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User:Vuara/A word is a word is a word

http://www.accessiblesociety.org/mediamatters/mm20.html

Wed, 11 Dec. 2002 -- Media Matters No. 20: A word is a word is a word -- or is it?

Today's Media Matters begins a look at the words we use to talk about our research when we work to disseminate it beyond our own research colleagues.

Scientists, researchers and professionals all have sets of words they use routinely. The words seem clear enough, we think. Some terms are specific to one's particular profession. Others are terms that are common to the scientific community. Scientists and researchers use words in very precise ways, to mean one thing only -- and not another.

The problem with these words is that, while they communicate specific concepts clearly to colleagues, they often are thought of as jargon by outsiders.

When our goal is to reach the public with information about our research findings, the use of such words often erects an unnecessary barrier.

Journalism professor Carl Sessions Stepp of the University of Maryland gives a simple explanation by talking about what he calls "banana words."

Think of words such as "prison," "sidewalk," or "shark," he says. These are sometimes called "banana words" because, like the word "banana," they conjure up specific, shared images for most of us.

By contrast, consider words such as "proposal," "facility" and "problem." These are sometimes called "fuzz words," "blob words," or "second-degree words," he says, because they convey only abstractions. Although certain scientific terms are meaningful and clear to researchers, they fall into this category when they are used in press releases meant for editors and reporters in general-interest media.

Readers can understand banana words standing alone, but fuzz words require other words before making sense.

Although to a researcher a "banana word" may seem to denote fuzzy thinking, in fact it communicates more clearly to people who need only a general understanding of your research, whereas a word that may seem to you more specific in fact seems to be only a "blob word" to reporters and editors.

Especially in the first few sentences of a press release, says Stepp, one should strive for the highest possible percentage of banana words and images.

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http://www.uga.edu/langlab/vp0101featurewiwiwuial.htm

The University of Georgia Language Laboratories' VOICEPRINT ONLINE

A Word is a Word is a Word unless It's from Another Language

What do the following have in common?

The skunk someone hit on the GA 316... The video you wanted to rent... The Grand Canyon you visited last summer... The junk you keep putting in your closet... The soybeans doctors say are good for you... The alarm clock that didn't go off this morning... The English paper you haven't written... The tomato, potato and apricot, some of us eat regularly... The salt and pepper that add spice to many dishes... The gadgets you can't live without... The pumpkin pie of the traditional Thanksgiving feast...

Are you stumped? Here's a clue: look at the list again, but this time, look only and very carefully at the first noun(s).

The skunk someone hit on the GA 316... The video you wanted to rent... The Grand Canyon you visited last summer... The junk you keep putting in your closet... The soybeans doctors say are good for you... The alarm clock that didn't go off this morning The English paper you haven't written... The tomato, potato,and apricot some of us eat regularly... The salt and pepper that add spice to many dishes... The gadgets you can't live without... The pumpkin pie of the traditional Thanksgiving feast... Fourteen words...all perfectly understandable to speakers of American English, and yet, they have something very un-American in common. If you guessed that these words derive from other languages, you're right. These fourteen words come from over a dozen foreign languages; they, and thousands of other words, have been seamlessly incorporated into American English.

But, American English doesn't just "take " from other languages; it also "gives" many words and expressions to other languages. The difference between a "living" and a "dead" language is like the difference between the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee: everything flows into the Dead Sea; nothing flows out.

skunk..."he who squirts" If you've hit one on the road or met one face to face, nobody needs to tell you this little, striped mammal can squirt his foul, yellow spray up to a dozen feet. Perhaps, the Algonquian Indians, finding themselves once too often at the other end of the yellow spray, invented the word from which the word "skunk" is derived; in the Algonquian dialect, it simply means "he who squirts."

video..."I see" Video, from the Latin "I see," has been applied to television since the 1950's.

Canyon..."a large tube or funnel" If you've been to the Grand Canyon--perhaps, the most famous canyon in the world--canyon as a large tube or funnel hardly seems adequate to contain the meaning of what you experience standing on its North Rim and looking across the magnificent expanse before you. Derived from the Spanish, canyon in the U.S. is used to mean a very deep valley or gorge with steep sides, often with water flowing at the bottom. Even this definition falls short. Standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon, you know--among other things--what it means to run out of words before you run out of thoughts.

Junk..."untidy, small sailing boat" In the 18th century, pronunciation of foreign words was as much of a problem as it is today. Then, British sailors pronounced the Portuguese-via-Japanese word for small, sailing vessel, djong, as junk. Because the "junks" looked messy and untidy, "junk"--it is conjectured--has come to mean messy stuff.

Soybean...."salted food + oil" The ancient Chinese originally made a sauce from this bean, and it is believed, named the bean after the sauce. It is conjectured--things and words in the ancient world tended to travel without leaving a paper trail--that when the bean, perhaps in sauce or without, arrived in Japan, they called it shoy. From the Japanese word came the English soy, to which was added bean, and hence soybean. It is said that the Japanese valued soy sauce so highly, it was used as part of the salary of imperial court officers in fifth century Japan.

alarm..."a warning" There have probably always been various words used as containers for transmitting the meaning of danger or warning or enemy coming. It is curious why a certain word from a specific language becomes the word from which American English derives a word to contain, in this case, the meaning of warning. In the case of alarm, it is the Italian word all' arme! from which we derive alarm. In many instances, when words are derived from "foreign" words, letters drop and vanish, perhaps, in the interests of simplification.

English...10 million words As a designation for a language, English is first recorded in about A.D. 1000. At that time, there were about 30,000 words in the English language. Today's dictionaries contain about 650,000 words, but if all scientific and technical terms were included, the number of words in the English language swells to more than 10 million words. The average English speaker has a vocabulary of about 3,000 words, whereas an educated or well-read person might have a vocabulary of 60,000 words. Shakespeare used over 20,000 different words to write his plays. Linguistically speaking, where are you on the 3,000 - 60,000+ English vocabulary scale?

tomato..."love apple" Your friends, the ones who pronounce it "toe-mah-toe", are historically correct. The tomato plant came from the New World-- Mayans were first to cultivate it--to Spain and was called tomate. Americans didn't eat tomatoes until about 1830. Why? They thought they were poisonous. It's partially true. The vine of the plant is poisonous. As for their designation as "love apples"...there is much conjecture and numerous tales as to how this came about. The most reasonable tale tells how courtly Sir Walter Raleigh presented a tomato to Queen Elizabeth and with courtly suggestiveness advised her it was "an apple of love." Given the various tales, it is not surprising that tomatoes soon became a "wicked aphrodisiac." To this day, the tomato's common name in German is still Liebesapfel, and the expression hot tomato for a seductive and sexy woman is common to many languages.

potato... a tuber by the wrong name Although it is one of the world's most important vegetables, it has been incorrectly named. Potato derives from the Haitian word batata, for "sweet potato," which the Spaniards found in the West Indies in 1526 and introduced to Europe. Batata was corrupted to patata in Spanish and further corrupted by the English to potato. Then, the Spaniards discovered the Peruvian white potato, an unrelated plant, and ignoring the native name for it--papas--gave it the same name as the earlier tuber, and it, too, became known as potato in England. The English made a distinction between the two unrelated vegetables, and the one came to be called the sweet potato and the other white potato. And where, oh where, does spud come from? You guessed it--from the spade-like tool used to dig potatoes.

apricot..."early ripe" The Romans gave this relatively early ripening but small fruit a big name, calling it praecoquum. By the time the word entered Arabic, it lost a couple of letters and became alburquq; by the time Portuguese was through with it, it had regained a couple of letters and became albricoque. In England, it morphed into apricock. It wasn't until the 18th century that the Roman praecoquum became what we now call it, namely apricot.

salt... highly valued seasoning In ancient times, salt was highly valued, so much so that spilling it was an unlucky omen for the Romans. Roman soldiers were paid in salt (sal), so valuable a seasoning and preservative it was thought to be. pepper..."dried berries of climbing shrub" The word for this spicy condiment can be traced all the way back to the Sanskrit pippali. Garden peppers are not related to this shrub but were named the same when Columbus discovered hot varieties of garden peppers in the West Indies. He mistakenly believed they were simply a new variety of the old climbing shrub peppers.

gadget..."little mechanical thing" A relatively new word as words go, gadget dates back to only 1886 and likely derives from the French gachette.

pumpkin..."a fruit cooked by the sun" This member of the squash family originated in the Americas. Originally, the word for pumpkin probably came from the Greek pepon, a kind of melon. Pumpkins were so plentiful and everywhere among the Pilgrims that someone wrote: "we have pumpkins at morning and pumpkins at noon, if it were not for pumpkins we would soon be undoon."

VoicePrint recommends Robert Hendrickson's QPB Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origin (the source for the information on word origins in this feature) to you if you enjoy fun with words. Words, after all, are the "currency of thought," and as such are a medium of exchange for something everyone wants: meaning.

Hendrickson's revised and expanded edition covers 15,000 word and phrase origins. "I have tried," says Hendrickson, "to make all the selections as accurate and entertaining as possible and tried to use words illustrating all the many ways words and phrases are born (words deriving from numerous languages and dialects that have enriched English...."

QPB Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins was especially created in 1998 for Quality Paperback Book Club by arrangement with Facts on File Inc. For information contact: http://www.qpb.com or http://www.factsonfile.com

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Douglas R. Howland. Translating the West: Language and Political Reason in Nineteenth-Century Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2002. Xiv + 292 pp. Notes, glossary, illustrations, bibliography, index. $56.00 (cloth), ISBN 0-8248-2462-8. Reviewed by Kirsten Refsing, Department of Japanese Studies, The University of Hong Kong. Published by H-US-Japan (August, 2002)

Are we certain that we know what our words mean? The title of this review is drawn from the conclusion (p.184) to Howland's book about how western political concepts were introduced into the Japanese language during the Meiji period, and it neatly encapsulates the central focus of his work. Howland claims that many historians writing about political ideas in Japan have assumed that "a word is a word is a word", and if the Japanese used e.g. the word jiyuu at a particular moment in time, they meant "liberty"--no more, no less. His books show abundantly that such an assumption is a gross simplification.

Translating the West starts out with a long introduction setting out the parameters for the study. Howland outlines his project, which is to analyze the intellectual dynamics in the debate among Japanese scholars and intellectuals who conceptualized the process of modernization and civilization. The new vocabulary needed in this process in the early years after the Meiji Restoration came mainly from English, and its introduction into a Japanese context was not a one-time event, but rather the result of trial and error and several contesting viewpoints. To analyze how this process played out, Howland employs terminology and concepts from semiotics (transcoding material from one linguistic context to another), pragmatics (meaning is constituted through usage), Begriffsgeschichte (concept history), and, of course, from history, which is his main scholarly background. The introduction gives a brief overview of the introduction of Western learning, presents the Meirokusha intellectual elite, and describes how historians have traditionally treated the bunmeikaika ("civilization and enlightenment") process. He also discusses the problem of semantic transparency of foreign concepts, and finally the connections between concept, word, and meaning.

Chapter 2 is devoted to "civilization and enlightenment," and the debates on of how this should be brought about--from above or from below. Japanese intellectuals were well aware that the written language posed a formidable barrier to universal education and popular enlightenment by its archaic forms and complicated characters. Several solutions were proposed, of which the most successful was the movement to shift to writing colloquial rather than classical Japanese. Learning Chinese came under attack as backwards and outdated, but was defended by scholars of Chinese and eventually remained alive and well. Howland points to the important role played by the Chinese characters in mediating between Japan and the West in terms of translation. Rather than borrowing foreign words and incorporating them as loanwords, in most cases the Japanese preferred to avail themselves of the infinite possibilities for semantic extensions or neologisms present in the Chinese characters. Apart from this practical consideration, learning Chinese helped fill the moral and ethical vacuum perceived as resulting from the excessive new materialism.

Chapter 3 concentrates on translation techniques and how the transcoding of Western terms transformed the Japanese language (like Chinese had done from the fifth century onwards). The majority of the new words were coined with the help of Chinese characters. Often different choices were made by different translators or even by the same translator over time. Only later were katakana brought in to help, and the first attempts at formal standardization of common terms began in the 1880s. Actual standardization took place through the repeated usage of specific terms, which gradually brought some consensus, and a more widespread understanding of their meanings. Of course, the fact that the meanings of many terms were contested in their language of origin did not make the task easier. Howland operates with two analytical constructs, authenticity and accessibility, with regard to the translators' task: the former gives priority to the original text and attempts a close and exact translation as far as possible, while the latter prioritizes the Japanese target audience and changes the original text as necessary to ensure understanding. Several developments further helped to provide accessibility of the translated texts, such as the introduction of punctuation and development of printing techniques that made it possible to mark loanwords in the text for easy recognition.

With these preliminaries behind him, Howland proceeds to analyze in detail the history of the concept and translation of three key terms between the 1860s and the 1890s, namely "liberty", "rights" (ken as used to represent rights, privilege, power, authority, and sovereignty), and "society". He traces their interpretations in the West, as well as the many different uses they were put to by different people and in different contexts. The three chapters devoted to these terms are impressive in terms of the meticulousness with which each term is traced in the writings of the time, and in terms of providing the historical context necessary to understand the different usages. In the conclusion, Howland refers to the difficulty inherent in grasping particular meanings of terms at a particular time in the face of the general fluidity of language, and he briefly discusses another key term of the period, namely "nation".

One third of Howland's book (100 pages) is taken up by endnotes, glossary, bibliography and index, of which the endnotes constitute more than half. This is a testimony to the enormous amount of research behind the study and the diverse interdisciplinary background of the author. To linguists and anthropologists the interconnectedness of language and culture is hardly a new discovery, and they are generally well aware of the "double bind" inherent in translation: every culture has concepts, which do not have easily available equivalents in another language. If you translate them anyway, you are stuck with a less than optimal equivalent. If, as many prefer to do, you leave them in the original language and attach a longish explanation the first time it occurs, you may be criticized for needless mystification of a foreign concept. Howland may at times seem overly impressed with his own discovery of the cultural boundness of abstract concepts, but this in no way detracts from the significance and usefulness of his work.

To this reviewer who has a background in Japanese Studies and an interest in translation, the main contributions of Translating the West lie in two attributes: Firstly, it is written from a historian's point of view with the fruitful addition of a good grounding in semiotics and the history of ideas, and, secondly, in its thorough empirical specificity, namely the translation problems encountered by the Japanese intellectual elite, who translated and introduced Western liberal concepts to Japan between 1860 and 1890.

However, while reading, however I found myself wondering how other target groups might perceive this book. The cover text claims that the book will interest scholars of East Asian Studies, translation studies, and historians of political thought. Knowledge of the Japanese language is therefore not a prerequisite for readers. Indeed, non-Japanese speakers can enjoy a detailed explanation of what a syllabic alphabet is (p. 47). It seems, nevertheless, difficult to imagine what scholars, who do not know Japanese, can gain from this book if they are not already familiar with Japan at least to the extent of knowing what syllabic writing is.

For those who know Japanese well, there is a curious contradiction inherent in the fact that by choosing to write the book such that it is readable to people with no knowledge of Japanese, Howland gets into the same quandary as the Japanese intellectuals of whom he writes. Namely, he has to represent Japanese translation words for English concepts, in English. This kind of "back-translation" is quite frustrating for the reader who knows Japanese and would dearly like to know what the Japanese word in question was. Thus, when Howland quotes Nishi Amane's ponderings over the difficulties of translating Joseph Haven's Mental Philosophy and writes that Amane created neologisms for words "such as "reason", "sensibility", "sense", and "understanding"", this reader cannot help wondering what words Amane actually created in Japanese for these terms (pp. 82-83). The "Glossary of Translation Words" beginning on p. 249 is not much help in this context, since it contains only Japanese words in Roman letters and characters.

Howland maintains a sometimes uneven balance between writing for historians, with no specific knowledge of Japan (or Japanese), and writing for specialists in East Asia or in translation studies. Each of these groups will definitely gain something from the book, but in its totality, it may only genuinely appeal to other scholars specializing in the Meiji period.

Citation: Kirsten Refsing. "Review of Douglas R. Howland, Translating the West: Language and Political Reason in Nineteenth-Century Japan," H-US-Japan, H-Net Reviews, August, 2002. URL: http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=180151030808999.

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http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/yingzi.htm

If English was written like Chinese

The English spelling system is such a pain, we'd might as well switch to hanzi-- Chinese characters. How should we go about it?

Japanese style

One way would be to use hanzi directly, asthe Japanese do. For instance, we'd write "work" as, and "ruler" as. Chinese and Japanese borrowings could be written using the original hanzi, e.g. "gung-ho" would be, and "tycoon" as.

You can already see that this is going to be tricky. We've just given two readings, for instance-- /wrk/ and /gûng/-- and  two as well-- /rulr/ and /kun/.

Proper names will be a problem as well. Again, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean names already have hanzi forms-- e.g. for the name of the bodaciously cute singer Faye Wong-- but for English names we'd have no better recourse than to spell things out using the nearest Chinese syllables. For instance, Winston Churchill would be represented by hanzi that would be transliterated Wensuteng Chuerqilu.

Chinese style

Maybe there's a better approach. Instead of using hanzi directly, let's invent a new system-- we'll call it yingzi, "English characters"-- that would work for English exactly as hanzi works for Chinese.

The basic principle will be, one yingzi for a syllable with a particular meaning. So two, to, and too will each have their own yingzi. (If we were creating a syllabary, by contrast, we'd write all three with the same symbol, the one for /tu/.)

Does that mean we need a completely separate symbol for each of the thousands of possible English syllables? Not at all. We can simplify the task enormously with one more principle: syllables that rhyme can have yingzi that are variations on a theme.

Little pictures

You've been reading for half a page and are probably wondering why I haven't yet talked about pictograms. When do we get to draw little pictures?

Well, now's the time. Let's draw pictures. For instance:

horse mount king man child bug sun moon tree

When the pictures are abstract we can call them "ideograms", but they still represent particular English morphemes:

one un- per

Some of our pictures will be kind of clever. For instance, woods repeats the yingzi for tree, while  east is a little picture of the sun rising through the trees. guilt is a picture of a man inside an enclosure.

Let's not go crazy, however. We only need a thousand or so, and we'll restrict ourselves to fairly simple, one-syllable words. We'll derive the vast majority of our yingzi from this basic stock of pictures.

Phonetic classes

Basically each simple yingzi will be the basis for an open-ended set of yingzi, used for a set of rhyming syllables. For instance, the king character will generate the family king, thing, sing, sling, sting, shing(le).

It would be awfully confusing to use for all of these. Instead we'll use it only for king, which will be the phonetic for this set, and add little signs called radicals to distinguish the rest. Examples:

sing will be, formed by adding the mouth radical sting will be, formed by adding the bug radical (since insects sting) shing (the first syllable in shingle) will be, formed using the roof radical sling will be formed using the spear radical. When we add a radical, we scrunch up the yingzi so the whole thing still fits into a square. All characters, however complex, fit into the same size box. "Rhyming" isn't quite accurate. We don't want each family of words to get too large; so we'll restrict a single family to either voiced or unvoiced initial consonants.

So, bring, ring, Bing, wing, zing will form a separate family of yingzi, based on the character wing.

Overlaps and secondary derivations The yingzi formed from a single phonetic will all rhyme; but not all syllables that rhyme will necessarily have the same yingzi. This is largely because we started with a set of pictograms chosen for their pictorial rather than phonetic qualities; but it also adds visual distinctions to the script, and thus aids the reader. (It rather burdens the writer; but heck, everyone does a lot more reading than writing.)

For instance, the phonetic un- will be used for fun, ton, pun, thun(der), Hun, etc. But sun will have its own yingzi,, and this will be used for son, shun, stun, spun. For instance, sun plus the man radical makes son, and sun with the fight radical is used for  shun.

Moreover, a compound yingzi may itself be used as a phonetic with its own set of yingzi. The shun character, for instance, will be used with the work radical to form -tion, used to spell this common suffix, as in  section.

Radicals Where do the radicals come from? For the most part they are either simple characters (e.g king, work), or abbreviations of characters; for instance the character net is abbreviated to  when used as a radical.

The set of radicals is not unlimited; there is in fact a fixed set of 214 of them. The total number of yingzi that belong to one phonetic set is thus absolutely limited to 214. No set will actually have this number of yingzi, though some will have a few dozen.

(However, the potential number of yingzi is still unlimited, because we can always choose a compound yingzi as a new phonetic, and generate a new set of rhyming yingzi from it.)

Because the set of radicals is limited, a really good radical will not always be available to distinguish the yingzi in a rhyming set. We'll just choose the best one we can. In addition, when choosing radicals we will rely on the etymological meaning of a word, which may not always match its current meaning. For instance, the word villain originally meant peasant, and so the sign for vill- uses the field radical (added to the phonetic bill).

The yingzi that use a particular radical will form a class of their own-- a sort of meaning class. We can consider the entire English language to be divided into 214 meaning categories. For instance, every yingzi that uses the bug radical will have something to do (at least etymologically) with insects or reptiles. However, since the number of radicals is so limited, and because the choice of radical is sometimes quirky, the resulting sets will be rather vague and eccentric.

Guessing at an unknown character

There will be tens of thousands of yingzi; but we must not let this frighten us. There are tens of thousands of conventional spellings, too, but despite what the wiseacres say, it would be absurd to say that there's no logic to English orthography at all. Likewise, the yingzi themselves are not the basic graphical units or graphemes of the writing system; the phonetics and radicals are.

Readers can make use of this fact to guess the pronunciation of an unknown character. For instance, is a straightforward combination of the  speech radical with the phonetic  purse. A type of speaking that rhymes with purse-- curse, of course.

Or,, a combination of the plant radical with the guilt phonetic. Something about plants that rhymes with guilt? This one is a bit harder-- wilt.

-- a plant (radical plant) that rhymes with speech-- is easy: peach. But note that speech, which we used as a radical above, is used as a phonetic here.

Since there are many more phonetics than radicals, the information content of the radical is much less than that of the phonetic. If you knew only the radical for an unknown character, you can only narrow down the meaning to 1/214 of the lexicon; if you knew only the phonetic, you could narrow it down much further, since there are more than a thousand phonetics.

Polysyllabic words

Where possible we will divide a word into morphemes. For instance outsider breaks into out + side + -er; reshipment is re- + ship + -ment.

How do we handle morphemes of more than one syllable? We simply create a yingzi for each syllable. For instance, person would be expressed as. The first character is based on per, with the addition of the man radical; the second is  sun with the addition of the same radical.

A polysyllabic morpheme, in fact, can generally be recognized because all the syllables have the same radical. For instance, insect consists of in and sect, each with the addition of the bug radical. (Note that sect is itself a compound character, formed from the rite radical with the specked phonetic.)

Inflections How about inflections that don't form a full syllable, such as plural -s? It would be pretty tiresome, even with the add-a-radical trick, to create thousands of yingzi for syllables that just happen to have a final -s.

Note, however, that the plural morpheme sometimes takes up its own syllable, as in grasses, rashes. So why not use the yingzi for is, which is ? Of course, is and -s are both pretty common, so we should add a little dot to the character to represent final -s: So peach is, peaches is ; sun is , suns is. We can use a similar strategy for other inflections.

Foreign words Very old borrowings (e.g. the mass of words borrowed in medieval and Renaissance times from French and Latin) will be treated like native words. We've already seen examples like peach, villain, insect, and person.

Words borrowed more recently, however, won't get their own radical+phonetic compounds. Instead we'll represent them, syllable by syllable, using the nearest existing characters. For instance, Peking will be represented as. The first character is the first syllable of pecan (that is, pe-; phonetic see, radical gourd), and the second is the word king. The name Fellini will be written, composed of the yinzi fell, lean, knee. (You may amuse yourself working out what the phonetics and radicals are for these three characters.)

Dictionaries English dictionaries would no longer be arranged alphabetically, of course, since we're no longer using an alphabet. They'll be organized by radical.

The 214 radicals are ordered according to the number of strokes needed to draw them. Radicals of one stroke (e.g. http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/one.gif one or http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/per.gif per ) come first, followed by radicals of two strokes (e.g. http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/not.gif un-), and so on, up to monstrosities like http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/toad.gif toad, which has 20 strokes.

The section for each radical is also organized by stroke number. Under the plant radical, for instance, the first entry is http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/plant.gif plant itself, followed by characters with one extra stroke (like http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/dron.gif dron, the last character in rhododendron), then characters with two strokes, and so on (up to http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/toads.gif, the first character in toadstool).

Note that there are no main entries for what we're used to calling words at all. There wouldn't be a main entry at all for a word like person, for instance. There would be an entry for the man radical; under it a sub-entry for the character per, and person would be listed as a sub-sub-entry under that.

Thinking in yingzi The nature of the writing system would encourage lexicographers (and English speakers) to think of everything in the language as built out of yingzi. There wouldn't seem to be a great difference between "words" like storehouse, storage, restore and "expressions" like shoe store, store up, store detective, store manager; or between blackboard and black eye, or between alphabet and alpha male.

Many morphemes that now live out a shadowy existence, forever bound to other morphemes, would take on an independent existence; for instance the volve in revolve, evolve, involve, devolve, which would have its own yingzi, and would seem as much a "word" or component of the language as the match in rematch, mismatch, unmatch. There would be a tendency to describe the meanings, vague or miscellaneous as they might be, for such characters.

This might seem sensible and even wise for a morpheme like volve, which after all derives from a real Latin root meaning roll; but there would be other, more dubious applications. For instance, the son in person was represented by http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/son.gif, which happens to be the yingzi for son. It will be almost impossible not to assume that person derives from son; but historically it's just a coincidence; person derives from Latin and has nothing to do with son.

Worse yet, the -cuit of biscuit and circuit might be written with the same character (a derivative of kit), and a meaning sought for it-- perhaps 'round', since biscuits are round and circuits involve going round. Again, etymologically this is nonsense.

Words, perceived as compounds, might lend themselves to abbreviation. After all, why write two yingzi when one will do, especially if it unmistakably implies its partner? For instance, language would be a two-character word http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/lang.gif http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/gwidge.gif, each character defined only as part of this compound and used nowhere else in the language. If you've written lang, you must write gwidge next. You might as well just write http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/lang.gif lang and leave it at that. Ultimately of course http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/lang.gif will acquire a meaning of its own-- namely language. And for consistency's sake lexicographers might well give gwidge a meaning of its own as well--namely, language.

The complexities of the writing system, the inherent interest of the pictorial elements, the cleverness inherent in graphic compounds like woods and the radical-phonetic system, and even sociological facts such as the time it takes to learn the system, and the fact that English speakers of all nations can use it whatever their native dialect, would also combine to give the writing system an overwhelming character of its own. It would be seen as more important than speech; there would even be a tendency to think of words as derived from characters rather than the other way around.

If someone asks where a word comes from, we (now) think of its original phonetic form; we say for instance that language comes from French langage, itself derived from Latin lingua 'tongue', which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-European dnghu. With the yingzi system, people would be tempted instead to give what we might call the graphic etymology. They'd say that lang derives from the speech radical and the gang phonetic, and that the latter is actually a picture of a gang-- a reduplication of the man character. That is indeed where http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/lang.gif comes from, but not lang, which did not derive from it! (But it wouldn't even be easy to make this point in yingzi-- how do you distinguish lang from http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/lang.gif if you can't even write "lang" without writing the character?)

A word is a word is a word

Does all this mean that words are cultural constructs or that the concept of a word would no longer apply to English written in yingzi? Not at all. A word is still a useful linguistic concept-- or rather a series of overlapping concepts. By word linguists may mean one or all of the following:

a phonological unit-- e.g. something with one stress accent or one pitch contour; or a unit within which intervocalic stops get voiced. the abstraction underlying a set of morphological forms (e.g. write underlying write, writes, writing, written, wrote). an element which can stand alone (e.g. in response to a suitably chosen question), as suffixes or bound morphemes cannot. a morphological unit you can't insert other morphemes into (e.g. black dog is not a word since you can change it to black, tired dog; but you can't turn blackbird into blacktiredbird) an expression with a conventional meaning-- something that has to be defined in the mental lexicon (this sense is also called a lexeme). A moment's thought should show that these definitions may or may not coincide even in English; and that even where they do they may not coincide with the typographical or lexicographical notion of a word. The latter idea-- roughly 'something with spaces around it'-- is of little interest to linguists since it depends on the writing system. That makes it useless for describing most of the languages of the world; and even for written languages it's pretty arbitrary, as this page should show. (Everything you know about writing English would change if we adopted yingzi instead.)

It's safe to say, however, that such definitions would seem fairly abstract in a yingzi system. Word might become a technical term, like morpheme or lexeme. Or it might be identified with a yingzi (a written character); or be abstracted into a more vaguely defined linguistic element, applicable to anything from a character to a compound to a whole phrase.

Hey, did I just learn something about Chinese?

I've attempted in this sketch to lay out, by analogy, the nature and structure of the Chinese writing system. All of the concepts apply:

the limited role of pictograms the clever compound pictures (indeed all three examples are from Chinese) the phonetic-and-radical system (97% of Chinese characters work this way) the inclusion of radicals as part of the character (rather than as separate symbols, as in cuneiform or hieroglyphic writing) the relative information content of radicals and phonetics compounds used as secondary phonetics the handling of multisyllabic and foreign words the handling of subsyllabic morphemes (the model here is Mandarin -r, represented by ér) the organization of dictionaries (in fact, the graphic at the top of the page shows part of the radical index for a Chinese dictionary, organized by stroke count) the psychological effects. The radicals named are all also Chinese radicals. The phonetics are not, of course, since the phonetics in hanzi refer to the sounds of Chinese words, not English ones. But I tried to pick phonetics which would also be phonetics in Chinese (e.g. sun, king, wing, tree, one, east, field, bill).

There are differences, too. For instance, I haven't made any attempt to make my yingzi look like hanzi.

The phonetic sets of Chinese are not exactly based on rhymes. Karlgren explains that the hanzi belonging to one set had homorganic initial consonants (e.g. k, g), the same main vowel, and the same final consonant.

I've also underreported the complexity (and arguably the inefficiency) of the Chinese script in several important ways:

The phonetic sets in Chinese, though still useful, are two thousand years out of date. It's as if my yingzi phonetics had to rhyme in Proto-Germanic, not in modern English. The scribes who devised hanzi often went wild adding radicals, creating multiple characters for what are etymologically the same root. Four milennia have reduced the pictorial content of the hanzi primitives almost to nil. What the "pictograms" are pictures of is often evident only to the scholar. Clear and precise handwriting is by no means a virtue in Chinese; the most admired style, câoshu, is highly simplified, suggesting rather than delineating the characters intended. The People's Republic has simplified many of the traditional hanzi; and this reform has been accepted in Singapore but not in Taiwan or Hong Kong. It's as if the US had its own versions of a large fraction of English yingzi. I also haven't gotten into the many additional complications engendered when hanzi were adopted by Japanese, Korean, or Vietnamese; for more on that see John DeFrancis's The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy.

In some respects, however, yingzi are harder than hanzi. For instance, English has many more multisyllabic morphemes than Chinese. Only about 10% of Chinese morphemes are more than one syllable long. Also, English has borrowed so much that it often has five or six morphemes where Chinese would have just one-- compare wáng vs. king, regal, royal, regicide, Rex, or zì vs. word, verb, logograph, bon mot.

--Mark Rosenfelder

+++

http://www.homepages.indiana.edu/041301/text/auger.html

The connections of language, thought and social structure

By studying language, even the pre-historic, linguists discover a wealth of societal information By Susan Williams

Auger Languages are tools that allow speakers to communicate and exchange information. So, they must contain words and expressions that refer to the various elements present in their environments. A word is a word is a word—not!

To turn a phrase, there is much more to the utterance of a single word than meets the tongue.

Ask Julie Auger, assistant professor of linguistics and French at IU Bloomington. Auger is a sociolinguist whose specialization is variation studies. Her research deals with spoken French and a little known language spoken in France called Picard. She also teaches about language and gender.

Not every linguist agrees upon how sociolinguistics fits into the study of the human language faculty. Some see it standing along side of other sub-disciplines, such as morphology, syntax, phonology, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and anthropolotical linguistics. Others, however, believe that sociolinguistics is a redundant term, that all linguistics must be social. In any case, everyone agrees that we can learn something about a society by studying its language.

“Languages are tools that allow speakers to communicate and exchange information,” said Auger, “So, they must contain words and expressions that refer to the various elements present in their environments.

“The existence of a word reflects the existence of a thing that is recognized as an entity different from some other thing. For example, the existence of the words “water,” “ice,” “snow” and “steam” in English means that English speakers recognize four different things, even though all these things consist of H2O. The reverse is not necessarily true, however. Even if a single word is used for two things, it doesn’t mean that the difference between them is not recognized, so one must be very careful,” said Auger, who points out that while the word “leg” can be used in a general sense, we clearly recognize that the leg of a table and a dog’s leg are not the same.

Sometimes, said Auger, to determine the values of a society, it’s worth looking at how language evolves, how words change in meaning.

“In French, the word ‘crétin,’ which is a regional form of the word meaning ‘Christian,’ has come to mean ‘stupid,’ probably because the Christian habit of not hitting back was seen as a sign of weakness and stupidity,” she said.

Studying the language of a lost culture may not hold its every key, but it still can be revealing. According to Auger, words that a linguist can reconstruct indicate the animals, plants, tools and other objects that were present in the lives of the people who spoke that language. That information can help geographically locate where the language used to be spoken.

“For example, we have been trying to learn more about the people who spoke the language that is the common ancestor of Hindi, Greek, Parsi, Russian, English, French, Albanian and so many other languages spoken in Asia and in Europe,” said Auger. “Based on the names of animals and plants that we believe existed in that pre-historic language, we have a vague idea that these people lived in the temperate forest of northern or eastern Europe.”

Linguistics can also provide important information concerning who was in contact with whom at a certain time. And also which cultures were more powerful and/or prestigious than others.

“French borrowed many words from Italian during the 15th and 16th centuries because Italian culture was so advanced at that time,” said Auger. “Because this took place not such a long time ago, we have many different ways of knowing about this. But, when contact took place 2,000 or more years ago, sometimes the only way we know that group A knew and talked to group B is if we find a word from one language in the other.”

Relatively new as a field of linguistics, but at least as old as Adam and Eve themselves as a concept, is the study of how men and women use language differently. Along with other areas of gender studies, this specialty promises a new wealth of societal information, including whether or not the social changes that are taking place in the roles of women and men are reflected in language. But here, and in all other areas of linguistic study, research will proceed with caution.

“Any analysis we come up with is only a theory,” said Auger, “We must always be ready to admit the existence of alternative theories and be ready to revise our theory. We also must seek confirmation from other disciplines whenever possible—archaeology, sociology, anthropology and genetics, for instance.

“There is a connection between language, thought and social structure, but this connection is incomplete and imperfect.”

title: User:Vuara/A word is a word is a word


text:
User:Ugoglen

Well, here I am. I am currently a freshman at St. John's College, Santa Fe studying the classics. Don't know where I'm headed or what I'm going to do yet, but I am pursuing every option I can find!

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ugoglen


text:
Shigenobu Ito

Shigenobu Ito (15 September 1880 – 31 July 1960) was a Japanese painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Shigenobu Ito


text:
User:Pepethepew8407/sandbox

Pepethepew8407 is a wikipedia page meant to provide some obviously fictional information regarding a character, John The Pew Beesly, in a high school play.

title: User:Pepethepew8407/sandbox


text:
User:Ford Prefect 2

Ford Prefect 2 was a writer for Wikipedia. He has written the articles on Al McWhiggin, Yoda (Song), Al Calavicci, Mind, Body and Kick Ass Moves, Caitlin Hale, Fujieda MY FC and Vadão. Previously he had written the articles on Captain Ash, Snowman (TimeSplitters) and Jungle Queen (TimeSplitters), but these were deleted.

Ford Prefect 2 retired from Wikipedia at the end of 2009, citing frustration of what he perceived to be excessive bureaucracy present at Wikipedia.

However on 11th May 2010, he announced his Wikipedia comeback. This was done because of the amount of red links present in articles- Prefect despises red links in articles.

Unfortunately Prefect's comeback was short-lived. He realised that any articles that were in need of writing were in need for a good reason. After 10+ articles and 6 years of writing, Prefect announced his semi-retirement from Wikipedia.

title: User:Ford Prefect 2


text:
Talk:Frederick Stuart

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Frederick Stuart which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 05:49, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frederick Stuart


text:
Hossam Ashraf

Hossam Ashraf  (حسام اشرف; born 20 June 2001) is an Egyptian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Egyptian Premier League club Zamalek.

title: Hossam Ashraf


text:
Portal:Euclidean geometry

Lessons

 * Euclidean geometry
 * Geometry
 * Euclid's Elements

Wikibooks

 * Geometry

Outside Sources

 * Math and the Art of MC Escher A course covering Euclidean as well as non-Euclidean geometry at Saint Louis University. Taught using an interdisciplinary approach using the art of the Dutch graphic artist M.C. Escher.
 * TED: The Beautiful Math of Coral - A TED Talk by Margaret Wetheim that explores the connection between Euclidean space and the feminine handicraft, crochet.

title: Portal:Euclidean geometry


text:
User:Fiveby/Sandbox

Template
20061222125651

blacklist

Naturals
Flies meant to imitate a stage in the life cycle of an aquatic insect are called Naturals. Mayflies (order ephemerotera), Caddisflies (trichoptera), Stoneflies (plecoptera) and Midges (Diptera) are important food sources for Trout.

Mayflies and stoneflies undergo incomplete metamorphisis emerging from their eggs as nymphs. Caddis flies and midges on the other hand pass through larval and pupal stages before becoming adult insect s.

Mayflies

 * order Ephemeroptera

Stoneflies

 * order Plecoptera

Dragonflies and Damselflies

 * order Odonata

Water bugs

 * order Hemiptera

Alderflies and Dobsonflies

 * order Megaloptera

Caddisflies

 * order Trichoptera

Midges or True Flies

 * order Diptera

Beetles

 * order Coleoptera

Moths

 * order Lepidoptera

title: User:Fiveby/Sandbox


text:
water injection

Noun

 * 1)  The process of squirting a small amount of water, in the form of a fine spray, into the air/fuel mixture going into a gasoline piston engine, in order to cool the engine cylinders, and, thereby, reduce detonation or knocking in high performance engines, especially when using a high compression ratio.
 * 2)  The process of squirting water into the combustion chamber of a jet engine to allow it to produce greater thrust, partly from the production of high-pressure steam and partly from the cooling effect of the water allowing the engine to burn a greater quantity of fuel without overheating.

title: water injection


text:
AS Viitorul Vaslui

Asociația Sportivă Viitorul Vaslui, commonly known as Viitorul Vaslui, was a Romanian football club based in Vaslui, Vaslui County founded in 1976 and dissolved in 1990. Their main rival it was Mecanica Vaslui, a club who which was founded as Viitorul but who dropped this name in 1983.

History
The club was founded in 1976, in the commune of Moara Grecilor, near to Vaslui, under the name of Inter Moara Grecilor and played at the county level until 1983. Renamed as Inter Vaslui, the club promoted to Divizia C winning Vaslui County Championship at the end of the 1982–83 season. The team included players such as Ion Anton, Costel Măgureanu, Neculai Genovel, Sorin Manea, Dan Băbăscu, Constantin Gavriluță among others.

Inter finished in an honorable eighth place in the first season in third division, followed by fifth place in the 1984–85 season. The second place from 1985–86 season predicted the promotion from next season. With former Rapid București player Constantin Dinu as new head coach, Inter won the series II of Divizia C promoting for the first time in the second division.

In Divizia B, Inter lasted only one season, finishing in 15th place tied on points with CS Botoșani and FEPA 74 Bârlad it was relegated at goal difference. However, the next season, the club was renamed as Viitorul Vaslui, and promoted back to second division winning the Series II of Divizia C. Viitorul relegated again after was finished in last place in Series I of Divizia B at the end of 1989–90 season.

The club was disbanded in the summer of 1990 due to the lack of funds.

Honours
Liga III Liga IV – Vaslui County
 * Winners (2): 1986–87, 1988–89
 * Runners-up (1): 1985–86
 * Winners (1): 1982–83

title: AS Viitorul Vaslui


text:
Matthew Brown (baseball)

Matthew Benjamin Brown (born August 8, 1982) is a former third baseman. Brown was selected by the Anaheim Angels in the 10th round of the 2001 Major League Baseball Draft out of Coeur d'Alene (Idaho) High School.

Career
He debuted on May 10,, flying out to left field in a pinch-hit appearance against the Cleveland Indians. He never collected a hit in five major league at-bats in 2007, however had one hit, a double, in (14 at-bats). He was batting .326 with 21 home runs and 67 RBI for the Angels' Triple-A Pacific Coast League affiliate, the Salt Lake Bees when his season ended as a result of being selected for the 2008 USA Baseball Olympic Team.

Brown signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins in December 2010 to provide organizational depth behind third baseman Danny Valencia. He last played for the Acereros de Monclova in the Mexican League in 2012.

title: Matthew Brown (baseball)


text:
AJ Gil

Abner Juda Gil (born July 5, 1984) is an American singer, songwriter, and actor, who placed eighth during the first season of American Idol. Following his participation on the Fox reality series, he released two mixtapes, as well as several standalone singles. He also starred in the 2005 independent film Destination Fame. Throughout his career, Gil has collaborated with a variety of artists. He was the first Latino to ever place on American Idol, and several of his songs are in Spanish.

The 2002 compilation album American Idol: Greatest Moments, which reached No. 4 on the Billboard 200 chart, features Gil covering "My Cherie Amour" by Stevie Wonder as one of its tracks. A few months after competing on American Idol, Gil went on a nationwide tour with the other season one finalists. His first radio single, "She's Hot" (featuring the artist Max-A-Million), was written for the film Destination Fame, although the song was released in 2003, two years before the film's premiere.

Upon founding his own recording studio, Juda Music Productions, Gil began a career in R&B, which culminated with the 2011 release of his first mixtape, Love Me Later. Gil's second mixtape, Life, Death & Resurrection, marked a transition to Christian music and was released in 2013.

Early life
Abner Juda Gil, known professionally as AJ Gil, was born on July 5, 1984, in San Diego, California, to Martin and Teresa Gil. He is the fourth of ten children. His father, a minister and a missionary, moved the family to Mexico, when Gil was four years old. While there, they struggled financially. Gil assisted his family in selling street food and performing manual labor jobs. His family returned to the United States a few years later, and they settled in Tacoma, Washington, after living in a van for several months.

Gil first began playing the drums and guitar around the age of seven. He learned how to play the piano soon after. Growing up, he would often perform in his father's church. One of Gil's aunts was a regular performer on The Lawrence Welk Show, and around the time of Gil's participation on American Idol, one of Gil's cousins was a backup singer for Marc Anthony. Before going onto the Fox reality series, Gil had never been to a concert, despite his family connections to the music industry. Gil has cited Brian McKnight and Stevie Wonder as two of his primary musical influences.

American Idol
Gil attended the auditions for American Idol first season in Seattle. At the time, he was a seventeen year old rising senior at Lincoln High School. Initially unsure whether he would have a means of transportation, he was one of the last people to try out that day, and as he did not have a song prepared ahead of time, he chose "The Star-Spangled Banner", due to his familiarity with singing it in school. His rendition was well received by the judges and earned a standing ovation from Randy Jackson.

Upon advancing into the Top 30 semi-finals, Gil was placed into Group 2. He sang "All or Nothing" by O-Town. Both Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell complimented Gil's voice after the performance, but criticized his stage presence. Despite this lukewarm response from the judges, Gil was voted through to the Top 10. This made him the first Latino finalist in the history of American Idol. In-between his semi-final performance and the first week of the finals, Gil turned eighteen. He went on to perform "My Cherie Amour" by Stevie Wonder for the Top 10 Motown-themed round and "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" by Marvin Gaye for the Top 8 1960s-themed round. The judges continued to offer faint praise, and Gil finished in eighth place.

Throughout his time on American Idol, Gil was often compared to various boy-band members, and he was described by Billboard as "a relatively reserved singer with teen-idol looks." Writing for the Boston Herald, Monica Collins considered Gil and fellow contestant EJay Day to be "'indistinguishable N Sync-ish names and faces". In an article for The Plain Dealer, Clint O'Connor wrote that Gil hailed from the "Backstreet Boys-'N Sync-wannabe collection." Jim Derogatis of the Chicago Sun-Times called Gil "a boy-band clone", and Chris Macias of the Sacramento Bee noted that Gil's popularity on the series could be partially attributed to a "boy-band look".

Music and TV critics, like the judges, were generally tepid about Gil's performances with American Idol. When Gil was eliminated from the competition, Jessica Shaw of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "I wish I could say A.J. would be missed from the competition, but he was so boring I can barely remember anything about him." Gil's vocals on the series and its accompanying album, American Idol: Greatest Moments, were deemed underwhelming by various publications  and his stage presence during the competition was called "stiff" by Macias. Conversely, in an assessment of the top eight finalists for the Contra Costa Times, Deirdre McGruder wrote that Gil's vocals were almost comparable to those of Justin Timberlake. He named Gil as a potential front-runner in the competition, although he noted that Gil's stage presence was in need of improvement. Other positive reviews came from R.S. Murthi of the New Straits Times, who singled out Gil's recorded version of "My Cherie Amour" as one of the highlights on American Idol: Greatest Moments, and Cristin Maher of PopCrush, who wrote in a 2013 retrospective feature that Gil showed off "near-perfect crooning" in his live performance of that song.

Gil's rendition of "My Cherie Amour" was noted for having a Latin music influence. Critics diverged in opinions of Gil's approach to this material. Maura Johnston of Vulture voiced appreciation for Gil's decision to give the original's "French a slight Latin spin", but Derogatis was dismissive, writing that the song "doesn't work with a salsa beat".

Johnston was less favorable toward Gil's "How Sweet It Is" performance, writing that Gil's voice was "ill-served" by that song. Alan Pergament of The Buffalo News concurred, dubbing the performance "not-so-sweet". Johnston ultimately felt that Gil struggled in the competition due to American Idol ' s restrictive weekly themes. By the time of American Idol 's season one tour, Corey Moss of MTV suggested that Gil's stage presence had improved, calling Gil "the best dancer" of all the male finalists. During one of American Idol 's live episodes, Abdul remarked that Gil's best performance in the competition came during the Hollywood rounds – referencing a performance that was left unaired.

2002–2003: Destination Fame and New Artist Entertainment
About a month after being voted off American Idol, Gil opened the first ever concert at Seattle's then-new Seahawks Stadium, by singing the national anthem. The multi-headliner concert included Avril Lavigne, P. Diddy, Shaggy, and O-Town, among others. Gil then went on to participate in a group medley during American Idol season one finale, and a few weeks after that, he reunited with the series' top thirty contestants to perform in the two-hour American Idol in Las Vegas TV special.

Shortly after being eliminated from American Idol, Gil met an eleven-year-old David Archuleta, when the two were guests on The Jenny Jones Show. A week after that first meeting, they reunited in Los Angeles, where Gil introduced Archuleta to the other season one finalists. Video footage of this encounter, in which Archuleta sings for the group of finalists, was shown on the seventh season of American Idol, when Archuleta himself was a contestant.

Through October and November 2002, Gil participated in the 2002 American Idols LIVE! tour, along with his fellow top ten finalists. For each stop of the tour, Gil reprised his performance of "My Cherie Amour" from the series. He subsequently reunited with O-Town and American Idol season one tenth place finalist EJay Day to perform on a float for Give Kids the World in Pasadena, California's New Year's Day Rose Parade. Gil and Day sang "Calling All Angels", a song which had been specifically written for the Give Kids the World charity organization. The two later performed "Calling All Angels" at an Orlando, Florida fundraising gala in June and released this duet as a single through Give Kids the World.

Following his participation on American Idol, Gil recorded a version of "My Cherie Amour" that was featured on a compilation album of all the season one finalists. That album, American Idol: Greatest Moments, was released on October 1, 2002, and reached No. 4 on the Billboard 200 chart. Gil had announced during his time on American Idol that he hoped to title his debut album Thanx 2 U. In January 2003, USA Today reported that Gil was "working on demos with producers" and "hoping for a contract".

By March, Gil had moved to Orlando, and that month, he performed in "A Magical Night of Entertainment" by Radio Disney as part of New Port Richey, Florida's 81st annual Chasco Fiesta. In addition to his performances with Give Kids the World, Gil was involved with various other fundraising events throughout 2003. In April, he performed in at least three benefit concerts – one for the American Diabetes Association, which was held with 3rd Wish at Wet 'n Wild Orlando; one for Intervention Services Foster Children and HOPE Worldwide, which was held with Ronnie McDowell in the "Rally for America" festival at Orlando Festival Park; and one for the families of those killed in the Station nightclub fire, which was held with Blackhawk, Blue Öyster Cult, Billy Gilman, Justincase, Lennon Murphy, Rick Derringer, the Southern Rock Allstars, and Vanessa Olivarez, among others, at the Providence Performing Arts Center.

In May, the Toronto Star reported that Gil was "working on an album". Later that month, Gil opened the first concert of Danny Wood's solo career, and in July, Gil signed a five-year contract to New Artist Entertainment. That month, he performed at Neverland Ranch for Joe Jackson's birthday party.

Around that time, Gil was approached for the leading role in an independent film, titled Destination Fame. Playing the role of Chris, Gil starred alongside Joe Jackson, Cuba Gooding Sr., Jordan Knight, Ricky Aiello (the son of Danny Aiello), Doug E. Fresh, and Mario. Filming on the project was underway by August and finished over the fall. First-time director Paul DeAngelo produced Destination Fame through his film production and music recording studio, Big Hit Entertainment. DeAngelo's hometown of Bayonne, New Jersey, was used as the filming location. One of the film's songs, "She's Hot", was released as a single by Gil (featuring Max-A-Million) in July 2003.

In December 2003, The News Tribune reported that Gil had recorded about thirty tracks for an album that was scheduled to be released the following year. Gil said, "I'm just trying to take my time, because I know if I rush it, it's not gonna make sense to people". Soon after speaking with the newspaper, Gil moved to Miami. The album was never released.

2004–present: Juda Music Productions
Over the summer of 2004, Gil held a benefit concert at Blank Park Zoo in Des Moines, Iowa, for Drake University's Institute for Character Development. The following year, in May, Family Feud ran a span of episodes featuring Gil and various other American Idol finalists as the competitors. In-between those two appearances, People reported that Gil had parted ways with his manager over creative differences – his manager had wanted him to record pop music; Gil chose instead to pursue a career in R&B. Looking back in 2012, Gil told the Daily Beast that his manager had "swindled him by taking too much control". Gil became homeless, sometimes living with one of his sisters or one of his friends, and at other times living out of his car. By January 2005, Gil had found a new manager in Charlie Morgan. According to People, Gil had "start[ed] to record some R&B tracks" around this time and was also writing music for other artists. Destination Fame held its official premiere on October 27, 2005, in Bayonne, after screening one month earlier at the Temecula Valley International Film and Music Festival. By 2008, Gil had moved to California. In March of that year, USA Today reported that he was using his middle name Juda and studying music production at Los Angeles Recording School. Gil also opened a recording studio called Juda Productions around this time. On April 18 of that year, he performed the half-time show at a Hollywood Knights basketball game. During a July interview with hiphopdelight.com, Gil remarked that he had completed an unspecified album. No album was released that year, but in 2009, he went on to release the non-album singles "Roll with Me" and "Work Your Body",  the former of which features DJ Static of the German group  and CLAiM.

In 2010, the official website for American Idol announced that Gil's new mixtape, Love Me Later, was scheduled to be released on July 20 of that year. After being made available to download through firm400entertainment.com,  Love Me Later was officially released in January 2011. On September 7 of that year, the album Hollywood Freeway Music by the artist MDK was released, which features Gil on five of the eight tracks. Previously, Gil had collaborated with MDK on the non-album songs "Out of Control" and "My Future's Bright", the latter of which also features Young Fame. Other non-album songs released by Gil during this stage of his career include "She Likes it" (with Tommy Gunz and Johnathan Royster), "One Way Road" (with J-Nez), "Going Away", "I Try", and "I Regret It". Gil closed out 2011 by headlining the Wisconsin Chamber Orchestra's Middleton Holiday Pops Concert, which was held on November 27 and 28.

Gil subsequently switched genres to Christian music, and on July 26, 2013, he released a mixtape titled Life, Death & Resurrection. The mixtape features one Spanish-language track, "El Triunfo", and a bilingual cover of "Listen to My Heart" (originally recorded by Geoff Moore & the Distance under the title "Listen to Our Hearts"), which Mark Franklin of the York Dispatch deemed to be a "very pretty" rendition of the song. One of the mixtape's tracks, "I Live", was released as a single. Gil has a SoundCloud page for Juda Music Productions, on which several other songs of his can be heard.

Life, Death & Resurrection Track Listing
Writing credits adapted from ajgilworld.com.

title: AJ Gil


text:
User:Javier Carro/My doctorate in applied linguistics

This page is not updated. Because of personal circunstances, I had to give up these studies, nevertheless I intend to continue in the future. I keep anyway this page as a reference for what I planned and still plan to do.

These studies are thought to analyse certain aspects of the general topic Wikimedia projects and language learning. I see my studies as part of a broader future Wikiversity PAR Project on Wiki-based language learning.

I am still in a preliminary phase compiling information and designing short assignments. I am longing to hear any comment, idea, proposal, suggestions... which can help me to deepenth into the research. On this subpage you may find relevant or useful information for my study.

If you wish to contribute on this research, you are very wellcome, just let me know.

If you want to contact me, the easiest way is sending me an email.

Projects

 * High frequency words learning with Wikiversity quizzes (On progress...)

Learning to learn in a wiki

 * Learning to learn a wiki way
 * Wiki as a tool for learning


text:
Talk:Denise Idris Jones

Language
According to this link, attended university in Liverpool and yet speaks only conversational English. aliceinlampyland 06:29, 29 October 2007 (UTC).

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071006020054/http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/downloads/welshpaper.pdf to http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/downloads/welshpaper.pdf

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title: Talk:Denise Idris Jones


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BFN Group

The result was   delete. The Bushranger One ping only 02:22, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

BFN Group

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

On notability grounds. Some references were added but it still is a young organization with not much history. Borderline enough that a debate is worthwhile Peter Rehse (talk) 09:07, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Martial arts-related deletion discussions. Peter Rehse (talk) 09:07, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment I could not find clear guidelines on the Mixed Martial Arts Project page about organizations - and got no feedback when I posed the question on the Talk Page.  I think this article is a good test case.Peter Rehse (talk) 09:26, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There are notability guidelines for kickboxing organizations at WikiProject Martial arts/Kickboxing task force and at WP:MMANOT for MMA organizations. Papaursa (talk) 00:45, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep What more does the article need to be safe? I don't know what more needs to be done, especially since, even if this is a young organization, it is the biggest promoter in Belgium; being the only who (in cooperation with It's Showtime) has organized some of the biggest kickboxing events in Europe in recent times (It's Showtime Fast & Furious and It's Showtime 57&58 being the most notable), hauling in top names in the sport to fight. Their imminent Boxing event shows that they're expanding as well.

What's more is that I find it quite ridiculous if one has to properly assess the article on guidelines that barely exist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:24, 11 July 2012 (UTC) I'm sorry this was my comment, forgot to sign in.Znertu (talk) 14:26, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment I think this article needs better sources. What I see are fight results, press releases, and non-independent sources.  This looks more like it's part of It's Showtime since so far only one of its events has not carried the It's Showtime name (WP:NOTINHERITED). Papaursa (talk) 00:12, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete I don't see any significant independent coverage of this organization. Mdtemp (talk) 16:03, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, — Crisco 1492 (talk) 04:16, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete or possibly merge to It's Showtime. I see only one reliable source discussing BFN.  --Nouniquenames (talk) 17:59, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete Only one reliable, and independent, source. - Presidentman talk · contribs Random Picture of the Day (Talkback) 22:10, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete as lacking in-depth coverage by independent sources. If such sources get added to the article, feel free to ping my talk page. Stuartyeates (talk) 08:55, 21 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Hand heart

A hand heart is a gesture in which a person forms a heart shape using their fingers.

The "hand heart" is typically formed by one using both thumbs to form the bottom of the heart, while bending the remaining fingers and having them connect at the fingernails in order to form a heart shape. However, in recent years, the practice has evolved to include people using the index and middle fingers to form the heart, as opposed to using the entire hand.

Often, two people will each form half of a heart, conjoining the two as a sign of affection.

The upside down hand heart gesture was noted in art in 1989, when Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan created an art image of the gesture as his first artwork named Family Syntax. The gesture became popular in the early 2010s. This gesture was added to Unicode 14.0 and Emoji 14.0 in 2021 with code point.

Google patent
Google filed a patent in July 2011 that allowed Google Glass users to use the hand heart in front of an object to cause the gadget to automatically recognise the object, take a picture, and send it to social networks as a "liked" image.

title: Hand heart


text:
Ellenburg Center, New York

Ellenburg Center is a hamlet in Clinton County, New York, United States. The community is 24.6 mi west-northwest of Plattsburgh. Ellenburg Center has a post office with ZIP code 12934, which opened on April 19, 1856.

title: Ellenburg Center, New York


text:
Talk:Cambridge English Scale

Declaration of affiliation
Hello, my name is Louise and I work for Cambridge English Language Assessment. I'm here to suggest information that will improve the quality of Cambridge English Language Assessment related pages. I will abide by Wikipedia's policies and guidelines and would welcome Wikipedians' views on the updates.

Many thanks LouisePope (talk) 10:48, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Education consultant, Cambridge English Language Assessment, 1 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB1 2EU

Im an official examiner cheating
Cheating by using doubles is a problem with all English exams.ID cards that are old are used by children and adults and with beards and dyed hair using doubles to pass the fce and c1 is not unheard of.Ive seen cousins taking tests in madrid barcelona murcia.Even adverts online offering to take your exam.Not saying its a cambridge thing..Its also trinity toefl ielts even escuela oficial idiomas.SEcurity must be better as in Spain having the b2 is required for a job a scolarship grant or entrance into medical school.Strick security? Showing an id with a pic from 4 years ago..dyed hair even beards is not strick. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:49, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cambridge English Scale


text:
File:Prettyeyes.jpg

Fair use in Pretty Eyes
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist, Peggy Lee.
 * 6) Derived from a scan of the album cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Prettyeyes.jpg


text:
User:Growasia

Grow asia Ltd was found in year 2000. They have been emphasizing on natural products. www.growasia.co.th

title: User:Growasia


text:
User:Cyp

en:User:Cyp

All my edits are also released under the proposed alternative licenses to the GNU, such as the creative something licence, or whatever they are all called, by the way, should this site decide to add an extra licence.

See also: User talk:Cyp

title: User:Cyp


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2010–11 Mansfield Town F.C. season

The result was delete. Fenix down (talk) 07:04, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

2010–11 Mansfield Town F.C. season

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

The article fails WP:GNG as the references are only primary sources instead of secondary sources that most of the higher up leagues have. HawkAussie (talk) 06:51, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Football-related deletion discussions. HawkAussie (talk) 06:51, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of England-related deletion discussions. HawkAussie (talk) 06:51, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Events-related deletion discussions. North America1000 08:49, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related deletions. GiantSnowman 11:20, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete - nomination is not 100% correct, there are third-party sources such as BBC - but I agree fails GNG (and NSEASONS) and is non-notable. GiantSnowman 11:21, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:NSEASONS failure. Number   5  7  11:40, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Govvy (talk) 16:28, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete also per nom. REDMAN 2019  ( talk ) 13:03, 23 August 2020 (UTC)


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Mauro Di Pasquale

Mauro G. Di Pasquale (born 1945) is a world champion powerlifter, bodybuilding author, columnist and low-carbohydrate diet advocate.

Biography
Di Pasquale was an assistant professor at the University of Toronto from 1988 to 1998. He lectured and researched on athletic performance, nutritional supplements, and drug use in sports. He holds an honors degree in biological science, majoring in molecular biochemistry and genetics (1968), and a medical degree (1971) – both from the University of Toronto. Di Pasquale is certified as a Medical Review Officer (MRO) by the Medical Review Officer Certification Council (MROCC). He was the MRO for the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR). From 1997 to 1999 Di Pasquale was involved in writing, research, and product development for Experimental and Applied Sciences (EAS).

As a bodybuilding author, Di Pasquale has written thousands of articles for many large bodybuilding and fitness magazines such as Muscle & Fitness and Iron Man; His articles and books have been translated into Italian language and published in Italy by Sandro Ciccarelli Olympian's News magazine. He has also written several books on bodybuilding related topics such as bodybuilding nutrition and performance-enhancing drugs. Impressed by the way Di Pasquale would monitor steroid use in the bodybuilding industry, World Wrestling Federation (WWF) owner Vince McMahon hired him in June 1992 to monitor the company's new drug testing program; at this time, McMahon was facing criminal charges for allegedly supplying steroids to some of his wrestlers in a manner that violated federal law and was hoping to regain public confidence. While working with the WWF, Di Pasquale took a hardline approach and ensured that anyone who failed a drug test would leave the company; such an example showed when WWF wrestler The Ultimate Warrior failed a drug test in September 1992. His firm policy towards steroid use earned him the nickname "Mr. Steroid Hunter."

Diet
Di Pasquale is an advocate of low-carbohydrate dieting. He has authored The Anabolic Diet (1995) which advocates a cyclic ketogenic diet (CKD). His diet was also called "The Pork Chop Diet".

Powerlifting
Di Pasquale is a multiple time national and world champion in the sport of powerlifting. Di Pasquale won the IPF World Powerlifting Championships in 1976, and the IPF World Games in 1981.

Di Pasquale was an eight-time Canadian champion, and two-time Pan American and North American champion. He was also the first Canadian powerlifter to become a World Champion and first Canadian powerlifter to total 10 times bodyweight in any weight class. Di Pasquale is the only Canadian to ever total ten times bodyweight in two weight classes.

Selected publications

 * Drug Use and Detection in Amateur Sports (1984)
 * The Anabolic Diet (1995)
 * Amino Acids and Proteins for the Athlete: The Anabolic Edge (1997)
 * The Metabolic Diet: The Revolutionary Diet that Explodes the Myths About Carbohydrates and Fats (2000)

title: Mauro Di Pasquale


text:
Pendleton, North Carolina

Pendleton is an unincorporated community in Northampton County, North Carolina, United States. The community is located on North Carolina Highway 35 between Conway to the south and Severn to the north. Pendleton has a post office with ZIP code 27862.

title: Pendleton, North Carolina


text:
Talk:Dennis Firestone

Nationality
Dennis Firestone raced under the USA Flag, even he was born in Australia. --Andreasu 22:13, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dennis Firestone


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lighthouse project

The result was no consensus. PhantomSteve/ talk ¦ contribs \ 18:41, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

Lighthouse project

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No evidence that this term (as opposed to the German original) is in common English use. Has been previously prodded and deprodded. Sole ref is to an ngram for the German term. Pam D  07:38, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Management-related deletion discussions.  Pam  D  07:38, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Comment in the UK it would probably be a ‘beacon project’ but then it would only be a dictionary definition anyway, so not seeing much reason to keep. Mccapra (talk) 13:20, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions. North America1000 15:13, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep. Easily passes WP:GNG and WP:SIGCOV. The term is used in hundreds of published sources, including academic research in English and other languages. My university library has 115 peer reviewed English-language journal articles using the term (several of them with the term in the article title), over 200 non-peer reviewed journal articles, 588 newspaper articles, 14 conference proceedings, four books, and four academic reviews. In other words, the term is widely used and lots of verifiable sources exist. I can copy paste a selection of sources if asked, but frankly there are so many it seems implossible that WP:BEFORE was followed.4meter4 (talk) 19:03, 29 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment. Here are several peer reviewed journal articles using the term in the title (only a small handful of the 115 peer reviewed articles):
 * 1) Transforming “The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)” Into a Lighthouse-Project of Sustainability, Seifried, Dieter ; Zayas, Luis Fernandez ; Ramirez, Alex, Energy Procedia, 2014, Vol.57, pp.3081-3090
 * 2) Creating an Environmentally Sustainable Food Factory: A Case Study of the Lighthouse Project at Nestlé, Miah, J.H ; Griffiths, A ; Mcneill, R ; Poonaji, I ; Martin, R ; Morse, S ; Yang, A ; Sadhukhan, J, Procedia CIRP, 2015, Vol.26, pp.229-234
 * 3) "The Lighthouse Project", Le Rose, Barbara ; King, Linda ; Greenwood, Salldy, Gifted Child Quarterly, September 1979, Vol.23(3), pp.472-486
 * Here is an example of a conference proceeding:

 * 1) "Selected findings from a German lighthouse project on electric mobility: A summary of outcomes in the field of vehicle to grid communication, ICT- and business model solutions", Dornberg, J. H ; Lutz, T, 2011 11th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications, August 2011, pp.486-491

 * Here is an example of newspaper/magazine articles (there are more than 500 of these kind of articles; the term is often used in political bills):

These are just a tiny selection of sources.4meter4 (talk) 19:30, 29 September 2019 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * 1) "BB&T Lighthouse Project pitches in at Vinson-Bynum", Wilson, Drew, TCA Regional News, Apr 29, 2018
 * 2) "Dept of Defence - CSI-SC BUILDING 180 secures contract for DVA Lighthouse Project services, Pivotal Sources, Jun 8, 2017
 * 3) "Alternative ; Medicine.(Lighthouse Project, Alternatives, helps those with serious drug problems)", Wellard, Sarah, Community Care, May 26, 2005, p.44

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 13:14, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete - it's a stub with no reliable sources, so nothing really to keep. No prejudice against recreation with sources that show notability if they exist. BTW the above sources, though I don't have access to them all, don't appear to show notability. We would need evidence of some kind of in depth coverage of the concept, not just use of the term per WP:NOTDICTIONARY. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 05:03, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 05:07, 8 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
Appendix:English malapropisms

Richard Sheridan, The Rivals (1775)

 * geography → geometry, contiguous → contagious
 * M RS. M ALAPROP : I would have her instructed in geometry, that she might know something of the contagious countries. — Act I, Sc.II

 * pinnacle → pineapple
 * M RS. M ALAPROP : He is the very pine-apple of politeness! — Act III, Sc. III

 * apprehend → reprehend, vernacular → oracular, arrangement → derangement, epithets → epitaphs
 * M RS. M ALAPROP : If I reprehend any thing in this world, it is the use of my oracular tongue, and a nice derangement of epitaphs! — Act III, Sc.III

 * alligator → allegory
 * M RS. M ALAPROP : He's as headstrong as an allegory on the banks of the Nile. Act III, Sc. III

Romeo and Juliet (1597)

 * invite → indite
 * B EN : She will indite him to some supper. Act II, Sc. IV

A Midsummer Night's Dream (1596)

 * effect → defect
 * B OTTOM : ...and he himself must speak through, saying thus, or to the same defect... Act III, Sc. I

Other

 * aspersions → asparagus
 * I don’t want you casting asparagus on my friend.

 * balkanize → vulcanize
 * However, they delineate - quotas, I think, vulcanize society. — George W. Bush

 * cul de sac → culture sack
 * She lives in the culture sack at the end of North Street.

 * defamation → definition
 * I’m suing you for definition of character!

 * figment → pigment
 * It was just a pigment of her imagination.

 * for all intents and purposes → for all intensive purposes
 * For all intensive purposes, it's a very common colloquial intensifier and the meaning is similar; it fits better in the American version of the phrase. — Wiktionary

 * hardpan → deadpan
 * The heat and arid conditions had converted his yard into deadpan.

 * lintel → lentil
 * That’s an enormous lentil above your fireplace!

 * resent → resemble
 * I resemble that remark! — Curly Howard of the Three Stooges

 * Tomahawk cruise missile → Tom Cruise missile
 * They attacked with one of the Tom Cruise missiles.

 * unabridged dictionary → under a bridge with Dick and Harry — Spook of Top Cat in "Farewell, Mr. Dibble" (1962)
 * S POOK : ...but this book is so far out, I got hooked! What a crazy, mixed-up story!
 * C HOO -C HOO : What was it about, Spook?
 * S POOK : Well, it starts out about an aardvark, and ends up with everybody playing the xylophone.
 * T OP C AT : What's it called?
 * S POOK : “Under a Bridge with Dick and Harry”.
 * T OP C AT : "Under a Bridge with Dick and Harry"? Let me see that...[reads cover]..that's " Unabridged Dictionary "! What's the matter with you? It's nothing but words!

 * for what it's worth → for water's worth
 * For water's worth, I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.

 * catalytic converter → Cadillac converter

title: Appendix:English malapropisms


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/kateisolarinc.com.ph

Links

 * kateisolarinc.com.ph resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 2 additions.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/german-society.co.uk

Links

 * german-society.co.uk resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 2 additions.


text:
Talk:Skyroot Aerospace

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:51, 21 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Vikram s.jpg

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:06, 21 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Skyroot owner.jpg
 * Skyroot.jpg

title: Talk:Skyroot Aerospace


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages/Retired language articles/Borneo–Philippine languages

The Borneo–Philippines languages (also known as Outer Hesperonesian or Outer Western Malayo-Polynesian languages) are a paraphyletic group of the Austronesian languages which includes the languages of the Philippines, much of Borneo, the northern peninsula of Sulawesi, and Madagascar. They can be divided into the Bornean languages and the Philippine languages.

In this classification, the previously posited clade of Western Malayo-Polynesian, also known as Hesperonesian, has been broken up into "outer" (Borneo–Philippines) and "inner" (Sunda–Sulawesi) clades and Western Malayo-Polynesian is considered merely a geographic term (Wouk and Ross 2002). These are both remnant groups: the Borneo–Philippine languages are those Malayo-Polynesian languages which are not included in Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian and the Sunda–Sulawesi languages are those Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages which are not included in Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian. Indeed, a 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database supported at a 98% confidence level that the Bornean languages, regardless of whether they themselves are a valid unit, form an exclusive unit with Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian, whereas Sama–Bajaw is more closely related to the Philippine languages.

Classification

 * Borneo–Philippine Malayo-Polynesian languages, or Outer Western MP languages
 * Philippine languages
 * Northern Philippine languages
 * Batanic languages, or Bashiic, or Ivatanic
 * Northern Luzon languages, or Cordilleran languages
 * Central Luzon languages
 * Northern Mindoro languages
 * Greater Central Philippine languages
 * South Mangyan languages
 * Central Philippine languages
 * Visayan languages
 * Palawan languages
 * Mindanao languages, or Southern Philippine languages
 * Gorontalo–Mongondow languages
 * Kalamian languages
 * South Mindanao, or Bilic, languages
 * Sangiric languages
 * Minahasan languages
 * Umiray Dumaget language
 * Manide-Inagta languages
 * Bornean languages
 * North Bornean languages
 * Northeast Sabahan languages
 * North Sarawakan languages
 * Melanau–Kajang languages
 * Southwest Sabahan languages
 * Kayan–Murik languages
 * Land Dayak languages
 * Barito languages
 * East Barito languages
 * West Barito languages
 * Mahakam languages
 * Sama–Bajaw languages
 * Batanic languages: might belong to the Northern Philippine languages


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/abjdrones.com

Links

 * abjdrones.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

 * https resolves to [//X X]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 1 additions out of 1 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/abjdrones.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\babjdrones\.com\b          # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/abjdrones.com ]] \bhttps\b                   # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/https ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. No links left in here mentioned edits. Marked stale. --COIBot (talk) 14:42, 22 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Arctic Alaska

Arctic Alaska or Far North Alaska is a region of the U.S. state of Alaska generally referring to the northern areas on or close to the Arctic Ocean.

It commonly includes North Slope Borough, Northwest Arctic Borough, Nome Census Area, and is sometimes taken to include parts of the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area. Some notable towns there include Prudhoe Bay, Utqiaġvik, Kotzebue, Nome and Galena, although some of these are not in the Arctic Circle proper.

Most of these communities have no highways and can only be reached by aircraft or snowmobile in good weather. Originally inhabited by various Alaska Native groups living off hunting, whaling, or salmon fishing, modern settlement in Arctic Alaska was driven first by discoveries of gold and later on by the extraction of petroleum.

The ecosystem consists largely of tundra covering mountain ranges and coastal plains which are home to bears, wolves, sheep, muskoxen, caribou, and numerous species of birds, the north coast has been defined as the Arctic coastal tundra ecoregion. Arctic Alaska is also the location of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Kobuk Valley National Park and the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska. The Arctic experiences midnight sun in the summer and polar night in the winter.

Climate
Most of northern Alaska has an Arctic climate with long, extremely cold winters and short, cool summers. The average temperatures during the summer months are only several degrees above freezing and the average temperatures during winter are as low as -20--30 F, and can dip to -50--60 F.

title: Arctic Alaska


text:
Portal talk:Anthropology

VOTING
Wikiversity is being voted on right now. At the time of writing yes on Wikiversity is in the lead, but the margin is slender. Plese vote yes on Wikiversity.

Ideas
Why not have a course on the anthropology of the internet, and wikipedia in paticular.

>> Here are some topical communities within wikipedia : Wikiprojects. The Dispute_resolution ritual is fascinating, in that it's all written on user Talk pages, as, a large chalkboard. Or maybe it's just interesting. It at least, demonstrates peer review and institution-hierarchy. Downchuck 08:07, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Eventually, the International Cultural Anthropology community will be aware of the Wikipedia, and the Wikiversity project. We can certainly make it easier -- a short introduction prefacing a series of practice/descriptions of what wikimedia provides/could-provide to the field of cultural anthropology. Downchuck 08:07, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Doubtful organisation...
I find the notion of combining the subtopics of anthro into one course a rather dubious one...I suspect the enormity of the task somewhat explains why the 'course page' contains largely a bunch of headings and good intentions rather than an actual course...it seems more sensible to present courses on each subfield rather than expecting that any one course could possibly encompass all subfields (most especially given all the subfields within all the subfields)...
 * Are you referring to the Introduction to Anthropology course page? While I agree that it is fairly pathetic at present, because it aims only to be an introduction to each of these subfields, it should be the most completable of tasks presently before this School.  Furthermore, it is perhaps one of the most deserving of attention, as it is the avenue by which newcomers to the discipline can be most easily introduced to its diversity and brought up to speed on its otherwise dizzying variety of core concepts.  What is more, while it is likely that few of our contributing experts will have been trained in the same subdiscipline, it is almost certain that they will have all taken pretty much the same 100 level Intro Anthro course. --Lordcorvid 16:14, 16 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Or were you referring to the Department of General Anthropology, because that certainly seems foolhardy, and I support the proposed merge. --Lordcorvid 16:21, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

On another note, while I respect the huge amount of original research that Cgnk has obviously done, I am extremely skeptical that it deserves to be distinguished with its own department and status rivaling the established and reputable subdisciplines. To do so greatly undermines the validity of this school and Wikiversity in general. --Lordcorvid 16:34, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Related Department
Hi all, I am a involved with the School of History and I am presently starting up a Department of Historiography. Historiography is the study of how history is practiced. I was wondering if it would at all be possible to place a 'Related Schools/Departments' on your School page. I presently have a similar page on my departmental page, and have included Anthropology. I have included Anthropology because it is a main aspect of any historians research. Many historians use Anthropological evdience in their writings. If you could place a link to my department on your main page that would be great. Thanks again. Here is the link to my department Department of Historiography Dctrainor 19:47, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

cultural natural selection
Human Culture Subject To Natural Selection, Study Shows - sort of interesting. --Remi 02:47, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Activity at Wikipedia
Hi. There are a few people working on Anthropology-related articles right now at Wikipedia. (I've mostly just been tweaking templates and poking around, but there are a few experts beavering away..) We're in the process of developing an outline list at Outline of anthropology, and are reworking the navbox w:Template:Anthropology. Also I added the WVS template to the Anthropology article, so you might start getting some traffic via that. Perhaps it might be useful for us both to develop these together, and share work with each other. Just thought I'd mention it. :) Quiddity 05:41, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Anthropology