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User:Jimregan/C Primer chapter 3

C Input & Output
This chapter covers console (keyboard/display) and file I/O. You've already seen one console-I/O function, "printf", and there are several others, C has two separate approaches toward file I/O, one based on library functions that resembles console I/O, and a second that uses "system calls". These topics are discussed in detail below.

C Console I/O
Console I/O in general means communications with the computer's keyboard and display. However, in most modern operating systems the keyboard and display are simply the default input and output devices, and user can easily redirect input from, say, a file or other program and redirect output to, say, a serial I/O port:

type infile > myprog > com

The program itself, "myprog", doesn't know the difference. The program uses console I/O to simply read its "standard input (stdin)" -- which might be the keyboard, a file dump, or the output of some other program -- and print to its "standard output (stdout)" -- which might be the display or printer or another program or a file. The program itself neither knows nor cares.

Console I/O requires the declaration:

#include

Useful functions are:

printf:    Print a formatted string to stdout. scanf:     Read formatted data from stdin. putchar:   Print a single character to stdout. getchar:   Read a single character from stdin. puts:      Print a string to stdout. gets:      Read a line from stdin.

PC-based compilers also have an alternative library of console I/O functions that you will see on occasion. These functions require the declaration:

#include

The three most useful PC console I/O functions are:

* getch:

Get a character from the keyboard (no need to press Enter).

* getche:

Get a character from the keyboard and echo it.

* kbhit:

Check to see if a key has been pressed.

The "printf" function, as you remember, prints a string that may include formatted data:

printf( "This is a test!\n" );

-- which can include the contents of variables:

printf( "Value1: %d   Value2:  %f\n", intval, floatval );

The available format codes are:

%d:  decimal integer %ld: long decimal integer %c:  character %s:  string %e:  floating-point number in exponential notation %f:  floating-point number in decimal notation %g:  use %e and %f, whichever is shorter %u:  unsigned decimal integer %o:  unsigned octal integer %x:  unsigned hex integer

Using the wrong format code for a particular data type can lead to bizarre output.

You can obtain further control by using modifiers. For example, you can add a numeric prefix to specify the minimum field width:

%10d

This specifies a minimum field width of ten characters. If the field width is too small, a wider field will be used. Adding a minus sign:

%-10d

-- causes the text to be left-justified. You can also add a numeric precision:

%6.3f

This specifies three digits of precision in a field six characters wide. You can specify a precision for strings as well, in which case it indicates the maximum number of characters to be printed. For example:

/* prtint.c */

#include

void main {    printf( "<%d>\n", 336 ); printf( "<%2d>\n", 336 ); printf( "<%10d>\n", 336 ); printf( "<%-10d>\n", 336 ); }

This prints:

<      336>

Similarly:

/* prfloat.c */

#include

void main {    printf( "<%f>\n", 1234.56 ); printf( "<%e>\n", 1234.56 ); printf( "<%4.2f>\n", 1234.56 ); printf( "<%3.1f>\n", 1234.56 ); printf( "<%10.3f>\n", 1234.56 ); printf( "<%10.3e>\n", 1234.56 ); }

-- prints:

<1234.560000>  <1.234560e+03> <1234.56>  <1234.6>   <  1234.560>   < 1.234e+03>

And finally:

/* prtstr.c */

#include

void main {    printf( "<%2s>\n", "Barney must die!" ); printf( "<%22s>\n", "Barney must die!" ); printf( "<%22.5s>\n", "Barney must die!" ); printf( "<%-22.5s>\n", "Barney must die!" ); }

-- prints:

 <     Barney must die!> <                Barne>

Just for convenience, the table of special characters listed in chapter 2 is repeated here. These characters can be embedded in "printf" strings:

'\a':   alarm (beep) character '\\p':   backspace '\f':   formfeed '\n':   newline '\r':   carriage return '

'\v': vertical tab '\': backslash '\?': question mark '\'': single quote '"\': double quote '\0NN': character code in octal '\xNN': character code in hex '\0': NULL character The "scanf" function reads formatted data using a syntax similar to that of "printf", except that it requires pointers as parameters, since it has to return values. For example:

/* cscanf.c */

#include

void main {    int val; char name[256]; printf( "Enter your age and name.\n" ); scanf( "%d %s", &val, name ); printf( "Your name is: %s -- and your age is: %d\n", name, val ); }

There is no "&" in front of "name" since the name of a string is already a pointer. Input fields are separated by whitespace (space, tab, or newline), though you can use a count ("%10d") to define a specific field width. Formatting codes are the same as for "printf", except:

* There is no "%g" format code.

* The "%f" and "%e" format codes work the same.

* There is a "%h" format code for reading short integers.

If you include characters in the format code, "scanf" will read in that character and discard it. For example, if the example above were modified as follows:

scanf( "%d,%s", &val, name );

-- then "scanf" will assume that the two input values are comma-separated and swallow the comma when it is encountered.

If you precede a format code with an asterisk, the data will be read and discarded. For example, if the example were changed to:

scanf( "%d%*c%s", &val, name );

-- then if the two fields were separated by a ":", that character would be read in and discarded.

The "scanf" function will return the value EOF (an "int"), defined in "stdio.h", when its input is terminated.

The "putchar" and "getchar" functions handle single character I/O. For example, the following program accepts characters from standard input one at a time:

/* inout.c */

#include

void main {    unsigned int ch; while ((ch = getchar) != EOF) {      putchar( ch ); }  }

The "getchar" function returns an "int" and also terminates with an EOF. Notice the neat way C allows you to get a value and then test it in the same expression, a particularly useful feature for handling loops.

One word of warning on single-character I/O: if you are entering characters from the keyboard, most operating systems won't send the characters to the program until you press the Enter key, meaning that you can't really do single-character keyboard I/O this way.

The little program above is the essential core of a character-mode text "filter", a program that can perform some transformation between standard input and standard output. Such a filter can be used as an element to construct more sophisticated applications:

type file.txt > filter1 | filter2 > outfile.txt

The following filter capitalizes the first character in each word in the input. The program operates as a "state machine", using a variable that can be set to different values, or "states", to control its operating mode. It has two states: SEEK, in which it is looking for the first character, and REPLACE, in which it is looking for the end of a word.

In SEEK state, it scans through whitespace (space, tab, or newline), e echoing characters. If it finds a printing character, it converts it to uppercase and goes to REPLACE state. In REPLACE state, it converts characters to lowercase until it hits whitespace, and then goes back to SEEK state.

The program uses the "tolower" and "toupper" functions to make case conversions. These two functions will be discussed in the next chapter.

/* caps.c */

#include   #include

#define SEEK 0 #define REPLACE 1

void main {    int ch, state = SEEK; while(( ch = getchar ) != EOF ) {      switch( state ) {      case REPLACE: switch( ch ) {        case ' ': case '

case '\n': state = SEEK; break; default: ch = tolower( ch ); break; } break; case SEEK: switch( ch ) { case ' ': case '\n': break; default: ch = toupper( ch ); state = REPLACE; break; } } putchar( ch ); } } * The "puts" function is like a simplified version of "printf" without format codes. It allows you to print a string that is automatically terminated with a newline:

puts( "Hello world!" );

The "gets" function is particularly useful: it allows you to read a line of text (terminated by a newline. The "gets" function doesn't read the newline into the string into the program, making it much less finicky about its inputs than "scanf":

/* cgets.c */

#include   #include    #include

void main {    char word[256], *guess = "blue"; integer i, n = 0;

puts( "Guess a color (use lower case please):" ); while( gets( word ) != NULL ) {      if( strcmp( word, guess ) == 0 ) {         puts( "You win!" ); exit( 0 ); }      else {         puts( "No, try again." ); }    }   }

This program includes the "strcmp" function, which performs string comparisons and returns 0 on a match. This function is described in more detail in the next chapter.

You can use these functions to implement filters that operate on lines of text, rather than characters. A core program for such filters follows:

/* lfilter.c */

#include

void main {    char b[256]; while (( gets( b ) ) != NULL ) {      puts( b ); }  }

The "gets" function returns a NULL, defined in "stdio.h", on input termination or error.

The PC-based console-I/O functions "getch" and "getche" operate much as "getchar" does, except that "getche" echoes the character automatically.

The "kbhit" function is very different in that it only indicates if a key has been pressed or not. It returns a nonzero value if a key has been pressed, and zero if it hasn't. This allows a program to poll the keyboard for input rather than hanging on keyboard input, and waiting for something to happen. These functions require the "conio.h" header file, not the "stdio.h" header file.

C File-I/O Through Library Functions
The file-I/O library functions are much like the console-I/O functions. In fact, most of the console-I/O functions can be thought of as special cases of the file-I/O functions. The library functions include:

fopen:    Create or open a file for reading or writing. fclose:   Close a file after reading or writing it.

fseek:    Seek to a certain location in a file. rewind:   Rewind a file back to its beginning and leave it open. rename:   Rename a file. remove:   Delete a file.

fprintf:  Formatted write. fscanf:   Formatted read. fwrite:   Unformatted write. fread:    Unformatted read. putc:     Write a single byte to a file. getc:     Read a single byte from a file. fputs:    Write a string to a file. fgets:    Read a string from a file.

All these library functions depend on definitions made in the "stdio.h" header file, and so require the declaration:

#include

C documentation normally refers to these functions as performing "stream I/O", not "file I/O". The distinction is that they could just as well handle data being transferred through a modem as a file, and so the more general term "data stream" is used rather than "file". However, we'll stay with the "file" terminology in this discussion for the sake of simplicity.

 * The "fopen" function opens and, if need be, creates a file. Its syntax is:

= fopen;

The "fopen" function returns a "file pointer", declared as follows:

FILE * ;

The file pointer will be returned with the value "NULL", defined in "stdio.h", if there is an error. The "access modes" are defined as follows:

r:   Open for reading. w:   Open and wipe (or create) for writing. a:   Append -- open (or create) to write to end of file. r+:  Open a file for reading and writing. w+:  Open and wipe (or create) for reading and writing. a+:  Open a file for reading and appending.

The "filename" is simply a string of characters.

It is often useful to use the same statements to communicate either with files or with standard I/O. For this reason, the "stdio.h" header file includes predefined file pointers with the names "stdin" and "stdout". You don't need to do an "fopen" on them, you can just assign them to a file pointer:

fpin = stdin; fpout = stdout;

-- and following file-I/O functions won't know the difference.

The "fclose" function simply closes the file given by its file pointer parameter. It has the syntax:

fclose( fp );

The "fseek" function call allows you to select any byte location in a file for reading or writing. It has the syntax:

fseek( <file_pointer>,, );

The offset is a "long" and specifies the offset into the file, in bytes. The "origin" is an "int" and is one of three standard values, defined in "stdio.h":

SEEK_SET:  Start of file. SEEK_CUR:  Current location. SEEK_END:  End of file.

The "fseek" function returns 0 on success and non-zero on failure.

The "rewind", "rename", and "remove" functions are straightforward. The "rewind" function resets an open file back to its beginning. It has the syntax:

rewind( <file_pointer> );

The "rename" function changes the name of a file:

rename( <old_file_name_string>, <new_file_name_string> );

The "remove" function deletes a file:

remove( <file_name_string> )

The "fprintf" function allows formatted ASCII data output to a file, and has the syntax:

fprintf;

The "fprintf" function is identical in syntax to "printf", except for the addition of a file pointer parameter. For example, the following "fprintf" call:

/* fprpi.c */

#include <stdio.h>

void main {    int n1 = 16; float n2 = 3.141592654f; FILE *fp;

fp = fopen( "data", "w" ); fprintf( fp, " %d   %f", n1, n2 ); fclose( fp ); }

-- stores the following ASCII data:

16  3.14159

The formatting codes are exactly the same as for "printf":

%d:  decimal integer %ld: long decimal integer %c:  character %s:  string %e:  floating-point number in exponential notation %f:  floating-point number in decimal notation %g:  use %e and %f, whichever is shorter %u:  unsigned decimal integer %o:  unsigned octal integer %x:  unsigned hex integer

Field-width specifiers can be used as well. The "fprintf" function returns the number of characters it dumps to the file, or a negative number if it terminates with an error.

The "fscanf" function is to "fprintf" what "scanf" is to "printf": it reads ASCII-formatted data into a list of variables. It has the syntax:

fscanf;

However, the "string" contains only format codes, no text, and the "variable list" contains the addresses of the variables, not the variables themselves. For example, the program below reads back the two numbers that were stored with "fprintf" in the last example:

/* frdata.c */

#include <stdio.h>

void main {    int n1; float n2; FILE *fp;

fp = fopen( "data", "r" ); fscanf( fp, "%d %f", &n1, &n2 ); printf( "%d %f", n1, n2 ); fclose( fp ); }

The "fscanf" function uses the same format codes as "fprintf", with the familiar exceptions:

* There is no "%g" format code.

* The "%f" and "%e" format codes work the same.

* There is a "%h" format code for reading short integers.

Numeric modifiers can be used, of course. The "fscanf" function returns the number of items that it successfully read, or the EOF code, an "int", if it encounters the end of the file or an error.

The following program demonstrates the use of "fprintf" and "fscanf":

/* fprsc.c */

#include <stdio.h>

void main {    int ctr, i[3], n1 = 16, n2 = 256; float f[4], n3 = 3.141592654f; FILE *fp;

fp = fopen( "data", "w+" );

/* Write data in:  decimal integer formats decimal, octal, hex integer formats floating-point formats */

fprintf( fp, "%d %10d %-10d \n", n1, n1, n1 ); fprintf( fp, "%d %o %x \n", n2, n2, n2 ); fprintf( fp, "%f %10.10f %e %5.4e \n", n3, n3, n3, n3 );

/* Rewind file. */

rewind( fp );

/* Read back data. */

puts( "" ); fscanf( fp, "%d %d %d", &i[0], &i[1], &i[2] ); printf( "  %d\t%d\t%d

fscanf( fp, "%d %o %x", &i[0], &i[1], &i[2] ); fscanf( fp, "%f %f %f %f", &f[0], &f[1], &f[2], &f[3] );

fclose( fp ); } The program generates the output:

16        16         16   256        256        256   3.141593   3.141593   3.141593   3.141600

The "fwrite" and "fread" functions are used for binary file I/O. The syntax of "fwrite" is as follows:

fwrite( <array_pointer>, <element_size>,, <file_pointer> );

The array pointer is of type "void", and so the array can be of any type. The element size and count, which give the number of bytes in each array element and the number of elements in the array, are of type "size_t", which are equivalent to "unsigned int".

The "fread" function similarly has the syntax:

fread( <array_pointer>, <element_size>,, <file_pointer> );

The "fread" function returns the number of items it actually read.

The following program stores an array of data to a file and then reads it back using "fwrite" and "fread":

/* fwrrd.c */

#include <stdio.h>  #include <math.h>   #define SIZE 20 void main {    int n;     float d[SIZE]; FILE *fp; for( n = 0; n < SIZE; ++n )                /* Fill array with roots. */    {       d[n] = (float)sqrt( (double)n ); }    fp = fopen( "data", "w+" );                 /* Open file. */    fwrite( d, sizeof( float ), SIZE, fp );     /* Write it to file. */    rewind( fp );                               /* Rewind file. */    fread( d, sizeof( float ), SIZE, fp );      /* Read back data. */    for( n = 0; n < SIZE; ++n )                 /* Print array. */    {       printf( "%d: %7.3f\n", n, d[n] ); }    fclose( fp );                               /* Close file. */  }

The "putc" function is used to write a single character to an open file. It has the syntax:

putc;

The "getc" function similarly gets a single character from an open file. It has the syntax:

= getc;

The "getc" function also returns "EOF" on error. The console I/O functions "putchar" and "getchar" are really only special cases of "putc" and "getc" that use standard output and input.

 * The "fputs" function writes a string to a file. It has the syntax:

fputs( <string / character array>, );

The "fputs" function will return an EOF value on error. For example:

fputs( "This is a test", fptr );

The "fgets" function reads a string of characters from a file. It has the syntax:

fgets(, <max_string_length>, <file_pointer> );

The "fgets" function reads a string from a file until if finds a newline or grabs <string_length-1> characters. It will return the value NULL on an error.

The following example program simply opens a file and copies it to another file, using "fgets" and "fputs":

/* fcopy.c */

#include <stdio.h>  #define MAX 256 void main {    FILE *src, *dst; char b[MAX]; /* Try to open source and destination files. */    if ( ( src = fopen( "infile.txt", "r" )) == NULL ) {       puts( "Can't open input file." ); exit; }    if ( (dst = fopen( "outfile.txt", "w" )) == NULL ) {       puts( "Can't open output file." ); fclose( src ); exit; }    /* Copy one file to the next. */    while( ( fgets( b, MAX, src ) ) != NULL ) {       fputs( b, dst ); }    /* All done, close up shop. */    fclose( src ); fclose( dst ); }

C File-I/O Through System Calls
File-I/O through system calls is simpler and operates at a lower level than making calls to the C file-I/O library. There are seven fundamental file-I/O system calls:

creat:   Create a file for reading or writing. open:    Open a file for reading or writing. close:   Close a file after reading or writing. unlink:  Delete a file.

write:   Write bytes to file. read:    Read bytes from file.

These calls were devised for the UN*X operating system and are not part of the ANSI C spec.

Use of these system calls requires a header file named "fcntl.h":

#include <fcntl.h>

The "creat" system call, of course, creates a file. It has the syntax:

= creat;

This system call returns an integer, called a "file descriptor", which is a number that identifies the file generated by "creat". This number is used by other system calls in the program to access the file. Should the "creat" call encounter an error, it will return a file descriptor value of -1.

The "filename" parameter gives the desired filename for the new file. The "permission bits" give the "access rights" to the file. A file has three "permissions" associated with it:

* Write permission:

Allows data to be written to the file.

* Read permission:

Allows data to be read from the file.

* Execute permission:

Designates that the file is a program that can be run.

These permissions can be set for three different levels:

* User level:

Permissions apply to individual user.

* Group level:

Permissions apply to members of user's defined "group".

* System level:

Permissions apply to everyone on the system.

For the "creat" system call, the permissions are expressed in octal, with an octal digit giving the three permission bits for each level of permissions. In octal, the permission settings:

0644

-- grant read and write permissions for the user, but only read permissions for group and system. The following octal number gives all permissions to everyone:

0777

Should you attempt to "creat" an existing file (for which you have write permission), "creat" will not return an error. It will instead wipe the contents of the file and return a file descriptor for it.

For example, to create a file named "data" with read and write permission for everyone on the system, you would write:

#define RD_WR 0666 ...  int fd;                               /* Define file descriptor. */  fd = creat( "data", RD_WR );

The "open" system call opens an existing file for reading or writing. It has the syntax:

= open;

The "open" call is similar to the "creat" call in that it returns a file descriptor for the given file, and returns a file descriptor of -1 if it encounters an error. However, the second parameter is an "access mode", not a permission code. There are three modes (defined in the "fcntl.h" header file):

O_RDONLY:  Open for reading only. O_WRONLY:  Open for writing only. O_RDWR:    Open for reading and writing.

For example, to open "data" for writing, assuming that the file had been created by another program, you would write:

int fd; fd = open( "data", O_WRONLY );

A few additional comments before proceeding:

* A "creat" call implies an "open". There is no need to "creat" a file and then "open" it.

* There is an operating-system-dependent limit on the number of files that a program can have open at any one time.

* The file descriptor is no more than an arbitrary number that a program uses to distinguish one open file for another. When a file is closed, re-opening it again will probably not give it the same file descriptor.

The "close" system call is very simple. All it does is "close" an open file when there is no further need to access it. The "close" system call has the syntax:

close;

The "close" call returns a value of 0 if it succeeds, and returns -1 if it encounters an error.

The "unlink" system call deletes a file. It has the syntax:

unlink( <file_name_string> );

It returns 0 on success and -1 on failure.

The "write" system call writes data from a open file. It has the syntax:

write;

The file descriptor is returned by a "creat" or "open" system call. The "buffer" is a pointer to a variable or an array that contains the data; and the "buffer length" gives the number of bytes to be written into the file.

While different data types may have different byte lengths on different systems, the "sizeof" statement can be used to provide the proper buffer length in bytes. A "write" call could be specified as follows:

float array[10]; ...  write( fd, array, sizeof( array ) );

The "write" function returns the number of bytes it actually writes. It will return -1 on an error.

The "read" system call reads data from a open file. Its syntax is exactly the same as that of the "write" call:

read;

The "read" function returns the number of bytes it actually returns. At the end of file it returns 0, or returns -1 on error.

v2.0.7 / 3 of 7 / 01 feb 02 / greg goebel / public domain

title: User:Jimregan/C Primer chapter 3


text:
Banded bellowsfish

The banded bellowsfish (Centriscops humerosus), banded yellowfish, banded snipefish, or bluebanded bellowsfish, is a species of fish of the family Macroramphosidae, found in southern oceans at depths of 35 to 1000 m. Its length is up to 30 cm.

Description
The banded bellowsfish has a very deep, nearly round, highly compressed body, with a depth which is equivalent to 38–62% of its standard length. Its upper and lower body profiles are asymmetrical, as the nape of small specimens has an angular hump which becomes more angular and obvious as the fish grows into an adult. It has a long, tube-like snout, which is between a quarter and a third of the standard length. The spines of the dorsal fin are set into another hump on the posterior part of the fish's back, and the second dorsal fin is large, equivalent to just under half of the standard length. The pelvic fins are rather small. There are four well-developed bony plates located along the shoulder region, and the scales are modified into a coarse, teethlike form covering most of the body and head. The fish are predominantly whitish in colour with as many as five oblique orange bands with dark margins, although these bands lack dark margins in the largest adults. The ends of the dorsal, anal and caudal fins have a dusky to orange colour. The juveniles are bluish grey and have transparent fins and no bands. Juvenile banded bellowsfish were thought to be a separate species because of their very different appearance.

Distribution
The banded bellowsfish has a discontinuous, circumpolar distribution in the temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere. In the southeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is found along the coast of South Africa from Cape Columbine to False Bay. The species has also been recorded in waters around Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island. In the southwestern Atlantic, it is found off southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. In the southwest Pacific Ocean, these fish can be found in the coastal waters of Australia and New Zealand. In the southern Indian Ocean, it has been reported from Île Saint-Paul to Île Amsterdam.

Habitat and biology
The banded bellowsfish is a bathydemersal species of the continental shelf and the continental slope, found at depths of 350-1000 m, although this range is restricted to between 300 m and 700 m off Australia. Unlike the seashorses and pipefishes, this species is oviparous, laying eggs which develop and hatch outside the body. It is carnivorous and preys on epibenthic invertebrates. Off Tasmania, it was found to prey mainly on benthic crustaceans and brittle stars, with the brittle stars making up most of the fish's diet, but it was also found to eat Hector's lanternfish (Lampanyctodes hectoris). It has been recorded in the stomach contents of New Zealand smooth skates (Dipterus innominatus) sampled along the Chatham Rise.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Banded bellowsfish


text:
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Talk:USS Makin Island (CVE-93)/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: CPA-5 (talk · contribs) 20:31, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Claim my seat here. Cheers. CPA-5 (talk) 20:31, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Post-war, she participated in Operation Magic Carpet British post-war.
 * I don't exactly get the gist of this phrase. Could you clarify?
 * Hey Stikky, "Post-war" is the British way the American way is without hyphen "postwar". Cheers. CPA-5 (talk) 12:39, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I've fixed it. Stikkyy t/c 00:17, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * provided a force of 9,000 horsepower (6,700 kW) Link Kw.
 * hangar deck: one on the fore, another on the aft.[3][2][4] Re-order the refs here.
 * equipped with 16 Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns in twin mounts --> "equipped with 16 Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft (AA) guns in twin mounts"
 * had been modified to carry 30 20 mm cannons Try to avoid two diffrent numbers next to each other.
 * Anti-aircraft guns were mounted around the perimeter of the deck Link anti-aircraft.
 * ferrying 78 aircraft and 236 men to Hawaii Pipe Hawaii tho the territory of Hawaii.
 * Kamikaze is overlinked.
 * who was launched off the deck when a 3.5 inch rocket --> "who was launched off the deck when a 3.5-inch rocket"
 * came under heavy Japanese kamikaze attacks --> "came under heavy Japanese kamikaze attacks"
 * Rear Admiral is overlinked.

Infobox
 * I cannot see the extreme width's length in the body.
 * "10,240 nmi (18,960 km; 11,780 mi) at 15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph)" Link nmi.
 * Link extreme width.
 * "United States Pacific Fleet (1944-1946)" --> "United States Pacific Fleet (1944–1946)"
 * "1 × 5 in (127 mm)/38 cal dual-purpose gun" this gun is made in the US thus it should have English primary units instead of metric.
 * It has primary units leading over metric units, whilst the Bofors and Oerlikons have metric leading over primary.

Images
 * File:USS Makin Island CVE-93.jpg has a dead link same with File:USS Makin Island (CVE-93) gunnery practice.jpg.

Sources That's anything from me. Cheers. CPA-5 (talk) 14:24, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Ref 9, needs a double "p" in the page numbers
 * Ref 13, same as above.
 * Ref 16, same as above.
 * Ref 17, same as above.
 * Ref 18, same as above.
 * Keith's source needs an access-date.
 * All ✅, except for one. Stikkyy t/c 03:49, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Wait a second Stikky. What's this the Navy list on 11 July, and sold on 1 January 1947? It hasn't a citation? Without this I cannot pass it. Cheers. CPA-5 (talk) 07:46, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * All good now. Stikkyy t/c 14:44, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Looks good to go to me. Cheers. CPA-5 (talk) 21:27, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Makin Island (CVE-93)/GA1


text:
певец

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) male singer
 * 2)  warbler, babbler songbird of family, particularly leaf warblers

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) singer

title: певец


text:
Hugag

In American folklore, the hugag is a fearsome critter similar to a moose with an extensive upper-lip, preventing it from grazing, and joint-less legs preventing it from lying down.

Name usage
The word hugag well predates its usage as a term to describe a mythical creature. It appears as a variant spelling of hewgag, a woodwind instrument akin to a kazoo. For example, the June 20, 1846 issue of the American Republican and Baltimore Daily Clipper reads, "My friends and fellow-countrymen—awake, arise! for the Philistines are upon you. Strike the tunjo! blow the hugag! whistle the fife, and chastise the drum! Your lives, your loaves, and liberties are in danger." However, the word also appears in non-English works. The term is referenced in a German text as a transliteration of an Arabic name in 1861. As well, Hugag also appears as a name of a mine located at Republican Mountain, in Colorado, discovered in 1870. The first mention of the hugag to refer to an imaginary animal, while also establishing it as a myth among loggers, is found in the 1900 book In the Limestone Valley: Pen Pictures of Early Days in Western Wisconsin by S.W. Brown. Albeit spelled "hew-gag," the creature, as described by Brown, had round feet surrounded on all sides by claws to conceal its direction of travel. Apart from this, Brown does not offer much detail aside from that the "hew-gag" is not as "ferocious" as other woods beasts.

Characteristics
The modern conception of the hugag is largely derived from 1910's Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods by William T. Cox. In the book, Cox describes the hugag as an animal, constantly meandering, in size corresponding with the moose and adds "in form it somewhat resembles that animal." Describing its range as northern Minnesota, western Wisconsin and "the Canadian wilds towards Hudson Bay," Cox elaborates:

"Very noticeable, however, are its joint-less legs, which compel the animal to remain on its feet, and its long upper lip, which prevents it from grazing. If it tried that method of feeding it would simply tramp its upper lip into the dirt. Its head and neck are leathery and hairless ; its strangely corrugated ears flop downward; its four-toed feet, long bushy tail, shaggy coat and general make-up give the beast an unmistakably prehistoric appearance."

Cox adds that the only means the creature has for rest is to brace itself against a tree, in what condition the animal may be captured should notches be made into the wood. Latter accounts, such as Henry H. Tryon's Fearsome Critters and Richard Dorson's Man and Beast in American Comic Legend, are heavily reliant in the details set down in Cox's work. However, Tryon divulges several characteristics independent from Cox's account including: warts on the snout, bumps on the head and pine needles instead of hairs on the body of the hugag. Similarly, whereas Cox's describes the hugag's diet as consisting of twigs or bark, Tryon contends that the hugag subsists on "a steady diet of pine knots makes the pitch ooze constantly from his pores."

Folkloric parallels
Several commentators, such as folklorist Richard Dorson and author Daniel Cohen, highlight that the hugag's inability to lie down mirrors legendary creatures of classic antiquity. Dorson cites an article by Horace Beck, entitled "The Animal that Cannot Lie Down," highlighting that Aristotle opposed the argument that an elephant cannot sit or bends its legs as well that Julius Caesar once reported of an elk that could not lie down. Dorson holds that Cesar's account, in language, closely compares to that of Cox's. Likewise, Daniel Cohen in his 1975 book Monsters, Giants and Little Men from Mars references an account by Pliny the Elder of the Achlis, which likewise possesses equivalent attributes; albeit, Cohen seemingly confuses the hugag with the analogously named Hodag.

title: Hugag


text:
Louisa James (athlete)

Louisa James (born 5 July 1994) is a British hammer thrower, who won an individual gold medal at the Youth World Championships.

title: Louisa James (athlete)


text:
Gunnar Sandgren

Gunnar Sandgren (27 June 1929 – 4 November 2016) was a Swedish journalist, novelist and playwright.

Biography
Gunnar Ernst Algot Sandgren was born in Ölmstad parish in  Jönköping County, Sweden. He was the son of Ernst Sandgren and Signhild Nilsson. He first worked as a journalist at Svenska Dagbladet from 1952. He made his literary debut in 1960, with the novel Förklaringsberget. He later wrote a series of historical novels. Bonniers published his books for the next 30 years.

During the 1970s, Sandgren worked for Sveriges Television where he and wrote a number of plays. He later he turned to classical theater where several of his plays attracted attention. He was awarded the Dobloug Prize in 1981.

title: Gunnar Sandgren


text:
Engineering Thermodynamics/First Law

Energy
Energy as described on Wikipedia is "the property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object". Energy is a conserved quantity, the Law of Conservation of Energy on Wikipedia states that "energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed".

Common forms of energy in physics are potential and kinetic energy. The potential energy is usually the energy due to matter having certain position (configuration) in a field, commonly the gravitational field of Earth. Kinetic energy is the energy due to motion relative to a frame of reference. In thermodynamics, we deal with mainly work and heat, which are different manifestations of the energy in the universe.

Work
Work is said to be done by a system if the effect on the surroundings can be reduced solely to that of lifting a weight. Work is only ever done at the boundary of a system. Again, we use the intuitive definition of work, and this will be complete only with the statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

Consider a piston-cylinder arrangement as found in automobile engines. When the gas in the cylinder expands, pushing the piston outwards, it does work on the surroundings. In this case work done is mechanical. But how about other forms of energy like heat? The answer is that heat cannot be completely converted into work, with no other change, due to the second law of thermodynamics.

In the case of the piston-cylinder system, the work done during a cycle is given by W, where W = −∫ F dx = −∫ p dV, where F = p A, and p is the pressure on the inside of the piston (note the minus sign in this relationship). In other words, the work done is the area under the p-V diagram. Here, F is the external opposing force, which is equal and opposite to that exerted by the system. A corollary of the above statement is that a system undergoing free expansion does no work. The above definition of work will only hold for the quasi-static case, when the work done is reversible work.

A consequence of the above statement is that work done is not a state function, since it depends on the path (which curve you consider for integration from state 1 to 2). For a system in a cycle which has states 1 and 2, the work done depends on the path taken during the cycle. If, in the cycle, the movement from 1 to 2 is along A and the return is along C, then the work done is the lightly shaded area. However, if the system returns to 1 via the path B, then the work done is larger, and is equal to the sum of the two areas.

The above image shows a typical indicator diagram as output by an automobile engine. The shaded region is proportional to the work done by the engine, and the volume V in the x-axis is obtained from the piston displacement, while the y-axis is from the pressure inside the cylinder. The work done in a cycle is given by W, where

$$ W = -\oint p dV $$

Work done by the system is negative, and work done on the system is positive, by the convention used in this book.

Flow Energy
So far we have looked at the work done to compress fluid in a system. Suppose we have to introduce some amount of fluid into the system at a pressure p. Remember from the definition of the system that matter can enter or leave an open system. Consider a small amount of fluid of mass dm with volume dV entering the system. Suppose the area of cross section at the entrance is A. Then the distance the force pA has to push is dx = dV/A. Thus, the work done to introduce a small amount of fluid is given by pdV, and the work done per unit mass is pv, where v = dV/dm is the specific volume. This value of pv is called the flow energy.

Examples of Work
The amount of work done in a process depends on the irreversibilities present. A complete discussion of the irreversibilities is only possible after the discussion of the second law. The equations given above will give the values of work for quasi-static processes, and many real world processes can be approximated by this process. However, note that work is only done if there is an opposing force in the boundary, and that a volume change is not strictly required.

Work in a Polytropic Process
Consider a polytropic process pVn=C, where C is a constant. If the system changes its states from 1 to 2, the work done is given by

$$ W = -\int_{V_1}^{V_2}\frac{C}{V^n}dV = \frac{p_2V_2 - p_1V_1}{1 - n} $$

And additionally, if n=1

$$ W = -\int_{V_1}^{V_2}\frac{C}{V^n}dV = -C \ln \frac{V_2}{V_1} $$

Heat
Before thermodynamics was an established science, the popular theory was that heat was a fluid, called caloric, that was stored in a body. Thus, it was thought that a hot body transferred heat to a cold body by transferring some of this fluid to it. However, this was soon disproved by showing that heat was generated when drilling bores of guns, where both the drill and the barrel were initially cold.

Heat is the energy exchanged due to a temperature difference. As with work, heat is defined at the boundary of a system and is a path function. Heat rejected by the system is negative, while the heat absorbed by the system is positive.

Specific Heat
The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required for a unit rise in the temperature in a unit mass of the material. If this quantity is to be of any use, the amount of heat transferred should be a linear function of temperature. This is certainly true for ideal gases. This is also true for many metals and also for real gases under certain conditions. In general, we can only talk about the average specific heat, cav = Q/mΔT. Since it was customary to give the specific heat as a property in describing a material, methods of analysis came to rely on it for routine calculations. However, since it is only constant for some materials, older calculations became very convoluted for newer materials. For instance, for finding the amount of heat transferred, it would have been simple to give a chart of Q(ΔT) for that material. However, following convention, the tables of cav(ΔT) were given, so that a double iterative solution over cav and T was required.

Calculating specific heat requires us to specify what we do with Volume and Pressure when we change temperature. When Volume is fixed, it is called specific heat at constant volume (Cv). When Pressure is fixed, it is called specific heat at constant pressure (Cp).

Latent Heat
It can be seen that the specific heat as defined above will be infinitely large for a phase change, where heat is transferred without any change in temperature. Thus, it is much more useful to define a quantity called latent heat, which is the amount of energy required to change the phase of a unit mass of a substance at the phase change temperature.

Adiabatic Process
An adiabatic process is defined as one in which there is no heat transfer with the surroundings, that is, the change in amount of energy dQ=0 . A gas contained in an insulated vessel undergoes an adiabatic process. Adiabatic processes also take place even if the vessel is not insulated if the process is fast enough that there is not enough time for heat to escape (e.g. the transmission of sound through air). Adiabatic processes are also ideal approximations for many real processes, like expansion of a vapor in a turbine, where the heat loss is much smaller than the work done.

Joule Experiments

It is well known that heat and work both change the energy of a system. Joule conducted a series of experiments which showed the relationship between heat and work in a thermodynamic cycle for a system. He used a paddle to stir an insulated vessel filled with fluid. The amount of work done on the paddle was noted (the work was done by lowering a weight, so that work done = mgz). Later, this vessel was placed in a bath and cooled. The energy involved in increasing the temperature of the bath was shown to be equal to that supplied by the lowered weight. Joule also performed experiments where electrical work was converted to heat using a coil and obtained the same result.

Statement of the First Law for a Closed System
The first law states that when heat and work interactions take place between a closed system and the environment, the algebraic sum of the heat and work interactions for a cycle is zero.

Mathematically, this is equivalent to

dQ + dW = 0 for any cycle closed to mass flow

Q is the heat transferred, and W is the work done on or by the system. Since these are the only ways energy can be transferred, this implies that the total energy of the system in the cycle is a constant.

One consequence of the statement is that the total energy of the system is a property of the system. This leads us to the concept of internal energy.

Internal Energy
In thermodynamics, the internal energy is the energy of a system due to its temperature. The statement of first law refers to thermodynamic cycles. Using the concept of internal energy it is possible to state the first law for a non-cyclic process. Since the first law is another way of stating the conservation of energy, the energy of the system is the sum of the heat and work input, i.e., ΔE = Q + W. Here E represents the internal energy (U) of the system along with the kinetic energy (KE) and the potential energy (PE) and is called the total energy of the system. This is the statement of the first law for non-cyclic processes, as long as they are still closed to the flow of mass (E = U + KE + PE). The KE and PE terms are relative to an external reference point i.e. the system is the gas within a ball, the ball travels in a trajectory that varies in height H and velocity V and subsequently KE and PE with time, but this has no affect upon the energy of the gas molecules within the ball, which is dictated only by the internal energy of the system (U). Thermodynamics does not define the nature of the internal energy, but it can be rationalised using other theories (i.e. the gas kinetic theory), but in this case is due to the KE and PE of the gas molecules within the ball, not to be mistaken with the KE and PE of the ball itself.

For gases, the value of KE and PE is quite small, so the important term is the internal energy function U. In particular, since for an ideal gas the state can be specified using two variables, the state variable u is given by u(v, T), where v is the specific volume and T is the temperature.

Introducing this temperature dependence explicitly is important in many calculations. For this purpose, the constant-volume heat capacity is defined as follows: cv = (∂u/∂t)v, where cv is the specific heat at constant volume. A constant-pressure heat capacity will be defined later, and it is important to keep them straight. The important point here is that the other variable that U depends on "naturally" is v, so to isolate the temperature dependence of U you want to take the derivative at constant v.

Internal Energy for an Ideal Gas
In the previous section, the internal energy of an ideal gas was shown to be a function of both the volume and temperature. Joule performed an experiment where a gas at high pressure inside a bath at the same temperature was allowed to expand into a larger volume.

In the above image, two vessels, labeled A and B, are immersed in an insulated tank containing water. A thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the water in the tank. The two vessels A and B are connected by a tube, the flow through which is controlled by a stop. Initially, A contains gas at high pressure, while B is nearly empty. The stop is removed so that the vessels are connected and the final temperature of the bath is noted.

The temperature of the bath was unchanged at the end of the process, showing that the internal energy of an ideal gas was the function of temperature alone. Thus Joule's law is stated as (∂u/∂v)t = 0.

Enthalpy
According to the first law, dQ + dW = dE

If all the work is pressure volume work, then we have

dW = − p dV

⇒ dQ = dU + pdV = d(U + pV) - Vdp

⇒ d(U + pV) = dQ + Vdp

We define H ≡ U + pV as the enthalpy of the system, and h = u + pv is the specific enthalpy. In particular, for a constant pressure process,

ΔQ = ΔH

With arguments similar to that for cv, cp = (∂h/∂t)p. Since h, p, and t are state variables, cp is a state variable. As a corollary, for ideal gases, cp = cv + R, and for incompressible fluids, cp = cv

Throttling

Throttling is the process in which a fluid passing through a restriction loses pressure. It usually occurs when fluid passes through small orifices like porous plugs. The original throttling experiments were conducted by Joule and Thompson. As seen in the previous section, in adiabatic throttling the enthalpy is constant. What is significant is that for ideal gases, the enthalpy depends only on temperature, so that there is no temperature change, as there is no work done or heat supplied. However, for real gases, below a certain temperature, called the inversion point, the temperature drops with a drop in pressure, so that throttling causes cooling, i.e., p1 < p2 ⇒ T1 < T2. The amount of cooling produced is quantified by the Joule-Thomson coefficient μJT = (∂T/∂p)h. For instance, the inversion temperature for air is about 400 °C.

title: Engineering Thermodynamics/First Law


text:
CP Class 2240

The CP 2240-class is an electric multiple unit used by the national train operator Comboios de Portugal. Each EMU features 3 cars, with the ends being driving trailers, and the middle being a power car (which houses the traction motors).

The units were assembled between 2003 and 2005, by Alstom, reusing the old Sorefame body shells belonging to the 2100, 2150 and 2200-class EMU's, to keep cost down and avoid fully scrapping old rolling stock. The bogies were custom-built with new Alstom traction motors, and are in the 1668mm Iberian gauge.

They are able to operate in multiple configuration with up to 3 units, for a total of 9 passenger cars.

Statistics Sheet
Source:

Manufacturers

 * Body: Sorefame
 * Electrical Equipment and Interior: Alstom
 * Propulsion: Alstom
 * Main Transformer: Pauwels
 * Pantograph: Schunk
 * Pneumatic Brakes: Knorr-Bremse
 * CCTV System: Petards Group PLC

Main Characteristics

 * Top Speed: 120km/h (75mph)
 * Tare Weight: 135,7t
 * Bogies: 6 (2 per carriage)
 * End couplers: Automatic, Dellner
 * Intermediate couplers: Semi-permanent, Scharfenberg
 * Passenger Space: 264 seated, 163 standing
 * Seat Layout: 2+3 (except 2295, 2296 and 2297: 2+2)
 * Doors: Automatic single-leaf plug doors, centrally locked
 * Number of Doors: 5 per side (2 in each trailer car, 1 in the central power car)

Passenger Commodities

 * Passenger Information System, which includes pre-recorded audio station announcements, dot-matrix displays that show exterior temperature, current time, next stop, and destination.
 * Air conditioning system.

Safety Features

 * CONVEL
 * Dead-man's handle
 * Ground radio
 * Black-box (speed recorder)

title: CP Class 2240


text:
Talk:David Minge

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070713115830/http://www.courts.state.mn.us:80/?page=JudgeBio&ID=30022 to http://www.courts.state.mn.us/?page=JudgeBio&ID=30022
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title: Talk:David Minge


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/East Point Software

The result was delete. Malcolmxl5 (talk) 22:09, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

East Point Software

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non-notable game development studio, fails the requirements for WP:NCORP independent notability. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 02:17, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Video games-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 04:42, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 04:42, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Japan-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 04:43, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Asia-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 04:43, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Software-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 04:43, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

Delete per nom, fails WP:NCORP. Videogameplayer99 (talk) 18:56, 24 September 2017 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  MBisanz  talk 02:23, 27 September 2017 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete No indications of notability, fails GNG and WP:NCORP. -- HighKing ++ 13:05, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Optakeover (U)(T)(C) 04:51, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fails WP:GNG. ZettaComposer (talk) 12:58, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm unable to find coverage to meet WP:GNG or WP:NCORP.  gongshow  talk  10:04, 7 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
Wikiversity:Consensus

This page is to describe how consensus is relevant to Wikiversity, and to provide guidance for Wikiversity participants in using this principle in action.

Introduction
The wiki process typically goes by creating consensus. Building consensus helps the work of Wikiversity only if participants are learning from developing a common view. Consensus is typically reached as a natural product of the editing process: a change or an addition to a page will either stand or be challenged. Letting an edit stand suggests that one consents to that edit. In the case of community-wide issues, such as policy changes, community-wide participation and consensus is necessary. In the case of a specific learning resource, if substantial disagreement regarding appropriate content or approach remain after substantial discussion, it may be productive to consider creating multiple resources.

Definition
Consensus is both a process and a product of discussion in order to construct a shared understanding and a broad agreement about a particular proposal/process/resource etc. Consensus within the Wikiversity community is formed through a process by which the community discusses a particular issue, and, after thorough discussion, reflects what the community is thinking. Consensus usually means that a large majority of community members who have discussed a proposal have provided good reasons for either adopting or rejecting a given proposal - however, any majority of opinions in a discussion or poll is only an indicator of consensus, and not the consensus itself. Evaluating consensus, therefore, is a complex process of ascertaining what the 'mood' of the community is, attempting to reflect the mood of the community as a whole, and not simply a majority within the community.

Wikiversity's decision-making process is fundamentally based in consensus, in that it is always attempted to reflect the wishes of the community as a whole, rather than a majority. When people do not fully agree with a given proposal, the proposal should be modified to satisfy as many people as possible, if not the entire community.

A guarantor of academic freedom
The consensus process within the Wikiversity community is meant to be a guarantor, not an inhibitor, of academic freedom.

 * Consensus does not function as a way to disrupt Wikiversity or hinder the work of Wikiversity editors. Wikiversity participants who are productively editing content development projects and learning resources do not have to justify their work by demonstrating that community consensus exists supporting the pages they create and their editing of those pages. Wikiversity participants are free to create new pages and new educational content as long as their efforts support the educational mission of Wikiversity. There might only be a single Wikiversity participant who is interested in a particular topic or only a minority of discussion participants who will speak in favor of having a page for a particular topic, but there is no requirement to establish consensus before learning resources about such a topic can be developed.
 * Consensus is not established just by counting votes. Wikiversity is guided by ideas that are in harmony with the education-oriented mission of the project. In judging consensus, it is the responsibility of all community members to give the most weight to rational arguments that support positions and points of view that are in harmony with the Wikiversity mission. Community members should assign less weight to discussion comments or votes that provide no rational argument to justify a point of view or that disrupt the project.

Who evaluates consensus?
Consensus is not evaluated by any one person - evaluating consensus is also a discursive (and contestable) process - meaning that someone can propose consensus has been achieved, and someone else can disagree, meaning that the discussion continues. In certain circumstances, a particular person is given the responsibility for evaluating consensus - for example, the conferring of custodianship status, which is given to a bureaucrat. However, this decision, as with anything in Wikiversity, is up for discussion and/or debate.

Etymology of the word "consensus"
The Wikipedia article "Consensus decision-making" provides an etymology: "It has its origin in the Latin word cōnsēnsus (agreement), which is from cōnsentiō meaning literally feel together. " and indicates that "as a decision-making process, consensus aims to be: "
 * Inclusive: As many stakeholders as possible should be involved in the consensus decision-making process.
 * Participatory: The consensus process should actively solicit the input and participation of all decision-makers.
 * Co-operative: Participants in an effective consensus process should strive to reach the best possible decision for the group and all of its members, rather than opt to pursue a majority opinion, potentially to the detriment of a minority.
 * Egalitarian: All members of a consensus decision-making body should be afforded, as much as possible, equal input into the process. All members have the opportunity to table, amend and veto or "block" proposals.
 * Solution-oriented: An effective consensus decision-making body strives to emphasize common agreement over differences and reach effective decisions using compromise and other techniques to avoid or resolve mutually-exclusive positions within the group.

External resources

 * Wikipedia article on consensus decision-making
 * Wikipedia policy on consensus
 * Wiktionary definition of consensus

pt:Wikiversidade:Consenso

title: Wikiversity:Consensus


text:
Talk:Drag Race (franchise)

Abbreviation
I see the Judges column abbreviates the series/season number with s. #, etc, but the Winner(s) column does not. Any particular reason we aren't being consistent? As far as I can tell, using the abbreviation still allows linking to specific seasons/series.

Alternatively, for the Winner(s) column, we go could with 1 (2019): Name, 2 (2020): Name, 3 (2021): Name, etc. Thoughts? --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 22:16, 1 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Why not remove the "s." part? Since we have both words "Curent" and "Former" in bold. This could be the same for "Network". — JuanGLP (talk/contribs) 23:33, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Hey Qween!
Should this page mention Hey Qween! ? --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 18:54, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drag Race (franchise)


text:
Indonesian/Quantification Words

^ Indonesian ^

Kata Pembilang - Quantification Words
Indonesian language has no distinction between uncountable and countable nouns. If you want to say that there are more than one of a thing, as a rule of thumb you can repeat the noun using a dash (-) to make it plural. Alternatively you can also put the total number of the thing in front of the noun.

There is no rule in Indonesian language regarding which nouns should/can be repeated, which nouns should not/cannot, but if we already put some quantification words, we can't do the repetition noun. For example: It is wrong to say banyak buku-buku - lots of books, instead use either the phrase banyak buku or buku-buku

These words are essential to specify indefinite plurals:

 * Aku punya banyak bunga
 * I have many flowers
 * Aku punya beberapa buku
 * I have some books
 * Aku punya 5 buku
 * I have 5 books

Kata Penunjuk Jumlah - Measure Words
An example of a measure words is the word "pieces" in "two pieces of paper". You have seen the word buah in lesson 5 to indicate the total of a quantity. The word buah can be considered as the "universal" measure word because it can fit in so many situations. However, you may want to fine tune it to convey a more precise meaning. For example: in the English language it's more proper to say "two rolls of bread" or "two slices of bread" rather than "two pieces of bread". This is because the measure word "roll" is more fitting than the word "piece" in this situation. The same thing applies to the Indonesian language.

Below are other common measure words, followed by the noun it measures.

(To be added more later)

^ Indonesian ^

title: Indonesian/Quantification Words


text:
Cell Biology/Energy supply/Glycolysis

Glycolysis, literally meaning "to split sugar," is the initial step in any respiratory system. Glycolysis involves the breaking down of a sugar (generally glucose, although fructose and other sugars may be used) into more manageable compounds in order to produce energy. The net end products of glycolysis are two Pyruvate, two NADH, and two ATP (A special note on the "two" ATP later).

Glycolysis is a process that all organisms undergo; and therefore the most fundamental and primitive of all energy production systems.

Simplified Explanation
Glycolysis is a series of steps cells go through to transform sugar into energy that the cell can use. All cells are equipped to perform glycolysis, as it is the primary method cells make energy. The byproducts of glycolysis may be further digested to release more energy. glycosis occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell in a plant. glycosis is the first stage in Respiration.

Energy Investment Phase
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell after glucose is ingested through the process of phagocytosis, or "cell eating," in which the cell engulfs a solid compound. Once the glucose is inside the cytoplasm, one molecule of ATP splits and transfers a phosphate group to the glucose, or "phosphorylates" it, so that it becomes an ion which cannot leave the cell because the cell membrane is impermeable to ions. This step effectively allows cells to efficiently absorb and utilize glucose and keep any glucose molecules from escaping. The process of phosphorylation also makes the glucose chemically reactive.

Once the glucose has been phosphorylated, it is called "Glucose-6-Phosphate," which will be abbreviated G6P. The G6P is rearranged into Fructose-6-Phosphate (F6P) by a protein. When the F6P is created, another ATP molecule splits and the F6P is phosphorylated by another phosphate group. This phosphate is attached to an opposite end of the F6P molecule which is now called Fructose-1, 6-Biphosphate. This is done so that the molecule will be not only more chemically reactive but so that it will split due to the tensions placed upon the molecule by the two phosphate groups. (Phosphate groups have a negative charge; this allows them to be added to create incredibly useful energy compounds, ATP among them. Because like charges repel each other, the two phosphate groups are placed in positions that allow the glucose molecule to split roughly in half, although an enzyme called aldolase is still used to perform the division.)

The Fructose-1, 6-Biphosphate, aided by aldolase, is split into Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DP) and Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P), which are isomers of one another. The enzyme isomerase converts these molecules into one another. Because only G3P is used in the final stages of glycolysis, however, the reaction favors the conversion of DP into G3P. The overall effect of this reaction and the following steps is to send two molecules of G3P into the Energy Payoff phase of glycolysis.

Energy Payoff Phase
The G3P molecules then attach to an enzyme that removes two electrons from each G3P, therefore "oxidizing" the molecules. (Please note that the two G3P molecules do not attach to the enzyme at the same time; rather, two of the same enzyme would be used to carry out this reaction.) One electron from each G3P molecule is transferred to a hydrogen ion (H+; a hydrogen ion is also a proton) and one electron from each G3P molecule is transferred to NAD+, a cellular cofactor whose purpose is to carry electrons. The addition of electrons to the H+ and NAD+ combines the two into NADH. Because there are two G3P molecules, there are 2 NADH produced in this step. Since energy is released from the G3P molecules to allow the for the synthesis of the two NADH, some of the remaining energy attaches an inorganic phosphate group in the cell to each G3P molecule, forming 1, 3 Biphosphoglycerate (1,3B).

The two chemically reactive 1,3B molecules now lose the phosphate group that was just attached to them to an ADP, or Adenosine Diphosphate, molecule. The phosphorylation of ADP creates an ATP molecule; because there are two 1,3B molecules, two ATP are created. With this step, the initial ATP investment is repaid, and the 1,3B molecules become 3-Phosphoglycerate, or 3P. After this step is completed, another enzyme relocates the phosphate group on the 3P, changing the 3P into 2-Phosphoglycerate, or 2P.

After the 2P is created, an enzyme called enolase "hydrolyzes" the 2P molecules, which means that one water molecule is removed from each 2P molecule, which means that 2 H2O have been produced because there are two 2P molecules. In this particular case, the 2P is hydrolyzed so that the resulting Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is very unstable and reactive.

The final step of glycolysis involves a protein called BS. Upon attaching to the Pyruvate Kinase proteins, the two PEP are divided into two Pyruvate and two additional phosphate group which are used to phosphorylate two ADP molecules into two ATP molecules.

In prokaryotes, this all but concludes the respiration sequence. There is one final process that is undergone, however; fermentation. The process of glycolysis coupled with the process of fermentation is known as anaerobic respiration, "anaerobic" literally meaning "without air." There are two main types of prokaryotic fermentation: alcohol fermentation and lactate fermentation.

Fermentation
In alcohol fermentation, the two pyruvate molecules lose two oxygen molecules and one carbon molecule are separated from the pyruvate and merge to become CO2 (Carbon Dioxide). The remaining molecule is called Acetaldehyde. The Acetaldehyde is "reduced" (or, gains electrons) by an NADH molecule. Because it is reduced, it increases in size. In this case, the NADH loses two electrons and two hydrogen ions, or protons, which returns it to its original NAD+ status. The two electrons and protons are then transferred to the Acetaldehyde, and it changes into Ethanol. Ethanol is the "alcoholic" ingredient in alcoholic beverages- in other words, a waste product of bacteria is one of the principal ingredients of beer, wine, and other drinks.

In lactate fermentation, no carbon dioxide is released and the pyruvate is instead reduced by the oxidation of NADH into lactate. In more quantitative terms, two protons and two electrons are removed from two NADH and are instead attached to two pyruvate molecules to create two lactate molecules. This lactate is also known as lactic acid, which happens to cause muscle pain and fatigue in animals.

One might wonder why the NADH would be reverted to its original NAD+ status, since energy was used to create it in the first place. The NADH is actually oxidized into NAD+ so that a "glycolytic cycle" can be preserved: if the NAD+ had not been replenished, the prokaryote would eventually run out of organic materials, and it would no longer synthesize ATP, which would mean its eventual death.

In eukaryotes, glycolysis is only the beginning of respiration. Instead of undergoing fermentation, he products of glycolysis are sent into the Krebs Cycle, explained in the next section.

title: Cell Biology/Energy supply/Glycolysis


text:
Puzzles/Logic puzzles/Knights, Knaves & Spies

Puzzles | Logic puzzles | Knights, Knaves & Spies

On the fabled Island of Knights and Knaves, we meet three people, A, B, and C, one of whom is a knight, one a knave, and one a spy. The knight always tells the truth, the knave always lies, and the spy can either lie or tell the truth.

A says: "C is a knave." B says: "A is a knight." C says: "I am the spy."

Who is the knight, who the knave, and who the spy?

Solution


text:
Talk:David Hussey

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title: Talk:David Hussey


text:
Baumea acuta

Baumea acuta, commonly known as pale twig-rush, is a flowering plant in the sedge family, Cyperaceae, that is native to southern parts of Australia.

Description
The grass-like plant is rhizomatous and perennial. It typically grows to a height of 0.2 to 0.4 m and to a width of approximately 1 m. It blooms between September and November producing brown flowers.

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described as Schoenus acutus by Jacques Labillardière in 1805. In 1902 Eduard Palla reclassified the species as Baumea acuta as part of the work Allgemeine Botanische Zeitschrift fur Systematik. Several other synonyms exist including Baumea schoenoides, Mariscus acutus, Machaerina schoenoides, Chapelliera schoenoides and Cladium acutum.

Distribution
It is found along the southern half of the east and west coast of mainland Australia and in coastal areas of Tasmania. On the east coast it extends from coastal areas in southern Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria extending in the far east on the coast of South Australia. It often occurs in dense thickets in winter wet depressions and around swamps along coastal areas in the Peel, South West, Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance of Western Australia where it grows in damp sandy soils.

title: Baumea acuta


text:
Courgenay

Courgenay is a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

History
Courgenay is first mentioned in 1139 as Corgennart.

Geography
Courgenay has an area of. Of this area, 8.91 km2 or 48.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 7.76 km2 or 42.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.72 km2 or 9.3% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 or 0.1% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.1% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 4.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.9%. Out of the forested land, 40.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 25.0% is used for growing crops and 16.4% is pastures, while 1.8% is used for orchards or vine crops and 5.1% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Porrentruy district. It consists of the village of Courgenay and the hamlet of Courtemautruy. The former villages of Courtemblin and Courtari were both abandoned shortly before or during the Thirty Years War.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent, a Goose Gules beaked and membered Or statant on Coupeaux Vert and in chief three Mullets of Five of the second.

Demographics
Courgenay has a population of. , 9.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 2%. Migration accounted for 4%, while births and deaths accounted for -1.6%.

Most of the population speaks French (1,912 or 92.7%) as their first language, German is the second most common (77 or 3.7%) and Italian is the third (27 or 1.3%). There are 2 people who speak Romansh.

, the population was 49.8% male and 50.2% female. The population was made up of 958 Swiss men (44.8% of the population) and 107 (5.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 973 Swiss women (45.5%) and 102 (4.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 764 or about 37.1% were born in Courgenay and lived there in 2000. There were 713 or 34.6% who were born in the same canton, while 224 or 10.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 290 or 14.1% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 24.2% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 57.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.6%.

, there were 763 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,045 married individuals, 155 widows or widowers and 99 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 836 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 244 households that consist of only one person and 62 households with five or more people. , a total of 809 apartments (85.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 58 apartments (6.1%) were seasonally occupied and 79 apartments (8.4%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 3.06%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The neolithic dolmen at Pierre-Percée is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 30.26% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (26.42%), the FDP (23.69%) and the SVP (14.98%). In the federal election, a total of 695 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 44.1%.

Economy
, Courgenay had an unemployment rate of 6.6%. , there were 83 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 31 businesses involved in this sector. 465 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 37 businesses in this sector. 285 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 61 businesses in this sector. There were 981 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.5% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 733. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 58, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 439 of which 360 or (82.0%) were in manufacturing and 79 (18.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 236. In the tertiary sector; 55 or 23.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 52 or 22.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 22 or 9.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 11 or 4.7% were the insurance or financial industry, 18 or 7.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 19 or 8.1% were in education and 45 or 19.1% were in health care.

, there were 530 workers who commuted into the municipality and 620 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 25.7% of the workforce coming into Courgenay are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 10.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 65% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 1,487 or 72.1% were Roman Catholic, while 319 or 15.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 4 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.19% of the population), and there were 62 individuals (or about 3.01% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 38 (or about 1.84% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 7 individuals who were Buddhist. 96 (or about 4.66% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 80 individuals (or about 3.88% of the population) did not answer the question.

Transport
Courgenay sits on the Delémont–Delle line and is served by trains at Courgenay railway station.

Education
In Courgenay about 669 or (32.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 162 or (7.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 162 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.5% were Swiss men, 24.1% were Swiss women, 11.7% were non-Swiss men and 3.7% were non-Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 198 students attending 11 classes in Courgenay. There were 2.5 kindergarten classes with a total of 49 students in the municipality. The municipality had 8 primary classes and 149 students. There are only nine Secondary schools in the canton, so all the students from Courgenay attend their secondary school in another municipality.

, there were 8 students in Courgenay who came from another municipality, while 156 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Notable people

 * Gilberte Montavon (1896–1957), for whom the movie Gilberte de Courgenay is based

title: Courgenay


text:
Jerzy Jełowicki

Jerzy Jełowicki (11 August 1899 – 22 September 1939) was a Polish landowner, agricultural engineer, military reservist and painter. For his service as a military reservist, he was awarded the Order of Virtuti Militari. He obtained his degree in agronomy at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences, followed by studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw.

His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was killed three weeks into the German invasion of Poland in the Siege of Warsaw during World War II.

title: Jerzy Jełowicki


text:
Talk:Ecological sustainability

About this topic
<IP_ADDRESS> writes: one has to be wikided to think of that topic...
 * What do you mean? CQ 19:03, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Whats that?
What is the ecological sustainability? Ecology doesn't have felling. It isnt good or bad, so whats that?--Juan 20:28, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

It might make more sense to use a title like "The Ecological Facet of Sustainability" (the others would be economic and social). But then, they are all inter-dependent, so it is difficult to write much without referring to the others in an integrated manner. -- K 09:30, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ecological sustainability


text:
Talk:Oszkár Asboth

Articles in Flight
These might be of use in referencing or expanding the article
 * http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1943/1943%20-%200893.html
 * http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%200327.html
 * http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1939/1939-1-%20-%200568.html

 * GraemeLeggett (talk) 16:06, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

Chronology Discrepancy
The article states, "He moved to the UK before the start of the Second World War.

"In 1941, he left Germany and returned to Hungary." It's not clear when or if he moved from the UK to Germany. Munchyhunch (talk) 10:23, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oszkár Asboth


text:
Dickie Dick Dickens

Dickie Dick Dickens is a satirical radio play by Rolf Becker (writer) and Alexandra Becker (writer). The play, which tells the story of Dickie Dick Dickens' rise from simple pickpocket to gangster leader in Chicago, was first produced in Germany in 1959 by Bayerischer Rundfunk, which produced the last of its 51 episodes in 1976. Radio Bremen, Schweizer Radio DRS, Norwegian National Broadcasting NRK and Swedish National Broadcasting Sveriges Radio also made their own productions. It became particularly popular in Norway where it was voted the most popular radio play of all time in 2001.

Rolf and Alexandra Becker also published five books parallel with the production of the radio play. A theatre play based on the radio play debuted in Norway in 2011.

The plot
The story is set in the 1920s in Chicago and tells the story of Dickie Dick Dickens evolving from a simple pickpocket to the "most dangerous man in Chicago's underworld", "a shining star in the wonderful million city's gangster sky". Among the members of his gang are the old friend Opa Crackle and superstitious Bonzo. His chief opponent is fellow gangster leader Jim Cooper while his opponents in the police include Chief Sergeant Lionel McKenzie and Sergeant Hillbilly.

An important part of the play is the two narrators who underline that the story is based on "countless partly dubious, partly non-existing sources" which form the basis for an "in every detail truthful rendering". Most important of the historical documentation is Dickie Dick Dickens's memoirs, written 20 years later in Sing Sing and translated into fourteen languages. According to the story, Dickie Dick Dickens lived 68% of his life in Chicago and 32% in Sing Sing.

Each episode ends with a cliffhanger.

In an interview Rolf Becker said that the play was inspired by American quasi-documentary crime series like Dragnet and some tendencies in film noir. Johannes Joner who played Dickie Dick Dickens in a theater version describes Dickie as a mixture of Al Capone and Arsène Lupin.

Germany and Switzerland
Bayerischer Rundfunk produced 51 episodes from 1959 to 1976. The six episodes in 1976 were independent from the episodes that were made in 1959 and the 1960s and featured Dickie Dick Dickens travelling in Europe.

Radio Bremen made the first season of Dickie Dick Dickens in 1960 and 1961, followed by two later seasons. The original radio tapes were not preserved and in 2003, Radio Bremen encouraged their listeners to send private cassette recordings of the radio play to the station. They obtained the two last seasons, but not the first. In 2008, Radio Bremen made a new production of the first season.

Schweizer Radio DRS also made their own production of the play.

Norway and Sweden
Dickie Dick Dickens came to Norway via Paul Skoe who was instructor for Radioteatret and was introduced to the play when on a work visit to a German radio station. The first series was broadcast in 1962 and the last of the ordinary six series was broadcast in 1976.

The Norwegian version had song and music in various styles composed by Gunnar and Maj Sønstevold, including a song about Chicago with a male choir. Dickie Dick Dickens was played by Frank Robert, and Jim Cooper by Jack Fjeldstad.

Being first broadcast in the early 1960s when Norway only had one radio station and television was not as widespread as today, Dickie Dick Dickens became immensely popular. According to Fredrik Wandrup in 2011, "when new episodes were sent the nation was as silent as after a gangster massacre".

In 2001, listeners of NRK voted Dickie Dick Dickens the most popular radio play of all time.

Sveriges Radio produced 36 episodes in 1965 and 1966. Dickie Dick Dickens was played by Martin Ljung while Beppe Wolgers played Jim Cooper. Four more episodes were made in 1970 and another four in 1973.

Books, theatre
Rolf and Alexandra Becker wrote five novels parallel with the radio play productions; the first one was published in 1959.

 * Dickie Dick Dickens (1959)
 * Dickie gibt kein Fersengeld (1963)
 * Dickie Dick Dickens gegen Chicago (1964)
 * Dickie Dick Dickens schlägt Wellen (1986)

The books have been translated into Swedish, and later also into Norwegian and sold in Norway; the first was published in 2012.

Five CD series of the Norwegian version have been released, the first in 1998. As of 2011, the series had sold 30,000 copies.

In 2011, Oslo Nye Teater/Centralteatret in Oslo staged a play based on the series. It featured Johannes Jones playing Dickie Dick Dickens, Monica Hjelle playing Effie Marconi while four other characters were played by puppets. The play later toured Norway as part of Riksteatret.

title: Dickie Dick Dickens


text:
2015 Launceston Tennis International – Women's doubles

Monique Adamczak and Olivia Rogowska were the defending champions, however both players chose not to participate.

The top seeds Han Xinyun and Junri Namigata won the title, defeating Wang Yafan and Yang Zhaoxuan in the final, 6–4, 3–6, [10–6].

Seeds
• # 🇨🇳 Han Xinyun / 🇯🇵 Junri Namigata (champions)

• # 🇦🇺 Jessica Moore / 🇦🇺 Abbie Myers (first round)

• # 🇨🇳 Liu Chang / 🇨🇳 Lu Jiajing (quarterfinals)

• # 🇹🇭 Varatchaya Wongteanchai / 🇹🇭 Varunya Wongteanchai (first round)


text:
Talk:Himachal Vikas Congress

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title: Talk:Himachal Vikas Congress