text:
Talk:Choy Li Fut/Archive 1

New page with references and sources
This page was created because some users are pushing some sort of agenda on the other Choi Lei Fut page. These users are preventing others from contributing historic information with references and valid sources regarding the development and history of Choi Lei Fut. The other page is not neutral or fair, so to avoid creating any animosity, this page was created. The writers of the Choi Lei Fut page can write what ever they wish to write, while those who are not in agreement can reside here. It is unfortunate that they are not willing to cooperate or write in a neutral fashion that would allow both sides to be heard. Huo Xin (talk) 05:37, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Added partial forms list and weapons list
I've added a partial forms list and the 52 weapons of Choy Li Fut to the page. Huo Xin (talk) 16:46, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Peacock terms.
On a scan thogh i saw a few phrases like "is a powerful and dynamic martial art" that are definitely peacock terms, I have removed a few as that type of wording is not appropriate. --Nate1481 11:56, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks Nate for removing the peacock terms. I'm trying to find more references as well. I want to make this page as neutral and informative as possible without taking too much away from the historical perspective of the times. Huo Xin (talk) 23:08, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

added characteristics section
I added a characteristics section to help read flow and to provide more depth to the art. Huo Xin (talk) 22:35, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

moved sections around
I added a characteristic section and moved forms and weapons sections below it. Huo Xin (talk) 22:51, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Removed wikify template
I removed the wikify template because I put in a lot of internal links. I will continue this. Huo Xin (talk) 22:35, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Quote from Bruce Lee
Added the exact page number the Bruce Lee quote regarding Choy Li Fut is located in the book by Jesse Glover. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Clftruthseeking (talk • contribs) 02:50, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Reorganizing and cleanup
I am current reorganizing and cleaning up the page to conform to wikipedia standards. History and logistical flow is now improved. Removing general cleanup reorganization template. Copyediting templates is still active. Huo Xin (talk) 17:38, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Removed copy edit template
Article is now well written and presented. Flows chronologically with excellent detail. Removing copy edit template and will continue to monitor and refine. Huo Xin (talk) 19:49, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Change name back to choi lei fut
I don't know who changed the article name from Choi Lei Fut to Cai li fo. Since this is a southern martial art and it does have its globally recognized English equivalent as "Choi Lei Fut", I say we should use "Choi Lei Fut" instead. The same analogy can be applied from Wing Chun (not Yong Chun), and Hung Ga (not Hong Jia). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ohnobananas (talk • contribs) 19:37, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
 * The name seems to have been changed due to an editing dispute and various edits of the article conflicting with each other. Now that that's done, I agree that the name should be changed back - it's a southern art, its founders were likely native speakers of Cantonese, and the current major practicioners typically refer to it in English by the Cantonese name. Ergative rlt (talk) 14:45, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I disagree that the name should be changed. The dispute was not due to editing. In China, the proper name is recognized as Cailifo (Mandarin). You are most likely correct about the Cantonese usage, however, your assumption that that is Choi Lei Fut, is inaccurate and unfounded. The current major practitioners in the U.S, U.K. and Europe spell it Choy Li Fut. Besides, the english variants are covered in the information box to the right of the opening paragraph. The spelling, Choi Lei Fut, is common primarily in Australia as far I have been able to ascertain.Clftruthseeking (talk) 04:43, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * That the major practicioners in the US and UK (and by implication Australia) use the Cantonese name is a strong case for returning to a Cantonese name for this article - see Use the most easily recognized name and Use common names. Also, note Huo Xin's comment of 17 June, and that Ohnobananas and myself are different people. Ergative rlt (talk) 00:07, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I do not see his (Huo Xin) statement as a justification for the name change, but I do see your point. The other article had no references nor citations amongst other concerns. What name do you propose? Why would one want to be Western-centric? Cantonese is no longer a language supported by the Chinese government, not that I am in favor of this, but Beijing has recognized Cailifo as a National Treasure. The other variations are redirected to this page, so I assert that the present name is correct in its worldwide accessibility and recognition across languages. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Clftruthseeking (talk • contribs) 04:37, 27 August 2009 (UTC) Clftruthseeking (talk) 04:42, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * It occurred to me that if you want the page in Cantonese it needs to be in Chinese characters. The English variations are all a result the inability of the phonetics being able to accurately duplicate the intonations in the Chinese language. With this in mind, I'm unsure what is really being asked here.Clftruthseeking (talk) 04:55, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Stop this arguing please
 * It is not good to nitpick over little details such as this. We have a great page here which gives credit to many of the branches of Choy Li Fut.  The only reason why anyone would want to change the name of this page is for political reasons.  Lets keep politics and passions out of this wiki page and concentrate on the content.

 * I believe that the page should be left as Cai Li Fo. I will add both Mandarin and Cantonese to the top description.

 * Okay, let me explain the linguistic problems.

 * First Chinese as a spoken language is tonal not phonetic like most western languages such as our English. There are basically 4 tones in Mandarin, 7 in Cantonese.  The system of writing Chinese words into English is called Pinyin.  For example "choy" can be written as "Choi" or "Tsoi", etc.  That is because it is difficult to write tones and refined sounds into letters.

 * To try and standardize the English writing of Chinese words and to take into consideration pronunciation, pinyin standards such as Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928, Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931,Wade-Giles (1859; modified 1892), zhuyin, etc.. were created over history to address these problems. Each of them had differing standards.  The official 2009 national standarized pinyin of China is called Hanyu Pinyin.

 * There are 107+ known spoken dialects in China. In Cantonese alone, you have dialects such as Toi-san, Sam-yup, Sei-yup, Gok-gong, Hakka, etc.. Each will pronounce "Choy Li Fut" slightly different, thus the transliteration to English, depending on what pinyin you used, and when it was used, will create differences in the English spelling.   An example would be the word "Chi".  If you use the Chinese Postal Romanization,  you can write it as Chi, ch'i, and hsi (pinyin ji, qi, and xi) are represented as either tsi, tsi, and si or ki, ki, and hi depending on historic pronunciation, etc.  The official Chinese Hanyu Pinyin of 2009 romanized spelling of Chi is Qi, whether you like it or not, whether you are from the South or North.

 * So arguing whether Choy Li Fut should be written as Choi Lei Fut or Tsoi Lee Fot, is ridiculous and wasting time. If you wish to conform to the most popular Southern Cantonese standard for the name, the "Choy Li Fut" would be the one.

 * Another problem. To make Choy Li Fut a widely known martial arts in China, and to standardize it's name.  You have to use Mandarin.

 * To unify the country as a whole and remove the dialect issues. The government of China made Mandarin the official language of China.  Since Hong Kong is now part of China again, Mandarin is now the official language in Hong Kong even though people still speak their dialects.  Even with written and spoken Mandarin, Taiwan uses the older written language while mainland China uses a simplified version.  Most people born and educated before WWII in China and Japan can read the old style of writing as well as the newer simplified form.

 * To deal with this issue, I will mention both names at the top of the article. To deal with transliterations of the romanized spellings, when a wiki user types in any transliteration of Choy li Fut, Cai Li Fo, Choi Lei Fut, whatever, the wiki has been set up to auto-magically send them to this page. Huo Xin (talk) 18:56, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Request for semiprotection
is not the correct venue to request semiprotection. Please see WP:RFPP. However, from the history, I doubt any administrator would approve the request. Intelligent  sium  03:29, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Request for semiprotection - was denied?
Unregistered users with DHCP generated IP accounts from Italy are preforming inappropriate editing and abuse, e.g. removing relevant information, deleting entire sections, and modifying the Chinese characters to contain insults, within the Cai_li_fo wiki page. This vandalism has nothing to do with content disputes or contribute anything to the quality and accuracy of the article. It is a personal attack and defamation on one of the people (living biography exists) mentioned in the article.

Requesting semi-protection so that only registered users can modify the contents seems like a small request and would protect this page from being vandalized like the former Choy Li Fut pages were in the past. Huo Xin (talk) 18:11, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Adding your name as a former student
Some of you have been nitpicking on listing your names as a student of Doc Fai Wong. Eventually I will ask him to verify this. Normally only his directly taught students should be listed. In other words, if he was directly your Sifu then you can list your name. If you are a student of one of his students, then please refrain from entering your name. Huo Xin (talk) 20:13, 8 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I am having trouble making sense of big parts of this article, but including oneself (or an acquaintance) as a former student and asking Doc Fai Wong to verify former students both amount to original research and such information should not be included in this article. Information about lineage(s) can only be included if it can be verified in published reliable sources, per Wikipedia guidelines. / ninly ( talk ) 15:37, 1 June 2010 (UTC)
 * In regards to your interpretation of original research and verified perspectives; this is strictly applied to all material in the mainspace—articles, lists, sections of articles, and captions—without exception, and in particular to material about living persons. Anything that requires but lacks a source may be removed, and unsourced contentious material about living persons must be removed immediately. The verification of Doc Fai Wong lineage is not contentious and is verifiable. Please read the contents of: biographies of living persons for clarification. Huo Xin (talk) 22:44, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

Please do not move page
I am the author and creator of this page. Please do not move the name of the page. Cai Li Fo is the Mandarin name of this style of martial art and other pinyin versions are not standardized. Mandarin pinyin standardization is the official standard for all of China.Huo Xin (talk) 20:00, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

I won't get involved in the Mandarin-Cantonese debate, but the words Cai, Li, and Fo should all be caplitalised because they're surnames. And if it is decided to use the Cantonese name, I suggest spelling it as Choy Li Fat or Choi Li Fatt. The "i" sound is pronounced in Cantonese as "eh", so Li is pronounced as Lei but should still be spelled Li or Lee. And Buddha's name should be spelled Fat or Fatt, not "Fut". The U sound is pronounced like "oo" in Chinese, so "Fut" would rhyme with the English word foot.Morinae (talk) 10:43, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Of course I agree. Cai Li Fo should be capitalized, but the wiki will not let me use the rename page feature since it is the same letters. I will attempt the request with an administrator. Also, I understand your concern over the spelling of the Cantonese name, however what you are mentioning is called transliterations and if you do a search on "Choy Li Fat" or "Choi Li Fatt" will auto magically bring you to this page.
 * Here is a repeat of what I have previously said:
 * It is not good to nitpick over little details such as this. We have a great page here which gives credit to many of the branches of Choy Li Fut. The only reason why anyone would want to change the name of this page is for political reasons. Lets keep politics and passions out of this wiki page and concentrate on the content. I believe that the page should be left as Cai Li Fo. I will add both Mandarin and Cantonese to the top description. Okay, let me explain the linguistic problems. First Chinese as a spoken language is tonal not phonetic like most western languages such as our English. There are basically 4 tones in Mandarin, 7 in Cantonese. The system of writing Chinese words into English is called Pinyin. For example "choy" can be written as "Choi" or "Tsoi", etc. That is because it is difficult to write tones and refined sounds into letters. To try and standardize the English writing of Chinese words and to take into consideration pronunciation, pinyin standards such as Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928, Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931,Wade-Giles (1859; modified 1892), zhuyin, etc.. were created over history to address these problems. Each of them had differing standards. The official 2009 national standarized pinyin of China is called Hanyu Pinyin. There are 107+ known spoken dialects in China. In Cantonese alone, you have dialects such as Toi-san, Sam-yup, Sei-yup, Gok-gong, Hakka, etc.. Each will pronounce "Choy Li Fut" slightly different, thus the transliteration to English, depending on what pinyin you used, and when it was used, will create differences in the English spelling. An example would be the word "Chi". If you use the Chinese Postal Romanization, you can write it as Chi, ch'i, and hsi (pinyin ji, qi, and xi) are represented as either tsi, tsi, and si or ki, ki, and hi depending on historic pronunciation, etc. The official Chinese Hanyu Pinyin of 2009 romanized spelling of Chi is Qi, whether you like it or not, whether you are from the South or North. So arguing whether Choy Li Fut should be written as Choi Lei Fut or Tsoi Lee Fot, is ridiculous and wasting time. If you wish to conform to the most popular Southern Cantonese standard for the name, the "Choy Li Fut" would be the one. Another problem. To make Choy Li Fut a widely known martial arts in China, and to standardize it's name. You have to use Mandarin. To unify the country as a whole and remove the dialect issues. The government of China made Mandarin the official language of China. Since Hong Kong is now part of China again, Mandarin is now the official language in Hong Kong even though people still speak their dialects. Even with written and spoken Mandarin, Taiwan uses the older written language while mainland China uses a simplified version. Most people born and educated before WWII in China and Japan can read the old style of writing as well as the newer simplified form. To deal with this issue, I will mention both names at the top of the article. To deal with transliterations of the romanized spellings, when a wiki user types in any transliteration of Choy li Fut, Cai Li Fo, Choi Lei Fut, whatever, the wiki has been set up to auto-magically send them to this page.

Huo Xin (talk) 23:01, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

King of weapons?
In citation 24 (http://www.martialarm.com/weapons/kungfu-weapons.html) it is the spear, not the 9 dragon trident. This is an irrelevant reference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:54, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

The Wikipedia Page on Cai Li Fo is not Infringing on Copyrighted material.
If one looks at the history of the Wikipedia page on this subject, it is clear that the page was started and edited prior to the creation of the web site that it now is alleged to be infringing upon. In fact, the material contained in the web page has been copied in part or in its entirety by the web site claiming to be infringed upon. The copy (text) used in the opening paragraph is identical to the Cailifo page on the Wiki; not vice versa.

This can be further proven by the fact that this style of kung fu has been around long enough and well documented to have established a common understanding of the history of the style and its founder as well as the subsequent generations of teachers. Historically, there is no evidence of a "Bird Form" of kung fu using the identical information contained in the supposedly infringed upon site. Cai Li Fo, having been based on the Shaolin teachings included a number of traditional animal styles including a bird; specifically, "Crane." However, this would not constitute a style called "Bird" Kung Fu.

Having participated in the development of this page from the beginning, I submit that this is not a copyright violation but someone copying an existing article on Cai Li Fo and using that information as their own.

Please release the article from this template.

Thank you. Clftruthseeking (talk) 02:40, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

No copyright infringement of the Cai Li Fo and Jeong Yim pages
( This is a copy of the text I sent to TexasAndroid. I wrote this letter so don't claim I copy infringed myself )

I understand that there has been some concern about copy write infringement regarding these two pages as well as others I have created. I can assure you that it is original prose and there are others who have contributed to these information contained here. We have been working on these pages for 2+ years now and have found that other sites have been copying our content and posting it on their websites and not referencing the source to the wiki pages. Even books have been published.

On the Cai Li Fo site, we have been working and verifying content with one of the Grandmasters of Cai Li Fo, who is considered the "holder" or librarian of the entire Cai Li Fo martial arts style in China, as well as referencing numerous books and articles to clarify the contents. The Jeong Yim site was created to offset a political issue regarding this person's involvement and history in the development of the Cai Li Fo martial arts style and to prevent vandalism to the main Cai Li Fo website. This allowed people who have strong alternative views of Jeong Yim's involvement and revisionist history, to post there.

If you have looked into all of the pages I have authored or have contributed to, you will find many, many wiki articles. Yip Man, Bruce Lee, Huo Yuanjia, Doc Fai Wong, etc. For example, the Bruce Lee wiki was in total disarray with vandalism and non-verifiable references being posted. I cleaned up, re-worded, validated, referenced, and restructured the entire article many months ago and it seems to help negate much of the controversial issues and vandalism. I feel I have been extremely careful in referencing sources and verifying content.

Many of the pages I have worked on have been copied into the numerous martial arts sites and last year books have been published containing word by word information from the wiki pages that I help create.

http://www.amazon.com/Chinese-martial-arts-Neijia-Dragon/dp/1156420164/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1302633095&sr=1-3

and here:

http://www.amazon.com/Chinese-Martial-Artists-Michelle-Doc-Fai/dp/1156827639/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1302633243&sr=1-1

Please be advised that copying is generally the other way around. The history of Chinese martial arts is highly controversial. People are copying information directly from the wiki sites, posting it on their websites, and claiming it as their own. Many of these same people do not like the verified wiki content and references that I have posted, and in response have copied sections to their website and modified sections to conform to their non-verifiable, revisionist views.

This is a new tactic that I and co-authors have seen. First it was vandalism, now it seems they are using our published wiki information against us.

Please remove this "copyright infringement" block since it does not apply in many of these situations.

Huo Xin (talk) 19:04, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Choy Fook's Instructors
Included in the "founding" section is a legend of the 5 Monks. This paragraph incorrectly implies that Li Yau San was one of the 5 and that Choy Fook trained under the founder of Choy Gar. Though there is legend for each of the family systems; Hung Gar, Li Gar, Fut Gar, Choy Gar and Lau Gar, there is no indication that any of these predated Cai Li Fo. Cai Li Fo was a synthesis of Shaolin training taught by three individuals to Chan Heung. Documentation now states that those three teachers trained under Shaolin monks. It is very possible that CLF predates the "family" styles. Using Wong Fei Hong is an example, it is important to remember that he and Chan Cheong Mo were contemporaries. By that time, Chan Cheong Mo was 3rd generation Cai Li Fo.

It is possible that one of Choy Fook's teachers, Li Sou, was one of the legendary 5 in place of the stated Li Yau San, but it is not clear if that establishes enough certainty to be included as historical fact. There is no documented evidence of the relationship. I did not remove the reference to the legend because it is important that this is discussed fully prior to editing such a section. Please express your viewpoint on this matter. Clftruthseeking (talk) 23:30, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Cai Li Fo Level of Importance Should Be Increased
Cai Li Fo has been recognized by the PRC as being a National Treasure. The level of importance of this article should be increased well above "Low". Clftruthseeking (talk) 23:36, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Choy Li Fut/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Beginning composition

i think this is a terrible article. it doesn't provide any information or direction on the subject of beginning composition, and as a whole i think it would be more a detriment than a help to anyone wishing to learn about this subject. also the language of the stub is emotionally charged and does not sound objective and impartial.

I agree. This article does not give constructive information about methods of learning composition. It is true that there is not one hard-and-fast method, but there are several types of compositional strategies that could be discussed, like chord progression and traditional part-writing rules. Traditional part-writing or the "rules of counterpoint" have been taugh from Beethoven's time to the present. It's useful for composers of Western music to learn them, even though they do not always have to follow them.

Perhaps twelve-tone composition could be discussed as well. MusicWeaver 08:11, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Beginning composition


text:
Cookbook:Louis Dressing

| Salad Recipes | Appetizers | California cuisine

Louis dressing is a salad dressing commonly used with seafood salads, such as Crab Louis and Shrimp Louis. It can also be used as a dip or sandwich spread, or many other uses. The dressing is creamy but has a little spicy kick. This is not the "traditional" recipe, but it is the easiest for untrained cooks to succeed at.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (235 ml) mayonnaise
 * ¼ cup (60 ml) cup mild salsa with green chile peppers
 * ¼ cup (60 ml) ketchup
 * 1 tablespoon (15 ml) lemon juice
 * 1 ½ teaspoon (7 ml) worcestershire sauce
 * Hot sauce (e.g., Tabasco, Crystal), to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Combine all ingredients in a blender, and process until smooth. The goal is to have a pink smooth sauce with little green flecks.
 * 2) Pour the sauce into a bowl, cover, and chill in the refrigerator for at least 30 minutes prior to use.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * For the traditional recipe, replace the salsa and ketchup with ½ cup chile sauce (or store-bought chile sauce), and 3 tablespoons each of finely-minced green onion and green chili peppers. Instead of using a blender, whisk the ingredients in a bowl.
 * Keep refrigerated.

title: Cookbook:Louis Dressing


text:
Talk:Eden, Minnesota

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Eden, Minnesota. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150402221446/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Dodge to http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Dodge

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:06, 20 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eden, Minnesota


text:
User:Pineappleexpressbear/sandbox

Ethics of Cloning WIKI
Religious views of cloning are mixed, and tend differentiate between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning (the creation of a new form of life). [Cross-Cultural Issues in Bioethics]

Jainism and Hinduism[edit]
Hinduism views on cloning are very diverse. While some Hindu people view therapeutic cloning as necessary to fix childlessness, others believe it is immoral to tamper with nature. The Sanatan Dharm (meaning the eternal set of duties for humans, which is what many people refer to Hinduism as) approves therapeutic cloning but does not approve human cloning. In Hinduism, one view has the creator, or the Brahman not as insecure to lay restrictions on scientific endeavours. Another view restricts human cloning. In Jainism, the birth of Mahavira is depicted as an operation of embryo transfer.

In modern-day India, there have been clones of livestock species. Examples include Garima from the National Dairy Research Institute located in Karnal, where many other clones have been developed in Bovine species.

Buddhism
So long as no harm is caused, cloning is not in direct conflict with any of Buddhism's core values.

Therapeutic cloning:

In Mahayana Buddhism, which is centrally concerned with helping others, there may be an obligation to pursue therapeutic cloning as it has the capacity to alleviate suffering. [Buddhist Ethical Debates on Human Cloning]

Some Buddhists reject therapeutic cloning as it involves ending an embryo's life without any direct benefit, in conflict with the precept of abstaining from killing or causing harm. [Buddhist Ethical Debates on Human Cloning]

Reproductive cloning:

Cloning which satisfies a couple's parental desires may alleviate pain and suffering without causing harm.

Judaism[edit]
Jewish view on cloning is unclear, but some orthodox rabbis allows cloning as a method of reproduction if no other method is available. Also Jewish religion treats all life equally even if it was formed by cloning. Liberal Jewish groups oppose the cloning of humans.

Christianity[edit]
Main article: Christian views on cloning

Most of the Christian churches, including World council of Churches and United Methodist Church, oppose the research of cloning of either human embryos or whole human. The Roman Catholic Church, under the papacy of Benedict XVI, condemned the practice of human cloning, in the magisterial instruction Dignitas Personae, stating that it represents a "grave offense to the dignity of that person as well as to the fundamental equality of all people." Many conservative Christian groups have opposed human cloning and the cloning of human embryos, since they believe that life begins at the moment of conception. Other Christian denominations such as the United Church of Christ do not believe a fertilized egg constitutes a living being, but still they oppose the cloning of embryonic cells.

Islam[edit]
According to the fatwa issued by Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi in the topic of cloning, Islam is opposed to human cloning. According to Islam, cloning of the entire human body is forbidden because of the following reasons:

 * It contradicts the diversity of creation.
 * The relationship between donor and clone can not be determined.
 * Cloning only requires one gender for genetic information which opposes the natural pattern of creating life by the pairing of a male and a female.

Islam allows and recommends cloning of a specific part of human body for purpose of treatment.

Animal cloning is allowed in Islam only if it bring benefits to all people and no harm is caused to the animal used in the cloning process.

Practicing Citations (Module 5.4.1)
This article is relevant to the ‘Skoptsy’, ‘China’, ‘East Africa and Egypt’, and ‘Medical consequences’ sections of the emasculation stub.

This article is relevant to the ‘Gender dysphoria’ and ‘Body integrity identity disorder’ sections of the emasculation stub.

This article by Dr Hossain is relevant to the ‘hijra’ section of the emasculation stub. It challenges the notion that emasculation determines one’s status as a hijra.

This book is relevant to the ‘hijra’ section of the emasculation stub.

This chapter by Hathaway, from her book The Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Harem, is relevant to the ‘East Africa and Egypt’ section of the emasculation stub.

Skoptsy (Tutorial 5)
The Skoptsy, a Christian Sect from Russia, practiced emasculation as a form of ritual purification.

Adding a Paragraph (Module 6.3.3)
Find a WikiProject: WikiProject Anthropology, WikiProject Sanitation, WikiProject Sexology and sexuality, WikiProject Gender studies

Improve stub's grading: add meaningful content, explain the topic's significance

Write a paragraph for stub and support with at least 1 in text citation.

Medical consequences
There are a range of medical consequences associated with emasculation.

Short term complications include bleeding, infection, extravasation of urine,. Historically, death was also a potential complication, although it was comparatively rare, occurring in an estimated 2% of cases.

Long term complications include incontinence, urethral stricture, urine retention,  urinary tract infection, and bladder stones.

The physiological effects of emasculation include a shortening of the torso, widening of the stomach and hips, increased height ... The age of the recipient at the time of emasculation significantly impacts the severity of these physiological effects.

Answers to Module 7 Questions (Module 7.2)
File:Steckerboard on Enigma Machine.jpg

Caption: Steckerboard or plugboard attachment for the Enigma machine

Is it your own work: No, it was photographed by School of Mathematics - University of Manchester and uploaded to Flickr

File format: JPG

License: CC BY 2.0 - Attribution 2.0 Generic

Category/gallery: Category:Enigma machine, Category:Accessories to Enigma machine

File description: Steckerboard added to the front panel of the Engima machine, increases the number of possible combinations by more than two hundred trillion.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steckerboard_on_Enigma_Machine.jpg

Emasculation Notes
"This perhaps explains why Liudprand of Cremona, when on embassy to the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII in 949–950, was so satisfied with the gift of four eunuchs known as carzimasians which he had brought for the emperor: these were eunuchs who were manufactured in the west by merchants in Verdun for the Spanish market, and had both testicles and penis removed." (check reference 49) and 71, 186

Liud., Antapod. 6.6.

, esp. 307–14.

Penzer (1965) [142]: In classical times, the clean-cut eunuch (whose penis and testicles have both been removed) were known as castrati, though this term is now used to refer to the castration of boys to produce sopranos to sing in the opera [136]).

Penzer (1965) [143]: Emasculated eunuchs were also referred to as sandali, or clean shaven. Their genitals were removed with a razor, a tube inserted into the urethra and the wound cauterised with hot oil.

"a passage in the A'in-i Akbari lists three categories of eunuchs from Bengal: sandali, bddami, and kdafiri. In the case of the first category, also known as atlasi, the entire genitals were removed" citing Abu'l Fazl: vol. I, pp. 389-390

Eunuchs from the Islamic empires were 'radically castrated' p. 9.

Castration Practices in East Africa and Egypt: "Available evidence strongly suggests that most eunuchs in the service of Muslim kingdoms and empires, going back at least to the Abbasid era, were radically castrated. That is to say, their genitalia, including the penis and testicles, were removed in their entirety. This was true regardless of whether the eunuchs in question came from Africa, Anatolia, the Balkans, or the Caucasus, and regardless of where the operation was performed.92 Radical castration was, moreover, the norm not only for harem eunuchs but for eunuchs employed as companions to the ruler, supervisors of young military recruits, and military commanders, as well. The practice was similar to the traditions of imperial China, and it is conceivable that the Abbasids and regional potentates in the eastern reaches of their empire were influenced by Chinese custom, although there is no clear evidence to that effect." p. 31

Method of emasculation in East Africa and Egypt: African slaves were exported to Egypt where their emasculation was performed. The two methods of emasculation were described by al-Muqaddasi (ca. 945–1000). In one, the penis and scrotum were removed with a single motion of a razor. In the other the penis was removed and, rather than removing the scrotum completely, it was cut open and the testicles taken out of it. p. 32–33. A lead rod was then inserted into urethra to prevent it healing shut.

Medical consequences: the new eunuch would suffer various physical abnormalities, most caused by hormonal changes; i.e., he would be taller, his head smaller in proportion to his torso but with an unusually large face, and long arms or legs. He is more likely to be obese or underweight than of a health weight. Urinary track infections were common. p. 34

See Patterson, Slavery and Social Death, 320, Mitamura, Chinese Eunuchs, 42, and Burckhardt, Travels in Nubia, 278–79.

Pre-puberty: eunuchs castrated prior to puberty did not grow facial hair, their skin wrinkled excessively, their voices did not break. They may also suffer osteoporosis, their bones lacking the pubertal surge of testosterone which strengthens the bones. p. 34

title: User:Pineappleexpressbear/sandbox


text:
Ramy Sabry

Ramy Sabry may refer to:

 * Ramy Sabry (singer) (born 1978), Egyptian singer
 * Ramy Sabry (footballer) (born 1987), Egyptian footballer

title: Ramy Sabry


text:
Talk:Learning the Basics of French/Lesson:Introducing Yourself/1

For what it's worth, I've never in my life heard a native French speaker say "comme ci comme ça." "Pas mal" might be a better response. The Jade Knight 08:14, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I did... :) "Comme ci comme ça" doesn't men the same thing as "pas mal". "Comme ci comme ça" means more that there is a little bit wrong in there... :) <IP_ADDRESS> 11:07, 19 January 2007 (UTC) (Oups... Not logged in... Utilisateur:Min's)

When I try to listen to the audio files it takes me to a page to upload them. How do I listen to them? Also the asterisks in the alphabet are never explained. Thank you. Mondomunchies 02:54, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Merge
This content largely reduplicates content at Wikibooks. The two should be merged. The Jade Knight 03:04, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Audio file
When I try to listen to the audio file, Windows Media Player says that it can't read it. I have the latest versions of both the OGG filter and Windows Media Player. Are you sure that the file isn't corrupted? Believe it or not, but I'm actually having similar problems on my own website!--<IP_ADDRESS> 20:31, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Which file? The first one doesn't work for me, either, having checked it just now.  The Jade Knight 02:28, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I am the one who put the audio files. I made them from my Linux distribution so it's maybe why you don't succeed in reading them (I actually can't read them with Windows). I'm going to record them again. User:Kitame 08:39 pm, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The Greetings ogg file was bogus, looks like a Word doc, maybe virus infected? See my note in http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Talk:Learning_the_basics_of_French/Introducing_Yourself .  I am about to hack this page not to refer to it anymore, as I just did for that other one. --Yako 00:04, 19 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Gaa, looks like the Alphabet ogg file is an exact copy of that. Hacking that out as well. --Yako 00:04, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

An error
Hello, I'm french.

When I've looked this page, I've see an error :

We don't say courses, but cours.

Courses is the moment where you're in a supermarket, for feed you're family ;)

PS : Excuse me for my bad level in the language :)

Answer to "Ca va ?"
Maybe would it be a good thing to tell people that we can (and, most of the time, we do) answer "oui" or "ouais" to "ca va ?", not only "très bien" or "bien", because I know it's quite surprising for English-speakers.
 * Merci pour ta réaction. We are a wiki. Just be bold, Erkan Yilmaz Wikiversity:Chat  21:47, 4 March 2008 (UTC)


text:
bongari

Etymology
From the verb.

Noun

 * 1)  twitcher birdwatcher
 * 2)  someone who spots for hobby or pastime birds, airplane types, beautiful chicks etc.

title: bongari


text:
File talk:Free Syrian Army Occupied Area (North).jpg

nice map, but some problems. Jisr ash-Shigour is in loyalist control. Also, the area north of Idlib city is held by the FSA. In Aleppo province, the area around the Turkish border is held by the FSA. However, there is a loyalist corridor tot A'zaz, which is under bombardment and attack as we speak. Also, Ma'arat al-Numan is wrongly placed (it needs to be in Idlib province), and the FSA controls Houla and the countryside northwest of Homs. But this is a huge improvement for the article!


text:
Ernest Eastman

Theophilus Ernest Eastman (normally written as T. Ernest or Ernest) (March 27, 1927 – February 28, 2011) was a Liberian diplomat, statesman and politician. A leading member of the young and dynamic foreign policy team at the Department of State in the 1960s during the Tubman administration, he was a major architect of President Tubman's extensive involvement in Pan-African politics, serving first as Director of the Africa-Asia Bureau and then as Under-Secretary of State. In 1972, President Tolbert appointed him Ambassador to Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, resident in Nairobi, Kenya. He later served, from 1978 to 1983, as the second Secretary-General of the Mano River Union. From 1983 to 1986, he was the Minister of Foreign Affairs under dictator Samuel Doe, succeeding Henry Boimah Fahnbulleh and preceding John Bernard Blamo. President Charles Ghankay Taylor later appointed him to be the Minister of State for Presidential Affairs before returning him to the Foreign Ministry. He represented the National Patriotic Party at ECOWAS-sponsored peace talks in Banjul.

After graduating from the College of West Africa in 1947, Eastman went to the United States and attended Oberlin College, from where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree. He later received a master's degree in international relations from Columbia University. He was married three times: first to Erelia Eastman, a fellow Columbia student; second to Danielette Norman, a Liberian; and third to Salma Mohammed Ali of Kenya. A lifelong Methodist, he served for a time as one of the trustees of the First United Methodist Church of Monrovia.

title: Ernest Eastman


text:
John Hotaling

John Ritter Hotaling (March 3, 1824 – October 12, 1886) was an American soldier, engineer, and businessman. He served as a dragoon in the Mexican–American War and as a cavalry officer and senior staff member of General John Logan's during the American Civil War. After the war, Hotaling was elected postmaster of Rochelle, Illinois; a position he occupied for 15 years, after which he retired and moved his family to Huron. He died there in 1886 of a heart attack.

Early life and career
Hotaling was born in Sharon, New York, the eldest of ten children. His father, Robert (1796–1886), was a farmer and at the age of 15, the younger Hotaling began training in printing. After completing 18 months of his apprenticeship, Hotaling's father allowed his son to move to New York City, where he began working in a printing office. After a year of employment, Hotaling traveled to Europe; visiting Antwerp, Rotterdam, and other European cities, possibly while doing genealogy research. Upon returning to New York, he took work in a wire factory for several years.

On March 20, 1847, Hotaling enlisted in the NY militia as a dragoon, with the intention of serving in the Mexican–American War. Hotaling landed in Veracruz as part of the army that was under the command of General Winfield Scott, and fought his way inland toward Mexico City. During guerrilla action in the Battle for Mexico City, he was severely wounded by a slash to the throat and would have died, were it not for the medical attention of a fellow soldier. On July 21, 1848, Hotaling was discharged due to the end of the war.

In 1849, at the height of the California Gold Rush, Hotaling, now a civilian and veteran, accompanied 60 other men on a trip to California by sea. Their ship proved to be very cumbersome, and they were forced to dock for a period in Brazil, where they were invited guests at the birthday celebration of Brazilian Emperor Pedro II. Eight months after initially setting sail, the group finally arrived in California. Hotaling lived for two years in California, but then returned to New York.

He married Sophia Waterhouse of Brooklyn, and the newlywed couple moved West, settling in Lindenwood, Illinois, where they lived as farmers. In 1852, Hotaling was contracted to build a two-mile stretch of track through Ogle County. In 1855, Hotaling built what was said to be the first brick building in Lane, Illinois (now Rochelle): a three-story office building which also included an elevator.

Civil War
In 1861, at the start of the American Civil War, Hotaling helped raise a company of Union cavalrymen that was recognized by the Army as Co. A, 2nd Illinois Cavalry Regiment. His brother Nick, who had also moved to Ogle County from New York, enlisted and served along with him. Three of Hotaling's other brothers served in Eastern Regiments. Hotaling, newly commissioned as a captain, was one of the commanding officers of Company A. He would also command company B of the same regiment at various times.

Union General Grant made frequent use of both companies in battle, considering them very mobile and efficient. Hotaling's skill later caught the eye of Union General Edward Ord, who appointed Hotaling and his men as his personal escort group. Hotaling commanded both companies A & B at the Battle of Fort Donelson. Hotaling and Capt. Larison commanded 126 men in the Battle of Shiloh. On November 19, 1863, Hotaling was promoted to the rank of major. After Ord was wounded, Hotaling and his men served as escort to Union General John A. Logan, who later appointed Hotaling as his personal chief of staff. In the summer of 1864, Major Hotaling served under Logan in the ranks of the XV Corps in the Battle of Atlanta. As a part of the Atlanta force, Hotaling may have taken part in Sherman's march to the sea; though, since General Logan had temporarily passed command of the XVth to General Oliver Otis Howard after Atlanta, it is not certain. Major Hotaling did serve under General Logan once more in the Carolinas Campaign.

Those who served with and under Hotaling regarded him as a born leader; charismatic, intelligent, and friendly. There soon began talk within the higher ranks of promoting Hotaling to the rank of colonel and a command of his own, but Logan so well-liked his adjutant that he would hear nothing of it. Hotaling was repeatedly passed over for promotions, and would stay at his rank of major until the end of the war. After the war, during Army reunions, Logan was regularly heard praising Hotaling's bravery and resourcefulness. In 1868, General Charles C. Walcott said of Hotaling: "Our forces owed their success before Atlanta more to him than any other man."

In February 1863, Hotaling received word that his wife Sophia had died in Illinois of tuberculosis.

Postbellum career
Hotaling retired from service after the war and returned to Illinois, where he married a 39-year-old widow named Carrie Cass on December 9, 1868. In the fall of 1869, Hotaling was elected postmaster of Rochelle, a position he occupied until 1884. In 1871, Hotaling placed his wife in charge of his local business and ventured to Central America, lured by an opportunity in the railroad business. However, the tropical environment proved too difficult, and he returned to the States after six months. In February 1874, Hotaling traveled to South America with an interest in gold mining; once more, the climate and complex obstacles involved in the trade took their toll, and he returned home after two months. It would be his last known expedition outside the United States.

In the 1880s, after purchasing some land in the Dakota Territory, Hotaling moved to Huron but died of a heart attack in 1886, at the age of 62. His body was returned to Rochelle, where it is buried in the Lawnridge Cemetery. He had two children with his first wife Sophia, and one son with his second wife Carrie.

Samuel Fletcher, who served under Hotaling during the Civil War, eulogized his former commander thusly in his 1912 memoir of that conflict: "He was quiet, modest, sincere and dignified, but always pleasant and approachable. As a soldier, he was earnest, loyal and brave to a degree, and the welfare of his men was his first consideration. He never commanded a soldier to go where he would not lead, and never hesitated to lead because Death stood in the way."

title: John Hotaling


text:
User:Bachema

Hammer Q The magician voice. Born and raised as a vocalist in Zanzibar, Hammer Q has been doing music for over a decade. Coming from traditional Taarab and roots he has been influenced by Afro Fusion and Bongo Fleva, making his music a unique fusion of different cultural and pop-culture influences. Working with major artists from Zanzibar and Tanzania like Abdala Issa, Seif Salum and Siti Binti Saad as well as winning the “Modern Music” Category of Kilimusic Awards 2007 Hammer Q managed to gain a high standard musical profile.

title: User:Bachema


text:
Cookbook talk:Basic Foodstuffs

Hi all, I've got a 1992 copy of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics from when I was in High School/College. Included in the data there is a section on USDA nutirent value of foods (which is now at least 12 years out of date, but that shouldn't change much, right?), and I've added some of the info available to the Cookbook:Honey module. What I'd like to know is would it be worth it for me to add this type of data (and more that didn't get into the honey module, like fat content, as honey has none) to the various ingredient pages. If there's support, I'll start adding it to modules that already exist. Gentgeen 11:30, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * FYI, the USDA has a nutritional information search available on their website, and you can also download the data to import into your own relational database.

 * If you did want to add nutritional information, it would probably be easier to copy and paste rather than type it in. But that would still be a fair bit of work, so I'm not sure whether it's worth it or not.

 * I'll add the nutritional database link to the Nutrition page. -- loum 00:24, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

When refering to items in plural, is it better to have Cereals or Cereals. I personally prefer the latter. --liblamb 04:57, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

What is the justification for lifting the Legumes category out of Vegetables (although it is still on that page too at the moment) and placing it on the Basic_foodstuffs page? I'm not sure I agree with this move. --liblamb

Fungi are not plants.

title: Cookbook talk:Basic Foodstuffs


text:
User:Amorales88/sandbox

= Angel Island (California) editing = I reviewed this article and will focus on the history section. I will review the citations and try to find reliable sources to cite the information given. I will also review the section on the immigration station.

source 1: https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1309

The construction of the immigration station began in 1905 but was not used until 1910. It became the first step into the United States

The purpose of the immigration station was to process Chinese who had been denied entry from the restrictions of the Chinese exclusion act of 1882

Chinese immigrants could be detained for two weeks to as long as two years

Investigation processes determined the length of time an immigrant would stay at the station.

immigration slowed and then fire in August 1940 incinerated the administration building. This forced the immigration station to close

add Ellis Island comparison?--(opinion-based?)

Source 2: http://www.angel-island.com/history.html

immigrants had to prove if they had husbands or fathers as US citizens in order not to be deported

men and women were separated while they stayed at the station

expressed fears and anger through poems??? (may not be able to add info like this?)

= Nayland Blake editing = The article I assigned myself is on Nayland Blake. The page does not seem to have a lot of information so I plan to add more about his career. I will also try to find more information about his life, what influences him as an artist and how he has influenced others.

The article is missing more facts about his life, the first section of the page is lacking in more details about his life. I am going to try to fins more information and add onto it. I will also review the citations.

As I searched for information on Nayland Blake, I could see why his wikipedia page is so short. There is not a lot information about him immediately available. I will probably have to search for more interviews with him.

Bibliography:

David Bonetti. “If Artist Nayland Blake Could Make It Here, Why Did He Move to N.Y?” SFGate, Hearst Communications, 12 Sept. 1996, www.sfgate.com/style/article/If-artist-Nayland-Blake-could-make-it-here-why-3124167.php.

Pritikin, Renny. “Interview with Nayland Blake.” Art Practical, Art Practical, 15 Apr. 2011, www.artpractical.com/feature/interview_with_nayland_blake/.

Nayland Blake: Re-encountering Our Local Queer History | YBCA

-Nayland Blake's art themes are about interracial and same-sex love prejudice.

-His first art was displayed in 1985 which was named The New Testament, Book One: Der Spinnen, New Langton Arts San Francisco, CA

-Nayland Blake has art exhibits at Matthew, Yerba Center for Arts in San Francisco, Location One in New York and

= Article Evaluation = I decide to evaluate an article on Medicalization.

As I read this article I felt it was neutral. I went on the talk page and there were a lot of comments saying that the page was outdated and needed recent information. The last time it was edited was September 2017 so updates have been made. I think a lot of the resources are reliable since they mostly come from books.

sandbox wiki edits

title: User:Amorales88/sandbox


text:
Thyroid function tests

Thyroid function tests (TFTs) is a collective term for blood tests used to check the function of the thyroid. TFTs may be requested if a patient is thought to suffer from hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), or to monitor the effectiveness of either thyroid-suppression or hormone replacement therapy. It is also requested routinely in conditions linked to thyroid disease, such as atrial fibrillation and anxiety disorder.

A TFT panel typically includes thyroid hormones such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) and thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) depending on local laboratory policy.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) is generally increased in hypothyroidism and decreased in hyperthyroidism, making it the most important test for early detection of both of these conditions. The result of this assay is suggestive of the presence and cause of thyroid disease, since a measurement of elevated TSH generally indicates hypothyroidism, while a measurement of low TSH generally indicates hyperthyroidism. However, when TSH is measured by itself, it can yield misleading results, so additional thyroid function tests must be compared with the result of this test for accurate diagnosis.

TSH is produced in the pituitary gland. The production of TSH is controlled by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is produced in the hypothalamus. TSH levels may be suppressed by excess free T3 (fT3) or free T4 (fT4) in the blood.

History
First-generation TSH assays were done by radioimmunoassay and were introduced in 1965. There were variations and improvements upon TSH radioimmunoassay, but their use declined as a new immunometric assay technique became available in the middle of the 1980s. The new techniques were more accurate, leading to the second, third, and even fourth generations of TSH assay, with each generation possessing ten times greater functional sensitivity than the last. Third generation immunometric assay methods are typically automated. Fourth generation TSH immunometric assay has been developed for use in research.

Current status
Third generation TSH assay is the current requirement for modern standards of care. At present, TSH testing in the United States is typically carried out with automated platforms using advanced forms of immunometric assay. Nonetheless, there is currently no international standard for measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Interpretation
Accurate interpretation takes a variety of factors into account, such as the thyroid hormones i.e. thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), current medical status (such as pregnancy ), certain medications like propylthiouracil, temporal effects including circadian rhythm and hysteresis, and other past medical history.

Total thyroxine
Total thyroxine is rarely measured, having been largely superseded by free thyroxine tests. Total thyroxine (Total T4) is generally elevated in hyperthyroidism and decreased in hypothyroidism. It is usually slightly elevated in pregnancy secondary to increased levels of thyroid binding globulin (TBG).

Total T4 is measured to see the bound and unbound levels of T4. The total T4 is less useful in cases where there could be protein abnormalities. The total T4 is less accurate due to the large amount of T4 that is bound. The total T3 is measured in clinical practice since the T3 has decreased amount that is bound as compared to T4.

Reference ranges depend on the method of analysis. Results should always be interpreted using the range from the laboratory that performed the test. Example values are:

Free thyroxine
Free thyroxine (fT4 or free T4) is generally elevated in hyperthyroidism and decreased in hypothyroidism.

Reference ranges depend on the method of analysis. Results should always be interpreted using the range from the laboratory that performed the test. Example values are:

Total triiodothyronine
Total triiodothyronine (Total T3) is rarely measured, having been largely superseded by free T3 tests. Total T3 is generally elevated in hyperthyroidism and decreased in hypothyroidism.

Reference ranges depend on the method of analysis. Results should always be interpreted using the range from the laboratory that performed the test. Example values are:

Free triiodothyronine
Free triiodothyronine (fT3 or free T3) is generally elevated in hyperthyroidism and decreased in hypothyroidism.

Reference ranges depend on the method of analysis. Results should always be interpreted using the range from the laboratory that performed the test. Example values are:

Thyroxine-binding globulin
An increased thyroxine-binding globulin results in an increased total thyroxine and total triiodothyronine without an actual increase in hormonal activity of thyroid hormones.

Reference ranges:

Thyroglobulin
Reference ranges:

Other binding hormones

 * Transthyretin (prealbumin)
 * Albumin

Thyroid hormone uptake
Thyroid hormone uptake (Tuptake or T3 uptake) is a measure of the unbound thyroxine binding globulins in the blood, that is, the TBG that is unsaturated with thyroid hormone. Unsaturated TBG increases with decreased levels of thyroid hormones. It is not directly related to triiodothyronine, despite the name T3 uptake.

Reference ranges:

Other protein binding tests

 * Thyroid Hormone Binding Ratio (THBR)
 * Thyroxine-binding index (TBI)

Free thyroxine index
The Free Thyroxine Index (FTI or T7) is obtained by multiplying the total T4 with T3 uptake. FTI is considered to be a more reliable indicator of thyroid status in the presence of abnormalities in plasma protein binding. This test is rarely used now that reliable free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine assays are routinely available.

FTI is elevated in hyperthyroidism and decreased in hypothyroidism.

Calculated and structure parameters
Derived structure parameters that describe constant properties of the overall feedback control system may add useful information for special purposes, e.g. in diagnosis of nonthyroidal illness syndrome or central hypothyroidism.

Secretory capacity (GT)
Thyroid's secretory capacity (GT, also referred to as SPINA-GT) is the maximum stimulated amount of thyroxine the thyroid can produce in one second. GT is elevated in hyperthyroidism and reduced in hypothyroidism.

GT is calculated with

$$\hat G_T = {{\beta _T (D_T  + [TSH])(1 + K_{41} [TBG] + K_{42} [TBPA])[FT_4 ]} \over {\alpha _T [TSH]}}$$

or

$$\hat G_T = {{\beta _T (D_T  + [TSH])[TT_4 ]} \over {\alpha _T [TSH]}}$$

$$\alpha _T$$: Dilution factor for T4 (reciprocal of apparent volume of distribution, 0.1 l−1)

$$\beta _T$$: Clearance exponent for T4 (1.1e-6 sec−1)

K41: Dissociation constant T4-TBG (2e10 L/mol)

K42: Dissociation constant T4-TBPA (2e8 L/mol)

DT: EC50 for TSH (2.75 mU/L)

Sum activity of peripheral deiodinases (GD)
The sum activity of peripheral deiodinases (GD, also referred to as SPINA-GD) is reduced in nonthyroidal illness with hypodeiodination.

GD is obtained with

$$\hat G_D = {{\beta _{31} (K_{M1}  + [FT_4 ])(1 + K_{30} [TBG])[FT_3 ]} \over {\alpha _{31} [FT_4 ]}}$$

or

$$\hat G_D = {{\beta _{31} (K_{M1}  + [FT_4 ])[TT_3 ]} \over {\alpha _{31} [FT_4 ]}}$$

$$\alpha _{31}$$: Dilution factor for T3 (reciprocal of apparent volume of distribution, 0.026 L−1)

$$\beta _{31}$$: Clearance exponent for T3 (8e-6 sec−1)

KM1: Dissociation constant of type-1-deiodinase (5e-7 mol/L)

K30: Dissociation constant T3-TBG (2e9 L/mol)

TSH index
Jostel's TSH index (JTI or TSHI) helps to determine thyrotropic function of anterior pituitary on a quantitative level. It is reduced in thyrotropic insufficiency and in certain cases of non-thyroidal illness syndrome.

It is calculated with

$$TSHI = LN(TSH) + 0.1345 * FT4$$.

Additionally, a standardized form of TSH index may be calculated with

$$sTSHI = (TSHI - 2.7)/0.676$$.

TTSI
The Thyrotroph Thyroid Hormone Sensitivity Index (TTSI, also referred to as Thyrotroph T4 Resistance Index or TT4RI) was developed to enable fast screening for resistance to thyroid hormone. Somewhat similar to the TSH Index it is calculated from equilibrium values for TSH and FT4, however with a different equation.

TFQI
The Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index (TFQI) is another parameter for thyrotropic pituitary function. It was defined to be more robust to distorted data than JTI and TTSI. It is calculated with

$$TFQI = F_{FT4}(FT4) - (1 - F_{TSH}(TSH))$$

from quantiles of FT4 and TSH concentration (as determined based on cumulative distribution functions). Per definition the TFQI has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 0.37 in a reference population. Higher values of TFQI are associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, impaired renal function, diabetes, and diabetes-related mortality. TFQI results are also elevated in takotsubo syndrome, potentially reflecting type 2 allostatic load in the situation of psychosocial stress. Reductions have been observed in subjects with schizophrenia after initiation of therapy with oxcarbazepine, potentially reflecting declining allostatic load.

Reconstructed set point
In healthy persons, the intra-individual variation of TSH and thyroid hormones is considerably smaller than the inter-individual variation. This results from a personal set point of thyroid homeostasis. In hypothyroidism, it is impossible to directly access the set point, but it can be reconstructed with methods of systems theory.

A computerised algorithm, called Thyroid-SPOT, which is based on this mathematical theory, has been implemented in software applications. In patients undergoing thyroidectomy it could be demonstrated that this algorithm can be used to reconstruct the personal set point with sufficient precision.

Effects of drugs
Drugs can profoundly affect thyroid function tests. Listed below is a selection of important effects.

↓: reduced serum concentration or structure parameter; ↑: increased serum concentration or structure parameter; ↔: no change; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; T3: Total triiodothyronine; T4: Total thyroxine; fT4: Free thyroxine; fT3: Free triiodothyronine; rT3: Reverse triiodothyronine

CDC laboratory procedure manuals
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published the following laboratory procedure manuals for measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone:
 * Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (University of Washington Medical Center). September 2011. Method: Access 2 (Beckman Coulter).
 * Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (Collaborative Laboratory Services). September 2011. Method: Access 2 (Beckman Coulter).
 * Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). September 2009. Method: Access 2 (Beckman Coulter).
 * Lab 18 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. 2001-2002. Method: Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay.
 * Lab 18 TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. 1999-2000. Method: Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay.

title: Thyroid function tests


text:
Talk:Glacial stream

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 January 2021 and 16 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): EvorLi, KVesterg, Jklossok, Rkkang44. Peer reviewers: OMmachine, KBfade24, SavannahShir.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:37, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glacial stream


text:
User:UserNumber/James Sutherland Drummond

James Sutherland Drummond (2 September 1838 – 1 March 1882) was a British civil servant in British India.

He was the eldest son of Edmund Drummond and the brother of Edmund Drummond. He was born in Blackford, Perthshire. His mother was Julia Mary Sutherland.

1857: Magistrate and Collector, 2nd Grade, Sylhet, Bengal, 17 Nov. 69. Furlough, 1872 bigger He worked for the Bengal Civil Service. James Sutherland Drummond died at Calcutta, 1st March. He entered the School in 1852 and was at the School House. He entered the Bengal Civil Service, and was for many years Magistrate and Collector at Purmah.


text:
Order-3-5 heptagonal honeycomb

In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-3-5 heptagonal honeycomb a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb). Each infinite cell consists of a heptagonal tiling whose vertices lie on a 2-hypercycle, each of which has a limiting circle on the ideal sphere.

Geometry
The Schläfli symbol of the order-3-5 heptagonal honeycomb is {7,3,5}, with five heptagonal tilings meeting at each edge. The vertex figure of this honeycomb is an icosahedron, {3,5}.

Related polytopes and honeycombs
It is a part of a series of regular polytopes and honeycombs with {p,3,5} Schläfli symbol, and icosahedral vertex figures.

Order-3-5 octagonal honeycomb
In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-3-5 octagonal honeycomb a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb). Each infinite cell consists of an octagonal tiling whose vertices lie on a 2-hypercycle, each of which has a limiting circle on the ideal sphere.

The Schläfli symbol of the order 3-5 heptagonal honeycomb is {8,3,5}, with five octagonal tilings meeting at each edge. The vertex figure of this honeycomb is an icosahedron, {3,5}.

Order-3-5 apeirogonal honeycomb
In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-3-5 apeirogonal honeycomb a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb). Each infinite cell consists of an order-3 apeirogonal tiling whose vertices lie on a 2-hypercycle, each of which has a limiting circle on the ideal sphere.

The Schläfli symbol of the order-3-5 apeirogonal honeycomb is {∞,3,5}, with five order-3 apeirogonal tilings meeting at each edge. The vertex figure of this honeycomb is an icosahedron, {3,5}.

title: Order-3-5 heptagonal honeycomb


text:
Mesão Frio

Mesão Frio is a municipality in the district of Vila Real in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 4,433, in an area of 26.65 km2.

History
The occupation of the territory of Mesão Frio dates back to the Romans, who occupied a castro in the area around Cidadelhe (from excavations encountered in this location).

The early nucleus of the modern Mesão Frio was founded near the Church of São Nicolau, which was erected on the instruction of Queen Maud of Savoy, Afonso Henriques' wife.

Mesão Frio was an early shelter on the Roman roadway; it was initially a respect, successively serving travellers, stabling horses and providing fresh animals, the settlement itself evolving approximately in the 3rd century, from the Latin “mansionis frigidae”.

Even before the establishment of a Kingdom of Portugal, the territory was occupied by Subei, Visigoths and Arabs, and for a time were the lands of Penaguião, extending between the Douro and Corgo Rivers, the sierra of Marão and the lands of Panóias (Vila Real). The first medieval references to Mesão Frio appeared in the correspondence of Henrique, Count of Portugal, where it was called “Meijon-Frio”. Its name evolved over centuries with the Portuguese language taking on variations that included: Meijon Frio, Meijó Frio, Mey Johan Frio, Meyon Frio, Meyão Frio and Mezam Frio, until reaching its current variation.

At one time, there was a legend that the toponymy was attributed to Esteves Gracia Monzon Friwn, who in 942 (during the reign of Ramiro II of León) entered along the Douro River with French knights whom took lands and rechristened them. This origin story was supported by the existence of six tombs within the Church of São Nicolau. The funerary monument was sculpted with the coat of arms of French knights, at a time when French knights crossed the territory during the Reconquista (718-1492).

The first foral was allocated by Afonso Henriques in February 1152, and later confirmed by Afonso II on 15 October 1217, while the King was Trancoso. Three days before St. Andrew's Day in 1513, King Manuel I of Portugal renovated the foral (a copy of which is located in the municipal archive).

At one time, this place was the residence for masons who constructed the bridge erected in Barqueiros (by Queen Maud whose husband had left 3000 Maravedi in his testament for the same).

During this medieval period, the settlement was actually divided in two, each with its own master mason, judge and officials (this division actually physically existed until about 1948). Mesão Frio, during the reign of Manuel I, already included the settlements of Cidadelhe and Vila Marim, in addition to the original parishes of São Nicolau and Santa Cristina, as well as a parcel of the Vila Jusã that included the village called Meigõ frio de Jusão, alongside the ecclesiastical parish of Meigõ Frio de Susão. The settlements of Barqueiros, Oliveira and Vila Jusã were annexed much later; Barqueiros, a municipality at the time, and the colonies of Oliveira and Vila Jusã, which belonged to Penaguião, were joined to the municipality of Mesão Frio on 6 November 1836.

With the export of wine during the 17th and 18th century, vineyards began to extend along the Douro River valley bringing a mature level of economic growth. But, the temptation of easy money caused many producers to alter the quality of Douro wines, resulting in poorer quality wines, and a fall in exports. In order to remedy this situation the Marquess of Pombal created the "Zona de Produção de Vinhos Generosos do Douro" to designate the region as a producer of elevated quality wines, and eliminate poorer quality producers.

Troops of French General Loison were responsible for fires and destruction in the region in 1808.

Physical geography
Mesão Frio, is located 85 kilometres from Porto, 39 kilometres from Vila Real (the district capital) and 12 kilometres from Peso da Régua (its closest neighbour). It is limited in the north and east by the municipality of Peso da Régua, south by Resende and Lamego (along their Douro River frontier) and in the west by the municipality of Baião, in the district of Porto.

From the “Estudos de Caracterização do Território Municipal do PDM”, the municipality is identified by three geological areas: one associated with the Douro region, another that includes the sierra of Marão and farther east, an area of granite that extends to the west of the municipality. The ancient deposition of sedimentary layers that were later transformed resulting in a dominant formation of pre-Cambrian and Cambrian sediments. It was these structures that developed into the metamorphic rocks of the Douro Group, consisting of schists and greywackes. The schists, which include layers of faulted rocks (formations created during the Ordovician-Silurian periods) consist of an inferior layer of conglomerate Ordovician sediments of schists and metamorphic greywackes, as well as a layer of quartzite and schists with magnetic layering.

In the area of Barqueiros, there are derivative metamorphic rocks (clays, chiastolitic and interspersed schists) which resulted from granitic intrusions in the past. These granites pertain to the larger granitic region, consisting of granite or silicate cliffs with crystals of feldspar of a medium to fine quality.< Sedimentary formations, refer to primarily the modern deposits along the margins of the Douro, creating terraces, sands and other alluvial deposits.

The region is bisected by a fault that cuts the municipality along a northwest by southeast alignment, in addition to a direction north-northeast by south-southeast.

The regions relief is primarily motivated by the Serra do Marão which is subdivided by the Douro River valley, forming linear hilltops where many of the principal settlements exist. Many of the watersheds are drained by tributaries of the Douro that have, although a low intensity flow, carved out deep valleys (such as the Teixeira and Semenha River). Monte de São Silvestre, in the parish of Vila Jusã, is the highest point in the municipality (located at 531 metres above sea level), while the lowest point is in the Porto de Rei, in Barqueiros (50 metre above the river).

Climate
Located in the southern flank of the Serra do Marão and on the right margin of the Douro, the region is marked by distinct climatic regions. The northern zone, owing to the mountainous Serra do Marão, has a climate characteristic of the Terras Frias Transmontanas (Trás-os-Montes Cold Lands): temperatures are relatively low (annual means between 10 °C and 12.5 °C) and exposed to colder winds and precipitation (annually in excess of 1600 millimetres). The southeastern zone, with minor humidity and reduced altitudes, has less precipitation. The localities here are between 400 and 700 metres in altitude (such as Vila Marim and Brunhais), and although the winters continue to be cold, they are less sevre, and the summers are shorter and warmer (with temperatures between 12.5 °C and 14 °C). In the valleys of the Douro, Teixeira and Sermenha (areas of 400 metres and less in altitude) the temperatures and climate are almost Mediterranean. These areas have annual temperatures of 14 °C and area commonly referred to as part of the Terras Quentes Transmontanas (Trás-os-Montes Warm Lands).

Human geography
The evolution of the resident population of Mesão Frio has diminished recent years; between 1991 and 2001, the population in the municipality decreased from 5519 to 4926. Similar decreases occurred between the period 1960 and 2001 where the resident population dropped by 2498 inhabitants. The only exception occurring after the return of colonial immigrants and military after the independence of many of the Portuguese Colonial dependencies.

Although the primary level of government is the municipal authority, the local administration is operated by civil parish boards (juntas de freguesias). The municipality is divided into 5 civil parishes (freguesias):
 * Barqueiros
 * Cidadelhe
 * Oliveira
 * Mesão Frio (Santo André)
 * Vila Marim

Notable citizens

 * José Maria de Alpoim Cerqueira Borges Cabral (Santa Cristina; 2 June 1858 - Lisbon, 12 December 1916) was a politician, member of the Progressive Party of Portugal, and later the Republican Party of Portugal, who held various roles during the last years of the constitutional monarchy in Portugal, and was responsible for providing bombs, arms and money to republican conspirators involved in the Lisbon Regicide. Later, as well as holding positions in the Ministry of Justice after his exile in Salamanca, he held minor roles in the First Portuguese Republic. The public garden in Mesão Frio, along with an avenue that bears his name (Avenida Conselheiro José Maria Alpoim) and, in front of the municipal grounds, a bust of José Maria de Alpoim was erected in 1923.

title: Mesão Frio


text:
User:Menaria16

Harjot (हरजोत in Hindi), also known as Harjot, Harjot is a caste inhabiting the Indian state of Rajasthan, originated in the districts of Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara and Rajsamand. Harjot is a subcaste of Menaria Brahmin Samaj.Harjot's are dwellers of Rundera.

The Harjot community is found in places such as Vallabhnagar (Udaipur), Girva (Udaipur), Chittorgarh,Indore district. The largest villages of Harjot's are Rundera.

title: User:Menaria16


text:
Cardinals created by Pius X

Pope Pius X ((r. 1903 – 1914)) created 50 cardinals in seven consistories. Twenty of them were Italians. He created 17 cardinals at four consistories in four years from 1903 to 1907 and then, after several postponements and allowing the membership of the College of Cardinals to fall to 47, created 19 cardinals in 1911, announcing 18 and reserving the name of one, the largest number of cardinals at a single consistory in a century.

Those he made cardinals included Giacomo della Chiesa, who succeeded him as Pope Benedict XV in 1914, Arcoverde, the first from Brazil and the first born in Latin America, and van Rossum, the first from the Netherlands in centuries. He created just one cardinal in pectore.

9 November 1903
Pope Pius created two cardinals at a secret consistory on 9 November 1903, both Italians. They and three cardinals created at Pope Leo XIII's last consistory the previous June received their red galeri and their titular church assignments at a public consistory on 12 November. Press accounts differ dramatically in their accounts of Pius' first public consistory. According to The Tablet, Pius used the occasion to launch his campaign to eliminate applause from religious celebrations, Pius was not carried on the sedia gestatoria as was traditional. He arrived on foot wearing a cope and mitre at the end of the procession of prelates, "almost hidden behind the double line of Palatine Guards through which he passed". The New York Times, on the other hand, described the "perfect storm of applause" that greeted the pope "borne high in the sedia gestatoria by eight scarlet-clad sediari, flanked by the great feather fans, giving a mediaeval tone to the scene".
 * 1) Rafael Merry del Val (1865–1930)
 * 2) Giuseppe Callegari (1841–1906)

11 December 1905
Pius created four cardinals on 11 December 1905, each one from Brazil, Hungary, Italy, and Spain. Three belonged to the order of cardinal priests and one (Cagiano de Acevedo) to the order of cardinal deacons. Afterwards, Pius gave Arcoverde and Cagiano de Azevedo their cardinal's rings. Customarily, only new cardinals residents in Rome were on hand to participate in the public consistory following immediately upon the secret consistory where they were created cardinals. The presence of Arcoverde is an exception. He was the first Brazilian cardinal and the first cardinal born in Latin America.
 * 1) József Samassa (1828–1912)
 * 2) Marcelo Spinola y Maestre (1835–1906)
 * 3) Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti (1850–1930)
 * 4) Ottavio Cagiano de Azevedo (1845–1927)

15 April 1907
Pope Pius created seven cardinals, all cardinal priests, on 15 April 1907. Three days later he gave the cardinal's red galero and titular church assignments to Cavallari, Lorenzelli, Maffi, Lualdi, and Mercier. The other two, both living in Spain, waited for theirs until 19 December 1907. This increased the number of cardinals to 62, of whom 37 were Italian.
 * 1) Aristide Cavallari (1849–1914)
 * 2) Gregorio Maria Aguirre y Garcia (1835–1913)
 * 3) Aristide Rinaldini (1844–1920)
 * 4) Benedetto Lorenzelli (1853–1915)
 * 5) Pietro Maffi (1858–1931)
 * 6) Alessandro Lualdi (1858–1927)
 * 7) Désiré-Joseph Mercier (1851–1926)

16 December 1907
Pope Pius created four cardinals in 1907, two Italian and two French; three were cardinal priests and one (de Lai) a cardinal deacon. They received their titular assignments and red galeri at the public consistory three days later, where Pope Pius spoke at length about the persecution of the Church by the French government.
 * 1) Pietro Gasparri (1852–1934)
 * 2) Louis Luçon (1842–1930)
 * 3) Pierre Andrieu (1849–1935)
 * 4) Gaetano de Lai (1853–1928)

27 November 1911
Since 1907, several consistories for the creation of cardinals were announced and postponed; by late October 1911 the number of living cardinals had fallen to 47. On the morning of 27 November 1911 at a secret consistory Pius created eighteen new cardinals plus an additional one created in pectore, that is, not identified. That afternoon at a public consistory he announced the names of 18. Five were Italians and four French. Speculation about the one not identified centered on the Patriarch of Lisbon, António Mendes Belo, since the Portuguese Republic established in 1910 had adopted severely anticlerical policies and exiled Mendes Belo from Lisbon for violating its law on the separation of church and state. American representation in the College grew from one to three. Another, Diomede Falconio, was an Italian-born U.S. citizen who had spent most of his career in the United States and Canada. Van Rossum was the first cardinal from the Netherlands since Willem van Enckevoirt in 1523.

Thirteen of the eighteen new cardinals attended another public consistory on 30 November, where Pius bestowed their cardinals' hats and assigned them their titular churches and deaconries. He praised the public demonstrations that greeted his appointments in the United States and he again addressed the "weight of persecution" in France.
 * 1) António Mendes Belo (1842–1929), created cardinal in pectore, announced 25 May 1914
 * 2) José Cos y Macho (1838–1919)
 * 3) Diomede Falconio (1842–1917)
 * 4) Antonio Vico (1847–1929)
 * 5) Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte (1851–1948)
 * 6) John Murphy Farley (1842–1918)
 * 7) Francis Bourne (1861–1935)
 * 8) Franziskus von Sales Bauer (1841–1915)
 * 9) Léon-Adolphe Amette (1850–1920)
 * 10) William Henry O'Connell (1859–1944)
 * 11) Enrique Almaraz y Santos (1847–1922)
 * 12) François-Virgile Dubillard (1845–1914)
 * 13) Franz Xaver Nagl (1855–1913)
 * 14) François de Rovérié de Cabrières (1830–1921)
 * 15) Gaetano Bisleti (1856–1932)
 * 16) Giovanni Lugari (1846–1914)
 * 17) Basilio Pompili (1858–1931)
 * 18) Louis Billot (1846–1931), resigned from the College in 1927
 * 19) Willem Marinus van Rossum (1854–1932)

2 December 1912
On 2 December 1912, Pope Pius first bestowed cardinals' regalia on several cardinals created at the previous consistory: Nagl, Cos y Macho, Vico, Bauer, Almarez y Santos. He then created one cardinal in a secret consistory and named a papal legate to inform him and deliver his cardinal's insignia.
 * 1) Károly Hornig (1840–1917)

25 May 1914
On 26 April 1914, Pope Pius announced he would create 13 new cardinals at a 25 May consistory. On that day he created nine of the order of cardinal priests and four cardinal deacons. He also told the consistory he had made Mendes Belo a cardinal in pectore in November 1911. Three days later he gave red galeri and assigned churches and deaconries to ten of them. The others–Guisasola y Menéndez, Csernoch, Piff, and Mendes Belo–received their cardinals' galeri and titular church assignments from his successor Pope Benedict XV on 8 September 1914, a month after he was elected pope.
 * 1) Victoriano Guisasola y Menéndez (1852–1920)
 * 2) Louis-Nazaire Bégin (1840–1925)
 * 3) Domenico Serafini (1852–1918)
 * 4) Giacomo della Chiesa (1854–1922)
 * 5) János Csernoch (1852–1927)
 * 6) Franziskus von Bettinger (1850–1917)
 * 7) Hector Sévin (1852–1916)
 * 8) Felix von Hartmann (1851–1919)
 * 9) Friedrich Gustav Piffl (1864–1932)
 * 10) Scipione Tecchi (1854–1915)
 * 11) Filippo Giustini (1852–1920)
 * 12) Michele Lega (1860–1935)
 * 13) Francis Aidan Gasquet (1846–1929)

title: Cardinals created by Pius X


text:
Quechua

Quechua (Runasimi) is an American aborigen language native to South America and related to Aymará, both members of the Quechumaran linguistic stock. It was the official language of the Tawantinsuyu (Inca Empire), and today is spoken in various dialects by some 8 to 13 million people throughout South America. The language's dominion spans the entire South American continent starting as far north as southern Colombia and Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina and northern Chile. The dialect as it is spoken in Colombia and Ecuador is known as Quichua (Runashimi), and because of its frequent unintelligibility with the main branch of the language, it borders on being classed as separate. Despite this, all dialects are nonetheless considered a single tongue, consequently making it the most widely spoken of all South America languages in the Americas.

The language was extended beyond the limits of the empire by the Catholic Church, which chose it to preach to Indians in the Andes area. It has, along with Spanish and Aymará, the status of an official language in both Peru and Bolivia. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of the Latin alphabet, Quechua had no written alphabet. It did have a system of accountance with khipu-strings.

Quechua is a very regular language, but a large number of infixes and suffixes change both the overall significance of words and their subtle shades of meaning, allowing great expressiveness. It includes grammatical features such as bipersonal conjugation and conjugation dependent on mental state and veracity of knowledge, spatial and temporal relationships, and many cultural factors.

A number of Quechua loanwords have entered English via Spanish, including coca, condor, guano, gaucho, jerky, inca, llama, pampa, and potato. The word lagniappe comes from the Quechua word nyap ("something extra") with the article la in front of it, la ñapa, in Spanish.

Introduction

 * /Pronunciation/

A1 lessons

 * Lesson 1
 * Exercise 1
 * Answers to exercise 1

A2 lessons

 * Lesson
 * Exercises
 * Answers to exercises

Wordlist

 * English to Quechua word list

Useful sites

 * Quechua Wiktionary
 * Quechua Wikipedia
 * Disputed Issues in Quechua
 * Quechua Alphabets: Which is Right?

Quechua Quechua

title: Quechua


text:
Knef (album)

Knef is a studio album by German actress and singer-songwriter Hildegard Knef. It was released in February 1970 on Teldec's Decca Records and Stern Musik, a music branding division of the magazine Stern.

Personnel
Credits adapted from Knef's liner notes.

 * Hildegard Knef – primary artist, vocals
 * Hans Hammerschmid – arrangements, conducting
 * Hans Hammerschmid and his Orchestra – orchestra
 * The Rosy-Singers – choir
 * David Cameron Palastanga – producer
 * Martin Fouqué – engineer
 * Horst Angenendt – mastering
 * Rico Puhlmann – cover art
 * Ursula Marquardt – cover art

title: Knef (album)


text:
Bulgarian Armed Forces Day

Bulgarian Armed Forces Day (Ден на българските въоръжени сили), also known as the Day of Bravery (Ден на храбростта) or the Day of Bravery and Holiday of the Bulgarian Army (Ден на храбростта и празник на Българската армия) is a national holiday celebrated annually on May 6, commemorating the Bulgarian Armed Forces. The event is marked by military parades, fireworks and ceremonies across the country. As Armed Forces Day is the national military holiday of Bulgaria the celebrations in Sofia thus serve as a national event to mark the holiday.

19th century
On 22 July 1878, 12 battalions of volunteer units who had participated in war, formed the Bulgarian Armed Forces. St Georges Day was officially pronounced as the Day of the Bulgarian Army in 1880. The date was set for April 23, and from 1916, due to the transition from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church decided to celebrate the holiday on May 6. At the very beginning, the holiday was celebrated modestly, with a short review of the Tsar of Bulgaria taking place. For a long time, in parallel with the Day of Bravery, there was Victory Day, the so-called Little St. George's Day, celebrated on November 27 in honor of the Battle of Slivnitsa during the Serbo-Bulgarian War. In 1931, the Day of Bravery was declared martial celebration of the army.

Communist era
After the proclamation of the People's Republic of Bulgaria in 1946, the celebration of the holiday on 6 May was stopped. The date of 9 September became the national day of Bulgaria under communist rule (commemorating the 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état) and was adopted as a holiday of the army. A year later, the first festive military parade was held on the occasion of the holiday. In 1953, 23 September was designated as the Day of the Bulgarian People's Army. Its significance lies in it being the day of the staging of the September Uprising in 1923. Despite now having a designated army day, major military celebrations continued to take place on September 9, with the most significant military parade being held on the 1944 coup's 30th anniversary 1974 as well as the celebrations dedicated to the 1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State in 1981.

Post-1989
After 1990, the seventh Grand National Assembly set August 23 as the holiday of the army, commemorating the 1877 Battle of Shipka Pass during the Russo-Turkish War. This date was changed in January 1993, when by a decree of the Council of Ministers, 6 May returned to the holiday calendar as the armed forces day.

1937
The parade in 1937 saw Tsar Boris III presented the new battle flags to the Sofia regiments, with the old battle flags being burnt and torn by bullets. The new flags were consecrated by Metropolitan Stefan I of Bulgaria and then the Tsar with a gilded hammer nailed to each of them a gilded nail with the image of his monogram.

2009
The celebrations marked 5 years since Bulgaria's accession to NATO in 2004 and was the largest armed forces day celebration since its revival as a national holiday in the 1990s. It also marked the first time foreign troops took part in the annual parade, with the Hellenic Naval Band, the Central Military Band of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the United States Naval Forces Europe Band taking part in the parade.

2016
The celebrations were the largest since 2009, with more than 1,300 military personnel, aircraft and armoured vehicles being involved in the parade. The Bulgarian Air Force’s MiG-29 jet fighters, SU-25s, Mi-17 and Cougar helicopters and other aircraft took part in the parade.

2017
Three MiG-29 jets, two Cougar Helicopters and one Mi-17 helicopter parade, which was commanded by Air Force Major General Tsanko Stojkov.

2018
Macedonian troops took part in the festivities for the first time. This was also the first time the representative military bands of the Bulgarian Army, Air Force and Navy took part in the parade with the Representative Brass Band of the National Guards Unit of Bulgaria.

2020
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria, the annual parade was cancelled with the Defence Minister ordering small scale celebrations at military academies instead. When questioned on this while peaking at a special sitting of the National Assembly of Bulgaria on April 28, Prime Minister Boyko Borissov confirmed this, saying: "There will be no parade. How could there be a parade on May 6? Where would people stand?" The possibility of a small demonstration by parachutists on the morning of May 6 was also looked into by the minister.

2021
In 2021, a parade, held in compliance with anti-pandemic measures, took place at the Monument to the Unknown Soldier near Saint Sophia Church in Sofia. A solemn consecration of the battle flags and sacred flags took place in Sofia in the presence of the Secretary General of the Holy Synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Representatives of the National Guard, the Land Forces and the Special Operations Forces took part in the ritual. In the area of the 61st Stryamska Mechanized Brigade, servicemen from the Land Forces presented combat equipment. In the Joint Command of Special Operations, over 80 servicemen demonstrated specialized wheeled and aviation equipment. They carried out elements of an operation to neutralize terrorists.

Ceremony at the Monument of the Unknown Soldier
The celebrations officially begin at 9am with the laying of flowers at the Monument to the Unknown Soldier by President of Bulgaria and members of government. Here, following a flag raising ceremony, the patriarch or other representative of the high clergy of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church celebrates a memorial service for the fallen servicemen, a prayer for the living and a blessing of holy water to the colours of the Armed Forces, past and present. Wreaths and flowers are presented in memory of the fallen soldiers.

Military parade
The celebrations then continue as the parade commander (The commander is usually a Major General or Rear Admiral of the Armed Forces) arrives to take his place in the parade and receives the salutes of the Commandant, Georgi Rakovski Military Academy, reporting on the readiness of the formations at the Prince Alexander of Battenberg Square. At 10am, after a fanfare is sounded by the Guards Band of the National Guards Unit or/and the other bands within the Massed Bands of the Sofia Garrison, the President arrives and the parade commander marches towards him, informing that the parade is now ready for inspection. He then inspects the band and upon reaching the color guard of the National Guards Unit, he then pays compliments to the Flag of Bulgaria and to the massed military colours. He then inspects each of the participating parade contingents, stopping each time to greet each of the formed troops and as the inspection ends, he then approaches a makeshift saluting base at the National Art Gallery where after a fanfare has been sounded, he then makes his holiday address to the nation.

As the address concludes the parade commander shouts

"To the glorious Bulgarian Armed Forces... Oorah!"

While the entire parade responses with a long Oorah!, the Band then sounds the final measures of the Armed Forces Hymn Great are our Soldiers, and as the parade presents arms, Mila Rodino is then played with a 21-gun salute. The parade is then ordered to order arms and to stand at ease, and afterward the parade marches off the square in preparation for the march past as a Bulgarian Air Force helicopter commences the flypast carrying the national flag. The drummers of the massed bands beat a cadence as the parade marches off the square, reforming at its southern end for the march past to begin later on led by the parade commander.

Until 2012, the parade in Sofia passed in the direction of the Presidency to the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral near the Central Military Club, similar to the communist-era tradition. Since 2012, the parade has reversed direction and passed from the cathedral to the Presidency. Also, since 2012, the word "gentlemen" has been dropped from the official addresses of the parade, in connection with the increasing entry of women into the army and their participation in military parades.

Other
As a rule, the National History Museum, the National Military History Museum in Sofia, and the Aviation Museum near Plovdiv and others declare an open day. Photo galleries on military and military-historical themes, specialized exhibitions of historical artifacts, distribution of a military portion of food prepared from the field kitchen in real field conditions and more.

The official celebration of the holiday ends at 12 noon with the solemn change of the honor guard in front of the Presidency.

title: Bulgarian Armed Forces Day


text:
Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park

The Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park is a Florida State Park, located in the center of Key Largo in the Florida Keys, on County Road 905, one-quarter mile north of its intersection with the Overseas Highway (US 1).

The park's name honors Dagny Johnson, a local environmentalist activist, and is constructed on land bought up in 1982 after the financial demise of Port Bougainville, a project which would have included 15 hotels and over 2000 condos. The park is an important habitat for the threatened Key Largo Woodrat and the Key Largo Cotton Mouse, which are found only in this part of Key Largo: 90% of these animals' habitat is in the Dagny Johnson Park and the adjacent Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge.

Admission and hours
There is a $2.50 per person entrance fee. Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays).