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Ronda de Atocha

The Ronda de Atocha is a thoroughfare in Madrid, Spain. It is part of the rim of streets rounding up the city historical centre, following the layout of the Walls of Philip IV.

History and description
Starting in the Plaza del Emperador Carlos V and ending in the Ronda de Valencia, the ronda de Atocha conforms a stretch of the southern limits of the Centro district. The Ronda occupies part of the layout of the ancient Walls of Philip IV.

The ronda already existed when the map of Texeira (1656) was created.

The area was refurbished during the reign of Charles III (late 18th century), and the Ronda de Atocha became part of a trident of forested boulevards (along the Paseo de las Delicias and the Paseo de Santa María de la Cabeza) that followed the patte d'oie configuration in vogue at the time.

Following the end of the 1936–1939 Spanish Civil War, during the Francoist dictatorship, the name of the Ronda de Atocha was changed to "General Primo de Rivera", in reference to Miguel Primo de Rivera. After 1968, the thoroughfare featured one of the three overpasses of so-called "scalextric" of Atocha, that infamously became one of the largest hotspots of air pollution in the entire city.

On 25 January 1980, during the municipal government of Enrique Tierno Galván, the City Council voted in favour of returning the name of the thoroughfare back to "Ronda de Atocha" along a wider change of another 26 street names connected to the Francoist dictatorship or the Civil War. Meanwhile, the dismantling of the "scalextric" started in 1985. Works were completed in 1986.

title: Ronda de Atocha


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Miles Walker Mattinson

Sir Miles Walker Mattinson (26 December 1854 in Newcastle upon Tyne – 29 February 1944) was an English barrister and Conservative MP for Liverpool Walton.

Mattinson was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, the son of Thomas Mattinson. In 1874, he obtained the Bacon scholarship at Gray's Inn, and the following year, the Inns of Court studentship in jurisprudence. In 1877, he won the Arden scholarship and was called to the Bar. In 1897, he took silk.

At the dissolution of parliament in April 1880, Mattinson unsuccessfully stood for Carlisle, followed by two more unsuccessful attempts in Dumfries Burghs in 1885 and in 1886. On his fourth attempt, he was returned unopposed at a by-election to Liverpool Walton in 1888, but stood down at the next general election in 1892. He stood unsuccessfully for the Conservatives in Bolton (UK Parliament constituency) in 1910.

Following his political career, Mattinson devoted himself to company law and financial regulations. From 1894 to 1922, he was chairman of the Finance Committee. He joined Ellerman Lines and in 1933, following the death of Sir John Ellerman, 1st Baronet, Mattinson took control of the company.

He was knighted by George V on 19 December 1922.

Books

 * The law relating to corrupt and illegal practices at Parliamentary, municipal and other elections, and the practice on election petitions, with an appendix of statutes, rules and forms (1892). Publisher London : Waterlow and Sons.
 * The law relating to corrupt practices at elections and the practice on election petitions with an appendix of statutes, rules and forms(1883). Publisher London : Waterlow.
 * A selection of precedents of pleading under the Judicature acts in the common law divisions. With notes explanatory of the different causes of action and grounds of defence; and an introductory treatise on the present rules and principles of pleading as illustrated by the various decisions down to the present time (1878). Publisher London : Stevens and Haynes.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Miles Walker Mattinson


text:
User:Klaus

{|border=0 width=220px align=right style="margin-left:1em;margin-bottom:1em"

Recent Contribution
Omelette - An Omelette or omelet is a preparation of beaten egg cooked with butter or oil in a frying pan, often folded around a filling. Many variations exist.
 * }

My contributions to the WikiBook Cookbook are based on basic family recipies.

title: User:Klaus


text:
Science

Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

According to Albert Einstein, arguably the most famous scientist, "the whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking" (p. 349).

Resources

 * WikiJournal of Science

title: Science


text:
Patania aedilis

Patania aedilis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1887. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

The wingspan is about 20 mm. The hindwings have a white margin.

title: Patania aedilis


text:
2018 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship

The 2018 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 131st edition of the GAA's premier inter-county Gaelic football competition since its establishment in 1887.

Thirty-three teams entered the competition – thirty-one of the thirty-two counties of Ireland (Kilkenny, as in previous years, did not enter), London and New York.

Competition format
Provincial Championships format

Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster each organise a provincial championship. All provincial matches are knock-out but the teams who lose a match (with the exception of New York) enter the All-Ireland qualifiers.

Qualifiers format

Twenty-eight of the twenty-nine teams who were beaten in the provincial championships enter the All-Ireland qualifiers, which have a single-game knockout format. Sixteen of the seventeen teams (New York do not enter the qualifiers) who lost in provincial first round or quarter-final games play eight matches in round 1. The winners play the eight losing provincial semi-finalists in round 2. The eight winning teams from round 2 play-off against each other in round 3, with the four winning teams facing the four losing provincial finalists in round 4 to complete the double-elimination format. Further details of the format are included with each qualifier round listed below.

All-Ireland format

Significant changes to the format of the All-Ireland championship were passed at the GAA's Annual Congress in February 2017 and implemented in the 2018 championship. The major change was the creation of the All-Ireland Quarter-Final Group Stage commonly known as the "Super 8s", which replaced the knockout quarter-finals. The eight remaining teams in the Championship are split into two groups of four teams. One group features the Connacht champions, Munster champions, Leinster runners-up (or the team that defeats them in the qualifiers) and Ulster runners-up (or the team that defeats them in the qualifiers). The reverse is employed for the other group, which features the Leinster champions, Ulster champions, Connacht runners-up (or the team that defeats them in the qualifiers) and Munster runners-up (or team that defeats them in the qualifiers).

The top two teams in each of the two Super 8 groups advance to the semi-finals, with the winners of those matches meeting in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final. The All-Ireland final was initially scheduled for 26 August 2018 but was moved to 2 September 2018 to avoid clashing with Pope Francis's visit to Ireland.

A number of former players have publicly criticised the new format as they believed it would result in the same top county teams regularly playing at least three high-profile matches in July and August while the remaining teams are without competitive football until the end of December, thereby enabling the top teams to become even more elite. Prominent sportswriter and RTÉ Sport analyst Joe Brolly referred to the new system as the "Super 8/Crap 25". The changes were to be trialled for three years before being reviewed by the GAA in late 2020.

Rules

 * From 1 January 2018 the kickout must travel beyond the 20 metre line. Previously the players had to be outside the 20 metre line before the kickout was taken but could run inside to collect possession. If the rule is broken by the team taking the kickout the referee throws the ball up on the 20 metre line between a member of each team.
 * Replays to only be held for drawn provincial finals and All-Ireland finals. The game continues until a winner is determined in all other championship matches except the Super 8 group matches. Initially two periods of ten minutes each way are played. If the score is still level two further periods of five minutes each way are played. If the score is still level, a free-taking competition is held until a winner is determined.
 * The A and B split system for the qualifier draws introduced in 2014 was discontinued.

Referees' interpretation

 * Players who enter a situation involving two players and cause a melee to receive red cards. Willie Barret, Referees Development Chairman, said "We would be particularly honing in on the first and second person into the melee after the initial two players have been involved."

Leinster Championship
The four winning teams in the previous year's quarter-finals were given byes to this year's quarter-finals. Six of the seven remaining teams played off in the first round with the seventh team receiving a bye to the quarter-finals.

Munster Championship
The two winning teams in the previous year's semi-finals were given byes to this year's semi-finals.

Ulster Championship
All nine teams were drawn randomly without conditions to determine the fixtures.

Format
The A and B split system for the qualifier draws introduced in 2014 was discontinued after 2017. In qualifier rounds one to three, teams from divisions three and four of the 2018 National Football League had home advantage if drawn against teams from divisions one or two. All qualifier matches were knockout.

 * Initial schedule

Qualifiers Round 1: 9 June 2018

Qualifiers Round 2: 23 June 2018

Qualifiers Round 3: 30 June 2018

Qualifiers Round 4: 7 & 8 July 2018

Round 1
In the first round, sixteen of the seventeen teams who were beaten in the preliminary rounds or quarter-finals of the provincial championships competed. New York did not enter the qualifiers. The round 1 draw was unrestricted − if two teams had previously met in a provincial match they could be drawn to meet again. The eight winners of these matches played the eight losing provincial semi-finalists in round 2 of the qualifiers. The draw was conducted on 28 May 2018.

The following teams took part in round 1:

 * Flag of Connacht.svg Connacht (2)
 * Colours of London.svg London
 * Colours of Mayo.svg Mayo

 * Flag of Leinster.svg Leinster (7)
 * Colours of Kildare.svg Kildare
 * Colours of Louth.svg Louth
 * Colours of Meath.svg Meath
 * Colours of Offaly.svg Offaly
 * Colours of Westmeath.svg Westmeath
 * Colours of Wexford.svg Wexford
 * Colours of Wicklow.svg Wicklow

 * Flag of Munster.svg Munster (2)
 * Colours of Limerick.svg Limerick
 * Colours of Waterford.svg Waterford

 * Flag of Ulster.svg Ulster (5)
 * Colours of Antrim.svg Antrim
 * Colours of Armagh.svg Armagh
 * Colours of Cavan.svg Cavan
 * Colours of Derry.svg Derry
 * Colours of Tyrone.svg Tyrone

Round 2
In the second round, the eight losing provincial semi-finalists played the eight winning teams from round 1 of the qualifiers. The round 2 draw was unrestricted − if two teams have previously met in a provincial match they could be drawn to meet again. The eight winners of these matches played each other in round 3. The draw was conducted on 11 June 2018.

The following teams took part in round 2 –

 * Losing Provincial Semi-Finalists (8)
 * Colours of Carlow.svg Carlow
 * Colours of Clare.svg Clare
 * Colours of Down.svg Down
 * Colours of Leitrim.svg Leitrim
 * Colours of Longford.svg Longford
 * Colours of Monaghan.svg Monaghan
 * Colours of Sligo.svg Sligo
 * Colours of Tipperary.svg Tipperary

 * Round 1 Winners (8)
 * Colours of Armagh.svg Armagh
 * Colours of Cavan.svg Cavan
 * Colours of Kildare.svg Kildare
 * Colours of Louth.svg Louth
 * Colours of Mayo.svg Mayo
 * Colours of Offaly.svg Offaly
 * Colours of Tyrone.svg Tyrone
 * Colours of Waterford.svg Waterford

Round 3
In the third round, the eight winning teams from round 2 played off in four matches. Round 3 draw rules did not allow two teams that had played each other in a provincial match to meet again if such a pairing could be avoided. The four winners of these matches played the four losing provincial finalists in round 4. The draw was conducted on 25 June 2018.

The following teams took part in round 3 –

 * Round 2 Winners (8)
 * Colours of Armagh.svg Armagh
 * Colours of Cavan.svg Cavan
 * Colours of Kildare.svg Kildare
 * Colours of Leitrim.svg Leitrim
 * Colours of Mayo.svg Mayo
 * Colours of Monaghan.svg Monaghan
 * Colours of Tyrone.svg Tyrone
 * Colours of Clare.svg Clare

 * Initially the Central Competitions Control Committee scheduled the Cavan vs. Tyrone and Kildare vs. Mayo matches in Croke Park. The venues were changed after Kildare refused to play anywhere other than their home ground, St Conleth's Park, in Newbridge.

Round 4
In the fourth round, the four losing provincial finalists played the four winning teams from round 3 of the qualifiers. Round 4 draw rules did not allow teams that have met in a provincial match to meet again if such a pairing could be avoided, which meant Fermanagh were kept apart from Armagh and Monaghan, who they had met in the quarter-finals and semi-finals of the Ulster Championship respectively. The matches are normally held in neutral venues. The four winners of these matches qualified for the All-Ireland Quarter-Final Group Stage. The draw was conducted on 2 July 2018.

The following teams took part in round 4 –

 * Losing Provincial Finalists (4)
 * Colours of Cork.svg Cork
 * Colours of Fermanagh.svg Fermanagh
 * Colours of Laois.svg Laois
 * Colours of Roscommon.svg Roscommon

 * Round 3 Winners (4)
 * Colours of Armagh.svg Armagh
 * Colours of Kildare.svg Kildare
 * Colours of Monaghan.svg Monaghan
 * Colours of Tyrone.svg Tyrone

Super 8s
Format

The four provincial champions and the four winning teams from round four of the All-Ireland qualifiers play three games each in two groups of four teams during the months of July and August. Each group consists of two provincial champions and the two losing finalists of the other two provinces or the team that beats them in round four of the qualifiers.

In the first round (officially phase one) the two provincial champions play each other and the two round four qualifiers play each other in Croke Park. In rounds two and three (phases two and three) the provincial champions play the two qualifiers. In phase two the qualifiers have home advantage and the provincial winners are at home in phase three. Dublin, if they qualify, to also play their home game at Croke Park.

Two points are awarded for a win and one point for a draw. The top two teams in each group advance to the All-Ireland semi-finals.

Tie-breaker

If only two teams are level on group points – If three or more teams are level on group points, score difference is used to rank the teams.
 * The team that won the head-to-head match is ranked first
 * If this game was a draw, score difference (total scored minus total conceded in all group games) is used to rank the teams
 * If score difference is identical, total scored is used to rank the teams
 * If still identical, a play-off is required

Semi-finals
The winner of Group 1 played the runner-up of Group 2, while the winner of Group 2 played the runner-up of Group 1.

Final
The final was initially planned for 26 August 2018. It was rescheduled to 2 September to avoid a clash with the visit of Pope Francis to Ireland for the World Meeting of Families 2018.

Stadia and locations
Each team has a nominal home stadium, though not all teams are guaranteed a home game over the course of the Championship. In addition, games may be played at neutral or alternate venues. For example, Dublin have not played a Championship game in Parnell Park, their nominal home, since the 2004 Championship.

Championship statistics

 * All scores correct as of 4 September 2018

Top scorer: from play

 * As of 4 September 2018

Scoring events

 * Widest winning margin: 27 points
 * Waterford 0-09 – 5–21 Monaghan (Qualifiers)
 * Most goals in a match: 8
 * Limerick 3-07 – 5–19 Mayo (Qualifiers)
 * Most points in a match: 45
 * London 1–19 – 2–26 Louth (Qualifiers)
 * Most goals by one team in a match: 5
 * Waterford 0-09 – 5–21 Monaghan (Qualifiers)
 * Limerick 3-07 – 5–19 Mayo (Qualifiers)
 * Highest aggregate score: 58 points
 * Dublin 4–24 – 2–16 Roscommon (Super 8s)
 * Lowest aggregate score: 19 points
 * Fermanagh 0–12 – 0-07 Armagh (Ulster SFC)

Roll of Honour

 * Kerry - 37 (2014)
 * Dublin - 28 (2018)
 * Galway - 9 (2001)
 * Cork - 7 (2010)
 * Meath - 7 (1999)
 * Down - 5 (1994)
 * Wexford - 5 (1918)
 * Cavan - 5 (1952)
 * Kildare - 4 (1928)
 * Tipperary - 4 (1920)
 * Tyrone - 3 (2008)
 * Offaly - 3 (1982)
 * Louth - 3 (1957)
 * Mayo - 3 (1951)
 * Donegal - 2 (2012)
 * Roscommon - 2 (1944)
 * Limerick - 2 (1896)
 * Derry - 1 (1993)
 * Armagh - 1 (2002)

Miscellaneous

 * Fermanagh beat Armagh in the Ulster championship for the first time since 1966.
 * Carlow beat Kildare in the Leinster championship for the first time since 1953.
 * Longford beat Meath in the Leinster championship for the first time since 1982.
 * Dublin played Wicklow in the Leinster championship for the first time since 1990.
 * Galway beat Kerry in the All-Ireland championship for the first time since 1965.
 * Galway reached the All-Ireland semi-final for the first time since 2001.
 * Monaghan reached the All-Ireland semi-final for the first time since 1988.
 * There were first time meetings in the championship for:
 * Waterford vs Wexford
 * London vs Louth
 * Offaly vs Antrim
 * Waterford vs Monaghan
 * Carlow vs Tyrone
 * Leitrim vs Monaghan
 * Armagh vs Clare
 * Kerry won a 6th Munster title in a row for the first time since 8 in a row (1975–1982).
 * The All Ireland semi-final between Dublin vs Galway was their first championship meeting since the All Ireland final 1983.
 * Dublin won a record 8 Leinster titles in a row and are 4 time All-Ireland champions in a row, 100 years on from Wexford and the Kerry teams from (1929–1932) and (1978–1981).
 * Dublin and Jim Gavin extend their record breaking unbeaten streak to 28 championship games in a row.
 * Tyrone lost 3 Championship matches in one season making them the first team in history to do so.

Referees Panel

 * As announced in April 2018:

 * 1) Ciaran Branagan (Down)
 * 2) Barry Cassidy (Derry)
 * 3) David Coldrick (Meath)
 * 4) Niall Cullen (Fermanagh)
 * 5) Maurice Deegan (Laois)
 * 6) David Gough (Meath)
 * 7) Jerome Henry (Mayo)
 * 8) Pádraig Hughes (Armagh)
 * 9) Sean Hurson (Tyrone)
 * 10) Fergal Kelly (Longford)
 * 11) Conor Lane (Cork)
 * 12) Martin McNally (Monaghan), first year
 * 13) Joe McQuillan (Cavan)
 * 14) Noel Mooney (Cavan)
 * 15) Paddy Neilan (Roscommon)
 * 16) Anthony Nolan (Wicklow)
 * 17) Derek O'Mahoney (Tipperary)
 * 18) Cormac Reilly (Meath)

Marty Duffy (Sligo) retired at the end of 2017 and Rory Hickey (Clare) was ruled out for 2018 due to injury.

 * Linesman Panel:
 * 1) James Bermingham (Cork)
 * 2) Brendan Cawley (Kildare)
 * 3) Liam Devenney (Mayo)
 * 4) Paul Faloon (Down)
 * 5) Sean Lonergan (Tipperary)
 * 6) James Molloy (Galway)
 * 7) Padraig O'Sullivan (Kerry)
 * 8) Barry Tiernan (Dublin)

Live televised coverage
RTÉ, the national broadcaster in Ireland, provide the majority of the live television coverage of the football championship in the second year of a five-year deal running from 2017 until 2021. In the UK, Premier Sports have exclusive coverage of 26 games including Sunday provincial games from all 4 regions, 1st/2nd choice of qualifiers from rounds 1 and 2 and 4 of the 12 quarter-final group matches. Sky Sports broadcast a number of matches and have exclusive rights to a number of games including some All-Ireland super 8 matches. BBC Northern Ireland showed at least two live games from the Ulster Championship and other games were shown in their entirety at a later time.

The Sunday Game Team of the Year
The Sunday Game team of the year was picked on 2 September, the night of the final. Dublin's Ciarán Kilkenny was named as The Sunday Game player of the year.

 * 1. Stephen Cluxton (Dublin)
 * 2. Jonny Cooper (Dublin)
 * 3. Pádraig Hampsey (Tyrone)
 * 4. Eoghan Bán Gallagher (Donegal)
 * 5. Karl O'Connell (Monaghan)
 * 6. James McCarthy (Dublin)
 * 7. Jack McCaffrey (Dublin)
 * 8. Brian Fenton (Dublin)
 * 9. Colm Cavanagh (Tyrone)
 * 10. Shane Walsh (Galway)
 * 11. Ciarán Kilkenny (Dublin)
 * 12. Brian Howard (Dublin)
 * 13. Paul Mannion (Dublin)
 * 14. Conor McManus (Monaghan)
 * 15. David Clifford (Kerry)

All Star Team of the Year
The football All Stars were revealed on 1 November 2018 and were presented on 2 November at an awards ceremony at the Convention Centre in Dublin.
 * 1. Rory Beggan (Monaghan)
 * 2. Jonny Cooper (Dublin)
 * 3. Colm Cavanagh (Tyrone)
 * 4. Pádraig Hampsey (Tyrone)
 * 5. Karl O'Connell (Monaghan)
 * 6. James McCarthy (Dublin)
 * 7. Jack McCaffrey (Dublin)
 * 8. Brian Fenton (Dublin)
 * 9. Brian Howard (Dublin)
 * 10. Paul Mannion (Dublin)
 * 11. Ciarán Kilkenny (Dublin)
 * 12. Ryan McHugh (Donegal)
 * 13. David Clifford (Kerry)
 * 14. Conor McManus (Monaghan)
 * 15. Ian Burke (Galway)

Footballer of the Year
Brian Fenton (Dublin)

Young Footballer of the Year
David Clifford (Kerry)


text:
hedmaan

Etymology
Borrowed from, who is the leader of a group of men who laid temporary railway line for the transportation of sugar cane.

Noun

 * 1) foreman

title: hedmaan


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/requests/Roland TR-808

Roland TR-808

 * This is the archived discussion of the TFAR nomination for the article below. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/requests). Please do not modify this page.

The result was: scheduled for Today's featured article/October 17, 2017 by Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 15:19, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

The Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer is a drum machine introduced by the Roland Corporation in 1980 and discontinued in 1983. Launched at a time when electronic music had yet to become mainstream, the 808 was a commercial failure, but attracted a cult following for its affordability, ease of use, and idiosyncratic sounds, particularly its deep, "booming" bass drum. It became a cornerstone of the emerging electronic, dance, and hip hop genres, popularized by early hits such as Marvin Gaye's "Sexual Healing" (1982) and Afrika Bambaataa and the Soulsonic Force's "Planet Rock" (1982). The 808 was eventually used on more hit records than any other drum machine; its popularity with hip hop in particular has made it one of the most influential inventions in popular music, comparable to the Fender Stratocaster's influence on rock.
 * Most recent similar article(s): I can see no similar articles in the list of recent TFAs. There are several recent articles in the "Music" category, but they're all about artists or musical works, not instruments.
 * Main editors:
 * Promoted: 22 September 2017
 * Reasons for nomination: The TR-808 is one of the most influential inventions in music history. It has had a worldwide influence on the development of hip hop, electronic, and dance music, and on hip hop culture. There are many FAs on musicians and musical works, but not many on inventions such as these. This article was my first FA, and so would be my first TFA.
 * Support as nominator. Popcornduff (talk) 01:16, 22 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
User:Vitatms/sandbox

Therapeutic Motion Simulation provides fitness for chronically ill people who cannot (anymore) or do not want to move due to an acquired brain injury (ABI) or paraplegia as well as for people with brain damage from birth such as autism, cerebral palsy and other developmental disabilities.

Therapeutic Motion Simulation is a powerful tool that can be used in rehabilitation (robotics) and care by physiotherapists and occupational therapists to improve the quality of life of their patients as defined by International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The main objectives of Therapeutic Motion Simulation are: (1) to reduce tension causing amongst others spasm, (2) to improve the mood and (3) to stimulate physical activity for patients who cannot move, (4) to stimulate self-management of patients in order to improve their activities of daily living (ADL) by training their vestibular system and proprioceptive senses and by doing so to avoid/reduce the need for (para)medical treatment.

Therapeutic Motion Simulation has been launched in 2009 by Herbert and Cathrina Krakauer with the help of Tanja Ivanovski (physiotherapist) as a low cost alternative for horse-back riding for people with special needs. By creating a mechatronic simulation horse moving perfectly in sync in a multisensory (gaming) environment the benefits of hippotherapy can be achieved in house and so increasing the accessibility to a safe therapeutic horse-back riding experience. Based on the success of the horse simulation several other motion platforms such as a wheelchair stage, a bed, a seat and a platform for standing patients have been created alongside with other motion experiences allowing users to identify themselves.

Therapeutic Motion Simulation can be compared to serious or (exer)gaming by providing healthy entertainment but Therapeutic Motion Simulation is not cognitive as it does not require any active inter-action from the patient. Therapeutic Motion Simulation is using audio and video in combination with robotics providing motion to people who cannot (anymore) or do not want to move with a multifold effect; on the one hand to create physical and mental relaxation, to increase alertness, to stimulate basic physical functions and simultaneous to stimulate the balance by working on the proprioception, by using the effect of mirror neurons and so to activate motor learning in order to achieve brain repair as described amongst others by John Krakauer (Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience and Director at Johns Hopkins). Several studies (www.vita-care.eu) including patients with cerebral palsy, paraplegia, CVA, Parkinson, neuromuscular diseases and special needs have been conducted indicating that Therapeutic Motion Simulation has a positive effect on patients life not in the least because patients and their caretakers enjoy the treatment and notice progression.

List of Wikipedia terms used:

acquired brain injury (ABI) paraplegia brain damage from birth autism cerebral palsy developmental disabilities rehabilitation (robotics) physiotherapists occupational therapists quality of life International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) spasm mood activities of daily living (ADL) vestibular system proprioception mechatronic gaming motion simulation hippotherapy therapeutic horse-back riding wheelchair serious or (exer)gaming cognitive multisensory environment physical relaxation alertness balance mirror neurons motor learning brain repair CVA Parkinson neuromuscular diseases special needs John Krakauer Vitatms (talk) 18:23, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User:Vitatms/sandbox


text:
List of shipwrecks in July 1858

The list of shipwrecks in July 1858 includes ships sunk, foundered, wrecked, grounded, or otherwise lost during July 1858.

title: List of shipwrecks in July 1858


text:
Talk:University at Buffalo School of Engineering and Applied Sciences

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on University at Buffalo School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130821003236/http://www.buffalo.edu:80/materials-informatics.html to http://www.buffalo.edu/materials-informatics.html/

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:51, 26 February 2016 (UTC)


text:
Waves/Total Internal Reflection

Total Internal Reflection
When light passes from a medium of lesser index of refraction to one with greater index of refraction, Snell's law indicates that the ray bends toward the normal to the interface. The reverse occurs when the passage is in the other direction. In this latter circumstance a special situation arises when Snell's law predicts a value for the sine of the refracted angle greater than one. This is physically untenable. What actually happens is that the incident wave is reflected from the interface. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection. The minimum incident angle for which total internal reflection occurs is obtained by substituting $$\theta_R = \pi /2$$ into equation (3.2), resulting in
 * $$ \sin ( \theta_I ) = n_R / n_I \quad \mbox{(total internal reflection)} . $$ (4.3)

title: Waves/Total Internal Reflection


text:
Talk:Chitrasena

Would the author care to tell us what a "green room" is?
Green room? (PeacePeace (talk) 19:02, 17 June 2016 (UTC))

External links modified
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I have just modified 3 external links on Chitrasena. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003824/http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/01/23/art02.asp to http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/01/23/art02.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003824/http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/01/23/art02.asp to http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/01/23/art02.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110605004330/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/05/27/fea31.asp to http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/05/27/fea31.asp

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:11, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chitrasena


text:
Talk:Typhoon Maria (2018)/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Editoneer (talk · contribs) 10:09, 17 August 2020 (UTC) Second Reviewer: Noah Talk 01:10, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

First Review
Greetings, I'm Editoneer, I'll start categorizing things that are worth arguing about.

Well-written, Neutral, Stable

 * tropical-storm-force, the hyphens aren't used in proper names, the sentence can be re-phrase with "tropical storm winds".
 * Reworded ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:29, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The JMA also upgraded the depression to a tropical storm 12 hours later and named the system Maria, although it might be obvious, it sounds like the JMA used a weather machine to make the storm more mallicious.
 * Reworded ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:29, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * In [29], the man mentioned was inspecting the doors aswell, I feel inspecting his windows. should be replaced with inspecting his house.
 * Good catch there, replaced. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:29, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Verifiability

 * Although it might be referenced below, the lead section still needs to have references. Take example 1900 Galveston hurricane, Lebanese cuisine.
 * I'm afraid I have to disagree with this: according to MOS:LEADCITE there's no need to repeat citations for information later cited in the body. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:46, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Add reference about being known as Gardo, that affected those zones, that it went into a rapid intensification, that there were favorable conditions that day, that received an eyewall replacement cycle... .the maximum pressure... the landfall... the damaging of Guam.... property damage.... dissipation... the building closing... the losing power and economical loss. You can re-use the same references you used below.
 * See above. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:46, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Very well you made your point on both. Editoneer (talk) 07:51, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * [1], it shows "RSMC TROPICAL CYCLONE BEST TRACK. NAME 1808 MARIA (1808)", I'm not sure what it supposed to show.
 * The contents are listed over at Talk:Typhoon Maria (2018) under JMA best track. It shows date and time (UTC), coordinates of the storm's center, 10-min sustained winds, and minimum pressure. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:46, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * [1][2][3][5] (etc), it seems you're using "Webcite", why aren't you sourcing the actual page for confirmation?
 * The original URLs no longer show the cited content, since they are replaced when a new advisory (for the same storm or otherwise) is released. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:46, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * [4], it seems to be some type of downloadable video, unfortunately I don't want to download it on my computer, so can you tell me what exactly it says there?
 * It's listed over at Talk:Typhoon Maria (2018) under JTWC best track. A guide to interpreting the data can be found here, but to make things simple it states date and time (UTC), coordinates of the storm's center, 1-min sustained winds (in knots), storm status (tropical depression, storm, typhoon, etc), and other things which I'm not using. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:46, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * [7] doesn't confirm if it has 20 km or 13 mi.
 * 11 nautical miles = 12.66 miles = 20.37 km. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:46, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Ah, you made something technological simple. Editoneer (talk) 07:51, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * [20], doesn't seem to tell us the economic losses.
 * Reworded to damage. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:46, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * [17], [22], [23], [24], [25], [31] [34] etc... the translator is needed.
 * Translated titles added. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 14:01, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I've ran the texts through google translate, all checks out.

Broad in its coverage

 * Why did one decide to name it Typhoon Gardo if one scientist already officially named it Maria?
 * The Philippines issues local names to tropical cyclones in its area of responsibility to better communicate information to Filipinos. They're issued in parallel with international names which are assigned by the Japan Meteorological Agency, which is overall in charge of monitoring tropical cyclones in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * This piece of information is interesting. Editoneer (talk) 07:51, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Can you explain in a short sentence what a "eyewall replacement cycle" is?
 * Explained more deeply in the meteorological history, don't want to clutter the lead with too much detail. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * What does peak intensity mean?
 * It means what it says: "peak" = highest level or greatest degree, "intensity" = strength of system (generally accepted to be lowest pressure, usually occurs at the same time as highest winds). ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * 10-minute sustained winds, broad audience with no knowledge of this are confused, you still need to offer a simple English explanation even if you link the article.
 * I'm not sure how to explain this while staying concise. Its exact definition is the average wind speed measured over a 10-minute period at a height of 10 metres above the ground. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Landfall might needs to be explained, you can phrase it something like: "moves over Fujian's lands" and then link that sentence with Landfall
 * Given the mainstream media uses it correctly in their headlines I'm not sure it needs more explaining. "moving over Fujian" isn't sufficiently precise since landfall refers to when the center crosses the coast and not just the outer rainbands or eyewall. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Dissipating is a fancy word for dissapearing?
 * Dissipate as in to break up and scatter. Disappear would not be particularly accurate since the energy and water/water vapour making up the cyclone goes into the rest of the atmosphere and doesn't just vanish (as that would violate the law of conservation of energy). ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * What is a tropical depression, does the tropicals have the big sad too?
 * Refers to a tropical cyclone with sufficiently low wind speeds, linked instead because any further explanation would require elaboration on the generic lifetime of a tropical cyclone and become quite lengthy. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * What is a subtropical ridge?
 * Replaced with simpler wording, no value lost. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Explain shortly, what an outflow is.
 * Cut jargon. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * What is a shear wind?
 * Wind shear refers to the extent of alignment of winds at different altitudes. If winds are blowing from the same direction at different heights, that constitutes low wind shear. If winds are blowing from different directions and different heights, that is high wind shear. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * tropical upper tropospheric trough, what?
 * Removed this piece of jargon. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * microwave satellite imagery, I feel it would be more easy to say "through the satellite imagery."
 * The issue with this is that there are multiple types of satellite imagery (e.g. visible, infrared) which don't all show the same elements of the storm's structure. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * What about if is just named "weather satellite"? Editoneer (talk) 07:51, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * high-pressure area, explain what that is.
 * It literally means an area of high atmospheric pressure. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I asked this to be explained in the article but it seems that it would already make sense- Editoneer (talk) 07:51, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * remnant system.
 * "remnant" as in "leftovers" or "remainder" - I'm not sure any other words sound appropriate. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 05:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The common reader would like to understand this type of system, there's no description you can do about it? Editoneer (talk) 07:51, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Presumably it would be the remaining thunderstorms and low-pressure area - the JMA best track continues calling it a tropical depression while the JTWC best track ignores it completely. I can change it to "The depression continued inland" but there's not really much difference. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 14:00, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Media

 * There aren't any pictures of the damages?
 * I will talk to another editor to see if we can get a picture of the damage, however, the problem would be Wikipedia's rules on images as you do not get many images that are in the public domain.Jason Rees (talk) 19:05, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

The article is great in its content and I love it didn't had many mistakes. I'm going to put it onhold, you can fight some of the changes that are suggested. Editoneer (talk) 12:15, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

As it seems that all the progress been done, I will put it for second opinion to have another reviewer review the page in case I missed something. Editoneer (talk) 14:27, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Second Review

 * Croplands This should be singular.
 * Done ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:59, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Abbreviate hectares (it has an abbreviation while acres does not)
 * I don't see the need to abbreviate it since I only use it thrice in the entire article. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:59, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * You should specify what year the money values are in on the first mention in the lead and the body.
 * Done ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:59, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * also determining that the system had become a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC I would remove "also" as it gives the idea another agency declared it a TD at 12:00 UTC.
 * Done ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:59, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Link SSTs in the met
 * Done, must have missed it. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:59, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * low to moderate --> low-to-moderate
 * Done - though I haven't previously seen hyphens used this way. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:59, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * On the mention of thunderstorm activity, link atmospheric convection.
 * Done ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:59, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The JMA also stated that the depression had become a tropical storm 12 hours later and named the system Maria. Same thing here. Also it may be worthwhile to change the sentence to "Twelve hours later, the JMA stated that the depression had become a tropical storm and named it Maria." so it flows better.
 * Done ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:59, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The satellite presentation Link to regular satellite imagery.
 * Done ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:59, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Could you add a note explaining what a super typhoon is? It isn't explicitly stated.
 * Added ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:59, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * One person was killed in Ji'an, Jiangxi province How did he or she die? Any more details on it?
 * Did some more searching and found that they were crushed by a fallen tree. Added more details on Jiangxi effects as well. ~ KN2731 {talk · contribs} 04:59, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * That should be it. Noah Talk 01:34, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * As it seems this is the end of the review,, do you agree that this article can reach the GA standard right now? Editoneer (talk) 17:19, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I believe the article is now at the GA standard. Noah Talk 20:16, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Typhoon Maria (2018)/GA1


text:
User:Akshay Devkate

Akahay Shivaji Devkate

Born (4 July 2000) in ambajogai, maharashtra

village - dhekanmoha, beed maharashtra

title: User:Akshay Devkate


text:
Talk:Princess Angeline

Questions
Umm, if she died in 1896, how can be a pic from her be in the article from 1899???

It was first published after her death.RichardBond (talk) 06:43, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

On that note, while the article states she sold baskets through Ye Olde Curiosity Shop, the Shop didn't open until 1899. Her baskets may have been sold through there, but not while she was alive. Maybe another shop? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:54, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I guess that could be. RichardBond (talk) 23:28, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

I think that Ye Olde Curiousity Shop may have made a market in her baskets. She made part of her living by making and selling them. My family lived in downtown and then later in First Hill. There were often children of parents from the neighborhood at her house. She was considered a safe person for them to spend time with and she was paid for that, informal daycare. At least that is what comes down from our oral tradition my grandmother being among them.RichardBond (talk) 19:54, 28 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Princess Angeline


text:
File talk:Bharat Dynamics Logo.svg

Request the uploader to change the logo with correct one.

Logo
BDL logo is wrong <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:01, 19 May 2022 (UTC)

title: File talk:Bharat Dynamics Logo.svg


text:
Talk:Don Rendell

Untitled
hi don do you remember charlie knight??????if so contact me on<EMAIL_ADDRESS>i'm his son pete we met many years ago.

Fair use rationale for Image:Ardley neil greekvari 101b.jpg
Image:Ardley neil greekvari 101b.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:01, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

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John Dankworth Big Band
The article states that "When Dankworth decided to put together a big band, Rendell parted company with him" but my copy of The Dankworth Big Band's "Lifeline" lists Don Rendell on reeds — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tosh.brice (talk • contribs) 15:42, 3 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Hello . It doesn't mean that Rendell never worked with Dankworth again, just that he stopped being a regular in Dankworth's band. Lifeline was recorded about 20 years later and I'm not sure they worked together during all those years between 53 and 73. It might need to be rephrased though. TroisiemeLigne (talk) 20:32, 4 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi - agreed, including re-phrasing! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tosh.brice (talk • contribs) 13:20, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Rendell


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Evgeny Pluzhnik

The result was delete. — JJMC89  (T·C) 05:38, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Evgeny Pluzhnik

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

With an h-index 12, that's a fails WP:PROF. Being vice-rector doesn't impart notability either. For the rest, it's a promotional piece.   Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 20:44, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Businesspeople-related deletion discussions.   Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 20:44, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Russia-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 20:45, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions. Larry Hockett (Talk) 20:53, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete. In its current state, the page is so promotional that it is squarely in the WP:G11 territory. Nsk92 (talk) 22:34, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. Promotional article, subject is not notable. Wikisaurus (talk) 01:48, 28 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. I could find no publications of note independent of the subject. Fails WP:SIGCOV and WP:GNG.4meter4 (talk) 22:49, 29 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Time management

This unit is used in: First Line Management and Survey research and design in psychology

Overview

Time management is a somewhat ambiguous term.

Time itself cannot be "managed", but an individual can manage him/herself and the way that s/he deals with time (Claessens, Eerde, Rutte & Roe, 2007; Cannon, 1996).

Time management refers to strategies which support successful executing of behaviors required to effectively achieve goals. Thus, time management aims to maximize individual productivity.

Time management strategies include planning and prioritizing, allocating time, setting goals, monitoring time usage, and self-organization of one's time particularly with regard to performance of multiple tasks within a certain time period (Claessens et. al., 2007). Ineffective time management affects productivity in the workplace and has detrimental consequences on an individual's private lives.

A meta-analysis found that time management behaviors are associated with increases in job satisfaction, health, and stress reduction. However, they noted that the findings in regard to work and academic performance were unclear. Where effects on performance were found, they tended to be positive; however, they were often of small effect size or inconsistent with regard to statistical significance. Time management can also be a useful strategy for coping with stress.

Parts of time management are art, and parts are science. Also, be aware that time management is a multidimensional concept that can be dissected into many skills and behaviours.

Step 1 - How much time do you have?
First, we have to know how much effective time we have available. For instance, if we want time to manage our day at work, we have to figure out how long is available for the work.

This is harder than it appears. You may work an 8 hour day, but it is doubtful that you have 8 hours of effective working time in that day. Meetings, trips to the water cooler, discussions about last nights TV shows all cut into your working time. Many people are interrupted by others when they are working - this can be in the form of phone calls, personal visits or urgent e-mails. If you don't know how much effective time you have, you can do an informal time study. Underestimating the amount of time a task will take (e.g., by failing to account for setting the up, travel time to the location, etc.), or overestimating the amount of time one has to complete the task is a cognitive mistake consistently at the heart of poor time management.

Step 2 - What are the tasks?
This is the simple step - you simply record what you have to do. This can be done on a piece of paper, in an electronic organizer, or in some other form. Make sure it's not just in your head, though - while you might have a fantastic memory, we need the information in some form so we can manipulate it. Pick the form that you are happiest with, as it'll be you that has to work with it.

Step 3 - Prioritisation - What is important?
The next step is to ranking the tasks by their importance.

One method is to make three lists, A, B and C:
 * A is the list of items to do today;
 * B are things that need to be done in the next week or so, and
 * C are in the next month or so.

Next, put a number (starting at 1) beside each A list item.

We won't order the B or C list right now.

Importance Of Time
Do not play carelessly with time. No man can ever make up a second of lost time. The only real capital is time. Most people would be shocked at the findings if they measured the amount of time they waste every single day.

Time moves on its own pace regardless of whether we make use of it or not. Never take time for granted. All the money in the world can’t buy a wasted moment back.

Time is the one thing that can never be retrieved. The hours that are lost in idleness can never be brought back. The time is going to pass anyway. The only question is how you use it.

Conditions can change in no-time. The very next moment they could be different altogether. Value the current time. Make use. Get down to work immediately.

Always ask, "Ey, brain, what’s the best use of my time right now?" to yourself. There will always be only one answer to this question. Your ability to answer this question accurately from time to time and getting down to that work immediately will play a very important role in your success.

Step 4 - How much time will each task take?
Go through the list A of tasks and estimate how much time they will each take. Don't worry too much about being perfect, just be as reasonable as you can.

Step 5 - Planning a schedule
Based on the working time available and the estimate of how long each one will take, schedule an order for the tasks.

For example, after meetings and daily tasks, let's say we have 5 hours we can do work. We have 20 tasks, 8 of which are on our A list. Give the 8 tasks an order, and estimate that it will take 1 hour to do each task.

Now, from our plan, we know that we won't finish our A list today. So, we review to see if any of the bottom 3 items is due today (if they were, they should have been a higher priority, but we double check) and then we finalize the ordering, drawing a line after the 5th item (5 items giving us 5 hours of effective work).

Step 6 - Do the work
Do the work. If you find yourself drifting off, put yourself back on track. If you find yourself drifting onto the same distraction, limit it! If you find Youtube videos distracting, put a time limit on them using a browser extension.

However, don't waste time. If a task is too difficult or too boring to do now, do a different task and return to that task in a different context later. Maybe there were birds migrating outside your window whilst road-works where in full blow and children were screaming at each other. Don't waste that time doing a focus-dependent task. Try something that does not need as much focus. You can always return to that focus-dependent task a little later (not too much!!).

Step 7 - Review the progress
As soon as we can, after our effective time is up, we review our progress.

For example, maybe we only got through 3 items - item A2 (maybe it was that focus-independent task from earlier) was 2 hours instead of 1 hour, and just as we got started on item A4 we got pulled away for the rest of our effective time for an emergency (maybe the children had fallen into the tar and you needed to help the construction crew take them out).

We learned a few things in this example. First, we underestimated item A2 - so similar items should get more accurate in the future. We also learned that 5 hours is the maximum time that we have available, but we might have less. We can cross 3 things off of today's list.

It is important at this stage to avoid thinking of these misestimations, or of the undone tasks, as failures; they aren't, at least not when you go beyond looking at the directly-visible results and into the less visible results. They are, in fact, successes in that they constitute new and important information that you have gained regarding how long those tasks take. This information will be useful to you in the future.

Impacts
Sirois (2014 ) found that students who chronically procrastinate over tasks usually thrive under pressure. As a result, their stress levels do not dramatically increase when deadlines are imminent because they work best in that state (Sirois, 2014).

Häfner, Oberst, and Stock (2014 ) found that when students were taught and implemented TM skills, such as planning, procrastination was prevented.

title: Time management


text:
Lycée Gustave Eiffel

Lycée Gustave Eiffel may refer to:

Schools in France:
 * Lycée Gustave Eiffel - Bordeaux
 * Lycée Gustave Eiffel - Cachan
 * Lycée Gustave Eiffel - Dijon
 * Lycée Gustave Eiffel (Gagny)
 * Lycée Professionnel Gustave Eiffel - Massy
 * - Reims
 * Lycée Gustave Eiffel - Varennes-sur-Seine
 * Lycée Gustave Eiffel - Armentières

Schools outside France:
 * Gustave Eiffel French School of Budapest

title: Lycée Gustave Eiffel


text:
User:Iwantfrench

Iwantfrench

Interests
 * 1) Learn French
 * 2) Learn Latin
 * 3) Learn German
 * 4) Learn Italian

title: User:Iwantfrench


text:
Punekar

Punekar is a surname native to Indian state of Maharashtra. Punekar means an inhabitant or native of Pune.

Notable people
Notable people with the surname include:

 * Shankar Mokashi Punekar - a well known writer in the Kannada language.
 * Surekha Punekar - Folk dancer
 * Rekha Punekar- an Indian cricketer
 * Sachin Anil Punekar - an Indian botanist and ornithologist

title: Punekar


text:
Talk:Brian O'Connell (advocate)

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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title: Talk:Brian O'Connell (advocate)


text:
Moisés (footballer, born 1996)

Moisés Vieira da Veiga (born 2 September 1996), simply known as Moisés, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Fortaleza.

Club career
Born in Morro da Fumaça, Santa Catarina, Moisés played amateur football until joining Hercílio Luz in 2019. He appeared in his first senior match on 16 January of that year, playing the last five minutes of a 2–2 Campeonato Catarinense away draw against Atlético Tubarão; he scored his first goal ten days later, in a 4–0 home routing of Metropolitano.

After being mainly used as a substitute, Moisés was loaned to Concórdia for the second division of the Catarinense. After achieving promotion to the top tier and being the top goalscorer of the tournament, he signed a permanent contract with the club.

On 23 September 2019, Moisés moved to Brusque on loan for the year's Copa Santa Catarina. He returned to his parent club in December, after lifting the trophy and being again the top goalscorer.

On 5 June 2020, Moisés renewed his contract with Concórdia until 2022. Late in the month, he agreed to a loan deal with Série B side Ponte Preta until April 2021.

Initially a backup option, Moisés started to feature regularly during the 2020 Série B, and scored a hat-trick in a 7–2 away success over Figueirense on 29 January 2021. On 3 May, Ponte signed him permanently on a contract until 2024.

Honours
Brusque
 * Copa Santa Catarina: 2019

Fortaleza
 * Copa do Nordeste: 2022, 2024
 * Campeonato Cearense: 2022, 2023

Individual
 * Copa do Nordeste top scorer: 2024

title: Moisés (footballer, born 1996)


text:
Groundwater in the Comoros

Groundwater resources and occurrence in the Comoros Islands are variable owing to geological variability. Young volcanic islands, including the active Karthala volcano on Grande Comore, host two types of aquifers; a widespread basal aquifer characterised by deep groundwater table, high hydraulic conductivity, high recharge rate and saltwater intrusion issues in coastal areas, and local perched aquifer systems. Older, weathered volcanic islands such as Mayotte are characterised by more complex groundwater occurrence through discontinuous successions of perched aquifers. The Glorioso coral islands host a shallow freshwater lens fed by rainfall infiltration where freshwater-saltwater interactions and spatial patterns are strongly influenced by topography and evapotranspiration processes.

title: Groundwater in the Comoros


text:
Vaishno Devi Temple

Vaishno Devi Temple, also known as the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Temple and Vaishno Devi Bhavan, is a Hindu mandir (temple) located in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, dedicated to Vaishno Devi, a manifestation of Durga. It is located on the Trikuta mountain at 5,000 feet / 1,500 meters elevation. The Shakti tradition considers it to be a Shakti Pitha. The temple is governed by the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board (SMVDSB) and has been chaired by the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir since August 1986.

It is one of the most popular Hindu pilgrimage sites in north India, with millions of devotees visiting the temple annually. In 2018, the Vaishno Devi shrine reported that it had received 8.5 million pilgrims that year.

History
Although the Vaishno Devi temple is now the most popular Devi shrine in the region, its popularity is relatively recent. In 1971, when Inderjit Bhardwaj did a study of Devi shrines in the Siwalik mountains, he did not mention the Vaishno Devi temple as particularly important. Its popularity increased rapidly after an expansion was done in 1976 so that it could accommodate up to 5,000 visitors per day. By 1981, annual visitors to the shrine were about 900,000; by the early 1990s, the number had increased to over 3 million, and the Vaishno Devi temple had become by far the most popular Devi temple in the region. By 2007, the annual number of pilgrims was about 7.5 million. In June 2007, in order to reduce congestion and improve security, the Shrine Board reduced the limit on the number of visitors allowed per month.

The Vaishno Devi temple was in existence by 1846, when Maharaja Gulab Singh established the Dharmarth Trust to manage several temples in his territory; the Vaishno Devi temple was part of this trust. The trust remained in the hands of Gulab Singh's descendants after independence, and his descendant Karan Singh was responsible for administering the temple as the hereditary trustee until 1986, when Jagmohan, then governor of Jammu and Kashmir, passed legislation transferring control of the Vaishno Devi temple from the Dharmarth Trust and the hereditary priests to a separate Shrine Board.

Mythology
The temple, at a height of 1585 m is 12 km from Katra on Trikuta hill. It is about 61 km from Jammu city. A geological study of the Holy Cave has indicated its age to be nearly a million years. There is also a mention of the Trikuta hill in Rigveda, the place where the temple is located.

The Mahabharata, which gives the account of the Pandavas and the Kurukshetra War, does mention the worship of goddess Vaishno Devi. Before the Kurukshetra War Arjuna is said to have worshipped Durga by the advice of Lord Krishna for the blessings. Pleased by his devotion, Mother Goddess appeared in front of him in the form of Vaishno Devi. When goddess appeared, Arjuna started praising her with a stotra, in which a Shloka goes by saying ‘ Jambookatak Chityaishu Nityam Sannihitalaye ’, which means ‘you who always dwell in the temple on the slope of the mountain in Jambhu’ — probably referring to the present day Jammu. Former Governor of Jammu and Kashmir Jagmohan says, "the Mata Vaishno Devi shrine is an ancient one whose antiquity is pre-Mahabharathan, Lord Krishna is believed to have advised Arjuna to go up in the hills of 'Jambhu' and seek the blessings of Vaishno Devi before taking up arms in the battlefield. 'Jambhu' is identified with present-day Jammu. Arjuna while worshipping Vaishno Devi, calls her highest yogi who is free from decrepitude and decay, who is the Mother of the Vedas and the Science of Vedanta and who is giver of Victory and personification of victory itself". It is also generally believed that the Pandavas were the first to build the temples at Kol Kandoli and Bhawan in reverence and gratitude for the Mother Goddess. On a mountain, just adjacent to the Trikuta Mountain and overlooking the Holy Cave are five stone structures, which are believed to be the rock symbols of the five Pandavas.

It is said that Bhairon Nath, a famous Hindu Tantric, saw the young Vaishno Devi at an agricultural fair and fell madly in lusty love with her. Vaishno Devi fled into Trikuta hills to escape his amorous advances, later she turned into her original form of Durga and cut off his head with her sword in a cave.
 * The appearance of Vaishno Devi to Shridhar and the story of Bhairon Nath

According to author Manohar Sajnani, Hindu mythology holds that the original abode of Vaishno Devi was Ardh Kunwari, a place about 6 km between Katra town and the cave.

Deities
The three icons — Mahakali, Mahalakshmi and Mahasaraswati, all images of Vaishno Devi are worshipped at the temple. The feet of the icons are washed by the water brought from the perennial flowing river Banganga.

Worship
Author Abha Chauhan identifies Vaishno Devi as the incarnation of Durga. Author Pintchman identifies with great goddess Mahadevi and says Vaishno Devi contains all powers and is associated with the entire creation as Mahadevi. Author Pintchman also says that, "Pilgrims identify Vaishno Devi with Durga — whome Punjabis (and others) also name Seranwali, "the Lion-rider"— more than with any other goddess". The temple is sacred to both Hindus and Sikhs. Many prominent saints such as Swami Vivekananda have visited the temple.

The temple receives an estimated annual $16 million according to some authors and has received over 1,800 kgs of gold, 4,700 kilos of silver, and inr<PHONE_NUMBER>0 cash in the last two decades (2000-2020) as donation.

Festivals
The most prominent festivals held at Vaishno Devi Temple are Navaratri, a nine nights festival celebrating Devi's victory over evil demons and Diwali, a festival of lights symbolizing the victory of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance.

The Navaratri festival is a festival celebrated during the month of Ashvin, which typically falls in the Gregorian months of September and October. The festival lasts for nine nights (ten days); artists from all over the country perform during the function at Vaishno Devi darbar. Due to COVID-19 pandemic Shrine Board also started delivering Prasāda for the devotees who are unable to come to the temple by collaborating with Postal Department of India.

Devotees of all faiths and all schools of thought of Hinduism visit the Vaishno Devi Temple.

On 1 January 2022, 12 people were killed and 16 were left injured after a stampede occurred while thousands of pilgrims rushed to the mandir on the first day of the new year.

Administration and visit
The Vaishno Devi Temple was included in the Jammu and Kashmir Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Act No. XVI/1988 and also part of Article 26 of the Constitution of India. The board name is Shri Mata Vaishno devi Shrine Board. There are nine members in the board; all are nominated by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir, particularly by Governor of Jammu and Kashmir. The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir is the ex-officio chairman of the board. In 1991, Shri Mata Vaishno devi Shrine Board management also took the control of Shiv Khori, a famous Shiva temple.

Shrine Board have also constructed guest houses such as Vaishnavi Dham, Saraswati Dham, Kalika Dham, Niharika Yatri Niwas, Shakti Bhawan and Ashirwad Bhawan near the Railway station and Bus stand at Katra.

During the winter season from the month of December to January the Vaishno Devi Temple is covered with snow.

title: Vaishno Devi Temple


text:
User:ENGRPRODDRZAIDI/sandbox

ADNAN HAIDER ZAIDI

ADNAN HAIDER ZAIDI ( Surname :Zaidi, ) ( Arabic/Urdu عدنان حيدر ) ( Well known as Adam Heather in the West ) is an international politician, scientist ,philanthropist,social figure and film producer from New York. He is a candidate for the position of Prime Minister of Pakistan in 2028 Elections and a modern Muslim leader in the new Islamic world.He contributed to fight against Cancer, blood diseases in children, women empowerment  and peace .He is  founder of Progressive Party for modernity and progress in the developing nations.He is very popular among people in United States ,Europe and Asia and specially in the Muslim world for his ideology for modernity,peace,liberalism and democracy in Islamic world.He is a Scientist turned politician from Pakistan , he is raised and educated in United States,Canada and England.He is expected to be nominated for Nobel Prize for his contributions for  Human Welfare and peace.

Contributions :

ADNAN HAIDER ZAIDI has been very active in helping the poor and needy orphans, children patients of blood diseases, victims of domestic violence, prisoners,abused ,needy and sick people in the third world.His Campaign " Flowers are us " for the welfare of infants is highly appreciated.His political campaign for liberalism,modernity and peace in the Muslim world is highly appreciated by educated and elite class in Western world and in Muslim world. Adnan created a new thought of Tolerance and Modernity to reduce extremism and fundamentalism.

Adnan is highly regarded among Pakistan's Armed Forces retired officers fraternity  for his efforts to include and regard the retired armed forces officers in Parliament to play an important role in reducing extremism. Being the son and grandson of soldiers who fought in British Army in First world war and Second World war in India and Burma, Adnan is regarded as the generation of Veterans.

Adnan holds Doctorate degree in Engineering from United States and post graduate studies from Canada.He wrote many articles, publications , books and reviews in Science,Engineering,Technology ,Politics and Media.

Popularity Poll:

In 2015 polls Adnan's popularity was 78% among youth and 55% among seniors .Female followers were 54% while male followers were 46% in 2015 which changed to to 57% and 43% respectively in 2016.

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text:
Talk:Charles Jost Burchell

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text:
Film school:Narrative Dialog Editing:Story of Penny and Eggbert:L-Cuts

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

An example for the course on Narrative Film Editing

{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style="margin:0em 0em 0em 0em; width:100%"
 * bgcolor=Cornsilk |

"L-Cuts"

 * When you edit dialog using the editing method explained at Wikiversity Film School, you create "L-Cut" automatically without even thinking about it. It is easy.

 * 1. To create "L-Cuts", you first edit to get the best audio (the best sounding dialog) so it has a natural rhythm (back and forth, back and forth.)  (Note: You already did this in the step called "The rough edit".)

 * 2. Assuming the picture is not totally ugly, you ignore the picture while you create the rough edit. Whatever picture comes with the dialog (the actor's spoken words) is OK.

 * 3. Once the audio sounds perfect, you lock the audio and roll each the picture edit to find the best visual transition. Rolling the picture edits will show either the anticipation or reaction of the listener.

 * Note: Rolling the picture edits does not change the length of the scene. For each frame you add to one clip, you automatically remove a frame from the other clip.

 * Note 2: And the audio never changes while you roll the picture edits.

 * It was easy!

 * Just by rolling the picture edits, you create "L-Cuts".

 * Easy! Let's take a look..

 * bgcolor=Cornsilk |
 * bgcolor=Cornsilk colspan="2" |Note: Penny and Eggbert are 3D Poser models created by 3D Universe.  For this lesson, these characters were posed and rendered with the free DAZ Studio.
 * }
 * }
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;" rowspan="1"|

Step 1 - Do a rough edit based on the audio

In the previous step
Previously, we created the rough edit. This picture to the right shows you what it looks like in the timeline.

There are just two edits in the entire scene. Very simple.

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

Just straight cuts based on the audio

Rough Edit

Here is the rough edit

 * In the rough edit, all cuts are done half way between sentences (between dialog). Also, the picture and the audio edits are at the same point in time.  This is the most basic and simplest form of editing.

No destroyed frames

 * The most important thing to remember is all three clips are complete and whole. If we want to unroll any of these clips, there will be a complete master shot.  By doing the rough edit, we have not destroyed any frames (unless we are using "HyperEngine-A/V version 1.5" which actually destroyed all the frames that were not visible.  Dumb!)  The missing frames are just hidden, ready for use at any time we roll the picture edit.

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;" rowspan="1"|

The first edit

The first edit point
There are only two edits in this entire movie. We start by looking at the first of these two edits.

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

Straight cuts based on the audio

The First Edit

The first two clips

 * The movie starts with Eggbert quacking at Penny. At exactly the point where Eggbert finishes is quacking, there is the firt rough edit.  Then Penny begins to peep.

 * }

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;"|

Here is the first edit

A close up view of the rough edit The first edit point

Talking only

 * Eggbert is always talking in the first clip and Penny is always talking in the second clip.

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
 * }
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;"|

Here is the first edit rolled forward

→ → → Roll the picture edit to the right → → →

Rolling the edit forward in time

 * When we roll the picture edit forward in time, we begin to see Eggbert listening and Penny talking in the two shot. Look at the frame marked in red.

 * Note: Later, we will learn that this is not good because we will loose sync after the first peep.

 * Remember: rolling the picture edit does not change the length of the movie. You are hiding one frame for each new frame you show.

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;"|

Here is the first edit rolled backward

← ← ← Roll the picture edit to the left ← ← ←

Rolling the edit backward in time

 * When we roll the picture edit backward in time, we begin to see Penny listening while Eggbert is talking. See the frame marked in green.

 * We don't actually see Eggbert talking because his lips are not shown. That is good because then Eggbert can never be out of sync.

 * Remember: rolling the picture edit does not change the length of the movie. You are hiding one frame for each new frame you show.

 * }
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;" rowspan="1"|

The second edit

The second edit point
Next we will look at the second edit of these two edits.

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

Straight cuts based on the audio

The Second Edit

The next two clips

 * When Penny finishes peeping, the final clip of Eggbert's quacking begins.

 * }

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;"|

Here is the second edit of the Rough Edit

A close up view of the rough edit The second edit point

Talking only

 * Penny is always talking in the clip before the edit and Eggbert is always talking in the clip after the edit.

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
 * }
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;"|

Here is the first edit rolled forward

→ → → Roll the picture edit to the right → → →

Rolling the edit forward in time

 * When we roll the picture edit forward in time, we begin to see Penny listening and Eggbert talking in the two shot. Look at the frame marked in green.

 * Note: Later, we will learn that this is not good because we will loose sync after the first peep.

 * Remember: rolling the picture edit does not change the length of the movie. You are hiding one frame for each new frame you show.

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
 * }
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;"|

Here is the first edit rolled backward

← ← ← Roll the picture edit to the left ← ← ←

Rolling the edit backward in time

 * When we roll the picture edit backward in time, we begin to see Eggbert listening while Penny is still talking. See the frame marked in Aqua.

 * We don't actually see Penny is talking because her lips are not shown. That is good because then Penny can never be out of sync.

 * Remember: rolling the picture edit does not change the length of the movie. You are hiding one frame for each new frame you show.

 * }
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

More about "L-Cuts"

The next page

 * We need to look at more details about "L-Cuts". Click here to go to the next page.

 * }


text:
Talk:Bidzina Kvernadze

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International Navigation Company

The International Navigation Company (INC) was a Philadelphia-based holding company owning 26 ships totaling 181,000 tons and carried more passengers than either Cunard or White Star, when the company was reorganized as International Mercantile Marine in 1902. The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania approved a charter for the INC on May 5, 1871. The company was commonly known as the Red Star Line due to the red star on its white house flag. The principal American organizer and general agent of INC was the shipbroking firm of Peter Wright & Sons, one of the oldest, most respected, and most financially prosperous of the Philadelphia import-export houses. Principal financial backing was provided by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Although the financial interests were headquartered in the United States, the backers did not believe that a transatlantic steamship line could be run successfully under an American flag. Ships were to be built in foreign yards, operated under foreign flags, and manned with foreign crews.

Peter Wright & Sons provided invaluable commercial expertise and foreign contacts. The firm operated a large fleet of ships, with many transporting petroleum from the recently discovered fields of western Pennsylvania, carried in barrels and cases, to European markets. Peter Wright & Sons also had established friendships and business ties with two prominent Belgian shipowners, Jules-Bernard von Der Becke and William Edouard Marsily. During the 1860s, the von Der Becke firm became an important importer of petroleum products from Pennsylvania to Antwerp in American and Belgian ships. Clement Action Griscom, who rose rapidly from clerk to partner at Peter Wright & Sons, was a leader in the firm's shipping affairs and the chief force behind the creation of both INN and the chief negotiator with Belgian's King Leopold, von Der Becke, and Marsily to establish a subsidiary company in Antwerp beginning on September 19, 1872, under the title "Societe Anonyme de Navigation Belge-Americaine" (Red Star Line). The agreement established the Red Star Line as the exclusive carrier of mail service out of Antwerp to Philadelphia and New York. This subsidiary would provide most of the company's profits for the next 30 years. The shipping line's home port was Antwerp and it sailed under the Belgian flag, thereby avoiding the obligation of employing far more expensive American personnel.

In January, 1874, the board of directors of the American Line, a Philadelphia-based passenger and cargo service to Liverpool that was also backed by the Pennsylvania Railroad and was facing possible bankruptcy, passed management of the steamship line to Peter Wright & Sons. Clement Griscom was charged by the firm to manage the American Line as well as the Red Star Line. The former company, known as the American “Keystone” Line was unprofitable because of the substantially higher costs associated with operating American-flagged vessels. In 1884, the assets of the American Line were acquired by International Navigation. Two years later, INC also acquired the assets of the financially troubled Inman Line, operator of a British flagged Liverpool-New York mail service. With PRR's backing, Griscom ordered two record breakers to restore Inman's fortunes. However, the British Government objected to Inman's ownership change and revoked Imman's mail contract. Griscom successfully lobbied Congress to reflag the two new express liners and qualify for an American mail subsidy. In 1893, Inman was merged the American Line and the company built two additional express liners in the US to create a premium weekly service, now routed to Southampton.

Griscom believed that the major lines should be merged to control capacity and avoid rate wars. In 1899, he became acquainted with J. P. Morgan, an investment banker who was responsible for many of the large mergers during the period. With financing from Morgan's syndicate, in 1902 Griscom and Morgan expanded International Navigation by acquiring the Atlantic Transport Line, the Leyland Line, the White Star Line, the Dominion Line and half of Holland America. International Navigation was renamed International Mercantile Marine (IMM).

However, Griscom and Morgan paid too high a price for the companies they acquired and IMM struggled under the debt payments. Management was reorganized to focus on White Star, the most profitable subsidiary. In 1915, IMM was forced into bankruptcy when the war disrupted cash flow, but later was able to profit from the wartime demand for shipping. In the 1920s and 1930s, IMM gradually sold off its foreign subsidiaries. In 1931, it acquired the United States Lines, and merged all operations under that name in 1943. The company failed in 1986 and was liquidated when it over expanded in the cargo container business.

1871–84
In 1858, the Inman Line abandoned Philadelphia as its American terminus and switched its operations to New York. Various interests in Philadelphia, including the Pennsylvania Railroad, recognized the need to reestablish steamship service directly to Europe. In 1870, PRR backed the creation of two shipping companies, the US-flagged American Steamship Company and the foreign flagged International Navigation Company. Chartered on May 5, 1871, International Navigation was created by the Philadelphia ship brokerage of Peter Wright & Sons. A $1 million bond issue was guaranteed by PRR and the initial $1.5 million stock offering was largely purchased by a small group of Peter Wright partners and PRR executives. The new firm's affairs were turned over to a 30-year-old Peter Wright partner, Clement A. Griscom, who was also a close associate of Edgar Thompson, President of PRR.

International Navigation's original plan was to operate UK flagged steamers on the Liverpool–Philadelphia route and to coordinate sailings with the American Steamship Company, operating as the American “Keystone” Line. Since Peter Wright & Sons was also involved in the early transport of oil from the Pennsylvania petroleum fields, Griscom had the support of the Standard Oil Company for his new steamship line. INC ordered its first steamer as a combined passenger ship/tanker, but she probably only carried oil on one voyage after it was realized that the fire hazard with tankers was too great to also carry passengers on the same ship.

In 1872, Griscom and Thompson concluded that International Navigation should seek a terminus on the continent. According to his son, Griscom marked all of the principal manufacturing towns in England, Belgium, France and Germany and determined that the center was Antwerp Belgium. Griscom immediately left for Europe and met with Antwerp officials about the necessary improvements to modernize the old port into the terminus for a steamship line. When he was told that Leopold II must also approve, Griscom left for Brussels where he received the King's strong support including a postal subsidy and port improvements. On September 27, 1872, the Red Star Line was chartered in Belgium as the “Societe Anonyme de Navigation Belge-Americaine”. In addition to Griscom, the board included Thomas Scott, who in two years would become President of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Red Star's Antwerp–Philadelphia Service started in January 1873. Red Star took delivery of three new steamers built in England and supplemented its fleet with chartered tonnage. Red Star was in better position to survive the depression of 1873 than the US-flagged American “Keystone” Line because operating as a US carrier resulted in about 30% higher costs. At the end of 1873, Griscom took over management of the American Keystone Line. In 1874, Red Star also started an Antwerp-New York service under a mail contract from the Belgian Government.

Red Star thrived and by 1881 carried over 40,000 passengers. At the same time, the American Keystone Line was not profitable because of its higher cost structure. When the hoped for subsidy never came from Congress, PRR decided to reorganize American Steamship. In 1884, PRR offered to purchase 14,500 new shares in International Navigation for $725,000 to finance INC's purchase of American Steamship's four vessels as well as its name and good will. The money never actually left PRR's account because it was used to repay the railroad for the American Steamship bonds it guaranteed. When the transaction was completed, the American Keystone Line became INC's second operating subsidiary.

1884–93
International Navigation's Liverpool agent was Richardson and Spence, who was also the agent for the Inman Line, one of the big three British flagged companies on the Liverpool–New York route. INC became a major creditor of Inman when that company suffered financial difficulties in the early 1880s. In 1886, with the backing of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Griscom offered £205,000 for Inman's five liners and name. Under the deal, Griscom was able to deduct the debt owed INC from the purchase price. With no real alternative, Inman's directors accepted the offer.

Griscom realized that the renamed Inman and International Line required a new express steamer to compete against its rivals, the Cunard Line and White Star. He sailed for Europe with a commitment of $2 million from the Pennsylvania Railroad to finance the new ship. Scottish shipbuilders were suffering a depression at the time and offered to build two liners at the bargain price of $1,850,000 apiece. The PRR agreed and Griscom ordered what were to become the two largest and fastest ships on the Atlantic, the 20 knot City of New York and City of Paris. He also ordered a large new liner for Red Star, the Friesland.

The intent was to continue Inman as a British-flagged company. However, considerable opposition developed over Inman's change in ownership, and the British Government transferred Inman's mail contract to the Guion Line. Under the Postal Aid Act of 1891, the US Government offered to pay $12,500 per round-trip voyage to any American-flagged carrier offering 20-knot steamship service to the UK. However, this amount was not sufficient to attract firms to acquire the liners required under the act, and Griscom's two new 20-knot Atlantic speedsters could not qualify, because they were built in the UK. Therefore, Griscom and the Pennsylvania Railroad lobbied Congress to allow the reflagging of Inman's two record-breakers. Griscom also offered to build a second pair of 20-knot liners in a US yard so that Inman would have the four ships required for a weekly service. In May 1892, Congress enacted the necessary legislation. Five months later, the post office department agreed to contract with INC for a weekly New York–Southampton mail service. On February 22, 1893, President Benjamin Harrison personally raised the American flag on the newly renamed New York, and the Inman and International Line was officially merged into the American Line.

1893–1902
To strengthen the company's finances, International Navigation was reorganized in June 1893. The original Pennsylvania chartered company was replaced by a new corporate entity, the International Navigation Corporation of New Jersey with capitalization of $15 million. In July, International Navigation Limited was formed in the UK to hold title to the remaining British flagged vessels. The company was also refinanced with a $6 million bond issue to enable Griscom to order the two new 20 knot express liners required under the US mail contract and additional new vessels for Red Star. About half of these bonds were purchased by representatives of Standard Oil. When St Louis and St Paul were delivered, the American Line had the only weekly 20 knot service on the Atlantic.

The timing for the company's expansion could not have been worse. The major shipping companies including the American Line entered into an agreement to control sailing frequency and prices. However, the agreement broke down in the fall of 1893 over a dispute between the German and British lines over Scandinavian business, resulting in a fare war. This situation was compounded by the depression of 1894 and several weaker firms including the Guion Line collapsed.

By 1896, economic conditions improved, and the major lines reached a new agreement, negotiated at International Navigation's headquarters in London. The Spanish–American War (1898) and the Boer War (1899-1902) created a shortage of shipping on the Atlantic, and the major lines launched building programs to increase their fleets. Most of the American Line's ships were requisitioned by the government for war service. Griscom also ordered new vessels and after the war refinanced the company. In 1899, J.P. Morgan underwrote $20 million in 5% bonds. $12 million was used to retire existing 6% bonds and $6 million was earmarked for expansion. By 1902, International Navigation's fleet consisted of 26 ships totaling 181,000 tons and carried more passengers than either Cunard or White Star.

While International Navigation's Belgian and British subsidiaries were consistently profitable, the American Line only paid its first dividend in 1900. The mail contract of $750,000 per year was not sufficient to offset the higher costs of operating US-flagged vessels. Griscom was a close associate of Ohio Senator Marcus Hanna, who stayed at Griscom's house outside Philadelphia during the 1900 Republican convention. Hanna was the power broker behind President William McKinley, and when the Republicans were reelected, Hanna pushed a new mail subsidy bill. The legislation cleared the Senate in 1902, but stalled in the House of Representatives. Congress was opposed to subsidizing rich financiers even though this meant that relatively fewer Americans were employed as merchant ship builders and sailors.

As early as the 1880s, Griscom believed that the major shipping lines should be combined into a trust to control capacity and pricing. As a result of the 1899 refinancing, he became acquainted with J. P. Morgan, the investment banker who was successful in putting together large trusts. Morgan was then in the process of building U.S. Steel, the first billion-dollar corporation. Morgan profited from the investment fees associated with creating or refinancing companies, but not actually operating the new enterprises. The timing appeared right for a large shipping merger. In 1902, another price war broke out when the Boer War ended and new vessels entered service.

Backed by financing from Morgan's syndicate, Morgan and Griscom acquired the Atlantic Transport Line, the Leyland Line, the White Star Line, the Dominion Line, and half of Holland America. When combined with International Navigation, the new company owned 118 ships totaling 810,000 tons. This represented 20% of the total shipping on the Atlantic and a third of the passenger business. They also entered into revenue sharing arrangements with Hamburg America and North German Lloyd. On October 1, 1902, Morgan and Griscom announced that International Navigation was to be reorganized as the International Mercantile Marine Corporation of New Jersey and that the firm had an initial capitalization of $120 million plus the proceeds of a $50 million bond offering. The old International Navigation was valued at $14.2 million including $2.5 million in cash and stock paid as commissions to Griscom and his close associates.

Postscript
By the end of 1903, the value of the IMM preferred stock dropped from $85 to $18 and the bonds were not selling. Morgan was unable to sell much of the stock and bonds issued to finance IMM and was forced to remain active in IMM's management. Instead of the $10 million profit he expected, he lost money on the transaction. The problem was that IMM paid too much for the companies it acquired and struggled under the debt payments. The hoped for subsidy from Congress did not materialize and the company was impacted by the economic depression that lasted through the middle of the decade. Further, the anticipated economies of scale from the merger did not materialize. In 1904, management was reorganized and IMM focused on White Star, the most profitable subsidiary. However, by 1915 the company was forced into bankruptcy court when IMM was unable to make debt service payments because the war disrupted cash flow from foreign subsidiaries. IMM survived and by 1917 profited from the demand for shipping during W.W.I.

During the 1920s and 30s, IMM sold its foreign flagged subsidiaries to focus on US operations. In 1930, the Roosevelt Steamship Company purchased 51% of IMM. The next year, Roosevelt IMM became the manager of the government owned United States Lines when the line's purchaser defaulted on the payments. In 1934, Roosevelt IMM acquired a majority of the US Line stock for $1.1 million. All US Line, Roosevelt Line and IMM operations were merged in 1943 and the combined operation used the US Line name. The US Line emerged from the war as one of the largest international shippers and in the 1950s was the second largest transatlantic passenger carrier after Cunard. Passenger sailings were terminated in 1969 when the US government withdrew the operating subsidy for the United States. The US Lines failed in 1986 when it over expanded in the container cargo business and its operations were liquidated. The shell of United States Lines emerged from bankruptcy in 1990 and eventually entered into the hotel business and is now known as Janus Hotels & Resorts.

title: International Navigation Company


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John Karelse

John Karelse (born 17 May 1970 in Wemeldinge) is a retired Dutch football goalkeeper and unemployed manager after being fired by NAC Breda.

He played for AGOVV Apeldoorn in his native country for a few years before moving to NAC Breda. It was here that he caught the attention of then Newcastle United manager Ruud Gullit, who signed him for an undisclosed fee (thought to be in the region of £800,000) in August 1999. His time at Newcastle was largely unsuccessful, as he endured a terrible start to his career at the club, losing 4-2 to Southampton on his debut. He found his first team opportunities very limited after this, not helped by the competition for his position being very high with the reliable Shay Given and Steve Harper also at the club. Tony Caig was also ahead of him as third choice backup. He did, however, manage to keep a clean sheet against Arsenal at Highbury, in what proved to be his third and final game for the club.

A proposed move to Turkey broke down in 2000, but a year later a move back to the Netherlands seemed likely, with Feyenoord rumoured to be interested. No move materialised and the former Dutch Under-21 international had no choice but to stay in the Newcastle reserves. He retired in 2004 after one final season at AGOVV Apeldoorn.

In 2006, he became interim manager of NAC and led the team successfully through the relegation play-offs. Karelse became manager of NAC in 2011.

title: John Karelse


text:
Silver Swan

Silver Swan may refer to:

 * Silver Swan (automaton), a clockwork display at the Bowes Museum
 * Silver Swan (brand), a condiments brand owned by Nutri-Asia
 * Silver Swan (comics), a fictional character in the Wonder Woman stories
 * "The Silver Swan" (madrigal), a madrigal by Orlando Gibbons
 * "Silver Swan Rag", a piano rag by Scott Joplin

title: Silver Swan


text:
User:Kinsuji

Please tell us more about yourself. Erase this message and begin. Robert Elliott 02:48, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Kinsuji