text:
Animal Behavior/Reproductive Strategies in Fish

Reproduction is the sole method through which a species may continue, and reproduction manifests itself in numerous deviations throughout nature. The ultimate goal of each species is to produce the maximum amount of offspring while exerting the least amount of energy. Predation pressures, resource accessibility, and competition with the species for attracting mates greatly influence the likelihood of an individual within a species producing viable offspring and donating genes to subsequent generations. Different fish species may be observed in order to learn the unique reproductive strategies employed throughout nature from fertilization tactics to parental care methods that have adapted these fish in continuing their species.

Females typically exert much more energy and time into reproduction than males, and therefore, females are usually more selective in choosing mates. Females typically favor males that are larger in size, possess more elaborate physical traits than the other males, and display more energy in courtship activity. However, smaller and less desirable males must still be able to fertilize the eggs, or, according to natural selection, they would have been eliminated from the population. Although slightly more unsettling, sexual coercion results in the fertilizing of eggs just as sexual courtship does. The term “sneakers” refers to smaller males who opt to race into the nest more desired males and fertilize the eggs while the nesting male pursues the female. The term “satellites” describes cryptic males mimicking females in appearance and behavior so that they are able to fertilize the eggs while the unsuspecting couple spawn.

Although fish species exhibit both internal and external fertilization, fish also exemplify many unique strategies for parental care. Most fish species utilize broadcast spawning, which is a method a releasing gametes into the water and providing no parental care. The goal of this reproductive method is to produce the maximum amount of progeny in hopes that as many offspring as possible will survive. Many fish species, however, opt to employ parental care in order to supply their smaller number of offspring a greater chance of survival. Oral brooding and sex role reversal are two unique methods of parental care that have proved successful in certain fish species.

Oral brooding, although quite rare in nature, is a parenting method adopted by many fish in the Family Cichlidae. After the successful fertilization of the eggs, Cichlids, such as Tilapia, place the egg clutch into the mouth of the female. The fecundity is significantly lower in oral brooders; however, the eggs tend to be larger and receive more nutrients. By placing the eggs into the oral cavity, the female is able to provide protection for the eggs, and the churning ability of the female rotates the eggs so that each egg is exposed to oxygenated water.

Similar to oral brooding, sex role reversal in fish is rare but is utilized in the Family Sygnathildae. In sea horses, the female inseminates the male by inserting the oviduct into the male brooding pouch several times to ensure fertilization. After fertilization is complete, the female departs, and the male attaches itself to a nearby object with its tail waiting for the eggs to mature.

Nature exhibits many alternatives that species have adapted in order to reproduce. By utilizing these methods, these organisms are able to reproduce viable offspring and continue their kind. Survival of the species is the ultimate goal for all organisms, and these organisms are constantly adapting to their environment in order to do so.


text:
Talk:Kent and East Sussex Railway

Fair use rationale for Image:Cts457.jpg
Image:Cts457.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 19:30, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Headcorn & Maidstone Junction Light Railway
I notice that there is no mention of this line, which did receive an Act of Parliament although it was not built apart for a short section at Tovil. Would this line merit its own page? Mjroots (talk) 22:55, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Have started a page, but need help with template. Mjroots 14:49, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Copyvio?
It has become clear that large sections of this article were probably directly cut and pasted from other sources. See the current diff. A lot of the article appears to have come from the Colonel Stephens Society website. Either they have copied Wikipedia, or Wikipedia had copied them. I don't know. I'll continue to rewrite the article over the next few days, and hopefully the issue will be resolved. Mjroots (talk) 06:27, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

File:TRAMM201.jpg may be deleted
I have tagged File:TRAMM201.jpg, which is in use in this article for deletion because it does not have a copyright tag. If a copyright tag is not added within seven days the image will be deleted. -- Chris  09:50, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

Rolling stock
Just wondering whether the reference to Lydd in relation to the Bodiam No. 3 Terrier should be a reference to Lydd Town or Lydd-on-Sea? Lamberhurst (talk) 12:17, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * It was Lydd Town. Mjroots (talk) 11:09, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Renaming
Better if the and is replaced with &

Vandalism
Tenterden renamed Rolvenden Parkway in 1903? The SECR relieving themselves in the public toilets in Station Road? I'm too much of a newby to know how to fix just these without affecting the rest of the article, but someone should do it - this is actually a very good article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:19, 4 April 2012 (UTC) Found a couple more: "Mixed trains ran until they felt less mixed" and "This is telling in itself as Colonel Stephens was renowned for liking children when he was alive."

Xth longest
"Once the K&ESR have re-instated 13½-miles between Tenterden Town and Robertsbridge, This would make it the Ninth longest preserved Standard Gauge railway in Great Britain." "This totals a distance of over 11½-miles in length (Making it the sixth longest Standard Gauge railway line in the United Kingdom as of June 2012)." This seems to be a contradiction, I've marked both statements as 'citation needed', though maybe they just need deleting if nobody has the citation to correct them? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:11, 22 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kent and East Sussex Railway


text:
Talk:Charlotte Smith (broadcaster)

Countryfile
This article says that she is an "occasional relief presenter" of Countryfile. I think she presents Countryfile too often to be described in this way. Rollo August (talk) 18:04, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charlotte Smith (broadcaster)


text:
Talk:Donald J. Carty

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title: Talk:Donald J. Carty


text:
Talk:schmuck

The foreskin
Do we have evidence for this? So far I've only seen this definition in The Onion. / Edgarde 19:16, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:schmuck


text:
Tancrède Labbé

Joseph-Tancrède Labbé (June 18, 1887 – December 13, 1956) was a prominent Quebec politician and businessman. He was the father of media mogul François Labbé.

Background
He was born on June 18, 1887, in East Broughton to parents who operated a farm and studied at the Frères des écoles chrétiennes, and studied commerce in Sainte-Marie.

He first worked as a general store clerk, and after that as a manager from 1913 to 1919 and after that, became a grocer when he founded T. Labbé Ltd. He also started an ice cream plant, Produits Régal LTD, in 1921, which remained in business until the 1980s, but with different owners. He was a member of the provincial ice cream producers association and became a director for Thetford Asbestos, a mining company.

Labbé was honorary member of the Thetford Mines Chamber of Commerce from 1931 to 1937 and from 1947 to 1951. Member of the Canadian Club, Rotary Club and the Knights of Columbus.

Mayor
He was elected mayor of Thetford Mines on February 3, 1931, and kept his seat until February 9, 1937. He was elected mayor again in May 1946 and stayed there until May 1951.

Member of the legislature
He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in Mégantic in 1935 for the Action libérale nationale. Labbé joined Maurice Duplessis's Union Nationale and was re-elected in 1936.

He was defeated in 1939, but managed to win a by-election on November 19, 1940, and was re-elected in 1944, 1948, 1952 and 1956. He became a Minister without Portfolio in Duplessis's Cabinet in 1944.

With 11 years in office, he was the longest-tenured mayor of Thetford Mines until Henri Therrien retired after 12 years in office in 1999. He was the only politician to have been mayor of Thetford Mines and provincial MLA at the same time, from 1935 to 1937 and from 1946 to 1951, a practice that is now forbidden in Quebec. Laurent Lessard became a provincial MNA for the Liberal Party of Quebec after resigning as mayor of Thetford Mines in 2003.

Labbé was the first MLA from the Mégantic (now Frontenac) county to become a minister and the only Union Nationale MLA from the county to do so. After him, Roger Lefebvre and Laurent Lessard, both Liberals, also became ministers.

Death
Labbé died in office in Saint-Romuald, Quebec on December 13, 1956.

title: Tancrède Labbé


text:
Callipurbeckia

Callipurbeckia is an extinct genus of marine semionotiform ray-finned fish from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods. Fossils have been found in Germany, Tanzania, and England.

It contains three species, which were previously classified in the related lepisosteiform genus Lepidotes.

 * C. minor (Agassiz, 1833) - Earliest Cretaceous (Berriasian) of England (Purbeck Beds)
 * C. notopterus (Agassiz, 1835) - Late Jurassic (Tithonian) of Germany (Solnhofen Limestone)
 * C. tendaguruensis (Arratia & Schultze, 1999) - Late Jurassic (Tithonian) of Tanzania (Tendaguru Formation)

Potential relatives of Callipurbeckia include Occitanichthys from the Tithonian of France (formerly confused with C. minor) and Tlayuamichin from the Albian of Mexico.

Its name comes from "calli-", from an Ancient Greek word meaning beautiful, and "Purbeck", from the modern-day name of the area where a specimen of it was found.

title: Callipurbeckia


text:
sovittaa

Verb

 * 1)  to fit, make fit
 * 2)  to adapt
 * 3)  to try on
 * 4)  to atone for, expiate
 * 5)  to arrange, transcribe to prepare and adapt an already written composition for presentation in other than its original form
 * 1)  to arrange, transcribe to prepare and adapt an already written composition for presentation in other than its original form

title: sovittaa


text:
User:Mshonle/Scrap

Introduction
Our word for economy came from word roots that mean literally "household management." Today the word refers to all goods and services that an entire community produces. But there's another way in which we use the word-- for example in the phrase "it's more economical for me to ride my bike." This more common usage typically refers to either saving money or time. We claim is that these uses of the term are identical: At heart, economics is the study concerned with the proper allocation of limited resources.

Wether you support socialism, capitalism, anarcho-syndicalism, or self-sustaining tribal communities you cannot get around the need for an economy: unless we can live off an ecology so suited to us that whatever we want can be plucked from the trees we'll have to make decisions about how to allocate the resources available to us to best suit our needs. Political issues arise when people have different ideas as to what really is "best" for our needs, and who decides, and what groups should be given what resources.

Currency and the Division of Labor
Many people naturally think of money after hearing the word economics, but our primary concern in this book is not with money, nor is the field of economics primarily concerned with money. However, as an example of the allocation of goods, currency systems are a good place to start, as most people easily understand the advantages of having a currency.

The use of currencies in society to enable efficient trade is a relatively old idea and has evolved over many centuries: currencies are a human invention that wasn't ever planned nor designed. Instead, it was something that came into use through accident, much like the spoken languages we use. That currencies are so useful explains why they have survived through many different forms and that their adoption has spread.

Money is useful because it creates a universal trading "good" that can be used to purchase almost anything that is tradable, whether it's a food item that might spoil in a couple of days, a sturdy home appliance, clothes that are just the right size, or payment to a neighbor's teenager for mowing your lawn. If we received payment in fruit, this would be excessively less useful for us, because we would either have to consume the fruit, or trade it for something else, before it over-ripened. Instead of playing a scavenger hunt where we trade fruit for spices, spices for blenders, and blenders for jogging suits, we can directly go to sellers of jogging suits and pay with money.

In some sense, money doesn't really exist: It's just something backed up by our government as suitable for payments of debts between people, or public or private entities. In the United States, the dollar is only legal tender for debts that are already owed: For example, it's legal for a bus system to accept payment only in non-dollar tokens, or for a hair stylist to only accept payment in massage. The legal tender aspect of the dollar only comes in when it's for a debt already owed: If the hair stylist gives you a hair cut anyway but you back out on the massage deal, she can take you to court, but the court would allow you to pay in dollars instead. It's requirements like this that give the dollar its legitimacy and thus culture accepts this form of wealth, even though it doesn't exist.

Not every time is using currency actually the most efficient means of trade. For example, you might have a home recording system that is high quality, but you can't sell it for enough dollars to get the used car you want, while your friend is ready to start a band and just got a new car as a gift. It might be more efficient for the two of you to trade the recording system and his old car rather than sell them to a wider market (which would require advertising) or a middleman (who would charge a fee for the service). Nevertheless, when it comes to goods that spoil or services that can only be experienced once (like getting a haircut) it's usually better to use some form of currency as a means of later acquiring specific wealth. Further, it can be rare to find perfect trades so easily.

[TODO: stuff on the division of labor: allows more productive people to do X instead of everyone needing to do it, and that implies economies of scale]

Wealth and Capital
Now that we've got the topic of money out of the way, we can actually start talking about wealth. Wealth is simply something that is valuable to someone. There are many different kinds of wealth: the natural resources of the earth, and the great sunset views, are a type of wealth that exists without human creation. In fact, human creation can actually ruin some of this natural wealth by making views or skies less pleasant to look at through pollution or intrusive construction.

Other forms of wealth are created by taking raw materials of a lesser value and transforming them into goods that are more valuable. For example, you might not think much of a hunk of metal and plastic given to you, although you might value a portable audio player made of the same materials. Still other forms of wealth are a little more abstract: the biological diversity of the world is wealth that is a means of taking sunlight that pours onto the earth (something we get for free), molecules from the air and trace elements from the soil and uses photosynthesis to turn them into something that nourishes our bodies (for example, the wealth of the DNA encoded in seeds that, when planted, turn into tomato plants). Other abstract forms of wealth include the works of Shakespeare and folk songs: the simple arraignment of words or tones is something that is valuable to us. A world with 8 billion DVDs of a single Adam Sandler film isn't worth as much as a world with only 1 billion DVDs but which include all of the works of Hitchcock, Kubrick, Kieslowski, and even Mr. Sandler.

Yet another form of wealth is a contract: contracts may be broken, but the legal enforcement behind contracts make them valuable and are something that people want to buy. For example, a band might be interested in buying a contract that lets them perform at a venue on a given night, even though the sheet of paper itself has very little value, and even though the contract doesn't provide for contingencies if the venue burned down before the play date. Sometimes what's valuable to us only has a high probability, but not a certainty, of being useful to us.

We now consider wealth's relationship to capital. First, think of an acre of forest: it has some trees, some rocks and minerals, and some areas with high hay grass. Now suppose a hard working woman named Alice comes to this acre and makes some tools from the rocks and trees and starts cutting down the high hay to make usable lawn, cuts down only as much trees as needed to make a two-bedroom home, and then starts to make bedding and musical instruments with the remaining resources. Even though it started with the same resources, the acre now is worth more than it was before. (Or, at least, it's worth more to Alice.) There are actually two kinds of wealth in this story: the value of the natural resources, and the higher degree of wealth they became. and the wealth inside of Alice's head. Alice's wealth is known by economists as human capital.

The term capital simply means the "means of production." While Alice's arms and legs were also part of the means of production, none of the wealth would have been produced were it not for her human capital. Alice then created further capital by making the tools that she used to cut and build more things. When she gets around to building a weaving loom, she'll have even more capital.

We refer to some business as being capital intensive when they require large amounts of capital to be run. For example, starting your own printing press business requires an enormous investment in machinery and the infrastructure required to store, run, and maintain it. Other businesses, such as being a real estate agent, only require modest office space, licenses, and a car. It is important to understand the role capital plays in an economy, because capital is how we can create more wealth.

Over time, innovation has made it so that we are more productive at creating more wealth. For example, 200 years ago the majority of the population worked as farmers. We have become so much more effective at farming, primarily through gains from the industrial revolution, that a small minority of the population are farmers today. The industrial revolution, and now the information age, has shrunk the amount of hard labor required. Some people still have back breaking work, but our advances in technology have freed up many more people to have service-based jobs.

To some, a service-based job doesn't feel as "real" as a manufacturing job: i.e., one that creates a good that can be traded. But given that most of the US economy is based on service jobs, it's hard to say they aren't useful. Service jobs are much more than just office administration, and waiting on tables. Service jobs are held by teachers, coaches or other trainers; all forms of entertainers, including athletes, actors, commedians, disc jockeys, and musicians; lawyers and paralegals; health professionals, healers, veterinarians and massage therapists; software developers and hardware designers; architects; translators; tourist guides; clerks and other retailers; all managers; food service workers; taxi cab drivers, and bus drivers; and day care workers. The list could go on, but the short message is that people providing services to other people is something people find to be very valuable.

we'll return later to Marxism and capitalism, but the key point here is that Marxism and capitalism primarily disagree as to who should own capital and how it should be organized.

The Used Book Market Can Boost the Demand for New Books
Source:

title: User:Mshonle/Scrap


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Greece men's national under-16 basketball team

The result was procedural close. Nominated at Articles for deletion/Ethiopia men's national under-16 basketball team; no need for separate AfDs. (non-admin closure)  J 947(c) (m) 03:32, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

Greece men's national under-16 basketball team

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

See Articles for deletion/Ethiopia men's national under-16 basketball team  Schwede 66  19:15, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Basketball-related deletion discussions.  M assiveYR   ♠  19:48, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Greece-related deletion discussions.  M assiveYR   ♠  19:48, 21 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Hochwald (Alsace)

The Hochwald is a hill ridge, up to 508 metres high, in the North Vosges in the French département of Bas-Rhin near Wissembourg (German: Weißenburg). Topographically it represents the northernmost part of the Vosges mountains. To the north is the valley of the Lauter, which is both the border between France and Germany (state of Rhineland-Palatinate) and also the boundary between the (North) Vosges and the Palatine Forest (specifically the Mundat Forest).

title: Hochwald (Alsace)


text:
Cookbook talk:Hamburger

How to keep the juice and flavor
A food processor will beat too much heat into the meat (via friction), breaking down the fat which gives the juicy flavor. So, don't a food processor, use your hands.

In fact, your hands will add heat too, so to avoid destroying the flavor, use your hands as little as possible.

Mix all the other ingredients first, while you leave the ground beef in the fridge.

As the last step, bring out the meat. Mix it in. Pat out the burger shapes. Never, ever, squeeze.

While frying, refrain from touching, poking, lifting, and cutting the burger. The more you touch it, the more juice you will lose. Just turn it at half-time.

And, of course, season the meat before forming patties, not after. You don't want lumps of spices, and tasteless bits in between.

(I don't want to blatantly add to the recipe published, and I put this here in the discussion section, for peer review. When you guys have beaten my ideas into shape, move this section to the main page. / J Omark)

Ğírls ♥♣♠¥₩₮৳₪m²m³§‽„«»”ġžÌ−‿== My version of the recipe ==

I can't stress the importance of keeping the juice enough. I wrote the above section too.

That fat is essential for a juicy burger. You need ground beef with at least 20% fat. Look for the words "ground chuck".

I try to touch my burgers as little as possible. I place chunks on a baking sheet with a wax paper, and pat them down a bit if they look like cubes, and add spices on the lumps, instead of in them.

Using my hands, I gently toss each lump from hand to hand to make them round. I then use a spatula, or something flat, to pat my burgers flat on the wax paper.

I put the stove on high, cook two minutes on one side, turn once, and cook two more minutes.

With the spatula, I move the burgers back on the baking plate, and roast them at 230°C/450°F on the roasting rack in the oven. The last two minuets, I lay a slice of cheddar scheese on top of each burger.

Medium-rare: 8-9 minutes. Medium: 10-11 minutes. Well-done: 12-13 minutes.

Some people would not call my 12-13 minute burgers well-done. Do 14-15 minutes for them, but tell them they are really missing out.

(Should this be considered a separate recipe? If people are interested, I could expand it with my ingredients and such. / J Omark)

Add a section on pork
The article needs pork too. I can't stand beef burgers, and mix half pork and half beef.

Pork Lilitha Mayengese (discuss • contribs) 06:18, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

The concept of hamburgers is from Hamburg
Needs reason why Hamburgers are called such, considering they are not made from ham.

I think the etymology of the word belongs over at Wikipedia, which has an excellent section on hamburger history. As for where they came from, Wikipedia is my bet there too. / J Omark

Grilled Meatloaf
This recipe is more a grilled meatloaf than a burger recipe. Only meatloafs and meatballs use eggs. Also remember, most professional chefs, including Bobby Flay, season the outside after the patties have been formed. This helps make a nice crust. Iwatchaltonbrown

This recipe disappoints me
You know, when I found this recipe, I was disappointed. First of all, I never add eggs and/or breadcrumbs. When I want a burger, I don't want a meatloaf! My criteria for a burger that will amaze people is: 1. Turn often. I know everyone likes those grill marks, but if it's covered by a bun, you're not gonna see it. If you don't turn it often, unless you're doing it in a frying pan, oven, or a broiler, it could stick and burn.

2. Sprinkle the seasonings once the burgers are formed, and keep it simple. The burgers I don't like are the ones way overseasoned and don't let the beef flavor shine through. A lot of people think it's best to put the seasonings in the patties themselves, but it's really best to sprinkle the seasonings on the outside of the patties. This helps form that nice crust everyone knows and loves.

3. Mushy bread. Anyone who's ever put a hot juicy burger on a hot toasty bun knows that the meat juices turn the bread into mush before you eat it. I get around this by applying a layer of fat, such as butter, oil, mayonnaise, or cream cheese. Since they're mostly fat, they repel the water-based juices from turning bread into paste.

4. No salads. Lettuce, tomato, onions, pickles, and bacon are all nice in a big salad bowl coated with vinegar and oil, but not on a burger. Like I said about seasoning, keep it simple. Let the beef shine through.

That's my criteria for great burgers. My burgers are always gone before I can eat one at the neighborhood barbecues. Alton Brown is awesome
 * You're not the only disappointed one. The recipe given strikes me as written by someone who hasn't really ever thought about the process, just doing what maybe their mom or dad taught them without thinking about maybe a better way existing. Simple seasoning on the outside and a nice sear on the pan is all you need for a fantastic-tasting burger. Not to say you can't do more, but it'd be nice to consider why first. But burgers and steaks are one of those areas where people can have very strong opinions, I guess. --<IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 23:43, 23 June 2015 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Hamburger


text:
abrigar

Verb

 * 1) to cover up; wrap up protect from cold

Etymology
Most likely from (compare the form  and 🇨🇬), from, from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Alternatively, and less likely, from, from + , from , from  + , from ,. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to wrap up, to cover
 * 2) to keep warm
 * 3) to shelter

Etymology
From (13th century, ), of disputed origin: most likely from, from , present active infinitive of , from.

Alternatively, and less likely, from, from + , from , from  + , from ,.

Verb

 * 1)  to cover
 * 2)  to shelter
 * 3)  to protect
 * 4)  to wrap up to put on abundant clothing
 * 1)  to protect
 * 2)  to wrap up to put on abundant clothing
 * 1)  to wrap up to put on abundant clothing

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to take shelter or cover

Etymology
From, of disputed origin: most likely from , from , from.

Alternatively, and less likely, from, from + , from , from  + , from ,.

Verb

 * 1)  to harbour provide refuge for

Etymology
Most likely from, from , from  Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Alternatively, and less likely, from, from + , from , from  + , from ,. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

🇨🇬 may have also been crossed with 🇨🇬, from, from , due to similarity in form and meaning. If so, this would relate the word also to 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬), and 🇨🇬. More at.

Verb

 * 1)  to wrap up
 * 2) to cover
 * 3) to shelter, to protect
 * 4)  to bundle up
 * 1)  to bundle up
 * 1)  to bundle up
 * 1)  to bundle up

title: abrigar


text:
Talk:Ex cathedra

Untitled
Hi does anyone know what the last ex cathedra statement was? Luv Cris

 * Munificentissimus Deus by Pope Pius XII in 1950. This statement formally defined the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary, which had been part of Catholic and Orthodox tradition for many centuries.  - Lawrence King 02:22, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

inappropriate?
or the scribes and elders could, in Jesus's word, speak "from Moses's seat."

this part of text does not serve a significant purpose. in fact i believe it is only confusing. in the meantime, i've deleted it. change it back, see if i care.

title: Talk:Ex cathedra


text:
User:OsmanShamim

Name: Shamim Osman Country: Bangladesh Division: Rangpur District: Gaibandha Thana: Gaibandha Sadar Postal Code: 5700

Occupation: Project Manager at bdCalling

title: User:OsmanShamim


text:
Talk:Programming Logic

I don't want to be negative here, but I am not sure that I agree that this course is necessary or even useful. Many of the proposed topics such as variables should be covered in Introduction to Programming and then in the languages themselves - and that should pretty much cover everything. I would much rather see an introductory algorithms class or ... I'm not sure what else, I'll have to think about it. Dmclean 23:38, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. I'd nominate this article for deleting/merging but I don't know how!
 * --James Tharpe 19:59, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Topic namespace?
I'm curious, as I'm rather new to such things: wouldn't it be more appropriate for this article to be in the Main namespace, as opposed to the Topic namespace? It seems as though topics are meant for departments within schools, while this seems to be analogous to a class... any thoughts, anyone?

-- NehpestTheFirst(Talk) 21:15, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * EDIT: By the way, as soon as I'm cleared up on this, I intend to start an Intro to Algorithms class, as referenced above by Dmclean. Ciao!

-- NehpestTheFirst(Talk)

 * I think there is a lot of confusion in general about the namespaces on Wikiversity. For whatever reason, the guidlines won't stick in my brain (I've skimmed them here and there, but can't seem to find what I read right now). Do you (or anyone else reading this) know of a good explination overview of how Wikiversity is organized? Perhaps one with a graphical illustration?
 * --James Tharpe 19:59, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Programming Logic


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Genopole

The result was keep. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  13:29, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

Genopole

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Cross-wiki spam, disguised by multiple but related IP's The Banner  talk 15:30, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Definite red flag of spam, upon further check with other wiki. Vincent LUFan (talk) (Kenton!) 15:34, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The Dutch version of this article is also nominated for deletion. There is in fact a whole bunch of French institutions that is written/expanded by one range of IPs: 2a01:c000::/19. One of the IPs worked on the article] in French, German en Wikidata, all on the same day. The Banner  talk 17:25, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * And no, in this case I have no clue how to start a sockpuppet investigation as it looks to be a case against an IP-range. The Banner  talk 18:00, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 15:33, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I think you need to think on previous warnings given to you : https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/block&page=User%3AThe+Banner <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 09:45, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * LOL, you have already lack of content based arguments that you have to become personal? The Banner  talk 10:19, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Please stop having fun on Wikipedia and doing WP:POV. Here it is a serious place. Thank you. 2A01:CB09:D033:B009:FD83:808E:1B28:F6B7 (talk) 10:21, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Speedy Keep. This is very notable institution, public, non-profil, worldwide known. English Wikipedia is not Dutch Wikipedia. I am also wondering about WP:POV of « The Banner » user. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)
 * Yes, I understand that you want to protect this article. Funny enough, in this whole mess there are IPs active from two IP-ranges. The one mentioned above and the range <IP_ADDRESS> - <IP_ADDRESS>. And see, we have two IPs from that range. The Banner  talk 10:26, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Once again, please stop using Wikipedia to have fun and make jokes. I am sure you will find other places for that. Thank you very much for your understanding. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:44, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I guess you will find this a joke too? Sockpuppet investigations/YtoSu. The Banner  talk 11:31, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * 2A01:CB01:3049:1832:DDB1:10B3:1ECB:958 (talk) 12:08, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article bas not been created by « ip » but by myself. I did it because it is a non-profit very famous institution on genetics. Last but not least, English Wikipedia is not the Dutch Wikipedia. YtoSu (talk) 08:51, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Medicine-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 15:33, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of France-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 15:33, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete On top of the other stuff, it doesn't seem to meet WP:GNG, either. Language barrier likely affecting BEFORE, but the article has only provided three references, two of which are not independent. I'm not following the "English Wikipedia is not Dutch Wikipedia" statements.  What does that mean for keeping an article?  Side question: Why is this tagged as an AfC submission?  I can't tell that it actually was... -2pou (talk) 15:36, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep - changing !vote per sources uncovered below showing that they WP:NEXIST. Thanks for posting them,  & . -2pou (talk) 06:25, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Weak keep Admittedly the current sourcing makes the baby Jesus cry, but there are at least a couple of serious articles about the project:, . Branciard (ref #1) may be connected to the project, Dupuy-Maury (ref #2) appears to be an independent journalist. Not sure whether that's sufficient for GNG, but I would tend to say yes. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 16:42, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I have no clear opinion on whether this particular page should be kept. However, I think we need an article on biocluster, which appears to be what they're calling sort of miniature Silicon Valleys for biotech these days.  There were 180 of them in Europe a decade ago, according to that 2011 paper.  It's possible that this page should be kept, and it's possible that it would make more sense to write a more general article and list it as an example of their intentional specialization in "biotherapies" (vs. other specific biological sciences or vs. a random assortment of biological sciences).  WhatamIdoing (talk) 18:40, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep Sources from Le Parisien, Les Echos , La Tribune make the article pass WP:GNG. Regards, Comte0 (talk) 01:37, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

So, effectively this article is created by a sockpuppeteer? The Banner talk 16:01, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment I'm leaning towards WP:TNT prima facie it appears notable, however the sockpuppeting activities is of concern. -- Devoke water   (talk)  17:17, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep: Per sources above  // Timothy ::  talk  13:33, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Katsiaryna Snytsina

Katsiaryna Andrejeŭna Snytsina (Кацярына Андрэеўна Сныціна; Екатерина Андреевна Снытина; born 2 September 1985) is a Kazakhstani-born Belarusian basketball player. She is 6ft 2in tall. She was part of the Belarusian teams that won a bronze medal at the 2007 European Championships and placed sixth at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

title: Katsiaryna Snytsina


text:
User:TakuyaMurata

I am not active here. See either
 * w:User:TakuyaMurata

or
 * Wikibooks:User:TakuyaMurata

title: User:TakuyaMurata


text:
User:Aroldjay

Arold Jay

Arold Jay is a youtuber and singer, Born at 17 November 2004, Youtube Account :

He started with a random video, After he posted the video, he addicted to post more and until he make music. He got inspired by his mother. His mother is a singer, unfamous singer.

Height. 160cm

November 17 2004

title: User:Aroldjay


text:
User:Cartmandoo

Hi, I am new so if you can help me out - it be rad.

My favorite show is South Park! Oh My God - "You killed Kenny!" you know the rest!

Hey drop me a line. I have a degree in Public Administration. So I like politics to!!

I don't like rude people. So if your rude - don't be - okay man!!!

Everything else is game! I am really more intelligent than sound here - REALLY!

--Cartmandoo 19:09, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Cartmandoo


text:
Islam in Romania

Islam in Romania is followed by only 0.4 percent of the population, but has 700 years of tradition in Northern Dobruja, a region on the Black Sea coast which was part of the Ottoman Empire for almost five centuries (ca. 1420-1878). In present-day Romania, most adherents to Islam belong to the Tatar and Turkish ethnic communities and follow the Sunni doctrine. The Islamic religion is one of the 18 rites awarded state recognition.

According to tradition, Islam was first established locally around Sufi leader Sari Saltik during the Byzantine epoch. The Islamic presence in Northern Dobruja was expanded by Ottoman overseeing and successive immigration, but has been in steady decline since the late 19th century. In Wallachia and Moldavia, the two Danubian Principalities, the era of Ottoman suzerainty was not accompanied by a growth in the number of Muslims, whose presence there was always marginal. Also linked to the Ottoman Empire, groups of Islamic colonists in other parts of present-day Romania were relocated by the Habsburg expansion or by various other political changes.

After Northern Dobruja became part of Romania following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, the community preserved its self-determining status. This changed during the communist regime, when Romanian Muslims were subject to a measure of supervision by the state, but the group again emancipated itself after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Its interests are represented by the Muftiyat (Muftiyatul Cultului Musulman din România), which was created as the reunion of two separate such institutions.

Demographics and organization
According to the 2022 census, 76,215 people, approximately 0.4% of the total population, indicated that their religion was Islam, marking an increase from 2011, when 64,337 people declared adherence to Islam. The vast majority of Romania's Muslims are Sunnis who adhere to the Hanafi school. Ethnically, they are mostly Tatars (Crimean Tatars and a number of Nogais), followed by Turks, as well as Muslim Roma (as many as 15,000 people by one estimate), Albanians (as many as 3,000), and groups of Middle Eastern immigrants. Members of the Muslim community inside the Roma minority are colloquially known as "Turkish Roma". Traditionally, they are less religious than people belonging to other Islamic communities, and their culture mixes Islamic customs with Roma social norms.

Ninety-seven percent of the Romanian Muslims are residents of the two counties forming Northern Dobruja: eighty-five percent live in Constanța County, and twelve percent in Tulcea County. The rest mainly inhabit urban centers such as Bucharest, Brăila, Călărași, Galați, Giurgiu, and Drobeta-Turnu Severin. A single municipality, Dobromir, has a Muslim majority.

In all, Romania has as many as eighty mosques, or, according to records kept by the Romanian Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs, seventy-seven. The city of Constanța, with its Grand Mosque of Constanța and the location of the Muftiyat, is the center of Romanian Islam; Mangalia, near Constanța, is the site of a monumental mosque, built in 1575 (see Esmahan Sultan Mosque). The two mosques are state-recognized historical monuments, as are the ones in Hârșova, Amzacea, Babadag and Tulcea, together with the Babadag tombs of two popularly revered Sufi sheikhs—the supposed tomb of dervish Sari Saltik and that of Gazi Ali Pașa. There are also 108 Islamic cemeteries in Romania.

The nationwide Islamic community is internally divided into 50 local groups of Muslims, each of whom elects its own leadership committee. Members provide funding for the religious institution, which is supplemented by state donations and subsidies, as well by assistance from international Islamic organizations.

The Muslim clergy in Romania includes imams, imam-hatips, and muezzins. As of 2008, the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs recognizes 35 imams. The Constanța Mufti, who is the community's main representative, is elected by a secret ballot from among the imams. He is assisted by a synodal body, the Sura Islam, which comprises 23 members and offers advice on matters of administration and discipline. The current Mufti is Murat Iusuf.

Early presence
The first significant numbers of Muslims arrived in Romania with the Pechenegs and Cumans. Around 1061, when the Pechenegs ruled in Wallachia and Moldavia, there was a Muslim minority among them, as was among the Cumans. The Cumans followed the Pechenegs in 1171, while the Hungarian kings settled the Pechenegs in Transylvania and other parts of their kingdom.

Muslim presence is traditional in Dobruja, and partly predates both Ottoman rule and the creation of the neighboring Danubian Principalities. Both the Pechenegs and Cumans were present in the area, where they probably established a number of small communities. Around 1260, two Rûm Seljuq community leaders, the deposed Sultan Kaykaus II and the mystic Sari Saltik, were allowed to settle the region during the reign of Michael VIII Palaiologos, ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Kaykaus, who arrived in Dobruja with his brother and co-ruler Kilij Arslan IV, was reportedly followed by as many as 12,000 of his subjects. Researchers such as Franz Babinger and Gheorghe I. Brătianu endorse the view that Saltuk and his followers were in fact crypto-Shiite Alevis who were regarded as apostates by the dominant Sunni group of central Anatolia, and who sought refuge from persecution.

The exact location of their earliest area of settlement is disputed: a group of historians proposes that the group was probably tasked with defending the Byzantine border to the north, and settled in and around what later became known as Babadag, while another one centers this presence on the Southern Dobrujan strip of land known as Kaliakra (presently in Bulgaria). In addition, various historians argue that this Seljuq migration was the decisive contributor to the ethnogenesis of the Gagauz people, which, some of them believe, could also have involved the Cumans, Pechenegs, Oghuz and other Turkic peoples. The Gagauz, few of whom have endured in Dobruja, are majority Eastern Orthodox, a fact which was attributed to a process of religious conversion from Islam.

The presence of Tatars was notably attested through the works of Berber traveler Ibn Battuta, who passed through the area in 1334. In Ibn Battuta's time, the region was regarded as a westernmost possession of the Tatar Golden Horde, a khanate centered on the Eurasian Steppe. Archeology has uncovered that another Tatar group, belonging to the Golden Horde, came to Dobruja during the rule of Nogai Khan, and were probably closely related to the present-day Nogais. Following Timur's offensives, the troops of Aktai Khan visited the region in the mid-14th century and around 100,000 Tatars settled there.

Before and after the Golden Horde fell, Dobrujan Muslims, like the Crimean Tatars, were recipients of its cultural influences, and the language in use was Kipchak. The extension of Ottoman rule, effected under Sultans Bayezid I and Mehmed I, brought the influence of Ottoman Turkish, as Dobruja was added to the Beylerbeylik of Rumelia.

The grave of Sari Saltik, reportedly first erected into a monument by Sultan Bayezid, has since endured as a major shrine in Romanian Islam. The shrine, which has been described as a cenotaph, is one of many places where the Sheikh is supposed to be buried: a similar tradition is held by various local communities throughout the Balkans, who argue that his tomb is located in Kaliakra, Babaeski, Blagaj, Edirne, the Has District, Krujë, or Sveti Naum. Other accounts hold that Saltuk was buried in the Anatolian city of İznik, in Buzău, Wallachia, or even as far south as the Mediterranean island of Corfu or as far north as the Polish city of Gdańsk. The toponym Babadağ (Turkish for "Old Man's Mountain", later adapted into Romanian as Babadag) is a probable reference to Sari Saltik, and a Dobrujan Muslim account recorded by chronicler Evliya Çelebi in the late 15th century has it that the name surfaced soon after a Christian attack partly destroyed the tomb.

The oldest madrasah in Dobruja and Romania as a whole was set up in Babadag, on orders from Bayezid II (1484); it was moved to Medgidia in 1903. From the same period onwards, groups of Muslim Tatars and Oghuz Turks from Anatolia were settled into Dobruja at various intervals; in 1525, a sizable group of these, originating from the ports of Samsun and Sinop, moved to Babadag. Bayezid also asked Volga Tatars to resettle into northern Dobruja.

In late medieval Wallachia and Moldavia
In the two Danubian Principalities, Ottoman suzerainty had an overall reduced impact on the local population, and the impact of Islam was itself much reduced. Wallachia and Moldavia enjoyed a large degree of autonomy, and their history was punctuated by episodes of revolt and momentary independence. After 1417, when Ottoman domination over Wallachia first became effective, the towns of Turnu and Giurgiu were annexed as kazas, a rule enforced until the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829 (the status was briefly extended to Brăila in 1542).

For the following centuries, three conversions in the ranks of acting or former local hospodars are documented: Wallachian Princes Radu cel Frumos (1462–1475) and Mihnea Turcitul (1577–1591), and Moldavian Prince Ilie II Rareș (1546–1551). At the other end of the social spectrum, Moldavia held a sizable population of Tatar slaves, who shared this status with all local Roma people (see Slavery in Romania). While Roma slavery also existed in Wallachia, the presence of Tatar slaves there has not been documented, and is only theorized. The population may have foremost comprised Muslim Nogais from the Budjak who were captured in skirmishes, although, according to one theory, the first of them may have been Cumans captured long before the first Ottoman and Tatar incursions.

The issue of Muslim presence on the territory of the two countries is often viewed in relation to the relations between the Ottoman Sultans and local Princes. Romanian historiography has generally claimed that the latter two were bound by bilateral treaties with the Porte. One of the main issues was that of Capitulations (Ottoman Turkish: ahdnâme), which were supposedly agreed between the two states and the Ottoman Empire at some point in the Middle Ages. Such documents have not been preserved: modern Romanian historians have revealed that Capitulations, as invoked in the 18th and 19th centuries to invoke Romanian rights vis à vis the Ottomans, and as reclaimed by nationalist discourse in the 20th century, were forgeries. Traditionally, Ottoman documents referring to Wallachia and Moldavia were unilateral decrees issued by the Sultan. In one compromise version published in 1993, Romanian historian Mihai Maxim argues that, although these were unilateral acts, they were viewed as treaties by the Wallachian and Moldavian rulers.

Provisions toward Muslim-Christian relations have traditionally been assessed by taking in view later policies. According to one prominent interpretation, this would mean that the Principalities were regarded by the Ottomans as belonging to the Dâr al ahd' ("Abode of the Covenant"), a status granted to them in exchange for material gains. Therefore, the Ottoman Empire did not maintain troops or garrisons or build military facilities. Instead, as it happened in several instances, Ottoman Sultans allowed their Tatar subjects to raid Moldavia or Wallachia as a means to punish the dissent of local Princes. Literary historian Ioana Feodorov notes that the relations between the two smaller states and the Ottoman suzerain were based on a set of principles and rules to which the Ottoman Empire adhered, and indicates that, early in the 17th century, this system drew admiration from the Arabic-speaking Christian traveler Paul of Aleppo.

17th–19th century
By the 17th century, according to the notes of traveler Evliya Çelebi, Dobruja was also home to a distinct community of people of mixed Turkish and Wallachian heritage. Additionally, a part of the Dobrujan Roma community has traditionally adhered to Islam; it is believed that it originated with groups of Romani people serving in the Ottoman Army during the 16th century, and has probably incorporated various ethnic Turks who had not settled down in the cities or villages. Alongside Dobruja, a part of present-day Romania under direct Ottoman rule in 1551-1718 was the Eyalet of Temeşvar (the Banat region of western Romania), which extended as far as Arad (1551–1699) and Oradea (1661–1699). The few thousand Muslims settled there were, however, driven out by Habsburg conquest and settled at Ada Kaleh.

The presence of Muslims in the two Danubian Principalities was also attested, centering on Turkish traders and small communities of Muslim Roma. It is also attested that, during later Phanariote rules and the frequent Russo-Turkish Wars, Ottoman troops were stationed on Wallachia's territory.

Following the Crimean Khanate's conquest by the Russian Empire (1783), many Tatars there took refuge in Dobruja, especially around Medgidia. At the time, Crimean Tatars had become the largest community in the region. Nogais in the Budjak began to arrive upon the close of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812, when the Budjak and Bessarabia were ceded to Russia (they settled in northern Tulcea County - Isaccea and Babadag). Khotyn, once part of Moldavia, was the birthplace of Alemdar Mustafa Pasha, who was the Ottoman Grand Vizier until 1808. Two more Grand Viziers between 1821 and 1828 came from the once Moldavian city of Bender: Benderli Ali Pasha and Mehmed Selim Pasha (nicknamed Benderli, meaning "from Bender").

Over the same period, large groups of Circassians (as many as 200,000), refugees from the Caucasian War, were resettled in the Balkans, including Northern Dobruja, by the Ottomans (localities with large Circassian populace in Northern Dobruja included Isaccea, Slava Cercheză, Crucea, Horia, and Nicolae Bălcescu). During the 1860s, a significant number of Nogais, also fleeing Russian conquest, left their homes in the Caucasus and joined in the exodus to Dobruja. Members of other Muslim communities which joined in the colonization included Arabs (a group of 150 families of fellahin from Syria Province, brought over in 1831–1833), Kurds, and Persians—all of these three communities were quickly integrated into the Tatar–Turkish mainstream.

Kingdom of Romania
Tatars in Tulcea County were driven out by Russian troops during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 (see Muhajir Balkan). Furthermore, after the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano, the Circassians of Dobruja and of other regions liberated from Ottoman rule were expelled, avoiding any contact between the Dobrujan Circassians and the Romanian authorities. Following the conflict and the Berlin Congress, the Romanian government of Ion Brătianu agreed to extend civil rights to non-Christians. In 1923 a monument in the shape of a small mosque was built in Bucharest's Carol Park, as sign of reconciliation after World War I. A small Turkish-speaking Muslim community resided on Ada Kaleh island in the Danube, south of the Banat, an Ottoman enclave and later part of Austria-Hungary, which was transferred to Romania in 1923.

At the end of the Second Balkan War in 1913, the Kingdom of Romania came to include Southern Dobruja, whose population was over 50% Turkish (the region was ceded to Bulgaria in 1940). As recorded after World War I, Romania had a population of 200,000 Muslims from a total of 7 million, the majority of which were Turks who lived in the two areas of Dobruja (as many as 178,000). Since 1877, the community was led by four separate muftiyats. Their number was reduced during the interwar period, when the cities of Constanța and Tulcea each housed a muftiyat. In 1943, the two institutions were again unified around the mufi in Constanța. Outside Dobruja, the relatively small presence of Albanian Muslims also left a cultural imprint: in 1921, the first translation of the Qur'an into Albanian was completed by Ilo Mitkë Qafzezi in the Wallachian city of Ploiești.

Until after World War II, the overall religiously conservative and apolitical Muslim population reportedly enjoyed a notable degree of religious tolerance. Nevertheless, after 1910, the community was subject to a steady decline, and many predominantly-Muslim villages were abandoned.

Communism and post-Revolution period
The Dobrujan Muslim community was exposed to cultural repression during Communist Romania. After 1948, all property of the Islamic institutions became state-owned. The following year, the state-run and secular compulsory education system set aside special classes for Tatar and Turkish children. According to Irwin, this was part of an attempt to create a separate Tatar literary language, intended as a means to assimilate the Tatar community. A reported decline in standards led to the separate education agenda being ceased in 1957. As a consequence, education in Tatar dialects and Turkish was eliminated in stages after 1959, becoming optional, while the madrasah in Medgidia was shut down in the 1960s. The population of Ada Kaleh relocated to Anatolia shortly before the 1968 construction of the Iron Gates dam by a joint Yugoslav-Romanian venture, which resulted in the island being flooded. At the same time, Sufi tradition was frowned upon by Communist officials—as a result of their policies, the Sufi groups became almost completely inactive.

However, according to historian Zachary T. Irwin, the degree to which the Muslim community was repressed and dispersed was lower in Romania than in other countries of Eastern Europe, and the measures were less severe than, for instance, those taken against Romanian Roman Catholics and Protestants. The state sponsored an edition of the Qur'an, and top clerics such as Mufti Iacub Mehmet and Bucharest Imam Regep Sali, represented the community in the Great National Assembly during Nicolae Ceaușescu's years in office. In the 1980s, a delegation of Romanian Muslims visited Iran after the Islamic Revolution succeeded in that country. They also adhered to international bodies sponsored by Libya and Saudi Arabia. These gestures, according to Irwin, brought only a few objections from the regime.

Following the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Tatar and Turkish were again added to the curriculum for members of the respective communities, and, in 1993, the Medgidia madrasah was reopened as a Theological and Pedagogic High School named after Turkish President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The school was later elevated to National College status, and is known in Romanian as Colegiul Național Kemal Atatürk. Since the 1990s, the official representatives of the Muslim community maintain close relations with international non-governmental organizations such as the Muslim World League. Also after the fall of communism, ethnic Romanians began converting to Islam. According to Murat Iusuf, they number in the thousands, and are frequently women who marry Muslim men. In 2014, a member of this community established the Maryam Mosque. Located in Rediu, in the region of Moldavia, its congregation is made up of converts. For some fourteen years, discussions went on regarding the building of a mosque in Bucharest. In 2015, Prime Minister Victor Ponta signed an agreement allowing the Turkish government to proceed. The latter was to provide €3 million for construction costs, while the Romanian state donated 11,000 m2 of land near Romexpo valued at €4 million. The mosque would have fit 2000 people, with a madrasah and a library on site. The project was controversial, with former President Traian Băsescu warning of "an accelerated Islamization process" and every major candidate for Mayor of Bucharest expressing opposition or calling for a referendum. The plan was canceled due to a lack of funds in 2018.

title: Islam in Romania


text:
Talk:Hard disk drive/Archive 19

Discuss: was the rate of areal density growth decreased circa 2006 or 2010?
Data at <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:41, 26 September 2014 (UTC)

 * The linked graph does not explicitly disclose a date for a "kink" in the AD curve nor does the author, Coughlin, state one in the article publishing the graph. It would be difficult to trend data points from the graph since Coughlin apparently used a smooth curve function in connecting the data points.  Even if one tried, the "kink" is dependent upon the number of data points selected for a recent trend line, which would be impermissible OR. The displayed White curve has a clear kink between two trend lines in the mid 2000s and the Anderson 2013 cite, depending upon how you read it, suggests a "kink" occurred between 2008 and 2010.  The date of the "kink" appears to be inadvertent disagreement among sources - inadvertent, because we are interpreting the published data in a way that they perhaps never intended it to be used.  Personally I think "since c. 2007-2011" is awkward and would suggest "after 2005" as a way of expressing all sources in a readable manner.  It is also acceptable to just leave out a date for the kink as undue since does it really matter when the kink occurred?  Tom94022 (talk) 16:45, 26 September 2014 (UTC)

 * The date of the inflection is discernible and notable. An analyst with Morningstar has indeed explicitly disclosed “around 2010” as the date of the slowing in areal density. This analyst finds “a slowing areal density curve … that slowed around 2010 and will advance areal density 25% annually till 2020.” <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:58, 26 September 2014 (UTC)

 * IMO the date of inflection is not discernible from Coughlin. Yet another analyst stating "around 2010" doesn't help much.  Its pretty clear that different sources looking at different sets of data can find different dates for the "kink" which we could treat as difference among sources requiring some consideration to all or since it is not clear to me why the specific date of the "kink" is notable, we can just ignore this.  Readability is important, isn't it?  22:42, 26 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Notability and relevance are the foundation of readability. Various analysts using different data sources have noted the inflection around 2010. Hitachi Data Systems Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, Hu Yoshida, writes that a “paper in the IEEE Transactions on Magnetics Vol 48 May 2012 shows that the roadmap for areal density increases in magnetic hard disk drives (HDD) has slowed down” and the paper has a chart “which shows that the decline has been going on since 2010.” <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:44, 27 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Several references support the inflection “around 2010.” Is there a citation supporting "around 2006"? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:33, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Other references support other inflection dates. Furthermore so do some u cite.  Yoshida acknowledges he has "written several times about the declining rate of areal bit densities" and the graph he points to clearly has an inflection in the middle 2000s to 40% CAGR since prior to that time there is universal agreement that the prior growth rate was in the range of 60-100%.  Coughlin's chart appears to have an inflection circa 2005 and perhaps circa 2008; he is on the record that the CAGR circa 2010 was about 30%, again a substantial decline from 60-100%.  I can't access the Morningstar reference so I can't comment on its perspective.  We have to avoid an inappropriate synthesis which seems to have occurred in yr last edit.  Actually an inflection date might not yet be at all appropriate since What appears to have been going on since the mid-2000s is that the AD rate of change has been more or less continuously been decreasing to the now current low of about 8-12% (of course, this might change with the next disk drive announcement, up or down).  Since the data show a continuing slowdown rather than an inflection its not clear why any one date is more notable than another and it is more readable to just say something like
 * "However, the growth rate trend has been decreasing since 2006 and, as of 2014, growth has been in the annual range of 8–12%"

 * Depending upon the language, either the Yoshida or Coughlin reference would be appropriate, not both. Tom94022 (talk) 21:25, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

The edit simply changes “2006” to “2010”: “However, the trend decreased dramatically around 2010 and, , growth...”

The references are clear, accessible and support “around 2010”: Kaur of Morningstar sees a slowing areal density curve “that slowed around 2010.” Yoshida indicates that “the decline has been going on since 2010.”

Once again, the edit simply updates the inflection date from 2006 to 2010: ''“However, the trend decreased dramatically around 2010 and, , growth...” '' Is there a citation for “around 2006”? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:44, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Simply changing the date of an inflection point misleads by implying there has been only one inflection point since the CAGR was 60-100% circa 2005. There are at least two maybe more, or maybe none. At this point there are so few data points since 2010 that it is not clear that there has been an inflection about 2010.  I suggest the important point to the reader is that it dropped from a very high level to the current level and not how it got there, one or two or no inflection points.  Tom94022 (talk) 00:21, 29 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Just throw it all up against the wall, and see what sticks. Do any of them have support from reliable sources? Without support, none of them belongs in Wikipedia.

 * Two, maybe more inflections? No source has been presented to support this idea.
 * Maybe none (no inflection point)? No source has been shown to support this. This looks wacky on its face, and is difficult to reconcile with the historical data.
 * So few data points since 2010? This is not correct (it's wrong), because the shipping HDD density chart has products spaced eight months to one year apart.

 * Only one inflection point? Yes indeed, bingo. Reliable sources (Yoshida of HDS and Morningstar) are directly quoted in support of an inflection “around 2010.” The following text has valid citations: “However, the trend decreased dramatically around 2010 and, , growth...” <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:46, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

 * As I said before two of your citations support at least two inflection points. As usual you ignore evidence that contradicts your viewpoint.  To repeat:
 * Coughlin 2014 clearly shows at least two possible changes in slope, one about 1Q2005 and the one you prefer about 1Q2009. Furthermore Coughlin in 2010 looking at an earlier version of the same chart stated, "AD growth appears to be slowing to ~30% annually."
 * Yoshida 2013 acknowledges he has "written several times about the declining rate of areal bit densities" and the graph he points to clearly has an inflection in the middle 2000s to 40% CAGR since prior to that time there is universal agreement that the prior growth rate was in the range of 60-100%.
 * FWIW Coughlin 2014 looks like what a transition from what was exponential growth to what is now low linear growth in which case the slope thru any set of points on a semilog plot would continuously decline. If Coughlin published his data it would be interesting to see whether the data since 2006 best fit a linear curve or an exponential curve.  This is one reason why I prefer the simple description rather than finding trends where they may not exist.
 * Correct me if I am wrong but unlike you I see about a two year gap in Coughlin 2014 data points from the about 1Q2011 to 1Q2013 and then only one or two points there after. At a 10% CAGR it takes 5 to 7 years to clearly see exponential growth and with only 1-3 data points covering 3 years its hard to call it an exponential trend  (the other two trends in the section span 50 and 15 years with many points).
 * There is nothing about the quotes u cite that exclude the existence of decreases prior to 2010.
 * It is not necessary to have an explicit "around 2006" quote since we have reliable sources in graphs of Coughlin, Yoshida and Whyte that the slope changed around 2006. Since u found two of these sources I think that would be sufficient.
 * Reliable sources show that there are at least two inflection points, so that both the original statement and your proposed "simple" edit are incomplete and therefore misleading. The simplest statement is that the growth rate has been declining since about 2006 to about 8-10% in 2014.  I suppose it is also accurate and more complete to say that AD CAGR dropped to about 30% per year from about 2006 to 2010 and dropped again to about 8-10% from 2011 to 2014, citing Coughlin 2014 and Anderson but that seems like too much detail.  You should note I have omitted the word "dramatically" since it is not clear which is more dramatic, 100-60% dropping to 30% or 30$ dropping to 8-10% nor has the word been used in any source.  I can live with either the complete description or the simple one but I prefer the simple version.  The current one inflection description is misleading.  Tom94022 (talk) 19:06, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

 * "Around 2010" doesn't rely on an unsupported, mis-leading editor interpretation of what's "shown." Reliable sources are quoted directly in support of "around 2010." Kaur of Morningstar sees a slowing areal density curve “that slowed around 2010.” Yoshida indicates that “the decline has been going on since 2010.” The Wikipedia editor who proposes a gradualist, vague, fuzzy, passive, non-inflected story-line must support that using clear, direct quotes from reliable sources. The citations must interpret this event, not a Wikipedia editor. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:09, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

 * "Around 2006" is neither more or less reliable than your preferred and only "around 2010." Perhaps u forgot that your original "around 2010" edit was based solely on your interpretation of the Coughlin 2014 graph.  You continue to repeat yourself ignoring three reliable sources for a decrease around 2006.  In the absence of consensus I guess the article will remain as is.  Tom94022 (talk) 23:55, 1 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Actually the policy is "read the source, understand it, and then express what it says in your own words.". Yr self invented demand for a "clear direct quote" is actually contrary to the policy to "avoid copying.".  There are three reliable sources (two of them found by you) showing the decline began about 2006 so unless you can find a reliable source that clearly shows something else then I will consider this matter closed and revise the article accordingly.  If you revert to your one inflection construction I will then report you to WP:ANI for both edit warring and tendentious editing.  Tom94022 (talk) 15:09, 2 October 2014 (UTC)

Density was still growing at a healthy rate, 30-40% per year, during 2006Q1-2010Q1. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:44, 3 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Since we apparently agree on the AD rate trend from 2006Q1-2010Q1 you must agree it was a decrease from the 60-100% per year trend for the fifteen years prior to 2006 I can see no reason for u to object to either of my proposed constructions. Your "simple" change in language ignores the substantial change in trend "around 2006" in favor of an equally substantial change in trend "around 2010."  I have proposed two reasonable alternatives that encompass both trend changes, u seem fixated on just the 2010 change.  Why don't u propose some language that encompasses the changes over the entire period from 2006 to the 8-12% currently cited and agreed upon?  Tom94022 (talk) 22:58, 7 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Near-normal growth, 30–40% per year, or above-normal growth was sustained through 2010. The sag “around 2010,” not 2006, is notable and departs from the trend of the decades preceding: However, the trend decreased dramatically around 2010 and,, growth has been in the annual range of 8–12%.
 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 8 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I won't waste anymore time or space; yr proposed sentence is unacceptable in that it misleads a reader into thinking the only change occurred "around 2010" when all sources clearly show a substantive change "around 2006" from a then normal growth of 60-100% per year. Tom94022 (talk) 06:32, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * The rate of growth did not change substantially around 2006. Full History Disk Areal Density Trend.png Normal growth was 40% per year over five decades, and above normal was 60–100% per year.  Density was still growing at a healthy rate, 30-40% per year, during 2006Q1-2010Q1. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:33, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I won't waste anymore time or space; yr proposed sentence is unacceptable. The growth rate from 1990-2005 was 60-100% per year according to most sources and most sources show a decrease about 2006.  Tom94022 (talk) 21:26, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * The claim of a decrease around 2006 has no support (is unreferenced); actually, the references indicate that the rate of growth did not change substantially around 2006.

 * I won't waste anymore time or space; all of your cited references support a decrease around 2006, u just choose to ignore their support. Tom94022 (talk) 23:23, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * This quote from a journal article contradicts the claim of a decrease below the historic normal rate around 2006: “Over the past five years [through 2011] innovations such as the use of perpendicular recording have allowed for continued growth in AD although at more moderate and historic rates of 40-50%.”
 * As usual u again cite the same source, ignoring or deliberately distorting it. According to this source, 2006 (i.e, 2011-5) is fairly characterized as a point at which the growth was not as moderate as 40-50%, it was as we well know, 60-100%. I am really tired of your inability or unwillingness to accurately summarize the many sources all of whom see a growth rate of 60-100% from 1990 to about 2005 and declining thereafter.  Tom94022 (talk) 22:51, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

Growth fell below the historical normal of 40% per year since 2010: "roadmap for areal density increases in magnetic hard disk drives (HDD) has slowed down … the decline has been going on since 2010" <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:54, 13 October 2014
 * As usual u again cite a known source, ignoring or deliberately distorting it. This source displays no data prior to 2004 showing a 40% growth rate from 2004-2006. Since we know the growth rate was 60-100% from 1990 to 2005, this source also supports a decline from 60-100% to 40% around 2006 (that is the lines would cross in 2005).  I am really tired of your inability or unwillingness to accurately summarize the many sources all of whom see a growth rate of 60-100% from 1990 to about 2005 and declining thereafter.  Continuously citing the same sources over and over again without any new discussion or insight is really unhelpful.  Tom94022 (talk) 00:25, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Figure 1 shows growth was around 45% per year from 1990 to 2005, and it held steady (did not decline) around 2<IP_ADDRESS>.13 (talk) 02:29, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

 * As usual u again cite a known source, ignoring or deliberately distorting it. It clearly shows a growth rate of 100% per year into the 2000s - to my eyes circa 2003 which is about 2006 for these purposes.  You started this odyssey with Coughlin which has every data point thru 1Q2005 to the left of a 60% per year CAGR line, how can you now seriously argue around 45% per year since 1990?  Tom94022 (talk) 23:14, 19 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Fontana, Decad, and Hetzler of Almaden Res. Center, IBM Syst. Technol. Group (2012) find no slowing of growth around 2006. This contradicts the claim of a 2006 slowdown found in this WP article. Instead, they report a slight pickup in growth around 2005. They put product density growth at 40% per year from 1991 to 1998, at 100% through 2002, at 20% through 2005, at 40% through around 2010 and forecast a slowing to maybe 20% through around 2014. Slide 11: “Areal Density vs. Moore's Law” <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:29, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Fontana et al show a slow down beginning about 2002 which is neither 2006 nor 2010 and is perfectly consistent with my objection to both the current statement and your proposed "simple" edit thereto. I have made two proposals for language that captures the slow down and all you do is insist upon your "simple" edit, only identifying 2010 as the slowdown; it is just as inaccurate as the current language.  All the sources you have cited show slowing down before 2010.  Until you accept one of my proposals or come up with a reasonably accurate edit on your own I am afraid this part of the article will remain as is.  Tom94022 (talk) 00:38, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Be not afraid. Though the time-line in the article lacks veracity, it has verisimilitude. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:02, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

Both the current statement and yr proposed change have truthiness. All of the sources point to AD trend dropping below a 60-100% trend well prior to 2010, some as early as 2002. This is fairly summarized by replacing the current sentence as follows:

I believe this accurately summarizes all the sources you have provided. Tom94022 (talk) 07:01, 31 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Growth was near the normal 40% per year, not substantially below normal, in 2005‒2010: “Over the past five years [through 2010] innovations such as the use of perpendicular recording have allowed for continued growth in AD although at more moderate and historic rates of 40‒50%.” See figure 1. The following correction is accurate, fair and supported:

 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:17, 1 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I am really disappointed that u continue to propose the same change. Sorry, your selective use of ill defined quotes to contradict the evidence of all reliable sources does not convince me or any other editor that the current sentence is significantly less accurate than your proposed change.  Why won't u propose something different - otherwise the current sentence remains? Tom94022 (talk) 18:48, 1 November 2014 (UTC)

 * The current sentence remains. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:50, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

Please arrive at consensus here, and THEN change the article accordingly
You two are edit-warring in the article. Edit-warring is not confined to simple reverts. Once a disagreement over content is evident, the subject text should be reverted to its pre-dispute state (I've done that) and no further changes should be made to the affected part of the article until a new consensus has been established via talk page discussion. Repeatedly changing the article back and forth, even if you think your change is backed by sources and that those sources are definitive, is unproductive, tendentious, disrespectful of other editors, and confuses readers. If you persist I'm going to report BOTH of you to AN/I and let them sort it out. Jeh (talk) 19:48, 27 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Your revert is unjustified. Here's why:
 * “Sometimes editors will undo a change, justifying their revert merely by saying that there is 'no consensus' for the change.”
 * “If the only thing you have to say about a contribution to the encyclopedia is that it lacks consensus, it's best not to revert it.”WP:DRNC
 * “Your bias should be toward keeping the entire edit.”WP:ROWN BTW, please do report. Outside opinion(s) are welcome. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:31, 28 September 2014 (UTC)
 * You are wikilawyering, grubbing around for WIKI: pages that seem to support your edit, while ignoring the fact that there is an ongoing dispute and you should not be continuing to edit the article once a dispute is evident. What you've quoted there comes from essays, the opinions of the individual writers. They don't even have the status of guidelines. Nor are they really applicable: We're not talking about a single edit here that lacked consensus. We're talking about the ongoing dispute being carried out in mainspace. Reversion was IMO necessary if only to give you each a dash of cold water in the face. Jeh (talk) 08:47, 29 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Anyway, your arguing on this point makes me tired. Just discuss it here, 'K? It won't kill you. Jeh (talk) 08:55, 29 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree with the revert and will try to come to a consensus, but this has been shown to be difficult in the past. FWIW, I only made one edit in the article's relevant section.  Tom94022 (talk) 21:25, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hard disk drive/Archive 19


text:
Talk:Rice University School of Architecture

Work
It's time attention was paid to Rice's academic units. Requesting additional work.AniRaptor2001 21:01, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Older
This should be merged into Rice University's main article Kardous 11:18, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Why? Postoak 01:53, 11 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
Alexey Karpenko

Alexey Karpenko (also Oleksiy Viktorovych Karpenko, born 1949 in Ukraine) is a Ukrainian psychophysiologist and cell transplantologist.

The daughter of Alexey Karpenko is a Ukrainian singer, composer and poet Olena Karpenko (stage-name Solomia, born 1981).

Biography
Graduated from high school in Donetsk, Ukraine (1966) and from Kyiv Medical University, Ukraine (1972) as a medical doctor, PhD (1977), Doctor of Sciences (1989).

Worked at the Institute for Occupational Health of Ukrainian Academy of Medical Science (1972-1995) in scientific field of psychophysiology of mental labor. He created original methods, designed and implemented self-educating adaptive computer-based systems for individual psychophysiological monitoring and optimization of current professional reliability and mental capacity of operators at nuclear and heat power plants, major electric grids and cosmonautics.

In 1989-1995 he headed the scientific program for psychophysiological grounds of the professional reliability in operative personnel of the Ministry of Energetics of Ukraine. In 2002-2010 he participated in creation of branch legislation for implementation of psychophysiological systems which support professional reliability and high efficiency of operative personnel.

Together with Dr. Alexander Smikodub Dr. Alexey Karpenko founded the Embryonic Tissue Center “EmCell” (1994) and was General Director (CEO) of “EmCell” during 1994-2001. In 1994, “EmCell” jointly with National Medical University and Administration of the city of Kyiv founded the world's first clinic totally dedicated to clinical application of fetal stem cell transplantations (Cell Therapy Clinic “EmCell”).

When Dr. Alexey Karpenko was CEO “EmCell” was granted letters of patent for new methods of treatment with the use of Fetal Stem Cell Transplantations by Ukraine, the US, Netherlands, Greece and Russia   and took part in dozens of international congresses and conferences with contributions regarding clinical use of Fetal Stem Cell Transplantations.

Media paid attention to the pioneering work of "Emcell" with wide range of appreciation and critic.

At this time, Center "EmCell" in cooperation with six leading research institutes and universities of Ukraine developed legal grounds for practical clinical use of Fetal Stem Cell Transplantation, which were duly approved by Ministry of Health and by Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine (1999-2001).

In 2001, Alexey Karpenko left “EmCell” to create and to lead the Department for Fetal Stem Cell Transplantation at the Coordinating Center for Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (2001-2003).

Starting from 2010, Dr. Alexey Karpenko is the Honorary Scientific Director of the Center “EmCell”.

Documentary “The God Cells: A Fetal Stem Cells Journey”
Dr. Alexey Karpenko was featured in the American documentary “The God Cells: A Fetal Stem Cells Journey” (2017)

title: Alexey Karpenko


text:
Talk:2012 European Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres

External links modified
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text:
allochthonous

Etymology
+

Adjective

 * 1) Originating in a place other than where it is found.
 * 2)  Buried or found in a place remote from the site of formation.

Translations

 * Catalan:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:

 * Catalan:
 * Finnish: alloktoninen
 * Irish: aindíleasach
 * Italian: alloctono
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:

title: allochthonous


text:
User:Dhananjoy96

I'm Dhananjoy kar. I'm from India,west bengal is my state. I live in bankura district.I belongs to a needy family. We're twin,me and my sister.I love my parents. Thank you.

title: User:Dhananjoy96


text:
Akeju (singer)

Abass K.M Akeju, most often known by his stage name Akeju, is a US-based Nigerian musician known for his 2017 single "Kiss and Tell".

He launched Inside Nollywood in 2021 and also produced a unity song for ARDN Red campaign. He is a U.S-based artist whose genre of music is Afro-beat. He won the Africa Diaspora Face of Change award in 2022.

Early life and education
Akeju was born in Ghana to Nigerian parents. His mother was from Ilorin in Kwara State, and his father was from Ogun State. In his early life, he lived in Ghana where he developed a strong passion for music. In an interview with Tribune, a Nigerian news portal, Akeju said he moved to the United States where he had his first degree in IT from Wagner College, a bachelor's degree in fine arts from New York Film Academy and NYU Institute of Music where he studied music art and business.

Career
He launched Inside Nollywood, a documentary that featured Nollywood, where they discussed their personal experiences and fans got to know them better. The documentary was featured on Amazon Prime Video, New York Times Signature billboard and Connecticut billboards.

Akeju Abass produced Unity song for the African Renaissance and Diaspora Network (ARDN) which was premiered in 2022 during the Africa Day Celebration featuring five African female artists.

He launched Faces of Afrobeats in 2021 while top Nigerian artist such as 2face, Wizkid and others joined the campaign.

Music
His songs are often a mix of afro-beat and hip-hop.

Akeju collaborated with Beenie Man, the Jamaican Grammy award-winning artist, on the remix of Kiss and Tell.

His hit single "Kiss and Tell" was used as soundtrack for a Nollywood (African) movie with the same title, starring Nadia Buari and Queeneth Agbor. Omoge was also used as soundtrack for a movie with the same title, starring Ik Ogbonna, Esther Audu, Perikles Mandinga to name a few.

Discography

 * Kiss and Tell ft. Beenie Man (2019)
 * Kiss and Tell original (2018)
 * Omoge (2018)
 * Luv (2017)
 * Susanna (2017)
 * Sweetie. Ft. Joey B (2018)
 * Emotions ft. Lil scrappy (2018)
 * Loving you. Ft. Khadi diop
 * Sade. Ft. Tome (2020)
 * Smile. Ft. Fourever21 (2020)
 * Whatsup (2020)

title: Akeju (singer)


text:
multilingue

Etymology
From and, on the model of.

Adjective

 * 1)  of multiple languages; multilingual
 * 2)  polyglot

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) multilingual

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  multilingual pertaining to multiple languages

title: multilingue


text:
User:DonJuan360/sandbox

Dawan Owens (born April 25, 1978) is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his series regular role on BET prank show Hell Date and his recurring role as Chester in the Comedy Central series Secret Girlfriend.

Career
Dawan made his major acting debut in 2007, on BET prank show Hell Date. In 2008, he landed a series regular role in the Dakota Pictures produced, Troy Miller directed, The Bobby Lee Project received a pilot order from Comedy Central. His big break, turned out not to be, after the network decided against picking up the pilot. During 2009, he appeared in a minor role in Fox show MADtv. During that same year she had a recurring role in the Comedy Central series Secret Girlfriend as Chester. In 2012 he appeared in the CBS Criminal Minds season Finale as Zack Hanson and in a Miller Lite commercial. In June of 2012, he landed a large recurring role, as Record Executive Kevin Means, in Fuse Network first scripted series The Hustle, the show is currently awaiting air date.

Personal life
Dawan was born in Baltimore, Maryland. In 2000, he graduated from University of Pittsburgh with a Bachelor of Science degree in Information Science. During his time there, he walked on to the University's football program and later spent two semesters on their baseball team.

title: User:DonJuan360/sandbox


text:
fiil

Noun

 * 1) deed, work

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) work
 * 2) attitude

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) deed, act, action
 * 2)  verb

title: fiil


text:
Mikoyan cutlet

Mikoyan cutlet (микояновская котлета) was a Soviet semi-processed ground meat cutlet variety based on the American hamburger beef patty, nicknamed after Soviet politician Anastas Mikoyan. In 1964, The New York Times reported that the Mikoyan cutlet was "the cheapest, most popular if not most revered piece of meat a few kopecks can buy".

History
In 1936, Anastas Mikoyan, who at the time was People's Commissar of Food Industry of the USSR, went on a trip to the United States to boost economic cooperation and study the development of the US economy. During his visit to the United States Mikoyan studied the system of Macy's department store in New York. There Mikoyan took notice of the mass production of hamburger patties and ordered 22 hamburger-producing appliances. However, due to the subsequent World War II, the production of patties in the Soviet Union failed and the so-called Mikoyan cutlets appeared instead. The cutlets were usually made of pork or beef. Some varieties bore names of well known Russian restaurant dishes, such as Kiev cutlets or Pozharsky cutlets, but their ingredients had little in common with the original dishes. While Mikoyan cutlets were mass-produced for ordinary people, being sold from 3 to 5 kopeks each, Mikoyan's factories supplied the Soviet government with first-class sausages, hams and other delicacies.

The name "Mikoyan cutlets" still circulated occasionally in the beginning of perestroika.

title: Mikoyan cutlet


text:
User:Chapelofgreatness

The Redeemed Christian Church, Chapel of Greatness is a mission of the Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG). RCCG is one of the fastest growing churches in the world with over 20,000 churches in over 190 countries. Chapel of greatness is one of the parishes in North America. It is located at 201 Peninsula Blvd Hempstead New York 11550. The church is a dynamic bible believing church and is being pastored by Pastors Remi & Bisi Oshikanlu. Chapel of Greatness's (COG) mission is to EMPOWER, TEACH, DISCOVER & UNLEASH.

EMPOWER lives for greatness

TEACH the undiluted word of God

DISCOVER God's plan for each individual and

UNLEASH the greatness inside you.

The word of God is the manual to living up to your full potential and excelling. Understanding that God has already given you dominion over every creature according to Genesis 1:26-31 is the key.

Pastor Remi Oshikanlu

title: User:Chapelofgreatness


text:
Beginning composition

This is an introduction to different types of composition.

Chord Progression
A chord progression is a series of chords, notes that are played simultaneously, played in order. The amount of time on each chord in a progression may vary, and this is called the harmonic rhythm. Melodic lines are typically added by writing the melody using primarliy notes from the chord, though other, generally short, "passing" and "approach" notes should be used to add variety.

Traditional Part-Writing
Traditional part writing is often based on counterpoint, in which a second melody is written to use harmonic intervals that create primarily consonant relationships between notes. First, a leading melodic line must be written, then contrapuntal methods may be used to add additional melodic lines. Consonants are further divided into perfect and imperfect consonances and contrasted to dissonances. Traditionally the unison, the octave and the fifth were considered perfect consonances while the third and sixth were considered imperfect consonances; the fourth was considered a dissonance if it was above the leading line but a consonance if below, though modern theorists have questioned the need for this distinction. Other intervals are considered dissonant. Additional melodic lines beyond the second may be added by writing them in counterpoint to all the lines already written.

In addition, the types of movement made a difference. In early theory there were three types of movement: direct, in which both melodic line move in the same direction, oblique in which one line moves and the other does not, and contrary in which both lines move in opposite directions. Some modern theorist further divide direct motion into similar motion, in which both lines move different distances in the same direction, and parallel motion in which both line maintain the same interval between them. Early counterpoint texts (such as Johann Joseph Fux's Gradus ad Parnasum) listed several rules for moving lines, however these can be boiled down to one: Don't move from perfect consonance to perfect consonance by direct motion. The addition of dissonance may be added on an off beat, to be resolve to on the next on beat. Large jumps are discouraged, and it is recommended that they be followed by stepwise motion in the opposite direction. The octave should be used vary sparingly and the unison avoided, however, as these tend to make the melodic lines blur together.

Various rhythms could be used in the various melodic line, and this was encouraged with the goal being "florid counterpoint" in which various rhythms mix in an elaborate way. If a smaller note is used in the following line then dissonance must be on the second note; if the following note starts after the leader, then it must start on the dissonance. Of course, neither have to be dissonant, and a consonance may be used in both places. A series of stepwise movements may also be used to move over several dissonance between consonances. However, two notes one semitone apart (sometimes described as "fa on mi") should always be avoided.

Note that a modern composition that follows a chord progression may just write all parts to fit the same chord, however, use of contrapuntal principles may still be useful in order to make to melodic lines work better together.

Twelve-tone Composition
Twelve-tone Composition is a composing method that uses all tones of the chromatic scale in any order and at any octave, this is called an ordered tone row. The only rule to this is that every tone has to be played once before another may be repeated. An easy (though never actually used) row is the chromatic scale itself.

The row may present itself in several ways, as a transposition, an inversion, a retrograde, or any combination of these transformations.

Complement and Contrast
A composition is made up of a series of musical phrases which can either complement or contrast each other. A complementary phrase is one which sounds similar to previous phrases, and can be made by, for example, transposing the previous phrase, using the same set of chords, using the same rhythmic pattern, or slightly varying certain notes, among other things. A contrasting phrase, on the other hand, is one that sounds entirely different from previous phrases and often serves as a fill or transition between different parts of a piece.

Good compositions will usually have a balance of complementary and contrasting phrases: a piece which is too complementary will be repetitive and boring, whereas a piece with too much contrast will seem to lack organization and will be difficult to follow.

title: Beginning composition