text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Non-physical entity

The result was   keep and rewrite. Using Uncle G's draft. T. Canens (talk) 16:28, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Non-physical entity

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

OR. None of the sources given describe "non-physical entity" as a coherent topic that includes both abstract concepts such as numbers, emotions, urges, ghosts, spirits, deities and morals. There are some sources using the phrase "non-physical entity" but none of them use it in the synthesised sense used by the article. It is basically the same case as the recent "ethereal being" AfD. The article should perhaps be a redirect to the different concepts as several editorsd have argued on the talkpage. ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 16:25, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment: While I agree that the ideas shouldn't be "synthesized" per se, the term needs its own definition. However, see my comments under "Keep (but consider other titles, improve, and expand)". Cheers. Misty MH (talk) 18:35, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep - The concept is used in multiple fields and is completely unrelated to each other. However, the page as whole I believe could be cleaned up to be a disambiguation page - which makes more sense than outright deleting it. As written, the opening paragraph is horrible - and completely unreferenced. However, cleanup being needed is not grounds for deletion. Turlo Lomon (talk) 17:00, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Turning it into a disambiguaiton page as you argue is closer to delete than to cleanup. I would support turning into a disambiguation page.·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 18:31, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It can simply be deleted and replaced with a disambig. IRWolfie- (talk) 20:40, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 *  Delete . Poorly sourced original research. The page is a mish-mash of unconnected concepts. There is nothing on the page worth keeping. I don't even see the need for a disambiguation page. CodeTheorist (talk) 21:13, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Philosophy-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:47, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Paranormal-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:47, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Religion-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:47, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Gene93k, Cool. How did someone get this included in each of these? :) Misty MH (talk) 08:50, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete - an attempt to synthesize completely different concepts under one umbrella. Lady  of  Shalott  05:09, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Changing opinion to rewrite as per Uncle G's sandbox. Lady  of  Shalott  22:40, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment: While I agree that this article should not try to "synthesize", per se, note that the article on Being is also quite broad, and necessary, just as an article on non-physical being or intelligence is needed, for the purposes of discussion, since there are in truth many different concepts (spirits, angels, etc.) that refer to just that. The unfortunate part is that many discussions already probably-presumptuously "identify" these beings, based on concepts familiar to the people discussing them; when the reality is that they probably don't really know what the being was. Not to get long-winded, LOL, but a book such as the Bible says that even "satan can transform himself into an angel of light"; if true, then someone encountering such a being might be confused as to what exactly they are encountering. In such a situation, one might be safe to say that it seemed like a non-physical being or entity; but it would be hard to say which kind it was. Therefore, a term such as "non-physical entity" (I am open to a better term!) is needed. :) Misty MH (talk) 18:29, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * At the risk of flattening any philosophical insights here, the problematic of the contradiction/paradox (depending of where you stand, I reckon) is undercut by the opening line of--DON'T USE WIKIPEDIA TO CITE WIKIPEDIA--Entity: it doesn't have to be material (which I, being the simple Calvinist that I am, take to mean the same as "physical"). As such, if you'll pardon the late-night silliness, we're dealing with a non-entity when we're talking about a non-physical entity. Qualia are great but there is no suggestion that this phenomenon would in any way qualify as an entity, and unexisting gods, well, I don't see why we would want to apply the term "entity" to them unless we're discussing American Gods, which is really not a bad book. In mathematics, well, concepts are entities in many ways, but again--entities don't have to be material in the first place. Or, delete, at least Uncle G rewrites the thing from top to bottom. Drmies (talk) 03:44, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There is, quite clearly, an article or a family of articles to be written about incorporeal creatures. This article that we're considering doesn't seem very good to me, but it's a plausible search term and Wikipedia clearly should have an article, redirect or disambiguation page with this title—so unless there's a copyvio or something, this material is fixable.  Therefore I don't see how there's any scope to delete within our normal rules.— S Marshall  T/C 15:07, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There's incorporeality? — Jeraphine Gryphon (talk) 17:34, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Yup, and spirit and energy being. This is starting to look like a potential disambiguation page to me.— S Marshall  T/C 19:57, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment: Currently, this is a quasi-dab page. Perhaps a redirect to Ontology (information science) may be more useful? Bearian (talk) 17:37, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep (but improve and expand) - There is absolutely a need for some term to attach to a being or entity whose identity, type, species, etc. cannot as of yet be determined, and may be or seem to be non-physical. While in many religions and spiritualities, people believe that what they are connecting with or discussing is this thing or that thing (such as a spirit or angel or demon or ?, etc.), the fact is, they often do not know what it is exactly. Terms for an objective discussion of the unidentified entity, being, or intelligence are absolutely needed. What terms ought to be used is another matter, but all substantive terms need to be included, for the purposes of study and discussions. Additional topics that include such an idea are: Artificial Intelligence, Other Dimensions, Parallel Universe, UFOlogy, and of course the usual: Religion, Spiritism/Spirituality/Spiritualism, Theology, Philosophy, the Paranormal/Supernatural, Metaphysics, Ontology, etc., etc. The article needs to be expanded to include these sorts of things. I think that the opening/intro could or should be kept short and inclusive, like a basic definition, with the details and various fields in which such are discussed moved down below. Rather than delete, let's list all of the related terms for this in current (and past) usage. (If someone believes it's not well-sourced, please state why.) Anyone have a favorite article form that we could base changes on? I'd also like to see an article based on the idea of an Unidentified Intelligence, which may be/is what many people encounter when they have an experience with something or someone non-visible/invisible. Misty MH (talk) 18:13, 16 July 2012 (UTC) Misty MH (talk) 10:25, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment I suppose that it could be renamed Non-physical being and then made into a quasi dab for ghosts, spirits, energy beings and the like, with all the other stuff relating to mathematics and ontology removed. However it would be better to just delete this page and for someone to go ahead and create a completely new page. CodeTheorist (talk) 20:18, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment I substantially rewrote the article, and expanded it, which is a near-equivalent of a completely new page. At this point, it's now worthy of a keeper, though more work needs to be done. I added comments explaining, at the article's Talk page. While I agree that "non-physical being" could be added elsewhere as a "quasi dab", the phrase "non-physical entity" deserves its consideration in this separate article. Misty MH (talk) 21:58, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete Maybe there's someplace to go with the page on incorporeality but what I'm getting out of the renaming and repurposing is that the set of things that aren't physical in any sense doesn't define a single kind of thing. Mangoe (talk) 12:28, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete - This is synth in my mind... is there any indication in any of the sources provided that they define, let alone cover this topic as it's described in the article? I don't see it if there is. Shadowjams (talk) 21:27, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, — Crisco 1492 (talk) 02:56, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete Violates WP:SYNTH.  Obviously there are many more non-physical things than material things.  Yet lumping them all together doesn't seem helpful. Borock (talk) 05:33, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment. The word "spirit" has several different meanings – from a noncorporeal being (or part of a being) to "team spirit" to attitude – but we don't delete that just because it has several disparate meanings that have nothing to do with one another. A term for non-physical beings is absolutely necessary for discussion of such things; but using a word like "spirit" or "soul" confuses the matter by assigning it to a type (when one might not know its type). "Non-physical being" is pertinent when one does not know what type of being it is, and when it seems that the being is not physical in nature. The phrase allows one to discuss the concept while keeping it at the level of specificity that it needs to be, without being too specific. I think it's a great term for that. The spelling "nonphysical" is also found; for example, at wordnik.com. :) Misty MH (talk) 09:57, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep  - I think this could be quite a useful entry in Wikipedia. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 10:23, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Article rewritten. I've rewritten the article over the past couple of days. Before that, it sounded conflated, reading similar to a synth. It is now an expansion of a definition, as an encyclopedia should be. A few improvements could be added, and maybe a couple of things removed, but it's almost there! Reread to Keep! Misty MH (talk) 10:32, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It i still synth.·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 11:24, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * If anything, the current version makes the lack of relationship between the various set members even more obvious. Mangoe (talk) 18:18, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * … which is a shame, because they are in fact related. The draft at User:Uncle G/Non-physical entity will show you how. Uncle G (talk) 09:00, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Drmies is referring above to what I said when he had the munchies. I've done what I said that I might do.  The draft stub article is at User:Uncle G/Non-physical entity.  Misty MH, the basic error that you're making is the same error that would be made by putting every person in the encyclopaedia in the human being article.  Approaching this by making a grab-bag of everything that one could possibly think of as potentially being a non-physical entity, and hoping that it becomes encyclopaedic once some unspecified critical mass accrues, is the wrong approach. The right approach is to go and see what scholars have made of the subject.  This isn't a "New Age stub" at all.  But it is properly a philosophy stub.  Metaphysics has dealt with the non-physical, as User:Uncle G/Non-physical entity explains.  Scholars have dealt with this subject, and they have connected the dots between mathematical concepts and ontology.  (I didn't find any that made the connection to computer science, though.)  They have brought ghosts, gods, and angels into the discussion; using ghosts both as explicit examples and as metaphors.  Ironically, it is the mathematics and the ontology that one retains, and the vague and woolly "quasi-disambiguation" stuff that one throws out, here: exactly the opposite of what CodeTheorist suggests above. A taste of this scholarship can be obtained from User:Uncle G/Non-physical entity, which by no means exhausts the literature.  (That's nine professors of philosophy, one professor of biology, and a couple of others.  I leave it for now as an exercise for the reader to find which two authors themselves have Wikipedia articles.  ☺)  Notice that six of the sources explicitly say in their titles that they are about the philosophy of mind, whose umbrella is one of the two that this falls under, and nine of them explicitly position themselves as introductory works or broad overviews.  You are encouraged to read them.  I've given you the page numbers (although I recommend reading more than just those specific pages). Two thirds of the WikiProjects on the talk page are not in fact applicable, and are just vague handwavings in the hope that the encyclopaedic will arise of its own accord; this does not have to be a multi-stub or a disambiguation; and this article was wrongly stubbed in its creating edit.  There is an actual article, to go in Category:Concepts in metaphysics and on a specific metaphysical concept without a Big List of Every Article In The Project in its "see also" section, that is possible, as the draft indicates. Uncle G (talk) 09:00, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I think that is a very nice and well written article, and I think your participation would be very welcome at Mind where the kind of knowledge you have might facilitate coming up with a reasonable definition. I don't think it is about the topic of non-physical entities though, I think it is at best about the debate about whether such entities exist, and probably more accurately generally about the general question of physicalism/dualism which is already covered in those respective articles. None of the sources you use are about the tpoic of non-physical antities or even treats that as a specific and distinct topic, they are about a debate in philosophy. ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 17:47, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, they are talking about non-physical entities, quite specifically. Professor Barbara Gail Montero of CUNY, to pick one, is very much attempting to form a definition of what it is to be non-physical.  You can see more of the same in, also written by her, and even her chapter "What is the Physical?" in the same book that  is from.  This is the Barbara Montero that is cited by some others for the via negativa definition of the physical, note, so be aware that she does try to answer the the question by defining the non-physical.  To quote her directly:  "Now, perhaps these problems could be overlooked if we had clear intuitions regarding the nonphysical. However, it is not at all obvious that we do."  Then she starts talking about ghosts.  As I said, this is far from all of the literature on this subject, and the literature cited is addressing non-physicality quite directly.  And, before you say it, the non-physical is more than Hempel's dilemma alone, and so isn't dealt with properly there.  It covers abstract objects too, as has been pointed out. Uncle G (talk) 19:11, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * At first glance, that looks like the start of an admirable article about non-physical entities in philosophy and cognitive science. I do just wonder, though: if someone types "non-physical entity" in the search box, what will they be least astonished to find?  A philosophical article?  Maybe.  But my instinct says they might be looking for something more like spirit (only less confused and confusing), or energy being.— S Marshall  T/C 23:10, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've made changes to incorporeality that may be of interest.—Machine Elf 1735  23:45, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Convert to disambiguation page using standard format. Stuartyeates (talk) 00:47, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 *  Convert to disambiguation page : I'm not convinced non-physical "entity" conjures up anything but ghosts; mind always turns out quasi-physical some how... the mind-body problem is covered in Philosophy of Mind and a non-physical entity version exaggerates the relevance of Cartesian substance dualism.—Machine Elf 1735  15:40, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep (but rewrite). Uncle G has shown that a decent article can be written on this topic. So the page should be kept, but completely rewritten along the lines of User:Uncle G/Non-physical entity. I still think that there would be some value in also having a quasi-dab page called Non-physical being. CodeTheorist (talk) 18:50, 24 July 2012 (UTC)
 *  Sold  "non-physical being" in theology.Delete/dab Sorry, missed the first part, good idea for a different quasi-dab page.—Machine Elf 1735  20:50, 24 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Gitter

Gitter is an open-source instant messaging and chat room system for developers and users of GitLab and GitHub repositories. Gitter is provided as software-as-a-service, with a free option providing all basic features and the ability to create a single private chat room, and paid subscription options for individuals and organisations, which allows them to create arbitrary numbers of private chat rooms.

Individual chat rooms can be created for individual git repositories on GitHub. Chatroom privacy follows the privacy settings of the associated GitHub repository: thus, a chatroom for a private (i.e. members-only) GitHub repository is also private to those with access to the repository. A graphical badge linking to the chat room can then be placed in the git repository's README file, bringing it to the attention of all users and developers of the project. Users can chat in the chat rooms, or access private chat rooms for repositories they have access to, by logging into Gitter via GitHub

Gitter is similar to Slack. Like Slack, it automatically logs all messages in the cloud.

In late 2020, New Vector Limited acquired Gitter from GitLab, and announced Gitter's features would eventually be moved to New Vector's flagship product, Element, thereby replacing Gitter entirely. On February 13, 2023, Gitter migrated their service to a custom-branded Matrix instance that uses Element for its web interface.

Features prior to Migration to Matrix
Gitter supports:
 * Notifications, which are batched up on mobile devices to avoid annoyance
 * Inline media files
 * Viewing and subscribing to ("starring") multiple chat rooms in one web browser tab
 * Linking to individual files in the linked git repository
 * Linking to GitHub issues (by typing # and then the issue number) in the linked git repository, with hovercards showing the details of the issue
 * GitHub-flavored Markdown in chat messages
 * Online status for users
 * User hovercards, based on their GitHub profiles and statistics (number of GitHub followers, etc.)
 * Browsable and searchable message archives, grouped by month
 * Connection from IRC clients
 * Gitter on iOS support authentication using GitHub or Twitter

Integrations with non-GitHub sites and applications
Gitter integrates with Trello, Jenkins, Travis CI, Drone (software), Heroku, and Bitbucket, among others.

Apps
Official Gitter apps for Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS and Android are available.

Account registration
Like other chat technologies, Gitter allows clients to instant message each other. It allows people to authenticate using a GitHub account and join a chatroom from a web browser, thus not requiring one to install any software, or create additional online accounts.

History
Gitter was created by some developers who were initially trying to create a generic web-based chat product, but then wrote extra code to hook their chat application up to GitHub to meet their own needs, and realised that they could turn the combined product into a viable specialist product in its own right.

Gitter came out of beta in 2014. During the beta period, Gitter delivered 1.8 million chat messages.

On March 15, 2017, GitLab announced the acquisition of Gitter. Included in the announcement was the stated intent that Gitter would continue as a standalone project. It was published as open source under an MIT License as of June 2017.

On September 30, 2020, New Vector Limited acquired Gitter from GitLab, and announced upcoming support for the Matrix protocol in Gitter, which went live by the end of the year. Gitter's features would eventually be moved to New Vector's flagship product, Element, thereby replacing Gitter entirely.

On February 13, 2023, Gitter migrated their service to a custom-branded Matrix instance that uses Element for its web interface.

Implementation prior to Migration to Matrix
The Gitter web application is implemented entirely in JavaScript, with the back end being implemented on Node.js. The source code to the web application was formerly proprietary (it was open-sourced in June 2017), although Gitter had made numerous auxiliary projects available as open-source software, such as an IRC bridge for IRC users who prefer using IRC client applications (and their extra features) to converse in the Gitter chat rooms.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gitter


text:
Building construction techniques

Building Construction: Means & Methods
Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The vast majority of building construction projects are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project. However, all building construction projects include some elements in common - design, financial, and legal considerations. Many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structure collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation. For this reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.

Building construction is procured privately or publicly utilizing various delivery methodologies, including hard bid, negotiated price, traditional, management contracting, construction management-at-risk, design & build and design-build bridging.

Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g. brick versus stone, versus timber). Cost of construction on a per square metre (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are always more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople. As residential (as well as all other types of construction and manufactured homes) can generate a lot of waste, careful planning again is needed here.

The most popular method of residential construction in the United States is wood framed construction. As efficiency codes have come into effect in recent years, new construction technologies and methods have emerged. University Construction Management departments are on the cutting edge of the newest methods of construction intended to improve efficiency, performance and reduce construction waste.

Construction of Buildings Foundation
There are several foundation types we are using in constructions such as pile foundation, raft foundation, pad foundation, combined footing, rubble foundation and spread footing. The selection of foundation type depends on the soil condition and the load about to apply on it. We commonly use pile foundations where apply heavy load such as several stories building and where the soil bearing capacity is very poor like backfill areas, marshy land areas and in sandy areas. For normal houses we use rubble works with pad foundation type. A column foundations we use spread footing type.In any building industry,foundation details is an essential factor in consideration.

Wood Construction

 * Timber framing
 * Wood furniture restoration
 * Wood Coating
 * Wood Layering
 * Wood Tiles
 * Wood Floor Boards

Concrete & Reinforced Concrete
This concrete is termed as RCC since along with the concrete reinforcement is also present. There are various grade of concrete used based on the building load. The grades of concrete start from M15 to M40 and special grade can be of M60,M80. The mix grade can be of proportion of coarse sand/M-sand+cement & slag/fly ash + 10mm down aggregate+ 20mm aggregate + water + admixtures.These trial mixes are designed & tested in labs for 07 days and 28 days to check the strength to be achieved based on the grade of the concrete. Once the trial mix design gets approved the same design can be used at sites. The common equipments used for mixing of above said ingredients are: As we are discussing about RCC, we should discuss about Formwork also. Regarding formwork there are two types:
 * Reinforced concrete
 * weigh batcher+concrete drum mixer operated electrically or by diesel
 * batching plants of capacity 0.5 cum, 1.0 cum, 2.0 cum or 3.0cum
 * Conventional formwork
 * Modern day formwork

 * 1. Conventional Formwork:
 * In this system
 * shuttering plates
 * planks/plywood(commercial or marine)(8mm,10mm,12mm,20mm,25mm thick)for sides,bottoms are used
 * to erect and support this formwork- timber, adjustable props, side alignment props,cup-lock system, table form system,etc.are used.
 * Before the formwork is ready for receiving the reinforcement the surface of the formwork will be oiled which will act as stripping agent while stripping.
 * Once all the reinforcement placing and tying works are completed, the alignment and level check is done.
 * After obtaining the checking clearance, concrete is placed.

 * 2. System Formwork:
 * Following are the systems in the modern day:
 * self climbing or slip formwork
 * Mivan/Pascal formwork
 * Proper preparatory works are to be carried out since once the erection of formwork starts, the same will be moving up and up and will be difficult to rectify if any defects observed and also it is a continuous process.To erect and support this formwork-adjustable props, side alignment props,etc.are used.
 * Before the formwork is ready for receiving the reinforcement the surface of the formwork will be oiled which will act as stripping agent while stripping.
 * Once all the reinforcement placing and tying works are completed, the alignment and level check is done.
 * After obtaining the checking clearance, concrete is placed.
 * The concrete used in these type of formwork, a highly flowable concrete is used keeping the grade of concrete similar to the normal concrete.

The mix concrete produced by the above methods can be transported by wheel barrows, transit mixers(of capacities 1.0cum,3.0cum,6.0cum,7.0cum)and placed in the confined conventional formwork either by manual or pumping means. For pumping of concrete to various depths,heights and distances the most common equipments used are concrete pumps,boom placers,tower cranes and concrete buckets.

After placing of concrete in the confined formwork, the concrete should be vibrated either by manual or vibrators with vibrator needles and tamping the sides with the help of wooden tampers for concrete to flow to all corners and also to remove the entrapped air bubbles. With this process the entire concrete placed will become dense and no honey-combing are seen once the formwork is stripped down.

While placing the concrete, a set of cubes for 07 days/28 days are casted, which will be tested in the lab for checking the strength of concrete and comparing to the design mix strength. Based on the achieved strength for 07 days, the time period for de-stripping of formwork is fixed and proper supporting to be kept till the curing period and 28 days.

Steel and Composite Structures
Steel Buildings: These are one type of buildings out of other type like RCC, masonry buildings etc. These are mostly predominant in the industrial and commercial industry like industrial sheds. The common components are mainly like foundations with foundation bolts, Vertical columns, trusses, purlins, side sheeting, roof sheeting etc. In the modern day technology, usage of PEB(Pre-engineered building) structures is on the rise. These structures can be erected and completed very fastly, as they are fabricated at ground and erected. Round the clock work can be carried out by taking proper safety measures. These structures can be used for storages, manufacturing units, logistics, etc. These structures are more safer than concrete buildings from earthquakes as damages are very minimal. Nowadays more and more residential buildings are being constructed as steel buildings as there structural life span is comparatively more. Even with these structures, the environment is protected as the generation of construction debris is less and can be recycled.
 * Steel building

Exterior finishing materials
The common exterior finishing materials used are:
 * 1) Paints
 * 2) Natural stones-granite,marble,etc.ceramics tiles
 * 3) Textures
 * 4) Glass
 * 5) Aluminium sheeting,ACP
 * 6) Glass Fibre sheets
 * 7) Roof tiles
 * 8) Wood/timber

These materials are used as per the availability within the locality unless these are to be specially procured.

Interior finishing materials
The common interior finishing materials used are:
 * 1) Paints
 * 2) Natural stones - granite, marble, etc.
 * 3) Textures
 * 4) Glass
 * 5) Aluminium sheeting
 * 6) Glass Fibre sheets
 * 7) Ceramic/vitrified/mosaic tiles
 * 8) Wood/timber
 * 9) Gypboards

These materials are used as per the availability within the locality unless these are to be specially procured.

Waterproofing, Thermal & Moisture Control

 * Insulation

Openings
Door and window openings are part of a finishing aspect of a building element. In a door opening, the standard dimension of a door is usually 2100mm by 900mm. In this regard, the opening will share same dimension with the door and the lintel thickness allowance by the both sides, usually 225mm.
 * Door
 * Windows

Window is a part of a building element which allows the passage of light and ventilation in to a building. It is usually dimensioned 600mm by 600mm,900mm by 600mm 1200mm by 1200mm,1200mm by 1800mm, 1200mm by 2100mm etc.

Building Systems
Most of the construction systems become from the material that can be obtained in the job areas.

When these resources were exhausted, new industrialized materials was brought in and also to permit bigger and heavier construction.

Real examples of building process
Work in progress. Building materials will be analyzed.

This is a real example for a planned structure that is going to be built, that is going to be used for storage with the flexibility of being turned into a workshop(type:unspecified) in the future.

Potential building materials:

roof
 * - forms "waves"

walls
 * - for a temporary building material that is planned to be covered by something to prevent it from interacting with the humidity of the environment.

The type of construction:
 * The roof may be a sloping roof

title: Building construction techniques


text:
have a way with

Verb

 * 1)  To be skilled, adept, or graceful with or at (something).

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 對…… 頗有一手
 * Finnish: olla taitava jossakin
 * French:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:

title: have a way with


text:
Talk:Stalkerware

Adding a synonym that is more commonly used
How would one go about adding a synonym for "stalkerware" to this page? Many consumers refer to stalkerware as "spy apps", but there is no reference to this term anywhere on Wikipedia. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:19, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stalkerware


text:
Introduction to Likelihood Theory/The Basic Definitions

Formal Probability Review
Let $$D$$ be a set contained in $$R^{k}$$, and $$dm\left(x\right)$$ is the counting measure if $$D$$ is discrete, Lebesgue measure if $$D$$ is continuous and Steltjes measure otherwise (if you don't know what a measure function in a $$\sigma-\mathrm{algebra}$$ is, lookup in measure (mathematics) or just consider that if $$D$$ is continuous the integrals below are the usual integrals from calculus, and the integrals resume to summation over $$D$$ for discrete sets).

Definition.: A function $$f(x):D\rightarrow R$$ is a probability density function (abbreviated pdf) if and only if $$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}fdm(x)=1$$ and $$f(x)\geq 0~\forall x \in R$$. We say that a variable $$X$$ has pdf f if the probability of $$X$$ being in any set $$S$$ is given by the expression $$\int_{S}^{}f(x)dm$$ (if you don't know measure theory, consider that $$S$$ is an interval on the real line).

Exercise 1.1 - Show that $$f(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma^{2}}}\exp\left\{-\frac{(x-\mu)^{2}}{2\sigma^{2}}\right\}$$ is a pdf with $$D=R$$, $$\mu \in R$$ and $$\sigma^{2}>0$$. Exercise 1.2 - Show that we can build a distribution function using the function $$g(x)=0$$, if $$x<k$$, $$f(x)$$ otherwise ($$k$$ is any real number, $$f$$ is defined in the previous exercise) by multiplying it with an appropriate constant. Find the constant. Generalize it for any pdf defined on the real line. Exercise 1.3 - If $$X$$ has distribuition $$f$$ with $$\mu=1$$ and $$\sigma^{2}=1$$, what is the distribution of the function $$Y=X^{2}$$?(Calculate it, don't look it up on probability books). In statistics, the term probability density function is often abbreviated to density.

Definition.: Let $$X$$ be a random variable with density $$f$$. The Cumulative Distribution Function (cdf) of $$X$$ is the function defined as
 * $$F(x)=\int_{-\infty}^{x}fdm(x)$$

This function is often called distribution function or simply distribution. Since the distribution determines uniquely the density, the terms distribution and density are used by statisticians as synonymous (provided no ambiguity arises from the context). Exercise 1.4 - Prove that every cdf is nondecreasing.

Definition.: Let $$X$$ be a random variable. We call the expectation of the function $$g(X)$$ the value
 * $$E[g(X)]=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}gfdm(x)$$

where $$f$$ is the density of $$X$$. The expectation og the identity function is called expectation of $$X$$. Exercise 1.5 - Compute the expectation of the random variables defined in Exercise 1.1. Exercise 1.6 - Show that $$E[c]=c$$ for any constant $$c$$. Exercise 1.7 - Show that $$E[g(x)+c]=E[g(x)]+c$$ for any constant $$c$$.

In The Beginning There Were Chaos, Empirical Densities and Samples
A population is a collection of objects (collection, not a proper set or class in a Logicist point of view) where each object has an array of measurable variables. Examples include the set of all people on earth together with their heights and weights and the set of all fish in a lake together with artificial marks on them, where this latter case is found in capture-recapture studies (I suggest you look into Wikipedia and find out what is a capture-recapture study). Let $$s$$ be an element of a population and $$V(s)$$ be the array of measurable variables mensured in the object $$s$$ (for an example, $$s$$ is a man and $$V(s)$$ is his height and weight measured at some arbitrary instant, or $$s$$ is a fish and $$V(s)$$ is $$1$$ if he has a man-made mark on it and $$0$$ otherwise). A sample of a population $$P$$ is a collection $$S$$ (again, not a set) where $$s \in S\Rightarrow \exists r \in P$$ such that $$V(s)=V(r)$$.

There are two main methods for generating samples: Sampling with replacement and Sampling without replacement. In the former, you randomly select a element $$a_{1}$$ of $$P$$, and call the set $$S_{1}=\left\{a_{1}\right\}$$ your first subsample. Define your (n+1)-th subsample as the set $$S_{n+1}=S_{n}\bigcup \left\{R(P-S_{n})\right\}$$, where $$R(X)$$ is a function returning a randomly chosen element of $$X$$. Any subsample you pick generated using the definitions above will be called a sample without replacement and is the more intuitive kind of sample, but also one of the most complicated to obtain in a real world situation. In the former, we have $$S_{1}$$ and $$R(X)$$ defined in the same way above, but in this case we have $$S_{n+1}=S_{n}\bigcup \left\{s_{n}:V(R(P)=V(s_{n})\right\}$$. Samples with replacement have the exquisite property that they have different objects with same characteristics.

TO DO: Some stuff on empirical densities and example of real-world sampling techniques.

Likelihoods, Finally
Given a random vector $$Y=\left[Y_{1}~Y_{2}~\cdots~Y_{n}\right]^{T}$$ with density $$f_{Y}(y,\theta)$$, where $$\theta$$ is a vector of parameters, and an observation $$y'=\left[y'_{1}~y'_{2}~\cdots~y'_{n}\right]^{T}$$ of $$Y$$, we define the likelihood function associated with $$y'$$ as
 * $$L\left(\theta\right)=f_{Y}\left(y',\theta\right)$$

This is a function of $$\theta$$, but not of $$Y$$, of an observation $$y$$ or any other related quantity, for $$L(\theta)$$ is the restriction of the function $$f_{Y}$$, which is a function of $$n+dim(\theta)$$, to a subspace where the $$y$$ are fixed.

In many applications we have that, for all $$j,i \in \{0,1,\ldots,n\}$$, $$Y_{j}$$ and $$Y_{i}$$ are independent. Suppose that we draw a student from a closed classroom at random, record his height $$y_{1}$$, and put him back. If we repeat the proccess $$n$$ times, the set of heights measured forms an observed vector $$y'=\left[y'_{1}~y'_{2}~\cdots~y'_{n}\right]^{T}$$, and our $$Y$$ variable is the distribution of the height of the students in that classroom. Then we have our independence supposition fullfilled, as it will be for any sampling scheme with replacement. In the case where the supposition is true, the above definition of likelihood finction is equivalent to
 * $$L(\theta)=\prod_{j=1}^{n}f_{Y_{j}}(y',\theta)$$

where $$f_{Y_{j}}(y',\theta)$$ is the probability density function of the variable $$Y_{j}$$. Exercise 3.1: ''Let $$X_{j}$$ have a Gaussian density with zero mean and unit variance for all $$j$$. Compute the likelihood function of $$Y_{1}=X_{1}$$ and $$Y_{2}=X_{1}+X_{2}$$ for an arbitrary sample.''

Intuitive Meaning?
This function we call likelihood is not directly related to the probability of events involving $$Y$$ or any proper subset of it, despite its name, but it has a non-obvious relation to the probability of the sample as a whole being selected in the space of all the possible samples. This can be seen if we use discrete densities (or probability generating functions). Supose that each $$y_{j}$$ has a binomial distribution with $$m$$ tries and succes probability $$p_{j}$$, and they are independent. So the likelihood function associated with a sample $$y'=\left[y'_{1}~y'_{2}~\cdots~y'_{n}\right]^{T}$$ is
 * $$L(\theta)=\prod_{j=1}^{n}C_{m,y'_{j}}p^{y'_{j}}(1-p)^{1-y'_{j}}$$

where each $$y'_{j}$$ is in $$\{0,1\}$$, and $$C_{m,k}$$ means $$choose\left(m,k\right)$$. This function is the probability of this particular sample appear considering all the possible samples of the same size, but this trail of thought only works in discrete cases with finite sample space. Exercise 4.1: ''In the Binomial case, does $$L(\theta_{1})>L(\theta_{0})$$ has any probabilistic meaning? If the observed values are throws of regular fair coins, what can you expect of the function $$L(\theta)$$?''

But the likelihood has a comparative meaning. Supose that we are given two observations of $$Y$$, namely $$Y_{1}$$ and $$Y_{2}$$. Then each observation defines a likelihood function, and for each fixed $$\theta_{0}$$, we may compare their likelihoods $$L_{1}\left(\theta_{0}\right)$$ and $$L_{2}\left(\theta_{0}\right)$$ to argue that the one with bigger value occurs more likely. This argument equivalent to Fisher's rant against Inverse Probabilities.

Bayesian Generalization
Even if most classical statisticians (also called "frequentists") complain, we must talk about this generalization of the likelihood function concept. Given that the vector $$Y$$ has a density conditional on $$X$$ called $$f_{Y|X}(y|x)$$ and that we have a observation $$x'$$ of $$X$$ (I said $$X$$, forget about observations of $$Y$$ in this section!), we will play a little with the function
 * $$L\left(Y\right)=f_{Y|X}\left(y|x'\right)$$

Before anything, Exercise 5.1: ''Find two tractable discrete densities with known conditional density and compute their likelihood function. Relate $$L\left(Y\right)$$ to $$L\left(X\right)$$.''

On to ../Maximum Likelihood Estimation/

Thank you for reading
Some comments are needed. The "?" mark in the previous section title is proposital, to show how this might be confusing. It needs more exercises and examples from outside formal probability. The way this thing is right now needs a good background in formal probability (high level) and much more experience with sampling.


text:
Talk:Gompers Preparatory Academy

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title: Talk:Gompers Preparatory Academy


text:
sordamente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) softly, gently, muffled

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) dully

title: sordamente


text:
Kuyagan

Kuyagan (Куяган) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Kuyagansky Selsoviet, Altaysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 779 as of 2013. There are 19 streets.

Geography
Kuyagan is located on the Kuyagan River, 52 km southwest of Altayskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kazanka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Kuyagan


text:
Rita Christiani

Rita Christiani (1917-2008) was a Trinidad-born American dancer who appeared in American films during the 1940s.

Biography
Christiani was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad on December 22, 1917.

She danced and toured with the Katherine Dunham Company in the early 1940s. In the course of touring, Christiani met the independent avant-garde filmmaker, Maya Deren, and was given a role in Deren’s film Ritual in Transfigured Time (1946). Deren was the main character in the film and Christiani danced the role of Deren’s alter ego, their images interchanging in black and white counterpoint to the dancer Frank Westbrook. Anaïs Nin was also in the film.

Footage of Christiani from this film was included in the documentary In the Mirror of Maya Deren (2002) by Martina Kudlacek.

Christiani and Deren became close friends, sharing the bond of being uprooted from their native lands as children and coming to America.

Her other film appearances include The Black Swan (1942) starring Tyrone Power and Maureen O'Hara, Road to Morocco (1942) starring Bob Hope and Bing Crosby, and the musicals Thank Your Lucky Stars (1942) and Happy Go Lucky (1943).

After working in films and as a dancer, Christiani may have been a nurse in Chicago.

Christiani died on May 23, 2008, in Brooklyn, New York.

Filmography

 * Tales of Manhattan (1942) - young woman (uncredited)
 * Road to Morocco (1942) - dancer (uncredited)
 * The Black Swan (1942) - dancer (uncredited)
 * Happy Go Lucky (1943) - as herself
 * Cabin in the Sky (1943) - dancer (uncredited)
 * I Walked with a Zombie (1943) - friend of Melise (uncredited)
 * Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943) - Ice Cold Katie
 * Ritual in Transfigured Time (1946) - as herself

title: Rita Christiani


text:
pinnatipartite

Adjective

 * 1)  Having lobes with incisions that extend more than half-way toward the midrib.

Usage notes
Less deep incisions are pinnatifid. Incisions reaching nearly to the midrib are pinnatisect.

title: pinnatipartite


text:
Hamam Mosque

The Hamam Mosque is a cultural heritage monument in Peja, Kosovo.

Built around 1587, the mosque lies near the Haxhi Bey hamam and the oldest Albanian language school in the city. Also known as Bulla Zade Hasan, the mosque saw fires in 1890 and during World War I, but was rebuilt five years after the war. Graves of different ages dot the mosque's courtyard. The original portico had a shadirvan (ablution fountain) to its right. Inside are prayer rooms, a müezzin mahfili (balcony for the call to prayer), a minbar (pulpit for the imam), and an entrance door to the minaret. The minaret is carved from stone and includes 12 corners with an arch on each. The total area of the building is 285 m2. The porch is a recent addition, and in general the building has been extensively renovated to conform to its surroundings, the last time being a 2001 restoration following its burning during the Kosovo War in 1999.

title: Hamam Mosque


text:
Agnivesha

Agnivesha (अग्निवेश) is a legendary rishi (sage) in Hinduism, reputedly one of the earliest authors on Ayurveda (Indian alternative medicine). He is described to have codified the knowledge of his preceptor, Atreya, and arranged it in the form of a treatise, named the Charaka Samhita.

Legend
Agnivesha is described to be the chief pupil of Punarvasu Atreya. The Agnivesha Samhita, dated back to 1500 BCE, is based on Atreya's teachings, and is a lost text on Ayurveda. The Agniveśatantra, consisting of 12,000 verses, is stated to be the foundational text of the Agnivesha school, one of the six schools of early Ayurveda (others being Parashara, Harita, Bhela, Jatukarna, and Ksharpani).

The text is mentioned in the Charaka Samhita: "the tantra (Agnivesha) as written by Agnivesha is compiled, edited and modified by Charaka" (agniveśakṛte tantre carakapratisaṃskṛte)

title: Agnivesha


text:
Newfoundland and Labrador Route 238

Route 238, also known as Elliston Road, is a 12.2 km north-south highway on the northeastern corner of the Bonavista Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland. It is one of very few highways in Newfoundland and Labrador that both begin and end at the same highway, this one being Route 230 (Bonavista Peninsula Highway).

Route description
Route 238 begins at an intersection with Route 230 southwest of Elliston in a very rural and remote area. Route 238 heads northeast to wind its way through Elliston, where it has an intersection with a local spur road, labeled as Route 238-11, which provides access to other areas of town and Maberly. The highway now winds its way northwest through rural terrain for several kilometres to enter Bonavista, where it has an intersection with Spillars Cove Road, which provides access to Spillars Cove. Route 238 now heads west along Coster Street past a cemetery and a neighbourhood before coming to an end at another intersection with Route 230 (Confederation Drive).

The Elliston Road
The portion that outsiders would call the Elliston Road itself has three distinct parts called by Elliston dwellers the Bonavista Road, the Catalina Road and the Maberly Road.

The portion between Elliston and Bonavista (ending near Spillar's Cove) is called by those of Elliston 'The Bonavista Road.' It forms a T-junction with the two other parts of Route 238 mentioned here. Coming from Bonavista, if you turn right at the stop-sign (just past the Anglican graveyard on the right), you leave Elliston again quite quickly on the Catalina Road which, although it does not go directly to Catalina, does bring you to Route 230 on the outskirts of Bonavista towards Catalina. If, having come from Bonavista, you turned left instead of right, you would find yourself on Route 238-II which passes through Elliston Centre, Sandy Cove and the Neck and finishes in a circular road in Maberly i.e. 238-II is a dead-end.

title: Newfoundland and Labrador Route 238


text:
School talk:Electronics

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
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Please Note
This is the Talk page for discussing the School of Electronic engineering Please join the threads below by beginning your reply with a colon (or colons ::) and sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ). Start a new thread by clicking the + tab above, supplying a meaningful heading. This page is used for general discussion of School:Electrical engineering. For discussion on a particular subpage, please use its talk page

Constructive critisism is encouraged and abusive speech not allowed in this talk page. It is the wish of all sincere participants of this school to see growth and development... so go a head and BE BRAVE.
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Active Participants Enlist Here
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

 * Eadthem (Associates Degree in Electronics & Computer Technology from DeVry university Kansas City)

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Tips & tricks Messages
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

Most edit links on the main school:electronic engineering page are broken. the pages are at School:Electronic_engineering/ instead of School:Electronics/ Depending on the decision of the move will determine how it is fixed.
 * }

program layout questions and issues
the layout of the program ee seams a little odd  now i learned the technician method rather than engineering method but it seams the order of things is a bit off. heres some ideas i just put to paper also heres a coarse layout from devry if a couple others could find there coarse layouts and post them see if we can come up with some ideas. devry coarse layout all degrees anyhow its starting thougt hope it gets some pepole thinking     thers also a eet(ee) plan of study in that pdf at the top  and ya ect is 5 terms  i didnt post the last one if someone else has some ideas or contenuations on this  thats great   but i do think we need to look at it Eadthem 05:39, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

looking at it again most of its prob that i took technician track rather than engineering track i still think the first courses need to start off with simpler stuff as well as basic breadboarding and circuitry before doing any logic circuits Eadthem 06:08, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Level 0
added lvl 0 to the corse list  and some ideas i am thinking of remedial stuff here. intro to electronics,  Likely someone could skip allot but it would be there to bring every one up to speed under basic spice,   It was a thought perhaps the basics of a cad program  LTspice/switcher cad III beaning 100% free,  gEDA as its open source possibly harder to run,  and multisim  not free by any measure but widely used. test equipment was thinking how to use digital and analog  handled and bench meters hp has a nice standard bench meter. couple modals of oscopes ive got a analog tektronix 2246 prob a digital textronics would be nice to agilent is also rather popular so prob a digital one of them   maybe a bk precision and a pc oscope. also power supples as money will be tight for a lot of people. how to use battery's for circuits i know bk precision and i think hp/agilent make some standard looking analog and digital supplys. personally planning to put my schematic for a simple dual isolated supply up eventually when time comes as its not hard to build signal generators i only ever used a agilent digital signal gen i know theres others  prob would be nice to have one from a couple other makers. also for the above test equipment thinking would be nice to have hints and tips for buying ones own equipment off ebay or in store. the other 2 courses i think are likely needed as to what else should be in them  i don't know for sure. the following at level 0 are here for ideas on the talk page. Eadthem 05:25, 30 September 2007 (UTC)
 * EE ??? Intro to Electronics
 * Breadboarding, Basic spice, Soldering, test equipment
 * EE ??? Intro to Computers
 * Hardware basics, OS basics, Software basics
 * EE ??? Intro to Engendering Math
 * Algebra, Geometry, Trig

class descriptions
i think it would be nice to have these on all ower classes  i've put 4 out there already so you can see what it would look like or at least 1 idea for it. Also there are some classes that are less than clear exactly what thay cover and there pages arnt created yet. I suggest rather than start on them just to have a this is what this covers, on a page, putting a description below the class link this way if we need to alter the names of pages it wont take a move+redirect. Then we can make the pages when we have actual content to place on them. Eadthem 05:25, 30 September 2007 (UTC) for presveration shuld we decide to go back Level 0 the following at level 0 are here for ideas on the talk page. EE 001 Introduction to Engineering Principles Engineering throughout history,engineering types,engineering job market,expectations and ethics, PE Licensing and other certifications EE 005 Introduction to Computers Hardware principles,basic operating and file system usage,introductory software usage and design EE ??? Intro to Engendering Math Algebra, Geometry, Trig EE 090 Introduction to Electronics Basic Electric definition and principles,basic measuring devices,introductory breadboarding and solid state devices, basic spice, soldering and schematic basics Eadthem 08:30, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

class nav template
i've suggested a basic layout for page names and made a template for class pages its in use in the EE111 class. full class name/full lecture name EE_111_Digital_Electronics/Lecture_6%2C_Flip-flops Eadthem 05:25, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

class name proposal
I talked to jwschmidt and couple others on irc and a lot of people don't like the class number/name system for pages current system proposed system 1 this is what i have been using lately. proposed system 2 proposed system 3 ideas thoughts comments??? Eadthem 00:48, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * classes
 * EE 111 Digital Electronics
 * lectures
 * EE_111_Digital_Electronics/Lecture_6%2C_Flip-flops
 * advantages
 * easy for someone who is trying to learn in classes
 * pages show in order by department(in the categorys)
 * problems
 * apparently confusing to a lot of people.
 * others also wouldn't be to hard to follow along in classes if they are done right.
 * classes
 * EE_Digital Electronics
 * lectures
 * EE_Digital_Electronics/Lecture_6%2C_Flip-flops
 * advantages
 * pages show in order by department(in the categorys)
 * problems
 * maby little confusing at first? likely not a prob to someone interested in the field
 * classes
 * Digital_Electronics_EE
 * lectures
 * Digital_Electronics_EE/Lecture_6%2C_Flip-flops
 * advantages
 * pages show in order by class and you can still tell witch department there related to(in the categorys)
 * problems
 * maby little confusing at first? likely not a prob to someone interested in the field
 * classes
 * Digital_Electronics
 * lectures
 * Digital_Electronics/Lecture_6%2C_Flip-flops
 * advantages
 * like wikipedia
 * problems
 * like wikipedia perhaps makes it harder for someone to say learn on here as they would in univeristy (more of difference only to class names)
 * possible name collisions "analog electronics" for engineering  "analog electronics" for techichan (electron flow / hole flow |see hole vr electron see the find out why's)

online resources

 * United States Navy Electronic Training Course
 * Electrical Engineering and Computer Science - Thank you guys! this is great website! I have learned much from it, and also, this MIT free online website may do some helps. Please contact them if anyone need any source... (Comment moved to appropriate section --Gbaor 06:15, 21 July 2008 (UTC))

School Face Lift
Hey pips. Please comment on face lift for the department. Colour scheme can be discussed as well. Thanx! Thuvack 10:58, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I was thinking PCB green the black on dark purple isnt working thow hard to read Eadthem 23:34, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * PCB Green sounds good, Anyboy-else with other suggestion. If this is the only suggestion after a week, then I'll change Box-headers to PCB Green. -Thuvack 15:28, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅- What should we change the background colour to, I dont think lavender goes well with PCB green. - Thuvack 12:56, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
 * well theres 2 shades of PCB green
 * copper PCB greenMask PCB green
 * althow those colors prob arnt best, generally a PCB will use thick white lettering for all labels and text.
 * If you really wanted to implement PCB green you should have masked copper as the headers and mask green as the body   and white font with no flourishes   say  aerial  witch wiki already uses.Eadthem 11:59, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Please have a look at this proposed School Face lift. It incorporates catergorisation and course wish list on sub pages. Also Department news are moved to a sub page. Please see this discussion for clarity on motivations towards this standardisation. I will wait a week for comments before implementing this change.;-)Thuvack 05:47, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- Please comment--Thuvack | talk 11:08, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

TALK PAGE MERGER
I have merged the old talk page at topic_talk:electronic engineering with the talk on this page.

the old talk is now in the School talk:Electronic engineering before merger page.

the old archive that was on the page has been moved to School talk:Electronic engineering 2006.

some of the current talk on this page can be archived as well under a new subpage of this page.

Eadthem 16:20, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

A little confused...
When I look at what Electrical Engineers and Electronic Engineers do, it seems almost if not the exact same. The question that I have is, if you major in Electrical Engineering in college, would you learn everything that you need for Electronic Engineering and when you begin to "job-hunt," would you just choose your dicipline for Electronic Engineering? Thanks. CRBR 19:41, 28 November 2009 (UTC)
 * It is almost exactly the same and most insitutions keep them fully together. What we have on WV is electronics engineering reffering to digital, communcations, computing, and signals. as well as some power managment and support of them. For electrical engineering the focus is more on power transmission and power management, and industrial power. it would cover mains wireing, power distrabution, motor control, lighting. IIRC the electrical engienering school was started by some peopole who had extensive knowolage about that focus.  The division was mantained somewhat as a failure to decide or conceve of how exactly they could be effectively combined, so it was decided to keep them seperate and share some content as apropreate.Eadthem 00:45, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

MOVE/RENAME PROPOSED
So i proposed and tried to get started a move from school:electronics to school:electronic engineering based on the fact that the content, page titles, links to the page all address it and are centerd around Electronic Engineering. The discussion is on Request_custodian_action due to a issue with the target page.

title: School talk:Electronics


text:
Waves/2-3D Problems

Problems
Figure 2.20: Graphical representation of the dispersion relation for shallow water waves in a river flowing in the $$x$$ direction. Units of frequency are hertz, units of wavenumber are inverse meters. Figure 2.21: Sketch of a beam expander for a laser.
 * 1) Point A is at the origin. Point B is $$3 \mbox{ m}$$ distant from A at $$30^{\circ}$$ counterclockwise from the $$x$$ axis. Point C is $$2 \mbox{ m}$$ from point A at $$100^{\circ}$$ counterclockwise from the $$x$$ axis.
 * 2) Obtain the Cartesian components of the vector $$\mbox{D}_1$$ which goes from A to B and the vector $$\mbox{D}_2$$ which goes from A to C.
 * 3) Find the Cartesian components of the vector $$\mbox{D}_3$$ which goes from B to C.
 * 4) Find the direction and magnitude of $$\mbox{D}_3$$.
 * 5) For the vectors in the previous problem, find $$\mbox{D}_1 \cdot \mbox{D}_2$$ using both the cosine form of the dot product and the Cartesian form. Check to see if the two answers are the same.
 * 6) Show graphically or otherwise that $$\vert \mbox{A} + \mbox{B} \vert \ne \vert \mbox{A} \vert + \vert \mbox{B} \vert$$ except when the vectors $$\mbox{A}$$ and $$\mbox{B}$$ are parallel.
 * 7) A wave in the $$x$$-$$y$$ plane is defined by $$h = h_0 \sin ( \mbox{k} \cdot \mbox{x} )$$ where $$\mbox{k} = (1,2) \mbox{ cm}^{-1}$$.
 * 8) On a piece of graph paper draw $$x$$ and $$y$$ axes and then plot a line passing through the origin which is parallel to the vector $$\mbox{k}$$.
 * 9) On the same graph plot the line defined by $$\mbox{k} \cdot \mbox{x} = k_x x + k_y y = 0$$, $$\mbox{k} \cdot \mbox{x} = \pi$$, and $$\mbox{k} \cdot \mbox{x} = 2 \pi$$. Check to see if these lines are perpendicular to $$\mbox{k}$$.
 * 10) Two deep plane ocean waves with the same frequency $$\omega $$ are moving approximately to the east. However, one wave is oriented a small angle $$\beta$$ north of east and the other is oriented $$\beta$$ south of east.
 * 11) Determine the orientation of lines of constructive interference between these two waves.
 * 12) Determine the spacing between lines of constructive interference.
 * 13) An example of waves with a dispersion relation in which the frequency is a function of both wave vector magnitude and direction is shown graphically in figure 2.20.
 * 14) What is the phase speed of the waves for each of the three wave vectors? Hint: You may wish to obtain the length of each wave vector graphically.
 * 15) For each of the wave vectors, what is the orientation of the wave fronts?
 * 16) For each of the illustrated wave vectors, sketch two other wave vectors whose average value is the illustrated vector, and whose tips lie on the same frequency contour line. Determine the orientation of lines of constructive interference produced by the superimposing pairs of plane waves for which each of the vector pairs are the wave vectors.
 * 1) Two gravity waves have the same frequency, but slightly different wavelengths.
 * 2) If one wave has an orientation angle $$\theta = \pi /4 \mbox{ radians}$$, what is the orientation angle of the other? (See figure 2.6.)
 * 3) Determine the orientation of lines of constructive interference between these two waves.
 * 4) A plane wave impinges on a single slit, spreading out a half-angle $$\alpha $$ after the slit. If the whole apparatus is submerged in a liquid with index of refraction $$n = 1.5$$, how does the spreading angle of the light change? (Hint: Recall that the index of refraction in a transparent medium is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed in the medium. Furthermore, when light goes from a vacuum to a transparent medium, the light frequency doesn't change. Therefore, how does the wavelength of the light change?)
 * 5) Determine the diameter of the telescope needed to resolve a planet $$2 \times 10^8 \mbox{ km}$$ from a star which is $$6 \mbox{ light years}$$ from the earth. (Assume blue light which has a wavelength $$\lambda \approx 4 \times 10^{-7} \mbox{ m} = 400 \mbox{ nm}$$. Also, don't worry about the great difference in brightness between the two for the purposes of this problem.)
 * 6) A laser beam from a laser on the earth is bounced back to the earth by a corner reflector on the moon.
 * 7) Engineers find that the returned signal is stronger if the laser beam is initially spread out by the beam expander shown in figure 2.21. Explain why this is so.
 * 8) The beam has a diameter of $$1 \mbox{ m}$$ leaving the earth. How broad is it when it reaches the moon, which is $$4 \times 10^5 \mbox{ km}$$ away? Assume the wavelength of the light to be $$5 \times 10^{-7} \mbox{ m}$$.
 * 9) How broad would the laser beam be at the moon if it weren't initially passed through the beam expander? Assume its initial diameter to be $$1 \mbox{ cm}$$.
 * 1) Suppose that a plane wave hits two slits in a barrier at an angle, such that the phase of the wave at one slit lags the phase at the other slit by half a wavelength. How does the resulting interference pattern change from the case in which there is no lag?
 * 2) Suppose that a thin piece of glass of index of refraction $$n = 1.33$$ is placed in front of one slit of a two slit diffraction setup.
 * 3) How thick does the glass have to be to slow down the incoming wave so that it lags the wave going through the other slit by a phase difference of $$\pi$$? Take the wavelength of the light to be $$\lambda = 6 \times 10^{-7} \mbox{ m}$$.
 * 4) For the above situation, describe qualitatively how the diffraction pattern changes from the case in which there is no glass in front of one of the slits. Explain your results.
 * 5) A light source produces two wavelengths, $$\lambda_1 = 400 \mbox{ nm}$$ (blue) and $$\lambda_2 = 600 \mbox{ nm}$$ (red).
 * 6) Qualitatively sketch the two slit diffraction pattern from this source. Sketch the pattern for each wavelength separately.
 * 7) Qualitatively sketch the 16 slit diffraction pattern from this source, where the slit spacing is the same as in the two slit case.
 * 8) A light source produces two wavelengths, $$\lambda_1 = 631 \mbox{ nm}$$ and $$\lambda_2 = 635 \mbox{ nm}$$. What is the minimum number of slits needed in a grating spectrometer to resolve the two wavelengths? (Assume that you are looking at the first order diffraction peak.) Sketch the diffraction peak from each wavelength and indicate how narrow the peaks must be to resolve them.

title: Waves/2-3D Problems


text:
User:Jalbertson

I have a B.S. in Geosciences and a minor in Computer Science, and an MBA specializing in Technology Management.

title: User:Jalbertson


text:
Talk:Kamangiri art

Not original research
Hi this is not original research as u added.The published sources exist for the same also i have written in my own words using the sources no close paraphrising.Check all sources carefully you will find. Heba Aisha (talk) 14:40, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kamangiri art


text:
User:John Rudolph During Sr

John Rudolph During Sr(December 25 1990)is a Liberia gospel musician,song writer,architect,vocal coach, Hyper realism artist,paint artist, fashion designer. Started his singing career at age 12 in the Soul Cleansing Clinic of Jesus Christ Intl.

title: User:John Rudolph During Sr


text:
United States Government/Authors

This book, US Constitution and Government, was initiated and written by Lord Emsworth, with slight contributions by Karl Wick and Tamu Schwoeffermann. Although the content of the book is comprehensive, it still needs to be edited and revised.

The original version of the book was finished on September 30, 2003, making it the first "finished" Wikibook on the site.

title: United States Government/Authors


text:
Orione-class torpedo boat

The Orione class was a class of four sea-going steam-powered torpedo boats of the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) built by the Odero shipyard of Sestri Ponente from 1905 to 1907. They served in the Italo-Turkish War and the First World War.

Construction and design
On 31 March 1905, four torpedo boats were laid down at the Italian shipbuilder Odero's Sestri Ponente, Genoa shipyard. They were 51.0 m long between perpendiculars and 52.65 m overall, with a beam of 6.0 m and a draught of 1.53 m. Two coal-fired Blechynden boilers fed steam to two sets of triple expansion steam engines rated at 2900 ihp, giving a design speed of 25 kn. Range was 300 nmi at 24 kn and 680 nmi at 18 kn. Displacement was 220 t. They were fitted with a slightly unusual clipper bow (a bow that curves forward as it rises from the water) and two closely spaced funnels.

Armament was the same as the Sirio-class torpedo boat and Pegaso-class torpedo boates, with three 450 mm torpedo tubes and three 47 mm guns. Crew was three officers and 35 men.

Service
The four ships of the class were completed from February 1907 to April 1908. Although the ships reached speeds of up to 25.4 kn during sea trials, they were less seaworthy than the ships of the Pegaso class. Olimpia and Orfeo were deployed in relief efforts following the 1908 Messina earthquake that devastated Sicily and Calabria on 28 December 1908. Orione collided with the old coastal torpedo boat 128 S in April 1911. All four ships of the class were active during the Italo-Turkish War, serving in Libyan waters and in the Dodecanese.

During the First World War, the class formed the 1st Torpedo Boat Division, carrying out escort operations in Libyan waters, and between North Africa and Italy. Their armament was modified during the war, with the 47 mm guns replaced by two 76 mm guns and one of the torpedo tubes removed. Orfeo was badly damaged in a collision with the merchant ship Calabria on 10 December 1917, but was repaired. They were disposed of between 1920 and 1923.

title: Orione-class torpedo boat


text:
Talk:絃

Simplified version
Why is the simplified version of this character not listed in the "Mandarin" section? <IP_ADDRESS> 00:56, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There are only two ways that such information might be added:

 * a bot automatically adds such information: no one has written such a bot for Wiktionary, although it is not technically impossible.
 * a person like me enters it in by hand: given the current number of steady contributors, this could take many years. -- A-cai 20:49, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Additional Japanese reading?
Can this also be read as "sen" in Japanese? <IP_ADDRESS> 15:35, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

 * No.—suzukaze (t・c) 11:54, 29 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:絃


text:
User:ShaneCavanaugh/FLAC

The Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) is a free-as-in-speech audio codec specifically designed to losslessly compress linear, pulse-code modulated digital audio samples for archival and for realtime decoding of those compressed samples for gapless playback on low-performance hardware.

title: User:ShaneCavanaugh/FLAC


text:
Introduction to Philosophy/Authors

Kurt Kawohl

/MK/

Daniel

EuropracBHIT has loved philosophy ever since she realised that it is a matter of 'thinking things over carefully', and has been around it in one form or another since. She is especially interested in the Existentialists, and has contributed to that part of the book. She also knows something about Utilitarianism and Pragmatism.

publunch might make some contributions to the logic part, and maybe to the philosophy of mind part as well. But I don't think I'll achieve much without your help and encouragement.

Frazzydee

poetreason is currently a student of philosophy, has made contributions to the Metaphysics section (particularly the section on person hood), and intends to continue contributing.

Destrogal: I am trying to put some order behind this project by expanding the ease of joining in on it. That is, making it simple for users to be able to write chapters. I am also contributing to chapters. See: Origins of Philosophy

EatAlbertaBeef: I see every stub and blank page as an opportunity, I hope to jump start this project. Expect to see my first contributions on Communism and political philosophy, afterwhich I will branch out. (I also plan to use information I wrote for wikipedia)

title: Introduction to Philosophy/Authors


text:
Russian/Prepositions

Prepositions are small words that precede a phrase and connect it to the rest of the sentence. Example of prepositions in English include 'He went in the shop', 'She spoke about him, 'They went by the shops', etc. Russian prepositions work just like their English counterparts, with one important difference: they all place the next phrase in one of the six grammatical cases. As such, a good understanding of the Russian case system is needed to use prepositions. Some cases are used primarily or even entirely with prepositions, while others are used more in their main function than with prepositions- this page assumes familiarity of Russian cases and pronunciation.

Prepositions
{| width="100%"
 * width="50%" |
 * width="50%" |

Nominative
Usually, nominative has no prepositions, but there are several cases where some scholars believe it has:
 * (что) за - (what a)
 * в - into, as a (plural denoting new state)

Accusative

 * в(о) - into
 * на - onto
 * с(о) - approx
 * за - for
 * о - against (physical contact)
 * под - under
 * по - up to, as far as
 * про - on the topic of
 * сквозь - through, across
 * через - in, after, by

Genitive

 * без - without
 * близ - near, close
 * вдоль - along
 * вместо - instead of
 * вне - outside of
 * внутри - inside, within
 * возле - by, near
 * вокруг - about, around
 * впереди - ahead of
 * для - for
 * до - until
 * из(о) - of, outside of, from
 * из-за - from behind
 * из-под - from below
 * кроме - except (for)
 * мимо - past (movement)
 * накануне - on the eve
 * около - around
 * от(о) - off, (away) from
 * после - after
 * (на)против - against, across from
 * ради - for the sake of
 * с(о) - (down) from
 * (по)среди - among
 * у - at, close to. Equivalent to the French "chez"

The following prepositions are also used in genitive plural:

 * мало - few, little
 * много - a lot, many, much
 * несколько - a few, not many
 * ско́лько - how much? how many?

Dative

 * к(о) - to, towards
 * по - many meanings in English; no direct translation
 * благодаря - thanks to
 * вопреки - contrary to, despite
 * наперекор - in defiance of (more intense than вопреки)
 * согласно - according to, in accordance with

Instrumental

 * над - above, on top of
 * под - under, beneath
 * за - behind, before
 * перед - in front of
 * между - in between
 * с(о) - with

Russian/Prepositions Instrumental quiz
Russian/Prepositions Instrumental quiz

Prepositional

 * в(о) - in
 * на - on
 * при - in times of, in the presence of
 * о(б) - about (becomes обо before мне, что and inflected forms of весь)

A rule of thumb to distinguish between в(о) and на: if one can inhabit or enter a space where something is happening, it is на and otherwise it is в(о). Note that there are many exceptions to this rule which must be learnt by rote.
 * }

Prepositions with 2 cases
Like in German, some prepositions can have 2 cases. The accusative (again, like in German) and the genitive cases are used to express movement: accusative pertains to destination, while genitive indicates the source of movement. The instrumental and the Prepositional are used to express staticness.

Accusative and Prepositional

 * в or во - in, inside of
 * на - on, on top of

Accusative and instrumental

 * за - for, behind
 * под - under

Accusative, Genitive, Instrumental

 * с - approximately (acc.), from (gen.), with (inst.)

Accusative, Prepositional, Dative

 * по - to & including; apiece (acc.), upon, directly after (prep.), along, according to (dat.)

Examples
Nominative:
 * Он пришёл к нам в гости. :He came to visit us.

Accusative:
 * Книга упала на пол. :The book fell on the floor.
 * За Родину! :For the Motherland!

Genitive:
 * Четыре стула стоят вокруг стола. :Four chairs are standing around the table.
 * Диван стоит у стены. :The couch is standing against the wall.
 * Он выходит из университéта. :He's coming out of the university.
 * Bозвращáюсь с рабóты. :I'm coming back from work.

Dative:
 * Ваза пододвинута к краю стола. :The vase is moved towards the edge of the table.
 * Идý к роди́телям. :I'm going to my parents'.

Instrumental:
 * Лампа висит под потолком. :The lamp hangs under the ceiling.
 * Игорь идёт с другом. :Igor walks with a friend.
 * Он стоит за дверью. :He's standing behind the door.

Prepositional:
 * Стол и стулья стоят в центре комнаты. :The table and the chairs are in the middle of the room.
 * Ваза стоит на столе. :The vase stands on the table.
 * Книга и вещи лежат на столе. :The book and the things are lying on the table.
 * Телевизор стоит на столике. :The television is on the small table.
 * Картина висит на стене. :The painting hangs on the wall.

Note: using the preposition "в/во" when saying you're in a place, or going to a place, works in the majority of cases; however, some places require you to use "на" instead of "в/во".

For example: but:
 * Pабóтаю в университéте. :I work at the university.
 * Pабóтаю на факультéте (чего-нибудь). :I work at the faculty (of something).

Similarly: but:
 * Идý в бюро. :I'm going to the office.
 * Идý на работу. :I'm going to work.

And more. There is a limited number of those, but the use of "на" over that of "в/во" is mandatory in these cases.

Russisch/Voorzetsels Ruso/Gramática/Preposiciones

title: Russian/Prepositions


text:
nálada

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) mood mental or emotional state, composure
 * 2) mood disposition to do something
 * 1) mood disposition to do something

Usage notes

 * Adjectives often used with "nálada": blbý, dobrý, špatný, mizerný.

Noun

 * 1) mood
 * 2) mindset, attitude

title: nálada


text:
Escadrille Spa.77

Escadrille Spa.77 (originally Escadrille N.77) was a French fighter and photo reconnaissance squadron active from 1916 to 1918 during the First World War. They were credited with the destruction of 34 German airplanes and observation balloons, as well as extensive photo intelligence coverage of enemy positions.

History
Escadrille Spa.77 was founded on 19 September 1916 at Lyon-Bron, France. It was equipped with Nieuport XII and Nieuport XVII fighters, leading to its original designation of Escadrille N.77. It was assigned to VIII Armee. By April 1917, the Nieuport XIIs were gone, and the unit had added Nieuport XXIVs, and a few SPAD VII fighters. In June, they received Nieuport XXIVs. By September 1917, they had become entirely equipped with SPADs. They were redesignated Escadrille Spa.77.

On 5 February 1918, the squadron, along with three others, had been incorporated into Groupe de Combat 17. Later that month, Groupe de Combat 17 joined other Groupes in Escadre de Combat No. 2. On 14 May, the Escadre was itself posted into the 1er Division Aerienne.

Although details of combat operations are lacking, Escadrille Spa.77 was obviously engaged; it was cited in orders on 18 July 1918 for downing 22 German airplanes and 13 observation balloons. Their extensive photo reconnaissance missions were also lauded for producing 1,000 photos. Their second time being cited in orders, on 9 October 1918, credited the squadron with destruction of 34 German airplanes and 25 observation balloons. The unit would destroy one more observation balloon before the Armistice on 11 November 1918.

Commanding officers

 * Lieutenant Joseph de l'Hermite: 19 September 1916 - 19 July 1917
 * Capitaine Pierre Muranval: 19 July 1917
 * Lieutenant Henri Decoin: 30 May 1918
 * Sous lieutenant Gilbert Sardier: 5 July 1918

Notable members

 * Lieutenant Maurice Boyau
 * Lieutenant Gilbert Sardier
 * Lieutenant Alexandre Marty
 * Sous lieutenant Yves F. Barbaza
 * Adjutant Francis Guerrier

Aircraft

 * Nieuport XII: 19 September 1916 - early 1917
 * Nieuport XVII: 19 September 1916 - September 1917
 * Nieuport XXIV: April 1917 - September 1917
 * SPAD VII: April 1917

title: Escadrille Spa.77


text:
File:Rugby Montenegro logo.png

Fair use in Rugby union in Montenegro
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It illustrates educational articles about the entity that the logotype represents.
 * 2) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 3) It is a low resolution image, and thus not suitable for production of counterfeit goods.
 * 4) The logotype is not used in such a way the a reader would be confused into believing that the article is written or authorized by the owner of the logotype.
 * 5) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.

Fair use in Montenegrin Rugby Union
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It illustrates educational articles about the entity that the logotype represents.
 * 2) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 3) It is a low resolution image, and thus not suitable for production of counterfeit goods.
 * 4) The logotype is not used in such a way the a reader would be confused into believing that the article is written or authorized by the owner of the logotype.
 * 5) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.

title: File:Rugby Montenegro logo.png


text:
Talk:Lauren Platt

Requested move 30 July 2015

The result of the move request was: moved (pending deletion of target). — kwami (talk) 18:05, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

Lauren Platt (singer) → Lauren Platt – Only two topics, and one of them is a minor character in a barely notable film - coupled with the fact that the actress who plays her doesn't even have a Wikipedia page. I think the real-life Lauren Platt would be pretty surprised if she saw that we don't think she's more notable than someone of that description. Unreal7 (talk) 12:41, 30 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't have any objection to this, although I'd like to point out that what the real life Platt thinks is beyond Wikipedia's responsibility. FoCuSandLeArN (talk) 19:39, 30 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lauren Platt


text:
Philip Clarke (Royal Navy officer)

Rear Admiral Sir Charles Philip Clarke, (14 March 1898 – 13 November 1966) was a Royal Navy officer who became Flag Officer, Malta.

Naval career
Clarke joined the Royal Navy in 1911 and was promoted to midshipman in 1914 at the start of the First World War. He served in the Second World War becoming commanding officer of the cruiser HMS Caledon in July 1939 and commanding officer of the cruiser HMS Glasgow in November 1943.

Clarke became Director of Mobilisation at the Admiralty in March 1946 and Flag Officer, Malta in June 1948. In retirement he served as President of the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers from 1955 to 1956.

title: Philip Clarke (Royal Navy officer)


text:
Talk:Treaty of Berlin (1926)

Untitled
Can anyone provide a source for this agreement? I am having an incredibly difficult time identifying this treaty in history texts, and its existence seems dubious.

Source
The full text of the treaty is contained at. Not sure if this can be used as a source, and it also does not say that the Soviet Union wanted it to prevent the rapprochement. Take it for what you will. Bpogi 03:20, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Source
Just found some sources on Google Books. They're under the citations header. Anyone want to expand the article? Ethan (talk) 03:37, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Treaty of Berlin (1926)


text:
User:Lorelei/Working People's Art Class

The Working People's Art Class (WPAC) was a class that provided basic art training for young artists in Guyana. It was founded in 1948 by Edward Burrowes.

title: User:Lorelei/Working People's Art Class


text:
French/Grammar/Moods/Subjunctive

Usage of the Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive mood is used to express subjectivity, as opposed to objectivity.

The subjunctive usually appears with que, which means that.

Francés/Gramática/El verbo/Modos/Le subjonctif

title: French/Grammar/Moods/Subjunctive


text:
nini

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) grandparent; grandfather or grandmother

Etymology
cf. 🇨🇬

Noun

 * 1) man

Verb

 * 1) to pour

Interjection

 * 1)  lo!, look!

Etymology
From (compare 🇨🇬).

Pronoun

 * 1) we
 * "sga"
 * "sga"
 * "sga"

- Is nini fo·rálaig.

Etymology
cf. 🇨🇬

Noun

 * 1) man

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  NEET, neet

Pronoun

 * 1) what

Noun

 * 1) fish

title: nini


text:
Michael Millman

Michael G. Millman (July 9, 1939 – May 31, 2014) was an American criminal defense lawyer, founder of the California Appellate Project, and an anti-death penalty activist.

Family and education
Michael Millman was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., and he grew up in Summit, N.J. Millman was the only child of Sidney, a physicist, and Dorothy, a teacher. Millman graduated from Harvard University in 1960 with a degree in physics and obtained a master's degree in physics from UC Berkeley. Moved by the social justice activism of the 1960s, Millman decided to study law—instead of science—and graduated from Yale Law School in 1969. During the civil rights movement he worked with, and was deeply inspired by, Alabama Attorney Fred Gray, who had represented Dr. Martin Luther King, Rosa Parks.

Millman married Cynthia Taylor Millman. He had three children Dr. Laura Dillard, David Millman, and Matthew Millman. He had three stepchildren from his marriage to Cynthia; and 13 grandchildren.

Legal career
After law school, Millman worked for the Alameda County public defender for about six years. He then joined the Office of the State Public Defender and became its death penalty coordinator after state lawmakers reinstated capital punishment in 1977.

In 1983, The State Bar of California created The California Appellate Project as a legal resource center to implement the constitutional right to counsel for indigent persons facing Capital punishment in California. At around the time of its founding, Millman became the director of CAP. Millman served as director of CAP for 30 years. In his role at CAP, he oversaw the efforts to assist private lawyers representing the more than 700 people on California's death row.

Millman was also active in the California Attorneys for Criminal Justice, serving as President of its Board of Governors in 1984. He also served on a Supreme Court committee formed to improve the timely handling of capital case appeals and habeas corpus petitions. In 2013, Millman was awarded CACJ's Significant Contributions to Criminal Justice Lifetime Achievement Award.

Michael Millman was a founding member of Death Penalty Focus, which is committed to the abolition of the death penalty. Millman was also affiliated with the Death Penalty Information Center—working with Anthony Amsterdam—and served as President of its board. In April 2014, Death Penalty Focus awarded Mr. Millman a Lifetime Achievement Award for his "unwavering commitment to providing high-quality representation to indigent people on death row." He occasionally lectured at Stanford Law School.

Death and tributes
On May 31, 2014, Mr. Millman died from pancreatic cancer. Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court Tani G. Cantil-Sakauye said of Millman: "Michael Millman was a pillar of the capital defense bar, a hero to many, and a true gentleman. He will be sorely missed, and we are deeply saddened by this great loss." Lance Lindsey, the administrative director of CAP, said: "Michael was a profoundly kind and big-hearted man who dedicated his whole life to advancing social justice and, especially, to 'being the change we wish to see in the world' by daily acts of compassion and generosity." The President of the American Bar Association James Silkenat paid tribute to Millman: "As someone who also cares deeply about justice, I thank you for all that you have done to make this world a better place. You are the kind of lawyer and human being that we all aspire to be."

title: Michael Millman


text:
jatropha

Etymology
From the genus name.

Noun

 * 1) Any of several plants, of the genus, native to the Northern Hemisphere; some have medicinal attributes and others are grown as a source of biodiesel.

title: jatropha


text:
Talk:depot

what is an antonym fordepot?--<IP_ADDRESS> 15:42, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

RFV discussion: December 2020–February 2021
RFV-sense of "a compound". A compound what? I'm not familiar with any meaning that could be a compound apart from a storage building and that is definition 1. ←₰-→ Lingo Bingo Dingo (talk)  16:58, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
 * A storage facility need not be a building; it can be a yard or other open-air enclosure for secure storage; see Etymology 1, sense 2. This is not a separate sense; the term is indifferent with respect to the physical realization of the facility.  --Lambiam 20:59, 15 December 2020 (UTC)

 * RFV-deleted. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 20:16, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:depot


text:
Duncan Robertson

Duncan John Robertson (born 6 February 1947) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. He represented Otago at a provincial level, making 104 appearances and playing most of his games at second five-eighth. Robertson was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1973 to 1977, playing mostly as a first five-eighth, but also as a fullback towards the end of his career. He played 30 matches for the All Blacks including 10 internationals.

title: Duncan Robertson


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/asturiasinfo.com

Links

 * asturiasinfo.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 7 additions.


text:
GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 5 answer 5

I'm sorry but this is the wrong answer. B may very well be true as "like charges repel". Hit back and try again.

<<back


text:
Talk:Latin stream/A2

My term does not start until the 4th September - so little content can be developed by me before then. Dev920 15:02, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Latin stream/A2


text:
Cookbook talk:Oyster

This module was origionally taken from parts of the Wikipedia article Oyster, and used under the GFDL. The page history at the time the content was taken is copied below:

* (cur) (last). . 11:30, 24 Feb 2004. . Davodd (*WikiBooks: How to cook oysters) * (cur) (last). . M 02:29, 24 Feb 2004. . Olivier * (cur) (last). . 15:24, 12 Feb 2004. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . 15:24, 12 Feb 2004. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . 15:22, 12 Feb 2004. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . 15:20, 12 Feb 2004. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . 19:09, 14 Jan 2004. . Seglea (link to Thorny Oysters) * (cur) (last). . 21:05, 12 Jan 2004. . Seglea (not only oysters secrete pearls) * (cur) (last). . 21:04, 12 Jan 2004. . Seglea (pluralise pearl oysters) * (cur) (last). . 14:42, 12 Jan 2004. . Seglea (moving some material to true oyster page; restructuring) * (cur) (last). . 15:38, 8 Jan 2004. . Anthere * (cur) (last). . M 17:58, 5 Jan 2004. . Lupinoid (fix ja:) * (cur) (last). . 06:36, 13 Nov 2003. . <IP_ADDRESS> (+ja) * (cur) (last). . 13:19, 25 Jun 2003. . Rick.G (edit paragraph) * (cur) (last). . 08:40, 6 Mar 2003. . <IP_ADDRESS> (raw - pathogen) * (cur) (last). . M 18:01, 5 Mar 2003. . Frecklefoot * (cur) (last). . 17:25, 5 Mar 2003. . <IP_ADDRESS> (self-shucking oyster) * (cur) (last). . M 00:24, 19 Dec 2002. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . M 15:56, 18 Nov 2002. . Zoe * (cur) (last). . 23:15, 16 Nov 2002. . Merphant (linked orphan) * (cur) (last). . 23:03, 16 Nov 2002. . Zoe * (cur) (last). . M 02:19, 7 Nov 2002. . Malcolm Farmer (adopt orphan how to cook...) * (cur) (last). . 19:13, 4 Nov 2002. . Karen Johnson * (cur) (last). . 20:40, 24 Oct 2002. . Merphant (oysters are not clams) * (cur) (last). . 19:44, 24 Oct 2002. . W (Not quite sure, but think these are the same. If not, add stub explaining diff.)

title: Cookbook talk:Oyster


text:
mír

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) peace

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) A bit, portion
 * 2) A morsel
 * 3)  particle

title: mír


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Khalsa Aid

The result was no consensus. There has been precious little discussion of the source material, and very many assertions of notability without supporting evidence. As such there's really no substance here that can serve as the basis for consensus, and the sources provided at the very end of the discussion have not been analyzed in any depth. So I'm closing as "no consensus", explicitly with no prejudice against a speedy renomination. Vanamonde (Talk) 15:32, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Khalsa Aid

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Fails WP:ORGDEPTH - Most of the sources are primary and/or routine and prove they exist, but not that they are notable. GSS  💬 16:08, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. GSS  💬 16:08, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. GSS  💬 16:08, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of United Kingdom-related deletion discussions. GSS  💬 16:08, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete - zero evidence of notability and no in-depth coverage from sources not directly connected with the subject Spiderone  11:16, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment - I'm now neutral as to whether it should be kept or deleted. It's a borderline case as it has plenty of coverage in the media but not all of it is in-depth. Spiderone  09:09, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep - The org has got significant news coverage in India in recent years, e.g. during 2020 Delhi riots. GD (talk) 14:10, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Please point out those sources. GSS  💬 15:06, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 06:30, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: Not convinced with the three votes above. Hope something better comes up
 * Delete Non-notable NGO. No in-depth coverage, fails WP:ORG. - FitIndia  Talk Admin on Commons 05:55, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Aaqib Anjum Aafī (talk) 18:24, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep As it satisfies WP:NGO. It's work is national and international in scale and has received multiple mentions in secondary sources. News Articles:   Books:  Establishing WP:Neutrality might be difficult because of the quantity of positive news articles about their charitable work, but I think there's enough to write an article. Z1720 (talk) 20:04, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * They are all passing mention and none provide in-depth coverage as required by WP:ORGDEPTH. GSS  💬 11:24, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * WP:NGO says, "These criteria constitute an optional, alternative method for demonstrating notability." Thus I am using NGO's criteria to establish notablity instead of WP:ORGDEPTH. Also, ORGDEPTH, NGO, and even WP:GNG are guidelines, not policy. I believe editors need to use their own critical thinking to establish if an article fulfils our core content policies (WP:COPO). I agree that the Khalsa Aid article is a borderline case, but I think with enough searching and evaluating of sources we can find enough information to create an article. Z1720 (talk) 14:16, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Still if you are going with WP:NGO we need coverage beyond passing mentions and at present almost all the sources are passing mention and none discuss the organization directly and in details as what WP:NGO#2 require The organization has received significant coverage in multiple reliable sources that are independent of the organization. GSS  💬 15:37, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep as per WP:GNG, available citations clearly shows its notability.--Irshadpp (talk) 06:58, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Can you please point out sources that satisfy WP:GNG rather than just saying per WP:GNG? GSS  💬 11:25, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep as per WP:GNG, available citations clearly shows its notability. It is a charitable organisation that responds to the wider community in state of disaster and state of emergency. --Whiteguru (talk) 11:28, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * As per above just saying per WP:GNG it's better if you can also point out those sources. Thank you, GSS  💬 11:29, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep per all above. Plenty of reliable refereces at the article already. Ngrewal1 (talk) 19:40, 11 September 2020 (UTC)
 * We know there is plenty of reliable sources exist that mention this organization but can you provide atelas one sources that discuss "Khalsa Aid" independently? all those sources confirm they exist but not that they are notable. GSS  💬 05:31, 12 September 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: Giving this a third relist given the lack of specificity by keep participants, even when asked, as to how sources establish notability.
 * Note to closing admin as I pointed out above, there is sources that has mentioned (passing mention) this organization, but there is nothing that discuss the orgonization independently as per WP:NGO or WP:ORGDEPTH and none of the keep !voters above managed to provide such sources so, this should be closed as delete, draftify or relisted for another week. Thank you, GSS  💬 05:35, 12 September 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Barkeep49 (talk) 16:21, 13 September 2020 (UTC) Comment: I'd like to apoligise for the delayed response to the relisting comment above. I still believe this is article is a weak keep because there are sources,  that show significant coverage of their actions in a provincial, national or international setting. There are also editorials that profile Khalsa Aid's international activities  although I would consider these less reliable due to their editorial nature. Some sources like        show more local coverage, and taken together with the first set of sources listed showcase the work that this organisation does. With these sources, I think we can provide a description of the organisation, fulfiling WP:ORGDEPTH. I think it's a "weak keep" (instead of "keep") because the sources do not provide much information on the history of Khalsa Aid between its founding and circa mid-2010s, so our article might focus too much on their current charitable work. Z1720 (talk) 23:15, 16 September 2020 (UTC)

Keep passes WP:GNG ChunnuBhai (talk) 16:11, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Heydarabad, Nishapur

Heydarabad (, also Romanized as Ḩeydarābād) is a village in Binalud Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 154, in 28 families.

title: Heydarabad, Nishapur