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Mercantilism (strategic simulation)

Part of The School of Strategic Studies>Strategic Simulations Project

Object
The two large groups are considered “Superpowers” and are competing against each other for victory. The Superpowers win by having the most “satellites” on their side throughout the game. Being voted for by Satellites gives them points. The individual players play for points that are sold or given to them by superpowers.

Pieces
No pieces are really required for this game, a piece of paper or blackboard would suffice. However, for those who like pieces, the following are necessary:
 * Resource Cards or Tokens (Sporks, Cheese, and Pants)
 * Point Cards (1, 3, 5, 7, 10 point increments)
 * Scorecards
 * A Board is not necessary, but a simple ledger can be drawn of all the Satellites, their names, and their products. For those who feel a board is essential, one can be drawn.

Teams
Two teams of multiple players are formed. These two teams are called the SUPERPOWERS, and should have an equal number of players on each. All other players play for themselves. These are called the SATELLITES. Alternatively, in especially huge games, Satellites can comprise two players. Teams choose names for themselves for ease in identification.

Choosing Teams
In the ideal game, a class size of 10 is supposed. The two Superpowers, in this case, would each have two players, and there would be six Satellites. More or less players should be assigned by dividing the group by five. Two groups become Superpowers, and the rest become Satellites. Alternatively, consult this chart for a more even distribution: (bolded numbers represent the most even games)

The Purpose behind having more players on a Superpower team is that the Superpowers require more negotiators in the bargaining round to talk to all the satellites. Note that in most even games, the number of negotiators on any one superpower team should not be over half of the number of satellites.

Game Mechanic
Satellites produce any of three basic types of resource. Those resources are CHEESE, SPORKS, and PANTS. Each Satellite produces two different kinds of resources. These are assigned to each player before play begins. Superpowers only produce points cards. Points cards come in one of five varieties: 1 point, 3 points, 5 points, 7 points, and 10 points. They do this by buying resources from Satellites, and converting them into points. Superpowers each begin with 20 dollars.

How to Play
There are three parts to each turn.

1) Primary Resource Phase
 * a) Bargaining Round (5 minutes)
 * b) Trading Round

2) Secondary Resource Phase
 * a) Bargaining Round
 * b) Trading Round

3) Voting Phase

Primary Resource Phase
In the Primary Resource Phase, give each Satellite player a Spork, Pants, or Cheese as determined by their production. What a Satellite produces is set from the start of the game and never changes. For five minutes, there is a Bargaining Round, during which the Superpowers may discuss with the Satellites about how much money they will offer for each of the Satellites’ products. Once five minutes is up, the Trading Round begins, and deals are made (or broken) with all players around the table, openly and visibly. Any agreement you make does not have to be honoured. However, when a transaction is finished, there is no going back. Satellites can horde resources if they wish. Money may only change hands during the Trading Round.

Bargaining Round
How this period works is simple. For five minutes, the Superpowers go around to negotiate with Satellites. Satellites can negotiate with each other, and they can even make deals with one another. Anyone can talk to anyone. At this period of the game, it’s important for the Superpowers to understand what kind of strategy they intend to follow. Will they give each member of their team a certain amount of cash and allow them to bargain autonomously? Will they try to find the best deals independently and then try to frustrate the negotiations of the other superpower? Will they try to carve out a region, or spread themselves wide? Will they negotiate with everyone, or just a few? Satellites also have to make strategic decisions. Will they cooperate or compete with other Satellites? Will they try to form a trading bloc and control the supply of their resources? Will a Satellite buy up the resources of other Satellites to create scarcity? All these decisions must be made in the short negotiating time allotted. The negotiating time can be extended if the group is large, or if the game is to be played out over many days. Five minutes is not an absolute value.

Trading Round
The procedure for making deals during the Trading Round is quite straightforward. It is most useful if the players can all sit at one table, preferably with the Superpowers at each end and the Satellites at the sides. Each Satellite in turn makes one offer and one offer only for each of their resources. If they have resources left over from last round, they may make offers for those, too. The formula for making an offer is “resource, price, buyer.” For example, “I offer one Cheese at two dollars to Superpower A.” Offers may be made in any way, so a Satellite can say “I offer one Cheese and one Spork at five dollars to Satellite C.” The buyer may then accept or reject the offer. Since offers are made after negotiation, it is normal that Satellites will honour the bargains made beforehand – but they don’t have to. A person who, during the Bargaining Round agreed to sell one Spork to Superpower A does not have to do so. Maybe Superpower B came around after Superpower A and made a better offer. Perhaps other Satellites convinced the Satellite to join a trading bloc and horde resources. If a deal is rejected, that resource (or those resources) will not be sold this turn. If the Satellite has another resource that has not yet been offered, the Satellite may offer that resource, but no resource may be offered twice in the same Trading Round. A Satellite may refuse to sell anything if the Satellite so wishes, and pass to the next Satellite.

Secondary Resource Phase
In the Secondary Resource Phase, Superpowers trade their resources for points cards as follows: For every point a Superpower produces, they get two dollars at the start of the next turn. The Secondary Resource Phase is then just like the first, only in the Bargaining Round, Superpowers offer to sell (or give!) their points cards to the Satellites. In the Trading Round, there is one difference: the points values on the cards being sold are not revealed. The Superpower simply says “I offer one card at the price of one dollar to Satellite A.” Whether the Satellite got a 10-point card or a 1-point card is known only to the Superpower and the Satellite. Remember, Satellites can ONLY win through accumulation of points, dollars don’t matter to them at all in the endgame. At the end of the Phase, just like the first, the deals are done and finalized. Superpowers are allowed to keep points cards that don’t sell (or that they don’t want to sell).
 * One resource: one point card
 * Two different resources: three point card
 * Two of a kind: five point card
 * Three different resources: seven point card
 * Three of a kind: ten point card

Voting Phase
In the Voting Phase, Satellites MUST vote for which Superpower they prefer. There can be no neutrals or abstainers. The criteria for picking the favoured Superpower can be as intelligent as choosing whose economic strategy fits best with one’s own, or a simple as who has the best shoes. Each in turn must declare the Superpower that they like best. Record the number of votes each Superpower gets each turn on a score sheet. In the early phases of the game it allows the Superpowers to see who is in whose good books, and alter their strategies accordingly.

In a large class, Neutrals could be allowed to spice up game play.

Endgame
At the end of the game, the Satellite with the most points is declared winner of the Satellites. The Superpower with more votes is the winner of the Superpowers. In order to have a singular winner, add up the final points of all the Satellites. Divide this number by the number of Satellites. Divide this number by the number of turns played in the game. This number is the relative “value” of a vote throughout the game. Therefore, for each Superpower, multiply the number of votes by the “value” of the votes, and compare their scores to the scores of the Satellites. The player(s) with the highest points total is (are) the overall winner(s).

title: Mercantilism (strategic simulation)


text:
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SHMT2 gene.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2


text:
United Arab Emirates at the 2017 World Games

The United Arab Emirates competed at the 2017 World Games held in Wrocław, Poland.

Air sports
Cornelia Mihai won the bronze medal in the parachuting canopy piloting event.

Ju-jitsu
Faisal Al-Ketbi won the gold medal in the men's ne-waza 94 kg event and the silver medal in the men's ne-waza open event.


text:
General Astronomy/The Solar System

General Astronomy > The Solar System

<< Astronomy | The Sun >>

The Solar System may be broadly defined as that portion of the universe under the gravitational influence of the Sun. This includes the Sun itself as well as all planets, moons, asteroids, comets, dust, and ice orbiting the Sun.

The Solar System is an example of a star system, which is similarly defined as that portion of the universe under the gravitational influence of one or more co-orbiting stars. The Solar System is a unitary star system, as it has only one star (Sol, our Sun).

Components of the Solar System
The largest, most massive, and most prominent element of the Solar System is, of course, the Sun. The Sun makes up 99.8% of the mass of the Solar System. It is literally the point around which the entire Solar System turns. The Sun is virtually at the center of the Solar System; although gravity tugs by the planets may move the center of the System slightly away from the center of the Sun, it always resides deep within the Sun's core.

The next largest objects in the Solar System are the planets. There are generally considered to be eight planets in the Solar System. They can be divided into two types: (1) the gas giant planets, which include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune and (2) the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. All eight planets orbit the Sun in elliptical, roughly circular orbits, in approximately the same plane. However, no planet orbits in exactly a circular orbit or exactly in the plane of the Sun's rotation. The orbit of Jupiter is the closest to the plane and circularity; the orbit of Pluto (a dwarf planet) deviates the most from both the plane and from circularity.

After the eight major planets are the minor planets, asteroids and comets. Asteroids and comets are smaller objects than planets, but also orbit the Sun. Asteroids and comets are distinguished by their content: asteroids are primarily made up of rock, while comets are primarily made of ices and volatile compounds.

Minor planets may be found anywhere in the Solar System, in orbits varying from circular to highly elliptical. Most, however, are found in three belts. The main asteroid belt is found between the planets Mars and Jupiter. As the name implies, it is made almost entirely of asteroids. The ../Kuiper Belt/ is found outside the orbit of Neptune, and encompasses the area from 30 to 100 astronomical units from the Sun. The Kuiper belt contains mainly comets, including very large comet-like objects called cubewanos or plutinos. Some astronomers also consider Pluto to be part of the Kuiper belt. The ../Oort Cloud/ is another belt of comets, and is believed to extend out to approximately one light-year from the Sun. Its existence is deduced from the frequent visitation of long-period comets, comets with extremely elliptical or even hyperbolic orbits.

Arrangement of the Solar System
The Solar System may be divided by its components into three major regions: the inner system, the near outer system, and the far outer system. The near outer system might also be referred to as the middle system. The general term outer system refers to both the near and far outer systems.

The inner system is composed of the Sun (the largest mass), the terrestrial planets (rocky and closer to the sun) and their moons(moons are drawn to planets because of their gravitational force), close-orbiting asteroids and comets, and the main asteroid belt. Objects in the inner system are almost exclusively composed of rock, with either no atmosphere or an atmosphere that composes little of the object's mass. The inner system's boundary is defined by the main asteroid belt, which separates it from the near outer system.

The near outer system is composed of the gas giant planets and their moons, and asteroids and comets that orbit between the main asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt. Objects in the near outer system may have rock, liquid, gas, and ice as significant components. The near outer system's boundary is defined by the orbit of Neptune.

The far outer system is composed of the ice planet Pluto, the Kuiper belt, the Oort Cloud, and comets that orbit between the belt and the cloud. Objects in the far outer system may have some rock components, but are mainly composed of ices.

Boundary of the Solar System
The boundary of the Solar System is defined in two ways. The gravitational boundary may be described as the point at which objects no longer orbit the Sun. This boundary includes the Oort Cloud, but is poorly defined, as an object is not compelled to orbit the Sun at any point. Another definition is to declare the heliopause as the boundary of the Solar System. This boundary is more easily detectable and definable, but resides well within the Oort Cloud.

 * 1) ../The Sun/
 * 2) ../The Planets/
 * 3) ../Asteroids and Comets/
 * 4) ../History of the Solar System/

<< Astronomy | The Solar System | The Sun >> | Stars, Clusters and Nebulae >>

title: General Astronomy/The Solar System


text:
Brian Johnson (catcher)

Brian David Johnson (born January 8, 1968) is an American professional baseball catcher who played in Major League Baseball for the San Diego Padres, Detroit Tigers, San Francisco Giants, Cincinnati Reds, Kansas City Royals, and Los Angeles Dodgers from 1994 to 2001. Prior to his professional career he attended Stanford University and played for the Stanford Cardinal baseball and football teams.

Early life
Johnson attended Skyline High School in Oakland, California, from 1983 to 1986, where he was a three-sport varsity letterman. As a catcher and pitcher for the Titans, Johnson tied one national record and broke six state records while being selected as an All-American. Johnson was the starting quarterback during all three of his years at Skyline.

In addition, he was the backup to Gary Payton on Skyline's varsity basketball team. Johnson was named the California Athlete of the Year by Cal-Hi Sports three times. Brian was also the bat boy and later played for the Oakland Horsehide softball club during the 1980s. Johnson projected to be a first-round draft pick after his senior year (1986). A week prior to the draft, he notified each team that he would not sign if drafted as he wanted to pursue his dream of playing two-Division I sports - while earning his degree on-time in four years. The Montreal Expos selected him in the 30th round of the 1986 MLB draft.

Career at Stanford University
Johnson earned a full scholarship to play quarterback for Stanford University. He was the starting quarterback during parts of his first 3 seasons. Johnson also played for the Cardinal's baseball team where he played seven different positions (all but catcher and second base) helping the team win two College World Series championships.

Major League Baseball career
After his junior year at Stanford, Johnson was drafted by the New York Yankees in the 16th round (413th overall) of the 1989 MLB draft to play third base. However, it seemed as though Johnson was destined to play catcher instead, a position he hadn't played since high school. He played for six different ball clubs during his career: the San Diego Padres (-), Detroit Tigers, San Francisco Giants (-), Cincinnati Reds , Kansas City Royals and Los Angeles Dodgers. He made his Major League Baseball debut on April 4, 1994, and played his final game on September 21, 2001.

On September 18, 1997, Johnson hit a home run in the bottom of the 12th inning against the Los Angeles Dodgers to move the San Francisco Giants into a tie with the Dodgers for first place. The Giants won the National League West.

title: Brian Johnson (catcher)


text:
Talk:California State Route 281

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title: Talk:California State Route 281


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2015 February 4

= February 4 =

"Geo warping"
I found this Geo warping article whimpering in a dark corner of the orphanage. No sources, created by an SPA in '07 never to be heard from again, smells like a copyrightvio but I find no evidence of that, perhaps pure original research... I can't find any outside evidence that "geo warping" exists as described in the article (but then science articles make me want to curl up and take a nap...)

Any ideas? Vrac (talk) 00:11, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Well the lack of sources is pretty bad, but I think this is basically a real thing, as a subfield of GIS and image processing. The page is mostly about "warping" images to properly overlay with different map projections. Georeference is somewhat in the same vein, and a (marginally) better article. I didn't try to search for copyvio. It doesn't seem like it's very standard terminology based on google searches. When I searched /georeference warp image/ I found a few more legit looking and fairly relevant sources, e.g., . So I suspect this is a valid topic, but it badly needs the attention of an expert. It might be a simple as a bad title. SemanticMantis (talk) 00:37, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I'd suggest Image rectification and Orthophoto. I used to work in this field - and I never heard "Geo warping" as a common term.  SteveBaker (talk) 20:08, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Converting sounds into colors
http://www.lunarplanner.com/Harmonics/planetary-harmonics.html

I'd like to know if this really makes sense. It's a bit difficult for me to imagine that you can convert frequencies into colors. Why do we need to raise the frequency of a piano key by 40 octaves? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:10, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Because the base 2 logarithm of the frequency of visible light divided by the frequency of ordinary piano music is approximately equal to 40. This has no actual useful or meaningful implication, but the author of that page is sort of an artist, and has decided that it's "neat."  We shouldn't even need to bring it up, but sound waves and electromagnetic waves (like visible light) are not directly convertible - so there's no physical meaning to this frequency ratio (nor is there any meaning in "transposing up 40 octaves" - except that this is how the math works out).  Nimur (talk) 03:41, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Also note that somebody with synesthesia might convert sounds to colors in their mind. StuRat (talk) 05:59, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Which is relevant to the question at hand, how? The neuronal associations which cause a perceptive cross-over between the senses in synesthesia -- and, by the by, synesthesia isn't a condition certain people have; we all experience varying degrees of interplay between the senses, to differing degrees in different modalities; in some people it's just sometimes pronounced in some extraordinarily strong or idiosyncratic way -- these associations are formed by the brain's physiology, not by any rational associations or systematic mathematical conversions reflecting the natural properties of the waves...   S n o w  talk 14:52, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * There's a whole field of data visualization, that uses images to help us understand things that are inherently not visual. Your link is sort of going the other way; think of it as a "data sonification" or something. If we have data about a certain light/color, this link is describing a way to present that data as sound (or go the other way, given a pitch, associate it with a color). This specific method might not be especially useful for anything, but it is somewhat interesting in my opinion, and isn't really any different from the many other ways that we manipulate data to change the way that we perceive it. Spectral colors are defined only by their frequency (or wavelength), as is pitch_(music). There are some caveats about how human perception of pitch is not exactly the same thing as the frequency of the wave, but I think we can disregard that at them moment. A similar issue comes up with color perception. Anyway, it really shouldn't be that surprising that there are ways to associate colors and pitches, because the physical phenomena are both waves. No, we are not really "converting" any physical waves, but we can take the data about the wave and present it in many different ways. SemanticMantis (talk) 14:56, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Along those lines.  There's also actually a strong history of research in a related area exploring just to what extent the regions of the brain usually utilized for spatial environment/image construction in vision can be co-oped for utilization in auditory "image" modelling, as in the case of the blind.  Though often echolocation is the specific mechanic being explored, rather than a frequency correspondence, be it for spatial purposes or color/luminosity data.   S n o w  talk 15:11, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The problem at the heart of this is that sound waves are vibrations in the air and light is an electromagnetic wave. We have ultrasound machinery that can generate sound waves in the GigaHertz range - which is the same range of frequency as a UHF radio signal carrying a cellphone conversation.   But you can't use those two waves in remotely the same way.  The UHF radio signal carries many kilometers - but an acoustic signal with the same power and frequency travels only a matter of centimeters before dying out.   Looked at the other way - a radio signal with the same frequency range as a piano would be in the "LF" range - which is used for long distance/low speed communications, such as for aircraft navigation beacons.   Those radio waves are likely to be passing through your body all the time - yet you can't hear them because they aren't sound waves.

 * That said, the frequency of light is indeed around that number of octaves higher than the piano...but it's not like you can compare the two kinds of wave. However, if you get hold of a suitable microphone and a radio transmitter, it is a handy device to convert between them in one direction, and a loud speaker performs the reverse transformation. SteveBaker (talk) 20:04, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

A friend in high school said windowpane could do this, but I guess that's too WP:OR. Short Brigade Harvester Boris (talk) 00:58, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Deuterium
As a non-scientist, I read this article and was left with the impression that the way we gather heavy water for use is by essentially looking for it in ordinary water, like looking very carefully for a needle in a haystack. This implies to my untrained mind that synthetically producing the substance is impossible theoretically or practically. Is it the latter? --Dweller (talk) 12:36, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * OK, duh, the answer is given in our heavy water article. Sorry. --Dweller (talk) 12:37, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

I have added the information from heavy water to Deuterium. It is uncited, so if one of you clever people could add that (in both articles), that'd be another win for the Ref Desks. Cheers. --Dweller (talk) 12:40, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Make you a deal: I get the refs, someone else add them? These are both RS that describe the production of heavy water . They may not be the best refs available, but I'm confident they are better than nothing. SemanticMantis (talk) 15:01, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I had a quick look at both and my befuddled non-scientific brain couldn't see the claim that it's more practical to search for Deuterium than artificially synthesise it. Did I miss it? --Dweller (talk) 15:04, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, sorry, I misunderstood. These refs are suitable for Deuterium, and everything in the first paragraph of Heavy_water except for the last sentence about cost! But the claims about methods of production are still uncited at present. I'm not sure how to find a ref that specifically says nuclear synthesis is not viable. Most people who would research it would see it as obvious, I think. Concentrating heavy water just starts with regular water and uses "normal" chemistry that accomplishes Isotope_fractionation. So it's not so much that we are "searching" for deuterium/heavy water, filtering or concentrating would be better analogies. We know all water has some heavy water, just like most stable isotopes occur in certain ratios of most Earthly elements.
 * In contrast to the chemical concentration approach, "synthesizing" deuterium out other isotopes of hydrogen requires nuclear reactions. Finally, the first link above at least implies that synthesis is cost ineffective, because it compares the efficiency and costs of several non-nuclear reaction methods without even considering nuclear processes. So I still think these are better than nothing, and can support other claims in the production sections. But now I'm also out of my element as well :) Hopefully someone else will find a better ref that explicitly rules out synthesis via nuclear processes on economic/efficiency grounds. SemanticMantis (talk) 15:23, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Cost-effectiveness is a tricky matter. If you happen to be Germany in the second world war, then hydrolysis was the most cost-effective approach because the concentrations appearing in the outflow of a fertilizer factory were high enough, and there was essentially free hydroelectric power in the area. (See: Norwegian heavy water sabotage)   But if you lack that already concentrated heavy water, and you have an abundant heat source, then distillation may be better - but if you have neither in abundance, but have a nuclear reactor lying around, then maybe irradiating regular water gets the concentrations higher to improve the efficiency of the other techniques.  Which of these is "best" depends on what your starting point is and what other resources you may already have. SteveBaker (talk) 19:47, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Isotopic Separation and Enrichment is a very resent lay-mans understandable article (2014). All I need now, is an explanation as to why the wife's Rock-Cakes are heavier still – does she use uranium concrete?! --Aspro (talk) 23:04, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Spontaneous Hummingbird Combustion
I have heard it claimed that if a human's metabolic rate was somehow increased to match that of a hummingbird, the human would burst into flames. Is this true, and if so, how was it calculated? And for that matter, what prevents hummingbirds from spontaneously combusting if their metabolism is as high as this claim implies? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:19, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * What you've stated is a common misconception. Hummingbirds are bursting into flame all the time. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 17:20, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * For the last Q, it has to do with the surface area to volume ratio. Small objects cool much faster than large ones.  And those frenetically flapping wings have got to provide quite a bit of cooling, too.  There's a hummingbird in a South American desert, where the temp drops off dramatically at night, which sits on a tree and stops moving at night, quickly cools to close to freezing, then warms up when the sunlight hits it the next morning and emerges from it's torpor. StuRat (talk) 16:36, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * That makes sense, and it's a factor I didn't think about! But yes, I suspect the idea of metabolically induced combustion is something of an exaggeration (even assuming some way to artificially raise an animal's metabolism). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:29, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You may be interested in reading square-cube law. -- ToE 19:55, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * To answer the first question, read the Wikipedia article titled Hyperbole. Come back if anything in that article doesn't make sense.  -- Jayron 32 16:39, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You're assuming it's just an exaggeration. It could very well be true. StuRat (talk) 16:41, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't tend to assign true/false values to random statements people make, absent any evidence either way. It's a strange thing to assume that every possible combination of syllables a person utters should be accepted as true without any evidence one way or the other.  -- Jayron 32 16:49, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * No, it could not "very well be true"; plenty of complex organisms require heat regulation of one form or another, but they do this for reasons of homeostasis, to avoid tissue damage -- not because they will burst into flames otherwise.  S n o w  talk 16:49, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You'd have to assume they meant "if the human metabolic rate was increased to where they burned the proportional energy per second as a hummingbird, with no other changes, then the human would burst into flames". Obviously the increase in metabolic rate would never actually evolve, but you could determine how much heat would accumulate if it did. The statement is rather silly, but that's not the same as untrue.  StuRat (talk) 17:20, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are right to be skeptical; that claim betrays a great deal of confusion as to the nature of metabolism. The term is, in this context especially, a cache-all for any number of biochemical pathways, to which abstract notions of "fast and slow" apply with varying degrees of accuracy; some metabolic pathways might be said to be faster or slower in a human or a humming bird, while others that are found in one are entirely absent in another.  I'd say it's an apples and oranges type situation, but frankly the hummingbird and the human are significantly farther apart in physiology than any two types of fruit.  So already we've run into trouble in trying to establish what the aggregate "speed" of each organism's relative "metabolism" is.  There are some measures that might be relevant, such as caloric expenditure over a given period of time relative to the overall mass of the organism.  Regardless, even if we go with the generous suggestion that a hummingbird utilizes two-dozen times as much energy in a given period of time than a human, relative to mass, there's still no bio-mechanical or biochemical function by which either species can set itself alight through basic internal stresses or chemical reactions.   S n o w  talk 16:43, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * (edit conflict) Biologist Paul R. Ehrlich wrote on the topic of bird metabolism in his bird book, excerpts of which are available free online. Hummingbirds are already very close to fatal overheating, which is interesting from the viewpoint of evolutionary biology.  "Why do birds (and mammals) run these risks of maintaining a high, constant temperature, especially since it costs them to do so?"  ... But overheating is not the same as spontaneous combustion.
 * Thanks for the link! <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:32, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I've heard the "combustion" analogy repeated many times before, but it's not a very scientific statement: how do you scale a metabolic rate? Obviously if you select a scaling-methodology that implies a mammal should burst into flames, your methodology runs contrary to empirical evidence.  From a viewpoint of biology or molecular chemistry, mammal metabolism is very similar to bird metabolism, appropriately scaled; and yet we do not see combusting wombats.  So, although I'm sure you can find this analogy about combusting humans, it's improbable that you can attribute it to a reputable scientist.  Nimur (talk) 16:43, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Random internet numbers suggest that hummingbirds expend roughly 10 kilocalories per day and weight about 10 grams. That's about ~4.2 MJ / kg.  Humans are more like 0.12 MJ / kg.  So hummingbirds are burning roughly 35 times as much energy per unit mass as humans.  Heat dissipation is generally proportional to temperature difference.  Let's say the typical human is about 10 C warmer than his environment.  Increase the energy output 35 times (by magic) and pretend there are no new sources of heat dissipation or limiting factors, and the human would now equilibrate around 350 C warmer.  According to the interwebs, human hair ignites below 250 C, so it does seem plausible that hummingbird-man could autoignite (or at least it would be plausible if the whole thing wasn't completely silly to begin with).  Dragons flight (talk) 17:36, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Sure, but why didn't you divide the absolute temperature by a factor of $$\frac{\pi}{17.2}$$ and add the boltzmann constant? You're already performing totally arbitrary mathematical manipulation.
 * What I mean to say is, you are not conducting science. Science uses observation to guide our understanding.  It's fruitless to start multiplying and dividing stuff just because we want to.  Why do you assume energy-per-unit-mass is the appropriate unit?  Have you got a testable hypothesis and experimental data to corroborate your approach?  Can you refer to published sources that use that approach?
 * Instead, what you're doing is throwing a bunch of equations at the concept, which perpetuates a widely held misperception of what science actually does. I know that you know better, but you're conveying the wrong message to people who aren't as well-informed about scientific process as you are!
 * Most problematically, you're falling into the very same trap as StuRat - where are your cited references? You're throwing around quotes and factual assertions and numerical constants and attributing them to "the internet" at large.  That's not suitable for our reference desk - we have higher standards than that, and I know that you can do better.
 * Nimur (talk) 17:48, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't think you're trying to be funny, but I've got to laugh. That's a remarkable uptight comment to leave on a question about whether people with a hummingbird metabolism would spontaneously combust.  You know I am capable of writing much more elaborate responses, but I don't think a question like this justifies either the time or energy.  If my response bothers you, feel free to give a better one.  However, your earlier reply simply dismissed the hypothetical without even considering any numbers, which is really just avoiding the issue.  Here is a quote :

 * "Hummingbird metabolic rates are ..., the highest metabolic rate per unit of body weight in the avian world. ... Hummingbird researcher Crawford Greenewalt said that translates to [humans] eating forty ten-pound bags of potatoes or 1000 quarter-pound hamburgers every single day! It is thought, unbelievably, that this consumption would raise our body temperatures to 750°F (398°C) and cause us to explode."

 * Greenewalt, was a chemical engineer by training (so maybe not technically a scientist), but he did publish a few academic papers on the mechanics of bird flight and our article claims he was president of the American Philosophical Society for a time. Greenewalt's 1960 book, titled simply Hummingbirds, was published by the American Museum of Natural History and also repeats the 750°F number.  In the quote above, also note the use of "metabolic rate per unit of body weight", also known as the "specific metabolic rate", which is a typical way of comparing metabolism across species and equivalent to the scaling I used above.  For example, the specific metabolic rate is mentioned in the metabolic theory of ecology.  Personally, I think that is a natural scaling to use, for an admittedly silly hypothetical, but you could argue for a different one if you like.  Dragons flight (talk) 19:21, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. The point stands that if we do some naive scaling in terms of energy output per hour, it would be far too much heat for a human to handle. But as others point out, humans don't work that way, and evolution doesn't work that way, etc. I think Nimur is being a bit too grumpy here; the calculations aren't totally arbitrary. But his point also stands: this isn't really "doing science", and there is nothing particularly valuable or deep about this exercise, other than to point out that hummingbirds are flying pretty hot.
 * But we have lots of stories like this: "If humans were as a strong as ants, they could lift up full-size trucks over their heads!" or "If humans could leap like fleas, we could jump over a 70 story building!" -- Yes, there are scientific problems with that type of claim and we should be very cautious of "shut up and calculate" mottos. But the point of these quips is not to give a very rigorous lesson in biophysics or metabolism or whatever. The point is get people interested and excited about the natural world and the abilities of organisms, by doing some (often technically sloppy) translating to scales that normal humans are more comfortable thinking in. SemanticMantis (talk) 19:38, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Many thanks for finding that quote-- it's pretty much the sort of analysis I was looking for regarding this admittedly silly question, a quantification of the metabolic rates and temperatures involved and their possible effect. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:33, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Indeed, thanks for following up, and I apologize if I came across as grumpy. I'm glad that we've collectively been able to deliver a set of responses that are much more thorough than the last time I posted.  Thanks guys.  Nimur (talk) 20:39, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The point (I think) is that a lot of the pop-sci claims that are out there really don't stand up to even cursory examination ("Humans only think with 10% of their brains" or "Science has proven that a bee can't fly" are classic examples) - and others seem broadly OK. I think this one clearly falls into the second category...sure, it's a hypothetical situation - and a solid scientific answer would need to know how all of this extra energy is being generated...are the muscles bigger...are we ingesting more calories...all sorts of detailed matters the would affect the answer.   But that's not the point here.  The original inventor of this claim is merely trying to express just how ungodly active these birds really are - and in terms that most readers can comprehend.   If it was off by an order of magnitude in either direction - then we might say it's nonsense - but it's clearly in the right ballpark - and that's good enough.   It's not like designing an airplane where people's lives depend on you getting it right.  SteveBaker (talk) 22:03, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

What do you mean? African or European Hummingbirds? It's a question of weight ratios. really all it means is that we'd have enough muscles and energy to flap hard enough to fly and use the air as coolant. Probably be very fast swimmers too. --DHeyward (talk) 18:32, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * DHeyward, the issue is that the hummingbirds don't combust when they carry a coconut together on a line. Nyttend (talk) 18:31, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * We had a cold snap the other night. The only birds that weren't flash-freezing in mid-flight were the local hummingbirds.  New York One news was advising people who found sparrows and other songbirds frozen in mid-air to scoop them up with a fishing net, and microwave them on low for five minutes or so, depending on the make and wattage. μηδείς (talk) 18:44, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "And as I fricaseed him, he gave out a yell: 'Oy! Willow! Titwillow! Willow!'" --Allan Sherman ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 18:53, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Asthma Meds
I have a list of Inhaled Bronchodilators and a list of Asthma Controllers. Both are many pages long (with many medications repeated for each dose/manufacturer). So far, every medication I've found is on both lists. Are these two names synonyms? Are there Inhaled Bronchodilators that are not Asthma Controllers? Are there Asthma Controllers that are not Inhaled Bronchodilators? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:44, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That might be a good question for your doctor or pharmacist. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 17:45, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You might find it helpful to read our article: Metered-dose inhaler.   D b f i r s   18:06, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Some bronchodilators can be taken by routes other than inhalation as Asthma. Some astma controllers work against inflammation pathways rather than strictly bronchodilation. DMacks (talk) 18:20, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Why aren't baboons extinct ?
As I understand it, most other primates don't compete with humans, since they live in jungles/tropical forests and humans mostly live on savannas/plains (good farming areas). However, I believe baboons live there, too. So, why didn't humans out-compete them or kill them directly, long ago ?

This source seem to imply that they could retreat to tropical forests when under threat:. Is that how they survived ? StuRat (talk) 20:55, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * In evolutionary terms, it's not uncommon for two species to occupy the same niche. Gnu and Zebra on the plains of Africa, for example.  Both wander around in herds grazing on the same plants drinking from the same water sources and predated upon by the same predators.  Neither has displaced the other.   So long as their breeding success rates are kinda similar, it all seems to work out OK.  I've gotta say that seems like an unstable equilibrium - but it happens in enough places that it's evidently a common situation. SteveBaker (talk) 21:53, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Zebra's and Wildebeests don't share the same ecological niche, in any of the senses of that word. They have differences in predation rates, identity of main predators, differences in refugia, differences in plant preference, differences in migration, differences in digestion, and differences in life history. This is a student paper, but it cites dozens of real research papers that discuss mechanisms of coexistence relevant to African grazers. Here's a paper that specifically addresses the differences in nutrition and foraging behavior SemanticMantis (talk) 23:10, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I believe they prefer to be called "zebras and wildebeest". Or they would, if they weren't preoccupied with survival. I'm not being a grammar Nazi, just a concerned mutualist. InedibleHulk (talk) 04:17, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ha! That has to be the worst pluralization mistake I've ever made. Don't tell the mouses and deers. SemanticMantis (talk) 15:58, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * First, competition isn't an all-or-nothing thing, and humans absolutely compete with many primates, usually for habitat, in the form of deforestation. There are several ways to quantify competition, but species that compete often coexist, we call it competitive coexistence . Secondly, there's many types of competition - there's resource competition, apparent competition, and all these arise from the degree of niche overlap to consider (see also Limiting_similarity).
 * But the simple answer to your question is "because in recent ecological past, the force of intraspecific competition is greater than the force of interspecific competition for these two species". This falls out of early work by Gause, now known as the Competitive_exclusion_principle. It also holds true in the Competitive_Lotka–Volterra_equations, and it remains true for most any theoretical model or empirical study. Levin (1970) establishes that complete overlap of niche precludes coexistence. So I can say with some certainty that baboons and humans don't share the same niche. Coexistence can be promoted by even slight differences in predators, slight differences in prey, differences in refugia, things like that. Temporal variation in resources, and species-specific responses to spatial heterogeneity also go a long way (Chesson and Warner, 1981; Chesson 2000, and we even have an article on the storage effect).
 * So we know why in a general sense, but to get into the proximal mechanisms, we'd have to know more about the fecundity, diets, predation, and migratory patterns of our ancient ancestors, as well as those of ancient baboons. I'm sure people will be happy to speculate on that, but I won't. I will opine casually, that most any baboon could kill most any human without even trying. So our ancestors probably kept their distance :) 23:10, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The above post is by SemanticMantis μηδείς (talk) 03:58, 5 February 2015 (UTC))

 * Probably not, if that human had a spear, and modern humans and Neanderthals have had spears for a very long time. StuRat (talk) 23:42, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Baboons are rather vicious little monkeys, the largest of the non-hominid primates, omnivorous, swift, living in packs of dozens or scores or more. And adult males are able to intimidate leopards.  They are known to kill sheep, goats, and antelope, as well as other monkeys, and rarely, human children.  They are eaten as bushmeat, but given the diseases they carry, they may be smarter than their human predators.  And they run faster than humans, breed more regularly, and, like the Cape baboon retreat to hills, rocks, and large trees for defense and nesting.  They could surely be driven to extinction with modern firearms, but the trend is apparently for them to become scavengers of human settlements, not human prey. μηδείς (talk) 03:53, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Two separate primatologists have told me their rule of thumb: in a fight, 1 lb of monkey equals 9 lb of human. Apparently a walking stick isn't always enough to keep a feisty 9 lb capuchin from mugging you for your lunch. I've looked for refs but this is obviously just oral lore and anecdote. I wouldn't go near a baboon even if I had a very pointy stick. SemanticMantis (talk) 16:04, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I believe it. I was slapped on the forearm by a chimp once. I've never tried to pat another since. That's mostly because I haven't met another since, but it was astonishingly hard for a quick one, like if a human his size put the whole shoulder into it. InedibleHulk (talk) 00:24, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I would put odds on the human with the pointy stick (spear), but of course I wouldn't want to take the chance, since he'd probably only get one chance to impale it. StuRat (talk) 22:37, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * These questions can never be answered appropriately since the observation is always of the past. It's shortcoming of the Theory of Evolution.  It's not predictive.  It's not that there is anything wrong with theory but the nature of these types of questions are not particularly insightful when answered.  The simple truth is that if baboons were extinct there would be a natural selection answer.  And since they aren't extinct, there is also a natural selection answer.  We can't answer even basic, short time-span questions like "What will be selected in the next 10,000 years"  because of the complexity, I don't think it's realistic that very simple answers are forthcoming.  --DHeyward (talk) 01:22, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Can rockets fueled with liquid hydrogen, use the oxygen of the air?
Up to what altitude can it use the oxygen of the air, if at all?Noopolo (talk) 22:45, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * They could, in theory, but none that I know of do. Rockets consume extremely high amounts of fuel. Getting a corresponding amount of oxygen from the environment, compressing it to the required pressure, and injecting it into the engine probably is more trouble than it is worth. Note than most jets are very inefficient at low speed, because the air is not already compressed by airspeed when entering the engine inlet. And that initial phase is when rockets need their oomp most - the longer a rocket stays essentially motionless, the longer it wastes fuel just by keeping more fuel (in tanks) from falling back to earth. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 23:21, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * oomp?Noopolo (talk) 23:33, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * "Oomf" (sp ?) is slang which roughly translates as linear inertia here. StuRat (talk) 23:39, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The word is "oomph" . Dragons flight (talk) 03:40, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The problem is that you would need a very different configuration to use atmospheric oxygen than using oxygen from tanks. So, you'd want a big scoop in front for the first part, but not for the second.  This might be possible, via a multistage rocket, or perhaps a rocket that launches off the back of a conventional airplane (this option requires a small rocket and huge airplane). StuRat (talk) 23:31, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * It's so different that we have a different name for the thing. It's only called a rocket if it doesn't use oxygen from the atmosphere.  If it does, it's a type of jet engine. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:18, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Checking the Saturn V, for example, the stages were fueled by rocket propellant and then by hydrogen. In all stages, liquid oxygen was used as the oxidizer. Obviously, needed in much greater concentrations than the atmosphere could provide. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 00:22, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You may wish to read about SABRE (rocket engine), the "Synergistic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine" which would be the engine for the proposed Skylon_(spacecraft) launch vehicle. -- ToE 01:15, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * And for those who just want a quick answer, SABRE, described as an Air/LOX/LH2 engine, is designed to switch over from air to LOX at Mach 5.14, 28.5 km altitude. Note that it is currently a paper rocket engine (though they are doing some development of components) for a paper rocket. -- ToE 01:29, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Here's a rough attempt to quantify this. I'll outline some false assumptions further down.
 * According to Falcon 9, the first stage of that rocket uses 150,000L of liquid oxygen.
 * According to this book, the concentration of oxygen in air is 9.35 mol/m3.
 * According to Oxygen, the relative atomic mass of oxygen is 16, meaning that one mole of oxygen weighs 16g.
 * According to Liquid oxygen, the density of liquid oxygen is 1.141kg/L.
 * According to SpaceX, the first stage burn time of the Falcon 9 is 180s.
 * From 2 and 3, we can calculate the mass of oxygen per m3 of air. This is 9.35 x 16 = 149.6g/m3.
 * From 1 and 4, we can calculate the mass of oxygen burnt by the first stage. This is 150,000 x 1000 x 1.141 = 171150000g.
 * From 6 and 7, we can calculate the equivalent volume of air required to provide the oxygen requirement of the first stage. This is 171150000 / 149.6 = 1144050m3.
 * From 5 and 8, we can approximate the rate at which air would have to be consumed by the rocket to supply the necessary oxygen. This is 1144050 / 180 = 6356m3/s.

 * Note some dicey assumptions here:
 * I've assumed that the density of the atmosphere is constant. It isn't.  The numbers used are approximately the same as surface conditions, but as the rocket goes up, the volume of air required will increase.
 * I've assumed that the burn rate of the rocket is constant. I don't think it is, though I don't know.  I'd expect that maximum burn rate would occur as the rocket is just leaving the launch pad, ie. the time when it's hardest to ingest air, because you don't get the compression effect of the rocket's motion.

 * With all that in mind, you've then got to design an air intake to provide the air. According to SpaceX, the rocket itself is 3.7m diameter.  Let's be generous and say you build a big, circular air intake on the front of the rocket that takes that entire diameter.  That gives you an area of 11.6m2.  That means that, to provide our 6356m3/s of air, the air through the intake will have to travelling at 6356 / 11.6 = 546.8 m/s, or nearly 2,000km/h.  At the earth's surface, at, say, 15 degrees, that's mach 1.6.

 * So, to do this on the Falcon 9, with an air intake taking up the whole forward-facing profile of the rocket, you need to accelerate the air moving into the engine to 1.6 times the speed of sound before the rocket starts moving, and you have to do it without destroying the vehicle's aerodynamics. This is why they don't do it.  GoldenRing (talk) 03:23, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, part of why they don't do it. There is, among other things, also the problem that you either need to somehow separate oxygen from the other 80% of the air before it enters the motor, while it is moving at mach 1.6, or somehow accommodate an extra 5,000 cubic metres of non-reactive gas moving through the motor each second.  GoldenRing (talk) 07:27, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That amount of gas is probably an under-estimate. For one thing, at the temperatures and pressures involved, oxygen will react with the nitrogen in the air which reduces the amount of oxygen available for burning fuel.   When you look at all of the various NOx's coming out of a car engine, this should come as no surprise.  Also, as altitude increases into the mesophere (the "ozone layer"), the composition of the atmosphere starts to change, you get ozone, atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen, NO and various other stuff.  What that would do to this hypothetical engine is hard to guess. SteveBaker (talk) 15:25, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The SR-71 operated at a very high altitude and it's engines were most efficient at Mach 3+. There might be a way to stage turbo-fan to jet to rocket like SpaceShipTwo does for suborbital. A turbo jet doesn't necessarily mind supersonic velocities but the compression and slowdown heats the air and engine which has to be managed.  I don't think the problem would ever be scoop size since it will most likely be a staged operation as no one will want to drag an air breathing engine into space.  Similarly it doesn't make sense to have to burn fuel in non-vertical flight if a rocket with fuel and oxydizer can do the same thing with the same weight of propellant. But I'd rather develop a space launching railgun.  Really if we can launch all the non-human cargo by railgun, we can have very small human capsule.  Imagine every piece of the ISS being launched by railgun and assembled in space while only needing the small capsule for crew.  Right now we have EM launchers for aircraft on aircraft carrier.  The miltary is testing railgun sabot projectiles.  Personally, I'd rather have NASA solving this rather than talking about human mars missions.  Figure out how to launch tons of material at a fraction of the current price. --DHeyward (talk) 06:06, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The one link that actually does answer the question has not yet been given - Scramjet is clearly the most relevant article. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 22:54, 8 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/George Pirie (mathematician)

The result was keep. Mz7 (talk) 10:01, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

George Pirie (mathematician)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No indication of satisfying WP:NACADEMIC. Mutt Lunker (talk) 11:50, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Am now content that notability is satisfied, at the very least technically. Mutt Lunker (talk) 10:53, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 12:15, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Scotland-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 12:15, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Mathematics-related deletion discussions. North America1000 15:07, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Weak keep. For someone who mainly lived in the 19th century, I think we have to go by WP:GNG or WP:BIO. Adsmittedly, there is not a whole lot here, but there examples of substantive coverage. There is a published obit in Proceedings of LMS, a semi-obit in Nature, and another one here. There are also two publsihed reviews (in Nature) of his books. Plus there are a few other brief mentions, and an honorary degree from the University of St. Andrews. Overall, I think that's enough to satisfy WP:GNG. Nsk92 (talk) 17:12, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep WP:PROF is often beside the point for historical figures; its purpose is to help evaluate biographies of currently (or recently) active scholars whose achievements may be noteworthy even when biographical profiles are lacking. Here, as argued above, WP:GNG or WP:BIO are more appropriate, and the available sources are satisfactory on those grounds. (I believe the LMS obituary is here.) XOR'easter (talk) 20:05, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep per sources provided by Nsk92 --DannyS712 (talk) 05:59, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. It's still the case that one can look at the article and think "what did he do to merit an article?". But I think the standard is met. Certainly we should be judging this sort of person by WP:GNG or maybe WP:AUTHOR, not WP:PROF. WP:PROF is really designed around the expectations for modern American research-level academics and even among those it doesn't work particularly well for mathematicians. —David Eppstein (talk) 06:07, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep: The obituaries are from major reliable sources, so WP:GNG is appropriately satisfied here. — MarkH21 (talk) 11:09, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep. Meets WP:NACADEMIC #5 in any case. In those days there was only a single professor per department, so he was the Professor of Mathematics at the University of Aberdeen, not just a professor. So "an equivalent position in countries where named chairs are uncommon" applies, as it still does with all established (as opposed to personal) chairs at major British universities. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:16, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep - I would support the well-made arguments above and think there is clear evidence that Pirie was a notable individual. Dunarc (talk) 18:34, 28 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Ali Baal Masdar

Ali Baal Masdar is an Indonesian politician. He is the formerly governor of West Sulawesi province from 2017 to 2022, and the regent of Polewali Mandar Regency.

Masdar's election experienced several problems. Thousands of ballots were damaged in the weeks before the election, which required them to be reprinted; weather conditions raised fears about the polls being inaccessible; and constituencies living in mountainous areas posed transportation problems for ballot delivery. Due to fears of civil unrest during the public counting of ballots, the province dispatched several hundred police officers to the polls, though quick counts had already demonstrated Masdar's victory by then.

title: Ali Baal Masdar


text:
Talk:Denis Simpson

Death
Where did the idea that Bram Morisson slammed Denis Simpson's head causing his head? It's reported nowhere else but here. This sounds like vandalism. Denis (talk) 15:31, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denis Simpson


text:
Smitty (film)

Smitty is a 2012 American family drama film directed by David Mickey Evans and starring Mira Sorvino, Peter Fonda and Louis Gossett Jr.

Plot
Amanda leaves her son Ben with her estranged father Jack, a grumpy Iowa farmer, after he gets in trouble too many times in Chicago. Jack successfully straightens the boy out with good food, farm chores, and a dog; the dog's former owners could not afford to keep him, and Ben names him after Mr. Smith, a wise storekeeper who befriends him.

Cast

 * Peter Fonda as Jack
 * Mira Sorvino as Amanda
 * Brandon Tyler Russell as Ben
 * Louis Gossett Jr. as Mr. Smith
 * Jason London as Russell
 * Gabrielle Bui as Tia
 * Booboo Stewart as Peebo
 * Lolita Davidovich as Judge Greenstein

Production
Filming occurred in Iowa.

Release
The film premiered at the WorldFest-Houston International Film/Video Festival in April 2012.

Reception
Tracey Moore of Common Sense Media awarded the film three stars out of five. Nancy Adamson of the Midland Reporter-Telegram graded the film a C.

Duane Byrge of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review and wrote, “...but there is a great big Middle American audience out there for this heartfelt entertainment.“

title: Smitty (film)


text:
User:GreenD

A young boy, hailing from pickering ontario, journeys out into the wiki world in search of new and exciting articles to edit.

title: User:GreenD


text:
Myra Kingman

Myra Hunt Kingman (November 2, 1873 – June 28, 1922), for much of her adult life known as Myra Kingman Miller or Myra Kingman Merriman, was an American journalist and clubwoman, President of the National Federation of College Women from 1915 to 1922.

Early life
Myra Hunt Kingman was born in Tremont, Illinois, the daughter of Lysander Philip Kingman and Susan Wilde Pettes Hunt Kingman.

Career
As a journalist in the midwest, Myra Kingman was Sunday editor of the Peoria Daily Transcript, on staff as a special correspondent at the Chicago Chronicle, and secretary of the Northwest Editorial Association. After moving to California in 1894, she wrote for the Long Beach Mirror. In 1908, she established the first movie theatre for children, in Long Beach, California.

As a clubwoman, Myra Kingman Merriman was president of the National Federation of College Women from 1915 to 1922, and chaired the Better Films Committee of the National Council of Women from 1918 to 1922. The Better Films Committee endorsed films the considered wholesome and fit for family viewing, and promoted the exhibition of such films. During World War I she was appointed by Woodrow Wilson to an advisory board in the United States Department of Labor. After the war she organized a Foreign Film Unit of American women, showing instructional films about hygiene, public health, cooking, farming, and other topics in France, Russia, Italy and elsewhere, to support reconstruction in war-affected places. They also provided a program of children's films for orphanages.

She testified at a Congressional hearing on women's citizenship and marriage to foreigners, in 1917, saying "I think the law should be just and should be equal to both men and women in every country." In 1920 she led the American delegation at the International Council of Women meeting in Christiania, Norway, while she was on her honeymoon.

Personal life
Myra Kingman married twice, first to George Alonzo Miller in 1895; they had a daughter, Susan, born in 1896, and George Miller died in 1916. She married her second husband, Dr. Josiah Charles Merriman, a chemistry professor, in 1920. She died two years later, aged 48 years.

title: Myra Kingman


text:
2015 in men's road cycling

2015 in men's road cycling is about the 2015 men's bicycle races governed by the UCI.

World Championships
The World Road Championships is set to be held in Richmond, Virginia, United States, from 19 to 27 September 2015.

Island Games

 * Cycling at the 2015 European Games
 * Cycling at the 2015 Pan American Games
 * Cycling at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games
 * Cycling at the 2015 Military World Games

title: 2015 in men's road cycling


text:
Deepwater trilogy

The Deepwater trilogy is a series of science fiction novels written by New Zealand author Ken Catran. The three books are titled Deepwater Black (1992), Deepwater Landing (1993) and Deepwater Angels (1994). The series addresses a number of current issues like pollution, racism and politics. The most prominent theme throughout the series is that "survival is not for oneself but for a greater cause". Other notable themes and elements include beauty, color, light amidst darkness, responsibility at a young age, the significance of youth in the ongoing existence of the human race, rebellion, and fear of the unknown.

Deepwater Black
Deepwater Black is the first novel in the Deepwater trilogy by New Zealand author Ken Catran, published in 1992. The story follows Robbie Mikkelson, a 13-year-old boy living an ordinary life until he experiences a phenomenon called "prexing," which transports him between two realities.

Plot
Robbie is an ordinary teenager on Earth, living with his family and dealing with typical school issues. His life changes when Yoona, a girl only he can see, appears and tells him he's needed on Deepwater. Robbie finds himself transported to a massive spaceship where he is Reb, second-in-command. On Deepwater, Reb works with other teenagers—Yoona, Bren, Gret, Lis, and Zak—who are descendants of Solar System colonists. They face challenges including: Battling alien creatures (trites, amebs, solunks, and mag-mets) Dealing with "Jel," a dangerous substance in the ship's ventilation system Managing long duty shifts to stay alive Growing distrust among the crew Questioning their identities and purpose Robbie/Reb struggles to reconcile his dual existence as he "prexes" between Earth and Deepwater, with his life on the spaceship becoming increasingly real.

Themes
Survival for a greater cause Identity and self-discovery The role of youth in humanity's future Environmental issues

Deepwater Landing (1993)
The second book focuses on Denie Miles, who awakens on Deepwater as Cei. The ship returns to space searching for a crucial mission element. New threats emerge both on Earth and in space.

Deepwater Angels
In the final installment, Conn (an "Earthkid") wakes up on Deepwater, which is now stranded on Earth. The crew must complete one last mission on their home planet.

Adaptation
The trilogy was adapted into a television series in 1997, marking the Sci Fi Channel's first original scripted production. Titled Mission Genesis in the United States, it was a co-production between YTV Network and USA Networks, distributed by Sunbow Entertainment. In Canada and the United Kingdom, the series retained the original title, Deepwater Black.

title: Deepwater trilogy


text:
Wikipedia:Suspected copyright violations/2012-07-11

2012-07-11 (Suspected copyright violations)

 * — http://www.lacndb.com/php/Info.php?name=Joseph%20Ida. MadmanBot reporting at 00:21, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * No action - seems to have been tagged incorrectly.  Rcsprinter  (talk to me)  @ 18:58, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * — http://www.ibb.gatech.edu/about-ibb. MadmanBot reporting at 02:45, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * — James Meredith (footballer). MadmanBot reporting at 10:27, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Fixed now, looks like some sort of attempt to use an article as a template. Hut 8.5 15:32, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * — Hindustan College of Engineering. MadmanBot reporting at 10:35, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * — http://www.lankhorst.nl/history.php. MadmanBot reporting at 11:22, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * — http://www.kegelmaster.net.au/Understanding_The_Kegelmaster.html. MadmanBot reporting at 13:50, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * — http://www.answertaghomepress.com/harrison.html. MadmanBot reporting at 14:41, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * — http://raghunandanpanshikar.com/profile.html. MadmanBot reporting at 15:54, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * No action - seems to have been tagged incorrectly.  Rcsprinter  (talk to me)  @ 18:58, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * — http://www.onslowvietnammemorial.org/index.html. MadmanBot reporting at 17:52, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * — San Pablo City National High School. MadmanBot reporting at 22:05, 11 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Anna Syberg

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Anna Syberg. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110929190547/http://www.tv2fyn.dk/article/259959:Syberg--Anna to http://www.tv2fyn.dk/article/259959:Syberg--Anna

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:49, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anna Syberg


text:
Emma Nicol

Emma Nicol (1800 – 2 November 1877) was a British actress who became known for playing older women in Edinburgh as her mother had before her.

Life
In 1800 Emma Nicol was born, she was the first of four daughters of Sarah Bezra Nicol and her husband who were to become actresses. Emma's father was a printer and by 1807 her mother was playing old woman roles at the Theatre Royal in Edinburgh as "Mrs.Nicol". In the following year her mother had her first benefit performance where her daughter made one of her first appearances. Her mother appeared with Henry Siddons at the New Theatre Royal on Leith Walk and she went on to play character roles like Mrs Malaprop. In 1819 she and her mother were chosen to perform in an operatic adaptation of the novel Rob Roy for the first time in Edinburgh. Her mother played the role of Jean McAlpine and she took the role of Mattie. When George IV saw Rob Roy they were still in these roles. She also took the part of Madge Wildfire in The Heart of Midlothian; Miss Neville in She Stoops to Conquer and Maria in Twelfth Night.

Emma left the city to find work in London at some time around 1823 and she was at the Drury Lane Theatre by November 1824. She worked for two years in Surrey.

By 1833 her mother was too elderly to get regular work and she died sometime after her farewell performance at a benefit in 1834. By November 1834 Emma was back in Edinburgh playing the type of roles her mother had played at the Theatre Royal. It was noticed that she had developed her skills considerably since she had left the city.

Nicol worked in leading roles where she extended her range when burlesque came into fashion. She had her own benefit performances in 1862 and after this she retired to London. She died in Islington in 1877.

title: Emma Nicol


text:
Talk:Ricardo Clark

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 03:36, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Edit request from Aikibro, 28 June 2010
Please double check the information regarding the criticism of Ricardo Clark. There is unverified information alleging criticism of his lack of understanding of his international responsibilities or something to that effect. This is all opinion unless substantiated by fact or some objective source like a newspaper article or some other citable extract.

Aikibro (talk) 05:23, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Done Spigot  Map  12:25, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

I went to high school with Ricardo and have entered the "personal" info about him being a class clown. Please do not remove this as anyone familiar with him will surely attest to this. Further, it is insufficient that sourcing is (supposedly) limited to public information. I have seen numerous claims related to persons in other Wiki pages that rely upon non-public info and which are contentious. It is unserious in the extreme that this rule should invalidate my edit. Sincerely, Cameron Merrill
 * Please do not add unreferenced controversial to articles about living persons. Mentoz86 (talk) 03:50, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

Youth international caps
From all the sources I have been able to find, the numbers I entered for Clark's youth international caps are correct. As follows:

His US Soccer profile gives his number of U18 caps, under the section bolded as Under-18s. They give him six caps and three goals; I could find no information anywhere on the web that would change that.

This number of U20 caps seems incredibly high, but here's how I came about it. This article about the squad selection for the 2003 World Youth Championships says in it "Both players have been instrumental to the Under-20 squad the past two years as Clark leads the team with 42 appearances..." I therefore used 42 as a starting number, and added on all of his U20 appearances from that point on. He only appeared for the U20s at that tournament, never again, so I added in his five appearances at the WYC to the 42 previously stated to come up with 47.

For U23 caps, as well as U20 goals, I found them as such: I searched "Ricardo Clark" on ussoccer.com. There are 47 articles containing his name and U20 MNT, 17 containing his name and U23 MNT. From that point, I read through each game recap and tallied every goal he scored for the U20s and every appearance for the U23s. IMPORTANTLY, I found three goals for the U20s, but could only find record of 27 appearances, not 47 as previously listed above. Therefore, he may have more than three goals for the U20s, that just don't show up in the game recaps that are online. I do feel fully confident in his 2 caps for the U23s, I believe that number is correct.

If any editor would like to take the time to factcheck the conclusions I came to, it would be greatly appreciated. My method tonight was a slightly roundabout way of finding these statistics, and I would much appreciate any corroboration or correction of my work.

21.colinthompson (talk) 05:49, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

suggestion about career stats
since he hade 2 lengthy stints in houston, how about adding a "Dynamo total" part above "career total"? HTownDynamo (talk) 02:25, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Category removal - explanation
I have removed this article from Category:Major League Soccer non-playing staff as that is a container category and as such should only contain other categories, not individual articles. Dunarc (talk) 20:24, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ricardo Clark


text:
Huangfu Song

Huangfu Song (died c. April 195 ), courtesy name Yizhen, was a military general who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty of China. He is best known for helping to suppress the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Liang Province Rebellion. He was one of three imperial commanders when the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out, along with Zhu Jun and Lu Zhi. He was known to be a modest and generous person. Lu Zhi was removed from command after the eunuch Zuo Feng (左豐) made false accusations against him; Lu Zhi had refused to bribe Zuo Feng. Huangfu Song, who took over command of the imperial troops from Lu Zhi, continued to use Lu as a strategist and reported his contributions to the imperial court. Thus, in the same year, Lu Zhi regained his post as Master of Writing (尚书).

Life
Huangfu Song was a nephew of Huangfu Gui (皇甫规), a military general, and Lady Huangfu. His father Huangfu Jie (Huangfu Gui's elder brother) was the Administrator of Yanmen Commandery. He was eventually nominated as a xiaolian and maocai. Chen Fan and Dou Wu, both important imperial officials, tried to nominate Huangfu Song as an official, but Huangfu rejected their nominations.

During the Yellow Turban rebellion, Huangfu was initially sent to defeat the Yellow Turban rebels in Yingchuan, along with Zhu Jun. After their success at Yingchuan, Huangfu and Zhu were sent to quell the rebels in Runan and Chen Commanderies, and were also successful. Later, Zhang Bao was defeated and killed by imperial forces led by Huangfu Song and Guo Dian (郭典) at Xiaquyang County (下曲陽縣; west of present-day Jinzhou, Hebei), while Zhang Liang also met his end at the hands of imperial forces led by Huangfu Song at Guangzong County (廣宗縣; southeast of present-day Guangzong County, Hebei).

After the quelling of the Yellow Turban rebellion, Emperor Ling changed the era name to Zhongping. Huangfu Song recommended that one year's worth of taxes from Ji province be used as assistance for refugees who had been displaced by the rebellion; Emperor Ling agreed. The people chanted, "China is in chaos; cities become rubble. Mothers cannot protect their children, while wives lose their husbands. It is because of Huangfu that we are able to live in peace."

In 188, Huangfu Song was sent to lift the siege of Chencang, together with Dong Zhuo; Chencang had been besieged by Wang Guo (王国). In the process, Dong had several tactical and strategic disagreements with Huangfu; after Huangfu managed to achieve victory despite Dong's disagreements (resulting in Wang Guo's death), Dong became resentful and fearful of Huangfu.

In 189, Dong Zhuo was made Governor of Bing Province, and was asked to hand troops under his command to Huangfu Song; Dong refused to comply. At the time, Huangfu Song's nephew Huangfu Li (皇甫郦) advised him, "The dynasty has lost its ability to govern and China is hanging by a thread. Only Your Excellency (Huangfu Song) and Dong Zhuo can bring stability to the realm. Now, there is bad blood between the two of you, with no possibility of co-existence. Dong Zhuo is resisting orders by refusing to hand over his troops. He is harbouring wickedness by delaying his advance and claiming that there is chaos in the capital. As he is brutal and heartless, his troops are not loyal to him. Your Excellency, as grand marshal, should attack Dong Zhuo. In this way, you can show your loyalty and righteousness, as well as remove a great threat to the state. This was what Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin did in the past." Huangfu Song replied, "Although it is a crime to disobey orders, it is also wrong to kill someone arbitrarily. Let us report this to the imperial court and let the court decide." After Huangfu's report reached Emperor Xian, the young emperor showed it to Dong Zhuo, increasing his resentment of Huangfu.

In 190, Dong Zhuo, now in control of the imperial court, intended to kill Huangfu Song, using the pretext of giving him a new appointment to summon him to Luoyang. As Huangfu was about to depart, Liang Yan (梁衍) advised him, "Now, the Han dynasty is weak and eunuchs had caused chaos in court. Although Dong Zhuo has killed them, he is not loyal to the state. He has pillaged the capital, and deposed and crowned emperors at will. Today, he has summoned Your Excellency. In the worst case scenario, Your Excellency will be in great peril. At the very least, Your Excellency will be trapped and humiliated. Now, Dong Zhuo is at Luoyang, while the emperor is in the west. Your Excellency should use 30,000 elite troops to welcome the emperor, while declaring your intent to attack Dong Zhuo. You should then spread this intent throughout the country, and recruit troops and officers. With the Yuans closing in from his east and Your Excellency closing in from his west, Dong Zhuo can be captured." Huangfu ignored Liang Yan's advice and continued his journey to Luoyang. During this time Dong Zhuo courted Huangfu Song's aunt, Lady Huangfu. He was delighted with her beauty and intelligence for working at Han court, so he forced her to marry him. Lady Huangfu refused and confronted him, then Dong Zhuo had her executed.

Huangfu Song's son Huangfu Jianshou was on good terms with Dong Zhuo. After knowing of Dong Zhuo's plans for his father, Jianshou hurried from Chang'an to Luoyang to meet Dong; Dong set a banquet to welcome him. Jianshou gave an emotional speech at the banquet, moving those present; even Dong Zhuo stood up, took Jianshou's hand and had Jianshou sit by his side.

Huangfu Song was made Grand Commandant c. September 192, but was relieved of the position c. February 193; he was replaced by Zhou Zhong (周忠), an uncle of Zhou Yu. He passed away due to illness as Li Jue and Guo Si began their civil war.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Huangfu Song was involved in Wang Yun's plot in getting rid of Dong Zhuo, and led the imperial forces to capture Dong Zhuo's family members and remnants in the capital.

Children and descendants
Huangfu Song was recorded to have at least 2 sons: Huangfu Jianshou and Huangfu Shuxian. Huangfu Shuxian is the paternal grandfather of Huangfu Mi. He also had a daughter who later became She Yuan's wife.

title: Huangfu Song


text:
Nurabad, Nishapur

Nurabad (, also Romanized as Nūrābād) is a village in Darbqazi Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 146, in 39 families.

title: Nurabad, Nishapur


text:
contratante

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) contracting (that makes a legal contract)

Noun

 * 1) contractor

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) contracting, that which contracts or makes an agreement

Noun

 * 1)  contractee

title: contratante


text:
Talk:Denis Smalley

Listed Works
Why in alphabetical rather than chronological order? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:38, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denis Smalley


text:
Talk:русский

Russian hockey
How is Russian hockey used figuratively? it seems to me normal adjective. Mallerd 14:53, 20 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think the user Mallerd still follows this question but for others: both русский хоккей and российский хоккей are OK, depends on the speaker's preference, situation or what needs to be highlighted. Yes, "русский" is both an adjective and a noun (declined as an adjective, of course). Figuratively? Not sure.--Atitarev 02:53, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

"ты что, не русский?"
I removed this phrase. It's used colloquially as a rhetorical question, when someone doesn't understand, although he/she is Russian. --Atitarev 02:48, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

Noun fixed required
The noun section and inflected forms need a fix, please. A "+" is missing in the headword, wrong forms have been generated. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 06:02, 21 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I have deleted the wrong forms. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 06:06, 21 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Sorry, that was my error. I'll generate the proper forms. Thanks for deleting the bad forms. Benwing2 (talk) 06:14, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:русский


text:
Perl Programming/CPAN

=CPAN=

A huge collection of freely usable Perl modules, ranging from advanced mathematics to database connectivity, networking and more, can be downloaded from a network of sites called CPAN. Most or all of the software on CPAN is also available under either the Artistic License, the GPL, or both. CPAN.pm is also the name of the Perl module that downloads and installs other Perl modules from one of the CPAN mirror sites; such installations can be done with interactive prompts, or can be fully automated.

Look for modules on CPAN

With ActivePerl (Windows systems)
From a command-line, type the command

ppm

This will give you a "Perl Package Manager" prompt, which allows you to download and install modules from the internet. For example, to install the Time::HiRes module, type:

search time::hires

That will give you a list of modules that match your search query. Once you know the module is available and what its exact name is, you can install the module with:

install Time::HiRes

With Perl
If you're using a normal version of Perl, the way to activate the package manager is this:

perl -MCPAN -e shell;

This will load the CPAN module, and let you search for, download, install, and manage the modules on your computer the same as PPM.

With Perl (cpanm)
The Perl module cpanm (CPAN Minus) is another alternative for installing modules from the CPAN library cpanminus.pm.

cpanm can be installed and used like this on a UNIX-like system:

curl -L "http://cpanmin.us" >cpanm chmod +x cpanm ./cpanm LWP::Bundle

One must have root privileges in order to install module in the system-wide directories, however alternatives exist such as local::lib, which allows regular users to install and use Perl modules in their home folder lib.pm.

With Strawberry Perl (Windows systems)
Strawberry Perl also includes the CPAN module, so you can use the command above to activate the package manager.

The start menu, however, also includes a shortcut (with the name of "CPAN Client") so that you don't have to go to a command line to do so.

A number of modules are already included in Strawberry Perl, beyond what comes with a normal version of Perl, or what comes with ActivePerl, so you may wish to check, if the module you want is already installed before you start the CPAN client.

Using a module in your program
To incorporate a module into your program, use the use keyword:

use Time::HiRes;

You can supply an optional list of the functions you want to use from this module, if you're worried that some of the function names in the module are too similar to functions you're already using:

use Time::Hires qw(time gmtime);

With that done, you can simply use the supplied functions as normal. Most modules have example programs within their documentation, and the best way to start using a module is to copy and adapt one of the example programs.

Finding documentation
The documentation for each module is installed in your documentation directory when you get a new module, or you can browse documentation on search.cpan.org and perldoc.perl.org.

Unix systems
On Unix systems, the documentation is usually installed as man pages in section 3p so that the command below will work:

man 3p Module::Name

<tt>perldoc Module::Name</tt> will also work.

If you want documentation that is browseable in a web browser, you can install Perldoc::Server as noted below.

Windows systems running ActivePerl
Module documentation is installed as HTML files in ActivePerl. To find those files, try looking in some of the following directories:

 * C:\Perl\html\lib
 * C:\Perl\html\site\lib

If you're having real trouble finding the HTML documentation for a module, you may be able to read the <tt>*.pm</tt> Perl file yourself for POD comments, or use the <tt>pod2html</tt> tool yourself to generate the HTML file.

Windows systems running Strawberry Perl
Strawberry Perl does not install module documentation as either manpages or html files. Instead, you can run the perldoc command to display module documentation.

perldoc Module::Name

You can also use <tt>Perldoc::Server</tt> to display module documentation, as illustrated below.

<tt>Perldoc::Server</tt>
The Perldoc::Server module (that can be installed via CPAN) will provide a local server that will display HTML files "on the fly" from Perl's documentation and the documentation for installed modules. Install it, and the command

perldoc-server

will be in your path. Run it, and then browse to <tt>http://localhost:7375/</tt> in your Web browser to see the documentation.

Note that the perldoc-server command must be running to provide the documentation using this method.

Contributing your own modules to CPAN
In the event that a module you need isn't available on CPAN, the usual answer is to write the module yourself and add it to CPAN. That way, nobody else needs to waste time creating the same functionality that you're already written.

See How to contribute modules to CPAN

title: Perl Programming/CPAN


text:
Thomas Flint

Thomas Flint may refer to:

 * Thomas Barnard Flint (1847–1919), Canadian lawyer and political figure in Nova Scotia
 * Thomas Flint (philosopher), adherent of Molinism
 * Thomas Flint, co-founder of Irvine Company
 * Thomas Flint Sr. and Thomas Flint Jr., figures in the history of Middleton, Massachusetts

title: Thomas Flint


text:
Richard J. Cook

Richard J. Cook is an American educator who served as the twentieth president of Allegheny College. He was previously the provost of Kalamazoo College. Prior to that, Cook served as a professor of chemistry.

On April 30, 2007, Cook announced he would step down as president of Allegheny College at the end of the 2007–2008 academic year.

According to Allegheny Magazine, Cook played a key role in the controversial change in Kalamazoo College's K plan from a year-round calendar to a three quarter calendar. At Allegheny College, he has promoted civic engagement.

Cook's undergraduate education was at the University of Michigan, while his graduate work in Chemistry was at Princeton University.

title: Richard J. Cook


text:
Wikiversity:FAQ/Template

For immediate help with templates, see Help:Template at Meta.

A template is a wiki-page, containing a section of wikitext to be inserted into other pages (via either "transclusion" or "substitution").

Templates at Wikiversity have a variety of purposes:

 * 1) Messaging: Everyone needs little signs along the way - see especially "page flags" and "ratings" templates below.
 * 2) Navigation and classification: Things that need to appear the same on many pages while linking them together often contain compact navigational aids or infoboxes
 * 3) Learning: Templates may add functionality, content or formatting to a page which assists its educational purpose.
 * 4) Fun: Userboxes have long been a tradition with Wikimedians, Wikipedians, Wiktionarians and such. Wikiversitans should be no different.
 * 5) Iterative computation: See meta:help:recursive conversion of wikitext.

Guide to templates
The following is a user-friendly guide to the most important kinds of template. There is an exhaustive list of categorised templates which does not include uncategorised templates. See also: |full list of templates, including uncategorised ones.

 * Templates which assist with making content
 * Category:TOC templates, Category:Navigational templates
 * Citation templates - for citing external resources such as books and articles.
 * Template:Participants - creates an attractive box for lists of participants.
 * Template:To do - creates an attractive box with a list of things to do.
 * Page creation templates
 * Educational templates (there need to be more of these)
 * Template:activity
 * Template:Assessment checklist
 * Template:Boxed Activity Start

 * Messaging templates
 * Page flagging templates - some of the most useful administrative templates for quickly marking pages for merges, deletion, or for putting requests, information or warnings at the top.
 * Ratings templates - ratings displays, for rating the maturity/activity of learning projects, or other ratings purposes. (NB: the size of the images in the percentage boxes needs increasing for proper display).
 * Welcome templates

 * Useful shortcuts
 * Polling templates - for voting.

 * Administrative templates
 * Administrative templates, Wikiversity maintenance
 * User warning templates - see vandalism.
 * Copyright templates - mostly used for uploaded files.

 * Templates for fun
 * User templates - typically used on user pages to provide information about a user. Mostly for fun. See Userboxes.
 * Language user templates - provides information about a user's linguistic abilities.
 * Knowledge user templates - provides information about a user's other abilities.
 * Award templates - awards. For fun. See Barnstars.

You can help
Please  Help:  the Template Taskforce develop this Help page and participate in Template Policy discussions.

Learn by doing!

Help namespace
To see what's in the Help: namespace, click Special pages to your left. Scroll down to Prefix index and click that. Then, where it says Namespace:, click the drop-down box, select Help then hit Go.

You will then see a page – All pages (Help namespace) which gives you an alphabetized list something like Category through Help:	WordToWiki. These are your basic  Help:  pages at Wikiversity.

title: Wikiversity:FAQ/Template


text:
Geometry/Trapezoids

A Trapezoid (American English) or Trapezium (British English) is a quadrilateral that has two parallel sides and two non parallel sides.

Some properties of trapezoids:
 * The interior angles sum to 360° as in any quadrilateral.
 * The parallel sides are unequal.
 * Each of the parallel sides is called a base (b) of the trapezoid. The two angles that join one base are called 'base angles'.
 * If the two non-parallel sides are equal, the trapezoid is called an isosceles trapezoid.
 * In an isosceles trapezoid, each pair of base angles are equal.
 * If one pair of base angles of a trapezoid are equal, the trapezoid is isosceles.
 * A line segment connecting the midpoints of the non-parallel sides is called the median (m) of the trapeziod.
 * The median of a trapezoid is equal to one half the sum of the bases (called b1 and b2).
 * A line segment perpendicular to the bases is called an altitude (h) of the trapezoid.

The area (A) of a trapezoid is equal to the product of an altitude and the median.
 * $$ A = mh$$

Recall though that the median is half of the sum of the bases.
 * $$ m = \frac {1}{2}(b_1+b_2) $$

Substituting for m, we get:
 * $$ A = \frac {1}{2}(b_1+b_2) h $$

title: Geometry/Trapezoids


text:
Novosovetsky

Novosovetsky (Новосоветский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Novoyegoryevsky Selsoviet, Yegoryevsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 24 as of 2013. There is 1 street.

Geography
Novosovetsky is located on the Kormikha River, 22 km northwest of Novoyegoryevskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rechka-Kormikha is the nearest rural locality.

title: Novosovetsky


text:
Caroline Hamilton Pier

Caroline Hamilton Pier Roehmer (September 18, 1870 – April 28, 1938) was an American lawyer.

Early life

Caroline Hamilton Pier was born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, on September 18, 1870. She was the second daughter of Colwert Kendall Pier and Kate Pier.

She was educated in the public schools of Fond du Lac and was graduated in the classical course of the high school, after studying music and other womanly subjects, until ready to enter the law school of the Wisconsin University. She enrolled in 1889, finishing the course in 1891 and receiving the degree of LL.B.

After law school, she briefly studied elocution at Northwestern University.

Career
She was admitted to the Wisconsin Bar in 1891 and joined the firm in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, of which her mother, Kate Pier, and two sisters, Kate Hamilton Pier and Harriet Hamilton Pier, were the other members.

She paid special attention to admiralty and maritime law and made it a specialty. In 1897, she was admitted to the bar of the United States Supreme Court.

Personal life

On November 17, 1897, Caroline Hamilton Pier married John Henry Roehmer (1865-1935), a lawyer and Yale graduate. The wedding was celebrated by her mother, Kate Pier, in her capacity of Court Commissioner. She had four children: Kate Pier Roehmer French (1898-1984), John Pier Roehmer (1901-1971), Dr. Edward Pier Roehmer (1908-1999) and James McIntosh Roehmer (1907-1908). John H. Roehmer taught at the University of Wisconsin and at Yale University and was instrumental in organizing the Wisconsin's street railway commission. He served on the State's Railroad Rate Commission and was general counsel for H.M. Byllesby & Co.

She and her husband lived in Milwaukee and Fond du Lac, but moved to Elmhurst, New York, after he retired in 1931. She died on April 28, 1938, in Madison, Wisconsin.

title: Caroline Hamilton Pier


text:
Draft talk:Northamptonshire Police Fire and Crime Commissioner

FOI #23082019-1
After submitting a Freedom of Information Act request to the Office of the Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner. I received this reply:

Dear *****, Following a search of our paper and electronic records, I have established that the information you requested is held by the Office of the Northamptonshire Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner.

The Northamptonshire Police, Fire and Crime Panel is the body charged with holding the Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner and its specific responsibilities are set out in the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011.

PFCCs are independent corporate souls elected every four years to undertake the responsibilities of the role as set out in the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 and the Policing Protocol Order 2011.

The Review Body on Senior Salaries (RBSS) is responsible for setting the level of remuneration of PCCs. From May 2019, RBSS recommended that PCC salaries should be increased by 2 per cent, in line with the pay award for local authority staff. Pay increases, linked to the pay award for local authority staff, should continue annually until the next formal review of PCC pay.

Ultimately these recommendations were not accepted by the Government, however Ministers did agree the following:

- A 2% increase effective from May 2018 - A £3k extra was added for the those PCCs responsible for Fire and Rescue Services in January 2019 - A further review to undertaken in 2020/21

The current salary for the Northamptonshire Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner therefore is £74,400.

The date that the PCC role was changed to PFCC was 1st January 2019 as set out in the Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner for Northamptonshire (Fire and Rescue Authority) Order 2018.

ModoSN (talk) 23:22, 20 September 2019 (UTC)