text:
on page Harmonix Music Systems =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 9:01:16 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.harmonixmusic.com/frequency.html" (link search) on RID 501854413 on page Harmonix Music Systems =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 9:01:12 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.harmonixmusic.com/p092206.html" (link search) on RID 501854413 on page Harmonix Music Systems =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 9:01:02 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.teenageheaven.org/artists/fgari.html" (link search) on RID 501854725 on page Frank Gari =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:58:42 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.rockband.com/dlc" (link search) on RID 501854413 on page Harmonix Music Systems =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:58:42 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.enskalari.org.in/kalari.htm" (link search) on RID 501854420 on page Malayali =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:57:27 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.senate.mo.gov/12info/members/mem18.htm/" (link search) on RID 501854328 on page Lewis County, Missouri =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:53:44 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.helloween.org/music/albums/2007-gambling-with-the-devil.html" (link search) on RID 501854037 on page Gambling with the Devil =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:48:59 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.largeassociates.com/gatehouse.htm" (link search) on RID 501853686 on page Ha-ha =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:48:58 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.gardenvisit.com/t/w9.htm" (link search) on RID 501853686 on page Ha-ha =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:45:52 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://proatcooking.com/about.html" (link search) on RID 501853444 on page Pro at Cooking =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:45:51 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://proatcooking.com/assistants.html" (link search) on RID 501853444 on page Pro at Cooking =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:45:47 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://sindihawkinsmla.bc.ca" (link search) on RID 501853411 on page Ahluwalia =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:45:34 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://proatcooking.com/episodes.html" (link search) on RID 501853444 on page Pro at Cooking =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:43:33 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.itftennis.com/olympics/news/newsarticle.asp?articleid=22327" (link search) on RID 501853249 on page Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:36:35 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://acproyalty.com/ACPRoyaltyStateQueens2001.htm" (link search) on RID 501852811 on page Michelle Galdenzi =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:36:35 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.sft.edu/index.html" (link search) on RID 501852811 on page Michelle Galdenzi =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:30:30 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.samsung.com/global/business/semiconductor/minisite/Exynos/blog_13.html/" (link search) on RID 501852331 on page Exynos =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:24:36 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.senate.mo.gov/12info/members/mem18.htm/" (link search) on RID 501851859 on page Adair County, Missouri =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:23:02 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://http://www.officialworldrecord.com/" (link search) on RID 501851804 on page Marathon world record progression =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:20:59 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://http://www.officialworldrecord.com/" (link search) on RID 501851667 on page List of world records in athletics =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:17:25 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://http://www.officialworldrecord.com/" (link search) on RID 501851420 on page List of weather records =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:17:13 AM GMT -- HTTP 500 with URL "http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/george-weah-favourite-to-win-biggest-battle--leading-his-country-off-the-field-679006.html" (link search) on RID 501851410 on page Ballon d'Or =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:17:12 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/internationals/figo-defects-to-real-madrid-for-record-pound372m-709465.html" (link search) on RID 501851410 on page Ballon d'Or =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:17:12 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.laureus.com/winners?q=node/1084" (link search) on RID 501851410 on page Ballon d'Or =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:16:55 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRVTbRVFY9AkrM776mptKxGwFCKf_Wq3ExjiQrRrG4KCQQ5bLuY=" (link search) on RID 501851400 on page Robby Benson =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:08:37 AM GMT -- HTTP 500 with URL "http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/b98_list?genus=Acacia&species=" (link search) on RID 501850842 on page Acacia =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 8:01:52 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.senate.mo.gov/12info/members/mem18.htm/" (link search) on RID 501850331 on page Knox County, Missouri =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:47:46 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.glaad.org/document.doc?id=99" (link search) on RID 501849345 on page Bisexuality =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:42:01 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.mchenrycountyblog.com/2008/05/update-on-wonder-lake-community.html" (link search) on RID 501848954 on page Jeff Gerhardt =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:41:54 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.bseps.org.uk/scf2k5/NM291_bscf2k5.htm" (link search) on RID 501848938 on page Steamroller =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:40:39 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2012/59-filmfare-award-winners-list-097208.htm" (link search) on RID 501848872 on page Aalap Raju =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:37:37 AM GMT -- HTTP 500 with URL "http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article0" (link search) on RID 501848620 on page St Johns Wood, Queensland =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:32:04 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20001217/ai_n14515098/?tag=content;col1" (link search) on RID 501848172 on page Portadown F.C. =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:32:02 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.transfermarkt.co.uk/en/benito-raman/profil/spieler_112930.html" (link search) on RID 501848192 on page Benito Raman =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:32:00 AM GMT -- HTTP 500 with URL "http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/fatal-gun-attack-may-signal-fresh-loyalist-infighting-727118.html" (link search) on RID 501848172 on page Portadown F.C. =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:28:32 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://feyenoord.netwerk.to/statistieken/toeschouwers.php" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:28:30 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.uitgeverijnijghenvanditmar.nl/boekboek/show/id=44593/dbid=5723/typeofpage=30186" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:28:29 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.voetbalstats.nl/ec/852.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:28:09 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.voetbalstats.nl/ec/935.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:28:03 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.marktplaza.nl/Rotterdam-Voetbalstad-nr1-1781735.php" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:27:55 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.feyenoordleven.nl/feyenoord100jaar.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:27:52 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://home.student.uva.nl/joost.vanbloois/historie/historie.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:27:52 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.voetbalstats.nl/ec/938.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:27:49 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://http://penguins.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=63771" (link search) on RID 501847857 on page 2012–13 Pittsburgh Penguins season =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:27:47 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.voetbalstats.nl/ec/851.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:27:47 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.cruijff.com/eng/player/feyenoord_eng/" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:27:12 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://xsi.cheeseheadz.net/feyenoord/" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:27:04 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.voetbalstats.nl/ec/369.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:26:46 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.voetbalstats.nl/ec/828.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:26:29 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.ajax-usa.com/matches/m05-06/feyenoord-striker-force-too-much-for-ajax-1-2.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:26:14 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.popinstituut.nl/biografie/tante_leen.4929.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:26:02 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.ajax-usa.com/news/2004-2005/big-three-donate-150-000-euros-for-aid-to-tsunami-victims.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:26:01 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.voetbalstats.nl/ec/802.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:25:56 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.ajax-usa.com/matches/m05-06/feyenoord-s-play-off-nightmare-comes-true-at-arena-3-0.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:25:52 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.stadiumguide.com/europecupspecial.htm" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:25:50 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.erfc.nl/nieuws508/feyenoord_laat_excelsior_niet_zitten.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:25:50 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.voetbalstats.nl/ec/1390.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:25:50 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.fr-fanatic.com/2006/08/03/2294/" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:25:48 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.rainbowhearts.co.uk/rotterdammed.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:25:47 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.voetbalstats.nl/ec/815.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:25:47 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://sportgeschiedenis.web-log.nl/sportgeschiedenis/2006/09/weetjes_en_feit.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:25:45 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.voetbalstats.nl/ec/c93.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:25:28 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.ajax-usa.com/teams/feyenoord.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:25:21 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.voetbalstats.nl/ec/814.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:25:21 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.tifonet.nl/informatie.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:24:53 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.voetbalstats.nl/ec/803.html" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:24:28 AM GMT -- HTTP 500 with URL "http://www.foot.dk/Holklubres.asp?id=33" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:24:28 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.feyenoordtime.nl/viewpage.php?page_id=3" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:24:00 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.cfcnet.co.uk/content/results_detail.asp?Type=Profile&ID=5975" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:23:55 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.feyenoord-internet.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=471&Itemid=196" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:23:50 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.precision-football.com/scripts/news.asp?action=show&ID=1466&lang=en&sitetypID=2&sessionID=" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:23:50 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.rijnmond.nl/Homepage/Regionieuws/Sport?itemid=26302" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:22:56 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.sovs.nl/index.php?newsId=13&mode=NIEUWS&action=archive&yy=&mm=" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:22:49 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.v-bal.nl/nieuws/print.php?id=2491" (link search) on RID 501847381 on page Feyenoord Rotterdam =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:22:41 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.travelweekly.asia/news/airline/5912-lao-central-airlines-ready-for-take-off" (link search) on RID 501847427 on page Lao Central Airlines =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:18:37 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.transfermarkt.co.uk/en/capone/profil/spieler_231620.html" (link search) on RID 501847030 on page Christos Efstathiou =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:15:52 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.spiritrestoration.org/Theological_Terms/A_Prior_%20to_Born_Again.htm" (link search) on RID 501845744 on page Baptism =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:15:37 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/52311/Baptism" (link search) on RID 501845744 on page Baptism =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:14:56 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.senate.mo.gov/12info/members/mem12.htm/" (link search) on RID 501846554 on page Sullivan County, Missouri =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:13:35 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://newslinemagazine" (link search) on RID 501845930 on page Hadiqa Kiyani =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:11:41 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "https://www.libreoffice.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=40680" (link search) on RID 501846336 on page Comma-separated values =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:11:13 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9365640/Count-Robert-de-La-Rochefoucauld.html" (link search) on RID 501846151 on page Robert de La Rochefoucauld =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:07:40 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215508/fraction" (link search) on RID 501844458 on page Fraction (mathematics) =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:07:23 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://ftf.electrocutionerdz.com/index2.htm" (link search) on RID 501844870 on page Fuck the Facts discography =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:07:23 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://ftf.electrocutionerdz.com/section_releases.htm" (link search) on RID 501844870 on page Fuck the Facts discography =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:07:22 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://trmetalquebec.tripod.com/mf-cdgratuit-en.html" (link search) on RID 501844870 on page Fuck the Facts discography =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:07:17 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.misstransstarinternacional.com/index.php/candidatas.html/" (link search) on RID 501843291 on page Miss Trans Star Internacional =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:07:12 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.civilservices.gov.in" (link search) on RID 501843023 on page Mussoorie =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 7:02:35 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://space.com/sciencefiction/tv/moore_voyager_001207.html" (link search) on RID 501841643 on page Seven of Nine =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 6:01:20 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.senate.mo.gov/12info/members/mem12.htm/" (link search) on RID 501840592 on page Linn County, Missouri =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:58:23 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.circassianworld.com/new/general/1217-circassian-world-zhemukhov.html" (link search) on RID 501840360 on page Adyghe people =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:56:32 AM GMT -- HTTP 500 with URL "http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/feedarticle/8436987" (link search) on RID 501840197 on page Victoria Azarenka =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:45:57 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://privatecurators.com/photographic-exhibition-bruno-aveillans-mnemolux-wonders-of-light-and-memory-at-epicentro-art/" (link search) on RID 501839418 on page Bruno Aveillan =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:45:44 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://thehullabaloo.com/2009/03/18/talking-it-up-with-the-25ths-of-the-whitest-kids-u-know/" (link search) on RID 501839437 on page The Whitest Kids U' Know =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:41:52 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.railcar.co.uk/hisOthers/ACintro.htm" (link search) on RID 501839054 on page AC Cars =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:36:34 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.starwars.com/movies/episode-iv" (link search) on RID 501838680 on page Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:30:10 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%9C%E5%90%8D%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1/" (link search) on RID 501837929 on page Hamana High School =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:30:09 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC75%E5%9B%9E%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9C%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E9%87%8E%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A/" (link search) on RID 501837929 on page Hamana High School =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:26:24 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.starwars.com/movies/episode-iii/" (link search) on RID 501837549 on page Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:16:10 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312939/kashmir-shawl" (link search) on RID 501836418 on page Clothing in India =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:10:13 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.centralbedfordshire.gov.uk/Images/110523%20Eaton%20Bray%20ward%20profile_tcm6-10027.pdff" (link search) on RID 501835689 on page Billington, Bedfordshire =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:03:45 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heavymetal101/a/101_trash.htm" (link search) on RID 501834932 on page Thrash metal =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:03:45 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/movie_review/get-trashed-the-story-of-trash-metal.htm" (link search) on RID 501834932 on page Thrash metal =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 5:03:44 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH042.html" (link search) on RID 501834939 on page Chilocco Indian Agricultural School =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:59:40 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://m.thespectrum.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100815/LIFESTYLE/8150332/1024&template=wapart" (link search) on RID 501834319 on page Ben Banks (film) =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:59:40 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://http://www.vonfalconer.com/" (link search) on RID 501834386 on page German Shepherd =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:54:13 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.ca.com/za/news/2005/20051010_linux.htm" (link search) on RID 501833869 on page Linux =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:52:39 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.senate.mo.gov/12info/members/mem21.htm/" (link search) on RID 501833707 on page Macon County, Missouri =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:40:51 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.myfoxchicago.com/dpp/sports/chicagofire/apx-mls-soccer-chicago-fire-seattle-sounders-lamar-hunt-us-open-cup-final" (link search) on RID 501832688 on page CenturyLink Field =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:36:01 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.youtube.com/user/Businesslinkhants" (link search) on RID 501832188 on page Business Link =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:35:12 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.http://http://koncoil.ru/science2.html" (link search) on RID 501832153 on page Business Link =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:35:12 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.http://koncoil.ru/projects2.html" (link search) on RID 501832153 on page Business Link =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:33:56 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.youtube.com/user/Businesslinkhants" (link search) on RID 501831994 on page Business Link =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:33:21 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.http://http://koncoil.ru/science2.html" (link search) on RID 501831987 on page Business Link =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:33:21 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.http://koncoil.ru/projects2.html" (link search) on RID 501831987 on page Business Link =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:28:45 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://http://www.misstransstarinternacional.com/" (link search) on RID 501831625 on page Miss Trans Star Internacional =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:27:55 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://yordis.com/shop/dress" (link search) on RID 501831520 on page Culture of Ethiopia =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:21:39 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.nexstar.tv.com/" (link search) on RID 501830916 on page KARZ-TV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:12:58 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://military-challenge.com/US%20Military-Challenge-Coins.php" (link search) on RID 501830102 on page United States Armed Forces =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:12:58 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://garfieldsteamhouse.com/history.php" (link search) on RID 501830102 on page United States Armed Forces =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:11:56 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.hargrave.edu/faq.html" (link search) on RID 501829939 on page Hargrave Military Academy =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:10:29 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F20E12FE3D5A1B7A93C1A9178DD85F458285F9" (link search) on RID 501829619 on page List of people from Newark, New Jersey =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:03:38 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200806/R08.0425.1548.19614.htm" (link search) on RID 501828174 on page Grand Theft Auto IV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:02:37 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://pc.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r29676.htm" (link search) on RID 501828174 on page Grand Theft Auto IV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:01:34 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://ir.take2games.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=244729" (link search) on RID 501828174 on page Grand Theft Auto IV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:00:20 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://gamers.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/130508_GTA_IV_break_record.aspx" (link search) on RID 501828174 on page Grand Theft Auto IV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 4:00:08 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://psp3d.com/games/15078-grand-theft-auto-iv-multiplayer-hands-playstation-3-xbox-360-gametap.html" (link search) on RID 501828174 on page Grand Theft Auto IV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:59:41 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://uk.gamespot.com/users/RicardoT/show_blog_entry.php?topic_id=m-100-25399424" (link search) on RID 501828174 on page Grand Theft Auto IV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:58:44 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://weblogs.variety.com/the_cut_scene/2008/04/dan-housers-ver.html" (link search) on RID 501828174 on page Grand Theft Auto IV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:58:12 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.bafta.org/awards/video-games/nominations/?year=2009" (link search) on RID 501828174 on page Grand Theft Auto IV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:58:07 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.bostonherald.com/business/general/view.bg?articleid=1070140" (link search) on RID 501828174 on page Grand Theft Auto IV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:57:43 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.censorship.govt.nz/news-archive-current-GTA-IV.html" (link search) on RID 501828174 on page Grand Theft Auto IV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:57:35 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.classification.gov.au/www/cob/find.nsf/d853f429dd038ae1ca25759b0003557c/bfb682581230bd4eca257671007938af?OpenDocument" (link search) on RID 501828174 on page Grand Theft Auto IV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:57:34 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.classification.gov.au/www/cob/find.nsf/d853f429dd038ae1ca25759b0003557c/df99c0d31df2d27aca257671007ab8da?OpenDocument" (link search) on RID 501828174 on page Grand Theft Auto IV =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:55:29 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://jakarta-tourism.go.id/wisatadkiapp/content/en/7/welcome-to-jakarta" (link search) on RID 501828317 on page Jakarta =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:54:39 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.icahistocarto.org" (link search) on RID 501828256 on page Zagorcani =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:52:58 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/07/11/tuesday-cable-ratings-storage-wars-wins-night-white-collar-rizzoli-islespretty-little-liars-covert-affairs-workaholics-jane-by-design-more/141121/ (link search) on RID 501828104 on page List of Franklin & Bash episodes =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:50:26 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://jakarta-tourism.go.id/wisatadkiapp/content/en/7/welcome-to-jakarta" (link search) on RID 501827818 on page Jakarta =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:46:12 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Centropus-phasianinus" (link search) on RID 501827483 on page Pheasant Coucal =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:43:14 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://post.jagran.com/akshay-kumars-joker-trailer-to-release-with-saifs-cocktail-1341827526/" (link search) on RID 501827196 on page Akshay Kumar =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:43:13 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/6933-8.html/" (link search) on RID 501827196 on page Akshay Kumar =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:40:05 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://liferingsacramento.org" (link search) on RID 501826921 on page LifeRing Secular Recovery =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:37:36 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records/" (link search) on RID 501826529 on page Typical Friday Night =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:32:38 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.rrstar.com/belvidere/x914621510" (link search) on RID 501826271 on page Rockford, Illinois =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:32:00 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "https://www.facebook.com/ChrystinaSayers3/posts/331171303603376" (link search) on RID 501826210 on page The Pussycat Dolls =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:30:47 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.miamiherald.com/851/story/214807.html" (link search) on RID 501825130 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:30:38 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v8f5/v8f555.html" (link search) on RID 501825130 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:30:32 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/Iraq/TEXT.htm" (link search) on RID 501825130 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:29:26 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/48185" (link search) on RID 501825130 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:29:12 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22897" (link search) on RID 501825130 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:29:10 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/452778/Persian-Gulf-War" (link search) on RID 501825130 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:29:08 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293631/Iraq" (link search) on RID 501825130 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:29:06 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/118238/Circassian" (link search) on RID 501825130 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:29:01 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.swedishhistorical.org/museum.htm" (link search) on RID 501825881 on page Rockford, Illinois =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:28:59 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.flyrfd.com/cargosummary.asp" (link search) on RID 501825881 on page Rockford, Illinois =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:28:59 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.n9jig.com/1-20.htmlRoutes" (link search) on RID 501825881 on page Rockford, Illinois =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:28:44 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.rrstar.com/belvidere/x914621510" (link search) on RID 501825881 on page Rockford, Illinois =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:28:44 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.nst.com.my/life-times/live/well-lit-from-diary-to-" (link search) on RID 501825841 on page Malcolm Mejin =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:26:55 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.miamiherald.com/851/story/214807.html" (link search) on RID 501824756 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:26:40 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v8f5/v8f555.html" (link search) on RID 501824756 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:26:25 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/Iraq/TEXT.htm" (link search) on RID 501824756 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:25:44 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090921/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_iraq_crime_wave" (link search) on RID 501825130 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:24:42 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/48185" (link search) on RID 501824756 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:23:36 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22897" (link search) on RID 501824756 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:23:34 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/452778/Persian-Gulf-War" (link search) on RID 501824756 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:23:32 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293631/Iraq" (link search) on RID 501824756 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:23:30 AM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/118238/Circassian" (link search) on RID 501824756 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:23:19 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Three.html" (link search) on RID 501825130 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:22:20 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records/" (link search) on RID 501825252 on page Typical Friday Night =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:19:37 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090921/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_iraq_crime_wave" (link search) on RID 501824756 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:18:45 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/kelly200509140843.asp" (link search) on RID 501824756 on page Iraq =====

=
Jul 12, 2012 3:18:10 AM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Three.html" (link search) on RID 501824756 on page Iraq =====

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:West.andrew.g/Dead links/Archive 790


text:
World Bank

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. The World Bank is the collective name for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA), two of five international organizations owned by the World Bank Group. It was established along with the International Monetary Fund at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. After a slow start, its first loan was to France in 1947. In the 1970s, it focused on loans to developing world countries, shifting away from that mission in the 1980s. For the last 30 years, it has included NGOs and environmental groups in its loan portfolio. Its loan strategy is influenced by the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, as well as environmental and social safeguards.

, the World Bank is run by a president and 25 executive directors, as well as 29 various vice presidents. IBRD and IDA have 189 and 174 member countries, respectively. The U.S., Japan, China, Germany and the U.K. have the most voting power. The bank aims loans at developing countries to help reduce poverty. The bank is engaged in several global partnerships and initiatives, and takes a role in working toward addressing climate change. The World Bank operates a number of training wings, and it works with the Clean Air Initiative and the UN Development Business. It works within the Open Data Initiative and hosts an Open Knowledge Repository.

The World Bank has been criticized as promoting inflation and harming economic development, causing protests in 1988 and 2000. There has also been criticism of the bank's governance and response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The president David Malpass faced strong criticism as he challenged the scientific consensus on climate change. He was replaced by Ajay Banga, supporting climate action.

World Bank Group
The World Bank Group is an extended entity of five international organizations, and the parent organization of the World Bank, the collective name given to the first two listed organizations, the IBRD and the IDA:
 * International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
 * International Development Association (IDA)
 * International Finance Corporation (IFC)
 * Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
 * International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

20th century

The World Bank was created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, along with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The president of the World Bank is traditionally an American. The World Bank and the IMF are both based in Washington, D.C., and work closely with each other. Although many countries were represented at the Bretton Woods Conference, the United States and United Kingdom were the most powerful in attendance and dominated the negotiations. The intention behind the founding of the World Bank was to provide temporary loans to low-income countries that could not obtain loans commercially. The bank may also make loans and demand policy reforms from recipients.

In its early years, the bank made a slow start for two reasons: it was underfunded, and there were leadership struggles between the US executive director and the president of the organization. When the Marshall Plan went into effect in 1947, many European countries began receiving aid from other sources. Faced with this competition, the World Bank shifted its focus to non-European allies. Until 1968, its loans were earmarked for the construction of infrastructure works, such as seaports, highway systems, and power plants, that would generate enough income to enable a borrower country to repay the loan. In 1960, the International Development Association was formed (as opposed to a UN fund named SUNFED), providing soft loans to developing countries.

Before 1974, the reconstruction and development loans the World Bank made were relatively small. Its staff was aware of the need to instill confidence in the bank. Fiscal conservatism ruled, and loan applications had to meet strict criteria.

The first country to receive a World Bank loan was France in 1947. The bank's president at the time, John McCloy, chose France over two other applicants, Poland and Chile. The loan was for US$250 million, half the amount requested, and came with strict conditions. France had to agree to produce a balanced budget and give priority of debt repayment to the World Bank over other governments. World Bank staff closely monitored the use of the funds to ensure that the French government met the conditions. In addition, before the loan was approved, the United States State Department told the French government that its members associated with the Communist Party would first have to be removed. The French government complied and removed the Communist coalition government—the so-called tripartite. Within hours, the loan to France was approved.

From 1974 to 1980, the bank concentrated on meeting the basic needs of people in the developing world. The size and number of loans to borrowers greatly increased, as loan targets expanded from infrastructure into social services and other sectors.

These changes can be attributed to Robert McNamara, who was appointed to the presidency in 1968 by Lyndon B. Johnson. McNamara implored bank treasurer Eugene Rotberg to seek out new sources of capital outside of the northern banks that had been the primary sources of funding. Rotberg used the global bond market to increase the capital available to the bank. One consequence of the period of poverty alleviation lending was the rapid rise of Third World debt. From 1976 to 1980, developing world debt rose at an average annual rate of 20%.

The World Bank Administrative Tribunal was established in 1980, to decide on disputes between the World Bank Group and its staff where allegation of non-observance of contracts of employment or terms of appointment had not been honored.

McNamara was succeeded by U.S. President Jimmy Carter's nominee, Alden W. Clausen, in 1980. Clausen replaced many members of McNamara's staff and crafted a different mission emphasis. His 1982 decision to replace the bank's Chief Economist, Hollis B. Chenery, with Anne Krueger was an example of this new focus. Krueger was known for her criticism of development funding and for describing Third World governments as "rent-seeking states".

During the 1980s, the bank emphasized lending to service Third World debt, and structural adjustment policies designed to streamline the economies of developing nations. UNICEF reported in the late 1980s that the structural adjustment programs of the World Bank had been responsible for "reduced health, nutritional and educational levels for tens of millions of children in Asia, Latin America, and Africa".

Beginning in 1989, in response to harsh criticism from many groups, the bank began including environmental groups and NGOs in its loans to mitigate the past effects of its development policies that had prompted the criticism. It also formed an implementing agency, in accordance with the Montreal Protocols, to stop ozone-depletion damage to the Earth's atmosphere by phasing out the use of 95% of ozone-depleting chemicals, with a target date of 2015. Since then, in accordance with its so-called "Six Strategic Themes", the bank has put various additional policies into effect to preserve the environment while promoting development. For example, in 1991, the bank announced that to protect against deforestation, especially in the Amazon, it would not finance any commercial logging or infrastructure projects that harm the environment.

21st century
In order to promote global public goods, the World Bank tries to control communicable diseases such as malaria, delivering vaccines to several parts of the world, and joining combat forces. In 2000, the bank announced a "war on AIDS" and in 2011 the bank joined the Stop Tuberculosis Partnership.

Traditionally, based on a tacit understanding between the United States and Europe, the president of the World Bank has been selected from candidates nominated by the United States. This is significant because the World Bank tends to lend more readily to countries that are friendly with the United States, not because of direct U.S. influence but because of the employees of the World Bank. In 2012, for the first time, two non-US citizens were nominated.

On 23 March 2012, U.S. President Barack Obama announced that the United States would nominate Jim Yong Kim as the next president of the bank. Jim Yong Kim was elected on 27 April 2012 and reelected to a second five-year term in 2017. He announced that he would resign effective 1 February 2019. He was replaced on an interim basis by now-former World Bank CEO Kristalina Georgieva, then by David Malpass on 9 April 2019.

In 2023, a new president was appointed: Ajay Banga. His term began on 2 June 2023. He was supported by the American president Joe Biden partly because he supports climate action. He is also expected to help low-income countries deal with debts. He is the first Indian American to lead the bank. He worked before as the head of Mastercard. The former president David Malpass faced criticism as he challenged the scientific consensus on climate change.

COVID-19 pandemic
In September 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Bank announced a $12 billion plan to supply "low and middle income countries" with a vaccine once it was approved. In June 2022, the bank reported that $10.1 billion had been allocated to supply 78 countries with the vaccine.

Evolution of criteria
Various developments brought the Millennium Development Goals targets for 2015 within reach in some cases. For the goals to be realized, six criteria must be met: stronger and more inclusive growth in Africa and fragile states, more effort in health and education, integration of the development and environment agendas, more as well as better aid, movement on trade negotiations, and stronger and more focused support from multilateral institutions like the World Bank.

The World Bank's negative pledge clause prohibits its debtor countries from using public assets to repay other creditors before they repay the World Bank.
 * 1) Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger: From 1990 through 2004, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty fell from almost a third to less than a fifth. Although results vary widely within regions and countries, the trend indicates that the world as a whole can meet the goal of halving the percentage of people living in poverty. Africa's poverty, however, is expected to rise, and most of the 36 countries where 90% of the world's undernourished children live are in Africa. Less than a quarter of countries are on track for achieving the goal of halving under-nutrition.
 * 2) Achieve Universal Primary Education: The percentage of children in school in developing countries increased from 80% in 1991 to 88% in 2005. Still, about 72 million children of primary school age, 57% of them girls, were not being educated.
 * 3) Promote Gender Equality: The tide is turning slowly for women in the labor market, yet far more women than men—worldwide more than 60%—are contributing but unpaid family workers. The World Bank Group Gender Action Plan was created to advance women's economic empowerment and promote shared growth.
 * 4) Reduce Child Mortality: There is some improvement in survival rates globally; accelerated improvements are needed most urgently in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 10 million-plus children under five died in 2005; most of their deaths were from preventable causes.
 * 5) Improve Maternal Health: Almost all of the half-million women who die during pregnancy or childbirth every year live in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. There are numerous causes of maternal death that require a variety of health care interventions to be made widely accessible.
 * 6) Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases: Annual numbers of new HIV infections and AIDS deaths have fallen, but the number of people living with HIV continues to grow. In the eight worst-hit southern African countries, prevalence is above 15 percent. Treatment has increased globally, but still meets only 30 percent of needs (with wide variations across countries). AIDS remains the leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa (1.6 million deaths in 2007). There are 300 to 500 million cases of malaria each year, leading to more than 1 million deaths. Nearly all the cases and more than 95 percent of the deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa.
 * 7) Ensure Environmental Sustainability: Deforestation remains a critical problem, particularly in regions of biological diversity, which continues to decline. Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing faster than energy technology advancement.
 * 8) Develop a Global Partnership for Development: Donor countries have renewed their commitment. Donors have to fulfill their pledges to match the current rate of core program development. Emphasis is being placed on the Bank Group's collaboration with multilateral and local partners to quicken progress toward the MDGs' realization.

Environmental and social safeguards
To ensure that World Bank-financed operations do not compromise these goals but instead add to their realisation, the following environmental, social, and legal safeguards were defined: Environmental Assessment, Indigenous Peoples, Involuntary Resettlement, Physical Cultural Resources, Forests, Natural Habitats, Pest Management, Safety of Dams, Projects in Disputed Areas, Projects on International Waterways, and Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities.

At the World Bank's 2012 annual meeting in Tokyo, a review of these safeguards was initiated, which was welcomed by several civil society organisations. As a result, the World Bank developed a new Environmental and Social Framework, which has been in implementation since 1 October 2018.

Leadership
The president of the bank is the president of the entire World Bank Group. The president is responsible for chairing meetings of the boards of directors and for overall management of the bank. Traditionally, the president of the bank has always been a U.S. citizen nominated by the United States, the largest shareholder in the bank (the managing director of the International Monetary Fund having always been a European). The nominee is subject to confirmation by the board of executive directors to serve a five-year, renewable term. While most World Bank presidents have had banking experience, some have not.

The vice presidents of the bank are its principal managers, in charge of regions, sectors, networks and functions. There are two executive vice presidents, three senior vice presidents, and 24 vice presidents.

The boards of directors consist of the World Bank Group president and 25 executive directors. The president is the presiding officer, and ordinarily has no vote except to break a tie. The executive directors as individuals cannot exercise any power or commit or represent the bank unless the boards specifically authorized them to do so. With the term beginning 1 November 2010, the number of executive directors increased by one, to 25.

Politicians who were World Bank employees
Some notable politicians who worked for the World Bank include:
 * Former Afghanistan president Ashraf Ghani.
 * Fakhruddin Ahmed was the chief adviser of the interim Government of Bangladesh during the political crisis of 2006–2008.
 * Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, former World Bank Managing Director who held several posts in the government of Nigeria, including Minister of Finance.
 * Sri Mulyani Indrawati, former World Bank Managing Director and current Minister of Finance of Indonesia

Members
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) has 189 member countries, while the International Development Association (IDA) has 174. Each member state of IBRD should also be a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and only members of IBRD are allowed to join other institutions within the bank (such as IDA). The five United Nations member states that are not members of the World Bank are Andorra, Cuba, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and North Korea. Kosovo is not a member of the UN, but is a member of the IMF and the World Bank Group, including the IBRD and IDA.

Voting power
In 2010, voting powers at the World Bank were revised to increase the voice of developing countries, notably China. The countries with most voting power are now the United States (15.85%), Japan (6.84%), China (4.42%), Germany (4.00%), the United Kingdom (3.75%), France (3.75%), India (2.91%), Russia (2.77%), Saudi Arabia (2.77%) and Italy (2.64%). Under the changes, known as 'Voice Reform – Phase 2', countries other than China that saw significant gains included South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Singapore, Greece, Czech Republic, Hungary, Brazil, India, and Spain. Most developed countries' voting power was reduced, along with a few developing countries such as Nigeria. The voting powers of the United States, Russia and Saudi Arabia were unchanged.

The changes were brought about with the goal of making voting more universal in regards to standards, rule-based objective indicators, and transparency among other things. Now, developing countries have an increased voice in the "Pool Model", backed especially by Europe. Additionally, voting power is based on economic size in addition to the International Development Association contributions.

List of 20 largest countries by voting power in each World Bank institution
The following table shows the subscriptions of the top 20 member countries of the World Bank by voting power in the following World Bank institutions as of December 2014 or March 2015: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the International Development Association (IDA), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). Member countries are allocated votes at the time of membership and subsequently for additional subscriptions to capital (one vote for each share of capital stock held by the member).

Poverty reduction strategies
For the poorest developing countries in the world, the bank's assistance plans are based on poverty reduction strategies; by combining an analysis of local groups with an analysis of the country's financial and economic situation the World Bank develops a plan pertaining to the country in question. The government then identifies the country's priorities and targets for the reduction of poverty, and the World Bank instigates its aid efforts correspondingly.

Forty-five countries pledged US$25.1 billion in "aid for the world's poorest countries", aid that goes to the World Bank International Development Association (IDA), which distributes the loans to eighty poorer countries. Wealthier nations sometimes fund their own aid projects, including those for diseases. Robert B. Zoellick, the former president of the World Bank, said when the loans were announced on 15 December 2007, that IDA money "is the core funding that the poorest developing countries rely on".

World Bank organizes the Development Marketplace Awards, a grant program that surfaces and funds development projects with potential for development impact that are scalable and/or replicable. The grant beneficiaries are social enterprises with projects that aim to deliver social and public services to groups with the lowest incomes.

Global partnerships and initiatives
The World Bank has been assigned temporary management responsibility of the Clean Technology Fund (CTF), focused on making renewable energy cost-competitive with coal-fired power as quickly as possible, but this may not continue after UN's Copenhagen climate change conference in December 2009, because of the bank's continued investment in coal-fired power plants. (In December 2017, Kim announced the World Bank would no longer finance fossil fuel development.)

Together with the World Health Organization, the World Bank administers the International Health Partnership (IHP+). IHP+ is a group of partners committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries. Partners work together to put international principles for aid effectiveness and development cooperation into practice in the health sector. IHP+ mobilizes national governments, development agencies, civil society, and others to support a single, country-led national health strategy in a well-coordinated way.

Climate change
World Bank President Jim Yong Kim said in 2012:

"A 4-degree warmer world can, and must be, avoided—we need to hold warming below 2 degrees ... Lack of action on climate change threatens to make the world our children inherit a completely different world than we are living in today. Climate change is one of the single biggest challenges facing development, and we need to assume the moral responsibility to take action on behalf of future generations, especially the poorest."

A World Bank report into climate change in 2012 noted that (p. xiii) "even with the current mitigation commitments and pledges fully implemented, there is roughly a 20 percent likelihood of exceeding 4 °C by 2100." This is despite the fact that the "global community has committed itself to holding warming below 2 °C to prevent 'dangerous' climate change". Furthermore, "a series of recent extreme events worldwide highlight the vulnerability of all countries ... No nation will be immune to the impacts of climate change."

The World Bank doubled its aid for climate change adaptation from $2.3bn (£1.47bn) in 2011 to $4.6bn in 2012. The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times. It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.

In December 2017, Kim announced the World Bank would no longer finance fossil fuel development, but a 2019 International Consortium of Investigative Journalists article found that the bank continues "to finance oil and gas exploration, pipelines and refineries," that "these fossil fuel investments make up a greater share of the bank's current energy lending portfolio than renewable projects," and that the bank "has yet to meaningfully shift away from fossil fuels."

EU finance ministers joined civil sector groups, including Extinction Rebellion, in November 2019 in calling for an end to World Bank funding of fossil fuels.

In 2021, the World Bank offered support to Kazakhstan to help the country in its mission for decarbonization and carbon neutrality.

In 2023 a new president was appointed: Ajay Banga. He was supported by the American president Joe Biden partly because he supports climate action. The former president David Malpass faced criticism as he challenged the scientific consensus on climate change.

In May 2024, the Board of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage held its first historic meeting abroad in Abu Dhabi. This important UN Climate Change initiative was operationalized during the COP28 UN Climate Change Conference in December 2023. During the three-day meeting, the board elected Jean-Christophe Donnellier of France and Richard Sherman of South Africa as Co-Chairs. Furthermore, initiating a process to select an Executive Director, the Board started working on access modalities, financial instruments, facilities, arrangements, and ensuring observer participation in the Board meetings and related proceedings. An essential part of the meeting was the discussion between the board and the World Bank on establishing the fund as a World Bank-hosted financial intermediary fund (FIF), specifically focusing on ensuring that the most vulnerable frontline communities can access the fund's resources directly.

Food security

 * 1) Global Food Security Program: Launched in April 2010, six countries alongside the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have pledged $925 million for food security. To date, the program has helped eight countries, promoting agriculture, research, trade in agriculture, etc.
 * 2) Launched Global Food Crisis Response Program: Given grants to approximately 40 nations for seeds, etc. for improving productivity.
 * 3) In process of increasing its yearly spending for agriculture to $6–8 billion from earlier $4 billion.
 * 4) Runs various nutrition programs across the world, e.g., vitamin A doses for children, school meals, etc.

Global Operations Knowledge Management Unit
The World Bank Institute (WBI) was a "global connector of knowledge, learning and innovation for poverty reduction". It aimed to inspire change agents and prepare them with essential tools that can help achieve development results.

WBI had four major strategies to approach development problems: innovation for development, knowledge exchange, leadership and coalition building, and structured learning. World Bank Institute (WBI) was formerly known as Economic Development Institute (EDI), established on 11 March 1955 with the support of the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations. The purpose of the institute was to provide an open place where senior officials from developing countries could discuss development policies and programs. Over the years, EDI grew significantly and in 2000, the institute was renamed as the World Bank Institute. Sanjay Pradhan is the past vice president of the World Bank Institute. As of 2019, World Bank Institute functions have been mostly encapsulated by a new unit Global Operations Knowledge Management Unit (GOKMU), which is now responsible for knowledge management and learning across the bank.

Global Development Learning Network
The Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) is a partnership of over 120 learning centers (GDLN Affiliates) in nearly 80 countries around the world. GDLN Affiliates collaborate in holding events that connect people across countries and regions for learning and dialogue on development issues.

GDLN clients are typically NGOs, government, private sector, and development agencies who find that they work better together on subregional, regional, or global development issues using the facilities and tools offered by GDLN Affiliates. Clients also benefit from the ability of Affiliates to help them choose and apply these tools effectively and to tap development practitioners and experts worldwide. GDLN Affiliates facilitate around 1000 video conference-based activities a year on behalf of their clients, reaching some 90,000 people worldwide. Most of these activities bring together participants in two or more countries over a series of sessions. A majority of GDLN activities are organized by small government agencies and NGOs.

GDLN Asia Pacific
The GDLN in the East Asia and Pacific region has experienced rapid growth and Distance Learning Centers now operate or are planned in 20 countries: Australia, Mongolia, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Japan, Papua New Guinea, South Korea, Thailand, Laos, Timor Leste, Fiji, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and New Zealand. With over 180 Distance Learning Centers, it is the largest development learning network in the Asia and Pacific region. The Secretariat Office of GDLN Asia Pacific is located in the Center of Academic Resources of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

GDLN Asia Pacific was launched at the GDLN's East Asia and Pacific regional meeting held in Bangkok from 22 to 24 May 2006. Its vision is to become "the premier network exchanging ideas, experience and know-how across the Asia Pacific Region". GDLN Asia Pacific is a separate entity to The World Bank. It has endorsed its own Charter and Business Plan and, in accordance with the Charter, a GDLN Asia Pacific Governing Committee has been appointed.

The committee comprises China (2), Australia (1), Thailand (1), The World Bank (1), and finally, a nominee of the Government of Japan (1). The organization is currently hosted by Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand, a founding member of the GDLN Asia Pacific.

The Governing Committee has determined that the most appropriate legal status for the GDLN AP in Thailand is a "Foundation". The World Bank is engaging a solicitor in Thailand to process all documentation in order to obtain this status.

GDLN Asia Pacific is built on the principle of shared resources among partners engaged in a common task, and this is visible in the organizational structures that exist, as the network evolves. Physical space for its headquarters is provided by the host of the GDLN Centre in Thailand – Chulalongkorn University; Technical expertise and some infrastructure is provided by the Tokyo Development Learning Centre (TDLC); Fiduciary services are provided by Australian National University (ANU) Until the GDLN Asia Pacific is established as a legal entity in Thailand, ANU, has offered to assist the governing committee, by providing a means of managing the inflow and outflow of funds and of reporting on them. This admittedly results in some complexity in contracting arrangements, which need to be worked out on a case-by-case basis and depends to some extent on the legal requirements of the countries involved.

JUSTPAL Network
A Justice Sector Peer-Assisted Learning (JUSTPAL) Network was launched in April 2011 by the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management (PREM) Department of the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Region. JUSTPAL's objective is to provide an online and offline platform for justice professionals to exchange knowledge, good practices, and peer-driven improvements to justice systems and thereby support countries to improve their justice sector performance, quality of justice, and service delivery to citizens and businesses.

The JUSTPAL Network includes representatives of judiciaries, ministries of justice, prosecutors, anti-corruption agencies, and other justice-related entities from across the globe. It has active members from more than 50 countries.

To facilitate fruitful exchange of reform experiences and sharing of applicable good practices, JUSTPAL has organized its activities under five Communities of Practice (COPs): Budgeting for the Justice Sector; Information Systems for Justice Services; Justice Sector Physical Infrastructure; Court Management and Administration; and Prosecution and Anti-Corruption Agencies.

Country assistance strategies
As a guideline to the World Bank's operations in any particular country, a Country Assistance Strategy is produced in cooperation with the local government and any interested stakeholders and may rely on analytical work performed by the bank or other parties.

Multi-Donor Trust Fund
Another programme is the Multi-Donor Trust Fund.

Clean Air Initiative
Clean Air Initiative (CAI) is a World Bank initiative to advance innovative ways to improve air quality in cities through partnerships in selected regions of the world by sharing knowledge and experiences. It includes electric vehicles. Initiatives like this help address and tackle pollution-related diseases.

United Nations Development Business
Based on an agreement between the United Nations and the World Bank in 1981, Development Business became the official source for World Bank Procurement Notices, Contract Awards, and Project Approvals.

In 1998, the agreement was renegotiated, and included in this agreement was a joint venture to create an online version of the publication. Today, Development Business is the primary publication for all major multilateral development banks, U.N. agencies, and several national governments, many of which have made the publication of their tenders and contracts in Development Business a mandatory requirement.

The World Bank or the World Bank Group is also a sitting observer in the United Nations Development Group.

Open data initiative
The World Bank collects and processes large amounts of data and generates them on the basis of economic models. These data and models have gradually been made available to the public in a way that encourages reuse, whereas the recent publications describing them are available as open access under a Creative Commons Attribution License, for which the bank received the SPARC Innovator 2012 award.

The World Bank also endorses the Principles for Digital Development.

Grants table
The following table lists the top 15 DAC 5 Digit Sectors to which the World Bank has committed funding, as recorded in its International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) publications. The World Bank states on the IATI Registry website that the amounts "will cover 100% of IBRD and IDA development flows" but will not cover other development flows.

Open Knowledge Repository
The World Bank hosts the Open Knowledge Repository (OKR) as an official open access repository for its research outputs and knowledge products. The World Bank's repository is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data.org.

Criticisms and controversy
The World Bank has long been criticized by non-governmental organizations, such as the indigenous rights group Survival International, and academics, including Henry Hazlitt, Ludwig Von Mises, and its former Chief Economist Joseph Stiglitz. Hazlitt argued that the World Bank along with the monetary system it was designed within would promote world inflation and "a world in which international trade is State-dominated" when they were being advocated. Stiglitz argued that the free market reform policies that the bank advocates are often harmful to economic development if implemented badly, too quickly ("shock therapy"), in the wrong sequence or in weak, uncompetitive economies.

One of the most common criticisms of the World Bank has been the way it is governed. While the World Bank represents 188 countries, it is run by a small number of economically powerful countries. These countries (which also provide most of the institution's funding) choose the bank's leadership and senior management, and their interests dominate. Titus Alexander argues that the unequal voting power of western countries and the World Bank's role in developing countries makes it similar to the South African Development Bank under apartheid, and therefore a pillar of global apartheid.

In the 1990s, the World Bank and the IMF forged the Washington Consensus, policies that included deregulation and liberalization of markets, privatization and the downscaling of government. Though the Washington Consensus was conceived as a policy that would best promote development, it was criticized for ignoring equity, employment, and how reforms like privatization were carried out. Stiglitz argued that the Washington Consensus placed too much emphasis on GDP growth and not enough on the permanence of growth or on whether growth contributed to better living standards.

The United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations report criticized the World Bank and other international financial institutions for focusing too much "on issuing loans rather than on achieving concrete development results within a finite period of time" and called on the institution to "strengthen anti-corruption efforts".

James Ferguson has argued that the main effect of many development projects carried out by the World Bank and similar organizations is not the alleviation of poverty. Instead, the projects often serve to expand the exercise of bureaucratic state power. His case studies of development projects in Thaba-Tseka show that the World Bank's characterization of the economic conditions in Lesotho was flawed, and the bank ignored the political and cultural character of the state in crafting its projects. As a result, the projects failed to help the poor but succeeded in expanding the government bureaucracy.

Criticism of the World Bank and other organizations often takes the form of protesting, such as the World Bank Oslo 2002 Protests, the 2007 October Rebellion, and the 1999 Battle of Seattle. Such demonstrations have occurred all over the world, even among the Brazilian Kayapo people.

Another source of criticism has been the tradition of having an American head the bank, implemented because the United States provides the majority of World Bank funding. "When economists from the World Bank visit poor countries to dispense cash and advice," observed The Economist in 2012, "they routinely tell governments to reject cronyism and fill each important job with the best candidate available. It is good advice. The World Bank should take it."

In 2021, an independent inquiry of the World Bank's Doing Business reports by the law firm WilmerHale found that World Bank leaders, including then-Chief Executive Kristalina Georgieva and then-President Jim Yong Kim, pressured staff members of the bank to alter data to inflate the rankings for China, Saudi Arabia, Azerbaijan and the United Arab Emirates.

In September 2023, it was revealed that the World Bank had poured billions of dollars into fossil fuel projects in 2022. Campaigners estimated that about $3.7bn in trade finance was supplied to oil and gas projects despite the World Bank's green pledges.

Structural adjustment
The effect of structural adjustment policies on poor countries has been one of the most significant criticisms of the World Bank. The 1979 energy crisis plunged many countries into economic crisis. The World Bank responded with structural adjustment loans, which distributed aid to struggling countries while enforcing policy changes in order to reduce inflation and fiscal imbalance. Some of these policies included encouraging production, investment and labour-intensive manufacturing, changing real exchange rates, and altering the distribution of government resources. Structural adjustment policies were most effective in countries with an institutional framework that allowed these policies to be implemented easily. For some countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, economic growth regressed and inflation worsened.

By the late 1980s, some international organizations began to believe that structural adjustment policies were worsening life for the world's poor, due to a reduction in social spending and an increase in the price of food, as subsidies were lifted. It also have been criticized for being Debt-trap diplomacy. The World Bank changed structural adjustment loans, allowing for social spending to be maintained, and encouraging a slower change to policies such as transfer of subsidies and price rises. In 1999, the World Bank and the IMF introduced the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper approach to replace structural adjustment loans.

Fairness of assistance conditions
Some critics, most prominently the author Naomi Klein, are of the opinion that the World Bank Group's loans and aid have unfair conditions attached to them that reflect the interests, financial power and political doctrines (notably the Washington Consensus) of the bank and the countries that are most influential within it. Among other allegations, Klein says the Group's credibility was damaged "when it forced school fees on students in Ghana in exchange for a loan; when it demanded that Tanzania privatise its water system; when it made telecom privatisation a condition of aid for Hurricane Mitch; when it demanded labour 'flexibility' in Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the Asian tsunami; when it pushed for eliminating food subsidies in post-invasion Iraq".

A study of the period 1970–2004 found that a less-developed country would on average receive more World Bank projects during any period when it occupied one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council.

Sovereign immunity
The World Bank requires sovereign immunity from countries it deals with. Sovereign immunity waives a holder from all legal liability for their actions. It is proposed that this immunity from responsibility is a "shield which The World Bank wants to resort to, for escaping accountability and security by the people". As the United States has veto power, it can prevent the World Bank from taking action against its interests.

PricewaterhouseCoopers
World Bank favored PricewaterhouseCoopers as a consultant in a bid for privatizing the water distribution in Delhi, India.

COVID-19
The World Bank has been criticized for the slow response of its Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility (PEF), a fund that was created to provide money to help manage pandemic outbreaks. The terms of the PEF, which is financed by bonds sold to private investors, prevent any money from being released from the fund until 12 weeks after the outbreak was initially detected (23 March). The COVID-19 pandemic met all other requirements for the funding to be released in January 2020.

Critics have argued that the terms of the PEF are too stringent, and the 12-week delay means that the funding will be much less effective than if it was released to assist governments in initially containing the outbreak. They argue that the fund prioritizes the interests of the private bondholders over public health.

Cronyism and Elite Capture
Criticism was also leveled under the presidency of Jim Yong Kim, particularly regarding financial management and staff morale. Reports of a controversial $94,000 bonus awarded to the Bank's CFO, Bertrand Badré (2013-2016), at his request on top of a tax-free salary of $379,000, while significant staff cuts and austerity measures were being implemented, drew criticism from within and outside the organization. This bonus, revealed by Senior Country Officer Fabrice Houdart amidst a broader effort by Kim to implement cost-cutting reforms, sparked debates over transparency, ethics, and the organization's commitment to its own principles, further exacerbating concerns about trust and leadership within the World Bank. Badré renounced the bonus and left the Bank shortly after.

In May 2023, British newspaper The Guardian reported leaked recordings from some World Bank staff referring to Robert Malpass, the son of the institution's president David Malpass, as a "prince" and an "important little fellow" who could go "running to daddy" if things went wrong. Malpass served as undersecretary of the US Treasury in the Trump administration before being appointed by Trump in February 2019 to be World Bank's president. Before Malpass became president, his son Robert had joined the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a branch of the World Bank Group that lends money to private sector businesses and whose USD 5.5 billion funding from a USD 13 billion World Bank capital increase was secured by the US Treasury at the time that David Malpass was the Treasury's undersecretary.

Suspension of loans to Uganda
On 9 August 2023, the World Bank announced it was suspending new loans to Uganda because it claims that a new anti-homosexuality act, enacted in May 2023, contradicts its core values on human rights. The World Bank joined the United States in imposing sanctions against Uganda over the anti-homosexuality law. Uganda dismissed the move by the World Bank as unjust and hypocritical.

Funding to Tanzania
The World Bank funded a program in Tanzania supposed to help nature conservation. The program was criticized because it led to severe violation of human rights toward the Maasai people.

title: World Bank


text:
Australian History/Early Explorers

‹ Return to the Contents ‹ Back to First Settlers

Prior to the arrival in Australia of Captain James Cook, Australia has been the focus both of European mythology, as Terra Australis. Similarly, contrary to popular mythology, a number of non-Indigenous explorers have travelled to Australia prior to Captain Cook's 'discovery' of the continent.

Terra Australis
The term "Terra Australis" was first introduced by Aristotle. Aristotle's ideas were later expanded by Ptolemy, a Greek cartographer from the first century AD, who believed that the Indian Ocean was enclosed on the south by land. When, during the Renaissance, Ptolemy became the main source of information for European cartographers, the land started to appear on their maps. Although voyages of discovery sometimes did reduce the area where the continent could be found, cartographers kept drawing it on their maps and scientists argued for its existence with such arguments as that there should be a large landmass in the south as a counterweight against the known landmasses in the Northern Hemisphere. Usually the land was shown as a continent around the South Pole, but much larger than the actual Antarctica, spreading far north in particular in the Pacific Ocean area. New Zealand, discovered by Abel Tasman in 1642, was by some regarded as a part of the continent as well as Africa and Australia.

The idea of Terra Australis was finally corrected by James Cook. On his first voyage he circumnavigated New Zealand, showing it could not be part of a large continent. On his second voyage he circumnavigated the globe at a very high southern latitude, at some places even crossing the south polar circle, showing that any possible southern continent must lie well within the cold polar areas, and not in regions with a temperate climate as had been thought before.

Marco Polo and Cristóvão de Mendonça
In about 1300, Marco Polo made reference to the reputed existence of a vast southern continent, although there is no evidence that he had specific knowledge of Australia. Some writers have suggested that maps compiled in Europe from the late 1400s show parts of the Australian coastline. Some believe that Australia was sighted by a Portuguese expedition led by Cristóvão de Mendonça in about 1522. A number of relics and remains have been interpreted as evidence that the Portuguese reached Australia in the early to mid 1500s, 200 years before Cook. These clues include the Mahogany Ship, an alleged Portuguese caravel that was shipwrecked six miles west of Warrnambool, Victoria (although its remains have never been found); a stone house at Bittangabee Bay; the so-called Dieppe map, a secret map drawn by the Portuguese; a cannon and five keys found near Geelong. Most historians do not accept these relics as proof that the Portuguese discovered Australia.

Binot Paulmyer
The French navigator Binot Paulmyer claimed to have landed at Australia in 1503, after being blown off course. However later investigators concluded it was more likely he was in Madagascar. French authorities again made such a claim in 1531.

Luis Vaez de Torres
Luis Vaez de Torres was the first of the 17th century Portuguese maritime explorers. A Portuguese expedition commanded by de Torres and piloted by Pedro Fernandez de Quiros set out for Australia in 1605. They sailed from east to west along the southern coast of Papua, and sighted the islands of Torres Strait. When de Quiros landed on the New Hebrides, he named the island group "Austrialia del Espiritu Santo", translated as "South Land of the Holy Spirit".

The first undisputed sighting of Australia by a European was made in 1606. The Dutch vessel Duyfken, captained by Willem Jansz, explored perhaps 350km of western side of Cape York, in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The Dutch made one landing, but were promptly attacked by Aboriginals and subsequently abandoned further exploration.

Dirk Hartog
In 1616 Dirk Hartog landed on what is now called Dirk Hartog Island, off the coast of Western Australia, and left behind an inscription on a pewter plate. (This plate may now be seen in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.) The Dutch named the western half of the continent New Holland, but made no attempt to colonise it. Further voyages by Dutch ships explored the north coast of Australia between 1623 and 1636, giving Arnhem Land its present-day name.

Abel Tasman
In 1642, Abel Tasman sailed on a famous voyage from Batavia (now Jakarta), to Papua New Guinea, Fiji, New Zealand and, on November 24, sighted Tasmania. He named it Van Diemen's Land, after Anthony van Diemen, the Dutch East India Company's Governor General at Batavia, who had commissioned his voyage. Tasman claimed Van Diemen's Land for the Netherlands.

The discovery that sailing east from the Cape of Good Hope until land was sighted, and then sailing north along the west coast of Australia was a much quicker route than around the coast of the Indian Ocean made Dutch landfalls on the west coast inevitable. Most of these landfalls were unplanned. The most famous and bloodiest result was the mutiny and murder that followed the wreck of the Batavia.

William Dampier
William Dampier first explored the north-west coast of Australia in 1688, in the Cygnet, a small trading vessel. He made another voyage in 1699, before returning to England. The first Englishman to see Australia, he was able to describe some of the flora and fauna of Australia, being the first to report Australia's peculiar large hopping animals.

title: Australian History/Early Explorers


text:
Χέμινγουεϊ

Etymology
.

Usage notes
Greek words can only be stressed on one of the last three syllables. Various attempts have been made to fulfil this rule whilst maintaining an American pronunciation.

title: Χέμινγουεϊ


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Unfinished work/archive1

Unfinished work

 * Renominated: Featured article candidates/Unfinished work (2) violet/riga (t) 13:25, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

This article explains the primary reasons behind creative works remaining unfinished, giving (prominent) examples for each in different media. May not be the longest article, but it doesn't really need to be as it covers the topic to a good enough degree. Any further detail and lists of works can be placed in subarticles. violet/riga (t) 20:40, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * [[Image:symbol support vote.svg|15px]] Support How ironic that something on unfinished work can be so complete. --Kitch 21:35, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment -- Literature: No mention of Kafka? No Proust?  No Stephen Hero?  Nothing at all on sculpture (the Kouros on Naxos only survived because it was unfinished)?  These are some of the very first things I think of when I think of an unfinished work.  What is our criteria for including a mention here?  The "See also" section could be incorporated into the text or removed.  Jkelly 21:49, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Kafka is worthy of inclusion in a similar way to the mention of Orson Welles, so I'll get to that one soon. Proust and Stephen Hero don't seem to add anything different to the article that isn't covered by other examples already.  There is mention of sculpture, but I hadn't noticed that there weren't any examples; the Kouros on Naxos aren't detailed in any Wikipedia article, but I will look into some sources.  The criteria for inclusion are a) it adds an example to illustrate something different, b) it is a very famous example of incomplete work.  I want to avoid having too many examples and turning this into a list (categories or a list article can do that).  Thanks for your comments and suggestions - I'll hopefully address the two mentioned soon.  violet/riga (t) 08:04, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Kafka has been added. I can't find many scholarly sources about the unfinished Kouros, only tourists mentioning them from their travels, but I haven't looked too in depth yet.  violet/riga (t) 09:08, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm a little unsure about this whole approach, to be honest. Does it make sense for us, as Wikipedia editors, to be saying "This is an important example of an unfinished work / That is not an important example of an unfinished work."?  Looking at the notes, I don't see a single one that is a discussion of unfinished works as a whole.  Jkelly 20:48, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not entirely sure of what you're saying here. The article gives examples that illustrate the point being made.  The most important examples found that illustrate those points are presented.  It is not an article that should give a list of all the unfinished works that exist.  violet/riga (t) 22:35, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment — I think more could be added. Classical works such as the Aeneid was never finished. There is some discussion regarding whether or not The Tale of Genji was unfinished as well. Nietzsche was also known for not finishing many of his planned philosophical works. I'll list more if I can think of them. Lemegeton 11:35, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * But do they add anything different to the article? I would think they should be in a category or list.  violet/riga (t) 12:56, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Object. Where's Hemingway? --Neutralitytalk 18:22, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Why should he be mentioned? violet/riga (t) 18:30, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ernest Hemingway...--Neutralitytalk 18:34, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * True, it has fleshed out one section of the article. Please take a look.  violet/riga (t) 19:15, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Neutrality has been asked to review this vote but has so far not returned. violet/riga (t) 14:16, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment: Are you going to start keeping lists of other unfinished, yet published works? P.G. Wodehouse's Sunset at Blandings and Douglas Adams's Salmon of Doubt both come to mind. --JohnDBuell 04:32, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * They will be in the relevant category (Category:Unfinished books) or, if more detail is required, a list. This unfinished work article should not contain a massive list of unfinished work.  violet/riga (t) 08:01, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh I agree with that completely. I just wondered if you had a page or sandbox or 'holding area' to add works to for later list inclusion. --JohnDBuell 11:37, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * There's a bit of something on the talk page. violet/riga (t) 16:24, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose . No mention of Architecture whatsoever. -- Run e Welsh | ταλκ 09:43, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Now that I think of it, the Laws section could also explore the legal situation of unfinished works in other countries. -- Run e Welsh | ταλκ 13:22, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not supposed to have architecture - that comes under unfinished building. As for the laws, well I've never seen any explicit unfinished copyright laws outside of the one given.  violet/riga (t) 16:22, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't see the value at this point of having a separate article for unfinished buildings. Given that at this point the article is only a stub you could fit it here, and if the section ever grows too large it could go back to its own. As for the laws, you should probably move the paragraph to the lead or a footnote. The section is too short and seems out of place after the discussion of unfinished works in different areas. -- Run e Welsh | ταλκ 10:02, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry but I disagree about the buildings section. That is going to undergo a large expansion soon and doesn't really come under the criteria of "creative works" that this article is about.  The laws section could be demoted into just a note, but nothing should appear in the lead that doesn't appear in the article itself, and I think it is relevant enough to have its own section.  I will write a note about it being unusual.  violet/riga (t) 15:18, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Are you telling me that architecture, long considered one of the fine arts, has no element of creativity of its own? -- Run e Welsh | ταλκ 16:31, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment: Why not a compromise here: An "Architecture" sub-heading, followed by, a paragraph or two about unfinished buildings and structures (would you include things for which plans were laid, but barely started - if so, a heck of a lot of Speer's designs for Berlin could be included), and then let the Unfinished building article do the rest (and remove it from the See also heading). --JohnDBuell 17:29, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that architecture is a creative art, but that building isn't necessarily. It would be good therefore to have an architecture subheading and that can indeed be {main}ed to unfinished building.  I might have time to work on it tonight.  violet/riga (t) 17:46, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've played around at something slightly different and added a "Construction and engineering" section. Please take a look and see what you think of that.  violet/riga (t) 22:40, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've expanded the section quite significantly now - please take a look. violet/riga (t) 20:44, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * (reindenting) Support. Good compromise. I still feel a bit uneasy about the Laws section, though. Overall this is a very nice article. -- Run e Welsh | ταλκ 11:06, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Support - I feel foolish, I forgot I hadn't actually voted before :) --JohnDBuell 17:25, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Object. Interesting subject, but I don't think this article is very well-written. In my opinion, there are three areas in particular that need work:
 * Overuse of qualifiers: In the lead alone we find (in order) "most commonly," "sometimes," "can be," "sometimes," "may refer," "many examples," "many people," "various reasons," "some," "many," "some," "may be," and "some." Obviously, it's difficult to cover such a broad and disparate subject without making blanket statements or using work-around words like these. In the rest of the article, the word "often" is used nine times. Many readers often find that the overuse of qualifiers can be annoying.
 * Lack of focus: The article tends to jump abruptly from one unfinished work to another. The two paragraphs in the "Science and philosophy" section seem to have nothing to do with one another. Another example: "One of the earliest and most prominent examples is Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, which breaks off in mid-sentence. D.H. Lawrence drafted and abandoned Mr Noon in 1921, the first part of which was then published posthumously in 1934 as part of the A Modern Lover collection."
 * Redundancy: Certain themes are hammered away at throughout the article to the point of excess. Examples:
 * Some projects are simply too grandiose and would never be likely to be finished... The size of the project can be such that a story is never finished.
 * If the work involves other people, such as a cast of actors or the subject of a portrait, the work may be stopped because of their unavailability... A piece of work may not be completed if the subject becomes unavailable, such as part of the landscape changing or even the person being painted dying.
 * --Alex S 20:20, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry but I have to disagree on most of your points there...
 * To me the lead reads fine, and "often" is not overused given the fact that the we simply can't use too many other ways of writing it.
 * You mention only one part that is not written verbosely, and one which I intend to fix (incidentally added by someone else).
 * Sorry but the lead is supposed to summarise the whole article, and thus some things are obviously going to be repeated.
 * violet/riga (t) 22:39, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Don't get me wrong, this is a very good article -- it's interesting, well-referenced, covers a wide range of examples, and uses images well. However, as per your request on my talk page to respond to your comment, I'm going to have to maintain my opposition to FA status. Point #1 seems to be simply a difference of taste. In #2 you recast my objection as if I wanted the writing to be more verbose. This is false -- I think it should be less verbose, with fewer repeted phrases and words (see #3 and #1). To re-explain my objection: parts of the article read like a "List of unfinished works" with the entries listed horizontally, in sentences. Transitions might help fix this problem. As for #3, I understand your point. Still, part of the beauty of English is that you can say the same thing twice without repeating a single word. Nonetheless, one of our language's most admirable qualities is its ability to communicate identical ideas in completely different fashions. You get the idea. --Alex S 23:34, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I still disagree with what you are saying and think it's more of a style thing, which I can't really see as a reason to object. Your call though.  violet/riga (t) 23:40, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Alex S has copyedited the article, and I hope he will now be happy enough to change his vote. violet/riga (t) 14:16, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Object - for reasons given by Rune Welsh. Construction and engineering are not intrinsically architecture although they can be. To elucidate - here's Le Corbusier on the subject "You employ stone, wood and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: "This is beautiful. That is Architecture. Art enters in......" Architecture does not necessarily have to be a building either - it can be a paper project. Also I think you need to disambiguate certain Follies which are designed to look like romantic ruins (but are 'finished' in the sense that that is how the designer intended them.--Mcginnly | Natter 17:23, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I have no doubt that there are many architectural projects that have been started on paper but scrapped, but how many of these are notable? Have famous architects made unfinished plans that are famous?  If so, then it could be worthy of mention.  Sure, I know very little about that subject but I've searched around and not found any unfinished architectural plans that merit inclusion.  violet/riga (t) 17:53, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've added a passing mention of follies. violet/riga (t) 18:05, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Architecture has been incorporated to a much greater deal now. violet/riga (t) 20:44, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * There is now quite a bit about this area of unfinished work, but the main article is unfinished building and I would rather not overload this article with one artform. violet/riga (t) 14:16, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Meh, seeing this blink on and off the FAC list is somewhat bizarre; but that's between you and the director ;-) As for the article, object:
 * The biggest problem is the architecture section, which focuses on banal trivia (bridges in Wisconsin and so forth) rather than notable unfinished buildings. The coverage of unfinished monumental architecture is entirely missing: no Nazi architecture, no Sagrada Familia, no Cologne Cathedral or Strasbourg Cathedral, no Palace of Soviets, and so forth.  I understand that space here is somewhat limited (although the article is still quite short, for such a major topic), but even so, the examples used should be the more notable ones.
 * The lead should be made significantly longer; at the very least, a general overview of different types of unfinished works (works never finished, works finished by others, works finished much later, works only designed/proposed but never started, etc.) is needed.
 * Some strange omissions in the literature section (no mention of Honoré de Balzac!), but this is more minor. I'm surprised there's almost nothing about unfinished series and sequels written by other authors here, though.
 * There seems to be some confusion about the definition of "creative works": if engineering is included (e.g. ships, software), why is there no detailed discussion of unfinished designs outside of civil engineering. Leonardo da Vinci comes to mind here.
 * While I don't advocate a full "In fiction" section or anything of the sort, not mentioning the Tower of Babel is a critical omission, in my view.
 * The mention of photographs in the "Unfinished work and the law" section is very jarring, given that there has been no discussion of that particular artform earlier (and it's not at all clear, to the casual reader, how a photograph can be unfinished).
 * Finally, I'm a bit concerned about the level of referencing. The article is fairly sparsely cited; and, where citations are given, they are mostly to online sources.  Given the nature of the topic, I would have expected a much heftier use of traditional scholarly works as sources. Kirill Lokshin 15:42, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for taking the time to comment. I've rebulleted your list into numeric form so that I can more easily reply - I hope that's ok.
 * I don't agree that the given examples are "banal trivia". Yes, the bridge example isn't amazing, but it was to illustrate a construction that wasn't simply a building.  The ones you list: Nazi architecture (no more relevant than others and not mentioned in that article); Sagrada Familia (will be added as an example of ongoing work) [added] ; Cologne Cathedral [added] or Strasbourg Cathedral (could be mentioned because of the duration, but not strictly "unfinished" now); Palace of Soviets (could be mentioned but not massively important.  I don't want to overpopulate with examples, and we could argue all day about which ones merit inclusion.
 * The lead was shrunk by another editor, and I have restored it to its more appropriate size.
 * Honoré de Balzac has the most unfinished works I've seen, but I'm not willing to assert that it is the most in the article. [I've added mention of this, but I've not found a reference for it anywhere, including fr:wiki]  Other than that, I could use him as an example of plenty of unfinished pieces.  As for unfinished series of books, there is The Canterbury Tales but if there is another good example it could be added.
 * There could be mention of other non civil engineering works, but again I don't wish to overload the article (nor do I wish to mention Da Vinci all the time, though he is a great example).
 * I agree that we should be wary of "in fiction" sections, and I couldn't decide whether to go with Tower of Babel or not. It probably is worthy of a mention somewhere. [I've added it to the See also section, which I think is the best compromise]
 * Personally I don't think that it is too unclear about the photograph.
 * I can't agree with you here. There are 39 different external references used and virtually all parts of the article are referenced.  I don't think that printed works are necessary either.
 * violet/riga (t) 18:48, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Updated using this colour after a few changes to the article. violet/riga (t) 21:11, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, focusing on the more salient points.
 * 1. The reason I mentioned Nazi architecture (here thinking primarily of Speer's various Berlin designs) and the Palace of Soviets is because they are good examples of a type of unfinished work that is almost entirely glossed over in the article, but which is very common when dealing with monumental architecture: work left unfinished because of the collapse of the state or social order for which the work was to be a monument. If you don't like the modern examples, you could go with something like the Olympeion instead; but I think it's wrong to omit this facet entirely.
 * 3. The Dune series comes to mind; but that might be too trivial here.
 * 4. I think some examples of pure engineering might be appropriate. A non-Da Vinci example that comes to mind is Project Babylon; but that might be too obscure.
 * 6. It's not clear to me, anyways. Are they talking about things like multiple exposure photographs? Kirill Lokshin 22:07, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * 1. I've added the Palace of Soviets
 * 3. Not too trivial - it works well as an example
 * 4. Project Babylon certainly isn't too obscure (at least to me), and has been incorporated into the article
 * 6. I've slightly reworded it, so I hope that helps.
 * violet/riga (t) 23:34, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks much better now; nice work! Kirill Lokshin 00:50, 25 August 2006 (UTC)