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Talk:Fingerprint/Archive 1

Needs peer reviewed studies
This article needs an expanded controversy section and expanded coverage of peer reviewed research on the error rate of fingerprint identification. There are many popular misconceptions on the accuracy of fingerprint identification which are wide spread in law enforcement and the public at large. I do not feel they are addressed enough by this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:24, 4 July 2008 (UTC) --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:53, 1 September 2011 (UTC)seItalic textx

Children's fingerprints disappear after a few hours
I'd like to include this information, or someone else could include it if they feel like it. It's out of a chemistry textbook. The basic facts are that the fingerprints of children tend to disappear in only a few hours while those of adult's last longer due to the differences in skin secretions. Whoever is mainly in charge of this article please take a look.

link: http://books.google.com/books?id=v6cGPMRmPYYC&pg=PA589&lpg=PA589&source=web&ots=9MEYFlBKg0&sig=1_SQrnF-8FYU0SJ3kxdO-9itrHQ&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result Snookumz (talk) 23:24, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Since no one has commented since I asked this question, I went ahead and added it. Snookumz (talk) 01:40, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

Controversy
Hi everybody! Now let's talk about fingerprints! Fingerprint identification is the subject of some controversy in some courts (United Kingdom and US), I understand. And the UK and US (and other jurisdictions) vary in the standards for 'positive match'. The US (as I understand it) has no standard while Scotland Yard requires 12 matching points of identity or some such. It would be nice if both issues were addressed by someone who actually knows something about the subject. ww 14:52, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It would be Greatly incaccurate to state that the US Has no standerds, First an examiner must be well qualified in order to come to a conclusion, then there are many steps that a examiner must take in order to make an identifaction, Ultimaltly it is up to the Judge to decide if a examiner has meet all the requirments to become a subject matter expert. While the UK and other countries might use a point system, that many times can be limiting the comparison since the examiner looks at more detail than just the tradition Galton points.  On the other hand if i were on the Jury I would like to know how many galton points an examiner used in their comparison, If the number was real low, I would like to know what other detail he used to come to his/her conclusion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 13:33, 13 October 2006

 * I have explained my rationale for a major revision under that title at the end of this discussion page. I am attempting to incorporated those from the profession and their academic critics.  Please, check out this discussion before making any deletions. I have included in the appropriate section an article by a respected member of the forensic fingerprinting profession who answers his most severe critics.  I suggest using his article as a model of fairness for this wikipedia article.Arodb 23:00, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I would like to note that there is an image in the article that shows a bunch of mountains and a moon overhead. The image is captioned as a detailed fingerprint image of sorts. Can someone please investigate? And why is there a moon overhead? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:14, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Apparently that actually is a fingerprint, rendered in some insane magnification or something. It does seem unlikely, though. I'll look into the possibility that the image is a hoax. -- BlastOButter42 See  Hear  Speak  06:17, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Has anyone looked into whether the mountain/moon image is a hoax? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk)

There are many popular misconceptions about claims of the accuracy of fingerprint identification, misconceptions which are wide spread in law enforcement and the public at large. For example, many recent fingerprint critics claim that fingerprint experts have professed for a century that experts among their ranks do not make erroneous identifications. This is a misconception. The world's oldest and largest forensic organization is the International Association for Identification (IAI at www.theiai.org). For more than 30 years, US and international fingerprint experts in the IAI have pushed for certification and periodic proficiency testing specifically to (1) identify those with proficiency to work to a minimum competency standard (established by IAI proctored testing and other requirements) in the discipline, and (2) establish official protocols for decertifying those experts bringing the profession into disrepute, especially those making erroneous identifications. In any field of human endeavor there will always be oversights, be it mathematics (maybe the closest thing to a pure science), law, html editing, or any other field were humans are involved. There is zero error rate in adding 2 plus 2 in accordance with established mathematical protocols, but that does not mean that all CPAs will always get that math equation correct when attempting to apply correct protocols. The practitioner error rate has never been zero for fingerprint experts making fingerprint identifications, and the misconception (even among some law enforcement professionals) is that somehow fingerprint experts have always been claiming that no professionals among their ranks make errors. That is not the case. All one needs do is review the Latent Print Certification Program of the IAI to see that from day one (at adoption in 1977), they have recognized that fingerprint practitioner errors can and do occur, specifically erroneous identifications. Fortunately for society, the practitioner error rate for erroneous identifications among certified fingerprint experts is so low that it causes international headlines when it occurs. In 84 years of operations, the FBI Laboratory made one erroneous identification that resulted in someone being erroneous incarcerated for several weeks, and you would have thought the sky was falling. The over 70,000 fingerprint identifications of persons effected daily in America by DHS, the FBI and agencies in all 50 states seems to be discounted as unreliable witchcraft, ...after all, even the FBI made an error that caused someone to erroneously jailed once. I do not hear folks chanting that firearms should be taken away from law enforcement officers because some innocent victims are accidentally killed in police shootings yearly. The value of fingerprint identification to society outweighs the very low erroneous identification rate among certified experts. The NAS report from last year hit the nail on the head... mandatory certification of experts, mandatory routine proficiency testing, and mandatory accreditation of forensic laboratories is badly needed. Currently, any agency wanting to claim that they have fingerprint experts is free to do so, without adhering to any national or international standards. CLPEandFFS (talk) 01:56, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

The first large scale randomized trial studying the reliability and accuracy of fingerprint identification as practiced by experts was published in 2011. The study used thousands of fingerprints and 146 practicing experts. False positives (i.e. the examiner erroneously concluded there was a match) were found at a rate of 0.1% (6 out of about 6000), while false negatives were found at a rate of 7.5%. There was very poor agreement between experts, e.g. when the latent and exemplary print actually matched, very frequently some examiners found a match, while others found they did not match, and others found that the latent print was not of sufficient quality to decide. Examiners making false positive errors included IAI certified experts. This study should certainly be included in the controversy section, but as a nonconfirmed user I cannot do so. The reference is :

Accuracy and reliability of forensic latent fingerprint decisions 1. Bradford T. Ulerya, 2. R. Austin Hicklina, 3. JoAnn Buscagliab,1, and 4. Maria Antonia Roberts PNAS May 10, 2011 vol. 108 no. 19 7733-7738

Davidh1901 (talk) 00:53, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Herbal fingerprinting?
What does it mean when a nutritional supplement claims to be "fingerprinted"? Does an article already exist that covers this? --LostLeviathan 19:30, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Fingerprints of Twin
Twins have similar Fingerprint? Story on yahoo about transplant suggests otherwise please see whether it is true or false we should mention it in the article.
 * Zain 22:03, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)Miami Fingerprinting
 * Well, how similar is similar?  Even apes, chimpanzees, and orangutans have fingerprints, and primates in general have twins, so are there any studies that we can cite to make the main article more informative? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:31, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Real Use?
Please note that finger prints exist for other reasons than identification, LOL. There should be some mention of why organisms evolved finger prints, namely gripping things. Also, if you cut your print completely off will it regrow the same? If so that suggests it's encoded in DNA, if not then it's random. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS>  (talk • contribs) 19:52, 22 December 2004

Medical aspect
'fingerprint' also means the pattern on the finger itself: ''... be differenciated from Helomas "Corns" by close observation of skin striations. Feet, like hands, are covered in skin stria which are more commonly called fingerprints.'' (from Plantar wart).

This article should either make mention of these on fingers and feet, or link to another artiucle that dicusses the anatomical aspect, eg skin stria. -- Tarquin 11:49, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Unique fingerprints?
There has been some recent, serious, and important criticisms of forensic applications of finger prints (article in The New Yorker, etc.). This criticism should be covered in the article with NPOV. The following summary briefly addresses one concern about reliability of matching fingerprints. "Based on the current world population of 6.5 billion individuals pitted against the limited number of permutations of fingerprint patterns possible, given: a) the area of a fingerprint and scale of the grid employed (vis-a-vis the diameter of ridges), and b) the number of reference points utilized in the matching of prints, fingerprint identification cannot be entirely reliable. It's almost certain that two or more persons among the world's population have virtually identical prints. (And this doesn't include the "silent majority" who also left prints.) Given the global sharing and merging of record banks among law enforcement agencies, we should expect more incidents of "false positive" matches." —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 01:14, 9 June 2005

Quick note
Stratton Brothers case first people to be convicted of murder using fingerprint evidence in the United Kingdom. (DYK Nov. 11) - Mgm|(talk) 11:35, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Friction Ridge Skin
Fingerprints have 3 levels of detail. Level 1 detail refers to the pattern itself (loop, arch, whorl). This is determined by the height of the volar pads (fetal swelling of mesenchymal tissue on the hands). The volar pad height is a genetic component and therefore is inherited. Level 2 detail refers to the minutia on/between the primary ridges which include dots, bifurcations, ridge endings, lakes, short ridges and crossovers. Level 2 detail is influenced by the stresses on the volar topography which is obviously different for every individual and is the reason that even identical twins do not have the same detail contained in their fingerprints. Level 3 detail refers to the structure of the pores contained on the ridge. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS>  (talk • contribs) 09:04, 29 November 2005

 * (Friction Ridge Skin) This information should be added to this article or have its own stub. Linked in Minutiae —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS>  (talk • contribs) 11:01, 9 June 2006

fingerprint errors
The William West case is listed as a one of the "noteworthy examples of fingerprint errors", but that's not true. See http://www.scafo.org/library/110105.html. pablop (comment added 02:44, 12 May 2006 (UTC))
 * It's noteworthy because it's probably an urban legend, which the section states clearly. The external links section already contains the link you described. Could the section be rephrased? Graham talk 09:58, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Fingerprint removal
What about methods used to alter or blank fingerprints, such as acid burns and laser dermal resurfacing? <IP_ADDRESS> 22:35, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * There are many methods available to edit or remove friction ridges from any skin surface containing them. However, this editing of the friction ridges becomes unique and readily identifiable as much or more then if you did not edit your prints.  An interesting find is the man who folded his arms across his chest, and surgically sewed his hands into his sides in an attempt to delete his fingerprints.  I do not remember if he was successful and I will attempt to find out who he was, but regardless, if he was able to he just made himself a specific type of fingerprint, because he still deposits sweat and other foreign material.Bsspewer 18:41, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I suppose one could theoretically edit his prints to make sure they don't match up with something in a past database. I had a wound on my index finger, and when it healed, the ridges in that spot aren't the same anymore; now that spot looks like a bowl of ramen noodles!M-hwang 02:08, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry editing your finger in that way wont help, Current modern day systems can match one tenth of a fingerprint in seconds.

 * Well, sort of. I'm assuming you are referring to IAFIS, a fingerprints database. What this system actually does is suggest possible matches, which then must be examined visually to confirm a match. This system has been enormously beneficial, but one-tenth of a fingerprint in seconds is overstating it just a bit. I may be adding more information about this to the article when I get the time. <IP_ADDRESS> 08:55, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * You can cause some kind of bodily harm to your finger that results in your fingerprint no longer being readily apparent. This doesn't mean it will alter nor destroy your fingerprint.  For instance, you can get a bad cut in the middle of your finger that destroy's the core of the fingerprint and leaves a bad scar.  That doesn't mean we can only identify you by that core (which you just destroyed).  The delta is left untouched as well as the surrounding ridges.  Any area of detail within the finger can be used to identify you.  As stated, the scar also becomes a point of identification due to it's shape, size, and location.  A good example is when you wreck a car.  You can actually identify even better who's car it is because it now has a bad dent in it that is only on that car, not anyone elses.  As for the database, it takes a few hours (4 or more) to return a search of a fingerprint, and it will only give you other prints that have similar characteristics, not a match on every part of the print.  You have to sort through and compare the results till you find the one that is the match.  Bsspewer 20:10, 19 January 2007 (UTC) i think they have done well i n this respect and is pretty good iformation

Reflecting the controversy of accuracy of the process
I made a major edit several months ago based on an article in the New York Times that showed the low level of professionalism and the excess false positive identifications caused by over certainty of identity of latent prints. Now this is gone, along with my reference to the New York Times article. There is a reference to something from the Times but it only goes to the article about the newpaper, not the challenging article.

This entire Wikipedia article is now a P.R.piece by the Fingerprint Professional Association, or others interested in ignoring the defects of the profession

There is mention of the certification process, but no link to the association where qualifications can be ascertained. The implication, by aluding to forensic "science" is that these individuals are trained to the standards of scientists, that includes some minimun understanding of quantitive analysis, which is not the case.

Fingerprint experts affect the lives of those accused of crimes. A distorted article like this means innocent people are imprisioned or worse. Jurors who read this article must be accurately informed.

I will attempt to reverse any return to this subtle NPOV breach. I have not done as careful a job as I should have in reconstructing an accurate balanced comprehensive article about fingerprinting, but I felt the need to make a first approximation towards accuracy, which must include the systemic defects of the profession.

I would ask those who have created this P.R. document, not to revert, rather research the article in the Times and restore it at the very least. And then rebuild an accurate article. J.Edgar Hoover is gone, and so is the phony image of infailability of his handiwork.Arodb 05:02, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * A major rewrite based on news article(s)??? You must be kidding.  You seem to be discounting the months of courtroom testimony cumulatively reviewed by courts throughout the US in the past seven years.  There have been over 40 Daubert hearings since 1999, including testimony by many of the "expert" critics of the fingerprint discipline cited by the NY Times and other articles bashing fingerprint identification as baseless.

 * It is ridiculous to assert that all the judges were somehow perpetuating the desires of J.E. Hoover when they listened to all the evidence and ruled in favor of fingerprint identification as a valid science and approved expert testimony to identifications of defendants.

 * Over 20 years before the NY Times and recent critics of fingerprint identification pointed fingers and said, "fingerprints are not infallible," the fingerprint discipline established a professional certification program and began decertifying experts making erroneous identifications. Skewed reporting ignored that fact.

 * Critical examination of important forensic disciplines should continuously occur. It has in fingerprint identification for decades... but that's not newsworthy.  Allegations of some giant conspiracy by worldwide fingerprint experts to hide the existence human fingerprint experts making erroneous identifications or the existence of duplicate fingerprints on different persons sells well, and the many US judges in varying jurisdictions must be part of the conspiracy too... and somehow all the retired police fingerprint experts are keeping mum about it.  The above was posted by CLPEandFFS on August 8, 2006 19:40.

 * I don't know that it needs a major rewrite, but it sure as heck lacks citations  ClairSamoht 01:52, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have reverted to a more skeptical perspective on the certainty of forensic fingerprint I.D.

 * I included a quote, describing it a controversy, that lists some specifics. I do not want to have a revert battle on this subject. While undue skepticism by a juror can prevent punishing the guilty, undue gullibility can convict the innocent. This article will have an effect on jurors who use this resource seeking to understand this methodology.

 * My goal is accurately describing the state of the art and science of forensic fingerprinting. Read my quotation, and then indicate how the profession has resolved the points raised, or else acknowledge that it is a weakness. I do not consider the NY Times as "bashing" the profession. They cite statements by judges and research such as I quoted.  Other media have also questioned the certainty that is expressed by forensic experts.

 * What is wrong with the profession indicating a statistical probability of a match. It would inherently be only approximate but it could allow the juror to weigh this information.  This should be on your test for certification, along with some reqired statistical knowledge.  A juror should know if there were 4 points of identity with a 80% probability, or 12 points with a 99.99% probability of identity. Right now I understand that the custom is to say it is either a certain identification, or it is not an identification.

 * If we can't reach a single meeting of the minds, let's at least indicate the nature of the controversy in the beginning of the section. Arodb 03:59, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Reflecting more accurate statements
The new changes show authoring by a person unfamiliar with fingerprints, especially forensic aspects of friction ridge impressions... such as the opening statement "A human fingerprint is an impression pattern left on any hard smooth surface by the ridged dermis (skin) (called friction ridges) of the fingertip" ..thus, a fingerprint cannot be deposited on a soft beach ball held in their hands because that is not a hard surface, and a fingerprint cannot be imopressed into soft and rough textured roofing tar because that is neither hard nor smooth. Reverting to an earlier version without such inaccuracies. [CLPEandFFS] 17 August 2006

 * Once again the PR representitives of the Fingerprinting experts refuse to acknowledge that there is a continuing controversy over this type of evidence. It is not that they refute the specifics, such as there being no standard in this country for the number of matching points, or that science and statistics are not required for certification, they simply want to have an article that implies that there is no controversy at all

 * I have never said that latent prints should not be used for forensic evidence. The question is what degree of scrutiny to bring to bear to this evidence.  When a controversy exists over a given subject, it should be divulged, and that is what I am attempting to do.  This article is not owned by the profession of forensic fingerprint experts. I will attempt to use the resources, arbitration, or whatever is available to create a balanced article.  I suggest that those who are refusing to acknowledge a controversy are not following the spirit of WikipediaArodb 03:03, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that there are legitimate claims that fingerprinting is no absolute indication of a person being at a certain scene, although it does increase the probability that the person was there (in some cases when combined with other evidence, sometimes beyond a reasonable doubt). As such, I've marked the article NPOV.  It should also be noted that little non-biased research of the reliability has ever been done.  No fingerprint "expert" would ever risk discrediting is profession.M-hwang 02:00, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Unnecessary "fact" templates
On August 9, 2006, ClairSamoht inserted loads of citation needed tags into this article. To my mind, this unnecessary tagging is nothing short of vandalism. I am therefore removing them all. The tagger will need to argue here – on this talk page – whether any of the tags can actually be justified.Phase4 22:33, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

"Verifiability is one of Wikipedia's three content-guiding policies. The other two are No original research and Neutral point of view. These three policies are non-negotiable and cannot be superseded by any other guidelines, or by editors' consensus." -- Verifiability.

ALL THAT IS NECESSARY TO JUSTIFY THAT TAG IS A LACK OF ANYTHING SHOWING THE INFORMATION COMES FROM A CREDIBLE SOURCE. That tag doesn't mean the statement is wrong. It means it is unsupported. If the statement is wrong, then the statement should be removed, "citation needed" tag and all. If the statement is correct, it should be replaced with a reference to a credible source. But simply removing the "citatio needed" tag on an unsupported tag IS vandalism. ClairSamoht 01:51, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, yes, calm down dear! You will have to justify here why you wish to insert/reinsert these unnecessary tags.Phase4 21:59, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The justification for the "citation needed" tags is that CITATIONS ARE LACKING. Why are you trying to sabotage Wikipedia? ClairSamoht 02:17, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Not even one justification has so far been made! All you have done is effectively to vandalise the article. Please explain here why each successive tag needs to be added.Phase4 22:30, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Official Wikipedia policy:
 * 1. Articles should contain only material that has been published by reputable sources.
 * 2. Editors adding new material to an article should cite a reputable source, or it may be removed by any editor.
 * 3. The obligation to provide a reputable source lies with the editors wishing to include the material, not on those seeking to remove it.
 * There are VERY few statements in this article that cite a reputable source. Either the citations get added, or the statements go. Seems to me that the former is MUCH superior to the latter.
 * Why are you SO opposed to WikiPedia policy? ClairSamoht 01:06, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

The main problem is that the page is hard to read what with all the 's everywhere. Maybe just put one at the end of key sentences that don't have any citation? To have them in the middle of sentences, and plain EVERYWHERE is rather distracting. And, stating the Wikipedia policy is not justification. I can say the sky is blue, and that doesn't have any citation. But, we all know it is fact. Should I still put "The sky is blue." ? --Guitar freak 10 00:23, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, you need. "The sky is blue" is not a fact, it is a classification of a certain wave-length interval, based on your cultural backgtound and a social consensus which is limited in space and in time. There are languages which do not even have a word for "blue", or which mix "blue" and "green" in the same word. So, ain't relativism great? You still do need to provide adequate citations and contextualization.  —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:28, 22 January 2007 (UTC).

 * May I remind you that the English language defines "blue" to be a range of electromagnetic wavelengths, and pointing a probe at the sky on a clear day (an eye counts as a probe) will show that the colour of the sky does indeed fall into the category of blue. I'm not sure what the whole thing about 'cultural backgtound (sic)... limited in space and time' has to do with anything other than confusing the sentence to make it looks like you know what you are talking about.

 * About the citation needed things, I would suggest that they are best suited to places where the article states something without a citation that you feel is incorrect. The problem of too many citations happens when one asks for references that no one would question the validity of. Those things are usually extremely easily verified (and thus classified as common knowledge, and do not need citations) or are true by definition. Wertyu739 (talk) 00:35, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

Fingerprint Locks Citation Comment
Mythbusters tried to break through fingerprints. While one of the fingerprint readers required them to make the effort of making a gel fingerprint, they beat the one that tested stuff like pulse, galvanic skin response, etc with a regular paper copy of a fingerprint, held on their hand. This still had pulse (it was held on their skin). They simulated sweat by licking the piece of paper. I think that episode is a decent citation for beating fingerprint readers with tricks like gel prints and such. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)  05:41, 24 August 2006

Super!
Wow this page is  a real  joy  to read!!! --Deglr6328 07:05, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Extracting DNA from fingerprints
It may only be anecdotal, but I heard that researchers successfully extracted the DNA from the fingerprints of the Ancient Egyptian laborers responsible for building the pyramids. The fingerprints were found deep inside the pyramids, in places where no one has traveled for thousands of years.

Since fingerprints contain oils and fats (such as sebum), has there been much progress on mitochondrial DNA extractions from fingerprints? Don't oils and fats degrade with time, even in locations as arid as the Egyptian pyramids? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)  08:12, 11 September 2006

 * Yes, fats and oils degrade with time. However, there's no DNA in fats and oils; DNA is protein.
 * If you've ever watched The Woodwright's Shop, you'll know that Roy Underhill never manages to build anything without cutting himself. Stone is a lot heavier than wood, and it's a lot sharper, so surely there were some bloody fingerprints deposited. There's DNA in blood - but it'd have to be sealed, somehow, to avoid oxidation.
 * Maybe it's possible. Most fingerprints, though, wouldn't have any usable DNA. Can you find anything about this with Google? I can't. ClairSamoht - Help make Wikipedia the most authoritative source of information in the world 09:06, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * DNA is not protein. It is a separate category, called nucleic acids. Also, blood is one of the very best sources for DNA. <IP_ADDRESS> 08:59, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Straight from the horses mouth, a forensics guy at a nearby police academy where I used to work; sebum contains DNA depending on the amount left behind and time between deposit and extraction DNA can be harvested from a print. Jachin 09:50, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Wait, from what I gleaned from the article on it, sebum is sweat. How did DNA get there?
 * And Mr. <IP_ADDRESS>, cheek cells are the best source of DNA. Blood is used when one cannot get a hold of cheek cells.Wertyu739 (talk) 00:39, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

Relative viscosity of oils in fingerprints
Has there been any research on the relative viscosity of oils in fingerprints, from individual to individual?

Can the age of a fingerprint be approximated by determining the degree to which the oils have oxidized? Would it be reasonable to say that a fingerprint from a year ago is likely to be somewhat more oxidized than a fingerprint from yesterday? Can the aging or oxidizing process sometimes depend on the ambient temperature (and temperature extremes) surrounding the print? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)  05:59, 12 September 2006

 * You'd have a hard time collecting enough fingerprints to get a sample of oil adequate for viscometry, so I doubt there would be any research. I suspect that fingerprints from the same individual would vary from hour to hour, depending on how long it's been since they last washed their hands, what they've been doing with their hands, whether you have recently applied Cornhusker's, etc. While oxidation is pretty much a one-way street - oils turn unrancid about as frequently as streams flow uphill, and for the same thermodynamic reason - the rate at which it oxidizes is dependent on a lot of conditions. All else the same, a fingerprint on a car outdoors is likely to oxidize faster than one in a dark garage, even if the temperature is the same, because the UV light speeds the reaction, and you will have more air movement outdoors. The problem is the "all else the same": it rarely is.
 * If you look at the imprint from a rubber stamp, you'll notice that it tends to be blurry, unlike the imprint you get from lead or steel type in a printing press. That's because the rubber deforms - and the rubber stamp is fairly rigid and it has a flat surface, both factors which don't apply to your fingertips.
 * Virtually all identification criteria are much more useful in ruling out than ruling in. If a cleanshaven man robs the bank this morning, and I have a full beard this afternoon, it's pretty obvious I didn't do it. If there's a arch fingerprint on the gun and all ten of my fingers are whorls, it's pretty obvious that it's not my fingerprint. Even DNA is a lot better at ruling out than ruling in; your DNA will have many markers in common with your parents and your siblings.
 * You've pointed out a limitation of fingerprints that's not likely to be resolved soon, if ever. Today, technology is stressing not just identification systems, but all security systems. In 1950, a birth certificate was considered excellent proof of age - but these days, someone may ask, "How do I know this is YOURS?" And if you've not been feeling yourself lately, you might want to ask yourself, "How do I know I'm really me? Maybe I was mixed up in the hospital nursery with someone else. Or I died at birth, and I'm really my twin brother, instead, just like Elvis." ClairSamoht - Help make Wikipedia the most authoritative source of information in the world 15:54, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * So, how much oil do you really need to make a negative identification? As opposed to a positive identification?  I naturally assume that the oils are not analysed chemically (that is, by chemical reaction), but rather according to broadband spectral analysis.  The fingerprint oils, being exposed to particular frequencies of light, ought to be more or less opaque than they would be to other frequencies of light.  Digital recordings could be made of the responses.  (The equipment you would use, ought to be low intensity lasers - like what you find in a DVD player, but with lower wattage.)  Simply speaking, different oils ought to have different colors, and the older a fingerprint is, the more its constituent oils have changed.  Naturally, dirt screws up the readings.

 * You're not going to make a negative identification based on oil analysis. They can produce low-cholesterol butter by feeding vegetable oil to cows, so I have to assume that the oils you exude are going to vary depending on your recent diet. Your fingers are just as likely to pick up oil from that orange you just peeled as from running your hands through your hair - and if you switch from Brylcreem to Wildroot, it's going to vary even more. Not useful for identification at all.

 * Oils aren't simple chemicals. Each molecule consists of three fatty acids attached to a glycerine. The order in which they are attached will matter - and so any oil will be a blend of many different trigylceride molecules. Identification needs to be both distinctive and consistent. You've got distinctive, but not consistency. ClairSamoht - Help make Wikipedia the most authoritative source of information in the world 18:05, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Is it possible to distinguish between a print that is made on one day, from another print made a year ago? If one fingerprint is placed directly on top of another fingerprint, there ought to be a difference in ages of the fingerprints.  Oils do not congeal uniformly, even if placed in direct contact with each other.  Is there any possible way of figuring in the time factor?

 * Barring uncommon circumstances, no. ClairSamoht - Help make Wikipedia the most authoritative source of information in the world 18:05, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * What about decades, if not months? Can one distinguish between two fingerprints that overlap, with one fingerprint being laid down fresh, and the other being deposited ten or twenty years ago?  I'd think that the oils of the older fingerprints would be more seriously degraded than the recent ones. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).

 * It is considered a minor breach of etiquette to fail to sign your posts on talk pages, and a serious violation of civility to edit others' posts, even if it's just to wikify them. (See Talk page guidelines)
 * And I already answered this one: Barring uncommon circumstances, no. ClairSamoht - Help make Wikipedia the most authoritative source of information in the world 02:05, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * (Say, would you like me to un-wikify your post back to the way it was?) But staying on topic, what laboratory conditions are necessary to test out the hypothesis that all individuals have a set of fats and oils in their fingerprints, unique unto themselves, and yet significantly controllable by diet?  It appears to be self-evident that deposits will always degrade with time, at least to such a degree that fresh prints - in a laboratory setting - can always be distinguished from a particular old print, given a significant lapse of time between the prints being left on a piece of paper?  I'll guess that room temperature and light are important factors in degrading the oils.  But since very few humans have identical body fat to body weight ratios, and their diets necessarily vary, fingerprints probably contain different oils and fats in them, and the colors of the prints (as determined by exposure to low intensity lasers and ranked by charge-coupled detectors (?)) will usually vary.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)

 * If you assume that the lipid profile of sebum varies considerably with diet, and the average person is responsible for only 100 different lipid profiles, that means there would need to be a *trillion* different lipid profiles, at a minimum, in order to avoid two people having the same lipid profile. In fact, lipid profiles just aren't that complex, and there aren't very many possible answers. What you want for identification is something that is UNIQUE (and lipids aren't) and UNCHANGING (and lipids aren't).

 * The reason DNA is the darling of identification system is that each set of amino acids represents two binary digits, and DNA is thousands of sets long. That means you have MANY more possible strands of DNA than you have people, and it's quite possible that with the exception of identical twins, there are no duplicates. With fingerprints, we already have more fingers on this planet than there are theoretically-possible fingerprints. But when you match lipids, it's sorta like using names as unique identifiers. Take a look at your local phone book, and count the number of people named John Jackson. Both John and Jackson are pretty common names; even in pretty small towns, you're likely to have more than one. ClairSamoht - Help make Wikipedia the most authoritative source of information in the world 06:49, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, many drugs are fat soluble. Like tetrahydrocannabinol, the active ingredient in marijuana. If optical detection of mere traces of that chemical (properly excited with micro-lasers and logged) were possible, it might be enough to distinguish between a marijuana addict, and someone who does not use that drug at all.  (I suppose there are many other kinds of fat soluble chemicals.)  You indicated that a set of 100 different lipids could be associated with any given individual.  I'm not sure where you got that number from.  I guess a 100 lipid profile sounds like a good a working number as any.  But whether or not multiplying two different sets of lipids against each other, really results in trillions of differences is another thing altogether.  Could you clarify how that kind of math works?  Isn't it enough to show that the majority of the lipids associated with one person are different from the majority of the lipids associated with another?  I would think that the lipid profiles of two individuals in a laboratory setting might - as you suggest - be fairly indistinguishable, especially if you could control their diets very strictly, and keep them off their fat soluble drugs, but they ought to assume different (and therefore extremely distinct) profiles if they are left to their own devise in an otherwise unmonitored environment.
 * But I guess the long and the short of it is, there simply hasn't been any research along those lines. Not even in laboratory conditions.  At least not yet.

Where does this notion that DNA is a protein/amino acid keep coming from? DNA is not protein and it is not composed of amino acids. <IP_ADDRESS> 09:06, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Beats me. Apparently someone wishes to distinguish between the two, and she has succeeded at that.  Rather, let's stick to the issue of lipids, oils, and fats.  Waxes are as much lipids as fats are.  There ought to be a way of distinguishing between sets of fingerprints superimposed upon one another.  To illustrate this by way of analogy, if you take two candles made of waxes of different colors, and drip one over another's drips, you'll be able to distinguish between the earlier drippings on the basis of their colors alone.  This allows researchers, using nothing more than the colors of the oils, to distinguish between two or more different sets of fingerprints laid over one another.  Different oils and fats have different colors depending on the contaminants inside them.  Marijuana addicts, for instance, exude THC in their sweat, and even in their fingerprints.  Using lasers to excite the oils in a fingerprint, you should be able to get a very unique picture (spectrographically speaking) than you would without. <IP_ADDRESS> 22:19, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * All oils have viscosity, just as all oils have colors, and as the beam of light changes (and as DVD technology continues so rapidly, the point of light can be focused very accurately), a unique color profile is created in the way the colors reflect.  This color profile relates so closely to viscosity, it ought to be useful for identifying their sources.   An individual who dips his fingers in brake fluid is going to produce different colors in his fingerprints than an individual who dips his fingers in shortening (or some other vegetable oil).  Billions of changes, based upon trillions of samples, can be recorded for subsequent analysis.   Positive identification, not just negative identification, ought to be possible.   If the color of a fat molecule is different depending on the kinds of color it produces, fats can be distinguished from one another.  <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:12, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Article refers to Fingerprint Comparison, not Fingerprint
This article is badly flawed in the fact that it has turned into a debate between groups feeling like fingerprint comparison is infallable and the other group who wish to argue there are errors occuring daily. This article is meant to give information regarding FINGERPRINTS and how they are developed during birth, the presence of minutuea, what are the constituents in a latent fingerprint, the differance between a latent and a patent, etc etc... It should not be a topic discussing fingerprint comparison and the success/failure rate of that field. If you want a topic on that, start a new Wikipedia page entitled Fingerprint Comparison or Fingerprint Identification and discuss those problems there. This is an encyclopedia, not a forum for arguments and discussions on topics. Bsspewer 18:38, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Has there been any research on the development of the fingerprints of non-human primates? I'd think that there would be a lot of research into foetal fingerprint development among the other primates.

 * I'm sure there has been, however, this page is about human fingerprints and states so at the top of the page. So if you want a page on fingerprints or dermal ridges found on the digits and appendiges of other mammals, I'm sure there are other pages for that.  There is research into dermal ridges found on the tail of a monkey.  I can provide referance to the book if you so desire though.  And thank you if you were the one who reverted the biasness out of the first introduction of this page.Bsspewer 21:43, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, the title of the page is Fingerprint. Not Human Fingerprint. Mokupo 01:04, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

 * To quote the sentence at the top "This article is about human fingerprints. See also Fingerprint (disambiguation). " So it is still correct to state that this article refers to human fingerprints. Bsspewer 00:17, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Someone left this comment in the René Ramón Sánchez section (How come the above story is of fingerprint error. The error is actually made by the officer who misplaced fingerprints of Rene Ramon Sanches on the fingerprint card with the name and other details of Leo Rosario) figured I should move it off the article page --Noonaj (talk) 03:35, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Is Fingerprinting good as Dna for identification?
What is more reliable dna or fingerprinting or are they both the same? And if they are what method should be used before and why? I mean would it really matter? Are they not just the same no matter what method you use because you can not go wrong with either of them ?

09:25, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You can't really compare the two in this manner, it's like apples to oranges. Both are very reliable identification methods of matching a person to a crime, however, it's usually one or the other for each scene.  DNA is usually used only for some kind of secretion (semen, blood, urine, saliva).  DNA methods have become so sensitive that it's very easy to get the DNA of other people who have come into contact with whatever item you are processing long before the crime, or even after the crime.  The nice part of fingerprints is that it proves you had physical contact with the object.  You can deposit someone's DNA much easier then faking a fingerprint.  You can use both methods if you are looking for contact DNA, and you can do them in either order (DNA then prints or prints then DNA) because the chemicals used for fingerprints don't hinder the DNA processing completely.  However, if you swab an item for DNA first, you might smear, smudge, or destroy the print present. Bsspewer 20:22, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. These are 2 separate fields which serve two entirely different functions. I really think the controversy aspect of this topic is way overstated in this article. There is extremely little (if any) controversy, at least among criminalists and others with knowledge of forensic science, regarding the reliability of fingerprint evidence, and this article should reflect that. The widespread consensus is, and has been for about a hundred years, that fingerprints are reliable. Emily K. 20 Nove 2006

 * Check this out: http://www.fcw.com/article83447

 * As you may see, fingerprints aren't very accurate at all.
 * I have a difficult time understanding how proponents can claim that no two individuals have the same prints, when the tools are so crude.

 * Baden <IP_ADDRESS> 20:24, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Check this out: Page not found Anyway, no I do not see how fingerprints aren't very accurate at all. Among forensic scientists no one takes this stuff seriously at all. We just get annoyed by laypeople trying to jump on the CSI bandwagon. I mean I know it's the sexy career of this decade (ha ha ha, sigh) but really, stick to your fields, folks.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:15, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Jan Evangelista Purkyně: fingerprint indentification?
Fingerprint - "1823: Jan Evangelista Purkyně, a professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau, published his thesis discussing 9 fingerprint patterns, but he did not mention the use of fingerprints to identify persons."

Jan Evangelista Purkyně - "...recognised fingerprints as a method of indentification in 1823." —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 16:19, 21 November 2006

Can someone's fingerprints be destroyed through injury?
I don't know the answer, but maybe this warrants a mention or a section. Do severe burns, for instance, destroy fingerprints for life? What about ripping the skin off - do fingerprints reform identically? Are there any cases of people doing this to escape identification? --<IP_ADDRESS> 11:08, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

This is one of the most common questions asked in the forums at www.clpex.com, and generally is answered, by forensic print examiners, No. Whatever changes you can make are temporary or otherwise not worth it. Try here: http://onin.com/fp/wwwbd/<IP_ADDRESS> 15:09, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

On a related note, in the film Smokin Aces, in the past one of the hitmen bites his fingerprints off to prevent him being identified after he was captured. Later on, his badly damaged fingers allow an FBI agent to realise who he is. How correct is this scene? --<IP_ADDRESS> 19:35, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Check up toward the top of this talk page to "Fingerprint Removal" discussion topic. This question has been asked and answered.  Bsspewer 20:14, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Link to WSQ needed
In the article the compression technique WSQ is mentioned. Please provide a link to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelet_Scalar_Quantization for further information. Sev0r 08:46, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

'Identical fingerprints' statement inaccuracy
I believe it would be more accurate to state: 'No two fingerprints have ever been reported identical...' for obvious reasons. Furthermore, I must point out that the statement that there have been 'billions of comparisons' is misleading to the layman. In order to establish uniqueness amoungst a set of N members, it requires roughly the (square of N)/2 tests. It would take more than a billion comparisons to determine uniqueness amoungst 100,000 people. Second Look 19:06, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Indeed, but wikipedia is not about accuracy, its about entertainment.IceHunter 16:49, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * So we can enter as many factually inaccurate statements as we like so long as they are entertaining? Aamackie 15:10, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * No no - IceHunter was being sarcastic. Graham 87 13:18, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Digitized fingerprints
Can someone (more knowledgeable than me) add a section on digital ("Live Scan") fingerprinting? Maybe contrasted with traditional fingerprinting? I think that would be helpful to the casual reader like myself. Thanks. Cmcnicoll 07:50, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * finger printing is a way that police find crinammals or other wise bad people.police use speacal dust to say there was a bit of paper that was used in crime so police would put there speacal dust there and they would be able to see the prints and if police like me have big books that have every crinamls finger prints in there so if they find your finger print and its in the book look out the police will be after you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS>  (talk • contribs)  08:12, 3 April 2007

Talk page organization
This talk page hasn't been maintained in accordance with Wikipedia policies. The result is enormous unnecesary difficulty in following the conversation.

A few simple rules: Thank you! JamesMLane t c 05:41, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Every comment should be signed and date-stamped. You can do that automatically by typing four tildes ( ~ ) at the end of your comment.
 * A new thread goes at the bottom of the page, with a heading.
 * A new comment in an existing thread goes at the bottom of the thread, unless you're interpolating a comment to answer a comment that's not at the bottom of the thread.
 * Whether you're interpolating or not, use colons to indent your comment to indicate its place in the ongoing discussion.

Major revision
I have done a major revision of this article. While not in the legal or criminal justice profession, I have an M.Phil degree from Columbia University in Social Psychology, with graduate level statistic, epidemiology and research courses.

I have added a section "Controversy over the validity of fingerprinting as an identification method" describing briefly that such a controversy exists. My goal is to preserve a discussion of this controversy, the existence of which is irrefutable. I tried to do this in Aug. 2006, and it was consistently removed and replaced by an unrealistically positive description of the current forensic practice. This is blatantly in violation of NPOV. Most of what I added is based on a peer revued article by a respected mathematician, who did a rigorous study of forensic fingerprint analysis.

I have placed "Criticism of forensic Fingerprinting" in a separate section, followed by "Defense of forensic fingerprinting," which is entire previous section that was titled "Reliability of......"

I urge those who want to defend the practice of forensic fingerprinting NOT to do what was done last year. I suggest answering any points I make in the defense section, which I will not edit at this time, even if their are inaccuracies. And I suggest they verify the studies that I referenced. But any reversion or elimination of the controversy section or the criticism section will be referred to the the appropriate Wikipedia administrators. If that fails, I will publicize to the best of my ability this refusal to allow a full description of the controversy to appear in this article.

I have included a link to an article by a prominent member of the forensic fingerprint profession who answers many of the most extreme critics.

The scientific validity of evidence that will be used to imprison or possibly execute suspects is not a subject to be handled frivolously. We need every tool available to convict those who are guilty of crimes, but these tools must be subjected to the most rigorous evaluation. I would hope that all of the editors of this subject will work towards this goal.Arodb 00:33, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

It's all forensics?
It'd be nice if the article had something other than topics about forensics. Like... how fingerprints are formed, prints on other areas like hands and feet, theories about why fingerprints exist at all, etc...

 * Additional info on fingerprint history missing from this article here.
 * Listing of fingerprint matching algorithms missing from this article here.

I'm looking specifically for some more developmental biology related to fingerprints, if I find more I'll add it here. But this article really seems to be missing some stuff... --<IP_ADDRESS> 00:43, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * That would be good information to add to the article. It has been unprotected so you can add it if you want. If you need any help just ask - it is easier to communicate with you among many other benifits if you create an account though. Graham 87 12:51, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Absolutely agree - This article would be much improved by adding the biological/evolutionary development/advantages of fingerprints. Without more strict biology in this article (as opposed to the strong forensic focus), this article doesn't seem like it should be the main article on fingerprints. Still a good read, though! :) Kerri Lynne (talk) 14:28, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Count me in!! Particularly since there are so many "redirects" to this article. If "friction ridge" redirects here, where there's barely a mention, we are never going to get an article with that heading.  The medics have a long laundry list of projects and this is probably of minor importance, but it would be nice to have more info.  I'd even vote to split it and leave this to the forensics and start new for the one actually on the fingers and toes. Lisa4edit <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:55, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

 * It would indeed be interesting if something about it were added. I came here from the convergent evolution article, which lists fingerprints as one example of convergent evolution. With quick googling I found a BBC article which says that fingerprints developed for better grip when climbing. Of course that article is not suitable for a citation, but its stating this as a fact suggests that it has been studied. My curiosity was satisfied though, so I'll leave it at that :-) -- Coffee2theorems (talk) 08:03, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

Origin of use
I believe I recall reading that the origin of fingerprinting predates identification purposes and focuses on contractual obligations between colonialists and the colonised natives of ... is it Africa somewhere or India? Either way, I vaguely recall them making them sign the back of the contracts with a hand print in ink, giving them the mystical belief that they're figuratively and metaphysically bound to this contractual obligation by their own hand. Can ANYONE please find any reference to this? I've been digging around and I'm starting to go grey with old age, it's doing my head in because I remember it coming from a prima facie source but it's poof'd from my bookmarks. :( Jachin 09:54, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The English first began using fingerprints in July of 1858, when Sir William Herschel, Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, first used fingerprints on native contracts. On a whim, and with no thought toward personal identification, Herschel had Rajyadhar Konai, a local businessman, impress his hand print on the back of a contract.

 * The idea was merely ". . . to frighten [him] out of all thought of repudiating his signature." The native was suitably impressed, and Herschel made a habit of requiring palm prints--and later, simply the prints of the right Index and Middle fingers--on every contract made with the locals. Personal contact with the document, they believed, made the contract more binding than if they simply signed it. Thus, the first wide-scale, modern-day use of fingerprints was predicated, not upon scientific evidence, but upon superstitious beliefs.

 * As his fingerprint collection grew, however, Herschel began to note that the inked impressions could, indeed, prove or disprove identity. While his experience with fingerprinting was admittedly limited, Sir Herschel's private conviction that all fingerprints were unique to the individual, as well as permanent throughout that individual's life, inspired him to expand their use. - Jachin 10:22, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * A much more comprehensive source can be found here. Jachin 10:23, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

fingerprinting technique could potentially detect the diet, race and sex of a suspected criminal
'''“The combined operational advantages and benefits for forensic scientists of tape lifting prints and spectroscopic imaging really maximises the amount of information one can obtain from fingerprints. Our trials show that this technique could play a significant role in the fight against crime,” said Professor Kazarian'''  Brian Pearson 02:00, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

"A new method of detecting fingerprints" Section should be mentioned here in brief and have its own article
The section entitled "A new method of detecting fingerprints" spends a great deal of space talking about a new, not widely adopted technique in a very dense field. By all means mention this, but it is inappropriate to go on at length - it is a tangent.<IP_ADDRESS> 18:56, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Circular reasoning
The first dot point in the defense of using fingerprints as a means of identification says:
 * ''Has served all governments worldwide during the past 100 years to provide accurate identification of criminals. No two fingerprints have ever been found identical in many billions of human and automated computer comparisons. Fingerprints are the very basis for criminal history foundation at every police agency.

Doesn’t this use somewhat circular reasoning? If the assumption is that they’re all different, then of course the results will confirm the assumption. Take a scenario where Bill and Jack actually have identical fingerprints. They were both at the same crime scene and both left their fingerprints. Bill actually committed the crime but got away without leaving any other evidence he was there. Jack was nabbed and convicted of the crime based on what were assumed to be his fingerprints, when they were in fact Bill’s. The forensic scientists and lawyers would rest comfortably in their assumption that justice has been done. How many people have been wrongly executed or imprisoned because of this sort of thing? -- JackofOz 04:16, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I was about to post a rant about the entire "Defense" section, but you have beaten me to it. It consists entirely of irrelevant points that sound more like a lazy attempt at propaganda than an argument intended to convince a sceptic. I don't know how to start editing it, since it contains little that's worth keeping. --Heron (talk) 15:16, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Seconded. I also disagree with the formulation Has served all governments worldwide during the past 100 years to provide accurate identification of criminals. I'm sure there has been inaccurate use, and most importantly -- fingerprints are for identifying anyone and not just criminals. This part of the article feels like a PR piece. Take away "all", "accurately" and change "criminals" to individuals. 10:08, 5 April 2011 User:<IP_ADDRESS>

 * Wholly agree. Even with automatic comparison methods, I suspect that in most jurisidictions evidence presented in court relies finally on a human judgement. And as with all human activity, this judgement may be prone to error. Simply because certain trial outcomes have not been challenged does not provide any proof that the evidence presented in them was all correct. Better and more concrete arguments in defence, such as relative ease of collection, difficulty to fake and their persistence in adulthood, compared with other evidence, might be more convincing. Discussion of their relative importance alongside DNA might also be useful. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:12, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Classification
Interesting article but I didn't find what I wanted to know. It says: "Before computerization replaced manual filing systems in large fingerprint operations, manual fingerprint classification systems were used..."

That's fine, but what does the computer do? The modern detective obtains the prints by one of the mentioned techniques and then what? He or she presumably scans it and saves it as a digital computer file. What does the computer do to try to compare it with its data bank? Does it measure loops and whorls? How does it actually detect them? Does it compare the matrix of digitised points in some sort of factor analysis? Or what?

- Pepper <IP_ADDRESS> 05:56, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

It is my understanding that the FBI's system stores fingerprints using a proprietary fractal compression algorithm. The algorithm identifies key points in the fingerprint which can be compared quickly to others. I read an article about it a couple of years ago. It was very impressive. Snookumz (talk) 23:29, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Murderers and rapists
The "Defense" section contains the following passage:

"Is claimed to outperform DNA and all other human identification systems to identify more murderers, rapists and other serious offenders (fingerprints are said to solve ten times more unknown suspect cases than DNA in most jurisdictions)."

Is there any reason for qualifying the claim with regard to murder, rape, and serious crime? Are fingerprints somehow better at identifying murderers than, for example, burglars or petty vandals? Is it because fingerprinting is used more often in serious crime cases? If the efficacy is not correlated to type of crime, then it's irrelevant information and sounds like it's being said to me by a FBI agent in a trenchcoat pointing his finger at me on TV public service announcement. -- Paul Richter 13:22, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Actual worldwide fingerprint method of identification
It was developed by Juan Vucetich, [1858-1925] a Croatian born-Argentine anthropologist and police official, who toward 1890 improved previous methods used in Europe by Francis Galton and Alphonse Bertillon. →tana<IP_ADDRESS>7.

No Fingerprints?
I read in some magazine that it is possible to be born with no fingerprints... Can somebody look this up and add to article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:22, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * See website re medical conditions that cause this problem. Amandajm (talk) 05:26, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Poor drafting
Is it just me, or is the standard of writing on wikipedia dropping through the floor? Here's an example:

'The purpose of taking children's fingerprints is to struggle against school skipping or/and to replace library cards or money for meals by fingerprint locks.'

Yes, I know that I could change it, but I come across stuff like this all the time and life is far too short!

Use of the word Fact
The scientific basis behind friction ridge analysis is the fact that friction ridges are persistent and unique

I was under the impression that science dealt with Theories rather than Facts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:33, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Consider gravity. There is the fact of gravity -- masses are attracted to masses, then there are theories of gravity -- masses are attracted to masses because masses alter the shape of space. Science creates therories to explain facts. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:06, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

What is the mountie doing with those dividers?
I'm puzzled by the photo (about 1/3 of the way down the article) of the fingerprint being prodded with a pair of dividers. What is the mountie supposed to be doing? For a start, the instrument in his hand looks like dividers, not compasses as the caption says. And if he is actually measuring something, why is one point of the dividers placed on an arbitrarily located label? Is somebody about to be convicted on the basis of the distance of the number "12" from the centre of their fingerprint? I think a more accurate caption would be "Mountie pokes fingerprint with shiny instrument to make sciency-looking photo". Or maybe the photo is meant to be ironic and I'm missing the point. I'm going to amend the caption anyway. --Heron (talk) 12:44, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Evolution/Biology?
Does anyone know about the evolution of fingerprints? At what time in the human ancestral record did they come about? If there was more known about this, the section called "Fingerprints in other species" could be modified and renamed to include it. Spettro9 (talk) 00:17, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Chimpanzee Fingerprints
In the section on 'Fingerprints in other species' the claim is made, without a source given, that chimpanzees do not have fingerprints. A quick Google search on 'chimpanzee fingerprints' appears to reveal otherwise. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:01, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, speaking of which, have there been any double blind experiments on sorting chimpanzee fingerprint databases from human fingerprint databases? The main article says it is sometimes difficult distinguishing between the two.   This sort of thing can be quantified by actual testing.  Surely someone has already done just that.  <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:35, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Opossum Fingerprints
Does anyone know if opossums have fingerprints? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:03, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

 * This book may help you in that regard (it seems as if they do). From the article, I quote "Friction ridges or fingerprints are present on the plantar (under) surfaces of both the forefeet and hind feet that aid in providing a firmer grip." --Nadzter (talk) 03:09, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Bibliographical information for the book mentioned in my previous comment:
 * Title: "The Opossum: Its Amazing Story"
 * Author:: Willliam J. Krause
 * Publisher: William Krause, 2006
 * ISBN: 097859990X,<PHONE_NUMBER>904
 * --Nadzter (talk) 03:15, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

Defense section
I don't want to remove the entire section without some kind of discussion on it, but what's there right now is pretty bad. The entire section basically states "fingerprinting is widely used and the most common forensic test", but that doesn't have anything to do with the two specific criticisms: that it can't be ruled out that two persons to have the same or very similar prints, and that the evaluation standards are so subjective that we can't be sure that two prints match. None of the material there addresses that, and if something better isn't written soon, I'll remove it. PaulGS (talk) 03:37, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. I was reading this article looking for some actual defense and all I got was a bunch of circular statements saying that it is widely used!  I think it is time to remove this section of rename it to "Usage" or something along those lines.  I will check back in a week and remove it if no one improves it.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:45, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

 * It seems as if this section never actually got removed. Is there any reason as to why? I think the content itself is useful insofar as it explains why it is still being used, but, as you previously mentioned, it does not seem to provide any real "defense" of the method. --Nadzter (talk) 03:17, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

Biological facts
I searched "fingerprints" looking for biological facts, types of fingerprints, etc, but there is virtually nothing relating to that in this entire article! This article should not be called "fingerprints" but rather "fingerprintING" since that's all it talks about. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:59, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Taking fingerprints
In the episode "Smoke get in your CSI's" of CSI Miami, a DIY set-up is shown on how fingerprints can be taken. It included iodine cristals, gauze, another component and a breathing tube .See CSI miami episode Include info in article

also in Bones, in a specific episode (see http://www.theinsider.com/news/1362328__Bones_Murder_on_an_Airplane ), it is shown how to make a UV lamp for detecting blood and I guess there were some other useful techniques (latter can be added in appropriate articles at wikipedia) —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:47, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Fingerprint grip theory rejected
Scientists say they have disproved the theory that fingerprints improve grip by increasing friction between people's hands and the surface they are holding. -- MyrddinEmrys (talk) 08:54, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Fingerprint grip theory NOT rejected
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8093134.stm - While the science behind the cited research study is important and informative, grabbing the sensational sound/word bites from a news article is not appropriate for Wiki content. For many decades, scientists have theorized that friction ridges on hands and feet evolved to help improve the ability to grip/grasp objects and to improve friction when running/walking/climbing. Walk into any natural environment (e.g., forest) and it is obvious that the surfaces encountered in nature are rough, and seldom smooth like the glass used in the experiments explained in the cited article. Instead of debunking the notion that friction ridges developed to improve grip, the article supports the idea that friction ridges improve grip in the natural (not smooth glass) environment where the article states "Dr Ennos believes that fingerprints may have evolved to help us grip on to rough surfaces..." Some of the smoothest (most slippery) surfaces encountered in nature are rock surfaces on stream/river banks, especially wet and smooth rock surfaces. Instead of debunking that friction ridges of toes and feet improve friction in such natural environments, the article admits that friction ridges "may allow water trapped between our finger pads and the surface to drain away and improve surface contact in wet conditions." The ability to improve wet surface friction with ridges is the same reason that bald tires have inferior friction with smooth, wet surfaces versus tires with ridges. Without friction ridges, a smooth drinking glass containing a pint of your favorite cold liquid (with droplets of water condensation on the exterior of the glass) would more easily slip from your hand. - CLPEandFFS (talk) 13:42, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

Could a Laboratory do it?
Can new fingerprints be created under laboratory conditions using fingers removed from corpses at the time of death? If the topmost layers of the epidermis are cut off, is there a way to grow new fingerprints in a carefully controlled environment? There have been lots of cases of skin being grown in a petri dish, or "cultured," so I was wondering if fingerprints could be grown the same way. If fingerprints can be created in vitro, then it should be possible to induce the creation of categories of fingerprints, from the way mechanical pressure is imposed on them as they grow. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:18, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I'd think that somebody somewhere would have consented to the removal of his fingers for this very purpose.  The main article would be improved with a reference or two to in vitro culturing of fingerprints.   Similarly with cutting and rearranging fingerprints, and then transplanting them back onto the original donor.  <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:35, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

fingerprints are very interesting thing to no. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:20, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

History section is a mess
Should it be at least arranged in a ascending order? The time appeared in that section is totally messy. —Preceding signed comment added by MythSearchertalk 09:08, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Copyedited
Richard asr (talk) 15:12, 21 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Great work :) --Errant[tmorton166] $(chat!)$ 15:14, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks Errant. Very interesting article. I hope the rearranged sections are OK but I thought the general reader would welcome the explanation of whirls, loops and arches nearer to the beginning. Fascinating research section. I have Wikified the references to the research at Swansea University a little. Also removed all the bulleted lists where they occur and arranged the facts into readable text. I hope the 'History' section flows a little better now, as pointed out recently on this discussion page.

 * Two important points: I expanded the explanation in the section 'Classifying fingerprints' because it seemed to imply dividing by zero, the way it was expressed. I hope it is alright now. There was also a typo – two instances of Rt in the equation and no Rr, whose presence was implied by the example that followed, and by the logic of the situation really, so I have changed one of the Rts to an Rr so that the numerical example now makes sense and conforms. Perhaps someone could check that I haven't scrambled anything.

 * Also, the lengthy quote in the section 'Criticism' is incompletely cited. Given its importance in the section I think it should be properly referenced. I tried to track it down, but the paper itself in pdf format does not give enough info, and a half-hour delve into google came up with a blank for me. Probably needs an expert, which I am not. Richard asr (talk) 15:37, 21 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Heh, well for this article I am a regular reader :) (all I did was update the Forensic Science infobox) but I saw you working hard and it lookes much neater now. :) From my brief reading through and marginal knowledge of the topic it looks fine --Errant[tmorton166] $(chat!)$ 12:40, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

the finger prints taken off of car oil can be altered because of the chemical compounds in the oil. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:20, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

bad article
This article is poorly written; it doesn't even mention how to perform a ridge count nor does it mention delta, which is important when performing a ridge count. This article needs to be updates by a fingerprint expert. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:27, 16 May 2011 (UTC)
 * This is an encyclopedia and not a manual for freshmen in foresic sciences. Encyclopedia's usually only describe things superficially, without details and without any instructions on how to perform something. 2001:5C0:1501:0:801E:7F9E:FFF1:D915 (talk) 07:17, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Merger
I propose that ulnar loop be merged to this article, with a redirect, because the current article on the ulnar loop is an unsourced stub that may not be worthy of its own article. Its additional length will probably not affect this article's length in a meaningful way. Crisco 1492 (talk) 14:25, 6 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Having read the ulnar loop article - the whole of ten lines that it is - I would say it'd fit quite nicely into this article, probably in section 1.2 "Classifying Fingerprints". Opinions? Crashdown13 (talk) 22:55, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I did this, and I also merged and redirected radial loop; there were no references on either article and really very little to actually merge. --John (talk) 06:23, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

Error in formula for Henry System?
Please help because something is amiss. The article states: "the second an 8, the third a 4, the fourth a 2, and 0 to the last fraction". I understand that this uses the binary system i.e. a pattern of 2^4, 2^3, 2^2, 2^1, 2^0 but that means the very last entry is 1 not 0. This means that the article should state "1 to the last function" instead of "0 to the last function". This means that no matter what is on your pinky, there is no effect on the resulting fraction. Clearly this is wrong! TonyMath (talk) 00:15, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I just checked the reference by Conklin: the description is exactly the same as in the wikipedia article but it must be wrong. TonyMath (talk) 17:52, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

DEVELOPERS DESTROY DNA????

In a recent study by the Forensic Scvience Laboratories of the South Afriocan Police it was shown that only one chemical have a detrimental effect on DNA deposited with fingerprints i.e. Physical Developer. They have tested the full range of powders and chemicals used in the developing of latent prints. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:53, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Uniqueness
A naive question:

I don't see any reference in this article to research substantiating the uniqueness of fingerprints. Is there such research?

baxrob (talk) 11:40, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

I'm interested in this, too. I believe citation 60 references Penn & Teller's show "Bullshit"... but I'm not sure whether we can use that as a credible source... Ideas?

--Nadzter (talk) 02:38, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

After further inquiry, I believe there are some articles here which suggest the uniqueness of fingerprints is not empirically founded, as yet. It would seem, as per the article we're talking about, that our attribution of their uniqueness is merely based on their track record so far. There are ongoing arguments in the forensic evidence field as to what constitutes evidence that deserves certain degrees of confidence. In my opinion, the confidence entrusted in fingerprint analysis is slightly unwarranted.

--Nadzter (talk) 02:53, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

History
Needs to state when fingerprinting became commonly used in first world countries. For example, fingerprints were ignored in the Leo Frank case in 1913.

Edit Request
In the "Instances of Error" section, there appears the abbreviation for the IAFIS, along with it's disambiguation. While IAFIS is linked, and so is the disambiguation, the link for the latter is wrong. Moreover, it says that the page hasn't been created. It would be nice if someone could fix that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:52, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Reference for Zabell, 2005
I was wanting to add the volume and Issue information for this reference, but just realised it is a semi-protected page. I don't know if this information is needed, but I thought it would be useful to put in the page. Reference information: Journal of Law and Policy, Vol. 13, Issue 1 (2005), pp. 143-180 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nadzter (talk • contribs) 13:46, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fingerprint/Archive 1


text:
General Astronomy/Earth

Earth's Interior
Based on models of the earth (well supported by the scientific evidence available), the theory of plate tectonics presupposes that the Earth's outermost surface (crust) is made up of two sub-layers, the rigid lithosphere and the semi-molten asthenosphere. Beneath the crust is the mantle, a layer made up of molten rock (magma).

Heat is generated in the Earth's core by uranium, potassium, and thorium.

Plate Tectonics
This map shows all of the Tectonic Plates that make up the Earth's crust Plate tectonics is a theory of geology underlying the observed phenomenon of continental drift.

The rigid stone making up the lithosphere "floats" on the fluid-like asthenosphere, and, in areas where magma wells up from the mantle below the crust, may develop fractures. This results in the lithosphere being separated into contiguous masses of solid earth and rock known as tectonic plates. Due to slow currents in the asthenosphere's material, the plates floating atop this material undergo slow motions in different directions. These floating plates regularly jostle one another, with interactions along these boundaries being responsible for earthquakes and volcanos.

Tectonic plates are roughly divided into two types: continental and oceanic plates. The distinction is based on the thickness of the plates; oceanic plates are thinner than continental plates; as a result, the oceanic plates generally lie below sea level, while the continental plates project above sea level.

The same currents that move tectonic plates with respect to one another also tend to bring molten material closer to the surface at points where a circulation cell is drawing the material upward. In minor cases, this can result in a hot spot, where the material of the plate is eaten away from below, leaving openings for volcanos such as those producing the islands of Hawaii. As plates move over mantle fissures, chains of volcanos can form. In major cases, the rising magma continuously pushes itself into the midst of the plate, eventually cooling to form new plate material. Thus, some tectonic plates are being widened by the addition of new material, via upwelling of magma from below. Currently the Atlantic oceanic plate is in the process of expanding, fuelled by a continuous input of magma along the North Atlantic Ridge. The region of Iceland, which straddles this ridge, is thus gaining territory at a rate of a few centimeters per century.

The boundaries between plates are known as fault lines. Individual faults are regions where two plate sections are moving with respect to one another. Pressure builds up along these regions as the plates are drawn in different directions by the underlying currents; when the pressure is released by the abrupt motion of the plates, an earthquake results. One of the most famous systems of fault lines is the boundary of the Pacific plate, known as the Ring of Fire due to the amount of seismic activity along this boundary. On the easternmost edge of the ring is the San Andreas Fault, on the boundary of the North American and Pacific plates. This fault line is responsible for the earthquake activity in the western United States, most notably the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake.

In some areas one plate will begin to overrun another. The plate being thus overrun will have its edge pressed downward below the leading edge of the other plate. This process, called subduction, results in the edge of this plate being exposed to the greater pressures and temperatures within the asthenosphere, and the rock making it up may begin to liquify. The resulting build-up of magma under pressure may find explosive release through the lithosphere above it, resulting in a volcanic eruption. In addition, the pressure exerted on both plates during a collision may cause the plates to buckle upward some distance from the plate boundaries. The resulting geographical features are known as upthrust mountain ranges. One example of this is the Himalayas in Asia.

The Greenhouse Effect
CO2 (carbon dioxide) is increasing drastically due to burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This gas, among others, traps heat from the sun, making the Earth hotter.  The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere. The intensity of the downward radiation – that is, the strength of the greenhouse effect – will depend on the atmosphere's temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains.

Earth’s natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life, and initially was a precursor to life moving out of the ocean onto land. Human activities, however, mainly the burning of fossil fuels and clearcutting of forests, have accelerated the greenhouse effect and caused global warming. The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere comprised of 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth. Venus may have had water oceans, but they would have boiled off as the mean surface temperature rose to 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F).

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: General Astronomy/Earth


text:
Fatemeh Arzhangi

Fatemeh Arzhangi is an Iranian former footballer who played as a midfielder. She has been a member of the Iran women's national team.

title: Fatemeh Arzhangi


text:
Clement Griscom

Clement Acton Griscom (March 15, 1841 – November 10, 1912) was an American shipping magnate and financier.

Griscom was "without question, the key figure in American transatlantic shipping" by 1900.

Biography
Griscom was born in 1841 to a long-established and prominent Philadelphia family. His father was Dr John D Griscom, a well-known local physician, and his mother was Margaret Acton Lloyd, a direct descendant of Thomas Lloyd. He attended local Quaker schools, as well as Central High School. In 1857, aged 16, he went to work as a clerk at Peter Wright and Sons, a Quaker shipping firm in Philadelphia. He became a partner in the business in 1863.

In 1872 he became vice-president of the International Navigation Co., which operated three ships. Eventually the Red Star Line was absorbed into the business. In 1888 he was promoted to president of the International Navigation Co. Griscom was "without question, the key figure in American transatlantic shipping" by 1900.

By 1901 he was described in the press as a millionaire.

In 1902, with financing from J. Pierpont Morgan, the companies were merged into the International Mercantile Marine shipping trust company, which operated 136 vessels over five transatlantic lines. Griscom served as president of IMM from 1902 until 1904, when he retired due to ill health. He remained as chairman, but was succeeded as president by J Bruce Ismay, who immediately removed headquarters to New York and reduced staffing levels.

Griscom also served on the board of directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad and United States Steel.

Dolobran (1881), his country house in Haverford, Pennsylvania, is one of architect Frank Furness's most significant houses. Furness also designed interiors for two of Griscom's American Line steamships, the S.S. St. Louis (1894–95) and the S.S. St. Paul (1894–95). Griscom established and owned a private hunting plantation north of Tallahassee, Florida called Horseshoe Plantation.

Death and legacy
Griscom died of a stroke at the age of 71. In 1914 his widow erected a fountain in his memory in the Watch Hill section of Westerly, Rhode Island. It featured a bronze statue of the Niantic chief Ninigret by the sculptor Enid Yandell.

Family
Griscom married Frances Canby Biddle (1840-1923), from a prominent Philadelphia Quaker family, in 1862, and they had six children:
 * John Acton Griscom (1863-1865).
 * Helen Biddle Griscom (1866-1950), married (1889) Samuel Bettle.
 * Clement Acton Griscom Jr. (1868-1918), shipping executive, married (1889) Genevieve Sprigg Ludlow. Their children were Ludlow, Joyce, and Acton.
 * Rodman Ellison Griscom (1870-1944), stockbroker, married (1897) Anne Starr.
 * Lloyd Carpenter Griscom (1872-1959), diplomat, married (1901) Elizabeth Duer Bronson.
 * Frances C. "Pansy" Griscom (1879-1974), champion golfer.

title: Clement Griscom


text:
uncinare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to hook, to grab with a hook
 * 2)  to snatch, to grab
 * 3) to form into a hook

title: uncinare


text:
Wikiversity:Babel

Babel is a long-standing Wikimedia tradition for dealing with Multilingualism on Wikimedia projects, the newest of which is Wikiversity. The metaphor relates to the Biblical Tower of Babel (Genesis Ch. 11) and is universally associated with the confusion of Human language.

Multilingualism at Wikiversity
Wikiversity currently exists in:
 * Arabic
 * Czech
 * 1) English
 * Finnish
 * French
 * German
 * Greek
 * Italian
 * Japanese
 * Portuguese
 * Spanish

There are also efforts underway at Beta Wikiversity to develop many other language versions of Wikiversity.

Meta:Babel
Meta:Babel is Meta's general and policy discussion page for discussions about multilingualism or translation. There is also a translator's noticeboard on Meta at Meta:Babylon.

title: Wikiversity:Babel


text:
Squash at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

The Squash at the 2006 Commonwealth Games was played for the most part at the Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre. Singles play took place from March 16 to 20 (Men's and Women's), and the doubles was contested from March 21 to 26 (Men's, Women's, and Mixed).

A high number of multiple entries by countries in the doubles events occurred because players could enter both the men's or women's events as well as the mixed doubles, and countries could put in as many entries as they chose to, as long as their players were in one of the singles events. The most medals one player could win at the Games was three: one in singles, one in men's or women's doubles, and one in mixed. Australians David Palmer, Rachael Grinham and Natalie Grinham all achieved this feat, with Natalie Grinham winning three gold medals. She was the first competitor ever to win three gold medals in squash at a single Commonwealth Games.

title: Squash at the 2006 Commonwealth Games


text:
Talk:2015 USL season

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on 2015 USL season. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:14, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 external links on 2015 USL season. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:25, 21 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:2015 USL season


text:
Bob Renney

Bob Renney (born 18 March 1975) is an Australian former wrestler who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.

title: Bob Renney


text:
Cockey Down

Cockey Down is a 15.2 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, notified in 1971.

The site is managed as a nature reserve by Wiltshire Wildlife Trust.

title: Cockey Down


text:
User:Hilarysing

Hi!

Joy makes the best cookies.

Hilary does not like spiders. Post-it notes are pretty. I'm excited for karaoke tonight.

Headline text
This is a headline

title: User:Hilarysing


text:
University

This page is for describing and exploring conceptions of "university".

A university is a space, either physical or virtual (or a blend of the two), in which to study a particular subject at an advanced level.

The word university is derived from the Latin phrase universitas magistrorum et scholarium, roughly meaning "community of teachers and scholars".

How does a university work?
Universities have traditionally conducted education via lectures, seminars, tutorials, research groups, and laboratories. Its lecturers are usually engaged in research, which they are encouraged to publish regularly. Universities confer degrees on students who conform to certain academic standards. Degree types include the Bachelor, Masters and Doctorate (PhD) levels in the United States, though university systems differ quite widely from country to country.

How a university doesn't work
It has been found that between 40% and 50% of higher education students do not complete their degrees. It is therefore particularly important that universities understand student motivations, capabilities, and interests so as to adjust content and pedgagogical processes in order to optimise student engagement and retention.

Research points to satisfaction with the college experience as a major contributor to students’ motivation and commitment. Satisfied students study harder, perform better and are therefore more motivated than less satisfied students.

Knowledge
Consider the following two quotes:

These perspectives tell us something about the way that knowledge is produced, preserved, and transmitted through time by universities.

University of universities
One idealized or imagined conception of University is that of a University of Universities, an educational singularity.

title: University


text:
решение

Noun

 * 1) decision, determination, resolution
 * 2)  judgment, verdict, ruling
 * 3) solution, answer
 * 4) decree

Etymology
Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬

Noun

 * 1) solution (of a problem)
 * 2)  solution (product, service or combination thereof which fulfils a particular need)

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) decision, solution, answer
 * 2) solving, deciding, determining
 * 3)  resolution, judgment, decree, verdict

title: решение