text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Books/Non-fiction article

A general book article includes:
 * 1) A detailed lead (introduction) to the book and its writers.
 * 2) A book synopsis.
 * 3) Information about its publication.
 * 4) A balanced analysis regarding its reception (abiding by neutral point of view).
 * 5) Noteworthy citations and sources.

Non-fiction biography books and similar articles
The following describes possible structures for: Biography or Autobiography, History and general non-fiction book articles.

Structure

 * for article name see Naming conventions (books)
 * for example: The Path Between the Seas as article name (The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal 1870–1914 as redirect), but Nixon: Ruin and Recovery, 1973–1990 not just Nixon

Intro

 * book's full name | non-fiction/biography on X/etc. | written by | published in | won X award(s) |. general synopsis 1–2 sentences. Impact or importance.
 * ISBN not to be included in the intro: The Denial of Death (ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>) is a book ..., use (or infobox) for that
 * examples: The Ants, Wells, Fargo Detective
 * Infobox (Template:Infobox Book)
 * add into the infobox the first edition and possibly the first paperback edition ISBN, any others would go in section at the end of the article
 * see The Guns of August

Headers

 * Synopsis / Summary / Overview / Themes / Plot
 * There is no universal set length for a synopsis, though it should not be excessively long. While longer descriptions may appear to provide more data to the reader, a more concise summary may in fact be more informative as it highlights the most important elements. Although there may be a Wikipedia article that covers the same topic, for example the Civil War, still any book will have its own set of attributes, only partially dependent on the subject matter covered. For example a book on the Civil War could focus on the experiences of the individual soldiers, the grand strategy, the individual battles, the armaments, the social effects, the political leaders, the personal details of the military leaders or it could attempt to synthesize all of these. A book on a seemingly narrow topic, such as the Battle of Shiloh could have long digressions about the lead up to the battle, and might include sketches of the principal players. Although termed "non-fiction" a book may include a great deal of the author's opinions, for example about the character and motivations of the various persons involved. Accordingly, an article about a civil war book need not repeat the chronology of the civil war period covered, but can give the reader some idea of how that time period is presented. Quotes taken from a selected paragraph or two (being careful to avoid copyright infringement) may be used to give the reader an example of the writing style and the sort of details provided.

 * Author / Background / Development and writing / Construction
 * describe what the author was doing at the time of the book's writing/publication
 * interviews from the author on the (creation of the) book; spoken (radio, TV), written (news, magazines)
 * possible events affecting the book's subject at the time of writing

 * Reviews / Commercial and critical reception / Criticism / Analysis / Reception
 * include facts (with a cited source), and the opinions of notable people that have been published in some form. The section should be reserved for critical analysis of the book by notable, published critics.
 * contemporaneous reviews, sales figures, best-seller list rankings
 * no personal opinions, views i.e. a subjective book review
 * Neutral point of view

 * Content(s) / Chapters / Format
 * an exhaustive list of contents, without any editorial commentary or significance, should not be included. Unless the list has encyclopedic value it is better to convey this in the synopsis.

 * Genre / Genre and style / Analysis and genre / Influence / Legacy
 * Awards and nominations / Popular success / Publication
 * Adaptations
 * tv-series, films, stage etc.

 * Release details / Editions / Publication
 * list the first editions and perhaps the most respected current editions, mention if it is a partial list. Possible order: hardcover, paperback, audiobook, e-book.
 * cite book
 * title, author, publisher, year, pages, ISBNs – The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870—1914, David McCullough, Simon & Schuster New York 1977 Octavo, pp. 698, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER> (Pbk.) – David Hackett Fischer (2004). Washington's Crossing, p. 564, Oxford University Press. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>.
 * year, country, publisher (ISBN), Pub Date, edition – 1989, UK, Fontana (ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>), Pub Date 9 February 1989, Paperback
 * contains XX photographs, X maps etc.

 * See also
 * list books with similar themes; and/or same author

 * References / Sources / Footnotes / Notes / Bibliography
 * cite book, Citing sources, Footnotes

 * External links
 * e.g. full review links, full text links for books in the public domain

Markup

 * , Category:Non-fiction books, Category:Biographies (books), Category:History books (see also Category:History books), Category:Political books, Category:Memoirs
 * book-stub, nonfiction-book-stub, bio-book-stub

Examples

 * FA-Class Book articles
 * for awarded books see: Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, Pulitzer Prize for History; National Book Award's; Whitbread Book Awards; James Tait Black Memorial Prize;
 * The Power Broker – biography – Overview/Commercial and critical reception/Origins/External links
 * The Guns of August – history
 * The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power – history
 * The World Without Us - Background/Synopsis/Publication/Reception/Genre/In popular culture
 * Guns, Germs, and Steel – history – Synopsis/Criticism/See also/External links/References
 * William Wetmore Story and His Friends – biography – Summary and themes/Critical evaluation/Reference/External link
 * The Story of My Experiments with Truth – autobiography – Etymology/Overview/First publication and later editions/About the Translator/Book Reviews/References/Other external links/See also
 * The Education of Henry Adams – autobiography – Subject/Context/A Judgement/References/Quotations
 * The Autobiography of Malcolm X – autobiography – Summary/Genre/Construction/Legacy and influence
 * The Soul of a New Machine – Plot/Themes
 * Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy – About the book/Structure/Reviews and reactions/Russell on the book
 * A Journey – memoir – History/Publication/Synopsis/Reception(Reviews, Other reaction)/See also/References/External links
 * Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 – historical encyclopedia


text:
Koreja

Etymology
Via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from, the name of an ancient Korean dynasty that ruled most of the peninsula from 918 to 1392 CE.

Proper noun

 * 1) an earlier country occupying the whole Korean Peninsula, now divided between North and South Korea
 * 1) an earlier country occupying the whole Korean Peninsula, now divided between North and South Korea
 * 1) an earlier country occupying the whole Korean Peninsula, now divided between North and South Korea

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Koreja


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Language/2012 July 7

= July 7 =

Chichester
In the UK, "Chichester" is a well known place name and personal name, and "i" in the first syllable is always pronounced like in "hit" or "big". I saw a programme the other day about an individual who used the name "Chichester" in the US, while masquerading as someone of English ancestry. When saying this name, most (actually, I think all) of the Americans featured in the programme pronounced the "i" to rhyme with "pie" or "kite", and/or seemed slightly uncertain about how to say it. Is "Chichester" is a well known name in the US? Is the regular pronunciation to rhyme with "pie"/"kite", or were people making a guess because they were not familiar with it? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:29, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I would guess that you're talking about the guy who also called himself "Clark Rockefeller". Americans are notoriously bad at not looking into how things are pronounced. Johnny Carson mispronounced the name of his own sidekick, Ed McMahon, for his entire life. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 02:11, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I would assume that because they knew "Chester", they were making a guess based on dividing it into two words Chi-Chester. It's not the method I would use for guessing at placename pronunciations... AnonMoos (talk) 01:12, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Chichester, New York and Chichester, Pennsylvania are pronounced with the i to rhyme with pie too. Don't know about Chichester, New Hampshire nor do I know how well-known these Chichesters are, but the ˈtʃaɪ-version doesn't seem to be uncommon in the US. This doesn't explain why ... ---Sluzzelin  talk  01:29, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Hmm. Leonard Bernstein's Chichester Psalms was premiered in New York City but was commissioned by the Chichester Festival in England, so it has the English pronunciation.  I wonder if it's ever been performed in the Chichesters in New York (state) or Pennsylvania.  Probably not.  When I imagine someone saying ˈtʃaɪ-chester, I can't help but think of tea chests.  --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  02:16, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

I wouldn't be so quick to assume the British pronunciation has priority. There are plenty of words of more than one syllable, such as laboratory, which have a single stress on the antepenult in Britain: labORatry and a major (at least secondary) stress on the penult in American: LABra TOR y. Unless we have a source that gives the British stress pattern priority, I am tempted to suspect the American form might be just as valid a reflex of the original as the British. μηδείς (talk) 03:18, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Your analogy is not too close, since "laboratory" is a Latinate word which is given radically different stress patterns in British and American (for some reason, modern British almost never stresses -ory or -ary suffixes, while American frequently does). In non-Latinate words such "Chichester", the Latinate type of stress variability is generally not allowed, and the only real variation is whether to treat Chichester as a single-stem (non-compound) word with one main stress, or to treat it as having two stems (i.e. as a kind of compound), and so two strongly-stressed syllables. AnonMoos (talk)`

The article on the cathedral city of Chichester in West Sussex gives the pronunciation /ˈtʃɪtʃɨstər/. But this English Chichester is /ˈtʃaɪtʃɛstə/. Sussexonian (talk) 07:31, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I live near Chichester in West Sussex. Although it's pronounced /ˈtʃɪtʃɨstər/, locals regularly refer to it colloquially as "Chi" – pronounced /ˈtʃaɪ/.    Hassocks  5489 (tickets please!)  15:50, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I was not strictly trying to draw an analogy with "laboratory", just using it as an example of a word whose vowel qualities differ from American to British due to the stress. In the case of Chichester, the second syllable bears a fully pronounced short /ɛ/ in American.  In order to maintain the fully pronounced vowel, the syllable has to have primary or secondary stress.  If it were to draw the primary stress, the first syllable would tend either to be fully reduced to /ɨ/ or shortened to /ɪ/.  But it is an open syllable (i.e., "chi-" not ending in a consonant like "chip" or "chin"), so the short /ɪ/ is not possible, and an initial /ɨ/ would only be expected if "chi-" were a prefix, which it is not.  But, if the first syllable bears a long vowel it can be open and followed by a syllable with a secondary stress.  This is what occurs in American.  The American pronunciation syllabifies the word as Chi-chest-er with a primary stress on the first vowel, requiring it to be long, since the first syllable is open, and a secondary stress on the second syllable, preventing it from being reduced; whilst the British pronunciation syllabifies the word as Chich-e-ster, allowing a short stressed /ɪ/ in the closed first syllable and a reduced vowel in the second.  Note that given the syllabifications, there is no real difference of opinion between the British and Americans over the vowel quality.  Americans and Britons are in perfect agreement over how to pronounce the first and second vowels in "bystander" and "minister".  The difference is that Americans stress "Chichester" like bystander while Britons stress it like minister. μηδείς (talk) 16:47, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Following on from the point about the British syllabification of the name as Chich-e-ster, per Medeis above: here in Sussex (traditionally, at least), the tendency to stress the first syllable is so emphasised that the name sometimes sounds like Chiddester – /ˈtʃɪdɨstər/ or /ˈtʃɪdəstər/. See here for ref.  Saying the name to myself now a few times, I am finding myself veering towards this pronunciation and "losing"/de-emphasising the second syllable.   Hassocks  5489 (tickets please!)  17:15, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Literary element?
In reading some creative writing, I came across "stone sober and viciously drunk". is there some literary term for the play on those words or is it just poetic license? Obviously "stone sober" by itself has alliteration, but what about the entire phrase of contrasts...I'm quite sure I've heard something of the sort for similar phrases.

 * Also, as an aside, any ideas of what alliteration could replace "viciously"Lihaas (talk) 01:41, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Dangerously? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:44, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, interesting. But it doesnt quite express the anguish it seems the writer wanted.

 * Just realised the concept of a thesaurus ;) Depraved seem to be the only one there. Lihaas (talk) 02:46, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "Violently" ? "Cruelly" ? StuRat (talk) 03:24, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Alliteration means starting with the same consonant(s) as the target word (drunk). How about "dreadfully"?  --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  03:50, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Thats nice
 * But does anyone know if there is a term for a phrase like th eabove?Lihaas (talk) 04:35, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is called literary paradox, but you won't find the article very helpful, since it has the worst case of undue weight I have ever seen at wikipedia. μηδείς (talk) 16:52, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Decidedly drunk ? Deliberately drunk ?  Or you could say "He was a Draconian drunk". StuRat (talk) 08:10, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The latter sounds nice.
 * Just though of other words too...any match with "inebriate"?Lihaas (talk) 10:38, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "Indelicate inebriate" ? StuRat (talk) 23:25, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

With regard to the "literary element" question, I'm not sure what exactly you mean by "the entire phrase of contrasts", but the general rhetorical term for the juxtaposition of contrasting words or phrases is antithesis. (Cf. the "tough as nails and warm as toast" in the fourth example given here.) Deor (talk) 15:12, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * How about "devilishly" or "diabolically"? ---Ehrenkater (talk) 15:38, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * To stick with a single-syllable word: "stone sober and dead drunk", perhaps?  Hassocks  5489 (tickets please!)  17:18, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I took the meaning to be as in a "mean" drunk. "Despiteful" works, as does "stone sober and sour drunk" which works on the esses.  I know an alcoholic who is as vicious as a mink right before drinking begins at happy hour. μηδείς (talk) 17:29, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Creative writing/poetry
I was wondering what/if there are online sources that publish creative writing pieces and poetry on a regular basis. More inclined to the academic stuff as opposed to anyones work. (granted the good pieces and insipiration could come from any source)Lihaas (talk) 02:45, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * There are lots of fanfic sites, or are you talking about more mainstream/professional sites? poetry.com publishes amateur poems and then there's peer review.  <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:03, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks, but can you give anyy specific isites?Lihaas (talk) 06:15, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

Short Latin translation needed
"cum Bardulies, quae nunc Castella vocatur, ad accipiendan uxorem accederet": could someone with better Latin than mine please give a translation worthy of being used in an article? I vaguely understand it as "with(?) Bardulia, which is now called Castile, to [something about 'approach'] a wife". - Jmabel | Talk 03:15, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * It is not a full sentence, and accipiendan is not a real word. Is it supposed to be accipiendam?  What is you source? (My guess is it means "since he was coming to Bardulia, which is now called Castile, to take a wife") μηδείς (talk) 03:43, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It's a quotation from a medieval chronicle, so less-than-perfect Latin is par for the course. Source is that this was quoted (without translation) in the Spanish-language Wikipedia. My Spanish is pretty decent; my Latin is paltry. - Jmabel | Talk 04:36, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Surely that's just a typo rather than imperfect Latin. Medeis' translation seems correct. Adam Bishop (talk) 06:42, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Hungarian
Could someone help me translate this?

Ferdinánd király várakozásait teljes mértékben igazolta, hogy Germána királyné két év múlva teherbe esett, és 57 éves korában a királynak a fiatal felesége valóban fiút szült. János infáns 1509. május 3-án jött a világra,[1] és automatikusan a nővére, Johanna helyébe lépett, Aragónia trónörököse lett, és elnyerte a Girona hercege címet. Az új trónörökös azonban csak pár órát élt, és az apa öröme ürömmé változott, hiszen a várva-várt fiú még aznap, 1509. május 3-án meghalt.[1] Johanna formálisan ekkor elvesztette a jogát az aragón trónra, és az Aragón Gyűlésnek újra meg kellett volna erősítenie trónöröklési jogát, de Ferdinánd király érvényesnek tekintette az Aragón Gyűlés 1502-es határozatát a lánya trónöröklésére vonatkozóan, és végrendeletében Johannát jelölte meg örökösének, unokáját, Habsburg Károlyt pedig anyja országainak a főkormányzójává Johanna „alkalmatlansága” miatt.[1] Az özvegy királynő ugyanis ebben az időben már teljesen elzárva élt Tordesillasban, így az ő uralkodása és trónöröklése jelképes volt, és csak annyit jelentett, hogy a Habsburg-háznak újból esélyei vannak örökölni Aragóniában is II. Ferdinánd halála után. A házaspár ugyan minden praktikát és szert bevetett az utódnemzés érdekében, de több gyermek nem származott a házasságukból, így Ferdinánd reménye szertefoszlott, hogy Aragóniát saját dinasztiája uralma alatt tartsa, és az ne kerüljön a Habsburgok kezébe.

 * Wacha, Brigitte szerk.: A Habsburgok. Egy európai dinasztia története, Gulliver Kiadó, Budapest, 1995.
 * De Francisco Olmos, José María: Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517), Revista General de Información y Documentación 13, 133–153, 2003. URL: L. Külső hivatkozások
 * Not th emost accurate but quick (and the rest can be slightly reworded) Lihaas (talk) 04:39, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't speak Hungarian, but I ran it through Google translate and, while a bit of a hash, it's pretty comprehensible. If you just need the sense of it, that will probably meet your needs, and I recommend it. If you need to come up with a translation for publication purposes, you'll certainly need more than that. - Jmabel | Talk 04:41, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see Lihaas did the same, 2 minutes earlier. - Jmabel | Talk 04:42, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Yeah this right.

I am trying comprehend what happen to the succession on his death. Did the Aragón Meetings (the Aragonese Cortes I am guessing) have some trouble giving the succession right back to her sister? I have no idea what "Joan formally then lost the right to Aragon throne, and the Aragón Meetings again and had to confirm succession rights, but King Ferdinand valid previewed the Aragón Assembly in 1502, and the decision of his daughter's throne inheritance of, and testament Joan marked heir, her grandson, Habsburg, Charles and his mother country of the main governor of Johanna "inadequacy" of" mean/ And in the translation, it said he "was killed". I thought he died a natural death. Also how does a person's "joy turned into wormwood"?--The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 04:54, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Wormwood is traditionally a very bitter, unpleasant subsstance which was used to purge the body of parasites. So to say "joy turned into wormwood" means joy turned into bitterness, only in a more poetic fashion. --TammyMoet (talk) 18:41, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Latin Translation
Can someone translate this "OBIIT DIVAE MEMORIAE RANIMIRUS REX DIE KAL. FEBRUARII. ERA DCCCLXXXVIII. OBTESTOR VOS OMNES QUI HAEC LECTURI ESTIS. UT PRO REQUIE ILLIUS ORARE NON DESINETIS"?--The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 04:31, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Not th emost accurate but quick (and the rest can be slightly reworded) Lihaas (talk) 04:39, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Lihaas, in this case Google Translate is pretty useless. I actually struggled a bit with this and decided I couldn't translate it well enough to put a translation in the article Ramiro I of Asturias. - Jmabel | Talk 04:44, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I believe obiit is "he died", divae is somehow related to "divine", then "memory of King Ramiro in February 888 (that would be Spanish era, so 850 AD)." I don't know "obtestor" (something to do with "invoke", apparently, from Google Translate); then "all you who read this. And to pray for his rest do not DESINITIS??". Anyway, the sense of it is clear, but not clear enough for me to have ventured to publish it. - Jmabel | Talk 04:59, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Divae memoriae means "of sacred memory", and is kind of a fixed phrase. He died on the first day (kalends) of February.  "All you who will read this, do not cease to to pray for his rest" (requie shortened for requiete). AnonMoos (talk) 05:32, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Requies was treated as fifth declension sometimes, so that's probably just the regular ablative. Adam Bishop (talk) 06:38, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh, we're missing "obtestor" still - it is a plea from the person who wrote it, "I pray/beseech/ask that all you who will read this..." etc (AnonMoos has already translated the rest). Adam Bishop (talk) 06:46, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

What;s the word for ...
... that pose you see glamour models doing sometimes, their back to you, looking over their shoulder with a saucy glint? I keep forgetting it, and it's frustrating, cos it's a useful word... Thanks Adambrowne666 (talk) 22:00, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Coquettish? Itsmejudith (talk) 22:05, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry, it's a word from zoology, a particular way of presenting to a mate... Adambrowne666 (talk) 22:09, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Blue steel? :D Being more serious, it sounds like you are describing what used to be often referred to as a "come hither" look.  But as to a clinical zoological term, I'm not sure.  Could you provide still more contextual clues? They might narrow down the possibilities some. Snow (talk) 22:36, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, thanks, but a particular type of come hither, performed while presenting the rump - dunno how to be more specific - maybe I should be posing this on the science desk... Adambrowne666 (talk) 23:06, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, in animal husbandry there is the concept of "presenting", but presumably that is not the term you are going for either as you just used the word yourself. The more I think on this the more something nags at the back of my mind.  I'm sure I've come across this term you're alluding to, and it's going to drive me nuts too now! Snow (talk) 23:14, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Courtship display? That's hardly specific to the pose you describe, but does apply generally. Snow (talk) 23:19, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Ah-ha! Lordosis? Snow (talk) 23:23, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Ah ha, indeed! Spot on, Snow - how did you find it? And thank you - question answered! Adambrowne666 (talk) 23:57, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Betty Grable engaged in lordosis? Who knew? Deor (talk) 00:03, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * No, she didn't. Lordosis is a medical condition you wouldn't wish on your worst enemy.  What we're talking about is "lordosis behaviour", i.e. behaviour that might make you appear to have lordosis, although not done for that reason.  Snow did link the right article, but masked it.  --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  00:06, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Yup, my bad - force of habit. Snow (talk) 00:10, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Found it in an article on cheetah mating behaviour while searching broadly in that vein (or more precisely I noticed it in the article's abstract on a search page and recognized it - when and where I first encountered it I couldn't say!).  And happy to be of help. :) Snow (talk) 00:09, 8 July 2012 (UTC)


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The Art of Computer Programming/Numbers, Powers, and Logarithms/Exercises

This page is part of The Art of Computer Programming.

My (Bakert 20:26, 15 October 2006 (UTC)) notes on these exercises:

1. I thought 1/infinity but that seemed like cheating. The real answer is that there are none - whatever number you think of, it is bigger than the number divided by 2.

2. I said yes but with infinitely many 9s the answer is apparently no, because the decimal expansion would be 0.24.

Knuth is rather sparse on the meaning of decimal expansion. - Luckly there is a pretty good entry in Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_expansion

3. $$(-3)^{-3}=\frac{1}{(-3)^3}=\frac{1}{-27}$$

4. To raise something to the 1/3 power means to take the cube root. So to raise something to the 2/3 power means take the cube root of the number and square it. That the power is negative means we need 1/result. So I thought this meant we needed:

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{0.125}^2}=\frac{1}{.5^2}=\frac{1}{0.25}=4$$


text:
Talk:Dave McAuley

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Dave McAuley. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20061211122309/http://irish-boxing.com:80/may06/9_May_2006_McAuley.htm to http://www.irish-boxing.com/may06/9_May_2006_McAuley.htm

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:09, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave McAuley


text:
File talk:Jozef Wojtn.jpg

If is closed as delete, this image should be listed for deletion as well. Wikiacc (¶) 03:53, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

title: File talk:Jozef Wojtn.jpg


text:
Talk:Greatest Hits 1984–1987

Track Listing incorrect
The track listing for this album is actually the track listing for the 2004 reissue. The original version of the album (Second Nature Recordings, 1999) only features the first 18 tracks. Merging this article with the article for the rerelease would make sense, given an 18 track crossover. --Worker201 (talk) 00:03, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greatest Hits 1984–1987


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Mathematics/2017 September 13

= September 13 =

Fractional exponent in discrete modular exponentiation
Can fractional exponents exist in discrete exponential function, both ordinary and modular exponentiation, especially with examples like modular square root, modular cube root etc, where the order of the root n is an 1/n fractional discrete exponent?(Thanks).--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:36, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I think modular exponentiation refers to a method of finding exponents over a given modulus rather than a different type of exponentiation. So while n1/2 may exist under a given modulus, that doesn't mean modular exponentiation is useful for finding its value. Turns out that most methods of computing n1/2 do involve finding integer exponents (see Quadratic residue, and presumably you would use modular exponentiation to find these, but it's not a simple generalization. --RDBury (talk) 18:51, 14 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Vanessa Gidden

Vanessa Gidden (born 1 July 1985) is a Jamaican professional basketball player for Quesos El Pastor of La Liga Feminina.

title: Vanessa Gidden


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Basel problem

Etymology
Named after Basel, the home town of Euler and of the Bernoulli family who unsuccessfully attacked the problem.

Proper noun

 * 1)  The question as to the value of $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac1{n^2}$$, the sum of the reciprocals of the squares of the positive integers.

title: Basel problem


text:
DNA end resection

DNA end resection, also called 5′–3′ degradation, is a biochemical process where the blunt end of a section of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is modified by cutting away some nucleotides from the 5' end to produce a 3' single-stranded sequence. The presence of a section of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) allows the broken end of the DNA to line up accurately with a matching sequence, so that it can be accurately repaired. Double-strand breaks (DSBs) can occur at any phase of the cell cycle causing DNA end resection and repair activities to take place, but they are also normal intermediates in mitosis recombination. Furthermore, the natural ends of the linear chromosomes resemble DSBs, and although DNA breaks can cause damage to the integrity of genomic DNA, the natural ends are packed into complex specialized DNA protective packages called telomeres that prevent DNA repair activities. Telomeres and mitotic DSBs have different functionality, but both experience the same 5′–3′ degradation process.

Background
A double-strand break is a kind of DNA damage in which both strands in the double helix are severed. DSBs only occur during DNA replication of the cell cycle. Furthermore, DSBs can lead to genome rearrangements and instability. Cases where two complementary strands are linked at the point of the DSB have potential to be catastrophic, such that the cell will not be able to complete mitosis when it next divides, and will either die or, in rare cases, undergo chromosomal loss, duplications, and even mutations. Three mechanisms exist to repair DSBs: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), and homologous recombination HR. Of these, only NHEJ does not rely on DNA end resection.

Mechanism
Accurate repair of DSBs are essential in the upkeep of genome integrity. From the three mechanisms that exists to repair DSBs, NHEJ and HR repair mechanisms are the dominant pathways. Several highly conservative proteins trigger the DNA Damage Checkpoint for detection of DSBs ensuing repair by either NHEJ or HR repair pathways. NHEJ mechanism functions in ligating two different DSBs with high fidelity, while HR relies on a homologous template to repair DSB ends.

DNA end resection in the HR pathway only occurs at two specific phases: S and G2 phases. Since HR pathway requires sister chromatids for activation, this event only happens in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle during replication. DSBs that have not begun DNA end resection can be ligated by NHEJ pathway, but resection of a few nucleotides inhibits the NHEJ pathway and commits' DNA repair by the HR pathway. The NHEJ pathway is involved throughout the cell cycle, but it is critical to DNA repair during the G1 phase. In G1 phase there is no sister chromatids to repair DSBs via the HR pathway making the NHEJ pathway a critical repair mechanism.

Before resection can take place, the break needs to be detected. In animals, this detection is done by PARP1; similar systems exist in other eukaryotes: in plants, PARP2 seems to play this role. PARP binding then recruits the MRN complex to the breakage site. This is a highly conserved complex consisting of Mre11, Rad50 and NBS1 (known as Nibrin in mammals, or Xrs2 in yeast, where this complex is called the MRX complex).

Before resection can start, CtBP1-interacting protein (CtIP) needs to bind to the MRN complex so that the first phase of resection can begin, namely short-range end resection. After phosphorylated CtIP binds, the Mre11 subunit is able to cut the 5'-terminated strand endonucleolytically, probably about 300 base pairs from the end, and then acts as a 3'→5' exonuclease to strip away the end of the 5' strand.

Resection of telomere DSBs
Linear chromosomes are packed into complex specialized DNA protective packages called telomeres. The structure of telomeres is highly conserve and is organized in multiple short tandem DNA repeats. Telomeres and DSBs have different functionality, such that telomeres prevent DNA repair activities. During telomeric DNA replication in the S/G2 and G1 phases of the cell cycle, the 3' lagging strand leaves a short overhang called a G-tail. Telomeric DNA ends at the 3' G tail end because the 3' lagging strand extends without its complementary 5' C leading strand. The G tail provide a major function to telomeric DNA such that the G tails control telomere homeostasis.

Telomeres in G1 phase
In the G1 phase of the cell cycle, the telomere-associated proteins RIF1, RIF2, and RAP2 bind to telomeric DNA and prevent access to the MRX complex. Such process in S. Cerevisiae for example is negatively regulated by this activity. The MRX complex and the Ku complex bind simultaneously and independently to DSBs ends. In the presence of the telomere-associated proteins, MRX fails to bind to the DSB ends while the Ku complex binds to DSB ends. The bound Ku complex to the DSB ends protect the telomeres from nucleolytic degradation by exo1. This results in an inhibition of telomerase elongation at the DSB ends and prevents further telomere action at the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

Telomeres in the late S/G2 phase
In the late S/G2 phase of the cell cycle, the telomere-associated proteins RIF1, RIF2, and RAP2 exhibit their inhibitory effect by binding to telomeric DNA. In the Late S/G2 phase, the protein kinase CDK1 (cyclin-dependent) promotes telomeric resection. This control is exerted by cyclin-dependent kinases, which phosphorylate parts of the resection machinery. This process alleviates the inhibitory effect of the telomere-associated proteins, and allows Cdc13 (a binding protein on both the lagging strand, and leading strand) to cover telomeric DNA. The binding of cdc13 to DNA suppresses DNA damage checkpoint and allows resection to occur while allowing for telomerase elongation at the DSB ends.

Resection of mitotic DSBs
One of the important regulatory controls in mitotic cells is deciding which specific DSB repair pathway to take. Once a DSB is detected, the highly conserved complexes are recruited by the DNA ends. If the cell is in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, the complex Ku prevents resection to occur and triggers the NHEJ pathway factors. DSBs in the NHEJ pathway are ligated, a step in the NHEJ pathway that requires DNA ligase activity of Dnl4-Lif1/XRCC4 heterodimer and the Nej1/XLF protein. This process results in error-prone religation of DSB ends at the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

If the cells are in S/G2 phase, mitotic DSBs are controlled through Cdk1 activity and involves phosphorylation of Sae2 Ser267. After phosphorylation occurs by Cdk1, MRX complex binds to dsDNA ends and generates short ssDNA that stretches in the 5' direction. The 5' ssDNA continues resection by the activity of the helicase enzyme, Sgs1 enzyme, and the nucleases Exo1 and Dna2. Involvement of Sae2 Sar267 in DSB processing is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes, such that the Sae2 along with the MRX complex are involved in two major functions: single-strand annealing, and processing of hairpin DNA structures. Like all ssDNA in the nucleus, the resected region is first coated by Replication protein A (RPA) complex, but RPA is then replaced with RAD51 to form a nucleoprotein filament which can take part in the search for a matching region, allowing HR to take place. The 3' ssDNA coated by a RPA promotes the recruitment of Mec1. Mec1 further phosphorylates Sae2 along with cdk1. The resulting phosphorylation by Sae2 by Mec1 helps increase the effect of resection and this in turn leads to the DNA damage checkpoint activation.

Regulators
The pathway of choice in DNA repair is highly regulated to guarantee that cells in the S/G2 and G1 phase use the appropriate mechanism. Regulators in both the NHEJ and HR pathway mediate the appropriate DNA repair response pathway. Furthermore, recent studies into DNA repair show that regulation of DNA end resection is governed by the activity of cdk1 in the cell replication cycle.

NHEJ pathway
DNA end resection is key in determining the correct pathway in NHEJ. For NHEJ pathway to occur, positive regulators such as the Ku and MRX complex mediate recruitment of other NHEJ-associated proteins such as Tel1, Lif1, Dnl4, and Nej1. Since NHEJ does not rely on end resection, NHEJ could only happen in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Both Ku and NHEJ-associated proteins prevent initiation of resection.

Resection ensures that DSBs are not repaired by NHEJ (which joins broken DNA ends together without ensuring that they match), but rather by methods based on homology (matching DNA sequences). Cyclin-dependent protein kinase such as cdk1 in yeast serves as a negative regulator of the NHEJ pathway. Any activity associated with the presence of cyclin dependent protein kinases inhibit the NHEJ pathway

Positive regulators
The presence of a ssDNA allows the broken end of the DNA to line up accurately with a matching sequence, so that it can be accurately repaired. For HR pathway to occur in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, availability of a sister chromatid is required. 5′–3′ resection automatically links a DSB to the HR pathway. Cyclin-dependent protein kinase such as cdk1 serve as a positive regulator of the HR pathway. This positive regulator promotes 5′–3′ nucleolytic degradation of DNA ends. Along with cdk1, the MRX complex, B1 cyclin, and Spo11-induced DSBs serve as a positive regulators to the HR pathway.

title: DNA end resection


text:
Talk:David Harlock

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title: Talk:David Harlock


text:
Talk:David Chatters

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title: Talk:David Chatters


text:
Guide to Unix/Commands

The Unix command line is often considered difficult to learn. This book aims to help beginners by introducing various commands in lucid and simple language. Unlike most command references, this book is designed to be a self-study guide.

title: Guide to Unix/Commands


text:
Episcopal Youth Community

Episcopal Youth Community, used more often as the abbreviation EYC, is the usual name given to youth groups in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Their scope tends to include 6th through 12th grades, sometimes split into Junior and Senior EYC groups. EYC groups are formed within church parishes, and activities may also be organized at the diocese or broader levels in the church hierarchy.

Besides "Episcopal Youth Community," the EYC abbreviation is sometimes said to stand for "Episcopal Youth Commission" and more rarely, "Episcopal Youth Club." Formerly, it stood for "Episcopal Young Churchmen."

title: Episcopal Youth Community


text:
User:Dileep Kumar Patel

About us Contact us Articles Blogs Photo Gallery

--Dileep Kumar Patel (talk) 06:57, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

title: User:Dileep Kumar Patel


text:
Warm & Scratchy

Warm & Scratchy is a free download album released in 2007 by Adult Swim (through Williams Street Records).

Track listing

 * 1) TV On The Radio – "Me-I" (3:16)
 * 2) The Raveonettes – "Dead Sound" (2:57)
 * 3) Les Savy Fav –	"The Equestrian" (3:27)
 * 4) The Rapture – "Crimson Red" (3:47)
 * 5) 120 Days – "Justine" (2:21)
 * 6) Broken Social Scene – "Canada vs. America" (6:09)
 * 7) Sound Team – "Color Of The Love You Have" (4:03)
 * 8) The Good, the Bad & the Queen – "The Bunting Song (Acoustic Version)" (4:02)
 * 9) The Brother Kite – "Half Century" (4:04)
 * 10) Jesu – "Silver (Original Beats)" (7:01)
 * 11) Amusement Parks On Fire – "Back To Flash" (4:21)
 * 12) Asobi Seksu – "Stay Awake" (5:32)
 * 13) Fennesz – "Winter" (4:38)
 * 14) Liars – "Sunset Rodeo" (4:12)

title: Warm & Scratchy


text:
Cookbook:Jicama

Jicama (pronounced hickama) is a legume, a relative of the bean family. It is a popular dietary staple in Latin America and widely grown in Mexico and Central America. There are many names for Jicama including: the Mexican potato, Mexican yam bean, ahipa, saa got, Chinese turnip, lo bok, and the Chinese potato.

Jicama looks similar to a turnip or a large radish, and it can be used as an alternative to the water chestnut. Its skin is thin and can be gray, tan, or brown in color. Additionally, it has a short root and contains white flesh. The skin is typically peeled before eating it raw. Raw jicama tastes similar to a pear or apple. It also does not discolor when exposed to the open air for awhile. Because of this, raw jicama is often used as an accompaniment to raw vegetable platters. When jicama is used in cooking it tends to take on the flavors of the ingredients that it is being combined with. Therefore, jicama is a nice complement to various stir-fry dishes because it blends well with many vegetables and seasonings.

Jicama is a very versatile vegetable that contains a high amount of vitamin C, is low in sodium, and has no fat. One adult serving of jicama, which is equal to approximately 1 cup of cubed jicama or 120 grams, also contains only 45 Calories.

Jicama is available year-round. When purchasing jicama, select tubers that are firm and have dry roots. Make sure that the jicama has an unblemished skin and that is not bruised. Once purchased, store jicama for up to two weeks in a plastic bag in your refrigerator.

title: Cookbook:Jicama


text:
Mayor of Salt Lake County

The Mayor of Salt Lake County is the head of the executive branch of the county government of Salt Lake County, Utah in the United States.

As the mayor of the county, the mayor rules over one million people (1,160,437 according to 2019 estimates), making it the 37th most populous county in the United States, with population greater than 9 least populous states of the United States, and approximately 36 percent of Utah state population.

The mayor serves a four-year term without term limits, and is chosen in countywide partisan elections.

Since the election of Nancy Workman as the first mayor in 2000, five people have held the office, three of them elected. Peter Corroon, serving from 2005 to 2013, holds the longest tenure.

The current mayor, Jenny Wilson, was appointed by the Salt Lake County Democratic Party central committee on January 29, 2019, to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of two-term incumbent Ben McAdams on January 2, 2019 after being elected to represent Utah's 4th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives.

History
Salt Lake County was designated in 1849 as one of the five counties of the provisional State of Deseret, and officially organized on January 31, 1850, becoming a county in the Utah Territory organized on September 9, 1850.

Under the Utah Code (Title 17, Chapter 52a, Part 2), counties in the state are allowed to choose one of four forms of government:
 * a three-member full-time commission;
 * a five or seven member expanded commission;
 * a three, five, seven or nine member part-time council with a full-time elected county mayor;
 * or a three, five, seven or nine member part-time council with a full-time manager appointed by the council.

Originally, like other counties in the state, Salt Lake County was governed by the standard three-member commission. However, in 1987, Cache County became the first to switch to a seven-member council with an elected mayor. On November 3, 1998, Salt Lake County, alongside Morgan and Weber held elections on changing the form of their county governments. Salt Lake County voters approved the change in government to a nine-member council with an elected mayor by 9,844 votes out of 179,172 cast (52.75% to 47.25%). In 2000, the first elections for the County mayor were held, which were won by Republican Nancy Workman.

In 2004, Workman was accused of misuse of funds, but resolved to still run for re-election, before dropping out on October 12, 2004. To date, she has remained the only Republican to hold the County Mayor's office.

Duties and power
The mayor does not hold supervisory authority over the other 17 elected officials of the county (the council, assessor, auditor, clerk, district attorney, recorder, sheriff, surveyor and treasurer).

The mayor enforces policies established by the County Council by assigning work in the executive branch including Public Works, Human Services, and Community and Support Services as well as exercising power of veto. Duties include:

 * The direction and management of executive branch departments, including Public Works, Human Services, and Community and Support.
 * Services, but not including the executive activities of the independent elected officials.
 * Carrying out and enforcing the programs and policies established by the Council.
 * Enforcing the regulations, policies, and procedures of the County.
 * Faithfully executing the laws and ordinances of the County.
 * Assigning employees and work in the executive branch.
 * Appointing persons to serve on commissions and boards, with advice and consent.
 * Controlling County assets, funds, and property; preparing and presenting a budget to the Council.
 * Reviewing County books, accounts, and funds necessary to the executive function.
 * Negotiating and executing contracts.
 * Considering and adopting long-range planning.
 * Acting as intergovernmental relations liaison, exercising power of veto and line item veto, and attending and participating in Council meetings.

Elections
The mayor is elected in partisan elections at-large every four years, during the presidential elections, composed of two stages: a primary election held in June and general election held in November.

title: Mayor of Salt Lake County


text:
pinnatifid

Adjective

 * 1)  Having lobes with incisions that extend less than half-way toward the midrib.

Usage notes

 * Deeper incisions are pinnatipartite. Incisions reaching nearly to the midrib are pinnatisect.

Translations

 * Finnish: parihalkoinen
 * Latin: pinnatifidus

title: pinnatifid


text:
Original (Cir.Cuz song)

"Original" is a song performed by Norwegian pop duo Cir.Cuz featuring vocals from Emila. It was released on 8 December 2014 as a digital download in Norway. The song peaked at number 28 on the Norwegian Singles Chart.

title: Original (Cir.Cuz song)


text:
School:Biology

Welcome to the School of Biology! A school is a large organizational structure which can contain various departments and divisions. These should be listed in the "departments and divisions" section. The school page itself should not contain many learning resources. It may contain some projects for developing learning resources, and it may also contain recommendations for specific programs of study. Most learning resources are linked to from specialized portals in the "Topic:" namespace. The School of Biology is for coordinating the activities of Wikiversity participants who edit the biology-related pages of Wikiversity.

Divisions and departments
Divisions and Departments of the School exist on pages in "topic" namespace. Start the name of departments with the "Topic:" prefix; departments reside in the Topic: namespace. Departments and divisions link to learning materials and learning projects. Divisions can link subdivisions or to departments. For more information on schools, divisions and departments look at the Naming Conventions. Note: Some of the subject areas listed below may still have associated pages at Wikibooks that still need to be imported to Wikiversity. If you do not see what you are looking for, feel free to start a new Learning Project. (List topics alphabetically)

 * Anatomy
 * Biochemistry
 * Cell Biology - explorations of cells as fundamental components of organisms.
 * Ecology
 * Ethology

 * Genetics
 * Human Physiology
 * Neurobiology
 * Neuroscience - the biology of nervous systems in animals

 * Physiology
 * Microbiology
 * Systematics
 * Zoology

 * For some additional biology courses, see also: School of Medicine

Popular Wikiversity Courses & Content

 * Introduction to Biology
 * Cell Biology
 * High School Biology/Course
 * Molecular Biology
 * Biochemistry for Biology

Popular Portals
These are also departments within the school of biology.
 * Cell biology
 * Structural biology

Featured content

 * Human Genetic Uniqueness Project - search for genes that account for the genetic differences between humans and our closest relatives
 * Darwinism as religion - is evolution taught as religion in public schools?
 * Nonkilling Human Biology

Active participants
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed).
 * User:JWSchmidt - see Cell Biology
 * Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 22:06, 27 June 2014 (UTC)
 * -Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 17:22, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Christian

Inactive participants

 * User:Rozzychan
 * AFriedman
 * User:DendroNaja

By degree of sophistication

 * GCSE Biology
 * High School Biology

By resources

 * Nonkilling Human Biology
 * Enzymology Learning Project
 * Stem Cells Learning Project
 * Cell biology improvement drive
 * Science as Religion learning project
 * Human Genetic Uniqueness Project
 * Telemedicine in French-speaking Africa
 * Phage project
 * Introduction to Medical Microbiology learning project
 * Exploring Molecular Biology learning project
 * Molecular Evolution Project
 * Scientific Terminology
 * Fundamentals of Neuroscience
 * Comparative Neuroscience

School news

 * 20 November 2015 - Proposal Gene expressions in human exploration beyond low earth orbits submitted to NASA through NSPIRES!
 * 24 August 2015 - Genes lecture started!
 * 27 June 2014 - Gene project started!
 * 12 May 2014 - Evolution lecture started!
 * 22 November 2013 - Agriculture lecture started!
 * 27 November 2013 - Zoology lecture started!
 * 28 October 2012 - Eukaryotes lecture started!
 * 2 October 2012 - Proteins lecture started!
 * 27 June 2011 - Paleontology lecture started!
 * 28 April 2009 - Introduction to Cell Biology lecture started!
 * 12 May 2008 - Proteomics lecture started!
 * 19 March 2008 - Biology lecture started!
 * 9 December 2007 - Introduction to the History of Life Science course started!
 * 28 July 2007 - Genetics/Course started!
 * 28 February 2007 - Botany lecture started!
 * 19 November 2006 - Mathematical molecular biology lecture started!
 * 26 August, 2006 - School founded!

Wikibooks

 * Human Physiology
 * Cell Biology
 * General Biology
 * Evolutionary Biology
 * Genetics
 * Invertebrate Zoology
 * Botany

Related news

 * January 2009 Converting adult somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells using a single virus
 * March 2007 New animal with most powerful muscle found (18,000 watts power per kilogram tongue).

Things you can do!

 * Clean up Draft:Agriculture and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.
 * Clean up Draft:Biology and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.
 * Clean up Draft:Evolution and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.
 * Clean up Draft:Eukaryotes and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.
 * Clean up Draft:Genes and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.
 * Clean up Draft:Paleontology and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.
 * Clean up Draft:Proteins and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.

title: School:Biology


text:
Portal:Japanese

Welcome to the Japanese Language Department. This page is mainly for the coordination of course development. If you're looking for actual courses, go to the Japanese stream page.

To do list

 * Complete requests
 * Go through Category:Japanese and see what material should be transwikied to Wikibooks.
 * Create a course maps for learning projects.
 * Restructure existing content.
 * Attract students

Useful materials

 * Japanese Wikibook
 * Japanese Index on English Wiktionary.
 * Commons:Stroke Order Project
 * Everyday Japanese phrases
 * Japanese pronouns
 * Portal:Japanese/Materials
 * Items found at Wiktionary
 * Items found at Wikipedia

Participants wanting to learn Japanese

 * 1) --Kaegwyn 2 August 2007 I know some Hirigana, some Katakans and several kanji. I am familiar with basica grammer, but I find it dificult to speak Japanese.
 * 2) --Balloonguy 20:14, 22 August 2006 (UTC) Know kana and some kanji. I also know very basic grammer.
 * 3) --Halyks 19:10, 6 September 2006 (UTC) Can count up to 10 and say "yes" in japanese, Native French with near-perfectly english. Willing to learn and *try* to help.
 * 4) --Theone06 04:13, 7 September 2006 (UTC)Did one semester of Japanese like to learn more.
 * 5) --Ce garcon 11:26, 18 September 2006 (UTC) Got a handle on kanji and kana, but need a broader vocab.
 * 6) --Axis_Mundi 04:40, 27 September 2006 (ECT) I have been studying Japanese at the college level for going on 3 years now. I have a basic grasp of grammar, limited vocabulary, and about 100 kanji under my belt on a good day.  My professor is a native speaker, which makes a huge difference, as well as 3 foreign exchange students which I meet with 3 times a week for class.  I have an entire bookshelf of Japanese language books in my house and could probably begin translating, provided I could use the books.  I am very iterested in helping to get the Japanese language portion of wikiversity off the ground.  Let me know if I can help.
 * 7) --Red-Potion 17:13, 20 October 2006 (UTC) I have little to no experiance with the language, but no shortage of want to learn it. Willing to contact more experianced people to point me in the direction of beginner guides to start me out.
 * 8) --Gabbie-chan 8:31 PM, 23 October 2006 (UTC) I know a little off of Anime including how to say Thank you, Your welcome, yes, Have a Safe trip, and a few songs ^_^
 * 9) --Gross 06:16, 25 October 2006 (UTC) I know Hiragana very well but poor in Katakana and only know some level 4 Kanji. Did took JLPT level 4 and passed. I know some basic grammar and some vocabulary and I would like to improve on both of them in verbal and written.
 * 10) --Absynthe 06:20, 26 October 2006 (UTC) Got Hiragana, most of Katakana, some Kanji. Six years studying the culture, now trying to get the language applied. Verbal is biggest weakness.
 * 11) --JoNNY 18:59, 26 October 2006 (UTC) I've known hiragana/katakana since I was in elementary school, I once knew plenty of kanji, but I haven't studied for a while and I've forgotten a lot.
 * 12) --Mitch 16:32, 29 October 2006 (MST) (UTC) I know the majority of the katakana, and I have a few hiragana down, but that's about it. I also know some very basic phrases such as "How are you/How do you do?", "Hello", "Good bye", "My name is (blank)", and "Do you speak English/Japanese?"
 * 13) NewBeginning 06:03, 30 October 2006 (UTC) I don't know the language at all, but I am interested in learning it. I know nothing of Katagana or Hiragana, and am pretty much a complete beginner when it comes to Asian languages. (I speak English with a little French, which I am in my second year of at my high school.)
 * 14) Electroswoosh 15:45, 1 November 2006 (UTC) I'm a Japanese major at UMass Amherst, currently in Intensive Intermediate 1. I know hiragana and katakana, some kanji, and enough grammar to make it through a conversation. However, since I'm currently studying Japanese rigorously, my skill level increases daily.
 * 15) kinain -- complete beginner, but would love to learn japanese 15, January, 2006
 * 16) arcticfox Know very little numbers and grammar, and some random vocab. 18 January, 2006
 * 17) GiroMech -- I am also pretty much an entire beginner. I'm familiar with a few hiragana, but that's about it.
 * 18) Acunvpurple -- I don't know a whole lot of Japanese, but I would love to learn.
 * 19) astaire510 -- Trying to learn Japanese on my own, but I'm sure it would go much smoother with some help.
 * 20) amthomas -- Learning Japanese slowly but surely. Took 2 intro courses at Uni, am now living in rural Japan teaching English & studying Japanese in my spare time. Have loads of resources/textbooks, and can help point people in the right direction on self-teaching methods, but I am still a beginner at the language and can't really teach anything in the traditional sense of the word.
 * 21) Lust -- Im a beginner, and I would like to learn the language completely. I can recognize about 30 total kana, and about 4 kanji. I know basic sentence structure too.
 * 22) Agari -- Would definitely like to learn the Japanese language, I know a bit, but not enough to have a simple conversation with a Japanese-speaker.
 * 23) all_one -- I can have kindergarten-level conversations in Japanese, but am hungry to learn more! 5-5-06
 * 24) Kuranes -- A friend and I are planning to attempt to learn Japanese over the summer, and I'm sure this would help greatly. 22, May, 2006
 * 25) Karmakat 04:54, 25 June 2006 (UTC) -- Beginner, but anxious to learn!
 * 26) Greyhatguitarist -- complete beginner, want to learn.
 * 27) DakeDesu 16:14, 02 August 2006 (MST) -- tried learning in the past, but had no peers to gauge my abilities against.
 * 28) Darkstar (08 August 2006) -- I've 1 year of university experience but I want to keep learning to not forget everything. I could help editing some basic stuff.
 * 29) Fogarty 19:31, 17 September 2006 -- I know some Japanese, mostly from studying on my own, including kanji and grammar, and have spent five years in Japan.
 * 30) roytales 17:18, 30 September 2006 -- Intrested party in Japanese courses. Have some knowlage of the language and am currently learning on my own.
 * 31) Misheru 5 October 2006 -- Just started learning Japanese, so still at a beginners level. I know the Hiragana and Katakana, not more then 10 Kanji and the very basics of grammar and vocabulary, but still got a lot to learn.
 * 32) 瀬人様 15:14 21 September 2006 -- I already speak Japanese in quite a high level, but since I studied it on my own I somewhat missed parts of the basis. Furthermore, I still want to learn the older Japanese (so I could read original Japanese poems by Basho, Sora and the like) and more volcabulary and grammar. My e-mail is<EMAIL_ADDRESS> * 33) chris9687 -- I only have beginners Japanese, but i'd love to improve it through this course.
 * 34) Elnole 01:31, 10 November 2006 (UTC) -- I've learn japanese by myself so far, i know 200 kanjis, i can't speak it and barely grasp newspapers.
 * 35) Hiroki -- Currently studying for Japanese Language knowledge test level 2 for next year. 現在私は「日本語能力試験2級」の勉強をしています. 来年受けるつもりです.
 * 36) Gross -- I have an intermediate level Japanese but I think I need to learn from basic, just to review myself.
 * 37) Tigerboyce -- I am just starting and learning at school too
 * 38) arttic00 i'm a complete beginner
 * 39) Kyerme -- I have studied a few books in years past, but I can recall little. I want to become proficient in Japanese.
 * 40) Pepperboi
 * 41) parag
 * 42) ashcatash5
 * 43) Kye 04:07, 6 May 2007 (UTC)--I am a beginner and willing to learn. I know a few words here and there, but no writing. I would like to help in any way I can.
 * 44) craasnibooi--I am about to take an intermediate Japanese class at the university level, but I would like to learn as much as I can here too.
 * 45) Zim 16:13, 27 May 2007 (UTC) -- Hi, I know only a couple of japanese words, but I would like to learn to speak and write as fluently as possible.
 * 46) --Silverpsycho13 19:06, 9 June 2007 (UTC) I've been wanting to learn Japanese for years but my high school doesn't offer it. Would love to take the Japanese Wikiversity course.
 * 47) --User:ForeheadKAT 4:25PM 2 July 2007 (UTC) I love the japanese culture and Im soooo excited to join everyone in this great adventure of Japanese knowledge!
 * 48) --Madambaster Like everyone else, I would be thrilled to learn the Japanese language.
 * 49) --User:Averlienb 12:57AM 20 September 2007 (UTC) I'm taking a Japanese course, and currently in Intermediate class. But I'm not the brightest bulb there, so I'm joining Japanese Wikiversity, hoping I can get better by learning here too :)
 * 50) --User: Zhenyeh 2243Hrs (+8 GMT) 05 November 2007 A total noob, i can understand chinese quite well, i hope it can help me in the Kanji part, but for the rest of the part i not so sure
 * User: 1FireFierce 9:00AM 5 April 2008 (UTC) I know how to write a little bit of Hiragana (I know a, i, u, and e. I can write and pronounce them all correctly. I'm working on 'o' right now.), and say a few words in Japanese, mainly greetings and essentials. I can pronounce the Japanese language clearly, as many people have said, and can write semi-neatly. I know the order of brushstrokes for writing. I've been usuing Japanese Wikiversity for a while, now, and I decided to sign up for this.
 * Retro eevee 04:04, 2 June 2008 (UTC) I wanna learn, too. I don't want to act like I'm proficient in anything, because I don't want to miss small important steps. I will learn from the basics and work my way up as if I had never known anything like kana or kanji.
 * User: maer 12:28am, 4th September 2008, (GMT +9:30) I want to learn Japanese. Brushing up and continuing from where I might have learnt a few years back.
 * User:ketaikeon 8 March 2008 I have studied Japanese on my own through various resources and have currently mastered all of JLPT4 vocabulary and basic grammar.
 * Lord-Siggaro 02:34, 7 October 2009 (UTC) I would like to learn some Japanese as well, even though I don't know a thing about it, but I am pretty eager to learn about it.
 * Tleonard 17:25, 28 December 2009 (GMT -8) I just started studying Japanese yesterday. I'm really not proficient in much yet. I can pronounce Japanese fairly well and say a few greetings.
 * User:Scorpio May 24, 2011 11:43 AM IST I am pretty impressed by the Japanese devotion to art and philosophy and their regular way of life. I want to learn Japanese too, though I don't know how to know hiragana from katagana and which is which, anyway. I'll start from scratch, and I have to install Japanese characters, too, right?
 * User:Renshuushi April 18, 2012 03:27 PM EST Been learning the language for about 4 years. Never took any real classes though, so I'll look forward to it, because I don't even know what level I know. Frustrating. I can read & write in kana and kanji. I'm currently practicing 3rd grade kanji. My speech and listening comprehension however... not that great, but it improves slightly each year it seems.
 * Saigō Miyamoto (discuss • contribs) 04:29, 20 November 2013 (UTC) konbanwa minnasan~ My name is Saigo~ (the name I go by, at any rate) I've always loved Japan. From music, manga, and food to the history of the country and its people. I have been learning Japanese casually for a few years but have been taking formal college level classes since fall of 2012 and am continuing my studies and am always on the lookout for ways to study and improve. I can fully write in and read kana and have learned roughly 100 kanji so far. I'm able to form basic sentences both written and verbal. When it comes to verbal conversation I tend to speak slowly and deliberately as it takes me a bit of thinking to get it all right first and I try my best to speak with the proper rhythm, pronunciation, and accent (which according to my sensei,who is a Japanese native, my accent is excellent, verging on native :3)and my listening comprehension is improving.

Experienced Participants

 * Xlbnushk 17:53, 28 October 2006 (UTC) -- I've lived in Japan for almost six years. I've mastered hiragana and katakana, and know enough kanji to be able to read a typical Japanese newspaper without looking anything up. My speech and writing skills aren't even close to those of a native speaker, but given time to think about it, I can formulate coherent thoughts in Japanese. My dad has spent half his life in Japan, and has written over a dozen different books about the language. All that is to say that I'm very familiar with it. I'd prefer for somebody else to handle the organization (of lessons, etc.), so that I could focus on content, but I can do a little bit of both if necessary. Contact me on my user page if I can help...
 * Electroswoosh 15:54, 1 November 2006 (UTC) I'm currently studying Japanese in college under an intensive program, as my focus. I've completed a year and a half after this semester, leaving me able to have a basic conversation. I also know hiragana and katakana, and upwards of 75 kanji (though I should know more...it's my weak point). I have a firm grasp on all the grammar I've learned so far, since (for me, anyway) it's so simple. Because I'm currently majoring in Japanese in school, I improve every day. Feel free to contact me if you need any help.
 * -- I added some Kanji to your proposed course. I believe studying Japanese in Japanese is a key to success.
 * -- I too am currently earning a Japanese degree. I'll contribute where I can.
 * -- I'm another one majoring in Japanese at university. I'd love to help out.

The last of these has the most recent edit in January 2008. --Swift 11:21, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Department News

 * 19 November 2007 Restructuring stalled
 * 28 March 2007 Restructuring started!
 * 7 November 2006 Department created!

Other departments
Alphabetical List:
 * Arabic
 * Chinese
 * French
 * Italian
 * Portuguese
 * Spanish

Japonština Departamento de Japonés fr:Département:Japonais ko:포털:일본어 Японский язык

title: Portal:Japanese


text:
1958 Special Honours (New Zealand)

The 1958 Special Honours in New Zealand were two special honours lists in which 26 New Zealanders were awarded the Polar Medal. The first list, issued on 22 May 1958, recognised 18 people for their services as members of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, while the second list, published on 9 October 1958, gave recognition to a further eight people for their services as members of the New Zealand International Geophysical Year party to Antarctica.

Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition

 * Harry Herbert Ayres – of Christchurch.
 * Dr Ronald Walter Balham – of Wellington.
 * James Gordon Bates – of Morrinsville.
 * Ernest Selwyn Bucknell – of Days Bay.
 * Roy Albert Carlyon – of Aramoho.
 * Squadron Leader John Richard Claydon – Royal New Zealand Air Force; of Christchurch.
 * Flying Officer William Joseph Cranfield – Royal New Zealand Air Force; of Christchurch.
 * Murray Hamilton Douglas – of Christchurch.
 * Murray Roland Ellis – of Dunedin.
 * John Edward Gawn – of Wellington.
 * Bernard Maurice Gunn – of Christchurch.
 * Flight Lieutenant Gordon Haslop – Royal Air Force; serving in the United Kingdom.
 * Sir Edmund Percival Hillary – of Auckland.
 * Wallace George Lowe – of Hastings.
 * Joseph Holmes Miller – of Masterton.
 * Chief Radio Electrician Peter David Mulgrew – Royal New Zealand Navy; of Lower Hutt.
 * Sergeant Laurence Walter Tarr – Royal New Zealand Air Force; of Thames.
 * Guyon Warren – of Christchurch.

International Geophysical Year

 * Dr Trevor Hatherton – of Wellington.
 * Vernon Bruce Gerard – of Christchurch.
 * John Gerard Humphries – of Christchurch.
 * Clayton Ernest Ingham – of Petone.
 * Michael William Langevad – of Christchurch.
 * William James Peter Macdonald – of Wellington.
 * Reginald Herbert Orr – of Waipukurau.
 * Herbert Neil Sandford – of Lower Hutt.

title: 1958 Special Honours (New Zealand)


text:
Disulfiram-like drug

A disulfiram-like drug is a drug that causes an adverse reaction to alcohol leading to nausea, vomiting, flushing, dizziness, throbbing headache, chest and abdominal discomfort, and general hangover-like symptoms among others. These effects are caused by accumulation of acetaldehyde, a major but toxic metabolite of alcohol formed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. The reaction has been variously termed a disulfiram-like reaction, alcohol intolerance, and acetaldehyde syndrome.

The prototypical drug of this group is disulfiram (brand name Antabuse), which acts as an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, preventing the metabolism of acetaldehyde into acetic acid, and is used in the treatment of alcoholism. A variety of other drugs cause disulfiram-like reactions upon consumption of alcohol as unintended drug interactions and side effects. Many disulfiram-like drugs act as inhibitors of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase similarly to disulfiram. However, some do not act via inhibition of this enzyme, and instead act via other, poorly elucidated mechanisms.

Unlike acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors and other disulfiram-like drugs, alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors such as fomepizole (brand name Antizol) inhibit the metabolism of alcohol into acetaldehyde, thereby increasing and extending the effects of alcohol and reducing its toxicity. As such, they can be thought of as converses of disulfiram-like drugs. Fomepizole is used medically as an antidote against methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning.

Intended
Drugs which cause disulfiram-like reactions upon ingestion of alcohol as an intended effect include:

 * Calcium carbimide
 * Disulfiram
 * Hydrogen cyanamide

Unintended
Drugs which cause disulfiram-like reactions upon ingestion of alcohol as an unintended effect include:

 * Abacavir
 * Cephalosporins, but only these with a methylthiotetrazole side chain or a methylthiodioxotriazine ring; thought to be due to common N-methylthiotetrazole metabolite, which is similar in structure to disulfiram. Such drugs include cefamandole, cefmenoxime, cefmetazole, cefonicid, cefoperazone, cefotetan, ceftriaxone, and latamoxef (moxalactam).
 * Chloral hydrate
 * Chloramphenicol
 * Ethacrynic acid
 * Griseofulvin (weak evidence)
 * Hydrazines
 * Isoniazid: causes headache via a non-ALDH2 mechanism
 * Procarbazine
 * Ketoconazole (weak evidence)
 * Macrolide immunosuppressants such as pimecrolimus and tacrolimus
 * Mepacrine (quinacrine)
 * Nilutamide
 * Nitrovasodilators (nitrates) such as nitroglycerin
 * Nitroimidazoles such as benznidazole, metronidazole (disproven), ornidazole.
 * Pargyline
 * Phenacetin
 * Phentolamine
 * Phenylbutazone
 * Propranolol
 * Sulfiram
 * Sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole likely safe
 * Sulfonylureas, specifically the first generation: chlorpropamide, glibenclamide (glyburide), and tolbutamide
 * Tolazoline

A number of drugs do not cause disulfiram-like reactions, but have other unintended interactions with alcoholic drinks. For example, alcohol interferes with the efficacy of erythromycin. Patients on linezolid and tedizolid may be sensitive to the tyramine present in tap beers and red wine.

Antibiotics
Antibiotics such as metronidazole, tinidazole, cephamandole, latamoxef, cefoperazone, cefmenoxime, and furazolidone, cause a disulfiram-like chemical reaction with alcohol by inhibiting its breakdown by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which may result in vomiting, nausea, and shortness of breath. In addition, the efficacy of doxycycline and erythromycin succinate may be reduced by alcohol consumption. Other effects of alcohol on antibiotic activity include altered activity of the liver enzymes that break down the antibiotic compound.

Natural
Natural compounds and species which have been found to cause disulfiram-like reactions upon ingestion of alcohol include:

 * Coprine, via active metabolite 1-aminocyclopropanol; found in mushrooms such as Ampulloclitocybe clavipes (club-footed clitocybe), Coprinus atramentarius (common inkcap), and Imperator torosus (brawny bolete) among others
 * Kudzu (Pueraria lobata), conflicting evidence

List of agents previously thought to cause disulfiram-like reactions

 * Metronidazole
 * Tinidazole and secnidazole.
 * Cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole)
 * Nitrofurantoin

title: Disulfiram-like drug


text:
Talk:Bernard Drake

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Bernard Drake. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120519122719/http://www.wyverngules.com/Documents/ArmsofSFD/arms_of_sir_francis_drake.htm to http://www.wyverngules.com/Documents/ArmsofSFD/arms_of_sir_francis_drake.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:01, 18 July 2017 (UTC)

Poem
As fascinating as that poem may be, it clearly exceeds fair use to reproduce an entire work that is still under copyright without permission. Agricolae (talk) 00:31, 24 November 2018 (UTC)

Bernard's birth order
The article tells that Bernard is the eldest son of John and Amy Drake.. and that and the biographical information in consistent with other historical information I have seen. The problem is that in the article, his birth is given as about 1537, while it also says he has a brother, Richard, born 1535. That would make Richard older than Bernard.

Wikitree tells that John and Amy have three sons, in the order of the birth years given: Robert b. abt. 1528, Richard b.1535 and Bernard b. abt. 1537. Making Bernard the youngest. I have doubts about this birth order, but I don't have any reliable information, myself. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:05, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

 * There is nothing about this in the cited source, but the Dict Can Bio source listed at the end of the article says "he succeeded his father in 1558 as head of the Drake family of Ashe" would represent a WP:RS for this, even though that author's source is the rather less reliable Vivian. The actual root source, the Visitation of 1564, gives Bernard's name first of the brothers but does not specify the order, and this may simply reflect giving priority to him because he provided the information.  The birthdates are all of little value, just guesses.  Vivian gives Robert a precise age at death but doesn't indicate where this information is coming from so it may not have any validity, and provides no birth for the others.  The dates found on Wikitree are just someone's guesses, probably based on the order the sons are listed by VIvian, who in turn probably did so for the purposes of graphical layout and not to reflect birth order.  Dict Can Bio also gives him a c. 1537 birth, but the source for this is uncertain. Agricolae (talk) 11:57, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

Relationship to Sir Francis
i have added this quote from the 5th citation from the Drake Baronets page...

...In fact Bernard Drake grandparents John Drake V 1474-1554 and his wife Margaret were also the grandparents of Sir Francis Drake _Bernard being descended from an older son and Francis descended from a younger son. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C4:B85C:3B01:8E46:EA7D:DCC6:47EB (talk) 10:12, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bernard Drake


text:
Talk:David Shiner (clown)

I so enjoyed the show!
Dear Mr. Shiner,

Last year I visited NY and had the opportunity to see you and your partner in "Old Hats". I so enjoyed that show that I kept the stub so that I would remember who the wonderful actors were. Today, I thought I'd write and tell you, you were both terrific!! I live now in Florida and don't get to Broadway or the theater much...but I have wonderful memories of your show.

I just thought I'd say it!

Terry — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:3:380:396:21D:4FFF:FE45:1984 (talk) 02:16, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Shiner (clown)


text:
Wikiversity:Etiquette

Wikiversity strongly depends on the etiquette of members to remain functional and friendly. Please follow these guidelines to keep the community friendly.

Etiquette on Wikiversity

 * Always assume good faith.
 * Don’t bite the newcomers.
 * Be polite to everyone.
 * Be considerate of others.
 * Be respectful of others.
 * Don't ignore other peoples questions, if you dont know the answer, admit it.
 * Be civil.
 * Apologize if you do another person a wrong.
 * Forgive and forget.
 * See your own biases and control them.
 * Help solve disagreements between others.
 * Remember what Wikiversity is not
 * Use edit summaries.
 * Respect consensus.

title: Wikiversity:Etiquette


text:
Abu Sadi

Abu Sadi is a village in, and the capital of, Fazl Rural District of the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran.

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 992 in 264 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,040 people in 318 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 740 people in 216 households.

title: Abu Sadi


text:
Talk:Thomas Hayward (16th-century MP)

(16th century MP) to (16th-century MP)
Would there be any objection to moving this article to Thomas Hayward (16th-century MP)? Since 16th and century are working together as a compound adjective before the noun MP, it should be hyphenated. Thomas Hayward (16th century MP) would remain as a redirect to the new title. If there's a consensus, or at least no objection, I'll make the move in about a week. Thank you. SchreiberBike (talk) 04:33, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Hayward (16th-century MP)


text:
johdossa

Noun

 * 1) olla johdossa: to lead (e.g., in a competition)
 * 1) olla johdossa: to lead (e.g., in a competition)

Synonyms

 * (olla johdossa)

title: johdossa


text:
Ῥέα

Etymology
Of origin, with several theories suggested and none widely accepted, such as  (see ),, or simply /. See Rhea.

Proper noun

 * 1) Rhea

title: Ῥέα


text:
Talk:Virgo Supercluster

Formation and evolution
Is a section on Formation and evolution required? See the equivalent entry under Galaxy. This could be included within the Structure section. Presumably the process of development of the disc structure corresponds to the formation of structures at other orders of magnitude - such as disc galaxies and protoplanetary discs --Tediouspedant (talk) 19:44, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

It would be useful to mention what's known about whether the Virgo supercluster is gravitationally bound. According to the article on the encompassing Laniakea supercluster, Laniakea is not: "Follow-up studies suggest that Laniakea is not gravitationally bound; it will disperse rather than continue to maintain itself as an overdensity relative to surrounding areas." Jess_Riedel (talk) 19:48, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

Apparent size criterion
What is considered "large" apparent size? Ardric47 02:17, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * There's some arbitrary cut-off in terms of angular size: 100 arcseconds. I modelled our list after the one in http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galaclus.html, which also uses this cut-off. It keeps the listing from including heavy but very distant clusters that have been relatively poorly observed. -- Xerxes 01:35, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Great attractor
"The local (Coma-Virgo), Perseus-Piscus, Hydra-Centaurus, Orphiuchus, Vela, and a number of other superclusters are observed to move towards the Great Attractor as speeds of greater than 600,000 km per second," Isn't this about 3 times the speed of light?

 * It's twice the speed of light. Although it's possible for different parts of the universe to be moving away from each other at faster-than-light speeds (by some definitions) due to the expansion of space, I'm suspicious about that happening so close to us. Ardric47 00:17, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * You don't want to know. Or maybe you do. This might possibly be harnessed somehow for future spaceships. This is better than an Scramjet!--[[Image:Nuvola apps kcmmemory.png|20px]]Mac Lover Talk 17:15, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Group/cluster list
The group/cluster member list is a mess. Moreover, this list gets really messy when considering the difficulty in identifying whether galaxies are parts of groups (see the Sombrero Galaxy under "Environment") and the difficulty in distinguishing whether galaxies are subdivided into small groups or combined together into large groups (see my revisions to the M101 Group article and the section labelled "Nearby groups"). This section could be misleading or confusing, and its accuracy will always be questionable, so I am removing the section. GeorgeJBendo 21:21, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think there should be a Members of the Virgo Supercluster article with that list, fleshed out, with notes on why some may or may not be members of the LSC. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:37, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Image
There were complaints that Image:Local_supercluster.jpg (the image on the right) was unreadable because it used km, so I made one using light years instead: Image:Local_supercluster-ly.jpg. Hairy Dude 01:04, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you have references for all of the distance measurements in that figure? For that matter, are those terms for various clusters of galaxies actually in use (i.e. have those terms been used in a scientific journal article published in the past 10 years)?  If the answer to either of these questions is no, then maybe the picture should not be used.  Dr. Submillimeter 18:30, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The orgiginal image created by nasa had distance measurements in it in km. Performing a simple unit conversion is allowed. McKay 16:25, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * A NASA public outreach website may not be the best source of information for this data. I would contend, for example, that some of these designations are not in use.  For example, a search for "Draco Group" in professional astronomy journals with the ADS Abstract Service turns up no articles that use the term.  I would also like to see references from journal articles for the distances.  The distance to Messier 81 and Messier 82 given by, which are part of the M81 Group, is 11.5-11.8 Mly, not 11 Mly as shown in this figure.  Similarly, the distance to Messier 51 in the M51 Group is given by  is 23 Mly, not the 31 Mly shown in this figure.  I sincerely recommend deleting it, as it is inaccurate.  Dr. Submillimeter 17:04, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

expand
A list of (some) members should be included, and the major divisions of the LSC... (halo, disc, etc)... there's this Leo Spur and Local Sheet... and is the Local Void part of the LSC, or next to it? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:33, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Name
I'd like to propose that we rename this page 'Local Supercluster' instead of 'Virgo Supercluster.' Most of the literature uses this name, I believe in part to distinguish this structure from the 'Virgo cluster,' it's main constituent. 'Local Supercluster' has the advantage of being completely unambiguous, standing by analogy with the 'Local Group.' Vegasbri (talk) 18:32, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Gsearch Local Supercluster 459000 ghits
 * Gsearch Virgo Supercluster 112000 ghits
 * GScholar Local Supercluster 250 ghits
 * GScholar Virgo Supercluster 31 ghits
 * GBooks Local Supercluster 287 ghits
 * GBooks Virgo Supercluster 52 ghits
 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:45, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with the proposed move.—RJH (talk) 21:08, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I think Copernicus would disagree. I personally prefer to avoid labeling anything as "Local" in astronomy, despite the common practice.  Also, the usage is extremely ambiguous, since any galaxy cluster can have a local supercluster (and not all languages use capitalization like English to distinguish the difference in translation).  I say to keep it as "Virgo Supercluster."  Nicole Sharp (talk) 21:38, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

Old version of article
Here's the pre-rewrite version of the article (w/o the clickable maps) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:35, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Too many maps
There's an overabundance of computer-generated maps. Should there be a least one image that is taken by a telescope in this article?--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:48, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

mass contradiction
I was curious to find what percentage of the mass of Virgo Supercluster is within the Virgo Cluster. It says that the Virgo Supercluster has mass of 10^15 solar masses, and on the article of Virgo Cluster, it says it has mass of 1.2 time 10^15 solar masses. This is absurd, the Virgo Cluster is a part of Virgo Supercluster, and yet Virgo Cluster is heavier. Can someone fix the article, and add information about mass distributions? Is the mass distribution predicted to be the same as luminousity distributions discussed in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nnnu (talk • contribs) 11:53, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

 * It looks to me like Virgo Supercluster currently interprets the current source for the mass of the Virgo Supercluster incorrectly. Right now Virgo Supercluster currently says the mass is 10^15 solar masses, but the source actually says the value is different, at 1 x 10^15 * h^(-1) solar masses.  What is h?  I'm not sure, but Parsec gives one plausible interpretation.  Combining that interpretation with the numeric values in Hubble constant, it seems h is around 0.67 or 0.72.  If so, the mass of the Virgo Supercluster would be around 1.3-1.5 x 10^15 solar masses.  Can someone with an astronomy background say if this is the proper interpretation of h?  Mynameisnoted (talk) 07:37, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I noticed this contradiction as well. This article states that the combined mass of the Virgo Cluster plus the Local Group is less than that of the mass for just the Virgo Cluster alone.  The article cited above states that h is the Hubble constant (H) in units of 100 km/s/Mpc, or h = H/(100 km/s/Mpc) (so that the h used is dimensionless, unlike H).  The numerical value of the Hubble constant with the smallest amount of error given on Wikipedia is 67.6 km/s/Mpc, providing the h as used in the cited article a dimensionless value of 0.676, and the mass of the Virgo Supercluster as 0.676−1 × 1015 m☉ = 1.48 × 1015 m☉ (meaning that the Local Group contains only 19% of the mass of the Local Supercluster).  Nicole Sharp (talk) 18:17, 9 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Technically: ~1.48 × 1015 m☉ ± 1015 m☉ (or between 500 trillion and 2 quintillion solar masses). Nicole Sharp (talk) 18:34, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

Name, again
There's an article from the Eurekalert site today that reports the designation of a new name for the local supercluster; "Laniakea". If true, then perhaps this article will have to be renamed again. Tmangray (talk) 18:37, 3 September 2014 (UTC)
 * No, that is a different structure. Laniakea is a combination of Virgo SCl and Hydra-Centaurus SCl, so it is not the same thing. Virgo SCl is a lobe in the new structure, so should remain where it is. The problem is what to do with the redirect, since all research until now is about this Virgo SCl, and not the new structure "Laniakea". I've opened a discussion at WT:ASTRO. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:07, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I think that "Local Supercluster" should be left as-is to redirect to "Virgo Supercluster," since Laniakea is not gravitationally-bound. Nicole Sharp (talk) 22:22, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

"Local supercluster"?
Isn't that the Virgo Supercluster? That's still a thing, right?  Serendi pod ous  08:20, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

"List of galaxy groups in the Virgo Supercluster"
...could potentially make for a (somewhat) interesting list article. Or perhaps just a NavBox? Praemonitus (talk) 17:29, 23 February 2016 (UTC)

Binding mass is not total mass
This article, like Laniakea Supercluster, mixes up binding mass and total mass in the infobox. The binding mass given here, ~1.48 × 1015 solar masses, is the total mass of the cluster, but it is not its binding mass, which is of the order of 1029 solar masses. See Caelum Supercluster for an example of an article that gets it right. Renerpho (talk) 15:27, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Why is the binding mass so large? Wouldn't it be a tiny fraction of the total mass? I would've thought gravitational binding mass would be defined relative to infinity. Patallurgist (talk) 23:39, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Virgo Supercluster


text:
David Mercer (racing driver)

David Mercer (born 21 August 1949) is a British former racing driver.

Mercer began his racing career in Sportscars in 1977 competing in Group 5/6. He drove part-time in the FIA World Endurance Championship and Thundersports races from 1982 to 1989. He made one [Interserie] start in 1992 and made 11 British Formula 3000/Two starts from 1992 to 1994, finishing 13th in the championship those two years. He then went on to race a 1983 Ram in Historic F1 then moved on to racing a 1990 Spice Group C car in historic events with much success and which he still currently races to a high level.

1984
In the 1984 Le Mans race he started in 46th place and finished in 39th. In the race he ran 96/360 laps. He was sponsored by Castrol and drove a BMW M1.

title: David Mercer (racing driver)


text:
User:Miraiko12

Miraiko12 seeks to improve Wikipedia pages in need of copy editing. Miraiko12 also seeks to edit or create pages that relate to the topic of video games. In regard to languages, Miraiko12 is fluent in English, Mandarin and Japanese.

title: User:Miraiko12


text:
French/Lessons/People and things

Nouns are words that represent something perceived or conceived, like an apple or a thought. In French, all nouns have a grammatical gender; that is, they are either masculine (m) or feminine (f).

Most nouns that express people or animals have both a masculine and a feminine form. For example, the two words for the cat in French are le chat (m) and la chatte (f).

However, there are some nouns that talk about people or animals whose gender is fixed, regardless of the actual gender of the person or animal. For example, is always feminine, even when it's talking about your uncle;  is always masculine, even when it's talking about your female professor or teacher.

The nouns that express things without an obvious gender (e.g., objects and abstract concepts) have only one form. This form can be masculine or feminine. For example, can only be feminine;  can only be masculine.

Exceptions
There are many exceptions to gender rules in French which can only be learned. There are even words that are spelled the same, but have a different meaning when masculine or feminine; for example, means the book, but  means the pound. Some words that appear to be masculine (such as la photo, which should be masculine but is not because it is actually short for la photographie) are in fact feminine, and vice versa. Then there are some that just don't make sense; la foi is feminine and means faith or belief, whereas le foie is masculine and means liver.

In English, the definite article is always the.

In French, the definite article is changed depending on the noun's: There are three definite articles and an abbreviation. Le is used for masculine nouns, La is used for feminine nouns, Les is used for plural nouns (both masculine or feminine), and L' is used when the noun is singular and begins with a vowel or silent h (both masculine or feminine). It is similar to English, where a changes to an before a vowel.
 * 1) gender
 * 2) number
 * 3) first letter

Unlike English, the definite article is used to talk about something in a general sense, a general statement or feeling about an idea or thing.

Elision
Elision refers to the suppression of a final unstressed vowel immediately before another word beginning with a vowel. The definite articles le and la are shortened to l’ when they come before a noun that begins with a vowel or silent h. When pronounced, the vowel sound is dropped.

Elision does not occur on an aspired h:
 * (le) héros:

In addition to the definite article, elision will also occur with other words, such as que, je, le, ce, ne, and de. The details on these words will be covered in later sections of the book.

In English, the indefinite articles are a and an. Some is used as a plural article in English.

Again, indefinite articles in French take different forms depending on gender and number. The articles un and une literally mean one in French.

une is often (more often than not) pronounced (ewnuh) in poetry and lyric.

Des fils does mean some sons, but is a homograph: it can also mean some threads (when pronounced like ).

Some
Note that des, like les, is used in French before plural nouns when no article is used in English. For example, you are looking at photographs in an album. The English statement I am looking at photographs. cannot be translated to French as Je regarde photographies. because an article is required to tell which photographs are being looked at. If it is a set of specific pictures, the French statement should be On the other hand, if the person is just browsing the album, the French translation is

Plurality, pronunciation, and exceptions
The plural of most nouns is formed by adding an -s. However, the -s ending is not pronounced. It is the article that tells the listener whether the noun is singular or plural.

Most singular nouns do not end in -s. The -s is added for the plural form of the noun. Fils is one exception. Whenever the singular form of a noun ends in -s, there is no change in the plural form.

The final consonant is almost always not pronounced unless followed by an -e (or another vowel). is also an exception to this rule.

Liaison
Remember that the last consonant of a word is typically not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. When a word ending in a consonant is followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound (or silent h), the consonant often becomes pronounced. This is a process called liaison. When a vowel goes directly after un, the normally unpronounced n sound becomes pronounced.

Compare the pronunciation to words without liaison:

Une is unaffected by liaison.

Liaison also occurs with les and des.

As with elision, an aspired h isn't liaised:
 * (les) hangars:

Qu’est-ce que c’est ?
To say What is it? or What is that? in French, is used.

 * is used often to say What…? at the beginning of sentences.

To respond to this question, you say C’est un(e) [nom]., meaning It is a [noun]:

Remember that the indefinite article (un or une) must agree with the noun it modifies:

Il y a
is used to say there is or there are. Il y a expresses the existence of the noun it introduces.

The phrase is used for both singular and plural nouns. Unlike in English (is → are), il y a does not change form.

The -s at the end of the most pluralised nouns tells you that the phrase is there are instead of there is. In spoken French, when both the singular and plural forms almost always sound the same, the article (and perhaps other adjectives modifying the noun) is used to distinguish between singular and plural versions.

A is the present third person singular form of the verb to have, and y is a pronoun meaning there. The phrase il y a, then, literally translates to he has there. This phrase is used in all French tenses. It is important to remember that verb stays as a form of have and not be.

Voici and voilà
Like in English, il y a… is not often used to point out an object. To point out an object to the listener, use, meaning over here is/are or right here is/are, and , meaning over there is/are, or there you have it.

title: French/Lessons/People and things


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Template:CRcat see also

 * R comics from alternative name
 * R comics to list entry
 * R comics from merge
 * R comics naming convention
 * R comics with possibilities
 * R comics from related word
 * R comics to section
 * R from fictional character
 * WikiProject Redirect/Style guide

title: Template:CRcat see also


text:
2015 Team Giant–Alpecin season

The 2015 season for the began in January with the Tour Down Under. As a UCI WorldTeam, they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour.

In September 2014 German shampoo manufacturer Alpecin announced that they would co-sponsor the team alongside Giant for the 2015 season. In December 2014 Sunweb (a Dutch owned international tour operator) was announced as a new major sponsor of the team, signing a 2-year deal.

Team roster

 * Riders who joined the team for the 2015 season

 * Riders who left the team during or after the 2014 season

title: 2015 Team Giant–Alpecin season