text:
Talk:Debbie Wiseman

External links modified
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title: Talk:Debbie Wiseman


text:
Rafik Kamalov

Mohammed Rafik Kamalov was a popular imam in Kyrgyzstan who was shot and killed 7 August 2006, in Osh, by Kyrgyz special forces. He was the head of the largest mosque in the divided city of Kara-Suu on the Kyrgyzstan side of the border with Uzbekistan. Kyrgyz officials confirmed that they killed 3 people in an operation against "Islamic Fundamentalism" in the city, but did not confirm or deny the death of Imam Kamalov. The officials said that the dead were members of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, a banned organization. However, Imam Kamalov had consistently denied this allegation, saying that more than 70% of the visitors to his mosque were members of the group, but that he could not deny them entry on religious grounds.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rafik Kamalov


text:
File talk:UPUMS logo.png

Different name in English and Hindi
It has different name in English and Hindi. Please change it by the logo used in official facebook page of the University - https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100086565068818 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:04, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

title: File talk:UPUMS logo.png


text:
Sofya Bogomolets

Sofya Nikolaevna Bogomolets (née Prisetskaya) (Russian: Софья Николаевна Богомолетц; née Присецкая) (27 September 1856 – 11 January 1892) was a Russian revolutionary and political prisoner.

Biography
Her family were hereditary Polish nobility, who owned land in Poltava province of Russia. All three siblings joined the populist movement in the 1870s. After graduating from a Kiev gymnasium, she enrolled in a women's medical course in St Petersburg, but abandoned her studies when in order to 'live with the people'. She and her husband, Alexander Bogolomets, whom she married in 1876, moved to Kuban, where they practised medicine and distributed anti-government propaganda. In 1879, they were forced to move to Kharkiv, but she was expelled and ordered to return to her native Poltava. Instead, she moved to Kiev, where she joined the South Russian Workers' Union, founded by Nikolai Schedrin and Elizaveta Kovalskaya. She formed an intense bond with Kovalskaya, who wrote in her memoirs that "I trusted Bogolomets completely; I knew she took things very seriously and - unlike some of the Kievans - strictly observed conspiratorial procedures.". After the two leaders were arrested, in 1880, she took over leadership of the union.

Prison and Siberia
Bogomolets was arrested on a street in Kiev in January 1881, at a time when she was heavily pregnant. A search of her apartment uncovered stacks of illegal literature. She was held in Kiev prison, and gave birth to a son, Alexander, in an infirmary near the prison. The child was raised by grandparents. Tried by a military court, with nine others, in May 1881, she was sentenced to ten years in the mines in Kara katorga. She was transferred to Butyrka prison, in Moscow, and then prison in Krasnoyarsk. There, she complained to other prisoners that a warder named Ostrovsky had insulted her, though she would not repeat what he had said or done. This set off a protest in which Kovalskaya and others went on hunger strike, and a prisoner named Alexander Dolgushin slapped the offending warder. When they were moved to Irkutsk, Bogolomets and Kovalskaya insisted on travelling together. They escaped together in February 1882, but were recaptured after about two weeks. According to the American journalist George Kennan, who visited Siberia in the 1880s and interviewed political exiles, a warden named Colonel Soloviev had the two women stripped naked in his presence, then told their male comrades that they were "not much to look at." Back in prison, Bogolomets protested by ripping up floorboards and was put in a straitjacket. Kovalskaya, who tried to prevent the wardens from binding, was put in handcuffs. Shchedrin, who was in the same prison, punched Soloviev in the face, for which he was sentenced to death, though the sentence was commuted. Bogolomets had five years added to her sentence. Transferred to Kara in March 1882, she continued to protest against her conditions, and was transferred to Irkutsk prison, and had another year added to her sentence for insulting a guard. She contracted tuberculosis in prison. Released in January 1892, she died in Kara three days later.

Family
Her husband, Alexander Mikhailovich Bogolomets (1850–1935) was in Paris in 1881, when he learnt of his wife's arrest, and returned illegally, intending to organise her escape. Alexander himself was arrested in January 1882, and sentenced to a year and a half in prison, followed by exile to Tobolsk, where he was permitted to resume practising medicine. He worked as a provincial doctor for many years, while effectively banned from living in any major city. in October 1890, he visited Leo Tolstoy at his home, Yasnaya Polyana, helped him with a translation, and enlisted the writer's help in obtaining permission to visit Sofya in Kara. In 1914, he settled in Moscow, where he died aged 84.

Their son, Alexander Alexandrovich Bogolomets (1881–1946) was one of the leading medical academics of his generation, and President of the Ukraine Academy of Sciences in 1930 until his death.

Sofya's Sister, Olga, was another member of the South Russia Workers' Union, tried, imprisoned and deported with Bogomolets and Kovalskaya. She was allowed to return to European Russia after completing her term of exile, but returned many years later to accompany one of her sons, who had been deported, and died in Siberia.

Their brother, Ivan Prisetsky, was also a populist revolutionary, but later joined the Constitutional Democratic Party.

title: Sofya Bogomolets


text:
Smoky Falls Generating Station

Smoky Falls Generating Station is one of four stations in the Lower Mattagami River Hydroelectric Complex owned by Ontario Power Generation (OPG) and the Moose Cree First Nation. The station is approximately 85 km northeast of Kapuskasing in the Cochrane District of Northern Ontario. Smoky Falls was originally commissioned as a 54 MW generating station in 1931 by the Spruce Falls Power and Paper Company but it was sold to OPG's predecessor, Ontario Hydro, in 1991. OPG completed a $2.6 billion upgrade of the four Lower Mattagami dams in 2014 and 2015. The new Smoky Falls was commissioned in late 2014 with a 267.9 MW installed capacity.

Historic operations
A four turbine generating station was originally constructed at Smoky Falls in the 1927-31 period by the Spruce Falls Power and Paper Company to supply power to its nearby newsprint mill in Kapuskasing. Total capacity of the station was 56 MW. The station was built by Morrow and Beatty Ltd. of Peterborough Ontario. The station provided base load power directly to the mill via a 115kV transmission line.

Spruce Falls Power and Paper sold the generating station to Ontario Hydro in 1991.

Redevelopment and expansion
Ontario Hydro built the Harmon, Kipling, and Little Long Generating Stations along the Lower Mattagami in the 1960s. Little Long is upstream of Smoky Falls and Harmon and Kipling are downstream of Smoky Falls. Ontario Hydro planned for the possible expansion of Little Long, Harmon, and Kipling Generating Stations when they were constructed as each station was designed to accommodate additional turbines. However, the upstream water flow was determined by the capacity of Smoky Falls, which was the smallest of the stations. Ontario Hydro's redevelopment plan was based on managing the water flow through all four stations, enabling them to act as peaking plants when required and optimizing the water resource.

Ontario Hydro initially prepared a development plan and submitted an environmental assessment to the Ontario Minister of the Environment in 1990. The proposal involved building a new dam and powerhouse at Smoky Falls, and decommissioning the original generating station. This first development proposal received ministerial approval without a full environmental review in 1994 from the government. However, Ontario Hydro did not proceed with the development at that time due to a surplus of power in the province and it wrote down its investment in the Lower Mattagami stations by $280 million in 1996.

The Lower Mattagami project was revived in 2005 when the government gave Ontario Hydro's successor, OPG, the authority to proceed with planning. Following extensive negotiations with the Moose Cree and subject to the completion of an environmental review, the Minister of Energy issued a directive in 2007 to the Ontario Power Authority to negotiate a power purchase agreement with OPG covering the redeveloped Lower Mattagami stations, including Smoky Falls.

Construction began on the Lower Matagami project in 2010 with Kiewit Alarie Partnership as the general contractor. The new 200 m long gravity dam and powerhouse was built just east of the original generating station, and a new tailrace was completed in what was the former east channel of the river where it is divided by Smoky Falls Island. The first of three new 89.3 MW turbines was commissioned on 30 September 2014, the second in October 2014 and the third in November of the same year.

Moose Cree participation
As part of the redevelopment agreement, OPG negotiated an agreement with the Moose Cree that would the Moose Cree to purchase up to a 25% interest in the four station Lower Mattagami River complex. The agreement was signed in May 2009 and construction began a year later.

title: Smoky Falls Generating Station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KCB Bank Burundi Limited

The result was merge to KCB Group.  Sandstein  06:10, 13 September 2020 (UTC)

KCB Bank Burundi Limited

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Although Kenya Commercial Bank Group is well attested in WP:RS and deserves its own article, this is not true of its small Burundian subsidiary. There is minimal coverage in reliable sources, mostly relating to its creation. Some content might be merged into the parent company article. —Brigade Piron (talk) 19:41, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions. —Brigade Piron (talk) 19:41, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions. —Brigade Piron (talk) 19:41, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Africa-related deletion discussions. —Brigade Piron (talk) 19:41, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Kenya-related deletion discussions. —Brigade Piron (talk) 19:41, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep this is notable --Devokewater @  19:58, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * See WP:ILIKEIT. Can you explain why or how it is notable? —Brigade Piron (talk) 20:41, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Brigade Piron I encourage you to visit Burundi to see how it is a notable financial institution. Unless you are saying that companies in small African countries do not deserve being on Wikipedia —Zotezangu (talk) 10:33, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep This is part of a regional banking group. Burundi being a French speaking country, most sources are in French. English sources are mainly drown from the KCB Group website. Fsmatovu assisted in improving the page over the years. — Zotezangu (talk) 10:34, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , in response to your comment above, I do not think that Burundi does not deserve Wikipedia articles. In fact, you will see that I have contributed quite a few myself. This does not make just any company notable, however. There are plenty of short-lived and non-notable institutions that do not meet WP:COMPANY. I have looked at the literature, French and Kirundi included, and cannot find anything serious about this bank in WP:RS online but I am delighted to be proved wrong. Can you show me what "significant coverage" (see WP:COMPANY) I'm missing? I have found a grand total of two articles covering the bank on Iwacu—Voix du Burundi in the entire period since 2012. —Brigade Piron (talk) 17:10, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Brigade Piron, Three questions: (1) Did you take your time to search other sources such as Business Daily Africa, Daily Nation and The EastAfrican? (2) Did you know that the Burundian unrest has affected the companies thus performance news is rare. (3) Have you looked at the group website? When I find pages outdated, I help improve them instead of requesting that they be deleted. That is what collaboration means. Zotezangu (talk) 20:18, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Please do actually read WP:COMPANY which establishes the criteria which the company needs to meet to deserve an article. The group's website is irrelevant because it is not "independent" and therefore not a WP:RS. Do feel free to share the articles and books on the subject you have found. —Brigade Piron (talk) 22:10, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Brigade Piron, Can we put this to rest? Do remove the template. Zotezangu (talk)  14:04, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * That's not how it works. Please see the comment by as admin: "There are several assertions of notability here, but scant evidence thereof. !votes need to provide evidence of how the subject meets GNG or NCORP.". —Brigade Piron (talk) 14:10, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello Brigade Piron, Just noticed that two users who have asked the page to be merged are less than a month old. Might these be sock puppet account? Zotezangu (talk)  21:55, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
 * , I take it you are referring to and ? That is a very serious allegation. If you have evidence, you should raise it on WP:SPI rather than here. Otherwise, assume WP:GOODFAITH. —Brigade Piron (talk) 08:20, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep Meets WP:NCORP, big bank in East Africa Megan Barris   (Lets talk📧)  09:55, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ,, Ihave reviewed several sources to help determine notabilty. Clearly meets WP:GNG.  Megan Barris  User talk:  (Lets talk📧)  16:55, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * As all these links are dead, it's pretty hard to verify these claims but they do not appear to point to much more than the existence of the Burundian operations of KCB. —Brigade Piron (talk) 16:21, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: There are several assertions of notability here, but scant evidence thereof. !votes need to provide evidence of how the subject meets GNG or NCORP.
 * Comment    Megan Barris   (Lets talk📧)   I have researched the parent KCB Group which is a very notable + well known bank in Africa, it has numerous subsidiaries in Africa, these banks are notable too within Africa + beyond, IMHO  they pass WP:COMPANY. Regards --Devokewater @  18:07, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Vanamonde (Talk) 05:06, 24 August 2020 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Merge with Kenya Commercial Bank Group : I don't see clear independent notability, most of the sources in the SA table are dead urls. However, there's a good merge target so deletion is not needed or justified. I've been unable to find enough WP:SIGCOV to justify an independent pass of WP:NCORP. Eddie891 Talk Work 13:59, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Barkeep49 (talk) 19:41, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Merge with KCB Group per Eddie891. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 19:51, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Merge with Kenya Commercial Bank Group : KCB burundi article on its own does not pass WP:GNG or WP:SUSTAINED based on sources available. This only makes sense to Keep if there is enough independent, specific and notable coverage for KCB Burundi only; which are just not enough as of today. --waweruboyWaweruboy (talk) 05:34, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. <b style="color:red">Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/realcountry.podomatic.com

Links

 * realcountry.podomatic.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 16 additions out of 17 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/realcountry.podomatic.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\brealcountry\.podomatic\.com\b# ADMINNAME # see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/realcountry.podomatic.com ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 10:12, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text:
User:Ignited EmeraldYT/sandbox/The Return to Freddy's Ultimate Remake

The Return to Freddy's Ultimate Remake

Info

Characters and Story Events

The Return to Freddy's Ultimate Remake is a fan game of the original The Return to Freddy's games. The character you play as in the game is named Mikael Schmidt, and is wanting to investigate the new pizzeria to try and end the endless timeline of paranormal activity. The Phone Guy in the game is named Mark Francis and will update the player within the week of events.


text:
Talk:20th Century British Novel

Essay One Submissions by February 21st at 5pm EST
Please include your user name and time mark (the second to last button above the edit box on the edit page).

Essay Two Submissions by March 14th at 5pm EST
Please include your user name and time mark (the second to last button above the edit box on the edit page).

title: Talk:20th Century British Novel


text:
primum non nocere

Phrase

 * 1) First, do no harm (an adage taught to medical students reminding them to consider the possible harm of any intervention).

title: primum non nocere


text:
Computer-aided design/History, Present and Future

Part of:
 * Engineering and Technology
 * Mechanical Engineering; Production and Design Engineering
 * Computer Aided Design Course

History
The beginnings of CAD can be traced to the year 1957, when Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty developed PRONTO, the first commercial numerical-control programming system. In 1960, Ivan Sutherland MIT's Lincoln Laboratory created SKETCHPAD, which demonstrated the basic principles and feasibility of computer technical drawing. Some people debate which one of these people truly created the first CAD system due to Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty's invention presenting more as a CAM system. That being said, most people agree that Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty invented the first computer-aided design system. It is interesting to note that based on his human factors cockpit drawings, William Fetter from Boeing was the one to coin the term "compuer graphic" in 1960.

2D Time
The first CAD systems served as mere replacements of drawing boards. The design engineers still worked in 2D to create technical drawings consisting from 2D wire-frame primitives (line, arc, B spline ...). Productivity of design increased, but many argue that only marginally due to overhead – design engineers had to learn how to use computers and CAD. Nevertheless modifications and revisions were easier, and over time CAD software and hardware became cheaper and affordable for mid size companies. CAD programs grew in functionality and user friendliness. (1974)

3D Time
3D wireframe features were developed in the beginning of the sixties, and in 1969 MAGI released Syntha Vision, the first commercially available solid modeler program. Solid modeling further enhanced the 3D capabilities of CAD systems. NURBS, mathematical representation of freeform surfaces, appeared in 1989 -- first on Silicon Graphics workstations. In 1993 CAS Berlin developed an interactive NURBS modeler for PCs, called NöRBS.

Parametric Design
In 1989 T-FLEX and later Pro/ENGINEER introduced CADs based on parametric engines. Parametric modeling means that the model is defined by parameters. A change of dimension values in one place also changes other dimensions to preserve relation of all elements in the design -- for example, “this must be parallel with that and in the middle of ...”.

MCAD systems introduced the concept of constraints that enable you to define relations between parts in assembly. Designers started to use a bottom-up approach when parts are created first and then assembled together. Modeling is more intuitive, precise and later analysis, especially kinematics easier.

Present
CAD/CAE/CAM systems are now widely accepted and used throughout the industry. These systems moved from costly workstations based mainly on UNIX to off-the-shelf PCs. 3D modeling has become a norm, and it can be found even in applications for the wider public, like 3D buildings modeling in Google Maps, house furnishing (IMSI Floorplan), or garden planning. Advanced analysis methods like FEM (Finite Element Method as for structural analysis), flow simulations are a ubiquitous part of the design process. CAM systems are used for simulation and optimization of manufacturing, and NC code is created and loaded to NC machines.

Future
The past of CAD has been full of unmet expectations; this continues. Some anticipate 3D modeling without flat screens or mouse pointers -- a fully immersive 3D environment where modelling tools include special gloves and goggles. In the future, designing will be closer to sculpting than painting.

Up to now, 3D goggles cause nausea, immersive technologies are expensive and complex, and most designers prefer using a keyboard, stylus, and mouse.

While some of these optimistic predictions may come true, the more likely course is that the future changes will evolve in ways we do not see now. Still, some trends seem more likely to succeed and be widely adopted than others.

The following speculations are separated into strong probability of adoption, medium, and weak.

CAD format standardization based on XML (strong)
CAD formats will follow development in Office applications, where XML based ODF (Open Document Format) format is becoming standard. Similar standardization efforts for 3D and CAD related formats are represented by X3D.

Companies and developers will start to implement X3D import/export as default way for data exchange. This will enhance interoperability between CAD, and related applications like CAE, CAM. 3D models created in CAD could be immediately presented in web browsers that will be able to display 3D models (and to zoom, rotate ...).

Full virtual prototypes (strong)
Increasingly 3D models are defined with physical properties, especially material and optical. Developers of industrial CAD will increasingly integrate 3D modeling with analysis tools like FEM, kinematics or flow simulations. Gap between 3D model and real objects will further narrow, 3D models will look realistically and what is even more important, they will behave as in reality. Virtual prototypes are reality in high tech environments, today. In future this principle will spread even to low end 3D applications, and will become more precise on high end ones. In some cases prototyping and tests will be skipped altogether.

CAD specialization (strong)
CAD systems will continue in the trend of specialization. There are general purpose CADs, that can be enhanced for specific purpose and specialized CADs build upon generic engines like Open CASCADE. Examples of specialized CADs goes from OrCAD, used by electronic design engineers, Allplan for architects or ArtCAM for jewelry design. In the future we will see more task oriented and highly specialized CADs. However general purpose CADs will not disappear, they will have more functions (integrated analysis, kinematics and simulations), yet they will be easier to use.

Real time ray tracing
Real time ray tracing is a resource intensive process. For example one second of high resolution

Development of open source CAD (medium)
Many commercial and proprietary programs have their strong open source alternatives. There is Windows and Linux, MS Office and OpenOffice, Oracle and Firebird and so on. But there is no viable strong open source competitor to commercial CAD systems like AutoCAD or SolidWorks. Yes, there are some open source CADs like BRL-CAD, but these are not widely adopted and used in industry.

In future there may be a strong open source CAD solution. It will probably be based the Open CASCADE engine. Other probable scenario is that a CAD company will start an open source project to boost its more profitable products based on same engine (for example CAM or CAE).

Small scale and rapid manufacturing (medium)
Development of hardware and software for both rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing will change manufacturing, marketing and business processes. Improvements of hardware like 3D printers, laser and metal sintering will enable to produce complex parts effectively even in small series and from various materials like plastics, textile, ceramics or metal. Products will be bought in the form of license, 3D model will be downloaded from Internet and manufactured on hardware connected to computer in local store or even at home. Time needed for delivering product to market will be further decreased. It's also useful as special software for transferring CAD's files (as PRO-E, SolidWorks ) to CNC machines, so after modeling and drawing comes programming and easier to understand the facts of the computer aided design

Dynamic Physical Rendering (weak)
DPR - Dynamic Physical Rendering is collaborative research project between Carnegie Mellon University and Intel. This project will evolve into new representation of 3D models. Instead of 2D representations of 3D objects there will be real 3D models build in bottom-up manner. Many versatile little building blocks will form larger objects like car model according to computer program. This concept is also known as Claytronics.

CAD based on genetic programming (weak)
Genetic programming (GP) is machine learning technique that uses an evolutionary algorithm to optimize a population of designs according to a fitness landscape determined by a design ability to perform a given computational task. GP has been successfully used for development computer programs, electronic circuits and antennas. GP technique will be used for design of complex products which consists of many parts, but limited in number of types. CAD packages will incorporate GP methods to ease, improve and speed up design of hydraulics and fluid control systems or MEMS. Later will come new manufacturing processes similar to protein creation in ribosome, where 3D protein complex structures are based on only 20 building blocks (amino acids). Computer program will serve like DNA, manufacturing hardware will serve as ribosome and one machine will be able to manufacture wide range of different products.

More to Explore

 * i-MB: The History of CAD
 * Wikipedia: CAD History
 * Wikipedia: Ray Processing Unit for Realtime Ray Tracing
 * Wikipedia: Genetic Programming
 * Wikipedia: Rapid prototyping

 * Computer Aided Design Course
 * Next lesson


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User:Architect 404

Welcome to my user page. I'm not new to Wikipedia - I've been editing for years but I haven't had an actual account. Most of my work has been on articles related to autism and neuroscience but I also like to improve the writing style and quality of other articles. I am contributing to the project and making articles better. The "404" in my username is my IQ. This is an above-average IQ. People with autism such as myself often have above average intelligence. I also made a 1210 on the SAT. I have a bachelors degree in sociology.

I would like to be a Wikipedia administrator.

title: User:Architect 404


text:
Salik, Republic of Dagestan

Salik (Салик; Сәлик, Səlik) is a rural locality (a selo) in Derbentsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 1,763 as of 2010. There are 16 streets.

Geography
Salik is located 22 km northwest of Derbent (the district's administrative centre) by road. Velikent and Kala are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Tabasarans, Azerbaijanis and Dargins live there.

title: Salik, Republic of Dagestan


text:
Morris Oxford Series III

Morris Oxford is a series of motor car models produced by Morris Motors of the United Kingdom, from the 1913 bullnose Oxford to the Farina Oxfords V and VI. The manufacture of Morris's Oxford cars, named by W R Morris after the university town in which he grew up, would turn Oxford into an industrial city.

From 1913 to mid-1935 Oxford cars grew in size and quantity. In 1923 they with the Cowley cars were 28.1 per cent of British private car production. In 1925 Morris sold near double the number and they represented 41 per cent of British production. The model name was recycled in 1948 and lasted almost another 23 years through to 1971 but in this time the market sector and engine-size remained nearly constant between 1476 cc and 1622 cc.

Aside from the Oxford Sixes and the Oxford Empire models all Oxfords since 1918 have been 12 or 14 HP cars of about 1500 to 1800 cc.

Saloon
The Oxford was updated for 1957 with a new fluted bonnet and small rear fins and an optional two-tone paint scheme all announced on 18 October 1956. Inside the bench seats trimmed in leather remained but the instrument cluster was revised and a new dished steering wheel fitted. The engine now produced 55 hp (41 kW) following an increase in compression ratio though the top speed and acceleration remained the same. A semi-automatic, two pedal, "Manumatic" transmission with centrifugal clutch with vacuum operation coupled to gear changes was optional. Independent front-suspension with forward torsion bars continued to promise "above average comfort" for the car's occupants.

Traveller
The 'woody' Series III Traveller was replaced by the Series IV in 1957, though the saloon remained in production until 1959, when the Series V styled by Carrozzeria Pinin Farina (later Pininfarina) was introduced. 58,117 Series III and Series IV Oxfords were built.

Motor magazine tested a Series III manumatic equipped saloon in 1957 recording a top speed of 74.4 mph, virtually unchanged from the Series II and acceleration from 0–60 mph in 30.5 seconds, adversely affected by the Manumatic option. Fuel consumption of 27.0 mpgimp was found. The test car cost £898 including taxes of £300.

Ambassador
This car was the basis for the Hindustan Ambassador or 'Amby' which was built in India until 2014. The car featured a few styling updates but kept the original look, albeit with modern powertrains. Sales declined from a high of 24,000 units a year in the mid-1980s to under 12,000 a decade later and to less than 6,000 in the mid-2000s. Hindustan Motors stopped production of the Ambassador cars in May 2014.

Oxford Traveller all-steel Series IV (1957–1960)
The Oxford IV was only made in the Traveller estate version. A steel-bodied replacement for the "woody" Series III Traveller, it was similar to the Series III saloon in most respects. The IV was introduced in 1957, announced by BMC with the Riley Two-Point-Six on 23 August 1957 and produced alongside the Series V until 1960. An interesting feature was having fillers on both sides of the car, for the single fuel tank.

title: Morris Oxford Series III


text:
Langford, Mississippi

Langford is an unincorporated community in Rankin County, Mississippi, United States. Langford is served by the Langford Volunteer Fire Department as part of the Rankin County Fire District system.

title: Langford, Mississippi


text:
Padar, Republic of Dagestan

Padar (Падар) is a rural locality (a selo) in Derbentsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 2,266 as of 2010. There are 17 streets.

Geography
Padar is located 26 km northwest of Derbent (the district's administrative centre) by road. Velikent and Karadagly are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Azerbaijanis and Dargins live there.

title: Padar, Republic of Dagestan


text:
abreujar

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to abbreviate; to shorten

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to shorten make shorter

title: abreujar


text:
Computer Communications

Introduction
Computer network is a collection of nodes, where the computing stations (resources) reside. The nodes communicate to each other via communication network. Transmission, and switching accomplishes the course of communications.

Network Types
Networks can be classified by switching methods, topology, functions and representation.

Circuit Switching
is good for long continuous and time-constrained communications.
 * Before the data transmission began, station to station (end-to-end) physical path must be established. All channels in the path are used simultaneously ruding the transmission. The entire path must be used for communication, until the release of the circuit.
 * The best way to memorize operation, consists of three phases:
 * Circuit Establishment (Resources are allocated)
 * Data Transfering (Resource are used)
 * Circuit Termination (Resources are deallocated)

Message Switching
A message is a logical unit of information that one station sends to another. It does not need a path to be established. Instead, the message travels over existing channels. It hops (travels) through the network in a node-to-node manner, in store-and-forward fashion, until it reaches its destination.

Packet Switching
Transmits data in a bursty nature. Small users get fast service in presence of large users. Messages are decomposed into packets. Packets are the smaller units of data.
 * Many packets of the same message can be transmitted at the same time. In other words, the message is cut is small pieces which are transmitted simultaneously, yet by different channels.
 * The message needs to be reassembled after arriving at the destination.

Datagram Packet Switching

 * Data packets are treated independently of each other.
 * Each packet can travel according to the route it found on the network.
 * Sequential order is not required to take place.
 * The connection operation consists only of data transfer phase.

Virtual Circuit packet switching
Virtual circuit is a logical connection, which is established prior to the start of communications. Logical connection is a route, over which all packets travel between the stations. Packets are delivered along the circuits in sequential order.
 * Connection-Oriented Operation:
 * Connection Established
 * Data Transferred
 * Connection Terminated

Protocol Concepts
Consider a simple example of file transfer, which happens almost every day with us. How does it happen: Conversion must be performed if two systems are incompatible.
 * Source either activates direct data communication path, or informs the network about desired destination.
 * Source system must be sure that the destination system is ready to receive data.
 * File transfer application of the source system must be sure that the file management program on the destination system is ready to receive files.

Protocols
Protocol is a set of rules that governs the exchange of the information. It deals with Anything, capable of transmitting and receiving information is called an entity. A system is a physically distinct collection of entities.
 * Syntax, which is the format, coding, signals magnituded
 * Semantics, which takes care of the implementation of control information and error handling.
 * Timing the sequence in which everything occurs.

Protocols are responsible for:
 * Delivering user data
 * Fragmentation and reassambly
 * Encapsulation
 * Connection Control, which consists of
 * Establishment of the connection
 * Data transfer
 * Connection Termination
 * Controling the data flow between two protocol entities
 * Error Control
 * Sequencing, which is maintaining the proper order of Protocol data Unit Delivery
 * Addressing, which is a proper manner of naming and referencing protocol entities.
 * Multiplexing, allowing single connection to multiple users
 * Expedited data delivery, security, which comes under a frame of Transmision Service.

Layered Approach
Entity implements the functions of a given layer, and the protocols for communicating with peer entities. An entity communicates with entities on The entity on the layers N communicated with the entities on lower layers, by invokations of N-1 primitives.
 * Its layer
 * on layers above, or below it, acting as an interface

Primitives:
 * 'Request': used to invoke requested service, passing parameters for full specification
 * In order to show that a procedure has been invoked by a peer service, indication migh be useful.
 * Response is issued to complete or acknowledge some procedure, invoked by an indication to user.
 * Confirmation, used by a service provider to complete or acknowledge some procedure.

OSI MOdel
Suggested reading: OSI model

TCP/IP protocol architecture
Suggested Reading, from WIKIPedia:
 * Internet protocol suite

Data Link: Issues and Requirements
Data link control is respoinsible of data communications between tow transmitting-receving station, connected directly. The most important aspects of the Data Link COntrol are
 * Frame synchronization
 * character oriented, where the character is the basic unit (atom) of information.
 * bit oriented, where the "atom" of information is a bit.
 * Line Configuration, is a criteria that differs the way of data links.
 * Topology (point to point, multipont)
 * Duplexity
 * Simplex, one connection at a time, in one directeion over a single line
 * Half Duplex, One connection at time, during the talk.
 * Full duplex 2 way connection during the talk.
 * Line discipline
 * contention
 * polling
 * selection

Bit Oriented Data Link Protocols
To study
 * High Level Data Link COntrol (HDLC) - ISO
 * LAPB - ITU-T (for x.25)
 * Point-to-Point Protocol used on the internet to connect home users to ISPs, as well as router to router. While working, it relies on:
 * Line Control protocol for establishing connection
 * In order to check the validity of a password, PPP uses either PAP or CHAP. It comes between Establish, and Authenticate states.
 * Network Control Protocol for negotiating network layer option. Comes between Network and Open states.
 * And for providing IP service over the established connection, IPCP is in use. It comes between the states of Authenticate and Network.

Just for reference
 * Advanced Communications Control Procedures (ADCCP)
 * Synchronous data Link COntrol
 * Link Access Procedures, D channelLAPD - ITU-T (for ISDN)
 * Link Access Procedure for Frame-mode Bearer Sercies (LAPF)
 * Logic Link COntrol(LLC) - IEEE 802.2

Network Layer
This layer and its protocols are responsible for the terminal to terminal data packet delivery. One of its main design issues are:

External vs. Internal operation
In case of external.internal virtual circuit, whenever the user requests VC, a dedicated route is set through the network. All packets will follow it.
 * External Virtual Circuit with internal datagrams.
 * Different packets of the same message may follow different routes through the network.
 * The original sequence and the integrity of message is achieved by resassemlby of packets at the destication node.
 * External/Internal datagram, features independent treatment of each packet.

General COmparison

X.25 Standard
The protocol specifies three level interface between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Control Equipment
 * From TOP to BOTTOM, the levels of the interface are:

Packet Levels
enables subscribers of the network to set up logical connections to the subscribers. These logical connections, form a pre-planed routes and are called, Virtutal circuits THis level relies on Packet Layer Protocol
 * Virtual Circuit Service of X.25
 * Dynamically established Virtual Call.
 * Network Assigned, permanet virtual circuit.
 * Packet types

Multilink Procedure

 * Multilink procedure allows multiline DTE-DCE connections.
 * Each link is governed by SLP LAPB
 * MLP frame format
 * Multilink Control Field (MLC) (2 octets)
 * 12 bit sequence number accross al links is needed, to reorder frames sent, which may arrive in different order.
 * Restination reorders the packets according to MLP sequence numbers
 * The X.25 packet.

Physical Level
deals with the physical interface between the link that attaches computer to the network, and the computer.
 * X.21
 * X.21 bis, similar to EIA-232-D

Error control and recovery

 * Reset packet: This operation requires to reinitialize a virtual circuit.
 * Restart packet: This operation requires to reset all active virtual circuits.

Multiplexing

 * DTE is allowed to establish up to 4095 Virtual Circuits simultaneously.
 * each packet contains a 12bit Virtual Circuit number. (0 is reserved for "restart" and diagnostic packets.

Flow Control

 * Sliding Window protocol with default size of 2 (max is 7 or 127)

Acknowledgements
They may have either local or end to end significance.
 * when D=0, the acknowledgement is made between DTE and the network.
 * when D=1, the acknowledgement is made from Remote DTE

Frame Relay Networks

 * This technology is designed to provide lower delays, and higher throughput, in comparison with traditional switching networks.
 * F.R. originated as a part of ISDN standardization, yet can be provided for bothISDN and non-ISDN networks.
 * In x.25 the control packets are carried on the same channel, and the same virtual circuit as the data packet. In fact in-band signaling takes place there. Simply speaking control and data packets travel in series, not in parallel. Multiplexing and switching takes place at level 3, whicle both layers 2 and 3 include flow control.
 * Frame Relay provides separate channels/virtual circuits for data and control packets. In other words, data and control packets travel in parallel ways.

FrameRelay protocol architecture
Consider two separate planes of operations, COntrol (C) plane and user (U) plane.
 * C plane is responsible for establishment and termination of logical connections.
 * U plane is responsible to the transfer of user data between the subscribers.
 * Multiplexing, and logical connection switching takes place at level 2 (instead of 3) leaving level 3 for processing.
 * Flow control is not end to end. No the hop to hop.

Call Control
Call controls signalling is carried on a separate logical connection. Thus the state table maintenance is not required for intermediate nodes.
 * It used LAPD (Q.921) protocol, for relizable data link control
 * Q.931/Q.933 control signalling mesages are exchanged atop of Q.921 protocol.

Frame relay call control functions
Other side can answer with After the connection is established, data transfer can proceed. Clearing a connection is accomplished by the exchange of DISCONNECT, RELEASE, and RELEASE COMPLETE messages.
 * Exchange of a Q.931/Q.933 message over a logical connection dedicated call - establishes and release a frame relay connection.
 * Sending the SETUP message, either side can request the establishment. The side which sends setup message may chose DLCI option by choosing the unused value. Otherwise the accepting side will assign DLCI with the conenct message.
 * CONNECT message to confirm the connection, or the
 * RELEASE COMPLETE message to refus the connection.

User data Transer
User plane provides LAP-F protocol for data transfer (Link Access Procedure for Frame Mode bearer Services) It is defined in Q.922. Only the code function which are used in frame relay are defined here: Core functions of theLAPF constitue a subwayler in a data link layer. They provide bare data transfer service without any flow and error control. Besides this, the user can chose end-to-end function. Network can relay the frames with the following properties
 * delimiting, alignment, and transparancy
 * multiplexing/demultiplexing, using the address field
 * inspecting the frame for integral number of oxtets
 * prior to zero bit insertion
 * after zero bit extraction
 * Small probability of frame loss.
 * Preservation of the order of frame.

Routing protocols
Computer communication protocols can be divided on Routing protocls in turn can be divided on by methode on
 * nonroutable
 * routed
 * routing protocols
 * distance vector routing
 * link state routing

Network address translation
(NAT) is a very important issue of routing. NAT can use either one-to one mapping or one to many mapping. NAT has several advantages. For example: when a user decides to change a provider, along with external IP Addresses, NAT will presedve all the internal IP addresses with the internal to external translation.
 * It conserves public IP addresses
 * NAT hides internal IP scheme from the outside world
 * allows easy renumbering of IP address translation.

However NAT has following disadvantages
 * Delay comes froma NAT router to perform address translation.
 * End to end IP traceablity is lost due to IP translation
 * It is hard to find the originator of the message.

Static NAT
This kind of translation is ONE TO ONE. The configuration is simple, because NAT Routes will be a default gateway for all clients

Dynamic NAT

 * Group-to-Group mapping, where a group of valid outside IP addresses are mapped to a group of private IP addresses.
 * Network administrator doesnt care of specific one-to one mapping.
 * Any private IP address will be automatically translated to any IP address.

title: Computer Communications


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/INTP

INTPs are introverts, meaning they tend to prefer relatively solitary lives. They are often uncomfortable in social gatherings, particularly large ones, which can leave them feeling somewhat drained. Although some may have many acquaintances, INTPs usually have only a few close friends, if any at all. However, this also means they tend to be nonchalant about their public image.

INTPs favor iNtuition over Sensing. As such, they tend to be more introspective than attentive to their surroundings. It is common for an INTP to daydream, or simply become lost in his or her thoughts. INTPs often enjoy contemplating interesting ideas, concepts, and possibilities due to iNtuition—their curiosity drives them. However, their senses are somewhat less refined than in other types. They may overlook details (INTPs are prone to "careless errors" in math), and are not often completely attuned to what is going on around them. An INTP deep in thought can be oblivious to all sorts of things, ranging from a missed meal to a cap being stolen from his or her head.

An INTP prefers Thinking over Feeling, meaning they tend to value logic over feelings. Although INTPs experience emotions as powerfully as other types, they almost always must see the logic behind them before acting on them. All decisions must have good reasons behind them, and INTPs rarely make good decisions without considerable thought. It is usually very important to an INTP to be as logically and grammatically accurate as possible. However, INTPs are somewhat inept at expressing feelings outwardly, sometimes causing misunderstandings. Sarcasm and cynicism are occasionally observed in INTPs.

Since INTPs have a Perceiving preference, they don't enjoy being limited by schedules or decisions. They tend to have bursts of creative energy, which can lead to extraordinary efforts, but the energy can also be short-lived. After the energy is expired, attention may be directed elsewhere, where energy may be regenerated. In other words, INTPs may have many interests due to their preference for perceiving, and these interests may come and go, or change altogether.

Being introverts, INTPs are usually very reserved. Their iNtuition allows them to rapidly understand new concepts and to pursue a wide variety of interests. Their Thinking helps them to find the logic in a situation from an objective point of view. INTPs' Perceiving causes them to be open-ended; often thinking about a task is more rewarding than executing the task.

INTPs often feel like misfits and are not necessarily always appreciated. Many INTPs complain of boredom, as the real world fails to measure up to the vivid experiences of their imaginations.

INTPs at work
INTPs might make good professors, computer programmers, photographers, mathematicians, attorneys, engineers, analysts, architects, and scientists, however, according to this Wikipedia article, a lot of INTPs are found as "teachers of subjects such as English, social studies and art", once again breaking the norm.

INTPs in relationships
INTPs face many tough hurdles in their relationships. Many INTPs do not focus on developing strong social skills, but even those who do will divert much of their energy into their solitary pursuits. Characterized best by the lonely adventurer, their adventures are rarely literal trips to the end of the earth (the territory of the SPs), but instead fantastic intellectual journeys.

One study found that INTPs tend to marry other INTPs.

How to Interact with an INTP

 * Allow them time to make a decision.
 * Realize that small talk is not very interesting to the INTP. However, a topic which ignites the INTP's imagination can spark a good discussion.
 * Try not to be easily offended. Unless you have made an enemy of the INTP, chances are the comment was not meant to hurt you.
 * Be prepared to encounter a strange sense of humor, a great curiosity, and an unusual train of thought.
 * Use logic as persuasion; the INTP is likely to ignore emotional appeals.
 * Hear them out. Most INTPs don't speak up often, and may get annoyed if ignored when they do.
 * Know that the INTP's energy comes in bursts, so they may put off chores in favor of more interesting material and then accomplish the postponed work in an extraordinarily short amount of time.
 * Be aware that the INTP is highly self-critical.

Famous INTPs

 * James Madison
 * Alexander Zverev
 * Abraham Lincoln
 * Albert Einstein
 * Rene Descartes
 * Blaise Pascal
 * William Harvey
 * William James
 * Charles Darwin

Fictional

 * Alice (Alice in Wonderland)
 * Ash Williams (Evil Dead)
 * Andie (Pretty in Pink)
 * Brian Griffin (Family Guy)
 * The Doctor
 * Elliot Alderson (Mr. Robot)
 * Gowther (Seven Deadly Sins)
 * Filburt (Rocko's Modern Life)
 * Ranpo (Bungo Stray dogs)
 * Dr. Gregory House
 * Howard Roark
 * Isabeau (Ladyhawke)
 * Kakashi Hatake (Naruto)
 * Kenma Kozuke (Haikyuu!!)
 * Kerr Avon
 * Killua Zoldyck (Hunter X Hunter)
 * Kisuke Urahara (Bleach)
 * Kusuo saiki (Saiki K.)
 * L (Death Note)
 * Larry David (Curb Your Enthusiasm)
 * Linus
 * Malcolm (Malcolm in the Middle)
 * Mary Adler (Gifted)
 * Neo (The Matrix)
 * Robin Buckley (Stranger Things)
 * Seven of Nine
 * Senkuu (Dr. Stone)
 * Sherlock Holmes
 * Dr. Susan Lewis
 * Tails (Sonic The Hedgehog)
 * Toge Inumaki (Jujutsu Kaisen)
 * Peter Parker (MCU and Marvel Comics)
 * Pieck Finger (Attack on Titan)
 * Dipper Pines (Gravity Falls)
 * Hiccup (How to Train Your Dragon)
 * Bruce Banner (MCU and Marvel Comics)
 * Yoda (Star Wars)

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/INTP


text:
Database management systems

Course Purpose
1) The aim is to present the general principles of the database systems with a practical focus, and some implementation assignments. Those assignments may or may not include some programming

2)The course assumes that students have some programming or strong logical reasoning skills in programming languages like C or C++. Some programing data structures such as (heap files, buffer manager, B+ trees, hash indexes, varoius goin methodes) are used in the course

3) The course concentrates on issues of the design, tuning, and implementation of the databases

The object of Database

 * A database is a collection of information, which describes the activities of one of more related organizations. The performance and productivity of organization depends on their abilities to acquire accurate and up to time data, and manage it. The amount of the data organization is exponentially growing and hard to manage by hand, so the database management system comes to help.
 * For example, if the database is about a food store, the information in database can be characterized as
 * Entities, such as products, salespeople, etc
 * Relationships between the entities such as products, and salesmen who are selling them.
 * Database management system, or DBMS is a software that assists people in managing the database information.And well as its performance
 * The basic operations of the database systems can be characterized as
 * Database Design: This is the way the user describes the real world issue in terms of the DBMS system
 * Data Analysis:How a user can address the problem of analyzing information upon a request by the company, and doing it efficiently.
 * Concurrency: How the DBMS can handle multiple requests accurately at the same time.

Describing and storing data in the database

 * Is the issue of translating the real world structure of the business into the data model. Data model is a collection of high-level presented data. The database software allows user to define data which will be stored in DBMS. Most of the databases use the relational data model. Semantic data model is a more complicated mind map of the database needed to tolerate given situation.
 * The semantic data model is also called the Entity Relationship model

Chapter 1: Relational Model
Data is formatted in tables, where each row represents an entry. For example, in a table of salespeople each row represents information about each particular salesperson. This data includes his/her name, age, address, etc. Such a single row of information is called a record.
 * The record can be treated as an array of an information, with its components treated as fields.

Relation is rule which relates different records of different tables. For example: records exist in a table of salespeople, as well as in a table of products. So it is possible to assign each salesperson as a specialist in each product. Such an assignment can be characterized as a relation.
 * A database query is a program which presents particular information from the DBMS upon users request.
 * A stored procedure is a program which performs data maintenance other than a query.

Relational Model Concepts
Relation is often represented as a table. Each table consists of several rows with many related values. One such row is called a tuple. In formal relational model a table is called table, the column headers are called attributes.

Chapter 2: File Organization and Indexing
Even though the database shows us data in the form of relations we must understand that it is just a logical representation. Finally all the data needs to be stored on the hard disk as files. It is very important in performance point of view that this organization should allow the database software to access data quickly and in an efficient way.

 * A Primary Storage is that storage that is directly accessible to the CPU and is limited. The data to be processed is usually brought from secondary storage to primary storage as and when needed. It is very fast but size is limited.
 * A Secondary Storage includes magnetic discs, tapes, optical media etc. In short the mass storage devices.
 * A Buffering is done to copy data from secondary storage to primary storage. In case the secondary storage is magnetic disk data is copied in units called blocks. Often a block is of same size as a cluster.

Records
Data is stored in files in the form of records. Records are related type of data. Ex. Details of one employee. However the data types too are important while storing data. The various data types are integer, text, date and time etc. Once they are recorded to a file while retrieving them back we must know their correct data type. With the latest databases we have a huge number of data types. To store binary data like program files and images we have a data type called BLOBs.

Fixed Length v/s Variable Length Records
Files are accessed sequentially hence to retrieve each record we must know its size. If the records are known to be of fixed size the work is very simple. Consider a list of mobile numbers where each number is exactly 10 digits long. Retrieving number will be simple here because we can read 10 characters at a time. But consider a list of names. How do we know the size of names? They can vary. To make matters more complex we can have records of certain number of fixed length entries and some variable length entries. Variable length records can be separated by a delimiter or separator such as a comma ',' or new line. Comma Separated Values or CVS is one such file based database. If every record in the file has exactly the same size (in bytes) the file is said to be made up of Fixed length records. if different records in the file have different sizes,the file is made up of variable length records.

Records on Disk: Spanned v/s Unspanned
Records need to be stored on a disk. Read and Write operations on disk are usually done in disk blocks. If the block size is greater than one record we might record many records in a single block and vice versa. In any case if the block size is not exactly divisible by the size of each records or to put in better terms the number of records that can be stored in a block is not a natural number a part of record will get stored on one block and remaining on some other disk block. In such a case there will be a pointer at the end of the disk block that will point to the next block. Such a organization is called Spanned. If Records are not allowed to cross block boundaries we call them unspanned.

Related materials
School:Computer Science:
 * Introduction to Databases
 * Introduction to SQL
 * Topic:Databases
 * Topic:Object-relational databases

title: Database management systems


text:
Talk:David Clark, Baron Clark of Windermere

Article location
I can't ever recall Clark going by both forenames - when at the frontline of politics he was always "David Clark". Unless there are objections I'll move the article to David Clark, Baron Clark after 48 hours. Timrollpickering 11:56, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Wrong name and wrong title, and the move to this location has been reverted before, so I've put it back where it was (and where it should be). Proteus (Talk) 12:47, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Freedom of South Sheilds
As the borough of South Sheilds ceased to exist in 1974 would not Lord Clark have received the freedom of the Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside which replaced it? Penrithguy (talk) 20:13, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 12:55, 29 April 2016 (UTC)


text:
Pavagada Assembly constituency

Pavagada Assembly constituency is one of the 224 constituencies in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly of Karnataka a south state of India. It is also part of Chitradurga Lok Sabha constituency.

title: Pavagada Assembly constituency


text:
1965 Bondi state by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Bondi on 6 November 1965 because Abe Landa resigned to accept the position of Agent-General for New South Wales in London. This position was usually a sinecure for retiring members of the ruling party but Premier Robert Askin offered it to Landa to force his resignation from parliament and cause a by-election with the hope of increasing his government's small majority. Landa's acceptance of the position resulted in his expulsion from the Labor Party.

Results

 * Preferences were not distributed to completion.
 * Abe Landa resigned to accept the position of Agent-General for New South Wales in London.

title: 1965 Bondi state by-election


text:
plaga

Etymology
Borrowed from. .

Noun

 * 1)  A stripe of colour.

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) plague
 * 2) jokester

Verb

 * 1) to bother, plague

Etymology
. Compare.

Noun

 * 1) region, district
 * 2)  beach

Etymology 1
Related to, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) plague, misfortune
 * 2) stroke, blow, cut, strike
 * 3) wound, gash, injury
 * 1) wound, gash, injury
 * 1) wound, gash, injury

Descendants

 * Eastern Romance:
 * Northern Gallo-Romance:
 * Southern Gallo-Romance:
 * Ibero-Romance:
 * Italo-Romance:
 * Rhaeto-Romance:
 * Insular Romance:
 * Ibero-Romance:
 * Italo-Romance:
 * Rhaeto-Romance:
 * Insular Romance:
 * Italo-Romance:
 * Rhaeto-Romance:
 * Insular Romance:
 * Rhaeto-Romance:
 * Insular Romance:
 * Insular Romance:
 * Insular Romance:

 * Borrowings:

Etymology 2
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. More at.

Noun

 * 1)  tract, region, quarter, zone
 * 2) * Attributed to Ennius by Cicero in De divinatione, Book II, Chapter XIII
 * "la"

- Quod est ante pedes nemo spectat, caeli scrutantur plagas.

Etymology 3
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) hunting net, web, trap, snare, rope, gear
 * 2) bedcurtain, curtain
 * 1) bedcurtain, curtain

Alternative forms

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) plague
 * 2) nuisance
 * 1) nuisance

Etymology 1
. Compare the inherited.

Noun

 * 1) plague
 * 2) nuisance
 * 1) nuisance

title: plaga


text:
Talk:Sadakathullah Appa College

Request
Please review this article. It looks like an advertisement. --Selvasivagurunathan m (talk) 03:45, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

For the attention of Admins —Selvasivagurunathan m (talk) 17:39, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sadakathullah Appa College


text:
User:Avatarfan6666

--

This user is trying to find more userboxes that match this user.

This user is trying to not laugh at the fact the he has to talk in the 2nd person.

This user has seen many other user pages and hides behind this page in SHAME!

/Sandbox

Ugh... This users needs a life.. and some more soda...

--

This user owns pet rats, and loves to sit them on his shoulder while he goes through and "sweeps" needy pages on wikipedia. If your page needs some housecleaning, call me on my talkpage.

--

This user REALLY wants the Demented Cartoon Movie article back on Wikipedia! It was a great article and this user will fight to the death (maybe not) over its undeletion!

title: User:Avatarfan6666


text:
User:Y-S.Ko

excerpts and quotations red text means this is red. green text means this is green. blue text means this is blue.

 * Special:EditWatchlist
 * pageviews
 * /Wikipedia course
 * /Wikipedia course2
 * /Wikipedia course3
 * /free study
 * /Bibliography
 * /External links
 * /Excerpts and comments
 * /sandbox
 * /index
 * /sandbox2
 * /In need
 * /Wikipedia Quiz
 * /Resource
 * /Book
 * q:User:Y-S.Ko
 * /playground
 * /free writing
 * https://copyvios.toolforge.org/

Categories

 * List of bibliographies

Vital articles (level 4)

 * People
 * History
 * Geography
 * Arts
 * Philosophy and religion
 * Everyday life
 * Society and social sciences
 * Biological and health sciences
 * Physical sciences
 * Technology
 * Mathematics

title: User:Y-S.Ko


text:
Agent of Change Award

The Agent of Change Award is an annual award constituted in 2016 by the Global Partnerships Forum to recognize Champions of Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment, in support of UN Women.

The Awards are conferred by the UN Assistant Secretary-General for Intergovernmental Support and Strategic Partnerships and the president of the Global Partnerships Forum at the Headquarters of the United Nations, in New York City. The Agent of Change Award statuette is based on artist Spar Street's sculpture of the same name.

2016 awards
On September 21, 2016, the first Agent of Change Awards were conferred upon:

2017 awards
On September 20, 2017, Agent of Change Awards were conferred upon:

title: Agent of Change Award


text:
Disciples (film)

Disciples is a 2014 American horror film written, directed, produced, and edited by Joe Hollow. It stars an ensemble cast consisting of Tom Lodewyck, Tony Todd, Angus Scrimm, Linnea Quigley, Brinke Stevens, Debra Lamb, Bill Moseley, Barbara Magnolfi, Debbie Rochon, and Camden Toy. It tells the story of a group of humans and demons who must band together to fight for the fate of humanity.

Synopsis
A dark twisted apocalyptic shocker about a group of humans and demons who must band together to fight for the fate of humanity. When an ancient prophecy unleashes an evil spirit, hell is brought upon the world.

Cast

 * Tom Lodewyck as The Priest – Asmodeus
 * Tony Todd as Duncan – Belial
 * Linnea Quigley as Raine – The Seraph
 * Angus Scrimm as Winston – Azazel
 * Debra Lamb as Marishka – Astarte
 * Brinke Stevens as Tatiana – Agrat-Bat-Mahlat
 * Barbara Magnolfi as Serena Cuzzoni
 * Chris Burchette as The Father
 * Bill Moseley as Dread
 * Debbie Rochon as Elizabeth – The Watcher
 * Kaylee Williams as Kelly
 * Nick Principe as Friedrich – Astaroth
 * Camden Toy as The Watcher – Servant
 * Shannon Lark as Victoria
 * Matt Ukena as Nick
 * Morgan Peter Brown as Father Thomas
 * Tim J. Hays as Rainier – Paimon
 * Rachel Grubb as The Mother
 * Tawny Amber Young as Sister Faith
 * Paula Duerksen as Rachel
 * Sabrina Bosler as The Succubus

Release
In March 2014, it was announced that ITN Distribution acquired worldwide distribution rights to Disciples. The film was released direct-to-video on September 12, 2014.

title: Disciples (film)


text:
User:Aniketk1985

Veronica (the bike) is a bike that demanded a relationship with rider The relationship involved tolerance, patience, and understanding on the part of the rider. In exchange, the bullet (Veronica) provided the kind of soaring, celestial, wind- weaving pleasure that birds must know, punctuated with not infrequent near-death experiences. (Source: Book named 'Shantaram' by Gregory David Roberts)

title: User:Aniketk1985


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mr. Moseby (2nd nomination)

The result was keep. BD2412 T 00:03, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

Mr. Moseby
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (biographies) Notability (fiction) requirement. WP:BEFORE did not reveal any significant English-language coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. The keep from 2013 was because  of the two votes, one stating that 'a character that appeared in 83 episodes is notable',  'keep per' and oh, a clear personal attack on the nom... Sigh. I think our standards are a bit higher now. (Oh, this is also totally unreferenced (outside one footnote to a single episode of the show)... and pure WP:OR/WP:PLOT). Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:47, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Fictional elements-related deletion discussions. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here  02:47, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions. Toughpigs (talk) 02:53, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: This discussion was closed on 25 August by User:Awesome Aasim, a non-administrator, as keep. Pursuant to WP:DPR, I, an uninvolved administrator, have vacated this closure and determine that the debate be relisted for a further one week from today.
 * Speedy keep. This nomination is so erroneous, citing Notability (biographies), which applies only to actual living people, on a page whose subject is a fictional character, giving rise to serious question as to whether the nominator has read ad understood the article and guideline in question. The Big Bad Wolfowitz (aka Hullaballoo). Treated like dirt by many administrators since 2006.  Fight for freedom, stand with Hong Kong! (talk) 04:24, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I copypasted the wrong guideline link. Fixed. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:47, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep - I agree with . The nom has misrepresented the first nomination. Six editors voted with four voting to keep. Nowhere was it stated 'a character that appeared in 83 episodes is notable'. In fact the character is a major character in two television series that spanned 158 episodes and a TV movie, as well as having appeared in crossover episodes of other TV shows. Neither series had 83 episodes so I'm not sure where that figure was plucked from. -- Aussie Legend  ( ✉ ) 08:06, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It seems that there was some copypaste error and my explanation of the problems here was replaced with the one from another AfD. Still, the basics hold, this fails NFICTION. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:47, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I disagree as the sources found by demonstrate notability. -- Aussie Legend  ( ✉ ) 10:07, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Redirect - Mistaken guideline aside, the nomination is correct that this currently fails to establish independent notability through real world information-providing reliable sources. The keep !votes in the previous AfD did rely on all "it's notable" claims without any backing, so sources should be provided if those claims are to be made again. The number of appearances are completely irrelevant to establishing notability. TTN (talk) 12:10, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep- I have found two sources which discuss the character in some detail, “Cowboy Up!”: Non-Hegemonic Representations of Masculinity in Children’s Television Programming, and Conceptualizing Perspective in Rural America: An analysis of individual assumptions and responses influenced by televised programming (Pages 175-180). The first may have access issues for some but it includes analysis of the character in terms of the portrayal of masculinity in children's television. The second appears to be an undergraduate research paper, however it was presented at an official conference for undergraduate research at Purdue University. These may not be enough to demonstrate notability on their own, but there may be more sources out there. I think there is a decent case for notability here. Rhino131 (talk) 12:28, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete / redirect - after a review of the sources. There are some questoins of whether Mr. Moseby is a racial stereotype, but nothing enough to establish the WP:NOTABILITY of the character, and really more about racial representation in children's programming as a whole. In the sources he's cited as a brief example in a much wider conversation about representation, when we really need more WP:SIGCOV to explain this character's real world reception overall. Jontesta (talk) 15:11, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Stifle (talk) 08:57, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment. I'll ping editors who took their time to comment at the DELREV and did not comment here yet: . Also, in case Hobit does not comment here, I will mention that they did link a new source: but the one page I see seems to be a pure plot/apperance description of the character. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here  08:49, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Redirect to The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, this character does not pass WP:GNG, there is only one source, which is a primary source and so does not contribute to notability anyway. The sources brought are shown by the analysis of Jontesta to not be enough to cause a GNG pass. Article also currently fails WP:PLOT. Devonian Wombat (talk) 08:56, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Merge with other main characters and List of recurring characters in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, and rename List of the Suite Life characters per Articles for deletion/Zack Martin (Suite Life). Corachow (talk) 14:50, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * weak keep The source I found (linked above) is more than plot--it is very much analysis of the character and his interaction with others. In particular a discussion about sexuality and behavior.  Reading the whole thing is actually fairly interesting.  That said, the source is short (the entire discussion about this character is a bit less than a page spread over a few pages).  But with everything else, I feel like we are over the bar. I am shocked that there isn't as much in the popular press here as I'd have expected. Hobit (talk) 16:36, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * There actually was a lot more for all of the main characters while the program was actually airing. I don't know if it's a thing just with Disney programs or whether it occurs with all kids' TV programs but almost as soon as the program ended, sources started disappearing. Admittedly, a lot of the websites did start reorganising their content but it's almost as if they said "Well, that program has finished, we don't need this stuff any more" and dumped everything. -- Aussie Legend  ( ✉ ) 17:10, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep Highly notable character who was a cornerstone of a highly notable 2000s Disney Channel Sitcom. Sources have become dead links over time. However, the character lives on in memes and nostalgia; and its clear that it had made Phill Lewis's career appearing in dozens of episodes with this unique character. DrewieStewie (talk) 13:14, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Can you cite any sources to show that "the character lives on in memes and nostalgia"? Because if all the sources saying that are now "dead", well, than it means the character no longer lives on. And while notability is not temporary, we need to be able to verify those old sources, otherwise it is just a claim that WP:THEREMUSTBESOURCES. Or THEWERESOURCESBUTNOWTHEYAREGONE. C'mon. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:51, 31 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Dutch/Lesson 4

Fill in the blank 4-1-F

 * Peter zegt dat hij die stoelen en tafels echt heeft.
 * Peter wil Elly voor een etentje.
 * Zijn vader zegt: zul je bedoelen!
 * Zijn zoon aan de universiteit.

Grammatica 4-1 ~ The indefinite articles een en geen

 * ...chairs and a table ... stoelen en een tafel
 * ...has no money... heeft geen geld

In the previous lesson you were introduced to the definite articles—'the' in English and het or de in Dutch. Indefinite articles precede nouns in the same way that definite articles do, but convey a general or indefinite sense. These are 'a' or 'an' in English. Thus, 'the book' or het boek refers to a definite or specific book, whereas 'a book' or een boek is indefinite about which book is referred to. If your mother tongue does not have articles (such as Russian, Polish etc.) try this.

Dutch indefinite articles only come in one form (een), so they don't display gender.

The use of definite and indefinite articles is virtually the same as in English. The few deviations are best learned when listening to the language or speaking it.

Please note (see also previous lesson) that the indefinite article has the same form as the numeral one (één). One could argue that one is a clitic form of the other. To denote the difference, one could place accents on the numeral. Also, there is a difference in pronunciation. The numeral één (one) is pronounced /e:n/, the article een (a) with a much weaker /ən/. Occasionally Dutch has one and English the other:

 * op een middag - one afternoon

Notice that one is used here in the meaning of a certain, not say in contrast to two or three.

There is an inflected form ene that is used independently:

 * Occasionally Dutch has one, English the other.
 * Soms heeft Nederlands het ene, Engels het andere

Negation
In English a negative of an indefinite article is simply formed by adding not:

 * this is a car
 * this is not a car

Alternatively one can drop the article and say:

 * this is no car.

In Dutch there is a special negative of een:

 * dit is een auto
 * dit is geen auto.

Geen is used both with singular and with plural indefinite nouns
 * dat zijn eenden  -- those are ducks
 * dat zijn geen eenden -- those are not ducks

Relation to niet
The combination niet + een is only used in contrasting things:

 * dit is niet een fuut maar een eend.
 * this is not a grebe but a duck.

With definite nouns negation involves adding niet, usually at end:
 * dat is de auto
 * dat is de auto niet

 * Notice that geen is an article . It negates the noun.
 * By contrast niet is an adverb. It negates the verb.

Notice also that Dutch does not use the auxiliary verb to do for negations:

 * Hij zag de auto niet - he did not see the car
 * Hij zag geen eenden - he did not see any ducks

Relation to wel
When a negative is negated Dutch uses the adverb wel to express that. English has to use a construction involving the verb to do:

 * Heb je geen geld? -- Jawel, ik heb wel geld.
 * Don't you have money --  Yes, I do have money

This adverb is also used for contrasting:

 * Hij heeft geen auto, maar wel een motor.
 * He has no car, but he does have a motorbike.

Notice that the second part of the Dutch sentence does not even have a verb. Dutch is quite an 'adverbial' language. If the adverb expresses the meaning sufficiently, why bother with superfluous things like verbs?

A game of "Yes, you do" - "No, I don't" sounds like "Welles!" - "Nietes!" in Dutch

Much like in French, there are two words for yes. A simple confirmation is ja (French: oui); a negation of a negative is jawel (French: si)

Possessives
Recall the following from Gesprek 3-1:
 * Ja. En daarna breng je me op je motor naar huis.

Which translates as:
 * 'Yes. And after that you take me home on your motorcycle'.

The sentence demonstrates one of the possessive pronouns. In the singular these are
 * 'my', 'your', and 'his/her/its' in English
 * mijn, jouw and zijn/haar/(zijn) in Dutch.

The neuter zijn for its is not used very much in Dutch, as we shall see in lesson 8 it often gets replaced by "ervan".

The above pronouns like jouw often turn into a weak (clitic) form je that is used when the emphasis is on something else, such as the motorcycle in this case. In the spoken language this holds for all the ones shown in the table, but in the written language je is the most generally accepted clitic. When written they are:

 * m'n, je and z'n/d'r/(z'n)

Dutch does not have a possessive case as English does. In English one could say this house of mine, where mine (and yours, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs) is possessive case. Dutch uses objective case for this: dit huis van mij as if 'van' (of) is a preposition.

However, for a sentence like is this yours or his? Dutch would use nominalized pronouns (pronouns turned into nouns) with an inflection -e usually accompanied by a definite pronoun de or het:

 * Is dit het jouwe of het zijne? - Is this yours or his?

The possessive for the polite 2nd person pronoun u is uw and in the south this same word is used to refer to the gij pronoun (but no formal usage is implied). Uw does not have a clitic form and the same can be said about the possessives of the plural. Uw does have an inflected form uwe used for nominalization.

 * Dit is uw huis - this is your house
 * Dit is het uwe! - this is yours

For the third person plural the possessive is hun and it follows the same pattern:

 * Dat is hun auto - this is their house
 * Dat is het hunne! - this is theirs

For the first person plural Dutch has ons. This is the only one that follows the rules for inflection of the adjectives. I.e. its inflected form is used for de-words but not for het-words:

 * het huis - ons huis
 * de huizen - onze huizen.
 * de auto - onze auto

The inflected form is once again also used for nominalization:

 * Dat is het onze! - that is ours!

For the second person plural the possessive is jullie which cannot be inflected and cannot be used as a noun, which necessitates a construction involving van:

 * Dat is jullie huis
 * Dat is dat van jullie
 * Dat is jullie auto
 * Dat is die van jullie!

See Dutch/Appendix 3 for a table of the possessive pronouns.

Quizlet
Practice the possessive pronouns at Quizlet (24 term, includes demonstrative and reciprocal pronouns)

Demonstratives
In English, this is used as demonstrative pronoun to indicate something in proximity. That indicates greater distance. In Dutch a similar distinction exists, but gender plays a role:
 * de trein → deze trein - this train
 * het huis → dit huis - this house

So, one replaces 'de' by deze and 'het' by dit.

At a greater distance:

 * de trein → die trein
 * het huis → dat huis

Notice that often when English has th, Dutch will have d:

 * the - de
 * that - dat
 * think - denk

A third, even more distant pronoun exists (gene, gindse), but it is about as common as its English equivalent yon, yonder.

Again, the two languages betray their kinship. In some words, a g in Dutch corresponds to a y in English.. Compare:

 * gisteren - yesterday
 * de gist - the yeast
 * geel - yellow

Using demonstrative pronouns instead of personal pronouns
Recall:
 * Die heb ik echt nodig, hoor!

As we have seen Dutch is on its way to a two-gender system. For inanimate nouns, this makes demonstrative pronouns a more attractive choice to refer things by than personal pronouns. Compare:

As you see demonstratives do not distinguish whether a word is feminine or masculine and follow the same common-neuter pattern as the articles. Compare:

 * Ik zie Jan. Hij is sterk - I see John. He is strong.
 * Ik zie zijn auto. Die is duur. - I see his car. It is expensive.

Note: because de auto is not neuter, it is not correct to say: Het is duur. But saying hij is duur or zij is duur makes the word specifically masculine or feminine. Using die avoids the issue, because die follows the common gender pattern of the definite article.

Increasingly, personal pronouns are reserved for reference to persons (natural gender as in English). To refer to things people resort to substituting the demonstratives.

Reflexive and Reciprocal pronouns
In English reflexive pronouns always carry the ending -self -selves: myself, themselves etc. In Dutch that is not always so. In fact, for a verb that is always reflexive, like zich vergissen (to be mistaken) the ending cannot be used:

 * Ik vergis me
 * Jij vergist je, u vergist u/zich
 * Hij/zij vergist zich
 * Wij vergissen ons
 * Jullie vergissen je
 * Zij vergissen zich

In other words the reflexive pronoun is identical to the clitic object form of the personal pronoun, except in the third person where it is zich. The pronoun u was originally a third person (It stems from U.E. uwe edele, something like: your nobility, your honor) which explains the zich for this pronoun.

Vergissen can only be used with zich, but some verbs can be used with or without a reflexive pronoun. In that case -zelf may be added:

Ik was me/mij/mezelf/mijzelf. - I wash myself.

This topic is revisited in Lesson 16

The most important reciprocal pronoun is elkaar - each other
 * Zij ontmoeten elkaar - They met each other.

Grammatica 4-3 Plural of nouns
We already have seen some things about the plural above:
 * 1) the plural definite article is always de (for all genders),
 * 2) there is no indefinite article, but the negative geen can be used.
 * 3) the demonstrative pronouns are deze and die
 * 4) the personal pronoun is zij or its weak form ze.

Forming the plural of the noun itself is a bit more complicated. In English it is basically always done with -s, but in Dutch that is different

Recall: ...tafels en stoelen...

With few exceptions like ox - oxen pretty much all words simply get an -s in English. Dutch however has two main ways to form a plural: by adding -s and by adding -en. The latter is pronounced /-ən/, /-ə/ or even as a syllabic /-n/ depending on the region.

Which plural applies is best learned case by case as gender is, although we can attempt a general rule:

The ones in -a, -o, -i and -y get an apostrophe before the -s

 * baby - baby's

Unfortunately there are lots of exceptions. Many recent (latinate) loans from English or French and all diminutives get a -s.

 * de tafel - de tafels
 * de familie - de families
 * het meisje - de meisjes

Words in -te and -aar usually get -s:

 * de hoogte - de hoogtes
 * de kandelaar - de kandelaars

Amongst the many words that get -en are the ones in -ing:

 * de helling - de hellingen

Vowel changes
Most monosyllabic words have -en in the plural:

 * de stoel - de stoelen
 * het raam - de ramen

In the latter case, notice that one of the a's is dropped in the spelling of the plural. This difficulty is related to the fact that most Dutch vowels occur in two varieties, a closed one and an open one. Dutch spelling has a rather ingenious and systematic way of denoting which one is intended. It involves the doubling of either vowels or consonants. Compare:

 * het bot /bɔt/ (the bone) has an open vowel /ɔ/ like British pot (or American paw)
 * de boot /bot/ (the boat) sounds much like British boat.

In this case the vowels remain the same in the plural, but notice the doubling:

 * het bot - de botten ['bɔtə(n)] (bot-ten)
 * de boot - de boten ['botə(n)] (bo-ten)

It is customary to call the first sound [ɔ] a 'short o' and the second [o] a 'long o', but this terminology can be rather confusing. There are languages like Czech or Gàidhlig where vowels are indeed distinguished purely on their length. In Dutch, however, the difference in length (quantity) is actually pretty negligible, but the difference in vowel sound (quality) is not. This presents a problem for speakers of the many languages with a five-vowel system, like Italian, Russian, Arabic or isiXhosa whose ears are not accustomed to this kind of difference. Anglophones usually do quite well.

The following five vowels possess open ('long') and covered ('short') varieties:

Vowel changes
For non-native speakers a complication arises in those cases where the actual vowel changes ('lengthens') in the plural, compare:

 * dat pad (/pɑt/) - die paden (/'padən/ - vowel changes) (that path - those paths)
 * die pad (/pɑt/) - die padden (/'pɑdən/ - no vowel change) (that toad - those toads)

The vowel /ɑ/ in pad and padden is approximately as in father. Paden has a vowel /a/ like in broad American 'Oh, my God' (In Dutch the spelling would be: Gaad). Also, notice the gender difference of the two words.

Vowel change is systematic in the plural of the past of certain strong verbs (class 4 and 5; see 6).

 * ik zat (/zɑt/) - wij zaten (/zatən/) (I sat - we sat)

A few words show vowel changes other than between the open and closed variety of the same vowel:

 * de stad - de steden (city).
 * het schip - de schepen (ship)

Words ending in -heid get -heden:

 * beleefdheid - beleefdheden

-eren
There are about a dozen plurals in Dutch that end in -eren:

 * het kind - de kinderen (child - children)
 * het lam - de lammeren (lamb)

The ending -eren is essentially a double plural. It derives from a plural in -er and in some compounds that is still visible:

 * de kinderkamer - the children's room
 * de lammergier - a species of vulture

-ën
Some words in -ie have an -en plural that requires a diaeresis (trema in Dutch). The spelling depends on where the stress falls:

 * de kolónie - de kolóniën
 * de dynastíé - de dynastíéën

Notice that in Dutch orthography the stress of a word cán be indicated with an acute accent, but this is only permitted if otherwise ambiguity might arise.

A trema (diaeresis) is also used after -ee:

 * de zee - de zeeën
 * de diatomee - de diatomeeën

Changes of consonants
If the root of the word ends in a -z of -v this is both written and pronounced as -s and -f in the singular, but the voiced consonant returns in a plural on -en:

 * de baas - de bazen
 * de raaf - de raven
 * de duif - de duiven

Such words typically have a 'long' vowel (aa in this case) or diphthong.

With short vowel the consonant typically remains voiceless and is doubled in the plural

 * de plas - de plassen
 * de klos - de klossen

Lieden, lui
Some compounds of -man have a plural involving lieden or lui (people)
 * de timmerman - de timmerlieden, de timmerlui

Classical plurals
Occasionally a Latin or Greek plural is preserved in Dutch:

 * het museum - de musea
 * de chemicus - de chemici
 * de crisis - de crises
 * het dogma - de dogmata, dogma's

Quizlet
The vocabulary or this lesson can be practiced at Quizlet (28 terms)

Progress made
Cumulative count

Pronunciation Guide>>

 * Advanced Lesson 4>>

Quizlet
The vocabulary or this lesson can be practiced at Quizlet (28 terms)

Progress made
If you have thoroughly studied the above lesson you should
 * 1) have more knowledge of pronouns (poss. dem, reflex, and reciprocal)
 * 2) know how plurals are formed
 * 3) know the Dutch spelling rule that governs the doubling of vowels and consonants

Cumulative vocabulary count

 * Lesson 1+ : 226
 * Lesson 2+ : 161
 * Lesson 3+ : 89
 * Lesson 4: 52

 * Grand total: 528 terms

Pronunciation Guide>>

 * Advanced Lesson 4>>

title: Dutch/Lesson 4


text:
Talk:Deborah Henson-Conant

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To add to article
To add to this article: where does this performer live? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:31, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deborah Henson-Conant


text:
Talk:David Zinman

Current revision is too POV?
While I am sure that the comments concerning his performance with the Swiss orchestra in London are ture, they seem way too POV to be acceptable.

"His 2 performances with it in the BBC Promenade Concert series, most recently in 2005, were enthusiastically received and the more recent one was nationally televised in Britain, revealing his command of the music, the versatility of his interpretation and his subtle but impressive control over every aspect of the orchestra and its performance."

Suggestions for rewriting? --Wspencer11 (talk to me...) 12:25, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Have done the rewriting, rather belatedly. Prior text such as that was definitely much too POV. DJRafe (talk) 06:59, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:David Zinman