text:
Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2020 August 19

Template:Intellectualism sidebar

The result of the discussion was delete. Comments, while not explicitly calling for it, indicate that it is identical to another template and is thus not needed. Primefac (talk) 23:58, 27 August 2020 (UTC) This sidebar is just a poorly-defined grouping of unrelated articles and semi-related articles that have the word "intellectual" in their title. The user who created it has been permanently blocked for a while now, and it seems like it's just adding clutter to the pages on which it appears. Drevolt (talk) 23:55, 5 August 2020 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Intellectualism sidebar
 * Comment This is identical to Template:Intellectualism. — Naddruf (talk ~ contribs) 21:29, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, ProcrastinatingReader (talk) 16:48, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment As noted Template:Intellectualism and Template:Intellectualism sidebar are identical. Among all the tranclusions only Intelligentsia does not contain both sidebar and navbar. Not sure whether is it necessary to have two types of navigation templates with identical usage.- Timbaaa -> ping me 12:55, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:2020–21 Football Superleague of Kosovo table

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 03:51, 27 August 2020 (UTC) template not needed - table now included at 2020–21 Football Superleague of Kosovo Boothy m (talk) 10:30, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * 2020–21 Football Superleague of Kosovo table

As long as this system is used in other European leagues, it will be used in 2020–21 Football Superleague of Kosovo as well. I ask you don't remove template from article until the discussion is over. — BalkanianActuality (talk) 13:05, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The system of table templates is only used in some European leagues, not the majority. They have only been used in the last two seasons of Superleague of Kosovo articles so it's not like there is a long standing precedent.
 * The consensus at WT:FOOTY is to include tables in the season articles (easier to spot vandalism etc).
 * It also makes no sense to have a separate template which is only used on one page and can be included in the season article. Boothy m (talk) 23:37, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * delete per prior consensus. Frietjes (talk) 17:49, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Chopped/begin

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 03:51, 27 August 2020 (UTC) Orphaned template, deprecated/forked wikicode version of Episode table. -- / Alex /21  05:49, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Chopped/begin
 * Delete. No transclusions. --Bsherr (talk) 03:27, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Echoes tracks

The result of the discussion was delete. Primefac (talk) 02:02, 27 August 2020 (UTC) Unused. While all the songs have articles, a track listing template for one compilation album from a band with a number of compilations would seemingly be inappropriate (why just this one?) and certainly wouldn't outweigh the advantages of simply going to Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd for both the full track listing and sufficient navigation. Star cheers peaks news lost wars Talk to me 00:59, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Echoes tracks

 * Delete per nom. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 22:47, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * delete per precedent. Frietjes (talk) 17:47, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Rock Steady tracks

The result of the discussion was delete. Primefac (talk) 02:02, 27 August 2020 (UTC) Per Template:Infobox song, these contain minimal links to songs with articles and navigation to those is sufficiently provided by No Doubt. Star cheers peaks news lost wars Talk to me 00:42, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Rock Steady tracks
 * Push and Shove tracks
 * delete per precedent. Frietjes (talk) 17:47, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Amnesiac track listing

The result of the discussion was delete. Primefac (talk) 02:01, 27 August 2020 (UTC) Unused with no serviceable purpose as only two of the songs from the album have their own article and both are linkable through the Radiohead navigational box. Star cheers peaks news lost wars Talk to me 00:26, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Amnesiac track listing
 * delete per precedent. Frietjes (talk) 17:47, 26 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Lafayette Square, St. Louis

Lafayette Square is a neighborhood in St. Louis, Missouri, which is bounded on the north by Chouteau Avenue, on the south by Interstate 44, on the east by Truman Parkway, and on the west by South Jefferson Avenue. It surrounds Lafayette Park, which is the city's oldest public park — created by local ordinance in 1836.

The neighborhood is one of the oldest in St. Louis. When it was developed, it was one of the most fashionable places to live. It declined after a tornado devastated the area in 1896. Later, industrial encroachment and highway construction further weakened the neighborhood.

Since the 1970s, St. Louis residents have been buying and renovating the older homes in Lafayette Square. As of 2006, most of the homes have been restored and there are many shops and restaurants.

History
Since St. Louis’s beginning as a French village in 1764, the land which is now Lafayette Square had been a common pasture for village livestock and had never been privately owned. These commons became encampments for bands of criminals who would attack and rob area travelers. In 1835, now under American rule, Mayor Darby gained permission from the state legislature to begin selling the commons to drive the criminals out. When the city began to sell the common pasture, the Board of Aldermen set aside about 30 acre for community recreation. The square park was bordered by a street on each side, with the southern street called Lafayette in honor of Revolutionary War General Marie-Joseph-Paul-Roch-Yves-Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette, who had visited Saint Louis a few years previous during his famous 1824-25 tour of the United States.

In 1837 a real estate panic forced many who had bought land surrounding the Square to cease their payments, thereby causing the land to revert to the City. In the early 1850s, after courts had adjudicated the ownership of these properties, several prominent Saint Louisans bought most of the land bordering the southern end of the Park. These families built expensive homes along on Lafayette Avenue and secured state legislation preventing “any nuisance within a distance of 600 feet from the Park.” On November 12, 1851, the park was dedicated as “Lafayette Square” by City Ordinance 2741. By 1856, real estate developers had begun to sell lots on the western edge of the park—along Missouri Avenue—and by 1858 lots on the east side—Mississippi Avenue—were being sold. On Park Avenue—running along the north edge of the Square—the lots were developed by the 1870s.

From the 1850s to the 1870s money from neighborhood residents and city coffers went toward improvements of the Square. These included “trees, shrubbery, graveling, fencing[,]” and outdoor concerts. One newspaper called for more funds for improvement, writing that the Square “only needs to be properly improved to be one of the most attractive places in the United States.” During the American Civil War, Lafayette Square was spared from the riots that plagued other city parks. With the end of the war, martial law also ended, and lot purchasing picked up.

The first bandstand was constructed in 1867 coinciding with the opening of Benton Place—a private street (or, in the local terminology, "private place") off Park Avenue. In 1868, an historic crowd of 25,000 to 40,000 gathered to witness the unveiling of a bronze statue of Senator Thomas Hart Benton. The next year the park received one of the six casts of Houdon’s life-size marble sculpture of George Washington, who had fought alongside Lafayette. In the late 1860s, architect Francis Tunica’s design won a competition to build an iron fence—completed in 1869—around the Square. The newspaper the DAILY DEMOCRAT, June 27, 1870 wrote:

"In looking about the city and noting its improvements, we have been struck with the great progress attained in the vicinity of Lafayette Park. Within two years some of the finest residences in the city have been erected and the work is still going on. The beauty of the grounds, the elevation above the city, the character of the buildings, the beautiful shade trees, wide streets, and accessibility to the city by two lines of horse cars, the restrictions (by Statute) upon the erection of objectionable buildings or the carrying on of objectionable business, all combined should make this quarter the most desirable in the city for residence."

The 1870s was a time of flourishing for the Square marked by the continuing development of Benton Place on the north, and regular concerts on Thursdays and Sundays routinely attracting concertgoers numbering in the thousands and sometimes more than ten thousand. At one point, the park was tended to by thirteen gardeners. The 1880s and early 1890s were marked by organic growth of the neighborhood and increased importance of local churches and schools.

On May 27, 1896, Lafayette Square was largely destroyed by a tornado. The tornado did millions of dollars worth of damage, and killed many. The tornado uprooted nearly all of the trees in the Park as well as the trees on Benton Place, damaged the fence, destroyed the bandstand, destroyed the Union Club and the Methodist church at Jefferson and Lafayette Avenues, crippled the Presbyterian and Methodist churches, tore the roof off the Unitarian church, and crippled or destroyed many homes on the Square. Although some residents gave up on the neighborhood and moved away, others began to rebuild and by 1904 the Square had improved enough “to earn special commendation from foreign landscape architects who were visiting the World’s Fair.”

In 1923, the Missouri Supreme Court declared the 1918 residential zoning ordinance unconstitutional (see City of St. Louis v. Evraiff, 256 S.W. 489 (Mo. 1923)) and businesses began to purchase lots in the area. What the tornado of 1896 had begun, and the encroachment of gas stations and grocery stores continued, the Great Depression accelerated.

Lafayette Park
The 29.95 acre park was created by city ordinance 2741 in 1838. The park was named in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834), a French statesman who served as a volunteer under General George Washington in the Continental Army during the American Revolution.

The land was part of the St. Louis Common. When the Common was divided in 1836, an ordinance preserved the 29.95 acres for public use as a park. It was separated from the Commons in 1844 but it wasn't until 1851 that it was formally dedicated as Lafayette Square, the name that became associated with the neighborhood that grew up around the park. The park was renamed Lafayette Park in 1854. It also has cannons that were part of a British warship that bombarded Ft. Moultire in Charleston Harbor in June, 1776 during the Revolutionary War. The guns were placed in the park by the Missouri Commendry of the American Legion. In 1972, Lafayette Square was declared a historic district by Saint Louis. It has a few walking and biking trails, a duck pond with fountain, children's playground, various decorative plantings, and a gazebo that can be rented for picnics and events.

Demographics
In 2020 Lafayette Square's racial makeup was 77.7% White, 11.4% Black, 2.4% Asian, 7.3% Two or More Races, and 1.2% Some Other Race. 3.3% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino origin.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lafayette Square, St. Louis


text:
Ada Programming/Delimiters/;

Statement delimiter
The ; is used to terminate all statements and declarations. It has no meaning on its own—hence an empty statement is:

;

Delimiter in function and procedure parameter declarations
Cuadratic_Equation (A, B, C :  Float;                               R1, R2  :  Float;                               Valid   :  Boolean);

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Delimiters
 * Ada Programming/Subprograms

Ada Reference Manual

|; ;

title: Ada Programming/Delimiters/;


text:
Talk:Carole Lesley

Notability
I propose to remove the Notability header presently on the page unless anyone feels that it should remain. GillSanderson (talk) 08:22, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carole Lesley


text:
Talk:God Gene

This study and discussion will attempt to determine whether a so-called God gene exists and if it does, whether one is predisposed to spirituality. Participation herein welcome and appreciated. Kkawohl 19:37, 4 January 2007 (UTC)kkawohl|Kurt

The reference to: Geneticist claims to have found 'God gene' in humans By Elizabeth Day in the LONDON SUNDAY TELEGRAPH is no longer extant. Please try to locate another source or remove. Countrymike 06:55, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:God Gene


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Guangyang Secondary School

The result was Keep but cleanup.  (aeropagitica)   (talk)   16:47, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Guangyang Secondary School
Very badly written artcle, using stuff taken from the school website but changed enoguh to avoid copyright problems. The result is a very NPOV and bad article about a school that is fairly non-notable. I tried to work out a rewrite but just can't find any decent reliable sources for most of the stuff --Errant Tmorton166(Talk)(Review me) 20:35, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. This site appears to be a good source. --Ginkgo100 talk · contribs · e@ 20:45, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. WP:NPOV is not a reason to delete.  It's a reason to change the article.  "Bad article" which probably means poor copyediting in this case is not a reason to delete, it's a reason to cleanup (which I've placed the tag on).  This leaves notability and verifiability, and despite what people think about schools it seems that schools are notable even in places you haven't visited before.  The preceding link is a government website and therefore satisfies reliable sources.  ColourBurst 22:03, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. There will be an article about it in the long run, so let's work from this as a base. Piccadilly 23:15, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup, per above. --Elonka 23:26, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete per WP:NN No notability asserted, and I would challenge the notability of the school. Modern secondary school a result of a number of mergers. No mention of notable alumni. Ohconfucius 03:12, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. There is no consensus standard for notability of schools, but this meets my personal criteria. — RJH (talk) 14:54, 12 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Kirsten Nelson

Kirsten Nelson (born October 3, 1970) is an American actress and director best known for her role as police chief Karen Vick on the TV series Psych.

Early life and education
Kirsten Nelson was born in Enid, Oklahoma and raised in Chicago. Nelson grew up playing the piano and singing, and has said "I wanted to be a concert pianist at Carnegie Hall, that is what I wanted to do from really early on." Nelson graduated from Northwestern University.

Career
Nelson was a founding member of Chicago's Roadworks Theatre Ensemble before moving to Los Angeles in 1995.

She is known for her starring role as Police Chief Karen Vick on Psych.

Nelson's career includes roles in Buffy the Vampire Slayer (as Lorraine), The O'Keefes (as Ellie O'Keefe), Baby's Day Out, The Fugitive, Frasier, Ally McBeal, The West Wing, Just Shoot Me! and Boy Meets World. She played Danielle Bishop in four episodes of 2018's K.C. Undercover.

Personal life
Nelson is an ELCA Lutheran. She married in 1995 and has two children.

title: Kirsten Nelson


text:
Min Junlin

Min Junlin (Mandarin pronunciation: ; born 19 January 1994 in Leshan), former name Min Quanxin ( Mandarin pronunciation: ), is a Chinese football player who currently plays for Chengdu Rongcheng.

Club career
Min joined Chinese Super League side Guangzhou R&F in the summer of 2014 season. He made his senior debut on 10 February 2015, in the preliminary round 2 of 2015 AFC Champions League qualifying play-off against Warriors FC, coming on as a substitute for Jiang Ning. In August 2016, he was loaned to Hong Kong Premier League side R&F, which was the satellite team of Guangzhou R&F. He made his debut on 18 September 2016 in the 2016–17 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield against BC Glory Sky.

On 24 February 2017, Min was loaned to Super League newcomer Guizhou Zhicheng for one season. He made his debut for Guizhou on 3 March 2017 in a 1–1 home draw against Liaoning FC. On 27 May 2017, he scored his first senior goal in a 2–2 home draw against Jiangsu Suning. He scored his second goal of the season on 22 July 2017, in a 4–3 home win against Hebei China Fortune. His third goal came on 13 August 2017 against parent club Guangzhou R&F in a 2–0 win for Guizhou. In the 2017 season, Min played the third highest number of minutes of any under 23 player in the CSL. He made a permanent transfer to Guizhou Hengfeng on 26 February 2018.

On 8 July 2021, Min transferred to another second tier club in Chengdu Rongcheng. He would go on to make his debut on 17 July 2021 in a league game against Liaoning Shenyang Urban that ended in a 6-0 victory. He would be a regular part of the team as the club gained promotion to the top tier at the end of the 2021 league campaign.

Career statistics
Statistics accurate as of match played 8 January 2023.

title: Min Junlin


text:
Wikijunior talk:Solar System/The Sun

media
hey check out the image of the sun in the wikipedia aricle sun it pulls up a moving image really cool actually --Larsie 23:06, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see it. There are two still images on that page, but I don't see any moving ones :-( Theresa knott 06:13, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I think he's talking about http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/74/SOHO_solar_flare_sun_MPEG_20031026_eit_304.mpeg . Gentgeen 06:24, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh I see. Yes it is cool. Larsie was that you who tried to add the image to this module direct from the wikipedia page? Because it doesn't work. All I see is a message "Missing Image". When you put an image link in, the software checks to see if it's here, if not it checks wikicommons -and that's it. It doesn't check wikipedia. Theresa knott 06:41, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

well it should ;)--Larsie 17:12, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

so cool —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss • contribs) 03:21, 15 December 2005

warning
This page is going to need the standard do not directly look at the sun warningGeni

 * Good idea, we should also show how to make a simple pinhole camera for safe viewing of the Sun. Theresa knott 20:17, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Distance
I added the distance to the sun, as that should be in there somewhere, but if it should be moved to another section that's fine. --Asbestos 23:45, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Sample spread
I whipped this up. It's a little sparse, and some of the orange text overlaps the sun picture, and the colors got really intense when I went from CMYK to RGB, but it's a start. Let me know what you guys think. LockeShocke 00:57, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * problem is that one of the uses of what we are doing is meant to be a website and webistes compoed of pictureas are less then idea on dialupGeni 02:59, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, but these are going into print sooner or later. I thought that was the whole point. LockeShocke 22:57, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * both. They are meant to end up in print and as a website (not here).Geni 23:24, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The problem is that images help learning things as well as they encourage kids to keep/get their interest. Gotta walk a fine line again, huh? ;) --Telcontar 00:59, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

That whole thing could be done with no pics (or just one depending on how you do it), just html and css. would take some time and some know-how but its possible. I think as a mock up it looks pretty damn good. —Preceding unsigned comment added by The bellman (discuss • contribs) 04:56, 8 June 2005

Solar Wind
Is a section needed on the Solar Wind? — RJHall 20:18, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay I added a short section. Wasn't sure how much detail to add. — RJHall 22:44, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I apologize for editing/deleting the words that you put in for the solar wind. I tried to incorporate the major ideas that you had, but it has been substantially reworded as part of an overall expanded explaination of the solar atmosphere in general.  I also feel that the discussion of the aurora needs to be put on the Earth page instead, although perhaps we need to add something about auroras in general here, as they also occur on all of the other planets with an atmosphere (Does Mercury have aurora?  Really, I don't know.)Rob Horning 06:43, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Possible Minor Clarification for How Bright a Sunspot is
Right now, the brightness of a sunspot is compared to an electric arc. Would it be possible to compare it with a light bulb of the appropriate wattage instead? I think that might be clearer to young readers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss • contribs) 13:17, 23 June 2005

Suggestion of possible warning message
My concern here is that with the mention of various aspects of the Sun, that children will want to look at it. While that is not a bad thing, perhaps we should warn children that looking directly at the Sun is dangerous - viewing the Sun should only be done with appropriate protective eyewear or a protective apparatus (I don't think sunglasses count). I saw that there was a blurb hidden within the text, and there's a previous comment here about it. Could we put it in a little more visible place? Maybe the top? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 13:38, 23 June 2005 (discuss • contribs) <IP_ADDRESS>
 * I added a warning message into the 'fact box' section. This is a valid point.  BTW, I would personally (Non-NPOV here... so I don't think it is easy to put into the module) recommend using welding goggles or other similar filters.  Solar observatories use somewhat similar filters that are even stronger....they look like black glass or even obsidian until you see the sun through it.  If you ever get a chance to see solar prominences through one of these telescopes, it is an experience that is nothing short of incredible, and photos just don't do it justice. (I had my first experience at Mt. Wilson observatory in Los Angeles.)Rob Horning 07:06, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Better basic facts
I really dislike most of the "Sun Facts" on this page. For example, "The sun is really a star" suggets that it might be something else. Perhaps just "the sun is the closest star to earth"

The one about the sun blowing up should be replaced with something that explains how light takes 8 mins to travel from the sun the earth.

And also, ALL bodies that rotate around an axis move faster along the equator because the distance of the circumference is greater at the equator than at the poles. Perhaps this should be changed to "The Sun rotates about an axis, just as Earth does" or something. Doom of Doom 26 Jul 2005

 * I completely agree. --Laura Scudder | Talk 06:04, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, the sun "swirls" around on its axis. The equator completes a rotation sooner than the higher latitudes.  I think it is 25 Earth days for the equator, 35 for the higher latitudes.  When we talk about the surface of the Sun, we are talking about the photosphere, which is a gas.  Presumably, the Earth's atmosphere swirls around the Earth's axis in a similar way. --SV Resolution 04:22, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Photoshpere
On section "What are sunspots?", "photoshpere" is mentioned without previously defined and without a short explanation: "The Umbra is about 2000 °C (3600 °F) cooler than the photosphere and only looks dark in relation to its surroundings." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Agro1986 (discuss • contribs) 08:40, 16 August 2005

Move Heliopause and Zodiacal Light to "Solar System"?
I don't think either of these things are part of the sun. What do you all think?--SV Resolution 15:22, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Well, ok, Heliopause *IS* part of the sun. But maybe Zodiacal light is not so much a part of the sun's atmosphere. Since Zodiacal Light is the light reflected from interplanetary dust, I think it is only part of the sun in the way that the asteroids are part of the sun. I am thinking Zodiacal Light should be moved to the "The Solar System" module, perhaps right after "asteroids". I might just be bold enough to do it. --SV Resolution 04:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Voyager recorded "the bump" ???
In May 2005, the Voyager I spacecraft went through this region recorded the bump.

 * not sure what this means b ut it is unclear and need some sort of fix Pedant 19:47, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

You are correct. That's bad writing. --SV Resolution 13:05, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Proofreading Done
I have proofread this entire page following the plan, except for the references section. I am not sure what the current policy is about locking the page to prevent it from becoming "unproofread". Who is the admin for this area?

Dubious factoid
Copy paste from a post I just made on reddit
 * "This seems way off to me. Order of magnitude approximations: volume of a pinhead is about a mm cubed density of sun's core is about 150 g per cm cubed so the piece would way 0.15 g heat capacity of hydrogen gas is about 15 J per g per degree K at ambient pressure and temperature, which probably bears little resemblance to the heat capacity of material in the sun's core. I'll use 150 J/gK as an upper bound. Temperature at the sun's core is about 15000000 K, so with simple arithmetic we get the thermal energy in that piece of sun is about 300000000 J, which is equivalent to about 0.1 tons of TNT exploding. While impressive, this is nowhere near sufficient to kill someone at 100 miles. Atomic weapons equivalent to millions of tons of TNT are survivable at less than that range. Unless my value for heat capacity was off by over a factor of 10000, this post is completely incorrect.

tl,dr, OP lies (or is at least misinformed)" Unless someone can give a better source for that factoid it should be removed. Bouer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss • contribs) 06:13, 25 November 2014

title: Wikijunior talk:Solar System/The Sun


text:
καράβι

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) ship, boat, sailing ship

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) ship

title: καράβι


text:
Electronics/History/Introduction

< ../../Expanded Edition/

Electronics has a long and varied history. It involves some of the most famous people in history.

title: Electronics/History/Introduction


text:
Talk:Don Nottingham

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Don Nottingham. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060320064242/http://www.kentstatesports.com/index.php?s= to http://www.kentstatesports.com/index.php?s=&url_channel_id=-1&url_subchannel_id=&url_article_id=2332&change_well_id=2

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:52, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Nottingham


text:
Lajoux, Switzerland

Lajoux (La Jor ) is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

History
Lajoux is first mentioned in 1404 as La Jous Mertinatt.

Geography
Lajoux has an area of. Of this area, 7.76 km2 or 62.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.98 km2 or 32.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.57 km2 or 4.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes and 0.04 km2 or 0.3% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.6%. Out of the forested land, 28.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 10.4% is used for growing crops and 28.5% is pastures and 23.7% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is in lakes.

The municipality is located in the Franches-Montagnes district. It consists of the village of Lajoux and the hamlets of Fornet-Dessus and Les Vacheries.

The municipalities of Le Bémont, Les Bois, Les Breuleux, La Chaux-des-Breuleux, Les Enfers, Les Genevez, Lajoux, Montfaucon, Muriaux, Le Noirmont, Saignelégier, Saint-Brais and Soubey are considering a merger on at a date in the future into the new municipality of Franches-Montagnes.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, issuant from sinister a hand clad Argent holding a crosier Or in pale issuant from base.

Demographics
Lajoux has a population of. , 6.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 10.5%. Migration accounted for 8.1%, while births and deaths accounted for 2.1%.

Most of the population speaks French (572 or 94.4%) as their first language, German is the second most common (25 or 4.1%) and Italian is the third (3 or 0.5%).

, the population was 49.2% male and 50.8% female. The population was made up of 311 Swiss men (45.5% of the population) and 25 (3.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 324 Swiss women (47.4%) and 23 (3.4%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 326 or about 53.8% were born in Lajoux and lived there in 2000. There were 99 or 16.3% who were born in the same canton, while 112 or 18.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 46 or 7.6% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 26.9% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 55.8% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 17.3%.

, there were 264 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 288 married individuals, 32 widows or widowers and 22 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 226 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 52 households that consist of only one person and 28 households with five or more people. , a total of 223 apartments (82.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 38 apartments (14.0%) were seasonally occupied and 11 apartments (4.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.9 new units per 1000 residents.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 55.98% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CSP (17.81%), the CVP (12.47%) and the SVP (8.14%). In the federal election, a total of 203 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 39.3%.

Economy
, Lajoux had an unemployment rate of 5.5%. , there were 50 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 21 businesses involved in this sector. 76 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 11 businesses in this sector. 88 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 13 businesses in this sector. There were 303 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 45.2% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 168. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 35, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 73 of which 54 or (74.0%) were in manufacturing and 18 (24.7%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 60. In the tertiary sector; 10 or 16.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 3.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 6 or 10.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 3.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 6 or 10.0% were in education and 31 or 51.7% were in health care.

, there were 59 workers who commuted into the municipality and 164 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 15.3% of the workforce coming into Lajoux are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 3.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 57.4% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 473 or 78.1% were Roman Catholic, while 52 or 8.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 44 individuals (or about 7.26% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 35 (or about 5.78% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 22 individuals (or about 3.63% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Lajoux about 209 or (34.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 48 or (7.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 48 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.4% were Swiss men, 27.1% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 79 students attending 4 classes in Lajoux. There was one kindergarten class with a total of 15 students in the municipality. The municipality had 3 primary classes and 64 students. There are only nine Secondary schools in the canton, so all the students from Lajoux attend their secondary school in another municipality.

, there were 13 students in Lajoux who came from another municipality, while 39 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Lajoux, Switzerland


text:
Talk:BAPP

Redundant -- redirect to LAMP ?
Does this page really offer anything not already covered by LAMP? While it's great to promote BSD and PgSQL, the 'pedia isn't a promotional vehicle, and I see no search engine hits for BAPP that appear to relate to this material. Thoughts? --ghoti 17:59, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * 8 years later and nothing changed, so yes i am also in favor of merging this into LAMP. Arved (talk) 07:55, 9 September 2014 (UTC)
 * 9 years later from the last reply, and 17 years since this issue was first raised up. There was a redirect to LAMP (software bundle) made ; this was then, in my opinion foolishly, . In my opinion this article doesn't add much; the basic idea is already explained in the LAMP page, but each of the four components can be swapped out for anything remotely similar, and permutations are practically limitless. I might get around to merging these pages. – oatco (talk) 01:34, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:BAPP


text:
User:Vancarr

Hello,

My name is Vanessa. I am an Information Assistant at Parkchester Library at the New York Public Library, a non-profit library dedicated to the public of the Parkchester Area. I am currently taking the course "Wikipedia + Libraries: Better Together" in an effort to gather more information about the Wikipedia article editing in process in a way that can enrich my patrons. My main focus is on computer and information literacy. I may include information gathered from library materials, but I will focus on first and foremost, embodying the spirit of 5 pillars of Wikipedia in my efforts to edit and engage with articles, including reducing conflicts of interest, neutrality and notability. If other users have concerns about my edits as potential conflicts of interest, please do not hesitate to reach out to me via my Talk page.

title: User:Vancarr


text:
Talk:prioritization

Prioritization is not the same as priority (I think)
Re the definition, "An item's priority as a result of the item being prioritized." And the following on the page:

 * Usage disputed: Simply referring to the original noun sense of an item's given priority is certain to be less confusing, as well as gramatically correct.

The word sounds to me like it means something different from priority. Sounds more like the process or idea of prioritizing.

Note the current sentence doesn't illustrate the meaning. Based on my understanding, I'd go for (as a first attempt):

 * "I filter and label my emails to help with prioritization."

A little more satisfactory, i think, but could be better. --Chris Waterguy 15:58, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:prioritization


text:
Talk:Clements Ripley

Clements Ripley = partnership between Clem & Katherine Ball Ripley
While I was looking for citation for this article, I came across this:

So it seems clear that much of the work published under Clements Ripley was actually from the collaborative work of Clements and Katharine Ball Ripley. I am now struggling with how to incorporate Katharine Ball Ripley as a partner into this article. There isn't exactly an infobox template for this sort of thing.

Peaceray (talk) 05:22, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clements Ripley


text:
User:Thatsnotmyname2020

MOI
"I'm just a soul whose intentions are good."

I am here to pass time while adding sources and citations where omitted or where clarification is needed. Vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas (translation: Vanity of vanities, all is vanity).

title: User:Thatsnotmyname2020


text:
Lidingö SK

Lidingö SK is a sports club in Lidingö, Sweden. The men's volleyball team won the Swedish national championships 18 times between 1966 and 1981. before winning again in 1987 and 1990.

The men's junior volleyball team won the Swedish national championship for four times in a row between 1975 and 1978.

title: Lidingö SK


text:
Java Programming/Answers to Exercises

Exercise 1
Consider the evaluation of the expression at the bottom of this code.

int a = 1; int b = 2; int c = 4;

a = b = a * b / c + 1;

What order are the operators evaluated in? What are the final values of the three variables?

Answer
The operations with the highest precedence are the multiplication and the division. They associate left to right so the multiplication goes first, then the division and the addition. The assignment on the right goes next because assignment associates left to right.

Here is how it would go:

a = b = (a * b) / c + 1 a = b = (1 * 2) / c + 1 a = b = (2 / c) + 1 a = b = (2 / 4) + 1 a = b = 0 + 1 a = b = 1 -> assign 1 to b   a = 1 -> assign 1 to a

The final values of the variables are a = 1, b = 1 and c = 4.

Return

Exercise 2
Look at the following code: int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = i+++j; System.out.println ("i = " + i); System.out.println ("j = " + j); System.out.println ("k = " + k);

What is the output?

Extra credit: Change the declaration of k to be int k = i ++ + ++ j; What is the output now?

Answer
First, evaluate the expression: int k = i ++ + j; -> unary operator is postfix, remember it for later. int k = 1 + 2; int k = 3; -> assign 3 to k   -> apply unary operator, i is now 2

So the output would be: i = 2 j = 2 k = 3

Extra credit: First evaluate the expression: int k = i ++ + ++ j; -> apply prefix operator, j is now 3 int k = i ++ + 3; -> unary operator is postfix, remember it for later int k = 1 + 3; int k = 4; -> assign 4 to k   -> apply unary operator, i is now 2

So the output would be: i = 2 j = 3 k = 4

Return

title: Java Programming/Answers to Exercises


text:
Portal talk:Biochemistry

Let's not duplicate existing resources
I think we should make a list of biochemistry learning resources that already exist online.
 * Biochemistry - online textbook
 * Wikibook--JWSchmidt 22:17, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

-- I agree fully with you. As you can see, I'm currently trying to link topics here to online pages, mostly Wikipedia (as scattered online resources) for the moment being, while at the same time trying to complete the topic list that serves as a guiding line to organize resources.

About Stryer (your first link); not all can be read online, but we can read the summaries and search the book; you will find that full biochemistry books online might be very hard to catch. Stryer's link might be moved into the "Books" section. The Biochemistry Wikibook is already there.

HolyZarkon 22:49, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

I added Stryer's online book to Books. HolyZarkon 13:24, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree completely with this sentiment. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia aimed at providing free knowledge to everyone. Pages there are written in a way that anyone can understand, no matter what level they are at or what knowledge they may have. Wikiversity offers the possibility to study the same subjects at different levels and different subjects at the same level. I think there should a lot of wikiversity pages in this department offering lessons and learning resources with the aim of providing a learning pathway for biochemistry students in the real world or wikiversity biochemistry students. The department should also cooperate with other departments, such as medicine and biology. Please discuss. Donek (talk) - Go raibh mile maith agaibh 00:11, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Biochemistry for biology
The course biochemistry for biology has a lesson: proteins which has no educational objectives or any content. The two links, one for chapter 6 and one for chapter 7, are both dead. In 2012 a user fixed the link to the course, but other than that the resource is undeveloped and abandoned since 2009. I have put a prod deletion request on the Lesson: Proteins because it has no educational content or objectives. This has a deadline of October 9, 2015. Hopefully opinions can be gathered before then.

What I would like to do is as follows:
 * 1) Move lesson: Proteins to Proteins/Lesson without a redirect.
 * 2) Change the link in the course Biochemistry for biology so that Lesson: Proteins links to Proteins/Lesson as Proteins.
 * 3) Move Protein with a redirect to Proteins.
 * 4) List the course in the Category:Courses.

This will allow anyone who wishes to develop this lesson for the course Biochemistry for biology to do so. I have no idea what user Fapril had in mind.

So far it seems the only declared participant with the Biochemistry department is user mysterioso. This last sentence will ping the user who hasn't contributed since March 2015, hopefully for an opinion.

Comments, criticisms, questions, and suggestions are most welcome! --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 01:43, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I saw the talk page for the lesson first and applied a different solution. Biochemistry for Biology and Biochemistry were the same content as currently developed, so I merged the two back to Biochemistry and moved the lessons under this project as subpages.  Proteins can now either be a new lesson or a disambiguation page to multiple protein lessons.  -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 03:25, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm okay with this! I'm not sure as yet how many resources on proteins we need, but for now I've moved protein to proteins for further development. If anyone from the department is interested in something different, I'm sure we can work it out. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 04:58, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Biochemistry


text:
Talk:XDCAM

Expansion
I have expanded the page as much as I can for the moment. Hopefully this will help somewhat. Sycophant 22:56, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Professional Disc vs. Blu-Ray -RW
What's the difference between Professional Disc and Blu-Ray? Pro Disc seems to be an exact copy of rewriteable Blu-Ray in a disc caddy. --<IP_ADDRESS> 04:00, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * They are very similar formats, I believe - the Blu-ray entry has this to say:
 * Blu-ray Disc is similar to PDD, another optical disc format developed by Sony (which has been available since 2004) but offering higher data transfer speeds. PDD was not intended for home video use and was aimed at business data archiving and backup.
 * They are similar but different as far as I know.
 * --Sycophant 08:30, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Conflicting information
The entry states that one format XDCAM uses is MPEG IMX, which MPEG-2. Then later it states MPEG IMX does not use temporal compression. But doesn't all MPEG-2 streams use temporal compression? --<IP_ADDRESS> 15:23, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * MPEG IMX is a technically MPEG-2 4:2:2 P@ML which is I-frame recording, so all compression is intraframe. There is no temporal compression, only spatial compression. Sycophant 07:47, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

PFD50
Surely PFD50 is a double layer disc, not a double sided one as the article says? I have no proof so I haven't made the edit. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:55, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

XDCAM SD Colour Sampling
I was trying to work out the XDCam SD colour sampling from this and I could not. Is it 4:2:0 or 4:2:2?

Just to compare the Sony formats with DVCpro. --Wool Bridge (talk) 21:38, 11 October 2011 (UTC)
 * MPEG IMX is 4:2:2, while DVCAM is either 4:1:1 or 4:2:0 depending on area. Mikus (talk) 01:00, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

never heard of 29.97i
There's either 60i or 30p/29.97p which means 60 fields or 29.97 frames per second. There's no such thing as 29.97i. Please review it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:08, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

cites for audio coding?
What's the source of the audio coding column in the table? For example MPEG HD says "PCM 4 ch/16 bit/48 kHz". Where did this data come from? It looks like it was added by Mikus on 16:38, 25 October 2010 according to history. Annex A of EBU-R134 ("MXF & Multi Channel Audio") supports this data, but as a recommendation, that document's data is derivative rather than authoritative. Chris Dolan (talk) 15:42, 21 January 2013 (UTC)

Aha, I've found some Sony marketing material that seems to support the data table in the article: http://ws.sel.sony.com/PIPWebServices/RetrievePublicAsset/StepID/SEL-asset-152359/original/xdcamhd422family_2408d.pdf has a table on page 3. Chris Dolan (talk) 16:39, 21 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:XDCAM


text:
User:Lichtkind

Hello good people,

this account is only for me to be able to trace my work. my Userhompage is on the german Wikipedia.

cs:Wikipedista:Lichtkind de:Benutzer:Lichtkind it:Utente:Lichtkind

title: User:Lichtkind


text:
Karuppiah Kumaravelu

Karuppiah Kumaravelu (born 3 September 1921) was a Ceylonese politician.

Kumaravelu was elected at the 1st parliamentary election, held between 23 August 1947 and 20 September 1947, representing the Ceylon India Congress in the Kotagala electorate, securing 53.5% of the total vote, 3,543 votes ahead of his nearest rival.

Kumaravelu, the nephew of Savumiamoorthy Thondaman, a founding member of the Ceylon India Congress, was one of seven CIC members elected to parliament in 1947.

In 1948 the Parliament passed the Ceylon Citizenship Act and subsequently in 1949 passed the Ceylon (Parliamentary Elections) Amendment Act No.48, whereby Indian citizens were unable to contest for parliamentary seats or vote; as a result Kumaravelu was unable to contest his seat at the next parliamentary elections.

title: Karuppiah Kumaravelu


text:
Talk:Caroline Adrien

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:04, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Caroline Adrien. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Caroline Adrien


text:
QBasic/Flow Control

Conditional execution
To choose between two or more sections of the program to execute, the IF statement can be used. It is also possible to use the WHILE, DO UNTIL and CASE statements. All of these control conditional execution by using a Boolean logic 'test', the result of which is either TRUE or FALSE. To repeat a section of code for a set number of times, the FOR statement is used.

The IF test can be executed in a single line, however it can also be used like the others to control a block of code.

True or False
Boolean logic is a test that yields one of only two possible results, true or false. The tests are always mathematical in nature .. when two characters (or strings) are 'compared' it is their ASCII codes that are used (thus a < b and b < A).

The comparison operators used in qbasic are: = true if two variables are equal < true if the first is less than the second =< true if the first is less than or equal to the second > true if the first is greater than the second >= true if the first is greater than or equal to the second <> true if the two are unequal

Multiple tests can be linked together in the comparison, using the 'AND', 'OR' and 'NOT' operators. We will cover exactly what these mean later on, but you probably understand the first two already.

IF
One of the most useful statements in QBasic is the IF statement. It allows you to choose what your program will do depending on the conditions you give it. The next few programs will be taking a look at ways to use the IF statement.

IF [conditional] THEN [do this]

The single line IF is the simplest example. To execute a block of code, the END IF is used

IF [conditional] THEN [do this] [and do this] ...   [and also do this] END IF

IF...THEN...ELSE
IF [conditional] THEN [do this] ELSE [do that]

To choose between two different code blocks, the ELSE statement is used.

IF [conditional] THEN [do this] ..  [and do this] ELSE [do that] ..  [and also that] END IF

13 ELSEIF
As an alternative to starting an entirely new IF THEN ELSE statement sequence. You can follow the THEN statement(s) with ELSEIF [conditional] THEN. This does not create a new level of nesting.

IF [conditional] THEN [do this] .. [and do this] ELSEIF [conditional] THEN [do that] .. [and also that] ELSEIF [conditional] THEN [do the other] .. [and also ...] ELSE [do this final thing] END IF

FOR...NEXT
FOR = TO [STEP ] [do this] ... [and do this] NEXT

may be + or - and is optional. If omitted the default is +1. The code contained within the FOR loop will always be executed at least once because it is only at the 'NEXT' statement that the value of the variable is checked against the end value.

When the NEXT statement executes, the variable is modified by STEP value and compared against the end value. If the variable has not yet exceeded the end value, control is returned to the line following the FOR.

You can exit a FOR loop early with the EXIT FOR command.

WHILE...WEND
WHILE [do this] ..   [and this] WEND

If the condition is true, the code following the WHILE is executed. When the WEND command is executed, it returns control to the WHILE statement (where the condition is tested again). When the condition evaluates to FALSE, control is passed to the statement following the WEND.

15WHILE.BAS
In the example above, you see a press any key prompt that waits until the user presses a key. (The INKEY$ feature will be described under Advanced Input.)

DO...LOOP
DO   [this] ..   [and this] LOOP WHILE / LOOP UNTIL

The DO...LOOP construct is a more advanced of the WHILE loop - as with other flow control blocks, it is marked by DO and LOOP to denote the boundaries.

It relies on a conditional statement placed after either DO or LOOP:

As an alternative, you can instead replace WHILE with UNTIL have the loop continue until a specific condition is met:

In some versions of BASIC the UNTIL or WHILE condition can follow the DO statement rather than the LOOP statement (pre-test) as apposed to the above shown (post-test).

SELECT CASE
SELECT CASE CASE [do this] CASE [do instead] ...   CASE ELSE ... END SELECT

The select statement is a substitute for repeated use of IF statements. The is evaluated and compared against each CASE in turn. When a CASE is found to match, the [do this] code following is executed. If an EXIT CASE is executed, control passes to the line following the END SELECT, otherwise the next CASE is checked. If no matches are found, the CASE ELSE is executed. Note that may be a number, character or string or logical expression (eg '>0', '<>1'). Note also that multiple CASE matches may be found and executed (so, for example, if two CASE are 'CASE >1' and 'CASE >10', a that evaluates to 11 (or more) will result in both CASE >1 and CASE >10 being executed)

If a parameter would be covered by more than one case statement, the first option will take priority.

title: QBasic/Flow Control


text:
Executions during the Irish Civil War

The executions during the Irish Civil War took place during the guerrilla phase of the Irish Civil War (June 1922 – May 1923). This phase of the war was bitter, and both sides, the government forces of the Irish Free State and the anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army (IRA) insurgents, used executions and terror in what developed into a cycle of atrocities. From November 1922, the Free State government embarked on a policy of executing Republican prisoners in order to bring the war to an end. Many of those killed had previously been allies, and in some cases close friends (during the Irish War of Independence 1919–1921), of those who ordered their deaths in the civil war. In addition, government troops summarily executed prisoners in the field on several occasions. The executions of prisoners left a lasting legacy of bitterness in Irish politics.

The use of execution by the Irish Free State in the Civil War was relatively harsh compared to the recent British record. In contrast with 81 official executions by the Irish Free State government, the British had executed 24 IRA volunteers during the 1919–21 conflict.

Background
Michael Collins, commander of the Free State Provisional Government's National Army, had hoped for a speedy reconciliation of the warring Irish nationalist factions, demanding that Republicans must accept the people's verdict and then could go home without their arms stating that "We want to avoid any possible unnecessary destruction and loss of life. We do not want to mitigate their weakness by resolute action beyond what is required".

However, following the death of Collins in an ambush on 22 August 1922, the Free State provisional government, under the new leadership of W. T. Cosgrave, Richard Mulcahy and Kevin O'Higgins, took the position that the Anti-Treaty IRA were conducting an unlawful rebellion against the legitimate Irish government and should be treated as criminals rather than as combatants. O'Higgins in particular voiced the opinion that the use of martial law was the only way to bring the war to an end.

Another factor contributing to the executions policy was the escalating level of violence. In the first two months of the Civil War (July–August 1922), Free State forces had successfully taken all the territory held by Republicans and the war seemed all but over. After the Anti-Treaty side moved to guerrilla tactics in August–September, National Army casualties mounted and they even lost control over some of the territory taken in the Irish Free State offensive. The town of Kenmare, for example, was re-taken by Anti-Treaty fighters on 9 September and held by them until early December.

Legal basis for the executions
On 27 September 1922, three months after the outbreak of war, the Free State's Provisional Government put before the Dáil the Army Emergency Powers Resolution, proposing legislation to try suspects by military court martial. This had the effect of instituting martial law for the duration of the conflict. The legislation, commonly referred to as the Public Safety Bill, empowered military tribunals with the ability to impose penal servitude of any duration, as well as the death penalty, for a variety of offences including, for 'aiding or abetting attacks' on state forces, possession of arms and ammunition or explosive 'without the proper authority' and 'looting, destruction of public or private property or arson'.

By imposing capital punishment for anyone found in possession of either firearms or ammunition, without a lawful reason, the Free State could punish Republican sympathisers for storing any arms or ammunition that could be used by Republican forces.

A motion was put to the Dáil by the Minister for Defence Richard Mulcahy on 26 September to amend the army's Emergency Powers Order; it stated:
 * "(IV.) The breach of any general order or regulation made by the Army authorities; and the infliction by such Military Courts or Committees of the punishment of death, or of imprisonment for any period, or of a fine of any amount either with or without imprisonment, on any person found guilty by any such Court or Committee of any of the offences aforesaid;"

This motion was amended and approved by resolution of the Dáil, after considerable debate. The Republican, or Anti-Treaty, members had refused to take their seats in the Parliament and the opposition to the measures was provided by the Labour Party, who likened the legislation to a military dictatorship. On 3 October, the Free State had offered an amnesty to any Anti-Treaty fighters who surrendered their arms and recognised the government. However, there was little response. W. T. Cosgrave, the head of the Provisional Government, told the Dáil in response, "Although I have always objected to the death penalty, there is no other way that I know of in which ordered conditions can be restored in this country, or any security obtained for our troops, or to give our troops any confidence in us as a government".

The final version, passed on 18 October 1922, stated:

 * "(4) The breach of any general order or regulation made by the Army Council and the infliction by such Military Courts or Committees of the punishment of death or of penal servitude for any period or of imprisonment for any period or of a fine of any amount either with or without imprisonment on any person found guilty by such Court or Committee of any of the offences aforesaid. Provided that no such sentence of death be executed except under the countersignature of two members of the Army Council".

The Order was strengthened in January 1923 to allow execution for many other categories of offence, including non-combatant Republican supporters carrying messages, assisting in escapes or using army or police uniforms; and also desertion from the National Army.

After the Civil War the government also felt the need to pass the Indemnity Act, 1923, which stipulated that all sentences passed on military prisoners taken by the Provisional Government's forces, before the passing of the Act, were retrospectively "valid". Two Public Safety Acts were also passed in 1923.

Other social pressures
Soon after the passage of the resolution, several other pressures were brought to bear on Republican fighters.

On 10 October, the Catholic Hierarchy issued a pastoral letter condemning the Anti-Treaty fighters, ending with: "All who in contravention of this teaching, participate in such crimes are guilty of grievous sins and may not be absolved in Confession nor admitted to the Holy Communion if they persist in such evil courses." In effect this meant that the Anti-Treaty fighters would be excommunicated, and if killed could not expect a church burial or to pass on to heaven. In a population that was overwhelmingly Catholic and very devout, this was an extremely powerful social pressure applied at an opportune time for the Provisional Government.

On 15 October, directives were sent to the press by Free State director of communications, Piaras Béaslaí to the effect that Free State troops were to be referred to as the "National Army", the "Irish Army", or just "troops". The Anti-Treaty side were to be called "Irregulars" and were not to be referred to as "Republicans", "IRA", "forces", or "troops", nor were the ranks of their officers allowed to be given.

From now on, the Free State, equipped with updated military courts legislation, the support of the Church and of much of the Press, was prepared to treat the Republican fighters as criminals rather than as combatants.

The first executions and reprisals
The first four executions occurred a month after most Republicans had rejected the amnesty that expired in mid-October 1922. On 17 November, four Anti-Treaty IRA fighters were shot in Dublin. They were followed by three more on 19 November.

The next to be executed was Erskine Childers, who had been secretary to the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations. Childers was a well-known Republican - it was on his boat, the Asgard, that the guns had been brought in during the Howth gun-running - he was a renowned columnist, novelist, and a member of the Anglo-Irish, Protestant landowning family of Glendalough House, Annamoe, County Wicklow. He had been captured on 10 November in possession of a Spanish-made .32-calibre pocket pistol which Collins had given to him. - or as Charles Gavan Duffy described the circumstances to the Dáil four days after Childers was shot, "The military authorities apparently ascertained that Erskine Childers was living at the home of his childhood in Wicklow; they surrounded the house in the early morning; they found him there and arrested him, as I understand, getting out of bed with a revolver." Childers and eight others appealed to the civilian judiciary. Judge O'Connor, the Master of the Rolls in Ireland, considered whether a state of war existed. He considered the existence of a Provisional Government in Ireland and its authority to act as proposed and execute the nine.

 * 'The Provisional Government now is, de jure as well as de facto, the ruling authority in Ireland and its duty is to preserve the peace, administer the law, and to repress, by force if necessary, all attempts to overthrow it.'

On 24 November Childers was executed by firing squad. Childers was the Republican head of propaganda and it was widely speculated that seven low-ranking Republicans were shot before Childers so that it would not look as if he had been singled out to be executed.

In response to the executions, on 30 November, Liam Lynch, Chief of Staff of the Anti-Treaty IRA, ordered that any member of Parliament (TD) or senator who had signed or voted for the "murder bill" should be shot on sight. He also ordered the killing of hostile judges and newspaper editors. On the same day, three more Republican prisoners were executed in Dublin.

On 7 December, Anti-Treaty IRA gunmen shot two TDs, Seán Hales and Pádraic Ó Máille, in Dublin as they were on their way to the Dáil. Hales was killed and Ó Máille was badly wounded. After an emergency cabinet meeting, the Free State government decided on the retaliatory executions of four prominent Republicans. Accordingly, on 8 December 1922, the day after Hales' killing, four members of the IRA Army Executive, who had been in jail since the first week of the war – Rory O'Connor, Liam Mellows, Richard Barrett (a close friend of Seán Hales) and Joe McKelvey – were executed in revenge. O'Connor and Mellows particularly were revered heroes of the War of Independence. This was arguably an unlawful act, as the four Republicans had been captured before the Dáil passed the legislation authorising executions. It was also one of the most important Catholic feasts in the calendar, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. Outside masses that morning, all over the country, leaflets were distributed with a poem by Pádraig de Brún" Rory and Liam and Dick and Joe / (Star of the Morning, Mary, come!) / Red is their hearts' blood, their souls like snow / (Mary Immaculate, guide them home!) / Their eyes are steady in face of death… Later on the same day the Dáil debated the executions and retrospectively approved them by a vote of 39–14. One of the poignant aspects of the incident was that O'Connor and Kevin O'Higgins were formerly close friends, and O'Connor had been best man at O'Higgins' wedding just a few months previously. Historian Michael Hopkinson reports that Richard Mulcahy had pressed for the executions and that Kevin O'Higgins was the last member of cabinet to give his consent. Today, the executions are seen as unconstitutional even by the Fine Gael party, the inheritors of the Free State.

Seán Hales was the only TD to be killed in the war. However, Republicans continued to burn the homes of elected representatives in reprisal for executions of their men. On 10 December, the house of TD Seán McGarry was burned down, killing his seven-year-old son whom the attackers had not realised was inside. Homes of senators were among the 199 houses burned or destroyed by the IRA in the war. In February 1923, Kevin O'Higgins' elderly father was killed by Republicans at the family home in Stradbally, having attempted to snatch a gun from the leader of the group evicting him and his family. The house of the President of the Executive Council W. T. Cosgrave was burned. His uncle was killed during an armed raid on his shop, which does not appear to have been political.

Official executions
In all, the Free State formally sanctioned the execution of 81 Anti-Treaty fighters during the war. Republican historian Dorothy Macardle popularised the number of 77 executions in Republican consciousness, but she appears to have left out those executed for activities such as armed robbery. Those executed were tried by court-martial in a military court and had to be found guilty merely of bearing arms against the State.

On 30 November 1922, there were further executions at Beggars Bush Barracks. Among them was John (Jack) Leo Murphy of 56 Belview Buildings, Dublin, he was a member of "A" Coy, 3rd Batt, Sth Dublin Brigade, IRA. He was 19 years of age. After the initial round of executions, the firing squads got under way again in earnest in late December 1922. On 19 December, seven IRA men from Kildare were shot in the Curragh Camp, County Kildare. and ten days later, two more were shot in Kilkenny. Most of those executed were prisoners held in Kilmainham and Mountjoy Gaols in Dublin, but from January 1923, Kevin O'Higgins argued that executions should be carried out in every county in order to maximise their impact. Accordingly, in that month, 34 prisoners were shot in such places as Dundalk, Roscrea, Carlow, Birr and Portlaoise, Limerick, Tralee, Roscrea and Athlone. From 8–18 February, the Free State suspended executions and offered an amnesty in the hope that Anti-Treaty fighters would surrender. However, the war dragged on for another two months and witnessed at least 20 more official executions, amongst them six men executed on 11 April in Tuam Military Barracks found guilty of the unlawful possession of arms on 21 February. There is a commemorative plaque in Tuam on the site of the old Military Barracks.

Several Republican leaders narrowly avoided execution. Ernie O'Malley, captured on 4 November 1922, was not executed because he was too badly wounded when taken prisoner to face a court martial and possibly because the Free State was hesitant about executing an undisputed hero of the recent struggle against the British. Liam Deasy, captured in January 1923, avoided execution by signing a surrender document calling on the Anti-Treaty forces to lay down their arms.

The Anti-Treaty side called a ceasefire on 30 April 1923 and ordered their men to "dump arms", ending the war, on 24 May. Nevertheless, executions of Republican prisoners continued after this time. Four IRA men were executed in May after the ceasefire order and the final two executions took place on 20 November, months after the end of hostilities. It was not until November 1924 that a general amnesty was offered for any acts committed in the civil war.

Unofficial killings
In addition to the judicial executions, Free State troops conducted many extrajudicial killings of captured anti-Treaty fighters. From an early point in the war, from late August 1922 (coinciding with the onset of guerrilla warfare), there were many incidents of National Army troops killing prisoners.

In Dublin, a number of people were killed by the new (police) Intelligence service, the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), which was headed by Joseph McGrath and was based in Oriel House in Dublin city centre. (This was separate from the Garda Síochána, the ordinary Irish police force. By 9 September, a British intelligence report stated that "Oriel House" had already killed "a number of Republicans" in Dublin, including Joseph Bergin, a Military Policeman from the Curragh Camp who was believed to have been passing information to Republican prisoners. In a number of cases, Anti-Treaty IRA men and boys were abducted by Free State forces, killed and their bodies dumped in public places; Republican sources detail at least 25 such cases in the Dublin area. There were also allegations of abuse of prisoners during interrogation by the CID. For example, Republican Tom Derrig had an eye shot out while in custody.

County Kerry, where the guerrilla campaign was most intense, would see many of the most vicious episodes in the Civil War. On 27 August, in the first such incident of its type, two anti-treaty fighters were shot after they had surrendered in Tralee. One of them, James Healy, was left for dead but survived to tell of the incident. Republicans also killed prisoners. After their successful attack on Kenmare on 9 September, the Anti-Treaty IRA separated National Army officer Tom "Scarteen" O'Connor and his brother from the 120 other prisoners and shot them dead. There was a steady stream of similar incidents after this point in Kerry, culminating in a series of high-profile atrocities in the month of March 1923.

Also in September, a party of nine Anti-Treaty fighters was wiped out near Sligo by Free State troops. Four of them, (including Brian MacNeill, the son of Eoin MacNeill) were later found to have been shot at close range in the forehead, indicating that they had been shot after surrendering.

The Ballyseedy massacre and its aftermath
March 1923 saw a series of notorious incidents in Kerry, where 23 Republican prisoners were killed in the field (and another five judicially executed) in just four weeks.

Five Free State soldiers were killed by a booby trap bomb, and another seriously injured, while searching a Republican dugout at the village of Knocknagoshel, County Kerry, on 6 March 1923. Three of those killed were natives of the county, and the two others were members of the Dublin Guard. This constituted the largest loss of life in a single event for the Free State forces since the Battle of Dublin at the start of the civil war in June 1922. The next day, the local Free State commander in Kerry authorised the use of Republican prisoners to "clear mined roads". Irish Free State Army General Officer Commanding (G.O.C) of the Kerry Division, Major General Paddy Daly justified the measure as "the only alternative left to us to prevent the wholesale slaughter of our men".

That night, 6/7 March, nine Republican prisoners who had previously been tortured, with bones broken with hammers, were taken from Ballymullen Barracks in Tralee to Ballyseedy crossroads and tied to a land mine which was detonated, after which the survivors were machine-gunned. One of the prisoners, Stephen Fuller, was blown to safety by the blast of the explosion. He was taken in at the nearby home of Michael and Hannah Curran. They cared for him and although he was badly injured, he survived - Fuller later became a Fianna Fáil TD. The Free State troops in nearby Tralee had prepared nine coffins, unaware of Fuller's escape, and the Dublin Guard released nine names to the press, the fabrication hastily changed when they realised their mistake. There was a riot when the bodies were brought back to Tralee, where the enraged relatives of the killed prisoners broke open the coffins in an effort to identify their dead.

This was followed by a series of similar incidents with mines within 24 hours of the Ballyseedy killings. Five Republican prisoners were blown up with another landmine at Countess Bridge near Killarney and four in the same manner at Bahaghs near Cahersiveen. Another Republican prisoner, Seamus Taylor, was taken to Ballyseedy Woods by National Army troops and shot dead.

On 28 March, five IRA men, captured in an attack on Cahersiveen on 5 March, were officially executed in Tralee. Another, captured the same day, was summarily shot and killed. Thirty-two anti-Treaty fighters died in Kerry in March 1923, of whom only five were killed in combat. Free State officer Lieutenant Niall Harrington has suggested that reprisal killings of Republican prisoners continued in Kerry up to the end of the war. Harrington had a successful and respected career in the Irish military, retiring as a Lt Colonel in January 1959, after seven years as deputy director of G2 (Intelligence) Branch, GHQ, the forerunner to the Directorate of Military Intelligence of the Irish Defence Forces.

The National Army's Dublin Guard and in particular their commander, Major-General Paddy Daly, were widely held to be responsible for these killings. They claimed that the prisoners had been killed while clearing roads of landmines laid by Republicans. When questioned in the Dáil by Labour Party leader Thomas Johnson, Richard Mulcahy, the National Army's commander-in-chief, supported Daly's story. A military Court of Inquiry conducted in April 1923 - chaired by the chief suspect Daly himself - cleared the Free State troops of the charge of killing their prisoners. Harrington related his concerns to Kevin O'Higgins, a family friend. O'Higgins spoke to Mulcahy in turn who didn't act on the information. Johnson asked O'Higgins in the Dáil about a possible inquest and the latter said it was not impossible, intimating it might not be desirable.

It has since emerged that the prisoners were beaten, tied to explosives, and then killed. Before leaving Ballymullen barracks in Tralee, Free State officers took some of the nine Republican prisoners into a room and showed them the coffins which had been prepared for them, according to author, historian and researcher Owen O’Shea, in a podcast by the Irish Times published to mark the 100th anniversary of the massacre on 6 March 2023. The prisoners were tied in a circle around the mine before it was detonated. Such was the force of the blast, that many of the bodies of the victims were dismembered. Dorothy Macardle in her 1924 book Tragedies of Kerry, cited both eyewitness accounts and local newspaper reports of the horrific scene of the massacre after it took place. Witnesses claimed that for weeks after the massacre birds could be seen feeding on lumps of human flesh in trees around the site.

Owen O'Shea stated that, such was the cruelty and sadistic "lust for revenge" that Paddy Daly had, that after the massacre, the remains of those killed were badly treated by Free State forces. No care was taken to ensure that remains from different victims were not placed together in the same coffin, or indeed to ensure families received the correct remains. When the families of the dead came to the main gates of Ballymullen Barracks on 8 March to collects the remains of their relatives, Daly ordered the unit of the Free State army band based at the barracks, to be stationed at the gate and to play "upbeat jazz music" as a way of taunting the families.

Cahersiveen killings
Republican prisoners were also being held at the old Irish Poor Law Union workhouse, in the townland of Bahaghs near Cahersiveen, in south County Kerry. On Monday 12 March 1923, the five Republican prisoners were taken from the workhouse by members of the 'visiting committee' and killed with a mine in the same manner at those at Ballyseedy and Countess Bridge the previous week. These prisoners were reportedly shot in the legs before being blown up to prevent their escape. Lt Harrington and fellow Free-State Lieutenant W McCarthy (who resigned over the incidents) later stated that not only were the explosives detonated by the Free State troops, they had also been made by Free State troops at Ballymullen in Tralee and laid there for this purpose.

Documents released by the Irish Department of Justice through the National Archives in 2008 show that the Free State Cabinet was aware that the Army's version of events was untrue. An investigation concluded that the prisoners had been killed by a party of National Army soldiers from Dublin known as the 'visiting committee' and that those at Cahersiveen had been beaten and shot before being blown up.

The records show that the victims of the killings in Bahaghs were Michael Courtney jnr, Eugene Dwyer, Daniel Shea, John Sugrue and William Riordan. All from the Waterville area and were members of a unit in the Kerry No 3 Brigade of the IRA. Maurice Riordan, the father of William Riordan (who was only 18 at the time of his killing) applied to the Compensation (Personal Injuries) Committee - set up to adjudicate on claims arising from the War of Independence and its aftermath - for compensation for this son's death. Several of the families of the other men killed also applied. As a result, the Garda Síochána (then called the Civic Guard) undertook an investigation into the Bahaghs killings and concluded the evidence supported the conclusion the men with unlawfully shot and deliberately killed with a mine, and that the National Army version of event was a cover up. The records show that on 10 December 1923 the then deputy commissioner of the Garda Síochána, Eamonn Coogan (father of the prominent journalist and historian Tim Pat Coogan), included a letter with the Garda report on the Cahersiveen killings to the Secretary of the Department of Justice (then called the Ministry of Justice). In this letter, deputy Commissioner Coogan states that he has been- "'directed by the commissioner [Eoin O'Duffy] to inform you that the facts stated are true and are as follow:' [...] William Riordan was an 'irregular and one of a column captured with arms'. He was temporarily imprisoned at the workhouse, Cahirciveen, he was taken from there and 'done to death' with four other prisoners. The body known as the Visiting Committee under Comdt Delaney arrived at Cahirciveen 'to carry out an inspection', with Lieut P Kavanagh as second in command. 'In the small hours of the morning of March 12th, Kavanagh took five prisoners (of whom Riordan was one) from the guard at the workhouse, remarking 'Would you like to come for a drive?' 'The guard, believing the prisoners were being transferred to Tralee, handed them over. It transpired that the five prisoners were subsequently shot and their bodies blown up by a mine at Bahaghs, Cahirsiveen. Evidence of these facts can be procured. 'The applicant in the claim, who is the father of William Riordan, is in needy circumstances.'"

Killings in Wexford and Donegal
Two other episodes of revenge killing took place elsewhere in the country in the same month. On 13 March, three Republican fighters were judicially executed in Wexford in the southeast. In revenge, three National Army soldiers were captured and killed.

On 14 March at Drumboe Castle in County Donegal in the northwest of Ireland, four Anti-Treaty IRA fighters, Charlie Daly (26), Sean Larkin (26), Daniel Enright (23), and Timothy O'Sullivan (23), who had been captured and held in the castle since January, were summarily shot in retaliation for the death of a National Army soldier in an ambush.

Free State response
Despite support from the Department of Justice for payment of compensation to the family of William Riordan who was killed at Cahersiveen, in April 1924 the Free State Cabinet under WT Cosgrave rejected the claim, and those made by the families of other Republican prisoners unlawfully killed. This, in effect, put an end to any further official investigations of the killings.

What exactly prompted this outbreak of vindictive killings in County Kerry in March 1923 is unclear, but the events that followed in the county would prove to be the most bloody, sadistic and vengeful of the entire civil war. A total of 68 Free State soldiers had been killed and 157 wounded in Kerry up to March 1923. A total of 85 would die in Kerry before the war was over in May 1923. Why the deaths at Knocknagoshel prompted such a savage response remains an open question.

But historian Owen O'Shea stated that the "visceral hatred and almost psychopathic approach" of some Free State commanders, such as the Commander of Free State forces in Kerry, Major General Paddy Daly, played a role in creating a permissive environment where such acts of cruelty and extrajudicial murder could occur with impunity. This attitude was compounded by the protection offered by senior Army command and the Free State government, up to and including the Minister of Defence and Army Chief of Staff, General Richard Mulcahy, who publicly claimed that Free State forces under his command would never be capable of committing such atrocities.

A month after the massacre at Ballyseedy a Free State Army Court of Inquiry was held at Tralee on 7 April 1923. It was presided over by Major-General Paddy Daly, and included Major-General Eamon Price, G.H.Q., Portobello Barracks, Dublin and Colonel J. McGuinness, Kerry Command, "for the purpose of inquiring into the circumstances of the death of eight prisoners at Ballyseedy Bridge, near Tralee, on the morning of the 8th March 1923." Unsurprisingly, the inquiry cleared all of the Free State officers and men of any wrongdoing and laid the blamed for the deaths on the actions of Anti-Treaty Republicans laying the mine. General Mulcahy even went so far as to read the findings of the inquiry, now discredited as a whitewash, into the record of Dáil Eireann.

The end of the war
According to historian Tom Mahon, the Irish Civil War, "effectively ended," on 10 April 1923, when the Free State Army mortally wounded IRA Chief of Staff Liam Lynch during a skirmish in County Tipperary. Twenty days later, Lynch's successor, Frank Aiken, gave the order to "dump arms".

Even after the war was over, National Army troops killed anti-Treaty fighters. For example, Noel Lemass, a captain in the anti-Treaty IRA, was abducted in Dublin and summarily executed in July 1923, two months after the war had ended. His body was dumped, probably first in the River Liffey at Manor Kilbride, then moved to Killakee in the Dublin Mountains, near Glencree, where it was found in October 1923. The spot where his body was found is marked by a memorial erected by his brother Seán Lemass - a future Taoiseach of Ireland. There are no conclusive figures for the number of unofficial executions of captured Anti-Treaty fighters, but Republican officer Todd Andrews put the figure for "unauthorised killings" at 153.

In August 1923 W.T Cosgrave stated that all such unlawful killings would be investigated: "There was one matter I wished to refer to—first, the case of Mr. Noel Lemass, and secondly, the case of Mr. McEntee, who apparently was murdered during the last few days. I have to say that we condemn those acts unhesitatingly, and we wish to exhort all sections of the State to remember that there are means provided for dealing with any such cases, and it will be the duty of the Ministry to make every effort to bring to justice persons who contravene the law; that in securing life and property here we have to secure it for no one section more than another; and that the life and property of those who differ politically from us, or who may take extreme measures, will be dealt with according to law, and only according to law. Those acts have got no sanction, direct or indirect, or in any way, from us, and we will do our duty to every citizen regardless of what section he belongs to."

As well as the killings, up to 5,000 republican prisoners and internees started a hunger strike in September–November 1923, resulting in 7 deaths.

Effects
It has been argued that the Free State Government's policy of executions helped to end the Civil War. After the executions in reprisal for the killing of Seán Hales, there were no further attempts to assassinate members of parliament. On the other hand, there had been no previous attempts to assassinate TDs either, and the burning of senators' and TDs' homes continued after the executions. Another continuing argument is whether Anti-Treaty leaders believed that continuing the war would mean exposing their prisoners to further executions. This may have been a factor in Frank Aiken calling a halt to the Anti-Treaty campaign in April 1923.

There is no doubt that the executions and assassinations of the Civil War left a poisonous legacy of bitterness. The Free State's official executions of 77-81 Anti-Treaty prisoners during the Civil War was recalled by members of Fianna Fáil (the political party that emerged from the anti-Treaty side in 1926) with bitterness for a decade afterwards. In the Irish republican tradition, those IRA members executed in the Civil War became martyrs and were venerated in songs and poems. (For example, the ballad "Take It Down From The Mast", written in 1923 by James Ryan and later popularised by Dominic Behan).

As a result of the executions in the Civil War, many Republicans would never accept the Free State as a legitimate Irish government, but rather saw it as a repressive, British-imposed government. This attitude was partially alleviated after 1932, when Fianna Fáil, the party that represented the bulk of the Republican constituency, entered government peacefully. Ironically, in 1939 De Valera himself enacted the Offences against the State Act and the Emergency Powers Act 1939, under which a further 5 Republicans were executed by hanging.

Kevin O'Higgins, the man Republicans saw as most directly responsible for the enactment of the Public Safety Act, with its sanction of executions, himself fell victim to assassination by the IRA in 1927 - becoming one of the last victims of Civil War era violence in Ireland. Richard Mulcahy became a leader of Fine Gael in 1948, but never became Taoiseach because of his role in the Civil War.

In fiction
Author Ulick O'Connor wrote a play in 1985 titled Execution about the 1922 executions of Rory O'Connor, Liam Mellows, Joe McKelvey and Dick Barrett.

The 2006 film The Wind That Shakes the Barley climaxes with an IRA guerrilla being executed by a firing squad commanded by his own brother, who supports the Free State. This was inspired by the case of Seán and Tom Hales who were both leaders, but on opposing sides of the war.

The Republican: An Irish Civil War Story by T.S. O'Rourke follows the Irish Civil War from a Republican perspective in Dublin and includes details of the reprisal executions carried out by the Free State.

title: Executions during the Irish Civil War


text:
Talk:Maggie Q

Salut NIKITA, j'aimerais vous parler.
Salut NIKITA <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:57, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Can someone close this discussion? ErceÇamurOfficial (talk) 21:59, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maggie Q


text:
sackung

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  A large-scale landslide with a scarp that may be mistaken for a fault. More specifically- a deep fracture with uphill facing scarps induced by gravitational sliding. Often found near the top of some mountain ranges.
 * 2) * 1985, G. Holmes and J. J. Jarvis, “Large-scale toppling within a sackung type deformation at Ben Attow, Scotland”, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, volume 18, number 3 (August 1985), pages 287–289.

title: sackung


text:
User:Writerchic85/sandbox

Jessica Eppley
Jessica Eppley is a dark fantasy and adventure author from Wrightsville, Pennsylvania. Her work includes 'The Book of Siavon' series, 'The Key is Proper Hydration', and 'Exotic Birds'. She has been a featured guest on 'The Horror Show with Brian Keene'.

title: User:Writerchic85/sandbox


text:
User:McCormack

I am a custodian at Wikiversity, which means that I generally help clean this place up and offer advice to people to need it. As a custodian my particular interests extend to:
 * maintaining and promoting the ease of use of Wikiversity
 * by providing navigation templates
 * by participating in the main page learning project
 * by being one of the people who looks after the main portal
 * maintaining and promoting the integrity of Wikiversity
 * by vandal fighting and recent changes patrolling
 * by contributing to policy formation and discussion

As an editor, I am interested in elearning, which is why I came here in the first place.

I am a rather poor mediawiki hacker, which means that I have my own MediaWiki installations, play around with their programming a lot, and sometimes write or help with extensions to the MediaWiki engine.

In the world of Wikimedian Fauna, I am most probably a WikiDragon. If I annoy you, read about WikiDragons and you may understand why.

Other Wikimedia accounts
Since the introduction of the single unified logon, so far as I know, every single other "McCormack" on other Wikimedia projects is me. I edit sometimes on meta, commons and mediawiki, but not usually elsewhere.

Things done
''The purpose of this section is partly so that I do not forget what I have done and can follow up on my activities. One of our biggest problems at Wikiversity is "creating a page and then forgetting about it". I find this list more useful than a watchlist. Overall, if you look at my contributions, you will probably see that I rarely edit in the main namespace and mostly edit in the Wikiversity: and Template: namespaces with occasional outings to the Portal: and Category: namespaces.''

 * wrote the first help page for the quiz extension (with a lot of help from Michael Frey); see Help:Quiz.
 * contributed a didactic analysis of the use of the quiz extension.
 * started the quiz learning project.
 * attempted to write an NPOV introduction to open educational resources.
 * known to occasionally rampage through the Help, WV and Template namespaces in the name of order and cleanliness, accidentally introducing spaces where they don't belong and screwing up some templates.
 * initiated a proposal for a pre-tertiary portal.
 * redesigned the main page (most megalomaniac activity to date); many thanks to User:Eadthem for cleaning up the formatting. The templates in this category Category: main page templates are mostly my creations.
 * rewrote Learning projects.
 * created some rather large navigation templates: Template:About Wikiversity, Template:Using Wikiversity, Template:Administering Wikiversity, Template:Learning innovation,.
 * standardising the main portal design.
 * expanded the Wikiversity maintenance hub into a new concept.
 * wrote an introduction to Wikiversity for teachers.
 * rewrote the SubPageList Extension for Wikiversity.
 * How to be a Wikimedia sysop
 * wrote the first version of Learning resources.
 * reconceived Participants.
 * started Vision 2009.
 * began a redesign of the portal system, including follow-ups on my proposals for pre-tertiary portals: Template:Box portal skeleton 2, Template:Gateways
 * EMAC, Educational Media Awareness Campaign
 * Category:design templates
 * started the Wikiversity Guided Tours programme: Category:Guided tours of Wikiversity; Template:Tour page wrapper (well, the idea is partly taken from Cormaggio's original introduction to Wikiversity).
 * Initiated Category:Resources by completion status and wrote Help:Resources by completion status.
 * Conceived and started the project boxes project.
 * Wikiversity Day
 * Reinvigorated Featured
 * Help:How to write an educational resource
 * Help:Resource types, Help:resources by type
 * What shall we do with Wikipedia?
 * Help:101 things to do with your class on Wikiversity
 * Help:fork
 * Learning to edit a wiki/Lesson plan A, Learning to edit a wiki
 * individualism versus collectivism in resource creation and usage, communities
 * hierarchicalism versus egalitarianism in resource creation and usage

Favourite quotes heard around Wikiversity

 * "Taking copyright advice from a free-software activist is sort of like learning about evolution from George Bush" (Anon.)
 * "Wikiversity - the wiki'd way to learn." (Originally contributed by a witty vandal)

Awards
I know some people laugh a little about awards sometimes, but I like these things, if I've earnt them, and I also like to give them out. The nicest awards are the ones which come really unexpectedly after you've done so much work that your mind is quite lost in the work.

Stats

 * User Edit Counter
 * http://tools.wikimedia.de/~luxo/contributions/contributions.php - track universal contributions by user
 * http://stats.wikimedia.org

Other

 * Wikizine
 * /Mop and bucket
 * Guide to templates
 * Category:Main page templates
 * Category:Introductory articles in need of repair
 * mw:Extension:SubPageList3
 * /quiz_test
 * /policy on religious content
 * /icons
 * http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DeadendPages&limit=2500&offset=0
 * Fields of science, List of academic disciplines
 * Category:Hidden categories
 * Template:ambox - general template for page notices
 * Template:EasyNav, Template:EasyNavBar

 * http://uncyclopedia.org/wiki/Uncyclopedia:How_To_Be_Funny_And_Not_Just_Stupid
 * /sandbox
 * Main Page 0.5
 * MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown

Icons and images

 * http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Rocket000/Useful_icon_gallery
 * http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Rocket000/Nuvola
 * http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Project_Nuvola_2.0%2B Nuvola icons
 * http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lolcats

de:Benutzer:McCormack fr:Utilisateur:McCormack

title: User:McCormack


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/icwoindia.org

Links

 * icwoindia.org resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 3 additions.


text:
käpykaarti

Noun

 * 1)  The group of Reds who hid themselves in the forest.
 * 2)  The group of (Finnish) deserters who hid themselves in the forest.

Usage notes

 * The term originated in the Finnish Civil War, after which hundreds of Reds hid themselves in the forests in order to avoid being prosecuted for war crimes. The term is used also when referring to the Finnish deserters in the Continuation War, who also hid themselves in the forest — for the same purpose.

title: käpykaarti


text:
Rivington Park School

Rivington Park Independent School was a private school located in Rivington, Lancashire that closed in 2014. It was founded in 2004 by Michael Ruaux, whose daughter, Emily, is a nationally ranked fencer. Ruaux also founded Rivington Park Fencing Club, which continues to operate.

The school provided day-school education for children aged five to sixteen. The school had nearly closed in 2009 but was rescued by injection of funds from parents. The school also offered GCSE and BTEC courses for senior pupils and had plans to provide A-Level courses for sixth form pupils as well as boarding provision in what had been the school's nursery. The nursery closed down following an adverse Ofsted report published on 3 January 14 prompted by "concern raised with Ofsted regarding child ratios, supervision and the effectiveness of the key person system". The rest of the school closed without warning to staff or parents on 12 December 2014 at which time it had about 35 pupils on roll.

title: Rivington Park School


text:
Talk:Chick Chandler

Chandler's uncle/cousin
A recent edit changed my description of Chandler's relation, Howard Chandler Christy, from "uncle" to "cousin," and did so with some authentic-sounding explanation. I don't argue with the likelihood that the edit is correct. But the citation I listed does not contain the description as the new edit has it, and as far as I can tell, no new citation was provided to authenticate the edit. I haven't changed it back, but I invite the editor or others to provide a citation for the new information. Without new citation conflicting with what I originally did cite, it probably ought to be reverted, according to Wikipedia guidelines, even if it's true. A new citation would be best. Monkeyzpop (talk) 22:09, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chick Chandler