text:
Talk:U.S. presidential IQ hoax/Archive 1

I mean, seriously.
1206 is not a real SAT score. I believe the scores are all multiples of ten. Also, you cannot predict IQ based on a scholastic, acquired knowledge-centric test. This is absurd.

 * Agreed. This portion of the article has been removed. atakdoug (talk) 07:40, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

http://www.therationalradical.com/morons/george-bush.htm

http://axisoflogic.com/cgi-bin/exec/view.pl?archive=153&num=24155 —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:47, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 1206 was the score at the top of Bush's transcripts according to one site I saw which offered a link to the actual documents (which i didn't really care to follow. Bush's scoring was done under a different system than the one used today, and I think that might account for the fact it is not in a multiple of ten. Mrathel (talk) 18:43, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

POV?
See talk:List of US Presidents by estimated IQ/Delete to discuss deletion of this article

snopes says it's a hoax Quincy 07:54, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * and it seem awfully POV. All democrats beat all republicans except Richard Nixon? Gentgeen 08:09, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Went to the "non partizan" think tank's website, and found this report, that starts as follows,
 * "Bush rests comfortably after surgery to implant pacemaker in brain

 * "Thanks to a device similar to the one in Vice President Dick Cheney's heart, the nation has healthy, clear-thinking, plain-speaking leaders again.

 * "WASHINGTON -- In the second White House health scare in little more than a month, doctors Wednesday night implanted a sophisticated pacemaker in President Bush's brain."

 * I'm now going to list this on VfD

Oh, how I wish I could change "a partisan attack" to "an admittedly plausible partisan attack" :) Tualha 01:56, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Off topic
I see that some cleanup has been done on the article after I added a short note about the non-hoax 2006 study. But I feel that the amount of detail and "see also" links to nucular and stateregy are not really appropriate for an article about this topic. The non-hoax is already discussed in Public perception and assessments of George W. Bush. Han-Kwang 15:35, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Is there real or at least estimated IQ for Clinton?
This wiki article starts out as a hoax on U.S. Presidents but from then on talks only about George W. Bush. What about Bill Clinton’s 182 IQ was this also faked or where is a legitimate source for it? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:40, 6 February 2007 (UTC).
 * That was also fake. The IQ of Clinton according to the real study was (on average) 149. I added the info to the article. --Cpt. Morgan (Reinoutr) 13:36, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

removed misleading line/notes
"'Still, the author concluded that Bush “is definitely intelligent … certainly smart enough to be president of the United States”.'"

Given context, this line implied something that neither the report, not the article said. This line is quoting an article (that's the reference used here) that's quoting the actual report, but both the article and the report and very harsh in terms of Bush's intelligence, and the way we're quoting this implies that the article and/or the study is much kinder to Bush than it actually is.

"'Bush’s score, he says, is comparable to “extremist Islamic fundamentalists in the Taliban and Al-Qaeda leadership — with the notable exception of Osama Bin Laden, who is lower still”.'"

The article is good though, especially for people who can't access the report online. So I'm changing the bottom to Notes and References--most of what's there are footnotes, and I'll leave this article as an additional reference. Miss Mondegreen | Talk  09:28, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

'
Shouldn't this be U.S. Presidents' IQ hoax? --justme 00:12, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Concur. It is the possessive form of a plural noun. I'll perform a move by 12. Nov, unless I see a rebuttal. samwaltz 03:43, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Hrmm... Well, no comment. I'm bumping it to U.S. Presidential IQ hoax, so we can avoid the whole apostrophe issue. samwaltz 22:45, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Biased?
Bill Clinton probably has an IQ of 149 or more. He graduated from Georgetown University, got a Rhodes Scholar fellowship to go to Oxford and a legal degree from Georgetown. He is known to be incredibly intelligent.

This entire entry is biased. It is written defensively in order to protect G.W. Bush. We know that the man is not smart and that everything that he has has been a result of it being handed to him. He was kicked off of a job his dad gave him. Carlton Group, (Dad's cronies who are gobbling up worldwide territory and creating an enormous military for-profit business,) put him on the board of one of their subsidiaries. It was an airline catering business. He was asked to leave because he was adding nothing to the board. This business that Dad is involved in includes many conservative people, such as John Majors P.M., of England.

There is nothing to indicate that G.W. took school seriously. He was more prone to drinking and spent his time on social things, such as his cheerleading.

When he was in college, he quite resented the protestors of Viet Nam. He was conservative and supported the war.

Until he was president, he had not visited any other countries, though he had the money to travel the world. He did not have the curiosity He lost a few businesses. Outside of supporting his father in his political endeavors, no business or job success is known. He became governor of Texas. What was behind his governorship, I don't know. Karl Rove met him as a big kid in trouble and decided to turn him into a politician. So, he became a governor. Around 1998 he stated that he had no interest in politics and would never think of presidency.

G.W.'s IQ? Listening to him, hearing his understanding of his position of leader of the most powerful country in the world, it is impossible for this reader to believe that he has an IQ as high as 125. My guess is that it is somewhere around 100....just a guess. I have wondered seriously, if he could pass the constitution test.

The entry on this issue is a defensive, false statement. Mine is biased, too, but I am not an entry in Wikipedia. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).

Should not be on Wikipedia
I read a few articles about this "hoax". I am not sure if this page wasn't manipulated by the government. It is not good ifsomeone reads about a stupid president. I also do not think that this thing is worth an article in Wikipedia especially as it is not proven that this is really a hoax. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikiwitti (talk • contribs) 21:37, 5 September 2011 (UTC) This article should not bo on wikipedia. It is a biased and non educational article. Please remove this article. I an very new here so I do not know how to remove this article. Please give ypur thoughts and opinions on my talkpage. User:<IP_ADDRESS> (User talk:<IP_ADDRESS>)  —The preceding  signed but undated.
 * This article is very old, and well referenced, although there are a lot of articles thaqt should not be on Wikipedia, I do not feel that this is one of them. aliasd·U·T 06:35, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

I am not a fan of george bush, but his SAT was 1206, to score that it would be almost impossible to have an IQ lower then say 120 by most estimates. He may well be stupid intellically for a president, doesnt mean he has the IQ of someone working at McDonalds, and i feel most of the people who say this shouldnt be on Wikipedia are just upset that it doesnt say that george bush is mentally retarded —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:33, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

I placed a notablity template. I agree. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 05:20, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

 * From WP:Notability: A topic is presumed to be notable if it has received significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject. Such sources, including the various international newspapers and about.com, are cited in the article. Was the coverage significant? We could argue, but given the number of times this came up and the number of sources, I think most Wikipedians would say yes.  The presumption isn't absolute, but I don't think anyone has made a case for a non-notability argument here.  I am removing the tag; please don't restore it without citing a specific problem with the notability.

 * The original claim, that the article is biased and uneducational, has nothing to do with notability, so, having dealt with the spurious issue, let's get to the real one. The article, as it was written a while ago, was not good.  It was, among other things, pretty badly slanted in Bush's direction.  I and others have removed some of the POV; if you can improve the article further, please feel free to do so.

 * To sum up: the article is pretty clearly notable; it ain't going anywhere on that ground unless you can show a consensus to delete it. It certainly could be improved; as always, everyone is welcome to help with that. atakdoug (talk) 07:34, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Notability should'nt be an issue
Notability is no more than a false issue when it comes to virtual encyclopedia with virtually endless capacity to hold informations. I believe notability is unwikipedia-like.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules

By all means break the rules, and break them beautifully, deliberately and well. That is one of the ends for which they exist. —Robert Bringhurst,

If a rule prevents you from improving or maintaining Wikipedia, ignore it.

--Z E U S (talk) 21:16, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Real Studies Section POV
The "Real Studies" entry in this article does not give a NPOV as it cites three sources but mentions only one newspaper article about a psychologist at the University of California and gives almost no information about the study he conducted beyond the fact that Bush's score suffered due to his unwilliness to try new things. Either the section must give more sources on real studies or it needs to bow out all together; but a "Real Studies" section can't discuss only one study. Mrathel (talk) 18:39, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Fixed section title to reflect the singular known study: "Legitimate Presidential IQ study". Added a link to the real study's abstract in Histori c al Psychology journal under External Links. The journal's abstract page offers a PDF format copy of the Simonton's paper; I did not add this link separately. The Legit Study section reads much more NPOV than its original version, but still emphasizes the extent to which this study supports the hoax conclusion; I added the clause noting its estimate of Bush IQ is somewhat higher than the hoax.Bookerj (talk) 18:30, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Highly controversial article
I move to delete some of the entry relating to the re-estimation of George W. Bush's I.Q. The references cited for this entry do not make any difference since the authors of the said references were not privy to any actual information about his I.Q. I move to delete the statement a cognitive proclivity that encompasses unusual receptiveness to fantasy... Is that a reference to his religious background? As stated in the article Religiosity and intelligence, a low I.Q. is not a given when it comes to strong religious leanings. 3 references do not change the fact that it is a highly biased statement. As mentioned by me and the article above there is no strong correlation. I personally know. How? My I.Q. is 162, and I identify as highly religious. Strong delete of above stated entry. If no one opposes in approx. one week, I will delete it and replace it with 3 full stop (or period) marks.  Lighthead  þ 20:40, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I will actually delete the whole part after openness to experience, if nobody objects. That whole part is highly controversial. Aesthetics doesn't make you stupider. I mean, that gets to be beyond just personal political attacks.  Lighthead  þ 21:07, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Early Delete. One link isn't valid. The other two don't mention the comment at all. I should've looked at the links early on. My bad.  Lighthead  þ 21:18, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Deleted statement supposedly backed up by references; and tagged section appropriately. That should do it.  Lighthead  þ 21:38, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

Just for future reference; the reason I tagged the section is because anybody conscious knows that the only way to verify someone's IQ is if the person actually, physically, took the test. Any other way is completely biased and subjective as the section actually points out. We can say that Kennedy's IQ is here and Clinton and Bush's IQ is over there; but ultimately the physical data speaks for itself. No matter what scientist came up with the data! That's actually pseudoscience if you really want to define it. So, that's that.  Lighthead  þ 21:46, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

→ Lighthead: Yep, any "estimate" of IQ is by definition subjective, regardless whose estimate it is. But not necessarily biased - that would depend on the subjective NPOV of the estimator's judgment. In fact, while actual IQ test scores may be less subjective, they remain just a uni-dimensional estimate of a very complex network of human genetic (and possibly environmental) characteristics. "Subjective": That's exactly how UC scientist Simonton's study identifies itself.

I'm not familiar with the historiometric techniques Simonton used. The WP entry on that topic identifies historiometry as the psychological study of genius. It asserts that "Historiometry was the first field studying genius by using scientific methods" (though it cites a later 2008 paper by Simonton for that definition). And keep in mind, this article is not trying to report on GW Bush's intelligence (nor that of all the presidents, for that matter); rather it is reporting on the 2001 internet hoax targeting GW with an unfair and fictional comparison. In that context, Dean Simonton's actual 2006 study and its admittedly subjective findings are a valid topic for this article to report, as they provide a new and somewhat improved context for the intelligence comparison that was the hoax's raison-d'etre. This article would be the poorer (less neutral, as well as less informative) for the lack of this counter context. I vote for removing the POV tag.Bookerj (talk) 18:04, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

I have removed the POV tag after inserting a critical article. --GirasoleDE (talk) 16:28, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

Deletion of table
Following from the discussion at AfD for a related article, I propose to delete the table of estimated IQs for a number of reasons. Mostly, it is based purely on a primary source; this source is cited and the material is already adequately summarized in the text above the table. Quoting the results in full give undue weight to a single point of view which is somewhat speculative: for example, Simonton did not validate his methodology by using it to estimate IQs of people for whom test results are known. Indeed, even in his own article (p. 518), Simonton describes the estimated IQ scores as "tentative and approximate". Comments? Dricherby (talk) 17:02, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I tend to be anti-deletionist (the absence of tattered information does not equal balance), but on this one I can't argue against your position. That table is brutal.  The column labelled "Corrected" is really a blended measure, where one element contains a small correction which struck me as pertaining to paucity of data (not a good thing, even with a correction).  The next column has the heading "Cumulative" but I couldn't find that word in the source at all.  Apart from that, the underlying study appears to be about as good as these things get at combining indirect measures, which tops out at suggestive, and never truly breaks through the GIGO glass ceiling no matter how much sophistication one throws at it.  I'm going to throw a dispute tag on this section, but leave it alone for now. — MaxEnt 23:28, 30 May 2014 (UTC)

 * The table is ... ridiculous, and it malquotes the source. The source give other figures than the table, f.ex. Gerald Ford - table: 111, source: 124.4, Ulysses Grant - table: 120, source: 115.0. And so on. Delete it! It only attracts vandals! Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 06:02, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

 * The table doesn't even spell Barack correctly, and the source is someone who doesn't understand basic statistics. Just look at the 'reasoning' on the source blog in the "Expected IQ of a Harvard magna cum laude" section, and then delete this table.  They assume that magna cum laude Harvard grads are the smartest 41,000 of 226,000,000 adults, meaning the smartest MIT graduate is less smart than the dumbest Harvard cum laude graduate. Then they halve the dubious ratio from 1/5,500 to make it 1/11,000 for no apparent reason and convert it from a fraction to a standard deviation of 3.73. Instead of converting +3.73 to an IQ of around 155, they hilariously decided to multiply it by a correlation factor between IQ and academic success of 0.65 to get 2.42 standard deviations or 136 IQ. They seem to think that if two sets of data have a correlation of 0.5, you should multiply the difference between any given value and the average by 0.5 to find the true difference from the average. Just awful, please delete.  <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:14, 20 January 2017 (UTC)Signature

 * I am of the opinion this entire article needs to be deleted, but I concur with others on this talk page: the table is unscientific and since its covered by the paragraph preceding it is unnecessary. C5mjohn (talk) 15:04, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

Notable? Encyclopedic?
Reads more like a Snopes article than an encyclopedia entry. In fact, it's sourced to Snopes, where I rather think it belongs.E.M.Gregory (talk) 21:39, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on U.S. Presidential IQ hoax. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121030060057/http://www1.csbsju.edu/uspp/Election/bush011401.htm to http://www1.csbsju.edu/uspp/Election/bush011401.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131102092216/http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2011/10/smart-president/ to http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2011/10/smart-president/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:24, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

This article needs to be deleted.
And quickly. There is one single extremely obvious reason why. It is written as if there is only one hoax out there, and that simply is NOT TRUE AT ALL. There are MANY hoaxes in this vein. Either this article needs to address the entire subject and stop presenting this hoax as the only one in existence, or it should be deleted PERIOD. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:04, 9 April 2018 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Don Petrie

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Don Petrie. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060514021500/http://www.thesoccerhalloffame.ca:80/OSN.nsf/c1bfa845a2dec3bf85256b0b005d4116/88ad384b8e5c83f585256b0d006e6e3f?OpenDocument to http://www.thesoccerhalloffame.ca/OSN.nsf/c1bfa845a2dec3bf85256b0b005d4116/88ad384b8e5c83f585256b0d006e6e3f?OpenDocument

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:05, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Don Petrie


text:
A Temporary Gentleman

A Temporary Gentleman is a 1920 British silent comedy film directed by Fred W. Durrant and starring Owen Nares, Madge Titheradge and Alfred Drayton. It was shot at Isleworth Studios.

Plot
A clerk's service as subaltern spoils him for menial work.

Cast

 * Owen Nares as Walter Hope
 * Madge Titheradge as Miss Hudson
 * Tom Reynolds as Mr. Jack
 * Maudie Dunham as Alice Hope
 * Sydney Fairbrother as Mrs. Hope
 * Alfred Drayton as Sir Herbert Hudson

title: A Temporary Gentleman


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/bourdin.ru

Links

 * bourdin.ru resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 4 additions.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/totaldreamer.com

Links

 * totaldreamer.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 2 additions out of 2 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/totaldreamer.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\btotaldreamer\.com\b       # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/totaldreamer.com ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. No links left in here mentioned edits. Marked stale. --COIBot (talk) 18:22, 21 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Template:Study guides bookshelf

 Study Guides  A-L EVEL  - A-level Mathematics - A-level Physics - G CSE  - GCSE Science - I NTERNATIONAL B ACCALAUREATE  - International Baccalaureate - IB Biology - IB Economics - IB European History - IB European History - IB Geography - IB Music - N CEA  - NCEA Level 1 Science - P ROFESSIONAL C ERTIFICATIONS  - Microsoft Certified Professional Developer - .NET Development Foundation - Network plus exam cram - General Securities Representative Exam - US C OLLEGE A DMISSIONS  - ACT - SAT Study Guide - GRE - LSAT Prep Guide - O THER  - How To Become A Good Student - USMLE Step One Review

All Study Guides...

title: Template:Study guides bookshelf


text:
Federal Science and Technical College, Kuta

Federal Science and Technical College, Kuta is a federal government owned technical and science secondary school in Shiroro, Niger State.

It was established Federal alongside nine other federal unity schools by the Federal Government of Nigeria in 1988 as part of scientific and technological growth in Nigeria, it began operating in 1991 having changed to its present name in 2002.


text:
Talk:IX Equilibrium

Fair use rationale for Image:Ixequilibrium.JPG
Image:Ixequilibrium.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:25, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:IX Equilibrium


text:
Phaedropsis stictigramma

Phaedropsis stictigramma is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1912. It is found on the West Indies (the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola), Florida and Central America, including Panama.

Adults are on wing from April to August and in October in Florida.

The larvae feed on the stems of Coccoloba uvifera.

title: Phaedropsis stictigramma


text:
Chinese (Mandarin)/Displaying Chinese Characters

Note: Until a more complete in-house guide is made for this, see the external tutorials and resources at the bottom of the page.

See the directions under your operating system to quickly get your web browser to display Chinese characters.

Cross Platform

 * Make sure you have a Chinese font available. Find somewhere to look at the font lists, and see if you can see something like Chinese characters. If you have one, make it the default in your browser and check.
 * If you don't have a Chinese font:
 * 1) Download A font as in.
 * 2) Install the font. Use right-click install on Windows, the Font Book in Mac OS, or the method provided by your desktop environment in Linux.
 * 3) Make it the default selection in your browser. Just choose your favourite.

Windows Vista
Internet Explorer 7 in Windows Vista displays Chinese characters properly without any configuration.

For program written in non-Unicode, go to Control Panel --> Regional and Language Options --> Administrative tab --> Language for non-Unicode programs, set it to whatever Chinese language you want.

Windows XP
If Chinese character't display properly for you, first check if you need to install East Asian language support files. To do this:

 * 1) Click Start > Control Panel. Select the Date, Time, Regional and Language Options category, then click Regional and Language Options.
 * 2) On the Languages tab, select the checkbox labeled Install files for East Asian languages.
 * 3) Click OK when a dialog box appears informing you of the storage requirements for the language files (230 MB).
 * 4) Click OK on the Languages tab.
 * 5) Another dialog box appears requesting a Windows XP installation disk or network share location where the language support files are located. Insert a Windows XP installation CD or browse to the appropriate network location, and click OK. Windows may not always ask for an installation CD. Microsoft Windows installs the necessary files and prompts for you to restart the computer.
 * 6) Click Yes to restart the computer.

Windows 95, 98 or ME
In order to display Chinese characters properly, you need to download two packages from Microsoft.

If you don't have Office XP:
 * 1) Go to this Microsoft site.
 * 2) Select Chinese (Simplified) - with Language Pack in the dropdown box.
 * 3) Click Go.
 * 4) Download the file scmondo.exe, open it and follow the instructions.
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If you do have Office XP:
 * 1) Download this file and this one from Microsoft.
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Mac OS
Mac OS (X) should support displaying Chinese characters natively. If it doesn't work, refer to.

Input

 * 1) Click the Apple icon on top left corner.
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(Handwriting feature only available in Snow Leopard or above)

To set up keyboard shortcuts for changing input language (Typical: command + space)
 * 1) Click the Apple icon on top left corner.
 * 2) Click System Preferences
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Linux
Linux supports Sinitic fonts in a number of formats. in particular LaTeX CJK, and True Type among others.

Just make sure you are using a UTF-8 locale.

Tutorials

 * Univ. of Washington guide to CJK internet/email/word processing for Windows and Mac
 * Excellent guide to displaying Chinese characters for Windows, Mac and Linux.
 * Gentoo Linux Chinese Localisation Guide. ('emerge arphicfonts' to get characters showing in firefox!)

Programs

 * Adobe Reader Asian Font Packs - Allows the display of Asian fonts in Adobe PDF files.
 * NJStar Explorer - Free web browser with hassle-free CJK support as its goal.
 * Source Han Sans - An Apache-Licensed Sans/Hei(黑) font with a huge character coverage by Google and Adobe.
 * WenQuanYi - A set of GPL-Licensed Sans/Hei(黑) fonts by fangq and his community.
 * I.Open Source Fonts - Artistic Chinese fonts.


text:
User:Gretabagd

Good afternoon, I am Greta and I am new for Wikipidia, so your advice, help or correction would be very useful if it will not go very well.

Thank you

title: User:Gretabagd


text:
Frogmore, Devon

Frogmore is a village in the civil parish of Frogmore and Sherford in the South Hams district of the county of Devon, England.

The origin of the place-name is from the Old English words frogga and mere meaning pool frequented by frogs.

The village is located at the head of Frogmore Creek, an arm of the Kingsbridge Estuary. It was once a small and thriving port, but is now more popular with tourists and horses.

A regatta is held every year in August; there is a village hall, one pub and a traditional bakery.

title: Frogmore, Devon


text:
User:Charleslincolnshire

Charleslincolnshire teaches medieval history in the UK.

Here's a list of 20 readings on Wikipedia and (mostly medieval) history that I find helpful/interesting.

 * 1) Roberto Bianchi, 'History on Wikipedia: a non-neutral World', Public History Weekly 2022
 * 2) Cullen Chandler and Alison Gregory, ‘Sleeping with the enemy: Wikipedia in the College Classroom’, History Teacher 43 (2010), 247-257, online
 * 3) Jose van Dijck, ‘Wikipedia and the neutrality principle’, in her Culture of Connectivity: A critical history of Social Media (Oxford, 2013)
 * 4) Jack Dougherty and Kristen Nawrotzki, ed., Writing History in the Digital Age (Chicago, 2013). Several excellent essays, available online
 * 5) Heather Ford, ‘How Wikipedia’s silent coup ousted our traditional sources of knowledge’, The Conversation 2016, online (and keep an eye out for her forthcoming book, Writing the Revolution: Wikipedia and the survival of facts in the digital age ).
 * 6) Alaric Hall, ‘How to change (medieval) History’, The Public Medievalist (2019) online
 * 7) David G. Halsted, ‘Accuracy and quality in historical representation: Wikipedia, textbooks and the Investiture Controversy’, Digital Medievalist 9 (2013) DOI: http://doi.org/10.16995/dm.50
 * 8) Mike Horswell, ‘Wikipedia and the crusades: constructing and communicating crusading’, in The Crusades and the Modern World: Engaging the Crusades, Volume Two (Abingdon, Routledge: 2019), pp. 111-129
 * 9) Richard Jensen, ‘Military history on the electronic frontier: Wikipedia fights the War of 1812’, Journal of Military History 76 (2012), 523-556 online
 * 10) Lori Jones and Richard Nevell, ‘Plagued by doubt and viral misinformation’, The Lancet: infectious diseases 16 (2016) https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10871/27873
 * 11) Jens Jungblut and Molly Lee, eds., Wikipedia in higher education: practice what you teach, special issue of Studies in Higher Education 45 (2020) https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/cshe20/45/5 (£)
 * 12) Thomas Leitch, Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority and liberal education in the digital age (Baltimore, 2014)
 * 13) Christian Pentzold, 'Fixing the Floating Gap: the online encyclopedia Wikipedia as a global memory place', Memory Studies 2 (2009), 255-272
 * 14) Murray Phillips, ‘Wikipedia and History: a worthwhile partnership in the digital era?’, Rethinking History 4 (2016), 1-21 (online)
 * 15) Henriette Roued-Cunliffe, ‘Forgotten history on Wikipedia’, in Participatory Heritage, ed. Henriette Roued-Cunliffe and Andrea Copeland (London, 2017), pp. 67-76
 * 16) Roy Rosenzweig, ‘Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past’, Journal of American History 93 (2006), 117-46
 * 17) Anna Samoilenko et al., '(Don't) Mention the War: a comparison of Wikipedia and Britannica articles on National Histories' (2018), https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186132
 * 18) Matthew Steggle, 'Prospero and plagiarism: early modern studies and rise of Wikipedia', Digital Studies 2 (2010), online
 * 19) Evina Steinová, ‘Innovating Knowledge: Isidore’s Etymologiae in the Carolingian Period’, in: Mittelalter. Interdisziplinäre Forschung und Rezeptionsgeschichte 2 (2019), 12–15, https://mittelalter.hypotheses.org/21234 : on the connections between a medieval encyclopedia and Wikipedia.
 * 20) Nathaniel Tkacz, 'The Truth of Wikipedia', Digithum 14 (2012), 88-93, online

Also worth a look:

 * Neil Thompson and Douglas Hanley, ‘Science is shaped by Wikipedia: evidence from a randomized control trial’, MIT Sloan Research Paper 5238-17, online
 * For the Germanophones: Thomas Wozniak, ‘Wikipedia im Forschung und Lehre – eine Übersicht’, in Wikipedia und Geschichtswissenschaft, ed. Wozniak, Nemitz and Rohwedder (Oldenbourg, 2015), 33-52 (the rest of the book is also useful), online
 * For the Lusophones: Flávia Florentino Varella and Rodrigo Bragio Bonaldo, 'Negociando autoridades, construindo saberes: a historiografia digital e colaborativa no projeto Teoria da História na Wikipédia', Brazilian Journal of History 2020, online
 * Don Fallis, 'Toward an epistemology of Wikipedia', Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 59 (2008), 1662-1674
 * Rudolf den Hartogh, The Future of the Past: a case study of the representation of the Holocaust on Wikipedia, 2002-2014, MA thesis, Rotterdam, online
 * Wikipedia and Academic Libraries: A Global Project https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/cv43p013f
 * Apostolopoulos, Petros (2019) "Producing Historical Knowledge on Wikipedia," Madison Historical Review: Vol. 16, Article 4. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/mhr/vol16/iss1/4
 * Mykola Makhortykh, 'War Memories and Online Encyclopedias: Framing 30 June 1941 in Wikipedia', Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society (2017)

title: User:Charleslincolnshire


text:
Talk:North American cougar

Needless capitalization of "cougar"
The word "cougar" is not a proper noun, yet it seems to be capitalized throughout this article. This is pointless capitalization of a common noun and is poor grammar. I'm changing all references to lower case. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:55, 19 November 2009 (UTC) From other Wikipedia page discussions, capitalizing the species common name is listed as a Wikipedia format, so it's 'correct', although I see it both ways on a lot of pages.--Paddling bear (talk) 21:42, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

picture
I got the ok from the sight that some of this text was from to use it on Wikipedia.-- Ñ ø ζ ζ ł ε Μ α ń 19:12, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Cougars in Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Area
When I was home on leave from Active Duty (U.S. Army Military Police) in the late winter of 1996 I was driving home (with car windows up) and a cougar crossed the road in front of me and walked through a side then back yard and disappeared in the treeline at the end of the yard. My passenger also saw the animal and we reported the incident the next day to a Hamilton County (Ohio) Park Ranger. I was sure that the Ranger would think that I was a cracked-pot but thought it was important to report this incident as I believed that someone may have released a pet cougar and it may be dangerous. I was going from Saylor Park (Cincinnati) to Delhi Township, the road I was driving on cuts through a heavily wooded river hill area called the Western Wildlife Corridor. Anyway, I described the animal and provided the Park Ranger with details of the sighting and to my surprise he did not think that I was a nut but rather took my report and then referred me to a Mr. Bill Riechling who I then contacted and he made a report of the sighting for a Cougar Society (can't remember the name). To my further surprise I was informed that there have been several sightings in this area of cougar and that they believe that it is not a single animal but rather a reminant population that never died out and is transient within the "Wildlife Corridor". I personally do not know what the truth is about the cougars in this area other than that I and my friend saw one in February of 1996; wether it was a wild animal or an abandonded pet I can't confirm. From the information that was given to me by the Park Ranger and Mr.Reichling the "authorities" really do not want the general population to know about the existence of these cougars. I am hoping that someone might have information on the research about cougars in the Cincinnati, Ohio area and knows of a reference that is reliable enough to cite in this article. I know that first-hand experience or research is not approriate to reference in a WP article so I will not edit the main article to include any of my experience until I can substantiate the edit with a reference. P.S., I was not intxicated in anyway when I saw the cougar- I was totally sober and I was a Military Police at the time who was well trained in observation. Thanks for your help! --Paulsprecker (talk) 02:18, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

I don't doubt your sighting, although there are a LOT of people who report house cats, otters, and a host of other species as cougars (often claiming they are black panthers). What I do doubt is that it was a member of a remnant population that never went extinct in OHIO, not the most ruggedly rural of states. Transient cougars (usually a males that travels widely outside an established population) have shown up 100s of miles away from documented populations without any sightings in between (South FL into N. GA for example). While there are several groups that try to prove cougars have always existed in the east, one is more credible (to me, judging by members of their board) http://www.cougarnet.org/bigpicture.html. They classify them by type of evidence and take a more objective view.--Paddling bear (talk) 22:00, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Eh?

 * Despite a wealth of hard evidence, sightings of cougars in the eastern United States are not as uncommon as they once were.

This sentence doesn't make sense. What is the "hard evidence" here? Oddity- (talk) 05:21, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Deletion/restoration
the copyvio version of this article has been deleted; i replaced it with a stub. Does not currently contain any copyvios. --He:ah? 18:47, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

The story about 37 cougar removed from the wisconsin forest is bogus. I contacted Adrian Wydeven of the Wisconsin DNR who in turn contacted the biologist (Don Reiter) of Menominee County, who confirmed that this DID NOT OCCUR. I delted it from the text but someone put it back in with a comment that it needs a source. I caqn provide the letters from both biologists. I am a professor of biology with a research interest in dispersing cougar in the MidWest. <IP_ADDRESS> 16:29, 9 March 2007 (UTC) James Mahaffy
 * Hrm.... looking back, it looks like a vandal added that information, and removed a bunch of other information. I'll make amends.... - UtherSRG (talk) 16:45, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Merge from Florida panther
When some two dozen subspecies of Cougar were listed, the Florida Panther was one of those subspecies. Nowadays, according to Wozencraft in MSW3 following Culver, only six subspecies are listed. The North American Cougar includes the Florida Panther now. - UtherSRG (talk) 02:54, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I could go either way, but I don't see why animal articles should be limited to accepted subspecies. If a population is distinct (which the Florida population is, if for no other reason than geography) and noteable (which it is, as it is crtically endangered), why can't it have its own article?

 * If you do merge, then you will have much more content on the Florida population then the rest of the NA population, which seems odd. Toiyabe 19:50, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Geography alone makes the Florida panther distinct enough from the rest of the North American cougar population to justify having a separate article. Additionally, there is the fact that the Florida population is in so much greater peril. With fewer than 90 cats remaining, the Florida panthers are the only population of cougars remaining in eastern North America. In contrast, the western populations are more diverse, and, relatively, more stable. SRBirch922 21:11, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Geography means very little. Since these populations are now considered conspecific, the endangerment of the Florida population is much less of a concern. The species lives on in other parts of the continent and is doing quite well. However, neither your argument nor my response has anything to do with whether these should be one article or two; there is no reason that all of the existing information in the Florida article can not be merged into the species article. - UtherSRG (talk) 06:31, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

There is no one definitive academic standard for subspecies designations - the standard is what's accepted by the biologists who work closely with a species. Many factors are considered in addition to similarities at the molecular level described by Culver. In the case of the Florida panther, because of its endangered status, the definitive decision on subspecies designation will be made by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), as the primary recovery agency. Neither the biologists who conduct panther monitoring and research nor the Recovery Team appointed by USFWS to plan its recovery have dropped the panther's subspecies designation. It's an unwarranted move to do so on Wikipedia or to merge the Florida panther entry with the North American cougar entry. User:ecover 03:18, 30 May 2007 (UTC) ---ecover

 * I might agree with you if it was only Culver saying it isn't a subspecies. However, Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition (Nov 2005), also uses a short subspecies list, following Culver. Also, you are incorrect about where official status comes from. It does not come from the USFWS. That's the source for US policy, not for definitive academic standards. - UtherSRG (talk) 10:47, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * But Culver's work is the only basis for the MSW3 designation, and she considered only molecular markers. I didn't mean that USFWS sets academic standards, but the agency does control the status for protection under the ESA.  There's no reason for Wikipedia to rush to judgment before USFWS and the IUCN evaluate the evidence.User:ecover 15:20, 30 May 2007 (UTC) --ecover

 * Apparently Wozencraft likes to take most recent work and ignore convention or politics (judging by the red wolf page discussion and this one). While I'm not saying it's incorrect, it might confuse people when they read everywhere else that red wolves are Canis rufus and Fl panthers are a subspecies.  It's an odd choice for a 'canocal reference' for wikipedia.--Paddling bear (talk) 22:11, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm ambivalent, and leaning toward oppose. Wikipedia is not paper. The Florida panther is of legimitate interest to people in its own right and there is distinct literature concerning it. Put another way, even if it isn't a subspecies, it can still have a page IMO. What we should probably do is remove the taxbox from it and bring the page inline with the MSW3 (e.g., remove the mention of the defunct Texas subspecies). Thus I agree with anon, but for different reasons. And to be clear, the USFWS does not make the "definitive decision"—the IUCN does, AFAIK. (Its odd incidentally, that IUCN lists the entire NA population as critically endangered, when it doesn't appear to be.) Marskell 11:44, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * As noted above, it makes sense to wait for USFWS and IUCN to evaluate the evidence before dropping the subspecies designation on wikipedia. The Culver/MSW3 opinion is based strictly on mitochondrial DNA and is not definitive. User: ecover 15:20, 30 May 2007 (UTC) --ecover

 * In my opinion the USFWS is irrelevant to the ultimate designation (though, of course, we can mention what their position is). We should use IUCN or MSW, depending on which is most current—for now, that would be MSW3. For the big cats, IUCN is still relying primarily on Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. (1996), and we have no idea how long we might be waiting for them to confirm the absence of North American subspecies. Marskell 07:00, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * As above, molecular findings by Culver, even if they're accepted by MCW3, are insufficient for Wikipedians to reclassify an endangered animal. Length of time a subspecies has been geographically distinct, phenotypic characteristics, behavioral adaptations and other factors are considered as well. Molecular biologists are not trained or qualified to consider these factors, which should be evaluated and reported on by qualified panther experts before posters to Wikipedia restructure listings. Such unseemly haste to override panther recovery biologists could be seen as trying to create a public consensus to pressure agencies to reclassify, based on political rather than scientific reasons. I haven't checked the Preble's meadow jumping mouse page, a similar case where property rights advocates in Colorado and Wyoming pushed to have the mouse classified based on a single molecular study by Rob Roy Ramey III, but there are similarities with the panther case.  Ramey's study was later discounted by an independent review panel.  To my knowledge, the only panther expert who has dropped the coryi designation (in a conference abstract unrelated to taxonomy, without discussion or explanation, not in a peer-reviewed paper) has potential financial conflicts of interest as a consultant to Florida developers.  His habitat and viability work have been discredited by an independent review panel, referenced on the main panther page.  So I would advise patience. Ecover 22:15, 5 June 2007 (UTC) ecover

 * Allow me to say that when I first saw the Florida panther in pictures it was quite distinct from other north american pumas in appearance. Recently (some years ago) I've read from journals that the local population of panthers in Florida was in such a grim decline that there was not enough panthers for a vital breeding population so there was taken the initiative to rejuvenate the population by interbreeding with other related "subspecies" of northern puma, and in that journal it was presented a florida panther possibly a hybrid (being handled by a cute researcher or breeder in a cute pose) that though it had the distinctive characteristics of the florida panther they were more prominent than the older pictures I had seen. May be that the genetic resemblance of the present Florida panther population is because of that interbreeding? --Draco ignoramus sophomoricus (talk) 05:48, 12 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Some characteristics mentioned in early reports are inbreeding, such as kinked tails. The white spots on the back was later found to be scars from heavy tick loads. I do know that many photos are captive animals that are supoosed to be FL cats but have an undetermined ancestry.  About the hybrids, FWC reports state that only a few cats were brought from Texas and allowed to stay out to breed for a specific amount of time before they were recaptured and removed from FL.  Not sure the effect on visual appearance of cats, but I don't know what I'd tell from a few photos.--Paddling bear (talk) 22:11, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Panther Designation.
I have expanded information about the name of this cat. When the Panther's range included the entire Southeast it was called a panther over that entire range. If one visits museums in Tennessee and the Carolinas, old photos of panther use that designation. The fact that the Florida Population is the only one that currently uses the term is due to the fact that is the the only currently existing population. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).

This page has a number of serious problems. Most stem from the fact that the aggregation of all subspecies of North American cougars into a single subspecies, proposed by Culver in 2000 and recognized by MSW3 in 2005, has not been adopted in the scientific literature, which still refers to the original subspecies as distinct, using pre-Culver nomenclature. The trinomial proposed by Culver for North American cougars, Puma concolor couguar, is the subspecies name that has historically been applied to the Eastern cougar, thought to be extinct or near extinction since about 1900. Kerr, 1792, is the trinomial authority for the description and naming of the Eastern cougar - it cannot be applied to the North American cougar without annotation by an additional authority. IUCN, USFWS, ITIS, ICZN, other listings, and both popular and scientific literature use this trinomial and authority exclusively to refer to the Eastern cougar, which is classified as critically endangered. The taxobox for North American cougar should not point to the IUCN listing for the Eastern cougar - that link should be moved to the first mention of Eastern cougar in the text. The North American cougar as a proposed catch-all subspecies has no declared endangered status, as listing agencies have not addressed the proposed taxonomic revision. Also, "panther" is not the universally-used common name for the Eastern cougar - note the "Eastern Cougar Foundation" and the preferred common name in listings. These issues should be clarified on the North American cougar page, so that readers are not confused. Given the amount of information and interest related to the Eastern cougar, it might be a good idea to retain a separate page for the Eastern Cougar and keep the North American cougar page as a general discussion of the proposed taxonomic revision, perhaps listing the original subspecies and showing the proposed regrouping. I will leave it to editors who have been working on this page to make any changes and clarifications, and will check back sometime next week.Ecover 16:38, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

too much attention and speculation on Eastern cougars
I see this in other areas of Wikipedia too. People want to think the alligators are further north then they are. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:28, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

We should delete this article.
1. Look at the references (not just the number, but the kind). They are spotty.

2. The overall Cougar article covers this subject much better. And the overlap is subject matter is huge.

3. There is way too much speculation about fringe theories of relict cougar populations in the East and such. These are not accepted views and what we have is some fanboy cobbling together fringe references rather than the accepted views of wildlife observers. If there were really Appalachian cougars, we would have had a cougar killed by hunters or cars in the last 100 years. But we haven't. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:35, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

The cougar page also has a comment to have this page merged into it. How does this work? Since I think the cougar page is better written and has better citations, I'm tempted to redirect this page to it. I think enough people will search for FL panther that it could have it's own page, but we don't need one for each of the many subspecies recognized before Culver et al.--Paddling bear (talk) 18:05, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't think it should be redirected. We have many nominate subspecies articles separate from the species article. We shoudl improved both articles, not sweep this one under the rug. - UtherSRG (talk) 20:44, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

This is just confusing at best. What is with all of the different cougar articles? Merge them all into one and give the "Florida Panther" its own section and this one which essentially discusses "confirmed cougar sightings in previously expirated areas" its own section.

This article is terribly done. There are tons of high quality sources out there specifically documenting the exact occurrences of cougars east of the Mississippi River and there are hardly any citations to them and tons of uncited speculation. I like what the article attempts to define (actually makes up for some of the "cougar" article shortfalls) but it needs to be cleaned up. >>> cchanderson —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:42, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

Same as Eastern Cougar?
The articles give the same taxonomy. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:30, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I was just looking at that. Given the older taxonomy with many subspecies, I don't think it's even correct that Puma concolor cougar was 'north american cougar' anyway, it's the eastern cougar. I DO think that regardless of Culver, we leave FL panther to it's own page because it well enough known that people will search for it, and it has a lot of history to write about.  Seems to me we should have a species-wide 'cougar' page, an Eastern Cougar page with North American Cougar pointing to it, and a FL panther page (stub?) that mentions that wikipedia considers it merged with the eastern cougar.--Paddling bear (talk) 13:36, 2 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Merge. Either wikipedia is an organ of science, or not. The variations of the North American cougar - including the Eastern and the Florida Panther should be noted (no-one is suggesting deletion), but they should be noted in the appropriate place, based on science, not sentiment. To leave the Florida panther separate "because it well enough known that people will search for it, and it has a lot of history to write about." is surely a joke?

The correct place - so far as I can tell (I'm no expert) is North American Cougar. I'm basing my argument on the subspecies as define in Cougar; but that article is also deeply flawed, so the taxonomy may be unreliable. Heenan73 (talk) 12:39, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

Conservation Status
On 12/31/2011 this article indicates that the North American cougar is "Critically Endangered". I went to the url indicated as the source (http://www.iucnredlist.org) and found that there was no status given to any of the subspecies of puma concolor. The status for the species was "Least Concern" (http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/18868/0). Further information stated "A remnant Endangered subpopulation persists in Florida ...". There was no mention of the North American cougar being "Critically Endangered".

 * I was wondering about that. It seems curious, given that there have recently been many sightings of this animal in areas where it was not expected to live, that it could be critically endangered. Is that designation out of date? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:49, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I also agree. The reference does not support the CR classification. It should be removed.   Dger (talk) 21:56, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Odd "overall population" section
Why is the "overall population" section mostly about the places the cat is not expected to be found (but might occasionally be anyway), as opposed to the West, where it is well-established (though I'm not sure I buy "Least Concern")?

I have no objection to the content, but maybe the section heading is less than ideal — could be changed to Possible eastern cougar populations or some such? Or if it's objected that it's also about re-colonization by western mountain lions, then — I don't know, something else, I'll see if I can think of something.

Also, it would be nice to have additional content on the western populations, but of course I can't command anyone to produce that; just saying it would be nice, if anyone has the material available to do so. --Trovatore (talk) 21:03, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

Horrible Entry
Egad! Nothing in this entry expands on the subspecies beyond what is already provided in Eastern cougar. Both entries claim to discuss the Puma concolor couguar, and from the lede of Eastern cougar, "recent genetic research suggests all North American cougars are a single subspecies" (someone mentioned this above as well).

This entry only adds conjecture, WP:Undue and more awful sources than you could shake a stick at.

Over the next day or so I intend to add the necessary tags to mark this page as in dire need, start stripping away some of the more awful and unsupported claims, and seek input from any editors on Eastern cougar page whether it would be worthwhile to merge, as I see they have discussed this lightly in the past, with no apparent outcome.

If that doesn't take, this entry will need some serious improvement by way of additional content - any big cat enthusiasts are more than welcome (begged!) to help. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bienmanchot (talk • contribs) 15:24, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

Page views
Leo1pard (talk) 14:59, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

Confusion?
Firstly, I would not recommend that you redirect this to Eastern cougar, because the trinomen Puma concolor cougar is recognised as valid by the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group in 2017, which would mean that the trinomen is used for extant populations of the cougar in North America, rather than an extinct population. Secondly, may I ask what you mean by "this article doesn't need a pop culture section, and these are not reliable, secondary sources",  for reasons such as that beliefs of Native Americans are not to be regarded as pop culture? Leo1pard (talk) 15:34, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree that the redirect is a mistake. You can't link an article about a recognised extant subspecies to an article saying it is extinct. However, I think the articles as they are now require revision, perhaps a merge. I'm not sure of the history of the subspecies name (was it once used solely for the eastern cougar?).  Jts1882 | talk 16:20, 4 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Redirect isn't necessarily the way to go, but the situation as it is confusing and needs to be resolved by some combination of merges. This article mostly overlaps with Eastern cougar, and the other article looks like it's of higher overall quality. The attempt at creating a pop culture section, whether you call it something else or not, is misguided in such a small article, the proposed sources are extremely questionable, and it appears that is copy-pasting those sources from the existing Cougars article. And, I see that there's an implicit accusation of racism there. Nice. But, I think that if you want to discuss Native American beliefs, you could do a much better job of it than plagiarizing sources like "The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures" from another article. If that's the level of scholarship that you're willing to bring, leave it out. Geogene (talk) 16:37, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I have managed to merge articles of other big cats, such as Barbary leopard with African leopard, and Kalahari lion with Southern African lion, partly due to the issue of subspecies being reclassified, which should be clear from the fact that this document excludes a number of trinomina, such as Puma concolor arundivaga and Puma concolor costaricensis, but one thing that can restrict that is the size of articles like Eastern cougar, unlike perhaps Costa Rican cougar, which is a stub, similar to Barbary leopard and Kalahari lion in the past. Leo1pard (talk) 16:50, 4 February 2018 (UTC)
 * First point that I'm confused about, if the Cat Classification Taskforce has primacy, why does the Fish and Wildlife Service say that P. concolor coguar is extinct? ? Geogene (talk) 17:00, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

 * The only reason that I can think of is that it may be that the US Fish and Wildlife Service will take time to update their information to mean that P. c. cougar should refer to all populations of North American cougars, since a similar issue was discussed for subspecies of tigers. Leo1pard (talk) 17:05, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

 * But anyways, I do not think that it is completely necessary to merge Eastern cougar with North American cougar over the issue of the trinomen being used for both, in the same way that it is not necessary to merge the article for the extant Sumatran tiger (formerly Panthera tigris sumatrae) with that for its extinct Javan relative (Panthera tigris sondaica), over the issue of P. t. sumatrae being subsumed by the CSG to P. t. sondaica. Leo1pard (talk) 17:14, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

 * MSW3 only has one cougar subspecies for North America, the others are all South and Central America, so there is not much change there. The Eastern cougar may refer back to an older division. It's not unreasonable to keep if as a seperate article of it has a long history of being treated as a subspecies (e.g. the Siberian and Bengal tiger articles will be retained). I'm not sure what the US Fish and Wildlife Service use for their taxonomy, but they use Felis concolor couguar and the genus was changed long ago. If they became extinct in the 1800s they will be relying on very early descriptions. Jts1882 | talk 17:23, 4 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Here is the FWS position on the taxonomy: "Cougars in the Western Hemisphere were originally classified into 32 subspecies. Recent genetic research instead identifies six groups, five of which are in Central or South America. Some, but not all, cougar biologists believe that this information suggests that all North American cougars are one subspecies. However, a complete taxonomic evaluation including morphology, ecology and biogeography has not been completed. An isolated population, like the Florida panther, can develop some genetic differences through past genetic bottlenecks and inbreeding within a small population. The Florida panther is the only breeding population of cougar east of the Mississippi." (link).

Are Central or North American cougars smaller than Central or North American jaguars?
See this. Leo1pard (talk) 04:43, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: California Natural History
— Assignment last updated by Sarahsoobin (talk) 04:28, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:North American cougar


text:
Origins of Scientology

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project about the Origins of Scientology.

This project is devoted to finding and reviewing reliable sources of information about the origin and early development of Scientology.

project notes: The following information needs to be updated to reflect the latest edits to the cited Wikipedia articles.

from the History of Dianetics article at Wikipedia
"The ideas of Dianetics originated in unpublished research L. Ron Hubbard supposedly performed in the 1920s and 1930s." <-- Like many statements in Wikipedia, this sentence was introduced to the encyclopedia with no citation. Hubbard would have been 19 in 1930. Claims have been made that by about the age of 12, L. Ron Hubbard began thinking about the topics and issues that would eventually lead to the development of Scientology. Should the thoughts of a growing boy be described as "research"?

"He recorded the results and his conclusions in an unpublished 1938 manuscript, Excalibur, the contents of which formed the basis for some of his later publications." <-- this is a vague statement. Why not describe what the "conclusion" was? The cited reference does not seem very relevant. Is the text of "The Anatomy Of Thought" (Hubbard Communication Office Policy Letter) available?

other Web sources
"at George Washington University.....he set out to determine precisely how the mind functioned." (source)

"1937 cytological experiments" (source)

"a new experimental path.....to determine how cells functioned..... an elaborate series of experiments in early 1938" (source)

Reading after near death experience in 1938 (source)

maybe 1920s and 1930s should be 1930s and 1940s (see)

From the Scientology article

 * In the 1965 edition of Scientology: The Fundamentals of Thought, he added, "Scientology is that branch of psychology which treats or (embraces) human ability. It is an extension of Dianetics which is in itself an extension of old-time faculty-psychology of 400 years ago."

Books
Mentioned in Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health: Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation (cites A Piece of Blue Sky).

Websites
1945 "The state of Connecticut passed licensure legislation for psychologists, becoming the first state to recognize psychology as a protected practice oriented profession." (source).

1947 - Spring Grove Hospital Center claims that prefrontal lobotomies cure mental illness (see)

When did New Jersey start to regulate psychologists?

The Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation is described as the target of a law suit by the New Jersey State Board of Medical Examiners in 1951 (see Scientology's Relationship With Eastern Religious Traditions).

"The Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation, Inc., was accused of operating a school for treatment of disease without a license in a complaint by the State Board of Medical Examiners" See: New Jersey Starts Action Against Dianetics. The cited law: "No school or college shall be conducted within the State for the purpose of training or qualifying students to practice medicine or surgery or any branch thereof or any method for the treatment of disease or any abnormal physical condition without first securing form the State Board of Medical Examiners a license authorizing it to do so."

"Various groups can also be said to be spin-offs either of academia or religious traditions. Scientology, UFO cults, and certain theistic evolutionist movements can be said to have obtained their roots from scientific, i.e. scholarly, studies, even though the source material may be on the fringes of the academic world or outright poor scholarship."

To what extent can dianetics be called a "religious doctrine"? . Additional description, "Dianetics, a melange of Eastern mysticism, Freudian psychoanalysis, and a fair amount of pseudo-science". "Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, authored in 1950 by L. Ron Hubbard, is the fundamental sacred text of Scientology"....." Negative sentiments are typically implied when the concepts "cult" and "sect" are employed in popular discourse. Since the Religious Movements Homepage seeks to promote religious tolerance and appreciation of the positive benefits of pluralism and religious diversity in human cultures, we encourage the use of alternative concepts that do not carry implicit negative stereotypes."

From the Scientology article

 * At Scientology it says: "Scientology is a system of beliefs and practices created by ..... L. Ron Hubbard in 1952 as a self-help philosophy."

 * A critical history of Scientology, by a Scientology archivist and former Scientologist
 * To what extent can Operation Clambake publications be trusted as NPOV sources of information?

 * "Scientology would be a study of knowledge," Hubbard stated in 1952. He went on to make it clear there is a difference between knowledge in recall, and understood, usable knowledge.  And that Scientology would guide its members toward the latter situation.

From the L. Ron Hubbard article
"In mid-1952, Hubbard expanded Dianetics into a secular philosophy which he called Scientology"

From the Church of Scientology article

 * First incorporation of a Church of Scientology, December 1953 in New Jersey, although "Scientology clubs" had been operating for at least a year before that.

Online resources

 * The History of Scientology Expansion. This website indicates that scientology started in 1951 (specific page) in the form of a new subject of study for Dianetics auditors.
 * a "Scientology center" in Phoenix, Arizona. Spring 1952?
 * Hubbard Association of Scientologists International (HASI)
 * "the first Journal of Scientology was published in August 1952"
 * The website of Michel Snoeck mentions a "Handbook for Preclears" that was published in December 1951 and used the term "scientology". Snoeck provides an interesting link to a description of a "new science of epistemology" that he claims was in the original version of the handbook. A 1952 publication called "Scientology: 8-80" is discussed by Snoeck and it describes the new science of scientology as a "science of knowledge" and introduces some ideas about thought as existing beyond physical reality.
 * A History of Man - was this book really called Scientology: A History of Man? Amazon.com 1952? The Library of Congress indicates that the full title is "Scientology, a history of man : a list and description of the principal incidents to be found in a human being".

Church of Scientology

 * says "The Church of Scientology was founded in December 1953" but cites this article which says, "Since its founding in 1950, Scientology has grown into a worldwide movement".
 * I guess the 1950 date is in reference to Dianetics.

From the Scientology article

 * In 1960 L. Ron Hubbard redefined Scientology as: "a religion by its basic tenets, practice, historical background and by the definition of the word “religion” itself."

Hubbard Association of Scientologists International

 * cites this webpage which says, "On 1 September 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International) "to establish a religious fellowship and association for research into the spirit and the human soul and the use and dissemination [of Scientology materials]." .....the first incorporated Church of Scientology being founded in California on 18 February 1954."

Scientology and practicing medicine
See "New Jersey State Board of Medical Examiners", above.

In the Scientology article without a citation: "Scientology's principles have been characterized as pseudoscientific by scientists, medical doctors and psychotherapeutic practitioners." There are 10 items in the PubMed database for "scientology". Three of them:
 * "Complaints against scientology doctors" by van der Linde I.
 * "Scientology and APA"
 * "Scientology"

Wikipedia Scientology
"In 1993, contemporaneously with its official recognition of Scientology as a bonafide church, The United States Internal Revenue Service released and circulated to the press and to foreign governments a body of documents covered with an explanatory letter. It acknowledged that, in violation of their authority and in a more or less coordinated campaign stretching back to early 1953, the IRS, FBI and other government agencies had forwarded significant amounts of information on Scientology which they knew to be false and defamatory, some compiled without any factual basis by medical and psychiatric sources, to foreign intelligence agencies abroad. These agencies had also urged foreign governments to take action against the church. The motives for these actions were not explained. The cover letter requested removal of the false data from foreign government files, but it is unknown if this request had any effect."(Revision as of 08:57, 26 November 2001)(also 10 October 2001)

First Wikipedia edit: "religion" changed to "cult" by anon at 63.20.33.xxx

19 November 2001 Lee Daniel Crocker --> (note: this is one of our best carefully-polished well-debated articles; changes to content should not be made lightly.)

The above information about the IRS was removed by User:<IP_ADDRESS> on 8 March 2003.

Wikipedia Operation Snow White
"The "Snow White Program" was written by L. Ron Hubbard" cites Bare-faced Messiah, any documents written by Hubbard? (online)

Other websites
The original Snow White program, provided as Exhibit II-10-A

"the original Snow White plan, written by L. Ron Hubbard himself on 20 April 1973" The document ("PROJECT HUNTER") shown says, "Any action taken against this area must also be very polite and not abusive". It outlines a plan to ask US government agencies to correct false information or face law suits.

Sources checking
All of the scientology-related Wikipedia articles seem to contain unverifiable sources of low quality. Many are attack websites that to not cite verifiable sources, and sites of the Church of Scientology are also of low quality concerning Hubbard's life or the founding of the church.

Wikipedia articles needed source verification

 * Scientology
 * L. Ron Hubbard
 * Dianetics

title: Origins of Scientology


text:
Kullervo Helsinki

Helsingin Kullervo (abbreviated Kullervo) is a football club from Helsinki, Finland. The club was formed in 1919. It used to participate in number of sports including Bandy, Ice Hockey, Pesäpallo and Athletics but now concentrates only in Football. The club is a member of the Finnish Workers' Sports Federation, abbreviated as TUL. In its early days, Club was a powerhouse in TUL Sports, they won several TUL championships in Football, Pesäpallo, Bandy and Athletics.

History in football
Kullervo was founded on February 7, 1919, after members who participated in Finnish Civil War as a red guards were expelled from Hermannin Kiista. Football was added to clubs program in 1919, football at that time had been largely middle and upper class sport, working class kids played often on the street but their teams were short lived and most players found it hard to enter clubs run by higher social classes, although KIF had several working class players. In April 1919, Kullervo kept their first football practice in Haapaniemen kenttä. In 1919, they participated in SPL Helsinki District competitions. They were only TUL club that had a football team and needed games to play. A member of Kullervo had been friends with members of SPL Helsinki district, and they were accepted to participate by special permit. Their first match was supposed to be against third team of HIFK, but their opponents were too scared to play and did not show up, apparently fearing retaliation from Finnish Civil War, Kullervo was declared winners by walkover, They finally got to play against third team of KIF, they also faced second team of HJK and Jewish club Stjärnan. In summer of 1919, they were forbidden to continue playing in SPL competitions by TUL. As a result, TUL Clubs from Helsinki District were obligated to form football teams, and soon Ponnistus, Jyry and Visa also had a number of teams. They quickly became a leading football club winning 6 first national TUL Cup. Finnish sports at the time were divided between Finnish Workers' Sports Federation and Finnish National Sports Association, they did not compete against each other and TUL members weren't allowed to represent Finland in national teams. In 1942 and 1945, they participated in Finnish Championship that was played in cup format. In 1943–44 season, they participated in first tier qualifiers but did not qualify and participated second tier instead. In 1948, TUL and Finnish FA leagues were merged and Kullervo qualified to Mestaruussarja.

Season to Season

 * 2 seasons in Mestaruussarja
 * 6 seasons in Suomensarja
 * 12 seasons in Maakuntasarja
 * 6 seasons in Aluesarja
 * 17 seasons in Nelonen
 * 9 seasons in Kutonen
 * 8 seasons in Seiska

title: Kullervo Helsinki


text:
New natural law

New natural law (NNL) or new natural law theory (NNLT) is a school of Catholic thought based on natural law, developed by Germain Grisez and John Finnis from the 1960s.

title: New natural law


text:
Oriental Mindoro Provincial Board

The Oriental Mindoro Provincial Board is the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial legislature) of the Philippine province of Oriental Mindoro.

The members are elected via plurality-at-large voting: the province is divided into two districts, each having five seats. A voter votes up to five names, with the top five candidates per district being elected. The vice governor is the ex officio presiding officer, and only votes to break ties. The vice governor is elected via the plurality voting system province-wide.

The districts used in appropriation of members is coextensive with the legislative districts of Oriental Mindoro.

Aside from the regular members, the board also includes the provincial federation presidents of the Liga ng mga Barangay (ABC, from its old name "Association of Barangay Captains"), the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK, youth councils) and the Philippine Councilors League (PCL).

Current members
These are the members after the 2019 local elections and 2018 barangay and SK elections:

 * Vice Governor: Ejay Falcon (PDP–Laban)

title: Oriental Mindoro Provincial Board


text:
Hokkaido Heritage

Hokkaidō Heritage (北海道遺産) is an initiative aimed at the valorization and transmission to the next generation of the tangible and intangible natural, cultural, historical, and industrial heritage of Hokkaidō, Japan. It is advanced by the Hokkaidō Heritage Council (北海道遺産協議会), an NPO, and endorsed by the prefectural government, amongst other bodies. Sixty-seven assets have been identified to date in three sessions, the first twenty-five on 22 October 2001, a further twenty-seven on 22 October 2004, and more recently, fifteen on 1 November 2018. The scheme does not include a formal system for management or preservation but is intended to be a citizen-led movement with the concomitant benefits of promoting tourism, fostering pride and a sense of belonging in local communities, developing human capital and potential, and the revitalization of local economies.

title: Hokkaido Heritage


text:
Billy Singh

Billy Singh was a Fijian football coach who managed the national team, including for their famous victory against Australia in 1988. Singh died before November 2010. Singh was an Indo-Fijian, the son of Sashi Mahendra Singh who also managed the national team.

title: Billy Singh


text:
African music and dance

Welcome to the Department of African Music and Dance, part of the School of Music and Dance and the School of African Studies.

Division description
The scope of this division is
 * to collect knowledge on African music and dance
 * to develop teaching materials about African music and dance
 * to develop research methods for the study of African dance
 * to provide a scientific basis for the improvement of the coverage and quality of Wikipedia articles related to this subject.

Research topics

 * African dance as proprioceptive art

Active participants
If you would like to contribute to this, please add a reference to your user page here.
 * User:Nannus

Department news

 * 6 March 2006 - Department founded!

title: African music and dance


text:
User:Sofia LopCub/sandbox

Conservation letters (journal)
Conservation letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of the Society for Conservation Biology published by Wiley-Blackwell. The journal was founded in 2008 and it publishes policy-relevant and interdisciplinary research within the realm of conservation biology. The current Editor-in-Chief is Edward T. Game. The papers published by the journal are all open access.

Scope
The main focus of this journal is to publish research that may inform conservation policy and management actions from marine, terrestrial and freshwater biomes. Conservation letters covers a wide range of topics such as restoration, fisheries management, biodiversity monitoring, and management of threatened species.

Journal metrics
The impact factor of Conservation Letters is 6.766 in 2019 and 16.406 in 2018-2019 according to the Journal Citation Reports and the Science Journal Impact Factor respectively. Notably, its rank within the domain of biodiversity and conservation is 2 out of 59 and it also possess the 3rd rank in agricultural and biological science journals. The h5-index for this journal is 51 with a h5-median of 75.

title: User:Sofia LopCub/sandbox


text:
Talk:Carmelo Sigona

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:20, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carmelo Sigona


text:
The Detectives (2015 TV series)

The Detectives is a British television documentary series that first aired in 2015. The first series was broadcast on BBC Two as a three-part documentary series airing over three consecutive nights from 17 May 2015. The first series followed investigators at Greater Manchester Police's sex crimes unit, focusing on the investigation into historical sex crimes committed by disc jockey Ray Teret, and his subsequent trial and conviction for those offences.

A second, four-part series, titled The Detectives: Murder on the Streets began airing on 20 September 2017, this time shadowing members of Greater Manchester's Murder Investigation Team.

A third, five-part series, titled The Detectives: Fighting Organised Crime began airing on 23 March 2021, once again following Greater Manchester Police.

title: The Detectives (2015 TV series)


text:
Talk:Doreen Mantle

Infobox removal
Almost empty infobox rv as per WP:MOS: ''“The most important group to consider are the casual readers of Wikipedia, who will never do any significant editing. Infobox templates that contain many blank fields, question marks and unknowns present an unprofessional appearance, diminishing Wikipedia’s reputation as a high-quality encyclopedia.”'' Quis separabit?  02:06, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

Place of birth
Can anyone confirm that the place of birth is Capetown? IMDb gives Johannesburg. Skinsmoke (talk) 15:27, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I can't confirm and being that it is IMDB it could be wrong as well as it is user generated too. To be honest I am skeptical of the whole page since the socks started hitting it. -DJSasso (talk) 03:33, 5 January 2018 (UTC)

Date of birth
Originally, this article said her date of birth was 1 August 1926. However, as far as I can see, this was only sourced to IMDB (see this on the Wayback Machine).

However, at some point this was changed to 22 June 1926. The first time that this appeared to happen was here. The edit summary was “I'm Doreen Mantle's grandson, he is born in June". This is not verified, reliable, and it's original research. However, this seemed to stick.

At some point after this, IMDB changed her DOB to 22 June 1926, which I can only presume is as a result of Wikipedia changing it (which shows just how reliable IMDB is, and indeed, the dangers of circular referencing).

I think her DOB should just be reverted to "1926". -- Ollie231213 (talk) 17:45, 11 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree and just did that. I'm not sure when it was added because there are so many junk edits but I think "26 June" was added recently (possibly after being removed previously). Johnuniq (talk) 09:54, 4 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for looking into this . It is hard to keep up with the socks of on this (and other) articles. MarnetteD|Talk 09:59, 4 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doreen Mantle