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Talk:Edina, Minnesota/Archive 1

Stereotype section
This section warrants immediate and permanent removal from the article. The information is based on heresay and adds absolutely no verifiable or valid information to the article.

the information was valid

Carl Pohlad lives in Edina?
Source? All the sources I've seen say he lives in Minneapolis. Pfalstad 01:30, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, so a lot of the sources cite him living in Minneapolis, MN, because a lot of people know were Minneapolis is as opposed to Edina. Here is the source i have, and i am going to add Richard Schulze (Best Buy owner) to the list as well. .--Geppy 04:53, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * But that source also says that Carl lives in Minneapolis. Pfalstad 16:13, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Wow, you must have read my mind, you already added Richard pfalstad!! I guass i should check the article page before the talk page.--Geppy 04:56, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

The source you quoted says: "Pohlad is 88 widowed, and lists Minneapolis as his home." Not Edina. Pfalstad 22:21, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Carl Pohlad most certainly lives in Edina. I'm currently sitting in my house about a mile away and can drive over and take a snapshot of his house (his new one and even his old one across the street) if you would like. His son and their family are members of my church. --BenFranske 01:37, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * We need a source. I don't think taking a picture of his house would help.  Pfalstad 03:08, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * How about a picture of him standing infront of his house? :)--Gephart 05:42, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * That would do it. No, he would have to be holding a sign saying "this is my house".  :)  Actually I found a source that he lives in Edina, or he did in 1997:   Pfalstad 18:12, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Thank goodness for political campaign contributions! I found site with Federal Elections Commission disclosure forms where he lists Edina as his home address for 2004, 2005 and 2006. See the entire list or most recent filing. --BenFranske 01:30, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Clean Up
All that needs to be cleaned up is the history and naming of Edina. I have copy edited the rest of the article. I will get to these eventually, but i can do no more at this moment. So anyone looking at the tag and wondering what they can do, you can work on those sections, because the rest of pretty much already done. LETS MAKE THIS ARTICLE BETTER THAN THE St. Louis Park ARTICLE PEOPLE!! Thankszoreos.--Geppy 23:14, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Removed image, map on Minnesota with dot representing Edina, MNMap-doton-Edina.png --Geppy 00:19, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * ALMOST DONE!! All i have left to do is the history section, rewrite the first paragraph and proof read. Then the clean up tag can be removed.--Geppy 08:48, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * CLEAN-UP FINISHED.--Geppy 02:23, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Edina schools needs to be cleaned up, percentages are completely wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:17, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Great job, except that some of the Edina history is incomplete and in conflict with the innumerable articles written by prolific Edina historical writer Joe Sullivan. In particular the section makes mention only of northern Edina in the founding and misses the Cahill area which was prominent in the founding beginning 1854. I will contact Mr. Sullivan and ask him to read the entry for accuracy. If Mr. Sullivan can no longer do it, someone could read and research all the past Edina quarterly publications About Town and glean necessary information. Copies should be available at Edina Historical Society and Edina City Hall. Assignor (talk) 15:29, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

Techpower in Edina?
Is Techpower a major employer in Edina? They may have moved but on their website the address is James Ave. in Bloomington. --BenFranske 01:52, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I couldnt find anything that said they lived in Edina either (including their website). It was part of an old list that was on prior to me cleaning up the article.  I say we go ahead and remove it if their website says Bloomington.--Gephart 05:30, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Edinans(Cake Eaters)?
What is someone that is from Edina called? Edinan? Edinite? Does anyone know? Deyyaz [ Talk 03:28, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * An Edina Resident.--Gephart 13:17, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the quick response.Deyyaz [ Talk 02:11, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

If you were looking for the colloquial terms, the Edina residents are called Edinaians, or, more pejoratively, Cake Eaters. Blingice 18:33, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

theyre called cake eaters

theyre called Ediners

they are called Ediners since Edina is not a rich suburb anymore (compared to the other suburbs in Minnesota) —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:16, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

I grew up in Edina and remember that the local newspaper, the Edina Sun, referred to residents as "Edinans". I believe the Minneapolis Star and Minneapolis Tribune used the same term. --JMike — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:48, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

Template for a U.S. City
For those are working on editing and expanding this article, please follow the Template for a U.S. City. As it is, this article does not conform with that format. Thanks!--Daveswagon 09:37, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

"These are only suggestions, things to give you focus and to get you going, and you shouldn't feel obligated in the least to follow them." So f*ck you Daveswagon!!!

Triva Section
The majority of the Trivia Section appears to be about famous/notable Edina residents. As trivia sections are discouraged, perhaps the section should be renamed and trimmed accordingly? (e.g. The Southdale reference is already redundant, as it is covered above in the shopping section.) Elcobbola 17:57, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I've created the "Notable Edinians" section and altered the trivia section accordingly. Elcobbola 16:50, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I just wanted to drop a note about my removal of two trivia items. I want to assert and assure that the removal was not politically motivated (both mentioned George W. Bush).  There was a mention of President Bush visiting a private residence as a fundraiser and a mention of a book being given to him as a present from Edina.  The references are not notable and only indirectly pertain to the City of Edina.  If they must be mentioned, the “visit reference” would fit better on the Republican Party or George W. Bush pages and the “Lest We Forget” reference” on a “Lest We Forget” page (the current lack of such a page further demonstrates the lack of notability for this reference). Elcobbola 20:38, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

History Section
I made some substantial changes to the History section. I removed the first two paragraphs, as they did not pertain to the history of Edina but, rather, Minnesota/Hennepin/Minneapolis. I’ve replaced them with a link to the main article on Minneapolis history, The remainder of the changes were primarily to remove redundancy and better organize the section. Elcobbola 15:33, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Please see my note above in "Clean Up" notes on the incompleteness of the History section and suggesting consulting an expert writer on the subject. Assignor (talk) 15:34, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Edina seal.gif
Image:Edina seal.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:33, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Places of Worship
Apparently there are only Christians in Edina. Someone care to add some non-christian places of worship to the new section? Kirkmona (talk) 03:29, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a directory and should not attempt to list every single place of worship in the city. If there are some that are notable enough to merit an article on their own, list them here. Otherwise, this should be trimmed. Jonathunder (talk) 23:49, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Edina as Sundown Town, StarTribune piece about this article
This article in the StarTribune was published yesterday. The gist: James Loewen tasked his students (at least on of them) "to add information on racial exclusion to the Wikipedia page of one of the cities mentioned in Loewen’s book." The student in the StarTribune article chose Edina. The rest of the piece tells the story visible in the article history.

Since edit warring has already resumed with the publication of this article, and because the original dispute involves some inexperienced editors, I'm going to give an overview here of the issues and weigh in with my own opinion on what to do next. Bear with me.

Material on Edina being a sundown town was added in October 2013, removed in May 2014, then edit warred over in August and September 2014. The edit summaries and the StarTribune article make a few problems very clear: (1) There is a big WP:COI issue as the vast majority of citations included are indeed to Loewen's work. (2) Edit warring without using the talk page is never a good way to go. (3) Some of the sources used were very unreliable. An email, for example, is never a reliable source unless maybe it's published somewhere. Nor is an unpublished interview with a resident. See WP:RS for more on reliable sources. (4) Wikipedia's policy of no original research means any statements that are not verifiable in reliable sources shouldn't be included. This applies to unpublished emails and interviews, but also to arguments and opinions expressed here on the talk page. A statement that "I live there and I can tell you this is [true/false]" is meaningless on Wikipedia. People claim all sorts of things -- all that matters is what reliable sources say.

All that said, Loewen is a reliable source and that at least part of Edina could be called a sundown town does not appear to be in dispute. In fact there's a page on the Edina official .gov website which talks about this aspect of the Country Club area of Edina. The question is how best to handle it in the article.

What we need are additional secondary sources to help determine due weight. In other words, the extent to which an aspect of a subject is covered in the article depends on the presence of that aspect within the whole body of reliable sources on the subject. Primary sources aren't enough. Primary sources can verify something, but not add to the weight of it. Another way of saying that is that it's not about what is simply true but what's both true and important -- and what editors think is important is not relevant because importance is determined by reliable sources.

So some possible scenarios: (A) If it's only Loewen writing about this, it probably isn't worth mentioning even though he's a reliable source, even though aspects -- if not all -- of the claims are true, and even though racism is a really important issue. (B) If Loewen is the primary figure writing about this aspect of Edina but other people are talking about it in relation to his work (reviews, interviews, commentary, etc.) then it's probably worth mentioning, citing the best of those secondary sources, but it probably doesn't merit multiple paragraphs. I should say that this measure of "multiple paragraphs" is somewhat arbitrary and intended to make a point about weight rather than to act as an actual measurement. After all, there could be hundreds of reviews and commentary about Loewen's work in really great sources or there could be a handful of book reviews in minor publications -- those would affect the extent to which it's covered. (C) If it's a subject multiple reliable secondary sources talk about, then more space might be appropriate.

So far I can only find evidence of (B), which means that, to me, the current amount of coverage dedicated to this topic is more or less appropriate in length but could still use some additional secondary sources other than Loewen.

The existing text does look like it should be modified to show that the quote in question comes not from some town ordinance, however, but the specific deed restrictions for a subdivision in the Country Club District. Aside from that, I don't see any glaring problems. The context of this material's addition is troubling, but enough other people have become involved to defend the material that I do not think WP:COI and past edit wars merit any content-based remedy here. --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 23:50, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Pinging some editors who look to have made relevant edits recently in the hope of generating discussion: --—  Rhododendrites  talk  \\ 23:54, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * James Loewen is hardly the first or only person to talk about Edina and racial exclusion. There are plenty of sources closer to home. It's just a matter of adding them. Jonathunder (talk) 00:15, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

I recommend a change from "Former Exclusion" to "Exclusion" because the section appears under history. Thoughts? Dw31415 (talk) 02:53, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't think either is ideal. History sections often lead up to the present, but "former" is awkward. It also does not appear limited to African Americans, necessarily. We could just call it "Sundown town era" or come up with something less precise like "Racial exclusion" or even "Race issues". --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 03:24, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

This overview of a documentary links the the use of the term "sundown town" closer to towns where the safety of non-whites was at risk. Mr. Loewen seems to be applying the term more broadly. The inclusion of Edina in Mr. Loewen's database seems to be based on a single email testimonial. I'm still forming my opinion but it seems the section should use the term Housing Segregation with focus on the explicit deed restrictions already cited. I expect references could also be found to Jewish history in Edina. Dw31415 (talk) 03:35, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Renaming the section "Housing Segregation" seems reasonable to me, since ultimately that's what the article is about. I took out references to Jews in that section since I couldn't find any reliable sources, but we can add it back if there are any. More secondary sources would be good. The Star Tribune may be the best bet for finding them. — M ETS 501 (talk) 04:54, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * To be fair, the article needs to indicate in the past tense that Edina as a sundown town or having Housing Segregation unless there is ample evidence of continuing housing segregation. "Past Housing Segregation" I hope can be considered a fair, NPOV, suggested title. 2601:2:4E00:C662:6D44:DF73:EAAE:55E0 (talk) 05:31, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Here is my proposal for the section: History of Segregation There is evidence of a history of discrimination in Edina. When the Country Club neighborhood was developed the lots include restrictions on selling to non-whites (insert quote, cite city of Edina web site). James Loewen, a professor of ___ at ___ included Edina in a list of Sundown Towns (cite database) but other uses of that term (cite documentary) imply a history of violence to African Americans. Professor Loewen's classification of and focus on Edina generated controversy (quote Star Tribune). Edina remains more white (x%) and Christian(x%) than Minneapolis (65% white) and St. Louis Park (X% Christian) (cite census). Dw31415 (talk) 14:26, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That's a good start. Jonathunder (talk) 14:51, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Are there stats for religous affiliation? Maybe the number of synagogues is a good proxy Dw31415 (talk) 18:47, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

What level of talk/consensus is recommeded before editing? Dw31415 (talk) 18:47, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If adding good information, especially references, be bold. If you are reverted, discuss it here. Jonathunder (talk) 01:03, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * WP:BRD is an oft-cited model for editing and building consensus. It's hairy business working on part of an article that's been the subject of edit wars spanning years which recently got some press, but the talk page didn't attract the kind of polarized views I thought it might. Seems pretty reasonable so far, even if I have concerns (below) with the proposed wording. --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 01:51, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Some points concerning the proposal above:
 * minor: There is evidence of a history - "There is evidence" doesn't seem necessary.
 * There looks to be synthesis there. You're taking source A (Loewen) and challenging it yourself by finding source B, which isn't about Loewen or Edina, but about a term Loewen uses. If Loewen uses the term in a way inconsistent with typical use (which doesn't seem implausible given the concept from which he draws the term) and we can't find any other sources that specifically support or contend it, then we can cite him but we don't have to reproduce his term. He's still a credible source for saying Edina has a history of discrimination.
 * A single local news article is not, to me anyway, enough to say that it caused controversy. Even less so since the controversy looks to concern Wikipedia more than Edina.
 * Another idea for a relatively neutral section heading pending more sources: a demographics section, which then contextualizes inclusion of the census stats, too. --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 01:48, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

Sundown Towns
I removed the following passage: "Historically Edina was a completely white "Sundown Town," as was recently revealed by the historian James W. Loewen in Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism, pages 7 and 23. In such towns Black people were not allowed to spend the night for fear of being run out of town or suffering violence,"

Those sentences are based on a careless reading of Lowen's book. Loewen does call Edina a "Sundown Town" on page 7 and 23 of his book, but in the book, the term Sundown Town is used somewhat broadly. There is no specific indication in the book that violence generally threatened black people after dark at any time in Edina. (If black people were in fact not allowed in Edina after dark, I would be interested to see a historical reference; Loewen does not provide one.) The specific information on Edina in Loewen's book is about racist covenants for residents of the Country Club neighborhood (in which home-buyers in the new (early 20th cent.) development promised not to rent, lease, or sell to non-whites or to allow non-white residents other than servants), and about Edina's pioneering use of zoning ordinances to keep out low income housing. These might be interesting topics for article inclusion, but I would suggest that someone do more careful research than can be done with Loewen's book alone. (Loewen's book is large, but with few exceptions, the information in it on any one given town such as Edina is pretty sketchy.)

Also, Loewen's book is not a good source for the claim that Edina was at any time "all white". From page 417: "...it seems as though there had always been a few African Americans in Grosse Pointe, Edina, or Beverly Hills."

Finally, I'm not sure it's correct to call James Loewen a historian. He's a sociologist. Aitch-a-elel (talk) 03:45, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

The Sundown discussion is at best silly, perhaps by persons too young to know that Edina did, in fact, have and other residents welcomed African Americans, albeit most, like all Edina residents, were from professional, executive, or other above average income families. For example one, Effie McKerson, was not only prominent and active in the then Edina Republican Party (later the Republicans organized the state by senate districts instead of cities) but she was a 1972 delegate to the Republican National Convention and the first black woman admitted into the exclusive Minneapolis Women's Club in 1975. Assignor (talk) 15:11, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

I believe that any deed that once had a race exclusion continues to have the same language simply with a line through that phrase. If the person who is having difficulty including information of that exclusion wishes, she can photocopy the relevant portion of a relevant lease and upload it as one of the photos for the article. I assume that a present resident would be willing to offer such documentation - limiting it to a non identifying portion of the deed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:20, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

Total rewrite of the discrimination section
It's a controversial section, so I've tried to be careful, taking concerns and ideas above into consideration. I also found a few additional reliable sources so that this was less about Loewen's book. Some bulletpoints:
 * Removed "sundown town". I agree with above that Loewen uses the term in a way that may be broader than others. Even if not, one thing is clear: the only time the term is used in relation to Edina is when talking about Loewen or his work. I cited Loewen's work (a few times), but left out that term.
 * Renamed the section. "Former exclusion of African Americans" → "Historical racial discrimination". "Former exclusion" is, to me, a little awkward. There's also no reason to limit it to African Americans, based on the sources (the impact on the African American population is central, but the policies were broader).
 * Moved the section under Demographics. We were already talking about census figures and minority populations, so maybe it makes the most sense for it to be under demographics. (Also, since racial makeup of the town was already covered, I removed the redundant text, moved the citation up, and updated the link).
 * Added ref to a book on the history of Edina that Loewen draws from. Talks very specifically about the policies and their impact over the course of the early decades of the 20th century.
 * Placed more emphasis on Thorpe's Country Club development, since it gets so much attention in all of the sources.
 * I found a source about another development nearby with similar practices which seemed worth mentioning, too. Most of the sources talk about this in a way that makes clear the problem wasn't limited to a single development, so having another example seems like a good idea.
 * Added a brief summary of an account of the first black family moving into Morningside in 1960 and the challenges they faced. It seems particularly important in the way land use policies were yet again used for discriminatory purposes. It also gives us a way to make clear that we have no reason to believe these policies are still an issue (via the mayor and the Golden Rule -- which is a little on the nose in terms of ending on an up note but is nonetheless supported by the sources and shows a historical progression).
 * Finally, I think these revisions address any concerns we might have had about conflict of interest editing and/or promotion (unintentional and/or incidental as it may have been) by diversifying the authors of the sources we draw from rather than make it a paragraph more or less just about Loewen's work. --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 04:06, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you Rhododendrites. I've added some context provided by Morse-Kahn for historical African American families who lived in Edina when it was a Quaker village. I see you've already reverted me, but I think we should restore the term sundown town (it seems that it ought to be at least mentioned since some sources use the term) and the term refers to the broader practice that was going on here, even if only in a neighborhood or subdivision. I think the subsection should also be restored to the history section, so we're not separating these into white and black histories.  gobonobo  + c 14:25, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, I didn't revert you. The content you added is still there. I just replaced the source you cited with Morse-Kahn directly since it seemed to only draw from her work by proxy. I also removed mention of the term "sundown town" which has come up a couple times here as disputed. Indeed it seems only Loewen applies that term in particular and his definition looks to be a little broader than others'. I think we should exclude as undue and perhaps misleading (connoting violence, per a comment in the above section) unless we can find additional sources (which are not, in turn, talking about Loewen). --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 14:38, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * BTW no objection to moving it to the history section. When I first came across the section it had a bunch of demographic information and the plan was to keep it brief given the limited sourcing at the time. Now that it has more sources and the demographics is moved out it makes less sense to keep it there. --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 14:44, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't know if you saw the compromised wording that I introduced. I suppose the language could be watered down even more, but I strongly oppose removing any mention of the term 'sundown town'. We're already using Loewen's book as a source, and in it he specifically identifies (parts of) Edina as such. I'm not seeing any evidence that his definition is overly broad. Communities with restrictive deed covenants in place are by definition sundown towns. If there is a sense that this source is somehow unreliable, the reliable sources noticeboard would be the appropriate venue.  gobonobo  + c 15:07, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * His definition. He adopted/expanded the term for a town where African Americans are not welcome after sundown. That's literal, and often associated with intimidating signs to that effect. That wasn't the case in Edina. It also, looking at any source about the term that isn't connected to him, connotes violence. There's no evidence of that here. If only one source uses the term but lots of sources talk about the subject that term is used to describe, we shouldn't use the term. There's a difference between racist housing policies and threats/rules regarding being in the town after sundown. --— <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 15:31, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * One reasonable way to handle a situation in which one expert applies a term more broadly than others is to explicitly attribute this labeling to him, rather than putting it in Wikipedia's voice. --JBL (talk) 16:20, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I would support that over continuing to disregard a leading authority on the matter. Besides the book Loewen's written on the subject, he also wrote entries for The Jim Crow Encyclopedia and Poverty & Race in America: The Emerging Agendas that specifically mention Edina. The article "Sundown towns and counties: racial exclusion in the South" from the journal Southern Cultures offers this definition: "'A town or county with very few African American households decade after decade, or with a sharp drop in African American populations between two censuses, is a sundown town if their absence is intentional. Credible sources must confirm that whites expelled African Americans, or took steps to keep them from moving in.'" Edina meets these criteria. I've yet to see a source that narrowly defines sundown towns as exclusively those that have violent incidents. Concluding that Edina isn't a sundown town because it lacks such incidents is synth and ignores the reliable sources that state the opposite. gobonobo  + c 16:29, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Nobody's "disregarding a leading authority". He's cited. I've yet to see a source that narrowly defines sundown towns as exclusively those that have violent incidents - All of the citations you're providing here are his and your generalization about synth because of "ignoring reliable sources" is based on an understanding of reliable sources being limited to Loewen. Look at those reliable sources that have nothing to do with him and you'll find his is broader than most if not all others. 's suggestion of attribution is better, but I maintain it's misleading to apply a term to a town when that term only applies in one person's work, no matter how respectable and reliable that one person is. Given how contentious the subject is, I also object to repeatedly inserting it without coming to a consensus to do so on the talk page (in fact there have been multiple objections). --— <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 17:15, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Follow-up: I started to compile sources from just a brief look through a gsearch/gbooks. Among those which don't mention Loewen, the definition is closer to that which Loewen says he takes the term: towns which in some way make it clear to African Americans and/or other minorities -- usually by way of a sign -- that they are not welcome after sundown (in a literal sense, not just in a deed restriction sense). I have about 15 reliable sources from just the past few minutes. ...But I'll save them for the sundown town article rather than post them here because while Loewen and sources which cite him are the only ones defining it so broadly, that "only" accounts for at least half -- if not more -- of the sources available. Methinks this is because Loewen popularized the term "sundown town", and is using it to mean something broader than the towns which would have historically had that label. So I'm changing my tune. I support including the term with attribution. --— <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 17:41, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Question: Under the History section, why is there a link to "See also: History of Minneapolis, Minnesota"?
The history of Minneapolis page does not contain any links back to any of the suburbs or their history, and am wondering if this link belongs on this page or should be placed into a "See also" section instead of at the start of the History of Edina section. To say it another way, if we look at other pages, where there's some relationship between two pages, we'll usually see that in the text of the section, but usually never see a "See also" at the beginning of the section. Thank you, 2601:2:4E00:C662:E905:AF58:9265:C72F (talk) 06:03, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ (a couple days ago). Good point. --— <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 14:41, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Are we facing a significant Conflict of Interest with the Loewen editors?
(I consider this discussion to be outside of the above discussions of other sources and proposed texts, I wanted to feel this out here)

It sounds like Loewen is giving his students credit to alter Wikipedia articles to:
 * A - conform to his theories of history (some of which, seem sketchy)
 * B - use his book(s) as reference material
 * C - mention him

 * Did this author just turn U of I into a massive meatpuppet farm?
 * How long has this been going on? It seems like this has been a problem on this page since 2009.
 * Should this page be protected? Juno (talk) 08:48, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The answer to the question in the section title is "no, obviously not."  Ditto the three questions in the body.  In fact to ask them suggests you haven't bothered to read this discussion above, which is a clear example of the collaborative editing process working very well.  --JBL (talk) 13:40, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If the question is: "Is there a conflict of interest in having one's students edit Wikipedia articles to add specific things that you teach about?" The answer is murky. Any Wikipedia-based assignment will have teachers guiding students to the kinds of materials and subjects they could or should cover. However, if we're asking "Is there a conflict of interest in having students cite their professor or his work?" then the answer is definitely yes, as is made clear by WP:COI. That said, I don't get a WP:NOTHERE impression from the class but rather one of many cases where an expert in a given field has done a lot of research and wants to "set the record straight" on Wikipedia. Unfortunately, that doesn't usually go so well.
 * On the other hand, if the question is more practical concerning the present article, I would point to the sections above. In noting the conflict of interest and issues surrounding this article visible in the edit history and in the StarTribune piece, I did a bunch of additional research and completely rewrote the section. It now doesn't call Edina a "sundown town" and while it cites Loewen (because he is a very reliable source on the subject), it would be very hard to see that section as all about his work. In particular it didn't make sense to include him prominently for thisarticle because from what I can tell, most of his coverage of Edina in the Sundown Towns book in turn relies heavily on Deborah Morse-Kahn (and the relevant parts of her book are available via Google Books). --— <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 14:34, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I once attended a public lecture by Loewen and bought a copy of his book, which, I must confess, I haven't gotten around to reading. He is a source of knowledge about the topic and his students are always welcome to edit here. If they make mistakes, as students will, engage with them and correct them. If you are concerned about over-using Loewen as a source, please find others. Jonathunder (talk) 15:30, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * No. (And no, no, and no.) It's quite routine here on Wikipedia these days for faculty to supervise students in updating Wikipedia articles. Most of the articles on Wikipedia badly need this kind of loving care, and we should be grateful when people familiar with the norms of the scholarly community join in the scrum of Wikipedia editing culture. It would plainly be a conflict of interest if the article about Professor Loewen himself was what we are discussing here, but we are not. We are discussing an article about a city in Minnesota, a city about which there are many  reliable sources, and we should be able to resolve all the content disputes here by referring to  reliable sources. By the way, do you have any reliable sources on the topic of this article to suggest to us to use? -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 15:37, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * First I'll sort of disagree on the level of principle and policy and then sort of agree on the practical implications for this case:
 * It would plainly be a conflict of interest if the article about Professor Loewen himself was what we are discussing here that's a narrower definition of COI than is supported by WP:COI. We are discussing an article about a city in Minnesota, a city about which there are many reliable sources - Exactly, and yet here we have students who only cite one secondary source: their teacher, whose name also appears prominently in the article text of their contribution (they cite others, but they're either primary or still entirely about Loewen). That doesn't mean he told his students to do any of that, necessarily, but because they are his students they're not going to be able to carry out this assignment in a neutral way. That's what COI means. It's not limited to articles about the people it concerns. Imagine if this were a higher-profile article a psychological concept, and imagine if the professor were a grad student with one publication to his name about that concept. Still not a COI, even engaging the the same practice? What about a CEO teaching a university class about business in which she has students write about her company. What if I take out an elance ad telling people to add content from my book to some article? COI is about the external conditions of an edit/editor and isn't tied to the subjective value of the contribution.
 * Now then, to be clear, I'm not under the impression James Loewen, a well known, respected, and successful writer/scholar, was looking to promote himself or his book in an article about a small town in America's midwest. This doesn't at all seem like a case of bad intentions. But that's not the point. By having one's students write about a subject using your sources, a COI is inherent. But here's where I sort of agree:
 * While I'm calling it COI, I also supported restoring the material and worked on it/expanded it myself. That's because COI doesn't automatically mean a contribution is a detriment to the article or to Wikipedia and doesn't necessarily mean it should be removed. COI is, in general, best avoided, but yes, sometimes it contributes to a better article. He is a source of knowledge and in the long-run his students editing Wikipedia benefited this article. If we, as Wikipedians, decide that it's valuable content (as I and others did in this case), we should work with the material and correct any issues that arise. We should also try to work with him or with the students (to whatever extent possible) to figure out how to minimize COI. One example is to make sure to use a variety of sources. Another way is to make more use of the talk page, even having the assignment end at proposing additions here. There's no way for him to have thought to do that, of course, but it's an example of how we can work with this kind of thing. --— <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites  <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 16:38, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

To be clear: some of Loewen's claims about Edina are demonstrably false. Loewen has been criticized for sloppy research, the book referenced has been particularly criticized for inaccuracies (see the Washington Post write-up, among others) After facing critical reviews his work Loewen assigns a student, for academic credit, to edit Wikipedia articles to reflect the claims made in his book (which again, at least in the case of Edina, are demonstrably false) and to cite him. He may have been doing this for more than 6 years. Were other students tasked (again, for academic credit) by Loewen to edit other Wikipedia articles? They most likely were. Are Loewen's writings about those other cities similarly flawed? Juno (talk) 06:59, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Lots of historians/sociologists/critics receive criticism. He's still a reliable source, though, and he's received an awful lot of positive attention for his work in this area, too. But I agree that if his claims are false (and that they're false is addressed in reliable sources), we certainly should not be including them here. Did any of his false claims make it into the current version of the article? Could you be more specific as to which were false? Again, I'm not disputing COI; just looking for the best way forward. --— <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 14:41, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm troubled by the use of the term Sundown Town in this article, and that leads me to be troubled with Loewen. A Sundown Town has been understood by generations over decades to be a town where black people were threatened with physical violence if caught after sundown.  It doesn't just mean a town where there's a clause in a real estate covenant.  But in trying to substantiate that definition, I find that Google returns Dr. Loewen first, second, third, and fourth.  He's turned this thing into a cottage industry, and by virtue of his self-promotion he is changing the meaning of the term.  I don't know Juno, but I agree there is a conflict of interest here. Brain Rodeo (talk) 15:39, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * We have an article on Sundown town which uses the term somewhat broadly. If you disagree, please participate there. We also have a policy on conflict of interest which you should read to understand how we use the term. Jonathunder (talk) 15:54, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Obviously the COI charges are spurious; it would be nice if the people making them would instead engage in the constructive discussion above where people are actually trying to improve the article. --JBL (talk) 16:17, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you, JBL. That's a really first class example of assuming bad faith.Brain Rodeo (talk) 16:51, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Let's focus on the article, please, not on other editors. Jonathunder (talk) 17:08, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The only sources at sundown town which define it broadly are again Loewen's. That article needs work, clearly, but changing that article is not a prerequisite for addressing the subject here. In both cases only one person (yes a widely respected and cited one) is defining the term so broadly. See comments in section above. No need to have parallel threads. --— <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 17:23, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Loewen's claim that Edina was a "sundown town" is demonstrably false. Loewen's book was so shoddily researched that it was written up in the Washington Post, not just the usual academic criticism. I don't think that it can be counted as a Reliable Source and I am now suspicious of any other Wikipedia article that quotes him. He himself appears to have edited Wikipedia to conform with his opinions (citing himself, naturally) and no has student, for academic credit, editing articles to advance his suspect claims. Juno (talk) 23:57, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Just for the moment, let's forget Loewen and all his works. Are you saying, Juno, that Edina does not have a racist past? Because the city, on its own website, documents its history of exactly that. Jonathunder (talk) 00:13, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm saying that Edina wasn't a "sundown town". Juno (talk) 00:55, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The article currently says "James W. Loewen described the suburb as a sundown town." You do not describe it that way. Anything else in that section you object to? Jonathunder (talk) 01:08, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Jonathunder, you seem to be taking this criticism personally, and that is out of character, from what I've seen. Juno's criticisms aren't off base.  What do you do when someone tells you that blue is red?  Loewen is redefining what a Sundown Town is and he's doing it by having his students do it, and they have to cite him because no one else defines the term his way.Brain Rodeo (talk) 16:10, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment on the content, not the contributor. If you have a published, reliable source for your opinion that Edina is not a sundown town, I'm sure it could find a place in the article.  --JBL (talk) 16:46, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Brain, you misunderstand the purpose of my questions. I am trying to find out what, specifically, is wrong with the article. I get that Juno doesn't call this a Sundown town and Loewen does. What else needs attention, or is the rest of the section fine? Jonathunder (talk) 17:53, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Do you have a published, reliable source to cite that tells the world that? I am clear about what your opinion on this issue is, but not yet clear what you suggest I could do to look up the issue to check what reliable sources say about it. Do you have any sources to suggest? -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 16:34, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If you have a published, reliable source for your opinion that Edina is not a sundown town, I'm sure it could find a place in the article You're asking him to prove a negative. The WP:BURDEN is one the one who wants to include a statement like this. There are no sources saying that most towns are not sundown towns. My conclusion, after doing quite a bit of research, is that Loewen is indeed alone in defining sundown towns this way and thus his work alone is not sufficient to include it. However, his book and essays are widely discussed in other reliable sources, which to me, as I explained above, means it makes sense to include the term as long as it's attributed to him. --— <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 18:32, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You seem to think you are quoting me, when you are quoting someone else who has commented in this section. I have lived in the same county as Edina most of my life, and have spend a lot of time in Edina, and am old enough that I remember when inner-ring suburbs of Minneapolis were most definitely sundown towns for black inhabitants of Minnesota. The article statement currently under dispute has face-value plausibility for anyone with relevant life experience on the issue, so I am genuinely asking if there is a reliable source that demonstrates that a contrary statement is more true, that in the period discussed any inhabitant of Minnesota of any "race" could freely travel to Edina for entertainment or recreation without undue police contact? There has been enough civil rights activism and journalistic reports on these issues for long enough here in Minnesota that I have little doubt that there are multiple reliable, published sources on the issue, and all I ask is that editors who have a strong opinion on the issue cite as many of those sources as they can identify, so that each of us can look them up. Once we have a sourced statement that is by no means incredible on the relevant issue, as we do here, let's look for additional sources to clarify what due weight and the historical context might be. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 18:49, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I quoted in order to respond to that text in particular. If you feel it was confusing because of my indenting, I apologize. is the person I was quoting.
 * The issue is not whether there is a history of racism -- that's well documented. The issue being disputed is only the application of the term "sundown town". It is a term defined in different ways, and although Loewen looks to be the only one defining it as he does, his work is widely cited and quoted such than use of the term with attribution makes sense. It doesn't make sense to simply say "Edina was a sundown town" because, again, we're applying one person's definition. If we find other sources which call Edina a "sundown town" independent of Loewen that would be another story, but until then I don't think it makes sense to include without in-text attribution (i.e. it looks ok the way it is). --— <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 19:15, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 * As far a balancing the view of a single source, let's address that in the section below. This thread is getting a bit too long. Jonathunder (talk) 19:01, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 * So I am pretty happy with the Edina article as it stands (huge thanks to the community of users, particularly Rhododendrites who did the Lords' Good Work in plowing through fresh primary and secondary sources) we were faced with strange claims about the history of Edina, did some digging, dismissed them and did a good job covering what actually happened.
 * What I am very much concerned about is other towns. Perhaps places with smaller, older, or less-technologically of civically-minded populations. How many other town's out there has Loewen tasked his students (again, for academic credit) to edits their pages with this historically-fictional smear? Juno (talk) 18:35, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You have characterized a living person's writings as a "smear". Do you have sources to back that up? -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 19:09, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * This man wrote a very ugly thing about a town that I love. And it was a lie. Juno (talk) 06:31, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

Sundown town
Loewen has called this a sundown town. The article currently says that and cites his use of the term.

Others do not call it that, and some editors object to calling it that. The views of other writers should be added and cited, for balance. Jonathunder (talk) 18:33, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Including the term with attribution, as is done currently, seems to me like a good compromise -- for now at very least -- given the discussions above. For my part, I would prefer to wait to see what the edit-a-thon turns up rather than continue to debate an issue that will be specifically addressed there in just a couple weeks. (Unfortunately I am quite far away so cannot attend). --— <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 19:24, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Could we get something like "Controversial author" or "Controversial professor". The man was written up in news papers for how emotional/poorly researched his writing are. Juno (talk) 18:54, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * What newspapers? What citations do you have at hand? How do I know that his critics were not farther off base than he is? I suppose anyone who is subject to controversy is "controversial", but that's just a weasel word for article text unless we can better source what the controversy is about. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 19:07, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * If you're talking about the Washington Post piece, a newspaper book review is generally not considered a reliable source. Jonathunder (talk) 20:39, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree that providing some of the sources that characterize him this way would be helpful in figuring out what the best wording is. When I was researching, I found many sources citing, talking about, and even interviewing him, but I didn't notice any that were particularly critical let alone a trend indicating as much. That said, it wasn't something I was really looking for. If his work is widely disputed, we should say so, but if we're talking about a few critical reviews amid many that are neutral-to-positive then his name doesn't need to be qualified. The critical sources may be worth using at the article about the book or about him, but unless they're specifically critical of the way he talks about Edina, I don't see them being relevant enough here (unless, again, the criticism runs through a serious portion of the available sources). --— <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 22:39, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * There are a lot of reviews that bring up the shoddy nature of his research, but as a representative sample of the effect of that criticism has been that when Universities invite him to speak, they describe him as "controversial author James Loewen";http://www4.wittenberg.edu/news/2005/02_16.html 1], 2. On the second one, Loewen even shared the "controversial author" description of himself on his own facebook page. Juno (talk) 06:56, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

Since he seems to be onboard with describing himself as "controversial", I'd like to add that descriptor. Juno (talk) 22:14, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

 * But what benefit to readers of this article on Wikipedia comes from describing him as "controversial"? By the way, a source that exists in several copies in the local public library system (I have one checked out, but there are other copies) is That book has a lot of good information in it, cited to good sources, for the history of Edina, not all of which was used up during yesterday's Edit-a-Thon. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 23:23, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * As a sort of thought experiment: what benefit is it to readers when he describes himself as controversial? The reader knows that the work is been controversial and is not widely accepted at face value. Juno (talk) 08:19, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

 * There you are asking Wikipedia's readers to make an inference that is not supported by the sources, so I would have to object to that description being in the article. How about actually reading and citing some reliable sources about the substance of the issue (Edina and its history) rather than engaging in name-calling about a living person? -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 14:49, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Is it really name-calling if it is a name that he calls himself? Juno (talk) 09:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Have you had a chance to read that book yet? It's really well researched and informative on the history of Edina, and it's just one of several good sources that are widely available in Twin Cities libraries that would help make this article better. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 12:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Other concerns
??? Please detail what those are so we can address them here. Jonathunder (talk) 18:33, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Edit-a-thon

 * There are some helpful published, reliable sources on the history of Edina available at that library, which I use for research from time to time. I'll be delighted to see other Wikipedians at the Edit-a-thon. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 16:31, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks to the Wikpedians who joined in on the Edit-a-Thon. I was glad to see you there and to exchange tips about editing Wikipedia. I guess I'll see some of you at next week's meet-up. I'm always happy to look for books in advance and to bring them along to meet-ups, and I'm glad you helped identify which sources were newly useful for editing this article. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 23:27, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Merger with empty page?
Why would an editor, who I guess is, propose merging this article with an empty page? What is the point of doing that? -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 17:26, 12 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Don't know, but as the target is now a redlink I removed the mergeto tag. — <span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"> Rhododendrites <sup style="font-size:80%;">talk  \\ 19:21, 12 April 2015 (UTC)
 * and - That merge proposal is no longer relevant, and it was correct to remove it.  The situation was that the other article was a new one which had a small amount of information about the six elementary schools in Edina.  It did not have enough information to stand alone as an article, so I proposed merging it into this artile.  Subsequently, overnight (my time) another editor proposed that new article for Speedy Deletion, since it adds nothing substantial to this existing article. So the merge proposal is now moot. Sorry that this has left a confusing merge tag on the Edina article.  I hope that makes sense; please get in touch if you have any questions.--Gronk Oz (talk) 01:27, 13 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I was wondering if something like that was the back story. See you on the wiki. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 11:31, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Edina, Minnesota. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080513050805/http://www.missamerica.org/our-miss-americas/1970/1977.asp to http://www.missamerica.org/our-miss-americas/1970/1977.asp

Cheers. —<sup style="color:green;font-family:Courier">cyberbot II <sub style="margin-left:-14.9ex;color:green;font-family:Comic Sans MS"> Talk to my owner :Online 15:57, 29 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Archive works, but I also fixed the dead link to the original. Mojoworker (talk) 20:06, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edina, Minnesota/Archive 1


text:
Wiktionary:Votes/sy-2007-10/User:Sewnmouthsecret

User:Sewnmouthsecret for admin

 * Nomination: I hereby nominate User:Sewnmouthsecret as a local English Wiktionary Administrator. S/he has shown a considerable amount of diligence lately particularly during (the ever-increasing) vandalism flurries, especially with .  --Connel MacKenzie 03:30, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Vote ends: 3 November 2007 23:59 UTC
 * Vote started: 5 October 2007 23:59 UTC

 * Acceptance:

 * Acceptance: I gladly accept this nomination. sewnmouthsecret 13:55, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Languages: en
 * Timezone: UTC -4:00

Support

 * 1) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support —Stephen 10:14, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 2) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support —Ruakh TALK 21:26, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 3) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support EncycloPetey 05:12, 5 October 2007 (UTC) - This is a name I've seen around here and active for a long time (relatively speaking).
 * 4) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support Connel MacKenzie 05:14, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 5) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support DAVilla 06:19, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 6) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support Visviva 07:19, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 7) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support  Jonathan Webley 08:00, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 8) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support Widsith 18:30, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 9) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support - he's not one? bd2412 T 23:34, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 10) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support --Dijan 23:52, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 11) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support Williamsayers79 07:13, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 12) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support Rod (A. Smith) 22:09, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 13) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support Cynewulf 01:39, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 14) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support Jusjih 01:53, 20 October 2007 (UTC) but using edit summaries more often will be much better.
 * 15) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support Robert Ullmann 14:13, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 16) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support (Is there any objection to finishing this vote early?) SemperBlotto 15:31, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 17) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support (Sounds like a good idea! No objection.) ―Tohru 16:52, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 18) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support H. (talk) 18:35, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 19) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support —SaltmarshTalk 08:06, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Decision

 * Seventeen supports, no objections. Sysophood will be granted early - no need to prolong the inevitable. SemperBlotto 21:19, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:David M. Ebel

Bot-created subpage
A temporary subpage at User:Polbot/fjc/David M. Ebel was automatically created by a perl script, based on this article at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. The subpage should either be merged into this article, or moved and disambiguated. Polbot (talk) 19:50, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:David M. Ebel


text:
Suzanne Roquette

Suzanne Roquette (30 August 1942 – 28 May 2020) was a German actress. She is best known for her role as Main Mission Operative Tanya Alexander in Year One of the science fiction television series Space: 1999. Space: 1999 costar Prentis Hancock noted her death on Facebook on May 29, 2020 and Nick Tate memorialized Suzanne on his Facebook page on May 30.

title: Suzanne Roquette


text:
User:Isma2012

Hello my name is isma2012

I am here to help in any way possible; I am also here to LEARN as much as I can. I want to contribute as much as possible. The Schools I am most interested in are, (In interest order) The School Philosophy, The School of Music, The School of Mathematics, and The School of Computer Science. I am fairly new to wikiversity, so if I make a mistake please point it out, or anything that could help me improve in a positive way. Thanks.

title: User:Isma2012


text:
Talk:Oscar Gamble

They don't think it be like it is, but it do.
i like how the article is the highest google result when the quote isn't even here Despatche (talk) 14:17, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

 * One reason it isn't here is because no one has ever been able to come up with a reference that he actually said it AND that the saying is an actual quote and not just someone "saying" that he said it. Ckruschke (talk) 23:30, 15 March 2012 (UTC)Ckruschke

 * Hey Ckruschke, you don't think it be like this, but it do. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:00, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

 * quadrolol — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:40, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

 * When it comes to inclusion, it doesn't really matter whether he actually said it or not - it's still the main reason he comes to the attention of *non-baseball-fans-outside the states* like me - which is most people. Having said that, I'm only a 'minor' editor usually, and am unfamiliar with the relevant WP policies. I generally only correct language, factual errors and omissions that jump out at me - so just my two cents. Ride the Hurricane (talk) 04:41, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

He still hit 200 career home runs in just over 9000 major league at bats.
What? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:21, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

Baseball assessment comment
Substituted at 14:23, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oscar Gamble


text:
C Programming/Program flow control

Very few programs follow exactly one control path and have each instruction stated explicitly. In order to program effectively, it is necessary to understand how one can alter the steps taken by a program due to user input or other conditions, how some steps can be executed many times with few lines of code, and how programs can appear to demonstrate a rudimentary grasp of logic. C constructs known as conditionals and loops grant this power.

From this point forward, it is necessary to understand what is usually meant by the word block. A block is a group of code statements that are associated and intended to be executed as a unit. In C, the beginning of a block of code is denoted with { (left curly), and the end of a block is denoted with }. It is not necessary to place a semicolon after the end of a block. Blocks can be empty, as in {}. Blocks can also be nested; i.e. there can be blocks of code within larger blocks.

Conditionals
There is likely no meaningful program written in which a computer does not demonstrate basic decision-making skills. It can actually be argued that there is no meaningful human activity in which some sort of decision-making, instinctual or otherwise, does not take place. For example, when driving a car and approaching a traffic light, one does not think, "I will continue driving through the intersection." Rather, one thinks, "I will stop if the light is red, go if the light is green, and if yellow go only if I am traveling at a certain speed a certain distance from the intersection." These kinds of processes can be simulated in C using conditionals.

A conditional is a statement that instructs the computer to execute a certain block of code or alter certain data only if a specific condition has been met. The most common conditional is the If-Else statement, with conditional expressions and Switch-Case statements typically used as more shorthanded methods.

Before one can understand conditional statements, it is first necessary to understand how C expresses logical relations. C treats logic as being arithmetic. The value 0 (zero) represents false, and all other values represent true. If you chose some particular value to represent true and then compare values against it, sooner or later your code will fail when your assumed value (often 1) turns out to be incorrect. Code written by people uncomfortable with the C language can often be identified by the usage of #define to make a "TRUE" value.

Because logic is arithmetic in C, arithmetic operators and logical operators are one and the same. Nevertheless, there are a number of operators that are typically associated with logic:

Relational and Equivalence Expressions:

 * a < b: 1 if a is less than b, 0 otherwise.
 * a > b: 1 if a is greater than b, 0 otherwise.
 * a <= b: 1 if a is less than or equal to b, 0 otherwise.
 * a >= b: 1 if a is greater than or equal to b, 0 otherwise.
 * a == b: 1 if a is equal to b, 0 otherwise.
 * a != b: 1 if a is not equal to b, 0 otherwise

New programmers should take special note of the fact that the "equal to" operator is ==, not =. This is the cause of numerous coding mistakes and is often a difficult-to-find bug, as the expression  sets   equal to   and subsequently evaluates to  ; but the expression , which is usually intended, checks if   is equal to. It needs to be pointed out that, if you confuse = with ==, your mistake will often not be brought to your attention by the compiler. A statement such as  is considered perfectly valid by the language, but will always assign 20 to   and evaluate as true. A simple technique to avoid this kind of bug (in many, not all cases) is to put the constant first. This will cause the compiler to issue an error, if == got misspelled with =.

Note that C does not have a dedicated boolean type as many other languages do. 0 means false and anything else true. So the following are equivalent:

and

Often  and   are used to work around the lack of a boolean type. This is bad practice, since it makes assumptions that do not hold. It is a better idea to indicate what you are actually expecting as a result from a function call, as there are many different ways of indicating error conditions, depending on the situation.

Here,  returns the index where the substring foo is found and -1 if it was not found. Note: this would always fail with the  definition mentioned in the previous paragraph. It would also not produce the expected results if we omitted the.

One other thing to note is that the relational expressions do not evaluate as they would in mathematical texts. That is, an expression  does not evaluate as you probably think it might. Mathematically, this would test whether or not value is between myMin and myMax. But in C, what happens is that value is first compared with myMin. This produces either a 0 or a 1. It is this value that is compared against myMax. Example:

Because value is greater than 0, the first comparison produces a value of 1. Now 1 is compared to be less than 10, which is true, so the statements in the if are executed. This probably is not what the programmer expected. The appropriate code would be:

Logical Expressions

 * a || b: when EITHER a or b is true (or both), the result is 1, otherwise the result is 0.
 * a && b: when BOTH a and b are true, the result is 1, otherwise the result is 0.
 * !a: when a is true, the result is 0; when a is 0, the result is 1.

Here's an example of a larger logical expression. In the statement: e = ((a && b) || (c > d)); e is set equal to 1 if a and b are non-zero, or if c is greater than d. In all other cases, e is set to 0.

C uses short circuit evaluation of logical expressions. That is to say, once it is able to determine the truth of a logical expression, it does no further evaluation. This is often useful as in the following:

int myArray[12]; .... if (i < 12 && myArray[i] > 3) { ....

In the snippet of code, the comparison of i with 12 is done first. If it evaluates to 0 (false), i would be out of bounds as an index to myArray. In this case, the program never attempts to access myArray[i] since the truth of the expression is known to be false. Hence we need not worry here about trying to access an out-of-bounds array element if it is already known that i is greater than or equal to zero. A similar thing happens with expressions involving the or || operator.

while (doThis || doThat) ...

doThat is never called if doThis returns a non-zero (true) value.

The If-Else statement
If-Else provides a way to instruct the computer to execute a block of code only if certain conditions have been met. The syntax of an If-Else construct is:

The first block of code executes if the condition in parentheses directly after the if evaluates to non-zero (true); otherwise, the second block executes.

The else and following block of code are completely optional. If there is no need to execute code if a condition is not true, leave it out.

Also, keep in mind that an if can directly follow an else statement. While this can occasionally be useful, chaining more than two or three if-elses in this fashion is considered bad programming practice. We can get around this with the Switch-Case construct described later.

Two other general syntax notes need to be made that you will also see in other control constructs: First, note that there is no semicolon after if or else. There could be, but the block (code enclosed in { and }) takes the place of that. Second, if you only intend to execute one statement as a result of an if or else, curly braces are not needed. However, many programmers believe that inserting curly braces anyway in this case is good coding practice.

The following code sets a variable c equal to the greater of two variables a and b, or 0 if a and b are equal.

Consider this question: why can't you just forget about else and write the code like:

There are several answers to this. Most importantly, if your conditionals are not mutually exclusive, two cases could execute instead of only one. If the code was different and the value of a or b changes somehow (e.g.: you reset the lesser of a and b to 0 after the comparison) during one of the blocks? You could end up with multiple if statements being invoked, which is not your intent. Also, evaluating if conditionals takes processor time. If you use else to handle these situations, in the case above assuming (a > b) is non-zero (true), the program is spared the expense of evaluating additional if statements. The bottom line is that it is usually best to insert an else clause for all cases in which a conditional will not evaluate to non-zero (true).

The conditional expression
A conditional expression is a way to set values conditionally in a more shorthand fashion than If-Else. The syntax is:

(/* logical expression goes here */) ? (/* if non-zero (true) */) : (/* if 0 (false) */)

The logical expression is evaluated. If it is non-zero (true), the overall conditional expression evaluates to the expression placed between the ? and :, otherwise, it evaluates to the expression after the :. Therefore, the above example (changing its function slightly such that c is set to b when a and b are equal) becomes:

c = (a > b) ? a : b;

Conditional expressions can sometimes clarify the intent of the code. Nesting the conditional operator should usually be avoided. It's best to use conditional expressions only when the expressions for a and b are simple. Also, contrary to a common beginner belief, conditional expressions do not make for faster code. As tempting as it is to assume that fewer lines of code result in faster execution times, there is no such correlation.

The Switch-Case statement
Say you write a program where the user inputs a number 1-5 (corresponding to student grades, A(represented as 1)-D(4) and F(5)), stores it in a variable grade and the program responds by printing to the screen the associated letter grade. If you implemented this using If-Else, your code would look something like this:

Having a long chain of if-else-if-else-if-else can be a pain, both for the programmer and anyone reading the code. Fortunately, there's a solution: the Switch-Case construct, of which the basic syntax is:

The Switch-Case construct takes a variable, usually an int or an enum, placed after switch, and compares it to the value following the case keyword. If the variable is equal to the value specified after case, the construct "activates", or begins executing the code after the case statement. Once the construct has "activated", there will be no further evaluation of cases.

Switch-Case is syntactically "weird" in that no braces are required for code associated with a case.

Very important: Typically, the last statement for each case is a break statement. This causes program execution to jump to the statement following the closing bracket of the switch statement, which is what one would normally want to happen. However if the break statement is omitted, program execution continues with the first line of the next case, if any. This is called a fall-through. When a programmer desires this action, a comment should be placed at the end of the block of statements indicating the desire to fall through. Otherwise another programmer maintaining the code could consider the omission of the 'break' to be an error, and inadvertently 'correct' the problem. Here's an example:

If a default case is specified, the associated statements are executed if none of the other cases match. A default case is optional. Here's a switch statement that corresponds to the sequence of if - else if statements above.

Back to our example above. Here's what it would look like as Switch-Case:

A set of statements to execute can be grouped with more than one value of the variable as in the following example. (the fall-through comment is not necessary here because the intended behavior is obvious)

Switch-Case constructs are particularly useful when used in conjunction with user defined enum data types. Some compilers are capable of warning about an unhandled enum value, which may be helpful for avoiding bugs.

Loops
Often in computer programming, it is necessary to perform a certain action a certain number of times or until a certain condition is met. It is impractical and tedious to simply type a certain statement or group of statements a large number of times, not to mention that this approach is too inflexible and unintuitive to be counted on to stop when a certain event has happened. As a real-world analogy, someone asks a dishwasher at a restaurant what he did all night. He will respond, "I washed dishes all night long." He is not likely to respond, "I washed a dish, then washed a dish, then washed a dish, then...". The constructs that enable computers to perform certain repetitive tasks are called loops.

While loops
A while loop is the most basic type of loop. It will run as long as the condition is non-zero (true). For example, if you try the following, the program will appear to lock up and you will have to manually close the program down. A situation where the conditions for exiting the loop will never become true is called an infinite loop.

Here is another example of a while loop. It prints out all the powers of two less than 100.

The flow of all loops can also be controlled by break and continue statements. A break statement will immediately exit the enclosing loop. A continue statement will skip the remainder of the block and start at the controlling conditional statement again. For example:

In this example, the computer prints the value of a as usual, and prints a notice that a is not 64 (unless it was skipped by the continue statement).

Similar to If above, braces for the block of code associated with a While loop can be omitted if the code consists of only one statement, for example:

This will merely increase a until a is not less than 100.

When the computer reaches the end of the while loop, it always goes back to the while statement at the top of the loop, where it re-evaluates the controlling condition. If that condition is "true" at that instant -- even if it was temporarily 0 for a few statements inside the loop -- then the computer begins executing the statements inside the loop again; otherwise the computer exits the loop. The computer does not "continuously check" the controlling condition of a while loop during the execution of that loop. It only "peeks" at the controlling condition each time it reaches the  at the top of the loop.

It is very important to note, once the controlling condition of a While loop becomes 0 (false), the loop will not terminate until the block of code is finished and it is time to reevaluate the conditional. If you need to terminate a While loop immediately upon reaching a certain condition, consider using break.

A common idiom is to write:

This executes the code in the while loop 5 times, with i having values that range from 4 down to 0 (inside the loop). Conveniently, these are the values needed to access every item of an array containing 5 elements.

For loops
For loops generally look something like this:

for (initialization; test; increment) { /* code */ }

The initialization statement is executed exactly once - before the first evaluation of the test condition. Typically, it is used to assign an initial value to some variable, although this is not strictly necessary. The initialization statement can also be used to declare and initialize variables used in the loop.

The test expression is evaluated each time before the code in the for loop executes. If this expression evaluates as 0 (false) when it is checked (i.e. if the expression is not true), the loop is not (re)entered and execution continues normally at the code immediately following the FOR-loop. If the expression is non-zero (true), the code within the braces of the loop is executed.

After each iteration of the loop, the increment statement is executed. This often is used to increment the loop index for the loop, the variable initialized in the initialization expression and tested in the test expression. Following this statement execution, control returns to the top of the loop, where the test action occurs. If a continue statement is executed within the for loop, the increment statement would be the next one executed.

Each of these parts of the for statement is optional and may be omitted. Because of the free-form nature of the for statement, some fairly fancy things can be done with it. Often a for loop is used to loop through items in an array, processing each item at a time.

The above for loop initializes each of the 12 elements of myArray. The loop index can start from any value. In the following case it starts from 1.

which will print 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

You will most often use loop indexes that start from 0, since arrays are indexed at zero, but you will sometimes use other values to initialize a loop index as well.

The increment action can do other things, such as decrement. So this kind of loop is common:

which yields 5 4 3 2 1

Here's an example where the test condition is simply a variable. If the variable has a value of 0 or NULL, the loop exits, otherwise the statements in the body of the loop are executed.

A WHILE loop can be used to do the same thing as a FOR loop, however a FOR loop is a more condensed way to perform a set number of repetitions since all of the necessary information is in a one line statement.

A FOR loop can also be given no conditions, for example:

This is called an infinite loop since it will loop forever unless there is a break statement within the statements of the for loop. The empty test condition effectively evaluates as true.

It is also common to use the comma operator in for loops to execute multiple statements.

Special care should be taken when designing or refactoring the conditional part, especially whether using < or <=, whether start and stop should be corrected by 1, and in case of prefix- and postfix-notations. ( On a 100 yards promenade with a tree every 10 yards there are 11 trees. )

Do-While loops
A DO-WHILE loop is a post-check while loop, which means that it checks the condition after each run. As a result, even if the condition is zero (false), it will run at least once. It follows the form of:

Note the terminating semicolon. This is required for correct syntax. Since this is also a type of while loop, break and continue statements within the loop function accordingly. A continue statement causes a jump to the test of the condition and a break statement exits the loop.

It is worth noting that Do-While and While are functionally almost identical, with one important difference: Do-While loops are always guaranteed to execute at least once, but While loops will not execute at all if their condition is 0 (false) on the first evaluation.

One last thing: goto
goto is a very simple and traditional control mechanism. It is a statement used to immediately and unconditionally jump to another line of code. To use goto, you must place a label at a point in your program. A label consists of a name followed by a colon on a line by itself. Then, you can type "goto label;" at the desired point in your program. The code will then continue executing beginning with label. This looks like:

The ability to transfer the flow of control enabled by gotos is so powerful that, in addition to the simple if, all other control constructs can be written using gotos instead. Here, we can let "S" and "T" be any arbitrary statements:

The same statement could be accomplished using two gotos and two labels:

Here, the first goto is conditional on the value of "cond". The second goto is unconditional. We can perform the same translation on a loop:

Which can be written as:

As these cases demonstrate, often the structure of what your program is doing can usually be expressed without using gotos. Undisciplined use of gotos can create unreadable, unmaintainable code when more idiomatic alternatives (such as if-elses, or for loops) can better express your structure. Theoretically, the goto construct does not ever have to be used, but there are cases when it can increase readability, avoid code duplication, or make control variables unnecessary. You should consider first mastering the idiomatic solutions, and use goto only when necessary. Keep in mind that many, if not most, C style guidelines strictly forbid use of goto, with the only common exceptions being the following examples.

One use of goto is to break out of a deeply nested loop. Since break will not work (it can only escape one loop), goto can be used to jump completely outside the loop. Breaking outside of deeply nested loops without the use of the goto is always possible, but often involves the creation and testing of extra variables that may make the resulting code far less readable than it would be with goto. The use of goto makes it easy to undo actions in an orderly fashion, typically to avoid failing to free memory that had been allocated.

Another accepted use is the creation of a state machine. This is a fairly advanced topic though, and not commonly needed.

title: C Programming/Program flow control


text:
List of protected heritage sites in Doische

This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Doische. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.

 * }


text:
Talk:Dave Halley

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Wikiversity:Network naming conventions

To keep pages of different varieties organized on Wikiversity, a series of naming conventions has been suggested.

This page is proposed as an alternative to the Naming conventions page.

This page proposes a simplified three-level network system for the organization of all Wikiversity content, the network level elements being: school, area and learning project.

For anything not covered on this page, use Wikipedia conventions. Wikiversity has just a few schools. Wikiversity has many topics. A Wikiversity topic can be an area or space or field or sub-field.

Schools
Schools are part of a three-level system for the organization of Wikiversity content.

Schools on Wikiversity are content development projects that organize the efforts of many topic areas. Schools can promote collaboration between Wikiversity participants who are interested in related topics. Some schools at Wikiversity are large organizational units such as life sciences. The main page for schools should link to their smaller study areas. A school does not contain other schools.

More than one Wikiversity school can 'contain' the same topic. Those schools should cooperate to develop the topics that they have in common.

Groups of topics may form interdisciplinary units.

The name for a school page always starts with the School: prefix. For example, School:Life Sciences.

The main page for each Wikiversity school can be started with Template:School boilerplate.

Topic namespace
"Topic" is a generic term at Wikiversity; pages in the Topic: namespace can serve as content development projects for narrow academic topics (similar to Wikipedia "wikiprojects". The "Topic" namespace is for organization of the work of Wikiversity content producers. The names of topic pages always start with the "Topic:" prefix. Example of a topic page: Topic:Cell Biology.

"Topic:" pages can be called "Departments", "Center", "Divisions" or any other term desired by those collaborating in that topic area.

The main page for each Wikiversity department can be started with Template:Department boilerplate.

Learning resources
Learning resources are the lowest level in the hierarchy. Two types of learning resources are lessons and research projects. Lessons and research projects are placed into pages in the main namespace (these page names have no prefix). Learning resource pages are linked to from areas.

More than one Wikiversity "Topic:" page can 'contain' (link to) the same learning resource; content development projects should cooperate to develop the learning resources that they have in common.

Note: learning resources are of two main types, "materials" and "projects"; see Portal:Learning Projects.

Lessons
Lessons are common elements in Learning Resources.

Course numbers should not be used to indicate the name of a lesson. The name of a lesson should describe the topic being taught, so instead of saying "Wiki 101", the name of the lesson should be "Introduction to Wiki". Lesson pages are defined as "main namespace pages that serve to be read and to educate and provide information."

Lessons should be linked to from "Topic:" pages and portal pages. Each lesson should have a unique title, for example The rise of the Roman Empire and The Fall of Rome.

Research projects
Research projects are pages in the main namespace as well, only involve collaborative research to achieve a certain goal. Research projects are one type of Wikiversity learning project.

title: Wikiversity:Network naming conventions


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Talk:Ludwig Emil Grimm

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Jeremy Bridges

Jeremy Eugene Bridges (born April 19, 1980) is a former American football guard. He was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the sixth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at Southern Mississippi. Bridges was also a member of the Arizona Cardinals, Carolina Panthers and Washington Redskins.

Early life
Bridges graduated in 1998 from South Pike High School in Magnolia, Mississippi, where he played football and was the Pike County, Mississippi Player of the Year as a senior.

College career
Bridges played college football at Southern Mississippi and graduated with a degree in sports administration.

Philadelphia Eagles
Bridges was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the sixth round (185th overall) in the 2003 NFL Draft, but was inactive for the entire season.

Arizona Cardinals (first stint)
Bridges was claimed off waivers by the Arizona Cardinals on September 6, 2004 and made his first ever NFL start on October 10 at the San Francisco 49ers. He spent two seasons with the Cardinals.

Carolina Panthers (first stint)
Bridges was signed by the Carolina Panthers as a free agent and started in the final 14 games of the 2006 season. He was released by the Panthers on February 25, 2009.

Washington Redskins
Bridges was signed by the Washington Redskins as a free agent on May 3, 2009. He was released during final cuts on September 5.

Arizona Cardinals (second stint)
Bridges re-signed with the Cardinals on September 8, 2009. He played in all 48 regular-season games from 2009–11, starting 16. He injured his thumb in the 2012 preseason, and was placed on injured reserve. He was waived in November after reaching an injury settlement.

Carolina Panthers (second stint)
Bridges was signed mid-season by the Panthers on November 14, 2012, "as a stop-gap for their struggling offensive line." He was released three weeks later.

Personal life
Bridges was arrested prior to the start of training camp for the 2007 season and charged with misdemeanor assault for allegedly pointing a gun at a woman in a strip club parking lot in Charlotte, North Carolina. After a trial in November 2007, he was found guilty and given a 60-day suspended sentence and one year unsupervised probation; he was also ordered to pay a $500 fine and do 60 hours of community service. The Panthers suspended him for two games for the incident.

On Sunday, December 7, 2008, Bridges was arrested in Ballantyne, Charlotte, North Carolina and charged with simple assault and battery and communicating threats. The arrest stemmed from a confrontation at a local restaurant. The incident started when Bridges ordered a bottle of Dom Pérignon (wine) from the restaurant bar Saturday night and shook it up, causing the champagne to spew and get other patrons wet. The restaurant manager alleges that Bridges then got into a verbal confrontation with another patron and then a physical confrontation with the bouncer, at which time the police were called. Bridges admits that he shook and opened the champagne bottle, but denies any physical confrontation. He was released on $2,500 bond. He was inactive for the Panthers' game on December 8, 2008, but it is unclear if he will face any more punishment from either the Panthers or the NFL.

title: Jeremy Bridges


text:
Giulio Cisari

Giulio Cisari (7 May 1892 – 28 March 1979) was an Italian painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Giulio Cisari


text:
Discrete Mathematics/Finite fields

Introduction
Recall from the previous section that we considered the case where F[x]/ analogous to modular arithmetic but with polynomials, and that when we are looking at numbers modulo n, we have a field iff Zn is a field if n is prime.

Can we say something similar about F[x]/? Indeed, if m(x) is irreducible then F[x]/ is a field.

This section deals with these kinds of fields, known as a finite field.

Definitions
We have the object F[x]/ where this is the set of polynomials in F[x] are divided by the polynomial m(x).

Of the elements in F[x]/ we can easily define addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and so on normally but with a reduction modulo m(x) to get the desired remainder.

We have that F[x]/ is a commutative ring with identity, and if m(x) is irreducible then F[x]/ is a field.

If m(x) has degree n, then
 * $$\mathbf{F}[x] / \langle m(x) \rangle = \{ a_{n-1} x^{n-1} + a_{n-2} x^{n-2} + \dots + a_0 x^0 | a_i \in \mathbf{F} \} $$

If F is Zp (so p is prime) then $$| \mathbf{F}[x] / \langle m(x) \rangle | = p^n$$

Properties
Now remember with complex numbers C, we have "invented" the symbol i to stand for the root of the solution x2+1=0. In fact, we have C=R[x]/.

When we have a general finite field, we can do this also. We write this often as F[x]/=F(α) where α is "the root of" m(x) - we define α to be the root of m(x).

F(α) in fact is the smallest field which contains F and α.

Finite field theorems
We have a number of theorems associated with finite fields.

 * 1) If F is a finite field, |F|=q, then q=pk for some k $$\ge$$ 1 and p prime.
 * 2) There then is a monic irreducible polynomial m(x) with degree k such that F=Zp[x]/=Zp(α) with α a root of m(x) over Zp
 * 3) There is an element γ∈F such that the order (the least element n such that γn=1) of γ is q-1, so γ is primitive in F, and we can generate elements of F (not zero) from powers of γ, i.e. F={0, γ0=1, γ1, ..., γq-2, γq-1=1}
 * 4) F is a vector space with dimension k over Zp. It has basis {1, α, α2,...,αn-1} where n is the degree of m(x), so we have F={an-1αn-1+...+a0α0|ai∈F}
 * 5) If a∈F, a+...+a p times (pa) is 0.
 * 6) If m2(x) is any other irreducible polynomial of degree k over Zp then F is isomorphic (meaning basically equal to, except for a change in symbols) to Zp/ - so all ways of writing this field are basically the same. So there is essentially one field of size q=pk and we denote it GF(pk) (GF meaning Galois Field).

Some examples
Let's look at a few examples that go through these ideas.

The complex numbers
Complex numbers, briefly, are numbers in the form
 * $$ a + bi$$

where i is the solution to the equation x2+1=0

These numbers in fact form a field, however it is not a finite field.

Take m(x)=x2+1, with the field F being R. Then we can form the complex numbers as F/. Now F/ = { a+bx | a, b ∈ R} because the remainders must be of degree less than m(x) - which is 2.

So then (a+bx)(c+dx)=ac+bdx2+(ad+bc)x.

But remember that we are working in F/. So x2 modulo x2+1, can be written as (x2+1)-1=-1, and substituting -1 above yields a rather familiar expression.

If we let the symbol i to be the "root of x2+1", then i2+1=0 and i2=-1. The rest of the field axioms follow from here. We can then say the complex numbers C=R/=R(i).

The Zp case
We can still do this for some field in general. Let's take Z3 for example, and pick m(x)=x2+x+2. m(x) is irreducible - m(0)=2, m(1)=4=1, m(2)=4+2+2=8=2.

So Z3/ is a finite field. Assume α is a root of m(x). Then Z3(α) = { a+bα|a, b ∈ Z3}. Since Z3/<x2+x+2> is finite, we can list out all its elements. We have the constant terms, then the α terms, then the α+constant terms, and so on. We have {0, 1, 2, α, α+1, α+2, 2α, 2α+1, 2α+2}.

Now we have α2+α+2=0, then
 * α2=-α-2
 * α2=2α-2=2α+1

(Recall the coefficients are in Z3! We are working in Z3/<m(x)>)

We can verify multiplication works mod m(x) - for example
 * (1+2α)(2+α) = 2 + α+4α+2α2

Reducing coefficients normally mod 3 we get
 * (1+2α)(2+α) = 2 + 2α + 2α2

Now using the formula above for α2
 * (1+2α)(2+α)
 * = 2 + 2α + 2(2α+1)
 * = 2 + 2α+4α+2
 * = 2 + 6α+2
 * = 2 + 2 = 4 = 1

Verify for yourself that multiplication and other operations work too.

Primitive elements
Recall from ../Modular arithmetic/ that the order of a number a modulo n, in a field, is the least power such that ak-1=1 in Zn, with k the size of this field. Since the order is defined over a field, this leads us to consider whether we have primitive elements in F[x]/<m(x)> - which we do. If we have F(α), just like in Zn, α is primitive iff the order of α is q-1 where q is the number of elements in F[x]/<m(x)>.

Let's take Z2/<x2+x+1>. Is α (root of x2+x+1) primitive?

First, if α is a root of x2+x+1,
 * α2+α+1=0
 * α2=-α-1=α+1

Now, let us calculate powers of α
 * 1, α
 * α2=α+1
 * α3=α(α2)=α(α+1)=α2+α=(α+1)+α=1

Recall that the size of this field is 4 (the n in Zn, in this case, 2, raised to the power of the degree of the polynomial, in this case 2). Now we have α3=α4-1=1, and α is primitive.

We generally want to look at powers of α in F(α), to see whether they are primitive, since we already know about the orders of the constants in F(α) - which we've looked at in ../Modular arithmetic/.

title: Discrete Mathematics/Finite fields


text:
Ly6

Ly6 also known as lymphocyte antigen 6 or urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is family of proteins that share a common structure but differ in their tissue expression patterns and function. Ly6 are cysteine-rich proteins that form disulfide bridges and contain a LU domain. These proteins are GPI-anchored to the cell membrane or are secreted. A total of 35 human and 61 mouse Ly6 family members have been identified. Depending on which tissues they are expressed in, LY6 family members have different roles. They are expressed in various types of tissues and their expression dependent on the stage of cell differentiation. For example, they are involved in cell proliferation, cell migration, cell–cell interactions, immune cell maturation, macrophage activation, and cytokine production. Their overexpression or dysregulation, for example due to point mutations, is associated with tumorogenesis and autoimmune diseases. This family was discovered in the 1970s, and these proteins are still used as markers of distinct stage of leukocyte differentiation.

Gene organization
Genes encoding human Ly6 family members are located in clusters on chromosomes 6, 8, 11 and 19. In the murine genome family members are located on chromosomes 17, 15, 9 and 7, respectively. Genes encoding Ly6 proteins with one LU domain consist of 3 exons and 2 introns. The first exon encodes the signal peptide, Exons 2 and 3 encode the LU domain, and exon 3 also encodes the GPI anchor.

Protein structure
Ly6 proteins are characterized by the LU domain. Typically, they contain one LU domain, but some members of the family have multiple LU domains. The LU domain consists of 60-80 AA and contains 10 cysteines arranged in a specific pattern that allows the creation of 5 disulfide bridges which in turn allow the formation of a three-fingered (3F) structural motif.

Based on their subcellular localization, these proteins are classified as GPI-anchored to the cell membrane or secreted.

Expression
Although the Ly6 family members share a common structure, their expression varies in different tissues and is regulated depending on the stage of cell differentiation.

Many Ly6 family members are expressed in hematopoietic precursors and differentiated hematopoietic cells in a lineage-specific manner and making them useful cell surface markers for leukocytes, facilitating identification of distinct leukocyte sub-population.

Further, the Ly6 family proteins are also expressed, for example, by sperm, neurons, keratinocytes and epithelial cells.

Function
Ly6 family proteins have different functions depending on expression in different tissues. They play an important role in the immune response to infection and maintaining homeostasis in response to varying environmental conditions. It is involved in cell proliferation, cell migration, cell–cell interactions, immune cell maturation, macrophage activation, and cytokine production. It is also involved in complement activity, neuronal activity, angiogenesis, tumorogenesis and wound healing.

Clinical relevance
Many Ly6 family proteins (with the notable exception of SLURP1) are over-expressed in inflamed tissues and in tumors. They are therefore used as tumor markers and are also potential therapeutic targets.

Some point mutations in Ly6 family proteins are associated with autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis vulgaris.

Ly6 proteins
Examples of Ly6 proteins include:
 * LY6E
 * LYNX1
 * LYPD1
 * LYPD3
 * LYPD5
 * LYPD8
 * LYPD6B

title: Ly6