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Home economics

See The Wikipedia articles, Home economics and Family and consumer science (under merge proposal as of August, 2014)

The content below has not been fact-checked. The lede had a date error, the probable result of a transcription of 1899 to 1989, that's been fixed. - Home economics, in its early beginnings, is a discipline whose basic mission is that of helping individuals and families improve their lives. The nomenclature "Home Economics" was adopted at the first Lake Placid Conference in 1899, by a committee composed of eight educators and scientists. It was derived from the Greek word "oikonomia", which means household management.

In 1902, during the fourth Lake Placid Conference, the home and family was established as the focus of study in home economics. The subject matter for home economics was then defined to include "(a)four forms of knowledge-laws, conditions, principles and ideals-and (b)three kinds of content to know-one's immediate physical environment, one's nature as a social being, and especially the relation between the two" (Florencio, 1995; East, 1980).

To date, home economics remains true to its basic mission to "improve individual and family life amidst changing social, political, economic and physical conditions" (Gabriel, 1998). In 1996, the University of the Philippines-College of Home Economics faculty collectively defined home economics as “the study of families and the management of resources available to them for the satisfaction of basic needs in changing environments” (UP CHE, 1996).

Home Economics is unique in its holistic view of daily living. The issues and concerns about daily living of individuals and families are approached both from its physical or material and relational dimension of life and their interaction (Florencio in Gabriel, 1988). This comprehensive view of home economics gave rise to several sub-disciplines and professional careers, which include home economics education, family life and child development, clothing technology, interior design, food science, nutrition, and hotel and restaurant administration. These sub-disciplines remain rooted to the home economics discipline because of its focus on serving families, individuals and consumers in their day-to-day lives (Gabriel).

References:

East, M. (1980). Home economics: past, present and future. Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.

Florencio, C. (1995). Families and home economics (Not by bread alone but neither without it). Monograph Series No. 1. Quezon City: UP CHE.

Gabriel, F. (1998). The role and contribution of home economics to national development. The U.P. Home Economics Journal. 25(25-33).

Related Article: McGregor, S. (2006). Sustaining home economics in the 21st century: Root system as metaphor. Keynote address during the First International Home Economics Congress.

External links on Home economics

 * Lake Placid Conference Proceedings, 1899- (The 1899, 1900, and 1901 conferences are covered in the "1901" book.)

Resources
This resource was started by a user who wrote:
 * Living on Your Own 101
 * "Not everyone takes Home Ec in high school. Even those that do don't always learn or remember everything that might come in handy someday. This is for all those guys (or girls) that end up with loads of pink shirts or want to eat something other than ramen or hot pockets."

Material from that user is organized on subpages under resources shown below, along with other relevant Wikiversity resources.

 * /Food/
 * /Medicine/
 * If you're not feeling well, chances are, you're not in the mood to hit the books. Check out webmed.com to see if your symptoms are a sign of something you should see a doctor about soon, even if they seem like no big deal.

 * /Sewing/
 * /Household equipment/
 * /Cleaning/
 * /How to clean a toilet/

 * /Hygiene/

title: Home economics


text:
User:IamSudipto.Official

{{Infobox person }}
 * name              = Sudipto Roy
 * image             =
 * image_caption     =
 * native_name       =
 * birth_date        = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|10|30}}
 * birth_place       = Bongaon, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
 * residence         = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
 * nationality       = Indian
 * alma_mater        =  Kolkata Medical College
 * occupation        = Singer
 * years_active      = 2015 - Present
 * spouse            = Unmarried
 * children          =
 * module            = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes
 * instrument        = {{Flatlist|
 * Vocals
 * Guitar
 * Harmonium
 * Tabla}}
 * signature         =

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:IamSudipto.Official


text:
User:NewPolar

I am a German physics student and am currently doing my master's degree.

I work on the particle accelerator at my university and am involved in a particle physics research group.

title: User:NewPolar


text:
Community School (Teaneck, New Jersey)

Community School, located in Teaneck, New Jersey, is a private school, founded in 1968 to serve the bright child with learning and attentional disabilities. The school's primary goal is to help children achieve a level of performance in the classroom that is fully commensurate with their respective abilities. The Lower School program provides children in grades K-8 with skilled remedial help and challenging academic experience. The program is designed for children who have learning disabilities (LD), such as ADD/ADHD, dyslexia, dyscalculia, and Apraxia.

Applications are accepted throughout the school year. Enrollment is open to both private students and public school students placed by local school districts. Students who meet any of the descriptions of learning disability, attention deficit disorder, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, speech and language and perceptual impairments are eligible.

The school is a member of the New Jersey Association of Independent Schools.

title: Community School (Teaneck, New Jersey)


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UFC on ESPN: Smith vs. Clark

UFC on ESPN: Smith vs. Clark (also known as UFC on ESPN 18 and UFC Vegas 15) was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on November 28, 2020, at the UFC Apex facility in Enterprise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, United States.

Background
A heavyweight bout between Curtis Blaydes and former UFC Heavyweight Championship challenger Derrick Lewis was expected to serve as the event headliner. However, Blaydes tested positive for COVID-19 a day before the event and the bout was cancelled.

Shamil Gamzatov was briefly linked to a fight with Devin Clark at the event. However, Gamzatov was removed from the bout in mid-October due to alleged visa issues and replaced by former UFC Light Heavyweight Championship challenger Anthony Smith. Originally scheduled to be a three-round co-main event, this bout was promoted to serve as the new five-round headliner after the cancellation of the original main event.

A featherweight bout between Sean Woodson and Jonathan Pearce was scheduled for the event. However, Woodson withdrew a week before the event due to unknown reasons and was replaced by Kai Kamaka III.

Renato Moicano and Rafael Fiziev were expected to meet in a lightweight bout at this event. However, Moicano pulled out on November 21 after testing positive for COVID-19 and the bout was rescheduled for UFC 256.

A flyweight bout between Amir Albazi and Zhalgas Zhumagulov was expected to take place at this event. However, it was announced on November 24 that Zhumagulov pulled out due to visa issues and the bout was rescheduled for UFC 257.

At the weigh-ins, Norma Dumont Viana weighed in at 139.5 pounds, three and a half pounds over the women's bantamweight non-title fight limit. Her bout proceeded at catchweight and she was fined 30% of her individual purse, which went to her opponent Ashlee Evans-Smith.

Bonus awards
The following fighters received $50,000 bonuses.
 * Fight of the Night: No bonus awarded.
 * Performance of the Night: Anthony Smith, Miguel Baeza, Su Mudaerji and Nathan Maness

title: UFC on ESPN: Smith vs. Clark


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User:Galdinger/sandbox

Selma is a large snake-like lake monster according to folklore alleged to be a sea serpent or lindworm, said to live in the 13 km long Lake Seljord in Seljord, Telemark, Norway.

According to most who have seen the supposed creature, Selma closely resembles other reported lake monsters, such as Nessie of Scotland and Champ of New York/Vermont. The first eyewitness accounts date back to the 18th century. Selma was possibly recorded in video by a Norwegian girl, who was visiting the lake with her parents. Locals think the video looks reliable, and the phenomenon is real.

Various expeditions have repeatedly visited Seljord in a vain attempt to prove that Selma exist. Swedish cryptozoologist, Jan Ove Sundberg, has been trying to capture Selma for a number of years, but has not succeeded. The sea serpent Selma has been depicted in the coat of arms of Seljord since 1989. Designed by local artist, Halvor Holtskog, the arms show Selma in a gold-color on a red background.

The animal has been discussed for a long time and there is a plethora of witness descriptions of encounters with Seljordsdormen, especially from hot, quiet summer. The oldest written account of the creature is from 1750, when it should have rounded a rowboat with a move lass who belonged to a man from Bø, but also in our time alleges certain that they have observed worm or lakeside Skien river. Various expeditions have repeatedly visited Seljord in a vain attempt to prove that Seljord Serpent exists.

Some believe that Seljord Serpent is the same species as the Scottish Nessie, the sea serpent in Loch Ness. Also the vast kraken can be interpreted as an aquatic linnorm of this type. Others have interpreted Seljord Serpent as a seahorse.

title: User:Galdinger/sandbox


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Talk:Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV 855

Merge proposal
Proposing to merge the early version (BWV 855a), currently a separate page, into this article. --Francis Schonken (talk) 12:45, 26 November 2017 (UTC)


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Template:Did you know nominations/History of Brasenose College, Oxford

History of Brasenose College, Oxford

 * ... that the first women were admitted to Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1974?
 * Reviewed: Sophie Wong
 * Comment: Not sure where to link the actual page, could also be "Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1974?"

Created/expanded by Grandiose (talk). Self nom at 14:21, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

As a general rule of thumb it's a good idea not to hide your article's name behind a piped link. Prioryman (talk) 00:18, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting keep.svg This is a really impressive article. It more than meets the DYK criteria (next stop GA/FA?), it's very well written and it's nicely illustrated. I'm necessarily going to have to AGF on the sources since they're offline but the principal sources are clearly reliable and reputable. I'm happy to sign this off.
 * Regarding the hook, might I suggest as an ALT1: ... that the decision in 1974 to admit women was a key event in the history of Brasenose College, Oxford?
 * Well I don't mind either way: clearly the clarity's better with your alt, but I also think it makes it somewhat more boring (certainly more circumlocutory). Probably worth the change though. (It's also GAN-nominated, I'll take it from there.) Thanks, Grandiose (me, talk, contribs) 09:22, 12 July 2012 (UTC)


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User:Paynemic/sandbox

Borazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (BH)3(NH)3. In this cyclic compound, the three BH units and three NH units alternate. The compound is isoelectronic and isostructural with benzene. Like benzene, borazine is a colourless liquid. For this reason borazine is sometimes referred to as "inorganic benzene".

Synthesis
The compound was reported in 1926 by the chemists Alfred Stock and Erich Pohland by a reaction of diborane with ammonia.

Borazine is synthesized from diborane and ammonia in a 1:2 ratio at 250–300 °C with a conversion of 50%.
 * 3 B2H6 + 6 NH3 → 2 B3H6N3 + 12 H2

An alternative more efficient route begins with lithium borohydride and ammonium chloride:
 * 3 LiBH4 + 3 NH4Cl → B3H6N3 + 3 LiCl + 9 H2

In a two-step process to borazine, boron trichloride is first converted to trichloroborazine:

 * 3 BCl3 + 3 NH4Cl → Cl3B3H3N3 + 9 HCl

The B-Cl bonds are subsequently converted to B-H bonds:
 * 2 Cl3B3H3N3 + 6 NaBH4 → 2 B3H6N3 + 3 B2H6 + 6 NaCl

Properties
Borazine is a colourless liquid with an aromatic smell. In water it hydrolyzes to boric acid, ammonia, and hydrogen. Borazine, with a standard enthalpy change of formation ΔHf of −531 kJ/mol, is thermally very stable.

Structure
Borazine is isoelectronic with benzene and has similar connectivity, so it is sometimes referred to as "inorganic benzene". This comparison is not rigorously valid due to the electronegativity difference between boron and nitrogen. X-ray crystallographic structural determinations show that the bond lengths within the borazine ring are all equivalent at 1.429 Å, a property shared by benzene. However, the borazine ring does not form a perfect hexagon. The bond angle is 117.1° at the boron atoms and 122.9° at the nitrogens, giving the molecule distinct symmetry.

The electronegativity of boron (2.04 on the Pauling scale) compared to that of nitrogen (3.04) and also the electron deficiency on the boron atom and the lone pair on nitrogen favor alternative mesomer structures for borazine.

Boron behaves as a Lewis acid and nitrogen behaves as a Lewis base.

Aromaticity
Due to its similarities to benzene, there have been a number of computational and experimental analyses of borazine's aromaticity. The number of pi electrons in borazine obeys the 4n + 2 rule, and the B-N bond lengths are equal, which suggests the compound may be aromatic. The electronegativity difference between boron and nitrogen, however, creates an unequal sharing of charge which results in bonds with greater ionic character, and thus it is expected to have poorer delocalization of electrons than the all-carbon analog.

Natural Bond Orbitals (NBO)
Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis suggests weak aromaticity in borazine. In the NBO model, B-N bonds in the ring are slightly displaced from the nuclear axes, and B and N have large differences in charge. Natural chemical shielding (NCS) analysis provides some further evidence for aromaticity based on a contribution of the B-N π bond to magnetic shielding. Computations based on NBO orbitals show that this π bond allows for weak ring current which somewhat counteracts a magnetic field simulated at the center of the borazine ring. A small ring current does suggest some delocalization.

Atoms in Molecules (AIM)
Atoms in Molecules (AIM) analysis can examine degree of covalency in bonding through examination of critical points in the negative Laplacian of electron density for a given molecule. In the case of borazine, bond critical points are found to lie extremely close to the boron atoms, indicating electrons are concentrated around the nitrogens, and thus there is a large difference in charge between B and N. Furthermore the Laplacians of these bond critical points are positive, implying that these bonds are largely ionic. AIM analysis thus suggests poor covalency and thus poor electron sharing, indicating only weak aromaticity, if any.

Electron Localization Function (ELF)
Topological analysis of bonding in borazine by the Electron Localization Function (ELF) indicates that borazine can be described as a π aromatic compound. However, the bonding in borazine is less delocalized than in benzene based on a difference in bifurcation values of the electron basins. Larger bifurcation values indicate better electron delocalization, and it is argued that when this bifurcation value is greater than 0.70, the delocalization is sufficient to designate a compound aromatic. For benzene, this value is 0.91, but the borazine π system bifurcates at the ELF value 0.682. This is caused by the difference in electronegativity between B and N, which produces a weaker bond interaction than the C-C interaction in benzene, leading to increased localization of electrons on the B-H and N-H units. The bifurcation value is slightly below the limit of 0.70 which suggests moderate aromaticity.

Reactivity
Although often compared with benzene, borazine is far more reactive. With hydrogen chloride it forms an adduct, whereas benzene is unreactive toward HCl.

 * B3N3H6 + 3 HCl → B3N3H9Cl3
 * Addition reaction of borazine with hydrogen chloride

 * B3N3H9Cl3 + NaBH4 → (BH4N)3
 * Reduction with sodium borohydride

The addition reaction with bromine does not require a catalyst. Borazines undergo nucleophilic attack at boron and electrophilic attack at nitrogen. Heating borazine at 70 °C expels hydrogen with formation of a borazinyl polymer or polyborazylene, in which the monomer units are coupled in a para fashion by new boron-nitrogen bonds. Boron nitride can be prepared by heating polyborazylene to 1000 °C. Borazines are also starting materials for other potential ceramics such as boron carbonitrides. Borazine can also be used as a precursor to grow boron nitride thin films on surfaces, such as the nanomesh structure which is formed on rhodium.

Polyborazylene has been proposed as a recycled hydrogen storage medium for hydrogen fuel cell vehicle applications, using a "single pot" process for digestion and reduction to recreate ammonia borane.

Among other B-N type compounds mixed amino-nitro substituted borazines have been predicted to outperform carbon based explosives such as CL-20.

Related compounds
Carborazine is another six-membered aromatic ring with two carbon atoms, two nitrogen atoms and two boron atoms in opposing pairs.

title: User:Paynemic/sandbox


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User:SnicholsCoD/sandbox

CollegesofDistinction.com is a website with the goal to provide students, counselors, and parents with information about colleges and universities that excel that in Four Distinctive categories: the engagement of its students, the success of its graduates, the quality of its faculty and the atmosphere of its campus.

History
The website was developed by a group of high school guidance and college counselors with the help of marketing and public relations professionals in 2002. The group developed the Four Distinctions in order to feature the unique and successful teaching-focused colleges and universities on the Website.

How Schools Are Chosen
Schools are normally nominated by high school counselors. In order to qualify to be considered a College of Distinction schools must be exceptional in all Four Distinctions: Engaged Students, Great Teaching, Vibrant Communities, and Successful Outcomes.

title: User:SnicholsCoD/sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval/JL-Bot 8

 * The following discussion is an archived debate. Please do not modify it. To request review of this BRFA, please start a new section at WT:BRFA. The result of the discussion was

JL-Bot 8
Operator:

Time filed: 00:28, Wednesday, September 20, 2017 (UTC)

Automatic, Supervised, or Manual: automatic

Programming language(s): Perl

Source code available: Available upon request

Function overview: Update WP:MCW statistics.

Links to relevant discussions (where appropriate): User_talk:JL-Bot

Edit period(s): Once per month

Estimated number of pages affected: 500

Exclusion compliant (Yes/No): No

Already has a bot flag (Yes/No): Yes

Function details: Extends JL-Bot 7 to provide the same functionality for WP:MCW that is currently done for WP:JCW. Parses a database dump file, extracts citation templates, calculates statistics, and saves the statistics to the project pages. The only difference will be it now looks for magazine citations as well as journal ones and will save the magazine stats to the WP:MCW pages.

Discussion

 * — xaosflux  Talk 01:54, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Please run these consecutively without other tasks and post link to the contributions range when done. — xaosflux  Talk 01:55, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I had told the botop I intended to speedy approve this at Wikipedia_talk:Bots/Requests_for_approval. It uses the exact same code as JL-Bot 7 but extends it to Cite magazine, and it only edits in project-space at a very low rate, so no chance of running awry. Would you object to me following through on what I told the botop? (Worth noting both Headbomb and Hellknowz agreed with no trial at the user talk discussion.) ~ Rob 13 Talk 13:54, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * if you would like, I saw it pop up so figured a very fast trial would be easy enough. — xaosflux  Talk 15:28, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * It was easy enough to do. See here. -- JLaTondre (talk) 20:24, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The trial worked as intended, btw. Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 13:30, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Approved, note this is for Wikipedia, Wikipedia_talk: namesapces only. — xaosflux  Talk 00:53, 24 September 2017 (UTC)
 * — xaosflux  Talk 00:53, 24 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. To request review of this BRFA, please start a new section at WT:BRFA.


text:
Talk:Handwritten (Shawn Mendes album)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Handwritten (Shawn Mendes album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151119094558/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/i-know-what-you-did-last-summer/id1057761813 to https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/i-know-what-you-did-last-summer/id1057761813
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150307090345/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/handwritten/id963402832 to https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/handwritten/id963402832
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150216002230/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/handwritten-deluxe/id963404245 to https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/handwritten-deluxe/id963404245
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.5music.com.tw/CDTop.asp?top=6

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:28, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Handwritten (Shawn Mendes album)


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Thomas A. Butler

Thomas A. Butler may refer to the following people:

 * Thomas Adair Butler (1836–1901), English recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Thomas Ambrose Butler (1837–1897), Irish-American priest and author

title: Thomas A. Butler


text:
Talk:Sparks

Untitled
Why would anyone want to merge Sparks with spark? Why don't we merge balls with ball wile we're at it?--KaptKos 06:20, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

As there is only really substantial page which is actually solely, reasonably, 'Sparks', being the band, surely this page should direct there primarily, with a disambiguation page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:52, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sparks


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User:SoLune~enwikiversity

Hi everybody,

I'm an user on the french Wikiversity.

My main contribution on this Wikiversity is to writte "fr:..." on the bottom of the articles.

fr:Utilisateur:SoLune

title: User:SoLune~enwikiversity


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Carboncasca/Archive

04 February 2015

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Lakun.patra (talk) 17:14, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * Looking at the deleted contributions, it's fairly obvious the account is related so a checkuser is not needed. I've blocked and tagged the account. Mike V • Talk 16:19, 6 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Constructivist Theories in Education/Piaget

What would Piaget (1896-1980) say to today's primary teachers to encourage a constructivist approach?

Luckily, we need not use our imagination here: Piaget dealt with elementary teachers and had very specific recommendations for them in different subject areas (Piaget, 1998, De la pédagogie. Paris: Éditions Odile Jacob). As early as 1921 he was hired by Claparède to become director of studies at the Jean Jacques Rousseau Institute in Geneva. He worked for the International Bureau of Education from 1929 to 1967 and Director of the Institute of Educational Sciences at the University of Geneva from 1932-1971.

Piaget's advice to teachers, in essence, was to provide conditions under which the child can be guided to learn for themselves: Not just to master existing knowledge, but to become excited about the possibility of creating new knowledge. What this means in different disciplines will depend on the specific topics being learned. The idea being that the student constructs their own understandings rather than being a passive recipient of knowledge.

Of course, Jean Piaget's ideas are not new. 2000 years ago, Plutarch said: "The mind is not a vessel to be filled but a fire to be kindled." Plutarch (46 - 127)


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Password strength

Password strength is a measure of the effectiveness of a password against guessing or brute-force attacks. In its usual form, it estimates how many trials an attacker who does not have direct access to the password would need, on average, to guess it correctly. The strength of a password is a function of length, complexity, and unpredictability.

Using strong passwords lowers the overall risk of a security breach, but strong passwords do not replace the need for other effective security controls. The effectiveness of a password of a given strength is strongly determined by the design and implementation of the authentication factors (knowledge, ownership, inherence). The first factor is the main focus of this article.

The rate at which an attacker can submit guessed passwords to the system is a key factor in determining system security. Some systems impose a time-out of several seconds after a small number (e.g. three) of failed password entry attempts. In the absence of other vulnerabilities, such systems can be effectively secured with relatively simple passwords. However, the system store information about the user's passwords in some form and if that information is stolen, say by breaching system security, the user's passwords can be at risk.

In 2019, the United Kingdom's NCSC analyzed public databases of breached accounts to see which words, phrases, and strings people used. The most popular password on the list was 123456, appearing in more than 23 million passwords. The second-most popular string, 123456789, was not much harder to crack, while the top five included "qwerty", "password", and 1111111.

Password creation
Passwords are created either automatically (using randomizing equipment) or by a human; the latter case is more common. While the strength of randomly chosen passwords against a brute-force attack can be calculated with precision, determining the strength of human-generated passwords is difficult.

Typically, humans are asked to choose a password, sometimes guided by suggestions or restricted by a set of rules, when creating a new account for a computer system or internet website. Only rough estimates of strength are possible since humans tend to follow patterns in such tasks, and those patterns can usually assist an attacker. In addition, lists of commonly chosen passwords are widely available for use by password-guessing programs. Such lists include the numerous online dictionaries for various human languages, breached databases of plaintext and hashed passwords from various online business and social accounts, along with other common passwords. All items in such lists are considered weak, as are passwords that are simple modifications of them.

Although random password generation programs are available nowadays which are meant to be easy to use, they usually generate random, hard-to-remember passwords, often resulting in people preferring to choose their own. However, this is inherently insecure because the person's lifestyle, entertainment preferences, and other key individualistic qualities usually come into play to influence the choice of password, while the prevalence of online social media has made obtaining information about people much easier.

Password guess validation
Systems that use passwords for authentication must have some way to check any password entered to gain access. If the valid passwords are simply stored in a system file or database, an attacker who gains sufficient access to the system will obtain all user passwords, giving the attacker access to all accounts on the attacked system and possibly other systems where users employ the same or similar passwords. One way to reduce this risk is to store only a cryptographic hash of each password instead of the password itself. Standard cryptographic hashes, such as the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) series, are very hard to reverse, so an attacker who gets hold of the hash value cannot directly recover the password. However, knowledge of the hash value lets the attacker quickly test guesses offline. Password cracking programs are widely available that will test a large number of trial passwords against a purloined cryptographic hash.

Improvements in computing technology keep increasing the rate at which guessed passwords can be tested. For example, in 2010, the Georgia Tech Research Institute developed a method of using GPGPU to crack passwords much faster. Elcomsoft invented the usage of common graphic cards for quicker password recovery in August 2007 and soon filed a corresponding patent in the US. By 2011, commercial products were available that claimed the ability to test up to 112,000 passwords per second on a standard desktop computer, using a high-end graphics processor for that time. Such a device will crack a six-letter single-case password in one day. The work can be distributed over many computers for an additional speedup proportional to the number of available computers with comparable GPUs. Special key stretching hashes are available that take a relatively long time to compute, reducing the rate at which guessing can take place. Although it is considered best practice to use key stretching, many common systems do not.

Another situation where quick guessing is possible is when the password is used to form a cryptographic key. In such cases, an attacker can quickly check to see if a guessed password successfully decodes encrypted data. For example, one commercial product claims to test 103,000 WPA PSK passwords per second.

If a password system only stores the hash of the password, an attacker can pre-compute hash values for common password variants and all passwords shorter than a certain length, allowing very rapid recovery of the password once its hash is obtained. Very long lists of pre-computed password hashes can be efficiently stored using rainbow tables. This method of attack can be foiled by storing a random value, called a cryptographic salt, along with the hash. The salt is combined with the password when computing the hash, so an attacker precomputing a rainbow table would have to store for each password its hash with every possible salt value. This becomes infeasible if the salt has a big enough range, say a 32-bit number. Many authentication systems in common use do not employ salts and rainbow tables are available on the Internet for several such systems.

Entropy as a measure of password strength
Password strength is specified by the amount of information entropy, which is measured in shannon (Sh) and is a concept from information theory. It can be regarded as the minimum number of bits necessary to hold the information in a password of a given type. A related measure is the base-2 logarithm of the number of guesses needed to find the password with certainty, which is commonly referred to as the "bits of entropy". A password with 42 bits of entropy would be as strong as a string of 42 bits chosen randomly, for example by a fair coin toss. Put another way, a password with 42 bits of entropy would require 242 (4,398,046,511,104) attempts to exhaust all possibilities during a brute force search. Thus, increasing the entropy of the password by one bit doubles the number of guesses required, making an attacker's task twice as difficult. On average, an attacker will have to try half the possible number of passwords before finding the correct one.

Random passwords
Random passwords consist of a string of symbols of specified length taken from some set of symbols using a random selection process in which each symbol is equally likely to be selected. The symbols can be individual characters from a character set (e.g., the ASCII character set), syllables designed to form pronounceable passwords or even words from a word list (thus forming a passphrase).

The strength of random passwords depends on the actual entropy of the underlying number generator; however, these are often not truly random, but pseudorandom. Many publicly available password generators use random number generators found in programming libraries that offer limited entropy. However, most modern operating systems offer cryptographically strong random number generators that are suitable for password generation. It is also possible to use ordinary dice to generate random passwords. Random password programs often can ensure that the resulting password complies with a local password policy; for instance, by always producing a mix of letters, numbers, and special characters.

For passwords generated by a process that randomly selects a string of symbols of length, L, from a set of N possible symbols, the number of possible passwords can be found by raising the number of symbols to the power L, i.e. NL. Increasing either L or N will strengthen the generated password. The strength of a random password as measured by the information entropy is just the base-2 logarithm or log2 of the number of possible passwords, assuming each symbol in the password is produced independently. Thus a random password's information entropy, H, is given by the formula:

$H = \log_2 N^L = L\log_2 N = L {\log N \over \log 2}$

where N is the number of possible symbols and L is the number of symbols in the password. H is measured in bits. In the last expression, log can be to any base.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"

! Symbol set || Symbol count N || Entropy per symbol H
 * + Entropy per symbol for different symbol sets
 * align=left|Arabic numerals (0–9) (e.g. PIN) || 10 || 3.3219280948874 bits
 * align=left|Hexadecimal numerals (0–9, A–F) (e.g. WEP keys) || 16 || 4.000 bits
 * align=left|Case insensitive Latin alphabet (a–z or A–Z) || 26 || 4.7004397181411 bits
 * align=left|Case insensitive alphanumeric (a–z or A–Z, 0–9) || 36 || 5.1699250014423 bits
 * align=left|Case sensitive Latin alphabet (a–z, A–Z) || 52 || 5.7004397181411 bits
 * align=left|Case sensitive alphanumeric (a–z, A–Z, 0–9) || 62 || 5.9541963103869 bits
 * align=left|All ASCII printable characters except space || 94 || 6.55458885 bits
 * align=left|All Latin-1 Supplement characters || 94 || 6.55458885 bits
 * align=left|All ASCII printable characters || 95 || 6.5698556083309 bits
 * align=left|All extended ASCII printable characters || 218 || 7.7681843247769 bits
 * align=left|Binary (0–255 or 8 bits or 1 byte) || 256 || 8 bits
 * align=left|Diceware word list || 7776 || 12.924812503606 bits per word
 * }
 * align=left|All ASCII printable characters except space || 94 || 6.55458885 bits
 * align=left|All Latin-1 Supplement characters || 94 || 6.55458885 bits
 * align=left|All ASCII printable characters || 95 || 6.5698556083309 bits
 * align=left|All extended ASCII printable characters || 218 || 7.7681843247769 bits
 * align=left|Binary (0–255 or 8 bits or 1 byte) || 256 || 8 bits
 * align=left|Diceware word list || 7776 || 12.924812503606 bits per word
 * }
 * align=left|Binary (0–255 or 8 bits or 1 byte) || 256 || 8 bits
 * align=left|Diceware word list || 7776 || 12.924812503606 bits per word
 * }
 * align=left|Diceware word list || 7776 || 12.924812503606 bits per word
 * }

A binary byte is usually expressed using two hexadecimal characters.

To find the length, L, needed to achieve a desired strength H, with a password drawn randomly from a set of N symbols, one computes:

$$L = {\left \lceil \frac {H}{\log_2 N} \right \rceil}$$

where $$ \left \lceil \ \right \rceil $$ denotes the mathematical ceiling function, i.e. rounding up to the next largest whole number.

The following table uses this formula to show the required lengths of truly randomly generated passwords to achieve desired password entropies for common symbol sets:

Human-generated passwords
People are notoriously poor at achieving sufficient entropy to produce satisfactory passwords. According to one study involving half a million users, the average password entropy was estimated at 40.54 bits.

Thus, in one analysis of over 3 million eight-character passwords, the letter "e" was used over 1.5 million times, while the letter "f" was used only 250,000 times. A uniform distribution would have had each character being used about 900,000 times. The most common number used is "1", whereas the most common letters are a, e, o, and r.

Users rarely make full use of larger character sets in forming passwords. For example, hacking results obtained from a MySpace phishing scheme in 2006 revealed 34,000 passwords, of which only 8.3% used mixed case, numbers, and symbols.

The full strength associated with using the entire ASCII character set (numerals, mixed case letters, and special characters) is only achieved if each possible password is equally likely. This seems to suggest that all passwords must contain characters from each of several character classes, perhaps upper and lower-case letters, numbers, and non-alphanumeric characters. Such a requirement is a pattern in password choice and can be expected to reduce an attacker's "work factor" (in Claude Shannon's terms). This is a reduction in password "strength". A better requirement would be to require a password not to contain any word in an online dictionary, or list of names, or any license plate pattern from any state (in the US) or country (as in the EU). If patterned choices are required, humans are likely to use them in predictable ways, such as capitalizing a letter, adding one or two numbers, and a special character. This predictability means that the increase in password strength is minor when compared to random passwords.

NIST Special Publication 800-63-2
NIST Special Publication 800-63 of June 2004 (revision two) suggested a scheme to approximate the entropy of human-generated passwords:

Using this scheme, an eight-character human-selected password without uppercase characters and non-alphabetic characters OR with either but of the two character sets is estimated to have eighteen bits of entropy. The NIST publication concedes that at the time of development, little information was available on the real-world selection of passwords. Later research into human-selected password entropy using newly available real-world data has demonstrated that the NIST scheme does not provide a valid metric for entropy estimation of human-selected passwords. The June 2017 revision of SP 800-63 (Revision three) drops this approach.

Usability and implementation considerations
Because national keyboard implementations vary, not all 94 ASCII printable characters can be used everywhere. This can present a problem to an international traveler who wished to log into a remote system using a keyboard on a local computer. Many handheld devices, such as tablet computers and smart phones, require complex shift sequences or keyboard app swapping to enter special characters.

Authentication programs can vary as to the list of allowable password characters. Some do not recognize case differences (e.g., the upper-case "E" is considered equivalent to the lower-case "e"), and others prohibit some of the other symbols. In the past few decades, systems have permitted more characters in passwords, but limitations still exist. Systems also vary as to the maximum length of passwords allowed.

As a practical matter, passwords must be both reasonable and functional for the end user as well as strong enough for the intended purpose. Passwords that are too difficult to remember may be forgotten and so are more likely to be written on paper, which some consider a security risk. In contrast, others argue that forcing users to remember passwords without assistance can only accommodate weak passwords, and thus poses a greater security risk. According to Bruce Schneier, most people are good at securing their wallets or purses, which is a "great place" to store a written password.

Required bits of entropy
The minimum number of bits of entropy needed for a password depends on the threat model for the given application. If key stretching is not used, passwords with more entropy are needed. RFC 4086, "Randomness Requirements for Security", published June 2005, presents some example threat models and how to calculate the entropy desired for each one. Their answers vary between 29 bits of entropy needed if only online attacks are expected, and up to 96 bits of entropy needed for important cryptographic keys used in applications like encryption where the password or key needs to be secure for a long period and stretching isn't applicable. A 2010 Georgia Tech Research Institute study based on unstretched keys recommended a 12-character random password but as a minimum length requirement. It pays to bear in mind that since computing power continually grows, to prevent offline attacks the required number of bits of entropy should also increase over time.

The upper end is related to the stringent requirements of choosing keys used in encryption. In 1999, an Electronic Frontier Foundation project broke 56-bit DES encryption in less than a day using specially designed hardware. In 2002, distributed.net cracked a 64-bit key in 4 years, 9 months, and 23 days. As of October 12, 2011, distributed.net estimates that cracking a 72-bit key using current hardware will take about 45,579 days or 124.8 years. Due to currently understood limitations from fundamental physics, there is no expectation that any digital computer (or combination) will be capable of breaking 256-bit encryption via a brute-force attack. Whether or not quantum computers will be able to do so in practice is still unknown, though theoretical analysis suggests such possibilities.

Common guidelines
Guidelines for choosing good passwords are typically designed to make passwords harder to discover by intelligent guessing. Common guidelines advocated by proponents of software system security have included:

 * Consider a minimum password length of 8 characters as a general guide. Both the US and UK cyber security departments recommend long and easily memorable passwords over short complex ones.
 * Generate passwords randomly where feasible.
 * Avoid using the same password twice (e.g. across multiple user accounts and/or software systems).
 * Avoid character repetition, keyboard patterns, dictionary words, and sequential letters or numbers.
 * Avoid using information that is or might become publicly associated with the user or the account, such as the user name, ancestors' names, or dates.
 * Avoid using information that the user's colleagues and/or acquaintances might know to be associated with the user, such as relatives or pet names, romantic links (current or past), and biographical information (e.g. ID numbers, ancestors' names or dates).
 * Do not use passwords that consist wholly of any simple combination of the aforementioned weak components.

The forcing of lowercase, uppercase alphabetic characters, numbers, and symbols in passwords was a common policy but has been found to decrease security, by making it easier to crack. Research has shown how predictable the common use of such symbols are, and the US, UK government cyber security departments advise against forcing their inclusion in password policy. Complex symbols also make remembering passwords much harder, which increases writing down, password resets, and password reuse – all of which lower rather than improve password security. The original author of password complexity rules, Bill Burr, has apologized and admits they decrease security, as research has found; this was widely reported in the media in 2017. Online security researchers and consultants are also supportive of the change in best practice advice on passwords.

Some guidelines advise against writing passwords down, while others, noting the large numbers of password-protected systems users must access, encourage writing down passwords as long as the written password lists are kept in a safe place, not attached to a monitor or in an unlocked desk drawer. Use of a password manager is recommended by the NCSC.

The possible character set for a password can be constrained by different websites or by the range of keyboards on which the password must be entered.

Examples of weak passwords
As with any security measure, passwords vary in strength; some are weaker than others. For example, the difference in strength between a dictionary word and a word with obfuscation (e.g. letters in the password are substituted by, say, numbers — a common approach) may cost a password-cracking device a few more seconds; this adds little strength. The examples below illustrate various ways weak passwords might be constructed, all of which are based on simple patterns which result in extremely low entropy, allowing them to be tested automatically at high speeds.:
 * Default passwords (as supplied by the system vendor and meant to be changed at installation time): password, default, admin, guest, etc. Lists of default passwords are widely available on the internet.
 * Reused passwords: Passwords should be unique to a particular account. Altering reused passwords, such as changing a few letters or numbers, does not provide sufficient security.
 * Dictionary words: chameleon, RedSox, sandbags, bunnyhop!, IntenseCrabtree, etc., including words in non-English dictionaries.
 * Words with numbers appended: password1, deer2000, john1234, etc., can be easily tested automatically with little lost time.
 * Words with simple obfuscation: p@ssw0rd, l33th4x0r, g0ldf1sh, etc., can be tested automatically with little additional effort. For example, a domain administrator password compromised in the DigiNotar attack was reportedly Pr0d@dm1n.
 * Doubled words: crabcrab, stopstop, treetree, passpass, etc.
 * Common sequences from a keyboard row: qwerty, 123456, asdfgh, etc. including diagonal or backward sequences (qazplm, ytrewq, etc).
 * Numeric sequences based on well known numbers such as 911 (9-1-1, 9/11), 314159... (pi), 27182... (e), 112 (1-1-2), etc.
 * Identifiers: jsmith123, 1/1/1970, 555–1234, one's username, etc.
 * Weak passwords in non-English languages, such as contraseña (Spanish) and ji32k7au4a83 (bopomofo keyboard encoding from Chinese)
 * Anything personally related to an individual: license plate number, Social Security number, current or past telephone numbers, student ID, current address, previous addresses, birthday, sports team, relative's or pet's names/nicknames/birthdays/initials, etc., can easily be tested automatically after a simple investigation of a person's details.
 * Dates: dates follow a pattern and make your password weak.
 * Names of well-known locations: New York, Texas, China, London, etc.
 * Names of brands, celebrities, sports teams, musical groups, TV shows, movies, etc.
 * Short passwords: Even if a password doesn't have any of the weaknesses listed above, if it is too short, it can be easily cracked.

There are many other ways a password can be weak, corresponding to the strengths of various attack schemes; the core principle is that a password should have high entropy (usually taken to be equivalent to randomness) and not be readily derivable by any "clever" pattern, nor should passwords be mixed with information identifying the user. Online services often provide a restore password function that a hacker can figure out and by doing so bypass a password.

Rethinking password change guidelines
In the landscape of 2012, as delineated by William Cheswick in an article for ACM magazine, password security predominantly emphasized an alpha-numeric password of eight characters or more. Such a password, it was deduced, could resist ten million attempts per second for a duration of 252 days. However, with the assistance of contemporary GPUs at the time, this period was truncated to just about 9 hours, given a cracking rate of 7 billion attempts per second. A 13-character password was estimated to withstand GPU-computed attempts for over 900,000 years.

In the context of 2023 hardware technology, the 2012 standard of an eight-character alpha-numeric password has become vulnerable, succumbing in a few hours. The time needed to crack a 13-character password is reduced to a few years. The current emphasis, thus, has shifted. Password strength is now gauged not just by its complexity but its length, with recommendations leaning towards passwords comprising at least 13-16 characters. This era has also seen the rise of Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) as a crucial fortification measure. The advent and widespread adoption of password managers have further aided users in cultivating and maintaining an array of strong, unique passwords.

Password policy
A password policy is a guide to choosing satisfactory passwords. It is intended to:
 * assist users in choosing strong passwords
 * ensure the passwords are suited to the target population
 * Provide recommendations for users concerning the handling of their passwords
 * impose a recommendation to change any password which has been lost or suspected of compromise
 * use a password blacklist to block the use of weak or easily guessed passwords.

Previous password policies used to prescribe the characters which passwords must contain, such as numbers, symbols, or upper/lower case. While this is still in use, it has been debunked as less secure by university research, by the original instigator of this policy, and by the cyber security departments (and other related government security bodies ) of USA and UK. Password complexity rules of enforced symbols were previously used by major platforms such as Google and Facebook, but these have removed the requirement following the discovery that they actually reduced security. This is because the human element is a far greater risk than cracking, and enforced complexity leads most users to highly predictable patterns (number at the end, swap 3 for E, etc.) which helps crack passwords. So password simplicity and length (passphrases) are the new best practice and complexity is discouraged. Forced complexity rules also increase support costs, and user friction and discourage user signups.

Password expiration was in some older password policies but has been debunked as best practice and is not supported by USA or UK governments, or Microsoft which removed the password expiry feature. Password expiration was previously trying to serve two purposes: However, password expiration has its drawbacks:
 * If the time to crack a password is estimated to be 100 days, password expiration times fewer than 100 days may help ensure insufficient time for an attacker.
 * If a password has been compromised, requiring it to be changed regularly may limit the access time for the attacker.
 * Asking users to change passwords frequently encourages simple, weak passwords.
 * If one has a truly strong password, there is little point in changing it. Changing passwords that are already strong introduces a risk that the new password may be less strong.
 * A compromised password is likely to be used immediately by an attacker to install a backdoor, often via privilege escalation. Once this is accomplished, password changes won't prevent future attackers from accessing them.
 * Moving from never changing one's password to changing the password on every authenticate attempt (pass or fail attempts) only doubles the number of attempts the attacker must make on average before guessing the password in a brute force attack. One gains much more security by just increasing the password length by one character than changing the password on every use.

Creating and handling passwords
The hardest passwords to crack, for a given length and character set, are random character strings; if long enough they resist brute force attacks (because there are many characters) and guessing attacks (due to high entropy). However, such passwords are typically the hardest to remember. The imposition of a requirement for such passwords in a password policy may encourage users to write them down, store them in mobile devices, or share them with others as a safeguard against memory failure. While some people consider each of these user resorts to increase security risks, others suggest the absurdity of expecting users to remember distinct complex passwords for each of the dozens of accounts they access. For example, in 2005, security expert Bruce Schneier recommended writing down one's password:

""

The following measures may increase acceptance of strong password requirements if carefully used:

 * a training program. Also, updated training for those who fail to follow the password policy (lost passwords, inadequate passwords, etc.).
 * rewarding strong password users by reducing the rate, or eliminating, the need for password changes (password expiration). The strength of user-chosen passwords can be estimated by automatic programs which inspect and evaluate proposed passwords when setting or changing a password.
 * displaying to each user the last login date and time in the hope that the user may notice unauthorized access, suggesting a compromised password.
 * allowing users to reset their passwords via an automatic system, which reduces help desk call volume. However, some systems are themselves insecure; for instance, easily guessed or researched answers to password reset questions bypass the advantages of a strong password system.
 * using randomly generated passwords that do not allow users to choose their passwords, or at least offering randomly generated passwords as an option.

Memory techniques
Password policies sometimes suggest memory techniques to assist remembering passwords:
 * mnemonic passwords: Some users develop mnemonic phrases and use them to generate more or less random passwords which are nevertheless relatively easy for the user to remember. For instance, the first letter of each word in a memorable phrase. Research estimates the password strength of such passwords to be about 3.7 bits per character, compared to the 6.6 bits for random passwords from ASCII printable characters. Silly ones are possibly more memorable. Another way to make random-appearing passwords more memorable is to use random words (see diceware) or syllables instead of randomly chosen letters.
 * after-the-fact mnemonics: After the password has been established, invent a mnemonic that fits. It does not have to be reasonable or sensible, only memorable. This allows passwords to be random.
 * visual representations of passwords: a password is memorized based on a sequence of keys pressed, not the values of the keys themselves, e.g. a sequence !qAsdE#2 represents a rhomboid on a US keyboard. The method to produce such passwords is called PsychoPass. Passwords produced by this method are much weaker than their length suggests, since successive keys are not independent and common keyboard sequences are included in password dictionaries. But some improvements can be made.
 * password patterns: Any pattern in a password makes guessing (automated or not) easier and reduces an attacker's work factor.
 * For example, passwords of the following case-insensitive form: consonant, vowel, consonant, consonant, vowel, consonant, number, number (for example pinray45) are called Environ passwords. The pattern of alternating vowel and consonant characters was intended to make passwords more likely to be pronounceable and thus more memorable. Such patterns severely reduce the password's information entropy, making brute force password attacks considerably more efficient. In the UK in October 2005, employees of the British government were advised to use passwords in this form.

Password managers
A reasonable compromise for using large numbers of passwords is to record them in a password manager program, which include stand-alone applications, web browser extensions, or a manager built into the operating system. A password manager allows the user to use hundreds of different passwords, and only have to remember a single password, the one which opens the encrypted password database. Needless to say, this single password should be strong and well-protected (not recorded anywhere). Most password managers can automatically create strong passwords using a cryptographically secure random password generator, as well as calculating the entropy of the generated password. A good password manager will provide resistance against attacks such as key logging, clipboard logging and various other memory spying techniques.

title: Password strength


text:
Θεστιάς

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) a daughter of Thestius; a Thestiad

Descendants

 * Greek:

title: Θεστιάς


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Progressive stack (2nd nomination)

The result was   keep. (non-admin closure) -- Sam Sing! 17:49, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Progressive stack
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Well over a year ago, this was nominated for deletion and somehow kept even though there are basically no sources to build an article from. Nothing has changed, Occupy is even less relevant today than it was in 2013, and there's no lasting interest in this particular topic that has provided information or sources for expansion. Should be deleted. Thargor Orlando (talk) 16:37, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep The sources thought it was important enough to explain to their readers. The relevance and interest are not the issues. There are many good WP articles on less relevant and interesting topics. Borock (talk) 18:05, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep sourced and notable. FWIW, many meeting chairs have long used devices of this sort.  DGG ( talk ) 04:37, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable and sourced, and written well enough to inform Wikipedia's readers. No need to return a solid consensus-to-keep yet again to AFD.  Schmidt,  Michael Q. 06:38, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * To all: where are the sources about the topic in which to build an encyclopedia article? Thargor Orlando (talk) 14:48, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Politics-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:39, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Social science-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:39, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep - satisfies WP:GNG. Additional sources provided below --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 23:54, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * academic sources (from behind paywall, sorry)
 * Maharawal, M. M. (2013), Occupy Wall Street and a Radical Politics of Inclusion. The Sociological Quarterly, 54: 177–181. doi: 10.1111/tsq.12021
 * deals with it in some depth per the title of the article. the other academic articles deal with it in more than a mention but not to the extent this one does
 * Borck, C., Goldstein, J., McFarland, S., & Spurgas, A. (2013). #occupyoureducation. Radical Teacher, (96), 39-47,70.
 * Starecheski, A. (2014), Squatting History: The Power of Oral History as a History-Making Practice. Oral History Review (Summer/Fall 2014) 41 (2): 187-216. doi: 10.1093/ohr/ohu030
 * Leach, D. K. (2013), Culture and the Structure of Tyrannylessness. The Sociological Quarterly, 54: 181–191. doi: 10.1111/tsq.12014
 * non-academic sources :
 * Sue Gardner's blog, The Nation, Wired, McGill Daily, Rabble.ca, Reason.com, Fox Nation  (disclaimer: I don't know Fox Nation, which looks dubious, but included because it's part of Fox News)  --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 23:54, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Sue Gardner's blog is not a reliable source. The Nation article does not mention the stack.  The Reason article gives it (charitably) one paragraph.  Fox Nation is not a reliable source.  I can't see the stuff behind a paywall, so I don't know how much coverage those are giving it, but if the standard is the non-academic links, an examination of the available sources is not helping the claim that it satisfies the GNG, as there are not multiple reliable sources about the topic. Thargor Orlando (talk) 03:58, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I assume you didn't get past the first page of the Nation article? I don't think it's fair to write off the academic sources based on an application of your mean assessment of the others. These are all coverage about the subject. I didn't include brief mentions. They range from a paragraph to several paragraphs and took me all of 10 minutes to find and compile. As is clear at WP:N, the subject of an article doesn't have to be the primary subject of an article for sufficient coverage to exist. --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 04:26, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You're correct, I didn't get to the second page. That makes for five whole sentences about the stack.  Trivial mention at best.  You're not at all demonstrating at this point that the coverage is nontrivial.  Thargor Orlando (talk) 13:19, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep, plenty of reliable sources as others have pointed out. With regard to the statement that "Occupy is even less relevant today than it was in 2013" etc, notability is WP:NOTTEMPORARY. — Nizolan  (talk) 15:30, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete, Well sourced but not quite enough to constitute a whole article. If anything I'd see it as a violation of WP:WINAD--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:52, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * There four paragraphs of text and it's unambiguously explained as a concept ("a technique") rather than a word, which is what WP:WINAD addresses. --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 02:58, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Giving that a re-read I was wrong in my initial assumption. On the grounds provided this article most certainly contains WP:Reliable sources and its relevance in modern times shouldn't influence a deletion request since it was at one time relevant. Changing my stance to keep.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:27, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for rechecking. The best way to change it is to bold your revised vote and strike the original (strike as in strikethrough  ) —  Rhododendrites  talk  \\ 04:31, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep per the sources in the article and those provided by Rhododendrites. Gamaliel  ( talk ) 05:11, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep - As per the sources, it's been the subject of significant academic debate and considerable study. NorthBySouthBaranof (talk) 07:11, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Where? Trivial mentions in a few insular areas is not "significant" or "considerable." Thargor Orlando (talk) 13:19, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That you disagree with my opinion of what those words mean is interesting, but of no consequence to my !vote. NorthBySouthBaranof (talk) 21:51, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, if you're using them in the Wikipedia sense, then I'd hope an explanation could be gathered. It's part of getting to some sort of consensus.  Why do you believe that there has been "significant academic debate" and/or "considerable study? Thargor Orlando (talk) 22:05, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I think it's strange that you're inviting links to academic sources. When I posted a few above your opinion of them was, more or less, "I don't have access to them but they probably stink". --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 22:25, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * My opinion of them was that the presentation suggested they had similar coverage to the non-academic sources. If I'm wrong, I would love to be proven as such.  What you've characterized them as is, at best, "several paragraphs" within larger looks at a separate topic.  That sounds trivial. Thargor Orlando (talk) 22:35, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Four separate academic sources on the same issue is four more academic sources on a single issue than I daresay the majority of this encyclopedia's articles have. NorthBySouthBaranof (talk) 22:31, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The four academic sources listed above do not appear to be about the topic, but about the broader Occupy movement. Thargor Orlando (talk) 22:35, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You seem strangely desperate to discredit these sources and those editors who believe these sources support the existence of an article on the concept. I'll let the closer of this discussion make the call. NorthBySouthBaranof (talk) 01:10, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * There's no need to personalize this disagreement. Hopefully, the closer of the discussion discounts the lack of evidence presented here to support the claims being made. Thargor Orlando (talk) 12:36, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep - Considering the length of this article and the kind of sources that have been utilised, it may very well be more appropriate to me to make 'Progressive Stack' a section on another relevant page. The Occupy page or something on progressive politics. However, I do recognise that there might be some interest on the topic and, in the future, there could be plenty more to add to this article. I should also disclose that I am politically horrified by racial, ethnic and gender partition (I might go as far to call it segregation), in which I believe this policy is calling for. The reason I disclose this is, is that I imagine many would feel the same and the deletion discussion could be motivated by this fact. Johnwayne93 (talk) 21:49, 15 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
front name

Noun

 * 1)  A person's given name.
 * 2) * 1897 March, Montague Stevens, “‘Front Name’ Dick”, in The Cosmopolitan, Volume XXII, Number 5, The Cosmopolitan Press (1897), page 553:
 * “Well, the front name I goes by nowadays is Dick,” said he, “and as I ain’t got no partic’ler use for no more name, jes’ call me Dick. ”
 * 1) * 1905–6, Margaret Wade Campbell Deland, The Awakening of Helena Richie, Harper & Brothers (1906), page 97:
 * “Because, yesterday everybody said ‘Dr. Lavendar.’ I didn’t think Doctor could be your front name. All the other people had front names.”
 * 1) * 2003, Mickey Spillane, Something's Down There: A Novel - Page 11
 * “Mr. Hooker, sa... Mr. Hooker, I...” “And forget the Mr., too. We're friends.” “That would not be polite. And I do not know your front name.”
 * 1) * 2003, Mickey Spillane, Something's Down There: A Novel - Page 11
 * “Mr. Hooker, sa... Mr. Hooker, I...” “And forget the Mr., too. We're friends.” “That would not be polite. And I do not know your front name.”

title: front name


text:
Talk:You Make It Feel Like Christmas

Draft
I went ahead and merged Draft:Gwen Stefani's Christmas album into this article, in case a hist merge is helpful. Thanks! --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 14:49, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Sources for expansion
Carbrera (talk) 07:11, 28 December 2017 (UTC).
 * Nylon interview
 * Huffington Post review
 * Hits Daily Double article
 * Cryptic Rock review
 * The Guardian album review
 * Beat review

title: Talk:You Make It Feel Like Christmas


text:
Ronnie Blake

Ron Francis Blake (born May 23, 1972) is a trumpeter from Los Angeles. He has recorded and performed alongside numerous artists such as The Rolling Stones, Elton John, Aaliyah, Ben Harper, Dr. Dre, and Ziggy Marley. Blake also played with Green Day on their American Idiot tour and appears on the live DVD Bullet in a Bible. He also recorded on their 2016 release Revolution Radio.

Blake studied at Cal State Northridge. As a student, he won the 1992 International Trumpet Guild's Jazz Improvisation competition in Rotterdam. He also won 1st place in the local Dolo Coker Jazz Scholarship and Outstanding Trumpet Player in the Pacific Coast Jazz Festival. Blake went on to study at the California Institute of the Arts on a full scholarship and achieved his master's degree in Music.

Blake runs www.HiSpeedHorns.com, a website allowing artists to get horn arrangements via remote internet sessions. The website was featured in Mix Magazine.

Blake currently plays with Poncho Sanchez and released his debut solo Latin jazz album, “Assimilation” in 2017 which featured Poncho Sanchez as a guest. He recently recorded and performed on the 2020 Academy Awards with Elton John for the biopic Rocket Man. The song “I Want To Love Me Again” won a Golden Globe for best song and an Oscar for best song. Ron can be heard on the latest Rolling Stones’ album, Hackney Diamonds and is currently working on Elton John’s next album.

title: Ronnie Blake


text:
Invertebrate Zoology/Mollusks

Introduction to the Mollusks
Mollusks are metazoan animals that take a variety of forms. However, almost all mollusks are characterized by a body with several main regions: a muscular foot, a visceral mass covered by a mantle that secretes a shell, paired gills (called ctenidia) and a unique feeding organ called a radula. The radula is a tongue-like organ that is covered with a chitinous ribbon with numerous rows of teeth, which are used to tear food off substrate and bring it into the mouth. In terms of species, they are the second-most diverse phylum next to the Arthropods, but few phyla can rival their diversity in form, from giant clams to minute sea slugs to fast moving squid.

Commonly accepted molluscan classes include: Aplacophora Monoplacophora Polyplacophora (chitons) Gastropoda (snails and slugs) Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, nautilus) Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels) Scaphopoda (Tusk shells)

title: Invertebrate Zoology/Mollusks


text:
Web Design/Useful Books

Please update this page with books that you have also found useful, but only if you have used them yourself (and are not the author!). Please describe why the book was helpful to you and include a link to the book on Amazon so we can read other reviews.

Creating a Web Page with HTML - Elizabeth Castro
Level: Introductory HTML/CSS

This book is by the same author as "HTML for the WWW with XHTML and CSS" - Elizabeth Castro - but differs in that it aims to introduce the tools of the Web (HTML and CSS) without overwhelming the reader with detail.

And it does this really well by stepping you, the learner, through a small web project from beginning to end. This includes everything from creating the HTML, CSS files and images yourself, through to publishing your site on the web.

The straight-forward simplicity of the book is its greatest asset, leading you through all essential tasks related to creating a simple web page the right way. The book does not pretend to be a thorough guide to HTML and CSS, nor does it go into much depth about each step - but this is a strength not a weakness (each chapter does include a section called extra bits at the end). Instead, this is a book that tells you just what you need to know to get going but, importantly, it gets you going in the right direction!

You can check out the reviews collected by the author, as well as those on Amazon.

CSS Specific books
Stylin' with CSS by Charles Wyke-Smith - an excellent follow up to Elizabeth Castro's HTML, XHTML & CSS 6th ed. This book really fills in the blanks with clear explanations of the box model & construction of selectors.

The author provides a clear explanation of the difference between the cascade & inheritance so you can track down style rules that are incorrectly affecting your elements. Combine this with an excellent section on specificity & you'll be constructing selectors much more effectively.

The book also shows you how to use universal selectors to level up cross browser behaviors & to eliminate the need to duplicate styling rules.

If you can't figure out why your elements are getting all fujumbled - the author clearly explains absolute & relative positioning & floats so you can relatively position yourself in the design community AND still remain in the flow.

After reading this book you will look at page elements in a different way. You'll see how they relate to one another depending on whether they're inline or block level - how padding & margins cause them to react to each other & how they'll present themselves in different browsers. As a result you'll have a much easier time laying out your designs.

My review is not near as lucid as the explanations in this book...

After learning CSS - I burned my FrontPage 2003 CD!

Design books
Designing Web Usability, Nielson, Jacob - New Riders, ISBN 1-56205-810-X

Book lists

 * Book list at Uni. Minnisota - List includes Accessibility, Color, CSS, Dreamweaver, Information Architecture, Evaluation, JavaScript, Navigation, PHP, Project Management, Typography, Usability, Web Standards, Writing, (X)HTML.
 * Books recommended by Web Teacher for teaching and learning web design including (X)HTML, CSS, Dreamweaver, Usability, design, web standards, PHP and JavaScript.

Reference Books

 * HTML and XHTML Pocket Reference, 3rd Edition - Published by O'Reilly
 * CSS Pocket Refernce, 2nd Edition - Published by O'Reilly

Other Web Design Book Listings

 * - Books -List includes CSS, Accessibility, Color, Dreamweaver, Information Architecture, Evaluation, JavaScript, Navigation, PHP, Project Management, Typography, Usability, Web Standards, Writing, (X)HTML.

Out of Print

 * HTML Pocket Reference, 2nd Edition - Published by O'Reilly

title: Web Design/Useful Books


text:
Nunatsiavut Assembly Building

The Nunatsiavut Assembly Building  in Hopedale, Newfoundland and Labrador is the seat of the autonomous Nunatsiavut Assembly.

The building opened in 2012 and is the Assembly's first permanent home since it first sat in 2008. The Assembly previously met in temporary locations around Hopedale. The building is located at Nanuk Hill with Amos Comenius Memorial School located just to the north and a new residential area to the west.

Facilities and Features
The building has 10,000 square feet (929 square metres) of space with various rooms:

 * Nunatsiavut Assembly Chambers - used by the Legislative Assembly
 * Assembly Caucus Room
 * Nunatsiavut Government offices
 * Assembly members offices

There is a large common room is used for community events, public meetings, and used by the Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Justice for provincial court sessions.

The Assembly building's front is an Igloo inspired topped by a half dome and rear structure pays homage to the nearby Hopedale Moravian Mission Complex (windows and steeple are borrowed from the mission but topped with a large green Inukshuk).

Other elements of the Labrador Inuit culture which have been incorporated into the design include the floors being tiled with labradorite and the Assembly members taking seats at a table in the form of an ulu.

Other government buildings

 * Nunatsiavut Government Head Office - administrative offices of the Government of Nunatsiavut located in Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador

title: Nunatsiavut Assembly Building


text:
Talk:Dillinger (musician)

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:49, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dillinger (musician)


text:
salinize

Verb

 * 1)  to become or render salty
 * 2) * 1920, Henry Asbury Christian & James Mackenzie, The Oxford Medicine, volume 4, part 3, p21 (Oxford University Press, American branch)
 * Salinized drinking water probably is the best insurance that the men will take the salt during the working hours of the day. A study from the Inland Steel Company56, in which a section of steel workers, 3,000 men, were given salinized drinking water, 0·1 per cent., showed good results as compared with the control group.
 * 1) * 2004, Dr Michael Mayerfeld Bell & Michael S. Carolan, An Invitation to Environmental Sociology (Second Edition), p14 (Pine Forge Press (SAGE Publications); ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER> (10), ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>758 (13))
 * Soil erosion is only one of many serious threats to farmland. Much of the twentieth century’s gains in crop production was due to irrigation. But irrigation can also salinize soils. Because most irrigation occurs in parched regions, the abundant sunlight of dry climates evaporates much of the water away, leaving salts behind.
 * 1) * 2004, Dr Michael Mayerfeld Bell & Michael S. Carolan, An Invitation to Environmental Sociology (Second Edition), p14 (Pine Forge Press (SAGE Publications); ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER> (10), ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>758 (13))
 * Soil erosion is only one of many serious threats to farmland. Much of the twentieth century’s gains in crop production was due to irrigation. But irrigation can also salinize soils. Because most irrigation occurs in parched regions, the abundant sunlight of dry climates evaporates much of the water away, leaving salts behind.

Translations

 * French:
 * Occitan:
 * Romanian:
 * Spanish:

title: salinize


text:
Lesli Brea

Lesli Guillermo Brea (born October 12, 1973) is a former Major League Baseball player. A right-handed relief pitcher, Brea is 5 ft tall, and he weighed 170 pounds during his playing career. Some records list his year of birth as 1978, but this figure was subsequently found to be inaccurate.

Minor leagues
In 1996, Brea began his professional career by signing with the Seattle Mariners as an undrafted free agent. He was 22 years old, but represented himself as a 17-year-old in order to secure a more favorable response from Mariners scouts. Baseball scouts are sometimes reluctant to sign older international players, since younger players are generally farther from their physical peak, and thus are perceived as having a comparatively higher ceiling to their future performance.

Brea established himself as a prospect in 1998, when he saved 12 games as the closer for the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers of the Midwest League. He compiled a 2.76 ERA and struck out 86 batters in only $58 2/3$ innings pitched, but also struggled to control his pitches, walking 40 batters and throwing five wild pitches. This type of performance would continue to be the norm as Brea advanced through the minors; he finished his professional career with more than a strikeout per inning pitched, but also walked almost five batters per nine innings.

Trades
Brea was involved in two noteworthy trades before reaching the major leagues. On December 14, 1998, the Mariners traded Brea to the New York Mets, in exchange for outfielder Butch Huskey. Huskey played well as a regular for the Mariners in 1999, before being traded to the Boston Red Sox at midseason.

Two years later, Brea was one of six players involved in a trade deadline deal between the Mets and the Baltimore Orioles. The Mets sent Brea, Melvin Mora, Mike Kinkade, and pitching prospect Pat Gorman to the Orioles, receiving All-Star shortstop Mike Bordick. Bordick helped the Mets reach the 2000 World Series, but the deal was costly for the Mets, as Mora developed into a star and Bordick returned to the Orioles as a free agent that off-season. Questions about Brea's actual age surfaced after the deal, embarrassing Orioles' General Manager Syd Thrift.

Major leagues
Brea made his major league debut on August 13, 2000, starting against the Kansas City Royals. In his only major league start, he surrendered six runs in $3 1/3$ innings, and the Orioles lost 10–5. Over the next two years, he pitched in eight major league games, surrendering 15 earned runs in 11 innings, for an ERA of 12.27. Control continued to be a problem, as he walked 13 batters and struck out only five, also hitting one batter and throwing one wild pitch. The loss on August 13 was his only decision.

Brea left the Orioles as a minor league free agent after the 2002 season. He signed with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays but did not make the team out of spring training and was released on March 10, 2003. Brea spent the remainder of that year, his last as a professional, with the Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League.

title: Lesli Brea


text:
ronko

Etymology
From the Limba word.

Noun

 * 1) A traditional loose-fitting knee-length garment worn by chiefs, blacksmiths, warriors, and secret society officials in certain tribes of Sierra Leone, particularly the Limba, Koranko, and Yalunka, and said to protect against both natural and supernatural weapons when worn in battle.
 * 2) * 1986 June 29, Associated Press, "Secret Societies Thriving," Sunday Intelligencer (Doylestown, Pennsylvania), page A-18 :
 * Many campaign posters showed candidates wearing "ronkos," or rust-colored cotton vests bathed in special herbs to guard them against invisible bullets.
 * 1) * 1994, Joseph A. Opala, "'Ecstatic Renovation!': Street Art Celebrating Sierra Leone's 1992 Revolution," African Affairs 93(317), 210 :
 * The same mural shows a government soldier, called 'Commando Spider', dressed in a ronko, but slaying a rebel, presumably behind enemy lines.
 * 1) * 2005 February 9, "Mr Witness", testimony in Special Court for Sierra Leone Case No. SCSL-2004-14-T, page 14:
 * Their clothes? It was ronkos and the short trousers.
 * 1) * http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DE2DC1E3BF932A15756C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2

title: ronko


text:
User:Lahariyaniyathi/sandbox

Design group: Central nomination space
The Movement Strategy core team is inviting nominations to convene a small design group to collaboratively shape the transition to implementation, including the setup and scope of the virtual events.

Click on the sections below to know more about the process in details

Example

 * Nomination type: Self-nomination
 * Region: South East Asia
 * How do you intend to contribute to this design team? (for self-nominations) or how do you think your nominations will be a good addition to the design team? (if you are nominating others)
 * To answer this question you need to write something about the nomination. It might be related to a person's Wiki-contribution, involvement in different projects, including Strategy2030 process. You may also write why you think it is going to be an important addition to the design team.
 * To answer this question you need to write something about the nomination. It might be related to a person's Wiki-contribution, involvement in different projects, including Strategy2030 process. You may also write why you think it is going to be an important addition to the design team.

Discussion

title: User:Lahariyaniyathi/sandbox


text:
Luyt

Luyt is the name of

 * Dennis Luyt (born c. 1963), Former Commander of the Royal Netherlands Air Force
 * Frederick Luyt (1888–1965), South African rugby union player and cricketer
 * (1655–1721), Dutch mathematician and physicist
 * Louis Luyt (1932–2013), South African business tycoon and politician
 * Richard Luyt (1915–1994), South African-born Governor of British Guiana
 * Syd Luyt (1925–2010), South African marathon runner

title: Luyt


text:
Talk:Didier Deschamps

wrong height
He is 173 cm or 174 cm tall--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:19, 19 June 2016 (UTC)

But "5 ft 7 in" is right. Now if you change it to 1.74 m, the readings in foot result in "5 ft 9 in" automatically. What about the automated conversion? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:19, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * The current height of 1.69 m is unsourced. ESPN have 1.70 m and Eurosport have 1.74 m (as do NFT). Maybe he's shrunk with age (that might actually raise a procedural question).  Do you have a more definitive source?  Nzd   (talk)  20:20, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150905115225/http://rsssf.com/miscellaneous/franpoy.html to http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/franpoy.html

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title: Talk:Didier Deschamps


text:
Talk:Devin Aromashodu

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:43, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100104124122/http://www.suntimes.com:80/sports/football/bears/1968346,CST-SPT-bear01.article to http://www.suntimes.com/sports/football/bears/1968346,CST-SPT-bear01.article

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:29, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Devin Aromashodu


text:
Talk:Dick Zimmer

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no consensus at this time. Should be re-evaluated after the election. JPG-GR (talk) 02:59, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Move is requested since this is the primary topic. Dick Zimmer should link to it and not to a disambiguation page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Offenbach (talk • contribs) 07:44, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Weak support, probably enough more notable than an Ohio city commissioner. But neutrality is far more important than the naming question, and will be much more difficult. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:12, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Although internet searches (Google, Google books, etc.) indicate that the New Jersey politician is a bit more notable, that could change. The New Jersey Zimmer is running for US Senator. If he loses the election, and the Ohio Zimmer runs for US Senator in a few years, the notability factor would likely be reversed. Since both Dick Zimmers are US politicians, I think disambiguation is important, and since they are politicians, notability is fairly transient. Furthermore, as mentioned above, neutrality is also an issue. We wouldn't want people to question whether a move is politically motivated, and these two happen to be affiliated with different US political parties. Wilhelm meis (talk) 04:17, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose. A former Congressman is more notable than a city commissioner, to be sure, but why the rush?  If he wins, we'll obviously move him.  If he loses, he should stay where he is.  Let's decide this when the voters do in November.  Coemgenus 11:33, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * That seems a perfectly reasonable solution. I would go along with that. Wilhelm meis (talk) 17:28, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080919112521/http://www.strategicvision.biz/political/newjersey_poll_091908.htm to http://www.strategicvision.biz/political/newjersey_poll_091908.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081106051008/http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2008_general_election_unofficial_results.html to http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2008_general_election_unofficial_results.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:57, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 21 December 2019

The result of the move request was: move the article on the New Jersey politician to Dick Zimmer and the article on the general to Richard Zimmer at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 05:33, 29 December 2019 (UTC)

– The previous move request reached no consensus because of a conflict with a page for an Ohio politician with the same name. That page, Dick Zimmer (Ohio politician), has since been deleted. Dick Zimmer is currently a disambiguation page, which can in turn be moved to Richard Zimmer to disambiguate Dick Zimmer from Richard Zimmer (general). (Richard Zimmer currently redirects to Dick Zimmer.) Offenbach (talk) 01:11, 21 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Dick Zimmer (New Jersey politician) → Dick Zimmer
 * Dick Zimmer → Richard Zimmer
 * Support per nomination. As of this writing, Wikipedia has only one main title header for "Richard Zimmer" and only one for "Dick Zimmer". Since both men are known as "Richard", but only one is also known as "Dick", the dab page's main header should be "Richard Zimmer". —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 14:34, 21 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination.Djflem (talk) 17:32, 21 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete the disambiguation page as not required (WP:2DABS). Move pages the other pages asd required, and use hatnotes. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 11:34, 22 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Since there is only one "Dick Zimmer" and only one "Richard Zimmer", I would likewise Support the deletion of this disambiguation page and use of hatnotes per Shhhnotsoloud. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 03:52, 24 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Support per previous. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:241:301:4360:B055:14B0:B665:F5AA (talk) 20:17, 24 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dick Zimmer


text:
User:Creineke/TWA/Earth/2

Shape and structure

Tectonic plates

Surface

Atmosphere

Weather, climate, and water cycle

Orbit and rotation

title: User:Creineke/TWA/Earth/2


text:
User:Parelle~enwikibooks

Hello, Parelle here. I'm rather fond of the internet's ablities to connect others from around the world of different interests - and some which are very much the same. I have only recently joined another Wiki project - http://en.wikipedia.org/

I'm a huge fan of the classics, but have started my work here on the Sherlock Holmes collection. I'm presently working on The Boscombe Valley Mystery.

title: User:Parelle~enwikibooks


text:
Dzawuwu Festival

Dzawuwu Festival is an annual traditional and thanksgiving festival celebrated by the chiefs and people of Agave Traditional Area in Dabala in the Volta Region of Ghana. It is usually celebrated in the month of February.

Celebrations
During the festival, special portions of food are sprinkled to the gods of the people for protection. Libations are poured and the people renew their loyalty to their rulers.

Significance
It is celebrated to mark the bravery of the Agaves in the past who fought and won several wars. It is the time to pay homage to those who have departed.

title: Dzawuwu Festival


text:
Talk:Specialist Protective Services

External links modified
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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:22, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

SPS and Tactical Team
@Nutsy001 it seems like the information you've added is out of date, given that SRG was merged with other units to form Specialist Protective Services. Specialialist Protective Services encompasses more than just the tactical team. SNITZ01 (talk) 01:06, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Specialist Protective Services


text:
Euchrysops albistriata

Euchrysops albistriata, the Capronnier's Cupid, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia. The habitat consists of forests, Guinea savanna, Sudan savanna and disturbed areas in the forest zone.

Subspecies

 * Euchrysops albistriata albistriata (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia)
 * Euchrysops albistriata greenwoodi d'Abrera, 1980 (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria)

title: Euchrysops albistriata


text:
User:MUKHTAR KHANDAY

'''Mukhtar Ahmad Khanday born on 02 July 1987 in the saffron town, Pampore in Jammu and Kashmir. He belongs to a middle class family. Started his journey of education from the Primary school in Pampore and passed his 12th from Higher Secondary Pampore. After that joined Gandhi Memorial College and passed his Bachelors. But due to his family circumstances he did not carry on his education and started to work on a shop in his locality as salesman from 2008-2010. During these years Kashmir saw the worst of times in history as most of the times Kashmir remain under heavy restrictions. So in 2010, he started his own shop in Bemina area of Srinagar to regain his lose. In next 4 years he however to some extent recover his lose. But again the Nature has strike Kashmir very hard by the floods and that time it was a major blow to whole Kashmir. His family remain in floods for consecutive 20 days and it was a situation of fears and bad dreams about the family. After 1 month of crises, he saw his family again with destruction all around. The dreams have been washed away from the eyes and everything was seeming annoying. But with the mercy of Allah, again people start to relive their paused life. Now he choose to leave the paradise (Kashmir) and start his career outside the state. Next destination was Delhi and now he is here to make his dreams true.

This story is written by Mukhtar himself to inspire himself.

title: User:MUKHTAR KHANDAY


text:
Frederick Stuart

Frederick Stuart may refer to:
 * Frederick Stuart (British politician) (1751–1802), MP for Ayr Burghs and Buteshire
 * Frederick Stuart (Australian politician) (1879–1954), Australian member of New South Wales Legislative Assembly
 * Freddie Stuart, English actor in the 2002 Spooks episode "Traitor's Gate"

title: Frederick Stuart


text:
Talk:List of ambassadors of Thailand to the United Kingdom

Strewn with errors
I have just corrected many of the British Prime Ministers in the list. I have no confidence whatsoever in anything else in the article. DuncanHill (talk) 10:33, 7 June 2019 (UTC)


text:
User:Csaranczak/sandbox

Happy Dragon

he loves to play call of duty on his tablet make

sure he does not loose otherwise that’s when he will jumpscare you!

he is a dragon

title: User:Csaranczak/sandbox


text:
Portal:Denmark/Selected article/Week 12, 2006

Odense is the third largest city in Denmark with 145,554 inhabitants (Odense city January 1, 2004) and the capital of the island of Funen. It is the seat of both Odense municipality and Funen County.

The city lies close to Odense Fjord on the Odense River (Odense Å). It has a station on the railway route between Copenhagen and Jutland/Schleswig-Holstein, (Germany) via Korsør. A canal dug from 1796 to 1806, 7.5 metre (25 ft.) deep, gives access to the town from the fjord.

Accessibility to Odense was greatly increased when ferry service between the two main Danish islands, Zealand and Funen was replaced by the Great Belt Bridge (opened in 1997 for trains, 1998 for cars). The bridge is the second longest suspension bridge in the world. Its construction greatly cut transportation time between Odense and the Danish capital, Copenhagen. Copenhagen can now be reached by trains from Odense in 1 hour and 15 minutes.

Recently selected: Christiansborg Palace

Archive – Read more...


text:
Perl/Installing on *Nix Systems

Installing for Beginners
In almost all cases, Perl comes as an installable package or already pre-installed on most modern Unix variants. You simply have to choose the appropriate version and use the built-in tools that come with your Unix variant to add Perl to your system.

Advanced Installation
For advanced installation, you must first obtain the Perl source code. Perl sources comes with a powerful tool called configure, which uses simple shellscripts and small c programs to determine what is installed on the target system, so it can build a proper Perl executable. A C compiler is necessary for compilation from sources.

The following

run from a command shell would run the configure program and then the make facility to build the binary.

A would require root priviledge, but would install the binaries in a directory where all users could access the program.

Recommended Resources
Main Perl Site

title: Perl/Installing on *Nix Systems