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Developmental psychology/Chapter 1/What is Developmental Psychology?

Developmental psychology is a field where scientific paradigms collide. Although each of us has an intuitive understanding of the definition of development, researchers have to carefully define their field of study. For some, that definition is rooted in biology and relates to reaching sexual maturity. For others, however, the definition of development is more closely tied to the concept of change and is viewed as happening over the lifespan. Thus, something as simple as a definition is deeply tied to philosophical perspectives on the world and on research.

Although against some people's views, developmental psychology is a science. This is because it is similar to other sciences: it relies on data and analyses to discover facts and evidence to back up certain claims. An example of a developmental psychology topic that can be researched which proves that this is science is which method of discipline is best for children. Is beating your children a secure way of disciplining them or is it child abuse? Some countries take the practice as a norm, while others may take it as child abuse. Which one is backed up by scientific evidence?

Scientific Method
The scientific method is the empirical method of obtaining knowledge in the field of science. While analyzing results, we measure them through different statistical measurements.

 * Effect Size - Cohen's d. On a scale, .2 is small, .5 is moderate and .8 is large.
 * Significance - Shows whether results occurred by chance. A significance test of .05 means that in 5 times in 100 chances, those certain results would occur.
 * Cost-benefit analysis - Calculates how much an IV costs vs. how much the IV saves (good for public spendings).
 * Odds ratio - How a specific variable compares to a set of 1 (a standard).
 * Factor analysis - Basically shrinks a huge chunk of data into a smaller, more significant group of data.
 * Meta-analysis (based) - Studies previous studies, weighs the results fairly and comes to conclusions based on those results.

Scientific observation is the act of analyzing subject's behavior either in their natural habitat or in a laboratory. Observation is crucial for the scientific method as this is where we come up with our questions. For example, what is the impact of parents staying with their children for too long before their first day of pre-school? Studies showcase that parents that stay longer than 3 minutes negatively impact their child's performance in school. But is it because of the parents or is it because their child is naturally shy? This is why in observation correlation does not equal causation.

An experiment is where the hypothesis is put to the test. Here, the experimenters change the Independent Variable, the imposed alteration, and see if it affects the subjects (dependent variable). The purpose of an experiment is to see the affect of the IV on the DV. Typically, the experimental group is what is tested on while the control group receives no treatment so that a comparison can take place.

 * 1) Curiosity
 * 2) Create a Hypothesis
 * 3) Test the Hypothesis
 * 4) Collect and assess data
 * 5) Conclusion
 * 6) Replication

Nature vs. Nurture
It is not a question of "which?", but "how much?" [but even this may be misleading as it isn't like they both contribute a fixed amount, they both have their explosiveness's and both respond to each other's explosiveness when prompted]. Both play a role in a child's development and neither one takes 100% accountability. They both affect each other.
 * Nature - Person's character is based on genes
 * Nurture - Person's character is based on environment

Definitions To Remember

 * Epigenetics is a disciple that deals with how the environment [nurture] affects one's genes [nature].
 * Differential Susceptibility is the difference in peoples' sensitivity to different experiences based on their genes or past incidents. An example is listed below from a Quizlet deck.
 * Q: How might differential susceptibility apply to understanding students' varied responses to a low exam grade?
 * A: Differential susceptibility can help you understand why some students will take a low exam grade very hard and feel life a failure vs. some students who brush off a low exam grade and know better for next time.

Survey
A survey is a direct way to gain data from people often by asking them 'at the spot'. Unfortunately surveys are not accurate because of liars and/or wording (global warming vs. climate change). Some people don't want to be honest or they want to answer the way the researcher wants them too (biased website hosting polls, for example).

Studying Development over the Life Span
Developmentalists aim to observe the change in people over time (change or no change). To record these dynamics, researchers use either cross-sectional, longitudinal, or cross-sequential.
 * Cross-Sectional - This is the easiest and least expensive way out of all of the 3 methods. This is where a cohort of the one age is compared to a cohort of another age. This may seem simple, but it is very difficult to get two cohorts who are the same in every aspect except for age.
 * Longitudinal - This is tracking of the same cohort over an extended period of time. For example, due to the scientific evidence discovering the adverse effects of being obese, a cohort of people who were obese when younger may lose weight and become of normal weight when they become adults. The longitudinal observation of that cohort will only prove this hypothesis. The issue with longitudinal data is that culture changes over time (for example, smoking culture), very expensive, and participants may drop out over time. The benefit of this study is that differences that occur over time can be easily observed (we can figure out why these differences took place!).
 * Cross-Sequential - Combines both strategies above. Here, scientists study people of different ages (cross-sectional) and follow both of them for an extended period of time (longitudinal).

What is "developmental"?
Development in a human being is multidirectional, multi contextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary and plastic.

Multi-Directional
Development is multi-directional. Some traits disappear, appear, increase/decrease throughout our life. Some will stay for good, like our zygotes. Some are continuity, such as trees growing for centuries, while some are discontinuity, such as caterpillars becoming butterflies.

 * Critical periods - Periods where growth MUST occur. For example, the critical period for humans to grow limbs is 28-54 days after conception. This was found out after pregnant women took a drug, thalimode, in the 1950s and their offspring produced abnormalities in limb growth.
 * Sensitive periods - Periods where a particular development could occur, but can take place at a later time. An example is an immigrant from Iraq. The parents immigrating will speak English with an accent while their newborn children (who've arrived freshly to America) will learn English unaccented.

Multi-Contextual
Development is multi contextual. The setting matters: the environment, the events taking place during that situation, population density, etc. Social contexts are crucial to a person's decision-making.

Socioeconomic influence (SES) brings opportunities, as well as limitations: housing, health, nutrition, etc. Low income inhibits a person but can be changed through a person's education or influences. People with no college degrees are more likely to be poor (per statistics).

Ecological-systems Approach
Developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005), the Ecological-systems Approach method aims to analyze all different levels of influences on a person's development. They are as follows:

 * 1) Microsystems - One's immediate surroundings, including the family at home and close friends.
 * 2) Exosystems - One's larger surroundings, such as school or the football pitch (if they play football on the daily, for example).
 * 3) Macrosystems - One's largest surroundings, including political environment and ethnic culture.

Other systems are chronosystem [chrono --> time], which details the historical context (names for babies, such as "Emma" [new] and "Mary" [old]), and mesosystem, the connections between all the systems (religious values, mass media, medical institutions, transportation system).

Cohorts (people born in a similar time period and move together) play a role as well. Marijuana was popular until 1980, when the "War on drugs" took place and prohibited people to own ounces of weed. After 1990, attitudes changed and now it is popular again, including 12 US states allowing the medical use of it [2017] (and more states allowing the use of marijuana, VA being a recent state [2021]: see here).

Multi-Cultural (review)
For scientists in a scientific term, someone's "culture" is someone's "set of beliefs, traditions, practices that are in existence for a certain period". Culture is an example of a "social construction", a heap of perceptions that affect the way people act. Some people may mistakenly believe that a characteristic of themselves that is away from the norm is a "deficit", which is called difference-equals-deficit error.

Ethnic group - People whose ancestors were born in the same area. Usually share religion, language, and nationality. They are usually social contracts (Africa in the USA [Nigerian] vs. Africa in Africa [Nigerian --> Yobo]). The race is also a social contract as well.

Multidisciplinary Approach
Incorporating many approaches to a certain problem that are usually outside of the norm.

Plasticity
The real meaning of plasticity is the ability to change but still maintain something. This proves two statements:

 * Change is possible
 * A person is built off of their past events

An example of plasticity is treating autistic children. Although their autism will not leave (built off of past events), they will improve their motor skills (change).

The dynamic-systems approach supports the notion that human development is a constant pot of interactions between the human and the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences.

Ethical Standards
When conducting experiments, the experimenters must adhere to strict regulations. They must ensure that:

 * all participants are safe and well (example, the w:Nazi human experimentation wouldn't have passed this)
 * all participants consent to the experiment
 * all information is confidential
 * no participants are seriously harmed or injured

Most institutions have an Instructional Review Board (IRB) which assesses whether an experiment can be conducted or not.


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Michael Mason (swimmer)

Michael T. Mason (born March 18, 1974) is a former competition breaststroke swimmer, who was born in the United States, but represented Canada in international competition. He competed for Canada at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, and finished in 23rd position in the men's 200-metre breaststroke.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Michael Mason (swimmer)


text:
User:Edwardomowa

Omowa Edward is currently the Chief Computer Analyst and Head, IT Department at National Space Research and Development Agency. He studied Computer Science in University of Ilorin and later attended University of Nigeria, Nsukka for his Post Graduate courses. Lives in University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He has published a good number of Technical papers in reputable Journals internationally.

title: User:Edwardomowa


text:
Talk:Kuri cattle

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kuri cattle


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Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 8

In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write "や", "ゆ" and "よ".

Yōon Hiragana
Certain sounds ending with -い(i) ( き(ki), し(shi), ち(chi), に(ni), ひ(hi), み(mi), り(ri) and their voiced variants) can be followed by small versions (ゃ, ゅ, and ょ) of the hiragana や(ya), ゆ(yu), and よ(yo). In this case, the two hiragana are not pronounced individually, but rather as one sound.

In most cases, the compound sound is the consonant of the base syllable followed by the modifier (fjord may be an example of a similar compound sound in English):
 * きゃ (kya)
 * きゅ (kyu)
 * きょ (kyo)

In other cases the y sound disappears entirely:
 * しゃ (sha)
 * しゅ (shu)
 * しょ (sho)

Look at the Kana Chart for the others.

title: Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 8


text:
Top-rated United States television programs of 2012–13

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 2012–13 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pongthep Pumsiri

The result was   delete. Missvain (talk) 05:31, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Pongthep Pumsiri

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Fails WP:NFOOTBALL and WP:GNG JMHamo (talk) 16:45, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related deletions. JMHamo (talk) 16:46, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete - He has not played in a fully pro league or received significant coverage, meaning the article fails WP:NSPORT and WP:GNG. Sir Sputnik (talk) 16:50, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete - Player fails WP:NFOOTY as has not played in a fully professional league, nor senior international football. No indication of any other achievements that have garnered sufficient, significant coverage to satisfy WP:GNG. Fenix down (talk) 17:39, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete – Nothing is verifiable in the article. Kingjeff (talk) 04:42, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete - fails WP:GNG and WP:NFOOTBALL. GiantSnowman 19:17, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Thailand-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 19:39, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Football-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 19:39, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sportspeople-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 19:40, 11 February 2015 (UTC)


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Teletraffic engineering/Flow Control Telecoms

Author: Michel Le Vieux

Module 5 of the Teletraffic Hyperlinked Textbook

Summary
In communication networks new equipment is continually being developed and introduced into the environment. An artifact of this interconnectivity is that devices with different capabilities need to communicate, this presents a problem when the sending device is sending faster than the receiving device can receive. Flow Control is the process used to resolve these issues.

Definition
Flow control is used a variety of places in a network, the diagram below highlights the basic theory of flow control. The sending device on the left has the capability to send at a certain rate. The recieving device on the right however only has the ability to process the recieved data at a rate lower than the sender is sending. If the sending device sent at it maximun rate data would be lost at the receiver. Flow control is used to determine which rate the sender needs to send at.

Figure 1: - Theorectical representation illustrating the need for flow control

Congestion control is not the same as flow control, congestion occurs as congestion occurs and actions are taken to alleviate the congestion and prevent it from collapsing the network.

The majority of networks current being deployed are packet switched networks including the internet. Packet switched network leverage of the benefits of bandwidth multiplexing. An important aspect of packet network multiplexing is the importance of buffers, the buffers are used to create queues and flow control mechanisms are used to prevent the overflow of these buffers.

TCP and flow control on the Internet
Flow control of Internet Protocol (IP) is done in the transport layer of the OSI model. The most commonly used transport layer protocol on the Internet is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). TCP has the following features; automatic packet retransmission, reordering, transmission error detection, appropriate packet size discovery and flow control. TCP makes use of a flow control algorithm in which a number of packets are sent through the network without acknowledgement this is call the window size. The intial TCP window size is set to be the minimum of the sender's currently computed congestion window (CWND) and the receivers advertised window (AWND). The two main alogorithms are slow start and congestion avoidance. Slow start exponentially increases the transmission rates until there until a buffer overflow somewhere in the network and packet loss is detected at which point TCP swaps to the congestion avoidance algorithm which increase traffic flow linearly. The next point at which packet loss is detect TCP will reduce its transmission rate by 50%. The continual increase and drop-off of transmission rates creates a commonly observed “sawtooth” throughput graph.

Current work on Flow Control
At present there is a move towards Next Generation Networks. NGN’s seeks to provide multiple services over a single integrated network. Nodes in these networks will be processing multiple data streams. Flow control becomes important in that adequate resources need allocated to high priority traffic. Voice over IP (VoIP) or IP TV streams should be processed ahead of web browsing or email traffic. Quality of service (QoS) in a network controls the allocation of resources to traffic flows, real time applications have very strict QoS requirements where any delay or packet loss can severely impede the service. The diagram below illustrates the different traffic flow characteristics of end user applications.

Figure 1: - Bandwidth needs for different classes of applications. (a) Elastic.(b) Real-time. (c) Rate-adaptive. (d) Stepwise.

The diagram above illustrates 4 different types of applications bandwidth requirements

(a) Elastic - Traditional data applications such as FTP, Web browsing or Email, these applications makes use techniques such as the TCP sliding windows to utilise more bandwidth.

(b) Real-time - Real time applications such as VoIP have defined bandwitdth requirements and so demand for bandwidth is rapid if not instantaneous as in the dashed line.

(c) Rate-adaptive - Some types of real time applications have the ability to adjust their transmissions rates depending on network congestion.

(d) Stepwise - There are video and audio delivery systems that make use of a layered encoding and transmission model allowing a stepwise approach to the bandwidth demand.

QoS and the Internet
In order to provision for the flow control services that are required by applications over the Internet where there can be instances of congestion and packet loss two QoS service mechanisms. The two mechanisms are INTSERV and DIFFSERV.

THE INTEGRATED SERVICE MODEL
The Intserv model was proposed support real-time applications. INTSERV provides some control over the end-to-end packet delays in order to meet the real-time QoS. The main requirement of the Intserv model is that resources (e.g., bandwidth and buffer) must be control for each realtime application at every hop along the path. This requires a router to reserve resources in order to provide specific QoS for packet streams, or flows, which in turn requires flow-specific state in the router. The control of the resources on each routers along the path is done with Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP).

THE IETF DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES FRAMEWORK
IN the Diffserv architecture traffic entering a network is classified at the boundaries of the network and identified and marked with a single Diffserv codepoint (DSCP). Users request a specific performance level on per packet basis, by marking the Diffserv field of each packet with a specific value. This value specifies the per-hop behavior (PHB) to be allotted to the packet within the provider’s network. Within the core of the network, packets are forwarded according to the PHB associated with the DSCP.

Exercises
(1) Why does VoIP not make use of the existing flow control mechanisms of IP?

(2) Why don't Realtime applications use TCP?

/Solutions


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Talk:Motorail (British Rail)

Kensington Olympia
IIRC, there's also quite a bit of signage around Kensington Olympia railway station; eg. I think the main Olympia exhibition centre will still called "Motorail Car Park 4" or something. —Sladen (talk) 20:27, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Incomplete Map
I think the map is incomplete: there used to be Motorail services originating from Ely in Cambridgeshire. I know for a fact there was an Ely-Stirling service but not sure if that was the only route that involved Ely<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:26, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

More Map Data
I think the line ran down to Folkstone as well but unsure of route <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:42, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

pricing
Does any reader have information on the service's pricing? Three reasons for failure: cost? Why mostly sleeper services? (Surely avoiding crowded motorways during the day is a selling point?) and ease of access. Any thoughts? qhb (talk) 10:03, 20 July 2014 (UTC)

Double Decker use re: Kensington Olympia
My family used Motorail a lot during the 1970's many times a year and the only car carrying units were standard wood floored flats with crampon style chocks hammered into the wooden floor and special anti-vandal and anti-diesel shields placed on car windscreens. The Euston service I seem to remember used still the enclosed coaches which were not popular with owners of larger cars due to the risk of paint scraping and damage and the extra complication of having to load the cars some distance away, shunt the car carriers to await the passenger coaches and then proceed northwards. I believe the westward running services saw the two tier units, cannot confirm this as we never used the west country service.

My late father was held over by BR one fateful night at Olympia (may have been 73 or 74) when a shunter was speared by a shifting consist killing him instantly, my father was the ranking BR man on site and spent two days with the inquiry whilst British Rail hosted my mother, myself and brother in the railway hotel in Inverness, the trip was further compounded when my father's car was unloaded at Stirling necessitating further time at the hotel whilst BR sorted its problems out. Incorrect designation of car flats wasn't a rare thing with one rather heated set of car owners arriving in Scotland to find their cars had been left behind back in London. Another moment I seem to recall was where the train supervisor left the "keys board" in the office at Kensington and a rather red faced panic to get the board up by express services as no car could be moved off the flats without the cars keys.

Loaders too were not bothered and did not treat customer's cars with any real care or attention, often sitting in cars wearing oily overalls and no protection for the interior's.

The service was quite poor from Kensington Olympia, it involved back then many many engine changes, with diesel from KO to pick up at Willesden to hook up an electric, that went as far as Crewe and another electric was put on to Birmingham and so forth. At Carlisle ScR engines would come down to fetch the quite long train to take up to Carstairs then a run to Mossend where the train if it had multiple destinations was quite violently shunted, split and carried on. Engine change if memory serves me right again at Perth with more violent shunting as the Perth flats were unhooked then the final run for the Inverness which invariably met higher priority traffic necessitating long waits in passing loops.

Finally, the stock invariably was compartmented corridor MK1's where adults used the bench seats and children were given seat squabs to make up a rudimentary mattress, the heating regardless of season was always set on maximum and with that and the lack of care by drivers when changing engines saw very few passengers get any sleep. Nor was there any form of buffet and customers had to rely on flasks and bottled drinks to get through the roasting hot night. The only consolation was Kensington's Traveller's Fare opened late for the embarking customers.

It really wasn't a pleasant experience, it was also very expensive and my father reverted to driving the distance than carry on using Motorail and the staff reduction was negligible.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:50, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

London terminal
At least in its later years, Motorail used London Euston station. This is not mentioned in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7F:30B0:C600:E193:672D:9C2F:33CC (talk) 19:40, 24 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Motorail (British Rail)


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User:FinnWstone

'Born in 1995 and I'm still waiting for something interesting enough to happen to me that I give up playing video games and start enjoying the real world. I'm studying Film and Media at the University of Stirling and have a passion for sleeping and the few minutes leading up to sleeping. Also quite tall. Relatively. It's my cross to bear.'

title: User:FinnWstone


text:
The World Before Your Feet

The World Before Your Feet is a 2018 American documentary film directed by filmmaker Jeremy Workman about Matt Green's mission to walk every street of New York City, a journey of over 8000 miles. The film also marked the producing debut of actor Jesse Eisenberg.

First presented at numerous film festivals, The World Before Your Feet was released theatrically on November 21, 2018 through distributor Greenwich Entertainment. Widely praised upon its release, the documentary holds rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Release
The documentary premiered in competition at the 2018 South by Southwest Film Festival where it was acquired by distributor Greenwich Entertainment. It was released theatrically on November 21, 2018, screening in over 70 cities across the United States and Canada and playing in theaters for over a year.

Following its theatrical run, the film was subsequently made available on multiple streaming sites, including Amazon Prime and on True Story in the UK. A special edition DVD/Blu-ray has been released through Kino Lorber. The film was also widely released in Germany with distributor Happy Entertainment under the title New York Die Welt vor deinen Füßen

Reception
The film was widely praised upon its release. It has positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on  reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "The World Before Your Feet offers a perspective on New York City that might be entrancingly unfamiliar even to residents -- and beckons viewers toward a more attentive way of life." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100, indicating "favorable reviews".

The film was a Critic's Pick in The New York Times, in which critic Ben Kenigsberg stated that "after watching The World Before Your Feet, it’s difficult to look at the city the same way." It was a Critic's Choice of the Los Angeles Times, in which critic Michael Rechtshaffen stated that the film is "inspiring and enlightening... Filmmaker Workman, who's behind [Green] every step of the way without ever getting in the way, allows the city and its colorful denizens to take center stage." Entertainment Weekly called the film "an eye-opening stroll with a stranger" while The Playlist described it as "an utterly compelling joy." San Francisco Chronicle, in a highly positive review, said that "It's hard to see Green in action and not think of traditional pilgrims on holy journeys and, perhaps, hermits or monks or others who have withdrawn from regular life". Rex Reed of The New York Observer stated "New York, New York, it's a wonderful town. This movie proves it like none other."

title: The World Before Your Feet


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Send

 * The maximum number of Send modules in one instrument 128. From Leviathan User's Guide and Event Logic tutorial v2.0, page 30
 * Send module can send audio and events within instument (not between different instruments). In comparison, the ../IC Send/ module can make cableless event connection within ensemble (i.e. between instruments)

title: Reaktor/Modules/Send


text:
Rebecca B. Rankin

Rebecca Browning Rankin (April 5, 1887 – March 1, 1965) was the director of the New York City's Municipal Reference Library for thirty-two years. New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia called Rankin a "human index to New York City affairs," and she gained a reputation as the City's unofficial historian. Her efforts secured the preservation of historic documents and promoted access to government information for municipal employees and citizens alike.

Early life, education, and early career
Rebecca Browning Rankin was born April 5, 1887, in Piqua, Ohio. She grew up in Illinois.

Rankin attended the University of Michigan, graduating with her bachelor's degree in 1909. She received a full scholarship to attend Simmons University in Boston, where she earned her master in library science degree in 1913.

While her undergraduate degree at the University of Michigan, Rankin worked in the cataloging department of the university's general library. Upon graduating with her master's degree in 1913, she received several job offers, deciding to take the opportunity to run the library for the State Normal School in Ellensburg, Washington. In her five years at the Washington State Normal School, she developed a library collection that emphasized the most current information for the training of teachers. Rankin started a bulletin sharing information with teachers across the state, as well as teaching courses on library methods.

Career with NYPL and the Municipal Reference Library
In 1918, Rankin moved to New York City to support her family, and took a position as assistant to New York Public Library (NYPL) director Edwin H. Anderson. Just a few months later, in January 1919, Rankin was named the assistant librarian at the Municipal Reference Library (MRL), a branch of the NYPL. She was appointed the Municipal Reference Library's director in 1920.

In her role as director of the MRL, Rankin worked to promote the resources and services of the library. She and her staff prepared and delivered over 300 radio talks between 1928 and 1938, with weekly broadcasts over WNYC sharing civic information and promoting the library's services. These took the form of multiple WNYC series, including "Civics-in-Action" and "Highlights in Municipal Government". Rankin used these broadcasts as a way to advance her fervent beliefs in the ideas of reform and efficiency in government. In a March 1928 WNYC broadcast, she described the library's role to listeners, listing its functions as encouraging city officials to "intelligently adopt the best policies for the governing of the City," providing resources to city employees and citizens, and answering questions about the city and its governance. She published her first book, Guide to the Municipal Government of the City of New York in 1936. Also in 1936, with the help of seven assistants, Rankin edited New York Advancing: a Scientific Approach to Municipal Government. Historian Elisabeth Israels Perry credits Rankin and Pearl Bernstein, the Secretary of the Board of Estimate, with writing Mayor La Guardia's essay for the book from a list of points that he gave to them. New York Advancing became a surprise bestseller in the city, with subsequent editions being published in 1939 and 1946. Rankin told a New York Times reporter: "Women have the 'feel' of the tie-up between the man in the street and his government" and therefore they could make the book accessible to a broad audience.

She was a strong supporter of Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia, who frequently contacted the library with questions. New York City's municipal records had been stored in haphazard conditions for decades, and Rankin worked to transfer particularly important collections to the Municipal Library. Rankin persuaded Mayor LaGuardia to establish the Mayor's Municipal Archives Committee, which she chaired for over ten years. Under the Committee's charge, the MRL became the chief institution for New York City's archival and records management functions. Mayor William O'Dwyer requested that Rankin develop a modern records management program; she developed a record retention manual and a training course for records managers.

The City had purchased the 12-story Rhinelander Building in 1939 to house historical records, but only after Rankin's continued efforts was funding authorized for appropriate staff, shelving, and boxes. By moving inactive records to a centralized storage facility, the municipal departments of the city saved about $1,200,000 in rent from 1942 to 1952. In 1952, Mayor Vincent R. Impellitteri commended Rankin for her efforts in making the new Municipal Archives and Records Center (MARC) a reality. She retired on the day the new center opened, June 30, 1952.

Service to librarianship
Rankin served as the president of the Special Libraries Association from 1922 to 1923. In the 1930s, she served as the SLA Secretary, organizing the association's headquarters in New York City. In May 1959, she was inducted into the Special Libraries Association Hall of Fame.

Her relationships with municipal employees played a key role in ensuring that NYC's public librarians were designated as eligible for the New York State Employee's pension and retirement system.

Death and legacy
Rankin died March 1, 1965, at the Dobbs Ferry Hospital in Dobbs Ferry, New York.

A biography of the important role Rankin played as New York City's "unofficial historian" was published by Barry W. Seaver in 2004: A True Politician: Rebecca Browning Rankin, Municipal Reference Librarian of the City of New York, 1920–1952.

title: Rebecca B. Rankin


text:
Jordan Attah Kadiri

Jordan Attah Kadiri (born 11 March 2000) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Indian side Mohammeden Sporting Club.

Club career
On 13 August 2019, after impressing on a week-long trial, Kadiri joined Allsvenskan side Östersund. He had previously played for Sunsel in the Nigerian lower leagues and had a loan spell with Nigeria Premier League side Nasarawa United.

On 25 August 2019, Kadiri made his professional debut for Östersund, coming on as a substitute in a 3–1 loss at home to AIK.

On 31 July 2020, Kadiri joined Belgian First Division B side Lommel on a four-year deal.

On 30 August 2021, Kadiri joined Norwegian club Strømsgodset on loan for the rest of the season. His loan was terminated after the season.

In February 2022, Kadiri rejoined his former club Östersund on a one-year loan deal. The deal was cut short in August 2022, however, due to Östersund suffering from financial difficulties.

Kadiri scored his first goal for Lommel in the 2022–23 season against RE Virton on 28 October 2022. He scored again against Beerschot on 6 November.

On 6 September 2023, Kadiri moved on a new loan to Challenger Pro League club Francs Borains. 3 days later, he scored on his Francs Borains debut in a Belgian Cup game against Tongeren.

title: Jordan Attah Kadiri


text:
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title: Template:CMS


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7th Royal Tank Regiment

The 7th Royal Tank Regiment (7th RTR) was an armoured regiment of the British Army from 1917 until disbandment in 1959.

History
The 7th Royal Tank Regiment was part of the Royal Tank Regiment, itself part of the Royal Armoured Corps. The regiment originally saw action as G Battalion, Tank Corps in 1917.

Part of the 1st Army Tank Brigade, 7th RTR saw service in France in May 1940, alongside the 4th Royal Tank Regiment and the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division during the Battle of Dunkirk and was soon evacuated at Dunkirk, and abandoning most of their vehicles. The 7th RTR returned to England and was sent overseas later in the year.

In December 1940, as part of the British Western Desert Force in Egypt, the 7th RTR contained Matilda infantry tanks and supported the 11th Indian Infantry Brigade of the 4th Indian Infantry Division. The regiment attacked and destroyed the Italian "Maletti Group" at the Nibeiwa Camp. The 7th RTR also supported the attack of the 11th Brigade on Italian positions at the Tummar camps. These attacks were accomplished during the opening stages of Operation Compass. The regiment also participated in the successful attacks on Italian-held Bardia during the same campaign.

In mid-1942, the 7th RTR was captured at Tobruk during the Battle of Gazala, part of the First Battle of El Alamein. Tobruk was surrendered to Italian and German forces on 21 June 1942.

The regiment was reconstituted in 1943 by re-designation of the 10th Royal Tank Regiment, a hostilities-only unit raised in late 1940.

The new 7th RTR joined the 31st Tank Brigade in Normandy on 18 June 1944 and subsequently took part in heavy fighting in Operation Epsom. It participated in the capture of Le Havre and, while detached from its Brigade, it played an active part in the early days of the containment of Dunkirk. In November 1950, The 7th RTR took part in Korean War.

In 1959, the 7th RTR was amalgamated with 4th Royal Tank Regiment. The regiment lives on as G Squadron, 1st Royal Tank Regiment (1RTR).

title: 7th Royal Tank Regiment


text:
Extreme Programming

Extreme Programming (XP) is an approach to projects with an eye to managing software by end users, and making sure programs fit their needs exactly.

XP focuses on people and communication, which are the true core of any programming project. Everyone needs to understand their role, and communicate with others. And the communication has to be truthful - no sugar coating or padding are allowed. This allows customers (the users) to have confidence in the information they are getting. If something is broken or behind schedule -- it gets fixed, instead of getting hidden.

Concepts
XP is the leading technology born out of the agile programming approach.

In XP, the customer, in conjunction with developers, drive the project. The first key to this is the user stories that the customer writes to describe what they want the system to do. The developers then estimate how many points (points are essentially "perfect programming days") a story will take; if the story is too many points, it should be subdivided into smaller stories. The customer then picks the most important stories with a cumulative point value smaller then the iteration point value.

For example, if we have 10 stories and each story is 5 points, we have 50 points worth of stories. 1 point represents a "perfect programming day", the day we would have if we were not interrupted by meetings and other things. Each of our iterations are 10 days, and we do 5 points of work on average over those 10 days per pair programming team. Thus, if we have 3 teams, We can handle 15 points worth of stories in this iteration, so the customer picks the 3 most important stories.

Current projects
Developing Scripts and Case Studies for cisLunarFreighter/Radio Communications/STC/implementation is an attempt to use XP in a Wikiversity Learning project.

title: Extreme Programming


text:
Stockton Metropolitan Airport

Stockton Metropolitan Airport is a joint civil-military airport three miles southeast of downtown Stockton, a city in San Joaquin County, California. It is owned by the County of San Joaquin.

The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems categorized it as a primary commercial service airport. Federal Aviation Administration records say it had 36,935 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 28,368 in 2009 and 50,632 in 2010.

History
In the months preceding World War II, the U.S. Army entered into the first of many lease agreements with the City of Stockton (on August 15, 1940) to build and operate an Army training facility at Stockton Municipal Airport.

World War II
Stockton Army Airfield was initially garrisoned by the 68th Air Base Group (Special) under the Air Corps Advanced Flying School. Between 1940 and 1945, Stockton Field served as a training installation under the West Coast Training Center (later Western Flying Training Command) headquartered at Santa Ana Army Air Base. Known sub-bases and auxiliaries of Stockton AAF were:
 * Kingsbury Auxiliary Airfield (No 1) 38.09194°N, -121.35889°W
 * New Jerusalem Auxiliary Airfield (No 2) 37.67861°N, -121.29944°W
 * Modesto Auxiliary Airfield (No 3)n37.62611°N, -120.95583°W
 * Tracy Auxiliary Airfield (No 4) 37.68861°N, -121.44056°W
 * Franklin Auxiliary Airfield (No 5) 38.30528°N, -121.42917°W

In May 1944 all of the facility was consolidated into the 3033rd Army Air Forces Base Unit. Given the airfield's proximity to logistical facilities under the Army Air Forces and Army Service Forces, the site soon became a logistical hub for the U.S. Army in general and the Army Air Forces in particular. This resulted in an increased number of transport aircraft passing through Stockton Field. Military warehouse facilities included 46 mile of tracks connected to the adjacent Southern Pacific and Western Pacific Railroads for delivery and distribution of a daily average of 200 railcars of military supplies.

On March 2, 1945, the final class completed training and Stockton AAF was transferred from the control of the Western Flying Training Command to the Air Transport Command. With this transfer, the 3033rd AAFBU was redesignated as the 591st AAFBU.

Postwar use
In October 1946 Stockton AAF was declared surplus. As 1,044.18 acres were in the process of being transferred to the War Assets Administration for disposal, 71.36 acres, consisting of a major portion of the former cantonment area including housing, storage facilities, and a sewage disposal plant, were leased to U.S. Army's Stockton General Depot located to the south in nearby Lathrop.

The City of Stockton and the County of San Joaquin resumed operating the former Stockton Municipal Airport on December 16, 1946, under a joint (interim) license. On the 1,044.18 acres of leased land (950 acres of which comprise the airport now under license) there were approximately 175 buildings, including 50 airport-related structures which were included in the above described license. The buildings were primarily the Quartermaster 700-series and 800-series type construction with concrete foundations, wood floor, composition roof, and wood lap siding.

United States Army use
On January 29, 1947, the 71.36-acres of former Stockton Field retained by the U.S. Army was officially named the Stockton General Depot Field Annex, then renamed Sharpe General Depot Field Annex in 1948, when Stockton General Depot was redesignated as Sharpe General Depot. The U.S. Army, with the exception of the Sharpe General Depot Field Annex, left Stockton Field by January 31, 1948; the same date that the City of Stockton and the County of San Joaquin jointly assumed administration over the airport (Stockton Record 1964).

Korean War use
Sharpe General Depot Field Annex was formed from two parcels of land adjacent to the southwest portion of the current Stockton Metropolitan Airport. Sharpe General Depot Field Annex was operated by the U.S. Army as a separate, self-contained military post under Sharpe General Depot. With the rapid expansion of depot operations and facilities that occurred with the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, Sharpe General Depot Field Annex's name was changed to Sharpe General Depot Troop Field Annex to reflect its support mission. During this period, the site was used primarily for family housing, recreational, and other support facilities for Sharpe General Depot. One of the tenants was the 164th Field Artillery Battalion of the California Army National Guard, who occupied a small part of the Sharpe General Depot Troop Field Annex until a new National Guard Armory was built on State-owned land south of the site in 1952.

Sixth Army & Army Material Command use
On July 8, 1957, the City of Stockton transferred half of its interest in the Stockton Municipal Airport by Grant Deed, and San Joaquin County assumed administration over the airport (subject to certain reservations, restrictions and conditions according to the "Agreement" with the United States of America dated December 23, 1948 (Appendix A)).

The end of the Korean War caused more mission changes at Sharpe General Depot and the Sharpe General Depot Troop Field Annex. Sharpe was selected as a location for Cold War storage of surplus military diesel locomotives. After application of lubricant preservatives, each locomotive was placed within an individual cocoon protected by an electrically operated, automatically controlled dehumidifying system. In 1958, the Sharpe General Depot received a Fourth Echelon Air Maintenance Support mission on U.S. Army aircraft within the Sixth U.S. Army Area. The Site then served as home to the Sixth U.S. Army Aircraft Field Maintenance Activity operated by Detachment 3, 6932nd Service Unit. This unit provided maintenance support to U.S. Army rotary and fixed-wing liaison aircraft in the Sixth U.S. Army area and occupied Buildings 1000, 1001, and 1003. The site also was the home of the 30th Engineer Group (Topographic) and the 521st Engineer Company (Topographic, Aviation). During 1959 and 1960, construction of a new airstrip, hangar and shop at Sharpe Army Depot curtailed the military's use of Stockton Airport. In June 1961, the Aircraft Field Maintenance Activity was transferred to Fort Ord, California. By July 1962, the Army Material Command was established with several sub-commands, including the Supply and Maintenance Command. This brought about another name change when Sharpe General Deport became Sharpe Army Depot Field Annex.

Vietnam War use
On July 11, 1964, Stockton Municipal Airport was officially renamed the Stockton Metropolitan Airport, reflecting its changing role as a civil airport. Thirty new military family housing units were also built in 1964 at Sharpe Army Depot Field Annex, resulting in the closure of older family housing units at the site.

In the last months of 1965, support to Army Aviation expanded again as a result of the U.S. Army's role in Southeast Asia. As the Vietnam War continued, so did Sharpe Army Depot Field Annex's mission. Sharpe became the Army Material Command's key west coast installation and the Army's chief provider of supplies for United States military personnel in Vietnam. Cocoons were removed from fourteen of the stockpiled diesel locomotives. Twelve of the locomotives were sent to other military bases while two remained at Sharpe to accept delivery and expedite distribution of a daily average of thirty carloads of military supplies. Rail movements represented approximately 38 percent of all freight handled at the base. In April 1966, the first units of the Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 56th Quartermaster Depot began to arrive at the Site, followed by units of the Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 58th Field Depot in July.

By 1967, the Headquarters Commandant of the Sharpe Army Depot Field Annex had the responsibility to command troops assigned to Sharpe Army Depot Field Annex. This included the supervision of all attached and tenant units, Special Services, Annex Services, Education Center, Officers Open Mess and Non-commissioned Officers Club, including support for Army Reserve, Army National Guard and transient units.

In January 1966, an Army clothing store was transferred from Sacramento Army Depot and reopened in Building T-88 at the Site. An AAFES Branch Exchange of the Presidio of San Francisco was also established in Building T-137. On-post housing at Sharpe Army Depot Field Annex was limited, causing 44 sets of "inadequate quarters" to be established at the site, whereby old barracks buildings were converted into "apartment-type quarters" with two apartments upstairs and two downstairs. To further accommodate the increase in soldiers now stationed at Sharpe Army Depot Field Annex, the site now provided many additional services such as laundry, dry cleaning, and medical facilities.

In the early 1970s, the need for soldiers garrisoning Sharpe Army Depot Field Annex decreased as military positions were converted to Department of the Army Civil Service positions. Due to the shift in staffing, Sharpe Army Depot determined that it no longer required the Field Annex site and began the process of disposing of the Sharpe Army Depot Field Annex.

Deactivation (Regular Army)
Sharpe Army Depot Field Annex was vacated in 1973, ending the U.S. Army's presence on the field with all of the land and buildings reverting to San Joaquin County. A few original World War II structures still remain including the American Legion Sharpe General Depot Post 632 currently occupying a World War II era mess hall on the Sharpe Army Depot Field Annex property located at Building 372, 1700 Northrop Street.

Military facilities and activities
Although the active duty Regular Army departed the airport location following the closure of the Sharpe Army Depot Field Annex, the airport continues to retain a military presence in the form of both ground and Army Aviation activities of the California Army National Guard. These facilities include a National Guard Armory, Field and Combined Support Maintenance Shops, and an Army Aviation Support Facility (AASF) just south of the former Field Annex site. The Army National Guard aviation presence accounts for the airports continued designation as a joint civil-military airport. The main aviation units at the airport are Headquarters and Headquarters Company and Company A of the 3rd Battalion, 140th Aviation Regiment, operating the CH-47 Chinook and the UH-72 Lakota.

Civil use: airline service
United Airlines served Stockton from 1946 until 1980; it had Stockton's first jet flights, in late 1968.

Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) and successor USAir operated from 1971–72 to 1980 and from 1984 to 1991.

The original Frontier Airlines, followed by Continental Airlines, flew from Stockton to Denver Stapleton International Airport from 1980 to 1988.

Southwest Airways and successors Pacific Air Lines, Air West and Hughes Airwest, served Stockton from 1955 until about January 1979.

Commuter turboprop airline flights ended in 1995. America West Express, the regional affiliate of America West Airlines, started Canadair CRJ-200 flights to Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport in 2000, but dropped them in 2001 and vacated the terminal in 2003.

Past jet service
Past passenger jet service include United Airlines, which operated Boeing 727-200s and 737-200s.

Before its merger with USAir, PSA flew Boeing 727-100s, 727-200s, 737-200s, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s and BAe 146-200s.

Before its acquisition by Republic Airlines, Hughes Airwest operated McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s.

USAir flew BAe 146-200s after its acquisition of PSA.

Continental Airlines (before its merger with United Airlines) and Frontier Airlines operated Boeing 737-200s and 737-300s.

Pacific Express flew BAC One-Elevens.

Flights to Mexico
Aeromexico had expressed interest in starting service in 2006 to Guadalajara and Morelia, but the airport was unable to secure a customs facility. Federal officials saw no need for such facility as they already existed in larger airports like Sacramento, Oakland, Fresno, San Francisco and San Jose with global capabilities.

Local officials filed an appeal and Congressman Richard Pombo also persuaded officials to approve a facility. Federal officials then reconsidered and approved the plans. Despite the approval, San Joaquin County Supervisors decided against financing the project

In June 2015, the airport was seeking funding for construction of a temporary customs inspection station at the airport, to allow for possible service on Mexican airlines Volaris and Aeromexico.

Allegiant Air jet service
In June 2006 Allegiant Air began round trip non-stop flights to Las Vegas and this service continues at the present time.

On October 26, 2007, Allegiant Air began flights to Phoenix–Mesa and on July 1, 2010, to Long Beach; however, both routes were then discontinued.

On October 28, 2011, Allegiant Air began twice weekly MD-80 flights from Stockton to Palm Springs but then discontinued this service as well.

On November 18, 2012, Allegiant Air began flying twice weekly Boeing 757-200 nonstop flights from Stockton to Honolulu. This service has since been cancelled. The Boeing 757 was the largest aircraft ever to serve the airport with scheduled passenger flights.

Allegiant Air flies one or two flights on average per day to Las Vegas. Allegiant also offers twice weekly flights to Phoenix Sky-Harbor International Airport.

Allegiant had once offered non-stop service to Phoenix–Mesa with two weekly flights on Sundays and Thursdays, with San Diego on a seasonal basis, but has since discontinued both routes.

Load factors for Allegiant are reported to be about 90 percent for their flights from Stockton.

Cooperation agreement with Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
In August 2015, airport officials signed a statement with visiting counterparts from Chengdu Shuangliu Airport, promising "strategic cooperation" between the two airports. The agreement mentions the possibility of air services between the two airports, but no such services currently exist or are planned.

Cargo flights
In February 2016, Amazon.com began daily chartered air cargo flights into Stockton Metropolitan Airport as part of their Project Aerosmith, a project by Amazon.com to test the idea of starting their own air cargo operation. The flight is operated daily to Airborne Airpark by Air Transport International on behalf of Amazon, now known as Prime Air utilizing a Boeing 767-300 aircraft. The trial flights from Wilmington, OH were originally operated into Oakland International Airport at the start of Project Aerosmith, but soon after operations were shifted over to Stockton airport.

As of October 2, 2017, there were two daily flights operating from Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport with one continuing on to Ontario International Airport while the second returns to Cincinnati. These aircraft are both leased and operated by Atlas Air.

General aviation
Atlantic Aviation is the sole fixed-base operator for general aviation services at Stockton Airport. Atlantic provides both Jet-A and Avgas for the entire airport – including Amazon Air and Allegiant, as well as leased hangar space.

United Express
On August 16, 2019 United Express began service to LAX, where travelers were able to connect to other United destinations, as well as destinations served by other Star Alliance air carriers. There were two daily flights using a Bombardier CRJ-200 operated by SkyWest from SCK. This service was discontinued in early 2020 due to COVID-19.

Stockton Field Aviation Museum
Stockton Metropolitan Airport is home to the Stockton Field Aviation Museum, a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving Stockton's rich aviation history. The museum has a special emphasis on WWII aviation and the equipment that was used by the people who designed, built, maintained and flew the aircraft of our country's "Greatest Generation". The museum hosts an annual Bomber Camp fundraiser, which allows participants to fly in WWII bombers (B-17 and B-24) and drop concrete bombs from the air to a ground target.

Facilities
The airport covers 1,552 acres (628 ha) at an elevation of 33 feet (10 m). It has two asphalt runways: 11L/29R is 10,249 by 150 feet (3,124 x 46 m) and 11R/29L is 4,448 by 75 feet (1,356 x 23 m). It has one concrete helipad, H1, 70 by 70 feet (21 x 21 m).

The airport also has a 44,355 sq. ft. terminal building, capable of holding almost 400 passengers in its hold room, as well as up to five aircraft at a time once upgrades of the apron are complete. The airport is also seeking to add customs facilities to attract new international flights to Mexico.

In the year ending April 30, 2019, the airport had 82,714 aircraft operations, average 226 per day: 92% general aviation, 3% military, 2% air taxi, and 3% airline. 180 aircraft were then based at this airport: 120 single-engine, 20 military, 16 multi-engine, 20 jet, three helicopter, and one ultralight.

Ground transportation
The airport is located south of Downtown Stockton, between Interstate 5 and Highway 99. Motorists are instructed to take Arch Airport Road from either of those two freeways to South Airport Way, then head south to the intersection of South Airport Way and C.E. Dixon Street, and then turn east to the airport entrance at C.E. Dixon and Longe Streets.

Daytime parking is free while overnight parking is charged a fee. The airport is also served by Lyft and taxi companies.

, San Joaquin Regional Transit District buses do not directly serve the airport (the closest line, Express Route 44, only reaches Arch Airport Road from downtown).

title: Stockton Metropolitan Airport


text:
reusachtig

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) giant, huge, enormous in any sense, e.g. great, extremely good

title: reusachtig


text:
Bhola Yadav

Bhola Yadav (born 18 September 1962) is an Indian politician from Bihar. He was a member of 16th Vidhan Sabha of Bihar. He represented the Bahadurpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency) of Bihar and is a member of the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) political party. He won the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election from Bahadurpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency). He is also currently the National General Secretary of RJD. He is one of the closest aides of Indian politician Lalu Prasad Yadav. He is like a shadow to the ex-CM couple. He is one of the prominent politicians from the RJD family of Bihar political scenario.

Biography
Bhola Yadav was born in Kapchhahi village of Darbhanga district in Bihar. His father's name is Shri Ram Prakash Yadav and his mother's name is late Smt. Lakhpati Devi. He is a post-graduate in mathematics from Magadh University and was a guest teacher in a college in Fatuha, near Patna. He married Asha Yadav. They are parents to two daughters and one son.

Political tenure

 * 2014–2015 - Member, Bihar Legislative Council
 * 2015–2020 - Member, Bihar Legislative Assembly (Bahadurpur Constituency)

title: Bhola Yadav


text:
Talk:Brazilian Portuguese

Insert non-formahttp://en.wikiversity.org/skins-1.5/common/images/button_extlink.png External link (remember http:// prefihttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Button_references_alt.png Reference foothttp://en.wikiversity.org/skins-1.5/common/images/button_math.png Mathematical formula (LaTeX)erx)tted text here

Ser e estar
Eu sou doente / Eu estou doente. HolyZarkon 22:09, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Wikificação e correções
Há algumas partes que necessitam melhoria na escrita (wikificar) e há alguns dados muito vagos, pois para cada região é diferente. O Brasil é um país muito vasta, como iremos mostrar todos variações diferentes??

There is some parts that needs to be better wikified and there some informations too vague, given that each region acts differently. Brasil is a very large country, how will we show all the different variations for each region??

Zark 04:57, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Common yet very wrong
"Nowadays, it is instead a very common phenomenon that people in some regions of BRAZIL, misuse the pronoun TU with a conjugation without the "S" on the end of the verb that joins it. It is common but grammatically very wrong." I challenge the assertion that, when it comes to language, something can be both common and very wrong! If people are able to communicate and use it all the time, then it's right and part of the language. a.z. 03:39, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

 * That's of course just my opinion and it doesn't mean that you have to change your page! Claro que isso é só a minha opinião e não quer dizer que tu precise mudar a página! a.z. 03:43, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Touch ups
Whoever created this wiki, don't mind if I touch it up a bit. ;) I'm going to add lessons, material, and organize information already here. -Marcia Bonita

Olá!
Hi! Just thought I'd let you know I'm going to expand the lessons and add more of my own Frijoles333 (discuss • contribs) 16:01, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brazilian Portuguese


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/What is a Mesh?

The most fundamental step in the 3D development process is modeling, which entails creating 3D models of objects.

Blender supports many modeling techniques. "Mesh modeling" is the most basic and common modeling technique.

In this module, you'll learn the parts of a mesh, and you'll construct 2D meshes on paper and using Blender. You'll also learn how to create, select, and grab vertices in Vertex select mode.

Definitions
A is a collection of vertices, edges, and faces that describe the shape of a 3D object:
 * A is a single point.  (The plural of vertex is "vertices")
 * An is a straight line segment connecting two vertices.
 * A is a flat surface enclosed by edges.  (Some other applications call these "polygons")

An Exercise
To give you a feel for how the components of a mesh fit together, you'll now draw a 2D mesh on paper.

 * 1) Get a piece of paper and a pen or pencil.
 * 2) Draw three dots that are a couple centimeters (about an inch) apart from each other.
 * 3) * Each dot represents a vertex in the mesh.
 * 4) Connect two of the dots with a line segment.
 * 5) * The line segment represents an edge in the mesh.
 * 6) Draw two more edges so that all three vertices are connected.
 * 7) You've drawn a triangle; fill it in.
 * 8) * The area you filled in is a face.
 * 9) Now draw a fourth vertex (dot) on the paper.
 * 10) Connect the new vertex to two of the vertices you've drawn previously.
 * 11) You now have another triangle; fill it in to create the second face.

Could you imagine creating a mesh of faces in 3D space? That's what mesh modeling boils down to.

You can keep filling up the paper with more vertices, edges, and faces if you want. You may want to try and create something interesting (like a letter of the alphabet) with your triangles.

More about Meshes

Early versions of Blender supported faces only with three edges (triangles) or four edges (called ). However, faces with five or more edges (so-called ) are supported in Blender starting from version 2.63. Before Blender 2.63, for creating a new face you'd had to select 3 or 4 verts in order and then create the face, repeating the process for every new polygon needed. Version 2.63 and following versions with, you can create N-gons, regardless the number of verts.

Examine a 3D video game or CGI character for a while. Believe it or not, it is made up of little faces joined together. With modern technology, of course, there can be a lot of faces, so they may be tiny and hard-to-see. Surfaces that appear curved are composed of very many individual flat faces.

When you edit objects in Blender, you'll see every vertex and edge. However, vertices and edges are never rendered; only faces are rendered. The purpose of vertices is to provide 3D control points for faces.

Another Exercise
While it's possible to construct 3D meshes vertex-by-vertex, this is rarely done. However, doing it once the hard way will help you appreciate the powerful modeling tools built in by Blender. Along the way, you'll learn about Edit Mode and the grab tool, both of which you'll need in the next module.

First, summon the default cube:
 * 1) Launch Blender.
 * 2) If the NumLock indicator on your keyboard is unlit, press  so that numpad hotkeys will work properly.
 * 3) Load the factory settings using File → Load Factory Settings.

(If you're unsure what means, please review .)

Because you loaded the factory defaults, the 3D manipulator will be enabled. For mesh editing, it helps to turn the manipulator off:
 * 1) Make sure the 3D View window is active.
 * 2) Press  to toggle the manipulator on or off. You also could turn it on/off with the manipulator button on the 3D View header.

Because you just loaded the factory defaults, Blender should be in Object Mode with the default cube selected.

In order to modify the cube's mesh, you must put Blender into. (Edit Mode is a special mode for making changes to a single object.)

 * 1) Press  once to go into Edit Mode on the cube.

Edit Mode has three (sub-)modes for selecting vertices, edges, and faces. Because you just loaded the factory defaults, you should be in Vertex select mode. In Vertex select mode, vertices show up as yellow, black, or white dots when they're selected and as pink dots when they're not. Because you just loaded the factory defaults, all eight vertices of the cube should be selected.

In Blender 2.59/2.60 the vertex(ices) that are either unselected/selected are the following colors: Unselected will be black; Currently selected will be white; Already selected (other than the current selection) will be orange. Also note that these colors correspond to edge selections as well.

To clear the boards for your first model, delete all of the cube's vertices:
 * 1) Press
 * 2) A "Delete" menu will pop up.  Choose Vertices.

Now you can repeat the previous exercise using mouse and monitor instead of pen and paper.

 * 1) Create a vertex by clicking with.
 * 2) Create another vertex.  Blender will automatically join the two vertices with an edge.
 * 3) Create additional vertices (and edges) by clicking, but don't attempt to close a loop yet.

To create a face:
 * 1) Press  to deselect all vertices.
 * 2) Move the mouse to one of the vertices you want in the face.
 * 3) Click  (or ) to select the vertex.
 * 4) Move the mouse to another vertex you want in the face.
 * 5) Click  (or ) to add it to the selection.
 * 6) Continue adding vertices until you have three or four selected.
 * 7) Press  to create the face.

Create additional faces until all vertices belong to at least one face. Congratulations! You've just created your first 2D mesh in Blender.

You can reshape your mesh by moving vertices with the "grab tool".

To move one or more vertices:
 * 1) Select the vertices using  and.
 * 2) Drag in the viewport with  (or press ) to activate the grab tool.

The 3D View header will be replaced by numbers: "Dx: 0.0000 Dy: 0.0000 Dz: 0.0000 (0.0000)". You're now using the "grab tool" and can drag the vertex around using the mouse.

The grab tool disables most of the normal hotkeys, so it's important to know how to get out. You can exit the tool at any time using: or
 * or to confirm the changes
 * or to cancel the changes.

If you're up for a challenge, try making your mesh 3D:
 * 1) Change the viewpoint, perhaps to one of the perfect views.
 * 2) Add vertices and/or move the existing ones around in the new view plane.
 * 3) When you're done, rotate to a new viewpoint to examine your work.

Now that you know how to create and grab vertices, you're ready for a quick lesson in extrusion and merging.

title: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/What is a Mesh?


text:
Shafi, Iran

Shafi is a village in, and the capital of, Bahar Rural District of Abkuh District, Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran.

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,268 in 304 households, when it was in Dughayi Rural District of the Central District. The following census in 2011 counted 1,537 people in 439 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,343 people in 412 households.

In 2019, the rural district was separated from the district in the formation of Abkuh District, which was divided into two rural districts, including the new Bahar Rural District, to which Shari was transferred.

title: Shafi, Iran


text:
Cookbook:Moqueca de Peixe (Brazilian Seafood Stew)

| Brazilian Cuisine

This is a recipe for the original Bahian moqueca de peixe.

Ingredients

 * 1 kg fresh white fish, cut into two finger-wide strips/slices
 * 1 lemon, juiced
 * 2 mid-sized onions, cut into circular slices
 * 2 bell peppers (one red, one green), cut into circular slices
 * 1 clove of garlic, pressed
 * 4 ripe tomatoes, optionally skinned then chopped
 * 4 cilantro stems with leaves, finely chopped
 * 12 tablespoons Azeite de dendê (a very tasty, heavy, saffron-colored palm oil, which may not be omitted under any circumstances)
 * 200 ml coconut milk
 * Salt
 * Pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Leave the fish in a marinade made out of lemon juice and fine powdered pepper for at least 1 hour.
 * 2) Put the fish, onions, bell peppers, garlic, tomatoes and the cilantro in numerous layers into a pot.
 * 3) Pour the azeite de dendê and the coconut milk over all, and boil everything for 20 minutes. From time to time, ladle/scoop the liquid from the pot's bottom to its top. Be careful, in order to not break the fish!
 * 4) Season to taste with salt.
 * 5) Serve with white rice.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * To get the best taste you have to add more salt than you might think.
 * Try using coal fish.


text:
Dughayi Rural District

Dughayi Rural District is in Abkuh District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Almajeq.

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population (as a part of the Central District) was 13,180 in 3,297 households. There were 11,857 inhabitants in 3,445 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 11,704 in 3,688 households. The most populous of its 73 villages was Dughayi, with 1,128 people.

In 2019, the rural district was separated from the district in the formation of Abkuh District, which was divided into two rural districts, including the new Bahar Rural District.

title: Dughayi Rural District


text:
Big Shoals State Park

Big Shoals State Park in Hamilton County, Florida, is a Florida State Park. It is approximately 1 mi east of White Springs, off US 41. The park is situated on the Suwannee River and features limestone bluffs as well as the biggest whitewater rapids in all of Florida. The park also features more than 28 mi of hiking and nature trails, and freshwater fishing.

title: Big Shoals State Park


text:
Talk:Lena Headey

Pronunciation of Name
Her name is pronounced HEE-DEE (not HEAD-EE) but I have no idea how to use the pronunciation tool on the main page. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:55, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Birthyear and birthplace
Was Lena born in 1973 or 1976? And she was born in Bermuda, but in which city or region? Hotwine8 03:52, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Majority of fan sites actually seem to agree on 1973? Checked about 3-4 now, and it was 73 in all of them, one saying some sources claimed 1976. The most detailed site claimed birth in 1973 and moving out of Bermuda in 1976. I wonder if that could be a source for a mixup. -- Northgrove 21:10, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

By any chance, could you add a link to the article? For now, I will switch it back to 1973 (IMDB lists that date right now). I await your link. Hotwine8 18:56, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

She would most likely have been born at the King Edward VII Memorial Hospital in Paget. This is Bermuda's only hospital with a maternity ward. Also... IMDB states that her family moved to England when she was 5. Rennah7 04:04, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

She looks very much alike Lesley-Anne Down. Also both of them are British. Are they related?--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:38, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah right ... there are nearly 60 million people in the UK, and yet because of your opinion of a vague, passing resemblence you conclude they may be related. Well, as she has two legs and so did Mao Zedong, perhaps they are also related? But, given the Theory of Evolution and Out of Africa theory, we are all related .............  — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:11, 28 June 2013 (UTC)

Face
Added Face as it was missing from the list of her films.Statto74 15:45, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Risen
I'm not well versed in writing content, but Headey provided voice acting for the video game Risen. Just a note, if someone thinks this is worth including in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:30, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Tattoos
She has an unusually large number / area of tattoos, especially covering a substantial part of her back, as well as on her atms (and possibly elsewhere). They are very conspicuous in many photos of her. As this is such a distinctive and unusual aspect of her appearance it warrants a mention.
 * No, it is non-notable trivia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:01, 28 June 2013 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on Lena Headey
Cyberbot II has detected links on Lena Headey which have been added to the blacklist, either globally or locally. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed or are highly inappropriate for Wikipedia. The addition will be logged at one of these locations: local or global If you believe the specific link should be exempt from the blacklist, you may request that it is white-listed. Alternatively, you may request that the link is removed from or altered on the blacklist locally or globally. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. Please do not remove the tag until the issue is resolved. You may set the invisible parameter to "true" whilst requests to white-list are being processed. Should you require any help with this process, please ask at the help desk.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://watchersonthewall.com/headey-confirms-shes-expecting-martin-promises-surprising-deaths-season-5/
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:01, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 21:51, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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External links modified
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Correction to Lena Headey's nationality
"Bermudan" is incorrect. It should be "Bermudian."

Performance in Merlin
I was curious, but what does everyone think of adding her performance in the 1998 Merlin miniseries? She was definitely in it according to IMDB as Guinevere. Here is a link to the article in question: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0372176/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 TamakiSkyy (talk) 04:52, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:23, 24 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Lena Headey Primetime Emmy Awards 2014.jpg

title: Talk:Lena Headey