text:
Talk:Portuguese/Contents

Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese
I am against two different textbooks. I think it will be better to use only one textbook and point the differences. User:Marlosfabris 02:06, 06 Oct 2006 (UTC)
 * Couldn't agree more. We are talking about a begginer's course here, diferences in spelling and use of words isn't big enough to justify such a thing, really. - anon - 30 August 2006

 * I'm very happy there is something like a portuguese and a Brazilian book. I have a portuguese girlfriend, and I've noticed that one is easily corrected as "noo, you don't say that, that's brazilian, not portuguese." In fact, I'm happy because this is one of the few sources on portuguese from Portugal. Mindyou 17:17, 26 Nov 2007

 * Heh. I have a girlfriend who tells me "noo, you don't say that, that's portuguese, not brazilian portuguese." I don't know if this is a good strong argument for having separate language learning books. It certainly seems like the two sides regard their dialects as very different when you ask them about it. The question is, is there enough of a difference? Is it worth the extra effort and dilution of collaboration, to build two different sets of lessons? I think we're seeing the answer. Different people get excited about developing different sets of lessons. They might have progressed further if they had worked together somehow, but then at least one of them probably wouldn't have got so excited about it in the first place.
 * In any case the horse has bolted. We have a split. It would be a lot of effort to undo that and merge back into one Brazilian & Portuguese set of lessons. But there is some merging that we do need to do because of the separate Brazilian Portuguese wikibook (following discussion)

 * -- Harry Wood (talk) 13:56, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Separate wikibook Brazilian Portuguese
There is now an entirely separate wikibook Brazilian Portuguese (The above comments pre-date this) This means that we now have three sets of lessons planned out, and some confusing duplication which, in my opinion, we should definitely resolve. Brazilian Portuguese and Portuguese/Contents are both sets of Brazilian Portuguese lessons. They have quite different styles, but nonetheless, their missions overlap too much and this just creates confusion.

I'm not really sure what the best solution is...
 * Option A: remove Portuguese/Contents, merging into Brazilian Portuguese wikibook
 * Option B: remove Brazilian Portuguese wikibook, merging to Portuguese/Contents

To be clear... I'm not proposing a merge between Brazilian Portuguese and Portuguese Portuguese (That's a different discussion above)

Option A leaves this wikibook being entirely Portuguese Portuguese. A clean separation. We'd have to build and maintain all sections of the book separately for both dialects (Not just the lessons, but vocab lists and appendices). Option B involves removing a wikibook, which maybe would require some special procedure? (actually looking at the non-existent procedures for starting a wikibook... I guess not) This option involves bringing all content together in this wikibook, which would allow us to share some sections, but then some vocab words would be different in the different dialects I presume, so maybe that's not all that useful.

I'm kind of favouring Option A, but I think we also need some prominent labels to encourage awareness of parallel efforts between the two wikibooks.

-- Harry Wood (talk) 01:15, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Wikiversity courses
I've just come across Wikiversity Topic:Portuguese - Two more different courses on our sister site Wikiversity.

Don't know how the Wikiversity and WikiBooks communities deal with such crossovers normally but... well this follows nice from the above discussion on duplicated wiki effort and proliferation of different courses!

-- Harry Wood (discuss • contribs) 15:21, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciations
Would it be possible to include pronunciations with the words, at least for the earlier lessons? Better yet, a link to a sound file (say, in .ogg format) so you could hear the correct pronunciation of words. Mraj 08:35 EDT, 15 May 2006

 * Being a native speaker myself, I wouldn't mind giving you a hand in such a complex matter. I can record sound files if you need to, fix the grammar, etc. As for the differences in European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese, I believe different textbooks should be kept, in order to avoid the unnecessary hassle for those getting started with this new language. SourceCode 16:22, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I am willing to do so if someone teaches me how to do it. I'm Brazilian, hope it is the variety you are learning. - anon - 26 October 2006

de:Portugiesisch cooperation
I have created the German page for learning Portuguese. We can save time by cooperating. Get-back-world-respect 00:13, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Commonly used adjectives & adverbs
I am not sure if it is a good idea to have pages for "commonly used adjectives" and "commonly used adverbs" in portuguese separately since so many words can be used as both. -- Get-back-world-respect 09:01, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It's likely best to have a separate section for the copula; especially considering that Portuguese, as Spanish, has two verbs 'to be' and these are a point of difficulty for learners of Portuguese as a foreign language. Let me see what I can cook up. --Wtrmute 15:02, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Introductory section
I am wondering, would it be wise to have an introductory section, for example, a getting started page with phrases like "Bom dia", "boa tarde", "boa noite"... that you need to start speaking? And perhaps a bit about Brazillian Portuguese?

--Jonojet 31 October 2004

Lesson structure
As it stands this is really a guide to Portuguese grammar, not the actual language? Should we restructure this to resemble the Spanish or French wikibooks where each lesson contains a little grammar, vocab, pronunctiation etc?

-- anonymous 23 February 2005

 * I really think that this should be more of a coursebook (like the Spanish, French, German Wikibooks). That is, I second the above. - anon 12 April 2005

 * OK, what about this for a lesson plan? I'll try to create Lesson One to show you what I mean
 * Theme eg. sport, eating out
 * Useful phrases
 * (One or at most two points of grammer
 * One or two verbs to learn
 * About 10-20 related vocabulary words.
 * Examples
 * Exercises (with answers)
 * -User:Serge - 16 April 2005

 * It looks okay, but what are we going to do about dialect issues? Should we present Brazil Portuguese and Portugal Portuguese simultaneously and mark the differences (like many English-language Portuguese courses) or should we make separate courses for the different dialects? -- anon 11 May 2005
 * I've added a picture and prettied up a little - User:Serge 27 May 2005

Hey guys, no-one seems to be showing much interest in expanding this book, so I've tried to make it a little better. I've planned level one, and I hope it's not too packed with grammar. One thing we have to be careful of is introducing too much grammar too quickly. Also try to use very little grammatical terms, (I know I've used too much) and introduce things slowly. I think it's better if we structure the lessons so that vocabulary can be introduced gradually rather than all in one table which is tedious. What does everyone think? (P.S) I know lesson One is a bit awful (sorry) but please feel free to try to make it more user friendly...Hope everyone likes what's been going on... --Serge 31 May 2005

 * Sorry to intrude, I think you should abstract the problem from the book structure, consider providing information on Portuguese in general and point the particulars, you could even leave space for other Portuguese speaking communities (PALOP) to participate, if you just keep stuff with a distinct legend so a reader and future editors can  treat the content.--Panic 02:36, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Expanding Out
OK, here's the drill. I've planned fifteen lessons for our course. Here is a list of what could be covered in each lesson. But in the great spirit of the Wiki please please make adjustements because I'm far from a teacher.

 * Lesson 1 - Saying Hello - Introductions and Greetings, verb 'estar'.
 * Lesson 2 - I Like... - Verb 'gostar', adjectives, gender, definite articles.
 * Lesson 3 - What Are You Going To Do? - Future using 'ir' and infinitives.
 * Lesson 4 - Where Do You Come From? - more on adjectives and plural nouns
 * Lesson 5 - Going Shopping - verb 'querar', negation, indefinite articles
 * Lesson 6 - The Train - question words
 * Lesson 7 - What Time Is It? - Numbers and time.
 * Lesson 8 - Meeting People - more introductions, o/a/os/as senhor/a/s, verbs 'saber' and 'conhecer'.
 * Lesson 9 - Let's Go Shopping - 'This' and 'that' and 'those', comparisons.
 * Lesson 10 - My House - verbs 'ter' and 'haver'

Level 2
 * Lesson 11 - The Weekend - verbs in present progressive (Brazilian and Portuguese usage)
 * Lesson 12 - Whose Is This? - Possesive adjectives & pronouns
 * Lesson 13 - At The Doctor - Body parts, idiomatic uses of 'ter'
 * Lesson 14 - Eating Out - Regular 'ar' verbs
 * Lesson 15. - The Telephone Call - Regular 'ir' and 'er' verbs.

However I don't have nearly enough time to write this so please - could someone just jump in and write some with me ? Because I seem to be the only one creating content at the moment.

In a lesson we might consider the following approach:
 * A dialogue to start off with (or at least sometime during the lesson)
 * Some new grammar, which should be covered from a layperson's point of view. Use plenty of examples. BUT (always a but) try (it's hard) not to overload the lesson with too much grammar.
 * Explain differences between Portuguese and Brazilian usage
 * Point out some grammar
 * Give new vocabulary - that is, nouns and adjectives until verb conjugation is introduced (I've deliberately left this until later, because I think in pretty much all actual school courses this is left until more fundemental and easy points are covered). After this new verbs can be added sparingly.
 * Until conjugation is introduced, try to give one or two verbs (doesn't necessarily have to be full conjugation of verb yet).
 * Point out some pronunciation.
 * Exercises. These should be a mix of easy to harder, but all necessary vocab should have been introduced. Make sure it's not always just translations, because these can get monotonous.

Thanks to anyone who wants to help - your support would be fantastico. And if you're not all that keen on doing lessons, please help with grammar appendices and (start a new section if you feel like) vocabulary appendices, including slang. Also, because I can hardly speak any Portuguese myself, please oh please correct mistakes, revise, and improve. Because that's what wiki is all about.

-- Serge 1 July 2005

Missing Orphan page that should belong here
I was rummaging around the Wikibooks orphan pages and I found one that may be useful to you here:

"Portuguese:Commonly used nouns" [since renamed "Portuguese/Contents/Days, Months, Seasons"]

I am not as familiar with the layout of this Wikibook, so I'm going to leave it to the "regulars" on where to put the contents of this Wikibook module. --Rob Horning 17:20, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Audio files
hi,

Unfortunately none of these files are available to listen to.

http://languagelab.bh.indiana.edu/portuguese_p100-p135-p150.html

They are password protected.

anon - 25 November 2005

Second paragraph
Should this paragraph be here ? :

"The Portuguese spoken in Brazil is quite different from the Portuguese spoken in Portugal in that the Brazilians tend to be more liberal with their use of the language. Also, the informal second person pronoun "tu" is almost never used. The word order is slightly different in certain circumstances, as is the preferred synonym for the same word. It is often easier to learn for beginners, and you will still be understood in Portugal." It looks like it's trying to convince people to learn Brazilian Portuguese instead of European Portuguese. If we really have to keep it, shouldn't it be moved to the Brazilian Portuguese section?

- anon - 30 August 2006

 * I'm completely rewriting this paragraph because it's biased towards Brazilian Portuguese, it's too vague (what does it even mean to be "liberal" in using a language?) and contains an incorrect statement ("tu" is used very often in dialects in the southern and northeastern regions of Brazil). Hokstein 12:35, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Verbs
I made some tables of the forms of Portuguese irregular verbs in different tenses in the German Wikibook, for instance de:Portugiesisch: Unregelmäßige Verben: Präsens. Links to other tenses can be seen here (tenses of unregelmäßige Verben). Perhaps you might have o look on them. By the way: there is something wrong with your present tense of regular verbs, it's not shown correctly. de:Wau --<IP_ADDRESS> 11:39, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

opening section "Feature word"
In the opening section here. It says "Why not start with the feature word?". What does that mean? -- Harry Wood (talk) 09:24, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

Pronounciation
I notice that there is no section for pronounciation, I think this would be particularly helpful, maybe added as an appendix? V85 (talk) 22:32, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

A real effort
A real effort should be made in bringing this up to date with orthographic accord, signed by most nations (I think Angola has not yet signed) but that involves a very limited set of uses. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 00:39, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portuguese/Contents


text:
Template:Courts and tribunals established in century category header/doc

Creates a category of the form "Courts and tribunals established in the nth century",

e.g.
 * Category:Courts and tribunals established in the 16th century
 * Category:Courts and tribunals established in the 21st century

Usage
No parameters needed

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Rjosh50/sandbox

Hello we are a group of students from Queen's students and we will be editing this article for our class project.

Here is my citation.

I plan on using this article to increase the accuracy of the treatment section of the Urinary Retention article. Specifically, I plan on adding prostaglandins as a treatment option, but with the caveat that while they currently appear to be slightly more effective than the treatment options listed, this evidence is relatively weak and there is need for further study. I will also mention that this is specifically related to patients who have UR following surgery.

title: User:Rjosh50/sandbox


text:
Ταρκύνιος

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) Tarquinius; a member of the Etruscan-Roman Tarquinius family

title: Ταρκύνιος


text:
industrial action

Noun

 * 1)  A workplace protest by employees designed to inconvenience or disrupt the business of the employer.

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Scottish Gaelic: stailc
 * Swedish:

title: industrial action


text:
Butterbrot

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A slice of bread topped with butter and often other toppings; an open sandwich
 * 2) A sandwich brought along to eat at school, at work, on a trip, etc.
 * 1) A sandwich brought along to eat at school, at work, on a trip, etc.

title: Butterbrot


text:
R773 road (Ireland)

The R773 road is a regional road in Ireland. The road connects Jack White's with Brittas Bay and the coast.

Route
The route begins at its junction with the M11 near Jack White's Pub. The route travels east towards Brittas Bay passing a few housing estates. The route terminates at its junction with the R750 in Brittas Bay.

title: R773 road (Ireland)


text:
Talk:List of PlayStation 4 games (A-L)

List of PlayStation 4 games (A-L) etc.
Due to the excessive page length, and now that List of download-only PlayStation 4 games has been deleted, I have taken the opportunity to split the main List of PlayStation 4 games article into separate pages (similar to List of PlayStation Vita games (A–L). This allows for expansion and more thorough sourcing without fear of bogging down browsers on mobile displays, per guidlines. Alas, I realize too late that I should have moved List of PlayStation 4 games instead of creating a new article. Unless there is a better way, I will redirect to the old page(s) here shortly. — Niche-gamer 22:33, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * It probably would have been better to split (M-Z), and keep the original article for (A-L). This would better maintain the page history. -- ferret (talk) 12:50, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Ah yes. Never thought of that. I shall redo that shortly. — Niche-gamer 13:22, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Apologies, I see you already realized this. I would redirect this to the original article, that's valid enough, and move the content back there. -- ferret (talk) 13:27, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of PlayStation 4 games (A-L)


text:
European History/Glossary

A

 * Absolutism - Political theory that one person should hold all power; in some cases justified by "Divine Right of Kings."
 * Act of Supremacy (1534) - Act of Parliament under King Henry VIII of England declaring the king as the head of the Church of England, making official the English Reformation; (1559) reinstatement of the original act by Queen Elizabeth I.
 * Adam Smith (1723-1790) - Scottish economist and philosopher, author of The Wealth of Nations, thought of as the father of capitalist economics.
 * Age of Enlightenment - An intellectual movement in 18th century Europe marked by rational thinking, in contrast with the superstition of the Dark Ages.
 * Albert Einstein (1879–1955) - Physicist who proposed the theory of relativity and made advances in quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and cosmology.
 * Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970) - The second prime minister of the Russian Provisional Government, immediately before the Bolsheviks and Lenin came to power.
 * Algeciras Conference - Took place in 1906 in Algeciras, Spain. The purpose of the conference was to mediate the Moroccan dispute between France and Germany, and to assure the repayment of a large loan made to the Sultan in 1904. The Entente Cordiale between France and the United Kingdom gave the British a free hand in Egypt in exchange for a French free hand in Morocco. France tried to achieve a protectorate over Morocco, but was opposed by Germany.
 * Allied Powers (World War I) - Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, and United States.
 * Anschluss (1938) - The inclusion of Austria in a "Greater Germany"; in contast with the Ausschluss, the exclusion of Austria from Imperial Germany in 1871.
 * Ancien Régime ("Old Order") - the social and political system established in France under the absolute monarchy; removed by the French Revolution.
 * Appeasement - Neville Chamberlain's policy of accepting conditions imposed by Nazi Germany.
 * April Theses (1917) - Lenin's writings on how Russia should be governed and the future of the Bolsheviks.
 * Aristotelian (Ptolemaic) Cosmology - The belief that Earth is at the center of the universe
 * Arms Race - A competition between two or more countries for military supremacy. This was perhaps most prominent during the Cold War, pitting the USA against the Soviet Union.
 * Aryans - In Nazism and neo-Nazism, a non-Jewish Caucasian, especially one of Nordic type, supposed to be part of a master race.
 * Autarky - An economy that does no trade with the outside world.
 * Avant-garde - People or actions that are novel or experimental, particularly with respect to the arts and culture.
 * Avignon Papacy (1305-1378) - Period during which the Papacy was moved from Rome to Avignon, France.

B

 * Babylonian Captivity - A term referring to the Avignon Papacy which implies that the Popes were captives under the French kings.
 * Banalities - Fees imposed by a feudal lord on serfs for the use of his facilities.
 * Baroque - A cultural movement in art originating around 1600 in Rome; art designed for the illiterate rather than the well-informed (Protestant Reformation).
 * Bastille ("Stronghold") - Generally refers to Bastille Saint-Antoine, demolished in the Storming of the Bastille at the start of the French Revolution.
 * Battle of Gallipoli (1915) - Failed attempt by the Allies to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople. (World War I)
 * Battle of Jutland (1916) - Largest naval battle of World War I; fought in the North Sea between British and German fleets.
 * Battle of the Argonne (1918) - Biggest operation and victory of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in World War I; in the Verdun Sector.
 * Battle of the Somme (1916) - Attempt by British and French forces to break through the German lines, to draw German forces away from Verdun.
 * Battle of Verdun (Feb-Dec 1916) - Longest and possibly largest battle in history; resulted in over 1 million deaths and 450,000 wounded or missing.
 * Battle of Lepanto (1571) - The first major victory of any European power over the Ottoman Empire; destruction of most of the Ottoman Empire's ships resulted in its loss of control over the Mediterranean Sea.
 * Beer Hall Putsch (1923) - An unsuccessful coup by Adolf Hitler and other leaders in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
 * Belgian Congo - An area of central Africa, which was under formal control of the Belgian parliament from 1908 to 1960. The Belgian administration was one of paternalistic colonialism in which the educational and political system was dominated by the Roman Catholic Church and Protestant churches.
 * Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) - British author and Prime Minister, best known for his defense of the Corn Laws.
 * Berlin Crisis (1948-1949) - The Soviet blockade of West Berlin during the Cold War; abated after the Soviet Union did not act to stop American, British and French airlifts of food and other provisions to the Western-held sectors of Berlin
 * Bill of Rights 1689 - One of the fundamental documents of English law; agreed to by William and Mary in return for their being affirmed as co-rulers by the English Parliament after the Glorious Revolution.
 * Black Death - The plague which killed one third of Europe's population in the 14th century.
 * Bloodless Revolution - A term used to refer to the Glorious Revolution; the description is largely accurate of William's succession to the English throne, although his struggle to gain the Scottish and Irish thrones was far from bloodless.
 * Boer War - Two wars, one in 1880-81 and the second from October 11, 1899 – 1902 both between the British and the settlers of Dutch origin (called Boere, Afrikaners or Voortrekkers) in South Africa that put an end to the two independent republics that they had founded.
 * Bolsheviks - A faction of the Russian revolutionary movement formed 1903 by followers of Vladimir Lenin, who believed in a small party of revolutionaries with a large fringe group of supporters.
 * Book of Common Prayer - The prayer book of the Church of England; was first published in 1544 and has been through many revisions.
 * Boxer-Rebellion - Uprising against Western influence in China.
 * Burschenschaften - Liberal German associations of university students; helped initiate the Revolution of 1848 in Germany.

C

 * Cahier des doléances ("Statement of Grievances") - documents drawn up by electors of the French States-General, since 1484, listing complaints with the state.
 * Calvinism - Protestant religion founded by John Calvin, centered upon "the sovereignty of God" (Protestant Reformation).
 * Carbonari ("coal-burners") - groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th century Italy, and instrumental in organizing revolution in Italy in 1820 and 1848.
 * Carlsbad Decrees (1819) - A set of restrictions placed on Germans, under influence of Metternich of Austria; dissolved the Burschenschaften, provided for university inspectors and press censors.
 * Catholic monarchs - The Spanish rulers Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdidand II of Aragon whose marriage marked the start of Christian dominance in Spain.
 * Cavaliers - Supporters of Charles I of England in the English Civil War; also known as Royalists.
 * Cecil Rhodes - (1853–1902) British imperialist and the effective founder of the state of Rhodesia (since 1980 known as Zimbabwe), named after himself. He profited greatly from southern Africa's natural resources, generally at the expense of the natives; severely racist.
 * Central Powers (World War I) - Dual Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
 * Cesare Beccaria (1735-1794) - Italian philosopher and mathematician, author of On Crimes and Punishments resulting in penal code reforms.
 * Charles Fourier (1772-1837) - French utopian socialist thinker; supported man's right to a minimum standard of life.
 * Charles I (of England, Scotland) (1600-1649) - Struggled against Parliament, favoring absolutism, hostile to religious reform efforts; executed at the end of the English Civil War.
 * Chartism - A movement for social and political reform in England, named from the People's Charter of 1838.
 * Cheka (1917-1922) - The first of many Soviet secret police organizations.
 * Chivalry - Church-endorsed warrior code of ethics for knights, valuing bravery, loyalty, and self-sacrifice.
 * Cobden–Chevalier Treaty (1860) - Treaty substantially lowering duties between the Britain and France, marking increasing cooperation between the two nations.
 * Classical - Pertaining to the culture of ancient Greece and Rome.
 * Classical liberalism - A political and economic philosophy, originally founded on the Enlightenment tradition that tries to circumscribe the limits of political power and to define and support individual rights.
 * Claude Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) - The founder of French socialism.
 * Comintern (Communist International) - International Communist organization founded in March 1919 by Lenin, intended to fight for complete abolition of the State.
 * Committee of Public Safety - the executive government of France during the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution, established on April 6, 1793.
 * Common Market - A customs union with common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of all the four factors of production (goods, services, capital and labour). It is established across most modern European nations.
 * Code Napoléon - (see Napoleonic code).
 * Collectivisation - An agriculture system in which peasants are not paid wages, but instead receive a share of the farm's net output.
 * Committee of Public Safety - The executive government of France during the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution.
 * Communist Manifesto - Document laying out the purposes of the Communist League, first published on February 21, 1848, by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
 * Concordat of 1801 - Agreement between Napoléon and Pope Pius VII after Napoléon's coup d'état of France.
 * Congress of Berlin - Prompted in 1878 by Otto von Bismarck to revise the Treaty of San Stefano. Proposed and ratified the Treaty of Berlin.
 * Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) - a conference held in Vienna, Austria, to redraw Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoleonic France.
 * Consubstantiation - Lutheran belief that in the Eucharist sacrament, the spirit of Christ is present in the bread and wine, but they are not actually the body and blood of Christ (Protestant Reformation).
 * Continental System - Foreign economic warfare policy of Napoléon, consisting of an embargo against Great Britain, which failed.
 * Corn Laws (1815-1846) - British import tariffs designed to protect farmers and landowners against foreign competition.
 * Corporative state - A political system in which legislative power is given to corporations that represent economic, industrial, and professional groups.
 * Corvée - In feudal societies, an annual tax on a serf that is payable by labor; used to complete royal projects, to maintain roads, and for other purposes.
 * Council of Constance (1414-1418) - Called for the abdication of all three popes of the Western Schism; successfully elected Martin V as the single pope, ending the Schism.
 * Council of Trent (1545-1563) - Council of the Catholic Church to condemn Protestantism and to initiate some internal reform of Church corruption (Protestant Reformation).
 * Count Cavour (1810-1861) - Leader in the movement for Italian unification; first Prime Minister of Kingdom of Italy.
 * Coup d'état - Sudden overthrow of a government, typically done by a small group that only replaces the top power figures.
 * Crédit Mobilier (1872) - Involved the Union Pacific Railroad and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company. $47 million contracts had given Crédit Mobilier a profit of $21 million and left Union Pacific and other investors near bankruptcy. A Congressional investigation of thirteen members led to the censure of the board members and many political figures had their careers damaged.
 * Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) - Started on October 16, 1962, when U.S. reconnaissance was shown to U.S. President John F. Kennedy which revealed evidence for Soviet nuclear missile installations on the island, and lasted for 13 days until October 28, 1962, when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announced that the installations would be dismantled.

D

 * Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) - Author of The Divine Comedy, a highly sarcastic work criticizing the Church; one of the first authors to write in vernacular.
 * David Hume (1711-1776) - Philosopher and historian of the Scottish Enlightenment.
 * Decembrists - Officers of the Russian Army that led 3,000 soldiers in the Decembrist Revolt, an attempted uprising at Senate Square in December, 1825.
 * Declaration of Pillnitz (1791) - A statement issued by Emperor Leopold II and Frederick William II of Prussia, warning French revolutionaries to allow restoration to power of Louis XVI.
 * Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) - French Revolution document defining a set of individual rights, adopted by the National Constituent Assembly as a first step toward writing a constitution.
 * Defenestration of Prague (Second) (1618) - Act of revolt of the Bohemian aristocracy against the election of Ferdinand II, a Catholic zealot, as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.
 * Deism - Belief in a God as the creator, based on reason instead of faith (Enlightenment).
 * Denis Diderot (1713-1784) - French writer and philosopher dealing with free will, editor-in-chief of the early encyclopedia, Encyclopédie (Enlightenment).
 * Destalinization - Actions taken by Khruschev in the Soviet Union to allow greater dissent and to speak out against the actions of former USSR Premier Stalin.
 * Détente - The relaxation of tensions between the Soviets and Americans.
 * Dialectical materialism - The philosophical basis of Marxism as defined by later Communists; uses the concepts of thesis, antithesis and synthesis to explain the growth and development of human history.
 * Diggers - A group begun by Gerrard Winstanley in 1649 during Oliver Cromwell's England; called for a social revolution toward a communistic and agrarian lifestyle based on Christian Nationalism.
 * Directory - A group of five men who held the executive power in France, according to the French Revolution constitution of 1795.
 * Duke of Alva - Commonly refers to Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the third Duke of Alva (or Alba).
 * Dutch East India Company (1602-1798) - The first joint-stock company; granted a trade monopoly with Asia by the government of the Netherlands.
 * Dutch Revolt - Term referring to the Eighty Years' War.

E

 * Edict of Nantes (1598) - Declaration by Henry IV of France granting Huguenots substantial rights in a Catholic nation; introduction of religious tolerance (Protestant Reformation).
 * Edict of Worms (1521) - Declaration by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the end of the Diet of Worms that Martin Luther was an outlaw and a heretic (Protestant Reformation).
 * Edmund Burke (1729-1797) - Irish philosopher, Whig politician, and founder of modern conservatism; criticized the French Revolution.
 * Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) - A war of secession in which the Netherlands first gained independence as the Dutch Republic.
 * Emigration - The action and the phenomenon of leaving one's native country to settle abroad. In particular, a large amount of emigration took place during the late 1800s in Europe.
 * Ems Telegram (1870) - Document edited by Otto von Bismarck to provoke the Franco-Prussian War.
 * Enclosure - The post-feudal process of enclosing open fields into individually owned fields; took off rapidly in 15th and 16th centuries as sheep farming became increasingly profitable.
 * Enlightenment - (see Age of Enlightenment).
 * English Civil War (1642-1649) - A civil war fought between supporters of Charles I, (king of England, Scotland, and Ireland) and the Long Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell.
 * Erich Ludendorff (1865-1937) - German general responsible for capturing the forts of Liège, critical to the Schlieffen Plan.
 * Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970) - German soldier on the front lines of World War I, wrote All Quiet on the Western Front (1929).
 * Escorial - Large palace, monastery, museum, and library near Madrid, Spain; commanded by King Philip II, promoting study in aid of the Counter-Reformation.
 * Estates-General - An assembly of the three classes, or Estates, of France before the French Revolution.
 * Excommunication - Suspension of one's membership in the religious community; banning from the Church.

F

 * Factory Act (1833) - An attempt to establish normal working hours for workers in the textile industry.
 * Fall of Eagles - Refers to the collapse of tsarist Russia.
 * Fascism - Right-wing authoritarian political movement.
 * Fashoda Incident - The climax of colonial disputes between imperial Britain and France in Eastern Africa; brought Britain and France to the verge of war but ended in a diplomatic victory for Britain.
 * February Revolution (1917) - The first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917, consisting of riots in Petrograd which resulted in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.
 * Ferdinand Foch, General (1851-1929) - French soldier critical in stopping German advance during Spring 1918 and the Second Battle of Marne (July 1918); began the counter-attack leading to German defeat.
 * Ferdinand Lassalle (1825-1864) - German politician whose actions led to the formation of the Social Democratic Party, which was strongly opposed by Karl Marx.
 * Fernando Álvarez de Toledo (1508-1583) - A Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands, nicknamed "the Iron Duke" for his cruelty; fought against Protestants in the Netherlands (Eighty Years' War).
 * Feudalism - Medieval system of holding land as a fief, provided by a lord to a vassal.
 * Fief - Revenue-producing property granted by a lord to a vassal (feudalism).
 * First Five-Year Plan - Outline the goals of the Soviet bureaucracy, focusing on heavy industry.
 * Flora Tristan (1803-1844) - One of the founders of modern feminism, author of several feminism works; grandmother of Paul Gauguin.
 * Fourteen Points - United States President Woodrow Wilson's outline for reconstructing Europe after World War I.
 * Francesco Sforza (1401-1466) - Founder of the Sforza dynasty in Milan, Italy; successfully modernized the city, which became a center of Renaissance learning and culture.
 * Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - English philosopher, advocate of absolute duty to the sovereign, and defender of the Scientific Revolution.
 * Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) - War fought between France and Prussia over a possible German claim to the Spanish throne.
 * French Academy of Sciences (1666) - Learned society founded by Louis XIV to encourage French scientific research.
 * Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) - German Socialist philosopher who co-published The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx.

G

 * Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) - First to use the telescope in astronomy; proved Copernicus' heliocentric theory (Scientific Revolution).
 * Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) - Author of The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories exposing the materialism of a variety of English people.
 * Gestapo - The official secret police force of Nazi Germany, Geheime Staatspolizei (secret state police).
 * Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498) - Brief ruler of Florence known for religious anti-Renaissance preaching, book burning, and destruction of art.
 * Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1885) - Italy's most famous soldier of the Risorgimento and considered one of the greatest generals of modern times.
 * Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872) - Italian writer and politician who helped to bring about the modern, unified Italian state.
 * Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) - The removal of Stuart king James II from the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland; replaced by William and Mary; sometimes referred to as the Bloodless Revolution.
 * Great Fear (1789) - Event at the start of the French Revolution; upon rumors that nobles planned to destroy the peasants' harvest, the peasants sacked nobles' castles and burned records of feudal obligations.
 * Great Purges - Campaigns of repression against social groups, often seen as a desire to consolidate the authority of Joseph Stalin.
 * Great Schism - Term used to refer to either the Western or Eastern Schism within the Catholic Church.
 * Gulag - The branch of the Soviet police that operated forced labor camps and prisons.

H

 * Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) - The commander of the German Schutzstaffel and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany; one of the key figures in the organization of the Holocaust.
 * Henry Palmerston (1784-1865) - British Prime Minister and Liberal politician.
 * Henri-Phillippe Petain, General (1856-1951) - A French soldier and Head of State of Vichy France. He became a French hero because of his military leadership in World War I. (ed: specifically...?)
 * Henry V (1387-1422) - King of England (1413-1422); accepted by the English as heir to Charles VI and the French throne, thus adding conflict to the Hundred Years' War.
 * Hermann Goering (1893–1946) - A prominent and early member of the Nazi party, founder of the Gestapo, and one of the main architects of Nazi Germany.
 * Heresy - Holding of beliefs which are contrary to those of organized religion.
 * Huguenot - Member of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (Protestant Reformation).
 * Humanism - A secular ideology centered on human interests, stressing the value of the individual (Renaissance).
 * Humanitarianism - The belief that the sole moral obligation of humankind is the improvement of human welfare.
 * Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) - 116-year conflict between England and France.

I

 * Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) - Founder of the Society of Jesus, to strengthen the Church against Protestantism (Protestant Reformation).
 * Il duce (The Leader) - Name adopted by Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini in 1923 to position himself as the nation's supreme leader.
 * Impressionism - Art movement focused on creating an immediate visual impression, using primary colors and small strokes to simulate reflected light. (19th century)
 * Imperialism - The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations.
 * Individualism - Emphasis of the individual as opposed to a group; humanism (Renaissance).
 * Innocent III - Pope who organized the Fifth Crusade (1217); began the Papacy's interference in European affairs.
 * Irish Easter Rebellion (Easter Monday, 1916) - An unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in Ireland.
 * Iron Curtain - Boundary which separated Western and Eastern Europe during the Cold War.
 * Isaac Newton (1643-1727) - English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher; credited for universal gravitation, laws of motion, and calculus (Scientific Revolution).

J

 * James Hargreaves (1720-1778) - English inventor of the spinning jenny in 1764.
 * James Watt (1736-1819) - Scottish engineer who improved the steam engine, a catalyst of the Industrial Revolution.
 * Jan Hus (1369-1415) - Founder of the Hussites, with reform goals similar to those of John Wyclif; author of On the Church, criticizing the Church; was burned at the stake.
 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) - Swiss-French philosopher and political theorist; "noble savage" idea that man is good by nature but corrupted by society.
 * Jesuits - see Society of Jesus
 * Joan of Arc (1412-1431) - Peasant girl who defended an English siege on Orléans during the Hundred Years' War; was captured and burned as a heretic.
 * Johann Tetzel (1465-1519) - Dominican priest known for selling indulgences (Protestant Reformation).
 * John Calvin (1509-1564) - Founder of Calvinism in Geneva, Switzerland (Protestant Reformation).
 * John Kay (1704-1780) - British inventor of the flying shuttle for weaving, a catalyst of the Industrial Revolution.
 * John Knox (1505-1572) - A Protestant reformer who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland (Protestant Reformation).
 * John Locke (1632-1704) - An English philosopher of the Enlightenment who wrote about "government with the consent of the governed" and man's natural rights; provided justification for the Glorious Revolution.
 * John Wyclif (1328-1384) - Initiator of the first English translation of the Bible, an important step toward the Protestant Reformation.
 * Joseph Joffre, General (1852-1931) - Catalan French general; helped counter the Schlieffen Plan through retreat and counterattack at the First Battle of the Marne.

K

 * Karl Marx (1818-1883) - An influential German political theorist, whose writing on class conflict formed the basis of the communist and socialist movements.
 * Khruschev - See Nikita Khrushchev
 * Kristallnacht (1938) - A massive nationwide pogrom in Germany, directed at Jewish citizens throughout the country.
 * Kulturkampf (Cultural Fight) - Attempt by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to reduce Catholic influence in the early years of the 1871 German Empire.

L

 * Laissez-Faire - Libertarian philosophy of pure capitalism, without regulation of trade (Enlightenment).
 * Law of Maximum Général - A comprehensive program of wage and price controls in Revolutionary France.
 * Lay - in Catholicism, all non-clergy persons.
 * Lay investiture - The induction of clerics by a king (a layman).
 * Lenin, Vladimir (1870-1924) - The leader of the Bolshevik party and the first Premier of the Soviet Union; enacted the New Economic Policy.
 * Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - Italian Renaissance architect, inventor, engineer, sculptor, and painter; most known for The Last Supper and Mona Lisa; the archetype of the "Renaissance man."
 * Leopold III (1835–1909) - King of Belgium; founder of the Congo Free State, a private project to extract rubber and ivory.
 * Levée en masse - French term for mass conscription, used to mobilize armies during the French Revolutionary Wars.
 * Lord - The owner of land who grants a fief to a vassal (feudal system).
 * Lorenzo de' Medici (1449-1492) - Ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Renaissance; Christian supporter of Platonism and humanism.
 * Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (1808-1873) - The nephew of the Emperor Napoleon I of France; member of the Carbonari in his youth; elected President of the Second Republic of France in 1848; reigned as Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire from 1852 to 1870.

M

 * Machiavellian - Having the qualities seen by Niccolò Machiavelli as ideal for a ruler; using ruthless authoritarian tactics to maintain power.
 * Manchurian Incident (1931) - Japan's military accused Chinese dissidents of blowing up a sectin of a Japanese railroad in Manchuria, thus providing an excuse for the Japanese annexation of Manchuria.
 * Mannerism - Art after the High Renaissance in reaction to it, using exaggeration or distortion instead of balance and proportion.
 * Manor - The local jurisdiction of a lord over which he has legal and economic power (feudalism).
 * Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) - French philosopher and mathematician, inventor of the Condorcet method, a voting system.
 * Marshall Plan - The primary plan of the United States for rebuilding the allied countries of Europe and repelling communism after World War II.
 * Martin Luther (1483-1546) - German theologian and Augustinian monk who began Lutheranism and initiated the Protestant Reformation.
 * Meiji Restoration (1866-1869) - Revolution in Japan; replaced the Tokugawa shogunate with imperial rule, and modernized the feudal country; provoked by the opening of Japan's ports to the West.
 * Mein Kampf (My Struggle) - A book written by Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology of nazism.
 * Mensheviks - A faction of the Russian revolutionary movement formed 1903 by followers of Julius Martov, who believed in a large party of activists.
 * Mercantilism - The economic theory that a country's economic prosperity depends on its supply of gold and silver, and that a country should export more than it imports.
 * Metternich (1773-1858) - Austrian foreign minister during and after the Era of Napoleon.
 * Michaelangelo (1475-1564) - Renaissance painter, sculptor, poet and architect; most known for the fresco ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
 * Mir - In Russian, "peace," Connotes "community." (ed: relate this to the subject????)
 * Monasticism - Complete devotion to spiritual work.
 * Munich Agreement (1938) - An agreement regarding the Munich Crisis; discussed the future of Czechoslovakia and ended up surrendering much of that state to Nazi Germany, standing as a major example of appeasement.

N

 * Napoléon Bonaparte (1769-1821) - General and politician of France who ruled as First Consul (1779–1804) and then as Emperor (1804–1814).
 * Napoleonic code - French code of civil law, established by Napoléon on March 21, 1804, to reform the French legal system in accordance with the principles of the French Revolution.
 * National Socialist German Workers' Party - The Nazi party which was led to power in Germany by Adolf Hitler in 1933.
 * Nationalism - Ideology which sustains the nation as a concept of common identity among groups of people.
 * NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) (1769-1821) - An international organization for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949.
 * Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) - A non-aggression treaty between foreign ministers Ribbentrop of Germany (Third Reich) and Molotov of Russia (Soviet Union).
 * Neo-platonism - Philosophy based on the teachings of Plato, which resurfaced during the Renaissance.
 * Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) - British Prime Minister who maintained a policy of appeasement toward Nazi Germany.
 * New Economic Policy (NEP) (1921) - Lenin's system of economic reforms which restored private ownership to some parts of the economy.
 * New Model Army - An army of professional soldiers led by trained generals; formed by Roundheads upon passage of the Self-denying Ordinance in 1645; became famous for their Puritan religious zeal (English Civil War).
 * New Monarchies - The states whose rulers in the 15th century began authoritarian rule using Machiavellian tactics (Northern Renaissance).
 * Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) - Florentine political philosopher; author of The Prince (Renaissance).
 * Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) - Astronomer and mathematician who developed the heliocentric theory of the solar system (Scientific Revolution).
 * Nietzsche's Superman (Übermensch) - Concept that the strong and gifted should dominate over the weak.
 * Night of the Long Knives (1934) - A purge ordered by Adolf Hitler of potential political rivals in the Sturmabteilung.
 * Nihilism - Philosophy viewing the world and human existence as without meaning or purpose.
 * Nikita Khrushchev - Leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin's death, from 1953 until 1964.
 * NKVD - An agency best known for its function as secret police of the Soviet Union; also handled other matters such as transport, fire guards, border troops, etc.
 * No man's land (World War I) - In trench warfare, land between two opposing trenches which provides no cover.

O

 * October Revolution (1917) - The second stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917, led by Leon Trotsky; the first officially communist revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution.
 * Old Regime - see Ancien Régime.
 * Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) - Military leader and politician who led an overthrow of the British monarchy in the English Civil War; established the Commonwealth of England over which he ruled as Lord Protector.
 * Open-Door Policy - Maintenance of equal commercial and industrial rights for all nations in China after the Opium War.
 * Opium War (1834-1860) - Two wars between Britain and China over a Chinese attempt to eliminate the opium trade and reduce foreign influence within its borders.
 * Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) - Prime Minister of Prussia who unified Germany and became the Chancellor of the German Empire.

P

 * Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) - Founder, along with Georges Braque, of Cubism.
 * Pagan - Of or relating to classical, non-Christian religions.
 * Paris Commune (1871) - Socialist government briefly ruling Paris, formed by a civil uprising of post-Franco-Prussian War revolutionaries.
 * Parlements - Law courts of the ancien régime in France.
 * Parliamentarians - Anything associated with a parliament; sometimes refers to Roundheads (English Civil War).
 * Paris Peace Conference (1919) - A six-month international conference between the Allied and Associated Powers and their former enemies; proposed Treaty of Versailles.
 * Paul von Hindenburg, General (1847-1934) - German war general; Reich President of Germany (1925–1934).
 * Peace of Westphalia (1648) - A series of treaties ending the Thirty Years' War.
 * Peasants' War (1524-1526) - A mass of economic and religious revolts in Germany (Protestant Reformation).
 * Peninsular War (1808-1814) - A major conflict during the Napoleonic Wars, fought in the Iberian Peninsula; Spain, Portugal, and Britain vs. France.
 * Perspective - Artistic technique used to give a painting the appearance of having three dimensions by depicting foreground objects larger than those of the background (Renaissance).
 * Philosophes - A group of French philosophers of the Enlightenment, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire.
 * Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) - French anarchist, most famously asserting "Property is theft."
 * Politburo (Political Bureau) - The executive organization for Communist Parties.
 * Politique - A term used in the 16th century to describe a head of state who put politics and the nation's well being before religion.
 * Popolo - The poor, working class of Italy (Renaissance).
 * Predestination - The religious idea that God's decisions determine destiny; particularly prevalent in Calvinism (Protestant Reformation).
 * Presbyterianism - A Protestant church based on the teachings of John Calvin and established in Scotland by John Knox (Protestant Reformation).
 * Proletariat - A lower social class; term used by Karl Marx to identify the working class.
 * Protectorate - A relationship of protection and partial control assumed by a superior power over a dependent country or region; the protected country or region.
 * Protestant Wind - Term used to refer to one of two incidents in which weather favored Protestants in battle: 1) the storm which wrecked the Spanish Armada, preventing an invasion of England (1588); 2) the favorable winds that enabled William III to land in England and depose the Catholic King James II (1688).

Q

 * Queen Victoria (1819–1901) - Queen of the United Kingdom, reigning from 1837 until her death, longer than any other British monarch. As well as being queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, she was also the first monarch to use the title Empress of India. The reign of Victoria was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. The Victorian Era was at the height of the Industrial Revolution, a period of great social, economic, and technological change in the United Kingdom.

R

 * Raphael (1483-1520) - Florentine painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance.
 * Rasputin, Father Grigori (1872-1916) - Russian mystic having great influence over the wife of Tsar Nicholas II's wife Alexandra, ultimately leading to the downfall of the Romanov dynasty and the Bolshevik Revolution.
 * Rationalism - The philosophical idea that truth is derived from reason and analysis, instead of from faith and religious dogma (Renaissance).
 * Realism (Renaissance) - Depiction of images which is realistic instead of idealistic.
 * Realism (19th century) - Artistic movement originating in France as a reaction to Romanticism; depiction of commonplace instead of idealized themes.
 * Realpolitick (Politics of reality) - A term coined by Otto von Bismarck which refers to foreign politics based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics.
 * Reconquista - The Spanish "reconquering" resulting in the removal of Jews and Muslims from the state, and a unification of Spain under Catholicism.
 * Red Guards (Russia) - The main strike force of the Bolsheviks, created in March 1917.
 * Reichstag (Imperial Diet) - Between 1871 and 1945, the German parliament.
 * Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669) - A baroque painter and engraver of the Netherlands during the Dutch Golden Age.
 * Renaissance - A cultural movement started in Italy in the 14th century marked by a rebirth of classic art and scientific learning of ancient Greece and Rome.
 * René Descartes (1596-1650) - Mathematician (inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system) and rationalist philosopher ("I think, therefore I am").
 * Risorgimento (resurrection) - The gradual unification of Italy, culminating in the declaration of the Kingdom of Italy (1861) and the conquest of Rome (1870).
 * Rite of Spring - A ballet composed by Russian Igor Stravinsky; controversy due to its subject, pagan sacrifice.
 * Robert Owen (1771-1858) - Welsh social reformer, father of the cooperative movement.
 * Robespierre (1758-1794) - One of the best known leaders of the French Revolutions; known as "the Incorruptible"; leader of the Committee of Public Safety.
 * Romanticism (18th century) - Artistic and intellectual movement, after the Enlightenment period, stressing strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions.
 * Rotten borough - A small British parliamentary constituency which could be 'controlled' by a patron and used to exercise undue and unrepresentative influence within parliament.
 * Roundheads - Puritans under Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War; named after the round helmets they wore; also known as Parliamentarians.
 * Royal Society of London (1660) - An institution of learning committed to open content, the free availability and flow of information.
 * Royalists - An adherent of a monarch or royal family; sometimes refers to Cavaliers (English Civil War).
 * Russian Civil War (1918-1920) - Conflict between communists and monarchists, after the Russian Revolution of 1917.

S

 * Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) - A wave of Catholic mob violence against the Huguenots, lasting for several months.
 * Sans-culottes (without knee-breeches) - Term referring to the ill-clad and ill-equipped volunteers of the French Revolutionary army.
 * Schleswig-Holstein - A region of northern Germany which Denmark surrendered to Otto von Bismarck in 1865.
 * Schutzstaffel (SS) (Protective Squadron) - A large paramilitary organization that belonged to the Nazi party.
 * Secularism - Concern with worldly ideas, as science and rationalism, instead of religion and superstition (Renaissance).
 * Self-denying Ordinance (1645) - A Bill passed by English Parliament, depriving members of Parliament from holding command in the army or navy, to promote professionalism in the armed forces; aided creation of the New Model Army (English Civil War).
 * Sepoy mutiny (1857–1858) - Rebellions against British colonial rule in India; caused the end of the British East India Company's rule in India, and led to a century of direct rule of India by Britain.
 * Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - Austrian neurologist credited for psychoanalysis and the theory of unconscious motives.
 * Simony - The ecclesiastical crime of paying for offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church (Protestant Reformation).
 * Sir Richard Arkwright (1732-1792) - English inventor of the Water Frame, a water-powered cotton mill.
 * Sir Thomas More - Author of Utopia, a novel which extols the hypothetical ideal society, by the Northern Renaissance ideals of humanism and Christianity.
 * Social Darwinism - The application of Darwinism to the study of human society, specifically a theory in sociology that individuals or groups achieve advantage over others as the result of genetic or biological superiority.
 * Society of Jesus - A Roman Catholic Order founded in 1534 by Ignatius of Loyola (Protestant Reformation).
 * Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) - The result of the complex political and even cultural rift in Spain.
 * Sphere of Influence - A territorial area over which political or economic influence is wielded by one nation.
 * Stalin, Joseph (1879-1953) - Bolshevik revolutionary who ruled the Soviet Union after the death of Lenin; responsible for the Great Purge and five year plans.
 * States-General - (see Estates-General).
 * Subsistence - Production of food only in quantities needed for survival, without the creation of surpluses.
 * Sudetenland - The region inhabited mostly by Sudeten Germans in various places of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia; became part of Czechoslovakia in 1945.
 * Suez Canal (constructed 1854-1869) - A canal in Egypt between the Mediterranean and Red Seas, allowing access between Europe and Asia.

T

 * Tabula rasa (Blank slate) - John Locke's idea that humans are born with no innate ideas, and that identity is defined by events after birth.
 * Taille - A direct land tax on the French peasantry in ancien régime France.
 * T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935) - also known as Lawrence of Arabia; a British liaison officer during the Arab Revolt of 1916–1918.
 * Tennis Court Oath (1789) - A pledge by France's Third Estate to continue to meet until a constitution had been written; may be considered the birth of the French Revolution.
 * Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) - Conflict principally taking place in the Holy Roman Empire involving a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, fought for the self-preservation of the Hapsburg dynasty.
 * Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) - English political philosopher advocating an authoritarian version of the social contract (absolutism).
 * Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) - English economist who, in An Essay on the Principle of Population, predicted that increasing population growth would cause a massive food shortage.
 * Thomas Newcomen (1664-1729) - English inventor of the Newcomen engine, a steam engine for pumping water out of mines.
 * Tory - A member of the British Conservative party.
 * Totalitarianism - A form of government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life.
 * Treaties of Tilsit (1807) - Treaties ending war between Russia and France; began a powerful secret alliance between the two countries.
 * Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) - Peace treaty which marked Russia's exit from World War I.
 * Treaty of Versailles (1919) - Peace treaty created by the Paris Peace Conference; which officially ended World War I.
 * Trotsky, Leon (1879-1940) - Bolshevik revolutionary, early Soviet Union politician, and founding member of the Politburo; expelled from the Communist Party after a power struggle with Stalin.
 * Truman Doctrine (1947) - Harry S. Truman's statement initiating the U.S. policy of containment toward Russia.

U

 * Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) - Founder of Zwinglianism in the Zürich, Switzerland; leader of the Swiss Reformation (Protestant Reformation).
 * Usury - Charging a fee generally in the form of interest on loans; forbidden by most religious doctrines (Protestant Reformation). Usury was forbidden in the Catholic Church, so Jews became wealthy, successful merchants
 * Utopian Socialism - The socialist ideals of creating a perfect communist society. Writers such as Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon and Robert Owen were prominent Utopian Socialists.

V

 * Vassal - The tenant of land who receives a fief in exchange for knightly service (feudalism).
 * Vernacular - The standard, native language of a region (generally as opposed to Latin).
 * Virtu - Humanist value of the Renaissance emphasizing a nobility of spirit and action, stressing an individual's dignity and worth; replaced the chivalrous Medieval value of humility.
 * Voltaire (1694-1778) - French deist philosopher, author of Candide, which sarcastically attacks religious and philosophical optimism (Enlightenment).

W

 * War of the Three Henrys (1584-1598) - A series of three civil wars in France, also known as the Huguenot Wars; fought between the Catholic League and the Huguenots.
 * Wars of the Roses (1455-1487) - Intermittent civil war fought over the throne of England between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
 * Warsaw Pact (1455-1487) - An organization of Central and Eastern European Communist states. It was established in 1955 to counter the threat from the NATO alliance.
 * Weimar Republic (1919-1933) - The first attempt at liberal democracy in Germany; named after the city of Weimar, where the new constitution was written.
 * Western Schism (1378) - Split within the Catholic Church at the end of the Avignon Papacy.
 * Whig - A member of the British Liberal Democrat party.
 * White-collar - Class of labor performing less "laborious" tasks and are more highly paid than blue-collar manual workers.
 * White Man’s Burden - The concept of the white race's obligation to govern and impart it beliefs upon nonwhite people; often used to justify European colonialism.
 * William and Mary - King William III and Queen Mary II; jointly ruled England and Scotland after the Glorious Revolution of 1688; they replaced the absolutist King James II and ruled as constitutional monarchs.
 * William Gladstone (1809-1898) - A British Liberal politician and Prime Minister (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894), a notable political reformer, known for his populist speeches, and was for many years the main political rival of Benjamin Disraeli.

X

 * X-ray - first systematically studied by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895.

Y

 * Yekaterinburg - The location at which the family of Czar Nicholas II was murdered by Bolsheviks

Z

 * Zimmermann Telegram (1917) - Message sent by German Arthur Zimmermann, proposing that Mexico ally with Germany against the United States; hastened U.S. entry into World War I.

title: European History/Glossary


text:
къто

Alternative forms

 * Glagolitic:

Etymology
. Formed with a particle attached to, from , from , (compare ).

Pronoun

 * 1) who (interrogative)

Etymology
. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1)  who?
 * 2)  who, that

title: къто


text:
Talk:Dieter Hildebrandt

Flakhelfer / Wehrmacht
...in the same role - That is to understand as if H. was "Flakhelfer" at "Wehrmacht" ? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:24, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dieter Hildebrandt


text:
Talk:Dick Enberg

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 08:10, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Gaffes
Removed the "Gaffes" section on POV grounds. Mdumas43073 01:53, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

And here we are again two years later. If that "performance" at the US Open ceremony doesn't hustle him out the door, nothing will. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:44, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Dick Enberg the early t.v. broadcast days.
I have fond memories of when Dick was with KTLA T.V. broadcasting boxing at the OLYMPIC auditorium back in the 1960's.I attended many of those fights and would arrive early so that I could get good seating. On many occasions I would would see Dick and Micky Davies getting ready for their broadcast. I would say hello and Dick would always acknowledge me as He saw me as a weekly regular. Back in those days we saw fighters like Jerry Quarry. Joey Orbillo, Mondo Ramos, Hedgeman Lewis, a young Joe Frazer and many more. I have been a fan of Mr Enbergs ever since and would like to congratulate Him on His many achievements.

Respectfully, Ron Duran<EMAIL_ADDRESS>— Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:56, 24 September 2015 (UTC)

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External links modified
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title: Talk:Dick Enberg


text:
prägnant

Etymology
, from. The sense of the German adjective is not far from the French, but its particulars may have developed under influence of unrelated (compare especially ).

Adjective

 * 1) meaningful and concise; to the point; apposite; pithy

title: prägnant


text:
User:Taabagg

Theodore Antibes Ariel Bagg Ted Bagg's Site

Salient facts, given an acquaintance w/linear algebra & complex numbers: Quaternions Briefly

My proof of an old result: Rational Factoradimals Terminate

title: User:Taabagg


text:
Talk:Heart Like a Wheel

Fair use rationale for Image:Linda Ronstadt-Heart Like a Wheel (album cover).jpg
Image:Linda Ronstadt-Heart Like a Wheel (album cover).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 00:27, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Correct Producer Credits
The current "Recording" section in the article appears to have an error for the production credits. This section states that the album:

 * was co-produced by Peter Asher and Andrew Gold

This contradicts US LP artwork for Capitol ST 11358 at https://www.discogs.com/Linda-Ronstadt-Heart-Like-A-Wheel/release/11231544 and US CD artwork for Capitol CDP 7 46073 2 at https://www.discogs.com/Linda-Ronstadt-Heart-Like-A-Wheel/release/14125552 which both have "Produced by Peter Asher" in bold font. It is also inconsistent with the current infobox which lists just Peter Asher as the producer.

While Andrew Gold certainly made significant contributions to the album, stating that he co-produced the album needs a citation if it is to be stated in the article given the above.

In addition, the "Recording" section, which is currently just a single sentence, is of little value. Of the 3 important details in that section, 2 (release year and label) are already in both the intro and infobox. The third detail is the producers which, without a citation, appears to be incorrect. Even if it is correct, this section adds no value to the article as the producer currently also appears in the infobox.

As such, I will remove the Recording section in the article and leave the producer in the infobox as is as it is currently just Peter Asher which, based on the links above, appears to be correct.

Wantnot (talk) 17:44, 24 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heart Like a Wheel


text:
User:Fasten/ReplyPolicy

Reply policy: Messages are replied on this page if no [[User:Fasten/Reply|Reply ]] link is given at the end of a message. (see Talk Page Etiquette)

title: User:Fasten/ReplyPolicy


text:
sẻ

Etymology 1
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 [Cuối Chăm] kʰrɛː⁵.

Compare the toponym Khả Lễ in Bắc Ninh, where the demotic name  is Sẻ.

Noun

 * 1)  sparrow

Etymology 2
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to divide, to share

title: sẻ


text:
Hannaford, Queensland

Hannaford is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, Hannaford had a population of 135 people.

Geography
Hannaford is flat land used for agriculture. The Surat Developmental Road passes through the locality from east to west. The Glenmorgan railway line also passes through the locality from east (The Gums) to west (Meandarra); Hannaford railway station (-27.3264°N, 150.065°W) serves the locality.

History
Hannaford railway station was named on 14 July 1924 by the Queensland Railways Department taking the name of the parish, which in turn was named after pastoralist Samuel Hannaford, who leased the North Inglestone pastoral run.

Hannaford Provisional School opened on 4 March 1929 but closed on 29 August 1930. It reopened on 17 March 1947 and became Hannaford State School in 1948.

Hannaford Post Office opened around 1934. It remains open as a community postal agent.

Demographics
In the Hannaford had a population of 118 people.

In the, Hannaford had a population of 135 people.

Education
Hannaford State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Hannaford Road (-27.3404°N, 150.0607°W). In 2015, the school had an enrolment of 9 students with 2 teachers (1 full-time equivalent) and 4 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 23 students with 3 teachers (2 full-time equivalent) and 5 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent).

There is no secondary school in Hannaford. The nearest secondary school is Tara Shire State College in Tara to the east, but it is a considerable distance for a daily commute and other options would be distance education or boarding school.

title: Hannaford, Queensland


text:
McMillan's catshark

McMillan's catshark (Parmaturus macmillani) is a catshark of the family Scyliorhinidae, in the order Carcharhiniformes. McMillan's catshark is a small, rare, and little-known deepwater shark that is endemic to New Zealand. It is found at depths of 985–1350m on the lower continental slope around New Zealand, on the West Norfolk Ridge, and off North Cape. It can grow to a length of 45 cm.

Conservation status
In 2017, the International Union for Conservation of Nature assesses this species as Data Deficient. In June 2018, the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified McMillan's catshark as "Data Deficient" with the qualifier "Uncertain whether Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

title: McMillan's catshark


text:
Template:Test

{{documentation|content= {{Subst only}}

This template takes two optional parameters. The first is for a signature. The second is for linking to a page where the user has caused vandalism. {{tlxs|Test| ~ |Main page}}

Related Templates

 * Test2
 * TestAnon

}}

title: Template:Test


text:
User:L.allen/sandbox

Article Evaluation - Leah's Input

3.1: Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?

Overall, the information presented in this article is relevant to the topic of African Tick Bite Fever. However, information was repeated multiple times, even within the introduction (i.e., symptoms resolve in a few weeks). Furthermore, information was not presented logically throughout the article (i.e., antibiotic treatment is mentioned in the “diagnoses” section before the different tests are presented and explained). This illogical presentation of information and the use of short, direct sentences, limits the overall flow of the article. Another example of illogical presentation of information is the subheading called “Vectors” under the heading “Causes”. This is problematic two-fold: (1) the wording of this subheading is out of place as it is not descriptive of the information contained within (it would more accurately be named “Transmission” and (2) it  contains information which does not belong under the heading “Cause” (i.e., prevalence of infectious tick species in different location).

Another distracting finding was that the article readily contains information that contradicts itself. It states that the fever is asymptomatic, but then also states that symptoms resolve in a few weeks. It also states that diagnosis is based on symptoms, then goes on to list clinical signs they look for to diagnose (i.e., PRC, culture, etc.), not symptoms. Finally, Josamysin is one antibiotic briefly mentioned that is used for pregnant women who have an infection, but it not included in the overall list of antibiotics.

Treatment of ATBF with tetracycline, which is a tetracycline class drug.

title: User:L.allen/sandbox


text:
Sparassis crispa

Sparassis crispa is a species of fungus in the family Sparassidaceae. It is sometimes called cauliflower fungus.

Description
S. crispa grows in an entangled globe that is up to 24 in in diameter. The lobes, which carry the spore-bearing surface, are flat and wavy, resembling lasagna noodles, coloured white to creamy yellow. When young they are tough and rubbery but later they become soft. They are monomitic. The odour is pleasant and the taste of the flesh mild.

The spore print is cream, the smooth oval spores measuring about 5–7 μm by 3.5–5 μm. The flesh contains clamp connections.

Similar species
The less well-known S. brevipes, found in Europe, can be distinguished by its less crinkled, zoned folds and lack of clamp connections.

Distribution and habitat
This species is fairly common in Great Britain and temperate Europe (but not in the boreal zone). It is a brown rot fungus, found growing at the base of conifer trunks, often pines, but also spruce, cedar, larch and others.

In the North American Pacific Northwest, it can be found from August to November.

Uses
It is considered a good edible fungus when young and fresh, though it is difficult to clean. (A toothbrush and running water are recommended.) One French cookbook, which gives four recipes for this species, says that grubs and pine needles can get caught up in holes in the jumbled mass of flesh. The Sparassis should be blanched in boiling water for 2–3 minutes before being added to the rest of the dish. It should be cooked slowly.

title: Sparassis crispa


text:
SS Pierre L'Enfant

SS Pierre L'Enfant was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Pierre L'Enfant, a French-American military engineer who designed the basic plan for Washington, D.C., known today as the L'Enfant Plan.

Construction
 Pierre L'Enfant was laid down on 17 May 1943, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MCE hull 1001, by the Bethlehem-Fairfield Shipyard, Baltimore, Maryland; she was sponsored by Mrs. O. M. White, the wife of a yard employee, and was launched on 11 June 1943.

History
She was allocated to Polarus Steamship Co., Inc., on 28 June 1943. On 27 November 1946, she was sold for commercial use to Atlantic Maritime Co., for $544,506. After several owner and name changes, sailing as Kolasin, she was grounded near Tuapse, on the Black Sea, and declared a Total Loss.

title: SS Pierre L'Enfant


text:
Talk:Peerless Price

Legal Troubles
This section could quickly turn into an editing war - there is a piece on Deadspin (http://deadspin.com/5709319/searching-forpeerless-price) that indicates that foreclosure has been filed against a home of his. The foreclosure is verifiable by searching State of Georgia court records. After this information was added to the page, user Priceless0818 removed the content and made vague threats against Wikipedia and its posters. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peerless_Price&oldid=403250387. Please consider semi protection. Diamedic (talk) 16:39, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peerless Price


text:
Category:Wikiversity policy

Be aware that many of the pages included in this category are not official policies, but only proposals. Many of them are still being discussed. If you want to know which ones are official and which ones not, visit Policies.

title: Category:Wikiversity policy


text:
G.R.I.N.D. Get Ready It's a New Day

G.R.I.N.D. Get Ready It's a New Day is a 2017 Philippine television drama series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Monti Parungao, it stars Bruno Gabriel, Jazz Ocampo, Ayra Mariano, and Benedict Campos. It premiered on August 19, 2017 on the network's Sabado Star Power sa Gabi line up replacing Midnight Horror Stories. The series concluded on October 21, 2017 with a total of 10 episodes.

Cast and characters

 * Lead cast
 * Bruno Gabriel as Carlo Yuson
 * Jazz Ocampo as Solangermina Tamara "Solanj" Martinez
 * Ayra Mariano as Luisa Carmela "Lui" Gonzales
 * Benedict Campos as Reynaldo "RK" Katakutan Jr.

 * Recurring cast
 * Nanette Inventor as Lola Azon
 * Joanna Marie Katanyag as Flavy

 * Guest cast
 * Kate Alejandrino as Marty
 * Jenny Miller as Loretta "Lorry" Diomendes
 * Phoebe Gwenette Yor as Yuki
 * Princess Ayisha as Ayisha Gonzales
 * Joseph Daniel R. Aliazar as Fabio
 * David Licauco as Alco
 * Gileth Sandico as Amanda Gonzales
 * Maureen Larrazabal as Diana Martinez
 * Kim Rodriguez as Catherine "Cathy" Cruz
 * Lollie Mara as Greta Yuson
 * Lui Manansala as Betchay
 * Yayo Aguila as Heidi Katakutan
 * Ameera Johara as Valeriano "Valerie" Maligalig
 * Phytos Ramirez as Alfred
 * Rosemarie Sarita as Mrs. Capistrano
 * Yasser Marta as Calvin

Ratings
According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Nationwide Urban Television Audience Measurement People in television homes, the pilot episode of G.R.I.N.D. Get Ready It's a New Day earned a 2% rating. While the final episode scored a 1.8% rating.

title: G.R.I.N.D. Get Ready It's a New Day


text:
commendatore

Noun

 * 1) commander

Usage notes

 * Often capitalized, it is a title awarded along with the honour/honor Ordine al Merito della Repubblica
 * In popular culture, 'il commendatore' is a name used to refer to

title: commendatore


text:
Karel de Bazel

Karel Petrus Cornelis de Bazel (Den Helder, 14 February 1869—Amsterdam, 28 November 1923) was a modern Dutch architect, engraver, draftsman, furniture designer, carpet designer, glass artist and bookbinding designer. He was the teacher of Adriaan Frederik van der Weij and the first chairman of the Bond van Nederlandse Architecten (BNA; the Association of Dutch Architects), beginning in 1909.

Youth, Training, and Early Career, 1869–1900
Karel de Bazel was the son of Karel Pieter Cornelis de Bazel, caretaker of the Ministry of Marine, and Petronella Elisabeth Koch. De Bazel came from a modest background and his formal education as a youth only extended through primary school. Much later, De Bazel began his career as an apprentice to a carpenter.

De Bazel took evening courses in architecture at the Koninklijke Academie van Beeldende Kunsten (Royal Academy of Visual Arts) in The Hague, and then took a job as a draftsman at the Nieukerken architectural firm in The Hague in 1888. In 1889, through his brother, who worked as a French translator at a publishing house in Leiden, De Bazel found work as a draftsman for prominent Dutch architect P.J.H. Cuypers in Amsterdam. During this period he executed perspective drawings of St. Vitus' Church in Hilversum and St. Bavo's Cathedral in Haarlem, which so impressed Cuypers that he first promoted De Bazel to head draftsman and later his chief designer, overseeing the rest of the firm. But after De Bazel became a member of the Theosofische Vereniging (Theosophical Society) in 1894, he left Cuypers' firm, as his employer was Catholic. In 1895, De Bazel and Johannes Ludovicus Mathieu Lauweriks formed their own independent partnership. Between 1897 and 1902 the duo taught courses alongside H. J. M. Walenkamp in the new Theosophical Vahânaloge they had founded in Amsterdam the previous year in drawing, art history and aesthetics; the institution operated until 1931. Here they made connections between architecture, mathematics, nature, and the cosmos. Bazel was a member of Nederlandsche Vereeniging voor Ambachts- en Nijverheidskunst (V.A.N.K.) the Dutch Association for Craft and Craft Art.

Mature architectural work, 1900–23
In 1904 De Bazel founded the famous Amsterdam furniture studio De Ploeg with his brother-in-law Kees Oosschot and Klaas van Leeuwen. Along with Hendrik Petrus Berlage, he pioneered the Dutch architectural rationalism that would become characteristic of national practice during and after the First World War. His designs also began to be influenced by Eastern architecture.

During this period, De Bazel executed numerous designs around and for the municipality of Bussum. The first of these was De Bazel's model farm Oud Bussem (1903), located on the eponymous estate in the Gooi. This complex was founded by a wealthy student in response to an outbreak of typhus that had contaminated fresh milk that had been sold nationwide. Both Berlage and Willem Marinus Dudok praised this design, calling it De Bazel's best work. In 1921, he was commissioned by the municipality of Bussum design a new residential area, the Brediuskwartier, which remains one of the most beautiful and completely remaining examples of a residential neighborhood in the style of the Amsterdam School style in the Netherlands. On 17 November 2006, the district was officially designated by the government as a protected townscape. He also designed a park and workers' housing in Bussum, and other residential districts for workers and bourgeois clients alike in Eindhoven and Dieren, and between 1913 and 1923 De Bazel also designed several blocks of workers' housing in the Spaarndammerbuurt west of the center of Amsterdam.

In 1905 De Bazel also designed an octagonal-plan World Capital complex, including a Peace Palace and three academies, for the Foundation for Internationalism just outside The Hague, which, however, was never executed, except for the Peace Palace. Similarly, in 1907, he designed a new district in the foothills of Semarang in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) for his friend, the colonial pharmacist and activist Hendrik Tillema. This district was supposed to be used to improve the health and living conditions of the native Javanese in the city, which caused the colonial government to oppose its implementation until it was extensively modified by Thomas Karsten a decade later to serve as a gentrified district for the city's wealth Dutch and Chinese elite instead. Berlage included De Bazel's designs in his 1908 Expansion Plan for The Hague but this was never directly realized, either.

Other works from this period include the building for the Nederlandse Heidemaatschappij (a Dutch environmental and infrastructure consulting and engineering firm, now called Arcadis) in Arnhem, built from 1912 to 1914, which was the first large-scale structure in the Netherlands to make use of reinforced concrete. The structure is now called the De Bazel after him.

De Bazel also worked on the designs for a glass factory in Leerdam, which beginning in 1915 engaged several artists to design utilitarian and decorative products, among them Berlage and Frank Lloyd Wright.

Late in life, De Bazel designed his most famous work, the headquarters for the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NHM; Dutch Trading Company), built from 1919 to 1926 at Vijzelstraat 32 in Amsterdam, where he also designed much of the interior. The former office building is often colloquially referred to as De Bazel in his honor, and since 2007 has housed the Amsterdam City Archives. He also, significantly, designed the synagogue of Enschede, which was completed posthumously.

Other design work
De Bazel was also involved in designing furniture and utensils. Well-known examples of this are the cradle he made for Princess Juliana of the Netherlands in 1909 and a Pulchikast that he designed for the occasion of the marriage of Queen Wilhelmina to Prince Hendrik in 1901.

De Bazel also designed the stamps issued in honor of the centenary of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1913, which depicted the queen and her three predecessors.

Death
Karel de Bazel died aboard a train from his home in Bussum to Amsterdam, ironically en route to the funeral of his fellow accomplished Dutch architect Michel de Klerk (who had died four days earlier), as a result of a lung condition. He was buried at Westerveld Cemetery in Driehuis.

Architectural

 * Project for Saint Bavo's Cathedral in Haarlem (1890)
 * Saint Vitus Church and ministers' residence in Hilversum (1891—92; for PJH Cuypers)
 * De Bremstruik ("The Broomstick") villa for KJL Alberdingk Thijm, in Baarn (1900—01)
 * Office building for Joannes van Woensel Kooy at Flevolaan 67, Huizen (1903)
 * Hofstede dairy farm, Naarden (1904)
 * Houses at Koningslaan 14 and 16, Amsterdam (1904)
 * Moltzer-Boeke House, Wilhelminalaan 4, Alkmaar (1904—05)
 * Ideal project for the "World Capital" at The Hague (1905—06)
 * Woudoord villa in Oranjewoud, Heerenveen (1908)
 * Restoration of the Rembrandt House, Jodenbreestraat 4, Amsterdam (1908—11)
 * Villa at Beethovenlaan 29, Hilversum (1910)
 * Heerenpoort railway station in Leiden (1911)
 * CJ and J. Pabst House, Steenbergen 6, Laren (1911)
 * Villa Meentwijck, Groot Hertoginnelaan 34A, Bussum (1912)
 * JC Loman House, Johannes Vermeerstraat 14, Amsterdam (1912)
 * Project for Rotterdam City Hall (1912—13)
 * Nederlandse Heidemaatschappij in Arnhem (1912—14)
 * House at Dam 81, Amsterdam (1913)
 * De Boschkamp Farm greenhouse and coachhouse (1913)
 * Villa at Oudwijkerlaan 47, Utrecht (1914)
 * Steens Zijnen House, Van Lawick van Pabststraat 31, Arnhem (1916)
 * Redelé villa at Parklaan 56, Eindhoven (1916)
 * Workers' houses in the Spaarndammerbuurt in Amsterdam (1918—23)
 * De Wyk villa for G. Mesdag, Haren (1919)
 * Office building for the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij in Amsterdam (1919—26)
 * New residential area, the Brediuskwartier, in Bussum (1921)
 * Sliedrecht Town Hall (1921—23)
 * Synagogue of Enschede (after 1923)
 * Workers' housing complex at Rijswijkseweg 340, The Hague (1923—25)

Other design work

 * Stamp design for Amsterdam City Archives, ca. 1900
 * Cover for Wendingen, vol. 2, no. 1 (January 1919)

title: Karel de Bazel


text:
Template talk:Box portal skeleton

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Talk:Deshea Townsend

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Deshea Townsend. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Deshea Townsend


text:
Tricholophia ceylonica

Tricholophia ceylonica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Tricholophia. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.

title: Tricholophia ceylonica


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Witching hour

The result was delete.  Sandstein  10:23, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Witching hour

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

 Bobherry Userspace  Talk to me!   Stuff I have done  13:46, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment, did you intend on nominating this for deletion with no rationale? Primefac (talk) 14:23, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * N  Bobherry  Talk   Edits  14:37, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * , sorry, but you really should know by now that you cannot give a one-letter AFD rationale, even if it is wikilinked. Primefac (talk) 14:55, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete A dictionary definition, the phrase can be traced back to an eighteenth century poem I believe. But beyond this brief etymology and widespread use in fiction I don't see an encyclopedia article here. Although not relevant to this AfD, most of the article is currently inaccurate in putting the hour at 3am rather than midnight, which is not surprising given that it's poorly sourced.--Pontificalibus (talk) 15:16, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Mythology-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 00:34, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Literature-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 00:45, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Comment there was also a chap called bill who wrote of it a bit earlier in hammie - "Tis now the very witching time of night, (380) When churchyards yawn and hell itself breathes out Contagion to this world: now could I drink hot blood, And do such bitter business as the day ..." Coolabahapple (talk) 00:50, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * and then charlie referred to bill's words in The Old Curiosity Shop. Coolabahapple (talk) 01:35, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete and move Witching Hour (disambiguation) to that namespace. The disambiguation page could link to english folklore instead, and have a bit of text mentioning it.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 15:22, 23 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Arnold Feusi

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140812220639/http://www.legassembly.sk.ca/legislative-business/journals/journals-3-23 to http://www.legassembly.sk.ca/legislative-business/journals/journals-3-23

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title: Talk:Arnold Feusi


text:
Bale language

Bale may refer to:

 * Akar-Bale language of the Andaman Islands, India
 * Balesi language of Ethiopia

title: Bale language


text:
File:Al Capp Self-portrait April 1951.JPG

Summary
This series of 5 panels were excerpted from the April 16 & April 17, 1951 Li'l Abner strips. Although this is still presumably under copyright, inclusion here qualifies for Fair Use under US Copyright law because:

 * It is used for a non-commercial and hopefully educational purpose.
 * It is illustrative of the subject:
 * It is a drawing of Al Capp
 * The drawing is by Al Capp.
 * It gives an insight into Capp's sense of humor.
 * It gives an insight into how Capp views the comic strip business.
 * It mentions Milton Caniff, who is also mentioned in the article on Capp.

 * It is only a small part of the overall work, i.e. 5 panels from an estimated 65,000 panels.
 * It should not affect the commercial viability of the copyright.


text:
Joseph Ida

Giuseppe "Joseph" Ida (6 November 1890 − 1970s) was the head of the Philadelphia Mafia during the 1940s and 1950s, following the death of Giuseppe Dovi in 1946. Ida retired and returned to Italy in 1959, leaving the title of boss of the Philadelphia crime family to Angelo Bruno.

Early life
Giuseppe Ida was born on 6 November 1890 in Fiumara, a municipality in Calabria, Italy. In 1919 Ida came to America, settled in South Philadelphia and was naturalized. There he met the head Salvatore Sabella, the sub-boss John "Nazzone" Avena and the consigliere Giuseppe "Joe Bruno" Dovi of the local organization. In 1927, Ida, Sabella and three other gangsters were charged with the murder of two of their rivals, but none of the accused was convicted.

Rise to power
Sabella retired in 1931 and John Avena headed the organization until he was murdered in a drive-by shoot in the summer of 1936, and Giuseppe Dovi became the new boss. Ida was named the new underboss by Dovi. In 1946, Dovi died of natural causes in a hospital in New York City and Ida was appointed new head by the so-called Mafia Commission.

Under his leadership, the family gained far more power; he had driven the Jewish mobsters out of their territories, putting an end to the Jewish mob in Philadelphia and South Jersey.

Ida and his organization were heavily influenced by the bosses of the five families; the Luciano crime family in particular sought to influence the activities of other families. As the Philadelphia family gained more power in Atlantic City and southern Jersey, it was already seen as a larger faction of the Luciano family, under the influence of Underboss Vito Genovese.

Ida and his under boss Dominick "Big Dom" Oliveto were among the around 100 mafia members who took part in the legendary Apalachin meeting in 1957; a gathering of almost all the bosses of the American Cosa Nostra in November 1957, which took place in the community of Apalachin in the State of New York and was stormed by the local police. A total of 62 people were briefly arrested and identified; including Ida and Oliveto. Oliveto withdrew and shortly after Ida was charged with drug trafficking and fled to Italy in 1958.

During his absence, Oliveto's successor Antonio Pollina appointed acting boss; however, was deposed by the commission in 1959 and Angelo "The Gentle Don" Bruno was appointed new boss of the family.

title: Joseph Ida


text:
Bloom clock project/What's this plant

Bloom clock participants with digital cameras can take pictures of plants that they're unfamiliar with and load the images to Wikiversity for identification.

Suggestions:
 * Load images even if they're poor or small (cellphone cameras are fine).
 * When the plant is identified, the image might be suitable for uploading to commons if it's good quality and/or commons doesn't already have a photo.
 * If there's better photos on commons, we'll just delete the photo and replace its thumbnail with the commons one (it's probably best not to upload low-quality photos to commons).
 * We may in the future have quizzes each week to "test your knowledge", using the photos. (See Plant identification for details).

To add a photo just add the following to the bottom of the page, replacing "IMAGENAME" with the name of your photo (don't add or Image:Imagename ... just the actual name of the file!)

January 2007
Unidentified, from Devon, UK, January.

title: Bloom clock project/What's this plant


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MINT

The result was keep, no one besides the nominator agrees with outright deletion, merging can always be done as an editorial decision by any interested party. - Bobet 09:23, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

MINT
This is an article about a commercial product, which although popular, surely does not deserve its own page Lurker  haver 10:01, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment — I'm unsure if this deserves a standalone article or not. If not, the content should probably be merged into Royal Bank of Scotland Group rather than being deleted. Mike Peel 10:25, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge per Mike Peel. Erechtheus 05:10, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep MINT dont trade or in any noticable way operate as "Royal Bank of Scotland MINT", and offer a not insignificant product range. Surely if MINT was not part of RBS it would warrant an entry... If this is to be deleated I think we'll have to reasses the inclusion of a whole range of "commerical products". Ian3055 23:39, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Evidence for the article meeting WP:CORP - Daily Mail Group article - Guardian article - Independent article - Times article (all links working as at posting time) Ian3055 23:34, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Merge to Royal Bank of Scotland Group, do not keep. Does not appear to meet WP:CORP. Vegaswikian 17:24, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep, also write article on Solo (online banking). --Petri Krohn 02:27, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MINT