text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stuart Plenderleith

The result was   delete. j⚛e deckertalk 03:34, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Stuart Plenderleith

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non notable sailor. CSD declined as he had sailed for Australia, which is not true. According to the reference provided he merely sailed in the Australian National championships, big difference (Any weekend sailor can enter). Don't believe he meets GNG and there is no indication of his skill level - no mention of placings, ranking etc Gbawden (talk) 10:42, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Australia-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:06, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sportspeople-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:07, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete Fails GNG and nothing shows he's done anything to meet WP:ATHLETE. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:29, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete minor sailor with no notability.John Pack Lambert (talk) 04:41, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete, I don't see anything that would indicate he meets WP:BIO. The article probably technically qualifies as CSD A7 at this point.  Lankiveil (speak to me) 12:36, 16 February 2015 (UTC).


text:
Sibongiseni Shabalala

Sibongiseni Lucas Shabalala (born 20 May 1972), is a member of Ladysmith Black Mambazo, a South African choral group founded in 1960 (formerly led) by his father Joseph.

Sibongiseni was born in Ladysmith (eMnambithi district) to Joseph and his wife Nellie, just shortly after the release of the group's first album Amabutho. In 1976, Joseph brought together his six sons to form Mshengu White Mambazo, Ladysmith's 'junior choir'.

After the murder of his uncle Headman Shabalala in December 1991 and the retirement of several other members (Inos Phungula, Geophrey Mdletshe and Ben Shabalala), Joseph later recruited Sibongiseni and his brothers Thamsanqa, Thulani and Msizi. Sibongiseni began singing with Mambazo as a bass voice and has remained in the line-up since 1993.

Together with his brother Thamsanqa and a well-known South African guitarist Maqhinga Radebe, Sibongiseni formed the maskandi-mbaqanga-isicathamiya crossover band Shabalala Rhythm in 1998, which has released successful releases to date including Ubuhle Bakho (2003) and Vuma (2005).

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sibongiseni Shabalala


text:
María Patricia Franco Cruz

María de la Cruz Patricia Franco Cruz (born 3 May 1960) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party. In 2012 she served as Deputy of the LXI Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico.

title: María Patricia Franco Cruz


text:
Charles Rogers (collector)

Charles Rogers (2 August 1711– 2 January 1784) was an English customs official, known as an art collector. He also wrote on drawings, and became a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Life
Born on 2 August 1711, he was second surviving son of William and Isabella Rogers of Dean Street, Soho, London. In May 1731 he was placed in the custom house under William Townson, from whom he acquired a taste for the fine arts and book-collecting. Townson, the head in the Customs Office of the Certificate Office, collected books and prints.

Townson left his estate to Rogers in 1740, a bequest which included a house at 3 Laurence Pountney Lane, London, containing a museum of art treasures. Here Rogers in 1746 took up residence. There were other houses left to him, one in Mark Lane, London, and the other in Richmond, Surrey. In 1747 he became clerk of the certificates.

Through his friend Arthur Pond, Rogers was elected Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London on 23 February 1752, and served on its council. He became Fellow of the Royal Society on 17 November 1757.

Rogers built up a print collection, with the help of friends, particular of Horatio Paul who lived abroad, and whose father Robert was a customs official, and Robert Udny. He was well connected in artistic and antiquarian circles. His personal assistant in the 1780s was Henry Walton Smith. He died unmarried on 2 January 1784, and was buried in the Laurence Pountney churchyard.

Works
The major work by Rogers was a series of facsimiles of original drawings from the masters, "engraved in tint" (mezzotint or aquatint, probably with etching). The book was issued in 1778, with the title A Collection of Prints in Imitation of Drawings … to which are annexed Lives of their Authors, with Explanatory and Critical Notes, 2 vols. imperial folio. The 112 plates were engraved mainly by Francesco Bartolozzi, William Wynne Ryland, James Basire, and Simon Watts, from drawings some of which were in Rogers's own collection. Other prominent collectors that had their works reproduced in the project included Thomas Hudson.

There were Raphael drawings used, from the collection of Joshua Reynolds. From the collection of Niccolò Gabburri, there were facsimiles of drawings that Rogers had acquired, in the 1762 sale by the dealer William Kent. One living artist was included, Vieira Lusitano.

In 1782 Rogers published an anonymous blank-verse translation of Dante's Inferno. He also contributed to Archæologia and The Gentleman's Magazine.

Legacy and the Cotton Collection
Rogers's collections passed at his death to William Cotton (d. 1791), who married his sister and heiress, and from him descended to his son, William Cotton, F.S.A., of the custom house. He then sold by auction in 1799 and 1801 a considerable portion of the collection; the sale occupied 24 days and realised £3,886 10s. The remainder, on Cotton's death in 1816, became the property of his son, William Cotton, who died in 1863. John Cotton (1802–1849), the ornithologist in Australia, was his younger brother. William Cotton matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford in 1811, aged 17, graduating B.A. in 1814, and M.A. in 1818. (He did not go into the church, as Alumni Oxonienses claims: the mistaken identity, confusion with William Cotton (died 1853) who was the son of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton, 5th Baronet is pointed out in the Clergy of the Church of England database.) He lived at the Priory, Leatherhead, Surrey, and Highland House, Ivybridge, Devon. He published a catalogue of the Rogers collection in 1836; also on Plympton Erle and the family background of Joshua Reynolds, and Totnes; and was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

After making some additions to the collection, Cotton handed it over in two instalments, in 1852 and 1862, to the proprietors of the Plymouth Public Library. An apartment was built for it and was opened to the public on 1 June 1853 by the name of the Cottonian Library. The collection was moved in 1916 to the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery.

The collection included four portraits by Sir Joshua Reynolds, about five thousand prints, a few fine examples of early typography, illuminated manuscripts of the fifteenth century, carvings, models, casts, bronzes, and medals. A catalogue of the first part of the benefaction, compiled by Llewellynn Frederick William Jewitt, was printed in 1853.

title: Charles Rogers (collector)


text:
Bahá'í Faith/Prophecy/Hinduism

Prophecy of the Hinduism

For the Sake of Establishing Righteousness

 * Bhagavad Gita- fourth discourse Whenever there is decay of righteousness... and there is exaltation of unrighteousness, then I Myself come forth... for the destruction of evil-doers, for the sake of firmly establishing righteousness, I am born from age to age

title: Bahá'í Faith/Prophecy/Hinduism


text:
Talk:Des Browne

PHOTO NEEDED
The powers-that-be on Wikipedia seem to be objecting to official governemnt photos of British politicians being used on Wikipedia as Crown Copyright is not a sufficiently free license. Apparently they are readily replaceable with free images. Not that I can find any. So here's the challenge people. If Des Browne (or one of his colleagues) is going to be in your area and you have a spare minute, grab your digital photos and get snapping! Hopefully we'll get a new photo soon. All efforts appreciated.WJBscribe 01:11, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I've found a free pic for the time being. Taken by a US Def Dep employee. Would be nice to have one where he's vaguely looking at the camera though... WJBscribe 02:03, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Apology
Can the text of his "apology" in the Commons be quoted in the main article? It must be one of the most convoluted apologies of all time and is going to go down in history. --jmb 13:10, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Swiss Des?
Not once have I heard him referred to as 'Swiss Des'. His facial similarity to 'Swiss Toni' is readily apparent - agreed - but the monkier 'Swiss Toni' was applied to him the same day he was appointed in office by a contributor to the ARRSE website. Even his own staff refer to him as 'Swiss Toni'. Behind his back, I might add. <IP_ADDRESS> 10:20, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Requested move
not moved. Same rationale as in Talk:Jeremy Beecham. There seems to be little doubt (in the arguments below) that this individual is better known without the title and WP:NCPEER seems reasonably clear that we should use the personal name.--rgpk (comment) 17:44, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

Des Browne → Des Browne, Baron Browne of Ladyton.

 * Oppose - Known for being Scottish Secretary and Defence Secretary while he was an MP and not as a peer. Also no disambiguation is required for this article title.--Lucy-marie (talk) 18:29, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. WP:NCPEER is quite clear. This chap is no longer wholly or exclusively known by his pre-peerage nomenclature. Kittybrewster  ☎  15:15, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose for same reasons as given above. Also compare Peter Mandelson, John Prescott, Michael Howard, David Trimble, Tommy McAvoy, Paul Boateng, Jack McConnell etc. Johnhousefriday (talk) 01:43, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Johnhousefriday could have added David Steel to his list. And James Douglas-Hamilton is commonly known as just that, not James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas, so that article ought to be renamed, not this one. Scottish politicians who are peers do not go about advertising the fact. For obvious reasons. --Mais oui! (talk) 16:39, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Support. Former politicians who have been ennobled are almost invariably known by their titles thereafter. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:31, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment - This is not a Crystal Ball and what they are currently known is what we have to take as the current commonly used name. If in the future the individual is known regularly by their ennobled title then that would be grounds to change the article title. To though say, it is expected that the names they are known by will change is not how things work on Wikipeida. --Lucy-marie (talk) 17:36, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:COMMON. His primary period of notability was (obviously) as a member of the Cabinet. It is highly unlikely that he will ever again be anywhere near as prominent as he was then. If, against overwhelming expectations, he becomes famous as a Lord, or as a circus acrobat or as a serial murderer, or whatever, then we can retitle the article. --Mais oui! (talk) 16:12, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Given that Browne only acquired the title less than a year ago, and has had a very quiet career since - it was hard to find nontrivial recent coverage on him by either name! - this seems like a pretty good case of "keep at the old name". Moving when someone continues to have a public career after being ennobled makes sense, but retitling every ex-Minister who gets sent to the Lords doesn't seem to help. Common name, not most formal style. Shimgray | talk | 18:09, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose like most of the other identical situations (we really ought to have one centralized discussion about this issue, I can't be bothered writing the same arguments on 20 different pages).--Kotniski (talk) 09:17, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Des Browne


text:
1989 OFC Women's Championship

The 1989 OFC Women's Championship was the third OFC Women's Championship of women's association football (also known as the OFC Women's Nations Cup). It took place in Brisbane, Australia from 26 March to 1 April 1989. Five teams participated in the tournament, and a total of eleven matches were played.

Chinese Taipei won the tournament for the second time after beating New Zealand 1–0 in the final. The third place match between Australia and their B-side was cancelled due to waterlogged pitch.

Teams
The following five teams participated in the tournament:
 * (also known as Australia Green)
 * Australia B (also known as Australia Gold)

 * withdrew after the team was refused permission to participate by the Indian government, which was "not satisfied it had reached a sufficiently high standard to compete".

Goalscorers

 * 9 goals
 * Huang Yu-chuan
 * 5 goals
 * 🇳🇿 Amanda Crawford
 * 4 goals
 * 🇦🇺 Janine Riddington
 * 3 goals
 * Hsieh Su-chen
 * 2 goals

 * 🇦🇺 Carol Vinson
 * 🇳🇿 Wendi Henderson

 * 1 goal

 * 🇦🇺 Leanne Priestley
 * 🇦🇺 Angela Iannotta (for Australia B)
 * 🇦🇺 Jane Oakley (for Australia B)
 * Yen Chun-mei
 * Che Hsiu-fang
 * Chen Yueh-mei
 * 🇳🇿 Julia Campbell
 * 🇳🇿 Kim Nye
 * 🇳🇿 Deborah Pullen
 * 🇵🇬 Geraldine Eka

title: 1989 OFC Women's Championship


text:
User:Vipenm9/Books/New Learning MOOCs etc

New Learning MOOCs etc

 * New Learning
 * Flipped classroom
 * Blended learning
 * Mastery learning

 * Khan Academy
 * Khan Academy
 * Salman Khan (educator)
 * TED (conference)

 * Learning theory
 * E-learning
 * Learning theory
 * Educational technology

 * SPOCK and MOOCs
 * Small private online course
 * Massive open online course


text:
Talk:Denis Dupéré

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 15:24, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Today
Denis is currently living in Kitchener, Ontario. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:38, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denis Dupéré


text:
Toivo Maimets

Toivo Maimets (born 29 December 1957 in Tartu) is an Estonian biologist and cell biology professor at the University of Tartu. From 2003 to 2005 he was the Minister of Education of Estonia, representing the Res Publica Party.

Education
Maimets studied at the Miina Härma Gymnasium and the Tartu Tamme Gymnasium. He graduated in 1975. After graduating from high school he went to study biology at the University of Tartu, graduating in 1980. In 1984 he received a Candidate of Sciences degree at Moscow State University in molecular biology.

Honors

 * 2000 Eesti Kaitseliidu teenetemedal
 * 2001 Order of the White Star, 4th class
 * 2005 Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas, 2nd class (Lithuania)
 * 2007 Medal of Tartu University (Tartu Ülikooli medal)
 * 2016 Teadusajakirjanduse sõbra auhind

Personal life
Maimets is married and has three children (Andri Maimets, Kaire Maimets, and Martii Maimets). His brother, Matti Maimets, is the head of the Infection Department at the Tartu University Clinic. His father, Olev Maimets was a professor of anatomy at the University of Tartu.

title: Toivo Maimets


text:
Diamond Days

Diamond Days may refer to:

Albums

 * Diamond Days (The Outfield album), released in 1990
 * Diamond Days (Out of the Grey album), released in 1994
 * Diamond Days (Eric Bibb album), released in 2007
 * Collection Album Vol.1 Diamond Days, by Lia (Japanese singer) 2007
 * Diamond Days (Bento album), Ben Gillies solo album 2012

Songs

 * "Diamond Days", single by Kids in Glass Houses from In Gold Blood
 * "Diamond Days", single by Mary Black, written by Jimmy MacCarthy 1985
 * "Diamond Days" a song written by Chris Murphy and performed on season 4 of Australian Idol
 * "Diamond Days", single by Cruel Youth from +30mg

Other

 * Diamond Day Records, the label of The Steepwater Band
 * Diamond Days, a five-week special event concluding Steven Universe's fifth and final season

title: Diamond Days


text:
Damphreux

Damphreux is a former municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

History
Damphreux is first mentioned in 1161 as Damfriol. On 1 January 2023, Damphreux and Lugnez were merged to form the new municipality of Damphreux-Lugnez.

Geography
Damphreux has an area of. Of this area, 3.53 km2 or 62.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.78 km2 or 31.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.29 km2 or 5.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.03 km2 or 0.5% is either rivers or lakes and 0.03 km2 or 0.5% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.3% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.3%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 38.7% is used for growing crops and 23.3% is pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 0.4% is in lakes and 0.2% is in rivers and streams.

The municipality is located in the Porrentruy district.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent, a Squirrel Gules holding an Acorn Vert sitting on a Mount of the last.

Demographics
Damphreux has a population of. , 7.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of -1.7%. Migration accounted for -4.7%, while births and deaths accounted for 2.3%.

Most of the population speaks French (144 or 86.7%) as their first language, German is the second most common (19 or 11.4%) and Italian is the third (1 or 0.6%).

, the population was 53.3% male and 46.7% female. The population was made up of 83 Swiss men (49.1% of the population) and 7 (4.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 74 Swiss women (43.8%) and 5 (3.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 71 or about 42.8% were born in Damphreux and lived there in 2000. There were 54 or 32.5% who were born in the same canton, while 24 or 14.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 17 or 10.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.7%.

, there were 57 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 84 married individuals, 12 widows or widowers and 13 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 69 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 23 households that consist of only one person and 6 households with five or more people. , a total of 66 apartments (79.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 15 apartments (18.1%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (2.4%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 4.6%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 39.81% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (25%), the SPS (17.59%) and the SVP (12.96%). In the federal election, a total of 56 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.9%.

Economy
, Damphreux had an unemployment rate of 2.9%. , there were 25 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 5 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 2 businesses in this sector. 27 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 9 businesses in this sector. There were 78 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.0% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 47. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 20, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 4 of which 1 was in manufacturing and 3 (75.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 23. In the tertiary sector; 7 or 30.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 8.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 2 or 8.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 4 or 17.4% were in education.

, there were 26 workers who commuted into the municipality and 55 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 34.6% of the workforce coming into Damphreux are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 10.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 64.1% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 126 or 75.9% were Roman Catholic, while 24 or 14.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There was 1 individual who was Islamic. 14 (or about 8.43% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1 individuals (or about 0.60% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Damphreux about 48 or (28.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 5 or (3.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 5 who completed tertiary schooling, 20.0% were Swiss men, 60.0% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009-10 school year, there were no students attending school in Damphreux.

, there were 16 students in Damphreux who came from another municipality, while 15 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Damphreux


text:
Talk:Denis Pimankov

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text:
Cookbook:Bulgur Burgers

| Vegetarian cuisine | Sandwiches

A bulgur burger is a tasty vegetarian patty for use in sandwiches.

Ingredients

 * 3 cups water
 * 2 cloves garlic
 * 1 ½ cups bulghur
 * 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
 * ½ cup scallions, chopped
 * ½ cup carrots, grated
 * ¼ cup fresh parsley, chopped
 * ¼ cup tahini
 * 2 tablespoons tomato paste
 * 2 tablespoons soy sauce
 * 1 teaspoon Dijon mustard
 * 1 dash ground black pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Bring the water to a boil.
 * 2) While it is heating, use a heavy pan or skillet to sauté the garlic and bulghur in the oil on medium-high heat for 2 minutes, stirring frequently.
 * 3) Add the boiling water to the skillet. Return to a boil, cover, and reduce heat to low.
 * 4) Simmer for 15 to 20 minutes, until all of the water is absorbed and the bulghur is soft but still chewy.
 * 5) When the bulghur is ready, stir in the scallions, carrots, parsley, tahini, tomato paste, soy sauce, mustard, and pepper. With moistened hands, form the bulghur mixture into 6 to 8 burgers.
 * 6) Cook the patties in a lightly-oiled heavy skillet on medium-low heat for about 10 minutes, flipping the burgers once when the outside is crunchy, or bake on an oiled baking sheet for 20 minutes at 375 °F (190 °C).

Notes, tips, and variations

 * For a different flavour and more protein, add 1 cup of mashed cooked chickpeas to the cooked bulghur along with the other ingredients, before forming the burgers.

title: Cookbook:Bulgur Burgers


text:
antipod

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) antipode

Noun

 * 1) antipode

Noun

 * 1)  antipode; the point on the opposite side of a sphere

title: antipod


text:
Serve the People

"Serve the People" is a political slogan and the motto of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It originates from the title of a speech by Mao Zedong, delivered in September 1944.

The slogan became popular in the United States due to the strong Maoist influence on the New Left, especially among the Red Guard Party, the Black Panther Party, and the Yellow Brotherhood of West Los Angeles.

Development
Mao Zedong wrote this speech to commemorate the death of a PLA soldier, Zhang Side, a participant in the Long March who died in the collapse of a kiln when he worked in Shaanxi province. In the speech, Mao quoted a phrase written by the famous Han Dynasty historian Sima Qian: "Though death befalls all men alike, it may be heavy as Mount Tai or light as a feather" (人固有一死，或轻于鸿毛，或重于泰山). Mao continued: "To die for the people is weightier than Mount Tai, but to work for the fascists and die for the exploiters and oppressors is lighter than a feather. Comrade Zhang Side died for the people, and his death is indeed weightier than Mount Tai".

The speech, delivered on 8 September 1944, states that the CCP and the People's Liberation Army have no other goal than to serve the people. It states that the CCP and its cadres should not be afraid of criticism, and if criticism is correct, they should accept it and revise their behavior accordingly. It also states that everyone in the revolutionary ranks is equal regardless of title or position.

The phrase "serve the people" became rhetorically important and subsequently appeared in important texts of Chinese Marxism including On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People.

Use in Mao-era China
During the Third Front campaign to develop basic industry and national defense industry in China's interior, Serve the People was frequently assigned as reading for Third Front workers.

During the Cultural Revolution, the speech was widely read and people were encouraged to memorize it. Its messages had the effect of serving as a code of conduct which ordinary people could use to hold officials accountable.

Contemporary uses
The slogan of serving the people reflects the influence of the Maoist principle of the mass line.

Ceremonial role
The slogan is inscribed in the calligraphy of Mao himself, on the screen wall facing the front entrance of the Zhongnanhai compound, which serves as the headquarters for the senior party leadership and houses the offices of the General Secretary, Politburo Standing Committee and the State Council, together composing some of the most powerful offices in the PRC.

Since 1984, during inspections of troops in the People's Liberation Army, the following ceremonial exchange is carried out:
 * Inspecting official: "Hello, Comrades!"
 * Troops: "Hello, Leader [or Chairman]!"
 * Inspecting official: "Comrades, you have worked hard!"
 * Troops: "[We] Serve the people!"

Under Xi Jinping, the slogan has increasingly been replaced with "serve the overall situation" on public buildings and in official documents.

Cultural role
In 2007, actress Cameron Diaz caused a minor controversy by carrying a bag with the "Serve the People" slogan in Chinese on a tour of Peru. Many Peruvians felt the bag to be a show of support for the Maoist movement Shining Path.

In 2005, author Yan Lianke wrote a satirical novel set during the Cultural Revolution titled Serve the People! about an affair between the wife of a military officer and a peasant soldier.

Huawei founder and CCP member Ren Zhengfei states that Huawei's culture is the same as the CCP's culture, "and to serve the people wholeheartedly means to be customer-centric and responsible to society." The conglomerate Hengtong Group characterizes its business mission as "Serve the people and devote to the society," also a reference to Mao's speech.

title: Serve the People


text:
Spanish/Infinitive

The infinitive is the simple, unconjugated form of a verb. It does not indicate who is doing the action or any time reference. "To be" is a verb in the English infinitive form. "Ser" is a verb in the Spanish infinitive form. When you look up a verb in the dictionary it is found in the infinitive form.

In Spanish the infinitive forms always end with "ar", "er" or "ir". Examples: "amar" (to love), "temer" (to fear), "partir" (to leave).

The infinitive can be used for a lot of things in Spanish grammar. It functions as a gerund in Spanish. In the following examples, I will use "nadar" (to swim):
 * Yo quiero "nadar".--- I want to swim.
 * Yo pensaba que "nadar" era divertido---I used to think that swimming was fun

title: Spanish/Infinitive


text:
57th Bodil Awards

The 58th Bodil Awards were held on 7 March 2004 in Imperial Cinema in Copenhagen, Denmark, honouring the best national and foreign films of 2003. Peter Mygind og Mette Horn hosted the event. Lars von Trier's Dogville won the award for Best Danish Film while The Inheritance won the awards for best actor in leading and supporting roles and Lykkevej won the awards for best actress in leading and supporting roles.

Best Danish Film

 * Dogville
 * Reconstruction
 * Scratch
 * Stealing Rembrandt
 * The Inheritance

Best Actor in a Leading Role

 * Ulrich Thomsen – The Inheritance
 * Lars Brygmann – *Reconstruction
 * Jakob Cedergren – Stealing Rembrandt
 * Mads Mikkelsen – De grønne slagtere
 * John Turturro – Fear X

Best Actress in a Leading Role

 * Birthe Neumann – Lykkevej
 * Stephanie Leòn – Bagland
 * Nicole Kidman – Dogville
 * Maria Bonnevie ' *Reconstruction

Best Actor in a Supporting Role

 * Peter Steen – The Inheritance
 * Jesper Lohmann – Lykkevej
 * Nicolas Bro – Stealing Rembrandt
 * Stellan Skarsgård – Dogville

Best Actress in a Supporting Role

 * Ditte Gråbøl – Lykkevej
 * Bronagh Gallagher – Skagerrak
 * Lisa Werlinder – The *Inheritance

Best American Film

 * Bowling for Columbine
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
 * Far From Heaven
 * The Hours
 * Mystic River

Best Non-American Film

 * Goodbye, Lenin!
 * Sweet Sixteen
 * City Of God
 * Guddommelig indgriben
 * Irréversible

Bodil Special Award

 * Anders Refn

title: 57th Bodil Awards


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Cookbook:Beef Gravy Soup

| Soups

This recipe for beef gravy soup is derived from the Household Cyclopedia of 1881.

Ingredients

 * 1 pound lean beef, sliced
 * 2 medium onions, sliced
 * 1 pound sliced root vegetables, such as carrots, turnips, or radishes
 * 2 tablespoons beef broth
 * 2 cups vegetable broth
 * Salt, to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Place the onions and root vegetables in a large stock pot. Add the beef and the beef stock on top.
 * 2) Bring to a simmer over low heat for 30 minutes, stirring well.
 * 3) When the beef and vegetables look cooked, add the vegetable broth and salt.
 * 4) Bring back to a simmer and serve.

title: Cookbook:Beef Gravy Soup


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Talk:Black Beauty/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: J Milburn (talk · contribs) 17:48, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

I'm afraid this article is not ready for GA status. Writing about such important/influential books is going to be difficult, and this article has a number of problems.

Here are some bigger issues: ✅
 * Why is there just a "plot introduction"? We need a full plot summary!
 * I'm not just talking about the section title- we don't need a general description of what the book is about, we need a summary of the actual plot. J Milburn (talk) 18:58, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

✅
 * "Qualities of the book" and "Reaction to the book" are weird titles- how about "analysis" and "reception" respectively? On that note, "Background" would make more sense than "history".
 * Sections of the article are unreferenced. There are unreferenced quotes in the history section, and the various adaptation/influence sections are completely unsourced.
 * The lists should be made into prose. The links to the IMDB are not useful- if the films are notable, link to Wikipedia articles (or redlink, if articles are yet to be created). If they aren't notable, just lead them as-is.
 * Your source formatting is odd/inconsistent; the use of citation templates may be helpful. It's unclear what several of the sources are supposed to be ("Coslett, pg. 69." tells me nothing, for example)
 * The article contains some pretty glaring errors. One book cited literally does not exist. I made a change which I assume reflects what was meant.
 * There is a lot of literature out there on this novel- more really needs to be looked into before this is ready for a GAC nomination.

If you have specific questions, you're welcome to ask me here or on my talk page, but hopefully the comments above will give you an idea of the kinds of things which would be needed. I am closing the review at this time. J Milburn (talk) 17:48, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black Beauty/GA1


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Scouting/BSA/American Labor Merit Badge

Requirement 1
Using resources available to you, learn about working people and work-related concerns. List and briefly describe or give examples of at least EIGHT concerns of American workers. These may include, but are not limited to, working conditions, workplace safety, hours, wages, seniority, job security, equal opportunity employment and discrimination, guest workers, automation and technologies that replace workers, unemployment, layoffs, outsourcing, and employee benefits such as health care, child care, profit sharing, and retirement benefits.

Requirement 2
With your counselor's and parent's approval and permission, visit the office or attend a meeting of a local union, a central labor council, or an employee organization, or contact one of these organizations via the Internet. Then do EACH of the following:

 * A. Find out what the organization does.

 * B. Share the list of issues and concerns you made for requirement 1. Ask the people you communicate with which issues are of greatest interest or concern to them and why.

 * C. Draw a diagram showing how the organization is structured, from the local to the national level, if applicable.

Requirement 3
Explain to your counselor what labor unions are, what they do, and what services they provide to members. In your discussion, show that you understand the concepts of labor, management, collective bargaining, negotiation, union shops, open shops, grievance procedures, mediation, arbitration, work stoppages, strikes, and lockouts.

Requirement 4
Explain what is meant by the adversarial model of labor-management relations, compared with a cooperative-bargaining style.

Requirement 5
Do ONE of the following:

 * A. Develop a time line of significant events in the history of the American labor movement from the 1770s to the present.

1648 - Boston shoemakers and coopers form guilds. 1770 - Boston Massacre set off by a conflict between rope workers and British soldiers. 1776 - Declaration of Independence signed in Carpenter's Hall. 1790 - First textile mill, built in Pawtucket, RI, is staffed entirely by children under the age of 12. 1814 - The invention of the power loom makes weaving a factory occupation. 1827 - The first citywide labor council forms in Philadelphia. 1837 - Andrew Jackson declares a 10-hour workday in Philadelphia Navy Yard. 1868 - The first federal 8-hour day takes effect. It is very limited, though. 1874 - The union label is used for the first time by the Cigar Makers International Union. 1876 - Molly Maguires convicted for coal-field murders in Pennsylvania. 10 are hanged. 1882 - First Labor Day Celebration takes place in New York City. 1885 - The Foran Act bans immigration of laborers brought in under contract to break strikes. 1886 - The American Federation of Labor forms with Samuel Gompers as its first president. 1886 - The Haymarket Riot takes place in Chacago. Four are hanged. 1892 - The Homestead Strike in Pennsylvania ends in a Union loss. 1906 - The International Typographical Union successfully strikes for an 8-hour day. 1919 - A strike by Boston police is the first ever by public safety workers. 1935 - The Social Security act is approved. 1936 - The Walsh-Healey Act sets safety standards, minimum wage, overtime pay and child labor provisions on all federal contracts. 1938 - A federal minimum wage law takes effect. 1947 - The Taft-Hartley Act restricts union activities and lets states pass "right-to-work" laws. 1955 - The AFL and CIO reunite. 1964 - The Civil Rights Act prohibits employment discrimination. 1981 - Ronald Reagan fires most of the nation's air traffic controllers for refusing to end strike. 1993 - The Family and Medical leave Act is passed. 1997 - UPS workers strike over control of retirement benefits.

 * B. Prepare an exhibit, a scrapbook, or a computer presentation, such as a slide show, illustrating three major achievements of the American labor movement and how those achievements affect American workers.

 * C. With your counselor's and parent's approval and permission, watch a movie that addresses organized labor in the United States. Afterward, discuss the movie with your counselor and explain what you learned.

 * D. Read a biography (with your counselor's approval) of someone who has made a contribution to the American labor movement. Explain what contribution this person has made to the American labor movement.

Requirement 6
Explain the term globalization. Discuss with your counselor some effects of globalization on the workforce in the United States. Explain how this global workforce fits into the economic system of this country.

Requirement 7
Choose a labor issue of widespread interest to American workers-an issue in the news currently or known to you from your work on this merit badge. Before your counselor, or in writing, argue both sides of the issue, first taking management's side, then presenting labor's or the employee's point of view. In your presentation, summarize the basic rights and responsibilities of employers and employees, including union members and nonunion members.

Requirement 8
Discuss with your counselor the different goals that may motivate the owners of a business, its stockholders, its customers, its employees, the employees' representatives, the community, and public officials. Explain why agreements and compromises are made and how they affect each group in achieving its goals.

Requirement 9
Learn about opportunities in the field of labor relations. Choose one career in which you are interested and discuss with your counselor the major responsibilities of that position and the qualifications, education, and training such a position requires.

title: Scouting/BSA/American Labor Merit Badge


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Cardewlees

Cardewlees is a hamlet in Cumbria, England, historically part of Cumberland. It is about 4.5 mi southwest of Carlisle. It is located northwest of Dalston (of which parish it belongs to ), north of Cardew and northeast of Thursby, just off the A595 road. A windmill located here has been converted into apartments. Thursby Manor is located nearby. Cardewlees hit the headlines in 1862 when resident Sarah Carrick poisoned herself with phosphorus paste, or rat poison.

Archaeologically it is known for The Cardewlees Altar.

Notable people
It is the birthplace of John Wilson, an architect with the Board of Ordnance who was responsible for some of the Regency buildings in the island of Guernsey.

title: Cardewlees


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Language/2019 September 14

= September 14 =

Vocative of ego
Is there one? I know this is an old question, but it bends my brain. Temerarius (talk) 20:02, 14 September 2019 (UTC)
 * We don't have an article called "Vocative of ego" So what are you talking about? ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 22:20, 14 September 2019 (UTC)
 * OP is rather obviously asking for the vocative of ego. DuncanHill (talk) 22:32, 14 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary declension of ego here. DuncanHill (talk) 22:29, 14 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I would like to see an example where "ego" is used as a vocative. Even when one addresses one's self, isn't that usually done in the second person? ("Sluzzelin, you really made a fool of yourself") When using "I" is one ever addressing "I"? My old dusty Latin grammar book, only featured the vocative for "tu" and "vos", but not for "ego" and "nos". Maybe a case could be made for "nos", but I'm really struggling with imagining a sentence where "I" is being addressed by the speaker. ---Sluzzelin talk  00:30, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I found this which says "Addressing Jupiter and the other Olympian deities at Martianus Capella Marriage of Philology and Mercury 3.325, the personified Grammar draws attention to many irregular word-forms, and asks why ego has only the one form, but Minerva interrupts her for fear that she may bore her audience. It may seem obvious that ego has no vocative (most people talk to themselves in the second person), but the ancient grammarians repeatedly take pains to point this out, and Virgilius Maro Grammaticus, without doubt the most eccentric of all grammarians, reports that Terrentius and the splendidly named Galbungus wrangled over the point for fourteen days and fourteen nights. (Like Virgilius, they may have been 7th-cent. Irish monks.) Bodl. Gr. Inscr. 3019 is a 3rd century AD Greek schooltext which includes declension of the pronouns “I”, “this”, “he” and “that”, all of them containing the vocative (always the same as the nominative)" which may or may not help. It comes up in The Name of the Rose too. DuncanHill (talk) 00:38, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

 * First off, the Latin vocative has a very different function than the other Latin cases. The other cases indicate what the relationship is of that word to other words and phrases in the same sentence (subject of verb, object of verb or preposition, etc).  However, the vocative case indicates that the word is part of a separate clause, with a lack of grammatical relationship to other words in the sentence (except adjacent words in direct apposition).
 * Second, in the Latin language, the vocative case is only distinct in the singular of second declension non-neuters (see Latin declension). In all other inflectional paradigms, the vocative is identical in form with the nominative.  Since the first person pronoun isn't part of the second declension, there's no expectation of a distinct inflectional form... AnonMoos (talk) 02:39, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

 * As a native speaker of a language which has vocative (among a bunch of other cases) I've never asked myself whether personal pronouns have a vocative... <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:28, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * But if you did, how would you say it? {The poster formerly known as <IP_ADDRESS>} <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:41, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * . --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  00:53, 16 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Geometry/Angles

An angle is the union of two rays with a common endpoint, called the vertex. The angles formed by vertical and horizontal lines are called right angles; lines, segments, or rays that intersect in right angles are said to be perpendicular.

Angles, for our purposes, can be measured in either degrees (from 0 to 360) or radians (from 0 to $$2\pi$$). Angles length can be determined by measuring along the arc they map out on a circle. In radians we consider the length of the arc of the circle mapped out by the angle. Since the circumference of a circle is $$2\pi$$, a right angle is $$\frac{\pi}{2}$$ radians. In degrees, the circle is 360 degrees, and so a right angle would be 90 degrees.

Naming Conventions
Angles are named in several ways.
 * By naming the vertex of the angle (only if there is only one angle formed at that vertex; the name must be non-ambiguous) $$\angle B$$
 * By naming a point on each side of the angle with the vertex in between. $$\angle ABC$$
 * By placing a small number on the interior of the angle near the vertex.

Classification of Angles by Degree Measure
Acute Angle
 * an angle is said to be acute if it measures between 0 and 90 degrees, exclusive.

Right Angle
 * an angle is said to be right if it measures 90 degrees.
 * notice the small box placed in the corner of a right angle, unless the box is present it is not assumed the angle is 90 degrees.
 * all right angles are congruent

Obtuse Angle
 * an angle is said to be obtuse if it measures between 90 and 180 degrees, exclusive.

Special Pairs of Angles

 * adjacent angles
 * adjacent angles are angles with a common vertex and a common side.
 * adjacent angles have no interior points in common.

 * complementary angles
 * complementary angles are two angles whose sum is 90 degrees.
 * complementary angles may or may not be adjacent.
 * if two complementary angles are adjacent, then their exterior sides are perpendicular.
 * supplementary angles
 * two angles are said to be supplementary if their sum is 180 degrees.
 * supplementary angles need not be adjacent.
 * if supplementary angles are adjacent, then the sides they do not share form a line.
 * linear pair
 * if a pair of angles is both adjacent and supplementary, they are said to form a linear pair.
 * vertical angles
 * angles with a common vertex whose sides form opposite rays are called vertical angles.
 * vertical angles are congruent.

title: Geometry/Angles


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Learning Java/Error handling II

Finally - Generating exceptions !
All exceptions are classes. To get you started, I will show you some code:

Notice the utter simplicity. This is the first part of making exceptions. In the constructor, it calls its super class, Exception. In printStackTrace it also calls the super class. The method printStackTrace will print the error message. Again, note the simplicity!

The second, harder part
What is the use of creating an exception class by itself? It isn't used anywhere... yet! We will make a class and method that throws this exception. We will name the class Use_Exceptions. The class will ask for an int through a window. It will convert the integer to a string and use the try/catch method to do the NumberFormatException. Then, it will throw this exception if the integer is negative. Again, some code:

The "new" creates a new AnotherException. "throw" throws it - executes the exception. Let's make something that uses this:

Just like the normal try/catch block!

title: Learning Java/Error handling II


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S. J. V. Chelvanayakam

Samuel James Veluppillai Chelvanayakam (சாமுவேல் ஜேம்ஸ் வேலுப்பிள்ளை செல்வநாயகம்; 31 March 1898 – 26 April 1977) was a Ceylonese lawyer, politician and Member of Parliament. He was the founder and leader of the Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (ITAK) and Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) and a political leader of the Ceylon Tamil community for more than two decades. Chelvanayakam has been described as a father figure to Ceylon's Tamils, to whom he was known as "Thanthai Chelva" (father Chelva).

Born into an expatriate Ceylon Tamil family in Malaya, Chelvanayakam moved to Ceylon while still young. He worked as a teacher before studying law at Ceylon Law College and qualifying as lawyer. A successful career in civil law saw him becoming a King's Counsel and being offered a position on the Supreme Court, which he rejected. As a young lawyer Chelvanayakam was not involved in politics but when the British established the Soulbury Commission to look into constitutional reform in Ceylon he and other Tamil people formed the All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC) to represent Tamil interests. He was elected to Parliament in 1947 to represent Kankesanthurai, a constituency he would represent until his death, except for a period between 1952 and 1956. Chelvanayakam left the ACTC over the party's decision to join the government and in 1949 founded his own party, ITAK, also known as the Federal Party.

Chelvanayakam and ITAK advocated federalism as a means of sharing power between Ceylon's majority Sinhalese and minority Tamils. Chelvanayakam signed two pacts with Ceylonese prime ministers—Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact (1957) and Dudley-Chelvanayakam Pact (1965)—on devolving powers to Tamils and resolving linguistic rights and other ethnic issues but both were abrogated by the prime ministers due to pressure from Sinhalese nationalists. This, together with government policies which were regarded by Ceylon's minorities as discriminatory, resulted in Chelvanayakam and the Tamil political movement shifting away from federalism and towards separatism. ITAK and other Tamil political groups formed the Tamil United Front (TUF) in 1972 with Chelvanayakam as its leader. TUF was renamed TULF and in 1976, at a convention presided over by Chelvanayakam, passed the Vaddukoddai Resolution calling for the "restoration and reconstitution of the free, sovereign, secular, socialist state of Tamil Eelam".

Chelvanayakam suffered from Parkinson's disease and failing hearing. He died in 1977 aged 79 after a fall at his home. Noted for his integrity, Chelvanayakam was committed to using non-violent methods to achieve his political goals, and led several satyagraha campaigns to realise the Tamils' political demands. His methods, however, failed to secure Tamils' rights in the face of opposition from Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists. His belief that the Tamils' political aspirations could be achieved through Parliamentary institutions has been criticised as naive. With his death the era of non-violent protest was replaced by violent militancy.

Early life and family
Chelvanayakam was born on 31 March 1898 in Ipoh, Malaya. He was the son of Visvanathan Velupillai, a businessman, and Harriet Annamma Kanapathipillai. Velupillai had been a school teacher in Tholpuram in northern Ceylon before migrating to Malaya as a contractor. Chelvanayakam had two brothers (Ernest Velupillai Ponnuthurai and Edward Rajasundaram) and a sister (Atputham Isabel). The family later moved from Ipoh to Taiping.

Malaya had few schools and most of these catered for rich Malays. It was common for expatriate Ceylon Tamils to send their children to schools in Ceylon. Aged four, Chelvanayakam, his mother, his two brothers and his sister were sent to Ceylon for the children's schooling. Velupillai remained in Malaya to provide for his family. The family lived in Tellippalai, Harriet's home town, close to Harriet's siblings and their families. Harriet's brother S. K. Ponniah, a Church of England minister, became Chelvanayakam's guide and adviser.

Chelvanayakam was educated at Union College, Tellippalai and St. John's College, Jaffna. After school he joined S. Thomas' College, Mutwal and obtained an external degree in science from the University of London in 1918. At St. Thomas Chelvanayakam was a contemporary of S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, future Prime Minister of Ceylon. After graduation Chelvanayakam visited his father in Malaya in 1918 shortly before his death.

Chelvanayakam married Emily Grace Barr-Kumarakulasinghe (Rathinam), daughter of R. R. Barr-Kumarakulasinghe, in 1927. The Barr-Kumarakulasinghes were an influential family from Tellippalai who served the Dutch and British administrations in Ceylon. R. R. Barr-Kumarakulasinghe was Maniagar (British appointed administrative chief) for the Valikamam region. The Chelvanayakams had four sons (Manoharan, Vaseekaran, Ravindran and Chandrahasan) and a daughter (Susila).

Chelvanayakam was a Protestant Christian and a member of the Church of South India (CSI). While studying in Colombo he became a member of the Church of England as the CSI had no presence in the capital. Later, when the CSI established a church in Colombo, Chelvanayakam worshipped there. Though a Christian, Chelvanayakam absorbed many of the values of Hinduism. He claimed he was a Christian by religion and a Hindu by culture.

Education, law and business
After graduating Chelvanayakam started teaching at St. Thomas but resigned when the warden William Arthur Stone refused him leave to visit his dying brother Edward Rajasundaram. He then joined Wesley College, Colombo as chief science master. During this period he studied law at Ceylon Law College and became an advocate of the Supreme Court in 1923. He started practising law in Hulftsdorp, specialising in civil law, and was made a King's Counsel on 31 May 1947. Chelvanayakam was twice offered a position on the Supreme Court by Chief Justice John Curtois Howard.

Chelvanayakam was part of a syndicate which purchased a controlling stake in the Pettiagalla Estate plantation in Balangoda. He also owned a printing press which, though not profitable, was used to print ITAK's newspaper Suthanthiran (Freedom).

All Ceylon Tamil Congress
With the annexation of the Kingdom of Kandy in 1815 the British brought the whole island of Ceylon under their control and in 1829 appointed the Colebrooke–Cameron Commission to assess the administration of the island. Among the recommendations of the commission were the end of the separate administration along ethnic/cultural lines for Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamils and the introduction of communal representation whereby Ceylonese members of the Legislative Council were appointed along ethnic lines. The Donoughmore Commission of 1931 introduced universal suffrage and replaced communal representation with territorial representation, thereby introducing majority (Sinhalese) rule. Following the 1936 state council election an all-Sinhalese Board of Ministers was established, stoking fears amongst the island's minorities about Sinhalese domination. Ceylon's Tamils, led by G. G. Ponnambalam, responded by demanding balanced representation (half of seats in legislature for Sinhalese with the remaining half for the combined minorities). When the British appointed Soulbury Commission to look into constitutional reform in 1944, Ceylon's Tamils formed the All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC) to represent Tamil interests.

As a young lawyer Chelvanayakam was not involved in politics but when the ACTC was established in 1944 he became one of its principal organisers. Ponnambalam was the ACTC's president and Chelvanayakam was effectively his deputy. Chelvanayakam was part of the delegation, led by Ponnambalam, to the Soulbury Commission which argued unsuccessfully for balanced representation. Chelvanayakam stood as the ACTC candidate for Kankesanthurai in the 1947 parliamentary election. He won the election and entered Parliament.

In the 19th and 20th centuries the British recruited large numbers of South Indians, primarily Indian Tamils, to work in tea, coffee, rubber and coconut plantations in Ceylon. Ceylon's majority Sinhalese viewed Indian Tamils with deep suspicion, fearing that they would dominate the island's central highlands and ally themselves with the indigenous Ceylon Tamils, increasing the latter's political strength. Following independence from Britain in February 1948, Ceylon's Sinhalese dominated government introduced the Ceylon Citizenship Bill which had the effect of denying citizenship and making stateless the country's Indian Tamils, who by now accounted for 11 per cent of the population. The bill provided for citizenship by descent or registration but both required documentary proof, something that was difficult for most Indian Tamils, many of whom were illiterate. The ACTC opposed the bill which was passed by Parliament at its second reading on 20 August 1948. Shortly afterwards Ponnambalam decided to join the United National Party (UNP) led government which caused a split in the ACTC. Eventually the ACTC dissidents, led by Chelvanayakam, E. M. V. Naganathan and C. Vanniasingam formed the Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (ITAK, Federal Party) on 18 December 1949.

Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi
ITAK had four main aims: creation of a federal union in Ceylon with two states — a Tamil state in the Northern and Eastern provinces and a Sinhalese state in the remaining seven provinces; cessation of state-sponsored colonisation in the two Tamil provinces; unity amongst the Tamil speaking peoples of Ceylon—Ceylon Tamils, Indian Tamils and Muslims; and equal status for Sinhala and Tamil languages. Chelvanayakam lost his seat in the 1952 parliamentary election but regained it in the 1956 parliamentary election. As Ceylon's two main parties, the UNP and Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), introduced policies which further discriminated against the country's minorities, such as the Sinhala Only Act which made the Sinhala language the sole official language of Ceylon, ITAK's Tamil nationalism became more popular than the ACTC's conservatism. In the 1956 parliamentary election the ITAK overtook the ACTC as the most popular party amongst Ceylon Tamils. On 5 June 1956 a group of Tamil activists and parliamentarians, led by Chelvanayakam, staged a satyagraha (a form of non-violent resistance) against the Sinhala Only Act on Galle Face Green opposite the Parliament. The satyagrahis were attacked by a Sinhalese mob as the police looked on, and ITAK MPs E. M. V. Naganathan and V. N. Navaratnam were thrown in Beira Lake.

Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact
With escalating discrimination against Tamils and anti-Tamil riots the Tamil political leadership became convinced that the way forward was to have a separate and sovereign Tamil state. At its fourth annual convention in Trincomalee on 19 August 1956 ITAK passed four resolutions: autonomy for Tamil provinces within a federal structure; equal status for Sinhala and Tamil languages; restoration of citizenship and voting rights for Indian Tamils; and cessation of state-sponsored colonisation of Tamil land. Chelvanayakam gave Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, leader of the SLFP, until 20 August 1957 to meet ITAK's demands, stating that otherwise a campaign of non-violent civil disobedience would be launched. Initially Bandaranaike was indifferent to ITAK's demands but, following campaigns by some parts of the English language media and advice by prominent Ceylonese, entered into negotiations with ITAK in April 1957. The Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact (B-C Pact) was signed on 26 July 1957. The pact provided the establishment of regional councils (Draft Regional Council Bill) with powers over specified subjects (e.g. agriculture, colonisation, cooperatives, education, electricity, fisheries, health, housing, industries, lands and land developments, roads, social services and water schemes) and powers of taxation and borrowing; amalgamation and division of regions; and allowing regional councils to allocate land in colonisation schemes to residents from their regions. Chelvanayakam wasn't entirely happy with the pact, which he considered an "interim adjustment" towards a federal state.

The B-C Pact was opposed by Sinhalese nationalists, led by the opposition UNP, who considered it to be division of the country. There was even more opposition from Sinhalese civil servants who undermined every concession given to Tamil civil servants by the pact. Civil servants from the Ministry of Transport sent state-owned Ceylon Transport Board buses bearing number plates with the Sinhalese prefix "Sri" to Tamil speaking areas, intentionally provoking a reaction from the Tamil population. Chelvanayakam led campaigns against the "Sri" number plates in Jaffna and Batticaloa, in March 1958 and April 1958 respectively, during which he spread tar over the "Sri". In Batticaloa he was arrested and charged for defacing number plates and imprisoned for one week. On 9 April 1958 hundreds of people, including Buddhist monks, staged a protest against the B-C pact on Bandaranaike's lawn at Rosemead Place, Colombo demanding abrogation of the pact. Bandaranaike obliged, publicly tearing the pact into pieces.

At its sixth annual convention in Vavuniya on 25 May 1958 ITAK resolved to launch a non-violent campaign of civil disobedience to achieve its goals. In May and June 1958 Ceylon witnessed anti-Tamil rioting. Bandaranaike blamed ITAK for precipitating the violence and banned the party along with the Jathika Vimukthi Peramuna (National Liberation Front). ITAK's leaders, including Chelvanayakam, were arrested on 4 June 1958 as they left Parliament and imprisoned. The ITAK leaders were placed under house arrest which meant that Chelvanayakam could not communicate with the public until late 1958 when the detention order was lifted.

Chelvanayakam was re-elected in the March 1960 parliamentary election which resulted in a hung parliament. The new Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake tried to get ITAK's support for his minority government but refused to give into ITAK's demands to end state-sponsored colonisation of Tamil-majority areas by Sinhalese, regional autonomy and the rights of Indian Tamils. As a result, ITAK started negotiations with the opposition SLFP who agreed to introduce the provisions of the B-C pact as bills in parliament. During the negotiations on forming an alternate stable government Chelvanayakam informed the Governor-General that ITAK would support a SLFP government for a full term and as result the Governor-General dissolved parliament.

Civil disobedience
Chelvanayakam was re-elected in the July 1960 parliamentary election in which the SLFP and its leftist allies achieved a majority in parliament. No longer needing ITAK's support in parliament, the SLFP reneged on its pledges to honour the B-C pact and commenced enacting anti-Tamil policies, announcing the full operation of the Sinhala Only Act from January 1961 and using Sinhala in courts of law throughout the country. ITAK launched a campaign of civil disobedience in January 1961, beginning in Jaffna. Chelvanayakam started distributing leaflets outside Jaffna Kachcheri in Old Park urging Tamil civil servants to boycott government offices and cease using Sinhala. The campaign was hugely successful and large crowds, including ITAK MPs, gathered in front of the Kachcheri and staged a protest rally.

Early on the morning of 20 February 1961 dozens of ITAK volunteers staged a satyagraha at the Jaffna Kachcheri. Among them were several ITAK MPs including Chelvanayakam. As Government Agent M. Srikantha and Superintendent of Police Richard Arndt tried to leave Old Park in a jeep the protesters blocked their way. The police baton charged the protestors, kicking and dragging them away. Several protestors, including ITAK MPs A. Amirthalingam, V. Dharmalingam, V. A. Kandiah, E. M. V. Naganathan and K. Thurairatnam were injured. The police fired tear gas to disperse a large crowd that had gathered to watch the satyagraha. At the end of the day Chelvanayakam issued a press statement saying that it was "a great day for the Tamil-speaking people of Ceylon. This was the day we resorted to direct action to win our freedom".

As the civil disobedience campaign spread to other parts of the north-east, Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike accused ITAK of trying to establish a separate state. In April 1961 the satyagrahas were removed by the army using brutal force. A state of emergency was declared on 18 April 1961. ITAK was banned, and its MPs and other leading members arrested and imprisoned at Panagoda Cantonment. Chelvanayakam was allowed to leave the camp and return home due to his deteriorating health. Chelvanayakam suffered from Parkinson's disease and his hearing had been gradually failing. After initially refusing, Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike allowed Chelvanayakam to travel to the UK to undergo surgery in Edinburgh at the hands of a neurosurgeon Francis John Gillingham. The operation was successful and after a few months recuperating in London Chelvanayakam returned to Ceylon.

The detention order on the ITAK leaders was lifted in October 1961. As a compromise the Bandaranaike government proposed the District Councils Bill to devolve powers to districts but following protests from Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists dropped the bill in June 1964. In 1964, as ITAK started preparing for a second civil disobedience campaign, the government started collapsing. As several SLFP MPs defected to the opposition, the government sough ITAK's support but ITAK chose instead to support the opposition and on 3 December 1964 the government was unable to prove its majority in parliament, precipitating an election.

Dudley-Chelvanayakam Pact
Chelvanayakam was re-elected in the 1965 parliamentary election which resulted in a hung parliament. After the election Chelvanayakam met with UNP leader Dudley Senanayake who agreed to Chelvanayakam's conditions for supporting a UNP led government. The agreement, known as the Dudley-Chelvanayakam Pact (D-C Pact), was put down on paper and signed by Chelvanayakam and Senanayake on 24 March 1965. Under the Dudley-Chelvanayakam Pact, which was a modified version of the B-C pact, Senanayake agreed to make Tamil the language of administration and of record in the Northern and Eastern provinces (Tamil Language Special Provisions Act); amend the Languages of Courts Act to allow legal proceedings in the Northern and Eastern provinces to be conducted and recorded in Tamil; establish District Councils vested with powers over mutually agreed subjects; amend the Land Development Ordinance to provide allotment of land to citizens; and grant land under colonization schemes in the Northern and Eastern provinces to landless people in the district, to Tamil-speaking residents from the two provinces, and to other citizens with preference being given to Tamils from other provinces. Senanayake kept the contents of the D-C Pact a secret which allowed Sinhalese nationalists to allege that he had agreed to the division of the country. Even the leftist Lanka Sama Samaja Party and Communist Party of Ceylon joined the Sinhala nationalist SLFP in propagating this claim.

National government
ITAK joined the UNP-led seven party national government (hath haula). ITAK was offered three cabinet posts in the national government but, as the party had pledged that none of its MPs would accept ministerial positions until federalism had been achieved, it asked that M. Tiruchelvam be appointed to the Senate and given the Home Affairs portfolio. Senanayake refused to give the Home Affairs portfolio to ITAK and instead gave Tiruchelvam the Local Government portfolio. The Tamil Language (Special Provisions) Regulation 1966, which made Tamil the language of administration in the Northern and Eastern provinces, was passed by Parliament in July 1966. The District Councils Bill, which was presented to Parliament in June 1968, met with opposition from UNP backbenchers and was abandoned.

Tiruchelvam resigned from the government in November 1968 when Senanayake over-ruled Tiruchelvam's decision to appoint a committee to look into declaring Fort Fredrick, including the historic Koneswaram temple, a Hindu sacred area. Senanayake's decision had come after the Buddhist high chief priest of Tammankaduwa had objected to such a declaration, stating that it would result in the area getting "into the hands of those who are neither Sinhalese nor Buddhists". Chelvanayakam informed Senanayake that ITAK would withdraw from the national government. Thereafter ITAK sat as an independent group in Parliament, supporting or opposing the government based on the issue in question.

United Front
Chelvanayakam was re-elected in the 1970 parliamentary election which resulted in the Sinhala nationalist SLFP and its leftist allies winning a large majority in Parliament. Sensing that life was going to get even worse for Tamils under the United Front government, Chelvanayakam declared "Only God can help the Tamils". Some Tamil youth, who felt that they had no other choice, started resorting to violence. Chelvanayakam, who still commanded respect among Tamil youth, urged them to renounce violence and continue with their education.

Following the 1971 JVP insurrection the United Front started implementing policies aimed at the causes of the insurrection but which further discriminated against Tamils. Jobs and land in the newly nationalised plantations were given to Sinhala youth, to the exclusion of Tamils. Chelvanayakam labelled the nationalisation "highway robbery". The policy of standardisation replaced the merit based system for university entrance with one based on ethnicity, discriminating against Tamil youths.

Using its large majority in Parliament, the United Front government started the process of replacing the "British imposed" Soulbury Constitution. The government's proposed new constitution was seen as a Sinhala-Buddhist document by ITAK which mobilised Tamil public support against it. The proposals to constitutionally enshrine Sinhala as the sole official language, give special provision for Buddhism and repeal the protection for minorities particularly alarmed ITAK. ITAK believed that if Tamils did not participate in the constitution setting process they could demand self determination and a revert to the pre-British structures which existed before 1833. On 7 February 1971 Tamil parties held an all-party conference in Valvettithurai at which they issued a six-point memorandum of demands on regional autonomy, language rights, colonisation, employment discrimination and citizenship for Indian Tamils. The government rejected the demands and refused to invite the ITAK MPs to give evidence before the constituent assembly. Chelvanayakam vowed to resume civic protests and in February 1972, while visiting Madras, declared that ITAK would launch a non-violent struggle to agitate for a separate state.

Tamil United Front
There was growing resentment amongst Tamils at the monopolisation of political and economic power by the Sinhalese. As a result, Tamil parties started coming together and on 14 May 1972 the ITAK, ACTC, Ceylon Workers' Congress, Eelath Thamilar Otrumai Munnani and All Ceylon Tamil Conference met in Trincomalee and formed the Tamil United Front (TUF) with Chelvanayakam as its president. The TUF MPs boycotted the ceremonial opening of the National State Assembly (NSA) on 22 May 1972, the day the new constitution was promulgated. In October 1972 Chelvanayakam informed the NSA that he was resigning his parliamentary seat and would seek re-election on the issue of the new constitution which he claimed had been rejected by the Tamils. The government delayed holding a by-election in Chelvanayakam's constituency, citing the possibility of violence, which resulted in Chelvanayakam being exiled from Parliament for nearly two and half years. Chelvanayakam wrote to Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike on 4 November 1973 stating that the election would be peaceful and that the government's supporters could campaign freely. Bandaranaike did not respond.

In the meantime, Tamil political opinion started shifting as a result of the government's perceived apathy and the Prime Minister's apparent inability to recognise the consequences of the growing ethnic tension in the country. At its 12th annual convention in Mallakam in September 1973 ITAK passed a resolution seeking self-determination for Tamils. Tamils now established their claim to be a sovereign nation-state and Chelvanayakam was considered the father of the nation. For his part Chelvanayakam ingrained the concept of a "traditional homeland for the Tamil people" in the mindset of the Tamils. Violence between Tamil militant youth and the government also escalated.

Tamil United Liberation Front
The by-election in Kankesanthurai was eventually held on 6 February 1975 and Chelvanayakam was re-elected with a large majority. At a meeting in Jaffna in 1975 the TUF's action committee resolved to change the TUF's name to Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF). Chelvanayakam, G. G. Ponnambalam and S. Thondaman would be the TULF's co-leaders. The TULF held its first national convention in May 1976 in Vaddukoddai and on 14 May 1976, under Chelvanayakam's chairmanship, passed the Vaddukoddai Resolution calling for the "restoration and reconstitution of the free, sovereign, secular, socialist state of Tamil Eelam". On 19 November 1976, in one of his last speeches in the NSA, Chelvanayakam acknowledged that his quest to obtain the "lost rights of the Tamil speaking people" through federalism had failed. "We have abandoned the demand for a federal constitution" he stated, "We know that the Sinhalese people will one day grant our demand and that we will be able to establish a state separate from the rest of the island."

On 21 May 1976 several Tamil politicians (A. Amirthalingam, V. N. Navaratnam, K. P. Ratnam, M. Sivasithamparam and K. Thurairatnam) were delivering leaflets when they were all arrested on government orders. Sivasithamparam was released but the others were taken to Colombo and tried for sedition. All the defendants were acquitted on 10 February 1977 after a high-profile trial-at-bar case in which around 70 prominent Tamil lawyers, including Chelvanayakam and G. G. Ponnambalam, acted for the defence.

The last years of Chelvanayakam were personally difficult. He had financial problems as a result of the government not paying him compensation for the nationalisation of two plantations in which he had shares. Two of his sons and daughter had moved abroad. He had frequent falls as a result of his Parkinson disease.

In March 1977 the government sought the TULF's support for extending the life of Parliament. Chelvanayakam and other TULF leaders did not trust the SLFP but felt that they had to take part in the discussions which were halted when Chelvanayakam fell ill. He was left unconscious after falling heavily. Chelvanayakam died on 26 April 1977. At his funeral oration Bishop of Jaffna D. J. Ambalavanar said of Chelvanayakam "like Moses, Mr. Chelvanayagam showed us the promised land, but failed to reach it on his own".

Legacy
Chelvanayakam has been described as a father figure to Ceylon's Tamils, to whom he was known as "Thanthai Chelva" (Father Chelva). Ceylon Workers' Congress leader S. Thondaman said of him, "Chelvanayakam was the Tamil people; and the Tamil people were Chelvanayakam". He was noted for his integrity and respected by both allies and opponents. Known as the "Trousered Gandhi" by Tamils, Chelvanayakam was compared with Gandhi for his commitment to using non-violent methods to achieve his political goals. Critics, however, faulted him for naively believing that the Ceylon Tamils' political demands could be achieved through Parliamentary institutions. While many of Ceylon's political leaders gave up Christianity for reasons of political expediency, Chelvanayakam remained a Christian which led to opponents questioning his right to lead Tamils, the majority of whom were Hindu.

Chelvanayakam's non-violent methods proved to be ineffective against Sinhalese-Buddhist nationalism and failed to secure Tamils' rights from successive governments. With his death the era of non-violent protest was replaced by violent militancy.

title: S. J. V. Chelvanayakam


text:
Monarch Airlines (disambiguation)

Monarch Airlines was a British charter and scheduled airline, operating from 1968 to 2017.

Monarch Airlines may also refer to:

 * Monarch Airlines (1946–1950), a Colorado-based American airline

 * Monarch Air (1986–2017), a Texas-based American airline; see List of defunct airlines of the United States (J–P)
 * Monarch Aviation (1977–1982), a Florida-based American Airline; see List of defunct airlines of the United States (J–P)

title: Monarch Airlines (disambiguation)


text:
Emamiyeh, Razavi Khorasan

Emamiyeh (, also Romanized as Emāmīyeh; also known as Emāmīan) is a village in Darbqazi Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 150, in 39 families.

title: Emamiyeh, Razavi Khorasan


text:
2018–19 in Turkish football

The 2018–19 season was the 114th season of competitive football in Turkey.

title: 2018–19 in Turkish football


text:
C Programming/String manipulation

A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character:. So, a string with the contents, say,  has four characters: ,  ,  , and the terminating null  character.

The terminating null character has the value zero.

Syntax
In C, string constants (literals) are surrounded by double quotes ("), e.g. "Hello world!" and are compiled to an array of the specified char values with an additional null terminating character (0-valued) code to mark the end of the string. The type of a string constant is char [].

backslash escapes
String literals may not directly in the source code contain embedded newlines or other control characters, or some other characters of special meaning in string.

To include such characters in a string, the backslash escapes may be used, like this:

Wide character strings
C supports wide character strings, defined as arrays of the type wchar_t, 16-bit (at least) values. They are written with an L before the string like this
 * wchar_t *p = L"Hello world!";

This feature allows strings where more than 256 different possible characters are needed (although also variable length char strings can be used). They end with a zero-valued <tt>wchar_t</tt>. These strings are not supported by the <tt><string.h></tt> functions. Instead they have their own functions, declared in <tt><wchar.h></tt>.

Character encodings
What character encoding the <tt>char</tt> and <tt>wchar_t</tt> represent is not specified by the C standard, except that the value 0x00 and 0x0000 specify the end of the string and not a character. It is the input and output code which are directly affected by the character encoding. Other code should not be too affected. The editor should also be able to handle the encoding if strings shall be able to written in the source code.

There are three major types of encodings:
 * One byte per character. Normally based on ASCII. There is a limit of 255 different characters plus the zero termination character.
 * Variable length <tt>char</tt> strings, which allows many more than 255 different characters. Such strings are written as normal <tt>char</tt>-based arrays. These encodings are normally ASCII-based and examples are UTF-8 or Shift JIS.
 * Wide character strings. They are arrays of <tt>wchar_t</tt> values. UTF-16 is the most common such encoding, and it is also variable-length, meaning that a character can be two <tt>wchar_t</tt>.

The Standard Header
Because programmers find raw strings cumbersome to deal with, they wrote the code in the  library. It represents not a concerted design effort but rather the accretion of contributions made by various authors over a span of years.

First, three types of functions exist in the string library:

 * the  functions manipulate sequences of arbitrary characters without regard to the null character;
 * the  functions manipulate null-terminated sequences of characters;
 * the  functions manipulate sequences of non-null characters.

The more commonly-used string functions
The nine most commonly used functions in the string library are:

 * - concatenate two strings
 * - string scanning operation
 * - compare two strings
 * - copy a string
 * - get string length
 * - concatenate one string with part of another
 * - compare parts of two strings
 * - copy part of a string
 * - string scanning operation

Other functions, such as  (convert to lower case),   (return the string reversed), and   (convert to upper case) may be popular; however, they are neither specified by the C Standard nor the Single Unix Standard. It is also unspecified whether these functions return copies of the original strings or convert the strings in place.

The function
Some people recommend using  or   instead of strcat, in order to avoid buffer overflow.

The  function shall append a copy of the string pointed to by   (including the terminating null byte) to the end of the string pointed to by. The initial byte of  overwrites the null byte at the end of. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. The function returns.

This function is used to attach one string to the end of another string. It is imperative that the first string have the space needed to store both strings.

Example:

Before calling, the destination must currently contain a null terminated string or the first character must have been initialized with the null character (e.g.  ).

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

The function
The  function shall locate the first occurrence of   (converted to a  ) in the string pointed to by. The terminating null byte is considered to be part of the string. The function returns the location of the found character, or a null pointer if the character was not found.

This function is used to find certain characters in strings.

At one point in history, this function was named. The  name, however cryptic, fits the general pattern for naming.

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

The function
A rudimentary form of string comparison is done with the strcmp function. It takes two strings as arguments and returns a value less than zero if the first is lexographically less than the second, a value greater than zero if the first is lexographically greater than the second, or zero if the two strings are equal. The comparison is done by comparing the coded (ascii) value of the characters, character by character.

This simple type of string comparison is nowadays generally considered unacceptable when sorting lists of strings. More advanced algorithms exist that are capable of producing lists in dictionary sorted order. They can also fix problems such as strcmp considering the string "Alpha2" greater than "Alpha12". (In the previous example, "Alpha2" compares greater than "Alpha12" because '2' comes after '1' in the character set.) What we're saying is, don't use this  alone for general string sorting in any commercial or professional code.

The  function shall compare the string pointed to by   to the string pointed to by. The sign of a non-zero return value shall be determined by the sign of the difference between the values of the first pair of bytes (both interpreted as type ) that differ in the strings being compared. Upon completion,  shall return an integer greater than, equal to, or less than 0, if the string pointed to by   is greater than, equal to, or less than the string pointed to by , respectively.

Since comparing pointers by themselves is not practically useful unless one is comparing pointers within the same array, this function lexically compares the strings that two pointers point to.

This function is useful in comparisons, e.g.

if (strcmp(s, "whatever") == 0) /* do something */ ;

The collating sequence used by  is equivalent to the machine's native character set. The only guarantee about the order is that the digits from <tt>'0'</tt> to <tt>'9'</tt> are in consecutive order.

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

The function
Some people recommend always using  instead of strcpy, to avoid buffer overflow.

The  function shall copy the C string pointed to by   (including the terminating null byte) into the array pointed to by. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. The function returns. There is no value used to indicate an error: if the arguments to  are correct, and the destination buffer is large enough, the function will never fail.

Example:

Important: You must ensure that the destination buffer is able to contain all the characters in the source array, including the terminating null byte. Otherwise,  will overwrite memory past the end of the buffer, causing a buffer overflow, which can cause the program to crash, or can be exploited by hackers to compromise the security of the computer.

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

The function
The  function shall compute the number of bytes in the string to which   points, not including the terminating null byte. It returns the number of bytes in the string. No value is used to indicate an error.

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

Note how the line declares and initializes a pointer  to an integer constant, i.e.   cannot change the value it points to.

The function
The  function shall append not more than   bytes (a null byte and bytes that follow it are not appended) from the array pointed to by   to the end of the string pointed to by. The initial byte of  overwrites the null byte at the end of. A terminating null byte is always appended to the result. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. The function returns.

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

The function
The  function shall compare not more than   bytes (bytes that follow a null byte are not compared) from the array pointed to by   to the array pointed to by. The sign of a non-zero return value is determined by the sign of the difference between the values of the first pair of bytes (both interpreted as type ) that differ in the strings being compared. See  for an explanation of the return value.

This function is useful in comparisons, as the  function is.

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

The function
The  function shall copy not more than   bytes (bytes that follow a null byte are not copied) from the array pointed to by   to the array pointed to by. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. If the array pointed to by  is a string that is shorter than   bytes, null bytes shall be appended to the copy in the array pointed to by , until   bytes in all are written. The function shall return s1; no return value is reserved to indicate an error.

It is possible that the function will not return a null-terminated string, which happens if the  string is longer than   bytes.

The following is a public-domain version of :

The function
The  function is similar to the   function, except that   returns a pointer to the last occurrence of   within   instead of the first.

The  function shall locate the last occurrence of   (converted to a  ) in the string pointed to by. The terminating null byte is considered to be part of the string. Its return value is similar to 's return value.

At one point in history, this function was named. The  name, however cryptic, fits the general pattern for naming.

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

The less commonly-used string functions
The less-used functions are:

 * - Find a byte in memory
 * - Compare bytes in memory
 * - Copy bytes in memory
 * - Copy bytes in memory with overlapping areas
 * - Set bytes in memory
 * - Compare bytes according to a locale-specific collating sequence
 * - Get the length of a complementary substring
 * - Get error message
 * - Scan a string for a byte
 * - Get the length of a substring
 * - Find a substring
 * - Split a string into tokens
 * - Transform string

The function
The  function shall copy   bytes from the object pointed to by   into the object pointed to by. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. The function returns.

Because the function does not have to worry about overlap, it can do the simplest copy it can.

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

The function
The  function shall copy   bytes from the object pointed to by   into the object pointed to by. Copying takes place as if the  bytes from the object pointed to by   are first copied into a temporary array of   bytes that does not overlap the objects pointed to by   and , and then the   bytes from the temporary array are copied into the object pointed to by. The function returns the value of.

The easy way to implement this without using a temporary array is to check for a condition that would prevent an ascending copy, and if found, do a descending copy.

The following is a public-domain, though not completely portable, implementation of :

The function
The  function shall compare the first   bytes (each interpreted as  ) of the object pointed to by   to the first   bytes of the object pointed to by. The sign of a non-zero return value shall be determined by the sign of the difference between the values of the first pair of bytes (both interpreted as type ) that differ in the objects being compared.

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

The and   functions
The ANSI C Standard specifies two locale-specific comparison functions.

The  function compares the string pointed to by   to the string pointed to by , both interpreted as appropriate to the   category of the current locale. The return value is similar to.

The  function transforms the string pointed to by   and places the resulting string into the array pointed to by. The transformation is such that if the  function is applied to the two transformed strings, it returns a value greater than, equal to, or less than zero, corresponding to the result of the   function applied to the same two original strings. No more than  characters are placed into the resulting array pointed to by , including the terminating null character. If  is zero,   is permitted to be a null pointer. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. The function returns the length of the transformed string.

These functions are rarely used and nontrivial to code, so there is no code for this section.

The function
The  function shall locate the first occurrence of   (converted to an  ) in the initial   bytes (each interpreted as  ) of the object pointed to by. If  is not found,   returns a null pointer.

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

The,, and   functions
The  function computes the length of the maximum initial segment of the string pointed to by   which consists entirely of characters not from the string pointed to by.

The  function locates the first occurrence in the string pointed to by   of any character from the string pointed to by , returning a pointer to that character or a null pointer if not found.

The  function computes the length of the maximum initial segment of the string pointed to by   which consists entirely of characters from the string pointed to by.

All of these functions are similar except in the test and the return value.

The following are public-domain implementations of,  , and  :

The function
The  function shall locate the first occurrence in the string pointed to by   of the sequence of bytes (excluding the terminating null byte) in the string pointed to by. The function returns the pointer to the matching string in  or a null pointer if a match is not found. If  is an empty string, the function returns.

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

The function
A sequence of calls to  breaks the string pointed to by   into a sequence of tokens, each of which is delimited by a byte from the string pointed to by. The first call in the sequence has  as its first argument, and is followed by calls with a null pointer as their first argument. The separator string pointed to by  may be different from call to call.

The first call in the sequence searches the string pointed to by  for the first byte that is not contained in the current separator string pointed to by. If no such byte is found, then there are no tokens in the string pointed to by  and   shall return a null pointer. If such a byte is found, it is the start of the first token.

The  function then searches from there for a byte (or multiple, consecutive bytes) that is contained in the current separator string. If no such byte is found, the current token extends to the end of the string pointed to by, and subsequent searches for a token shall return a null pointer. If such a byte is found, it is overwritten by a null byte, which terminates the current token. The  function saves a pointer to the following byte, from which the next search for a token shall start.

Each subsequent call, with a null pointer as the value of the first argument, starts searching from the saved pointer and behaves as described above.

The  function need not be reentrant. A function that is not required to be reentrant is not required to be thread-safe.

Because the  function must save state between calls, and you could not have two tokenizers going at the same time, the Single Unix Standard defined a similar function, , that does not need to save state. Its prototype is this:

The  function considers the null-terminated string   as a sequence of zero or more text tokens separated by spans of one or more characters from the separator string. The argument lasts points to a user-provided pointer which points to stored information necessary for  to continue scanning the same string.

In the first call to,   points to a null-terminated string,   to a null-terminated string of separator characters, and the value pointed to by   is ignored. The  function shall return a pointer to the first character of the first token, write a null character into   immediately following the returned token, and update the pointer to which   points.

In subsequent calls,  is a null pointer and   shall be unchanged from the previous call so that subsequent calls shall move through the string , returning successive tokens until no tokens remain. The separator string  may be different from call to call. When no token remains in, a NULL pointer shall be returned.

The following public-domain code for  and   codes the former as a special case of the latter:

Miscellaneous functions
These functions do not fit into one of the above categories.

The function
The  function converts   into , then stores the character into the first   bytes of memory pointed to by.

The following is a public-domain implementation of :

The function
This function returns a locale-specific error message corresponding to the parameter. Depending on the circumstances, this function could be trivial to implement, but this author will not do that as it varies.

The Single Unix System Version 3 has a variant,, with this prototype:

This function stores the message in, which has a length of size.

Examples
To determine the number of characters in a string, the  function is used:

Note that the amount of memory allocated for 'turkey' is one plus the sum of the lengths of the strings to be concatenated. This is for the terminating null character, which is not counted in the lengths of the strings.

Exercises

 * 1) The string functions use a lot of looping constructs. Is there some way to portably unravel the loops?
 * 2) What functions are possibly missing from the library as it stands now?

title: C Programming/String manipulation


text:
Talk:Dayle Hinman

Ruth Ryckmanj
Wish I were there. Hope you use my material on her. She was a nice lady, reserved and shy. Frank Thomas 2600:6C5E:6600:10F5:AD2E:3CFB:C4C8:331F (talk) 14:37, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dayle Hinman


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Pursuinginquiry/Archive

04 February 2015

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

The above named users have all (within the last week) started removing content from the article Ari Lehman. They are using similar phrases in their edit summaries. CAtegorising information as DBATTACK, in their edit summaries as per. Users all though all new seem to be familiar in knowledge of BLP policy (but not nessecarily its interpretation). While this is possible due to them hivng edited as IP's previously the same set of new users using the same terminology again peaks my suspicion. The edits of the involved editors appear to be trying to remove anything in the article that appears to cast any negative light on the articles namesake. It is possible this is meatpuppetry rather than socking but it could do with a set of admins eyes. Amortias (T)(C) 19:38, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * Checkuser comments: The following are ✅

 * about the IP. Risker (talk) 06:01, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Accounts have been blocked and tagged. The IP hasn't made an edit in about a week, so I'm not going to look into the behavior for now. Mike V • Talk 01:18, 9 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Manuel Álvarez

Manuel Álvarez may refer to:

 * Manny Alvarez (born c. 1957), Cuban-American ob-gyn
 * Manuel Álvarez (sprinter) (1910–1991), Mexican sprinter who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics
 * Manuel Álvarez (trader) (1794–1856), trader and later politician in Santa Fe, New Mexico
 * Manuel Álvarez Bravo (1902–2002), Mexican photographer
 * Manuel Álvarez (footballer) (1928–1998), Chile football defender who played for Chile in the 1950 FIFA World Cup
 * José Manuel Álvarez, Governor of Córdoba, Argentina, 1901–1904
 * Juan Manuel Álvarez (born 1979), Californian convicted of causing the 2005 Glendale train crash

title: Manuel Álvarez