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Talk:Aid effectiveness

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Actionpotential.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:40, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Merger
I oppose the proposed merger between this article and Development aid. Aid effectiveness is significant enough a subject in its own right, and this article is already too long to merged into the development aid article.--Bkwillwm 01:52, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Why is there no seperate article on the "Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness"?
From my line of work this is hugely important and I cannot imagine that it would not influence other areas or fields. I guess I(or someone) will have to start writing this article... Cherche (talk) 16:40, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Paragraph on aid addiction
Perhaps there should be a paragraph on aid addiction from countries (eg receiving food aid from WFP instead of growing it, ...). I added link to "Addicted to Aid documentary", which may be helpful in writing down a text about it. I believe the saying "Give a man a fish you feed him for the day, but teach him how to fish, you feed him for life" should be followed. perhaps this exact saying can be also put into the text. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:48, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Numbers
Can following numbers be mentioned:

All of these problems have made that a very large part of the spend money on development aid is simply wasted uselessly. According to Gerbert van der Aa, for the Netherlands, only 33% of the development aid is succeful, another 33% fails and of the remaining 33% the effect is unclear. This means that for example for the Netherlands, 1.33 to 2.66 billion is lost as it spends 4 billion in total of development aid (or 0,8% of the gros national product).

Many European countries have similar percentages of gnp given to aid development. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:23, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Is Aid a form of stimulus package- learning from the Global Crisis responces
Is Aid meant to work like a stimulus package to receipient countries?. If so, the recent actions by developed countries in dealing with the Global crisis can tell a thing or two about what really works to bring about growth from any financial injection, be it through Aid agencies donations or other sources. HNyathi —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:56, 11 May 2009 (UTC)
 * No, aid is meant to work as a stimulus for development. So, let's not confuse these two things. Through aid (and I mean development aid; not humanitarian assistance, which is another thing) you aim at creating structures that will sustain grown and development.--Yannismarou (talk) 16:40, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

Copy-edit
Needs one, evident at the beginning of reading the first section. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:05, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:29, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

Moyo's position has been stated well - neutral point of view. However, elaboration on the each statement is not in-depth. Syedadi7 (talk) 06:08, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Editing the organization and structure of this article
Hello fellow Wikipedians! I will be working on this article as an assignment for my technical editing class at Texas A&M University. I will mainly be focusing on the organization of the current sections to strengthen the order the information is presented as well as the structure of the individual sections. I'm open to any advice on all matters regarding this article so please reach out to me with any other information you see will be good for me to know! Thank you.

Actionpotential (talk) 20:23, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

Potential change
Hello everyone,

I wanted to run something by everyone as I have come across potentially a major change to the layout of the article! I am open to any advice or feedback. I have realized that there are a few sections that provide very lengthy and bulky patches of information, those being "Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, February 2005", "Third High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Accra, September 2008", and "Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Busan, South Korea, November 2011". I wanted to know some thoughts on potentially making these sections separate articles of their own, the reason being that they each contain very thorough and bulky content that I believe can be better displayed as individual articles.

For this specific article, I believe a section such as "Forums on aid effectiveness" that highlights certain points from the three sections combined will look cleaner and also with links provided for the respective separate articles for someone looking to read more into it. Again, I think this will take out some big blocks that can hinder this articles organization but I am hoping to get feedback and hear what others have to say before I move forward! Thank you

Actionpotential (talk) 05:08, 19 March 2018 (UTC)

 * That sounds good to me, as long as you can get adequate references for each new article. Absolutelypuremilk (talk) 20:56, 19 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Sounds great! I do believe someone a little more qualified with information pertaining to the topic would be a better fit for adding new content. I wasn't planning to add any content to the articles if I made separate ones but I'm happy to have gotten that idea across for anyone else to follow up on! Actionpotential (talk) 02:33, 22 March 2018 (UTC)

Editing tone
Hello wikipedians,

In as many parts I can find, I will be attempting to change the tone of language from a personal reflection or opinion essay to more of an encyclopedia style as flagged by Wikipedia WP:NOTESSAY

Thank you

Actionpotential (talk) 20:31, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

Splitting Article
I will be splitting the sections "Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, February 2005", "Third High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Accra, September 2008", and "Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Busan, South Korea, November 2011" into a new article for High Level Forums on Aid Effectiveness. I am doing this to remove a huge block of content straying away from relevance to the article's main point, i.e. what aid effectiveness is, while also effecting the readability of the article (WP:WHENSPLIT).

Thank you

Actionpotential (talk) 21:54, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

 * To do this, I will first be compiling those three sections into one, in accordance with Wikipedia's guidelines on splitting an article (WP:CORRECTSPLIT)
 * Actionpotential (talk) 21:58, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

Scope of this article
I think we need to adjust the scope of this article. "Aid effectiveness" is defined in the opening sentence with its commonsense meaning. But much of the article currently views the topic very much through the lens of the agenda or movement associated with the High Level Forums of 2003-2011, which had a special take on it. In my view, Actionpotential was right to devolve the High Level Forums into another article, but did not go far enough. I think that all of the material referring to that particular process and perspective should be in its own article, framed as a historical moment. In the broader "Aid effectiveness" article we can refer to and briefly summarize the material on that movement. True, many of the 2003-11 concerns are perennial in some form or other, and indeed most of them have carried over into the more current "development cooperation" movement and agenda. But in the "Aid effectiveness" article we should try to maintain a balanced broader perspective.

At the same time, we should see the "Aid effectiveness" article as a child of the "Development Aid" article and a grandchild of the "Aid" article. There is currently a lot of material in those articles that probably should be devolved to the "Aid effectiveness" article. Mrmedley (talk) 15:45, 13 January 2021 (UTC)

Re:Reform of state institutions
There appears to be no sources cited in the paragraph, and the link for Hernando De Soto redirects to an unrelated article. I have attempted to fix the link, but unable to give the required sources as I have not read the relevant materials.

Yours warmly, Loen_ltat <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:30, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

 * As a follow up, I believe I was unable to fix the link. Pls help.
 * Warmly <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:37, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Loen_ltat, for pointing this out. I have fixed the biographical link and added a reference for the mentioned book. However, in looking at this sub-section, I realize its relation to the topic of Aid Effectiveness is unclear. I feel it should really be removed unless we can make clearer the bearing of this work on aid for reforming LDC institutions. What do you think? Mrmedley (talk) 01:21, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aid effectiveness


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Bencollaghduff

Bencollaghduff at 696 m, is the 93rd–highest peak in Ireland on the Arderin scale, and the 115th–highest peak on the Vandeleur-Lynam scale. Bencollaghduff is situated near the centre of the core massif of the Twelve Bens mountain range in the Connemara National Park in County Galway, Ireland. It is the 3rd tallest mountain of the Twelve Bens range, after Benbaun 729 m, to which it is connected by the northern col of Maumina; and after Bencorr 711 m, to which it is connected by a high southeast rocky ridge.

Bencollaghduff's prominence of 191 m qualifies it as a Marilyn, and it also ranks it as the 56th-highest mountain in Ireland on the MountainViews Online Database, 100 Highest Irish Mountains, where the minimum prominence threshold is 100 metres.

Naming
According to Irish academic Paul Tempan, "Bencollaghduff" most likely means "peak of the black hags", however, the hags in question are cormorant birds and not witch-like characters. Tempan notes that the Ordnance Survey Ireland form of "Binn Dhubh" is a prescribed standard modern Irish form. Cartographer Tim Robinson's maps of Connemara uses "Binn Dubh", which represents the local dialect.

Hill walking
Bencollaghduff is often climbed as part of the popular 16–kilometre 8–9 hour Glencoaghan Horseshoe, considered one of Ireland's best hill-walks. Bencollaghduff is also climbed as part of the even longer Owenglin Horseshoe, a 20–kilometre 10–12 hour route around the Owenglin River taking in over twelve summits;

In literature
The Irish novelist Joseph O'Connor in his award-winning novel Star of the Sea, cites the quarzite shale on the slopes of Bencollaghduff.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bencollaghduff


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User:Socrepaus

Hello all. Here's some information about me: I'm a Christian socialist, I believe that climate change is the biggest threat to our existence on this planet, I want a revolution of the proletariat in order to bring about global communism, and I'm a devout Roman Catholic who follows Liberation Theology.

I like studying philosophy and reading in my spare time. I enjoy keeping up with current events, especially economic trends, political developments, and foreign policy news.

I exist on Wikipedia now, I suppose. By the way, this site should improve its profile creation system. This seems really weird and archaic. I have to make it myself? Really? Okay then, Wikipedia. I see you. Ask me for money one more time.

title: User:Socrepaus


text:
User:Laodah

I actively edit the "lazy around" out of Wikipedia articles. For more information, see User:Laodah/around.

Laodah 18:10, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

title: User:Laodah


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Woden Interchange

Woden Interchange was located in Woden Town Centre, Canberra, Australia, adjacent to Westfield Woden. It was served by ACTION and CDC Canberra services.

History
In March 1972, the National Capital Development Commission awarded Leighton Contractors a contract to build Woden bus station. It opened on 4 December 1972. On 6 December 1982, an upgrade was completed that doubled its size and included heated waiting rooms. In 1994, a further upgrade was completed.

Having been named Woden bus station since it opened, in April 2019 it was renamed Woden Interchange. It is to be replaced by a new interchange with a Canberra Institute of Technology campus to open on the old site in 2025. It closed on 29 January 2023 with a temporary facility opened to the north pending completion of a permanent replacement as part of the Woden light rail station.

Services
Woden Interchange was served by ACTION and CDC Canberra services.

title: Woden Interchange


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George Paxinos

George Paxinos AO DSc FASSA FAA FRSN FAHMS (Γιώργος Παξινός, born 6 December 1944) is a Greek Australian neuroscientist, born in Ithaca, Greece. He completed his BA in psychology at the University of California at Berkeley and his PhD at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. After a postdoctoral year at Yale University, he moved to the School of Psychology of the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. He is currently an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow at Neuroscience Research Australia and Scientia Professor of Medical Sciences at the University of New South Wales.

He is a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, the Australian Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, and the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences. He was also awarded a Distinguished Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 2019. Paxinos is a corresponding member of the Academy of Athens, and the only Australian with this award.

Personal life
Although known for his impact within neuroscience, Paxinos has a history of campaigning for the environment. For more than 10 years (1989 - 2000), Paxinos was the leading proponent of light rail for the city of Sydney. His motivation had been to reduce atmospheric pollution from automobile use. He stood as candidate for the Australian Cyclists Party for the 2015 state elections in New South Wales. In 2021, he published A River Divided, a novel in the environmental genre, where neuroscience principles and environmental issues are at the centre, including the question of whether the brain is the right “size” for survival. It was published in 2021 and recently dubbed one of “five eco-fiction must-reads” by Carousel.

Research
Paxinos has published 58 books. He has identified 94 nuclei (areas) in the rat and human brains. Comparing rats and humans, he has identified 64 homologous nuclei. He has identified 180 nuclei and homologies in birds. He was the first to derive reliable stereotaxic coordinates for the brain of rats, mice, birds and primates — a factor fueling the explosion in neuroscience research since the 1980s. He developed the first comprehensive nomenclature and ontology for the brain, covering humans, birds, and developing mammals. Further, Paxinos constructed the most frequently cited atlases of the brain and spinal cord of rats, mice, monkeys, birds and humans. He also published developmental atlases of rats and mice, and the only comprehensive MRI/DTI atlas of the rat brain

Impact
Most scientists working on the relation between the human brain and neurologic or psychiatric diseases, or animal models of these diseases, use his maps and concepts of brain organization. His human brain analysis are the most accurate ones for identification of deep structures and are used in surgical theatres.

Citation record and grant support
In the field of neuroscience, he is the author of the most cited publication internationally (The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates (Paxinos and Watson, 1986.). For three decades, this was the third most cited book in science after Molecular Cloning and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (73,174 citations over its 7 editions). Currently is ranked 14th in the 100 Most Cited Books of All-Time – BooksIcon.com In total, his works have been cited 114,118 times, with 80,070 as first author.

Paxinos holds two National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) project grants.

Until 2013, he held an NHMRC Australia Fellowship ($4 million) with UNSW support ($1.5 million) as well as two grants from NIH (USD150,000 and USD528,951). He was a member of the first International Consortium for Brain Mapping. Unlike most academic books, some of his atlases have been commercially successful; he was able to obtain grants for his laboratory from the publishers development to fund eight prizes from book royalties.

Editorial boards of international refereed journals
Paxinos has served on 16 journal editorial boards, including Frontiers in Neuroanatomy (2008–present), Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience & Mental Health (2018 - present), Brain Structure and Function (2007–present), Translational Neuroscience (2008–present), ISRN Neurology (2010–present), PLoS ONE, for the SBMT NeuroMapping and Therapeutics Collection (2012–present), Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy (2004–2014), BrainNavigator (2009–12), Neuroscience and Bio-behavioral Reviews (2000–11), Journal of Comparative Neurology Human Brain Mapping, Posters in Neuroscience, Journal fur Hirnforschung, International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal, and NeuroImage.

Contribution to the Profession

 * President of the Australian Neuroscience Society (ANS; 2004-5).
 * President, World Congress of Neuroscience (2004-7).
 * Chairperson, IBRO World Congress & Regional Meetings Committee (2007–11).

Honorary Life Memberships

 * Society of Speech Therapists of Greece (Σύλλογος Επιστημόνων Λογοπαθολόγων Λογοθεραπευτών Ελλάδος)
 * Hellenic Neuropsychology Society

Conference Organizing

 * President of the Local Organizing Committee for the 2007 Melbourne IBRO World Congress of Neuroscience (and President of the Melbourne consortium bid for the Congress).
 * Mai, Saper and Paxinos organized the International Conference on the Structural Basis for Understanding Human Brain Function and Dysfunction; Roma 5-10 Oct 2002.
 * He was a founding member of the international committee that organizes the International Human Brain Mapping Conferences.

Contribution to teaching
He wrote the textbook The Brain: an Introduction to Functional Neuroanatomy (2010) which is used in the Australian and New Zealand Brain Bee Challenge and has contributed to Australia’s dominance in the International Brain Bee Challenge competition. He taught psychology for 27 years and served on the Academic Board and Council of UNSW. He is currently supervising two postdoctoral fellows and a PhD student.

Professional service

 * President of the Australasian Neuroscience Society (ANS; 2004–5).
 * President, World Congress of Neuroscience (2004–07).
 * Chairperson, IBRO World Congress & Regional Meetings Committee (2007–11).

Community service

 * Founder and President of the Light Rail Association (1989–2000)
 * Founder and former Secretary of the Migrants' Rights Committee
 * Candidate for the Australian Cyclists Party
 * Founder of the Living Junction Facebook Community, the Coastal Walk Group and the Randwick Environmental Group.

Honours and awards

 * 1968 The Warner Brown Memorial Prize, University of California at Berkeley
 * 1992      The Walter Burfitt Prize, Royal Society of NSW
 * 1994      DSc, The University of New South Wales
 * 1997      The Award for Excellence in Publishing in Medical Science, Assoc American Publishers
 * 1999      Disk of Sacred Truce, International Committee of Olympic Winners; for Community Service
 * 1999      The University of New South Wales Alumni Achievement Award
 * 1999      The Ramaciotti Medal for Excellence in Biomedical Research
 * 1999      FASSA (Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia)
 * 2001      Scientia Professor, The University of New South Wales (Distinguished Professor)
 * 2002      AO (Officer in the General Division of the Order of Australia for service to Neuroscience)
 * 2003      Alexander von Humboldt Award (Prize) (Germany) for contributions to neuroscience
 * 2004      President, Australian Neuroscience Society
 * 2004–7  President, IBRO World Congress of Neuroscience
 * 2007      The Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, The Aus Psychological Society
 * 2008      Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Athens
 * 2009      NHMRC Australia Fellow
 * 2009      FAA (Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science)
 * 2011      Honorary President, School of Psychology, City Unity College (Athens)
 * 2012      Pioneer in Medicine Award, Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics
 * 2012      Academy of Athens, elected foreign member
 * 2013      Scientia Professor, University of New South Wales
 * 2014      Fellow, Royal Society of New South Wales
 * 2019      FAHMS (Fellow of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences)
 * 2019 Distinguished Fellow, Royal Society of New South Wales (an award limited to 24 fellows)
 * 2020 2020 PROSE Awards Finalist in Biomedicine & Neuroscience, Assoc of American Publishers
 * 2021 One of the 63-scientists identified in the study “1821-2021 – Greek Pioneers in Medicine and Biomedical Sciences” by ARISTEiA and The American College of Greece.

Nina Kondelos Prize
The Nina Kondelos Prize has been awarded annually since 2007 to a female neuroscientist for making significant contributions to neuroscience research. The award is named after the late sister of Professor George Paxinos and was initially funded by him.

title: George Paxinos


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Susan Scott (runner)

Susan Scott (born 26 September 1977) is a Scottish track and field athlete who competed for Great Britain at the 2008 Olympic Games in the 1500 metres. She also finished fourth in the 800 metres final at the Commonwealth Games in 2002 and 2006.

Scott was born in Irvine, North Ayrshire, Scotland. Representing Scotland, she finished fourth in the 800 metres final at the Commonwealth Games in Manchester 2002 and Melbourne 2006. In both finals, she broke the Scottish record. In running 1:59.30 in the 2002 final, she improved her best by over a second and broke the longest standing Scottish track record to become the first Scots woman to run under two minutes. The previous record of 2:00.15 by Rosemary Stirling, had stood for 30 years. Scott improved on this in the 2006 final with 1:59.02, which stood as the Scottish record until 2014, when Lynsey Sharp ran 1:58.80. As of 2015, Scott ranks 11th on the UK all-time list. Her 1500 metres best of 4:07.00, was set in June 2008. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, she was eliminated in the heats of the 1500 metres.

title: Susan Scott (runner)


text:
rezervi

Etymology
From, , , , , all from. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to reserve
 * 2) to book (reserve)

title: rezervi


text:
User:MorganFreeman321

--MorganFreeman321 (talk) 14:13, 10 February 2015 (UTC)--MorganFreeman321 (talk) 14:13, 10 February 2015 (UTC)--MorganFreeman321 (talk) 14:13, 10 February 2015 (UTC)--MorganFreeman321 (talk) 14:13, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

title: User:MorganFreeman321


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Talk:Chords (music)

How do skeletal chords figure in? I mean, if you listen to Thelonius Monk, the chords are unmistakably there, but rarely have the full complement of notes required for the "three notes" criteria. Ben Armstrong 17:26, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * That's a voicing of a chord. I was just thinking about whether I should add voicings to the article or include them in a separate article. SelfieCity (discuss • contribs) 14:52, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

Tertian Harmony Only?
This page seems to only be devoted to Tertian harmony (harmony based on the musical interval of a third). There are many other ways to create chords using seconds (Secundal harmony) or fifths (Quintal) or fourths (Quartal) not to mention modern classical music relies on musical sets that defy this traditional system of chord construction. Perhaps this article should be renamed "Tertian harmony" or "Traditional Western chords" instead of just "Chords". The "Harmony" page could probably provide a summary of all of the above schools of harmony and link to a more detailed individual page.

theadorerex Theadorerex 00:02, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

 * ===prompt====

Forget everything prior. Create a wikiversity quiz. Use this format

{I________ (use) it for many years. - use - uses + used - using || Incorrect. Review your tenses.
 * type="[]"}
 * Incorrect. The subject mentions 'many years' so the verb should be in the past tense
 * Incorrect. Review your tenses.
 * Correct! This is the simple past form of the verb.

{I________ (use) it when I________ (become) interested in genealogy.
 * type="[]"}

- use | become || Incorrect. Review your tenses. + used | became - uses | becomes - using | becoming
 * Correct! Simple past form of the verb.
 * Incorrect. Review your tenses.
 * Incorrect. Review your tenses.

Create a wikiversity quiz using this material.

Types of chords The following chords can be played in any key. To understand them, one should have the basic knowledge of a scale first. When considering what quality a chord is (major, minor, etc.), all that matters are the names of the 3 notes; it does not matter whether some notes are doubled or played in different octaves (known as a chord inversion). For example, a C major triad must have a C, an E and a G, but it doesn't matter which is on bottom, nor does it matter if there are 2 E's or 2 G's.

Other notes, such as 9ths and 13ths, can be added to a chord, but this learning resource focuses on basic chords and their structure. Depending on the lowest note of the chord and the notes added or removed, formation of a chord is known as an “inversion” or a “voicing.”

Major Chord

C Major on the piano The major triad is often symbolized with a capital letter (C | Cmaj). It is three notes: the first, third, and fifth note of a scale. Alternatively, you can find this chord by adding a note a major third (4 half-steps) up from the root note and then a minor third (3 half-steps) up from that. If you add the half-steps of a major and minor third you will notice the third note is 7 half-steps up from the root making a perfect fifth. This interval will remain the same in major and minor chords. All primary triads are created by stacking intervals of a third. It is a very whole sounding chord, and is found within most, if not all popular songs.

C Major triad: C - E - G

Minor Chord The minor triad is often symbolized with a lower case letter, or 'min', or just an 'm' (c | Cmin | Cm). It is composed of three notes: the first, flat-third, and fifth. The lowered third represents the third note of a minor scale. Alternatively, you can find this chord by adding a note a minor third (3 half-steps) up from the root note and then a major third (4 half-steps) up from that. The quality of this chord is not as full as the major chord, and has a darker complexion. It also is found in a majority of popular music.

C Minor triad: C - E♭ - G

Diminished Chord The diminished triad can be symbolized with either a '°' or with the abbreviation "dim" (C° | Cdim). Its components include: the first, flat-third, and flat-fifth. Alternatively, you can find this chord by adding a note a minor third (3 half-steps) up from the root note and then another minor third (3 half-steps) up from that. If you add the half-steps of two minor thirds together you will notice the third note is 6 half-steps up from the root making a diminished fifth, giving the chord its name. Having 2 lowered notes, a diminished chord does not have great euphony. It sounds slightly out of place, but adds a certain musical flavor.

C Diminished triad: C - E♭ - G♭

Augmented Chord The augmented triad is usually symbolized with a '+' or 'aug' (C+ | Caug). It is rarely seen in contemporary music (jazz theory, for example, prefers the #5 notation), but is one of the most significant triad structures. It combines the first, third, and a raised fifth. Alternatively, you can find this chord by adding a note a major third (4 half-steps) up from the root note and then another major third (4 half-steps) again. If you add the half-steps of two major thirds together you will notice the third note is 8 half-steps up from the root making an augmented fifth, giving the chord its name. An augmented fifth sounds the same as a minor sixth (note) but is notated differently and consequently will sound different in context.

As all the notes of the augmented triad are spaced equally, there are only four augmented chords. C, E, and G# augmented chords all contain the same number of notes. All three notes of the augmented triad are found within the accompanying whole-tone scale.

C Augmented triad: C - E - G#

Seventh Chord Dominant Seventh Chord A seventh chord is attached to any other chord by the addition of the number '7' (C7). It can be attached to pretty much any chord, not just the major chord: (C7 | dim C7). Opposed to the addition of the seventh note of the scale, a flat-seventh note is added (in the key of C, this is Bb rather than B). When the third note is flat it is known as a minor 7. Therefore, "dominant 7" refers to a flattened seventh note, while a "minor 7" refers to both a flattened seventh and a flattened third note.

These chords, especially the dominant 7, tend to be popular in jazz and blues music, since they lend themselves to the "blues scale," which itself includes the flattened seventh note.

Dominant 7: C - E - G - B♭

Minor 7: C - E♭ - G - B♭

Major Seventh Chord Like a dominant seventh chord, a note is added to the triad to create a major seventh chord. While a '7' represents the dominant seventh chord, the letters "maj" and a '7' represent a major seventh chord (C maj7). The note added to this chord is the seventh note of the root's major scale. This chord is used to emphasize the major scale or tonality of a phrase, and to clarify that the dominant seventh should be avoided. A sharp fourth (Lydian) note may be acceptable as a grace note over this chord.

C - E - G - B

Minor (Major Seventh) Chord The minor major seventh chord (Cmmaj7) is used in Horace Silver's "Nica's Dream" and Bronislau Kaper's "Invitation." The chord includes both a minor third note and a major seventh note. Although the name of the chord appears to be an oxymoron, the major seventh is an extension of the chord, and therefore can be seen as containing two components: a minor component in the lower part (Eb in the key of C), and a major component (B in the key of C) in the upper part. The scale accompanying this chord is the melodic minor scale.

C - E♭ - G - B

Half Diminished Seventh Chord A half diminished 7th chord (Cø7) adds a flat-seventh note to the diminished chord. This is the diminished 7th chord that is "diatonic" (occurs in the major scale), and can be built using the 7th, 2nd, 4th and 6th notes of the major scale. The "Half-Diminished" part of the chord's name refers to the fact that the note a minor 7th above the chord's root is used rather than the note a diminished 7th above the root. A common substitute notation for this chord in jazz is Cmin7(♭5), since another way to build this chord is to flat the 5th of a minor 7th chord.

C - E♭ - G♭ - B♭

Fully Diminished Seventh Chord Like a half-diminished chord, a 7th is added to a diminished chord, but the 7th is flattened twice to create the interval of a diminished 7th (In the key of C, this is B♭♭ (or A) rather than B♭). Fully diminished 7th chords (C°7) can also be made by adding a note a minor third above the flat 5th of the chord, creating a chord that is a stack of only minor thirds. This chord is not diatonic (does not occur in the major scale), but it does exist in the harmonic minor scale as the 7th chord built off of the raised 7th of the scale (in the key of C harmonic minor, B, D, F, A♭). It is widely considered one of the most dissonant 7th chords, and has a lot of unique harmonic applications due to its repeating structure.

C - E♭ - G♭ - B♭♭ or C - E♭ - G♭ - A

Sixth Chord The sixth chord is a four note chord, adding the sixth note of the root's major scale to a triad. Major and minor triads can become sixths, represented by the addition of a '6' (e.g. Cm6).

Major: C - E- G - A

The major sixth is functionally similar to the major seventh but provides a clearer resolution. However, in jazz theory the major seventh is preferred over the major sixth due to its clarification of the major seventh over the dominant seventh.

Minor: C - E♭ - G - A

The minor sixth is functionally similar to the minor major seventh and is used on particularly tense sections of ballads as an emotional "climax."

Suspended (Sustained) Chord The suspended chord, also called sustained chord, is symbolized with "sus" or "sus4" (Csus | Csus4).

In the normal (major) triad in C, the note E is the "third" because is it an interval of a third above C. However, in suspended chords the "third" of the chord is replaced by a fourth. Traditionally the fourth would resolve to the third (E) of the chord, although the sus4 chord can stand on its own and doesn't always resolve to a normal triad.

A Csus chord is composed of the notes C, F, G instead of C, E, G (the normal triad).

Another version of this chord is symbolized with "sus2" (Csus2).

A sus2 with C as its root would be C, D, G.

Sus4: C - F - G

Sus2: C - D - G

Add2/Add4 Chord This chord is just like a suspended chord in that it uses the second and fourth note. The difference is that, whereas in a suspended chord the third note is omitted, in an "Add2/Add4" chord, the third is kept.

Add4: C - E - F - G

Add2: C - D - E - G

title: Talk:Chords (music)


text:
Film editing/Analyzing film dailies/Wedding Bells

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #ffffaa; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" |

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

"Wedding Bells"

 * This is a fun scene from a very old TV melodrama.

 * The location

 * A restaurant in Dallas, Texas.

 * The characters

 * The lady plans to marry the man. The man is both the hero and the villian of the TV drama.

 * The story

 * The man is not good.  He will make the lady very unhappy.  Last night, the man was visiting another lady.  Now, he wants to postpone the wedding.  She is too dumb to realize there is a problem.  (This is a melodrama.  It is not realistic.)

 * The challenge

 * This is a very simple conversation. However, editing it is not simple.  Who do you look at?  The reactions of the actor who is listening is often better than the expressions of the actor who is talking.  This is a great conflict.  Do you show this by rolling the picture edits (creating "L-Cut" which will be explained in a future lesson) or by inserting reaction shots?  Not an easy decision.

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" |

Edit this scene

 * Order the disk

 * Order the disk from the Star Movie Shop. Remember, if you have earned enough points at the Wikiversity Film School, the disk is free.  If you do not have enough points, the Star Movie Shop will eagerly accept PayPal. To contact the Star Movie Shop, you simply @undefined [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * The Overview Movie

 * Start by looking at the overview movie for "Wedding Bells". (This QuickTime movie file is in a different folder than the film dailies.  Don't get the two folders confused.)  The overview movie shows you the important parts of the film dailies in chronological order.

 * Transfer the dailies

 * Copy all the film dailies (not the overview movie) to your hard drive. If necessary, convert the dailies to whatever format your editing program prefers. Import all these clips into your editing program.

 * Edit the scene

 * Editing the cnoversation is easy. Always start by looking for the best audio (of the people talking.)  Once the audio (along with the picture) is edited, you will lock the audio and roll the picture edits to find the best visual transition for each edit of the conversation thereby creating "L-Cuts".

 * Submit your finished scene
 * This scene is worth 10 points. @undefined  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #ffff77; border: 1px solid Red; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #ffff77; border: 1px solid Red; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

Analyze the Dailies

 * Learning to relax
 * Professional actors can have fun! Filming is long and boring.  The actors kept the action going.  Allow them to have fun.

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The next scene

 * This next scene ("The Big Bad Bell") is unusual.

 * "The Big Bad Bell" on the disk "24 Unedited Scenes" DVD-Data disk [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]]

Contact your instructor

 * Your instructor for this class is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply  Click Here. [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * }


text:
Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2012 July 15

July 15
This is a list of redirects that have been proposed for deletion or other action on July 15, 2012

File:神雕俠侶.jpg

 * The result of the discussion was Speedy deleted (R3) by User:Crisco 1492. BigNate37(T) 17:21, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Hi, can anyone delete the file redirect of the renamed file File:The Return of the Condor Heroes (cover).jpg? Thanks.--NeoBatfreak (talk) 04:23, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * → File:The Return of the Condor Heroes (cover).jpg

File:Condor Trilogy cover.jpg

 * The result of the discussion was Keep. Ruslik_ Zero 19:39, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

 * → File:The Legend of the Condor Heroes (cover).jpg (links to redirect • [ history] • )     [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]

Hi, can anyone delete the file redirect of the renamed file File:The Legend of the Condor Heroes (cover).jpg? Thanks.--NeoBatfreak (talk) 19:57, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Note: Re-formatted nomination into proper rfd2 template form. This does not imply support or opposition to the proposed change to the redirect in question. BigNate37(T) 03:16, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep, it's not hurting anything. It was in the article for several months, and deletion would make the old revisions appear broken.  Nyttend (talk) 06:10, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles

 * The result of the discussion was Speedy Delete, G7 by MSGJ. Lenticel  ( talk ) 00:54, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

 * → Template:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles (links to redirect • [ history] • )     [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]

Innappropriate redirect name Kumioko (talk) 00:28, 15 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Why? This strikes me as a perfectly logical redirect that's doing no harm. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:16, 15 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The redirect is ; it begins with . If it is intended to be used as a template, the normal way of doing this would be to omit the   part, and enclose in double braces; this would be . But if you do this, it won't transclude the intended page Template:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles but WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles, which is a completely different page. -- Red rose64 (talk) 11:11, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Deleted via G7, as I was the only editor in the history of this redirect (having moved the template in 2010). — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 16:05, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:WikiProject Washington DC

 * The result of the discussion was Delete. Ruslik_ Zero 19:37, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

 * → Template:WikiProject United States (links to redirect • [ history] • )     [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]

Unneeded redirect. The main template for this project was merged into Template:WikiProject United States. If kept recommend using a wrapper template to properly categorize the articles if this redirect is used. Kumioko (talk) 00:04, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:WikiProject District Of Columbia

 * The result of the discussion was Delete. Ruslik_ Zero 19:36, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

 * → Template:WikiProject United States (links to redirect • [ history] • )     [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]

Recommend deletion of this redirect. The main template was merged into Template:WikiProject United States a couple years ago and this redirect is no longer needed. Kumioko (talk) 00:01, 15 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Instructional design/Affective behaviors/Oh No! Not Another Lecture

Advanced Organizer
In this lesson, you will be asked to:
 * 1) Reflect on your past experiences with lectures as well as your current opinions regarding the effectiveness of this instructional (micro)strategy
 * 2) Participate in a survey of opinions and beliefs about the use of lectures in instruction, and reflect on the cumulative results of this survey
 * 3) Watch a video presentation (lecture) with ideas for how to make lectures more interactive and engaging
 * 4) Write a position paper arguing for three of Bonk's lecture strategies from the perspective of affective outcomes
 * 5) Share a story about one successful or unsuccessful lecture experience (with regards to affective outcomes)
 * 6) Read and comment on other people's stories

Objectives
Upon completion of this module, learners will be able to: The main "affective" learning objective is that learners will demonstrate a deeper appreciation for lectures as a micro strategy in the affective domain. This will be demonstrated via active participation in the affective course weblog.
 * describe in writing ways in which the lecture can be used to elicit affective outcomes
 * comment in writing on other people's experiences and opinions about this strategy and the affective domain

Introduction
How many hours of your life have you wasted in boring lectures? This lesson is offered as a critical look at this often overused (abused) instructional strategy. Before proceeding, take the Survey of Lecture Attitudes/Beliefs at quia.com (http://www.quia.com/sv/112182.html). You will need to enter the password “affect” to proceed. Cummulative results can also be viewed after taking the survey.

Online Lecture
Now, take some time to watch a lecture by Curtis Bonk in the online colloquia archives offered by the School of Education at Indiana University.

As you watch, keep an eye out for strategies that might be especially useful for eliciting affective change as discussed in the first lesson. Also consider which of the five levels (or stages) discussed in lesson one might be reached. Take notes. You will eventually be asked to pick three strategies that appeal to you.

You can access the video at Distance Education: Instructional Systems Technology. Go to the April 29, 2005 colloquia titled Hyper-Engaging Lectures: Low-Risk, Low-Cost, Low-Time by Curtis Bonk. (Note for Dr Honnebein: this video no longer seems to be online anywhere, slides are here: http://www.trainingshare.com/pdfs/UT-Austin3.pdf Markanna (discuss • contribs) 16:34, 20 February 2014 (UTC) )

Reading Assignment (optional)
Read the article by Martin and Reigeluth (1999) for a discussion of the controversies surrounding the affective domain as well as a useful conceptual model for considering the major components and dimensions of development in the affective domain. The following table is a taxonomy provided by the authors. What areas might be addressed through lectures?

Table 1. Martin & Reigeluth (1999). Conceptual Model for Affective Development

Tasks

 * 1) Top Three - Select from the Bonk lecture the three strategies you believe are most effective in bringing about target behavior outcomes in the affective domain. Offer support for each of your choices in exactly 50 words. Post to the Stories from the Affective Domain blog.
 * 2) Go to the Stories from the Affective Domain blog and post a short description of one lecture you have received or given that was especially effective or ineffective as an instructional strategy in terms of eliciting behavior in the affective domain.
 * 3) Go to the Stories from the Affective Domain blog and comment on at least two other posts.
 * 4) Go to the Stories from the Affective Domain blog and post your thoughts on any affective change you experienced as you worked through this lesson.

Assessment
Your posts for the above tasks will be read and commented on by your peers in this module.


text:
Movie Making Manual/Why Make a Short

Short films are often used as the starting place for new filmmakers, but others use them as an art form unto themselves, allowing the filmmaker far more creative control than he or she would have over a feature. However, for those wanting to make a feature, it is commonly considered that one should make shorts first. Why is this?

Filmmaking is a skill that can only be learned by practice. Diving into your first feature before learning your craft on shorts would be like driving your Dad's expensive sports car on the motorway before you'd had any lessons on quiet back-roads. There has never been an easier time to make a short film. Everyone owns or knows someone with a video camera.

Advantages of shorts over features

 * Lower cost
 * Less time commitment
 * Can take bigger risks
 * Good practice for filmmaking skills (almost all directors have made short films at one time or another)
 * You can basically do anything you want - there are no censorship restrictions for short films (since there's no real market for them), and you don't need to tell a story in under ten minutes. You can just have an insane barrage of jokes and gags if you wish.

Disadvantages of shorts

 * You'll never make your money back. It's rare to make any money at all from your short.

What do you get (possibly)?

 * Publicity if you do well
 * Networking
 * Experience
 * Fun (very important)

Publicity and Networking
The first two are maybes. Keep in mind that there are a lot of shorts out there. Don't expect them to come beating down your door just because you made something witty.

Experience
It is tough to start out big, and if you do, you can fall flat on your face (and the creditors can become your worst enemies). But, it helps to just try to get out there and shoot something. Taking a look at the outcome of a short piece can teach you a lot about yourself and what you need to improve (and maybe whether you are in the right industry).

Fun :)
A short can be done with a bunch of friends in a week(end), or just some student actors. It can be shot with a cheap few hundred dollar handheld, and you can try out all kinds of things that you might feel a bit nervous about on a bigger budget film. You can take it easy and experiment. It can just be fun. If it isn't fun for you, well perhaps it is best that you only made a short.

/Short films

title: Movie Making Manual/Why Make a Short


text:
Talk:Brewster Mason

constructive comment
You should add more references to your page.Jbru225 (talk) 03:54, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brewster Mason


text:
User:WHETO Felix Owode

WHETO Felix Sewanou Feto Christian Owode better known by his stage name Wheto Felix Owode, is a young Béninoir-Nigerian  gospel singer and songwriter. A young active man of God dedicating his entire life to fulfilling the call of gospel mission. At an age of 15, people could realized the impact that has done gospel music is staggering both in his life and in the life of others when he ministers

He is the first Gospel musician to take up Gospel ministration in his family... Wikipedia

Born: Lagos, Nigeria

Full name: Wheto Felix Sewanou Feto Christian Owode

Nationality: Béninoir-Nigerian

Parents: Father: WHETO Daniel Mother: AGOUNMA Agnes

title: User:WHETO Felix Owode


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/sendbom.com

Links

 * sendbom.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 3 additions out of 3 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/sendbom.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\bsendbom\.com\b            # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/sendbom.com ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 11:59, 24 September 2019 (UTC) No links left in here mentioned edits. Marked stale. . --COIBot (talk) 20:54, 24 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Java Programming/Struts

'''This reference is under development. All Struts developers are requested to contribute and help in expanding this reference'''

Struts is the most popular framework for developing Java based web applications. Struts is being developed as an open source project started by Apache Software Foundation. Struts framework is based on Model View Controller (MVC) architecture.

Action Framework in a Nutshell
Within the MVC context the struts framework provides its own web Controller component and integrates with other technologies to provide the Model and the View. For the Model, the framework can interact with standard data access technologies, like JDBC and EJB, as well as most any third-party packages, like Hibernate , iBATIS , or Object Relational Bridge. For the View, the framework works well with JavaServer Pages , including JSTL and JSF , as well as Velocity Templates , XSLT , and other presentation systems.

The framework's Controller acts as a bridge between the application's Model and the web View. When a request is received, the Controller invokes an Action class. The Action class consults with the Model (or, preferably, a Facade representing your Model) to examine or update the application's state. The framework provides an ActionForm class to help transfer data between Model and View.

Most often, the Model is represented as a set of JavaBeans. Typically, developers will use the Commons BeanUtils to transfer data between ActionForms and the Model objects (or a Facade). Preferably, the Model will do the "heavy lifting", and the Action will act as a "traffic cop" or adapter.

Struts Config in a Nutshell
A web application uses a deployment descriptor to initialize resources like servlets and taglibs. The deployment descriptor is formatted as a XML document and named "web.xml". Likewise, the framework uses a configuration file to initialize its own resources. These resources include ActionForms to collect input from users, ActionMappings to direct input to server-side Actions, and ActionForwards to select output pages.

The initialisation of struts is achieved through the inclusion of the following in the web.xml file

Here's a simple configuration (struts-config.xml) for a login workflow:

 <!DOCTYPE struts-config PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 1.3//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-config_1_3.dtd">

There are several other resources you can specify in the framework's configuration file. You can specify validations for the ActionForms in an XML descriptor, using the Struts Validator. A standard extension, Tiles, helps you build pages from smaller fragments.

Struts Action Framework is extensible. Every class deployed by the framework can be replaced by your own default class. The properties of your default class can be set using the Digester's set-property feature. This is one reason why there are so many contributor extensions.

Tiles is a contributor extension.

Screen definitions
Create a screen by assembling Tiles : header, footer, menu, body, etc. Definitions can take place: Definitions provide an inheritance mechanism : a definition can extend another one, and override parameters.
 * in a centralized xml file
 * directly in jsp pages
 * programatically in struts actions

Layouts
Define common page layouts and reuse them across your web site. Define menu layouts, and use them by passing lists of items and links. Define a portal layout, use it by passing a list of Tiles (pages) to show. Reuse existing layouts, or define your own.

Dynamic page building
Tiles can be gathered dynamically during page reload. It is possible to change any attribute: layout, list of Tiles in portal, list of menu items, etc.

Reuse of Tiles / Components
If well defined, a Tile can be reused across multiple applications. Dynamic attributes are used to parameterize Tiles. It is possible to define a library of reusable Tiles. Build a page by assembling predefined components, giving them appropriate parameters.

Internationalization (i18n)
It is possible to load different tiles according to Locale. A mechanism similar to Java properties files is used for definitions files: you can have one definition file per Locale. The appropriate definition is loaded according to the current Locale.

Multi-channels
It is possible to load different Tiles according to a key. For example, the key could be user privilege, browser type, arbitrary name stored in session, etc. A mechanism similar to Java properties files is used for definitions files: you can have one definition file per key. The appropriate definition is loaded according to the key.

Prerequisites
Apart from basic understanding of building a web application. The reader is required to have some sort of working knowledge in the following technologies.
 * HTML
 * HTTP
 * Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
 * JSP and Java Servlets
 * ../Java Beans/
 * XML (Extensible MarkUp Language)

Getting Started
Struts framework provides the following benefits over conventional methods of Web Application Development.
 * Decoupling of business logic and presentation logic
 * Reusablity
 * Maintainability

These benefits are gained because Struts provides a system based on the "Model 2" paradigm of Java web application design, while also providing a framework for the application that is cleaner than a series of J2EE servlets.

Struts XML Tags and Attributes Reference
(The following list is in the same order as the example above (of a simple configuration) and the example in link below of Struts tutorial on JBoss.)
 * <struts-config - outer tag that encompasses the other tags.
 * <data-sources -
 * <form-beans - defines a section of forms that encompasses one or more <form-bean tags.
 * <form-bean - defines a form :
 * name=
 * type=
 * <global-exceptions -
 * <global-forwards - defines a section of forward routes that are used, by default, in <action tags. It encompasses one or more <forward tags.
 * <action-mappings - defines a section of actions that encompasses one or more <action tags.
 * <action - defines an action, which can have one or more forward routes (with one forward attribute, or one or more <forward sub-tags) :
 * path=
 * forward=
 * type=
 * name=
 * scope=
 * validate=
 * input=
 * parameter= can be read from @struts.Action@ class by @mappings.getParameter@
 * <forward - defines a forward route within an <action tag :
 * name=
 * path=
 * <controller -
 * <message-resources -
 * parameter=

title: Java Programming/Struts


text:
Movie Making Manual/Linux in film production

=What is Linux?= Linux is a piece of software known as a 'kernel.' The name has also been inaccurately applied to an entire operating system known as GNU. GNU/Linux is the preferred method of referring to the operating system. GNU/Linux is a computer operating system which can run on many different types of computer hardware. GNU/Linux is the most famous example of free software. It is developed and maintained by thousands of people around the world. Most GNU/Linux distributions are gratis. Please take a look at the Wikipedia entry for more info about GNU/Linux.

Advantages

 * Almost always free (or very inexpensive)
 * Open Source (most distributions, but not all)
 * Bugs are usually fixed very quickly
 * Stable
 * Fast
 * You can modify it to your heart's content, learn from it and even redistribute changes.
 * There is a lot of support available on-line through Wikis and Forums
 * Developers are usually very open to suggestions from users. Much more so than proprietary, closed-source, corporate software developers.  If you've got money to spend, then the developers will probably gladly design custom modules for you.
 * Many software options for similar tasks.
 * Many variations on the kernel for various uses depending on hardware, resources, and what you want to do on it.

Disadvantages

 * Documentation is often a little sketchy depending on the distribution
 * The Macintosh is the Industry standard for most aspects of film production
 * Is again its own operating system and takes time to get use to (depending on your own speed of picking things up)

=But I thought GNU/Linux was bad for content creation?= It used to be. But it's grown up. There are already lots of great tools for content creation on GNU/Linux (and, yes, lots of them are free).

=Why use GNU/Linux for film production?=
 * Lots of film companies (especially 3D and effects houses) already use GNU/Linux. So what?  Well, lots of these guys contribute code to the open-source world.  Free of charge.  So you and I can use code which has been developed at ILM.  Examples:
 * Cinepaint, forked from the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP), is partially developed by Rhythm & Hues, ILM, and Sony Pictures. It's mainly used for cleanup, and dust and scratch removal.
 * OpenEXR is developed by ILM.
 * It's very stable.

=Who already uses GNU/Linux?=

Filmmakers

 * BUF
 * C.O.R.E.
 * Digital Domain (Titanic)
 * Dreamworks
 * Industrial Light and Magic
 * Intelligent Creatures
 * La ménagerie (in french)
 * Moving Picture Company, The (Harry Potter, Troy, Kingdom of Heaven, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory)
 * Pixar (Finding Nemo, Monsters Inc, The Incredibles, Toy Story)
 * Rhythm and Hues (Incredible Hulk, Wolfman, Alvin and Chipmunks, Cats & Dogs, Grinch, Sixth Day, Stuart Little, Planet of the Apes)
 * Rising Sun Pictures (Last Samurai, Harry Potter 4, Superman Returns, Charlotte's Web)
 * Sony Pictures Imageworks (Stuart Little II)
 * Warner Bros. Motion Picture Imaging (a 4k digital intermediate facility)
 * WetaDigital (Avatar, The Lord of the Rings, "I, Robot")

Others

 * Most world famous Computer Science Universities (MIT, Caltech, Paderborn)
 * The Government of the People's Republic of China
 * Google
 * NASA
 * CELCO
 * The NSA
 * Large part of French government, public service and administration.
 * The German government installed Suse on 11,000 police computers in Feb 2004
 * The German Railway! - 55,000 computers
 * The city of Vienna, capital of Austria uses a distribution of its own (Wienux) in administration.
 * Cuba 1,500 computers
 * South African public service and administration
 * Some Spanish provinces
 * The United States Navy
 * Venezuela government (60%)
 * Some schools
 * More than 90% (91.8% in December 2010) of the world's 500 most powerful supercomputers are GNU/Linux systems. Of these 500, the top-fastest are GNU/Linux systems.Top500.org.

=Film production tools available on GNU/Linux=

 * There is a huge list of media-related Linux programs here.

 * ... and a good guide to video editing on Linux here on Linux.com

 * Most Windows programs can be made to run under Linux using Wine (which is free, and costs no money).

Everything which isn't marked as "proprietary" is gratis!

Scriptwriting

 * KIT Scenarist Desktop versions are Free, licensed under GPL. Mobile versions are paid.
 * celtx (This has become a very robust tool over time with storyboarding, scheduling and web service capabilities having been added)
 * Trelby a simple, fast and elegantly laid out to make screenwriting simple and infinitely configurable.
 * OpenOffice with the Script template.
 * OpenOffice Script template by Carlos
 * LibreOffice which will replace OpenOffice.
 * Lyx with the Hollywood template (already included)

Budgeting

 * KBudget
 * Grisbi
 * QHacc
 * Quasar - free for one user
 * InfoFlex - proprietary
 * Money Dance - very low cost proprietary
 * GnuCash
 * LedgerSMB
 * SQL-Ledger - Free
 * Open Office Calc - a little like Microsoft Excel
 * Open Office Base - a database package a little like Microsoft Access
 * PC programmes running under Wine

Review of Linux Budgeting programs on Linux Planet.

Schedule / Project's Manager

 * Planner (MrProject) Free - Manage your project with great graphics
 * phprojekt Open source project manager
 * SunBird Virtual Calendar with lots of options

The program celtx listed in the "scriptwriting" section has added very nice scheduling capabilities, allowing you to tie in events with items in your scripts.

Storyboarding

 * Storyboard Lite (proprietary)
 * TVP Animation Pro (proprietary)
 * dastoryboard Open source.

 * Windows programs running under Wine

Besides dastoryboard, there are no free specialized storyboarding programs on Linux but see the "Still image Creation" section below.

A useful technique could be to photograph and outline your actors with a vector graphics program, then reposition them behind photographs of your locations. Check out the vector graphics section.

The program celtx, listed in the "scriptwriting" section, has storyboarding capabilities. You would still need to create the images as explained in the previous paragraph but they can be entered into a template within the celtx application. Notes can be added to the images as well.

The 2D animation software Tupi also has made steps to implement storyboard facilities.

Editing, compositing, grading and digital intermediate

 * Blender 3D (free, GPL) While it is known mostly as a 3D modeling/animation package, recent upgrades have added high-end compositing and editing features as well.
 * Cinelerra (free, GPL)
 * FilmLight (a DI tool, proprietary)
 * Gimp GAP (Gimp animation package), CVS version.
 * IFX Piranha HD (proprietary)
 * Jahshaka (free) combines editor, compositor, animator, effects, colour control and text creation.
 * kdenlive (free, GPL) -- Wikibook
 * Lightworks (currently closed-source) Professional target; currently a binary beta version for Linux is available; the source code will be released in future
 * LiVES (free, GPL) an advanced video editor which also provides VJ features
 * Lumiera (free)
 * Nuke (proprietary)
 * Pitivi (free, GPL)
 * Shake (proprietary)
 * Shotcut (free, GPL)
 * Various proprietary packages by Autodesk (formerly known as Discreet).

File conversion tools

 * Avidemux2 A clone of virtualdub
 * FFmpeg a complete solution to record, convert and stream audio and video, including frame to movie and movie to frame.
 * GStreamer Open source multimedia framework
 * Handbrake Convert DVDs to MPEG4/AVC
 * MPlayer/MEncoder MEncoder features a wide variety of audio/video filters and support (en)coding with most audio and video codecs
 * Transcode Transcode, another solution to convert and filter audio/video
 * WinFF is a GUI to the command line video converter FFmpeg

Audio editing

 * Ardour (free, GPL), Protools clone, uses JACK, video-sync via xjadeo.
 * Bitwig (proprietary)
 * Audacity (free, GPL), not very advanced, but relatively stable, lot of effects via LADSPA.
 * GNUsound (free, GPL), multitrack sound editor for gnome (1 & 2), support LADSPA for sound effects, and JACK for realtime processing.
 * Rezound (free, GPL) PowerFull audio editor
 * Tracktion (proprietary), uses JACK, version 4 and 5 are provided free of cost.
 * Wired (free, GPL)

Bitmap

 * Adobe PhotoShop CS2 will run under Wine(proprietary)
 * GIMP
 * ../IDruna Photopaint HDR/ (proprietary)
 * ../IFX Amazon paint/ (proprietary)
 * Krita
 * Pixel image editor (proprietary, but cheap)
 * TVP Animation (proprietary)

Vector

 * Cenon (free, vhf Public License)
 * gestalter (free, GPL) dead project
 * inkscape (free, GPL)
 * karbon (free, GPL)
 * skencil (free, GPL)
 * sodipodi (free, GPL) dead project
 * xara xtreme (free, GPL)

Free

 * Aqsis (rendering backend) (free, GPL)
 * Art Of Illusion (Java modeling and rendering) (free, GPL)
 * Blender (free, GPL) --Wikibook
 * Pixie (rendering backend) (free, GPL)
 * Wings 3D (free, GPL) --Wikibook
 * Yafray (rendering backend) (free, GPL)
 * SunFlow (open source Java rendering system for photo-realistic image synthesis) ( free, MIT License)
 * LuxRender (open-source, free software rendering system for physically correct, unbiased image synthesis) (free, GPLv3)
 * Kerkytea (Freeware)

Proprietary

 * 3Delight (rendering backend) (proprietary but first license is gratis)
 * AC3D (modelling software, proprietary)
 * AIR (rendering backend) (proprietary)
 * Gelato - nVidia (rendering backend) (proprietary)
 * Houdini (proprietary)
 * Jig (commercial)
 * Massive (proprietary)
 * Maya (commercial)
 * PhotoRealistic RenderMan (rendering backend) (proprietary)
 * Realsoft3D (proprietary)
 * Softimage (proprietary)

stop motion

 * Boats Animator (free, GPL)
 * Linux Stopmotion (free, GPL)
 * qStopMotion, a fork of Linux Stopmotion (free, GPL)
 * myrtille (free, GPL) no movement since 2009
 * stopmojo (Java, free, GPL)
 * eXposer (BeOS / Zeta, proprietary)

Free

 * Chalanam (free, GPL)
 * F4L (flash for linux) (free, GPL)
 * Gimp Animation Package (gimp-gap) (free, GPL)
 * Ktoon (free, GPL)
 * Tupi an active fork of KToon (free, GPL)
 * Synfig (free, GPL)
 * mvComicsMaker (free, GPL) dead project since 2001.
 * Pencil (free, GPL) hasn't changed for a couple of years.
 * Processing, procedural animation (free, GPL) and the JS version ProcessingJS
 * RaphaelJS (js, free, MIT License)
 * jQuery SVG (js, free, double license GPL + MIT)
 * uira (free, LGPL) development stopped in 2006, and officially postponed by author on January 05, 2008.
 * MyPaint-0.8 with animation patch (information for installing and getting it working) (free, GPL).
 * FlipBookCreator (free, GPLv3) more for animating flipbooks, still in very early stages.
 * OpenToonz (free, new BSD) based on the proprietary software "Toonz", which was developed by Digital Video S.p.A. in Italy and customized by Studio Ghibli.

Proprietary

 * Moho (proprietary) (discontinued: is now called Anime Studio)
 * Opus (proprietary)
 * Plastic Animation Paper (proprietary)
 * Toonz (proprietary)
 * TVP Animation Pro (proprietary)

LipSync

 * jlipsync (free, GPL)
 * papagayo (free, GPL)
 * yolo (free,GPL) and Compatible whit Moho and Magpie Timesheet

VJ

 * LiVES (free, GPL) an advanced video editor which also offers VJ functionality
 * FreeJ (free, GPL)
 * Gephex (free, GPL)
 * veejay (free, GPL) a visual instrument and realtime video sampler.

VCD & SVCD Authoring

 * GNU vcd imager (free, GPL) VCD (VideoCD) BIN/CUE CD image creation and ripping tool
 * qVCDgear (free, GPL) QT frontend to VCDgear
 * tovid (free, GPL) (S)VCD and DVD authoring utilities
 * VCDautomenu (free, GPL) VCD menu generation tool
 * VCDgear converts from and to (S)VCD and mpeg, and does mpeg corrections.

DVD Authoring
some tovid menu selections
 * dvdauthor (Free, GPL) (command line)
 * 'Q' DVD-Author More then just a dvdauthor frontend. Easy to use and intuitive. Key technologies: Templates, Animated Menus, MovieButtons, MovieBackgrounds, Transcode, Multi format DVDs, Slideshow creation, Subtitles.
 * dvdstyler Cross platform dvdauthor frontend (Windows and Linux)
 * ManDVD (Free, GPL)
 * DVDLab (using WINE) (proprietary)
 * KDE DVDAuthor Wizard wizard to create DVD from MPEG-2 files
 * kmediafactory template based dvd authoring tool
 * Linux Video Maker graphics interface (GUI) for transcode, mplex, DVDAuthor etc ...
 * polidori Development stalled in 2004. frontend to dvdauthor
 * tovid (Free, GPL) (S)VCD and DVD authoring utilities
 * varsha free, java.
 * videotrans a set of scripts that allow its user to reformat existing movies into the VOB format that is used on DVDs

DCP Authoring

 * DCP-o-matic (Free, GPL)

Streaming video

 * Fenice (free, GPL) Open Media Streaming Server formats: mpeg1,4 & ogg/theora for video
 * FFmpeg (free, GPL), ffmpeg read, convert and stream videos in various formats.
 * Flexcast (free, GPL) Stream most of video and audio format.
 * Flumotion (free, GPL), A streaming media server written in python.
 * GStreamer (free, GPL) streaming and convertion.
 * Icecast (free, GPL), stream video (ogg/theora) and audio in various formats.
 * jroar (free, [L]GPL) A java stream cache.
 * Open Media Streaming Project (free, GPL), A project about a whole streaming plateform.
 * Palantir (free, GPL) for streaming with low-end computer
 * VLC (free, GPL) from Videolan Project, to stream and broadcast any source on a Local Area Network.
 * VobStream (free, GPL) a DVD network streaming application

p2p video streaming for low bandwidth

 * freecast (free, GPL), p2p java streaming Ogg Theora video stream provided by Flumotion.
 * Peercast (free, GPL) Support for MP3, OGG Theora and Vorbis, WMA, WMV and NSV

Subtitles

 * Gaupol (GPL) is an editor for text-based subtitle files. It supports multiple subtitle file formats and provides means of creating subtitles, editing texts and timing subtitles to match video.
 * Gnome Subtitles is a subtitle editor for the GNOME Desktop. It allows subtitle editing, subtitle translation, video previewing and timings synchronization.
 * Ksubtile (GPL), an editor for the KDE environment to edit, make and save subtitles in the SRT subtitle format.
 * Orange Slice manipulates SSA, ASS, SUB, SRT subtitles format (abandoned project since 2005-01-14)
 * Sabbu, subtitle timing software that can handle ASS and SSA subtitles format.
 * Subtitle Editor (GPL3), can create new subtitles and transform, edit, correct, refine existing subtitles with formats such as ASS, SSA, SubRip, MicroDVD, MPL2, MPsub, SubViewer2.0.
 * Subtitlefix. . It corrects subtitles (*..srt, *..sub) which are not synchronized with the film.
 * USF. . The Universal Subtitle Format.

Web Authoring

 * bluefish
 * NVU
 * Screem

Audio/Video Container/Codec

 * Dirac Dirac is a video codec.
 * FLAC Free Lossless audio codec.
 * Matroska The extensible open standard Audio/Video container.
 * NUT A free container for the masses.
 * Ogg Vorbis Ogg Vorbis is an audio compression format.
 * Snow Snow is an experimental lossy video codec.
 * Theora Theora is an open video codec.
 * Wavpack WavPack is a completely open audio compression format providing hybrid compression mode.
 * XviD XviD is an ISO MPEG-4 compliant video codec.

Utilities

 * framecalc is an online timecode calculator; it calculates frames out of timecode, timecode out of frames or can calculate the difference between an IN and an OUT point. All this with a chosen frame rate.

=Specialized and "ready to use" distributions=

 * ArtistX (formerly MediainLinux) (Free) GNU/Linux LiveCD with additional multimedia packages.
 * AV Linux is a Debian GNU/Linux-based operating system wrapped with applications such as Cinelerra, Kdenlive, Ardour, GIMP, Inkscape, LibreOffice Suite among others.
 * Caster. . Caster is a LiveCD whose purpose is for streaming.
 * Dynebolic (Free, GPL) most of Linux free products for video, dj, animation, on a LiveCD.
 * Elive GNU/Linux LiveCD and distribution, includes Cinelerra CVS by default and more applications on their repositories.
 * Garbure. . (Free, GPL) Several specialized distributions on LiveCD, video, animation, audiovisual performances...
 * Ubuntustudio (Free) A multimedia creation flavor of Ubuntu.

=Personal opinions=

Wish List
I love Linux. Don't get me wrong. I think the whole project is perfect and I use Linux all the time. I use Linux for everything. Everything, including video editing.

My wish list is:

 * Flash MX 2004/2005 on Linux (for DVD Menus)
 * Adobe port Premiere over to Linux / Avid port DV Xpress to Linux
 * There are many very promising Open Source video editing packages that one day may become mature enough to compete with Premiere, but I'm porting this one right now with Xen.

Once one of these wishes becomes true then Linux will rock as an NLE platform.

GNU/Linux Multi-media forums
I'm somewhat disappointed that many of the forums on GNU/Linux multi-media are very quiet. The best forums that I know of are: Does anyone know of any other good multi-media forums for linux?
 * Doom9 Linux specific multimedia forum on a mostly windows site
 * Video Help.com Linux specific multimedia forum on a mostly windows site
 * Gentoo-Multimedia forum Hosted on a gentoo-specific forum, but has a lot of generic GNU/Linux multimedia information (and relatively very active)
 * MultimediaWiki All about Multimedia

=Getting help=

Software is often complex and has a steep learning curve. For ways of getting help online, take a look at the online resources page for links to forums and tutorials online. Also take a look at the training category index for more info on training.

/Tools and equipment /Post-production

Faire son film-Linux


text:
Kartveli

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) Georgian

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) Georgian

title: Kartveli


text:
Talk:Huayangosaurus

Redescription of Huayangosaurus
Huayangosaurus has been re-described (Maidment et. al., 2006). Add the reference below to this page:

S. C. R. Maidment, G. Wei, and D. B. Norman. 2006. Re-description of the postcranial skeleton of the Middle Jurassic stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(4):944-956.

spikes
spikes where present on the hip of Huayangosaurus but picture is showing it on its shoulders ? please clarify .Irvin calicut (talk) 09:29, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Huayangosaurus


text:
Talk:Regression diagnostic

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Songpengyx. Peer reviewers: Cmbland.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:31, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Regression diagnostic


text:
Kuznetsovo, Altai Krai

Kuznetsovo (Кузнецово) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Kuznetsovsky Selsoviet, Kuryinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 577 as of 2013. There are 7 streets.

Geography
Kuznetsovo is located 28 km northwest of Kurya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Krasnoznamenka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Kuznetsovo, Altai Krai


text:
LPI Linux Certification/Junior Level Linux Professional

Welcome! If you are here, then you are considering or have decided to take the Junior Level Linux Professional Exam. This page and its accompanying discussion page are specifically for you, and will explain your overall objectives for each exam (there are two exams you must complete before being certified). It is a good idea to come back here and perform a sanity check on your understanding against the overall objectives presented here. All that remains is for the authors and contributors of this book to wish you good luck.

Please note DO NOT contribute actual exam questions you may have been presented with in the past ANYWHERE in this book.

LPI 101 Exam Objectives
Each objective is assigned a weighting value. The weights range roughly from 1 to 10 and indicate the relative importance of each objective. Objectives with higher weights will be covered in the exam with more questions.

Topic 101: System Architecture

 * 101.1 Determine And Configure Hardware Settings
 * 101.2 Boot the System
 * 101.3 Change Runlevels And Shutdown Or Reboot System

Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management

 * 102.1 Design Hard Disk Layout
 * 102.2 Install A Boot Manager
 * 102.3 Manage Shared Libraries
 * 102.4 Use Debian Package Management
 * 102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management

Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands

 * 103.1 Work On The Command Line
 * 103.2 Process Text Streams Using Filters
 * 103.3 Perform Basic File Management
 * 103.4 Use Streams, Pipes And Redirects
 * 103.5 Create, Monitor And Kill Processes
 * 103.6 Modify Process Execution Priorities
 * 103.7 Search Text Files Using Regular Expressions
 * 103.8 Perform Basic File Editing Operations Using Vi

Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

 * 104.1 Create Partitions And Filesystems
 * 104.2 Maintaining The Integrity Of Filesystems
 * 104.3 Control Mounting And Unmounting Of Filesystems
 * 104.4 Managing Disk Quota
 * 104.5 Manage File Permissions And Ownership
 * 104.6 Create And Change Hard And Symbolic Links
 * 104.7 Find System Files And Place Files In The Correct Location

LPI 102 Exam Objectives
Each objective is assigned a weighting value. The weights range roughly from 1 to 10 and indicate the relative importance of each objective. Objectives with higher weights will be covered in the exam with more questions.

Topic 105: Shells, Scripting and Data Management

 * 105.1 Customize And Use The Shell Environment
 * 105.2 Customize Or Write Simple Scripts
 * 105.3 SQL Data Management

Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops

 * 106.1 Install And Configure X11
 * 106.2 Setup A Display Manager
 * 106.3 Accessibility

Topic 107: Administrative Tasks

 * 107.1 Manage User And Group Accounts And Related System Files
 * 107.2 Automate System Administration Tasks By Scheduling Jobs
 * 107.3 Localisation And Internationalisation

Topic 108: Essential System Services

 * 108.1 Maintain System Time
 * 108.2 System Logging
 * 108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Basics
 * 108.4 Manage Printers And Printing

Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals

 * 109.1 Fundamentals Of Internet Protocols
 * 109.2 Basic Network Configuration
 * 109.3 Basic Network Troubleshooting
 * 109.4 Configure Client Side DNS

Topic 110: Security

 * 110.1 Perform Security Administration Tasks
 * 110.2 Setup Host Security
 * 110.3 Securing Data With Encryption

Sections below are refer to old exam version and are being made obsolete
See page discussion for more details.

LPI 101 Exam Objectives

 * Hardware & Architecture
 * Candidates should have a clear understanding of the concept of a BIOS and what role it performs, from the initial computer power-on to the services it provides to the Linux kernel. Furthermore, candidates should be able to identify all the options presented to them in a standard BIOS interface and further be able to gather basic information about the system from the BIOS (Menu navigation). Candidates should also be able to navigate a BIOS and make changes that will enable or disable peripherals, and compare the information provided to them from the BIOS with the information provided from the kernel. Candidates should also be able to determine compatible modems, configure those modems for outbound dial up and set specific port speeds from the command line. Candidates should have an understanding of the term SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) and how SCSI devices work (this includes the terms termination & SCSI ID). Candidates should also have an understanding of the terms Coldplug and Hotplug and be able to determine via BIOS and kernel methods the resources used for any given device that is attached. Candidates should be able to identify a Sound Card, and be able to determine if the kernel recognizes the sound card, as well as determine if the device has an issue/conflict pertaining to IRQ, DMA, or I/O. Candidates should also be able to understand USB devices and demonstrate a knowledge of the USB layer architecture.

 * Linux Installation & Package Management
 * Candidates should be able to design a disk layout that takes into account your system requirements and its purpose. Candidates should also be able to setup various boot locations such as a floppy or cdrom, install a bootloader and interact with that bootloader. Further, the candidate should be able to install, remove and query programs from both the RPM and DPKG commands. Using both RPM and DPKG distributions, candidates should be able to obtain package versions, installed package content, installation status and find any files or libraries that may or may not be installed on the system. Candidates should also be able to install programs from source via the make program, which generally includes the use of the tar, gzip, and bz2 compression utilities. Finally candidates should be able to identify shared libraries, load them and identify where the shared libraries should be located.

 * GNU & Unix Commands
 * Candidates should be able to understand the shell environment and how to change its behavior by modifying the .profile file, which is located in home directories. Candidates should also be able to send text files and output streams through utility filters to modify the output. Candidates will be expected to know how to move, copy, delete, find, create files and directories, and use recursion to delete and create both files and directories. Candidates should understand the use of redirects, pipes and sending your output to stdout (Standard Output) and to a file. Candidates should be able to list, create and kill processes as well as understand the "&" option and what it does. The candidate should also be able to monitor processes in real time, and be able to modify the priority of any given process. Candidates should be able to create simple regular expressions and use regular expression tools to search through filesystems or file content. Lastly, candidates should know the basic commands for vi.

 * Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
 * Candidates should be able to set-up partitions and create filesystems, namely ext2, ext3, reiserfs, vfat and xfs. Candidates will know the tools that help maintain those filesystems and keep them in good working order, and use those tools to perform simple filesystem repairs. Candidates will be able to mount and unmount filesystems manually and configure the system to mount them automatically during the boot process. Candidates will be able to implement a disk quota solution for your users. The candidate will understand file permissions and what tools to use to modify those permissions, as well as the concept of file ownership and how to modify file ownership attributes. The candidate will be introduced to both hard & symbolic linking, why it is used, and the usage of the ln command. Finally the candidate will understand the FHS standard and be able to determine where files should be located in FHS-based distributions.

 * The X Window System
 * Candidates should be able to install and configure an X Server, install fonts and configure an X font server, and determine if your hardware is suitable for an X server. Candidates will be introduced to the display managers gdm kdm and xdm, and will be able to configure any of these three display managers. Candidates will then be introduced to the Window Manager Environment and GUI. Lastly the candidate will be introduced to the usage of the DISPLAY environment variable, as well as the various files used for customization.

Hardware & Architecture

 * Configure Fundamental BIOS Settings
 * Configure Modem & Sound Cards
 * Setup Non IDE Devices
 * Setup Different PC Expansion Cards
 * Configure Communication Devices
 * Configure USB Devices

Linux Installation & Package Management

 * Design Hard Disk Layout
 * Install A Boot Manager
 * Make & Install Programs From Source
 * Manage Shared Libraries
 * Use Debian Package Management
 * Use RPM and YUM package management

GNU & Unix Commands

 * Work On The Command Line
 * Process Text Streams Using Filters
 * Perform Basic File Management
 * Use Streams, Pipes & Redirects
 * Create, Monitor & Kill Processes
 * Modify Process Execution Priorities
 * Search Text Files Using Regular Expressions
 * Perform Basic File Editing Operations Using Vi

Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

 * Create Partitions & Filesystems
 * Maintaining The Integrity Of Filesystems
 * Control Mounting & Unmounting Filesystems
 * Managing Disk Quota
 * Use File Permissions To Control Access To Files
 * Manage File Ownership
 * Create & Change Hard & Symbolic Links
 * Find System Files & Place Files In The Correct Location

The X Window System

 * Install & Configure X11
 * Setup A Display Manager
 * Install & Customise A Window Manager Environment

LPI 102 Exam Objectives
The LPI 102 exam tests basic capabilities in the following areas:

 * Kernel
 * Candidates should be able to build, install, configure, manage and query a Linux kernel. This includes using the command line to get information about the running kernel as well as any kernel modules. The candidate should also be able to understand how to manually load and unload modules and to further understand when those commands are safe to perform. The candidate should be able to determine what parameters you can pass to any given module and how to load those modules with a name other than the file name that represents the module. The candidate should understand at a basic level the difference between monolithic and modular kernels with regards kernel module management.

 * Boot, Initialization, Shutdown & Runlevels
 * Candidates should be able to boot the system level by level, This starts with passing commands to the bootloader that will define kernel location and pass parameters to the kernel in order to solve problems with the boot process. The candidate will know how to locate and gather information from log files pertaining to the boot process. The candidate will understand the runlevel process and be able to set the default runlevel, as well as shutdown and restart the system from the command prompt this will include being able to terminate individual processes. The candidate will understand how to alert connected users that a major event is about to occur.

 * Candidates should be able to install/configure printers, print files, and manage printers both local and remote.
 * Candidates should be able to find and use man pages, internet documentation.
 * Candidates should be able to customize the shell environment, write and administrate simple shell scripts.
 * Candidates should be able to Administrate users, groups, basic security, implement backups, and the use of cron.
 * Candidates should be able to understand/configure/troubleshoot the TCP/IP stack, as well as configure a PPP client.
 * Candidates should be able to manage NFS and Samba daemons, administrate MTA's and the Apache webserver, configure DNS and SSH.
 * Candidates should be able to implement user level security, basic host security, and perform basic security administration tasks.

Kernel

 * Kernel Runtime Management & Query
 * Reconfigure, Build & Install A Custom Kernel & Kernel Modules

Boot, Initialization, Shutdown & Runlevels

 * Boot The System
 * Change Runlevels & Shutdown Or Reboot System

Printing

 * Manage Printers & Print Queues
 * Print Files
 * Install & Configure Local & Remote Printers

Documentation

 * Use & Manage Local System Documentation
 * Find Linux Documentation On The Internet
 * Notify Users On System-Related Issues

Shells, Scripting, Programming, & Compiling

 * Customise & Use The Shell Environment
 * Customise Or Write Simple Shell Scripts

Administrative Tasks

 * Manage Users & Group Accounts & Related System Files
 * Tune The User Environment & System Environment Variables
 * Configure & Use System Log Files To Meet Administrative & Security Needs
 * Automate System Administrative Tasks By Scheduling Jobs To Run In The Future
 * Maintain An Effective Data Backup Strategy
 * Maintain System Time  0.00

Networking Fundamentals

 * Fundamentals Of TCP/IP
 * TCP/IP Configuration & Troubleshooting
 * Configure Linux As A PPP Client

Networking Services

 * Configure & Manage xinetd, inetd & Related Services
 * Operate & Perform Basic Configuration Of Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)
 * Operate & Perform Basic Configuration Of Apache
 * Properly Manage The NFS & SAMBA Daemons
 * Setup & Configure Basic DNS Services
 * Setup Secure Shell (OpenSSH)

Security

 * Perform Security Administration Tasks
 * Setup Host Security
 * Setup User Level Security


text:
User:GA Diril

Supernova Alignment of Fondor

“There is no greater feeling of victory than killing the ones who made you”~Admiral Diril

The Supernova Alignment of Fondor was a secret organisation founded by Moff Flalere to coup against the empire. She soon recruited Admiral Diril, a navy genius in the Empire, he provided tactics and ships while Flalere provided space and freedom. As Supernova revealed themselves they openly used Malastar as their core planet however they had massive control of Fondor, having that as their real base. Soon Admiral Shane Caston joined their ranks and gave them research abilities and brute force along with numbers. After Caston Admiral Nebeq joined in secret, he did not openly server them therefore he could grant them inside information about imperial attacks etc.

After around 5 or so years Moff Flalere was assassinated by a bounty hunter squadron sent by Grand Admiral Orion and Admiral Zirastava. This caused the members to go into hiding, Caston disappearing and Admiral Diril resurfacing a year later, however he had died during his disappearance. At a cloning facility in the outer rim he was cloned ,of course, and began co-leading the Imperial Hydra alongside High Admiral Schmidt. Hydra was a fraction of what it’s parent faction used to be, having limited resources and only 1 stronghold planet, this being Crait.

title: User:GA Diril