text:
Talk:Madurai Tamil

Untitled
Many people say that Tirunelveli Tamil is the classic form. Can you give citation for the madurai tamil being classical formDoctor Bruno 13:16, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Irrelevant information deletion
The article contained general information about Madurai city(Area, Population, STD Code etc) which I feel is irrelevant to this article and hence have deleted the same. --Natrajdr 12:59, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Dravidian civilizations
Wiki Raja 09:35, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Madurai Tamil Words
Is this word list (instead of a comparison of how this dialect differs from related dialects) really an addition to the encyclopedia article? Moved from article to talk. RJFJR (talk) 22:26, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

Pronountiations Note only for the Tamil term : a = a, A = aa, o = o, O = oo, e = e, E = ee

 * appathA - Grand mother
 * anneh - Brother or an elder friend
 * annAcchi - Known elder friend, grocery shop owner, customer
 * marutha - Madurai
 * vArAinga - coming
 * pOrAinga - going
 * angittu - There
 * ingittu - Here
 * embuttu - How much?
 * rAvuran - He is boring
 * vyakyAnamA pesu - speak properly
 * pottai - bitch
 * kundaka mandaka - irrelevant
 * Aathadi - exclaiming,surprised
 * Cherata - Coconut shells
 * Kamba nikkanum da - Stand against anything courageously
 * munda kalapa - plough
 * patraya pOdu - sit and relax
 * ngokkA makka - collective term for cousin
 * kolarA pOitu vA - take care
 * posa ketta paya - useless fellow
 * seemennai - kerosene
 * imbutUnu - very little
 * roota kodukAtha - Don't tell lie
 * vaiya porainga ya - They will scold ya
 * athu kAndithAn - For that only
 * ithu kAndithAn - For this only
 * kudikAra mattai - Drunkard
 * jAri - beautiful woman
 * Ataya pOdu - Steal,theft
 * yenney - Elder Brother
 * yekkah - Elder Sister
 * podAng goiyAla - get out of my way
 * Dubuku/Dumukku - fool
 * manda kanam - Headweight
 * oodala pooruradhu - To come in the middle, to cut a Q
 * joliya pAru - Mind your business
 * lanthu - Kidding
 * alaparai - fashionable
 * alumbu - Showy, showing proud
 * yelraya kootAdha - don't create a scene
 * Atum - ok
 * sOdhanama iru - be careful
 * kongA paya - ignorant
 * kAvAli - waste fellow
 * kalavAnE - Thief
 * vellaney - Early Morning
 * paiyya po - Go slow
 * osakka - Up
 * seanthi - Loft
 * yaeni maram - Ladder
 * jOppu - packet
 * Thooppa kuzhi / Thoombu - Drainage water hole
 * machu - Godown or Upstair Store room
 * thondu - A narrow way
 * ambuttukkittAn - He got caught
 * jOli - Job / Business
 * aduppadi - Kitchen
 * pangarai - ugly
 * roova - Rupee
 * kAsu - Paisa
 * mongAm Podurathu - Cheating, Swallowing
 * komari ponnu- Teenage Girl
 * venaiyam pudichavan- Very Cautious Guy
 * agarAthi - Kidding
 * kApi Thanni - Coffee
 * porappadu - Start
 * kenaru - Well
 * kadudhAsi - Letter
 * kollai - Backyard / Farmland
 * vaela - Work / Job / Business
 * kummu - To beat
 * vakkanai - Proper
 * elavu - Death
 * pasiyAru - To eat breakfast
 * koppu - tree branch
 * Thoratti - Grabbling Hook
 * eppudi - how is it!
 * pottiya RAvittan - They Squeeze me something like that
 * athAchi/madhini/anni - Sister-in-law
 * machAn/mApla/mApu - Brother-in-law or Buddy
 * yAthA - Hi Mom/lady
 * amathA, kelavi - Old Lady
 * emmA - Mother
 * yeppA - Father
 * avainga - Those fellows
 * ivainga - These fellows
 * ingavArra - See here ya
 * yelei - Hi. Calling a younger person
 * pulla - Representing a female
 * paya - Representing a male
 * rootu - Prostitute
 * kadala podurathu - Talking/chating with girls
 * jArri joking - Attracting girls from his activity
 * jArri joker - Male doing jarri joking.

title: Talk:Madurai Tamil


text:
Super One (album)

Super One is the first studio album by South Korean supergroup SuperM. It was released on September 25, 2020 by SM Entertainment, Capitol Records and Dreamus. The album was preceded by the singles "With You", "100" and "Tiger Inside" and was released alongside the lead single, "One (Monster & Infinity)". The physical edition of the album comes in five versions: two group and three unit versions. The Asia ver. was released on October 26, 2020.

Background and release
Following up promotions for the group's self-titled debut EP, SuperM performed an unreleased song titled "Dangerous Woman" on their concert tour SuperM: We Are the Future Live and during their appearance on The Jimmy Kimmel Show on February 11, 2020. SuperM participated in the Global Citizen event One World: Together at Home on April 18, 2020, during which they performed another new song titled "With You". The song was included in the concert playlist album that was released exclusively for streaming on Spotify on April 19, 2020.

On August 5, 2020, SM Entertainment announced that the group would make their comeback with two digital singles and their first studio album. The album's first single, "100", was released on August 14, 2020. Its follow-up, "Tiger Inside", was released on September 1, 2020. Super One was released on September 25, 2020, along with the music video for the lead single, "One (Monster & Infinity)".

Composition
The album opens with "One (Monster & Infinity)", a so-called "hybrid remix", which is a combination of two different songs. With lyrics full of confidence and the will of overcoming the hardships in front of them without fear, the song showcases SuperM's intense and energetic performance. The second track "Infinity" is described as a song with a grand introduction which begins with a magnificent brass orchestration. The highlight of the song is the immersive introduction from the speedy rapping of members Mark and Taeyong, and the chorus that conveys the ambition of "to go to infinity" with energetic vocals. The album continues with "Monster", a song with an intense energy of distorted percussive bass riffs with a motive reminiscent of a "monster", thus fitting the title of the song. The fourth track "Wish You Were Here" is a song with an addictive chorus melody on top of the reggae rhythm and dub sound. Its lyrics express the feelings of a lover's sorrow caused by being unable to be together due to unavoidable circumstances. "Big Chance", the fifth track of the album, is described as a tropical house song, which conveys the sincere feelings of young people toward their loves ones, saying, "a big mistake we make can be a big opportunity". The next track, "100", is characterized as a song with a fast base line and dynamic rhythms that expresses SuperM's unique and powerful energy. The song was co-written and co-produced by member Mark. The seventh track "Tiger Inside" is the conceptual extension to "I Can’t Stand The Rain". It features traditional Asian elements and futuristic electronic beats.

The next half of Super One starts with "Better Days", a song with the message of warm comfort and empathy from SuperM in the current difficult situationexpressed through flexible rap flows and warm vocals, led by a vintage upright piano and contrabass. Vocal group Heritage participated as choir. The ninth track "Together At Home" is described as an R&B disco song driven by a funky bass line, with lyrics that create a good time uniting one another in a new way, not a physical space. The next track, "Drip", is a trendy "ratchet" trap hip-hop genre with a sexy and provocative atmosphere. The lyrics are a visual depiction gradually depicting the increasing tension of the opposite sex. The tenth track "Line 'Em Up" is a rhythmic pop-dance song that is uniquely translated by interpreting reggaeton in the style of SuperM. It expresses the ambition to capture the hearts of fans around the world and make them feel "one". "Dangerous Woman", the eleventh track of the album", again a trap hip-hop song, has an "impressive" reversal from the rich harmonies and ad-lip intro acappella to a completely different atmosphere. Its lyrics convey the feelings of a man who fell in love with a woman with the fatal charms of both extremes. It is followed by "Step Up" is a song with witty lyrics that express one's desire to take one step further. The fourteenth track "So Long" is a slow jam number that describes the feelings of a man who claims to be a villain by informing about a heartbreaking breakup for the other person. The final track "With You" is described as an up-tempo electropop song that stands out with a rhythmic cut-out guitar. The lyrics express the desire of wanting to be with your loved ones are also directed to the fans, and are characterized by an easy melody that can be enjoyed with the fans in performances.

Reception
Super One received generally positive reviews from critics. Tamar Herman from The Recording Academy opined that the album, which came out during the global COVID-19 pandemic, "spends its length motivating listeners through a freewheeling medley of energetic, vibrant electro-pop anthems and mellowing out to offer up lackadaisical, breezy moments on hopeful tracks". Vandana Pawa from Teen Vogue described Super One as "a monster of a debut full-length album that takes a jaunt through a new era of music and brings the group to the next level".

Commercial performance
Super One debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 with 104,000 album-equivalent units (of which 101,000 were in album sales), becoming the group's second top three entry on the chart. Additionally, the album earned the top spot on the Billboard World Albums Chart, making it the group second chart-topper after their debut EP SuperM. SuperM also achieved their first number one on the Billboard Independent Albums Chart.

In Japan, SuperM claimed the number one spot in five major charts on Line Music. Shortly after its release, Super One topped the realtime/daily Line Music Album Chart. The title song "One (Monster & Infinity)" also topped the realtime/daily Line Music Song Chart as well as the daily Line Music K-Pop Chart. "One (Monster & Infinity)" earned the group's its third number one song on the Line Music chart this year, after "100" and "Tiger Inside".

Personnel
Credits adapted from Tidal and Naver.

 * Baekhyun – vocals (all tracks)
 * Taemin – vocals (all tracks)
 * Kai – vocals (all tracks)
 * Taeyong – vocals (all tracks), lyricist (track 9)
 * Ten – vocals (all tracks)
 * Lucas – vocals (all tracks)
 * Mark – vocals (all tracks), lyricist (track 6, 9), composer (track 6)
 * Lee Soo-man – producer
 * Kenzie – production (track 1–3), lyricist (track 1–3), composer (track 1–3), programming (track 1–3)
 * Moonshine – production (track 1–3, 7), programming (track 1–3, 7)
 * Adrian McKinnon – composer (track 1, 2), lyricist (track 1–3)
 * Wilbart "Vedo" McCoy III – composer (track 1, 3), lyricist (track 1, 3)
 * Bobii Lewis – composer (track 1, 2), lyricist (track 1, 2)
 * Jonatan Gusmark – composer (track 1–3, 7)
 * Ludvig Evers – composer (track 1–3, 7)
 * Lee Min-kyu – engineer (track 1–3, 5, 12, 15), mixing (track 5)
 * Jeong Yoo-ra – engineer (track 1–3, 5, 7, 11, 14–15)
 * Kwon Nam-woo – mastering engineer (track 1–3, 4–5, 7–8, 10–11, 13–14)
 * Jung Eui-seok – mixing (track 1–3, 7, 12)
 * Kang Eun-ji – recording engineer (track 1–3, 9, 13)
 * Lee Ji-hong – recording engineer (track 1–3), mixing (track 11, 13)
 * No Min-ji – recording engineer (track 1–3, 4–5, 7–8, 11, 13–14)
 * Bram Inscore – production, composer, programming (track 4)
 * Jake Torrey – production, composer (track 4)
 * Sam Farrar – production, composer (track 4)
 * Evan Magee – composer (track 4)
 * Seo Hye-ri – lyricist (track 4)
 * Mok Ji-min – lyricist (track 4, 14)
 * Ron – lyricist (track 4)
 * Seo-ro – lyricist (track 4)
 * Kwon Eugene – engineer (track 4–5, 7–14)
 * Jin Namkoong – mixing (track 4, 8)
 * Mich Hansen (Cutfather) – production, composer, programming (track 5)
 * Daniel Davidsen (PhD) – production, composer, programming (track 5)
 * Andrew James Bullimore – composer, lyricist (track 5)
 * James Norton – composer, lyricist (track 5)
 * Jeremy "Tay" Jasper – composer (track 5, 10), lyricist (track 5)
 * Peter Wallevik – composer (track 5)
 * Harold "Alawn" Philippon – production, composer, programming (track 6)
 * Andy Love – production, composer, lyricist, programming (track 6, 7, 14)

 * Yoo Young-jin – production, composer, lyricist, mixing, programming (track 6)
 * Ryan S. Jhun – composer (track 6)
 * Jasmine Kara Khatib-Nia – composer (track 6)
 * Cheon Hoon – mastering engineer (track 6, 12, 15)
 * Alexander Magnus Karlsson – composer (track 7)
 * Hwang Yoo-bin – lyricist (track 7)
 * Min Sungsu – engineer (track 7, 10, 11, 13, 15)
 * Andreas Öberg – production, composer, lyricist, programming (track 8, 14)
 * Christoffer Semelius – production, composer, lyricist, programming (track 8)
 * Carl Lehmann – production, composer, programming (track 9)
 * Samuel Preston – production, composer, programming (track 9)
 * Sylvester Willy Sivertsen – production, composer, programming (track 9)
 * Lee Seu-ran – lyricist (track 9)
 * Jang Wooyoung – engineer (track 9, 12)
 * LDN Noise – production, programming (track 10, 12)
 * Greg Bonnick – composer (track 10, 12)
 * Hayden Chapman – composer (track 10, 12)
 * Kenyon Moore – composer (track 10)
 * Jo Yoon-kyung – lyricist (track 10)
 * Zachary Chicoine – composer (track 10)
 * Kim Chul-soon – mixing (track 10, 14, 15)
 * Daniel "Obi" Klein – production, composer, programming (track 11, 13)
 * Charli Taft – composer (track 11, 13)
 * Cheon Song-yi – lyricist (track 11)
 * Jakob Mihoubi – composer (track 11)
 * Rudi Daouk – composer (track 11)
 * Danke – lyricist (track 12, 13)
 * Lee Hee-joo – composer (track 12, 13)
 * Jeffrey Twumasi – composer (track 12)
 * Maegan Cottone – composer (track 12)
 * Stephan Benson – composer (track 12)
 * Park Wu-hyun – composer (track 12, 13)
 * On Seung-yun – engineer (track 12)
 * Noday – composer (track 13)
 * Alyssa Ichinose – production, composer (track 14)
 * Carlyle Fernandes – production, composer, programming (track 14)
 * Benjamin Roberts – production, composer, programming (track 15)
 * Gaelen Whittemore – production, composer, programming (track 15)
 * Jonny West – lyricist (track 15)
 * Victor Manzano – production, composer, programming (track 15)
 * Maxx Song – engineer (track 15)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Super One (album)


text:
Talk:Spy (Carly Simon album)

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title: Talk:Spy (Carly Simon album)


text:
Talk:Shane (novel)

Merge discussion

 * Support - yes do the merge :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page) / (Desk)  11:56, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Some comments on the book
This is now a seriously unknown American classic. It's still one of the best selling book in the Western genre, even though most of the readers now are high schoolers and middle schoolers who have to read it. Superb book, though. -- hello, i'm a member  |  talk to me!  04:32, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:JackSchaefer Shane.jpg
Image:JackSchaefer Shane.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:57, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shane (novel)


text:
target market

Noun

 * 1)  A group of people whose needs and preferences match the product range of a company and to whom those products are marketed.

Translations

 * Finnish: kohdemarkkinat, kohdeyleisö,
 * French: clientèle cible, marché cible
 * Polish: rynek docelowy

title: target market


text:
Talk:Pierre Mwana Kasongo

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:22, 23 April 2020 (UTC)
 * DR Congo national team.jpg
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 * Les Trois Katangais du C S Verviers.jpg
 * No.10 Mwana Kasongo.png

title: Talk:Pierre Mwana Kasongo


text:
Alabama State Route 150

State Route 150 (SR 150) is a 11.833 mi state highway that connects the Birmingham suburbs of Bessemer and Hoover in Jefferson County in the central part of the U.S. state of Alabama. The western terminus of the highway is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 (US 11) and SR 5 in Bessemer. The eastern terminus of the highway is at an intersection with US 31 in Hoover.

Route description
Since the 1980s, many commercial developments have been built along SR 150 in Hoover. Several large retail developments, including the Riverchase Galleria and the Patton Creek shopping center, are located along or adjoining to this route. A strip center featuring a Wal-Mart Supercenter, Stein Mart, and Academy Sports + Outdoors opened in 2002 approximately 3 mi west of the Riverchase Galleria. Hunter Street Baptist Church, one of the largest churches in Alabama, is located on this highway. The Hoover Metropolitan Stadium, formerly known as Regions Park, is accessible via the highway, as are the Oxmoor Valley course of the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail and the Ross Bridge Golf Resort and Spa.

In Hoover, SR 150 has been designated as John Hawkins Parkway, in honor of the late Alabama state legislator who represented the city and southern Jefferson County. In Bessemer, SR 150 is referred to as 14th Street.

History
Before 1984, SR 150 was a two-lane highway from the Bessemer city limits to Hoover. However, residential, commercial, and institutional growth has led to the city of Hoover widening the highway from US 31 to I-459. Work began in May 2006 to widen SR 150 to five lanes from I-459 to Ross Bridge Parkway, a distance of approximately 3 mi.

Future
Future plans call for widening the entire highway, from Bessemer to Hoover, to five lanes.

title: Alabama State Route 150


text:
Australian Women's Ice Hockey League

The Australian Women's Ice Hockey League (AWIHL) is Australia's top-tier women's ice hockey league. Established in 2005 as Australia's first women's national league, the AWIHL has amateur status and is sanctioned by Ice Hockey Australia (a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation). The AWIHL is currently contested by five teams from five Australian states, including South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Western Australia and Victoria. The league champion is awarded the Joan McKowen Memorial Trophy and the premier is awarded the Stephanie Boxall Trophy. The most successful team in AWIHL history is Melbourne Ice, who have claimed seven championship titles. The current champion, from 2019–20, is the Sydney Sirens, who claimed their second title.

Showcase Series
In 2005, the probability of establishing a national women's ice hockey league was discussed by the National Women's Council. Due to large costs to players to participate in such a league, an alternative proposal for a much shorter Showcase Series was passed around for consideration to begin in the 2006 season. The Series would see four teams competing in mini-tournaments during February to June. Each round robin style tournament would occur over a weekend and throughout the Showcase Series period between February and June, each team would travel twice and host the tournament once. The first Showcase series was planned in February 2006 for Newcastle, New South Wales. The second series would be in March 2006 in Bendigo, Victoria, the third would occur in April 2006 in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. In May, the series would be held in Adelaide, South Australia, and in June the fifth series would take place in Brisbane, Queensland. At this time, a full season would follow in November 2006 and stretch over into summer 2007.

The first Showcase Series proved to be successful where, in each mini-series, three teams would play each other twice in a round robin style tournament. Five clubs ended up being involved in the Showcase Series which consisted of five mini-tournaments held on a weekend each month in a different city.

The Showcase Series returned for a second season in October 2006, and ran until February 2007. A national women's league did not start in November 2006, as previously hoped. In this second season four mini-series were held, one weekend mini tournament was played each month between only four teams representing Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Brisbane, Queensland, Adelaide, South Australia and Sydney. The purpose of the Showcase Series continued to be as a precursor to a national women's league that was being actively planned.

Forming the AWIHL
The official formation of the Australian Women's Ice Hockey League (AWIHL) was in 2007, following the two seasons of "Showcase Series" that were held in 2006 and 2007.

The Australian Women's Ice Hockey League is recognised by Ice Hockey Australia (IHA) as the premier senior women's national ice hockey competition.

The league conducted its inaugural season with four teams: Adelaide Assassins, Brisbane Goannas, Melbourne Dragons, and Sydney Sirens. The team that won the finals series at the end of each season became the AWIHL champions and were presented a perpetual trophy that was donated by Westlakes Trophies and Framing and was called the West Lakes Trophy.

2010s
In October 2010, the Australian Women's Ice Hockey League conducted a competition to replace the original league logo with a new one. The competition closed 1 December 2010, and the original logo was replaced by the current one.

In the early 2010s there was a move to align AWIHL teams with Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL) counterparts. This strategy led to three of the four AWIHL teams to either sign a memorandum of understanding or merge with AIHL teams to create dual program organisations. The Melbourne Dragons became the Melbourne Ice by signing a MOU, that allowed the Dragons management to remain in control of the team. Adelaide Assassins became the Adelaide Adrenaline and Sydney Sirens became the North Star Sirens. Both Adelaide and Sydney would later return to being independently run organisations, but the Ice remain in the league since 2010.

In 2016, IHA announced the formation of the annual Australian Women's Tier 2 Show Case Series (AW2SCS) to act as a feeder league to the AWIHL and provide a development pathway from state leagues to the AWIHL. Initially the league had four teams based in Canberra, Sydney and Melbourne (x2). By 2019 the AW2SCS had five teams and had expanded to Adelaide and Perth.

The AWIHL officially expanded in August 2018 for the first time, with the introduction of the Perth Inferno to the league. Perth had played two exhibition games against the Sydney Sirens the season before and had competed in and won the Australian Women's Tier 2 Show Case Series two years in a row on their road to AWIHL entry.

Two AWIHL teams featured in Australasia's Best Sporting Team list 2019. The list, conducted by Platinum Asset Management and GAIN LINE Analytics, ranked and named the top 25 sporting teams in Australasia. In 2019, AWIHL teams, Sydney Sirens and Melbourne Ice were ranked inside the top 25 sporting teams. The Sirens were ranked twenty-first and Melbourne Ice were ranked twenty-third.

COVID-19 period
The AWIHL, like many other Australian sporting leagues, was forced to cancel two consecutive league seasons due to multiple COVID-19 outbreaks and border and health response restrictions between 2020 and 2022. In August 2022, AWIHL Commissioner, Melissa Rulli, officially stepped down from her position after nearly five years in the role. Rulli held the position of Commissioner from December 2017 to August 2022 and oversaw steady viewership and accessibility growth of the AWIHL in that time until the COVID-19 hiatus. Ice Hockey Australia opened an expression of interest process on 26 August 2022 to find Rulli's replacement, with applications closing on 16 September 2022. This provides IHA enough time to appoint a new Commissioner ahead of the 2022–23 season start in November 2022.

2020s
After a two-year hiatus, the AWIHL announced it would return to action for the 2022–23 season, scheduled to kick off in November 2022 and run through til March 2023.

Teams
As of 2022, the AWIHL has five active teams, including four founding members and one expansion team. The five teams are from five different Australian states and capital cities, including, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia.

Future expansion
Future expansion has been mooted, including into New Zealand, which, since 2014, runs a four team national league of its own, NZWIHL, but there are no active bids to join the league. Melbourne Chargers Ice Hockey Club, who compete in the Women's Tier 2 Show Case Series, have publicly said their goal is to move up divisions to the AWIHL. The club is working towards that goal and have signed a partnership with AIHL team Melbourne Mustangs, to help them on their way to achieving this goal. In the 2019–20 Annual Report, IHA, stated its intentions to seek an increase in the number of teams participating in AWIHL to six teams.

Adelaide Rush
Adelaide was one of the four founding teams of the AWIHL in 2007 and also competed in the showcase series in 2006. Originally established as the Adelaide Assassins, the South Australian outfit began life as the dominant force in women's hockey in Australia, winning the first five straight AWIHL championship titles. In 2011–12, the team merged and became part of the Adelaide Adrenaline organisation. Between 2011–12 and 2015–16 the Adrenaline ran both the women's and men's programs in the AWIHL and AIHL. Ahead of the 2016–17 season, the AWIHL team parted ways with the Adrenaline and the new organisation was established to run the AWIHL licence in Adelaide, the Adelaide Rush.

Brisbane Lightning
Brisbane was the first team to join the AWIHL in 2006. They participated in the showcase series in 2006 and was one of the four founding teams in the AWIHL in 2007. Setup as a not-for-profit incorporated sporting organisation, the Brisbane, Queensland-based club was known as the Brisbane Goannas from establishment until 2022. The team has run a successful junior to senior development program known as the Gecko's to Goannas Program. On 3 October 2022, the Goannas announced they had partnered with the Brisbane Lightning organisation, who had their men's program accepted into the AIHL for 2023, and officially changed their name to match, becoming the Brisbane Lightning.

Melbourne Ice
Melbourne was one of the four founding teams of the AWIHL in 2007. Established in 2005 as Melbourne Dragons, in 2010, the team entered into a memorandum of understanding with the Melbourne Ice organisation that runs a men's program in the Australian Ice Hockey League. The agreement saw the Dragons change their name and branding to match the Melbourne Ice and a sharing of off-ice resources and guidance. However, the Dragons organisation retained a lot of self-control and is run as a separate club with their own committee. The team are seven-time AWIHL champions and five-time AWIHL premiers.

Sydney Sirens
Sydney was one of the four founding teams of the AWIHL in 2007. The Sirens began in Sydney, New South Wales at the Sydney Ice Arena but over the years the team has moved around, playing at Canterbury Olympic Ice Rink, Penrith Ice Palace, Liverpool Catholic Club Ice Rink and Macquarie Ice Rink. Between 2011 and 2013 the team became a part of the Newcastle Northstars organisation and relocated to Hunter Ice Skating Stadium and was renamed North Star Sirens. When the team returned to Sydney, they reverted to their old name, Sydney Sirens. The Sirens are three-time AWIHL champions and three-time AWIHL premiers.

Perth Inferno
Perth are the first ever expansion team in the AWIHL history. The Perth Inferno officially joined the league in July 2018, becoming the fifth AWIHL team. Donning purple and orange, the Inferno began as the Western Australian representative team, they went on to play two exhibition games during the 2017–18 season against the Sydney Sirens before joining the AWIHL regular season in 2018–19.

Regular season
The AWIHL regular season is played between October and March each year. The regular season consists of 30 games in total, with each team playing twelve games. Each team will play two games every scheduled weekend during the regular season. There is no overtime period played in the AWIHL regular season. In the event of a tied score at the end of regulation time, a penalty shootout will determine the winner of a game. If there is no time for a shootout to occur, a draw will be declared.

Game length
The AWIHL has adopted the international standard three 20-minute stop-time periods length for all regular season and finals regulation time periods. The AWIHL was the first national competition under Ice Hockey Australia to implement these international standards in 2018–19. Prior to 2018–19, the AWIHL played 54 minute games, with 17 minutes played in each of the first two periods, followed by a full 20 minute third period. Teams are allowed a minimum of 5 minutes warm-up before each game and are allowed one 30 second timeout during regulation game time.

Game rules and points system
The AWIHL has adopted the current International Ice Hockey Federation Official Rule Book for playing rules. The AWIHL points system, follows similar systems widely used in Europe. 3 points is awarded for a regulation time win, 2 points for a shootout win, 1 point for a shootout loss and 0 points for a regulation time loss. In the unlikely event of a draw, both teams will be awarded 1 point each.

Import rules
AWIHL teams are allowed to sign a maximum of four imports for their team's roster for any given season. Teams are allowed to dress a maximum of three imports for any given AWIHL game with one exception, the team who finished last in the league standings the season before is allowed to dress all four imports for any given AWIHL game. Import goaltenders is prohibited in the AWIHL. This regulation was implemented to support the Australian national women's teams.

An import is defined as someone without Australian citizenship or permanent residency. New Zealand residents who move to Australia under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement are counted as imports for the first two consecutive seasons, after that they are exempted from the import rules and count as a ‘local’ player. If they cease to live permanently in Australia, they lose their exemption status and must start the process over.

Playoffs
Playoffs are known in the AWIHL as the Finals. They are played over a single weekend in a chosen location. The AWIHL Commission chooses the finals location. The Finals Weekend involves four games in total, two semi-finals played on the Saturday followed by a third-place playoff and grand final on the Sunday. The top four tams from the regular season qualify for the finals weekend. The top seed plays the fourth seed in the first semi final followed by two verses three in the second semi. Unlike in the regular season, overtime can be played in finals games. The AWIHL implements a 4v4 stop time overtime period of 10 minutes in accordance with the IIHF Rule Book. The winner of the grand final is named AWIHL champion and lifts the Joan McKowen Memorial Trophy and has their name inscribed on the original trophy, retained in the IHA Office. Gold, silver and bronze medals are given to rostered players and team officials on the teams who finish first, second and third in finals.

AWIHL champions by seasons (2006–present)
References:

Joan McKowen Memorial Trophy
Since 2010–11, the Joan McKowen Memorial Trophy has been the highest title honour in the AWIHL. The trophy is awarded to the AWIHL champions, the team that wins the grand final of the finals weekend (playoffs) at the end of each season. The trophy is named after Joan McKowen, who was a prominent figure in Australian Ice Hockey before her death in 1992. Her husband, Maxwell McKowen donated the trophy for its first use as the prize for the annual national women's ice hockey tournament in 1995.

Stephanie Boxall Trophy
Taking over from the West Lakes Trophy in 2020, is the Stephanie Boxall Trophy. The trophy is awarded to the winner of the minor premiership in the AWIHL, the team that finishes top of the league standings at the conclusion of the regular season. The trophy is named after Stephanie Boxall, who was a pioneer of the women's game in Australia. Originally playing boys before the women's game was established, Steph took on the sport's ruling body in the 1980s and won the right for women to continue to participate in men's ice hockey after the national body tried to ban women due to fears of being sued if a woman got hurt. This helped paved the way for the establishment of the women's game in Australia. Steph was an inaugural member of the Australian national team and National Women's Championship when it started in 1995. She went on to captain Australia and has been called the “best female ice hockey player Australia has ever had”. Steph is the first Australian, and is one of only six women, to be named in the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto, Canada.

West Lakes Trophy
For the first three seasons of the AWIHL, between 2007–08 and 2009–10, the West Lakes Trophy was the championship trophy for the league. However, in 2010–11, the AWIHL secured and introduced the Joan McKowen Memorial Trophy for the championship. The West Lakes Trophy was subsequently re-purposed to become the minor premiership trophy for AWIHL teams who finish top of the regular season standings at the end of each season. But this was later replaced by the Stephanie Boxall Trophy.

Individual awards
Each season, ahead of, or at, the beginning of the AWIHL Finals, the league announces the winners of the individual player awards that recognises excellence across a number of different categories. References:

title: Australian Women's Ice Hockey League


text:
Venus In situ Composition Investigations

Venus In situ Composition Investigations (VICI) is a concept lander mission to Venus in order to answer long-standing questions about its origins and evolution, and provide new insights needed to understand terrestrial planet formation, evolution, and habitability.

VICI was one of 12 considerations for New Frontiers 4, but was not one of the two missions selected to be finalists in late 2017.

Overview
The mission concept was proposed in 2017 to NASA's New Frontiers program to compete for funding and development, but it was not selected. However, on 20 December 2017, it was awarded technology development funds to prepare it for future mission competitions. The funds are meant to further develop the Venus Element and Mineralogy Camera to operate under the extreme heat and pressure on Venus. The instrument uses lasers on a lander to measure the mineralogy and elemental composition of rocks on the surface of Venus.

If selected and developed at some future opportunity, the VICI mission would send two identical landers to unexplored Tesserae regions thought to be ancient exposed surfaces that had not undergone volcanic resurfacing. The two landers would measure atmospheric composition and structure during their descent at a level of detail that has not been possible on earlier missions. The landers would also analyze surface chemistry, mineralogy, and morphology at their landing site.

Scientific payload
VICI's proposed payloads includes a copy of the neutral mass spectrometer and tunable laser spectrometer currently used by the Curiosity rover to provide surface mineralogy and elemental composition. A gamma-ray spectrometer would perform measurements of naturally radioactive elements to a depth of ~10 cm.


text:
Wikipedia:Meetup/Westport/Wikipedia Workshop

What's it about?
This is a free workshop run by Dr Mike Dickison as part of the West Coast Wikipedian at Large project. Participants will learn how Wikipedia works, how to improve and create articles, tips and tricks for formatting, referencing, and adding photos, and the wider issues of the reliability and bias of Wikipedia. Complete beginners are welcome; training and troubleshooting is provided. All you need to bring is a laptop!

The event is hosted by Development West Coast and EPIC Westport.

When and where

 * Sat 19 September 2020, 10:00 am – 4:00 pm NZST
 * EPIC Westport, 10a Lyndhurst Street, Westport
 * Wikipedians from anywhere in the world are of course welcome to join in remotely. Please feel free to add yourselves to the participants list below.

Timetable
Introductions, name lanyards, and account creation if needed We'll learn how Wikipedia works and how to improve, create, and reference articles. We'll try out editing an article together, and add information from a reference. You can improve existing articles, try uploading an out-of-copyright photo, or improve information in Wikidata. We'll go through the process of adding our photos to Commons, to Wikidata, to a Wikipedia article, and a new Commons category. Make sure you fill out an evaluation form and add your contributions to the list below.
 * 10.00: Meet and greet
 * 10.15: Wikipedia tutorial
 * 11.00: Editing
 * 12.30: Lunch/coffee break. Tea and biscuits provided. Participants will be assigned a nearby building to photograph from WikiShootMe.
 * 14.00: Photo uploading
 * 13.30: Editing
 * 16.00: Finishing up

To attend

 * The workshop is free and open to all, thanks to the support of Development West Coast.
 * There are limited spaces, so register here to be sure of a place.
 * This workshop will be following "friendly space" guidelines; check them out. Harassment and disruption won't be tolerated, online or offline.

Media

 * Use the link  if you want a short, shareable link to this page

In person
• Giantflightlessbirds

• PDXMaria

• Cherrynook

• NZ Owen

• Nic Petty

• Jonathan Petty

• Ben Crawford

What to bring

 * Laptop and power cord. Laptops are definitely easier to edit on than tablets! The venue has good wifi.
 * Any snacks or drink you want. Coffee and tea are provided.
 * Any resources such as books, journals, magazine or newspaper articles relevant to Wikipedia articles you're interested in.
 * Photos you've taken or art that could illustrate articles; you'll learn how to donate these to Wikimedia Commons so other Wikipedia articles can use them.

Preparation

 * 1) If you're coming, try to create a Wikipedia account beforehand: don't wait until the day to do it! Here's a form you can use if you like. Creating an account makes editing much easier (here's more info on why you should). You'll need to pick a "handle" for your username; you could use your real name, but it's nice to have the option to be a bit anonymous if you want. Here's some advice on picking a username.
 * 2) The more you prepare, the more you'll be able to get done. You may want to read up on avoiding common mistakes, but Wikipedia has a "don't bite the newbies" policy, and we'll have experienced Wikipedians present and helping remotely to troubleshoot.
 * 3) Have a think about topics you'd like to work on; do a little research first so you're prepared. You don't have to be an expert; anyone who can do library research and write clearly can help improve Wikipedia. The best candidates for Wikipedia articles are people, places, or things that are "notable". In Wikipedia terms, "notable" people are those who've been covered in a number of reliable independent sources, such as news, books, authoritative websites, or magazine interviews. If you're proposing to create to Wikipedia article it's important to make sure your subject is "notable"; talk to us if you're not sure – we can help.
 * 4) If you want to bring photos along and add them to Commons and Wikipedia, they need to be free of any copyright or released under a Creative Commons license that lets anyone use them. (What's Creative Commons?) If not, you must be the creator/copyright holder – ask us if you're not certain what's allowed, and we'll help.

Useful

 * How to edit pages using the Visual Editor: for when you click Edit

Resources

 * West Coast New Zealand History: we'll be looking at this as a possible source of images, but it has copyright problems
 * Digital NZ, which lets you filter by copyright status

Media
We'll be taking photos for the record. If you don't want to be in a photo, just choose a red name lanyard; if you don't mind, pick a green one.

Acknowledgements
Many thanks to EPIC Westport and Development West Coast for supporting the West Coast Wikipedian at Large project.


text:
Talk:Daryl Somers

Removed link to non-public reference
As far as I can tell, a reference for “considerable interest” should be to a publicly-verifiable page with information supporting that claim. I have removed a reference to a Facebook page that refuses to display without an account. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:37, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

You gotta hand it to Daryl. Nearly 40 years in the business of comedy and he has not made a single person laugh once in all of that time. An outstanding acheivement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:35, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

Wrong type of Cartridge
Just thought I'd point out the cartridges that Murray Tregonning used to provide sound effect and sound bites are not 8 track despite their similarities. Broadcast carts were originally developed by the Fidelipak company in the USA and have 3 tracks rather than 8, two stereo tracks and a cue track used to control the cart player.

Otherwise, excellent article! Wenlock — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:4000:B901:196F:5A87:F380:EB26 (talk) 08:12, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

Birth name
I understood his birth name was Daryl Schultz? I can only see a few references to this and am not sure how reliable they are.Nickm57 (talk). Sorry - hadn't looked at the edit history where this has already been an issue. However, Im not sure "In Search of Somers" http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/09/24/1095961827111.html proves anything either way.Nickm57 (talk) 07:22, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Daryl Somers. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140221104216/http://channelnine.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=861194 to http://channelnine.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=861194
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110917070444/http://blogs.abc.net.au/files/hey-hey-its-saturday.mp3 to http://blogs.abc.net.au/files/hey-hey-its-saturday.mp3
 * Added tag to http://shop.abc.net.au/browse/product.asp?productid=571163
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060314093533/http://au.yahoo.com/dancing-with-the-stars/hosts/ to http://au.yahoo.com/dancing-with-the-stars/hosts/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:26, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

First chat
Hello Man, how are you doing I'm Clement Bright Ansah From Ghana +233551409127 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Clement Bright Ansah (talk • contribs) 00:13, 12 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daryl Somers


text:
Blake Brockermeyer

Blake Weeks Brockermeyer (born April 11, 1973) is an American former professional and college football player, high school and college coach and current analyst who was an offensive tackle for the Carolina Panthers, Chicago Bears, and Denver Broncos in the NFL and for the Texas Longhorns in college. He is currently a college football analyst for 247sports.

Early life
Brockermeyer was born in Fort Worth, Texas and attended high school at Arlington Heights High School there where he was a consensus All-State selection.

College career
He played college football at the University of Texas, starting all 34 games while attending. He was a two-time All-SWC offensive tackle in 1993 and 1994, as well as an All-American in 1994 and a semifinalist for the Outland Trophy that same year. That year he helped Texas to win a share of the Southwest Conference Championship and defeat North Carolina to win the Sun Bowl. After earning a degree in speech communications, he chose to skip his senior year to enter the NFL a year early and ended his career with a 16 game streak without a single sack.

Professional career
He was selected in the first round of the 1995 NFL Draft by the Carolina Panthers, 29th overall. He made the NFL All-Rookie team in 1995 and was the starting left tackle for the Panthers from 1995-98. He missed four weeks in the 1998 season with a sprained left knee. In 1999, he signed a free agent contract with the Chicago Bears where he started for three seasons from 1999-2001. He was released by the Bears after the 2002 season for salary cap reasons, and after undergoing shoulder and knee surgery and then signed by the Broncos the following June. He played the 2002 season with the Denver Broncos, where he was a back-up before they released him at the end of the season. He was re-signed by the Broncos the following June and played with them again as a backup through the 2003 season. He concluding his nine-year NFL career having played in 136 games with 103 starts.

Coaching
Brockermeyer returned to Fort Worth where he began coaching, first at the middle school but later at the high school level. He served various roles at All Saints Episcopal School in Fort Worth, Texas, for 12 seasons, where he was part of five State Championship teams. In 2018 he joined the SMU Mustangs football staff as Defensive Quality Control Analyst, where he worked for two seasons. In 2021 he was hired as the offensive line coach for the Sea Lions of The Spring League. That league folded and Brockermeyer later became an analyst for 247sports.

Honors
Brockermeyer was inducted into the Sun Bowl Hall of Fame and to in the University of Texas Hall of Honor in 2015.

Personal life
Brockermeyer married his wife, Kristy, in 1996. The couple has four sons: Jack, Luke, Tommy and James. His oldest son, Jack, graduated from Rice University in May 2020. Luke played linebacker for the University of Texas before graduating in 2023. James plays offensive line for the University of Alabama. James's twin brother Tommy originally also played offensive line for the University of Alabama but transferred in 2023 to TCU.

title: Blake Brockermeyer


text:
User:Vee4vivek/sandbox

Hi, My name is Vivek Kumar Chaturvedi. I live in Noida (India). My Dream is to be a UI/UX Expert. I am a UI Designer/Graphics Designer/Web Designer.I have 3+ years of experience as a Graphics/Web/User Interface Designer.

Presently, I’m working as a Graphics/Web/UI Desisigner + Creative Head in DATA WORLD, Sector-63, Noida.

“My Education” I have completed Graduation in 2012.

I am Master of Multimedia (Graphics/Web/Visualizing/Animation).

I am Pursuing Master Of Computer Application (M.C.A.) from Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India) I am working as UI/Graphics/Web Designer. I have also Giving UI for Different applications And Software.

Work Strength

Software & Skills-

PHOTOSHOP CS6/CC, COREL DRAW-X5/X7, ILLUSTRATOR CS6/CC, INDESIGN CS6/CC, Dreamweaver CS6/CC, MICROMEDIA FLASH-8/ADOBE FLASH CS6/CC, CMS- WORDPRESS/ JOOMLA/DRUPAL. HTML/CSS/J-query Implementation UI DESIGNING/DEVELOPING As a Graphics Designer Brochure, Catalog, Calendar, Packaging, Flyer, Board, Banner, Prospectus, and Book Cover etc. Digital Painting works DTP – Freelance Publication Work Book Designing, Logo Designing Lay-outing, Cover Designing, Newspaper advertising design, As a Web Designer Web Brochure, Web Catalog, Calendar, Packaging, Flyer, Board, Flash Banner, E-Prospectus, and E-Book Cover etc. E-Book Designing, Attractive Logo Designing, Lay-outing, Website Designing, Creative UI/UX Designs for websites and applications,Working on CMS -Joomla/Wordpress/Drupal Sites.

title: User:Vee4vivek/sandbox


text:
Corridos de Muerte

Corridos de Muerte (Tales of Death) is the debut album by deathgrind band Asesino, first released in November 5, 2002. It was re-released in 2005 with a bonus DVD.

The opening sample of "Asesino" comes from the Spanish movie The Day of the Beast, while the 'execution' sound effect at the end of "La Ejecución" was taken from The Green Mile.

Personnel

 * Asesino (Dino Cazares) – guitars, production
 * Maldito X (Tony Campos) – bass, vocals
 * Greñudo (Raymond Herrera) – drums

title: Corridos de Muerte


text:
User:Kellyyyyy123/Choose an Article

Option 1

 * Article title
 * Street Food link: Street food

 * Article Evaluation
 * I think this article needs more food pictures because I want to see exactly pictures of street food in different countries, but some of the pictures are the whole street is taken, lining/ selling street food, and street vendor.

 * Sources
 * From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 * Artemis P. Simopoulos, Ramesh Venkataramana Bhat. Street Foods. Karger Publishers, 2000. p. vii. Retrieved 18 April 2011
 * Calloni, Marina. “Street Food on the Move: A Socio-Philosophical Approach.” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 93, no. 14, 2013, pp. 3406–3413., doi:10.1002/jsfa.6353.
 * Koch, Regan. “Licensing, Popular Practices and Public Spaces: An Inquiry via the Geographies of Street Food Vending.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 39, no. 6, 2015, pp. 1231–1250., doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12316.

Option 2

 * Article title
 * Medical Food link: Medical food

 * Article Evaluation
 * Exactly what disease/condition should people take medical food?

 * Sources
 * From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 * FDA. CFR 21 Part 101 Subpart A.
 * Outcome of a public consultation on the Draft Scientific and Technical Guidance of the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) on foods for special medical purposes in the context of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) No 609/2013". EFSA Supporting Publications. 12 (11). 2015. doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.EN-904.
 * "Food for special medical purposes". European Commission. 13 October 2017.
 * "Food And Drug Administration Compliance Program Guidance Manual: Chapter 21 – Food Composition, Standards, Labeling And Economics" (PDF). U.S. FDA. Retrieved May 16, 2017
 * Affairs, Office of Regulatory. "Medical Foods Guidance Documents & Regulatory Information".
 * Shibboleth Authentication Request, https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libproxy.temple.edu/doi/full/10.1177/0148607111415281?sid=vendor:database.

Option 3

 * Article title
 * Diet food link: Diet food
 * Article Evaluation
 * This article need a examples of diet food (picture) and daily diet meal
 * Sources
 * From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 * Definitions of Nutrient Content Claims, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Archived October 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
 * Diet and good food, National Health Service
 * Fat-Free vs. Regular Calorie Comparison, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
 * Trudel-Guy, Catherine. "Impact of Pleasure-oriented Messages on Food Choices: Is It More Effective than Traditional Health-oriented Messages to Promote Healthy Eating?" Appetite. 143 (2019): N.PAG. Web.
 * DeWeerdt, Sarah. “Diet: Food for Thought.” Shibboleth Authentication Request, 18 May 2016, https://www-nature-com.libproxy.temple.edu/articles/533S108a . ( https://www-nature-com.libproxy.temple.edu/articles/533S108a)
 * Stehfest, Elke. "Diet: Food Choices for Health and Planet." Nature. 515.7528 (2014): 501-502. Web
 * https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/templeuniv-ebooks/reader.action?docID=3019068&ppg=3
 * https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/templeuniv-ebooks/reader.action?docID=3019068&ppg=3

Option 4

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 5

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

title: User:Kellyyyyy123/Choose an Article


text:
Finnish Civil War prison camps

Finnish Civil War prison camps were operated by the White Finns to hold prisoners of war during and after the Finnish Civil War in 1918.

Around 80,000 captured Red Guards and their families, including 4,700 women and 1,500 children, were held in prisoner of war camps across Finland. They were composed of 13 main camps and more than 60 smaller sub-camps operated by the White Army during the summer of 1918. Conditions were very poor and camps suffered from high mortality rates – a total of 12,000 to 14,000 prisoners died in captivity due to malnutrition, disease and execution. The Finnish government took control of the camps in September with most prisoners being released by late 1918 and the camps were officially closed in 1921. The camps affected the minds of many Finnish people much more deeply than the war itself and influenced post-war politics in Finland. Conditions at the camps were totally ignored for decades by the White interpretation of the history of the Civil War, with the Finnish government paying reparations to former prisoners in 1973.

Establishment
The first prisoner of war camps of the Finnish Civil War were established at the beginning of the war in January 1918, in White-controlled northern Finland. These camps were mainly to hold 5,000 soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army who had been stationed in Grand Duchy of Finland. They were hastily assembled and used public buildings such as prisons, schools, and churches to hold the prisoners. The Red Guards also established a number of small camps in southern Finland in a similar fashion. Around 500 White prisoners were held at a Swedish high school in Helsinki.

The frontline of the Finnish Civil War was largely static for the first two months, and few prisoners of war were taken by either side. By March, the Whites began to win a number of victories against the Reds and advanced into Red Finland. In late March, the number of Red prisoners was only 4,000 but after the Battle of Tampere on 5 April 1918, some 11,000 Reds fell into the hands of the Whites and the first large camp was established in the Kalevankangas district of Tampere. Before the battle, captured Reds had mostly been shot by the Whites, but after the collapse of Tampere the number of prisoners became too large to continue the executions.

In late April, as White victory was imminent, thousands of Red refugees (including fighters, officials, sympathizers and their families) headed east towards the border with Soviet Russia. More than 30,000 were captured by the White troops and the German Baltic Sea Division between the towns of Hämeenlinna and Lahti. Around 22,000 of them were held for a couple of weeks in a concentration camp founded at the Fellman mansion premises in Lahti. Women and children were mainly released, but 10,900 male refugees and Red Guard members were moved to the Hennala prison camp. Around 10,000 more prisoners were taken by the Whites after the major Battle of Viipuri.

Finally, as the war ended on 15 May, around 80,000 Reds were held in more than 60 small camps. During the next two months all prisoners were transferred to 13 main camps, located mostly in the southern parts of country.

Executions and the Political Offence Court
Before the establishment of the Political Offence Court (Valtiorikosoikeus), more than 5,000 capitulated Reds were executed by the decisions of the local Courts-martial. The mass executions had started in February under the instructions given by the Commander-in-Chief Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim. Courts-martial divided the prisoners into three groups: The first group included Red Guard leaders and members of the Red administration as well as all Reds accused of war crimes like murders, arson and looting, who were mostly given death penalties. The second group consisted of all other Red Guard members and associates, who were given prison sentences. The third group was categorized as innocent and released.

Mass executions finally ceased by Mannerheim's order and the Political Offence Court was established in late May to process the Red prisoners. It was composed of 145 separate courts which handled more than 75,000 cases. The Senate made a decision to keep the prisoners detained until each person's guilt could be examined. Capital punishment was given for 555 Reds but only 113 were executed, as it was possible to plea for mercy. The Estonian-born Hans Kalm alone was responsible for more than 500 executions at the Hennala prison camp in Lahti. At least 200 of his victims were women and the youngest of them were only 14 years old. 104 of the 1,482 children held in prison camps died. Most of them died of starvation or disease but some 20 were executed, the youngest being only 9-year-old boy.

Conditions
Conditions in the camps were terrible and mortality rates were particularly high, with average deaths per capita ranging from between 5% and 20% during their existence. The most infamous camp was Tammisaari in Ekenäs which, during the summer, an average of 30 prisoners died every day, making the total number of deceased up to 3,000 with a mortality rate of 34%.

The Civil War had greatly disrupted agriculture in Finland causing food shortages through the country. These shortages were particularly bad in the camps since there was no central administration for delivering supplies and prisoners were not allowed to receive deliveries from their families before the end of August. Many died from malnutrition and the quality of the food available in the camps was often extremely poor. Viljo Sohkanen, who was held at the Suomenlinna prison camp, described the conditions: "″Prisoners got a half a plate of soup, muddy water with a shred of cabbage, and some fat during the days and a small piece of bread with a stinky brown herring during the evenings. Soon we ate every plant we could find from the yard and the roots too. Some found angleworms and in Tampere, a half-rotten horse was eaten raw. One prisoner got sausage in a packet from home. He ate it all, but then threw it up in big pieces. Others immediately started eating the thrown-up sausage.″"

General hygiene was abysmal and there were frequent outbreaks of various fatal diseases such as relapsing fever, pneumonia, dysentery and smallpox. The most lethal was the Spanish influenza which spread through Finland in July.

Poor conditions were exacerbated as the camps were mainly run by the White Army who had little-to-no sympathy for their prisoners. Guards and administrators held a revenge mentality, which meant they had no desire to improve conditions even if it was possible.

Awareness
In August, the Finnish medical scientist Robert Tigerstedt, who was chief physician of the Tammisaari camp, made a secret report of the prison camps. According to his report ″...such a death rate was never seen before and nothing like that could have happened even during the times of Czarist Russia.″ Tigerstedt's report was leaked to the Swedish press by Finnish Social Democrats and it soon spread to other Nordic countries and United Kingdom. It is assumed that the report negatively influenced the general attitude to acknowledge the Independence of Finland. A common rumor says that some foreign powers demanded Finland to improve the conditions of the prison camps or they would postpone their recognition of Finland's independence.

Another famous case was the businessman Hjalmar Linder, one of the wealthiest men in Finland. He made a visit to the Suomenlinna camp to see some of his employees and was shocked. Linder wrote a letter to the Swedish language newspaper Hufvudstadsbladet saying ″the Red Madness has turned into a White Terror as people are dropping dead like flies″. He insisted the prisoners should be released immediately and suggested that they should work a couple of years for their former employers as a forced labor. Linder's humane writings were deeply condemned by the Whites; he was seen as a Red associate, and soon the hatred became so hard that he had to flee the country.

Closures
Conditions at the camps were becoming increasingly common knowledge and difficult to justify as time passed after the end of the Civil War. The Finnish government, who were struggling to process the large number of cases against prisoners, were under pressure to resolve the issue as quickly as possible.

In September, management of the camps was transferred from the White Army to the government State Correctional Office. At the same time, nearly 40,000 prisoners were released on parole, and in October, 10,000 more were pardoned. In late 1918, five camps were closed. At the end of 1919, the number of prisoners was 4,000, and 3,000 were pardoned in January 1920. The remaining Civil War camps functioned as labor camps until they were officially closed in 1921. The last 100 Red prisoners were transferred to Tammisaari camp, with the last 50 Reds being released in 1927. Tammisaari was turned into a penitentiary for political prisoners until it was finally closed in 1940. In 1973, the Finnish government paid reparations to 11,600 persons imprisoned in the camps after the civil war.

List of the main camps
The number of prisoners is based on the book ″Vankileirit Suomessa 1918″ (1971) by the historian Jaakko Paavolainen. Casualties are based on the War Victims of Finland 1914–1922 Internet Database unless otherwise cited.

 * 1 ca. 1,000 Russian soldiers until July 1918
 * 2 ca. 2,000 male prisoners (April–May 1918), ca. 1,000 female prisoners (June–September 1918)

title: Finnish Civil War prison camps


text:
Portal:Physical Sciences/Featured

This page is for keeping track of featured content on Portal:Physical Sciences. If you change/update content in the portal, please be sure that the record of past content is updated here.

Featured learning resource
The Observational astronomy learning project has activities for participants that guide them through the same process that an astronomer uses to analyze data.

Selected image
The Wikiversity Institute of Particle Physics is a content development project where participants create and organize learning resources related to physics. Resources are under development in: Statistical mechanics, Special and General Relativity, Mathematical Methods in Physics, Quantum mechanics I, Classical mechanics, Chaos theory.

Featured research project
Participants in the Theory of Everything Project develop research projects involving public databases for particle physics experiments.

News
Geology. "Geology may work in favor of energy producers" by David Elbert. Sandstone domes in the remnants of the North American Midcontinent Rift can be used to store energy.

Did you know?
The Euler-Lagrange equation of classical mechanics was discovered during attempts to find a curve for which the time taken by a frictionless particle sliding down it under uniform gravity to its lowest point is independent of its starting point.

Quotes
"This is not your mother's radio telescope." - Jill Tarter speaking about the Allen Telescope Array. See Astronomy Project.

"We must not forget that when radium was discovered no one knew that it would prove useful in hospitals. And this is a proof that scientific work must not be considered from the point of view of the direct usefulness of it". - Marie Curie

Featured learning projects
The Wikiversity page for Acid-base chemistry introduces the fundamentals and links to related resources at Wikibooks and other websites, including videos.

title: Portal:Physical Sciences/Featured


text:
User:Fides et Veritas2020

Hello/Ciao, I am new user to Wikipedia interested in Christianity, Judaism, history, languages, ethnic groups and anthropology.

title: User:Fides et Veritas2020


text:
kveker

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a Quaker (member of the Religious Society of Friends (Vennenes samfunn))

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Quaker

title: kveker


text:
Talk:New Zealand Pilot License/Air Law/Private

Welcome to subject 4 Air law.

This is the syllabus/knowledge requirements for the NZPPL Air Law. The actual knowledge can be found in the civil aviation regulations, NZAIP and civil aviation act 1990. Please do not refer to overseas (non-NZ) publications when contributing as they are most likely incorrect.

example: transition altitude in the United States is 18 000ft wheras in New Zealand it is 16 000ft.

Kind Regards

Aerodrome 05:04, 19 January 2007 (UTC)


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Pen-Mogi Nyeko

Jack H. Pen-Mogi Nyeko is a Ugandan veterinarian, academic and academic administrator. He is the vice chancellor of Gulu University, a public university in northern Uganda.

Background and education
He was born in the Northern Region of Uganda on 12 May 1948. He graduated from Makerere University in 1975 with a Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine degree. In 1981, he graduated from the University of Nairobi with a Master of Science degree. His Doctor of Philosophy was obtained from Makerere University in 1988. His field of specialization is molecular parasitology.

Career
He started his career in 1987, as a Principal Research Entomologist, in the Uganda Tsetse Control Department, working there until 1991. From 1993 until 1996, he worked as a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, at Makerere University. In 1994, he was nominated by the President of Uganda to become a delegate of the Constituent Assembly, which wrote and ratified the 1995 Ugandan Constitution. From 1996 until 2001, he was a member of parliament, representing Kilak County, Gulu District.

In 2001 a Technical Task Force was appointed to set up Gulu University. Professor Nyeko was appointed chairman of that four-person task force. When the university opened in 2002, he became the founding vice chancellor of the institution; the third public university to be established in the country.

Other responsibilities
Pen-Mogi Nyeko has served in the following roles:

 * Chairman of Uganda's National Environment Management Authority since 2013.
 * Chairperson of the 18-person Uganda National Council for Higher Education since 2012.
 * Member of the Uganda National Examinations Board since 2002.

Personal life
Nyeko is a married father of five adult children. He is a Fellow of the Uganda National Academy of Sciences.

title: Pen-Mogi Nyeko


text:
Woodrooffe

Woodrooffe is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Anne Woodrooffe (1766–?), 19th-century British author
 * Thomas Woodrooffe (1899–1978), British naval officer, broadcaster, and writer

title: Woodrooffe


text:
1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene

1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene is an aryl bromide and a four-substituted bromobenzene with the formula C6H2Br4. It is one of three isomers of tetrabromobenzene. The compound is a white solid. 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene is an important metabolite of the flame retardant hexabromobenzene.

Preparation
The synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene has already been reported in 1865 from benzene and excess bromine in a sealed tube at 150 °C. However, the clearly reduced melting point of about 160 °C indicates impurities in the final product. In his 1885 dissertation, Adolf Scheufelen published the synthesis of a purer sample using iron(III) chloride FeCl$6$ as a catalyst, isolated as "pretty needles" ("schönen Nadeln").

The synthesis can also be carried out in solution in chloroform or tetrachloromethane and yields 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene in 89% yield. This reaction can also be carried out in a laboratory experiment with excess bromine and iron nails (as starting material for iron (III) bromide FeBr$2$). The intermediate stage is 1,4-dibromobenzene, which reacts further with excess bromine to give 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene.

Building block for liquid crystals and fluorescent dyes
Owing to its symmetrical structure and reactivity, 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene is a precursor to nematic liquid crystals with crossed mesogens and for columnar (discotic) liquid crystals with an extensive planar, "board-like" tetrabenzoanthracene core.

In a one-pot reaction, 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene reacts with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, the alkylating agent 1-bromopentane, the Wittig reagent methyltriphenylphosphonium iodide, the base potassium carbonate, the phase transfer catalyst tetrabutylammonium bromide, the Heck reagent palladium(II)acetate and the Heck co-catalyst 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) in dimethylacetamide obtaining directly a symmetrical tetraalkoxylstilbene as E-isomer in 17% yield.

Due to their pronounced π-conjugation such compounds could be potentially applied as optical brighteners, OLED materials or liquid crystals.

N-alkyl-tetraaminobenzenes are available from 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene in high yields, which can be cyclized with triethyl orthoformate and acids to benzobis(imidazolium) salts (BBI salts) and oxidized with oxygen to form 1,4-benzoquinone diimines.

BBI salts are versatile fluorescent dyes with emission wavelengths λ$4$ between 329 and 561 nm, pronounced solvatochromism and strong solvent-dependent Stokes shift, which can be used as protein tag for fluorescent labeling of proteins.

Starting material for arynes
From 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene, a 1,4-monoarine can be prepared in-situ with one equivalent of n-butyllithium by bromine abstraction, which reacts immediately with furan to form 6,7-dibromo-1,4-epoxy-1,4-dihydronaphthalene (6,7-dibromonaphthalene-1,4-endoxide) in 70% yield.

When 2,5-dialkylfurans (e.g. 2,5- (di-n-octyl)furan) are used, the dibrominated monoendoxide is formed in 64% yield, from which dibromo-5,8-di-n-octylnaphthalene is formed with zink powder/titanium tetrachloride in 88% yield.

Upon treatment with titanium tetrachloride and zinc dust, the endoxide is deoxygenated yielding 2,3-dibromnaphthalene.

The endoxide reacts with 3-sulfolene in a Diels-Alder reaction upon elimination of sulfur dioxide. The resulting tricyclic adduct converts to 2,3-dibromoanthracene in good yield.

If the dibromene oxide is allowed to react further with furan, in the presence of n-butyllithium or potassium amide or via an intermediate 1,4-aryne the tricyclic 1,4-adduct 1,4:5.8-diepoxy-1,4,5,8-tetrahydroanthracene is formed in 71% yield as a syn-anti-mixture. With sodium amide in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DME), however, the dibromene oxide behaves as a 1,3-aryne equivalent and forms with furan a phenanthrene-like tricyclic 1,3-adduct, which can react with furan and sodium amide to a triphenylene derivative (1,3,5-tris-arene).

[2+4] cycloadditions with 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene sometimes proceed in very high yields, such as the reaction of a dihalogen-substituted 1,3-diphenyl-isobenzofuran to a tetrahalogenated anthracene derivative (98%), which is converted successively further with 1,3-diphenyl isobenzofuran in 65% yield to a pentacene derivative and furan to a hexacene derivative (67%).

The crosslinking of benzimidazole-modified polymers provides materials with a high absorption capacity for carbon dioxide, which could be suitable for CO$3$ separation from gas mixtures.

It is the starting material for mono- and bis-aryines.

Safety
1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene is a liver toxic degradation product of the flame retardant hexabromobenzene and was already in 1987 detected in Japan in mother's milk samples.

title: 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene


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Tinshill

Tinshill (pronounced Tins-hill) is a district of Leeds, 4 miles (7 km) north of Leeds city centre, West Yorkshire, England. It was the Danes in the 9th century who named the hill "Tyndr's Hyll".

The district is in the Weetwood ward of Leeds City Council. It is situated between Horsforth and Cookridge. When the estate was planned in the 1940s it was originally known as the 'Cookridge Tower Estate'. The estate predated surrounding estates such as Ireland Wood and Moor Grange. Holt Park came many years later and provided many facilities such as an Asda supermarket, shopping centre, leisure centre and secondary school.

The area was mainly made up of council-owned social housing although a growing number of these houses are now privately owned. It is near to the Tinshill BT Tower also known as the Cookridge Tower, one of the highest points in the city. Horsforth railway station is closer to Tinshill than Horsforth; the station is on the Cookridge side of the Moseley beck.

Tinshill is made up of a mix of former and current local authority housing, as well as many privately built houses that were constructed around the time Tinshill estate was being developed. (Leodis Photograph ) A number of blocks of brick built council flats were also incorporated, dating from around a similar time.

Transportation
Tinshill & Cookridge Social Club & Institute (a Working Mens Club) on Woodnook Drive is the terminus of the First Leeds bus service number 19a, a route known as the "Pink Line". The number 6 bus route, the "Sky Blue Line", also runs through Tinshill. Route 19a from Tinshill runs via - Headingley Stadium - Leeds city centre - York Road - Colton Sainsbury's. Route 6 runs from Holt Park - Cookridge - Tinshill - Weetwood - Headingley - University of Leeds to Leeds City Bus Station.

title: Tinshill


text:
EinStein würfelt nicht!

EinStein würfelt nicht! (... does not play dice) is a board game, designed by Ingo Althöfer, a professor of applied mathematics in Jena, Germany. It was the official game of an exhibition about Einstein in Germany during the Einstein Year (2005).

The name of the game in German has a double meaning. It is a play on Einstein's famous quote "I am convinced that He (God) does not play dice" and also refers to the fact that when a player has only one cube (ein Stein) remaining, they no longer need to "play dice", and may simply move the cube.

Rules
The game is played on a square board with a 5×5 grid. Each player has six cubes, numbered one to six. During setup, players arrange the cubes within the triangular area of their own color.

The players take turns rolling a six-sided die and then moving the matching cube. If the matching cube is no longer on the board, the player moves a remaining cube whose number is next-higher or next-lower to the rolled number. The player starting in the top-left may move that cube one square to the right, down, or on the diagonal down and to the right; the player starting in the bottom-right may move that cube one square to the left, up, or on the diagonal up and to the left. Any cube which already lies in the target square is removed from the board.

The objective of the game is for a player to either get one of their cubes to the far corner square in the grid (where their opponent started) or to remove all of their opponent's cubes from the board.

Strategy
The fewer cubes a player has, the "more mobile" those cubes are, since more die rolls can result in moving the same piece. Therefore, it can be helpful to aim to remove one's own cubes in order to be able to move them with a higher individual probability than having multiple cubes remaining.

Schwarz tables
The "mobility" of pieces given the removal of one or more pieces can be quantified with probability. The Schwarz score of a set of pieces on the board is defined as the expected number of remaining moves, assuming no capturing takes place, for one of the pieces to reach its goal. In general, players should minimize the Schwarz score of their pieces and maximize the Schwarz score of their opponent's pieces. As there are six pieces, and each piece can be 1, 2, 3, or 4 moves away from their goal, or out of play, there are 15,625 distinct situations in which Schwarz scores can be precomputed.

Variants
The game can also be played on a 6 × 6 board with ten pieces on each side, labeled 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. A pair of 6-sided dice are rolled. The game can also be played in rounds with a doubling cube as in backgammon.

title: EinStein würfelt nicht!


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Statistics/Testing Data/t-tests

'''Note: Some of the statements in the text below are disputed. For small sample size non-parametric tests like the Mann-Whitney U test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test might rather be used than a t-test.'''

The t- test is the most powerful parametric test for calculating the significance of a small sample mean.

A one sample t-test has the following null hypothesis:

$$H_0: \quad \mu=c$$

where the Greek letter $$\mu$$ (mu) represents the population mean and c represents its assumed (hypothesized) value. In statistics it is usual to employ Greek letters for population parameters and Roman letters for sample statistics. The t-test is the small sample analog of the z test which is suitable for large samples. A small sample is generally regarded as one of size n<30.

A t-test is necessary for small samples because their distributions are not normal. If the sample is large (n>=30) then statistical theory says that the sample mean is normally distributed and a z test for a single mean can be used. This is a result of a famous statistical theorem, the Central limit theorem.

A t-test, however, can still be applied to larger samples and as the sample size n grows larger and larger, the results of a t-test and z-test become closer and closer. In the limit, with infinite degrees of freedom, the results of t and z tests become identical.

In order to perform a t-test, one first has to calculate the "degrees of freedom." This quantity takes into account the sample size and the number of parameters that are being estimated. Here, the population parameter, mu is being estimated by the sample statistic x-bar, the mean of the sample data. For a t-test the degrees of freedom of the single mean is n-1. This is because only one population parameter (the population mean)is being estimated by a sample statistic (the sample mean).

degrees of freedom (df)=n-1

''For example, for a sample size n=15, the df=14. ''

Example
''A college professor wants to compare her students' scores with the national average. She chooses a simple random sample (SRS) of 20 students, who score an average of 50.2 on a standardized test. Their scores have a standard deviation of 2.5. The national average on the test is a 60. She wants to know if her students scored significantly lower than the national average.''

Significance tests follow a procedure in several steps.

Step 1
First, state the problem in terms of a distribution and identify the parameters of interest. Mention the sample. We will assume that the scores (X) of the students in the professor's class are approximately normally distributed with unknown parameters μ and σ

Step 2
State the hypotheses in symbols and words.

$$H_O: \quad \mu=60$$

The null hypothesis is that her students scored on par with the national average.

$$H_A: \quad \mu<60$$

The alternative hypothesis is that her students scored lower than the national average.

Step 3
Secondly, identify the test to be used. Since we have an SRS of small size and do not know the standard deviation of the population, we will use a one-sample t-test.

The formula for the t-statistic T for a one-sample test is as follows:

 * $$T = \frac{\overline{X} - 60}{S/\sqrt{20}}$$

where $$\overline{X}$$ is the sample mean and S is the sample standard deviation.

A quite common mistake is to say that the formula for the t-test statistic is:

 * $$T = \frac{\overline{x} - \mu}{s/\sqrt{n}}$$

This is not a statistic, because μ is unknown, which is the crucial point in such a problem. Most people even don't notice it. Another problem with this formula is the use of x and s. They are to be considered the sample statistics and not their values.

The right general formula is:

 * $$T = \frac{\overline{X} - c}{S/\sqrt{n}}$$

in which c is the hypothetical value for μ specified by the null hypothesis.

(The standard deviation of the sample divided by the square root of the sample size is known as the "standard error" of the sample.)

Step 4
State the distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis. Under H0 the statistic T will follow a Student's distribution with 19 degrees of freedom: $$T \sim \tau\cdot(20-1) $$.

Step 5
Compute the observed value t of the test statistic T, by entering the values, as follows:

 * $$t = \frac{\overline{x} - 60}{s/\sqrt{20}} = \frac{50.2 - 60.0}{2.5/\sqrt{20}} = \frac{-9.8}{2.5/4.47} = \frac{-9.8}{0.559} = -17.5$$

Step 6
Determine the so-called p-value of the value t of the test statistic T. We will reject the null hypothesis for too small values of T, so we compute the left p-value:
 * p-value $$ = P(T \leq t ;H_0) = P(T(19) \leq -17.5) \approx 0 $$

The Student's distribution gives $$T(19)=1.729$$ at probabilities 0.95 and degrees of freedom 19. The p-value is approximated at 1.777e-13.

Step 7
Lastly, interpret the results in the context of the problem. The p-value indicates that the results almost certainly did not happen by chance and we have sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The professor's students did score significantly lower than the national average.

title: Statistics/Testing Data/t-tests


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Building a Difference

Building A Difference is a documentary television program that showcases volunteers, organizations and charities that help "build a difference" in the lives of people in desperate need. It is a production of DeerLight Entertainment of Jacksonville, Florida. Its first season host and producer is Chris Simons and the executive producer and director Mick Richards. Volume One features Northeast Florida Builders Care and was produced in association with the Northeast Florida Builders Association of Jacksonville and airs on TBN and various television stations across the country.

History
Building A Difference debuted on television in 2009 as a documentary series that showcases the crew and other people, organizations and volunteers giving their time, services and efforts to help build, rebuild, reconstruct or remodel homes of deserving families who are in desperate need. It currently features many families as well as those involved with making these dreams come true. Only three seasons have been filmed so far as of 2011.

Accreditations and awards
Building A Difference received the Seal of Approval from the Parents Television Council for the episode "Page-Bailie Bunch".

Reception
The Dove Foundation gave the documentary a positive review, writing, "This is a wonderful inspiring documentary about a group of fantastic people and volunteers who help to make a change in one family's life. ... This is truly an amazing story of encouragement and it will encourage others to help those in need."

title: Building a Difference


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Brakpan Commando

Brakpan Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

Origin
This unit was established in 1922 during the Rand Revolt as a rebel commando under "General" R.B. Waterston to help the striking miners.

Rebel Commando
During the revolt, this commando massacred 8 opposing mine officials and special constables. The leader at that time, John Garsworthy was sentenced to death but this was later commuted.

With the UDF
The commando that had started as a communist rebel movement was eventually incorporated as a normal commando of the Union Defence Force.

With the SADF
During the SADF period, this unit resorted under Group 16 in Marievale. During this era, the unit was mainly engaged in area force protection, search and cordons as well as other assistance to the local police.

As an urban unit, this commando was also tasked with protecting strategic facilities as well as quelling township riots especially during the State of Emergency in the 1980s.

Disbandment
This unit, along with all other Commando units was disbanded after a decision by South African President Thabo Mbeki to disband all Commando Units. The Commando system was phased out between 2003 and 2008 "because of the role it played in the apartheid era", according to the Minister of Safety and Security Charles Nqakula.

title: Brakpan Commando


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Joachim Creek

Joachim Creek is a stream in Jefferson and St. Francois counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary to the Mississippi River.

The stream headwaters arise in northern St. Francois County southeast of Halifax and it flows north roughly parallel to and east of US Route 67. The stream enters Jefferson County and just northeast of Valles Mines the stream turns to the northwest and passes under Route 67. The stream turns north and passes through De Soto and continues northeast past Victoria and Hematite. West of Festus the stream meanders north and northwest past Silica and Ludwigs. It then turns eastward passes under US Route 55 and the south side of Herculaneum to its confluence with the Mississippi.

The source area is at 38.00083°N, -90.47722°W and the confluence is at 38.26083°N, -90.37194°W.

St. Joachim might be the namesake. Variant names include Swashing or Swashin Creek, Yokum Creek and Joachun River.

title: Joachim Creek


text:
välillä

Adverb

 * 1) between
 * 2) occasionally, at times

Postposition

 * 1) between especially two distant objects, locations or points in time
 * 2) between combined by effort or ownership; shared in confidence by

title: välillä


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Sallygalpal/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

Using the logs of each - both accounts created at wikipedia hour 22 a few days apart, then make user pages, user talk pages, user sandboxes, and a political attack redirect at hour 22 (or early 23) within a few days. Both resurface around August 21/22 to create another political redirect. It might only be these two, but I'm requesting a CU just in case there's more. originalmess how u doin that busta rhyme? 07:44, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments
with. — Berean Hunter   (talk)  14:21, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * by Stwalkerster ue to different reasons (but indefinite blocks). Closing per the above. The SandDoctor  Talk 04:21, 19 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
intestato

Adjective

 * 1) addressed
 * 2) registered
 * 3) intestate

Noun

 * 1) an intestate person

title: intestato


text:
Polkovnikovo

Polkovnikovo (Полковниково) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Polkovnikovsky Selsoviet, Kosikhinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 690 as of 2013. There are 17 streets.

Geography
Polkovnikovo is located 19 km south of Kosikha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nalobikha is the nearest rural locality.

title: Polkovnikovo