text:
Hugh Vallance

Hugh Baird Vallance (14 June 1905 – 19 June 1973) was a much-travelled English professional association football centre-forward.

Career
Vallance was born in Wolverhampton, England. After serving in the army as a guardsman, he began his football career with Kidderminster Harriers. He moved to Aston Villa in 1927, but left to join Queens Park Rangers without having broken into the first team. He made just one appearance for Rangers before moving to Brighton & Hove Albion in the spring of 1929. He was given his chance by Brighton manager Charlie Webb and soon established himself in the Brighton attack alongside Dan Kirkwood. In the 1929–30 season, Vallance scored four hat-tricks before the end of the year. By the end of the season, Vallance had scored 30 league goals in 37 games, while his strike partner Kirkwood had netted 38 in 40. The following season, Vallance scored twice in the first seven games before his Brighton contract was terminated for a "serious misdemeanour" at the same time as that of Ireland international Jack Curran.

He joined Worcester City and within six months went to Evesham Town and Tunbridge Wells Rangers before returning to the league with Gillingham. Despite 7 goals in 13 league games he was released and rejoined Kidderminster Harriers. His next move was to France and Nîmes Olympique, from where he moved to FC Basel. From Switzerland he moved to the less exotic Brierley Hill Alliance before returning to Gillingham. After 3 goals in 5 league games, Vallance moved to Racing Club de Paris and subsequently played for Cork City before ending his career with Evesham Town.

After leaving professional football Vallance served in the Royal Air Force. Vallance died in Birmingham in 1973.

title: Hugh Vallance


text:
Ramsagar, Barhara

Ramsagar is a village in Barhara block of Bhojpur district in Bihar, India. As of 2011, its population was 2,130, in 358 households.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ramsagar, Barhara


text:
Islam

Islam, a name given by Allah to this religion (Quran 5:4), is an Arabic word which literally means 'submission to God'. So, 'Islam' would mean the path of those who are obedient to Allah (God). The word Muslim means 'one who submits to God'.

According to Islamic belief, Islam is not a new religion. It is, in essence, the same message and guidance which Allah revealed to all prophets before Muhammad. Allah says in the Qur’an:

"Say, We believe in Allah (God) and that which has been revealed to us, and that which was revealed to Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the tribes, and in that which was given to Moses and Jesus and other Prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them and to Him we submit." (Qur’an 3:85)

Islam (Arabic: الإسلام; al-'islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion. It is the second-largest religion in the world today, with an estimated 1.8 billion adherents, and as well as the fastest growing religion in the world. Linguistically, Islam means "submission to God", referring to the total surrender of one's self to God (Arabic: الله, Allāh), and a Muslim is "one who submits to God".

Muslims believe that God revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad while he existed, and that Muhammad is God's final prophet. The Qur'an and the traditions of Muhammad in the Sunnah are regarded as the fundamental sources of Islam. Muslims do not regard Muhammad as the founder of a new religion but as the restorer of the original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Jesus and other prophets whose messages had become corrupted over time (or according to some authorities only misinterpreted).

Islam is not only a faith, but also a way of life. Being the faith of a quarter of humanity, one can find a diversity of cultures, peoples who adhere to Islam, and the areas they inhabit, all of which make Islam a global culture. Today, Muslims may be found throughout the world! Some of the most populous majority-Muslim countries are in South and Southeast Asia. Other concentrations are found in Central Asia. Only about 20 percent of Muslims originate from Arab countries. Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity in many European countries, such as France, which has the largest Muslim population in Western Europe, and the United Kingdom.

"There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger". Whoever believes in this statement and declares it openly is a Muslim. Islam, with its literal meaning of submission to God, is the message Muslims believe God has given to mankind from the first day of creation. Allah, the Creator, has sent prophets in all ages starting from Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus until Muhammad. Muslims believe that all prophets carry the same message of the oneness of God. Abraham, Moses, Jesus are prophets of Allah the Almighty who carried the message from God to mankind. As Muhammad is the last prophet, Allah sent Qur'an down to him, and its teachings constitute the true ruling of Allah for mankind until the end of the world.

Islam

 * /Course Outline/
 * /Introduction/
 * /5 Pillars/
 * /Muslims/
 * /Muhammad/
 * /Qur'an/
 * /Hadith/
 * /Sunni Islam/
 * /Sufism and Islamic Mysticism/
 * Salafism/Wahhabism
 * Names of Allah
 * /Praying/

Contemporary Muslim Cultures

 * Introduction to Muslim Cultures
 * Iran
 * Pakistan and Bangladesh
 * Saudi Arabia
 * Egypt

Departments

 * Portal:Islam
 * Islamic Studies
 * Expert Wikipedians in Islamic issues
 * Learn Arabic (Language Of Quran)

Resources

 * Islam
 * Islam
 * Book:Islam

Related studies

 * Christianity
 * Historical Introduction to Philosophy:
 * Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Faith and Reason

title: Islam


text:
Talk:Dennis Hollingsworth

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Dennis Hollingsworth. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130410170536/http://www.citywatchla.com/8br-hidden/4707-the-supreme-court-will-uphold-gay-marriage-here-s-why to http://www.citywatchla.com/8br-hidden/4707-the-supreme-court-will-uphold-gay-marriage-here-s-why

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:02, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dennis Hollingsworth


text:
Meat raffle

A meat raffle is a tradition of raffling off meat, often in pubs and bars in Australia, in some areas of Britain and the US, and in Western Canada. A meat raffle is also sometimes called a meat draw. In some cases the raffle is operated by a designated charity, though in Britain most of the proceeds are spent on prizes and the raffle is run as a social occasion and a method of enticing customers into a local pub. The meat ranges in animal and cut and often comes from local butchers.

In the UK, a typical meat raffle would have approximately 25-30 tickets sold at £1 each, though there is considerable variation and some raffles are much larger. Depending on the specific raffle, when a winning number is called the winner can either pick their cut of meat or opt for a gift certificate.

Also simply known as a meat tray, the tradition is well known in Australian and New Zealand pubs. The trays of meat raffled vary in content: a barbecue style mix of steaks, lamb chops, sausages etc. is the most common, however "breakfast trays" (bacon, eggs, sausages) and "seafood trays" (prawns, oysters, mussels) are also common. Meat trays are usually raffled to raise money for local sporting teams, often those associated with the particular pub the raffle occurs in. The proceeds often help fund the team's end of season trip. Care must be taken with seafood trays given the propensity for the contents to spoil in the heat as the lucky winner continues drinking; often a friendly publican will store the tray in the fridge until the winner is sufficiently refreshed and ready to head home.

An Australian variant of the meat raffle is the chook raffle, where a chicken is raffled off. A Canadian variant popular primarily in the Sudbury area is "Porketta Bingo", in which a traditional Italian porchetta is given as a prize in a card game as a fundraiser for local minor hockey leagues.

Part of the interval at the BDO World Darts Championship included a meat raffle to raise funds for youth teams.

The Dave TV comedy show Compete for the Meat, hosted by Al Murray, is loosely based on the concept of a meat raffle.

title: Meat raffle


text:
spararsi

Verb

 * 1) to shoot oneself
 * 2) eat one's gun
 * 3) to shoot up inject oneself with drugs
 * 1) to shoot up inject oneself with drugs

title: spararsi


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/durbaronline.co.uk

Links

 * durbaronline.co.uk resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 6 additions.


text:
Talk:Earl of Tyrone

Counts of Tyrone
Two things.
 * This is an article about a title in the Peerage of Ireland as established by the Kings of England and Ireland. The title of "Earl of Tyrone" was extinguished by attainder in 1614; any successors are pretenders and have no status unless the attainder should be overturned.
 * By the same token, the "Counts of Tyrone" of the Spanish Netherlands should have their own article. And I'm not sure why Mary Auguste O'Neill has been placed in the succession; if the title was in fact dormant after her uncle's death, and it was granted to heirs-male, it would pass (unknowingly) to the father of James. This could use clarification and references. Choess 06:58, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

I think Choess is correct on these two items and it has been changed to reflect the Continental nature of the title after 1616. Also, and details of the succession between 1888-1937. She is correct in stating that the ancestor of James was technically the Count. However, titles are not "caught up" in death. So James, as the senior living member of that line of O'Neill, is made the 9th holder of the title; eventhough his line had been eligible for the title 49 years previously.

Wait, what? 20th century earls?
The list of the first creation ends like this:

 * Brian Roe O'Neill, 7th Earl of Tyrone 1616-1685
 * Thomas O'Neill, 8th Earl of Tyrone (b.1930)
 * His Heir apparent, Francis O'Neill (b.1955)
 * Francis' Heir presumptive, his brother, Fearghal O'Neill (b.1962)

What's the deal with those last three? With the 300-year gap? Huh? --Jfruh (talk) 01:02, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

First creation ended in 1607
The 2nd earl in the first creation knew that his title from the Kingdom of Ireland would become forfeit when he left in 1607. His successors were never created earls but were made counts (the same rank) by the Papacy and Spain. Therefore the recent claimants as earls (as distinct from counts) would have to a) claim their title and b) be granted it; which hasn't happened. I can call myself King of the Arctic but it is worthless if no third party government recognises me as King of the Arctic.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:08, 26 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Count of Tyrone explains also why they were not Earl of Tyrone.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:13, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Count of Tyrone?

 *  In addition, the closely related French line of Comte de Tyrone Count of Tyrone, maintained succession through 1925.

The date strongly suggests that this is the Martinique line of O'Neills (although 1925 is wrong; it should be 1901). One normally reliable source dismisses this claim entirely; I can find no evidence of the alleged Vatican recognition; a Develin genealogist describes them as being of another branch of the O'Neills altogether. I am perfectly willing to edit according to the evidence; O'Neills are nothing to me. But what is the evidence, where are the sources, in their favor? Septentrionalis PMAnderson 01:11, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

Line of Owen Roe

 * Hugo O'Neill, 6th Earl of Tyrone<:ref>(A.H.N.), Madrid Calatrava, original 1667, transcribed 1831, d. 1667 (Grandson of General Owen Roe O'Neill) Died 1671. His cousin:
 * Brian Roe O'Neill, 7th Earl of Tyrone, Grandson of Art MacBaron O'Neill, b. 1616– d.1683 (Titled in Spain)
 * Eugenio O'Neill, 8th Earl of Tyrone, great grandson of Eoghan Roe O'Neill, title claimed in 1683, contested by Cormac MacShane O'Neill of Loughinsholin<:ref>"The Ancient and Royal Family of O'Neill" 1996. under Conn Bacach O'Neill descendants, Ireland on the grounds of illegitimacy, but granted in 1685 by King to Eugenio. It is determined that he died sometime soon after 1692 as the Irish Regiment was disbanded that year,<:ref>The Petition of Don Bernardo O'Neill, 1692, translated by Micheline K. Walsh, Seanchas Ard Mhacha probably due to his death. Line extinquished.

As per the Will of Sean/Juan O'Neill, 3rd Conde de Tiron, dated December 1640<:ref>The Will of John O'Neill, Third Earl of Tyrone, dated September 18th, 1640, Translated by Micheline Kearney Walsh , upon the extinction of the line of Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, all rights of title, land, and Chiefship would lawfully pass to the line of Shane an Diomas O'Neill and his family, know as the Mac Shanes. Cormac MacShane O'Neill was one of this family. That line maintained a lineage of Chiefship in Ireland at least to 1888.<:ref>Irish Pedigrees, by John O'Hart, pg. 727-728 -
 * All these are retrieved from the text; the Spanish forms of the names only add confusion to what is confusing enough. The only one of these sources generally available is John O'Hart, and pp. 727-8 in the fifth edition is a description of the Lia Fail, which does not even mention the O'Neills; searching the text leaves me unable to confirm the claim. That the MacShanes survived, or survive, in Ireland seems not unlikely; it is largely irrelevant to this article, since the peerage cannot pass by will. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 13:10, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

These Spanish O'Neills are all listed in Micheline Walsh Kearney's translations 1960-1970 in a combined "The Will of John O'Neill, Third Earl of Tyrone" and "Don Bernardo of Aughnacloy, Co. Tyrone". I have both scanned from the original Armagh Historical Society Journal. If you want them, I can email them. Also see "Henry O'Neill and the Formation of the Irish Regiment in the Netherlands, 1605" by Jerrod Casway. Princeton03 (talk) 15:46, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Note that both of Walsh's papers say that Shane O'Neill had one son, Hugo Eugenio O'Neill. This article is a hoax exaggerating a nineteenth-century hoax. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 19:15, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earl of Tyrone


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Queen (band)/archive1

Queen (band)

 * Lengthy article that, following a massive cleanup, is now very concise and has much improved writing. Very comprehensive and well cited.TheImpossibleMan 13:12, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Object. Still has issues.The first few sentences of the lead are quite POV, and the tone of the article is at many times unencyclopedic and chatty in nature. Seems to have good content, however, it is close but needs a careful comb-over to remove POVa nd install a more formal tone. RyanG e rbil10 13:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Object. No references whatsoever, so it fails the basic requirements for FAC. Also agree with Ryan about the overall tone. I would suggest a rewrite and full references, and then a trip to Peer Review. Kafziel 14:04, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Object. The lead itself is witness to several Weasel word phrases such as "they have generally become recognized" and "considered by many to be the first true music video".  The member section is only a bullet list telling songs they wrote.  There are many opinions in the article, such as "In hindsight, it's considered to be a strong first album."  The fan fiction bit about "Journey of the Dead" should be deleted.  As you admit on the Queen talk page, the page still needs a clean-up.  I would suggest that instead of continuing through FAC, which is designed for articles which are already clean and referenced, that you refer to both Peer review and, specifically, to add the suggestions of the Featured Music Project.--Ataricodfish 16:13, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Object. The article is over-sectioned to death. All the year-by-year subheaders need to be consolidated such that the TOC is not bloated beyond usability.  Try to name to sections such that the the reader can scan the TOC to pick out a distinct era, rather than relying on the reader to know the exact year of the Queen history they're searching for.—thames 16:34, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Move to Peer Review. Please move this article to WP:PR so that suggestions and recommendations made during that process can be incorporated into the article. AreJay 19:06, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Object per reasons above; see my comments on peer review. AndyZ 21:21, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment The nominator has opened a peer review for this article.  As such, I believe that the FAC nomination can be closed.--Ataricodfish 21:24, 21 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Cocoa Programming/Objective-C basics

This topic seems unnecessary; just a link to Programming:Objective-C would propably suffice? I think this module is meant to explain the differences between common Objective-C and the Cocoa one. Therefore, this module is needed. --<IP_ADDRESS> 10:43, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I'm a little concerned about the OpenStep (?) influences on the book. For example on this page, it talks about using the "new" class method to create an object, when in Cocoa you'd usually use a method the same as the actual class name. For example, to create an array you'd either use [[NSArray alloc] init] or [NSArray array] (or more often, something like [NSArray arrayWithContentsOfURL:url]).

[NObject new] is rarely used in Cocoa. I'm not sure, but I think they do something slightly different (am I right that the object returned by new isn't autoreleased? [NSArray array] returns an autoreleased object). --Abhi Beckert 03:47, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Novopoltava

Novopoltava (Новополтава) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Novopoltavsky Selsoviet, Klyuchevsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 810 as of 2013. There are 9 streets.

Geography
Novopoltava is located 23 km northeast of Klyuchi (the district's administrative centre) by road. Petrovka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Novopoltava


text:
Talk:Meghan Picerno

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: https://www.meghanpicerno.com/about. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Citrivescence (talk) 21:20, 23 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Meghan Picerno


text:
Thundorf, Switzerland

Thundorf (pronounced, in the local dialect or ) is a municipality in the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

The village of Thundorf lies on a plateau above Frauenfeld. In 1995, the communal territory was enlarged to the east, when Wetzikon and Lustdorf, the latter of which until then was autonomous, were joined to it.

Coat of arms
Blazon: Gules, a fess argent between three mullets of six points argent (2, 1).

Etymology
The earliest mention of Thundorf dates back to the year 888 (Tuomsdorof/*tuomesdorf). This place name is composed by the OHG anthroponym Duomo/*Tuomo and the noun substantive dorf ‚hamlet, farm, village, estate, quarter of a town‘.

Thundorf Today
The village is mainly residential and has a large school with over 500 pupils. Despite having a population of over a thousand, Thundorf only has a single shop named "Volg" on the main street which serves the local population selling groceries and farming supplies. Transport to the village is provided by a daily bus service that operates between Frauenfeld and Weinfeld. The town is famous locally for its annual "Banae Tanz" festival which has been celebrated since shortly after the 1798 French Invasion and establishment of the helvetischen Republic of Loskauf and is held annually on September 9.

Geography
Thundorf has an area,, of 15.61 km2. Of this area, 8.91 km2 or 57.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 5.82 km2 or 37.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.88 km2 or 5.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 or 0.1% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2.4% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 0.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.2%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.8%. Out of the forested land, 35.3% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.0% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 54.3% is used for growing crops, while 2.8% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

In 1995 Wetzikon merged into Thundorf.

Demographics
Thundorf has a population of. , 7.1% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 9.2%. Most of the population speaks German (98.2%), with Spanish being second most common ( 0.4%) and Romansh  being third ( 0.3%).

, the gender distribution of the population was 51.0% male and 49.0% female. The population was made up of 613 Swiss men (47.2% of the population), and 49 (3.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 593 Swiss women (45.7%), and 43 (3.3%) non-Swiss women.

In there were 12 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 9 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 3 while the foreign population remained the same. There was 1 non-Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 1 non-Swiss woman who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources) was an increase of 14 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 7 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.6%.

The age distribution,, in Thundorf is; 145 children or 11.2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 189 teenagers or 14.6% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 136 people or 10.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 154 people or 11.9% are between 30 and 39, 223 people or 17.2% are between 40 and 49, and 203 people or 15.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 126 people or 9.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 69 people or 5.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 47 people or 3.6% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 4 people or 0.3% who are 90 and older.

, there were 447 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. there were 187 single family homes (or 84.2% of the total) out of a total of 222 inhabited buildings. There were 19 two family buildings (8.6%), 5 three family buildings (2.3%) and 11 multi-family buildings (or 5.0%). There were 248 (or 20.8%) persons who were part of a couple without children, and 744 (or 62.5%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 50 (or 4.2%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 10 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 4 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 4 who lived in a household made up of unrelated persons, and 11 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.

The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.33%. , the construction rate of new housing units was 4.7 new units per 1000 residents. there were 466 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 6 room apartment of which there were 127. There were 7 single room apartments and 127 apartments with six or more rooms. the average price to rent an average apartment in Thundorf was 1217.92 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$970, £550, €780 approx. exchange rate from 2000). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 600.00 CHF (US$480, £270, €380), a two-room apartment was about 728.75 CHF (US$580, £330, €470), a three-room apartment was about 968.48 CHF (US$770, £440, €620) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 1661.18 CHF (US$1330, £750, €1060). The average apartment price in Thundorf was 109.1% of the national average of 1116 CHF.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 47.08% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Green Party (13.55%), the CVP (12.27%) and the SP (9.49%). In the federal election, a total of 468 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 51.1%.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Sights
The entire village of Lustdorf is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Economy
, Thundorf had an unemployment rate of 1.43%. , there were 162 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 59 businesses involved in this sector. 172 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 22 businesses in this sector. 73 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 27 businesses in this sector.

there were 870 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 420 or about 48.3% of the residents worked outside Thundorf while 180 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 630 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 7.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 49.4% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 250 or 21.0% were Roman Catholic, while 775 or 65.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 Old Catholic who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland there is 1 individual who belongs to the Orthodox Church, and there are 37 individuals (or about 3.11% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There were there is 1 individual who is Islamic. There are 2 individuals (or about 0.17% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 100 (or about 8.40% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 23 individuals (or about 1.93% of the population) did not answer the question.

Weather
Thundorf has an average of 130.8 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 1015 mm of precipitation. The wettest month is June during which time Thundorf receives an average of 114 mm of rain or snow. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 12.1 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 12.9, but with only 107 mm of rain or snow. The driest month of the year is March with an average of 62 mm of precipitation over 12.1 days.

Education
In Thundorf about 80.3% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

title: Thundorf, Switzerland


text:
User:Katievans/sandbox

Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators or SARMs are a novel class of androgen receptor ligands. In the late 1990s researchers were successful in finding the first nonsteroidal SARM, it was the discovery of an analog to bicalutamide; the search for these new drug candidates was driven by the undesirable side effects that come with androgenic-anabolic steroids. They are intended to have the same kind of effects as androgenic drugs, such as anabolic-androgenic steroids, but be more selective in their action. SARMs signify a novel class of tissue-selective androgens with an unknown clinical application that could benefit the treatment of diseases.

Contents

 * 1Comparison to testosterone
 * 1.1Selectivity in men
 * 1.2Selectivity in women
 * 2Examples
 * 2.1Clinical testing
 * 2.2Pre-clinical
 * 2.3Abandoned drug candidates
 * 3Availability
 * 3.1Use in sports
 * 4See also
 * 5References

Comparison to testosterone[edit]
Structure of testosterone Currently used androgens for male hormone replacement therapy are typically injectable or skin delivery formulations of testosterone or testosterone esters. Injectable forms of testosterone esters (such as testosterone enanthate, propionate, or cypionate) produce undesirable fluctuations in testosterone blood levels, with overly high levels shortly after injection and overly low afterward. Skin patches do provide a better blood level profile of testosterone, but skin irritation and daily application still limit their usefulness.

SARMs provide the ability to design molecules that can be delivered orally, but that selectively target the androgen receptors in different tissues differently. The goal of research in this area is to allow a customized response: Tissues that are the target of the therapy will respond as they would to testosterone; other tissues where undesirable side-effects are produced will not.

None of the SARMs yet developed are truly selective for anabolic effects in muscle or bone tissues without producing any androgenic effects in tissues such as the prostate gland; however, several nonsteroidal androgens show a ratio of anabolic to androgenic effects of greater than 3:1 and up to as much as 90:1 (RAD-140), compared to testosterone, which has a ratio of 1:1. Structure of RAD-140 Research is continuing into more potent and selective SARMs, as well as optimizing characteristics such as oral bioavailability and increased half-life in vivo, and seeing as the first tissue-selective SARMs were only demonstrated in 2003, the compounds tested so far represent only the first generation of SARMs and future development may produce more selective agents compared to those available at present.

CONDENSE:

As previously mentioned, the purpose of research in relation to SARMs is to replace testosterone supplementation in disease treatment with selective androgen receptor molecules. This is due to the fact that testosterone supplementation can have adverse effects on patients, which are detailed on the testosterone page.

Thinking of testosterone as a model molecule, several SARMs have been manufactured to mimic the proven effects of testosterone on the body. For example, there have been meta-analyses conducted showing that testosterone supplementation increases fat-free mass, body mass, strength, and a decrease in fat mass. (CITE Bhasin). *Maybe insert how it has been studied in relation to diseases*

However, nonsteroidal SARMs purposefully differ in their mechanism of action, as the 5-α reduction or aromatizaion seen in testosterones mechanism is not present in these molecules. (might need to reword) --> transition into mechanism section.

want to delete (most of the section above is about men anyway) Selectivity in men[edit]
For example, if the target is bone growth in elderly men with osteopenia or osteoporosis, but with no overt signs of hypogonadism, a SARM targeting bone and muscle tissue but with lesser activity on the prostate or testes would be more desirable.

want to delete (suggestive) Selectivity in women[edit]
A SARM for women  would ideally stimulate bone retention, or libido and other function that androgens can influence, without negative side-effects such as development of male sex characteristics (virilization), increased LDL/HDL ratios, liver dysfunction, and so forth.

Mechanism
The binding of ligands to the androgen receptor (AR) results in a conformational change, this consequentially alters surface topology which will lead to tissue-specific gene regulation. This tissue-specific regulation then allows for the selective stimulation or inhibition of the AR; this requires androgen response elements, co-regulators, and transcription factors. (CITE txtbk)

Something about human tests / side effects
As of 2020, only four SARMs have been clinically tested on humans; Ostarine, LGD-4033, GSK2881078, and PF-06260414.

Ostarine
Ostarine also known as Enobosarm, GTx-024 and MK-2866 has a significant amount of anabolic activity relative to androgenic activity, which shows potential in the treatment of diseases that negatively effect muscles and bones (MPMD cite). A common, negative effect of SARMs and other anabolic steroids is the reduction of HDL and LDL, this has been confirmed in human clinical trials when comparing Ostarine to a placebo. Additionally, in trials where 1 mg of Ostarine (or more) was administered, there was a statistically significant lowering of Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) and serum total testosterone levels. Alanine Transaminase (ALT), an enzyme present in the liver, has been shown to fluctuate abnormally while clinical patients were given no more than 3 mg per day. However, the elevated levels seem to be resolved after the discontinuation of the SARM.

LGD-4033
LGD-4033, previously known as Ligandrol, currently known as VK5211 after being licensed to a different pharmaceutical company; was developed as a potential treatment to musculoskeletal degenerative diseases. The potency of a SARM can be thought of as its potential anabolic activity in relation to its androgenic activity, VK5211 has the largest ratio of clinically tested SARMs. In human trials thus far, the compound has been considered generally safe with some side effects. Similarly to Ostarine, VK5211 effected both lipid levels and testosterone levels, by suppressing HDL, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

GSK2881078
Like VK5211, GSK2881078 has been clinically tested in relation to its potential in treating musculoskeletal degenerative diseases. The SARM was found to lower HDL levels, while some reported constipation, dyspepsia, and nausea. A small percentage of women studied had elevated ALT values and some men had elevated creatine kinase levels and muscle soreness.

PF-06260414
PF-06260414 was found to be well tolerated among the male population clinically tested. As expected with SARMs there was a decrease in HDL levels as well as an increase in ALT levels. Few participants experienced headaches, decreased appetite, dizziness, upper respiratory infection, fatigue, and anxiety.

Clinical testing[edit]
MK-2866 also known as Ostarine or Enobosarm

 * Enobosarm (Ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22) – (suggestive) One of the most popular SARMs, affects both muscle and bone, intended mainly for osteoporosis but also general treatment for andropause and reversing muscle sarcopenia in the elderly and for cachexia in cancer patients.
 * BMS-564,929 – Mainly affects muscle growth, intended as general treatment for symptoms of andropause
 * LGD-4033 (Ligandrol) – pharmacological profile similar to that of enobosarm.

Pre-clinical[edit]

 * AC-262,356
 * LGD-2226 – Affects both muscle and bone
 * LGD-3303
 * S-40503 – Selective for bone tissue, particularly low virilization, intended for osteoporosis and may be suitable for use in women.
 * S-23 – Under development as a male hormonal contraceptive
 * RAD140 (Testolone)

Abandoned drug candidates[edit]

 * Acetothiolutamide – High-affinity AR full agonist in vitro, but very low activity in vivo due to poor pharmacokinetics
 * Andarine ("S-4") – Partial agonist, intended mainly for treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy
 * LG-121071
 * TFM-4AS-1
 * YK-11

Availability[edit]
In 2013, some supplement companies began selling various SARMs as supplements, in purported violation of both the Food and Drug Administration's Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) and the intellectual rights of the patent holders of the compounds. In 2017 it was found that many of the supplements being sold claiming to be SARMs do not actually contain the chemical in question. In reality, only 52% of the products contained any traces of SARMs at all.

In October 2017, the Food and Drug Administration issued warning letters to three supplement companies notifying them that SARMS are classed as unapproved drugs and can cause potential adverse side effects associated including cardiovascular and liver damage.

Use in sports[edit]
In 2015, quarterback of the Florida Gators, Will Grier, allegedly tested positive for Ligandrol, a claim that the University of Florida denies.

In 2017, Joakim Noah was banned for twenty games by the NBA for testing positive for Ligandrol.

Sean O'Malley, the American mixed martial artist who competes in the Bantamweight division of Ultimate Fighting Championship, was temporarily suspended by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in June 2019 after his sample tested positive for Enobosarm ahead of his fight against Marlon Vera at UFC 239 on July 6 in Las Vegas.

In July 2019, tennis player Beatriz Haddad Maia from Brazil received a provisional suspension after she tested positive for selective androgen receptor modulators.

Shayna Jack, the Australian swimmer, was forced to withdraw in July 2019 from the national squad before the world championships in Gwangju, South Korea after she tested positive for Ligandrol.

See also[edit]

 * Selective receptor modulator
 * Selective estrogen receptor modulator
 * Selective progesterone receptor modulator
 * Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist

 * 1) Thevis, M; Schanzer, W. (2010). Doping in Sports. Vol. 195. Springer. pp. 100–120. ISBN  978-3-540-79087-7.
 * 2) ^
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 * 28) ^
 * 29) ^
 * 30) ^
 * 31) ^ "Shayna Jack reveals banned substance Ligandrol was behind her doping suspension from swimming". July 28, 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2020.

title: User:Katievans/sandbox


text:
acariciar

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to caress
 * 2) to stroke, pet

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to stroke to move one's hand or an object over the surface of
 * 2)  to pet fondle (an animal)
 * 3)  to pet fondle (another person) amorously
 * 4)  to caress touch or kiss lovingly

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to caress
 * 2) to fondle
 * 3) to stroke
 * 4) to pet
 * 1) to pet

title: acariciar


text:
presuntuoso

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) presumptuous, conceited, self-important, bumptious
 * 2) cocksure

Noun

 * 1) presumptuous, conceited or self-important person

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) presumptuous
 * 2) pretentious
 * 3) bumptious
 * 4) impertinent
 * 1) impertinent

title: presuntuoso


text:
CisLunarFreighter/Initial splashscreen, launcher, menu

go to main component listCisLunarFreighter_A_Requirements_Analysis_and_High_Level_Design_Exercise

Component Name:Launcher

Responsibilities: This is the main java file which calls the splash animation, initializes the game, then calls the main menu for initial player interaction. When the player is done this module terminates the program.

Collaborators:

 * Animation player
 * Background display
 * Main Menu
 * New Load and Mission Generator
 * Load pre-existing game
 * Quit


text:
Physics with Calculus/Mechanics/Energy and Conservation of Energy/Potential energy

Potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position. There are several types of potential energy.

Gravitational
Gravitational potential energy, involves the line integral of the force between two objects ($$m_1$$ and $$m_2$$). By Newton's universal law of gravity, the force is

$$\mathbf{F}_g = -\frac{Gm_1 m_2}{r^2}\;\hat r$$

We integrate to get potential energy:

$$U_g(r) = -\int_\infty^r \mathbf{F}_g\,dr' = \int_\infty^r \frac{Gm_1 m_2}{r^2}\,dr = -\frac{Gm_1 m_2}{r}$$

Here, we have taken the reference point (where the potential energy equals zero) to be at $$r=\infty$$. Sometimes, when dealing with small distances where the difference in acceleration due to gravity will be negligeable we simplify the energy equation by assuming that $$r = R +y$$, where $$R$$ is the Earth's radius and $$y<<R$$ is the height above the Earth's surface. Taking $$m_2$$ to be the mass of the planet:

$$F_g = \frac{Gm_1 m_2}{R^2}$$

$$g = \frac{Gm_2}{R^2}$$.

Note that the vector $$g$$ points in the $$-\hat r$$ direction. Inserting this into the integral for $$U_g$$:

$$U_g = -\int_0^y (-m_1g\hat r)dr'= m_1 gy$$,

where now, the reference point is on the surface of the Earth.

Elastic
Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in a compressed or elongated object (a spring, for example). The amount of energy stored in the object depends on spring constant ($$k$$) and the displacement from the rest position ($$x$$). It should be noted that the amount of energy is the same regardless whether the object is compressed or elongated. Given the force:

$$\mathbf{F}_s = -k\mathbf{x}$$

We integrate to get energy:

$$U_s = -\int \mathbf{F}_s\,dx = \int -k\mathbf{x}\,dx = \frac{1}{2}k\mathbf{x}^2$$


text:
Charlotte Harbor Preserve State Park

Charlotte Harbor Preserve State Park is a 46000 acre Florida State Park, composed of islands and land that surrounds Charlotte Harbor. It is part of the Southwest Florida Water Management District and protects the Gasparilla Sound/ Charlotte Harbor, Cape Haze, Matlacha Pass, and Pine Island Sound aquatic preserves. It is site 22 on southern section of the Great Florida Birding Trail and offers boating, paddling, fishing, and hiking.

The park can be accessed from Punta Gorda, Cape Coral, Cape Haze, El Jobean, Rotonda, and Little Pine Island. The main offices are approximately 3 mi south of US 41/Tamiami Trail, in Punta Gorda.

Admission and Hours
There is no entrance charge. Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays).

title: Charlotte Harbor Preserve State Park


text:
Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2015 February 10

Template:Clemente crime family

The result of the discussion was delete as a navbox that doesn't navigate isn't useful. Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 19:04, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Clemente crime family

unused, no links (not even redlinks) NSH002 (talk) 22:53, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * delete or move to userspace. Frietjes (talk) 00:48, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Strong delete no template content ; Clemente Crime Family is a redirect to a videogame, which does not have separate character articles. WP:NOTGAMEGUIDE -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:46, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete - This is a navbox that has no linked content (other than generic mafia-related terms) related to the subject of the navbox. Navboxes exist to provide easy navigation among a family of closely-related article links; this template fails that basic test.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 15:05, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Next time you nominate a family of templates with similar content and nearly identical problems for TfD discussion, please consider submitting them in a single TfD for the sake of efficiency. It's not always appropriate, but often it is.  Thanks.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 15:05, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Template:Clemente crime family (1945)

The result of the discussion was delete as a navbox that doesn't navigate isn't useful. Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 19:04, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Clemente crime family (1945)

unused, no links (not even redlinks) NSH002 (talk) 22:53, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * delete or move to userspace. Frietjes (talk) 00:48, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Strong delete no template content ; Clemente Crime Family is a redirect to a videogame, which does not have separate character articles. WP:NOTGAMEGUIDE -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:48, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete - This is a navbox that has no linked content (other than generic mafia-related terms) related to the subject of the navbox. Navboxes exist to provide easy navigation among a family of closely-related article links; this template fails that basic test.  [copied and pasted from above]  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 15:05, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Template:Moretti crime family (1913)

The result of the discussion was delete as a navbox that doesn't navigate isn't useful. Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 19:04, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Moretti crime family (1913)

unused, no links (not even redlinks) NSH002 (talk) 22:53, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * delete or move to userspace. Frietjes (talk) 00:48, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Strong delete no template content ; This is about the MAFIA series of videogames, which does not have separate character articles. WP:NOTGAMEGUIDE -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:50, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete - This is a navbox that has no linked content (other than generic mafia-related terms) related to the subject of the navbox. Navboxes exist to provide easy navigation among a family of closely-related article links; this template fails that basic test.  [copied and pasted from above]  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 15:05, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Template:Donetsk People's Republic topics

The result of the discussion was delete as currently redundant to Ukrainian crisis navboxMartijn Hoekstra (talk) 10:46, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Donetsk People's Republic topics

The template is a fork of the Template:Ukrainian crisis navbox. If not deleted the template should be considered for merging. Most articles outside of history category in the template as well as politics category have nothing to do with the template's title and provide certain degree of confusion as well as misleading impression. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 19:35, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Agree – This is not a useful template at all, and is predicated on WP:CRYSTAL. Delete. RGloucester  — ☎ 19:56, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep It's a political entity. It's genuineness has been questioned, iand the simplest way of saying it is that it may be an entity set up as a front for Russian interests, but the assumption of its nonexistence is only an hypothesis. Removing this is  an expression of political judgment, which we do not do.    DGG ( talk ) 20:38, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * DGG, the problem isn't whether the DPR exists or does not, but whether this template is useful to the reader and not superfluous. At present, it is superfluous, and all the appropriate links can be found elsewhere. This is just clutter. RGloucester  — ☎ 02:47, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete for now, subject to recreation if the DPR stabilizes and there are a greater quantity of relevant articles. The linked articles specifically pertaining to the DPR have almost all been deleted or merged into the DPR article itself, so the template is currently fairly useless, as User:RGloucester points out. The rest is either covered in the Ukrainian crisis template or circumstantial. I don't think there's anything on the template that'd be worth merging. — Nizolan  (talk) 02:43, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Weak delete as fairly redundant. —PC-XT+ 19:29, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete as an unnecessary fork of Template:Ukrainian crisis navbox.--Rurik the Varangian (talk) 11:12, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

Template:Auto change
Relisted at Templates_for_discussion/Log/2015_February_19. Martijn Hoekstra (talk)

Template:Stanford Superstars squad

The result of the discussion was 'delete as a current squad of a defunct team makes no sense Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 18:20, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Stanford Superstars squad

This template was used for current iterations of the team, to help navigation between articles. The team is now defunct and has been for years, as Allen Stanford is in prison for an extremely long time. As such, there's no need for the template and it should be deleted. Dweller (talk) 17:05, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * delete, current squad of a defunct team. Frietjes (talk) 00:50, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete - "Current" (c. 2008) roster navbox for a team that no longer exists. Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 15:01, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Template:Penang F.A.

The result of the discussion was delete per nom Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 18:17, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Penang F.A.

Per WP:NENAN - the two stadium links are the only two links that aren't to sections of the parent article. Not a useful aid to navigation. Fenix down (talk) 16:24, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * delete Frietjes (talk) 17:27, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator's rationale. Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 17:47, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Template:InChI

The result of the discussion was delete. --BDD (talk) 19:52, 21 February 2015 (UTC)
 * InChI

Originally intended to format InChI identifier for a chemical substance. Not maintained since 2009, no activity in its parent InChI long time either. Formatting control taken over by Chembox and Drugbox (together 15000 transc's, see also WT:Chemical infobox sections). These are developed, maintained and bot-verification is in place. No articles use it, also because recently I checked & moved any significant the data into on the page. DePiep (talk) 12:43, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * delete Frietjes (talk) 17:26, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I could envisage that this could be used to format etc. an in-prose InChI, but then, I do not see any reason to put that in the text for discussion or evaluation (other than in examples on the InChI-wikipage, but to have a template for that is superfluous). Delete.  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 06:19, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Template:Infobox nhsc

The result of the discussion was merge by substituting transclusions of Template:Infobox nhsc with Template:Infobox historic site, with the addition of the following parameters, that are currently not catered for in the sandbox: ;  ;. (nac) Alakzi (talk) 21:02, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Infobox nhsc
 * Infobox historic site

Propose merging Template:Infobox nhsc with Template:Infobox historic site.

Infobox historic site already caters for NHSCs. I've begun to make the latter a wrapper or the former, in the latter's sandbox, but a number of parameters (see HTML comments there) are not catered for. These would seem to be appropriate for a more generic template. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 14:07, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Merge, and thanks for making Template:Infobox nhsc/sandbox to make the decision easier. There is a Canada-specific parameter, but I expect its handling can be sorted out. —PC-XT+ 16:55, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Merge So long as all parameters are in place. Which they appear to be. Montanabw (talk)  19:42, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Merge Agree with nom. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 20:07, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I still agree with the eventual merge, but given Dirtlawyer1's comment below, also agree that we should first look at the entire list of historical site templates. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 14:24, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Merge - I think we're beating a dead horse at this point, and the discussion has veered off in an unfortunate direction. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 16:59, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Query - Why are we not discussing this proposed merge in the context of all similar templates? There appear to be templates for historical sites, ancient sites, Canadian historical sites, etc.  Instead of merging these two because they were handy, should we not be discussing all of these, and determining if there should be a single template for all related uses, or alternatively, whether there is some basis for maintaining separate templates for all or some of these existing similar uses?  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 21:19, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I suspect that such a broad proposal would meet resistance for being too vague. Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 14:48, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * As other regular TfD participants have said elesewhere, this is Templates for Discussion. Getting it right is more important than getting a quick and easy outcome.  If that requires a more involved discussion, we should encourage that, not treat it like an inconvenience.  If wider discussion is unproductive, that's easily cured with another more narrowly focused TfD.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 17:33, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If there are other similar templates that can be usefully merged, then we can either try to have a huge omnibus discussion - which tends to become unfocussed - or we can discuss merging one or two at a time. In this case, it seems to make more sense to me to deal with this proposed merge (as a 'test case' if you will). If this discussion results in a template that satisfactorily covers nhsc within the generic 'historic site' template, then that would clearly inform later debates on other related templates. Attempting to over-broaden this discussion will do nothing more than muddy the waters. This proposal is concise and to-the-point and there's no good reason to go off on tangents. From what I can see, this merge would achieve the desired goal of easier maintenance. There doesn't seem to be any good reason to have two separate pages of template code when one will do the job. --RexxS (talk) 17:42, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Rexx, do you know what other similar templates exist? Do you know whether this is the best combination of two similar templates to be merged?  Have you ever used either of them?  This merge may very well be a sensible one, but I think we can and should get more input before slam-dunking another merge of two templates that none of the TfD/TfM discussion participants have ever used.  Don't you?  There is no deadline.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 18:20, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No, so tell me what other templates exist that are similar enough to these two to form a sensible merge discussion. I assume that you've already researched this, so let's hear your suggestions. It doesn't matter whether these are the best combination (whatever that might mean); if there are others we'll get round to them in good time. There's no need to try to do everything at once, and allowing this discussion to proceed is a sensible first step. --RexxS (talk) 23:39, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "two templates that none of the TfD/TfM discussion participants have ever used" Would you care to substantiate that rather bold assertion? Hint: You cannot. I have used Infobox historic site sufficiently often to know that, as I said above, the parameters currently found only in the Canadian template (original use and current use, for instance) "would seem to be appropriate for a more generic template". Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 23:52, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I've never used a thermonuclear device either, but that wouldn't disqualify me from contributing to that article. I have technical expertise with template coding and Lua programming (and almost 50 years of programming experience) so why should I be excluded from commenting on a process that is likely to make use of the skills that I possess? --RexxS (talk) 00:08, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Rexx, as far as I know, no one is suggesting that anyone should be excluded from the TfD discussion; quite the opposite, in fact. The more the merrier, and certainly someone with your programming/coding background may have something to offer.  At a bare minimum, however, the TfD nomination instructions and common courtesy both suggest that the template creators should be notified on their user talk pages.  Furthermore, the TfD nomination instructions also suggest that major contributors to the templates should be notified in addition to the template creators.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 02:03, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You directly questioned whether I have used these templates "Have you ever used either of them?". That's a clear attempt to draw a distinction among editors contributing here. What is the purpose of that if not to marginalise my comments? The TfD instructions don't suggest that both template creators be notified in the case of a merge, so you really shouldn't be repeating your mistake in confusing what they ought to say with what they actually say. --RexxS (talk) 10:47, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, Rexx, those are the exact words I used, not in attempt to "marginalise" anyone, but to point out the obvious foolishness of not notifying the template creator, who actually designed the template, and presumably used it, and understands its intended purposes and uses better than anyone else. Intentionally not notifying template creators is contrary to common courtesy and common sense.  Furthermore, there is no exception/exemption in the TfD instructions for merges; if you believe there is, I suggest you quote the specific exception language.  An experienced editor like yourself know that no good comes from failing to notify authors/creators in any XfD.  It borders on trying to game the system.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 14:46, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Never mind what you claim your intentions were as the effect is to belittle other editors by casting doubts on their comments if they have not used the template. Your bluster about notifications is completely unrelated to the issue of asking me if I had used the template. The intent is actually transparent and you are merely trying to deflect by claiming it's about something that had not even been raised when you made the "Have you ever used either of them?" comment. I also note that you refer to Andy's nomination as "foolish". What possible reason could Andy have for not notifying Dudemanfellabra? The simple explanation is that he did not know that he hadn't because he trusted Twinkle to do the job. Yet here we are with your contrived indignation and accusations of "intentionally" at complete odds with any assumption of good-faith, presumably because Andy is the target of your attack. Nobody who follows the instructions at TfD sees an instruction to notify the second creator and you need to understand the difference between exception and omission. You don't need a exception from something that's not there in the first place. --RexxS (talk) 03:30, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

I don't need much convincing, and I'm personally not opposed to broader discussion where an exact merge is not well-defined, but there has been vehement disapproval of that in the past, and I think - I can't know for sure obviously - that that is the answer to your question why a wider, less exactly defined proposal wasn't put forward. As to why we're not discussing it, well, we are now, it seems. What templates do you propose to include? Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 18:10, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I'll put together a list for consideration, Martijn. Please note we have another problem: failure to notify one of the template creators per the TfD instructions.  If Andy/Pigsonthewing will not notify the template creator, someone else needs to do so, and this TfD needs to be relisted for at least another 7 days.  18:20, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment - I note for the record that the nominator, Pigsonthewing, has again failed to notify one of the template creators in one of the nominator's proposed TfD merges. This is the 7th day of this particular TfD/TfM, and no effort has been made by the nominator to notify User:Dudemanfellabra.  This has become a pattern for the nominator, and, yes, failure to notify the template creators of a pending TfD/TfM is problematic.  By failing to provide the template creators with notice per the TfD instructions, we are denying the editors who are most knowledgeable about the templates, their history, their purposes and their uses an opportunity to comment.  Not only is that procedurally improper, it's also foolish if the purpose of the exercise is to obtain the best outcome for the encyclopedia.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 18:20, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The instructions at TfD don't require the notification of the creator of the other template when a merge is proposed. This is an oversight in the instructions and should be taken up at Wikipedia talk:Templates for discussion. I've notified Dudemanfellabra of this discussion and hopefully he'll find the time to contribute here. --RexxS (talk) 00:03, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Rexx, thank you for taking the time to notify Dudemanfellabra, the template creator. Please note that the TfD nomination instructions explicitly state: "You generally should notify the creator of the template, and it is also considered polite to also notify the main contributors of the template that you are nominating the template."  The instruction are no different for TfMs than TfDs.  I'm not sure where anyone gets this idea that there is some sort of loophole for not notifying one of the creators to a proposed template merge because I see no such "oversight"; in fact, it's pretty clear.  I have read several times where Andy/Pigsonthewing advanced a similar theory.  Logically, however, that makes very little sense because once a merge is proposed, there is no certainty as to which template will be the survivor, what parameters it will include, and what will be added to or deleted from it.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 02:03, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That's simply not correct. The TfD instructions were written to cater for deletions discussions and only later expanded to include merge discussions. They don't suggest notifying the creator of the template that it is proposed for merging into. If you actually follow the steps for the merger, you'll see that they call the template that becomes the subject of the discussion "name of template" and the template that is the proposed recipient of the merge "name of other template". Step III (Notify users) gives this instruction "For merging: ~ ", Nowhere does it suggest doing the same for the creator of "name of other template". It is obvious from the use of the singular in You generally should notify the creator of the template ... that the instructions concerning mergers were inadequately modified from the case of deletions. As a result, I think you'll find that using Twinkle to make the nomination fails to make the second notification that you'd like it to. It is unhelpful to blame nominators for the deficiencies in the system used to make those nominations. If you want to embark on a crusade to correct that problem, then take it to Wikipedia talk:Templates for discussion. You can count on my support there. --RexxS (talk) 10:47, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * See my comment above: there is no exception/exemption for not notifying the template creators, Rexx. And, in fact, the TfM notice template works just fine for both target and survivor templates (see, e.g., .  Using auto-editors such as Twinkle, etc., is not a valid excuse; the nominator can always take the extra two minutes to manually add a TfD notice to the second template.  Time to stop making excuses for TfM nominators not doing the right thing by our fellow editors and the Project.  Not notifying template creators serves no good purpose.  Period.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 14:46, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You're talking complete nonsense. Anybody using Twinkle to make the TfD nomination will fail to notify the second creator and won't even realise it unless it's pointed out to them. Since nobody but you has raised the issue, it can't have been the problem you're making it out to be and TfDs have been proceeding perfectly well. As you have not raised this complaint against any other editor who uses Twinkle to make the nominations, we may conclude that this is just another opportunity for you to single out Andy for your attentions. --RexxS (talk) 03:30, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Rexx, not only is it not "complete nonsense," my previous comment is a straightforward recital of facts. Furthermore, it's already been pointed out to the nominator by me and other discussion participants in prior TfD discussions (please see diffs in response to your similar objection below).  As you well know as an experienced editor, the issue is one of basic procedural fairness and XfD best practices: authors/creators should be notified of pending XfDs, and the instructions are pretty darn clear on that point.  Now, would you like to hat this massive procedural digression that threatens to overwhelm the substantive discussion of this proposed merge, or would you like to continue to draw attention to this problem for the benefit of other less-knowledgeable Twinkle users?  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 13:47, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 03:37, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Thanks for notifying me of this discussion. I had seen some edits in my watchlist, but I hadn't really paid attention until this was brought up on my talk page. As the creator of Infobox historic site, I think I have a pretty good idea of the infobox's original intent. (Disclaimer: I haven't looked at the NHSC infobox in any meaningful manner, so take my comments on it to be from a non-expert)

Infobox historic site was originally created to be the go-to infobox for any historic site, i.e. one designated as such on a local, state/provincial, national, or international official register, especially if a site is listed on multiple registers. It actually came about as an alternative to Infobox NRHP, which is only used for sites on the US National Register of Historic Places but also supports displaying additional local designations. This new infobox was created for sites that were on local registers but not nationally designated (so the NRHP infobox would be inappropriate) and then kind of morphed into a catch-all historic sites infobox. It came about pretty much concurrently with WP:HSITES, which is now unfortunately pretty inactive, at least judging by the project talk page. The infobox was created to be as generic as possible while still being flexible enough to properly accommodate any register. The method of accommodation of such registers is through Template:Designation and its subtemplates, which have actually changed quite a lot since their inception, and I haven't really kept up with everything as much as I originally intended to. It actually seems that the Canadian register is already supported by the generic infobox, and maybe the creator of the NHSC-specific infobox wasn't aware of it? Or maybe (s)he wasn't satisfied with the broad parameters supplied by Infobox historic site and wanted more NHSC-specific fields?

I would support merging the two infoboxes, but really it may be that they are already merged (or at least mergeable), albeit indirectly and slightly sloppily. In addition to the generic official name, type, criteria, designation date, and ID number parameters (among others), Infobox historic site allows for each designation several "free" parameters, the labels and values of which can be anything one wants. Perhaps the NHSC-specific parameters can be placed there? If there are other parameters that would be broadly applicable to many different registers, then it would be fine to add those as additional generic parameters, but to add parameters for every individual register should be avoided as it would severely bloat the code. I remember this being a prominent issue when the infobox was created, thus the customizable parameters as a compromise. It is also possible to just add more customizable rows if needed.

TL;DR: I support merging the two templates, but I don't think any NHSC-specific parameters should be added to Infobox historic site so as to protect the infobox code from unnecessary bloat.--Dudemanfellabra (talk) 06:43, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Although I would note,, that the two parameters in the NHSC template not found in the generic template (|original use= and |current use=) are not Canadian specific, would be applicable to historic sites worldwide, and seem quite appropriate for Infobox historic sites (without risk of bloat). The free parameters, I think, are better used for country-specific information.  My support for the merge was on the basis that those two parameters were carried over, as they are (on their face) quite useful and relevant.  --Skeezix1000 (talk) 18:57, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I added the original and current use parameters to Infobox historic site. I agree that they are widely applicable to many historic sites. I would say the templates are sufficiently merged, and the articles that use Infobox NHSC can be converted over to Infobox historic sites.--Dudemanfellabra (talk) 06:59, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Agreed. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 16:59, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Thank you for providing the historical background of these templates. Yours is exactly the kind of input I would hope template creators and major contributors would provide in any TfD or TfM.  And it is what is often lost when TfD/TfM nominators intentionally do not notify both template creators in TfM discussions.  I would hope that would be self-evident to other regular TfD participants, but that is apparently not the case based on the extended defense above of not providing such notices.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 14:56, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * To be honest, I am not that mad I wasn't contacted. I would much rather we comment on the templates themselves than attacking other editors, even if those editors may have done something wrong. The majority of the conversation here has been you two squabbling back and forth, and it's quite annoying to have to wade through really.--Dudemanfellabra (talk) 15:55, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I appreciate your comment, and I certainly can understand why you find the back-and-forth annoying. That having been said, the nominator has a history of not notifying template creators in TfD/TfM discussions, even going so far as to claim some sort of exemption/exception/loophole, and, yes, that's a problem for TfD/TfM process and Wikipedia generally.  Rexx (not the nominator) is kinda sorta defending that failure by also claiming that same loophole.  If it takes some "squabbling" to draw attention to this problem, get participants to adhere to XfD best practices, and perhaps even annoy a few fellow editors, I'm prepared to take some criticism (and I would hope you could understand that).  Cheers.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 16:11, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * re "I am not that mad I wasn't contacted." -- It's not just for you that such notification is advised. As Dirtlawyer1 write, it resulted in useful background information. In general, it is a lowering of discussion standard to omit it, if not into failing. (Since this was done deliberately, I am surprised to find this TfD relisted. What's wrong with the rule: you disrupt the discussion, you loose the argument?). -DePiep (talk) 16:40, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * DePiep, there is no reason to scotch this TfD discussion. The notice problem was raised, RexxS provided the template creator with proper TfD/TfM notice, and Dudemandellabra has provided some helpful background.  I think we can return to a substantive discussion of the issues, and perhaps even hat the digression regarding notice so as not to distract from the substantive discussion.  The point has been made, corrective action taken, and the TfD discussion relisted for another week.  That's enough.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 16:57, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about? Who is talking scotch here? How could I know I must ask your permission to speak? -DePiep (talk) 17:14, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I see that once more the same group is piling on to attack Andy rather than discuss the merits of a merger. It not true that editors "intentionally do not notify both template creators" and "Since this was done deliberately" is a malicious falsehood. I'm calling both of you on your deliberate lies here and I hope that others will see this for what it is - part of a concerted campaign to remove Andy from this arena by foul means because you haven't got the arguments to support your desire to keep worthless templates. And Dirtlwayer, there's no "loophole", there's simply a missing instruction from the TfD page and an automated tool that follows those instructions too strictly. Now how about making some useful contributions like the list you promised days ago, or raising the Twinkle problem where it can be fixed, rather than obsessing over Andy's use of the tool just because it's Andy. --RexxS (talk) 03:43, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * There is no missing instruction. Provide notice to template creators.  Simple.  As for using Twinkle to format TfDs and provide notices to template creators, etc., that is a choice.  If the editor knows that the automated tool does not provide all notices, then the editor can either (a) not use the automated tool, and do it all manually, or (b) use the automated tool, and then complete the notice process manually.  Where is the problem?  In six years on-wiki, I've submitted dozens of XfDs, and not once did I use an auto-editor.  As for this subthread, clearly none of it is about the merits of the proposed merge; it is an obvious digression about TfD/TfM notice procedures and XfD best practices.  The only reason this digression continues is because of you're defending a bad notice practice, apparently because it's Andy.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 04:13, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * There is a missing instruction. Please don't misquote to try to bolster your mistake. It says "notify the creator of the template" - creator: singular. Not creators: plural as you pretend. Read the instructions for merging: first you add template name to today's TfD log page; then "You generally should notify the creator of the template, and it is also considered polite to also notify the main contributors of the template that you are nominating the template. To find them, look in the page history or talk page of the template. Then, add one of the following:For merging: template name ~ to the talk pages of these users. Note where it says: "the creator of the template"; "the main contributors of the template that you are nominating". Singular: "the creator", "the template", "the template that you are nominating". Not plural: not "creators"; not "templates"; not "the template that you are nominating as well as the template that it would be merged into". You only nominate one template. That's how the process is set up. Does it tell you to notify the creator of the template that the nominated template would be merged into? No. Should it? Yes. But fixing that requires raising the issue elsewhere and your interest is obviously not in fixing the issue, but in scapegoating Andy for it.
 * If the nominator knew that Twinkle doesn't provide all the notifications, then you would have a point. But please explain how the nominator knows that Twinkle doesn't provide all the notifications. Twinkle looks up the name of the editor who created the template being nominated for merger, so the nominator does no research. How could they possibly tell that they didn't notify the creator of the other template unless they went and did that research and then checked up. They use Twinkle precisely to avoid all that effort and will just assume that Twinkle works. Why assume bad-faith when it's obvious that there never was an intention to not notify. Or doesn't that suit your agenda? --RexxS (talk) 05:06, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Singular vs. plural: attempting to rationalize the failure to notify the template creators on this basis is pure sophistry. No court in any Anglo-American jurisdiction would ever accept such a transparent evasion.  The intent is clear: notify the template creator.  You ask which template creator should one notify in a TfM?  In your interpretation, the instructions cannot be rationalized in a situation where the proposed merge incorporates elements of both templates.  How would we know which template creator to notify when both templates will be merged and/or materially altered?  Answer: you can't; the only way to rationalize the instructions is to notify both template creators in a proposed merge.  Afterall, how would you handle the notices for a proposed merge of three or more templates?  Shall we randomly select one of three or four template creators to notify, while ignoring the others?  Your rationalization is a logical dead end in multiple TfM scenarios.
 * As for whether the nominator was aware of the purported Twinkle problem with TfD/TfM notices, yes, Andy/Pigsonthewing is aware of the issue. I am not the first TfM discussion participant to raise the issue with him, and it's not the first time I've raised the issue, either:  and .  In that prior discussion, I went so far as to politely ask him to take care of it on his talk page ; in response, he deleted that request from his talk page .  So, yes, he knows;  I don't need to assume anything.  Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 07:09, 11 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Pamyat Kommunarov

Pamyat Kommunarov (Память Коммунаров) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Maysky Selsoviet, Romanovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 27 as of 2013. There is 1 street.

Geography
Pamyat Kommunarov is located 17 km north of Romanovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Maysky is the nearest rural locality.

title: Pamyat Kommunarov


text:
Chatchawit Techarukpong

Chatchawit Techarukpong (ชัชชวิศ เตชะรักษ์พงศ์; also known as Victor (วิคเตอร์), born 22 March 1992) is a Thai actor. He is known for his main roles as Terk in Room Alone 401-410 (2014), as Min in Water Boyy: The Series (2017) and as Teacher Pom in The Gifted (2018).

Early life
Chatchawit was born in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand to a Taiwanese father and a Chinese mother.

Career
Chatchawit started in the entertainment industry by auditioning in several singing competitions such as Teen Superstar under the name TS3 Victor, The Star and Academy Fantasia. Although he did not make it in the said competitions, he was eventually given the opportunity to fulfill his dream to be a singer after signing up with GMMTV and releasing the songs "เราเลือกความรักได้เสมอ" (Rao Leuak Kwahm Ruk Dai Samur), the OST for Room Alone 401-410 (2014), and "กอดสุดท้าย" (Kot Sutthai).

In 2015, he was tapped to host several television programs such as Proteen together with Jumpol Adulkittiporn (Off), Oishi Hitz List and as a backstage host for Asia's Got Talent, Season 1 on Channel 3. He also played main roles in Ugly Duckling: Don't (2015), U-Prince Series: Badass Baker (2016), Water Boyy: The Series (2017) and The Gifted (2018).

He was one of hosts of School Rangers until its 50th episode in 2018 and was replaced by Nawat Phumphotingam (White). He currently hosts the travel television show WOW! Thailand.

title: Chatchawit Techarukpong


text:
Municipality of Ombúes de Lavalle

The municipality of Ombúes de Lavalle is one of the municipalities in the Colonia Department, Uruguay. Its seat is the city of Ombúes de Lavalle.

Location
The municipality lies in the north section of the department, and limits to its southeast with the Colonia Miguelete Municipality and to its north with Soriano Department.

History
The municipality of Ombúes de Lavalle was created by Departmental Law N° 014/2013 of 22 March 2013 of the Departmental Board of Colonia, before the proposal of the Intendant of Colonia, following the provisions of the Law N° 18567 and its later reforming Laws.

Territory
According to the Departmental Law N° 014/2013 the limits of the municipality's territory match those of the NGA and NGB constituencies of Colonia Department.

Authorities
The authority of the municipality is the Municipal Council, integrated by the Mayor (who presides it) and four Councilors.

title: Municipality of Ombúes de Lavalle


text:
UK Constitution and Government/Normans

Presentation
The Normans (1066-1154)

Next Chapter --

William I
The course of English political, legal and cultural history was changed in 1066, when William, Duke of Normandy (also called William the Conqueror) successfully invaded the nation and displaced the Saxon king, Harold II.

In 1066 King Edward, also called St Edward the Confessor, died. His cousin, the Duke of Normandy, claimed that the childless King had named him heir during a visit to France, and that the other claimant to the throne, Harold Godwinson, had pledged to support William when he was shipwrecked in Normandy. The veracity of this tale, however, is doubtful, and Harold took the crown upon King Edward's death. William, however, invaded England in September, and defeated (and killed) Harold at the famous Battle of Hastings in October.

William II
In 1087, King William I died, and divided his lands and riches between his three sons. The eldest, Robert, became Duke of Normandy; the second, William, became King of England; the youngest, Henry, received silver. Henry, however, eventually came to possess all of his father's dominions. William II died without children, so Henry became King. Henry later invaded Normandy, imprisoned his brother, and took over the Duchy of Normandy.

Henry I, Stephen and Matilda
Henry, whose sons had predeceased him, took an unprecedented step: naming a woman as his heir. He declared that his daughter Matilda would be the next Queen. However, Matilda's claim was disputed by Stephen, a grandson of William I in the female line. After Henry I died in 1135, Stephen usurped the throne, but he was defeated and imprisoned by Matilda in 1141. Later, however, Matilda was defeated, and Stephen took the throne.

Matilda, however, was not completely defeated. She escaped from Stephen's army, and her own son, Henry Plantagenet, led a military expedition against Stephen. Stephen was forced to agree to name Henry as his heir, and when Stephen died in 1154, Henry took the throne, commencing the Plantagenet dynasty.

ms:Perlembagaan dan Kerajaan United Kingdom: Dinasti Normandy

title: UK Constitution and Government/Normans


text:
George Champlin Mason Jr.

George Champlin Mason Jr. (1849–1924) was an American architect who is considered the first professional architectural preservationist in the United States.

Career
George Champlin Mason Jr. was born in 1849 to Frances (Dean) and George Champlin Mason Sr. in Newport, Rhode Island. He was educated at the local Berkeley Institute and at the Oak Hill Military Academy in Yonkers, New York. His father was a well-known Newport architect, and Mason Jr. began working in his firm at the age of eighteen. Four years later, in 1871, his father made him a partner and renamed the firm George C. Mason & Son. He stayed in this partnership until his father's death in 1894.

Mason's earliest commission is thought to be the Thomas Cushing House in Newport, designed in 1869-70 as an essay in the Stick style. Around the time he joined his father's firm, he designed the Frederick Sheldon house (since destroyed), which is considered by some historians to be the earliest Colonial Revival house in the United States. In the 1880s he designed the main building (now known as Luce Hall) of the Naval War College. In 1888, he moved to Philadelphia with his new wife, Sarah (Borie) Mason, and opened a branch of the firm there.

Mason became interested in American architectural history early in his career and wrote a number of articles on the subject. He became a fellow of the American Institute of Architects at the age of 25 and was one of the founders of the Rhode Island chapter, later becoming secretary of the Philadelphia chapter. He was made chairman of an AIA subcommittee that was set up to survey American colonial architecture with the goal of drawing attention to the work of early American architects. He wrote the committee's report, which was published in American Architect and Building News and illustrated with his own drawings. One major effect of this survey was to clearly distinguish between the American Colonial (including First Period and Colonial Georgian), the Federal, and the Colonial Revival building styles, ending the practice of considering these names as interchangeable terms for a single style. He used this forum to call for architects of the future to pay closer attention to the principles that had guided colonial architects and not just "find quaint details to copy in modern work and then unblushingly christen those works Queen Anne or Georgian."

With his strong interest in history, it is not surprising that after his father's death, Mason began to pursue commissions that involved historical preservation. Indeed, after 1895, it is thought that he did almost no original design work of the kind he had done while partnered with his father. His most extensive preservationist efforts were in Newport and Philadelphia. In Newport, he restored a monument to Admiral de Ternay at Trinity Episcopal Church in 1872, and in 1884 he restored the Sabbatarian Meeting House, which had been built in 1730 as a Seventh Day Baptist Church, installing tension rods to correct walls that had gone out of vertical alignment. He also encouraged the Newport Historical Society to buy the church for its headquarters, and it became the society's first headquarters and remains part of its complex today. He fought against a proposal to demolish the Old Brick Market, which had been built in 1760, on grounds of the quality of its design by the early American architect Peter Harrison. In this latter effort, he became one of the first architectural preservationists to argue from primarily aesthetic rather than purely historical grounds, and he has been called the first professional restoration architect in the United States. Thanks in part to Mason's efforts, Old Brick Market was saved and now houses the Museum of Newport History.

In 1895 to 1896, Mason restored the Senate Chamber in Congress Hall in Philadelphia, an initiative launched by The Colonial Dames of America.

He died in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, in 1924. He is buried in the Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.

Selected publications

 * "Colonial Architecture." American Architect and Building News, Aug. 20, 1881.

title: George Champlin Mason Jr.


text:
Computer-aided design

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of a wide range of computer-based tools that assist engineers, architects and other design professionals in their design activities (Wikipedia).

Learning

 * /History, Present and Future/
 * /Software/
 * /Advanced software/
 * /Principles and terminology/
 * /Objects/
 * /Practical lessons/
 * /AutoCAD introduction/
 * /2D modeling/
 * 3D modeling
 * /Engineering drawings/
 * /AutoCAD 2D/
 * /Basics/
 * /Computer Aided Drafting/
 * /BIM/

title: Computer-aided design


text:
Dynamic programming

In computer science, dynamic programming is a method of solving problems exhibiting the properties of overlapping subproblems and optimal substructure that takes much less time than naïve methods.

The term was originally used in the 1940s by Richard Bellman to describe the process of solving problems where one needs to find the best decisions one after another. By 1953, he had refined this to the modern meaning. The field was founded as a systems analysis and engineering topic which is recognized by the IEEE.

The word "programming" in "dynamic programming" has no particular connection to computer programming at all. A program is, instead, the plan for action that is produced. For instance, a finalized schedule of events at an exhibition is sometimes called a program. Programming, in this sense, is finding an acceptable plan of action.

Algorithms that use dynamic programming

 * Many string algorithms including longest common subsequence
 * The Cocke-Younger-Kasami (CYK) algorithm which determines whether and how a given string can be generated by a given context-free grammar
 * The use of transposition tables and refutation tables in computer chess
 * The Viterbi algorithm (used for hidden Markov models)
 * The Earley algorithm (a type of chart parser)
 * The Needleman-Wunsch and other sequence alignment algorithms used in bioinformatics
 * Levenshtein distance (edit distance)
 * Floyd's All-Pairs shortest path algorithm
 * Optimizing the order for chain matrix multiplication
 * Subset Sum algorithm
 * knapsack problem
 * The dynamic time warping algorithm for computing the global distance between two time series
 * The Selinger (a.k.a System R) algorithm for relational database query optimization
 * De Boor algorithm for evaluating B-spline curves
 * Duckworth-Lewis method for resolving the problem when games of cricket are interrupted
 * The Value Iteration method for solving Markov_decision_processes

title: Dynamic programming


text:
Patania holophaealis

Patania holophaealis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1912. It is found in Paraguay.

title: Patania holophaealis


text:
When the Smoke Clears

When the Smoke Clears is the fifth studio album by American rock band Hinder. The album was released on May 12, 2015 by their new label The End Records and is their first album to feature lead vocalist Marshal Dutton.

Production
After news broke that Austin Winkler left the band in November 2013 Hinder was extremely inactive on social media and their website. The group stayed silent until July 8, 2014 when they posted a video on Facebook apologizing for their inactivity and announced that they had been writing songs for a new album while they searched for a new lead singer. The band played a string of shows throughout the late summer of 2014 with Nolan Neal as vocalist. The first single off the then-untitled fifth album, titled "Hit The Ground," was released on November 24, 2014. On January 20, 2015 Hinder officially announced that Marshal Dutton, who had written and produced music with Hinder since 2009, was their new vocalist. The other members of Hinder said that Nolan Neal's voice was "too country" for the band's rock image. After the addition of Dutton, the band released a rerecorded version of "Hit The Ground" with Dutton on vocals.

Release
Hinder held an online competition on their social media sites for their fans to help name the new album. On December 9, 2014 the band announced that When the Smoke Clears had been chosen as the album's title, which would be released in the spring of 2015. To help promote the album the band started a Pledge Music campaign.

On March 17, 2015 the band released the song "Rather Hate Than Hurt" via Loudwire, making it the second song to be released from the band since Winkler's departure. The band also revealed the release date of the album to be May 12, 2015.

"Intoxicated" was released on May 3, 2015 to radio mainstream rock stations as a third single.

"Letting Go" was released on December 7, 2015 as the band's fourth single.

Personnel

 * Marshal Dutton – lead vocals
 * Joe Garvey – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Mark King – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Mike Rodden – bass
 * Cody Hanson – drums

title: When the Smoke Clears