text:
Open Veins of Latin America

Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent (in Las venas abiertas de América Latina) is a book written by Uruguayan journalist, writer, and poet Eduardo Galeano, published in 1971, that consists of an analysis of the impact that European settlement, imperialism, and slavery have had in Latin America.

The book was published during the ideological divide caused by the Cold War, when most Latin American countries had brutal, right-wing dictatorships. Open Veins was banned in several countries and quickly became a reference for an entire generation of left-wing thinkers.

In the book, Galeano analyzes the history of the Americas as a whole, from the time period of the European settlement of the New World to contemporary Latin America, describing the effects of European and later United States economic exploitation and political dominance over the region. Throughout the book, Galeano analyses notions of colonialism, imperialism, and the dependency theory.

Open Veins illustrates Latin America's resistance literature of the twentieth century, characterized by opposition to imperialism and a heightened Pan-American sentiment. The book has sold over a million copies and been translated into over a dozen languages. It has been included in university courses "ranging from history and anthropology to economics and geography."

Background
Before gaining international recognition for Open Veins of Latin America, Galeano was a commentator on social and political issues, journalist, novelist, essayist, historian, and also a writer of children’s literature.

His work encompasses a wide array of literary genres, including journalism, political analysis, documentaries, fiction, and history. When questioned about the latter, Galeano stated that he does not identify as a historian. "I am a writer who would like to contribute to the rescue of the kidnapped memory of all America,” Galeano defended, “but especially of Latin America, a despised and endearing land."

Galeano wrote Open Veins of Latin America in the context of the 1970s, when right-wing, US-sponsored dictatorships were ruling in the majority of Latin American countries. At the time, Galeano was working in Uruguay as an independent journalist and editor, and in the publishing department of the University of the Republic. He said, "It took four years of researching and collecting the information I needed, and some 90 nights to write the book".

Historical context
The publication of Open Veins in 1971 arrived amid a fast process of militarization that had deep consequences in Latin America between the 1960s and 1970s. This period in Latin America’s history continues to influence the political, social, and economic transformations the region has experienced in the last five decades.

Such a process of militarization manifested in the shape of military coups, which were commonplace in the region during the 1960s. Although some Latin American countries, such as Argentina and Brazil, previously had complex histories of military dictatorships, this time period was characterized by regional integration and an expansive character of repression. Latin American dictatorships were aligned under the anti-Soviet, anti-communist National Security doctrine promoted by the United States during the Cold War.

The integration of Latin America’s military dictatorships occurred through international programs, such as Operation Condor, that sought to eradicate from the region all influences from the left, communism, and revolutionary utopianism. This integration led to widespread violence and repression, and a massive effort to “destroy, torture, and make disappear” the ideological left from Latin American politics.

Structure
Open Veins of Latin America has a foreword written by Chilean writer Isabel Allende, followed by a preface by Galeano titled “In Defense of the Word” and a series of acknowledgments. The book has an introduction titled “120 Million Children in the Eye of the Hurricane,” and it is then divided into three parts: “Part I: Mankind’s poverty as a consequence of the wealth of the land;” “Part II: Development is a voyage with more shipwrecks than navigators;” and “Part III: Seven Years After.”

Each of the first two parts has subcategories. Part I is divided into “Lust for Gold, Lust for Silver,” “King Sugar and Other Agricultural Monarchs,” and “The Invisible Sources of Power.” Part II is divided into “Tales of Premature Death” and “The Contemporary Structure of Plunder.” Lastly, Part III is considered to be the conclusion of the book, and it was written seven years later and annexed to future editions.

Summary
In the book, Galeano discusses topics such as the exploitation of natural resources, poverty in Latin America, and the “exportation” of wealth to Europe. He argues that the transfer of such wealth solidified capitalism and, consequently, the development of Europe and the United States.

The book also discusses the progress indigenous communities had achieved by the time the colonizers arrived and seeks to explain why the West, which Galeano refers to as the “North,” is developed whereas the Global South remains underdeveloped. Galeano also criticizes the corruption of the “creole oligarchy,” which refers to the political system in which the distribution of power is concentrated among a few people, often belonging to privileged families from the colonial period. Galeano claims that Latin America’s oligarchy is controlled by foreign powers and has contributed to perpetuating the exploitation of the region.

Open Veins begins with the time of European settlement of the Americas. Galeano narrates how the men of Spanish Conquistador Hernán Cortés destroyed the city of Tenochtitlan, capital of the Mexica Empire, and how Spanish Conquistador Francisco Pizarro, after receiving a ransom equivalent to two rooms filled with gold and silver to free Inca emperor Atahualpa, still decided to kill him. Galeano also discusses how the sugar cane brought by the Spaniards destroyed the ecological landscape of considerable areas of Brazil and the Caribbean. As a whole, Part I of the book focuses on Latin America’s natural resources and how their exploitation generated wealth for the Europeans while exacerbating poverty for Latin Americans. In this section Galeano also emphasizes the suffering European settlement meant for indigenous communities, who were dispossessed of their land, enslaved, and killed.

In Part II, Galeano explains the origin of Colombia’s lengthy armed conflict, driven by the wealth generated by land exploitation and coffee production, and how the ambitions of the American United Fruit Company ignited the Guatemalan Civil War. He also explains the history of violence in Mexico, beginning with the US’s occupation of half its territory in 1848. Throughout this part, Galeano continues to narrate tragic historical events encouraged by the United States and corporations that have led to war, poverty, and suffering. Galeano also explains how foreign companies had as an objective the weakening of Latin American states in order to get access to their resources. He criticizes capitalism and its institutions, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Lastly, in Part III, written 7 years later, Galeano summarizes the events that had taken place since the publication of the book. He argues that the events discussed in the second part of the book continue to happen and that the US continues to dominate the region. He concludes by stating that Latin America’s situation has continued to worsen.

Colonialism
Galeano discusses colonialism in terms of the negative consequences it had in Latin America. He argues that colonialism gave entry to violent capitalism, which, in turn, brought discrimination, exploitation of natural resources, and oppression.

Imperialism
Colonialism transforming into imperialistic exploitation is an important theme of the book: “It is Latin America, the region of open veins. From the discovery to the present day, everything has always been transmuted into European capital or, later, North American capital, and as such it has accumulated and accumulates in the distant centers of power.”

Dependency theory
The dependency theory is at the core of Open Veins, which argues that the underdeveloped status of the Global South is not a natural state but rather the result of the economic exploitation of such a region by the developed countries in the North.

Dependency theory opposes modernization theory, which proposes that differentiation, specialized institutions, and certain societal values are necessary for countries to develop. This theory assumes that the pattern of modernization that developed countries took was the correct one, encouraging developing countries to follow in the footsteps of the North. While the Modernization theory considers solely internal factors affecting society, the Dependency theory takes into account both internal factors and the role such a society plays in the global context.

Open Veins discusses dependency theory by arguing that Latin America, since colonial times, has been looted by Europe and then by the United States, which explains why Latin America remains underdeveloped. Galeano argued that Latin America was not an example of underdevelopment due to lack of modernization but rather a victim of Europe’s and the US’s exploitation. “We lost; others won. But it happens that those who won, won because we lost,” Galeano stated.

Latin American Resistance Literature
Latin America has a long history of expressing its culture of resistance through various means; for instance, during colonization, oral tradition allowed indigenous communities to share their dissent. Since the nineteenth century, this attitude of resistance found its expression through writers who were vocal opponents of imperialist forms of power.

In the twentieth century, this notion was coupled with an increased Pan-American sentiment and led to detailed literature analyzing Latin America’s resistance culture. A common theme among this body of work was the idea of a fragmented Latin American society as a consequence of oppression and violence. Open Veins exemplifies Latin America’s resistance literature of the twentieth century.

Reception
Shortly after the publication of Open Veins, the book quickly gained popularity throughout developed countries, but for its left-wing perspective the book was banned under the right-wing military governments of Brazil, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay.

The Library Journal review stated, "Well written and passionately stated, this is an intellectually honest and valuable study." Since its publication in the early 1970s, Open Veins has been taught extensively in American universities, including in geography, economics, history, and anthropology courses.

In 2014, at an event in Brazil honoring the author on the 43rd anniversary of the book's publication, Galeano expressed some regrets, saying "'Open Veins’ tried to be a book of political economy, but I didn’t yet have the necessary training or preparation...I wouldn’t be capable of reading this book again; I’d keel over. For me, this prose of the traditional left is extremely leaden, and my physique can’t tolerate it." Opponents interpreted this statement as a renunciation of the book and considered it proof of the book’s inaccuracy. Carlos Alberto Montaner, exiled Cuban writer, answered with a text called: “Galeano Corrects Himself and the Idiots Lose their Bible.” Galeano described these critics as "seriously ill with bad faith." In a 2014 interview with Jorge Majfud, Galeano stated, "The book, written ages ago, is still alive and kicking. I am simply honest enough to admit that at this point in my life the old writing style seems rather stodgy, and that it’s hard for me to recognize myself in it since I now prefer to be increasingly brief and untrammeled." Open Veins has been known as the “Idiot’s Bible” amongst some of its opponents and those defending free-market policies. Such a nickname stems from the publication of Guide to the Perfect Latin American Idiot, a 1996 bestseller written by authors Álvaro Vargas Llosa, Carlos Alberto Montaner, and Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza. The book has an entire chapter on the importance of Open Veins for the “Latin American idiot”. It reads:"“For the past quarter-century, the Latin American idiot has had the notable advantage of having at his disposal a kind of sacred text, a bible filled with all the nonsense that circulates in the cultural atmosphere that the Brazilians call the 'festive left.' Naturally, we refer to Open Veins of Latin America.'"

Cultural and political significance
In his analysis of the impact of Open Veins, Director of Georgetown University’s Center for Latin American Studies, Marc Chernik, stated that Eduardo Galeano’s worldview in the book has had transformational consequences for an entire generation of intellectuals, students, and politicians. One consequence was the rise of a new approach to marginalized communities, who were no longer perceived as “underdeveloped” regions but rather as areas that were striving to overcome the negative impact colonization and imperialism had in the subcontinent. This argument, later known as the Dependency theory, was presented by several authors but it was Galeano who shared the idea with the entire region.

Mexican author Elena Poniatowska, winner of the 2013 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, said in an interview with BBC that what Galeano did in Open Veins had never been done before. "He gathered thousands of the most forgotten voices of Latin America," Poniatowska stated. Similarly, Jorge Volpi, another Mexican author, argued that Open Veins is one of the most influential texts written in Latin America during the twentieth-century and that "it opened the eyes of many young writers and political activists regarding the exploitation of this [Latin America] part of the world."

Open Veins also was and continues to be part of the battle of ideas that initiated during the Cold War, by becoming a symbol of opposition to the intervention of the United States and other foreign powers in Latin American affairs.

In the foreword to the 1997 edition, Isabel Allende stated that "after the military coup of 1973 I could not take much with me: some clothes, family pictures, a small bag of dirt from my garden, and two books: an old edition of the Odes by Pablo Neruda and the book with the yellow cover, Las venas abiertas de América Latina". Allende claims that the 1973 Military Coup against her uncle and leftist Chilean president Salvador Allende that gave rise to the long dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet could have been predicted based on Open Veins. The book, she argues, was proof that "no safe islands" existed in Latin America and that the government of Salvador Allende was “doomed from the beginning.”

Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez gave United States President Barack Obama a Spanish copy of Open Veins of Latin America as a gift at the 5th Summit of the Americas in 2009, as an attempt to reinvigorate the argument of the book. As a result of this international exposure, the book's sales rose sharply—it was the 54,295th most popular book on Amazon.com before the event, but it became second a day later. In the opinion of El Espectador the core ideas of Open Veins have not been able to retake the central position they once had in Latin American discussions of political economy and development.

In the environmental context, some have argued that the continued exploitation of land for the benefit of a few demonstrates that the book remains relevant. This argument is based on the first part of the book, "Mankind’s poverty as a consequence of the wealth of the land."

Moreover, Galeano’s 2014 renunciation of the book did not diminish the role it played in creating awareness about the inequality between the Global North-Global South interactions; scholars have argued that Open Veins had a part in encouraging movements of integration in the South, including the formation of MERCOSUR.

Open Veins has also inspired numerous works of art and musical compositions. Among them: The Latin American Memorial in São Paulo, Brazil, an art assemblage by artist Oscar Niemeyer from which a large sculpture of a left hand bleeding, representing the “open veins of Latin America,” stands out; and the song Las venas abiertas de América Latina by composer Caio Facó, which touches upon the thematics of colonization in the cultural sphere.

title: Open Veins of Latin America


text:
User:Dogears/text4

Subject's popular name (birthdate – death) can be a lead-in to the subject's real, formal, or extended name. Describe the subject's nationality and profession(s) in which the subject is most notable. Provide a description of the subject's major contributions in the immediately relevant field(s) of notable expertise.

Biography
Ensure that the following sections are organized by year. For instance, the section Marriage and children might be presented before or after the Expanded descriptions, and vice versa.

Early life
Explain the subject's early life historically using a journalistic style.

Marriage and children
If the subject married and produced offspring, describe the marriage and list the immediate offspring.

 * Subject's Son (birthdate – death) If notable, provide a brief single-line description.
 * Subject's Daughter (birthdate – death) If notable, provide a brief single-line description.

Expanded description
If an event that occurred in the life of the subject requires further explanation, elaborate.

Expanded description
If an event that occurred in the life of the subject requires further explanation, elaborate.

Death and afterward
[If applicable] Legacy If any, describe. See Charles Darwin for example.

Philosophical and/or political views
If any, describe.

Works
If any, list the works organized by date of publication. See Charles Darwin for example.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Dogears/text4


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in Montgomery, Alabama

The result was delete. After extended time for discussion, I find that there is consensus to delete this list as failing WP:LISTN. In theory, of course, editors with an interest in doing so could create a list of the tallest buildings in every state, county, city, town, village, and neighborhood. While this seems natural for cities known for the height of their buildings like Chicago, and New York, at some point, there must be a cutoff. The consensus here represents a definition that the city for this list is below that cutoff. BD2412 T 00:30, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

List of tallest buildings in Montgomery, Alabama

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

As with many other "tallest buildings in X" articles, I can find no indication that Montgomery has notably tall buildings, or that it is so unusual that it warrants having such a list regardless. The buildings themselves are not notable either - only one still has a link, and the others that had articles were recently deleted on notability grounds. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 17:38, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Architecture-related deletion discussions. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 17:38, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 17:38, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Alabama-related deletion discussions. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 17:38, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the Article Rescue Squadron's list of content for rescue consideration. Lightburst (talk) 03:54, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 02:43, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete - zero evidence of any notability Spiderone  10:53, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Satifies SALAT, Wikipedia:LISTPURP, Wikipedia:CSC, LISTCRITERIA and LISTN (also Other stuff exists establishes precedent). Djflem (talk) 17:34, 18 August 2020 (UTC) Djflem (talk) 19:22, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * How does a list with only one notable entry satisfy those criteria? Spiderone  07:06, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "Other stuff exists establishes precedent"? Anyone who's been contributing as long as you have has got to know what a ridiculous argument that is to make at AfD. But since we're talking precedents, allow me to refer you to the precedent set over the past year for such "other stuff":Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in Sandy Springs, Georgia, Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in Peoria, Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in Aurora, Colorado, Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in Ludhiana, Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in Gary, Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in Aylesbury, and Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in Metairie, all of which closed as delete except the last, which closed as redirect since it was unsourced. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 07:47, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

As someone who's been around awhile, I've read the opening paragraph of Other stuff exists, which states:

''In Wikipedia discussions, editors point to similarities across the project as reasons to keep, delete, or create a particular type of content, article or policy. These "other stuff exists" arguments can be valid or invalid... When used correctly, these comparisons are important as the encyclopedia should be consistent in the content that it provides or excludes...Trouble arises when legitimate comparisons are disregarded without thought or consideration of the Wikipedia:Five pillars...As this essay tries to stimulate people to use sound arguments related to existing notability policies and guidelines in deletion discussions, and also to consider otherwise valid matters of precedent and consistency, it is important to realize that countering the keep or delete arguments of other people, or dismissing them outright, by simply referring them to this essay by name, and nothing else, is not encouraged...''

Interesting how you've used my mentioning the essay as an attempt to validate your argument. Is one to suppose that by doing so you don't actually consider it so ridiculous at all? One can note that that the reference to the essay is parenthetical & not the basis of the rationale, and that in the reply other points provided have been conveniently ignored.Djflem (talk) 13:05, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It seemed redundant to call out your other points when Spiderone had already done so; no need to repeat myself. It's ironic that you quote a paragraph that reads "it is important to realize that countering the keep or delete arguments of other people, or dismissing them outright, by simply referring them to this essay by name, and nothing else, is not encouraged...", considering that's exactly what you did in your initial keep vote. Also, you're bitching about me supposedly conveniently ignoring things, but I notice you opted not to mention the large precedent for deletion that made up the remainder of my comment...there's a phrase for that sort of thing, if I recall correctly. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 13:26, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Wrong. I did not counter the keep or delete arguments of other people, or dismissing them outright, by simply referring them to this essay by name in my initial keep vote; I parenthetically referred to it. I will strike that since it appears to be a distraction and allow what I clearly stated (and cited): satifies SALAT, Wikipedia:LISTPURP, Wikipedia:CSC, LISTCRITERIA and LISTN" to stand on its own and give you to the opportunity address it, which you have not yet done. Djflem (talk) 19:21, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * So again, you have no comment to make on the precedent that within the last year or so, these types of lists have generally been deleted after being challenged at AfD. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 18:04, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 * SALAT: This list fulfills objective as it is limited in size and topic and is not trivial and is encyclopedic and related to human knowledge
 * Wikipedia:LISTPURP #1: This list fulfills requirement because the list structured around a theme and is annotated.
 * Wikipedia:CSC: This list fulfills this criteria explicitly because most or all of the listed items do not warrant independent articles. The lack of a parent article in which it can be embedded does not exist and there no need or requirement for it to exist in order for the list to exist.
 * LISTCRITERIA: This list fits this criteria because listed items fit its narrow scope and are topically relevant making it encyclopedic, comprehensive (and possibly) complete.
 * LISTOUTCOMES: This list is in accordance with consensus of outcomes because it is limited in scope, based upon concrete criteria for inclusion, has verifiable content, and has a logical reason for its construction. Djflem (talk) 13:12, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Please demonstrate how a list of the heights of not-notably-tall, not-otherwise-notable buildings is not trivial. You could apply your non-argument above to any arbitrary list of statistics, no matter how frivolous. Assuming I had the information from the local property registry, I could write a list of the widest buildings on main street in my hometown and you would accept that as useful encyclopedic content. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 13:26, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If you have the information and can verify it, I suppose you are more than welcome to make your theoretical list and see how consensus develops around keeping/deleting it, but until such time, please keep your points relevant & based in Policies and guidelines, because the above "suppose I" is actually the non-argument. Please also refrain from telling me what I would accept, 1)because you don't and 2) because it's rude.Djflem (talk) 14:28, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * So you can't demonstrate that the present list of non-notable buildings is not simple trivia, got it. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 18:03, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * As a contributor you are welcome to your opinion/claim/assertion and are welcome to demonstrate it. As an administrator, got anything based in policy or guidelines? Djflem (talk) 06:05, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * WP:NOTSTATS, for one, and WP:SALAT, since you brought it up. In what way is a list of the heights of mostly non-notable, not-notably-tall buildings not simply a trivial pile of meaningless statistics? ♠PMC♠ (talk) 14:10, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You are welcome to the opinion about what you consider trivial and to ignore the other information provided in list if you so chose.Djflem (talk) 14:45, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Wait, sorry, so now we're supposed to judge the utility of the list whose topic is "tallest buildings in Montgomery, Alabama" based on...the other information in the article? Can the goalposts stay in one place, please? ♠PMC♠ (talk) 18:28, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No changing goalposts, list format has stayed the same, though vastly improved. And yes, now would be a good time to start to see all the information provided in it (other than the heights of the building), if you haven't already.Djflem (talk) 21:26, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  Sandstein   19:46, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep This is a well sourced article which passesWP:V and WP:LISTN. When we have RS we keep the article/list. Montgomery is the capital of Alabama and the 2nd largest city in Alabama. Notable buildings. To delete the list would be a disservice to our readers. Lightburst (talk) 23:49, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * References can be factually accurate without indicating notability. A suite of references that confirms the height of individual buildings does not confirm the notability of the overall topic of the list. If there were articles discussing the height of buildings in Montgomery, Alabama, as some kind of outlier, then that would indicate the notability of the topic. But that's not what has been inserted into the article, and I hope the closer takes that into account. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 03:46, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * KEEP Sometimes articles like this are kept, sometimes deleted. Some have links to articles about them, some just have references about them.  They are notable enough that their height is mentioned, that a key aspect to any building.    D r e a m Focus  01:09, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I hope the closer takes note that this comment is pure sophistry, and fails to actually make a policy-based argument. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 03:42, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Blue links prove a list article is useful for navigation. There are also references proving this subject is discussed so its a valid list article for that reason as well.   D r e a m Focus  03:48, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No, there are references that verify some of the facts in the article, but there are no references that discuss the topic of the height of buildings in Montgomery as a general concept. That's not the same thing. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 04:28, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Also, the argument about bluelinks is somewhat misleading. The majority of the bluelinks in the list are to companies or institutions which own the buildings, not to the buildings themselves, which again are generally not individually notable. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 14:10, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom -- I'm not sure this was explicitly stated anywhere above, but this starts to get into WP:NOTDIR #6 (Non-encyclopedic cross-categorizations). We already have List of tallest buildings in Alabama, but even that's pushing it (the top entry there doesn't even crack the top 100 nationwide).  Further narrowing by city in a state of mostly unremarkably tall buildings doesn't make sense. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 01:26, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Deacon Vorbis you should !vote on a few more AfDs so it does not look like you are following the ARS after a contentious ANI. Lightburst (talk) 02:12, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The irony of this comment is incredible, considering the bloc voting committed by the ARS constantly (as in this very AfD). ♠PMC♠ (talk) 03:42, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hey PMC, I forgot to place the notice for ARS so I just did now. And I have nothing against your nomination of the list. From time to time these lists get nominated. I feel like the list is notable and others do not. Lightburst (talk) 03:54, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No bloc voting has ever occurred, many have checked thoroughly and were never able to find any such thing. I check the list articles and commented in plenty of those opened right now, and have done this for years.  Others show up at lists from that as well. So far I'm the only person that voted after Lightburst to KEEP.   D r e a m Focus  03:50, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ^^^That is true... Dream Focus follows all of the lists at AfDs and so do I. Just checked August 17-23rd Dream Focus !voted on 11 list AfDs. Contrast that with DV who !voted on 3 AfDs since August 8th and two of the AfDs were articles nominated by ARS. Lightburst (talk) 04:14, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , I don't know why you'd claim that you just placed the ARS notice, considering you placed it before you even commented at this AfD. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 04:20, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

just moments ago - I had forgot. Lightburst (talk) 04:24, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Ah, when you said placing the ARS notice I thought you meant listing the article on the ARS page. Fair enough. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 04:28, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, I have been on vacation for a while. But I will get it together. Lightburst (talk) 04:30, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * As clearly stated in Notability: There is no present consensus for how to assess the notability of more complex and cross-categorization lists (such as "Lists of X of Y") or what other criteria may justify the notability of stand-alone lists...Lists that fulfill recognized informational, navigation, or development purposes often are kept regardless of any demonstrated notability.... Please refer to Category:Lists of buildings and structures.Djflem (talk) 05:44, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * But the pile of other deleted lists of tallest buildings in minor city X would seem to indicate that these don't fulfill any such purpose. I think anyone would agree that making lists of the tallest buildings per street in Montgomery, Alabama would be inappropriate per things like WP:IINFO and WP:NOTDIR (mentioned already), no matter how well-sourced.  So the line is there somewhere.  I'm arguing that  list is on the wrong side of it.  I'm basing that, as I said, on the fact that there's already a list for buildings in Alabama, which is already not very remarkable. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 12:41, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I would suggest that your citation of IINFO is in itself indiscriminate since this list is not any of the things mentioned there, but rather as detailed above fulfills: SALAT, Wikipedia:LISTPURP, Wikipedia:CSC, LISTCRITERIA and LISTN. (And since Other stuff exists is again mentioned, I refer you, to Category:Lists of buildings and structures, which is replete with "Lists of X of Y" of many cities of many sizes and and to the other pile: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in Tirana (merge), Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in Columbia, Missouri (keep), Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in Fort Lee (merge), Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in New Brunswick, New Jersey (redirect),Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of buildings and structures in Metro Moncton (keep) & Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of tallest buildings in Metairie (redirect), which clarifies that some articles are kept, some deleted, and some are find Alternatives to deletion). I would likely agree about the per street thing you're talking about, but that ain't this article. Djflem (talk) 16:23, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * HEY applies here: August 15 <> August 24 Djflem (talk) 08:06, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It would if any of the sources cited were actual in-depth reliable sources about the topic as a whole, but all that was added was fact verification about individual non-notable buildings, so that's hardly a HEYMANN. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 14:10, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The Heymann Standard... "is invoked during deletion discussions to point out that an article has been significantly improved since it was nominated for deletion...", as this one has.Djflem (talk) 16:39, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep for reasons cited by User:Djflem 7&6=thirteen (☎) 11:02, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete Although the individual entries are sourced, the topic as a whole fails GNG as it has not received RS coverage. –dlthewave ☎ 12:50, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment One other thing I neglected to mention is that this list also runs afoul of WP:OR. Unless there's a comprehensive list that this is being pulled from, there's no way to verify that there are no buildings shorter than entry #11 but taller than entry #12, for example.  I guess we could call this "List of buildings in Montgomery by height", but again, that just tends to highlight the cross-categorization issue I mentioned earlier. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 13:10, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I noticed this issue as well and removed the Rankings column. It's now being discussed on the talk page. –dlthewave ☎ 15:04, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete - Absent sources treating these as a group sufficient to meet NLIST, there's no difference between this page and any other individually sourced cross-categorization (how about "list of buildings in Walla Walla built between 1900-1920 and home to a coffee shop after 1995" or "list of buildings in Santa Fe listed chronologically according to movies they've been seen in"). That there are other similar articles only means that: that there are other similar articles. It doesn't mean this one is notable. The only argument I can see that bypasses notability would be that a list of building heights falls into Wikipedia's role as a gazetteer, making it a standard list for any place rather than letting the sourcing tell us which places we should have them for, but realistically there's no way there would be consensus for that interpretation. —  Rhododendrites  talk \\ 15:00, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * https://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings/city/102202/montgomery-al-usa and other places that list buildings in an area, always have a list of the tallest buildings in that city. Emporis is a reliable source, and "is frequently cited by various media sources as an authority on building data".  Whenever a new building is announced to be built, if its going to be the tallest in the city, or anywhere near that, the news media gives mention to that notable fact.   Official government websites listed information such as the The Bell Building "was the city’s tallest structure when it was built in 1910" .   D r e a m Focus  17:01, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You're adding to my point. (a) Official government websites ... used to verify individual entries, and (b) a database. We're not looking for V, we're looking for N. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 17:43, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It shows its a notable part of their city's history, those responsible for entering in information mentioning that important fact. And newspapers of the day surely listed it also.    D r e a m Focus  17:49, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Notability is determined by coverage in independent sources. Important to the city is not necessarily important to Wikipedia. Besides, what's in question isn't what to include in the city's article but whether this particular grouping is notable enough for a stand-alone article. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 18:03, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Absent community consensus, editors seek guidance from the guidelines specific to lists outlined above, which you have not addressed. LISTN explicitly states: There is no present consensus for how to assess the notability of more complex and cross-categorization lists (such as "Lists of X of Y") or what other criteria may justify the notability of stand-alone lists...Lists that fulfill recognized informational, navigation, or development purposes often are kept regardless of any demonstrated notability.) While editors are urged to demonstrate list notability via the grouping itself before creating stand-alone lists, it is not a requirement, but simply "one accepted reason" why "List of Xs" are allowed. (not, please note, the specifically mentioned "Lists of X of Y"). Given the lack of consensus about any requirement editors can also take guidance from practice on Wikipedia, where such lists are standard.Djflem (talk) 18:26, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If prior practice is important, then we should consider the many "list of tallest buildings in X" AfDs which closed as delete that I linked above. I think that gives a clear indication of the community's thinking on the utility of such lists. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 18:42, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * And also the consider the many "list of tallest buildings in X" AfDs which didn't close as delete that I linked above.Djflem (talk) 19:10, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Those list were all different circumstances and reasoning. And some other deletion discussions for list of tallest buildings ended in KEEP.   D r e a m Focus  19:00, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You are indeed highlighting a problem with the wording of the guidelines. The answer is not, however, to have arbitrary debates about what's "informational" or to say that because we have particular lists for some cities, it must therefore be relevant to all cities (or just this one) absent source-based reasoning. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 19:15, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Actually I'm highlighting the fact that Policies and guidelines specific to lists clearly state that notability as group are not required for lists of this type and that its source-based reasoning conforms to LISTOUTCOMES in that limited in scope, based upon concrete criteria for inclusion, has verifiable content, and has a logical reason for its construction. Djflem (talk) 21:00, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep. Being the tallest building in an area, city, county, state, region, country, continent, etc., is one of the oldest brags of known to humankind. In ye olden days churches in nearby townships vied to see which could build a house of god nearest to the heavens. This interest shows zero interest in declining. Instead worldwide there is competition to build to world’s tallest building, and many varieties of the claim.So then we have this list. My impression is that this is more of an issue of listcreep on Wikipedia as we also have a list of tallest buildings in the state, so at the least all these entries should be merged there. I think it’s a better reader experience to have this be its own list, and similar lists by city should likely also exist. Gleeanon409 (talk) 04:36, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia does not retain content based on something being brag-worthy. We retain content based on sources discussing a topic. Additionally, when you say similar lists by city should also exist, you ignore the strong consensus that has developed to the contrary since 2019. (See the list of similar AfDs that closed as delete which I linked above). ♠PMC♠ (talk) 04:40, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Many of those AfD’s were poorly attended, and almost any day at AfD you can get a different outcome. BTW, presently 125 cities have these lists.

Gleeanon409 (talk) 04:48, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The state of Wyoming has 19 cities. The tallest building in the state is all of 12 stories tall. Going to make for some exciting bragging to lay out the various shopping malls, hospitals, and Walmarts on those lists. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 04:54, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * WP:Sarcasm is helpful. Gleeanon409 (talk) 05:04, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Guilty, yes. But I don't think my reductio is quite ad absurdum. The point is we need a reason to have such a list beyond just being able to verify the data. I imagine we meet that bar with some small cities with small buildings. For any of the bigger cities in the country (or major cities around the world) it's pretty easy to find these groupings. That makes sense as a way to satisfy notability here (treatment as a group). — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 05:17, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I’ve already given that reasoning, and note we have 125 of these lists for American cities already. Gleeanon409 (talk) 05:21, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep per Djflem's reasoning, and the increased number of notable buildings on the list with their own articles since the nomination. Dralwik|Have a Chat 19:25, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete While some of the buildings are listed on the NRHP, they are listed for other reasons then their height. This list is not really discussed as a group except in sources that are designed to list random statistics. Yes it's true that the tallest building is noted because it's tall, but the fifth tallest doesn't matter to anybody. WP:OSE is not a convincing argument here. Best, Eddie891 Talk Work 12:34, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * There is absolutely no requirement that these list have notability by group, so actually that is not a policy based argument either: Wikipedia:LISTN explicitly states: "There is no present consensus for how to assess the notability of more complex and cross-categorization lists (such as "Lists of X of Y") or what other criteria may justify the notability of stand-alone lists...Lists that fulfill recognized informational, navigation, or development purposes often are kept regardless of any demonstrated notability.)" While editors are urged to demonstrate list notability via the grouping itself before creating stand-alone lists, it is not a requirement, but simply "one accepted reason" why "List of Xs" are allowed. (not, please note, the specifically mentioned "Lists of X of Y", such as this). IDONTLIKEIT (sorry you don't like the 5th building) and JUSTNOTNOTABLE are not valid arguments either. (And by the way The 1907-10 Bell Building is architecturally significant as Alabama's finest example of a Sullivanesque skyscraper based on the 1890-1891 Wainwright Building and is locally significant as the finest of the remaining early steel-framed buildings in Montgomery. At the time of its construction, it was one of the two largest buildings in the state, the other building the First National Bank Building located a few blocks away..., now the 5th building on the list.) Djflem (talk) 14:43, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * So yes, I made an over-generalization. I just don't see the coverage of the topic to merit a list. You're absolutely correct that there isn't a present consensus for how to assess the notability of these lists and that they are sometimes kept at AFD, which means that your argument has just as many flaws as mine, except that I don't think LISTN is met and you continue to expound upon perceived flaws in my argument and substantiating the notability of individual buildings while not establishing that the heights have been discussed as groups by many sources. WP:LISTPURP is not met because that guideline focuses on "Lists which contain internally linked terms (i.e., wikilinks) serve, in aggregate, as natural tables of contents and indexes of Wikipedia." yet none of these buildings are notable for the sole fact that they are tall. Not a single one (as far as I can tell). Mine and Rhododentrite's arguments overlap heavily. I'd rather avoid restating the same thing over and over, so will stop here (for now). Best, Eddie891 Talk Work 15:45, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * My argument is not flawed. There is no requirement to establish that the heights have been discussed as groups by many sources. Thought that was clear. You're welcome to the opinion about meeting LISTN, but your wish/request for such sources is not supported by or policy/guideline or validated by community consensus. This list would certainly satisfy the one aspect of WP:LISTPURP:Navigation you choose to highlight: if one were looking for information about the tallest buildings in Montgomery, Alabama one would find it. And yes, these buildings, like ALL buildings, have many characteristics, one of which is their height. NONE anywhere is notable for that sole fact. Djflem (talk) 17:57, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Yet again, you are misconstruing the fact that some of these type articles have been kept at AFD as policy saying that they don't need to meet LISTN. That part of the guideline is literally prefaced with "There is no present consensus", so if my opinion is not supported or validated, yours isn't either. As PMC lists above, there is in fact some amount of precedence for deleting these-types of articles. the 'Navigation' part of LISTPURP mostly refers to existing articles, yet only four of these fourteen articles have wikilinks, meaning it isn't particularly useful for navigation, particularly given that their ranking in the heights is not defining in their notability. All four of those buildings are listed at National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montgomery_County,_Alabama, which is their defining claim to notability. While this discussion has been quite constructive, I feel we're now going back and forth, largely restating the same points, and it's time to agree to disagree. I most likely won't be convinced by your points, and it's clear you won't be by mine. Maybe a 'merge' to Montgomery, Alabama could be a compromise? Anyways, I don't plan to comment here again, so best wishes, Eddie891 Talk Work 00:17, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

What is misconstrued here is you your "what your saying" comment, so please be careful about that because you got it wrong. Just pointing out that the "by group source" request is invalid criteria, and THAT and that is supported by LISTN. Regarding your OSE argument, there is as much precedence for alternatives to deletion, which is the preferred policy. All article of this type for US cities are constructed with a combination of 'blue-linked' and 'non-blue-linked" buildings (some of which are NRHP). That is the standard so that these lists are complete and accurate, which is crucial keeping the encyclopedia correct. All the buildings on this list fulfill the criteria of being among the tallest buildings in the Montgomery, Alabama and therefore have a place on it, satisfying LISTCRITERIA. Your imposition of an additional notability criteria for individual entries is misplaced, not applied to other lists of this type, and not at supported by any policy or guideline for lists. Djflem (talk) 06:14, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete: Fails WP:LISTN. I don't think there is a standard for what would be considered "tall" but don't see how a building under 20 stories would be considered notably tall. <span style="font-family:Courier New, Courier, monospace;">  // Timothy ::  talk  04:43, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Sounds a bit like IDONTLIKEIT and JUSTNOTNOTABLE, care to explain how it fails WP:LISTN? Djflem (talk) 06:18, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Other people have already done so; and at this point in a discussion, it's reasonable to assume that a !vote citing an earlier conclusion reached by several people finds those arguments more compelling. You're well into WP:BLUDGEON territory here.  Please stop. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 13:28, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Have they? If you would like to summarize what you think that explanation & conclusion are, by all means please do so. That would be helpful (unlike your accusation). I would suggest that simply tagging a link to a policy by new contributor at his point in this long discussion, especially the one cited, without reasoning as how's it's being applied does nothing to advance it. It is reasonable to ask for an explanation. I don't find your assumption reasonable, and think it better to let people speak for themselves.Djflem (talk) 14:38, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete. No coverage as a topic, therefore not notable. The buildings and their height are unremarkable, see WP:MILL. Random cross-categorization violating WP:NOTDIR.  Sandstein   08:18, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Topic coverage does not determine notability for lists of this type.
 * Remarkable is completely subjective IDONTLIKEIT (Also, the essay Run-of-the-mill, isn't really applicable - if essays were applicable if AFD discussions - and would be better applied to other cites like Hong Kong or Miami were tall buildings are run-of-the-mill, but to not Montgomery, where they are far less common.)
 * WP:NOTDIR not applicable. NOT random. This is NOT a category, it is a list article. Djflem (talk) 16:47, 5 September 2020 (UTC)


text:
Public health strategies for HIV

Safe sex remains the primary method of preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Test and treat (in addition to safe sex) has also been proposed as a method for stemming the spread of HIV/AIDS.

Online resources

 * United Kingdom HIV - highly centered on UK issues
 * Canada- Global component
 * WHO Tuberculosis
 * UNAIDS
 * USAID - HIV/AIDS main page
 * USA State Department - page on Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
 * Gates Foundation - HIV/AIDS main page
 * "The Global HIV/AIDS pandemic, 2006" by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2006) Volume 55, pages 841-844. Full text online via:
 * "Health Development versus Medical Relief: The Illusion versus the Irrelevance of Sustainability" by Gorik Ooms in PLoS Med. (2006) Online publication: e345.
 * AIDSPortal - knowledge sharing network

title: Public health strategies for HIV


text:
User:Joelandry80

joelandry80 is a Software Engineering DJ. He is 16 years old and lives in Boston, Massachusetts. His DJ Company is DJ Primetime Inc Our Website. He has been in the Music industry for a little over 6 months.

title: User:Joelandry80


text:
Nowabad, Razavi Khorasan

Nowabad (, also Romanized as Nowābād; also known as Naubād) is a village in Ghazali Rural District, Miyan Jolgeh District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 403, in 99 families.

title: Nowabad, Razavi Khorasan


text:
Talk:Dave Bush

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Dave Bush. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111003152640/http://rangersblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2011/07/rangers-activate-hunter-design.html to http://rangersblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2011/07/rangers-activate-hunter-design.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232907/http://www.fantasysp.com/player/mlb/Dave_Bush/2785651/dave-bush-sent-to-triple-a to http://www.fantasysp.com/player/mlb/Dave_Bush/2785651/dave-bush-sent-to-triple-a

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:45, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Bush


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KickBar

The result was speedy delete. Speedy deleted by Explicit, CSD G4: Recreation of a page that was deleted per a deletion discussion. Malcolmxl5 (talk) 13:02, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

KickBar

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

A new product brand with no indication of notability (or even significance). bonadea contributions talk 09:12, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions. – Joe (talk) 09:21, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sports-related deletion discussions. – Joe (talk) 09:21, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Canada-related deletion discussions. – Joe (talk) 09:21, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete - had a go at rescuing this but it doesn't seem possible - hardly any reliable source coverage. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  10:46, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete - Not a notable product. No independent reliable sources cited and I have been unable to find any substantial coverage. Fails WP:NCORP and WP:GNG. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 13:09, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete – heavy use of primary sources in its history and a Google Search doesn't produce their product as the first 10 results. jd22292 (Jalen D. Folf) (talk) 00:58, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as recreation of previously AfDed material. An article on this subject has been deleted earlier this month as Kick Natural Energy Bar. See Articles for deletion/Kick Natural Energy Bar. I've requested a speedy deletion under G4; let's see if it takes. K.e.coffman (talk) 05:36, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Ah, I'd missed the previous discussion - careless of me. Thanks, K.e. It is (or will soon be) a G5 candidate as well, per Sockpuppet investigations/Jasperna. --bonadea contributions talk 06:51, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KickBar


text:
Euphonium/Jechasteen/Lesson 1

Embouchure
The single most important factor in beginning to play the Euphonium (hereafter referred to as Euph) without frustration is to get a well-formed embouchure in place. The embouchure, or placement and useage of the lips, is where most of the action in playing takes place. Without a properly formed embouchure, all else fails. Find a mirror so that you can see exactly what your face looks like in place on the mouthpiece. This will help you to see problems with your embouchure.

The first step in forming the embouchure is to mouth the letter M, with the lips sealed and the jaw/teeth slightly opened and separated. Next, go through the motion that you would you would use in spitting a very small seed off the very tip of your tongue. Now hold the lips in that position. The result should looks somewhat like this:

TODO: Picture example of proper embouchure.

Now, with that placement of the lips, use the the air in your lungs (more on this in a minute) to create a buzzing noise through your lips. This a part that more or less can not be put into words, so you should go through a process of experimentation until you can create a constant pitch with only you lips. Next, try to make a "siren" sound using only your lips.

Todo: Audio sample sans mouthpiece

The obvious next step would be to add the mouthpiece to the equation. Pick up your mouthpiece of choice using your non-dominant hand (the hand you do not write with) and place it over the center of your lips, like so:

TODO: Picture example of proper mouthpiece placement.

Personal opinions abound about the proper placement of the mouthpiece in relation to your lips. Some say that the mouthpiece should be 1/3 on the top and 2/3 on the bottom, while others prefer the mouthpiece to be completely centered on the lips. Once again, I say that this comes down to personal preference and what works best for you. Each person's mouth and teeth are constructed in differing ways, so the placement of the mouthpiece will differ from person to person. The best way to find what is best for you is to experiment with the placement until you find a place on your lips that both feels comfortable and creates the best sound.

Now, with the mouthpiece to your your lips, form your embouchure in the same way as before and create the same buzzing sound. The technique for creating sound with and without mouthpiece is slightly different, so you will need to experiment in order to find the ideal way to create a good sound.

Todo: Audio sample with mouthpiece

Creating sound with the mouthpiece to your lips is a different experience than with lips alone. In order to get a good sound out of your mouthpiece, you should experiment within the constrains listed above in order to find what works for you. Just remember:
 * Keep the corners (outsides) of your lips firm. The only part of the lips which you use are contained within the rim of the mouthpiece.
 * Use the muscles of your lower body to move the air. Keep your throat out of the way, so that the air can move freely.
 * Do what feels right for you, as long as it follows the previous constraints.
 * Think open. Keep your oral cavity as open as possible.  Imagine you are fogging a mirror, then form the embouchure with that same oral space.

Breath
As important as the correct embouchure in creating a good sound in your first playing sessions is the correct breath support. Your air support and embouchure work in tandem and as a team to create tone.

Before you even begin to play on the instrument, you should practice taking full, deep breaths. When you breathe in, think about filling up your entire abdomen with air, not just your lungs. Feel your chest, stomach, and lower back expand as you breathe in. When you reach your capacity, breathe out slowly, with your lips shaped as though you are blowing a candle. Keys to good breath:
 * Normal, shallow breaths won't cut it for a wind instrument. They take a lot of air.
 * Think of filling your entire abdomen with air. Imagine your lungs filling from top to bottom, with the bottom being at your pelvis.
 * Keep the throat out of the way.

Buzzing
The purpose of these exercises is to get the embouchure working on the mouthpiece even before you connect it to the horn. Make sure that you use correct breath support. I would recommend using a piano (or other pitch source) to make sure you have the correct pitch. Long tones:
 * Match the each pitch with your pitch source for as long as your breath will support.
 * Chromatically from Low C up to Middle C

Sirens:
 * Glissando from C (below middle C) up to F, slowly. Next, quickly.
 * From C to C, slowly and quicly.

Breathing exercises
As you do these exercise, make sure that you keep the motion of air in and out as constant and consistent as possible. Do each of these several times in a row before moving on to another.

 * Breathe in for 8 counts, breathe out for 8 counts
 * In for 4 counts, out for 8 counts
 * In for 2 counts, out for 8 counts
 * In for 1 count, out for 8 counts

 * In for 8 counts, out for 4 counts
 * In for 8 counts, out for 2 counts
 * In for 8 counts, out for 1 count

Advanced:
 * In for 8, out for 16
 * In for 8, out for 12
 * In for 4, out for 16
 * In for 4, out for 12
 * In for 2, out for 16
 * In for 2, out for 12
 * In for 1, out for 16
 * In for 1, out for 12

The purpose and goal of these exercises is to create and even and consistent airflow. The intake and output should be of consistent speed throughout the whole count.

title: Euphonium/Jechasteen/Lesson 1


text:
Talk:Avon Park, New Jersey

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Avon Park, New Jersey. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160709092825/http://www.state.nj.us/infobank/localnames.txt to http://www.state.nj.us/infobank/localnames.txt

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:27, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Avon Park, New Jersey


text:
Union Neuchâtel

Union Neuchâtel Basket, commonly known as Union Neuchâtel, is a Swiss basketball club based in Neuchâtel. It plays in the Swiss Basketball League (SBL), the top tier basketball division in Switzerland. The club has won one trophy, the Swiss Cup in 2013.

Honours

 * Swiss Basketball Cup
 * Champions (1): 2013
 *  Swiss Basketball League Cup
 * Winners (1): 2014

Notable players

 * Noe Anabir
 * Evrard Atcho
 * Frederic Barman
 * Bryan Conlon
 * Selim Fofana
 * Yoan Granvorka
 * Brian Savoy
 * Florian Steinmann
 * 🇸🇳 Jules Aw
 * 🇸🇳 Pape Badji
 * 🇸🇳 Babacar Toure
 * 🇷🇸 Ivica Radosavljević
 * 🇹🇳 Mohamed Ben Hassen
 * 🇺🇸 David Bell
 * 🇺🇸 Tony Brown (basketball, born 1979)
 * 🇺🇸 Antonio Ballard
 * 🇺🇸 Quinton Day
 * 🇺🇸 Marquis Jackson
 * 🇺🇸 Dom Morris
 * 🇺🇸 James Padgett
 * 🇺🇸 Chad Timberlake

title: Union Neuchâtel


text:
Hayley Chapman

Hayley Chapman (born 19 January 1992) is an Australian sport shooter who represented Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in shooting in the 25m pistol event where she placed 34th out of 39.

Personal
Chapman was born on 19 January 1992 in Balaklava, South Australia. She grew up on a farm in Hoyleton, South Australia and attended Horizon Christian School for primary and secondary school. In 2011, she enrolled at the University of South Australia in a Bachelor of Management and Marketing course. , she lives in Hoyleton, South Australia.

Chapman is 168 cm tall. Her father is David Chapman, who has also represented Australia in sports shooting at the Olympics.

Shooting
Chapman is a sport shooter specialising in pistol shooting. She started the sport in 2006. She is a member of the Balaklava Sports Shooting Club, and held shooting scholarships with the South Australian Sports Institute and South Australia Rifle Pistol Association. She was coached by her father. Since 2008, she has also been coached by Anatoly Babushkin. She was a member of the Australian shooting development squad, which aimed to prepare her for the 2012 Summer Olympics.

At the 2008 Youth Commonwealth Games in India, Chapman won a bronze medal. That year, she competed in the Junior Women's National Championship, where she finished first in the 10m air pistol event. At the 2008 Australian Cup, she finished fourth in the women's open division 10m air pistol event. At the 2011 World Cup 4 in Munich, Germany, she finished 73rd in the 25m pistol event. In the 10m air pistol event, she finished 118th with a score of 362.

Olympics
Chapman was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in shooting in the 25 metre pistol event. As a twenty-year-old, she was nominated to compete alongside her father in London,     the first time an Australian father-daughter pair competed in the Olympics at the same Games. She qualified at a Munich-based World Cup event in June, the last available event open to earn a spot.

2014 Commonwealth Games
She competed in the women's 25 m pistol event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

title: Hayley Chapman


text:
Belgrade Rugby Club Red Star

90%

Belgrade Rugby Club Red Star, (Serbian: Београдски рагби клуб Црвена звезда), is a rugby union team from Belgrade, Serbia. The club is a member of the Rugby Union of Serbia. The club is also member of the Red Star Sports Society (Sportsko Drustvo Crvena Zvezda). The team wears a red and white strip.

History
The original Belgrade Rugby Club (BRK) was founded on 20 December 1982. The team colours were blue and white and the logo featured a sparrow (Dživdžan). In the early 1990s the club was renamed the Royal Belgrade Rugby Club (KBRK) with the patronage of Prince Alexander II Karađorđević. The team's colours became yellow, brown, and white and the sparrow was replaced by a crown. As KBRK, the club was successful in the nineties and noughties.

In 2012 the club's executive committee decided to return to the name of BRK. The word Royal was removed from the club's name, the colours were reverted to blue and white and a re-styled sparrow replaced the crown. In 2014, the Belgrade Rugby Club (BRK) became Belgrade Rugby Club Red Star (BRK Crvena Zvezda) or BRK Red Star.

A group of former BRK-KBRK members and players were unhappy with this change and, led by Danijem Stricevicem, decided to split away. A new club was formed under the Royal Belgrade Rugby Club (KBRK) name in 2014.

Club honours
In total, the club has won 2 National Championships and 3 National Cups:

BELGRADE RUGBY CLUB RED STAR (2014–)
 * Rugby Championship of Serbia:
 * Winners (2): 2015, 2016

 * Rugby Cup of Serbia:
 * Winners (2): 2014, 2016

ROYAL BELGRADE RUGBY CLUB (1994–2012):
 * Rugby Championship of SR Yugoslavia:
 * Winners (1): 1995
 * Rugby Cup of Serbia:
 * Winners (2): 2004, 2010

Current squad
Senior Squad:

 * 🇷🇸 Vladimir Ambrus
 * 🇷🇸 Andrej Banduka
 * 🇷🇸 Bojan Belic
 * 🇷🇸 Petar Vasic
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Madjanovic
 * 🇷🇸 Andrija Jankovic
 * 🇷🇸 Andrija Panic
 * 🇷🇸 Nikola Arsic
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Djordjevic
 * 🇷🇸 Danijel Kajan
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Nedeljkovic
 * 🇷🇸 Vitor Ljubicic
 * 🇷🇸 Ivan Rodic
 * 🇷🇸 Vlastimir Sretenovic
 * 🇷🇸 Marko Jacimovic
 * 🇷🇸 Marko Joksimovic
 * 🇷🇸 Vedran Brkic
 * 🇷🇸 Dejan Karatrajovski

title: Belgrade Rugby Club Red Star


text:
palimpszeszt

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) palimpsest a manuscript or document that has been erased or scraped clean, for reuse of the paper, parchment, vellum, or other medium on which it was written

title: palimpszeszt


text:
Yuri Gastev

Yuri Gastev (22 March 1928, in Moscow – 12 October 1993, in Boston) was a Soviet mathematician and cybernetician who became an active dissident, finally emigrating to the USA.

Yuri was the son of Aleksei Gastev, the revolutionary poet who later became an advocate of scientific management. Aleksei was arrested in 1938 as part of the Great Purge and murdered the following year. Yuri left school at 15 and started attending Moscow University. However two years later in 1945 he was arrested for anti-Soviet activity. Upon release he settled in Estonia working as a labourer and as a teacher.

At the time of Stalin's death in 1953 Gastev was in hospital. When it was announced on the radio that Stalin had fallen into Cheyne-Stokes breathing, another patient, being a doctor, recognised the significance of this and declared "Cheyne-Stokes is the end, time to get out the bottle". He included references to Cheyne-Stokes when defending his degree thesis, and added references to it in a book he wrote for the Soviet Cybernetics Council. This later cases was spotted leading to the editor being sacked. Gastev had already been sacked so no action was taken against him.

In 1981 he emigrated to France, then to the United States.

Gastev died of cancer in New England Deaconess Hospital on 12 October 1993.

Works

 * 1964 "Metatheory" with I. Shmain in Filosofskaya entsiklopediya, Vol. 3, Moscow pp. 400–402

title: Yuri Gastev


text:
Psychiatric Liberation/Language and "Mental Illness"

Language is an important feature of psychiatric liberation. How a statement is structured can determine its true-false modality in logic. How we communicate and perceive language can miscommunicate our thoughts and misconstrue our conclusions on what others are communicating. Words are powerful units of statements. Old, inaccurate descriptors, along with the inappropriate use of medical diagnoses, perpetuate negative stereotypes and reinforce an incredibly powerful attitudinal barrier. This invisible and potent attitudinal barrier, not the diagnosis or alleged disability, is the greatest obstacle facing both individuals with so-called "mental illness" and the persons attempting to understand them as a means to best evaluate, counsel and help them. When professionals make the diagnosis regarding another person's mental health they run a very real risk of causing nontherapeutic devaluation and disrespect by and of the patient for him or her self.

Person-First Language
When using person-first language, we acknowledge that persons are distanced from self-awareness when we refer to him or her as an adjective that others use to describe something unexpected with his or her ability (erroneously "disabilities"). A word used to describe a deconstructed part of them. We avoid referring to persons as adjectives such as: the aphasic, the schizophrenic, stutterers, cleft palated, or the hearing impaired. Remain cognizant of the presumptuously definitive nature of placing the adjective before the person it describes and avoid expressions such as: the cleft palate children, the hearing impaired client, the dyslexic lawyer or the retarded adult. Instead, we use: people with a cleft palate, the person who is a lawyer who has dyslexia, persons who stutter, the speech of children with language impairment or the speech of individuals who stutter. In fact, the terms "disorder, impairment, disability, illness" are likely most helpful when they describe the cause of the difficulty from the patient's current perspective when speaking therapeutically with the patient versus the perspective of the therapist during critical thinking, assessment, diagnosing, and formulation of the plan of care. Instead of "the speech of children with language impairment", "Children who are feeling anxious and frustrated related to impaired self-esteem secondary to perception of communication impairment."


text:
User:Manudouz/sandbox/DNA, RNA, and proteins

 * 1) Mesodinium nuclear code.
 * 2) Conserved sequence
 * 3) Sequence alignment
 * 4) Nonsense mRNA


text:
Template:Attached KML/Minnesota State Highway 39

   Minnesota State Highway 39.kml   normal #line-1267FF-50   highlight #line-1267FF-51     ff0000ff 5 		 </Style> <Style id="line-1267FF-51"> <LineStyle> ff0000ff 5 		</LineStyle> </Style> <Placemark> Minnesota State Highway 39 <styleUrl>#line-1267FF-5</styleUrl> <LineString> 1 				-92.22637221723495,46.65728501626209,0 -92.21704730059763,46.65731980903237,0 -92.21629469377584,46.65743992177232,0 -92.21577904204202,46.65753833584492,0 -92.21543442902424,46.65759335518593,0 -92.21503230915779,46.65759380463449,0 -92.21433632378398,46.65759459063376,0 -92.21396667167505,46.65758404922804,0 -92.21359309208773,46.65749733264708,0 -92.21321847474421,46.65733562654886,0 -92.21272167470175,46.65711207857513,0 -92.21169500477507,46.65672716480382,0 -92.21120228170484,46.65655330960468,0 -92.21026383382278,46.65637916473504,0 -92.20982719517085,46.65632165023934,0 -92.20894550278717,46.65624180232947,0 -92.20869146948739,46.65624203397108,0 -92.20829660492754,46.656277027311,0 -92.20795140948771,46.65637003427695,0 -92.20736652106693,46.65653404926154,0 -92.20658172505337,46.6565584152434,0 -92.20155186450235,46.6567527997194,0 		</LineString> </Placemark> </Document>


text:
C++ Programming

This book covers the C++ programming language, its interactions with software design and real life use of the language. It is presented in a series of chapters as an introductory prior to advance courses but can also be used as a reference book. This is an open work; if you find any problems with terms or concepts you can help by contributing to it; your participation is needed and welcomed! You are also welcomed to state any preference, shortcomings, vision for the actual book content, structure or other conceptual matters; see this Wikibook's discussion page for the right forum for participating.

=== Preface: About the book  [ edit ] [ edit chapters list ] [ edit print version ]  ===

=== Appendix A: References Tables (used on book chapters, print version excludes the Appendix) === • Keywords • Preprocessors Directives • Standard Headers • Data Types • Operators • Standard C Library Functions • ASCII chart

Appendix B: External References
• Weblinks • Books

=== Appendix C: C++ Programming by examples [ edit ] (Compilable programs used on book chapters, print version excludes the Appendix) ===

=== Appendix D: C++ Programming - exercises [ edit ] Supporting exercises for the book content. ===

title: C++ Programming


text:
Helluva Good Luck 2

Helluva Good Luck 2 (Z pekla štěstí 2) is a 2001 Czech fantasy film directed by Zdeněk Troška. It is a sequel to Helluva Good Luck. The film stars Michaela Kuklová and Miroslav Šimůnek. Karel Gott appeared in a supporting role as Lucifer and God.

Cast

 * Michaela Kuklová as Markéta
 * Miroslav Šimůnek as Jan
 * Vladimír Brabec as King
 * Daniel Hůlka as Brambas
 * Sabina Laurinová as Princess Eufrozína
 * Dana Morávková as Dora
 * Lukáš Vaculík as Kujbaba
 * Karel Gott as Lucifer and God
 * Radoslav Brzobohatý as Markéta's father
 * Milena Dvorská as Jan's Mother

title: Helluva Good Luck 2


text:
Cookbook:Cream Cheese Wontons

| Appetizers

Ingredients

 * 1 cup cream cheese
 * 16 wonton wrappers or 24 egg roll wrappers
 * Oil (for frying)
 * Sweet and sour sauce

Procedure

 * 1) Heat oil in a deep-fat fryer or pour into a deep skillet on high temperature.
 * 2) While oil is heating, lay out as many wrappers as you plan to use. Have a small bowl of water nearby to wet your fingers.
 * 3) Put a small dab of cream cheese in one corner of each wrapper, about ½ inch from the edges. Use about 2 tsp for larger egg roll wrappers or 1 tsp for smaller wonton wrappers.
 * 4) Using your fingers, wet the two edges nearest the cream cheese, then fold the other half down and seal the edges, making a triangle shape. Seal the edges tightly, but try to leave small gaps at the corners so the triangles will not expand so much that they burst.
 * 5) Drop several wontons into hot oil at a time. Turn over when the edges start to brown and cook for another minute or two.
 * 6) Set on paper towels to drain, then serve hot with sweet-and-sour sauce.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Vegetable oil or peanut oil works best.

title: Cookbook:Cream Cheese Wontons


text:
literary agent

Noun

 * 1) A person who represents writers and their written works to publishers and film producers and assists in the sale and deal negotiation of the same.

Translations

 * Czech: literární agent
 * Polish: ,

title: literary agent


text:
Help:FAQ/Readers

How do I search Wikibooks?
Use Special:Search or use the search box in the sidebar. See Help:Navigating for more.

You can also use Google to search Wikibooks by following this link. Google's index will, however, not be up to date.

Where can I request new entries?
After you've exhausted searching for the content, you may ask for more help in locating it in the assistance reading room, or add an entry to Requested books.

What license does Wikibooks use for contents?
The text of each page is covered by at least the GNU Free Documentation License. Some contents (notably images and other media files) may use compatible licenses for which you will need to check the terms. These may be public domain, use a copyleft license like Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike, or are used under fair use terms.

See Copyrights and Media for more.

How do I cite a Wikibooks module?
Cite it as you would any other web page in accordance with the normal citation practice of the publication you are submitting the paper to follows. Because Wikibooks modules are constantly edited, you should include the URL for the specific version of the module you accessed. You can determine this URL by clicking the "Page history" link and clicking on the date of the version you want (likely the one at the top). The URL of the resulting page is a permanent link back to that version no matter what changes are made afterwards. Citing the individual authors is not necessary.

How do I print a wikibook?
Newer browsers will be able to access the "print stylesheet" which removes the Wikibooks interface and some colors. Try a print preview (if your browser has this function) to see how it will print.

Alternatively, you can click the "printable version" link in the toolbox at the bottom of the menu on your left.

Some books provide special print versions.

Can I mirror Wikibooks on my website?
You can use, copy, redistribute, modify or mirror as much as you wish, as long as you follow the provisions of the GNU Free Documentation License and the licenses of any images or media you use.

See Copyrights, and Media.

Can I get Wikibooks on CD, or download it for offline use?
There are no CDs currently available. You can however download the database. Some books, furthermore, have print versions.

Am I required to use the GFDL for my site if I quote Wikibooks?
Citing Wikibooks is sufficient if you're quoting small bits (under the fair use doctrine). If you wish to quote substantial portions of it, you may wish to consult with a lawyer as it may constitute a derivative work. You are welcome to drop by the Reading room to seek the opinion of Wikibookians. We're usually a good bunch and try not to bite. :-D

How do you know if information is correct?
As anyone can edit any module, it is of course possible for biased, out-of-date or incorrect information to be posted. However, because there are so many other people reading the modules and monitoring contributions using the Recent Changes page, incorrect information is usually put right quickly. Thus, the overall accuracy of this instructional resource is improving all the time as it attracts more and more contributors. You are encouraged to help by correcting modules and passing on your own knowledge.

Is there any peer-review process to validate included information?
In general, Wikibooks depends on contributors like you to fix any incorrect information, though Wikibooks does have a system to review page revisions. Content should generally be easy to verify by checking other sources or through being able to reproduce similar results yourself.

ja:ヘルプ:読者FAQ

title: Help:FAQ/Readers


text:
Talk:Electronic power of attorney

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Electronic power of attorney. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121010173155/http://www.publicguardian-scotland.gov.uk/epoar/index.asp to http://www.publicguardian-scotland.gov.uk/epoar/index.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121031190020/http://www.amorgroup.com/news-and-events/latest-news-releases/item/484-eattorney-technology-speeds-up-power-of-attorney-submissions/ to http://www.amorgroup.com/news-and-events/latest-news-releases/item/484-eattorney-technology-speeds-up-power-of-attorney-submissions/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:17, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

Out-of-date promotional content
This page appears to have been created primarily to promote a website that is now defunct. The remaining link for Portugal and Spain does not have any content relating to powers of attorney. After cleaning up the unsupported material, I'm going to merge the little that remains into Power of attorney. Arllaw (talk) 17:38, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electronic power of attorney


text:
Ayyavazhi

Introduction

Ayyavazhi is a monistic religion, originated in South India in the mid 19th century. Though Ayyavazhi has not as yet received official recognition as an independent religion from the Indian government, its underlying theme deems it as an autonomous religion though related to Hinduism to an extent.

The ideas and philosophy of the religion are based on the teachings of Ayya Vaikundar who was a God incarnate as per the religious texts Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool.

 * /Ayyavazhi theology/
 * Department of Ayyavazhi studies

Resourses

 * en:Ayyavazhi
 * ta:அய்யாவழி

title: Ayyavazhi


text:
Courfaivre

Courfaivre is a former municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier, Soulce and Undervelier merged to form the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

History
Courfaivre is first mentioned in 1147 as Curfavro.

Geography
Courfaivre had an area of. Of this area, 6.33 km2 or 51.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 4.91 km2 or 39.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.04 km2 or 8.4% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.07 km2 or 0.6% is either rivers or lakes and 0.06 km2 or 0.5% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.1%. Out of the forested land, 37.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 29.0% is used for growing crops and 16.9% is pastures and 4.5% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The former municipality is located in the Delemont district, on the Delemont-Glovelier road on the right bank of the Sorne river.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules bordered Or, a Cat Argent sejant guardant.

Demographics
Courfaivre had a population of 1,618. , 9.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 1.7%. Migration accounted for -2.6%, while births and deaths accounted for 2.4%.

Most of the population speaks French (1,412 or 91.9%) as their first language, German is the second most common (48 or 3.1%) and Italian is the third (27 or 1.8%).

, the population was 48.6% male and 51.4% female. The population was made up of 683 Swiss men (43.0% of the population) and 89 (5.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 739 Swiss women (46.5%) and 77 (4.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 542 or about 35.3% were born in Courfaivre and lived there in 2000. There were 511 or 33.2% who were born in the same canton, while 202 or 13.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 218 or 14.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 27.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14.2%.

, there were 617 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 779 married individuals, 88 widows or widowers and 53 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 579 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 138 households that consist of only one person and 55 households with five or more people. , a total of 568 apartments (88.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 47 apartments (7.3%) were seasonally occupied and 27 apartments (4.2%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 3.65%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The St-Germain-D‘Auxerre Church is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 38.59% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (20.6%), the CVP (17.37%) and the CSP (14.76%). In the federal election, a total of 413 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 38.6%.

Economy
, Courfaivre had an unemployment rate of 5.3%. , there were 49 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 14 businesses involved in this sector. 117 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 21 businesses in this sector. 127 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 29 businesses in this sector. There were 770 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.4% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 249. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 33, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 113 of which 77 or (68.1%) were in manufacturing and 35 (31.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 103. In the tertiary sector; 44 or 42.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 6 or 5.8% were in the movement and storage of goods, 7 or 6.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 11 or 10.7% were the insurance or financial industry, 8 or 7.8% were technical professionals or scientists, 13 or 12.6% were in education.

, there were 221 workers who commuted into the municipality and 566 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 7.7% of the workforce coming into Courfaivre are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 9.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 70.3% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 1,153 or 75.0% were Roman Catholic, while 139 or 9.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.13% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 74 individuals (or about 4.81% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 32 (or about 2.08% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 8 individuals who were Buddhist and 2 individuals who belonged to another church. 88 (or about 5.73% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 75 individuals (or about 4.88% of the population) did not answer the question.

Transport
Courfaivre sits on the Delémont–Delle line and is served by trains at Courfaivre railway station.

Education
In Courfaivre about 533 or (34.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 108 or (7.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 108 who completed tertiary schooling, 64.8% were Swiss men, 23.1% were Swiss women, 6.5% were non-Swiss men and 5.6% were non-Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 162 students attending 9 classes in Courfaivre. There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 34 students in the municipality. The municipality had 7 primary classes and 128 students. There are only nine Secondary schools in the canton, so all the students from Courfaivre attend their secondary school in another municipality. , there were 124 students from Courfaivre who attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Courfaivre


text:
2011 Indian Volley League

The 2011 Indian Volley League season was the debut season of the Indian Volley League, established by Volleyball federation of India in 2011. The season commenced on 29 May 2011 till 24 June 2011. First season was won by Chennai Spikers.

Chennai Spikers were the champions of the inaugural edition of the Indian Volley League.

Teams
Six teams took part in first season of the Indian Volley League.

Matches and results

 * Bangalore

 * Venue: Sree Kanteerva Indoor Stadium

 * }

 * Chennai

 * Venue: Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium

 * }

 * Yenam

 * Venue: YSR Indoor Stadium

 * }

 * Hyderabad

 * Venue: Kotla Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Indoor Stadium

 * }

title: 2011 Indian Volley League


text:
The Governor's Daughter

The Governor's Daughter is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company. The story details a convict who is being sent to prison when the train is wrecked and the sheriff escorting him is killed. The convict frees himself, but halts his escape to save the life of a little girl. As he returns the girl to her nurse, a policeman identifies and recaptures him. Later the little girl accompanies her father, the governor, on a tour of the prison and the father pardons the hero-convict. The film included scenes of a real train wreck and the scenario was written around the filming of the disaster. The film received praise for the before and after scenes which were described as shocking to The Moving Picture World's reviewer. The film was released on June 24, 1910, and was shown as far away as Australia. The film is presumed lost.

Plot
Though the film is presumed lost, a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from June 25, 1910. It states: "Bill Raymond, a convict, sentenced to a long term, is on his way to prison, in custody of the sheriff. A little girl [Nell] is a passenger in the same train. She shows that she feels sorry for the man. He in turn appreciates her sympathy. The train is wrecked, and the sheriff, who is handcuffed to Bill, is killed. Bill takes the key of the handcuffs from the pocket of the dead man, frees himself, and is about to escape, when he notices that the little girl, abandoned by her nurse, is lying unconscious in the car, which is now on fire. The convict risks his life to save the child, and carries her out in his arms. He takes her to her nurse and is recognized by a policeman and taken in custody, his chance for freedom lost. The child, who is the daughter of the governor, although Bill does not know it, is restored to her parent. The nurse fears to mention the incident, and the governor does not know how his darling's life was saved. Later the governor goes to the state prison on a tour of inspection, and Nell accompanies him. She has some flowers which she wants to give to the prisoners. In her tour of the prison, she recognizes Bill. She tells her father about it, and he pardons the hero-convict on the spot...."

Production
The impetus to produce this film appears to have been the ability of the Thanhouser crew to capture a disaster on film. Film historian Q. David Bowers writes, "What was one company's misfortune was another's gain, and from time to time during the next few years Thanhouser cameramen hurried to film scenes of disasters so that they could be featured as film episodes in scenarios which were written after the fact." It is unknown what particular rail disaster was filmed, but a possible that the accident depicted was in the Bronx on the night of June 1, 1910. That night one stalled train, concealed in smoke from a fire, was struck by another train near the Mott Avenue subway station. One of the composite cars was shredded by the steel cars behind it; there were no fatalities in the accident. Other accidents prior to the film debut occurred in January and February.

The writer of the scenario is unknown, but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan. Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions. He was the most important script writer for Thanhouser, averaging 200 scripts a year from 1910 to 1915. The film director is unknown, but it may have been Barry O'Neil. Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production, but two possible candidates exist. Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company, but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer. The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions. The only credit known for the cast is that of Marie Eline as Nell. Other members cast may have included the leading players of the Thanhouser productions, Anna Rosemond and Frank H. Crane. Rosemond was one of two leading ladies for the first year of the company. Crane was also involved in the very beginnings of the Thanhouser Company and acted in numerous productions before becoming a director at Thanhouser.

Release and reception
The single reel drama, approximately 985 feet long, was released on June 24, 1910. Advertisements played up the wreck of the $40,000 train car while a positive review in The Moving Picture World praised the well-managed production's prison and track wreck scenes, but remarked that the improbable story was purely fantastical. One of the more dramatic articles to appear in The Moving Picture World included reference to the film while playing up the dramatic element describe the footage and the filming of the wreck. It states: "... The scenes were portrayals of a train crash and they give you startling before-and-after wreck views. They made you shiver when they showed you the fate that came to a car full of passengers – sudden, cruel and without warning. They made you shiver; ... And you thanked God that the thing before you was only a picture on the screen!" Known advertisements for the film included theaters in Rhode Island and Indiana. Records show that film made it to Australia, with one Launceston, Tasmania newspaper showing an advertisement on January 30, 1911.

The film was still in circulation years after its production, with the Pennsylvania State Board of Censors of Moving Pictures approving this film for viewing without censorship in a May 21, 1915 decision. This list also records the existence of two films bearing the same name, one from Selig Polyscope and the other from the Éclair American Company.

title: The Governor's Daughter


text:
Dieter Hebig

Dieter Hebig (born 23 February 1957) is a German archivist and historian.

Life
Born in Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Hebig comes from the Thuringian region of Eichsfeld. After attending school, he completed a vocational training with a high school diploma as a mechanic for data processing and office machines. During this time, Hebig was already involved in voluntary work for the preservation of floors and monuments. After one year as a museum guide in Kloster Veßra, he studied archaeology and history for five years at the Humboldt-University of Berlin. He completed his studies in 1982 with Botho Brachmann as a graduate archivist.

He then became a research assistant at the Staatliche Archivverwaltung (State Archive Administration) at the Ministry of the Interior of the GDR in Potsdam. His last position there was chief editor of the journal Archivmitteilungen for theory and practice of archiving. In 1991, Hebig was also affected by the dissolution of the State Archive Administration, which had meanwhile been transformed into the Central Archive Office of the GDR.

He then became self-employed and operated the company Archiv-Service Potsdam until 2007. Since then, Hebig has been working for the company Schempp Bestandserhaltung GmbH in Kornwestheim. There, he is head of the departments of conservation and damage restoration as well as protective packaging for cultural property.

Work

 * 1000 Jahre deutsche Geschichte: Dokumente aus Archiven der DDR.
 * "Das 'Manuscriptum Nawense' im Staatsarchiv Potsdam – einer der ältesten Papiercodices im Gebiet der feudalen deutschen Ostexpansion." In Jahrbuch für Geschichte des Feudalismus, vol. 9, Berlin, 1985, pp. 129–143.
 * "Mittelalterliche Wehranlagen in Südwestthüringen – Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklung und Funktion." In Jahrbuch für Regionalgeschichte, vol. 15, 1988, pp. 234–243.
 * Zur Herausgabe der Methodischen Richtlinien zur Bewertung von dienstlichem Schriftgut. In Archivmitteilungen 38 (1988), pp. 160–162.
 * with Gabriele Baumgartner (ed.): Biographisches Handbuch der SBZ/DDR. 1945–1990. Vol. 1: Abendroth – Lyr. K. G. Saur Verlag, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-598-11176-2.
 * with Gabriele Baumgartner (ed.): Biographisches Handbuch der SBZ/DDR. 1945–1990. Vol. 2: Maassen – Zylla. K. G. Saur, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-598-11177-0.

title: Dieter Hebig


text:
Talk:David B. Weishampel

Illness
He seems to be suffering from some kind of disease judging by the way he moves his head in this video. Does anyone know? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:31, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David B. Weishampel. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050312072444/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/FAE/DBW.htm to http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/FAE/DBW.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:45, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:David B. Weishampel


text:
originalmente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) originally

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) originally

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) originally as it was in the beginning
 * 2) originally in an original manner
 * 1) originally in an original manner

title: originalmente