text:
Radiation Oncology/Pediatric Hodgkin's

Epidemiology

 * Childhood HD occurs at age 4-14 years
 * Male predominance 4:1
 * Associated with decreasing socio-economic status and increasing family size
 * Young adult HD occurs at age 15-30 years
 * Equal male/female incidence
 * Associated with increasing socio-economic status and decreasing family size

Pathology

 * Clonal expansion of a single transformed B-cell
 * Two separate phenotypes:
 * Classical HD : has Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells; CD30+, J chain-
 * Lymphocyte predominant : has Lymphocytic and Histiocytic (L&H) cells; CD30-, J chain+, CD20+, CD15-
 * Strong association with EBV, particularly in young children and developing countries
 * Association with congenital (AT) and acquired (HIV) immunodeficiency

Staging

 * Uses standard Ann Arbor system
 * Location
 * 80% cervical lymphadenopathy
 * 75% mediastinal involvement in >10 year olds but 33% mediastinal involvement in <10 year olds
 * Isolated infradiaphragmatic disease is rare (<5%)
 * Stage I-II 60%, Stage III-IV 40%
 * B-symptoms: <10 year olds 20%, >10 year olds ~30%

Treatment

 * Goal of risk-adapted therapy is to define least amount of therapy with the fewest long-term complications; controversy remains about the minimal required therapy:
 * Prevent impairment of skeletal and soft tissue growth after high dose EFRT
 * Decrease risk of AML and infertility after high doses of alkylating agents (MOPP)
 * Decrease risk of CAD after treatment after thoracic RT and anthracyclines
 * Decrease risk of pulmonary fibrosis after thoracic RT and bleomycin
 * Eliminate life-threatening consequences of splenectomy from surgical staging
 * Decrease risk of breast cancer and secondary solid tumors after IFRT
 * Initial treatment in 1960's was high-dose RT alone to 40 Gy EFRT modeled after adult treatment; 5-year DFS was 60-80% in pathologically staged children with early-stage disease
 * Concerns about skeletal and soft tissue dysfunction, and resulting growth impairment, led to evaluation of multiple cycles of chemotherapy replacing a portion of RT. Addition of MOPP allowed Stanford investigators to lower RT dose to 15-25 Gy in 1970's, with OS and EFS at 10 years ~90% for the entire cohort
 * ABVD was tried to mitigate some of MOPP toxicity, particularly reducing risk of sterility and second malignancy.
 * Reports showed that MOPP + ABVD and ABVD + RT were better than MOPP alone or MOPP + RT
 * As a result, CCG 521 was undertaken, and demonstrated that ABVD x 6 cycles + low-dose 21 Gy EFRT is comparable to ABVD/MOPP x12 cycles. MOPP (and its toxicity) could be eliminated from first line therapy
 * Meanwhile, another Stanford series demonstrated good outcomes in patients with bulky disease with dose intensified MOPP/ABVE (Stanford V) and 36 Gy RT. However, there are concerns about combining alkylating agents and high-dose RT for delayed toxicity of treatment
 * Pediatric Oncology Group developed a series of trials around ABVD. In POG 9425, patients with advanced disease were treated on risk-adapted ABVE-PC protocol with IFRT 21 Gy. In POG 9426, patients were treated on DBVE with IFRT. Both studies are maturing.
 * POG and CCG also performed trials attempting to eliminate RT altogether. POG 8725 compared MOPP/ABVD x8 cycles with and without low dose TNI/sub-TNI in advanced patients. There was no benefit for RT. However, the chemo regimen used included significant doses, and which are concerning for long-term toxicity (gonadal, cardiac, secondary leukemias)
 * CCG 5942 attempted to eliminate RT in patients who had complete response to 4 cycles of COPP/ABV. The study was closed early, after demonstrating benefit of RT in all patients subgroups. However, the benefit is likely to be smaller compared to toxicity in low risk patients, and higher compared to toxicity in high risk patients
 * Similarly, a European trial GPOH-HD 95 showed that elimination of RT is not advisable for intermediate and advanced stages, but is possible in patients with early stage and good response to chemotherapy.
 * The conclusions thus far appear to be 1) low-dose RT may be omitted, but appears to require excessive chemotherapy to compensate, and 2) patient subgroups for whom RT may be safely omitted with reasonable chemotherapy have not yet been well defined. Low disease burden and early response to treatment may be prognostic factors, which may allow elimination of RT
 * to be continued ...

Low Risk

 * Typically Stage I-IIA, non-bulky, no extranodal disease, <3 sites
 * 10-year EFS ~90%, OS 96%

 * COG AHOD-0431 (Ongoing) - "A Phase III Study for the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Newly Diagnosed Low Risk Hodgkin Disease"
 * Prospective single arm. Children with low risk disease (IA-IIA, nonbulky, non-B). Treated with response directed therapy. Initially AVPC x 3 cycles. If CR, then no RT and salvage as per protocol. If PR, then IFRT 21/14 to disease involved at presentation. For mediastinum, modified mantle.

 * POG 9426 (Completed 10/2004)
 * Prospective. Children with low risk disease (IA, IIA, IIIA1 (spleen, celiac, portal nodes), nonbulky, non-B). Treated with DBVE x2 cycles. If CR, then IFRT 25.5/17. If PR, then DBVE x2 more courses, followed by IFRT 25.5/17. RT to disease involved at presentation.

 * Stanford, 2007 PMID 17235049 -- "Final results of a prospective clinical trial with VAMP and low-dose involved-field radiation for children with low-risk Hodgkin's disease." (Donaldson SS, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jan 20;25(3):332-7.)
 * Prospective. 110 children, low risk (Stage I-II, mediastinal mass <1/3 diameter, no extranodal disease, peripheral LN <6cm). Treated with VAMP x4 cycles and low-dose IFRT (15 Gy if CR, 25.5 Gy if PR). Median F/U 9.6 years
 * 10-year outcome: OS 96%, EFS 89%; Favorable factors: early CR, absence of B-symptoms, lymphocyte predominant, <3 initial sites of disease
 * Toxicity: correctable hypothyroidism 42%, 1 patient cardiac dysfunction, 2 malignant tumors (1 thyroid CA within RT field, 1 Ewings outside RT field). 17 healthy babies born to 106 survivors
 * Conclusion: Risk-adapted strategy effective and well tolerated, without alkylating agents, bleomycin, etoposide, or high-dose EFRT. Children expected to retain normal fertility, organ function, and low risk of second tumors

Unfavorable

 * Typically:
 * Stage I-II with bulky disease, or extranodal, or with B-symptoms
 * Stage III-IV disease
 * 5-year EFS 70-90%, OS ~85%

 * COG AHOD0031 (Ongoing)
 * Intermediate disease (I-II bulky or extranodal or B-symptoms, all III, IVA, IVAE). ABVE-PC x2 cycles, followed by response evaluation. Early responders with CR randomized to +/- IFRT, if PR receive IFRT. Late responders randomized to ABVE-PC x2 cycles + IFRT 21/14 (standard arm) vs. DECA + ABVE x2 cycles + IFRT 21/14 (augmented arm). Goal of the study is to see if some patient (early CR) may not need IFRT, and if some patients (late CR) may benefit from additional chemo dose escalation and IRFT.

 * POG 9425
 * 216 patients. Intermediate (IIA/IIIA, bulky) or high stage (IIB, IIIB, IV). DBVE-PC and using early response to limit cumulative therapy. Everyone IFRT 21/14 (Stage II: mantle only, Stage III-IV subtotal/total NI). Randomized to +/- dexrazoxane for cardiopulmonary protection
 * 2002 ASCO Abstract - "POG 9425: response-based, intensively timed therapy for intermediate/high stage (IS/HS) pediatric Hodgkin's disease" (Schwartz CL, Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21: 2002 (abstr 1555)
 * 2-year outcomes: EFS 88% (IS 86%, HS 89%)
 * Conclusion: Thus far, 63% required only 9 weeks of chemo, followed by RT. This may reduce long-term toxicity
 * Dexrazoxane, 2007 PMID 17290056 -- "Dexrazoxane-associated risk for acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome and other secondary malignancies in pediatric Hodgkin's disease." (Tebbi CK, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Feb 10;25(5):493-500.)
 * Studies POG 9425 and POG 9426 randomized patients to DRZ (n=239) or no DRZ (n=239) concomitant with chemo as a cardiopulmonary protectant
 * 4-year second malignancies: DRZ 3.4% vs. no DRZ 0.8% (p=0.06)
 * Conclusion: DRZ is a Topo-II inhibitor; adding it may have increased incidence of 2nd malignancy and AML/myelodysplasia

 * US Multi-institutional (1993-2000)
 * Prospective. 4 institutions (St. Jude's, Stanford, DFCI, Maine). 159 children with unfavorable HD (52% Stage III-IV, or 48% Stage I-II with bulky disease or with B-symptoms). Treated with VAMP/COP x6 cycles, followed by IFRT (15/10 Gy if CR, 25.5/17 Gy if PR after 2 cycles). RT given to standardized treatment volumes.
 * Closed early after 5-year EFS was below expected
 * 2004 PMID 15542805 -- "Risk-adapted, combined-modality therapy with VAMP/COP and response-based, involved-field radiation for unfavorable pediatric Hodgkin's disease." (Hudson MM, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Nov 15;22(22):4541-50.) Median F/U 5.8 years
 * 5-year outcomes: EFS 76%, OS 93%
 * Conclusion: Risk-adapted VAMP/COP and response-based IFRT unsatisfactory

 * POG 8725 (1987-1992)
 * Randomized. 183 patients protocol, 161 in CR randomized. Stage IIB-IV. 77% NS, 50% bulky mediastinum, 37% Stage IV. MOPP/ABVD x8 cycles +/- 21 Gy in 1.5 Gy/fx.
 * RT 9/80 patients major protocol violation. If pelvic disease, TNI; if no disease below aortic bifurcation, sub-TNI (mantle, spleen, PA). Lymphoid tissue 21 Gy, nonlymphoid tissue 10.5 Gy
 * 1997 PMID 9256118 - "Randomized study of intensive MOPP-ABVD with or without low-dose total-nodal radiation therapy in the treatment of stages IIB, IIIA2, IIIB, and IV Hodgkin's disease in pediatric patients: a Pediatric Oncology Group study." (Weiner MA, J Clin Oncol. 1997 Aug;15(8):2769-79.)
 * 5-year outcomes: EFS RT+ 79% vs. RT- 80% (NS), OS 87% vs. 96% (NS)
 * Conclusion: No advantage to RT
 * 2008 PMID 18406943 -- "Processes for quality improvements in radiation oncology clinical trials." (FitzGerald TJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;71(1 Suppl):S76-9.)
 * Quality assurance review
 * Outcome: 5-year RFS chemo alone 85% vs RT with deviations in volume 86% vs RT appropriate volume 96%
 * Conclusion: RT delivered according to protocol showed 10% relapse-free survival advantage, while RT delivered with deviations was no better than chemo alone

 * CCG 521 (1986-1990)
 * Randomized. 111 patients, Stage III-IV. Treated with MOPP/ABVD x12 cycles vs. ABVD x6 cycles + EFRT 21 Gy in 1.75 Gy/fx. If lung, used 10.5 Gy with 50% transmission blocks. If residual disease, boost 14 Gy for total 35 Gy
 * 1998 PMID 9508171 -- "MOPP or radiation in addition to ABVD in the treatment of pathologically staged advanced Hodgkin's disease in children: results of the Children's Cancer Group Phase III Trial." (Hutchinson RJ, J Clin Oncol. 1998 Mar;16(3):897-906.)
 * 4-year outcomes: EFS: MOPP/ABVD 77% vs. ABVD/EFRT 87% (p=0.09), OS 84% vs. 90% (NS)
 * Outcomes by stage: Stage III 11% relapsed, Stage IV 27% relapsed
 * Toxicity: acute mostly hematopoietic, pulmonary/cardiac modest (8 patients Grade 3-4 pulmonary toxicity, all on chemo and likely due to bleomycin)
 * Conclusion: Equivalent, MOPP can be eliminated from front-line therapy

 * NCI, 1997 PMID 9363863 -- "Alternating MOPP and ABVD chemotherapy plus mantle-field radiation therapy in patients with massive mediastinal Hodgkin's disease." (Longo DL, J Clin Oncol. 1997 Nov;15(11):3338-46.)
 * Prospective. 80 patients with bulky mediastinum. Treated with MOPP/ABVD x 6 cycles + 10 Gy mantle followed by 25-35 Gy to residual disease. Median F/U 10 years
 * 15-year outcomes: Overall CR 89%; DFS of CR 78%, OS of CR 75%
 * By Stage: I-II: DFS 76% OS 79%; III-IV DFS 82%, OS 64%
 * Toxicity: pneumonitis 16% (1 fatal). 2 patients solid tumors within RT fields. Fertility preserved more with MOPP/ABVD than MOPP alone; less cardiopulmonary toxicity than ABVD
 * Conclusion: MOPP/ABVD followed by mantle RT effective for bulky mediastinum

 * Stanford, 1996 (1989-1995) PMID 8836420 -- "Brief chemotherapy (Stanford V) and adjuvant radiotherapy for bulky or advanced Hodgkin's disease: an update." (Horning SJ, Ann Oncol. 1996;7 Suppl 4:105-8.)
 * Prospective. 94 patients. Bulky or Stage III/IV received Stanford V regimen x3 months +/- 36 Gy RT. Median F/U 3 years
 * Outcome: EFS 89%, OS 93%
 * Conclusion: Well tolerated and highly effective, with lower cumulative doses of alkylating agents and RT

 * Harvard, 1978 (1969-1974) PMID 698907 -- "The significance of mediastinal involvement in early stage Hodgkin's disease." (Mauch P, Cancer. 1978 Sep;42(3):1039-45.)
 * Retrospective. 111 consecutive surgically-staged IA/IIA patients. RT 36-44 Gy mantle + PA/splenic regions. Median F/U 4.7 years
 * Outcome: 14 patients (13%) relapsed, 3 (3%) died of treatment-related causes (MI x2, pneumonitis x1). Bulky mediastinum significant risk for relapse: 65% (9/18) vs. 5% (5/93) (SS)
 * Conclusion: recommend addition of MOPP to RT

All risk groups

 * GPOH-HD 95 Multi-national (1995-2001)
 * Prospective. 1018 children. Risk-adapted chemo OPPA/OEPA (Stage I-IIA 2 cycles, Stage IIEA, IIB, IIIA 4 cycles, Stage IIEB, IIIAE, IIIB, IV 6 cycles). If CR, no RT (22%); otherwise RT to involved sites if >75% PR received 20 Gy; if <75% PR received 30 Gy; if >50ml residual received 35 Gy)
 * 2004 ASTRO 2004 Abstract, Video:ASTRO Plenary Session — "The German Multinational GPOH-HD 95 trial: treatment results and analysis of failures in pediatric Hodgkin's Disease using combination chemotherapy with and without radiation." Ruhl et al.
 * 2003 PMID 12838937 -- "Preliminary results of the multicenter trial GPOH-HD 95 for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease in children and adolescents: analysis and outlook." (Dorffel W, Klin Padiatr. 2003 May-Jun;215(3):139-45.)
 * Early (I-IIA): DFS 96%; no difference between RT and no RT
 * Intermediate (IIEA, IIB, IIIA): DFS better with RT 92% vs. 78%
 * Advanced (IIEA-IV): DFS better with RT 91% vs. 79%. No difference in OS
 * Conclusion: Reduction in RT to 20 Gy possible with good response. Omission of RT possible only for early stage (TG1); intermediate/advanced stage needs RT for better DFS

 * CCG 5942 (1995-1998)
 * 829 patients enrolled, 501 patients with CR randomized to +/- IFRT 21 Gy. Risk-adapted chemotherapy (26% Stage I-II low risk, 47% Stage I-II high risk/Stage III, 17% Stage IV). RT given 21 Gy in 12 fxs to IF, if pulmonary involvement 10.5 Gy in 12 fxs to whole lung
 * Study closed prematurely because of inferior EFS in no RT arm
 * 3-years, 2002 PMID 12228196 - "Randomized comparison of low-dose involved-field radiotherapy and no radiotherapy for children with Hodgkin's disease who achieve a complete response to chemotherapy." (Nachman JB, J Clin Oncol. 2002 Sep 15;20(18):3765-71.)
 * 3-year EFS: as-randomized RT 92% vs. no RT 87% (p=0.057), as-treated 93% vs. 85% (p=0.002). No survival difference
 * Group 1: 100% vs. 85% (survival 100%); Group 2: 88% vs. 83% (survival 95%-100%); Group 3: 91% vs. 79% (survival 100%-93%)
 * Patterns of failure: no RT - 85% in previously known disease; IFRT - 58% in-field, 25% in- and out-of-field
 * Conclusion: no RT worsened EFS even in low-risk (Group 1) patients after 4 cycles of chemo; study closed early

 * Stanford, 1987 PMID 3572464 -- "Combined modality treatment with low-dose radiation and MOPP chemotherapy for children with Hodgkin's disease." (Donaldson SS, J Clin Oncol. 1987 May;5(5):742-9.)
 * Prospective. 55 children treated with MOPP x6 cycles and strict IFRT to 15 Gy / 20 Gy / 25 Gy depending on bone age, in order to decrease long-term toxicity. Boost if initially bulky disease or not CT after chemo. Median F/U 7.5 years
 * Outcomes: EFS 90%, OS 89% up to 15-years out. Relapse in bulky sites, despite RT 25-35 Gy
 * Toxicity: no growth alterations. 3 children with acute leukemia
 * Conclusion: Basis for ongoing chemo + low-dose IFRT protocols

 * Milan, 1987 PMID 2433409 -- "Long-term results of combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy approach in Hodgkin's disease: superiority of ABVD plus radiotherapy versus MOPP plus radiotherapy." (Santoro A, J Clin Oncol. 1987 Jan;5(1):27-37.)
 * Randomized. 232 patients. Stage IIB, IIIA-B. Treated with MOPP + EFRT vs. ABVD + EFRT
 * 7-year outcomes: EFS ABVD 88% vs. MOPP 77% (p=0.06), OS 77% vs. 68% (SS)
 * Toxicity: gonadal dysfunction and acute leukemia with MOPP, no difference in cardiopulmonary toxicity
 * Conclusion: ABVD + EFRT valid alternative to MOPP + EFRT, with less toxicity

 * Milan, 1982 (Italy) PMID 6174865 -- "Alternating drug combinations in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease." (Santoro A, N Engl J Med. 1982 Apr 1;306(13):770-5.)
 * Randomized. 75 patients with Stage IV HD, treated with MOPP vs. MOPP/ABVD
 * 5-year outcome: CR in 71% MOPP vs. 92% MOPP/ABVD (SS); EFS 54% vs. 84% (SS)
 * Conclusion: MOPP/ABVD better than MOPP alone

 * Stanford, 1976 (1962-1972) PMID 1260726 -- "Pediatric hodgkin's disease. II. Results of therapy." (Donaldson SS, Cancer. 1976 May;37(5):2436-47.)
 * Retrospective. 79 children. Aggressive treatment with RT and MOPP.
 * Conclusion: Combination effective, propose low-dose RT with MOPP

RT Technique

 * International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group
 * Practice Guideline; 2015 PMID 25413415 -- "Implementation of contemporary radiation therapy planning concepts for pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma: Guidelines from the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group." (Hodgson DC, Pract Radiat Oncol. 2015 Mar-Apr;5(2):85-92. doi: 10.1016/j.prro.2014.05.003. Epub 2014 Jul 9.)
 * 3D treatment volume definitions
 * Boost volume definitions
 * Organs at risk dose constraints

 * Justification for 21 Gy dose used in CCG-521
 * PMID 5947345 -- "Evidence for a tumoricidal dose level in the radiotherapy of Hodgkin's disease." (Kaplan HS, Cancer Res. 1966 Jun;26(6):1221-4.)
 * HD recurs in-field as a function of dose; approaches zero at ~40 Gy delivered at 10 Gy/week
 * PMID 4652410 -- "Theoretical considerations in combinations of localized and systemic therapy for neoplastic diseases." (Fischer JJ, J Theor Biol. 1972 Oct;37(1):105-14.)

 * Mantle field considerations
 * Arms up - pulls axillary LNs away from lungs toward humeral heads
 * Arms down (akimbo) - leaves axillary LNs near lungs, freeing up humeral heads
 * Choosing set-up position involves considerations of LNs to be treated, lung doses, and humeral head doses
 * Breast tissue should be excluded as much as possible, either out of the field or under blocks

Late Effects

 * Scandinavian second malignancy

 * Musculoskeletal: height reduction in prepubertal children after full dose
 * Cardiovascular: 45X excess mortality due to MI after full dose, concern about anthracyclines and low-dose
 * Pulmonary: pneumonitis concerns in conjuction with bleomycin (ABVD/ABVE)
 * Thyroid: hypothyroidism in 17% kids given <26 Gy vs. 78% given >26 Gy mantle
 * Gonads: pelvic radiation typically leads to infertility
 * Second malignancies: 15-year risk 8-15%

 * Stanford, 1975 PMID 813276 -- "The effects of radiation therapy on bone growth." (Probert JC, Radiology. 1975 Jan;114(1):155-62.)
 * Retrospective. 29 children treated with >35 Gy RT to spine, and 15 children treated with <25 Gy RT to spine, compared with 15,000 normal children. Standing and sitting heights
 * Growth retardation seen in children treated during active bone growth (<6 years and during puberty) in high-dose group, but not low-dose group

title: Radiation Oncology/Pediatric Hodgkin's


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Talk:Bob Relf

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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" ACID-BASE DISORDERS :
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

What are acid-base disorders?

 * Acid-Base disorders occur in the body Acid-base balance is critical for maintaining the narrow pH range that is required for various enzyme systems to function optimally in the body.4 Normal blood pH ranges from 7.3-7.4.3 Decreased pH is termed acidemia and is caused by an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions ([H+]). Increased blood pH is termed alkalemia and is caused by a decrease in the [H+].

The buffer systems that maintain this pH balance are bicarbonate, phosphates, and proteins.4 Bicarbonate is the most important extracellular buffer, while phosphates and proteins contribute mostly to intracellular acid-base balance.

In addition to buffers, the lungs and kidneys play a major role in acid-base homeostasis.1 The lungs function in ventilation and they are responsible for regulating the amount of CO2 present in plasma. The kidneys are responsible for controlling the amount of HCO3- in the blood by resorbing or excreting it in the proximal tubule.1 Abnormalities in acid-base status are classified as to whether the primary abnormality lies with the CO2 concentration or the HCO3- concentration ([HCO3-]). If CO2 is primarily affected, then a respiratory disturbance is present. If HCO3- is primarily affected, then a metabolic disturbance is present.
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Discover
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The next page

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User:Chandra sekhar nayak

Chandra Sekhar Nayak

Master in Computer Application

At- Bichitrapur

Po- Baidyarajpur

Dist- Jajpur

Pin- 755001

State- Odisha

Country- India

Phon-<PHONE_NUMBER>

title: User:Chandra sekhar nayak


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Talk:Britteny Cox

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sistemazione

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) accommodation
 * 2) settlement
 * 3) arrangement, layout
 * 4) work, employment

title: sistemazione


text:
Talk:Downtown Aquarium (Denver)

Categorization
I've place this article in both Category:Aquaria in Colorado and Category:Aquaria in the United States, even though the former is a subcategory of the latter. It is the only member of Aquaria in Colorado, so it is helpful to keep it in a the more broad Aquaria in the United States; Aquaria in Colorado is being kept as well to facilitate finding attractions by state. --Ginkgo100talk 00:43, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I disagree with listing this aquarium in both categories because it is redundant & defeats the purpose of having sub-categories. Many Aquaium fit the description listed above & there is no reason to make an exception for one.  Thanks! FieldMarine (talk) 14:11, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Ticket Prices
Does anyone happen to know how much the tickets cost?

MickeyMouseDisney 15:03, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Critiques?
I have heard, since the inauguration of the facility, that the project was well misinformed; a disappointment. And worse. Like a good % of the animals were purchased on the gray market and were kidnapped from their homes and families in the oceans.

Perhaps I am wrong, seeing no criticism yet on this important space. Or maybe the subject's research specialists will stake a claim? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:21, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

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Genealogy/LDS

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints has many, many genealogy resourcs. The church is in fact on the forefront when it comes to genealogical research, because of their beliefs in proxy, postmortem baptism and ordinances. Members of the church and those who work in the centers they run are extremely helpful to the genealogical community at large; almost every genealogist has come into contact with a member of the church one way or another.

Personal Ancestral File (PAF)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) has in the past offered a computer program for organization of genealogical records, but the program is no longer being offered or supported.

to be written: usage guide, etc.

FamilySearch.org
[FamilySearch.Net] domain was donated to the church by an individual who refused a large amount of money offered by a private interest. The church now maintains familysearch.org for the use of family history enthusiasts. The database of records on this site is derived from the Ancestral File (AF) project of the LDS Family History Department and from other sources. AF started as a collection of "4-generation" genealogical submissions from members of the LDS Church, but has grown substantially since the early 1980's when the project originally started. Many genealogy archivists and Family History Library patrons have contributed data to the collection. The total number of individuals listed in the database numbers in the millions.

The quality of the information varies considerably within the database, as both professionals and amateurs participated in the submission of data. For some individuals the data is very well documented, and links to original records can be obtained. Some data is obviously of poor quality, with perhaps incorrect genders or with the same child listed 4 or 5 times, or having other obvious errors. Another problem with this database was the method used to match up comparable records, which was done "automagically", or in other words, through a completely automated process. When matching individuals with substantial amounts of accurate information (full birth date, place information, death dates, etc.), this works fairly smoothly, but a user can sometimes spot a situation in which a family line moves from one submission to another and has been patched together.

The worst situations occur when there is a "flame war" going on between different branches of a family arguing over what the correct information should be on a common ancestor. To the credit of the Family History Library, there is a dispute resolution procedure to try and clean up messes of this nature, but it does require formal documentation in the form of birth certificates, wills, etc., that are not normally required for ordinary submissions.

If a user spots errors, there are procedures to try and clean up the database, but it is somewhat bureaucratic to get through. It is still worth doing if you are cleaning up your own family lines.

You can easily access this website and search its large database of records, and even download some of it as a GEDCOM for inclusion in whatever genealogy software you prefer that supports the GEDCOM format (it's the de facto exchange format between genealogy programs)

to be written: exploring the site, etc.

title: Genealogy/LDS


text:
Talk:Gigantosaurus

hi —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:47, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gigantosaurus


text:
User:François Robere/sandbox/Dealing with racism on Wikipedia

Dealing with racism on Wikipedia
Having edited in the topic area of World War II and Holocaust history for the past year and a half, I've come across all sorts of biases and fallacies: Żydokomuna being raised again and again; claims of Jewish economic power, of collaboration with Soviets and Nazis, and of "banditry" - "bandits" being an old phrase used to refer to Jewish partisans - raised, justified and debated - fought over - as if they were established history, rather than well-studied stereotype. And yet, despite repeated appeals over several months, the admins at the boards remained mostly silent: "content, not conduct" they said, as if the promotion of antisemitic tropes is any less their care than BLPs, HOAXes and VANDALs. For a while I wondered why they had acted this way, until it finally dawned on me: they have no idea what antisemitism really is.

Expressions of racism and prejudice are not always as obvious as wearing a pointy hat and attending a Klan meeting; racism is often expressed in much subtler and context-sensitive ways: it's dogwhistling, microagressions and structural discrimination; it's people crossing to the other side of the road when they see a black man walking towards them; it's security checkers asking a "brown" person to step aside because they look different; it's claiming welfare is there for "lazy people"; it's rating female teachers lower than male ones, regardless of the quality of their teaching; it's being talked over as if you're not there. It's assuming you must be "Patel" because you're Indian, or that you're really smart because you're Asian;; it's assuming you're staff because you're brown, or refused entry because you're black. It's picking a white person out of a pool of identical CVs, just because they're white. Racism isn't only about Jim Crow laws and institutional discrimination, it's also about ordinary people going about their daily lives without being aware of how their own perceptions and behaviors are influenced by internalized biases. Put differently: it's not about whether one "is" or "isn't" prejudiced, it's about how much.

Unless of course you're a Wikipedia admin, in which case if there's no "filthy Jew!" in the mix then there's no reason to get excited. WP:BLOCKNAZIS, the guiding essay for some of the admins, is a simplistic - not to say infantile - piece of prose, that captures none of the intricacies and subtleties of bias and prejudice in a liberal society. It is not something that can be relied upon in a massive multi-cultural project like Wikipedia, and the fact that it's espoused by some of the admins as some sort of reference is a testament to ignorance more than anything else.

But then, how would they know better? The average Wikipedia administrator is a male under 45 from a predominantly white, Christian country, who in all likelihood has no experience whatsoever of being prejudiced against; his chances of intuitively understanding the experience of those who have is close to nil, and he might even resist the question altogether. And so when applying policy on the matter, he will tend to believe in his own enlightenment, while in fact doing very little to progress equality and equity.

And so we end up with a primarily Euro- and andro-centric encyclopedia, which despite its liberal leanings (stemming from its innate pluralism) is still a place where minorities have to fight for equal representation, just as they do anywhere else. A system that is illiterate of minorities cannot achieve equity; if the WMF and the community are serious about fostering an inclusive, diverse and capable editorship, then they must educate their admins to hold themselves, and the community, to higher standards.


text:
Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 498 km

Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 498 km (Железнодорожная Казарма 498 км) is a rural locality (a station) in Bezrukavsky Selsoviet, Rubtsovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1 as of 2013. There is 1 street.

title: Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 498 km


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User:Tim Starling

Developer, see w:User:Tim Starling

User:Lobster has responded to a request to cease libel with further libel. This is directly in violation of wiki policy which states that no personal attacks are to be made.

I appologize if this is not the appropriate forum for such issues -- I could not find anything relevant.

Thank you for your time.

--Eibwen 06:25, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Tim Starling


text:
Lovett Fort-Whiteman

Lovett Huey Fort-Whiteman (3 December 1889 – 13 January 1939) was an American political activist and functionary for the Communist International (Comintern).

The first black American to attend a Comintern training school in the Soviet Union in 1924, Fort-Whiteman was later named the first national organizer of the American Negro Labor Congress, a mass organization (front group) of the Communist Party, USA. Fort-Whiteman was once called "the reddest of the blacks" by Time magazine.

Fort-Whiteman was accused of being a Trotskyist and died of malnutrition while imprisoned in a gulag in the Soviet Union.

Early years
Lovett Huey Fort-Whiteman was born in Dallas, Texas on December 3, 1889. His father, Moses Whiteman, was born into slavery in South Carolina and relocated to Texas at some time prior to 1887, where he worked as a janitor and a small scale cattle rancher. At the age of 35, Moses Whiteman married the 15-year-old Elizabeth Fort. Lovett was the first of the couple's children.

Fort-Whiteman received a better education than was common for many African-American children of the era in the Dallas public schools, attending one of the few high schools in the American South in that day open to black attendance. Following graduation from high school, Fort-Whiteman enrolled at the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, probably about 1906, from which he graduated as a machinist.

Following completion of his studies at Tuskegee, Fort-Whiteman gained admission to Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee, with a view to becoming a medical doctor, but he did not complete the course of studies at that institution.

By 1910, his father having died, Fort-Whiteman had moved with his mother and younger sister to the Harlem area of New York City, where he worked as a hotel bellman to support the family while harboring dreams of becoming a professional actor.

Mexican years
Soon abandoning his dramatic ambitions, Fort-Whiteman next spent two or three years in the Yucatán peninsula of Mexico, where he worked as an accounting clerk for a rope manufacturer, gaining fluency in the Spanish language and studying the rudiments of French.

Fort-Whiteman was deeply inspired by the Mexican Revolution which swept the Yucatán in the spring of 1915, advancing a reform program over the staunch opposition of wealthy landowners and the Roman Catholic church. He became a committed adherent to the idea of radical transformation of society through trade unions, syndicalism, as a member of an organization called Casa del Obrero Mundial (House of the World Worker, or COM). When COM attempted to further deepen the nature of the revolution by launching a strike against the new government of Yucatán, it was destroyed in the aftermath.

In 1917 Fort-Whiteman left Yucatán as a sailor bound first for Havana, Cuba before proceeding to Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. He disembarked there and made his way to the city of Montreal, adopting the pseudonym "Harry W. Fort" and discreetly reentering the United States under the guise of a railroad dining car waiter.

Radical activism in New York City
Back in New York City, Fort-Whiteman became well acquainted with leading black socialists A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen, publishers of the magazine The Messenger. He enrolled for courses at the Rand School of Social Science, a socialist school operated by the Socialist Party of America, joining the party himself. While at the Rand School Fort-Whiteman met others who would become prominent in the world radical movement in ensuing years, including Japanese émigré Sen Katayama and Otto Huiswoud, a recent transplant from British Guiana.

Picking up the pen as the new "Dramatic Editor" of The Messenger in 1918, Fort-Whiteman was among those at the epicenter of the Harlem Renaissance, a multi-sided and dynamic black cultural movement dedicated to artistic and political development of the so-called "New Negro." Fort-Whiteman even tried his hand as a writer, publishing two works of fiction in The Messenger provocatively dealing with interracial amorous relations.

Another who Fort-Whiteman met in this period was anarchist cartoonist Robert Minor, another expatriate from Texas. Minor visited Soviet Russia in 1918 where he had seen the Bolshevik Revolution at close quarters. Fort-Whiteman followed his friend into the Communist Labor Party of America shortly after the time of its formation in September 1919.

In October 1919 Fort-Whiteman was arrested in St. Louis speaking to a small gathering attended by a small handful of party members infiltrated by an informer from military intelligence. As a prominent black Communist agitator, Fort-Whiteman came under close scrutiny from the Bureau of Investigation as a "dangerous agitator." Fort-Whiteman was charged with violation of the Espionage Act for having explicitly advocated "resistance to the United States" — although Fort-Whiteman denied ever having used such a phrase in his St. Louis speech. Fort-Whiteman ultimately remained in jail for months after his arrest but seems to have escaped a lengthy prison term.

Black Communist leader
During the years 1920 through 1922 the American Communist movement eked out a covert, underground existence, with Fort-Whiteman presumably retaining party membership through the succession of mergers and splits which ensued. He reemerged in the public eye in February 1923 as a member of the editorial staff of The Messenger, although his affiliation with the Workers Party of America (WPA), a legal Communist organization established around the first day of 1922, seems to have remained an unpublicized fact. Fort-Whiteman only publicly acknowledged his Communist affiliation in January 1924 with the publication of an article in The Daily Worker, official English language newspaper of the WPA.

In February 1924 Fort-Whiteman was tapped as one of 250 delegates to the "Negro Sanhedrin," a Chicago convention dedicated to issues of concern to black members of the working class, in which the WPA played a significant organizing role through its New York-based affiliate, the African Blood Brotherhood (ABB), headed by Cyril Briggs Fort-Whiteman served as speaker for the WPA/ABB caucus and forward the organization's program, calling for an end to racial segregation in housing, binding contracts to protect tenant farmers, an end to colonialism in Africa, and US government recognition of the Soviet Union.

During the 1920s a so-called "Great Migration" of African-Americans moving from the South to urban centers of the Northern United States took place. The American Communist movement sought to capitalize upon the health and safety problems which ensued, initiating a short-lived mass organization (front group) known as the Negro Tenants Protective League to agitate for rent strikes and other forms of activity as a means of spurring change. Fort-Whiteman, by then a top leader of the Communist Party in its "Negro work," addressed the founding convention of this group in Chicago on March 31, 1924 along with other top-level Workers Party officials, including Robert Minor and Otto Huiswoud.

American Negro Labor Congress
In the spring of 1925, Fort-Whiteman joined his Workers (Communist) Party comrades Otto Hall and Otto Huiswoud as one of 17 black signatories of an official call for establishment of the American Negro Labor Congress (ANLC). Established by the Communist Party as a successor organization to the now moribund African Blood Brotherhood, the ANLC was founded by a convention of 500 men and women in Chicago late in October of that same year. Delegates attending this founding congress included substantial numbers of representatives of trade unions and sundry community organizations as well as unaffiliated working-class people rather than members of the so-called "Negro intelligentsia." In the words of one historian, the bulk of these founding delegates were "the sorts of blacks the Communists felt the NAACP and Urban League forgot."

The short-lived success of the founding convention of the ANLC was largely a product of Fort-Whiteman's initiative. Chosen as the head of the Provisional Organizing Committee of the ANLC, Fort-Whiteman had traveled across the South and Northeast speaking to countless black community groups attempting to persuade them to support in the new effort, arguing that a new organization was essential in order to "present the cause of the Negro worker." His successful organizing effort gained national notoriety for Fort-Whiteman, with the conservative Time magazine deeming Fort-Whiteman to be "the reddest of the blacks."

Move to Russia
Fort-Whiteman moved to Russia in about 1927, joining the tiny African-American community in Moscow. He lived with his wife Marina, a Jewish chemist, in a small apartment. He was a close friend of African-American journalist Homer Smith Jr. In 1928 Fort-Whiteman was a delegate to the 6th World Congress of the Communist International. He was later hired by the English-language Moscow News as a contributor and worked as a teacher at an English-language school in Moscow. He was a consulting screenwriter on the 1932 production Black and White.

Arrest and death
Early in 1937 a massive campaign of arrests and punishments of alleged spies, saboteurs, and disloyal individuals was initiated by the Soviet secret police targeting especially Communist Party members and economic leaders. Lovett Fort-Whiteman applied for permission to return home to the United States at this time – a request which was refused. Three weeks later, Fort-Whiteman was denounced for having expressed "counterrevolutionary" sentiments and on July 1, 1937 was sentenced to five years internal exile. He was first sent to Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, where he worked for a time as a teacher.

Lovett Fort-Whiteman was identified as a Trotskyist in internal CPUSA documents. A report from the mid-1930s on support for Trotsky within the party stated that "Lovett Fort-Whiteman, a Negro Comrade, showed himself for Trotsky." In a 1938 letter to Gosizdat, the CPUSA's Comintern representative Pat Toohey wrote, "Whiteman is a Trotskyist."

The terror continued to escalate into 1938 and on May 8, 1938, Fort-Whiteman's sentence was reviewed under the stricter article 58, specifically 58-2 and 58-6, of the criminal code of the Russian SFSR (for armed insurrection and espionage) and his sentence was amended to five years of hard labor in the notorious Gulag system of work camps. Fort-Whiteman was sent to Kolyma in Siberia, a particularly inhospitable part of the Soviet Far East. In Kolyma Fort-Whiteman was imprisoned in one of the camps of the Camp Department of the Southern Mining and Industrial Administration “Yuglag" "ОЛП ЮГПУ ЮГЛАГ", part of the Sevvostlag camp system run by the Dalstroy State Trust in the region surrounding Magadan. The camp department Yuglag and camps under its management it were tasked with the extraction of gold and tin ore in freezing subarctic conditions.

There the intentionally inadequate and miserable food supplied to the brutally overworked camp inmates and savage winter weather sapped Fort-Whiteman's strength and the formerly robust man's health rapidly failed. According to an acquaintance of Robert Robinson, who saw Fort-Whiteman, he was severely beaten for failure to fulfill the work norms in the camp, and was "a broken man, whose teeth had been knocked out." On January 13, 1939, Lovett Fort-Whiteman died of illness related to malnutrition. He was 49 years old. According to the death certificate filled out at the Southern Mining Administration's Yuglag hospital in Ust-Taezhny, Fort-Whiteman was most likely working at the taezhnik mine.

The hospital in the Yuglag camp "taezhnik" was also called the Orotukan hospital after the name of the neighboring village of Orotukan "Оротукан". Another accused Trotskyist, the writer Varlam Shalamov, mentioned this hospital and the prison settlement in his story "the Green Prosecutor". Shalamov recovered from severe illness and later worked in the successor to the Orotukan hospital located in the village of Debin.

Although Fort-Whiteman’s death certificate was printed on letterhead belonging to the Camp Department of the Southern Mining and Industrial Administration "ОЛП ЮГПУ ЮГЛАГ", the need to increase production of tin led to reorganizations of the Sevvostlag organization structure in October 1938 that preceded Lovett's death and led to the reorganization of Yuglag into the Southwest Mining and Industrial Administration "ОЛП ЮЗГПУ ЮГЛАГ" with its center in Ust-Utinaya "Усть-Утиная". The Southwest Mining and Industrial Administration was responsible for the operation of a complex of camps, including "taezhnik" in the village of Ust-Taezhny "Orotukan", where Lovett Fort-Whiteman died.

title: Lovett Fort-Whiteman


text:
Gust Laituri Homestead

The Gust Laituri Homestead, in Valley County, Idaho near Lake Fork, Idaho, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

It was built by 1906 by Gust Laituri, who died in 1906.

It is a Finnish Log Structure in Long Valley, Idaho. It is about 15x30 ft in plan. It is located about 3 mi northeast of Lakefork, Idaho off Pearson Road.

title: Gust Laituri Homestead


text:
Storyboard Artwork Project/Options

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #ffffa0; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" | [[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|50px]]Optional: Other storyboarding options

 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

The two parts of storyboarding:
The challenge of storyboarding is two fold:

 * Step 1 - Breaking down the scene.

 * Breaking the scene down means deciding which shots will be filmed. For each shot, you must decide the camera angle, the camera lens, the camera movement, the actor's movements. At the same time, you must decide the flow of the story from shot to shot.

 * Step 2 - Drawing the pictures.

 * Once you have made these decisions, you must draw thumbnail storyboards to communicate this information to me and the rest of our jolly crew who will work on your movie. We don't know what you are thinking unless you draw us a picture.

 * Send me your thumbnail storyboard frames.

 * When you are finished, send me your individual storyboard frames. I will create the storyboard for you.

 * Be sure to let me know what you are doing. You can email me by  Clicking Here. [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: cornsilk; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 400px;" |

Begin now!

 * Print out this worksheet and begin.
 * Just print out the Storyboard Worksheet and decide what the audience should see.

 * That is all you have to do in this lesson.

 * Note:15 minutes maximum
 * Creating the thumbnail storyboards with pencil and paper should take only 15 minutes. If you spend more than 15 minutes on that part of the lesson, you are trying too hard.  Keep it simple!

 * }

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 2px solid SaddleBrown; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

How to submit your thumbnail storyboards
You can submit your storyboards in at least four different ways.

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 400px;" rowspan="5" |

Creating the thumbnail storyboards
This is the most important and challenging lesson in the whole course. Here you make the creative decisions.

In this lesson, you create the motion picture… with pencil and paper! In this lesson, you break down the scene into individual shoots and you draw the thumbnail storyboards for all the shots.

Many filmmakers say that once you have completed the storyboards for a movie, you have completed the movie.

If you have problems... If you have problems visualizing the scene, immediately go to the next lesson which uses the fantasitic demo program, FrameForge 3D Studio.
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * Option 1 - Pencil and Paper Thumbnail Storyboards
 * Send me your individual thumbnail storyboards. (Scan the images, scan the page into your computer or mail me your thumbnail storyboards.)

 * style="width: 60%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * Option 2 - Refer to our library of storyboard frames
 * Tell me which frames you want by looking at our library of possible frames for this movie.

 * style="width: 60%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * Option 3 - Draw the thumbnail storyboards into your computer
 * Draw your frames into the computer using ArtRage2, Photoshop, or other software.

 * style="width: 60%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * Option 4 - Storyboard Artwork Project
 * Once the Storyboard Artwork Project produces stamps for Tux Paint (or other program), you will be able to quickly and easily draw your frames using the free Tux Paint.

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" FrameForge 3D Studio Demo Version
 * }
 * style="width: 40%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

 * Or just go to next lesson...
 * If you wish, you can skip all of this and go to the lesson: Create the 3D storyboard. In that lesson, you use FrameForge 3D Studio demo version to create the storyboard frames.

 * style="width: 60%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 400px;" |

Storyboard Artwork Project

 * This project turns Tux Paint into a storyboarding program for narrative filmmaking. This course shows you how to create special stamps which turn Tux Paint into a very simple storyboarding program similar to Storyboard Quick] and Storyboard Artist.

 * Tux Paint is a fun drawing program for kids. It allows kids to add pictures called "Stamps" to their artwork.  Storyboard Quick and Storyboard Artist also uses stamps to draw storyboards but, unlike Tux Paint, these programs are not free.  These special stamps are pictures of people in various poses, viewed from many different angles.  Storyboard Quick uses hand drawn pictures of people while Storyboard Artist uses 2D pictures from Poser.

 * Anyone who likes to draw figures or is learning to use Poser or DAZ Studio can participate. All you have to do is create poses of people viewed from many different angles. The first two pages of instructions are up. Click here to take a look! Then email me! Robert Elliott

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The next page

 * If you want to try creating storyboards with Art Rage FREE, go to Storyboarding with ArtRage2

 * Otherwise, you are ready to go to the course on 3D Storyboarding. [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]]

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: #EFFFEF; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" |

Your career in storyboarding
If you enjoy creating storyboarding, you can make a career of it. There are many kinds of storyboarding, not just for motion pictures. This includes storyboarding for television advertising. That's were you will make most of your money.
 * Do you like making storyboards?

Take a look at Above and Beyond Artists Agency - Film Artists:Storyboards for examples from professional storyboard artists.
 * }

title: Storyboard Artwork Project/Options


text:
1136 in Norway

Events in the year 1136 in Norway.

Incumbents

 * Monarch - Harald IV Gille and Magnus IV Sigurdsson then Sigurd II Haraldsson and Inge I Haraldsson

Events

 * 14 December – Harald IV Gille is assassinated within his sleep. Sigurd Slembe arranged for the assassination.

Deaths

 * 14 December – Harald IV Gille of Norway, King (born c.' 1103).

title: 1136 in Norway


text:
fortified wine

Noun

 * 1) A wine to which additional ethanol (an alcohol) has been added, the most common additive being brandy (a spirit distilled from wine).

Synonyms

 * (in Europe)

Translations

 * French: vin muté
 * Galician:
 * German: verstärkter Wein,
 * Italian: vino fortificato
 * Russian: креплёное вино́
 * Swedish: starkvin
 * Turkish: fortifiye şarap, güçlendirilmiş şarap

title: fortified wine


text:
Parviz Afshari

Afshari Parviz is a former Iranian diplomat, since 2015 Deputy Head of the Iranian Drug Prevention Authority and author.

Career
In 1981, he joined the Foreign Service, spent three months in the passport department, and then three months in the finance department.

Saudi-Iranian relations
Parviz Afshari was hired by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a political intern and with monthly salaries on 1981-10-10, was transferred to the First Political Bureau after six months in the Passport and Visa Office and another 6 months in the Office of General Affairs. He stayed in this position for six months and then left for a permanent mission at the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. The memoirs of his nine years at the State Department are found in his book "Ambassador Without Embassy, Lawyer Without Client", which describes his missions in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Canada, Malaysia and Kazakhstan. Afshari set out on the road to Damascus on the 1982-08-04, about a month after Khalid of Saudi Arabia died and the beginning of Fahd of Saudi Arabia's reign.

From July 1982, he was employed in the Iranian mission in Jeddah, a month earlier, on 1982-06-13, Khalid of Saudi Arabia had died and Fahd of Saudi Arabia followed him on the throne. His autobiographical reminiscences, contains a chronicle of Iranian-Saudi-Arab relations:

In 1933, Crown Prince Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz made an 8-day trip to Iran and met with Reza Shah Pahlavi. Between 1944 and 1948 diplomatic relations between the two governments were interrupted The Saudi religious police had arrested the Iranian pilgrim, Hajji Abu Talib al-Yazdi in the Grand Mosque in Mecca, accused him of throwing excrement on the Ka'bah, brought to justice, found guilty and beheaded. In 1948 diplomatic relations were resumed until 1979 with a delegation of goodwill. Ruhollah Khomeini had dialectically developed his idea of a theocracy from the Wahhabi real state. From 22 September 1980 to 20 August 1988 during the Iran–Iraq War, Saddam Hussein relied on the full support of Fahd of Saudi Arabia.

On May 7, 1984, allegedly four McDonnell F-4 fighter jets of the Iranian Air Force entered Saudi Arabia in an attack on an oil tanker in the Persian Gulf. On May 8, 1984, two Iranian fighters of same type of aircraft were shot down. Alaeddin Boroujerdi, the Iranian Chargé d'affaires, intended for the post of Ambassador, was expelled. The Iranian government did not send Mojtaba Hashemi whose language assets had been to poor to be designated as an diplomat.

Power conservation interests led to the regulation of mutual pilgrimage. On July 31, 1987, 402 people lost their lives in conflicts between Iranian Hajjis and Saudi Arabian Crowd control (275 Iranians, 85 Saudis, including police, and 42 pilgrims from other states). On August 1, 1987, in Tehran, the Saudi embassy was raided, looted, illegally deprived of the presence of personnel, ill-treated, and the homes of Saudi diplomats attacked, resulting in a sarcastic officer dying of his injuries.

The Iranian Chargé d'Affaires in Riyadh, Hussein Sadeqi, was declared persona non grata and had to leave Saudi Arabia within 48 hours. In this situation, Parviz Afshari became Iranian chargé d'affaires in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). For the 1988 pilgrimage, the Saudi government cut the 150,000 to 45,000 visas for Iranian pilgrims to Mecca and broke diplomatic relations.

Further career
His further career in the diplomatic service led him to Baghdad, Iraq. In 1995 he was a Legation Council in Ottawa, In 2001 he was a Legation Counselor in Kuala Lumpur, and in 2010 to Astana in Kazakhstan. In 2015, he became Deputy Head of the Iranian Drug Prevention Agency.

title: Parviz Afshari


text:
synergetic

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to synergetics.
 * 2) Relating to synergy; synergistic.

Translations

 * Estonian: sünergiline
 * Finnish: synerginen
 * German: synergetisch
 * Italian: sinergico
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: synergetisk
 * Portuguese: sinérgico
 * Spanish: sinérgico

title: synergetic