text:
School:Geology

Welcome to the Geology School!

A school is a large organizational structure which can contain various departments and divisions. The departments and divisions should be listed in the departments and divisions section. The school should not contain any learning resources. The school can contain projects for developing learning resources.

Departments and Divisions
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Departments !Divisions !Subjects
 * rowspan="2" |
 * rowspan="2" |

Historical geology

 * Historical geology
 * The history of geology
 * Historical geological figures
 * Famous geologists
 * Stratigraphy
 * Stratigraphy

Theoretical Geology

 * Theoretical Geology
 * Geological Theories
 * rowspan="2" |
 * rowspan="2" |
 * rowspan="2" |

Department of Geological Fieldwork

Field Geology

 * Field Geology
 * Geological Field Trips
 * Geological analytical methods
 * Geological analytical methods

Geologic Group Coordination

 * Geological study group administration
 * Geological sample processing and coordination
 * rowspan="3" |
 * rowspan="3" |
 * rowspan="3" |

Geological Exploration

 * Exploration Geology
 * Marine geology
 * Marine geology

Underwater Geological Studies

 * Underwater geology
 * Hydrogeology
 * Hydrogeology

Geological Cave Studies

 * Speleology
 * rowspan="5" |
 * rowspan="5" |
 * rowspan="5" |

Rockology

 * eochemistry
 * eochemistry

Mineralogy

 * Mineralogy
 * Minerals
 * Minerals

Sedimentology

 * Sediments
 * Sediments

Gemology

 * Gems
 * Gems

Crystallography

 * Crystals
 * rowspan="3" |
 * rowspan="3" |
 * rowspan="3" |

Weathering

 * Weathering
 * Weathering

Erosion

 * Hydrology
 * Landslides
 * Landslides

Acidification

 * Acid Rain
 * Acid Rain

Volcanology

 * Volcanoes
 * Fissures
 * Vents
 * Magma
 * rowspan="2" |
 * rowspan="2" |
 * rowspan="2" |

Industrial Engineering Geology

 * Industrial Engineering geology
 * Geological effects of industry
 * Geology in industrial construction
 * Economic geology
 * Petroleum geology
 * Industrial Geothermal energy
 * Industrial Geothermal energy

Commercial Engineering Geology

 * Commercial Engineering Geology
 * Commercial Engineering Geology

Structural Geology

 * Geomorphology
 * Soil Stability
 * Soil structure
 * Soil structure

Seismology

 * Earthquakes
 * Plate tectonics
 * Primary Waves
 * Secondary Waves
 * Aftershocks
 * rowspan="4" |
 * rowspan="4" |
 * rowspan="4" |

Glacial History

 * Glaciology
 * Glaciology

Glacial Chronology

 * Ice core analysis
 * Ice core analysis

Glacial Physics

 * Glacial carving
 * Glacial rebound
 * Glacial calving
 * Glacial calving

Glacial Chemistry

 * Glacial chemical analysis
 * Glacial chemical analysis

Geochemistry

 * Isotope geochemistry
 * Biogeochemistry
 * Geochemical Analysis
 * Virtual Geolab
 * Virtual Geolab

Planetary geology

 * Geology of solar terrestrial planets
 * rowspan="2" |
 * rowspan="2" |
 * rowspan="2" |

Geological Resources

 * Geologic Resources
 * Geologic Maps
 * Geologic Glossary
 * Geologic Time Frames
 * Geologic Units
 * Geologic Units

Geologic Information Systems

 * Geologic information systems
 * Geologic information archival
 * Geologic data formats
 * Geologic data processing
 * Geologic data analysis
 * }
 * }

Courses
A learning pathway in geology can be designed into a learning resource or be similar in its composition to that of a university course.

 * Geology/Courses

Careers in Geology
Geologist

Related disciplines

 * Soil science
 * Pedology
 * Geodetics

Related schools

 * Earth science
 * Geophysics

Active participants
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed). Please remember: if you have an account here people can write you a message also in the future, because IP addresses change !

 * Since 9 November 2013, lately Geognosy 26 June 2022 --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 04:24, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Since 24 June 2022 -- Terrickisaiah555 (discuss • contribs) 03:23, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

School news

 * 26 August 2006 - School founded!
 * 22 March 2013 - the Meteorites lecture has reached a high level of completion [[Image:Emblem-extra-cool.svg|20px]]C.
 * 27 September 2013 - the Rocky objects astronomy lecture has reached a high level of completion [[Image:Emblem-extra-cool.svg|20px]]C.
 * 27 September 2014 - the Astroglaciology lecture has reached a high level of completion [[Image:Emblem-extra-cool.svg|20px]]C.
 * 2 November 2014 - the Glaciology lecture has reached a high level of completion [[Image:Emblem-extra-cool.svg|20px]]C.
 * 18 November 2014 - the Glaciers lecture has reached a high level of completion [[Image:Emblem-extra-cool.svg|20px]]C.
 * 21 January 2016 - the Mineralogy lecture has reached a high level of completion [[Image:Emblem-extra-cool.svg|20px]]C.

Things you can do!

 * Help create new content

External links for learning

 * Animations on various concepts in Geology
 * Historical Geology, a textbook on our Wikibooks sister project.
 * Elements of Geology, The Student's Series, Written by Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., F.R.S., (1871) at Geology.com

كلية علوم جيولوجيا el:Τμήμα:Γεωλογία fr:Faculté:Géologie it:Corso:Geologia Геология

title: School:Geology


text:
Sibia (airline)

"Aircompany "SIBIA" ltd (Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Авиакомпания «СИБИА», Obçestvo s ograničennoj otvetstvennostjju «Aviakompanija») is a Russian airline specialising in various forms of aerial work including crop-spraying, medical flights and search-and-rescue. It also provided charter passenger services. In 2007 it was taken over by ChelAvia who mainly deal with airline training/teaching and aircraft sales but who also provide aerial work themselves.

Incidents
On June 1, 2002, the CEO personally vowed to investigate an incident where youths came across and hijacked an Antonov An-2 about to take off in Nagaybaksky District (Chelyabinsk Oblast); they flew it over the town for a while. They were apprehended on landing and later charged.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sibia (airline)


text:
User:Pebbles1.0/be bold

I'm part of the WikiEdu course. Why is this exciting?
Wikipedia is a fantastic resource for knowledge. I am most excited by democratizing evidence based policy – empowering voters to check politicians’ claims – and helping policy-makers make the best use of research when developing policies.

title: User:Pebbles1.0/be bold


text:
History of Quebec and Canada/Study Guide/Module 3: The Conquest and the start of British Rule

Home | Module 1: | Module 2: | Module 3: | Module 4: | Module 5: | Module 6: | Module 7: Module 3: The Conquest and the start of British Rule

Unit 1:  The Conquest of New France (1760)

Topic 1: Causes for the French Defeat Topic 2: Major Effects of the Change in Empires

 * The Articles of Capitulation and Military Government

 * Treaty of Paris (February 1763)

 * Royal Proclamation(October1763)

Unit 2:  The Province of Quebec and the American Revolution

Topic 1: Quebec Act 1774

Topic 2: Consequences of American Independence


text:
Lisa Elliott

Lisa Elliott is a female former gymnast who competed for England.

Gymnastics career
Elliott represented England and won a bronze medal in the team event, at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand.

title: Lisa Elliott


text:
Talk:Anna Gmeyner

Anna Gmeyner's Jewish Identity
Anna Gmeyner was a Jewish refugee who fled the Weimar Republic and is most famous for a novel about the rise of Nazism, which she wrote and published during the Holocaust.

I believe that the leading sentence of this article should be the following: "Anna Wilhelmine Gmeyner (16 March 1902 – 3 January 1991) was an Austrian-born Jewish writer, playwright, and screenwriter who was exiled from Germany and Austria, best known for her novel Manja (1938)." This replaces the description of Gmeyner as "an exiled German and Austrian writer, playwright, and screenwriter," which erases both the reason for her exile and her historical significance.

Without my edit, this article never explicitly describes Gmeyner as Jewish. It is only tacitly referenced in the early life section, which describes her as "born to liberal Jewish parents in Vienna."

Omitting Gmeyner's Jewishness does a disservice to the public. There can be no introduction to Anna Gmeyner that does not acknowledge her Jewish identity. Cerulean Quill (talk) 07:07, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Please see MOS:ETHNICITY. Since Jewishness is asserted by you to be an inherent part of her identity, it can be perfectly well mentioned in the lead paragraph, but not as a national identity, provided it is explained and sourced in the article body. What is deprecated is substituting ethnicity or religion for nationality. As I explained on your talkpage this can be a means of separating someone from their compatriots. That can be done with good or malicious motives, obviously the former in this case, but in either case it is generally seen as pernicious, and would never be done for other ethnicities or religions. The usual question would be what is so special that requires Jewishness to be so emphasized, when nobody would do so for a Presbyterian in the same circumstances. If Jewishness can be shown in the article body to be a defining feature of her life and work through sources in the body of the article, then it can receive greater prominence it the lede, which is a summary of that sourced content. Improve the article body and sourcing first, not the other way around.   Acroterion   (talk)   11:15, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anna Gmeyner


text:
Introducing Me

"Introducing Me" was a song recorded by Nick Jonas for the Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam soundtrack.

Background and composition
In 2009, Nick Jonas recorded the song for the Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam soundtrack. His character Nate performs the song to Dana (actress Chloe Bridges) who plays Nick's love interest in Camp Rock 2. The song was released in the UK in August 2010.

"Introducing Me" was also released on the karaoke video game Disney Sing It: Party Hits during that year.

Critical reception
In November 2010, singer Jason Mraz admitted in an interview that the Camp Rock 2 tune "Introducing Me" sounded a lot like his song "I'm Yours". He also said: "I heard the song, and it was just a tremendous, tremendous horror of a tune. I noticed a few similarities in the melody, but it wasn't enough to pick up the phone and argue with somebody about it. If anything, I just wanted my $1.29 back that I spent on iTunes".

Track listing
Digital Download
 * "Introducing Me" - 3:07

Live performances
Jonas performed the song live for the first time during the Jonas Brothers Live In Concert tour on August 7, 2010. At select venues during the tour he tried to play the song faster each time. His record was under 2 minutes. He also performed the song live on July 1, 2011 during the Microsoft Store Grand Opening in Century City. The song was also performed live after "Gotta Find You" during the concerts of the Nick Jonas 2011 Tour.

On May 16, 2012 he performed the song on General D. Chappie James Middle School of Science in New York, during a surprise visit.

On July 13, 2013 the song was performed again as part of the setlist of the Jonas Brothers Live Tour. It was performed again on August 3.

Chart performance
The song entered the Canadian Billboard Hot 100 at number 66 on the week ending September 26, 2012 and climbed the next week to number 53. That week the song entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 92.

Personnel
Credits for Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam Soundtrack:
 * Nick Jonas - Lead Vocals
 * Jamie Houston - Producer, Mixer, Songwriter

title: Introducing Me


text:
Talk:David Chamberlain

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on David Chamberlain. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130131185153/http://www.pressherald.com/archive/one-olympic-dream-lives-another-in-jeopardy_2010-01-07.html to http://www.pressherald.com/archive/one-olympic-dream-lives-another-in-jeopardy_2010-01-07.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110908054616/http://blogs.fasterskier.com/davidchamberlain/ to http://blogs.fasterskier.com/davidchamberlain

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:09, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Chamberlain


text:
User:Dr Tayyab Husain

Full Name Dr Tayyab HusaDate Of Birth 20 June 1997 Fazalpur Dhaki District (Bijnor) Uttar pradesh India Nick Name Teri High (5 Fit 11 inch) Weigh 68 kg

title: User:Dr Tayyab Husain


text:
Talk:Cheeburger Cheeburger

Untitled
Is this not just an advertisment? How does this info help anyone.

Wdinc01 22:26, 24 January 2007 (UTC)Um, no it's not? It tells about the restaurant.

Exactly. That is just telling about the resturant. This needs to be unmarked. I'd rewrite if it's really such a big deal, but I think the place is AWESOME and have no biase.

Restaurant count incorrect
Currently open and currently open for business should also be addressed 2600:1017:B11C:5342:39D0:FA1E:3DD5:5B06 (talk) 01:19, 9 April 2023 (UTC)

Remaining Locations
There are currently two locations left, Sanibel Island, FL and Richmond International Airport, VA.

title: Talk:Cheeburger Cheeburger


text:
School:Mathematics/Course Catalog

Welcome to the School of Mathematics Course Catalog!

This is a list of all courses that the School of Mathematics has to offer.

''Please note that this list is probably not complete. Please feel free to add to it''

Preparatory Courses

 * High School Mathematics
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: Arithmetic

 * Euclidean Geometry
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: Arithmetic, Elementary Proofs and Logic

General Mathematics

Courses that were filed under more than one subdivision
 * Foundation of mathematical concepts
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preperation: Please add

Applied Mathematics

 * Introduction to Calculus
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: High School Mathematics
 * Cryptography
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: High School Mathematics

Pure Mathematics
 * Introduction to Proofs
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: High School Mathematics
 * Introductory Real Analysis
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: High School Mathematics
 * Introduction to Abstract Algebra
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: Linear Algebra, Introduction to Proofs
 * Introduction to Graph Theory
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: Introduction to Probability
 * Introduction to Set Theory
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: Introduction to Proofs
 * Precalculus
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: High School Mathematics
 * Calculus and Introduction to Calculus
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: Precalculus
 * Calculus II
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: Calculus or Introduction to Calculus
 * Measure Theory
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: Introductory Real Analysis
 * Probability Measures
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: Measure Theory
 * Complex Analysis
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: Calculus, Introduction to Proofs
 * Relevant Topics on Euclidean Geometry and Euclids Elements

Probability and Statistics
 * Introduction to Likelihood Theory
 * Prerequisites/Recommended Preparation: Probability Measures

Please see this page for a undergraduate Probability and Statistics course list and course progression.

title: School:Mathematics/Course Catalog


text:
User:S1933373TL

S1933373TL
I am a student on the Translation Studies MSc at the University of Edinburgh.

title: User:S1933373TL


text:
Talk:German/Lesson 5B

Untitled
Pretty difficult for (Advanced) Lection #2!

 * May be, but by advanced means college level and already familiar with some German. It might help for spmeone to just rewrite and simplify the German, if possibe. - Marsh 03:00, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Now at Lesson 4B (B is advanced beyond A for highly motivated students) - Marsh 17:45, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * And now moved to 5B, following the conversation in 5A that is related to this story - Marsh 03:16, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:German/Lesson 5B


text:
User:RAVIC1098

Ravi Kumar Chauhan Born In 7 Sep 1998.He is completing Schooling From Bishop Cotton Public School Shimla and Graduated from Amity UNIVERSITY Noida. He Is an Indian Econmist And Poltical Student. Presently He is Working As Economics Advisor In Ministry Of Finance Government Of India. He is Winner Of A.P ABDUL KALAM CHEMISTRY REASERCHER AWARD

title: User:RAVIC1098


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Witold Gustaw Pawel Maria Czartoryski

The result of the debate was delete. Shanel 02:18, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Witold Gustaw Pawel Maria Czartoryski
Speedy delete. Not even an article.
 * Delete per nom JackO'Lantern 01:40, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 01:46, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, A1. Tagged (due to Crzrussian's edit). Delete, unless it can be properly expanded and sourced so that it satisfies WP:BIO.PJM 01:46, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete --Allen 01:47, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, hold it, author did add cats, implying that this WGMPC dude is a member of the Czartoryski noble clan, and added him to that page as well. Now, I happen to think that that was a bogus addition, which is why I am not voting keep here, but this is not speedy. Give the author a few days to prove this is a bona fine Czartoryski noble. I am removing the tag and adding a few words to the article. Delete unless author proves relation to Czartoryski clan. the.crazy.russian   (T)   (C)   (E)  01:52, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete It's a stub that's been there for a month with no content. It appears to have been created for no reason other than to resolve a redlink in Czartoryski. Fan1967 02:11, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as above.Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 04:37, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. ¡Dustimagic!  ( T / C ) 04:52, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Google gives 10 results for a search on "Witold Gustaw Pawel Maria Czartoryski," only 3 of which are not Wikipedia pages; "about 39" for a search on "'Witold Czartoryski' 1983," but many of those look like genealogical pages; WP:NOT a genealogical dictionary. Hbackman 05:03, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:20, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Saying "noted" doesn't make it so.  dcandeto 06:15, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above ~Linuxerist L / T 07:08, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per Hbackman. --Icarus 08:08, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Czartoryskicruft, unlikely to ever contain any encyclopedic information. This is what we get for putting in too many redlinks as we write. Robin Johnson 11:05, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Nice - I'll add that one to my hall of fame... "Czartoryskicruft"... awesome! - the.crazy.russian   (T)   (C)   (E)  15:54, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete if it cannot be proven he is a real noble, and that he has some notability other than a famous surname. Lankiveil 11:13, 20 March 2006 (UTC).
 * Delete nn. --Ter e nce Ong 11:12, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as completely non-notable. Jud e (talk,contribs,email) 11:52, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete next time use WP:PROD Computerjoe 's talk 16:39, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Per nom Nigelthefish 18:54, 21 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Aleocharini

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Aleocharini. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150207221025/http://forestis.rsvs.ulaval.ca/REFERENCES_X/phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/coleoptera/polyphaga/staphylinoidea/staphylinidae/aleocharinae/aleocharini/aleocharini.html to http://forestis.rsvs.ulaval.ca/REFERENCES_X/phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/coleoptera/polyphaga/staphylinoidea/staphylinidae/aleocharinae/aleocharini/aleocharini.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:56, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aleocharini


text:
Kissena Park

Kissena Park is a 235 acre park located in the neighborhood of Flushing in Queens, New York City. It is located along the subterranean Kissena Creek, which flows into the Flushing River. It is bordered on the west by Kissena Boulevard; on the north by Rose, Oak, Underhill, and Lithonia Avenues; on the east by Fresh Meadow Lane; and on the south by Booth Memorial Avenue. The park contains the city's only remaining velodrome, a lake of the same name, two war memorials, and various playgrounds and sports fields.

The site of Kissena Park was originally part of a tree nursery operated by Samuel Parsons in the late 19th century, though parts of the park were also the site of a Long Island Rail Road line. The lake on Parsons's property was named "Kissena", which comes from the Chippewa language meaning "it is cold", "cold place", or "cool water", and the park was later named after the lake. After Parsons died in 1906, part of his former nursery was incorporated in the modern-day park. The name "Kissena Park" can also refer to a residential section of Flushing just north of the park.

Kissena Park opened in 1910, and it was incorporated into Kissena Corridor Park in the mid-1950s. Various improvement projects have been conducted during Kissena Park's history, including the addition of the velodrome in 1962 and restorations of the lake in 1942 and 1983. Subsequently, the Kissena Velodrome was restored and rededicated in 2004, and a Korean War memorial was dedicated in 2007.

Description
Kissena Park is bounded by Booth Memorial Avenue to the south; Kissena Boulevard to the west; Rose, Oak, Underhill, and Lithonia Avenues to the north; and Fresh Meadows Lane to the east. The south side of the park is mostly meadow land. Kissena Park contains a small lake, Kissena Lake, on the northeast corner. Formerly a wetland, it was transformed into a "bathtub lake" during a 1942 renovation. A freshwater marsh is located on the southern shore of the lake. The Historic Grove is located on a 14 acre site on the north end of the park, and contains trees from a nursery that formerly occupied the park site. It contains an old-growth forest that existed prior to the park's creation.

The 400 m Kissena Velodrome, at the center of the park, is used for track cycling and is the city's only remaining bicycle track. The velodrome hosts multiple bicycling programs, including Star Track.

The rest of the park contains various playgrounds, soccer fields, tennis courts, and baseball fields. A Korean War memorial is located at a northern entrance to Kissena Park, at Parsons Boulevard and Rose Avenue. Another memorial, a boulder with an inscription dedicated to World War I soldiers from Queens, is located on the southern shore of Kissena Lake.

Kissena Park is located in the center of the Kissena Corridor Park, a mostly continuous chain of parks several miles long, and is part of the Brooklyn-Queens Greenway. The corridor, in turn, runs along the path of a former Long Island Rail Road line that was originally known as Central Railroad of Long Island. A plaque commemorating the railroad is located at the northwest corner of the park. Bicycle paths connect the park westward to Main Street. The former Long Island Motor Parkway, now a bike path, connects Kissena Park with Cunningham Park and Alley Pond Park via the Kissena Corridor.

Etymology
Kissena Park and the adjacent Kissena Corridor Park are named after Kissena Lake. The word "Kissena" is from the Chippewa language meaning "it is cold", "cold place", or "cool water". The Chippewa (Ojibwe) Native Americans are not native to the New York area, but rather to the Midwestern United States. However, the New York area was inhabited by the Canarsee and Rockaway Lenape groups, who are Algonquian peoples along with the Chippewa. The name was given to the lake by horticulturalist Samuel Bowne Parsons (father of Samuel Parsons Jr.), who operated a nursery near the lake in the late 1800s.

Kissena and Kissena Corridor Parks share the name with Kissena Boulevard which runs north-to-south between the two parks, and Kissena Creek, which formerly ran through the park. The area of Flushing surrounding the two parks is also informally known as "Kissena Park".

Origins
Kissena Park's natural features were formed during the Wisconsin glaciation, about 20,000 years ago. The site of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, slightly west of Kissena Park, was originally part of the ancestral path of the Hudson River, and the present-day Kissena Lake was located on the eastern shore of the river. The glacier covered much of Long Island, where Queens is located, and formed a terminal moraine through the center of the island. One of these recesses became Kissena Lake. When the glacier receded, it created several recesses in the land, some of which were filled with water. The topography of Flushing and Northeast Queens was formed during this time, including the creation of Kissena Lake. Glaciation also created a natural source of well water for the area.

Kissena Lake was part of a watercourse called Kissena Creek, previously known as Mill Creek or Ireland Mill Creek, which ran east-to-west through what are now Kissena Park and Kissena Corridor Park. The creek began at a swamp in the modern Kew Gardens Hills and Pomonok areas south of Kissena Park. Past the swamp, the creek traveled east parallel to 72nd Avenue, then turning north in modern Fresh Meadows, traveling parallel to today's Utopia Parkway to the modern Kissena Park Golf Course just south of Flushing Cemetery. The creek then turned west through the modern Kissena Park, Kissena Corridor Park, and Queens Botanical Garden sites before meeting Flushing Creek at what is now the Fountain of Planets / Pool of Industry in Flushing Meadows. The system included several lakes, including Kissena Lake, as well as a pond in Fresh Meadows now occupied by the Utopia Playground. The system of waterways was mostly a wetland area.

The very first people to occupy the area were the Native Americans, though little evidence remains of their settlements. The site was then settled by Dutch and English settlers who founded the town of Flushing.

Parsons Nurseries
In 1868, Samuel Parsons opened Parsons Nurseries, one of the earliest commercial gardens, near what is now Fresh Meadows Lane. With help of a team of collectors, Parsons Nurseries found exotic trees and shrubs to import into the United States, and its advertisements filled gardening magazines with depictions of these exotic plants. During the late 1880s, Parsons Nurseries was importing 10,000 Japanese maples into the United States each year with help from Swiss immigrant John R. Trumpy. Parsons Nurseries also was the first to introduce the California privet in the United States from Japan.

Kissena Lake was initially used as a mill pond. Parsons later used Kissena Lake for ice cutting, where surface ice from lakes and rivers is collected and stored in ice houses and use or sale as a cooling method before mechanical refrigeration was available. However, as recently as the 1900s, both Kissena Lake and Gutman's Swamp served as a habitat for wood duck. Just east of the lake was a water pumping station. It was used first by the College Point Water Works, then by the Citizens Water Supply Company of Newtown, and finally as a city-owned pumping station.

Samuel Parsons's children, Samuel Bowne Parsons and Robert Bowne Parsons, later took over running the nursery, and by 1898, Samuel Bowne Parsons's son George H. Parsons, had taken over as superintendent of Parsons Nurseries. Later that year, George was found in the lavatory by his father; he had died of heart failure. Parsons Nurseries closed in 1901.

Creation
The land was acquired for Kissena Park (then called Kissena Lake Park) between 1904 and 1914. The family of Samuel Bowne Parsons had sold off his nursery following his 1906 death. The nursery was located at the north end of the modern park at Parsons Boulevard and Rose Avenue. Real estate developers John W. Paris and Edward McDougal (or MacDougall) bought most of the Parsons land. This land was used to create the "Kissena Park" residential development. New York City bought the rest of the Parsons land and a few other land parcels to create Kissena Park. A 14 acre tract of Parsons's exotic specimens was preserved and is now the Historic Grove.

In 1907, Paris and McDougal were accused of graft and fraud after they attempted to sell 87 acre of land back to the city at inflated prices, earning $140,000 as a result. A grand jury was convened to investigate the transaction. Joseph Bermel, the Queens borough president at the time, was later found to be involved in the deal, having allegedly received $12,000 from the transaction. In March 1908, the grand jury recommended that those involved be found guilty of graft. Later that month, Bermel was charged with perjury and bribery after he tried to hide his involvement in the scandal. He resigned his post as borough president in April 1908 and was subsequently scheduled to give testimony at a grand jury trial, but fled the United States the day before he was to testify. Bermel's lawyer and brother were also charged with perjury.

The actual construction of the park involved draining and filling in the marshland that made up the majority of the park's area. Kissena Park opened in 1910, while the World War I memorial knoll on the south side of Kissena Lake was dedicated in 1921. Kissena Park was originally envisioned as the primary park of Queens, similar to Central Park in Manhattan and Prospect Park in Brooklyn. It contained landscaping, similar to both parks: the western end of Kissena Lake drained into the creek and was traversed by a bridge, similar to Central Park's Gapstow Bridge. The park also included a gazebo and a swimming pool with lake water, both of which were removed.

Incorporation into Kissena Corridor Park
Kissena Park is located on a 19th-century railroad right-of-way. A raised nature trail running through Kissena Park was originally the main line of the Central Railroad of Long Island of A.T. Stewart (later the White Line or Creedmore branch of the Long Island Rail Road. It ran from Flushing to Bellerose and was later extended from Bellerose to Garden City.

In August 1940, the New York City Board of Estimate approved Queens Borough President George U. Harvey's request to acquire the former Stewart Railroad right-of-way from Flushing Meadows at Lawrence Street (College Point Boulevard) east to Fresh Meadow Road (now Utopia Parkway). The right-of-way was acquired into two tracts. The western tract west of Kissena Park and Kissena Boulevard extended 1 mi with an average width of 500 ft. The eastern segment also extended one mile past Kissena Park, with an average width of 85 ft. The western stretch of the land west of Kissena Boulevard was to become the Kissena Corridor Park, which would connect Flushing Meadows and Kissena Parks. The eastern stretch of the land would be developed into a second corridor called the "Cunningham Corridor", which would connect Kissena Park with Cunningham Park further southeast. The corridors would include playgrounds, sports fields, park trails, and bicycle and bridle paths which would connect to existing paths in Cunningham Park.

The Kissena Corridor project was also supposed to include the construction of a major storm sewer through the corridor, which the Parks Department said was necessitated as a result of "the great extent of this natural drainage basin." In 1942, the federal War Production Board barred the construction of the Corridor Sewer, due to steel requirements for the World War II effort. Groundbreaking ceremonies for the sewer project were held on April 1, 1947, at the intersection of Lawrence Street and Fowler and Blossom Avenues, near the modern-day Queens Botanical Garden west of Kissena Park. On February 19, 1948, the final contract for the project, including the trunk line from 188th Street to Francis Lewis Boulevard, was authorized from the Board of Estimate. On February 27, the Queens borough sewer engineer announced that the cost of the sewer project would run to over $10 million, $2.25 million higher than the previous figure. The main trunk of the Corridor Sewer was completed by September 1948, although many of the feeder lines had yet to be constructed.

At the end of the 1939–40 New York World's Fair in 1940, debris from the demolition of the fair exhibits was used to fill the section of the future Kissena Corridor west of Main Street (today's Queens Botanical Garden). By 1941, the New York City Department of Sanitation led by Commissioner William F. Carey began planning to fill the Kissena Corridor site between Main Street and Kissena Boulevard with municipal waste as a landfill. Afterward, the landfill would be excavated to install the sewer, and would act as a cover for the sewer. At the time, using garbage to fill the marshlands was considered more economical than filling it with clean dirt. In addition, the fill would help mitigate mosquitoes which inhabited the area around Kissena Creek. An existing landfill was already present on Rose Avenue in Kissena Park. This dump, which collected ashes, garbage, and refuse from Flushing, began operations in the 1930s. A second Kissena Park landfill on North Hempstead Turnpike (Booth Memorial Avenue) was opened on November 14, 1943 and closed in July 1945.

Concurrently with the Kissena Corridor project, Kissena Lake was dredged in 1942 as part of a Works Progress Administration initiative. This transformed Kissena Lake into a "bathtub lake". Prior to the renovation, Kissena Lake was part of a wetland, which was believed to be a worthless type of land during the 20th century. A later renovation entailed categorization and major cleanup of the tree groves by Parks Department interns.

In May 1951, Robert Moses announced plans to raise the grade the western stretch of Kissena Corridor Park between Flushing Meadows and 164th Street, including Kissena Park, by using it as a temporary garbage dump. Moses had already began filling the sites of other future parks with municipal waste, including Spring Creek Park and Marine Park in Brooklyn. The plans were opposed by Queens Borough President Maurice A. FitzGerald. On June 7, 1951, Moses eliminated plans for the dump, as well as an extension of 146th Street that had been planned along with the dump. The western stretch of the Kissena Corridor was eventually landfilled in the 1950s from dirt excavated for the construction of the Long Island Expressway.

Renovations and additions
The Kissena Velodrome, a 400 m velodrome, was constructed in the center of the park in 1962. It was used during the 1964 New York World's Fair and the U.S. team trials for the 1964 Summer Olympics. It is the only remaining bicycle track in New York City.

By the 1980s. the park was being used as an illegal dumping ground. Algae buildup in Kissena Lake necessitated another restoration project, which was undertaken in 1983. Subsequently, a local naturalist named Charlie Emerson started planting a garden in 1986. The garden and an adjoining nature center were dedicated for Emerson in 1990.

Meanwhile, the Velodrome had deteriorated over the years, and, by 2000, efforts were underway to renovate the track. In 2003, a $2.3 million restoration drained the lake in stages, resulting in its current appearance. The city water was replaced with well water, an aeration system was installed the concrete bulkheads were replaced with natural-looking materials such as rocks and plants, and a small island for birds and turtles was built within the lake. The Kissena Velodrome was also restored, and the track was rededicated in 2004.

In 2007, the Korean War memorial was unveiled at the park's northern entrance at Parsons Boulevard. The memorial, designed by William Crozier, commemorates Korean War veterans from Queens. Its centerpiece is a bronze sculpture called The Anguish of Experience, which depicts "a solitary soldier whose face portrays the agony of war", followed by five soldiers who carry a stretcher. City officials announced in 2022 that they would replace a dirt path leading to the Kissena Velodrome with a concrete path at a cost of $6.25 million.

title: Kissena Park


text:
Talk:Popeye Jones

Untitled
Should his prominent place on many of the coveted all-ugly teams be discussed in this article. I am sure he is very proud. —Preceding unsigned comment added by J-e-t-s jets jets jets (talk • contribs)

 * Only if you can find one that has been published by a mainstream media outlet. -Drdisque 05:00, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 16:02, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Personal life
It says that during his tenure in Denver he approached Joe Sakic about his son playing hockey. His son would have been 5 years old in 1999. Is it worth nothing Seth's age to point out how early they saw his potential ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:21, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Popeye Jones. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090801083302/http://www.everettsilvertips.com:80/news/story.cfm?ID=1470 to http://www.everettsilvertips.com/news/story.cfm?ID=1470

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:00, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Popeye Jones


text:
Talk:David Bell (field hockey)

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). The material was copied from: http://www.planetfieldhockey.com/PFH/Item-View-15327-0. Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. SFB 18:15, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Bell (field hockey). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230657/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/be/david-bell-1.html to http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/be/david-bell-1.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:23, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Bell (field hockey). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070904215932/http://www.hockeywa.org.au/uploads/pdf/Bulletin%20Seven%2012-7-07.pdf to http://www.hockeywa.org.au/uploads/pdf/Bulletin%20Seven%2012-7-07.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:59, 16 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Bell (field hockey)


text:
How to Write an Essay/Free Response

you can used tamplets to help start your response paragraph.
 * Pay attention to the text--the methods the author uses, or the language the author uses (preferably both). Get your ideas through to the reader before labelling something as a rhetorical technique. If you do use names of rhetorical techniques, do not simply throw them out there. Explain why.

 * The rules for grading the FRQ change radically on the different AP tests. Be careful.

Ex: "One nation of the people, by the people, and for the people" is famous in part because Abraham Lincoln made a grammatically appealing statement. (Topic sentence) By using the prepositions ("of", "by", "for"), he reinforces his point by using parallel structure, and a repetitive vocative anaphora which harkens back to the role that the "people" play in making up a "nation".

Reasons why this is a good passage:
 * It uses quotations from the passage.
 * It analyzes the parts of speech (prepositions) that add meaning, the sentence structure (my reference to parallel structure).
 * It has a nice sentence to conclude the paragraph, naturally and effectively. This could be seen as a negative if it detracts from the topic of the paragraph or adds irrelevant or extraneous information.
 * It uses the word "vocative" and "refers" and has a high level of diction. I really think that your ideas are always more important than diction, so please do not memorize a vocabulary list and agonize over diction during the 40-minute essay period.

Vocative comes from the Latin (vocare) and is similar to other English word such as "vocation". It means "call". The "-ive" postfix normally means you are looking at a noun.

title: How to Write an Essay/Free Response


text:
Picrodon

Picrodon is the name given to a genus of archosaur, possibly a sauropodomorph dinosaur, from the Rhaetian of England which was possibly synonymous with the dubious archosaur Avalonianus. The type, and only species, P. herveyi, was named in 1898.

Discovery and naming
In 1894, W. A. Sanford described the fossil remains of what he considered to be two large reptiles discovered near Westbury-on-Severn, Glastonbury (Westbury Formation) by Eev. Sydenham H. A. Hervey and Sanford himself. Harry Govier Seeley described the fossils and named two genera: Avalonia (preoccupied; now Avalonianus) and Picrodon; both are based solely on teeth.

Only a single tooth, holotype BMNH R2875, belonging to P. herveyi is known, making the remains not sufficient enough to make judgments on its diet or its classification; although it is agreed that Picrodon was an archosaur to some degree.

Classification
Sanford (1894) classified Picrodon as a reptile, while Seeley (1898) classified Picrodon as a saurian. More modern research however almost certainly places Picrodon within Archosauria; Peter Malcolm Galton (1985) suggested that Picrodon may have been a basal sauropodomorph. Currently, its exact phylogenetic placement within Archosauria remains unknown.

title: Picrodon


text:
Portal:Music/Advanced

 * Secondary Dominants
 * Augmented Sixth Chords
 * Neapolitan Chords
 * Augmented Chords
 * Ninth Chords and Beyond
 * Other Chromatic Harmony
 * Large Forms

title: Portal:Music/Advanced


text:
Mitsubishi Logisnext

Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks is the brand name used for a range of materials handling products manufactured and distributed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) and several of its Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklifts subsidiaries: MCFE Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift Europe, MCFA Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift America, MLAP Mitsubishi Logisnext Asia Pacific, and MCFC Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift (Shanghai).

History
The Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks brand was formed in 1992 when MHI entered a joint venture with Caterpillar Inc.

In February 2013, Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks has signed an agreement with the Japanese company Nichiyu to create Mitsubishi Nichiyu Forklift Co., Ltd.

As of 2018, Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks operates as a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Logisnext.

Products
Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks products cover a range of counterbalance forklift trucks and warehouse equipment, including:

• IC engine counterbalance trucks (diesel and LPG)

• Electric counterbalance trucks

• Powered pallet trucks

• Stackers

• Order pickers

• Reach and multi-way trucks

Although many of the designs and components are common to all regions, there are some differences in the product ranges across continents.

Production facilities
Worldwide headquarters:

 * Nagaokakyō, Japan

Manufacturing centres:

 * Pamplona, Spain
 * Almere, the Netherlands
 * Järvenpää, Finland
 * Marengo, Illinois
 * Houston, Texas
 * Ōmihachiman, Japan
 * Dalian, China

title: Mitsubishi Logisnext


text:
Mahmudabad, Nishapur

Mahmudabad (, also Romanized as Maḩmūdābād) is a village in Eshqabad Rural District, Miyan Jolgeh District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 324, in 83 families.

title: Mahmudabad, Nishapur


text:
Clarinet

The clarinet is a musical instrument in the woodwind family. The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word clarino meaning a particular trumpet, as the first clarinets had a strident tone similar to that of a trumpet. The instrument has an approximately cylindrical bore, and uses a single reed.

Clarinets actually comprise a family of instruments of differing sizes and pitches. It is the largest such instrument family, with more than two dozen types. Of these many are rare or obsolete, and music written for them is usually played on one of the more common size instruments. The unmodified word clarinet usually refers to the B♭ soprano, by far the most common clarinet. Another common clarinet is the B♭ Bass Clarinet. There are many varieties of clarinets including a smaller E♭ Clarinet. Other common and obsolete members of the clarinet include the A♭ Clarinet, A Clarinet, E♭ Alto Clarinet, E♭ Contralto Clarinet, B♭ Contrabass Clarinet.

Since approximately 1850, clarinets have been nominally tuned according to 12-tone equal-temperament. Older clarinets were nominally tuned to meantone, and a skilled performer can use their embouchure to considerably alter the tuning of individual notes.

The Reed
Reeds for the clarinet come in different strengths. They are usually numbered in steps of 1/2. Softer reeds are numbered lower than harder reeds. A fairly typical reed hardness for beginners is 2 or 2 1/2, while a typical professional classical player may use reeds from 3 1/2 to 4, depending on the player.

A reed is a thin, long piece of cane that is fixed at one end by a ligature and free to vibrate at the other. The clarinet uses what is called a single reed and it is directly responible for the sound that is emitted from the instrument. (Apel, W.,(1972) Harvard Dictionary of Music Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University.)

The Mouthpiece
The mouthpiece is the most important piece of the clarinet, as it produces the clarinet's sound. The reed and ligature are pieces attached to the mouthpiece.

The Ligature
The ligature holds the reed to the mouthpiece and is generally made of metal or leather.

The Embouchure
The embouchure used to play the clarinet can be described as the shape a mouth makes after mouthing Eee-ooo, with the lips stretched and a small opening at the very front of the mouth.

Links

 * The Workbook for Clarinet

title: Clarinet


text:
fanculo

Etymology
.

Interjection

 * 1)  fuck you!, fuck off!
 * 2)  fuck
 * 3)  fuck it, fuck that, fuck this
 * 4)  far away, in the middle of nowhere
 * 1)  far away, in the middle of nowhere

title: fanculo


text:
Akwamufie Palace

Akwamufie Palace is the seat of the Akwamuhene of the Akwamu people, as well as his official residence. It is currently occupied by the current king of Akwamu state, Odeneho Kwafo Akoto III. Odeneho Kwafo Akoto III has been steering the affairs of the kingdom of Akwamu from the Bogyawe Palace since he ascended the throne in the year 2011. It is located at Akwamufie along the bank of the Volta river in the Eastern Region in Ghana. The palace has a museum and is also a traditional monument for tourist attraction. It is also known as the Bogyawe Palace.

History
The palace has artifacts which includes the key to the Christianborg castle which the Akwamus took in 1693. According to historians, the king of the Akwamus at that time called Nana Asamani sold back the castle to the Danes for 12kg of gold and still kept the keys. The palace also has the bullet proof lion skin war cloth of the Akwamuhene which is called "Mahony".

title: Akwamufie Palace


text:
cathepsin

Etymology
, from, from.

Noun

 * 1)  Any of a family of proteases primarily active within lysosomes.

title: cathepsin


text:
Poison's Greatest Hits: 1986–1996

Poison's Greatest Hits: 1986–1996 is the first greatest hits compilation CD from the glam metal band Poison. The album was released on November 26, 1996, by Capitol Records. The album contains 16 tracks from the band's first four studio albums (Look What the Cat Dragged In, Open Up and Say...Ahh!, Flesh & Blood and Native Tongue) and also the live double-album Swallow This Live.

Background and release
Blues Saraceno replaced Richie Kotzen as lead guitarist after the last album Native Tongue and The Greatest Hits features two bonus new tracks with Blues Saraceno on lead guitar: "Lay Your Body Down" and "Sexual Thing".

The compilation charted at number 2 on the Top Catalog Albums chart in Billboard magazine and includes most of Poison's hit singles which charted on the Billboard Hot 100 or mainstream rock charts. The compilation was certified Gold in 1999 and by 2005 the album had gone double platinum. It was certified gold in Canada.

Track listing
Track information verified from the album's liner notes.

New tracks
The album Crack a Smile featuring Blues Saraceno on lead guitar contained tracks recorded 1994–1995 but remained unreleased at the time of this compilation's release. Therefore, the last 2 tracks included here were first released on this album as bonus new tracks (1996) and then released again on the Crack a Smile... and More! album in 2000, which was the next Poison album to be released.

Some copies of the album had a hidden picture of the band featuring CC Deville underneath the CD tray. The CD tray was not made of see through material, and therefore the image was covered up by the neon green plastic.

Personnel

 * Bret Michaels - lead vocals, rhythm guitar, harmonica
 * Bobby Dall - bass, piano
 * Rikki Rockett - drums
 * C.C. DeVille - lead guitar on tracks 1 - 6, 8 - 16
 * Richie Kotzen - lead guitar on track 7
 * Blues Saraceno - lead guitar on tracks 17 - 18

title: Poison's Greatest Hits: 1986–1996


text:
User:Pmparkjong/TWA/Earth/2

Shape and structure: circumferenceGnawledge, O'penn. "Planet Earth in the Balance of History". Science and Nature Journal. SandNjournal.com/Earthinthebalance. March 21, 2013. Retrieved 17:03, Monday, September 18, 2017 (UTC).

Tectonic plates: plate tectonics

Surface

Atmosphere

Weather, climate, and water cycle

Orbit and rotation

References

Shape and structure

Tectonic plates

Surface

Atmosphere

Weather, climate, and water cycle

Orbit and rotation

References

title: User:Pmparkjong/TWA/Earth/2


text:
James Jongeneel

James Jongeneel (May 30, 1922 – January 12, 2010) was an American field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

title: James Jongeneel


text:
ACC Network

ACC Network (ACCN) is an American multinational subscription-television channel owned and operated by ESPN Inc. Dedicated to coverage of the Atlantic Coast Conference, it was announced in July 2016 and launched on August 22, 2019. The channel operates from ESPN's headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut, though some programming and staff is in Charlotte, North Carolina.

The network's digital platform, ACC Network Extra (ACCNX), streams on ESPN.com and the ESPN app for ACC Network subscribers, and carries ACC events not broadcast on television. ACCNX broadcasts are simulcast on ESPN+.

History
There had been repeated calls for the ACC to establish its own cable channel, similar to those that had or were being established by other Power Five conferences. From July 1, 2012, to June 30, 2013 (in the midst of realignment that saw Pittsburgh, Syracuse and Louisville announce that they would join the ACC, Maryland leave for the Big Ten, and Notre Dame join the ACC outside of football), the ACC took in less television revenue than the Pac-12, SEC and Big Ten conferences. The Big Ten and Pac-12 had already launched their own channels, while ESPN and the SEC had announced the SEC Network would launch in 2014. SEC Network's first year of operation increased the conference's television revenue by around $100 million.

In discussions with ESPN management, there were uncertainties over whether an ACC channel would be economically viable, due to cord cutting and changing television viewing habits. The stability of the ACC itself was also questioned, but was addressed in 2013 by requiring the conference's current teams to grant the ACC control of media rights to all home games through the 2026–2027 season, even if they leave the conference. This policy effectively discourages schools from leaving the ACC, and left the SEC as the only Power Five conference to not have a similar grant requirement. Eric J. Barron, president of Florida State University, stated that the grant would "ensure that the conference will strengthen its position of leadership among Division I athletics", and stated that "we are also very pleased that we will be moving forward on the next phase of developing an ACC network."

On July 21, 2016, at a media event in Charlotte, North Carolina, ESPN announced a 20-year extension of its contract with the ACC, and that it would launch a cable channel dedicated to the ACC in 2019 known as the ACC Network. The announcement was attended by then-ESPN president John Skipper and ACC commissioner John Swofford. Ahead of the television network's launch, ESPN announced that it would begin to stream ACC events beginning in the upcoming 2016 season. Following the announcement, Skipper defended the decision to go on with launching a linear television network, arguing that sports were the most valuable property on television because they are "the only thing you have to watch live".

Each ACC school constructed production facilities so they can contribute programming to the channel. Its operations are based out of ESPN's main studios in Bristol, but some programming originates from Charlotte, North Carolina (where SEC Network, and formerly ESPNU, also operate).

In November 2018, it was officially announced that ACCN would launch on August 22, 2019. Opening night programming included the ESPN Films documentary The Class That Saved Coach K, which chronicled Mike Krzyzewski's turnaround of the Duke Blue Devils basketball team in the 1980s. It aired its first football game on August 29, with the defending national champion Clemson Tigers hosting the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. In 2022, the ACC brought back old rivalries like the Backyard Brawl between the University of Pittsburgh Panthers and the West Virginia University Mountaineers. A friendly rivalry between University of Pittsburgh Panthers and Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in memory of the 1956 Sugar Bowl and Bobby Grier, during the last game, actor Anthony Mackie appeared on field to honor Grier and the game.

Programming
ACC Network is expected to carry 1,300 events per year. To provide more content for the channel, the ACC agreed to expand its conference schedule in college basketball to 20 games by the 2019–20 season. ESPN also acquired the secondary ACC rights previously sub-licensed to Raycom Sports for its syndicated ACC Network (the company will continue to be involved as a sub-contractee for events that can be carried by the new channel).

Mark Packer and Wes Durham host the morning show Packer and Durham, simulcast on ACCN and SiriusXM. All ACC will serve as the network's general news program, while The Huddle airs on Friday nights and Saturday mornings during football season.

As a prelude to the linear channel, and as part of ESPN's new rights package, ESPN's digital platform WatchESPN began to carry broadcasts of ACC sporting events not on television under the branding ACC Network Extra. ESPN promoted that it would carry over 600 live telecasts per season. ACCNX has continued its operations following the launch of the channel, becoming available exclusively to ACC Network subscribers.

Carriage
ESPN stated in June 2017 that it had reached carriage deals for the ACC Network with unknown providers. In October 2017, Altice USA committed to offering the channel as part of in its latest round of carriage negotiations with Disney. On December 30, 2018, Disney reached a new carriage agreement with Verizon Fios, which included carriage of the ACC Network. On March 12, 2019, agreement was reached with AT&T to carry the ACC Network on DirecTV at launch. Live television streaming services Hulu, PlayStation Vue, YouTube TV and TVision Home also signed agreements to carry the channel at launch.

On August 14, Charter Spectrum, the largest cable provider in the ACC's heartland of North Carolina, agreed to carry ACCN as part of a new carriage agreement covering all Disney networks (including those acquired from 21st Century Fox). On August 29, Dish Network agreed to carry the network on both Dish satellite TV service and Sling TV streaming service just in time to broadcast the Clemson/Georgia Tech football game. On September 4, Cox Communications agreed to carry the network. On September 25, AT&T agreed to carry the network on both AT&T U-Verse and AT&T TV Now. Deals were also made with the National Rural Telecommunications Cooperative (NRTC), National Cable Television Cooperative (NCTC) and Vivicast to carry the channel at launch on various smaller cable TV systems across the country.

In the ACC Network's first athletic year, ESPN successfully negotiated the network's carriage to 70 million households on all major cable and satellite TV providers, with the sole exception of Comcast. The holdout, Comcast, which provides cable television to 19 million households as of Q3 2020, claimed in September 2019 that ESPN was not allowing them to carry the network at a "fair and reasonable cost" to their customers. Following a two-year holdout, ESPN and Comcast eventually came to a deal to carry ACC Network on Xfinity in November 2021.

Personalities

 * Cory Alexander
 * Debbie Antonelli
 * Carlos Boozer
 * Dan Bonner
 * Joel Berry II
 * Dalen Cuff
 * Wes Durham
 * Katie George
 * Mike Gminski
 * Kelly Gramlich
 * Luke Hancock
 * Malcolm Huckaby
 * Tim Hasselbeck
 * EJ Manuel
 * Muffet McGraw
 * Dave O'Brien
 * Mark Packer
 * Kelsey Riggs
 * Mark Richt
 * Kate Scott
 * KJ Smith

title: ACC Network


text:
Talk:Merilii Jalg

Shashlist? Some strange Russian joke?
What the heck is a shashlist? Joey Lenovo (talk) 22:43, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Merilii Jalg


text:
Elisabeth Baulacre

Elisabeth Baulacre (1613–1693), was a Genevan businessperson.

From 1641 onward, when her first husband Pierre Perdriau died, she developed and managed the manufacture of passementerie she inherited from him, and more specifically the silver and gold threads business which was needed for the passementerie.

According to the 17th-century historian Gregorio Leti she employed 1200 salaried workers, who tailored for her at their own homes. She also sponsored the long apprenticeship of goldbeating (five to six years) of several young craftsmen, in order to secure the gold threads she needed for her trade. Her business became the most important one in Geneva in 1680, and remained thus until 1708. She died with the second largest personal fortune in Geneva.

She also had the reputation of being a "syndics maker".

Related links

 * Dorure (Gilding), in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in French, German and Italien).

title: Elisabeth Baulacre


text:
Battle of Sandema

The Battle of Sandema was a battle in Africa that was fought between Babatu and the people of Sandema. The battle is said to have taken place at a place called Akumcham, where the Builsa united and defeated the leader of the Zabarma warriors.

History
According to historians, Babatu was said to have hailed from Indunga, a town in Niger. He recruited people from Grunshie Mossi, Hausa and Fulani as fighters who took part in slave raids in the Northern Territories. It was said he conquered an area that stretched from Ouagadougou in the north to what is now the Upper East region and certain parts of Northern region in Ghana. It is said Babatu brought the people of Zabarma state to its peak of power and prestige in the late 1880s.

Background
It was said certain events took place before the confrontation between the two sides. Babatu attacked the Builsa for about three months. He captured many warriors of the village of Wiaga as prisoners. Some of the warriors rushed to Sandema and he pursued them. Babatu was defeated in a battle that took place in a hill between Sandema and Fiisa called Azagsuk. The warriors from Navrongo, Fumbisi, and Kunkwa united as one Builsa. The Zabarma were defeated with the help of white men.

It is claimed the battle took place between 1890 and March 1897. Other sources claim it took place between the market and where the current Old Primary School is in 1896.

Legacy
After the Zabarma were defeated, their weapons were collected as relics of war and kept in Fiisa which has a shrine in Sandema. Slaves under Babatu were freed by the Builsa.

The Feok Festival is celebrated every year in the third week of December to mark their victory and encounter with the slave raiders and also the War dance after it became a public event in 1972. The festival means abundance of food.

title: Battle of Sandema


text:
User:Jellyfish73

Lucy Helft was born May 14, 1997 in Sydney, NSW Australia. She works as a sandwich artist at Subway. She has been successfully practising vegetarianism for over 9 years & has recently made the leap to be vegan. Her friends include Ezzie Jane(insane in the membrane) & Aiyana Ward. She has also lived in Melbourne, Victoria. She is followed by 1,625 people on facebook. On facebook she makes statements such as "When I die bury me inside a dildo store", "I have to vote in the next election", "I'm feeling quite fridazzled". Statements like these give you an idea of what her personality is like.

title: User:Jellyfish73


text:
User:OtterStewLou/sandbox

Otter Stew

Otter stew is a recipe made otters. It is an American recipe that was invented by the famous chef that would rather stay unnamed. He is known for adopting many otters, one of which was named Lou. Lou was the first otter to be made into otter stew.

Flavors: Otter stew has many tasty flavors that will make your tastebuds tantalized. Some of the different flavors are River Otter, Sea Otter, Lutra, and most famously, Asian small-clawed otter.

Recipe: When you catch the otter, you want to skin it and shuck it, before you have killed it. Trust me, this makes it taste all the better. Next, you will want to take out the bones and teeth. Then you boil the meat and preset your stove to high. After you have boiled it, you will add it into a bowl and cook it for two hours. After all of this, you can add toppings like carrots, and other stew components. You can also use the skin from it to make sweaters and other clothing items.

title: User:OtterStewLou/sandbox


text:
List of wars involving Scotland

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Scotland before the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain by the Acts of Union 1707, including clan conflicts, civil wars, and rebellions. For dates after 1708, see List of wars involving the United Kingdom.

 * - 16
 * - 11
 * - 10
 * - 2

* e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive

title: List of wars involving Scotland


text:
soft key

Noun

 * 1)  A button, located along a display device, which performs whatever function is shown near it on the display.

Adjective

 * 1)  Gently highlighting; low-key.

title: soft key


text:
Toowong (disambiguation)

Toowong may refer to:

 * Toowong, a suburb in Brisbane, Australia
 * Toowong Cemetery
 * Toowong FC, a football club
 * Toowong Municipal Library Building, a heritage-listed former library
 * Toowong railway station
 * Toowong Reach, a reach of the Brisbane River
 * Toowong Village, a shopping centre and office tower
 * Town of Toowong, a former local government area
 * Electoral district of Toowong, a former electoral district of the Queensland Legislative Assembly

title: Toowong (disambiguation)


text:
Ilyinka, Altai Republic

Ilyinka (Ильинка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Ilyinskoye Rural Settlement, Shebalinsky District, the Altai Republic, Russia. The population was 690 as of 2016. There are 5 streets.

Geography
Ilyinka is located 85 km northwest of Shebalino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mariinsk is the nearest rural locality.

title: Ilyinka, Altai Republic


text:
Eden Auerbach Ofrat

Eden Auerbach Ofrat (born 1979) is an Israeli video-art and video installation artist. In her work, Auerbach Ofrat deals with cultural archetypes, canonical or imaginary symbols, contradictory and complementary existential poles, relying on literary and mythical sources. Her work is done either through playing with given mythological elements and symbols or by creating “private” myths. Eden has won an Sharett scholarship from the America-Israel Foundation and the “Young Artist Award” by the Israeli Ministry of Culture, Education, and Sports.

Biography
Eden Auerbach Ofrat was born in Jerusalem in 1979, daughter of art historian Gideon Ofrat and photographer Aliza Auerbach. During her childhood years, Eden studied at the Jerusalem Open Experimental School “Hanisuii”. From 1999 to 2000, Eden studied at Tel Aviv University's Department of Film and Television. Between 2000 and 2004, Eden studied in the Art Department at Bezalel School of the arts, Jerusalem, after which, in 2008, she spent one year studying at Goldsmiths College at the University of London. From 2010 to 2012, Eden studied in the master's program at Bezalel. Since her undergraduate studies, Eden has exhibited her work in many museum exhibitions (The Israel Museum, The Museum on the Seam, The Tel Aviv Museum, The Petah Tikvah Museum of Art, etc.) and group exhibitions in many galleries and festivals in Israel and abroad. From 2005 to 2009, Eden was one associated with Noga Gallery in Tel - Aviv. Eden's video and installation works are in the collection of the Israel Museum and private collections in Israel and abroad.

Awards

 * 2004 – America-Israel Foundation scholarship
 * 2014 – Ministry of Culture, Education and Sports Young Artist Award

title: Eden Auerbach Ofrat


text:
Linear Algebra/Vectors

Vectors are commonly used in physics and other fields to express quantities that cannot be accurately described by a scalar. Scalars are simply the value of something in a single dimension - a real number. For example, one might say that they have driven 5 kilometers, that an hour has elapsed, or that something's mass is 20 kilograms. In every one of these cases, there has been exactly one value stated.

However, we might have more information we wish to give. Take the example of driving 5 kilometers. In this case, it may be useful to know how far you drove, but it might also be equally important which direction you drove, such as 5 kilometers due east. Now, given your starting point, exactly where you drove can be determined.

Definitions
Vectors can be described mathematically by using trigonometry. We can define a vector to be an ordered pair consisting of a magnitude and a direction. In this diagram, r is the magnitude of this vector and θ is the direction. Notice, now, that we have moved horizontally r cos(θ) and vertically r sin(θ). These are called the x-component and the y-component, respectively.

We can also write a vector conveniently in terms of the x and y component. We write $$\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y\end{pmatrix}$$ for vectors. In some texts, you may see the vector written sideways, like (x, y), but when you write it will help greatly to write them downwards in columns. In print we commonly use bold vectors, but since you probably don't have a pen that writes in bold print, underline your vectors, i.e. write v, or put a tilde underneath your vectors. Occasionally in Physics, you may see vectors written with an arrow pointing right.

Notice that vectors need not have two components. We can have 2 or 3 or n or an infinite number of components.

We write the set of all vectors with 2 real number components as R2; likewise for 3, n, or infinite number of components. For components with complex numbers, we write C. Polynomials are "vectors" too - we'll look at notation for the set of polynomials later. For a reason why we do this, see Set theory for an explanation.

Stretching and shrinking
We can define some actions on vectors. What will happen if we extend the vector? Or what will happen if we shrink the vector? The vector's direction doesn't change, only its length -- its magnitude. The action we perform to stretch or shrink a vector is that we multiply its magnitude by some amount. We refer to doing this as scalar multiplication: we multiply the vector by a scalar real number.

Scalar multiplication
For scalar multiplication, we simply multiply each component by the scalar. We commonly use Greek letters for scalars, and English letters for vectors.

So for a scalar value of λ and a vector v defined by r and θ, the new vector is now λr and θ. Notice how the direction does not change.

Example
Say we have $$\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}$$ and we wish to double the magnitude. So, $$2 \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix}$$.

Addition of vectors
Simply, to add two vectors, you must add the respective x-components together to obtain the new x-component, and likewise add the two y-components together to obtain the new y-component.

Example
Say we have $$\mathbf{v_1}=\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}, \mathbf{v_2}=\begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix}$$ and we wish to add these. So, $$\mathbf{v_1}+\mathbf{v_2}=\begin{pmatrix} 6 \\ 9 \end{pmatrix}$$.

Subtraction of vectors
The operation of subtraction on two vectors, a and b, a-b, can also be written as a+(-1)b. Therefore, we can use scalar multiplication to find the value of (-1)b, then use vector addition to find our solution.

Complex numbers as vectors
^ ../Complex numbers/ can be represented in the form $$r(cos(\theta) + isin(\theta))$$ or equivalently $$re^{i\theta}$$, or in other words, a vector with magnitude $$r$$ and direction $$\theta$$. On the complex plane, this vector has a real x-component and an imaginary y-component. See ../Complex numbers/ for more information.

Lines and planes
We can form the equations of lines and planes using vectors. Let's see how we can do this.

Vector equation of the line
Consider a vector $$\mathbf{v}=\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}$$. Let's consider the following:
 * $$2\mathbf{v}=\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix}$$
 * $$-\mathbf{v}=\begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix}$$
 * $$3\mathbf{v}=\begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix}$$

If we have the equation λv, it is clear that for each choice of λ we choose, we get a different point on the line y=2x.

We can now generalize this idea into the vector equation of the line (and it is not restricted to 2 dimensions either).

The vector equation of a line is given by
 * x=λv (for a scalar λ)

where v is a vector parallel (which then, could lie) on the line. λ then, is the unknown in the equation. x is then the dependent vector variable.

Vector equation of the plane
Now consider a plane. If we have two nonparallel vectors lying on the plane and we add them, we can add a linear combination (that is, add the two vectors, which are multiplied only by scalars) to choose some other vector. The set of all vectors under linear combinations of these two vectors form a plane.

More simply, if we have two nonparallel vectors a and b we can form any other vector parallel to a and b by:
 * λ1a+λ2b=x

where λ1 and λ2 are both scalars.

Further algebra and geometry of vectors
There are other operations on vectors which we can perform. These operations we will consider have very real and significant geometric meanings.

Magnitude
The magnitude of a vector is its length in R+

The dot product
The dot product of two vectors is defined as the sum of the products of the components. Symbolically we write
 * $$\begin{pmatrix} a_1 \\ a_2 \\ \vdots \\ a_n \end{pmatrix}\cdot\begin{pmatrix}b_1 \\ b_2 \\ \vdots \\b_n \end{pmatrix} = a_1b_1 + a_2b_2 + \ldots + a_nb_n$$

For example,
 * $$\begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 5 \end{pmatrix}\cdot\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix}=3-10=-7$$

Properties of the dot product
If we have a and b as vectors,
 * a · b = b · a
 * c(a · b) = ca·b = a·cb

where c is a scalar.

Geometry of the dot product
The dot product of two vectors has an alternate form:
 * $$ \mathbf{a}\cdot\mathbf{b}=|\mathbf{a}||\mathbf{b}|\cos{\theta}$$

If we pick a vector c=a-b to form a triangle, we can show that these two forms are indeed equivalent by trigonometry.

The angle θ then is important, as it shows that the dot product of two vectors is related to the angle between them. More specifically, we can calculate the dot product of two vectors - if the dot product is zero we can then say that the two vectors are perpendicular.

For example, consider simply
 * $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}\cdot\begin{pmatrix}1 \\ -1\end{pmatrix}=1-1=0$$

Plot these vectors on the plane and verify for yourself that these vectors are perpendicular.

Cross product
The cross product is a more complicated product to define, but has a nice geometric property. We will only look at the cross product in three dimensions, since it is the most commonly used in three dimensions and it is difficult to define in greater dimensions.

For a vector with three components, the cross product is defined as
 * $$\begin{pmatrix} a_1 \\ a_2 \\ a_3 \end{pmatrix}\times\begin{pmatrix}b_1 \\ b_2 \\ b_3 \end{pmatrix} =

\begin{vmatrix} \mathbf{i} & \mathbf{j} & \mathbf{k} \\ a_1 & a_2 & a_3 \\ b_1 & b_2 & b_3 \\ \end{vmatrix}$$

where
 * $$\mathbf{i}=\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, \mathbf{j}=\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, \mathbf{k}=\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$$

If you have not done Matricies before, here is a formula to work out from above...

= i $$(a_2 b_3 - a_3 b_2)$$  - j$$ (a_1 b_3 - a_3 b_1)$$+ k $$(a_1 b_2 - a_2 b_1)$$

Properties of the cross product
The cross product has some properties
 * a×b = -b×a

which is easily verified from the above definition, and
 * c×(a+b) = c×a+c×b

Geometric properties of the cross product
The cross product has some interesting geometric properties.

If a and b are two vectors, a×b is the vector perpendicular to both. Now if we have two vectors, we have two choices of vector perpendicular to a and b - if we switch the order of the cross product we obtain the other vector.

The magnitude of the cross product of two vectors is the area of the parallelogram formed by these two vectors.

The scalar triple product, a·(b×c) is the volume of the paralleliped formed by these three vectors.

title: Linear Algebra/Vectors


text:
User:Jmejia10/sandbox

Utsava

'Utsava' is the Sanskrit word for Hindu festivals, it refers to “religious practices.”

Bathukumma

Womenfolk with exotic flowers of regions come to celebrate a glowing floral festival of Telangana, Bathukamma. This festival is celebrated for nine days and is recognized as the identity of Telangana.

Bonalu

It is celebrated in two cities which are Hyderabad and Secunderabad between the months of July and August. This festival is dated back to 1813 in Hyderabad and Secunderabad. Goddess Mahakali is worshipped in this annual Hindu festival.

Vishu

“Vishu” means equal in Sanskrit. Vishu is a symbol of the beginning of spring season. This festival is a phase that is devoted to the Lord Vishnu. Vishu is a festival for the family.

title: User:Jmejia10/sandbox


text:
Talk:Dave Charlton

Date of death?
The current source, IOL, says that Charlton died on Sunday February 24th, but according to Motorsport South Africa (MSA) he died on Saturday 23rd. Which date is correct? ,,n (talk) 13:57, 15 April 2013 (UTC)
 * That's a good question. My two favourite sources (both usually correct) disagree. Autosport/FORIX says the 23rd, but oldracingcars.com says 24th. Hopefully someone can come in with a more direct source, perhaps. Bretonbanquet (talk) 18:07, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Charlton


text:
User:Hawkeye7/War/Selected anniversaries/March 31

March 31

 * 1774 - American Revolutionary War: The Kingdom of Great Britain orders the port of Boston, Massachusetts closed in the Boston Port Act.
 * 1866 - The Spanish Navy bombs the harbour of Valparaíso, Chile


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/vtvestnik.kz

Links

 * vtvestnik.kz resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 8 additions.


text:
Acid–base chemistry

Acid/Base chemistry began with the Arrhenius model of acids and bases. This model states molecules in water that release hydrogen ions (H+) are acids, while molecules in water that release hydroxide (OH-) are bases. This is not complete. The current common definition of an acid and a base is based upon how the substance releases or attracts hydrogen ions (H+). Acids release H+ ions that can turn neutral molecules into positively charged ions, while bases can attract H+ ions from neutral molecules to produce negatively charged ions. This definition allows for bases such as ammonia which does not contain a hydroxide ion.

In water solutions, acids affect water molecules, producing hydronium (H3O+) and bases also affect water molecules, producing hydroxide (OH-) ions. The relative strength of acids and bases is measured by their respective ion concentrations once dissolved. The product of the hydronium ion (H3O+) concentration in water times the hydroxide ion concentration equals 1*10 to the -14th power. When water is not the solvent, the product of the concentrations of the positive and negative ions produced by acids and bases also has a constant value, but the value is different for each solvent.

In water solutions, the pH is equal to the negative log of the hydronium ion (H3O+) concentration. The pOH is equal to the negative log of the hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration. For typical solutions, pH varies between 0 and 14, with 7 (the pH of water) as neutral. Each "step" below 7 is ten times more acidic (since it was derived from a power of ten). For concentrated solutions (> 1 M) of strong acids or bases, solutions can have pH below 0 or above 14 respectively. However, considering the water system at 25 °C, the pH plus pOH of a substance is equal to 14.

The notion of pH in fact depends on the considered solvent and can be extended to other non aqueous polar solvent systems with different autoprotolysis constant. In this case, the sum of pH and pOH is equal to the value of -log of this constant.

For acids and bases that fit the Arrhenius model, a reaction between them always produce water and a salt. Reactions between acids and metal always produce a salt and hydrogen gas.

An electrolyte is a substance, that forms solutions capable to carry electric current.

Operational and Conceptual definitions

 * Operational definition deals with observable things.
 * Conceptual definition deals with interpretation.

Operational definition of bases
The fact that water dissociates to form H+ and OH- ions in a reversible reaction is the basis for an operational definition of acids and bases that is more powerful than the definitions proposed by Arrhenius. In an operational sense, an acid is any substance that increases the concentration of the H+ ion when it dissolves in water. A base is any substance that increases the concentration of the OH- ion when it dissolves in water.

These definitions tie the theory of acids and bases to a simple laboratory test for acids and bases. To decide whether a compound is an acid or a base we dissolve it in water and test the solution to see whether the H+ or OH- ion concentration has increased.

Conceptual definition of acids and bases.
Arrhenius theory

Svante Arrhenius concocted the first successful concept of acids and bases. He did this by defining acids and bases according to the effect these substances have on water. The Arrhenius concept of acids and bases is as follows: an acid is a substance that when dissolved in water increases the concentration of the hydrogen ion, H+. A base is a substance that when dissolved in water increases the concentration of the hydroxide ion, OH-. The hydrogen ion, is not just a bare proton, it is a proton bonded to a water molecule, H2O. This results in a hydronium ion, H3O+. In Arrhenius's theory, something that is a strong acid is a substance that completely ionizes in aqueous solution to give a hydronium ion, H3O+, and an anion. An anion is a negatively charged ion. An example of a strong acid is perchloric acid:

HClO4(aq) + H2O(l) -> H3O+(aq) + ClO4-(aq)

What is going on above is that we have perchloric acid in an aqueous solution. This perchloric acid ionizes entirely and results in a hydronium ion and a perchlorate anion. Some other examples of strong acids would be: HI, HBr, HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4.

Now on to bases...A strong base is something that completely ionizes in aqueous solution to give a hydroxide ion and a cation. A cation is a positively charged ion. Strong bases are most of the hydroxides of Group IA elements and Group IIA elements including LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2.

Many of the acids and bases that we encounter in our everyday lives are not strong acids, they are considered weak. Weak acids and bases do not completely ionize in solution, but exist in equilibrium.

Bronsted-Lowery Theory

The Bronsted-Lowery concept of acids and bases is that acid-base reactions can be seen as proton-transfer reactions. This results in acids and bases being able to be defined in terms of this proton (H+) transfer. According to the Bronsted-Lowery concept, acids donate a proton in a proton-transfer reactions. Bases accept the proton in a proton-transfer equation. As an example, lets look at the reaction of hydrochloric acid with ammonia. When we write it as an ionic equation we get:

H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + NH3(aq) --> H2O(l) + NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

which reduces to: H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq) --> H2O(l) + NH4+(aq)

because there are two Cl-(aq) (one each side). We now have the net ionic equation after we cancel out the "spectator ions"(Cl-).

What happens in this reaction in aqueous solution is a proton transfer. According to the Bronsted-Lowery concept, acids donate a proton in a proton-transfer reactions. Bases accept the proton in a proton-transfer equation. As an example, let's look at the reaction of hydrochloric acid with ammonia shown above. What happens in this reaction in aqueous solution is that a proton is transferred from H3O+ to NH3. This results in H3O+ losing a (H+), resulting in H2O. The NH3 gains the transferred proton, resulting in NH4+. We call H3O+ the proton donor, or acid. We call NH3 the proton acceptor, or base.

The Bronsted-Lowery concept defines something as either an acid or base depending on its function in the acid-base (proton transfer) reaction. Some things can act as either an acid or a base. These are called amphoteric species, they can either lose or gain a proton, depending on the other reactant. An example of an amphoteric species would be HCO3-. In the presence of OH-, it acts as an acid. In the presence of HF it acts as a base. Water is also amphoteric, as are most anions with ionizable hydrogens and certain solvents. Water as an amphoteric species is very important to the acid-base reactions.

In the Bronsted-Lowery concept we have found that:

1. A base is a species that accepts protons, while an acid is a species that donates protons.

2. Acids and bases can be ions as well as molecular substances.

3. Some species can act as either acids or bases, depending on what the other reactant is.

Acid - Base reactions
by acid - base indicators.
 * Neutralization reaction occurs, when equal quantities of acids and bases occurs. For example: H+ ions react with OH- ions, to make the H2O molecule.
 * Acid - base titration is the process of adding known molarity of acid or base to unknown molarity, until the neutralization will occur. The acid or base of known molarity called standard solution. The endpoint of the reaction can be determined

Comolarity calculation
The unknown molarity can be calculated from used volumes and molarity of known standard solution. To do this, we have to balance the equation, and determine the ratio between the Acid and Base.
 * Moles of acids = molarity × liters of acid.
 * Moles of base = molarity × liters of base.
 * If the ratio of this two equations is 1, then
 * Liters of acids × Moles of acid = Liters of base × Moles of base.
 * The unknown molarity can be calculated, from this relationship.

1) 23.45 mL of 0.275 M sodium hydroxide was used to titrate against mL of acetic acid. What was the concentration in M of acetic acid?

2) 17.05 mL of 0.247 M barium hydroxide was used to titrate against 10 mL of nitric acid. What was the concentration in M of nitric acid?

3) 35.79 mL of 0.275 M sodium hydroxide was used to titrate against 15 mL of sulfuric acid. What was the concentration in M of sulfuric acid?

4) 24.92 mL of 0.00199 M silver nitrate was used to titrate against 5 mL of sodium chloride solution. What was the concentration of NaCl?

(a) 1.29 M 	(b) 0.842 M	(c) 0.328 M	(d) 9.92 M

Normality of the solution
Normality of the solution is the number of moles of (H+) or (OH-) ions per solution. In general volumes and normality of reacting acids and bases are in inverse proportion.
 * Volume of Acids = Normality of bases.
 * Volume of solution = Normality of acids.

Conjugate acid - base pairs
have chemical formula that differ by one H+ (they differ by both one H atom and by a +1 charge). They typically appear in a chemical equation for an acid-base reaction, where one is a reactant and the other is a product. Stronger acids have weaker conjugate bases, while stronger bases have weaker conjugate acids. The strongest acids have conjugate bases that are so weak as to be non-basic. The strongest bases have conjugate acids that are so weak as to be non-acidic.

Ionization constant of acids
Ionization constant (Ka) is used to characterize the strength of acids. It is calculated like the constant of the following reaction.

$$K_a = {[H^+] [B^-] \over [HB]}$$.

In language, the equilibrium expression reads; "The dissociation constant of an acid is equal to the concentration of hydrogen ions times the concentration of the conjugate base of the acid divided by the concentration of un-ionized acid.                              $$K_B = {[X^+] [OH^-] \over [XOH]}$$.

Similarly, the equilibrium expression for a weak base reads: "The dissociation constant of a base equals concentration of hydroxide ions times concentration of conjugate acid divided by the concentration of un-ionized base.

$$K_W = {[H^+] [OH^-]}$$.

Where Kw is the equilibrium constant for water (unitless)

[H+] is the molar concentration of hydrogen

[OH-] is the molar concentration of hydroxide

Ka x Kb = Kw = 1.00x10-14

Hydrogen ion concentration.
pH is defined as the negative value of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. In acidic solutions H+ concentration is larger than 10-7. For example it can be 10-3, which means pH = 3. Solutions with pH values less than 7 are acidic; solutions with pH values greater than 7 are basic (alkaline). The range of pH is typically from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly basic); more extreme values sometimes occur.

The acidity or basicity of a substance is defined most typically by the pH value, defined as below: At equilibrium, the concentration of H+ is 10-7, so we can calculate the pH of water at equilibrium as:

pH = -log[H+]= -log[10-7] = 7

Solutions with a pH of seven (7) are said to be neutral, while those with pH values below seven (7) are defined as acidic and those above pH of seven (7) as being basic.

pOH gives us another way to measure the acidity of a solution. It is just the opposite of pH. A high pOH means the solution is acidic while a low pOH means the solution is basic.

pOH = -log[OH-]

 Strong Acids:  These acids completely ionize in solution so they are always represented in chemical equations in their ionized form. There are only seven (7) strong acids: HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO3, HClO4 To calculate a pH value, it is easiest to follow the standard "Start, Change, Equilibrium" process. Example Problem: Determine the pH of a 0.25 M solution of HBr.

 Weak Acids : These are the most common type of acids. They follow the equation:

HA(aq) <---> H+(aq) + A-(aq)

The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an acid is known as Ka. The larger the value of Ka, the stronger the acid.  Example Problem: Determine the pH of .30 M acetic acid (HC2H3O2) with the Ka of 1.8x10-5.

 Strong Bases:  Like strong acids, these bases completely ionize in solution and are always represented in their ionized form in chemical equations. There are only eight (8) strong bases: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

 Example Problem: Determine the pH of a 0.010 M solution of Ba(OH)2.

 Weak Bases:  They follow the equation:

Weak Base + H2O <---> conjugate acid + OH-

example: NH3 + H2O <---> NH4+ + OH+

Kb is the base-dissociation constant: Ka x Kb = Kw = 1.00x10-14

To calculate the pH of a weak base, we must follow a very similar "Start, Change, Equilibrium" process as we did with the weak acid, however we must add a few steps.

 Example Problem:  Determine the pH of 0.15 M ammonia (NH3) with a Kb=1.8x10-5.

When dealing with weak acids and weak bases, you also might have to deal with the "common ion effect". This is when you add a salt to a weak acid or base that contains one of the ions present in the acid or base. To be able to use the same process to solve for pH when this occurs, all you need to change are your "start" numbers. Add the molarity of the ion, which comes from the salt, and then solve the Ka or Kb equation as you did earlier.

 Example Problem: Find the pH of a solution formed by dissolving 0.100 mol of HC2H3O2 with a Ka of 1.8x10-8 and 0.200 mol of NaC2H3O2 in a total volume of 1.00 L.

Salts
Salt is one of the products of a neutralization. It is a compound containing at least one positive and one negative ion. All salts are strong electrolytes completely ionized by water. Some salts form acidic or basic solution. When it occurs this process is called hydrolysis.

title: Acid–base chemistry


text:
ambasador

Noun

 * 1) ambassador (minister)

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) ambassador
 * 2) ambassador, spokesman

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) ambassador

Noun

 * 1) ambassador

Noun

 * 1) ambassador

title: ambasador


text:
Category:User en

This category lists native English speakers.

The other levels of English knowledge are:
 * 0 for no knowledge
 * 1 for basic knowledge
 * 2 for intermediate knowledge
 * 3 for advanced or fluent knowledge

For a list of language specific tags, see Babel templates.

title: Category:User en


text:
Special relativity (MIT)

Class number
This Wikiversity course is a guide for the traditional university course MIT 8.033.

Mathematical background
To study this material, you will need to understand basic algebra.

Study hints
The key to understanding special relativity is to master the space-time diagram and think of the metric between the points as a "weird distance." Pretty much any problem in special relativity can be solved by graphing it on a piece of graph paper.

Another fundamental key when dealing with special relativity problems is remembering that when anything moves at high speed with respect to you, all its parts -along the direction of its movement- are in a different time. For example, if a mother gave birth to triplets in a train moving at a very high speed, and each one was sitting in a different rail car, for you (standing outside the train) the one in the last car would be more grown up than the one in the middle car, and this one would be more grown up than the one in the first car. The trick is that what is simultaneous for you isn't simultaneous for them.

Resources
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/relatvty.htm

http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-033Fall2003/CourseHome/index.htm

Relativity

Recommended Texts

 * Taylor and Wheeler. (1992). Spacetime Physics W. H. Freeman. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER> - One of the great things about this text is that it uses real problems, ie., it refers the reader to several research papers in reference to the problems given as exercises, and yet the exercises do not need anything more than a basic high school education to solve. An amazing accomplishment.

 * Special Relativity text. A good introduction and orientation.

title: Special relativity (MIT)


text:
A Problem with Fear

A Problem with Fear, or Laurie's Anxiety Confronting the Escalator is a 2003 absurdist comedy film by Canadian film-maker Gary Burns.

Plot
Laurie Harding (Paulo Costanzo) is a small shop clerk in the local Calgary mall. His world is full of tragic accidents - crosswalks, elevators, escalators and virtually anything associated with commercialism or technology is parodied as objects of fear and tragedy.

An elevator plunges 30 stories. A woman's scarf is caught in an escalator, strangling her to death. A man is struck by a car, right before Laurie had the premonition to not cross.

His own world is full of fear of these very events, his predictions of them, and his dependence on his less-than-sympathetic sister, Michelle (Camille Sullivan).

Michelle heads product development at the company Global Safety Inc., whose mission is to provide products to combat the "Fear Storm" which assails the city. With their "Early Warning 2 Safe System tm", the PDA-like device warns you of danger ahead of time and the "Safe Bracelet tm" senses your fear and allows you to beep for help.

Along with Laurie's prophetic powers, and the endless onslaught of accidents, the movie is full of absurd events: a mall announcer who continually requests a speaker of x foreign language - without any apparent reason; the same mall's population which slowly dwindles, being virtually empty by the film's end; an entire classroom population which is accosted simultaneously by hiccups;

Some of these are more apparently satirical of pop culture: to comfort himself, Laurie repeats commercial refrains, such "Rice-A-Roni, the San Francisco treat"; his girlfriend, Dot (Emily Hampshire), does a survey on "how the clothes you wear define you" - one she both detests and is obsessed by.

These events are framed by the pretextual plot of Laurie conquering his fears — and by extension, the fears of those around him. However, by the film's end, it is doubtful that anything has been changed or achieved.

Cast

 * Paulo Costanzo as Laurie
 * Emily Hampshire as Dot
 * Willie Garson as Erin
 * Keegan Connor Tracy as Vicky
 * Camille Sullivan as Michelle
 * Benjamin Ratner as Alan
 * Jennifer Clement as Tina
 * James McBurney as Bill
 * Marnie Alton as Daphne
 * Melba Montgomery as The Escalator Lady

title: A Problem with Fear


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rixie, Nevada

The result was delete. ansh 666 08:02, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

Rixie, Nevada

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

May not meet WP:GEOLAND because it has been asserted on the article's talk page (at Is there such a place?) that this alleged unincorporated community may not actually exist. North America1000 16:12, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Nevada-related deletion discussions. North America1000 16:13, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Geography-related deletion discussions. North America1000 16:13, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete. The only permanent traces of this location come from incidental mentions by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Mountainzone.com used to list this place as a reference location, but it gave nothing substantial. No entry in GNIS or any other evidence of a populated place. • Gene93k (talk) 21:07, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete per Gene93k above. MB 03:10, 26 September 2017 (UTC)