text:
Talk:Fivefold repetition

Reviewer Note
See statement in AFC comments about the difference between threefold and fivefold. Robert McClenon (talk) 22:46, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

FIDE worship
What bothers me about these articles is that they appear to assume that FIDE rules are the only rules, and that FIDE is the ultimate and final authority on all things chess. This is not the case. Chess has been around over 500 years, FIDE less than 100. The threefold repetition rule existed long before FIDE did, and fivefold repetition did not suddenly become one of the immutable laws of chess in 2014 just because the FIDE Rules Committee passed a resolution.

USCF even runs the majority of its tournaments to a different set of rules, and the majority of USCF events are not FIDE rated as a result. USCF introduced its weaker version of the fivefold rule in 2019 (7th edition), it was not "the same always" as claimed in an edit summary. (I actually prefer the USCF rule, it adheres to the intention - to stop kids repeating positions forever without the TD being allowed to intervene. And yes, I've seen it happen in kids' tournaments).

ICCF has never felt compelled to implement all FIDE rules, for example it allows win claims based on tablebases even when the conversion requires more than 50 moves. There is no "fivefold repetition" or "seventy five move rule" in ICCF.

FIDE also does not regulate how problemists set their problems or how software developers write their programs. Hence the pushback on the FEN article. Game theory discussions of how the new FIDE rules turn chess from a potentially infinite game (if the players elect not to claim a draw when available) to a finite one are of interest only to mathematicians. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 23:47, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I don't understand what is meant with "FIDE worship". This rule was newly introduced to the FIDE rules and the article documents this FIDE rule. The article went through the normal article creation process and was accepted. This process is finished and there is no reason to rejustify. Taking the angle of historical perspective, one of many possible angles and as such not ultimative, has his right in the right place, but the article as such does not need a resolution of this. I have a remark regarding FIDE rules versus "common rules" but I will put this on the talk page of the rules of chess article. This does not belong here. Dlbbld (talk) 12:58, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Regarding "Game theory discussions". Once sentence mentioning "finite" is not game theory discussion. Most chess players are interested if White has an advantage. Next computer is asked, answer in theory can be found (for game is finite, so brute-force possible). Game being "finite" is of no interest to mathematics, this is a chess question only. Dlbbld (talk) 19:17, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Regarding "to stop kids repeating positions forever". This was claimed repeatedly, no source provided that this is the motivation for FIDE rules. By the side, FIDE rules are only necessary for rated games. Otherwise, FIDE rules can be adapted as needed. FIDE rules are in many points not suited for inexperienced players, so the statement is highest unlikely and IA source says otherwise. Dlbbld (talk) 19:32, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I doubt kids repeating indefinitely was part of the FIDE justification for the rule, but I used to direct scholastic USCF tournaments, with kids as young as 5 years old. Many of them would just keep moving and moving, not knowing that they can claim a draw.  And the director couldn't step in to declare a draw.  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 20:10, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the observation. This turns to the question of how much sense it makes that "beginners" play tournament games according to USCF or FIDE rules. My opinion is, that this barely makes sense. Game loss in standard chess for two illegal moves happens more for "beginners" and can be frustrating. The touch-move rule is another problem. This is neither a USCF or FIDE rules problem. It is mainly the responsibility of the tournament organizer to amend the rules according to the player level. Dlbbld (talk) 21:33, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * These were USCF-rated tournaments for years before I became involved, so we tried to follow USCF rules. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 22:26, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I have seen it happen and I don't need to cite things I write on a talk page, for goodness sake. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 23:11, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * This is not about observation in kid's tournament, it's about your claim in edit comment "That rule really only exists so that the arbiter can intervene in kid's tournaments" which I adressed and you did not explain on what basis you make this claim. Dlbbld (talk) 08:06, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

 * How about you stop harping on and on and on and on and on and on and on and on about a throwaway editsum? And no, I don't have to cite that either. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 09:52, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

 * It's a simple question about a claim you used in a revert. Dlbbld (talk) 18:11, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

About that diagram....
Without the context of the moves played, it's just a diagram. It does not aid understanding of the text. I haven't gone over the threefold repetition article in detail but it seems to me those diagrams are all provided in the context of chess moves. In the current context, literally any diagram could be used and the reader would be none the wiser. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 00:35, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I don't agree with this very strict interpretation. Very very strictly this is no additional information, the reader can look up the game himself and check and walk out on Wikipedia. The diagram shows the final position and the user gets an idea bout the game played, with is additional information. Also, I find it reasonable to relate this to the threefold article. In the threefold article, there are more than ten examples. Even not all examples being necessary per my opinion, it shows that examples make sense. With the same rationale, an example makes sense here, the wheel must not be reinvented all the time. Also using diagrams is common in chess articles. If you think this approach is wrong, this should be argued on the existing articles first before a new article is used for a discussion of this. Dlbbld (talk) 13:13, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree that there are too many examples on the threefold repetition article, but at least the diagrams there are all given in the context of chess moves... however I don't really want to play whatabout regarding the "other stuff" that "exists". A diagram with no chess context is useless to the reader. The point of the example is not the position itself, but the interpretation of the rules. There is no intention to provide any chess instruction or knowledge. I therefore see no need for a diagram. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 19:55, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Don't understand. Threefold repetition diagrams show relevant positions for selected games, what is wrong with showing relevant position here? Dlbbld (talk) 19:04, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Do we have an example where the five-fold repetition rule was used? Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 19:07, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Besides the example in the article Sethuraman vs Guseinov, World Rapid Championship 2017; Potapov vs Adly, World Rapid Championship 2018; Robson vs Moranda, Professional Rapid Online Chess League 2019 (by chess.com); all GM's. chess.com used to have claim on threefold and fivefold autodraw, now threefold autodraw. Dlbbld (talk) 19:41, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * All examples end precisely after the first fivefold repetition. Use as reference does not apply; draw reason not documented. PGN's usually don't report draw reason, also not mentioned in chess.com game (see "Chess software does not support the rule very well"). Dlbbld (talk) 07:49, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

 * No you don't understand, no matter how clearly I explain it, and it's frustrating the hell out of me. A diagram without chess moves is just a diagram. It is meaningless. It is irrelevant. It adds nothing to the reader's understanding. It is a distraction. The author of the article in the FIDE Arbiter's manual knew all this, and omitted the actual moves. This is *not* how diagrams are used in the threefold repetition article. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 21:02, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Moves would be nice, but it is the position that occurred five times, so I think it is worthwhile. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 23:54, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * To provided repeated position for me is first priority, didn't want to overload with moves. First diagram in Chess has no moves, Fischer vs Spassky diagram has no moves, whatever, don't mind adding moves for internal consistency. Dlbbld (talk) 20:59, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

Section title rule quote
Title for rule citation on fifty-move rule is "Statement of rule", "Statement of the rule" on seventy-five-move rule and threefold repetition. Fivefold repetition belongs to the same category, to use the same title is to improve readability, not WP:OSE. Changing the title on all articles is fine, to have it all different not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dlbbld (talk • contribs) 18:31, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * That isn't how wikipedia works at all. Different articles on similar subjects may use different spellings, different date formats, different citation methods, different everything. And that's perfectly ok. There is no requirement at all for consistent wording across different articles. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 21:26, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * This is WP:Some stuff exists for a reason, more precisely "As such, arguing in favor of consistency among Wikipedia articles is not inherently wrong–it is to be preferred." per my point of view. Could be invalidated by "Only when the precedent is itself in conflict with policy, guidelines or common sense is it wrong to argue that the precedent should be followed elsewhere." but does not apply for threefold repetition is there longtime, so mentioned title can be assumed appropriate. Dlbbld (talk) 20:21, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fivefold repetition


text:
User:Truncet

Truncet is the word that can not be found in the dictionary. It is put forward by the great Ranjit of 21st century.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Truncet


text:
General Chemistry/Shells and Orbitals

Electron shells
Each shell is subdivided into subshells, which are made up of orbitals, each of which has electrons with different angular momentum. Each orbital in a subshell has a characteristic shape, and is named by a letter. They are: s, p, d, and f. In a one-electron atom (e.g. H, He+, Li+2, etc.) the energy of each orbital within a particular shell is identical. However, when there are multiple electrons, they interact and split the orbitals into slightly different energies. The letters s, p, d and f specify the subshells (angular quantum number l) and the orbital is specified by the magnetic quantum number m. The angular and magnetic quantum numbers relate to the magnitude and direction of the electron's angular momentum, respectively. Within any particular subshell, the energy of the orbitals depends on the angular momentum of orbitals s, p, d, and f in order of lowest to highest energy.

This image shows the orbitals (along with hybrid orbitals for bonding and a sample electron configuration, explained later).

The s subshell
The simplest subshell in the atom is the 1s subshell. It has no radial or angular nodes: the 1s subshell is simply a sphere of electron density. A node is a point where the electron positional probability is zero. As with all subshell the number of radial nodes increases with the principle quantum number (i.e. the 2s orbital has one radial node, the 3s has two etc.). Because the angular momentum quantum number is 0, there is only one choice for the magnetic quantum number - there is only one s orbital per shell. The s orbital can hold two electrons, as long as they have different spin quantum numbers. S orbitals are involved in bonding.

$$\begin{matrix} n &=& 1, 2, 3, ... \\ l &=& 0 \\ m_l &=& 0 \\ m_s &=& +\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{1}{2} \\ \end{matrix}$$

The p subshell
Starting from the 2nd shell, there is a set of p subshell. The angular momentum quantum number of the electrons confined to p subshell is 1, so each orbital has one angular node. There are 3 choices for the magnetic quantum number, which indicates 3 differently oriented p subshell. Finally, each orbital can accommodate two electrons (with opposite spins), giving the p orbitals a total capacity of 6 electrons.

$$\begin{matrix} n &=& 2, 3, 4, ... \\ l &=& 1 \\ m_l &=& -1,0,1 \\ m_s &=& +\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{1}{2} \\ \end{matrix}$$

The orbital of p subshell all have two lobes of electron density pointing along each of the axes. Each one is symmetrical along its axis. The notation for the orbitals of p subshell indicate which axis it points down, i.e. px points along the x axis, py on the y axis and pz up and down the z axis. Note that although pz corresponds to the ml = 0 orbital, px and py are actually mixtures of ml = -1 and ml = 1 orbitals. The p orbitals are degenerate — they all have the same energy. P orbitals are very often involved in bonding.

The d subshell
The first set of d orbitals is the 3d set. The angular momentum quantum number is 2, so each orbital has two angular nodes. There are 5 choices for the magnetic quantum number, which gives rise to 5 different d orbitals. Each orbital can hold two electrons (with opposite spins), giving the d orbitals a total capacity of 10 electrons.

$$\begin{matrix} n &=& 3, 4, 5, ... \\ l &=& 2 \\ m_l &=& -2,-1,0,1,2 \\ m_s &=& +\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{1}{2} \\ \end{matrix}$$

Note that all the d orbitals have four lobes of electron density, except for the dz2 orbital, which has two opposing lobes and a doughnut of electron density around the middle. The d orbitals can be further subdivided into two smaller sets. The dx2-y2 and dz2 all point directly along the x, y, and z axes. They form an eg set. On the other hand, the lobes of the dxy, dxz and dyz all line up in the quadrants, with no electron density on the axes. These three orbitals form the t2g set. In most cases, the d orbitals are degenerate, but sometimes they can split, with the eg and t2g subsets having different energy. Crystal Field Theory predicts and accounts for this. D orbitals are sometimes involved in bonding, especially in inorganic chemistry.

The f subshell
The first set of f orbitals is the 4f subshell. There are 7 possible magnetic quantum numbers, so there are 7 f orbitals. Their shapes are fairly complicated, and they rarely come up when studying chemistry. There are 14 f electrons because each orbital can hold two electrons (with opposite spins).

$$\begin{matrix} n &=& 4, 5, 6, ... \\ l &=& 3 \\ m_l &=& -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3 \\ m_s &=& +\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{1}{2} \\ \end{matrix}$$

title: General Chemistry/Shells and Orbitals


text:
Talk:David Court (footballer)

External links modified
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title: Talk:David Court (footballer)


text:
User:S1303367/sandbox

Contractile
Peritubular myoid cells are responsible for the contractile nature of the seminiferous tubule. This contraction helps move the spermatozoa and fluid to the rete testes. There are a number of mediators involved in the regulation of contraction. Oxytocin produced by leydig cells has been shown to be a driving factor in the contractions by acting on peritubular myoid cells. As no oxytocin receptors are found on the peritubular myoid cells it is thought the oxytocin causes the activation of the vasopressin receptors. However, the full mechanisms behind the contractibility are unknown. Other factors including transforming growth factor-β, prostaglandins and nitric oxide are also thought to be.

title: User:S1303367/sandbox


text:
Trigonometry

 * Do add new material and examples and make corrections. It all helps.
 * Decide whether new material is book 1,2 or 3. We want book 1 to be ready to use in K12 education.  Book 3, especially the for-enthusiasts parts can progress to post-graduate level - that's fine - as long as it's still recognisably trig.
 * Have a look at About This Book, and even modify that, so we have a planned structure and so that it's easier for people to know where to add new content.

All help is welcome.

Trigonometry Book 1
Book 1 is pre-calculus trigonometry. We assume the student is relatively new to algebra and can do algebra step by step.

Many of the pages have closely related free/YouTube videos at the Khan Academy. This is by design. Many students find the video presentation helpful with learning mathematical material.

As with all three trigonometry books, we have a "For Enthusiasts" section, which is for the student who finds the normal content and pace too slow and too easy, and yet still needs exercises and practice with Book 1 trigonometry.

 * Introduction

Lengths, Angles and Areas in Triangles

 * Similar,Congruent,Isosceles, and Equilateral
 * Angles of a triangle sum to 180 Degrees
 * Exercise: Congruent Triangles
 * Exercise: Chasing Angles
 * The Pythagorean Theorem
 * Proof: Pythagorean Theorem
 * Exercise: A Puzzle Triangle
 * Conventions
 * Proof: Angles sum to 180
 * Areas of Triangles
 * Heron's Formula

Trig Functions for Triangles

 * Plotting (Cos t, Sin t)
 * Cosine and Sine
 * Soh-Cah-Toa
 * Sine Squared plus Cosine Squared
 * Radians
 * The Unit Circle
 * /Law of Sines/
 * /Law of Cosines/
 * Solving Triangles Given ASA
 * Solving Triangles Given SAS
 * Worked Example: Area of a Roof
 * Worked Example: Oil Tanker Arriving in Port
 * * Exercises: Angles of Elevation and Depression
 * The most Difficult Triangles to Solve

Trig Functions as Functions

 * Graphs of Sine, Cos and Tan
 * Phase and Frequency
 * Graph of Sine Squared
 * Addition Formula for Sines
 * Addition Formula for Cosines
 * Double Angle Formulas
 * * Waves in and out of Phase
 * * Beat Frequencies
 * * Worked Example: Ferris Wheel Problem
 * * Worked Example: Simplifying Angles
 * * Cosecant, Secant, Cotangent
 * * Graphs of Cosec, Sec and Cot
 * * Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 * * Simplifying a sin(x) + b cos(x)

Trigonometry References

 * * /Remembering Trig Formulae/
 * * /Trigonometric Formula Reference/
 * * /Trigonometric Unit Circle and Graph Reference/
 * * /Selected Angles Reference/
 * * /Law of Tangents/

For Enthusiasts

 * * Regular Polygons
 * * What Tessellations are Possible with Regular Polygons?
 * * Proof: Heron's Formula
 * * Compass Bearings
 * * Transformation of products into sums
 * * The Distance from New York to Tokyo
 * * Lissajous Figures
 * * The CORDIC Algorithm
 * * Nyquist Frequency
 * * Pythagorean Triples
 * * A Brief History of Trigonometry

Teachers Notes

 * * About This Book (Book 1)
 * * Khan Academy Videos
 * * Common Student Errors (Book 1)

Trigonometry Book 2
Book 2 is also pre-calculus trigonometry. However, the algebra moves at a brisker pace than in Book 1. The topics are not central to understanding trigonometry as it is usually taught in schools, now that a lot of former content has been dropped.

One rule of thumb of the topics in Book 2 is the union of the set of all topics in high-school contest related to trigonometry, applications, and the topics in the classical book Plane and Spherical Trigonometry by Palmer (link), subtracting any thoroughly discussed topics in Book 1, and excluding any topic that requires substantial use of calculus or the concept of limit (which should be done in Book 3).

The topics are useful, for example, for students interested in maths contests. In the enthusiasts section there are topics and exercises that are useful to students who will go on to do work with computer graphics.

Book 2 trigonometry deepens the understanding of the many relationships between triangles and circles. It also shows how to tackle some harder trigonometric function identities.

 * Introduction

More Geometry

 * * /Geometric Definitions of Trig Functions/
 * * Thales Theorem: Quick construction of a right angle
 * * Ellipses
 * * Spirals

More on Trigonometric Identities

 * * De Moivre's Formula
 * * /Verifying Trigonometric Identities/
 * * /Solving Trigonometric Equations/
 * * /Sum into Product/ (Exercises)
 * * The sine of 18º
 * * The sine of 15º
 * * /The transcendence of sine/
 * * The summation of sined or cosined arithmetic sequence
 * * Other Trig Identities

Going Spherical

 * * Triangles on a Sphere
 * * Application: The Distance from New York to Tokyo
 * * Applications of spherical trigonometry (astronomy)

Applications

 * * Related problems in practical use of trigonometry
 * * Relation between sine x, x, tangent x for small x
 * * Side opposite small angle given
 * * Length of long sides given
 * * Orthogonal projection
 * * Bipolar (biangular) coordinates
 * * Solving triangles by half-angle formulae
 * * The distance and dip of the horizon
 * * Cyclic Quadrilaterals and Ptolemy's Theorem
 * * Area of a quadrilateral
 * * Area of sector or segment
 * * Widening of pavements on curves
 * * Reflection and Refraction of a ray of light

Circles, Points and Triangles Associated with a Triangle

 * * The Circumcircle
 * * The Incircle
 * * The Excircles
 * * Other Centres of a Triangle
 * * Power of a Point
 * * Ceva's Theorem
 * * Orthocentric points
 * * The Excentral Triangle
 * * The Pedal Triangle
 * * The Nine-point Circle
 * * Brocard's Theorem
 * * The Fermat Point
 * * Reflections in a triangle
 * * Morley's Triangle
 * * Viviani's theorem
 * * Napoleon's theorem
 * * The Miquel Point
 * * Philo's Line
 * * Menelaus' theorem
 * * Area bisectors
 * * The Pivot theorem
 * * The Seven circles theorem
 * * The Simson line
 * * Thebault's theorem

Application to Algebra

 * * The solution of cubic equations

Applications to Graphics

 * * The Delaunay Triangulation

Where do These Belong?
''This section is for Book 2 pages where we don't yet know how they should fit in.

 * * /Some Little-known Trigonometric Functions/

for Enthusiasts

 * * A Generalization of Pythagoras' Theorem
 * * The Eyeball Theorem
 * * Casey's Theorem

Teachers Notes

 * * About This Book (Book 2)
 * * Khan Academy Videos
 * * Common Student Errors (Book 2)

Scrap Heap
These are pages that are on the way out.
 * /Trigonometric identities/
 * * Core concepts of trigonometry
 * * /Prerequisites and Basics/
 * /Addition and Subtraction Theorems/
 * More About Addition Formulas - Some Content may need extracting to book 1.
 * * /Collection of Problems/
 * * Degrees Minutes and Seconds
 * * Doing without Sine
 * * Reflections in a line (possibly could be worked into an intro/review on matrices - book 3 intro chapters)

Trigonometry Book 3
Book 3 uses and builds on calculus, complex numbers, matrices. We assume the student is relatively fluent with algebra. We will often combine simple steps to keep proofs/explanations short. Book 1 is a prerequisite, but book 2 isn't.

There are many computing related topics, particularly in the "for Enthusiasts" section.

 * Introduction

Calculus and complex numbers

 * Some preliminary results
 * Derivative of Sine
 * Derivative of Cosine
 * Derivative of Tangent
 * Derivative of Inverse Functions
 * Power Series for ex
 * Power Series for Cosine and Sine
 * Numeric computation of Cosine and Sine
 * eiπ
 * Cosh, Sinh and Tanh
 * Functions of complex variables

Basis Functions

 * A Square Wave in Sines
 * The Gibbs Overshoot
 * The Plancherel Identity

Beyond the Fourier Transform

 * Eigenfunctions
 * Representation Theory
 * The Pontryagin Dual
 * Wavelets

Where do These Belong?
''This section is for Book 3 pages where we don't yet know how they should fit in.
 * Trig Substitutions
 * /Vectors in the Plane/
 * /Vectors and Dot Products/
 * /Trigonometric Form of the Complex Number/
 * Simple Harmonic Oscillator
 * * Calculating π
 * * Some theorems using vectors
 * * Price's Theorem

for Enthusiasts

 * * Chebyshev Polynomials
 * * Trigonometry done Rigorously
 * * The Fast Fourier Transform
 * * Erdős–Mordell inequality
 * * Hilbert's third Problem
 * * Wavelet Compression

Teachers Notes

 * * About This Book (Book 3)
 * * Common Student Errors (Book 3)

Authors
Lmov, Alsocal, Robinson0120, Evil saltine, JEdwards, llg, Programmermatt, Douglas W. Mitchell

Also thanks to the many contributors to mathematical articles on Wikipedia from which some of the content has been lifted.

Matematik A/Trigonometri de:Mathematik: Schulmathematik: Trigonometrie Trigonometría CMC/3ème/Trigonométrie Trigonometria Matemática elementar/Trigonometria

title: Trigonometry


text:
upsell

Verb

 * 1) To persuade a customer to buy more items, or more expensive items, than they had intended.

Translations

 * Arabic: زَايَدَ

Noun

 * 1) The act of making such a sale.

title: upsell


text:
pk-teollisuus

Etymology
🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) small and medium industry industrial enterprises employing 10 to 250 people

title: pk-teollisuus


text:
Polish/Noun cases

= Noun cases =

There are seven cases of noun and adjective declension in Polish. So far we have only introduced the nominative (mianownik) and the accusative (biernik), in Polish:Basic sentences 1. The whole list, in traditional order, is:
 * Nominative (mianownik)
 * Genitive (dopełniacz)
 * Dative (celownik)
 * Accusative (biernik)
 * Instrumental (narzędnik)
 * Locative (miejscownik)
 * Vocative (wołacz)

Nominative
No need to memorize endings as nouns and modifiers are in this case. Use the basic, unmarked, dictionary forms.

 * Indicates the subject of a sentence.
 * Gosia pisze książkę. - Gosia is writing a book. (Gosia in nominative because she is the subject of the sentence)

 * Used for most lone adjectives and sentences of the type "To jest X".
 * Piotr jest przystojny. - Piotr is handsome. (przystojny is in the nominative)
 * To jest moja żona. - This is my wife. (moja żona is in the nominative)

Genitive

 * Used to indicate possession. Often corresponds to English 's or of:
 * Adam widzi kota Agnieszki - Adam sees Agnieszka's cat (Agnieszka in genitive)
 * Kot Piotra pije mleko - Piotr's cat drinks milk (Piotr in genitive)

 * Used with units or amounts:
 * puszka piwa - a can of beer (beer in genitive)

 * Used after certain prepositions such as dla, do, od.

 * Used for the direct object in a negative sentence (Only if the positive sentence would use the accusative!):
 * Kot pije mleko - The cat drinks milk. (Milk in the accusative)
 * Kot nie pije mleka - The cat doesn't drink milk. (Milk in genitive)
 * Agnieszka jest dziewczyną - Agnieszka is a girl. (Girl in instrumental)
 * Adam nie jest dziewczyną - Adam is not a girl. (Girl remains in the instrumental)
 * Agnieszka daje kotu mleko - Agnieszka gives milk to the cat (Milk in the accusative, cat in the dative)
 * Agnieszka nie daje kotu mleka - Agnieszka doesn't give milk to the cat (Milk is now in the genitive, cat still in the dative).

Dative

 * Indicates the indirect object. To whom something is given, or action for somebody:
 * Basia daje kotu mleko - Basia gives milk to the cat. (Cat is in the dative.)
 * Znajdę Ci dom. - I'll find you a house (for you).

 * After certain verbs, like dziękować komuś (to thank someone), pomóc komuś (to help someone), wierzyć komuś (to believe someone)

 * expressions of the type:
 * Jest mi zimno - I'm cold
 * Jest nam smutno - We're feeling sad
 * Będzie wam trudniej... - It will be more difficult for you guys...
 * Śniło jej się, że... - She dreamt that...

 * when something is taken away or something befalls someone
 * Zdechł im pies - Their dog died
 * Wzięli mi komputer - They took away my computer
 * Zgasła mojemu sąsiadowi nadzieja - My neighbor's hopes were extinguished.

Accusative

 * Indicates the direct object of the sentence
 * Piotr kocha Kasię. - Piotr loves Kasia.
 * Bożena śpiewa piosenkę. - Bożena is singing a song.

 * Used with some prepositions to indicate a motion/change (Note that the same preposition + locative or, more rarely the instrumental, indicates a state/condition)
 * "na stole" - on the table (a state/condition, so you need to use the locative)
 * "na stół" - onto the table (motion, so accusative)
 * "na poczcie" - at the post office (state/condition so locative)
 * "na pocztę" - to the post office (motion so accusative)
 * "pod stołem" - under the table (a state/condition, pod is one of those prepostions which take the instrumental, not the locative)
 * "pod stół" - towards and under the table (motion so accusative)

Exception: The preposition "w" (in) takes the locative when indicating a state/condition, but to imply change you must use the preposition "do" + genitive.
 * "Jestem w sklepie" (I am in the shop), but "Idę do sklepu" (I am going to the shop) instead of "Idę w sklep".

Instrumental

 * Indicates the tool or means
 * Basia jedzie samochodem - Basia is driving a car. (The car is the tool or means so it needs to be in the instrumental)

 * A few prepositions, like "z" ("with") or "za":
 * Adam jest z Basią - Adam is with Basia (May either mean "in this moment", or more permanently, for example as boy- and girlfriend.)

 * With certain verbs "być" (to be), "zostać" (to become), "interesować się czymś/kimś" (to be interested in something):
 * Basia jest dziewczyną - Basia is a girl.
 * Adam jest chłopakiem - Adam is a boy.
 * Marzena interesuje się modą - Marzena is interested in fashion.
 * Piotr jest przystojnym chłopakiem. - Piotr is a handsome guy.

Exceptions: Most lone adjectives and "To jest X".
 * Piotr jest przystojny. - Piotr is handsome. (przystojny is in the nominative)
 * To jest moja żona. - This is my wife. (moja żona is in the nominative)

Locative

 * Never used alone; only in connection with certain prepositions, like "w" (in) and "o" (about).
 * Chłopak myśli o dziewczynie - The boy is thinking about the girl.
 * Adam jest w banku. - Adam is in the bank.

Vocative

 * Used to address someone directly

 * Often replaced by the nominative in colloquial language, however the vocative remains common in the following situations:
 * To address someone in a rude or offensive manner (A phrase like ty kretynie! ("you cretin!") or ty idioto ("you idiot!") can only be expressed in the vocative, never in the nominative).
 * In formal situations, Panie Kazimierzu, niech pan przyniesie te klucze.
 * In affectionate contexts, such as Kocham Cię Krzysiu! ("I love you, Chris!")

Only masculine and feminine singulars have a separate form.

Before declension tables are provided, let's take a look at adjectives:

< Polish pronunciation < ^ Polish ^

title: Polish/Noun cases


text:
Andy Billig

Andrew Swire Billig (born May 1, 1968) is an American politician of the Democratic Party and co-owner of the Spokane Indians minor league baseball team. On November 6, 2012, Billig was elected to the Washington State Senate, representing the 3rd Legislative District. He currently serves as the Senate Majority Leader.

Personal life
Billig grew up in Chevy Chase, Maryland. He is of Jewish descent. Billig graduated cum laude from Georgetown University in 1990 with a degree in government. He has two children, Isabella "Bella" and Samuel, and is an active runner and triathlete, having completed the Coeur d’Alene Ironman Triathlon in 2004.

Political positions
Billig has supported bills that would improve primary education, including a bill that would lower the compulsory education age in Washington from 8 to 5. He has also been active in expanding statewide voter access and campaign finance reform in addition to efforts to protect the Spokane River. In 2011, Billig received the Inter-Continental Smackdown Champion Award from Fuse Washington for his work against phosphorus pollution in Washington's lakes and rivers. He has also expressed support for gun control, including a bill that would ban possession of high-capacity magazines.

Washington House of Representatives
After he was elected to the House of Representatives in 2010, Billig immediately assumed a transportation leadership position in the House, serving as vice-chair of the House Transportation Committee. In that role, he helped write the state's two-year transportation budget. Billig also served on the Education, Environment, and Technology & Economic Development committees.

Washington Senate
In 2012, Billig was elected to the Senate, where he was given a position of leadership as the Minority Whip. In 2015 he was chosen to represent the caucus as the Deputy Leader, and now serves as the Senate Majority Leader. During the 2018 legislative session, he served on the Early Learning & K-2 Education, Ways & Means, and Rules committees. One of his primary achievements of the 2018 session was the DISCLOSE Act, which increases transparency of campaign contributions and closes campaign finance disclosure loopholes.

Spokane Indians Baseball Team
In 1992, Billig became general manager of the Spokane Indians Baseball Team. He later became president and co-owner of the team and remains active in management and ownership.

Awards
Billig has been recognized repeatedly for his leadership with the Spokane Indians, being voted Northwest League Executive of the Year in both 1994 and 2004. He was also nominated for the Larry MacPhail Award for promotional excellence several times and won the Joe Martin Award for Service to Baseball and the Community in 2007.

title: Andy Billig


text:
Skool Boyz

Skool Boyz was an American funk band founded in 1975 by Stan Sheppard as Flavor.

History
The band was formed in 1975 as Flavor, consisting of Stan Sheppard (lead), Chauncey Matthews (vocals and keyboards), and Fred Brown (vocals and guitar). Stan is the son of producer Bill Sheppard. They first released "Don't Freeze Up" in 1976. When it started making a little noise, the band signed a deal with Ju-Par Records in Detroit, which was distributed by Motown Records.

In early 1977, Flavor released their only album "In Good Taste" and the label reissued their only single. When Motown ended its deal with Ju-Par, the band changed their name to Livin' Proof. They released their only self-titled album and two singles. When they failed to make an impact, Livin' Proof disbanded and Stan joined brothers Steven and Sterling Rice to form Triple S Connection.

In 1980, Stan, Chauncey and Fred reformed the band, this time under the name Skool Boyz. Joining them was Stan's brother William "Billy" Sheppard (vocals and bass guitar). They released their self-titled debut album and a few singles on Destiny Records. "Your Love", "This Feeling Must Be Real" and "Before You Go" were minor hits in the R&B charts

In 1984, the band signed a deal with Columbia Records took the band on. They released their self-titled second album, in which "Slip Away" was their highest charting R&B single, peaking at No. 47. It also contains some fine ballads "Nothin' Like a Slow Dance," "Before You Go", "You Are the Best Thing in My Life". Despite positive reviews, the album didn't chart.

The band followed up in 1985 with their final album This Is the Real Thing. Its single "Superfine (From Behind)" fizzled after a hopeful start. It failed to make an impact. The group disbanded afterwards.

Singles
† – Flavor ‡ – Livin' Proof

title: Skool Boyz


text:
High School Mathematics Extensions/Supplementary/Complex Numbers

Introduction
Although the real numbers can, in some sense, represent any natural quantity, they are in another sense incomplete. We can write certain types of equations with real number coefficients which we desire to solve, but which have no real number solutions. The simplest example of this is the equation:

\begin{matrix} x^2 + 1 &=& 0 \\ x^2 &=& -1 \\ x &=& \sqrt {-1} \end{matrix} $$ Your high school math teacher may have told you that there is no solution to the above equation. He/she may have even emphasised that there is no real solution. But we can, in fact, extend our system of numbers to include the complex numbers by declaring the solution to that equation to exist, and giving it a name: the imaginary unit, $$i$$.

Let's imagine for this chapter that $$i = \sqrt{-1}$$ exists. Hence x = i is a solution to the above question, and $$i^2 = -1 $$.

A valid question that one may ask is "Why?". Why is it important that we be able to solve these quadratics with this seemingly artificial construction? It is interesting delve a little further into the reason why this imaginary number was introduced in the first place - it turns out that there was a valid reason why mathematicians realized that such a construct was useful, and could provide deeper insight.

The answer to the question lies not in the solution of quadratics, but rather in the solution of the intersection of a cubic and a line. The mathematician Cardano managed to come up with an ingenious method of solving cubics - much like the quadratic formula, there is also a formula that gives us the roots of cubic equations, although it is far more complicated. Essentially, we can express the solution of a cubic $$x^3 = 3px + 2q$$ in the form

$$x=\sqrt[3]{q + \sqrt{q^2 - p^3}} + \sqrt[3]{q - \sqrt{q^2-p^3}}$$

An unsightly expression, indeed!

You should be able to convince yourself that the line $$y = 3px + 2q$$ must always hit the cubic $$y=x^3$$. But try solving some equation where $$q^2 < p^3$$, and you run into a problem - the problem is that we are forced to deal with the square root of a negative number. But, we know that in fact there is a solution for x; for example, $$x^3 = 15x + 4$$ has the solution x = 4.

It became apparent to the mathematician Bombelli that there was some piece of the puzzle that was missing - something that explained how this seemingly perverse operation of taking a square root of a negative number would somehow simplify to a simple answer like 4. This was in fact the motivation for considering imaginary numbers, and opened up a fascinating area of mathematics.

The topic of Complex numbers is very much concerned with this number i. Since this number doesn't exist in this real world, and only lives in our imagination, we call it the imaginary unit. (Note that $$i$$ is not typically chosen as a variable name for this reason.)

The imaginary unit
As mentioned above

\begin{matrix} i^2 & = & -1 \end{matrix} $$.

Let's compute a few more powers of i:

\begin{matrix} i^1 & = & i \\ i^2 & = & -1 \\ i^3 & = & -i\\ i^4 & = & 1\\ i^5 & = & i\\ i^6 & = & -1\\ &\mbox{...}& \end{matrix} $$

As you may see, there is a pattern to be found in this.

Exercises

 * 1) Compute $$i^{25}$$
 * 2) Compute $$i^{100}$$
 * 3) Compute $$i^{1000}$$
 * Exercise Solutions

Complex numbers as solutions to quadratic equations
Consider the quadratic equation:

\begin{matrix} x^2 - 6x + 13 & =& 0 \\ x & = & \frac{6 \pm \sqrt{36 - 4 \times 13}}{2} \\ x & = & \frac{6 \pm \sqrt{-16}}{2} \\ x & = & \frac{6 \pm \sqrt{-1}\sqrt{16}}{2} \\ x & = & \frac{6 \pm 4i}{2} \\ x & = & 3 + 2i \, \ 3 - 2i\\ \end{matrix} $$ The x we get as a solution is what we call a complex number. (To be nitpicky, the solution set of this equation actually has two complex numbers in it; either is a valid value for x.) It consists of two parts: a real part of 3 and an imaginary part of $$\pm 2$$. Let's call the real part a and the imaginary part b; then the sum $$a+bi = 3 \pm 2i$$ is a complex number.

Notice that by merely defining the square root of negative one, we have already given ourselves the ability to assign a value to a much more complicated, and previously unsolvable, quadratic equation. It turns out that 'any' polynomial equation of degree $$n$$ has exactly $$n$$ zeroes if we allow complex numbers; this is called the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.

We denote the real part by Re. E.g.:
 * $$\mathrm{Re}(x) = 3$$

and the imaginary part by Im. E.g.:
 * $$\mathrm{Im}(x) = \pm 2$$

Let's check to see whether $$x = 3 + 2i$$ really is solution to the equation:

\begin{matrix} x & = &3 + 2i &\\ x^2 & = & (3)^2 + 2(3)(2i) + (2i)^2 \\ & = & 5 + 12i\\ x^2 - 6x + 13 &=& 5 + 12i - 6(3+2i) + 13\\ &=& 0\\ \end{matrix} $$

Exercises

 * 1) Convince yourself that x = 3 - 2i  is also a solution to the equation.
 * 2) Plot the points A(3, 2) and B(3, -2) on a XY plane. Draw a line for each point joining them to the origin.
 * 3) Compute the length of AO (the distance from point A to the Origin) and BO. Denote them by r1 and r2 respectively. What do you observe?
 * 4) Compute the angle between each line and the x-axis and denote them by $$\phi_1$$ and $$\phi_2$$. What do you observe?
 * 5) Consider the complex numbers:

\begin{matrix} z & = & r_1 \cdot (\cos{\phi_1} + i\sin{\phi_1})\\ w & = & r_2 \cdot (\cos{\phi_2} + i\sin{\phi_2})\\ \end{matrix} $$ Substitute z and w into the quadratic equation above using the values you have computed in Exercise 3 and 4. What do you observe? What conclusion can you draw from this?
 * 1) Find the complex solutions to the equation $$x^2-2x+2=0$$. Perform the same steps as above. What can you conclude here?

Addition and multiplication
Adding and multiplying two complex number together turns out to be quite straightforward. Let's illustrate with a few examples. Let x =  3 - 2i and y  =  7 + 11i, and we do addition first

and now multiplication
 * $$ x + y \!$$ || $$= \!$$ || $$(3+7) + (-2+11)i \!$$
 * || $$= \!$$ || $$ 10 + 9i \!$$
 * }
 * }

Let's summarise the results here.
 * $$ x \cdot y \!$$ || $$= \!$$ || $$(3 - 2i)\cdot(7 + 11i) \!$$
 * || $$= \!$$ || $$3\cdot 7 + 3\cdot 11i - 2i\cdot 7 - 2\cdot 11\cdot i^2\!$$
 * ||$$= \!$$ || $$43 + 19i\!$$
 * }
 * ||$$= \!$$ || $$43 + 19i\!$$
 * }
 * When adding complex numbers we add the real parts with real parts, and add the imaginary parts with imaginary parts.
 * When multiplying two complex numbers together, we use normal expansion. Whenever we see i2 we put in its place -1. We then collect like terms.

But how do we calculate:
 * $$\frac{3 + 2i} {7 - \sqrt{5}i}$$

Note that the square root is only above the 5 and not the i. This is a little bit tricky, and we shall cover it in the next section.

Exercises:

\begin{matrix} x &=& 3 - 2i \\ y &=& 3 + 2i \end{matrix} $$

Compute:
 * 1) x + y
 * 2) x - y
 * x2
 * y2
 * xy
 * 1) (x + y)(x - y)

Division
One way to calculate:

\frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{2}} $$ is to rationalise the denominator:

\frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{2}}= \frac{2\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}}{(2\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{2})(2\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2})}= \frac{2\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}}{10} $$

Utilising a similar idea, to calculate

\frac{3 + 2i} {7 - \sqrt{5}i} $$ we realise the denominator.

z \ = \ \frac{3 + 2i} {7 - \sqrt{5}i} $$

z \ = \ \frac{3 + 2i} {7 - \sqrt{5}i} \times \frac{7 + \sqrt{5}i} {7 +\sqrt{5}i} $$ The denominator is the sum of two squares. We get:

z \ = \ \frac{(3 + 2i) \times (7 + \sqrt{5}i)} {49 + 5} $$

z \ = \ \frac{21 - 2\sqrt{5}}{54} + \frac {14+3\sqrt{5}} {54}i $$

If somehow we can always find a complex number whose product with the denominator is a real number, then it's easy to do divisions.

If

z \ = \ a + ib $$ and

w \ = \ a - ib $$ Then zw is a real number. This is true for any 'a' and 'b' (provided they are real numbers).

Exercises
Convince yourself that the product of zw is always a real number.

Complex Conjugate
The exercise above leads to the idea of a complex conjugate. The complex conjugate of a + ib is a - ib. For example, the conjugate of 2 + 3i is 2 - 3i. It is a simple fact that the product of a complex number and its conjugate is always a real number. If z is a complex number then its conjugate is denoted by $$\bar{z}$$. Symbolically if
 * z = a + ib

then,
 * $$\bar{z} = a - ib$$

The conjugate of 3 - 9i is 3 + 9i.

The conjugate of 100 is 100.

The conjugate of 9i - 20 is -20 - 9i.

 Conjugate laws

Here are a few simple rules regarding the complex conjugate
 * $$\overline{z + w}= \bar{z} + \bar{w}$$

and
 * $$\overline{zw}= \bar{z} \bar{w}$$

The above laws simply says that the sum of conjugates equals the conjugate of the sum; and similarly, the conjugate of the product equals the product of the conjugates.

Consider this example:
 * $$(3 + 2i) + (89 - 100i) = 92 - 98i$$

and we can see that
 * $$\overline{92 - 98i} = 92 + 98i$$

which equals to
 * $$\overline{3 + 2i} + \overline{89 - 100i} = 3 - 2i + 89 + 100i = 92 + 98i$$

This confirms the addition conjugate law.

Exercise

 * Convince yourself that the multiplication law is also true.

The complex root
Now that you are equipped with all the basics of complex numbers, you can tackle the more advanced topic of root finding.

Consider the question:

\begin{matrix} z & = & -3 + 4i \\ w & = & \sqrt{z} \end{matrix} $$

Express w in the form of a + ib.

That is easy enough.

\begin{matrix} w & = & \sqrt{z}\\ w^2 & = & z\\

w &=& a + ib\\ w^2 &=& a^2 - b^2 + 2abi\\ \\ -3 &=& a^2 - b^2 &\mbox{(1)}&\\ 4 &=& 2ab &\mbox{(2)}&\\ \end{matrix} $$ Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously to work out a and b.

Observe that if, after solving for a and b, we replace them with -a and -b respectively, then they would still satisfy the two simultaneous equations above, we can see that (as expected) if w = a + ib satisfies the equation w2 = z, then so will w = -(a + ib). With real numbers, we always take the non-negative answer and call the solution $$\sqrt{x}$$. However, since there is no notion of "greater than" or "less than" with complex numbers, there is no such choice of $$\sqrt{z}$$. In fact, which square root to take as "the" value of $$\sqrt{z}$$ depends on the circumstances, and this choice is very important to some calculations.

info -- Finding the square root
 Finding the root of a real number is a very difficult problem to start with. Most people have no hope of finding a close estimate of $$\sqrt{2}$$ without the help of a calculator. The modern method of approximating roots involves an easy to understand and ingenius piece of mathematics called the Taylor series expansion. The topic is usually covered in first year university maths as it requires an elementary understanding of an important branch of mathematics called calculus.

The Newton-Raphson method of root finding is also used extensively for this purpose.

Now consider the problem

\begin{matrix} z &=& -2 + 2i \\ w &=& z^{1/3} \end{matrix} $$ Express w in the form of "a + ib".

Using the methodology developed above we proceed as follows,

\begin{matrix} w &=& z^{1/3} \\ w^3 &=& z \\ \\ w &=& (a + ib)\\ w^3 &=& (a^2 - b^2 + 2abi) \times (a + ib)\\ z &=& (a^3 - 3ab^2) + i(3a^2b - b^3)\\ \\ -2 &=& a^3 - 3ab^2 \qquad (1)\\ 2 &=& 3a^2b - b^3 \qquad (2)\\ \end{matrix} $$

It turns out that the simultaneous equations (1) & (2) are hard to solve. Actually, there is an easy way to calculate the roots of complex numbers called the De Moivre's theorem, it allows us to calculate the nth root of any complex number with ease. But to set the method, we need understand the geometric meaning of a complex number and learn a new way to represent a complex number.

Exercises

 * 1) Find (3 + 3i)1/2
 * 2) Find (1 + 1i)1/2
 * 3) Find i1/3

Complex numbers as ordered pairs
It is worth noting, at this point, that every complex number, a + bi, can be completely specified with exactly two real numbers: the real part a, and the imaginary part b. This is true of every complex number; for example, the number 5 has real part 5 and imaginary part 0, while the number 7i has real part 0 and imaginary part 7. We can take advantage of this to adopt an alternative scheme for writing complex numbers: we can write them as ordered pairs, in the form (a, b) instead of a+bi.

\begin{matrix} \mbox{Instead of} & \mbox{We could write} \\ 5+4i&(5, 4) \\ 3i&(0, 3) \\ \frac{4+5i}{3}&(\frac{4}{3}, \frac{5}{3}) \\ 42&(42, 0) \\ \sqrt{2}+\sqrt{2}i&(\sqrt{2}, \sqrt{2}) \\ \end{matrix} $$ These should look familiar: they are exactly like the ordered pairs we use to represent points in the plane. In fact, we can use them that way; the plane which results is called the complex plane. We refer to its x axis as the real axis, and to its y axis as the imaginary axis.

The complex plane
We can see from the above that a single complex number is a point in the complex plane. We can also represent sets of complex numbers; these will form regions on the plane. For example, the set
 * $$\{a+bi | -1 \le a \le 1, -1 \le b \le 1\}$$

is a square of edge length 2 centered at the origin (See following diagram).

Complex-valued functions
Just as we can make functions which take real values and output real values, so we can create functions from complex numbers to real numbers, or from complex numbers to complex numbers. These latter functions are often referred to as complex-valued functions, because they evaluate to (output) a complex number; it is implicit that their argument (input) is complex as well.

Since complex-valued functions map complex numbers to other complex numbers, and we have already seen that complex numbers correspond to points on the complex plane, we can see that a complex-valued function can turn regions on the complex plane into other regions. A simple example: the function

$$f(z) = z + (0+1i)$$

takes a point in the complex plane and shifts it up by 1. If we apply it to the set of points making up the square above, it will move the entire square up one, so that it "rests" on the x-axis.

{To make more complicated examples, I will first have to go back and introduce the polar representation of complex numbers. Makes for much more interesting functions, :-) You can use the diagrams below or modify them to make new diagrams.  I will make links to these diagrams in other places in Wikibooks:math.  In the 2nd diagram showing the point, r=4 and theta= 50 degrees.  These types of diagrams can be used to introduce phasors, which are notations for complex numbers used in electrical engineering.}

de Moivre's Theorem

 * $$(e^{i\theta})^n = (\cos\theta + i\sin\theta)^n = \cos n\theta + i\sin n\theta$$

For example, say we have $$z = 1 + i$$. We may now write this in polar form,

 * $$z = |z|e^{i\arg z} = \sqrt{2}e^{\frac{\pi}{4}i} = \sqrt{2}\left(\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) + i\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\right)$$

Using de Moivre's theorem, we can deduce,

 * $$z^2 = 2\left(\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) + i\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)\right) = 2i$$
 * $$z^3 = 2\sqrt{2}\left(\cos\left(\frac{3\pi}{4}\right) + i\sin\left(\frac{3\pi}{4}\right)\right) = \sqrt{2}\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}i -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right) = 2i - 2$$
 * $$z^4 = 4 \cdot -1 = -4$$

etc.

Complex root of unity
The complex roots of unity to the nth degree is the set of solutions to the equation $$x^{n} = 1$$. Clearly they all have magnitude 1. They form a cyclic group under multiplication. For any given $$n$$, there are exactly $$n$$ many of them, and they form a regular n-gon in the complex plane over the unit circle.

A closed form solution can be given for them, by use of Euler's formula:

$$u^n = \cos(2\pi\cdot j/n)+i\sin(2\pi\cdot j/n) \quad 0 \leq j < n$$

The sum of the $$n$$th roots of unity is equal to 0, except for $$n=1$$, where it is equal to 1.

The product of the $$n$$th roots of unity alternates between -1 and 1.


text:
Ajaya: Rise of Kali

Ajaya: Rise of Kali is a 2015 Indian novel of mythological fiction written by Anand Neelakantan. The second installment of the Ajaya series, it tells the story of the Kauravas. As opposed to the usual tale told from the point of view of the victors, this entire story is written from Duryodhana's view. It was originally released in English on 21 June 2015 in Hyderabad by the celebrity couple Nagarjuna and Amala.

Reception
The Financial Express writes, "The author takes on the mantle of putting things in a different perspective and adding newer dimensions to the prism of dharma, the effort becomes quite commendable". The Indian Nerve rated it 4.5 out of 5 stating "Highly recommended for everyone who love reading Indian stories portrayed in very refreshing light".

title: Ajaya: Rise of Kali


text:
Talk:Angus Taʻavao

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title: Talk:Angus Taʻavao


text:
Category:Wikiversity culture

Wikiversity will always strive to keep a culture of thoughtful diplomatic honesty.Wikiversity participants should Assume Good Faith, particularly when dealing with new editors. Take the time to help new Wikiversity participants become well-informed scholarly editors. Welcome and guide new editors into the Wikiversity culture of exploration and active learning.

el:Κατηγορία:Κουλτούρα Βικιεπιστημίου

title: Category:Wikiversity culture


text:
Category:Categories

This is the root category of Wikiversity. No pages should be in this category — they should be filed under an appropriate subcategory.

This should also be the only category that is not in any parent category.

See Categories for policies, procedures and more information about the categorization of Wikiversity.

title: Category:Categories


text:
YqeY protein domain

In molecular biology, YqeY is a type of protein domain of unknown function. It is thought to have a role in protein synthesis, facilitating the production of charged transfer RNA used in the process of translating mRNA into protein. It is present as a domain of glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS) in almost all eukaryotes.

Function
The YqeY domain has been found to be involved in the recognition of tRNA charged with the amino acid glutamine (tRNA-Gln). In some cases YqeY also increases the affinity of GlnRS for tRNA-Gln, but only when present in cis (that is, as part of the GlnRS polypeptide chain). However, the presence of YqeY as a standalone domain in organisms without GlnRS suggests that YqeY domains may have additional cellular functions.

Homology
This protein domain shares sequence homology with the C-terminal domain of GatB and GatE, the tRNA-binding subunits of bacterial and archaeal glutamine amidotransferases.

title: YqeY protein domain


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2006 Australia heat wave

The result was delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:44, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

2006 Australia heat wave
Australia has multiple heat waves during summer, this particular article describes a pretty typical Austraia heat wave - not an unusual, notable or encyclopedic weather event. Delete.--Peta 00:31, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete until I see some sources backing this up. Every summer I hear about heat waves, so I have no idea why this one should be different. --Wafulz 01:07, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment —  Could this be renamed and expanded? SynergeticMaggot 01:07, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Rename the existing article, since it's not about a heat wave so much as the results thereof. At that juncture, the question of whether one hot summer with bushfires is more notable than another one needs to be asked. BigHaz 01:18, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - NN, just one heatwave of many, if necessary, add something to the main article -- pm_shef 01:26, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, we don't create articles for every climactically normal meteorological event of only tiny significance to the wider community. SM247 My Talk  02:16, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --דניאל talk  contribs   Email 02:27, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete We had some hot weather and bushfires but nothing unusual by Australian standards. Capitalistroadster 04:11, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Australia-related deletions.   -- Capitalistroadster 04:11, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Rename to something about bushfires. --WikiCats 04:31, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete a meteorological event would have to be pretty incredible to be notable enough, this sort of temperature and resulting bushfires are not unusual for summer in Australia. That said, the article is a bit Sydney-centric. I'm pretty sure it was about 15 degrees in Hobart for example, so certainly not a country-wide phenomenon. --Canley 04:48, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Rename This article should change into an article about the 2005-06 summer bushfires. And before one of you says it, articles abour each summer bushfires are like articles about American cyclones which Wikipedia already has Aussie King Pin 05:12, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. There was a heatwave this summer? I remember some hot days, but nothing out of the ordinary. Claims like this need to be referenced - if there really was a significant heat wave there would be plenty of media articles on it. Mako 09:13, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete If it happened here in Scotland, it would be notable, but this sounds like a typical aussie summer to me Lurker  haver 10:25, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Change to The weather in Sydney (currently a redlink) Delete Andjam 12:57, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete rubbish article about relatively non-notable bushfires. That said, I would say that that the hottest Sydney temperature in 70 years (not just hottest NYD temperature) is out of the ordinary, just not worthy of an article. JPD (talk) 13:46, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep this was a very important heat wave and 'notable'. VanHalen 20:53, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ooh, it got a bit warmer than usual in Australia? Hold the front page! On second thoughts, Delete! -- Necrothesp 22:06, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Perhaps the article can be merged with a more general article about weather or Australia. --Midnightcomm 22:36, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete It was hot but that's an Australian Summer for you. Nothing more notable than another dozen very hot spells in the last 30 years - Peripitus (Talk) 08:07, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete It was hot but that's an Australian Summer for you. Nothing more notable than another dozen very hot spells in the last 30 years - Peripitus (Talk) 08:07, 15 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Wikiversity talk:Example

Hopefully Wikiversity will be provided with its own internet domain. At the bottom of each Wikiversity page there will be a link called "About Wikiversity". I propose that the "Wikiversity/Example" page here at the metawiki be used to develop content for the future "About Wikiversity" page. --JWSurf 16:58, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

more pages at meta-wiki
There are additional Wikiversity-related pages such as this one at the meta-wiki. --JWS 14:54, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Example


text:
Feyzabad (36°20′ N 58°45′ E), Mazul

Feyzabad (, also Romanized as Feyẕābād, Faizābād, and Feyzābād) is a village in Mazul Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22, in 5 families.

title: Feyzabad (36°20′ N 58°45′ E), Mazul


text:
eronnut

Adjective

 * 1) divorced having had one's marriage legally dissolved

Usage notes
The other marriage-related sense of "divorced" (legally dissolved) is translated into Finnish with another structure:
 * It is a sad fact that 43% of marriages are now divorced.
 * It is a sad fact that 43% of marriages are now divorced.
 * It is a sad fact that 43% of marriages are now divorced.

Noun

 * 1) divorcee, divorcé, divorcée divorced person

title: eronnut


text:
Kirk Black

Kirk Black (born June 30, 1969 in Texas) is an American wheelchair curler.

He participated in the 2018 Winter Paralympics, where the American team finished in twelfth place.

title: Kirk Black


text:
Henry Clifford (field hockey)

Henry Charles Clifford Jr. (November 16, 1928 – December 2, 2021) was an American field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

After graduating from Lawrenceville School in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, Clifford received a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Pennsylvania. Clifford served in the Marine Corps during the Korean War, worked for White Weld & Co. for 23 years, and was a mayor of Harding Township, New Jersey.

title: Henry Clifford (field hockey)


text:
User:Wonkiee

Rajitha Rajasooriya

An undergraduate 3rd year student in Faculty of Engineering, University ofPeradeniya. Specialized in Computer Engineering field.

title: User:Wonkiee


text:
Journal of Thoracic Disease

The Journal of Thoracic Disease is a peer-reviewed open access medical journal covering pulmonology. It was established in December 2009 and is published monthly by AME Publishing Company. It is the official journal of the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, and the Society for Thoracic Disease. The editor-in-chief is Zhong Nanshan (Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 2.365.

title: Journal of Thoracic Disease


text:
Talk:David Brandt (American football)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 15:22, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:39, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Brandt (American football). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120105033454/http://www.atomwheels.com/Quad/team/Abio.html to http://www.atomwheels.com/Quad/team/Abio.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:36, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Brandt (American football)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Najeh-gram

The result of the debate was delete. Shanel 02:17, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Najeh-gram
hoax, 0 googles RJFJR 02:09, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as haox -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 02:16, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax/neologism Gwernol 02:44, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:NEO. -- Kinu t /c  02:53, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * delete as hoax. Niffweed17, Destroyer of Chickens 03:01, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as neologism (or, in any case, surely not in our vernacular), although it should be said that, whilst this usage is probably a hoax, the Najeh Davenport story is, for Packers fans, all too real. Joe 04:26, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. ¡Dustimagic!  ( T / C ) 04:53, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:20, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per others. Hbackman 05:31, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom ~Linuxerist L / T 07:09, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --PS2pcGAMER (talk) 07:51, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dicdef/neologism at best. --Icarus 08:13, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - does this article entertain or inform? Nope.  Lankiveil 11:15, 20 March 2006 (UTC).
 * Delete, neologism, probably hoax. Jud e (talk,contribs,email) 11:55, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. --Ter e nce Ong 12:17, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Per nom Nigelthefish 14:29, 21 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Southampton F.C. Under-21s and Academy

Southampton F.C. Under-21s and Academy or Saints U21s and Academy is the youth organisation run by Southampton F.C. to encourage and develop young footballers in the south of England. Renowned players including Gareth Bale, Theo Walcott, and Alan Shearer began their careers at this academy.

The team is made up of under-21 and academy players, is effectively Southampton's second-string side, but is limited to three outfield players and one goalkeeper over the age of 21 per game following the introduction of new regulations from the 2012–13 season. They play in Premier League 2, Division 2. The team also competes in the EFL Trophy, Premier League International Cup, Premier League Cup and the Hampshire Senior Cup. The under-18 players among other younger age groups make up the Academy team and play in the Premier League U18 First Division, South, Premier League U18 Cup and the FA Youth Cup.

Home fixtures are contested at A.F.C. Totton's Testwood Stadium with some fixtures being held at St. Mary's. Some games are played at the club's training facilities at Staplewood in Long Lane, Marchwood, Southampton if required. Since July 2024, the Under 21s have been managed by Simon Rusk while since September 2023, the Under 18s have been managed by Calum MacFarlane.

Age categories

 * Under 21 (professionals)
 * Under 18
 * Under 16
 * Under 15
 * Under 14
 * Under 13
 * Under 12
 * Under 11
 * Under 10
 * Under 9
 * Under 8

International players
Amongst the players who passed through the Saints Academy and went on to represent their country since the turn of the Millennium are:

 * Chris Baird
 * 🇧🇯 Richard Bakary
 * 🏴 Gareth Bale
 * Leon Best
 * 🇵🇱 Bartosz Białkowski
 * 🇦🇬 Dexter Blackstock
 * Alan Blayney
 * Faiq Jefri Bolkiah
 * 🏴 Wayne Bridge
 * 🏴 Calum Chambers
 * 🏴 Arron Davies
 * 🇹🇬 Yoann Folly
 * 🏴 Danny Ings
 * 🏴 Lloyd Isgrove
 * 🏴 Adam Lallana
 * 🇦🇺 Scott McDonald
 * David McGoldrick
 * 🏴 Tyrone Mings
 * 🇺🇬 Bevis Mugabi
 * 🇩🇪 Jamal Musiala
 * Michael Obafemi
 * 🏴 Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain
 * 🇱🇻 Andrejs Perepļotkins
 * 🏴 Lewis Price
 * Ben Reeves
 * 🏴 Luke Shaw
 * Will Smallbone
 * 🇫🇮 Tim Sparv
 * 🇳🇬 Nathan Tella
 * 🇹🇹 Jake Thomson
 * 🇹🇳 Yan Valery
 * 🏴 Theo Walcott
 * 🏴 James Ward-Prowse
 * 🏴 Ben White
 * 🇲🇾 Stuart Wilkin

In the past, prior to the establishment of the academy, the Southampton youth system has produced other international players, including Terry Paine, Martin Chivers, Steve Williams, Mick Channon, Matthew Le Tissier, Kevin Phillips, Alan Shearer and Dennis Wise.

Four former Saints academy players featured in the England Under-21 match against Montenegro on 7 September 2007: Martin Cranie and Theo Walcott both started (with Walcott setting up the second goal) whilst Dexter Blackstock and Andrew Surman came on as second-half substitutes, with Surman scoring the final goal in a 3–0 victory, tapping the ball home in stoppage time from a knock-down by Blackstock.

In England's international friendly against Denmark on 5 March 2014, three graduates of the Southampton F.C. Academy appeared as second-half substitutes: Luke Shaw (making his debut), Adam Lallana and Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain.

Present structure
Andy Goldie is the current Academy Director, having joined the club from Swansea City in July 2023. The current academy set up has teams at all age groups from Under 8s all the way through to the professional U21 team, employing large number of coaches and educational staff. Academy players from the age of 16 up until the age of 18 are often looked after by Host Families within the local area.

The aim of the Southampton academy is to "...produce Premiership class players..."

Southampton has regularly reached the latter stages of the FA Youth Cup, as well as being successful in the FA Premier Academy League championship. In the 2010–2011 season the U18s were only just "...Pipped to the Title..." by one point on the last day of the season of the Group A league. Southampton had to win and Fulham had to draw or lose for Southampton to come top. After winning 1–3 away to Coventry City the U18s were dismayed to discover Fulham had come back from being 0–3 down versus Leicester City to win 5–3.

The academy has joined up with local college Sparsholt College to try to give those footballers who have missed out on a scholarship the opportunity to remain in the game and train and play matches with the Southampton Academy.

In May 2013, Andre Villas-Boas, manager of Tottenham Hotspur praised the Southampton Academy for its ability to produce star players, describing it as "a great school of development" and comparing it to the Sporting Lisbon's youth academy in Portugal.

In April 2015, a Southampton U21 side won the U21 Premier League Cup, defeating a Blackburn Rovers U21 side in the two-legged final at St Mary's Stadium in front of more than 12,000 fans. Goals from Ryan Seager and Sam Gallagher cancelled out a Matt Targett own goal to give Southampton a 2–1 victory after extra time to win the second edition of the cup.

In September 2020, Southampton revamped their Under-23s programme to 'enhance the pathway into the first team for its younger players.' A 'structure and philosophical overhaul' saw the Under-23s side become a B team. The new B team will mirror the training programmes, coaching and style of play of the first team. Training and fixtures, where possible, will also be organised so it does not clash with the first team so the first team manager and coaches can watch the side train or play and also take part in coaching sessions. The side will still continue to participate in the same competitions as before the revamp.

Under new club Director of Football Matt Crocker, individual player coaches have been brought-in to try and improve players coming through the academy. Lee Skyrme was appointed B team individual player coach in 2021, while Mikey Harris was appointed in the same role for the U18s in the same year. Harris was replaced in 2022 by Pete Haynes, with Harris having been promoted to U18 head coach.

Under-21 team squad
Players (excluding scholars) who will qualify as Under-21 team players in season 2024–25 (i.e. born on or after 1 January 2004) and who are outside the first team squad.

 * Squad numbers represent numbers given to players for first team and EFL Trophy matches only.
 * ± Denotes a player on an 'extended scholarship'.
 * * Denotes a player who is overage (born before 1 January 2004) and outside of the first team squad.

Leagues

 * Premier League 2, Division 2
 * Champions: 2022–23
 * 2nd (promoted via playoffs): 2018–19

Cups

 * U21 Premier League Cup
 * Winners: 2014–15
 * Southampton Senior Cup
 * Winners: 2017–18
 * South Shields International Tournament
 * Winners: 2018–19

Academy 2nd Years 2024–25

 * * = Professional contracts

Academy 1st Years 2024–2025

 * * = Professional contracts

Leagues

 * U18 Premier League, Division 1
 * Champions (South Group), National runners-up'': 2021–22

Cups

 * FA Youth Cup
 * Runners-up: 2004–05

Staff

 * Academy Leads
 * Academy Director: Andy Goldie
 * Head of Academy Coaching: Ricky King
 * Head of Academy Recruitment: TBA
 * Head of Academy Medical Services: Tom Sturdy
 * Head of Player Strategy: Olly Lancashire

 * Under-21 / Under-18 management
 * U21 Coach: Simon Rusk
 * U21 Assistant Coach: Chris Allen
 * U18 Coach: Calum MacFarlane
 * U18 Assistant Coach: Andrew Surman
 * Development Goalkeeping Coach: Ryan Flood

Academy graduates (2000–present)
A number of players from the Southampton F.C. Academy have gone on to have careers in professional football, whether at Southampton or at other clubs. The following is a list of players who have made their Southampton first-team debuts since the turn of the millennium. Players who have represented Southampton in only the EFL Trophy are not included in this list. Academy graduates who still play for Southampton, including those that are currently out on loan to other clubs, are highlighted in green. Where players have made their debut in the same fixture, they are sorted alphabetically by surname.

title: Southampton F.C. Under-21s and Academy


text:
1965 Houston Cougars football team

The 1965 Houston Cougars football team was an American football team that represented the University of Houston as an independent during the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. In its fourth season under head coach Bill Yeoman, the team compiled a 4–5–1 record. Cotton Guerrant was the team captain. The team played its home games at the Astrodome in Houston

title: 1965 Houston Cougars football team


text:
urla

Etymology
From, ,.

Noun

 * 1) lock of hair, forelock
 * 2) eaves
 * 3) butt, end ; haft, handle

Etymology
, ultimately from a reduplicated imitative root.

Verb

 * 1) to yell, roar, howl, bawl

title: urla


text:
Robert Hemenway

Robert Emery Hemenway (August 10, 1941 – July 31, 2015) was the 16th chancellor of the University of Kansas (KU).

Biography
Hemenway was born on August 10, 1941, in Nebraska. He served as Dean of Arts and Sciences at the University of Oklahoma from 1986 to 1989, and chancellor of the University of Kentucky from 1989 to 1995. He arrived at KU in 1995 as the successor to interim chancellor Del Shankel.

Hemenway also served as Chair of the 18-member NCAA Division I board of directors from 2002 to 2005, and as a member of the board of directors of the American Council on Education. Starting in 2002, he served on the board of directors of the National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges.

Upon his arrival at KU, Hemenway prioritized making it a Top 25 academic institution in America. In 2007, KU ranked 88th according to the U.S. News & World Report ranking of all national universities (public and private). In 1988, during Hemenway's tenure, KU ranked as high as 30th in that ranking, and was 45th in 2005. KU ranks 3rd among public colleges and universities for the number of Academic All-Americans since 1990. Hemenway also made research a pillar of KU, especially in medical fields, and, in 2006, made a commitment to cancer research through the designation of the KU Cancer Center.

On December 8, 2008, Hemenway announced that he would step down as chancellor on June 30, 2009, after serving 14 years in the position. He announced that he would be transitioning to the role of faculty member after taking a sabbatical during the 2009–10 academic year, to write a book on intercollegiate athletics and American values. Hemenway was replaced by Bernadette Gray-Little.

Hemenway died on July 31, 2015, from complications of Parkinson's disease.

Education

 * Hastings (Neb.) High School (1959)
 * University of Nebraska at Omaha (1963), B.A. with Honors, English
 * Kent State University (1966) Ph.D., English.

Teaching and scholarship

 * Authored "Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography", about the Harlem Renaissance author, which was named one of the New York Times' Best Books of 1978.
 * In addition to serving as chancellor, Hemenway taught English.
 * Professor of English at the University of Kentucky and the University of Wyoming

Trivia

 * Nicknames: Chancellor Bob (referred to himself as this at 2006 commencement ); Uncle Bob (sometimes used by students)
 * Married Leah Renee Hattemer on December 19, 1981.

title: Robert Hemenway


text:
User:Ed Poor/Current time

The current time in many popular Earth locations is:

Europe

 * London:
 * France, Germany, etc.:

United States and Canada
June 29, 2024
 * Nova Scotia, Puerto Rico:
 * New York:
 * Chicago:
 * Denver:
 * Arizona:
 * Los Angeles:
 * Anchorage, Alaska:
 * Hawaii:
 * American Samoa:

title: User:Ed Poor/Current time


text:
Talk:David DiPlacido

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on David Diplacido. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081204090543/http://www.canadiansoccerleague.ca:80/news_archive.php?news_id=113188 to http://www.canadiansoccerleague.ca/news_archive.php?news_id=113188
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081024010836/http://www.canadiansoccerleague.ca:80/news_archive.php?news_id=115618 to http://canadiansoccerleague.ca/news_archive.php?news_id=115618
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081024010843/http://www.canadiansoccerleague.ca:80/news_archive.php?news_id=117546 to http://www.canadiansoccerleague.ca/news_archive.php?news_id=117546

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:38, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:David DiPlacido


text:
List of teams and cyclists in the 1973 Vuelta a España

For the 1973 Vuelta a España, the field consisted of 80 riders; 62 finished the race.


text:
Talk:Anthony Sumption

Friends
I presume William ress mogg and Humprey Berkley are William Rees-Mogg and Humphrey Berkeley respectively - references would be useful. Jackiespeel (talk) 17:23, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anthony Sumption


text:
Richard Livingstone (businessman)

Richard John Livingstone (born November 1964) is a British billionaire property developer, through the privately held London & Regional Properties, owned jointly with his brother Ian Livingstone.

Early life
Richard John Livingstone was born in November 1964 in the UK, the son of a dentist in Ealing, London. He was educated at St Paul's School, a leading private school.

Career
He trained as a chartered surveyor. Together with his brother Ian, a former optometrist, they acquired the David Clulow opticians chain in 1992. They sold it in 2011 and are now primarily property developers.

Many of their early developments were financed by Jacob Rothschild's merchant bank Dawnay Day, who Ian said "proved very supportive".

Through their company London & Regional Properties, they own David Lloyd Leisure and luxury hotels including Cliveden House in Berkshire, Hilton Hotels in London's Green Park and Park Lane. They redeveloped Marks & Spencer's former headquarters at 55 Baker Street, which now houses the offices of Knight Frank, the accountant BDO Stoy Hayward, and London & Regional itself.

, together with Jaime Gilinski Bacal, they are developing the $700 million Panama Pacifico project in Panama City, Panama on the former Howard Air Force Base. They are also reveloping the former Elizabeth House hotel near London's Waterloo station in a $930 million project.

In the 2014 Sunday Times Rich List, together with his brother Ian, they have an estimated net worth of £2.6 billion.

Personal life
In 1997, Livingstone married Claire Burns, the daughter of John Burns, who founded the Derwent London property group. They are now divorced. Livingstone is Jewish.

The Evening Standard notes that they are eager to avoid publicity and seek to lead a normal life for the sake of their children, and calls them "arguably the lowest-profile billionaire siblings in London" and "these most secretive of brothers".

title: Richard Livingstone (businessman)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/merdeka118.com

Links

 * merdeka118.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 2 additions.


text:
CACS/Glossary/ASML

Assembly Language is the lowest level of symbolic progarmming language characterized by the use of a single statement for each machine instruction. The language also permits the use of labels for routines, variables, and storage assignments. There is a different language for each computer CPU. Some versions of Assembly Language support the use of Macro Instructions.

(PC Platforms) Assembley Language source code is usually stored with a file extension of .ASM.

title: CACS/Glossary/ASML


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Syria Files

Syria Files

 * ... that WikiLeaks' Syria Files showed relations that Finmeccanica and Brown Lloyd James had with Syrian authorities during the Syrian uprising?
 * Reviewed: Eusmilia

Created/expanded by Emijrp (talk), Boud (talk). Nominated by Boud (talk) at 08:31, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol confirmed.svg New enough and long enough, appears to be well-sourced and neutral, hook is formatted correctly and interesting. Could mention that Finmeccanica and Brown Lloyd James are companies, which I, for one, didn't know, but that doesn't have to be a deal-breaker since they are wiki-linked. Acdixon (talk · contribs) 20:19, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for doing the review. I hadn't known about those two companies either - some wider editor attention to their Wikipedia articles would be useful - i started a section at Talk:Finmeccanica proposing discussion of an edit of mine that had been quickly reverted. Boud (talk) 00:46, 14 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Christian education

Christian education may refer to:

 * Catechesis, a type of Christian education associated with the Roman Catholic church and churches that follow a liturgical paradigm
 * Sunday school, a form of Christian education used widely among many different kinds of Christian churches
 * Bible study (Christianity)
 * Seminary
 * Parochial school
 * Christian educational systems

title: Christian education


text:
Talk:Dave Benton

Kids
Dave has also a son born in Aruba, name of the son is Eugene , i know this because he was my neigbor in Aruba in de late 80s <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:06, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Benton


text:
Talk:R. A. Dickey

tommy john
apparently he doesn't have a Ulnar collateral ligament (elbow). wtf —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:00, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Any relation to former player Bill Dickey
Is he related to former player Bill Dickey at all?

Personal
The SI article that came out on Dickey dated March 27,2012, that Dickey and his wife Anne have four children, not three. (http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/magazine/03/27/ra.dickey/1.html) Krejaton (talk) 03:04, 28 March 2012 (UTC)krejaton
 * So then go ahead and fix it please. Nothing to fear.-- brew crewer  (yada, yada) 03:12, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

content for current year starting to get a little scrambled
With increasing numbers of editors taking an interest due to Dickey's growing notoriety, the info detailing his current string of success is starting to get a little scrambled. Clearly the book is not finished on his 2012 season and there will be many revisions to come but I think we should strive to keep the section readable and encyclopedic at all times. Please if you make a change try to keep the references and citations attached to the facts they represent (I'm referring to a few edits made last week, not so much more recent ones).--Threephi (talk) 18:44, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

R.A. vs R. A.; Alan vs Allen
1) I propose moving this article to R.A. Dickey with redirects as appropriate. In the absence of objections I will do so in a few days.

"R.A." without spaces between the initials is how it appears on the cover jacket of his recently-released autobiography, on the Mets' official roster, and in the vast majority of other references to him. I have not found any explicit source, but given this is the spelling as shown from sources representing a direct business relationship, and on his personal twitter profile, it seems unlikely to be an accident or coincidence. I feel it is safe to assume this is how he prefers his name be spelled, and IMO the article title should reflect that.

2) His individual MLB roster page and every MLB.com news article that gives it shows his middle name as Alan, not Allen. Same goes for the NYT: there's one article in its archive giving Dickey's full name and it is Robert Alan Dickey.  I'm going to go ahead and make this change. --Threephi (talk) 23:37, 22 June 2012 (UTC)
 * 1) You should probably discuss that through WP:RM rather than moving it on your own. There's a wiki policy somewhere about having a space between the initials, though I'm not sure where it is.
 * 2) Good, no objections there. – Muboshgu (talk) 00:10, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

Thanks for that advice, I will do some research and bring it up there. I know page moves are something of a big deal which is why I wanted to wait before doing it. I did notice that there is a bunch of "hidden" content in the article wikicode eg. sort name, persondata, etc. that uses "R. A." so I'd like to understand the repercussions before pulling the trigger, or whether any of those would or should need to be changed if the page were moved. --Threephi (talk) 01:15, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

At first glance there doesn't seem to be any impediment from policy. WP:NCP generally advises to "use the most common format of a name used in reliable sources". Regarding spaces between initials, it states there is no consensus either way and merely observes that most articles use a space. To me this seems only a manifestation of the likely fact that most people with such names do use the space; R.A. Dickey just seems to be in the minority in that regard. There was nothing relevant in WP:NC-BASE, and from my reading of WP:MOVE it also appears that a request would not be necessary (FWIW I have done page moves before). I am however going to look into the ramifications of the move for sort keys etc. before doing it. --Threephi (talk) 02:38, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

 * It looks like the Wikipedia policy has changed with respect to spacing between initials in a person's name. Previously it stated there should be a space. I assume that's why most Wikipedia articles have a space between the initials. From my experience, outside of Wikipedia, most references to people's names do not have a space between the initials. So I don't think Dickey is in the minority in that regard. IMO, we should keep it as is with the spaces, but I suppose there really isn't a good reason why I feel that way.
 * It's funny you are having this discussion. I only made the edit I did to add the spaces because I saw a reference to Dickey in the USA Baseball Olympic Team roster. — X96lee15 (talk) 17:25, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Well as is no doubt apparent, I am against the space in this case and my intention is to move the page. As I see the evidence, R.A. is the most authoritative spelling as well as the most common (although granted R. A. is used quite a lot by secondary and tertiary sources). My take on it is that in the absence of superseding interests, structural details such as this should be correct. People come to Wikipedia as an authoritative source on its own and that fact will amplify usage of whichever rendering is found here.

This little exercise has led me to a greater appreciation of the richness and depth of WP policy. The various cases in which it is advised to spell a name differently than the "official" version are well-explained and reasonable. I would also just add that spelling it the way Mr. Dickey himself spells it seems by my reading to satisfy every requirement in WP:ABOUTSELF. --Threephi (talk) 20:24, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Just came back to this page after some time away. It seems the sources on Alan vs. Allen have been updated since the above discussion and Allen appears to be the authoritative spelling. --Threephi (talk) 17:00, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

Page move
Completed as per above discussion. I'm going to start in on cleaning up the page links now. --Threephi (talk) 15:02, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

Picture
This really has little importance but it drives me crazy that the same picture for R.A. from his first Mets appearance is still up? Can anyone please update it to something a little current? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Metfan722 (talk • contribs) 18:54, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Undue weight
I haven't been on this page in a while, but I can see that the section covering 2012 has ballooned out of proportion, even given the fact that he won the Cy Young for that season. – Muboshgu (talk) 20:26, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I would agree... at a quick glance the stuff about Adam Greenberg and Johan Santana should be taken out as they arent really about Dickey.. way too much game by game detail and the stuff about the Mets winning and losing streaks isnt relevant either. Spanneraol (talk) 21:37, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The Greenberg and Santana sections are one sentence mentions, so that wouldn't reduce much, but it would take out tangential/coat-racking details. There's also the bit about his coaching an 18 year old knuckleballer. I think that would be more appropriate in a "Pitching style" or "Personal" section as it's not really pertinent to the 2012 season. Then there's the game by game detail and Mets' performance, as you said, which is the majority of the cruft here. – Muboshgu (talk) 22:03, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * As of the June 28th, 2013 I don't see a problem with it. If there are no inaccuracies I don'[t see the issue. It is a very special and rare moment and this is the way baseball is with the stats and streaks and such. It's a very baseball section IMO. Now if it was detailed like that for anything but a spectacular season I would see the issue. But this is about the a rarity that has not been seen in the MLB. The chronicle is a bit detailed but again so is baseball. Despyria (talk) 10:48, 1 July 2013 (UTC)
 * It's still pretty wordy and could at least have the prose cut back into more efficient use of space. Could probably cut back 20% or more simply by reducing the amount of extra prose in there. And I don't think we need to include "he's expected to be ready for 2013 spring training" at this point.... Echoedmyron (talk) 14:19, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Sporting News Pitcher of the Year
Why does someone keep on taking the Sporting News Pitcher of the Year award out of the list of accomplishments? The SN Pitcher of the Year is a more prestigious award than the Cy Young? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:01, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * It is the consensus at WP:BASEBALL to only include MLB-sanctioned awards/honors in the infobox. The Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award is not MLB-sanctioned, or anywhere near the Cy Young Award in terms of prestige. – Muboshgu (talk) 18:41, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Pretty funny, MLB Cy Young award is voted on by baseball writers so they of course make it sound like it is the best award. I will not change the info box but you would think that Wikipedia would be an encyclopedia not a advertising for MLB. The info box should be for awards given out for performance in baseball not for awards given for baseball sanction by MLB. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:10, 8 January 2013 (UTC) Only MLB Sanction awards in the info box??? Is Branch Rickey and Fielding Bible Awards sanction by MLB???? Why is there such prejudice on this page?

December not November
"On November 16, 2012, it was reported that the Mets have agreed to trade Dickey to the Toronto Blue Jays in a seven player deal. The deal is contingent on Dickey and the Blue Jays agreeing on a contract extension before a 2 p.m. ET deadline on November 18."

That happened this month, not last. And they've agreed on the extension -> http://sports.yahoo.com/news/r-a--dickey--blue-jays-reach-deal-on-contract-175044742.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:29, 17 December 2012
 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done – Muboshgu (talk) 19:42, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

It wasn't when I wrote this, smart guy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:48, 17 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I didn't mean to come across as condescending. I simply meant that it was "already done" by the time I noticed your comment and looked to address it. – Muboshgu (talk) 20:41, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:R. A. Dickey