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Talk:Catherine of Aragon/Archive 2

Coronation
The Coronation section is incompletely edited, almost the same matter is repeated twice. I don't want to mess with it myself, since I don't know what should be in and what should go, but it should be cleaned up.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:58, 12 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree, but I really can't bother to revert Chloe's edits every minute. The purpose of this encyclopaedia is to include only the important information, not every detail. Coronation section is now unproportionally large. If every section gets expanded that much, we would get a 1000 KB long article. Surtsicna (talk) 20:46, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

 * It's good to be bold and try to improve articles, but the point of this encyclopaedia is to summarise 500 pages into one page. Of course, that page shouldn't contain all the details. Should we write what Catherine had for breakfast on her coronation day? I am talking about such details. Anne's coronation is summarised into 5 lines. It doesn't include description of the whole celebration. I hope you know what I mean.

 * To add a reference you need to put . If your source is not included in the References section, just write the book's title and the book's author in the appropriate section. You'll see how it's done with other references. Surtsicna (talk) 18:34, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually I have wondered in the past whether it might be worth having individual articles on monarchs' coronations, and I suppose by extension those of their consorts. There are quite often interesting anecdotes about them, like Lord Rolle living up to his name by tumbling down the Abbey steps at Queen Victoria's coronation, and of course the whole hoo-ha over Queen Caroline's forcible exclusion in 1821. Opera hat (talk) 19:54, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * That's not a bad idea, considering that we have articles on representations of people in popular culture. Surtsicna (talk) 20:11, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Chloe, I'm not principally opposed to there being a description of the coronation, but it is currently not very well edited—it seems as if the same material has been pasted in twice and then modified in one, possibly both, of the copies, so the same event is described twice.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:14, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

A Solution for Katherine/Catherine
I like Wikipedia rules, they keep people from getting their user names in The Onion. I even like to write rules for a living.

However, the time has come to solve this spelling issue. Editors keep coming in and making changes thinking they know stuff, only to learn halfway down the article it was scholarship not vandalism they were undoing. Users think Wikipedia is gone cuckoo again, because we spell Catherine of Aragon with a "K", and never read down to where they might be informed.

The article is titled "Catherine of Aragon" because that is the most popular modern spelling. Users are going to type that spelling in far more often than "Katherine of Aragon". So moving the page to the title "Katherine of Aragon" seems counterproductive. But the spelling is not historically accurate, which is an encyclopedia's primary goal.

"Katherine of Aragon" redirects to this article. The MOS under WP:Hatnote has an acceptable use for a hatnote here: Ambiguous term that redirects to an unambiguously named article, where an odd or partial spelling leads to the correct title.

However, WP:Hatnote also warns that an "Example of improper use" is filling a hatnote with Legitimate information about the topic that is otherwise in the article.

Aware of this, I have constructed a hatnote that both reveals a redirect from the correct spelling, and concisely explains the spelling issue. Since the spelling is the first thing to confront and confuse uninformed readers AND editors, I have made the "disambiguation" links to the appropriate section within the article itself.

Therefore, I am openly invoking the Ignore All Rules policy against MOS WP:Hatnote, as this is an improvement for all unfamiliar editors, and of immediate value to users.

PLEASE NOTE. This is a solution to an ongoing problem with this particular article. If anyone has an alternative solution, please voice it below. If it is a superior solution, let's take a vote around. If you don't have a solution to this problem, please don't simply remove this one. It solves a problem. —Yamara ✉  22:07, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * PS - Somebody please get on verifying the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. I know I've seen Katherine's own sig, but it would be best to have cites. —Yamara ✉  22:07, 14 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Verify the source? User:Brakbudy verified it on 19-Feb.  Is there a reason to doubt his word?  And if someone else verifies it, will their word be any more reliable? -- Zsero (talk) 17:04, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

I would go for something like:

Katherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536), Castilian Infanta Catalina de Aragón y Castilla,, popularly known as Catherine of Aragon, was the first wife and queen consort of Henry VIII of England.

and drop the hatnote. Or has this been tried? (John User:Jwy talk) 23:42, 14 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it has, and it starts another round of whether or not its true, or redundant, or confusing. The explanation needs to lead, but it shouldn't lead the article itself because it's hardly the most important part of Katherine's article. Your suggestion is correct for leads in biographies, but this article has the unique problem that the popular spelling is universally accepted, and the historic spelling is obscure to the point that most people have simply never seen it before. Including myself. I must have seen it reading Shakespeare, but I simply didn't remember it—I've never seen the spelling elsewhere before running across it here in Wikipedia, and I've enjoyed reading and exploring history all my life. I can only imagine the horde of editors and users who have been raised on modern movies, and need an instant heads-up. —Yamara ✉  02:36, 15 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Obviously, it wasn't the only thing that triggered such discussions. I still think my suggestion makes the page most consistent with what people are looking for, explains why the redirect happens.  It SHOULD be in the lead if it helps someone orient themselves with minimal confusion.  It takes care of the dissonance of the user entering (now I guess it is the 'C' version).  But I have no where near the passion about this as some of you.  (John User:Jwy talk) 22:12, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

This article looks really bad now! Catherine of Aragon is the title, but the article starts with Katherine of Aragon. Is the spelling of her name so important? After all, she was born as Catalina and later signed herself Katharine and Katherina (never Catherine and never Katherine). It's stupid to say that Catherine is the modernized spelling because it implies that Katherine is the correct one (and it's no more correct then Catherine since she never spelled her name that way). Es.wiki spells her mother's name Isabel, although Isabella I of Castile signed herself Ysabel. Wikipedia cannot use the spelling used five centuries ago. Surtsicna (talk) 17:11, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

What are you doing?! You're ruining this article! Boleyn, you cannot rename the image and change the title of a book (e.g. Patience, Princess Catherine to Patience, Princess Katherine) just because you think it's the right way to spell her name! Are you going to say that Lady Jane Grey is actually Lady Iane Grey just because the letter J did not exist during her lifetime? Oh, please. Surtsicna (talk) 12:31, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * What nonsense! The letter "J" has existed for thousands of years, and is clearly visible on the signatures of "J" people who lived in Lady Jane Grey's lifetime, such as Jane Boleyn.  Paul75 (talk) 06:05, 14 December 2008 (UTC)
 * You really think that the letter J has existed for thousands of years? Oh, dear. You ought to read J|this article. Surtsicna (talk) 10:57, 14 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, and this is Wikipedia and everything on here should be taken with a grain of salt.  Perhaps if you read more widely you would know that Greeks used the letter.  Whatever the correct history of the letter is, it has been used in English since well before Jane Grey's time and there it is an absolute fabrication to suggest the correct spelling of her name is "Iane".  Her signature, with a very clear "J" is  and Paul75 (talk) 00:39, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Surtsicna, if you want to make a point, you can do so without resorting to being offensive. Historians (and I am one, incidentally) almost invariably spell her name with a 'K'. It is not simply that it was the contemporary spelling that people feel it should be spelt 'Katherine'. I completely take your point on the titles. I went through and changed some back before I saved it, and planned to finish the rest later that day, but somebody had already changed it.Boleyn (talk) 15:50, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

"While the most common modern English spelling of her name is "Catherine of Aragon", the correct contemporary English spelling is Katherine"

Correct spelling of a personal name?! Will you please stop writting nonsense? Surtsicna (talk) 12:47, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, correct spelling of a personal name. Why would that be a problem? -- Zsero (talk) 19:44, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

If Katherine was indeed "the correct contemporary English spelling" of her name, then Catherine of Aragon, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr mispelled their names.

I don't care how you spell her name, I just don't want this article to look this crappy. If you're going to use Katherine, then please change the title to Katherine of Aragon. Surtsicna (talk) 15:19, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

 * If you mean the page name, then no, that must be the most common spelling, even if it's not the most correct. But there's no reason the article must spell it the same way as the page name.  For instance, Bill Gates has his name as 'William Henry Gates III. -- Zsero (talk) 15:36, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Zsero, that is different its a different name, but a differnt spelling just looks crappy if you are going to change the title of the page then do that but if your not- leave the spelling alone, and there is logic in the fact that catherine is the most cmmon spelling so therfor the most acurate, people say she spelt it witha k but then they are spelling it "katherine" when she spel it "katharine"  —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:55, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Zsero, I stopped reverting your changes. I do not want to argue about her name, it's not so important. I just think that the article would look much nicer if we choose only one spelling. Surtsicna (talk) 11:59, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Image of Juana

 * I believe the image lower down in the article is of Catherine's sister Juana, and therefore should be removed or at least say that it is Juana in the text.--jeanne (talk) 08:54, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
 * If the image is indeed of Joanna the Mad, it should be removed. This article is not long enough to include images of anyone other than Catherine herself. Surtsicna (talk) 10:17, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Hi It is disputed whther the image is of Juana/Joanna of Catalina/Catherine, the poirtrait is named "Portrait of an Infanta" but it is not known which of the two sisters it is.GranadasPomegranate (talk)
 * Therefore we should remove it. There are enough portraits of Catherine in this article, so we don't need a portrait which could be of Catherine. Surtsicna (talk) 19:45, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

ut we have none of her as a young girl, and it doesnt chnage the layout much, as there are no other images of her in the early years section, it s pity we dont have more room, there are many lovely paintings of her as a young woman that would be nice, but an article just looks messy with too many pics, but i think we have a good amoutn at the moment  —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:23, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Image quality
Hi, the image in the info box is a little grainy, Il see if I can get a better quality of the image of the same painting.GranadasPomegranate (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 08:42, 28 January 2009 (UTC).

Books
I noticed in this paragraph "In recent years, the historian Alison Weir covered her life extensively in her biography The Six Wives of Henry VIII, first published in 1991. Antonia Fraser did the same in her own 1992 biography of the same title; as did the British historian David Starkey in his 2003 book Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII." it says afterwards that citation is needed. I'm not sure what would be sufficent citation, apart from listing the chapters in which she is included in each book? If not some help would be appreciated. GranadasPomegranate (talk) 09:14, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Portrait
As the majority does not wish for "Portrait of an Infanta" to be included, I was wondering how people would feel about adding something similar to this into the early years section:

A portrait by Juan de Flandes, entitled "Portrait of an Infanta" circa.1496, is thought to be of either Catherine of her sister Joanna. An ongoing debate about which Infanta it s has come to no conclusion. The fact that the young girl holds a rose, may be seen as symbolism regarding the House of Tudor,has been seen as evidence as it being Catherine, as Catherine was betrothed to it's Heir, but Elisa Bermejo, however, considers the flower as an attribute related to the sitter's very young age. David Starkey considers the portrait to be of Catherine, and has used the image, along with other portraits of the six wives of Henry VIII, on the cover of his book "The Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII". The fact that the sitter appears to be between 10-12 would fit Catherine's age at the time of the painting, she being about 11. However it has been noted that "Portrait of an Infanta" has similarities with a painting of Joanna held in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, but similarities have also been drawn to paintings of Catherine.

So what do you think?<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:11, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

I personally think it's a good idea, it provides good information and is neutral, and I think the current version of that paragraph is good. I have a source for some of that information, if you cannot provide one. It is a website, I can't remeber the name of it, but I have it bookmarked.GranadasPomegranate (talk) 11:53, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

References for the Spelling Of Her Name section
The citation for the statement Rarely were names, particularly first names, written in an exact manner during the sixteenth century and it is evident from Katherine's own letters that she endorsed different variations. does not support this whatsoever. There needs to be a proper reference and proof of the claims in this statement. I'm sorry to be such a bore, but we can't really have this sort of original research on Wikipedia, it needs a source and as such I think the "citation needed" needs to remain there. Paul75 (talk) 07:10, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

But what form of citation is needed? Proof that early modern names were often spelt in a variety of manners? Well this is evident from her own letters (and it would be rather exhaustive to record them all!) —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)

 * See WP:CITE for a start and WP:NOR. It can be frustrating. (John User:Jwy talk) 04:52, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Examples of her signature on the Internet is a start - I know there is a letter of hers in which she signs her name "Katharine" out on the net, but I haven't seen one with her signing herself "Catherine", but if you have seen one it is out there somewhere - use the book title or website as a citation.Paul75 (talk) 10:21, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

I think the citation there is sufficent, I see no problem with it.GranadasPomegranate (talk)

Sorry to go on about this issue, but why was it recently put that Katherine only referred to herself as ‘Katharine’ or 'Katharina'? As mentioned in the relevant footnote she also endorsed the name ‘Katherine’. I've just adding in this information. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:22, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Infobox portrait
I would like to see it changed to the portrait of her as a young widow, or maybe even just a part of it(e.g. from her head to her K and pomegranate necklace) as I would say it is her most well known portrait. Also we could put the portrait we already have further down in the article and remove the image of her as a widow in the "Wife and widow to Arthur" section. So this is a consensus.

I strongly support the change. GranadasPomegranate (talk) 12:38, 2 April 2009 (UTC)
 * No, there is no consensus yet since nobody has agreed yet. Since you are the one who proposed the change, it's natural that you strongly support the change. I, however, strongly oppose the change because the current portrait is the one which shows her as queen and she is undisputably more significant as Queen of England than as Dowager Princess of Wales. Surtsicna (talk) 18:09, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

I strongly support the change.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:30, 11 April 2009 (UTC)
 * So? You haven't explained why you support the change. You can't just "strongly support the change" and expect other people to agree if you haven't made a valid arguement. Surtsicna (talk) 10:46,12 April 2009 (UTC)

Ok, fine I didn't know we needed to give a reason, I'm new to Wiki. My reason is I believe it is, like GranadasPomegranate says, her most well known portrait.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:12, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

Original name belongs in the lead
Why should the original names (baptismal & surname) be removed from the lead? What's wrong with an encyclopedia being encyclopedic? Marie Antoinette, Mozart, Chopin, and many others are given the right of having their original names in the lead, not butchered or in a footnote. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky has even the right & privilege to cyrillic characters Пётр Ильич Чайковский!, but a Spanish woman, Catalina de Aragón cannot retain her Spanish birth identity, even the accent on the *o* of Aragón has to be done away.

This crusade which amounts to delete & deny the identity of historical figures is becoming absurd.

P.S. In fact, in Spanish she is known as Catalina de Aragón y Castilla.

Frania W. (talk) 17:33, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Question: Where is it said in Wikipedia rules & regulations that foreign names should be skipped altogether?

Giving the original name of non-English born historical figures is common practice not discouraged by Wikipedia which, in fact, gives directives on how to do it. What seems to one editor irrelevant, such as the name of a personage as he/she is known in his/her country of origin, might be relevant to others, and, as long as it is shown in italics in the lead sentence, it does not transgress wiki rules. It is thus incomprehensible to me that one editor takes it upon himself to undo the work of others one article after another, not because others are working against Wikipedia conventions, but because he feels that certain details are irrelevant.

From Lead section, sub section Foreign language
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_section#Foreign_language

"Do not boldface foreign names not normally used in English, or variations included only to show etymology. Foreign names (including transcriptions) that use the Roman alphabet should be italicized if they are not bolded[...]"

Frania W. (talk) 21:44, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

 * IF those involved wish to start Anglicizing names, why haven't they started with English nobility? Seems rather odd to skulk through the non-English nobility Anglicizing names, when apparently no one has taken the time or effort to Anglicize English nobles! Besides, for the sake of historical accuracy, the individual's name in their native language should be shown. --Kansas Bear (talk) 04:45, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I haven't opposed including the name Catalina. I have opposed preferring various Spanish language spellings and names over English language spellings. There have been several attempts to move this page to Katherine of Aragon and similar names and I believe that spellings used by English language historians are indeed more important than spellings used by Spanish language historians. You cannot claim that she was baptized as Catalina; she was most likely baptized as Catharina (Latin speling). You cannot claim that Catalina was her real name if you don't prove that she ever used that name. Do you have any sources that confirm that she spelled her name Catalina? She did not spell her name Catherine but I do not claim that Catherine was her real name. Of course, Catalina should remain, but please do not mention real names unless you can prove that the relevant person actually used that name.
 * Wikipedia should use Anglicized names only when the majority of reliable English language sources use Anglicized names. Therefore, Kansas Bear, if you find an article that does not use the most common English language name, feel free to move it. I agree with your last point. It is well said too as I find it very annoying when people claim that a person who lived five centuries ago spelled his/her name the way that name is spelled today. Surtsicna (talk) 19:04, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

SORRY GUYS If i put this in the wrong place: but in the article it says "(mis)interpreted". that is an evaluation in my eyes and hence it is not neutral. maybe i should be stated that "he interpreted as" which could be more appropiate for an encyclopedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:58, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

"Defender of the faith"
Keeps cropping up, without citation, as awarded to Katherine "in her own right". I've reverted a few times, but a view from a regular contributor to the page would be welcome. --Old Moonraker (talk) 17:21, 1 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Searching for a ref I actually found a reliable source that suggests that in fact she was a little hostile to mainstream church institutions. Doesn't rule anything out of course, but it does seem less likely. Added the material in a new section. --Old Moonraker (talk) 18:13, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Henry VIII was awarded the title "Defender of the Faith" by Pope Leo X, therefore IF Katherine were awarded such a title, who gave the title to her? Would not this information be relevant and recorded? --Kansas Bear (talk) 20:05, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

Added citation. Six Wives of Henry VIII, Antoina Fraser; page 95.
 * tag added. Offering myself for correction here, but I looked at ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER> and page 95 deals only with the fall of Buckingham; Catherine isn't mentioned. --Old Moonraker (talk) 15:53, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I was looking at the wrong edition. It is there and, as a gesture of humility, I will expand the circumstances in the article text. --Old Moonraker (talk) 16:06, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. --Old Moonraker (talk) 16:59, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Caps for "defender of the faith"
I'm unwilling to demonstrate my ignorance yet again, following my classic demonstration, above, of the WP:IDONTKNOWIT pitfall but, unlike the king, wasn't "defender of the faith" in Katherine's case a description, rather than a title, and thus not capitalized? Views would be helpful, particularly from the editor at <IP_ADDRESS>, whose response on this page when his/her edits are under discussion would be particularly welcomed. --Old Moonraker (talk) 07:03, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't admit to being an expert on this, I simply assumed it was capitalized as I've always seen it so. Antoina Fraser says it was a 'title' held by her; "Villa Sancta bestowed upon Queen Catherine the title Fidei Defsensor more usually assocated with her husband." —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:23, 4 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for coming back on this. If, as Fraser says, it's a 'title', then it should indeed have caps. But: how does an itinerant friar from Greenwich have the authority to bestow titles? Still puzzled. --Old Moonraker (talk) 12:08, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Not sure, really. Maybe he was a high ranking priest when he had been in Spain? Or it was an exception because of the high rank or the woman receiveing the honour? I'll have to look into that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:03, 4 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, as you say, it was because of her status, to match her husband's "FID DEF". Originally this may all have been totally irrelevant, given the Latin writing style; here it's more a question of applying the style guide, "avoiding unnecessary capitalization". Look forward to the result of your further research. --Old Moonraker (talk) 15:17, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Sittow portraits
I have adjusted the caption to the Sittow portraits to reflect the conjectural nature of the identification, which also covers the Vienna portrait. Detroit identify theirs as Catherine, Berlin do not, in a much longer entry. The date of the Berlin painting is agreed as 1515-17; if it was of Catherine it used an old drawing etc. The whole issue is discussed in J.O. Hand & M. Wolff, Early Netherlandish Painting, National Gallery of Art, Washington(catalogue)/Cambridge UP, 1986, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>, pp 232-233 (they have the other half of the diptych that the Berlin portrait was part of). Johnbod (talk) 21:07, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Faith: Saints and Relics
I find the statement "The celebration of saints and holy relics formed no part of her personal beliefs" highly suspect, unverifiable, and misleading. A Franciscan tertiary who wouldn't "celebrate" St Francis? If there is some shocking source for this, I think it should be discussed here. Rarty (talk) 19:45, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Indeed - I thought she was a keen pilgrim; she certainly went to the Virgins of Walsingham, & Caversham. Tagged. Johnbod (talk) 20:14, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Ref supplied. --Old Moonraker (talk) 20:21, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * That doesn't say the same thing at all; please rephrase closer to the ref. Johnbod (talk) 20:26, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for quoting the reference. Not collecting relics, not seeming to display credulity re: saints, and having a keen eye for failings of the clergy - if true, are not really marks against her otherwise unquestioned Catholic piety. This part of the article as written is very misleading and unjustifiably gives the impression that she personally rejected the veneration of relics and saints, and possibly the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Which would make her less orthodox a Catholic than Henry VIII, even in the end!Rarty (talk) 21:07, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Changing to "The outward celebration of saints and holy relics formed no part of her personal devotions" is if anything worse, I would have thought - certainly not justified by the reference. Johnbod (talk) 17:31, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Any suggestions, then? Don't do what I did and WP:boldly stick it straight into the article: lets try at sort out a version on this page first. And, where is her Catholic piety being questioned? That would certainly not be in accord with the reference and should be changed. --Old Moonraker (talk) 19:26, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure anything should be said without more depth in sources. She seems to have been an Erasmian sort of Catholic. These refs may be useful:, . but I don't know any of the full-length biographies. Or stick close to the tentative language of the DNB. Johnbod (talk) 21:20, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Her association with Thomas More is noted elsewhere in the piece, but not in this context and could be included. The points about deriving her piety from the ideas of the Spanish renaissance (but put more elegantly than that) are also very relevant. Erasmian is touched on, briefly, but if there is a more specific element of tutelage between them (as with Henry) this could well be extended. --Old Moonraker (talk) 05:48, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think there is much of the emphasis on (Ren) humanistic education, both hers and Mary's under her, that these refs have; that could be usefully added too. Johnbod (talk) 09:28, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * With regard to her pious practices, since she was a Franciscan tertiary, that would require praying the breviary throughout every day (Little Office or Divine Office). That is hours of prayer every day and since the Office is considered the public prayer of the church (even if said in private), this would seem to contradict the source claiming that commemoration of the saints formed no part of her faith, and seems significant to note in this section. Rarty (talk) 19:27, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

NPG Infobox portrait found NOT to be contempary
It's been discovered that the famous NPG portrait of Catherine actually isn't contempary as previously thought. It dates from the 1700s. Here's a great article on the subject: http://www.theanneboleynfiles.com/the-npg-portraits-of-anne-boleyn-and-catherine-of-aragon/6247/

Because of this I was thinking we should probably change the main picture. I would suggest the Sittow portrait of Catherine as a widow, what is everyone else's thoughts on the matter? :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by GranadasPomegranate (talk • contribs) 21:15, 16 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Here's confirmation from the NPG itself; in the light of this the caption in the infobox seems wrong. Support the use of a contemporary image instead, provided it comes with a reliable identification. --Old Moonraker (talk) 21:29, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

That could certainly be provided. The place in which it is held identifies it as Catherine, as does biographers such as Starkey, Fraser, and Weir. Based on the symbols in the jewellery, the colouring and age of the woman, and the widow's attire, not to mention the fact that said woman would have to be pretty high presedance to be painted by the Court painter there seems little room for doubt it is Catherine. —Preceding unsigned comment added by GranadasPomegranate (talk • contribs) 13:54, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

It doesn't seem like anyone else is going to weigh in on the matter. I'll change it, and should anyone have a problem with that I'll revert it back to the NPG image until that matter has been discussed further GranadasPomegranate (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 10:03, 19 August 2010 (UTC).

Close relations to King Henry VIII
Did anyone ever realize how close Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII were related? Perhaps this answers the mystery as to why they could only produce one healthy child, Mary. Catherine descended from John of Gaunt twice by her mother. King Henry descended from John of Gaunt by both parents. Thus making them double third cousins through John of Gaunt alone, and double fourth cousins as both descended from Peter II of Castile. Henry descended from Isabella of Castile who married Edmund of Langley (son of Edward III and his wife Philippa) and Catherine descended from Isabella's sister, Constance who married John of Gaunt (son of Edward III and Philippa). Their children were double first cousins which share twice the consanguinity as first cousins and are as related as half-siblings. Why was this not realized or was it when Henry wanted his divorce? Historically, some European nobles cited a close degree of consanguinity when they required convenient grounds for divorce, especially in contexts where religious doctrine forbade the voluntary dissolution of an unhappy or childless marriage. Conversely, the consanguinity law of succession requires the next monarch to be of the same blood of the previous one; allowing, for example, illegitimate children to inherit. Is this where Elizabeth could claim her right to the throne perhaps since she was considered by some to be illegitimate? Lady Meg (talk) 04:49, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think there close relation had anything to do with it; it was just probably bad luck. Many closer relating royalty had many children. There were first cousins that married first cousins that married their first cousins and so on. The Habsburg and Iberian royalties were probably the first to popularize marrying their own cousins over and over again.--Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy (talk) 07:42, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Jewish ancestry
Can anybody mention Catherine's Jewish ancestry? It seems her great-great-great grandmother was a Jewish woman named Paloma, who descends from Yahia Ben Rabbi.--Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy (talk) 07:42, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Never sole ambassador in London
Not to sure about the first female ambassador story used here twice on the page. The published primary source is Calendar of State Papers Spain, vol. 1, (1862), which is online here. It appears that De Puebla was the long-standing Spanish diplomat in London and Catherine wrote letters to Ferdinand and Isabella asking for another special ambassador, because she thought De Puebla inadequate. In particular she asked for Pedro de Ayala, and I've put the story on his page. But De Puebla was Spanish ambassador in London right through the period.Unoquha (talk) 23:06, 5 February 2011 (UTC) De Pueblo was unwell, and Catherine was indeed given diplomatic credences (?perhaps the first female to have them), but it is clear from her letters that he didn't cease activity.Unoquha (talk) 01:19, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Catherine of Aragon/Archive 2


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Talk:Floyd Curry

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Talk:Chris Zurawsky

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User:SteveMcKracken/sandbox

This is the Wikipedia Sandbox of Steve. I didn't know I'd need this, but maybe it's a good idea.

title: User:SteveMcKracken/sandbox


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2016 IAAF Road Race Label Events

The 2016 IAAF Road Race Label Events were the ninth edition of the global series of road running competitions given Label status by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The series included all six World Marathon Majors in the Gold category. The series included a total of 88 road races: 44 Gold, 17 Silver and 27 Bronze. In terms of distance, 59 races were marathons, 19 were half marathons, 8 were 10K runs, and 2 were held over other distances.

Races

 * {{Legend|#ccccff|World Marathon Majors}}

title: 2016 IAAF Road Race Label Events


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Art History/20th Century

The twentieth century has seen huge changes in the modes and meanings of artistic production that mirror the enormous social changes that have occurred during the same time period. Continuing with the break with the academic values such as the hierarchy of genres, many movements and many countries re-evaluated aesthetics, technique, color, media, meaning, and many other aspects of artistic enterprise. Technology has had not only an indirect impact on artists, but often is the subject matter, or even the media that artists have worked with.

The Impressionists, at the end of the nineteenth century, who championed landscape painting and revolutionized technique and use of color, helped to open the floodgates for many more movements (not all of which identified themselves as such). The Secession movement, Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, Dada, The Bauhaus, Futurism, Surrealism, Suprematism, De Stijl, Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, Op Art, Minimalism, and the Postmodern are some of the major movements that have shaped the century and changed our very conceptions of what art is.

Secessionist movement
The Secessionist movement was the Austrian branch of a larger movement known primarily as Art Nouveau ("new art"). Depending on the country, the style is also known as Jugendstil (Germany), Style Liberty (Italy), Modernisme (Spain), or Latvian Romanticism. Art Nouveau is an umbrella term but also refers to works of this style produced in France and Belgium. Art Nouveau has its roots in the English Arts and Crafts movement of the 19th century; in fact, certain artists, like Charles Rennie Mackintosh, work in both styles. The purpose of Art Nouveau was to create what is known as a complete work of art - a work that includes painting, drawing and printmaking as well as applied arts and architecture. For this reason, some of the most beautiful and informative Art Nouveau works are complete rooms or houses where every object within is executed in Art Nouveau style. Art Nouveau is characterized by free-flowing floral, vegetal, and other typically feminine motifs. It also features a kind of romantic mysticism that can be traced back to the Pre-Raphaelite and Symbolist movements of the 19th century. Some well-known Art Nouveau artists and craftsmen include Alphonse Mucha (Czech), an accomplished printmaker and painter; Antoni Gaudi (Spanish), whose architectural works dot Barcelona; Hector Guimard (French), whose wrought-iron entrances for the Paris metro have become his legacy; Gustav Klimt (Austrian), who led the Austrian Secessionists with his opulent and complex paintings; and Louis Comfort Tiffany (American), who is well-known for his distinctive stained-glass work.

Fauvism
Fauvism, whose name derives from the French word for "wild beast," was a Primitivist movement centered in Paris in the first decade of the 20th century. The most well-known Fauvist artists are Henri Matisse and Andre Derain. The large blocks of color and simplified forms Fauvist artists used undoubtedly influenced the Cubist movement, which overlapped Fauvism by a few years.

Cubism
The Father of Cubism is said to be Cezanne. Pablo Picasso, a Spanish artist, who had many phases in his long career, picked up the gauntlet of Cubism. His famous "Demoiselles d'Avignon" of 1907, housed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York, depicts five nude women, possibly prostitutes, in an interior. The painting is primitivistic - Picasso synthesized his well-documented interest in African masks into the faces of the figures. The fragmentation and flattening of the figures also anticipates the development of analytical Cubism a few years later. One of the Spaniard's most socio-political cubist paintings is "Guernica" of 1937, his grey, black and white portrait of the horrors of war. The basque town of Guernica was bombed by the German Luftwaffe on April 26, 1937.

Another founding member of the Cubist movement was Georges Braque, a French artist whose analytical Cubist work from the 1910s is quite similar to Picasso's. Braque and Picasso worked together closely, and Braque's influence on Picasso (and vice versa) should not be downplayed. Other major artists of the analytical Cubist movement include Juan Gris, whose interest in mathematics made his art more regularized, and less fragmented, than Picasso's; Marcel Duchamp, whose early, pre-readymade works such as "Nude Descending a Staircase" are highly fragmented and undeniably Cubist; Jean Metzinger; and Albert Gleizes.

Dadaism
Dadaism was a German-French-American movement of the 1920s up to the 1960s which was a reaction to the horrors of World War I; it incorporated wordplay (largely nonsensical) and collage. It was founded by the poet and playwright Tristan Tzara in the Cabaret Voltaire, France. Major members included Francis Picabia, Hugo Ball, Hannah Höch, and Marcel Duchamp.

Futurism
Futurism was an Italian movement in the 1910s and 1920s that was based on a fascination with movement, technology, and machinery. Major members included the founder Filippo Marinetti (Zang Tumb Tumb; poem), Umbertro Boccioni (Unique Forms of Continuity in Space; sculpture) and Giacomo Balla (Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash; painting), the latter two both painters and sculptors.

Vorticism
Vorticism was an English movement of the 1910s; it was founded by writer and painter Wyndham Lewis as a reaction to Futurism.

The movement officially began in 1914, in the first issue of literary magazine BLAST, but ended after the main members witnessed (or died in) World War I. The war painter Christopher Richard Wynne Nevinson was briefly involved, but was later expelled from the group and became identified as a Futurist. Sculptor Jacob Epstein was not formally involved, but his Torso in Metal from Rock Drill is regarded as a major Vorticist work.

Major members included David Bomberg (The Mud Bath; painting), Edward Wadsworth (Dazzle-ships in Drydock at Liverpool; painting), Henri Gaudier-Brzeska (Vortex (written from the trenches); essay) and Ezra Pound (Vortex; essay).

Postmodernism
Postmodern artist Barbara Kruger is known for critical images inspired by commercial advertising. She is the author of several books. "Love for Sale" shows Kruger's blown up photographic black and white images with text in a red box superimposed creating a new meaning for the viewer. Kruger taught at the Art Institute and Cal Arts during the 70s. Kruger's work often focuses on feminist issues. Kruger's Whitney Biennial 2'x3' work, enlarged as she tackled billboards in the US and other countries.

She was the subject of a lecture given at the 3rd Annual Conference of the Society of the Word and Image at Carleton University in Ontario, Canada in 1993.

Abstract Expressionism
A school of painting that flourished after World War II until the early 1960s, characterized by the view that art is nonrepresentational and chiefly improvisational.

Abstract art is defined as art that has no reference to any figurative reality. In its wider definition the term describes art that depicts real forms in a simplified or rather reduced way - keeping only an allusion of the original natural subject. The abstract paintings of Joan Miró are a good example of this wider definition. The term non-figurative is used as a synonym.

In the twentieth century Wassily Kandinsky is considered as the inventor of non-figurative art. Over a period of several years his paintings moved gradually away from figurative subjects. In 1910 he created the first completely abstract work of art - a watercolor - without any reference to reality. Wassily Kandinsky not only became the first abstract artist, he also promoted it as a theorist. In 1912 his book On the Spiritual in Art was published.

A movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. Jackson Pollock 's turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Kooning 's first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell , and Mark Rothko ; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still , Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Gottlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente.

title: Art History/20th Century


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Taliesin Arts Centre

Taliesin Arts Centre (Canolfan y Celfyddydau Taliesin) is owned and managed by Swansea University and is located on the university's Singleton campus in Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom.

History
The Centre was opened on 18 June 1984 by Sir Geriant Evans CBE. Stephen Hawking gave the inaugural lecture at the centre's opening. It stages its own productions and hosts visiting artists, in addition to being the home to the Egypt Centre, a two-storey gallery containing an important collection of antiquities from Ancient Egypt..

The centre is named for the ancient Welsh bard, Taliesin.

The centre hosts a broad programme of events including cinema screenings and a variety of live performances, from dance and drama to jazz and world music.

Taliesin Arts Centre provides a service to both students and the people of Swansea and acts as a regional centre. Performers in recent years have included Jamie Cullum, Clare Teal, Billy Cobham and Paco Peña.

Location
The Taliesin Arts Centre is located to the north of the Mall in Singleton Park, Swansea.

title: Taliesin Arts Centre


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Ballastny Kuryer

Ballastny Kuryer (Балластный Карьер) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Slavgorod, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 140 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

title: Ballastny Kuryer


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Yakub Shah Chak

Yakub (Persian: یعقوب, romanized: Yākub, lit. 'supplanter'; Persian pronunciation: [jaʔ.ˈquːb]), born Ya'qūb (Yākūb) Shāh Chak (Persian: یعقوب شاہ چک, Kashmiri: یَعقوب شاہ ژَھک) was the sixth and the last Chak Sultan of Kashmir Sultanate, who reigned from 1586 to 1589. Yaqub succeeded his father Yousuf Shah Chak, under warlike conditions, after Kashmir was invaded by the Mughal forces in late 1585.

With an aggressive temperament and a contentious psyche, Yaqub firmly established a well built resistance to foreign invasions. His authority and influence were felt over all of the Northern India, especially in the kingdoms of the Western Himalayas. After the Mughal forces invaded Kashmir, Yaqub adopted a different policy than the one he adopted after he ascended to the throne in 1586. He gathered all his local enemies, including his rivals, and asked them to unite for victory against the Mughals. Though he was found crippled and defeated, he is still regarded as a bold and powerful King of Kashmir. After his defeat, Kashmir was captured by the Mughals and made into a district and, later on, an imperial province of the Mughal Empire. Qasim Khan was assigned as the first Mughal Faujdar of Kashmir Sarkar on 15 October 1586.

Early life
Yaqub Shah Chak was the eldest son of Yousuf Shah Chak, the fourth and sixth Chak Sultan. He was an Orthodox Shia. Yaqub Shah is said to have been short-tempered, harsh, and intolerant towards unalike differences. His grandfather, Ali Shah Chak married him to Sankar Devi, the daughter of Raja Bahadur Singh of Kishtwar.

Relations with Akbar
When Mughal Emperor Akbar ordered Yousuf Shah to appear in his court, he sent Yaqub to Akbar's court in Fatehpur Sikri with Timur Beg, the Mughal ambassador to Kashmir. Akbar, despite Yousuf's attempt to please him through his best means, was displeased as Yousuf evaded his orders not once but twice. Yaqub stayed in touch with his father and informed him of Akbar's plan regarding Kashmir. Although Yaqub was in safe hands, as promised by Timur Beg, Yousuf's political stance towards the Mughal could greatly affect Akbar's treatment of Yaqub.

While Yousuf was still under discussion with his ministers on the Mughal envoys sent by Akbar, Yaqub unexpectedly appeared in Srinagar. Having escaped the imperial Mughal camp in Khawaspur, Punjab, he took the Rajauri route to enter Srinagar. Yaqub was utterly unhappy after Akbar's hostile attitude towards him, calling him wicked and mad and giving him a meager allowance of only thirty to forty rupees. Yousuf, worried with the fear of Mughal advancement, was furious over Yaqub's action and wanted to imprison and punish him but was forcibly stopped by his ministers.

Resistance towards first Mughal Invasion
After the Mughal envoys sent by Akbar failed to cooperate with the Sultanate, Yousuf stayed back. Akbar, enraged, ordered Raja Bhagwant Das, the Governor of Amber and Lahore, to invade Kashmir. Bhagwant Das set out from Attock with 5000 horses accompanied by Mirza Shah Rukh and Shah Quli Mahram. To resist against this Invasion, Yousuf organised his army. The right guard of the army was commanded by Yaqub and Abul Ma'ali. Both the belligerents met at Buliasa Pass. Even though the clash went in the favour of Kashmiris, Yousuf was convinced that he wouldn't be able to fend off Mughal invaders from the valley as hinted by Bhagwant Das. On 14 February 1586, Yousuf fled Kashmir and joined Bhagwant Das in the Mughal camp leaving all the internal and external matters of the state in the hands of his naive and inexperienced son, Yaqub.

Reign
After his father's departure, Yaqub ascended the throne on 14 February 1586 with the consent of the ministers and nobles and officially adopted the title Isma'īl Shah for himself after Shah Ismail of Iran.

Struggle against Mughal forces
As the Mughal forces suffered in heavy snowfall and the scarcity of food and resources, Kashmiri commanders inflicted great loss upon the invaders. Seeing the disintegration of his forces, Bhagwant Das started to make peace talks with Sultan Yaqub by sending Mirza Akbar Shahi to him. Both the sides agreed on ending hostilities towards each other.

On the other hand, Yousuf agreed on different terms with Bhagwant Das. The terms included that Yousuf would retain his throne, but the major administrative positions will be held by the Mughals. Other than this, Yousuf's duty was to dethrone Yaqub and place him in the court of Akbar. This treaty marked the end of the first Mughal invasion as the Mughal forces withdrew from Kashmir. Yousuf was presented to Akbar but was imprisoned on his orders, violating the treaty. This treaty was not approved by Yaqub and the nobles as Yaqub returned to Srinagar and had coins struck and khutba read in his name.

Relationship with his Sunni subjects, rebellion
Yaqub was a Shia and held antagonistic views towards Sunnis. He sent Mulla Aini to Qazi Musa, a Sunni Imam, to add the name of Caliph Ali in every public prayer. Qazi Musa advised Yaqub to focus more on public and executive matters rather than indulging in the affairs of the Mosque. This angered Yaqub and he verbally abused Qazi Musa. After suppressing a revolt prompted by Yaqub's sectarian views, Yaqub held Qazi Musa's disobedience responsible for the revolt and again started to oppress him over the matter of adding Caliph Ali's name in the public prayers. Qazi Musa again dismissed the Sultan's wish. This time, Sultan Yaqub ordered the execution of Qazi Musa which terrorized Sunnis.

After repelling the Mughal forces, Yakub neglected the advice of his ministers and counsellors and despite warnings left the routes entering Kashmir undefended. Yaqub also appointed Ali Dar, an incompetent and allegedly alcoholic minister, to the post of Wazir (prime minister), against the ministers' advice and made him handle the affairs of the Sultanate.

The Sunni Chak chief Shams Khan Chak, along with other chiefs including Malik Hasan Chadura, Alam Sher Magre, and the Wazir Ali Dar, progressed to Lahore to seek Emperor Akbar's help regarding Yaqub's oppressive policy towards the minority. Along the journey, Malik Hasan suggested that the monsoon season was going to commence, so they should rather attack and occupy Srinagar themselves as Yaqub was away on an administrative tour. Yaqub, after hearing this news, immediately appointed Muhammad Bhat, a former Wazir during his father's reign, as his Wazir. He reached Srinagar before the rebels and organised his army. Both sides met in Srinagar and, after a fierce clash, concluded with the help of Shaikh Hasan and Baba Khalil. Baba Khalil and Mir Shamsu'd-din, the father of Shaikh Hasan, were the pirs of Sultan Yaqub. The rebels were given the Kamraz province with the seat in Sopore. Shams Chak and Hasan Chadura wanted to kill Baba Khalil and Shaikh Hasan, who were accompanying them, but were stopped by Malik Hasan, who sent them back to the capital safely. This angered Yaqub, who set out with a large army and defeated the rebels in Sopore and imprisoned Shams Chak.

Resistance towards second Mughal invasion
Yaqub held Qazi Musa accountable for the recent rebellion and, after he refused to compute Caliph Ali's name in the public prayers, ordered his execution. This communique spread like fire, especially in Sunni majority areas that felt insecure under the Sultan's policies. Yaqub also retired Muhammad Bhat off his position and imprisoned him, appointing Nazuk Dar, who was incapable and inexperienced in handling the external and internal affairs. These were one of the many reasons for Mughal annexation of Kashmir as Yaqub's intolerance and harshness made Sunni pirs like Baba Daud Khaki to move away from the valley to Multan and other places.

Shaykh Yaqub Sarfi, a cousin of Baba Daud Khaki, proceeded to the court of Akbar and requested him to invade and annex Kashmir under a favourable agreement. Akbar, while disregarding the previous treaty between Bhagwant Das and Yousuf Shah, accepted the agreement and sent an army under Mirza Shah Rukh. Still, the latter was decisively defeated by the Kashmiri forces. He was more concerned about his return to India rather than focusing on the annexation of Kashmir. After this humiliating defeat, Akbar relieved him of his command.

This defeat didn't stop the Mughals from invading the valley. Akbar appointed Qasim Khan under a new and organised army with Mirza Akbar Shahi and Fath Khan as commanders and Yaqub Sarfi and Haider Chak, a cousin of Sultan Yaqub, as guides. Qasim Khan set out from Lahore on 28 June 1586 and through the defile of Bhimber reached Rajauri. The Kashmiri commanders appointed for the defence of Rajauri route deserted and joined the invaders. Yaqub, after learning about these sudden advancements, set out from Srinagar and camped at Hirpora to face the Mughals.

Yaqub sent a force under Bahadur Chak and Naurang Chak, but Bahadur Chak deserted to the Mughals in Kapartal Pass and imprisoned Naurang Chak who was later saved. Many soldiers and commanders who were either demoralized seeing the mighty Mughal forces or held grudges against Yaqub for his policies left the Kashmiri forces and joined the Mughals. Other Kashmiri commanders, including Yusuf Khan Chak, Aiba Khan Chak, and Sayyid Mubarak, found it impossible to stop the advancing Mughal forces and returned to Hirpora to the Kashmiri camp. Yaqub was so disheartened and discouraged after seeing these poor developments that he left Hirpora and retired to Kishtwar, which his father-in-law ruled.

The deserted chiefs, seeing Yaqub's departure and defeat, regretted their actions and betrayed the Mughals. Seeing the chaos, Shams Chak and Muhammad Bhat escaped the prison and took charge of the Kashmiri defence in Yaqub's absence. While Yaqub was under Raja of Kishtwar's protection, Shams Chak and Husain Chak, another cousin of Sultan Yaqub, fought for the throne. Both the Mughals and Kashmiris met at Hastivanj on 10 October 1586 for a last decisive battle. At first, the Kashmiris were leading in the battlefield, but after Muhammad Qasim Nayak, his son Zafar Nayak and Muhammad Chak, the son of Shams Chak, were killed in a sudden attack, the Kashmiri forces, dispersed and crumbled, fled, pursued by the Mughals.

With this victory, the Mughals under Yadgar Hussain entered Srinagar on 14 October 1586 and had the Khutba read in the name of Emperor Akbar, thus ending the short-lived Chak Sultanate. Qasim Khan entered Srinagar the next day and the conquest of Kashmir officially ended on 15 October 1586.

First return to battlefield
Raja of Kishtwar criticised Yaqub for his cowardly act of not facing the Mughals himself. Yaqub set out from Kishtwar with a small following and to regain his throne and Sultanate from the Mughals, he established himself at Chanderkot with Abul Ma'ali. In a short period of time, his forces expanded to about 8,000 horses. Meanwhile, Shams Chak settled in Sopore with a total of 3,000 horses and 7,000 foot and gained the support of Husain Chak. The three Chak chiefs adopted the guerrilla tactics and started to confront the Mughals in surprise attacks and cut down their resources.

First encounter with the Mughals
After a month and half of these attacks, which caused the Mughals and Qasim Khan great loss, Qasim Khan decided to attack Yaqub. But after reaching Yaqub's camp he was informed that Yaqub had left for Srinagar. Qasim Khan sent a force under Muhammad Ali against Yaqub, who was waiting for him just outside Srinagar in the south-east of the city. Yaqub went for an attack and defeated Muhammad Ali. This greatly encouraged Yaqub, who attacked the west side of the city and set many houses at fire, including the palace in which Qasim Khan was residing. Qasim Khan left the palace and camped at the garden of Muhammad Khan Naji. He started to organise resistance and even had Haider Chak executed in fear of him joining the opposition. Kashmiris, infuriated after hearing this news, attacked and killed every Mughal they found in the streets and corners.

Yaqub lost his distinction in front of the Kashmiri forces after he ordered the execution of Husain Chak, who was one of the main contenders for the throne and was even appointed as Sultan by his supporters. This affected Yaqub's strategical stance as his soldiers left the battlefield. Qasim Khan, on the other hand, having received reinforcement from Muhammad Khan, confronted Yaqub. Yaqub and his forces lost and fled the battlefield pursued by Akbar Shahi.

Second return to battlefield
Although Yaqub fled to Kishtwar, the resistance continued under Shams Chak but this time against Mughals, who had the upper hand in the battlefield. Fighting ceased for two months as winter approached and in late 1587, Yaqub returned from Kishtwar and camped in a hill in the Vular Pargana (Pulwama). Shams Chak, who fled to Karnah, returned as well and settled in Sopore. The Mughals and Kashmiris had daily skirmishes with no decisive result.

Second encounter with the Mughals
In early 1588, Qasim Khan despatched a force under Mirza Ali Khan and other Mughal commanders. They met Yaqub at Gusu and faced an embarrassing defeat due to heavy snowfall and the Kashmiri tactics. Mirza Ali Khan was killed while his men were either killed, taken prisoners or fled to Qasim Khan. Humiliated by this defeat, Qasim Khan, on the very next day, set out to confront Yaqub himself in the Takht-i-Sulaiman. The Kashmiris were again close to leading the battle in their favour but unfortunately for them, Yaqub's sipahsalar (commander-in-chief) was killed by an arrow that pierced his eye. This demoralised the Kashmiris which led to their defeat. Even though this defeat affected the structure of the Kashmiri forces, Yaqub was still bold enough to organise his army once more.

After seeing that he alone could not defeat the well assembled Mughal army, Yaqub started peace talks with Shams Chak. He requested that Shams forget about their past and unite against the common enemy, the Mughal invaders. With the positive and advantageous response of Shams, Yaqub joined him with Malik Hasan and his forces in the Hanjik Fort where Shams was residing. Both the chiefs laid a joint attack on the Mughals near Hanjik. The Mughals were resolutely defeated and lost 1,500 of their men while the rest were pursued by Malik Hasan to the Zialdakar fields.

With the aftermath of this battle, Yaqub and Shams managed to capture Koh-i-Maran and stationed their forces. The Kashmiris and the Mughals had daily skirmishes for two months in which the Kashmiris dominated the Mughals. The situation became so intense for the Mughals that Qasim Khan requested Emperor Akbar for his recall. Akbar, after seeing the deteriorating circumstances in the Mughal's authority in Kashmir, replaced Qasim Khan with Yusuf Rizvi, a Sayyid commander from Mashhad,Iran. Yusuf Rizvi set out from Lahore along with Baba Khalil, Talib Isfahani and Muhammad Bhat, who had surrendered to the Mughals earlier, as guides in the middle of 1588. Yaqub sent Shams Chak's brother Lohar Chak to prevent them from entering Kashmir but the latter being a friend of Baba Khalil, joined them instead. This alarmed the Kashmiri defences as the chiefs joined the Mughals or fled to the nearby hills. Yaqub went away to Kishtwar while Shams departed to Bring Pargana.

Third return to battlefield
Yaqub returned from Kishtwar and settled in Panjyari, Dechhin Khawarah near Baramulla, while Shams Chak established himself in the hills of Kamraj (Anantnag). Yaqub was determined that even if the Kashmiri army is disintegrated by the Mughal domination, the spirit to fend off foreign invasions and to protect the motherland should not be diminshed in any circumstances.

Third and Last encounter with the Mughals
After taking command and establishing the Mughal bureaus throughout Kashmir, Yusuf Rizvi sent Muhammad Bhat and Haji Miraki against Yaqub. The Mughal commanders sent a messenger to Yaqub to submit to the Mughal dominance, but Yaqub, on Abul Ma'ali's advice, rejected it and marched against them. Yaqub defeated the advance-guard led by Muhammad Mir, but both sides had to stop their advancements as heavy rain interfered. After the battle went indecisive, Yaqub retired to Vular Pargana to reorganise his exhausted army. But due to his ill-fate, he found treachery and disloyalty in the men as they joined the Mughal forces in great number. Yaqub showed no resistance to the advancing forces of Muhammad Bhat and Muhammad Mir and left for Kishtwar while Abul Ma'ali, who put up a little fight was defeated, imprisoned and taken to Cherar, Budgam.

Seeing the declining conditions of the Kashmiri resistance, Shams Chak was convinced that defeating and preventing the Mughals was practically impossible now, as the Mughals had conquered almost all of Kashmir. He surrendered to the Mughal forces after the mediation of Sayyid Baha'ud-Din. This, even though he had his morale and spirit high, immensely saddened and disheartened Yaqub deep down inside and so decided to give up the struggle for independence and surrender to the Mughals. Akbar arrived in Kashmir in early June 1589, Yaqub also returned from Kishtwar, and on 8 August 1589, surrendered to the Mughals by paying personal homage to Emperor Akbar. This led to the unfortunate end of the reign of the last independent Sultan of Kashmir, Yaqub Shah Chak and also marked the end of Kashmiri struggle against the Mughal annexation.

Later life and death
After paying personal homage to the Emperor and the new Sultan of his Sultanate, Yaqub was sent with Hasan Mirza Beg to Raja Man Singh, the Mughal governor of Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Jharkhand and the son of Bhagwant Das, at Rohtas, Bihar. During the journey, Yaqub, with his brother Ibrahim Chak and his followers, hatched a plot to assassinate Hasan Beg and escape. The Mughal guard got wind of the plan and killed Ibrahim as he was approaching to kill Hasan Beg, who pardoned Yaqub after he repented for his role in the assassination attempt. Yaqub was safely transferred to the residence of his father in Jaunpur. After taking a letter of guarantee from Yousuf, Hasan Beg sent Yaqub to Raja Man Singh in Rohtas where Yaqub was imprisoned. After Yousuf's death in 1592, Man Singh transferred Yousuf's rank to Yaqub and allowed him to settle down in the jagir of Yousuf.

Before leaving Rohtas, Yaqub met Qasim Khan who presented him with a poisoned betel leaf (paan). Yaqub ate it and by the time he reached Behira was seriously ill and died in the month of Muharram 1001 AH/ October 1593.

Legacy
Yaqub is believed to be a passionate ruler who cared for his Kingdom's prosperity and development. Uniting Kashmiris under a single banner and inviting his bitter rival to join forces and defend the motherland Kashmir against the Mughal Invaders, showed Yaqub's affection for Kashmir and Kashmiriyat. Yaqub is also regarded as a symbol of independence among Kashmiris as he led a rebellion against Akbar and his occupying forces and never let the misconduction of his disloyal and unfaithful commanders and soldiers affect his morale.

title: Yakub Shah Chak


text:
Alicia Dussán de Reichel

Alicia Dussán de Reichel (16 October 1920 – 17 May 2023) was a Colombian educator, who was one of the first students of ethnology in the country. For two decades, she was the only woman conducting archaeological and anthropological studies in the country. Her research focused on Colombia and the Caribbean and along with her husband, she founded the University of the Andes' Department of Anthropology. She occupied Chair 15 of the Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences until 2008 and was the only anthropologist to be a member during her tenure. In 2010, she was honored by the French Government with the designation of officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

Early life
Alicia Dussán Maldonado was born on 16 October 1920 in Bogotá, Colombia, to Lucrecia Maldonado Parra and Agustín Dussán Quiroga. Her father was a landowner, originally from Villavieja and her mother was a passionate liberal nationalist, as her father, José María Maldonado Neira, had served as a General in the Thousand Days' War. Another ancestor from her Parra line was Antonio María Díaz, who had fought in the Battle of Boyacá. From the third grade, Dussán developed an interest in other cultures, particularly those of Africa and Asia, as well as a curiosity about Colombia's indigenous people.

Dussán attended the Gimnasio Femenino (Women's Gymnasium) in Bogotá, a prestigious private school which incorporated a Montessori method as well as moral instruction to prepare young women to become good wives and mothers. She was one of the first group of young women in Colombia who pursued higher education and a career. Dussán's father died before she completed high school. She graduated in 1938 and with the consent of her mother, decided to go to Europe to further her studies. She enrolled in the University of Berlin studying German Culture and Language and while she was in Europe took the opportunity to visit many museums, seeing for the first time archeological objects from South America. She was forced to return to Colombia at the outbreak of World War II. Dussán enrolled in the Faculty of Law at the National University of Colombia in 1940, but fascinated by archeology attended lectures offered by Paul Rivet. After studying law through 1941, she transferred to the National Ethnological Institute (NEI), which had recently been founded by Rivet. The program was an innovative approach to scientifically based methodology, rather than rote memorization. Students were encouraged to evaluate the biological, cultural and technological influences of indigenous peoples upon each other. Receiving her degree in 1942, the following year, Dussán married fellow student Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff.

Career
Between 1942 and 1945 Dussán worked as research assistant at NEI and jointly worked with her husband on an evaluation of funerary urns in the Magdalena Department and carried out a study on the physical anthropology of the Pijao people of the Tolima Department. During this period, she also gave birth to the couple's first child, René Reichel Dussán. She was awarded research grant to carry out studies in 1944 from the French government. Besides the difficulty of the physical work, Dussán had to face criticism from local priests and other members of society, who felt that her dress and behavior were inappropriate for a woman. For the first two decades of her career, she was the only woman working in anthropology in Colombia, and was ridiculed for not choosing a career as a social worker or nurse, if she insisted on working. Wearing pants, instead of the customary dresses for women at that time, and becoming one of the first women to drive a car resulted in people calling her a man and throwing stones at her.

In 1946, she co-founded with her husband the Ethnological Institute of Magdalena and worked there through 1950. Collecting ceramics and ethnographic materials, they established a museum of pieces they amassed during their joint archaeological fieldwork in an area they designated as Pueblito, which is now in the Tayrona National Natural Park, and the river valleys surrounding the Ranchería and Cesar Rivers. One particularly important ritual they documented was a practice of secondary burial among the Yuko or Yukpa people who lived in the northeastern part of the Cesar Department. Working on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Dussán who was pregnant again, collected materials from the local indigenous people on their mythology, socialization processes, and traditions. Using field questionnaires designed and adapted from Margaret Mead's methodology, she made pioneering studies on gender relations and parenting traditions in Taganga.

In 1951, Dussán began working as a research assistant to the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History until 1956. She and her husband undertook work at a site known as Aritama, a pseudonym for Atánquez, where they could study the villagers of the Kankuamo people. The mestizo town offered an opportunity to study the transitions between cultures, as to those in nearby Valledupar, the village was known as an indigenous town, but to those living in traditional native communities, Atánquez was viewed as a "Spanish" town. The couple's findings, which included Dussán's analysis of the social changes, documented how the society had been reshaped by contact would be published as The People of Aritama (1961), which quickly became a classic of the studies of early society in Colombia. Her work was funded in part by a research grant from the Wenner Gren Foundation in New York City. Between 1954 and 1958, the couple lived in Cartagena and worked in a collaborative program sponsored by the University of Cartagena and their new department focusing on public health and preventative medicine. The program allowed them to participate in archaeological digs along the Caribbean coast of Colombia, and conduct medical anthropological studies, which were insightful for their findings on Atánquez.

Returning to Bogotá in 1960, Dussán took a job with the Inter-American Center for Housing and Planning (IACHP) and later that year, she took a position as a research associate of the Institute of Andean Research in Washington, D. C. through 1962. These organizations allowed exploration to continue on the Pacific coast, in an area ranging from Panama's Darién Province to the Colombia–Ecuador border. Very little archaeological work had been done in the area at the time. While studying in the area, El Hermanito an apocalyptic prophet became the subject of one of her studies. El Hermanito's doomsday predictions affected both the customs and local economy, causing both indigenous and Afro-Colombian populations to sell off their belongings or sacrifice them into the river, and kill off their livestock. Dussán's study of the movement was the first religiously based anthropological study of its kind in Latin America. The association with the IACHP allowed Dussán to study urban problems, evaluating marginal neighborhoods. One such study focused on the El Carmen neighborhood of Bogotá.

In 1964, the Reichels founded the Department of Anthropology at the Universidad de los Andes at the suggestion of the rector, Ramón de Zubiría. Financed by the Ford Foundation, they designed a program which would grant a degree in applied anthropology covering studies in archaeology, ethnology, linguistics, material culture studies and physical anthropology. In addition to working as a professor in the department, Dussán traveled at her own expense to evaluate the anthropology departments at New York University, Tulane University, and UCLA to develop programs which could be adapted for the new department. Dussán published Problemas y necesidades de la investigación etnológica en Colombia (Problems and Needs of Ethnological Research in Colombia, 1965) which stressed the urgency of evaluating those communities in danger of having their cultures usurped by modernization. The essay had international impact and created discussion on the importance of fieldwork and preserving indigenous cultures. In 1967, she served as the Colombian representative to the first international conference, held in Austria, which discussed teaching anthropology in Latin America and her paper, presented at the conference urged that their program was ready to undertake postgraduate training. Between 1967 and 1968, Dussán served as an advisor to the Gold Museum, Bogotá to develop scripts for the museum exhibits. After 1968, she no longer participated in field work on archaeological sites. Throughout her career, she published 40 books, around half as a co-author with her husband, and nearly 500 articles.

While continuing to work in a consultative role with the Gold Museum, Dussán was appointed to serve as the head of the Division of Museums and Restoration of the Colombian Institute of Culture in 1970. Simultaneously, as a Guggenheim Fellow, she worked on a project sponsored by Harvard University and the Colombian National Institute of Nutrition to evaluate the effects of malnutrition on mental development in Colombia. She resigned from the museum post in 1973 and between 1975 and 1977 worked among the Kogi people completing archaeological and ethnological studies. In 1978, Dussán moved to Los Angeles, California and worked as a visiting curator for the Museum of Cultural History. In 1980, she transferred to the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, where she remained until 1982. Returning to Colombia, she began work as a co-producer of an audiovisual media project on Colombian culture created by the Ministry of Education.

Dussán was one of the founders and a charter member of the Academy of Sciences of the Third World, created in 1983 to promote scholarship and stimulus to develop scientific study. She also led the drive to create the Academy of Women Scientists of the Third World. In 1984, she was recognized by the Colombian Congress of Anthropology with Meritorious Honor, grade III. That year, she became a coordinator at the Institute of Colombian Culture, in the Cultural Communications Division and then in 1988, coordinated institutional relations for the Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences through 1989. In 1993, Dussán was awarded the Honor of Cultural Merit from the mayor of Bogotá, in 1998 she was elected as an Officer of the Order of Democracy of the Republic of Colombia by the legislature, and in 2001 was recognized with the Honor of Scientific Woman of Success. The Ministry of Culture in conjunction with the Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences bestowed upon her the Lifetime Achievement prize for her scientific body of work in 2002. She occupied Chair 15 of the Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences until 2008, when she was granted the status Honorary Academic. During her tenure, she was the only anthropologist to be a member of the organization. In 2010, the French Government honored her as an officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

Personal life
Dussán turned 100 in October 2020, and died on 17 May 2023, at age 102.

title: Alicia Dussán de Reichel


text:
Talk:n-tuple

n-tuple
This is a pure sum of parts: n + -tuple. What's next? Entries for m-tuple, k-tuple, r-tuple?—msh210 18:33, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * keep. “n-tuple” is by far the most common name for that concept. Most  Many of the 19,900 scholar hits appear to use “n-tuple” outside of a context that uses “n”, so it seems more like a set phrase than a sum-of-parts.  Rod (A. Smith) 18:46, 27 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I added some citations of conference sessions whose titles and abstracts include “n-tuple” without otherwise mentioning “n”. Rod (A. Smith) 19:02, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep per Rod (A. Smith) . —Ruakh TALK 21:25, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep. We probably need a definition for k-tuple as well, because of the k-tuple conjecture. SemperBlotto 21:30, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep. The letter n is used in math to designate a general case with a whole number value (e.g. n-gon, nth).  Other letters are rarely or never used this way in math, so m-tuple and r-tuple won't happen.  The term k-tuple is unusual in this reagrd. --EncycloPetey 00:36, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Fine, Rodasmith has convinced me. I don't know the protocol, so didn't strike through the header.—msh210 17:32, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * If a request has no support — the requester has withdrawn it, and no one else supports it — then it's fine to strike it out. —Ruakh TALK 18:45, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:n-tuple


text:
smontare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to disassemble; to dismantle, to demount, to take apart
 * 2)  to remove or transport away furnishings
 * 3)  to unframe
 * 4)  to remove from a programming; to unschedule (a film, TV show, etc.)
 * 5)  to deflate (a whisked food, e.g. a soufflé)
 * 6)  to deflate
 * 7)  to deprive of enthusiasm or confidence; to demoralize; to discourage
 * 8)  to demonstrate the groundlessness  by analyzing it; to tear down; to shoot down; to break apart
 * 9)  to deflate or demagnify (an exaggerated story, joke, etc.)
 * 10)  to drop off
 * 11)  to get off
 * 12)  to dismount (from); to get off (of)
 * 13)  to finish a work shift
 * 14)  to fade
 * 15)  to stay
 * 1)  to demonstrate the groundlessness  by analyzing it; to tear down; to shoot down; to break apart
 * 2)  to deflate or demagnify (an exaggerated story, joke, etc.)
 * 3)  to drop off
 * 4)  to get off
 * 5)  to dismount (from); to get off (of)
 * 6)  to finish a work shift
 * 7)  to fade
 * 8)  to stay
 * 1)  to dismount (from); to get off (of)
 * 2)  to finish a work shift
 * 3)  to fade
 * 4)  to stay
 * 1)  to fade
 * 2)  to stay
 * 1)  to fade
 * 2)  to stay
 * 1)  to stay

title: smontare


text:
Kiran Badloe

Kiran Badloe (born 13 September 1994) is a Dutch windsurfer. He won the gold medal in the men's event at the 2019 RS:X World Championships and 2020 RS:X World Championships.

In October 2020, he competed at the iQFoil International Games held at Campione, Lake Garda.

At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, he won gold for the Netherlands in windsurfing.

After his Olympic win, Badloe garnered media attention for the distinctive "blue colored arrow haircut" he sported during the competition. The hairstyle was an homage to the cartoon character Aang from the Avatar: The Last Airbender series. Badloe explained the show's connection to his haircut ahead of his medal race:

"It's about a kid that controls the wind, and he needs to control all different kinds of elements of nature in order to do something great, and I'm doing the same here."

In March 2022, his portrait was added to a mural in the Schilderswijk neighbourhood of The Hague, Netherlands, alongside other Dutch competitors of the Summer or Winter Olympics and Paralympics held in 2021 and 2022.

title: Kiran Badloe


text:
Eclipse/Using Eclipse

Purpose
This book is intended for Java Developers, but other developers may also find some sections useful.

The goal of this book to make the reader a better (Java) Programmer.

Intended Audience - (Java) developers, anyone interested in improving the way he/she programs.

Prerequisites - None

Getting Started
As described in Eclipse website, Eclipse is an IDE for everything and nothing in particular. Eclipse core is a universal IDE (a general purpose development environment).

Downloading Eclipse
Eclipse doesn't come with the JRE. It is advisable that you download the latest JRE (Java Runtime Environment) from the Javasoft web site first.

After you have downloaded and installed the JRE, you may then download the Eclipse IDE. Another version of Eclipse is the EasyEclipse project. Its interface is about the same as Eclipse. You can download it instead from [easyeclipse.org]

Installing Eclipse
Installing Eclipse just involves unzipping the downloaded file into a directory. After unzipping the Eclipse IDE is ready to run.

Windows
Eclipse can be run by executing the file startup.jar. If Java Environment (JAVA_HOME) variables are defined then Eclipse IDE will automatically detect the JRE and start running.

Linux
After downloading, open the file eclipse.

Getting Help
Types of help available with eclipse:
 * 1) Online documentation
 * 2) Context sensitive help
 * 3) Hover help
 * 4) Active Help

Eclipse Help can be accessed using external browser http://localhost: / . The values for these fields can be found in preferences.ini file. Eclipse uses a tomcat server for displaying help documentation.

Configuring Eclipse
(Use different workspaces for different JREs otherwise due to autobuild wrong .class files will get generated)
 * Tuning your JRE

Workspace
Resource (projects, folders, files)

.metadata folder contains information about the workspace.

Keep different workspaces for different development projects (or different customers)

Bookmarks - A bookmark acts as a link to a particular line in a file.

Tasks - A task is created against each java error. Tasks can also be created as an reminder for some activities to be performed. Task contains priority and completion status. Tasks can also work as bookmarks.

(See command line options)
 * Running Multiple Instances of Eclipse at the same time

Perspectives
You can create your own (customized) perspective using configurations.

Running Other Applications within Eclipse

 * File Association (External Programs)
 * Run (External Tools)

need a "how to"/tutorial for External Tools running a main class in one project while referencing a jar file elsewhere. ex. project DoesReallyNeatStuff creates output based on project SomeStuff. How does a project reference the other project using External Tools?

Java Development using Eclipse
syntax highlighting, code completion, code assist, tasks and views.
 * Writing Code - generate, edit and navigate Java code.
 * Debugging
 * Team Work
 * Improving Productivity - hooking into well defined plugin points
 * Using Eclipse Code

Introduction

 * Related Topics:** Java, Java Runtime Environment (JRE),SWT

Introduction to Eclipse
Eclipse Project is made available under the Eclipse Public License.

About Eclipse contains information about what is eclipse.org?

Eclipse Download

Eclipse Project FAQs

Eclipse Projects

Eclipse 3.0.1 Online Help

Eclipse Community

Eclipse Configuration Management
Preferences and Properties in the Eclipse Workbench UI

Eclipse Architecture
Notes on the Eclipse Plug-in Architecture

Eclipse Plug-In Programming

 * PDE Does Plug-ins
 * A First Look at Eclipse Plug-in development
 * Naming Conventions
 * Eclipse Platform API v3.2

Miscellaneous
Branding your application

 * Eclipse - tool integration platform - open source
 * Eclipse community - 1000s of developers - around 50 software companies
 * Eclipse vision - new paradigm for development tools - platform centric - not tool centric - towards Universal IDE
 * Eclipse Project - tools built independently - work together as integrated sets
 * Eclipse Plug-ins - seamless integration - your imagination is the limited - 100 active Open Source Projects and vendors.

Highlights
debugger - breakpoints, display value of variable, hot code replace support - change your code while in debug mode, preference settings - tailor according to your needs yourself,
 * Eclipse 3-in-1 - a Java development environment, a tool integration platform, and an open source community.
 * Editor -anticipates your next move - code assist, think faster that you write use spell checker, refactoring - iterative process of improving your code Object Oriented approach, scrapbook - experiment with expressions, search tools,

Java doc comments templates
 * General purpose - For both programming and non-programming development tasks

integrated support for Ant, JUnit

Basic Concepts

 * Developer's Toolset - (design) modelling tool, IDE, version control, word processor,
 * Artifacts - architecture diagrams, code and user documentation
 * Workspace is a directory where your projects are stored.
 * Workbench consists of views, perspectives and editors.
 * Views provide alternate way of navigation.
 * Editors are associated with the file types. External editors can also be used with editors. OLE based editors integrates well with Eclipse.
 * Perspectives are collection of views.

Eclipse Architecture

 * Eclipse Platform
 * SWT
 * JFace
 * GEF/GMF
 * Workspace
 * Workbench
 * Help
 * Team
 * Debug
 * Plug-In
 * Extension Points
 * Plug-In Development Environment (PDE)
 * Platform Runtime

WorkBench Terminology
predefined tags TODO, FIXME, XXX
 * Menu bar
 * Tool bar
 * Perspective
 * Fast View bar
 * Resource Navigator
 * Properties View
 * Message Area
 * Text editor
 * Outline view
 * Bookmarks view
 * Editor status area
 * Tasks view -
 * Stacked view
 * Help View

Standard Widget Toolkit (SWT)
The SWT is a collection of APIs that allow writing GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces). The APIs are focused on providing tools to allow "widgets" (graphical controls such as checkboxes, edit controls, etc.) to be displayed and manipulated.

Related Projects
EMF - Eclipse Modelling Framework EMF is a modeling framework and code generation facility for building tools and other applications based on a structured data model. EMF allows a model described using Annotated Java, XML or modeling tools to be generated as executable Java code. The generated code allows the model structure to be inspected, and the model data to be queried, updated and persisted to external storage.

Accelerators(Key Board Shortcuts)

 * 1) Ctrl + F6 - switching between various editors.

How To's

 * 1) Creating Ant Build File.
 * 2) Create a simple project.
 * 3) Create a new file with .xml as extension
 * 4) Open Ant editor
 * 5) Write the Ant script
 * 6) Run As External Tools

 * 1) Creating a user defined Task Tag
 * 2) Select Tools > Preference
 * 3) Select Task Tag
 * 4) Add new Task Tag

title: Eclipse/Using Eclipse