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Aeronautical Engineering/General introduction

What is Aeronautical Engineering?
Broadly speaking, it is the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction of aircraft. This can range from the cutting-edge technology of today's modern fighter aircraft, with sustained cruising speeds well over the speed of sound, to aircraft design to carry many hundreds of people thousands of miles around the world in comparative luxury and with extraordinary efficiency.

However, aeronautical engineering is more than that. Aeronautical engineers are needed in the construction of modern buildings, and in the analysis of the behaviour of spacecraft within the Earth's (and other planetary bodies') atmosphere. Other products requiring their input include missiles, rockets, helicopters, turbines and experimental engines, spacecraft and high-speed racing cars and catamarans.

Study Areas

(stolen wholesale from Wikipedia)

 * Fluid mechanics - the study of fluid flow around objects. Specifically aerodynamics concerning the flow of air over bodies such as wings or through objects such as wind tunnels (see also lift and aeronautics).
 * Dynamics and engineering mechanics - the study of movement, forces, moments in mechanical systems.
 * Mathematics - as most subjects within aerospace engineering involve equations and mathematical manipulation and derivations, a solid and comprehensive study of mathematics is required to enable effective learning in the other modules.
 * Electrotechnology - the study of electronics within engineering.
 * Propulsion - the energy to move a vehicle through the air (or in outer space) is provided by internal combustion engines, jet engines and turbomachinery, or rockets (see also propeller and spacecraft propulsion).
 * Control engineering - the study of mathematical modelling of systems and designing them in order that they behave in the desired way. As aircraft flight control systems are becoming increasingly complex, they can be studied as a separate module.
 * Aircraft structures - design of the physical configuration of the craft to withstand the forces encountered during flight. Aerospace engineering aims very much at keeping structures lightweight.
 * Materials science - related to structures, aerospace engineering also studies the materials of which the aerospace structures are to be built. New materials with very specific properties are invented, or existing ones are modified to improve their performance.
 * Aeroelasticity - the interaction of aerodynamic forces and structural flexibility, potentially causing flutter, divergence, etc.
 * Avionics - concerning the design and integration of electronic systems on board an aircraft or spacecraft. Communications and navigation equipment may be the focus of this study.
 * Risk and reliability - the study of risk and reliability assessment techniques and the mathematics involved in the quantitative methods.
 * Noise control - the study of the mechanics of sound transfer. Required as noise levels are a massive consideration in the current aerospace industry.
 * Flight test - the discipline of designing and executing flight test programs in order to gather and analyze performance and handling qualities data in order to determine if an aircraft meets its design and performance goals and certification requirements.

Leading Edges

 * Study of insect regimes for insight into microflyers
 * Robotics or unmanned aerial vehicles of all sizes
 * Highly automated manufacturing techniques allowing custom building or tailoring

A Potted History of Flight
The history of flight has been propelled and directed, more than almost any other industry, by the superhuman efforts of individuals. Bicycle manufacturers and powerful businessmen alike, the vision and bravery of these individuals has pushed aviation to such dizzying heights that today at the beginning of the 21st century, and after only a century of flight, it is taken completely for granted that we can fly thousands of feet above the ground and hundreds of miles per hour in complete safety and comfort. We even have the gall to complain about the complimentary breakfast!

At the beginning, there were guys with wing-shaped material stretched over lightweight frames jumping off mountains - they were the first 'birdmen'.

 * "Human beings have always dreamed of flight. They did not however, dream of the Boeing 747. The flight to which humans traditionally aspired was that of the birds, a business of feathers and flapping wings" - Flight: 100 Years of Aviation, R. G. Grant

Names: Roger Bacon, Leonardo da Vinci, Otto Lilienthal, Francesco de Lana, Joseph/Etiene Montgolfier, Jean-Pierre Blanchard, George Cayley, Samuel Henson, Hiram Maxim, Octave Chanute, Orville/Wilbur Wright,


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Talk:Davide Rummolo

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title: Talk:Davide Rummolo


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Talk:USS Onondaga (1863)/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Hog Farm (talk · contribs) 23:52, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

An ACW article. This one's up my forte. Hog Farm Bacon 23:52, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "The nine-caliber Dahlgren gun weighed 42,900 pounds (19,500 kg)" - Should gun be plural here, as there were two Dahlgren pieces on the ship?
 * "Construction was delayed by shortages of material, labor and the closing of the shipyard during the New York City draft riots in July 1863. The ship cost $759,673.08, a budget overrun of over 21 percent" - If I did my math right, it would round to 22%, but if the source says 21%, stick with that. I may also have done my math wrong.
 * "and arrived at Hampton Roads two days later." - Might be worth specifying that Hampton Roads was in Virginia and was Union-held territory nominally part of the CSA
 * I'm not seeing where the commission date (15 June 1869) for the French Navy is cited
 * Both of the external links are dead. Archive or remove.
 * It's probably the date of commissioned for trials, but since I can't substantiate it, gone.
 * For the general characteristics in the infobox, it's probably worth qualifying them as (as built), since the French refit seems to have changed some things.
 * Good idea.
 * I don't know if the sources state these, but one of the interesting things about the Union Navy monitors was that some of them had a very low freeboard. If it's mentioned, it might be worth stating, although I think they got the worst design flaws fixed by 1864. Hog Farm Bacon 16:24, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes and no, read the Casco-class monitor article for the no side. Otherwise pretty much yes. Thanks for the review.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 14:27, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Onondaga (1863)/GA1


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Wikipedia talk:Cleanup sorting

Some background and history of proposals can be found at Cleanup sorting/History.

Leveraging WikiProjects
Is a great idea in general, but doing so successfully will mean structuring the process so as to make it easier for them, in particular in terms of how the sorting categories are constructed. For example, WP:PNA currently had "Military History", "Military history", "Military", and "War" categories, even though there's only a single active WikiProject dealing with all of these. Combining them into a single category may make the sorting scheme less "correct", but would make it much easier for the project to focus on the relevant articles. Kirill Lok s h in 13:43, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * We can just transclude all the categories into the same WikiProject. Alba 15:45, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Somehow, I don't think that transcluding a bunch of massive and poorly organized lists into a project will get you quite the reaction you're looking for ;-) Kirill Lok s h in 16:30, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Attention proposal #3: PNA as subject-specific cleanup one-stop shopping
OK, I think all we humans will need to do is purge PNA's existing untagged entries, and set up a few pointers for each section. I will be able to write a bot to take care of the actual sorting of articles.

To be specific, editors will need to:
 * Merge and split sections as necessary.Wikipedia:Pages_needing_attention/Mathematical_and_Natural_Sciences#Ecology_and_Agriculture
 * List appropriate projects from List of WikiProjects. If there is no applicable project, you can write a note saying so, or merge with a related section.
 * List appropriate categories from Category:Stub categories.
 * Remove listings that have been adequately fixed.
 * Move any remaining comments to talk pages, making sure that the article is tagged, cleanup, expand, or expert if appropriate.  Also make sure that these articles have been properly categorized in the regular categorization scheme.  (E.g. agriculture articles should be in Category:Agriculture or a subcategory, etc.)
 * Create empty (unless there are remaining listings to put there) cleanup, expansion, and expert sections for the bot to fill in later.
 * List the main category or categories for this topic. The bot will look here in and all subcategories to find any articles that have been tagged.
 * Transclude the subpage in the appropriate WikiProject(s).

I did this for the Agriculture section already:
 * Agriculture did not have a WikiProject, so I merged it with Ecology, which does.
 * Add all the agriculture and ecology stubs and WikiProjects
 * Tag one article as an agriculture-stub (only tagged as job-stub) and move the expansion request to its talk page.
 * Add World Food Programme to Category:Agriculture, since it wasn't there. Tag it for expansion and move the expansion request to its talk page.  Move its entry to the expansion section.
 * Three articles have since been fixed, so remove them from the list.

You can see the result at Pages_needing_attention/Mathematical_and_Natural_Sciences. I need other people to help do this for the other sections, since I don't have time to do all that work myself. But I'm already working on the sorting and bot code that will be necessary to finish the job. Here's what I am planning on doing:

 * attention will be obsoleted. All of these articles will be re-tagged cleanup-date.
 * All articles tagged for cleanup will continue being auto-tagged by Pearle with cleanup-date.
 * expansion and expert tags will remain as-is.
 * Any article with a cleanup, expansion, or expert tag, will be added to a list in the appropriate subsection. This list will be automatically updated as tags are added and removed from articles.
 * The bot will make a list of tagged articles that have not been allocated to a "leftovers" section.
 * Leftovers might just need to be added to the right topical category. For example, if someone created an article on "Rice agriculture" but it wasn't in Category:Agriculture, it wouldn't get auto-listed in the right section.
 * If there are a significant number of "leftover" articles on the same subject, a new section could be created, or a "category covered" added to an existing section. For example, if there's a bunch of articles on stars, Category:Stars might be added to the "categories covered" list of the "Astronomy" section.  I think the most important thing is that each section be "adopted" by a WikiProject.

If we do it this way, after the initial purge, humans will only have to sort groups of articles, not individual ones. They can also continue tagging and untagging using the existing templates they know and love. And we can also add "minor" cleanup tags to the PNA lists later without creating a whole new class of templates.

-- Beland 03:22, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

A few significant points:

 * PNA has a complex structure. The correct page to edit is Pages needing attention/Environment, not Pages_needing_attention/Mathematical_and_Natural_Sciences as one would naively assume. It's linked that way in the main PNA page, too. Do we want to keep that structure (probably aids loading time by keeping the pages <32 kb)?

 * We should use List of stub categories instead of Category:Stub categories; it's much better organized and contains the links to relevant WikiProjects. In fact, we probably should add back-links to the attention categories at the same time.

 * I'm for deprecating attention but where is the notification on the page of its successful sorting? Is the 'leftover' list the only way to tell if and where page X has been sorted? Will the bot create Category:Agriculture pages needing attention?

 * There are a large number of stubs and Wikiprojects not currently covered by PNA. Should some of them be added? Or play that by ear as we see what the leftovers list looks like?

I'll start on the PNA conversion -- anyone with me? Alba 23:46, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I have taken the liberty of changing the page subject heading in a few cases (Archaeology being the one I first noticed) to use === === format heads as when "included" in the associated WikiProject main page the result was
 * Pages needing attention and
 * Archaeology and Anthropology at the same level (as in this example).
 * I changed it to produce a subhead as below.
 * Pages needing attention and
 * Archaeology and Anthropology at the next lower level
 * Hope I hav'n't spoiled anything. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page) / (Desk)  09:48, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good idea to me. Let's make sure all PNA sections are at === level or below. Alba 15:01, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Proposal #3 implementation tests
Pearle has updated Pages_needing_attention/Ecology and Agriculture. (Yay!) Notes and replies: -- Beland 04:19, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * You'll need to add the HTML comment right above the Cleanup line in order for Pearle to update the subpage.
 * Yes, Pearle knows that WP:PNA is composed of subpages, and reads from and writes to them accordingly. It would be good to keep them as subpages so that they can be transcluded into affilitated WikiProjects.
 * The articles listed are based on a database dump, which in this case is from 26 March 2006. Any changes since then will not be reflected in the lists.  (Sorry.)
 * Pearle looks at the categories under "Categories covered" and subcategories and grandsubcategories, but no further. Anything more than that seems to drift off-topic.  Please let me know if you see off-topic results.
 * The list of articles for cleanup is somewhat long (we have a big backlog). Should we make sub-sub-pages for the combined cleanup/expansion/expert list, or leave them as is?  Alternatively, we could break PNA into more than four "main" pages.
 * No, Pearle does not create any categories. No tags are added or changed when PNA is updated; Pearle creates the list based on existing tags, and that's it.
 * Backlinks from List of stub categories sounds like an excellent idea.
 * I'm all for adding all stub categories and WikiProjects. Part of the reason the cleanup backlog has gotten so big is that people interested in smaller topics haven't been able to find the articles they are interested in that need them.  In some sense, each active WikiProject deserves a PNA subpage, to help it keep track of related articles in need of attention.
 * I haven't yet bothered calculating the list of "leftover" articles, since so far we only have one section converted (and thus it would be over 10,000 articles long).
 * With regard to articles currently tagged attention, there's no guarantee that they are currently on PNA, and most articles tagged cleanup certainly aren't. But yes, the "leftover" list would be the only easy way to see which articles have been left off PNA.

Replies to replies:

 * I only see one oddity so far: Solar panels on spacecraft. Everything else seems reasonably on target... so no real false positives. But what about false negatives? I'm concerned that some categories may have deeper category trees than others.
 * I suspect we'll be rearranging PNA in any case. I really like the idea of having one-stop shopping for lists of problem articles via PNA, but a couple of suggested additional modifiers:
 * Should we include portals as well? I notice WP:ARCHAEO has an associated Portal:Archaeology...
 * Having a seperate page for expert attention may be a good idea anyway, as it would help the article quality gang attract outside experts. It's much easier to be a volunteer if your task list is automatically generated for you and served on a platter. (Well, of course, that's the whole idea behind cleanup sorting anyway.)
 * My point on the list/category/whatever was that I wish there was a reverse link from (article X, sorted into PNA/topic Y) to the page (WP:PNA/topic Y). Whether this is a link, a box, a category, or whatever... would this be worthwhile? I'm not sure it's worth the work but it might be nice. Alba 15:34, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure what you mean to do with Portals, clean themup or post the cleanup notices in them?
 * Neither one, just list them as I did on Pages needing attention/Astronomy. Alba 21:05, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Are you aware that the link to "Archaeology" PNA page is broken, This is because you have included "Anthropology" in the heading. No I can see why Anthropo9logy in included as candidates for cleanups on the page, but not why it is included in the heading. They are different things. In fact who decides whether a "science" is a "Mathematical and Natural Sciences" or "Social sciences and humanities" as one is the first and the second in the second. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page) / (Desk)  15:47, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, we'll have to go back and fix the main PNA page once we've done the conversion. Alba 21:05, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * One more thing now this is begining to find pages to work on - I find the link between Archaeology and Anthropology articles, at least based on the one found so far, very artificial. Just have a look at the mix. As part of Archaeology we would be mystrified if presented with this list to work on. And we would never get to a point of "completion" as many are quite outside our expertise. Can I suggest some sort of Arch & Anth split here, thanks :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page) / (Desk)  11:48, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. There was already an existing Anthropology page (under Social Sciences). The organization of PNA was already overly complex, and during this transition is becoming rather chaotic. -R. S. Shaw 18:24, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

This is looking very promising. -- Visviva 16:39, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

It does look promising. Some points: Thanks for diving into this, Beland. -R. S. Shaw 21:56, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) About half a dozen listings seemed fairly off-topic to me (which I'll post on your talk, Beland), but I would ascribe most of that to quirks or problems of the particular categorizations used.  Unless a problem becomes more apparent, I'd suggest no modification.  If needed, a fix less severe than eliminating use of grandsubcategories entirely, would be to eliminate them only when the sub-/grandsub-category is listed in a "large" number of supercategories.
 * 2) I like the general approach of Pearle changing only the list (PNA) pages.  Keeps the bot simple and modifiable, and keeps it from interfering with the articles directly.  Also probably less of a load on the system.
 * 3) Alba, you already have a "reverse link" from the article:  the What links here utility in the toolbox on the left will list the referencing PNA page.  In most cases this list will be short enough to spot the "Wikipedia:Pages needing attention" entry easily.
 * 4) There seems to be some merit in putting the "Expert attention needed" list onto a separate page, exactly so that that page can be presented to experts who are not necessarily obsessed with fixing zillions of pages.  The page will be short (just 3 for the Ecology trial), but that's good.  It can be linked to from a Portal or other relevant spot to attract the real experts.
 * 5) The length of the Ecology trial list doesn't seem overly long (in the situation).  It's around 100 cleanup pages plus around 15 expand/expert pages.  Note with 14000 cleanup tags we'll need 140 PNA pages to keep the list size down around this level (more probably, because of duplicate listings).

 * Now done: Astronomy, Archaeology/Anthropology, Ecology/Agriculture, Environment, Chemistry/Chemicals. The last is an additional test; we need to know how to deal with sub-topics -- especially since there will be "general science" stubs that don't fit into the listed categories, a group *above* the ones we're testing now.
 * Biology is converted. Since I won't touch Mathematics (see below) that leaves only Computer science in the natural science set. Alba 20:49, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Interfacing with others: User:Gnome (Bot)

 * Beland, you may want to talk more with User:Eagle 101, whose User:Gnome (Bot) is going to make a go at partially automating the assignment of categories to cleanup pages that need it. Perhaps it should attack your 'leftovers' list? Alba 06:07, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * (Do so. -- Beland 03:49, 15 April 2006 (UTC))

Interfacing with others: User:Mathbot
It turns out that PNA/Mathematics already has a janitor bot, User:Mathbot. Obviously we should let it continue to do its yeoman's work; should we actively cooperate as well? Alba 00:48, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Oof. I'm tempted to skip this one entirely, but I will at some point look at it in detail and think about issues of redundancy, uniformity, and integration... -- Beland 03:49, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Comments on the template
Check this, will you, Beland? Alba 21:47, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me. -- Beland 03:46, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm removing the "experimental redesign" warning; now we can start to put that on the top of the meta-page, I think. I also added wikification and NPOV sections. -- Beland 17:47, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * No longer an experiment, true, but we need it on the subpages so that I don't get horrified messages from WikiProject maintainers crying "what have you done, you out-of-control maniac! have you discussed this with anyone???" and I say, "yes, over 50 kilobytes' worth". Alba 13:23, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Off-topic links
These were identified as off-topic by R. S. Shaw in the Ecology trial: Collective intelligence, Cuticle (via cats Plant Anat, Botany, Ag), Homo erectus soloensis, Prehensile tail, Polymer fume fever, Scale height, SL-1, Solar panels on spacecraft

Based on these results, I think what I will do is reduce coverage from sub-sub-categories to sub-categories only. There will still be some borderline inclusions, but I think we'll just have to accept those as tangentially related to the topic. Thanks for pointing these out. -- Beland 03:49, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Before long people are going to want better control over what categories feed into a PNA page, I think. The category system is not systematic, and it changes.  I think a simple rule like "to sub-sub-cats" isn't going to be too workable.  Maybe Pearle can accept some syntax to direct its category inclusion.  For instance, it could allow a "Categories covered" entry to be optionally followed by a specifier of how many levels of sub-cats should be included.  Like "Category:Ecology {2 levels}" (or whatever syntax you like) meaning that only articles in Ecology and its immediate subcats should be included.  The default when unspecified can be whatever seems best, probably {3 levels}. -R. S. Shaw 19:41, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Progress report
OK, Pages needing attention/Mathematical and Natural Sciences is now pretty much being auto-updated. (Thanks so much to everyone who's been helping with the upgrade!) I've skipped mathematics for now, because there's already a bot doing updates for that topic. It's more comprehensive than what Pearle is doing right now. We'll probably want to come back and combine output formats. I suppose we should have links to "how to tag articles for this problem" from Pearle output, and the Mathbot output should probably be made more concise. (Though it might be a good idea to wait a bit and see what format editors prefer.)

Actually, both Mathematics and Computer Science still need manually-listed articles purged. Please leave any articles that still need to be fixed but the bot hasn't picked up on a manually update list, so I can check up on them. (But move comments to talk pages, and remove already-fixed articles.)

The other main pages:
 * Pages needing attention/Applied Arts and Sciences
 * Pages needing attention/Culture and Fine Arts
 * Pages needing attention/Social Sciences and Philosophy

...still need to be purged and converted to the new format. Were any interesting lessons learned from converting the first page? -- Beland 21:38, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Usability: excellent
I think, as far as our goals are concerned, we have a winner. Just looking over the lists for verification purposes, I saw three articles I could (and did!) fix. Having interesting articles to work on really encourages the work. So I'm quite hopeful we'll get a positive response in the coming days.

We've had one request already, to split Archaeology and Anthropology again. There is an Anthropology section under Applied Arts; however, it has no WikiProject, as previously noted. What are we to do?

 * Well, if it helps motivate people to fix articles, we can split. (I guess this is an indication that people are actually paying attention and will be helping with cleanup of their favorite topics, yay.)  We can either leave the section as "unadopted", or make it "semi-adopted" by a broader WikiProject, like WikiProject Science.  Instead of transcluding the whole page, we can simply put a link that says that this topic has not been "adopted" by any active WikiProject. -- Beland 21:34, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * PNA-sorting should not have too much emphasis on WikiProjects, IMO. It's great if a WikiProject aligns with a PNA group, and we should cross-link them.  But I think we should generally let WikiProject members decide whether (and where) to transclude PNA pages (although in very clear cases it's fine to be bold).
 * Also, it's still quite useful to have bot-generated PNA lists even where there is currently no relevant WikiProject. People can (and do) access the PNA to find interesting things to fix.  The bot-lists are way better than Category:Cleanup; I hated wading through the fancruft and such there; I'm never going back. -R. S. Shaw 19:20, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Wikification: Houston, we have a problem
Quick perusal of the wikification hits on the Astronomy subpage reveals a large number of false positives. Investigation is warranted. Alba 02:57, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've noticed this problem also, on Pages needing attention/Computer science. Excluding the simply out-of-date wikification listings (due to Pearle running off of the 26Mar06 database dump), I've noticed that all of the problem wikification listings I've investigated include one of these tags: wikiquote, wikinews, wikibooks, or wikisource.  This suggests that Pearle is seeing "{wiki" and assuming it means "{wikify}". -R. S. Shaw 20:39, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * That is exactly what was happening. I have revised the algorithm to fix that problem, and also to add articles to be merged and split. Good catch! -- Beland 21:19, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

False positives list

 * Astronomy cleanup: Don Sweeney, István Szabó, Objectivist politics
 * Astronomy wikification: all incorrect except:
 * Outer space, which belongs under cleanup (false negative)
 * Space capsule
 * Astronomy neutrality: Claremont Riding Academy

Similar extremely high false positive rates are found in other wikification sections as well. Alba 03:13, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, the fix noted in the previous section should fix the wikification problems. The problem with astronomy was a bad link on Portal:Astronomy/Things you can do, which is transcluded into the portal page we have listed.  It was causing all articles tagged for wikification to be pulled in.  I fixed the link, so these should go away on the next update. -- Beland 21:59, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Extension: need to check for other sections to create
There's a good chance that PNA is currently incomplete. Certainly all the geography-related WikiProjects are not currently covered. We will need to go through the lists of portals and wikiprojects to sure maximum coverage. But that's a task for after we convert the current sets. Alba 03:23, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Sections: He's dead, Jim
Pearle totally killed sectioning. Is this what we want? How will we decide to split up pages? Alba 03:32, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Clarification: There can be only one PNA-sorting group per PNA subpage because the bot will erase everything from the "Cleanup needed" bullet to the end of the page. Thus a case like PNA/Chemistry, which had two sections (Chemistry and Chemicals), will cause loss of all but the first section.  I feel I can live with this, but it is important to be aware of it.  -R. S. Shaw 20:39, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Too large: Biology, Computer science, and Physics all have >>100 cleanup articles. At what point do we decide to split? How will this be accomplished? Alba 04:08, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * A test: Transport is now done itself as subpages. Can we run this the way you did the science page, with leftovers at the bottom? Alba 15:08, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Oops, I should have noticed the Chemistry/Chemicals problem, since I fiddled with that myself. Pearle only tries to auto-update second-level pages.  I've turn the Chemicals, History of Science, and all subdivisions of Transport into second-level pages to show what I mean.  If second-level sections are getting long enough that they need third-level subsections, it's probably time to consider promoting them top-level sections, listed on WP:PNA directly.  Otherwise, the top-level pages are going to be too long.  (They are already getting that way, and it's only going to get worse as we add neglected topic areas.) -- Beland 21:50, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Latest round of updates
Wow, that sure did reduce the number of articles to be wikified. And boy are there are lot of articles to be merged. I guess it helps that to-be-wikified articles generally don't have categories yet, and finding overlapping articles in the same category is a common reason that articles get tagged for merger.

I figured out why Quantum electrodynamics wasn't being listed for expansion in the physics section. I had never provided a way for talk pages to "inherit" categories from the corresponding article pages. The fix for this should be implemented, but it makes regeneration take a lot longer. I will do another update as soon as it's debugged and reconstructed, and QED should pop back into the Physics section. (And you should see a raft of talk pages being added to expansion lists everywhere.) Hopefully not too many people are fixing articles and manually removing listings yet (and having them re-added by these incessant bot updates). -- Beland 02:54, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Will the article be listed twice, once for itself and once for its talk page? Or will there be something like Quantum electrodynamics (talk)? Or will just the article be listed? Alba 04:58, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It gets listed once, as Talk:Quantum electrodynamics, since I wanted to make it clear that this is the page that is flagged for attention. I have just done a test run for talk page inclusion on the Physics section, and it seems to be working well.  Boy, there are a lot of talk pages flagged for attention.  A new database dump is in progress, so I'll wait a bit to update the other sections so as not to overwrite manual edits with stale data. -- Beland 15:09, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Re Pearle Talk processing: Noticed a problem that "{cleanup taskforce closed|" is being treated as a {cleanup}, even though it is like a deleted {cleanup}. Saw it on this and on another page.  Also noticed that <nowiki> is being ignored, but since this will have an effect only very rarely, I suggest not bothering with it. -R. S. Shaw 18:00, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Both should be fixed not in the update that's running today, but the next one. Thanks for noticing those. -- Beland 23:59, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Geography
Note: I have removed Geography from the Applied Arts and Sciences page: it got too big too darn fast. Europe and the Americas still to do. The world is a big place, folks. Alba 21:12, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Category for bot-PNA pages
Should there be a category for the sorting-bot-processed Pages needing attention subpages? It might be useful for humans as well as for Pearle. For humans, it would be a list of all single-topic (lowest-level) pages, which could be convenient for browsing and other purposes. For bots, it might be a way to know which pages should be processed (I don't know how that's driven currently). Because of the latter, the Mathematics PNAs should be excluded, since a different page format is used (a supercat could include both for humans).

If there is to be a cat, it might be best if Pearle generated the text. This is because other bots and people go around moving such Cat lines to the end of pages. Thus Pearle must put it there, since it always chomps off and replaces the end of these PNA pages. (For an initial version of a page, the human editor would place it there so that Pearle can find it.) A name for the cat might be something like "Wikipedia cleanup sorting pages". -R. S. Shaw 02:59, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Since there are so many of them, I don't think it would be a bad idea... at least I can't think of any objections. Alba 15:11, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Possible improvements to bot
Stub category expansion: It seems tht Pearle does not look for subcategories of stub categories to classify pages. (E.g. Category:Technological company stubs has PNAs which are not listed in PNA/Business, which lists parent cat Category:Company stubs.) Doing this would be desirable since some stub hierarchies are large. It's even safer than normal Category subcat inclusion, since the stub hierarchies are usually pure, so all descendents normally warrant inclusion. -R. S. Shaw 19:34, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Generation date: It might be handy (and clue-in some people) if Pearle emitted the date of the database dump it was working from in front (or behind) its other stuff, e.g. These links were assembled by bot as of 26 Apr 2006. -R. S. Shaw 21:41, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Delta since last update: Now that we've split everything up, it's hard to tell if we're making progress or not. Could Pearle store the number of items in the section from the last run and calculate the delta (plus or minus) since last update, so we know if each section needs more or less attention? Feedback cycles help responses in dynamic systems.... Alba 16:44, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * A convenient way to compare section sizes is to do a "dif" on a Pearle edit compared to an earlier version. For instance,  shows 36 vs. 35 cleanup items for Classical Physics. A Pearle-generated delta would only show the difference from the previous Pearle run, which is an arbitrary period (and probably not long enough for real trend-spotting). -R. S. Shaw 17:43, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Current template for modifying PNA subpages
Am confused on how I can go about leveraging the power of this into our new WP:Firefly. Looks like I need to add a subpage called Pages needing attention/Firefly but I wasn't sure if the template under the subhead "Current template for modifying PNA subpages" was the most recent? Thanks! plange 06:54, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Summary needed
I have some interest in helping with this, but the front page needs a summary to outline the current status, instructions and categories. Maurreen 17:51, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, the project page is messy and almost stream-of-consciousness. I've added a summary section at the front.  I'm sure it can be improved.  (Really, the whole page needs splitting and rewriting.  Does this even belong as a subpage of Cleanup process?) Please discuss questions, ideas. There are few people active in this area. -R. S. Shaw 04:06, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. The summary helps. I tried doing something like this by hand maybe nine months ago, but I didn't get very far. Maurreen 05:05, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Artists
I'm trying this at Artists subpage. If somebody could check my work, I'd appreciate it. Maurreen 05:05, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The body for the Artists section you've set up is basically fine, however there's a overall structural aspect to handle. I see that the page Pages needing attention/Culture and Arts as it stands is one big thing with inline sections.  This has to become (when fully converted) a series of transcluded (sub)subpages.  This is because each topical area has to have its own page, since the bot will replace all content after the first "BOT INSERTS CONTENT HERE".
 * A straight across setup for this instance would have a page named Pages needing attention/Artists with the wikitext you created, and in place of that text in Pages needing attention/Culture and Arts there would be a transclusion of it, thus:.
 * I think it might be good if before going too far some thought were given to the structure desired. In particular, how should topical areas be grouped? If you look at the 3 other major areas already done on PNA, you can see there are often 2 nested levels present.  For instance, Computing, Health Science, and Transport each have subpages of their own (Anatomy, Medicine, etc). Maybe Culture and Arts doesn't need any, at least for a first cut, but it's something to be aware of.
 * One note: you removed the "Do not add text below this point" message. It's OK if you make that message non-visible by making it a HTML comment, but it probably should not be removed completely.  It's intended to be a message to anybody who happens to edit the PNA/Artists page in the future, say to add a cleanup listing for an article in the old, pre-robot, PNA manner.  Below that point it will get thrown away by the bot.
 * About content: I think you should leave the Portal:Arts out of this topic (and all topics).  This is because the portal has too broad a set of categories listed (including poetry, comics, typography, Reggae, ...). You have to check content of portals for problems like this.
 * Enough for now. -R. S. Shaw 08:55, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, thank you, I'll work on digesting this. Maurreen 14:06, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Hey Maurreen, glad you're on this! I was coming here too to figure out how to leverage this for Biography - was thinking it would be great to have one for each discipline (like you have with Artists), I'll work on doing politicians as another test. plange 03:41, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Maurreen, I did it for you -- I moved it to a fresh page called Arts and Entertainment....plange 03:19, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks. This seems a little complicated. Maurreen 04:45, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Now we just have to wait for the bot to run (whenever that is) plange 05:30, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Politicians
I see there's a Politicians page but am unsure if this was converted to the bot process? When was the last time it ran, if so. Also, is it okay if I modify what categories and stubs it's using? This is on behalf of WikiProject Biography...plange 03:47, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You can tell that it has been converted to new format and that the bot has been run by the bullet lines like "Cleanup needed (updated by bot)". To find when the bot was run, look at the page History for the latest edit by "Pearle" (which is the bot).  (I've requested the bot be updated to put the date of the wikipedia image on the page, but that has not happened [yet]). Yes, thoughtful changes to cats and stub-cats would be good.  Note the broader the set of cats, the longer and less selective the list will become.  -R. S. Shaw 20:03, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, and is it okay to create subsets, i.e. American politicians, when/if the main politicians one gets too big? Also, I would love to be able to transclude just the bot list generated instead of the stuff at top too (that lists all the categories and stubs) - Is that possible? plange 20:06, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Page reorganizations are fine. New pages should always be at the first level under PNA, e.g. PNA/AmerPols; it's okay to transclude them in any hierarchy/nesting you want, despite the first level name, e.g. from within PNA/Politicians. PNA/Politicians doesn't seem too big, but PNA/People is probably way too big now (1300 cleanups), although maybe not much can be done about it.
 * I'd guess the transclude mechanism can only do whole pages, not sections, in which case you'd be out of luck since the bot requires the cat lists be on the same page as the resulting cleanup lists. (By the way, the new section named "List" you put in is a bit of an experiment.  I'd guess the bot won't choke on it, but we won't know until a run is made.) -R. S. Shaw 21:48, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Military
I redid military so we could have a subset of military people -- I followed how the other ones did it, hope that's okay. How do I get the bot to come by the new page? plange 02:51, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Offhand, the changes look ok. To get a bot run, you'll need to contact user:Beland on his talk page. -R. S. Shaw 04:27, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Implemented
Oops, I mistook the lack of talk here for lack of interest, when it in fact seems to mean lack of opposition. If this is actively being used, are there any objections to renaming it (so it's no longer a proposal) and tagging it guideline or styleguide or somesuch?  > R a d i a n t <  17:04, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It does seem it should be renamed/moved, although to just what isn't clear to me. I think most people come to this from the Pages needing attention direction (which is where it is implemented), so maybe is should be a subpage of that.  (Being a subpage might hide it among the content subpages of WP:PNA, but that doesn't seem like too big a drawback.)  Very unclear to me what class it should be labelled as; maybe it would be a guideline, but not sure. -R. S. Shaw 01:49, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd say move to Cleanup sorting and tag as guideline and put it in the maintenance cat.  > R a d i a n t <  21:04, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for doing that, Radiant. The body needs considerable revision, which I'll work on but it will take some time.  Some of the older stuff I'll put off onto a /History subpage. -R. S. Shaw 23:38, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Pages needing attention/Education
It appears that this area "Wikipedia:Pages needing attention/Education" needs some attention as there is a dupe set generated by the bot?

BTW (and as a "newbie") I've read everything on this talk page but still do not not know whether this "project" is even functioning as planned?

In any case, hope this message is of some help? RCEberwein 22:32, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The Pages needing attention/Education page seems to be fine. I guess you thought there might be a problem because the guideline says there can be only one template-structure per page.  The thing is, which needs to be covered, is that pages like /Education just transclude the bot-processed pages, so they in fact have no templates on them.  "Functioning as planned": not fully, mainly because not all PNA pages have been converted yet.  Most that have been converted are pretty much operational.  -R. S. Shaw 21:15, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Organized labour
I have set up an Organized labour sub-page, and plan to include it in the WP:UNION project page after it has been updated. --Bookandcoffee 20:32, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Historical?
It seems that this page has not been edited for a year; it seems to be a proposal that was never implemented. If anybody is still watching this page, would you object to flagging it as historical?

For a related attempt to generate cleanup listings, seee User:B. Wolterding/Cleanup listings. --B. Wolterding (talk) 11:24, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Flagging it now. --B. Wolterding (talk) 22:41, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Cleanup sorting


text:
Brancsikia freyi

Brancsikia freyi is the type species in its genus of praying mantids: in the family Majangidae.

title: Brancsikia freyi


text:
Teriang

Teriang, alt. Triang (Jawi: ترياڠ) is a town and a mukim in Bera District, southwestern Pahang, Malaysia. It is the largest settlement in the district.

Etymology
Its name was derived from Sungai Teriang (Triang River), a tributary of the Pahang River, the longest river in Peninsula Malaysia.

History
Triang's history could be traced back to the mid to late 19th century. The population then consisted mainly of indigenous Malays, living on subsistence farming as well as fishing in the Triang River.

Following the migration of Chinese to SE Asia, the first Chinese began to arrive in Triang around 1900. Initially most would have arrived either by the Triang River or by foot, until the establishment of a small train stop by the Federated Malay States Railway (FMSR, now KTM) on its eastern route in the early 1900s. The FMSR's southernmost stop was in Singapore. As the railway line headed up north it reached Gemas whereupon the line split into western and eastern routes. The western route headed north west to Kuala Lumpur and eventually Perlis while the eastern route headed north east to Kelantan.

The railway line was an important transportation link for the Peninsula to export its commodity produce, the most important of which were tin and rubber, through the Singapore port. Those Chinese who arrived and settled in Triang mostly worked as rubber tappers, timber merchants, restaurant and coffee shop operators, general merchandise dealers, provision shop operators, while some also tried to make some income peddling food to passengers when trains stopped in Triang. They were the main economic force and contributed substantially to Triang's growth. Over time, Triang grew to a predominantly Chinese town, with an estimated population of several thousands by 1950. During the Malayan Emergency in 1948–1960, to suppress the insurgency the British military forcibly moved many rural Chinese into tightly controlled New Villages. The Emergency was officially declared over in 1960. According to the most recent census in 2010 the Bera District had a population count of some 80,000. Of these 45% were ethnic Chinese, and most were town dwellers residing in Triang town or New Villages.

Politics
Triang was part of Temerloh District until 1992, when the southern half was carved out as the new Bera District, named after the nearby Bera Lake. Triang continued to be part of Temerloh constituency of the Malaysian parliament until 2004.

Triang is now one of three constituencies of the Pahang State Legislative Assembly within the borders of the parliamentary constituency of Bera, the other two being Guai and Kemayan. The seat is currently held by Leong Yu Man of the DAP.

Ismail Sabri Yaakob, the former Prime Minister of Malaysia, is currently the Member of Parliament for Bera.

Transportation
Triang is located on Federal Route 10 which connects Temerloh to Gemas in Negeri Sembilan. The small Triang railway station is on the KTM Intercity Eastern Sector. The train only runs once a day, plying between Johor Baru in the south to Kelantan in the north. There are also regular though infrequent coach services to nearby towns as well as to Kuala Lumpur, Kuantan and Johor Baru.

Life in Triang
Education

The first school in Triang was established in 1922, the Je Sin Primary School, when a group of volunteers got together to set up a place a learning for the growing children population. Prior to this Triang had no public education facilities, and only a few families with able to afford to arrange for some modest home learning for their children. Je Sin started with 22 students and used Chinese as the medium of teaching. It used the premise of No. 21 Main Street (a shop house) to conduct classes. In 1924 Je Sin was renamed the Triang Overseas Chinese Primary School, and it maintained a register with the Overseas Chinese Schools registry with the ROC Overseas Chinese Commission in Taiwan. As the student population grew, in 1925 a certain Mr. Wong donated a half-acre land close to the town centre for a school campus. Additional money to construct the school facilities came from fund-raising efforts spearheaded by the then principal Mr. Yue Tian. The school’s initial facilities consisted of four classrooms and a school hall.

The school grew over time and expanded its facilities, with funds contributed mainly from the local community. Its teaching syllabus also expanded to include both primary and secondary curriculums, and the school was renamed the Triang Overseas Chinese Primary & Secondary School in 1951. In 1957 new government regulations required the school to be split into separate primary and secondary schools, and with many other expansions and transformations in the ensuing years, it has today become three separate schools in different locations: SJK(C) Triang 1 (National Type (Chinese) Triang 1), SJK(C) Triang 2 (National Type (Chinese) Triang 2), and SMJK Triang (National Type Secondary School), offering schooling from primary to lower secondary. Since its founding in 1922, Jee Sin and its successors have educated the entire children population in the Triang and surrounding areas, thanks to the staff and local community’s hard work, as well as the invaluable financial contributions from the community.

title: Teriang


text:
Andrade Gutierrez

Andrade Gutierrez is a Brazilian private multinational conglomerate headquartered in Belo Horizonte. The company was founded in 1948, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais by the Andrade and Gutierrez families. As of 2013, Andrade Gutierrez is the second largest construction company in Brazil, with over a thousand projects carried out domestically and globally. It has branches in 44 countries and a net income of 8 billion BRL.

Andrade Gutierrez has three separate divisions: AG Engenharia (Construtora Andrade Gutierrez), which engages in engineering and construction; AG Concessões, which handles public projects, concessions and utilities; and AG Telecom, which provides telecommunication services. Ricardo Sena serves as president of Andrade Gutierrez.

Early history
Andrade Gutierrez founded on September 2, 1948, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, by three engineers: Gabriel and Roberto Andrade and their friend Flávio Gutierrez. It began as Andrade Gutierrez S.A., a small construction company. The company constructed its first interstate engineering work, the Rio de Janeiro-Belo Horizonte highway, in the 1950s. It also participated on the construction of the Castelo Branco highway, in São Paulo. Castelo Branco later became a reference of highway engineering.

In the late 1950s, the company benefited from the modernization plans of the president Juscelino Kubitschek, and it expanded its area of operation to different Brazil states. In the 1960s, the group built the Manaus-Porto Velho road, which spans 850 kilometers.

In the 1970s, Andrade Gutierrez built the Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant one of the greatest hydroelectric power plants of the world.

Expansion during the 1980s
In the 1980s, during the "lost decade", Andrade Gutierrez expanded its area of performance within Brazil and into the international market. The company's international expansion focused primarily on Latin America, Africa and Europe. AG built its first international road in 1987. The road spanned 120 kilometers and connected the cities Epena, Impfondo and Dongou, all of which are located in the Republic of the Congo.

Andrade Gutierrez's first work in Latin America was a 150-kilometer stretch of the Chimoré-Yapacani road in Bolivia for the Servicio Nacional de Caminos. Following Andrade Gutierrez's work in Bolivia, the company completed projects in Central America, including the Nassau International Airport in the Bahamas.

In 1987, Andrade Gutierrez bought Zagope, a Portuguese company. Through its Zagope subsidiary, the company built roads, bridges and viaducts in Portugal and Mauritania. The company was also responsible for the extension of the Lisbon subway, which started in 1992. Zagope is one of the most important companies in Portugal.

Andrade Gutierrez also expanded its domestic operations during the 1980s. Projects the company completed during the 1980s include the Confins International Airport located in Minas Gerais, the Lagoinha tunnel in Belo Horizonte and the canalization of the Ribeirão Arrudas. Andrade Gutierrez also constructed the Carajás railroad, which spans 892 kilometers and connects Maranhão and Pará.

Diversification in the 1990s
The company started to diversify its portfolio in the 1990s, when it expanded into public concessions and telecommunication.

Andrade Gutierrez's industrial business unit achieved its first Brazilian engineering work, the Duque de Caxias Refinery (Reduc), and began a partnership with Petrobras. The company's first concession was with the CCR (Highway Concessions Company), which became the biggest controller of highways under concession in Latin America.

Andrade Gutierrez entered the telecommunications market with the creation of AG Telecom in 1993. In 1998, the company won the auction for the privatization of Telebrás and integrated the operation of Telemar, which was renamed Oi in 2006. The company later founded Contax, one of the three largest contact center companies in the world.

Andrade Gutierrez relocated to Argentina in 1996, where it keeps its infrastructure undertakings.

Operations
Andrade Gutierrez's African operations are focused on Mozambique, Angola, Nigeria, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, the Congo Republic and Algeria. The company's Latin American operations are focused in Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.

Its projects include hydroelectric power plants, thermoelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, petrochemical plants, mining, steel industry, refineries, harbors, subways, sanitation and urbanization, airports, railroads, and civil engineering. Globally, the company focuses on mining, harbors, logistic terminals, highways, and industrial plant projects (such as steel and petrochemical).

Corporate Structure
The company consists of a Board of Directors including the main company executives. Below are 5 market committees that assist the Group in making strategic decisions.

Above governance, there is the Council of Shareholders, which is formed by both Andrade and Gutierrez families.

Both Andrade and Gutierrez families divide the company's social capital in three equal parts, and each family has a company linked to the group.

Engineering and construction
In the engineering segment, AG operates in the construction of hydroelectric power plants, thermoelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, petrochemical plants, mining, steel industry, refineries, harbors, subways, sanitation and urbanization, airports, railroads, civil engineering.

In July 2013, Andrade Gutierrez began constructing the Serra do Sul mine in Pará, Brazil for the Vale mining company. The mine is planned to be the biggest in Vale's history. Vale signed three contracts with AG, a total of R$2.3 billion, for the construction of the mine, S11D, in Carajás. The three contracts involve the construction of two railroad branches of 50 kilometers and a processing plant with capacity of 90 million tons of steel per year.

In 2008, Andrade Gutierrez won a contract for the construction of the Jose Inacio Abreu e Lima's National Steel Company, in Piar Municipality, Bolívar, Venezuela. The steel plant's planned productive capacity is1.5 million tons of liquid steel per year. The same year, Andrade Gutierrez was awarded a contract for the AstiAlba Shipyard, located on the Araya Peninsula in Sucre, Venezuela. The shipyard is designed to allow PDVSA to manufacture and repair oil tankers. In 2012, Andrade Gutierrez won an additional contract to construct the Thermoelectric Plant of Cumaná, which is also located in Sucre. The plant has a planned capacity of 760 megawatts, which will contribute to the electric power generation of the eastern region of the country.

Based in Lisbon, Portugal, Zagope is responsible for Andrade Gutierrez's activities in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. With around 8000 employees, Zagope is the biggest exporter and employer of the construction sector in Portugal, ranked 3rd largest construction company and 4th largest company in Portugal. The subsidiary's volume of business went from €160 million in 2004 to €506 million in 2011.

Reaching the number of about 5.000 employees, in late 2014, Zagope became Andrade Gutierrez Europe, Africa, Asia. The change intended to endorse their position as a global and unified group also in the European, African and Asian markets.

The company, which is present in over 12 countries, was responsible for the expansion of the runway at Funchal Airport in Madeira Islands.

In Algeria, the AG Europe, Africa, Asia is responsible for the Viaduct Transrhumel in the city of Constantine, considered one of the country's largest transport projects. In Angola, AG EAA is involved with infrastructure services in the provinces of Huíla, Luanda and Cubango.

AG Concessions
Created in 1999, AG Concessions is a sub-holding of the Andrade Gutierrez group. The division was founded following Andrade Gutierrez's experiences with public service concessions throughout the 1990s. AG Concessions operates both domestically and internationally and focuses on infrastructure concessions.

The division operates in the transport and logistics areas via CCR; energy with Cemig and Santo Antônio Energia; sanitation through Sanepar; telecommunication via Oi and Contax; health with Logimed and Novo Metropolitano (Barreiro's Metropolitan Hospital), in Belo Horizonte; and sports arenas via Brio, which is responsible for the modernization of Beira-Rio Stadium. In 2012, AG Concessions had a gross operating revenue of R$5.146.

AG Concessions takes part in the administration of many Brazilian roads, including Rodovia Presidente Dutra, Rodovia Anhanguera and Rodovia Castelo Branco.

AG Private E&C
In 2012, the Andrade Gutierrez group restructured itself internally and created AG Private E&C, a specific division to take care of the provision of service contracts for private initiatives. In the same year, the contracts yielded earnings of R$300 million. In 2013, AG Private E&C reached R$2.3 billion with the signing of Vale's S11D contract mining contract in Carajás.

The president of AG Private E&C is Ricardo Sá.

AG Private E&C focuses mainly in multinational corporations, but also shows interest in mining projects, ports & harbors, food & beverages, logistics terminals, roads, industrial plants and high-tech infrastructure.

Energy generation
Andrade Gutierrez entered the energy sector with the Santo Antônio Energia consortium. The consortium is responsible for the construction and operation of the Santo Antônio Hydroelectric Plant, located at Madeira river, in Rondônia. It's also responsible for the commercialization of the generated energy. The hydroelectric plant of Santo Antônio is a result of the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) of the federal government, and consists of 50 turbine generators with a total capacity of 3,568 MW of power generation.

In 2014, Cemig GT increased by 10% its stakes in Santo Antônio Energia after acquiring 83% of the total capital and 49% of the shares of SAAG Investmentos, managed by Andrade Gutierrez Participações. The structure of the transaction took place through participation investment funds, such as the FIP Melbourne, in which Cemig GT – along with pension funds – invests. The acquisition price was 835.3 million BRL. The participation of Cemig in Santo Antônio Energia increased to 18.05%.

In 2010, Andrade Gutierrez became the owner of 33% of the voting capital of CEMIG, a state-owned company that is chaired by Djalma Bastos de Morais. AGC Energy, subsidiary company of AG, took on the debt of Southern Electric Brasil (SEB), owner of the shares, for R$2.1 billion. From the total, R$500 million was paid in cash.

Basic Sanitation
The AG Concessões started in the basic sanitation sector through the Domino Holdings. They joined as a shareholder of the Paraná Sanitation Company (Sanepar), and later on, in Water Port, which operates in the water and sewage system in the Port of Santos.

In April 2014, AG terminated the Water Port contract with the Society of São Paulo State Dock (Codesp).

Telecommunications
In 1993, AG created AG Telecom and in July 1998, the company bought, via the Telemar consortium, Oi.

In 2008, Oi bought Brasil Telecom. AG Telecom's business portfolio includes Oi, Oi Internet, Way Brasil (regional paid TV operator) and Contax.

International operations
Andrade Gutierrez Group began its international operations in the 1980s, mainly in South America, Africa and Europe.

Internationally, AG has operated in projects like the New International Airport of Quito, in Ecuador, the Inter-oceanic roads South and North, in Peru, and the Bulwark Presidio dam, in Mexico. In Europe, the Tejo Passage and the Burata-Ourense tunnel in Spain. Notable African projects include, the Boussiaba dam in Algeria, the Luanda-Viana highway and Mongomeyen Airport in Equatorial Guinea stood out.

Main works
Interoceanica Sur – Peru Siderúrgica Nacional de Venezuela – Venezuela Rio Colocaro Potash Project – Argentina

Employment generation
The Andrade Gutierrez group currently generates 207,209 direct employments. From this total, 61,064 employees are hired for the Group's business units. The other 146,255 employees work for the companies owned by AGSA. Aside from that, there are 1,798 interns and trainees and the Group generates 178,167 outsourced jobs.

Main works in Brazil

 * Remodeling of Estádio Gigante da Beira-Rio (RS)
 * Maracanã (RJ) - Reforma
 * Remodeling of Mané Garrincha's Stadium (DF)
 * Amazon Arena (AM)
 * Santo Antonio's Hydroelectric Power Plant (RO)
 * São Paulo' Plateau Refinery (SP)
 * Urbanization of Manguinhos (RJ)
 * Pipeline between Coari and Manaus (AM)
 * Simplício Hydroelectric Power Plant (RJ)
 * Gabriel Passos Refinery (MG)
 * Mario Covas Rodoanel Highway (SP)
 * President Tancredo Neves Administrative City (MG)
 * Containers Terminal Yard of Santos Harbor (SP)
 * North-South Railroad (GO) (TO)
 * Balbina Hydroelectric Power Plant (AM)
 * Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant (PR)
 * Castanhão Dam Wall (CE)
 * Tubarão Steel Company - Alto Forno 3 (ES)
 * Duque de Caxias Refinery - HDT Unit (RJ)
 * Alberto Pasqualini Refinery (RS)
 * Grande Carajás Project - Iron Mining Plant (PA)
 * Salvador's Subway (BA)
 * Brasília's Subway (DF)
 * Steel Railroad (MG)
 * Belo Horizonte's Subway (MG)
 * Carajás Railroad (PA)
 * São Paulo's Subway (SP)
 * Pecém Harbor (CE)
 * Rio Grande Harbor (RS)
 * BR-319 Highway (AM-RR)
 * President Dutra Highway (RJ)
 * Dom Pedro I Highway (SP)
 * Ayrton Senna Highway (SP)
 * Bandeirantes Highway (SP)
 * Marechal Rondon Highway (SP)
 * Angra III Nuclear Power Plant (RJ)
 * Electricity Transmission Line between Oriximiná and Manaus (PA-MA)
 * Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant – (PA)
 * TransCarioca (RJ)
 * Olímpico Park (RJ)

General Quantitative Data

 * Subways - 45 projects
 * Railways - 26 projects
 * Airports - 30 projects
 * Buildings - 88 projects
 * Sanitation - 160 projects
 * Irrigation - 26 projects
 * Mining and Steel - 15 projects
 * Hydro Plants - 41 projects
 * Thermoelectric Plants - 12 projects
 * Roads, Bridges and Overpasses - 433 projects
 * Refineries - 20 projects
 * Ports - 48 projects
 * Stadiums - 4 projects
 * Gas Pipeline - 13 projects
 * Construction Builder/Ship - 1 project \
 * Nuclear Plants - 3 projects
 * Drilling and Completion of Oil Wells - Terrestrial Probes : 62.82 km (39 miles) // Offshore Probes : 205,69 km (128 miles)

title: Andrade Gutierrez


text:
Yasuko Nagazumi

Yasuko Nagazumi (永積靖子) is a Japanese producer, manager, and former actress. She is responsible for print advertising campaigns on behalf of clients such as Armani, Donna Karan, Guess?, Pirelli and Vogue magazine, working with photographers such as Peter Lindbergh, Herb Ritts, Helmut Newton and others.

A former actress, she is best known for her roles in British television as a regular cast member of the 1970s series The Protectors (as Suki) and Space: 1999 (as Yasko). She also appeared in the Bulldog Drummond film Deadlier Than the Male (1967), the James Bond film You Only Live Twice  (1967), the TV spin-off film Wombling Free (1977), the World War II comedy series It Ain't Half Hot Mum, and the TV series From Here to Eternity.

She has a daughter, Miki Berenyi, who was the lead singer and guitarist of the English alternative rock band Lush.

title: Yasuko Nagazumi


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/onlinecasinoselite.com

Links

 * onlinecasinoselite.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
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Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\bonlinecasinoselite\.com\b # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/onlinecasinoselite.com ]]

Discussion
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New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 21:19, 8 February 2015 (UTC) No links left in here mentioned edits. Marked stale. . --COIBot (talk) 19:00, 15 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Jonathan Adams (American actor)

Jonathan Adams (born July 16, 1967) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Henry Walker on American Dreams, Daniel Goodman on Bones and Chuck Larabee on Last Man Standing. He is also known as a voice actor with roles such as Galactus, Dormammu and Kang the Conqueror from Marvel Comics and Darkseid and Atrocitus from DC Comics.

Early life
Adams was born on July 16, 1967, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Wilkinsburg. He graduated from Wilkinsburg High School in 1985 and studied acting at Carnegie Mellon University for a year and a half before having to drop out because he could no longer afford tuition.

Career
He has appeared in several roles on American television, including American Dreams on NBC, where he played series regular Henry Walker (2002–05). He portrayed Dr. Daniel Goodman in the first season of the Fox television series Bones. At the start of season 2, his character appointed Dr. Camille Saroyan (Tamara Taylor) to be the Jeffersonian's first head of forensics (the immediate boss of Temperance Brennan). Although he was supposed to have left on a short sabbatical, his character did not return. The show's creator, Hart Hanson, stated that Taylor's role was a better fit with the rest of the characters in the series. He later appeared in the short-lived ABC crime drama Women's Murder Club.

Between 1996 and 2000, Adams spent four years at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival playing, among other roles, Petruchio in The Taming of the Shrew, Buckingham in The Three Musketeers and Guy Jacobs in Blues for an Alabama Sky by Pearl Cleage. He was also a voice actor in Army of Two: The 40th Day as Tyson Rios.

title: Jonathan Adams (American actor)


text:
User:Cat1ady/TWA/Earth/2

Shape and structure

Tectonic plates

Surface

Atmosphere

Weather, climate, and water cycle

Orbit and rotation

title: User:Cat1ady/TWA/Earth/2


text:
User:HRitik24

'''Name: Hritik Mishra DOB: 26 march 2002 Place of Birth: siddharthanagar (U.P) city: kalyan state: Maharshtra Country: India'''

title: User:HRitik24


text:
Talk:Introduction to Likelihood Theory/The Basic Definitions

May I suggest that this page be named by something more specific? When I saw this page in recent changes, I had no idea what it was about (still don't, but that's another matter ;-)). I think it would be better off named "Basic definitions of ". Cheers. Cormaggio 17:07, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Basic?
I can see that this is the core of maths, but it is not "basic" in the way I would use the word.

 * No, it is not. It is however an excellent example of bad teaching. Jcwf (discuss • contribs) 18:14, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Making sure there are definitions for all terms
I am going through and creating wiki-links (brackets ) around all the words whose definitions are pre-requisites to understanding this content. For example: set.

I have a question though: Should I use set or should I use something else, like /set/ (with slashes "/")? In the interest of quick content creation, I believe that set should go to a disambiguation page that lists all uses of the term "set": later editors (or later revisions by the same editor) can change the link to go to the specific, disambiguated page.

Some things that I do to try to minimize the amount of redundancy can include re-directs from plurals ("sets" would redirect to the "set" disambiguation page).

In order to do this, a list of pages that direct to the disambiguation page would be useful. . . I think we can track this via "incoming links" - so, people that change the link from set to a specific definition of "set" would need to add that possibility to the Disambiguation page. I think Wikipedia does this by naming things like, "set_(Mathematics)" (set_(mathematics))

In an encyclopedia like Wikidedia, definitions are meant to be as inclusive as possible: give people the whole view of a given topic. However, for our uses in education at Wikiversity, definitions should be the minimum amount necessary to understand the term in its specific context. When this is built up, people with little knowledge could make their way to greater knowledge.

Joshp (discuss • contribs) 00:20, 1 April 2014 (UTC)
 * 1) It could function as a reverse-lookup: take, for example NPr = N! / (N-r)!:
 * 2) Unfortunately, you can't make the whole thing a link by putting brackets around it: (it comes out like this: NPr = N! / (N-r)!) If


text:
Actoxumab

Actoxumab is a human monoclonal antibody designed for the prevention of recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection.

This drug, along with bezlotoxumab, was developed through Phase II efficacy trials by a partnership between Medarex Inc and MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School. The project was then licensed to Merck & Co., Inc. for further development and commercialization.

A study compared it with bezlotoxumab (that targets CD toxin-B) and found Actoxumab less effective.

title: Actoxumab