text:
Biblical Studies/Bible Topics/The Word

The Word of God

 * 2 Timothy 3:16,17 Every Scripture is God-breathed and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work.
 * 2 Peter 1:20-21 ... knowing this first, that no prophecy of Scripture is of private interpretation. For no prophecy ever came by the will of man: but holy men of God spoke, being moved by the Holy Spirit.
 * Hebrews 4:12-13 For the word of God is living, and active, and sharper than any two-edged sword, and piercing even to the dividing of soul and spirit, of both joints and marrow, and is able to discern the thoughts and intentions of the heart. There is no creature that is hidden from his sight, but all things are naked and laid open before the eyes of him with whom we have to do.
 * Mark 7:5-8 The Pharisees and the scribes asked him, “Why don’t your disciples walk according to the tradition of the elders, but eat their bread with unwashed hands?” He answered them, “Well did Isaiah prophesy of you hypocrites, as it is written,

‘This people honors me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. But in vain do they worship me, teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.’ “For you set aside the commandment of God, and hold tightly to the tradition of men—the washing of pitchers and cups, and you do many other such things.”
 * John 8:31-32 Jesus therefore said to those Jews who had believed him, “If you remain in my word, then you are truly my disciples. You will know the truth, and the truth will make you free.”
 * John 12:46-48 I have come as a light into the world, that whoever believes in me may not remain in the darkness. If anyone listens to my sayings, and doesn’t believe, I don’t judge him. For I came not to judge the world, but to save the world. He who rejects me, and doesn’t receive my sayings, has one who judges him. The word that I spoke, the same will judge him in the last day.

 * John 1:1-5 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made through him. Without him was not anything made that has been made. In him was life, and the life was the light of men. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness hasn’t overcome it.
 * Matthew 4:1-11 Then Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil. When he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was hungry afterward. The tempter came and said to him, “If you are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread.”

But he answered, “It is written, ‘Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God.’”

Then the devil took him into the holy city. He set him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to him, “If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down, for it is written, ‘He will put his angels in charge of you.’ and,

‘On their hands they will bear you up, so that you don’t dash your foot against a stone.’” Jesus said to him, “Again, it is written, ‘You shall not test the Lord, your God.’”

Again, the devil took him to an exceedingly high mountain, and showed him all the kingdoms of the world, and their glory. He said to him, “I will give you all of these things, if you will fall down and worship me.”

Then Jesus said to him, “Get behind me, Satan! For it is written, ‘You shall worship the Lord your God, and you shall serve him only.’”

Then the devil left him, and behold, angels came and served him.

Passages taken from the public domain Bible at http://www.ebible.org/bible/web/index.htm

title: Biblical Studies/Bible Topics/The Word


text:
Talk:Japanese/Existence and Copula

Thoughts
I realized after I started on the topic of Existence that this page was getting a little loaded. So, it'd be fine with me to separate this up if ya want.

It's 2:30 am, so I don't really think my prose is up to snuff, but it should be decent. I'll look into cleaning it up a bit when I'm more awake. I just really wanted to get something up tonight, for some reason.

Anyway, the two things I debated with myself about for a bit:
 * 1) Whether to use は, or が.  Doesn't really matter to me, I was taught は first, and it seems to  be used with basic sentences more often.
 * 2) Plain versus Polite forms of verbs.  Now that I think back on it, it probably would've been better to use the polite forms, as it'd be better to teach them to conjugate those first, just cause it's easier.  But, truthfully, it doesn't really matter on this page, so if someone feels like going through and editing them all to います, and あります, then feel free.

--Xepo 06:32, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Personally, I think it'll be better to be consistant; you used です so you might as well stay polite. --<IP_ADDRESS> 17:45, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Necessity of the だ copula
Compare these two sentences in the text:
 * 1) これ は ほん だ (uses the だ copula)
 * 2) きみ は つよい (doesn't use the copula)

My guess is that if you want to write "/noun/ is /adjective/" (example "you are strong"), either
 * 1) the だ copula is optional (which is ommited in the example), or
 * 2) the だ copula cannot be used

I think this should be explained and some accompanying samples should be added to the は section. My creations:
 * かのじょ は きれい (she is beautiful)
 * あの ぼうし は しろい (that hat is white)

I just learned these stuffs so if the examples are wrong please write out :). Agro1986 11:05, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There are two classes of adjectives. Unfortunately, there is no agreement about what to call these word classes in English.
 * i-adjectives (also called attributive verbs, etc). Notice the final i, which we will later learn conjugates. The copula だ cannot follow i-adjectives, although we will see that the polite form です can be used to indicate politeness.
 * つよい
 * しろい
 * na-adjectives (also called noun adjectives, attributive nouns, etc.) Like nouns, these words generally require some form of the copula, although there are rules for omitting だ in informal speech. (na comes from the use of な when these words are used in front of a noun,)
 * きれい　(the i here is part of the long ei and does not conjugate)
 * げんき
 * Your example above for きれい is missing the copula.
 * かのじょ は きれいだ. (She is beautiful.)
 * It would be best to avoid using かのじょ in examples since pronouns are usually omitted/avoided.
 * In summary, Japanese has these basic sentence structures.
 * [noun/ na-adjective] だ.
 * [i-adjective]
 * [verb]
 * These are all complete sentences. Note that だ may change form.
 * -ToothingLummox 20:44, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

である
There's another verb I've seen that acts as a copula, that one being である. Unless I'm mistaken, だ/です is actually a contraction of である. And there's also でございます. Should these be mentioned? --<IP_ADDRESS> 17:45, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * You seem to be right. I've merged that bit in from another page. --Swift (talk) 09:20, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Japanese/Existence and Copula


text:
Talk:Itsukushima

Cemeteries
I think it is important to note that cemeteries are forbidden on the island. Can we throw this in? Harmon1630

 * Sure, presuming it's factual. I thought I read it in one of the other articles but can't locate it. Fg2 00:50, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

I was there a few weeks ago. It was mentioned on the map and guide they handed us on the island. Is this good enough factual evidence? It really was a beautiful place. Harmon1630

 * Seems OK to me. BTW, if you want to contribute photos, commons:Miyajima or commons:Itsukushima Shrine are two good places. Fg2 00:58, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

I'll try to contribute some photos. Most of mine seem to be the same photos of the island that others have contributed. I'm such a a tourist. Harmon1630

Links for possible use in expanding this article
1. World Heritage Site preservation ...? Just a quick note for later refernce. --Ooperhoofd 17:29, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Itsukushima at pp. 15-16

Deer on Miyajima
Most articles on Miyjima deer are now out of date. It used to be possible to feed the deer on the island and buy food from various vendors. But at the end of 2007 a feeding ban was introduced by the government, with the purpose of driving the deer away from the town. Unfortunately, the main source of food for the deer for many years has been from the tourists so they are still living in the town and looking for food. Now the deer are in quite a sorry state and many are dying.

Cleaning up Links
There were some broken and links of little value so I cleaned links section up. Removed (duplicate link) sightseeing.in-japan.jp/2007/06/majestic_island_of_miyajima.html

Removed (dead link) galilei.ne.jp/miyajima/e/index.html

Removed (dead link) hiroshima-cdas.or.jp/miyajima/english/top2.htm

Removed (provides no additional significant information) babibubebo.com/2006/07/09/miyajima/

Removed (provides no additional significant information) sightseeing.in-japan.jp/2007/05/miyajima.html

Whats up skip (talk) 05:24, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Proposed addition to "External links" section"
 * National Archives of Japan: Itsukushima kakei This links to a digitized image of an 18th-century scroll, which is a guide to Itsukushima Shrine by Kaibara Ekiken, circa 1720. Pictures of the shrine are followed by an account of the area's nearby scenic spots and historical sites.  The image and text add depth to this article about the island. --Tenmei (talk) 16:35, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Itsukushima


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The Broken Kilometer

The Broken Kilometer is a permanent art installation created by Walter De Maria inside a street-level storefront in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City. The piece consists of 500 round solid brass rods, 2 meter long by 2 inch in diameter, laid on the floor in 5 rows of 100 rods each. The space between the rods increase by 5 millimeters. The first two rods of each row are placed 80 millimeters apart, the last two rods are placed 570 millimeters apart. The work is illuminated with metal-halide stadium lights. Commissioned by the Dia Art Foundation in 1979, it has been on view to the public ever since. The Broken Kilometer is maintained by the Dia Art Foundation as one of the twelve locations and sites they manage.

De Maria's 1977 artwork The Vertical Earth Kilometer in Kassel, Germany, is a companion piece to The Broken Kilometer.

Design
The Broken Kilometer is composed of 500 identical round solid brass rods that are highly polished. Each rod is 2 m long and 2 inch in diameter. These rods are laid on the ground in five parallel rows of 100 rods each. The first two rods of each row closest to the viewer are placed 80 mm apart, and the space between each subsequent rod increased by 5 mm, with the last two rods being 570 mm apart. The sculpture weighs 18.75 short ton, and if all of the rods were laid end to end it would stretch for 1 km. The rods sit inside a 522.6 m2 street-level storefront, and the sculpture is illuminated by metal-halide stadium lights to simulate sunlight.

The rods that make up The Broken Kilometer slowly oxidize and are polished every two years. After the rods are polished, their caretaker states in an Artsy interview, "it’s so full of light that it doesn’t even look like metal anymore. It’s almost like radiant heat. It’s so beautiful, just humming with brightness."

The work has one caretaker, Patti Dilworth, who is married to Bill Dilworth, caretaker of The New York Earth Room. Dilworth's work according to Max Lakin "encompasses conservation, custodial duties, security, and, in a large way since De Maria’s death in 2013, curation". Lakin also says that the sculpture "takes on a rhythmic order akin to musicality," and Dilworth notes "as you pace in front of them they appear to vibrate and dance, like a radiant bed of scrupulous moray eels." In 2017, Daisy Alioto studied the online reviews of The Broken Kilometer and discovered patterns in how people respond to the work. Negative reviews centered on underwhelmed visitors who saw the piece as unrightfully taking up valuable real estate, seeing the piece as a "financial interloper, whose cultural merit wasn’t worth its proverbial weight in real estate gold." Positive reviews noted that the piece, as well as The New York Earth Room, was a respite from the city and in contrast to the wildness found on the streets nearby.

History
The space that now houses The Broken Kilometer was previously the second site of Heiner Friedrich's gallery (the first location of this gallery is two blocks away and where another work by De Maria, The New York Earth Room is now on permanent display). Friedrich was one of the founders of the Dia Art Foundation, which commissioned The Broken Kilometer. The sculpture has been on public display since it was installed in 1979 and is maintained by the Dia Art Foundation as one of eleven locations and sites they manage.

In 1977, De Maria created The Vertical Earth Kilometer, which The Broken Kilometer is a companion piece to. It is in Kassel, Germany, and uses a brass rod with the same weight, length, and diameter as this work.

There have been few changes to the work or the space it is in over the years. The most notable changes include the installation of a bench in the mid 2010s and in 2018 the Dia Art Foundation undertook a $78 million campaign to add to their endowment and renovate all of the spaces it owns, with a new climate control system planned for The Broken Kilometer so it can remain open year-round.

title: The Broken Kilometer


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Armour

This book consists of a set of short tutorials on making period armour and chain mail. We refer to items that are in or out of period in the context of which re-creation group we belong to. In the case of the armours presented here, the operational time span is that of the Society for Creative Anachronism, or the SCA. The 'uptime' cut-off date is 1600 CE, as the defining documents for the Society mandate a 'pre-16th century' mode of dress, etc. We allow a bit of leeway to include the years up to the death of Elizabeth I, at 1603 CE. The 'downtime' date(s) are a favourite argument topic; a rough estimate is 400 CE to 500 CE

Chapters:

 * /Making Basic Armour/
 * /Making Period Leather Armour/
 * /Making Period Mail/

title: Armour


text:
Flannán

Flannán mac Toirrdelbaig (Flannanus; ) was an Irish saint who lived in the 7th century and was the son of an Irish chieftain, Toirdhealbhach of Dál gCais. He entered Mo Lua's monastery at Killaloe, where it is believed he became an Abbot. He is remembered as a great preacher. He made a pilgrimage to Rome where Pope John IV consecrated him as the first Bishop of Killaloe, of which he is the Patron Saint. He also preached in the Hebrides. His feast day is 18 December.

title: Flannán


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User:Emilygeorge06/Evaluate an Article

Article Evaluation - Animal Suicide

 * Name of article: Animal suicide
 * I chose to evaluate this article because suicide is a behaviour that I did not realize was expressed in animals and I would like to learn more about the context behind the situations that could lead an animal to engage in suicidal behaviour. I am also interested to know how this behaviour would impact the other animals around them.

Lead
The introductory sentence of the lead provides a succinct description of the topic discussed in the article. The lead also touches briefly on the main sections of the article itself - suicidal behaviour, self-destruction and parasitism - while also providing a few examples. However, there is one section towards the end of the article that is not included in the introductory lead: the section titled Misconceptions. Though this section is somewhat about suicide, very briefly stating that a lemming will commit mass suicide during reproduction, it mainly references the popularization of this misconception in the media throughout history and is not included in the article's lead. Overall, the lead itself is quite concise - consisting of only 6 lines in total - and provides a general summary of the topics discussed in the article without going into too much detail.

Content
After reading through the article, most of the information presented is relevant to the topic of suicide. The sources given are, for the most part, relatively recent within the last ten to twenty years, however, there are some sources cited that are a bit dated - ranging from 1971 to 1987 - with one source dating so far back as 1897. Perhaps it would be beneficial for these sources to be reviewed to ensure that the information being presented is as relevant and up-to-date as possible. With regards to the article including information that does not belong, I would have to argue that the section titled Misconceptions towards the end of the article should be considered for removal. I mentioned briefly above in my evaluation on the lead that this section does not really discuss the topic of suicide, but rather mentions how this misconception of suicide in lemmings was popularized in the media throughout the years. This short section does not include a lot of information that strengthens the content of the article, and it also does not explain or go into detail of what they mean by mass suicide or how and why it would happen. While reading the article, the section titled Misconceptions was one of the only areas that really stood out and distracted me. Overall, most of the content included in the article is relevant to the topic of animal suicide and there are some strong examples to support that. The only other improvement that could be applied to this article apart from revising outdated sources and removing irrelevant information would be to simply include more research - most of the sections are short, so I think the more information that can be included on the topic the stronger the article will be.

Tone and Balance
In general, the tone of the article is seemingly neutral, however, there are some instances where the concept of animal suicide is called into question. In the opening section titled Suicidal Behaviour, it is mentioned that some dogs and ducks had "allegedly" drowned themselves, but there was no information provided to support those cases. Throughout the section it is repeatedly stated that some behaviours may not be considered suicide and that the accuracy of actual suicide in animals is hard to distinguish - these claims had confused me, as I was supposedly reading an article on suicide in animals, but was often left questioning the act of animal suicide itself.

Sources and References
For most of the article, there are reliable and scholarly sources referenced to support the presented information. The only issue that I had noted in terms of cited sources was that there were at least five sources that were included from general websites and magazine articles. These sources were from sites such as Discovery News, Slate , Daily Mail and Snopes. In addition to those articles, there was a source cited as well from a magazine titled New Scientist, however, when I clicked on the link in the reference list to bring up the information, I was informed that the page was no longer active. As mentioned above in my content evaluation, most of the referenced sources in the article are fairly current (published within the last ten to twenty years) but there were some that were slightly outdated - ranging from the year 1971 to 1987. I will again emphasize the importance of having these dated and unreliable articles reviewed so that the information of the article can be strengthened and improved upon.

Organization
Overall, I think the article is fairly well-written. It is divided into three main sections - suicidal behaviour, self-destruction and parasitism - which makes it easy for the reader to understand and find what they are looking for. Despite some of the sections being somewhat short in terms of content, they still provide a general amount of information so that the main concept of the article is understood. I appreciate as well how some of the concepts and animals mentioned are linked to a definition that further describes them (for example the term autothysis and the insect known as a pea aphid) - this really helped me to understand and picture what was being discussed in that section. In terms of grammatical and spelling errors, I only noticed one minor issue: in the third paragraph of the section on Suicidal Behaviour, the second sentence starts off saying "In one of the alleged case" when instead in should say "In one of the alleged cases" - changing the last word to its plural form. Apart from that, it was relatively well done.

Images and Media
One of the main issues that I had with this article was that it did not include any images at all. I am not necessarily stating that there should be photographs included of animals exhibiting suicidal behaviour, but I think that the article could be improved upon if there were even some images included in the section on parasitism. I feel that it would be beneficial to readers if they could at least see the various types of parasites that were being discussed in the article. Even in the section on self-destruction, an image of the secreted substance in termites during the process of autothysis would be beneficial to readers so that they could actually see what that process looks like.

Checking the talk page
The talk page of the article mainly focused on the concerns some editors were having with the content of the article. One of the first conversations mentioned how there were numerous mistakes in terms of grammar and language use, however those issues seem to have been resolved. Another issue that was brought up in the talk page was similar to what I had mentioned with regards to the tone and balance of the article. A few of the users had felt that the references to animal suicide being unreliable and not necessarily plausible were problematic with regards to the topic of the article. One user even gave the example that was mentioned of a deer jumping from a cliff to avoid being attacked - the article states it as an example of suicide, however that view was debated in the talk page as simply being an attempt at survival and escape. The article is categorized as a C-class article of mid to high importance, and is featured in the WikiProjects for Animals, Biology , Death and Suicide.

Overall impressions
Overall, I think this article provides a good starting point on the general concept of suicide in animals. It is relatively well-written, clear and organized in its descriptions, which makes it easy to follow along and understand as a reader. As mentioned above, some of the main improvements that should be considered in order to strengthen the article would be to include more research into each section, update and review the older and unreliable sources and to include some images on the parasites or other animals / processes in question. To conclude, I do not think this article is poorly developed, however, there is still some work that can be done to improve its content.

title: User:Emilygeorge06/Evaluate an Article


text:
Saraswati Gangadhar

Saraswati Gangadhar (16th century) wrote Shri GuruCharitra, a book on the life of Narasimha Saraswati who is considered to be the second avatar of Dattatreya. Nothing much is known about Gangadhar's life other than through the Shri GuruCharitra.

Guru-Charitra means "Guru's Life Story" or "Guru's Biography".

Family background
Shri Gurucharitra indicates that Gangadhar belonged to the Deshastha Brahmin family of kaundinya gotra. It is not known how many children he had but he frequently mentioned his "poorvaj" (Ancestor) called Sayandev who was one of the four close disciples of Narasimha Saraswati. Gangadhar also mentions the four generations of his family that preceded him.

Poetic work
Gangadhar was a gifted poet. Although his mother tongue was Kannada, the Shri Gurucharitra displays his mastery over the Marathi language. It is considered a "Ved" of Datta-Sampradaya, which is quite widespread in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. This Grantha is somewhat like Gita for Datta-Sampradaya adherents. Gangadhar wrote 52 chapters in which he describes the life and philosophy of Shripad ShriVallabha and Narasimha Saraswati. These are two avatars of Dattatreya. In spite of descriptions of Vedanta and other heady philosophical ideas, the Grantha is written with clarity. It is quite possible (according to experts such as R. C. Dhere) that he had the Sanskrit version of the Gurucharitra written by Narasimha Saraswati's disciple, Siddha, and he may have translated that into Prakrit language, i.e. Marathi.

Life story
Little is known about Gangadhar's life and death. But it appears that he was born after Narasimha Saraswati, possibly living between 1378 - 1458. It is also not possible that he may have had contact with one of the disciples, such as Siddha. However, he may have had access to a Sanskrit Gurucharitr written by Siddha, although there is no extant copy of this original Sanskrit work. Later, in the 19th-20th century, Vasudevanand Saraswati, alias Tembe Swami, (1854-1914) wrote a Sanskrit version of Shri GuruCharitra.

He lived in the village of Kadaganchi, now located in Karnataka.

title: Saraswati Gangadhar


text:
Talk:Tasmania Story

Untitled
gvnayr, I think this article should be about the movie too (just like the JA wiki), and not only the Game. --Hydao (talk) 01:11, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Also, the two versions (JP and NA) are the same? or...? you have to provide this kind of info. --Hydao (talk) 01:23, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

This does not belong here and theese types of edits and redirects are destroying Wikipedia. Why not just link to the game or source. As with the recent events of trying to create a Franchise or Merchandise on theese films you are destroying a different project and hopes of expanding it. As it can be construed that most games are based off some type of media. When people do searches it's like walking into a store if I were looking for a film I would look in the film dept. If I was looking for a game I would look in the game dept. If I were looking for a book in the book dept. In the real world you can not combine or find them all in the same section. I'm sure the person who looks for the film has no intrest in its merchandise.(in most cases a t-shirt or poster) In these articles that you want to create they should be a bullet list linking to the source not taking or moving the source to fit your own agenda. The task force really need to look at this practice where the source in one section can be moved to another. It would better to serve without moving the source but by linking to the source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:46, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tasmania Story


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Information security

Information hiding is a process of embedding it in a digital media, and retrieving it back. The major requirements of the process are to be imperceptible, robust, and secure.

The major criteria for data hiding are: The most important, and the most misunderstood topic of this course is the security. It is formed by:
 * Fidelity - how is the data degraded due to embedding
 * Robustness - how is the data protected from flows and manipulations.
 * Payload - the amount of information that can be reliably embedded.

Information hiding methods are different, on basis of the And upon the type of threat (attacks) which are malicious (intentional) and non-malicious (not intentional)
 * Nature - (audio, video, image, text, software, etc)
 * Robustness, where robust is highly immune, and fragile, meand low-immune.
 * Synchronous/Asynchronous communications.

What to hide
The things we are supposed to hide are:
 * Media
 * Software
 * Hardware Design and Implementation details

Why do we hide?

 * Protection from malicious use. examples(copyright, watermarking)
 * We want to conceal the existence of information from everyone. examples(encryption, steganography)
 * To avoid the ugly Meta data, data bridging, etc.

The areas of the course

 * General Information Theory
 * Signal processing and transforms
 * Game, and Coding theory
 * Cryptography, and Protocols
 * Detection and estimation

Information Theory
The most important aspect of the security plans is the understanding of the properties and behaviors of the information to be protected. Information has also identity, by which is can be validated, authenticated and addressed. It stays combined with values until and unauthorized change. The information identity combined with vales is called Information Integrity.Piratesation? is the process of evaluating the degree of protection for various items of importance. However practically nothing is fully guarded. In order to be feasible the plan must have a scope. Security plan has three important parts:
 * Protecting information's core. Since the information is at the core of the model, we coat it with a protective covering called cryptography. Cryptography is tightly couples with an information and follows its ways. Authentications are required through the so-called Digital Signatures.
 * The information is too vast, and cannot be narrowed sufficiently to take single set of preventive measures.
 * However different measures can be applied to different pieces of information, making it more manageable. The best model is with outer layers.
 * Information can be replicated cost-effectively, while the entire system cannot. So, data defense requires backup processes
 * Information has mathematical properties and support counter-measures.
 * Strengthening the resources (systems and networks) is the issue, addressed to minimizing the risk that the data will be destroyed, stolen, or altered both "at home" or via network.
 * Authentication of those who can access the information

Cryptographic method layers
is a second layers of the encryption model. Cryptography disguises informations to be read by attacker, even is wrongly obtained. Its methods are extremely complex and need great deal of time to be analyzed and broken. Cryptography methods are varied, because once the attackers came up with some method of breaking information - this method should be invalidated. Those methods are improving from time to time, and becoming more complex. General cryptography elements are:
 * Plain text, which is user-generated message.
 * Ciphertext, which is a disguised plain text, the result of cryptography.
 * cryptographic algorithm, which is used to encrypt the plain text
 * encryption key, is a secret which is shared between two or more trusted parties.

Authentication and verification layer
it determines, whether the presented information about the accessor? is real. Authentication techniques usually take advantage of the following FOUR factors.
 * Possessing factor - something the user has to issue to the system in order to get access to the information.
 * Biometric factor - some user's identity that is unique (face, fingerprint, DNA)
 * Knowledge fact (something that user may know, in difference of someone's else)
 * Integrity Factor - something that allows user to authenticate factor.

Data to Information
information seats at core of model

Metadata
the data about data is meta data

Information systems
The most important phases of the information system life cycle are:
 * Input, when information is acquired from users.
 * Process, when the information is percepted by the system, and the
 * Output, when the processed information is displayed back to users.
 * Feedback, is a phase that lies on a path from the output back to process. Together with the Process and Output is forms a loop. This loop improves continuously, and is the subject of our course.

Mathematical Principles of Cryptography
The information must be treated the same, on the binary level. The type of information (whether it is in bits, float, doubles) doesn't have any meaning. The information has binding in order to be encrypted, the binding can be removed only using some cryptographic procedure. All the methods of number theory must be applied to the binding. On today's dates, the encryption, carried on the character level is not capable of generating a code with significant countermeasure.

Symmetrical Key Cryptography
This type of cryptography works by having a cipher (and key) which are the same for encryption and decryption.
 * Plain message text, should be coded as a natural language.
 * a ciphertext which is obtained by converting a plain text using an encryption method.
 * Encryption Algorithm, executed by software in order to carry out the cryptographic strategy.
 * Decryption Algorithm is a software that makes a reciprocal function of the encryption algorithm.
 * Both of these processes may use a secret key, which does not have any relation with written text.

Asymmetrical Key Cryptography
This type of cryptography works by usually having 2 keys which one encrypts (public) and the other decrypts (private). Its main use is to secure communications such as email or instant messaging. Also in this scheme it can be used to sign messages and files (such as programs) to verify their authenticity with their corresponding public key.
 * Public-key cryptography is the scheme used by this type of cryptography.
 * Diffie–Hellman key exchange is a type of public key cryptography that allows 2 people to communicate their keys over an insecure channel which then later can be used to generate a key for a symmetric key cipher.
 * PGP is a asymmetric key implementation that is used for email and also for the purpose of verifying the autheticity of programs through the use of digital signatures.
 * SSL uses asymmetric encryption for key exchange but symmetric encryption for the actual encryption.

title: Information security


text:
Atalanti Maria Tasouli

Atalanti Maria Tasouli (born 28 September 1976) is a Greek former basketball player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics.

title: Atalanti Maria Tasouli


text:
Royal Historical Commission of Burma

The Royal Historical Commission (တော်ဝင် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ သမိုင်း ကော်မရှင်, ) of the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) produced the standard court chronicles of Konbaung era, Hmannan Yazawin (1832) and Dutiya Yazawin (1869).

Commission (1829–1832)
In May 1829, three years after the disastrous First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826), King Bagyidaw created the first Royal Historical Commission to write an official chronicle of Konbaung Dynasty. The standard official chronicle at the time was Maha Yazawin (The Great Chronicle), the standard chronicle of Toungoo Dynasty that covers from time immemorial to October 1711. It was the second attempt by Konbaung kings to update Maha Yazawin. The first attempt, Yazawin Thit (The New Chronicle), commissioned by Bagyidaw's predecessor and grandfather Bodawpaya, had not been accepted because the new chronicle contained severe criticisms of earlier chronicles. Although it was Bodawpaya himself who had ordered the author of Yazawin Thit, Twinthin Taikwun, to verify the accuracy of Maha Yazawin by consulting a variety of sources including hundreds of inscriptions, the king did not accept the new chronicle when it was presented to him.

The members of the commission consisted of learned monks, court historians and court Brahmins: The commission first convened for the first time on 11 May 1829 (1st waxing of Nayon 1191 ME). Three years and four months later, the commission had brought up the history to 1821, producing Hmannan Yazawin.

Commission (1867–1869)
The second commission was formed in 1867. It was about 15 years after an even more disastrous Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852), and about a year after a serious rebellion that killed Crown Prince Kanaung Mintha. A shaken King Mindon commissioned another committee of scholars to update Hmannan. The commission consisted of five members—senior court officials, a librarian, and a scribe. Whereas the first commission had stopped short of the First Anglo-Burmese War, the second commission had no choice but to tackle the two disastrous wars that had their dismembered kingdom on the brink. The commission updated the chronicle up to 1854, right after the second war. The Second Chronicle's account of the two wars, according to historian Htin Aung, was "written with the objectivity of a true historian, and the great national defeats were described faithfully in detail." The second chronicle in ten volumes was completed in 1869.

title: Royal Historical Commission of Burma


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Using GNOME/Font

< ../Preferences

GNOME makes changing fonts easy. Here's how.

First, Select Menu, Preferences, Font.

Font types
There are Four types of font : Application Font, Desktop Font, Window Title Font and Terminal Font. To change them, just click them.

Rendering
Rendering allows you to control the look of the fonts

Details
Details allow you to control advanced properties of the fonts.

title: Using GNOME/Font


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Wikinews

Wikinews is a free-content news source wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikinews allows anyone to report news on a wide variety of subjects. Its mission, as stated on the main page of the English version, is to "create a diverse environment where citizen journalists can independently report the news on a wide variety of current events".

Unlike other Wikimedia sister projects, Wikinews contents are mostly available under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 or later.

Contents

 * Wikinews/How to write a Wikinews article

Projects for collaboration between Wikiversity and Wikinews
Wikiversity and Wikinews services:
 * Wikinews and Wikipedia services
 * Reports
 * Wikimania

title: Wikinews