text:
Gyalopion

Gyalopion is a genus of small nonvenomous colubrid snakes. Species in the genus Gyalopion are commonly referred to as hooknose snakes, and are native to the southwestern United States and Mexico.

Taxonomy
The following species and subspecies are recognized:
 * Gyalopion canum Cope, 1860 – western hook-nosed snake
 * Gyalopion quadrangulare (Günther, 1893) – desert hook-nosed snake
 * Gyalopion quadrangulare desertorum (Taylor, 1936)
 * Gyalopion quadrangulare quadrangulare (Günther, 1893)

Nota bene: A binomial authority or trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Gyalopion.

Geographic range
G. canum is found in the United States (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), and in Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Zacatecas).

G. quadrangulare is found in the United States (Arizona), and in Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora).

Habitat
Hooknose snakes prefer shortgrass prairie habitats.

Description
Dorsally, the base color of hook-nosed snakes is light brown, which is overlaid with darker brown crossbands. The ventral color is white or cream-colored. The most distinguishing feature of hook-nosed snakes is an upturned snout, which has a concave rostral scale, as opposed to hognose snakes which have a keeled rostral scale. Species of Gyalopion rarely grow beyond 25.5 cm (10 inches) in total length (including tail).

Behavior
Hooknose snakes are nocturnal and secretive snakes, generally found hiding under rocks, or buried in the soil.

Diet
The primary diet of hook-nosed snakes consists of spiders and centipedes.

Reproduction
Species in the genus Gyalopion are oviparous.

title: Gyalopion


text:
Talk:Chittaranjan Das

incorrect things
As the date of birth of Chittaranjan Das was incorrect, i have corrected it. It is Nov 5, 1870, not Nov 25, 1870. <IP_ADDRESS> 16:13, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * yes, even place of birt is no given, this is a biography you have to give whole information. If you don't, check how to write your first article on wikipedia, please check over that, this is my kind request thank you, keep writting articles and make our community big! BOTFIGHTER (talk) 15:15, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 17:40, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/152020/Chitta-Ranjan-Das. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. MER-C 11:21, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Chittaranjan Das


text:
Talk:Eugenio Espejo

Successful good article nomination
I am glad to report that this article nominee for good article status has been promoted. This is how the article, as of September 12, 2007, compares against the six good article criteria:

 * 1. Well written?: Good.
 * 2. Factually accurate?: Good. An impressive number of citations!
 * 3. Broad in coverage?: Good balance between breadth and depth.
 * 4. Neutral point of view?: No problems here.
 * 5. Article stability? No problems here.
 * 6. Images?: No problems here.

If you feel that this review is in error, feel free to take it to a GA review. Thank you to all of the editors who worked hard to bring it to this status, and congratulations.

Excellent article! King of ♥   ♦   ♣  ♠ 06:10, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

King of ♥   ♦   ♣  ♠ 06:10, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * a (fair representation): b (all significant views):
 * 1) It is stable.
 * 2) It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic.
 * a (tagged and captioned): b lack of images (does not in itself exclude GA):  c (non-free images have fair use rationales):
 * 1) Overall:
 * a Pass/Fail:
 * a Pass/Fail:

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title: Talk:Eugenio Espejo


text:
Hans Spiegel

Hans Spiegel (2 February 1894 – 15 September 1966) was a German painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Hans Spiegel


text:
NATO debate in the Scottish National Party

The NATO debate in the Scottish National Party refers to a historical argument within the Scottish National Party (SNP) as to whether or not an independent Scotland should be a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The party was opposed to NATO membership from the 1980s until its 2012 conference.

Background
Members of the SNP have long been divided on the party's long-standing opposition to NATO membership, which began in the early 1980s. Gordon Wilson tried to persuade the party to adopt a pro-NATO stance in 1983, but failed.

The first signs of a policy change appeared in April 2012, when it emerged the party's policy-making national council would be considering their position at its June meeting. A University of Strathclyde poll carried out in May found that 52% of SNP members surveyed wanted to remain in NATO, and it was reported in June that the SNP leadership had decided to change their position following talks with Denmark and Norway, which are full NATO members.

Afterwards, two SNP MPs — Angus Robertson and Angus MacNeil — sought to formalise this position by submitting a motion to the SNP conference in October 2012 which included the line: "An SNP Government will maintain NATO membership subject to an agreement that Scotland will not host nuclear weapons and NATO continues to respect the right of members to only take part in UN sanctioned operations."

By August, SNP leader Alex Salmond faced rebellion from party MSPs. The party had already begun advising MSPs to avoid speaking about NATO in public, but a number went on to send amendments to conference backing continued NATO opposition.

2012 conference debate

At the party's Autumn conference in Perth on 19 October 2012, the SNP hosted an open debate on their policy towards NATO. Much of the debate was broadcast live on TV by the BBC. The party leadership, including Salmond, backed the pro-NATO side. A number of MSPs opposed the policy change. Grassroots activists also took part in the debate, with high-profile figures like Natalie McGarry arguing against a policy change.

After the debate, SNP members voted 426–332 to overturn their policy of opposition to NATO.

Aftermath
MSPs John Finnie and Jean Urquhart immediately resigned from the SNP over the policy change. Fellow MSP John Wilson was initially persuaded to keep the party whip, but resigned after the subsequent Scottish independence referendum defeat.

The youth wing of the SNP, Young Scots for Independence (YSI), opposed the change in party policy "on the basis that [NATO] is a nuclear alliance". This opposition was reaffirmed in 2016. In 2022, after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the YSI reversed its position and gave its "full support" for an independent Scotland joining NATO.


text:
Robert Adolf Naef

Robert Adolf Naef (22 July 1907 – 13 March 1975) was a Swiss astronomer. A banker by profession, in his spare time, for 50 years he worked at the Urania Observatory in Zürich. In 1941 he created the nautical almanac Der Sternenhimmel.

Legacy

 * 1906 Naef, a stony asteroid named after Naef
 * Observatory Naef Épendes at Épendes, Switzerland, named after Naef

title: Robert Adolf Naef


text:
Wikipedia:United States Education Program/Courses/Rhetoric and Composition(PatriciaFancher)/Timeline

Timeline
Sep 18th	Introduce Wikipedia. 1 -http://outreach.wikimedia.org/w/ index.php?title=File%3AWelcome2WP_ English_082310.pdf&page=1 Sept 21 	•	Students suggest 2-3 potential pages 1 - Review WP advice for selecting articles: http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Handout_-_Advice_for_choosing_articles.pdf 2 – Review slide show on notability Sept 28	•	Students submit annotated bibliography 1 - Read DK Handbook pg. 194-203. 2 – Selected Wikipedia articles for analysis TBA 3 - DK Handbook pg. 124-137. 4 - Prepare a list of 5 sources you plan to use for the Wikipedia project. October 5th	•	Peer review and workshop day. First draft Wikipedia due (300 words) October 11th	•	Wikipedia Due

([ Click to return to your main course page and continue.])


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Millennium (season 2)

Millennium (season 2)

 * ... that the second season of Millennium has been called "some sort of work of weird genius"?
 * Reviewed: Carli Renzi

Created/expanded by Grapple X (talk). Self nom at 01:52, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol confirmed.svg Checked. Hooks, references, QPQ and prose expansion is greatly met. So, good to go. — Hahc 21  04:39, 10 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Glowmatography

Glowmatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of dyes present in solutions contained in glow sticks. The chemical components of such solutions can be chromatographically separated into polar and nonpolar components. Developed as a laboratory class experiment, it can be used to demonstrate chemistry concepts of polarity, chemical kinetics, and chemiluminescence.

Description
In the chromatography of a glow stick solution, a piece of chalk, a highly polar substance, is used as the stationary phase while comparatively less-polar solvents like acetone and 91% isopropyl alcohol can be used as the mobile phase. Chalk is made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or calcium sulfate (CaSO4), and therefore contains ions. This allows it to attract other ions and polar molecules, but not nonpolar molecules. As a result, ionic and more-polar dyes would be attracted to the stationary phase and move relatively slowly or a fairly small distance, while less polar dyes would migrate further as the mobile phase wicks up the chalk. This then allows for the separation of dyes.

Experiment

This experiment can be conducted with glow sticks, chalks, and solutions of acetone or isopropyl alcohol.

Drops of glowing fluid from a glow stick are added to a chalk so that a band is created halfway through it. The chalk is then placed vertically into a beaker filled with a small amount of acetone or alcohol - ensuring the surface of the solvent is below the dye band. The liquid is then allowed to travel up the chalk; polar dyes would tend to stick to the chalk and not travel significantly while non-polar dyes would travel up with the solvent. Once it travels almost to the top of the chalk, it is removed from the beaker. The chalk chromatogram, with separation of colours, can then be observed in a dark room.

Additionally, this glomatographic experiment can be done using other materials. For instance, silica gel can be used as the stationary phase together with a solution of nonpolar hexanes acting as the mobile phase. The polar components would be attracted to the polar silanol (Si-OH) groups on the surface of the silica gel, and the nonpolar components would travel further with the hexanes. Further, dyes in glow sticks can also be extracted using liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) as an environmentally friendly or green solvent. In this case, non polar dyes would dissolve in the liquid CO2 and other dyes would be attracted to cotton.

title: Glowmatography


text:
interfix

Noun

 * 1)  A morph inserted between two morphemes in the process of word formation, such as the empty morphs English  and.
 * 2)  A transfix.
 * 3)  An association link, a device to group multiple words or concepts.
 * 1)  An association link, a device to group multiple words or concepts.

Translations

 * Afrikaans: invoegsel, interfiks
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 間綴
 * Czech: interfix
 * Danish: ,
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: interfiksi
 * French:
 * Georgian: ინტერფიქსი
 * German:
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: نێوانگِر
 * Macedonian: интерфикс
 * Norwegian: fugemorfem, interfiks
 * Persian: میان‌وند
 * Polish:
 * Russian:, соединительный аффикс
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Udmurt: висӥтэт

Verb

 * 1)  To attach or anchor (two or more parts) together.
 * 2) * 1932, Elmer G. Koch, "Collar Fastener", United States Patent 1915250, page 2:
 * Generally speaking the article is formed of two pieces which are interfixed for providing a pair of spring urged jaws...
 * 1)  To insert (an interfix) between two morphemes.

title: interfix


text:
User:DeathLoofah

Senior at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. I am able to actively contribute to local Ohio geography articles, as I am a member of WikiProject Ohio. Also, I am knowledgeable in the alt-country genre and regularly contribute to artists as such. I believe stubbing is important to Wikipedia as a whole, and do so wherever possible.

Most recently created article Robbie Fulks

title: User:DeathLoofah


text:
Talk:Canton, Illinois

Circuses
The sections about circuses are nothing but fanciful hearsay, obviously irrelevant to the article, and should be removed.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:17, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Does that really say what I think it says?
The article contains the sentence, In 2016 new crematoriums on the north end of Canton will serve as models of citizen disposal, and plans have been announced for construction of adjacent nursing homes. Citizen disposal? Is this possibly a form of vandalism? I'll check back. If no opposse's I will edit accordingly. Buster Seven   Talk  01:47, 12 February 2016 (UTC)
 * ✅ Buster Seven   Talk  18:40, 13 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Spoon River College
There should be something about education, including Spoor River College. Kdammers (talk) 05:15, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canton, Illinois


text:
He Xuhua

Xuhua He (, born 1979) is a Chinese mathematician.

Education and career
In 2001, He graduated with a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Peking University. In 2005, he earned his PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with thesis Some subvarieties of the De Concini-Procesi compactification and advisor George Lusztig. As a postdoc research fellow, He was at the Institute for Advanced Study for the academic year 2005–2006 and Simons Instructor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook from 2006 to 2008. At Hong Kong University of Science and Technology he was an assistant professor from 2008 to 2012 and an associate professor from 2012 to 2014. From 2014 to 2019 he was a professor at the University of Maryland. In 2019 he became the Choh-Ming Li Professor of Mathematics at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

For the 2016–2017 academic year, He was a von Neumann Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study. In 2017 he was a Simons Visiting Professor at the Université Sorbonne Paris Nord (Paris 13 University).

"Xuhua He’s research area is algebraic groups, representation theory, and arithmetic geometry. He is particularly interested in questions related to (finite and affine) Weyl groups and flag varieties, and their applications to arithmetic geometry and representation theory."

In 1996, He won a gold medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad. In 2013, he received the Morningside Medal in gold. In 2018, in Rio de Janeiro he was an invited speaker with talk Some results on affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties at the International Congress of Mathematicians.

title: He Xuhua


text:
Vicente Fernández (golfer)

Vicente Fernández (born 5 April 1946) is an Argentine golfer who has won more than 60 professional tournaments around the world.

Fernández was born in Corrientes, Argentina. He turned professional in 1964 and was a regular competitor on the European Tour from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s. He won four titles on the tour and had two top ten Order of Merit finishes, placing 6th in 1974 and 9th in 1975. He was sixteenth on the Order of Merit in 1992 at the age of 46.

As a senior Fernández moved to the United States to play on the Senior PGA Tour (now the Champions Tour), where he has won four tournaments. His other wins include eight victories in his national open championship, the Argentine Open.

European Tour wins (4)
European Tour playoff record (1–0)

Argentine wins (51)

 * 1967 Argentine Masters, North Open
 * 1968 Argentine Open
 * 1969 Argentine Open
 * 1970 Center Open, Abierto del Litoral, Norpatagonico Open, Acantilados Grand Prix
 * 1971 Argentine Masters
 * 1972 Abierto del Litoral
 * 1973 Acantilados Grand Prix, Norpatagonico Open, Chaco Open
 * 1974 Acantilados Grand Prix, Metropolitano Open, Chaco Open, Fultom Grand Prix, Hindu Club Grand Prix
 * 1975 South Open, Rio Cuarto Open
 * 1976 Argentine PGA Championship
 * 1977 Acantilados Grand Prix
 * 1978 Argentine PGA Championship, Abierto del Litoral, Argentino Golf Club Grand Prix, Ford Taunnus Grand Prix, Swift Grand Prix
 * 1979 Pinamar Open
 * 1980 Argentine PGA Championship, Abierto del Litoral, Hindu Club Match Play
 * 1981 Argentine Open, Argentine PGA Championship, South Open, Acantilados Grand Prix
 * 1982 Pinamar Open, Praderas Grand Prix (tie with Armando Saavedra)
 * 1983 Ford Taunnus Grand Prix, Praderas Grand Prix
 * 1984 Argentine Open, Acantilados Grand Prix, Praderas Grand Prix
 * 1985 Argentine Open
 * 1986 Argentine Open, South Open, Parana Open, Hindu Club Grand Prix
 * 1987 Argentine PGA Championship
 * 1990 Argentine Open
 * 1999 Bariloche Match Play
 * 2000 Argentine Open

Other wins (10)

 * 1962 Argentine National Caddy's Tournament
 * 1970 Dutch Open
 * 1971 Santiago Open (Chile)
 * 1972 Ford Maracaibo Open
 * 1975 Uruguay Open
 * 1977 Brazil Open
 * 1982 El Rodeo Open (Colombia)
 * 1983 Brazil Open
 * 1984 Brazil Open
 * 1994 Punta del Este Open (Uruguay)

Other senior wins (3)

 * 1996 Argentine Senior PGA Championship
 * 1999 Argentine Senior PGA Championship
 * 2000 Chrysler Senior Match Play Challenge

Results in major championships
Note: Fernández only played in The Open Championship. {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1981 Open Championship) "T" indicates a tie for a place

Team appearances

 * World Cup (representing Argentina): 1970, 1972, 1978, 1984, 1985
 * Hennessy Cognac Cup (representing the Rest of the World): 1982
 * Dunhill Cup (representing Argentina): 1986, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1995
 * UBS Cup (representing the Rest of the World): 2003 (tie)

title: Vicente Fernández (golfer)


text:
Portal:French/French stream

The French Language Division and subsequent departments are organized between students, teachers, and staff members in order to facilitate the most effective learning environment. In order to benefit substantially from this community we highly recommend you register as a student, teacher, or staff member. The old French Stream can be viewed here.

Other actions you might consider are to:

 * indicate the languages you speak by adding the relevant templates from Wikipedia:Babel to your user page.
 * join the French Mentoring Program.

[[Image:Nuvola_apps_kuser.png|20px|Participants]] Students
Students are members enrolled in any course at the French Language Division. Please note, teachers may request you list yourself a student within their own course page. |-
 * ~ || FR Level || EN Level || Current Course

[[Image:Nuvola_apps_kuser.png|20px|Participants]] Teachers
Teachers contribute substantially to one or more courses in the French Language Division, and should be available for students to contact. |-
 * ~ || FR Level || EN Level || Notes

[[Image:Nuvola_apps_kuser.png|20px|Participants]] Staff Members
If you contribute substantially to the division or one of the departments, but do not wish to be listed as a teacher, list yourself as a staff member using the following code: |-
 * ~ || FR Level | EN Level | Notes

title: Portal:French/French stream


text:
Talk:Dave Marash

Name
What is the origin of his surname? Is it Hungarian? Badagnani 02:41, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Kahramanmara%c5%9f
 * Mara%c5%9f
 * Kahramanmaras

I do advocate discussion of how the Marash   redirect  is dealt with.

Thank You,

[[ hopiakuta Please do  sign  your  signature  on your  message. %7e%7e  Thank You. -]] 21:30, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you suggest that Marash should redirect here instead of Kahramanmaraş, or that there should be an appropriate disambiguation page? <IP_ADDRESS> 22:38, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Marash


text:
amazonski

Etymology 1
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Amazon ; Amazonian

Adverb

 * 1) in the manner of an Amazon

Etymology 2
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Amazon region, Amazon river; Amazonian

title: amazonski


text:
Tom Agnos

Tom Agnos (1936 – December 20, 2004 ) was an American law enforcement officer known for his time as the sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona.

Early life
Agnos was born in Lima, Ohio, in 1936, and had served in the United States Air Force for some time prior to moving to Arizona in 1961 to join the Phoenix Police Department. Agnos would go on to serve as Phoenix Police's assistant chief prior to winning a term as the Maricopa County Sheriff in 1988.

Tenure as Maricopa County Sheriff
During his tenure as sheriff, Agnos instated 100% pay for employees who were hurt on the job, a practice that was later adopted by other agencies.

Controversy
Agnos was at the center of controversy following the Waddell Buddhist temple shooting. In the aftermath of the shooting, MCSO deputies arrested five men from Tucson, Arizona based on a tip from a psychiatric patient.

It was later discovered that the men were coerced into confessing, with investigators extracting false confessions by exaggerating evidence, badgering them with leading questions, and threatening the death penalty.

One of the five men arrested was freed after he provided an alibi, but the other four, dubbed by the media as the "Tucson Four", remained in custody even though no physical evidence linked them to the crime. Charges were eventually dismissed, and their innocence was established in late 1991 when two men were found to be the suspects responsible.

Members of the Tucson Four later filed lawsuits against Maricopa County, and in 1994, two of the people who sued received $1.1 million each, while another received $240,000. The investigation was criticized by the Maricopa County Attorney, as well as Arizona's Senator Dennis DeConcini.

For his part, Agnos said he believed the arrests were justified, and that the confessions were worthy of murder charges. Publicity generated by Agnos' handling of the temple shooting led to his defeat by Joe Arpaio in the November 1992 general election.

Death
Agnos died on December 20, 2004, at his home in Sun City West. It was reported at the time that Agnos died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound, but Agnos' wife said he had been battling terminal cancer.

title: Tom Agnos


text:
Talk:Lieber Institute for Brain Development

[Wrong title]
I labeled this incorrectly. The title of the wiki should "Lieber Institute for Brain Development" with no "research" in the title. Sorry about that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)
 * I've made a request for the page to be moved. It should be fixed shortly. Opencooper (talk) 04:36, 22 November 2018 (UTC)


text:
Calculus/Introduction

What is calculus?
Calculus is the broad area of mathematics dealing with such topics as instantaneous rates of change, areas under curves, and sequences and series. Underlying all of these topics is the concept of a limit, which consists of analyzing the behavior of a function at points ever closer to a particular point, but without ever actually reaching that point. As a typical application of the methods of calculus, consider a moving car. It is possible to create a function describing the displacement of the car (where it is located in relation to a reference point) at any point in time as well as a function describing the velocity (speed and direction of movement) of the car at any point in time. If the car were traveling at a constant velocity, then algebra would be sufficient to determine the position of the car at any time; if the velocity is unknown but still constant, the position of the car could be used (along with the time) to find the velocity.

However, the velocity of a car cannot jump from zero to 35 miles per hour at the beginning of a trip, stay constant throughout, and then jump back to zero at the end. As the accelerator is pressed down, the velocity rises gradually, and usually not at a constant rate (i.e., the driver may push on the gas pedal harder at the beginning, in order to speed up). Describing such motion and finding velocities and distances at particular times cannot be done using methods taught in pre-calculus, whereas it is not only possible but straightforward with calculus.

Calculus has two basic applications: differential calculus and integral calculus. The simplest introduction to differential calculus involves an explicit series of numbers. Given the series (42, 43, 3, 18, 34), the differential of this series would be (1, -40, 15, 16). The new series is derived from the difference of successive numbers which gives rise to its name "differential". Rarely, if ever, are differentials used on an explicit series of numbers as done here. Instead, they are derived from a continuous function in a manner which is described later.

Integral calculus, like differential calculus, can also be introduced via series of numbers. Notice that in the previous example, the original series can almost be derived solely from its differential. Instead of taking the difference, however, integration involves taking the sum. Given the first number of the original series, 42 in this case, the rest of the original series can be derived by adding each successive number in its differential (42+1, 43-40, 3+15, 18+16). Note that knowledge of the first number in the original series is crucial in deriving the integral. As with differentials, integration is performed on continuous functions rather than explicit series of numbers, but the concept is still the same. Integral calculus allows us to calculate the area under a curve of almost any shape; in the car example, this enables you to find the displacement of the car based on the velocity curve. This is because the area under the curve is the total distance moved, as we will soon see.

Why learn calculus?
Calculus is essential for many areas of science and engineering. Both make heavy use of mathematical functions to describe and predict physical phenomena that are subject to continuous change, and this requires the use of calculus. Take our car example: if you want to design cars, you need to know how to calculate forces, velocities, accelerations, and positions. All require calculus. Calculus is also necessary to study the motion of gases and particles, the interaction of forces, and the transfer of energy. It is also useful in business whenever rates are involved. For example, equations involving interest or supply and demand curves are grounded in the language of calculus.

Calculus also provides important tools in understanding functions and has led to the development of new areas of mathematics including real and complex analysis, topology, and non-euclidean geometry. Notwithstanding calculus' functional utility (pun intended), many non-scientists and non-engineers have chosen to study calculus just for the challenge of doing so. A smaller number of persons undertake such a challenge and then discover that calculus is beautiful in and of itself.

What is involved in learning calculus?
Learning calculus, like much of mathematics, involves two parts:

 * Understanding the concepts: You must be able to explain what it means when you take a derivative rather than merely apply the formulas for finding a derivative.  Otherwise, you will have no idea whether or not your solution is correct.  Drawing diagrams, for example, can help clarify abstract concepts.

 * Symbolic manipulation: Like other branches of mathematics, calculus is written in symbols that represent concepts.  You will learn what these symbols mean and how to use them.  A good working knowledge of trigonometry and algebra is a must, especially in integral calculus.  Sometimes you will need to manipulate expressions into a usable form before it is possible to perform operations in calculus.

What you should know before using this text
There are some basic skills that you need before you can use this text. Continuing with our example of a moving car:

 * You will need to describe the motion of the car in symbols. This involves understanding functions.
 * You need to manipulate these functions. This involves algebra.
 * You need to translate symbols into graphs and vice versa. This involves understanding the graphing of functions.
 * It also helps (although it isn't necessarily essential) if you understand the functions used in trigonometry since these functions appear frequently in science.

Scope
The first four chapters of this textbook cover the topics taught in a typical high school or first year college course. The first chapter, ../Precalculus/, reviews those aspects of functions most essential to the mastery of calculus. The second, ../Limits/, introduces the concept of the limit process. It also discusses some applications of limits and proposes using limits to examine slope and area of functions. The next two chapters, ../Differentiation/ and ../Integration/, apply limits to calculate derivatives and integrals. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is used, as are the essential formulas for computation of derivatives and integrals without resorting to the limit process. The third and fourth chapters include articles that apply the concepts previously learned to calculating volumes, and as other important formulas.

The remainder of the central calculus chapters cover topics taught in higher-level calculus topics: parametric and polar equations, sequences and series, multivariable calculus, and differential equations.

The final chapters cover the same material, using formal notation. They introduce the material at a much faster pace, and cover many more theorems than the other two sections. They assume knowledge of some set theory and set notation.

title: Calculus/Introduction


text:
Talk:Parker, Texas

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title: Talk:Parker, Texas


text:
Talk:NIN (magazine)

The first paragraph of this article is a set of value judgments. At least sources should be cited to substantiate this.

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title: Talk:NIN (magazine)


text:
3D Geometric Algebra and Special Relativity

"Without the belief that it is possible to grasp reality with our theoretical constructions, without the belief in the inner harmony of the world, there can be no science. This belief has and always will be the fundamental motive for all scientific creation."

Project Summary
Currently this page is just notes that i'll clean up eventually.

Project Goals
This learning project aims to:
 * investigate the similarities and differences between certain rotations in 3D Geometric Algebra and the Lorentz transformation that forms the mathematical basis for Special Relativity

Assumed background knowledge/skills
For this learning project, if you are familiar with:
 * basic Geometric Algebra in 3 dimensions (see Investigating 3D Geometric Algebra).
 * An understanding of Special Relativity will be useful to see the similarity and differences that exist between Special Relativity and 3D Geometric Algebra. Wikipedia has a separate, less-technical Introduction to special relativity, and Wikibooks has a Special Relativity text.

Introduction
Most applications of Geometric Algebra to Special Relativity (from Hestenes' work) start by defining the space as 4D Minkowskian space. Eg. $$e0^{2} = 1 = e1^{2} = e2^{2} = -e3^{2}$$ (re-phrase using more familiar x,y,z and w. But instead of starting with this assumption, start by investigating some of the properties of rotations in normal 3D geometric algebra.

Example Rotations
Setting up a rotation by $$\frac{\pi}{6}$$

$$\mathbf{a} = \mathbf{x}$$

$$\mathbf{b} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\mathbf{x} + 0.5\mathbf{y}$$

Therefore, rotor $$\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{a}\mathbf{b}$$ (need diagrams to visualise... and lots of them!)

Imagine a unit cube (again, need to draw). If we apply normal 3D rotation as follows, for each point $$\mathbf{p}$$ of the cube:

$$\mathbf{p'} = \mathbf{r}\mathbf{p}$$$$\mathbf\tilde{r}$$ (What's latex for tilde??

Answer: $$\mathbf\tilde{r}$$

can't display the inverse of r [Anonymous editor: Shouldn't $$\mathbf\tilde{r}$$ be "reverse" rather than "inverse" since $$\mathbf\tilde{r} = \mathbf{b}\mathbf{a}$$ ? Also,it looks as though the Geometric Algebra community is not united on the symbol to be used to denote the operation of reversion for the reverse geometric product. Some use tilde and others a small superscript dagger. The LaTeX dagger is too big and needs to be scaled down a bit and moved higher. $$\mathbf{R}\dagger$$] https://latex-tutorial.com/how-do-i-write-tilde-in-latex/ https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/524293/is-there-a-shorter-dag-dagger-or-how-could-we-move-it-a-bit-vertically

Rotations and Geometric algebra (uses tilde)

https://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/~clifford/introduction/intro/node9.html

"We call $$\mathbf\tilde{R}\equiv\mathbf{n}\mathbf{m}$$ the 'reverse' of $$\mathbf{R}$$, because it is obtained by reversing the order of all geometric products."

(uses tilde, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_algebra)

(also uses tilde on slide 25, REVERSION) https://www.ime.unicamp.br/~agacse2018/GA_Lecture1.pdf

(uses a long tilde in equation 7) http://geometricalgebratutorial.com/ga-basics/

Oersted Medal Lecture 2002: Reforming the Mathematical Language of Physics by David Hestenes (uses the dagger symbol for the complex conjugate on pg. 12 in equation 20 and for the operation of reversion on pg. 16 in equation 32.)

"To facilitate algebraic manipulations, it is convenient to introduce a special symbol for the operation (called reversion) of reversing the order of multiplication. The reverse of the geometric product is defined by

$$(\mathbf{ab})\dagger=\mathbf{ba}$$  (32)

We noted in (20) that this is equivalent to complex conjugation in 2D."

https://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/pdf/OerstedMedalLecture.pdf

http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/pdf/NFMPchapt1.pdf (also uses dagger for reversion on pages 7 and 8)

(uses asterisk on pg. 10 (equation 1.28) Geometric Algebra for Physicists by Chris Doran and Anthony Lasenby https://assets.cambridge.org/97805214/80222/sample/9780521480222ws.pdf

(Alan Macdonald seems to be using superscript -1 (inverse??) for the operation of reversion??) https://philpapers.org/archive/MACASO-16.pdf

http://www.faculty.luther.edu/~macdonal/

and the cube is rotated by $$\frac{\pi}{3}$$. Note that only the $$\mathbf{x}$$ and $$\mathbf{y}$$ components are affected by rotation. $$\mathbf{z}$$ component of all vectors remains unchanged.

Now taking the same unit cube, apply the following rotation for each point:

$$\mathbf{p'} = \mathbf{r}\mathbf{p}\mathbf{r}$$ (without the inverse of r this time)

we find that for all points of the cube the $$\mathbf{x}$$ and  $$\mathbf{y}$$ components remain unchanged, but the  $$\mathbf{z}$$ and, a new component of our multivector,  $$\mathbf{xyz}$$ are modified. It's still a rotation, as $$\mathbf{p'}\mathbf{~p'} = \mathbf{p}\mathbf{~p}$$, but not one that we're used to.

Seems as those cube is compressed along z-axis (only 0.5 in length along z-axis), not dissimilar to Lorentz contraction, but the $$\mathbf{xyz}$$ component of the points p4 to p7 has been changed from zero to $$\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\mathbf{xyz}$$. If this component is a time-like component, could provide interesting interpretation of such rotations.

For eg, rotating one unit of $$\mathbf{xyz}$$ results in:

$$\mathbf{r}\mathbf{xyz}\mathbf{r} = -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\mathbf{z} + 0.5\mathbf{xyz}$$

That is, for each unit of time in the unrotated frame, only half a unit passes in the rotated frame. And, furthermore, for each unit of time in the unrotated frame, the rotated frame shifts a distance along the z-axis. Again, not dissimilar to time-dilation and velocity.

Finally, to calculate the shape of the actual cube in the rotated frame, want to get a snapshot for all the points when they have the same temporal value of $$\mathbf{xyz}$$. If we translate the original p4-p7 back in time by $$\sqrt{3}\mathbf{xyz}$$ (again, diagram very necessary here) then it turns out that the cube is elongated along the z-axis (in fact it's doubled in length) as it moves along.

Next, try rotation of $$\frac{\pi}{4}$$ as this corresponds to point of singularity in SR (c=1), but behaves nicely here...


text:
1986 OFC Women's Championship

The 1986 OFC Women's Championship was the second OFC Women's Championship of women's association football (also known as the OFC Women's Nations Cup). It took place in Christchurch, New Zealand from 29 March to 5 April 1986. Four teams participated in the tournament, and a total of eight matches were played.

Chinese Taipei defeated Australia 4–1 in the final to win the second edition of the tournament. Defending champions New Zealand finished third, after winning to their B-side in penalty shoot-outs.

Teams
The following four teams participated in the tournament:
 * (withdrew)
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand B entered following the late withdrawal of Papua New Guinea.
 * (withdrew)
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand B entered following the late withdrawal of Papua New Guinea.
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand B entered following the late withdrawal of Papua New Guinea.

Goalscorers

 * 3 goals
 * Liu Yu-chu
 * 2 goals

 * Chou Tai-ying
 * 🇳🇿 Wendy Sharpe

 * 1 goal

 * 🇦🇺 Renaye Iserief
 * 🇦🇺 Andrea Martin
 * 🇦🇺 Sharon Mateljan
 * 🇦🇺 Sue Monteath
 * Yang Hsiu-chih
 * Hsie Hsiu-min
 * Ma Wei-chiu
 * 🇳🇿 Maureen Jacobson
 * 🇳🇿 Jo Bradley (for New Zealand B)

title: 1986 OFC Women's Championship


text:
User:SalvadorDerrick

Salvador Derrick is a Ugandan that is interested in contributing to various Wikimedia Projects. I am interested in History, languages and architecture.

title: User:SalvadorDerrick


text:
Talk:Hara Model Railway Museum

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title: Talk:Hara Model Railway Museum


text:
Indonesian/Lessons/Greetings

^ Indonesian ^ | << Lesson 0: The Alphabet  | Lesson 1: Greetings | Lesson 2: This, That >>

Contoh Percakapan (Dialogue Example)
Budi: Selamat pagi, Bu!

Wati: Selamat pagi juga, Pak!

Budi: Apa kabarnya?

Wati: Baik. kalau kamu?

Budi: Baik-baik juga.

Wati: Kamu sedang apa?

Budi: Aku sedang membaca novel.

Wati: Novel apa yang kamu baca?

Budi: Aku sedang membaca novel semua tentang Islam!

Wati: Boleh aku meminjamnya?

Budi: Tentu saja.

Wati: Sudah waktunya aku harus pulang. Sampai berjumpa, dan jangan lupa besok aku akan meminjam novelmu

Budi: Tentu aku tidak akan lupa. Sampai jumpa kembali.

Wati: Selamat jalan.

Terjemahannya (The Translation):

Budi: Good morning, Ma'am!

Wati: Good morning, Sir!

Budi: How are you?

Wati: Good. You?

Budi: Also good.

Wati: What are you doing?

Budi: I am reading a novel.

Wati: What novel are you reading?

Budi: I am reading a novel about everything about Islam!

Wati: May I borrow it?

Budi: Of course.

Wati: It is already time for me to go home. Goodbye, and don't forget I'll borrow your book tomorrow

Budi: Of course I won't forget. Goodbye too.

Wati: Good bye.

Kosakata Baru (New Vocabulary)

 * Selamat pagi – good morning
 * Selamat tinggal – goodbye (when leaving)
 * Bu – ma'am. Literally means mother.
 * Pak – sir. Literally means father.
 * Apa kabar – how are you? what's up?
 * Baik – good, well
 * Anda – you (formal)
 * Kamu – you (informal)
 * Juga – also
 * Dan – and
 * Jika- if
 * Apa – what
 * Aku – I; me (used to refer to oneself, informal)
 * Membaca – read
 * Boleh – may, can (to be allowed)
 * Harus – must
 * Pulang – return
 * Harus Pulang – must return home

Selamat
The word selamat means safe. So, selamat pagi literally means good morning. The greetings in Indonesian are not quite the same as that of English. Below is the table of words with their meaning and the time you may want to use it:

Unlike English, it is all right to greet people with "selamat malam" when meeting at night. To say "good bye", we can use "selamat tinggal".

The word "selamat" also means congratulations. Therefore, it is also used to congratulate other people. So, you can use the word "selamat" with the following words:

So, "selamat ulang tahun" means happy birthday. And so forth. Note that the word "jalan" means street or to go, but when used in "selamat jalan", it means "bon voyage".

Apa Kabar (How Are You?)
The phrase "apa kabar" literally means "what (your) news". The word "apa" means "what" and the word "kabar" means "news". When translated, it means "how are you".

To answer "apa kabar", we usually use "baik" or "baik-baik" to indicate that it's good. We can answer "biasa saja" (= "so so") or "kurang baik" (= "not good", literally = "less good").

In Malay, they use the spelling of "khabar" instead of "kabar", and thus the pronunciation is slightly different, with the Malay pronunciation using a hard H sound instead of regular K sound.

Sapaan (Salutations)
Notice that the dialog above uses "pak" and "bu", which mean "sir" and "ma'am" respectively. In Indonesian, you'll need to specify proper salutations in most cases when greeting people. This is because Indonesian people tend to be very polite. In formal situations or the work place, adults usually greet using "pak" or "bu".

The word Anda (usually capitalised to show respect) is the general, relatively polite form of you; note that bapak and ibu could also be used, as well as casual forms such as kamu.

The article "pak" is shorthand for "bapak" (= mister or father), while "bu" is an abbreviation of "ibu" (= madam or mother).

^ Indonesian ^ | << Lesson 0: The Alphabet  | Lesson 1: Greetings | Lesson 2: This, That >>

Enseignement de l'indonésien/Leçons/Salutations

title: Indonesian/Lessons/Greetings


text:
Talk:Speeches of Narendra Modi

Suggestions
DTM (talk) 13:42, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) 5 Aug 2020 speech at the Bhoomi Pooja of Ram Mandir.
 * 2) Speech before 2019 general elections on 7 February in Lok Sabha, Parliament.

Recentism and synthesis
I'm a little concerned this topic does not have a coherent treatment by sources, and as such is in fuzzy territory with respect to WP:SYNTH and WP:RECENTISM. Giving speeches is the bread and butter task of a political leader, and with increasing profile any speech is going to get routine press coverage. To avoid a RECENTISM problem, the article needs to be built from sources giving speeches coverage retrospectively; and to avoid SYNTHESIS, any commentary about patterns and themes in his speeches needs to be from secondary sources, not from routine coverage. Pinging for their opinions. Vanamonde (Talk) 04:09, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Are the below examples of what you would be referring to? Example references which are retrospective:
 * This is How American Media Reacted to Modi’s Congressional Speech (BloombergQuint)
 * What Indian Newspapers Wrote About Modi’s Speech to the U.S. Congress (WSJ)
 * Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s second speech on coronavirus reveals that he is like Nehru. He can win elections, and nothing else.
 * DTM (talk) 06:20, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * WP:GNG in this case would mean having SECONDARY sources that provide substantial coverage of Narendra Modi's speeches over all. Without that, we would be making up a topic of our own and writing our own essay on it. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 10:58, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Agree with Kautilya3. Unless there is something notable to discuss about Modi's speeches, this doesn't satisfy GNG and is merely WP:CRUFT. --RegentsPark (comment) 11:05, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Not really, . All of those are still essentially coverage of specific speeches immediately after they occurred. Moreover, two of them are opinion pieces, and therefore not reliable. As Kautilya said, the topic needs to be covered in its entirety. I'm not seeing evidence of that here. At the moment, all the coverage I'm aware of could easily be folded into Public Image of Narendra Modi, which is where I think this ought to be redirected. Vanamonde (Talk) 14:04, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Ok, I will redirect this. At a later stage will shift a few things from here to Public image of Narendra Modi such as publicly crowd-sourcing ideas for the speeches or articles such as - "Seriously, who writes Modi's blogs?" by Nivedita Menon. DTM (talk) 15:02, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Speeches of Narendra Modi


text:
Yulong Road station

Yulong Road Station, is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2014. It is located in Hanyang District.

title: Yulong Road station


text:
2006 ICC Champions Trophy

The 2006 ICC Champions Trophy was a One Day International cricket tournament held in India from 7 October to 5 November 2006. It was the fifth edition of the ICC Champions Trophy (previously known as the ICC Knock-out). The tournament venue was not confirmed until mid-2005 when the Indian government agreed that tournament revenues would be free from tax (the 2002 tournament had been due to be held in India, but was switched to Sri Lanka when an exemption from tax in India was not granted). Australia won the tournament, their first Champions Trophy victory. They were the only team to get one loss in the tournament, as all other teams lost at least two matches. West Indies, their final opponents, beat Australia in the group stage but were bowled out for 138 in the final and lost by eight wickets on the Duckworth–Lewis method. West Indies opening batsman Chris Gayle was named Player of the Tournament.

English writer Tim de Lisle said the tournament "had been fun" because "it had been unpredictable." The unpredictability was in part shown by the fact that no Asian side qualified for the semi-final, for the first time in a major ICC tournament since the 1975 World Cup. De Lisle also claimed that "the pitches" had been the "tournament's secret," saying that they were "sporting and quixotic" and "quite untypical of both one-day cricket and the subcontinent." His views were echoed by panelists in a roundtable discussion organized by ESPNcricinfo, "who hoped that the tournament would not be a one-off in a batsman-dominated game," according to news site rediff.com. The tournament recorded five of the 10 lowest team totals in the tournament's history, and totals of 80 (for West Indies v Sri Lanka) and 89 (for Pakistan v South Africa) were the lowest recorded in matches involving the top eight ranked One-day International sides of the world.

Qualifying
The Ten full member teams competed in the tournament and were seeded according to the ICC ODI Championship standings on 1 April 2006. Bangladesh became the last team to qualify, claiming tenth place ahead of Kenya on 23 March 2006. The first six teams on the ICC ODI table (Australia, South Africa, Pakistan, New Zealand, India, and England) qualified automatically; the next four teams (Sri Lanka, the defending champions West Indies, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh) played a pre-tournament round-robin qualifying round from 7 to 14 October to determine which two teams will proceed to play in the main round.

Tournament structure
Two teams from the qualifying round, plus the other six teams, played in a group stage, split into two groups of four in a round-robin competition, played from 15 to 29 October.

The top two teams from each group qualified for the semi-finals played on 1 November and 2 November. The final was played on 5 November.

Venues
Matches in the preliminary round and the group round were played in the Punjab Cricket Association Stadium in Mohali, Sardar Patel Stadium in Ahmedabad, the Sawai Man Singh Stadium in Jaipur, and the Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai. The matches in Mumbai were the first One Day Internationals at Brabourne Stadium for 11 years.

The semi-finals were played in Mohali and Jaipur. The final was played in Mumbai.

Match officials
Three match referees and eight umpires were named for the tournament. Of the ten umpires on the ICC elite panel, neither Darrell Hair, who was not nominated due to security concerns, nor Billy Doctrove was employed for the tournament. Those were two umpires calling Pakistan for ball tampering in August. An ICC spokesman said, "this didn't mean Billy Doctrove is a bad umpire," and that there was "nothing sinister" about the decision.

The eight umpires for the tournament were:
 * 🏴 Mark Benson
 * Billy Bowden
 * Steve Bucknor
 * 🇵🇰 Aleem Dar
 * 🇦🇺 Daryl Harper
 * Rudi Koertzen
 * 🇵🇰 Asad Rauf
 * 🇦🇺 Simon Taufel

The three match referees for the tournament were:
 * Jeff Crowe
 * Mike Procter
 * Ranjan Madugalle

Qualifying round
West Indies and Sri Lanka had qualified with a game to spare, and their match only determined their position on the ICC ODI Championship table as well as group opposition in the main stage.

Tournament statistics
Statistics include performances in preliminary round matches.

Records
Records broken during the tournament:

 * Most consecutive defeats, 9, Zimbabwe (carried over from previous tournaments).
 * Most consecutive wins: 6, West Indies (carried over from previous tournaments).
 * Number of centuries in a tournament: 3, Chris Gayle
 * Most runs in a tournament: 474, Gayle
 * Most consecutive ducks: 3, Habibul Bashar (carried over from previous tournaments)
 * Youngest centurion in a Champions Trophy: Shahriar Nafees, 123 not out, Bangladesh v Zimbabwe, aged 20 years 261 days.
 * Highest third wicket partnership: 165, Upul Tharanga and Kumar Sangakkara, Sri Lanka v Zimbabwe at Sardar Patel Stadium, 10 October.
 * Highest fifth wicket partnership: 137, Brian Lara and Runako Morton, West Indies v Australia at Brabourne Stadium, 18 October.
 * Highest sixth wicket partnership: 131, Mark Boucher and Justin Kemp, South Africa v Pakistan at Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, 27 October.
 * Highest seventh wicket partnership: 103, Jacob Oram and Daniel Vettori, New Zealand v Australia at Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, 1 November.
 * Best bowling analysis: 9–2–14–6, Farveez Maharoof, Sri Lanka v West Indies, Brabourne Stadium, 14 October.
 * First hat-trick: Jerome Taylor v Australia, Brabourne Stadium, 18 October.

Off the field issues
The BCCI, Indian cricket's governing body, made efforts to ensure that this is the last ICC Champions Trophy. They stated that it was a "financial burden" for host nations and that the ICC should host only one international tournament, the World Cup. However, in April, BCCI president Sharad Pawar said that he would "respect the decision" if the ICC unanimously agreed to keep the Champions Trophy on the calendar.

After the bombings in Mumbai in July 2006, there were concerns raised about the security of players, but no team decided to withdraw on these grounds.

Herschelle Gibbs returned to India for the first time in six years; he had refused to tour the country following the match-fixing scandal on the tour of India in 2000, over fears he might be arrested. He eventually agreed to a questioning session with the Delhi police, incriminating several more people in the scandal.

Pakistan's team composition frequently changed; the original captain Inzamam-ul-Haq was suspended following his decision to forfeit the fourth Test of Pakistan's match against England over an umpiring decision. Younis Khan was instated as captain, withdrew himself, then was appointed for the job again. On 16 October, the day before their first match, Pakistan fast bowlers Mohammad Asif and Shoaib Akhtar were sent home following a positive A sample of a drugs test.

Award ceremony controversy
During the Award ceremony after the finals, Ricky Ponting tapped the shoulders of BCCI President Sharad Pawar and rudely gestured him to hand over the trophy. Soon after the trophy was handed over, Damien Martyn nudged Sharad Pawar off the stage, eager to relish the moment and to pose for the waiting photographers. Former Indian batsman Sunil Gavaskar who was also present on the stage, later disclosed that one of the Australian team members referred to Pawar as "Hiya Buddy."

Although Pawar tried to play down the incident by stating that "it wasn't intentional," some cricketers, including the usually diplomatic Sachin Tendulkar and Nikhil Chopra reacted strongly to this. In Mumbai, a section of NCP workers took to the streets demanding an apology from the Australian cricket team. Chaggan Bhujbal, a NCP leader, said, "This is an insult to a senior leader. We will make a formal complaint to the Australian embassy."

The BCCI, however, decided not to complain to Cricket Australia officially. However, the issue soon got resolved when Ricky Ponting tended his apology to Pawar.

title: 2006 ICC Champions Trophy


text:
User:Mrquick

I'm working on the programming textbook. I'm in college. I'll most likely be a programmer when I get out. Yep. And I have lots of experience messing with programming. Yep. Tis good.

title: User:Mrquick


text:
albethey

Etymology
An alteration of, replacing with. literally means “although it [may] be”, but has become as a conjunction in Standard English. Accordingly, a phrase like “they were good parents, albeit indulgent” should be read as “albeit [that they were] indulgent”. Speakers who are still aware of the underlying construct, however, may feel that should be used for “proper” agreement. (Theoretically, this would require other forms like, , etc., depending on the context.)

title: albethey


text:
tehnika

Noun

 * 1) technology

Noun

 * 1) technology

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  technique
 * 2)  technology
 * 3)  engineering

title: tehnika


text:
Cocktail (disambiguation)

A cocktail is a mixed drink containing alcohol.

Cocktail may also refer to:

 * Fruit cocktail, a mixture of various fruits, often canned
 * Shrimp cocktail, also known as a prawn cocktail, a type of seafood cocktail
 * Cocktail dress, a shorter length lady's gown
 * Molotov cocktail, a crude incendiary weapon
 * A mixture of drugs, especially a mixture of Antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV sometimes called a "triple cocktail"
 * A style of arcade cabinet where the screen lies horizontal and players generally sit opposite each other to play
 * In scuba diving with a rebreather, slang for caustic liquid getting in circuit if water gets at its absorbent

Entertainment

 * Cocktail (code name), the code name of Apple's iTunes LP music format
 * Cocktail (magazine), a Swedish and Norwegian erotic magazine edited by Linda Johansen
 * Cocktails (film), a 1928 British comedy film
 * "Cocktails" (The Office), a 2007 episode of the television series The Office
 * Cocktail (1988 film), an American film starring Tom Cruise
 * Cocktail (2006 film), a Hong Kong film directed by Ching Long and Herman Yau
 * Cocktail (2010 film), a Malayalam-language film starring Jayasurya and Samrvitha Sunil
 * Cocktail (2012 film), a Hindi-language film starring Saif Ali Khan and Deepika Padukone
 * Cocktail (2020 film), a Tamil-language comedy film starring Yogi Babu
 * Cocktail (album), a 2003 album by the Mexican electronic pop band Belanova
 * Cocktails (album), an album by Too Short
 * "Cocktail" (song), 2018 song by D-Block Europe and Yxng Bane
 * "Cocktails" (song), 2009 song by Hot Leg

title: Cocktail (disambiguation)


text:
愚公移山

Etymology
For more information, see the citations page.

Idiom

 * 1) to be resolute in one's endeavor, no matter what hardships one encounters

title: 愚公移山


text:
User:Abdul director

Abdul director was born in the year 1997/1998.he was the 7th son of Alhaji Musa Idriss. And the his mother Hajiya Rukayya Muhammed. He was attend his primary school at Kara primary school in the 2004 to 2010 in Potiskum Yobe state of Nigeria. And he was graduate his secondary school in the year 2016 at JDSS Abdulkadir Secondary school Hadejia Jigawa state. Now, Abdul Director is one among populest Hausa artist in northern Nigeria.

title: User:Abdul director


text:
Iman Elman

Iman Elman (born 1992) is a Somali-Canadian military officer. When she was a child, Elman's parents were peace advocates in wartorn Somalia. When the dangers of working in Somalia increased her parents agreed that her father, Elman Ali Ahmed would stay in Somalia, and continue to work for Peace, while her mother, Fartuun Adan would raise their daughters in Canada. When her daughters reached adult-hood Fartuun returned to Somalia, to renew her work for Peace. Iman's elder sisters, Almaas Elman and Ilwad Elman, also returned to Somalia, followed by Iman herself.

Almaas became a Somali diplomat, while Ilwad joined her mother at the Elman Peace and Human Rights Center. Iman, who had served in the Canadian reserves prior to her return to Somali, joined the Somali military.

Military career
Iman joined the Somali military in 2011. She faced the assumption that her role in the military would be a support role, not active military duties, like going on military patrols. However she succeeded in working with male soldiers. By 2013, she had been promoted to lieutenant. By 2016, she was a captain, commanding a company-sized unit of male soldiers.

By 2020, Iman had been promoted to lieutenant colonel, and was serving as a staff officer with planning responsibilities.

Iman has survived being near the explosion of three roadside bombs.

Iman has brought child soldiers, found during military patrols she participated in, back to the Elman Peace Centre, for re-integration into the civilian world.

title: Iman Elman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Popaganda!!!

The result of the debate was keep. Johnleemk | Talk 15:24, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Popaganda!!!
Album as yet unreleased. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. Originally placed PROD tag but that was removed. Ifnord 21:23, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Just to be crystal-clear here, this is not a nomination about notability of the band, nor their previous records. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball and this album does not yet exist. Even the title is undecided - per the article's own source on MTV. Ifnord 03:27, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * And according to their own Myspace blog, which the lead singer wrote, the album name is going to be what's listed here. The only change may be the exclamation points, but that's what the move button is for, right? --badlydrawnjeff (WP:MEME?) 03:34, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Keep per badlydrawnjeff. The 2-album standard is sufficient, but not necessary, for notability. Monicasdude 00:14, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. Album is set to be released in June by a notable band, Head Automatica.  Sources within article, song up on the band's Myspace, and they're a major label act to boot.  --badlydrawnjeff (WP:MEME?) 21:25, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. The band will only meet notability guidelines under WP:MUSIC after this album is released, if it ever is, and therefore, the band itself is not notable.  There's no assertion of notability on the Head Automatica or Decadence (album) pages other than the fact that the band is signed to Warner Brothers.  I'm putting PROD templates up on their other two pages.  The band can put their page back up on Wikipedia after they have become sufficently notable. Brian G. Crawford 22:09, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I have removed those prods. The band reaches notability standards thanks to their multiple tours of the United States, their two albums on WB (even if one is due to be released in a couple months), their multiple major music media mentions, and the lead singer's membership in the rock band Glassjaw.  I only got to the Head Automatica article today, so I'll have sources and an expansion shortly, but a little bit of research would have made this fairly evident. --badlydrawnjeff (WP:MEME?) 22:16, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Good call. Brian G. Crawford is fast becoming the Nancy Grace of AfD.  The band very clearly meets notability guidelines; it's not even in question.  Bobby P. Smith Sr. Jr. 03:43, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep, but Merge/Expand with Head Automatica. There's no point in having a stub that small when there is an article about the group. Expand/Merge the article, or delete it.C3H5N3O92010 00:57, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Even when we'll see a tracklisting shortly, and more information about the album closer to release date? --badlydrawnjeff (WP:MEME?) 01:00, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable group w/ notable members. Album will be out soon.  The idea of WP:NOT "crystal ball" is not to delete articles about soon-to-be-released notable albums, only to recreate them a few months later upon release.  Bobby P. Smith Sr. Jr. 01:17, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. Announced albums from major bands get articles. -- JJay 02:36, 20 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Eukaryotes/Animals/Chordates

The phylum Chordata includes three subphyla. These include vertebrates and invertebrate chordates.

Shared characteristics

 * Notochord: The flexible, hydrostatic (non-collapsible), rod-shaped supporting axis wrapped in tough connective tissue that is found dorsal to the gut/coelom and below the nervous system of the embryos of all chordates, including vertebrates. As bone does not compress, muscles tensed on one side result in body movement instead of shortening the animal. This allows for much better locomotion than do cilia for larger animals in water, a crucial victory for later success.
 * Pharyngeal slits: Slits in the pharynx originally used to gather food. Water enters the mouth, passes through the pharynx and exits through gill-like slits, passing through a cavity called the atrium, and then expelled from the body. In humans, they are present only during the embryonic stage of development.
 * Dorsal nerve cord: A neural tube dorsal to the notochord.
 * Postanal tail: Elongation of the body and notochord, nerve cord and muscles past the anus into a mobile, external appendage on the same axis; its contribution to early locomotive function led to success.

Non-synapomorphic characteristics (not limited to chordates):
 * Bisymmetrical (bilateral symmetry)
 * Segmented muscles and bones

Subphylum Urochordata
The tunicates are located in this subphylum. Along with the subphylum Cephalochordata, these two subphyla make up the invertebrate chordates. Only the tunicate larvae have notochords, nerve cords, and postanal tails. Most adult tunicates are sessile, filter-feeders which retain their pharyngeal slits. Adult tunicates also develop a sac, called a tunic, which gives tunicates their name. Cilia beating within the tunicate cause water to enter the incurrent siphon. The water enters the body, passes through the pharyngeal slits, and leaves the body through the excurrent siphon. Undigested food is removed through the anus. Tunicates are hermaphrodites and can reproduce asexually through budding. In urochordates notochord is confined to larval tail.

Characteristics

 * Lack a cranium
 * Have an open type of circulatory system
 * Excretion is by neural gland (nephrocytes)
 * Have two siphons through which water enters and exits the body
 * Have a tubular heart
 * Have a tough outer covering (e.g. Accidia)

Subphylum Cephalochordata
The lancelets are located in this subphylum. Along with the subphylum Urochordata, these two subphyla make up the invertebrate chordates. Lancelets receive their name from their blade-like shape. They resemble fish, but they are actually scale-less chordates only a few centimeters long. They spend most of their time buried in the sand with their mouths protruding. Fossils of lancelets have been found to be over 550 million years old. Dropped out sessile stage, what was the larval stage is now sexually reproductive. Includes Branchiostoma (“amphioxus”).

Subphylum Vertebrata
This group gets its name from the Latin verb vertere, meaning "to turn." They are characterized by separate bones or cartilage blocks firmly joined as a backbone. The backbone supports and protects a dorsal nerve cord. Vertebrates have tissues which are organized into organs which in turn are organized into organ systems.

Characteristics
All vertebrates share the following characteristics:
 * are segmented
 * a true coelom
 * bilateral symmetry
 * cephalization
 * a backbone
 * a bony skull
 * a closed circulatory system
 * a multi-chambered heart
 * two pairs of jointed appendages
 * tissues organized into organs with specialized functions

The vertebrate organ systems are broadly categorized into:
 * Neurological
 * Circulatory
 * Digestive
 * Respiratory
 * Reproductive
 * Excretory

The vertebral column is not present in higher vertebrate organisms that have reached maturity. (In humans, the gel-like, spongy core of the vertebral column is the only remainder; ruptured or herniated discs are an injury to this.) The cranium is a composite structure of bone and cartilage that serves two primary functions:
 * 1) protect and orient the sensory organs of the head, and
 * 2) enclose or partially enclose the brain

What evolutionary relationship could we imagine between sessile echinoderms and the higher chordate animals?

Paedomorphic (child-form) hypothesis: basically, evolution of sexual reproduction in what had previously been a larval life stage, or the retention of at least one juvenile characteristic into the adult (capable of sexual reproduction) stage. Some scientists believe that this occurred in a proto-chordate animal lineage. Maybe chordates (and vertebrates) arose from sessile (attached) ancestors. Selection in these proto-chordates maybe began to favor more time in the larval stage, as feeding was more successful or mortality lower in this stage. As larvae got bigger physics shows that the cilia become less efficient for locomotion, favoring the undulating motion allowed by a notochord.

Is this hypothesis crazy? A similar example of this today is Ephemeroptera, the mayfly, which has almost abandoned its adult stage. Its one-year lifespan is mostly larval with just a brief day of reproduce-and-die as an adult, which doesn’t even have usable mouthparts.

Tunicate (sea squirt) larva has all four chordate characteristics, although adult sessile (“attached”).

Class Agnatha
"jawless fish" Appeared approximately 500 million years ago and dominated the oceans for about 100 million years. The first group of fish to appear. They had neither jaws, paired fins, nor scales, but they were the first organisms with a backbone.
 * Ostracoderms: extinct Agnathans which had primitive fins and massive plates of bony tissue on their body.
 * Cyclostomes: "circle mouth" - a group of Agnathans which is still alive in the form of lampreys and hagfish.

Class Acanthodia
"spiny fish" Appeared about 430 million years ago. An extinct class of fish that developed jaws with bony edges. They had internal skeletons made of cartilage and some bone.

Class Placodermi
Appeared about 410 million years ago, dominated the sea for about 50 million years. An extinct class of fissive heads.

Class Chondrichthyes
"cartilaginous fish" Appeared about 400 million years ago with bony fish. Includes sharks, skates and rays, and chimaeras. Their skeletons are made of cartilage strengthened by the mineral calcium carbonate.

The main characteristics and distinguishing features of this class: - gills - single-loop blood circulation - vertebral column - presence of placoid scales on their bodies - internal skeleton of cartilage - paired, fleshy pectoral and pelvic fins - asymmetrical tail fin prevents sinking - fatty liver provides neutral buoyancy - visceral clefts present as separate and distinct gills - no external ear - oviparous - internal fertilization - ectoderms - cold blooded

Class Osteichthyes
"bony fish" Appeared about 400 million years ago with cartilaginous fish. Includes about 95% of today's fish species.

Subclass Sarcopterygii
fleshy-finned fishes. Fins have bones and muscles, homologous to our limbs.

Order Dipnoi
lung fishes, two groups isolated when continents separated

Order Crossopterygii
includes coelacanths and rhipodistians, gave rise to amphibians, had lungs which evolved into a swim bladder in bony fishes, and labyrinthodont teeth, characterized by complex folding of enamel.

•	Skeleton made of bone, jaws, fins, most with scales, two-chambered heart.

Class Amphibia
means “both lives”, aquatic larvae, terrestrial adult Amphibians: - Legs - Lungs - Double-Loop Circulation - Partially Divided Heart - Cutaneous Respiration (Breathes through Skin)

Order Salientia
frogs (jumping) (aka Anura)

Order Urodela
salamanders (tailed)

Labyrinthodont amphibians: oldest known amphibians, inherited characteristic teeth from crossopterygii ancestor, had stocky, aquatic larvae.

Amphibians have limbs instead of fins. Girdles and vertebral column now more substantial and connected, support body on legs.

Lisamphybia: no scales, “smooth”, eggs with no shell, laid in water (water-reliant).

Amphibians gave rise to cotylosaurs, from which arose dinosaurs, turtles, lizards, and therapsids.

Class Reptilia
amniotic egg allowed freedom from water, shelled egg. (Amnion: protection). Reptiles have four extra-embryonic membranes: Reptiles are cold-blooded, or ectothermic, meaning that their heat come from their environment. Sometimes defined as all amniotes that are not birds or mammals.
 * Amnion: supports aquatic environment inside egg in fluid sac.
 * Allantois: allows gas exchange and elimination of wastes.
 * Chorion: gas exchange
 * Yolk sac: only one of the four left over from amphibian ancestor

Reptiles can be classified by skull structure into four groups: Refers to number of holes in the skull. Cotylosaurs had Anapsid skull
 * Anapsid
 * Synapsid
 * Diapsid
 * Euryasid

Dermatocranium: from bony outer skull structure, precursor to human cranium.

Subclass Testudinata
turtles, terrapins

Subclass Diapsida
dinosaurs, snakes, most stuff

Subclass Diapsida
includes Ichthyosaurs, marine reptiles convergent on dolphins; Plesiosaurs, ancient sea monsters; Squamates, including lizards and snakes; and Thecodonts, which gave rise to
 * birds
 * dinosaurs
 * crocodilians

Dinosaurs: broken into two groups, based on hip structure

 * Saurischia: lizard hips (gave rise to birds [!]), ancestrally bipedal
 * Ornithischian: bird hips, ancestrally quadripedal

Crocodilians: come from archosaurs, the only extant (still living today) archosaur descendant. Ancestrally bipedal, secondarily quadripedal.

Synapsids: refers to joined (Greek syn-, together with) parts of skull. Led eventually to mammals. Synapsid pelycosaur >> therapsid >> mammals

Pelycosaur: Sail-backed dinosaur, legs not spread out like lizard but more pillar-like and under body, allowing greater activity and competence in motion, pendulum like rather than constant push-up. Teeth differentiated into different types, for pre-processing of food needed by higher metabolism. Skull changes, bone histology, suggestions of warm-bloodedness.

Class Aves
arose late Jurassic, early Cretaceous. Feathers, skeleton modified for flight. Feathers: epidermal derivative, made of keratin (like fingernails). Carpometacarpis: bears primary flight feathers, parallel to hand parts. Keeled sternum: breastbone, powerful one needed to support flight muscles. Strong, light, occasionally hollow bones. All birds lay eggs (as contrasted to reptiles, which have developed live birthing over 100 independent times.) Why are there no live-bearing birds? Early birds had teeth, lost them. With mammals, only exothermic animals.

Archaeopteryx: “ancient wing”, Jurassic bird-reptile, very dinosaur-like. Good fossils found in Zolenhoffen, German sandstone mine with fine sand, shows feathers clearly, found shortly after Darwin’s publication and used to support his hypothesis. Thick, heavy bones and no sternum, bony tail, not a good flyer but did have primary flight feathers.

Archaeornithes: includes archaeopteryx.

Paleognathae: gave rise to Australian flightless birds.

Neognathae: remaining live birds.

Class Mammalia
Two unique characteristics, or synapomorphies: (don’t fossilize well)
 * Hair
 * Mammary glands

Three skeletal characteristics (fossilize)
 * Lower jaw only one bone, the dentary (several in reptiles)
 * Three bones in middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes (reptiles have one or two, never three)
 * Joint between upper and lower jaws between dentary and squamosal of skull (in reptiles this joint is between other bones)

Mammals basically have a synapsid skull design inherited from ancestor

Non diagnostic characteristics (not unique to mammals):
 * Warm-blooded
 * Skin glands: sweat glands and oil-producing sebaceous glands
 * Large nasal cavities (because of high metabolism) Clean, warm and humidify air
 * Heterodonty (differentiated teeth)
 * Diphiodonty: two sets of teeth: baby and adult (“deciduous” teeth, drop out) (reptile teeth are continually replaced)

Subclass Protheria
monotremes (Greek mon-, one; and trema, hole), or egg-laying mammals, have one opening for excretion and urination.

Subclass Theria
Metatheria: Marsupials (opossum, kangaroo…) Eutheria: Placental mammals (all common mammals)

Marsupium: (from Greek marsypion, purse or pouch). Gestation period much shorter than in Eutherian mammals, but after leaving the uterus the tiny offspring crawls into a pouch where it completes development latched onto a teat.

Recent molecular (read: genetic) evidence suggests that two different mammal groups may have developed live-bearing ability separately. Instead of being a “rough draft” for placental-style live bearing, perhaps the marsupial pouch approach is another solution to the same problem. Advantage: in tough times the parent can pitch out the offspring and increase its own chance of survival.


text:
Swimming at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

The men's 4 × 200 m freestyle relay event for the 1976 Summer Olympics was held in Montreal. The event took place on Wednesday, 21 July.

Heats
Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3


text:
Purple Rose Theatre Company

The Purple Rose Theatre Company is a 501(c) non-profit regional theater located in Chelsea, Michigan. It was founded in 1991 by actor and playwright Jeff Daniels. Its name comes from the 1985 film The Purple Rose of Cairo, which starred Daniels and for which he earned his first Golden Globe nomination.

History
In the early 1900s, Jeff Daniels’ grandfather owned the building that would one day become the Purple Rose as a car and bus garage. Other business in the same building included a gas station, pizza parlor, and vegetable stand. In 1989, the building was renovated by Daniels to be donated to the Purple Rose.

The building is in the historic district of downtown Chelsea. The lobby features 1930's décor – including marbled glass chandeliers and an art deco box office. In 2018, the lobby (including its bathrooms) was renovated including updated carpeting, new bathrooms, and white walls with purple accents.

The Purple Rose produces four shows a year. In 2017, the Purple Rose produced its 100th production with the revival of Vino Veritas by Michigan playwright David MacGregor.

Performance space
In 1999, a capital campaign worth $2.2 million was launched with the aim to expand the building including the stage, lobby, and administrative spaces. During renovations, the building closed for a year and a half to reopen in January, 2001. The mortgage for the building was paid off in March, 2004.

The renovated stage space is a ¾ thrust with 168 seats with each seat five rows back or less.

In 2017, a two-phase roof renovation project was completed that raised the roof in the backstage area to accommodate more ceiling space above the stage – approximately 1,000 square feet. The project was completed with the help of the Michigan Arts and Culture Council.

Notable artists
Guy Sanville was artistic director for over 20 years. In those years, Sanville directed over 60 productions, and performed in 12 – including The Tropical Pickle, A Stone Carver and The Odd Couple as Oscar. Sanville resigned in 2021.

Bart Bauer, one of the founding members of the theatre, has designed over 35 sets for the Purple Rose including the Sherlock Holmes world premieres and Annapurna.

Television stars and brothers Matt & Brian Letscher both got both their acting and playwriting starts at the Purple Rose.

Carey Crim is a Michigan playwright with 5 world-premieres produced at the Purple Rose. Crim, daughter of famed Detroit Broadcast Journalist Mort Crim, started at the Purple Rose as an actor. Most recently, she had her plays Morning After Grace and Never Not Once appear on the Purple Rose stage. Morning After Grace has since had runs at Royal Manitoba Theatre Company, Asolo Rep, and Shakespeare and Co.

David MacGregor is another Michigan playwright with 6 productions at the Purple Rose. MacGregor is in the process of creating a trilogy of plays about Sherlock Holmes. The first play involves Vincent Van Gogh and Oscar Wilde, and the second involves Auguste Escoffier and Prince Albert Edward.

Emergency! TV star Randolph Mantooth has performed in two productions at the Purple Rose: Superior Donuts by Tracy Letts & the world premiere Morning After Grace by Carey Crim.

Notable productions
In 1995, Daniels wrote Escanaba in Da Moonlight about a hunting lodge in the Upper Peninsula (The U.P.) of Michigan. This was the first of three plays Daniels wrote about “Yoopers” (residents of the U.P.), the other two being Escanaba in Love in 2006, and Escanaba in 2009.

In 1997 the Purple Rose produced Hot l Baltimore written by Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright, Lanford Wilson. This production was the first play of Wilson's performed at the Purple Rose, and one of only two plays directed by Jeff Daniels. Wilson eventually ended up writing Book of Days (1998) and Rain Dance (2000) for the theatre, his final two plays before he died in 2011.

In 2017, the Purple Rose produced Willow Run, a play about Rosie the Riveters who worked at the Willow Run bomber plant in Ypsilanti, Michigan. On August 18, nine original Rosies attended the performance.

Onstage & Unplugged
Starting in 2001, Daniels started performing a holiday concert titled “Onstage & Unplugged” where he sings and plays guitar for a limited engagement of shows as a fundraiser for the theatre. Jeff plays original music and sometimes is joined onstage by close musician friends such as Brad Phillips, the Ben Daniels Band, and Brian Vander Ark.

Critical reception and awards
In 1994, Detroit News named The Purple Rose “Theatre of the Year”.

In 1998, the American Theatre Critics Association awarded the “Best New Play” award to Book of Days by Lanford Wilson.

The Purple Rose has won three Edgerton Foundation New Play awards – for White Buffalo (2011), Gaps in the Fossil Record (2015), & Willow Run (2017). The award allows theaters to pay artists for a week of rehearsal and workshops.

In February 2013, the Chelsea Area Chamber of Commerce awarded the Purple Rose with the Large Business Leadership Award.

In September 2016, during their 25th anniversary fundraiser, The Senior Senator from Michigan, Debbie Stabenow, presented a commendation to the Purple Rose, applauding its cultural and economic impact in South East Michigan.

Wilde Awards
Since 2002, the Wilde Awards have recognized Michigan's professional theatre community. The Purple Rose has won 24 of these Wilde Awards, out of a total of 129 nominations.

Apprenticeship program
The Purple Rose formerly offered a year-long apprenticeship program for young artists entering a career in theatre. Apprentices were paid a modest stipend, gaining experience in lighting, sound, stage management, design, set construction, and administrative/box office work. The seven apprentices also maintained and cleaned the theatre's facilities. The program was inspired by Daniels' experience as an apprentice with the Circle Repertory Company in New York City.

The Purple Rose discontinued the apprentice program in 2021, following longstanding claims of toxic and abusive treatment of apprentices by staff, including artistic director Guy Sanville. The claims resulted in an investigation by the Actors' Equity Association, the union representing Purple Rose staff, which dismissed all but one of the complaints. The Purple Rose reached a confidential settlement with a group of former apprentices in late 2020 regarding wage and hour violations, and committed to hire an independent human resources firm. Sanville resigned his Actors' Equity Association membership and his position as artistic director in late 2021.

Films
In 2001, Purple Rose Films produced Escanaba in da Moonlight, based on the play of the same name written by Jeff Daniels. The film includes nine actors associated with the Purple Rose Theatre, including Jim Porterfield and Wayne David “Daba” Parker, who played Alphonse & Da Jimmer respectively in the play and the film.

In 2002, Purple Rose Films produced an original movie entitled Super Sucker, a story about vacuum cleaner salesmen. The film was shot entirely in Jackson, Michigan. Eleven actors in the film were associated with the Purple Rose Theatre, including Jeff Daniels, Matt Letscher, Guy Sanville, and Michelle Mountain.

In 2013, Blue Frog Productions produced Vino Veritas, based on the play of the same name written by David MacGregor. The film was shot in Lincoln, Nebraska.

In 2017, Mirrorcore Productions produced Wake, based on the play of the same name written by Carey Crim. The film was shot in California.

In 2017, Grand River Productions produced Guest Artist, based on the play of the same name written by Jeff Daniels. The film is almost entirely cast with actors from the Purple Rose including Jeff Daniels, Richard McWilliams (Harvey as Elwood P. Dowd & All My Sons as Joe Keller) and Thomas Macias, who started at the Purple Rose as an apprentice in 2013. The film was directed by Timothy Busfield and was shot on location in New York City, New York and Chelsea, Michigan.

In 2019, Doorstop Productions produced a short film called Just Desserts, based on the short play of the same name written by David MacGregor. The film was shot in Orange, New Jersey.

Television
In October 2015, Purple Rose: 25 Years premiered on Detroit Public Television. This documentary, produced by 2188, features the story of the Purple Rose with stories and interviews from some of the artists associated with the theatre.

In October 2017, the Purple Rose was featured along with Cornelia Sampson and the Guadalupe Arts and Culture Center in an episode of Detroit Performs.

title: Purple Rose Theatre Company


text:
GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 4

< Back to Questions

A plug contains three wires. Each a different colour: Red, Blue, and green/yellow. Only two of the wires in a plug carry current under normal conditions. These are:

 * The red and the green/yellow
 * The blue and the green/yellow
 * The red and the blue


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/achievementmantra.com

Links

 * achievementmantra.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Users
No users found.

Additions
No additions recorded.


text:
ekonomija

Etymology
Via some other European language, ultimately from, from , from and.

Noun

 * 1) economy, savings frugal, effective use of resources, leading to the saving of time or resources; the savings achieved by such an effective use of resources

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) economy
 * 2)  economics
 * 3)  economy

Noun

 * 1) economy
 * 2) economics (study)

Noun

 * 1) economics (study)

title: ekonomija


text:
Richard Addis

Richard Addis (born 23 August 1956) is a British journalist and entrepreneur. He is currently chairman and Editor-in-Chief of The Day. He is a former editor of the Daily Express newspaper and a former novice Anglican monk.

Addis was educated at West Downs School, Rugby School and Downing College, Cambridge, graduating with a BA and an MA. Between attending Rugby and Downing he spent two years as a novice at the Anglican priory of the Community of the Glorious Ascension in Watchet, Somerset.

His started in journalism as deputy editor of Homes & Jobs magazine where he was rapidly promoted to editor and, to save money, wrote the entire magazine under various pseudonyms. It was there where he first demonstrated his flair for design when his insisted that his staff should all wear a different colour each day and sit next to each other so their clothes and the editorial floor were colour-coordinated. When the title went bankrupt he got a job as a reporter on Marketing Week where he remained for two years. His career took off when he was hired as a reporter on Londoner's Diary of the London Evening Standard in 1985. He went on to become Editor of Londoner's Diary and Assistant Editor (Features).

In 1989 he was appointed Deputy Editor of The Sunday Telegraph. In 1991 he was appointed features editor at the Daily Mail where his downhome and informal style of dress was admired and often imitated. In 1995, he was appointed editor of the Daily Express and a year later became editor-in-chief of the Daily and Sunday Express. While on the Express he regularly invited the paper's astrologer Jonathan Cainer to join editorial conferences to give them an added perspective. He left the Express in 1999 to move to Canada as editor of The Globe and Mail in Toronto, a post he held from July 1999 – July 2002. In 2002 he returned to London as Assistant Editor in charge of design at the Financial Times. He was promoted to Editor of Weekend FT shortly afterwards while retaining his design duties, remaining there until 2006.

Overall he has taken his turn at editing seven ‘national’ newspapers (Evening Standard, Sunday Telegraph, Daily Mail, Daily Express, Sunday Express, The Globe and Mail and Financial Times) which is believed to be a record among living British journalists.

Richard Addis left newspapers in February 2006 to launch his own media consultancy, Shakeup Media, working with publishers in Africa, the Middle East and India. For five years he attempted to launch various media start-ups including the UK's first hand-written newspaper (The Manual) and the UK's first quality free daily newspaper (The Day) which received investment support from backers including Associated Newspapers before running into the credit crunch of 2008. He wrote an award-winning book about the ethics of the global economic system (Good Value, Penguin, 2009) with Stephen Green.

In January 2011 he finally launched The Day in a new incarnation as a daily online news title for "schools, colleges and inquiring minds". Claiming to be the "world's first current affairs teaching and learning website", 18 months after launch The Day had subscribers in 21 countries and a daily reach of over half a million teenagers.

From March 2014 to July 2015 he worked with Newsweek to launch a fully independent European edition as its first European editor-in-chief.

Richard Addis is single and lives in London. For 20 years he was the partner of the British actress Helen Schlesinger with whom he has two children, Theo and Sebastian. He was previously married for 20 years to the artist and translator Noonie Minogue with whom he has three children, Ferdie, Beatrice and Katharine.

title: Richard Addis


text:
Talk:Dave Flemming

Original Research
Practically this entire article reads like a self promotion. Nothing is sourced to a a reliable refernce. The "Commenting Style" section in particular seems completely editorialized. This article needs some major work in order to avoid deletion altogether. WindyCityRider 21:19, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Flemming


text:
User:Kcheshir/sandbox

= Carlo Scarpa's Castelvecchio = Castelvecchio, translated as "Old Castle" In Italian, is located in Verona, Italy. The castle was built for military purposes during the Scaliger Dynasty, who ruled the city during the middle ages.

Skiddy's Almshouse (1718-1719)
Once a part of a campus, this almshouse was built for the city's poor by Stephen Skiddy. It is the oldest building in the city of Cork, started in 1718 and finished in 1719. The building's surrounding the almhouse were destroyed in the 1950s

title: User:Kcheshir/sandbox


text:
Alethea Sedgman

Alethea Nevada Sedgman (born 24 January 1994) is an Australian sport shooter. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, she won a gold medal in the women's 50 metres rifle three position event. She was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 10 metres air rifle event and the 50m rifle event.

Personal
Sedgman was born on 24 January 1994 in Carlton, Victoria. She grew up in Victoria on a farm. She attended Natimuk Primary School before going to high school at Horsham College. In 2010, she earned her VCE in English literature. , she lives in Natimuk, Victoria.

Sedgman is 179 cm tall and weighs 65 kg.

Shooting
Sedgman is a sport shooter, specialising in the rifle. She is a member of the Horsham Smallbore Club and has been coached by Petr Kůrka since 2009. She has a shooting scholarship with the Victorian Institute of Sport. She became a senior shooter in 2009. She represented Australia at the 2010 World Championship in Munich.

Sedgman competed at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, where she earned a gold medal     as a sixteen-year-old  in the women's 50m rifle three position event. Her gold was Australia's first in shooting at the 2010 Games. She won gold with a score of 676.0 points.

Sedgman finished 2nd in the three position and 4th in the prone 10 metres air rifle at the 2011 Oceania Championships in Sydney, Australia. She finished 23rd and 24th in the junior 10 metres air rifle events at the 2012 Plzeň Grand Prix in Plzeň, Czech Republic. At the 2012 Meyton Cup in Tirol, Austria, she finished 4th and 18th in the junior 10 metres rifle events. She finished 42nd in the junior 10 metres air rifle at the 2012 Munich IWK in Munich Germany. In the 2012 Australia Cup 1 she finished 2nd in the 10 metres air rifle at Event 2 in Adelaide, Australia having placed 1st in the same event and 3rd in the three positions at Event 1, also in Adelaide. In the 2012 Australia Cup 2 Sedgman recorded finishes of 2nd in the 10 metres air rifle and 4th in the three positions at Event 1 in Sydney and followed this by finishing 2nd in the 10 metres at Event 2.

Olympics
Sedgman was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in shooting in the 10 metres air rifle event. She was eighteen years old at the Games.

Australia had one final quota place to give to a shooter for the Olympics and it came down a choice between Gulvin and Sedgman. Sedgman was selected ahead of her boyfriend as Australian International Shooting opted to send a female competitor.

title: Alethea Sedgman