text:
User:Vanisheduser431890/sandbox

=High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions= High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions are regions of the ocean where the number of phytoplankton is low and fairly constant despite the availability of macronutrients. Phytoplankton rely on a suite nutrients for cellular function. Macronutrients (e.g., nitrate, phosphate, silicic acid) are generally available in higher quantities in surface ocean waters, and are the typical components of common garden fertilizers. Micronutrients (e.g., iron, zinc, cobalt) are generally available in lower quantities and include trace metals. Macronutrients are typically available in millimolar concentrations, while micronutrients are generally available in micro- to nanomolar concentrations. In general, nitrate tends to be a limiting ocean nutrient, but in HNLC regions it is never significantly depleted. Instead, these regions tend to be limited by low concentrations of metabolizable iron. Iron is a critical phytoplankton micronutrient necessary for enzyme catalysis and electron transport.

Between the 1930s and '80s, it was hypothesized that iron is a limiting ocean micronutrient, but there were not sufficient methods to detect iron in seawater to confirm this hypothesis. In 1989, high concentrations of iron-rich sediments in nearshore coastal waters off the Gulf of Alaska were detected. However, offshore waters had lower iron concentrations and lower productivity despite macronutrient availability for phytoplankton growth. This pattern was observed in other oceanic regions and lead to the naming of three major HNLC zones: the North Pacific Ocean, the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, and the Southern Ocean.

The discovery of HNLC regions has fostered scientific debate about the ethics and efficacy of iron fertilization experiments which attempt to draw down atmospheric carbon dioxide by stimulating surface-level photosynthesis. It has also led to the development of hypotheses such as grazing control which poses that HNLC regions are formed, in part, to the grazing of phytoplankton (e.g. dinoflagellates, ciliates) by smaller organisms (e.g. protists ).

Primary Production
Primary production is the process by which autotrophs use light to convert carbon from aqueous carbon dioxide to sugar for cellular growth. Light catalyzes the photosynthetic process and nutrients are incorporated into organic material. For photosynthesis to occur, macronutrients such as nitrate and phosphate must be available in sufficient ratios and bioavailable forms for biological utilization. The molecular ratio of 106(Carbon):16(Nitrate):1(Phosphorous) was discovered by Redfield, Ketcham, and Richards (RKR) and is known as the Redfield Ratio. Photosynthesis (forward) and respiration (reverse) is represented by the equation:

Biological growth can be limited by deficiencies of certain macronutrients. However, in the North Pacific, the Equatorial Pacific, and the Southern Ocean macronutrients are found in sufficient ratios, quantities and bioavailable forms to support primary production. Macronutrient availability in HNLC regions in tandem with low standing stocks suggests that some other biogeochemical process limits phytoplankton growth.

Since primary production and phytoplankton biomass cannot currently be measured over entire ocean basins, scientists use chlorophyll α as a proxy for primary production. Modern satellite observations monitor and track global chlorophyll α abundances in the ocean via remote sensing. Higher chlorophyll concentrations generally indicate areas of enhanced primary production. Therefore low chlorophyll levels indicate low primary production. This co-occurrence of low chlorophyll and high macronutrient availability is why these regions are deemed "high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll."

In addition to the macronutrients needed for organic matter synthesis, phytoplankton need micronutrients such as trace metals for cellular functions. Micronutrient availability can constrain primary production because trace metals are sometimes limiting nutrients. Iron has been determined to be a primary limiting micronutrient in HNLC provinces. Recent studies have indicated that zinc and cobalt may be secondary and/or co-limiting micronutrients.

Common Characteristics
HNLC regions cover 20% of the world’s oceans and are characterized by varying physical, chemical, and biological patterns. These surface waters have annually varying yet relatively abundant macronutrient concentrations compared to other oceanic provinces. While HNLC broadly describes the biogeochemical trends of these large ocean regions, all three zones experience seasonal phytoplankton blooms in response to global atmospheric patterns. On average, HNLC regions tend to be growth-limited by iron and variably, zinc. This trace metal limitation leads to communities of smaller sized phytoplankton. Compared to more productive regions of the ocean, HNLC zones have higher ratios of silicic acid to nitrate because larger diatoms are less prevalent. Unlike the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific, the Equatorial Pacific experiences temporal silicate availability which leads to large seasonal diatom blooms.

The distribution of trace metals and relative abundance of macronutrients are reflected in the plankton community structure. For example, the selection of phytoplankton with a high surface area to volume ratio results in HNLC regions being dominated by nano- and picoplankton. This ratio allows for optimal utilization of available dissolved nutrients. Larger phytoplankton, such as diatoms, cannot energetically sustain themselves in these regions. Common picoplankton within these regions include genera such as prochlorococcus (not generally found in the North Pacific), synechococcus, and various eukaryotes. Grazing protists likely control the abundance and distribution of these small phytoplankton.

Because of low net primary production in HNLC zones, biological draw-down of atmospheric carbon dioxide is low and these regions are generally considered a net source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. HNLC areas are of interest to geoengineers and some in the scientific community who believe fertilizing large patches these waters with iron could potentially lower dissolved carbon dioxide and offset increased anthropogenic carbon emissions.

North Pacific
The discovery and naming of the first HNLC region, the North Pacific, was formalized in a seminal paper published in 1988. The study concluded that surface waters of the eastern North Pacific are generally dominated by picoplankton despite the relative abundance of macronutrients. In other words, larger phytoplankton, such as diatoms which thrive in nutrient-rich waters, were not found. Instead, the surface waters were replete with smaller pico- and nanoplankton. Based on laboratory nutrient experiments, iron was hypothesized to be a key limiting micronutrient.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest and oldest body of water on Earth. The North Pacific is characterized by the general clockwise rotation of the North Pacific gyre, which is driven by trade winds. Spatial variations in tradewinds result in cooler air temperatures in the western North Pacific and milder air temperatures in the eastern North Pacific (i.e., Subartic Pacific). Iron is supplied to the North Pacific by dust storms that occur in Asia and Alaska as well as iron-rich waters advected from the continental margin.

Concentrations of iron vary throughout the year. Ocean currents are driven by seasonal atmospheric patterns which transport iron from the Kuril-Kamchatka margin into the western Subarctic Pacific. This introduction of iron provides a subsurface supply of micronutrients, which can be used by primary producers during upwelling. Seafloor depth may also stimulate phytoplankton blooms in HNLC regions as iron diffuses from the seafloor and alleviates iron limitation in shallow waters. Research conducted in the Gulf of Alaska showed that areas with shallow waters, such as the south shelf of Alaska, have more intense phytoplankton blooms than offshore waters. Volcanic ash from the eruption of the Kasatochi volcano in August 2008 provides an example of natural iron fertilization in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The region was fertilized by raining volcanic dust containing soluble iron. In the days following, phytoplankton blooms were visible from space.

Limitations in trace metal concentrations in the North Pacific restrict diatom blooms throughout the entire year. Even though the North Pacific is an HNLC region, it produces and exports a relatively high amount of biogenic silica compared to the North Atlantic, which supports diatom growth.

Equatorial Pacific
The Equatorial Pacific is an oceanic province characterized by nearly year-round upwelling due to the convergence of trade winds from the northeast and southeast at the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The Equatorial Pacific spans nearly half of Earth’s circumference and plays a major role in global marine new production. New production is a term used in biological oceanography to describe the way in which nitrogen is recycled within the ocean. In regions of enhanced new production, nitrate from the aphotic zone makes its way into surface waters, replenishing surface nitrate supply. Despite nitrogen availability in Equatorial Pacific waters, primary production and observed surface ocean biomass is considerably lower compared to other major upwelling regions of the ocean. Thus the Equatorial Pacific is considered one of the three major HNLC regions.

Like other major HNLC provinces, the Equatorial Pacific is considered nutrient-limited by trace metals such as iron. The Equatorial Pacific receives approximately 7-10 times more iron from Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) upwelling than from inputs due to settling atmospheric dust. Climate reconstructions of glacial periods using sediment proxy records have revealed that the Equatorial Pacific may have been 2.5 times more productive than the modern equatorial ocean. During these glacial periods the Equatorial Pacific increased its export of marine new production. The science of paleoceanography attempts to understand the interplay of glacial cycles with ocean dynamics. Paleo-oceanographers currently challenge the Aeolian Dust hypothesis which suggests that the transport of atmospheric iron-rich off Central and South America controls the intensity of primary production in the Equatorial Pacific. One study suggests that because EUC upwelling provides most of the bioavailable iron to the equatorial surface waters, the only method to reverse HNLC conditions is by enhancing upwelling. In other words, enhanced regional upwelling, rather than iron-rich atmospheric dust deposition, may explain why this region experiences higher primary productivity during glacial periods.

Compared to the North Pacific and Southern Ocean, Equatorial Pacific waters have relatively low levels of biogenic silica and thus small standing stocks of diatoms Picoplankton are the most abundant marine primary producers in these regions due mainly to their ability to assimilate low concentrations of trace metals. Various phytoplankton communities within the Equatorial Pacific are grazed at the same rate as their growth rate, which further limits primary production.

There is no current consensus regarding which of the two main hypotheses controls production in the equatorial waters. It is likely that trace metal limitations select for smaller-celled organisms, which thereby increases the grazing pressure of protists. While the Equatorial Pacific maintains HNLC characteristics, productivity can be high at times. Productivity leads to an abundance of seabirds such as storm petrels near the convergence of subtropical water and the equatorial "cold tongue." The Equatorial Pacific contains the world's largest yellowfin tuna fisheries and is home to the spotted dolphin.

Southern Ocean
The Southern Ocean is the largest HNLC region in the global ocean. The surface waters of the Southern Ocean have been widely identified as being rich in macronutrients despite low phytoplankton stocks. Iron deposited in the North Atlantic is incorporated into North Atlantic Deep Water and is transported to the Southern Ocean via thermohaline circulation. Eventually mixing with the Antarctic Circumpolar Water, deep water on upwelling provides iron and macronutrients to the Southern Ocean surface waters. Therefore, iron inputs and primary production in the Southern Ocean are sensitive to iron-rich Saharan dust deposited over the Atlantic. Because of low atmospheric dust inputs directly onto Southern Ocean surface waters, chlorophyll α concentrations are low. Light availability in the Southern Ocean can change seasonally, but studies show it does not seem to be a significant constraint on phytoplankton growth.

Macronutrients present in Southern Ocean surface waters come from upwelled deep water. While micronutrients such as zinc and cobalt may possibly co-limit phytoplankton growth in the Southern Ocean, iron appears to be a critical limiting micronutrient. Some regions of the Southern Ocean experience both adequate bioavailable iron and macronutrient concentrations yet phytoplankton growth is limited. Hydrographic studies and explorations of the Southern Drake Passage region have observed this phenomenon around the Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. These areas are adjacent to shelf regions of Antarctica and islands of the Southern Ocean. The micronutrients required for algal growth are believed to be supplied from the shelves themselves. Except in areas close to the Antarctic shelf, micronutrient deficiency severely limits productivity in the Southern Ocean.

Iron availability is not the only regulator of phytoplankton productivity and biomass. In the Southern Ocean, prevailing low temperatures are believed to have a negative impact on phytoplankton growth rates. Phytoplankton growth rate is very intense and short lived in open areas surrounded by sea ice and permanent sea-ice zones. Grazing by herbivores such as krill, copepods and salps is believed to suppress phytoplankton standing stock. Unlike the open waters of the Southern Ocean, grazing along continental shelf margins is low, so most phytoplankton that are not consumed sink to the sea floor which provides nutrients to benthic organisms.

Hypotheses
Given the remote location of HNLC areas, scientists have combined modeling and observational data in order to study limits on primary production. Combining these two data sources allows for comparison between the North Pacific, Equatorial Pacific, and Southern Ocean. Two current explanations for global HNLC regions are growth limitations due to iron availability and phytoplankton grazing controls.

Iron Hypothesis
In 1988, John Martin confirmed the hypothesis that iron limits phytoplankton blooms and growth rates in the North Pacific. His work was extrapolated to other HNLC regions through evidence which linked low surface iron concentration with low chlorophyll. In response to iron fertilization experiments (IronEx, SOIREE, SEEDS, etc.) in HNLC areas, a large productive response such as decreased surface nutrient concentration and increased biological activity were observed.

Iron fertilization studies conducted in repeated intervals over the span of a week have produced a larger biological response than a single fertilization event. The biological response size tends to depend on a site’s biological, chemical, and physical characteristics. In the Equatorial and North Pacific, silica is thought to constrain additional production after iron fertilization, while light limits additional production in the Southern Ocean. Native, smaller phytoplankton were initial responders to increased iron, but were quickly outcompeted by larger, coastal phytoplankton such as diatoms. The large bloom response and community shift has led to environmental concerns about fertilizing large sections of HNLC regions. One study suggests that diatoms grow preferentially during fertilization experiments. Some diatoms, such as pseudo-nitzschia, release the neurotoxin domoic acid, poisoning grazing fish. If diatoms grow preferentially during iron fertilization experiments, sustained fertilizations may enhance domoic acid poisoning in the marine food web near fertilized patches.

Aeolian Dust
Iron enters remote HNLC regions through two primary methods: upwelling of nutrient-rich water and atmospheric dust deposition. Iron needs to be replenished frequently and in bioavailable forms because of its insolubility, rapid uptake through biological systems, and binding affinity with ligands. Dust deposition might not result in phytoplankton blooms unless settling dust is in the correct bioavailable form of iron. Additionally, iron must be deposited during productive seasons and coincide with the appropriate RKR-ratios of surface nutrients. Aeolian dust has a larger influence on Northern Hemisphere HNLC regions because more land mass contributes to more dust deposition. Due to the Southern Ocean's isolation from land, eddy diffusivity provides iron to HNLC regions.

Grazing Control Hypothesis
Formulated by John Walsh in 1976, the grazing hypothesis states that grazing by heterotrophs suppresses primary productivity in areas of high nutrient concentrations. Predation by microzooplankton primarily accounts for phytoplankton death in HNLC regions. Grazing by larger zooplankton and advective mixing are also responsible for a small proportion of losses to phytoplankton communities. Constant grazing limits phytoplankton blooms to a low, constant standing stock. Without this grazing pressure, some scientists believe small phytoplankton would produce blooms despite micronutrient depletion because smaller phytoplankton typically have lower iron requirements and can absorb nutrients at a slower rate.

Contemporary View
Current scientific consensus agrees that HNLC areas lack high productivity because of a combination of iron and physiological limitations, grazing pressure, and physical forcings. The extent to which each factor contributes to low production may change among each HNLC region. Iron limitation allows for smaller, more iron-frugal phytoplankton to grow at rapid rates, while grazing by microzooplankton maintains stable stocks of these smaller phytoplankton. Once micronutrients become available, grazing may then limit bloom sizes. Additional micronutrient limitations from trace metals like zinc or cobalt may suppress phytoplankton blooms. Turbulent mixing at higher-latitude HNLC regions (North Pacific and Southern Ocean) may mix phytoplankton below the critical depth needed to have community growth.

Theory
Since past iron fertilization experiments have resulted in large phytoplankton blooms, some have suggested that large-scale ocean fertilization experiments should be conducted to draw down inorganic anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the form of particulate organic carbon. Fertilization would stimulate biological productivity, leading to a decrease in the amount of inorganic surface carbon dioxide within a fertilized patch. The bloom would then die off and presumably sink to the deep ocean, taking much of the absorbed carbon dixoide to the seafloor and sequestering it from the short-term carbon cycle in the deep ocean or ocean sediments.

Efficiency and Efficacy
To effectively remove anthropogenic carbon from the atmosphere, iron fertilization would need to result in significant removal of particulate carbon from the surface ocean and transport it to the deep ocean. Various studies estimated that less than 7-10% of carbon taken up during a bloom would be sequestered, and only a 15-25 ppm decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide would result with sustained iron fertilization. The amount of carbon dioxide removed may be offset by the fuel cost of acquiring, transporting, and releasing significant amounts of iron into remote HNLC regions.

Many environmental concerns exist for large-scale iron fertilizations. While blooms can be studied and traced, scientists still do not know if the extra production gets incorporated into the food chain or falls to the deep ocean after a bloom dies off. Even if carbon is exported to depth, raining organic matter can be respired, potentially creating mid-column anoxic zones or causing acidification of deep ocean water. Pronounced community shifts to diatoms have been observed during fertilization, and it’s still unclear if the change in species composition has any long-term environmental effects.

title: User:Vanisheduser431890/sandbox


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User:PureRED/CSD log

This is a log of all speedy deletion nominations made by this user using Twinkle's CSD module.

If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the preferences panel, and nominate this page for speedy deletion under CSD U1.

September 2017

 * Khandelwal Brahmins: CSD G12 (db-copyvio); notified 19:42, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

February 2018

 * The Test: CSD A7 (db-person); notified 19:20, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

April 2018

 * Cornwall honda: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 18:41, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

September 2018

 * Sunstrand: CSD A7 (db-corp); notified 20:25, 25 September 2018 (UTC)

April 2019

 * Lee Hill (scientist): CSD A7 (db-person); notified 19:13, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

May 2022

 * Dawood Vaid: CSD A7 (db-person); notified 05:10, 1 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Elameen: CSD A7 (db-person); notified 22:35, 1 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Jacob Kohr: CSD G2 (db-test); notified 03:23, 2 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Draft:MapChart: CSD G2 (db-test); notified 20:27, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:PureRED/CSD log


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Andrew J. Bell Jr.

Andrew J. Bell Jr. (1907-June 4, 2000), was an African American business owner, a funeral director, a community leader, and a civil rights activist. Bell was posthumously inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame in 2007.

Early life
Bell was born in 1907 in Providence, Rhode Island to Beatrice J. Bell (née Hinds) and Andrew J. Bell, a chef. He had 5 sisters. He graduated from Classical High School and took classes in Business Administration at Bryant College. He graduated from the New England Institute of Mortuary Science in Boston.

Public service
Bell established his career-long business, Bell Funeral Home, on Westminster Street in Providence in 1932. The funeral home served the black community of Providence. In 1937, the funeral home moved to the Israel B. Mason House.

Bell was one of the founders of the Rhode Island Urban League in 1939, and with the League advocated for Black workers at Kaiser Shipyard at Field's point, opposed segregation in Providence housing projects the Roger Williams Housing Project and Codding Court in the 1950s. Bell served as a member of the Urban League's Board, and advisor to its Youth Council, and its president from 1947-1950.

In the 1950s, he was vice chairman of the RI Committee on Discrimination in Housing. He was also a member of the NAACP and vice president of their Providence branch.

In 1961, Bell was one of the delegates at the White House Conference on Aging. Bell was one of the founders of the Opportunities Industrialization Center office in the south side of Providence, Rhode Island in 1967. In 1993, Bell wrote An Assessment of Life in Rhode Island as an African American In the Era From 1918 to 1993.

Awards and honors
Man of the Year, Urban League of Rhode Island, 1973.

Honorary doctorate from Rhode Island College in pedagogy.

Honorary doctorate in business administration from the University of Rhode Island.

Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame.2007.

title: Andrew J. Bell Jr.


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User:Gijsstrider

About
Gijsstrider is a teenager living in the Netherlands, his/her interests primarily lay in the RPG, science and linguistics areas. his/her chosen subjects at school are Physics, Chemistry, Maths (B), Biology and History.

title: User:Gijsstrider


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User:CQ/2006/W42

Week 42

 * 1) Sunday, 15 October 2006
 * 2) Monday, 16 October 2006
 * 3) Tuesday, 17 October 2006
 * 4) Wednesday, 18 October 2006
 * 5) Thursday, 19 October 2006
 * 6) Friday, 20 October 2006
 * 7) Saturday, 21 October 2006
 * 8) Sunday, 22 October 2006

last week | this week | next week

title: User:CQ/2006/W42


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User:Bubthunder

I don't have extensive time to document and source entries but I do feel inclined to make occasional minor edits to entries as I use this resource frequently and sometimes encounter slight issues or oversights.

title: User:Bubthunder


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User:Lwilkins93/sandbox

Becky Smith was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri. She is the founder of Thatchers' Fine Timeless Fabric.

Family
Becky Smith's great-great grandmother, Babou Warfild was a notable interior designer. She held a privately owned design firm, The Warfield Shops in St. Louis, Missouri. Babou Warfield's husband was related to the Duchess of Windsor, Wallis Simpson Warfild.

Business
Becky Smith founded Thatchers' Fine Timeless Fabric in 2007. Thatchers' Fine Timeless Fabric uses the same mill in France as the Warfield Shops. The Warfields bought the building for the Warfield Shops from the wife of Col. Roger Brunschwig. Old records from the shop provided the name of the mill in France, kept secret by current textile industry leaders like Scalamandré and Brunschwig et Fils.

The work of the artists of Thatchers' Fine Timeless Fabric (see below) was first popularized by the Lilly Pulitzer brand. The history of the designs is a specific form of textile art, originally created from 1960-1984. After a 25 year hiatus the artists are creating their art again for textiles as Thatchers' Fine Timeless Fabric.

The company is five years old. It survived one of the most difficult downturns in the United States' home industry and economic history as well as the movement of fashion and design into the digital world. Thatchers' Fine Timeless Fabric is distributed through Brunschwig et Fils. Brunschwig et Fils is 112 years old.

The artists for Thatchers' Fine Timeless Fabric Suzie Zuzek dePoo, Martha dePoo, and Leigh Martin Hooten were the original designers for Lilly Pulitzer from the 1960's through the 1980's. The three women were responsible for creating a new genre of design in the 1960's which is now widely recognizable as Lilly Pulitzer.

Suzie Zuzek dePoo (1920–2011) was born in Gowanda, New York. After serving in World War II, she attended the Pratt Institute in New York on the GI Bill. She majored in textile design, graduating as valedictorian. dePoo worked in New York as a dress and textile designer for the Herman Blanc Studios. After marrying and moving to Key West, dePoo served as head Designer for Key West Hand Print Fabrics and Lilly Pulitzer for twenty-five years from 1959-1984.

Martha dePoo was born in Key West, Florida. She is the daughter of artist Suzie Zuzek dePoo. After graduation from Key West High School in 1973, dePoo worked with her mother creating designs at Key West Hand Print Fabrics for Lilly Pulitzer for 12 years. Eventually dePoo became a department head at Key West Hand Print Fabrics. She is watercolor painter and has won first place in the Florida Watercolor Society's Juried Show in 2000 and 2005.

Leigh Marin Hooten attended and received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Textile Design from the Moore College of Art and Design in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hooten worked with Suzie and Martha dePoo at Key West Hand Print Fabrics, creating many designs for Lilly Pulitzer. Hooten continues to produce textile art, largely working out of New York, Philadelphia, and Key West.[10]

Philanthropy
Becky Smith of Thatchers' Fine Timeless Fabric designed "Le Preppy Papillon de Thatchers'" for St. Louis foundation, "Wings in the City". Wings in the City is a public art project benefiting the BJC Pediatric Hospice and Palliative Care Program. Thatchers' Fine Timeless Fabric collaborated with the Skandalaris Students of Washington University to recreate the artwork of Leigh Martin Hooten.

title: User:Lwilkins93/sandbox


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Nea Smyrni Stadium

Nea Smyrni Stadium (Greek: Στάδιο Νέας Σμύρνης) is a multi-purpose stadium in Nea Smyrni, Greece. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Panionios, which plays for the Gamma Ethniki. The all seated stadium holds 11,700 spectators and was built in 1939. Before full seating was installed in 1998 for the participation of Panionios in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup its capacity was close to 19,000. The stadium is eligible to host UEFA Europa League matches and its football pitch dimensions are about average at 105x72m.

Early history

In November 1937, Panionios G.S.S. Board of Directors led by President D. Karabatis and the Municipality of Nea Smyrni agreed to relocate the club in Nea Smyrni, a suburb of the Athens urban area that was mainly inhabited by Greek World War I refugees coming from Smyrna, the club's historical home. Construction works started in 1938, and were completed one year later.

In the summer of 1940 the first football matches take place, with the club donating the money to support the repair of Greek Warship "Elli" which was hit by Italian forces on World War II. On September later that year Panionios G.S.S. celebrated its 50th year together with the completion of building the new stadium. Since then it has been used constantly for over 70 years from Panionios G.S.S. associated clubs and sports divisions.

Recent history
Improvement works have been undertaken in 2001 and 2003 including a cafeteria, Panionios G.S.S. sports shop, press and office facilities, improved medical and player facilities etc. Additionally a roof was placed above the East wing of the stadium. In 2009 Panionios G.S.S. installed an electronic ticketing system on the stadium to improve security in the team's matches.

Despite the improvements the core fan base of the team as well as its management strongly support that the old stadium is inadequate to cover the team's needs in terms of quality of services provided to the fans. Additionally, there are safety concerns as the stadium does not have enough entry and exit points in case of emergency.

The highest attendance ever recorded was on 1974 against Panathinaikos with 20,950 spectators. After the installation of seats and the reduction of the stadium's capacity there have been numerous matches with full attendance mainly in European competitions. The most recent ticket 'sold-out' was against Panathinaikos in 2008.

Apart from Panionios G.S.S. and its associated youth teams, the stadium was used for decades from Panionios G.S.S. athletes on track & field and numerous times from the Greek National U-21 and U-23 football teams. Additionally, due to the closing of many stadiums for renovation for the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, Nea Smyrni stadium was partly used from other football clubs as well. Those included AEK FC for the first half of the 2003/2004 football season and Olympiacos F.C. for one match in February 2003 against OFI. Last it has been the venue site for the 2004 Greek Cup final played by Panathinaikos and Olympiacos.

Due to its densely populated location, Nea Smyrni stadium has rarely been used as a concert site. The most famous concert ever taken place was Metallica's first appearance in Greece on June 27, 1993.

New stadium
Panionios G.S.S. President Constantinos Tsakiris has announced the willingness of the club to replace the old stadium with a brand new 29.000 m2 athletic centre cost of which will be approximately 60 million euro. The new athletic centre will include a modern football stadium of 12,000 seats, a basketball and a volleyball arena, an aquatic complex (including a water polo pool of 33m., 1 swimming pool of 25m., pools for children learning), a track and field training center as well as facilities for boxing, rhythmic gymnastics, wrestling, etc. Additionally, it will include a building complex of 6.500 m2 for complementary amenities of the football stadium like vestry, administration offices, restaurants, VIP accommodations, and press facilities. The extra facilities other than the football stadium will be used by Panionios G.S.S., the multi-sport club under which Panionios G.S.S. belongs.

The new stadium project has triggered a minor controversy as small number of petitioners alongside side with members of the council of the Municipality of Nea Smyrni are objecting in its construction and are threatening to take legal action unless a new formula will be agreed between all parties regarding certain aspects of the project. The main argument of the opposition group is that the new athletic center will have increased commercial spaces (measured in square meters) in comparison to the existing one, thus increasing traffic and congestion in the area. The club responds that this extra space for commercial use in the project's architectural plans mainly consist of parking spaces and administration offices for Panionios G.S.S. and Panionios G.S.S. which is a common land use for the area and not department stores as the opposition believes. Additionally, the club legally argues that according to the current urban planning status of the existing stadium there is space for extra commercial uses that are not in operation/lease (have been in the past but failed to stay open).

The debate has temporarily paused, with the club pointing that without the commercial spaces in place the new project cannot generate enough income to repay its construction cost and has promised to come back with an alternative proposal that will satisfy all parties. Moreover, the Municipality of Nea Smyrni which has collectively taken a positive stance towards the new athletic center is expected to facilitate the debate and assist its resolution.

title: Nea Smyrni Stadium


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diipuu

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) Where Indian indentured labourers were kept before being transported to Fiji.

title: diipuu


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Nogales-Morley Gate Port of Entry

The Nogales Port of Entry evolved over time, rather than being planned. When an international fence divided Nogales in the early 20th century, vehicles were inspected at a gate at Grand Avenue, trains were inspected just east of there, and pedestrians were inspected further to the east at Morley Avenue. A small tile-roofed inspection station was completed in 1931 and was expanded in 1949. Substantial renovations were performed in 2011.

In 2011, the Morley Gate facility was renovated to improve throughput and to provide more space and better lighting. On busy days, over 10,000 people enter the United States through Morley Gate. It is one of only four land border pedestrian-only crossing in the United States, the others are the Boquillas Port of Entry in Big Bend National Park in Texas, the Cross Border Xpress at the Tijuana International Airport, and the PedWest component of the San Ysidro Port of Entry.

title: Nogales-Morley Gate Port of Entry


text:
двадцать девять

Numeral

 * 1) twenty-nine (29)

Usage notes

 * два́дцать де́вять in the nominative and accusative case governs the genitive plural of the noun. There is no animate/inanimate distinction.

 * два́дцать де́вять in other cases governs the appropriate plural case of the noun.

title: двадцать девять


text:
besuchen

Etymology
From, from. . Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to visit, to see
 * 2)  to attend
 * 1)  to attend

title: besuchen


text:
Islamic political thought/Muhammad's Life and his political contributions to the first Islamic State

Muhammad's Life and his Political Contributions to the Islamic State

Lecture Content:

This lecture offers a general over view of Muhammad’s life. It also examines his contributions to the first Islamic state. This includes the creation of a Constitution and the treaty created with the Jewish community of Medina.

Learning Goals: Week one, day two and three of the quarter ·	Understand the key details of Muhammad's life

·	Understand the content of Muhammad's Constitution from a modern prospective

·	Understand Muhammad's relationship with the Jews of Medina, and the treaty between the two religions.

Lecture One: Muhammad’s Background

In 570 C.E., when Muhammad's mother Amina was pregnant with him she heard a voice. This voice claimed her son was the…”Lord of this people, call him Muhammad” (Aslan, 19). Muhammad did not immediately fulfill this prophecy. In his early years Muhammad lived in Mecca and was a member of the Quraysh tribe. He also participated in ancient Arabic religious practices. Muhammad never practised the act of worshipping many Gods. A part of Muhammad thought these practices were wrong. To deal with these internal battles he went on many retreats. Angel Gabrail first visited Muhammad during one of these retreats in 610 C.E. At the time Muhammad wanted nothing to do with God’s calling. However, Muhammad’s outlook changed, when the Angel Gabriel came again, in 613 C.E., and offered him the Profession of Faith, or Shahadah. This revelation stated, “There is no God but God and Muhammad is God’s Messenger” (Aslan, 43). Members of the Quraysh tribe did not take kindly to Muhammad’s message. In fact, the tribe’s Shaykh, or a tribe member responsible for maintaining ethics and protection, allowed other tribe members to abuse Muhammad and his Companions. As a result, Muhammad and his Companions traveled to Yathrib for protection. This migration from Mecca to Yathrib became known as Hija. Soon after arriving in Yathrib, Muhammad formed the first Islamic state, which included the creation of a constitution and a Jewish treaty. With this state formation Yathrib became known as Medina, or the “ City of the Prophet” (Aslan, 53). Tomorrow’s assignment is to read the readings on the Islamic Constitution and the Jewish treaty and relations. Assignment for Lecture One: Muhammad’s Background:

·	Chapters 1 and 2 of Reza Aslan’s No God but God

Recommended Readings for Lecture One:·

Muhammad by Michael Cook, Chapters one and two

·	A Reader On Classical Islam by F.E. Peters, focus on sections 11,12,13,14 of chapter one` and sections 1-16 of chapter two.

Lecture Two: The Constitution of Medina and the Treaty with the Jews

When Muhammad founded Medina he incorporated some tribal practices, but left room for reform in areas such as the Islamic view of women. Aside from these contributions Muhammad also created the first written constitution, known as the Constitution of Medina, in 622 C.E. Most importantly, this document declared Muhammad the “ Messenger of God”. He was also the city’s Shaykh. Therefore, religious and political authority rested in the hands of Muhammad. The main goal of this constitution, aside from establishing power, was to “…explain the rights, commitments, duties, and responsibilities of each group within the boundaries of the new Islamic state”(Berween, 104). For example, the constitution addressed minority rights and diversity. It recognized and respected the different religious customs and traditions of each, even encouraging groups to share and implement customs. War was also addressed in Muhammad’s Constitution. It was only to be pursued as a way of self-defense. Furthermore, war was a joint effect among the Muslims and other the religions of Medina, the community fought as one. The main objective of war, as displayed in the constitution, was to treat prisoners of war with kindness and seek justice for the community. Citizens of the Islamic state were also expected to fight poverty, with ultimate elimination. Everyone within society deserved justice, it was the duty of all to make this possible. Jews were included in the confines of this constitution, but Muhammad also created a separate treaty to further define relations. The Treaty between Muhammad and the Jews of Medina covered several topics. For instance, to preserve their own religious practices, Jews were not required to accept Muhammad as the Prophet or messenger of God. Jews were also expected to contribute to war if it involved a “ common enemy” (www.cyberistan.org). Additionally, if Muhammad entered into a peace agreement with another nation, the Jewish community of Medina must honor that agreement. The Muslim community was expected to honor Jewish peace agreements as well. Peace within the Medina community was key. Any issues that arose between Jews and Muslims should be given to Muhammad and God for a non-violent solution. This treaty enhanced and clarified the rights given to the Jewish community within the constitution of Meina.

Assignment for Lecture Two:The Constitution of Medina:

Chapter 3 of Reza Aslan’s No God but God

·	Al- Wathiqa: The First Islamic State Constitution, Mohamed Berween (from the Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2003).

'''Assignment for Lecture Two: The Treaty with the Jews·'''

Prophet Muhammad’s Treaty With Jews (Books and E-books on Muslim History and Civilization)- www.cyberistan.org/islamic/ treaty22.html

'''Recommended Readings for Lecture Two: The Constitution Of Medina:'''

Muhammad’s First Legal Document by Michael Lecker, Chapter 5 (135-137) This section focuses on the Jewish treaty.

Content Questions·

What did you know about Muhammad’s life and his political contributions prior to these lectures and readings? What type of impact did this new information have on your perception of Islam?

·	Did understanding Muslim- Jewish relations during Muhammad’s time effect your perception of their relations today? ·	Applying the knowledge gained, is it possible to create a secular Islamic state today?

Bibliography

Aslan, Reza. No god but God. New York:Random House, 2005.

Berween, Mohamed. "Al-Wathiqa: The First Islamic State Constitution." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 23,no 1 (2003):103-113.

Cook, Michael. Muhammad. New York:Oxford University Press, 1983.

Lecker, Michael. The Constitution of Medina: Muhammad's First Legal Document. New Jersey:Darwin, 2004.

Lecker, Michael. Jews and Arabs in Pre- and Early Islamic Arabia. Vermont:Ashgate, 1998.

Peters, F.E. A Reader On Classical Islam. New Jersey:Princeton University Press, 1994.

Prophet Muhammad Treaty with Jews (622 C.E.)


text:
Kubote Historical Museum

Kubote Historical Museum (求菩提資料館) opened in Buzen, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan in 1974. The collection includes some five thousand items relating to the shugendō practices of Mount Kubote (求菩提山), a National Historic Site, and of Japan more generally and there is also material relating to Buzen Kagura, an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property. In November 2017 the museum closed for several months for works on the ageing building and in February 2018 Buzen City appealed to the prefectural government for funds for a replacement facility.

title: Kubote Historical Museum


text:
Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers

Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers, or simply Walt Disney’s The Three Musketeers is a 2004 American animated direct-to-video musical adventure film based on the film adaptations of the 1844 novel The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas and the Mickey Mouse film series by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. As the title suggests, it features Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and Goofy as the three musketeers in their first full-length feature film together. This film was directed by Donovan Cook, produced by Walt Disney Pictures and the Australian office of DisneyToon Studios. It was released directly to VHS and DVD on August 17, 2004, by Walt Disney Home Entertainment, and was later re-released on Blu-ray Disc on August 12, 2014, coinciding with the film's 10th anniversary. The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics, who praised its musical numbers, action sequences and faithfulness to the original material, but were mixed on certain aspects and elements.

Plot
Troubadour, a French-accented turtle, works with a storyteller, who injures himself just before a live broadcast. Troubadour is hastily made to take the storyteller's place, so he takes out his comic book, and tells the audience his favored version of The Three Musketeers: Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers.

In 17th-century France, street urchins Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto are one day harassed by the Beagle Boys but are saved by royal musketeers. Mickey is gifted one of their hats, inspiring him and his friends to follow their example and become musketeers themselves. Years later, the trio are employed as janitors at the musketeers' headquarters, headed by Captain Pete. Pete mocks the trio's desire to become musketeers, deeming them all too unfit for the job in addition to that, the three of them do not do any of the janitorial jobs correctly without messing it up and always end up destroying parts of the headquarters. They are ordered to work in the laundry dungeon as punishment for an earlier incident.

Meanwhile, Princess Minnie narrowly avoids a large safe being dropped on her by the Beagle Boys. Captain Pete, revealed to be their boss, chastises them for attempting to assassinate her, as he wants her kidnapped so that he can take over the kingdom on the night of the Opera, but doesn't want to kill her. In response to the attempt on her life, Minnie summons Pete, demanding he produce musketeer bodyguards to protect her. Pete realizes that with experienced musketeers, his plan will thwart, but after witnessing yet another disaster, he decides to falsely recruit the incompetent Mickey, Donald, and Goofy as musketeers since he believes that they will be easy to get rid of, elating the trio. Minnie falls in love with Mickey at first sight.

While on a carriage ride, the Beagle Boys ambush Mickey, Donald and Goofy, easily defeat them, and kidnap Minnie and her lady-in-waiting, Daisy. Mickey encourages his friends to not giving up and they all hurry to rescue Minnie and Daisy from an abandoned tower. Goofy rushes in first, running up all the stairs and out a window into a series of events that catapults him back into the tower. The musketeers then engage the Beagle Boys in another fight. Donald hides, leaving Mickey and Goofy cornered, but Goofy manages to come up with an idea to jump out the window with Mickey to engage the same events as before in order to force the bandits out of the tower and into the river. Minnie and Daisy are rescued, and Minnie and Mickey spend time together and fall deeper in love.

Pete realizes that the trio is more of a threat than he originally anticipated, so he plans to get rid of them individually. While on night patrol, Goofy is lured away from the palace by Pete's lieutenant, Clarabelle, using a shadow puppet of Mickey. Donald is chased by the Beagle Boys and delivered to Pete, who reveals his true nature after trapping him in a guillotine, though Donald manages to escape, causing Pete to lose his peg leg after he tries to stop him. Donald returns to the palace to inform Mickey what happened. While Mickey chooses to remain and stop Pete, Donald is too frightened and abandons him. Pete then ambushes Mickey, locks him in a dungeon at Mont Saint-Michel and leaves him to die when the tide comes in to flood the cell.

Meanwhile, Clarabelle is about to kill Goofy by throwing him into the Seine. However, the two instantly become smitten with one another and Clarabelle has a change of heart. Clarabelle informs Goofy that Mickey is in danger. Pluto leads Goofy to Mickey's location, with Donald being dragged along. When Donald is still too scared to help save Mickey, Troubadour musically berates Donald for his cowardice, angering him into going with Goofy and Pluto. The duo narrowly saves Mickey. When Mickey despairs that their status as musketeers was a lie, Goofy encourages him by stating that despite their flaws, there is nothing they can't accomplish while together. Rejuvenated, Mickey leads his friends to stop Pete and save the princess.

At the theater, Pete and the Beagle Boys then capture Minnie and Daisy, imprisoning them in a chest. One of the Beagle Boys impersonates Minnie and announces Pete as the new king of France to the public. Mickey, Donald and Goofy arrive and battle Pete and the Beagle Boys onstage. Mickey, Donald and Goofy come together and defeated Pete, allowing them to rescue Minnie and Daisy, who profess their love for Mickey and Donald, respectively. Minnie later officially dubs Mickey, Donald and Goofy as royal musketeers, fulfilling their dream.

Voice cast

 * Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse
 * Tony Anselmo as Donald Duck
 * Bill Farmer as Goofy and Pluto
 * Russi Taylor as Minnie Mouse
 * Tress MacNeille as Daisy Duck
 * Jim Cummings as Pete
 * April Winchell as Clarabelle Cow
 * Jeff Bennett and Maurice LaMarche as The Beagle Boys
 * Rob Paulsen as The Troubadour
 * Jess Harnell as Major General
 * Frank Welker as Additional Voices

Production
An adaptation of Alexandre Dumas's The Three Musketeers, with Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and Goofy as the Musketeers, was planned during the 1980s at Walt Disney Animation Studios. In 1983, storyboard artists Steve Hulett and Pete Young developed the project with Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and José Carioca as the Musketeers, but it fell into development hell. In 2002, in honor of Mickey Mouse's 75th anniversary, a featurette entitled The Search of Mickey Mouse was announced. The project was about Mickey who gets kidnapped by unknown forces, forcing Minnie Mouse to enlist Basil of Baker Street to investigate his disappearance, and later encounters one character from Disney's animated film canon such as Alice, Peter Pan, Robin Hood, and Aladdin. The project suffered script problems with the multiple cameos being thought to be too gimmicky. After the cancellation of the latter project, a feature film based on The Three Musketeers with Mickey, Donald, and Goofy in the lead roles was greenlit instead, indicating that Hulett and Young's project had been revived but the film did not include José Carioca as in the early development.

Reception
, Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers had a rating of 36% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 11 reviews with an average score of 4.84/10.

Release
The film had a limited theatrical screening in El Capitan Theater. The film was first released on DVD and VHS on August 17, 2004. At the time of release the three main characters appeared as costumed characters in Fantasyland at the Disney parks. The DVD was the first to include Disney's FastPlay, which imitates VHS operation by starting play automatically rather than waiting at the main menu for user input. For the film's 10th anniversary, it was released on Blu-ray on August 12, 2014.

Video games
A world named Country of the Musketeers based on the film appears in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance. This is the first time a world in the Kingdom Hearts series has originated from a direct-to-video feature. Like the Timeless River world in Kingdom Hearts II, it is featured as a period of Mickey Mouse's past. All the characters except Daisy, Clarabelle, and the Troubadour appear.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the film, titled Mickey, Donald & Goofy: The Three Musketeers, was released on August 13, 2004, by Walt Disney Records. In addition to seven classical pieces reinterpreted with new comedic lyrics, it also features a rewritten cover of the Schoolhouse Rock classic "Three Is a Magic Number" by Stevie Brock, Greg Raposo and Matt Ballinger. In 2018, Mickey, Donald and Goofy: The Three Musketeers became the first direct-to-video Disney film to have its full musical score, released on CD by Intrada Records. Like the original album, Intrada's release includes all the songs from the film, though in this release, most of them are put together with the respective pieces of Bruce Broughton's background music that leads up to them. Some of the music cues include pieces of the score that ultimately went unused in the film. The "Three is a Magic Number" cover is also omitted this time.


text:
bakgrund

Etymology
. Probably influenced by a foreign language, compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ground (background, context, framework, surroundings)
 * 2) background, origins; one's social heritage
 * 3) background; a part of the picture that depicts scenery to the rear or behind the main subject; context
 * 4) background; a less important part of the scenery

title: bakgrund


text:
Norwegian Parliament's adoption of the metric system

The Norwegian Parliament's (Storting's) acceptance of the meter convention is regarded as the quickest decision by the Storting in peacetime.

 * Norway signed the metre convention in Paris 20 May 1875.
 * Eight days before the convention was ready, the Storting unanimously decided on 12 May 1875 that Norway would join the meter convention.
 * The meter convention was ratified by Norwegian royal resolution the 22 May 1875, and the metric system thus went into effective Norwegian law two days after the convention had been concluded.

Introduction of the SI system in Norway
In 1683, Norway was in union with Denmark and standardized on a common measurement system with Denmark, but old Norwegian measurements continued to be used locally in Norway. After the union ended in 1814, the Norwegian professor and director for geographic measurements Christopher Hansteen asserted that it was inconvenient having to travel to Copenhagen in Denmark to calibrate Norwegian measurement standards, and also claimed that the Danish system had some crucial flaws. He succeeded in getting an own Norwegian measurement system approved by Norwegian law in 1824. The unit "foot" (Norwegian fot) was defined as 12/38 of the length a pendulum with a period of 1 second, and a "trade pound" (handelspund) was defined as the weight of 1/62 cubic feet of water.

Norway was in union with Sweden, and the new special Norwegian measurement system was very unpopular with the Swedes, being viewed as an act of stubbornness. The Swedish instead wanted the Norwegians to switch to the Swedish system. Between 1860 and 1863, Hansteen explained in a series of articles in the Norwegian magazine Morgenbladet that he had been pressured by the Swedish Stadtholder and other official Swedish representatives, who complained that the "Norwegians were unwilling to fulfill Swedish requirement" ("Normændenes Uvillie til at opfylde Sveriges Fordringr"). Hansteen instead publicly defended the Norwegian system, saying it was based on natural measurements, claiming that it was better than the Swedish system, and that it would be more natural for Sweden to switch to the Norwegian system. No solution was found; Norway and Sweden mainly produced the same types of products for export, so there was little trade between the two countries. Besides, it was also argued that it would be very costly to change the measurement system so shortly after its introduction. "All in all", Hansteen said, "Norway would lose all the above-mentioned benefits of our system, without Sweden gaining any discernible advantage" ("Alt i alt ville Norge tabe alle de ovenom talte Fordele ved vort System, uden at Sverige herved vandt nogen mærkelig fordeel").

In 1873, Norwegian politician Ole Jacob Broch entered the measurement system debate by becoming the leader of a commission which was to evaluate the introduction of the metric system in Norway. Broch was educated as a mathematician, and was working as a politician both in his municipality and as a state council at the Storting. Late in his life he had become engaged in debates about weights and measures. His commission asserted that the Norwegian measurement system was antiquated, and that a material standard (using prototypes) would give a much greater precision than the pendulum standard. Additionally, the decimal based meter system was so simple that it could be learned in a few minutes, as opposed to the Norwegian system. However, the conclusion of the commission met resistance, since "as with any sudden change in something that has existed for a long time, change results in confusion, and therefore stubborn resistance among the crowd" ("da det som enhver pludselig Forandring i det Bestaaende i lang Tid frembrin ge Forvirring og derfor møde haardnakket Modstand blant Mængden").

There was also fierce opposition in other countries towards the metric system, both in regards to its introduction, but also towards the principle on international collaboration to manage it. From when Broch met as the Norwegian representative on an international conference in 1872, he played a key part by becoming a bridge builder on the issue internationally by using his academic expertise, energy and diplomatic skills. The French had insisted on introducing the metric system under their control, but other countries wanted an international organisation to manage it. As a compromise, an international committee of 12 members was set up, with Broch being one of the members. This was seen as a de facto recognition of Norway as an independent nation, who were in union with Sweden at the time. By Broch's strategy and thorough work, the international committee achieved the "meter convention" in 1875. Here it was decided that an international institute would be set up to be responsible for the meter system, and for keeping prototypes for length and weight. Representatives from 17 countries signed the convention. Sweden was long opposed, and Denmark had little interest, but both countries eventually signed. Broch avoided Nordic coordination on the matter, which could only harm Norway's views.

A "coup"
At the same time, Broch worked with two issues nationally:

 * Introduction of the metric system in Norwegian law.
 * Norwegian membership in the meter convention.

His national committee presented a bill on the transition to the meter system, which was passed on 22 May 1875. Already in 1873 he had the Norwegian government accept an international measurement institute "in principle", and in the spring of 1875 he made sure that the necessary decisions were made in a "unprecedented haste". The Conference on the Meter Convention started on 1 March, and on 15 April Broch sent a preliminary announcement to the Norwegian government from Paris. The Norwegian Cabinet was able to have a recommendation ready on 27 April, and the royal council order was ready on 5 May. Broch sent a report on the outcome of the conference on 5 May, despite the fact that the convention was not signed until 20 May. Norwegian participation in the meter convention was ratified, and financial contribution to the establishment and operation of an international measuring institute was granted by the Storting on 26 May. Norway was the first country to ratify the treaty, and this is probably the fastest treatment ever done in the Norwegian parliament in peacetime. Swedish objections first reached 17 June and did not matter. Sweden ratified the meter convention three years later, and Denmark 32 years later in 1907.

Continued importance of the meter convention in Norway
The development of the units of measurement and the introduction of the meter convention gave Norway the opportunity to demonstrate its independence. In 1879 Broch gained the recognition of becoming the third director of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), serving until 1888. Later, the metric system has been expanded, and is known today as the SI system. Through scientific innovations, the whole SI system has been fully defined based on fixed natural constants since 2019, with the help of the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and atomic physical phenomena. SI units can be realized in universal experiments that can be performed in national laboratories, so that new measurement prototypes can be realized. International trade, environmental agreements and research are based on confidence in measurements, the SI system and cooperation in the meter convention. Justervesenet is Norway's representative in the international measurement technology community, and are regularly required to demonstrate their expertise in the national laboratory of measurements.


text:
Talk:African Philosophy

It would be interesting to observe the differences of African philosophy pre and post colonialism. The mindset of a people drastically change after an invasion, a peace, or a defeat and it is almost always reflected in the words of their 'thinkers'.

The philosophy of nations tends to go as such - From Optimism to Gratefullness when the bounty is good and the army is strong, or if there are no armies the lack of any real external threat. When the state has been established for some time a 'scapegoat', which is usually a minority group is sought out by the thinkers while still others find another problem (creating the dialectic) to the status quo, during this same period the other arts display a sort of arrogance towards those on the outside. - And finally when the nation state is severly threatened the philosophers talk of 'unity' and urge that more morality (traditional) and intellectualism take place within the borders...

I wonder - does African philosophy follow this pattern? If even roughly...?

I just hope this does not remain a one man show :-)Nannus 20:25, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I know what you mean :-) To be fair, it's a fairly obscure topic for probably the majority of current contributors, but I, for one, am fascinated in what you could turn up in this topic. Links for reading would be especially welcome - and perhaps you could highlight this project/topic on School:Philosophy or at the Philosophy message board..? Otherwise, please feel free to advertise this project's existence at Wikipedia, or other relevant spaces/fora - in order to encourage further participation.. Cormaggio beep 01:24, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the encouragement. I am going to advertise in different places (including the relevant Wikipedia pages). But I want to get some examples of how I think it should be done before too many people come here. The basic structure of the project should be there first. There is a comunity for this kind of stuff and I have to get them here. I am sure most of the people in the School of Philosophy (were a link to this place exists already) will hear about this stuff for the first time. I don't expect much contribution from their side for now, but I want it to be under their noses :-). Once more material has been put here, maybe some of them will see that interesting things are going on here. Thanks for hinting at the message board. Nannus 20:50, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:African Philosophy


text:
Talk:Duane Martin

Incorrect Information
Duane Martin is 43 years old. He grew up in Brooklyn, NY. I was in the seventh grade with him. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:04, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

duane martin is part owner of Fin barbershop in the san fernando valley.. finbarbershop.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:58, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Duane Martin


text:
User:Hollatainment~enwikiversity

Hi Wikipeeps, i am Bright, i live in Accra, Ghana and have a keen interest in learning to read and write french. I have other interests in Wikiversity though but French comes first. 1

title: User:Hollatainment~enwikiversity


text:
Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Shifters/Rapidfire Shifter Lubrication

This is for the Shimano A20 "rapidfire" shifter switch (on the handlebars) but a similar situation may exist for other brands/models. The shifter consists of two levers and an enclosed ratchet mechanism with pawls. If pushing on the lever fails to move the idler wheels of the derailleur (on the chain), then a likely cause is lack of lubrication. If the old lubricant gets hard, the pawls will stick.

So remove the switch and then remove a cover. Push-pull the pawl that's giving trouble with a small screwdriver and watch what happens. The pawls have tiny springs that push them into contact with a lugged wheel. If a pawl fails to maintain contact with the lugged (or notched) wheel, then, if the spring isn't broken, it can be fixed by lubing the pivot point of the pawl. Work the pawl back and forth with a small screwdriver, etc. right after applying a drop or two of lube oil. When the spring freely moves the pawl into contact with the lugged wheel, it's fixed.


text:
Puzzles/Easy Sequence 10/Solution

If one indexes the sequence from t, then the function for each term is trivially
 * $$a_n = \left\{\begin{matrix} 1\ \mathrm{if}\ n > t \\ 0\ \mathrm{otherwise} \end{matrix}\right.$$

Because this is the end of the easy sequences, you get something a bit more tricky - another solution:

 * $$a_n = \left\{\begin{matrix} 1\ \mathrm{if}\ n < t \\ 1\ \mathrm{if}\ t < n < t + 7 \\ 1\ \mathrm{if}\ t + 7 < n \\ 0\ \mathrm{otherwise} \end{matrix}\right.$$

Part of what mathematicians do is look for patterns. But be warned, just because it *looks* like it's doing something doesn't mean it's going to keep doing it forever! Showing that something does actually follow a pattern is some of what mathematicians spend their time on. But don't worry about that now, go look at some more sequences!

A bit too trivial for my liking, what about

$$a_n = (n + 4)\ \mathbf{div}\ 6$$

resulting in 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2...

What about any of these?

$$a_n = (n + k)\ \mathbf{div}\ (k+2)$$ with k >= 4

The sequence wasn´t supposed to necessarily change from 1 to 2 exactly after the ellipsis ("...").

another solution: $$a_n = (k*f(n))\ \mathbf{div}\ f(n)$$ with $$k \in \ ]1,2[$$

f(n) = f(n-1) ! for n > 1 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...

title: Puzzles/Easy Sequence 10/Solution


text:
Talk:Flute

I think this page needs some clarification: are we talking about flauto traverso? (the transverse flute, typically a Boehm flute) or flauto diritto? (the recorder, fipple flute, or whistle flute). There are important differences in the means of sound production.--Kittybriton 12:53, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flute


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/West Hills Mall

The result was keep. Tone 14:39, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

West Hills Mall

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

The article does not meet WP:GNG or WP:BUILD: "Buildings, including private residences and commercial developments, may be notable as a result of their historic, social, economic, or architectural importance, but they require significant coverage by reliable, third-party sources to establish notability." Subject does not have coverage that meets significant coverage by reliable, third-party sources to establish notability. WP:BEFORE revealed advertising, WP:ROUTINE coverage of events and directory style listings.  // Timothy ::  talk  02:57, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Shopping malls-related deletion discussions.   // Timothy ::  talk  02:57, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Ghana-related deletion discussions.   // Timothy ::  talk  02:57, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Salvio 10:22, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep Around 300,000 sqft, 40 stores, claimed to be the biggest mall in Ghana. Coverage here and  calls it a "megamall". MB 00:04, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment I'm sure you can find lots of routine run of the mill coverage and announcements. These do not establish notability.  // Timothy ::  talk  02:17, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Comment for closer: since there is an RfC currently under discussion at AfD about what is considered proper sourcing for determining mall notabiity, it may be worth holding these open until that is finished. If a close is made, it would be very helpful for the RfC if you could explain how you evaluated the sources in terms of notability, routine, run of the mill coverage, and how you feel voting and !voting influenced this AfD. Thank you,  // Timothy ::  talk  09:13, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- RoySmith (talk) 12:41, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep This is a major mall for the region and it's easy to find detailed sources such as this. Applicable policies include: WP:ATD; WP:NEXIST; WP:NOTPAPER; WP:PRESERVE. Andrew🐉(talk) 12:54, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep This is a location article. must not be removed from wikipedia. A known mall in the region.INDIAN DUGS (talk) 07:02, 15 September 2020 (UTC)


text:
Starotyryshkino

Starotyryshkino (Старотырышкино) is a rural locality (a selo) in Anuysky Selsoviet, Smolensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 247 as of 2013. There are 8 streets.

Geography
Starotyryshkino is located 23 km northwest of Smolenskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ust-Anuy is the nearest rural locality.

title: Starotyryshkino


text:
AADC

Noun

 * 1)  ; army air defense command.
 * 1)  ; army air defense command.
 * 1)  ; army air defense command.
 * 1)  ; army air defense command.
 * 1)  ; army air defense command.

title: AADC


text:
Alina Popescu

Alina Popescu (born 27 October 1985) is a Romanian female triple jumper, who won an individual gold medal at the Youth World Championships.

title: Alina Popescu


text:
Treason Act 1790

The Treason Act 1790 (30 Geo. 3. c. 48) was an Act of the Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain which abolished burning at the stake as the penalty for women convicted of high treason, petty treason and abetting, procuring or counselling petty treason, and replaced it with drawing and hanging.

Identical provision was made for Ireland by the Treason by Women Act (Ireland) 1796.

Section 1
The original penalty for high treason, petty treason or abetting counselling or procuring petty treason for women was to be drawn to the place of execution and burned to death. This was replaced, with effect from 5 June 1790, with drawing to the place of execution followed by hanging by section 1. The section was amended by the Forfeiture Act 1870 to abolish drawing.

Section 2
This section made provision for women convicted of petty treason to suffer additional punishments which were already provided for murder by the Murder Act 1751 (25 Geo. 2. c. 37), ss. 1 - 10. This included provision for the disposal of the body.

The repeal of this section for England and Wales on 1 July 1828 by section 1 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1828 was consequential on the abolition of petty treason by sections 1 and 2 of that Act.

Section 3
This section allowed the King to alter the sentence of any woman condemned to burning having been convicted of those offences prior to (the commencement of section 1 on) 5 June 1790. By warrant under the hand of one of the principal Secretaries of State, the King had the discretionary ("if he shall think proper") authority to order that the condemned woman be hanged in the execution of that judgement. This section was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1871.

Section 4
This section was a saving clause and provided that women convicted of those offences would still be liable to such forfeitures and corruption of blood as they would have been if they had been attainted of those offences before the passing of the Act.

This section was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1960.

Repeal
The Act was repealed when the death penalty for treason was abolished by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998.

title: Treason Act 1790


text:
User:Keirasullivan/Evaluate an Article

Evaluate an article
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article: Bananas Unpeeled)
 * Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate. I chose my article because it involves what we learned in class today. It's very interesting.

Lead

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic? Yes
 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections? Yes
 * Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article? No
 * Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed? It is concise.

Content

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article's content relevant to the topic? Yes it is.
 * Is the content up-to-date? I believe so.
 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong? No.

Tone and Balance

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article neutral? No
 * Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position? It says there are harsh working conditions in the Caribbean.
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented? No
 * Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another? Definitely.

Sources and References

 * Guiding questions

 * Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information? I'm not sure
 * Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic? Yes
 * Are the sources current? Yes
 * Check a few links. Do they work? Yes

Organization

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read? Very clear.
 * Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors? No
 * Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic? Yes

Images and Media

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic? Yes
 * Are images well-captioned? I think so
 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations? No
 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way? Yes

Checking the talk page

 * Guiding questions

 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic? A lot of third world countries have harsh labor conditions.
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects? Yes
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class? It's pretty similar.

Overall impressions

 * Guiding questions

 * What is the article's overall status? Good
 * What are the article's strengths? It's persuading the reader to want to see the film.
 * How can the article be improved? Maybe make it a little longer.
 * How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed? I think it's a tad underdeveloped.

Optional activity

 * Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback

with four tildes — ~

 * Link to feedback: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film

title: User:Keirasullivan/Evaluate an Article


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Los Angeles Television Festival

The result was delete. bd2412 T 04:01, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

The Los Angeles Television Festival

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

This page was deleted as a PROD, with the reason "No reliable third party sources could be found." and recreated. The problem remains the same, as there are no sources that indicate that this is a notable award to receive. menaechmi (talk) 17:48, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions. Shawn in Montreal (talk) 18:48, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Events-related deletion discussions. Shawn in Montreal (talk) 18:48, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of California-related deletion discussions. Shawn in Montreal (talk) 18:48, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete. A couple years ago, there were several pages like this, with a modicum of non-notable awards being distributed. Those pages got deleted. Same scenario here. You'll notice no award pages link to it, nor recipients. —  Wylie  pedia  05:17, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  MBisanz  talk 02:29, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete -- a WP:PROMO page on an unremarkable award program / festival; nothing encyclopedically relevant here. K.e.coffman (talk) 02:08, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete - lack of significant coverage. PhilKnight (talk) 02:11, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete Fails the GNG. L3X1 (distænt write)  02:31, 5 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
User:Rachelannett/sandbox

1. "Healthcare in Cuba"

 * 1) Moved section on the embargo from "Present" to "History"
 * 2) Created fifteen sentence "National health system" section under "Present"
 * 3) Added a "Health statistics" subheading and made "Sexual health" a subheading of that
 * 4) Created ten sentence "Training doctors" section
 * 5) Merged "National heath system" and "Medical staff"
 * 6) Updated health statistics
 * 7) Shortened "Cuba and international healthcare" because there is a main article that holds the same information, but more in depth and organized
 * 8) Added one sentence to "Cuba and international healthcare"
 * 9) Added link to Latin American School of Medicine to "See also"
 * 10) Hyperlinked several things in history to other Wikipedia pages (Special Period, Cuban Revolution, etc)
 * 11) Shortened paragraphs on the Soviet Union and Embargo in "History"
 * 12) Corrected grammar and capitalization in "History"
 * 13) Added one sentence about eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV to "Sexual health"
 * 14) Moved "Black market healthcare" to "Criticisms"
 * 15) Deleted many repeated sentences throughout
 * 16) Added one sentence on MEDICC Review to "Medical research" section
 * 17) Added three sentences on criticism of international healthcare missions to "Criticisms"
 * 18) Removed section about WHO providing data on countries' health.  This wasn't necessary or specific to Cuba
 * 19) Moved "Alternative healthcare" to "Healthcare system"
 * 20) Changed "Embargo" heading to "United States Embargo"

2. "Transformative Learning"

 * 1) Added citation where one was needed
 * 2) Added two sentences to "Role of the educator"

Plans for Healthcare in Cuba Article

 * 1) obtain more sources
 * 2) update health statistics
 * 3) contribute to "contrasting views on Cuba's health system"
 * 4) add to training doctors
 * 5) compare international healthcare section to other existing wikipedia article - maybe can be much shorter.

Create new section: National health system
Cuba's national health system is made up of multiple tiers: 1) the community containing individuals and families, 2) family doctor-and-nurse teams, 3) basic work teams, 4) community polyclinics, 5) hospitals, and 6) medical institutes.

Cuba's Family Physician and Nurse program is made up of physician and nurse teams that serve individuals, families, and their communities. They live above their government-built family medicine offices, living directly in the communities they serve and available 24 hours a day. These teams work to improve the public health concerns in the environment as well as provide medical care. They perform a neighborhood health diagnosis biannually where community risk factors are evaluated to focus priorities for improving the health of the community. Clinically, family doctor-and-nurse teams follow the Continuous Assessment and Risk Evaluation (CARE) method which monitors individual and family health by examining community and home environments, current health, and medical history. The teams make home visits to each family at least once yearly to assess and evaluate their health. Individuals with chronic illness are seen at least every three months. These teams' role combine the importance of focusing on both public health and clinical medicine.

Polyclinics are community-based clinics that house primary care specialists. They exist in every Cuban community and are well-acquainted with the people and the communities they serve. They can see the social determinants and environment that affect the community's health, bettering their ability to serve their patients. Specialists at the polyclinic are there to support physicians when they are needed. Each clinic of specialists supports 20-40 doctor-and-nurse teams. Basic work teams within the polyclinics supervise and evaluate the neighborhood and clinical health work of the family medicine offices.

Create New Section: Training doctors
Cuba's healthcare system persists, in part, due to its medical education system. Doctors are trained without separating education and practice. The medical university is not a separate entity from health services, but it exists within the system. Medical and nursing students mentor and intern within the national system from the first years of their training. Ethics and values are a taught as a large part of the Cuban healthcare system alongside science and technology. Students graduate capable of resolving health issues and knowing when to report to a person higher in the healthcare pyramid. Students graduate with a commitment to providing and preserving quality and equity within healthcare for their communities. The largest medical university in the world exists in Cuba, the Latin American School of Medicine.

To add to: Cuba and international healthcare
Since 1976, Cuban professors of medicine have helped establish 10 medical facilities in developing countries abroad.

To add to role of educator
Transformative learning cannot be guaranteed. Teachers can only provide an opportunity to transformatively learn.

Teachers should provide the environment to allow students to reflect on their transformative learning experiences, but to also allow them to reflect on their own.

1. "Healthcare in Cuba"
I would like to better highlight Cuba's preventative, community-based, and cultural aspects of their healthcare system in this article. Maybe I will also add some more current health statistics to the page.
 * 1) "The Curious Case of Cuba" by William Keck.  This article highlights how Cuba adapted their systemt o their unique envirnment with socioeconomic, political, and cultural struggles.  It addresses these challenges and how they overcame them.
 * 2) "Cuba's Family Doctor- and-Nurse Teams: A Day in the Life" by Conner Gorry.  This article highlights Cuba's system's community and family-based aspects that are a huge part of its success.
 * 3) "Cuban medical education: its current status" by Ramón Salas Perea and Arlene Salas Mainegra.  This article talks about how Cuba's medical education system comes into play in all of this, and how Cuba's health system is sustained through how doctors are trained.
 * 4) "'No One Left Abandoned': Cuba's National Health System since the 1959 Revolution" by Pol De Vos.  This article goes over the history of the structure of Cuba's healthcare system.  I don't plan on adding to the "history" portion of the article, but I will use what this article says for Cuba's dedication to healthcare equality.
 * 5) "A Different Model - Health Care in Cuba" by Edward W. Campion and Stephen Morrissey. This article goes over the structure of Cuba's healthcare system, but also give reasons why the system should not be romanticized, which mainly comments on the lack of resources and wealth in Cuba, which is not blamed on the system, but on the US embargo.
 * 6) "Cuba's Health Care Policy: Prevention and Active Community Participation" by Demetrius S. Iatridis.  This article goes over the necessity for political commitment and community involvement in guaranteeing health to people, and Cuba does this.  It goes over the development of Cuba's health policy.  I won't use this in the Wikipedia article because it already contains details about the law and community's role in Cuba's healthcare system, and it would create a non-neutral argument to further discuss the importance of community and political support in a national healthcare system.
 * 7) "The Cuban Health Area and Polyclinic: Organizational Focus in an Emerging System"by Ross Danielson. This article talks about the structure of Cuba's healthcare system, in particular the role of the polyclinic, and goes into way more detail than necessary for an encyclopedia.
 * 8) "Lessons from the Margins of Globalization: Appreciating the Cuban Health Paradox" by Jerry M. Spiegel and Annalee Yassi. This article discusses Cuba's challenge to the assumption that generating wealth is the fundamental precondition for improving health.  The article challenges neoliberal ideology.  I also learned a lot from this article, but could not contribute much to Wikipedia with it without being biased.
 * 9) "On a mission: how Cuba uses its doctors abroad" by Sara Carrillo de Albornoz. This article discusses Cuba's healthcare help abroad, but also critiques that it may be contributing to a shortage of care and resources at home.
 * 10) "Community - and Hospital - Based Teaching in the Medical Curriculum - Examples from Cuba and the UK" by John K. F. Wong and Ann Wylie. This article compares the UK's method of medical education and Cuba's.  The UK's is hospital-based and far more expensive than Cuba's community-based system.
 * 11) "Cuba" from the WHO. Use to update health statistics.
 * 12) "WHO validates elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba" from WHO.
 * 13) "MEDICC Review" the only English language journal for Cuban medical, public health, and research outcomes.

2. "Transformative Learning"
These sources will hopefully help me make the transformative learning article easier to understand and read by providing examples from studies instead of pure theory. These additions will go under the "In Practice" heading of the article.
 * 1) "Empirical Measurement of Perspective Transformation" by Rebecca S. Cheney.  I will use this source to include in the article ways in which researchers have studied perspective transformation and how they can use it to draw conclusions in studies.
 * 2) "Transformative Learning in College Students: A Mixed Methods Study" by James Roderick Fullerton.  This article was based on a study that measures and distinguishes between informative and transformative learning outcomes in college students.
 * 3) "Both Sides Now: Examining Transformative Learning and Professional Development of Educators" by Kathleen P. King .  This study examines transformative leaning experiences that adult graduate students have in graduate school.

1. "Healthcare in Cuba"
The article I was originally going to work on was deleted, I think, because of its similarities to the one above. I added a citation to "Healthcare in Cuba" where the current Minister of Public Health is listed from the WHO, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/2014/wha67/president-roberto-morales-ojeda/en/.

2. "Transformative Learning"
To this article, I added to the talk page, saying that the article needs to be less intimidating. I noticed that the talk page hasn't been added to since December 2015. I also added a citation where it was noted that a full one was needed, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1541344608322678?journalCode=jtda.

Article: "Health in Cuba"
This article seems relatively underdeveloped and new, and it needs some work. I can see from the "talk" page that it is part of of project called WikiProject Caribbean which is aiming to build a guide to the countries of the Caribbean. The article hasn't received a rating on its quality scale yet.

The introduction gives a brief historical introduction to Cuba's health, but it is choppy and not fluid.

The article seems opinionated when it uses words like "excellent" and "remarkable" to describe Cuba's health care.

More numbers should be used rather than saying, "Child mortality rates are lower in Cuba than the United States."

There is a sentence that says, "Excellent primary health care is the key to the good heath outcomes." I don't think this sentence belongs in a neutral, informative article.

The article is pretty poorly written.

There are not even close to enough citations in this article, and citations are not in the same format at most other articles.

The article includes a lot of important information when in comes to health in Cuba, but not all of the information is cited, is said in a neutral manner, or is worded in the best way, and it uses adjectives where statistics belong. I would include more historical and political context in the article. I think the article could be better organized as well within headings and sub-headings.

I would also include links to other Wikipedia pages that are relevant.

While I didn't evaluate it, the article "Healthcare in Cuba" seems much more developed.

Sources to incorporate to add historical and political context to Cuba's health:
The effects of the US Embargo on Cuban health

The effects of loss of Soviet Union support on Cuban Health

Article: "Transformative learning"
This article is much more developed than "Health in Cuba." It has at least one citation in every paragraph, usually more, so I am confident that there is not plagiarism and that the information is reliable. There is a "Contents" outline in this article, unlike the other, making it much more organized and comprehensive. This article does word-for-word quote passages, which is not recommended, but I think it was necessary to understand this topic. There are many many perspectives to this topic, and the article makes that clear and touches on all of them.

I think something that this article is missing is maybe how to evaluate transformative learning and how to intentionally practice it, as an organization that brings people abroad to learn.

The "Talk Page" of this article is much more developed than the previous. Many of the comments say that the article is far too complex and dense.

Sources to incorporate to add evaluation of transformative learning and practicing transformative learning:
Survey of transformative learning outcomes and processes

Putting transformative learning into practice

title: User:Rachelannett/sandbox


text:
Cookbook:Chocolate Mousse Cake (Vegan)

| Vegan Cuisine

Cake

 * 1½ cups (200 g / 7.1 oz) unbleached white flour
 * ⅓ cup (40 g / 1.4 oz) unsweetened baking cocoa powder
 * 1 teaspoon baking powder
 * 1 cup (225 g / 7.9 oz) unrefined sugar
 * 1¼ cups (300 ml / 10 oz) water
 * ¼ cup (60 ml / 2 fl oz) vegetable oil
 * 2 teaspoons vanilla extract
 * 2 tablespoons vinegar (plain red, plain white or rice vinegar)
 * 1 pinch of shredded coconut

Chocolate tofu filling

 * 6 oz chocolate chips
 * 6 oz tofu
 * ½ tablespoon vanilla extract

Chocolate walnut sauce topping (optional)

 * ¼ cup (60 g / 2.1 oz) margarine
 * ¼ cup (30 g / 1.1 oz) cocoa powder or carob powder
 * 4 tablespoons soy milk
 * 5/6 cup (180 g / 6.3 oz) sugar (preferably unrefined)
 * ⅓ cup (75 g / 2.6 oz) packed unrefined sugar
 * 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
 * ½ cup (40 g / 1.4 oz) walnuts (optional)

Cake

 * 1) Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C).
 * 2) In bowl combine flour, cocoa, baking soda, salt and sugar.
 * 3) In another bowl combine water, oil, and the 2 teaspoons of vanilla.
 * 4) Pour liquid into dry ingredients, then whisk with fork.
 * 5) Add vinegar and stir. You'll see bubbles when the acidic vinegar reacts with the basic baking soda!
 * 6) Pour into baking dishes, and bake for 25–30 minutes.
 * 7) Remove from oven and let cool completely.

Chocolate tofu filling

 * 1) Melt the chocolate chips.
 * 2) Combine the tofu, ½ tablespoon vanilla extract, and melted chocolate chips in a blender. Blend until creamy.
 * 3) Cut the top of the cake off and set the top aside. Pour the chocolate tofu mousse on the bottom half of the cake. Replace the top half.
 * 4) Refrigerate until mousse thickens.

Chocolate walnut sauce topping (optional)

 * 1) In a saucepan combine everything but vanilla extract. Bring to boil, stirring constantly.
 * 2) Boil 1 minute, stir to cool, then add vanilla extract.
 * 3) Pour over the top of the chocolate mousse cake.
 * 4) Garnish with coconut.

title: Cookbook:Chocolate Mousse Cake (Vegan)


text:
User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea longispiculata

Chusquea  is a species of Chusquea bamboo in the grass family.

Distribution
Chusquea  is endemic to


text:
Instructional design/Cognitive behaviors/Teaching Procedures, page 5

Instructional Design > Cognitive behaviors > Teaching Procedures > Define > Learn > Teach > Routine > Power > Steps > Try > Example

Routine Tactics for Teaching Procedures
Routine tactics are the commonly used instructional methods.

Consistency
The needs analysis tells us what the learner needs to be able to do as a result of the training. These are instructional goals, which are also called "post-instructional requirements." An example of a post-instructional requirement is that a learner would be able to use his or her knowledge of fractions to solve a story problem. Therefore, the training lesson would also need to include practice with fractions using story problems. This is called "consistency," "authenticity," or "performance-based learning."

Generality - Example - Practice
The typical flow of a lesson on a procedure is to:

 * G - Present the generality for the procedure
 * E - Present an example of the procedure
 * P - Provide an opportunity to practice the procedure

These steps are explained in greater detail below.

Tactics for a Generality
Since a procedure is a set of steps to achieve a goal, the generality should include three parts
 * The label (source or name) of the procedure (if any)
 * The goal
 * The steps in general terms(1)

The following is an example of generality for a procedure:

Tactics for Examples
An example of a procedure is a demonstration of the use of the steps in one particular situation. It is not enough to just show the outcome of such use; every step should actually be demonstrated. Of course, each example should be as divergent as possible from the previous examples, with one instance from each equivalence class making up each such set of divergent examples.

Consistency
The practice should be as similar as possible to the post-instructional requirements (the conditions of performance after the instruction is all over).

Dimensions of Divergence
Practice of a procedure entails "just doing it" for a case that is different from any previously encountered cases. Each such  divergent practice item should provide the goal and any necessary inputs and should require the learner to perform each step of the procedure.

Instance Pool of Exercises
Generate a number of practice items for each  dimension of divergence. This creates an "instance pool" of practice exercises that can be used for both routine and power practice.

Sequencing the Lesson
The sequence does not have to be Generality-Example-Practice (G-E-P). In fact, it is often best to give an example simultaneously with the generality. We learn many procedures through example; that is, we learn them by observing others, and gradually generalizing from a prototypical case to the full range of cases. So we might want to hold off on the generality until after many examples and practice have been done. In fact, the learner could generate her or his own generality after observing a number of cases. Furthermore, we might want to give a generality, examples, and practice for one  equivalence class, then give G, E, and P for another, and so forth until all have been mastered, rather than giving examples for all equivalence classes followed by practice for all. Alternatively, we may want to give the learner control over the sequence of the routine tactics and equivalence classes.

Click Next to continue.

Source

 * Procedure Using by Charles M. Reigeluth. Used by Permission.
 * Procedure Flash Learning Module by by Charles M. Reigeluth.