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Il Bisbetico Domato

Il Bisbetico Domato (literally "The Ill-Tempered Man Tamed"; English: The Taming of the Scoundrel) is a 1980 Italian film directed by Franco Castellano and Giuseppe Moccia, credited as Castellano & Pipolo. The plot is loosely inspired by William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew.

Synopsis
Adriano Celentano plays the part of Elia, a well-to-do and witty farmer who is, however, a somewhat grumpy loner who specifically resists his housekeeper Mamie's efforts to marry him off to a nice girl. One stormy night, however, a beautiful young lady named Lisa is forced to stop at his farmstead because her car has broken down while she was on her way to her fiancé. Intrigued by Elia's personality, she decides to stay and make the grumpy farmer come out of his rough shell, an intention which in time develops into genuine affection.

Elia is not unresponsive to Lisa's advances (the heat stirred by which he tries to alleviate by splitting logs of wood), but he maintains his rough exterior and tries his best to get rid of her, to the point that he once even tractor-drags her bed, with Lisa inside, out of the guestroom into the midst of the nearby village after she attempts to extend her stay by claiming that her ankle is sprained. Eventually, Lisa leaves in disgust, but so does Mamie, who has developed a genuine liking to Lisa. Also, as soon as she is gone, Elia realizes too late that he has also fallen in love with Lisa.

Eventually, in order to win her back, Elia attends a basketball match between a team from his own village and the team sponsored by Lisa's fiancé. With his native team on the verge of losing the game, Elia enters the field and employs his skills to tip the scores to their benefit. Following the successful conclusion of the match, he asks for Lisa's hand, but she refuses to do so unless he has publicly declared his love for her. Using the playing hall's loudspeaker system, Elia does so at full volume; the two get married, and Elia unloads his years of penned-back sexuality in a manner which leaves the house (quite literally) aquake.

Cast

 * Adriano Celentano as Elia Codogno
 * Ornella Muti as Lisa Silvestri
 * Edith Peters as Mamie
 * Pippo Santonastaso as Don Cirillo
 * Milly Carlucci as Renata
 * Marco Columbro as the chauffeur
 * Sandro Ghiani as the gas station attendant

Box office
Il Bisbetico Domato was the top grossing film on the Italian market for the season 1980/1981, earning about 17 billion lire. The film was released in the Soviet Union in 1983, selling 56 million tickets in the country. This made it the year's highest-grossing foreign film in the Soviet Union, and the eleventh highest-grossing foreign film ever in the Soviet Union.

Music
The closing theme song "Innamorata, Incavolata A Vita" performed by Adriano Celentano was a minor hit, ranking 18 and staying on the Italian singles chart for 16 weeks.

title: Il Bisbetico Domato


text:
Zemlyanukha

Zemlyanukha (Землянуха) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Barnaul, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 82 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Zemlyanukha is located 17 km northwest of Barnaul by road. Gonba is the nearest rural locality.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zemlyanukha


text:
Al Ljutic

Al Ljutic was an American professional heavy-weight boxer, competitive rifle shooter, machinist and gun maker known for founding Ljutic Industries. and the creation of the Ljutic Space Gun.

Early years
Al Ljutic was a Californian of Croatian descent. A professional boxer in the 1930s he lived in Oakland, California where he and his father started manufacturing rifles.

In 1955, Ljutic was invited to go trap shooting by his friend and Remington field representative AA Reil. After accepting Ljutic realized he didn't have a trap gun. Rather than purchasing one or going back on a promise he designed and built his own in a day. This served as the basis for the Ljutic Space Gun.

title: Al Ljutic


text:
File:Battle of the Heroes - John Williams and the London Symphony Orchestra.ogg

Summary

 * Sound sample from the song "Battle of the Heroes"
 * Song length: 3:42
 * Reduced quality: yes
 * Source:  Revenge of the Sith
 * Songwriter(s): John Williams
 * Performed by: John Williams and the London Symphony Orchestra
 * Producer(s): John Williams
 * Copyright © 2005 Sony Classical

Rationale of fair use for "Battle of the Heroes" sample
This is a sound sample from a commercial recording. Its inclusion here is claimed as fair use because:
 * It illustrates an educational article that specifically discusses the song from which this sample was taken. The section of music used is discussed in the article in relation to the song's lyrics, musical and vocal style, and may contain part of the song's chorus.
 * It is a sample of no more than 30 seconds from a much longer recording, and could not be used as a substitute for the original commercial recording or to recreate the original recording.
 * It is of a lower quality than the original recording.
 * It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted sample of comparable educational value.
 * It is believed that this sample will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original recording.
 * The audio sample is a copyrighted work. U.S. copyright laws apply to this work. Should a free or public domain sample be located, it should be used in place of this audio sample.


text:
Haskell/Beginning

Haskell is a programming language. If you can write and understand Haskell, you can create new computer programs and understand and modify programs others have written. Learning to program is a fairly complex task, but Haskell is a great way to start because it is fairly simple and predictable. Even if you end up doing most of your programming in other languages, a significant portion of your knowledge will carry over. Haskell is more than a beginning language, however; it is also one of the most advanced and powerful.

Haskell Software
To begin using any programming language, you will need some special software to make up your development toolchain. At the minimum, you will need a compiler or an interpreter.

First, we need to reveal a little about how computers work. You may have heard of CPUs(Central Processing Units). They are pieces of hardware responsible for interpreting data known as machine language stored in the computer's memory. Machine language encodes simple instructions which, when processed by the CPU, cause the computer to do useful things such as bring you to this Web page. In other words, it is a programming language. The programs your computer executes, and the data they operate on, are stored in the same manner.

One significant consequence of this architecture is that programs can write other programs. That is how interpreters and compilers work. They translate programs written in a language such as Haskell into programs written in machine language which can then be directly executed by the computer.

The difference between a compiler and an interpreter has to do with the internal workings of the software, and you don't need to worry about it too much. Today, the difference is becoming increasingly unclear and irrelevant.

For Haskell, we use the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC). It is a free/libre/open-source program, available for all major operating systems. Download

The REPL: Using Haskell as a Calculator
GHC includes a program known as GHCi, or "GHC Interactive." This program lets you type in small Haskell programs on one line, and executes them when you hit Enter. Consult the GHC documentation for info on how to start GHCi, and do so.

You should have a prompt, which says something such as, in front of you. (Don't be alarmed if it says something else, such as ). When GHCi is in this state, it is ready to accept and execute a program. Try typing in the following simple program: 1 + 1 GHCi should respond by displaying the number two. This is, in fact, the purpose of this program: to compute the sum of 1 and 1, and display it. Programs that compute things and display them are called expressions, and they make up the larger part of Haskell. When you execute an expression to determine the value it produces, it is referred to as evaluating that expression.

Note that, once you've evaluated an expression, you can do more than simply display it; in fact, there are a variety of ways in which the values expressions produce can be used. We will encounter these various techniques later on. For now, simply be aware that they exist.

Moving back to less theoretical matters, at this point, your interaction with GHCi should look something like this: Main> 1 + 1 2 When showing examples, we will display interactions with GHCi this way, as well. A program will generally be included with its result, and preceded by a  prompt. You can duplicate the same interaction with GHCi by typing in the program on the prompt.

More Arithmetic
As you may have guessed, Haskell supports a full complement of arithmetic operators; addition, subtraction , multiplication , and division. Numbers can be notated in the usual way, as integers or real numbers, with one catch; no number may be written without numbers before the decimal point. That is, for instance,  should always be written as. The operators follow the normal order of operations, and parentheses can be used in the usual way. You can also use a variety of constants and functions, such as,  ,  ,  ,  , and.

Go ahead and try out a few expressions; you can't break anything if you mess up. Here are some simple examples: Main> 3 * 3 * 3 27 Main> 9.6 9.6 Main> 5 / 7 0.7142857142857143 Main> sqrt(2) 1.4142135623730951 Main> (7 - 5) * 3 6 Main> cos(pi) -1.0 Note that the spaces in the examples are not necessary; the first one could have been written, and the fifth  , for instance. In general, Haskell isn't picky about spaces, except where otherwise noted. When in doubt, however, use more spaces, rather than fewer.

Errors
Any computer user is familiar with errors. You can get them when programming, as well. Try this little experiment: Main> 1 + :1:3: parse error (possibly incorrect indentation) When you make a mistake in your program, GHCi will notify you, and tell you what it perceives to be the problem. Unfortunately, it doesn't always guess correctly, and it's usually rather cryptic about its diagnosis. In this example, aside from the useless comment about indentation, it's on the right track, but it still has the latter problem of being rather cryptic. So, what is a "parse error?"

A parser is the part of a compiler responsible for breaking the program down into logical pieces, and converting it to a format suitable for translation into machine language. A "parse error," then, is when the compiler can't make sense of your program; this means that there's a problem with your program.

So, what's this business: ? The first part,, means that it's reporting an error from the program you just typed. The first number is the number of the line that the error occurred on; it will always be 1 for interactively entered programs, so, again, it is of little use to us. The second is the column in which GHC thinks the erroneous piece of code occurs (actually, the first column is numbered zero, so it's the offending code's column number minus one). Here it points to the fourth column, just after the plus sign; this is correct, because the problem is that we omitted a right operand for the operator. (By the way, in general, do not take these numbers as Gospel; GHC sometimes gives you numbers that are slightly off.)

Now, what about when GHC guesses the problem incorrectly? Let's consider a slightly modified version of the mistake above: Main> (1 +)

Top level: No instance for (Show (a -> a)) arising from use of `print' at Top level Probable fix: add an instance declaration for (Show (a -> a)) In a 'do' expression: print it We made a small change, and the error message changed completely. In addition, the message now diagnoses a problem completely different than the actual one, and refers to fairly advanced features of Haskell which you have yet to learn. An unfortunately large class of errors produces messages like this one; dealing with these messages is a more challenging aspect of learning Haskell. (Other programming systems share this problem, as well, but most are somewhat better off than Haskell.)

Of course, this was an extreme example; most of the time, the messages will not be so far off-target as this one.

Try typing in a few invalid programs and see what kinds of error messages you get back, just to get a feel for them. Again, you can't break anything, so don't worry about it. Here are some examples: Main> xxx :1:0: Not in scope: `xxx' Main> .5 :1:0: parse error on input `.' Main> 5*.5 :1:1: Not in scope: `*.' Main> &$#^! :1:0: parse error on input `&$#^!' Main> sqrt sqrt 4 :1:0:   No instance for (Floating (a -> a)) arising from use of `sqrt' at :1:0-3 Probable fix: add an instance declaration for (Floating (a -> a)) In the definition of `it': it = sqrt sqrt 4 Main> sqrt(sqrt(4)) 1.4142135623730951

Variables
Haskell supports a feature called variables. These are similar to the variables of algebra, but there are more restrictions on their usage.

A variable is named by one or more letters;,  ,  , and   are all acceptable names for variables. They can contain uppercase letters, as well, but not as the first letter;, for instance, is not an acceptable variable name, although   is. The typical use of uppercase letters is to delimit words in names; for instance, instead of writing, it is customary to write  , which is easier on the eyes.

You can assign values to variables with a program of the form: let variable name = value For instance, the program  defines   to be five. The value can also be an arbitrary expression, such as.

Notice that the name of a variable is the only thing that can appear on the left side of an equals sign. These programs all work incorrectly: Main> let 5 = x Main> let 2 * x = 5 Main> let x = x Curiously, GHCi generates no errors for the latter two. That's because they're valid Haskell; they just don't do what you expect. For instance, after executing the second statement,  is five, and, after executing the third statement, attempting to find the value of   will result in GHCi hanging. (Press ctrl+c in UNIX, ctrl+. in Mac OS X, and ctrl+break in Windows to stop it.)

Bottom line: Haskell isn't exactly algebra; don't use it as such.

Once you've established a variable's value, you can use that variable in following expressions; each occurrence of the variable will be substituted for its value. For instance: Main> let x = 5 Main> let y = 2 + 2 Main> let z = sqrt 9 Main> x * (y + z) 35.0 Multiple variables can be established in one  by delimiting the assignments with a semicolon. For instance, the previous example could be rewritten as: Main> let x = 5; y = 2 + 2; z = sqrt 9 Main> x * (y + z) 35.0

Functions
While you've made it through quite a bit of material, you may feel like you're not much closer to programming your computer. The programs we've written so far haven't accomplished much; you'd do just as well with pencil and paper or a conventional pocket calculator. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to do less trivial things, but the examples will still be quite contrived. However, at this point, you have nowhere to go but up; the variety and complexity of the programs you can write will begin to grow exponentially from here, and continue for the next several chapters, as you learn about new kinds of expressions, and new ways to combine expressions.

Haskell supports functions. To begin with, don't assume any preconceptions of this word related to mathematical functions; Haskell's functions are somewhat distinct.

A better match to Haskell functions is Haskell variables. A variable stands in for an expression. A function stands in for an expression, as well, with one twist: it takes an argument; a variable which is defined inside the function, supplied when the function is used. This concept is perhaps best understood by example: Main> let f x = x + 3 This code defines the function, with the argument.

What can we do with ? We can apply it to an argument. Suppose the argument is to be 4. The code for this is: Main> f 4 7 What's going on here? Let's refer back to the definition of : let f x = x + 3 The expression  is substituted by the definition of , with   substituted by four. Thus, it becomes, which is, of course, 7.

The general form of a function definition is: let function argument = definition And the general form of a function application is: function argument Notice that, in these definitions, the word "argument" is used in two different ways. The first is the kind the function has attached to its definition; simply a name standing in for a value that is supplied when it is applied. The second is the actual value that ousts the previous type of argument when the function is applied, resulting an expression which can be evaluated.

A few more examples: Main> let reciprocal n = 1 / n Main> reciprocal 5 0.2 Main> let theSame thing = thing Main> theSame 6 6 Main> let funny joe = log(pi / joe) * cos(joe + 3) Main> funny 6 0.5895282337509272 Again, there is a simple technique for figuring out the value of a function expansion by hand:
 * 1) Write down the expansion of the function.
 * 2) Write it down again, with all occurrences of the argument name substituted for the argument value.
 * 3) Evaluate the resulting expression.

Functions With Several Arguments
The function notation suggests that it might be possible to create a function with more than one argument. In fact, this is possible, and works exactly as you might expect: Main> let add x y = x + y Main> add 5 6 11 Main> let average x y z = (x + y + z) / 3 Main> average 5 6 7 6 Main> let first a b = a Main> first 8 1 8 One "gotcha" to watch out for when programming with multi-argument functions is giving too many arguments, or not enough arguments, to a function. These examples demonstrate the problem: Main> average 1 2 Top level: No instance for (Show (a -> a)) arising from use of `print' at Top level Probable fix: add an instance declaration for (Show (a -> a)) In a 'do' expression: print it Main> average 1 2 3 4 :1:0:   No instance for (Fractional (t -> a)) arising from use of `average' at :1:0-6 Probable fix: add an instance declaration for (Fractional (t -> a)) In the definition of `it': it = average 1 2 3 4 Both of these errors look fairly similar. In general, if you get an error of this form, check that you gave the right number of arguments to your functions.

Functions in Expressions
Up until now, we have only given numbers as arguments to functions. However, you can give expressions as arguments, as well, and use function applications as expressions: Main> let f x = 2 * x Main> f (1 + 1) 4 Main> f (f (f 3)) 24 Main> f 4 + 2 10 Function applications are evaluated before operators; thus, f 4 + 2 is equivalent to (f 4) + 2, not f (4 + 2).

Since function applications are expressions, they can be used in function definitions. For instance: Main> let f x = 2 * x; g x = 3 + f x Main> f 5 10 Main> g 5 13 There are several small points to note here: Main> let g x = 3 + f x :1:14: Not in scope: `f' (When GHC complains that a variable or function is "not in scope," it simply means that it has not yet seen a definition of it yet. As was mentioned before, GHC requires that variables and functions be defined before they are used.)
 * We used the semicolon notation in the let expression to squeeze in definitions for two functions; f x = 2 * x and g x = 3 + f x.
 * f is defined before g, but it doesn't have to be that way; the program would still work if the definitions were reversed. However, this does not work:
 * The definition of <tt>g</tt>, <tt>3 + f x</tt>, is equivalent to <tt>3 + (f x)</tt>, as mandated by the rules given earlier. Thus, <tt>g 5</tt> becomes <tt>3 + (2 * 5)</tt> after expanding the definitions of <tt>g</tt> and <tt>f</tt>; the expression is further evaluated to produce 13.

Conditional Tests
We promised that, as you read more of this book, you would learn to write newer, more exciting types of programs. In this chapter, we will fill in another missing piece of the puzzle.

The programs you have written so far have seemed somewhat simplistic; they haven't been able to make choices, to do different things at different times. An easy to achieve simple choice-making is to use an <tt>if</tt> expression. These expressions take the following form: if test then expression else expression The test part can take one of the following forms: expression == expression expression /= expression expression < expression expression > expression expression <= expression expression >= expression Each form describes some sort of relation between the two expressions; for instance, <tt><</tt> is the mathematical less-than test. Each is a plain-text corruption of some mathematical operator:

When an <tt>if</tt> expression is evaluated, if the test part states something true (e.g. <tt>5 < 6</tt>), then it evaluates to the then expression; otherwise, if the test part states something false (e.g. <tt>5 == 6</tt>), then it evaluates to the else expression. This is demonstrated in these examples: Main> let x = 5 Main> if x < 7 then 1 else 2 1 Main> if x <= 5 then x + 1 else pi 6 Main> 1 + (if 2 * x == 10 then 2 else 1) 3 Main> if x < 6 then (if x < 5 then 1 else 2) else 3 2 Main> if x < 5 then 1 else (if x < 6 then 2 else 3) 2 Note that, in the last three examples, the parentheses were not necessary; however, if the last example had been written with the operands to the plus sign reversed, the parentheses would have been necessary; thus, it would be (if 2 * x == 10 then 2 else 1) + 1 If it were written without the parentheses, it would evaluate to: Main> if 2 * x == 10 then 2 else 1 + 1 2

Examples
Here are a few examples of functions using <tt>if</tt> expressions.

Absolute Value
Main> let abs x = if x < 0 then -x else x Main> abs 5 5 Main> abs (-3) 3 Main> abs 0 0

Numerical Three-Way Tests
Main> let nif x p z n = if x > 0 then p else if x == 0 then z else n Main> nif 3 1 2 3 1 Main> nif 0 1 2 3 2 Main> nif (-6) 1 2 3 3

This function corresponds to the following mathematical function:

$$f(x,p,z,n) = \begin{cases} p & \mbox{if } x > 0;\\ z & \mbox{if } x = 0;\\ n & \mbox{if } x < 0. \end{cases}$$

The last test, instead of being <tt>if x < 0 then n</tt>, is simply <tt>else n</tt>. This is because, by the definition of the numeric relations, if <tt>x</tt> is neither less than or equal to zero, it must be greater than zero, so the test will always be true. Furthermore, every <tt>if</tt> needs an else clause, and what would you put in an else clause that can never be reached?

Actually, Haskell has a tool for these cases; <tt>undefined</tt>. This is the name of a special value that, when produced as an answer from an expression, simply flags an error. It is a good value to put in "impossible" cases of your <tt>if</tt> expressions.

Sign
Main> let sign x = nif x 1 0 -1 Main> sign 5 1 Main> sign 0 0 Main> sign (-8) -1

This function corresponds to the following mathematical function:

$$S(x) = \begin{cases} 1 & \mbox{if } x > 0;\\ 0 & \mbox{if } x = 0;\\ -1 & \mbox{if } x < 0. \end{cases}$$

We could have defined it like this: let sign x = if x > 0 then 1 else if x == 0 then 0 else -1 However, since <tt>nif</tt> turns out to be a generalization of the sign function, it is simpler to define it as an application of <tt>nif</tt>. In fact, expanding <tt>nif</tt> into the function's body leaves you with exactly the above code!

title: Haskell/Beginning


text:
Yahaya Maikori

Yahaya Maikori is an Attorney with core expertise in gaming, sports, technology, media & eCommerce with a focus on africanInvestments. He is the founder of the law firm Law Allianz and the co-founder of the record label Chocolate City.

Education
Maikori graduated from Obafemi Awolowo University IleIfe; he was called to the Nigerian Bar in 1993 and admitted as a solicitor to the Law Society of England and Wales in 2015. During the course of his professional career, he served as LegaAdviser to Aso Savings and Loans Plc. and Company Secretary to First Alliance Pension and Benefits Limited (now part of ARM Pensions). In 2022 he completed the Senior Executive Programme Africa(SEPA) at Harvard Business School, Boston.

Career
Maikori is one of Africa’s leading solicitors for gaming, sports and media. He is a renowned thought leader and sought after African speakers in this converged space, currently serving as the africa legal adviser for iGaming business. He has presented several papers at industry conferences, works with some of Europe’s leading sports/gaming brands exploring opportunities in Africa and advises industry regulators across several jurisdictions.

He has been featured severally and his articles/interviews have been published in Casino review, iGaming times, igamingbusiness, America gaming lawyer and Sigma magazines etc. In 2020, he was elected Chairman of the Nigeria Esports Caretaker Committee and Kaduna State esports association as well becoming Vice Chairman of Sport Nigeriain 2021. He currently serves as Chairman of the "Recreation and Sports” Committee of the Nigeria Bar Association; a two time Chairman of the entertainment, media and sports Committee of the section of business law (SBL) Nigeria Bar Association(NBA) he is currently a council member of the SBL(NBA).

In 2014, he was appointed to Digiteam (a Federal Government of Nigeria body saddled with the responsibility of driving Nigera’s migration from analogue to digital broadcasting). He was inducted into the International Masters of Gaming law (IMGL)in 2013 - an invite only global exclusive organization of gaming professionals. In terms of policy and advocacy, he has advised the Nigeria Broadcasting Commission(NBC), Nigeria Copyrights Commission(NCC), National Lottery Regulatory Commission(NLRC), Lagos State Lottery and Gaming Authority Board etc. He also serves as a member of the Securities Exchange Commission “Blockchain and Virtual Financial Assets Framework Committee” a one time facilitator of the National Assembly business Roundtable (NASSBER) on eBusiness and intellectual Property. He chairs the Sports Thematic Group of the Nigeria Economic Summit Group (NESG) and a member of the Sports Industry Working Group which has just delivered the draft sports industry policy for Federal Executive Counci’s approval.

Professionally he advsed Adamawa State Government in its N20 billion Bond in 2010 and has been involved in some of the largest gaming related mergers & acquisitions in Africa; these include Betting World South Africa’s acquisition of Sports bet Nigeria, Marathon bets acquisition of congress bet, Quanta acquisition of Naija Lottery, regulatory advisory services to Betkings for its $300,000,000 share sale to Multichoice, draftkings $3.3billion business combination with SBtech and another ongoing acquisition by draft kings.

As an entrepreneur he founded Global Gaming Company which works with regulators for revenue assurance, he was one time Chairman of Chocolate City Music (now part of Warner Music) which he co founded and established Definitiv Media Limited, which operates the “Hyai FM”radio brand, Croccity 5 Aside Soccer League supported by FIFA foundation; while Leisure investment capita Limited ( LIC) & Caesar’s Entertainment limited run “Jacaranda casinos”,“Lagos Poker Club” & “Gold rush casino  “respectively.

Awards
Maikori is a recipient of several awards which include LegalMonthly’s “Entertainment Lawyer of the Year”Nigeria 2013, co-winner of the 2011 Omidyar/Legatum sponsored “Africa Awards for Entrepreneurship” held in Nairobi, Kenya and was recently recognized as a global leader in “sports & gaming” by Who is Who Legal 2021.

title: Yahaya Maikori


text:
User:Neolux

See my page entry in main wikipedia site: Neolux

I have had a couple of messages relating to how the Wikimedia logo was created and what it represents.

The colours are red, blue and green, representing the three primary colours of light, as well as the three colours that used for links on MediaWiki projects. The current default theme has changed the green links to a lighter shade of blue though, so it's mildly outdated.

In terms of the shape of the logo, the white space in the main circular area forms a stylised "w" representing "wiki". This, also allows the green area to represent a book, which is a symbol of knowledge. The blue arc surrounding the book hopefully represents "encompassing" that knowledge, which is something that the Wikimedia projects hope to do. The smaller red circle interrupts the blue arc, which can show the incomplete nature of a wiki. Completing the arc would imply that all knowledge has been encompassed, which is a practical impossibility. Serendipitously, the combination of all these elements also forms a humanoid, with the red circle being the head, the blue arc being arms and the book of knowledge being the heart/torso.

Due to the colours and typeface (Gill Sans) I chose for this design, they have now been adopted as the official colours and typeface for Wikimedia according to the Wikimedia visual identity guidelines.

If I were a person with an ego, I could suggest that I was responsible for the majority of branding elements for the operator of the world's most popular online encyclopedia. I'm not an egotist though, so I won't even mention it. ;)

The design choice for this was to take elements from the design of the foundation logo, and re-purpose them.

The gestalt of the logo is effectively a talking head. The arcs being stylised sound waves as the circular head says something.

The typeface was chosen to be a script as a quote is a sometimes a quick quip, or something transitory, something this particular typeface epitomises.

The fading in colour of the arcs mainly is a fading of the intensity of the sound waves and was an aesthetic decision, as opposed to a symbolic one.

If anyone wants more clarification or has any other questions, feel free to email admin (at) neolux (dot) com (dot) au.

title: User:Neolux


text:
One Night Stud

One Night Stud is a 2015 Chinese romantic comedy film directed by Li Xinman. It was released on 6 February 2015. This movie was also partly filmed in Okinawa, Japan.

Cast

 * Jiang Yiyan
 * Ryan Cheng
 * Yu Xiao
 * Yu Jiameng
 * Chang Fangyuan
 * Johnson Chen
 * Liu Sha
 * Shi Chunling
 * Li Changlin
 * Tan Shasha
 * Hasi Gaowa
 * Wang Yingran

Reception
By February 6, the film had earned CN¥10.62 million at the Chinese box office.

title: One Night Stud


text:
Coastal Engineering

Wikiversity Department of Marine Engineering

Content summary
The course will deal with basic Coastal Engineering concepts such as water waves, their propagation and transformation, statistical representation of the sea state, tides and currents, sediment transport, coastal processes and beach dynamics, coastal structures, wave-structure interaction, environmental issues near coastal zones.

Goals
To help the reader to appreciate Coastal Engineering methods with a firm understanding of the underlying theoretical principles.

Learning materials
Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

You should also read about the Learning model. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.

Texts

 * Ocean Surface Waves: Their Physics and Prediction (2nd Edition) by Massel Stanislaw Ryszard, Inst of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland. (ISBN 978-9810-2-1686-3 (hardcover), 978-9810-2-2109-6 (paperback)).
 * Coastal Dynamics by Willem T. Bakker, Delft Hydraulics, Netherlands. (ISBN 978-9812-7-0373-6)
 * Random Seas and Design of Maritime Structures (3rd Edition) by Yoshimi Goda. (ISBN 978-9814-2-8239-0 (hardcover), 978-9814-2-8240-6 (paperback))

Lessons
a) Waves in the Ocean and their Significance           a) Interaction of Wind and Ocean Waves a) Refer to text - Tsunami: To Survive from Tsunami (published by World Scientific, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>471 (hardcover))
 * Lesson 1: /Water Wave Theories/
 * Lesson 2: Wave Transformation
 * Lesson 3: Wave Pressure and Forces
 * Lesson 4: Wave-Structure Interaction
 * Lesson 5: Currents
 * Lesson 6: Wave-Current Interaction
 * Lesson 7: Tides
 * Lesson 8: Solitary Waves
 * Lesson 9: Tidal Inlets
 * Lesson 10: Basin Circulation
 * Lesson 11: Rubble-Mound Breakwaters
 * Lesson 12: Submerged Breakwaters
 * Lesson 13: Groynes
 * Lesson 14: Detached Breakwater
 * Lesson 15: Sand Nourishment
 * Lesson 16: Assessing Coastal Management Techniques
 * Lesson 17: Revetment
 * Lesson 18: Vertical Breakwaters
 * Lesson 19: Wave-Foundation Interaction
 * Lesson 20: Sediment Transport
 * Lesson 21: Wave Spectral Analysis
 * Lesson 22: Construction of Coastal Defenses
 * Lesson 23: Storm Surge
 * Lesson 24: Tsunami
 * Lesson 25: Wave Maker Theories
 * Lesson 26: Physical Modeling
 * Lesson 27: Numerical Modeling
 * Lesson 28: EIA for Coastal Engineering Projects

Activities

 * Plan out a Breakwater using the proper materials
 * Breakwaters are often build using 1/6T rocks and cobbled with No. 3 (smaller size) (See State Stds. Sect. 72)
 * Implement a 3D Computer Model visualization of a section of Coastline near you
 * Demonstrate the effects of sea level rise with visualization tools (Modelling sea level rise)
 * Activity 1.
 * etc.

Readings
Each activity has a suggested associated background reading selection.
 * Reading 1.
 * Study guide:
 * Wikipedia article: __Article Name__
 * etc.

Active participants
Active participants in this Learning Group

title: Coastal Engineering


text:
Iraki, Republic of Dagestan

Iraki (Ираки; Dargwa: Иракьи) is a rural locality (a selo) in Dibgashinsky Selsoviet, Dakhadayevsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 391 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Iraki is located 11 km east of Urkarakh (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dibgashi and Kalkni are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Dargins live there.

title: Iraki, Republic of Dagestan


text:
User:Nasibah H. Ali Matuan

BIOGRAPHY OF NASIBAH H. ALI MATUAN
Early Life:

Nasibah H. Ali Matuan was born last December 30, 1986 in Iligan City, Philippines. She is the eldest of 12 live children. She studied at Dansalan College Foundation, Inc., Marawi City, Philippines.

On July 2010, she passed her Nursing License Examination. (see link: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/examresults/NURSE/20100827/NURSE__M.htm)

title: User:Nasibah H. Ali Matuan


text:
Talk:Derek Asamoah

Place of Birth
I can't find a decent source for this info. Sources either say England or Ghana. sʟυмɢυм • т • c 18:36, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Derek Asamoah. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130215123058/http://africasoccernet.com/derek-asamoah-shines-in-south-korea/ to http://africasoccernet.com/derek-asamoah-shines-in-south-korea/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141107052127/http://daegufc.co.kr/board/content.html?tb=board_2&num=2275&page=1 to http://daegufc.co.kr/board/content.html?tb=board_2&num=2275&page=1

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:18, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derek Asamoah


text:
Air Carnival

Air Carnival was an Indian regional airline based at Coimbatore International Airport with a hub at Chennai International Airport. Air Carnival was promoted by the Coimbatore Marine College (CMC) Group. It was founded in 2013 as a charter airline but transitioned to scheduled operations within South India, which were launched in July 2016.

The airline ceased operations on 6 April 2017. The Indian Directorate General of Civil Aviation suspended its air operator's permit in June 2017. In November 2017, the Chennai bench of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) ordered the corporate insolvency resolution process against the airline and ordered liquidation of the company in January 2019.

History
The company was founded in 2013 by S.I. Nathan of the CMC group, as Air Carnival Charter Services, a charter airline based in Delhi. The group later shifted the focus of Air Carnival to short-haul routes within South India. Coimbatore was selected as the base for its aircraft in order to offer optimum flight timings to the city's business community.

Manish Kumar Singh was chief executive officer; and S. I. Nathan, who is also the director of CMC Group, was the founder and chairman.

The airline was positioned as a small-town carrier, with a fleet of two aircraft. The plan was to operate on short-haul routes where it could fly profitably with a focus on unserved and poorly served markets. The airline received its no-objection certificate from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation in June 2014 to operate on regional routes in South India. Air Carnival received its first aircraft, an ATR 72-500, in April 2016 and its air operator's certificate in July 2016. The airline commenced operations on 18 July 2016 with a flight from Coimbatore to Chennai.

The promoters ran into funding issues within nine months of operations. Efforts to acquire two more aircraft did not materialise as promoters failed to raise funds. The promoters attempted to sell their stake in the airline in April 2017. However, by then the airline had ceased operations after the airline's engineers demanding wages went on a two-day strike, resulting in the grounding of its lone aircraft. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation suspended Carnival's air operator's certificate in June 2017 after the airline failed to satisfy the regulator in its response to a show-cause notice.

In November 2017, the Chennai bench of the NCLT ordered the corporate insolvency resolution process against the airline and, after finding no investors to revive the airline, ordered liquidation of the company in January 2019.

Destinations
Air Carnival was flying to the following destinations in India prior to ceasing operations:

Fleet
Prior to ceasing operations, Air Carnival operated a single ATR 72-500

title: Air Carnival


text:
User:MarySorokina

My name is Sorokina Maria Andreevna. I live in Russia, Smolensk. I love maths, informatics, programming.

title: User:MarySorokina


text:
User:Sharad Vats/sandbox

Request review at WP:AFC
HI I AM FROM NANGAL CHAUDHARY,NARNAUL,HARYANA,INDIA....................

title: User:Sharad Vats/sandbox


text:
David S Rosenblatt

David Rosenblatt is a Canadian medical geneticist, pediatrician, and professor in the departments of Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Biology at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, where he was the chairman of the Department of Human Genetics from 2001 to 2013. He is known for his contributions to the field of inborn errors of folate and vitamin B12 metabolism.

Education
Rosenblatt received a Bachelor of Science from McGill University in 1968 and a doctorate in medicine from the Faculty of Medicine at McGill University in 1970. After completing an internship in pediatrics at the Montreal Children's Hospital (1970–1971), he pursued postgraduate training in medical genetics and folate metabolism at the Massachusetts General Hospital under the supervision of John Littlefield and Richard Erbe (1971–1973), and in biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under Malcolm Gefter (1973–1974), finishing with a residency in pediatric medicine at the Boston Children's Hospital (1974–1975).

Career
Rosenblatt was first appointed in the Department of Pediatrics at McGill in 1975 and was the chairman of the Department of Human Genetics from 2001 to 2013. He holds the Dodd Q. Chu and Family Chair in Medical Genetics.

He is actively involved in research and patient care, as well as graduate and medical student teaching. He has acted as supervisor and mentor to more than 35 graduate students and post-doctoral fellows. He has authored over 200 publications in peer-reviewed journals. In 1995, he was made a Correspondent étranger of the Académie Nationale de Médecine (France), and in 2005, he was elected as a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences. In 2013, he was named a Champion of Genetics by the Canadian Gene Cure Foundation. He has served as President of the Society for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, the Canadian Society for Clinical Investigation, and the Association of Medical Geneticists of Quebec.

title: David S Rosenblatt


text:
Justus of Tiberias

Justus of Tiberias (Tiberias, ca. 35 AD - Galilee, ca 100 AD) was a 1st century Jewish author and historiographer. All that we know of his life comes from the Vita which Flavius Josephus apparently wrote in response to the assertions made by Justus in his History of the Jewish War, published around 93/94 or shortly after 100. Josephus is moreover the only writer to mention this document, but without ever citing the slightest extract. This History published by Justus seems to have disappeared shortly after the publication of the Autobiography of Flavius Josephus, because it is unknown to pagan authors and the Christian authors who mention it only quote what Josephus said.

After the Great Jewish Revolt (66-70), Justus was the secretary of King Agrippa II and waited until his death to publish his History of this revolt. He is also known as the author of two other writings which disappeared much later. Thus in the ninth century, Bishop Photios of Constantinople was still able to access a copy of the Chronicle of the Jewish Kings' written by Justus.

The Jewish Historian
Justus of Tiberias is a son of Pistos. Both are presented as authorities of the city of Tiberias when Flavius Josephus was governor of Galilee in 66/67. He is best known as a historiographer. None of his writings have come down to us, but three of them are mentioned by ancient authors. In his De viris illustribus (14), Jerome of Stridon mentions one of them which he calls Commentarioli de scriptura, a commentary on the biblical writings, corresponding to what the Christian tradition calls the Old Testament. A few Church Fathers read his Chronicle of the Jewish Kings, a copy of which Bishop Photios of Constantinople could still consult in the ninth century But the writing that makes us know it, although it seems to have disappeared almost immediately, is his History of the Jewish War, by the reaction it provoked in Flavius Josephus.

Justus accused of being responsible for the revolt
In response to the Justus's History, Josephus indeed published his Vita in order to counter various assertions which told a very different story from what the latter had published in his Jewish War twenty years earlier. He attacks Justus at length, even though he had not even mentioned him — nor his father Pistos — in The Jewish War written twenty years earlier. Most of what we know about Justus, moreover, comes from a long digression by Josephus who attacks him in this Vita (336-367). He criticizes him for multiplying the errors — but without citing any explicitly — and for “not having had access, unlike him, to the field notes of Vespasian and Titus".

To discredit his adversary, Josephus indicates that "in the comments of the emperor Vespasian", which Justus was unable to consult, it would be indicated that on the arrival of the future emperor at Ptolemais (spring 67) "the inhabitants of the Decapolis begged him to punish [Justus] as the author of all their evils". What Justus would have escaped only thanks to the clemency of King Agrippa II and at the request of Queen Berenice. According to Josephus, the reason for this questioning was the role that Justus would have played during the attack that the inhabitants of Tiberias carried out against Gadara, at the very beginning of the revolt, in autumn 66, when the Jewish towns began to attack the neighboring Greek cities and vice versa, even before the arrival of Josephus in Galilee. However, this accusation clearly did not succeed and it is obvious that Josephus reports these events in a biased and polemical way. Josephus presents Justus as someone who hesitated between siding with the revolt and who influenced his father Pistos, the only member of the aristocracy of Tiberias not to be a member of the pro-Roman party, led by Julius Capella. While the anti-Roman party was led by Jesus son of Sapphias who led a group of poor people and boatmen. Flavius Josephus accuses him of having led “his country to revolt against the Romans ”.

However, despite Josephus' efforts to blame Justus for the uprising in Galilee, several facts he mentions in his Vita contradict this accusation. Thus, Justus was opposed to the destruction of Herod's palace in Tiberias, whereas on the contrary Josephus tried to obtain its destruction from the Council of the city. Josephus himself says that Justus was not a member of the pro-war faction, but the leader of a faction in intermediate positions. It is also possible that this third party is an invention of Josephus who could not make Justus the leader of the revolutionary party because it was far too well known that its leader was Jesus son of Sapphia. Some of Justus' close relatives were also killed by the revolutionaries in Gamla. Furthermore, Josephus states that he took him prisoner along with all the members of the council of Tiberias, because due to the invincibility of the Romans, this council had secretly pledged allegiance to King Agrippa and demanded that he send forces to take control of the city. Josephus would then have released them, recommending that they show duplicity because if he was well aware of the invincibility of the Romans, they had to pretend to support the war against Rome because of the "brigands" (lestai) Josephus appropriates here “the discriminatory vocabulary of the Romans. On several occasions in The Jewish War, he calls "brigands" the Jewish rebels, such as the Sicarii, the Zealots or the members of the Fourth philosophy. For Shaye J. D. Cohen, those who are called “brigands” in this passage were Josephus' own followers at the material time. Finally, even before Vespasian's offensive in Galilee (spring 67), Justus was no longer in Tiberias, but had joined King Agrippa in Beirut when the latter was going to join his army with Vespasian's three legions to begin the reconquest of all of Palestine, starting with Galilee.

After the Great Jewish Revolt (66-70), he was imperial secretary at the court of Agrippa, king of Batanea and the eastern part of Galilee (Vita 356).

Justus accused of being a forger
Josephus compares Justus and all the historians who lie “out of hatred or partiality” to “forgers who fabricate false contracts (V § 337)". Then in the long digression in which Josephus attacks Justus (V 356), he suggests that if Agrippa drove Justus away and forbade him to "appear ever before him" from an indefinite moment, it was because he would have realized that he was being dishonest “in the office of secretary with which he [had] honored him." For Shaye J. D. Cohen, “Josephus labels Justus as a forger, an accusation sometimes leveled against official secretaries,” which goes back to the comparison he made in § 337 between those who lie to fabricate a false story – as Justus, according to him, did – and “forgers who fabricate false contracts”. However, Josephus ends this passage by saying that “about all this [he] renounces to prove everything down to the detail".

It was only after Agrippa's death that Justus published his History of the Jewish War, which triggered the writing of the ''Vita' of Flavius Josephus. The dates of publication of these two writings depend on the date of the death of Agrippa which occurs either in 92/93, or in 100. See on this subject the § Date of the death of Agrippa in the item Agrippa II.

After the publication of the Autobiography of Flavius Josephus, the two men disappear from history.

Justus' History of the Jewish War
Justus' book about the great Jewish revolt was an account of the war (Vita 336 and 338) which included the campaign in Galilee, the actions of Josephus and which challenged his version of the siege of Jotapata (Vita 357). He also recounted the siege of Jerusalem (Vita 358).

He also apparently disputed Josephus' version about Philip of Bathyra and what had happened in Gamala and Batanea. It is mainly on these subjects that Josephus endeavors to answer at length, whereas he devotes only one sentence to answering the disputes of Justus about the siege of Iotapata - of which Josephus claims to have directed the defense - and to the about Josephus' version of the events that took place during the siege of Jerusalem (V 357-358).

If Justus had so many reasons to hate Flavius Josephus, why did he wait 20 years (Vita 360) before attacking him in his writing? Josephus uses this expectation as proof of the lies of Justus. If he waited for the death of Vespasian, Titus, Agrippa II, and all those who knew the truth, it was because he knew that they would not have tolerated his lies. We therefore wondered if Justus did not attack Agrippa and the emperors, waiting for their death to publish “his truth”. However, there is no sign that he attacked a royal figure, Jewish or Roman. If that had been the case, it is unlikely that Josephus, who devotes a great deal of space to the attacks on Justus in his Vita, would not have mentioned them.

Disputing the veracity of the story told by Josephus
In his book, Justus declared to tell a superior story to those already published which took care to respect the historical facts. According to Josephus, he thus contradicted the memoirs of Vespasian  (Vita 358). He “falsely testified” against Josephus (Vita 338). The Vita of § 357 to 367 also implies that Justus was attacking the veracity of the Jewish War on certain points.

Josephus in Tiberias
Justus also held that Josephus and his army of Galileans were responsible for anti-Roman actions against his city of Tiberias (Vita 340 and 350). We can deduce from Vita 353 that Justus accused Josephus of brutality at Tiberias. When he arrived in Galilee the first thing that Flavius Josephus recounts in his Vita is the destruction of the palace that King Agrippa possessed in Tiberias, followed by the murder of all the Greek inhabitants of the city. According to him, when he had not entered the city, he asked the authorities of Tiberias to destroy Herod's palace which contained paintings violating the aniconism advocated by certain tendencies of Judaism. While the council of Tiberias, in which the father of Justus sat, was very reluctant to carry out this decision which emanated from Jerusalem, the archon of the city who also led the anti-Roman tendency, Jesus son of Sapphia, would have set fire to the palace and killed all the Greek inhabitants of the city (V 66-67). For Shaye J. D. Cohen, this relationship is probably false. If he played no part in these events and in the subsequent looting of the palace, how could Josephus and the council of Tiberias control the spoils resulting from this looting? Josephus claims that he simply took this booty from the hands of the criminals and gave it to Julius Capella, leader of the tendency of those who wanted "to remain faithful to the Roman people and to their king" in order to preserve the interests of Agrippa (V 68-69). How could he control the loot if it had nothing to do with looting? Cohen speculates that Josephus and Jesus initially cooperated in destroying the palace and in the subsequent massacre.

But in fact it is only totally hypothetical and why did the events in Tiberias during the revolt become a problem thirty years after the events?

History of the Jewish War
One of the major differences between the Jewish War and the Vita is the frequent mention of Justus of Tiberias in the latter text, whereas Flavius Josephus does not say a word about it, in what he had written twenty years earlier. The crucial question is: What was Justus saying in his History that necessitated such a reaction from Josephus?

Most of what we know about him comes from a long digression by Flavius Josephus attacking Justus in his Autobiography (336-367).

If Justus had so many reasons to hate Flavius Josephus, why did he wait 20 years (Vita 360) before attacking him in his writing? Josephus uses this expectation as proof of the lies of Justus. If he waited for the death of Vespasian, Titus, Agrippa, and all those who knew the truth, it was because he knew that they would not have tolerated his lies (359-360). We therefore wondered if Justus did not attack Agrippa and the emperors, waiting for their death to publish “his truth”. However, there is no sign that he attacked a royal figure, Jewish or Roman. If that had been the case, it is unlikely that Josephus, who devotes a great deal of space to the attacks on Justus in his Vita, would not have mentioned them.

Flavius Josephus, official writer of the Flavians
In his Vita, Josephus confirms that his “narrative of the war is made from the Roman point of view” and that “what Rome represents for Josephus, beyond the real or supposed favors with which he was showered, is the State, the State of divine right. He also writes: “The Emperor Titus wanted the knowledge of these events to be spread to the public only from my books alone, so much so that he initialed them with his own hand and ordered their publication".

If this attitude of Titus became an imperial policy continued after his death, it perhaps explains the rapid disappearance of Justus of Tiberias' book on the History of Jewish Warfare.

Works
Justus's works have been lost and they currently survive only in small fragments from other works: Justus is the author of a War of the Jews, probably written in Greek, which he only publishes after the death of Agrippa (92 ou 100) whom he presents in an unfavorable light. This work is mentioned by Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome. of Stridon, but indirectly, Flavius having probably worked for the disappearance of the work of his rival.

He is also the author of a Chronicle of the Jewish Kings from Moses to Agrippa II, briefly summarized by Photius. Photius of Constantinople describes it as being written in sketchy forms. It is likely that several later authors used this material in their own works, such as Sextus Julius Africanus, Eusebius, Diogenes Laërtius; and the Byzantine historian George Syncellus. Commenting this Chronicle, Photios laments that Justus failed to make any mention of Jesus of Nazareth.

According to Jerome, Justus also wrote a Brief commentary of the Holy Scriptures, but no other references of that work survives and it is unclear whether it was an authentic work or a pseudoepigrapha.

title: Justus of Tiberias


text:
чьто

Etymology
From. Formed with a particle attached to, , from ,.

Pronoun

 * 1) what (interrogative)

Declension
* Forms in parentheses are alternative forms that are occasionally seen.

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1)  what?
 * 2)  what, that

title: чьто


text:
blood bin

Noun

 * 1)  A temporary substitution for a visibly-bleeding player who must leave the field of play for first aid treatment.

title: blood bin


text:
User:DavidRader~enwikibooks

Joined the Wiki community June 2004. Former management consultant and contributing editor to the journal Strategy and Leadership.

title: User:DavidRader~enwikibooks


text:
Your Filthy Little Mouth

Your Filthy Little Mouth is the fourth full-length studio LP by David Lee Roth, then the former lead singer of the American rock band Van Halen. It was produced by Nile Rodgers, whose work had included David Bowie and Madonna, and released in 1994 by Reprise Records.

Overview
Released near Roth's critical and commercial nadir, Your Filthy Little Mouth did not conform to the expectations of rock music during 1994 (such as grunge rock), nor to the public's perception of Roth. The album features stripped-down arrangements that can be categorized as diversely as jazz fusion, dance, country, reggae, R&B, big band, rock, and blues. However, the commercial specialization of TV and radio formats during the early 1990s left such diverse albums with few options for airplay.

The B-side to "She's My Machine", an atmospheric blues song titled "Mississippi Power", is available on the Japanese release.

Reception
At the time of its release in 1994, Your Filthy Little Mouth received mixed reviews from music critics, and with particularly negative responses coming from heavy metal critics. While Roth's newly intricate lyrics were well-received, the wide range of genre exercises on Your Filthy Little Mouth earned Roth commensurate praise and derision. Deborah Frost of Entertainment Weekly graded the album a "B+", noting that "thanks to Nile Rodgers' skillful production, the result is Roth's most listenable, insightful, and hysterical effort in years." Randy Krbechek of MetroNews notes that "the album improves as it progresses; the horn-driven 'A Little Luck' and 'Cheatin' Heart Cafe', a duet with Travis Tritt, are substantial improvements, as is 'Sunburn,' with its snaky guitar intro".

Like Roth's earlier solo LP, Skyscraper (1988), Your Filthy Little Mouth met with a tepid response from listeners and critics who expected Roth to reproduce the hard rock sound of classic Van Halen; others criticized him for not distancing himself enough from the sound of classic-era Van Halen. In 2007, the album was remastered and re-released on the Friday music label.

"She's My Machine" became a rock radio hit in early 1994, reaching #12 on Billboard's Rock Charts.

Track listing

 * 1) "She's My Machine" (Monty Byrom, David Neuhauser, David Lee Roth) – 3:53
 * 2) "Everybody's Got the Monkey" (Frank Simes, Joey Hunting, Roth) – 3:01
 * 3) "Big Train" (Terry Kilgore, Roth, Joey Hunting, Preston Sturges) – 4:14
 * 4) "Experience" (Kilgore, Roth) – 5:54
 * 5) "A Little Luck" (Eddie Anderson, Steve Hunter, Roth) – 4:40
 * 6) "Cheatin' Heart Cafe" (Kilgore, Roth) – 4:06
 * 7) "Hey, You Never Know" (Kilgore, Roth) – 2:46
 * 8) "No Big 'Ting" (Kilgore, Roth) – 4:51
 * 9) "You're Breathin' It" (Richard Hilton, Kilgore, Roth) – 3:46
 * 10) "Your Filthy Little Mouth" (Kilgore, Roth) – 3:02
 * 11) "Land's Edge" (Kilgore, Roth) – 3:12
 * 12) "Night Life" (Walt Breeland, Paul Buskirk, Willie Nelson) – 3:35
 * 13) "Sunburn" (Kilgore, Roth) – 4:42
 * 14) "You're Breathin' It" [Urban NYC Mix] (Kilgore, Roth) – 4:13

Personnel
Musicians
 * David Lee Roth – lead vocals
 * Richard Hilton – keyboards, programming
 * Terry Kilgore – guitars
 * Steve Hunter – rhythm guitar (5)
 * John Regan – bass
 * Tony Beard – drums
 * Larry Aberman – drums
 * Ray Brinker – drums
 * Tawatha Agee – backing vocals
 * Robin Clark – backing vocals
 * Maryel Epps – backing vocals
 * Brenda White-King – backing vocals
 * Travis Tritt – co-lead vocals (6)
 * Mitchielous – rap (8)

Production and Technical
 * Nile Rodgers – producer
 * Gary Tole – recording, mixing
 * Jon Goldberger – additional engineer
 * Andrew Grassi – assistant engineer
 * George Marino – mastering at Sterling Sound (New York, NY)
 * Anthony Aquilato – drum technician
 * Artie Smith – drum technician, guitar technician
 * Ralph Legnini – guitar technician
 * Rudy Leiren – guitar technician
 * Budd Tunick – production coordinator
 * Michael Comiskey – art direction
 * Jonathan Shlafer – art direction
 * Joseph M. Volpicelli – art direction
 * Margo Chase – logo design, logo typography
 * Abel Rocha – illustration
 * Greg Gorman – photography
 * Paul Aresu – photography
 * Eddie Anderson – personal manager
 * Steve Barnett and Stewart Young at Hard To Handle Management – management

title: Your Filthy Little Mouth


text:
User:Nazdude

"Learn. Teach. Know." I like that. Its short, to the point and it expresses what Wikiuniversity is all about. I know from experience that anytime you teach a subject, it forces you to understand and know it better than before. Teaching is really the best way to learn.

title: User:Nazdude


text:
Talk:Derek Kenway

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Derek Kenway. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:59, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derek Kenway


text:
out on the tiles

Alternative forms

 * on the tiles

Prepositional phrase

 * 1)  Out for a night on the town.
 * "I've had a pint of bitter and now I'm feeling better and I'm out on the tiles." - Led Zeppelin, Out on the Tiles (1970).

Synonyms

 * on the town

Translations

 * Finnish: juhlimassa, kaupungilla
 * Spanish: de juerga, de marcha

title: out on the tiles


text:
User:JacquelineeeXYP

JacquelineeeXYP
I am a student on the Translation Studies MSc at the University of Edinburgh. University of Hogwarts

title: User:JacquelineeeXYP


text:
File:Matthew Hughes 2019.JPG

Summary
Photograph of the author Matthew Hughes taken by Locus editor Liza Groen Trombi at the 77th World Science Fiction Convention. This image was provided by Matthew Hughes and may be used with a credit to Liza Groen Trombi.

title: File:Matthew Hughes 2019.JPG


text:
Talk:Dieter Bohlen

Fair use rationale for Image:Dieterbohlen.jpg
Image:Dieterbohlen.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 02:20, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Just out of curiosity
What's the correct German phrase for "complete and utter bland hack"? Or is "schlockmeister" pretty close? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:15, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

Name
Dieter is a German Surname. Boleyn is a surname of a spouse of Henry VIII and the variant spellings include Bohlen. RCNesland (talk) 17:00, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dieter Bohlen


text:
Cryptography/More Simple Substitution Cyphers

Simple Shifts (A->B B->C, A->Z Z->Y)
With simple shifts, A could equal any of the other 25 letters of the alphabet, eg C, and B could equal the letter before or after that, in this case it would have to be D.

For example, ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAB

would mean that Z = B and O = Q and "Wikiversity" would become "Ykmkxgtukva."

Here's another example:

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY

In the above cypher, each letter now equals its preceding letter. B now equals A, P now equals O and "Wikiversity" has become "Vhjhudqrhsx."

Number Substitution (A=1 Z=26)

Reverse Substitution (A->Z B->Y...Z->A)


text:
Talk:Diana Bryant

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:Diana Bryant


text:
Sudath Manjula

L. H. Sudath Manjula (born 10 December 1972) is a Sri Lankan politician and Member of Parliament.

Manjula was born on 10 December 1972. He was educated at Ruwanwella Rajasinghe Maha Vidyalaya.

Manjula was a member of Ruwanwella Divisional Council. He was arrested in December 2013 over an alleged assault of a Department of Archaeology employee. He contested the 2020 parliamentary election as a Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance electoral alliance candidate in Kegalle District and was elected to the Parliament of Sri Lanka.

title: Sudath Manjula


text:
ABC (Cuba)

The ABC was a Cuban political organization founded in 1931 in opposition to the government of Gerardo Machado. It used a hierarchy of clandestine cells, in which each member would oversee a cell on the next level. The first cell was labeled A; the next tier B; then C, and so forth.

The ABC gained prominence quickly through dissemination of propaganda and through acts of terrorism. The group accepted the invitation of US Ambassador Sumner Welles to participate in a new government, only to be forced out of power in less than a month, becoming again an opposition group during the One Hundred Days Government.

Founding
The ABC was founded in October 1931 by a group that had been meeting for a year in the office of Dr. Juan Andrés Lliteras. The most prominent member was Joaquín Martínez Saenz. Jorge Mañach and Francisco Ichaso were soon invited to join. The group's membership was predominantly middle class, including students and professionals.

Cells had about seven members, each of whom could lead a cell on the tier below. Members of the organization knew only their leader and the cell below them. The system of alphabetical lettering of cells from tier to tier gave the organization its name.

A sequence of numbers along with the letter identified each individual member. The members of cell A were numbered A1, A2, A3, etc. They gave their number as the first digit used in the next cell; the cell led by A3 would have members B31, B32, B33, etc.

Terrorism
The organization took credit for numerous terrorist attacks like assassinations and bombings. They targeted police officers and soldiers, and also made several high-profile killings, including Senate President Clemente Vázquez Bello. The ABC reportedly orchestrated a plan to kill Machado by bombing Vazequez Bello's funeral, but failed due to a last-minute change of cemetery.

In early 1932 the government created a secret police force called the Porra, which acted against the opposition with no less violence. This repression further weakened the Machado government and enhanced the ABC's standing.

The ABC maintained close contact with Cuba's radical student group, the Directorio Estudiantil Universitario. Student leader Eduardo Chibás wrote that students sometimes carried out the bombing missions, with the ABC providing funding and equipment, and also taking credit.

Manifesto and ideology
In 1932, the ABC issued a Program Manifesto, written predominantly by Martínez Saenz, Mañach, and Ichaso. The Manifesto called for a range of reforms, including women's suffrage, worker's rights (unions, eight-hour day, right to strike, pensions), the elimination of latifundios through taxation, and the creation of cooperatives. It also called for the creation of a Cuban National Bank.

Though wide-ranging, the ABC's program has been described as more pragmatic or realistic than those of other opposition groups at the time. The ABC was sometimes criticized (especially by the Communist Party of Cuba) as fascist, elitist, or crypto-imperialist. The British Ambassador John J. Broderick related his "surprise to hear university professors and lawyers and doctors of education and intelligence attempt to justify the nightly bombings in the capital and its surroundings, on the grounds that they serve to keep alive amongst the people a spirit of uneasiness and revolt until comprehensive plans have been prepared for a series of systematic direct attacks on the machinery of the Government."

The ABC itself declared its opposition to both communism and fascism. Its green banner contrasted notably with the gray, black, and blue colors of contemporary European right-wing groups, and its logo inspired by the Jewish star was intended to connote persecution.

Regime changes of 1933–1934
By early 1933 the ABC had reached its peak popularity, and its green flag was reportedly flown widely.

Apparently contrary to its stance against American interventionism, the ABC accepted a seat at the table in negotiations with American ambassador Sumner Welles, prompting the creation of a more rigidly anti-interventionist splinter group called ABC Radical. ABC's participation gave credibility to the negotiations, and by twice threatening to withdraw the organization was able to effect release of its imprisoned members, thanks to pressure by Welles on Machado. Welles wrote of the ABC in a telegram to Washington on 1 July 1933, "the representatives of that organization are both intelligent and well-disposed and I am hopeful that for some weeks at least the organization can be kept in line."

When, amidst a general strike in Havana, Welles succeeded in pressuring Machado to resign, the ABC requested four cabinet positions in the new government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada. It got two: Martínez Saenz as Secretary of the Treasury, and Carlos Saladrigas y Zayas as Secretary of Justice.

The Céspedes government was displaced by the Sergeants' Revolt of 4 September 1933. One of the plotters, Fulgencio Batista, was an ABC member, but had not secured the help of his comrades in the government.

In November 1933 the ABC participated in an unsuccessful revolt against the One Hundred Days Government headed by Ramon Grau. Despite the chaos of the times, many groups including ABC Radical, the Communist Party, and eventually the armed forces under Batista fought on the side of the government. The rebels retreated to Atarés Castle, where they held out for a few hours then surrendered. This defeat, and the ABC's confused explanation of its motives for the revolt, dealt a permanent blow to the group's credibility.

Decline and disbandment
The ABC continued as a political party but saw its influence steadily dwindle. The group took part in the Constitutional Assembly of 1940, along with other several parties of the time. It disbanded in 1952, after a new coup by Batista.

Numismatic connection
In 1934 a new silver peso was introduced. Secretary of the Treasury Saenz was a member of ABC and suggested it be named after the group. Since then collectors have used that term for the coin.

News

 * Arthur Evans. “Rioters in Havana Shoot ‘Porristas’: 60 Are Slain”. Chicago Tribune. 14 August 1933, p. 1.
 * Arthur Evans. "Cuba is Terrorized Anew: Troops Battle Rioting Mobs in Several Cities: Uprising Reported in Ranks of Army". Chicago Tribune. 21 September 1933, p. 1.
 * "Revolt Flares Anew in Cuba; Bomb Havana". Chicago Tribune (via New York Times). 9 November 1933.
 * Edmund A. Chester. "Retaliation in Cuba is Feared: ABC Leaders, Beset in Sunday's Parade by Machine Gunners, Expected to Strike; 15 Dead". Prescott Evening Courier (AP), 18 June 1934, p. 1.

title: ABC (Cuba)


text:
нести

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1) to

Conjugation
participles

Derived terms

 * , an abstract counterpart of
 * , an abstract counterpart of
 * , an abstract counterpart of
 * , an abstract counterpart of
 * , an abstract counterpart of
 * , an abstract counterpart of

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to carry
 * 2)  to endure

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to bear, to bring, to carry
 * 2) to carry, to bear, to support
 * 3) to lay (eggs)
 * 4)  to talk (about), to babble on (about)
 * 5)  to be carried away, to go over the limits
 * 1)  to talk (about), to babble on (about)
 * 2)  to be carried away, to go over the limits
 * 1)  to be carried away, to go over the limits
 * 1)  to be carried away, to go over the limits
 * 1)  to be carried away, to go over the limits

Usage notes
Нести and понести are concrete verbs. Their counterpart, носить, is an abstract verb.

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to lay eggs

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to carry (on foot)

Usage notes

 * and are Ukrainian s. Their counterparts,  and, are s.

title: нести


text:
Systematic Phonics/Syllable types

There are six different types of syllables in the English language.

 * 1) Closed: ends in a consonant, has a short vowel sound
 * 2) Open: does not end in a consonant, has a long vowel sound
 * 3) Vowel-consonant-"E": The final "e" is silent and makes next vowel before it long.
 * 4) Diphthong: two vowels next to each other that together create a new sound and Vowel team: two pronounced vowels next to each other
 * 5) Consonant-"LE":
 * 6)  Power-"R": a syllable where a vowel is followed by the letter "r". The "r" takes control of the vowel and changes the way that it is pronounced.

Schwa: This can end in a consonant or not, and is an unemphasized syllable whose vowel is somewhat swallowed and pronounced like "uh". Other syllable types can be reclassified as a schwa based on experience of how a word is regionally pronounced.

In a dictionary, the schwa sound is written like an upside-down, lower case "e".

Long and short vowels
Long vowels are the same sound as the name of the vowel, "a", "e", "i", "o", and "u".

Short vowels are the hardest vowel sounds to pronounce in English. "ah" as in cat, "eh" as in pet, "ih" as in sit, "oo" as in not, "uh" as in nut.

title: Systematic Phonics/Syllable types


text:
Talk:Arthur Percy Mitchell

External links modified
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title: Talk:Arthur Percy Mitchell


text:
ไข่

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) egg; roe; spawn:
 * 2) roundish reproductive body.
 * 3) ovum.
 * 4) ovoid or round object: ball, bead, etc.
 * 5)  testicle.
 * 6)  zero (of score).

Verb

 * 1) to lay an egg or eggs.
 * 2)  to procreate or father through sexual intercourse.

title: ไข่


text:
Polymers/Properties

Tacticity (stereochemistry) can change the properties of the polymer.

Molecular mass

Number average (Mn) and weight average (Mw).

$$ M_n=\frac{\sum M_i N_i} {\sum N_i},\quad M_w=\frac{\sum M_i^2 N_i} {\sum M_i N_i},\quad M.W.D. or PDi=\frac{M_w} {M_n} $$

Glass transition (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm)

 * Tm: crystalline regions, first order transition
 * Tg: amorphous regions, second order transition

 * hydrogen bonding increases Tg
 * longer side chains lowers Tg
 * at or below Tg, the ratio of free volume to total volume of polymer is constant

title: Polymers/Properties


text:
Pleszew

Pleszew is a town in central Poland, in Greater Poland Voivodeship, about 90 km southeast of Poznań. It is the capital of Pleszew County. Population is 16,811 (2022).

History
The oldest permanent human settlements in the present-day Pleszew and its surroundings date back to the 9th century BC. The oldest known mention of Pleszew, already as a town, comes from a 1283 document of - in the document of Duke and future King of Poland Przemysł II of the Piast dynasty. In the following centuries it was a private town owned by Polish nobility, located in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown. King John I Albert in the privilege of 1493 permitted the organization of two weekly markets and two annual fairs. In the early 16th century, there were nine craft guilds in the town. Pleszew was a local center of Reformation. In the 18th century, one of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through Pleszew and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland traveled that route numerous times. The 1st Polish Infantry Regiment was stationed in the town in 1792 before it was relocated to Parczew. During the Second Partition of Poland, in 1793, Pleszew was annexed by Prussia. After the successful Greater Poland uprising of 1806, it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw, before it was re-annexed by Prussia in 1815. It was an important center of the unsuccessful Polish Greater Poland uprising (1848). In the following decades, to resist Germanisation, Poles founded various organizations, including agricultural, industrial and educational societies, the Cooperative Bank (Bank Spółdzielczy), a printing house, scout troops and a local branch of the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society. In the second half of the 19th century, new industrial factories were established.

In October 1918, a few weeks before Poland regained independence, local Poles began preparations for an uprising, which aim was to reintegrate the town along with the region of Greater Poland with soon to be reborn Poland. Many inhabitants took part in the Greater Poland uprising (1918–19), and seven inhabitants were also killed in the Polish–Soviet War in 1919–1920. The Poles took control of the town in January 1919. Within the interwar Second Polish Republic the local insurgent unit was transformed into a full-fledged infantry regiment of the Polish Army. The 70th Infantry Regiment of the Polish Army was stationed in Pleszew since 1921.

On the day of the German invasion of Poland (World War II), on September 1, 1939, Germany unsuccessfully air raided Polish military barracks, killing 13 civilians instead. Wehrmacht troops entered the town a week later. During the German occupation of Poland, the Polish population was subject to mass arrests, executions and expulsions. Shortly after capturing the town, the Germans established a prison for Polish people in the town. On September 28, 1939, the Germans looted the local museum. During the Intelligenzaktion, in October 1939, the Germans executed 7 Poles in the Boreczek forest. Another 68 Poles were killed in the prison, and 8 Poles were murdered at the Gestapo station. Nevertheless, the Polish resistance movement in Pleszew was organized already in October 1939. Polish underground press issued in Ostrów Wielkopolski was distributed in Pleszew, and local Polish teachers organized secret Polish schooling. In 1940, the Germans expelled 155 Poles, mostly owners of shops and workshops with entire families, and their enterprises were then handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy. Poles expelled from other villages in the region were sent as slave labour to new German colonists in the town's vicinity, and there was also a forced labour camp in the town in 1944–1945. The Germans also destroyed the gravestone of Polish insurgents fallen in 1919. Shortly before retreating, on January 21, 1945, the Germans carried out a massacre of Poles in the town. The town was captured by the Soviets in January 1945, and was soon restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which then stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Some resistance members were persecuted by the communists in the following years. The devastated gravestone of Polish insurgents was rebuilt in 1947.

In August 1980, workers of the local automatic lathe factory joined the nationwide anti-communist strikes, which led to the foundation of the "Solidarity" organization.

In 1983 the 700th anniversary of Pleszew was celebrated, in reference to the first known historical mention of the town in 1283.

Sights
Among the historic sights of Pleszew are the Market Square (Rynek) with the Town Hall (Ratusz), the, the churches of Beheading of Saint John the Baptist, of Saint Florian and of the Holy Savior, and other historic buildings, including headquarters of historic organizations, townhouses and schools. There also numerous memorials at the sites of killings of Poles carried out by the Germans during the occupation of Poland.

Notable people

 * Agnieszka (Lipska) Baranowska (1819–1890), Polish playwright and poet, wrote several plays for this town's local theater
 * Moses Samuel Zuckermandl (1836–1917), Czech-German rabbi, lived here
 * Stefan Pawlicki (1839–1916), Polish Catholic priest, philosopher, historian of philosophy; lived here
 * Teodor Jeske-Choiński (1854–1920), Polish intellectual, writer and historian, literature critic
 * Hugo Leichtentritt (1874–1951), German-Jewish musicologist and composer, born here
 * Emil Jarrow (Javorzynski) (1876–1959), world touring vaudeville magician and comedian, born here
 * Hanna Suchocka (born 1946), first female Prime Minister of Poland, born here
 * Sergiusz Prusak (born 1979), Polish footballer, born here
 * Maciej Piaszczyński (born 1989), Polish international speedway rider, born here

Twin towns — Sister cities
Pleszew is twinned with:
 * Morlanwelz
 * Spangenberg (1997)
 * Saint-Pierre-d'Oléron

title: Pleszew


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/mylnikov.org

Links

 * find-wifi.mylnikov.org resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

 * mylnikov.org resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 3 additions.


text:
Rättvik Arena

Rättvik Arena is an indoor bandy venue and event arena for music and culture in Rättvik, Dalarna County, Sweden, which officially opened on 13 June 2010 with performances by music artists like Kalle Moraeus and Ola Svensson. The arena was completed already by November 2009.

It was originally planned to be taken into use for the 2009/2010 season.

title: Rättvik Arena


text:
File:JulienDubuqueRendering.png

Summary
I am updating a terrible rendition of this same image that currently resides on the Julien Dubuque page.
 * Other information:

title: File:JulienDubuqueRendering.png


text:
Atomic structure

Atomic theory
An Atom is a small part of an element that takes part in chemical reactions. It is made up of three subatomic structures called Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons. Subatomic structures: __________________________________     Particle:               Charge:              Mass: Proton                    +1                1 *u Neutron                    0                1 *u Electron                  -1              1 / 1836*u Positron                  +1. 1 / 1836*u The Nucleus, in the center of the atom, consists of protons and neutrons. Orbiting around the nucleus are the electrons.

Atomic Structure
The nucleus, in the center of an atom, consists of protons and neutrons. Orbiting around the nucleus are the electrons. Each unique element has an Atomic Number equal to the number of protons it contains. There are 94 naturally occurring elements (1-94) and others which have been artificially created (95+..) Each element has an Atomic Weight for the most commonly found isotope. Atomic Weight = number of protons + number of neutrons; see: The Periodic table. In a stable uncharged atom the number of electrons will equal the number of protons. If the number of electrons is changed the atom will become ionized and gain either a positive (fewer electrons) or negative (greater electrons) charge.

Isotopes
The same element can exist in different forms, each form having the same atomic number, but different mass numbers. These forms are called isotopes. Isotopes that cannot decay during a defined period are called stable isotopes. And isotopes that can decay during a defined period are called unstable (or radioactive) isotopes. For example : 1              2                        3            1H             1H                       1H Protium. Deuterium. Tritium.

Tritium is an unstable isotope of hydrogen.

In accordance with the Bohr Model, electrons are considered to move around the nucleus in fixed shells (orbits), at various energy levels. These levels may be designated K L M N shells (or 1 2 3 4 orbits). The first level contains only 2 electrons. The second level can hold 6 electrons. The number of maximum electrons that can occupy one shell is defined by the formula of 2nî or 2n square, where n is the number of the shell.

When the electrons are excited, they can transfer between the shells. As we move away from the nucleus, the energy levels increase. Electrons have their own energy and the energy increases with increasing the n value or orbit.

Excited state of atom
The configuration of electrons occupying the least amount of space (in the Bohr model) is called the ground state. But when electrons are excited (by getting electricity, heat), they jump to a higher level.

This condition of the atom is called an excited state. When the electrons return to the ground state they give off energy.

Levels and sublevels
All energy levels contain sublevels known as s p  d  f.

S sub level can contain 2 electrons. (One pair.)

P can contain 6 electrons. (Three pairs.)

D can contain 10 electrons. (Five pairs.)

F can contain 14 electrons. (Seven pairs.)

The first shell has only the sublevel s and therefore has only 2 electrons The second shell has both the sublevel s & p and can hold 8 electrons The third shell has the sublevel s,p & d and can hold 18 electrons The fourth and the last shell has the sublevel s,p,d & f and can hold 32 electrons.

Orbital

 * The regions around a nucleus where the probability of finding an electron of a particular energy level is highest are called orbitals.
 * An Orbital can hold only two electrons. They are spinning opposite ways. They are called orbital pairs. 'n' represents principal quantum number or simply the number of the shell. So nth shell contains n^2 number of orbitals hence 2*n^2 number of electrons.
 * The shape of orbital depends on the sublevel.

Valence

 * Valence electrons revolve in valence shells.
 * Electrons that can enter into a reaction are only at the last level.
 * These electrons are called valence electrons. The maximum number

of valence electrons is 8. The Valence determines how many electrons the atom has to borrow or lend. All parts of atoms except the last orbit are called a kernel. Examples:. .                 . N. The dotted formula of the nitrogen. .
 * The electron dot formula represents the valence electrons.

Ionization energy
Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to remove or add an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. Ionization energy depends on the number of protons in the nucleus and the shielding (screening) of the inner electrons.

title: Atomic structure


text:
Talk:David Chudnovsky (politician)

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title: Talk:David Chudnovsky (politician)