text:
Wikibooks talk:Physics bookshelf

A question
Would it be true that lines of a (dimension) forces don’t occupy the same space (except where the are distorted by the influence of another  (crossed<EMAIL_ADDRESS>steven
 * I am not really sure that this is the best place to put such a question. This is the talk page for of the contents article, and is supposedly for discussing the contents of the Physics section, specifically whether something should or shouldnt be in the Physics section, whether it has an appropriate name, whether it ought to be placed in a different position, etc.--<IP_ADDRESS> 19:34, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

NPOV

 * A lot of the subjects covered in Quantum Field Theory (Postgraduate) are considered Undergraduate subjects in the UK. Is there a way to remove this US bias? --<IP_ADDRESS> 19:30, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * But quantum field theory is not an undergraduate topic in the UK. Theresa knott 14:39, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Radiation Physics
This is s large subject with many practical applications for example in medicine and nuclear power generation. Should it not be included as a sub-topic?

Consolidation
This links to a huge number of works. When I first found this page, I didn't think it was a list of textbooks on Wikibooks but more of a... hodgepodge thrown together hapharzardly. All of these works need to be consolidated, somehow... Perhaps there could be several levels of physics textbooks - Middle School, High School, College, Graduate? And then this page could link to other Wikibooks on Electromagnetism, Optics, Electronics and other topics that are more on the fringe - when I think of physics, I think objects in motion, touching on waves, touching on gravity, but mostly forces, work, some energy, collisions, velocity, acceleration, etc.

I would be willing to head a WikiProject on the Physics textbooks. It's very important to me to have a focused, comprehensive, and overall well put-together text here. I'll do what I can, if anyone else is with me. LockeShocke 03:57, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Physics experiments: household items / low budget schools
Noticing that schools (and populations which are curious but can't afford the tools) are increasingly having lower budgets to conduct physics experiements, i propose that we make some kind of project that takes common household items and uses them to create experiments.

if your interested in collaborating with me to create such experiments, than contact me on my discussion page at compatta

(ex) measuring resistance qualitatively using a wheatstone bridge, qualitatively conclude the resistance of the object that is inserted. (multimeters are pretty expensive)

Free physics textbook
Can someone check this out?

http://www.motionmountain.net/

Apparently, someone has put a FREE, 1200 page physics textbook on the web. It's copyrighted, so we can't just move the whole thing onto Wikibooks, but maybe someone wants to contact the author and inform him that Wikibooks exists, he might grant special permission or something...

If somebody helps me, I am ready to put a test chapter on wikibooks. Christoph Schiller

 * I would be more then happy to help you. What can I do to help? --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 16:58, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Needs improvement
This page blows, I think that a lot of the information is there, and just badly organized, so I am going to start a comprehensive "cleaned up" version under everything else. I am not really sure if this is the best way of doing this, but I don't want to wipe the page first, nor do I think starting a new one on top of the several other pages is a good idea. Anyone wants to help me, send me a message, and I will be very happy that day. Sameer Kale 23:15, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

SklogWiki
Would it be possible to add a link to the fledgling statistical mechanics and thermodynamics wiki SklogWiki (http://www.sklogwiki.org) in the "Other online resources" section? --SklogWiki 13:25, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. --DavidCary (talk) 00:34, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned Modules
While traversing the orphaned pages list, I came across this module which should probably be placed on the shelf, but I'm not sure where it would go. I'll probably come across a few more as I go through, so consider this the start of a list. Xerol Oplan (talk) 09:13, 16 July 2008 (UTC)
 * A New Model of the Atom

Broken Link
The first link under offsite physics books is broken. The URL should be http://www.lightandmatter.com/books.html

I'd fix it if I could....but I can't.

 * ✅ You might want to create an account to edit pages such as this one, among other things.

 * S Pat   talk 11:29, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Physics bookshelf


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Introductory Ancient Greek Language/Lesson 2

Breathing Marks Explained
Every Greek word that begins with a vowel (α,ε,η,ι,ο,υ, and ω) will have something called a breathing mark. These look like apostrophes and can be either rough or smooth.

Rough Breathings

If the breathing is rough then it is an apostrophe curved in the opposite direction (ἑ,ἁ,ἡ, etc...) If a breathing is rough then the word is pronounced as if there were an /h/ in front of it. Thus, the Greek word for 'sleep' ὕπνος will be pronounced as [hupnos].

Smooth Breathings

If the breathing mark is smooth (ἀ,ἐ,ὀ, etc...) then it is shaped exactly like an apostrophe and comes either slightly before the vowel or directly above. Smooth breathing marks simply mean there is no /h/ pronounciation.

Exception

The only consonant that takes a breathing mark is the letter rho (ρ). If rho is the first letter of a word then it always has a rough breathing mark. This is why most English derived words such as rhinoceros, rheumatism, and rhododendron have the /rh/ in front.

Accent Marks
You may notice the second mark after the breathing mark in the word ὕπνος. They are important for distinguishing the difference between words. There are three different types of accents in Ancient Greek. The acute, the circumflex, and the grave. Ancient Greek was originally a tonal language - this meant that the pitch of a word made a difference to its meaning. The acute accent used to indicate a higher pitch, the grave a lower pitch, and the circumflex a higher then immediately lower pitch. Later they simply indicated on which syllable the emphasis landed.

In truth, understanding the pronunciation of the Greek accent is not deeply important for translating texts. Most experts cannot say precisely what it sounded like and we are not likely to ever know with any surety. What matters in comprehending how it changes the morphology and grammar of the Ancient Greek language. On the other hand, when orally reciting ancient greek, especially epic poetry (e.g., Homeric verse in dactylic hexameter), then the tonality creates a musicality which may have helped induce a relaxed mental state in the listener (see Platos Ion, 536b, as how a listener is in an altered mental state, much as melodic music does today).

First, you will need to know some important accentuation terminology.

1. Ultima - last syllable of a word (from Latin 'ultimus, a, um' - last)

2. Penult - next-to-last syllable of a word (from Latin 'paene' + 'ultimus, a, um' - almost last)

3. Antepenult - third-to-last syllable of a word (from Latin 'ante' + 'paene' + 'ultimus, a, um' - before next-to-last)

There are three accents in Ancient Greek:

ACUTE ACCENT - ά - may stand on any of the last three syllables, but stands on the antepenult only when the ultima is short.

GRAVE ACCENT - ὰ - (pronounced 'gr-ah-v', not 'gr-ay-v') written instead of an acute when an acute would normally stand on the ultima but the word is followed by another word without any intervening punctuation.

CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT - ῶ - stands only on long vowels or diphthongs, and only occurs on the ultima or penult. it will stand on a long penult only if the ultima is short.

The technical names of the accents that use the acute and grave are as follow:

OXYTONE - Where the word is accented on the last syllable, or ultima.

PAROXYTONE - Where the word is accented on the second to the last syllable, or penult.

PROPAROXYTONE - Where the word is accented on the third to the last syllable, or antepenult

Accents with the cirucmflex fall into two categories:

PERISPOMENON - Where a word has the circumflex accent on the ultima.

PROPERISPOMENON - Where the word has the circumflex on the penult.

NOTE: All of this may have sounded very confusing, but I think it will become clearer as you see examples of various accents in Ancient Greek. The technical terms may take a little longer to learn and keep straight however, their usage can and will dispell confusions when conversing about Greek accents. Also, you may be wondering why (or thanking the powers that be that) there are only three syllables upon which the accent can fall.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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S. M. M. Muszhaaraff

S. M. M. Muszhaaraff (எஸ். எம். எம். முஷாரப்; එස්. එම්. එම්. මුෂාරෆ්; (born 10 June 1983) is a Sri Lankan politician and member of Parliament for Digamadulla District.

Early life
Muszhaaraff was born on 10 June 1983. He is the son of Meeralebbe Safiul Muthunabeen & Meerashahibu Katheeja Beevi.

Career
Muszhaaraff worked as a TV presenter and producer. He has won several State Awards for his shows.

title: S. M. M. Muszhaaraff


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Roger Le Bussy

Roger Le Bussy (12 February 1901 – 13 September 1967) was a Belgian colonial administrator. He was governor of Kasaï Province in the Belgian Congo from 1952 to 1954.

Early years and family
Roger Le Bussy was born on 12 February 1901 in Herstal, Belgium. His parents were Louis le Bussy (1869–1957) and Maria Anna Julie Henriette Nina Dollard (1873–1938). His family included coal miners, needle makers and merchants of iron, lead and alum. He attended the Faculty of Political and Administrative Sciences at the Colonial University of Antwerp from 1921 to 1924. He married Emma Dulac, with whom he had one child, Paul. His second marriage was in 1931 to Emma Bodson, with whom he had another child, Roger.

Colonial career
Le Bussy's first term of duty in the Belgian Congo was from September 1924 to October 1927. His internship was in the Équateur Province. He was then made a territorial administrator 2nd class in the Lake Leopold II District. In July 1927 he was promoted to territorial administrator 1st class. Le Bussy was head administrator of the Inongo Territory when he wrote a report on 27 September 1927 about the Ntombankole, a sub-tribe of the Ntomba people. He traced their history from their origins in the southern region of Lake Tumba to their settlement around Lake Leopold II. His second term was from June 1928 to July 1931. He was again assigned to Inongo Territory in Lake Leopold II District. In January 1930 he was promoted to principal territorial administrator.

Le Bussy was once more assigned to Lake Leopold II District for his third term, starting in December 1931. On 10 November 1933 he was appointed deputy judge of the Lake Leopold II district court. In July 1934 he was appointed attaché to the secretary general of AIMO (Affaires Indigènes et Main-d'Oeuvre: Indigenous and Labor Affairs). He went on leave from December 1934 to July 1935. On his return he was again principal territorial administrator, and in March 1937 was assigned to Léopoldville Province. Le Bussy was appointed district commissioner 2nd class in July 1938. He took leave in Europe from January to July 1939.

On his return le Bussy was appointed urban district commissioner of Léopoldville. At the start of World War II (1939–1945) the colonial government decided to draw up a five-year plan for the development of Léopoldville. The plan centered on the main boulevard. First a roundabout had to be developed around the site of the Albert I monument, followed by the drainage network and the road in front of the station. Work went slowly. On 24 September 1941 Le Bussy ordered that funds for construction of a bridge were to be diverted to coating the boulevard in vibrated concrete. The boulevard became the first axis of the city to have sanitary facilities. In January 1944 le Bussy and Vice Governor General Paul Ermens inaugurated the new native market in Leopoldville. It was to the southeast of the old covered market, moved there to let the European commercial district expand.

Le Bussy was promoted to district commissioner 1st class in February 1943. Due to the wartime occupation of Belgium by Germany, his leave was in Astrida, Rwanda, and lasted only from February to April 1943. His sixth term of service lasted from April 1943 to October 1945. From June 1946 to June 1949 Le Bussy was commissioner of Uele District. From December 1949 to December 1951 he was assigned to the governor of Kivu Province. Le Bussy returned after leave in March 1952, and in July 1952 was promoted to provincial governor and placed in charge of Kasai Province. He replaced Firmin Peigneux. He was relieved of his duties due to unfitness for colonial service in June 1954. He formally left office on 27 March 1955, and was replaced by Jean Paelinck. He died on 13 September 1967.

title: Roger Le Bussy


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User:Open2ANM/sandbox

[[File:Image Alexander NeverMind.png|alt=Official Albums|thumb|Alexander NeverMind

signer-songwriter

musician

producer

performer

manager

composer]]

ALEXANDER NEVERMIND
=== Alexander NeverMind is an American singer-songwriter., musician, and producer. He performs, manages, composes, and arranges his own music. he is one of our most enigmatic and creative musicians of his time. He is also one of our most prolific multi-generic musicians of today. His music is of a mysterious funk style full of codes and secrets within his lyrics.His music has had a huge impact as well as influence in the underground musical world of today. ===

Mr. Nevermind had two unofficial releases. One in 2004 called Rhythm Mind and the second in 2006 called A Life Sold. These were experimental albums and were not supposed to be released.
=== Mr. NeverMind has had three official releases since then: The NeverMind Project Vol 1, Mask Maker and The NeverMind Project Vol 2. these albums can be heard on youtube, daddykool, lavender vinyl, spotify and deezer to name a few. He can be visited on his facebook page https://www.facebook.com/Alexander7Nevermind/. His albums can be purchased on amazon. ===

=== Mr. NeverMinds first two albums, Rhythm Minds in 2004 and A Life Sold in 2006 were entirely experimental and unofficial releases. Although these two albums, along with his earlier work, were wildly influential in the underground musical world they have been erased from the music world and can not be found. ===

=== On May 19, 2017 Alexander NeverMind released his first official album The NeverMind Project Vol 1 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBX1jkiudfiQPh8L1ho7TVAL97xu899IS. Even though it is of the underground genre it was labeled as an alternative / indie genre, This album is an entanglement of real and modulated instruments. His lyrics cover subjects such as: faith, love, sex, jealousy, friendship and rebirth. ===

=== On April 1, 2018 Mr. NeverMind released his second official album called Mask Maker, a double album https://daddykool.com/UPC/859725768609. This album is more of an artistic collage of noise with an electric sound.This album is the most listened and talked about album world wide and has become Alexander NeverMinds signature album. ===

=== On May 19, 2018 Mr. NeverMind released his third official album The NeverMind Project Vol 2 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBX1jkiudfiTPhNCxhWnF182CaDS8GyXV. Although this album has enough substance and funk to stand as a solo album, it is actually a sequel album of his first official release album The NeverMind Project Vol 1. ===

title: User:Open2ANM/sandbox


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Yukitsuri

Yukitsuri (Japanese: 雪つり) is a Japanese technique for preserving trees and shrubs from heavy snow. Trees are given extra support by bamboo poles with ropes attached to limbs; whereas, shrubs are often tied tightly around the circumference. Yukitsuri is a common sight in Kanazawa and Kenrokuen Garden during the winter months.

Yukitsuri can also be seen in Hibiya Park, Jindai Botanical Garden, Yoyogi Park and Inokashira Park in Tokyo. Tokyo no longer receives much snow, but the yukitsuri now function more as seasonal markers.

title: Yukitsuri


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Euchrysops nandensis

Euchrysops nandensis is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya (the western part of the country and central highlands) and northern Tanzania. The habitat consists of grassy spots in savanna.

title: Euchrysops nandensis


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User:Thunder-Bird

Your username has been blocked indefinitely because (see our blocking policy for more information). You are encouraged to create a new account and contribute to Wikipedia under a more appropriate username, and in a constructive manner. See Username for guidance on selecting an appropriate username. You may also edit Wikipedia without creating an account. You are not allowed to edit Wikipedia under an inappropriate username. If you would like to discuss the block, you may edit your talk page or email the administrator who blocked you. Due to Wikipedia's mechanism for enforcing name changes, your IP address may be temporarily blocked. Unless you have also been engaging in vandalism or impersonation of another user, we will remove that block as soon as possible — if this doesn't happen within an hour or so, please email an administrator and explain the situation (see the list of administrators). If you want to keep the contributions from your old account for your new username, please follow these directions: (1) Add to your user talk page. This is possible because even when you are blocked, you can still edit your own talk page. (2) Soon, an admin may come to unblock you. (3) You will have 24 hours since the unblock to file a request on Changing username before you may be re-blocked. Note that this can only be done before you create the new one. For more information, please visit Changing username. In many cases (especially if your account has few or no edits), it is a lot easier to create a new account.

title: User:Thunder-Bird


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User:Jonie148/Joseph Bridge

Joseph Bridge is a musician from Nova Scotia, Canada. His debut album, Joseph Bridge was released in November 2014.

Music
Bridge released his debut single 'Mr Waterpump' In January 2012. The song received a strong reception, particularly at UK radio station Radio Caroline where it entered heavy rotation, becoming frequently requested. His next single, 'Phyllis The Parking Meter Lady' was released on 11 August 2013. The song, a duet with Liverpudlian Singer-songwriter Ian McNabb, reached #1 on the Canadian East Coast Countdown on 28 November 2013. The single also received airplay in the United Kingdom. Bridge's debut album, Joseph Bridge was released on 12 November 2014.

title: User:Jonie148/Joseph Bridge


text:
Tok Pisin/Verbs

Tok Pisin > Verbs

Verbs in Tok Pisin
There are basically two types of verbs in Tok Pisin: transitive and intransitive.
 * In general, transitive verbs end in -im. Example: kisim (sampela samting), take, receive smth. They are exceptions.
 * In general, intransitive verbs do not end in -im. Example: slip (long nait), sleep (at night)

Transitive verbs
more about transitive verbs

Intransitive verbs
more about intransitive verbs

Some very common verbs of difficult use
Most verbs are easy to use for English speakers, but some of them may be puzzling because of their unexpected meaning or use.

Here are some of them:
 * /ken/
 * /kolim/
 * /save/
 * /stap/
 * traim, traiim

Nominalized verbs
Verbs can be nominalized. Examples:
 * /traim/ > 1. to try (smth); 2. a try, an ordeal
 * /askim/ > 1. to ask (smth); 2. a question.

title: Tok Pisin/Verbs


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User:Praveenvenu

Software Developer from India. Specialised in .Net technologies especially asp.net. Working professionally since 2003. Contact him at praveenvenu at gmail dot com

title: User:Praveenvenu


text:
Talk:Deborah Ombres

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Deborah Ombres. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110726071214/http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=152182 to http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=152182

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:16, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Queer Spain
— Assignment last updated by Valentinapicante (talk) 20:08, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deborah Ombres


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oracolo

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) oracle

Etymology 2
From and, by reinterpretation of  as related to.

Noun

 * 1) oratory, prayer room

title: oracolo


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User:Sploo22~enwikibooks

I live in the Cayman Islands. Mostly I tend to browse Wiki{pedia,books} but I do occasional minor editing whenever I see something that needs it.

Currently working on Cryptography since it really needs it :)

title: User:Sploo22~enwikibooks


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User:Rogersj413/more markup

italic text

Subsection
external link

bulleted list:

 * item 1
 * item 2
 * sub-item

numbered list:

 * 1) first item
 * 2) sub-item 1
 * 3) sub-item 2
 * 4) second item

template

signature: Rogersj413 (talk) 18:28, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

title: User:Rogersj413/more markup


text:
Arthur James Armstrong

(Arthur) James Armstrong (September 17, 1924 – July 17, 2018) was a bishop of the United Methodist Church. Elected in 1968, he became the youngest Methodist bishop in the United States at the age of 43. As president of the National Council of Churches he was called "the most influential religious leader in America" by the U.S. News & World Report in 1982.

Life and work
He was the son and grandson of Methodist ministers. Earning academic degrees from Florida Southern College (AB) and the Candler School of Theology, Emory University (M.Div.)) he did graduate work at Boston University and the University of Chicago. He was awarded honorary degrees by Emory University, Florida Southern College, DePauw, Illinois Wesleyan, Evansville and Dakota Wesleyan universities, and Westmar College.

Prior to his election to the episcopacy, Armstrong gained wide recognition as the innovative Pastor of the Broadway United Methodist Church in Indianapolis, Indiana; at the time the largest Methodist church in the state. In the early 1960s, the Indianapolis News named him one of the ten most influential "Movers and Shakers" in the city. He chaired the denomination's Board of Church and Society and its Commission on Religion and Race.

The author of a dozen books and a contributor to many more, he has also written widely for Christian journals and periodicals.

Active in human rights and global peace and justice movements he has also been a political activist. He organized and chaired Religious Leaders for McGovern, a group of more than 200 religious leaders, during the presidential campaign of 1972. When he left South Dakota in 1980, the Sioux Falls Argus Leader, the largest newspaper in the state, headlined, "South Dakota's social conscience prepares to move on."

Armstrong met with Kim Dae-jung in his home in Seoul, South Korea, when Kim was under house arrest. Kim painted a calligraphy for him which now hangs in his office. Later Kim would serve as President of South Korea and receive the Nobel Peace Prize.

In 1985 he resigned his position as bishop following a personal crisis. Following his retirement from the ministry in 1999, Armstrong taught at the Florida Center for Theological Studies. In his 90s, he continued teaching at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida. In 2010 students selected him to receive the Walter E. Barden Distinguished Teaching Award. Each year Dakota Wesleyan University gives a "Bishop Armstrong Peace and Justice Award" to an outstanding student who has made significant contributions to peace and justice. DWU also maintains an Armstrong Native American Scholarship fund.

Married to Sharon who said he was "a generous and loving husband," he was also a father, grandfather, great grandfather, and great-great grandfather.

Selected writings

 * Truth Telling: The Foolishness of Preaching in a Real World
 * The Nation Yet to Be (a bicentennial study book that went through several editions)
 * Wilderness Voices
 * The United Methodist Primer, (Revised Edition) Nashville, Discipleship Resources, 1976 (originally published Nashville, Tidings, 1972).
 * Mission: Middle America
 * The Urgent Now
 * The Journey That Men Make
 * The Pastor and the Public Servant
 * Living and Dying with Purpose and Grace
 * Change: Reflections on Social Change and Personal Transformation
 * If Only: George McGovern and the America That Might Have Been
 * The Clock is Ticking: a 'How To' Approach to the Aging Process

title: Arthur James Armstrong


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Mathematics of theoretical physics

Physical theories and formulae are largely expressed through the language of mathematics, arguably the most effective quantitative language we have for the sciences. From the invention of calculus through to Einstein's Theory of General Relativity and the recent heavy use of mathematics in string theory, developments in mathematics and theoretical physics have been intimately intertwined since the time of the Renaissance.

Foundations
A strong mastery of basic high-school level algebra, trigonometry, analytic and synthetic geometry, and single-variable calculus is required at the very least if one wishes to do serious research in the physical sciences. Calculus is used extensively in Newtonian mechanics and gravity, for example with the second order linear differential equation F = ma.

Multivariable calculus
Multivariable Calculus is the extension of calculus to multiple variables. Gradients, curls, divergences, and all that are essential to understanding continuum theories and most notably Maxwell's equations for Electromagnetism.

Differential equations
Differential equations relate derivatives of functions and are used extensively for physical models. A few examples include:

 * Thermodynamics: the heat equation
 * Quantum Mechanics: the Schrodinger wave equation
 * Mechanics: Euler-Lagrange equations, action
 * Noether's theorem: symmetry and conversation laws, Noether's current

Linear Algebra
Understanding crucial in quantum mechanics as well as in many classical mechanics applications involving rotation and moments of inertia, among other things.

Group Theory
Used particularly in particle physics, parts of quantum mechanics, Noether's theorem

Differential Geometry
This forms the language of Einstein's theory of general relativity, which models spacetime as a four-dimensional spacetime Lorentzian manifold.

Mathematical tricks

 * Legendre Transformation: used in thermodynamics and classical mechanics to convert between Hamiltonian and Lagrangian formulations

title: Mathematics of theoretical physics


text:
Talk:Gun shows in the United States

When was the first U.S. gun show?
Here's a question that I cannot find an answer to in this article. When was the first U.S. gun show? Lightbreather (talk) 21:49, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It was probably April 19, 1775, or very soon thereafter. Seriously. They date to whenever you consider the U.S. to have begun.  Muskets were being bought by private citizens in large numbers from neighbors in the town squares, or in stables, when raining, at about that time.  U.S. gun shows likely started before the founding of the Republic. They were also part of the annual rendezvous of the mountain men, in the 1830's, by which time the attendance was around 400-500, annually.   Incidentally, I personally first attended gun shows around 1961, and I know my grandfather had attended them when he was a youngster, which would have been around 1893. He claimed his grandfather had attended them too as a youngster, which would have been around 1840. They were considered just a specialized kind of flea market. The American gun culture and gun shows date to before the founding of the Republic.  Miguel Escopeta (talk) 22:16, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Here's one reference, that pin points 1824 as when the annual rendezvous began. So, it was before then.  Miguel Escopeta (talk) 22:29, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I will read that. I just thought it strange that I couldn't find a "History of Gun Shows in America" book or article. Lightbreather (talk) 22:54, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * There is another book reference that provides some discussion covering since 1938 here. Miguel Escopeta (talk) 23:22, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

That first one isn't really about gun shows. It's about "fur trappers' rendezvous" that occurred from 1824 through 1841, at which they could trade "their pelts for blankets, beads, knives, guns, and, of course, whiskey." The second one is without a doubt about gun shows, but it doesn't say that they started in 1938 - it just says that since 1938 "people engaged in the business of selling firearms have been required to get a federal firearms license." --Lightbreather (talk) 23:38, 7 April 2015 (UTC)

Safety
"Gun rights advocates" push legislation allowing people to bring loaded guns into bars, courtrooms, city council meetings, and schools because, they say, that'll make those places safer. So where are loaded guns still banned? You guessed it: gun shows. Why? Well, duh: that'd be unsafe. I kid you not: I looked at some of the shows' rules. It's fine for judges and business patrons and politicians and school children to face crazy or drunk or negligent gun slingers. But god-forbid the gun dealers might be exposed to all that flying lead. It'd be hilarious if it weren't so fucking sad. I dunno if I can find a proper secondary source for this, but it oughta be in the article, along with the rest of how these weapons bazaars are run, who profits from them, etc. The laws and shit are important, but there's a lot more to say than that. Felsic (talk) 20:34, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Misplaced study?
''The only peer-reviewed study on background checks for the private transfers of guns that looked at data for all the states that have passed these laws has been done in various editions of John Lott's "More Guns, Less Crime" (3rd edition, 2010). Nineteen states that had such regulations during the years from 1977 to 2005 were examined. Murder and robbery showed slight increases while these laws were in effect, but the increases were not statistically significant. Part of the impact is on who these universal background checks prevent from buying guns. In New York, today’s background checks add about $80 to the cost of transferring a gun. In Washington State, they add about $60. In Washington, D.C., they add $200. In effect, these laws put a tax on guns and can prevent less affluent Americans from purchasing them. This disproportionately affects poor minorities who live in high-crime urban areas. His book also reported that states that adopted the gun show regulations saw a 20 percentage point drop in the number of gun shows in the state. ''

This stuff ain't about gun shows. The last sentence is, but it's gonna take a lotta rewriting to fit. The rest is about background checks. There's gotta be a better article for it. Felsic2 (talk) 01:58, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I don't have a strong opinion about this so far, but related articles include Gun show loophole and Universal background check. — Mudwater (Talk) 03:09, 8 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Someone wants everyone to know about it. Probably belongs in one of those articles. Felsic2 (talk) 01:58, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

SHOT Show
Recently a new section about the SHOT Show was added, here. But my understanding is that that's a trade show, and that the general public can't go there and buy individual firearms at a retail level. Is that correct? If it is, then the section should be removed from the article, because the SHOT Show is not a "gun show" in the sense of the subject of this article, and we don't want to confuse our readers. — Mudwater (Talk) 00:31, 10 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I know it's only open to gun industry people. No idea on whether any guns are offered for individual sale. It's certainly not the point of the show. Faceless Enemy (talk) 00:35, 10 March 2016 (UTC)
 * It's all about selling guns, perhaps at the wholesale level rather than the retail. But a reliable source has called it the largest gun show in the country. Any source that says it ain't a gun show? Any source that says "gun shows" have to be retail and allow all comers? Or are we making up our own definitions? Felsic2 (talk) 03:57, 10 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I added info on the attendees to distinguish it from retail gun shows. Felsic2 (talk) 05:07, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gun shows in the United States


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/searchmytrain.com

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 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
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Selected additions

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text:
Talk:Marit Larsen

Singer-Songwriter?
I changed the term musician to singer-songwriter, but I'm having second thoughts. Did she write her own music for this last album? If not, it should be changed back again. Also, I've added a discography and singleslist for later use. Highvanhoe 14:20, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I do not know whether she has written all the songs or not, but yes, she does write her own songs, both lyrics and music. User:chsf 17:25, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Right then, singer-songwriter it is Highvanhoe 11:34, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, 8 from 11 songs from her album, she wrote alone, so she is. Thukai 14:02, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Chart Positions
There seems to be some confusion here; I've been using Topp 40 (at lista.vg.no) for NO Singles Chart (Don't Save Me was #1 there, Under the Surface still climbing), and Hit40 for NO Airplay Chart (both songs have made #1 on Hit40). These seem to be the accepted standards. <IP_ADDRESS> 16:20, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Dude, can you put the link from Hit40? Thukai 14:05, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Marit Larsen


text:
User:Cibasan/sandbox

Area-Derived
South of Market District, San Francisco
 * Gentrification of residence
 * History of immigration from 1965-present

Sector-Derived

 * Filipino Diabetes research
 * Treating diabetes in low-income communities in Global North

South of Market, San Francisco
SoMa Pilipinas

In April 2016, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors adopted a resolution that established the SoMa Pilipinas Filipino Cultural Heritage District. The relationship between SoMa Pilipinas and the Philippines is established in the resolution: "Whereas, Filipino immigration patterns to San Francisco are rooted in the conquest and subsequent colonization of the Philippines by the United States in 1898, the American colonial regime in the Philippines from 1899-1946, and ongoing, often unequal and imperialist US-Philippines relations from 1946 to present." The street's names are named after its people's historical narrative. The streets Rizal, Lapu-Lapu, and Mabini are located between Folsom and Harrison Streets.

 * SoMa Pilipinas History

The points in the article are relevant to the topic. The article is neutral.
 * Manong generation played a prominent role in the community
 * City's Board of Supervisors passed legislation
 * Cultural events
 * gentrification
 * Waves of immigration

It focused a lot on the location and boundaries. The narratives about Filipino impact on the community is underrepresented.

History Cultural Centers Events Public Health Citations
 * Include history of the present
 * It talked a lot about building construction but not the uses of the buildings
 * It has a lot of centers that are linked to their respective pages. It would be better if it included at least one sentence about the main point of the center.
 * Include Galing Bata Bilingual Program
 * Bayanihan Community Center
 * SF Filipino Night Market - celebrates the rich cultural heritage of the SOMA Pilipinas
 * Along with SoMa Health Center, there is the Mabuhay Health Center that serves the underrepresented people who have no health care.

The link works. The source support the claims in the articles. The sources are credible and neutral. The information comes from other wikipedia pages, historic context statement. Some links are broken like the links that lead to new york times webside and yerba buena website.

Talk Page Explain why and how I see a focus on Filipino as opposed to other ethnic groups. If I had the time, I would consider editing this article to add in information about many different ethnic groups because I do not want to erase or underrepresent their narratives.
 * It included important things to add, which include
 * Why doesn't the demographics section have any info on demographics info?
 * Including a map

Sector-Derived

Filipino-American health
Including diabetes
 * Patterns of health risk
 * Risk for common chronic diseases, including hypertension and diabetes, of Pilipinx-Americans is linked to high dietary intake of fat and cholesterol due to acculturation.

Hypertension
 * Acculturation and Health
 * Current Health Trends
 * Studies done on Filipino-American health and findings

There are behavior-related risk factors related with hypertension. These factors include reduced physical activity levels and excess dietary sodium intake from foods.

Everything in the article is relevant to the topic. The article is neutral. The sources are credible. Links come from several sources, including stats from the World Health Organization and API American Health Forum.

The information on religion is excellent. It would be good to also include Filipinos inherited trait of hiya, which means shame, and how that plays a barrier to a person asking for help.

Talk

The article is edited by the WikiProject Tambayan Philippines

Citations

Linking how health is affected by dietary acculturation.

Dietary Acculturation among Filipino Immigrants

Sources and Citations.

Scholarly sources and summaries
Describe what you can take from it for your understanding of your PE org area/sector, and for your plans to edit the two articles.

Filipino Immigrants in the United States
The article reports characteristics of Filipino immigrants residing in the United States, specifically in San Francisco, including demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. As new immigrants adopt the cultural patterns of the host group, they also begin to adopt its local eating patterns and food choices.

Of the Filipino born residing in the United States, 79% were of working age (16-64). Among Filipino immigrants, 17 % were older than 64. This is important to understand so that we can cater our focus and services to the working age.

Knowing that 31% are Limited English Proficient encourages us to partner with Bessie Carmichael and Filipino Education Center schools and know that people have a hard time understanding health care policies.

Knowing that 6% lived in households with an annual income below the official federal poverty line encourages volunteers to work on the institutional level to uplift the community out of poverty. These statistics shows a greater need for MHC to continue its work of providing health services and referrals to residents.

Board of Supervisors Establishes SoMa as a Filipino Cultural Heritage District
This article includes interviews from residents. It includes excerpts from Ligaya Avenida, the president of Filipino-American Development Foundation Board. It is important to understand the resident's concerns about saving spaces for artists of color and having the ability to tell cultural stories through building.

Resolution establishing the SoMa Pilipinas - Filipino Cultural Heritage District in the 4 City and County of San Francisco.
The resolution states reasons for the district to be established as SoMa Pilipinas. It reclaims the Filipino narrative in the district by including Filipino immigration patterns, stating the impact of Filipinos in the city, and including the historical and cultural significance of the Filipino landmarks located in the city. The resolution's recognition of Filipino immigration patterns to SF, which is uprooted in the colonization of the Philippines, and experience of racial segregation and violent anti-Filipino sentiment gives more reason to why there should be more support of its residents, community-based organizations, and other cultural markers from threat of displacement.

Its statement that the Planning Department shall work with the SoMa Pilipinas Working Group to develop a strategic and implementation plan to set policies that promote community development open doors for Mabuhay Health Center to work on the city level.

South of Market Health Center
The Health Center ensures health care access to comprehensive care by providing mental and physical health problem services the close the gap on health disparities.

This information is helpful in adding more to the public health section of the wikipedia page. It links to list of agencies with programs including finances, health care, food assistance or job training.

211 United Way Bay Area
It is a service that connects callers with services and programs: including basic needs, physical and mental health, employment assistance, and seniors support.

The health care section compiles medical care, health insurance & medical expense assistance, specialty screenings, and sexual and reproductive health services. The website will be helpful in adding more information to the public health section.

South of Market Neighborhood Profile Demographics, Land Use, and Economics San Francisco 2004
The content gives me a better understanding of the demographics and the Asian/ Pacific Islander population breakdown. What percentage of the residents had the most impact in the community.

In a 2004 Census, The Race Population Change 1980 to 2000 graph illustrates that the largest percentage of residents in SoMa are white, but the percentage remained the same. Latino and Asian/ Pacific Islander populations have also been at the same pace. The Latino and Asian/ Pacific Islander Populations breakdown is Mexican (1,048 residents), Chinese (1,798 residents), Vietnamese (106 residents), Japanese (120 residents), Filipino (2,713 residents), and Indian (276 residents).

Dietary Acculturation among Filipino Immigrants
The article explores the change in cultural aspect due to the exposure to another cultural system and the result of the integration of new food consumption practices.

It is important to understand environmental and lifestyle changes accompanied to immigration. One cultural aspect is the adoption of new food consumption practices, which can have a negative effect in the health status. Adoption of mainstream food patterns is increased to risk for dietary-related chronic health conditions. The study illustrated that acculturation is a major health risk because of its association with greater risk for being overweight and obese and increased risk for chronic diseases, such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes.

The Public Health component within Mabuhay Health Center must understand the pattern and association and provide health options/ referrals to residents. To address this issue PH committee is holding community resource days where community resources can come to talk to patients about certain services and holding a farmer's market day where MHC collaborates with CBO's to provide a food pantry.

Time Since Immigration and Excess Body Weight
The article illustrates how time since immigration plays a significant factor in predicting excess weight among Asians. I'll be referring to the analysis that showed immigrants who had been in places longer are likely to be overweight than people born in the country and the different cases for men and women.

Time since immigration is an important correlate of overweight and obesity. The effect may be due to increasing overall caloric intake. Understanding this helps us create exercise programs and nutrition plans. Youth Programs can also teach curriculums about MyPlate and nutrition in Galing Bata after-school program.

The Role of Acculturation in Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes among Latinos
The review examines the influence of acculturation on type 2 diabetes and risk factors including dietary intake, physical activity patterns, smoking and alcohol consumption, and obesity. I'll be pulling from how acculturation influence risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Acculturation is a factor that modifies original drinking patterns in minorities, with a ten- dency toward convergence with overall drinking patterns found in mainstream U.S. culture. Low acculturation is related to healthier diets as well as lower rates of blood pressure and type 2 diabetes.

Understanding how family structure and social support systems influence acculturation on nutrition and health outcomes gives us a better understanding in creating nutrition plans.

Pérez-Escamilla R, Putnik P. The role of acculturation in nutrition, lifestyle, and incidence of type 2 diabetes among Latinos. J Nutr 2007;137:860–70.

Self-Care behaviors of Filipino-American adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
This article examines the diabetes self-care behaviors of Filipino-American adults with type 2 diabetes. People who immigrated and lived in the US longer follow more healthful eating plans than people who recently immigrated. It includes women's eating habits and exercise plans.

This article will help me understand why younger Filipino-Americans are less likely to perform healthy type 2 self-care behaviors pertaining to diet, medication taking, and blood glucose testing than older Filipino-Americans.

==== Addressing the Health Needs of High-Risk Filipino Americans in the Greater Philadelphia Region ==== Bhimla, A., Yap, L., Lee, M. et al. J Community Health (2017) 42: 269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0252-0

As Filipino Americans are a highly acculturated ethnic group, they may exhibit bicultural eating patterns that reflect both a preference for food that is typically American and traditionally Filipino.

I'll be drawing the Western dietary acculturation eating pattern and how it results into increase risk for hypertension.

Level of acculturation, food intake, dietary changes, and health status of first-generation Filipino Americans in Southern California.
High degree of dietary acculturation is associated with poorer dietary habits

Dela Cruz, F. A., Lao, B. T., & Heinlein, C. (2013). Level of acculturation, food intake, dietary changes, and health status of first-generation Filipino Americans in Southern California. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 25(11), 619–630.

==== Dietary acculturation and predictors of anthropometric indicators among Filipino Americans. ==== The Western dietary acculturation scale, which measures Western eating patterns that include a high intake of fat and sugar, was a significant predictor of the increase in anthropometric factors such as body mass index (BMI) and weight in Filipino Americans.

==== The illness beliefs, perceptions, and practices of Filipino Americans with hypertension ==== High salt intake is a feature of both the Filipino and Western diet; Filipino Americans are typically aware that their traditional cultural foods have high levels of sodium and fat, which is associated with an increased risk for hypertension.

The article gives me a better understanding in the differences between the Filipino and Western diet in terms of levels of sodium and fat.

Dela Cruz, F. A., & Galang, C. B. (2008). The illness beliefs, perceptions, and practices of Filipino Americans with hypertension. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 20(3), 118–127.

==== How Filipino Are You: Strengthening the Construct Validity of the Enculturation Scale for Filipino Americans ==== It defines enculturation and acculturation. Colonial mentality is a form in internalized oppression among Filipino-Americans attributed to colonialism, which can be manifested as cultural shame or self-hate. It finds the relationships between enculturation with colonial mentality and attitude towards seeking mental health help.

It helps me understand that ethnic mental health models and interventions need to incorporate and address the constructs of enculturation, acculturation, and colonial mentality in order to be effective. Acculturation goes beyond diet, which was my main focus. Enculturation and acculturation impacts family relationships, eating attitudes, body image, psychological well-being, and help-seeking attitudes.

==== Colonial Mentality and Mental Health Help-Seeking Attitudes among Filipino Americans ==== Barriers to Filipino American help-seeking
 * Filipino Colonial Mentality - "form of internalized oppression specific to Filipino and Filipino Americans where there is a uncritical rejection of anything Filipino and an uncritical preference for anything American."
 * In a study of Asian American, Tran (2011) found that internalized oppression negatively impacted psychological well-being.
 * David (2008) found that colonial mentality was a significant factor in depression among Filipino Americans.
 * It may increase negative self-perception, psychological stress, familial and marital problems, and it may encourage ethnic inferiority
 * Culturally relevant services, such as providing Tagalog-speaking mental health providers result in increased utilization and care among Filipino Americans
 * Important to view health systems as a social and as a cultural system
 * Racial discrimination is another common barrier to mental health seeking
 * As a minority group, Asian Americans in particular face frequent discrimination and often experience unjust treatment due to their minority and immigrant status
 * Religion is another major influence to perception of mental health and illness among Filipino Americans.
 * Sanchez and Gaw (2007) noted that both prayer and tiyaga (patience and endurance) are commonly employed by Filipino Americans when dealing with their mental health issues.
 * Other coping strategies used by Filipino Americans included lakas ng loob (inner strength and hardiness), and creation of a "psuedofamily" to increase social support (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007)

Summarizing and Synthesizing
The Area-Derived sources reports demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of Filipino immigration patterns and the historical and cultural impact on the community.

The Sector-Derived sources explores the change in cultural aspect due to the exposure to another cultural system and the result of the integration of new food consumption practices.

These sources help our understanding in how we should cater our services to the population.

Demographics
In a 2004 Census, The Race Population Change 1980 to 2000 graph illustrates that the largest percentage of residents in SoMa are white, but the percentage remained the same. Latino and Asian/ Pacific Islander populations have also been at the same pace. The Latino and Asian/ Pacific Islander Populations breakdown is Mexican (1,048 residents), Chinese (1,798 residents), Vietnamese (106 residents), Japanese (120 residents), Filipino (2,713 residents), and Indian (276 residents).

SoMa Pilipinas
In April 2016, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors adopted a resolution that established the SoMa Pilipinas Filipino Cultural Heritage District. The relationship between SoMa Pilipinas and the Philippines is established in the resolution: "Whereas, Filipino immigration patterns to San Francisco are rooted in the conquest and subsequent colonization of the Philippines by the United States in 1898, the American colonial regime in the Philippines from 1899-1946, and ongoing, often unequal and imperialist US-Philippines relations from 1946 to present." The City of San Francisco certified Tagalog as its third official language in 2014, and a 2010 Census illustrated the Filipino population to reach 36,347 Filipino in the city which 5,106 live in South of Market District. The street's names are named after its people's historical narrative. The streets Rizal, Lapu-Lapu, and Mabini are located between Folsom and Harrison Streets.

Public Health
The South of Market Health Center ensures health care access to comprehensive care by providing mental and physical health problem services to close the gap on health disparities. It provides agencies with programs including finances, health care, food assistance or job training.

211 United Way Bay Area is a service that connects callers with services and programs: including basic needs, physical and mental health, employment assistance, and seniors support.

Events
There are several Filipino Cultural Events such as Filipino American History Month Celebration at the Asian art Museum in October and Pistahan Parade and Festival in August.

Undiscovered SF, held monthly, promotes economic activity and awareness of SoMa Pilipinas. It supports retail concepts, restaurants, and businesses by giving skill-set building workshops and professional services like accounting and crowdfunding to prepare businesses for growth and sustainability

Filipino-American Health
The prevalence of cancer is higher among Filipino Americans in comparison to other ethnic groups of the United States, which is reflective in their associated low cancer screening rates. Westernized diets and behaviors are considerably influential on the high cancer risk of the Filipino American community. Other factors such as acculturation, lack of targeted educational programs, and socio-economic status influence the morbidity and mortality rates of Filipino Americans.

Hypertension
There are behavior-related risk factors related with hypertension. These factors include reduced physical activity levels, excess dietary sodium intake from foods, high amount of alcohol intake, and low intake of fruits and vegetables.

Dietary Acculturation
Dietary acculturation is the change in eating patterns due to adopting new diets that occurs when members of the minority group adopt eating patterns of mainstream society. High degree of dietary acculturation is associated with poorer dietary habits. Immigration to the US is associated with increased consumption of fats, sweets, dairy products but decreased consumption of meats and vegetables.

As Filipino Americans practices acculturation especially within the their diets, they practice bicultural patterns that reflect both a preference for food that is American and traditionally Filipino. The Western dietary acculturation scale, which measures Western eating patterns that include a high intake of fat and sugar, was a significant predictor of the increase in body mass index (BMI) and weight in Filipino Americans. High salt intake is a feature of both the Filipino and Western diet; Filipino Americans are typically aware that their traditional cultural foods have high levels of sodium and fat, which is associated with an increased risk for hypertension.

Influence of Socio-Cultural Factors
Filipino Americans are least likely to seek support from professional mental health providers. These variables include fear of shame as well as effects of oppression, indicated by racial discrimination and cultural mistrust. Filipino Americans turn to get support through more indigenous coping strategies, such as religion, spirituality, or family as sources for help.

Colonial Mentality
Colonial mentality, a form of internalized oppression that considers anything American to be favorable to anything Filipino, plays an important role in the psychological well-being of Filipino Americans. Overt colonial mentality plays a negative role in Filipino Americans' psychological health by discriminating against less Americanized Filipino Americans while putting down Filipino features, characteristics, and values. Overt colonial mentality appears to contribute negatively to psychological health by discriminating against less Americanized Filipino Americans while putting down Filipino features, characteristics, and values. Covert colonial mentality appears to contribute to negatively to the "Americanized" Filipino American by inducing feelings of shame and inferiority over their own Filipino identity.

Colonial mentality and mental health help-seeking attitudes have established links with acculturation and enculturation. Colonial mentality increases willingness to acculturation or the extent to which a Filipino becomes more Americanized. Enculturation is a negative correlate to colonial mentality in that colonial mentality decreases as Filipino Americans become more enculturated. The more acculturated the individual is, the more likely the individual have a positive attitude toward seeking help while more enculturated individuals tend to have more negative attitudes toward help-seeking.

Acculturation is related to several types of psychological distress: lower academic achievement, depression, body dissatisfaction, eating disturbances, less social support, and weaker familial relationships. Enculturation has been shown to be a protective factor against depression.

South of Market, San Francisco

 * Added Demographics Section with 2 sentences
 * Added SoMa Pilipinas Section with 5 sentences
 * Added to Public Health Section with 3 sentences
 * Added to Events Section with 2 sentences
 * Added 7 Citations

Filipino-American Health

 * Added to Hypertension Section with 2 sentences
 * Added Dietary Acculturation Section with 6 sentences
 * Added to Influence of Socio-Cultural Factors with 2 sentences
 * Added Colonial Mentality Section with 10 sentences
 * Added 7 Citations

title: User:Cibasan/sandbox


text:
Aso-Shirakawa Station

Aso-Shirakawa Station (阿蘇白川駅) is a railway station in Minamiaso, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. It is on the Takamori Line, operated by the Minamiaso Railway.

Following the damage from severe earthquakes in April 2016, the entire Takamori Line was shut down. Service was resumed in July of the same year.

History

 * 12 February, 1928 - Station opened for business.
 * 1 April 1986, - the station was converted from the Takamori Line of the Japanese National Railways to Minamiaso Railway.
 * 14–16 April 2016, - the Kumamoto earthquakes caused damage to bridges and tunnels on the Takamori line, and operations have since been suspended.
 * 31 July 2016, - Aso-Shirakawa Station resumed operations along with the resumption of operations between Nakamatsu and Takamori.

title: Aso-Shirakawa Station


text:
User:Vuara/Evolution of Language

http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~amag/langev/ http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/lec/

+++

http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/lec/elc/ The University of Edinburgh announces a new Postgraduate Programme in the Evolution of Language and Cognition. What is it that makes us human? How did our brains evolve? What are the origins of human language? Why do we think the way we do? What are the mechanisms of biological, cultural and linguistic evolution? Human evolution is a topic for cognitive scientists, psychologists, linguists, archaeologists, anthropologists, biologists, and computer scientists. Because of this, the postgraduate programme will suit students from a very wide range of backgrounds. If you are interested in learning more about the evolution of human cognition and language, and about the many disciplines that contribute to its study, we'd like to hear from you. Recommended reading: Language Evolution, edited by Morten Christiansen & Simon Kirby, published by Oxford University Press. The subject What will I study? The programme covers a wide range of topics. Broadly speaking, you will look at how human cognition evolved in our species, with a particular emphasis on how language evolved. How do you study the evolution of cognition? We draw on our understanding of how human and animal brains work, knowledge about human and animal behaviour, evidence from genetics and child development, as well as data from the archaeological record (from fossil remains through to evidence of material culture). In addition, some people use computational models to test theories about how cognitive systems evolve. What counts as language evolution? Modern research in language evolution looks not only at how our species evolved to be able to use language, but also at how languages themselves evolve over time. How is it different from historical linguistics? This is a tricky question! There is actually no hard-and-fast boundary between the study of language evolution, and the study of language change/historical linguistics. Both subjects focus on the dynamic aspects of language. Historical linguistics, however, typically concerns itself with specific changes in a language or languages, and at a shallower time depth.

+++

http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/~jim/teaching/oel_honours/index.shtml

LI0058 Origins and Evolution of Language

Linguistics Honours Option, Prof. James R Hurford

Prerequisites There are no Honours prerequisites for this course. All 3rd and 4th year Honours students may take this course. Aims and objectives The course will show how understanding of all the main subdisciplines of Linguistics can be enhanced by viewing them from an evolutionary perspective. Thus, in cases where other approaches to language do little more than describe the linguistic facts, or at best explain them by stipulated abstract principles, Evolutionary Linguistics can often provide more satisfactory explanations by showing a route by which the facts could have arisen. In short, where much linguistics says `This is how language is', evolutionary linguistics attempts to say 'This is how language got to be that way'. The course will apply this approach to all levels of linguistic analysis, thus outlining areas aptly labelled as Evolutionary Pragmatics, Evolutionary Phonetics, Evolutionary Semantics, Evolutionary Phonology, and Evolutionary Syntax. In addition, the course aims to give Linguistics students a survey of the main issues in the evolution and origins of the human language faculty and of actual human languages. The subject matter is inevitably somewhat speculative, but the course will set out a basis of relevant facts accumulated from a range of disciplines within and outwith Linguistics, including animal behaviour, evolutionary theory, computer modelling, genetics, language acquisition, paleontology, archaeology Where facts are scarce, methodological questions about how best to proceed will be examined. After the course, students should be able to speak and write informedly and responsibly about the origins of language, know how to keep track of fresh developments in the field, and be able to put such developments in perspective.

Course content: Weekly topics and essential reading Note the following abbreviations for books frequently referred to in the reading lists:

HHSE = Lock, Andrew, and Peters, Charles (eds.) Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution, Clarendon Press, Oxford. CEHE = Jones, S., Martin, R., and Pilbeam, D., (Eds) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press.

October 6th, 9th: Introductory topics. Biological and cultural evolution. Phylogeny, glossogeny and ontogeny. Adaptation, preadaptations, natural selection, spandrels, linguistic selection. Language as the outcome of interacting complex systems. Readings: Hurford, James R. 2003 ``The Language Mosaic and its Evolution''. In Language Evolution, edited by Morten Christiansen and Simon Kirby, Oxford University Press, pp.38-57. Hurford, James R. 1999 ``The Evolution of Language and Languages''. In Robin Dunbar, Chris Knight and Camilla Power (eds) The Evolution of Culture, Edinburgh University Press. pp.173-193.

October 13th, 16th, 20th: Evolutionary Pragmatics. Social and soicio-psychological preadaptations for language. Acts, ritualization, mindreading and manipulation, theory of mind. Conveying practical information, gossip, courtship, deception, manipulation. Machiavellian intelligence, social intelligence. Group size, altruism, mimesis. Readings: Krebs, J. R., and Dawkins, R. 1984. ``Animal Signals: Mind-Reading and Manipulation'', In Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, edited by J.R.Krebs and N.B.Davies, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Haiman, John (1994) ``Ritualization and the Development of Language'', in Pagliuca, William (ed.) Perspectives on Grammaticalization John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp.1-28.

October 23rd: Guest lecture by Dr Kenny Smith. ``How learners shape culturally transmitted signalling systems''. Language constructors, language maintainers, language learners. Reading: K. Smith (2002). ``The cultural evolution of communication in a population of neural networks.'' (PDF version) Connection Science 14(1), p65-84.

October 27th: Guest lecture by Dr Andrew Smith. ``Creating meanings and evolving communication''. Concept growth, what the learner experiences, reference, context and feedback. Reading: A D M Smith (2001) ``Establishing Communication Systems without Explicit Meaning Transmission'', in Advances in Artificial Life edited by Josef Kelemen and Petr Sosik pp.381-390.

October 30th: Video ``The Mind's Big Bang''. Independent reading on human origins - Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Neanderthal Man, tools, technology, social life, art, symbols, the `Upper Paleolithic Revolution', the human diaspora, Recent Out of Africa versus Multiregional Evolution. Reading: At least one of the following: Campbell, Bernard, (1996) ``An outline of human phylogeny'', in HHSE, 31-52. ``Human Evolution'', Chapter 2 of Corballis, Michael C. (1991) The Lopsided Ape: Evolution of the Generative Mind, Oxford University Press, 30-51. Wood, B.A. (1992) ``Evolution of Australopithecines, and Stringer, Chris (1992) ``Evolution of Early Humans, both in CEHE, 231-251. Section C of Chapter 5 (pp.246-274) of Human Evolution: an introduction for the behavioural sciences by Graham Richards, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1987. ``From Erectus to Sapiens'', Chapter 6 of Human Evolution: an introduction for the behavioural sciences by Graham Richards, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1987. (pp.275-316)

November 3rd: Video ``Signs of Apes, Songs of Whales''. Independent reading on basic genetics - genotype, phenotype, genes, loci, alleles, DNA, transcription, translation, polygenic inheritance, pleiotropy, sexual reproduction, haploidy, diploidy, mutation, recombination, epigenesis, embryology, plasticity, ontogeny and phylogeny, stable polymorphisms. Reading: At least one of the following: pp.255-283 of CEHE, comprising articles by D.Whitehouse --``Principles of Genetics, Steve Jones -- ``Genetic Diversity in Humans & ``Mutation and Human Evolution, Joy D.A.Delhanty -- ``Human Chromosomes, and Shahin Rouhani & Steve Jones -- ``Bottlenecks in Human Evolution''. Chapters 2-9 (pp.10-61) of The Science of Genetics by Charlotte Auerbach Chapter 3, ``Immortal Coils'' (pp.22-48) of The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins

November 6th: Basic evolutionary theory. Variation, replication, selection. Units of selection -- genes, individuals, groups (memes). Gene-culture coevolution, the Baldwin Effect and niche construction. Sexual selection. Evolution of altruism and the cheater problem. Language and fitness (what is language good for?). Languages as symbionts on human societies. Reading: at least one of the following: Pinker, S., and Bloom, P. 1990. ``Natural Language and Natural Selection'', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13,4:707-727. Three chapters from John Alcock's (1984) book Animal Behavior: an evolutionary approach: Chapter 1 (``An Evolutionary Approach to Animal Behavior); Ch.2 (``The Genetics of Behavior --- skim this chapter); and Chapter 13 (``The Evolutionary History of Behavior'' --- pay special attention to the end parts on the evolution of communication). (less highly recommended) Three chapters from Edward O. Wilson's (1975) book Sociobiology: the abridged edition: Chapter 3 (``The Prime Movers in Social Evolution; Chapter 4 (``The Relevant Principles of Population Biology); and Chapter 5 (``Group Selection and Altruism'' --- this chapter would be the most relevant to this course).

November 10th, 13th: Evolutionary phonetics. Human and animal hearing compared. Evolution of the human vocal tract and fine control over the vocal apparatus. Reading: Two chapters from Philip Lieberman's book The Biology and Evolution of Language (1984, Harvard University Press). Chapter 11, ``The Evolution of Human Speech: Comparative Studies'', pp.256-287. Chapter 12, ``The Evolution of Human Speech: the Fossil Record'', pp.287-329.

November 17th, 20th, 24th: Evolutionary semantics. Animal concepts, simple and complex. The origin of predicate-argument structure. The origin of reference in deixis. The human semantic explosion due to symbols and compositional syntax. Reading: Wynne, Clive D L ``Other Ways of Seeing the World -- II: Abstract Dimensions'', Chapter 5 of his book Animal Cognition: the mental lives of animals (Palgrave, Houndmills, Hampshire, 2001).

November 27th, December 1st: Evolutionary phonology. Evolution of characteristic phonological systems. Syllables, consonants and vowels as basic units of speech, distinctive features. Reading: At least one of Lindblom, B., MacNeilage, P., and Studdert-Kennedy, M. 1984. ``Self-organizing processes and the explanation of phonological universals''. In B.Butterworth, B.Comrie, and Östen Dahl (Eds.), Explanations for Language Universals, Berlin: Mouton. 181-203. de Boer, Bart (2000) ``Self organization in vowel systems'', Journal of Phonetics 28 (4), pp. 441–465 de Boer, Bart (2000) ``Emergence of vowel systems through self-organisation'' AI Communications 13 pp. 27-39.

December 4th, 8th, 11th: Evolutionary syntax. Animal precursors of syntax. Is recursion the key to human syntactic ability, and can only humans control recursion? Grammaticalization and creolization. Compositionality, rules with variables and generalization by learners. Self-organizing spread of compositional syntax across generations. Are syntactic universals specific to language? Reading: In order of importance (but they all important) Heine, Bernd, and Tania Kuteva, ``On the Evolution of Grammatical Forms'', Chapter 18 of The Transition to Language, edited by Alison Wray, Oxford University Press, 2002. Newmeyer, Frederick J., ``Uniformitarian Assumptions and Language Evolution Research'', Chapter 17 of The Transition to Language, edited by Alison Wray, Oxford University Press, 2002. Jackendoff, Ray, ``An Evolutionary Perspective on the Architecture'', Chapter 8 of his Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution, Oxford University Press, 2002.

Course structure Each week, there will be two lectures, and one tutorial meeting at a time (or times) to be arranged. The tutorial(s) will largely involve group discussion of the weekly essential reading. Discussion points for each tutorial will be handed out in advance. In addition to the weekly essential readings, all students will read one popular book on an aspect of human evolution during the term and contribute to a class presentation of a review of it (see below for details).

Popular book reviews Each student will belong to a group assigned to read and review a particular popular book on an aspect of human evolution. Group presentations of these book reviews will take place in a tutorial slot in weeks 6, 9 and 10. The books to be reviewed are:

For review presentation in week 5: Pinker, Steven, (1995) The Language Instinct, Penguin Books, London. Dunbar, Robin, (1996) Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, Faber and Faber, London. For review presentation in week 9: Mithen, Steven, (1996) The prehistory of the mind:: a search for the origins of art, religion and science, Thames and Hudson, London. Deacon, Terrence, (1997) The Symbolic Species: The co-evolution of language and the human brain, Penguin Books, London. For review presentation in week 10: Beaken, Mike, (1996) The Making of Language, Edinburgh University Press. Aitchison, Jean, (1996) The Seeds of Speech: Language origin and evolution Cambridge University Press.

Assessment

One 2000-word essay or project, on a topic to be negotiated, deliverable on the first day of following term. Worth 50% of the assessment for the course. A 2-hour written exam in June, worth 50% of the assessment for the course.

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http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/~paulv/ab-cfp.html

Language acquisition and evolution

Special Issue: Adaptive Behavior

Call for Papers (pdf-format)

Guest Editor: Paul Vogt

Submission deadline: 15 November 2004

It is widely believed that language has evolved through mutual interactive behaviour of individuals within an ecological niche, through individual adaptations and self-organisation. Humans communicate with each other about events that happen in their environment. When novel events occur, they might construct new internal representations of these events - either by learning from other's behaviour or by inventing new behaviour. They can then transmit this newly constructed knowledge to other humans. By subsequent local interactions between individuals, self-organisation can guide the emergence of a global structure called language as has repeatedly been shown by several computer models.

Many computational studies on the evolution of language have primarily focused on the idea that language is a complex dynamical adaptive system, as outlined above. Central to these studies is the cultural evolution of language, i.e. language is thought to have evolved based on cultural transmissions rather than on biological adaptations. Cultural transmission of language is impossible without the ability to learn language. This special issue is inspired by a recent Symposium on Language Evolution and Acquisition held at the 2004 Human Behavior & Evolution Society conference, and focuses on the relation between language origins, acquisition and evolution. Two main themes to be explored are how could language acquisition mechanisms have evolved, and the impact that particular acquisition skills may have had on the evolution of language itself.

Adaptive Behavior solicits papers that present synthetic studies that explicitly focuses on the interface between language origins and/or evolution, and language acquisition. The models should involve either computer simulations or robotic platforms. However, those papers that integrate models with psychological, linguistic or biological data are particularly welcome. Papers in this special issue should not exceed the equivalent length of 14 journal pages. See the web-site of the Adaptive Behavior (http://www.isab.org.uk/journal/) for further instructions.

Topics include (though not restricted):

Evolution of language acquisition skills. joint attention. corrective feedback. Phonetics. Lexicon formation. Meaning inference. Symbol grounding in language. Emergence of syntax or grammar. Language change. Language diversity. If you intend to submit a paper, please send a tentative title and abstract to the guest editor (Paul Vogt). (This would help to speed up the selection of reviewers.) If you are uncertain whether your paper would satisfy the topic of this special issue, or if you wish further information, please contact the guest editor too.

Important dates:

15 November 2004: Submission deadline. 15 February 2005: Notification of acceptance. 15 April 2005: Revised versions due. 30 May 2005: Authors notified (for revised papers). Late 2005: Special issue appears. Guest editor: Editor-in-chief: Paul Vogt Peter M. Todd Language Evolution and Computation Center for Adaptive Behavior & Cognition School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences University of Edinburgh Max Planck Institute for Human Development 40 George Square Lentzealle 94 Edinburgh, EH8 9LL D-14195 Berlin UK Germany<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>
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http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/soc/research/ABC/EmergenceLanguage/

The Emergence of Language: Neural and Adaptive Agent Models

Guest Editor: Angelo Cangelosi

Connection Science is calling papers for a special issue entitled ‘The Emergence of Language: Neural and Adaptive Agent Models’.

Studies of the emergence of language focus on the evolutionary and/or developmental factors that affect the acquisition and auto-organisation of a linguistic communication system. Both language-specific abilities (e.g. speech, semantics, syntax) and other cognitive, sensorimotor and social abilities (e.g. category learning, action and embodiment, social networks) contribute to the emergence of language.

Key research issues and topics in the area include:

§        Emergentism as an alternative to the nativism/empiricism dichotomy

§        Identification of basic processes producing language complexity

§        Grammaticalization and emergence of syntax

§        Emergent models of language acquisition

§        Evolution and origins of language

§        Pidgin, creole and second language acquisition

§        Neural bases of emergent language processes

§        Auto-organization of shared lexicons in groups of individuals/agents

§        Grounding of symbols and language in perception and action

The main aims of this special issue are to foster interdisciplinary and multi-methodological approaches to modelling the emergence of language, and to identify key research directions for the future. Models based on neural networks (connectionism, computational neuroscience) and adaptive agent methodologies (artificial life, multi-agent systems, robotics), or integrated neural/agent approaches, are particularly encouraged.

The submitted papers are expected to: (i) focus on one or more related research issues (see list above), (ii) explain the importance of the topic, the open problems and the different approaches discussed in the literature, (iii) discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the neural and adaptive agent approaches with respect to other methodologies (including experimental research) and (iv) present original models and/or significant new results. Review papers may also be considered.

Invited Papers

The special issue will include two invited papers, one from Brian MacWhinney (Carnegie Mellon University) and one from Luc Steels (VUB University Brussels and SONY Computer Labs Paris). The invited papers are:

§        Brian MacWhinney, ‘Emergent Linguistic Structures and the Problem of Time’ (focus on neural network modeling)

§        Luc Steels, ‘Mirror Learning and the Self-Organisation of Languages’ (focus on adaptive agent modeling)

Submission Instructions and Deadline

Manuscripts, either full papers or shorter research notes (up to 4000 words), following the Connection Science guidelines (http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/authors/ccosauth.asp) should be emailed to the guest editor<EMAIL_ADDRESS>by December 1, 2004. Reviews will be completed by March 1, 2005, and final drafts will be accepted no later than May 1, 2005. The special issue will be published in September 2005.

Guest Editor

Angelo Cangelosi

Adaptive Behaviour and Cognition Research Group

School of Computing, Communication & Electronics

University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK

Tel: +44 (0) 1752 232559

Fax: +44 (0) 1752 232540

E-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Web: http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/soc/staff/angelo

Related and Sample Papers

Cangelosi, A., and Parisi, D., 1998, The emergence of a ‘language’ in an evolving population of neural networks. Connection Science, 10(2): 83-97.

Cangelosi, A., and Parisi, D., 2004, The processing of verbs and nouns in neural networks: Insights from synthetic brain imaging. Brain and Language, 89(2): 401-408.

Elman, J.L, 1999, The emergence of language: A conspiracy theory. In B. MacWhinney (ed.), Emergence of Language (Hillsdale, NJ: LEA).

Knight, C., Hurford, J.R., and Studdert-Kennedy, M., (eds), 2000, The evolutionary emergence of language: social function and the origins of linguistic form (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

MacWhinney, B., 1998, Models of the emergence of language. Annual Review of Psychology, 49: 199-227.

Plunkett, K., Sinha, C., Moller, M. F., and Strandsry, O., 1992, Symbol grounding or the emergence of symbols? Vocabulary growth in children and a connectionist net. Connection Science, 4(3-4): 293-312.

Roy, D., and Pentland, A., 2002, Learning words from sights and sounds: A computational model, Cognitive Science, 26: 113-146.

Steels, L., 2003, Evolving grounded communication for robots. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(7): 308—312.

Wermter, S., Elshaw, M., and Farrand, S., 2003, A modular approach to self-organization of robot control based on language instruction. Connection Science, 15(2-3): 73-94.

title: User:Vuara/Evolution of Language


text:
Skarvanes

Skarvanes (Skarvenæs; lit. 'cape of shags') is a village on Sandoy, in the Faroe Islands.

It temporarily became extinct in 2000 when its last permanent inhabitant died, though the population has since rebounded; as of 2013, the population is 13, with most of the houses being uses as holiday homes.

title: Skarvanes


text:
North Peninsula State Park

North Peninsula State Park is a Florida State Park, located north of Ormond-By-The-Sea and east of the Bulow Plantation Ruins Historic State Park, off A1A.

title: North Peninsula State Park


text:
User:<IP_ADDRESS>/sandbox

Paragraph: This helps you set the style of the text. For example, a header, or plain paragraph text. You can also use it to offset block quotes.

A : Highlight your text, then click here to format it with bold, italics, etc. The "More" options allows you to underline, add code snippets, and change language keyboards.

Links: The chain button allows you to link your text. Highlight the word, and push the button. The visual editor will automatically suggest related Wikipedia articles for that word or phrase. This is a great way to connect your article to more Wikipedia content. You only have to link important words once, usually during the first time they appear. If you want to link to pages outside of Wikipedia (for an "external links" section, for example) click on the "External link" tab.

Cite: The citation tool in the visual editor helps format your citations. You can simply paste a DOI or URL, and the visual editor will try to sort out all of the fields you need. Be sure to review it, however, and apply missing fields manually (if you know them). You can also add books, journals, news, and websites manually. That opens up a quick guide for inputting your citations. Finally, you can click the "re-use" tab if you've already added a source and just want to cite it again. Insert: This tab lets you add media, images, or tables.
 * Bullets: To add bullet points or a numbered list, click here.

Ω The final tab allows you to add special characters, such as those found in non-English words, scientific notation, and a handful of language extensions.№₪₳

Most of the time you'll use visual editing, but if you want to edit a Talk page or make changes in source editing mode, you'll need to learn a little Wikicode.

The wiki code for bold text is like this:

= bold

Creating a wikilink (that is, a link to another article on Wikipedia) looks like this:

= bold

That link to the article Bold will redirect you to Emphasis (typography). To link to an article with a different name than the text, put a   (a "pipe", inserted with shift + \ on most keyboards) in between the code and the word you want to appear on the page. Like this:

= bold (with the link to Boldness)

title: User:50.201.12.86/sandbox


text:
Orlovo

Orlovo (Орлово) is a rural locality (a selo) in Nemetsky National District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1,439 as of 2013. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Orlovo is located 21 km northeast of Galbshtadt (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dvorskoye and Alexandrovka are the nearest rural localities.

title: Orlovo


text:
50-Miler Award

The 50-Miler Award is an award of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) designed to promote the ideals of Scouting and in Scoutcraft, conservation, self-reliance, and physical fitness. The award may be earned by Scouts, Venturers, and Scout leaders.

Award
The 50-Miler Award is presented as a cloth or leather patch and as a decal. The award may not be worn on the uniform but is affixed to equipment such as backpacks or vehicles, or sewn onto items such as patch vests or blankets. The 50-Miler Award was established in April 1956, along with the Historic Trails Award.

Requirements
Although the 50-Miler is an individual award, the requirements are performed as a group. Groups may be the troop, team, crew, or an ad hoc group made of members of various units. The trip must be properly planned and may include other opportunities for advancement and recognition. The group must travel a minimum of 50 mi on land and/or water in a minimum of five days. Travel may be by foot, bicycle, canoe, or boat; pack animals may be used where appropriate. No travel may involve any motorized vehicle. The group must also complete ten hours of conservation work. If ten hours of work cannot be completed on the trail, similar work may be done in the group's home area. Even if the award's requirements are completed at a National Jamboree or High Adventure base, the unit's leader must file an application at their local council's service center.

title: 50-Miler Award


text:
Skellefteå Innebandy IF

Skellefteå Innebandy IF is a floorball club in Skellefteå, Sweden, established in 1986. The women's team debuted in the SSL in the 2006-2007 season.

title: Skellefteå Innebandy IF


text:
Leucippo (Hasse)

Leucippo, favola pastorale in 3 acts, is an Italian-language opera by Johann Adolf Hasse to a libretto by Giovanni Claudio Pasquini premiered at the Hubertusburg in 1747 and revived at Carnival 1751–52.

Broadcast
Schwetzingen Festival 2014, with Concerto Köln, conductor Konrad Junghänel

title: Leucippo (Hasse)


text:
Federica Dal Ri

Federica Dal Ri (born 25 September 1980) is an Italian female long-distance runner who won a gold medal at the World Military Track and Field Championships.

Biography
She competed at three editions of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships, and five editions of the European Cross Country Championships.

She is married with the Italian long-distance runner Gabriele De Nard.

National titles
She won seven national championships at senior level,
 * Italian Athletics Championships
 * 5000 metres: 2009, 2010
 * 10,000 metres: 2012
 * Marathon: 2017
 * Cross country: 2017
 * Cross country (short race): 2005
 * Italian Athletics Indoor Championships
 * 3000 metres: 2010

title: Federica Dal Ri


text:
penup

Etymology
+

Noun

 * 1) The stage during the process of handwriting after a pen lift event, where the pen's tip hovers above the writing pad, before a pendown landing.

title: penup


text:
Sultan Mahmud

Sultan Mahmud or Sultan Mahmoud may refer to:
 * Mahmud I (1696–1754), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
 * Mahmud II (1785–1839), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
 * Sultan Mahmud (minister), Burmese politician and Rohingya leader
 * Mahmud of Ghazni (971–1030), Sultan of Persia in the 11th century
 * Sultan Mahmud (Chagatai) (died 1402), Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate
 * Sultan Mahmud (Shirvanshah), the 39th shah of Shirvan 1501–1502
 * Sultan Mahmud Iskandar of Perak, 11th Sultan of Perak
 * Sultan Mahmud Iskandar (1932–2010), 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia the 24th Sultan of Johor
 * Mahmud Shah of Malacca (died 1528), Sultan of Malacca
 * Sultan Mahmud (officer), former chief of Bangladesh Air Force
 * Sultan Mahmood (boxer), Pakistani boxer

title: Sultan Mahmud


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2020 August 11

= August 11 =

Problems with Butterfly Metamorphosis
Hi Reference Desk, I have a question regarding problems or failures with caterpillars morphing into a butterfly. My GF gave me a Butterfly kit that comes with 5 caterpillars in a cup. They eat the peanut butter looking stuff in the cup and grow. After a week or so, they climb up to the lid, hang from their tail end, and start to turn into chrysalides. The smallest caterpillar (we called him "the runt") was the last to hang, about 2 days behind the first. It didn't seem to fully encase in the chrysalide. Then, rather quickly, like a day or so, it developed a butterfly-looking face and I think I can see butterfly-like legs too. Once they are all hanging, you're to take the lid off the jar and snap it into a plastic log thing vertically. Then you're supposed to use a q-tip and clear away the webbing around the chrysalides. While I was doing that, a couple started vibrating (not the runt). Apparently that's a natural behavior to ward off possible predators. Between the vibrating chrysalides and my removal off the webbing (I was being gentle!), the runt fell off the lid. I took some pics of it because of how strange / different it looks from the rest. Then I put it back in the enclosure, just in case. However, I guess that something went wrong with its metamorphosis process and it's already dead. So finally to my question: Where can I find info relating to natural failures and problems with butterfly metamorphosis? Perhaps even causes, whether genetic (like growth disorders) or induced by outside pressures (parasites, disease, improper handling, etc.) Thank you!

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1702:2EA0:7AE0:253D:9C2:BA56:527E (talk) 00:19, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Just to be clear - were these five different types of caterpillar? If they're different species, the "runt" might be functioning normally, just differently than the others. Matt Deres (talk) 13:47, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * These are all supposed to be Painted Lady Butterflies (I'm OP) BiglyHoax (talk) 17:39, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * , I'm afraid I'm in a hurry so could only throw together this shortlist of general resources rather trying to more closely scrutinize your particular situation here and give you more targeted information, but some of this may be of use to you--although it must be said that these also run the gamut in terms of both detail and easy accessibility, depending on your background in microbiology, entomology and pathology generally. Some of it is also particularized to specific species, but I left some of these in where they would seem to provide you with information that may be useful to you. There's a huge amount of amateur resources/guides for rearing butterflies (included some targeted towards Painted Ladies in particular), that you can find with a google search, but none of those which I had the time to quickly scrutinize on this occasion seem to speak directly to the kind of developmental pathology you are looking at here or a likely cause.  Nevertheless, I hope some of the items included here are of help: Lepidoptera is one of the most widely studied of all insect orders, so there is a wealth of information out there, if one knows where to look: if I can find the time later, I will attempt to augment this list and provide more nuanced observations of my own as to what may have gone wrong with your little friend.  Let us know how the others do, and if you have the equipment for it, consider taking some photos for Commons, if you think they may be of use. :)

 * ,, , , Commercial butterfly breeding. As a final note, there are many many butterfly conservatories out there whom you might consider reaching out to regarding your new interest and who will no doubt be able to direct you to particularly useful resources: some prominent ones are listed towards the end of that last article in the list. Snow let's rap 17:39, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * FYI, given that the caterpillar was viable but underdeveloped and then faltered at the pupation stage, I would consider looking first to the possibility of a gut microbe, of which there are many bacterial and fungal varieties which parasitize butterflies. But there really is a wide span of potential explanations here. Snow let's rap 17:49, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Trails in cloud apparently left by fork lightning?
Hello, Yesterday evening I heard thunder in the distance and looking out I saw what had the appearance of fork lightning beneath a black cloud. However, this wasn't a strike and these trails persisted for several minutes before gradually fading away.

What might have given rise to this phenomenon? And does it have a name?

If it's relevant, I'm in the UK and it had been a very hot and humid day (for the UK, that is!).

Thanks Hexane2000 (talk) 16:39, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * What I see there is not lightning but the edges of several clouds lit up by the sun almost from behind. This is easy to see at the max enlargement, especially after having set the gamma correction to something like 0.22. At the min enlargement these tracks really look like the trail of a lightning. 2003:F5:6F0C:E600:2DB6:994C:6322:3DD2 (talk) 17:25, 11 August 2020 (UTC) Marco PB