text:
Talk:National Invitation Tournament

Untitled
This passage is inaccurate: "The post-season tournament pre-dates the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship tournament by one year; in the tournaments' early years there was often some contention as to which champion was in fact the nation's best collegiate basketball team." During the 1940s, the NIT was unquestionably more prestigious than the NCAA tournament. Over the course of the 1950s, the NCCA tournament gradually overtook the NIT, and by the mid 1960s the NCAA had become the dominant tournament. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:19, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Who is "Sean Murphy of Vancleave, MS" and why does his opinion matter without a source? Lmeister 13:21, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It was vandalism, and has only now been removed. Danthemankhan 06:20, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Clarification
Teams that win their conference after the reg season and fail to make the NCAA Tournament are automatically invited to the NIT. ...But what about teams that own a share/tie of the conference title after the reg season and fail to make the NCAA Tournament... Do they to automatically make the NIT also? (e.g. Rider in 2008 who tied with Siena). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:31, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Any answer here?????? And what about if a conference is split into divisions... What if a team did not win its conference, but won its division, but was not invited to the NCAA... Will the team get an automatic bid to NIT?<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:07, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I believe the NIT recognizes the "regular season conference champion" as the team with the #1 seed in the conference tournament (I don't know what it does if the Ivy League has co-champs...probably applies the standard tie-breaking procedures). So a team could be a co-champion, but would not get the auto-NIT berth.  Also, a division champ would only get the auto-NIT bid if it had a better record than the other division champ. — X96lee15 (talk) 19:44, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Vacated titles
In 1997, 1998 & 2003, the champion's titles where later vacated. Wouldn't that make the runners-up the champions? --rogerd (talk) 16:46, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Not necessarily. A quick check at the official NIT site shows they still list St. John's as the 2003 winner with no mention of this title being vacated. Would Georgetown won had St. John's not been in the tournament? Hard to say, so maybe there was no official determination that they were the champions. Wschart (talk) 16:37, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

NCAA Expansion
It's starting to look as if the NCAA is going to expand its tournament to 96 teams. If that happens, anyone know how that will affect the postseason NIT? Will there even BE a post-season NIT? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bobbyknightmare (talk • contribs) 21:16, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

Early years
One reason given for the greater prestige in the early years is exposure to NBA scouts. However, the NBA did not exist until post WWII, and I don't think that whatever pro basketball existed during the 1930s was the path to riches the NBA is today. Wschart (talk) 03:51, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

History: "reason" is unsupported
This statement is made in the article:
 * "Some conferences, such as the Southeastern Conference, were segregated by race; therefore, hosting non-segregated games at their campus sites was problematic."

This appears to stem from an almost identically worded statement at http://hoopedia.nba.com/index.php?title=National_Invitation_Tournament that was contributed by user hoosierhistorian in March 2007.

While there are plenty of references to cite regarding racism in college basketball in that era, I am unable to uncover a source for the statement provided in the article at Hoopedia. The following from the website at http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/rupp.html shows one example from the era that extended into the 1960s:

 * "Many basketball teams in the South did not have black players on their rosters or admit black students into their institutions. The Southeastern Conference especially had many member schools so opposed to integration that some schools refused to compete against other schools with black players. Mississippi State at one time had to sneak out of town under the cover of darkness to play in the NCAA Tournament. (This, after ignoring bids in earlier years.)"

In order to support the conclusion stated in Hoopedia (and in this Wikipedia article), there would need to be documentation strongly suggesting either
 * that the administration at a school that fielded black players accepted an invitation to the NIT because it knew that the team would not be chosen by their region's NCAA selectors while a likely opponent that was from a segregated school would be chosen, or similarly,
 * that a participating team in the NIT that had black players in fact was not selected for one of the eight NCAA regions due to the fact that a team from a segregated school was selected in that same region.

Given the fairly small number of teams in the NCAA tournament at the time, I believe it is unlikely, regarding an actual NIT participant with black players, there is clear and specific evidence that this reason was a deciding factor to play in the NIT over and above either of the first two reasons (media exposure and not being the most successful team from its conference).

Therefore, I suggest that this sentence in the article be removed. Jeff in CA 19:05, 24 March 2013 (UTC) -
 * I was able to find one reference to the specific topic. It refers to an incident preceding the 1958 NCAA tournament. On page 663 of the "ESPN Encyclopedia of College Basketball":
 * "Temple's athletic director threatens to move his team, which includes two black starters, to the NIT in New York City to avoid potential 'embarrassing team arrangements' in North Carolina and Kentucky on the way to the finals."
 * Jeff in CA 23:42, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

Can both of these be true?
Can both of these sentences be true?

 * "Nevertheless, the NIT continued to be regarded highly into the 1960s."

 * "References clearly describe NIT only as more or as highly regarded into the 1950s, not 1960s."

In an April 2013 edit, the first sentence was changed to "the 1950s," with the second sentence given as a reason. It seems to me that something can be highly regarded even if it is not as highly regarded as another similar thing. I remember college basketball from the 1960s. Back then the NIT had not yet become the object of derision as a tournament for also-rans, in part because the NCAA invited far fewer teams than today, and at one time excluded teams that were not conference champions. Lots of people, including those involved in college basketball, remember the NIT of the 1960s as highly regarded, even though the NCAA tournament was more highly regarded.

My opinion is that both statements are true. Jeff in CA (talk) 17:37, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

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"March Madness"
Actually it would be more accurate to say that the NCAA Division I basketball tournaments are FORMALLY known as "March Madness" since the NCAA has copyrighted the term and applied it to both the men's and women's tournaments, where it appears in signage and on the floors. 2600:1004:B161:C68A:0:34:9942:5001 (talk) 15:18, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:National Invitation Tournament


text:
User:MaxPolun

I'm a college student at drexel university, studing physics. I live in Philadelphia.

I have so far added a few recipies to the cookbook, but am looking foreward to working on some more technical modules as well.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:MaxPolun


text:
Cristobal of Saint Catherine

Cristóbal of Saint Catherine (25 July 1638 – 21 July 1690) – born Cristóbal López de Valladolid Orea – was a Roman Catholic Spanish priest and a professed member of the Third Order of Saint Francis. He was the founder of the Franciscan Hospitallers of Jesus of Nazareth which paid careful attention to both religious and social needs of the faithful.

He was beatified on 7 April 2013 in a celebration that Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over on the behalf of Pope Francis.

Life
Cristóbal López de Valladolid Orea was born in 1638 as the son of poor laborers (he had five brothers) and was baptized in the church of Santa Eulalia. In either 1645 or 1646 he fled from his home in an effort to join the Order of Friars Minor but he soon returned home after his worried mother sent his brothers to bring him home. He served as an altar server and worked as a nurse in a hospital that the Order of Saint John of God managed.

He was ordained to the priesthood on 20 March 1663 in Badajoz and after was made a chaplain to armed services fighting in Portugal though he had to return home after falling ill. In 1667 he retired to a hermitage in the mountains of El Bañuelo but his desire to follow the Rule and the teachings of Francis of Assisi prompted him to pursue the Franciscan charism in a concrete manner. It was for this reason he became a professed member of the Third Order of Saint Francis in 1671 and he assumed the religious name of "Cristóbal of Saint Catherine". He established the Franciscan Hospitallers of Jesus of Nazareth in Córdoba on 11 February 1673 which pushed the boundaries of a range of both religious and social issues.

He died in 1690 clutching a crucifix due to a cholera epidemic in which he tended to the victims; it was said not long after his death several miracles were attributed to his direct intercession. His order received papal approval from Pope Benedict XIV in 1746.

Beatification
The cause of beatification commenced on 27 June 1770 under Pope Clement XIV and the late priest was declared a Servant of God while an informative process had been held before this from 12 March 1760 until 4 April 1766; this was later subject to validation from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome on 27 October 1995. The postulation for the cause sent the Positio dossier to the C.C.S. in 2000 and historians cleared it of having no obstacles to it on 7 November 2000; six theologians assented to the cause on 12 November 2011 as did the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. on 19 June 2012. Pope Benedict XVI declared him to have lived a life of heroic virtue on 28 June 2012 and named him Venerable.

On 20 December 2012 the pope approved a decree that recognized a miracle attributed to his intercession which would allow for him to be beatified. The beatification was held on 7 April 2013 and Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over the celebration on the behalf of Pope Francis.

The current postulator for this cause is Father Evaristo Martínez de Alegría.

title: Cristobal of Saint Catherine


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Glenboro

Glenboro is an unincorporated urban community in the Municipality of Glenboro – South Cypress within the Canadian province of Manitoba that held village status prior to January 1, 2015. it is located about 80 km southeast of the City of Brandon. In the 2021 census it had a population of 1,123. The community is a service centre for the surrounding farming community.

Glenboro is the home of "Sara the camel", a 17′ statue created in October 1978, by Mr. George Barone of Barone Sculptures in Winnipeg. "Sara" is emblematic of the nearby Spirit Sands, and has been used to promote the Glenboro area and nearby Spruce Woods Provincial Park.

History
The Glenboro area was visited early in western exploration, possibly as early as the 1730s when the La Verendryes travelled to the Missouri and beyond. History records that the explorer and geographer David Thompson passed through the area in 1798 and made note of the quality of soil. The first permanent European settlers of the area (Jonas Christie and James Duncan) arrived in 1879, and after the federal Homestead Act passed in 1880, many more settlers arrived in the area, including a number of Icelandic settlers between 1889 and 1894. The arrival of the CPR in 1886 prompted Christie and Duncan to offer land for a town site. The Queens Hotel was the first permanent building of the community, constructed in 1881, and survives into the 21st century. In 1950 the community was formally incorporated as a village.

Steam riverboats were in use on the Assiniboine River between 1875 and 1885. The bow timbers of the last of this "prairie navy" are preserved in a park in Glenboro. The SS Alpha ran aground on April 27, 1885. By this time the advent of the railway had displaced riverboats for transport of passengers, HBC trade goods, agricultural supplies, and grain between Southern Manitoba communities and larger centers such as Winnipeg. A 1904 water tower was installed for watering steam locomotives. The tower was declared both a federal and a provincial heritage site in September 1996. One of the few remaining water towers in Canada, it was destroyed by fire in the early morning hours of April 4, 2008. The community was connected to the Manitoba electrical grid in 1927, and is the northern terminus of a 260 km, 230 kV electrical transmission line to Harvey, North Dakota.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Glenboro had a population of 544 living in 251 of its 275 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 624. With a land area of 2.69 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Economy
The community provides services to the surrounding farms such as a farm equipment dealers and agricultural suppliers. Tourism is a secondary source of income, due to the nearby Spruce Woods Provincial Park and the Glenboro Golf and Country Club.

Amenities

 * Eleven-bed hospital
 * Glenboro has had a 9-hole golf course since 1922, with all grass greens since 1970 and with a new clubhouse constructed in 1987. Nine more holes were later added.
 * Glenboro Airport is a nearby unpaved airfield suitable for light aircraft.
 * Glenboro School is a kindergarten to Grade 12 school, currently with around 230 pupils and 17 staff, and has offered high school courses since 1973.
 * The CFB Shilo is nearby
 * Museum
 * Sara the Camel has stood at the side of Highway No. 2 since 1978, in tribute to the nearby Manitoba Desert.

Notable people

 * Oscar Bjornson, Manitoba politician
 * James Christie, Manitoba politician
 * Henry Einarson, Manitoba politician
 * Ab Gowanlock, McDonald Brier Canadian national curling champion 1938 and 1953
 * John Harvard, journalist, politician, and Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba
 * Konrad Johannesson, pioneering aviator, instrumental in flight training and airport administration as well as ice hockey player on the Winnipeg Falcons, the Gold medal-winning team in the 1920 Summer Olympics
 * Charlotte Oleson, Manitoba politician
 * Scott Young, journalist, sports reporter, radio and television broadcaster, served during the Second World War in the Canadian Navy

title: Glenboro


text:
Talk:Boris Boillon

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title: Talk:Boris Boillon


text:
Category:Auto racing teams disestablished in 1993

Auto racing clubs or teams disestablished in the year 1993.


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Category:Wikipedian runners

This user category contains links to the user pages of Wikipedians who run.
 * For Wikipedians interested in or fans of running, see Category:Wikipedians interested in running.

To add your user page to this user category, place one of the following pieces of Wikitext on your user page.

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Andrew Rosen

Andrew Rosen may refer to:

 * Andrew S. Rosen, American chairman of Kaplan, Inc.
 * Andrew Rosen (retail executive), American C.E.O. of Theory, Inc.

title: Andrew Rosen


text:
Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Handouts

 * /Syllabus/
 * /Readling List/
 * Short Paper #1
 * Short Paper #2
 * Short Paper #3
 * Short Paper Four
 * Term Paper


text:
User:MatthewGall2005

Hi, I'm User:MatthewGall2005 And I Would Like To Welcome You To My User Page.

Specialisms
I Specialise In The Following Subjects And ubject Areas,

 * Computer Science
 * Operating Systems
 * Windows
 * MSDOS
 * Windows 3.1x
 * Windows 95
 * Windows 98
 * Windows 2000
 * Windows XP
 * Windows XP Home
 * Windows XP Professionnal
 * Windows Vista
 * Windows Vista Home Basic
 * Windows Vista Home Premium
 * Windows Vista Ultimate

Experience

 * 5 Years Experience Using All Major Proprotary Operating Systems (Windows / Mac And Linux)

title: User:MatthewGall2005


text:
1974 Kansas Jayhawks football team

The 1974 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Eight Conference during the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. In their fourth and final season under head coach Don Fambrough, the Jayhawks compiled a 4–7 record (1–6 against conference opponents), tied for last place in the conference, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 247 to 157. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.

The team's statistical leaders included Scott McMichael with 1,044 passing yards, Laverne Smith with 1,181 rushing yards and Emmett Edwards with 542 receiving yards. Robert Miller and Steve Towle were the team captains.

title: 1974 Kansas Jayhawks football team


text:
Aguacate Lagoon

Aguacate Lagoon is a lake and private reserve located in Western Belize, near the Mennonite community Spanish Lookout. The Lagoon is an herbaceous swamp with permanent waterlogged vegetation. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is 96 metres. The reserve is approximately 284 acres.

History
In 1958 the Mennonites were the first group of people to move and settle around the Spanish Lookout area from the Northern part of Mexico. They settled as farmers. In the 1960s, agriculture made strides at Spanish Lookout. "Aguacate" is Spanish for avocado, and there are countless avocado trees located at the reserve; it is believed that is how the lagoon got its name. The area was officially declared a private reserve is 1987 and it is managed by the Aguacate Park officials.

title: Aguacate Lagoon


text:
1 Maccabees

Proper noun

 * 1) A book of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canon of the Old Testament, considered apocryphal by Protestants.

Translations

 * French: 1 Maccabées
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: Αʹ Μακκαβαῖων
 * Indonesian: 1 Makabe
 * Irish: Céadleabhar na Macabaech, 1 Macabaeigh
 * Korean: 마카베오기 상권
 * Polish: Pierwsza Księga Machabejska
 * Spanish: 1 Macabeos
 * Tagalog: 1 Mga Macabeo

title: 1 Maccabees


text:
Isis the Amazon

Lindsay Kay Hayward (born July 28, 1987) is an American actress and retired professional wrestler better known by her ring names, Isis the Amazon and Aloisia (her WWE name). In 2013, Guinness World Records certified her as being the "tallest actress in a leading role", originally standing 6-foot 9, she had lost 3/4 inches in height due to a slipped disc.

Background
Born in Walnut Creek, California, she played for the Rocklin Thunder at Rocklin High School in Rocklin, California. She played basketball for Forest Lake Christian High School and helped her team win the sectional championship. Her mother is named Ellen Roney and she has a sister named Tabitha.

Professional wrestling career
On April 17, 2008, ICWMiami found Isis the Amazon while hosting events at the Exxxotica Convention. She was introduced to "Soulman" Alex G, who became her trainer. For the following few months, she began to valet ICW Tag Team Champions, Dade County Collision. Also, in 2008, she challenged Tracy Taylor for the Professional Girl Wrestling Association championship. Then she competed for Coastal Championship Wrestling from 2008 to 2009, Rampage Pro Wrestling in 2009 and Juggalo Championship Wrestling from 2009 to 2010.

In 2010, she was scheduled to appear as "Aloisia" on season 3 of WWE's WWE NXT. She was going to be the tallest Diva ever to compete in the company's history. Took part in seminars with Jimmy Snuka. She was managed by Vickie Guerrero until being replaced by Kaitlyn. She was released a few weeks after her signing after WWE discovered "erotic photos" taken of her online.

In 2011, she competed in Absolute Intense Wrestling in January, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling in February, and then National Wrestling Alliance Signature Pro Wrestling in May.

She retired from wrestling in 2011.

In 2016, she started training with Brian Kendrick for a potential return to professional wrestling but has since remained retired.

Acting history

 * In 2013, she played a 7-foot-tall CEO in R100
 * In 2014, she played Katja in The Internship Games.
 * In 2015 Grey's Anatomy Season 12 Episode 2 she guest starred as Jade Bell
 * In 2015, she played Cassie in Rumors
 * In 2016, she starred in You Have a Nice Flight.

Other appearances
Lindsay Hayward appeared as herself in the TLC series My Giant Life, where the show concentrated on her reuniting with her father and her difficulties doing normal things, like clothes shopping, flying in a plane, or getting acting jobs. During season 2 of My Giant Life, Hayward stated that she would eventually return to professional wrestling and she also said that she hopes to perform at WrestleMania one day.

Personal life
On June 28, 2015, she announced on her Facebook page that she is in a relationship. Her son Liam was born on September 12, 2017.

title: Isis the Amazon


text:
Talk:Jamming Online

We need links to the prototyping tests so people (and I) can find them. I want to link to test one as an example of the technology we (Wikiversity Audio Engineering Task Force) are developing to allow individuals and groups to collaborate asynchronously and in realtime on developing and completing individual production tasks within example task workflows for cisLunarFreighter and Lunar Boom Town. Thanks anybody who starts putting a list of example links here where I at least can find them. <IP_ADDRESS> 22:14, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

looks interesting
This looks interesting. I am a maths teacher with interests in other fields, and i happen to be teaching in a music college. I have produced things like: http://www.2020worldpeace.org/audiophiles/audiophiles.html audiophiles] and wonder if we might be able to jax across the internet. After all, your jamming sessions are new too... and jaxing might not require the musical timing which is essential for musicians to jam... the delay can perhaps be useful... anything going on live now...? --Fidocancan 19:10, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Maybe the time has caught up with the vision... CQ (discuss • contribs) 16:28, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

What does 'now' mean
Once you record something and throw it online it's there. Multi-tracking through cyberspace is almost timeless. Online Music Collaboration Software is still pretty new. The problem is that you can't license it, copyright it, and make a fortune off of it so what's the point. (Unless of course you are a true artist) • CQ 06:49, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

Nine years later... Yes I am a true artist. See? -- CQ (discuss • contribs) 16:30, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jamming Online


text:
User:Maldama21/sandbox

Social Cost of Carbon:

The social cost of Carbon is a calculation to focus on taking corrective measures on climate change which can be deemed a form of market failure.

Criticisms:

Calculating the SCC brings about a degree of uncertainty particularly due to unknown future economic growth and development as well as pending climate system response. Furthermore, the figures produced from the SCC cause calculations to be produced on a range with the most commonly utilized number being the central case value (an average over the entire data set at a given discount rate).

History:

Federal Agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Transportation began to develop other forms of social cost calculations from Carbon during the George H.W Bush Administration. Furthermore, economic social cost from Carbon was judicially mandated in cost-benefit analysis for new policy in 2008 under the U.S. Court of Appeals. The year following in 2009 there was a call for a uniform calculation of social cost from carbon to be utilized by the government.

title: User:Maldama21/sandbox


text:
Wikijunior:Solar System/Mercury

What is Mercury?
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. It is a terrestrial planet; that means a planet made from rock like Earth. It does not have a gas atmosphere, so there is no weather. For a long time, only one spacecraft, Mariner 10, had visited Mercury. In January 2008, the MESSENGER spacecraft went by Mercury. It has gone by Mercury two more times, and has started to go around the planet in 2011.

How big is Mercury?
Mercury is 4879 km across. Mercury's diameter is just less than half the diameter of the Earth. It is the smallest planet in the Solar System. Only dwarf planets like Pluto are smaller. Because Mercury is much closer to the Sun than the Earth, it can only be seen just after the sun goes down at night or shortly before it rises in the morning.

What is Mercury's surface like?
Mercury has craters like those on the Earth's moon. The largest crater on Mercury is the Caloris Basin. It is about 1300 km wide. It was created by a huge asteroid hitting Mercury. The asteroid was probably 100 km wide, but it hit Mercury's surface so hard that it made a much bigger hole.

The surface also has big cliffs called scarps. They were made long ago when Mercury cooled down. It shrank, causing the surface to get wrinkled in some places. This wrinkling created the scarps.

There may also be ice on the top and bottom of Mercury. Like the Earth, these areas (called poles) don't get much warmth from the Sun. Any ice there won't melt.

It is very hot during the day (over 400°C) because Mercury is so close to the Sun. At night it is very cold because Mercury loses almost all its heat since there is almost no atmosphere to keep the warmth there. The temperature can fall to almost -175°C.

How long is a day on this planet?
Mercury rotates (spins around) much more slowly than the Earth. It takes Mercury 58 days to spin once as viewed from a distant star. Because Mercury orbits the sun very quickly, a day on Mercury lasts longer than 58 days. If you were standing on Mercury at the equator and timed how long it took the sun to go from directly overhead to sunset to sunrise and then rise directly overhead again, it would take 176 Earth days. These long days and nights allow for the temperatures to rise as high, and fall as low, as they do.

How long is a year on Mercury?
Mercury has the shortest year in the Solar System. It is about 88 Earth days long.

It used to be believed that the same side of Mercury always faced the Sun. In order for this to be true, Mercury would have to take the same amount of time to rotate (spin around) as it does to circle the sun. From watching it carefully we now know that Mercury's rotation is somewhat faster than its orbit. Because of the way the orbit and rotation work together, on Mercury, a day (the time from one sunrise to the next) is actually almost twice as long as a year.

What is Mercury made of?
The center of Mercury is made of iron in partly-molten (liquid) form. We know that there is iron at the center because the planet generates a magnetic field. It contains more iron for its size than any other planet in the Solar System. The rest of Mercury, its thick crust, is made of a special type of rock called silicate rocks. There are craters near the poles that are constantly in shadow. Some of these craters contain ice. There is a huge crater on Mercury called Caloris Basin. It was formed when a comet hit the planet and lava or molten rock filled the impact crater. The round wall of this crater is over 2km tall.

How much would Mercury's gravity pull on me?
If you were on Mercury, it would pull you down less than half (38%)as much as the Earth. An item that weighs 100 pounds on Earth, would only weigh 38 pounds on Mercury.

Who discovered Mercury?
Nobody really knows who first discovered Mercury, but the first known recorded observations of it are from tablets in Assyria about three and a half thousand years ago, in the 14th century BCE. This was probably something like an informational article about Mercury's movements. In these tablets, Mercury is called (in translation) The Jumping Planet. Almost every ancient civilisation had their own written records and names for Mercury.

In 1639, an Italian astronomer named Giovanni Zupi observed that Mercury has phases, like the phases of the Moon, as it orbits around the Sun. This is evidence that it does orbit around the Sun, an idea that was fairly new at the time, suggested less than a hundred century earlier by Copernicus.

Before the twentieth century, it was a mystery to all the astronomers how long it took for Mercury to rotate. They solved this mystery in 1962, when some astronomers sent radar signals to Mercury, which then bounced back to Earth: it takes 59 days for Mercury to rotate.

It isn't easy to sent a space probe from Earth to Mercury, because Mercury is much closer to the Sun and therefore orbits the Sun much faster than Earth does. So a space probe would have to burn a lot of fuel to match its speed with Mercury, in order to orbit—or land on—the planet. In 1973, a space probe Mariner 10 was sent to take measurements of Mercury and map its surface. Because orbiting Mercury would be so expensive, Mariner 10 orbited the sun instead, and would take pictures each time it got close enough to Mercury. Unfortunately, when Mariner 10 finally ran out of fuel, it had only mapped about 45% of the surface. However, it also discovered that Mercury has an iron-rich core and a magnetic field. 29 years later, in 2004, another probe was launched, named MESSENGER. MESSENGER stands for MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging. MESSENGER followed a complicated path that would slowly match speeds with Mercury without using much fuel. It passed by Mercury three times, and finally settled into orbit around Mercury more than six years after it was launched. By March 2013, MESSENGER had mapped 100% of the surface of Mercury.

Who is this planet named after?
In Roman mythology, Mercury (Latin Mercurius) was the messenger of the gods. He wore a hat and sandals with wings on them, allowing him to travel around the world very quickly. The planet Mercury was named after him because it moves faster than any other planet in the Solar System. It moves nearly 48 km every second! (Of course, the Romans didn't know that, but they could see how fast it moved across the sky.)The Greeks called this god Hermes.

Next Topic: Venus

title: Wikijunior:Solar System/Mercury


text:
General Mechanics/Velocity Dependent Forces

We've seen that a Hamiltonian of the form

 * $$H=\frac{\mathbf{p}\cdot\mathbf{p}}{2m}+V(\mathbf{r})$$

describes motion under a conservative force, but this is not the most general possible Hamiltonian.

Many waves are described by another simple form, in the geometrical optics limit,

 * $$H=f(|\mathbf{p}|)$$

What happens if we consider other forms for the Hamiltonian?

Suppose we have

 * $$H=\frac{\mathbf{p}\cdot\mathbf{p}}{2m} +

\mathbf{p} \cdot \mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r})$$

The dot product term is the simplest scalar we can add to the kinetic energy that's dependent on momentum. We'll see that it acts like a potential energy.

Using Hamilton's equations we can immediately write down equations of motion.

 * $$\begin{matrix}

\dot{x}_i & = & \frac{\partial H}{\partial p_i} & = & \frac{p_i}{m} + A_i \\ \dot{p}_i & = & -\frac{\partial H}{\partial x_i} & = & -p_j \frac{\partial A_j}{\partial x_i} \end{matrix}$$

Note that we are using the summation convention here.

Now that we've got the equations of motion, we need to work out what they mean.

The first thing we notice is that the momentum is no longer mv. There is an additional contribution from the potential field A. We can think of this as a form of potential momentum, analogous to potential energy.

The force on the particle is

 * $$F_i = m \ddot{x}_i = \dot{p}_i + m\frac{d}{dt}A_i(\mathbf{r})$$

Using the chain rule, and substituting for dp/dt with the second equation of motion, we get

 * $$F_i = -p_j \frac{\partial A_j}{\partial x_i} +

m\dot{x}_j \frac{\partial A_i}{\partial x_j} $$

Using the first equation, this becomes

 * $$F_i = m \dot{x}_j

\left( \frac{\partial A_i}{\partial x_j} -\frac{\partial A_j}{\partial x_i} \right) + m A_j \frac{\partial A_j}{\partial x_i} $$

The term in brackets is recognizable as being the type of thing we see in cross products. With a little manipulation, using the Kronecker delta and alternating symbol, we can write

 * $$\begin{matrix}

F_i & = & \dot{x}_j \left( \delta_{il}\delta_{jk}-\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl} \right) \frac{\partial A_l}{\partial x_k} & + & m A_j \frac{\partial A_j}{\partial x_i} \\ & = & \dot{x}_j \epsilon_{nij} \epsilon_{nlk} \frac{\partial A_l}{\partial x_k} & + & m A_j \frac{\partial A_j}{\partial x_i} \\ & = & -\epsilon_{ijn} \dot{x}_j \left( \nabla \times \mathbf{A} \right)_n & + & m A_j \frac{\partial A_j}{\partial x_i} \\ & = & -\epsilon_{ijn} \dot{x}_j \left( \nabla \times \mathbf{A} \right)_n & + & \frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} A_j A_j \end{matrix}$$

so, writing the last line as a vector equation,

 * $$ \mathbf{F} = -m \mathbf{v} \times (\nabla \times \mathbf{A}) +

\frac{1}{2} m \nabla A^2 $$

The force from this potential has a component perpendicular to its curl and to the velocity, and another component which is the gradient of a scalar.

If we add a carefully chosen potential energy to the Hamiltonian we can cancel out this second term.

 * $$H=\frac{p^2}{2m} + \mathbf{p} \cdot \mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r}) +

\frac{1}{2} m A^2 \qquad \mathbf{F}= -m \mathbf{v} \times \left (\nabla \times \mathbf{A} \right) $$

This Hamiltonian can be simplified to

 * $$H = \frac{1}{2m} \left( \mathbf{p}+ m\mathbf{A} \right)^2 $$

where the term in bracket is mv, written as a function of momentum.

This simple modification to the Hamiltonian gives us a force perpendicular to velocity, like magnetism. Because the force and velocity are perpendicular, the work done by the force is always zero.

We can use potential fields to describe velocity dependent forces, provided that they do no work.

The coefficient of A in these expression is arbitrary. Changing it amount merely to measuring A in different units so we can equally well write

 * $$H = \frac{1}{2m} \left( \mathbf{p}+ \alpha\mathbf{A} \right)^2 \qquad

\mathbf{F}= -\alpha \mathbf{v} \times \left (\nabla \times \mathbf{A} \right) $$

Having α=m means A is measured in units of velocity, which may sometimes be convenient, but we can use any other constant value of α that suits our purpose. When we come to study relativity, we'll use α=-1.

Notice that the force depends only on the curl of A, not on A itself. This means we can add any function with zero curl to A without changing anything, just as we can add a constant to the potential energy.

Furthermore, it is a standard result of vector calculus that any vector field is the sum of two components, one with zero curl, the other with zero divergence. Since the zero curl component does not affect the total force, we can require it to be zero; i.e. we can require A to have zero divergence.

 * $$ \nabla \cdot \mathbf{A}= 0 $$

This is called a gauge condition. For the moment, it can be considered to define especially natural values for the integration constants.


text:
Talk:Bodie Weldon

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text:
1825 in Siam

The year 1825 was the 44th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam (now known as Thailand). It was the first year in the reign of King Rama III.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: Rama III
 * Front Palace: Sakdiphonlasep
 * Supreme Patriarch: Ariyavangsayana (Don)

Events

 * July – Negotiations between Siam and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland begins in Bangkok for what would be known later as the Burney Treaty, named after Henry Burney an agent of the British East India Company.

title: 1825 in Siam


text:
Talk:ISO 216

B rationale
The definition, or rationale, given for the B series, is bizarre: geometric means between the A series format with a particular number and the A series format with one lower number. Perhaps that's true, but is this really the reason the B series was invented, or useful? Isn't a more useful explanation is that while the A0 was defined to have an area of 1m^2, the B0 was defined to have a (short) side of 1m? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:55, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I have changed the article to reflect this Woscafrench (talk) 00:24, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

 * This is not the rationale that the standard itself (section 4.4) gives. Changing it back. Paul Murray (talk) 02:44, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
 * For those able to read German, the rationale is explained in the PDF with articles from the Discussion in the German standardization movement. This is linked to in the article ("external links"). --L.Willms (talk) 18:46, 13 May 2019 (UTC)

Root 2 rationale
I made a change to the rationale for using 1:sqrt(2) rationale for A paper as well as the inclusion of a few equations for proof. If someone can take a look at the changes and see whether or not they agree, I'd appreciate. I found the previous explanation to be badly written and confusing.Kakomu (talk) 21:15, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Merge Silver rectangle into ISO 216?
I propose the merger for two reasons: Okay, I'm done. Melchoir 03:30, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) There is little that can be said about silver rectangles. Unlike golden rectangles, which are alleged to crop up everywhere and have a distinguished history, silver rectangles are of limited interest. The folding property should be described at ISO 216 anyway.
 * 2) The name "silver rectangle" is both ambiguous and unfortunate. It is unfortunate because it is not a rectangle with the proportions of the silver ratio, as is suggested by the golden ratio/golden rectangle analogy. It is ambiguous because it is sometimes defined by root2 and sometimes by 1+root2 (the silver ratio), and there are not enough references to determine which is more common. I think the solution is to endorse neither, but to acknowledge in both ISO 216 and Silver ratio that they both have some claim to the name "silver rectangle".

I think this is a good idea rafael.cosman

Okay, I'll get on it. Melchoir 04:18, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. Rather than redirect Silver rectangle to either usage, I've made a somewhat unorthodox disambiguation page out of it. Melchoir 04:33, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Inches
I propose that someone add inch equivalents to these measurements because Americans can't just see a measurement like 200mm and know how long that is. <IP_ADDRESS> 23:57, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Come on! Join the 21st century. We use millimetres and celcius now. It's beautiful. Come with us. Or get off your mental backside and learn the conversions and invest in a $1.99 pocket calculator. Write them on the back of it with a "sharpie" if you have to. A lot of us have had to learn how many metric units there are to an inch (25.41mm), foot (30.49cm), yard (91.48cm), mile (1609.3m), UK pint (568.3ml), US pint/standard lb (454.6ml/g), ounce (28.38g), UK gallon (4.546L), US gallon (3.637L) ... ETCETERA. It's not difficult. Half of those were off the top of my head. Half of them were derived with a few seconds work in Windows Calculator.
 * Also, if you're that bothered, why not just work 'em out yourself? Even Google will do the sums these days if you go to their online converter. (Sorry for the bile, but, god-damn... centre of the universe or what... we're working in SI units here. The measurements of science and international commerce. There'll be people in malaysia or somewhere wanting it in their old school units as well next) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:18, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Why single out Americans for special treatment? This is an international English encyclopedia.

Although I'm all for making Wikipedia as accessible as possible, I must admit that I can't seem to muster any compassion for someone who doesn't know what a mm is. Shinobu 09:46, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Let them have their inches. I can relate to the frustration, as everytime I come across an imperial measurement, I need to use google to convert it into something I can cope with. Hence, I usually add change it to SI units with imperial units in parenthesis when I come across it; no reason why we shouldn't add imperial units even when they're not present. The absence of a dual standard can make people campy about it, leading to articles that are either useless to Americans and akward for older Brits, or articles that are useless to the rest of the world. Zuiram 01:00, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Question: should the inch equivalents be based on the A4 rounded measurements or the formula? Using the formula there is a difference (due to a rounding error) for a few of the inch values. Jw6aa 03:47, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Answer: From a practical point of view, the inch equivalent should be based on the final measurements, not the formula. The ISO 216 is not for theoretical use but for printing and the like, where the final page size is all that matters in the end. - Tommi Kovala (unregistered user) 10:38, 21 March 2007 (GMT)

There shouldn't be any conversion to the Imperial system. The rest of the world has gotten up to time in a practical system and american isn't special or anything. -30 is 0 celsius, which is easier? Was the guy who thought of that on opium (then again, he probably was)
 * Psst, it's 32'F ;-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:19, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

I added inches but I guarantee this will be taken down by the wiki-overlords. There's a good reason to give inches as comparison at least in the line comparing US Paper Sizes to the international ones. That's especially true because when someone buys letter size paper it says quite plainly, 8.5" x 11", many times it does not say the metric equivalent. So inches maybe should not be all over the place, but it deserves an area in that line at least. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:00, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Everybody get your metric dicks back in your pants, jeez! I'm European myself, but every American I know of agrees they prefer the metric system as well, if they would have a choice. But they don't have the choice. for the same reason why we can't redefine the charge of the electron to be positive, Pi to it's true value of 6.28.., people in the UK to drive on the right side, all computers to agree on the same Endianness, et fucking cetera.
 * I'm European and I came to this article to find the measurements in both millimetres and inches, so I could describe the shape of an A7 to my european and american friends in an email. I remember that this article used to have the measurements in both units, but apparently because some dickhead felt he needed to remove those stupid inferior imperial units I have been wasting my fucking time. Thanks a lot, I'm off to Wolfram Alpha for, oh I don't know, useful reference material.
 * Wonderful how humans can get themselves completely deadlocked in the wrong solutions. Give me a call when you figure out a way to stop them from acting like a bunch of pack monkeys. Hint: it doesn't involve slinging more shit back and forth at eachother. As you can tell, I'm not in the business of trying to make them act more rational, or of the opinion that you can even succeed unless you fucking kill a monkey stone dead. Instead, I just try to cope. PEACE.

Why two duplicate tables
The table on the left should be deleted. The lower table is really very nice, but the drawings should be scaled consistently. jcp 05:38, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Mistakes??
I'm pretty sure that the side parallel to the shorter side is another one of the shorter sides. I think probably perpendicular is what is meant.

 * Well, there's two ways to give the direction of a fold - give the direction of the crease, or of the folding motion. This, of course, makes both ways pretty useless. It should probably be phrased "by halving the preceding paper size's longer dimension," or such. Darekun 03:34, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

2007 Revision
Note that a Second Edition has been published as of 2007. I can't find information about what the revisions are, but someone should find out and update the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:20, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

X vs. Y or Y vs. X (column major x row major or row major by column major)
For example, in the table with the various paper sizes "A4= 210 x 297". This is "x" by "y", or let's call it "length x height." Then we see "A3 = 297 x 420" or "y" by "x" or "height" by "length." This information is formatted the same way on almost any page on the Internet I could find, many of which had "pre-Wikipedia" feel to them, so I'm not questioning the accuracy at all. Is there a standard (ISO, ANSI, DIN, etc.) for the order for giving length and height measurements? (use "height" as a replaceable term for "width" if necessary). I notice that A3 has a horizontal orientation while A4 has a vertical orientation, and they give their "x" and "y" dimensions oppositely. Any significance to that? I know that putting an A4 sheet in front of a drafter in vertical orientation would earn you a weird look from him, so the orientation's aren't arbitrary.

On a side note, is there a standardization for whether "width" or "height" is the correct term for the "y" dimension?

Also, is there a standard order for quoting length and height/width in general? It seems like the natural order would be length (x) by width/height (y), being that human field of vision is significantly more horizontally oriented than vertically, so I was surprised to see A3 (and the other "fat" sizes) given with "y" dimension first. Being that drawing/drafting standards are as ambitious as they are, I can't imagine that no one has thought of this aspect B4. (my apologies for both of those awful, awful paper standardization puns). —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:46, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The "orientation" of A3 isn't in any way different from A4. It's just displayed horizontally in the image to fit all the sizes neatly in to same rectangle. Ossi 14:05, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I have seen a lot of aspect ratios given as "longer side : shorter side". Any reason why not to do this here? TrueColour (talk) 00:59, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Sounds sensible, given that the ISO sizes don't truly HAVE a "width" or "height" to them - you can orient the paper in landscape or portrait to suit your own needs. It just defines that one of the dimensions is "so much", and the other is a second figure. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:12, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Considering there is no difference in mathematics or programming (different programs use either column or row major), English language as defined by Oxford, can set the rule for consistent measurements of column major. I.e.: column by row, height by width, 297 x 210 mm. Column major also happens to be logically alphabetical, allowing for an easy mnemonic. E.g., column by row is c x r. Height by width is h x w.
 * The Concise Oxford English Dictionary uses column major by row major. E.g., A4 is 297 x 210 mm.

Now we need teachers to wave their hands to students:

for columns from top to bottom, then up slightly to the students' right, then straight down and repeat. Rather than waving their hand from left to right for columns.

for rows from students' left to right, then left and slightly down, then to the student's right and repeat. Rather than waving their hand from top to bottom for rows, which confuses the initial anchor understanding amongst students. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eiger3970 (talk • contribs) 03:53, 31 March 2015 (UTC)

See Main Page....
there is a link to the main page on the sub-section on A4, but it's not a link.

can someone who isn't a code-noob (thats me) make this work properly!

thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:24, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Formula looks broken?
I can't see the purpose of the " + 0.2 " in the formula which is described as yielding the "exact millimeter measurement" of the paper (the one with 1000/(...)) in it. Am I missing something? (I've never edited a wikipedia page before so am not about to try now :-). Neil Conway —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:33, 7 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. The 0.2 bit needs a source if it should stay. Boivie (talk) 08:09, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * After a second thought; Maybe the standard is defined by rounding down values below 0.8 mm, and round up values above that. In that case you will get the right amount by adding 0.2, and put the result in a floor-function. A source would still be nice, though. Boivie (talk) 09:47, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * It was a long time ago, but it was me who added the formulae to the page, and I recall that I had to add the 0.2 as a fudge factor to make the formulae fit the known millimetre measurements. Without it, the numbers don't match, even though the formulae are otherwise logically sound. Adding 0.5 would make more sense, since in combination with the floor brackets would round to the nearest integer in each case, but this caused as many problems as it solved.
 * 0.25 should probably be the correct fudge factor, given there are two requirements for the millimetre values: 1) Each should be an exact integer and 2) The product of consecutive values should be as close to the relevant fraction of 1m2 as possible for the paper size. Note that 1m2 = 1000000mm2 = (1000mm)2, which explains where the 1000 in the formulae comes from.
 * Since the product of consecutive values, per (2), involves the multiplication of two nearest integers, per (1), we'd have floor(x+.5)*floor(y+.5) somewhere along the way, and though the logic is shaky at this point two 0.5s multiply to become a 0.25.
 * 0.2 works because it is close enough for the finite number of paper sizes available, and I left it at that because i) it made the formulae look less unwieldy (though, as pointed out, not by much) and ii) it works for all three paper classes, A, B and C, so it justifies itself somewhat. I'll have to check the numbers, but if they work with 0.25, I'll change the formula to have 1/4 instead of 0.2, as that would look more convincing. Cyrek (talk) 16:38, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
 * This is all bogus, according to one of the references linked to in the article. The A0 dimensions are rounded to the closest integer millimeter values from 2^(1/4) meters ~= 1.89207 meters and 2^(-1/4) meters ~= .840896 meters.  That is, the long side is rounded down to 1892 millimeters and the short side up to 841 millimeters.  The values for smaller paper sizes are gotten by dividing these integer values repeatedly by 2 and always rounding down.  There is no need of a fudge factor, whether of .2 or .25.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:40, 10 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I didn't make the formula but I understand why. I tried recreating the A serie table in excel and couldn't do it simply. Let say you calculate the EXACT (not rounded) A0, it gives 840.90 x 1189.21. To get the A1, you divide 1189.21 by 2, giving 594.60. If you round it, you get 595 which is no what the wikipedia table say. What I THINK happen is that they round A0 before calculating A1, and then round A1 with the round half down tie-breaking method (see the wikipedia article on rounding for details). That gives A0 1189, divided by 2 = 594.5, rounded DOWN to 594. This method works for ALL formats that are a division from a previous format (B1 to B10, C1 to C10). If you want to calculate B0, you can start with a width of 1000mm directly or do the geometric mean of the exact value of A0 (840.90 x 1189.21). For C0, I used the geometric mean of the rounded value of A0 and B0. If you have followed until now, this mean that in order to calculate A10 without fudge factor, you need to calculate A0, round it, calculate A1, round it, calculate A2, round it, etc... NOW. For the fudge value itself. If you compare the exact values from A0 to A10 with the ones from the wikipedia table, ONE TIME you would need to round up a value by an amount of 0.1, and the rest of the time you will need to round down by a value ranging from 0.11 up to 0.65. The fudge value bring those 0.65 values below the normal 0.49999 range that is properly rounded down by most software. Here's an added bonus, my formula for calculating the short and long side in excel, if the A1 cell contain the A-paper-size (0 to 10):

Short: =(1000 * SQRT(1/SQRT(2)) / (SQRT(2)^A1)) - 0.2

Long: =(1000 * SQRT(1/SQRT(2)) * SQRT(2) / (SQRT(2)^A1)) - 0.2

— Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:09, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

It is not clear precisely how ISO 216 defines smaller paper sizes.

A0 paper is defined as having 1 m^2 area, and an aspect ratio of the square root of 2.

y * x = 1000000 mm,       y / x = root(2)

y * x = 1000000 mm,       y = root(2) * x

root(2) * x * x = 1000000 mm

root(2) * x ^ 2 = 1000000 mm

x^2 = ( 1000000 mm / root(2) )

x = root( 1000000 mm / root(2) ) ==============> Precise definition of A0 width

x =<PHONE_NUMBER>5371454303112547623321 mm

---

y * x = 1000000 mm,        y / x = root(2)

y * x = 1000000 mm,       x = y / root(2)

y * ( y / root(2) ) = 1000000 mm

y^2 / root(2) = 1000000 mm

y^2 = 1000000 mm * root(2)

y = root( 1000000 mm * root(2) ) ==============> Precise definition of A0 height

y = 1189.2071150027210667174999705605 mm

Other A sizes are divisions of these A0 definitions.

_____________________________________________________

SO: If we start with A0 at 1 square meter by definition (1,000,000 mm^2) with an aspect ratio of 1:SquareRoot(2).

Do we find successively smaller A(n) sizes by

dividing the base A0 area ( 1,000,000 m^2 ) by 2^n and rounding >=0.5 up & <0.5 down,

or

dividing the larger dimension of the A(n-1) paper size by 2 and always rounding down to the nearest mm.

It seems the first method is more precise and does not require any recursion, but what does the ISO Standard actually specify?

The table of sizes indicates the bad 2nd method. If the Base A0 Area method is the correct one, we need to alter the article's table. Ace Frahm (talk) 16:30, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

Summing up regarding formulas and definitions:

NisJørgensen (talk) 16:22, 19 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The formulas given for the actual sizes are CORRECT, but appear to be original research. This is not how the sizes are defined in the standard, according to [4]. I will change the wording to make this obvious.
 * It is possible to derive a formula from the standard. This too would be WP:OR.
 * It might be possible to prove that the formulas given are equivalent to the standard. This too would be WP:OR
 * The text should present the actual definitions and sizes, as well as the "theoretical" relation between them. Care should be taken whenever the word "rounded" is used in the text. I will try to do this as well.

A00 paper?
Why not mention of A00 paper? It is in common use in draughting offices.

 * Sooo... how big is that? Presumably 2x the A0 size, so 1682 x 1189?

Also, the C sizes are not covered by ISO 216 and should only be referenced from these page. No detailed description necessary. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:22, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Thickness
How thick/thin is A4 paper - 1mm/1μm/1nm/1pm?

Materials
Are material properties the only contraints for paper thinness?

Tools
Is there any special pen/ink to write on thinner papers?

Laws
Is there any minimum limit on thinness of paper to be accepted as evidence in a court of law?Anwar (talk) 09:15, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

 * What a bizarre set of questions. I'm afraid I can't give any answer for the law court thing, but for the rest, a braindump: For thinner paper I guess you'd use an oil-based ink (ie a Bic ballpoint rather than a fountain pen) and ultimately a soft pencil and a very gentle touch both to avoid the marks passing all the way through, or even tearing it. There's no defined thickness as far as I know in the ISO standards - these are simply measurements of 2D area / dimensions (width x height - thickness is far less important and easier to account for when designing a poster - or a printer - for example). How thick your paper is, and indeed even what it's made out of, pretty much depends on its intended use, and how much you're willing to pay. Thicker stuff made from better materials (e.g. with some parchment linen in the mix, less destructive bleaches, watermarks, inkjet compatible coatings) tends to cost disproportionately more. Also a paper grade tends to be measured more in terms of its density (in grammes per square metre for a single sheet) rather than its true thickness, as the latter can be fairly variable across the page (as its made up of lots of not 100% uniformly fitting fibres) and isn't that good an indicator of the ultimate quality or even the difficulty in transporting and in using the stuff (feeding it thru a printer or folding up to post in an envelope, say). General writing paper, such as in a student's A4 notepad, tends to be relatively thin, under 80gsm (50gsm or less?), and I'd estimate the thickness of a typical page around 100 microns (100um, or 0.1mm)... just enough to allow you to legibly write on both sides with a ballpoint, or a lightly applied fibretip/fountain pen. Typical printer paper is about 80 to 100gsm (for types that let you fit all of a 500-sheet ream into a laser printer bin), and premium writing or printer paper can go as high as 160gsm (typically the highest a mainstream printer allows, and sometimes you have to manually set a certain lever for it to fit - with settings for sub-100, 100-160gsm paper, and envelopes). You can test these figures for yourself better than I can thought-exercise them though... grab a set of scales and a ruler, and a known quantity of the material in question, and set-to. EG a 100 page writing pad (should measure about 1cm high with a moderate weight on top to squeeze out air from between the pages (100um x 100), and weigh about 500g --- 1 sq m for A0 = 1/16 sq m for A4, multiply by 80 and again by 100), or a 500-page ream of A3 printer paper (6.25kg for 100gsm, and maybe 6.25cm high industrially compressed into its packet). Have fun, hope this helps. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:01, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Oops. Missed a bit. I don't know what you mean by the material properties being the only constraints on paper thickness, but at a guess .... yes, they are at least the main ones. Given what materials we have available to make paper & similar products from, there's a particular range of thicknesses that are useful for certain things for each type. EG parchment is very thick, but so brittle that it couldn't sensibly be much thinner, and you wouldn't dare fold it (hence, scrolls as storage). Normal mass produced paper is conversely pretty thin because of its more flexible nature, making it quite a bit more useful and versatile... in some cases it's made about as thin as it usefully can be (I've owned notepads where you could only sensibly write on one side ... with a pencil... and below that even we have tracing paper, tissue paper, etc). However it tends to be pretty absorbent, so for some uses like writing with a water-based ink pen or inkjet printing, better stuff has be used, and the addition of e.g. linen to the mix (letter writing paper) or special coatings (inkjets) makes it a bit thicker, stiffer (which can cause problems with some equipment or envelopes), and more expensive. Then there's poster card, projector transparencies (actually pieces of acetate plastic, but still using the ISO sizes), etc, which tend to be sold at the general 160gsm max for home/office machine use --- which is another definite constraint, as the mechanisms and sheer physical size of a device can only cope with a certain thickness and stiffness of substrate before they start pushing into industrial size/cost/etc territory --- or thicker for manual use only. Then onwards to actual cardboard and corrugated card, etc, which is a whole other area but still technically speaking really thick, strong paper that requires specialist printing (and cutting) techniques.
 * And that's about the limits of my knowledge so far as paper is concerned, from a quarter century lifetime of working and playing with the stuff to a minor-moderate extent (lots of printing, cutting, folding, and occasional administering because of schoolwork and then certain jobs). Why so interested? :D <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:10, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Suggest merge of Duplicate pages
This page and the Paper size page appear to have the same purpose / function and contain much of the same information. I suggest they be merged. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:45, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

out of interest - A/B/C 8,9,10 sizes?
Anyone actually ever seen one of these up close? Unless they're used for defining the size of raffle tickets and the like, I can't see much call for anything under A8... Particularly not the envelopes! (I think I bought a novelty A8-ish size set of christmas cards with envelopes once - they fit ok, but were a bit fiddly to write and I wouldn't dreamt of trying to post them; A10 is almost stamp sized! Also I have an A7 notebook I bought because I spotted it going cheap in a trinket shop when on a trip and it had a nice design ... it proved to be very difficult to actually use! A6 is a lot more common (file cards, shorthand notebooks etc).

Not complaining or asking for removal, I'm just interested to hear if anyone actually uses such things in daily life or industry. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:23, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I like having a stack of A7 heavy index cards around, useful for all sorts of things :) I don't really use any smaller sizes, but sometimes I cut one in half (for whatever reason), and then I know to call it A8, by definition :) Certainly I could cut it further, but at some point you've got to wonder if it's still useful to call them Ax anything, or to just quote the exact measurements in mm.
 * I'd also be interested to hear if anyone has stories about using the smallest sizes.

add brief explanation of DL envelope?
...or is this explained on its own page somewhere (to which we should link)?

I know what it is - wide and high enough that a piece of A4 folded into 3 along its long edge will fit neatly inside, typically for short missives with a max of about five pages... e.g. restaurant menus or other landscape type promo material, or a portrait letter / invoice / etc, typically with part of the letterhead (containing the recipient's name, mailing address and any other immediately relevant info) then being visible through a clear plastic window on the front, and the main content safely folded away on the other 2/3rds and not able to be shaken into view. But there's not even a short expo like that, and I'm not sure immediately where to or whether to include it <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:30, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Envelope sizes
Isn't the B-sizes generally used for envelopes? I vaguely remember using a B4-envelope to mail forms that shouldn't be folded, and B5-envelopes for "normal" folded letters written on A4-sheets. Should this be mentioned? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:02, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

If you put DL into the wikipedia search box, there is an entry for "Dimension Lengthwise" which directs you back to this page. Although there is no discussion on this page, DL is mentioned as the final entry into the C series table at the top of page. As the C series is for envelopes, this seems logical. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:17, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

History of Adoption?
The article mentions the publication of DIN 216 in Germany in 1922, but can anyone address the history of the adoption of these standard sizes of papers in the various countries of Europe. It would be particularly interesting to discuss when the UK went over to this metric standard. --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 22:36, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Also, does anybody know which countries DON'T use it? The only country where I noticed that the paper is weird is the USA. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:14, 19 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I second this request. I have heard older people in the UK talking about foolscap and so on, but I'm not sure when they stopped using it. Someone reading this will know and be able to remember if there was a prolonged changeover period when you might get a stack of different-sized papers or something. A4 is ubiquitous now except for special purposes. Beorhtwulf (talk) 22:15, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * There was a gradual changeover in the UK in the mid and late 60s. This was an era before computer printers so the transition was easy. If the US had transitioned at that time then we would have a global standard now. When I was 16 and starting my A levels in 1971, all the writing pads were A4 or A5 and the old foolscap standards had almost disappeared. --Ef80 (talk) 22:19, 17 March 2016 (UTC)
 * In 1974 I had to re-type my dissertation at university when they changed the format for final submission from quarto to A4 after I'd already typed 20,000 of my 25,000 words. A lot of extra work in the days before word processing!!  Even more annoying was that I (and the other students doing the same work) had experienced problems actually finding quarto as we all were using A4 by then! DickyP (talk) 08:35, 7 April 2020 (UTC)

Wha4 the A4?
This is a pretty good article, but like a lot of articles it forgets to give the quintessential piece of info, in this case, WHY did everyone except the US move to this system? I did a kind of O & M course a few years back, and the tutor said that the wonderful thing about this system is that you can cut a single piece of paper 1 square metre into any combination of A sizes and not waste a single square centimetre! This is kind of evident in the diagrams shown but it is not explicitly referred to. The other - even more fantastic thing - is that you can magnify (say) an A5 sheet on a Xerox, and the resulting A4 printout has EXACTLY the same proportions as the original A5 sheet! And draftsmen can purchase special sets of pens to use on these pages. The thickness of the lines the pens draw are calibrated to the different sizes of these sheets. So you can draw lines on an A4 sheet using the pen intended for that sheet size, then put that sheet on a Xerox and print a smaller version of your draft work on an A5 sheet. The picture will have exactly the same proportions as the bigger one. Then you can take a different pen (the one having a finer line and designed to work on A5 sheets ) and continue with your work. And so on for all sizes, magnifying up or reducing down. Try that with magnifying or reducing between quarto and foolscap!

I was around when Austalia converted from foolscap to A4 as the standard office size. I remember that at the beginning we all thought that the A4 sheet was absurdly short. Now, when I find some old document amongst my trivia and nostalgia items, I think, this looks like some medieval scroll. Actually, the article really needs some reference to the old imperial standards to round it out.

Btw, I am not a mathematician, but I gather that these A4 etc ratios are NOT the same thing as the golden mean, but that they are somehow connected. Is that true? Myles325a (talk) 07:28, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Yes, if you put the sides on the same line and cut it by golden mean you get the propotion of the sides. So the propotions between the edges correspond to golden mean if im not mistaken. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:22, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

 * That isn't true. A rectangle with the golden mean has the property that the ratio between the sum of the two sides and the long side is the same as the ratio between the long side and the short side. For A4 paper etc, the ratio between twice the short side and the long side is the same as the ratio between the long side and the short side. Woscafrench (talk) 00:24, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

C Series?
What rational was there ever for developing the C series? Surely there must have been a more pressing reason than that it is "the geometric ratio between the B series and the A series"? Woscafrench (talk) 00:24, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

I think the C series is to give sizes for envelopes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:15, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Too many duplicates
The page content should be substantially reduced. No reason to have size tables twice, the nice size char for all three series is also presented twice. The specific property of "magic" aspect ratio is explained four times including the formal verification of ∀a≠0,b≠0: a/b = 2b/a ⇒ a/b = √2. Although I like formal verifications of statements, although Encyclopedic content must be verifiable, in my humble opinion, it is inappropriate present formal mathematic verifications of statements on pages like this one. If it is appropriate here, then someone should add formal explanation why weight of 1/16m2 80g/m2 paper is 5g also ...

And page should be renamed to reflect the ISO 269 formats are discussed here as well. Especially when you can ask Wikipedia for page related to ISO 269 and you will got one (different from this one). It's confusing.

To be short - to many duplications, too many unrelated information, too long, too hard to read.

 * seconded. Paul Murray (talk) 02:24, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:19, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

An+
The article doesn't explain the idea behind A0+, A1+, A2+ and A3+.--Oneiros (talk) 12:51, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I came to the article looking for this info. Really should be added by someone who knows. Kvaks (talk) 22:18, 16 March 2022 (UTC)

Merge from Lichtenberg ratio
This Lichtenberg ratio article's content is pretty much already represented here, but in case there's any more, let's merge it before deleting; OK? Dicklyon (talk) 22:47, 15 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Go ahead, be bold.--Oneiros (talk) 23:07, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * More than a year later, I finally did this. Dicklyon (talk) 06:37, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

Query - Brother advert
In the current Brother adverts on TV certainly in the UK but almost certainly airing in other markets. Brother claim that A3 is 143% bigger than A4 in a sales pitch for their A3 format copiers.

Surely as A3 is twice as big as A4 then the claim should be 100%, can anyone help with this query? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:38, 20 February 2011 (UTC)
 * (143%)² = 204% (So someone rounded up when he should have rounded down, but otherwise the number is approximately correct.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:42, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
 * A3 is about 30cm wide, A4 is 21cm wide. 30/21=1.43. So the width of A3 is about 143% of the width of A4 (actually 141% if you count millimeters). The area of an A3 is 200% of the area of an A4. So lengthwise the A3 is 41% bigger, and areawise 100% bigger. Boivie (talk) 14:47, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

B series
I understand why the C series is useful, and indeed many of the envelopes available in stationery shops are labelled in C sizes, but I can't understand what B is for and I don't believe I've ever seen it in use. Can anyone enlighten me? Beorhtwulf (talk) 22:16, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Suppose that you are a bureaucrat in some public office and you should send an A4 document to someone and also include an envelope for reply. So, you will fold the A4 once and then it is A5. Then you put it into a B5 envelope and also include a C5 envelope so that the recipient can use that C5 envelope when sending back the filled document. That is how I have seen them used. ––Nikolas Ojala (talk) 23:24, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

1:√2 vs √2:1
Aspect ratio is commonly given by the longer side first, 5:3, 3:2, 4:3, 16:9 ... Anyone a reason why not doing so in this article? NuclearEnergy (talk) 20:39, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

Im not sure √2:1 would look right and anyway, aren't 1:x ratios usually written as 1:x and not x:1? Benboy00 (talk) 09:13, 30 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Could it be that the horizontal number usually is given first, and that papers primarily are considered in the portrait orientation? Boivie (talk) 10:40, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

Scaled Photocopying
I'm not sure quite what the "Application" section means with the stuff about scaled photocopying, but the English doesn't sound quite right or coherent. I fixed this a little, but I think either a rewrite or just a deletion may be more appropriate. Benboy00 (talk) 09:14, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

 * One practical thing I'm surprised is not mentioned in this article is the fact that if you, say, have a technical drawing in the scale of 1:50 (1cm measured on the drawing represents 50cm in the actual world) on a A1 sheet, you can scale that sheet in a (pretty large!) photocopier down two sizes to A3 and get the drawing to be in 1:100.
 * I believe this is a general quality of the system, that jumping between paper sizes always renders drawings and maps in more or less sensible scales.EDIT: well, I was wrong about that.
 * This fact ties into the following section about technical pens where it is mentioned that a particular line thickness scales up or down to the next size of pen in the series.
 * I am talking here from personal experience and half-forgotten lessons long ago, but I will try and see if I can find reliable sources for all this. Hjalti Þór (talk) 11:13, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

Duplication (again)
Why does almost everything in the article appear twice? Pdfpdf (talk) 12:13, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

Contradictory on where the standard is used
The opening says that "ISO 216 specifies international standard (ISO) paper sizes used in most countries in the world today, with the United States and Canada the only two exceptions." but the history section says that "Although they have also officially adopted the ISO 216 paper format, Colombia, Mexico, The Philippines and Chile also use mostly U.S. paper sizes in ordinary usage."

In my experience, while it might be true that Chile has adopted the standard, in practice the most commonly used format is carta (letter). The Wikipedia article on Chile concurs: []. So either the opening should say ISO 216 specifies the official paper size of most countries in the world today, or if it wishes to continue specifying the paper size used, it should also mention that Colombia, Mexico, The Philippines and Chile are exceptions.

--Siker (talk) 10:20, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

I agree with Siker, in Mexico you'd be hard pressed to find a store selling A4 paper, Letter and Legal being the norm (and what the government actually uses, despite official adoption of ISO 216). — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:17, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

Diagonal Sizes
I think diagonal sizes of the standarts (A4, A5, etc.) should be given in the tables.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:00, 21 December 2015 (UTC)

Discussion of German DIN standard
Crediting Portmann for developing the German standard in the 20th century ignores the statement that France already had the current and ISO A2, A3, B3, B4, and B5 in 1798. What did Portmann actually develop? Since this material is unsourced, I am deleting it until someone comes forward with well-sourced information about what Portmann or the DIN standard contributed.—Finell 01:53, 11 May 2016 (UTC)

Formula reduction on A4 size
The change that was undone: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISO_216&diff=next&oldid=882463098

Discarding the naming convention for short/long sides, quoting the text: ...$x⁄y = y⁄x/2$, which reduces to $x⁄y = √2$... Rearranging the formula leads to: $x2 = y2⁄2$ which reduces to ${{math|1={{sfrac|x{{sup|2}}|y{{sup|2}}}} = {{sfrac|1|2}}}    =>     x⁄y = 1⁄√2  =>     y⁄x = √2}}$

meaning that the numerator and denominator in the fraction on LHS should be swapped.

Yossik ov (talk) 19:09, 9 February 2019 (UTC)

 * you rearranged the formula incorrectly. It should be:
 * which reduces to
 * — JWilk (talk) 19:11, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * — JWilk (talk) 19:11, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * — JWilk (talk) 19:11, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * — JWilk (talk) 19:11, 11 March 2021 (UTC)

Pen widths
A good-faith editor reworded an apparent recitation of the specification (using "shall"); I tried to rewrite the paragraph using encyclopedic language ("The pen widths are specified to be..."), but hit a problem. There are three (3!) references, and all are defective. We have the absurdity of a commercial organisation charging 50 Swiss francs or so to read the wording of the specification, and are left relying on various manglings. The fact that using pen nib sizes in the root(2) sequence would match the corresponding drawing scaling is an obvious, ineluctable mathematical fact that (in a rational world at least) needs no "source". But perhaps the standard actually gives specific thicknesses for lines at different drawing sizes? If so, the wording should reflect this; but no reference tells us. The metrication.com site appears to give specified line widths for A0 and A1, then claims "just use the same for A2, A3, and A4, which is nonsense. The designingbuildings.co.uk site (can't spell "its") shows ISO pens mixed in with other pens, and just mumbles about the general principle. Markus Kuhn (can spell "its") again just gives the general principle. Does anyone have access to the standard itself? Or a statement of all the facts of the stardard written in prose that is not a copyright violation? Imaginatorium (talk) 03:59, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

"C-size" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect C-size. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 23:21, 5 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:ISO 216


text:
All Relative

All Relative is a 2014 American independent romantic comedy-drama film directed by J.C. Khoury and starring Connie Nielsen.

Plot
After being rebuffed by Grace who says she's just started dating someone, Harry is seduced by older woman Maren who says she just wants sex. While he is still in bed with Maren, Maren gives him advice on how to text Grace and Grace agrees to go on a date with him. After this date, when Maren and Harry are about to have sex, Grace contacts Harry again asking for support after she broke up with her boyfriend. Harry leaves hurting Maren.

A month later Grace invites Harry to meet her parents and there Harry and Maren meet again as she is Grace's mother. After various histrionics in which Maren threatens to tell her husband about her infidelity, Harry gives advice to Phil (Maren's husband/Grace's father) helping Phil reconnect with Grace after he had an extra-marital affair. After this reconciliation, Harry also tells Maren that he plans to tell Grace he had sex with Maren. To prevent this Maren secretly sends an email to Grace from Harry's phone breaking up with her.

A week later at a party which Phil invites Harry to, Grace is very happy to see Harry. Harry confesses his love for her to Grace, and then he admits to Grace that he had sex with Maren. Phil is more amused than upset that his wife had an affair with her daughter's boyfriend. In a heart to heart talk, Maren confesses to Grace that she sent the email and tells Grace to do what makes her happy. When Harry turns up at her doorstep, Grace lets him and they have sex for the first time.

During the credits the four main characters are seen celebrating together at the parents' house.

Cast

 * Connie Nielsen as Maren
 * Jonathan Sadowski as Harry
 * Sara Paxton as Grace
 * Al Thompson as Jared

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a 10% rating based on reviews from 10 critics.

title: All Relative


text:
Deceleration parameter

The deceleration parameter $$q$$ in cosmology is a dimensionless measure of the cosmic acceleration of the expansion of space in a Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker universe. It is defined by: $$q \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ -\frac{\ddot{a} a }{\dot{a}^2}$$ where $$a$$ is the scale factor of the universe and the dots indicate derivatives by proper time. The expansion of the universe is said to be "accelerating" if $$\ddot{a} > 0$$ (recent measurements suggest it is), and in this case the deceleration parameter will be negative. The minus sign and name "deceleration parameter" are historical; at the time of definition $$\ddot{a}$$ was expected to be negative, so a minus sign was inserted in the definition to make $$q$$ positive in that case. Since the evidence for the accelerating universe in the 1998–2003 era, it is now believed that $$\ddot{a}$$ is positive therefore the present-day value $$q_0$$ is negative (though $$ q $$ was positive in the past before dark energy became dominant). In general $$ q $$ varies with cosmic time, except in a few special cosmological models; the present-day value is denoted $$q_0$$.

The Friedmann acceleration equation can be written as $$\frac{\ddot{a}}{a} =-\frac{4 \pi G}{3} \sum_i (\rho_i +\frac{3\,p_i}{c^2})= -\frac{4\pi G}{3} \sum_i \rho_i (1 + 3 w_i), $$ where the sum $$i$$ extends over the different components, matter, radiation and dark energy, $$\rho_i$$ is the equivalent mass density of each component, $$p_i$$ is its pressure, and $$w_i = p_i/(\rho_i c^2) $$ is the equation of state for each component. The value of $$w_i$$ is 0 for non-relativistic matter (baryons and dark matter), 1/3 for radiation, and −1 for a cosmological constant; for more general dark energy it may differ from −1, in which case it is denoted $$w_{DE}$$ or simply $$ w $$.

Defining the critical density as $$ \rho_{c} = \frac{3 H^2}{8 \pi G} $$ and the density parameters $$ \Omega_i \equiv \rho_i / \rho_c $$, substituting $$\rho_i = \Omega_i\,\rho_c$$ in the acceleration equation gives $$q= \frac{1}{2} \sum \Omega_i (1+3w_i) = \Omega_\text{rad}(z) +\frac{1}{2}\Omega_m(z) + \frac{1+3w_\text{DE} }{2} \Omega_\text{DE}(z) \. $$ where the density parameters are at the relevant cosmic epoch. At the present day $$ \Omega_\text{rad} \sim 10^{-4} $$ is negligible, and if $$ w_{DE} = -1 $$ (cosmological constant) this simplifies to $$ q_0 = \frac{1}{2} \Omega_m - \Omega_\Lambda. $$ where the density parameters are present-day values; with ΩΛ + Ωm ≈ 1, and ΩΛ = 0.7 and then Ωm = 0.3, this evaluates to $$ q_0 \approx -0.55 $$ for the parameters estimated from the Planck spacecraft data. (Note that the CMB, as a high-redshift measurement, does not directly measure $$q_0$$; but its value can be inferred by fitting cosmological models to the CMB data, then calculating $$q_0$$ from the other measured parameters as above).

The time derivative of the Hubble parameter can be written in terms of the deceleration parameter: $$\frac{\dot{H}}{H^2}=-(1+q).$$

Except in the speculative case of phantom energy (which violates all the energy conditions), all postulated forms of mass-energy yield a deceleration parameter $$q \leqslant -1.$$ Thus, any non-phantom universe should have a decreasing Hubble parameter, except in the case of the distant future of a Lambda-CDM model, where $$q$$ will tend to −1 from above and the Hubble parameter will asymptote to a constant value of $$ H_0 \sqrt{\Omega_\Lambda} $$.

The above results imply that the universe would be decelerating for any cosmic fluid with equation of state $$w$$ greater than $$-\tfrac{1}{3}$$ (any fluid satisfying the strong energy condition does so, as does any form of matter present in the Standard Model, but excluding inflation). However observations of distant type Ia supernovae indicate that $$q$$ is negative; the expansion of the universe is accelerating. This is an indication that the gravitational attraction of matter, on the cosmological scale, is more than counteracted by the negative pressure of dark energy, in the form of either quintessence or a positive cosmological constant.

Before the first indications of an accelerating universe, in 1998, it was thought that the universe was dominated by matter with negligible pressure, $$w \approx 0.$$ This implied that the deceleration parameter would be equal to $$ \Omega_m/2 $$, e.g. $$ q_0 = 1/2 $$ for a universe with $$ \Omega_m = 1 $$ or $$ q_0 \sim 0.1 $$ for a low-density zero-Lambda model. The experimental effort to discriminate these cases with supernovae actually revealed negative $$ q_0 \sim -0.6 \pm 0.2 $$, evidence for cosmic acceleration, which has subsequently grown stronger.

title: Deceleration parameter


text:
HC Meshkov Brest

HC Meshkov Brest (Myashkov Brest, officially A. P. Myashkow Brest Handball Club, Брэсцкі гандбольны клуб імя Мяшкова) is a professional handball club from Brest, Belarus. They currently compete in the Belarusian First League of Handball, in the SEHA League and competed in the EHF Champions League.

The club is named in honor of Anatol Piatrovich Myashkow (Meshkov), promoter of handball in Belarus and sports enthusiast.

Accomplishments

 * Belarusian First League
 * Champion (16x): 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024.
 * Runners-up (5x): 2003, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
 * Belarusian cup
 * Champion (14x): 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2024.
 * SEHA League
 * Champion (2х): 2023, 2024.

Current squad

 * Squad for the 2024–25 season

 * Goalkeepers
 * 1 🇷🇺 Denis Zabolotin
 * 12 🇧🇾 Ivan Matskevich
 * Left Wingers
 * 14 🇧🇾 Andrei Yurynok
 * 23 🇷🇺 Maksim Salikov
 * 35 🇧🇾 Eduard Yarosh
 * Right Wingers
 * 24 🇧🇾 Maksim Baranau
 * 25 🇧🇾 Danila Viarheichyk
 * Line players
 * 8 🇲🇪 Vuk Lazović
 * 17 🇧🇾 Mikhail Zhyla
 * 22 🇧🇾 Viachaslau Shumak
 * 78 🇷🇺 Pavel Andreev

 * Left Backs
 * 5 🇲🇪 Arsenije Dragašević
 * 9 🇷🇺 Alexander Shkurinskiy
 * Central Backs
 * 10 🇧🇾 Aliaksandr Padshyvalau
 * 18 Marko Matijaševič
 * 77 🇧🇾 Valiantsin Kuran
 * Right Backs
 * 4 🇧🇾 Yahor Budzeika
 * 11 🇧🇦 Neven Stjepanovic
 * 95 🇪🇬 Youssef Ahmed Hassan

Transfers

 * Transfers for the season 2024–25

 * Joining
 * 🇷🇺 Maksim Salikov (LW) (from 🇷🇺 GK Permskie Medvedi)

 * Leaving
 * 🇧🇾 Ilya Usik (GK) to (🇭🇺 Gyöngyösi KK)''
 * 🇧🇾 Hleb Harbuz (LB) to ?
 * 🇧🇾 Aliaksei Shynkel (LB) to ?
 * 🇷🇺 Alexei Solovev (CB) to ( 🇷🇺 GK Akbuzat)''

Transfers

 * Transfers for the 2025–26 season

 * Joining

 * Leaving

Notable players

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 * 🇱🇹 Gintaras Savukynas
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 * 🇪🇸 Raúl Alonso

title: HC Meshkov Brest


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wiki Ed/University of Maryland, College Park/Child Language (Fall 2017)

Article Critique Question: Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added? Response: So I am basing this critique on the article's summary section at the very top of the article which is supposed to compact the findings, facts and assertions in the rest of the article succinctly. However, as noted in the training module, when that summary is too short, there is cause for suspicion (especially) for an article on subject matter as broad as the Poverty of the Stimulus hypothesis. As for the dating of the cited articles, they are, by research standards, rather old, 1980, 2001, 2004, 2003 and the one recent year, 2016, has a "clarification needed" tag on it and links to University College, London's Linguistics department page (which has nothing to do with his/her jargon-saturated statement). So, yes, I would say that the information is relatively out of date, although the 1980 citation can be forgiven as it is a Chomsky citation from one of his written works and the author mentions that work in the article itself. However, the other sources are out of date (if I were to use sources from the early 2000s in 2017 for a research paper, I would face consequences for such actions). As for what could be added, the statement "Nativists claim that humans are born with a specific representational adaptation for language that both funds and limits their competence to acquire specific types of natural languages over the course of their cognitive development and linguistic maturation" is without a citation and desperately needs one. And even along with citations, additionally, add a link to the Wikipedia article about Nativism. as not every visitor to this page my be familiar with linguistic nativist arguments or the overall argument manifestation of nativism in other fields. That would be quite helpful for such a article.

Question: Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted? Response: Of the five citations made in the summary section, three are journal articles (one of which has a PDF embedded in the citation), one is a book- Chomsky's Rules and representations and the last one is the problematic link to UCL's Linguistic page which in no overt way validates the claim that " Arguments in support of poverty of stimulus are not attempting to appeal to innate principles in exchange for learning appellates of universal grammar". As for whether there is a bias, I sense a nativist, Chomskiyan bias in lieu of retort that poverty of the stimulus is a "controversial statement"- the author doesn't at least state what the counter-current theories are ALTHOUGH the articles cited for that claim do go into cunterargumentative detail. However, for the most part, the author seems to have selected materials that buoy his/her perspective

ImJustHereSoIWontGetFined (talk) 16:25, 21 September 2017 (UTC) Montaser


text:
Talk:Green Barn

Location
The geolocation of this property does not square with the driving directions given in the nomination, which place it on East Apple Blossom Drive, 0.7 mi east of Business 71. Neither that location nor the geolocation on McClure Ave show any sign of the building in satellite imagery. Its deteriorated condition in 1988 suggests it's been torn down.  Magic ♪piano 18:46, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Green Barn


text:
Druschel

Druschel is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alfred Druschel (1917–1945), German combat pilot
 * Desi Druschel (born 1976), American baseball coach
 * Peter Druschel (born 1959), German computer scientist
 * Rick Druschel (born 1952), American football player

title: Druschel


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/xuongaokhoacgiasi.com

Links

 * xuongaokhoacgiasi.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 2 additions.


text:
Talk:Akashi Motojiro

WP:MilHist Assessment
A good start; it's got a picture and an info-nav-box. Beautiful. Is there anything more that can be said here? The actual text is kind of short. LordAmeth 16:34, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, there is a LOT more that can be said. Akashi Motojiro was one of the most colorful and fascinating figures in modern Japanese military history. MChew

The Taiwan Governor and Death section is a bit politically colorful, LoL. Regarding the Kanan irrigation system, I think that's for the southern plain in Chiayi and Tainan only. There's another Taoyuan irrigation system serving the northern plains around Taoyuan. The irrigation system was first promoted by Goto Shinpei in 1901, Akashi Motojiro was just a late-comer to the project. I'm not sure where the author cited the 26,000 km distance for Kanan irrigation system? -- Adeptitus (talk) 22:24, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

correction for use of "uprising"
should in this section ;

"Narrowly escaping capture and assassination by the Ochrana several times even before the start of the war, Akashi relocated to Helsinki in late 1904. He traveled extensively to Stockholm, Warsaw, Geneva, Lisbon, Paris, Rome, Copenhagen, Zurich, and even Irkutsk. Akashi helped funnel funds and arms to selected groups of Russian anarchists, secessionists in Finland and Poland, and disaffected Moslem groups in the Crimea and Russian Turkestan.[citation needed] Akashi met with Konni Zilliacus in Stockholm as well as Lenin, then in exile in Switzerland. It is widely believed in Japan that Akashi was behind the assassination of Russian Interior Minister Vyacheslav von Plehve (whom many in Japan held responsible for the war); as well as supporting Father George Gapon, who had organized the Bloody Sunday Uprising[4] and the Potemkin Mutiny. General Yamagata Aritomo reported to Emperor Meiji that Colonel Akashi was worth "more than 10 divisions of troops in Manchuria" toward Japan winning the war.[citation needed] Akashi was promoted to colonel at age 40."

...near the end, where it says, "...as well as supporting Father George Gapon, who had organized the Bloody Sunday Uprising[4]..."

should it not not-say, uprising?

ive just spent time reading the history of both Gapon, and a few other things, and according to wikiP's own content, it was more of an APPEAL, that was treated LIKE, an uprising.

calling a appeal/protest, a uprising, is improper and misleading, as well as insulting/offensive, if not also agitatory.

REW Vurrath (talk) 04:42, 1 September 2018 (UTC)

Name is falsely romanized in this article
The correct romanization of his name is not Akashi Motojiro but Akashi Motojirō. Name should be corrected and page moved. 2003:F6:2719:EB00:E949:F50C:CD34:1D86 (talk) 23:26, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Akashi Motojiro