text:
Talk:Internet/Archive 6

Edit request on 11 January 2013
Paragraph 3, last sentence should read "[...]—more than a third of the world's human population—[...]" Reasoning: The source quoted here (http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm) states that at the time (July 2012) the global Internet user base makes up 34.3% of the world population. As this is more than 1/3 (33%) the existing half-sentence reading "—nearly a third of the world's human population—" should be replaced.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:01, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

 * ✅ albeit with a slight word change - the sentence already says "more than 2.4 billion people..." so I changed the proposed wording to "over" instead. - a boat   that can float!   (watch me float)  18:15, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Introduction
"(or internet)" - the article is clearly about a specific internet, and thus is a proper noun, and so should have a capital "I", my grasp of English grammar isn't great, but this seems as clear cut a case as you'd get, being both a proper noun and a proper name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:56, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Have a look at the Terminology section and Capitalization of "Internet". -—Kvng 14:03, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Edit request

 * In the "Social impact" section, please add an "Economics" sub-section as follows:

While much has been written of the economic advantages of internet-enabled commerce, there is also evidence that some aspects of the internet such as maps and location-aware services may serve to reinforce economic inequality and the digital divide. Even electronic commerce may be responsible for consolidation and the decline of mom-and-pop, brick and mortar businesses resulting in increases in income inequality.

 * Thanks! Neo Poz (talk) 05:06, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Yellow check.svg Partly done: I omitted the "Even" that begins the final sentence, since it didn't make sense to me. (Let me know if I'm reading it wrong.) Also tagged that final sentence because it is unsourced. Rivertorch (talk) 07:44, 13 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Cool! Thank you. That's better without "even". Here's the ref for that second sentence: sorry I forgot that. Neo Poz (talk) 09:55, 13 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure we can use that to support the wording as written. It's very interesting, and the author clearly knows what he's talking about, but it's basically an editorial, not an article. Rivertorch (talk) 18:42, 13 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Is it okay to use that for the gist/overview along with the hard numbers he links to, e.g. and  (that second one also is more prose than stats, but it links to stats too)? Neo Poz (talk) 01:04, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Umm . . . I'm not sure. In general terms, the main thing is to avoid stating something as fact that's sourced to an opinion piece. You can get around that by attributing it (i.e., "So-and-so writes in Such-and-such that . . ."), although you need to be careful, if paraphrasing, not to put words in the somebody's mouth. A brief direct quote is sometimes the best way to avoid that. An additional concern is avoiding giving undue weight to a particular point of view. I doubt that that's a big concern here, but I'll bet you can find other sources (e.g., newspaper articles) that cover the same topic neutrally enough. Your account should be autoconfirmed in a couple days, so I'll leave it up to you! Rivertorch (talk) 07:37, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

Internet traffic growth
A very minor issue : this article states that "During the 1990s, it was estimated that the Internet grew by 100 percent per year, with a brief period of explosive growth in 1996 and 1997.[10]". Since that is followed by numbers of users, this is a little bit misleading, and one might think the number of user doubled each year (which is contradicted by the graph below, showing a linear, and not exponential growth).

I suggest, from the source 10 : "During the 1990s, it was estimated that the Internet traffic grew by 100 percent per year, with a brief period of explosive growth in 1996 and 1997. The mean annual growth in Internet users has been argued to be between 20% and 50%[10]" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hannezo (talk • contribs) 10:50, 16 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree it was confusing. I have tried to improve it. First I made the 100% figure clearer: it is an estimate for "the growth rate of traffic on the public Internet", according to the source. I took out the bit about 'explosive growth in 2 years as this may be misleading with regard to what actually happened in other nearby years. Having made the distinction regarding 'traffic', I put in the figures given for 'number of users'. The source paper appears to have been written in 1997, and revised in 1998 so I said 'late 1990s to cover this. Thank you for your suggestions. Do people think that's a fairer summary? --Nigelj (talk) 15:22, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

I, surely, support an updated growth rate of the Internet. The latest number isn't that much in public presence. Please, feel free to add years to, all the way up to today, 2013. Can we have an estimated number too, by a bit of ISP polling, USA, China, Nigeria, the usual European, so on, please? I demand so much... ;-) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:03, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Currently growth rates of Internet use are down to 40% a year, but as world economic growth is around a tenth of that it is very clear that every year Internet users are becoming less and less productive. Really it's just a colossal waste of time. Hcobb (talk) 05:07, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

Against the Hype - The Impossible Notion of Criminal Internet
If we exclude the intranet-type servers, then we must conclude that all servers are public, and as they are public, they are in fact raidable, so to speak, at any point in time by police forces and other people who are undertaking citizens' duties, given the seriousness of offense... Agree? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:07, 10 April 2013 (UTC)

 * No, they're not. They are private servers with a public interface. Any data stored on those servers is (supposedly) private. Mind  matrix  15:13, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

Horriblly misleading diagram
The 16 April 2010 version of this diagram implies several things that range from dubious to untrue in the majority of cases including.
 * tier 1 networks are "the internet"
 * end users only buy from tier 3 providers
 * networks only buy transit from the tier immediately above them
 * networks only peer with other networks of the same tier

I understand diagrams have to simplify reality sometimes in order to make stuff fit but I feel this diagram misleads more than it helps. What do others think? -- Plugwash (talk) 10:52, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

 * ✅ or . I agree and made some changes to the diagram to hopefully address at least some of the above comments. --Jeff Ogden (W163) (talk) 02:18, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

"mostly used by tech-savvy middle and upper-class people"?
There have been a few changes, reverts, and more changes to the lead over the last several weeks that I'd like to review.

At 18:11 and 21:13 Thevideodrome made two edits without edit summaries that changed text in the lead from:
 * , more than 2.4 billion people—over a third of the world's human population—have used the services of the Internet.

to
 * , more than 2.4 billion people—over a third of the world's human population—have used the services of the Internet; approximately 100 times more people than were using it in 1995, when it was mostly used by tech-savvy middle and upper class people in the United States and several other countries.

And at 17:05 on 24 May 2013 I added three inline templates:
 * , more than 2.4 billion people—over a third of the world's human population—have used the services of the Internet; approximately 100 times more people than were using it in 1995, when it was mostly used by tech-savvy middle and upper-class people in the United States and several other countries.

The statement that concerned me was "when it was mostly used by tech-savvy middle and upper-class people in the United States and several other countries". Unless I missed it, the cited material does not talk about "tech-savvy middle and upper-class people".

At 18:03 today (12 June 2013) Thevideodrome made a change without an edit summary that added a new reference and deleted the three inline templates I added:
 * , more than 2.4 billion people—over a third of the world's human population—have used the services of the Internet; approximately 100 times more people than were using it in 1995, when it was mostly used by businesses, public schools and tech-savvy middle and upper-class people in the United States and several other countries.

The new reference didn't address my concern, so at 19:32 today (12 June 2013) I reverted Thevideodrome's edit. So this portion of the lead is back to the way it was after my edit at 17:05 on 24 May 2013. Unless someone can find a reference that specifically supports it, I think the statement, "when it was mostly used by tech-savvy middle and upper-class people in the United States and several other countries", should be deleted from the article.

 * --Jeff Ogden (W163) (talk) 00:56, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

WP:OR: Internet users were a minority in every single country the network reached at that time?
Today (15 June 2013) Thevideodrome made a series of three edits without giving an edit summary on any of them and without making a comment on this talk page. Among other things the edits removed the "failed verification", "or", and "pov-statement" inline templates. The revised portion now reads:
 * , more than 2.4 billion people—over a third of the world's human population—have used the services of the Internet; approximately 100 times more people than were using it in 1995, when most of its users lived in the United States and Internet users were a minority in every single country the network reached at that time.

---

The references do not give or talk about Internet use by country in 1995, so this still represents original research and I will add the "or" tag again. --Jeff Ogden (W163) (talk) 13:32, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

 * My feeling is that, if some reliable sources can be found to support this statement, the discussion would be better in the Growth in number of users section of the Internet access article, then here in the lead to the Internet article. --Jeff Ogden (W163) (talk) 13:52, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

✅. I removed the text "when most of its users lived in the United States and Internet users were a minority in every single country the network reached at that time." This portion of the lead now reads:
 * , more than 2.4 billion people—over a third of the world's human population—have used the services of the Internet; approximately 100 times more people than were using it in 1995.

---

--Jeff Ogden (W163) (talk) 15:20, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Origins of the Internet
Earlier today there were some changes and a revert made to the lead of the article that I'd like to review.

At 17:58 today (13 June 2013) Thevideodrome, without an edit description, changed a portion of the lead of the article from:
 * The origins of the Internet reach back to research commissioned by the United States government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer networks. The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. Though the Internet has been widely used by academia since the 1980s, the commercialization of what was by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life.

---
 * No references.

to
 * The origins of the Internet are complex. While it's popularity believed the US Government's ARPANET system represents the beginning of the Internet in 1969, it did not represent long-distance communication but rather time-sharing. Nevertheless, public works were a major part of the development of the Internet.

 * The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation in the 1980s as well as private funding for other commercial backbones led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies and the merger of many networks. Though the Internet has been widely used by academia since the second half of the 1980s the expansion and commercialization of what was by the mid-1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life.

---

At 18:04 today (13 June 2012) Thevideodrome deleted two categories that had been associated with the article giving the edit summary "removing 1969 and "American" inventions category, since both are in fact dubious...".

At 19:32 today (12 June 2013) I reverted these changes with the edit summary "revert three edits made between 17:58 and 18:04 on 12 June 2013 by Thevideodrome. the reference given is probably not a reliable source. the edits removed several inline templates on a previous change by Thevideodrome without addressing issues raised" and then at 20:19 made a change of my own with an edit summary "Try to clarify and soften the description of the start of the Internet in the lead. See talk page for a discussion.", so this portion of the lead now reads:
 * The origins of the Internet reach back to research commissioned by the United States government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer networks. While this work together with work in the United Kingdom and France lead to important precursor networks, they were not the Internet. There is no consensus on the exact date when the modern Internet came into being, but sometime in the early to mid-1980s is considered reasonable.

 * The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. Though the Internet has been widely used by academia since the 1980s, the commercialization of what was by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life.

---
 * No references.

Hopefully the new wording is better. I believe that the U.S. government funding in the 1960s and 1970s played an important role leading to the creation of the modern Internet in the 1980s. I think this is well supported by references in the body of this article as well as in the History of the Internet article. I do not believe that it is correct to say "While it's popularity believed the US Government's ARPANET system represents the beginning of the Internet in 1969, it did not represent long-distance communication but rather time-sharing." I don't think that the reference given to Ian Peter's site should be considered a reliable source. I do think that the ARPANET was about "long-distance communication" among many other things. I also believe that the Internet was not so much created as it evolved into being over time, starting with some fundamental research and a number of trials in the late 1960s and 1970s, one of which was the ARPANET.

In any case, a change of this sort deserves to be talked about on this talk page before being made to the article.

 * --Jeff Ogden (W163) (talk) 01:40, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I am not sure I support the latest changes, but I agree the history section needs work. Although ARPANET was a precursor and an early networking system, there were others.  I was a Bitnet user in the 1980's and later used UUnet.  I think some mention needs to be made of the early connections between bitnet, Arpanet and other commercial networks.  In the early 1990s most of us had to get by with frame relay for commerical projects until the funding of major interconnects and post Arpanet developments and funding of the backbones in the early 1990s.  There are is a much better history at this link which includes references to early documents http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_nsfnet.htm such as "The Hitchikers Guide to the Internet" which was published on the internet about the internet in 1989.  The RFCs (which were the way to really understand things at the time) are probably the sources that should be sought out.  The point I think needs to be emphasised is not that networking existed but that somewhere along the way, the networks got connected and general public was granted access.  That interconnection is why it is the "Inter" net...I guess it is the cloud now!  .  On a personal note, the internet was a way I could (on my little dial up or my works shared T1, connect to a backbone.  This was not possible outside specific users in the 1980s and this was a great change from the days of having limited access from university to university to research center and a very few others.  To say that the internet sprang from Arpanet is true, but a bit like saying man evolved from apes without mentioning homo-erectus.  Wiredrabbit (talk) 20:45, 19 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The Internet refers to the collection of interconnected networks all running TCP/IP - In this context, ARPANET, MILNET, CSNET, and NSFNET are all precursors but neither Bitnet nor UUCP would qualify as part of the origin. TcomptonMA 13:37, 21 June 2013 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by TcomptonMA (talk • contribs)

 * The article History of the Internet covers this in more detail and mentions both UUCP and BITNET. There is a link to the History of the Internet article at the top of the History section of the main Internet article. Is that good enough? Should something from the history article be moved over into the main Internet article? If so, what and where should it go? For myself, I think the main article as it exists now is a good example of summary style and strikes a pretty good balance about what to cover itself and what to leave to the History of the Internet article. --Jeff Ogden (W163) (talk) 15:31, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I think one of the biggest problems with this, and a lot of other articles, is the relentless efforts of American editors to cherry pick history to claim the USA invented almost everything. Where there is ambiguity and multiple countries involved, it generally goes "America was first... plus some other countries also did some other stuff that makes the idea of someone being first ambiguous".
 * Each individual fact alone may not be untrue, but the way it's written is in a 'if we're uncertain put America first' notion. Or even, 'if we're sure it was another country find a loosely related invention in the states that came before, ignore similar things in other countries, and claim that was the per-cursor'. It's creates a meta-bias across Wikipedia and it is a very, very big problem.

Internet Censorship in Russia
In Russia there is Internet censorship now. There's new laws which allow to control the internet. Only copyrighted or illegal content is mostly blocked, but this may change — <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:21, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

Map of the Internet
is not "bright" enough and could be misleading.

Please consider changing it with Map of the Internet

I would say it gives better insights on the Net's structure and much more attractive.

Ruslan Enikeev Irriss (talk) 05:28, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Is the suggested map something that is freely available under an appropriate license or is it in the public domain? I just looked and it didn't seem like it was freely available to me. --Jeff Ogden (W163) (talk) 18:12, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Not sure about map's web site but picture of the map available under CC licence http://the-internet-map.blogspot.sg/2012/10/internet-map-posters.html --Ruslan Irriss (talk) 08:04, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

The link on the current thumbnail appears to be broken. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:06, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

Birthdate of the Internet?
I apologize if this has been discussed before but I wonder if it would be constructive to add Vint Cerf's statement that the birthdate of the internet was January 1, 1983? In the National Media Museum Life Online's History of the Internet special (released by them on YouTube), he states that after nearly every computer had switched off of ARPANET and to the TCP/IP protocol after it was standardized, "That was really the birthday of the internet, January 1st, 1983." A written source can also be found here in an interview by Ryan Singel at Wired and he has written about it at his blog.

I wanted to bring it up here first in case this has already been a topic of discussion. While I realize this is not a consensus, I believe it would be a noteworthy addition when talking about when the internet began as the article currently states with no sources, "There is no consensus on the exact date when the modern Internet came into being, but sometime in the early to mid-1980s is considered reasonable." Cerf's statement falls into this range and can offer some credit to the aforementioned statement because he is considered one of the |"fathers of the internet". Courtlea (talk) 04:54, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 December 2013
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:30, 25 December 2013 (UTC) [''The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.[19] The Internet started a rapid expansion to Europe and Australia in the mid to late 1980s[20][21] and to Asia in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[22]'']

... rapid expansion to Europe and Australia in the mid to late 1980s[20][21] and to Asia in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[22 ?????????!!!!!!!

it was decommissioned only in 1990 in the US and so the above statement is way of !!!!!
 * The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990 and replaced by NSFNET. But the commercial internet began before NSFNET as university-related startups in Europe, so you are correct, the internet was commercialized prior to 1995. I will make the appropriate correction. EllenCT (talk) 04:07, 25 December 2013 (UTC)
 * "the commercial Internet began before NSFNET as university-related startups in Europe" - reference needed please before making any edits with these assertions. --TcomptonMA 00:15, 27 December 2013 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by TcomptonMA (talk • contribs)

Internet censorship map colors?
There is a discussion going on over in Wikipedia Commons about possible changes to the colors used in the Internet Censorship map and elsewhere. It would be good to get some additional editors comments on this. If you are willing, would you pop over to Commons:File talk:Internet Censorship World Map.svg and let us know what you think? --Jeff Ogden (W163) (talk) 02:42, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

Reversion of Internet -> internet change
No basis was provided for the change to "internet"; as this is the english version, absent other authority I reverted this to match Chicago Manual of Style. See full discussion of this topic at Capitalization of "Internet"   --TcomptonMA 00:19, 12 February 2014 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by TcomptonMA (talk • contribs)

Links
>> globalising internet governmence(Lihaas (talk) 13:02, 16 February 2014 (UTC)).

Outernet rising
DrudgeReport headline: Forget the Internet - soon there will be the OUTERNET: Company plans to beam free Wi-fi to every person on Earth from space. Quoting from the sub-headline: This appears to be inevitable, but I don't know about 'free'. — Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 21:30, 17 February 2014 (UTC)
 * http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2552177/Forget-Internet-soon-OUTERNET-Company-plans-beam-free-wi-fi-person-Earth-space.html
 * An ambitious project known as Outernet is aiming to launch hundreds of miniature satellites into low Earth orbit by June 2015
 * Each satellite will broadcast the Internet to phones and computers giving billions of people across the globe free online access
 * Citizens of countries like China and North Korea that have censored online activity could be given free and unrestricted cyberspace
 * 'There's really nothing that is technically impossible to this'

The True birth date of the Internet?
I was on the team that designed the internet. Arpanet started in the 1960s, but the Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s in government and colleges. All colleges and government agencies used the internet in the 1980's utilizing SMTP/POP (email), FTP, NNTP (news), USENET, and clients like ARCHIE, GOPHER, VERONICA, and a number of other clients. The ".COM" domain did not exist until 1993. Compuserve offered the internet to the general public in 1988. The world wide web was born in 1990 and the first public Web browser, NCSA Mosaic was distributed in 1993. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:40, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Hey, that was good. Become an editor, it's easy (just choose a name/password.) — Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 12:47, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

 * As the article said (as of this version), there is no consensus as to the exact birth date. An editor might do the research & find WP:RS sources to add a section that presents different points of view (WP:NPOV) on what the date should be in each sources' opinion.  This is not encyclopedic, and would add little to the article for the reader (n.b. Wikipedia has far more important deficiencies, truly worthy of serious editing).  Yes, it's something that a few people like to muse about, but that doesn't make it worthy of an inclusion in this encyclopedia. (Btw, my opinion is 1969.) Lentower (talk) 15:52, 12 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Establishing birthdate first requires defining Internet precisely. Multiple interpretations exist, including any computer to computer communication, person to person communication via computers (e.g. email), any computer to computer communication via TCP/IP, computer to computer communication via TCP/IP available to the general public, largest network providing computer-to-computer TCP/IP communications to the general public, etc.   Fairly easy to determine dates of most of the above, but doesn't answer the question of "Internet birthdate" without first choosing the right question.  TcomptonMA 12:28, 13 March 2014 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by TcomptonMA (talk • contribs)

Reference question
Can this be used as a reference?--Wyn.junior (talk) 01:54, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Depends on how it's used, as it is a WP:Primary source, and is not a WP:RS] source. Simpler to find a source that is both [[WP:Secondary and WP:RS. Perhaps post the text you want this reference to support? Lentower (talk) 03:39, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

FYI - AfD for Internetization
FYI - A related article, Internetization, has been AfDed and could use additional discussion at: WP:Articles_for_deletion/Internetization_(2nd_nomination). Meclee (talk) 23:46, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 May 2014
In the user section, it states that 23% of the requested language is Chinese, whereas the pie chart claims to be a quarter. Please could you fix this in order to rectify the mistake? Thank you

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:14, 8 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done I've changed the percentage in the body to 25%. Best, Mz7 (talk) 00:25, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 June 2014
Please append to the sentence: "The first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected between Leonard Kleinrock's Network Measurement Center at the UCLA's School of Engineering and Applied Science and Douglas Engelbart's NLS system at SRI International (SRI) in Menlo Park, California, on 29 October 1969" the phrase ", using Interface Message Processors built by the Cambridge, Massachusetts company Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN)."

The citation is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor.

This addition clarifies the word "interconnected" used in the original sentence.

NameNotInUse (talk) 17:20, 17 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment - Wikipedia, itself, is not a reliable source (see WP:WINARS). Find a reliable source and I will do it. DJAMP 4444  17:53, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

Suggested addition on impact of the Internet on science
Change second para of "Usage" to:

 * Educational material at all levels from pre-school to post-doctoral is available from websites. Examples range from CBeebies, through school and high-school revision guides and virtual universities, to access to top-end scholarly literature through the likes of Google Scholar. For distance education, help with homework and other assignments, self-guided learning, whiling away spare time, or just looking up more detail on an interesting fact, it has never been easier for people to access educational information at any level from anywhere. The Internet in general and the World Wide Web in particular are important enablers of both formal and informal education. Further, the Internet allows universities, in particular researchers from the social and behavioral sciences, to conduct research remotely via virtual laboratories, with profound changes in reach and generalizability of findings as well as in communication between scientists and in the publication of results (Reips, 2008).

Reference:
 * Reips, U.-D. (2008). How Internet-mediated research changes science. In A. Barak (Ed.), Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications (pp. 268-294). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://chapter12-reips.blogspot.com/
 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:06, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. I'm sorry. Blogspot can't be used as a reliable source. — cyberpower ChatOnline 08:30, 22 July 2014 (UTC)

I think a reference along these lines would be OK. The reference is to a book published by Cambridge University Press and not to Blogspot.
 * -Jeff Ogden (W163) (talk) 12:25, 22 July 2014 (UTC)

 * ✅ The source is not Blogspot, but the reference published by Cambridge University Press. I've added the sentence to the article. Diego (talk) 12:27, 22 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Internet/Archive 6


text:
Baumea arthrophylla

Baumea arthrophylla (now known as Machaerina arthrophylla ) is a flowering plant in the sedge family, Cyperaceae that is native to many states and territories of Australia.

The grass-like plant is rhizomatous and perennial, with a tufted habit. It typically grows to a height of 0.35 to 1.2 m. It blooms between September and November producing brown flowers.

It is found in winter wet depressions and around swamps and lakes along coastal areas in the Peel, South West, Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance where it grows in damp to wet peaty-sand soils.

Commonly confused with Machaerina rubiginosa (syn. Baumea rubiginosa), which has larger, less angular nuts, leaves and involucral bracts somewhat flattened at least near the apex, and more densely clustered spikelets.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baumea arthrophylla


text:
Paya, Kyain Seikgyi

Paya (ဖာယာ; ) is a village in Kyain Seikgyi Township, Kawkareik District, in the Kayin State of Myanmar. It is the home of Paya Taung.

title: Paya, Kyain Seikgyi


text:
List of rural localities in Krasnoyarsk Krai

This is a list of rural localities in Krasnoyarsk Krai. Krasnoyarsk Krai (Красноя́рский край) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), with its administrative center in the city of Krasnoyarsk—the third-largest city in Siberia (after Novosibirsk and Omsk). Comprising half of the Siberian Federal District, Krasnoyarsk Krai is the largest krai in the Russian Federation, the second largest federal subject (after the neighboring Sakha Republic) and the third largest subnational governing body by area in the world, after Sakha and the Australian state of Western Australia. The krai covers an area of 2339700 km2, which is nearly one quarter the size of the entire country of Canada (the next-largest country in the world after Russia), constituting roughly 13% of the Russian Federation's total area and containing a population of 2,828,187, or just under 2% of its population, per the 2010 Census.

Abansky District
Rural localities in Abansky District:

 * Aban

Birilyussky District
Rural localities in Birilyussky District:

 * Novobirilyussy

Boguchansky District
Rural localities in Boguchansky District:

 * Boguchany

Bolsheuluysky District
Rural localities in Bolsheuluysky District:

 * Bolshoy Uluy

Dzerzhinsky District
Rural localities in Dzerzhinsky District:

 * Dzerzhinskoye

Evenkiysky District
Rural localities in Evenkiysky District:

 * Baykit
 * Poligus
 * Tura
 * Vanavara
 * Yessey

Idrinsky District
Rural localities in Idrinsky District:

 * Idrinskoye
 * Zezezino

Ilansky District
Rural localities in Ilansky District:

 * Abakumovka

Irbeysky District
Rural localities in Irbeysky District:

 * Irbeyskoye

Karatuzsky District
Rural localities in Karatuzsky District:

 * Karatuzskoye
 * Nizhnyaya Bulanka

Kazachinsky District
Rural localities in Kazachinsky District:

 * Kazachinskoye

Krasnoturansky District
Rural localities in Krasnoturansky District:

 * Krasnoturansk

Kuraginsky District
Rural localities in Kuraginsky District:

 * Petropavlovka

Mansky District
Rural localities in Mansky District:

 * Shalinskoye

Novosyolovsky District
Rural localities in Novosyolovsky District:

 * Novosyolovo

Partizansky District
Rural localities in Partizansky District:

 * Partizanskoye

Pirovsky District
Rural localities in Pirovsky District:

 * Pirovskoye

Rybinsky District
Rural localities in Rybinsky District:

 * Loshchinka

Sayansky District
Rural localities in Sayansky District:

 * Abalakovo
 * Aginskoye

Severo-Yeniseysky District
Rural localities in Severo-Yeniseysky District:

 * Teya

Shushensky District
Rural localities in Shushensky District:

 * Kazantsevo

Sukhobuzimsky District
Rural localities in Sukhobuzimsky District:

 * Sukhobuzimskoye

Taseyevsky District
Rural localities in Taseyevsky District:

 * Taseyevo

Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District
Rural localities in Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District:

 * Khatanga
 * Popigay
 * Volochanka

Turukhansky District
Rural localities in Turukhansky District:

 * Bor
 * Kellog
 * Kureika
 * Mirnoye
 * Podkamennaya Tunguska
 * Turukhansk
 * Yanov Stan

Tyukhtetsky District
Rural localities in Tyukhtetsky District:

 * Tyukhtet

Yeniseysky District
Rural localities in Yeniseysky District:

 * Abalakovo

Yermakovsky District
Rural localities in Yermakovsky District:

 * Yermakovskoye

Zheleznogorsk
Rural localities in Zheleznogorsk:

 * Dodonovo


text:
Portal:Portugal/Selected article archive

- The complete list of Presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the October 5, 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime. This list includes not only those persons who sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910. This is the case of Teófilo Braga who served as President of the Provisional Government after the republican coup d'état. Also Sidónio Pais, Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa, as well as Canto e Castro and Óscar Carmona in their early months, weren't sworn into office as President of the Republic, usually being the President of the Ministry (Prime Minister), but de facto accumulation this functions with that of the Head of State. (continued...)
 * September 4

-
 * August 28

none

-
 * August 14

none

-
 * July 31

none

- The flag of the Portuguese Republic is a 2:3 green and red rectangle divided vertically into green at the hoist (2/5 of the flag’s length) and red at the fly (3/5). Centered in this partition a coat of arms consisting of an armillary sphere charged with the traditional Portuguese shield. It was officially adopted on June 30, 1911, but had in fact been in use since the Republican revolution of 5 October 1910.
 * July 17

The flag probably has a much more ambiguous meaning than the traditional, most popular explanations for its design. The most commonly held belief is that during the Estado Novo, the nationalist authoritarian regime, which lasted from 1933 until the 1974 Carnation Revolution, claims that the green represented hope and the red represented the blood of those who died serving the nation. This definition of the colors is currently the commonly accepted one, however the original meaning could be much more uncertain.

The traditional Portuguese shield (escudo) is present in almost every single Portuguese flag. It is the prime Portuguese symbol, as well as one of the oldest national symbols still used in the world and certainly one of the oldest in Europe. Used for more than 800 years, it appears on all of the Portuguese flags except for the first one. The shield is, in fact, an evolution whose roots are in the first flag (1143–1185) and first king of Portugal.(continued...)

-
 * July 3

The History of Portugal from the dynastic crisis in 1578 to the end of the reign of the Marquis of Pombal in 1777 is a period of transition. The Portuguese Empire was near its height at the start of this 200 year period and continued to enjoy the widespread influence in the world that had characterized the two previous centuries. By the end of this period, the fortunes of Portugal and its Empire had declined, culminating with the Távora affair, the catastrophic 1755 Lisbon earthquake, and the accession of Maria I, the first ruling Queen of Portugal.

The opulent use of Brazilian gold, the absolutist regime, the movement towards the Independence of Brazil, the Methuen Treaty and the Lisbon earthquake all contributed to the downfall of Portugal's position in Europe and the world. These events, and those that occurred at the end of the Aviz dynasty and the period of Iberian Union led Portugal to depend on its colonies, first India and then Brazil. This shift from India to Brazil was a natural consequence of the rise of the Dutch as well as the British Empire. A similar shift occurred the independence of Brazil, resulting in Portuguese focusing more on its possessions in Africa.

The early 1700s, known as the Pombaline Era after Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal, was a period of dictatorship and wide-ranging reforms. The Marquis of Pombal was appointed by Joseph I, who had little inclination to rule. He initiated many reforms intended to modernize the country and attacked the power of the privileged nobility and clergy, notably in the case of the Távora affair and the expulsion of the Jesuits. He was also the leader of the reconstruction of Lisbon after the earthquake in 1755. (continued...)

-
 * June 19

Futebol Clube do Porto (pron. ) – short: FC Porto, FCP – is a Portuguese sports club, best known for its football section founded in Porto in 1893 by a wine-salesman António Nicolau de Almeida. He first had contact with the game of football in one of his trips to England. The club went through a relatively abandoned state until 1906 when Monteiro da Costa revived the club.

The football home ground is now the Estádio do Dragão (finished in 2003 as a venue for Euro 2004) after 51 years playing in the Estádio das Antas. Porto is, along with Sporting Lisbon and Benfica, one of the "Big Three" clubs in Portugal. Porto have won the UEFA Champions League twice (one still as the ECC) and the UEFA Cup once. It was the first team since the Liverpool 76-77 squad to win the Champions League after winning the UEFA Cup.

FC Porto is also a leading force in other sports: the handball and basketball team are regular contenders in the Portuguese national titles, and the rink hockey section is amongst the best in the sport. The new arena near the stadium will be completed soon; in past years the non-professional home grounds were scattered in northwestern cities of Portugal (such as Gondomar and Espinho). (continued...)

-
 * June 5

The History of Portugal is that of an ancient European nation, whose present origins go back to the Early Middle Ages, that ascended to a great world power in the Age of Discoveries with its vast Empire. Following its heyday as a world power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status first through the loss of its military and naval power due to the military disaster of Alcacer-Kibir, and shortly thereafter its fleet, which had been incorporated into the Spanish Armada so the country was unable to defend its interests overseas. It was further weakened later with the destruction of much of the capital, Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence in 1822 of its largest colony Brazil. A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; however, the Republic was unable to solve the country's problems, amid corruption, repression of the Church and near bankruptcy of State, and in 1926, a military coup installed a dictatorship that lasted until 1974, when a left-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms. The following year, Portugal granted independence to all of its African and Asian colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO, OECD and EFTA and entered the European Community (now the European Union) in 1986. (continued...)

-
 * May 22

Bullfighting or tauromachy (Spanish toreo, corrida de toros or tauromaquia; Portuguese tourada, corrida de touros or tauromaquia) is a tradition that involves, most of the time, professional performers (generally called in Spanish toreros or matadores and in Portuguese toureiros) who execute various formal moves with the goal of appearing graceful and confident, while masterful over the bull itself; these maneuvers are performed at close range, concluding (in Spanish-style bullfighting) with the death of the bull by a well-placed sword thrust as the finale whereas in Portugal the beginning consists of a uniquely Portuguese and very ancient tradition called the pega where men are dressed in a traditional costume, of damask or velvet, with the long knit hats also worn by the famous Nazaré fishermen.

It is a ritual spectacle that is usually designated by insiders as an art, by others as a sport, as tallies are kept for the purpose of ranking the bullfighters. The art of bullfighting requires a significant degree of skill and talent, resulting in the widely held view of matadors as national celebrities. (continued...)

-
 * May 8

Portuguese  is an Iberian Romance language that originated in what is today Galicia (in Spain) and Northern Portugal. It is the official language of Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe, co-official with Chinese in the Chinese S.A.R. of Macau, and co-official with Tetum in East Timor.

Portuguese is ranked sixth among the world's languages in number of native speakers (over 200 million), and first in South America (186 million, over 51% of the population). It is also a major lingua franca in Africa. It spread worldwide in the 15th and 16th century as Portugal set up a vast colonial and commercial empire (1415–1999), spanning from Brazil in the Americas to Macau in China. In that colonial period, many Portuguese creoles appeared around the world, especially in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean.

Portuguese is often nicknamed The language of Camões, after the author of the Portuguese national epic The Lusiads; The last flower of Latium (Olavo Bilac); and The sweet language by Cervantes. (continued...)

-
 * April 24

The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese, Revolução dos Cravos) was an almost bloodless, left-leaning, military-led revolution started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon, Portugal, that effectively changed the Portuguese regime from an authoritarian dictatorship to a liberal democracy after a two-year process of a Left-wing semi-military administration. Although government forces killed four people before surrendering, the revolution was unusual in that the revolutionaries did not use direct violence to achieve their goals. The population, holding red carnations, convinced the regime soldiers not to resist. The soldiers readily swapped their bullets for flowers. It was the end of the Estado Novo, the longest authoritarian regime in Western Europe (but not the last to fall, Francisco Franco ruled Spain until 1975). (continued...)

-
 * April 17

The history of Portugal from the beginning of Maria I's reign in 1777 to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834 spans a complex historic period in which several important political and military events led to the end of the absolutist regime and to the installment of a constitutional monarchy in the country.

In 1807, Napoleon ordered the invasion of Portugal and subsequently the Royal Family escaped to Brazil. This was one of the causes for the declaration of Brazilian independence by Peter I of Brazil in 1822, following a liberal revolution in Portugal.

The liberal period was stormy and short as Prince Michael of Portugal (Peter's brother) supported an absolutist revolution endeavoring to restore all power to the monarchy. Peter eventually returned to Portugal to fight and defeat his brother in the Liberal Wars, in which liberalism was completely installed and Portugal became a constitutional monarchy. (continued...)

-
 * April 10

none

-
 * April 3

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake took place on November 1, 1755, at 9:20 in the morning. It was one of the most destructive and deadly earthquakes in history, killing between 60,000 and 100,000 people. The quake was followed by a tsunami and fire, resulting in the near total destruction of Lisbon. The earthquake accentuated political tensions in Portugal and profoundly disrupted the country's 18th century colonial ambitions. The event was widely discussed by European Enlightenment philosophers, and inspired major developments in theodicy and in the philosophy of the sublime. As the first earthquake studied scientifically for its effects over a large area, it signalled the birth of modern seismology. Geologists today estimate the Lisbon earthquake approached magnitude 9 on the Richter scale, with an epicenter in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent. (continued...)

-
 * March 27

The list of municipalities of Portugal encompasses all the Portuguese concelhos (councils), and presents them ordered by district. Portugal is divided into 18 districts (Portuguese: distritos) and 2 autonomous regions (Portuguese: regiões autónomas), Azores and Madeira, that are further sub-divided into 308 municipalities (Portuguese: municípios or concelhos). Usually, a municipality has the name of its biggest city, or at least, of its historically most important city or town, however, the municipality is, usually, much larger than the city or town after which it is named.

The municipality has been the most stable subdivision of Portugal since the foundation of the country in the 12th century. They have their origin in the foral, a legal document, issued by the king, which assigned previleges to a town or a region. The present subdivision has its origins in the 19th century.

Each municipality is further subdivided into parishes (Portuguese: freguesias), the municipalities in the north of the country usually have a higher number of parishes. Six municipalities are composed by only one municipality and Barcelos is the municipality with most parishes, 89. The parishes are administrated by a parish assembly.

-
 * March 20

The Portuguese Communist Party is a major left-wing political party in Portugal. It is a Marxist-Leninist party and its organization is based upon democratic centralism. The Party also considers itself to be patriotic and internationalist. The Party was founded in 1921 as the Portuguese section of the Communist International (Comintern). Made illegal after a coup in the late 1920s, the PCP played a major role in the opposition to the following dictatorial regime led, for many years, by António de Oliveira Salazar. During the five decades long dictature, the party was constantly suppressed by the political police, the PIDE, which forced his members to live in clandestine status, under the threat of being arrested, tortured or murdered.

In the following years, the PCP was one of the most influential forces involved in the revolutionary process, being very popular among the working class, however, it became less influential after the fall of the Socialist bloc in eastern Europe. However, it still enjoys popularity in some sectors of Portuguese society, particularly in the rural areas of the Alentejo and Ribatejo, and also in the heavily industrialized areas around Lisbon and Setúbal, where it holds the leadership of several municipalities. It also has a major influence within the largest Portuguese trade union federation, the General Confederation of the Portuguese Workers.

The Party publishes the weekly Avante!, founded in 1931. Its youth organization is the Portuguese Communist Youth, a member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth.

-
 * March 13

The Battle of Aljubarrota took place on August 14, 1385, between Portuguese forces commanded by King João I and his general Nuno Alvares Pereira, and the Castilian army of King Juan I. The place was Aljubarrota, between the towns of Leiria and Alcobaça in central Portugal. The result was a decisive defeat of the Castilians and the end of the 1383–1385 Crisis, establishing João as King of Portugal. Independence was assured and a new dynasty, the House of Aviz, was established. Scattered border confrontations with Castilian troops persisted until the death of Juan I in 1390, but these posed no real threat to the Portuguese monarchy. To celebrate his victory and acknowledge divine help, João I ordered the construction of the Monastery of Santa Maria da Vitória na Batalha and the founding of the town of Batalha (pronounced, the Portuguese word for "battle"). The king, his wife Philippa of Lancaster, and several of his sons are buried in this monastery, which is an important part of Portuguese heritage.

-
 * March 6

Fernão Mendes Pinto (1509? – 1583) was a Portuguese explorer and writer. His exploits are known through the posthumous publication of his memoir Pilgrimage (Portuguese: Peregrinação) in 1614, an autobiographical work whose validity is nearly impossible to assess. In the course of his travels in the Middle and Far East, Pinto visited Ethiopia, the Arabian Sea, China (where he claimed to have been a forced laborer on the Great Wall), India and Japan. He claimed to have been among the first group of Europeans to visit Japan and initiate the Nanban trade period. He also claimed to have introduced the gun there in 1543. It is known that he funded the first Christian church in Japan, after befriending a Catholic missionary and founding member of the Society of Jesus later known as St Francis Xavier. At one time Pinto himself was a Jesuit, though he later left the order.

- The complete list of Presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the October 5, 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime. This list includes not only those persons who sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910. This is the case of Teófilo Braga who served as President of the Provisional Government after the republican coup d'état. Also Sidónio Pais, Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa, as well as Canto e Castro and Óscar Carmona in their early months, weren't sworn into office as President of the Republic, usually being the President of the Ministry (Prime Minister), but de facto accumulation this functions with that of the Head of State.
 * February 28


text:
User:Jimregan/C Primer chapter 7

C Quick Reference
This section contains a sample program to give syntax examples for fundamental C statements, followed by a list of library routines. This list is very terse and assumes that you are simply looking for reminders. If you need more details, please refer to the previous chapters.

/* sample.c: a silly program to give syntax examples. */

#include           /* Include header file for console I/O. */

int f1( int p );            /* Function prototypes. */  long f2( void ); long g;                     /* Global variable. */

int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) {    float f;                   /* Declare variables. */    int ctr; extern long g;

printf( "Arguments:\n\n" ); for( ctr = 0; ctr < argc; ctr++ ) {      puts( argv[ctr] ); }

printf( "\nFunction 1:\n\n" ); ctr = 0; while( ctr < 5 ) {       printf( "%d\n", f1( ctr++ ) ); }

printf( "\nFunction 2:\n\n" ); ctr = 0; do     { g = ctr++; printf( "%d\n", f2 ); }    while( ctr < 5 );

exit( 0 ); }

int f1( int p ) {     return( ( p < 3 ) ? p : p * p ); }

long f2( void ) {    extern long g;     return( g * g ); }

 * Console I/O: #include

int printf( char *s, ) > 0;    Print formatted string to stdout. int scanf( char *s, * ) != EOF: Read formatted data from stdin. int putchar( int ch ):                   Print a character to stdout. int getchar != EOF:                    Read a character from stdin. int puts( char *s ):                     Print string to stdout, add \n. char *gets != NULL:                    Read line from stdin (no \n).

 * PC console routines: #include

int getch != 0:         Get a character from the keyboard (no Enter). int getche != 0:        Get a character from the keyboard and echo it. int kbhit != 0:         Check to see if a key has been pressed.

 * Format codes:

%h:     short int (scanf only) %d:     decimal integer %ld:    long decimal integer %c:     character %s:     string %e:     exponential floating-point %f:     decimal floating-point %g:     use %e or %f, whichever is shorter (printf only) %u:     unsigned decimal integer %o:     unsigned octal integer %x:     unsigned hex integer

%10d:   10-character field width. %-10d   Left-justified field. %6.3f   6-character field width, three digits of precision.

'\0NN': character code in octal. '\xNN': character code in hex. '\0':   NULL character.

 * File-I/O: #include

FILE *fopen( char *f, char *mode ) != NULL;         Create or open file. int fclose( FILE *f );                              Close a file.

rewind( FILE *f );                                  Rewind. rename( char *old, char *new );                     Rename a file. remove( char *name );                               Delete a file.

fseek( FILE *f, long offset, int origin) == 0;      Seek.

fprintf( FILE *f, char *fmt, ) > 0;       Formatted write. fscanf( FILE *f, char *fmt, & ) != EOF;    Formatted read. fwrite( void *b, size_t s, size_t c, FILE *f ) > 0; Unformatted write. fread( void *b, size_t s, size_t c, FILE *f ) > 0;  Unformatted read.

putc( int c, FILE *f );                             Write character. int getc( FILE *f ) != EOF;                         Read character. fputs( char *s, FILE *f );                          Write a string. fgets( char *s, int max, FILE *f) != NULL;          Read a string.

sprintf( char *b, char *fmt, );           Print into string. sscanf( char *b, char *fmt, & ) > 0;       Scan string.

 * File modes:

r:   Open for reading. w:   Open and wipe (or create) for writing. a:   Append -- open (or create) to write to end of file. r+:  Open a file for reading and writing. w+:  Open and wipe (or create) for reading and writing. a+:  Open a file for reading and appending.

 * Offset values:

SEEK_SET:  Start of file. SEEK_CUR:  Current location. SEEK_END:  End of file.

 * Math library: #include

double sin( double x ):           Sine of x (in radians). double cos( double x ):           Cosine of x.   double tan( double x ):            Tangent of x.   double asin( double x ):           Inverse sine of x.   double acos( double x ):           Inverse cosine of x.   double atan( double x ):           Inverse tangent of x.   double sinh( double x ):           Hyperbolic sine of x.   double cosh( double x ):           Hyperbolic cosine of x.   double tanh( double x ):           Hyperbolic tangent of x.   double exp( double x ):            Exponential function -- e^x. double log( double x ):           Natural log of x.   double log10( double x ):          Base 10 log of x.   double pow( double x, double y ):  Power function -- x^y. double sqrt( double x ):          Square root of x.   double ceil( double x ):           Integer >= x (returned as double). double floor( double x ):         Integer <= x (returned as double). double fabs( x ):                 Absolute value of x.

 * Standard utility library: #include

double atof( char *nvalstr ) != 0; Convert numeric string to double. int atoi( char *nvalstr )   != 0;  Convert numeric string to int. long atol( char *nvlastr )  != 0;  Convert numeric string to long. int rand;                        Generates pseudorandom integer. srand( unsigned seed );            Seed random-number generator. exit( int status );                Exits program. int system( char *syscmd )  == 0;  Execute system program. int abs( int n );                  Absolute value of int. long labs( long n );               Absolute value of long.

 * Time & date library: #include

time_t time( time_t *timeptr );    Current time count as long int. char *ctime( time_t *timeptr );    Current time & date string.

 * String function library: #include

int strlen( char *s );                         Length. strcpy( char *dst, char *src );                Copy. strncpy( char *dst, char *src, size_t n );     Copy n characters max. strcat( char *dst, char *s );                  Concatenate. strncat( char *d, char *s, size_t n );         Concatenate n characters. strcmp( char *s1, char *s2 )            == 0:  Compare. strncmp( char *s1, char *s2, size_t n ) == 0;  Compare n characters. stricmp( char *s1, char *s2 )           == 0;  Compare, no case. strnicmp( char *s1, char *s2, size_t n ) == 0; Compare, no case, n chars. char *strchr( char *s, int ch )      != NULL;  Find first character. char *strrchr( char *s, int ch )     != NULL;  Find last character. char *strstr( char *dst, char *src)  != NULL;  Find string. char *strlwr( char *s );                       Lowercase. char *strupr( char *s );                       Uppercase.

 * Character class test library: #include

int isalnum( int c ) != 0;        Alpha / digit. int isalpha( int c ) != 0;        Alpha. int iscntrl( int c ) != 0;        Control character. int isdigit( int c ) != 0;        Decimal digit. int isgraph( int c ) != 0;        Printing character (except space). int islower( int c ) != 0;        Lower-case. int isprint( int c ) != 0;        Printing character (including space). int ispunct( int c ) != 0;        Printing character but not space/alnum. int isspace( int c ) != 0;        Space, FF, LF, CR, HT, VT. int isupper( int c ) != 0;        Upper-case. int isxdigit( int c ) != 0;       Hex digit.

int tolower( int c );             Convert to lower case. int toupper( int c );             Convert to upper case.

 * Dynamic memory allocation: #include

buf = ( *)malloc( (size_t)sizeof * ) != NULL; free( *buf );

v2.0.7 / 7 of 7 / 01 feb 02 / greg goebel / public domain

title: User:Jimregan/C Primer chapter 7