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User:Vir/sandbox/core topic trees

Here are some options for core topic trees, organized into short (2-4 topics) and longer outlines (6-10 topics) trees. First, a way to work with these:

Process points

 * 1) List various options
 * 2) Choose several from the following (by some sort of selection process) to polish
 * 3) Balance simplicity with using phrases to describe basic categories
 * 4) Use footnotes to supplement descriptions.
 * 5) Instantiate the trees at some point -- filling in with topics

Evaluation
Preferences (at this round of work): On the Version 1.0  Core topics page, Martin, Gflores, and myself have expressed approval of Option 2B below. Gflores also likes Middle option 1, as do I.

In general, I prefer something like the longer or middle versions (Option 1 particularly) to the shorter versions below for editing/production uses (and possible public presentation). (However, I do believe that simple alternate top level structures and factors can be noted in footnotes.) Option 2B below is a favorite of mine for a longer list of top level categories. Option 2D is growing on me, but is probably too long. The shorter versions below often either leave some key qualities out or are some sort of combined shorthand for the longer structures. This is because we are working with multiple types of life experience and knowledge that can not be captured in a few categories. Vir 16:26, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

(Summary of discussion points needed here. See end of this page for some rough discussion notes.)

Top level: 2-4 categories
Variants of first levels of topic trees:

 * Maurreen's Option (for top level):
 * Geography
 * Cultural topics (Culture)
 * Technical topics (Science)

Maurreen's tree has one outline: basic tree.

The french categories can be combined into and edited into these (adding history):

 * Option 0A: french categories combined:
 * Culture & Society
 * Philosophy & Religion
 * Geography & History
 * Science & Technology

Preference: Alternate 0A above is my current favorite for shorter list of top level categories. Vir 16:26, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

(The above can be conceived wholistic looks at time and space -- including both social history and natural history and natural geography and human geography.

Thinking last night I remembered a knowledge typology by Max Weber. He differentiates the sciences as histories as the kinds of knowledge:

 * Option 0B: Max Weber's categories of types of knoweldge
 * Natural history
 * Social history
 * Natural science
 * Social science

[The above can be part of knowledge tree at a more detailed level. We want to include life in society and philosophy etc. at top level.]

 * Option 1: mixed practical & disciplinary domains
 * geography
 * history
 * society & culture (which includes culture and social systems) -- if one or other term, I would suggest society as it is just a bit more inclusive than culture. but, two terms may be better for this and next cateogry.
 * science & technology

 * Option 2: headings with practical-theoretical mixed categories subtitles (this is close to Maureen's outline above - more description brings things together)
 * the universal atlas: maps of the earth and the universe, natural and social
 * society: socio-cultural life and studies
 * sciences: techno-scientific practices and sciences

 * Option 3: abstract categories
 * nature: time and space (that is, history and geography as subtopics, and not just social history) as subcategory & nature (contents of natural sciences) as subcategory
 * social (or inter-subjective) knowledge (social system/structures and culture as main subtopics)
 * objective knowledge (science and tech as subtopics)

 * Option 4A: very abstract alternate
 * objective world
 * subjective world

 * Option 4B: abstract, adding inter-subjective world to 4A, very similar to 3 above
 * Nature: objective world (and inter-objective world--ecology, natural systems, etc.)
 * Society: inter-subjective world
 * Mind: subjective world

 * Option 4C: very abstract, sub-divided (4A topics subdivided into micro-macro topics)
 * Nature, large scale physical and organic world
 * Organismic-behavioral world
 * Socio-cultural world
 * Humans

Note: An original single category could be Cosmos or Universe.

Top level: 5-7 categories
Some middle range sets of top level categories are:

 * Middle Option 1:
 * Everyday Life & Leisure
 * Culture & Society
 * Philosophy & Religion
 * Humanities & Social Sciences
 * Natural Sciences & Mathematics
 * Technology & Applied Sciences

 * Middle Option 2:
 * Everyday Life & Leisure
 * Culture & Society
 * Philosophy & Religion
 * Geography & History
 * Humanities & Social Sciences
 * Natural Sciences & Mathematics
 * Technology & Applied Sciences

 * Middle Option 3:
 * Everyday Life & Leisure
 * Culture & Society
 * Humanities & Social Sciences
 * Natural Sciences & Mathematics
 * Technology & Applied Sciences

Top level: 8 or more categories
(at top or near top level)

Encyclopaedia top categories
Various lists of top level encyclopedia categories are here: |Encyclopedia Subject Categories

French Wikipedia top categories
Here are main page | French Wikipedia category headings:

A translation of the French main cateogories:
 * Arts
 * Everyday life & leisure
 * Society
 * Religions & beliefs
 * Atlas of the Earth
 * Social sciences & human sciences (Note: in U.S. English, we don't have the category human sciences -- it does not equal the humanities -- Philosophy and history end up here for French but literature and art history are in the arts.)
 * Natural sciences & mathematics
 * Applied sciences & technology

Martin's tree: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Core_topics/Tree

Top level of Martin's tree (based on French Wikipedia main page categories):
 * Long Option 1:
 * Art
 * Culture & Society
 * Everyday Life & Leisure
 * Philosophy & Religion
 * Geography
 * Natural Sciences & Mathematics
 * Social Sciences
 * Technology & Applied Sciences

Note: Martin's outline might need some work to differentiate the "Culture & Society" and "Everyday Life & Leisure" categories. Dropping culture, synonymous often with society (both are universal) is a possiblity, but perhaps it should be retained as some English Wikipedia to level categories go for "Art and Culture," a mistake given the co-extension and synonymity of culture and society (by some defintions of the terms).

Here are several trees that I develped recently. (These are in the direction of inclussiveness but perhaps are less useful for general reference in being abstract at top levels.) The basic cateogories at these pages are included in short options 4 above:
 * core topic levels
 * core topic levels quad (actually binary at top).

Here are some variants on the French Wikipedia categories.

French main categories: Long Option 2A

 * Long Option 2A
 * Art
 * Everyday Life & Leisure
 * Religion
 * Society
 * Geography
 * Social Sciences & Humanities
 * Natural Sciences & Mathematics
 * Technology & Applied Sciences

French main categories: Long Option 2B

 * Long Option 2B:
 * Art
 * Everyday Life & Leisure
 * Philosophy & Religion
 * Society & Culture
 * Geography
 * History
 * Social Sciences & Humanities
 * Natural Sciences & Mathematics
 * Technology & Applied Sciences

French main categories: Long Option 2C

 * Long Option 2C
 * Art
 * Everyday Life & Leisure
 * Philosophy
 * Religion
 * Society & Culture
 * Geography
 * History
 * Humanities & Social Sciences
 * Technology & Applied Sciences
 * Natural Sciences & Mathematics

French main categories: Long Option 2D

 * Long Option 2D
 * Religion & Spirituality
 * Art
 * Everyday Life & Leisure
 * Society & Culture
 * Geography
 * History
 * Humanities & Social Sciences
 * Technology & Applied Sciences
 * Biology & Medicine
 * Physical Sciences
 * Mathematics
 * Philosophy

French main categories: Long Option 2E
[This is a rough and imperfect draft of 2E; it needs reorganization &/or more subcategories]
 * Long Option 2E (amplifying comments in parens)
 * Subjective world: Society & Experience
 * Religion & Spirituality (sublime experience/spirit)
 * Psychological world (nature of experience, senses, emotions, thoughts)
 * Community & Family (family)
 * Art (aesthetics)
 * Everyday Life & Leisure (social living, leisure)
 * Ethics & Service (morality/helping)
 * Language (language)
 * Politics & Economics (power/wealth)
 * Eduction (learning, education & research institutions)
 * Geography (spatial organization--social)
 * History (events & flow of events--social)
 * Society & Culture, miscellaneous (social structure/culture)
 * Objective World: Nature & Knowledge
 * Geography (spatial organization--natural; such study in general)
 * History (events & flow of events--natural; such study in general)
 * Humanities & Social Sciences (study of society)
 * Psychological Sciences (study of mind/bodymind)
 * Technology & Applied Sciences (tech & study of such)
 * Biological World & Sciences & Medicine (healing & biological world & scientific worldview(s))
 * Physical World & Sciences (principles of physical world & scientific worldview(s))
 * Mathematics (math)
 * Philosophy (theory in general)

Also helpful to consider are the main categories of the featured article indexes for the German wikipedia:
 * http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Exzellente_Artikel

List of topic lists - Long 3A
The main or top level categories of List of topic lists page of the English Wikipedia are (order rearranged):

 * Long Option 3A
 * Art and Culture
 * Geography
 * History
 * People
 * Social Sciences and Society
 * Philosophy and Religion
 * Mathematics and abstractions
 * Physical sciences and nature
 * Technology

Note: I think this list of lists outline is the best existing top level topic outline in the English wikipedia.

Portal Browse - Long 3B
The main or top level categories of portal browse page of the English Wikipedia are:

 * Long Option 3B
 * Art and Culture
 * Philosophy and Religion
 * History
 * Science and Mathematics
 * Society and People
 * Technology
 * Geography

Category Browse - Long 3C
The main or top level categories of  Category Browse page of the English Wikipedia are (order rearranged):

 * Long Option 3C
 * Arts and Culture
 * History
 * Mathematics
 * Natural sciences
 * Philosophy and Religion
 * Social sciences
 * Society and People
 * Geography

Revised English list of lists - Long 4A
The following are a few edits to the top level categories of List of topic lists page of the English Wikipedia. A few of the subheads in the versions above are worded slightly differently: Art instead of "Art and Culture" and Society instead of "Society and people".

 * Long Option 4A
 * Art
 * People
 * History
 * Philosophy and Religion
 * Social Sciences and Society
 * Geography
 * Physical sciences and Nature
 * Mathematics and Abstractions
 * Technology

Note: I think this revised list of lists outline is preferrable to the unrevised topic outlines in the English wikipedia above.

Revised English list of lists - Long 4B
The following is another edits to the top level categories of List of topic lists page of the English Wikipedia. "the Earth" added to Geography and this category is added: Biology, Medicine and Life.

 * Long Option 4B
 * Art
 * History
 * Philosophy and Religion
 * Social Sciences and Society
 * People
 * Biology, Medicine and Life
 * Geography and the Earth
 * Physical sciences and Nature
 * Mathematics and Abstractions
 * Technology

English and French Original top categories, combined - 5A
This is a combination of the top level categories of the French Wikipedia main page and the List of topic lists page of the English Wikipedia, with deletion of People (as synonomous with and as part of society and hey most other categories (depending on definition). :

 * Long Option 5A
 * Arts
 * Everyday life & leisure
 * Geography
 * History
 * Philosophy & Religion
 * Social Sciences & Society
 * Mathematics & Abstractions
 * Physical Sciences & Nature
 * Applied Sciences & technology

Variants based on alternate combinations could be added here.

English and French Revised Combinations - 6A&B
This is an editing of the combination in Long 5A above of the top level categories of the French Wikipedia main page and the List of topic lists page of the English Wikipedia. I added "& Humanities" to Arts. I deleted history and philosophy as they are included in the humanties and history is also partly a social science. I replaced geography "the earth sciences and earth" which is more comprehensive.:

 * Long Option 6A
 * Arts & Humanities
 * Everyday Life & Leisure
 * Religions & Beliefs
 * Social Sciences and Society
 * Applied Sciences & Technology
 * Earth Sciences & the Earth
 * Natural Sciences & Nature
 * Mathematics & Abstractions

 * Note: one word labels that could be used in tables for the above could be:
 * Humanities
 * Leisure
 * Religions
 * Society
 * Technology
 * Earth
 * Nature
 * Math

 * Long Option 6B
 * Arts & Humanities
 * Religions & Beliefs
 * Everyday Life & Leisure
 * Social Sciences & Society
 * Biological Sciences & Life
 * Earth Sciences & the Earth
 * Physical Sciences & Nature
 * Mathematics & Abstractions
 * Applied Sciences & Technology

The above is a combination of the top level categories of the French Wikipedia main page and the List of topic lists page of the English Wikipedia, with deletion of People (as synonomous with and as part of society and hey most other categories (depending on definition).

Discussion (of 2A-E)
The lack of alphabetical order in above topics is so that topics flow, in 2A, B & C roughly from most symbolic/expressive to most techno-scientific in quality (and differently in 2D & E (as discussed below). Option "2C" breaks "Philosophy and Religion" into 2 categories. Why? Several reasons.  1) most of the French categories entail wholistic distinct ways to see and/or experience the entire world/universe. (While these disntinct "worldview" domains may be subdivisions of another category, such as Art of Society and Biology of Natural Science (changed to Physical Science in "2D") each of these domain categories entail (are related to) wholistic, encompassing different subjective/qualitative views on the whole universe: Art, Everyday Life, Philosophy, Religion, Social Science (same category as Society & Culture but, in general, a study of that), Geography, History, Science (and Technology is a distinct important way of acting in the world). 2) If overlapping in some ways (as everything in general overlaps), the above (in 2C and 2D) entail distinct views. For example, Philosophy and Religion are distinct in that one is about intellectual ideas and the other about religious/spiritual experiences & beliefs (though theology, a small part of religion, is close to philosophy).

"2D" reorganizes topic flow in moving from most subjective and internal to most objective and abstract (circling back around to internal though philosophy to religion, intending to imply a circle of meanings and views). Option "2D" continues the trend in "2C" by breaking out Math and adding Biology & Medicine. It can also be argued that Math (and statistics) are distinct ways of viewing the world (though usually done so as part of a science when actually viewing the world) as are Biology & Medicine (in that life is a qualitatively distinct emergent quality in the universe from physical science).

"2E" is quite flawed. A more detailed top level structure is needed. Move into more than a dozen cateogories and perhaps one needs subcategories. "2E" started to get so long that I added 2 main categories to subdivide it. "2E" became more about significant features of the world (rather than wholistic views of world as in 2C/2D). This outline seemed to call for there be descriptions/aspects of the world (physical & biological & psychological) as distinct from knowledge cateogories (which include information about disciplines) and at first I tried this in earlier versions of the outline; then I just decided to distinguish between world & science within the biological and physical cateogries, though making psychological a separate category from the knowledge domain so it fitted in the general subjective supercategory. "2E" adds various social categories such as "Kinship", "Ethics & Service", "Language", "Politics & Economics", and "Education" categories. Most but not all are not distinct wholistic orientations to the world, some beingmajor social structures/spheres. With the subdivision perhaps "2E" is not too long for a top level structure. Vir 20:17, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Labels: A somewhat minor issue -- shorter labels can be used in the Core Topics and other tables. Two concepts are retained in this next list (using 2B categories for the example), where the combination is not explicitly obvious. For example, in top level Enlgish Wikipedia categories, sometimes art and culture are lumped together, though, by some views, culture and society can be viewed as synonymous:
 * Art
 * Everyday Life
 * Society/Culture
 * Philosophy & Religion
 * Geography
 * History
 * Human/Soc Sci
 * Technology
 * Science/Math

title: User:Vir/sandbox/core topic trees


text:
Dirichlet series inversion

In analytic number theory, a Dirichlet series, or Dirichlet generating function (DGF), of a sequence is a common way of understanding and summing arithmetic functions in a meaningful way. A little known, or at least often forgotten about, way of expressing formulas for arithmetic functions and their summatory functions is to perform an integral transform that inverts the operation of forming the DGF of a sequence. This inversion is analogous to performing an inverse Z-transform to the generating function of a sequence to express formulas for the series coefficients of a given ordinary generating function.

For now, we will use this page as a compendia of "oddities" and oft-forgotten facts about transforming and inverting Dirichlet series, DGFs, and relating the inversion of a DGF of a sequence to the sequence's summatory function. We also use the notation for coefficient extraction usually applied to formal generating functions in some complex variable, by denoting $$[n^{-s}] D_f(s) =: f(n)$$ for any positive integer $$n \geq 1$$, whenever

 * $$D_f(s) := \sum_{n \geq 0} \frac{f(n)}{n^s}, \quad \Re(s) > \sigma_{0,f},$$

denotes the DGF (or Dirichlet series) of f which is taken to be absolutely convergent whenever the real part of s is greater than the abscissa of absolute convergence, $$\sigma_{0,f} \in \mathbb{R}$$.

The relation of the Mellin transformation of the summatory function of a sequence to the DGF of a sequence provides us with a way of expressing arithmetic functions $$f(n)$$ such that $$f(1) \neq 0$$, and the corresponding Dirichlet inverse functions, $$f^{-1}(n)$$, by inversion formulas involving the summatory function, defined by

 * $$S_f(x) := {\sum_{n \leq x}}^\prime f(n), \quad \forall x \geq 1.$$

In particular, provided that the DGF of some arithmetic function f has an analytic continuation to $$s \mapsto -s$$, we can express the Mellin transform of the summatory function of f by the continued DGF formula as

 * $$\mathcal{M}[S_f](s) = -\frac{D_f(-s)}{s}.$$

It is often also convenient to express formulas for the summatory functions over the Dirichlet inverse function of f using this construction of a Mellin inversion type problem.

DGFs for Dirichlet inverse functions
Recall that an arithmetic function is Dirichlet invertible, or has an inverse $$f^{-1}(n)$$ with respect to Dirichlet convolution such that $$(f \ast f^{-1})(n) = \delta_{n,1}$$, or equivalently $$f \ast f^{-1} = \mu \ast 1 \equiv \varepsilon$$, if and only if $$f(1) \neq 0$$. It is not difficult to prove that is $$D_f(s)$$ is the DGF of f and is absolutely convergent for all complex s satisfying $$\Re(s) > \sigma_{0,f}$$, then the DGF of the Dirichlet inverse is given by $$D_{f^{-1}}(s) = 1 / D_f(s)$$ and is also absolutely convergent for all $$\Re(s) > \sigma_{0,f}$$. The positive real $$\sigma_{0,f}$$ associated with each invertible arithmetic function f is called the abscissa of convergence.

We also see the following identities related to the Dirichlet inverse of some function g that does not vanish at one:

 * $$\begin{align}(g^{-1} \ast \mu)(n) & = [n^{-s}]\left(\frac{1}{\zeta(s) D_g(s)}\right) \\ (g^{-1} \ast 1)(n) & = [n^{-s}]\left(\frac{\zeta(s)}{D_g(s)}\right).\end{align}$$

Summatory functions
Using the same convention in expressing the result of Perron's formula, we assume that the summatory function of a (Dirichlet invertible) arithmetic function $$f$$, is defined for all real $$x \geq 0$$ according to the formula

 * $$S_f(x) := {\sum_{n \leq x}}^{\prime} f(n) = \begin{cases} 0, & 0 \leq x < 1 \\ \sum\limits_{n < [x]} f(n), & x \in \mathbb{R} \setminus \mathbb{Z}^{+} \wedge x \geq 1 \\ \sum\limits_{n \leq [x]} f(n) - \frac{f(x)}{2}, & x \in \mathbb{Z}^{+}. \end{cases}$$

We know the following relation between the Mellin transform of the summatory function of f and the DGF of f whenever $$\Re(s) > \sigma_{0,f}$$:

 * $$D_f(s) = s \cdot \int_1^{\infty} \frac{S_f(x)}{x^{s+1}} dx.$$

Some examples of this relation include the following identities involving the Mertens function, or summatory function of the Moebius function, the prime zeta function and the prime-counting function, and the Riemann prime-counting function:

 * $$\begin{align}\frac{1}{\zeta(s)} & = s \cdot \int_1^{\infty} \frac{M(x)}{x^{s+1}} dx \\ P(s) & = s \cdot \int_1^{\infty} \frac{\pi(x)}{x^{s+1}} dx \\ \log \zeta(s) & = s \cdot \int_0^{\infty} \frac{\Pi_0(x)}{x^{s+1}} dx.\end{align}$$

Classical integral formula
For any s such that $$\sigma := \Re(s) > \sigma_{0,f}$$, we have that

 * $$f(x) \equiv [x^{-s}] D_f(s) = \lim_{T \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{2T} \int_{-T}^T x^{\sigma+\imath t} D_f(\sigma+\imath t) \, dt.$$

If we write the DGF of f according to the Mellin transform formula of the summatory function of f, then the stated integral formula simply corresponds to a special case of Perron's formula. Another variant of the previous formula stated in Apostol's book provides an integral formula for an alternate sum in the following form for $$c,x > 0$$ and any real $$\sigma > \sigma_{0,f}-c$$ where we denote $$\Re(s) := \sigma$$:

 * $${\sum_{n \leq x}}^{\prime} \frac{f(n)}{n^s} = \frac{1}{2\pi\imath} \int_{c-\imath\infty}^{c+\imath\infty} D_f(s+z) \frac{x^z}{z} dz.$$

Direct proof: from Apostol's book

 * 1) Define the Dirichlet series $f(s) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n n^{-s}$  and its associated partial sums $F(x) = \sum_{n=1}^x a_n$.
 * 2) Define the function $g(x) = \sum_{n=1}^x a_n \lfloor x/n \rfloor$.
 * 3) Use partial summation to write $F(x) = \int_1^x g(t) dt + a_1$.
 * 4) Apply the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula to obtain an approximation for $F(x)$  in terms of $g(x)$  and its derivatives.
 * 5) Express the error term in the approximation as an integral of a certain function $R(u)$  over the interval $[1, x]$.
 * 6) Use Abel's summation formula to express $g(x)$  as a sum of integrals involving $f(s)$  and its derivatives.
 * 7) Express the integrals involving $f(s)$  and its derivatives in terms of $R(u)$  and its derivatives.
 * 8) Substitute the results from steps 4, 5, and 7 into the formula from step 3, and simplify to obtain the classical integral formula for Dirichlet inversion.

This proof shows that the function $f(s)$ can be recovered from its associated Dirichlet series by means of an integral, which is known as the classical integral formula for Dirichlet inversion.

Special cases of the formula
If we are interested in expressing formulas for the Dirichlet inverse of f, denoted by $$f^{-1}(n)$$ whenever $$f(1) \neq 0$$, we write $$D_f(s) = 1 + s \cdot A_f(s)$$. Then we have by absolute convergence of the DGF for any $$\Re(s) > \sigma_{0,f}$$ that

 * $$\begin{align}\int \frac{x^{\imath t}}{D_f(\sigma+\imath t)} \,dt & = \int \left(\sum_{j \geq 0} (\sigma+\imath t)^{j} \times \sum_{k=0}^{j} (-1)^k D_f(\sigma+\imath t)^k \frac{\log^{j-k}(x)}{(j-k)!}\right) \, dt.\end{align}$$

Now we can call on integration by parts to see that if we denote by $$F^{(-m)}(x) = \sum_{n \geq 0} \frac{F^{(n)}(0)}{n!} x^{n+m} \times \frac{n!}{(n+m)!}$$ denotes the $$m^{th}$$ antiderivative of F, for any fixed non-negative integers $$k \geq 0$$, we have

 * $$\int (ax+b)^k \cdot F(ax+b) \, dx = \sum_{j=0}^{k} \frac{k!}{a \cdot j!} (-1)^{k-j} t^j F^{(j+1-k)}(ax+b).$$

Thus we obtain that

 * $$\begin{align}\int_{-T}^T \frac{x^{\imath t}}{D_f(\sigma+\imath t)} \, dt & = \frac{1}{\imath} \left(\sum_{j \geq 0} \sum_{k=0}^j \sum_{m=0}^k \frac{k!}{m!} (-1)^m (\sigma+\imath t)^{m} \left[D_f^k\right]^{(j+1-k)}(\sigma+\imath t) \frac{\log^{j-k}(x)}{(j-k)!}\right) \Biggr|_{t=-T}^{t=+T}.\end{align}$$

We also can relate the iterated integrals for the $$k^{th}$$ antiderivatives of F by a finite sum of k single integrals of power-scaled versions of F:

 * $$F^{(-k)}(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{k-1} \binom{k-1}{i} \frac{(-1)^i}{(k-1)!} \int \frac{F(x)}{x^i} \, dx.$$

In light of this expansion, we can then write the partially limiting T-truncated Dirichlet series inversion integrals at hand in the form of

 * $$\begin{align}\frac{1}{2T} \int_{-T}^T \frac{x^{\imath t}}{D_f(\sigma+\imath t)} \, dt & = \frac{1}{2T \cdot \imath} \left(\sum_{j \geq 0} \sum_{k=0}^{j} \sum_{m=0}^k \sum_{n=0}^{j-k} \binom{j-k}{n} \frac{(-1)^{k+n+m} \cdot k!}{(j-k)! \cdot m!} (\sigma+\imath t)^{m} \frac{\log^{j-k}(x)}{(j-k)!} \int_{0}^{\sigma+\imath t} \left[A_f^k\right](v) \frac{dv}{v^n} \right) \Biggr|_{t=-T}^{t=+T} \\ & = \frac{1}{2T \cdot \imath} \left(\sum_{j \geq 0} \sum_{k=0}^{j} \sum_{m=0}^k \frac{(-1)^{j-k} \cdot (-s)^m}{m!} \frac{\log^{k}(x)}{k!} \int_0^1 s \cdot D_f^{j-k}(rs) \left(1-\frac{1}{rs}\right)^k \, dv\right) \Biggr|_{s=\sigma-\imath T}^{s=\sigma+\imath T} \\ & = \frac{s\left(e^{-s}+O_s(1)\right)}{2T \cdot \imath} \int_0^{1} \frac{x^{1-\frac{1}{rs}}}{1+D_f(rs)} dr \Biggr|_{s=\sigma-\imath T}^{s=\sigma+\imath T} \\ & = \frac{\left(e^{-s}+O_s(1)\right)}{2T \cdot \imath} \int_0^{s} \frac{x^{1-\frac{1}{v}}}{1+D_f(v)} \, dv \Biggr|_{s=\sigma-\imath T}^{s=\sigma+\imath T}.\end{align}$$

Statements in the language of Mellin transformations

 * The Dirichlet generating function of a sequence $$a(n)$$ is the Mellin transform of the sequence, evaluated at $$s=1$$: $\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{a_n}{n^s} = \int_0^\infty x^{s-1} \left(\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n e^{-nx}\right) dx = \mathcal{M}{a_n}(s)$.
 * The Dirichlet inverse of a sequence $$a(n)$$ is related to the inverse Mellin transform of its generating function: $a_n = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty} \frac{\sum_{m=1}^\infty \frac{\mu(m)}{m^{s}}\mathcal{M}{a_n}(s)}{n^s} ds$, where $$c$$ is a real number greater than the abscissa of convergence of the Dirichlet series $\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n/n^s$.
 * The Mellin transform of a convolution of two sequences $$a(n)$$ and $$b(n)$$ is the product of their Mellin transforms: $\mathcal{M}{(a*b)_n}(s) = \mathcal{M}{a_n}(s) \mathcal{M}{b_n}(s)$.
 * If $$a(n)$$ is a sequence and $$f(x)$$ is a function such that the integral $\int_0^\infty \frac{f(x)}{x^{s+1}}dx$ converges absolutely and uniformly for $$s$$ in some right half plane, then we can define a Dirichlet series by $a_n = \frac{1}{n^s}\int_0^\infty f(x) e^{-nx}dx$, and the Dirichlet series is the Mellin transform of $$f(x)$$.

A formal generating-function-like convolution lemma
Suppose that we wish to treat the integrand integral formula for Dirichlet coefficient inversion in powers of $$(\imath t)^k$$ where $$[(\imath t)^{k}] F(\sigma+\imath t) = F^{(k)})(\sigma) / k!$$, and then proceed as if we were evaluating a traditional integral on the real line. Then we have that

 * $$\begin{align}\hat{D}_f(x; \sigma, T) & := \int_{-T}^T x^{\sigma+\imath t} D_f(\sigma+\imath t)\, dt \\ & = \sum_{m \geq 0} \int_{-T}^{T} x^{\sigma+\imath t} (\imath t)^m \frac{D_f^{(m)}(\sigma)}{m!} \\ & = \sum_{m \geq 0} \int_{-T}^T t^{2m} x^{\sigma+\imath t} \frac{(-1)^m D_f^{(2m)}(\sigma)}{(2m)!}\,dt + \imath \times \sum_{m \geq 0} \int_{-T}^T t^{2m+1} x^{\sigma+\imath t} \frac{(-1)^m A^{(2m+1)}(\sigma)}{(2m+1)!} \,dt.\end{align}$$

We require the result given by the following formula, which is proved rigorously by an application of integration by parts, for any non-negative integer $$m \geq 0$$:

 * $$\begin{align}\hat{I}_m(T) & := \int_{-T}^{T} \frac{(\imath t)^m}{m!} x^{\imath t} \,dt \\ & = \sum_{r=0}^{m} \frac{\left(x^{\imath T} + (-1)^{r+1} x^{-\imath T}\right) (-\imath)^{r+1}}{\log^{k+1-r}(x)} \cdot \frac{T^r}{r!} \\ & = \frac{\cos(T \log x)}{T \log x} \times \sum_{r=0}^{\lfloor k/2 \rfloor} \frac{(-1)^{r+1} T^{2r}}{\log^{k-2r}(x) (2r)!} + \frac{\sin(T \log x)}{T \log x} \times \sum_{r=0}^{\lfloor k/2 \rfloor} \frac{(-1)^{r+1} T^{2r+1}}{\log^{k-2r-1}(x) (2r+1)!}.\end{align}$$

So the respective real and imaginary parts of our arithmetic function coefficients f at positive integers x satisfy:

 * $$\begin{align}\operatorname{Re}(f(x)) & = x^{\sigma} \times \lim_{T \rightarrow \infty} \sum_{m \geq 0} D_f^{(2m)}(\sigma) \cdot \frac{\hat{I}_{2m}(T)}{2T} \\ \operatorname{Im}(f(x)) & = x^{\sigma} \times \lim_{T \rightarrow \infty} \sum_{m \geq 0} D_f^{(2m+1)}(\sigma) \cdot \frac{\hat{I}_{2m+1}(T)}{2T}.\end{align}$$

The last identities suggest an application of the Hadamard product formula for generating functions. In particular, we can work out the following identities which express the real and imaginary parts of our function f at x in the following forms:

 * $$\begin{align}\operatorname{Re}(f(x)) & = \lim_{T \rightarrow \infty} \left[\frac{x^{\sigma}}{2T} \times \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \left(D_f(\sigma+\imath T \cdot e^{\imath s}) + D_f(\sigma - \imath T e^{\imath s})\right) \left(FUNC(e^{-\imath s})\right) \, ds\right] \\

\operatorname{Im}(f(x)) & = \lim_{T \rightarrow \infty} \left[\frac{x^\sigma}{2T} \times \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\pi}^\pi \left(D_f(\sigma+\imath T \cdot e^{\imath s}) - D_f(\sigma - \imath T e^{\imath s}\right) \, ds \right].\end{align}$$

Notice that in the special case where the arithmetic function f is strictly real-valued, we expect that the inner terms in the previous limit formula are always zero (i.e., for any T).

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dirichlet series inversion


text:
saba

Noun

 * 1)  A sweet grape syrup made from grape must

Etymology 2
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) A triploid hybrid banana cultivar from the Philippines ( × ).

Etymology 3
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  Mackerel.

Noun

 * 1) a  banana

Etymology
From

Noun

 * 1) morning

Etymology
From, from , compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. Cognate to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬,.

Noun

 * 1) tail

Etymology
From (13th century, ), from, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) sheet, bedsheet
 * 2) cambium
 * 1) cambium
 * 1) cambium

Noun

 * 1) banana

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Verb

 * 1) to  outside the.

Numeral

 * 1) three

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  sap

Verb

 * 1) to fear
 * 2) to be afraid of

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  cooked, condensed must

Verb

 * 1) to fear

Etymology
.

Numeral

 * 1)  seven

Noun

 * 1)  seven

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Etymology
From

Adverb

 * 1) usually, often

Verb

 * 1)  to stand scattered around while feeding

title: saba


text:
Talk:Conlang/Intermediate/Sounds

Untitled
I've copied Ran's phonology article over from the Conlangresource and made a few changes in it. --Ingolemo 19:51, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm, the line at the end right now looks a little 'stupid' to me (no offense meant, but it should be reworded): "Consonants are sounds that, well, aren't vowels" (or something like that). Consonants are sounds made by blocking airflow in the vocal tract. And besides, in some places the line between consonant and vowel can be blurred, with sounds in American English like [r\=, 5=, n=], etc. *edits* -- Maknas 14:51, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I simply copied Ran's article and had no time to think of a better ending. But I do agree. The consonants section needs a lot more alaboration (especially given the size of the vowel section). I'll try and add a little more now. --Ingolemo 16:27, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, I'll take over fixing up this article. I've just elaborated on phonemes, and I'll add/elaborate more sections soon. -- Maknas 18:46, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I added a section on manners of articulation. Feel free to correct what I wrote about taps and flaps. I'll try completing the other sections on consonnants later. I think we should dedicate 2 different pages into describing how vowels and consonnants can contrast, though. We could also link to eddy,s great page about vowel systems, or at least describe some ourselves. --Circeus 20:55, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey, I said I'll take over this page! ;-) Anyways, yeah, I've changed what you wrote on the taps. Also, remember, it's "trill", not "thrill" ;-) I don't think we need seperate pages for consonants and vowels, but I'll finish up the rest here. -- Maknas 21:39, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * "I don't think we need seperate pages for consonants and vowels" Well, I meant about complex things like phonemic pharingealization, nasalizations, velarization, labialization, aspiration etc. Along with Allophony, it's quite complex (there's easily a whole page to be written about allophony and variation in english!), so i though a separate page would make things easier to control.--Circeus 18:01, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't forget that we have an "Expert Sounds" page where we can go into all that extra detail. We only need to cover the intermediate stuff here. --Ingolemo 18:54, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, good point. --Circeus 17:09, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Okay, I ended up bored, and I just wiped out a voicing section. I don't know enough about things like creaky or breathy voicing to put them in, left a comment about it. If I really cause problem, just tell me and I'll stop, but I don't believe it's such a big deal. Anyway, also corrected little bits here and there in the page. "Fricatvies" annoyed the heck out of me XD. --Circeus 19:45, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Okay, I'm almost done doing the POA section, but can somebody please take on explaining the pharyngeal, epiglottal and glottal POAs?--Circeus 23:36, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

HEY, Vladisdead? There's a reason we chose to use X-SAMPA and not IPA in these. Please do not make such radical changes without asking first.--Circeus 23:13, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

A need for restructuring?
I think that this article is getting too long (especially given the current lack of content in most other Conlang articles) and is overloading the intermediate with too much information at once. I think that we all need to just sit down and decide what exactly we want this article to say, what we want to save for another article, and what we want to leave for the experts. -- Ingolemo 12:11, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I've come up with a structure that I think would be more accessable to readers;
 * Introduction to phones
 * The phoneme/allophone distinction
 * The vowel/consonant distinction
 * Introduction to syllables
 * Syllable structure
 * Introduction to phonotactics
 * Viable consonant clusters
 * Sonority scale

Any suggestions for improvements? - Ingolemo 19:08, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That sounds pretty good. I would keep the phonotactics section very short and leave most of the detail to the advanced phonology chapters. --Jim Henry 15:29, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, this restructuring will take a little time for me to do, mainly due to the work needed to compress the "what are vowels" and "what are consonants" sections to something more succinct. I'm going to drop the "Sonority scale" section and add a little on stress instead, so the phonotactics section should grow only a little larger than what it is now. - <IP_ADDRESS> 18:45, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, this was me. I forgot to log in. - Ingolemo 18:46, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I finally submited it. I simplified a lot of the concepts, but I'm worried that I may have simplified some parts too much. Opinions anyone? (the pre-revision page is here) - Ingolemo 18:21, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Ng - one sound
''Note that the "ng" is one sound! It's not an "n" sound followed by a "g" sound.'' You ought to be careful with statements like this. There are some dialects where 'sang' is pronounced [s{Ng], and they would probably consider that [N] to be an allophonic variant of /n/. Curlyjimsam 06:25, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Would you like to write a better example (perhaps involving the digraphs <th> or <sh>)? - Ingolemo 14:20, 30 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Merging syllables with phonotactics
In my opinion, the structure of syllables is too much defined by phonotactics to discuss them on separate pages. So, I propose a merge of them. Columbus240 (discuss • contribs) 14:28, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

 * @Columbus240: On the other hand, a plausible case might be made for the intermediate level to present them separately. The beginner and intermediate levels of the book are defined by the limits on how much complication they introduce; so one ought to resist creep of each earlier level into compliations that ought to be left for a later level, otherwise the earlier levels start to lose their identity.  The beginner level tries to introduce the basic elements of language without fancy terms; the word "syllable" barely arises, let alone "phototactics".  The intermediate level tries to introduce the internal structure of those basic elements, and basic terminology for discussing them; but perhaps the need to treate syllables and phonotactics together is an advanced-level thing?  The advanced level of the book has been under-attended, which one suspects was partly because during the first flurry of activity on the book there was a weakness on distinguishing the three levels, and part of later effort has gone into strenghthening divisions between levels.

 * If we do want to shift a bit more of the burden here onto the intermediate level, we should try to more clearly define at the same time what goes in the advanced level, so we don't end up piling everything into intermediate. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 12:22, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

 * @Pi zero: So maybe do some stuff on 'proper' phonotactics and syllable building in the advanced level, because the intermediate is (in my opinion) fine like that. I myself don't have experience with linguistics, I just had a look into it since last week, and haven't created a conlang yet(but many ideas), so I won't propose myself as writer of advanced level pages.

title: Talk:Conlang/Intermediate/Sounds


text:
1936 Kansas Jayhawks football team

The 1936 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Six Conference during the 1936 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Adrian Lindsey, the Jayhawks compiled a 1–6–1 record (0–5 against conference opponents), finished in last place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 153 to 35. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas. Wade Green was the team captain.

title: 1936 Kansas Jayhawks football team


text:
Talk:Benjamin Pierce

Benjamin Pierce was the last surviving child of the Pierce's. The first two children were killed by disease. Benjamin died on January 6, 1853 in a train accident. He was nearly decapitated in fron t of his parents. His mother, Jane Pierce, thought this happened so Franklin could have a presidency without family problems. Franklin, however, thought this was a revenge for his sins.

title: Talk:Benjamin Pierce


text:
Gregorio Jover Cortés

Gregorio Jover Cortés (Teruel, 25 October 1891 – Mexico, 22 March 1964) was an Aragonese anarcho-syndicalist and a member of the CNT during the first third of the 20th century. During the Spanish Civil War he was commander of the Ascaso Column and later the militarized 28th Division, which fought on the Aragon front.

Early years
As a child he emigrated to Valencia, where he joined socialist and later anarchist youth organizations. Around 1911, after completing military service as a conscript, he again emigrated to Barcelona, where he worked as a carpenter, joining the corresponding CNT union. Persecuted for his activism, he took refuge in Valencia for a time, and then returned to Barcelona, where he was elected delegate of the Catalan Wood Union, although he was also active in the Los Valencianos group. On 12 August 1923 he took part in the regional congress of the CNT held in Manresa, rejecting the post of secretary offered to him because he was declared illiterate.

With the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera increased the repression against the labor movement as groups of gunmen, organized by the Sindicatos Libres, began to mortally attack the most exposed union activists. As a means of defense, Jover helped found the illegalist direct action group Los Solidarios, organized in independent cells in defense and support of armed with the group of Spanish anarchists of the CNT-FAI. With Buenaventura Durruti, he took part in organizing the assassination of the prime minister Eduardo Dato e Iradier (8 March 1921), although he did not take part directly in the action. It was during one of these "operations" that on 24 March 1924, Jover was arrested in Barcelona, but managed to escape and go into exile in Paris together with Francisco Ascaso, Buenaventura Durruti and most of the militiamen of Los Solidarios. There he worked in a mattress factory and turned down an offer to become a factory foreman. He was also one of the organizers of the failed expedition to Bera (7 November 1924) and the attempted assault on the Drassanes barracks (24 November 1924). Meanwhile, in 1923 and 1924, his partner Nieves Castella had two children, Emma and Liberto.

In order to avoid expulsion from France, along with Buenaventura Durruti and Francisco Ascaso he emigrated to Latin America, where he created another illegalist group Los Errantes, which organized the first expropriation robbery in the country's history. The group returned to Paris in 1926. In 1927 Jover took part in the organization of the assassination attempt on Alfonso XIII, but despite the order of summons and search, he managed to escape arrest. In 1931, with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, he returned to Barcelona and rejoined the CNT.

From November 1932 he was a member of the committee of the Barcelona Metallurgical Union. As a member of the Nosotros group, he was the protagonist of many anti-capitalist direct actions and several uprisings, which cost him some periods of imprisonment.

Spanish Civil War
After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, he quickly joined the Confederal militias and went on to lead the Ascaso Column in its advance from Barcelona to the Aragón front, also participating in the politics of the towns nearby, where they were able to organize their libertarian ideas in practice. Jover's column, together with other militias, headed towards Huesca, establishing positions around the city while besieging it.

Along with other anarchists such as Liberto Callejas, Ada Martí and Maximo Franco, commanders of the Red and Black Column, and together with the POUM, they participated in the so-called Barcelona May Days of 1937, during which the Friends of Durruti Group (with about 5,000 militants) was established.

After the militarization of the militias decreed by the republican government, in 1937 he went on to lead the 28th Division, which fought on the front of Aragon, in Teruel, in the Levante and in Estremadura. In May 1938 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. From the spring of that year he was in command of the 10th Army Corps, fighting on the Segre Front until the fall of Catalonia in January 1939.

Exile
Exiled to France, Jover was arrested on 10 February 1939 in La Guingueta d'Ix on the pretext that he had already been expelled from France twelve years earlier. He was interned for 41 days in Perpignan prison, from which he was released on 4 April after being sentenced to 15 days. He was then sent to Le Vernet concentration camp until 10 July 1939, but thanks to the permission of the sub-prefect of Prades he was granted permission to reside; here he was supported thanks to the monthly subsidies of 2,000 francs sent to him by the Spanish Refugee Evacuation Service (SERE). However, in October 1939, the police again identified him as the Gregorio Jover that was expelled from France in 1925 and on October 18 he was interned again in the Sant Cebrià de Rosselló camp.

The internment made him see that he was suffering a persecution that made his life impossible in France. He then decided to leave for the Americas, before embarking for Santo Domingo and then Mexico. He was elected secretary of the subdelegation of the CNT in Mexico and the Committee on Relations and Aid, on whose behalf in 1945 he requested the entry of the CNT into the Spanish Republican government in exile. Gregorio Jover Cortés died in Mexico on 22 March 1964.

title: Gregorio Jover Cortés


text:
I Stand tour

The I Stand tour was a tour taken by American actress and singer Idina Menzel.

Concert Synopsis
Menzel performs a diverse selection songs from her original pop album I Stand, Pop and Rock covers, as well as hits from her breakout performances on Broadway in Wicked and Rent. Throughout the concert, Menzel interacts with the audience sharing stories from inspiration of some of the songs she has written for the album, her early younger years in Long Island, NY (from quitting Hebrew School, to her parents getting divorced, and her life as a Long Island Wedding Singer before landing the role of Maureen Johnson in the original cast of Rent).

Performances
Menzel had recently released a pop album titled I Stand, and, in order to promote the album, got funds to go on tour. The album peaked at #58 on the Billboard Hot 200. On the tour, Menzel sang many songs from the album, as well as other various songs.

The tour began on April 1, 2008, performing four sold out legs. She appeared at places such as George Street Playhouse, Lincoln Center, and The Music Hall. The performance at the Lincoln Center was filmed for a PBS special on the show Soundstage.

Before being well known for appearing on the second season of 'The Voice', Chris Mann opened up for Menzel during the 3rd leg of the tour.

The tour continued until March 28, 2009 which afterwards Menzel took a year off from the spotlight to have a baby. Following giving birth to her son Walker Nathaniel Diggs, Menzel got offered a recurring role on the TV smash Glee and returned to the Concert stage on embarking on her Barefoot at the Symphony tour (which major symphony orchestras came in place of Menzel's 6 piece rock band).

Opening Acts

 * Chris Mann

Set List

 * 1) "I Stand" from I Stand
 * 2) "Don't Let Me Down" from I Stand
 * 3) "Better to Have Loved" from I Stand
 * 4) "Brave" from I Stand
 * 5) "Devorah/Rise Up"
 * 6) "Where Do I Begin" from I Stand
 * 7) "My Own Worst Enemy" from I Stand
 * 8) "Wedding Days"
 * 9) "No Day But Today" from Rent
 * 10) "I Feel Everything" from I Stand
 * 11) "Perfume and Promises" from I Stand
 * 12) "Gorgeous" from I Stand
 * 13) "Defying Gravity" from Wicked

 * Notes:
 * No Day But Today was not performed at the New Brunswick, NJ show on April 1, 2008.

 * 1) "I Stand" from I Stand
 * 2) "Don't Let Me Down" from I Stand
 * 3) "Where Do I Begin" from I Stand
 * 4) "Better to Have Loved" from I Stand
 * 5) "Here" from Here
 * 6) "Brave" from I Stand
 * 7) "Roxanne" by The Police or "Heartbreaker" by Pat Benatar
 * 8) "Devorah/Rise Up"
 * 9) "My Own Worst Enemy" from I Stand
 * 10) "Wedding Days"
 * 11) "No Day But Today" from Rent
 * 12) "I Feel Everything" from I Stand
 * 13) "Gorgeous" from I Stand
 * 14) "For Good" from Wicked
 * 15) "Defying Gravity" from Wicked

 * Notes:
 * Defying Gravity was performed halfway through the main set (instead of the encore) at the Santa Barbara, CA show on June 18, 2008.
 * Tomorrow was performed a cappella as the impromptu encore at the Santa Barbara, CA show on June 18, 2008.
 * Faithfully (a cover of the Journey song) was performed at the Atlantic City, NJ show only on June 26, 2008

 * 1) "Don't Let Me Down"
 * 2) "Here" from Here
 * 3) "Heartbreaker"
 * 4) "Brave" from I Stand
 * 5) "Devorah/Rise Up"
 * 6) "Embraceable You" by George and Ira Gershwin
 * 7) "No Day But Today" from Rent
 * 8) "Where Do I Begin" from I Stand
 * 9) "I Feel Everything" from I Stand
 * 10) "My Own Worst Enemy" from I Stand
 * 11) "Company" from Company
 * 12) "I Stand from I Stand/Get Up, Stand Up" by Bob Marley
 * 13) "Forever" from I Stand
 * 14) "For Good" from Wicked
 * 15) "Gorgeous" from I Stand
 * 16) "No Trace Of Us"
 * 17) "Kiss From a Rose"
 * 18) "Defying Gravity" from Wicked

 * 1) "I Stand" from I Stand
 * 2) "Don't Let Me Down" from I Stand
 * 3) "Here" from Here
 * 4) "Brave" from I Stand
 * 5) "Heaven Help My Heart" from Chess
 * 6) "Devorah/Rise Up"
 * 7) "Embraceable You" by George and Ira Gershwin
 * 8) "The Man That Got Away"
 * 9) "No Day But Today" from Rent
 * 10) "Spiraling"
 * 11) "Butterfly"
 * 12) "One"
 * 13) "Still I Can't Be Still" from Still I Can't Be Still
 * 14) "For Good" from Wicked
 * 15) "Gorgeous" from I Stand
 * 16) "No Trace Of Us" or "Company" from Company
 * 17) "Defying Gravity" from Wicked

Musicians

 * Musical Director / Guitar: Emerson Swinford
 * Bass: Simon Smith
 * Drums: Jimmy Paxson
 * Keyboards: Joe Kennedy
 * Background Vocals and Acoustic Guitar: Holly Palmer
 * Background Vocals: Belle Johnson

 * Notes:
 * For the April 14, 2008 show in New York City that was filmed for PBS, the band also included a string quartet expanding the sound.

title: I Stand tour


text:
User:BrianBalke/sandbox/Revelation

Ecological Interpratation All interpretations of scripture are influenced by the focal concerns of the reader. Extant interpretations of Revelation focus on the concern of human redemption. The concerns of the Creator of the Universe, of course, are broader. At the very least, the scope of our interpretation should consider the redemption of the world.

To be redeemed is to be reunited with Love. This is a point made by unique force in John's Gospel: God is Love. Jesus was the human personification of that principle, and stated that he would remake Heaven and Earth. As John was the only apostle to witness the crucifixion, he was enmeshed in the spiritual energies that surrounded Jesus as that work was accomplished. This privilege qualified him to enter the heavenly realms, where he was shown the full scope of that work.

Revelation is confusing in no small part because that work occurs on many scales. While those concerned with human redemption interpret it as a linear tale, in fact it is a telling of the same story from many perspectives, starting with the angelic and passing through Darwinian evolution and human culture before merging the storyline at its conclusion. The retellings are synchronized at their conclusions through the use of repeating imagery, for example the 144,000.

This viewpoint is cemented by the unusual wording of certain passages. John's invitation at the opening of Revelation 4 states: “Come up here, and I will show you what must take place after this” (emphasis added). John is shown not just the future, but provided justification. And at the conclusion of Revelation 11: “You must prophesy again about many peoples, nations, languages and kings” (emphasis added). Some information is history, and some is prophesy.

Accepting that the scope of the book is the history of Life on Earth, we conclude the following:

 * Revelation 4 describes the initial conditions of the Divine Project from the perspective of the angels. The "elders" represent the principalities of the heavenly realm, initially separated from love by a barrier that cannot be penetrated. Twelve of the elders are associated with the masculine principals Biblically associated with the Tribes, Apostles, and gates of the New Jerusalem in Revelation 21. Twelve are feminine principals, seen in the tiara of the Sacred Mother in Revelation 12 and as the fruit of the Tree of Life in Revelation 22. 144,000 is then understood as the combination of all possibilities between those principals (12x12 = 144), with the multiplier of "1000" having the Biblical interpretation of a "countable many."
 * Revelation 8 and 9 recounts the interventions that bring the days of Creation to a close. The challenge of loving is exploitation of tendered gifts that unbalance Creation, disturbing the chemistry that supports life. The table correlates Creation, the exploitation that bottlenecked evolution, and the natural disaster (described as "trumpets") that liberated life to new possibilities.

title: User:BrianBalke/sandbox/Revelation


text:
Dunnett

Dunnett is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Sir Alastair Dunnett (1908–1998), Scottish journalist and newspaper editor, husband of Dorothy Dunnett
 * Charles Dunnett (1921-2007), Canadian statistician
 * Dorothy Dunnett (1923–2001), Scottish historical novelist, wife of Alastair Dunnett
 * Jack Dunnett (1922–2019), British politician
 * Stephen Dunnett (born 1950), British neuroscientist
 * Jonathan Dunnett (born 1974), British adventurer, windsurfing the mainland coastline of Europe
 * Sir James Macdonald Dunnett, Indian civil servant
 * Sir James Ludovic Dunnett, British civil servant

title: Dunnett


text:
Subhro Kamal Mukherjee

Justice Subhro Kamal Mukherjee (born 10 October 1955) is a former chief justice of the High Court of Karnataka. He was appointed as the interim Vice-Chancellor of Presidency University, Kolkata on September 2023. In July 2023, the Governor of West Bengal appointed him as the interim Vice-Chancellor of Rabindra Bharati University.

Background
Mukherjee comes from a family of lawyers and is a sixth-generation lawyer. He completed his Master of Arts in history and LLB from Calcutta University. He joined the Calcutta High Court as an advocate in 1982 practicing mainly in civil and writ matters.

Judicial career
Mukherjee was appointed a permanent judge of the Calcutta High Court on 15 September 2000. He was transferred to Karnataka High Court on 15 April 2015. Upon transfer of the then chief justice, Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela, to Odisha High Court, he was appointed the acting chief justice of Karnataka High Court on 1 June 2015. He took the oath as the chief justice on 23 February 2016. His oath was administered by the governor of Karnataka, Vajubhai Vala.

Controversies
In 2017, the Bar Council of Karnataka sought action against Mukherjee after he commented that Tipu Sultan was not a freedom fighter, but a monarch who fought to safeguard his interests. On his retirement as chief justice, he was not accorded the customary farewell following a resolution passed by the Karnataka State Bar Council.

Mukherjee's appointment by Governor C. V. Ananda Bose as the acting Vice-Chancellor of both Rabindra Bharati University and Presidency University took place amidst centre-state tensions between the governor and the Government of West Bengal. The West Bengal education minister, Bratya Basu, said, "The Governor's recent action is aimed at bankrupting the higher education system. He is destroying the statutes of respective state universities. Such appointments have been made without consulting anybody. He is acting in a dictatorial manner."

In August 2023, Mukherjee stopped going to his office in Rabindra Bharati University "out of fear" after a section of staff members accused him of consuming alcohol inside his office. Mukherjee denied the allegation and claimed that it was he who was abused by the staff members of the university.

In September 2023, the student organisations Independents' Consolidation and Students' Federation of India expressed scepticism over Mukherjee's appointment as acting VC of Presidency University. The student bodies alleged interference by the union government in university appointments and raised questions over his lack of academic qualifications to head a university.

title: Subhro Kamal Mukherjee


text:
Template:Tl/doc

Documentation
and Tl2 are simple macro templates used to display a template name as a link. Tl stands for Template link.

 * Tl2 differs in that it displays an arguably clearer result like, and also like takes the named parameters 'SISTER=xx' and 'LANG=ll', so that it may also be used to list and link to templates on other English and non-English language sister projects.

 * related: Tlx displays with the same enhanced presentation, and also expands several 'placeholder' parameters to generate a sample template call.

Usage
template name to display and template name to display -- local link, just like Tl. or template name to display -- displays a template on Wikiversity or template name to display -- displays a template on the French Wikisource sister project.

title: Template:Tl/doc


text:
User:Seema-gupta'007

= Fire Protection System = Fire protection system are of different types which are introduce to protect from fire disasters.

title: User:Seema-gupta'007


text:
Darren Gaspar

Darren Gaspar (born 20 May 1976) is a former Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Sydney Swans career (1994–1995)
Gaspar was drafted with the first pick in the 1993 National Draft by the Sydney Swans. He debuted against the Adelaide Crows in round three of the 1994 AFL season and injured his medial ligament in the third quarter, which resulted in him playing only five games for the year.

After only two seasons with the Swans, he turned down a one-year deal and moved to the Richmond Football Club via the 1996 Pre-season Draft.

Richmond career (1996–2007)
Robert Walls was influential in getting Gaspar to Richmond and he provided the emerging full-back with vital experience, playing him on Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett in his first few games with the club.

His consistency saw him hold down the full-back position for over a decade with the Tigers. He finished runner-up in the Jack Dyer Medal behind Andrew Kellaway and earned All-Australian selection in 2000. Gaspar continued his good form in 2001, winning the Jack Dyer Medal and helping Richmond reach the finals for the first time since the 1995 AFL season. For the second consecutive year, he was named in the All-Australian team. He turned down a lucrative offer from the Fremantle Dockers at the end of the 2001 AFL season and remained at the Tigers.

In 2003, Gaspar was selected as the Australia international rules football team's goalkeeper for the 2001 International Rules Series in Australia. Australia lost the series 2–0, with a 130–105 aggregate score.

Injuries took a toll on him towards the end of his playing career, but he continued to give Richmond valuable service in the back half. At the age of 31 years, Gaspar announced his retirement after the fifth round of the 2007 AFL season, finishing on 228 games, after a disagreement with his coach, Terry Wallace, over his position in the team.

He currently commentates alongside Tim Gossage for SEN, covering West Coast Eagles games at Patersons Stadium.

Statistics

! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007 ! colspan=3| Career ! 228 ! 23 ! 10 ! 1445 ! 1162 ! 2607 ! 727 ! 295 ! 0.1 ! 0.0 ! 6.3 ! 5.1 ! 11.4 ! 3.2 ! 1.3 ! 33
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 20 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 31 || 23 || 54 || 17 || 10 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 6.2 || 4.6 || 10.8 || 3.4 || 2.0 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 20 || 16 || 1 || 1 || 91 || 66 || 157 || 31 || 21 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 5.7 || 4.1 || 9.8 || 1.9 || 1.3 || 0
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 2 || 20 || 1 || 0 || 143 || 97 || 240 || 48 || 32 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 7.2 || 4.9 || 12.0 || 2.4 || 1.6 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 2 || 21 || 0 || 1 || 164 || 135 || 299 || 73 || 34 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 7.8 || 6.4 || 14.2 || 3.5 || 1.6 || 12
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 2 || 21 || 5 || 3 || 128 || 164 || 292 || 73 || 32 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 6.1 || 7.8 || 13.9 || 3.5 || 1.5 || 7
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 2 || 21 || 2 || 0 || 100 || 98 || 198 || 43 || 20 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 4.8 || 4.7 || 9.4 || 2.0 || 1.0 || 2
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 2 || 17 || 3 || 2 || 114 || 78 || 192 || 53 || 18 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 6.7 || 4.6 || 11.3 || 3.1 || 1.1 || 5
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 2 || 25 || 1 || 1 || 178 || 132 || 310 || 104 || 30 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 7.1 || 5.3 || 12.4 || 4.2 || 1.2 || 6
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 2 || 19 || 2 || 1 || 139 || 102 || 241 || 72 || 17 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 7.3 || 5.4 || 12.7 || 3.8 || 0.9 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 2 || 11 || 2 || 0 || 60 || 50 || 110 || 38 || 14 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 5.5 || 4.5 || 10.0 || 3.5 || 1.3 || 0
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 2 || 19 || 5 || 1 || 99 || 64 || 163 || 56 || 24 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 5.2 || 3.4 || 8.6 || 2.9 || 1.3 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 2 || 20 || 1 || 0 || 138 || 92 || 230 || 79 || 11 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 6.9 || 4.6 || 11.5 || 4.0 || 0.6 || 1
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 2 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 29 || 34 || 63 || 19 || 19 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 3.6 || 4.3 || 7.9 || 2.4 || 2.4 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 2 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 31 || 27 || 58 || 21 || 13 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 6.2 || 5.4 || 11.6 || 4.2 || 2.6 || 0
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * }

Personal life
He is the brother of former AFL players, Damien Gaspar and Travis Gaspar.

Gaspar is also the part-owner of racehorse Roman Arch.

title: Darren Gaspar


text:
User:Bisma 6

THE BIOLOGY THE BIOLOGY IS THE SCIENCE IN WHICH WE SCIENTIFICALLY STUDY ABOUT LIFE.THE BIOLOGY IS DIVIDED INTO THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS THESE ARE:
 * ZOOLOGY:STUDY OF ANIMALS
 * BOTANY:STUDY OF PLANTS
 * MICROBIOLOGY:STUDY OF MICRO-ORGANISMS

title: User:Bisma 6


text:
Connie Ryan

Cornelius Joseph Ryan (February 27, 1920 – January 3, 1996) was an American professional baseball second baseman, third baseman, coach and manager who served as interim manager of two Major League Baseball teams, the Atlanta Braves and the  Texas Rangers.

A native of New Orleans who attended Louisiana State University, he batted and threw right-handed and was listed as 5 ft tall and 175 lb.

During his playing days, Ryan appeared in 1,184 games over 12 MLB seasons, and compiled a lifetime batting average of .248 with 988 career hits (among them 58 home runs) with the New York Giants, Boston Braves, Cincinnati Reds / Redlegs, Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago White Sox.

On April 16, 1953, Ryan (then with the Phillies) made six hits in six at bats in a 14–12 loss to Pittsburgh, tying a then-Major League record. Ryan's safeties included two doubles; he scored three runs and had one run batted in.

Ryan spent much of his baseball career in the Braves organization, working for them in three different cities: as a player in Boston (he was a utility infielder for the 1948 National League champions); a coach and minor league manager for Milwaukee during the late 1950s (he was the third-base coach on Fred Haney's staff during the Braves' 1957 world championship season); and as a coach (1971; 1973–74), interim manager (1975) and scout for the Atlanta club during the 1970s. Ryan succeeded Clyde King as skipper of the Atlanta Braves on August 30, 1975, and guided the team to a record of 9–18 over the final 27 games of the season.

In 1977, Ryan began the season as a coach with the Texas Rangers. Texas manager Frank Lucchesi was replaced by Eddie Stanky, a teammate of Ryan's on the 1948–49 Braves, on June 22. Stanky resigned after one game, and Ryan served as interim manager for six games (with Texas winning two) from June 23 to 27. The Rangers signed Billy Hunter, the longtime Baltimore Orioles third-base coach, as their permanent manager. Ryan's career managerial mark was 11–22 (.333). He remained a Rangers' coach through 1979.

During the 1960s, Ryan also spent several seasons as a scout and minor league manager with the Houston Astros and briefly worked with the Kansas City A's.

He died at age 75 in Metairie, Louisiana.

title: Connie Ryan


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Aesop (record label)

Aesop Label, commonly known as Aesop, is a British independent record label founded and based in Brixton, London. The label was launched in 2012 with a focus on releasing records available on limited runs of 12-inch vinyl as well as being available digitally.

History
Aesop was started by Adam Royal, its inaugural release was 'The Wheel from English musician Sohn, which was also marked his debut release and who later went on to release his debut album with 4AD, the album reached number 31 on the UK Albums Chart. Primarily Aesop has worked with artists making music within the electronic-pop genre, with other releases of note coming from British musician TĀLĀ and her ‘The Duchess’ and ‘Alchemy’ EPs. As of 2015 TĀLĀ has now signed to major label Columbia Records. Aesop released the debut EP from Wayward who later went on to sign with UK label, Black Butter Records. In 2014 Aesop released the debut EP from UK duo Sylas entitled ’Shore’, which also featured production and vocals from the highly acclaimed musician, Brian Eno. In July 2015 Aesop released the debut single from Dutch duo Klyne. Label founder Adam Royal contributed to the [http://www.huhmagazine.co.uk/ HUH. Magazine] 'Label Picks' series about how the Sylas release came about.

Aesop was featured as "Label of the Week" in the 16 April 2014 issue of NME. At the end of 2014 Noisey named Aesop one of their record labels of the year in their article "These Are the British Record Labels That Killed It in 2014".

Artists

 * Gent Mason
 * Sohn
 * Sylas
 * TĀLĀ
 * Wayward
 * Klyne
 * Jens Kuross

Art direction
The Aesop logo was designed by British artist David Bray, known for his intricate illustrative style. The logo adorns the A-side centre label of the 12-inch vinyl versions of Aesop releases. A subtle line spanning across the width of the centre label behind the logo is either positioned at 33 or 45 degrees from the top most point of the logo, this dictates at which speed the record should be played at, either 33 or 45 RPM.

title: Aesop (record label)


text:
User:Sadiisays

Sadiisays is a social media influencer/memer and digital marketer. He is from GURGOUN born in 5/5/1999

title: User:Sadiisays


text:
Wai Quayle

Waitohiariki Quayle (born 1950, Gladstone, New-Zealand) is a Māori Anglican bishop. She was ordained as Bishop of Upoko o Te Ika in the Te Pīhopatanga o Aotearoa at Rathkeale College on Thursday, September 12, 2019, where she also received a Haka greeting from her community. This makes her the first female Māori bishop in the Anglican Church, and the first woman born in New Zealand to become a bishop in the Anglican Communion. Her primary cares are housing, health needs, and youth suicide risk and empowerment.

Personal life
She was born in Gladstone in a farming community. Her laborer father was Anglican and her mother a Mormon. She had 12 brothers and sisters, with names reflecting different parts of the land where they grew up. She has links with both Ngāti Kahungunu and Whakatohea tribes. She did not have much connection with a physical church in her young life, in that an Anglican priest rather would visit her family home with all the laborers that would stay with them. Mormon elders would also stop by. It was not until her teenage years, when her mom passed at age 16, that her godfather, once a month, would take her to a church, Te Hepara Pai, in Masterton. It was there that she met her husband, Colin Quayle, a Pākehā, who was confirmed in the faith there shortly before his passing.

She was married at age 19 and has three adult children and five grandchildren.

She was widowed in 1990, when Colin got a brain tumor at age 38.

She received her bachelor's degree in bicultural social work from Te Wānanga o Aotearoa when she was in her mid-50s.

Prior to being ordained bishop in 2019, she held the role of Māori community health services manager at Whaiora Māori Health based in Masterton, where she oversaw staff managing multiple government health contracts.

Ordained ministry
When Te Hepara Pai was struggling and deciding if it should stay open or close, she stepped into her first role there as a minister.

Theologically, she respects both the Māori culture belief in a number of gods, and Christianity's belief in one, and admittedly continues to work through that disconnection herself.

Having been ordained a deacon in 2013, and ordained as a priest in 2014 by Muru Walters, she was Archdeacon of Wairarapa from 2015 to 2019.

Archbishop Don Tamihere was joined as celebrant for the ordination by Archbishop Fereimi Cama, Archbishop Philip Richardson and the Assistant Bishop of Adelaide Denise Ferguson for the ordination of Quayle in 2019.

On Saturday, April 4, 2020, along with Archbishop Don Tamihere, Quayle presided over Aotearoa New Zealand's first virtual commissioning service, which occurred at Taranaki Cathedral of St Mary. It also marked the occasion of Jacqui Paterson being the first woman to become Dean of Taranaki; and Jay Ruka, – of Te Āti Awa, Ngāti Mutunga, Ngāti Koata and Ngā Puhi – becoming the first Māori leader to take up the role.

She has been on the board of Papawai and Kaikōkirikiri Trusts since 2001, and serving as chair since 2011, representing the Anglican Church, which deals with lands vested to the trust by the Papawai and Kaikōkirikiri Trusts Act 1943. The group's core business is land based asset management that also annually contributes to education and scholarships.

title: Wai Quayle


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Walter Mosley (lawyer)

Walter Mosley is an American lawyer who specializes in entertainment, media and technology at Mosley and Associates. Mosley represented Blac Chyna in a law suit against Kim Kardashian in 2018. As the case progressed in court, Mosley reportedly received threats to life from unnamed persons on social media platform, Instagram for leading the case against Kardashian. In 2017, Mosley was the attorney who represented DeMario Jackson, a contestant in Bachelor In Paradise show on ABC’s dating series in a ligation against abrupt shutting down of the program. He is a graduate of Harvard Law School.

Education and career
Mosley earned a first degree in computer engineering from the University of Michigan (1996–2000) and later received an MSc in information, economics and management, majoring in incentive-centered design. He holds a JD from Harvard Law School (2005). He is a member of the California and New York states bars as well as the Federal Tax Court and the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals.

He began his legal career as a clerk to Judge Damon J. Keith on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. His legal practice centered on Labor & Employment, Corporate Transactions, Entertainment, Hospitality and Real Estate. Mosley represents Debbie Allen Dance Academy – a Los Angeles-based non-profit organization. Before venturing into entertainment and media law practice, he spent four years as a corporate lawyer in the Los Angeles and New York offices of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and was Head of Business Affairs and General Counsel at Smith Global, Inc. (a Smith Family entertainment company) for two years.

He had a stint in engineering profession when he worked with Intel Corporation as a chip designer and software engineer and later moved to telecommunication firms in Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa.

title: Walter Mosley (lawyer)


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User:Roger Arakan

'''

Vladica Lazic
'''

Vladica Lazic (born 8.8.1996) is a Serbian professional football player who plays as an striker or attacking midfielder for FC Jagodina and the Serbian national team. He is known for his strenght combined with dribbling ability.

title: User:Roger Arakan


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Pavan Amara

Pavan Amara is a student nurse, journalist and women's rights activist based in London. She is the founder of the My Body Back Project.

Activism
In her teens Amara was raped. Afterwards, she found certain life experiences such as visiting a doctor difficult. She looked for help, typing ‘rape, body image, can’t go to doctor’ into Google Search. Whilst working as a student nurse, she interviewed thirty women who had experienced sexual assault and discovered that she was not the only person who sometimes had difficulties. All the women told her it was hard to enjoy sexual intercourse, they had problems looking in the mirror and had issues with access to healthcare. For example, a woman told her that the person who assaulted her had said "If you relax it'll be over with quicker" and when a healthcare professional said the same words it brought back the original trauma.

Amara founded the My Body Back Project in London in August 2014, intending to set up a website and create a support network for survivors of sexual assault. One year later, the project began a clinic at St Bart's Hospital in London dedicated to survivors of sexual assault. The clinic was set up as a result of asking women what they wanted and its success meant that the idea was quickly proposed to make it a nationwide service.

Recognition
Theresa May, at the time Prime Minister, wrote to Amara that "Through sheer determination you have established the UK's first sexual health and maternity clinic for women who have experienced sexual violence. The success of the 'My Body Back Project' is testament to your extraordinary dedication to supporting vulnerable women and you should feel proud of everything the project has achieved."

Amara was listed as one of the ten "brightest and best" feminists by The Independent newspaper in 2015. She writes for the Huffington Post, Independent and other publications. In 2019, she was listed as Stylist magazine 'Woman of the Week'.

title: Pavan Amara


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Latin/Words and their Flexion

Stem Flexion

 * 1. Words are called in Grammar the Parts of Speech.
 * Words are either Simple, as flagrare flamma, or Compound as con-flagrare, flamm-i-er
 * Every Word has meaning and form. Form helps to determine meaning.

 * 2. Every Word has a STEM and ROOT.
 * Word and Stem may be (but seldom are) the same, as tu, thou; aqua, water, while Root differs: flamma, flame: Root, flag-, blaze.

 * Root and stem are often the same: ag-ere, to act. Such words are called Radical or Primitive: all others are derivative.

 * A Compound Word has only one Stem, but as many Roots as it has composing parts. Thus the Stem of conflagrare is conflagra, the two Roots, cum and flag-.

 * 3. Every true element in a word following the Root is called a SUFFIX.
 * Thus in flamma (for flag-ma) –ma is a Suffix; in flagrare, -r, -a and –re and suffixes.

 * Suffixes may need a connecting Link or Vincular, which is not elemental: reg-I-bus, quer-I-monia. The final Suffix, which converts a Stem into a Word, is called an Ending, as –re in flag-r-a-re.  But the Suffix –ma is not called an Ending because flamma is itself a Stem.  When it forms flammas, s is an Ending.

 * 4. A syllable placed before a word to modify its meaning, not being a root word, is called a PREFIX.
 * Thus in te-tend-I and cin-cinnus, te and cin are Prefixes. But particles in composition, as de-, re-, and se- are not Prefixes as having roots of their own.

 * 5. The last letter of a Root, as g in flag is called the Root Character.
 * The last letter of a stem, as a in flamma, is called the Stem Character. The Stem Character, being of chief importance is also known as the Character of the Word.

 * 6. FLEXION, or Stem Flexion is the method of inflecting a stem, that is, of making such changes in its form to indicate changes in its meaning and uses.
 * This is usually done by suffixing a Flexional Ending to the Stem: flagra-re; flamma-rum. Such suffixed endings sometimes need a Vincular, as I in regibus; sometimes they cause a mutation of the stem, as flamm-is for flamma-is (which is for flamma-bus).  Sometimes change in a letter of the Stem itself is an inflection, such as flamm-a (short a) to flamm-a (long a).  Sometimes both Letter-change and Ending are used; ag-, eg-I.  Sometimes Prefix, Letter Change and Ending are used: can-, ce-cin-ci.

 * 7. How then is a Stem defined?
 * A stem is that part of a Word which is virtually contained in every change of form, though the character is often liable to be hidden through the operation of the laws which determine letter change. So the character of flamma is hidden in the form flammis; the character of virgin- is hidden in the form virgo; the character of dirif- is hidden in the form direxi.

 * 8. How then is a Root defined?
 * A Root is the primitive element in any word; that part which the word has in common with all other kindred words. Thus in agito, the Stem is agrita-, but the root is ag-, which it has in common with ag-o, ag-men, and many other kindred words.  The Root-character and Root-vowel are more liable to be in hidden through letter change than even the Stem-character.  Thus the Root ag- is contained in the words action, examen, redigo, but obscured in word by some mutation.

title: Latin/Words and their Flexion


text:
Portal talk:Practical Arts and Sciencesnew

Note: This is a "backup" copy of Portal:Practical Arts and Sciences where new versions of the portal can be planned.

Colors
The page Portal:Practical Arts and Sciencesnew/box-header contains the settings for the portal colors:
 * border=#aaaaaa
 * titleforeground=white
 * titlebackground=#aaccff
 * background=#f9f9ff
 * foreground=black

See w:Wikipedia:Portal/Instructions for details about how this portal format was created and can be modified.

perhaps move into a subpage...
like Portal:Practical Arts and Sciences/New --Remi 06:57, 26 March 2008 (UTC)


text:
Regina Bunch

Regina Petrey Bunch (born October 3, 1962) is an American Republican politician and educator who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 2012 to 2023. She retired from the house in 2022.

Bunch was a special education teacher in the middle school and lives in Williamsburg, Kentucky. In 2011, she was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in a special election succeeding her husband Dewayne Bunch who was fatally injured while breaking up a student fight at the high school where he had taught.

title: Regina Bunch


text:
Laura Nicholls (basketball)

Laura Nicholls González (born 26 February 1989) is a Spanish basketball player who plays for Casademont Zaragoza of La Liga Feminina. She is a regular member of the Spain women's national basketball team since 2008, having won eight medals in final tournaments.

Club career
She started playing as a child in Cantabria before moving to Catalonia as a junior in 2004 to play at Segle XXI, a club which works in lower division developing young prospects. Her first club in the top tier of the Spanish League was Celta Vigourbán in 2007, at 18 years of age. For good performance in the season she received her first call-up with the Spanish senior team for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. The following year she transferred to Hondarribia-Irún for one just season before signing with Rivas Ecópoolis, where she played from 2010–11 to 2013–14, winning one Spanish League in 2014 and two Spanish Cups in 2011 and 2013, and playing for four seasons in the EuroLeague Women, reaching the final in the 2011–12 EuroLeague edition.

She played the next three seasons in three different countries: Kayseri Kaski S.K. from Turkey, Wisła Kraków from Poland (winning the Polish League) and Virtus Eirene Ragusa from Italy. She went back to Spain to play for CB Perfumerías Avenida in 2017. She signed for Russian team Nadezhda Orenburg for the 2018-19 season, winning the 2018-19 EuroCup Women. In 2019, she signed for Turkish team Fenerbahçe Öznur Kablo. In 2020, she signed with Casademont Zaragoza of La Liga Feminina.

National team
In the Spanish youth teams since she was 15, she won medals in tournaments of all age groups (U-16, U-18, U-20).

She made her debut with the Spanish senior team at 19, and has been in all tournaments that the team has played. She is one of the most capped players with a total of 157 caps and 4.9 PPG. She participated in two Olympic Games, two World Championships and in six European Championships:
 * Gold medal icon.svg 2004 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship (youth)
 * Gold medal icon.svg 2005 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship (youth)
 * Gold medal icon.svg 2006 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship (youth)
 * Silver medal icon.svg 2007 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship (youth)
 * 4th 2007 FIBA Under-19 World Championship (youth)
 * Silver medal icon.svg 2009 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship (youth)
 * 5th 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Bronze medal europe.svg 2009 Eurobasket
 * Bronze medal world centered-2.svg 2010 World Championship
 * 9th 2011 Eurobasket
 * Gold medal europe.svg 2013 Eurobasket
 * Silver medal world centered-2.svg 2014 World Championship
 * Bronze medal europe.svg 2015 Eurobasket
 * Silver medal olympic.svg 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Gold medal europe.svg 2017 Eurobasket
 * Bronze medal world centered-2.svg 2018 World Championship
 * Gold medal europe.svg 2019 Eurobasket

Personal life
Nicholls is of Curaçaoan descent through her paternal grandfather.

title: Laura Nicholls (basketball)


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Rise and Shine (EP)

Rise and Shine is the third EP by American singer and songwriter Cassadee Pope, released on August 7, 2020 through Awake Music. Pope co-wrote all eight of the tracks and also co-produced the record with Todd Lombardo, both firsts in her solo career.

Recording
Rise and Shine includes a cover of "Hangover", originally recorded by Pope's band Hey Monday on their 2010 extended play, Beneath It All. The other seven songs were written in 2017 but were not recorded in full until 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pope's boyfriend, actor and musician Sam Palladio, is featured as a backing vocalist on "California Dreaming". The album is recorded acoustically to showcase the song's messages. "I wanted people to hear these in their purest form so I went with a more stripped back sound that really lets the lyrics stand out," Pope told MusicRow.

Promotion
Pope announced the release of the album on June 22, 2020. "Let Me Go" and "Built This House" were released to online music stores and music streaming services on June 26. Two more songs - "Hoodie" and "Counting on the Weather" - were then released July 17, 2020. Pope hosted virtual release parties for the lyric video of "Let Me Go" and "Hoodie", respectively, on June 25 and July 16. A lyric video for the title track premiered August 6, 2020 one day ahead of the album's release.

Critical reception
Rianna Turner of Forbes wrote that the acoustic format "puts [Pope's] flexible voice front-and-center," and that Pope's vocal performance is "marked by its clarity." Markos Papadatos of Digital Journal gave the song an "A" rating and wrote that Pope's "voice is crystalline and heavenly on this organic record."

title: Rise and Shine (EP)


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ritagliare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to cut out (a figure, drawing, article from a newspaper, etc.)
 * 2) to cut again
 * 3)  to crop (photo, etc.)

title: ritagliare


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User:Ablake77/sandbox

LSMEM1
Leucine-rich single-pass membrane protein 1, or LSMEM1, is a human gene located on the q arm of chromosome 7 (7q31.1). Its mRNA is 1686 base pairs long, and its protein is 131 amino acid residues long. LSMEM1 goes by other names as well, including: c7orf53, chromosome 7 open reading frame 53, and FLJ39575.

Expression
LSMEM1's gene ontology is in the cytoplasm of cells, and as an integral membrane component. The LSMEM1 protein is more highly expressed in tissues such as cerebellum, kidney, testis, placenta, lung, colon, liver, heart, thyroid, and bladder.

Evolution
It also contains a domain of unknown function from mice called DUF4577, as well as an upstream in-frame stop codon. LSMEM1 has 5 different splice variants, only two of which are protein encoding. No paralogs exist of LSMEM1, so no gene duplication has occurred. LSMEM1 is a slowly evolving gene, which can be seen in comparison to the quickly evolving Fibrinopeptides and the slowly evolving Cytochrome C on the graph shown.

Homology
LSMEM1 is mainly conserved in mammals and some reptiles and birds.

Structure
The LSMEM1 protein is leucine-rich, and it has 19 leucine-rich repeats. In other proteins, leucine-rich repeats typically contribute to protein structural stability that aid protein-protein interactions.

Function
LSMEM1 protein also has been shown to be prevalent in the serum of patients with Parkinson's Disease and that it binds to diagnostic biomarkers of Parkinson's Disease as a protein antigen.

title: User:Ablake77/sandbox


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Talk:Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Examples/Example 1

Where can we find out about all these different lenses and camera effects?--Elatanatari 21:58, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * To be finished soon
 * This lesson will be finished in about four months. It is short but other lessons need to be finished first.

 * The lesson will be based on the FREE demo version of FrameForge 3D Studio.  The lesson will show two people talking together, filmed with both a wide angle and a telephoto lens.

 * Also the lesson will also show a head shot filmed with different focal length lenses. The difference is amazing.

 * I suggest that you download the FREE demo version of FrameForge 3D Studio and try photographing people with different lenses. I think this is a really fun program and very educational. Robert Elliott 13:17, 7 February 2007 (UTC)


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User:Thunderhead

Admin on en.wikinews, Meta admin, and I hope to become more active here in some of the journalisim courses. I'll be glad to help in any manner, and I will definintly accept any help that anyone is willing to give.

title: User:Thunderhead


text:
List of shipwrecks in January 1858

The list of shipwrecks in January 1858 includes ships sunk, foundered, wrecked, grounded, or otherwise lost during January 1858.

title: List of shipwrecks in January 1858


text:
1947 in Thailand

The year 1947 was the 166th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the second year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2490 in the Buddhist Era.

Incumbents

 * King: Bhumibol Adulyadej
 * Crown Prince: (vacant)
 * Prime Minister:
 * until 8 November: Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
 * starting 10 November: Khuang Aphaiwong
 * Supreme Patriarch: Vajirananavongs

Births

 * 31 August- Somchai Wongsawat, Former Thai Prime Minister

title: 1947 in Thailand


text:
Talk:Tornado outbreak sequence of June 1966

Larger outbreak
This tornado was part of an outbreak sequence which took place from June 3 to June 12. In that 11 day span, 59 tornadoes touched down. I'm adding them to this article esp since it has no chart to begin with. Cyclonebiskit (talk) 02:57, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Dead link

 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4dgRgYFyoM
 * In 1966 Topeka tornado on 2011-05-25 03:56:20, 404 Not Found
 * In 1966 Topeka tornado on 2011-06-06 13:26:24, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 13:26, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

Topeka tornado
The Topeka tornado was clearly the most destructive tornado in Kansas history. On June 5, an F2 briefly touched down in Marion, Iowa followed by another F2 in Hendron, Kentucky on June 6. But I don't think that the June 5 and June 6 events are relevant.--Kevjgav (talk) 16:42, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on June 1966 tornado outbreak sequence. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20051114213725/http://www.tornadoproject.com/myths/myths.htm to http://www.tornadoproject.com/myths/myths.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080503053157/http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov:80/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwEvent~Storms to http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:13, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:April 1880 tornado outbreak which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 08:03, 23 August 2017 (UTC)


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Eikwe

Eikwe is a small town in the Ellembelle District of the Western Region of Ghana.

Eikwe is popularly known amongst the Nzema folks of Ghana for the prominent hospital facility that serve the populace of all the 3 districts in Nzemaland.

The hospital which is one of the biggest in the 3 districts is a CHAG hospital called St. Martin's de porress hospital.

There are other smaller towns near Eikwe, such as Baku (also known as Beku) where the luxury resort Venice View Beach Resort is Located. These small towns are known for fishing activities and they are gradually becoming vacation destinations because of their calm and beautiful beaches interspersed with very tall coconut trees.

Eikwe is also known to be one of the fishing communities in Nzemaland with fishing being the primary work of the indigents.

It is located after Sanzule-Krisan and is a branch road off the Esiama -Elubo road. On that stretch, the branch to Eikwe, is at Alabokazo.

title: Eikwe