door meeting with lawyers and representatives of humanitarian organizations. First, when Lokshina saw the email, she thought it was a someone's joke, because Edward Snowden was a world celebrity, she said.

Snowden asked Lokshina to come to the Moscow's Sheremetyevo airport, find there an airport staff person with "G9" sign in the airport guest hall, and when she did that, there were many reporters around. Then Lokshina and other eight invited guests: human rights defenders, Russian ombudsman Vladimir Lukin, a member of parliament, — were driven from the guest hall with a bus towards another airport entrance, where was Snowden with WikiLeaks journalist Sarah Harrison, then Snowden publicly announced his testimonies about his job in a service in the US to read communications without a warrant, about his decision to leave the US, disclose the secrets, and others.

Lokshina's attendance of the closed door meeting with Snowden was marred by controversy, as it emerged that Lokshina acted on behalf of the United States Embassy rather than Human Rights Watch, the organization that she represented at the meeting. The only journalist who attended the Snowden meeting at Sheremetyevo was Polonca Frelih who wrote that Lokshina "spoke more like a representative of the US Embassy and conveyed their message to Snowden that if he returned home, he would not be considered a traitor to state secrets, but only a violator of the law". Moreover, Lokshina took the first photograph of Snowden since his arrival in Moscow, which she did during the Sheremetyevo meeting despite being asked not to do so as the meeting was in no way a press conference.

Publications
Her researches about human rights were published in many newspapers and media around world as The Guardian (UK), CNN, The New York Times, Washington Post (US), Novaya Gazeta (Russia), Le Monde (France). She wrote, cooperated in, and edited also several books, such as

 * The Imposition of a Fake Political Settlement in the Northern Caucasus: The 2003 Chechen Presidential Election (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society 22), 2005, Edited by Tanya Lokshina (Volume 22), Tanya Lokshina (Editor), Andreas Umland (Series Editor), Ray Thomas (Collaborator), & 1 more
 * Chechnya Inside Out, Moskva: Demos, 2007
 * Chechnya: Chocked by Headscarves, 2010, Open Democracy
 * Her article about the abuse of women on North Caucasus was presented in "Chechnya at War and Beyond", 2014, Routledge Contemporary Russia и Eastern Europe

Awards

 * Nominated for 2006 Journalism as Deed, Andrei Sakharov prize founded by Peter Vins.

title: Tanya Lokshina


text:
User:<IP_ADDRESS>/Okide

Arts
Since ancient times to now modern times. Art has played a tremendous role on Okidian society.It was a way to see the beauty in the world by idealizing everything within the paintings and sculptures. As for Dance it is non-existent but adoption from other cultures has lead to a mixed dancing styles ranging from Salsa to Hip Hop to even Ballroom.

Okide Religion
Okide (Pronounced:Oh-Key-Deh) is a monotheist Abrahamic religion. Okide was founded by the prophet Ibrahim Haddad around 200 A.D in present day Saudi Arabia. Due to strict labors and codex's not many were allowed into Okide.

Labors
1)You Shall not Kill

2)You Shall not Steal

3)You Shall not Commit Adultery

4)You Shall not Do That Which is Sexually Immoral

5)You Shall not Consume the Animal which is Filthy

6)You Shall not Overindulge

7)You Will Uphold the 5 Pillars

8)You Shall not Eat the Flesh of the Living Thing

9)You Shall Make No Sacrifices

10)You Shall not Worship No Idol

11)You Shall not Defile the Word

1.1

You Shall Not Kill

Simply means you shall not intentionally kill any other human being for any reason unless it is for. - Self Defense - War

1.2

Self Defense is defined as follows. First the defender must try to Avoid the Situation if unavoidable then the person must attempt to talk there way out. If both methods fail and the situation can not be deterred and is absolutely necessary then action is permitted to kill

1.2.1

War is another exception since in order to protect the lives of others from harms way you must kill. So this is an acceptable time to kill but if the enemy is unarmed then you may not kill them unless they attempt to attack you.

1.2.2

If your are held at gun point and told to kill someone you are not to shoot no matter what. Allowing yourself to take the life of someone is unforgivable to us but forgivable to Allah.

title: User:68.0.178.251/Okide


text:
Field Guide/Chuparosa

The Chuparosa (hummingbird in Spanish) is a nectar-rich flowers which attracts hummingbirds, linnets and sparrows. It is said to have been eaten by the Papago tribe.

title: Field Guide/Chuparosa