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Mundane science fiction

Mundane science fiction (MSF) is a niche literary movement within science fiction that developed in the early 2000s, with principles codified by the "Mundane Manifesto" in 2004, signed by author Geoff Ryman and "The Clarion West 2004 Class". The movement proposes "mundane science fiction" as its own subgenre of science fiction, typically characterized by its setting on Earth or within the Solar System; a lack of interstellar travel, intergalactic travel or human contact with extraterrestrials; and a believable use of technology and science as it exists at the time the story is written or a plausible extension of existing technology. There is debate over the boundaries of MSF and over which works can be considered canonical. Rudy Rucker has noted MSF's similarities to hard science fiction and Ritch Calvin has pointed out MSF's similarities to cyberpunk. Some commentators have identified science fiction films and television series which embody the MSF ethos of near-future realism.

MSF has garnered a mixed reception from the science fiction community. While some science fiction authors have defended the proposed subgenre, others have argued that MSF is contrary to the longstanding imaginative tradition of science fiction, or questioned the need for a new subgenre.

Mundane Manifesto
The MSF movement, which was inspired by an idea from computer programmer Julian Todd, was founded in 2004 during the Clarion workshop by novelist Geoff Ryman among others. The beliefs of the movement were later codified as the Mundane Manifesto. The authors of the Manifesto stated that they were "pissed off and needing a tight girdle of discipline to restrain our sf imaginative silhouettes". Ryman and his collaborators believed that much of science fiction was too escapist, and they thought that setting their stories in a world closer to our own would give the narratives more political and social power. Kit Reed's 2004 interview with Ryman states that the "young writers decided they wanted to limit themselves to the most likely future. This meant facing up to what we know is coming, dealing with it, and imagining good futures that are likely." Ryman explained the MSF Manifesto in a speech to BORÉAL’s 2007 Science Fiction convention in Montreal. Ryman claims that the MSF Manifesto was "jokey" and that it was not intended to be a "serious" statement. The authors of the MSF Manifesto, apart from Ryman, are anonymous.

Precursor movements: 1930s–1970s
Lisa Yaszek states that in the early 1930s, the editor of Amazing Stories, scientist and science journalist T. O'Conor Sloane, wrote mundane science fiction' before that term ever existed, and he banned faster-than-light travel from science fiction stories" in the magazine, so writers began using "dream narratives... as a way to travel through time and space and time." Nataliya Krynytska states that in the 1940s and 1950s, Soviet literature had a genre called "near-future science fiction". Describing the context for the emergence of MSF, Christopher Cokinos cites Chris Nakashima-Brown in noting that a considerable body of science fiction entails fantasies about escape from scientific reality: "the escape from the subtly Nihilistic dominion of reason in the post-Enlightenment West, into a generically unbound Jungian Disneyland...". He argues that in the Golden Age of Science Fiction, stodgy tales of space opera "bland prose" and "formulas of planetary romances, über-robots, and cold equations" dominated. He also points out that SF writer Thomas Disch has similarly opined that the preference for weak, implausible depictions of science in sci fi is an "American aspect of our 'lie-loving' culture" used by readers for escapism. Some Golden Age writers, however, such as Theodore Sturgeon, Philip José Farmer, and Ray Bradbury did transcend these formulas and developed nuanced characters and stories.

Cokinos goes on to state that in the 1960s, various authors launched science fiction's New Wave, when "stylistic experimentation" in the writing and new topics meant less formulas and clichés. The authors had a profound "skepticism about science and technology", and there was an examination of "inner space" (J. G. Ballard), "feminist...critiques, and ecology (Frank Herbert’s Dune). Similarly, BBC TV critic Hugh Montgomery notes that J.G. Ballard believed that the Golden Age’s focus on advanced interstellar spaceships was "clichéd and unilluminating", preferring to write stories about humans’ "next five minutes" and "near future", which is "immediately recognisable to us, but invariably with a pretty unpleasant twist or three."

In Damon Knight's essay entitled "Goodbye, Henry J. Kostkos, Goodbye", from the 1972 Clarion II workshop, he criticizes "old guard" science fiction, including space operas and stories about travel between stars and space colonization. Knight states that "it [would] perhaps be better to stay on this planet, clean it up a little, and reduce our numbers to some reasonable figure".

1990s–2000s
In Nader Elhefnawy's book The End of Science Fiction?, he cites John Horgan's 1996 book The End of Science, which claims that science will not achieve a new scientific revolution of similar significance to past revolutions to claim that this may lessen science fiction writers' potential use of new scientific discoveries as a source of inspiration. Elhefnawy says this "end of science" may be behind Ryman et al's disinterest in hypothetical future science such as FTL travel and their shift to MSF. Ritch Calvin argues that the goals of MSF were predated by sociologist Wayne Brekhus, who in 2000 published "A Mundane Manifesto", calling for "analytically interesting studies of the socially uninteresting." He argues for a focus on the "mundane" because the "extraordinary draws disproportionate theoretical attention from researchers", which weakens the development of theory and creates a distorted image of reality. He stated that he hoped that the humanities would also focus on the mundane. Calvin noted that in 2001, the sci-fi website Futurismic came out against the traditional forms of SF, and instead called for an examination of the impact of scientific discoveries on human society. Futurismic is against all "fantasy, horror, and space opera, as well as off-world SF, distant futures, aliens, alternate histories, and time travel". Futurismic accepts fiction that is mundane, "post-cyberpunk sf, satirical/gonzo futurism, and realistic near future hard sf."

In his book review of "Dust", scholar Paul McAuley described Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park as an example of mundane science fiction.

Style and ethos
MSF is a postulated science fiction subgenre :60 that exists between science fiction and the mainstream. American SF author Nancy Kress defines MSF as a strict form of hard SF. She states that "[h]ard SF has several varieties, starting with really hard, which does not deviate in any way from known scientific principles in inventing the future"; she says "this is also called by some “mundane SF.”" According to the Manifesto, MSF writers believe it is unlikely that alien intelligence will overcome the physical constraints on interstellar travel any better than we can. As such, the Manifesto imagines a future on Earth and within the Solar System. The Manifesto states that alternative universes, parallel worlds, magic and the supernatural (including telepathy and telekinesis), time travel and teleportation are similarly avoided. MSF rarely involves interstellar travel or communication with alien civilization. In the MSF ethos, unfounded speculation about interstellar travel can lead to an illusion of a universe abundant with planets as hospitable to life as Earth, which encourages wasteful attitude to the abundance on Earth. MSF thus focuses on stories set on or near the Earth, with a believable use of technology and science as it exists at the time the story is written or which is a plausible extension of existing technology. MSF works explore topics such as enhanced genomes, environmental degradation, nanotechnology, quantum mechanics, robotics, and virtual reality. MSF claims to describe change "already in effect" and claims "ideological significance".

The boundaries between the proposed mundane subgenre and other genres, such as hard science fiction, dystopias, or cyberpunk are not defined. With MSF, the canonical works are vaguer than with cyberpunk. Science fiction author Aliette de Bodard said in an interview with Nature that "Science fiction has moved into the mainstream in step with the infusion of science into the everyday; thus, it can risk losing its outlandish feel, even as other fictional forms borrow its tropes." In its issue on mundane science fiction, British science fiction magazine Interzone attempted a checklist of topics that cannot be included for a work to be considered "mundane": Faster-than-light travel, psionic powers, nanobots, aliens, computer consciousness, profitable space travel, immortality, mind uploading, teleportation, or time travel.

Reception and controversy
In 2007 science fiction writer Rudy Rucker, author of the 1983 Transrealist Manifesto, blogged a response to the Mundane Manifesto. Rucker stated that he "prefer[s] to continue searching for ways to be less and less Mundane". He pointed out that alternate universes are "quite popular in modern physics" and stated that perhaps other worlds exist in other dimensions. He noted that fiction writers outside of SF use stories about time travel, so while implausible, it was worth exploring. While Rucker also rejected SF's "escapist" tendencies, and called for transrealism, he argued that elements of SF which MSF advocates reject are "symbolic of archetypal modes of perception" that are needed in SF.

In the March 2008 issue of Asimov's Science Fiction magazine, in writer Jim Kelly's ongoing "On the Net" column he agreed with many elements of MSF. At the same time, he wondered, "how was Mundane SF all that different from what had up until then been called hard science fiction?". Kelly states that too many of his favorite works fall outside the tenets of MSF. Both Kelly and Calvin mention the criticism by British author Ian McDonald, and his fundamental objection, that much good science fiction is being written without any awareness of or need for the manifesto. Niall Harrison argued that Interzone #216's collection of MSF stories does not develop "a convincing case for mundane sf." Also in 2008, Chris Cokinos described The Mundane Manifesto as anthropocentric. He noted that the concern in MSF about wasting the abundance of Earth is influenced by the "...moral climate that permeates North American and British nature writing", adding that MSF is intended "more as compass than chimera".

In 2009, writer Kate McKinney Maddalena noted that the MSF blog was first used as a forum for debate about the new subgenre and that by 2009, bloggers were identifying MSF from the SF literature, and looking for newly published MSF ("mundane spotting"). Maddelena added that Ryman's naming of MSF "only marks (and encourages) a high point in SF’s social and ecological consciousness and conscience.” Also in 2009, SF writer Claire L. Evans called it a "controversial recent sub-genre"; while stating MSF was a "useful category for an already-existing genre of science fiction". Evans disagreed with MSF in that it was often "the wildest, least likely prognostications that come to pass". She also criticized Ryman for disrespecting SF’s tradition of creating prophecies, thus influencing real life, which she stated means he "completely misses the point of [science fiction]".

In a 2015 interview, when science fiction author Scott H. Jucha was asked his views about MSF, in light of Jucha's depiction of interstellar colonization in his The Silver Ships series, he said he has "two opinions on the Mundane Science Fiction Movement’s premise." Jucha says that as "someone focused on our environment, I believe space exploration and habitation throughout our system will yield inventions that will aid our planet’s resource management, recycling efficiency, and environmental cleanup." At the same time, Jucha supports "science fiction speculation" arguing that "[w]ho would have thought that sixty or seventy years ago, we would have landed on the Moon or [now] be planning a mission to Mars…".

Commentary on MSF continued in the 2010s. In 2011 a Fantastic Worlds journal critic criticized the "very selective" use of science in MSF and its depressing nature. In 2012, Emmet Byrne and Susannah Schouweiler called MSF the Dogme 95 of science fiction, a reference to a realist Danish film manifesto. Byrne and Schouweiler also called MSF the inverse of "design fiction", a type of writing advocated by Julian Bleecker which explores the "symbiotic relationship between science fiction and science fact" by focusing on a specific artifact. Bruce Sterling defines design fiction as the "deliberate use of diegetic prototypes to suspend disbelief about change". In 2013 Linda Nagata noted the relationship between hard science fiction and MSF, but stated, "the term 'mundane' has the 'implication of "boring'? To me, the term is another marketing disaster." Also in 2013, The New Museum's digital art arm Rhizome published Martine Syms' "The Mundane Afrofuturist Manifesto", which asserts that "Mundane Afrofuturism is the ultimate laboratory for worldbuilding outside of imperialist, capitalist, white patriarchy." In 2019, Roger Luckhurst, a professor in Modern and Contemporary Literature at Birkbeck, University of London, stated the MSF movement was developed because writers did not want "…to imagine shiny, hard futures [but [rather] give a] sense of sliding from one version of our present into something slightly alienated".

In 2013, Nick Foster, a designer and futurist from California, was inspired by Ryman's MSF principles to propose a new form of industrial design for films set in the future called "The Future Mundane." Just as MSF is against fanciful speculation, Foster's "The Future Mundane" is "counter to the fantasy-laden future worlds generated by our [industrial design] industry." It consists of designing everyday objects (e.g., corkscrews and milk packaging) for background characters in films; depicting technology as an "accretive space", where advanced technologies sit side by side with dusty antique devices and tools; and the technologies should not function seamlessly (they should be shown having glitches).

Science fiction author August Cole advocates the use of "Fictional Intelligence" ("FicInt"), which he defines as “useful fictions." FicInt, a concept developed by Cole in 2015, combines “fiction writing with intelligence to imagine future scenarios in ways grounded in reality."

Literature
In 2007 the British sci fi magazine Interzone devoted an issue to the subgenre. Science fiction author Ted Chiang states that Ryman's 2004 novel Air, while "taken by some readers to be an example of Mundane sf" due to its author, was initially not classified by Ryman as mundane science fiction. However, in 2007, Ryman referred to it as a "Mundane fantasy" novel (it depicts an "Air technology" that has no scientific basis). Brian Attebery argues that Air is "largely mundane", and he asserts that Ryman's use of some fantasy elements (an "impossible pregnancy" and "time slippage") strengthen the novel's themes and make the story more interesting, so he says that a "test" for MSF status need not be used.

The 2009 short story collection When It Changed: Science Into Fiction, edited by Ryman, is a collection of mundane science fiction stories, each written by a science fiction author with advice from a scientist, and with an endnote by that scientist explaining the plausibility of the story. In 2015 a reviewer from ‘’Boing Boing’’ called Kim Stanley Robinson’s novel Aurora, a generation ship novel, MSF's "most significant novel". In 2019 Robert Harris' The Second Sleep was described as the best MSF novel of the year.

In Jeff Somers' 2015 article for Barnes and Noble, he identified six novels: Geoff Ryman's Air, which he calls "low-key, small-scale science fiction" that exemplifies the movement; Kim Stanley Robinson's Red Mars, about "an attempt to terraform and establish a colony on Mars" that leads to a revolution; Elizabeth Moon's The Speed of Dark, about "genetic procedures that remove disease and deformity"; Andy Weir's The Martian, about an astronaut accidentally stranded on Mars who has to learn to survive on the lifeless planet using leftover equipment; Maureen McHugh's China Mountain Zhang, an alternate future in which the "United States has experienced a communist revolution after a period of economic decline", and China has become the superpower; and Charles Stross' Halting State, which is set in a virtual world, enabling him to depict cyber-created orcs and dragons while still respecting the limits of MSF.

In the 2016 edition of SFX (#277, September) it calls Nicholas Soutter's The Water Thief (2012) an example of "Mundane SF future-history". In November 10, 2020, Nina Munteanu listed Kim Stanley Robinson’s New York 2140 as one of the top 15 eco-fiction novels, referring to it as "an impeccable climate-novel of mundane SF."

Solarpunk fiction can include elements of mundane science fiction. In Solarpunk Futures interview with Nina Munteanu regarding her solarpunk novel A Diary in the Age of Water, a "climate-induced journey...[of] four generations of women...against a global giant that controls and manipulates Earth’s water", she added elements of mundane science fiction to add the "gritty realism of “the mundane” to the story. She says the "diary-aspect of the book characterizes it as “mundane science fiction” in that it presents "an “ordinary” setting for characters to play out" in.

Films and television
In 2008, Christopher Cokinos stated that films such as Gattaca (1997), about a society based on genetic testing and ranking, and Moon (2009), about a lonely one-man mining operation on the Moon, "fit the Mundane Manifesto’s interest in near-future realism, even if they don’t directly deal with the beauties and heartbreaks of the Earth". Other examples Cokinos cited are French filmmaker Chris Marker’s Sans Soleil (1983) and the film version of Children of Men (2006), which shows a "heart-wrenching film of a grim, near-future Earth".

Film reviewer Rick Norwood states that The Time Traveler's Wife is a "very good example" of MSF.

After Yang is a 2021 film by Kogonada about a couple who buy a realistic, sophisticated android named Yang who they treat like a member of the family. Yang helps look after their adopted Chinese daughter Mika and give her a culturally-appropriate upbringing. Yang teaches her about her Chinese heritage and helps her feel less anxious about being adopted. When Yang starts malfunctioning and has to be taken to the android repair shop, Mika misses his emotional support. When they learn he cannot be fixed, the entire family has to come to terms with losing Yang's presence in their lives. Paste reviewer Elijah Gonzalez states that the appeal of this film's "mundane science fiction" is that its "low-key" approach "shrink[s] the scope of conflict, [so that] relatively commonplace concerns gain increased impact, emulating the worries we deal with in the here and now." Gonzalez states that by "combining the [sci-fi] genre’s ability to realize far-flung technology with Kogonoda’s precise imagery, After Yang proves that there is fertile ground for moving, mundane science fiction."

In 2019, UK television critic Hugh Montgomery identified MSF television series and films which are set in the near future and which use plausible technologies; his list includes Black Mirror; The Handmaid’s Tale (a dystopian drama set in a totalitarian, misogynist theocracy); Osmosis (about a dating app that requires a bodily implant for users); Years and Years (a family drama set over the next 15 years, in a world facing ecological disasters); and Children of Men.

Related genres
In Ritch Calvin's opinion, MSF shares "characteristics with cyberpunk, postcyberpunk, and near-future science fiction". For instance, William Gibson’s novels show a "near future urban" world, while Bruce Sterling’s Schismatrix depicts the impacts of global capitalism.

title: Mundane science fiction


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Talk:Sri Vishnu Thurkkai Amman Temple

Just a brief note to say that I am having some difficulty understanding the second paragraph of the History section. Perhaps someone with better knowledge of the Temple could re-write? Perhaps also closer referencing would assist this article. RM9876 (talk) 16:50, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * imho there are three refs to the construction phase respectively that section of the history of the temple ... what more? please precise that critism much more, thx, 18:42, 8 February 2015 (UTC) [fixed Roland zh (talk) 19:13, 8 February 2015 (UTC)]

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sri Vishnu Thurkkai Amman Temple


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Geometric topology (disambiguation)

In mathematics, the phrase geometric topology may refer to:

 * Geometric topology, the study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another
 * Geometric topology (object), a topology one can put on the set H of hyperbolic 3-manifolds of finite volume

title: Geometric topology (disambiguation)


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User:Kayako~enwiktionary

Profile

 * Name: Kayako
 * Nickname: Kay
 * Birthplace: Japan
 * Birthday: October
 * Blood type: O
 * Favorite movies: Ju-On

title: User:Kayako~enwiktionary


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Category:Professions

The Professions category contains all schools and divisions for professions and their respective categories. This category has a Portal.

what about carpentry

title: Category:Professions


text:
User:Abdallah albeltagy/Books/Nobel Prize

Global Award

 * Alfred Nobel
 * Nobel Foundation
 * Nobel Prize
 * Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
 * Stockholm
 * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
 * Nobel Prize in Literature
 * Nobel Peace Prize
 * Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * List of Nobel laureates in Physics
 * List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry
 * List of Nobel laureates in Literature
 * List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
 * List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics
 * Physics


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Talk:Donald Kraybill

Fair use rationale for Image:DonaldKraybill.jpg
Image:DonaldKraybill.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:15, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Donald Kraybill


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Arabic/Edited Work

This is an attempt to make a long text to organize my thoughts.

The book is composed of the following parts:

 * 1) Learning to Read Arabic
 * With Tashkeel
 * without tashkeel
 * 1) Phrases
 * Tourist Phrases
 * Airport
 * Taxi
 * Greeting
 * Parting
 * Question and Answer phrases
 * Conversation Changing phrases
 * Agreeing and disagreeing
 * Apologizing, and whose fault
 * Congratulating
 * 1) Basic Grammar

 * 1) Advanced Grammar
 * 2) Reader / Vocab
 * 3) Verb Reference   (with intro to how to learn the verbs)
 * 4) Reference of particles أحراف   (not verbs, and not nouns) (tells which moods go with each particle, and the meaning of each)

title: Arabic/Edited Work


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Talk:David J. Stevenson

Untitled
Isn't the mantle exposed, no crust, in the deep atlantic ocean? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:16, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:David J. Stevenson


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Bobby Dotter

Bobby Dotter (born July 11, 1960) is a former professional stock car racing driver. His father, Bob Dotter, is a three-time champion of the Automobile Racing Club of America. Dotter has made 209 starts in the NASCAR Busch Series, posting 42 top-tens and four poles. In 2000, Dotter began running in the NASCAR West Series for Gene Christensen, winning four races and the Most Popular Driver Title. He finished second in points.

Dotter is also a veteran of the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. He has seventy-three starts and five top-tens. He currently owns SS-Green Light Racing.

Racing career
Dotter got his start racing as a 16-year-old in 1977 driving one of his dad's late model cars at tracks like Waukegan Speedway and Raceway Park (Blue Island, Illinois). Success came instantly with numerous wins, including 17 feature wins at Raceway Park during his rookie season.

In 1992, Dotter won a Busch Series race at New River Valley Speedway after Jeff Burton was stripped of his win for a non-compliant part. He has also won races in the ASA series, All Pro series, and All American Challenge series. Dotter was involved in a crash at the Daytona International Speedway during the ARCA race in 1989. While driving his father's race car, he suffered a flat tire, and the car hit the wall and caught fire. Bobby climbed onto the roof of the race car while still at speed to avoid the flames. He rode on the roof until the car slowed enough that he could jump off. He suffered second and third degree burns to his face and arms.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

title: Bobby Dotter


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Magnesiopascoite

Magnesiopascoite is a bright orange mineral with formula Ca2Mg(V10O28)·16H2O. It was discovered in the U.S. state of Utah and formally described in 2008. The mineral's name derives from its status as the magnesium analogue of pascoite.

Description
Magnesiopascoite is a member of the pascoite group and is the magnesium analogue of pascoite. It is transparent and bright orange in color, occurring as intergrown, parallel stackings of crystals up to several millimeters in the largest dimension. The crystals vary from tabular to equant to prismatic. The mineral dissolves slowly in water and quickly in cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. It decomposes rapidly when mildly heated, likely as a result of dehydration.

Structure and composition
The crystal structure of magnesiopascoite consists of the decavanadate anion (V10O28)6− and interstitial {Ca2Mg(H2O)16}6+ consisting of Mg(H2O)6 octahedra and seven-fold coordinated CaO2(H2O)5. The structure differs from that of pascoite primarily in cation coordination in the interstitial complex. In addition to calcium and magnesium, magnesiopascoite contains minute quantities of zinc and cobalt.

History
Joe Marty discovered specimens of magnesiopascoite in San Juan County, Utah, in the Blue Cap mine and the nearby Vanadium Queen mine. The mineral was named "magnesiopascoite" because it is the magnesium analogue of pascoite. The mineral and name were approved by the IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (IMA 2007-025). Magnesiopascoite was described in 2008 in the journal Canadian Mineralogist. The two cotype specimens are held at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in the US State of California.

Occurrence
In the area of the type locality, the reducing environment caused by carbonaceous material in the Salt Wash and Brushy Basin members of the Morrison Formation precipitated uranium and vanadium minerals from solution. After mining, subsequent leaching and oxidation by groundwater created magnesiopascoite. The mineral has been found in association with gypsum, martyite, montroseite, pyrite and rossite.

title: Magnesiopascoite


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bloored

The result was delete.  Sango 123  03:01, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Bloored
Does not assert meeting WP:WEB, which does apply to this article ("Any content which is distributed solely on the internet is considered, for the purposes of this guideline, as web content"). Would need to present evidence of non-trivial coverage by independent, reliable sources. --W.marsh 02:58, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity --Xrblsnggt 03:36, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per Xrblsnggt.--Rosicrucian 04:18, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete —  non-notable; per nom as well.  Kalani  [talk] 05:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete —  Vanity Chris Griswold 07:09, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable, except to small group of people. --TheM62Manchester 10:42, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Strong keep - Has been well received by the student community at the University of Toronto, and has had coverage in the community newspapers (The Newspaper, The Cannon). I would not consider the U of T student community to be a small group of people. I will attempt to cite sources re: the newspapers, but being offline publications and myself being 8000 miles away now, it will be tough. --Lor 22:32, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bloored


text:
The Once and Future King/The Sword in the Stone

The Once and Future King - The Sword in the Stone

Book I covers the Wart's (Arthur's) childhood education by Merlyn, including his adventures into Morgan le Fay's castle with Robin Wood, and his transformations into many different animals. It ends with the Wart removing the sword from the stone after King Uther's death, and his subsequent coronation

 * /Chapter 1/
 * /Chapter 2/
 * /Chapter 3/
 * /Chapter 4/
 * /Chapter 5/
 * /Chapter 6/
 * /Chapter 7/
 * /Chapter 8/
 * /Chapter 9/
 * /Chapter 10/
 * /Chapter 11/
 * /Chapter 12/
 * /Chapter 13/
 * /Chapter 14/
 * /Chapter 15/
 * /Chapter 16/
 * /Chapter 17/
 * /Chapter 18/
 * /Chapter 19/
 * /Chapter 20/
 * /Chapter 21/
 * /Chapter 22/
 * /Chapter 23/
 * /Chapter 24/
 * /Chapter 25/


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Predgorny, Biysky District, Altai Krai

Predgorny (Предгорный) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Srostinsky Selsoviet, Biysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 97 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Predgorny is located 45 km southeast of Biysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Srostki is the nearest rural locality.

title: Predgorny, Biysky District, Altai Krai


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Talk:David Paton

Rollers, fame?
Paton's tenure in the group came before they ever recorded any material. They may have been well-known in Edinburgh, but perhaps not "famous".--Bawtyshouse 17:16, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

About David's schooling and the Murrayfield connection
These are the links I can provide: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberton_High_School, and http://www.qwiki.com/q/#!/Magic_%28Pilot_song%29. Gianmaria Framarin 17:21, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Founders
If Bairnson joined Pilot after the first album he was not a co-founder. 2601:806:8200:F04F:925:424F:A8C6:4171 (talk) 05:00, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Paton


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Maude Glasgow

Dr. Maude Glasgow (1876–1955) was an early pioneer in public health and preventive medicine as well as an activist for equal rights.

Life
Maude Glasgow was born in Cookstown, Ireland in 1876. Her father was Silas Glasgow of Killycurragh. She had a brother James later of Moneymore. She was educated in the Marlborough Street College in Dublin before she emigrated to New York. Her sister Janet is remembered for having supported Glasgow during her time in education. Once she was settled in New York she attended the Mount Sinai Training School for Nurses where she got a degree in nursing. But she wanted to learn more so she continued her studies and received a degree in medicine in 1901 from Cornell University Medical College.

Glasgow got a job with Department of Health in New York. She was appointed as medical inspector. She also spent time as the New York Telephone Company's chief woman physician looking after the health of the employees and responsible for public health education. In 1921 she went on to get a further degree in public health from New York University and Bellevue Medical College. She was particularly interested in the welfare of women. Glasgow donated to funds to encourage young women to study medicine and created an award, the Janet M. Glasgow Memorial Award, named after her sister, to the woman who graduates first in her class. It is moderated by the American Medical Women’s Association. There are also citations for the women who graduate in the top 10% of their class. She regularly wrote on the difficulties facing women, on suffrage and the importance of women's ability to take part in society without the obstacles which were artificially put in their way.

Glasgow was a member of both the International Mark Twain and Eugene Field Societies as well as the Medical Women's National Association. She published a number of books about medicine and women's health as well as the emigration of the Scots-Irish to the US. She was also remembered in her obituary as a suffragist and activist in equal rights for women and people of all races. She died in 1955.

title: Maude Glasgow


text:
Helena Tuuri

Helena Tuuri is a Finnish diplomat. She has been the Finnish Ambassador to Prague, since 15 August 2014. She joined the service of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in 1987.

Before her Ambassador's post, from 2008 Tuuri was Head of the Foreign Ministry's Africa and Middle East Department.

She has also been a member of the Ministry's departments of Commerce, Law, and European and Development Cooperation. Tuuri also worked as Deputy Head of EU Secretariat and Adviser for the Prime Minister at the Council of State as well as in the Finnish Parliament as Committee Counselor in the Grand Committee. She has also worked at the Finnish Embassy in Paris and at the Finnish EU Delegation in Brussels.

title: Helena Tuuri


text:
Russian/Personal Pronouns

The personal pronouns in Russian are arguably the easiest to learn. As they do not modify nouns (unlike their possessive counterparts), they conjugate only by case. They are:

There are two important nuances to these pronouns. First, notice that the masculine and neuter third-person singular pronouns are the same in all cases but the nominative, and in the genitive and accusative are pronounced ' ye-vo ', not ' ye-go '. Second, if the pronoun's case is called by a preposition, third-person pronouns gain the prefix н- (e.g., compare 'his' in 'It's his house', Это его дом, and 'He has a house', У него есть дом).
 * Nominative: Where are you? - Где вы?
 * Genitive: What do you have there? - Что у вас там есть?
 * Dative: He's writing to thee - Он тебе пишет
 * Accusative: I love thee - Я тебя люблю
 * Instrumental: She's walking with them - Она с ними идёт - note the suffice н- after the preposition
 * Prepositional: We're talking about her - Мы о ней говорим

title: Russian/Personal Pronouns


text:
Philippines at the 2013 World Games

The Philippines competed at the 2013 World Games held in Cali, Colombia.

Bowling
Kenneth Chua and Maria Liza del Rosario competed in bowling.

Cue sports
Dennis Orcollo won the bronze medal in the men's singles event.

Duathlon
Carlo Pedregosa and Mirasol Abad competed in duathlon. Pedregosa was lapped after finishing the first run of the men's event while Abad was able to complete all races and finished 17th overall. Duathlon was an invitational sport.

title: Philippines at the 2013 World Games


text:
Battle of Mannheim (1799)

The Battle of Mannheim (18 September 1799) was fought between an Austrian army commanded by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen and a French army under Jacques Léonard Muller. Most of the French Army of the Rhine had retreated to the west bank of the Rhine River, leaving the division of Antoine Laroche Dubouscat to hold Mannheim on the east bank. Despite assistance by Michel Ney, Laroche's division was beaten and driven out of the city when attacked by Charles and a much superior force. The War of the Second Coalition action occurred in the city of Mannheim, today located in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany about 80 km south of Frankfurt.

In the summer of 1799, Muller's 18,000-man army had the mission of drawing Charles' Austrian army away from Switzerland, the central and western portions of which were held by André Masséna's army. Moving south from Mannheim, the Army of the Rhine laid siege to Philippsburg. Provoked by this threat to his strategic rear, Charles and 30,000 troops moved north against Muller, who quickly withdrew. Muller erred in leaving Laroche to be mauled by Charles, but his campaign became a strategic success when Masséna severely defeated a Russian army at the Second Battle of Zurich on 25 and 26 September.

Background
On 4 June 1799, the First Battle of Zurich was fought between André Masséna's 45,000-strong Army of the Danube and a 53,000-man Austrian army led by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen. Austrian casualties numbered 2,400 and eight guns while the French lost 4,400 men and 28 guns. Though the French held their ground, Masséna evacuated Zürich the next day and withdrew to a strong position overlooking the city. Altogether, Masséna commanded 76,781 troops. In Switzerland were infantry divisions under Claude Lecourbe (1st), Joseph Chabran (2nd), Jean-de-Dieu Soult (3rd), Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge (4th), Jean Victor Tharreau (5th), François Goullus (6th), Joseph Souham (7th) and Louis Marie Turreau (Valais), a cavalry division under Louis Klein and an infantry reserve under Jean Joseph Amable Humbert, plus occupation troops. The 6th and 7th Divisions were supervised by Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino while Lecourbe controlled the 1st and 2nd. Included in Masséna's command were Claude Juste Alexandre Legrand with 6,186 men and Claude-Sylvestre Colaud with 5,106 men watching the Rhine north of Strasbourg. Opposed to the French were 85,000 troops led by Charles, including a force watching the French divisions on the Rhine to the north and eight battalions under Gottfried von Strauch near the Saint Gotthard Pass in the south.

The Army of the Rhine was formed on 5 July 1799 by Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, who was the Minister of War. The army was responsible for an area along the Rhine River from Neuf-Brisach on the south to Düsseldorf on the north, including the fortresses of Breisach, Kehl, Strasbourg, Landau, Mannheim, Mainz, Ehrenbreitstein and Luxembourg. The French reported the strength of the army as 40,000 to 60,000 men, but this was a ruse to trick the Austrians. In fact, much of the army's strength was tied up in garrisons and it is unlikely that the number of troops available for field operations exceeded 18,000. The purpose of the Army of the Rhine was to lure the Austrian army away from Masséna. This could be achieved by menacing Archduke Charles' supply line, which ran northeast from Switzerland to Ulm on the Danube River. The army was too weak to fight the Austrians in a pitched battle, but it was enough of a threat that it could not be ignored.

Meanwhile, an Austro-Russian army under Alexander Suvorov had cleared most of Italy of its French occupiers. In the Battle of Novi on 15 August 1799, the Allies suffered 8,200 casualties, mostly Austrian, but chased the French army back into its last narrow slice of Italian territory near Genoa. During this time, the Austrians were very successful in reducing the French-held fortresses in Italy. By 11 September, the only Piedmont fortress that remained in French hands was Cuneo.

At this time there was a major change in Allied strategy which apparently originated with William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, the British foreign minister. According to the plan, Suvorov was to march north into Switzerland with 20,000 Russians to join 45,000 newly arrived Russians under Alexander Korsakov near Zürich. These soldiers would be assisted by 18,000 Austrians led by Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze. Meanwhile, the British agent William Wickham would raise an army of 20,000 Swiss. The mostly-Russian force was supposed to invade France across the Jura Mountains. As soon as Korsakov's army was situated, Charles was to move north into southern Germany with 60,000 Austrians and invade France across the upper Rhine. Tsar Paul I of Russia and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor approved this plan and issued the necessary orders which arrived at Charles' headquarters on 7 August. In fact, the archduke was reluctant to carry out the plan, since he believed that splitting up the Coalition armies was a mistake. In the end, bad timing ruined the new scheme; Charles would leave Switzerland too early and Suvorov would arrive in Switzerland too late.

However, Archduke Charles was not quite finished with Switzerland. The Austrian general tried to gain a bridgehead across the Aare River at Döttingen. Success here would drive a wedge between Masséna's left wing and his center, compelling the French commander to withdraw from his position facing Zürich. On the morning of 17 August, Charles massed 35,000 troops and battery of 40 cannons opposite his intended crossing place. The Austrians were favored by good luck because Masséna was visiting his right wing that day and the defending 5th Division was under a temporary commander, Étienne Heudelet de Bierre. Also, there was an early fog to hide the bridge builders from French view. As it happened, Michel Ney was nearby and by noon he and Heudelet assembled 12,000 men in the vicinity. The Austrian engineers blundered by selecting a poor site for their bridge and there was no covering force to protect the crews from French snipers. By 6:30 pm the effort failed and the Austrians asked for a truce so they could take up their bridge, which Ney granted. On 22 August, Ney transferred to the Army of the Rhine.

Campaign and Battle

At the end of August 1799, Army of the Rhine was organized into three infantry divisions under Colaud, Antoine Laroche Dubouscat and Jean François Leval and a cavalry reserve led by Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul. On 24 August a review was ordered at Oggersheim but it rained and the troops got drenched instead. It was rumored that the review was a cover for Muller's chief of staff Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers to carry out on a raid to Frankfurt in order to mulct the city for funds. The 6,000 troops allotted to this mission were drawn from all the infantry divisions. Hilliers would rejoin the army at Heidelberg. On the 25th Ney came to the army as a freshly-minted general of division. Muller created an advance guard of 1,400 infantry, 200 cavalry and three field pieces for Ney.

On 26 August 1799, Muller's 18,000-strong army moved out with Leval's division marching south through Schwetzingen, Colaud occupying Wiesloch and Sinsheim, Laroche on Colaud's left and Hautpoul bringing up the rear. Ney was reinforced by a cavalry regiment and sent out ahead up the Neckar River valley where he seized Heilbronn on 29 August and Lauffen am Neckar on the 30th. A false report caused the army to retreat on 1 September, but the advance soon resumed. Ney's patrols reached Ludwigsburg. Leval's division invested Philippsburg and its 2,239-man garrison. The French threatened to burn down the town unless it surrendered, but its governor Count Salm refused, saying if his enemies captured the town all they would get would be its ashes. The bombardment started on 6 September. The French were also opposed by an Austrian force led by Anton Sztáray which was supplemented by a local militia that its commander Count Albini styled the "German National Guard". These partisans later managed to recapture Frankfurt.

Archduke Charles was loath to get too far from Masséna and hovered near Donaueschingen for a while. However, the Austrian general began to move north when Philippsburg was attacked. On 5 September reports came in from Hautpoul's cavalry and infantry brigadier Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen that Charles was coming closer. Though Philippsburg had only been under siege for a few days, the French inflicted 94 casualties on the garrison of Philippsburg and caused serious damage to its defenses. Nevertheless, Muller abandoned the siege and began falling back on Mannheim. By 13 September, most of the Army of the Rhine was safely on the west bank of the Rhine. Leval's division covered the northern stretch between Worms and Koblenz, Colaud was south near Speyer and Ney defended the river between them with a newly formed division composed of six elite companies, one infantry regiment and three cavalry regiments.

In a remarkable mistake, Muller left Laroche's division at Mannheim on the east bank. Laroche understood very well that his division was badly exposed. He would have liked to defend the position of Neckerau but it had no bridge, while Mannheim had a bridge. He finally turned to Ney for advice, who suggested moving the bridge to Neckerau. On 18 September, Charles with 22,000 troops assaulted Laroche who had only 5,200 soldiers. Even so, the French resisted stoutly. Ney brought some of his troops to help, but the Austrians overran Neckerau on Laroche's right and drove for the bridge. In the end, the Austrians almost managed to cross to the west bank by the bridge, but were finally stopped.

According to another source, the archduke had 18,000 soldiers available. The regular foot soldiers forming the Austrian force included the Bojakowsky, Fitz-Gibbons, Rüffer, Sebottendorf and Tegetthof Grenadier battalions, three battalions each of Infantry Regiments Archduke Ferdinand Nr. 2, Archduke Charles Nr. 3 and Oliver Wallis Nr. 29 and two companies of Carl Schröder Nr. 7. The Grenz Infantry contingent was made up of the 1st and 2nd Battalions of Broder Nr. 7 and the 1st Battalion of Deutsch-Banater Nr. 12. The cavalry consisted of six squadrons each of the Kaiser Cuirassier Nr. 1, Lothringen Cuirassier Nr. 7, Anspach Dragoon Nr. 11, Kinsky Dragoon Nr. 12 and Vécsey Hussar Nr. 4 Regiments.

Results

At Mannheim, the French sustained losses of 1,600 killed and wounded, while their enemies captured 1,900 soldiers, 23 artillery pieces, 20 vehicles and two colors. Austrian casualties numbered 1,300 killed, wounded and missing. Ney was bruised in two places, by a case shot on his left leg and by a musket ball in the chest. Laroche's division was nearly destroyed. Recriminations soon followed. Hilliers wrote to Bernadotte blaming Muller for retreating without a pitched battle. Decaen was another critic of Muller for advancing too slowly. Both Ney and Laroche were "disgusted" at having been left in the lurch. In fact, Muller's 18,000 were considerably outnumbered by Charles' 30,000 or more and it would have been foolish to risk battle. Muller successfully fulfilled his mission as a decoy in drawing Charles away from Switzerland.

Korsakov left Russia in May 1799 and arrived at Zürich with 29,463 men and 60 guns. The Russians irritated their allies by boasting that where the Austrians posted one battalion, they only needed one company. On Korsakov's right was Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf with 5,400 Austrians near Basel while Hotze was on his left with 23,000 Austrians holding the line of the Linth River. On Hotze's left was Franz Jellacic with a force near Chur. Seeing Charles move away from Switzerland, Masséna prepared to strike with 49,098 troops.

On 25 September, Masséna defeated Korsakov in the Second Battle of Zurich. The French suffered 4,000 casualties but inflicted losses of 6,000 killed and wounded on the Russians. The French also seized 2,000 prisoners, 26 guns, 407 wagons and 10 colors. On the same day, Soult launched a surprise crossing the Linth River and defeated Hotze who was killed. Soult's force sustained 1,100 casualties while capturing 3,500 Austrians and allied Swiss, 20 guns, 33 munition wagons, two colors and many supplies. By the end of the day, the Russians had been driven back into Zürich. When news arrived of Hotze's defeat and death, Korsakov panicked and ordered a retreat to the north the next day. Hotze's successor Franz Petrasch also abandoned the area between Lake Zurich and the Rhine.

On 24 September Suvorov's column seized the Saint Gotthard Pass from Lecourbe's troops and entered Switzerland from the south. As soon as he disposed of Korsakov and Petrasch, Masséna turned to deal with Suvorov. After a remarkable campaign in the Alps, followed by a harrowing march across Panix Pass in which some of the survivors were "spitting blood", Suvorov's Russian army escaped the French. On 21 September, 21,285 Russians began the campaign and by 8 October their reported losses were 3,884. Since several units never submitted returns, the actual losses were probably closer to 4,400.

Unhappy with Muller, the French government appointed Lecourbe the new commander of the Army of the Rhine on 25 September 1799. Since Lecourbe was fighting Suvorov at the time, Massena did not release him until early October. Muller desired to get away from the army, so the temporary command was offered to the senior general Colaud, who refused it. Finally, Ney reluctantly accepted the acting command.

title: Battle of Mannheim (1799)


text:
User:Darshan devadiga

Darshan devadiga (born May 14th,1990) is a musician who plays saxophone. Did his B.E in mechanical engineering from SHRI MADHWA VADHIRJA INSTITUTE, UDUPI.

title: User:Darshan devadiga


text:
Aghasura

Aghasura (Sanskrit: अघासुर) is an asura featured in Hindu literature, most notably in the Bhagavata Purana. He was one of Kamsa's generals, and the elder brother of the demoness Putana and Bakasura.

Agha is stated to be as one of the tribes that was in alliance with Kamsa. The killing of Aghasura by Krishna is narrated by the sage Shuka to King Parikshit in the Bhagavata Purana.

Legend
King Kamsa made many attempts on the life of Krishna, all of them failing. He then sent Aghasura to kill Krishna, a deed which Aghasura willingly attempted to carry out, knowing that his younger siblings Putana and Bakasura were killed by Krishna. He assumed the form of the 8-mile-long serpent, disguising his open mouth against a mountain. All the cowherd boys entered the mouth of the demon, mistaking it to be a cavern. When the serpent closed his mouth, the victims generally suffocated to death.

Krishna entered the serpent upon his arrival and then increased the size of his own body. In response, the demon also extended his own body's size, but started suffocating as Krishna was expanding more quickly than him, causing his eyes to pop out. The demon's life force, however, could not pass through any outlet, and therefore burst out through a hole in the top of Agasura's head, meeting his end in Krishna's hand.

title: Aghasura


text:
Talk:Jess Lockwood (bull rider)

Article Title
Hi How nice that someone has written an article about world champion Jess Lockwood! If I could just make a small suggestion about the title while the article is still new and isn't a lot of work to change yet?

Per disambiguation, WP:ATDAB and other existing bull riders, it is generally done to use (bull rider) after the rider's name in the title. Like Luke Snyder (bull rider).

However, if you are set on using professional bull rider, I'd have to at least point out that articles are supposed to be written in sentence case which means that professional bull rider should not have any caps on the first letter of each word. I point to WP:TITLEFORMAT and MOS:HEADCAPS for reference, which would agree that if it wouldn't be capitalized in running prose, it also should not be capitalized in a title. ("Jess Lockwood is a professional bull rider", not "Jess Lockwood is a Professional Bull Rider"). I'd also keep in mind that policy says to keep titles as concise as possible. Thanks for listening. dawnleelynn(talk) 03:47, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

p.s. I forgot to say that I am a new page reviewer. I have approved your article earlier. dawnleelynn(talk) 03:52, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

A consensus of editors decided not to have 8 rodeo events as subprojects of Rodeo... bull riding should never have been added. I was going to delete it the other day but the policy on projects reccommended setting it to inactive rather than deletion. dawnleelynn(talk) 21:25, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

p.s. The bull riding project is not added to any rodeo wikiprojects. The Rodeo wikiproject is added to all of them... And the number of bull riding articles or any rodeo event does not warrant a sub-project at this point. But thanks for the thought...

title: Talk:Jess Lockwood (bull rider)


text:
Anatomy/Bones of the Upper Limb

Bones of the Shoulder
The shoulder is comprised of the scapula (shoulder blade), and the clavicle (collar bone).

Bones of the Arm
The bone in the arm is the humerus.

Bones of the Forearm
The forearm is comprised of the radius and the ulna, which run parallel to each other. The radius is lateral to the ulna.

Bones of the Hand
The wrist is comprised of the carpal bones, a number of relatively small bones roughly arranged in two rows of four, which are known collectively as the carpus. The proximal row is the first row, and is comprised of (in order from lateral to medial side):

 * Scaphoid (navicular) bone
 * Lunate bone
 * Triquetral (triangular) bone
 * Pisiform bone: Anterior to the triquetral bone.

The distal row is comprised of:

 * Trapezial (greater multangular) bone
 * Trapezoid (lesser multangular) bone
 * Capitate bone
 * Hamate bone

The carpal bones can be remembered using the following (somewhat humerous - no pun intended) rhymes: "So long to pinky, here comes the thumb."
 * Sometimes lovers try positions that they cannot handle. or
 * She looks too pretty. Try to catch her. or
 * Sam Likes To Push The Toy Car Hard.

Distal to the carpal bones is the metacarpus, comprised of the metacarpal bones. These run through the palm of the hand, and connect the fingers to the carpus. There are five metacarpals, and they are numbered starting with the lateral side from one to five, the first metacarpal running to the thumb.

Distal to the metacarpus are phalanx bones, or the phalanges. These are the digital bones, consisting of three in each finger, except for the thumb which contains only two. As the phalanges are arranged in rows, they are referred to by their row number, and finger number. Each finger is numbered similarly to the metacarpals, from one to five beginning with the lateral thumb. The first row of phalanges are called the proximal phalanges, the second row as the middle phalanges, and the third row as the distal phalanges. For example, the second middle phalanx is the middle bone of the index finger. As the thumb contains only two phalanges, these are referred to as the first proximal and first distal phalanges.

 * 2.2 Muscles of the Upper Limb

title: Anatomy/Bones of the Upper Limb


text:
Vietnamese/Authors

The following people have started lessons as part of this textbook, or have made notable contributions to an existing lesson. They should be able to answer questions you may have about the Vietnamese language or Vietnamese culture:

 * Minh Nguyễn
 * Started the Vietnamese textbook, and at last count has started 8 lessons so far.
 * Nam Đỗ
 * I added some parts of my book into this course.

If you feel that you have made notable contributions to this textbook, please feel free to add your name to this list.

title: Vietnamese/Authors


text:
Kalo Chandramani

Kalo Chandramani (born 28 March 1916) is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India from Sundargarh, Odisha as a member of the Ganatantra Parishad.

title: Kalo Chandramani


text:
Talk:Mr. Slave

Citation?
"It is rumored that Mr. Slave is loosely based on a Independent Production company owner turned Professor at Keene State College named Lance Levesque. This is purely unsubstantiated, and only Matt Stone and Trey Parker could verify this."

Shouldn't this rumor be cited? Kaijan 07:41, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

no
no, not in the slightest. care to come home with me and pound mr. slaves tight a****?

Catchphrase
Was his catchphrase ever "Judas Priest" or did the producers change it to that later? I could be wrong, and I looked for video, but I seem to remember him saying "Oh, Judas Priest" at some point.

First appearance
On episode "Butter's very own episode" Butters opens a door in a bathhouse and watches two men having sex, one of them might be Mr. Slave, he has his voice
 * Yes, I noticed this, too. The voice had his characteristic lisp.--Orthologist 17:19, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, they're both just the stereotypical gay lisp and were probably voiced by the same person so I'd take it with a grain of salt. Koweja 17:48, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Race?
Mr. Slave is not a Pakastani, it is merely suggested by Cartman in The Death Camp of Tolerance, please if the information is true, back it up with suitable information. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mr. Garrison (talk • contribs) 17:07, 22 February 2007 (UTC).

title: Talk:Mr. Slave


text:
User:Errorprotector/sandbox

Florida Polytechnic University (FPU) is a public university located in Lakeland, Florida, United States. FPU is a member institution of the State University System of Florida, and is the state's only public polytechnic university.

On July 1, 2012, Florida Polytechnic University became the 12th and newest member of the State University System of Florida.

History
Florida State Senator JD Alexander began a campaign during his final term in the senate to break USF Polytechnic away from USF and into an independent university. Alexander, as Chairman of the Senate Budget Committee, proposed a 2012-13 state budget that provided $33 million for USF Polytechnic to sever ties with USF. Alexander pushed the separation even though USF and USF Poly were just 33 miles apart, and the students and faculty of USF Polytechnic didn't want the split.

In November 2011, the Florida Board of Governors - in response to Alexander's proposal - approved a multi-year plan that would have allowed USF Polytechnic to split into an independent university. The Board stipulated that to gain independence, the campus must meet eight criteria, including accreditation, the construction of residence halls and the development of a STEM curriculum. Alexander, displeased with the Board's compromise, introduced a new budget for the state universities that included immediate independence for USF Polytechnic. Alexander's budget effectively bypassed the Board of Governors, which controls Florida's state universities. On April 20, 2012, Governor Rick Scott signed into law Alexander's budget for the State University System, including the provision that granted USF Polytechnic immediate independence. The law took affect on July 1, 2012, when USF Polytechnic closed down and a new university began as Florida's 12th public university, "Florida Polytechnic University."

Campus
In 2004, the USF Board of Trustees agreed to move USF Polytechnic to a new site and thus a new campus. The Trustees agreed to move the campus to the corner of the East Bound I-4/Polk Parkway intersection. In 2009, USF Polytechnic announced world renown Santiago Calatrava as the architect of their massive campus.

Alberto Alfonso, AIA has been named the Executive in Residence and Interim Program Development Director for Architecture and Design. Alfonso's appointment runs from April 15, 2011, to June 30, 2015. Alberto Alfonso will operate in partnership with Santiago Calatrava on the project as the local architect of record. In 2011, Governor Rick Scott approved Florida legislature grants to build the Innovation, Science, & Technology main building. By 2013, the Innovation Science & Technology, Wellness Center, Residence Halls, and Temporary Research Laboratories should be constructed. Students will begin to arrive on the new FPU campus in 2013.

title: User:Errorprotector/sandbox


text:
Talk:Elite

Elite
A computer game, even less likely to stay than Tetris and Dungeons & Dragons. --Keene 10:30, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Delete. --Connel MacKenzie 13:26, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * deleted --EncycloPetey 15:38, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elite


text:
Introduction to Abstract Algebra/Lecture 2

Last Time
In our last lecture, we briefly reviewed set theory and plunged head-long into equivalence relations and equivalence classes. In this lecture, we will continue our discussion on equivalence relations and classes and also introduce mappings. Problem set exercises will be posted at the end of the lecture.

Equivalence relations and classes (cont.)
Recall: A relation ~ on a set A is called an equivalence relation if:

1): a ~ a $$\forall a \in A$$. 2): If a ~ b $$\Rightarrow$$ b ~ a. 3): If a ~ b and b ~ c, $$\Rightarrow$$ a ~ c.

Following from the equivalence relation, the equivalence class cl(a) for $$a \in A$$ is defined to be: cl(a) = {$$b \in A |$$a~b} = {$$b \in A |$$b~a}. These two statements are equivalent. It's a matter of preference to which one you use. Now for a lemma.

Lemma: Let ~ be an equivalence relation on A for $$\forall a,b \in A$$. Then either $$cl(a) \cap cl(b)$$ = $$\empty$$ or $$cl(a) = cl(b)$$.

This statement says that either cl(a) and cl(b) share no elements or that they are the same. Let's prove it.

 * Proof: Suppose $$cl(a) \cap cl(b) = \empty$$. If that's the case, we can go home.  There's nothing to prove.  Suppose $$cl(a) \cap cl(b) \neq \empty$$.  Let $$c \in cl(a) \cap cl(b)$$.  We are going to show that $$cl(a) \subseteq cl(b)$$.  Let $$x \in cl(a)$$.  This imples that x ~ a.  Since c $$\in$$ cl(a), a~c.  This implies that x ~ c.  Also, $$c \in cl(b)$$, this implies that c ~ b, which implies x ~ b.  .  Hence, $$cl(a) \subseteq cl(b)$$.  By a similar argument, we can show $$cl(b) \subseteq cl(a)$$.  Hence, $$cl(a) = cl(b)$$ $$\square$$.

Theorem: Let ~ be an equivalence relation on A. Then the disjoint equivalence classes give a partition on A.

In other words, this means that the set A is a disjoint union of different equivalence classes.

Remark: Let {$$A_\alpha |\alpha \in I$$} be a partition on A. Define a relation on A such that a ~ b if and only if $$a,b \in A_\alpha$$ for some $$\alpha \in I$$. Then ~ is an equivalence relation. The distinct equivalence classes are exactly {$$A_\alpha |\alpha \in I$$}.

That ends our discussion on equivalence relations and classes for now. We will return to the topic in a later lecture.

Introduction
Our focus now moves to mappings. Mappings will be a integral part of our study, particularly when we move into group theory. You have studied maps for quite a while, probably without realizing it. They are very familiar; you probably know them as 'functions.'

Some definitions
Definition: Let A,B be sets. A map f from A to B is a correspondence from A to B, denoted by $$f:A \rightarrow B$$.

Here, an element $$a \in A$$ is being mapped by the rule f, to $$f(a) \in B$$.

Definition: Let $$f:A \rightarrow B$$ be a map. f is injective or one-to-one (1:1) if $$a_1,a_2 \in A$$ such that $$f(a_1) = f(a_2) \Rightarrow a_1 = a_2 $$. This means that every element in A is sent to a unique element in B.

Example: $$f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$$ such that f(x) = $$x^2$$. This is not a 1:1 map because 1 $$\neq$$ -1 but f(1) = f(-1) = 1

Definition: f is surjective or onto if $$\forall b \in B$$, $$\exists a \in A$$ such that b = f(a). This means that if f is mapping elements from A to B, every element in B has an element from A mapping to it. Another way to put this is that every element in B 'gets hit.'

Example: $$f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$$ such that f(x) = $$x^2$$. $$\forall x \in \mathbb{R}$$, f(x) = $$x^2$$ $$\neq$$ -1. $$\Rightarrow$$ f is not onto. None of the negative numbers are hit in the image.

Definition: f is a one-to-one correspondence or bijection if f is both injective and surjective.

Examples
Example: Let $$f:A \rightarrow B$$ such that A = {1,2,3,...}, B = {2,3,4,...}. Then $$f(n) \rightarrow n+1$$ is a bijection.

Example: Let $$f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^+$$ such that f(x) = $$x^2$$. f is onto but not 1:1. So f is not a bijection.

Example: Let $$f:\mathbb{Z} \rightarrow 2\mathbb{Z}$$ such that f(n) = 2n. This is a bijection.

Example: The Identity Map, $$Id_a: A \rightarrow A$$ is a bijection. We will make extensive use of the identity map later on.

Next Time
In our next lecture, we will cover the composition of maps and cover some number theory that will be important to us later on. Please see the associated problem set for exercise related to this lecture.


text:
Talk:2 Skinnee J's

Comment
"Mindtrick" was not on "Sing, Earthboy, Sing!" Removing. -Skywarp —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:30, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

COI
There have been several additions to this page by an editor with admitted WP:conflict of interest. Unsourced and POV information may be removed. Jezhotwells (talk) 17:20, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

citations, etc
The article has been properly cited, images added, still needs more work. Jezhotwells (talk) 20:46, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:2 Skinnee J's


text:
Aircraft boneyard

An aircraft boneyard or aircraft graveyard is a storage area for aircraft which are retired from service. Most aircraft at boneyards are either kept for storage continuing to receive some maintenance or parts of the aircraft are removed for reuse or resale and the aircraft are scrapped. Boneyard facilities are generally located in deserts such as those in the southwestern United States, since the dry conditions reduce corrosion and the hard ground does not need to be paved. In some cases, aircraft which were planned to be scrapped or were stored indefinitely without plans of ever returning to service were brought back into service, as the aviation market or the demands of military aviation changed or failed to develop as was anticipated.

Some yards are privately owned and operated, others belong to the military including the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona.

After aircraft are put into boneyards, many are stripped of useful parts. Engines as well as most electronics, munitions, and wiring to be removed are recycled or kept in warehouses. The parts may serve as replacement parts for aircraft which are still flying or they may be used for reconditioning if and when the aircraft are called back into active duty. The parts along with the stripped aircraft may be sold to other countries.

Depending on the demands of the military or for commercial purposes, an aircraft or a whole squadron of the aircraft may be put back into active duty. The aircraft have to be reconditioned and tested so they will be airworthy. The reconditioning process includes putting in new avionics, electronics, safety measures, testing, and painting. Reconditioning of old aircraft is generally a cheaper way of getting more aircraft into service than buying new ones, and saves the United States billions of dollars annually.

Other nations' central aircraft storage facilities include the Russian Air Forces' Bases for Reserve Helicopters.

Military aircraft
The 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group in Tucson, the largest facility of its kind, is colloquially known as "The Boneyard".

Commercial aircraft
Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport, demand for commercial aircraft storage increased dramatically in 2020. Furthermore, many aircraft which had initially been planned for short term storage were ultimately stored long term or even scrapped altogether, requiring maintenance work to prepare the planes for the different plans. As demand recovery behaved differently from expectations, temporary shortages as well as the requirement to prepare planes for long term storage after a few months of short term storage caused issues. Planes that have been stored for a few months can not be brought back to service on short notice. The longer planes are stored, the more time it takes to get them fully airworthy and ready to fly again. Bringing a narrowbody aircraft back from long term storage takes roughly 40 worker hours while widebody aircraft require roughly 100 worker hours.

title: Aircraft boneyard


text:
User:Yann

Hi,

I am from South-East of France, near Geneva.

Here I am mainly working on the LPI Linux Certification course. I also intent to help writing a Hindi and a Gujarati course.

Reminders

 * http://en.wikibooks.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=Attention-tunnel
 * /Talk orphaned

fr:Utilisateur:Yann hi:User:Yann w:en:User:Yann w:fr:Utilisateur:Yann

title: User:Yann


text:
User:Wesleyprathab

I am Wesley Prathab ,nice to you read my introduction,and about myself

Every one should have a dream about our life

Samething, i have a little dream .....

I want to make happiness to people with a tool tht is ``MUSIC '' ....

title: User:Wesleyprathab


text:
Web Design/Group Activities/Ordering Tasks for a Web Project

Even though BaseCamp comes highly recommended from current web professionals, it's also useful (and sometimes necessary) for us to use other Project management software... and as per usual, the most used application is the Microsoft product: Microsoft Project.

Here's a task for a bit of fun that will introduce some of the fundamental skills required to use MS Project. Your task is to produce a gantt chart using the tasks listed below. To do so, we'll need to
 * 1) Order the tasks below into something sensible (you might find it easiest to copy the list into a word-processor to do this).
 * 2) Group the tasks smaller lists (such as 1. Requirements gathering, 2. Design phase, 3. Implementation/Testing phase, 4. Evaluation phase). Again, probably easiest to do this in a word-processor.
 * 3) Add the tasks to the project
 * 4) Estimate the time required for each task (don't worry too much about accuracy at this stage!), and finally
 * 5) Set the precedence for each task (that is, identifying any previous tasks that need to be completed before this task can start).

Example (unordered) list of tasks
(if you can add a task that hasn't been thought of here, please do!):
 * Code HTML/CSS
 * Final product sign-off
 * Develop content listing and labels
 * Website performance testing
 * Develop Page Mockups in Photoshop
 * Test links for website
 * Monitor website traffic patterns
 * Initial client interview
 * Develop web-based prototype
 * Organize hosting for website
 * Usability testing with subset of target users
 * Develop content (with searching in mind)
 * Define user audience
 * Determine site structure
 * Evaluate site's performance against set goals
 * Develop Competitive Analysis
 * Describe example scenarios
 * Obtain sign off for design and scope
 * Monitor ranking in major search engines
 * Specify goals for website
 * Document design sketches
 * Validate HTML/CSS
 * Register site's domain name
 * Upload files to registered domain


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Billboard Jazz Albums number ones of the 1990s

The result was delete. Tone 14:50, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

List of Billboard Jazz Albums number ones of the 1990s

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

List of number ones on a non-notable chart - doesn't meet WP:LISTN or WP:GNG. Boleyn (talk) 14:58, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 15:08, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 15:08, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete per nom Spiderone  17:17, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Weak keep should be covered in jazz music reliable sources, imv Atlantic306 (talk) 00:49, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Eddie891 Talk Work 12:26, 24 August 2020 (UTC) Vmavanti (talk) 12:42, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete
 * Delete. This article has some problems with accuracy. First of all, although it purports to be a list of number 1 albums from the 1990s, it doesn't begin until November 13, 1993. Billboard had a jazz albums chart long before then. Second, the article indicates that Kenny G's Breathless returned to No. 1 on Dec. 4, 1993, replacing Frank Sinatra's Duets. As seen at (page 38), Breathless was at No. 1 on the Top Contemporary Jazz Albums chart, not the Top Jazz Albums chart which appeared on the same page. Furthermore, the chart indicates that Breathless had been No. 1 the previous week, and Duets doesn't even appear in the Top 25, much less is it suggested that it had been No. 1 the previous week. (During this period, Billboard compiled this chart weekly but only printed it in the magazine every other week.) --Metropolitan90 (talk) 17:29, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Doubtful jazz publications reference chart positions as there are few that get into what amounts to pop culture trivia. Star cheers peaks news lost wars Talk to me 01:24, 26 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Wikiversity talk:Examples

This page is likely to get quite unwieldy, especially if we include every subject area. My main rationale for doing this, however, is to show the various types of content we are developing (ie videos, interactive games, various activities etc.), rather than by subject/discipline. As subject areas begin to expand we may find a better way of displaying them - it might be better off in Featured, for example (in fact, maybe this page should be merged with that one - what do you think?) Cormaggio 21:36, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it's alright. For a page like this, we need not plan too far ahead. As an aside, are we all "Wiklars" here? What did we decide on our identity? --HappyCamper 11:03, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
 * "Wiklar" is Mirwin's preference, but I don't think anyone else has used it. "Wikischolar" (of which "Wiklar" is an abbreviation) seemed to be the best received proposal at the time. Personally, I still use "Wikiversity participants" (unwieldy as it may be). Looks like there's still a gap in the neologism market... Cormaggio 11:26, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Thinking alike
I spent three months working on pages like Featured and Help:resource types without ever finding out that an initiative had already been taken in the same direction such a long time ago! well, structural reform.... --McCormack 08:06, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Examples


text:
Dynamism of a Car

Dynamism of a Car (Dinamismo di un' automobile) is a 1913 Futurist painting by Italian artist Luigi Russolo. It is currently held in the Musée National d'Art Moderne.

Analysis
The painting's fragmentation and reassembly of an aerodynamic car into triangles suggest Cubist influences. Horizontally stacked red arrows indicate the direction of the car's motion. The compression of the arrows on the left also suggests that the car is moving at an extremely high speed. Due to its focus on speed and machinery, Dynamism of a Car exemplifies the Futurist style expounded in Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's Manifesto of Futurism.

title: Dynamism of a Car


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ENTJ

ENTJs at work
ENTJ are 4 Characteristics that are found common in rulers, historically most Rulers have shared this type. Quick to begin planning, Direct, They constantly scope the area for logical problems to solve. It triggers their bank of 'ideas', allowing them to associate and classify objects. Mostly an intuitive creature, the raw 'idea', can be used, or it can receive further stimulus from Extraverted Sensing, and lastly. Introverted Feeling.

A complicated, genius, logical, strategy, is born! They intensely bury their efforts into the goal at hand, and tirelessly work against it. Those working with them, soon recognize the ENTJ's competence and importance, and rely on it for many their issues. The ENTJ is now needed. With the deadline of a complex project at hand, they continue to pour in more effort, struggling against the clock, and seeking closure.

Quick to stand up for any thing they find logical, they come off opinionated, aggressive, and highly extroverted at work. Their identity doesn't matter in the work place. Work matters. Production matters. Capital matters. Their emotions don't matter! If they push their limits, and establish a dominant role, as a person with high influence, they are "winning the fight". Promotions are looked at as 'positive re-enforcement'. 'Good job, you are so smart!' is liable to make an ENTJ feel like a little kid, which is not what you want to do.

As the deadline of the project gets close, they push for any extra adrenaline they can find in them. Twenty-four hours a day is a common shift length. All in time, to finish 2 days early, in the 3 month battle.

For that moment, they have the opportunity to seize the reward they deserve for their efforts!

In general, they are too intense for standard, procedure-based, punch in, punch out, work styles. They would much rather take on a project, establishing an impossible goal, and obtain it, whenever he/she feels like working on it.

They want to be heard, taken seriously, believed in, and trusted. However, don't ask them for their "fully detailed plans," - only they know what they truly mean. When working in a team, he/she'll tell you what you need to know, just believe them and be ready to give information upon request.

natural talent: team work, tactics, political control, overpowering, conflict control, security, family maintaining, strategic planning, Leadership, Protecting interests, Securing people.

ENTJ when completely develop makes other personalty type weak and people around them start to feel inferior, they appear arrogant and superior but its just their developed extroversion and developed thinking, their decisions will appear as unreasonable but they always have a reason for them and logical one because of that they get in trouble, putting aside emotions is weakness for developed ENTJ traits.

ENTJs in relationships
-ENTJs have strong personalities, so they would also want to be in the company of people who have their own opinion and people who won't bring them down.

How to deal with an ENTJ
- Be assertive and stand up for your ideas

- Support your idea/argument with reasonable facts

- Be completely objective (do not bring in personal beliefs or fear their wrath)

- Be straightforward and never lie as to any ENTJ it shows a sign of weakness

- Do not make them feel vulnerable or weak, they have trouble being open-hearted - When it seems they are becoming angry, simply give them time to think before they come up with a more cooperative nature

- Acknowledge that they don't always assume that they are right but it's just their manner of speaking

- Never betray their trust (seriously don't) or else you are a goner

Fictional Characters

 * Rin Tohsaka (Fate/Stay Night)
 * Atem (Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters)
 * Madara Uchiha (Naruto Shippūden)
 * Light Yagami (Death Note)
 * Esdeath (Akame ga Kill!)
 * Roy Mustang (Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood)
 * Goro Akechi (Persona 5)
 * Erwin Smith (Shingeki no Kyojin)
 * Gilgamesh (Fate/Zero)
 * Sōsuke Aizen (Bleach)
 * Prussia (Hetalia)
 * Turkey (Hetalia)
 * Vito Corleone/God father ( God father)
 * Agamemnon (Troy)
 * Lt. Aldo Raine (Inglourious Basterds)
 * Beatrix Kiddo, The Bride (Kill Bill)
 * Danny Archer (Blood Diamond)
 * Spencer Hastings (Pretty Little Liars)
 * C. Montgomery Burns (The Simpsons)
 * Eric Cartman (South Park)
 * Cersei Lannister (Game of Thrones)
 * Captain Amelia (Treasure Planet)
 * Jimmy Conway (GoodFellas)
 * Daffy Duck
 * Gordon Gekko (Wall Street)
 * The Master (Doctor Who)
 * Hans Gruber (Die Hard)
 * Michael Kohlhaas (Same named Novel of H.v.Kleist)
 * Megatron (Transformers)
 * Jadis the White Witch (The Chronicles of Narnia)
 * Arcturus Mengsk (StarCraft)
 * Gary Oak (Pokemon)
 * Roberto Rastapopoulos (The Adventures of Tintin)
 * Sebastian Shaw (X-Men: First Class)
 * Virgil Sollozzo (The Godfather)
 * Winston Wolf (Pulp Fiction)
 * Zeus
 * Harvey Specter (Suits)
 * Celaena Sardothien (Throne of Glass)
 * James Potter (Harry Potter)

Politicians and Leaders

 * Cyrus the Great, First Man to Conquer world
 * Alexander the Great, 2nd man to conquer world
 * Flavius Aetius, General of rome
 * Augustus Gaius Octavius, Emperor of rome
 * Lamar Alexander, US Senator
 * Les Aspen, former U.S. Secretary of Defense
 * Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan
 * Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of French empire
 * Gaius Julius Caesar, Emperor of rome
 * Dick Cheney, US Vice President
 * Rahm Emanuel, White House Chief of Staff
 * Charles de Gaulle
 * Al Gore, US Vice President
 * George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the US Army
 * Golda Meir, Prime Minister of Israel
 * General Norman Schwarzkopf
 * Suleiman the Lawgiver, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
 * Margaret Thatcher, former Prime Minister of the UK
 * Mahathir Mohamad, current Prime Minister of Malaysia
 * Emperor Taishō, Former Emperor of Japan
 * George VI Former, King of the United Kingdom
 * Sun Tzu, Chinese general, military strategist, and philosopher.
 * Genghis Khan, Khagan of the Mongol Empire
 * Puyi, Emperor of China
 * Bhumibol Adulyadej, Former King of Thailand
 * Khalid bin walid, undefeatable general
 * Mosses, Messenger and prophet of God
 * Tutankhamun, Pharaoh of Egypt

Literature

 * Robert James Waller (author: The Bridges of Madison County)

Others

 * Aristotle Philosopher
 * Averroes, philosopher
 * Galen of Pergamum, physician, philosopher
 * Benny Goodman, big band leader
 * Carl Sagan, astrophysicist
 * Edward Teller, theoretical physicist
 * Jack Welch, ex-CEO of General Electric

Entertainment

 * Whoopi Goldberg
 * Jim Carrey
 * Faye Dunaway
 * Katharine Hepburn
 * Patrick Stewart (STNG: Jean Luc Picard)
 * Dave Letterman
 * Steve Martin
 * Candace Bergen (STNG:Murphy Brown)
 * Penn Jillette, Magician

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ENTJ


text:
Talk:shouldn't've

shouldn't've
If we are going ot have entries for incorrect "double" contractions, we should at the very least explain what regions (British English?) they aren't considered errors. Additionally, the reference books that do indicate this is sometimes allowed, need to be listed. --Connel MacKenzie 19:30, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * As per wouldn't've below, this is not uncommon in British English informal speech, but I'm not certain I've ever seen it written before. Thryduulf 11:25, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Does it matter whether it's incorrect? ain't is surely incorrect, but it's incuded because it's in use. bd2412 T 19:21, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Weak keep while Google gets about 52000 hits.--Jusjih 00:04, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:shouldn't've


text:
Eder Uplands

The Eder Uplands (Ederbergland, ) refers to a region in North Hesse in Germany. It covers several municipalities that lies around the upper reaches of the Eder river on the edge of the Rothaar Mountains. The Eder Uplands includes a large part of the old county of Frankenberg, which was absorbed into Waldeck-Frankenberg in the wake of the administrative reforms.

In addition to Frankenberg, the municipalities of the Eder Uplands include Battenberg, Allendorf, Hatzfeld and Bromskirchen. The term Eder Uplands (Ederbergland) is used especially in the tourism industry.

title: Eder Uplands


text:
CD Olímpico de León

Club Deportivo Olímpico de León is a Spanish women's football club from León currently playing in Segunda División.

History
The club was founded as Puente Castro FC, before taking the name of León Fútbol Femenino in 1991. Puente Castro was one of the nine founding teams of the Liga Nacional de Fútbol Femenino in 1988.

The club enjoyed its best results in the following years, reaching the national cup's semifinals in 1990 and 1993 and playing in the División de Honor in 1989 — 1991 and 1995. In subsequent years the team played in the second tier, which served as the top category from 1997 to 2001 after the División de Honor was disbanded. León's best results in the second tier were 3rd positions in 2005 and 2010. It was briefly relegated to the third tier in 2006, 2008 ans 2013.

After spending four years in Regional, León FF promoted again to Segunda División in 2017. In May 2018, León FF was absorbed by CD Olímpico de León, becoming its women's football section.

Former internationals

 * 🇪🇸 Celsa García
 * 🇪🇸 Mercedes González

title: CD Olímpico de León


text:
Ira Wohl

Ira Wohl is an American documentary filmmaker. He is most noted for his 1979 film Best Boy, which won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 52nd Academy Awards.

Born and raised in New York City, Wohl attended Forest Hills High School. He had his first job in film working as an apprentice editor on Orson Welles's unfinished film Don Quixote in Madrid, Spain He then made a number of short films, worked on the television series Big Blue Marble, worked with John Lennon on a music video, then made Best Boy.

Best Boy premiered at the 1979 Toronto International Film Festival, where it won the festival's only prize-People's Choice Award before a separate People's Choice Award was instituted for the festival's documentary stream. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1980.

Wohl later returned to school at the University of Southern California (USC)in the early 1990s, studying clinical social work He has been a psychotherapist for the students of the University of California, Los Angeles(UCLA) for more than twenty years.

In 1997, he released the sequel film Best Man: 'Best Boy' and All of Us Twenty Years Later. In 2006, he released another follow-up film, titled Best Sister.

title: Ira Wohl


text:
1982 in Michigan

Events from the year 1982 in Michigan.

The Associated Press (AP) selected the state's top news stories as follows:
 * 1) The election of James Blanchard as Governor, the first Democrat elected to the office in 20 years;
 * 2) Unemployment in Michigan with 732,000 Michiganders out of work and a record unemployment rate of 17.2%;
 * 3) Mass homicides, including the Rock Road massacre, the murder of a five members of the Paulson family near Allendale on March 13, and the murder of Bette Giuliani and her four adopted daughters in St. Clair County on April 7;
 * 4) Four rounds of cuts in the state budget totaling $778 million and resulting from the state's economic tailspin;
 * 5) New contracts between the United Auto Workers and the major automobile manufacturers;
 * 6) A continued slump in sales of American automobiles;
 * 7) Richard Headlee's nomination as the Republican candidate for Governor, defeating Gov. Milliken's chosen successor, James H. Brickley with Headlee losing to Blanchard in the general election as Milliken remained on the sidelines;
 * 8) Cold weather and heavy snow through the winter of 1982;
 * 9) Fraud charges brought by the Canadian government against Amway and four of its executives for allegedly using dummy invoices showing lower values to reduce customs duties paid for goods shipped to Canada;
 * 10) (tie for 10th) The February birth of a baby to a 12-year-old rape victim in Kalamazoo who was denied an abortion after an unsuccessful court battle; and
 * 11) (tie for 10th) Super Bowl XVI between the Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers held at the Pontiac Silverdome, the first Super Bowl held in the snow belt.

State office holders

 * Governor of Michigan: William Milliken (Republican)
 * Lieutenant Governor of Michigan: James H. Brickley (Republican)
 * Michigan Attorney General: Frank J. Kelley (Democrat)
 * Michigan Secretary of State: Richard H. Austin (Democrat)
 * Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives: Bobby Crim (Democrat)
 * Majority Leader of the Michigan Senate: William Faust (Democrat)
 * Chief Justice, Michigan Supreme Court:

Mayors of major cities

 * Mayor of Detroit: Coleman Young
 * Mayor of Grand Rapids: Abe L. Drasin
 * Mayor of Flint: James W. Rutherford
 * Mayor of Lansing: Terry John McKane
 * Mayor of Ann Arbor: Louis Belcher (Republican)

Federal office holders

 * U.S. Senator from Michigan: Donald W. Riegle Jr. (Democrat)
 * U.S. Senator from Michigan: Carl Levin (Democrat)
 * House District 1: John Conyers (Democrat)
 * House District 2: Carl Pursell (Republican)
 * House District 3: Howard Wolpe (Republican)
 * House District 4: Mark D. Siljander (Republican)
 * House District 5: Harold S. Sawyer (Republican)
 * House District 6: Jim Dunn (Republican)
 * House District 7: Dale Kildee (Democrat)
 * House District 8: J. Bob Traxler (Democrat)
 * House District 9: Guy Vander Jagt (Republican)
 * House District 10: Donald J. Albosta (Democrat)
 * House District 11: Robert William Davis (Republican)
 * House District 12: David Bonior (Democrat)
 * House District 13: George Crockett Jr. (Democrat)
 * House District 14: Dennis M. Hertel (Democrat)
 * House District 15: William D. Ford (Democrat)
 * House District 16: John Dingell (Democrat)
 * House District 17: William M. Brodhead (Democrat)
 * House District 18: James Blanchard (Democrat)
 * House District 19: William Broomfield (Republican)

Baseball

 * 1982 Detroit Tigers season – Under manager Sparky Anderson, the Tigers compiled an 83–79 record and finished fourth in the American League East. The team's statistical leaders included Larry Herndon with a .292 batting average and 88 RBIs, Lance Parrish with 32 home runs, Jack Morris with 17 wins, and Dan Petry with a 3.22 earned run average (ERA).

American football

 * 1982 Detroit Lions season – The Lions, under head coach Monte Clark, compiled a 4–5 record and finished fourth in the NFC Central Division. The team's statistical leaders included Gary Danielson with 1,343 passing yards, Billy Sims with 639 rushing yards and 342 receiving yards, and Eddie Murray with 49 points scored.
 * 1982 Michigan Wolverines football team – Under head coach Bo Schembechler, the Wolverines compiled an 8–4 record. The team's statistical leaders included Steve Smith with 1,735 passing yards and 72 points scored, Lawrence Ricks with 1,388 rushing yards, and Anthony Carter with 844 receiving yards.

Basketball

 * 1981–82 Detroit Pistons season – Under head coach Scotty Robertson, the Pistons compiled a 39–43 record and finished third in the NBA's Central Division. The team's statistical leaders included Kelly Tripucka with 1,772 points, Kent Benson with 653 rebounds and Isiah Thomas with 565 assists.

Ice hockey

 * 1981–82 Detroit Red Wings season – Under head coaches Wayne Maxner and Billy Dea, the Red Wings compiled a 21–47–12 record and finished sixth in the National Hockey League's Norris Division. The team's statistical leaders included Mark Osborne with 41 assists and 67 points and John Ogrodnick with 28 goals. The team's regular goaltenders were Bob Sauve, Gilles Gilbert and Corrado Micalef.

Music and culture
Michigan acts performed five of the songs ranked on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1982, as follows:
 * "Ebony and Ivory" by Stevie Wonder and Paul McCartney (No. 4);
 * "That Girl" by Stevie Wonder (No. 43);
 * "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" by Diana Ross (No. 54);
 * "Mirror Mirror" by Diana Ross (No. 86); and
 * "Do I Do by Stevie Wonder (No. 95)

Notable albums released in 1982 by Michigan acts included the following:
 * Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, an album by Stevie Wonder, was released in May 1982. It reached No. 4 on the Billboard album chart.
 * The Distance, an album by Bob Seger, was released in December 1982. It reached No. 5 on the Billboard album chart. The single "Shame on the Moon" reached No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart and No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100.
 * Silk Electric, an album by Diana Ross, was released in September 1982.
 * Jump to It, an album released by Aretha Franklin, was released in July 1982.
 * Zombie Birdhouse, an album by Iggy Pop, was released in September 1982.
 * Nugent, an album by Ted Nugent, was released in August 1982.
 * Yes It's You Lady, an album by Smokey Robinson, was released.

In October 1982, Madonna's first single "Everybody" was released. It reached No. 13 on the Billboard dance chart.

January

 * January 24 - Super Bowl played at the Pontiac Silverdome

Births

 * September 25 - Garlin Gilchrist, 64th Lieutenant Governor of Michigan, in Detroit

Deaths

 * March 10 - Charles N. Agree, Detroit architect, at age 84
 * August 19 - Fritz Crisler, University of Michigan football coach (1938-1947) and athletic director (1941-1968), at age 83 in Ann Arbor, Michigan
 * November 3 - Ray Fisher, Michigan Wolverines baseball coach (1920-1958), at age 95 in Ann Arbor
 * November 23 - Benny Friedman, Michigan Wolverines football quarterback (1924-1926) and Pro and College Football Hall of Fame inductee, at age 77 in New York City
 * December 16 - Orville L. Hubbard, Mayor of Dearborn (1942-1978) known as the most outspoken segregationist north of the Mason-Dixon line, at age 79
 * December 17 - Homer S. Ferguson, U.S. Senator from Michigan (1943-1955), at age 93 in Grosse Pointe, Michigan

title: 1982 in Michigan