text:
Rejimen Askar Wataniah

The Rejimen Askar Wataniah (Territorial Army Regiment) is the military reserve force of the Malaysian Army.

The Regiment infantry units formerly consisted of 2 series of reservists; the mobilised 300 series and the volunteer 500 series. The 300 series, which consisted of 5 infantry battalions, with mobilised reservists for full-time duty, have since 2008 been converted into a new regular border regiment, the Rejimen Sempadan. The 500 series are reserve volunteers units, based in major towns and cities throughout the whole country. In all, there are about sixteen 500 series infantry battalions, in addition to other support and service support reserve units.

History
In 1861, the Penang Pioneers were formed as a volunteer army unit of the Straits Settlement. Similar units were created in Singapore and in the other Malay States.
 * Pioneer Units in Malaya

In 1902, the Malay States formed the Malay States Volunteer Rifles (MSVR). The Unfederated Malay States also formed their own volunteer units. With further expansion, the formations were then known as the Federated Malay States Volunteer Force (FMSVF), Unfederated Malay States Volunteer Force (UFMSVF) and the Straits Settlement Volunteer Force (SSVF). With the outbreak of the Second World War, the volunteer units were mobilised and fought alongside the regular British, Indian, and Australian troops in the defence of Malaya and Singapore. During the Japanese Occupation of Malaya, the Chinese dominated Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army conducted guerrilla warfare against the Japanese occupiers. As only the regular Malay Regiment led by British officers had acquitted itself well until the surrender in Singapore (February 1942), the British felt it was possible to involve Malays in the resistance against the Japanese but only with extensive training and by working in close cooperation with the stay-behind British forces. The British desperately needed Malay resistance fighters to operate in Malay-dominated areas. During the Japanese Occupation, a number of local Malays formed resistance groups and carried out guerrilla warfare against the Japanese. Resistance units in Pahang were called WATANIAH, derived from the Arabic word WATAN (state). The Wataniah was led by Yeop Mahidin Bin Mohamed Shafiff (known as the Father of Wataniah). Force 136 of the Special Operations Executive was amongst the British formations that coordinated the Malayan resistance (including the Wataniah movement) against the Japanese. After the war, the volunteer units were reformed. With the start of the Malayan Emergency, the Home Guard was raised and tasked with local static defence, thus releasing regular British, Commonwealth, and Malayan units for combat operations against the Communist Terrorists. In 1958, with the security situation under control and the threat from the Communist Terrorists diminished, the Home Guard was disbanded.
 * Second World War
 * Japanese occupation of Malaya
 * Malayan Emergency

However, many of the members of the Home Guard wished to continue their voluntary service, and the Federation Government agreed to the formation of the Territorial Army of Malaya, the Rejimen Askar Wataniah, with the passing of the Territorial Army Ordinance 1958. On 1 June 1958, the TA Ordinance took effect, officially marking the beginning of the TA of Malaysia and thus is marked as the Regimental Day of the Askar Wataniah. The first-generation Territorials were made up of mostly personnel of the Home Guard.

The Al-Mau'nah Sauk Arms Heist happened on 2 July 2000 at an outpost and a camp manned by members of Bn 3524 of Rejimen Askar Wataniah was involved in an arms heist by the Al-Mau'nah militant group. In the small hours of the morning, 21 members of the militant group visited the outpost and camp of Bn 304 Rejimen Askar Wataniah under the guise of a surprise inspection and relieved the soldiers' weapons or carted away weapons from the armoury. They took away a huge cache of firearms and ammunition, including 97 M16 assault rifles, four GPMGs, five grenade launchers, 9,095 rounds of 5.56mm and 60 rounds of 40mm ammunition. The group was later cornered in the village of Sauk, Perak, and involved in a stand-off the Malaysian Army and Royal Malaysian Police forces. Police threw a containment cordon of Bukit Jenalik. The group then took several hostages and holed up for four days in Bukit Jenalik, Sauk before finally surrendering to security forces. However, they brutally tortured and murdered two of the hostages -— a soldier and a police officer.
 * Al-Mau'nah Arms Heist, 2000

The Al-Mau'nah group later surrendered, and the leaders were brought to trial for "waging war upon the King". Mohamed Amin Mohamed Razali and his group were brought to trial for charges of "waging war against the King", and became the first people convicted of such charges in Malaysia. Mohamed Amin Mohamed Razali and his two lieutenants, Zahit Muslim and Jamaluddin Darus, were sentenced to death. Sixteen others were given life sentences.

Combat element

The 500 series is tasked with the same mission as the combat infantry battalions of the Royal Malay Regiment and the Royal Ranger Regiment. There are currently 16 Wataniah Regiments, organized into a regimental HQ and (nominal) infantry battalions.

The national organization of these reserve regiments are as follows:
 * Rejimen 501 Askar Wataniah HQ, Kem Tebrau, Johor Bahru, Johor
 * Batalion 1, Kem Tebrau, Johor Bahru
 * Kompeni A, Kem Tebrau, Johor Bahru
 * Kompeni B, Kem Kota Tinggi
 * Kompeni C, Kem Pontian
 * Batalion 2, Kem Muar
 * Kompeni A, Kem Muar
 * Kompeni B, Kem Tangkak
 * Kompeni C, Kem Segamat
 * Batalion 3, Kem Kluang
 * Kompeni A, Kem Kluang
 * Kompeni B, Kem Batu Pahat
 * Kompeni C, Kem Sri Pantai, Mersing
 * Rejimen 502 Askar Wataniah HQ, Kem Sungai Buloh, Selangor
 * Batalion 1, Kem Sungai Buloh
 * Batalion 2, Kem Shah Alam
 * Batalion 3, Kem Sabak Bernam
 * Pusat Latihan Rejimen 502 Askar Wataniah, Kem Sungai Tenggi
 * Rejimen 503 Askar Wataniah HQ, Kem Jalan Tambun, Ipoh, Perak
 * Batalion 1, Kem Jalan Tambun, Ipoh
 * Kompeni A, Kem Jalan Tambun, Ipoh
 * Kompeni B, Kem Parit
 * Kompeni C, Kem Sitiawan
 * Kompeni D, Kem Politeknik Ungku Omar, Ipoh
 * Batalion 2, Kem Jalan Temenggong, Taiping
 * Kompeni A, Kem Jalan Temenggong, Taiping
 * Kompeni B, Kem Kuala Kangsar
 * Kompeni C, Kem Gerik
 * Kompeni D, Kem Pengkalan Hulu
 * Batalion 3, Kem Teluk Intan
 * Kompeni A, Kem Tapah
 * Kompeni B, Kem Teluk Intan
 * Kompeni C, Kem Kolej Tuanku Abdul Rahman (Kampar)
 * Kompeni D, Kem Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah (Behrang)
 * Pusat Latihan Rejimen 503 Askar Wataniah, Kem Jalan Tambun, Ipoh
 * Rejimen 504 Askar Wataniah HQ, Kem Bukit Keteri, Kangar, Perlis
 * Rejimen 505 Askar Wataniah HQ, Kem Force 136, Sungai Miang, Pahang (Commander: Brigadier General Tengku Amir Nasser Ibrahim Shah)
 * Batalion 1, Kem Teluk Sisik / Kem Forever 1st, Kuantan, Pahang
 * Batalion 2, Kem Susur Tembeling, Jerantut
 * Batalion 3, Kem Puncak Mas, Raub
 * Kompeni A, Kem Bentong
 * Batalion 4, Kem Force 136, Sungai Miang, Pekan
 * Rejimen 506 Askar Wataniah HQ, Kem Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bahru, Kelantan
 * Batalion 1, Kem Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bahru
 * Batalion 2, Kem Machang
 * Batalion 3, Kem Sungai Durian, Kuala Krai
 * Pusat Latihan Rejimen 506 Askar Wataniah, Kem Sungai Durian, Kuala Krai
 * Rejimen 507 Askar Wataniah, Kem Bukit Perwira, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
 * Rejimen 508 Askar Wataniah HQ, Kem Jalan Rasah, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan (Commander: Brigadier General Tunku Ali Redhauddin)
 * Batalion 1, Kem Sikamat, Seremban
 * Batalion 2, Kem Tampin
 * Batalion 3, Kem Kuala Pilah
 * Rejimen 509 Askar Wataniah HQ, Kem Lebuhraya Peel, George Town, Pulau Pinang
 * Rejimen 510 Askar Wataniah, Kem Sri Rejang, Sibu, Sarawak
 * Rejimen 511 Askar Wataniah, Kem Ria Kompleks, Kuching, Sarawak
 * Rejimen 512 Askar Wataniah, Kem Padang Midin, Kuala Berang, Terengganu
 * Rejimen 513 Askar Wataniah HQ, Kem Jalan Kolam Air, Sungai Petani, Kedah
 * Batalion 1, Kem Jalan Kolam Air, Sungai Petani
 * Batalion 2, Kem Kulim
 * Batalion 3, Kem Bukit Pinang, Kepala Batas
 * Rejimen 514 Askar Wataniah HQ, Kem Bukit Beruang, Melaka
 * Batalion 1, Melaka Tengah, Kem Bukit Beruang
 * Batalion 2, Alor Gajah, Kem Bukit Beruang
 * Batalion 3, Jasin, Kem Bukit Beruang
 * Rejimen 515 Askar Wataniah, Kem Kementah, Kuala Lumpur
 * Rejimen 516 Askar Wataniah, Kem Kukusan, Tawau, Sabah

The 515 Infantry Regiment Askar Wataniah, assigned to and with garrison near the Ministry of Defence Headquarters, serves as the combat and ceremonial reserve of both the 1st Battalions of the RMR and RRR, and thus is equivalent to the London Guards of the British Army.

The other regiments of TA infantry formations are the Malaysian equivalent to both the former regional British Army infantry regiments and the infantry components of the Army Reserve.

Combat support element

The Wataniah Armoured Squadrons are the integrated components of the regular units of the Royal Armoured Corps. The Squadrons are currently located at Port Dickson, Kuantan, Sungai Petani and Kota Belud. Organized as an administrative battalion, they are formed in a similar manner to British yeomanry units.

The Wataniah Artillery Batteries are integrated components of the regular units of the Royal Artillery Regiment. The Wataniah Artillery Batteries are located in Kota Bharu, Taiping, Melaka, Seremban and Kuala Lumpur. They too are organized into a battalion of field artillery with batteries integrated into divisional artillery.

The Wataniah Signal Squadrons assist regular squadrons of the Royal Signals Regiment in establishing and maintaining Army communications. Squadrons are located in Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh and Sungei Besi.

The Wataniah Engineer Squadrons provide combat engineering skills alongside regular engineer squadrons. Squadrons are located in Kuala Terengganu, Kajang, Klang and Penang and are affiliated with the Royal Engineers Regiment.

The Wataniah Military Police Companies, affiliated with the Royal Military Police Corps, are tasked with helping the discipline and law enforcement, based in Penang, Kuantan, Sg. Buloh and Kem Genting.

The Wataniah Intelligence unit is an integral part of the regular battalion of the Kor Risik diRaja (Royal Intelligence Corps) and is located in Penang.

The Askar Wataniah Electrical and Mechanical Engineers maintain two workshops, one in Ipoh and the other in Kuala Lumpur as well as 4 field workshops based in Taiping, Melaka, Kuantan, and Kuching. They help the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Corps in vehicular, mechanical, and electrical maintenance and engineering duties as well as in the maintenance of the TA's own vehicles and electrical and mechanical assets.

Services support element
The Wataniah Logistic Corps consists of 5 transport companies based in Seremban, Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru and Kota Bharu, one supply company based in Kuala Lumpur, and one air despatch platoon based in Taiping.

The Wataniah Ordnan Corps maintains a single Kumpulan Ordnan Briged (Brigade Ordnance Group) based in Kuala Lumpur while Wataniah Brigade Ordnance groups are integrated into regular Army brigades in Kuching, Taiping, Melaka, and Kuantan.

Askar Wataniah also has 4 medical companies (called Kompeni Ubat AW) based in Kuantan, Kluang, Sungai Petani and Kuching.

Specialist elements
The Askar Wataniah Specialist Signals Unit specialises in the maintenance of communication, and its members are drawn from amongst the staff of Telekom Malaysia Berhad.

Askar Wataniah Specialist Engineering Units are based at the Markas Jurutera (SP) (HQ L of C) in Bukit Haigate, Kuala Lumpur and comprises:
 * Port Specialist Regiment (Jurutera Pakar Pelabuhan) These port operating units are formed at the main Malaysian ports, and members are drawn from amongst port personnel at the ports of Kuantan, Klang, Penang, Bintulu and Kuching.
 * Railway Specialist Regiment is tasked with the maintenance and operation of the Malaysian railway system during emergencies. The unit recruits from members of Malayan Railways and the State Railway of Sabah.
 * Water Specialist Regiment with strength recruited from the staff of water supply utility companies.
 * Power Specialist Regiment are recruited from Tenaga Nasional Berhad and other power generation companies.

Pasukan Latihan Pegawai Simpanan (PALAPES)
Pasukan Latihan Pegawai Simpanan (PALAPES) or Reserve Officers Training Units (ROTU) were formed at 13 universities and institutions of higher learning all over Malaysia. Its main purpose is to train (diploma and first degree) students to become subalterns or young officers to serve as active reservists in the TA 500 series upon their commission. These students will be known as 'cadet officers' and undergo training for the next three (3) years to qualify them for King's Commission. It was said that the cadet's training is the equivalent standard of the 1 year RMC Cadet Wings training. After commissioning as a second lieutenant, they are transferred to any 16 TA 500 series to serve as reservists. Many of them join the Malaysian Army as a regular officers under the Graduate Scheme.

It had been perceived that the establishment of PALAPES was highly motivated by the American's own ROTC or Reserve Officer Training Corps and UK's own OTC or Officer Training Corps. The ROTC or OTC standards were and are still highly regarded as equivalent to their counterpart at Westpoint or Sandhurst, unlike in Malaysia, the PALAPES standard is yet to be officially recognised as equivalent to the current institutions such Cadet Wings RMC, Airforce College, Naval College, ATMA and now UPNM. Standardisation is important to ensure the country's combat readiness is not compromised.

Historically, following the Confrontation, the Reserve unit was formed on 3 April 1965 as the 1st Infantry Battalion, Askar Wataniah at University Malaya, mustered from amongst undergraduates and staff of Universiti Malaya. Initially, 30 undergraduates from various faculties volunteered and underwent basic training during their semester breaks at the Recruit Training Camp at Kem Latihan Seputih, Batu Gajah, Perak. The majority of the recruits had prior experience in the Army and Police Cadets and many were former students of the Maktab Tentera DiRaja (Royal Military College).

The aftermath of 13 May 1969 riots saw the expansion of the Askar Wataniah unit to other universities with A Company formed in Institut Teknologi MARA, B Company formed in Universiti Pertanian Malaysian (UPM) (now called Universiti Putra Malaysia) and C Company formed at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia while the unit at Universiti Malaya took on the role of battalion HQ.

On 18 December 1978, the Brigadier General Dato' Abdul As Ismail, the Director of Askar Wataniah discussed the formation of the Reserve Officers Training Units with the university Vice-Chancellors and the Director of ITM. Pursuant to the meeting, the Armed Forces Council approved the formation of the Reserve Officer Training Unit ROTU at Malaysian local universities to attract Reserve Officers from amongst staff and undergraduates of the various universities. ROTU is currently known as Pasukan Latihan Pegawai Simpanan (PALAPES).

There are currently thirteen (13) Malaysian public universities and institutions of higher education (IPTAs) hosting PALAPES units. Units are formed at Universiti Malaya (PALAPES UM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, International Islamic University Malaysia and Universiti Malaysia Pahang. There are several universities hosting tri-services PALAPES units e.g. Army, Navy, and Airforce, some hosting Army and Navy and most hosting only the Army.

Now, with thirteen (13) universities and IPTAs hosting PALAPES units, around 1,200 up to 3,000 officers or subalterns or commonly known as YO (young officers) are commissioned yearly. The mass commissioning of the new YO yearly had indirectly created some issues to the Armed Forces such as;

a) Imbalance number of positions available in the TA units compared to the growing number of YOs

b) Imbalance of strength between NCOs and YOs

c) Many of the YOs are posted to infantry units of 500 series rather than to fill many available subalterns post at combat support elements and services such as Medic Corp, Signal, etc.

d) The recruitment of Potential Officers (PO) to post directly as Capt, Major, or Lt Col within one week of training had created a gap between the inexperienced and troublesome YOs in terms of quality of delivery as platoon commander up until battalion command.

Mobilised units
The mobilised units before disbanded consisted of five 300 series infantry battalions of the Rejimen Askar Wataniah responsible for protecting the northern border of peninsular Malaysia, the security of East-West Highway, and Key Points Units tasked in protecting the strategic areas of the country. These units have since been converted into Rejimen Sempadan, or Border Regiment literally, on 9 February 2008.

Valour
Although the unit is a reserve force, the unit has produced soldiers awarded significant military decorations. One Private, Ielias Ibrahim was awarded the medal Panglima Gagah Berani (PGB) for his action in a firefight at Grik, Perak on 15 August 1977.

Notable members who enlisted

 * Khairy Jamaluddin, former Minister Youth and Sport and former commander of Rejimen 508 Askar Wataniah
 * Nurul Hidayah Ahmad Zahid, former TV host, entrepreneur and daughter of Deputy Prime Minister Dato Sri Ahmad Zahid Hamidi
 * Ielias Ibrahim, the only regiment member who was awarded a Star of the Commander of Valour medal
 * Azeli Shah Abas, former PALAPES University of Malaya who recipient parachute wings
 * Zaki Salleh Yunus, defence journalist and former PALAPES UITM/ITM
 * Ashraf Muslim, actor
 * David Teo, Producer film

title: Rejimen Askar Wataniah


text:
Talk:Parrondo's paradox

The math second illustrative example
Note that the probability of game B is not (2/3)(3/4) + (1/3)(1/10) - ε, which is 16/30 - ε and might suggest that B is actually a winning game.

"Harmer and Abbott[1] show via simulation that if M = 3 and ε = 0.005, Game B is an almost surely losing game as well." I should like to point out that simulation cannot show that such a statement is true; it may well strongly suggest that Game B is almost surely losing but the only way to prove it is to, well, prove it. Surely a more accurate wording would be "Harmer and Abbott[1] simulate Game B with M = 3 and ε = 0.005 and the results strongly suggest that this is an almost surely losing game as well." If one wants a proof then (as Harmer and Abbott[1] say) one needs to look at "Parrondo’s Paradoxical Games and the Discrete Brownian Ratchet, Proceedings of Upon’99, The Second International Conference on Unsolved Problems of Noise and Fluctuations, University of Adelaide, July 12-16, 1999, eds. D.A. Abbott and L.B. Kish, American Institute of Physics, Melville, New York 511 (2000) 189–200." —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:58, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Note that Harmer and Abbott[1] actually has a confusing mistake in it, where, in the caption to Figure 1, it states "... coin 3 has a poor probability of winning, so B is a losing game." Coin 3 actually has an excellent chance of winning. Luckily, the main text of Harmer and Abbott[1] mentions in passing that Coin 3 is played a "little more often" than coin 2, which is the key to the math. What makes B a losing game is the steady state probability of using each coin, as specified in the main article for this topic. One might guess that the probability of using Coin 3 was 2/3, which is not true.

Problem of evil
I removed the following paragraph from the article:

 * Parrondo's paradox can interestingly be expanded as an objection to the problem of evil. It is true by Parrondo's paradox that sequential negative events can result in a positive outcome, suggesting that the problem of evil may ignore such possibilities. Parrondo's paradox effectively allows every negative event to eventually have a positive outcome. Empirically, President Clinton's approval ratings rose above pre-scandal levels after his admission of his sex scandal with Monica Lewinsky. Both his sexual action and his admission could be seen as losing strategies regarding presidential approval ratings, but the American public saw his apology as an honorable deed, fulfilling Parrondo's Paradox.

First, I'm worried about whether it is orignal research. It needs to be sourced if it is to be re-introduced. Even if sourced, I think that they will make the article harder (rather than easier) to understand, because it introduces a confusion. Parrondo's paradox is not paradoxical because of the simple addage "to wrongs don't make a right", it is rather more complex. --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 07:59, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I fully support what you did. I have not been able to keep update with the happenings of the page and saw the problem just now when you edited the talk page. Even I feel that the paragraph is Original Research. Parrando's Paradox should not be used to correlate events when no such justification exists. I don't know what to do with "agriculture" as it too is Original Research. There hasn't been any mathematical modelling of the phenomenon to establish a causation. Even if its true, the events are correlated, but causation is yet to be proved. -Ambuj Saxena (talk) 08:11, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

How is your challange to the way he put it valid? Many sources mention it. He put it in his own terms but they are in line with published sources. Not OR. Can you show a published source for your challange? Is there a published challange to mentioning two wrongs make a right in this context? If not your challange is OR. Those kinds of invalid challanges to every nit picking fact causes citations for articles to be longer than the articles. Most citations represent a response to a challange based in ignorance not one in compliance with wiki policy.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:04, 31 May 2019 (UTC)

External Links & References
The link Parrondo's Paradox Game at http://seneca.fis.ucm.es/parr/GAMES/ doesn't work --Mrebus 05:17, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Try http://seneca.fis.ucm.es/parr/GAMES/index.htm

More critical sources are needed
Many academic circles do not think this paradox is actually worth anything. For example the example that Parrondo gives is rather... hand picked to prove a point. Game B is actually +ve expectation. Parradno says "a naive (and wrong) argument is as follows: coin 3 is used 1/3 of the time, whereas coin 2 is used 2/3 of the time" thus Game B is possitive expectation. But Parrondo then goes onto say that because the amount of money you have effects how game B plays, the it does end up having negetive expectation. But this is completely fallacy. If playing the game depends on the amount of money you have, then plays of the game are not indepedant events, but dependant upon one-another. Thus you cannot slimply play Game B multiple times, you are infact playing 1 round of a game that is not yet complete and has a positive expected value. Notice his game B is so rediculous that no such game exists in real life. Infact there isn't really any expample that exists in real life that can support this paradox, because the paradox is circular reasoning, he claims two negetive make a positive, when in reality there exists a negetive and a positive all along.

Stating the paradox
The article says:
 * Given two games, each with a higher probability of losing than winning, it is possible to construct a winning strategy by playing the games alternately.

it seems to me that it is not appropriate to say "each with a higher probability of losing than winning" because one of the games is allowed to have a probability of winning that in some case can be greater than the probability of losing.--Pokipsy76 (talk) 21:58, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Quantum Communication: when 0 + 0 is not equal to 0
If communication channels that Fail (carry 0 content), when working together in pairs could actually communicate a single bit of information. Is this an example of a Parrondo's Paradox?

http://arxivblog.com/?p=554 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rbenech (talk • contribs) 20:24, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Statistical observations of the 'paradox'
When running a statistical test which returns number of played games under various conditions one realizes that all the 'paradox' does is change the ratio of played B1 and B2 games, which wins the 'B' game and offsets the small 'A' game loss. Logically, if the winning game is played more often, the return is positive. In this case (game 'B1'=9%, 'B2'=74% winning chance), playing the 'B' game alone produces 39% 'B1' games and 61% 'B2' games which is unfavorable to chances and the 'B' game finishes at loss. However when injecting almost neutral 'A' game, the ratio of 'B' games changes, so for example in the 'ABBAB' sequence 'B2' is played 72% of time (of 'B' games) which provides positive outcome.

I will leave it to mathematicians to make the proof of it, but no wonders here.

Besides and above all, the returns in the 'B' games are not proportional to chances, in which case the total return would be as expected (loss) regardless of the frequency and/or sequences of the played games. For the above examples the return for individual games should be roughly: +49/-51 for the 'A' game; +89/-10 for 'B1' and +24/-76 for 'B2' game, which would put 'the paradox' where it belongs.

It is just amazing that such stuff can be a subject of academic researches. --activeco

 * I doubt that it is. The article has a long reading list, but I wonder how many of the authors there take this "paradox" seriously. Maproom (talk) 22:32, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Needs an animation showing how the alternating rachet ramp makes things go up
Would make the concept much easier to grasp. --TiagoTiago (talk) 02:00, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

 * The way it's written it's simply nonsense. Why should some marbles move to the valley towards A, up-slope and over a steeper edge, and none towards B? --Thrissel (talk) 22:38, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Another coin-tossing example
Let us consider the following two games. Our start capital is an integer amount of Euros (€). The rules: It is easy to see that both games are losing games, with an average loss of 1€ per game, if played in a random sequence. The sequences (CCCCC...) and (DDDDD...) are even worse. But the sequence (CDCDCD...) wins!
 * 1) Coin 1 is a (highly) biased coin that always makes us win. Coin 2 is a (highly) biased coin that always makes us lose.
 * 2) Winning a game earns us 1€ and losing requires us to surrender 2€.
 * 3) In Game C, we first determine if our capital is an even number. If it is, we toss Coin 1. If it is not, we toss Coin 2.
 * 4) In Game D, we first determine if our capital is an even number. If it is, we toss Coin 2. If it is not, we toss Coin 1.

We see that it is essential for the example that the earnings depend on the current capital. And that the current capital depends on which games were played before - in a very sophisticated way in the A and B example of the Article, and in a simple way here (odd = C before, even = D before). --Peter Buch (talk) 12:52, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

The sawtooth setup doesn't give equal probabilities
I have a problem with the statement: "Now consider the second case where we have a saw-tooth-like region between them. Here also, the marbles will roll towards either ends with equal probability"

This case is analagous to a sawtooth shaped potential surface in physics with an oscillating force applied, which is known as a "rocking ratchet". As suggested by the name, it leads to preferential motion in one direction. In this case, towards B. So the second case here is actually a losing game even before the whole setup is tilted, see the diagram and explanation on page two of this article:

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 19 3698 — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:24, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

A Simplified Example
"Playing Game B exclusively is also a losing strategy, since you will lose three out of every four times you play...."

Really? Schnaz (talk) 18:51, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Yep. Try it with any starting number. Say, $113. $113 is not a multiple of 5, so you lose $6, reducing you to $107. $107 fails, so you lose again and go to $101. $101 fails, so you lose again and go to $95. At $95, you win $8 because $95 is a multiple of 5, so you increase your bank to $103. So far, that's 3 losses, and 1 win. Continuing to play with $103 in the bank...

 * $103 (lose)... $97 (lose)... $91 (lose)... $85 (win)... $93 (lose)... $87... (lose)... $81 (lose)... $75 (win)... $83...

 * So you lose 3 out of every 4 games. -Hatster301 (talk) 21:39, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Are we talking about the same thing? I thought game B has even/odd criteria, not modulo-5. --Schnaz (talk) 17:00, 10 April 2017 (UTC)

Pretty inaccessible article for most people
Having read this twice I am, as the learned judge once said, "none the wiser". Unfortunately I am not even, as counsel retorted "No, just better informed".

What on earth does "There exist pairs of games, each with a higher probability of losing than winning, for which it is possible to construct a winning strategy by playing the games alternately." mean? It only makes any sense if you already know what the paradox is about. Read it cold (as I did) and its gobbledygook. Its a perfect example of the techies paradox - the summary is only understandable if you've already read the detail. (I made that up BTW)

Update: In fairness, having read it a third time prior to this edit, the light bulb does go on when reading the "simplified example" although it's still not obvious that there are any real life examples. (I think the "application" section basically says we haven't found one.)

I'm not qualified to edit this but I really do think sticking the simplified example at the top, re-writing the lede and perhaps simplifying the language in the non-technical paragraph would make the article more accessible. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:04, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Parrondo's paradox


text:
Cookbook:South Indian Millet Swallow (Mudde)

| Indian recipes

Mudde is a compact ball swallow made from finger millet. It is a lunchtime staple of rural communities in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in South India, and an important source of long-lasting energy among the rural poor.

Serving immediately is preferable, but the balls can also be packed and eaten cold later. Before eating, if desired, poke a hole in the ball with your finger and pour in a little ghee. Dip pieces of the ragi dough in a watery sauce like upeseru broth and swallow; do not attempt to chew. Eat along with the solid upeseru for a complete meal that will keep you going all day.

Ingredients

 * 2 ½ cups ragi (finger millet) flour
 * 5 cups water
 * Ghee

Procedure

 * 1) Boil the water in a pot, add a little of the flour to make a paste, then add the rest of the flour.
 * 2) Stir once with the handle of a wooden spoon and leave it in the pot.
 * 3) Keep on low heat for about 10 minutes until it smells cooked.
 * 4) Stir until the mixture turns dark reddish-brown. Once it begins to leave the sides of the pot, remove the pot from the fire and stir vigorously for 5–10 minutes—it's hard work, but the longer you keep at it, the lighter it will be.
 * 5) Pull the mixture out and form into balls of about fist size.


text:
Template:Attached KML/K-30 (Kansas highway)

K-30.kml

1.1

http://maps.google.com/mapfiles/kml/pushpin/ylw-pushpin.png

ff0000ff

5

normal

#s_ylw-pushpin

</Pair>

<Pair>

highlight

<styleUrl>#s_ylw-pushpin_hl</styleUrl>

</Pair>

</StyleMap>

<Style id="s_ylw-pushpin_hl">

<IconStyle>

1.3

<Icon>

http://maps.google.com/mapfiles/kml/pushpin/ylw-pushpin.png

</Icon>

<hotSpot x="20" y="2" xunits="pixels" yunits="pixels"/>

</IconStyle>

<LineStyle>

ff0000ff

5

</LineStyle>

</Style>

<Placemark>

K-30

<styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin</styleUrl>

<LineString>

1

-96.03943524627236,39.05711570720258,0 -96.03947342747236,39.06046930935507,0 -96.03952097168447,39.06196147875539,0 -96.03951835663895,39.06299483791434,0 -96.03955540977702,39.06346539763506,0 -96.03954081900363,39.06644258069553,0 -96.03950017472367,39.06679640933029,0 -96.03951610039148,39.06715439639724,0 -96.03951077326754,39.068222608818,0 -96.0394166134666,39.06954042614716,0 -96.03925061848932,39.07100081340231,0 -96.03919331635717,39.07433930090761,0 -96.03917508737611,39.07669154544845,0 -96.0391461999787,39.0768203178799,0 -96.03906675733587,39.07688748558844,0 -96.03898737054773,39.07693224869682,0 -96.03887921532092,39.07696582520447,0 -96.03872067551315,39.07696027260427,0 -96.03803634025731,39.07690979316045,0 -96.03780575413148,39.07690425686657,0 -96.03750311544192,39.07691548324085,0 -96.03716429331452,39.07692672080008,0 -96.03586341084295,39.07710780434973,0 -96.03441261858063,39.07737891907121,0 -96.03409389033567,39.07745947109353,0 -96.03371578351395,39.07757650000015,0 -96.03288576770555,39.07788067545876,0 -96.03030226241999,39.07900707383143,0 -96.02983673708776,39.07923959526702,0

</LineString>

</Placemark>

</Document>


text:
1908 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)

1908 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the fifth waterpolo championship in Hungary. There was only one participant, who thus won the champion without any match.


text:
School:Mathematics/Philosophy of Mathematics/Scope

This is an introductory meta chapter on the topic. It answers the basic questions about the scope of the course and gives information for deciding on taking the course or not.

Why Study The Philosophy of Mathematics?
The answer to this question is not that we are studying, but what we are studying.

 * PoM is better than taking another Maths course, since:
 * Just doing something without questioning is like a hamster in a running wheel; you never really understand why and how things are done.
 * The evaluation of mathematical results itself is not usually done purely mathematically, since every math problem should be taken contextually as well as mathematically.
 * Communications with non-mathematicians from time to time is unavoidable, so it helps to be able to explain things.

 * PoM is better than taking another Philosophy of xyz course, since:
 * Mathematics is THE apriorical science, so here one learns more about the a priori than anywhere else.
 * The concept of 'theory' is an elementary one in epistemology, mathematics is where it is defined.
 * When talking about mathematics many people lack confidence, here is clarified what one can and can't expect from it.

What does a Philosophy of Mathematics contain?
When doing mathematics 'the usual way' one can easily find that it's not a purely formal science at it's rock bottom. So it can be thought of a mathematical foundation of mathematics. This is usually referred to as metamathematics.

Also one can question the formal method of mathematics at all from a cognitive point of view: is it really better to write confusing lines of symbols than writing a poem about the stuff? Moreover, a mathematician is not alone. There is a whole mathematical community out there, and although the results of mathematical research are formally presented, doing mathematics is highly creative and evaluating these creative results as well as deciding about directions of research is primarily a social problem.

Similarly, when thinking about the application mathematics in science, engineering, and other such subjects, one can take two approaches: modelling the situation mathematically and examining the cognitive and community aspects. The application of mathematics can and can't be seen as part of the subject of philosophy of mathematics. Here it is included, but when reasons should appear to source it out to another course this could be done easily.

Exclusions: What it does NOT contain:
 * an introduction to logic or model theory
 * an introduction to epistemology
 * an introduction to cognitive science (should it?)
 * an introduction to social science or game theory (should it?)
 * any training of mathematical abilities or capabilities
 * any issues of non-formal linguistics
 * aesthetics of mathematics (as a standalone subject), since this is truly art and not only a subchapter of philosophy. Although it might appear as part of some philosophical considerations.

How is this course structured?
Problem: Philosophers often make statements in epistemology and theory of science, but Scientists ignore or are even annoyed at them (do you know any formal scientist who loves T.S.Kuhn?). Actually, Scientists are interested in the philosophical background of their job, and Philosophers are interested in the justification of their Theories.

Approach: Structuring the whole subject from the perspective of a questioning Mathematician. Such a course structure may be build up along the following questions, expanding the underlying Model of the 'Mathematician's job' step by step.

So the course will be beneficial for Scientists AND Philosophers as well as it enables both sides also to participate in EDITING the content - leveraging the cooperative spirit of Wikiversity!


text:
User:Jmvansch/sandbox

= Haida Gwaii = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Haida Gwaii (/ˈhaɪdə ˈɡwaɪ/  HY-də GWY ; Haida: ' X̱aayda gwaay';[dead link] literally "Islands of the Haida people"), formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands and the Charlottes, is an archipelago on the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada. Approximately half of its population is of the Haida people.

The islands are separated from the British Columbia mainland to the east by Hecate Strait. Vancouver Island lies to the south, across Queen Charlotte Sound, while the U.S. state of Alaska is to the north, across the disputed Dixon Entrance.

Haida Gwaii consists of two main islands: Graham Island in the north and Moresby Island in the south, along with approximately 150 smaller islands with a total landmass of 10,180 km2 (3,931 sq mi). Other major islands include Anthony, Langara, Louise, Lyell, Burnaby, and Kunghit Islands. A parallel name to "Queen Charlotte Islands" used by American traders, who frequented the islands in the days of the marine fur trade and considered the islands part of the US-claimed Oregon Country, was Washington's Isles.

Some of the islands are protected under federal legislation as Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site, which is mostly Moresby Island (Gwaii Haanas in Haida) and adjoining islands and islets. Also protected, but under provincial legislation, are several provincial parks, the largest of which is Naikoon Provincial Park on northeastern Graham Island. The islands are home to an abundance of wildlife, including the largest subspecies of black bear (Ursus americanus carlottae) and also the smallest subspecies of stoat, (Mustela erminea haidarum). Black-tailed deer and raccoon are introduced species that have become abundant.

On June 3, 2010, the Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act officially renamed the islands Haida Gwaii as part of a reconciliation protocol between British Columbia and the Haida people.

Contents
null hide
 * 1Transportation
 * 2Economy
 * 3Education
 * 4Health care
 * 5Population
 * 6History
 * 6.1Pre-colonial era
 * 6.2Colonial era
 * 7Naming
 * 8Environment
 * 9Climate
 * 9.12012 controversy around depositing iron in the ocean
 * 10Geology
 * 10.1Earthquake hazards
 * 11Culture
 * 11.1Visual arts
 * 11.2Haida language
 * 11.3In popular culture
 * 12See also
 * 13References
 * 14External links

Transportation[edit]
The primary transportation links between the Islands and mainland British Columbia are through the Sandspit Airport, the Masset Airport and the BC Ferries terminal at Skidegate.

The westernmost leg of Highway 16 connects Masset and Skidegate on Graham Island, and Skidegate with Prince Rupert on the mainland via regular BC Ferries service by the MV Northern Adventure.

There is also regular BC Ferries service between Skidegate and Alliford Bay on Moresby Island. Floatplane services connect to facilities such as the Alliford Bay Water Aerodrome and Masset Water Aerodrome.

Economy[edit]
The economy is mixed, including art and natural resources, primarily logging and commercial fishing. Furthermore, service industries and government jobs provide about one-third of the jobs, and tourism has become a more prominent part of the economy in recent years, especially for fishing and tour guides, cycling, camping, and adventure tourism. Aboriginal culture tourism has been enhanced with the establishment of the Haida Heritage Centre at Kaay Ilnygaay.

Education[edit]
Public education is provided through School District 50 Haida Gwaii, which operates elementary and secondary schools in Masset, Port Clements, Queen Charlotte, Sandspit, and Skidegate. Higher education programs are offered at the Haida Heritage Centre in partnership with the Northwest Community College, University of Northern British Columbia, and with the Haida Gwaii Higher Education Society.

Health care[edit]
Publicly funded health services are provided by Northern Health, the regional health authority responsible for the northern half of the province.

The existing Queen Charlotte General Hospital was built in 1953 and opened in 1955. Its size is approximately 1670 square metres (18,000 square feet). In 2013, construction started on the same site for a $50 million, two-storey replacement hospital, approximately 5,000 square metres (54,000 square feet). Construction of the new Queen Charlotte/Haida Gwaii Hospital will be cost-shared by the province and the North West Regional Hospital District. It will open in 2015.

Haida Gwaii has four British Columbia Ambulance Service stations, staffed by 36 part-time paramedics. The first full-time paramedic was hired after the controversial death in 2014 of Godfrey Williams, a Skidegate band councillor, who died from a heart attack after waiting for more than an hour for an ambulance to arrive from a station 10 minutes away. The issue resulted in a review of ambulance services for Haida Gwaii by BC Emergency Health Services.

Population[edit]
At the time of colonial contact, the population was roughly 30,000 people, residing in several towns and including slave populations drawn from other clans of Haida as well as other tribes. It is estimated that ninety percent of the population died during the 1800s from smallpox; other diseases arrived as well, including typhoid, measles, and syphilis, affecting many more inhabitants.

By 1900, only 350 people remained. Towns were abandoned as people left their homes for the towns of Skidegate and Masset, for cannery towns on the mainland, or for Vancouver Island. Today, only some 4500[dead link] people live on the islands. About 70% of the indigenous people (Haida) live in two communities at Skidegate and Old Massett, with a population of about 700 each. In total the Haida make up 45% of the population of the islands.

Anthony Island and the island of Ninstints were made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006; in the decision, the decline in population wrought by disease was referenced when citing the 'vanished civilization' of the Haida.

History[edit]
Houses and totem poles, Skidegate, 1878

Haida Gwaii is considered by archaeologists as an option for a Pacific coastal route taken by the first humans migrating to the Americas from the Bering Strait.

It is unclear how people arrived on Haida Gwaii; but archaeological sites have established human habitation on the islands as far back as 13,000 years ago.

Underwater archaeologists from the University of Victoria are seeking to confirm that stone structures discovered in 2014 on the seabed of Hecate Strait may date back 13,700 or more years ago and be the earliest known signs of human habitation in Canada.

Pre-colonial era[edit]
The Settlement of the Americas coastal migration hypothesis suggests that the first North Americans may have been here as the oldest human remains known from Alaska or Canada are from On Your Knees Cave. Anthropologists have found striking parallels between the myths, rituals, and dwelling types of the Koryaks—inhabitants of the Kamchatka Peninsula—and those of the Native peoples of America's Northwest Coast. At this time the island was twice as large as today. There is strong genetic evidence for these early people having an origin there. The Koryaks were a matrilinear seafaring people hunting whales and other marine mammals. Their god was Kujkynnjaku, the Raven. Most of the Raven myths are similar to those of the Koryak.

The group of people inhabiting these Islands developed a culture made rich by the abundance of the land and sea. These people became the Haida. The Haida were a matriarchal society – the women made the decisions prior to European discovery.[citation needed] The Haida are a linguistically distinct group, and they have a complex class and rank system consisting of two main clans: Eagles and Ravens.

Links and diversity within the Haida Nation was gained through a cross lineal marriage system between the clans. This system was also important for the transfer of wealth within the Nation, with each clan reliant on the other for the building of longhouses, the carving of totem poles and other items of cultural importance.

Noted seafarers, the Haida occupied more than 100 villages throughout the Islands. The Haida were skilled traders, with established trade links with their neighboring First Nations on the mainland to California.

Colonial era[edit]
See also: Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands and Queen Charlottes Gold Rush

The archipelago was visited by Europeans in 1774 by Juan Pérez, at Langara Island, and in 1778 by James Cook. In 1794, the Haida captured and sank a pair of European vessels, Ino and Resolution, that were seeking to trade for sea otter pelts. Most of the ships' crew were killed. In 1851, the Haida captured the Georgiana, a ship carrying gold prospectors, and held its crew for ransom for nearly two months.

The islands played an important role during the maritime fur trade era of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. During most of that era the trade in the islands was dominated by Americans. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 put an end to American claims to the islands. Following the discovery of gold in the 1850s the British made efforts to exclude whatever American territorial claims might remain.

The Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands was a British colony constituting the archipelago of the same name from 1853 to July 1863, when it was amalgamated into the Colony of British Columbia.

The Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands was created by the Colonial Office in response to the increase in American marine trading activity resulting from the gold rush on Moresby Island in 1851.

No separate administration or capital for the colony was ever established, as its only officer or appointee was James Douglas, who was simultaneously Governor of Vancouver Island. In essence, the colony was merged with the Vancouver Island colony for administrative purposes from the 1850s to 1866 when the Colony of Vancouver Island was merged with the mainland, which until that point was the separate Colony of British Columbia.

Naming[edit]
The northern Pacific Northwest Coast, showing the position of the archipelago in relation to other islands in the region. The southern half of Prince of Wales Island is Kaigani Haida territory, but is not included in the term Haida Gwaii. In 1787 Captain George Dixon surveyed the islands. He named the islands the Queen Charlotte Islands after his ship, the Queen Charlotte, which was named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of King George III of the United Kingdom.

The name Haida Gwaii is a modern coinage and was created in the early 1980s as an alternative to the colonial-era name "Queen Charlotte Islands", to recognize the history of the Haida people. "Haida Gwaii" means "islands of the people", while Haida on its own means not only "us" but also "people".

On December 11, 2009, the BC government announced that legislation would be introduced in mid-2010 to officially rename the Queen Charlotte Islands as Haida Gwaii. The legislation received royal assent on June 3, 2010, formalizing the name change. This name change is officially recognized by all levels of Canadian governments, and also by the United States' National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency name database.

Still in use is the older name Xaadala Gwayee or, in alternative orthography, Xhaaidlagha Gwaayaai, meaning "islands at the boundary of the world". Xhaaydla ("worlds") refers here to the sea and sky.

Environment[edit]
Hemlock forest in Gwaii Hanaas National Park Research by Simon Fraser University concludes that Haida Gwaii around 55,000 BCE was likely covered with tundra and low meadows that were populated by grazing mammals including caribou and mammoths. Although no mammoth or mastodon fossils were found, the research discovered dung-eating fungi underground in ancient peat by the Cape Ball site in Naikoon Provincial Park on Graham Island. The tundra-like landscape then evolved to a mix of alpine forest and meadows.

The last Pleistocene glaciation receded from the archipelago about 16,000 BCE, about 2,000 years earlier than the rest of the British Columbia Coast's ice age[citation needed]. That, and its subsequent isolation from the mainland, encouraged Haida indigenous and environmental activists in the 1970s to use the term "Galápagos of the North", a unique biocultural zone with many endemic plants and animals. The climate of this temperate north hemisphere forested region, like that of much of the British Columbia and Alaskan coast in the area, is moderated by the North Pacific Current, with heavy rainfall and relatively mild temperatures throughout the year.

The islands are home to the Ta'an Forest, with a wide variety of large endemic trees, including the Sitka spruce, western red cedar, yellow cedar (Nootka cypress), shore pine, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, and red alder. The Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands describes plants from the islands.

Soils are variable. Peat is common in poorly drained flats and even on sloping ground in the wetter areas. Where drainage is good, the mature soils are podzols which have classic development (well defined eluvial horizon, Ae under Canadian classification) in undisturbed areas. A history of disturbance, as from logging or windthrow, sees the Ae mixed with other horizons and only patchily visible. Kiidk'yaas (Golden Spruce), a naturally occurring genetic-variant yellow-colour Sitka spruce tree, was near the Yakoun River, the largest on Graham Island. It was a popular tourist attraction until it was illegally cut down in 1997 as a protest against the industrial logging practices.

From the spring of 1996 until November 30, 1997 a popular attraction for tourists to the islands was the male albino 'White Raven'. He lived around Port Clements and would commonly be seen taking food handouts from locals and visitors alike. He died after making contact with an electrical transformer. The White Raven was preserved by former Port Clements residents, taxidermists Roger Britten Sr. and Jr., and is on display in the Port Clements Historical Society's museum.

Climate[edit]
The climate is oceanic (Cfb), except near the summit of Mount Moresby where the climate is subpolar oceanic (Cfc). It is very similar to the climate of the west coast of Scotland in terms of average temperatures and precipitation, but the latitude is lower than the west coast of Scotland, it is 52° 39', the same as southern Ireland.

In the relatively shielded areas around Tlell and Sandspit annual rainfall averages from 1,200 millimetres (47 in) to 1,400 millimetres (55 in).

Snowfall is generally moderate, averaging from 10 centimetres (4 in) to 70 centimetres (28 in), though at northerly Langara Island it averages around 100 centimetres (40 in).

Precipitation is typically extremely frequent, occurring on around two-thirds of all days even in relatively shielded areas, and direct sunlight is scarce, averaging around 3 to 4 hours per day.

2012 controversy around depositing iron in the ocean[edit]
In July 2012, entrepreneur Russ George dispersed 100 short tons (91 t) of iron sulphate dust into the Pacific Ocean several hundred miles west of the islands of Haida Gwaii. The Old Massett Village Council was persuaded to finance this geoengineering project as a salmon enhancement project with $1 million in village funds. The concept was that the formerly iron-deficient waters would produce more phytoplankton that would in turn produce more salmon. George hoped to finance the project by using the carbon sequestration effects of the new plankton as marketable carbon offsets. The project has been plagued by charges of unscientific procedures and recklessness. George contended that 100 tons of iron is negligible compared to what naturally enters the ocean.

Lawyers, environmentalists, and civil society groups are calling the dumping a "blatant violation" of two international moratoriums. George said that the Old Massett Village Council and its lawyers approved the effort and at least seven Canadian agencies were aware of it. In May 2013, the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation removed George as a director of the company and ended his employment. The 2013 salmon runs defied all expectations, more than quadrupling, from 50 million to 226 million fish. However, many environmental groups objected to the process.

Earthquake hazards[edit]
See also: 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake and 1949 Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake

The islands are located along the Queen Charlotte Fault, an active transform fault that produces significant earthquakes every 3–30 years. This is the result of the converging of the Pacific and North American Plates along the archipelago's west coast. Major earthquakes have occurred in the Haida Gwaii in 1949 and 2012. Though the region is prone to fair geological activity, there is little infrastructure set up to gather accurate information to warn locals of possible threats. Many residents, notably from First Nations communities, have been critical of the fact that they must rely on information coming from neighboring American states such as Washington or Alaska and from the USGS (United States Geological Survey). Regardless of the inconsistencies, Environment Canada does regularly do field tests across the Pacific coast of British Columbia relating to this matter.

The Cascadia subduction zone does pose some additional earthquake risks, but most importantly the subduction zone poses direct tsunami risks to the coastal settlements on the western side of the islands.

Culture[edit]
Totem pole in Liverpool Museum

Visual arts[edit]
Main article: Northwest Coast art

The artwork known as Spirit of Haida Gwaii, by Bill Reid, is featured on the reverse of Canadian $20 bills produced between 2004 and 2011. It depicts a Haida chief in a canoe, accompanied by the mythic messengers Raven, Frog and Eagle (the first casting of this sculpture, Spirit of Haida Gwaii: The Black Canoe, is on display in the atrium of the Canadian Embassy in Washington DC, the other, Spirit of Haida Gwaii: the Jade Canoe, is on display in Vancouver Airport). Haida art is also frequently seen on large monumental-sized cedar totem poles and dugout canoes, hand-crafted gold and silver jewellery, and even as cartoons in the form of Haida manga.

Haida language[edit]
Main article: Haida language

The Haida language was proposed for classification as part of the Nadene family of languages on the basis of a few similarities with Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit. Many linguists, however, consider the evidence insufficient and continue to regard Haida as a language isolate. All 50 remaining speakers of Haida are over 70 years old. Telus and Gwaii Trust recently completed a project to bring broadband internet to the island via a 150 km (93 mi) microwave relay. This enables interactive research to be carried out on the more than 80 CDs of language, story and spoken history of the people.

In popular culture[edit]

 * Haida Gwaii has been featured in The Nature of Things documentaries since the 1970s due to its unique forest and ecosystem. Many wildlife and adventure tourism TV series (in the US and Canada) have also featured the islands since the 1990s, reflecting the islands as a globe trekking location.
 * Haida Gwaii and its people are the subject of the documentary Haida Gwaii: On the Edge of the World.
 * They are a location in the novel Generation A by Douglas Coupland.
 * Haida Gwaii generally and Ninstints particularly are key locations in Louise Penny's novel The Brutal Telling.
 * Poet Robert Bringhurst published a series of translations of stories as told by the mythtellers Ghandl and Skaay.
 * Portions of the book The Silver Totem of Shame, by Canadian author R.J. Harlick, are set in Haida Gwaii.
 * Sailing in Haida Gwaii is featured in Robin Esrock's bestselling book The Great Canadian Bucket List.
 * Mount Eerie's 2017 album A Crow Looked at Me references singer Phil Elverum's trip to Haida Gwaii on the song "Ravens".
 * Masters of the Northwest, a two-hour documentary mainly featuring Haida Gwaii was broadcast by the Ontario educational TV network in September, 2017

See also[edit]

 * Council of the Haida Nation
 * Dené–Yeniseian languages
 * Guujaaw
 * Haida Gwaii: On the Edge of the World
 * Haida language
 * Haida people
 * Indigenous peoples of Siberia
 * Lohafex
 * Moresby Camp
 * Na-Dene languages
 * Paleosiberian languages

References[edit]

 * 1) Jump up ^
 * 2) Jump up ^
 * 3) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e
 * 4) ^ Jump up to: a b c
 * 5) Jump up ^ History of the Haida Nation, Council of the Haida Nation, retrieved 2014-08-16: "Today, Haida people make up half of the 5000 people living on the islands. "
 * 6) Jump up ^
 * 7) Jump up ^
 * 8) Jump up ^
 * 9) Jump up ^
 * 10) Jump up ^ Haida Gwaii Higher Education Society webpage. Retrieved 2014-02-02
 * 11) Jump up ^
 * 12) Jump up ^
 * 13) Jump up ^ Missing or empty   (help)
 * 14) Jump up ^
 * 15) ^ Jump up to: a b
 * 16) Jump up ^
 * 17) Jump up ^
 * 18) Jump up ^
 * 19) Jump up ^
 * 20) Jump up ^
 * 21) ^ Jump up to: a b
 * 22) Jump up ^
 * 23) Jump up ^
 * 24) Jump up ^
 * 25) Jump up ^
 * 26) Jump up ^
 * 27) Jump up ^
 * 28) Jump up ^
 * 29) Jump up ^ Haida Gwaii at GEOnet Names Server
 * 30) ^ Jump up to: a b
 * 31) Jump up ^
 * 32) Jump up ^ Banner, A., W.H. MacKenzie, J. Pojar, A. MacKinnon, S.C. Saunders, and H. Klassen. 2014. A field guide to ecosystem classification and identification for Haida Gwaii. Prov. B.C., Victoria, B.C. Land Manag. Handb. 68. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Lmh/Lmh68.htm
 * 33) Jump up ^
 * 34) Jump up ^ Port Clements Historical Society "White Raven" display case information
 * 35) Jump up ^
 * 36) Jump up ^ Environment Canada—Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000, accessed 4 December 2011
 * 37) ^ Jump up to: a b
 * 38) ^ Jump up to: a b
 * 39) Jump up ^
 * 40) Jump up ^
 * 41) Jump up ^
 * 42) Jump up ^
 * 43) Jump up ^
 * 44) Jump up ^
 * 45) Jump up ^
 * 46) Jump up ^ http://www.canadianbucketlist.com.ca/haida
 * 47) Jump up ^ http://tvo.org/programs/masters-of-the-pacific-coast-tribes-of-the-northwest

External links[edit]
Categories:
 * Village of Queen Charlotte
 * Sandspit Community Website (Moresby Island Management Committee)
 * Village of Masset
 * Village of Port Clements
 * Council of the Haida Nation
 * Haida Heritage Centre at Kaay Llnagaay
 * The Haida Gwaii Observer – Local Newspaper
 * Haida Gwaii
 * Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean
 * Skeena-Queen Charlotte Regional District
 * Archipelagoes of British Columbia
 * North Coast of British Columbia

Navigation menu

 * Jmvansch
 * Alerts (0)
 * Notices (3)
 * Talk
 * Sandbox
 * Preferences
 * Beta
 * Watchlist
 * Contributions
 * Log out

 * Article
 * Talk

 * Read
 * Edit
 * View history

More

 * Main page
 * Contents
 * Featured content
 * Current events
 * Random article
 * Donate to Wikipedia
 * Wikipedia store

Interaction

 * Help
 * About Wikipedia
 * Community portal
 * Recent changes
 * Contact page

Tools

 * What links here
 * Related changes
 * Upload file
 * Special pages
 * Permanent link
 * Page information
 * Wikidata item
 * Cite this page

Print/export

 * Create a book
 * Download as PDF
 * Printable version

In other projects

 * Wikimedia Commons
 * Wikivoyage

Languages
Edit links
 * Afrikaans
 * Беларуская
 * Bosanski
 * Brezhoneg
 * Català
 * Cebuano
 * Čeština
 * Dansk
 * Deutsch
 * Español
 * Esperanto
 * Euskara
 * Français
 * Frysk
 * Galego
 * 한국어
 * Hrvatski
 * Bahasa Indonesia
 * Íslenska
 * Italiano
 * Basa Jawa
 * Latviešu
 * Lietuvių
 * Nederlands
 * 日本語
 * Norsk nynorsk
 * Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
 * Polski
 * Português
 * Русский
 * Српски / srpski
 * Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
 * Suomi
 * Svenska
 * ไทย
 * Українська
 * 中文
 * This page was last edited on 18 September 2017, at 18:32.
 * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

title: User:Jmvansch/sandbox


text:
JLPT Guide/JLPT N5 Kanji

JLPT Level N5
The following is a list of 81 kanji, which is most of the kanji necessary to pass the N5 level of the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT), prior to the updating of the list several years ago.

There are now 103 kanji in the level N5 exam (24 more than the kanji listed below). Kanji used in the N5 test are used in more difficult levels, too.

As of 2010, the JLPT no longer publishes an official vocabulary list. Unofficial lists for all JLPT levels are however published on.

title: JLPT Guide/JLPT N5 Kanji


text:
Basic economics

School of Economics > EC1000

Throughout history, humankind has traded. At first, we bartered, but in time we created a more universal tool to make trading easier: money.

The Rise of Currency
Currency is defined by Webster as a medium of exchange. Almost anything can be used as currency provided that people are willing to accept it in exchange for goods.

There are a few simple reasons why money, currency, would be used to trade with. First of all, its value is agreed upon and can be used to measure the price of other items. That is difficult to do with livestock or other things. The second reason is that it survives and looking at the example of livestock trading, doesn't die, which means that it can be saved. Finally, a medium of exchange can be carried around easily.

The Advantages of Currency
To explain the advantages of currency, we'll take an example of trading with cows and trading with coins. The following is a short story illustrating the differences.

One day, a man in the market offered to trade his two pigs for one cow. Because I had a cow and needed two pigs, I approached the market-man to make a trade. The man looked at my cow and rejected it. He told me it was too old. I told him I would bring my other cow tomorrow. I trekked home.

The next day, I went back with my younger fuller cow, but unfortunately, when I arrived, the cow had dehydrated. I was now without a cow, and the market-man wouldn't give me anything. I went back home.

The next-next day, I went to a different market with 20 coins and my old cow. Someone offered to trade two pigs for 15 coins. I gladly accepted and he took a look at my coins to ensure their authenticity and accepted them. I had 5 coins left and I decided to save those. I sold my old cow for 8 coins even though I think I should have gotten at least 12 coins. I hurried home with my two pigs and 13 coins.

...In the above example, we can see how easy it is to use currency to facilitate trade.

The (Often Hidden) Disadvantages of Currency
When man relied solely upon the barter system mentioned above, any and all trade had to be considered "fair" to both parties. However, with the introduction of a government-controlled monetary system, the above transactions would be fair to neither.

For example:

The seller above had 20 coins from previous business and 8 coins for his cow for a total of 28 coins he had obtained. Having spent 15 coins on pig he went home with two pigs and 13 coins. In a fully regulated system, money acts as the mechanism for tax collection. The seller, who earns in a 50% or so tax bracket owes 14 coins to the government. Alas, the poor soul arrives home already indebted to his government.

The person who received the money, of course, needs to treat it as income and give half of it (7 1/2 coins) to the government for his taxes. Thus in a series of 5 or fewer transactions, all money (thus work) is successfully transferred to the government.

Definition of Currency
(1) an agreement within a community to use something as a medium of exchange. Some examples: dollar bills, gold coins, frequent flyer miles, Japan's "fureai kippu" (caring relationship tickets), pogs, Ithaca hours, Bali's "narayan banjar" (meaning work for the common good of the community);

(2) a unit of exchange or some thing, which in itself may have no fundamental utility to us, but which we believe can be exchanged in the market for something that does. (i.e., what we use to buy things from someone else as opposed to bartering or taking by force);

(3) a unit of account (i.e., the measuring stick of value);

(4) a store of value (i.e., as a way of holding wealth);

(5) a standard of deferred payment for current goods.

(6) a unit as above that then carries information between the buyer and the seller. That information then "signals" the invisible hand of the marketplace to produce more goods and services of one type at the expense of another type. If I am a farmer who invests 2 gold coins to grow corn that I sell for 20 gold coins, then I am encouraged. If I invest 2 to sell for 1, I am discouraged. If my neighbours and others in the marketplace see me profiting in corn, then they will do the same (i.e., the marketplace delivers more corn). When they sell their corn and compete with mine, the price goes down (i.e., the marketplace devalues our contribution). When I have a choice to grow corn or wheat, I am "greedy" and try to maximize my returns. Thus, the marketplace encourages me to grow wheat with high prices and discourages me from growing corn with low prices. Thus, it sacrifices corn production for the wheat production. The marketplace allows the consumer to control the means of production to deliver the optimum amount of corn. If the value of money is stable over time, the cost of commodities declines over time for a variety of reasons (e.g., I get really good at growing corn; I invent more ways to produce more corn at a lower cost).

Types of Economies
There are generally three types of economies; free-market, mixed, and planned. Mixed markets are so-called free-markets, capitalism, etc. However, few deny that it is impossible to eliminate government interaction with the economy even in mixed markets. Planned economies are communist (Marxist, Stalinist, etc.), fascist, cooperative, etc. — economies where the government plans, or commands, the direction of the economy.

Free-market Economies
Free-market economies are where there is private ownership of the factors of production and owners have the right of exchange. The advantages of the free-market economy are that competition helps eliminate the worst products and services, allowing only the best to thrive. This is very similar to the survival of the fittest concept in the theory of evolution/natural selection in biology. Open markets allow imports from other countries to compete directly with the native country's businesses. External competition also promotes survival of the fittest.

Mixed Economies
Mixed economies are where a market exists but is restricted by the government. In general, the market is restricted to enact social engineering and/or redistribution of wealth. As previously noted, it is very difficult to remove the government from the equation once they are in place.

Planned or Command Economies
These types of economies are the mainstay of totalitarian governments such as those of Cuba and Cold War Russia. Though China was a command economy, the government there has slowly relaxed this and has allowed the growth of private business. The main feature of command economies is nationalization of businesses.

Summary
Political viewpoints are usually aligned with certain economic types. The left-wing or liberal viewpoint generally supports government intervention in the economy to make things fair, and at times also supports the nationalization of certain industries. The right-wing or conservative viewpoint, on the other hand, generally supports privatization, the opening of markets, less government intervention, etc. The libertarian viewpoint advocates a market completely free of governmental restriction, while the socialist would argue for total governmental control of business.

It is important to note that while each ideology has a particular economic view, many eventually turn to mixed economies. Socialist countries, for example, are mixed, as are capitalist/conservative countries. Even communist countries are mixed economies; a good example is that of China, noted previously. Thus, the views of advocates of the extremes (completely planned or completely free) must be taken with a grain of salt.

Models of Economics
The Supply and Demand model is widely known.

Supply and Demand
Wikipedia Article on Supply and Demand

General Equilibrium
Wikipedia Article on General Equilibrium

title: Basic economics


text:
Intelligence Intensification/General Tips For Practicing

Information Ecology Practices

 * Principle 4: understanding is enhanced by intelligent practice

The transition to a knowledge-based digital environment has been vital to the transformation of the nature of information ecosystems and a global dynamic of the intensification of intelligence. The emerging holistic life science of Information ecology incorporates principles, disciplines and protocols that facilitate the emergence of a common collective intelligence:

 * Be mindful that information has:

 * Zero mass

 * Zero physical size

 * Virtually zero travel time

 * Be mindful that these zero-based properties - combined with advances in technology - open up a new, infinite, digital universe

 * Discover how information properties make possible - as never before - a new digital commons and

 * Enable common access to properties of the whole

 * Be mindful of the power of zero

 * addition & subtraction - it does nothing

 * multiplication - reducing any number to zero

 * division - raising any number to an immeasurable, infinite number

 * exponential power - bringing all numbers to one

 * Be mindful of zero's synonyms: nothing, none, null, empty, void, the unknown

 * Be mindful that information obeys the following principles:

 * value is enhanced by intelligent organization

 * management is enhanced by intelligent protocols

 * flow is enhanced by intelligent networks

 * understanding is enhanced by intelligent practice

 * Observe the intelligence and value of each information ecosystems with which you interact

 * Pay attention to the boundaries of information ecosystems

 * Pay attention to the interactions between information ecosystems

 * Discern and observe the architecture of information ecosystems

 * Be mindful of endangered information species and patterns of dominance

 * Observe your organization's information habitats and their dynamics. Are they in design and use?

 * Engage in an ongoing collective process of observing, enhancing and fine tunic the internal flow of information

 * Observe your personal information habitats. Are they for you?

 * Integrate, enhance and fine tune your personal information habitats

 * Seek virtually effortless interaction with your information habitats

 * Focus on hand and eye movement alone

 * Save keystrokes whenever possible

 * Align in style with cascading styles

 * Observe the Tao of information

 * Choose Wikibooks as your default platform for writing

Doing One Thing At a Time
In karate, practicing the basic strike demands that

 * 1) The opponent should be vividly imagined
 * 2) The look should be steady and directed to the chest of the imagined opponent
 * 3) The elbow of the arm not striking should strike backwards with equal force
 * 4) The hip should rotate in order to enhance the strike
 * 5) The exhale should take place in the moment of impact
 * 6) The wrist must be straight during the strike
 * 7) The arm should not be streched out entirely (in order not to wear out the elbow joint)
 * 8) The fist should rotate just before the moment of impact

Having all this in mind when practicing is very difficult. A better idea is to concentrate on one thing at a time. Iterate over the list of things to practice. Let the other things happen by themselves or go wrong, as the case may be. This method of practicing is of course applicable in all kinds of training.

Choosing to Focus on the Practice
Another useful technique to use when practicing, also inspired by martial arts, is to enter a meditation position before and after the training.

Before the training, enter the position and

 * 1) Consciously remind yourself that you choose to do this training
 * 2) Affirm that you will be concentrated and use the time effectively
 * 3) Visualize yourself doing what you are going to do, feel that you are relaxed and that it is fun to practice

After the training, enter the position and

 * 1) Visualize what you practiced and visualize yourself doing everything perfectly
 * 2) Thank yourself for being concentrated and feel the joy of development


text:
Chazal

Chazal or Ḥazal (חז״ל) are the Jewish sages of the Mishnaic, Toseftic and Talmudic eras, spanning from the final 300 years of the Second Temple period until the 7th century, or c. 250BCE. Their authority was mostly in the field of Halakha (Jewish law) and less regarding Jewish theology.

Rabbinical eras; eras of the Halakha
Chazal are generally divided according to their era and the main writing done in that era:
 * Soferim ("scribes"): Sages from before the era of Ezra the scribe until the Zugot era, including the men of the Great Assembly. This era stretches from the Matan Torah ("giving of the Law"; Moses receiving the Torah on Biblical Mount Sinai), to the Halakha ("traditions") era, including the times of Simeon the Just.
 * Zugot ("pairs"): Five pairs (zugot) of sages from consecutive generations, who lived during a period of around 100 years towards the end of the Second Temple era. (142BCE – c. 40BCE)
 * Tannaim ("teachers"): The sages of the Mishnah, who lived in the Land of Israel until 220CE. In addition to the Mishnah, their writings were preserved in the Midrash. Key figures among the Tannaim include Yohanan ben Zakkai, Rabbi Akiva, and Judah haNasi.
 * Amoraim ("expounders"): The sages of the Talmud who were active during the end of the era of the sealing of the Mishnah, and until the times of the sealing of the Talmud (220CE – 500CE). The Amoraim sages were active in two areas, the Land of Israel, and Babylon. In addition to the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud, their writings were preserved in midrashs such as Midrash Rabba.
 * Savoraim ("reasoners"): The sages of Beth midrash (Torah study places) in Babylon from the end of the era of the Amoraim (5th century) and until the beginning of the era of the Geonim (from the end of the 6th century or the midst of the 7th century).

Chazal's authority
Until the end of the Savoraim era, Chazal had the authority to comment on the Torah according to the Talmudical hermeneutics standards required by the Law given to Moses at Sinai, sometimes even expounding a word or phrase outside its plain and ordinary sense. Nowadays in Orthodoxy, this authority is not delegated to the current generation's sages, and thus the Torah can not be commentated on, in matters concerning the halakha ("Jewish Law"), if it contradicts Chazal's commentary.

Until the middle of the Tannaim era, when there was a Sanhedrin (a High Court of Jewish law), Chazal had also the authority to decree restrictions and to enact new religious regulations, in any matter they saw fit, concerning issues that were not included in the written Torah, or were not delivered at Mount Sinai. These rabbinical mitzvot ("commandments") include the holidays of Purim and Hanukkah, the laws of muktzeh ("set-aside items") on Shabbat, the ritual washing of one's hands (netilat yadayim) before eating bread, the construction of eruvim (liminal gateways), and the institution of the current schedule of daily prayer services – shacharit (morning prayer), mincha (afternoon prayer), and ma'ariv (evening prayer).

title: Chazal


text:
John Handcock

John Handcock may refer to:

 * John Gustavus Handcock (1720–1766), Irish MP for Ballyshannon
 * John Handcock (Philipstown MP) (1755–1786), Irish politician and soldier

title: John Handcock


text:
Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists

The Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP) is a non-profit organization comprising pharmacists and other allied health professionals specializing in infectious diseases and antimicrobial stewardship. According to the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties, clinical pharmacists specializing in infectious diseases are trained in microbiology and pharmacology to develop, implement, and monitor drug regimens. These regimens incorporate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials for patients.

Headquartered in Geneva, Illinois, the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP) was founded in 1990 and has over 2,000 members engaged in patient care, research, teaching, the pharmaceutical industry, and government. The organization's mission is to advance infectious diseases pharmacy through collaboration, research, and education, and to lead antimicrobial stewardship to optimize patient care in various practice settings. To achieve its mission, SIDP collaborates with several healthcare organizations, including the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP), Making a Difference in Infectious Diseases (MAD-ID), and International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP).

Advocacy for Antimicrobial Stewardship
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have identified antimicrobial resistance as a significant public health threat. SIDP prioritizes promoting the appropriate use of antimicrobials and reducing resistance. In 2003, SIDP warned of a potential exponential increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In 2009, SIDP supported a study that identified antibiotics with a lower likelihood of contributing to antibiotic resistance. The SIDP Policy and Government Affairs (PGA) Committee focuses on legislative and regulatory issues related to infectious disease therapeutics, antimicrobial use, and resistance. The SIDP Public Outreach Committee develops partnerships, activities, and programs to educate the public on the safe and effective use of antimicrobials and the role of pharmacists in antimicrobial stewardship. The SIDP Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) Committee is dedicated to creating a welcoming society and improving minority representation within its membership, leadership, and the profession. SIDP advocates to government and private entities on key issues and collaborates with strategic partners to educate the public and promote positive change.

Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (PACCARB)
In January 2019, the Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (PACCARB) convened to respond to a directive from the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, Alex Azar, to gather public input on strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance. Former SIDP president Kerry LaPlante presented public comments emphasizing the need to prioritize the acceleration of research and development of new antimicrobials through innovative funding mechanisms, safeguard the supply of existing drugs, and develop strategies to mitigate shortages of anti-infective medications. LaPlante said, "Together, we scramble to concoct mixtures of antibiotics, using in vitro data, hoping to override resistance and hoping for synergy to save our dying patients. Many of these patients have already endured and overcome months of chemotherapy, only to find themselves kicked down and fighting for their lives – again." In September 2020, In September 2020, Elizabeth Dodds-Ashley, a former SIDP president, was appointed as a designated representative to the Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (PACCARB).

U.S. Government Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Challenge
The U.S. Government Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Challenge, initiated in 2018, is a global effort that calls upon pharmaceutical and health insurance companies, food animal producers and purchasers, medical professionals, government health officials, and industry leaders worldwide to collaborate in combating antibiotic resistance. The AMR Challenge is a way for organizations to make formal commitments to further the progress against antimicrobial resistance.

SIDP has submitted a commitment to the AMR Challenge to promote appropriate antimicrobial use. As part of this commitment, in 2019, SIDP collaborated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists to develop educational materials on how pharmacists can improve antimicrobial use. Healthcare providers can submit a formal commitment to adopt these practices.

According to Secretary Azar, nearly 350 national and international organizations have committed to the AMR Challenge, including Infectious Diseases Society of America, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Cancer Society, Pew Charitable Trusts, and the U.S. Department of Defense

Pioneering Antimicrobial Subscriptions To End Upsurging Resistance Act of 2023 (PASTEUR Act of 2023)
Globally, an estimated 4.95 million deaths were associated with bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in 2019, with 1.27 million deaths attributed directly to bacterial AMR. The purpose of the PASTEUR Act of 2023 is to establish a program aimed at developing antimicrobials targeting difficult-to-treat bacterial and fungal pathogens, as well as addressing the most threatening infections, among other objectives. SIDP is among the 237 organizations that advocated for the advancement of the PASTEUR Act in 2023.

Legislative Support
On June 4, 2019, United States Senators Johnny Isakson (R-GA) and Bob Casey (D-PA) introduced the Developing an Innovative Strategy for Antimicrobial Resistant Microorganisms (DISARM) Act S. 1712. The DISARM Act aims to advance antibiotic research and development, as well as preserve existing antibiotics. It proposes improvements to Medicare reimbursement for antibiotics and promotes their appropriate use. SIDP joined other medical organizations such as Infectious Diseases Society of America, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and American Society for Microbiology in signing a letter of support for the DISARM Act.

Similarly, SIDP and other infectious diseases organizations have endorsed the Strategies to Address Antimicrobial Resistance Act (STAAR), which seeks to enhance the current federal infrastructure for surveillance, data collection, and research endeavors related to antimicrobial resistance.

Since November 2022, SIDP has participated in endorsing seven letters addressing various legislative, antibiotic resistance, and funding-related issues. Details regarding the sponsoring organizations and the focus areas of these letters are summarized in the table below:

Publications and Activities
Other activities in which SIDP engages include providing clinical guidance, issuing position statements, and offering educational resources. SIDP has endorsed guidance documents concerning the essential skills required for antimicrobial stewardship leaders, the pivotal role of pharmacists in antimicrobial stewardship, management of COVID-19, and the optimal utilization of polymyxins. In addition, SIDP has released position statements advocating for the prudent use of antimicrobials across diverse settings, including agricultural applications and ambulatory care settings. For all publications, visit: https://sidp.org/SIDP-Publications

At the end of 2019, it was announced that SIDP would join as a partner in IDWeek. IDWeek is the collaborative annual conference of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), the HIV Medicine Association (HIVMA), the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS), and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP). As a partner society, SIDP appoints a representative to the official planning committee for a 3-year term. SIDP's objective as a partner organization of IDWeek is to facilitate the gathering of experts in both research and practice to present and network at the annual conference. Additionally, the annual SIDP business meeting and reception are currently held in conjunction with IDWeek.

Educational Programming
SIDP offers educational activities focusing on infectious diseases pharmacotherapy and antimicrobial stewardship through a variety of formats, including live and enduring webinar programming, home study materials, and live sessions at the annual SIDP business meeting, which is held concurrently with IDWeek. Examples of educational programming offered by SIDP include on-demand modules, live webinars, symposia, podcasts, journal clubs, and an antimicrobial stewardship certificate program. While the primary audience is pharmacists, many educational activities are accredited for other healthcare disciplines as well. Furthermore, SIDP provides funding for education grants to support initiatives aimed at public education or the development of innovative training methods for healthcare professionals. SIDP is an Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)-accredited Continuing Education (CE) provider and is approved by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties (BPS) for recertification credits for the Board Certified Infectious Diseases Pharmacist (BCIDP) credential. The majority of activities are offered at no cost or are available at a discounted rate for SIDP members.

Public Outreach
As part of SIDP's dedication to educating the public and healthcare professionals about the role of infectious diseases pharmacists and the appropriate use of antimicrobials, an Antimicrobial Stewardship Advocacy Toolkit was created. This toolkit serves as a resource to assist healthcare providers in enhancing antimicrobial usage within their respective healthcare systems. The toolkit is accessible on the SIDP website as a complimentary resource. It comprises various components, including methods to showcase commitment, posters detailing key action items for pharmacists, guidance on implementing and promoting proper antibiotic disposal, suggestions for enhancing public awareness of antimicrobial stewardship initiatives, and educational materials centered on antimicrobial stewardship and the CDC’s One Health Initiative. Additional educational resources developed for the public include an antimicrobial stewardship curriculum tailored for high school students, materials related to the annual U.S. and World Antibiotic Awareness Week, and informational handouts addressing the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines.

In 2022, the organization initiated the promotion of an Infectious Diseases Pharmacist Advocacy Day through social media platforms on the first Thursday of each month. SIDP also annually observes Infectious Diseases Pharmacists Day on May 22nd to acknowledge the vital contributions made by infectious diseases pharmacists in combating antimicrobial resistance and enhancing patient care. The inaugural Infectious Diseases Pharmacists Day occurred on May 22nd, 2021. Recognizing the significant role played by infectious diseases pharmacists during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the theme for the first year was "Essential COVID-19 Healthcare Workers." The dates and themes for all Infectious Diseases Pharmacists Days are listed below.

Breakpoints- The SIDP Podcast
Launched in July 2019, Breakpoints serves as the official podcast of SIDP. It releases episodes on a monthly basis, featuring conversations with thought leaders in infectious diseases who discuss current topics and clinical controversies. The podcast is available for listeners on various platforms, including Apple Podcasts, Stitcher, Spotify, Overcast, and other popular podcast hosting websites.


text:
Template talk:POTD/2012-08-14

Uncaptioned?
Surely

"For here am I, sitting a tin can, far above the world. Planet Earth is blue, and there's nothing I can do." —David Bowie

Has to be considered as a candidate, no? --Brian McNeil /talk 20:41, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Template talk:POTD/2012-08-14


text:
base-pair breathing

Noun

 * 1)  The transient, lateral opening of a base pair in a nucleic acid molecule as a result of thermal motion or the presence of a defect

title: base-pair breathing


text:
Abi al Ashar

Abi al Ashar (أبي الأشهر) is a Libyan football club based in Tajura, Tripoli which plays in the Libyan Premier League.

title: Abi al Ashar


text:
Mariah Idrissi

Mariah Idrissi (born 16 August 1992) is a British model, public speaker, and online personality. Idrissi initially gained recognition as the first Muslim hijab-wearing model when she appeared in multinational retailer, H&M's "Close the Loop" campaign in 2015; after which, Idrissi became a leading authority on "modest fashion" appearing on domestic and international news programmes on the subject. In 2016, Idrissi signed to Select modelling agency in 2016 and signed with Insanity Group Management in 2017.

Early life
Lalla Maria Derissy was born in London, England, on 16 August 1992, the daughter of Pakistani and Moroccan parents. Idrissi has two brothers, Moulay Ahmed Derissy and Sidi Yasin Derissy.

Career
Idrissi was first scouted by former actress turned casting director, Coralie Rose at the Westfield London shopping centre, Shepherd's Bush. Rose's talent agency, 'Road Casting Kids' secured Idrissi's first casting, an appearance in H&M's 2015 sustainable fashion campaign, 'Close The Loop'. In the ad campaign, "Idrissi is pictured outside a fish and chip shop in East London wearing a pink coat, aviator sunglasses and a checked hijab" making her the first Muslim hijab-wearing model.

Idrissi appears in both print and video ads for the Swedish fashion brand's campaign. As a result, both Idrissi and H&M made headline news receiving domestic coverage across major British media outlets, and in high fashion magazines Elle, Marie Claire and Teen Vogue. International news broadcasters including CNN, ABC AU, Huffington Post, NBC and Al Jazeera covered the now viral campaign. Katie Rogers of The New York Times wrote: "the story of Mariah Idrissi, a hijab-wearing model, has prompted a discussion about women who are reclaiming the head scarf as a form of stylish self-expression." Aaron Morrison of The International Business Times reported, "There's a considerable amount of buzz in the fashion world about Mariah Idrissi".

Publications began to refer to Idrissi as the face of modest fashion. Entity Magazine titled its piece, "Mariah Idrissi: The New Face of Modest Fashion", while journalist, Salem Ola of Abu Dhabi newspaper, The National said: "Her two-second cameo sent a wave of excitement and uncertainty through the fashion industry. Without even realising it, Idrissi had become the face of modest fashion, as the first hijab-wearing model for H&M, the second-largest global retailer, after Zara."

Writing on Dolce & Gabbana's 'Abaya' collection designed specifically for Muslim women, The Daily Telegraph's, Fashion News & Features Editor, Bibby Sowray credits Idrissi as "one of the first to make waves in the industry", while co-host of NPR's Morning Edition, Renee Montagne refers to the appearance of hijab-wearing model, Idrissi as "groundbreaking".

In May 2016, Idrissi joined the first Istanbul Modest Fashion Week held in Turkey as a "modest influencer." In November 2016, Idrissi featured in contemporary modest fashion retailer, Aab's winter season collection.

Idrissi has also appeared on a Fenty Beauty campaign, the cosmetics line by Rihanna.

Charity and community service
An active humanitarian, Idrissi advocates for Syrian Women, endorsing Human Care Syria's 'Women's Hygiene and Sanitation' project. In 2016, Idrissi spoke at London's TEDxTeen conference held at the IndigoO2 at The O2 Arena. Her talk, 'Changing the Face of Fashion' is available on TEDx's official 'Tedx Innovations' site. As part of an NHS social action campaign to drive young donors to register and give blood, Idrissi joined other leading British black and Asian public figures including multiple gold-winning Olympian Nicola Adams MBE, Chuka Umunna MP, TV presenter and wheelchair basketball player Ade Adepitan MBE and MOBO's founder Kanya King MBE to launch 'Represent'.

Described by The BEAM Awards as "an influential role model and voice for many fashion conscious modest women in the UK as well as internationally," the organisation nominated Idrissi for the 2016 'Cultural Icon of the Year' award and later appointed her an ambassador of the ceremony. Idrissi uses her online social media accounts and speaking engagements communicating reactions to the H&M campaign, her work as an advocate, and how other brands are incorporating Muslim dress in mainstream fashion.

title: Mariah Idrissi


text:
Talk:Prato della Valle

Article: it:Prato della Valle
--Lacatosias 10:44, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Corresponding English-language article : Prato della Valle
 * Worth doing because : Italian article is longer than the English stub we have here.
 * Originally Requested by :physicistjedi 19:35, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Status : Done

Problem with location of photos
It breaks up text. I don't know how to fix it. Mattisse(talk) 16:48, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Factual Error?
"Prato della Valle (Prà deła Vałe in Venetian) is a 90,000 square meter elliptical square in Padova, Italy."

The streets that border the piazza (i.e. square) and the buildings that line those streets do not form an ellipse, so the piazza itself is not elliptical at all. The park that fills the center of the piazza (with its canal, island, and outer ring) is indeed elliptical, but the piazza is actually an irregular quadrilateral or irregular trapezium, as can be seen by looking at aerial photographs or maps.

SirLizard01 (talk) 12:34, 29 October 2023 (UTC)

user:skibididop

title: Talk:Prato della Valle