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Computer science program

Unofficial master program listing for all learning projects that are used by Computer Science Topics.

This is a list of all the learning projects offered by the school of computer science. This list attempts to maintain a prerequisite tree between learning projects, as well as to identify some of the key goals and topics of each learning project so that these can be reused rather than reduplicated everywhere.

Recommended program

Introduction Courses I 1.1 Introduction to Computer Science
 * Prerequisites - high school or advanced H.S. student
 * Goals - to give understanding of computer science, both programming and hardware architecture.

1.2 Introduction to Calculus (from School of Mathematics)
 * Prerequisites - high school or advanced H.S. student
 * Goals - to teach basic calculus

1.3 Discrete Math I
 * Prerequisites - high school or advanced H.S. student
 * Topics - Logic, Sets, Functions, Counting, Graphs

1.4 Introduction to Linear Algebra (from School of Mathematics)
 * Prerequisites - high school or advanced H.S. student
 * Goals - to teach basic linear algebra

Introduction Courses II 2.1 Discrete Math II
 * Prerequisites - Discrete Math I
 * Topics - Complexity, Proof, Collections, Information Theory

2.2 Introduction to Theory of Computation
 * Prerequisites - Discrete Math I
 * Goals - learn about what can be computed and how fast it can be done; the hierarchy of finite state machines, pushdown machines, context free grammars and Turing machines; decidability, complexity theory and NP-Completness

2.3 C|Programming in C
 * Prerequisites - Introduction to Computer Science, Discrete Math I
 * Goals - to develop a small program in C

2.4 Calculus II (from School of Mathematics)
 * Prerequisites - Introduction to Calculus

2.5 Data Structures (linked lists, stack, trees, hash tables, etc)
 * Prerequisites - C|Programming in C

Intermediate Courses I 3.1 Object-Oriented Software Development
 * Prerequisites - Introduction to Computer Science
 * Goals - design and analysis of object-oriented programs.
 * Topics include: classes, interfaces, fundamental object-oriented data structures, debugging and testing.

3.2 Statistics (from School of Mathematics) 3.3 Operating Systems
 * Prerequisites - Introduction to Computer Science
 * Goals - understand the services offered by an operating system to the user and programmer, using Linux as a model environment.
 * Topics include: the shell, files, users, processes, threads & synchronization, pipes, sockets, security

3.4 Introduction to Networks
 * Prerequisites - Operating Systems
 * Goals - understand programming in a networked environment, including concerns about latency & bandwidth, trust, network topology
 * Topics include: basic protocols, network topology and routing, application-level protocols, principles of distributed applications

3.5 Analysis of Algorithms
 * Prerequisites - Introduction to Computer Science, Discrete Math I
 * Goals - learn the common characteristics and differentiating factors of algorithms
 * Topics include: counting, combinations and permutations, basic sorting and searching algorithms, notions of best-, worst-, and average-case performance, Big-O notation

3.6 Design and Analysis of Algorithms I
 * Goals - become introduced to algorithms
 * Topics include: sorting and searching, divide-and-conquer, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, NP-completeness

Intermediate Courses II 4.1 Calculus III(Differential eqs, vector calculus - (from School of Mathematics)) 4.2 Numerical Algorithms 4.3 Introduction to Operating System design 4.4 Network Architectures

Advanced Courses I 5.1 Introduction to Databases 5.2 Artificial Intelligence 5.3 Compiler Design 5.4 Functional Programming 5.5 Theory of Programming Languages 5.6 Complexity Theory and Computability 5.7 Open Source Enhancement Project

Advanced Courses II 6.1 Image and Signal Processing 6.2 Computer Vision 6.3 Distributed Computing 6.4 Advanced Analysis of Algorithms 6.5 Bioinformatics 6.6 Machine Learning and Data Mining 6.7 Quantum Computing 6.8 Open Source Major Enhancement Project 6.9 Embedded Programming

Special Topics 7.1 Some advanced learning project (micro-OS, design small CPU, new network protocol, etcx) 7.2 Launch New Open Source Software Project / Thesis 7.3 Open Source Theory/Publication Project / Thesis

Optional courses
list of all odds and ends, together with their difficulty rating (Introductory I, Advanced II)... List of pre-needs for Introductory 1 esp math requirements and concepts list and self-assessment pre-tests List of learning styles with suggestions for adapting material

Examples of Degree Programs at Universities

 * Computer Science at Carleton University
 * Computer Science at the University of Waterloo
 * Computer Science programs and courses at Stanford University
 * University of Edinburgh links to programs and courses:
 * http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dotable?file=/teaching/courses/courses_0910.txt&numcols=3,4,5
 * http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/teaching/courses/
 * https://www.star.euclid.ed.ac.uk/ipp/drps_inf.htm
 * http://www.drps.ed.ac.uk/index.php

title: Computer science program


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User:Jgoetz29

Jamie Goetz is a Video Communications student at Arcadia University, learning how to use Wikipedia for a Writings and Communications class.

As part of a class assignment, I developed the Wikipedia page for poodle skirt. = = External Links = = Her Wordpress

Her website

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jgoetz29


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Hāpuku

The hāpuku, hapuka or whapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios), also known as groper, is a wreckfish of the family Polyprionidae, found around southern Australia, southern South America, South Africa, Tristan da Cunha and New Zealand at depths between 30 and 800 m. Its length is between 60 and 180 cm, and it can weigh up to 100 kg. It is sometimes described locally as cod, although that properly refers to other fish.

Description

Hāpuku are grey in colour with silvery white underbellies, with juveniles generally being blue in colour. They have 10 dorsal spines running along their back, a rounded anal fin and rounded pectoral fins, and a large, powerful, square-shaped tail. Its lower jaw protrudes from the top, and their very large eyes are adapted for hunting and inhabiting low-light conditions.

Habitat and feeding
Juveniles are thought to be pelagic, switching to demersal when they are about 50 cm in length. They inhabit temperate and subtropical waters of the southern Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, being found in Chile, southeastern Australia and New Zealand. They can be found in waters between 10 m and 800 m deep, but generally prefer waters deeper than 50 m. They are usually found living in cracks, caverns, or caves when found in shallow waters. They are voracious predators, feeding on a large range of other fish species, invertebrates and crustaceans, including red cod and blue cod, hoki, crabs and crayfish. The fish has an overlapping range with the Atlantic wreckfish, its closest known relative.

In the 19th century, the fish was found around the shores of New Zealand, but by the 20th century it was found almost exclusively in deeper waters.

Age and growth
Hāpuku are a large, slow growing, long-lived species. They reach sexual maturity between 10 and 13 years and have lifespans up to 60 years. They can grow as large as 100 kg, but are usually found around the 25 kg mark. They have an average size of 80–100 cm but can grow up to 180 cm in length.

In a human context

The hāpuku is a traditional food for Māori, considered one of the most prestigious fish. The name hāpuku originated in Polynesian languages, typically used to refer to fish in the Epinephelus genus, and in Māori the word hāpuku became a verb, meaning to cram food into your mouth. The name hapuka appears to be a corruption of the fish's Māori language name by early European settlers. Hāpuku fisheries were passed down through generations, and the best locations were thought to be far off-shore. Traditionally, the hāpuku was thought to be able to tell when its name was being used, so the name rarawai was used in its place during fishing expeditions.

Modern consumption
In the 1940s, a fishing industry developed around hāpuku in New Zealand. The meat was canned, and oil was extracted from the liver of the fish.

In the 21st century, hāpuku are a highly rated eating fish, reaching top value on both the local and international markets. Chefs who have tasted farmed hāpuku have stated that it outperforms wild-caught hāpuku.

In New Zealand for the year of 2008, hāpuku had a commercial value of NZ$37 million with an export value of $4.29 million at a price of $10.29 per kg. Hāpuku is fished both commercially and recreationally in New Zealand. It is highly sought after, but catches are relatively low; this species is managed in the New Zealand Quota Management System (QMS). Currently, no size restriction in New Zealand is in place, but a bag limit of five fish per day exists.

Aquaculture
Significant interest has been expressed globally for development of this species for aquaculture. In Europe, a very similar species of wreckfish is highly prized and considered a local delicacy. Because of this, the Polyprion spp. have been overfished in most areas. In New Zealand, the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) have embraced hāpuku as an opportunity for New Zealand to expand, and have identified markets for this species locally in New Zealand and Australia, and internationally in Europe and Asia.

Research and development
Since 2003, NIWA has accumulated the world's largest broodstock resource for hāpuku, and these broodstocks are held in large spawning tanks at Bream Bay Aquaculture Park. Each tank has its own controlled environment which is designed to maintain the optimum temperature and light for natural spawning. NIWA have now progressed through every aspect of hatchery technology development for hapuku. The complications encountered in this process were similar to those of other commercialised finfish species, such as halibut, turbot, sea bass, and sea bream. These complications were overcome with specific solutions developed for the early rearing of hapuku. The main technical complications that have been overcome are:

 * The system design for the successful incubation of egg and yolk-sac larvae.
 * Initiation of first feeding.
 * The transition from live feed to formulated feeds to produce weaned juveniles ready for on-growing and transfer to sea cages.

Currently, the sea cage trials and tank trials are base-lining the performance for hāpuku. These early on-growing trials and results are revealing considerable growth potential in aquaculture for this species.

NIWA has been running a broodstock selection programme since 2007, and the results are showing which broodstock are producing the surviving first generation. With this information, it will soon be possible to start selecting desirable performance traits for the breeding programme. NIWA's aim is to maintain the competitive edge for hāpuku farming as it increases, and become an important species for New Zealand's aquaculture sector.

title: Hāpuku


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Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Step by Step/aaaaa

Excellent Decision!
Now the first four shots are:

$$\Rightarrow$$ Fade In $$\Rightarrow$$ $$\Rightarrow$$ Cut To  $$\Rightarrow$$   $$\Rightarrow$$ Dolly Out  $$\Rightarrow$$      $$\Rightarrow$$ Pedestal Down $$\Rightarrow$$  $$\Rightarrow$$

EXTERIOR - The local movie theater - NIGHT

(1) The Young Person and Old Person stand looking at the movie poster outside the theater.

(2) Young Person: "That was a great movie..."

(3) Young Person (contined): "but I do not understand one thing."

(4) Old Person: "What's that?"

Next Frame?
You want to see the Old Person as the Old Person speaks.

 * Option A
 * The Old Person says, "What's that?"

 * Option B
 * The Old Person says, "What's that?"

 * Option C
 * The Old Person says, "What's that?"

Now Decide!

 * Select either option A or B or C

 * If you change your mind, you can go back to the previous page.

 * Reference Material
 * All the thumbnail storyboard frames.
 * The unformatted script.
 * The original story.
 * The [[Media:SBTDS Script Ciprian2.pdf|formatted script]].
 * To start over, go back to the beginning.


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Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Step by Step/e

Excellent Decision!
You have decided to start the movie with this frame:

$$\Rightarrow$$ Fade In $$\Rightarrow$$

The Script
EXTERIOR - The local movie theater - NIGHT

(1) The Young Person and Old Person stand looking at the movie poster outside the theater.

 * Now Show The Poster
 * Since the first shot is the Young Person and the Old Person, now you must show the poster. (The script mentions the movie so we need to show what movie they are talking about.)

Next Frame?

 * Option A
 * You can then cut to the poster.

 * Option B
 * You can cut to the poster over the shoulder of the Young Person and the Old Person.

 * Option c
 * You can dolly out to the Young Person and the Old Person.

Now Decide!

 * Select either option A or B or C

 * If you change your mind, you can go back to the previous page

 * Reference Material
 * All the thumbnail storyboard frames.
 * The unformatted script.
 * The original story.
 * The [[Media:SBTDS Script Ciprian2.pdf|formatted script]].
 * To start over, go back to the beginning.


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go chase yourself

Interjection

 * 1)  go away (and stop bothering me)
 * 2) * 1957, J. D. Salinger, "Zooey", in, 1961, Franny and Zooey, 1991 LB Books edition, page 147,
 * "This is what I was trying to get at last night. Before you told me to chase myself...."
 * "This is what I was trying to get at last night. Before you told me to chase myself...."

title: go chase yourself


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jeremy "Lucky" Gladding

The result was deleted by Doc Glasglow. W.marsh 18:18, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Jeremy "Lucky" Gladding
Vanity, does not really assert anything that meets WP:BIO. Per a google search, really nothing seems to have been written about this guy that isn't self promotional in nature, and very little of that even. Also most all of the claims in the article appear to be unverifiable. --W.marsh 03:03, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment - AFD notice and this page had been removed by IP:<IP_ADDRESS>. Yomangani talk 11:01, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete as WP:VAIN and WP:OR Yomangani talk 10:41, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity, OR, and unverifiable Konman72 11:12, 11 August 2006 (UTC)


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Talk:Karate (video game)

Fair use rationale for Image:Karate2600box.jpg
Image:Karate2600box.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 02:34, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Karate2600screenshot1.png
Image:Karate2600screenshot1.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:37, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Karate (video game)


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Norman Reddaway

George Frank Norman Reddaway (2 May 1918 – 12 October 1999) was a British civil servant and diplomat.

Career
The younger son of William Fiddian Reddaway (1872-1949), Professor of History at Cambridge University, Norman Reddaway attended King's College School, Oundle School, and later gained a Double First in Modern Languages at Cambridge. He joined the British army as a private on the outbreak of war in 1939. He spent most of the wartime years with the GHQ Liaison Regiment, leaving in 1946 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1946, after serving with the Allied Control Commission, he joined the British Foreign Office.

Under Under-Secretary of State Christopher Mayhew, Reddaway co-founded the Information Research Department (IRD), a secret Cold War propaganda department of the British Foreign Office. Mayhew and Reddaway had served together in GHQ Liaison Regiment.

Reddaway was also instrumental in providing anti-Communist propaganda in Indonesia during the 30 September Movement. The Foreign Office gave Reddaway a budget of £100,000 and told him "to do anything [he] could do to get rid of Sukarno". At the end of his career in the UK Foreign Office, he took charge of its information departments, which involved liaising with the BBC overseas services.

From 1974 to 1978, Reddaway was British Ambassador to Poland.

Personal
Norman Reddaway's son David also became an ambassador.

title: Norman Reddaway


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Internet Technologies/Routing

A route is the path that data takes when travelling through a network from one host to another. Routing is the process by which the path, or some subset of it, is determined. One of the characteristic features of the Internet, as compared to other network architectures, is that each node that receives a packet will typically determine for itself what the next step in the path should be.

IP routing decisions are generally made based on the destination of network traffic. When an IP packet is sent from a node on the network, it will consult its routing table to determine the next hop device that the traffic should be sent to, in order for it to reach its final destination. The routing table on a typical home machine may look something like this (except formatted properly :):

Kernel IP routing table Destination    Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface x.y.z          *               <IP_ADDRESS> UH    0      0        0 ppp0 <IP_ADDRESS>    *               <IP_ADDRESS>   U     0      0        0 eth0 <IP_ADDRESS>      *               <IP_ADDRESS>       U     0      0        0 lo default         x.y.z           <IP_ADDRESS>         UG    0      0        0 ppp0

So, for example, when it receives a packet on interface eth0 which has a destination of <IP_ADDRESS>, it will consult the table and see that it should send it through the default interface, the host x.y.z, which is on interface ppp0.

The routing table is constructed from a combination of statically defined routes and those learned from dynamic routing protocols.

Statically defined routes may be declared at system boot time, or via a command line interface. They will generally include the following parameters:
 * Destination - this may be either a single host, or a network (in which case a network mask is also required).
 * Gateway - the device to which traffic with the defined destination should be sent.

Static routes may also include the following parameters:
 * Interface - the interface through which the traffic to a destination must be sent. (Most OSs can determine this automatically)
 * Metric - the number of 'hops' away that the gateway is from this host. For a gateway that resides on a directly connected network, the metric is '1'.

The default route is a special case of a statically defined route. It is the route of last resort. All traffic that does not match another destination in the routing table is forwarded to the default gateway.

Dynamic routing protocols allow network attached devices to learn about the structure of the network dynamically from peer devices. This reduces the administrative effort required to implement and change routing throughout a network. Some examples of dynamic routing protocols are:

 * RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
 * OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
 * ISIS (Intermediate system to intermediate system)
 * BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
 * IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

ISIS and OSPF are link-state protocols, meaning each node part of the same zone, will know the state of all the link in the mesh. Due to the exponential number of link in a mesh, thoses protocols are for small mesh such as an ISP national backbone.

RIP is usually used to easily announce customer's routes in a backbone.

BGP is used as an external routing protocol to exchange routes with other entities. ISP use BGP extensively to "trade" their routes. It can also be used to carry customers routes across a network, in a MPLS backbone for example.

title: Internet Technologies/Routing


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Jean Boinebroke of Douai

Jehan Boinebroke (died 1286 in Douai) was a French merchant from Douai.

He is described in The Cambridge History of Western Textiles as 'undoubtedly the most famous merchant-draper "capitalist" to be found in medieval western Europe' and is sometimes depicted as a medieval robber baron.

Life
Boinebroke was alderman (échevin) of his city nine times and accumulated in the course of his life a considerable fortune. He had wool imported from England to Douai and had peasant women spin it into yarn. He also developed a dyeing factory.

He made his workers live in its houses at inflated rents, which lead to a riot by artisans and workers in Douai in 1245. A second episode of unrest against his leadership came in 1280, this time extending from Ypres to Tournai and Douai, with Boinebroke being able to overcome the rebellion in Douai. He was also considered to be merciless to his debtors, which was highly condemned in an era when usury was seen as a major sin.

In his will Boinebroke decreed that the executor should first pay his debts and make up for all the wrong caused by him before his property should go to his four children. When he died in 1286 at Douai, numerous individuals submitted their complaints. The compiled grew into a 5.5 m long parchment.

Legacy
Modern historians, in the tradition of Karl Marx, have often viewed Boinebroke's business activity as an early example capitalist exploitation of his workers. However, other historians claim that he was never an industrialist who owned factories or manufactures, but rather a trader whose reputation was built on over the centuries through, sometimes, deliberate meddling by scholars. In the assessment of John H. Munro,

 * he was no 'industrial capitalist', a term that is clearly an anachronism for this era. He was instead principally a wool merchant, dealing in English and domestic wools, and his role as a cloth merchant was only secondary ... he owned land, with many properties in Douia itself and a sheep farm outside. As a merchant, he provided wool on credit to industrial drapers, who pledged their cloths, looms and sometimes even their home as security; and some of them also rented their houses from him. But most of his wage-earning employees were those required for the wool trade itself: sorters, beaters, washers and some wool dyers (who worked in his dyehouse). Although Boinebroke did employ a few others in cloth making, chiefly to work some tentering frames that he owned, there is absolutely no evidence that he ever directly supervised the central processes of cloth production.

Key studies

 * Georges Espinas: Les origines du capitalisme I: Sire Jehan Boinebroke patricien et drapier douaisien. Bibliothèque de la Société d'histoire du droit des pays flamands, picards et wallons 7. Lille 1933.

title: Jean Boinebroke of Douai


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Idaho ground squirrel

The Idaho ground squirrel has been split into the following species:
 * Northern Idaho ground squirrel, Urocitellus brunneus
 * Southern Idaho ground squirrel, Urocitellus endemicus

title: Idaho ground squirrel


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Finite Arithmetic

This course is still very much in the rough!

Summary
This course belongs to the track Numerical Algorithms in the Department of Scientific Computing in the School of Computer Science.

In this course, students will learn how numbers are represented on modern-day computers, where the limits and problems of such numbers are and how they may be overcome.

Representation
On binary computers, whole numbers (Integers) are stored in bit arrays of fixed size. These arrays contain the binary representation of the decimal number.

The decimal number 37, for instance, can be converted to binary and stored in an 8-bit variable

 * $$37_{10} \rightarrow 100101_2 \rightarrow$$ [[Image:Binary_37.png]]

The range of numbers that can be stored in $$n$$ bits is $$0 \dots 2^n-1$$.

This trivial scheme works rather well, since binary arrays are integer by nature. However, mathematics is usually not restricted to integer arithmetic, so a different representation has to be found for real-valued numbers, such as $$0.1$$, $$\sqrt{2}$$, $$\pi$$ and the like.

The most trivial approach for real-valued numbers would be to pack them into two integers, one representing the integer part, the other the fraction.

 * $$3.7_{10} \rightarrow a.b \rightarrow 11_2 . 10110011_2 \rightarrow$$ [[Image:fixed-point.png]]

Notice that the fractional part is not $$1101_2 = 7_{10}$$, yet $$0.10110011_2 = 0.7_{10}$$. The $$k$$th digit to the right of the "." in binary is $$2^{-k}$$

Using such a representation -- generally called a fixed-point representation -- results in very simple operations (addition, multiplication, division, etc...) yet it's range would be limited from

 * $$2^{-B_b} \dots 2^{B_a}-2^{-B_b}$$

where $$B_a$$ and $$B_b$$ are the number of bits in the integer and fractional parts respectively. This is not a very wide range.

Furthermore, for large numbers, we are carrying around a lot of lower-order bits which we probably don't need since, as we will see later, we are usually interested in relative accuracy (i.e. the first few digits of a number) as opposed to the absolute accuracy of the last digits of the fractional part. Likewise, for small numbers of the order of $$2^{-B_b}$$, we are only precise up to a few digits although we are carrying around a bunch of zeros we don't really need.

Instead of using two number additively, as in the example above, we could represent our real numbers as the product of a fixed precision number and a factor of 2

 * $$ a \times 2^b $$

This is equivalent to shifting $$a$$ by $$b$$ bits. The "." in $$a$$ can therefore be set arbitrarily. for all practical purposes, we set it after the first digit.

 * $$3.7_{10} \rightarrow 1.110110011_2 \times 2^{1_b} = 11.10110011_2$$

This is the concept of modern floating-point numbers as described in IEEE 754. The range of numbers that can be represented is from $$1 \times 2^{-2^{B_b}}$$ to $$(2 - 2^{-(B_a-1)}) \times 2^{2^{B_b}}$$.

TODO: Show how sum, multiplication and division are computed.

Exercises

 * The smallest and biggest numbers representable by $$a \times 2^{b}$$ are given as $$1 \times 2^{-2^{B_b}}$$ and $$(2 - 2^{-(B_a-1)}) \times 2^{2^{B_b}}$$ respectively. Show what these numbers would look like for $$B_a = B_b = 8$$.

 * Addition in Finite Arithmetic Modulo 5 The addition tables in this arithmetic can be written as a bordered square too, tough addition can be performed by adding in the ordinary way and then subtracting an appropriate, multiple of 5; e.g to find 4+3+4+2 we add as in ordinary arithmetic, which results in 13, and then subtract 10, giving

4+3+4+2=3 (mod 5)

IEEE 754 Floating Point Numbers
Show representation for single and double precision, sizes of mantissa and exponent

First bit of mantissa is always 1, normalized numbers, exponent is biased for easier arithmetic.

 * Special values, such as 0, Nan and Inf have special representations.

Explain different rounding modes.

Useful/Important Values
Concept of $$\varepsilon$$. Definition as $$\min_\varepsilon 1 + \varepsilon > 1$$ and spacing between numbers 1.0 and 2.0.

Realmin and Realmax

Show how these values can be computed in Matlab, C and Pascal

Note on problem with extra bits (90 bits) on Intel Pentiums.

Truncation
Basic explanation of the problem with an example, preferrably with a figure.

Explain how it can be avoided by sorting or with Kahan summation.

Cancellation
Give an example illustrating the problem.

No trick, problems need to be re-formulated to avoid subtracting numbers of similar magnitude.

Show some examples how this can be done.

Exercises

 * Compute eps for some special representation, realmax, realmin.
 * how could a*2^n be implemented efficiently?
 * re-write some equation to avoid truncation and/or cancellation.

title: Finite Arithmetic


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Cookbook talk:Carrot

This module was the featured ingredient on the main Cookbook page from April 18, 2004 - April 28, 2004

KJ - I would just remove most of the links back to Wikipedia. Later, you may want some of those to go on to your articles in Wikibooks where they are pointing right now (although the pages do not exist). However, if you really want to maintain the Wikipedia link for some reason, the just add Wikipedia:en: in front of the link word like this: vegetable. You can always change it back to a local (Wikibook) link when you get one - Marsh 04:56, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Ilovebeatricealot ..lmao

title: Cookbook talk:Carrot


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manifestoida

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬), ultimately from and adapted with the verbal suffix.

Verb

 * 1)  To manifest.

title: manifestoida


text:
File talk:KKCL.png

Projects research
KKCL project development goal <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:41, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

title: File talk:KKCL.png


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Top-rated United States television programs of 1976–77

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1976–77 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


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Wikiversity:Portal

Some Wikiversity webpages have names that begin with the prefix Portal:. This means that these pages are in the portal namespace of Wikiversity. All pages in the portal namespace can be viewed with Special:Allpages.

Utility
A portal is intended to be a page which helps readers quickly find Wikiversity content related to a specific subject. One example of a mature portal on Wikipedia is Portal:Science. Portals are also useful for organizing resources around unique study areas.

Many portals on Wikiversity index information in a hierarchical fashion. Wikiversity has a small number of major portals organized around large subject areas such as Category:Life science. Portals can be created to serve the needs of specific topic areas, whether large or small.

Items often found in a portal

 * Links to learning resources for the subject area of the portal.
 * Links to encourage readers to contribute new content to Wikiversity in the subject area of the portal. Content development projects are found on pages in the School: and Topic: namespaces.
 * Links to relevant categories for the subject area of the portal. (see these major categories)
 * Links to other related portal pages. (see Category:Portal and Category:Wikiversity portals)

Starting a new portal
One format for a portal page can be created by Template:Box portal skeleton. See Template talk:Box portal skeleton for instructions about how to start this kind of portal page. Contact Support staff if you have any questions. See also: Make a portal and How to start a portal.

Another way to create a portal page is with Template:Box portal skeleton 2. This format uses slightly fewer boxes and includes a dynamic category tree system with a maintenance free directory of all content which relates to the portal. A standard right hand column includes wikiversity-wide exploration and help paths, while a standard footer includes a fuller range of links to other major portals. Contact User:McCormack if you have any questions or if you need variations on this for your portal.

title: Wikiversity:Portal


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The Spires College

The Spires College is a mixed secondary school and sixth form located in the Devon town of Torquay, England. It is a bilateral school, with places for children who reach the required standard in the 11+ test and for those who do not take the test or do not reach the required standard. There is also specialist unit for students with hearing Impairment. The school is located in the Plainmoor district of Torquay.

History
In 1973 Westhill Secondary School and Homelands Technical High School, the latter being an all-boys school, joined to form Westlands School. It was split over two separate sites about half a mile from each other. The site on Westhill Road was known as the Lower School, whilst the other site, shared with Homelands Primary School in Westlands Lane, was known as the Upper School.

The buildings on Westhill Road were originally built to be an army hospital during the Second World War and each classroom had walls made of multiple double doors where beds would have been brought in and out.

Throughout the 1970s, the school became increasingly run down with little or no investment in buildings. In 1978, a major fire, which broke out in the upper school's chemistry department storeroom, exacerbated the situation by seriously damaging many classrooms. Both sites relied heavily on outside cabins to provide extra teaching facilities which, by the late 1990s, were old and became increasingly unfit for purpose.

In 1999, Homelands Primary School relocated to the Westhill Road site to allow work to commence on the Upper School Site for a brand new school building. This was financed through the government's Private Finance Initiative (PFI) scheme, whereby Torbay Council owns the land whilst a private company built and owns the building, and manages the on site facilities, for a period of twenty-five years. The new school was built in sections, allowing the school to remain open during the works. The new building was opened to house the whole school in September 2001.

Work then commenced on the Westhill Road site for a new building for Homelands Primary School. This was completed in Summer 2002.

In September 2015 Westlands School became The Spires College.

title: The Spires College


text:
1922 Ottawa municipal election

The city of Ottawa, Canada held municipal elections on January 2, 1922, to elect members of the 1922 Ottawa City Council.

Ottawa Board of Control
(4 elected)

Ottawa City Council
(2 elected from each ward)

title: 1922 Ottawa municipal election


text:
User:OXYAMORON

Grooviest kid on the block. I am OXYAMORON rather new user but have had other accounts previously. Listens to hip-hop.

title: User:OXYAMORON


text:
Jeff Branson (baseball)

Jeffery Glenn Branson (born January 26, 1967) is an American former Major League Baseball infielder who is a Major League Baseball coach. He was the assistant hitting coach for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 2013 and the hitting coach from 2014 until 2018. He is currently the hitting coach for the Toledo Mud Hens.

Early and personal life
Branson was born on January 26, 1967, in Waynesboro, Mississippi. He is an alumnus of Southern Choctaw High School in Silas, Alabama, and the University of West Alabama. He was drafted by the Cincinnati Reds in the second round of the 1988 MLB amateur draft.

Career
Branson played for three different teams during his playing career: the Cincinnati Reds (1992–1997), Cleveland Indians (1997–1998), and Los Angeles Dodgers (2000–2001). He made his Major League Baseball debut April 12, 1992 and played his final game October 6, 2001.

Coaching career
On November 18, 2013, Branson was named hitting coach of the Pittsburgh Pirates. He was previously the assistant hitting coach in 2013. He was relieved of this position on October 1, 2018.

title: Jeff Branson (baseball)


text:
Karhi Khas

Karhi Khas is a village in Khuniyaon block and tehsil Itwa in Siddharthnagar district, Uttar Pradesh state of India.

Demographics
As of 2011 Indian census, the village had a total population of 3552. There were 1676 males and 1876 females. Population within the age group of 0 — 6 years was 729.

title: Karhi Khas


text:
Fortunio (novel)

Fortunio is a novel by the French writer Théophile Gautier, first published under the name L'Eldorado and serialized in the newspaper Le Figaro from May 28 to July 14, 1837. It was compiled and published in a book under the name of Fortunio in 1838. It deals with Orientalist themes, and satirizes wealth, worldliness, and idleness. It has been characterized as absurdist, eccentric, and Decadent, and is a Romantic fantasy. Gautier considered the novel to be "his last expression of a 'doctrine'" concerning artistic creation.

Plot summary
The novel opens with a dinner party, which has been referred to as an "orgy" by some critics. The reader is introduced to George, the host, as well as the women Musidora, Arabella, Phoebe, and Cynthia. The mysterious Fortunio was invited, but is nowhere to be seen, and gossip abounds. Musidora's interest is piqued, and she makes a bet with George that she will get Fortunio to fall in love with her within six weeks. Fortunio finally arrives, and ignores her the entire night. Musidora steals his purse and takes it home in despair. Musidora's servants, Jacinthe and Jack, as well as her white cat, are introduced as she struggles to get the purse open. She loses faith in the bet and falls in love with Fortunio in short order, but upon opening the purse finds a letter she cannot read and a strange needle. She decides to hunt down someone who can read the letter, and goes with Arabella to the houses of renowned professors of language. They are unsuccessful, and eventually track down an Indian man on the street who translates it as part of a poem.

Upon her return home, she receives a letter from Fortunio informing her that she may keep the purse, and warning her that the needle is poisoned. She is angered that her theft has not produced an emotional reaction, and loses the will to live. A visit from George prompts her to go looking for Fortunio in the city, but to no avail. She returns, loses the will to live again, and plans to commit suicide by needle shortly before noon. She tests the poison on her white cat, and finds that it is a graceful death. A few minutes before noon, she receives another letter from Fortunio, summoning her to his home. She happily goes. Jack and Jacinthe find the cat shortly after, and worry about the consequences for letting it die.

Musidora and Fortunio have a date, complete with a tiger, and Fortunio decides that he has fallen in love with her. They stay together for a while. During a night that they are spending at Musidora's house, Musidora wakes up to smoke and fire, and Fortunio takes her out of the house. He admits to setting the fire, and to extreme jealousy that made him hate anything that he had not given her himself. Anything that predated their relationship needed to go. He buys a new house for her, and she accepts his jealousy and feelings. Eventually, Fortunio begins to leave her alone for periods of time without telling her where he went. His true home in Paris is introduced: Eldorado, which he hollowed out of a block of townhouses and filled with an Indian hothouse environment and servant girls. His favorite, Soudja-Sara, is a young Indonesian girl whom he has trained as a courtesan to care about him above all else. None of the servants who live within Eldorado have any idea that they are in Paris, or indeed what Paris even is. When Fortunio leaves, they expect that he is off hunting tigers.

Fortunio has decided that his jealousy for Musidora is too consuming, and that they would both be better off without the relationship. He writes her a letter in the guise of someone else, informing her that he has died. She will receive an annual income ever after. Musidora immediately goes to the old pouch and pricks herself with the poisoned needle, committing suicide. Fortunio returns to India, and writes a letter explaining his distaste with Paris and its culture and customs, which are so strange to him.

Themes
Fortunio is full of "absurdities and extravagances" and wholly without "dramatic force and effect." Gautier relies on descriptive language, especially concerning the physical features, bodies, and clothing of characters. The settings are also sumptuously described and attired. Both men and women are reduced to their beauty (or lack of it), but the women especially are described as either doll-like or passionate, depending on the plot point. All of the main characters are described as extremely perfect physically, and differ only in personality. However, this would seem to be at least partially satirical, as Musidora's described traits are contradicting - she has blue eyes, she has green eyes; her hair is straight, her hair is perfectly wavy. Musidora's life and actions especially revolve around Fortunio, and she is not shown to have any other thoughts. However, the same could be said for every other character in the novel - Musidora is simply one of the main characters, and exhibits the trait most obviously.

Fashion, textiles, and furniture are important to the narrator, and are carefully described at the beginning of every scene. He pointedly says that he dislikes modern men's fashion. One professor is described as wearing a wig, an item which went out of fashion decades previous, and Musidora at one point goes without a corset. Fabrics are mentioned to have come from all around the world, and very often allusions to classical tales or historical art are used in metaphor.

Fortunio is an orientalist story, full of mystery and romance concerning the East. Treasures and customs are often mentioned, and much of Fortunio's mystery comes from the fact that he was not raised in Paris, and cannot be pinned down in the way that the Parisians are accustomed to. Exoticism and mystery are frequently occurring themes.

Fortunio himself was raised with immense wealth and no restrictions, and much is made of his behavior and personality. It is noted that rich men have no cares for the law, but Fortunio does not do anything that the narrator himself considers immoral until he burns Musidora's house down.

French editions (partial list)

 * 1837 The El Dorado, "Publications of the Figaro"
 * 1838 Fortunio, published by Desessart
 * 1840 Fortunio, published by Delloye
 * 1842 Fortunio or the Eldorado, published by Desessart
 * 1934 Fortunio, illustrated by Paul-Émile Bécat, published by Georges Briffaut. Fortunio was also illustrated by Gerda Wegener in the 1920s. More recently it was published in paperback, notably by Gallimard (Folio Classique ) and by Garnier (Classique Garnier).

title: Fortunio (novel)


text:
tecnológico

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) technological of, relating to, or involving technology

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) technological of, relating to, or involving technology

title: tecnológico


text:
gestire

Etymology 1
.

Verb

 * 1)  to manage, run or administer

Etymology 2
.

Verb

 * 1)  to gesticulate

title: gestire


text:
History of artificial intelligence

Introduction
The intellectual roots of AI, and the concept of intelligent machines, may be found in Greek mythology. Intelligent artefacts appear in literature since then, with real (and fraudulent) mechanical devices actually demonstrated to behave with some degree of intelligence. Some of these conceptual achievements are listed below under "Ancient History."

After modern computers became available, following World War II, it has become possible to create programs that perform difficult intellectual tasks. From these programs, general tools are constructed which have applications in a wide variety of everyday problems. Some of these computational milestones are listed below under "Modern History."

Ancient History

 * Greek myths of Hephaestus and Pygmalion incorporate the idea of intelligent robots. Many other myths in antiquity involve human-like artefacts. Many mechanical toys and models were actually constructed, e.g., by Hero, Daedalus and other real persons.

 * 5th century B.C.
 * Aristotle invented syllogistic logic, the first formal deductive reasoning system.

 * 13th century
 * Talking heads were said to have been created, Roger Bacon and Albert the Great reputedly among the owners.

 * Ramon Llull, Spanish theologian, invented machines for discovering non mathematical truths through combinatories.

 * 15th century
 * Invention of printing using moveable type. Gutenberg Bible printed (1456).

 * 15th-16th century
 * Clocks, the first modern measuring machines, were first produced using lathes.

 * 16th century
 * Clockmakers extended their craft to creating mechanical animals and other novelties.

 * Rabbi Loew of Prague is said to have invented the Golem, a clay man brought to life (1580).

 * 17th century
 * Early in the century, Descartes proposed that bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines. Many other 17th century thinkers offered variations and elaborations of Cartesian mechanism.

 * Hobbes published The Leviathan, containing a material and combinatorial theory of thinking.

 * Pascal created the first mechanical digital calculating machine (1642).

 * Leibniz improved Pascal's machine to do multiplication & division (1673) and evisioned a universal calculus of reasoning by which arguments could be decided mechanically.

 * 18th century
 * The 18th century saw a profusion of mechanical toys, including the celebrated mechanical duck of Vaucanson and von Kempelen's phony mechanical chess player, The Turk (1769).

 * 19th century
 * Luddites (led by Ned Ludd) destroyed machinery in England (1811-1816).

 * Mary Shelley published the story of Frankenstein's monster (1818).

 * George Boole developed a binary algebra representing (some) "laws of thought."

 * Charles Babbage & Ada Byron (Lady Lovelace) worked on programmable mechanical calculating machines.

 * 20th century - First Half
 * Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead published Principia Mathematica, which revolutionaized formal logic. Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Rudolf Carnap lead philosophy into logical analysis of knowledge.

 * Karel Capek's play "R.U.R." (Rossum's Universal Robots) opens in London (1923). - First use of the word 'robot' in English.

 * Warren McCulloch & Walter Pitts publish "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" (1943), laying foundations for neural networks.

 * Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener & Julian Bigelow coin the term "cybernetics" in a 1943 paper. Wiener's popular book by that name published in 1948.

 * Vannevar Bush published As We May Think (Atlantic Monthly, July 1945) a prescient vision of the future in which computers assist humans in many activities.

 * A.M. Turing published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (1950). - Introduction of Turing Test as a way of operationalizing a test of intelligent behavior.

 * Claude Shannon published detailed analysis of chess playing as search (1950).

 * Isaac Asimov published his three laws of robotics (1950).

Modern History

 * 1956
 * John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" as the topic of the Dartmouth Conference, the first conference devoted to the subject.
 * Demonstration of the first running AI program, the Logic Theorist (LT) written by Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw and Herbert Simon (Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie Mellon University).

 * 1957
 * The General Problem Solver (GPS) demonstrated by Newell, Shaw & Simon.

 * 1952-62
 * Arthur Samuel (IBM) wrote the first game-playing program, for checkers, to achieve sufficient skill to challenge a world champion. Samuel's machine learning programs were responsible for the high performance of the checkers player.

 * 1958
 * John McCarthy (MIT) invented the Lisp language.
 * Herb Gelernter & Nathan Rochester (IBM) described a theorem prover in geometry that exploits a semantic model of the domain in the form of diagrams of "typical" cases.
 * Teddington Conference on the Mechanization of Thought Processes was held in the UK and among the papers presented were John McCarthy's "Programs with Common Sense," Oliver Selfridge's "Pandemonium," and Marvin Minsky's "Some Methods of Heuristic Programming and Artificial Intelligence."

 * Late 50's & Early 60's
 * Margaret Masterman & colleagues at Cambridge design semantic nets for machine translation.

 * 1961
 * James Slagle (PhD dissertation, MIT) wrote (in Lisp) the first symbolic integration program, SAINT, which solved calculus problems at the college freshman level.

 * 1962
 * First industrial robot company, Unimation, founded.

 * 1963
 * Thomas Evans' program, ANALOGY, written as part of his PhD work at MIT, demonstrated that computers can solve the same analogy problems as are given on IQ tests.
 * Ivan Sutherland's MIT dissertation on Sketchpad introduced the idea of interactive graphics into computing.
 * Edward A. Feigenbaum & Julian Feldman published Computers and Thought, the first collection of articles about artificial intelligence.
 * 1964
 * Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT (tech.report #1 from MIT's AI group, Project MAC), shows that computers can understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.
 * Bert Raphael's MIT dissertation on the SIR program demonstrates the power of a logical representation of knowledge for question-answering systems

 * 1965
 * J. Alan Robinson invented a mechanical proof procedure, the Resolution Method, which allowed programs to work efficiently with formal logic as a representation language.
 * Joseph Weizenbaum (MIT) built ELIZA, an interactive program that carries on a dialogue in English on any topic. It was a popular toy at AI centers on the ARPA-net when a version that "simulated" the dialogue of a psychotherapist was programmed.

 * 1966
 * Ross Quillian (PhD dissertation, Carnegie Inst. of Technology; now CMU) demonstrated semantic nets.
 * First Machine Intelligence workshop at Edinburgh - the first of an influential annual series organized by Donald Michie and others.
 * Negative report on machine translation kills much work in Natural Language Processing (NLP) for many years.

 * 1967
 * Dendral program (Edward Feigenbaum, Joshua Lederberg, Bruce Buchanan, Georgia Sutherland at Stanford) demonstrated to interpret mass spectra on organic chemical compounds. First successful knowledge-based program for scientific reasoning.
 * Joel Moses (PhD work at MIT) demonstrated the power of symbolic reasoning for integration problems in the Macsyma program. First successful knowledge-based program in mathematics.
 * Richard Greenblatt at MIT built a knowledge-based chess-playing program, MacHack, that was good enough to achieve a class-C rating in tournament play.

 * Late 1960s
 * Doug Engelbart invented the mouse at SRI.

 * 1968
 * Marvin Minsky & Seymour Papert publish Perceptrons, demonstrating limits of simple neural nets.

 * 1969
 * SRI robot, Shakey, demonstrated combining locomotion, perception and problem solving.
 * Roger Schank (Stanford) defined conceptual dependency model for natural language understanding. Later developed (in PhD dissertations at Yale) for use in story understanding by Robert Wilensky and Wendy Lehnert, and for use in understanding memory by Janet Kolodner.
 * First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) held in Washington, D.C.

 * 1970
 * Jaime Carbonell (Sr.) developed SCHOLAR, an interactive program for computer-aided instruction based on semantic nets as the representation of knowledge.
 * Bill Woods described Augmented Transition Networks (ATN's) as a representation for natural language understanding.
 * Patrick Winston's PhD program, ARCH, at MIT learned concepts from examples in the world of children's blocks.

 * Early 1970's
 * Jane Robinson & Don Walker established influential Natural Language Processing group at SRI.

 * 1971
 * Terry Winograd's PhD thesis (MIT) demonstrated the ability of computers to understand English sentences in a restricted world of children's blocks, in a coupling of his language understanding program, SHRDLU, with a robot arm that carried out instructions typed in English.

 * 1972
 * Prolog developed by Alain Colmerauer.

 * 1973
 * The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University builds Freddy, the Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble models.

 * 1974
 * Ted Shortliffe's PhD dissertation on MYCIN (Stanford) demonstrated the power of rule-based systems for knowledge representation and inference in the domain of medical diagnosis and therapy. Sometimes called the first expert system.
 * Earl Sacerdoti developed one of the first planning programs, ABSTRIPS, and developed techniques of hierarchical planning.

 * 1975
 * Marvin Minsky published his widely-read and influential article on Frames as a representation of knowledge, in which many ideas about schemas and semantic links are brought together.
 * The Meta-Dendral learning program produced new results in chemistry (some rules of mass spectrometry) the first scientific discoveries by a computer to be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
 * Mid 1970's
 * Barbara Grosz (SRI) established limits to traditional AI approaches to discourse modeling. Subsequent work by Grosz, Bonnie Webber and Candace Sidner developed the notion of "centering", used in establishing focus of discourse and anaphoric references in NLP.
 * Alan Kay and Adele Goldberg (Xerox PARC) developed the Smalltalk language, establishing the power of object-oriented programming and of icon-oriented interfaces.
 * David Marr and MIT colleagues describe the "primal sketch" and its role in visual perception.

 * 1976
 * Doug Lenat's AM program (Stanford PhD dissertation) demonstrated the discovery model (loosely-guided search for interesting conjectures).
 * Randall Davis demonstrated the power of meta-level reasoning in his PhD dissertation at Stanford.

 * Late 1970's
 * Stanford's SUMEX-AIM resource, headed by Ed Feigenbaum and Joshua Lederberg, demonstrates the power of the ARPAnet for scientific collaboration.

 * 1978
 * Tom Mitchell, at Stanford, invented the concept of Version Spaces for describing the search space of a concept formation program.
 * Herb Simon wins the Nobel Prize in Economics for his theory of bounded rationality, one of the cornerstones of AI known as "satisficing".
 * The MOLGEN program, written at Stanford by Mark Stefik and Peter Friedland, demonstrated that an object-oriented representation of knowledge can be used to plan gene-cloning experiments.

 * 1979
 * Bill VanMelle's PhD dissertation at Stanford demonstrated the generality of MYCIN's representation of knowledge and style of reasoning in his EMYCIN program, the model for many commercial expert system "shells".
 * Jack Myers and Harry Pople at University of Pittsburgh developed INTERNIST, a knowledge-based medical diagnosis program based on Dr.Myers' clinical knowledge.
 * Cordell Green, David Barstow, Elaine Kant and others at Stanford demonstrated the CHI system for automatic programming.
 * The Stanford Cart, built by Hans Moravec, becomes the first computer-controlled, autonomous vehicle when it successfully traverses a chair-filled room and circumnavigates the Stanford AI Lab.
 * Drew McDermott & Jon Doyle at MIT, and John McCarthy at Stanford begin publishing work on non-monotonic logics and formal aspects of truth maintenance.

 * 1980'
 * Lisp Machines developed and marketed.
 * First expert system shells and commercial applications.

 * 1980
 * Lee Erman, Rick Hayes-Roth, Victor Lesser and Raj Reddy published the first description of the blackboard model, as the framework for the HEARSAY-II speech understanding system.
 * First National Conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) held at Stanford.

 * 1981
 * Danny Hillis designs the connection machine, a massively parallel architecture that brings new power to AI, and to computation in general. (Later founds Thinking Machines, Inc.)

 * 1983
 * John Laird & Paul Rosenbloom, working with Allen Newell, complete CMU dissertations on SOAR.
 * James Allen invents the Interval Calculus, the first widely used formalization of temporal events.

 * Mid 1980's
 * Neural Networks become widely used with the Backpropagation algorithm (first described by Werbos in 1974).

 * 1985
 * The autonomous drawing program, Aaron, created by Harold Cohen, is demonstrated at the AAAI National Conference (based on more than a decade of work, and with subsequent work showing major developments).

 * 1987
 * Marvin Minsky publishes The Society of Mind, a theoretical description of the mind as a collection of cooperating agents.

 * 1989
 * Dean Pomerleau at CMU creates ALVINN (An Autonomous Land Vehicle in a Neural Network), which grew into the system that drove a car coast-to-coast under computer control for all but about 50 of the 2850 miles.

 * 1990's
 * Major advances in all areas of AI, with significant demonstrations in machine learning, intelligent tutoring, case-based reasoning, multi-agent planning, scheduling, uncertain reasoning, data mining, natural language understanding and translation, vision, virtual reality, games, and other topics.
 * Rod Brooks' COG Project at MIT, with numerous collaborators, makes significant progress in building a humanoid robot

 * Early 1990's
 * TD-Gammon, a backgammon program written by Gerry Tesauro, demonstrates that reinforcement learning is powerful enough to create a championship-level game-playing program by competing favorably with world-class players.

 * 1997
 * The Deep Blue chess program beats the current world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, in a widely followed match.
 * First official Robo-Cup soccer match featuring table-top matches with 40 teams of interacting robots and over 5000 spectators.

 * Late 1990's
 * Web crawlers and other AI-based information extraction programs become essential in widespread use of the world-wide-web.
 * Demonstration of an Intelligent Room and Emotional Agents at MIT's AI Lab. Initiation of work on the Oxygen Architecture, which connects mobile and stationary computers in an adaptive network.

 * 2000
 * Interactive robot pets (a.k.a. "smart toys") become commercially available, realizing the vision of the 18th cen. novelty toy makers.
 * Cynthia Breazeal at MIT publishes her dissertation on Sociable Machines, describing KISMET, a robot with a face that expresses emotions.
 * The Nomad robot explores remote regions of Antarctica looking for meteorite samples.

 * Today See AI in the news for history in the making!

Selected References

 * Buchanan, Bruce G. A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence. AI Magazine 26(4): Winter 2005, 53–60.
 * Cohen, Jonathan. Human Robots in Myth and Science. NY: A.S.Barnes, 1967.
 * Feigenbaum, E.A. & Feldman, J. (eds.) Computers and Thought. NY: McGraw-Hill, 1963.
 * Gardner, Martin. Logic Machines & Diagrams. NY: McGraw-Hill, 1958.
 * McCorduck, Pamela. Machines Who Think. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1979.
 * AAAI. AI Topics: History of AI at www.aaai.org/aitopics/html/history.html

 * NOTE
 * A version of this timeline appears in Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Ninth Edition. Glenn D. Considine (ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience, 2002.

title: History of artificial intelligence


text:
User:Abdallah albeltagy/Books/Pluralism

The Philosophy of life

 * Chapter (1) : Difinitions
 * Pluralism
 * Pluralism (philosophy)
 * Pluralism (political philosophy)
 * Pluralism (political theory)
 * Cultural pluralism
 * Structural pluralism
 * Multiculturalism
 * Religious pluralism
 * Cosmic pluralism
 * Liberalism
 * Social liberalism
 * Classical liberalism
 * Conservatism
 * Moderation
 * Cultural assimilation
 * Democracy
 * Scientific method
 * Civil society
 * Monism
 * Dualism

 * Chapter (2) : China and India as two examples
 * China
 * India

title: User:Abdallah albeltagy/Books/Pluralism


text:
Talk:Mathematics curriculum

This page obviously needs some expansion, but it also needs to be linked to the various pages covering each topic. I'm not very familiar yet with the approach we're taking as far as how subjects/topics will be divided among pages, page naming conventions, etc., so I'm just throwing this out there for others to develop as they see fit. - dcljr 23:56, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mathematics curriculum


text:
Phoenix Industries Sport

The Phoenix Industries Sport is an American powered parachute that was designed and produced by Phoenix Industries of Southampton, New Jersey. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied as in the form of plans for amateur construction. In addition to the plans the company also supplied materials kits and canopies.

Design and development
The Sport was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of 254 lb. The aircraft has a standard empty weight of 225 lb. It features a parachute-style wing that was available in a range of sizes from 370 to 500 sqft, single-place accommodation and tricycle landing gear. The aircraft can accept engines of 40 to 65 hp and the recommended engine is the twin-cylinder 40 hp Zenoah G-50 engine, which is installed in pusher configuration.

The Sport carriage is built from metal tubing. In flight steering is accomplished via foot levers that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw.

The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off with a 40 hp engine is 150 ft and the landing roll is 100 ft.

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the plans as 150 hours.

title: Phoenix Industries Sport


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/postalandzipcodes.ph

Links

 * postalandzipcodes.ph resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
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Additions

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text:
1958 Xavier Musketeers football team

The 1958 Xavier Musketeers football team competed in the 1958 college football season as an independent for Xavier University. The team was coached by Harry Connolly and played their home games at Xavier Stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio.

title: 1958 Xavier Musketeers football team


text:
User:Daniel Mietchen/Talks/Wikimania 2012/National Center for Biotechnology Information/Quotes

"I want publishers to publish my workflows. — Philip E. Bourne"

 * "...thinking outside the paper doesn't come naturally! --David De Roure"

 * "what I think we need in scholarship is the web, but editable — Peter Sefton"

 * "There is but one journal: The scientific literature. — Richard Gordon"

"Science is already a wiki if you look at it a certain way. It’s just a highly inefficient one — the incremental edits are made in papers instead of wikispace, and significant effort is expended to recapitulate existing knowledge in a paper in order to support the one to three new assertions made in any one paper. — John Wilbanks. Illustration: papers and wikispace."

 * "What if everyone in the world were in your lab – a ‘hive mind’ of sorts, but composed of countless creative intellects rather than mindless worker ants, and one in which resources, reagents and effort could be shared, along with ideas, in a manner not dictated by institutional and geographical constraints? — Chris Patil and Vivian Siegel"

 * "Somewhere at the fringe of science, someone will start using wiki publishing for science publishing. — John Schmidt (2006)"

 * "Whenever danger exists of unnecessarily duplicating efforts to solve problems, ought not scientists try to discover whether the experiments have been performed elsewhere? Ought not all scientists be concerned about rapid publication and wide distribution of results, and even of experiments under way, so as to avoid waste? When a scientist in one field discovers evidence of methods which he cannot use but which may be useful in other fields, ought he not inform others about it? If a new and better technique has been discovered in one field, ought not scientists in other fields investigate its workability, or adaptability, in their fields? When a newly confirmed discovery in one field implies need for revising assumptions or conclusions in another field, do not scientists in the one field have a duty to publicize it and scientists in the other field a duty to hasten to inform themselves about it? — Archie J. Bahm"

 * "''Better still, if you assert something said in another paper, sod the citation, transclude the relevant text, with a full electronic citation allowing you to verify it. — Christopher Gutteridge"

 * "The current Open Access model is provisioning for legacy genres and formats of scholarly communication. That's great for archival purposes, but this is not the next real destination for scholarly discourse. Why? Because consequential intellectual work takes place in myriad ways outside of traditional scholarly genres, that's why, and the digital realm is ready to capture, organize, value, and disseminate those other ways of generating knowledge. — Gideon Burton"

 * ''The internet allows for a much more powerful system than the current journal system, much more powerful than even an open journal system.
 * Some things I'd like to see in a unified online open system:
 * Hyperlinking between papers
 * Discussion threads for papers
 * Collaborative mark ups of papers, so that difficult papers can be communally dissected and fleshed out, or so that students can work through a paper and provide a mark up to ease the reading for other students
 * An ongoing wiki for every subfield, detailing current outstanding problems, papers to read to get up to speed, most recent progress, etc, as well as curating accepted knowledge. Wikis should also be able to be marked up by students, so that difficult material can be broken down and fleshed out for the sake of other students.'' — TheEzEzz
 * An ongoing wiki for every subfield, detailing current outstanding problems, papers to read to get up to speed, most recent progress, etc, as well as curating accepted knowledge. Wikis should also be able to be marked up by students, so that difficult material can be broken down and fleshed out for the sake of other students.'' — TheEzEzz

 * "So, we had the idea that you do your systematic review before you do your research; you do your research, and then if you haven't changed much, you haven't really made a big impact, whereas if you've actually shifted things one way or the other and made it more precise then you have. — Elizabeth Wager"

"What I wonder is why professors don't curate [pages on] Wikipedia and add course materials and open access sections of textbooks, much of which they post online anyways. We aren't really seeing the potential  that you would hope for with all of the Web 2.0 tools out there. We  aren't seeing the academic community take advantage of them as much as  other subsets of the community. — David Lipman"

 * "The Internet represents an opportunity to change this system, one which has created a 300-year-old, collective long-term memory, into something new and more efficient, perhaps adding in a current, collective short-term working memory at the same time. With new online tools, scientists could begin to share techniques, data and ideas online to the benefit of all parties, and the public at large. — Robert J. Simpson, paraphrasing Michael Nielsen"

 * "While scientists have gloried in the disruptive effect that the Web is having on publishers and libraries, with many fields strongly pushing open publication models, we are much more resistant to letting it be a disruptive force in the practice of our disciplines. — James Hendler"

 * "Technological revolutions are a privileged moment in which old customs and legitimations may be put under scrutiny. The world of academy should not risk at missing this opportunity to rethink about the fundamental aims and responsibilities of our profession. — Gloria Origgi"

 * "I’m feeling frustrated. What else can you feel when the system is broken, you know that system must change, but there is little incentive for those perpetuating the system to change it for the better. — Steven Bell"

 * "Wikipedia is probably the most robust Petri dish we have for actually studying the process of words and contributions, because it is auditable. — Peter Frishauf"

 * "How cool would it be to fork articles, a la Github. - Jason Priem"


text:
keila

Etymology 1
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) pin, tenpin bottle-shaped target used in tenpin bowling
 * 2) beam of light etc.
 * 3) fan topological feature

Etymology 2
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) cusk,  marine fish

Etymology
. Related to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Perhaps ultimately related to. Also related to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  cone (solid of revolution)
 * 2) bowling pin, tenpin
 * 3)  bowling game
 * 4) torsk, cusk

title: keila


text:
Gary Smith (guitarist)

Gary Smith is an avant-garde guitarist, improviser and composer from the United Kingdom. He is known for developing dense extended techniques on electric guitar. Gary Smith has released close to twenty albums in solo, group and live settings with Shoji Hano, Rhys Chatham, John Stevens, Hugh Hopper, Masayoshi Urabe, Chie Mukai, Aufgehoben No Process, and Bill Fay.

Selected discography

 * Gary Smith: Rhythm Guitar (Impetus) 1991
 * Gary Smith: Stereo (Chronoscope) 1996
 * Gary Smith & John Stevens: S/T (Ecstatic Peace) 1996
 * Gary Smith: Forgotten Room With Chairs (Fmr) 1998
 * Mass: Mass (Paratactile) 1998
 * Mass: From Zero (Paratactile) 1998
 * Powerfield: Electronic/Electric/Electronic (Paratactile) 1999
 * Glass Cage: Glass Cage (Paratactile) 2001
 * Aufgehoben No Process Vs Gary Smith: Magnetic Mountain (Junior Meat) 2001
 * Masayoshi Urabe & Gary Smith: S/T (Paratactile) 2001
 * Aufgehoben: Anno Fauve (Riot Season) 2004
 * Gary Smith: Future Thought Reveal 2003 (Paratactile) 2003
 * Mass: Mixed Media (Paratactile) 2003
 * Mukai Chie & Gary Smith: Eight+ (Paratactile) 2005
 * Bill Fay Group: Tomorrow Tomorrow and Tomorrow (Durtro) 2005
 * Gary Smith: Supertexture (Sijis) 2006

title: Gary Smith (guitarist)


text:
Humphrey

Humphrey is both a masculine given name and a surname. An earlier form, not attested since Medieval times, was Hunfrid.

Notable people with the name include:

Medieval period

 * Ordered chronologically

 * Hunfrid of Prüm (Saint Humphrey, died 871), Benedictine monk
 * Humphrey of Hauteville (c. 1010–1057), Count of Apulia
 * Humphrey de Bohun (disambiguation), various people who lived from the 11th to 14th centuries
 * Humphrey of Toron (disambiguation), four 12th-century nobles
 * Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham (1381–1399), English peer and member of the House of Lords
 * Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1390–1447)

Modern era

 * Humphrey Atkins (1922–1996), British politician and a member of the Conservative Party
 * Humphrey Barclay (1941–), British television comedy producer.
 * Humphrey Bate (1875–1936), American harmonica player and string band leader
 * Humphrey Bland (1686–1763), British Army general
 * Humphrey Bogart (1899–1957), American film actor
 * Humphrey Carpenter (1946–2005), English biographer, writer, and radio broadcaster
 * Humphrey Critchley-Salmonson (1894–1956), cricketer
 * Humphrey Crum-Ewing (1802–1887), English Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1857 to 1874
 * Humphrey J. Desmond (1858–1932), American politician, writer, lawyer, and newspaper editor
 * Humphrey Gilbert (1539–1583), English adventurer, explorer, member of parliament and soldier
 * Humphrey Henchman (1592–1675), Church of England clergyman and bishop of London from 1663 to 1675
 * Humphrey Jennings (1907-1950), English filmmaker and co-founder of Mass-Observation
 * Humphrey Lyttelton (1921–2008), British jazz musician and host of I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue
 * Humphrey Mitchell (1894–1950), Canadian politician and trade unionist
 * Humphrey Moseley (died 1661), prominent London publisher and bookseller in the middle seventeenth century
 * Humphrey Mwanza (1949–2015), Zambian politician
 * Humphrey Nyone, Zambian military officer
 * Humphrey Owen (1702–1768), Principal of Jesus College, Oxford
 * Humphrey Rudge (1977-), Dutch Footballer
 * Humphrey Searle (1915–1982), English composer
 * Humphrey Wells, former Governor of Georgia
 * Humphrey Wingfield (died 1545), English lawyer, Speaker of the House of Commons of England between 1533 and 1536

Arts and entertainment

 * Bobbi Humphrey (born 1950), American jazz flautist and singer
 * Doris Humphrey (1895–1958), dancer
 * Earl Humphrey (1902–1971), American jazz trombonist, brother of Willie and Percy
 * Jake Humphrey (born 1978), television presenter
 * Maud Humphrey (1868–1940), American illustrator
 * Nene Humphrey (born 1947), American artist
 * Ozias Humphrey or Humphry (1742–1810), English painter
 * Percy Humphrey (1905–1995), American jazz trumpeter, brother of Earl and Willie
 * Renee Humphrey (born 1975), American actress
 * Scott Humphrey, Canadian record producer and mix engineer
 * Willie Humphrey (1900–1994), American jazz clarinetist, brother of Earl and Percy

Politics

 * Charles Humphrey (1792–1850), American lawyer and politician
 * Friend Humphrey (1787–1854), New York politician
 * Gordon J. Humphrey (born 1940), U.S. senator from New Hampshire
 * Hubert Humphrey (1911–1978), Vice President of the United States
 * Jasper Humphrey (1812–1892), American sailor and politician
 * Lester H. Humphrey (1850–1902), New York state senator
 * Muriel Humphrey (1912–1998), U.S. senator from Minnesota and wife of Hubert Humphrey
 * Philander P. Humphrey (1823–1862), American politician and physician
 * Skip Humphrey (Hubert H. Humphrey III, born 1942), son of Hubert H. Humphrey II
 * William E. Humphrey (1862–1934), American politician
 * Wolcott J. Humphrey (1817–1890), New York state senator

Sports

 * Chris Humphrey (born 1987), footballer
 * Claude Humphrey (1944-2021), American former football defensive lineman
 * Creed Humphrey (born 1999), American football player
 * Lil'Jordan Humphrey (born 1998), American football player
 * Marlon Humphrey (born 1996), American football player
 * Ryan Humphrey (born 1979), American basketball player
 * Tasha Humphrey (born 1985), professional basketball player
 * Terin Humphrey (born 1986), American gymnast
 * Tory Humphrey (born 1983), American football player

Science and academics

 * Heman Humphrey (1779–1861), President of Amherst College
 * James Ellis Humphrey (1861-1897), American botanist and mycologist with the botanical author abbreviation Humphrey
 * John H. Humphrey (1915-1987), bacteriologist and immunologist
 * Nicholas Humphrey (born 1943), British psychologist
 * Philip Strong Humphrey (1926–2009), American ornithologist
 * Thomas M. Humphrey (born 1935), American economist

Other fields

 * Alexander Pope Humphrey (1848–1928), American lawyer, judge of chancery court
 * Andrew Humphrey (1921–1977), Marshal of the Royal Air Force
 * Edward Porter Humphrey (1809–1886), American Presbyterian minister, author, Presbyterian General Assembly moderator
 * Edward William Cornelius Humphrey (1844–1917), American theological and legal scholar
 * Hannah Humphrey (active 1745–1818), British publisher and print seller
 * John Peters Humphrey (1905–1995), Canadian jurist
 * Lewis Craig Humphrey (1875–1927), American newspaper editor
 * Mose Humphrey, American and member of Fire Company 40
 * Watts Humphrey (1927–2010), American software engineer

Fictional characters

 * Sir Humphrey Appleby, on the BBC television show Yes Minister
 * Sir Humphrey Pengallan, main antagonist of the film Jamaica Inn
 * Sir Humphrey Pumphrey, antagonist in Rupert
 * Dalton Humphrey, on The Red Green Show
 * Dan Humphrey, Gossip Girl character
 * Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker, in James Joyce's novel Finnegans Wake
 * Humphrey B. Bear, an Australian children's TV character
 * Humphrey the Bear, a Disney character
 * Humphrey, a muppet on Sesame Street
 * Jenny Humphrey, Gossip Girl character
 * Rufus Humphrey, Gossip Girl character
 * Humphrey, OMORI character

title: Humphrey


text:
The Union Club of Columbia football team

The Union Club of Columbia football team was a football club composed of Columbia College students and alumni that operated from 1886 to 1887. It was the only school-related football team in 1886 after the varsity of Columbia was on hiatus from 1885 to 1888. Very little is known about the Union Club, its relation to Columbia College, and its reason for establishment and dissolution.

1886 season
In 1886, the Unions of Columbia football club joining the fledgling American Football Union for their inaugural 1886 season. The Unions would compile a 1–3 record, all against AFU opponents, and outscored their opponents by a total of 28 to 23. The AFU ruled that the November 6th forfeit loss between Brooklyn Hill and the Unions would not count towards the league record. The 1886 team was composed mostly of Columbia College alumni, particularly from the 1883 and 1884 varsity squads.

1887 season
The 1887 Unions of Columbia College football team compiled a 0–3 record (all in the AFU) and were outscored by their opponents by a total of 63 to 2. Sometime in the middle of October, the team was able to secure new players when the Crickets of Stevens Institute (who had won the 1886 AFU championship) decided to consolidate their team with the Unions. On November 13, the Unions resigned from the AFU for an unstated reason, and disbanded their student alumni football team. Speculation at the time for the team's disbandment was blamed on the club "not being able to stand defeat". Another possibility was the alumni simply lost interest in the game, which was a common reason for dropping football at the time (this was the reason for Columbia's Varsity hiatus' in the 1880s and 1890s), or perhaps the most viable, the student sect of the Unions team was consolidated into the 1887 Columbia interclass teams, and there were two few alumni remaining to continue the season.

1888 season
The Union Club football team was reformed for the 1888 season as an independent, compiled a 2–1 record (approximately), and were outscored by their opponents by a total of 38 to 6. The return of the Union Club is not well documented, but they seemed to now be mostly made up of Columbia students as opposed to alumni. With the Varsity of Columbia returning from hiatus in 1889, there was no longer a need for separate football clubs and interclass teams, and the Unions were disbanded permanently.

Team rosters
In 1886, nearly all of the players in the Union Club were alumni or students of Columbia College. For the 1887 season, however, the Unions of Columbia roster would also include the Crickets of Stevens, which were another alumni football team that represented the Stevens Institute of Technology. Various members of other athletic clubs in the AFU also played a small part on the Union team. The following players were a member of the Unions of Columbia football team between 1886 and 1888. In 1888, restrictions from the new AFU constitution regarding fixed rosters slowed the influx or shifting of players of any club in the New York metropolitan area, and as such many of the Crickets or other players not affiliated with the college left the team. Any additional information regarding the player's history will follow their years and position with the Unions.

 * C. Aldridge – 1887 Unions quarterback
 * H. Anderson – 1888 Unions rusher
 * J. Bacon – 1886 Unions fullback and rusher
 * Francis Blossom – 1888 Unions center rush and right end; Columbia Varsity letterwinner 1889
 * R. Bradley – 1888 Unions halfback and right tackle; 1888 Columbia sophomore team
 * Charles K. Beekman – 1886 Unions rusher; rusher for 1887 Columbia Junior team; 1888 Unions left tackle; Columbia Varsity letterwinner 1889
 * Caldway – 1887 Unions rusher
 * A. Cohen, captain – 1886/1887 Unions rusher and halfback
 * J. F. Congdon – 1888 Unions rusher
 * J.Cooke – 1888 Unions rusher
 * Cummings – 1886 Unions halfback
 * DeWitt Weld? – 1888 Unions rusher (could be E. B. DeWitt, Columbia Varsity letterwinner 1882)
 * J. Dilworth – 1888 Unions rusher and center rush (could be R. G. Dilworth, 1888 Unions quarterback)
 * Read G. Dilworth – 1888 Unions quarterback (could be J. Dilworth, 1888 Unions rusher and center rush); Columbia Varsity letterwinner 1889–1890
 * Dimock – 1886 Unions rusher
 * Drummond – 1887 Unions rusher
 * D. Edwards – 1887 Unions halfback; Princeton football alumni and Crescent Athletic Club halfback 1887?
 * Field – 1887 Unions rusher (possibly Otis W. Field; Columbia Varsity letterwinner 1873)
 * Gardiner – 1886 Unions halfback
 * Alger C. Gildersleeve – 1888 Unions left end; 1888 Columbia Sophomore team; Columbia Varsity letterwinner and captain 1889
 * A. Halstead – 1888 Unions rusher
 * Howland – 1886 Unions rusher
 * J. M. Hewlett, captain – 1888 Unions quarterback and halfback; 1888 Columbia Sophomore team captain; Columbia Varsity letterwinner and captain 1889
 * Klapp – 1886 Unions rusher; captain and halfback of 1887 Columbia Junior team; 1888 Unions right guard
 * J. Langthorne (Longthorn, Longthorne?) – 1888 Unions left guard
 * Livermore – 1886 Unions rusher
 * Benoni Lockwood – 1886 Unions halfback; Columbia Varsity letterwinner 1883
 * E. Magee – 1887 Unions halfback
 * G. M. Martin – 1888 Unions rusher
 * R. A. Martin – 1888 Unions rusher
 * G. S. Nicholas Jr. – 1888 Unions rusher
 * C. O'Connor – 1888 Unions fullback
 * S. D. Pierce – 1888 Unions quarterback; 1888 Columbia Sophomore team
 * Provost – 1886 Unions quarterback; quarterback for 1887 Columbia Junior team
 * Phelps – 1887 Unions rusher
 * Richards – 1886 Unions rusher
 * W. P. Robertson – 1888 Unions halfback and fullback; 1888 Columbia freshmen team
 * Schuyler – 1886 Unions quarterback
 * Sevenoake – 1887 Unions rusher; Crickets Athletic Club 1886–1887; Secretary and Treasurer of the AFU in 1887
 * Sheldon – 1887 Unions rusher
 * E. P. Smith – 1888 Unions rusher; Columbia Varsity letterwinner 1890
 * H. Smith – 1886 Unions rusher
 * T. Smith – 1886 Unions fullback
 * Charles A. Stevens – 1886 Unions halfback; Columbia Varsity letterwinner 1883–1884 and 1884 captain;
 * R. Stevens – 1886 Unions rusher
 * Uhlenhaut – 1887 Unions fullback
 * William Ward – 1886 Unions rusher; Columbia Varsity letterwinner 1874–1876; played on 1887 Crescent Athletic Club
 * E. Winchet – 1887 Unions rusher
 * E. Woodbridge – 1888 Unions rusher


text:
User:Bachan Ghatuary

There is little difference in people, but that little difference makes a big difference. That little difference is attitude. The big difference is whether it is positive or negative. . Bachan Ghatuary

title: User:Bachan Ghatuary


text:
Cookbook:White Radish

White radish or Asian radish is a large group of radishes common to Southeast and East Asian cuisines.

Characteristics
While there are a few different varieties of white radish, they are all very similar, with crisp, white, juicy flesh and a milder flavor than that of red radish. The daikon or Japanese variety is typically large and elongated, somewhat resembling a carrot. The mu or Korean variety is rounder, with a shape somewhat like that of a potato.  Cantonese lo bak is considered a little "spicier", though not much. The chonggak variety is small, with a wider bottom than top. When cooked, white radish mellows out in flavor.

The radish greens are also edible, with a slightly peppery flavor.

Selection and storage
When selecting white radishes, you want to look for those with firm and heavy flesh with no softness, bruising, sponginess, or wrinkling. If the greens are still attached, they should be bright green and healthy-looking. The root keeps well, wrapped in a paper towel inside a plastic container, for a couple weeks. Make sure to remove the leaves from the root before storage, because they will otherwise sap the root and make it spongy. The leaves will keep in a plastic container for a few days.

Use
White radish is served in a variety of ways, from raw to cooked, and across a variety of cuisines. Cooked, it can be braised, made into cakes, or added to soups and stir-fries. Raw, it can be slivered, ribboned, or grated for garnish or incorporation into salads and other raw preparations. It is also pickled, as in kimchi, danmuji, takuan, and more.

The radish is often peeled before use, though the skin is thin and technically edible.

Substitution
If you can't find any variety of white radish, jicama will provide a similar crisp and watery texture, though the flavor is quite different.

title: Cookbook:White Radish


text:
Joy Bhattacharjya

Joy Bhattacharjya is an Indian quizzer, orator, writer and sports producer.

Career
Joy was the first Indian Head of Production of ESPN Star Sports in India in the early 2000s.

In 2006, he became head of Programming for the National Geographic Channel and The History Channel in India.

He was the Team Director of the Indian Premier League franchise Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR) when the League launched in 2008.

He has also served as the director for the FIFA U-17 World Cup, which was conducted in India,

He later became the CEO of the inaugural Pro Volleyball League.

On 15 July 2022, Federation of Indian Fantasy Sports FIFS named Joy Bhattacharjya as Director-General

title: Joy Bhattacharjya


text:
Talk:Banque Impériale Ottomane

French has affinity with the topic as it was the empire's main foreign language, see Languages of the Ottoman Empire and Johann Strauss's sources WhisperToMe (talk) 23:03, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Banque Impériale Ottomane


text:
User:Cullen328/Sandbox/Parsha

 * Comment It seems that everyone participating agrees that the topic Parashah (which we are transliterating here as "parsha") is a notable topic. The question is whether the individual parashot are notable enough for individual articles. Even the most superficial review of the literature shows that they are individually notable. Here are some reliable sources that demonstrate that:

 * The Torah: A Women's Commentary This 1350 page book is on my personal bookshelf and is almost entirely structured around the parashot, with a chapter devoted to each. The section on Noach (parsha) goes from pages 35 to 59, and includes essays by four women scholars on this specific parsha. This book had 13 scholars on its editorial board.
 * The Women's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions Though I haven't studied this book, it is clear that it reflects a perspective very different from Orthodox Judiasm, which rejects the notion of women becoming rabbis. Every strand of Judiasm studies the individual parashot in detail.
 * The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of the Sefat Emet, Rabbi Yehudah Leib Alter of Ger This translation of the life works of a 19th century Polish Hasidic mystic is organized mainly into individual sections discussing each of the parashot in detail.
 * Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible This book published by New York University Press contains lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender commentaries on the individual parashot.
 * Stringing the Pearls: How to Read the Weekly Torah Portion The second sentence of this book is, "The volume of material commenting on and analyzing the 54 slices of the Five Books of Moses is immense, and, happily, continues to proliferate."
 * The Modern Men's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Jewish Men on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions Since I mentioned two books written from a women's perspective, here's one (of many) written by men. This book is honest enough to admit it.
 * Essential Torah: A Complete Guide to the Five Books of Moses Although this book is not structured solely around discussion of the individual parashot, the author considers such commentary important enough to devote about one third of the text to commentary on each portion.
 * This is just a very small sampling of the vast number of reliable sources that discuss each individual parsha as a topic worthy of significant coverage.

title: User:Cullen328/Sandbox/Parsha


text:
quid est

Etymology
From the neuter of  +, form of. Literally meaning "what is it?".

Phrase

 * 1)  what's the matter?

title: quid est


text:
Khorramabad, Binalud

Khorramabad (, also Romanized as Khorramābād) is a village in Binalud Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 39, in 13 families.

title: Khorramabad, Binalud


text:
Philosophy of mathematics/Georg Cantor

According to modern set theory, originally based on Cantor's seminal ideas, the union of two infinite disjoint classes, such as the odd and even natural numbers, has the same number of members as either constituent class. This violates the logical principle that the union of two disjoint classes is a distinct class, with a distinct cardinal number. The resulting theory of infinite classes is, therefore, constructed at the cost of abandoning this and related logical principles.

This casting aside of readily understood 'intuitive' principles in favour of a system of axioms and definitions constitutes the very foundation of modern mathematics, and largely precludes any challenge to the basis of Cantorian and subsequent theories of infinite classes or numbers. The danger of such a state of affairs is that the foundations of mathematics cannot be radically altered, thus precluding any advances which might result from a reappraisal of Cantor's theory of infinity.

An intuitive illustration
While this might seem "counter-intuitive" at first, a simple thought experiment can provide us with a feel for Cantor's theorem.

The "trick" is to simply count all of the odd (or even) natural numbers:

 * 1 → 1
 * 2 → 3
 * 3 → 5
 * 4 → 7
 * n → 2n-1
 * n+1 → 2(n+1) -1
 * n+1 → 2(n+1) -1

What you'll realise over time (when you're tired of counting) is that you'll never run out of odd numbers to count, and that for any odd number n, it will appear at (n+1)/2 in the counting order.

A notable exception to this rule is that a set made up of infinitely many infinite sets will in fact be larger than any of the member sets, according to Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel.

title: Philosophy of mathematics/Georg Cantor


text:
Dovzhansk Raion

Dovzhansk Raion (Довжанський район; Должанский район) is a prospective raion (district) of Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine. It was formally created in July 2020 as part of the reform of administrative divisions of Ukraine. The center of the raion is in the city of Dovzhansk (Sverdlovsk). Population: The area of the raion is controlled by Russia, which continues to use the old, pre-2020 administrative divisions of Ukraine.

Subdivisions
The raion contains two hromadas:
 * Dovzhansk urban hromada, with its center in the city Sverdlovsk (Dovzhansk)
 * Sorokyne urban hromada, with its center in the city Krasnodon (Sorokyne)

title: Dovzhansk Raion