text:
Wikipedia talk:Meetup/San Francisco/International Women's Day 2015

Travel
Is there anyone in Napa or Sonoma counties coming to this event or the one in SF on the preceding day?-- ɱ    (talk  ·  vbm)  01:48, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Hello   ɱ    (talk  ·  vbm) . My wife  and I will be there. We live in American Canyon. Cullen328   Let's discuss it  17:01, 4 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi and thanks for the reply. I somewhat ran into you with a rather sour image size debate. I am currently living in St. Helena, just up the road, and I'm not sure I can get to San Francisco on my own, even though I'd like to go to this and/or the other event this coming weekend. I've been to Wikipedia events in New York City and very much enjoyed them. As for transportation, I have taken the Vine as far south as Napa, and could plan to do that; there is also this Route 29 bus that may take me to American Canyon, although it apparently isn't run on weekends. I know it's quite a bit out of your way, but if you'd be able to help me get the rest of the way, that would be fantastic. Thank you.-- ɱ    (talk  ·  vbm)  22:38, 4 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Hello again  ɱ  . Saint Helena is a 60 mile round trip drive from American Canyon. I really don't look forward to making that trip twice as well as the trip to and from San Francisco. If you can get to American Canyon, we will be happy to give you a ride to San Francisco. Cullen328   Let's discuss it  04:43, 6 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Cullen328: Thanks for the reply; I'll let you know as soon as I can if I'll be able to get to American Canyon. I totally understand it would be quite a lot to go to Napa and SF. ɱ    (talk  ·  vbm)  04:51, 6 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Cullen328: It doesn't look good; I don't think I'll be able to make it to American Canyon. Thank you for you willingness; perhaps I'll see you at a future event.-- ɱ    (talk  ·  vbm)  21:00, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * There has been some discussion of a future wine country edit-a-thon, and if is willing to help, so are we. Cullen328   Let's discuss it  21:04, 7 March 2015 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/-Ril- 2/Proposed decision

So far all that has been presented is flimsy evidence, so I don't really see why that justifies claiming I am CheeseDreams - it just seems to be an attempt by SimonP and company to have me banned by pretending that I am some previously banned user. Mel Etitis tried this half a year ago claiming I was Lir.

I use r.v. because I am a (professional) linguist - rv would be pronounced "ruv" while r.v. is pronounced "ar vee", and hence using rv or rv. is something that I find quite inappropriate. Likewise P.s. because it is short for the latin term "Post scribo" ("after writing"), not Post Scribo - only first letters of sentences are capitalised, not the rest, and it is an abbreviation, not an acronym, and not a word in itself, hence the need for stops between the letters.

I find it frankly quite startling that anyone should countenance such flimsy claims as hard evidence - almost as if someone justified a connection between Saddam Hussein and Al-Quaeda simply because both had used the word Muhhamed with p.b.u.h. at the end. I gave explanations of SimonP's "evidence" last time he raised the claims, and the arbitration committee rejected the claims then. I don't see what has changed between then and now, except that I have raised arbitration against SimonP on the KJV issue - the claims remain the same. --Victim of signature fascism | There is no cabal 19:07, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Arbcom rejected the case, not the claims. You're certainly not the only person using r.v., JoanneB does it too. But it's quite rare, and a waste of time, really; edit summaries are rarely pronounced. You're quite obviously not Lir. What's your name mean, anyway? --Phroziac ♥♥♥♥ 16:11, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Odd diff in key FoF
I am confused by the diff cited in the FoF that Ril==Cheesedreams:. This edit appears not to be by either Cheesedreams or Ril. Do I misunderstand? -Splash talk 21:01, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Mul Mantar

Possible copyright violation
Most of the parts of this article have been pasted from SikhiWiki.org. Click on the link to follow it. Sikhiwiki.org has not mentioned its licensing on the same page and I do not have any reason to believe that it is GFDL compliant.

 * Note to the uploader: Please check the licensing of the article that has been copied from SikhiWiki.org and discuss it here. I am watching this page. -- Andy123  (talk) 04:56, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * SikhiWiki is a GFDL compliant Wiki. See disclaimer . Sukh | ਸੁਖ | Talk 11:47, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I have read the same. So, why dont we try to merge and transfer articles from Sikhiwiki.org to Wikipedia? -- Andy123  (talk) 13:58, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, indeed User:Harisingh has been doing just that. However, the site is a bit preachy, so it'll need npoving and some of the content is also from non-FDL sources so it needs to be double checked.  Sukh | ਸੁਖ | Talk 14:05, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Should God be "He" or "he"?
The article is inconsistent: sometimes God is "He" and sometimes "he". I just copyedited the Ōaṅkāra section, and on the basis of the introduction ("The English translation uses 'he' when referring to God. Sikhism does not recognise God as being of either sex and the original Punjabi version reflects this by being without gender.") I changed an instance of "He" to "he". I now wonder if I was right to do so. Isidore 22:10, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It depends, if by 'He' you mean another word for 'God' then it should probably be capitalised. All about style I suppose.  As long as it's consistent throughout the article it should be okay. Sukh | ਸੁਖ | Talk 14:32, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I've edited the article to use He, etc, throughout. Isidore 19:56, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Creation
Under the explaination for Sat Naam the words "nothing in existence" are used and the whole section seems to imply that Skihs believe that God created the universe at a fixed point in time. However, I thought the Sikh belief was that the life-time of God's creations was infinate and humanly indefinable, therefore Sikhs can not say if there was ever a nothingness, as opposed to the Hindu belief.

This is mere speculation and I can not back this up with scripture references so I think clarification is required. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:46, 15 March 2007 (UTC).

God as male or female
I've moved the following text here; it certainly does not belong in the article:

''The English translation uses 'He' when referring to God. Sikhism does not recognise God as being of either sex and the original Punjabi version reflects this by being without gender.''

"The above statement regarding the English translation about God is incorrect. Sikhism does regard God as being of the male sex with the word 'purkh.'  Purkh itself means male in the Gurmukhi script, and in this case, ਪੁਰਖੁ relates to that particular male personification of God.  There are other instances in Gurbani where God is referred to as 'The Only Male.'"

 * New Addition*

The first paragraph is correct. In Sikhism, God is neither male or female, the Guru proclaims this:

"(Since God) is neither male nor female; how can anyone describe Him? " (Sri Guru Granth Sahib PG 685)

The Lord is infinite, therefore cannot be described in finite words.

Proposing a move
I believe that this article should be moved to the title "Mul Mantar" as that is the straightforward pronunciation of the word and the best approximation in English. The current title "Mul Mantra" is misleading, if the final "-a" has been added as an attempt to comply to IAST, then it isn't even correct in that regard, "Mul" should have a final "-a" as well. In the English Wikipedia, Punjabi words and names have correctly been romanized without IAST, for example Guru Nanak Dev, not Guru Nanaka Deva, which is wrong. It just misleads people who are unfamiliar with IAST, let's keep it simple without inherent "-a"s everywhere. let's have it match other Punjabi article names in Wikipedia. If in agreement I'll move in a few days.3swordz (talk) 11:06, 15 July 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅ Profitoftruth85 appears to have made the move. 3swordz (talk) 16:54, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I respectfully disagree. While it may be correct that in modern Punjabi, the word is pronounced 'Mantar' (indeed many complex consonant clusters in Punjabi have been simplified), the word 'Mantra' is a the proper *English* word to use.  It must be remembered that Sikh scripture is not neccessarily in Punjabi, and the Punjabi of old was different to the Punjabi of today.

 * Case in point, see the Guru Granth Sahib online: http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=1040&punjabi=t&id=44544#l44544

 * You see the line 'ਮੂਲ ਮੰਤ੍ਰੁ  ਹਰਿ  ਨਾਮੁ  ਰਸਾਇਣੁ  ਕਹੁ  ਨਾਨਕ  ਪੂਰਾ  ਪਾਇਆ  ॥੫॥ ',  where the spelling is actually Mūl Maṃtra + u (The u is used for grammatical purposes and is not part of the word per-se).  There are 77 instances of the word 'Mantra' in the Guru Granth Sahib, compared to just 1 of the word 'Mantar'. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:13, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I checked with a book I have on Sikhism before making the move, you can view it here. --Profitoftruth85 (talk) 22:04, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I checked these: http://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks%3A1&tbo=1&q=mool+mantra&btnG=Search+Books   ;  http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbo=1&tbs=bks%3A1&q=mool+mantar&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=

 * Mantra is an ENGLISH word. Mantar is not. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:08, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Doesn't matter if "mantar" isn't an English word. Most Punjabi words aren't. The English transliteration "Mantar" more closely shows the Punjabi pronunciation, what you may be getting at is the "inherent -a" in Punjabi, which most article titles correctly leave out. (For instance, "Guru Nanak Dev" as opposed to "Guru Nanaka Deva.") Inherent -a's only complicate and mislead and most English speakers don't get the true purpose of it. (they would give it full weight, saying it something like "mon-traw".) English speakers unfamiliar with Punjabi would never get it right but "Mantar" would be the common-sense route.

 * I also find your assertion that old Punjabi was different than modern Punjabi in this respect hard to believe. Punjabi still has inherent -a's, it's just that the common trend in the English wiki for Punjabi is just to leave it off at word-final positions. Let's not tack on -a's everywhere.3swordz (talk) 10:31, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Another thing, ਮੰਤ੍ਰੁ minus the "u" might be seen as "mantr," which could be tricky. As long as "mantar" exists in the SGGS, it's an acceptable variant. And consonant clusters still have a notable presence in Punjabi with the "subscript" letters, nothing's been simplified. Even back then, "mantar" was used in the scriptures, no less, and it's used very commonly now. 3swordz (talk) 10:43, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Controversial Inclusion
The Mul Mantar adds at the word "Gurprasad".

The following lines are from the next bani in Sri Guru Granth Sahib.

"Jap" - The name of the Bani. See the beginning of other Banis for example. "Aad Such.....Bhi Such" - Is an introduction to the Bani Jap.

This is further corroborated by looking at the granth as a whole. The Mul Mantar, or the Manglacharya is used to begin each Ragh, Bani and Vaar.

The Mul Mantar, is sometimes shortened, but it always begins with Ik Oh-ang-kar and ends with Gurprasad. Even the pictures on the page show it as such.

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Mul Mantar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120825234434/http://www.sikher.com/guru-granth-sahib/user/search/scripturelist?scripturepage=1 to http://www.sikher.com/guru-granth-sahib/user/search/scripturelist?scripturepage=1

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:18, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

Source?
Welcome to wikipedia editing. Do you have a source for this addition? Please see WP:V and WP:RS. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 17:23, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Hi Sarah, I just recovered this from the previous version of the page because I know the version that includes the "Jap" verse is common and that there is debate about which is the proper version of the Mantar. My source is the previous version of the page since I remembered seeing it here. But I just found this website as well, can we use this? https://www.searchgurbani.com/guru-granth-sahib/ang-by-ang Dylanraiman (talk) 17:40, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

 * This website as well: http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=1 Dylanraiman (talk) 17:43, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

 * As you note there is debate about "which is the proper version of the Mantar" etc in Sikhism and various subtraditions. We can't use such websites per WP:RS guidelines (anyone or any competing group can offer their own interpretation, or start a website to mislead/misrepresent/carelessly discuss Sikhism/Sikh beliefs). We must try to find high quality sources. Do you have a peer-reviewed scholarly or equivalent reliable source? Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 17:50, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes I understand what you're saying. Would it be possible for us to use a primary source for now until we find a scholarly source? Basing this on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Primary,_secondary,_and_tertiary_sources. Dylanraiman (talk) 17:58, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

 * No, primary sources are generally not okay (except in cases where an exact quote is appropriate and when chosen with care as there are variant primary texts/manuscripts). We prefer secondary or tertiary RS. Japji is long, and this truncated version and its translation should be verifiable in a quality source. I will let that table you added remain the article for about two weeks. Hopefully, that is enough time for you to find an RS. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 18:17, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mul Mantar


text:
Madjoh Dosso

Salimata Madjoh Dosso (born 26 August 1986), known as Madjoh Dosso, is an Ivorian former footballer who played as a midfielder. She has been a member of the Ivory Coast women's national team.

International career
Dosso capped for Ivory Coast at senior level during the 2012 African Women's Championship.

title: Madjoh Dosso


text:
Santa Rita do Novo Destino

Santa Rita do Novo Destino is a municipality in northeastern Goiás state, Brazil.

Location
Santa Rita do Novo Destino is 82 km. east of Ceres and 15 km. north of Goianésia. Highway connections from Goiânia are made by taking GO-080 / Nerópolis / São Francisco de Goiás / BR-153 / Jaraguá / GO-080 / Goianésia / GO-438. Seplan

Neighboring municipalities: Hidrolina, São Luíz do Norte, Barro Alto, and Santa Isabel

Demographics

 * Urban population: 1,156
 * Population density: 3.53 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
 * Population growth rate: 1.56% 2000/2007

The Economy
The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries. In 2006 there were 476 farms with a total area of 70,126 hectares. Of this pasture land made up 48,000 hectares. There were 48,000 head of cattle. The main crops were rice, sugarcane (2,450 hectares), manioc, corn (1,000 hectares), and soybeans (1,500 hectares).

Health and Education
The adult literacy rate was 78.8% (2000) (national average was 86.4%) and the infant mortality rate was 33.10 (2000) (national average was 33.0). In 2007 there were no hospitals and there were 5 schools.

Human Development Index:  0.684
 * State ranking: 221 (out of 242 municipalities)
 * National ranking: 3,246 (out of 5,507 municipalities)

For the complete list see frigoletto.com.br

title: Santa Rita do Novo Destino


text:
Tom Elliott (cricketer, born 1991)

Tom Christopher Elliott (born 21 November 1991) is an English former first-class cricketer.

Elliott was born at Epsom in November 1991. He was educated at Tonbridge School, before going up to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, he played first-class cricket for both Cambridge University and Cambridge MCCU from 2012 to 2014. He made five appearances for Cambridge MCCU and three appearances for Cambridge University in The University Match against Oxford. He scored 306 runs in his eight appearances at an average of 23.53. He made one century, making 101 against Oxford in the 2013 University Match, with his score the second highest in the match after Oxford's Sam Agarwal made 313. Elliott fared better against Oxford than the county opponents he faced playing for Cambridge MCCU. In addition to playing cricket for Cambridge, he was also the university rackets captain, for which he gained a blue.

title: Tom Elliott (cricketer, born 1991)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sarhad (1960 film)

The result was delete. Tone 08:32, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Sarhad (1960 film)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non notable film, nothing found during search except database entries and videos. Tagged for notability for over 4 years. Donaldd23 (talk) 23:51, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Film-related deletion discussions. Donaldd23 (talk) 23:51, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. Donaldd23 (talk) 23:51, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment. Just curious, what kind of information are we going to get for a 1960 film? Not all 1960 movies are Spartacus or Mughal-e-Aazam. We are only going to find references such as this from Times of India, BFI UK, IMDB, Geetmaala. That said this page does seem like it can do with some improvement.  What is the incremental cost to keep? Ktin (talk) 00:02, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Just going to WP:NFILM guidelines. At least 2 independent reviews is required to establish notability. None of the sources you listed do that, they are all databases. Wikipedia is not another "database" and therefore doesn't need entries for every film ever made. If reviews can be found to establish notability for this film, then it will stay after this discussion. However, if nothing can be found then what is the benefit to this "database" entry on Wikipedia? Donaldd23 (talk) 01:03, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , I hear you. However, I do not think you will find that for Indian films from the 1960s. There will always be outliers (break-away blockbusters) like Mughal-e-Aazam, but, difficult to make the case that you will find it for other films. Alternately, you might have to look in vernacular media. Unfortunately, I am not of much help there. Cheers. Ktin (talk) 01:11, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * This was the last in a series of 9 articles of similar quality created by one editor (blocked in 2016 for abusing multiple accounts) within the space of 40 minutes. It takes longer to research them for possible deletion than it took him to write them, and several hundred remain. I've saved a couple of his efforts by finding reviews. Narky Blert (talk) 17:44, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , Cool. Thanks. Ktin (talk) 17:49, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete - sadly we have to stick to WP:NFILM and WP:GNG and this clearly fails both Spiderone  10:47, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete. The best I could find was a 3-line synopsis from BFI and a brief review in a 2012 blog, which says that "The background and the role did not suit Dev Anand at all and the film did not click with audience". Fails WP:NFILM and WP:GNG. Narky Blert (talk) 17:26, 19 August 2020 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Requests for mediation/José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero/archive1

SqueakBox
and. I will never apologise to this troll, he must apologise for his thoroughly disgusting, nauseating behaviour. His threats to have me erased if I continue to contribute here is a death threat and should be dealt with as such. His accusations of mental illness show who is the sick person here, etc etc, !!!!
 * - I think the only person who should apologise for his past behaviour is Zapatancasw who is
 * - For evidence of Zapatancas association with SquealingPig is this:

This concerns the behaviour of

He was then blocked and has now been permanently blocked. It simply is not credible that this nasty troll was not Zapatancas, who already had 2 accounts (Zapatero and Zapatancas, though Zapatancas is nopt a sock of Zapatero), the language used is the same and he has kept up the virulenmt hatred towards me ever since. It is not credible given the timing that zapatancas was not SquealingPig, so iot is indeed zapatancas who needs to apologise ionstead of playing this game with mke. This is the essence of the problem, and this is what needs mediating, SqueakBox 16:40, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Here Zapatancas reverts SqueakBox for the first time at Zapatero's years as an opposition leader as of 09:35, May 5, 2005.
 * Here as of 10:23, May 5, 2005 Zapatancas reverts a huge amount of SqueakBox's work at José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.
 * Here as of 10:47, May 5, 2005 SquealingPig comes along making a simple statement that betrays his non native English speaking origins.
 * Here as of 10:54, May 5, 2005 squeakBox responds in a civil manner *Here as of 11:00, May 5, 2005 SqueakBox reverts Zapatero's years as an opposition leader back to being a redirect. Instead of debating or reverting.
 * Here as of 12:02, May 5, 2005 SquealingPig vandalises SqueakBox's user page, and then proceeds to do so another 7 times
 * here
 * here
 * here
 * here
 * here
 * here
 * and here.

Zapatancas attacks against me on his user page
 * - I am happy to let sleeping pigs lie but Zapatancas must drop his mouthy attutude as demonstrated below, SqueakBox 14:51, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Zapatancas

 * - If there is some point that can be solved through medation is the following: Should SqueakBox apologize for his past behavior?

Explanation:
First of all, I want to say that I considered that the situation had been solved more or less completely until SqueakBox posted this on my talk page in February: "got thie following letter this morning [telling him his mediation request had been accepted]. If you come online here and want to go for it I say lets go for it, SqueakBox 16:08, 11 February 2006 (UTC)".

However, when I asked him to request mediation some months before, the situation was quite different and the level of aggressivity was huge. In any case, between his request and its acceptance he posted on my talk page a kind of peace treaty that, let's say, stopped the problem.

The problem, from my point of view, consisted in an unjustified, damaging, useless attitude that made to improve the article on Zapatero impossible for months (as I have said this is my view) and that included unpleasant comments about the article and about me. But, currently, SqueakBox's interest and activities on the articles are minimum so, no matter what happened, it can be considered part of the past.

SqueakBox's acts of aggression have been repeated from time to time since his peace treaty proposal although very sporadically and it seems they will peter out sooner or later in a natural way.

In any case, I would really like if he would apologize for his past behavior and he will recognize it was not right (with this I do not claim that I have behaved like a saint, of course); mostly because I believe that it is the only way to ensure it will be not repeated. However, I am not sure if mediation processes were created to discuss the past or to solve, let's say, "personal problems" between users, especially if they can be considered to exist no longer. Zapatancas 13:42, 17 March 2006 (UTC)


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General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Classification and Domains of Life

Fundamental classification

Classification of Living Things and Naming of Organisms
In science, the practice of classifying organisms is called taxonomy (Taxis means arrangement and nomos mean method). The modern taxonomic system was developed by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778). He used simple physical characteristics of organisms to identify and differentiate between different species and is based on genetics.

Linnaeus developed a hierarchy of groups for taxonomy. To distinguish different levels of similarity, each classifying group, called taxon (pl. taxa) is subdivided into other groups. To remember the order, it is helpful to use a mnemonic device. The taxa in hierarchical order:
 * Domain - Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukaryote
 * Kingdom - Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria (Monera), Archaebacteria
 * Phylum - Invertebrates, Vertebrates
 * Class - Fish, Bird, Mammal, Amphibian
 * Order - The Organism get its Energy?
 * Family - Special characteristics of the Organism and its relatives
 * Genus - First name of Organism
 * Species - Last name of Organism

The domain is the broadest category, while species is the most specific category available. The taxon Domain was only introduced in 1990 by Carl Woese, as scientists reorganise things based on new discoveries and information. For example, the European Hare would be classified as follows:

Eukaryote --> Animalia --> Chordata --> Mammalia --> Lagomorpha --> Leporidae --> Lepus --> Lepus europaeus.

Eukaryote is just one of the classes inside of the main class Phyla

Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature is used to name an organism, where the first word beginning with a capital is the genus of the organism and the second word beginning with lower-case letter is the species of the organism. The name must be in italics and in Latin, which was the major language of arts and sciences in the 18th century. The scientific name can be also abbreviated, where the genus is shortened to only its first letter followed by a period. In our example, Lepus europaeus would become L. europaeus.

Taxonomy and binomial nomenclature are both specific methods of classifying an organism. They help to eliminate problems, such as mistaken identity and false assumptions, caused by common names. An example of the former is the fact that a North American robin is quite different from the English robin. An example of the latter is the comparison between crayfish and catfish, where one might believe that they both are fish when in fact, they are quite different.

Nomenclature is concerned with the assignment of names to taxonomic groups in agreement with published rules. To study for a test these are the best words to know taxonomist, biologist, chemist, geologist, unicellular, multicellular, bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, respiration, reproduction, vertebrates, endoskeleton, exoskeleton, consumers, decomposers, heterotroph, autotroph, vascular, non-vascular. These are all part of classifying things.

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
There are two basic types of cells: eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Eukaryotes are more complex in structure, with nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. Some characteristics of eukaryotes are:

 * Unicellular or multicellular
 * Small to large, with lengths from about 1μm (Ostreococcus) to 30m (the blue whale)
 * DNA in nucleus, bounded by nuclear envelope
 * Genome consists of several chromosomes
 * Cell division by mitosis or meiosis; sexual reproduction is common
 * Mitochondria and other organelles are present

Prokaryotes refer to the smallest and simplest type of cells, without a true nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria fall under this category. Some characteristics:

 * Unicellular only, although some form filaments or colonies
 * Small, with lengths from about 0.1 to 5 μm (excluding filaments or colonies)
 * DNA is circular, and unbounded by a membrane
 * Genome consists of single chromosome, but there may be additional plasmids
 * Asexual reproduction, although plasmid transfer may occur
 * No membrane-bound organelles

Three Domains and Six Kingdoms
The three domains are organized based on the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Today's living prokaryotes are extremely diverse and different from eukaryotes. This fact has been proven by molecular biological studies (e.g. of RNA structure) with modern technology. The three domains are as follows:

Archaea (Archaebacteria) consists of archaebacteria, bacteria which live in extreme environments. The kingdom Archaea belongs to this domain.

Eubacteria consists of more typical bacteria found in everyday life. The kingdom Eubacteria belongs to this domain.

Eukaryote encompasses most of the world's visible living things. The kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia fall under this category.

The Six Kingdoms
Under the three domains are six kingdoms in taxonomy:

Animalia, contains general animals and is the largest kingdom with over 1 000 000 species.

Plantae, contains all plants on Earth.

Protista, the third kingdom, was introduced by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1866 to classify micro-organisms which are neither animals nor plants. Since protists are quite irregular, this kingdom is the least understood and the genetic similarities between organisms in this kingdom are largely unknown. For example, some protists can exhibit properties of both animals and plants.

Fungi are organisms that obtain food by absorbing materials in their bodies. Mushrooms and molds belong in this kingdom. Originally, they were part of the plant kingdom but were recategorized when they were discovered not to photosynthesize.

Eubacteria are bacteria, made up of small cells, which differ in appearance from the organisms in the above kingdoms. They lack a nucleus and cell organelles. They have cell walls made of peptidoglycan.

Archae (or Archaebacteria) are bacteria that live in extreme environments, such as salt lakes or hot, acidic springs. These bacteria are in their own category as detailed studies have shown that they have unique properties and features (ex. unusual lipids that are not found in any other organism)which differ them from other bacteria and which allow them to live where they live. Their cell walls lack peptidoglycan.

Origins of Diversity
The diversity in our planet is attributed to diversity within a species. As the world changed in climate and in geography as time passed, the characteristics of species diverged so much that new species were formed. This process, by which new species evolve, was first described by British naturalist Charles Darwin as natural selection.

For an organism to change, genetic mutations must occur. At times, genetic mutations are accidental, as in the case of prokaryotes when they undergo asexual reproduction. For most eukaryotes, genetic mutations occur through sexual reproduction, where meiosis produces haploid gametes from the original parent cells. The fusion of these haploid gametes into a diploid zygote results in genetic variation in each generation. Over time, with enough arrangement of genes and traits, new species are produced. Sexual reproduction creates an immense potential of genetic variety.

One goal of taxonomy is to determine the evolutionary history of organisms. This can be achieved by comparing species living today with species in the past. The comparison in anatomy and structure is based on data from development, physical anatomy, biochemistry, DNA, behaviour, and ecological preferences. The following are examples of how such data is used:

 * Anatomy:

Although a horse and a human may look different, there is evidence that their arm structures are quite similar. Their arms' sizes and proportions may be different, but the anatomical structures are quite similar. Such evidence reveals that animals in different taxa may not be that different. Biological features from a common evolutionary origin are known as homologous.

 * Development

 * Biochemistry:

Biochemical analysis of animals similar in appearance have yielded surprising results. For example, although guinea pigs were once considered to be rodents, like mice, biochemistry led them to be in their taxon of their own.

Phylogeny, Cladistics, and Cladograms
Modern taxonomy is based on many hypotheses' of the evolutionary history of organisms, known as phylogeny. As with the Scientific Method, scientists develop a hypothesis on the history of an animal and utilise modern science and technology to prove the phylogeny.

Cladistics is a classification system which is based on phylogeny. Expanding on phylogeny, cladistics is based on the assumption that each group of related species has one common ancestor and would therefore retain some ancestral characteristics. Moreover, as these related species evolve and diverge from their common ancestor, they would develop unique characteristics. Such characteristics are known as derived characteristics

The principles of phylogeny and cladistics can be expressed visually as a cladogram, a branching diagram which acts as a family (phylogenetic) tree for similar species. A cladogram can also be used to test alternative hypotheses for an animal's phylogeny. In order to determine the most likely cladogram, the derived characteristics of similar species are matched and analysed.

Classification of Living Things Practice Questions
1. If taxonomists had to select an existing kingdom to reclassify, which of the six would most likely be chosen? Why?

2. Complete the following without consulting external sources:

a) The species caudatum is in the family Paramecidae. What would be the binomial name of this organism?

b) Give the abbreviation of the binomial name.

3.

a) Irish moss belongs to the genus Chondrus. The name for this species is crispus. Give the binomial name.

b) Give the abbreviation of the binomial name.

4. Humans and chimpanzees are alike. Which of the following data would most accurately prove this correct?
 * a) biochemistry
 * b) DNA
 * c) appearance
 * d) development
 * e) A, B, C

5. Which of the following is out of order?

 * a) Kingdom --> Phylum --> Class
 * b) Class --> Family --> Order
 * c) Family --> Order --> Genus
 * d) Genus --> Species
 * e) A, C
 * f) A, B, D
 * g) B, C

6. A taxonomist discovers Organism A and Organism B and wishes to classify them. Which of the following choices is the most informative?

 * a) Both organisms are brown.
 * b) Both organisms have a tail.
 * c) Both organisms have ears.
 * d) Both organisms are nocturnal.

7. DNA analysis is usually done using DNA found in a cell's mitochondria, and not in a cell's nucleus. From your knowledge of mitosis, explain why this is so.

1. Archaebacteria 3.a) Chondrus crispus b) C. cripus 4. B 5. G 6. B


text:
Talk:Dermot Healy

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title: Talk:Dermot Healy


text:
User:Archivebdc

Welcome to my page.

I have lived throughout the northern United States all of my life, landing in Massachusetts after taking a living tour of the Northeast. I am voracious reader, love all things historical, and would love to be a solo archivist that could dig through boxes all day, but, alas, my job is slightly different than that, but focused on helping connect people with information on a regular basis.

My interest in Wikipedia is that it provides us with a starting point for information. In many cases, a bit of information is all that is needed to build upon an information need. I am hoping to help contribute to that process.

Other interests that I enjoyed - cooking, baking, cake decorating, crafting, and movies.

title: User:Archivebdc


text:
Marshall Islands at the 2019 World Athletics Championships

Marshall Islands competed at the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha, Qatar from 27 September to 6 October 2019.

Results

 * Key
 * Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
 * Q = Qualified for the next round
 * q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
 * NR = National record
 * PB = Personal best
 * N/A = Round not applicable for the event
 * Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

Men

 * Track and road events


text:
Talk:Derek Bourgeois

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title: Talk:Derek Bourgeois


text:
Rocky River (Deep River tributary)

Rocky River is a 42.5 mi long 5th order tributary to the Deep River in Chatham County, North Carolina.

Course
Rocky River rises in Liberty, North Carolina on the Sandy Creek and North Prong divide in Randolph County and then flows southeasterly to the Deep River about 3 miles west of Moncure, North Carolina.

Watershed
Rocky River drains 243.42 sqmi of area, receives about 47.6 in/year of precipitation, and has a wetness index of 426.50 and is about 55% forested.

Tributaries of the Rocky River (Deep River tributary) in North Carolina

title: Rocky River (Deep River tributary)


text:
Music Theory/Modes

Modes
Modes are alternative tonalities (scales) that can be derived from the familiar major scale by starting on a different scale tone. Music that uses the traditional major scale can be said to be in the Ionian mode. For example, in the key of C, the Ionian scale would be C D E F G A B.

The other familiar mode is Aeolian. It can be derived by starting the Ionian (major) scale on the sixth scale tone. For example, A Aeolian would be A B C D E F G. This is the A natural minor scale.

The other modes can be derived similarly, by starting the major scale on the other tones. If we stick with only the white notes on the piano, we can derive seven different modes. These are:

As you can see, each mode denotes a unique set of intervals above the root tone. The result of this is that music written in each mode has a very distinct sound. Progressions that sound familiar in one mode may sound otherworldly in another mode.

The tonic chord alone sounds different in many modes. In Ionian, Lydian and Mixolydian, the tonic triad is major. In Dorian, Phrygian and Aeolian, the tonic is minor. In Locrian, the tonic is diminished. Because the diminished triad sounds so unstable, Locrian is the most rarely employed mode.

However, since the modes all contain the same set of notes, any or all of them can be used within a single piece without accidentals. A certain mode can be achieved simply by creating a section which resolves to or is based on the tonic of that mode. Again using the white keys of the piano to illustrate, a section resolving to A would be in the A Aeolian mode, while one resolving to C would be in the C Ionian mode.

The modes can also be written by noting their differences from the Ionian, i.e. what sharpened or flattened notes they contain. This approach yields the following (in order of increasing number of flats):

Thus the E Phrygian is an E Ionian (major) scale with flattened second, third, sixth, and seventh degrees. It can be observed that, for a constant tonic, each mode contains the same notes as the previous except for one note being lowered, and that the lowered notes appear in the following order: IV (natural, lowered from IV♯), ♭VII, ♭III, ♭VI, ♭II, ♭V. This is known as the "order of flats", and can be used as an aid for memorizing the modes.

title: Music Theory/Modes


text:
Occupational Health/Contributors

Arinbasu created this book and had the initial idea for it.

EuropracBHIT found this book on the Humanities shelf, and decided to organise the Table of Contents, as well as the pages on which it will be written.

title: Occupational Health/Contributors


text:
Θησεύς

Etymology
Related to words describing law and institutions, ultimately from. See and.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Theseus

title: Θησεύς


text:
Talk:Denis Walker (activist)

Name spelt wrong
Can someone move this?--Jack Upland (talk) 10:23, 10 April 2014 (UTC)
 * ✅ Sorry it took so long. -- haminoon  ( talk ) 08:07, 27 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denis Walker (activist)


text:
Talk:Bharatha Lakshman Premachandra

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title: Talk:Bharatha Lakshman Premachandra


text:
Template:Filmmaking Portal

=Portal:Filmmaking:Wikiversity= Filmmaking Courses at Wikiversity

 * Course #01 - Basic Filmmaking - All the steps of making a short motion picture

 * 1. Start this course with the lesson for script formatting using the free demo version of Final Draft.

 * We have a very simple story and it must be formatted into a movie script. Learn how! Short and easy.  Your first step at learning filmmaking.

.

 * Course #02 - Film Scoring - An introduction to film scoring for non-musicians

 * 1. The first lesson is to  create the sound of "Fear!" with GarageBand and Jam Pack:Symphony Orchestra, etc.

 * The basic film score music is musical sound effects using the instruments of the symphony orchestra. If you have the right software, this is extremely easy.

 * Course #03 - Script Writing - Filmmaking for high school drama departments

 * 1. The first lesson is to  script writing assignment for high school drama classes.

 * We need extremely short stories for junior high schools and high schools to turn into motion pictures. Must be a play that can be filmed like a movie.

 * Course #04 - Film Editing - Fundamentals of narrative film editing

 * 1. The first lesson is an overview of a narrative film editing workshop which shows the basics of how a conversation with scripted dialog is edited for motion pictures and television dramas.

 * The only way to learn film editing is to edit scenes from real motion pictures and television dramas. It is better to start with conversations than action scenes.

title: Template:Filmmaking Portal


text:
Category talk:Works set on fictional islands

Video games
The sub-cat for video games was deleted per consensus at Categories for discussion/Log/2022 April 23. – Fayenatic  L ondon 18:59, 30 May 2022 (UTC)


text:
User:Dom Kli/sandbox

Laptops vs Desktops: Originally Content from aticle (Desktop computer)

Desktops have an advantage over laptops in that the spare parts and extensions tend to be standardized, resulting in lower prices and greater availability. For example, the size and mounting of the motherboard are standardized into ATX, microATX, BTX or other form factors. Desktops have several standardized expansion slots, like conventional PCI or PCI Express, while laptops only tend to have one mini-PCI slot and one PC Card slot (or ExpressCard slot). Procedures for assembly and disassembly of desktops tend to be simple and standardized as well. This tends not to be the case for laptops, though adding or replacing some parts, like the optical drive, hard disk, or adding an extra memory module is often quite simple. This means that a desktop computer configuration, usually a tower case, can be customized and upgraded to a greater extent than laptops. This customization has kept tower cases popular among gamers and enthusiasts.

Another advantage of the desktop is that (apart from environmental concerns) power consumption is not as critical as in laptop computers because the desktop is exclusively powered from the wall socket. Desktop computers also provide more space for cooling fans and vents to dissipate heat, allowing enthusiasts to overclock with less risk. The two large microprocessor manufacturers, Intel and AMD, have developed special CPUs for mobile computers (i.e. laptops) that consume less power and lower heat, but with lower performance levels.

Laptop computers, conversely, offer portability that desktop systems (including small form factor and all-in-one desktops) can not due to their compact size and clamshell design. The laptop's all-in-one design provides a built-in keyboard and a pointing device (such as a trackpad) for its user and can draw on power supplied by a rechargeable battery. Laptops also commonly integrate wireless technologies like WiFi, Bluetooth, and 3G, giving them a broader range of options for connecting to the internet, though this trend is changing as newer desktop computers come integrated with one or more of these technologies.

A desktop computer needs a UPS to handle electrical disturbances like short interruptions, blackouts, and spikes; achieving an on-battery time of more than 20–30 minutes for a desktop PC requires a large and expensive UPS. A laptop with a sufficiently charged battery can continue to be used for hours in case of a power outage and is not affected by short power interruptions and blackouts.

A desktop computer often has the advantage over a comparable laptop in computational capacity. Overclocking is often more feasible on a desktop than on a laptop; similarly, hardware add-ons such as discrete graphics co-processors may only be possible to install in a desktop.

My Sandbox edits:

In recent years, laptops have been capable of housing desktop pc hardware. Some laptops have removable desktop CPUs and GPUs. However, their upgrade paths and cooling solutions limit the performance and customization compared to desktop computers.

Bibliography:

title: User:Dom Kli/sandbox


text:
User:Hatch1938

Page Title - Warden Bob Hatrak                                                  Add a text block with My picture + at right                                                             margin Early Life - Born in Jessup - Move to Trenton, N.J. - Education - Teaching/Coaching

Pre-CorrectionsHistory (B - Launching Career in Corrections - Warden Rahway State Prison

Rahway State Prison Warden - History of Violence - Start Date - Initial Goals and Objectives - Control of Violence - Goal, Approach and turning things around - Introduction of new management units to the table of organization - Relationship with the union - Relationship with the Inmate Committee

Creative Approach to Inmate Rehabilitation - Program - National Notoriety - Accomplishments (top 5 in country)

Resignation - 1979 - Director of Corrections in an Oregon County - Alaska Commissioner - Neevada Deputy Director

Business Career - JDSA

REFERENCES Bob Hatrak served as warden at Rahway State Prison from 1973 until 1979. On his watch Bob used what he called inmate Self-Rehab Enterprise groups to successfully reduce violence at the once riot torn penitentiary. These groups offered inmates opportunity to join a group most closely related to their plans once the have been released. Bob was a firm believer inmates ha to assume responsibility for their own rehabilitation.

A n number of the groups Bob started was The Escorts a Rahway Prison Vocal Group that recorded several albums and single while still confined. On February 16, 1974 while one escorted furlough from Rahway they made a live performance before a sold out crowd at Newark, New Jersey's famed Symphony Hall. The Lifer’s Juvenile Awareness Program when filmed became the Academy Award Winning film documentary known as Scared Straight. The Boxing Trades Vocational Training Program produced a light heavyweight champion of the world, sponsored seven nationally televised fights from the same auditorium that hosted a riot in 1971 , four inmates inducted into the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame (Eddie Johnson, James Scott, Art Tucker and Murad Muhammed) and James Scott who became the WBA 2nd ranked light heavyweight fighting all his fights inside Rahway Prison.

Rahway’s introduction to the world of boxing was on October 16, 1978 when inmate James Scott shocked the boxing world calling Rahway Prison again to the attention of the national press (the first was Scared Straight) when Scott easily defeated Eddie Gregory the #! ranked light heavyweight boxes by the World Boxing Association. Light heavyweight contender Eddie Gregory traveled to Rahway State Prison to fight inmate, and unbeaten, James Scott. Gregory wanted to use the fight as a tuner for his pending world championship fight with champion Mike Rossman.

On January 15, 2019 George Jakovic  (GJAK Productions) published a YouTube Video which presents the entire fight (pre and post coverage) known as James Scott – HBO Behind Bars.

QUESTION - CAN I ADD THE POSTER ANNOUNCING THE FIGHT HERE"

In 2019 a media story appeared in communemag.com an article titled For Every Empire A Spartacus written by Trey Sterling discussed Rahway’s Boxing Program. In part he wrote:

''“Two years later, in the wake of an investigation into the causes of the Thanksgiving Day Riot, Robert Hatrak took over as Rahway’s new superintendent. Now remembered as a great reformer, driven by a belief in redemption and resurrection, Hatrak had more base motives for reform; without it, he ran the risk of being taken hostage. Hatrak invested heavily in the kinds of vocational programs Hurricane Carter identified as essential to keeping the peace.”''

SBNation.com

We located a number of YouTube videos about prison boxing in foreign places like South Africa, Bangkok and Thailand

Similarly, Scared Straight is still talked about today and 42 years later is still being used, in various formats, throughout the world. [i] https://communemag.com/combat-and-incarceration/

For every empire a Spartacus

“Two months after the storied Attica uprising, on Thanksgiving Day, 1971, hundreds of prisoners in New Jersey’s Rahway State Prison staged their own takeover. For twenty-four hours, five hundred inmates held six employees, including the superintendent, hostage after the guards cracked down on an illegal wine-making operation. At Attica, thirty-three inmates and ten guards died when the state raided the prison. At Rahway, however, there was no massacre. The inmates managed to submit a list of grievances to the governor, release the hostages, and negotiate a surrender.”

These are just a few programs Hatrak developed in six short years. Each received a lot of national publicity. Some media referred to Rahway at the time as “The College Of The Second Chance and the “Prison Boxing University."

title: User:Hatch1938


text:
Dmitrij Gerasimenko

Dmitrij Gerasimenko (Дмитриј Герасименко, Дмитрий Владимирович Герасименко; born 1 October 1987 in Zlatoust, Soviet Union) is a Serbian judoka and sambo competitor of Russian origin.

Career
He won 2 medals at the 2009 Summer Universiade for Russia.

In 2011, he changed nationality and started to compete for Serbia. He won several medals for Serbia in international competitions. At the 2012 European Judo Championships he won 7th place and secured participation at the 2012 Olympic Games. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the -90 kg category, beating Roméo Koné Kinapéya in the first round before losing to eventual silver medalist Asley González in the second.

title: Dmitrij Gerasimenko


text:
User:Lulukth6868/sandbox

This is a box, where a bot send a bug?!?

A box to send bug and a bot to send bug

title: User:Lulukth6868/sandbox


text:
Silenced

Silenced may refer to:

Films

 * Silenced, a 2014 documentary by James Spione about three whistleblowers and the war on terror
 * Silenced (film), a 2011 South Korean drama film

Literature

 * Silenced: China's Great Wall of Censorship, a 2006 book by Oystein Alme and Morten Vågen

Music

 * Silenced (album), a 2005 album by The Black Dog
 * "Silenced", a song by Mudvayne from The End of All Things to Come

title: Silenced


text:
Bélier-class ram

The Bélier class, sometimes called the Cerbère class, was a class of four battleship rams built for the French Navy in the 1870s. Designed to have an offensive coast guard role, they rarely left their home port during their career and were the last of their type.

The Bélier class was designed with thicker waterline and turret armor compared to their predecessor, the FRENCH IRONCLAD Taureau, after its armor was proved to be insufficient. They had wooden hulls with an iron ram and upper works. Funnels were side by side on all four ships. Although Cerbère was originally rigged for sail (brig configuration), they were discarded and the remaining three ships of the class were completed without sails.

Bélier was commissioned at Cherbourg in 1872, remaining there throughout its career, successively commanded by Commanders Didot, Courbet, Pouthier, Bonamy de Villemerenil and Riou de Kerprigent and was scrapped in 1896.

Bouledogue was commissioned at Lorient in 1873. Commanded by the Captains of the vessel Franquet, Schwerer, Massenet and Schlumberger, it became the centerpiece of the mobile defense of the port of Lorient in 1886 and was scrapped on 24 April 1896.

Cerbère was commissioned in Brest in 1868, commanded by Chaxel. Commanded by Galiber, Cerbère moved berth to Cherbourg in 1870, leaving for Le Havre in August 1870, commanded by Carrade. From 1873 Cerbère was commanded by Bailloud, then Cahagne and finally Riou de Kerprigent before being scrapped on 12 November 1886.

Le Tigre, commissioned at Rochefort in 1874 under Jouneau's command, was berthed at Brest, traveled regularly to Cherbourg and was finally scrapped on 13 February 1892.

title: Bélier-class ram


text:
Tomos Moped/Sound Clicky

Your intake manifold is loose and you're hearing the reed valve. Pull off the carburator and look to see if the intake is sliding off the cylinder. Tighten down with red locktight.

title: Tomos Moped/Sound Clicky


text:
Modulation order

The modulation order of a digital communication scheme is determined by the number of the different symbols that can be transmitted using it.

Modulation order can only be defined for digital modulations. The simplest forms of digital modulation are of second order because they can transmit only two symbols (usually denoted as "0" and "1" or as "-1" and "1"). They are called binary shift keying (BSK).

Modulations which have an order of 4 and above usually are termed as higher-order modulations. Examples of these are quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and its generalisation as m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (m-QAM).

Because existing computers and automation systems are based on binary logic most of the modulations have an order which is a power of two: 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. In principle, however, the order of a modulation can be any integer greater than one.

title: Modulation order


text:
User:Strombetta20/sandbox

PLATINUM is the name given by Microsoft to a cybercrime collective active against governments and related organizations in South and Southeast Asia. They are secretive and not much is known about the members of the group. The group's skill means that its attacks sometimes go without detection for many years.

The group, considered an advanced persistent threat, has been active since at least 2009, targeting victims via spear-phishing attacks against government officials' private email addresses, zero-day exploits, and hot-patching vulnerabilities. Upon gaining access to their victims' computers, the group steals economically sensitive information.

In June 2017, PLATINUM became notable for exploiting the serial over LAN (SOL) capabilities of Intel's Active Management Technology to perform data exfiltration.

=PLATINUM's Malware= Microsoft's' Windows Defender Advanced Threat Hunting team released a report which outlines some of PLATINUM'S activities and methods. Some of their less popular tactics include attacks on web plugins, at one point using a website that provided an email service to infiltrate the computers of several Indian government officials 2009. Once in control of their target's computer, they can move through their network using specially built malware which is either made my one of the multiple teams they're believed to have or sold through an outside source 2009.

Because of the range of these malwares, and because they have little code in common, Microsoft has split them into families, the most popular of which is named Dispind (Microsoft-given name). Such a program can install a keylogger, a software that monitors and controls all strokes on a keyboard, also called keystroke logging

PLATINUM also uses other collectives like "JPIN" which installs itself into the %appdata% folder of a computer so that it can obtain information, load a Key Logger, download files and updates, and other tasks like extracting files that could contain sensitive information.

"Adbupd" is another malware program similar to the two previously mentioned. It's known for its ability to support plugins, so it can be specialized and proves versatile enough to adapt to any user-set-up protective measures.

With such ambitious projects, PLATINUM needs a way to cover its own tracks and remain undetected, and so far they have succeeded in keeping a low profile, keeping off the front of any news pages until their infamous abuse of windows' hot patching system. This hot patching method allows them to use Microsoft's own features to quickly patch, alter files or update an application, without rebooting the system altogether, this way, they can maintain the data they've stolen while masking their identity

=Intel Exploit= Recently, Microsoft has discovered that PLATINUM has begun to exploit a feature on Intel's processor chip The feature in question is Intel's AMT Serial-over-LAN (SOL), which allows a user to remotely control another system, despite the absence of an operating system on the controlled system. The absence of an operating system means that activity is safe from firewalls or any monitoring tools that Microsoft could have set up.

=Security=

Microsoft advises users to apply all of their security updates to minimize vulnerabilities and to keep highly sensitive data out of large networks. Because PLATINUM targets organizations, companies and government branches to acquire trade secrets, anyone working in or with such organizations can be a target for the group.

title: User:Strombetta20/sandbox


text:
De Pere High School

De Pere High School (DPHS) is a public high school located in De Pere, Wisconsin. Founded in 1870, it serves students in grades 9 through 12. It is the only high school in the Unified School District of De Pere.

History
Until 1870, schooling for all grades in De Pere, Wisconsin was held in one building; starting in 1870, a high school was located in a stone building on the corner of James Street and Wisconsin Street. During the back half of the 1890s, plans were made for a new high school at the corner of Chicago Street and Broadway. A fire ravaged the stone school on February 20, 1900; it was demolished in 1906 after sitting dormant. After spending the rest of the term at the local German Benevolent Society Hall, the school located at Chicago and Broadway opened in fall 1900. It was quickly nicknamed the "Castle School" or "Castle on the Hill" due to its architecture and topographic situation. In 1978, the current high school was built at 1700 Chicago Street. It underwent major expansion in 2001, with the addition of a gymnasium and several classrooms. In January 2007, more classrooms were added. In 2017, De Pere High School underwent another small expansion. De Pere High School's mascot is the Redbird.

In 2005, the school received a cease-and-desist order on the grounds that its mascot was copyrighted material of Illinois State University. The school eventually redesigned the logo so as to not violate the copyright.

In 2016, Newsweek included DPHS on its list of best high schools for low-income students.

Demographics
The school is 90 percent white, three percent Hispanic, two percent black, two percent Asian, and one percent American Indian.

FIRST Robotics
De Pere High school is home to FIRST robotics Team 1716. The team, which has been in existence since 2006, offers students the opportunity to gain hands-on knowledge in STEM fields.

During the 2006 season Team 1716 had a win-lose-tie record of 6-7-1. In the 2007–09 seasons, Team 1716 had records of 3-6-0, 1-6-1 and 1-7-0. In the 2010 season, Team 1716 had a 7-4-1 record in Breakaway. The team had a 7-5-1 record in the 2011 season. The 2012 Season (Rebound Rumble) was the best in Team 1716 history, with a record of 6-5-0. They finished as the #4 seed, but were eliminated in the quarterfinals. Team 1716 also received the Judge's Award in 2012 and Creativity award in 2017. In the 2013 and 2014 seasons, Redbird Robotics did not make it to the elimination rounds. In 2014, the team participated in more than one regional for the first time since the team's inception.

Athletics
De Pere High School is a member of the Fox River Classic Conference, and its athletic teams are nicknamed the Redbirds. Redbird athletic teams had been a member of the Bay Conference. De Pere's last season in the Bay was 2006-2007. The girls swimming team absorbs swimmers from the smaller, crosstown West De Pere High School while still competing under the De Pere Redbirds banner. The school contributes to the ten-school cooperative Bay Area Ice Bears girls hockey team, which plays in the Eastern Shores Conference.

In 2014, the school announced a new synthetic turf football field, a new baseball diamond and soccer field, and upgrades to the existing softball diamond. In late 2019, the school revealed plans for a $3 million renovation of its football stadium, which would add 600 seats to the home grandstand and establish a permanent 500-seat visitors grandstand.

Performing arts
The school fields two show choirs, Chicago Street Singers and Jam Session. In 2020, the school hosted a show choir competition, "Destination De Pere: Let's Jam!", and while event organizers claimed it was the first one hosted at De Pere, the school hosted a competition named "Big Jam" from 1996 to 1999. The school also offers a musical and plays through its Drama Club.

Notable alumni

 * Deb Baker, mystery author
 * Jerry Daanen, professional football player
 * Terry Meeuwsen, 1973 Miss America
 * Drew Nowak, professional football player
 * Elyse Bennett, professional soccer player
 * Brevin Pritzl, professional basketball player

title: De Pere High School


text:
User:Gammel Trädet/sandbox

Gammel Trädet was found by Ludvig 1964 and was made to be the nice house.

Pets
Gammel trädet has four dogs, two cats, six elephants, and two horses.

title: User:Gammel Trädet/sandbox


text:
Talk:Dickie Davies

Poliosis
Why has someone deleted the reference to Poliosis? Mariegriffiths 21:21, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dickie Davies - World Of Sport.jpg
Image:Dickie Davies - World Of Sport.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:24, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 19 February 2023
He was 94 not 89 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:08, 19 February 2023 (UTC)
 * That's not what our sources say. -- Orange Mike |  Talk  21:25, 19 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Dickie Davies WAS 94 at the time of death. Here is the evidence:
 * https://news.sky.com/story/former-world-of-sport-presenter-dickie-davies-dies-aged-94-12815555 - Sky Sports
 * https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/feb/19/dickie-davies-world-sport-presenter-dies-94 - The Guardian
 * https://www.itv.com/news/2023-02-19/tributes-paid-after-brilliant-broadcaster-dickie-davies-dies-aged-94?amp - ITV
 * https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/dickie-davies-dies-world-sport-26279414 - Manchester Evening News
 * Hopefully this clears it up :) Have a nice day Suo Edits (talk) 23:44, 19 February 2023 (UTC)
 * As "2A00 etc" says, the people reporting his death are probably just copying the age given by the notoriously unreliable tabloids(which aren't allowed to be used as sources on here), who were the first ones to report his death.
 * I think only one of the four sources you've put a link to would be accepted on here and that is The Guardian, who are famous for their mistakes and almost certainly got his age from said tabloids.
 * I think it's significant that The BBC haven't given his age as 94 and it seems unlikely "2A00 etc" would lie about his brother knowing him and his real age.
 * I have no intention of changing his DOB on here at the moment but I wouldn't be surprised if news outlets start to correct his age to 89 in the coming hours.
 * By the way, the non-tabloid, usually reliable Indepedent say he was born in 1933:
 * https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/birthdays-1373407.html
 * https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/birthdays-and-anniversaries-5569617.html Ron Stowmarket (talk) 00:46, 20 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your response. That makes sense. I didn't know ITV were so inaccurate lmao
 * Yeah I wondered why the BBC didn't have his age. RIP Davies Suo Edits (talk) 04:00, 20 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The BBC is now also reporting he was 94:
 * https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-64700358
 * The best matches I can find at FreeBMD are:
 * Births quarter to June 1928:
 * Richard J Davies, Mother Owen, District Birkenhead, Volume 8a, page 861
 * Births quarter to September 1933 (which doesn't match the reported birthday of 30th April):
 * Richard J Davies, Mother Phipps, District West Derby, Volume 8b, page 993 Ml66uk2 (talk) 13:14, 20 February 2023 (UTC)
 * @Ml66uk2 I knew it!! ITV couldn't share mis info like that Suo Edits (talk) 15:17, 20 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The Birkenhead record absolutely fits with all the claims: Richard John first names, born in the Wirral and in the second quarter of the year (30th of April). It is not unusual for television personalities to knock several years off their ages. I suspect the news outlets received information about his true age from his family. Muninman (talk) 09:19, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The 1928 birth year are all articles repeating each other that started today. All older sources have the year as 1933 - but more important from my personal perspective is that my brother went to school with him (same class) and my brother was born in late 1932. 2A00:23C6:9882:6701:69A2:A0E6:28C4:4A66 (talk) 23:12, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

Dickie's school
Coming from Liverpool, how did he attend Highgate GBR1961 (talk) 21:46, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Since when was the Wirral Liverpool? Cheshire / Lancs and separated by the Mersey. Also, his school is reported as Ollershaw Grammar school in Wallasey, Wirral. Muninman (talk) 09:22, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 20 February 2023
Date of death should read 18th February 2023, not 19th. HampshireBlue (talk) 11:07, 20 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The sources say he died on Sunday, which is Feb. 19th. RudolfRed (talk) 18:07, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dickie Davies


text:
хвалити

Alternative forms

 * Glagolitic:

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) praise

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to praise, commend, laud
 * 2)  to extol, glorify
 * 3)  to be proud of, pride oneself upon
 * 4)  to boast

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to praise, to commend, to compliment, to laud

title: хвалити


text:
Nikolaos Georgeas

Nikolaos "Nikos" Georgeas (Νικόλαος "Νίκος" Γεωργέας, born 27 December 1976) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a right-back. He is the current administrative director of AEK Athens Academy.

Club career
Georgeas started his football career at the Mani Platsa club. At the age of 19 he joined the team of Black Storm. Georgeas spent almost his entire career playing for AEK Athens. Fans have a lot of respect on him, because of his passion and love in AEK Athens' badge after spending 12 years at the club. On May 26, 2008 Georgeas signed a new 2-year contract which will keep him at the club until 2010. Georgeas is also regarded to be one of the club's most loyal players and was voted in the top 10 legend list of AEK Athens history. In the 2010/11 season, Georgeas scored his first goal for the club after spending 12 years at the club and scored against Ergotelis in a 2-3 away win. Georgeas also scored his second goal for the club just weeks later, against Larissa. Next year, his coach Nikos Kostenoglou wanted to utilize his talent and experience, something that led Kostenoglou to try Georgeas in a new position; as a defensive midfielder. Georgeas, who the previous season did not make AEK's starting eleven, tried to meet the expectations of his team coach and managed to be proved as a tool, as he could play in more than one position. Moreover, he was chosen to be the captain in some games being the oldest player in the team.

In July 2012, Georgeas' contract with AEK ended, bringing to a close a 12 years at the club. Veria was the next stop in his career, counting 18 appearances and several of them as team captain. After the end of the one-year contract with Veria, AEK decided to bring back Nikos Georgeas to play in the third division. He was considered one of the leaders in AEK's effort to return to the Super League. At the end of the 2014-15 season, with AEK Athens being promoted to the first division, Georgeas decided to finish his career in his favourite team. He is famous for the chant that AEK fans have dedicated to him, with the lyrics "Georgea, Georgea, ta fyta stin Kalamata einai oraia!" ("Γεωργέα, Γεωργέα, τα φυτά στην Καλαμάτα είναι ωραία!"), which means "Georgeas, Georgeas, (the) plants in Kalamata are nice!", a reference to the footballer's birthplace, Kalamata, in southern Greece, and to the weed produced widely in the area.

In 2015, Georgeas retired from professional football.

After football
Since September 2019, Georgeas has been heading the administration of the AEK Academy together with Konstantinos Papapostolou.

Veria vs Olympiacos
Additional suspects include Veria Director of Football Giorgos Lanaris and former owner Giorgos Arvanitidis, regarding 6 January 2013 match of Olympiacos F.C. against Veria F.C. Veria player Nikolaos Georgeas and club's manager Dimitris Kalaitzidis at the time, testified in March 2015 that Lanaris following Arvanitidis orders demanded from Veria players to lose with a 3–0 score, which eventually happened. According to Andreadis, both Marinakis and Arvanitidis had agreed on the match fixing.

Veria player Alexandros Kalogeris confirmed Georgeas' testimony, at the Athens court houses,  that he entered the game in the second half after being instructed by the team manager to lose the game 3-0. The scandal has seen revelations about a series of dramatic events including phone tapping by Greece's intelligence agency, the involvement of Interpol, the bombing of a referee's premises, and a row erupting between the new Greek government and UEFA and FIFA. Football violence has also spiralled out of control, with riot police regularly seen on the pitch. However, despite the long-running investigation into match-fixing, no one has yet been jailed. Five people have been sentenced to time in prison but were subsequently freed on appeal. Charges against a number of the accused have been dropped and there are fears that, like so many other investigations in Greece, they will fizzle out.

Career statistics
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan=3 | Club performance ! colspan=2 | League ! colspan=2 | Cup1 ! colspan=2 | Continental ! colspan=2 | Total ! Season !! Club !! League ! Apps !! Goals ! Apps !! Goals ! Apps !! Goals ! Apps !! Goals ! colspan=3 | Greece ! colspan=2 | League ! colspan=2 | Greek Cup ! colspan=2 | Europe ! colspan=2 | Total ! colspan=3 | Career total !327||2||70||2||35||0||432||4
 * rowspan=2|1995–96
 * Kalamata
 * Alpha Ethniki
 * 0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
 * PAS Giannina
 * Beta Ethniki
 * 19||0||2||0||0||0||21||0
 * 1996–97
 * rowspan=5|Kalamata
 * rowspan=2|Alpha Ethniki
 * 19||0||2||0||0||0||21||0
 * 1997–98
 * 0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
 * 1998–99
 * Beta Ethniki
 * 13||0||1||0||0||0||14||0
 * 1999–00
 * rowspan=2|Alpha Ethniki
 * 28||1||8||0||0||0||36||1
 * rowspan=2|2000–01
 * 5||0||9||0||0||0||14||0
 * rowspan=12|AEK Athens
 * rowspan=6|Alpha Ethniki
 * 9||0||0||0||0||0||9||0
 * 2001–02
 * 21||0||12||0||8||0||41||0
 * 2002–03
 * 16||0||8||0||2||0||26||0
 * 2003–04
 * 12||0||4||0||6||0||22||0
 * 2004–05
 * 6||0||1||0||2||0||9||0
 * 2005–06
 * 25||0||5||0||0||0||30||0
 * 2006–07
 * rowspan=6|Super League
 * 12||0||1||0||7||0||20||0
 * 2007–08
 * 8||0||0||0||0||0||8||0
 * 2008–09
 * 24||0||5||0||0||0||29||0
 * 2009–10
 * 16||0||1||0||5||0||22||0
 * 2010–11
 * 12||1||4||1||1||0||17||2
 * 2011–12
 * 27||0||2||0||4||0||33||0
 * 2012–13
 * Veria
 * Super League
 * 18||0||0||0||0||0||18||0
 * 2013–14
 * AEK Athens
 * Football League 2
 * 26||0||4||1||0||0||30||1
 * 2014–15
 * AEK Athens
 * Football League
 * 11||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
 * 16||0||1||0||5||0||22||0
 * 2010–11
 * 12||1||4||1||1||0||17||2
 * 2011–12
 * 27||0||2||0||4||0||33||0
 * 2012–13
 * Veria
 * Super League
 * 18||0||0||0||0||0||18||0
 * 2013–14
 * AEK Athens
 * Football League 2
 * 26||0||4||1||0||0||30||1
 * 2014–15
 * AEK Athens
 * Football League
 * 11||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
 * 2014–15
 * AEK Athens
 * Football League
 * 11||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
 * 11||0||0||0||0||0||11||0

1 Includes 4 caps and 1 goal in the semi-pro Football League 2 Cup.

Honours

 * AEK Athens
 * Greek Cup: 2001–02, 2010–11
 * Football League: 2014–15
 * Football League 2: 2013–14 (6th Group)

 * Individual
 * Best Super League Greece Team: 2011–12

title: Nikolaos Georgeas


text:
spaccato

Adjective

 * 1) broken
 * 2) chopped
 * 3) on the dot, sharp
 * 4)  spitting image
 * 5) out-and-out

Noun

 * 1) cutaway, cross section

title: spaccato


text:
Portal talk:Computational linguistics

Approaches
I think a good approach is to tackle computational linguistics along with computational sociology (if there really IS such a thing). I believe (and belief is subjective) that the most fine-grained way is best and such methodology finds expression cheifly from a personal context — language is personal. We Humans use language within ourselves subvocalizing our very thoughts. That practice is extremely personal yet arguably universal. At the other end of the spectrum is global, world-wide, international, again universal linguistics, where linguists, computer scientists, philosophers, psychologist and all sorts of other academics search for those universals amid the screams and warcries of a deeply disturbed world. Perhaps it is all a question of balence (harmony?), between means and extremes. See this approach in a familiar context • CQ 05:16, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Computational linguistics


text:
New Brunswick Route 525

Route 525 is a 10 km long east–west secondary highway in the northwest portion of New Brunswick, Canada.

The route's northern terminus is at Route 515 in the community of Sainte-Marie-de-Kent. The road crosses the Bouctouche River between the communities of Upper Buctouche and Roy. The road travels northeast as Coates Mills South Road before turning southeast near the community of Roy, where it is called Champ Dore Road. Route 525 passes through the community of Champdoré before ending at Route 115.

title: New Brunswick Route 525


text:
оутврьдити

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) establish, build, create
 * 2) stabilize, fortify
 * 3) * from the Life of Good King Wencelaus:
 * "cu"

- Нъ мати ѥю Драгомира оутврьди земл҄ѭ, и люди строи, дон҄ьдеже въздрасте Вѧщеславъ, и въздрастъ, начѧ самъ строити люди своѩ.

 * 1) affirm, strengthen someone's beliefs
 * 2) restore, heal
 * 3)  strengthened, became strong, established

title: оутврьдити


text:
User:Kclibrarian/sandbox

testing page...

Direction
The orchestra is currently directed by Clint Ashlock.

Former directors include Kerry Strayer and Jim Mair.

title: User:Kclibrarian/sandbox


text:
Talk:Shinzo Hamai

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Shinzo Hamai. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:06, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shinzo Hamai


text:
User:Aimingsourgrape/sandbox

Lower-extremity prosthetics
Lower-extremity prosthetics describes artificially replaced limbs located at the hip level or lower. Concerning all ages Ephraim et al. (2003) found a worldwide estimate of all-cause lower-extremity amputations of 2.0–5.9 per 10,000 inhabitants. For birth prevalence rates of congenital limb deficiency they found an estimate between 3.5–7.1 cases per 10,000 births.

The two main subcategories of lower extremity prosthetic devices are trans-tibial (any amputation transecting the tibia bone or a congenital anomaly resulting in a tibial deficiency), and trans-femoral (any amputation transecting the femur bone or a congenital anomaly resulting in a femoral deficiency). In the prosthetic industry a trans-tibial prosthetic leg is often referred to as a "BK" or below the knee prosthesis while the trans-femoral prosthetic leg is often referred to as an "AK" or above the knee prosthesis.

Other, less prevalent lower extremity cases include the following:
 * 1) Hip disarticulations – This usually refers to when an amputee or congenitally challenged patient has either an amputation or anomaly at or in close proximity to the hip joint.
 * 2) Knee disarticulations – This usually refers to an amputation through the knee disarticulating the femur from the tibia.
 * 3) Symes – This is an ankle disarticulation while preserving the heel pad.

Socket
This important part serves as an interface between the residuum and the prosthesis, allowing comfortable weight-bearing, movement control and proprioception. Its fitting is one of the most challenging aspects of the entire prosthesis. The difficulties accompanied with the socket are that it needs to have a perfect fit, with total surface bearing to prevent painful pressure spots. It needs to be flexible, but sturdy, to allow normal gait movement but not bend under pressure. '''In order to deal with this issue, state-of-the-art design for sockets is to implement a customized socket for each individual. By analyzing the stiffness of skin surfaces based on MRI images and force sensors, a customized socket can be built within soft material for soft and vulnerable tissue and relatively hard material for callous skin. These sockets provide a good fit for the controllability of prosthesis while allowing comfortable interface between amputees and prostheses.'''

Shank and connectors
This part creates distance and support between the knee-joint and the foot (in case of upper-leg prosthesis) or between the socket and the foot. The type of connectors that are used between the shank and the knee/foot determines whether the prosthesis is modular or not. Modular means that the angle and the displacement of the foot in respect to the socket can be changed after fitting. In developing countries prosthesis mostly are non-modular, in order to reduce cost. When considering children modularity of angle and height is important because of their average growth of 1.9 cm annually.

Foot
Providing contact to the ground, the foot provides shock absorption and stability during stance. Additionally it influences gait biomechanics by its shape and stiffness. This is because the trajectory of the center of pressure (COP) and the angle of the ground reaction forces is determined by the shape and stiffness of the foot and needs to match the subject's build in order to produce a normal gait pattern. Andrysek (2010) found 16 different types of feet, with greatly varying results concerning durability and biomechanics. The main problem found in current feet is durability, endurance ranging from 16–32 months These results are for adults and will probably be worse for children due to higher activity levels and scale effects.

Knee joint
In case of a trans-femoral amputation there also is a need for a complex connector providing articulation, allowing flexion during swing-phase but not during stance.

Microprocessor control
To mimic the knee's functionality during gait, microprocessor-controlled knee joints have been developed that control the flexion of the knee. Some examples are Otto Bock’s C-leg, introduced in 1997, Ossur's Rheo Knee, released in 2005, the Power Knee by Ossur, introduced in 2006, the Plié Knee from Freedom Innovations and DAW Industries’ Self Learning Knee (SLK).

The idea was originally developed by Kelly James, a Canadian engineer, at the University of Alberta.

A microprocessor is used to interpret and analyse signals from knee-angle sensors and moment sensors. The microprocessor receives signals from its sensors to determine the type of motion being employed by the amputee. Most microprocessor controlled knee-joints are powered by a battery housed inside the prosthesis.

The sensory signals computed by the microprocessor are used to control the resistance generated by hydraulic cylinders in the knee-joint. Small valves control the amount of hydraulic fluid that can pass into and out of the cylinder, thus regulating the extension and compression of a piston connected to the upper section of the knee.

The main advantage of a microprocessor-controlled prosthesis is closer approximation to an amputee’s natural gait. Some allow amputees to walk near walking speed or run. Variations in speed are also possible and are taken into account by sensors and communicated to the microprocessor, which adjusts to these changes accordingly. It also enables the amputees to walk down stairs with a step-over-step approach, rather than the one step at a time approach used with mechanical knees. However, some have some significant drawbacks that impair its use. They can be susceptible to water damage and thus great care must be taken to ensure that the prosthesis remains dry.

Myoelectric
A myoelectric prosthesis uses the electrical tension generated every time a muscle contracts, as information. This tension can be captured from voluntarily contracted muscles by electrodes applied on the skin to control the movements of the prosthesis, such as elbow flexion/extension, wrist supination/pronation (rotation) or opening/closing of the fingers. A prosthesis of this type utilizes the residual neuromuscular system of the human body to control the functions of an electric powered prosthetic hand, wrist, elbow or foot. This is different from an electric switch prosthesis, which requires straps and/or cables actuated by body movements to actuate or operate switches that control the movements of the prosthesis.

The USSR was the first to develop a myoelectric arm in 1958, while the first myoelectric arm became commercial in 1964 by the Central Prosthetic Research Institute of the USSR, and distributed by the Hangar Limb Factory of the UK.

Researchers at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago announced in September 2013 that they have developed a robotic leg that translates neural impulses from the user's thigh muscles into movement, which is the first prosthetic leg to do so. It is currently in testing.

Robotic prostheses
Robots can be used to generate objective measures of patient's impairment and therapy outcome, assist in diagnosis, customize therapies based on patient's motor abilities, and assure compliance with treatment regimens and maintain patient's records. It is shown in many studies that there is a significant improvement in upper limb motor function after stroke using robotics for upper limb rehabilitation. In order for a robotic prosthetic limb to work, it must have several components to integrate it into the body's function: Biosensors detect signals from the user's nervous or muscular systems. It then relays this information to a controller located inside the device, and processes feedback from the limb and actuator (e.g., position, force) and sends it to the controller. Examples include surface electrodes that detect electrical activity on the skin, needle electrodes implanted in muscle, or solid-state electrode arrays with nerves growing through them. One type of these biosensors are employed in myoelectric prostheses.

A device known as the controller is connected to the user's nerve and muscular systems and the device itself. It sends intention commands from the user to the actuators of the device, and interprets feedback from the mechanical and biosensors to the user. The controller is also responsible for the monitoring and control of the movements of the device.

An actuator mimics the actions of a muscle in producing force and movement. Examples include a motor that aids or replaces original muscle tissue.

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a technique in which motor nerves, which previously controlled muscles on an amputated limb, are surgically rerouted such that they reinnervate a small region of a large, intact muscle, such as the pectoralis major. As a result, when a patient thinks about moving the thumb of his missing hand, a small area of muscle on his chest will contract instead. By placing sensors over the reinervated muscle, these contractions can be made to control movement of an appropriate part of the robotic prosthesis.

A variant of this technique is called targeted sensory reinnervation (TSR). This procedure is similar to TMR, except that sensory nerves are surgically rerouted to skin on the chest, rather than motor nerves rerouted to muscle. Recently, robotic limbs have improved in their ability to take signals from the human brain and translate those signals into motion in the artificial limb. DARPA, the Pentagon’s research division, is working to make even more advancements in this area. Their desire is to create an artificial limb that ties directly into the nervous system.

Robotic arms
Advancements in the processors used in myoelectric arms has allowed developers to make gains in fine tuned control of the prosthetic. The Boston Digital Arm is a recent artificial limb that has taken advantage of these more advanced processors. The arm allows movement in five axes and allows the arm to be programmed for a more customized feel. Recently the i-Limb hand, invented in Edinburgh, Scotland, by David Gow has become the first commercially available hand prosthesis with five individually powered digits. The hand also possesses a manually rotatable thumb which is operated passively by the user and allows the hand to grip in precision, power and key grip modes.

Another neural prosthetic is Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Proto 1. Besides the Proto 1, the university also finished the Proto 2 in 2010. Early in 2013, Max Ortiz Catalan and Rickard Brånemark of the Chalmers University of Technology, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Sweden, succeeded in making the first robotic arm which is mind-controlled and can be permanently attached to the body (using osseointegration).

An approach that is very useful is called arm rotation which is common for unilateral amputees which is an amputation that affects only one side of the body; and also essential for bilateral amputees, a person who is missing or has had amputated either both arms or legs, to perform tasks of daily living. This involves inserting a small permanent magnet into the distal end of the residual bone of subjects with upper limb amputations. When a subject rotates the residual arm, the magnet will rotate with the residual bone, causing a change in magnetic field distribution. EEG signals which is electroencephalogram, a test that detects electrical activity in the brain using small flat metal discs attached to the scalp, essentially decoding human brain activity used for physical movement, are used to control the robotic limbs. This is very essential being that it provides a more lively affect to the robotic limb, giving oneself control over the part as if it was their own.

Prosthesis design
'''The main goal of a robotic prosthesis is to provide active actuations during gaits to improve the biomechanics and metabolic costs for amputees. What make designing robotic prosthesis difficult is that of the prosthesis needs to be an complete, and independent system which includes an actuator, a battery, and a controller at a weight comparable to the weight of a biological limb. Although a number of actuators have been considered as candidates for prosthesis use, currently, successful prosthesis designs use electric servo actuators. In general, the electric servo actuators are used as series-elastic-actuators (SEA) where elastic components is embedded between the gear box and the electric servo motor. These SEAs not only allow compliance load bearing during a heel strike, but also enable transferring mechanical energy into elastic energy which improve the overall energy efficiency of the prosthesis. Designing robotic prostheses for transfemoral amputees may be more challenging than that of transtibial amputees due to mechanical issues such as spatial problems, weight limits, and battery durations. These issues may be resolved by implementing an efficient passive actuation which save mechanical energy into elastic energy and release them at the right phase of a gait. Although knee joints produce non-ignorable joint torques during gaits, a number of studies indicate the net work done by knee joints is negative, indicating the possibility of implementing biomechanics for knee joints without an active actuation. The potential of these mechanism was explored via clutchable SEA which successfully emulate biological knee joint torques without an active actuation .'''

Muscle reflex model based control
'''The main issue in designing controllers for the prostheses is to generate torque references to meet biomechanical requirements. The main challenge is that the controllers of prostheses cannot access all joint kinematics of the amputees unlike controllers for humanoids since attaching sensors on every biological joint would be impractical. Although a number of methods based on EMG signals and gait phases have been proposed, these conventional methods are sensitive to signal noise and they only able to generate joint torques for limited motions such as walking at a certain speed. To deal with this issue, a reflex model of human neuromuscular system is developed to be used as a torque generator. This reflex model is elaborated based on muscle reflex (the positive feedback), which found it to play a major role during load bearing. The biggest advantage of the reflex-model-based-control strategy is that it does not involve central pattern generators (CPG) in the model, which minimize dependency on the neural signals, e.g., EMG signals. Also, because the principal of muscle reflex does not vary depend on the motions but vary based on external disturbances (e.g., ground reaction forces and joint kinematics), the reflex model is able to generate appropriate joint torque references under external disturbances without changing any parameters. These reflex models have been implemented into actual prosthesis for clinical trials and have showed that they can produce proper joint torques during walking, running, and ascent on stairs. Recently, the reflex model was extended to not only sagittal plane motions but also to coronal plane motions, which demonstrate how a muscle is activated for turning, acceleration, and deceleration. In addition, by imitating the way human nervous system adjust muscle stimulations for the leg placement to avoid obstacles or prevent one from falling, the prosthesis can assist the amputee in the similar circumstances. Since these reflex models illustrate how neural signals and muscle reflex are integrated, the muscle reflex models may provide insight into designing a controller for brain-machine-interfaces or neural interfaces where a bi-directional communication between the amputees and the prostheses is available.'''

title: User:Aimingsourgrape/sandbox


text:
Mohamed Hassan Aden Shaahiyow

Mohamed Hassan Aden Shaahiyow is a Somali politician. He is the former Minister of Power and Water of Somalia, having been appointed to the position on 6 February 2015 by the now former Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke.

title: Mohamed Hassan Aden Shaahiyow


text:
How To Search/OhioLINK

OhioLINK
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Boolean Operators
See ../Millennium-III/

Other Operators
See ../Millennium-III/

Search Fields
See ../Millennium-III/

title: How To Search/OhioLINK


text:
allungare

Etymology
From or from a  root, from  +  (cf. also ), from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to lengthen
 * 2) to stretch out
 * 3) to pass, to hand
 * 4) to dilute, to water down

title: allungare


text:
Spinegesina hiekei

Spinegesina hiekei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Spinegesina. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1974.

title: Spinegesina hiekei