text:
User:BostonMA/Mediation/Sathya Sai Baba/www.saisathyasai.com

'''This page was created as part of the mediation process for the Sathya Sai Baba and related articles. The page is specifically devoted to discussion of www.saisathyasai.com as it relates to Wikipedia articles.'''

Claims regarding Marijuana.com and assault-weapon.com
The issue has been raised in the mediation for SSB and related articles, that one editor, SSS108, has published on his site material which is alleged to be defamatory to another editor Andries. Although this disupte has at times spilled over into talk and mediation pages of Wikipedia, the mediator recognizes that this dispute is about content outside of Wikipedia. The mediator is reluctant to set a precedent of mediating disputes over content outside Wikipedia, and wishes to make it absolutely clear that in offering his opinions here, he is in no way obligating himself, or anyone else in wikipedia, to address such disputes in the future. With that caveat, the mediator notes that he believes that he has some insight into the dispute, and only because he believes that he can be of help in this particular instance, is he involving himself with the dispute.

User:SSS108 is associated with the website www.saisathyasai.com. This website contains a page largely devoted to discussion of editor Andries in relationship to controversies related to Sathya Sai Baba. [The allegations of an association between User:Andries and the websites marijuana.com and assault-weapon.com have been removed from this website, as of today --BostonMA 22:08, 23 March 2006 (UTC)]

User:SSS108 has stated that he will correct factual mistakes that may appear on the website. User:Andries has stated that the material on the site associating him with marijuana.com and assault-weapon.com is incorrect.
 * I stated twice that the association with marijuana.com and assault-weapon is incorrect. The first time on Talk:Sathya_Sai_Baba/archive2
 * "Some high ranking prominent followers of SSB have been criticized by former followers because of their refusal to investigate the very serious charges against SSB and their unquestioning continuing promotion of SSB. That is very different from writing or suggesting, as you do of me, that I am a hash user. The latter is completely unrelated to the SSB controversy and can hence be classified as an ad hominem attack. And an untrue one too, because it was just a copy of my Wikipedia user page that was automatically copied on a regular basis. Andries 23:26, 2 January 2006 (UTC)"
 * The second time on User_talk:SSS108
 * "I had already stated that the comments about Hashish/Marihuana are completely untrue. Andries 17:49, 18 March 2006 (UTC) "
 * Andries 20:41, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

The allegations that User:Andries was associated with marijuana.com and assault-weapons.com are reproduced in a subsection below.

The mediator has reviewed the screen shots as well as done some independent investigation.

According to Mirrors and forks/Mno, marijuana.com copied Wikipedia from May 23 2005 and appears to have kept all namespaces. As of 28 December 2005 it was found that it was redirecting to Wikipedia itself.

According to Mirrors and forks/Abc is also a mirror of Wikipedia, although a check shows that this site also now just redirects to Wikipedia.

User:Andries' user page on wikipedia as of 12 May 2005 matches the "before" screen shot taken from assault-weapon.com.

User:Andries' user page on wikipedia as of 3 February 2005 matches the cached google version of assault-weapon.com cached on March 1, 2005, except that www.marijuana.com has been substituted for en.wikipedia.org.

The before and after screen shots from assault-weapon.com are identical to the Wikipedia versions of User:Andries' user page of 3 February 2005 and of 12 May 2005.

The mediator believes that the observed screen shots from marijuana.com, assault-weapon.com and the google cache are all consistant with the assault-weapon.com and marijuana.com acting as mirrors of Wikipedia.

Because of the large amounts of data which need to be transferred to mirror Wikipedia, it is to be expected that re-mirroring will not occur in real time, but rather happen only now and again. It is thus to be expected that changes on mirrors appear to lag behind changes on Wikipedia.

It is also to be expected that links to Wikipedia within articles that are mirrored will have been mass replaced with links to the local mirror.

The two mirrors in question eventually gave up mirroring, and this would explain the disappearance of User:Andries user page. It would not be necessary for Andries to delete his user page from the mirror site.

The mediator believes that SSS108 drew conclusions according to his understanding at the time. Nevertheless, the mediator believes that these conclusions are unfounded, and cannot be inferred from the evidence provided. --BostonMA 23:24, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Please comment:

 * Andries: The analysis by BostonMA is correct. Andries 06:26, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * SSS108: BostonMA, I disagree. First of all, assault-weapon.com (henceforth referred to as Site1) and marijuana.com (henceforth referred to as Site2) were 2 different sites. Now, however, Site1 redirects to Site2. Those who had their profile on Site1 were allowed to edit/add/delete their Wikipedia profile through a side menu User Control Panel: Reference If you place your cursor over the User Control Panel link, you will see that it reads: www.assault-weapon.com/wiki/User:Andries#usercptools1 (meaning that Andries had an account there). This explains why his wikipedia profile was updated the same day I published it on my site. This also explains how the userpage remained intact even though all content was removed. Due to whatever reasons, Site1 now redirects to the main and original Site2 and neither sites are wiki-mirrors. If you want, I will update my personal website with this information to make my case clearer. SSS108 talk-email 02:20, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * As far as I am able to tell, the link www.assault-weapon.com/wiki/User:Andries#usercptools1 was to a drop down menu on the same page.  I don't see how one can conclude from that link that Andries had an account on that site.  --BostonMA 02:56, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

When the site was active, I clicked on the User Control Panel and it opened a drop-down java User Control Panel for user:Andries, with an empty profile. Also, as I already said, the very same day I published that information on my site, the article was updated. Then, the content was deleted, although the user-page was still visible (no redirects, nothing). Since the site no longer has that function, I cannot show it to you, however, it was very much akin to the current User Control Panel on the current marijuana.com site Ref (scroll down to User Control Panel and click).

I provided this information for your immediate perusal. However, as I already stated to you on your talk page Ref, it is my intention to answer mediation questions only after Andries has finished answering his outstanding questions. I feel that I have been forthcoming with responses and Andries has not. Since you feel that Andries delay in answering these questions is not very important, then I don't think you will mind if I withhold further responses until Andries has answered his outstanding mediation questions. Sincerely SSS108 talk-email 04:17, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * SSS108, the original page including the drop down menu is still available in google cache. If you look at your saved version, on the 4th line of the google header is a line that reads:
 * Click here for the full cached page with images included.
 * If you click in the appropriate place, a full version of the page should appear in your browser. Clicking the User Control Panel link will then open the menu.  I don't see what in this menu would lead you to believe that it is not the same menu that would appear on any user page on that site, whether the users had ever logged in or not.  --BostonMA 11:53, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

I just wanted to mention that I looked through my screencap archives and found the screencap of the page when Andries removed his profile (although the username was still showing in the link). This could only have been done by someone who had an account there. Since Andries never removed his profile from Wikipedia, the site never "mirrored" a blank profile. This leaves me to rightly suspect that it was done through an account. I will create the page later with the relevant screencap. I also want to mention that there is a familiar trend. During the entire time I had this information on my site, Andries never commented on or denied anything about my marijuana profile comments. Only after the page was deleted, redirected and 2 months later did he deny involvement with the site. This is exactly the modus operandi he utilized when he denied his webmaster status on the hetnet.nl site, a title he held for 3 years. Regarding the control panel, most control panels do not have the username in the link to it. Most control panels just go to a log-in page. The control panel link in question, has Andries user name in it. SSS108 talk-email 15:29, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Selection from http://www.saisathyasai.com/baba/Ex-Baba.com/sathya-sai-baba-wikipedia-bias.html
Andriès L. Krugers Dagneaux: Incapable Of Neutrality:

Click Here to view a screen capture to a Pro-Marijuana site that Andries posted his wikipedia information on. Andries article was listed under the wikipedia page for "cannabis" at: http://www.assault-weapon.com/ (mirror site to marijuana.com) on the following page: http://www.assault-weapon.com/wiki/User:Andries (Click Here To View The Google Cache). Now why did Andries post his Wikipedia article on a Pro-marijuana site that sells marijuana seeds, seeks its legalization and provides information on how to grow and use it?

Update: August 8th - November 15th 2005:

After bringing Andries Pro-Marijuana Profile to the attention of the general public, Andries made several major changes to his Pro-Marijuana Profile. First of all, on August 8th 2005 the cannabis page that was located at http://www.assault-weapon.com/wiki/ was removed. The very same day (August 8th 2005), Andries edited his Pro-Marijuana Profile (meaning that he was still active on it), and deleted the following section: "I may make some small mistakes in English, especially in punctuation. My Dutch is excellent but I care more about the English version of wikipedia than the Dutch version. I have become a complete skeptic due to an unfortunate experience with an Indian guru called Sathya Sai Baba. I think Wikipedia is a great project. Same user as Omniscient". Andries also deleted his "Sathya Sai Baba" and "Hinduism" links. Why did Andries remove this content? Surely, he had nothing to hide? Right? Click Here to compare version one with version two.

Secondly, on September 28th 2005, Andries tried to cover his tracks and do damage control by deleting (in its entirety) his Pro-Marijuana Profile. Click Here to view the screencapture.

Lastly, on November 15th 2005, Andries requested the Pro-Marijuana Site to redirect his Pro-Marijuana Profile to his Original Wikipedia Profile. The following link located at http://www.assault-weapon.com/wiki/User:Andries now redirects to Andries Original Wikipedia Profile. Also, the cannabis page located at http://www.assault-weapon.com/wiki/ now redirects to Wikipedia's main page. These two redirects happened at the same time and both can be traced back directly to Andries. Obviously, Andries Krugers Dagneaux doesn't want people to know about his Pro-Marijuana Profile. One can only wonder why?

Many Cached User pages from assault-weapon.com etc.
Hi SSS108. Google has many cached user pages from assault-weapon.com and marijuana.com. You may see some of them from this link. This is of course only the first page. The search is for "user" on the site assault-weapon.com. A large number of the results are not for user pages, but for wiki pages with the word user in them. Nevertheless, there are still quite a few user pages that are cached. (Some of the cached pages don't work, but the majority that I've tried, do work). Repeats of the same search on google may give different results, both because one does not always get the same server, and because the google's database changes over time. However, when I searched, the following user pages showed up in the first few pages of results. , , , , , , , ,,.

I am trying to understand your argument. It would help to understand if you would clarify for me the following questions. --BostonMA 18:07, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you believe that the all of the users named on these pages at one time had accounts on marijuana.com or assault-weapon.com?

 * If not, what is the difference between these user pages, and that of Andries, that leads you to believe that Andries had an account?

BostonMA, actually I found many of the pages you just listed this morning while researching this issue. Consequently, some of my comments on my talk page are incorrect. I already stated earlier why I feel Andries had an account on the marijuana site. His profile was deleted, even though the user page remained. This would not have been possible because the site could not "mirror" a blank profile page when Andries profile page was never blank on wikipedia. I also found some users who linked back to the marijuana.com site. An example Ref. I guess if there is a way to contact this person, one could verify whether or not he created an account and ask for details about it. So the primary reason I believe Andries had an account there was for the reason just cited and because Andries never refuted or denied this claim (until after the site was taken offline). Also, as stated before, the page on the marijuana site was updated the exact same day FreeLanceResearch brought it to Andries' attention: Ref Anyone can call these "coincidences", etc. I believe differently. When I create the new page with a screencap to the deleted profile, I will let you know. SSS108 talk-email 19:22, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Here is the screencap I was referring to that shows the deleted profile (although the user page is still showing): Ref1 Compare this with the profile that was updated on August 8th Ref2 and the before and after screencaps Ref3 Since Andries Wikipedia profile was never blank, the marijuana site could not mirror a blank page. It was deleted. By whom? Considering the arguments I made in the previous paragraph, it is my opinion that it was deleted by Andries. He could only have done this if he had an account there (which he never denied from July '05 to January '06, although he had plenty of time to refute it to both FreeLanceResearch on August 8th '05: Ref & Culver's complaint on August 19th '05: Ref). I also updated my page, on saisathyasai, with the correct link to the screencap that shows the deleted profile. SSS108 talk-email 03:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * SSS108, why didn't you ask me whether I had a profile there before posting it online? That would have been the normal and decent way of doing things. One of the problems is that I do not feel like e-mailing you, because you post everything that I write on your website, interspersed with your suggestive and sometimes incorrect comments. I never edited the marijuana website. I consider your website strong in details and nitpicking but with ofen glaring misinterpretations and an amazing lack of common sense. Your completely erroneous comments about me is an example of both the strong and weak points of your website. I want to thank BostonMA for doing this detective work. I would have found it tedious and exhausting if I had to do it myself. Andries 20:06, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Andries, you were informed by Freelanceresearch and Culver about the page. You had every opportunity to email me and deny it. You had every opportunity to deny it on the talk pages. You did not. You only denied it after the entire site was taken offline and redirected to marijuana.com. You only brought up this issue 6 months after the fact. You had 6 months to research it and bring your concerns to my attention and you did absolutely nothing about it. I have given what I believe are valid reasons to support my opinions about the marijuana site. If you did the research for yourself and brought it to my attention, I would have removed it because it is, quite frankly, not very important. Especially when you live(d) in Amsterdam, where marijuana is legal. SSS108 talk-email 04:42, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I cannot argue with you about every mistake on your website. Then I would have no time do do anything else: the discussion of on this page shows how tedious and time-consuming it is to convince you of having made mistake. And besides I cannot e-mail you for stated reasons. I do not have to research anything when I did not do anything. For example, if somebody states that I was this year in China then I do not have to ask China airlines whether my name was on the passenger list, because I know that I did not go to China. Andries 17:24, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Andries, you example is laughable. It is funny how you take unrelated examples, formulate an argument, pigeonhole that argument and try to apply it to a completely different topic. This is not about whether or not you went to China. It is about a claim I made about you having a Pro-Marijuana profile. It would have been far easier for you to make your case against my comments when the site was online. If you had such a problem with it, you should have promptly addressed it. You chose not to address it. I address all criticism, published against me, through your site and other Anti-Sai sites. I do not ignore what I consider defamatory comments and wait half a year to say something about it. This is exactly what you did, feeding the impression that you did have a Pro-Marijuana profile. If you don't deny it, then this gives the impression that you have something to hide. I am deleting my comments, about the Pro-Marijuana profile, from my site despite what I consider extraordinary coincidences. I suggest you focus on the many mistakes on your own website. I have an open policy where I correct my mistakes. You and your coterie of Anti-Sai friends do not. SSS108 talk-email 23:21, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Comments From Outside Parties
As User:BostonMA requested on my talk page, I am here to say whether or not I have ever personally "logged into assault-weapon.com and/or marijuana.com." The answer is: no, I haven't. --Lukobe 21:47, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Lukobe, then can you kindly explain why you provided Wiki-links to marijuana.com (instead of the main Wikipedia site) on your page? SSS108 talk-email 03:41, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Actually, I think I found the answer to my previous question. The site automatically redirected wiki links to the marijuana.com site. SSS108 talk-email

More Thoughts From the Mediator
SSS108, I am not sure that I understand your position. Also, it may well be that your position has changed as a result of this discussion, but you have not yet let us know that your position has changed. What I think is your postion is as follows.
 * 1) The page www.marijuana.com/wiki/user:Andries was editable by Andries either through marijuana.com, or assault-weapon.com or through some other means outside of wikipedia.
 * 2) The page www.marijuana.com/wiki/user:Andries at one point contained a copy of Andries wikipedia page framed with marijuana.com's menus, adverts, etc.. At a later point, in Sept. 2005, the page appeared with only marijuana.com's menus, adverts, etc., and the information about Andries was missing.  From this you conclude that Andries removed the material.

I am not convinced that either of these is true. First, I am not convinced that the pages in the directory www.marijuana.com/wiki/ were ever editable by the users (as opposed to the webmasters etc.) of marijuana.com. That is, I believe that marijuana.com copied the content of wikipedia (including the user pages) but I am not convinced that they set up a wiki that could be editted. There are several things that make me suspect this.
 * The vast majority of mirrors of wikipedia, are just that, mirrors, and not wikis. The operators of websites often create mirrors of wikipedia for the purpose of promoting their website.  By including wikipedia's articles, a website can increase its chances of appearing as the result of a web search query (for example a google query).  On the other hand, making the content of that site editable, making it a wiki would mean that the content of the wiki would over time grow to be something different from wikipedia.  That is, making the content a wiki only makes sense in the context of creating a fork.  Forks from wikipedia are much rarer than mirrors, and are generally have an alternative purpose to that of Wikipedia, for example different editorial policies.  I am not convinced that marijuana.com had any interest in  such a venture.
 * The screen shots and cached versions of the web pages in the www.marijuana.com/wiki directory do not show any tabs for history or editting. Of course, it might be possible that these tabs were only viewable if one logged in first.  However, that would make marijuana.com's version unique among wikipedia forks, as far as I know.

I believe the "blanking" of the page www.marijuana.com/wiki/user:Andires is consistent with what I have described above and also what I have described previously.
 * In many cases, if a web surfer browses to a non-existent page, the web server will return an error page, with a message such as "page not found". However, the www.marijuana.com website does not do that.  If a web surfer browses to, for example, www.marijuana.com/thisisnotapage or www.marijuana.com/asldkjfaalskdfja, the server, rather than returning a "page not found" page, will return a page with marijuana.com's standard adverts.  This would be consistent with a policy of attempting to promote their site and its adverts whenever possible.  It seems quite possible that marijuana.com, shifted its relationship with wikipedia in two steps.  First they simply deleted all the mirrored pages.  Then, they redirected any pages in the www.marijuana.com/wiki subdirectory to en.wikipedia.org.  If they made this transition in two steps, as I suspect, then the "blank" page framed by the usual marijuana.com stuff, is exactly what would appear if one browsed to www.marijuana.com/wiki/user:Andries between those two steps.    This explanation seems to me to be the least problematic.  I would very much like to know your opinions of how it all appears to me.  Sincerely BostonMA 00:16, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

BostonMA, I disagree with many of your speculations about why the page was blank. First of all, the page in question was not an unknown page. It was an actual page that had actual content. Can you demonstrate, using any wikipedia mirror site, that when an unknown user name is typed in the url, the surrounding ads remain and the content is blank? Andries user page was blank for a month and a half and I have not seen any other user page do that. Also, the mirror page was not from the marijuana.com site. It was from the assault-weapon.com site. SSS108 talk-email 04:31, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

SSS108, thank you for your feedback. I remain open-minded about this, and am willing to consider new information and new arguments. (Or even arguments that I may have only poorly understood). Sometimes I am not all that clear with my explanations, so I will try to clarify.

First, let's consider the question you raise "Can you demonstrate, using any wikipedia mirror site, that when an unknown user name is typed in the url, the surrounding ads remain and the context is blank?" I went to the page Mirrors and forks/Abc and selected the first site on the list http://1bx.com. I cannot guarantee that you will see the same thing that I have seen. However, what I see is as follows:

 * http://1bx.com/ A page title Wikipedia Browse, a google bar, some ads, then the contents of WP:Browse.
 * http://1bx.com/en/ same as above
 * http://1bx.com/en/user:BostonMA same as Andries
 * http://1bx.com/en/user:SSS108 same as asldkfajsd (fewer ads)
 * http://1bx.com/en/user:Essjay ads, plus User:Essjay !!!

I cannot explain why there is different behavior for Essjay and yourself. However, I think this is a good example of where the mirror site, rather than give "page not found" errors, for a made up URL, just gives ads. I hope this helps to clarify. --BostonMA 13:54, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Addendum: I have reclicked all the links, and the link for SSS108 now has more ads, like the rest. Perhaps the more frequently a link is clicked, the more ads it gets? I don't claim to know exactly what is going on. --BostonMA 13:57, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Addendum2: I reclicked the link for SSS108 many time, and eventually, it came up with a full page copy of User:SSS108. What I think is happening, is that after a search for a blank page, it may go to Wikipedia and download that page on the fly. See Mirrors and forks. --BostonMA 14:05, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

BostonMA, I find your argument convincing. I will go ahead and remove the section. I will also update my comments on my talk about why I am removing the section. I will post my former argument on how Andries never addressed or refuted this issue and after some mediation intervention and research by the mediator, there was new information that could mostly explain the behavior I screencapped on the assault-weapon.com site. Do you find this acceptable? SSS108 talk-email 17:20, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Hi SSS108, my aim is to help resolve conflicts. It is not up to me to say whether something you say on your site is acceptable or not. If something you write in your website causes a conflict and there is something that I can do to help resolve the conflict, then I will give my opinions. Beyond that, I can neither say that what you write is acceptable nor unacceptable. --BostonMA 17:27, 23 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
School talk:Library and information science

Paulshannon 18:01, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Removed redirect to Applications of ICT in Libraries
 * Updated Headings for readability --Kfitton 01:24, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

---

Why not put Knowledge Management as it's own school ? I've just started the Master of Science in Knowledge Management program at the University of Oklahoma, and definitely see it as a whole different beast. --ericblazek 16:07, 10 October 2006

Citation
Are you going to teach bibliography citation?--Juan 20:21, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Supreme Court of Belarus

The Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus is the highest-tier court inside of Belarus and acts as the final "court of review." Its general tasks include the oversight of lower-tier courts and can render justice in areas of general civil and criminal law. Unlike the United States Supreme Court, constitutional issues are not sent to the Belarusian Supreme Court, but are sent to a separate court called the Constitutional Court. The judges to the Supreme Court are appointed by the president.

History
On 1 January 2014 the Supreme Economic Court of Belarus merged with the Supreme Court.

title: Supreme Court of Belarus


text:
Talk:Mustang, Texas

possible copyvio
I removed the section "Local news" as it was basically just a copy of a news story from a newsletter and a possible copyvio. I will try to take the important info from that article and from one I read from the AP wire and create a new section to replace the one I removed when I get the time. --Cab88 14:34, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Mustang (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. Dicklyon (talk) 18:32, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

In particular, trying to go to the Mustang disambiguation page now takes one straight to the Mustang (horse) article; that is, the horse editors have claimed that their article is primarytopic, at a discussion that was not advertised to editors of the various car, airplane, and city articles affected, and was also not advertised as WP:RM as is standard. This notice is an attempt to get wider participation from editors of affected articles, but so far it has not. Dicklyon (talk) 18:25, 26 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mustang, Texas


text:
User:NGGD64/sandbox

Changes Planned for Racial Profiling Article
I plan on making some edits to the original article by first expanding on the article's segment on introducing the topic racial profiling in Canada. There is some but relatively little content. Therefore I want to further investigate and add any potential issues regarding racial profiling in Canada. Furthermore, there are some issues with the formatting of citation in the article I am going to correct. Furthermore, I also wanted to look into the connections between political influences and racial profiling in Canada.

Current In-Article Section Regarding Racial Profiling in Canada *Not my own work*
Accusations of racial profiling of visible minorities who accuse police of targeting them due to their ethnic background is a growing concern in Canada. In 2005, the Kingston Police released the first study ever in Canada which pertains to racial profiling. The study focused on in the city of Kingston, a small city where most of the inhabitants are white. The study showed that black skinned people were 3.7 times more likely to be pulled over by police than white skinned people, while Asian people were less likely to be pulled over than whites or blacks.[43] Several police organizations condemned this study and suggested more studies like this would make them hesitant to pull over visible minorities.

Canadian Aboriginals are more likely to be charged with crimes, particularly on reserves. The Canadian crime victimization survey does not collect data on the ethnic origin of perpetrators, so comparisons between incidence of victimizations and incidence of charging are impossible.[44] Although aboriginal persons make up 3.6% of Canada's population, they account for 20% of Canada's prison population. This may show how racial profiling increases effectiveness of police, or be a result of racial profiling, as they are watched more intensely than others.[45]

In February 2010, an investigation of the Toronto Star daily newspaper found that black people across Toronto were three times more likely to be stopped and documented by police than white people. To a lesser extent, the same seemed true for people described by police as having "brown" skin (South Asians, Arabs and Latinos). This was the result of an analysis of 1.7 million contact cards filled out by Toronto Police officers in the period 2003 - 2008.[46]

The Ontario Human Rights Commission states that "police services have acknowledged that racial profiling does occur and have taken [and are taking] measures to address [the issue], including upgrading training for officers, identifying officers at risk of engaging in racial profiling, and improving community relations"[47] (Griffiths, 2008, p. 311). Ottawa Police addressed this issue and planned on implementing a new policy regarding officer racially profiling persons, "the policy explicitly forbids officers from investigating or detaining anyone based on their race and will force officers to go through training on racial profiling"[48] (CTV News, 2011). This policy was implemented after the 2008 incident where an African-Canadian woman was strip searched by members of the Ottawa police. There is a video showing the strip search where one witnesses the black woman being held to the ground and the having her bra and shirt cut ripped/cut off by a member of the Ottawa Police Force which was released to the viewing of the public in 2010[49] (CTV News, 2011).

Note: This is the portion of the article on racial profiling that currently talks about racial profiling in Canada.

Racial Profiling and the Mistreatment of Aboriginal Offenders Section
Among other minority groups in Canada, the aboriginal Canadian population has been subjected to various high profile incidences of racial profiling. In 2004, the Saskatchewan Commission on First Nations and Métis Peoples and Justice Reform publicized an inquiry where it found discontent among police officers due to the issue widespread racism in police services across the province. The inquiry took place following the trials of two Saskatoon police officers responsible for the Saskatoon freezing deaths where two aboriginal men froze to death after being stopped, detained, and then released in the remote outskirts of the city.

War on Drugs
Canada’s adoption of the War on Drugs in the 1980s created an upward trend of over-representation of visible minorities in the criminal justice system. In 1986 and 1987 it was revealed that 25% of all individuals being incarcerated locally on drug trafficking charges in Toronto were black whilst only making up little over 3% of the general population. In 1995, the Report on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System revealed that between 1986 and 1993 the incarceration rate of black Canadians alone had increased by 1164%. Much of the criticism drawn from the War on Drugs in combination with racial profiling in Canada has been on the focus of the initiative itself on domestic populations and eliminating low level distribution rather than providing regressive punitive measures to reduce drug use.

War on Terror
Following the string of terror attacks in on the United States on September 11, 2001 the Canadian government joined the United States in the War on Terrorism. The War on Terror in Canada has led to the targeted surveillance and sanctions of various members of Canada's Muslim and Arab community by various levels of the Canadian government. The increased surveillance of the movements and actions of Muslim and Arab Canadians has been controversial. Pieces of legislation like the Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act have allowed certain agencies like the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or the Canadian Security Intelligence Service restrict the rights of individuals whom could be suspected to be aiding and abetting in terrorist activities. In 2004, a study of 467 individuals by CAIR-CAN was conducted to gain insight into government interactions with Muslim and Arab communities in Canada. 8% of the respondents reported being interviewed or cautioned by security personnel at both work and home while 43% reported knowing someone who had been contacted by Canadian security agencies.

The use of enforced restrictions and the suspension of constitutional rights, such as those on and individual's mobility has been done with little motivation or reason with the attitude of protecting the nation. However, the laws and sanctions imposed on the Canadian Muslim and Arab communities have hurt the ties and relationships have created disparity and mistrust of the government and security agencies.

title: User:NGGD64/sandbox


text:
User:Drtooth73/sandbox

William Stutman is a Russian-American dentist.

Born in Moscow, USSR in 1973, Dr Stutman immigrated to Detroit in 1989.

title: User:Drtooth73/sandbox


text:
Talk:Poe Elementary School (Houston)

Restoration of article with case study info
After working on articles about bilingual schools in El Paso, Texas and Chicago I realized that the sources are considered "case study" books/works, and this was the kind of work that conferred notability on Pershing Middle School (Houston). I checked the Google Books snippets and the book was labeled as a case study book (see page ii) and on page 2 she said it was a "Book of Cases". On page vii she stated "Each of the cases in the book describes programs and practices that go beyond quality for children-they are "out of the ordinary."

I thought it was time to pull the trigger and revive the article. If you still think a new AFD is warranted you can do it if you like. WhisperToMe (talk) 09:29, 17 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Note to readers: the discussion on restoring this article started at User_talk:Mmyers1976 WhisperToMe (talk) 04:29, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I’m not sure this restore was appropriate. In the case of the other precedent you mention, the case studies seemed to relate to official programs in the school itself. In this case, the case study seems to be about a private cooperative nursery school that was located on the grounds of the elementary school, but was a separate entity from the elementary school, neither operated nor funded by HISD. Thus the case study seems to have created grounds for the notability of the private cooperative nursery school, but not the public school Poe itself. That HISD expelled such private cooperative nursery schools from its campuses, and that this particular nursery school continues to operate at a new location, further reinforces the private cooperative nursery school being a separate entity from the public elementary school, and the case study on the private cooperative nursery school conferring notability on the private cooperative nursery school, NOT the public elementary school. 2600:1700:12C8:10:B4F8:FC81:44FD:C632 (talk) 11:39, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

Poe attendance map prior to the closure of Will Rogers Elementary
This is what Poe Elementary's attendance zone looked like before Will Rogers closed: and presumably after River Oaks Elementary got its boundary back: http://web.archive.org/web/20060510234504/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/SchoolBoundaryMaps/poeES.pdf - Webcitation archive: http://www.webcitation.org/6mtplJARH WhisperToMe (talk) 16:00, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
 * This is the earliest boundary map online I could find for Poe: http://web.archive.org/web/20021025170050/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/images2/poe.jpg WhisperToMe (talk) 15:52, 22 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Note this was the Will Rogers boundary: http://web.archive.org/web/20020312123945/http://dept.houstonisd.org:80/ab/images2/wrogers.jpg and http://web.archive.org/web/20060212160939/http://dept.houstonisd.org:80/ab/SchoolBoundaryMaps/willrogersES.pdf WhisperToMe (talk) 14:11, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poe Elementary School (Houston)


text:
不止

Verb

 * 1) to not stop
 * 2) to be no less than; to exceed

Adverb

 * 1) incessantly; without end; nonstop
 * 2)  quite; rather; considerably

Conjunction

 * 1) not only; not merely

title: 不止


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/terahotels.com

Links

 * terahotels.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * terahotels.com is hosted on transerahotels.com
 * transerahotels.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 1 additions.


text:
Litmus (Battlestar Galactica)

"Litmus" is the sixth episode of the reimagined Battlestar Galactica television series. In the episode, an investigation into a Cylon infiltration comes to focus on the relationship between Chief Galen Tyrol and the Galactica copy of Boomer (who is a Cylon sleeper agent) in order to weed out other sleeper agents.

In the fleet
As Chief Tyrol and Boomer have an illicit encounter, a copy of Aaron Doral boards the ship amongst a group of civilians before making his way to C deck. There, Doral is spotted by both Colonel Tigh and Commander Adama. When confronted, Doral commits a suicide bombing, killing three people and injuring thirteen more.

In the aftermath, Adama reveals to Galactica's master-at-arms Sergeant Hadrian that the Cylons now have human form and that there are many copies of each model. Adama requests that Hadrian run an investigation into Doral's bombing. Citing the recent security breaches such as the water tank explosion, Hadrian requests an independent tribunal that will allow her to act separate from command review. Adama agrees despite President Roslin warning that such a tribunal could turn into a witch hunt. In light of the suicide bombing, Roslin reluctantly agrees to tell the public that the Cylons now have human form in hopes that despite the panic it will cause, that the action will help to expose more Cylon agents within the fleet. Roslin also shares with the press pictures of Doral and Leoben Conoy, the two known Cylon models.

While being visited by Baltar, an injured Starbuck suggests that Baltar's Cylon detector project, which is located on C deck, was the target of Doral's bombing. Frightened, Baltar decides to destroy his project but is forcefully stopped by his internal Six.

Hadrian's investigation is able to determine that a Cylon agent or collaborator used an open hatch on the hangar deck to reach a small arms locker where a Marine guard was killed and the explosives stolen. Hadrian focuses on Chief Tyrol after the deck gang, in an attempt to protect Tyrol, concocts three different stories about where he had been. Eventually Hadrian goes so far as to question Adama, implying that Tyrol and Boomer are both Cylon collaborators. Stating that Hadrian has lost perspective and turned the tribunal into a witch hunt, Adama dismisses it and has Hadrian arrested despite the tribunal pointing out that he has no power over them. In the aftermath of Hadrian's arrest, the tribunal places the blame on Specialist Socinus who had confessed to leaving the hatch open under interrogation to protect Tyrol. Socinus is stripped of his rank and confined to the brig. Despite knowing Socinus is innocent, Adama refuses to intervene on his behalf.

Following Socinus's arrest, Tyrol ends his relationship with Boomer, recognizing that his reckless actions caused an innocent man to be imprisoned. Tyrol begins to grow suspicious of Boomer, as she came through the hatch in question just before the bombing.

On Caprica
Seventeen days after the Fall of the Twelve Colonies, following Sharon's apparent capture by Cylon forces, Sharon, a copy of Aaron Doral and Number Six watch Helo from a distance. The three have faked Sharon's capture by Cylon forces to test Helo's love for her by determining whether or not he will go after Sharon or will continue to find a way off of Caprica.

At nightfall, the three observe Helo as he apparently chooses to abandon Sharon before changing his mind. To continue on with the next phase of their plan, the Six brutally beats Sharon. Helo's search for Sharon leads him to a wrecked parking garage where he finds a Cylon Centurion dragging Sharon. Helo destroys the Centurion and "rescues" the beaten and bloody Sharon. Unknown to Helo, the entire event is watched by Doral and Six from a distance.

Analysis
On his blog, executive producer Ronald D. Moore asks, "Was it wrong for Adama to dissolve a legally constituted judicial tribunal... simply because he sensed it becoming a witch-hunt or was he actually protecting the larger concepts of justice?" as one of a series of difficult political questions he felt Battlestar Galactica asked during its first season. He poses the question as one for valid debate and does not suggest an answer.

Amanda Keith of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group compares Tyrol to Adama. Though Tyrol runs a tight deck, he also has a soft spot for his subordinates, as evidenced by his toleration of his deckhands' illicit distilling. Like Adama, he also inspires profound loyalty; hence Socinus's confession to keeping the hatch open, which Keith calls his "boneheaded move".

Susan A. George writes that the narrative of Tyrol being involved with a deceptive, dangerous woman (Boomer) and being nearly destroyed by her fits into the tradition of film noir. In George's view, Boomer threatens "male authority and the hierarchical command order". Commenting on the scene in which Six chokes Baltar, threatens that he must finish the Cylon detector, and then kisses him, George observes a "mix of sadism and eroticism... characteristic of the femme fatale."

Reception
Simon Brew of Den of Geek praised the episode, calling Adama's refusal to release Socinus and insistence that Tyrol bear the consequences of his bad actions "quality writing and thinking". Susan Tankersley of Television Without Pity gave the episode an F, calling the tribunal "hamfisted" and commenting, "The fact that [Hadrian] was very nearly right [about Tyrol and Boomer] is completely overshadowed", a point Keith echoed. Keith said the episode has "some surprising gems" but is overall "largely flawed". Writing retrospectively in the middle of the series's second season, Jacob Clifton of Television Without Pity said he liked the episode, comparing it favorably to the second-season episodes "The Farm", "Final Cut", and "Scar"; he gave the last of these an A−.

Connections to other series elements

 * The episode shows some aspects of the Colonial legal system, including a right against self-incrimination. Hadrian says Tyrol's invocation of this right is evidence against him, but Adama indicates this is contrary to Colonial legal precedent.
 * During her conversation with Baltar, Head Six reveals that the Cylons do not know about her.
 * During his discussion of the tribunal with Roslin, Adama reveals that his father was a civil liberties lawyer.
 * Roslin's release of a mugshot of Leoben Conoy in this episode allows the fleet to identify and detain a Leoben copy in the episode "Flesh and Bone".
 * A scene deleted from the first-season finale "Kobol's Last Gleaming" shows Tyrol securing Socinus's release from the brig and berating Socinus for his actions in "Litmus". Socinus is shown serving on Tyrol's Raptor in "Kobol's Last Gleaming".
 * In the second-season episode "The Farm", Caprica-Boomer reveals the reason behind the Cylons' interest in Helo's feelings for her: unable to reproduce themselves and unsuccessful in attempts at forced breeding human-Cylon hybrids, they thought love might be the missing ingredient.
 * In the second-season episode "Pegasus", Admiral Helena Cain cites Adama's closure of the tribunal in denying his request for a jury court-martial for Helo and Tyrol.
 * In Battlestar Galactica: The Plan, it is revealed that Adama was the true target of the bombing and it was conducted on the orders of John Cavil due to Doral's cover previously being blown by Baltar. However, the mystery of the open hatch is not covered there and its shown that Cavil already possessed the suicide vest at the time of ordering Doral to perform the attack.

title: Litmus (Battlestar Galactica)


text:
User:RMFJ/sandbox

Cum Town (sometimes referred to as Cum Town Podcast) is an American comedy podcast created by comedian Nick Mullen. The podcast is hosted by Mullen and co-hosted by Stav Halkias and Adam Friedland. The podcast launched in May of 2016 with one free episode a week and one premium episode available to subscribers on Patreon.

title: User:RMFJ/sandbox


text:
Treaty of Montreuil (1274)

The 1274 Treaty of Montreuil or Montreuil-sur-Mer (Traité de Montreuil-sur-Mer) was an agreement between King EdwardI of England and Guy, count of Flanders, finalised at Montreuil on 28 July 1274. It provided for the free movement of merchants between their territories and effectively abolished customs previously charged on English merchants in Flanders. It ended a four-year trade war that had begun on 1 September 1270 when Margaret of Constantinople, Guy's mother and joint countess of Flanders, impounded the wares of English merchants in Flanders for their king's non-payment of a money fief. The commercial dispute was devastating to the cloth towns of the County of Flanders, which had come to rely on English wool. Under the terms of the treaty, a joint committee of four Flemish and four English merchants chaired by two English administrators was established to inquire into the financial losses on either side and report by Easter 1275. Whichever side had suffered the least was to reimburse the difference.

title: Treaty of Montreuil (1274)


text:
Second Harbour Crossing (disambiguation)

Second Harbour Crossing may refer to:

 * Second Harbour Crossing, Auckland, the proposed second transport link over the Waitemata Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand.
 * Upper Harbour Bridge, an existing twin motorway bridge over the Waitemata Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand.
 * The Twin Sails Bridge, a proposed double-leaved bascule bridge in Poole, Dorset, England.
 * The Sydney Harbour Tunnel, an existing twin-tube road tunnel crossing of Sydney Harbour in New South Wales, Australia.
 * A proposed extension of the Westconnex motorway over the Sydney Harbour in New South Wales, Australia.
 * Sydney Metro City & Southwest, a metro rail line under construction beneath Sydney Harbour in New South Wales, Australia.
 * Eastern Harbour Crossing, an existing twin-tube road tunnel crossing of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong.


text:
John Leydon

John Leydon (17 January 1895 – 2 August 1979) was an Irish civil servant, who served in a number of significant roles in ministerial departments and was involved in the setting up and development of a number of semi-state organisations such as Irish Shipping (first chairman), Aer Rianta (served as director and chairman), Aer Lingus (served as chairman), and the Institute of Public Administration (which he served as its first president).

Leydon was educated at St. Mel's College, Longford, before going to Maynooth College as a seminarian, he did not pursue the priesthood, and instead joined the British civil service in 1915. A devout Catholic, he was a member of the Legion of Mary, whose founder Frank Duff, was a close friend and best man at Leydon's wedding.

Awards and honours
He was awarded by the Vatican the title Knight Commander with star of the Order of St. Gregory the Great in 1948. Leydon was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Dublin in 1961.

Death
Leydon died on 2 August 1979, aged 84. He is buried in Dean's Grange Cemetery Dublin.

title: John Leydon


text:
Who I Am (Cory Marks album)

Who I Am is the second studio album by Canadian country rock artist Cory Marks, and was released on August 7, 2020 through Better Noise Music. It includes the singles "Outlaws and Outsiders", "Drive" and "Blame It on the Double".

Background
Marks spent five years co-writing and recording the songs for this album with producer Kevin Churko. Marks frequently travelled from his hometown North Bay, Ontario to Churko's studio "The Hideout" in Las Vegas, Nevada to work on the album.

Critical reception
Dave Brooks of Billboard referred to the album as the "Long Awaited Next Generation Country Rock Record". Nanci Dagg of Canadian Beats Media said of Marks and the album: "his style is outlaw country/country rock and he pulls it off like no other. He has a boisterous sound and unique style that will always impress those who have come to know him and his music". Rock 'N' Load Magazine said the "album is packed with a gnarly backbone and beautiful melodies intertwined right across the thirteen fine recordings". Andy Morley of Maximum Volume Music stated the album is "for the good ol’ boys, [it's] never meaning no harm, oh and it's going to take over the world. See, a college hockey player, and a pilot he might have been, but these days Cory Marks is about to break out as a big star.

Singles
Marks released his first single on Better Noise Music, "Outlaws & Outsiders", featuring Ivan Moody, Travis Tritt, and Mick Mars, in November 2019. It debuted at #1 on iTunes in Canada as well as #1 on the Billboard Rock Digital Songs and Hard Rock Digital Songs charts and #7 on the Country Digital Songs charts and would later peak inside the top 10 on US Mainstream Rock radio, top 5 on German rock radio, and at #12 on Canada Rock radio.

Marks released three promotional singles, "Better Off", "Blame It on the Double", and "Devil's Grin", prior to officially announcing the album.

In June 2020, Marks released "Drive", and announced it as the second single to country radio off the simultaneously announced album.

"Blame It on the Double" became the album’s second single to rock radio in Germany and the United Kingdom in October 2020. A later version of the song featuring Tyler Connolly of Theory of a Deadman was sent to Canadian country radio, while another version featuring Connolly and Jason Hook was sent to Canadian rock radio.

Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes.

 * Scotty Alexander - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, fiddle, banjo
 * Jay Buettner - electric guitar
 * Kane Churko - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, keys, production, engineering
 * Kevin Churko - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, mandolin, bass guitar, keys, drums, production, engineering, mixing, mastering
 * Khloe Churko - studio assistance
 * Jody Domingue - photography
 * Alex Donaldson - electric guitar
 * Joel Ferguson - steel guitar, slide guitar
 * Bob Funk - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, mandolin, banjo
 * Tristin Hardin - editing
 * Lzzy Hale - featured vocals on "Out in the Rain"
 * Shane Hendrickson - bass guitar
 * Cory Marks - lead vocals, acoustic guitar, drums
 * Mick Mars - electric guitar on "Outlaws & Outsiders"
 * Shawn McGhee - editing
 * Ivan Moody - featured vocals on "Outlaws & Outsiders"
 * Marc Muller - electric guitar, steel guitar, slide guitar
 * Ed Regan - photography
 * Travis Tritt - featured vocals on "Outlaws & Outsiders"
 * Justin Schipper - steel guitar, slide guitar
 * Adam Wakeman - organ
 * John Wellman - artwork

title: Who I Am (Cory Marks album)


text:
1961 Memphis State Tigers football team

The 1961 Memphis State Tigers football team represented Memphis State College (now known as the University of Memphis) as an independent during the 1961 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Billy J. Murphy, the team compiled an 8–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 332 to 75. Don Coffey and Jack Carter were the team captains. The team played its home games at Crump Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee.

The team's statistical leaders included James Earl Wright with 604 passing yards, fullback Dave Casinelli with 646 rushing yards and 54 points scored, and Don Coffey with 312 receiving yards.

title: 1961 Memphis State Tigers football team


text:
Chamberlain Ranger Station Historic District

The Chamberlain Ranger Station Historic District, also known as the Chamberlain Guard Station, is located in the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness within Payette National Forest in Idaho County, Idaho. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

The listing was for a 100 acre area which included four contributing buildings and two contributing sites. The station's residence was built during 1937 to 1938. It is a one-and-a-half-story 28x33 ft log building on a concrete and rock masonry foundation, based on a USFS Standard Plan model R-4 #53-c. Its walls are peeled lodgepole pine logs from trees cut on the site. Its corners are saddle-notched.

Other structures include one built during the first decade of the 20th century, moved to the site in 1954, and another built c.1921.


text:
Tjerk Leegstra

Tjerk Hidde Leegstra (January 27, 1912 – October 23, 1980) was an American and Dutch field hockey player. He became an American citizen in June 1955 and competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

Leegstra was also a pilot for the Royal Netherlands Air Force before and during World War II.

title: Tjerk Leegstra


text:
Talk:Bobby Dotter

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Bobby Dotter. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081117192356/http://www.racingwest.com/drivers/bobby-dotter/ to http://www.racingwest.com/drivers/bobby-dotter/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:15, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bobby Dotter


text:
Talk:Maya calendar/Archives/2015/January

Venus cycle
The Maya studied the cycles of all of the visible heavenly bodies, but these were not part of the calendar. The Venus cycle is not part of the calendar. There is an article being started about Maya astronomy. Shouldn't the text of this section be moved to the Maya astronomy article and replaced with a general statement that the Maya were astronomers and a link to the Maya astronomy article? Senor Cuete (talk) 15:57, 8 January 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Jean Borotra

Arrested by the Gestapo
Why? 2A00:23C7:E284:CF00:8941:2C58:4C0:8FD0 (talk) 00:32, 17 January 2021 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 03:51, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:3 Musketeers cropped.jpg
Image:3 Musketeers cropped.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:33, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jean Borotra


text:
Help talk:Glossary

#book
I'm wondering if this should say something about the coherence of the modules of a book, at least distantly echoing that point made at WB:WIW. Care needs to be taken to avoid implying a greater (as well as lesser) exclusion than we actually apply. (Come to think of it, maybe that item in the policy could use clarification.) --Pi zero (talk) 13:16, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

 * That entry was already either on this page or the "glossary of Wikibooks jargon" page that I merged in here. Certainly there may be a possibility of better phrasing and I hope it's not a stretch to say that I believe you have the eloquence to find the ideal wording. – Adrignola talk 13:18, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Help talk:Glossary


text:
Talk:Plano East Senior High School

Baltimore City College is a B...?

parking space comments
I like the mention of the new band hall in the "History" section, but I believe that the lack of parking space during construction and the insufficient use of the parking lot by the contractors really doesn't belong in an encyclopedia. Anyone agree? <IP_ADDRESS> 23:00, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree. Acceptable (talk) 03:57, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

history comments
Wouldn't including some of the not so happy sides of PESH be important to its history? When people who were alive in the 90's think of Plano East they think of the MTV special about the Heroin Capital. Anyone agree? Pattimcletchie (talk) 02:44, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plano East Senior High School


text:
Talk:Emergent virus

Editing assignment
  My name is Aida Getachew, and I am a third year biochemistry student at Imperial College London. As part of my science communication module, I have selected this page to edit. This editing assignment will end by Friday 17th April 2020. Aida Getachew (talk) 13:09, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

Edit
Ok, I see that someone made Emergent Viruses a redirect to Virus and you're trying to deal with that, but making the main article be "Emerging viruses, the concept" makes no sense.

I put the latest version of the content back here in the Emergent Viruses article. I suggest you stick with editing this one, and if someone disagrees with the existence of it, they should nominate it for deletion and a debate can be had to see if there can be an article on this at all. Unless they do so, assume it's ok to have an article on this, and use the article name which makes the most sense, that being Emergent Viruses or Emerging Viruses, you decide. --Xyzzyplugh 01:37, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Emergent virus. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070224232126/http://www.microbiologybytes.com:80/virology/emerging.html to http://www.microbiologybytes.com/virology/emerging.html

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:45, 16 February 2016 (UTC)

Citation Help
Hello! This article is in need of citations. I plan to help find sources to add, however, if anyone would like to help, that would be great! LPW22 (talk) 18:47, 27 April 2017 (UTC)

RE work in progress
A couple of thoughts... I'm wondering whether/how we can - maybe frame/weight the Bat-man transmission content in a proportionate way (avoiding any perceived 'Gotham City bias' ;-) - more clearly focus ===Influenza=== on the specific 'emergent virus' aspect and somewhat less on more general characterization (per the Influenza page). Note (also to self :): I'm aware that the sentences giving examples of recent in the current lead is overloaded with technical links. Since some of the links might be usefully incorporated into the text further down the page,I've left them there for the moment. But I realize you may want to slim that part of the lead down in due course. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:43, 14 April 2020 (UTC) [Robin]

 * - I agree with your observation on Bat-man - I was thinking of maybe taking out the final paragraph about how bats can tolerate viruses (it's not that relevant), as well as mentioning that bats are in fact essential members of the global ecosystem
 * - I also agree with your second point, and I plan to take out the more general information on the influenza virus.
 * Thank you for your thoughts :) Aida Getachew (talk) 14:14, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks  Maybe also more mention of other relevant animal species under ==Zoonosis== (before introducing ===Bats=== as one particularly pertinent one)? I don't have any one-stop solution to suggest overall... Balancing large wikipedia pages is always one of the harder tasks, imo. I think it's helpful to bear in mind that wikipedia pages generally (perhaps apart from those that have reached Featured Article status) are always community works-in-progress. So, we're generally aiming to *improve* rather than arrive at a *perfect* finished product. And I think this page has definitely been improving overall (since your arrival :-) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:44, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

 * That's a good idea, I've just added a short sentence about other animals under ==Zoonosis==. And I agree, balancing Wikipedia pages is much harder than it sounds. Also, thank you! I appreciate that :) Aida Getachew (talk) 15:47, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

 * :-) It's a pleasure Yes, it's certainly not straightforward to cover/balance all the various aspects of a broad topic such as this (pages with a narrower scope may be easier to approach), but at the same I think it can make for a rather rewarding experience. A key point is that the work you're putting in is genuinely improving and expanding the article (and it's worth remembering that it can leave a useful legacy for the future, both for wikipedia readers, and as a template for further development). A sort of thought experiment that I think might be worth somehow exploring (and you may already have thought of something along these lines yourself :) is to take a couple of mental steps back and *scan* some of the more general recent literature on the topic (eg ) to get a feel for all the various aspects/dimensions of the topic (eg public/regional/global health impact, epidemiology, spread, etc; ecology, environmental health, climate change, industrial farming etc, all affecting animal-animal, human-animal, human-human contacts; transmission mechanisms; ...... etc, etc... varieties of disease, and ideally also [haha :] some sort of a broad historical / history of medicine perspective)  that may be calling for some sort of consideration somewhere or other on the page. You may find that you're picking up on areas which you might not otherwise have immediately been drawn to... Then, maybe you (and any other interested editors...) can form a bird's eye view, or somehow echolocate, an overall skeletal picture of the page, however sketchy (content can always be relocated/rejigged and, if necessary, better contextualized/weighted), with the *key* points briefly touched upon in the lead. Whatever the practical limitations,  you'll be leaving something organic as a real legacy. Just a thought, <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:42, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

Definition?
I was wondering about perhaps merging the content of the ===Definition=== section with that of the lead section, just to avoid any repetition - what do you think? Aida Getachew (talk) 17:36, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Yup, in a conceptual article such as this it's quite normal editorial practice to have a ==Definition== section after the lead. But I too have been thinking about the possibility of moving some of the content about 'newly-detected' viruses down from the lead into ==Definition==, or perhaps a ===Newly detected viruses=== subsection. At the moment that content is unsourced (I don't know if you happen to have some good, reliable sourcing to hand for that?). There's also a broader scope issue of how much this page (or perhaps Novel virus?) should be discussing newly-detected viruses, which *most* definitions probably wouldn't count as 'emergent' (FWIW, to me it feels like it makes good sense to illustrate briefly the general distinction). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:31, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Adding: RE your query about "avoid any repetition": Actually the lead should (a bit like an abstract) provide a succinct lay summary of the overall content of the article. So, some overlap is normal. (In the present case, I don't think it would be appropriate to consider the fuzziness of the definition/s in the lead, which is why it feels right to me to have a brief ==Definition== section to point out the existence of the issue.) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:47, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've just moved down the 'Newly-detected viruses' content into ==Definitions==. I do think that it is necessary to keep this information in, as the difference between emergent and newly-detected viruses often goes over peoples heads. I'll add in the references for this content today. Aida Getachew (talk) 12:33, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Just a heads up, I'll be making my final few edits today and tomorrow - the deadline for my editing assignment is 5pm tomorrow :) Aida Getachew (talk) 12:33, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes Aida Getachew, I quite agree, and it would be great to have good sourcing of the general distinction. The lead will ultimately benefit from a brief mention of both the newly-detected and the re-emerging ones. I think re-emerging virus should definitely be a redirect to this page, and *possibly* (for now at least?) newly-detected virus, though I think an expanded Novel virus page might ultimately be a better target for the latter. We also need a redirect for emerging virus (there's already one for 'emerging viruses ' ). For someone editing as a registered user (like yourself :), creating a redirect page (like this one) is quite straightforward, and if you you'd care to put these ones in sometime that would be much appreciated. Thanks, <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:00, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

 * For now, I've created the section ==Emergent vs newly-detected viruses== and I will also briefly define newly-detected and re-emerging viruses in the lead section. I'll also try to figure out redirecting :) Aida Getachew (talk) 15:00, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

 * No problem :-) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:06, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emergent virus


text:
Patrick O'Beirne

Patrick O'Beirne (December 31, 1808 – March 20, 1883) was an Irish-born priest who ministered in the Archdiocese of Boston.

Personal life
He was born in Mohill, County Leitrim, on December 31, 1808, and arrived in America in 1833. His brother, John O'Beirne, was also a priest in Boston. Patrick died on March 20, 1883, and was buried next to his brother John on the grounds of St. Joseph's church in Roxbury.

Ministry
O'Beirne was ordained a priest in 1835 at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Boston by Bishop Benedict Fenwick. Over his career he served in Vermont, Rhode Island, and Maine, which were then parts of the Diocese of Boston.

Immediately after his ordination, he spent some time at the cathedral before being transferred to St. Mary's in the North End and then to Burlington, Vermont. From 1841 to 1843, he served at what would later become the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Portland, Maine.

O'Beirne then was assigned to Roxbury's St. Patrick's parish, in Boston. As pastor of St. Patrick's, he established several new churches, including St. Joseph's, in Roxbury, and St. Thomas Aquinas in Jamaica Plain. He served as the first pastor of St. Joseph's and remained there until his death in 1883. At the suggestion of the religious sisters who ran the school, He also built a school house for the parish on the grounds of Notre Dame Academy in Roxbury. In 1858, he was the principal celebrant at the solemn high Mass dedicating Immaculate Conception Church in Salem, Massachusetts. Ordained for less than a decade, the 33-year-old O'Beirne had charge of the Catholics in Dedham, Norwood, Randolph, Holliston, Walpole, and Needham, as well as Roxbury.

Prior to his pastorate at St. Joseph's, O'Beirne had charge of the parish and mission in Quincy, Massachusetts, in West Quincy, St. Mary's 1843–45. While there, he purchased the land for what would become St. Mary's Church in Randolph. He also served in St. Mary's early days. Prior to the church being built, he would occasionally come out to say Mass for the Catholics of that community. He was also briefly pastor of St. Rose of Lima in Chelsea, Massachusetts and served at St. John the Evangelist in Hopkington, Massachusetts, and St. Mary's in Holliston, Massachusetts.

O'Beirne served on the Archbishop's Council and opened the Toll Gate Cemetery on Hyde Park Avenue.

Dispute at St. Mary's
O'Beirne served as co-pastor of St. Mary's Church in the North End with Fr. Thomas J. O’Flaherty beginning in 1840. The parish, made up largely of Irish immigrants, soon split into two camps with each supporting one of the two priests. The differences were partly political and partly about church governance. By January 1842 the congregation was so divided that Bishop Fenwick was worried that violence may erupt and so visited on January 9, 1842, to try to restore the peace. During Mass, he preached an hour long sermon on obedience and warned that those who attended mass meetings of protest could be excommunicated.

Just a few days later, on January 13, 1842, a large group of O'Flaherty supporters gathered. When a member of the O'Beirne camp disrupted the meeting's opening address, a "mob situation" arose. Police had to be called in to restore order. In response, Fenwick wrote to parishioners and invited them to attend another meeting on January 16, 1842. Parishioners from other parishes attended the meeting, disrupting it, and cutting it short to avoid another mob break out. Fenwick then ordered the two priests to publicly reconcile on January 23, 1842.

Not long after, O'Beirne requested a transfer to a different parish and was sent to Providence, Rhode Island, which was then part of the Boston Diocese. His supporters at St. Mary's were not happy, however, and 400 of them signed a petition calling for his return. When Fenwick refused, a riot broke out on February 20, 1842, during a vespers service O'Flaherty was presiding over.

Parishioners were arrested, and Fenwick placed the parish under an interdict that shuttered it for two weeks. In Providence, O'Beirnes new parishioners were not happy with him and told Fenwick so in insulting terms that the bishop would call "insolent" and "anti-Catholic". Still seeking a solution, Fenwick reassigned all the priests in the troubled parishes in March. O'Beirne moved again, this time to Taunton, Massachusetts.

Dedham
By 1846, the Catholic community in Dedham, Massachusetts, was well established enough that the town became part of the mission of St. Joseph's Church. The flood of Irish immigrants escaping the Great Famine necessitated holding Mass in the Temperance Hall, often O’Beirne. Mass was also occasionally celebrated in the Crystal Palace on Washington Street. Worshipers came from Dedham, South Dedham, West Dedham, and West Roxbury.

While at St. Joseph's, he had charge of the mission in Dedham, Massachusetts, and he established what is today St. Mary's Church there. In 1856 the cornerstone was laid and, in 1857, the first St. Mary's Church was completed on Washington Street between Spruce and Marion Streets. On Easter Sunday, April 12, 1857, Father O’Beirne said Mass for the first time in the new 600 person church. Reading from the 20th chapter of John's Gospel, O'Beirne proclaimed the news of Jesus' empty tomb. Though it was still part of the Roxbury Parish, O'Beirne or one of his assistants would travel to Dedham each Sunday to say mass.

In April 1863 he purchased the Unitarian meetinghouse in South Dedham, today the parish of St. Catherine's in Norwood. Prior to this, he would say mass in the homes of South Dedham parishioners.

O'Beirne remained pastor of St. Mary's until 1866, when Fr. John P. Brennan took over.

title: Patrick O'Beirne


text:
Talk:erect

erect
Second sense...how can something be "directed upward" but not be "vertical in position"? --Connel MacKenzie 06:39, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Very easily, most people would agree that anything that points between about 35° and 90° from horizontal points upwards, only 90° is vertical. The definition isn't brilliant, but it is needed. Thryduulf 07:55, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe, but not as a separate sense, IMHO. --Connel MacKenzie 08:11, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Well it isn't covered by any of the other definitions that are there at the moment, but it might be possible to merge it with the first def. Thryduulf 10:43, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I think would merge the first and second definiitons as "upright, in a vertical orientation". The word position describes location relative to other objects, while orientation describes attitude, tilt, or relative direction. --EncycloPetey 20:55, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, and have done so. Widsith 09:06, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:erect


text:
Helen Hinsdale Rich

Helen Hinsdale Rich (, Hinsdale; June 18, 1827 - September 4, 1915), known as "The Poet of the Adirondacks", was a 19th-century American writer of poetry. She wrote and lectured in the causes of temperance and women's rights. She was the first woman of northern New York to embrace woman suffrage. Her poetry appeared in the Springfield Republican, Boston Transcript, the Overland Monthly, and other prominent journals. Her volume of poems, A Dream of the Adirondacks, and Other Poems (New York City, 1884), was compiled by Charles G. Whiting. Her Madame de Stael had the endorsement of eminent scholars as a literary lecture. Her "Grand Armies" was considered a brilliant Memorial Day address. She excelled in poems of affection. Her "Justice in Leadville", in the style of Bret Harte, was pronounced by The Spectator to be worthy of that poet or of John Hay. Rich died in 1915.

Early life and education
Helen Hinsdale was born June 18, 1827, in Antwerp, New York. Her father, Ira Hinsdale, was a pioneer farmer who had migrated from Berkshire County, Massachusetts. On her father's side she was a relative of Emma Willard. She was born in a log cabin on the farm he cleared in 1821. Her mother died in 1879.

She ran away to school at the age of four. At 12 years of age, she wrote verses. Though she attended only a single term, she led her classes in the Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary, and won prizes in composition. She became proficient in botany at the age of 13 in the woods on the farm. She was obliged to read all debates of the United States Congress aloud to her father, and the speeches of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster made her an ardent patriot and politician. She was a Universalist.

Career
She married Moses Rich, July 4, 1847. He was a manufacturer from Brasher Falls, New York. She found time to write several hundred poems and a vast amount of prose, including stories, lectures, and addresses. Most of her studying was done in spite of engrossing home cares since marriage. She was with Professor J. S. Lee, of Canton, New York, for several months in her 37th year.

Her poems had a wide circulation in the periodical press; but her chief productions, poems of great length, were never published. Rich was a contributor to the Rose of Sharon, Lily of the Valley, Ladies' Repository, Overland Monthly, New York Tribune, Chicago Tribune, Detroit Tribune, New Covenant, Star in the West, Springfield Republican, Burlington Hawkeye, Boston Transcript, Boston Commonwealth, Woman's Journal, Universalist, Christian Leader, and many other periodical publications.

Rich was a temperance worker, and her lectures upon that subject were characterized as persuasive and of high literary merit. For two seasons, she gave lectures for the Union cause in the American Civil War. She was a defender of woman's right to assist in making the laws that govern her. She carried out her ideas of woman's ability and need of personal achievement, self-support and self-reliance in the rearing of her daughter.

Personal life
Rich made her home is in Chicago, Illinois. She had one daughter, Mrs. D. C. Lyon, of St. Joseph, Missouri, a musician; and a son, Pitt C. Rich, of Chicago. She died September 4, 1915, in Buchanan County, Missouri.

Style and themes
Rich's verse was characterized as "fluent and graceful, and she expresses emotion with that impress of genuineness and honesty which carries a personal force into the verse. She is deeply engaged in moral motives, and these fill many of her best poems with an inspiring fervor. But she also has the feeling of pure beauty". Her work as an interpreter of nature and humanity was compared to Lucy Larcom and Julia C. R. Dorr.

Selected works

 * A dream of the Adirondacks, and other poems, 1884
 * Madame de Staël, the rival of Napoleon, 1895
 * Baron Maurice Hirsch, 1897
 * Murillo's slave ; and other poems, 1897

title: Helen Hinsdale Rich


text:
Arun Ogiral

Arun Muralidhar Ogiral (25 September 1942 – 26 February 2004) was an Indian cricketer who played first-class cricket for Vidarbha from 1960 to 1976.

A right-arm off-spin bowler and lower-order batsman, Ogiral holds the record for the best innings figures for Vidarbha: 8 for 39 against Madhya Pradesh in 1967–68. He was also selected six times to play for Central Zone. In Central Zone's innings loss to the touring West Indians in 1974-75 he took 5 for 186, including the wicket of Viv Richards caught behind.

title: Arun Ogiral


text:
Talk:Japanese/Grammar/Verbs

Untitled
There are several errors on this page, and I also don't quite like the approach to that is taken here. I think we should use the real names of the types of Japanese verbs, namely Itidan and Godan. Also, I am a big fan of Kana. Romanisatons are only crutches. This is also why I use the official Japanese romanisation, and not the Hepburn one if I have no access to a Kana-enabled PC. It's a bit slower in the beginning, but there's nothing better than Kana to learn Japanese.

Basically, apart from the irregular verbs, japanese verbs can be conjugated in all possible forms, based upon five basic stems, namely the dictionary form, and four forms derived from it. -masu is in fact an auxilliary verb wtih a (slighlty) irregular verb.

To explain it with an example:

hanasa: Informal negative stem. Used to form negative and passive forms. hanasi: Informal positive stem. Used to form more complex forms of the verb such as the polite forms, the informal past and the -te form. hanasu: Informal positive present form, also called dictionary form. hanase: Imperative stem. Used to form provisional and imperative forms. hanaso: Volitional stem. Used only to form the volitional.

Other example for godan (sinu=to die) sina (-nai, -nareru, -nasu, -naseru) sin (-de, -da, -dai, sinu sine (-ba) sino (-o)

And, for ichidan: tabe tabe taberu tabe tabe

Now, it should be clear why verbs are called "one-rank" (itidan) or "five-rank" (godan) in Japanese ^_^. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 02:31, 2 September 2003.

 * Suggestion implemented. If anyone else notices something out of place, feel free to comment.  覚えてください私は外人です.  :P  -- Emperorbma 04:28, 18 Oct 2003 (UTC)

There are several verbs with slight irregularities that aren't covered here. aru -> nai instead of *aranai, kureru -> kure instead of *kurero in the imperative, iku -> itte instead of *iite in the conjunctive, the one-kanji + suru verbs than sometimes conjugate like X-su instead of X-suru-- aisuru -> aiseru instead of *ai-dekiru (and can sometimes be X-zuru instead of X-ziru), and the five polite verbs irassyaru, ossyaru, kudasaru, gozaru, and nasaru whose stem is irregular and involves dropping the -ru instead of just the -u and adding "i"-- i.e. irassyaimasu instead of *irassyarimasu. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 16:52, 23 November 2004 (UTC)

I would like to point out that it would be helpful to others if the tenses were to be outlined in the context of proper usage and English equivalents (if any). Many may not feel they know enough to distinguish between the use of the "non-past" and the "volitative". Of course, those studying should know that the indicative can be formed by just using the infinitive (in some cases). Tenses are used in polite speech for the most part (?). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 07:40, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Comments on the various moods like potential, passive, causative, etc. would also be nice. Also the other type of conditional -tara form and the representative listing -tari form. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 16:52, 23 November 2004 (UTC)

As an intermediate-level student of Japanese (I've taken five semesters, one of them in Tokyo), I must say this page confuses me, and I can't imagine a beginner, using this wikibook to teach themselves, learning anything from this. It reads more like a linguistic analysis than a step-by-step teaching process. Personally, I've never been a big fan of complex linguistics terms like "perfective," "conjunctive," and "euphony"; they don't serve to add to understanding, and probably confuse and scare away readers/students. Other terms like "conditional," "volitional," and "non-past" are, I think, a little better, as their meanings are more well-known and transparent. Still, even though the basic 'non-past' form (e.g. 食べる or 食べます) is used for both present and future, and as the infinitive, I've always seen it described as the 'present' tense, because this is simpler, and easier for a beginning student to wrap their mind around.

As for godan and ichidan, I've never heard that before, and so it's confusing to me. I learned them as う-verbs and る-verbs ... but either way is better than one book I saw that called them Type I and Type II verbs, and didn't even call the irregulars 'irregular', just called them Type III.

 * I've seen that. The source I saw also had an ある-class, including ござる and 下さる, which acted like る verbs (even though they end in ある rather than える or いる) but with the addition of an い to the conjunctive form, e.g. くださいます. I kind of prefer that arrangement, as the other systems gloss them over or consider them another sort of irregular separate from the irregulars (despite the fact that they're regular when considered as a group). <IP_ADDRESS> 07:07, 27 May 2005 (UTC) (gwalla)

I apologize to complain and criticize without going ahead and changing things, making you do the work or whatever, but, I think it'd be ruder to go and change things now that you've obviously sorted the whole thing out and put a lot of work into it yourself. If you'd like me to write (or help) on part of it, just drop me a message. Thanks.

LordAmeth 15:31, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Oh, and if I could add one more thing. Spelling. し should be written 'shi', not 'si'. しゃ should be 'sha' not 'shya', and certainly not 'sya'. じょ should be 'jo' not 'jyo'. These sorts of incorrect romanizations, in my opinion, make the language look more strange and esoteric, and confuse beginners who might mistake 'sya', 'sha' and 'shya' for different characters, and worse, who might actually get the wrong idea about pronunciation.

LordAmeth 15:35, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Some comments
I do realise that it has been months since the last comments were made here. However there are some things I'd like to say about what is said above:

 * Verbs, adjectives and adjectival nouns traditionally have six stems; however, for verbs, the language has evolved such that in modern usage, two of the forms almost always coincide, so it looks like there are only five for verbs.

 * It is quite standard to call the verbs godan, ichidan and "irregular" in English, together with the other standard of calling the first two types u and ru verbs. Japanese-author textbooks use the type I-II-III style more.  However, the "official" types are:

 * 1) 五段 godan
 * 2) 上一段 kamiichidan = the single-row conjugation verbs ending in iru
 * 3) 下一段 shimoichidan = the single-row conjugation verbs ending in eru
 * 4) カ行変格 kagyou henkaku = kuru
 * 5) サ行変格 sagyou henkaku = suru

The verbs usually called "irregular" in English are thus not really called "irregular" in Japanese, just "different from normal". This is because while a foreign learner typically does not learn further than the Japanese as used in modern times, when verbs from much older texts are considered, there are quite a few more types of verbs:

 * 1) 四段 yodan - which naturally became 五段 verbs as a consequence of the writing reform in 1946
 * 2) 上一段 kamiichidan - the dozen or so of them have stayed as 上一段 verbs
 * 3) 上二段 kaminidan - they have become 上一段 verbs
 * 4) 下一段 shimoichidan - the only 下一段 verb in the old times, 蹴る, became 五段
 * 5) 下二段 shimonidan - they have become 下一段 verbs (but uru/eru has kept a slightly modified shimonidan conjugation even in modern Japanese)
 * 6) カ行変格 kagyou henkaku - 来 ku (= modern くる kuru)
 * 7) サ行変格 sagyou henkaku - out of these, only す su (= modern する suru) survived into modern times.  One of these old verbs was おはす owasu, the "ancestor" of ござる gozaru
 * 8) ナ行変格 nagyou henkaku - 1) 死ぬ shinu (became 五段 in modern times; however many dialects have kept the henkaku type conjugations); 2) 往ぬ inu (fell into disuse only last century)
 * 9) ラ行変格 ragyou henkaku - verbs that ended in り ri: あり (= modern ある), をり (= modern おる) etc.

and the true "irregular verbs" are called 特別活用 tokubetsu katsuyou verbs, such as the endless variations on ござる (there are easily twenty of them, as it evolved from the original おはす owasu all the way to Edo period's gozaru), or a verb like さしも sashimo (which doesn't even end in a u or i sound), which conjugates like sashima, sashimou, sashimo, sashimo, sashimae, sashimae/sashime.

Irregularities in conjugations, such as in the verb くださる kudasaru, are noted, but otherwise they are classified as godan or ichidan verbs officially. ない nai, the word used when one wants to express the negative of ある aru, is actually an adjective. Hence ない has such forms as なき naki and なし nashi, while none of the other verbs ending in -ない have such forms. In addition, the negative stem for ある aru, i.e. あら ara, exists, and is used in other situations. As a historical side note, there was indeed a period when the あらない form was used, when the auxiliary verb ない nai itself was pretty new. (In the old days it was ず zu.)

As for romanisation, it is actually the standard in Japan to write し as si, write しゃ as sya, write ち as ti, etc. But as has been pointed out already, this is misleading in terms of pronunciation, so the rest of the world has happily ignored it. However, because of its official status, one can't really say it's wrong either...

-- KittySaturn 04:16, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, an extra note about the terminology being too technical: the style of terminology such as u and ru verbs is indeed easy for beginners to understand; however this kind of terminology simply does not work at more advanced levels of Japanese learning, because soon there will be so many "exceptions" that nothing makes sense any more - su beki would be an "exception", osokare hayakare is another "exception", the grammar pattern -zaru wo enai is an "exception", and the n in iwan bakari, being not of a negative meaning, becomes totally inexplicable... when they in fact fit into the "complicated terminology" grammar structure well, and it is just that the basic terminology is incapable of describing. -- KittySaturn 04:29, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Verb suffixes
To what point should verb suffixes be mentioned? Should a section be made to discuss them and list common ones? -- Retropunk (talk) 09:38, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it would be fine to make this page as exhaustive as possible. The reader can choose what to pick from it while the actual lesson pages should (in my view) take smaller steps and lead the reader along topics of increasing difficaulty. --Swift (talk) 10:38, 28 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The problem with an exhaustive list is that it will become a conglomerate mess as items get added. Perhaps it'll suffice to make pages on the conjugations and then make a list of suffixes there, which could lead to other pages.  --Retropunk (talk) 00:20, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry, where are you thinking of putting the list of suffixes? Discussing them in detail on sperate pages sounds fair enough, though. --Swift (talk) 06:23, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

VLC icon
Why is the VLC icon there? It has nothing to do with multimedia. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 01:16, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The icon is used for the tag. The licensing does not restrict its use to the VLC media player. --Swift (talk) 21:45, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Japanese/Grammar/Verbs


text:
Fiona O'Brien

Fiona O'Brien is an Irish women's rugby player who received her first cap in the opening match of the 2015 Women's Six Nations against on 6 February. won, 30–5.

O'Brien plays for Old Belvedere and Leinster's women's teams.

title: Fiona O'Brien


text:
School talk:Mathematics/Undergraduate/Pure Mathematics

Q: Why is graph theory under discrete math instead of topology? A: Although some areas of Graph Theory (for example Kuratowski's Theorem) deal with Topological concepts, other areas deal with Probability, and yet others with algebraic concepts such as eigenvalues, the common ground between all of the areas is the graph itself, which is a purely discrete combinatorial concept. It can be depicted in a topological space, but it is not a topological concept.

Modular functions - help needed
I need help with Modular functions at Why 10 dimensions. --JWSchmidt 01:08, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Do you want a definition?--Hillgentleman|User talk:hillgentleman 05:29, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Undergraduate
The term Undergraduate mathematics means differently in different countries, and within each country, different universities. The content in the School: page is the syllibus for a common university in the united states of America. In an English university, an undergraduate curriculum often also includes a selection from functional analysis, algebraic topology, Lie group, dynamical systems, commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, etc.

 * Agreed. Further, I find the distinction between undergraduate and graduate-level courses unhelpful to begin with.  It's not like Wikiversity is going to refuse undergrads access to advanced courses.  --Jorend 16:34, 5 January 2007 (UTC)


text:
cocrystal

Noun

 * 1)  A crystal, often a large-molecule crystal, having two or more distinct molecular components within the crystal lattice.

title: cocrystal


text:
Quasi-solid

Quasi-solid, Falsely-solid, or semisolid is the physical term for something whose state lies between a solid and a liquid. While similar to solids in some respects, such as having the ability to support their own weight and hold their shapes, a quasi-solid also shares some properties of liquids, such as conforming in shape to something applying pressure to it and the ability to flow under pressure. The words quasi-solid, semisolid, and semiliquid may be used interchangeably.

Quasi-solids and semisolids are sometimes described as amorphous because at the microscopic scale they have a disordered structure unlike crystalline solids. They should not be confused with amorphous solids as they are not solids and exhibit properties such as flow which bulk solids do not.

Examples

 * Pharmaceutical and cosmetic creams, gels, and ointments, e.g. petroleum jelly, toothpaste, hand sanitizer
 * Foods, e.g. pudding, guacamole, salsa, mayonnaise, whipping cream, peanut butter, jelly, jam

title: Quasi-solid


text:
Polish/Masculine noun declension

< Feminine noun declension < ^ Polish ^ > Neuter noun declension >

= Masculine noun declension =

There are three masculine genders in Polish – masculine personal, masculine animate and masculine inanimate. The differences between them are regular:

 * In the case of masculine personal, the accusative has the same form as the genitive
 * In the case of masculine animate, the accusative has the same form as the genitive in the singular, but as the nominative in the plural
 * In the case of masculine inanimate, the accusative has the same form as the nominative
 * Vocative singular is always the same as locative singular and vocative plural is the same as nominative plural.

But there are also some other differences in declension. Before they get explained, let's take a look at some examples.

Phonetic changes and irregularities are:

 * All "e" (or "ie") and "o"/"ó" changes in the singular nominative, and also the accusative if it has the same form as the nominative.
 * The plural nominative isn't very regular. In the case of some nouns softening of the final consonant may be required. Some nouns even have two correct plural nominative forms – one with "owie" and another in a soft "e".
 * Some nouns have a singular locative in "u", other have in "e", and in the case of the latter the final consonant group must be softened.
 * Very few masculine nouns have a singular dative in "u" instead in "owi". However, they are really common words - Pan (literally lord, nobleman, master - a very important word because it is used exactly as the English pronoun "You" to express politeness e.g "Podać Panu kawę? Could you take some coffee, sir?) brat (brother), kot (cat), pies (dog) and Bóg (God). As you see, apart from unusual dative ending in all of them declension is connected with unpleasant stem alternations, resulting from various historical processes e.g. consonant cluster softening, compensatory lengthening, development of Slavonic semi-vowels (jery)
 * Some inanimate-masculine nouns have a singular genitive in "u", most others in "a".

Now some sentences:

 * Adam jest rolnikiem - Adam is a farmer. (farmer in instrumental)
 * Facet daje kotu mleko - The guy gives milk to the cat. (cat in dative)
 * Chłopak nie ma psa - The boy doesn't have a dog. (dog in genitive)
 * Pies jest pod stołem - The dog is under the table. (table in instrumental)

< Feminine noun declension < ^ Polish ^ > Neuter noun declension >

title: Polish/Masculine noun declension


text:
User:Cobra4265

The user Cobra4265 is by far the coolest user of them all and anyone who meets me in real life should say hi. I currently reside in a secret location and whoever discovers it gets ice cream! Jk please don't stalk me that is very creepy and I would not appreciate that. Feel free to add to this page but please don't vandalize it. Happy editing! --Cobra4265

title: User:Cobra4265


text:
Talk:David Chartrand

Sources Needed
Sources are needed, since this is an article about a living person. Does anybody have the sources used for write this? EdwardLeeLongisland (talk) 03:08, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Chartrand


text:
Abdollahabad, Nishapur

Abdollahabad (, also Romanized as ‘Abdollāhābād) is a village in Ordughesh Rural District, Zeberkhan District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran.

Population
At the 2006 census, its population was 998, in 266 families.

title: Abdollahabad, Nishapur


text:
chamuscar

Etymology
From (13th century, ), from, perhaps blended with , , "spark, hot ash".

Verb

 * 1) to singe to burn slightly
 * 2) to singe to remove the hair by passing it over a flame
 * 3) to scorch to become scorched
 * 1) to scorch to become scorched

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to singe to burn slightly

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to scorch, to singe

title: chamuscar