text:
Cookbook:Gluten-Free

 Recipes appropriate for this diet are being categorized at Category:Gluten-free recipes - look there for a list.

What is Gluten?
Gluten is a protein most notably found in wheat, but also present in a number of other common grains. It permits the flexibility of wheat flour as a baking material. Gluten's elasticity allows the cells that form in bread, and keep baked goods from crumbling. The elasticity of gluten increases when it is worked and decreases if it is permitted to rest.

Where is it present?
Gluten is present in the following grains: wheat (including spelt and triticale), barley, and rye and almost any foods made therefrom; although oats are not themselves dangerous they are (certainly in the USA) contaminated to some degree with wheat and must be, at best, a suspect ingredient. Gluten may be present in many unexpected places. Fermented, undistilled alcoholic beverages made from these grains do contain gluten, as may such seemingly innocuous products as cold cuts, soy sauce, or hard candies. Additionally, many ingredients that are commonly found in processed foods, such as modified food starch, can be made from wheat and therefore contain gluten.

Another place you will find gluten, though not obvious, is in the production of many foods that do not contain wheat or substances in their ingredients. One common example of this are foods that do not contain gluten in their recipe, but the conveyor belts where the food is processed is dusted with flour to prevent sticking. Many "energy bars" fit this description.

There is no other way to know if this is the case by reading the label; you must call the vendor to be sure.

Why Gluten Free?
This diet is necessary for those with gluten sensitivity, gluten intolerance and auto-immune diseases like Celiac Disease. A gluten-free diet can be useful for those suffering from an allergy to one or more of the grains (mainly wheat, barley and rye) this diet excludes. There are over 190 medical conditions that have been linked to gluten sensitivity and gluten intolerance, Celiac Disease being one of them. Celiac Disease is often still undiagnosed. Some people find that a gluten-free diet is beneficial for children with autism. It should be noted, however, that there is no evidence for an autism-gluten link. A distinction is important, because wheat and gluten are high quality food sources, not to be rejected on the basis of unfounded speculation.

It is important to note that Celiac Disease is NOT itself an allergy, but an auto-immune disorder - the body rejects its own digestive proteins used to process gluten and produces antibodies against them. In essence, the body is fighting itself, in the presence of gluten, and doing damage to the small intestine in the process. Celiac Disease becomes a two-fold issue due to the damage done to the villi in the small intestine creating a nutrient malabsorption problem that is not reversible.

How can gluten be avoided?
Careful and constant reading of ingredients is necessary to purchase truly gluten free foods. If flour (which means "wheat flour" unless otherwise specified), starch (including "modified food starch", "food starch"), malt, or any grain containing gluten is present, do not purchase the food. Unfortunately for the person with gluten sensitivity or gluten intolerance, it may be necessary to also investigate every step of the handling of the products, due to widespread wheat contamination of certain foods by way of shared equipment, containers, and processing rooms. Cross contamination is a big issue that many do not think about when it comes to storing, handling and preparing food. Finally the utensils, equipment, and surfaces for cooking and eating must be free of accumulations containing gluten, especially ones which have been hardened on by heat, especially in toasters and bakeware.

A gluten-free diet can only be achieved by complete removal of all gluten from your foods, medicines, and any cosmetic products which will accidentally enter the GI tract (in practice, probably all of them); reducing the amount will not be a sufficient treatment. Be aware that gluten can be hidden in many processed foods and products you may normally use.

Cooking gluten-free
To cook appetizing gluten-free meals, it’s a good idea to be aware of what function the flour is performing in your recipe before you attempt to replace it. Wheat flour can perform multiple functions: thickening, binding, adding flavour, changing texture, and absorbing moisture. No alternative to wheat flour can do all these things in the same way as wheat flour. The most difficult behaviour to replicate is gluten's binding ability.

For this reason it is commonly advised that you mix several flours or starches when substituting for wheat. Different mixtures are suggested: no one mixture is ideal in all cases, and experimentation and customization are advised.

Many, if not all, gluten-free products do not have preservatives, so it is important that they be kept frozen or used soon after purchase. Do not store cooked gluten-free breads, cakes or confections for days at a time, or they will rapidly degrade and mold. Foods containing a significant proportion of potato starch, a common ingredient in gluten-free breads, are particularly susceptible to spoilage.

You must also be aware of the presence of gluten on the surfaces and utensils you use. Flour gets in the air and can't be cleaned. So avoid cooking one thing that is non-gluten free and gluten free in the same area when using flour. Also make sure you thoroughly clean all surfaces and utensils you use for both. Remember, you can never be too careful when it comes to your health.

Other useful starches and ingredients
Anything containing natural oils can become rancid at room temperature. Refrigerate flours in airtight packaging.

Amaranth flour
Amaranth flour The yield of grain amaranth is comparable to rice or maize. It was a staple food of the Aztecs, and was used as an integral part of Aztec religious ceremonies. Amaranth is a complete protein.

Chia
Chia seeds produce a gel-like substance when moistened that can assist when baking raised doughs. They also function as an egg replacement in baked goods. Ground chia seed can make the end product softer and more pliable.

Cornstarch
Cornstarch is ideal for thickening, but does not have a pleasant flavour. Too much corn starch in a liquid sauce will give a jelly-like consistency. In baking, corn starch often gives a more pleasant texture, but can give a very hard, dense consistency.

Flaxseed
Flaxseed meal produces a gel-like substance when moistened that can assist when baking raised doughs, and can also be used as an egg susbstitute in baking.

Millet flour
Millet flour Millet flours are also known as Bajari, Rotla, Bhakri, Rotti. Millets, like sorghum, are predominantly starchy. The protein content is comparable to that of wheat and maize.

Potato starch
Potato starch is a light starch that will rise with egg as the leavening agent. Allows lighter baked goods. Use is limited by the short shelf life of products made using this starch. This includes Sweet Potato Starch.

Potato flour
Potato flour is a pleasant thickener for gravies and can also be used in baked goods. Some bread recipes also use mashed potato flakes!

Rice flour
Rice flour is close to wheat flour in behaviour, taste, absorption, and thickening. However, it lacks any binding ability whatsoever, and works best when combined with other flours and starches in baked goods; delicate baked goods may fail if attempted with rice flour alone.

Sweet rice and white rice flour is finer than brown rice flour, although mills are now producing fine brown rice flours for the gluten-free market. Choose the finest grind possible for gluten-free baking; coarser grinds are slightly gritty.

Brown rice flour is a whole grain flour containing higher protein than the white rice flours, and imparts a pleasant heft to baked goods. Sweet white rice flour from a Chinese or Asian grocery is as fine and powdery as cornstarch, and behaves similarly in baked goods. Sweet rice flour can be used as a thickener in gravies. Brown rice flour also makes a good roux for cheese sauces, gumbos, or brown sauces.

Teff flour
Teff flour Teff is an important food grain in Ethiopia and Eritrea, where it is used to make injera, and less so in India and Australia. It is now raised in the U.S., in Idaho in particular, with experimental plots in Kansas. In addition to people from traditional teff-consuming countries, customers include those on gluten-restricted diets.[3]

Xanthan Gum
A strong binding agent that is used to replace the "stretchy" quality inherent in gluten, xanthan gum is often added to gluten-free flour blends to promote an improved texture. Use sparingly in bread, cake and cookie recipes. Xanthan gum is the fermentation product of the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris.

Celiacs who cannot tolerate Xanthan gum, due to corn allergy or trehalose intolerance, must find other alternatives.

Other binders and gums
Xanthan gum is the most popular binding agent, but others can be used too. These include soy lecithin, guar gum, carageenan, agar, carob (locust bean) gum, gum Arabic/acacia, fenugreek gum, tara gum, konjac gum, tragacanth gum, slippery elm powder, and even gelatin and pectin. Methyl Cellulose (MC) and Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose(HPMC) are commonly found in processed and package goods. These agents are often used in combination with each other.

Tapioca starch
Tapioca starch is a thickening agent often used in Chinese foods and gum candies. This starch is derived from cassava (aka manioc) roots; it is the same tapioca as in tapioca pearls, or tapioca pudding. Best used in combination with other gluten-free flours.

Chickpea Flour
Flour made from chickpeas, a popular alternative to gluten flours. This flour is commonly used in Indian cooking and can often be found in Indian or Asian grocery stores, sometimes labelled "besan". It has an unpleasant taste when raw but has a good approximation of wheat flour's texture when cooked. Unfortunately, some may find that it promotes flatulence.

Sorghum Flour
Sorghum flour (also known as sweet sorghum or jowar) makes an excellent wheat flour substitute in quick-leavened baked goods such as muffins or banana bread. It is ground from the small, millet-like grains of the sorghum plant (used to make sorghum syrup). Sweet white sorghum flour is a pale pinkish-brown in color and has a pleasant, faintly sweet and grassy taste. It is best combined with a gluten-free starch such as cornstarch or tapioca and creates a fine crumb, good texture.

Skim Milk Powder
Gluten-free bread recipes often contain skim milk powder. It adds protein and also has beneficial effects on the end product. The casein in milk makes it a good emulsifier, and it makes for a finer crumb and better consistency. People who are allergic to dairy can try substituting soy milk powder, but the results will not be as good.

Soya flour
Soya flour is also often added to gluten-free bread recipes to add protein.

Tips:
Base meals around whole foods that are naturally gluten-free, such as meat, chicken, or fish, eggs, potatoes or rice, and plenty of fresh vegetables, salad and fruit.

When cooking gluten free, it is simplest to look for dishes that require the least customization. A pasta dish may only require the substitution of a rice pasta, for instance. Soups may only require a substitution for thickening (rice flour, cornstarch, or potatoes also thicken soup). Gravies and sauces can be made using arrowroot starch or sweet rice flour instead of wheat flour. Recipes calling for bread crumbs may be translated into gluten-free by using leftover gluten-free breads and crackers, and even baked items, processed into crumbs. Cooked rice or potatoes may also be substituted in many recipes calling for bread crumbs.

Sandwiches can be made with corn tortillas (grilled tuna melts, Mexican-style quesadillas, turkey and cheese, refried beans) -- though the ingredients label of commercial tortillas should be checked, as some commercial firms include wheat flour in apparently "corn" tortillas -- and also with salad leaf wraps (Boston and Romaine lettuce wrapped around filling such as egg salad, tuna, turkey, ham and Swiss, etc.), and moistened rice paper wraps.

Cuisines from cultures that rely less on wheat can simplify menu planning. Many Indian, Asian, Mexican, South American, Middle-Eastern and Pacific Fusion recipes use no gluten containing ingredients.

Cakes, cookies and brownies can be made with a mix of alternative flours; including nut meal. Nut meal/flours can lower the carbohydrate content in a recipe, and up the protein that is often lacking in alternative starches and gluten-free flours. Other higher protein gluten-free flours include quinoa, buckwheat, soy, and amaranth.

Cookies depend more on the physical properties of sugar than on the characteristics of gluten. Substitute any gluten-free flour or blend for wheat flour on a cup-for-cup basis, but refrigerate the dough at least two hours before baking.

Cakes also depend heavily on sugar. Add starches and possibly some guar gum until you find an effective balance.

Pies require a gluten-free crust, and possibly a new thickening agent for the filling. Use packaged gluten-free cookies to create a crumb crust.

Flatbreads such as pancakes are relatively easy to produce with the right starches and gums. Loaves are more difficult, as they need some strong, elastic gel-like behavior for the air bubbles. Xanthan gum produces an acceptable loaf, if the gum is tolerated. If Xanthan gum cannot be tolerated, try gelatin, chia seeds/meal, and/or flaxseed meal in combination with gluten-free starches and flours.

Avoid
Avoid these ingredients:

 * Bulgur
 * Bulgur is wheat that's been cracked and steamed. (Note: A good substitute for bulgur, in dishes such as tabouleh, is cooked quinoa.)

 * Couscous
 * Couscous are actually tiny round pasta spheres, and outside of Africa, couscous is almost always made from wheat flour. (Again, a good substitute is cooked quinoa, or cooked millet.)

 * Durum and Semolina
 * These are specific strains of wheat.

 * Modified Food Starch
 * May be made from cornstarch OR wheat starch. Look for products which specify "corn starch" instead.

 * Spelt and Kamut/QK-77
 * These are species of wheat. (Other names include spelta, Polish wheat, einkorn, and small spelt.)

 * Triticale
 * This is a grain cross-bred from wheat and rye.

Caution
Use these ingredients with caution:

 * Buckwheat
 * Buckwheat is completely unrelated to wheat, and contains no gluten. However, buckwheat flour is reportedly often contaminated with wheat. To avoid wheat in your buckwheat, one alternative is to buy only whole-grain buckwheat, and check it before using the same way you would check your raw beans for a stone. Buckwheat grains are small and triangular, and a wheat grain will stand out like a sore thumb. Another way is to use only buckwheat flour that has been tested for gluten. Bob's Red Mill no longer has gluten free buckwheat flour.

 * Oats
 * Oats are biologically unrelated to wheat, and do not contain wheat gluten. People with a simple wheat intolerance may have no trouble with uncontaminated oats, unless they have a separate allergy to oats. However, some people with celiac disease also report sensitivity to oats.  There's an ongoing controversy over whether or not people with celiac disease can or should eat oats.  See celiac.com for a summary of some of the research.  Note that commercial oats may be contaminated with wheat; some people think this risk is higher for oats because their grains resemble wheat grains in size and shape, some people think the risk of oat contamination is the same as for any other gluten-free flour.  It comes down to an individual decision.  Oat flour is not a key ingredient in gluten-free baking, but rolled oats are a nutritious, delicious, versatile, and easily available food.

Check
Check the label on these ingredients:

 * Baking powder
 * Some baking powders, especially in the United Kingdom, use wheat flour or starch as a carrier for the reactive ingredients. Check the label for a baking powder that uses cornstarch.

Soup

 * Amy's Kitchen produces gluten-free soup in cans. Amy's tests every batch of gluten free products to 20ppm to ensure that they are Gluten Free.
 * Campbell's Soups are not gluten-free; wheat is used as a thickener.
 * Pacific and Imagine soups produce many gluten-free broths and soups packaged in cartons.
 * Progresso soups label foods that contain the top allergens such as wheat, milk, eggs, soy, etc.; some are gluten-free. Always read ingredient labels. Pearled barley is barley, and is not gluten-free.
 * Thai Kitchen produces soup in cans and rice noodle/broth packages; many are gluten-free, always check labels.

Mixes
Gluten Free Yellowpages: Collaborative Database of Gluten Free Products and Services: http://www.TheCeliacSite.com

Gluten-free baking mixes are available. Some of the more widely recognised are:

 * Australia
 * Refer to your local Coeliac Society
 * North America
 * Arrowhead Mills
 * Authentic Foods
 * Bob's Red Mill
 * Breads from Anna
 * Cause You're Special
 * Chebe
 * Cravings Place
 * El Peto
 * Ener-G
 * Gifts of Nature
 * Gluten-Free Pantry
 * Glutano
 * Glutino
 * Kingsmill
 * Kinnikinnick
 * King Arthur
 * Laurel's Sweet Treats
 * Miss Robens
 * Namaste
 * Pamela's
 * PaneRiso
 * The Really Great Food Company
 * Sylvan Border Farm

Kookboek/Glutenvrij

title: Cookbook:Gluten-Free


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The Unicyclopedia/Ultimate wheel

The Ultimate Wheel is a simpler form of the unicycle, consisting of a wheel with two pedals, but with no seat or frame, the lateral stability of the wheel is the most crucial skill involved in learning to ride. Large leg pads much like those worn by a hockey goalie can be worn in the learning stage.

Mounting

 * Freemount
 * This is done pretty much the same as a normal unicycle. Place the UW with the pedal corresponding to your weaker foot at its lowest point. Put your weak foot on the pedal and lean the wheel toward your dominant foot. This stops the wheel from flipping when you lift up your dominant foot. As soon as both feet are on the pedals, apply pressure and head off.

 * Roll Mount
 * The hardest thing here is to get the wheel to roll in a straight line. As you experiment, this improves. After it is rolling, jog next to it until the pedal that corresponds to your weaker foot is at the lowest point. Now, put your weak foot on that pedal followed immediately by the dominant foot. When the wheel is rolling, it is oddly stable. Here's a clip that shows it. It is also possible to do this trick in reverse where the wheel is rolling towards you. You can see it at 1:04 of this clip

 * Kickup Mount
 * This skill is much easier on an UW than on a unicycle. Firstly, lay the wheel on the ground, placing your dominant foot on the upwards-facing pedal, and place the toes of your weaker foot under the rim of the wheel by the downwards facing pedal. Lift the wheel with your weaker foot while at the same time easing your weight on the upwards facing pedal. Your dominant foot should now be at its lowest point while the weaker foot should be seated nicely on the pedal at its highest point. This position is similar to the normal freemount - just reversed.

 * Jump Mount
 * This is very similar to a jump mount on a unicycle, except more difficult to master. Firstly, hold the UW in a position where the pedals are aligned horizontally. From here, jump onto the UW without affecting the angle of the pedals. If you aim correctly, you will land on the pedals. You should now push down on the forward pedal using your dominant foot, and ride away.

 * Spin Mount
 * This skill is similar to the jump mount, except you spin the wheel before jumping. Start learning the trick by spinning the wheel 180 degrees and work your way up. The pedals should be aligned vertically before you spin. You can see it at 0:23 of this clip

 * Air Mount
 * With this skill you jump in the air while holding the Ultimate Wheel and mount it before you touch the ground. You can see it at 1:14 of this clip

Riding

 * Forward
 * This is just regular riding which in itself is extremely hard. Here's a clip that shows it

 * Idling
 * This is rocking back and forth (with your pedals in horizontal position) and staying at one place. You can see it at 4:00 of this clip

 * Backward
 * Here you do the same as forward except you pedal backwards. You can see it at 1:32 of this clip

Tricks

 * 180 Spin
 * While riding the UW twist your body 180 degrees and continue riding in reverse. You can see it at 1:53 of this clip

 * Freewheel Jump
 * Start off by riding your Ultimate Wheel in a circle. Jump off the wheel so that it continues rolling in a circle on it's own. When it comes back around jump on it (basically a roll mount) and keep riding. Once you master this technique, you can add 180 or 360 spins as you jump on the wheel or even do everything in reverse. You can see it at 2:08 of this clip.

 * Double Freewheel Jumps
 * This is the same trick but with two UW's. Start off by riding your wheel in a circle with a second wheel in your hand. As your riding, roll the wheel in your hand so it keeps going in a circle. Now wait till the other wheel rolls about half a circle and jump of your wheel. The wheel that was in your hand should now be coming back to you so you can jump back onto it. Practice and timing is everything. You can see it at 2:38 of this clip.

 * Twisty Jump
 * Start off by riding your ultimate wheel in a straight line. Jump up off the wheel, do a 180 degree spin and land back on the wheel (make sure your pedals are horizontal). Now continue riding in reverse. Note: Be careful with this trick as you can badly sprain or break an ankle. You can see it at 3:38 of this clip.

 * Leap of Faith
 * Start off by riding your ultimate wheel while holding another wheel in your hand. Now roll the wheel in your hand in a straight line and follow behind it. Jump from the wheel your riding onto the one you rolled. It's important to watch the pedals on the wheel as it rolls. You have to time it just right so that you land on the wheel right before the pedals line up horizontally. It may help to be slightly to the left or right of the wheel your jumping on instead of right behind it. You can see it at 3:18 of this clip.

 * Ultimate Spin
 * This feels exactly the same as a unicycle spin except that your on an ultimate wheel. You can see it at 4:28 of this clip.

 * Jump Rope
 * Start by idling with your pedals in the vertical position. Now hook your foot under the top pedal and start bouncing up and down. You can see it at 5:05 of this clip.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Unicyclopedia/Ultimate wheel


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Acacia calyculata

Acacia calyculata is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae that is native to north eastern Australia.

Description
The many-branched, glabrous shrub typically grows to a height of 2.5 m and has brown to grey coloured flaky bark with flattened, stout and brownish branchlets. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The flat, straight to falcate phyllodes have an inequilaterally narrowly elliptic shape with a length of 4 to 12.5 cm and a width of 5 to 25 mm and have three conspicuous main nerves. It blooms throughout the year producing 1.4 to 3.6 cm long flower-spikes with white to cream coloured flowers. Following flowering linear shaped seed pods with a linear shape that tapers towards the base. The glabrous, woody, straight-sided pods are terete to slightly quadrangular and have a length of 5 to 11 cm and a width of 3 to 5 mm. The dark brown seeds within have an oblong-elliptic shape with a length of 3.5 to 5.6 mm.

Distribution
It is endemic to Queensland where it is situated in coastal areas from the Cape York Peninsula down to around Townsville in the south. It is often found on steep hillsides growing in shallow rocky soils derived from granite or sandstone as a part of Eucalyptus woodlands or open forest communities but can also be found in heath or scrubland area growing in sandy soils near the coast.

title: Acacia calyculata


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Kind Words (video game)

Kind Words (lo fi chill beats to write to) is a 2019 casual video game developed by American indie developer Popcannibal, consisting of programmer and designer Ziba Scott and artist Luigi Guatieri. The game was first released as a Humble Bundle Original in July 2019, and was released on Steam in September 2019. In the game, the player can send and request letters to and from other players anonymously over the internet, while lo-fi music plays in the background.

Gameplay
When first opening the game, the player is met by Ella, a mail carrier deer who is nervous of her new job. After writing a short letter to inspire the deer, the player is then asked for their name, of which only the first letter is used in the future. The player can then choose to either write an anonymous letter to someone requesting letters, request letters from other players, or send a paper airplane, with a short message attached.

The only view available is the player's bedroom, which may be used to display physical representations of the player's stickers.

Letters
The player can anonymously request letters from other players, and can also send a letter to other players who are requesting letters. When a player chooses to write a letter, the player can choose to reply to or skip a request from their queue. Each request is a short statement on a card, and each letter is a message on a piece of paper. The player may also choose to include a sticker among a collection of stickers sent to them by previous players.

When a player receives a letter, it goes into the player's inbox. There, the player can read responses made by other players to their past requests.

Paper airplanes can also be seen flying across the screen. When interacted with, the paper airplane will show the message inside. These paper airplanes can be sent or received by other players, and contain short and usually inspirational messages.

Reception
The game has been praised by multiple reviewers for its positive community. A review for Polygon describes Kind Words as "a simultaneously disarming yet intense experience." A Kotaku review mentions instances of trolling on the game which occur as an effect of livestreaming. Scott addressed this, saying that trolls "rarely hang around long" and that only 3% of most letters were reported, most of which being off-topic content. An A.V. Club writer praised the gameplay and claimed that the community behind it helps make the game "troll-proof."

Following the success of Kind Words, Popcannibal announced a sequel entitled Kind Words 2 (lofi city pop). The sequel includes a much more expansive in-game world with more locations besides the player's bedroom. It is set to be released in 2024.

title: Kind Words (video game)


text:
File:WYLRN.jpg

Summary
Single cover, scanned by me

Fair use rationale for Leave Right Now
This image is subject to copyright. I feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) it is a low resolution copy of a CD album cover;
 * 2) it does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way;
 * 3) copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.

title: File:WYLRN.jpg


text:
Talk:Bonnie Leman

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bonnie Leman


text:
Prelude for Organ (Messiaen)

The Prélude, usually affixed with the subtitle pour orgue, is an organ piece in E major by French composer Olivier Messiaen. The work, which dates from the 1920s, is, along with the Offrande au Saint Sacrement, the earliest surviving organ work of the composer. Scholars differ as to the exact date and purpose as to when and why it was composed.

It is usually known as the Prelude for Organ in English to distinguish it from the Preludes for piano and the posthumously published piece from 1964.

The piece along with the Offrande were discovered by Yvonne Loriod in 1997. The Prélude was published posthumously in 2002 by Éditions Alphonse Leduc.

It remains overlooked as one of the lesser-known organ works of the composer.

History
In 1919, Messiaen entered the Conservatoire de Paris, which was widely considered the most important musical school in the nation. He studied there until 1930. Based on the calligraphy of the manuscript, its location of Paris, style of composition, which reflects in some aspects the music of his organ teacher Marcel Dupré; and organ compass, scholars deduced that the work was composed in the second half of the 1920s.

Messiaen had written a supposedly complete catalogue of his works in Technique de mon langage musical (1944). It therefore came as a surprise to Yvonne Loriod, who found the Prélude and Offrande au Saint Sacrement in boxes by the composer's personal desk, to have discovered these pieces in 1997. She sent photocopies of these pieces to colleagues Naji Hakim, who succeeded Messiaen as titular organist of the great organ at Sainte-Trinité Church; and Olivier Latry, one of the titular organists of Notre-Dame de Paris.

The piece was revealed publicly for the first time on the CD Inédits and was played by Naji Hakim at the organ of La Sainte-Trinité off a facsimile of the manuscript annotated by Loriod herself.

It was published by Editions Alphonse Leduc (AL 29 914) in 2002 following the Offrande 's publication the preceding year. The writer of the preface was Olivier Latry. Latry edited the music and Hakim, the registration.

Dates
In the published short preface to the work, Latry implies that Messiaen wrote it while studying at the Conservatoire de Paris, citing the influences of Dupré, the Diptyque from this time, and importantly, the inclusion of notes that were unavailable within the ranges of most organs available to him at the time (with the notable exception of the Conservatoire and several others). The compass lasted to C6 (61 note manuals) and G4 (32 note pedalboard).

Paul Griffiths suggests that the piece was written contemporaneously with La nativité du Seigneur. The scholar Christopher Brent Murray, on the other hand, believes that the Prélude may have been composed in January 1928 and submitted on the 25th of that month. According to him, Messiaen may have referred to the piece as the examination submission. The lack of the usual Bien, which appears on Messiaen's manuscripts as a marking of approval, also points to the theory that this is a conservatoire assignment. It, however, appears on the Offrande 's manuscript.

The work's manuscript of twenty pages (six pages of music) lies in the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

Structure
The piece has a duration of 9 minutes and a total of 89 bars. It is in E major and has an unchanging time signature of.

It opens with a brief three-measure introduction, marked Sans hâte (without haste; 96 BPM) with Messiaen's dictated registration being Flutes at 8' and 4' pitch on the Récit (swellbox closed) and a Flûte harmonique on the Positif. Originally, Messiaen dictated the addition of a pedal part to this, with a pedal coupler enabled for the Positif, but this was removed.

The work proper begins with the marking of Lent (adagio; 58 BPM) lasts from measures 4 to 17. Here, Messiaen calls for:
 * Récit: voix célestes
 * Positif: flûte 4', quintaton 16'
 * Grand-Orgue: fonds 8' sans principal
 * Pédale: flûte 16' acc. P[ositif]

Hakim revised the registration, changing it to: Modéré, presque vif (Moderately, almost quick), marked at 152 BPM, is the final section of the piece (which crescendoes to a thunderous staccato climax); which contains the development, the recapitulation, and coda. Here, high Gs appear in the Pedal. They can be omitted if the organ compass is insufficient.
 * Récit: voix céleste, gambe 8'
 * Positif: flûte 4', quintaton 16'
 * Grand-Orgue: fonds 8'
 * Pédale: flûtes 16' et 8' acc. P.[ositif]

The work closes with a slow and quiet coda which calls for a Flûte 8' on the Récit, Flûte 4' and Quintaton 16' on the Positif, and Flûte 4' on the Pedal (which eventually disappears). It ends extremely quietly with a ppp mark.

The introduction, Lent, and Modéré, presque vif, can be classified as sections, and are divided by fermati.

Edits
Olivier Latry's edits to the piece are compared with the work's original manuscript here. The former refers to the original manuscript and the latter refers to the published score.

 * 5: Soprano - Last note is A# and not A.
 * 25: Soprano - Third note is D and not D#.
 * 33: Soprano - Eighth note is C♭ (B), not D♭.
 * 41: Alto - Fourth and eighth notes are D♭, not D.
 * 72: The final chord must replicate the first chord.
 * 73: Soprano - Last note is A#.
 * 78: Tenor - Last two quavers are G and F. Legato.
 * 79: Soprano and Tenor - Last quavers are A and G. Legato.

In addition, Latry says that although tempi were indicated by the composer himself, performers should feel free to adapt their tempo preferences according to the venue as they can be regarded as too fast in some cases.

Recordings
Since this piece was not initially intended for publication and was probably discarded as juvenilia, it has not been performed very often and remains one of the lesser known works by Messiaen. Here is a list of notable recordings of the piece:

title: Prelude for Organ (Messiaen)


text:
Exchange interaction

In chemistry and physics, the exchange interaction is a quantum mechanical constraint on the states of indistinguishable particles. While sometimes called an exchange force, or, in the case of fermions, Pauli repulsion, its consequences cannot always be predicted based on classical ideas of force. Both bosons and fermions can experience the exchange interaction.

The wave function of indistinguishable particles is subject to exchange symmetry: the wave function either changes sign (for fermions) or remains unchanged (for bosons) when two particles are exchanged. The exchange symmetry alters the expectation value of the distance between two indistinguishable particles when their wave functions overlap. For fermions the expectation value of the distance increases, and for bosons it decreases (compared to distinguishable particles).

The exchange interaction arises from the combination of exchange symmetry and the Coulomb interaction. For an electron in an electron gas, the exchange symmetry creates an "exchange hole" in its vicinity, which other electrons with the same spin tend to avoid due to the Pauli exclusion principle. This decreases the energy associated with the Coulomb interactions between the electrons with same spin. Since two electrons with different spins are distinguishable from each other and not subject to the exchange symmetry, the effect tends to align the spins. Exchange interaction is the main physical effect responsible for ferromagnetism, and has no classical analogue.

For bosons, the exchange symmetry makes them bunch together, and the exchange interaction takes the form of an effective attraction that causes identical particles to be found closer together, as in Bose–Einstein condensation.

Exchange interaction effects were discovered independently by physicists Werner Heisenberg and Paul Dirac in 1926.

Exchange symmetry
Quantum particles are fundamentally indistinguishable. Wolfgang Pauli demonstrated that this is a type of symmetry: states of two particles must be either symmetric or antisymmetric when coordinate labels are exchanged. In a simple one-dimensional system with two identical particles in two states $$\psi_a$$ and $$\psi_b$$ the system wavefunction can therefore be written two ways: $$\psi_a(x_1)\psi_b(x_2) \pm \psi_a(x_2)\psi_b(x_1).$$ Exchanging $$x_1$$ and $$x_2$$ gives either a symmetric combination of the states ('plus') or an antisymmetric combination ('minus'). Particles that give symmetric combinations are called bosons; those with antisymmetric combinations are called fermions.

The two possible combinations imply different physics. For example the expectation value of the square of the distance between the two particles is: $$\langle (x_1-x_2)^2 \rangle_\pm = \langle x^2 \rangle_a + \langle x^2 \rangle_b - 2\langle x \rangle_a\langle x \rangle_b \mp 2|\langle x \rangle_{ab}|^2$$ The last term reduces the expected value for bosons and increases the value for fermions but only when the states $$\psi_a$$ and $$\psi_b$$ physically overlap ($$\langle x \rangle_{ab} \ne 0$$).

The physical effect of the exchange symmetry requirement is not a force. Rather it is a significant geometrical constraint, increasing the curvature of wavefunctions to prevent the overlap of the states occupied by indistinguishable fermions. The terms "exchange force" and "Pauli repulsion" for fermions are sometimes used as an intuitive description of the effect but this intuition can give incorrect physical results.

Exchange interactions between localized electron magnetic moments
Quantum mechanical particles are classified as bosons or fermions. The spin–statistics theorem of quantum field theory demands that all particles with half-integer spin behave as fermions and all particles with integer spin behave as bosons. Multiple bosons may occupy the same quantum state; however, by the Pauli exclusion principle, no two fermions can occupy the same state. Since electrons have spin 1/2, they are fermions. This means that the overall wave function of a system must be antisymmetric when two electrons are exchanged, i.e. interchanged with respect to both spatial and spin coordinates. First, however, exchange will be explained with the neglect of spin.

Exchange of spatial coordinates
Taking a hydrogen molecule-like system (i.e. one with two electrons), one may attempt to model the state of each electron by first assuming the electrons behave independently (that is, as if the Pauli exclusion principle did not apply), and taking wave functions in position space of $$\Phi_a(r_1)$$ for the first electron and $$\Phi_b(r_2)$$ for the second electron. The functions $$\Phi_a$$ and $$\Phi_b$$ are orthogonal, and each corresponds to an energy eigenstate. Two wave functions for the overall system in position space can be constructed. One uses an antisymmetric combination of the product wave functions in position space:

The other uses a symmetric combination of the product wave functions in position space:

To treat the problem of the Hydrogen molecule perturbatively, the overall Hamiltonian is decomposed into a unperturbed Hamiltonian of the non-interacting hydrogen atoms $$\mathcal{H}^{(0)}$$ and a perturbing Hamiltonian, which accounts for interactions between the two atoms $$\mathcal{H}^{(1)}$$. The full Hamiltonian is then:

 * $$\mathcal{H} = \mathcal{H}^{(0)} + \mathcal{H}^{(1)}$$

where $$\mathcal{H}^{(0)} = -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\nabla^{2}_{1}-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\nabla^{2}_{2}-\frac{e^2}{r_{a1}}-\frac{e^2}{r_{b2}}$$ and $$\mathcal{H}^{(1)} = \left(\frac {e^2}{R_{ab}} + \frac {e^2}{r_{12}} - \frac {e^2}{r_{a2}} - \frac {e^2}{r_{b1}}\right)$$

The first two terms of $$\mathcal{H}^{(0)}$$ denote the kinetic energy of the electrons. The remaining terms account for attraction between the electrons and their host protons (ra1/b2). The terms in $$\mathcal{H}^{(1)}$$ account for the potential energy corresponding to: proton–proton repulsion (Rab), electron–electron repulsion (r12), and electron–proton attraction between the electron of one host atom and the proton of the other (ra2/b1). All quantities are assumed to be real.

Two eigenvalues for the system energy are found:

where the E+ is the spatially symmetric solution and E− is the spatially antisymmetric solution, corresponding to $$\Psi_{\rm S}$$ and $$\Psi_{\rm A}$$ respectively. A variational calculation yields similar results. $$\mathcal{H}$$ can be diagonalized by using the position–space functions given by Eqs. (1) and (2). In Eq. (3), C is the two-site two-electron Coulomb integral (It may be interpreted as the repulsive potential for electron-one at a particular point $$\Phi_a(\vec r_1)^2$$ in an electric field created by electron-two distributed over the space with the probability density $$\Phi_b(\vec r_2)^2)$$, $$\mathcal{S}$$ is the overlap integral, and Jex is the exchange integral, which is similar to the two-site Coulomb integral but includes exchange of the two electrons. It has no simple physical interpretation, but it can be shown to arise entirely due to the anti-symmetry requirement. These integrals are given by:

Although in the hydrogen molecule the exchange integral, Eq. (6), is negative, Heisenberg first suggested that it changes sign at some critical ratio of internuclear distance to mean radial extension of the atomic orbital.

Inclusion of spin
The symmetric and antisymmetric combinations in Equations (1) and (2) did not include the spin variables (α = spin-up; β = spin-down); there are also antisymmetric and symmetric combinations of the spin variables:

To obtain the overall wave function, these spin combinations have to be coupled with Eqs. (1) and (2). The resulting overall wave functions, called spin-orbitals, are written as Slater determinants. When the orbital wave function is symmetrical the spin one must be anti-symmetrical and vice versa. Accordingly, E+ above corresponds to the spatially symmetric/spin-singlet solution and E− to the spatially antisymmetric/spin-triplet solution.

J. H. Van Vleck presented the following analysis:

 * The potential energy of the interaction between the two electrons in orthogonal orbitals can be represented by a matrix, say Eex. From Eq. (3), the characteristic values of this matrix are C ± Jex.  The characteristic values of a matrix are its diagonal elements after it is converted to a diagonal matrix (that is, eigenvalues).  Now, the characteristic values of the square of the magnitude of the resultant spin, $$\langle (\vec{s}_a + \vec{s}_b)^2 \rangle $$ is $$S(S+1)$$.  The characteristic values of the matrices $$\langle \vec{s}_a^{\;2}\rangle$$ and $$\langle \vec{s}_b^{\;2}\rangle$$ are each $$\tfrac{1}{2}(\tfrac{1}{2} + 1) = \tfrac{3}{4}$$ and $$\langle(\vec{s}_a + \vec{s}_b)^2\rangle = \langle\vec{s}_a^{\;2}\rangle + \langle\vec{s}_b^{\;2}\rangle + 2\langle\vec{s}_a \cdot \vec{s}_b\rangle$$.  The characteristic values of the scalar product $$\langle\vec{s}_a \cdot \vec{s}_b\rangle$$ are $$\tfrac{1}{2}(0 - \tfrac{6}{4})= -\tfrac{3}{4}$$ and $$\tfrac{1}{2}(2 - \tfrac{6}{4}) = \tfrac{1}{4}$$, corresponding to both the spin-singlet (S = 0) and spin-triplet (S = 1) states, respectively.
 * From Eq. (3) and the aforementioned relations, the matrix Eex is seen to have the characteristic value C + Jex when $$ \langle\vec{s}_a \cdot \vec{s}_b\rangle $$ has the characteristic value −3/4 (i.e. when S = 0; the spatially symmetric/spin-singlet state). Alternatively, it has the characteristic value C − Jex when $$\langle \vec{s}_a \cdot \vec{s}_b\rangle$$ has the characteristic value +1/4 (i.e. when S = 1; the spatially antisymmetric/spin-triplet state).   Therefore,

 * and, hence,

 * where the spin momenta are given as $$\langle\vec{s}_a\rangle $$ and $$\langle\vec{s}_b\rangle$$.

Dirac pointed out that the critical features of the exchange interaction could be obtained in an elementary way by neglecting the first two terms on the right-hand side of Eq. (9), thereby considering the two electrons as simply having their spins coupled by a potential of the form:

It follows that the exchange interaction Hamiltonian between two electrons in orbitals Φa and Φb can be written in terms of their spin momenta $$ \vec{s}_a $$ and $$ \vec{s}_b $$. This interaction is named the Heisenberg exchange Hamiltonian or the Heisenberg–Dirac Hamiltonian in the older literature:

Jab is not the same as the quantity labeled Jex in Eq. (6). Rather, Jab, which is termed the exchange constant, is a function of Eqs. (4), (5), and (6), namely,

However, with orthogonal orbitals (in which $$\mathcal{S}$$ = 0), for example with different orbitals in the same atom, Jab = Jex.

Effects of exchange
If Jab is positive the exchange energy favors electrons with parallel spins; this is a primary cause of ferromagnetism in materials in which the electrons are considered localized in the Heitler–London model of chemical bonding, but this model of ferromagnetism has severe limitations in solids (see below). If Jab is negative, the interaction favors electrons with antiparallel spins, potentially causing antiferromagnetism. The sign of Jab is essentially determined by the relative sizes of Jex and the product of $$C \mathcal{S}$$. This sign can be deduced from the expression for the difference between the energies of the triplet and singlet states, E− − E+:

Although these consequences of the exchange interaction are magnetic in nature, the cause is not; it is due primarily to electric repulsion and the Pauli exclusion principle. In general, the direct magnetic interaction between a pair of electrons (due to their electron magnetic moments) is negligibly small compared to this electric interaction.

Exchange energy splittings are very elusive to calculate for molecular systems at large internuclear distances. However, analytical formulae have been worked out for the hydrogen molecular ion (see references herein).

Normally, exchange interactions are very short-ranged, confined to electrons in orbitals on the same atom (intra-atomic exchange) or nearest neighbor atoms (direct exchange) but longer-ranged interactions can occur via intermediary atoms and this is termed superexchange.

Direct exchange interactions in solids
In a crystal, generalization of the Heisenberg Hamiltonian in which the sum is taken over the exchange Hamiltonians for all the (i,j) pairs of atoms of the many-electron system gives:.

The 1/2 factor is introduced because the interaction between the same two atoms is counted twice in performing the sums. Note that the J in Eq.(14) is the exchange constant Jab above not the exchange integral Jex. The exchange integral Jex is related to yet another quantity, called the exchange stiffness constant (A) which serves as a characteristic of a ferromagnetic material. The relationship is dependent on the crystal structure. For a simple cubic lattice with lattice parameter $$a$$,

For a body-centered cubic lattice,

and for a face-centered cubic lattice,

The form of Eq. (14) corresponds identically to the Ising model of ferromagnetism except that in the Ising model, the dot product of the two spin angular momenta is replaced by the scalar product SijSji. The Ising model was invented by Wilhelm Lenz in 1920 and solved for the one-dimensional case by his doctoral student Ernst Ising in 1925. The energy of the Ising model is defined to be:

Limitations of the Heisenberg Hamiltonian and the localized electron model in solids
Because the Heisenberg Hamiltonian presumes the electrons involved in the exchange coupling are localized in the context of the Heitler–London, or valence bond (VB), theory of chemical bonding, it is an adequate model for explaining the magnetic properties of electrically insulating narrow-band ionic and covalent non-molecular solids where this picture of the bonding is reasonable. Nevertheless, theoretical evaluations of the exchange integral for non-molecular solids that display metallic conductivity in which the electrons responsible for the ferromagnetism are itinerant (e.g. iron, nickel, and cobalt) have historically been either of the wrong sign or much too small in magnitude to account for the experimentally determined exchange constant (e.g. as estimated from the Curie temperatures via TC ≈ 2⟨J⟩/3kB where ⟨J⟩ is the exchange interaction averaged over all sites).

The Heisenberg model thus cannot explain the observed ferromagnetism in these materials. In these cases, a delocalized, or Hund–Mulliken–Bloch (molecular orbital/band) description, for the electron wave functions is more realistic. Accordingly, the Stoner model of ferromagnetism is more applicable.

In the Stoner model, the spin-only magnetic moment (in Bohr magnetons) per atom in a ferromagnet is given by the difference between the number of electrons per atom in the majority spin and minority spin states. The Stoner model thus permits non-integral values for the spin-only magnetic moment per atom. However, with ferromagnets $$\mu_S = - g \mu_{\rm B} [S(S+1)]^{1/2} $$ (g = 2.0023 ≈ 2) tends to overestimate the total spin-only magnetic moment per atom.

For example, a net magnetic moment of 0.54 μB per atom for Nickel metal is predicted by the Stoner model, which is very close to the 0.61 Bohr magnetons calculated based on the metal's observed saturation magnetic induction, its density, and its atomic weight. By contrast, an isolated Ni atom (electron configuration = 3d84s2) in a cubic crystal field will have two unpaired electrons of the same spin (hence, $$\vec{S} = 1$$) and would thus be expected to have in the localized electron model a total spin magnetic moment of $$\mu_S = 2.83 \mu_{\rm B}$$ (but the measured spin-only magnetic moment along one axis, the physical observable, will be given by $$\vec{\mu}_S = g \mu_{\rm B} \vec{S} = 2 \mu_{\rm B}$$).

Generally, valence s and p electrons are best considered delocalized, while 4f electrons are localized and 5f and 3d/4d electrons are intermediate, depending on the particular internuclear distances. In the case of substances where both delocalized and localized electrons contribute to the magnetic properties (e.g. rare-earth systems), the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) model is the currently accepted mechanism.

title: Exchange interaction


text:
USS Suncook

USS Suncook is a name used more than once by the U.S. Navy:

 * USS Suncook (1865), an American Civil War steamer.
 * USS Suncook (AN-80), a net laying ship serving during World War II and later with the U.S. Bureau of Mines.

title: USS Suncook


text:
Cookbook:Ricotta Lasagne

| Cuisine of Italy | Pasta Recipes

Lasagne is a baked pasta dish.

Ingredients

 * 1 lb (450 g) sweet Italian sausage
 * ½ lb (230 g) minced (ground) beef
 * ½ onion, chopped fine
 * 2 cloves garlic, crushed
 * 3½ tbsp sugar
 * 1 tbsp salt
 * 1½ tsp dried basil
 * ½ tsp fennel seed
 * ¼ tsp black pepper
 * ¼ cup chopped parsley, divided
 * 4 cups (1 kg / 2.2 lb) canned whole tomatoes, undrained, halved, seeds removed
 * 12 oz (340 g) tomato paste
 * ½ cup (125 ml / 4.2 oz) water
 * ½ tbsp salt
 * 2 cups (600 g / 1.3 lb) ricotta cheese
 * 1 egg
 * 16 oz (450 g) lasagna pasta
 * 16 oz (450 g) mozzarella cheese, thinly sliced (a wire cutter is nice for semi-soft cheeses like this)
 * about 3 tbsp grated Parmesan cheese

Procedure

 * 1) Remove sausage casings, and break sausage into small bits.
 * 2) Sauté sausage and ground beef in 5-quart (4.7 L) saucepan or Dutch oven over medium heat with onion and garlic until the meat is browned.
 * 3) Add sugar, 1 tablespoon salt, basil, fennel, pepper, and half the parsley; mix well.
 * 4) Add tomatoes, tomato paste and water, mashing the tomatoes a bit. Bring the sauce to a boil then reduce heat and simmer, covered and stirring occasionally for 1½ hours.
 * 5) Preheat oven to 275 F.
 * 6) Cook and drain pasta.
 * 7) In a medium bowl mix ricotta, egg, ½ teaspoon salt and remaining parsley.
 * 8) Assemble your lasagna in a inch roasting pan (listed bottom to top):
 * 9) *Bottom layer of sauce (approx. 1½ cups / 375 g / 13.2 oz)
 * 10) *Layer of pasta (overlapping slightly)
 * 11) *Layer of ½ the ricotta mixture
 * 12) *Layer of ⅓ of the mozzarella
 * 13) *Sauce layer (again, about 1½ cups / 375 g / 13.2 oz)
 * 14) *Layer of grated Parmesan sprinkled over sauce (not so much that the sauce layer is covered entirely)
 * 15) *Layer of pasta
 * 16) *Layer of remaining ricotta
 * 17) *Layer of ⅓ of the mozzarella
 * 18) *Layer of remaining sauce
 * 19) *Layer of sprinkled Parmesan
 * 20) *Layer of remaining mozzarella
 * 21) Cover the lasagna with foil and bake 30 minutes covered, then 25 minutes uncovered (or until bubbly and lightly browned). Cool for at least 20 minutes before serving.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Uncooked lasagnas freeze very well so the extra work can be done well in advance. You can make several batches at a time and freeze the extras to thaw out and cook later.

title: Cookbook:Ricotta Lasagne


text:
Terrorism in Colombia

Terrorism in Colombia has occurred repeatedly during the last several decades, largely due to the ongoing armed conflict the country has been involved in since 1964. Perpetrators of terrorist acts in the country range from leftist guerilla forces including FARC, ELN and M-19, to drug cartels such as the Medellín Cartel, to right-wing paramilitary forces including the AUC.

Terror groups
Notable groups involved in terror attacks include:
 * Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
 * National Liberation Army (ELN)
 * 19th of April Movement (M19)
 * Medellin Cartel
 * AUC

Counterterrorism efforts
During the early 21st century, the number of known and suspected terrorists killed, captured, or surrendered fell as terror groups changed their tactics, while casualties rose. The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) reverted to hit-and-run attacks rather than engage in large unit encounters.

In November, 2011, security forces killed FARC leader Guillermo León Sáenz Vargas, also known as "Alfonso Cano."

Demobilization and reintegration efforts
Colombia has employed a multi-agency approach to countering radicalization and discouraging violent extremism. The government's program focuses on encouraging individual members units of the FARC and ELN to demobilize and reintegrate into society. Demobilization and reintegration programs provide medical care, psychological counseling, education benefits, and job placement assistance. Recidivism rates were estimated at between 10 and 20 percent by the Colombian Agency for Reintegration. Additionally, the Ministry of Defense has organized a number of public festivals and social events with celebrity participation to discourage the recruitment of vulnerable youth.

In 2013, a total of 1,350 FARC and ELN members had demobilized.

2011

 * February 11, 2011 – Five civilians were killed in San Miguel, Putumayo in a mortar attack. The mortar was fired by suspected FARC terrorists and landed near a police post along with a baby.
 * June 25, 2011 – Suspected ELN rebels attacked a police outpost in Colon Genova, Narino, using explosives and small-arms fire. Eight civilians were killed.
 * September 18, 2011 – Several mortars were launched at an army base in La Macarena, Meta Department. The attack injured several civilians.
 * October 30, 2011 – The armored convoy of Albeiro Vanegas, Vice President of the House of Representatives was attacked by suspected ELN terrorists. Vanegas was unharmed, but his driver was killed.

2017

 * June 17, 2017: Centro Andino bombing – An explosion at the Centro Andino shopping mall killed 3 people. The attack was condemned as a terrorist attack and the authors remain unknown.

2018

 * January 27, 2018: 2018 Colombia police stations attacks – Two hand grenades were thrown at the police stations of Barranquilla and Santa Rosa del Sur, killing seven officers and one perpetrator. The ELN was responsible for the attack.

2019

 * January 17, 2019: 2019 Bogotá car bombing – The guerrilla rebel group ELN took the responsibility of the explosion of a car bomb inside the General Santander National Police Academy. The attack killed 21 people and injured several others.

title: Terrorism in Colombia


text:
Critical Line

Critical Line was a contemporary art exhibition center that opened 5 May 2006 in the St. Helens section of Tacoma, Washington. The 1,800-foot redesigned gallery space specialized in installation art, video, performance, sound art, photography, and time-based work, and was devised to "allow for creative exploration, experimentation, and exhibition in a space where artists are encouraged to take creative risks." The gallery operated in partnership with its satellite project the Tollbooth Gallery, under the direction of Jared Pappas-Kelley alongside Michael Lent, and was one of four major projects of the nonprofit art organization ArtRod. These also included the contemporary art journal Toby Room, and the film and video series Don't Bite the Pavement.

In 2010 an online journal based on the Critical Line exhibition space was launched.

Past exhibitions

 * Found Space
 * Keeping Score
 * Nativity Artists
 * New Works: Nicholas Nyland and Ellen Ito
 * The End
 * Critical Line Invitational

title: Critical Line


text:
Topic talk:History of linguistics

All material from Wikibooks has been moved either here, to Portal:Linguistics, or into the pages and subcategories of Category:Linguistics. Linguistics is listed as a school at Schools, so stop redirecting it to a topic page. --JWSchmidt 00:37, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * This page was made into a more specific topic for School:Linguistics. --JWSchmidt 00:49, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Topic talk:History of linguistics


text:
Rumsko railway station

Rumsko is a non-operational PKP railway station in Rumsko (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.

title: Rumsko railway station


text:
User:Lapidus187

Today http://friv.lc/ is very common word on internet,because everybody love to play online games.Lot of different categories you can find on every game website.Kids and parents usually play together games,and try to make some scores on them for competition. Good description of the same game can give you a best guide what is game about,and how to play some game if you stuck.Online games can be hard or easy to play, everything depend what you like,which category.For me racing games can be so interesting because i have feeling that i am a driver in that kind of games.Then if you don't know what to do in free time ,the better way is to express yourself and your brain to with some new famous game for your ages.No matter of what Friv games can bring you happiness and better understanding of life. Now grab your joystick or keyboard start to follow and play most famous http://friv.lc/. Good luck!

title: User:Lapidus187


text:
CACS/Preface

The Wikibook Introduction to computers and communications technology.

Scope and Audience
This textbook is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the field, useful to those who will practice in it, and those who need to deal with it peripherally. While it is not a technical work it does deal with technology and describes its structure, background, content, and business in some detail. This means that it while it can be a general survey, it cannot be necessarily simple. Every attempt is made to add no more complex details than are necessary to place a part of the field in context. But context here also means having a general understanding of the internals of an area, and so some complexity is unavoidable.

Thus there are three goals established:
 * 1) To be comprehensive and complete in terms of the areas covered.
 * 2) To provide enough detail for each area so that the reader can understand what work is accomplished by its practitioners and how that area relates to the rest of the field.
 * 3) To avoid enough technical detail so that a reader who isn't involved in an area does not get trapped in it.

These goals may at first seem contradictions, but they are not mutually exclusive. Instead they serve as boundaries to identify the material included for each topic. Another limit is imposed with respect to large or mainframe computers. The mainframe environment and history are briefly discussed in the introducyion to each part, but most material is based on the now ubiquitous personal or desktop computer environment.

Professional Readers
Those who actively work in computers and communications tend to increase the depth of their knowledge and skills within a limited domain. As they accumulate greater experience and skill, their viewpoint tends to become increasingly that of a single role or area within the discipline. While this text can serve them for an initial survey of the field, its greatest value will be as a continued reference and context to provide a higher level view of those areas outside of their specialty.

An online, collaborative text may be particularly valuable in this second role. All of the areas, disciplines, roles, and uses of this technology are changing. Indeed, the rate of change seems to increase geometrically, while the number of areas or specialties increases exponentially. Unlike a paper text, an online one can be maintained rapidly and constantly. Once the reader is familiar with the format and content of the work, future reference is easier. So when presented with a new feature, function, or technology there is an updated textbook that's just like the one they used before. While some may prefer a paper copy for initial use, an updated copy may be continually available.

Non-Professional Readers
Very few professions today escape being affected by the application of computers and the related communication technology. For those who work in other disciplines an up to date survey and reference may also be valuable when they must deal with the impact of the technology within their own field. When forced to interact with the high priests of technology, they need not compete to get their viewpoint recognized while ignorant of the goals, practices, and terminology of the ordained. When a piece of these technologies interacts with your own business, this will not replace a user manual, or even the level of the Topic X for Dummies. What it does is to provide the background and context that make those materials more useful.

Terminology
There are four words used in this work that require some explanation. The words platform, entity, element, and component are used loosely, but with some intent. Generally the term entity is used to describe the thing being considered or addressed by a topic, element is used to describe a feature or function of the entity being discussed, and component is used to describe a unit that is considered as a whole, and stands alone for some functions, while platform refers to the group of components that are prerequisite to the entity under discussion. Each term frequently represents the specific being discussed and its peers or similar units that operate at the same level.

A specific area or topic may be treated at all four levels. Consider a single Web Page as an example. When describing the Client–Server model of the Internet, it is a component. When considering HTML it is a part of the platform. In a part of the discussion of Web Site Construction it is first an element of the site, and then an entity since there are several topics that directly discuss Web Pages.

Structure
The question of how to organize a comprehensive technology overview is both fundamental and complex. You can probably think of ways to improve the organization chosen (I know I do every time I look at it). This section outlines of the survey's major organization into parts and briefly identifies the main subject for each part.

The overview is organized into a decomposition hierarchy. The hierarchy is presented two layers at a time. Subject definitions are always presented twice, once with their parent subject and again in their own introduction.

For full detail, see the: CACS:Contents

Subject areas and major parts are listed below:
 * Hardware – The machines that are computers and their supporting attachments.
 * Computing Machines – The fundamental engines of the revolution.
 * Peripherals – The things that tie the computers to worthwhile work.
 * Architectures – The structure that ties things together.
 * Communications – The hardware that couples computers and components.

 * Software – The program components that make the computer world accessible.
 * Platforms – Operating Systems and basic Tool Suites.
 * Middleware – The attachment layer.
 * Construction Tools – Languages, Environments, and builders of all kinds.
 * Applications – Tool sets that are used to do real work.
 * Architecture – Structures for coupling components.

 * Communications – Things that let computers and people connect to each other.
 * Architecture – In communications, the Structure comes first.
 * Networks – Computers and users coupled to gain processing power and leverage.
 * Internet – The virtual structure that ties networks together.
 * Content – The information that makes the structure worth having.

 * Applications – Applying the computer world to get things done.
 * Desktop – Direct support of human efforts.
 * Departmental – Those applications that support a single function or functional area.
 * Process – Applications that support a broader work effort.
 * Platforms – Generic applications, structures, and architectures for all kinds of work.
 * Vertical – Organizing applications by Industry Group.

 * Services – How work gets done.
 * Skills, specialties, and expertise.
 * Methods and Life Cycles.
 * Analysis and Programming – Specialties, Languages.
 * Education and training, certification.
 * Related functions: project management, business planning, consulting.

 * Business – How computers, software, and applications are bought and sold.
 * Manufacturers –
 * Software Vendors –
 * Support Structures –
 * Service Providers –
 * Newly Enabled Functions – Call centers, knowledge base, Supplier-company-customer integration.
 * Packaging – Retailing, OEM, Integrators, Alliances.

Some things fell off this hierarchy, and are contained in other areas of topics. These are:
 * History –
 * Miscellaneous Topics – Stray interesting topics that affect multiple areas.
 * Lists –
 * Glossary – An industry full of buzzwords, a consolidated glossary.
 * Reference Data –
 * Companies –
 * Organizations –
 * Index –

Authors
Any work with the broad and inclusive scope proposed cannot succeed without the contributions of many individuals, both experts and generalists. If this text is to be useful to the general audience, it also needs a lot of amateurs to insure that it stays readable. Thanks in advance to all contributors.

As in any good Wiki, details of contribution will be kept for each subject on the page history. Major contributors who wish to be identified will be acknowledged on the CACS/Authors page.

There is to be a separate page about writing sections of this book, and it is kept on the CACS/Author Guidelines page. To comment on direction or structure please use the Talk page of the part, chapter, section or topic.

title: CACS/Preface


text:
S. Rajeshkumar

S. Rajeshkumar is an Indian politician and a member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu in India. He represents the Killiyoor (state assembly constituency), which is in Kanyakumaridistrict, Tamil Nadu. He did his schooling at LMS School, Palliyadi.

title: S. Rajeshkumar


text:
Veliatyno

Veliatynо (Велятино; Veléte) is a village in the Khust Raion of Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine. , its population was 4,576. It was formerly named Veliatyn, until 2018.

title: Veliatyno


text:
Cosenza Calcio 1914

Cosenza Calcio 1914 was a professional Italian football club based in Cosenza, Calabria.

It starts in 1912 when was founded Società Sportiva Fortitudo (the year 1914 is a reference to the first historic match played by the club on 23 February 1914). The club was expelled from the professional leagues in 2003, only readmitted a year later in Serie D. In 2005 the club folded, ended its 91 years of history.

From 2003 to 2007 A.S. Cosenza Calcio claimed as the successor, which was relocated from nearby town. Again 2007, Fortitudo Cosenza was relocated from Rende as the new successor, and renamed to Cosenza Calcio 1914 Srl in 2008. However, the spiritual successor folded again in 2011, which yet another new club Nuova Cosenza Calcio was refound using Article 52 of N.O.I.F. in 2011–12 Serie D.

Early times and Serie B
The club was founded on 18 November 1912 as Società Sportiva Fortitudo (the year 1914 is a reference to the first historic match played by the club on 23 February 1914) and enjoyed a long time in the professional leagues, spending several years in the Serie B and launching several famous players. They also won the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1983. During the 1980s and the 1990s, the Calabrian side barely missed promotion to the Italian top flight several times, most notably in 1989, when they ended with the same points than fourth-placed Cremonese and Reggina, but being not admitted to the promotion playoff as having the worst results of the three in head-to-head matches. In 1991–92, Cosenza lost promotion again, with a final fifth place only two points behind of Udinese.

Serie D times
Following these highs, the club successively started experiencing hard times, being ultimately excluded in July 2003 by the federation due to financial issues, leaving Cosenza suddenly without a club.

In 2004, it franchise was however admitted back into Serie D following a judicial sentence, together the new A.S. Cosenza F.C.: this caused the city of Cosenza to have two different "rival" clubs into the same division. This lasted only one year, as Cosenza 1914 finally folded.

Notable former players
International footballers of Cosenza Calcio 1914
 * Stefano Fiore
 * Gianluigi Lentini
 * Cristiano Lucarelli
 * Christian Manfredini
 * Mark Edusei
 * Marius Stankevičius
 * Rubén Maldonado
 * Massimo Margiotta

Colors and badge
The team's official colours were red and blue.

Honours

 * Anglo-Italian Cup: 1 (1983)
 * Serie C: 1 (1960–61)
 * Serie C1: 2 (1987–88), (1997–98)
 * Serie C2: 1 (1979–80)
 * Serie D: 2 (1957–58, 1974–75)

A.S. Cosenza Calcio (2003–07)
Castrovillari was relocated to Cosenza in 2003. The club spent 4 seasons in Serie D.

Fortitudo Cosenza (2007–11)
In 2007 A.S. Cosenza Calcio gave up its Serie D membership, but all the team players later joined new club "Fortitudo Cosenza", which is relocated from Rende.

Following this, the new club renamed itself, taking the old historical denomination of "Cosenza Calcio 1914 S.r.l." with the aim to rise up the Italian football pyramid. In 2011 the team was then excluded from professional championship by Co.Vi.So.C. of Italian Football Federation and it didn't appeal. Another phoenix club was started in Serie D, as Nuova Cosenza Calcio.

Nuova Cosenza Calcio
In summer 2011 a new club was founded as Nuova Cosenza Calcio and restarted from Serie D It wins promotion playoffs, but it is not automatically promoted.

title: Cosenza Calcio 1914


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North Gloucestershire Combination

The North Gloucestershire Combination is the governing body for the sport of rugby union in the city of Gloucester and surrounding area in the county of Gloucestershire, England. The combination is responsible for organising clubs and cup competitions in the city of Gloucester and surrounding area, but is ultimately part of the Gloucestershire Rugby Football Union, which has overall control over rugby union in the county. Although there is no senior men's team (they are only eligible for the Gloucestershire county side), there are North Combination junior sides (under-16), as well as a vets team.

History
Although the North Gloucestershire Combination was not officially formed until early in the 20th century, rugby union was already popular in the region with Gloucester Rugby having come into existence in 1873. Gloucester were then, as now, the biggest club in the county, but still needed the support of junior club sides to bolster their team in the case of injuries and other such selection crisis's. A solution of sorts was to introduce a competition for local club sides to help develop rugby union in the city and increase the number and quality of potential players that could one day represent Gloucester. The first cup competition was introduced in 1893–94 and was known simply as the 'Challenge Cup'. Early records of this Challenge Cup are scarce but it the early competition format appears to be that of a league, with the teams taking part considered part of the Gloucester League, even though sides from other towns such as Stroud and Cheltenham took part. Of the first clubs to take part in the new competition, only Gordon League and Painswick are still members of the North Gloucestershire Combination, although other club sides such as Stroud are still active, albeit in neighbouring combinations.

During the 1903–04 season the Senior Cup was introduced for the first time, with the inaugural winners being Berkley. During this period the local junior clubs were becoming disillusioned by the competition as it was not particularly well organised, results were not recorded properly and Gloucester Rugby were seen to be the beneficiaries to the detriment of the smaller clubs, who felt they were not being looked after properly. This would ultimately lead to the Gloucestershire RFU having to step in. In 1912 the Gloucester & District Combination was formed, containing 10 clubs including Gordon League and Painswick. A year later the name was changed to the North Gloucestershire Combination due to the involvement of sides from nearby towns such Cheltenham and Stroud. During the 1913–14 season a second cup competition known as the Junior Cup was introduced for A sides and was won by St Marks.

While several clubs would leave to join neighbouring combinations such as Cheltenham & District and Stroud & District in the period between and following the World Wars, the North Gloucestershire Combination would grow in size, with sides such Spartans (1927), Old Centralians (1937), Coney Hill (1947) and Matson (1957) coming into existence. Many of the clubs had enough players to field multiple teams and by the 1974–75 season a third cup competition known as the Glanville Cup was introduced for third teams, named after the competition's sponsor, Brian Glanville of Glanville Tires. Despite the game becoming professional in the 1980s and league rugby becoming increasingly important as the game approached the 21st century, the North Gloucestershire Combination cup competitions have proven to be popular with local teams, the prospect of a final at Kingsholm Stadium still being a big incentive.

Affiliated clubs
There are currently 17 clubs affiliated with the North Gloucestershire Combination, with teams at both senior and junior level. This clubs are also affiliated with the Gloucestershire RFU. Note that although Gloucester Rugby are a member of the combination they do not actually take part in any of the competitions, as they operate at too high a level. They do however, enable their home ground of Kingsholm to be used for the combination cup finals.

 * Brockworth
 * Chosen Hill Former Pupils
 * Coney Hill
 * Dowty
 * Gloucester All Blues
 * Gloucester Old Boys
 * Gloucester Rugby
 * Gordon League
 * Hardwicke & Quedgeley Harlequins
 * Hucclecote
 * Longlevens
 * Matson
 * Old Centralians
 * Old Cryptians
 * Old Richians
 * Spartans
 * Widden Old Boys

Combination club competitions
The North Gloucestershire Combination currently runs the following club competitions:

Cups

 * North Gloucestershire Senior Cup – founded in 1903 for club sides based in Gloucester between tiers 5–11
 * North Gloucestershire Junior Cup – founded in 1913 for 2nd teams
 * North Gloucestershire Glanville Cup – founded in 1975 for 3rd teams

title: North Gloucestershire Combination


text:
Yiannis Pathiakakis Stadium

Yiannis Pathiakakis Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Ano Liosia, Greece. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Akratitos. The stadium holds 5,000 and was built in 1965. It is named after Giannis Pathiakakis, who guided Akratitos from the lower ranks to the top flight but died in 2002 on the pitch during a training session.

title: Yiannis Pathiakakis Stadium


text:
Talk:Bold Park

Artificial seeds
I found an interesting report (ABC) about the use of artificial seeds to repopulate the flora of the park. Might be worth mentioning.--Commander Keane 17:04, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bold Park


text:
Talk:US History/Reconstruction

Discuss the political, social, and economic reforms introduced in the South between 1864 and 1877. To what extent did these surviv the comprmise of 1877?

First Transcontinental Railroad
The First Transcontinental Railroad golden spike was laid in 1869. The railroad was to be revolutionary in its effect and fits into this era 1865-1877. However full coast-to-coast services took place after this era so can be found in US History/Advancements covering 1877-1913. Darrelljon (discuss • contribs) 09:18, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:US History/Reconstruction


text:
Talk:Blanche Brillon Macdonald

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title: Talk:Blanche Brillon Macdonald


text:
User:JPRiley/Francis

Though best known for institutional and commercial projects, Francis was also sought after as a domestic architect and designed houses throughout the state, including many for industrialists. Largest of Francis' domestic projects was the house (1880-81) in Clinton for John R. Foster, a dry goods retailer. Facing the town's Central Park, this is a large, three-story house which is one of the most elaborate axamples of Stick Style architecture in New England. A Few years later he designed a Queen Anne house for manufacturer Frederick Fosdick (1884), who would later be mayor of Fitchburg. Larger and more elaborate was the Fitchburg home of Edgar F. Belding (1888), a shoe manufacturer. Now demolished, this was considered the best example of Queen Anne architecture in the region. A later house was that for Laroy S. Starrett, founder of the L. S. Starrett Company, in Athol (1900-01). This is an example of Colonial Revival architecture.

In addition to his other work for the client, Francis was responsible for various alterations to the Fitchburg house of Rodney Wallace. Another domestic project was a stable and carriage house (1880) for James Phillips Jr. in Fitchburg, built in concert with a house for Phillips. Though the house has been demolished, the stable and carriage house was donated in 1926 to the Fitchburg Art Association. After a renovation by architect Mary Almy of Howe, Manning & Almy, the building was rededicated as the Fitchburg Art Museum in 1929.

title: User:JPRiley/Francis


text:
missbrauchen

Etymology
From, from , , from , equivalent to. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to abuse use improperly
 * 2) to maltreat; to abuse treat improperly or violently
 * 3) to abuse; to violate rape or assault sexually

title: missbrauchen


text:
Louise Kugler

Louise Kugler (10 October 1811 – 6 September 1884) was a German painter and poet.

Biography
Charlotte Louise Kugler was born into a leading commercial family in Stettin, at that time entering the sixth year of just over seven under French occupation. Her father, Johann Georg Emmanuel Kugler (1777-1843), was a prominent city businessman, councillor, and consul. He was also a part-time poet. Her mother, Sophie Dorothea Eleonora Sternberg (1781-1854), was a preacher's daughter. Both her parents had a deep interest in the arts: writers, musicians, and artists were frequent and welcome guests in the family home. She had at least two elder brothers, the younger of whom, Franz Theodor Kugler (1808-1858), would later achieve a level of eminence as an art historian and cultural administrator for the Prussian state. Both siblings received art lessons in Stettin which took them beyond the level of mere dabbling.

She subsequently moved with her brother to live in Berlin where Louise studied with Carl Begas who since 1826 had been a professor at the Prussian Academy of Arts. From whim she learned, in particular, the art of portraiture. Later her artistic focus switched to the (less potentially remunerative) subjects of flowers, illustrations, and arabesque designs. Her brother, meanwhile, increasingly switched away from painting and towards the academic study of Art History, as a more secure means of obtaining a secure income. He obtained his doctorate in 1831. Franz Kugler's assessment of his sister's progress as an artist was cautious: "There is still something dilletantiste in this work, but it is certainly captures a lively sense of poetry and is executed with a strikingly fine sense of style in the way it uses colour and form".

When father died in 1843 Louise Kugler moved in to live with her mother, who by this time was also living in Berlin. Her brother Franz, who by now had a wife and children of his own, lived close by and was evidently seen as the head of the wider family. Franz had by now acquired an important government job in the arts sector and his Berlin home had become something of a literary salon, with Jakob Burckhardt, Theodor Fontane, Emmanuel Geibel, Paul Heyse, and the painter Adolph Menzel among its members. Within this group of arts celebrities Louise Kugler sustained an independent position. She was forthright with her opinions, in the judgement of one commentator, "not a muse ... but in search of her own muses", the first to know about new work from leading poets and new areas of research picked out by historians, always happy to listen to and criticise constructively new pieces of work ahead of publication. There also survives from this period an album of portraits that she painted.

Her "Morgenländische Mythus" dates from 1847: it consists of 15 pages of poems and illustrations, based on "oriental themes" provided by her friend, the newly fashionable poet-playwright Emanuel Geibel. The illustrations attracted much comment when they appeared at the "Academic Exhibition" in Berlin and were in the end purchased by the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia (born a Prussian princess). The empress in due course made a gift of the illustrations to the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg who in 1855 had a coloured-in version created, which was considered a great treasure. Despite the publicity this brought her, by this time Louise Kugler had left Berlin and was for most purposes quickly forgotten there.

In September 1849 she moved with her mother (who died a few years later) to Bremen. The reasons for the move may have been, at least in part, financial. Shortly after this she accepted the offer of Adolf Meyer, a successful tobacco wholesaler (whose Mexican-born wife had recently died), to move into his family home and run it. The main tasks involved bringing up the four children who had just lost their mother. One of the children, Felicie Meyer (1838-1920), seems to have formed a particularly close bond with Kugler. It is not clear what this change in domestic arrangements meant for Louisa Kugler in personal terms, but it clearly meant withdrawing from her social networks in the Berlin artistic circles, and her career never resumed its former trajectory. In 1860 Felicie Meyer married the poet and senator Otto Gildemeister. It was in several ways a "good marriage", but for Louise Kugler it meant an end, in 1863, both to her life as a foster-mother and educator and to what had evidently been a reasonable income. At the age of 52 she was forced to re-invent herself again.

During the first part of 1863 Louise Kugler moved to Munich where she had relatives. She lived for several months a frugal existence in lodgings, but by the end of 1863 had returned to Bremen. She now published a collection of short written pieces, described as a "Spruchgarten" (loosely, "garden of proverbs and aphorisms") that she had prepared with illustrations in 1849, shortly after her earlier move to Bremen. A second "Spruchbuch" appeared in 1863. Although it came without illustrations, it was more successful commercially, running to five editions by 1888. In 1872 she produced another little volume, "Die vier Jahreszeiten".

During her final years she developed a good friendship with the poet Amalie "Molly" Murtfeldt with whom she conducted an at times lively correspondence. Unable to live purely on the proceeds of her poetry, she also undertook some private tutoring and received a certain amount of discrete financial support from the Gildemeisters, who remained supportive till the end.

Following several years of illness, Louise Kugler died in Bremen on 6 September 1884.

title: Louise Kugler


text:
αναπηδώ

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to spring, jump up, leap
 * 2) to recoil, bounce
 * 3) to spurt

title: αναπηδώ


text:
The Universalist and Ladies' Repository

The Universalist and Ladies' Repository was an American periodical published by the Universalist Church of America in Boston, Massachusetts under various names during the period of 1832 to 1873. During the period of 1834–43, it was published in Boston by Benjamin B. Mussey as Universalist and Ladies' Repository. In 1844 and through 1873, it was published in Boston by Abel Tompkins as Ladies' Repository.

History
Encouraged by past success, the Proprietor was induced to issue proposals for the third volume of The Universalist. In order that it would not interfere with other publications advocating the doctrine of Universal Salvation, he was, in compliance with the advice of his friends, concluded to make an addition to its name and character. It would continue to advocate the doctrine of a world's salvation by Jesus Christ. Moral, practical, experimental and consolatory subjects would receive a due share of attention. Notices of passing events, interesting to the religious public; brief reviews of rare and popular works; poetical effusions, and everything which would tend to render a publication of the kind entertaining and useful, would continue to be included in its columns. Its tone was mild, generous and charitable; but at the same time, distinct, manly and firm. The proprietor stated there would be an aim to make its style chaste, and its literary character generally such as shall command respect. It would advocate the rights of women, and earnestly contend for female education. In a word, no pains would be spared to render The Universalist and Ladies' Repository a welcome visitor at the dwelling of every female Universalist. The third volume of the periodical commenced on Saturday June, 1834. It was published in Boston every week, quarto size 3. Subscribers could purchase it at US$1.25 in advance, $1.50 in six months, and $1.75 at the close of the year.

Henry Bacon, on issuing the Prospectus of a new volume of the Universalist and Ladies’ Repository, presented a brief statement of the object in conducting this periodical, and the reasons that caused him to confidently expect a liberal patronage. He purposed in the continuation of the labors, to advance the cause of religious truth, Christian morality, and human improvement and happiness. To this he dedicated his work; and in the furtherance of the object, endeavored to lay before the readers such a variety of subjects, as would tend to enlighten the mind in the knowledge of the great truths of Universalism. He would avoid the two extremes of too grave and too gay, and aimed to preserve a cheerful character, without descending to frivolity, believing that moral and religious truths could be presented in a pleasing garb and attractive form. To woo youth from thoughtless indifference, and win the young mind to the proper culture of its moral powers and religious feelings would be a prominent part of the plan. The periodical would continue to be the constant advocate of female education, and the proper dignity of woman; and it would devote a large portion of its pages to the especial benefit of women. In time, he intended the work to be useful, moral, entertaining, polite literature, embracing a wide range of subjects; and by the assistance promised by able writers, and the publisher's own knowledge gleaned from the past in reference to the proper manner of conducting the work, it would far exceed its value. He expected a generous patronage because he meant to merit it within the Universalist community. Going forward, The Universalist and Ladies' Repository would be published in Boston regularly on the 15th of every month, in royal octavo form, 40 pages, printed on fine paper, with clear, handsome type, stitched and neatly covered, at the price of $2.00 per annum in advance.

Published by the Universalist Publishing House, Volume XXVI of The Ladies Repository commenced July 1857 with Eliza Ann Munroe Bacon, editor; Nancy T. Munroe, assistant editor; Caroline Soule, corresponding editor. Henrietta A. Bingham succeeded Phebe Ann Coffin Hanaford as the last editor of Ladies' Repository.

Notable people

 * Eliza Ann Munroe Bacon
 * Henry Bacon
 * Henrietta A. Bingham
 * Phebe Ann Coffin Hanaford
 * Nancy T. Munroe
 * Benjamin B. Mussey
 * Caroline Soule
 * Abel Tompkins

title: The Universalist and Ladies' Repository