text:
Thomas More Molyneux

Thomas More Molyneux (c. 1724 – 3 October 1776), was a British Army officer and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1759 and 1776.

Early life
Molyneux was the son of Sir William Molyneux of Loseley Park and his wife Cassandra Cornwallis, daughter of Thomas Cornwallis of Abermarlais, Carmarthenshire. He matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford on 8 April 1742, aged 17 and was awarded BA in 1745. In 1747, he joined the army and was an Ensign in the 3rd Foot Guards. He was then lieutenant and captain in 1753 and served in Germany during the Seven Years' War.

Parliamentary career
Molyneux succeeded his brother James as Member of Parliament for Haslemere being elected unopposed in a by-election in 1759. On his father's death in 1760, he inherited the Loseley estate. In the 1761 general election, he and Philip Carteret Webb, the other sitting member at Haslemere, won a serious contest against candidates supported the Burrell family. Molyneux was described as a country gentleman, generally well inclined to Government, but retaining his independence. He was still a serving officer and became captain and lieutenant-colonel in 1761, eventually becoming colonel in 1773. Before the general election of 1768, with Webb apparently retiring, Molyneux joined the Burrells to contest the seat and they were successful against third parties at the election. The agreement continued and in the 1774 general election, he again contested the borough jointly with the Burrells. He does not appear to have spoken in the Parliaments of 1768 and 1774.

Death and legacy
Molyneux died unmarried on 3 October 1776. A clergyman wrote of him that he was one of the few original men in the world with the comment “Politeness has the good effect of hiding what is offensive in us, but it covers at the same time many entertaining oddities, and he had more of them than any of our neighbours.” The Loseley estate passed to his sisters Cassandra and Jane who also died childless. The estate then passed to his illegitimate son, James.

title: Thomas More Molyneux


text:
Puzzles/Statistical puzzles/3 Bags of Marbles

Puzzles | Statistical puzzles | 3 Bags of Marbles

You have three bags, each containing two marbles. Bag #1 contains two white marbles, bag #2 contains two black marbles, and bag #3 contains one white marble and one black marble.

You pick a random bag and take out one marble. Given that this is a white marble, what is the probability that the remaining marble from the same bag is also white?

solution

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Archie P. McKishnie

Archie P. McKishnie (June 20, 1875 – July 7, 1946) was a popular Canadian author and short story writer.

Biography
McKishnie was born on June 20, 1875, at Rondeau Point in New Scotland, Chatham-Kent, Ontario, and educated at Ridgetown Collegiate Institute. Before becoming a writer he was dramatic editor of the Sunday edition of The Toronto World newspaper. His stories have been categorized as historical fiction, nature stories, and juvenile stories. He was considered one of Canada's best nature writers of his day.

He was the brother of poet Jean Blewett.

He died at his home in Toronto on July 7, 1946.

McKishnie's archives are held by the William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections at McMaster University.

Selected works

 * Gaff Linkum: A Tale of Talbotville. Toronto: Briggs, 1907. 255 p.
 * Love of the Wild. Toronto: McLeod & Allen, 1910. 327 p.
 * Willow, the Wisp. Toronto: Allen, 1918. 308 p.
 * A Son of Courage. Toronto: Allen, 1920. 284 p.
 * Openway. Toronto: Musson, 1922. 233 p.
 * Big John Wallace: A Romance of the Early Canadian Pioneers. Toronto: Massey-Harris Press, 1922. 47 p.
 * Mates of the Tangle. Toronto: Musson, 1924. 247 p.
 * Brains, Limited. Toronto: Allen, 1925. 287 p.
 * Dwellers of the Marsh Realm. Chicago: Donohue, 1937. 79 p.

title: Archie P. McKishnie


text:
User:CanonDavid

catenulate (verb) arrange in a series of rings or chains

Used in Stephen R. Donaldson, Fatal Revenant p. 371

title: User:CanonDavid


text:
General Mechanics/Alternate Formulations of Newton's Laws

Reformulating Newton
In the last chapter we saw how to reformulate Newton's laws as a set of second order ordinary differential equations using arbitrary coordinates:

 * $$\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial L}{\partial\dot{q}_i}-\frac{\partial L}{\partial q_i}=0$$

It is often far easier to solve a problem by starting with the Lagrangian than by explicitly using Newton's laws. The Lagrangian is also more useful for theoretical analysis.

However, the Lagrangian approach is not the only useful way to reformulate Newton. There is a second, related, approach which is also highly useful for analysis; namely, writing the equations of motion as a set of first order ordinary differential equations in a particularly natural way.

To do this we will use a standard technique, familiar from your calculus studies.

Derivation
Consider the function

 * $$H(q,p,t)=\dot{q}_ip_i-L(q,\dot{q},t)$$

where the $$q_i$$ are the generalised coordinates, the $$p_i$$ are a set of new variables whose meaning we will soon see, $$H$$ is to be a function of the $$p$$'s and $$q$$'s alone, and the summation convention is being used.

Then we have

 * $$dH=\dot{q}_idp_i+p_i d\dot{q}_i-\frac{\partial L}{\partial\dot{q}_i}d\dot{q}_i-\frac{\partial L}{\partial q_i} dq_i-\frac{\partial L}{\partial t}dt\quad(1)$$

but, since H is a function of the p‘s and q‘s alone we can also write

 * $$dH=\frac{\partial H}{\partial q_i}dq_i +

\frac{\partial H}{\partial p_i}dp_i + \frac{\partial H}{\partial t}dt \quad (2) $$

For these two equations to both be true the coefficients of the differentials must be equal.

Equation (2) does not contain a term in $$d\dot{q}_i$$, so the coefficient of that term in equation (1) must be zero. I.e,

 * $$p_i=\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{q}_i}$$

which gives us a definition of the pi. Using this in Lagrange's equations gives

 * $$\dot{p}_i=\frac{\partial L}{\partial q_i}$$

and equation (1) simplifies to

 * $$dH=\dot{q}_i dp_i - \dot{p}_i dq_i

-\frac{\partial L}{\partial t} dt$$

A comparison of coefficients with equation (2) now gives the desired set of first order equations for the motion,
 * $$\dot{q}_i=\frac{\partial H}{\partial p_i} \quad

\dot{p}_i=-\frac{\partial H}{\partial q_i}$$

These are called Hamilton's equations and H is called the Hamiltonian.

Physical meaning of H and p
To see what H and the pi's actually are, let's consider a few typical cases.

First, let's look at a free particle, one subject to no forces. This will let us see what the pi's mean, physically.

If we use Cartesian coordinates for the free particle, we have

 * $$L = T=\frac{1}{2}m \left( \dot{x}^2+ \dot{y}^2+  \dot{z}^2 \right) $$

The pi's are the differential of this with respect to the velocities.

 * $$p_x=\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{x}}=m \dot{x} \quad

p_y=\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{y}}=m \dot{y} \quad p_z=\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{z}}=m \dot{z} $$

These are the components of the momentum vector.

If we use cylindrical coordinates, we have

 * $$L = T=\frac{1}{2}m \left( \dot{r}^2+ r^2\dot{\theta}^2+  \dot{z}^2 \right) $$

and

 * $$p_r=\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{r}}=m \dot{r} \quad

p_{\theta}=\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{\theta}}=m r^2 \dot{\theta} \quad p_z=\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{z}}=m \dot{z} $$

This time, pz is the component of momentum is the z direction, pr is the radial momentum, and pθ is the angular momentum, which we've previously seen is the equivalent of momentum for rotation.

Since, in these familiar cases, the pi's are momenta, we generalise and call the pi's conjugate momenta.

Note that from Hamilton's equations, we see that if H is independent of some coordinate, q, then

 * $$\dot{p}_q=-\frac{\partial H}{\partial q} = 0$$

so the momentum conjugate to q is conserved. This connection between conservation laws and coordinate independence lies at the heart of much physics.

Secondly, to see the physical meaning of H, we'll consider a particle moving in a potential V, described using Cartesian coordinates.

This time the Lagrangian is

 * $$L= T-V = \frac{1}{2}m \left( \dot{x}^2+ \dot{y}^2+  \dot{z}^2 \right)-V(x,y,z)

$$

We find that the pi's are

 * $$p_x=\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{x}}=m \dot{x} \quad

p_y=\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{y}}=m \dot{y} \quad p_z=\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{z}}=m \dot{z} $$

so, again, they are the momenta

Now lets calculate H.

 * $$\begin{matrix}

H & = & \dot{x}p_x+ \dot{y}p_y+ \dot{y}p_y & - & L & &\\ & = & m \left( \dot{x}^2+  \dot{y}^2+  \dot{z}^2 \right) & - & \frac{1}{2}m \left( \dot{x}^2+ \dot{y}^2+  \dot{z}^2 \right) & + & V\\ & = & \frac{1}{2}m \left( \dot{x}^2+  \dot{y}^2+  \dot{z}^2 \right) & & & + & V\\ & = & T &  & & + & V \end{matrix}$$

so H is the total energy, written as a function of the position and momentum.

This is not always true, but it will be true for all common systems which conserve energy.

In general, if we know how the energy of a systems depends on speeds and positions, we know everything about the system.

Physicists will often start work on a problem by writing down an expression for H, or L, and never bother calculating the actual forces.

Deeper meaning
If we compare Hamilton's equations,

 * $$\dot{q}_i=\frac{\partial H}{\partial p_i} \quad

\dot{p}_i=-\frac{\partial H}{\partial q_i}$$

with the equations of geometrical optics.

 * $$\dot{x}_i=\frac{\partial \omega}{\partial k_i} \quad

\dot{k}_i=-\frac{\partial \omega}{\partial x_i}$$

we see that both sets of equations have the same form.

If we made a substitution of the form,

 * $$H=\alpha \omega \quad p=\alpha k $$

for any α, the two sets of equations would become identical.

Now, geometrical optics is an approximation to the full solution of any wave equation, valid when the wavelength is small.

Since classical mechanics is just like geometrical optics, classical mechanics could also be small wavelength approximation to a more accurate wave theory.

This is not a proof, could be is not the same as is, but it does show that classical mechanics is compatible with wave theories, contrary to intuition.

We will see later that this is not a coincidence, classical mechanics really is a small wavelength approximation to a more accurate wave theory, namely quantum mechanics, and that, in that theory, the energy of matter waves is proportional to frequency and the momentum to wave number, just as the substitution above requires.

Hamilton's equations can also be used to construct a mathematical gadget, called a Poisson bracket, which lets us write the equations of classical mechanics in a way which makes the connections with quantum mechanics even clearer, but an explanation of how would be beyond the scope of this book.

Since classical mechanics is just like geometrical optics, there should be an analog to Fermat's principle, that light takes the quickest path, and there is.

Where light takes the quickest path from a to b, matter takes the path of least action, where the action is defined as

 * $$\int_a^b L(x,\dot{x},t) \, dt$$

It can be proved that this integral takes extremal values if and only if the system obeys Lagrange's equations. Saying matter takes the path of least action is equivalent to saying it obeys Lagrange's equations, or Newton's laws.

Furthermore, it turns out that in general relativity, the action is proportional to the time taken, so matter is also really taking the quickest path between two points.


text:
Finnish Hunters' Association

The Finnish Hunters' Association (Suomen Metsästäjäliitto) is Finland's largest voluntary association of hunters, consisting of over 2,500 hunting clubs and over 150,000 members. The association was founded in 1921, and today consists of 16 district organizations. Its headquarters are located in Riihimäki. It is a member of the European hunters association FACE as well as the National Defence Training Association of Finland.

A member magazine called Jahti–Jakt is published by the association four times a year. The magazine is distributed to all members of the association, but it is also possible to subscribe for the magazine without being a member.

The goal of the association is to promote the interests of Finnish hunters and hunting club activities. This includes:

 * Involvement in forming domestic and international hunting policies.
 * Providing training and educational material for hunters.
 * Organize youth camps and other youth activities.
 * Maintain responsibility for Finnish hunting oriented shooting competitions (such as moose biathlon) and promote shooting ranges.
 * Promotes Finnish hunting culture, for example by the founding of the Finnish Hunting Museum - Suomen Metsästysmuseo (founded in 1930).
 * Publish hunting literature.

The association has received grants from the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture.

Shooting sport disciplines
The Finnish Hunters' Association hosts competition shooting in the following disciplines:

 * 100 meter running moose.
 * Compak Sporting.
 * 100 meter running deer.
 * Air rifle on balloons (ilmaluodikko)
 * Air rifle on moose target (ilmahirvi).
 * Moose biathlon (hirvenhiihto) and moose shooting with cross-country running (hirvenjuoksu).
 * Hunting rifle.
 * Nordic hunting shooting.
 * Trap.

title: Finnish Hunters' Association


text:
Classical Mechanics/Lagrangian

Physics - Classical Mechanics

Prev Up Next

Mechanics considered using forces
In Newtonian mechanics, a mechanical system is always made up of point masses or rigid bodies, and these are subject to known forces. One must therefore specify the composition of the system and the nature of forces that act on the various bodies. Then one writes the equations of motion for the system. Here are some examples of how one describes mechanical systems in Newtonian mechanics (these examples are surely known to you from school-level physics).

 * Example: a free mass point.

This is the most trivial of all mechanical systems: a mass point that does not interact with any other bodies and is subject to no forces. Introduce the coordinates $$x,y,z$$ to describe the position of the mass point. Since the force is always equal to zero, the equations of motion are $$\ddot x=0, \ddot y=0, \ddot z=0$$. The general solution of these equations describes a linear motion with constant velocity: $$x=x_0 + v_x t$$, etc.

 * Example: two point masses with springs attached to a motionless wall.

Two masses can move along a line (the $$x$$ axis) without friction. The mass $$m_1$$ is attached to the wall by a spring, and the mass $$m_2$$ is attached to the mass $$m_1$$ by a spring. Both springs have spring constant $$k$$ and the unstretched length $$L$$.

To write the equations of motion, we first introduce the two coordinates $$x_1, x_2$$ and then consider the forces acting on the two masses. The force on the mass $$m_1$$ is the sum of the leftward-pointing force $$F_1$$ from the left spring and the rightward-pointing force $$F_2$$ from the right spring. The force on $$m_2$$ is a leftward-pointing $$F_2$$. By definition of a "spring" we have $$F_1 = k (x_1-L)$$ and $$F_2 = k (x_2 - x_1 - L)$$. Therefore we write the equations for the accelerations $$a_1, a_2$$ of the two masses: $$a_1 = \ddot {x_1} = \frac{F_2 - F_1}{m_1} = \frac{k}{m_1} (x_2 -x_1 -L) - \frac{k}{m_1} (x_1 -L),$$ $$a_2 = \ddot {x_2} = - \frac{F_2}{m_2} = - \frac{k}{m_2} (x_2 -x_1 -L).$$ At this point we are finished describing the system; we now need to solve these equations for particular initial conditions and determine the actual motion of this system.

Introducing the action principle
The Lagrangian description of a mechanical system is rather different: First, we do not ask for the evolution of the system given some initial conditions, but instead assume that the position of the system at two different time moments $$t_1$$ and $$t_2$$ is known and fixed. For convenience, let us collect all coordinates (such as $$x,y,z$$ or $$x_1,x_2$$ above) into one array of "generalized coordinates" and denote them by $$q_i$$. So the "boundary conditions" that we impose on the system are $$q_i(t_1)=A_i$$ and $$q_i(t_2)=B_i$$, where $$A_i,B_i$$ are fixed numbers. We now ask: how does the system move between the time moments $$t_1$$ and $$t_2$$. The Lagrangian description answers: during that time, the system must move in such a way as to give the minimum value to the integral $$\int _{t_1}^{t_2} L(q_i,\dot q_i) dt$$, where $$L(q_i, \dot q_i)$$ is a known function called the Lagrange function or Lagrangian. For example, the Lagrangian for a free mass point is $$L(x,y,z,\dot x, \dot y, \dot z) = \frac{m}{2} [\dot x^2 +\dot y^2 +\dot z^2].$$ The Lagrangian for the above example with two masses attached to the wall is $$L(x_1,x_2,\dot x_1, \dot x_2) = \frac{m}{2} [\dot x_1^2 +\dot x_2^2] - \frac{k}{2} (x_1-L)^2 - \frac{k}{2}(x_2-x_1-L)^2.$$

For instance, according to the Lagrangian description, the free point mass moves in such a way that the functions $$x(t),y(t),z(t)$$ give the minimum value to the integral $$\int _{t_1}^{t_2} \frac{m}{2}[\dot x^2 +\dot y^2 +\dot z^2]dt$$, where the values of $$x(t),y(t),z(t)$$ at times $$t_{1,2}$$ are fixed.

In principle, to find the minimum value of the integral $$\int _{t_1}^{t_2} L(q_i,\dot q_i) dt$$ one would have to evaluate that integral for each possible trajectory $$q_i(t)$$ and then choose the "optimal" trajectory $$q_i^{*}(t)$$ for which this integral has the smallest value. (Of course, we shall learn and use a much more efficient mathematical approach to determine this "optimal" trajectory instead of trying every possible set of functions $$q_i(t)$$.) The value of the mentioned integral is called the action corresponding to a particular trajectory $$q_i(t)$$. Therefore the requirement that the integral should have the smallest value is often called "the principle of least action" or just action principle.

At this point, we need to answer the pressing question: The short answer is that the least action requirement is mathematically equivalent to the consideration of forces if the Lagrangian $$L$$ is chosen correctly. The condition that some integral has the minimum value (when the integral is correctly chosen) is mathematically the same as the Newtonian equations for the acceleration. The point masses perhaps "know" nothing about this integral. It is simply mathematically convenient to formulate the mechanical laws in one sentence rather than in many sentences. (We shall see another, more intuitive explanation below.)
 * How can it be that the correct trajectory $$q_i^{*}(t)$$ is found not by considering the forces but by requiring that some integral should have the minimum value? How does each point mass "know" that it needs to minimize some integral when it moves around?

Suppose that we understand how the requirement that an integral has the minimum value can be translated into equations for the acceleration. Obviously the form of the integral needs to be different for each mechanical system since the equations of motion are different. Then the second question presents itself: This is a more complicated problem and one needs to study many examples to gain a command of this approach. (In brief: the Lagrange function is the kinetic energy minus the potential energy.)
 * How can we find the Lagrange function $$L(q_i, \dot q_i)$$ corresponding to each mechanical system?

Before considering Lagrange functions, we shall look at how the mathematical requirement of "least action" can be equivalent to equations of motion such as given in the examples above.

Variation of a functional
A function is a map from numbers into numbers; a functional is a map from functions into numbers. An application of a functional to a function is usually denoted by square brackets, e.g. $$S[f(x)]$$.

Random examples of functionals, just to illustrate the concept: $$S[f(x)] = \int _0 ^\infty \sqrt{f(3x)}dx$$ $$S[f(x)] = \int _{-1} ^1 \frac{f(x)}{1-x^2}dx$$ $$S[f(x)] = f(15) - 8 f'(3) - \int _0 ^1 \sin\left[(f(x-2)+\sqrt{x}e^{-x})^3\right] dx$$ In principle, a functional can be anything that assigns a number to any function. In practice, only some functionals are interesting and have applications in physics.

Since the action integral maps trajectories into numbers, we can call it the action functional. The action principle is formulated as follows: the trajectory $$q_i(t)$$ must be such that the action functional evaluated on this trajectory has the minimum value among all trajectories.

This may appear to be similar to the familiar condition for the mechanical equilibrium: the coordinates $$x,y,z$$ are such that the potential energy has the minimum value. However, there is a crucial difference: when we minimize the potential energy, we vary the three numbers $$x,y,z$$ until we find the minimum value; but when we minimize a functional, we have to vary the whole function $$q_i(t)$$ until we find the minimum value of the functional.

The branch of mathematics known as calculus of variations studies the problem of minimizing (maximizing, extremizing) functionals. One needs to learn a little bit of variational calculus at this point. Let us begin by solving some easy minimization problems involving functions of many variables; this will prepare us for dealing with functionals which can be thought of as functions of infinitely many variables. You should try the examples yourself before looking at the solutions.

Example 1: Minimize the function $$f(x,y) = x^2+xy+y^2$$ with respect to $$x,y$$.

Example 2: Minimize the function $$f(x_1,...,x_n) = x_1^2+x_1 x_2+x_2^2+x_2 x_3+...+x_n^2$$ with respect to all $$x_j$$.

Example 3: Minimize the function $$f(x_0,...,x_n) = (x_1-x_0)^2+(x_2-x_1)^2+...+(x_n-x_{n-1})^2$$ with respect to all $$x_j$$ subject to the restrictions $$x_0=0, x_n=A$$.

Solution 1: Compute the partial derivatives of $$f$$ with respect to $$x,y$$. These derivatives must both be equal to zero. This can only happen if $$x=0, y=0$$.

Solution 2: Compute the partial derivatives of $$f$$ with respect to all $$x_j$$, where $$j=1,...,n$$. These derivatives must all be equal to zero. This can only happen if all $$x_j=0$$.

Solution 3: Compute the partial derivatives of $$f$$ with respect to $$x_j$$, where $$j=2,...,n-1$$. These derivatives must all be equal to zero. This can only happen if $$x_j-x_{j-1}=x_{j+1}-x_j$$ for $$j=1,2,...,n-1$$. The values $$x_0, x_n$$ are known, therefore we find $$x_j=jA/n$$.

Intuitive calculation
Let us now consider the problem of minimizing the functional $$S[x]=\int _0 ^1 {\dot x(t)}^2 dt$$ with respect to all functions $$x(t)$$ subject to the restrictions $$x(0)=0, x(1)=L$$. We shall first perform the minimization in a more intuitive but approximate way, and then we shall see how the same task is handled more elegantly by the variational calculus.

Let us imagine that we are trying to minimize the integral $$L[x]$$ with respect to all functions $$x(t)$$ using a digital computer. The first problem is that we cannot represent "all functions" $$x(t)$$ on a computer because we can only store finitely many values $$x(t_0), x(t_1), ..., x(t_N)$$ in an array within the computer memory. So we split the time interval $$[0,1]$$ into a large number $$N$$ of discrete steps $$[0,t_1], [t_1, t_2], ..., [t_{N-1}, 1]$$, where the step size $$t_j-t_{j-1}\equiv \Delta t = 1/N$$ is small; in other words, $$t_j = j/N, j=1, ..., N-1$$. We can describe the function $$x(t)$$ by its values $$x_j$$ at the points $$t_j$$, assuming that the function $$x(t)$$ is a straight line between these points. The time moments $$t_1, ..., t_{N-1}$$ will be kept fixed, and then the various values $$x_j$$ will correspond to various possible functions $$x(t)$$. (In this way we definitely will not describe all possible functions $$x(t)$$, but the class of functions we do describe is broad enough so that we get the correct results in the limit $$N\to\infty$$. Basically, any function $$x(t)$$ can be sufficiently well approximated by one of these "piecewise-linear" functions when the step size $$\Delta t$$ is small enough.)

Since we have discretized the time and reduced our attention to piecewise-linear functions, we have $$\dot x = \frac{x_j-x_{j-1}}{\Delta t}$$ within each interval $$t\in[t_{j-1}, t_j]$$. So we can express the integral $$S[x]$$ as the finite sum, $$ S[x] =\int _0^1 {\dot x(t)}^2 dt = \sum_{j=1}^N \frac{{(x_j-x_{j-1})}^2}{\Delta t^2} \Delta t, $$ where we have defined for convenience $$t_0 =0, t_N = 1$$.

At this point we can perform the minimization of $$S[x]$$ quite easily. The functional $$S[x]$$ is now a function of $$N-1$$ variables $$x_1, ..., x_{N-1}$$, i.e. $$S[x]=S(x_1,...,x_{N-1})$$, so the minimum is achieved at the values $$x_j$$ where the derivatives of $$S(x_1,...,x_{N-1})$$ with respect to each $$x_j$$ are zero. This problem is now quite similar to the Example 3 above, so the solution is $$x_j = jL/N, j=0,...,N$$. Now we recall that $$x_j$$ is the value of the unknown function $$x(t)$$ at the point $$t_j=j/N$$. Therefore the minimum of the functional $$S[x]$$ is found at the values $$x_j$$ such that would correspond to the function $$x(t)=Lt$$. As we increase the number $$N$$ of intervals, we still obtain the same function $$x(t)=Lt$$, therefore the same function is obtained in the limit $$N\to\infty$$. We conclude that the function $$x(t)=Lt$$ minimizes the functional $$L[x]$$ with the restrictions $$x(0)=0, x(1)=L$$.

Variational calculation
The above calculation has the advantage of being more intuitive and visual: it makes clear that minimization of a functional $$S[x(t)]$$ with respect to a function $$x(t)$$ is quite similar to the minimization of a function $$S(x_1, ..., x_N)$$ with respect to a large number of variables $$x_j$$ in the limit of infinitely many such variables. However, the formalism of variational calculus provides a much more efficient computational procedure. Here is how one calculates the function $$x(t)$$ that minimizes $$S[x]$$.

Let us consider a very small change $$\epsilon(t)$$ in the function $$x(t)$$ and see how the functional $$S[x]$$ changes: $$\delta S[x(t), \epsilon(t)] \equiv S[x(t)+\epsilon(t)]-S[x(t)].$$ (In many textbooks, the change in $$x(t)$$ is denoted by $$\delta x(t)$$, and generally the change of any quantity $$Q$$ is denoted by $$\delta Q$$. We chose to write $$\epsilon(t)$$ instead of $$\delta x(t)$$ for clarity.)

The functional $$\delta S[x, \epsilon] $$ is called the variation of the functional $$S[x]$$ with respect to the change  $$\epsilon(t)$$ in the function $$x(t)$$. The variation is itself a functional depending on two functions, $$x(t)$$ and $$\epsilon(t)$$. When $$\epsilon(t)$$ is very small, we expect that the variation will be linear in $$\epsilon(t)$$, just like the variation in the value of a normal function is linear in the amount of change in the argument, e.g. $$f(t+\alpha)-f(t)=f'(t) \alpha$$ for small $$\alpha$$. So we expect that the variation $$\delta S[x, \epsilon] $$ of the functional $$S[x]$$ will be a linear functional of $$\epsilon(t)$$. To understand what a linear functional looks like, consider a linear function $$f(\epsilon_j)$$ depending on several variables $$\alpha_j$$, $$j=1,2,...$$. This function can always be written as $$f(\epsilon_j) = \sum_{j}^{} A_j \epsilon_j$$ where $$A_j$$ are suitable constants. Since a functional is like a function of infinitely many variables, the index $$j$$ becomes a continuous variable $$t$$, the variables $$\epsilon_j$$ and the constants $$A_j$$ become functions $$\epsilon(t),A(t)$$, while the sum over $$j$$ becomes an integral over $$t$$. Thus, a linear functional of $$\epsilon(t)$$ can be written as an integral, $$\delta S[x, \epsilon]=\int _0^1 A(t) \epsilon(t) dt,$$ where $$A(t)$$ is a suitable function. In the case of the usual function $$f(t)$$, the "suitable constant $$A$$" is the derivative $$A=df(t)/dt$$. By analogy we call $$A(t)$$ above the variational derivative of the functional and denote it by $$\delta S[x]/\delta x(t)$$.

A function has a minimum (or maximum, or extremum) at a point where its derivative vanishes. So a functional $$S[x(t)]$$ has a minimum (or maximum, or extremum) at the function $$x(t)$$ where the functional derivative vanishes. We shall justify this statement below, and for now let us now compute the functional derivative of the functional $$S[x(t)]=\int_0^1 \dot x^2 dt$$.

Substituting $$x(t)+\epsilon(t)$$ instead of $$x(t)$$ into the functional, we get $$\delta S[x,\epsilon]=\int _0^1 [(\dot x+\dot \epsilon)^2-\dot x^2]dt=2\int_0^1\dot x \dot \epsilon dt +O(\epsilon^2),$$ where we are going to neglect terms quadratic in $$\epsilon(t)$$ and so we didn't write them out. We now need to rewrite this integral so that no derivatives of $$\epsilon(t)$$ appear there; so we integrate by parts and find $$\delta S[x(t),\epsilon(t)]= \left. \epsilon(t)\dot x(t)\right| _0^1 - 2\int _0^1 \ddot x(t) \epsilon(t) dt.$$ Since in our case the values $$x(0),x(1)$$ are fixed, the function $$\epsilon(t)$$ must be such that $$\epsilon(0)=\epsilon(1)=0$$, so the boundary terms vanish. The variational derivative is therefore $$\delta S/\delta x(t) = -2\ddot x(t).$$

The functional $$S[x]$$ has an extremum when its variation under an arbitrary change $$\epsilon(t)$$ is second-order in $$\epsilon(t)$$. However, above we have obtained the variation as a first-order quantity, linear in $$\epsilon(t)$$; so this first-order quantity must vanish for $$x(t)$$ where the functional has an extremum. An integral such as $$\int_0^1 A(t) \epsilon(t)$$ can vanish for arbitrary $$\epsilon(t)$$ only if the function $$A(t)$$ vanishes for all $$t$$. In our case, the "function $$A(t)$$," i.e. the variational derivative $$\delta S/\delta x(t)$$, is equal to $$-2\ddot x(t)$$. Therefore the function $$x(t)$$ on which the functional $$S[x]$$ has an extremum must satisfy $$-2\ddot x(t)=0$$ or more simply $$\ddot x=0$$. This differential equation has the general solution $$x(t)=a+bt$$, and with the additional restrictions $$x(0)=0,x(1)=L$$ we immediately get the solution $$x(t)=Lt$$.

General formulation
To summarize: the requirement that the functional $$S[x(t)]$$ must have an extremum at the function $$x(t)$$ leads to a differential equation on the unknown function $$x(t)$$. This differential equation is found as $$\delta S[x]/\delta x(t) =0. $$ The procedure is quite similar to finding an extremum of a function $$f(t)$$, where the point $$t$$ of the extremum is found from the equation $$df(t)/dt=0$$.

Suppose that we are now asked to minimize the functional $$S[x(t)]=\int _0^1 (x^2+\dot x^2-x^4\sin t)dt$$ subject to the restrictions $$x(0)=0,x(1)=1$$; in mechanics we shall mostly be dealing with functionals of this kind. We might try to discretize the function $$x(t)$$, as we did above, but this is difficult. Moreover, for a different functional $$S[x]$$ everything will have to be computed anew. Rather than go through the above procedure again and again, let us now derive the formula for the functional derivative for all functionals of this form, namely $$S[x_i(t)]=\int_a^b L(x_i,\dot x_i,t)dt,$$ where $$L(x_i,v_i,t)dt$$ is a given function of the coordinates $$x_i$$ and velocities $$v_i\equiv \dot x_i$$ (assuming that there are $$n$$ coordinates, so $$i=1,...,n$$). This function $$L(x_i,v_i,t)dt$$ is called the Lagrange function or simply the Lagrangian.

We introduce the infinitesimal changes $$\epsilon_i(t)$$ into the functions $$x_i(t)$$ and express the variation of the functional first through $$\epsilon_i(t)$$ and $$\dot\epsilon_i(t)$$, $$\delta S[x_i(t),\epsilon_i(t)]=\int_a^b \sum _{i=1}^n\left[ \frac{\partial L}{\partial x_i}\epsilon_i(t)+\frac{\partial L}{\partial v_i}\dot \epsilon_i(t) \right] dt.$$ Then we integrate by parts, discard the boundary terms and obtain $$\delta S[x_i(t),\epsilon_i(t)]=\int_a^b \sum _{i=1}^n\left[ \frac{\partial L}{\partial x_i}-\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial L}{\partial v_i} \right] \epsilon_i(t)dt.$$ Thus the variational derivatives can be written as $$\frac{\delta S[x]}{\delta x_i(t)}=\frac{\partial L}{\partial x_i}-\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial L}{\partial v_i}.$$

 * Further reading: Notes on functionals by B. Svetitsky

Euler-Lagrange equations
Consider again the condition for a functional to have an extremum at $$x_i(t)$$: the first-order variation must vanish. We have derived the above formula for the variation $$\delta S[x_i, \epsilon_i]$$. Since all $$\epsilon_i(t)$$ are completely arbitrary (subject only to the boundary conditions $$\epsilon_i(a)=\epsilon_i(b)=0$$), the first-order variation vanishes only if the functions in square brackets all vanish at all $$t$$. Therefore we obtain the Euler-Lagrange equations $$\frac{\partial L}{\partial x_i}-\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial L}{\partial v_i} = 0.$$ These are the differential equations that express the mathematical requirement that the functional $$S[x_i(t),\dot x_i(t),t]$$ has an extremum at the set of functions $$x_i(t)$$. There are as many equations as unknown functions $$x_i(t)$$, one equation for each $$i=1,...,n$$.

Note that the Euler-Lagrange equations involve partial derivatives of the Lagrangian with respect to coordinates and velocities. The derivatives with respect to velocities $$v=\dot x$$ are sometimes written as $$\partial L/\partial \dot x$$ which might at first sight appear confusing. However, all that is meant by this notation is the derivative of the function $$L(x,v,t)$$ with respect to its second argument.

The Euler-Lagrange equations also involve the derivative $$d/dt$$ with respect to the time. This is not a partial derivative with respect to $$t$$ but a total derivative. In other words, to compute $$\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot x_i}$$, we need to substitute the functions $$x_i(t)$$ and $$\dot x_i(t)$$ into the expression $$\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot x_i}$$, thus obtain a function of time only, and then take the derivative of this function with respect to time.

Remark: If the Lagrangian contains higher derivatives (e.g. the second derivative), the Euler-Lagrange formula is different. For example, if the Lagrangian is $$L=L(x,\dot x, \ddot x)$$, then the Euler-Lagrange equation is $$\frac{\partial L}{\partial x}-\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot x} + \frac {d^2}{dt^2}\frac{\partial L}{\partial \ddot x}= 0.$$ Note that this equation may be up to fourth-order in time derivatives! Usually, one does not encounter such Lagrangians in studies of classical mechanics because ordinary systems are described by Lagrangians containing only first-order derivatives.

Summary: In mechanics, one specifies a system by writing a Lagrangian and pointing out the unknown functions in it. From that, one derives the equations of motion using the Euler-Lagrange formula. You need to know that formula really well and to understand how to apply it. This comes only with practice.

How to choose the Lagrangian
The basic rule is that the Lagrangian is equal to the kinetic energy minus the potential energy. (Both should be measured in an inertial system of reference! In a non-inertial system, this rule may fail.)

It can be shown that this rule works for an arbitrary mechanical system made up of point masses, springs, ropes, frictionless rails, etc., regardless of how one introduces the generalized coordinates. We shall not study the proof of this statement, but instead go directly to the examples of Lagrangians for various systems.

Examples of Lagrangians
$$L=\frac{1}{2} m {\dot x}^2.$$
 * The Lagrangian for a free point mass moving along a straight line with coordinate $$x$$:
 * {| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"

!Solution $$\frac{\partial L}{\partial x}-\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial L}{\partial\dot x}=0$$

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(\frac{1}{2} m {\dot x}^2\right)=0$$

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial\dot x}\left(\frac{1}{2} m {\dot x}^2\right)=m\dot x$$

$$\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial}{\partial\dot x}\left(\frac{1}{2} m {\dot x}^2\right)=m\ddot x$$

The Euler-Lagrange equation reduces to, $$ 0 - m\ddot x=0$$ or $$\ddot x=0$$, which states that a particle experiencing no forces will have no acceleration. $$L=\frac{1}{2} m {\dot x}^2 - V(x).$$
 * }
 * A point mass moving along a straight line with coordinate $$x$$, in a force field with potential energy $$V(x)$$:
 * {| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"

!Solution $$\frac{\partial L}{\partial x}-\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial L}{\partial\dot x}=0$$

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(\frac{1}{2} m {\dot x}^2 - V(x)\right)=-V'(x)$$

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial\dot x}\left(\frac{1}{2} m {\dot x}^2 - V(x)\right)=m\dot x$$

$$\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial}{\partial\dot x}\left(\frac{1}{2} m {\dot x}^2 - V(x)\right)=m\ddot x$$

The Euler-Lagrange equation reduces to,$$ -V'(x) - m\ddot x=0$$ or $$m\ddot x=-V'(x)$$. If $$V(x)$$ is the gravitational potential $$V(x) = mgx$$, then $$V'(x) = -mg$$ and the Euler-Lagrange equation becomes $$\ddot x=-g$$. This aligns with the Newtonian result that the acceleration of an object in a gravitational field is $$-g$$. $$L=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^3 \left( m {\dot x_i}^2\right) - V(x,y,z)=\frac{m}{2}|\dot\vec x|^2-V(\vec x).$$
 * }
 * A point mass moving in three-dimensional space with coordinates $$x_i\equiv (x,y,z)$$, in a force field with potential energy $$V(x,y,z)$$:

$$L=K-U=\frac{m}{2}R^2\dot\theta^2-mgR\cos\theta.$$ Note that we have written the Lagrangian (and therefore we can derive the equations of motion) without knowing the force needed to keep the mass moving along the circle. This shows the great conceptual advantage of the Lagrangian approach; in the traditional Newtonian approach, the first step would be to determine this force, which is initially unknown, from a system of equations involving an unknown acceleration of the point mass.
 * A point mass constrained to move along the circle $$x^2+z^2=R^2$$ in the gravitational field near the Earth (the $$z$$ axis is vertical). It is convenient to introduce the angle $$\theta$$ as the coordinate, with $$z=R\cos\theta, x=R\sin\theta$$. Then the potential energy is $$U=mgz=mgR\cos\theta$$, while the kinetic energy is $$K=mv^2/2=mR^2\omega^2/2=mR^2\dot\theta^2/2$$. So the Lagrangian is

$$L=\frac{m}{2}(\dot x_1^2 + \dot x_2^2)-\frac{k}{2}(x_1-x_2-l)^2.$$
 * Two (equal) point masses connected by a spring with length $$l$$:

$$L=\frac{m}{2} l^2 \dot \theta^2 +mgl\cos\theta .$$
 * A mathematical pendulum, i.e. a massless rigid stick of length $$l$$ with a point mass attached at the end, that can move only in the $$x-z$$ plane in the gravitational field near the Earth (vertical $$z$$ axis). As the coordinate, we choose the angle $$\theta$$ between the stick and the $$z$$ axis. The Lagrangian is

$$K=\frac{m}{2} (\dot x^2 + \dot y^2 + \dot z^2)=\frac{m}{2} (\dot x^2/\cos^2\alpha + \dot y^2).$$ Hence, the Lagrangian is $$L=K-U=\frac{m}{2} (\dot x^2/\cos^2\alpha + \dot y^2) -mgx\tan\alpha.$$
 * A point mass $$m$$ sliding without friction along an inclined plane that makes an angle $$\alpha$$ with the horizontal, in the gravitational field of the Earth. As the coordinate, we choose $$x,y$$, where $$y$$ is parallel to the incline. The height $$z$$ is then $$z=x\tan\alpha$$, so the potential energy is $$U=mgz=mgx\tan\alpha$$. The kinetic energy is computed as

Further work
Exercise: You should now determine the Euler-Lagrange equations that follow from each the above Lagrangians and verify that these equations are the same as would be obtained from school-level Newtonian considerations for the respective physical systems. This should occupy you for at most an hour or two. Only then you will begin to appreciate the power of the Lagrangian approach.

Some more Lagrangian exercises here.

For more examples of setting up Lagrangians for mechanical systems and for deriving the Euler-Lagrange equations, ask your physics teacher or look up in any theoretical mechanics problem book. Much of the time, the Euler-Lagrange equations for some complicated system (say, a pendulum attached to the endpoint of another pendulum) would be too difficult to solve, but the point is to gain experience deriving them. Their derivation would be much less straightforward in the old Newtonian approach using forces.

See here for a very brief primer on differential equations.

If this is your first time looking at Lagrangians, you might be still asking yourself: how could the motion of a system be described by saying that some integral has the minimal value? Is it a purely formal mathematical trick, and if not, how can one get a more visually intuitive understanding? A partial answer is here.

title: Classical Mechanics/Lagrangian


text:
Grape Solar

Grape Solar is a renewable energy company headquartered in Eugene, Oregon, which is dedicated to the manufacturing and marketing of solar photovoltaic modules. They manufacture solar power kits which are available from a number of retailers, including Home Depot, Costco, and Amazon. Grape solar was originally known as Centron Solar, but was forced to change its name after a lawsuit with German solar company Centrosolar.

Products
Grape Solar manufactures a full line of solar photovoltaic modules for a variety of on grid and off grid applications. Grape Solar's special offering of the 180w made in USA solar module is the highest efficiency 36 cell solar module available in consumer market.

Reception
Their 250-watt module has received a positive review on Top Ten Reviews, garnering an 8.58 out of 10 points, for its efficiency and affordability.

title: Grape Solar


text:
Talk:Brian Carbury/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Hog Farm (talk · contribs) 14:51, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Second World War
 * Link Luftwaffe
 * Done. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I'd say it's best to go ahead and directly state that the Brits and the Germans were combatting when the war is first brought up
 * I have revised the end of the previous section to clarify. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "although was unable to pursue it due to a lack of fuel" - My gut instinct says there should be "he" between although and was, although this may be an ENGVAR issue
 * I thought it acceptable to not have "he", but have rephrased. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "Another was shot down in southeast London on 7 October" - It's not explicit if this is courtesy of Carbury or not
 * Made explicit. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "On Christmas Day Carbury took off in pursuit" - Comma after Day
 * Done. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Link flight lieutenant. It's obvious from the prose that this is an impersonation of a higher-ranking officer, but how much higher flight lieutenant is over Carbury's rank isn't really obvious.
 * Done. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "He divorced his wife and later remarried." - Shouldn't this be in the Later life section? Unless it was occurring simultaneously with the courtmartial.
 * The source is not clear on when it happened. My suspicion is that it happened around the courtmartial or perhaps shortly afterwards, so my preference is to leave it where it is. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Later life
 * "of Bristol Beaufighters to Palestine" - The whole region, or a specific country? The trial was in 1949, so the transition from Mandatory Palestine (pre-1948) to Israel, especially with the whole 1948 Arab–Israeli War may play a role in this.  Don't get lost in this in the article, but if a specific part of Palestine is known, it would be worth specifying, given all of the craziness going on there in 1949 and the preceeding years.
 * Good point, I have linked to Mandatory Palestine instead, which I think is more appropriate. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Other
 * The second external link doesn't seem to be working. Even if it did work, I think the description makes it sound like it'd violate WP:ELNO #6
 * Deleted. I didn't know about that ELNO #6 criteria. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * It's in Category:1962 deaths, despite the article claiming a 1961 date of death
 * Good ctah, have updated. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Earwig flags "In 1949, he, along with three others, in a trial at Princes Risborough Magistrates' Court, was found guilty of two offences relating to the illegal export of Bristol Beaufighters to Palestine" as being a copy of information in . Can't tell if it's a mirror or not, though
 * Don't think that is a mirror, but I have revised. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "the first German aircraft to be shot down over British territory since 1918" - Is flagged as being close paraphrasing of the first external link
 * Revised. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The first external link gives a rank of flight lieutenant and a date of death as July 1962. The source doesn't look reliable.  If it's that inaccurate, maybe it shouldn't even be external linked, since it contradicts claims in the article.
 * Removed. Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Well, several of these are almost queries I don't have good answers to, rather than clear comments. Hog Farm Bacon 23:22, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , thanks for the review, it is appreciated. I have responded to your points above. Cheers, Zawed (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brian Carbury/GA1


text:
Category:Candidates for the House of Commons of Canada

This category is for people who have stood as candidates for election to the Canadian House of Commons, but have not won election as a Member of Parliament. A candidate who has served as an MP is not to be filed here as a general rule, regardless of how many times they stand for re-election. Those articles should be filed in the appropriate subcategories of Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada by political party and Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada by province or territory rather than here. (A rare exception to that general rule exists if someone was a member from one party or province/territory and at another time was an unsuccessful candidate with a different party [e.g., Joe Peschisolido] or in a different province/territory [e.g., Jagmeet Singh, and also e.g., Peschisolido].)


text:
serro

Etymology
From. In the sense of close, shut, by influence of, attested in Late and Medieval glosses.

Verb

 * 1) to saw up, or to pieces
 * 2)  to close, shut

title: serro


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Madeline Jones Procter

The result was delete. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 18:57, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

Madeline Jones Procter

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

NOT MEMORIAL. The founder of Mother's Day is notable, but not her assistant, who has no other basis for notability. An POV memorial, based upon local newspaper articles,which are not sufficiently discriminating sources,  DGG ( talk ) 23:52, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Women-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 05:30, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Pennsylvania-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 05:30, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Events-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 05:30, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete While the founder of mother's day is notable I'm having a hard time finding her assistant to be notable. --Cameron11598 (Talk) 16:15, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete Sources with titles like "how mother's day got out of hand" and the like tell it all. This article is not about Procter, it is a screed against those of us who lack artistic skill and pay others so we can give aesthetically pleasing gifts to our mothers on mothers day, and other relatives other days. OK, I myself usually make cards myself, but that is besides the point. This is a POV-pushing coat rack.John Pack Lambert (talk) 03:45, 26 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
User:Cviall

Chris Viall is a teenager who loves computers,and has been involved in computers since he was a child.He has a vast knowledge about computers,he has skills in writing html,xml,css,cfm,php,shtml,xhtml,and asp.He knows how to use programs such as Adobe Photoshop,Macromedia Homesite,Macromedia Dreamweaver,Macromedia Flash Professional,and many many more.He is a future IT Professional,and can do almost anything on the computer.

title: User:Cviall


text:
Talk:Benjamin Woodworth

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:22, 3 January 2023 (UTC)
 * James Monroe 02.jpg

title: Talk:Benjamin Woodworth


text:
User:Piotrus/Crossword2

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> Sociology of the family - final crossword

Sociology of the family - final crossword

This crossword was created by Piotr Konieczny with EclipseCrossword - www.eclipsecrossword.com

This crossword puzzle was created by Piotr Konieczny with EclipseCrossword. Try it today—it's free!

title: User:Piotrus/Crossword2


text:
Hans Kloss (video game)

Hans Kloss is a puzzle-platform game designed by Dariusz Żołna and published in Poland by LK Avalon. It was published in 1992 for Atari 8-bit computers. A Commodore 64 conversion, programmed by Janusz Dąbrowski, was released in 1993. The player controls Hans Kloss, the fictional protagonist of the Polish TV series Stawka większa niż życie, during World War II. He must find plans for a secret weapon in Adolf Hitler's headquarters, the Wolf's Lair.

Hans Kloss met with success upon its release, in part because of its usage of a popular character. It was praised by reviewers for the quality of its gameplay, graphics and music.

Gameplay

Hans Kloss belongs to a genre known in Poland as gra labiryntowa ("maze game"). This categorization referred to flip-screen games set in a maze, which combined elements of action (e.g. avoiding enemies) and logic (e.g. collecting and using keys).

The player's task is to find 21 pieces of the plans of a secret Nazi weapon (the V-1 flying bomb), hidden within safes found around the corridors of the Wolf's Lair bunker, as well as a seal located in one of the rooms. Finishing the game requires the player to skillfully find his way around the mazelike bunker. Numerous closed doors bar the player's path, but keys can be found to open them, though each key is one-use.

Two counters displayed at the bottom of the screen represent the level of the protagonist's hunger and thirst. The value of the counters gradually decrease with time, and if either of them reaches zero, the game is over. They can be refilled by finding mutton legs and cups of coffee. Another threat are the Goliath tracked mines which occasionally appear in the rooms; while the protagonist remains in close contact with a mine, both counters decrease rapidly. The bunker also contains automatic machine guns with nearby motion detectors. Crossing a sensor causes the gun to fire, killing the protagonist instantly; however, a sensor can be temporarily deactivated by finding its off switch.

Development
Hans Kloss was programmed by Dariusz Żołna, who had already developed a number of simple games published in the Tajemnice Atari magazine, but had ambitions to create "something bigger and more interesting". He decided to base the game on his favorite TV series, Stawka większa niż życie. The development took half a year; Żołna, then a school student preparing for his high-school exit exam, worked on it after school, sometimes by night. Three other developers worked on the game: Sebastian Michna (artist, who created the protagonist's animation and the title screen), Daniel Kleczyński (music composer) and Bartek Gałązka (level designer). Dariusz Żołna created some of the art assets: the background graphics, the Goliath mine sprites, the font and the plans of the V-1 flying bomb, which were copied by hand from a book illustration.

After the release of Hans Kloss, Żołna kept developing computer games (The Jet Action, Digi Duck). While Hans Kloss never received a proper sequel, in part due to concerns over using the copyrighted character, in 1993 Żołna released a similar game named Spy Master, a spiritual sequel where the player controlled Kloss's grandson. Nevertheless, Hans Kloss remains his most successful production.

Reception
Hans Kloss met with critical acclaim in Polish video game press. The reviewer in Tajemnice Atari described it as "highly interesting and addictive" and praised the variety of the gameplay, as well as high-quality graphics and music; she also commented positively on the light-hearted aspects of the game, such as Kloss vomiting after eating too much food. The reviewer's only criticism was the unoriginal maze game concept. The game received an overall score of 4/5 from Top Secret, with music rated 2/5 and graphics rated 4/5. A review in the British New Atari User magazine praised the graphics, music and controls, and concluded that Hans Kloss was "one of the best arcade adventures" available for the Atari platform.

In the Secret Service magazine, the Commodore 64 port was commended for graphics and music, but was criticized for the slow jumping animation and lack of music outside of the title screen.

title: Hans Kloss (video game)


text:
Introduction to Programming

Introduction
Welcome to the Introduction to Programming. This course is part of the School of Computer Sciences curriculum, and so new visitors should familiarize themselves with the Introduction to Computer Science course before beginning these lessons on programming.

Since this is an introductory course, we won't be dealing with any programming language in particular. Examples will be taken from a number of programming languages or given in a pseudocode. Wikiversity offers more in-depth courses on Java and C++.

Periodically throughout this course there will be instructions to work on a lesson from your chosen language.

Prerequisites
This course assumes no prior experience with programming. We do, of necessity, assume that the student is able to operate their own system to, at a minimum, install and set up the tools needed to program in at least one computer programming language.

While not strictly necessary, some comfort with math—at least at the high school algebra level—would be useful in understanding some of the supporting material referenced in this course.

Recommended course of study

 * Introduction to Algorithms
 * Flowchart

Lessons

 * 1) /About Programming/
 * 2) /Programming Languages/
 * 3) /Organization/
 * 4) /Variables/
 * 5) /Numeric Variables/
 * 6) /Boolean Variables/
 * 7) /Control Structures/
 * 8) /Subprograms/
 * 9) /Scope/
 * 10) /Debugging/

 * Next Course Introduction to Programming in Java
 * Previous Course Introduction to Computer Science

title: Introduction to Programming


text:
Bill Murchison

William J. Murchison Jr. (born August 2, 1956) is an American professional golfer.

Murchison played on the PGA Tour and its developmental tour (Ben Hogan Tour/Nike Tour, now Web.com Tour) from 1978 to 1996. On the PGA Tour (1978–80, 1983, 1993), his best finish was T-12 at the 1980 B.C. Open. On the Nike Tour (1992, 1994–96), he won the 1995 Nike Tallahassee Open. Murchison won a total of thirty-four professional events on various tours, including the Spacecoast, North Florida PGA, and Mid-Atlantic Tour. His career low round was 61, shot at the Goodyear Golf Club during a tournament on the National Golf Tour in 1979.

Murchison served as the president and CEO of Murchison Drilling Schools, a company founded by his father, that trains oil field drilling personnel. They provide training in drilling operations and well control. Murchison Drilling Schools was sold to Well Academy in January 2020, and the name was changed to Well Academy Murchison. Murchison stayed on as the GM through January 2022.

Murchison grew up in Iran, where his father worked for the oil consortium. His family spent fifteen years in Iran, living in Agha Jari, Masjed-I-Sulaiman, Tehran, and Ahwaz. He also learned to play golf in Iran, playing on oil/sand greens and dirt fairways.

Murchison was ordained in 1986 as a minister of the gospel. In 1995, Murchison had a call from God to plant churches, and retired from professional golf to plant a church in Acworth. While pastoring the church, he also served asa chaplain at the Cobb County Adult Detention Center. In 2010, Murchison planted the East Mountain Vineyard Church in Edgewood, New Mexico. After establishing that church, he started the Connection Church of Albuquerque. In 2021, Murchison moved to Rome, Georgia, and is planting the Connection Church of Rome.

His son, Bill Murchison III, is a PGA assistant pro at Towne Lake Hills Golf Club in Woodstock, Georgia and played in the 2012 PGA Championship.

Nike Tour wins (1)
Nike Tour playoff record (0–2)

Results in major championships
CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied Note: Murchison only played in the U.S. Open.

title: Bill Murchison


text:
User:Yallahannah

Hello!

My name is Hannah. I started editing wikipedia for this first time as part of the ACS Women Chemists Committee Wikipedia Edit-a-thon on August 16, 2020.

title: User:Yallahannah


text:
2012 UCI Road World Championships – Men's under-23 road race

The Men's under-23 road race of the 2012 UCI Road World Championships was a cycling event that took place on 22 September 2012 in Limburg, the Netherlands.


text:
Talk:Delino DeShields

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Delino DeShields. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.baseballrumormill.com/2010/05/2010-mlb-top-20-mock-draft.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121012135128/http://blogs.ajc.com/georgia-high-school-sports/2010/06/28/deshields-helps-lead-team-usa-to-the-gold-medal/?cxntfid=blogs_georgia_high_school_sports to http://blogs.ajc.com/georgia-high-school-sports/2010/06/28/deshields-helps-lead-team-usa-to-the-gold-medal/?cxntfid=blogs_georgia_high_school_sports
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060721204802/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/ballplayers/D/DeShields_Delino.stm to http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/ballplayers/D/DeShields_Delino.stm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:47, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

Add source?
DeShields tips his cap after every managerial win in tribute to Little League coach Peter Kilroy, who was the original baseball role model in his life. Gprobins (talk) 16:08, 1 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Delino DeShields


text:
Talk:Togo D. West Jr.

African-American
Is this guy african-american and if so, shouldn't it be listed? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)

 * Yes, he is. Will review the article and cats to make that obvious. --Habap 17:16, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Togo D. West, Jr.. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20050209054328/http://www.studentorg.vcu.edu:80/aphio/about/pc_f2004.html to http://www.studentorg.vcu.edu/aphio/about/pc_f2004.html

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:41, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Togo D. West Jr.


text:
User:Mark in wiki

About me in wiki
I am Dutch and I live in the Netherlands, but for a number of reasons I prefer the English Wikipedia over the Dutch one.

My first edit here was on 18 December 2005.

Notes to self

 * my edit counts etc.
 * ReFill corrects refs
 * ReFill NG corrects refs
 * Reliable sources/Perennial sources
 * Deprecated sources

title: User:Mark in wiki


text:
Talk:Devi Sri Prasad

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 17:48, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 March 2018
Dokayya (talk) 01:07, 18 March 2018 (UTC) in Composer column add these 81. 2018-NTR-28 TRIVIKRAM 82. 2018-HELLOGURU PREMAKOSAME TRINATH RAO NAKKINA
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. DRAGON BOOSTER   ★  05:56, 18 March 2018 (UTC)

Equality in Education
Give importance to back benchers also like first benchers 2405:201:C404:7840:F918:C979:19F:F754 (talk) 15:25, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

Edit war
and - I have created this section so you can discuss the recent edits on the page which are very close to WP:Edit Warring. Please use this space to discuss the change and to avoid a potential WP:3RR violation. Goldenarrow9 (talk) 17:28, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Honestly, not worrying about it at this point. Ideally, IP would copy the simple article over here.  Ravensfire  (talk) 17:40, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Devi Sri Prasad


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Fiery Gizzard Trail

Fiery Gizzard Trail
Created/expanded by Ke4roh (talk). Self nom at 11:12, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * ... that you might swim with a mink on the Fiery Gizzard Trail in Tennessee?

 * Reviewed: 2012 Indian Premier League spot fixing case

 * Symbol confirmed.svg Meets criteria.-- GoP  TCN 13:17, 12 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Grishino, Altai Krai

Grishino (Гришино) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Grishinsky Selsoviet, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 476 as of 2013. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Grishino is located 18 km south of Zarinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zudilovo is the nearest rural locality.

title: Grishino, Altai Krai


text:
Ezekiel Kiptoo Chebii

Ezekiel Kiptoo Chebii (born 3 January 1991) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in half marathon and marathon races. He has personal bests of 59:05 minutes and 2:09:15 hours, respectively. His half marathon best ranks him among the top twenty all-time for the distance. He has won the Madrid Marathon and the Lille Half Marathon, both in course record times.

Career
He first began competing in Europe in 2009, while still a teenager. He placed fifth at the Utrecht Singelloop that year. He was fourth at the Paderborn 10K in 2010, dipping under 28 minutes for the distance for the first time and ranking in the global top 40.

Chebii stepped up to the half marathon distance in 2011 and set a best of 61:40 minutes at the Nice Half Marathon. He also placed in the top eight at the Portugal Half Marathon and Giro di Castelbuono.

He established himself among the world's top road runners in 2012. He ran the half marathon in under an hour for the first time at the Berlin Half Marathon, taking third in 59:22 minutes. He broke the Lille Half Marathon course record with a run of 59:05 minutes that September. This time ranked him fourth in the world for that season, and also raised him into the top twenty of all time for the distance. He served as pacemaker for the Amsterdam Marathon (which resulted in a course record),

After this high, he struggled to capture the same form, taking tenth at the Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale, twelfth at the RAK Half Marathon, and fifth at the CPC Half Marathon. He began to take on longer distances, serving pacing duties at the 2013 Rotterdam Marathon up to the 30 km mark.

The 2014 Lisbon Half Marathon (third in 60:50 minutes) was his preparation for his marathon debut, which he ran a course record of 2:09.15 hours to top the podium at the Madrid Marathon. His next attempt at the marathon was less convincing – 2:13:14 for 17th in Dubai.

Personal bests

 * 5000 metres – 13:54.48 min (2009)
 * 10K run – 27:54 (2010)
 * Half marathon – 59:05 (2012)
 * Marathon – 2:07:18 (2015)

title: Ezekiel Kiptoo Chebii


text:
List of Asilidae species

This article lists the described fly species of the family Asilidae. There are about 7100 described species worldwide in this family.

A • B • C • D • E • F • G • H • I • J • K • L • M • N • O • P • Q • R • S • T • U • V • W • Y • Z

title: List of Asilidae species


text:
Eicochrysops sanyere

Eicochrysops sanyere is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in northern Cameroon.

title: Eicochrysops sanyere


text:
User:TheMovieMan222

My user page. Frequent editor of the 2012 in film, 2013 in film and 2014 and beyond in film pages. If I don't log in, I use my IP address, but I'm always updating!

title: User:TheMovieMan222


text:
User:Vqra zvqra

'Hello I am Viara from BG! I am 22 and i study in the Sofia university "St Kliment Ohridski". I will be working on the following project. "Keeping your identity in the globalising world"' Hallo,my name is Elena,I come from Bulgaria too and I am going to work as a co-worker:) on the same project-"Keeping your Identity in the globalising world"

What? Globalising world...What happens with our identity?!

Global world. Is it the reality we live in, the reality we need for living or just an imagination we create to make life “easier” but useful complicated at the same time…Talking about this global world we imagine ourselves so powerful  that we probably just for seconds miss the idea of our  living,  and we somehow forget that the most important thing is the unique life that everyone of us have for ourselves the most precious one than everything else. It is so tempting to gather human ideas and lifestyle in general. Having it all under control, we often lose us in a dream of a powerful, and successful development of a global home for everyone. Building this special home our hungry for development and modernity souls create nothing but illusions very thin ones, and easy to vanish into space. In a world of a global emotions, thinking, breathing is definitely hard for a man to save himself as one very, very small but so important and unique part of this planet and something more it is definitely hard to walk to the roads which have been just given without any opportunity for choosing roads by himself. Living in a world of changes, it is supposed to discover changes in ourselves as well and these changes makes it turning as a matter of course. If we just for a moment try to imagine, that the world changes in only one direction one instruction only one way of thinking and acting  we would probably be afraid of this predictable future we face. It would be a disaster to lose our personality, and to erase everything which make us the way we are now...different, looking for competitions, prooving what we have and what we work on to achieve this. Loosing the identity what we have, and what makes us special no mater where we were born live feel special or keep on going is actually a play of a losing game because we lose the only thing that makes us unique. The world is changing and people changing as well. It is completely useless to change the world in its development no matter in a technical, emotional, structure way. But we could try to save not only the identity we have and the constant values of our lives, but us as humans who can follow the world changes. Thinking about it and taking own decisions and definitely not betraying our own principles and ideas for living traditions, is a way for creating a vision of a nation or just a man. Some of us do not care about it. They just follow the process. But some of us do care and it is our lifestyle a style to keep our identity in the globalising world

Collecting opinions and impretions of people that have had contacts and have visited Bulgaria

1) Tomas Pokorny - Czech Republic 28 years

Pros: I really liked the weather. The temperature and environment was really nice. I liked people. Especially i mean temperament, the way they joy. I liked the way people dress and beauty of ladies. Cons: It is still possible to sense kind of socialism, something like customer is here for shopkeeper. I still missed something like "our customer our master". And quite a lot of mess, and buildings in really bad condition. And i hated vermin beggars.

2) Raphael Del Ray - France, Paris - 25 years]]

In the beginning I was most impressed by the Bulgarian mentality. It seems like you are very suppressed, always negative, and very critique even though it is not necessаry, but at the same time very proud of your country. A big part of bulgarian people think that there is nothing above them and that they have to make the law as they like it. This desorganises the society, but in the same time you are very tolerant (even though you still have the problem with the Romes). Bulgarians have a great sеntiment of hospitality, which you can feel even better when you are a guest at their home. They can sacrifice theirselfs to satisfy your needs even though at other time it’s hard to afford some things even for their family. Bulgaria is one “Petite France” (this is a phrase I have heard recentaly). The country has incredible nature. There are a lot of beautiful things u can see, but most of them are hard to be found in the guides proposed in BG. For this makes it even a greater experience, because when I find them I can really enjoy the beauty. In the end driving a car is very dangerous, but don’t worry I have seen worst in Armenia.. I have survived because I have pretended I am playing a video game !:) But luckily there are very few cars outside the city.

'''3)Jana Eichlerová-Slowekei-23 Jahre alt

Ich muss sagen, dass ich Leute aus Bulgarien erst im Sommerkurs begegnet habe. Und sie waren sehr unterschiedlich. Wenn ich meine Meinung ueber den Bulgaren verallgemeinerm musste, wurde ich sagen, dass sie sehr freundlich, nett, klug und abenteuerlich sind. Sie haben auch gern Spass, und unterhalten sich oft. Aber Generalisierung ist nicht die beste Art, einen Nation zu beschreiben. Ich habe nur ein paar junge Leute aus Bulgarien getroffen, jeder war eine ganz eigenartige Personalitaet wie auch bei anderen Nationen. Mir scheint es, dass Bulgaren nicht so unteschiedlich von Slowaken sind, vielleicht mehr offen und gesellschaftlich, aber wenn es um Mentalität geht, Bulgaren sind mir näher als z.B. Spanier. Wie Nachbarn :)

I must say that I first met Bulgarians during the summerkurs in Germany this year,and they all were so different personalities.Sharing my impressions in general,I could say that they are friendly,clever,kind and adventures as well.But describing the national features of a nation is not the best way to come to a genaral conclusion.I met only few people from Bulgaria,and evreyone has very different personality from the others,just like the other nations.I think that bulgarians are not so different from the slovak,may be a little bit more open-minded and sociable.But if we talk about a mentality,I could understand Bulgarians better than spaniard, for example.like neighbours!:)

'''4)Eleonora Di Salvo,Italy-25 years

in my opinion, bulgarians are friendly, they're too worried about their country's situation, in terms of poverty i mean...they like dancing,their own songs and open-minded!!!

'''5)ulduz jafarkhanpor-The Niderlands

Ich habe dass eindrück bekomme dass Bulgarischen Leute (studenten)einander sehr mogen. Sie sind öffen, und nicht kompliziert. deshalb war für mich sehr einfach gute kontakten zu legen.

I have the impression that Bulgarians(especially the students who study abroad)support eachother.They are open-minded and easy-going persons.That's why I have no Problems to communicate with them.

'''6)Erlend Dalen-Norway,27 years old.

what strikes me the most is how you look at your own country,I mean, you are proud of who you are but not very satisfied.But Bulgarians are...sweet and with a bit of temper.The women are very adventurous:P

'This is a sample of the inquiry we will make to yuong people in Bulgaria. The results will be part of the final valuation of the project.'

INQUIRY Name Sex      М     F	Age	    Occupation 	How do you understend the meaning of the word “Identity”? 	Would you like to work/study abroad? 	Are you an adherent of the ideas of a “Global World”? 	Witch of the following features are more popular of the bulgarian identity? (You can choose more than one.) 1. hard working; 2. lazy; 3. thievish; 4. complaining; 5. seeking benefiths; 6. joy; 7. contemporary; 8. old fashoned; 9. depressed; 10. hospitable; 11. stingy; 12. envious; 13. amusing; 14. prejudiced; 15. helpful; 16. ambitious. 	Do you think that after bulgarians becomes a member of the EU, bounderies as we know them will disappear? 	Will life improve after January 2007? In which field the most? 1. education; 2. politics; 3. public health services; 4. more work; 5. better payment; 6. more perspectives for development abroad; 7. others 	What kind of things are you proud of in bulgarian history or things we have achieved through the years? 	What are the essential problems of the bulgarian young people? 1. financial; 2. lack of ambitions; 3. lack of perspectives; 4. gap between generations; 5. family problems; 6. drugs; 7. work competition; 8. others 	Have you ever participated in projects giving ideas of better perspectives for young people in Bulgaria? 	What are your plans about the future?

[[Media:HOW TO FEEL ABOUT OUR OWN IDENTITY!!!]]]]

As Bulgaria has opened for the world, this fact has made us impatient to show this new world our identity. In this epoch of globalization everyone is interested in your history, your in your cultural traditions. A nation, that has its’ own prestige heritage, is seеking, or if I may say is inventing a mainstay for the identity of the history, folklore, literature. The identity is not a fact, it is a relationship with the others. Globalization rises the possibilities of communication between the nations. In every one moment you can feel the necessity to communicate with someone else on the other side of the globe. This becomes easier every day. But all this possibilities we already have does not mean we have to give up on our own traditions, way of life and communication, because there is no point in trying to transform ourselves in someone else. Why we have to become someone who hasn’t wrote the alphabet, someone who haven’t stand a five century slavery, someone who haven’t saved their jews from the genocide. The only important thing is to keep all this in our memory, not to forget our culture, it is important to make sure that our traditions will be easily recognized among so many others. It is a pity that the opinion for our own past becomes a part of “the record”. It is not all about the fact that in one moment Bulgaria had sprung up, but it is important that from that moment on we “ARE”. Our history and identity should motivate us to learn more and develop, to be proud of the fact who we are and what we have done.

Results of the Inquiary

Number of people taking part: 100 Women: 40 Men: 60 Age: 18-22

1.	Do you want to work or study abroad? YES - 40      NO - 60 2.	Are you an adherent of the ideas of a “Global World”? YES - 51      NO - 49 3.	 Would you like to work/study abroad? 4.	Witch of the following features are more popular of the Bulgarian identity? (You can choose more than one.) Most people answered - prejudice and hospitable Equal – complaining and stingy Less – lazy modern and complaining 5.	 Do you think that after Bulgarians d becomes a member of the EU, boundaries as we know them will disappear? YES - 27      NO – 50     NO comment - 23 6.	Will life improve after January 2007? In which field the most? Most people answered – more perspectives Less people answered – better payment 1. education; 2. politics; 3. public health services; 4. more work; 5. better What kind ofpayment; 6. more perspectives for development abroad; 7. others things are you proud of in Bulgarian history or things we have achieved through the years? 7. What are the essential problems of the Bulgarian young people? 1. financial; 2. lack of ambitions; 3. lack of perspectives; 4. gap between generations; 5. family problems; 6. drugs; 7. work competition; 8. others

Most people answered – financial, lack of perspectives Less – work competition 8. Have you ever participated in projects giving ideas of better perspectives for young people in Bulgaria? YES - 58 NO - 42

title: User:Vqra zvqra


text:
Pantydia metaspila

Pantydia metaspila is a species of moth of the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is found in China, Japan (Ryukyus), India (Maharashtra), Thailand, Taiwan, the Maledives, Sri Lanka, the Philippines (Luzon, Negros), Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, the Tanimbar Islands, Seram, Papua New Guinea, the Caroline Islands, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, as well as Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

Description
The wingspan is about 30–42 mm. Palpi with longer third joint. Hindlegs of male tufted with long hair to the extremity of the tarsi. Mid tibia of male with no masses of flocculent (woolly) hair contained in a fold. Body ochreous brown with black collar. Forewings irrorated (sprinkled) with dark brown. A comma-shaped black mark found above inner margin before middle. Faint traces of the orbicular and reniform can be seen. A post-medial ochreous-brown-edged line present, with a series of fuscous marks beyond it. Hindwings pale, with diffused medial line and outer fuscous area.

The larvae feed on Dillwynia, Vigna (including Vigna marina) and Gmelina species, as well as Glycine max.

title: Pantydia metaspila


text:
Cookbook:Radish

A radish is a root vegetable, which is usually grown in the spring (Northern Hemisphere) and autumn (Southern Hemisphere). It is grown all over Europe, America, Asia and the Pacific.

It appears as a white vegetable with a tough red skin.

Radish often has a piquant taste and burns the tongue

A radish can be used as a garnish for salads, or in its own right as an ingredient in a pie or soup.

Radish Recipes

 * Radish Pie
 * Radish Tart

title: Cookbook:Radish


text:
Talk:Algorithms

I find the introductory example overly compley and, well, wrong. You do not specify in which direction the digits are read, you could just as well read the digits from A from left to right and the ones from B from right to left. You refer to the "end" - but there are two ends, which one.

Why not take an everyday algorithm, such as making pasta with tomato sauce (this introduces a parallelism, which might not be wanted), or knitting a sweater? It is too late in the evening to do so now, but this needs fixed. --WiseWoman 22:33, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

A good illustration of algorithms is the problem of pairing socks (a lecturer of mine acctually brought a large bag of socks in the first two lecturers of a module on performance of algorithms). I thought this is useful for introducing many of the concepts of space- and time-complexity of algorithms. --CrazyTalk

I removed this (as suggested by WiseWoman)
(This was replaced by the Toast example I wrote. feel free to switch them back around)

Example
You have probably been taught as a young child in school how to add two numbers on a piece of paper: add each pair of digits, as well as the carry value. A way to write this in a stricter, computer-like language may be as follows:

input A, B for each digit a in A, digit b in B    set temporary digit to a + b + carry if temporary digit >= 10 reduce temporary digit by 10 set carry to 1 otherwise set carry to 0 end if add temporary digit to end of result end loop if carry = 1 add carry digit to end of result end if

title: Talk:Algorithms


text:
Category talk:Plynlimon and Hafan Tramway

Contested deletion
This category should not be speedy deleted as being unpopulated, because... I've populated it! --WT79 (speak to me | [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/en.wikipedia/WT79 editing patterns] | [//xtools.wmflabs.org/globalcontribs/WT79 what I been doing]) 09:58, 15 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Learning the vi Editor/Basic tasks

Hi. I think an explanation of how vi views a text file would greatly help users grok how the different modes/commands fit. Briefly:

 * A file contains lines of text
 * A line of text contains words
 * Words contain characters

Commands are executed based on one of the above three modes.

<IP_ADDRESS> MarkK

title: Talk:Learning the vi Editor/Basic tasks


text:
Talk:Wolfgang R. Wasow

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:06, 19 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Wolfgang Wasow.jpg

title: Talk:Wolfgang R. Wasow


text:
Talk:Spanish/Lesson 1

Error
I believe that I found an error. In the second dialogue of the first lesson, there is an accent missing over the first o in cómo. I have changed...

Señora Pérez: 	Me llamo Ana Pérez. ¿Y usted? ¿Como se llama?

to

Señora Pérez: 	Me llamo Ana Pérez. ¿Y usted? ¿Cómo se llama?

If I have erred, just let me know and I'll change it back, or someone else can. -- Phreq 02:57, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

The first dialogue is losing control. We have an audio file listed that does not match the dialogue. We have acquired three new audio files that only cover three specific lines in the dialogue (and seem to be of poor quality - it could be my software, but the volume on the three files is really low and the sound quality seems low).

I suggest that the three mini files be removed (because downloading three separate files is inconvenient) and that the errant dialogue be replaced by one that matches the existing dialogue. -- FyreWolfe 03:54, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello, I uploaded these 3 audio files in Commons. They are the first ones I recorded so it is quite possible that their quality could be improved. Honestly I tell you that it was my mistake to record them because I didn't realize that there was another audio file with the whole dialogue recorded. About their volume, i thought that their quality were good enough to be uploaded but i didn't realised that my loudspeakers are very powerful. Therefore, i wouldn´t mind and i'll understand if it's decided to erase the audio files I created, I'll try to do it better next time :), but then we have to ask for it in Commons. --Javier Carro 08:27, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hey this looks great, I'm a Spanish speaker and especially excited to see this textbook started .. -- Karl Wick

The sound files that are now on the web pages are spoken by Mariela, a friend of mine who founded a SpanishForForeigners group at yahoo. She is currently having some trouble with her internet connection and asked me to upload the files for her. -- Thomas Strohmann

 * I was reading the lesson and I think some of the phrases sound somewhat funny: "¿Cómo se llama usted?" (lit. How are you called?) and "¿Hay algo nuevo para contar?" (Is there anything new to say?). I think no native spanish speaker speaks like that. In the question: "¿Cómo se llama usted?" the word "usted" is redundant, because the context already implies it. I think it's better to remove the word and to explain to the reader the use of the verb conjugation to establish the context. As for the question "¿Hay algo nuevo para contar?", even when it is completely valid spanish, it's simply never used in the real world. Actually, spanish speaking persons rarely ask questions like that. Some "more natural" alternatives are "¿Qué ha pasado?" or even better, "¿Qué hay de nuevo?" or "¿Cómo te va?".

 * Other instances of redundance are: "¿Y tú, cómo estás?": "¿Y tú?" is enough. "¿Y usted, cómo se llama?": "¿Y usted?" will do.

 * OASO (Octavio Salguero)

 * OASO, I've made the changes you suggested. Thanks so much for all the useful comments (since I'm just starting to learn Spanish I'm not yet confident in writing well stylistically). Thomas Strohmann

 * Perhaps including a note that 'hasta' literally translates to 'until', making it easier later on when it is given other uses in normal conversation.

Hello. I think there are to much information for a newbie. I suggest to split the lesson into two parts Lesson 1, A and Lesson 1, B. Then, there would be in lesson 1, A : Dialogue 1, vocab of dialogue 1, pronouns seen in lesson 1.

There is also a lot of information on verbs. I suggest to introduce ser, estar in lesson 2 or later, beacause it is a complicated topic.

The verbe cantar has been introduced in lesson 1. I suggest to add examples of sentences with -ar verbes in lesson 1, B. Trabajar, hablar seems to be verbs that newbies use soon.

What do you think about my comments ? --Oualmakran Youssef 14:30, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I think your comments make a lot of sense. Please take the initiative and do what you suggest and if it gets all messed up (which I don't think will happen) I'll help straighten things up. Some of those simple "-ar" verbs make much more sense to introduce first and we don't want to overwhelm anyone with too much information to bite off in one piece .. - Karl Wick

I just noticed the audio file doesn't correspond exactly with the written text in example dialog one. Should the text be changed? Lbs6380 18:14, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

audio files.
What should I use to listen to the audio files? Neither real player nor window media player seem to work.

Any suggestions on what to use in the Mac world? I have tried Quicktime, RealPlayer, iTunes, and MPlayer OS X--this last one produces something really garbled and static-y sounding but is the only thing close to sounding like speech.

Answer
I manged to listen to the audio files ending in .ogg with Goldwave, a free program, but it is not really designed for that - Goldwave is really a sound file editing and recording program, and the text files sound a little too funny and a bit fast. Maybe someone else can tell us what program is supposed to work with .ogg - and where to get a free version of it... Yes, I can tell you: Winamp will do (free download for Windows). Found while looking at the possibillities of .ogg files (linux)

Vowel pronounciation
Why are there two tables for vowel pronounciation? I think both are really confusing. For example: E="Eh" as in "Day". I know what you mean but it would be better to use a vowel between two consonants such as in the word "bed".

In the second set of vowel examples we have "A" = A in "father". It just isn't. I don't know anyone who pronounces "que pasa?" using the "a" from father. It's more like the "a" from "dad" or "fat". Shouldn't we use IPA to be clear? Or just use better examples from the English?

<IP_ADDRESS> 17:27, 7 November 2005 (UTC) El Choco

OK, I have rewritten the Vowel Pronounciations as I suggested above and also moved the section to underneath the Consonant Pronounciation because it makes more sense there. I have moved the section on "Diacrital use over the vowel u" to be with the other pronounciation changes of u.

I also extended the stress rules so they are correct.

<IP_ADDRESS> 21:02, 7 November 2005 (UTC) El Choco

Consonant pronunciation
Why do the vowel and semivowel sections have IPA, but the consonant section only the vague approximations? Isn't |j| pronounced /x/ (at least in some dialects?), not really /h/ ("like the h in hotel")? Or should it say in which dialects |j| is /x/ and which dialects have /h/? --Jim Henry 23:05, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

¿Cómo te llamas?
I believe that it is also correct in certain places to say "¿Qué es tu nombre?" instead of "¿Cómo te llamas?". If I am right, would somebody like to put this in somewhere? --<IP_ADDRESS> 08:33, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

I don't know if they really use it some places, but it wouldn't be "¿Qué es tu nombre?". It'll be "¿Cuál es tu nombre?" (<IP_ADDRESS> 05:30, 25 February 2006 (UTC))

Semi-Vowels
Here in Argentina, we don't pronounce Oyo with the "y" as in "yet", we do it like a "sh" as in "shake". So maybe there could be a better example, like "rey", that it is pronounced the same everywhere (with the y as in "yet"). (<IP_ADDRESS> 05:38, 25 February 2006 (UTC))

Side to side
Maybe the words in spanish (for the people talking examples) should have the english version right next to it, for better translation. I would do this, but I'm trying to learn spanish.

Audio copyright?
I am interested in using the audio on this page, but I want to know the usage rights.

I see at the bottom of the page (emphasis on "Text" is mine): Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License

Reading elsewhere on this site, I get the impression that ALL the content on this site (text, audio, images) is Creative Commons, but the statement at the bottom of this page implies that the non-text parts of the page have a different licence.

I suspect that this is just an accident of description, but maybe it's intentional.

Anybody can help clarify?

--Rugops (discuss • contribs) 16:41, 2 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish/Lesson 1


text:
Abudefduf

Abudefduf, also known as the sergeant-majors, is a genus of fish in the family Pomacentridae. The name is from Arabic abu, "the one with"; and def, "side", and the intensive plural ending -duf. The name thus means "the one with prominent sides".

General biology
The approximately 20 species of Abudefduf may be divided into planktivores and benthivores and three broadly pantropical clades. Two of the Abudefduf clades are primarily benthivorous and a third clade is composed of planktivores and is the most species-rich. Most diversification has occurred in the last 10 million years within this genus across all clades.

Species
The following 21 species are recognized in the genus Abudefduf:
 * Abudefduf abdominalis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (Hawaiian sergeant)
 * Abudefduf bengalensis (Bloch, 1787) (Bengal sergeant)
 * Abudefduf caudobimaculatus Okada & Ikeda, 1939 (Okinawa sergeant)
 * Abudefduf concolor (T. N. Gill, 1862) (Dusky sergeant)
 * Abudefduf conformis J. E. Randall & Earle, 1999
 * Abudefduf declivifrons (T. N. Gill, 1862) (Mexican nightsergeant)
 * Abudefduf hoefleri (Steindachner, 1881) (African sergeant)
 * Abudefduf lorenzi Hensley & G. R. Allen, 1977 (Black-tail sergeant)
 * Abudefduf margariteus (G. Cuvier, 1830) (Pearly sergeant)
 * Abudefduf natalensis Hensley & J. E. Randall, 1983 (Natal sergeant)
 * Abudefduf nigrimargo Wibowo, Koeda, Muto & Motomura, 2018 (Black margined-scale sergeant)
 * Abudefduf notatus (F. Day, 1870) (Yellowtail sergeant)
 * Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sergeant-major)
 * Abudefduf septemfasciatus (G. Cuvier, 1830) (Banded sergeant)
 * Abudefduf sexfasciatus (Lacépède, 1801) (Scissortail sergeant)
 * Abudefduf sordidus (Forsskål, 1775) (Blackspot sergeant)
 * Abudefduf sparoides (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (False-eye sergeant)
 * Abudefduf taurus (Müller & Troschel, 1848) (Night sergeant)
 * Abudefduf troschelii (T. N. Gill, 1862) (Panamic sergeant-major)
 * Abudefduf vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (Indo-Pacific sergeant)
 * Abudefduf whitleyi G. R. Allen & D. R. Robertson, 1974 (Whitley's sergeant)

title: Abudefduf


text:
Talk:Derrick May (musician)

Untitled
I tagged this page with a wikify template yesterday, which bohanyon reverted without explanation - I believe the template should stay in place until he has completed the edits. I'm also extremely concerned about the cut-and-paste from Derrick's MySpace page which I'm 99% sure is a copyright violation.

--Gareth8118 13:35, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and removed the copyright text taken from the MySpace page - please see the Copyrights page for guidance on use of copyrighted material. Thanks! --Gareth8118 21:45, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

What is this information about Derrick May doing remixes for the game Tekken? I haven't seen any citation about this yet. And I also haven't been able to find any article except some YouTube videos that have Derrick May DJing at some sort of Game Expo or something. Nothing about Tekken really though. Maybe that part should be removed? -- cxviper993 (talk) 19:40, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I've put in a reference for the part about May's upcoming score for the Tekken movie (2009). Its an interview with List magazine.  cxviper993 (talk) 20:01, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Derrick May (musician). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.residentadvisor.net/dj-profile.aspx?id=131
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060618190143/http://www.fantazia.org.uk/DJs/derekmay.htm to http://www.fantazia.org.uk/DJs/derekmay.htm
 * Added tag to http://www.demf.com/sounds/2006/hmay/05-29-06_derrickmay_movement06.ram

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:59, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Derrick May (musician). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150412092043/http://www.djz.com/featured_djs/derrick-may/ to http://djz.com/featured_djs/derrick-may/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160415125614/http://www.detroittechnomilitia.com/main/index.php/techno-history/interviews/180-derrick-may-the-secret-of-techno to http://www.detroittechnomilitia.com/main/index.php/techno-history/interviews/180-derrick-may-the-secret-of-techno
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160415151751/https://news.beatport.com/en/detroit-techno-tourist-the-music-institute/ to https://news.beatport.com/en/detroit-techno-tourist-the-music-institute/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:06, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derrick May (musician)


text:
User:Atanamir/VT

#F6F6F6
Most soft on the eyes while retaining a degree of seaparation and isolation, yes?

title: User:Atanamir/VT


text:
Talk:Dean Woods

Dean Woods Direct
The domain deanwoods.com.au is now occupied by one of those advertising landing pages (that superficially resembles the subject of the original site's subject), the link should probably be removed & domain noted instead. Or whatever policy is. HuwG <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:57, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dean Woods. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223207/http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/history/achievements/olympics to http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/history/achievements/olympics

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:52, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dean Woods. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150802024951/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wo/dean-woods-1.html to http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wo/dean-woods-1.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:25, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dean Woods