text:
Cookbook:Calorie

A Calorie or kilocalorie (sometimes kcal, C, Cal or less accurately calorie or cal) is a unit of energy; it is equal to 4185.5 Joules or 3.968 Btu. Calories provide the energy needed for growth and activity.

Decreasing intake
Some people may decrease their caloric intake for health-related reasons or out of a desire for weight loss. Decreasing caloric intake can be done through reducing the overall amount of food one eats, switching to lower-calorie foods, or a combination of both methods.

Increasing intake
Some people may need to increase their caloric intake for short-term energy yield or long-term weight gain.

One can easily increase the calorie content of a dish by adding oil and fat. A tasty way to do this is by frying food; in particular the deep-fat method adds a large amount of fat to food. Oil can also be added to many soups without greatly affecting their taste or texture.

Normally low-calorie foods such as vegetables can be enhanced by adding cheese, salad dressing, and gravy. Fruits can be treated with cream or chocolate. Many snack foods, such as pretzels and crackers, can be dipped in butter or peanut butter.

When increasing caloric intake for a shorter-term jolt of energy (such as for running a race), increased consumption of fats is not recommended. Typically, in the day or two before the needed energy boost, one should consume a larger amount of carbohydrates.

High-calorie recipes

 * Deep Fried Mars Bar
 * French Fries
 * Breaded Fried Oysters
 * Kashkaval Pane
 * Modak
 * Fried Eggs
 * Fried Rice
 * French toast
 * Fried Meatballs
 * Crême anglaise
 * Wiejska

title: Cookbook:Calorie


text:
Talk:Erga

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source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Erga


text:
sălbatic

Etymology
, from.

Adjective

 * 1) wild, feral, untamed

Alternative forms

 * selbatec
 * selbatec

Etymology
, from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1)  feral, wild, untamed
 * 2)  animal, savage (unhindered by social codes)
 * 3)  wild, fierce

title: sălbatic


text:
User:Setiakasih/sandbox

Yasmin Merican is a Malaysian brand consultant, author, and entrepreneur.

Biography
Yasmin Merican started as the National Director of the American Field Service (AFS) International & Intercultural Programs in Malaysia. She later joined the advertising industry with Backer Spielvogel Bates (BSB) Malaysia, later renamed Bates Worldwide, where as Account Director, she supported the brand building efforts of two government-owned institutions Tenaga Nasional and Telekom Malaysia as they privatised in the early 1990s.

In 1997, she was appointed to the local partnership of Ernst & Young (EY), and later seconded to the international partnership of the Ernst & Young Global Client Consulting Group in the Asia-Pacific region, as country leader for the telecommunications and petroleum industries, as well as the customer and knowledge management practices.

In 2000, Yasmin founded Trax Associates to focus on emerging brand solutions, mainly from the structural, knowledge, process and learning perspectives. To explore and resolve the gaps between business and brand practices in emerging markets, Trax Associates developed new brand building approaches and frameworks in collaboration with client companies including a two-year brand pilot at Malaysian oil corporation Petronas.

In 2004, Trax Associates in collaboration with PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) Malaysia and the Malaysian Institute of Management (MIM), launched the Malaysian Brand Practice Report and in 2006, was engaged as co-consultant with KPMG Malaysia to contribute to the development of the chapter on branding for Malaysia‘s Industrial Master Plan III. She also served on the board of the Malaysian Productivity Corporation (2008–2012), the country‘s first National Branding Task Force (2006–2007), and is currently a member of the industry advisory panel at Monash University Malaysia. Since 2014, she is a contributing columnist for The Edge, Malaysia's leading financial and investment news publication.

Yasmin holds an MBA (Distinction) in Strategic Marketing from the University of Hull, United Kingdom.

The Right to Brand
The Right to Brand is a first-hand account on the subject of brand building, competency development and solutions in emerging markets. The book proposes that established best practices in brand management, which have contributed to the competitiveness of the more mature brands, are not as effective within emerging market organizations, where brand orientation and commitment may not be as deep or as strategic. It is one of the first books on the topic of branding written solely from the perspective of an emerging market. German design firm Neue Gestaltung was commissioned to develop the overall design and layout in collaboration with Daniel Neye taking on the role as Editor-in-chief.

The publication was released in June 2013 and has since garnered positive reviews from brand professionals and designers alike, subsequently receiving the Deutscher Designer Club (DDC) Award in late 2014.

Links

 * Trax Associates official website

title: User:Setiakasih/sandbox


text:
Digital Electronics/Lecture number systems and logic states

Overview
This lecture will introduce some basic number system concepts and introduce number systems useful in electrical and computer engineering.

The decimal number system
In childhood, people are often taught the fundamentals of counting by using their fingers. Counting from one to ten is one of many milestones a child achieves on their way to becoming educated members of society. We will review these basic facts on our way to gaining an understanding of alternate number systems.

The child is taught that the fingers and thumbs can be used to count from one to ten. Extending one finger represents a count of one; two fingers represents a count of two, and so on up to a maximum count of ten. No fingers (or thumbs) refers to a count of zero.

The child is later taught that there are certain symbols called digits that can be used to represent these counts. These digits are, of course:

$$0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\,\!$$

Ten, of course, is a special case, since it is comprised of two digits.

Before we go deeper, we need a few fundamental definitions.

Digit
A digit is a symbol given to an element of a number system.

Radix Notation
The radix, or base of a counting system is defined as the number of unique digits in a given number system.

Back to our elementary example. We know that our hypothetical child can count from zero to ten using their fingers and thumbs. There are ten unique digits in this counting system, therefore the radix of our elementary counting system is ten.

We represent the radix of our counting system by putting the radix in subscript to the right of the digits. For example,

$$3_{10}\,\!$$

represents 3 in decimal (base 10).

Our special case (ten) illustrates a fundamental rule of our number system that was not readily apparent - what happens when the count exceeds the highest digit? Obviously, a new digit is added, to the left of our original digit which is "worth more", or has a higher weight than our original digit. (In reality, there *always* are digits to the left; we simply choose not to write those digits to the left of the first nonzero.)

$$10_{10} = 010_{10} = 0010_{10} =<PHONE_NUMBER>000000000000000000000000000010_{10}\,\!$$

When our count exceeds the highest digit available, the next digit to the left is incremented and the original digit is reset to zero. For example:

$$9_{10} + 1_{10} = 10_{10}\,\!$$

Because we are dealing with a base-10 system, each digit to the left of another digit is weighted ten times higher. Using exponential notation, we can imagine the number 10 as representing:

$$10_{10} = 1 \times 10^1 + 0 \times 10^0 \,\!$$

$$314_{10} = 3 \times 10^2 + 1 \times 10^1 + 4 \times 10^0 \,\!$$

The fundamentals of decimal arithmetic will not be expanded on in this lecture.

The binary number system
It is widely believed that the decimal system that we find so natural to use is a direct consequence of a human being's ten fingers and thumbs being used for counting purposes. One could easily imagine that a race of intelligent, six-fingered beings could quite possibly have developed a base-six counting system. From this perspective, consider the hypothesis: the most intuitive number system for an entity is that for which some natural means of counting exists.

Since our focus is electronic and computer systems, we must narrow our focus from the human hand to the switch, arguably the most fundamental structure that can be used to represent a count.

The switch can represent one of two states; either open, or closed. If we return to our original definition of a digit, how many digits are required to represent the possible states of our switch? Clearly, the answer is 2. We use the binary digits zero and one to represent the open and closed states of the switch.

Counting in Binary
Counting in binary like base 10 can be accomplished with your fingers with some differences. In decimal base 10 each finger represents a number in the first digit 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ,10. When counting in binary each finger represents a separate digit so counting is more like this.

WHOA, hold on, that pattern doesn't make sense? Well when you consider that each digit in binary is worth 2 times more than the previous (right to left always) then it makes sense. Lets compare number lines.

TO BE CONTINUED

Bits and bytes
A bit is a digit in the binary counting system.

A nybble (also spelled nibble) is a binary number consisting of four bits.

A byte, or octet is a binary number consisting of eight bits.

From our earlier definition of radix, the binary system has a radix of two. We use the radix in the subscript much like we do with decimals:

$$0110_2\,\!$$

Counting
Similar to decimals, binary digits are weighted. Each bit is weighted twice as much as the bit to the right of it:

$$0110_2 = 0 \times 2^3 + 1 \times 2^2 + 1 \times 2^1 + 0 \times 2^0\,\!$$

Counting from one to ten (base 10) in binary yields:

$$0001_2, 0010_2, 0011_2, 0100_2, 0101_2, 0110_2, 0111_2, 1000_2, 1001_2, 1010_2\,\!$$

Basic binary arithmetic
Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations work essentially the same as they do for decimals.

For addition, you add equally-weighted bits, much like decimal addition (where you add equally-weighted digits) and carry as required to the left.

$$0100_2 + 0111_2 \Rightarrow \begin{matrix} & & 0100 \\ & + & \underline{0111} \\ & = & 1011 \end{matrix} \,\!$$

As you can see, a carry is generated in the $$2^2\,\!$$ column which increments the $$2^3\,\!$$ column.

Subtraction works just like decimal arithmetic, using borrowing as required.

$$1011_2 - 0111_2 \Rightarrow \begin{matrix} & & 1011 \\ & - & \underline{0111} \\ & = & 0100 \end{matrix} \,\!$$

Here, a borrow is required, reducing the $$2^3\,\!$$ column to $$0-0=0\,\!$$ and changing the $$2^2\,\!$$ column to $$2-1=1\,\!$$.

Multiplication is straightforward also:

$$1011_2 \times 0111_2 \Rightarrow \begin{matrix} & & \; \; \; \; \; \; 1011 \\ & \times & \underline{\; \; \; \; \; \; 0111} \\ & & \; \; \; \; \; \; 1011 \\ & & \; \; \; \; 10110 \\ & & \underline{\; \; 101100 }\\ & = & 1001101 \\ \end{matrix} \,\!$$

Division is left as an exercise to the student [hint: use long division].

Conversion between binary and decimal
When you consider a binary number in exponential form, you can easily perform a decimal conversion:

$$0110_2 = 0 \times 2^3 + 1 \times 2^2 + 1 \times 2^1 + 0 \times 2^0\,\!$$

...simply add up the factors.

$$0 \times 2^3 + 1 \times 2^2 + 1 \times 2^1 + 0 \times 2^0 = 0 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 6\,\!$$

To convert from decimal to binary, you can repeatedly divide the decimal by two until the result of the division is zero. Starting from the rightmost bit, write 1 if the division has a remainder, zero if it does not. For example, to convert the decimal 74 into binary:

* 74 / 2 = 37 remainder 0; ->      0 * 37 / 2 = 18 remainder 1; ->     10 * 18 / 2 = 9 remainder 0; ->     010 * 9 / 2 = 4 remainder 1; ->    1010 * 4 / 2 = 1 remainder 0; ->   01010 * 2 / 2 = 1 remainder 0; ->  001010 * 1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1; -> 1001010

$$1001010_2 = 1 \times 2^6 + 1 \times 2^3 + 1 \times 2^1 = 64+8+2=74\,\!$$

The octal number system
The name octal implies eight, if you consider that an octagon has eight sides. Octal has a radix of eight, and uses the following octal digits:

$$0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7\,\!$$

An octal number has the subscript 8.

Counting
Counting from one to ten (base 10) in octal yields:

$$01_8, 02_8, 03_8, 04_8, 05_8, 06_8, 07_8, 10_8, 11_8, 12_8\,\!$$

Octal arithmetic
Octal arithmetic, like binary arithmetic, follows the same rules and patterns of decimal arithmetic. As an exercise, verify the following:

$$32_8 + 56_8 = 110_8\,\!$$

$$32_8 \times 56_8 = 2254_8\,\!$$

$$52_8 / 25_8 = 2_8\,\!$$

Conversion between binary and octal
Each octal digit is representable by exactly three bits. This becomes obvious when you consider that the highest octal digit is seven, which can be represented in binary by $$111_2\,\!$$.

To convert a binary number to octal, group the bits in groups of three starting from the rightmost bit and convert each triplet to its octal equivalent.

$$100010011101_2 = (100 \ 010 \ 011 \ 101)_2 = (4 \ 2 \ 3 \ 5)_8 = 4235_8\,\!$$

To convert an octal number to binary, simply write the equivalent bits for each octal number.

$$752_8 = (111 \ 101 \ 010)_2 = 111101010_2\,\!$$

Conversion from decimal to octal
The repeated-division method described for binary will also work for octal, simply by changing the divisor to eight. To convert 67 (base 10 into octal):

* 67 / 8 = 8 remainder 3; ->       3 * 8 / 8 = 1 remainder 0; ->      03 * 1 / 8 = 0 remainder 1; ->     103

$$67_{10} = 103_8\,\!$$

The hexadecimal number system
The most commonly-used number system in computer systems is the hexadecimal, or more simply hex, system. It has a radix of 16, and uses the numbers zero through nine, as well as A through F as its digits:

$$0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F\,\!$$

Hex numbers can have the subscript 16, but more often have a leading *0x* to indicate their type.

$$0x0B45\,\!$$

Counting
Counting from zero to twenty (base 10) in hex yields:

$$0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8, 0x9, 0xA, \,\!$$ $$0xB, 0xC, 0xD, 0xE, 0xF, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14\,\!$$

Hexadecimal arithmetic
Hex arithmetic, yet again, follows the same rules and patterns of decimal arithmetic. As an exercise, verify the following:

$$32_{16} + 56_{16} = 88_{16}\,\!$$

$$32_{16} \times 56_{16} = 10CC_{16}\,\!$$

$$4A_{16} / 25_{16} = 2_{16}\,\!$$

Conversion between hexadecimal and binary
Each hex digit is representable by exactly four bits. This becomes obvious when you consider that the highest hex digit represents fifteen, which can be represented in binary by $$1111_2\,\!$$.

To convert a binary number to hex, group the bits in groups of four starting from the rightmost bit and convert each group to its hex equivalent.

$$10001111_2 = (1000 \ 1111)_2 = (8 \ F)_{16} = 8F_{16}\,\!$$

To convert an hex number to binary, simply write the equivalent bits for each hex number.

$$7D_{16} = (0111 \ 1101)_2 = 01111101_2\,\!$$

Representing Logic States
VCC to Vhigh in = logic high vlow in to gnd = logic low Most 5v logic will have no problem with a 5V high or a 0V low. You should always refer to the data sheet before choosing your device.

The range in between "vhigh lower" and "vlow higher" should be avoided and as little time as possible should ever be spent here.

Exercises
1. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal:
 * $$ i)1001_2, ii) 11001010_2, iii) 101011111\,\!$$

2. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary:
 * $$ i)102_{10}, ii)432_{10}, iii)7654\,\!$$

3. Add the following numbers:
 * $$ i)1010_2 + 1100_2\,\!$$
 * $$ ii)165_{8} + 544_{8}\,\!$$
 * $$ iii)0x29AB + 0x567\,\!$$


text:
User:Smillison/sandbox

The Axeman of New Orleans: Jazz It []

May 1918 (maybe 1911 or earlier)- October 1919 (possibly later, no certainty on that one) majority of victims Italian - was this ethnically motivated? not motivated by robbery, rather, motivated by murder

Edits for the Axeman

Stuff You Missed In History Class did a two-part miniseries on the Axeman in which they toyed with the idea of his murderous acts having begun prior to 1918.

My Favorite Murder, a true crime podcast, covered the story of the Axeman on their 60th episode entitled Jazz It.

Pop culture figure, rarely discussed or immortalized in the same regard as he is in New Orleans. He fits the bill for New Orleans culture -- this is subjective

Axeman never found, may have pursued crimes after his stint in New Orleans, but

title: User:Smillison/sandbox


text:
User:Hohaigang

Evaluation and Application of Numerical Computation Software in Stability Analysis of Tunnel Engineering Ruilang CAO，Lifeng ZHENG State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China

Key words：Tunneling engineering; Numerical simulation; Finite element method; Finite difference method

Abstract: Numerical software is widely used in stability analysis of tunnel engineering, but difference among different software has always been the focus of attention. This paper presents a comparative study of the most commonly used numerical software in tunnel engineering calculations, including ABAQUS, ANSYS, MIDAS-GTS and FLAC3D. With the same tunnel boundary conditions, geological parameters and numerical model adopted, the results of four kinds of software on the deformation of the surrounding rock, the stress of the lining and the distribution of the yielding area are compared. The results show that: 1) The deformation and change trend of the surrounding rock are basically the same, only that the results of MIDAS-GTS are slightly larger than others (2) The calculation of lining stress differs very little from each other and distributes irregularly (3) FLAC3D takes into account the effect of the stress path on the plastic state, the distribution of plastic zone calculated by that differs a little larger than others 4) Overall, the stability of the tunnel project reflected by results of four software is relatively similar, all four software can be used for engineering practice.

Key words: Tunneling engineering; Numerical simulation; Finite element method; Finite difference method

1 Introduction Tunnel engineering possesses the characteristics of strong complexity and particularity. Empirical method is used to predict the stability of the surrounding rock and the stress of the lining structure will be constrained by the number of statistical samples, the difference of the tunnel size and surrounding rocks. And theoretical method can only be applied to the circular section tunnel. Numerical analysis method is increasingly valued by tunnel engineering researchers for its convenient and fast features. At present, the numerical method of tunnel engineering is mainly based on finite element method and fast Lagrangian difference method. ,Lots of software are developed based on these two methods, and many research results have been obtained. Jia et al. [1] analyzed the mechanical failure behavior of tunnels under different angles of jointed rock mass; Funatsu et al. [2] analyzed the effect of prestressed support structure on tunnel stability; Lee et al. [3] simulated elastic plastic analysis of soft rock wall in circular tunnel Hejazi et al. [4] analyzed the effect of constitutive model on underground engineering,; Azadi et al. [5] analyzed the seismic performance of shallow-buried tunnels in liquefiable sites; Deb et al. [6] analyzed The effect of prestressed anchor on stratum deformation in tunnel excavation; Fernadez et al. [7] simulated the hydraulic conductance during tunnel excavation. The research above shows that the numerical simulation method can be applied to a variety of complex geological conditions as well as shapes and sizes of the tunnel, the calculation process is convenient, fast, while intuitive contours of stress, strain can be extracted. Therefore, numerical simulation will continue to play an important role in future study of tunnel stability.

Although numerical software has been widely used in the stability analysis of tunnel engineering, almost little research about difference of the calculation results among software is done. In this paper, the comparative study of the most commonly used numerical software in tunnel engineering is carried out, and the difference evaluation is made to provide a comprehensive understanding and grasp of the reliability and accuracy. It is important source of reference. for the selection of numerical software for tunnel engineering 2 Numerical calculation software and its characteristics With the development of mathematics, mechanics theory and computer technology, numerical analysis methods have been applied in engineering geology and geotechnical engineering, and widely used as an important tool to solve such engineering problems in complex media and boundary conditions. A study is conducted by retrieving articles for tunnel engineering stability analysis involving numerical software; The results show that the following numerical software is the most widely used ones: FLAC3D (27934 related papers or patents); ABAQUS (18237); MIDAS-GTS (9266), ANSYS (8513). The characteristics of the four software are listed in Table 1:

3 Numerical calculation case and model In the four numerical software comparative analysis, the same tunnel size, grid division of model, surrounding rock and structural support parameters, construction conditions are adopted. Surrounding rock is of Class IV, the tunnel is circular and radius is 3.05m. The excavation method is full-section excavation. In order to make the calculation results more representative, both cased with initial support and without initial support of are simulated, each step of the construction footage is1m and tunnel is buried in depth of 250m, In initial support conditions, the initial support lags a distance of 3 m behind excavation face. In the model, the Z axis is the direction of the tunnel axis, the X axis is along left to right direction, and the Y axis is the vertical direction. The numerical model geometry is: x × y × z = 60m × 60m × 20m. Numerical calculation model and data monitoring line layout are shown in Figure 1, model grid in various software are consistent. The physical and mechanical properties of surrounding rock and support are shown in Table 2.

Figure 1, Numerical calculation model and data monitoring line layout

Table 2 The physical and mechanical properties of surrounding rock and support Parameter	Rock mass (the mesh number is 85932)	Lining (the mesh number is 1920) Deformation modulus	Poisson ratio	Internal friction angle	Cohesion	Density	Deformation modulus	Poisson ratio	Density Symbol	Er	μr	βr	Cr	ρr	Ec	μc	ρc Unit	GPa	-	°	MPa	Kg/m3	GPa	-	Kg/m3 Value	1.0	0.32	32	0.2	2400	15	0.167	2600

4 Calculation result Surrounding convergence of tunnel is the relative displacement value of two fixed point connections in opposite direction around the tunnel, which is the most intuitive performance of the deformation caused by tunnel excavation. As shown in Fig. 2, the convergence rules of FLAC3D, ABAQUS, ANSTS and MIDAS-GTS are basically the same.

(a)FLAC3D                            (b)ABAQUS (c) ANSYS                           (d) MIDAS-GTS Fig. 2 Vertical displacement of tunnel surrounding rock Figure 3 shows the longitudinal curves of tunnel surrounding rock deformation. At first, the surrounding rock deformation is very small. Then, the longitudinal deformation of the surrounding rock which is plotted as the process curve increases with the increasing distance of the palm surface. Finally, the deformation of the surrounding rock tends to be stable when the distance reaches a certain value (generally 3 times tunnel diameter). Coordinates of the Z axis (unit: m)                                    Coordinates of the Z axis (unit: m)   (a) Tunnel crown                            (b) Tunnel wall Fig.3 Longitudinal curves of tunnel surrounding rock deformation

By Comparing the surrounding rock deformation of monitoring line A and monitoring line B, the study shows that the results of the four kinds of software reflect the same deformation trend (see figure 4). Moreover, the values in Monitoring line B are basically consistent Coordinates of the A axis (unit: m)                       Coordinates of the B axis (unit: m)    (a) Line A                            (b) Line B Fig. 4 Monitoring value of surrounding rock deformation Difference among the values of the stress calculated by the four numerical software are small: the maximum value is 20.48MPa by FLAC3D, the minimum value of 17.23MPa by ANSYS, difference between the two is about 15% (Figure 5), The calculation accuracy can meet the engineering application requirement.

(a) FLAC3D（Unit：Pa）                (b) ABAQUS（Unit：Pa） (c) ANSYS（Unit：Pa）            (d) MIDAS-GTS（Unit：MPa） Fig.5 Compressive stress distribution of tunnel lining As is shown by distribution pattern of plastic area in surrounding rock (Fig. 6) The results of ABAQUS, ANSYS and MIDAS-GTS are consistent, and the maximum depth of plastic zone is 0.5m-1.2m.. Figure 6 shows the plastic zone distribution of the surrounding rock of the tunnel. The plastic zone of the four software calculations is slightly different in depth and range. Plastic zone distribution calculated by FLAC3D differentiates quite large compared with other, 2 times larger than the yield range of other. This is mainly because criteria of plastic zone in FLAC3D is rather special, it not only takes into account the plastic yield criterion of the material, but also consider the effect of the stress path on the plastic state. Flac3D divides the plastic zone type into Shear-n, Shear-p, Tension-n and Tension-p, while the plastic regions of other software are reduced to the same type. Calculation results of the stability of the surrounding rock are shown in Table 3. Overall, the four software results reflect the stability of the tunnel project is relatively similar, and can be used for engineering practice. (a)FLAC3D       (b)ABAQUS       (c) ANSYS       (d) MIDAS-GTS Fig. 6 Distribution pattern of plastic zone in surrounding rock Table 3 Calculation results of stability of tunnel surrounding rock

Working condition	Software	Displacement of rock mass/cm	Plastic zone/m	Lining stress /MPa Inflected arch	Side wall	Crown	Depth	Tensile	Compressive With support	FLAC3D	3.08	3.01	2.63	1.28	-0.35	-20.48 ABAQUS	2.57	2.50	2.11	0.60	-0.45	-19.62 ANSYS	3.00	2.91	2.52	0.87	-0.39	-17.23 MIDAS-GTS	3.77	3.52	3.18	0.60	-0.30	-17.78 Without support	FLAC3D	4.14	3.93	3.48	1.27	-	- ABAQUS	3.5	3.32	2.82	0.29	-	- ANSYS	3.52	3.68	3.07	0.42	-	- MIDAS-GTS	5.22	4.64	4.39	0.57	-	-

5 Conclusions In this paper, Application of four software (ABAQUS, ANSYS, MIDAS-GTS and FLAC3D )in tunnel engineering stability analysis is evaluated: The results show that: 1) the morphological and changing trend of the surrounding rock is basically the same, only that the calculation results of MIDAS-GTS are large in the value; 2) the difference of the stress among four is small, and the distribution rule is same; 3) FLAC3D takes into account the effect of stress path on the plastic state, and its calculated law of the plastic zone of the surrounding rock is different from that of other software. 4) Overall, the stability of the tunnel project reflected by four software is relatively similar, all four can be used for engineering practice.

title: User:Hohaigang


text:
Talk:Precious Plastic

This page should not be speedy deleted because...
Hello! I'm terribly sorry about making such a short page for Precious Plastic: I was intending on simply creating it right now, and then hopefully getting back to in a few hours to continue working on it. I mostly wanted to just get the ball rolling on it. Precious Plastic is a community and idea that is much bigger than the tiny stub of an article I made for it, but I thought I would start the page now, and get back to it later today. Sorry! If it gets deleted right now, that's alright, but I do plan on making a much longer article about it very soon.
 * Hi - the page has not been deleted but I moved it to Draft:Precious Plastic so that you can work on it. When you think it's ready, you can submit your article using the instructions on the draft banner at the top of the page. Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 17:35, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Shoot, sorry - I think I just moved it back by accident. Sorry! I'm really new, in case you can't tell, and I don't know what I'm doing yet. But I also made it a bit longer, and intend on making it longer still in the near future. Thank you so much for taking the time to look this over! Also, a quick google search should show that Precious Plastic is a bit bigger than either of the two version of the article I have written so far.
 * Basically, I should have just put this into my sandbox and worked on it until it was ready for people to see, huh? And the same thing goes for the Dave Hakkens page I tried to make, right? Lesson learned - don't make articles that are still basically drafts. I'll repost these when I'm actually done with them, and not before.Iambubbles (talk) 17:46, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I copied the discussion above here, from the Talk page of the page in mainspace (Talk:Precious Plastic). I am going to nominate the page in mainspace for deletion, so that when this is ready the space is clear. Jytdog (talk) 17:52, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Alright, great! I'm actually so new to editing that I didn't realize I could make a draft of a page, otherwise I probably would have. Thank you so much! Sorry about the mess! Iambubbles (talk) 18:08, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * all of that is fine by me, I only left the redirect so Iambubbles could find the draft. Obviously they know where it is now :) Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 18:28, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

Related projects
Additions to the related projects section must be based on reliable sources. Please see WP:RS, WP:V, and WP:UNDUE. - MrOllie (talk) 17:05, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

 * This removal left extra blank lines, which I will remove. If I understand correctly, the main objection was Verification Fail, and I agree if so; however, the primary source does give a list of related information, so I will be adding a different, more neutral and verifiable summary. Yae4 (talk) 19:02, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Precious Plastic


text:
Punjab and Maharashtra Co-operative Bank

Punjab & Maharashtra Co-operative Bank Limited (PMC), was a multi-state co-operative bank that began operations in 1983. It had 137 branches spread over half a dozen states of India and nearly 100 branches were in Maharashtra. It was regulated by the Reserve Bank of India and registered under the Cooperative Societies Act.

It also has branches in Karnataka, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. It was one of the profitable co-operative banks in India and had earned a total revenue of inr<PHONE_NUMBER>0 and profits of inr 996900000 in the financial year 2019.

On 23 September 2019, the RBI imposed operational restrictions on PMC Bank for six months. Due to this, the bank account holders were not allowed to withdraw more than ₹1,000 from their accounts during this period of restrictions. On 26 September 2019, the restrictions have been eased and a total of ₹10,000 could be withdrawn by customers. On 5 November, 2019 decided to increase the prescribed withdrawal limit to ₹ 50,000.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on 19 June 2020 doubled the withdrawal limit for Punjab and Maharashtra Cooperative Bank's depositors to Rs 100,000 from Rs 50,000 earlier.

Joy Thomas, the MD of the bank, was suspended. He admitted the exposure of the bank to the troubled realty company HDIL and also stated that the company had been violating the RBI rules for 5–6 years now. Of the overall loan book of ₹8,300 crores, PMC bank loans to HDIL stood at ₹6,226 crore, about 73% of total loans of the bank.

To solve this, HC appointed the three-member committee to oversee the sale of assets of Housing Development Infrastructure (HDIL) to pay the depositors of Punjab and Maharashtra Co-operative Bank (PMC Bank). HDIL, its promoters Rakesh and Sarang Wadhawan, and a few former officials are accused of committing a fraud on PMC Bank. Public interest litigation filed in the high court, seeking the setting up of a committee to speed up the auction of HDIL's assets to pay depositors, has claimed that the realty firm owed ₹4,635 crore to the bank. The court said if the proceeds from the sale were insufficient to pay the dues, the committee would identify and dispose of the properties of other companies owned or promoted by the Wadhawans which were mortgaged with the PMC Bank, but with paripassu charge of other financial Due to the restrictions and not providing any solution to the account holders and share holders of PMC Bank there is a loss of trust amongst the people of India towards the failed banking System, towards the Reserve Bank of India and towards the Government of India

As per an official circular from RBI on 25 January 2022, Punjab and Maharashtra Cooperative Bank merged with Unity Small Finance Bank Ltd. and all the branches of PMC Bank will function as branches of Unity Small Finance Bank Ltd.


text:
8:00 class/17 May 2007

This is an archive of Wikiversity current events from 17 May 2007

Colloquium summary
Short summaries of active discussions at Colloquium.
 * External links that expire. See also: Template:Erase after time.
 * Upcoming events added to News

Internet Relay Chat topics of the day
Re-cap of topics discussed in #wikiversity-en.
 * include "upcoming events" at News
 * MediaWiki Project
 * Does the world need another non-copyleft educational wiki website? Related link: Wikilearner by User:BrentSimpson
 * Babel. Related link: Babel at beta.wikiversity.org.

Email discussions and blogs
Summaries of Email discussions and blogs with relevance to Wikiversity participants.
 * Calling Wikiversity "Wikipedia Learning" by User:Hillgentleman. Related discussion: User:JWSchmidt/Blog/9 May 2007.
 * Wikiversity the Superego by User:BrentSimpson
 * Organizing main namespace discussions by JWSchmidt.
 * Change "Wikiversity" to "Wikipedia Learning", Round 2, by Erik Möller.

Recent changes
Today's trends in active editing efforts.
 * illustration software.
 * Organizing Topic:Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Pitch in and help user Muhammad.
 * "upcoming events" at News.

title: 8:00 class/17 May 2007


text:
Irish Free State offensive

The Irish Free State offensive of July–September 1922 was the decisive military stroke of the Irish Civil War. It was carried out by the National Army of the newly created Irish Free State against anti-treaty strongholds in the south and southwest of Ireland.

At the beginning of the Civil War in June 1922, the Irish Free State government, composed of the leadership faction who had accepted the Anglo-Irish Treaty, held the capital city of Dublin, where its armed forces were concentrated and some other areas of the midlands and north. The new National Army was composed of those units of the Irish Republican Army loyal to them, plus recent recruits, but was, at the start of the war, still relatively small and poorly armed.

Much of the rest of the country, particularly the south and west, was outside of its control and in the hands of the anti-Treaty elements of the IRA, who did not accept the legitimacy of the new state and who asserted that the Irish Republic, created in 1919, was the continuing legitimate all-island state. This situation was rapidly brought to an end in July and August 1922, when the commander-in-chief of the Free State forces, Michael Collins, launched the offensive.

The offensive re-took the major towns for the Free State Government and marked the end of the conventional phase of the conflict. The offensive was followed by a 10-month period of guerrilla warfare until the republican side was defeated.

Munster Republic
The civil war started in Dublin, with a week of street fighting from 28 June to 5 July 1922 in which the Free State's forces secured the Irish capital from anti-Treaty IRA troops who had occupied several public buildings. With Dublin in pro-treaty hands, the conflict spread throughout the country, with anti-Treaty forces holding Cork, Limerick and Waterford as part of the self-styled "Munster Republic". They also held most of the west of Ireland. The Free State, on the other hand, after its taking of Dublin, controlled only of the eastern part of its territory.

However, the Anti-Treaty side were not equipped to wage conventional war, lacking artillery and armoured units, both of which the Free State obtained from the British. This meant that Liam Lynch, the Chief of Staff of the Anti-Treaty IRA, hoped to act purely on the defensive, holding the "Munster Republic" long enough to prevent the foundation of the Free State and forcing the re-negotiation of the Treaty. Lynch's strategy was bitterly criticised by other anti-Treaty officers, such as Ernie O'Malley and Tom Barry. O'Malley felt that the republicans, who initially outnumbered the Government forces by roughly 12,000 fighters to 8,000 (and who had the bulk of the experienced fighters from the preceding Irish War of Independence), should have seized the initiative, taken the major cities and presented the British with a resurrected Irish Republic as a fait accompli.

The thinking behind O'Malley's analysis was that time was on the side of the Free State as they could only get stronger, through supplies from the British, revenue raised from taxation and recruitment into their army, while the Republican side had only very limited means of re-supply of men, money or arms. O'Malley wrote: "Tan War experience would no longer suffice as this type of fighting would need semi-open warfare. Columns would have to be larger and their men trained to take the offensive in driving the enemy out of towns and cities... Unless our Connacht and Munster men moved on to Leinster effective opposition would be broken up piecemeal and we would soon be crushed".

The leaders of the Free State government, Michael Collins and Richard Mulcahy, also felt that a rapid victory was essential from their point of view. To secure the withdrawal of British troops from Ireland (Collins' ultimate aim) the government would have to demonstrate its viability by suppressing what, from its point of view, was an illegal insurrection and its control all of its sovereign territory. It was with this aim in mind that they launched their offensive in July–August 1922 to re-take the south and west of the country.

Fall of Limerick
In Limerick, the outbreak of the war saw the city already occupied by both pro and anti-treaty factions. The anti-treaty IRA, largely composed of Liam Forde's Mid-Limerick Brigade and commanded by Liam Lynch, held four military barracks and most of the town. The Free State forces in the city consisted of the pro-Treaty First Western Division of the IRA under Michael Brennan and the Fourth Southern Division under Commandant General Donochadh O'Hannigan. They held the Customs House, the Jail, the Courthouse, Williams Street RIC Barracks, and Cruises Hotel. They also held the Athlunkard bridge located outside of Limerick which provided a secure means of bringing reinforcements.

Fighting broke out between them on 11 July 1922, when the first Free State reinforcements arrived from Dublin. At 7 p.m. on 11 July, the National Army opened fire on the Republican garrison holding the Ordnance Barracks. Liam Lynch left Limerick when the fighting broke out and transferred his headquarters to Clonmel.

On 17 July, General Eoin O'Duffy arrived with 150 Free State reinforcements including a Whippet Rolls-Royce armoured car, 2 Lancia armoured cars, 4 trucks with 400 rifles, 10 Lewis machine guns, 400 grenades, ammunition and an 18-pounder cannon. The 18-pounder field gun was used on 19 July to batter the Strand Barracks, which was under the command of captain Connie McNamara, into surrender.

After three days of street fighting, after midnight on 21 July, the Republicans set the Artillery (also called the ordnance barracks), castle barracks and New Barracks on fire and evacuated Limerick city. Despite the intensive street fighting in Limerick, the casualties of the combatants were relatively light; 19 bodies were left in the city morgue, twelve of whom were civilians and seven Free State soldiers. Another 87 were wounded. The Republican dead were reported in the press as thirty killed but they admitted only five. Limerick Prison, designed to hold 120 people, contained 800 prisoners by November. Following the fall of Limerick the anti treaty forces retreated through Patrickswell towards Kilmallock. There, in the Kilmallock-Bruff-Bruree triangle, would be seen some of the heaviest fighting of the war.

Free State troops take Waterford
Republicans considered Waterford to be the eastern strongpoint of the Munster Republic; however, it too was taken by a Free State column equipped with armour and artillery between 18 July and 20 July. The city was held by the IRA Waterford Brigade, and a unit from Cork city under the overall commandant of Colonel Commandant Pax Whelan and flying column leader George Lennon; a total of nearly 300 men.

In late July 1922, National Army troops under Major General John T. Prout and former East Waterford I.R. A. Commandant Paddy Paul, composed of 450 men, one 18-pounder artillery piece and 4 machine guns arrived from Kilkenny to retake the city. The republicans had chosen to defend the city along the southern bank of the river Suir, occupying the military barracks, the prison and the Post Office. Prout placed his artillery on Mount Misery hill overlooking their positions and bombarded the Republicans until they were forced to evacuate the barracks and prison.

However, the gun had to be brought down to Ferrybank (along the river) to fire over open sights before the Republicans abandoned the Post Office. Six more shells were fired at Ballybricken prison before it was also evacuated. Some street fighting followed before the Republicans abandoned the city and retreated westwards. Two Free State soldiers were killed in the fighting and one Republican. Five civilians were also killed.

A proposed Republican counterattack from Carrick on Suir failed to materialise.

The Free State forces under Prout went on to take Tipperary on 2 August, Carrick on Suir on 3 August and Clonmel on 10 August, effectively clearing the south midlands of Republican held positions. In taking these towns, Free State troops generally encountered only limited resistance. The Republicans, when faced with artillery, tended to retreat and burn barracks they were holding rather than try to hold them and risk heavy casualties.

At both Limerick and Waterford, the Free State's advantage in weaponry, particularly artillery, was decisive. Casualties on both sides in these actions were relatively light, although there were also some civilian casualties, since the fighting took place in the heavily populated urban centres.

Combat at Killmallock
The Free State troops under Eoin O'Duffy encountered more tenacious resistance in the countryside around Kilmallock, south of Limerick city, when they tried to advance into republican held Munster. Eoin O'Duffy's 1,500 troops were faced with about 2,000 anti-Treaty IRA men under Liam Deasy, who had three armoured cars they had taken from the evacuating British troops. Deasy's men were dug in at Kilmallock, Bruree to the northwest and Bruff to the northeast.

On 23 July Major General W.R.E. Murphy (a former British Army officer and O'Duffy's second in command) took the town of Bruff, but his poorly motivated troops lost it again the following day and 76 of them surrendered to the Republicans. The Free State troops re-took Bruff shortly afterwards, though and on 30 July, they assaulted Bruree with their best troops – the Dublin Guard. They took it after a five-hour fight, but only after artillery was brought up at close range to support them. Liam Deasy attempted to re-take the village on 2 August, but the attack, with three armoured cars, was beaten off.

The following day, 2,000 Free State troops advanced on Kilmallock. Fighting continued here until 5 August, despite the arrival of over 1,000 more Free State troops and more armoured cars and artillery. Deasy's anti-treaty forces were ultimately forced to retreat however, when Free State forces were landed by sea behind them in Passage West and Fenit in counties Cork and Kerry on 2 August and 8 August respectively.

When the National Army entered Kilmallock on 5 August, they found only a Republican rearguard, the remainder having already retreated in the direction of Charleville. There was final rearguard action at Newcastlewest before the republican forces retreated after losing a number of men (press reports suggested 12) killed.

Fall of Cork and landing in the west
The Free State's forces took the south and west of Ireland with landings from the sea. Seaborne landings were the first proposed by Emmet Dalton and then adopted by Michael Collins. Their plan was to avoid the hard fighting that would inevitably occur if they advanced overland through Republican held Munster and Connaught. To this end, they commandeered several civilian passenger ships to transport troops. They were the Arvonia and the SS Lady Wicklow They were escorted by British naval vessels

The first naval landing took place at Clew Bay in County Mayo on 24 July and helped re-take the west of Ireland for the Free State. This force, consisting of 400 Free State soldiers, one field gun and an armoured car under Christopher O'Malley, re-took the Republican held town of Westport and linked up with another Free State column under Seán Mac Eoin advancing from Castlebar. A Free State column also dispersed anti-Treaty IRA forces in County Donegal in Ireland's north-west.

The largest seaborne landings took place in the south. Ships disembarked about 2,000 well equipped Free State troops into the heart of the "Munster Republic" and caused the rapid collapse of the Republican position in this province.

Paddy Daly and the Dublin Guard landed at Fenit in County Kerry on 2 August and fought their way into Tralee at the cost of 9 killed and 35 wounded. They were reinforced on 3 August, by around 250 pro-treaty IRA men from County Clare, embarked from Kilrush to Tarbert in fishing boats. The Free State forces rapidly occupied the towns in the county but the Republican units in Kerry survived more or less intact and would fight a determined guerrilla campaign for the remainder of the war.

If the Munster Republic had a capital, it was Cork and the largest seaborne landings of the civil war were aimed at taking that city. Emmet Dalton led 800 troops, with two artillery pieces and armoured cars, who landed at Passage West, near the city, on 8 August. A further 200 men were put ashore at Youghal and 180 troops landed at Glandore. There was some heavy fighting at Rochestown and Douglas in which at least ten Free State and 7 Republican fighters were killed and at least 60 men on both sides were wounded, before the outnumbered and outgunned anti-treaty IRA retreated into the city. However, they did not try to continue the fighting Cork itself, partly in order to spare the civilian population, but instead burned Charles Barracks, near Kinsale, which they had been occupying, and dispersed into the countryside.

The Free State landings in Munster coincided with an attempt by anti-Treaty guerrillas to isolate Dublin by destroying all the road and rail bridges leading into the city. However this operation was a complete failure with over 180 republicans being captured at a cost of only two Free State soldiers wounded.

On 10 August, Free State troops entered Cork city unopposed, the last city to fall in the "Munster Republic". Liam Lynch, the Republican commander in chief abandoned Fermoy, the last Republican held town, the following day. In leaving Fermoy, he issued an order to troops under his command to stop trying to hold fixed positions and to form flying columns to pursue guerrilla warfare.

Aftermath
The Free State offensive of July–August 1922 all but ended the Anti-Treaty side's chances of winning the war. The Republicans failed, with the exception of a brief stand around Killmallock, to resist the advance of Free State troops anywhere in the country. While some of this can be put down to the Free State's advantages in arms and equipment, the Republican leadership under Liam Lynch also failed to devise any coherent military strategy, allowing their positions to be picked off one by one. On top of this, most of the Republican fighters showed little appetite for the civil war, generally retreating before National Army attacks rather than putting up determined resistance. In part, this shows a lack of discipline and training for conventional warfare, but there was also a general reluctance on both sides to fight against former comrades from the War of Independence. One, for instance Tom Maguire said that, 'in the beginning our men would not kill the [Free] Staters', while another George Gilmore said, 'I had not a desire to kill the enemy, all of our man had it [reluctance] to some extent and the officers who were operating against us were our own former friends'.

The Free State Government's victories in the major towns inaugurated a period of inconclusive guerrilla warfare. Anti-Treaty IRA units held out in areas such as the western part of counties Cork and Kerry in the south, county Wexford in the east and counties Sligo and Mayo in the west. Sporadic fighting also took place around Dundalk, where Frank Aiken and the Fourth Northern Division of the Irish Republican Army were based. Aiken originally wanted to stay neutral, but was arrested by Free State troops along with 400 of his men on 16 July 1922. They subsequently broke out of prison in Dundalk and temporarily re-took the town in a guerrilla raid.

Nowhere, however, did the Republicans manage to re-take any territory lost on the first two months of fighting. Moreover, with the exception of county Kerry and a few other localities, the anti-treaty guerrilla campaign failed to gather momentum and by 1923, was largely reduced to small scale attacks and acts of sabotage.

It took eight months of intermittent guerrilla warfare after the fall of Cork before the war was brought to an end, with victory for the Free State government. In April 1923, Liam Lynch was killed. His successor as anti-Treaty commander, Frank Aiken, called a ceasefire on 30 April and a month later, ordered his men to "dump arms" and go home.

The intervening period was marked by the death of leaders formerly allied in the cause of Irish independence. Commander-in-Chief Michael Collins was killed in an ambush by anti-treaty republicans at Béal na mBláth, near his home in County Cork, on 22 August 1922. Arthur Griffith, the Free State president died of a brain haemorrhage ten days before. The Free State government was subsequently led by William Cosgrave and the Free State Army by General Richard Mulcahy. On the Republican side, leaders such as Rory O'Connor, Liam Mellows, Joe McKelvey, Erskine Childers and Liam Lynch lost their lives in the guerrilla phase of the war.

This phase of the war, much more than the conventional phase, developed into a vicious cycle of revenge killings and reprisals as the Republicans assassinated pro-treaty politicians and the Free State responded with the execution of Republican prisoners. (See Executions during the Irish Civil War).

title: Irish Free State offensive


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Bear flag (disambiguation)

The Bear Flag is a nickname for the state Flag of California.

Bear Flag or The Bear Flag may also refer to:

California-related uses

 * Bear Flag Elementary School in the Pocket-Greenhaven suburb of Sacramento, California
 * Bear Flag Empire, a fictitious land in a role-playing game
 * Bear Flag Republic or California Republic, an 1846 unrecognized breakaway state from Mexico
 * Bear Flag (1846)

Other uses

 * Bear flag (gay culture), a flag representing the bear subculture within the gay community
 * Bear flag (investing), a bearish flag pattern in the price charts of financially traded assets

title: Bear flag (disambiguation)


text:
User:Jupemars

Welcome to the virtual office of Nathan Mars (a.k.a. Jupemars). My e-mail is<EMAIL_ADDRESS>My cell phone is<PHONE_NUMBER>, and I'm located in Atlanta, Georgia in the Eastern/US Time Zone.

What I'm doing:
See my blog on http://jupemars.blogspot.com

My current projects:
* Researching and developing Rapid eLearning Courseware development tools * Completing my M.Ed. in Educational Technology at the University of Missouri - Columbia * Working as a Sr. Project Manager for Karta Technologies, Inc.

My Interests:
I am interested in creating new technologies for learning. I have been working in the commercial training development world for about 12 years now and have a passion for process design and training related to IT systems and software.

My Education:
* B.S. - Information Technology - University of Phoenix * M.Ed. - Educational Technology - University of Missouri at Columbia (in progress)

title: User:Jupemars


text:
consentir

Etymology
Likely.

Verb

 * 1) to consent, to permit

Etymology
, first attested in the 10th century; borrowed from.

Verb

 * 1) to consent

Etymology
First attested in the 10th century; borrowed from.

Verb

 * 1) to consent

Etymology
From (possibly borrowed).

Verb

 * 1) to agree to; to allow; to permit
 * 2) to consent

Etymology
(attested mid 10th century), from.

Verb

 * 1) to consent
 * 2) to endure
 * 3) to pamper, indulge, spoil

title: consentir


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Bagel machine

A bagel machine is a machine that automatically produces bagels. It rolls, presses, and shapes dough into perfect circles.

History
In 1950, Daniel Thompson, son of Mickey Thompson, began designing an automatic bagel-making machine when he was 29. His father had been trying to make a working automatic bagel-making machine for most of his life to advance his baking business, and Daniel was following in his footsteps.

In 1958, Daniel Thompson started construction of the first successful automatic bagel-making machine in his garage in Cheviot Hills, Los Angeles. He called it “The Thompson Bagel Machine”. A few years later, he patented his design. One year later, in 1961, he and his wife established the "Thompson Bagel Machine Manufacturing Corporation". Five years after he started construction of the bagel machine, he leased the successful and perfected design to Murray Lender, who owned a family-run bagel-making business.

The first automated bagel-making machines were introduced to New Haven, Connecticut, Buffalo, New York, and St. Louis, Missouri in 1963, producing between 200 and 400 bagels per hour. The largest machines could produce as many as 5,000 bagels in an hour. Bagels had very quickly become extremely popular and were in an abundance supermarkets and restaurants because of Daniel Thompson’s bagel making machine. The price of the bagel has dropped significantly because they are now being mass produced everywhere in the world.

Impact
Before Thompson's automatic bagel-making machine was invented, making bagels was a slow process. Very few bakers actually made them. After the automatic bagel machine was invented, many more bagels were produced and the bagel became much more common. The automatic bagel-making machine popularized the bagel, leading to it being featured in many supermarkets and restaurants around the world. Today, far more bagels are being produced than ever before.

Use and features
The bagel machine automatically mass creates bagels by rolling the bagels, shaping the bagels, and pressing the bagels until they are a circular shape.

title: Bagel machine


text:
Talk:Huabeisaurus

Comments
Huabeisaurus is getting closer to being a GAN but there are still things anyone who wants to help me can do. First of all, the description section needs to be looked over by user without a good knowledge of dinosaur anatomy. Secondly, if anyone has access to the full Pang and Cheng reference with the original description of Huabeisaurus, it could help when it comes to broad coverage. I will simplify the article based on any comments about complicated sections, but if anyone else would want to, I can use all the help I can get. Thanks to anyone who tries to help. IJReid (talk) 17:42, 8 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Huabeisaurus


text:
Talk:UNIT-E

Where to now?
You folks are obviously smart. Can we develop some sort of agenda for establishing a harbinger for UNIT-E at Wikiversity? I certainly value your input here and I'm willing to negotiate some terms of engagement for "sharpening your edge" against this stone (Wikiversity). -- -yeoman -- CQ 05:51, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:UNIT-E


text:
Talk:Thitipoom Techaapaikhun

Semi-protected edit request on 4 February 2021
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:57, 4 name of husband: Tawan Vihokratana --Liloystich12 (talk) 05:15, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ◢  Ganbaruby!   (Say hi!) 05:57, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 February 2021 (2)
This edit is unsourced and the added text should be removed. – <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:14, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- Kinu t/c 12:32, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thitipoom Techaapaikhun


text:
Karl "Dyzee" Alba

Karl Oliver Alba, also known as Dyzee (pronounced dizzy) (born 1979) is a professional b-boy (break dancer) from Toronto, Canada. He is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records, holding the longest b-boy circle (24 hours straight). He is member of Supernaturalz and 7 Commandoz.

Documentary Appearances
Dyzee was one of the main characters in the motion picture BBoy documentary "All Out War"

In 2010, BBoy Dyzee appeared in an award-winning documentary about his work to create a scoring system for professional BBoy competitions.

title: Karl "Dyzee" Alba


text:
2001 British Speedway Championship

The 2001 British Speedway Championship was the 41st edition of the British Speedway Championship. The Final took place on 26 May at Brandon in Coventry, England. The Championship was won by Mark Loram, with Stuart Robson winning a run-off against Martin Dugard for second place on the rostrum.

British Final

 * 26 May 2001
 * 🏴 Brandon Stadium, Coventry

British Under 21 final
Simon Stead won the British Speedway Under 21 Championship for the first time. The final was held at Monmore Green Stadium on 23 April.

title: 2001 British Speedway Championship


text:
User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea pinifolia

Chusquea  is a species of Chusquea bamboo in the grass family.

Distribution
Chusquea  is endemic to

title: User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea pinifolia


text:
Amra Ram

Amra Ram Farshwal (born 5 August 1955) is an Indian politician and peasant leader from Shekhawati region in Rajasthan. He is serving as Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Sikar since 2024. He served as member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly for four-terms from 1993 to 2013. He served as president of All India Kishan Sabha from July 2013 to October 2017. He is currently vice-president of All India Kishan Sabha since October 2017.

He is a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Since 2014, he has been the State Secretary of CPI(M) Rajasthan unit and CEC member of CPI(M). He won Best MLA award for year 2011 from Rajasthan Government.

Early life, education and first job
He was born into Jat family on 5 August 1955 to Rami Devi and Dallaram in Mundwara village, Sikar District, Rajasthan. His early education started at Govt. Primary School, Mundwara, followed by Govt. Shri Kalyan School for his higher secondary education. In 1973, he enrolled at Shri Kalyan Govt. College, where he obtained a B.Sc. degree. Subsequently, in 1976, he ventured to Gorakhpur University, earning a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree. Returning to Shri Kalyan Govt. College in 1979, he furthered his academic pursuits, culminating in an M.Com degree with a specialization in EAFM (Economics, Accounting, and Financial Management).

He participated in the sport of Kabbadi, playing for Rajasthan in the National Open Championship held in Simoga, Karnataka in 1971. After completing the college, he started the job of a government teacher in 1982. During this, He taught at the Dhod and Nagawa School. Soon he left the job and actively joined activism and politics.

Student Politics
While studying in college, he joined the Students Federation of India (SFI), the student organization of Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was elected Students Union President of Shri Kalyan Govt. College under the banner of SFI in 1979. At that time, Shri Kalyan Govt. College was the second largest college in Rajasthan on the basis of students strength. In the same year he was elected State Vice President of SFI's Rajasthan Unit.

Indian Mainstream Politics

 * Sarpanch, Grampanchayat Mundwara- Amra Ram was elected Sarpanch of Mundwada twice from 1983 to 1993.
 * In 1985, he contested for the first time for the legislator on CPI(M) ticket, and stood third place with 10281 votes.
 * In 1993, he was elected Legislative Assembly Member for the first time, by defeating Congress's Ramdev Singh in the Assembly elections from Dhod constituency of Rajasthan Assembly.
 * He was elected legislator (MLA) for three consecutive terms in the year 1993, 1998, and 2003 from Dhod.
 * In 2008, he was elected Legislative Assembly Member for fourth time, by defeating Congress's Narayan Singh in the Assembly elections from Danta Ramgarh constituency of Rajasthan Assembly. It was his fourth consecutive term in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly on CPI(M) ticket.
 * He lost the 2013 Assembly elections and stayed in third place, this time Narayan Singh of Congress won the seat.
 * In 1996, he contested for the first time for Member of Parliament. He lost, receiving 56,452 votes in Sikar constituency of Lok Sabha (Lower house of Indian Parliament), trailing at third position behind Dr. Hari Singh (INC candidate, winner) and Subhash Maharia (BJP candidate).
 * After 1996, he has contested for the Sikar Lok Sabha constituency seat 6 times but has not won.

Role in Vidhan Sabha
He was elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly for four terms. Amra Ram is known for bringing farmer issues to the notice of Assembly.
 * Farmers were agitating on 20 January 1997 for power supply for wells outside the Rajasthan assembly, Amra raised this demand of farmers in the House and sought solution. However, this was not discussed before the Governor's address commenced. Amra Ram, however, disrupted the governor's address and insisted that if the assembly won't look after the well-being of the farmers, the assembly proceedings would/should be stopped. (Hindi: अमराराम ने कहा कि अगर किसान का कुआँ नहीं चलेगा तो विधानसभा भी नहीं चलेगी). For this incident, Amra Ram and 4 other MLAs were suspended from the assembly for 3 months. At that time Baliram Bhagat was the Governor and Bhairun Singh Shekhawat was the Chief Minister of Rajasthan.
 * As an MLA, Amra Ram always opposed the proposals for the increase in wages and allowances of legislators.
 * Amra Ram opposed the proposal of the Legislative Council in Rajasthan and demanded division of the house on the issue on 17 April 2012. He argued that doing so would give additional burden of Rs 500 crore annually to the people of the state. The proposal of the Legislative Council passed in the division of assembly by majority. Ruling Party and opposition were in favor of the proposal, Amra Ram and 4 other MLAs were against the proposal.

Sikar Kisan Movement 2017
A large farmer's movement started in Rajasthan on 1 September 2017 to promote farmer's loan waivers, minimum support price and other demands under the leadership of Akhil Bhartiya Kishan Sabha (AIKS). Kisan Sabha, President, Amra Ram, Former MLA Pema Ram, Hetram Benwal, Pawan Duggal, Mangal Singh Yadav, Bhagirath Netar, Sagar Mal Khachariya and others were leading the movement. Sikar was the center of movement, so it is known as "Sikar Kisan Andolan". Thousands of farmers gathered in Sikar Mandhi on 1 September, and said their Padav would continue until demands were accepted. Kishan Padav (Hindi: किसान पड़ाव) continued in Sikar and Other Districts including Bikaner, Nagaur, Jhunjhunu, Churu, Hanumangarh, Shri Ganganagar, Alwar till 10 September. During this, government imposed Section 144 and also blocked Internet services in Sikar. When the demands were not accepted, on 10 September, AIKS called a Statewide Indefinite Highway Strike. After beginning from Sikar, this movement spread throughout Rajasthan, it had a widespread impact in 14 districts. Meanwhile, Sikar and other cities were also kept under strike. Traders and many organizations supported the Farmer's Movement. On the 11th day, on the call of the Kisan Sabha, the farmers blocked highways and all other major and minor roads. Then the government invited the delegation of farmers for the talks on 11 September. After 2 days of long talks the government accepted the demand of the farmers on 13 September. The movement was withdrawn after the demands were accepted.

title: Amra Ram


text:
Alfredo Deza (hurdler)

Alfredo Deza Fuller (born 24 June 1944) is a Peruvian hurdler. He competed in the men's 110 metres hurdles at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

His son Alfredo Deza Ganoza was a high jumper.

title: Alfredo Deza (hurdler)


text:
Montignez

Montignez is a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Buix, Courtemaîche and Montignez merged to form the new municipality of Basse-Allaine.

title: Montignez


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Mathematics/2015 February 4

= February 4 =

Cubes of the form 3 x2 ± x y + 5 y2 with x, y coprime
Are there any cubes of the form $$3x^2\pm xy+5y^2$$ with x and y coprime ? I've found no solutions for $$|x|,|y|\le10^3.$$ — <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:26, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Work through the method here- I think you'll find that x must be 0 for any 3x^2 +- x*y + 5*y = k^3- so no. DTLHS (talk) 20:14, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Characteristic polynomial without determinant
The usual definition of the characteristic polynomial of an endomorphism A of a finite dimensional vector space uses the determinant. I faintly remember that, way back in time at university, there was an approach that didn't need neither determinants nor eigenvalues. I can't find anything on the net, and I can't figure it out by myself.

As far as I remember, the trick was to decompose the vector space into subspaces that were stable under the endomorphism (corresponding to the Jordan blocks, but those were not yet defined at this stage of deduction).

It worked roughly by taking a basis b1, ..., bn, then computing b1 A^0, b1 A^1, ... until the set of vectors was no longer linearly independent. Then construct a polynomial from the coefficients of b1 A^k= sum ai b1 A^i, then find a new basis containing b1 A^0 to b1 A^(k-1) for the first subspace. Continue iteratively for the subspace consisting of the remaining vectors of the basis. Finally, multiply all the polynomials together.

Anyone out there who has seen such a thing? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:51, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You could get the matrix into say, upper triangular form, read off the eigenvalues, and construct the characteristic polynomial from the eigenvalues. Down with Determinants! is a fun paper going into the math behind a determinant-free approach. --Mark viking (talk) 14:12, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I had seen that before. That guy uses the concept of eigenvalues and, even worse, restricts himself to vector spaces over the complex numbers. The above approach would work for any field. Eigenvalues, a volume function (p(0)(-1)^n = det A) and Cayley-Hamilton would be for free, based solely on the concept of vector spaces and linear independence. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:52, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * What you're doing is constructing the characteristic polynomial from the cyclic subspaces of the matrix. Off the top of my head, I would check Hoffman and Kunze "Linear algebra".  They emphasize the cyclic subspace perspective fairly heavily.   Sławomir Biały  (talk) 14:17, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That's in the line of the thing ... but I'm fairly decadent ... . I was hoping for something on the internet. Well, probably I will step out into the cold and get the book, in physical form, from the library ;-) . <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:52, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You might want to check out Advanced Linear Algebra by Steven Roman (GTM 135) as well. The characteristic polynomial is defined as the product of the elementary divisors, and cyclic subspaces are clearly involved. (Disclaimer: I haven't read the chapter, but at least determinants are nowhere in sight.) YohanN7 (talk) 16:15, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks, this is even available online. 488 pages. This will take some time. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:43, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ouch, this starts with theorem 0.1 stating det A^t=det A. .... So determinants are a prerequisite, not something to be derived. Standard approach, not what I am looking for. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:28, 4 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
...And Here I Die... Satisfied

...And Here I Die... Satisfied is an EP by Swedish death metal band Grave, released in February 1993 on Century Media Records.

"Black Dawn" is a re-recording of the title track from their 1987 demo when they were known as Corpse.

Personnel

 * Grave
 * Jörgen Sandström – vocals, guitars, bass
 * Ola Lindgren – guitars, backing vocals
 * Jens "Jensa" Paulsson – drums
 * Jonas Torndal – bass (tracks 4–6)

 * Production
 * Axel Hermann – cover art

title: ...And Here I Die... Satisfied


text:
Talk:Dominique Moceanu

Currently a Student?
In the header 2000-2007, it states that Dominique is currently a student. Is this still the case now that she is married and now with baby? Shawn W (talk) 00:12, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
 * According to this interview, yes. It says that she's taking one semester off to be with her daughter, but expects to return and graduate by spring 2009. DanielEng (talk) 03:55, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Comeback?
How is the comeback progressing? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:14, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

Odd additions
Why is it listed that her husband is a podiatrist, but then goes on to say a podiatrist is not a real doctor. A podiatrist is, in fact, a doctor who works on feet and ankles. Also an odd addition in the Personal Life section, the article says she has a sister that was born "without a soul." These fairly dumb additions that are not based on fact, or they are typos. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:03, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

Birthplace dispute?
Hollywood, California or Florida? This edit has brought this to my attention. The sources brought forth in that edit were not reliable, however, so I reverted. Yet I recall back at the time she and the rest of the Magnificent Seven gymnasts were getting attention following the 1996 Olympics about seeing either as her birthplace. At least one of them is obviously not true. What is currently in the article (California) seems to be the correct one, after verifying in the first few pages of her 1996 autobiography (this book), which I happened to buy not long after the 1996 Olympics. So I'd stick with California, unless another reliable source says otherwise - which at that point, we may have a dispute about this detail. MPFitz1968 (talk) 00:04, 30 April 2017 (UTC)

XLinkBot revert
(talk) 01:56, 19 July 2020 (UTC)May I please appeal the reversion of my post of Dominique's TED talk reverted? The XLinkBot/RevertList says, "The bot does not revert when the account is older than 7 days (except when the rule is on override)". What does "except when the rule is on override" mean? This TEDx talk was given Dominique because it seems she wanted people to listen to it. It does not seem that she is trying to profit from it. It is not like an official music video. TEDx was created in the spirit of TED’s mission, “ideas worth spreading.” Lindamarcella (talk) 01:56, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dominique Moceanu


text:
User:GinaGoodingBollocks

Absolute gezza, if ya wanna PayPal me £14673 to pay of my drug bills I'd greatly appreciate it, could sort you a cheeky big mac, or a box of 9 nuggets if I'm feeling really frisky ;) don't even speak to me though because I will obliterate you and run over everyone you've ever loved. As in I'll hop in my car, balance thd clutch and throttle to perform a hill start. Then put my seat belt on as I'm a dangerous person and live life on the edge. As I speed away, I pound the clutch in and slap it into second, and so on for all the gears. Till I'm doing my tip speed of 16MPH,i will then proceed to destroy your entier family and eradicate them from excistance. Cheers for checking my page out lads, now fuck off you prick.

title: User:GinaGoodingBollocks


text:
A-level Mathematics/OCR/M3/SHM

Defining Equation of Motion (in terms of acceleration and displacement)
By definition, a particle performs simple harmonic motion (SHM) when
 * the magnitude of its acceleration $$\ddot{x}$$ is proportional to the magnitude of its displacement $$x$$ from some fixed point, and
 * its acceleration and displacement are in opposite directions.

More formally, SHM occurs whenever the equation of motion $$\ddot{x}=-kx$$ holds, where $$k$$ is a positive constant. By convention, we write $$k=\omega^2$$ (we will explain the significance of $$\omega$$ later) so the equation becomes $$\ddot{x}=-\omega^2 x$$.

Simple harmonic oscillators are easy to find in the real world. The undamped oscillation of a mass attached to an elastic string or spring is just one example in the realm of mechanics. Before studying such examples, let us first examine the characteristics of SHM using the abstract model described below.

Consider the following oscillator with an oscillation amplitude of $$a$$. Let $$x$$ denote its displacement from the origin, and $$\ddot{x}$$ its acceleration.

Let us restate the defining equation for SHM:

Recall that the algebraic variables representing displacement and its derivatives wrt time represent one-dimensional vector quantities (i.e. they all lie on a line). If the value of the variable is positive, then its vector points in the positive direction; if it is negative, its vector points in the other direction.

Observe that when the $$x=0$$, then $$\ddot{x}=0$$. By Newton's Second Law, the resultant force $$F$$ acting on the oscillator is zero at this instance.

When $$x>0$$ (i.e. to the right of the origin), the resultant force points to the left, towards the origin. When $$x<0$$, the resultant force points to the right, towards the origin. Because the resultant force always points towards the origin whenever the oscillator is not at the origin, the resultant force can be termed a restoring force. The behaviour of the restoring force suggests that the speed of the oscillator is maximum at the origin and is zero at the two ends where it changes direction (i.e. $$v=0$$ when $$x=\pm a$$).

Equation of Motion, in terms of velocity, amplitude and displacement
Now, let us rewrite the defining SHM equation in terms of the velocity $$v$$ and displacement $$x$$. We make the following substitution: $$\ddot{x}=\frac{dv}{dt}=\frac{dv}{dx}\frac{dx}{dt}=v\frac{dv}{dx}$$. It follows that

Using $$v=0$$ and $$x=\pm a$$ as one pair of limits for the integral, we get

Now, it is clear that the speed is maximum when $$x=0$$ (in which case $$v=\pm\omega a$$), and $$v=0$$ when $$x=\pm a$$.

Equation of Motion, in terms of displacement, amplitude and time
The significance of the constant $$\omega$$ will become clear once we express the defining SHM equation in terms of the displacement $$x$$ and time $$t$$:

This is just a ''second-order ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients''. The characteristic equation (as a function of $$m$$) is given by:

$$ m^2 + \omega^2 =0 \Rightarrow m = \pm \sqrt{-\omega^2} \Rightarrow m = \pm \mathrm{i}\omega $$

Thus, the general solution to the differential equation may be written as:

$$x=A_1\cos (\omega t) + A_2\sin (\omega t)\,$$, or equivalently, $$x=A_3\cos (\omega t + \varepsilon)\,$$.

To solve for the pairs of constants $$\{A_1,A_2\}$$ or $$\{A_3,\varepsilon\}$$, we need a pair of initial conditions describing the SHM.

If the particle starts from rest at the maximum displacement $$x=a$$, then we substitute $$x=a$$ and $$\frac{dx}{dt}=0$$ at $$t=0$$ to get $$A_1=a$$, $$A_2=0$$ and $$A_3=a$$, $$\varepsilon=0$$. The solution becomes $$x=a \cos (\omega t)\,$$.

On the other hand, if the oscillation begins at minimium displacement, then we obtain $$x=a \sin (\omega t)=a\cos\left(\omega t - \frac{\pi}{2}\right)\,$$.

In general, we have

where the constant $$\varepsilon$$ depends on the starting position of the oscillator.

These equations show that $$\omega$$ is just the constant angular velocity (or angular frequency) associated with the SHM. The following figure illustrates this relationship between SHM and uniform circular motion (with an angular velocity of $$\omega$$). The displacement $$x$$ of the simple harmonic oscillator is really just the $$x$$-coordinate of the particle performing uniform circular motion. We can therefore think of SHM as a projection of uniform circular motion onto the diameter of the circle.

The simple harmonic oscillator completes one oscillation whenever it traverses twice the end-to-end distance (i.e. a distance of $$4a$$). This corresponds to one revolution around the circle in the case of uniform circular motion. Thus, the period of oscillation in SHM is given by

Example: Mass on an Elastic String
We wish to determine if a mass suspended on a light (i.e. massless) elastic string will demonstrate SHM.

Consider a light elastic string with natural length $$l$$ and modulus of elasticity $$\lambda$$ suspended vertically from a fixed point O. The other end of the string is attached to a particle of mass $$m$$.

Let the point E denote the equilibrium position of the particle. At E, the particle is at rest (i.e. the resultant force acting on it is zero). Let $$e$$ denote the extension of the string when the particle is at E. Considering the vertical forces on the particle gives:

$$\frac{\lambda}{l}e = mg \Rightarrow e= \frac{mgl}{\lambda}$$.

The displacement $$x$$ of the mass is always measured from the equilibrium position E, since this is the point where $$\ddot{x}=0$$ and hence, the resultant force $$F=0$$.

Suppose the mass experiences a small displacement $$x$$. Applying Newton's Second Law produces

which is the defining equation of motion for SHM, with $$\omega^2 = \frac{\lambda}{ml}$$. Note that the particle performs SHM only when the string remains taut, i.e. $$a<e$$.

Summary
You are expected to know the following formulas, as they will not be provided in the examination:

title: A-level Mathematics/OCR/M3/SHM


text:
User:Sammie Oluwaseyi

Solomon Olaolu Oluwaseyi Sammie (born August 19, 1979) is an Nigeria businessman, Petrolhead, Thinker, investor, philanthropist, and humanitarian. Co-Partner at ESTINVENT and ESTINCITE. Presently holding the position of CEO and Head Business Development Unit.

Born and raised in Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria.

title: User:Sammie Oluwaseyi


text:
Geoff Brabham

Geoffrey John Brabham (born 20 March 1952) is an Australian racing driver. Brabham spent the majority of his racing career in the United States.

CART
He raced successfully in CART early in his career, finishing 8th in 1982, 1984 and 1987 with nine podiums. In ten appearances in the Indianapolis 500, he had a best result of fourth in 1983 and fifth in 1981.

Sports car racing
His greatest source of success was in various forms of sports cars, winning four IMSA GTP titles (1988–1991) when racing for Nissan, and one Can-Am championship (1981).

Brabham also won the 1993 24 Hours of Le Mans driving one of the factory Peugeot 905 alongside French drivers Éric Hélary and Christophe Bouchut. His younger brother David Brabham had won the GT class in the race driving a Jaguar XJ220 for Tom Walkinshaw Racing, but the team was later disqualified for technical infringements. Geoff Brabham became just the third Australian driver to win Le Mans after Bernard Rubin (1928) and Vern Schuppan in 1983. David Brabham would also go on to win Le Mans in 2009, also driving for the factory Peugeot team.

Touring car racing
Later in his career, Brabham returned to Australia, where he was runner-up in the 1995 and 1997 Australian Super Touring Championship, and won the 1997 Bathurst 1000 Super Touring race driving a BMW 320i alongside brother David. The pair initially finished second behind BMW Motorsport Australia teammates Paul Morris and Craig Baird, but a blunder by the team left Baird in his car at the final pit stop which meant that by the end of the race, the Kiwi driver had breached the race regulation which limited any one driver to a maximum of three hours continuous driving. This caused their disqualification and handed the win to the Brabham brothers.

Brabham dabbled in V8 Supercar drives in his native Australia throughout his career. He is still one of the few drivers to win his first race, Sandown 500 in 1993. He started eleven races for one victory.

Stock car racing
Brabham took two race victories in the International Race of Champions stock car series (1992 and 1993), both at Michigan. He made his only NASCAR Winston Cup Series start at the first ever Brickyard 400 at Indianapolis in 1994, driving for Michael Kranefuss. Brabham crashed in the second half of the race.

Personal life
He is the son of three-time Formula One World Champion Jack Brabham. He has two younger brothers; Gary and David. Geoff teamed with David to win the 1997 Bathurst 1000 in a BMW, becoming the only brothers to have combined to win the race. Although the most successful of the second generation of racing Brabhams, unlike his siblings he did not compete in World Championship Formula One.

Married to Roseina Brabham, a multi-time jet-ski champion, Brabham has retired from competition himself to focus on his son Matthew's racing career. After a successful karting career, Matthew moved into international open-wheel racing and the Road to Indy ladder; he is also a two-time Stadium Super Trucks champion.

Awards
He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2004. In 2014, Brabham was assigned as the chief director of Nissan and its developer Nismo.

CART
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Complete Bathurst 1000 results
* Super Touring race

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

title: Geoff Brabham


text:
Iris ludwigii

Iris ludwigii, with the common name Ludwig iris, is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant with violet-blue flowers. It is native to the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan meet. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Description
Iris ludwigii is similar in form to Iris pontica, but differs in shape and size of the rhizome.

It has a stout, creeping rhizome. That forms compact and often crowded plants.

It has between 2 and 4, linear, grass-like, lanceolate, 20 - 40 cm long,  and 5mm wide leaves. The leaves have 3–7 veins. It has very variable sized stems that can be obsolete or underground, or 2–3 cm long, or up to 10 - 20 cm cm long.

It has lanceolate and green, paper-like spathes (leaves of the flower bud).

The stems hold 1–2 terminal (top of stem) flowers,  between May and June. The flowers last on the plant between 6–8 days.

It has flowers that are 5 - 6 cm in diameter, that are violet-blue. It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'. The falls are lanceolate, with white marks and violet-blue veining. The centre of the falls is covered with short unicellular hairs, (looking similar to a yellow beard). The standards are erect, narrow and oblong.

It has a slender filiform (thread-like), perianth tube.

It has linear style branches, that white with violet-blue tips. It has yellow or white filaments and orange anthers.

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule (not described) between August and September.

Biochemistry
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a chromosome count: 2n=38.

In 2003, a study was carried out on the chromosome sequencing of various irises from the Siberian region of central Asia. They sequenced the rbcL gene from some Siberian iris species belonging to different subgenera, including Iris halophila, Iris ludwigi, Iris uniflora, Iris pseudacorus, Iris glaucescens, Iris tigridia, and Iris laevigata. Their results supported Brian Mathew's classification from 1989. That Iris halophila and Iris ludwigii form a cluster.

Taxonomy
The Latin specific epithet ludwigii refers to the 18th century Professor of natural history and medicine, Christian Gottlieb Ludwig.

It has the common name of Ludwig Iris.

It was originally published and described by Karl Johann Maximowicz in the 'Bulletin of the Academy of Imperial Science, Saint-Pétersburg Vol.26 pages508-509 in 1880.

It was later published in Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg Vol.10 page721 in 1880 (Diagn. pl. nov. asiat.).

In his book (Iris, 1913) William Rickatson Dykes was once thought Iris ludwigii to a form of Iris humilis with stoloniferous rhizomes, the Academy of Imperial Science, Saint-Pétersburg did not agree with this. It was later treated as a separate species by Brian Mathew. Georgi Rodionenko had proposed Series Ludwigia for this species. But after chromosomal studies were carried out it was then placed in Series Spuriae.

It was mentioned in 'Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the Former USSR)'.

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003.

Distribution and habitat
Iris ludwigii is native to temperate regions of Asia.

Range
It is found in Altai Mountains,   between east Kazakhstan,  and Siberia,  and Altai Republic in Russia.

It is listed with Iris bloudowii, Iris psammocola, Iris ruthenica, Iris sibirica, Iris tenuifolia and Iris tigridia as being found in the Altai-Sayan region (where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together).

It is also found in the Altai-Dzungarian region of the Altai mountains (between Mongolia and China).

Habitat
It grows on the steppes, in meadows, in thickets of Neotrinia splendens, and on gravelly slopes.

Conservation
It is listed in the IUCN Red Book of the Altai Territory.

It is at risk due to the effects of cattle grazing, ploughing and other farming methods.

In April 2005, a Working draft of Species Action Plan for Iris ludwigii was created for the at risk plants on the Altai Mountains.

It is mentioned as one of the 17 species of plants are included in the 'Red Book of Kazakhstan', and they are: Steppe peony (Paeonia hybrida), Spring asphodel, (Adonis vernalis), Pink rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea), Altai rhubarb (Rheum altaicum), Altai daphne (Daphne altaica), Snow (Macropodium nivale), Siberian adder's-tongue (Erythronium sibiricum), Maral root (Rhaponticum carthamoides), Vereschagin (Limnas veresczaginii), Heteropetals tulip (Tulipa heteropetala), Small-fruit cranberry (Oxycoccus microcarpus), (Cymbaria dahyrica), Altai anthrax (Sibiraea altaiensis), Stemless (Leiospora excapa), Altai gimnospermium (Gimnospermium altaicum) and Fir club moss (Lycopodium selago). 5 species of plant were put into the 'Red Book of Russian Federation', they are Steppe peony (Paeonia hybrida), Altai rhubarb (Rheum altaicum), Altai daphne (Daphne altaica), Ludwig iris (Iris ludwigii) and Siberian adder's-tongue (Erythronium sibiricum).

Cultivation
Iris ludwigii is cultivated as an ornamental plant for gardens. It prefers locations in full sun, on soils with good drainage.

In nature and in cultivation, it was found that the plant, flowers but they are sterile with underdeveloped stamens. Therefore, does not produce seeds.

It is hardy enough to grow and be cultivated in the botanical gardens of Barnaul, Novosibirsk and Chita, Zabaykalsky Kra, in Russia. It was trialled at The Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg in 1971. It bloomed three times but then died after flowering.

Propagation
It can be propagated by division or by seed growing.

Other sources

 * Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
 * Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 113.
 * Rare and Endangered Plants of Siberia, 1980

title: Iris ludwigii


text:
Scouting/BSA/Programming Merit Badge

Requirement 1
'''Safety. Do the following:'''

 * A. Show your counselor your current, up-to-date Cyber Chip.

 * B. Discuss first aid and prevention for the types of injuries or illnesses that could occur during programming activities, including repetitive stress injuries and eyestrain.

Requirement 2
'''History. Do the following:'''

 * A. Give a brief history of programming, including at least three milestones related to the advancement or development of programming.

 * B. Describe the evolution of programming methods and how they have improved over time.

Requirement 3
'''General knowledge. Do the following:'''

 * A. Create a list of 10 popular programming languages in use today and describe which industry or industries they are primarily used in and why.

 * B. Describe three different programmed devices you rely on every day.

Requirement 4
'''Intellectual property. Do the following:'''

 * A. Explain how software patents and copyrights protect a programmer.

 * B. Describe the difference between licensing and owning software.

 * C. Describe the differences between freeware, open source, and commercial software, and why it is important to respect the terms of use of each.

Requirement 5
'''Projects. Do the following:'''

 * A. With your counselor’s approval, choose a sample program. Then, as a minimum, modify the code or add a function or subprogram to it. Debug and demonstrate the modified program to your counselor.

 * B. With your counselor’s approval, choose a second programming language and development environment, different from those used for requirement 5a and in a different industry from 5a. Then write, debug, and demonstrate a functioning program to your counselor, using that language and environment.

 * C. With your counselor’s approval, choose a third programming language and development environment, different from those used for requirements 5a and 5b and in a different industry from 5a or 5b. Then write, debug, and demonstrate a functioning program to your counselor, using that language and environment.

 * D. Explain how the programs you wrote for requirements 5a, 5b, and 5c process inputs, how they make decisions based on those inputs, and how they provide outputs based on the decision making.

Requirement 6
Careers. Find out about three career opportunities in programming. Pick one and find out the education, training, and experience required. Discuss this with your counselor and explain why this career might be of interest to you.

title: Scouting/BSA/Programming Merit Badge


text:
Yermakovka

Yermakovka (Ермаковка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Lebedinsky Selsoviet, Tabunsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 32 as of 2013. There is 1 street.

Geography
Yermakovka is located 24 km east of Tabuny (the district's administrative centre) by road. Saratovka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Yermakovka


text:
Fedora And Red Hat System Administration/Finding And Checking Files

Files that are writable by "other"
If we search just based on permission, we'll get false hits from things like symbolic links.

[user@station user]$ find. -perm +002 -ls 4095   0 lrwxrwxrwx   1 user     user           22 Jan  4 08:30 ./rh033 -> rh033-RHEL3-1-20031103 10209   0 lrwxrwxrwx   1 user     user           18 Jan  4 09:28 ./.mozilla/default/bgdnw5up.slt/lock -> <IP_ADDRESS>:3311 63259   1 -rw-rw-rw-   1 user     user            6 Jan  5 11:58 ./playground/real-problem

Instead look for files with other write enabled that are regular files.

[user@station user]$ find. -perm +002 -type f -ls 63259   1 -rw-rw-rw-   1 user     user            6 Jan  5 11:58 ./playground/real-problem

Directories that are writable by "other"
When searching for directories that are writeable by other, one should also consider whether the "sticky bit" is set for the directory. In octal, the sticky bit is represented as a 1 in the first position in four digit octal representation (ex: 1777). This is a common setting for temporary directories and is not normally considered a security risk.

World writable temporary directories:

[user@station user]$ find / -perm -1002 -type d -ls 2>/dev/null 493   0 drwxrwxrwt   2 root     root           40 Jan  4 09:25 /dev/shm 2   4 drwxrwxrwt  11 root     root         4096 Jan  5 11:42 /tmp 58497   4 drwxrwxrwt   2 xfs      xfs          4096 Jan  4 09:26 /tmp/.font-unix 29250   4 drwxrwxrwt   2 root     user         4096 Jan  4 09:27 /tmp/.X11-unix 14625   4 drwxrwxrwt   2 user     user         4096 Jan  4 09:27 /tmp/.ICE-unix 29252   4 drwxrwxrwt   2 user     user         4096 Jan  4 09:28 /tmp/.esd 665189   4 drwxrwxrwt   2 root     root         4096 Jan  3 07:51 /var/lib/texmf 97345   4 drwxrwxrwt   2 root     root         4096 Jan  4 14:00 /var/tmp 178466   4 drwxrwxrwt   2 root     root         4096 Aug 11  2003 /var/spool/vbox 762533   4 drwxrwxrwt   2 root     root         4096 Sep 25  2003 /var/spool/samba

Finding the real problem directories:

[user@station user]$ find / -perm -002 -not -perm -1000 -type d -ls 2>/dev/null 46931   1 drwxrwxrwx   2 user     user         1024 Jan  5 12:06 /home/kupferer/bad-permissions

SUID and SGID executables
SUID and SGID executables can present serious security concerns since they allow users to execute programs with permissions of another user. For this reason they should be closely monitored. SUID is represented as 4 in the first position and SGID, by a 2.

The  command produces a checksum for a file that can be used later to check whether the file's contents have changed.

[user@station user]$ echo "some content" >a_file [user@station user]$ md5sum a_file eb9c2bf0eb63f3a7bc0ea37ef18aeba5 a_file [user@station user]$ echo "Some content" >a_file [user@station user]$ md5sum a_file 581ab2d89f05c294d4fe69c623bdef83 a_file

This is often used when downloading files from possibly untrustworthy mirrors. So long as a trusted checksum can be obtained, it can be used to verify that the data wasn't corrupted whether accidentally or maliciously. Often checksum files are distributed with downloads or kept on secure media to check systems for possible data corruption or intrusion. To create an MD5 checksum file, simply redirect the  output to a file. can then be used to run the check later.

[user@station playground]$ for I in $(seq 1 6) > do echo "Content for file-$I" >file-$I > done [user@station user]$ ls file-1  file-2  file-3  file-4  file-5  file-6 [user@station playground]$ md5sum * >files.md5 [user@station playground]$ cat files.md5 37bca4ca3e0aa391ce8676a694940e66 file-1 ab831d920679cd711a85dc72360dbddc file-2 371e1a1c44fac93d8ff0aa87ce623f19 file-3 8472ca817e850d90b2d747254f4ec6d2 file-4 d1c4512228268473f5a7f9e22c20a14c file-5 1c64532d6ba6dd4125be760a1e7f66d3 file-6 [user@station playground]$ echo "different stuff" >file-3 [user@station playground]$ md5sum -c files.md5 file-1: OK file-2: OK file-3: FAILED file-4: OK file-5: OK file-6: OK md5sum: WARNING: 1 of 6 computed checksums did NOT match

Finding and Checking SUID and SGID executables
[root@station root]# find / -type f -perm +6000 -exec md5sum {} \; >suid.md5 [root@station root]# echo "blah" > /usr/local/bin/new-suid [root@station root]# chmod 4755 /usr/local/bin/new-suid [root@station root]# find / -type f -perm +6000 -exec md5sum {} \; >suid.md5.new [root@station root]# diff suid.md5 suid.md5.new 45a46 > 0d599f0ec05c3bda8c3b8a68c32a1b47 /usr/local/bin/new-suid [root@station root]# mv suid.md5.new suid.md5 mv: overwrite `suid.md5'? y [root@station root]# echo "more" >> /usr/local/bin/new-suid [root@station root]# find / -type f -perm +6000 -exec md5sum {} \; >suid.md5.new [root@station root]# diff suid.md5 suid.md5.new 46c46 < 0d599f0ec05c3bda8c3b8a68c32a1b47 /usr/local/bin/new-suid --- > 9faee5c03d3f99ba4b95be1fc78c847f /usr/local/bin/new-suid