text:
Talk:Dynasty (sports)

Original research
Since there is no internationally agreed upon definition of a level of dominance needed before a "dynasty" is/has taken place, any entry to this list must have a citation that verifies it is considered a dynasty, not just a citation verifing their success. If a citation does not exist calling their success a dynasty, it's precense on this list is WP:OR, as we are including it based on our intepretation of what does/does not constitute a dynasty, which is exactly why we end up having disagreements about what should and should not be included on this list. Most recently, see the discussions about the Kansas City Chiefs (resolved after the outcome of Superbowl LVIII) and the Golden State Warriors. With this in mind, over the coming days I will be going through and removing all the original research from this page, even if it means getting rid of most of it (which will probably happen as dynasties seem to be an almost exclusivly American concept). I just thought I would give this heads up now, so that when I remove half of the entries, my reasons are spelled out here in full rather than just a limited edit summary. SSSB (talk) 06:54, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree, I would be astonished if you find any association football or European sport called a Dynasty, capital D, like an additional title bestowed. Dominance in sport is shown by what titles they win, I don't think Europeans buy into this idea there needs to a supra-title too.  Uniquely North American. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:18, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

 * This whole article is super weird. The lede is mainly a stream of consciousness that fails to establish that there's any workable definition of "dynasty" upon which to base a list of dynasties. I'd chuck the entire list and reduce this thing to two or three paragraphs. Townlake (talk) 05:58, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

I significantly reduced the size of the article. Thanks in advance for any feedback. Townlake (talk) 05:04, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

 * With all due respect, you've completely gone in the opposite direction. I agree that the article was getting unwieldly, but to imply that NO era in ANY sport should be listed as a dynasty - just because of fans being fans - is not helping the problem, it's just turning that problem into a new one. Now, the article is a stub, which makes it woefully incomplete. I will save my thoughts on a middle ground for a new section, but for now, I will say that we should (at the very least) create "History" and "Definition" sections, the former describing how the term has formed and evolved over time, and the latter discussing the scope of the term both at its most loose (e.g. 90s Braves) and its most strict (Core Four Yankees). Just my two cents, feel free to discuss.Mumbai0618 (talk) 15:59, 14 March 2024 (UTC)Mumbai0618

 * Thank you for sharing your thoughts. As I and several other editors here saw it, this was an unmanageable opinion-driven list masquerading as an article for years in its prior form, so the reset was justified. To my knowledge, officially recognized "dynasties" don't exist outside the NHL, so we didn't lose much by just starting over. I like your ideas and would encourage you to add them, to the extent they are not original research and are based on reliable sources. (I don't know how you'll distinguish between "loose dynasties" and "strict dynasties" without adding impermissible original research, but I look forward to you proving me wrong.) Townlake (talk) 00:48, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm thinking out loud here, but a strict dynasty would be where there is no debate amoungst sources that it qualfies as a dynasty. Whereas a loose dynasty is where there is some debate about whether it can be considered a dynasty. This also means that (making up an example) that team X However, even I also think we should avaoid falling into a trap of blinding listing every dynasty even when they are reliably sourced. This article is clearly called "Dysnasty (sports)", not "list of sporting dynasties". I would also argue that the later would become an unmanageable long list (the evidence for this being that the previous article contained many sourced entries) and would probably benefit from a series of sub lists ("list of baseball dynasties" etc.) where this central page can list the most notable for each sport.  SSSB (talk) 07:29, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

 * There aren't many reliable sources that discuss what isn't a dynasty, so I don't think the "no debate" approach would work. Maybe instead there should be a "Usage" section that describes how American sportswriters, clickbait creators, and ESPN employees declare certain teams "dynasties" for American readers' entertainment, despite most major leagues not formally recognizing that title and non-Americans having no use for it. Townlake (talk) 04:35, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, you are wrong. First, the influence of American culture is so strong throughout the world that most people are at least aware of what a 'dynasty' in the context of sports represents. While it is true that the concept originates from America, it does not mean that the term cannot be utilized elsewhere. For example, here a British radio station uses the term for Manchester City, as does no less British Guardian here. Monerals (talk) 12:11, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * America is neither the source of everything benevolent in this world nor the source of everything evil. Stop denying agency to the outside world. The term 'dynasty' is now widely utilized in European football (in English and other langauges). Monerals (talk) 12:13, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It is not widely used in European football, it is sparingly used used. And the fact remains that the declarations of dynasties is still predominantly seen in American media and only occasionally in European media. SSSB (talk) 16:54, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, it baffles me that periods of sustained competitive excellence that meet notability guidelines cannot be displayed here, but I guess you guys have already made your mind. Monerals (talk) 20:01, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Rather than complain, why don't you actually make your case? To summarise the discussion so far and to adress your comment: Because they often don't meet the WP:VERIFY requirements and this isn't List of sporting dynasties so it would be inappropriate to list sporting dynasties. Theoretically we could list a couple of examples, but then the question becomes justify those we do pick. SSSB (talk) 21:30, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

If I may place my two cents. A similar discussion was held at Talk:Winning streak and Articles for deletion/Winning streak about how these types of articles become WP:INDISCRIMINATE with list-type articles. Ideally, the article in its current state ought to be renamed as suggested above, but if we would rather discuss the topic of a dynasty, then this article should be WP:TNTed, keeping the most notable dynasties. Conyo14 (talk) 08:02, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

 * That's exactly what we tried to do, based on a (at the time) unanimous consensus here. Since then, only one person has come to this discussion to (implicitly) argue against such a move. SSSB (talk) 10:09, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
 * There was never unanimous consent. In the relevant conversation there were two editors in favour of the changes and two against with no convincing arguments made by either side. This article does need improvement, though the actions taken so far can best described by WP:Don't throw the baby out with the bathwater!. Reach out to the relevant sport WikiProjects and see if anyone will improve their groups subsection of the article. This article needs surgery, not an execution. Deadman137 (talk) 14:01, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree with Deadman in getting more support. It might be best to do an RfC since this is a huge change to the article. Conyo14 (talk) 16:03, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Concur, RfC seems necessary. I object to the unnecessary interim restoration of loads of WP:OR in clear violation of sitewide standards, but for now I know I'm fighting a losing battle against local consensus. Townlake (talk) 16:19, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

I would like to add my two cents and just say that while the concept of a dynasty may predominantly be a North American invention, North American do indeed watch international sports too. That it's a North American invention can be established in the article without erasing the bulk of the article.

I think the page as is has a lot of historical value to it that you can’t really find anywhere else in such a compact and concise structure. If people are going to remove it, then I think those same people need to also be willing to make not only a list of argued dynasties article, but also make an article for every single one of the individual dynasties listed. And that all should be finished before it’s removed on here. If not, keep it as is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:45, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dynasty (sports)


text:
squaloid

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Characteristic of a shark or dogfish

Noun

 * 1) Any dogfish (family ).

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: squaloid


text:
File:Australian Basketball Association (emblem).jpg

Summary
Logo of the ABA http://www.ababasketball.net.au/_uploads/img/101_2780m.jpg


text:
Gregg Cash

Gregg Cash (born September 6, 1985) is a Philadelphia born, Los Angeles based bass guitarist & Music Director best known as a current member of the hard rock band Josh Todd and the Conflict alongside Buckcherry founder Josh Todd and Buckcherry guitarist Stevie D. The band's debut album Year Of The Tiger was released September 2017. Cash is also known for his work as the former bassist in Dorothy on Jay Z's Roc Nation record label. Dorothy was ranked #14 on RollingStone Magazine's 50 best new bands in 2014. Cash is currently a sponsored player by Orange Amps.

Equipment
Cash is known for his aggressive playing and low hanging bass.

Bass guitars
 * Vintage Fender Precision Bass
 * Fender Precision Bass
 * Fender Jazz Bass
 * Vintage JB Player
 * Guild Starfire bass
 * Wild Custom Guitars Press TV-Bass
 * The Jit Bag (signature)

Amplifiers
 * Orange OB1-500 (Bass Head)
 * Orange OBC410 (bass cabinets)

Effects
 * Tech 21 SansAmp Bass Driver DI
 * One Pot- Ca$h Hyper Fuzz (Signature pedal)
 * MXR M89 Bass Overdrive

title: Gregg Cash


text:
Cascading Style Sheets/Selectors

In CSS, a selector is the part of a rule that comes before the first "{", such as "p" in the rule " ". A selector specifies to which elements a rule should apply, by naming the type of the element, such as "div", the class of the element, or the id of the element. Selectors can only be used in linked and embedded CSS, not in inlined one.

The following table provides an overview of selectors. The sections that follow discuss each type of selector in detail.

Type
These selectors match elements based on the name of their element type. The example above is using a type selector to make every instance of  have bold text. You can use the type selector with any element. Here are a few examples:

Class
The class selector works with (X)HTML documents. It does not work with general XML documents unless the User Agent (web browser or other document reader) can determine which attribute is the class attribute for elements in the document. In (X)HTML documents  is defined to be the class attribute.

HTML permits the  attribute for all elements that are valid in the body section of an HTML document, including the   element itself. This allows the web designer to distinguish between elements of the same type used in different contexts. For example, the designer could differentiate between HTML elements and HTML attributes in a technical document on HTML. attribute of the The class selector allows you to apply CSS rules based on the class of an element.

The first way is to make a global class, which can be added to any element. You do that like this: That will make any element that has the class of important be bold and red.

Sample HTML: Example rendering:

The second way is to attach it to a type selector. The rule is only applied to elements of the given type which are of the specified class.

CSS rule:

Sample HTML:

Example rendering (look right):

An element may belong to more than one class, e.g.

Example rendering:

Class names should describe the purpose of the class, e.g. important, not the effect of the class, e.g. red. If you name classes by effect and then change your mind about the appearance you want you can end up with rules like:

If necessary multiple class selectors can be used to select only elements that belong to all the specified classes, e.g.

Example rendering:

Internet Explorer 6 bug
Multiple class selectors as shown in the previous example do not work in Internet Explorer version 6. It treats the selector as though only the last class selector was present, e.g.  is treated as equivalent to.

Previous example rendered in Internet Explorer 6:

The complete HTML document and CSS stylesheet to test this bug are given below.

classBug.css:

classBug.htm:

ID
The ID selector works with (X)HTML documents. It does not work with general XML documents unless the User Agent (web browser or other document reader) can determine which attribute is the ID attribute for elements in the document. In (X)HTML documents  is defined to be the ID attribute.

The ID selector is used to select a single item on a page. It matches the  attribute of an element. Two elements on the same page must not have the same  attribute.

However, several different webpages within the same site might reuse an. It is commonly used for the major divisions of a page, e.g. mainContent, navigationBar. It is often used in conjunction with descendant selectors, e.g. to style all list items in the navigation bar whilst not affecting lists in the main content.

CSS rule:

Sample HTML: Example rendering:

Universal
These selectors apply a style to all the items on the page. For example to make all the text on the page green use the rule:

Pseudo-Classes
Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements allow elements to be formatted on the basis of information other than the position of the element in the document tree. Pseudo-class and pseudo-element selectors are prefixed by a colon,, in CSS1 and CSS2.1. In CSS3 pseudo-elements are prefixed by.

CSS level 1 defines three pseudo-classes: These can only be applied to the anchor elements.
 * : unvisited links
 * : visited links
 * : active links

CSS level 2.1 introduces several additional pseudo-classes, including. can be used to create rollover effects without resorting to Javascript. CSS2.1 also allows  to apply to any element that can be active, e.g. a button.

The additional CSS 2.1 pseudo-classes are:
 * : matches any element that is the first child of its parent.
 * : matches the language of the element. The language may be set directly on the element or inherited from an ancestor element. A valid language code must appear in the parentheses, e.g.  for any variant of English or   for British English.
 * : applies whilst the user hovers over the element with the mouse.
 * : now allowed on any element capable of being 'active' – applies whilst the element is active.
 * : applies whilst the element has the keyboard focus.

Although CSS2.1 allows  on any element Internet Explorer only allows it on anchor elements.

Examples: An example of the  pseudo-class is given at the end of the descendant selector section.

Multiple pseudo-classes may be specified, e.g. to warn the user that they are hovering over a link they have already visited:

Care should be taken over the order of rules using pseudo-classes. For example, if you want visited links to be green except whilst the user hovers over them, when they should be yellow, the rules must be in the following order:

If the rules were reversed the cascade would mean that the visited color would take precedence over the hover color. Visited links would remain green even when the user hovered over them.

Pseudo-Elements
Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements allow elements to be formatted on the basis of information other than the position of the element in the document tree. Pseudo-class and pseudo-element selectors are prefixed by a colon,, in CSS1 and CSS2.1. In CSS3 pseudo-elements are prefixed by.

CSS level 1 defines two pseudo-elements,  and , which select the first letter and line of the rendered element respectively. These can be used to apply typographic effects, e.g. to create a drop cap at the start of a paragraph.

Only one pseudo-element selector may be used and it must be the last part of the selector chain. The  selector may only be applied to block-level elements, inline-blocks, table captions and table cells.

CSS2.1 adds two more pseudo-elements,  and.

Starting in CSS3 pseudo-elements are prefixed with  rather than.

Simple selectors
The selectors described above (type, class, ID, universal, pseudo-class and pseudo-element) are all examples of simple selectors. The full syntax for a simple selector is:
 * a type selector or the universal selector
 * zero, one or more class, ID and pseudo-class selectors (CSS2.1 also allows attribute selectors)
 * zero or one pseudo-element selectors

The following are all examples of simple selectors:

As a shorthand notation the universal selector,, may be omitted if it is not the only component of the simple selector. For example,  is equivalent to   and   is equivalent to.

Combining simple selectors: Simple selectors can be combined to take the context of the element in to account. For example you might want to apply a rule only to list elements in the navigation bar.

Descendant
Descendant selectors allow you to apply style to elements that are nested within another specified element. For example, you could have every  element inside of every   element be bold. The  can be a child element of the   element, or a grandchild, or a great-grandchild, etc.

CSS rule:

Sample HTML:

Example rendering:

The next example changes the color of visited links in the navigation section. Visited links in other parts of the document would be unaffected.

CSS rule:

Sample HTML:

Example rendering:

An example using the  selector.

CSS rule:

Sample HTML:

Example rendering:

Two important points to note:
 * an element is still the first child if it is preceded by text, so the  element in the first paragraph and the   element in the second paragraph are the first children of their respective paragraphs.
 * a rule is only applied to an element if it matches all parts of the selector. The  element in the first paragraph is a second child, so it is not matched by the   selector.

Grouping selectors
Selectors can be grouped into comma separated lists. is equivalent to

An element may be selected by more than one rule: All headings will have a red background. Level 2–6 headings will have white text. Level 1 headings will have yellow text.

The order of the rules is significant. In the following example all headings would have white text. When more than one rule applies to an element the cascade is used to determine the resulting style applied to the element.

Later CSS versions
Additional selectors in CSS 2.1:
 * Child selectors
 * Adjacent sibling selectors
 * Attribute selectors
 * More pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements.

Additional selectors in CSS 3:
 * More sibling selectors
 * More attribute selectors
 * More pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements.

Le langage CSS/Les sélecteurs CSS/Selettori

title: Cascading Style Sheets/Selectors


text:
Christian mysticism

“Everyone is called to be a monk because a monk is supposed to be a perfect Christian!” (St. John Chrysostom)

“Every Christian is called to the heights of intimate mystical union with God.” (Pope John Paul II)

Pope John Paul II once spoke of the richness of Eastern Christian Spirituality, with its emphasis on “divinization,” the process whereby a Christian is transformed into a sharer in the Divinity of Christ by the power of the Holy Spirit. The Holy Father pointed out that this emphasis on divinization reflects a conviction that every Christian is called to the heights of intimate mystical union with God.

The Eastern Christian strives more to participate-in than to imitate the activity-of Christ. In the light of Eastern Christian Spirituality, true holiness lies in a heartfelt identification with Christ in the mysteries of His Life, Passion, Death, and Resurrection, and [identification] in the mysteries of His Life in souls, together-with a wholehearted abandonment to the working of the Holy Spirit, which [abandonment] allows Him to animate one’s every thought, word, and action from within.

It is remarkable that during the past 100 years, the Holy Spirit has seen fit to affirm and exalt the principles of the Eastern Christian Spiritual Tradition through the lives and writings of several Western Saints, Blesseds, Venerables and Servants of God. But, He has done more than that. He has also shed new light on the mysteries of the Interior Life of Jesus.

Indeed, through these mystical writings, the Holy Spirit has actually given Latin Christians the gift of an unprecedented understanding of the Interior Life of Jesus. This understanding of the Interior Life of Jesus can lead to a deeper and more complete participation in the Divine Life of God which, in turn, will lead to a new growth of Holiness in the Church and in the World.

To learn more about Mysticism as “The Spirituality for the 21st Century”, click here. To learn more about contemporary Christian Mysticism click here.

🇨🇴

Wikipedia

 * Christian mysticism
 * Mysticism
 * Kabbalah
 * A Course in Miracles

Wikisource

 * A Course in Miracles

title: Christian mysticism


text:
Carex fascicularis

Carex fascicularis, commonly known as tassel sedge, is a species of sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea.

Description
The monoecious and rhizomatous perennial grass-like sedge has a tufted habit and typically grows to a height of 0.6 to 1.5 m. and a width of 0.5 to 0.75 m. The leaves are bright green with a length up to 1 m with a width of 6 to 11 mm and are swollen at the inner partitions and has yellow-brown coloured sheaths. The sedge is densely tufted and is able to spread using short underground stems. It has erect flowering stems that have a triangular cross-section are rough toward the top and have a height of about 1 m. It blooms between Spring to early Summer from September to November in Western Australia producing green flowers. In Victoria it flowers from November to April.

Taxonomy
The species was described by Francis Boott in 1853 as a part of Joseph Dalton Hooker's work Flora Novae-Zelandiae. It has three synonyms; Carex fascicularis var. minor, Carex novae-selandiae and Carex pseudocyperus var. fascicularis.

Distribution
In Western Australia is found in swamps and along creek and rivers throughout a large area of the Peel, South West and Great Southern regions where it grows in black peaty-sandy soils. It is commonly found elsewhere in an aquatic to semi-aquatic environment growing in damp to wet soils in part or dappled shade. In South Australia it is found south of Adelaide, South Australia extended eastwards into southern Victoria and then north into New South Wales and Queensland where it is found in coastal areas.

title: Carex fascicularis


text:
User:The Fields/sandbox

In Heraldry why are there different Family Crests/Coat of Arms for the same name and how do you find out which is the correct one for a particular name.

title: User:The Fields/sandbox


text:
Template talk:Welcome

Old welcome
See also: Template talk:Welcome/old. --JWSchmidt 03:21, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * And also template:welcome/Unstable.Hillgentleman|Talk 11:43, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't see the point of a duplicate sandbox unless and until there are two divergent ideas of how to sandbox this template. delete number 2. Cormaggio talk 13:46, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Simplifying and focusing
I like the initiative to get rid of the html for now, and focus on the links. Once we have an acceptable number of links, then we can perhaps work on a nice formatting (and I would again advocate keeping it basic, and avoid the mountain of code that currently gets added to people's talk pages.

It firstly seems to me that linking to Cite sources Verifiability, NPOV and Scholarly ethics is slight overkill - perhaps linking to one of these would be enough, and then place this page (perhaps Scholarly ethics?) within a context of a few other key policies. I think "research guidelines" is unnecesary - unless the person shows an interest in research, and this can be added later. Help desk is repeated twice (and replicated in Questions, and should really be linked from the Colloquium). I then think that the headings could be removed or reduced - for example, I've never liked the labelling of the Colloquium as "getting technical", as the Colloquium should be a place anyone can ask questions or make comments about Wikiversity - from the absolute newbie to the "veteran" (if anyone can be so named).

The main thing this is missing is a way for people to understand learning in Wikiversity, and how to use Wikiversity for their own learning. Portal:Education/Wikiversity model is a good start (if a bit wordy) - perhaps we can make a user-friendly introduction to "learning by doing"? We also don't have a link to Browse - this could be useful. What else could be useful? What does a newbie need to get up to speed with Wikiversity as quickly as they can? Cormaggio talk 22:14, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

If we had a Main Page that provided newbies with what they need then the welcome template could really become a welcome template rather than a repair kit for the failings of the main page. --JWSchmidt 01:03, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * There are different kinds of "newbies" and the Main Page should provide them with links to what they need. We should not be using the welcome template to provide what the Main Page should provide. I have been working towards a small set of "newbie tracks":
 * 1) new to wiki
 * 2) experienced with wiki but new to Wikiversity
 * 3) browse track
 * 4) track for teachers who want to use Wikiversity to host a classroom project
 * 5) "heavy duty" content development track

 * Good points. :-) A welcome template should not be making up for the Main Page's deficiencies, but have an emphasis on enculturation within Wikiversity, ie becoming part of the community and being motivated to explore and/or participate. However, I think it will still need to include some basic info on navigating and editing - which can be ignored if the user is already wiki-literate. Cormaggio talk 10:11, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Is it assumed that a registered user knows how to browse and to obtain information? On wikipedia one can get away with entering almost any word into the search box and it would work.  Not so here.  I added "navigation".Hillgentleman|Talk

What are the essentials?
I think the trick here is to go for something simple and direct, and not overwhelm the newcomer too much. Some ideas:
 * A welcome message should come across as sincere, warm, and friendly.
 * A welcome message should provide links for newcomers to help themselves easily, and have access to help easily
 * A welcome message should be nurturing - it should encourage participation in, and generation of content
 * A welcome message should be short - it is not supposed to express all the nuances that a Wiki should have
 * ... --HappyCamper 03:13, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I heartily second all of that. :-) Cormaggio talk 09:00, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Taking shape
OK, I think this new welcome template is taking shape. Comments? Suggestions? --HappyCamper 02:04, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It's looking good! I wonder if there should be a link to Introduction? I also wonder why we are telling people they can "ask the support staff", when it's more of a distributed task (cf. Questions, as linked below). I also think there should be more clear emphasis or guidance on how to get involved - I'm trying to think of a good single link for that... (does it exist?) Cormaggio talk 19:42, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * What if we just replaced that "ask the support staff line" with the "where to ask questions" links? Take a look...hmm...I just tried using the template. I think it's good, but something feels missing from it still. --HappyCamper 00:53, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I've made one or two changes. I think what's missing is a single page which details how to get involved - this page should explian all of the ways that people can add to existing pages, upload their own work, and use Wikiversity to learn collaboratively. I made a start on the first parts of this at Adding content, but I think one single page (or perhaps tutorial) on getting involved would be better. Cormaggio talk 20:59, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I like that change re: policies - very, very nice! Other than that getting involved page, do you think this is ready for use? --HappyCamper 00:00, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it's pretty much ready, but could be significantly improved by developing the getting involved page, and of course some better main page design.. :-) Cormaggio talk 16:12, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Will this have the table formatting similar to welcome? I like the simplification. Nice work! -- CQ 16:53, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I kinda prefer the simplified structure - it certainly cuts down on that sea of code that people are currently faced with when they go to edit their talk page after the welcome template has been added... Cormaggio talk 16:59, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Let's experiment. I split the bullets into 2 columns. How does it look? If it looks ready for use, I think the next project to work on is the main page. Maybe we should point out the links to the left, and encourage people to click on them. --HappyCamper 17:05, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Personally, I reckon we should implement this as the default welcome message, and then tweak it and other related pages as we go. Thanks for all the work - especially HappyCamper! Cormaggio talk 21:43, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm using this template sporadically. I'd like to add colors to it, but perhaps simple is best. I think I might move on to the main page. --HappyCamper 18:11, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Got one on my user discussion page
I got something like this put on my user discussion page and I'm here to tell you it is IMPRESSIVE. Boy did I feel welcome! Thanks so much.Harriska2 22:14, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Me too. I've seen the old one on the pages of other users & I'm glad I got the new one instead—short & sweet ... and best of all, looks as if someone might just have written it.  Nice work.  Jimp 02:19, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

template problem
The code for having this template include the message, " This welcome message was added by placing on the user page. " was creating a problem. It was generating "WARNING: template loop detected" and adding "on the user page. -->" to the talk page when used by substitution. I fixed the problem, but my fix is a hack. --JWSchmidt 18:47, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm a little surprised this loop thing happens - anyway, I've reverted the changes. I think I might file a bug report. --HappyCamper 19:32, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The template expansion does take place during substitution even if you put < ! -- ---> around it. The same is true for the < / p r e> tags.  If you really want to write  on a page, you would need something like template:subst to get it correct, eg with the wikitext  .  Anyhow, I have removed the comment, because, if the user understands it, she doesn't really need much of the welcome message.Hillgentleman|Talk 19:41, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
 * This peculiarity or feature of the mediawiki has gone with the old preprocessor. Hillgentleman|Talk 01:02, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

the basics
The basic wiki-mark-up's are == ==,,   and indentations *,:,#. I propose that the welcome template include at least one of each. Put the first line (greeting) in the section header. Hillgentleman|Talk 00:46, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Smiley
I've got mixed feelings about the new box / smiley. Perhaps we could have a parameter to switch smiley on/off? -- Jtneill - Talk 02:10, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I find the smiley + box a change to the normal wiki-style (or I just got used too much to it) - brings new colorful life wiki-life. Well, what a newcomer thinks about it we should also find out. Let's make a survey :-) Why not also make a copy from the old one also for usage - and perhaps make it dependent on a random function and when using the template we also get a surprise each time which of it gets selected :-)
 * btw: what are the mixed feelings about ? Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 20:18, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I kept the version before McCormack at template:welcome/plain.
 * Jtneill, Yes, it can be done. At the appropriate place, replace the relevant wikidcode for the smiley and the frame by: off.
 * Erkan, Yes, it can be done. Instead of the above, use something like 0
 * Each is good in its own way. Personally, I believe that the welcome message itself is often the first example for new-comers, wherefrom they learn their first set of wiki-syntax rules.  Therefore I favour simplicity. It also partly explains why we had the three fundamental markups == ==,, * appearing in the welcome message. Hillgentleman|Talk 21:14, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Good arguments and tips. Perhaps in the new (and perhaps more complex appearing wiki syntax for a newcomer) welcome msg there could be made invisible comments which can help the newcomer when viewing the source code to adapt it ? Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 21:30, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * A little bit perhaps. The template is just a wikified welcome message; it can be a good first example (for a good wiki-style) but it shouldn't be a wikitext tutorial - that could be more confusing.  Hillgentleman|Talk 21:47, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Just reading User:Jtneill's comment about the smiley. Yes - it is rather big and bold, isn't it? I increased the icon size until I was scared, and then added a bit more for good measure. Most newcomers never stay at WV for long, disappearing within a few hours for good. So my thinking was "seek attention", however much it scares you. But sure, lots of different versions to suit everyone's tastes. How about a version which changes colour every day? --McCormack 03:41, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * We could boost the shock value by having the Welcome messages signed randomly by one of the users in Mascot contest. -- Jtneill - Talk 03:58, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Eyes right. --McCormack 04:06, 6 May 2008 (UTC) [[Image:Smiley green alien droling.svg|64px|thumb|right|McCormack's favourite.]]
 * Maybe if interested we can play with Template:Random mascot. -- Jtneill - Talk 04:16, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Nice, I wish I would have welcomed like this back then :-) Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:48, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

mentioning the sandbox
Notice that the sandbox is linked from the very top of help:editing, which was linked from the very first bullet (take a guided tour and learn to edit) in the welcoming message. The direct link to the sandbox may be useful, but it may not be useful enough (experienced editors know it already; newcomers may not know how to edit at all, and had better follow the advice and go to help:editing). Hillgentleman|Talk 04:27, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Feel free to remove the Sandbox link. I just got the feeling that some of the unwanted page creations are good faith edits by newcomers looking for somewhere to play. The Sandbox isn't really that user-friendly... So, what about a direct link to something like edit my user page? -- Jtneill - Talk 04:33, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Updates
I updated this a bit today. --McCormack 15:43, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Signature Icon
Please changing the signature icon with new version. Namely: replace with .--Mehdi 09:52, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for catching that. --HappyCamper 20:21, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Can you change the file as Insert-signature.png]] to [[File:Insert-signature.png as it is in most Wikipedia templates. --Extra999 05:55, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Welcome


text:
User:RebelAt/Sandbox/Portal:Virginia/Intro

The Commonwealth of Virginia (named after Queen Elizabeth I of England, who was known as the Virgin Queen) is one of the original thirteen colonies of the United States that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. It is located in the Southern United States but is sometimes included, geographically, in the Mid-Atlantic States. It is one of four states that use the name commonwealth. Virginia was the first part of the Americas to be colonized permanently by England.

Virginia is known as the "Mother of Presidents", because it is the birthplace of eight U.S. presidents (George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, Woodrow Wilson, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler and Zachary Taylor), more than any other state. Four of the first five presidents were from Virginia, and seven of the first twelve. The most recent Virginian president was Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president. Virginia has also been known as the "Mother of States", because portions of the original Colony subsequently became Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, and West Virginia as well as some portions of Ohio. More about Virginia...


text:
Q3Map2

Q3Map2 has now been integrated with the GtkRadiant Project. Windows, Mac and Linux binaries for both 32-bit and 64-bit systems can be download from the project page. The Q3Map2 source code is now available through the GtkRadiant GitHub Repository.

Official Support Forum @Splashdamage

Current stable version is 2.5.17

Q3Map2 is a BSP compiler for games based on the id Tech 3 engine. It compiles .map files, which are editable with an editor, into .bsp files, which are binary files for the game and are not editable. It currently supports the following platforms:

 * Nexuiz
 * Open Arena
 * Quake 3 Arena/Team Arena
 * Quake Live
 * Return to Castle Wolfenstien
 * Soldier of Fortune II
 * Star Trek Elite Force
 * Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy
 * Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast
 * Tenebrae (Quake1 Engine Modification Project)
 * Tremulous
 * Urban Terror
 * War§ow
 * Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory
 * World of Padman
 * Xonotic

Q3Map2 was designed to replace the Q3Map.exe that comes with QERadiant, GtkRadiant and GMAX Tempest. However, there are significant enhancements that require a little twiddling to use, such as faster lighting and enhanced surface production.

Fun Facts:
 * Q3Map2 started out as a bugfix for Q3Map, the original Quake 3 map compiler.

 * The bicycle-riding, AIDS LifeCycle participant, wonder-coding superhero, ydnar is the man behind Q3Map2.

Usage
Q3Map2 is a command-line utility. In general, users make use of Q3Map2 in one of three ways:
 * Using the bsp menu from within GtkRadiant (Wikibook)
 * Writing their own batch file (or comparable shell script if on Linux)
 * Downloading a Q3Map2 front end, such as Q3Map2Build, Q3Map2Toolz or Q3map2GUI

It should be noted that the default command lines given in the GtkRadiant bsp menu are by no means a complete showcase of the available Q3Map2 options and switches. You may edit the bsp menu command lines from the GtkRadiant preferences, but for total control of your Q3Map2 compile writing a batch file or using one of the front ends is probably a better idea.

Q3Map2 command lines generally follow the format:

"C:\path\to\Q3Map2.exe" [ ] [ [ ...]] "C:\path\to\maps\mapname.map"

General options
-connect
 * Enables output of Q3Map2 logging to a remote host. This switch allows all other (non-solitary) switches.

-info
 * Analyzes a compiled bsp and outputs information to the screen or log. This switch is solitary, and allows for only the path to a compiled bsp (not .map, it should be noted) afterward.

-game
 * Enables support for games other than Quake III: Arena. This switch allows all other (non-solitary) switches.

-fs_game
 * Enables support for game mods other than the basic game defined in your -game switch. This switch allows all other (non-solitary) switches.

-fs_basepath <"C:\path\to\game\directory">
 * Required in order for Q3Map2 to read assets directories of games other than Quake III: Arena. This switch allows all other (non-solitary) switches.

-convert [-format ]
 * Converts a compiled .bsp to another format. This switch is solitary, and allows for only the path to a compiled bsp (not .map, it should be noted) afterward.
 * With no -format sub-switch, -convert converts a compiled .bsp to an .ase model. Q3Map2 -convert outputs mapname.ase to the "maps" directory.
 * Other formats are available via the -format sub-switch:
 * map "decompiles" a .bsp back to a .map (most entities are lost, as is texture alignment information). Q3Map2 -convert -format map outputs mapname_c.map in the "maps" directory.
 * quake3 "cross-compiles" a .bsp from some other game's .bsp format (this "other" game is specified in the -game switch) to Quake III: Arena. For example, to cross-compile from Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory to Quake III: Arena, "-game et -convert -format quake3" would be used.  This feature is still a work in progress, and should be treated as experimental for the time being; differences in surfaceparm bitflags can cause weirdness in cross-compiled .bsps.  Q3Map2 -convert -format quake3 outputs mapname_c.bsp in the "maps" directory.
 * the other game shortnames work similarly to quake3, but for their respective games instead.

-scale
 * Scales a compiled .bsp by the prescribed factor. For example, Q3Map2 -scale 0.25 will output a new .bsp that is 25% of the original .bsp's size, while Q3Map2 -scale 2.0 will output a new .bsp that is twice as large.  Q3Map2 -scale outputs mapname_s.bsp in the "maps" directory.  This switch is solitary, and allows for only the path to a compiled bsp (not .map, it should be noted) afterward.

-export
 * Exports internal lightmaps from a compiled .bsp to external .tga images. This switch is solitary, and allows for only the path to a compiled bsp (not .map, it should be noted) afterward.

-import
 * Imports external .tga lightmaps back into a compiled .bsp. Imported lightmaps will only work on the unmodified BSP they were exported from.  This switch is solitary, and allows for only the path to a compiled bsp (not .map, it should be noted) afterward.

-exportents
 * Exports entities from an existing BSP to a .ent file. Example usage: q3map2 -game quakelive -exportents -v mymap.bsp

-onlyents
 * Only change the entities in a .bsp using a .ent file. For example: q3map2.exe -game quakelive -fs_basepath "D:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\steamapps\common\Quake Live" -onlyents "D:\ql stuff\pak00\maps\hellsgate.ent" . Will output hellsgate.bsp with updated entities (the original hellsgate.bsp should also be in the folder with your .ent file).

-threads
 * Specifies a number of threads to use during compiling. On Windows, Q3Map2 automatically detects the number of CPUs present, and sets the threadcount accordingly.  The -threads switch can be used to override this behavior.
 * Linux users will need to manually set -threads in order to activate SMP support in Q3Map2.

-v
 * Enables verbose mode. This is generally a good idea.

-rename
 * Used to fix an issue with misc_model entities in SOF2. If your misc_models show up unlit and completely black, use the -rename switch.

Major switches
-bsp
 * Compiles a .map file into a binary space partition (BSP) file for use with the Quake III: Arena engine. Also writes a .prt (portal information) file and a .srf (surface) file.  It is not necessary to add -bsp to your command line; it is the default switch.

-vis
 * Creates visibility sets based on the portal file.

-light
 * Calculates lighting data. With no -light sub-switches enabled, less than desirable output will be achieved.

Minor switches
The three major switches (-bsp, -vis, and -light) all have many options that can be accessed via their respective minor switches. There are quite a few minor switches, so in the interest of readability the lists of minor switches have been organized on separate pages of the Q3Map2 wiki.

BSP phase minor switches
Q3Map2 BSP phase minor switches have their own page at Q3Map2/BSP

VIS phase minor switches
Q3Map2 VIS phase minor switches have their own page at Q3Map2/VIS

Light phase minor switches
Q3Map2 Light phase minor switches have their own page at Q3Map2/Light

_decal

 * Specifies a decal to be projected. Should contain one or more patch meshes and target an info_null entity. The targetting line drawn between the center of the _decal entity and the targetted info_null is the axis and distance of projection. It helps to think of the _decal mesh as if it were a light gel, the info_null were the target of a spotlight, and that you were "shining" this decal onto map geometry.

_skybox

 * The _skybox entity is a true miracle: It specifies the origin of a skybox (a wholly contained, separate area of the map), similar to some games' portal skies. When compiled with Q3Map2, the skybox surfaces will be visible from any place where sky is normally visible. It will cast shadows on the normal parts of the map, and can be used with cloud layers and other effects. Please see the _skybox tutorial for usage info.

Q3Map2-specific entity keys
Q3Map2-specific entity keys have their own page at Q3Map2/Entity keys.

A Good "Final" Compile
This command line is a good compile to start building off of when you want to produce a "final" compile of your map. It is by no means perfect for every map, but a good place to start tweaking based on your own maps particulars.

"C:\path\to\q3map2.exe" -meta -v "C:\path\to\mapname.map" "C:\path\to\q3map2.exe" -vis -v "C:\path\to\mapname.map" "C:\path\to\q3map2.exe" -light -fast -patchshadows -samples 3 -bounce 8 -gamma 2 -compensate 4 -dirty -v "C:\path\to\mapname.map"

Games with the r_overbrightbits value enabled by default (i.e. Quake III Arena) may want to use the -gamma and -compensate switches. Otherwise, remove from the compile settings above.

Creating an .ase model out of brushwork

 * 1) First, create the geometry for your model.
 * 2) Save this file as model.map (or whatever).
 * 3) Compile model.map with -v -meta -patchmeta in the bsp phase (if your curves look too "low-fi" add "-subdivisions 0" to the compile line. if you want it even more complex, increment the '-subdivisions' value). There is no need to run -vis or -light. You should now have model.bsp in your "maps" directory.
 * 4) Compile model.bsp (not model.map, it should be noted) with -convert. You should now have model.ase in your "maps" directory.
 * 5) Create a new .map and place a misc_model entity. Give this misc_model entity the key/value pair "model"/"maps/model.ase"

Here is an example of a batchfile that does both, bsp and convert compile: "C:\path\to\q3map2.exe" -bsp -meta -patchmeta -game [game abbreviation] "C:\path\to\model.map" "C:\path\to\q3map2.exe" -convert ase -game [game abbreviation] "C:\path\to\model.bsp" Et voila! You've now got a misc_model created out of brushwork. Play with the "modelscale" and "angles" entity keys, and see why Q3Map2 .ase conversion is completely and totally great.

-subdivisions #
 * Specifies the number of sub divisions to make in your geometry. Larger values increase triangulation and as such, can decrease performance.

For extra moxie, import model.map as a prefab to your new map. Select the "model" brushwork, and texture it with clip. Rotate these new clip brushes into place over your misc_model; the brush vertexes of these clip brushes will get screwed up a bit, but since the player can't see clip, you really can't tell in-game. It's lovely, and doesn't have any of the ill effects of Q3Map2 autoclipping.

_skybox tutorial
The _skybox entity "grabs" all the map geometry it can "see" via the normal entity flooding algorithm and assimilates it into the portal sky heap. This is an important concept to understand; if there is any leak between your "main" map and the separate area designated for the _skybox, your compile will take forever, only to produce a very borked .bsp. With that out of the way...

 * 1) Construct your map as normal, texturing your sky brushes with whatever sky shader you fancy.
 * 2) Seal your map off from the void (of course).
 * 3) Create a small box of sky brushes somewhere slightly removed from your "main" map. You could probably get away with drawing a 128x128x128 cube of your sky shader, then using the CSG "hollow" button.
 * 4) Place more geometry within this tiny skybox, but take care not to make it too complicated. Also: unless you compile with -patchmeta, patch meshes shouldn't go inside the _skybox area... you'll end up with MAX_PATCH_PLANES every time.
 * 5) Place a _skybox entity somewhere inside your tiny sky box. The location of the _skybox entity relative to the rest of the sky box geometry determines where the origin of the portal sky will be relative to the rest of your map... a little experimentation will show you how this works.
 * 6) Compile, and that's that. You've got a portal sky in Quake III: Arena!

Notes:
 * The "_scale" key defines the _skybox scaling factor. Depending on what kind of portal sky you are going for, values between 64-256 seem to be pretty good.  Picking a power of 2 to keep the _skybox geometry vertexes on the grid might be a good idea.
 * The "angles" key can be used to put your _skybox geometry off-kilter and make players sea-sick.
 * Deformvertexes shaders can be used on _skybox geometry, but the values you use must be scaled up by the same value you assigned to _scale, or else it won't look right.
 * You must also scale down the texture coordinates on _skybox geometry, or else the textures you use will appear extremely stretched out.

Authors: see page history

Decompiling into a .map
Q3Map2 can decompile a .bsp into a .map. This procedure is by no means perfect, and you should never take anything from others maps when license forbids it, but decompiling a map is good to "see how it's done".

q3map2 -game [game abbreviation] -convert -format map [name of the bsp file].bsp So if the .bsp is called testmap.bsp and you use Jedi Academy, you use this: q3map2 -game ja -convert -format map testmap.bsp You should then find a .map in the same folder as q3map2.exe and the .bsp.
 * 1) Put the .bsp that you want to decompile into the same directory as q3map2.exe
 * 2) Open the command prompt and browse to the folder which contains the .bsp and q3map2.exe
 * 3) Type

title: Q3Map2


text:
Enterprise plc

Enterprise plc was a support services company originally based in Farington in Lancashire, England. Its core markets were local authorities and utility sectors. It has recently been integrated into Ferrovial's UK company, Amey plc.

History
The company was established in 2000 by way of a merger between Lancashire Enterprises (founded in 1983) and ARM Services (founded in 1964).

In 2007 a management buyout backed by the 3i investment group took place and the group was removed from the London Stock Exchange. On September 21, 2007, the company acquired the entire stock of Accord plc making it one of the UK's leading companies providing outsourced or partnered services to both the local authority and utilities markets.

On 21 February 2013, Ferrovial, through Ferrovial Services, reached an agreement with international investor 3i to acquire Enterprise, one of the UK's leading providers of services to utilities and the public sector, for a firm value of 385 million pounds (around 443 million euro).

Public sector
A full range of direct, infrastructure and facilities management services were delivered to local authorities across the UK and Enterprise has built a strong track record in the modernisation and transformation of public services.

The public sector business was focused on the delivery of local authority services through partnership, joint venture arrangements and traditional term contracts. It has relationships with over 60 local authorities.

Enterprise was one of the first private companies to develop a full joint venture company with a local authority Liverpool City Council, 'EnterpriseLiverpool', delivering the full range of street based services throughout the city. Joint and Strategic ventures also exist with, amongst others, Manchester City Council, Liverpool City Council, Peterborough City Council, Wolverhampton City Council, Solihull MBC, City of London Corporation and the London Boroughs of Westminster, Islington, Ealing and Redbridge.

The company operated throughout the UK with over 100 offices. The Head office was at Lancaster House in Farington near Leyland in Lancashire and key offices were also located in London, Manchester, West Midlands, Gloucester, Peterborough, Liverpool and the South West. The company also had operations and relations with local authorities across Wales and Northern Ireland

Enterprise had two separate joint ventures to provide services on behalf of the Ministry of Defence.

Utilities
Enterprise operated as a facilities and infrastructure service support partner to major utility companies in the water, gas and electricity sectors. Key clients included British Telecom (now known as Openreach), Severn Trent Water, United Utilities, National Grid and UK Power Networks.

In the water industry, Enterprise offered a wide range of services for the repair and maintenance of both the clean and dirty water networks and all related asset and facilities management. Enterprise works with, or has worked with, all the major water companies in the UK.

In the power and electricity sector the company provided network maintenance services throughout the electricity distribution industry across the UK and in the gas sector the company provided mains and service replacements together with asset and facilities management.

title: Enterprise plc


text:
1996–97 Sheffield Shield season

The 1996–97 Sheffield Shield season was the 95th season of the Sheffield Shield, the domestic first-class cricket competition of Australia. Queensland won the championship.

Table
+0.3 Pts deducted for slow over rate

title: 1996–97 Sheffield Shield season


text:
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 13th Bristol district

Massachusetts House of Representatives' 13th Bristol district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers part of the city of New Bedford in Bristol County. Since 1991, Antonio Cabral of the Democratic Party has represented the district.

The current district geographic boundary overlaps with that of the Massachusetts Senate's 2nd Bristol and Plymouth district.

Representatives

 * Robert Taylor
 * J. Roger Sisson
 * Manuel Raposa
 * Antone S. Aguiar Jr.
 * Denis Lawrence
 * Antonio F.D. Cabral, 1991-current


text:
Teletraffic engineering/What is tariffing?

Author: Moses Chisala

Summary
This document is about tariffing as applied in the Telecommunications industrial. Several factors have been looked at; tariffing policy entities looking at the customer and what should be priced. Also components of tariffing or tariffs such as; Why are tariffs charged?, Components of tariffs, Special tariffs and Impact of tariffs on traffic.

Definition
The word tariffing comes from the word tariff which means; tax, duty, due, fee, excise, levy or toll paid towards the use of a specific service. In the telecommunication environment it applies to the charging of telecommunication services that have been already used or prior to. Therefore, tariffing can be defined as the process of fixing a duty, fee or a price on the telecommunication services provided by the service provider and utilized by the end user (consumer) and the public policy regulating body acting as an overseer. The regulating body provides standards and guidelines to both the service provider and the end user. The standards and regulations imposed differ from one country to another.

Some of the elements affecting tariffing are:- Monopoly or competition; Pricing and Tariffs; Universal Service; Network interconnections and Abuse of Dominance.

Tariffing policy entities:

Customer

An end user customer uses one telecommunications network to initiate a communication to another customer of the same network or another. An 'interconnector' is a network operator that terminates a communication from a customer of another network operator to a customer of its network.

What Should Be Priced?

a. Rate Elements and Rate Structure

"Price elements and the structure of prices are intended to address two related issues: on the supply side, to ration scarce resources, and on the demand side, to change consumption behavior of end users.

The decision to make the next telephone call depends on the price of that incremental call, not the average price of all calls. The decision to talk for the next minute, once a call is placed, is based on the perceived price of that incremental minute. The decision to subscribe to a service is based on the perceived price of that incremental service. Each of these marginal decisions is performed by comparing the perceived price to the perceived benefit to be obtained. Customers often undertake these decisions with poor information, incomplete understanding, and only a vague notion of the actual price that will be charged. Time-of-day pricing is a crude form of peak load pricing, intended to cause users to change their behavior by shifting some of their calling to off-peak periods. Multi-part tariffs (fixed charge + usage-sensitive charge) can be used to segment the market according to user characteristics." [2]

The figure below shows a simple telecommunication network indicating the routing of the local call and long-distance call.

Simple Telecommunication Network

b. “Product” Definitions

"Fundamentally, the circuit switched telephone network is a time-sharing network. Telephone companies set different prices for different minutes of use, depending on the identity of the user, the distance of the call, and the time of day." [2]

The following componets also should be considered when looking at tariffing;

Why are tariffs charged?

Components of tariffs

Special tariffs

Impact of tariffs on traffic

Price-elasticity of demand

Elasticity of demand for new installations may be estimated taking into account the subjective price perception of potential customers. Price elasticity expresses the sensitivity of customers to the cost of the service. The elasticity parameter is calculated as the ratio of percentage change in demand (quantity sold per period) caused by a percentage change in price.

Example
Example 1

If the average price for the new service that has been introduced in the network is R15 and the elasticity of revenue is 0.7. Asuming 4% drop in quantity demand.

Calculate

I. elasticity of quantity demand

II. the new price

Solutions

I.

$$E_{RP} = 1 + E_{qp}$$

0.7 = 1 + Eqp

Eqp = - 0.3

II.

Eqp = [(Q1/Qo) - 1]/[(P1/Po-1]

- 0.3 = [-0.04]/[15/Po-1]

Po = R13.24

Exercises
Question 1

A mobile network provider charging R2 per 1Mb data download has a subscriber base of 1.2 million for a period of six months. The subscriber base increases in five months to 1.6 million after the 64% reduction per download.

Calculate

I. the initial quantity demand

II. the relative Change in quantity demand

III. the relative change in price

IV. elasticity of quantity demand

V. elasticity of revenues

VI. comment on the answer in v.

Qo = 200,000 (Q1-Qo)/Qo = 0.6 (P1-Po)/Po = -0.64 Eqp = -0.9375  ERP = 0.0625


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/electricvehiclewiki.com

Links

 * electricvehiclewiki.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 5 additions out of 5 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/electricvehiclewiki.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\belectricvehiclewiki\.com\b # ADMINNAME # see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/electricvehiclewiki.com ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 16:52, 24 September 2019 (UTC) No links left in here mentioned edits. Marked stale. . --COIBot (talk) 06:27, 25 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Data Structures/LinkedLists

A linked list is a simple way to store some unknown number of elements. There are two main functions for memory allocation malloc and calloc For example, you might need a program that will accept a bunch of numbers and then calculate the average.

You could dynamically allocate the array like this:

int i; scanf("enter size of array to create: %d.\n", &i); int *array = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * i);

Or this in C++:

int i; cout << "Enter the size of the array to create:"; cin >> i; int *array = new int[i];

However, it is often impossible to know beforehand how large the array needs to be. Resizing the array each time would require a memory allocation and a copy of all the elements, which is inefficient (although this can be negated through by resizing the array proportional to its current size, a technique used by the Standard Template Library Vector template)

You could do something like create an array big enough to cover all expected situations:

int array[10000]; /* oughtta cover all situations. */

This is inefficient, since it will always consume the size of 10,000 ints, which could be anywhere from 19Kb to 39Kb.

Enter the linked list. A linked list is a growable container that allows fast insertion and deletion operations. This allows items to be appended to the end of the list without re-allocating the entire structure.

The structure of a linked list could be something like this typedef struct _ListItem { int data; //data to store here it is a integer struct _ListItem *next; //pointer to the next item's address in the list } ListItem;

Since the data type could be something else, it would be inconvenient to rewrite this every time it is needed for a different type, so this is generally implemented as a templated class in C++, C# or other languages that support generics. Encapsulating the linked list in a class as an abstract data type allows the idea of the head and tail to be abstracted away from the programmer. This also allows the basic operations to modify the head or tail as needed.

Doubly Linked Lists
This is a specialized version of a linked list which allows traversal in two directions. A regular linked lists can only be traversed from head to tail. A doubly linked list allows the list to also be traversed from tail to head, at the expense of more memory and some slightly more expensive operations. With doubly linked lists, you need to keep track of the tail in addition to keeping track of the head.

Operations
There are several elemental operations used with linked lists. Many of these operations use a position as a parameter. This parameter is a pointer to a ListItem, since the ListItem represents an item in the chain (including the link to the next item). The singly-linked operations takes the position directly before the element we want to mutate (insert or delete) as the parameter. The reason we use the position immediately before is since with a singly linked list, there is no way to find the element directly before the position in order to update the link. If a generic function is required, this means that in order to mutate the first item, a dummy head item must be used. This is one example of the advantages of a doubly linked list, since we can use a pointer to the actual item we want to mutate, since there is a pointer to the previous item so we can update the links.

Insert
The insert operation takes a position and the new item to insert as parameters.

Singly-linked list version
void insert(unsigned int position, ListItem *item, ListItem **head){ ListItem *current = *head; unsigned int cntr=0; while (current->next != NULL) { current = current->next; cntr++; } if(position==0){ item->next = *head; *head = item; } else if(position>=cntr){ current->next=item; current->next->next = NULL; } else{ current = *head; for(int i=0;inext; }   item->next=current->next; current->next=item; } }

Doubly-linked list version
void insert(ListItem *position, ListItem *item) {  item->next = position->next; position->next = item; item->prev=position; }

Delete
The delete operation takes a position as a parameter and removes it.

Singly-linked list version
// position is immediately before the item we want to delete void delete(ListItem *position) {  if(0 == position->next) return; ListItem* temp = position->next->next; free(position->next); position->next = temp; }

Doubly-linked list version
// position is the actual item we want to delete void delete(DL_ListItem *position) {  if(position->next) position->next->prev = position->prev; if(position->prev) position->prev->next = position->next; free(position); }

Remarks
As you can see, the doubly linked versions of both operations is much more elegant.

title: Data Structures/LinkedLists


text:
Talk:Dmitry Kharatyan

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User:Aquillyne

'''Please contact me via my talk page on the English Wikipedia, where I usually contribute. Messages left here will go unanswered for some time. Thanks.'''

title: User:Aquillyne


text:
Brianaria

Brianaria is a lichen genus in the family Psoraceae. It was circumscribed in 2014 by Stefan Ekman and Måns Svensson to contain four closely related species formerly in the Micarea sylvicola group.

Description
Characteristics of the genus Brianaria include the small, convex apothecia that lack an excipulum; an ascus of the ‘Psora-type’; 0–1-septate ascospores, dimorphic paraphyses, and immersed pycnidia that contain bacilliform conidia. The photobiont is chlorococcoid, and non-micareoid.

Species

 * Brianaria bauschiana
 * Brianaria lutulata
 * Brianaria sylvicola
 * Brianaria tuberculata

title: Brianaria


text:
File talk:Distribution of Annual Household Income in the United States.png

Poorly Formatted Image
This image is very poorly done, and as a result, is very misleading. Every bar represents $5,000 in income, except the last two. A histogram should have been used instead of a simple bar chart.

I agree with the first post. It was completely wrong to combine the last two they way they did. The last part should have been estimated until it was too small or the groups should have been larger. Combining over $200k to get the last two is wrong. It is clearly a Weibel distribution and the distribution out from $200k could easily be estimated. This chart should either be fixed or pulled. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:08, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

$200-$249 could be roughly estimated by dividing 2,143 by 10 and showing 214 for each of the 10 divisions; however, data may not be available to be precise with the $250+ category <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:37, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

A SIMPLE edit could be made by simply colorizing the last two bars different; blue or red or grey or something other than green. A more complex--yet arguably more accurate--change could be to take the AVERAGE/MEDIAN percentage of households within that range. As in, between $200k and $250k, there are 10 data points (assuming they are split up in chunks of $5k differences), and thus the chart could depict the average/median--not the SUM--of the percentages of those 10 data points. The same could be done for $250k and up. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:21, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Inconsistent placements of notes
The placement of the dot for the top 25% of income falls at the right place, but the dot for the top 10% falls at the place for top 16%. --Mirrordor 19:51, 11 October 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mirrordor (talk • contribs)


text:
Wikiversity in the media

Welcome to the learning project about Wikiversity in the media. Participants in this project learn about how Wikiversity is portrayed and can collaborate to improve Wikiversity's media profile.

Case studies
May 2007
 * May 4 Is Wikipedia complete?

April 2007
 * April 16 Wikiversity: academy, popular education and free school

Press kit
Help create a press kit for Wikiversity.

title: Wikiversity in the media


text:
Talk:Blanca Padilla

Untitled
Links that we can not use for the article but they show her notoriety :(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). (copied from talk p message by   User:MirandaKeurr.   --    DGG ( talk ) 00:18, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Blanca Padilla


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User:Spitfireatme~enwikiversity

I'm Paul Hakel, undergraduate who studied philosophy/everything at Saint Bonaventure University. I read extensively, especially philosophy writing. AIM: spitfireatme Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or spitfireatme@aol.com

title: User:Spitfireatme~enwikiversity


text:
Anping Tree House

The Anping Tree House is a former warehouse in Anping District, Tainan, Taiwan. The "treehouse" name refers to the living banyan roots and branches that cover the building.

Qing Dynasty
After the Qing government signed the Treaty of Tientsin in June 1858, Anping was one of the harbors in Taiwan which was opened to international trade. Trading company Tait & Company constructed a merchant house in 1867 as well as a warehouse. The company was involved in the export of granulated sugar and camphor. Before those goods were loaded into transport ships, they were stored inside the warehouse.

Empire of Japan
After the Empire of Japan came to Taiwan in 1895, they made the trading of camphor and opium a government business and left foreign merchants out of business and had to leave Taiwan, including Tait & Company. In 1911, the merchant house and the warehouse were turned into the office and warehouse of Japan Salt Company. Once the warehouse was abandoned, the banyan tree around it started to spread its branches and roots around the building.

Republic of China
After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, the warehouse became the office for the Tainan Salt Works. The building underwent renovation in 1981 to modernize the building. In 2004, the Tainan City Government invited designers to transform the warehouse into tourist object. They then built wood and metal staircases and viewing platforms for visitors to view the whole area. The warehouse was finally opened to the public in 2004 as the Anping Tree House as part of the National Anping Harbor Historic Park.

Architecture
The tree house features a skyway above it for visitors to move around. It is covered by dense roots as its rooftop.

Transportation
The tree house is accessible by bus from Tainan Station of Taiwan Railways.

title: Anping Tree House


text:
Sophie Cook

Sophie Cook (born 4 January 1967) is a British author, broadcaster, photographer and politician.

Early life
Cook was born in Bournemouth, Hampshire (now Dorset) on 4 January 1967.

Career
Cook was a jet engine technician in the Royal Air Force from 1983 to 1991. She served on Tornado aircraft and in 1985, at the age of 18, saved the life of a colleague following an explosion on an aircraft.

After spending most of the 1990s in Saudi Arabia, she returned to the UK in 1998 where she became a photographer with a varied portfolio, including stints as club photographer at AFC Bournemouth and a long connection to Peter Doherty and The Libertines.

Cook used her profile to speak out against the stigma surrounding mental health and bigotry, including an appearance at TEDx Brighton in 2018.

She became a news anchor and TV chat show host for Latest TV in Brighton, becoming the first transgender newscaster in Europe.

Her autobiography, Not Today: How I Chose Life, was released in 2018 as a self-help book for those struggling with mental health or identity.

Political career
In 2017, Cook stood as the Labour general election candidate in East Worthing and Shoreham, where she came second with 39.3% of the vote.

Supported by the activist group Momentum and trade union Unite the Union, she sought the Labour Party's nomination to stand again in the 2019 general election. She was removed from the shortlist over questions about the bankruptcy of a previous company she ran, but the process was stopped after the other two candidates withdrew in protest. The selection began again with Cook on the shortlist, but she was not selected. She stood as an independent candidate instead, but withdrew from active campaigning, citing harassment that she was receiving and its effect on her mental health as the reason for doing so.

In 2019, she set up the Sophie Cook Foundation in order to tackle the stigma surrounding mental health in schools, colleges and universities.

Personal life
Cook is a transgender woman, and began to transition in 1998. Having struggled with her gender identity from childhood and with her mental health, notably posttraumatic stress disorder, self harming and suicidal ideation both during and after her military service, Cook transitioned in July 2015 while working at AFC Bournemouth. In doing so, she became the first transgender person to work in Premier League football.

Honours
Cook was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bournemouth University for her work raising awareness of mental health issues in November 2019, and invited to become a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA) in 2020. In 2020 Cook was recognised for her campaigning on behalf of the LGBT community by the British LGBT Awards with the Outstanding Contribution to LGBT+ Life Award.

title: Sophie Cook


text:
Custos Rotulorum of Lancashire

This is an incomplete list of people who have served as Custos Rotulorum of Lancashire.

 * Bartilmew Hesketh c.1535
 * Sir John Holcroft 1547–1560
 * Sir Richard Molyneux, 1st Baronet by 1598–1623
 * Sir Richard Molyneux by 1627–1630
 * James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby by 1636
 * Interregnum 1646–1660
 * Richard Kirkby 1664–1681
 * Caryll Molyneux, 3rd Viscount Molyneux c.1685–1689
 * Hon Charles Gerard 1689–1701
 * James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby 1702–1710
 * James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton 1710–1712
 * vacant
 * James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby 1714–1736

The office was permanently joined with that of Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire before 1834.

title: Custos Rotulorum of Lancashire


text:
Talk:Cipe Pineles

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Coordinate Reference Systems and Positioning

Introduction
This book is intended to develop content for a new chapter on Coordinate Reference Systems and GNSS Surveying for the Spatial Data Infrastructure Cookbook developed through the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI) initiative. The purpose of the chapter is to provide high level information for a basic understanding of global coordinate reference systems (e.g., WGS 84, ITRFxx/GRS80) and case studies from different regions and countries of the world about the challenges of tying their datums to global coordinate reference systems. As the final product will be incorporated in a Portable Document Format (PDF) document, it is important that sufficient information be extracted from open sources so that the user does not have to jump from article to article to get high level information about Global Coordinate Reference Systems and Positioning. Content will be condensed into a chapter covering 15-20 pages.

The Wikibooks approach is being used to foster international collaboration and to quickly develop content. Anyone can contribute and change existing content, and one does not need to register. If, however, you want attribution for your contribution, you are encouraged to register. If you decide to contribute, it is recommended that you familiarize yourself with Wiki markup. The Wikibooks approach is not for people who do not want their masterpiece altered!

As of 2005-01-26, our wish list for contributions is as follows:

 * 1) Extraction of information from open sources for inclusion in this chapter
 * 2) Graphics and figures
 * 3) Case studies from various regions and countries of the world for tying into global coordinate reference systems such as WGS 84 and ITRFxx/GRS80
 * 4) Anything marked as TBSL (To Be Supplied Later)

Context and rationale
Consistent with the SDI Cookbook, this section establishes the background, context, and rationale for the subject suitable as general orientation for all readers, but targeted for managers and end-users.

Ellipsoid
In geodesy, a reference ellipsoid is a mathematically defined surface that approximates the true figure of the Earth or geoid. It is used as the surface on which geodetic network computations are performed and [geographic] point co-ordinates calculated.

Mathematically, the reference ellipsoid is an oblate (flattened) ellipsoid of revolution with two different axes, an equatorial semi-major axis $$a$$ and a polar semi-minor axis $$b$$. The ellipsoid of revolution is obtained by rotating the ellipse about the semi-minor axis $$b$$ (refer to )

The flattening $$f$$ is defined as

f = \frac{a-b}{a} $$

- from Reference ellipsoid

GRS80 was adopted by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) at its XVII General Assembly in Canberra, Australia, December 1979.

For GRS80, $$a$$ = 6 378 137 m and $$f$$ = 0.003 352 810 681 18

External links

 * 1) IUGG home page
 * 2) IAG Geodesists' Handbook - Geodetic Reference System 1980

Geoid
A geoid is a close representation of the shape of the Earth. According to C.F. Gauss, it is the "mathematical figure of the Earth", in fact, of the Earth's gravity field. The geoid is that equipotential surface which coincides on average with mean sea level. - adapted from Geoid

The geoid has an irregular surface and unlike the ellipsoid, cannot be expressed by a mathematical formula.

Height
In geodesy, height is the distance of a point (usually on the terrain surface, such as a mountain top) vertically above or below a reference surface - adapted from Height

An ellipsoidal height uses the reference ellipsoid as its reference surface. A geodetic height uses the geoid as its reference surface.

Cartesian coordinate systems
Cartesian coordinates

Geographic coordinate systems
Geographic coordinate systems

Latitude

Longitude

Grid/Image coordinate systems
Unrectified image CRS

Georectified image CRS

Image georeferencing TransformationImage georeferencing Transformation

International Terrestrial Reference System(ITRS)
International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS)

International Terrestrial Reference Frame(ITRF)
The International Terrestrial Reference Frame - The International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) is a set of points with their 3-dimensional Cartesian coordinates which realize an ideal reference system, the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS)

World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS 84)
NIMA Technical Report TR8350.2, "Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984, Its Definition and Relationships With Local Geodetic Systems"

Plate tectonics and positioning
Plate tectonics

How positions are determined
GNSS determine positions on the earth through trilateration.

Satellite constellations
Global Positioning System (GPS)

GLONASS

Galileo positioning system

Organizational issues
Consistent with the SDI Cookbook, this section addresses the design architecture of organisations, roles, and software systems that are intended to interact.

This section will provide case studies on how various regions and countries of the world are tying into Global Spatial Reference Systems.

Regional reference frames
IAG Subcommission 1.3: Regional Reference Frames

Asia-Pacific (TBSL)
IAG SC1.3e: Regional Reference Frame - Asia-Pacific

Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the Pacific (PCGIAP) Working Group 1: Regional Geodesy

Australia
Geocentric Datum of Australia

Reference Frame: ITRF92(International Terrestrial Reference Frame 1992), Epoch 1994.0, Ellipsoid: GRS80

New Zealand
New Zealand Geodetic Datum 2000 (NZGD2000)

Reference Frame: ITRF96 (International Terrestrial Reference Frame 1996), Epoch 2000.0, Ellipsoid: GRS80

New Zealand lies along the boundary of the Australian Plate and Pacific Plate and therefore, is a geophysically active area. The effects of slow crustal deformation (plate tectonics) amount to about 5 cm per year. These changes will be managed through the use of a velocity model to generate NZGD2000 coordinates from observations made at times other than the datum reference epoch. This will allow specialised users to generate coordinates for times other than the reference epoch.

United Kingdom
OSGB36 (Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936)

Reference Frame: OSGB36, Ellipsoid: Airy 1830

Standards and specifications
ISO 19111:2003, Geographic information - Spatial Referencing by Coordinates - scope only; ISO standard carries a copyright

ISO 19127, Geographic information - Geodetic Codes and Parameters - scope only; ISO standard carries a copyright

OpenGIS Implementation Specification: Coordinate Transformation Services, Revision 1.00

OGC Abstract Specification: Topic 2 - Spatial Referencing by Coordinates

OGC Web Coordinate Transformation Service (WCTS)

Recommended XML/GML 3.1.1 encoding of common CRS definitions (XML for CRS)

Recommended XML/GML 3.1.1 encoding of image CRS definitions (ImageCRS)


text:
Talk:Doug Fisher (politician)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Page moved to Doug Fisher (politician). I did not redirect this to the dab page since there are a number of incoming links that need to be looked at and linked to the correct article. Once that is done, then Doug Fisher should redirect to Douglas Fisher. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:29, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Doug Fisher → Doug Fisher (politics) – or Doug Fisher (politician). This person is less searchable than the actor with the same name. Moreover, this politician is not likely to be a primary topic. Doug Fisher should be a redirect to Douglas Fisher. --George Ho (talk) 07:59, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment. If moved, it should definitely be to Doug Fisher (politician) per standard practice. Jenks24 (talk) 01:54, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * support (to politician) per page views Callmederek (talk) 18:28, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Support, to Doug Fisher (politician), per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Doug Fisher should redirect to the dab page Douglas Fisher. ENeville (talk) 16:47, 28 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:Doug Fisher (politician)


text:
لقيمة

Etymology
of.

Noun

 * 1) snack, bit, morsel (the minimum amount of food in one’s diet that must be eaten in order to keep fit)

Etymology
Diminutive of.

Noun

 * 1) a piece of lokma; an Arabic pastry made of fried dough soaked in sugar syrup.

Usage notes
The word is rarely used in its singular form, and the plural form is usually used to refer to the pastry.

title: لقيمة


text:
Rasskazikha

Rasskazikha (Рассказиха) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Rasskazikhinsky Selsoviet, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 516 as of 2013. There are 11 streets.

Geography
Rasskazikha is located on the Ob River, 45 km south of Novoaltaysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bobrovka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Rasskazikha


text:
Lorna Herseth

Lorna Buntrock Herseth (April 5, 1909 – September 8, 1994) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as Secretary of State of South Dakota from 1973 to 1979.

Personal life
Herseth was born in Columbia, South Dakota on April 5, 1909. Her parents, Albert and Ida Yeske Buntrock, were German immigrants. She was the youngest of 11 children. Herseth attended Northern State Teacher's College and earned a teaching credential after two years of study.

She married Ralph Herseth, who served as Governor of South Dakota from 1959 to 1961, on December 23, 1937. They had dated for nine years prior to getting married. Together they had three children, Karen, Connie, and Ralph Lars.

Their son, Ralph Lars Herseth, served in the South Dakota State Legislature. Their granddaughter, Stephanie Herseth Sandlin, served in the United States House of Representatives. Herseth served as mentor to Sandlin. During her life, Herseth lived in Houghton, South Dakota and in Pierre, South Dakota. She was a Lutheran. She died at her home on the Herseth Ranch in Houghton on September 8, 1994, and was buried in Houghton Cemetery.

Career
After college, Herseth taught in the Brown County public schools as well as in urban schools. In 1936, Herseth was elected as Brown County Superintendent of Schools. For seven years, she served on Brown County's Reorganization School Board. She later served on the Selby School Board.

Four years after Ralph's death, activists approached Herseth about running for state office herself. She twice was elected Secretary of State of South Dakota, and served from 1973 to 1979.

Public service
Herseth served on the board of directors for the Brown County Red Cross and as the state director of the Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults.

title: Lorna Herseth


text:
Probabilistic assessment of structures

Optimization Study of Beam with Sudden Profile Change
This example deals with application of SBRA (Simulation Based Reliability Assessment) method for safety assessment of a welded steel beam with a sudden profile variation. Close attention is paid especially to the determination of the position where the profile changes.

Assignment
The beam is simply supported. Span is L = 4 m, material grade is steel S235. The beam is exposed to two uniformly distributed loads. The design values are: dead load g = 10 kN/m, long lasting live load q = 8 kN/m. Assess I-profiles of this steel welded beam (see Fig. 2) regarding the bending moment. Determine the position where the profile is to be changed with respect to the material savings. Lateral-torsion buckling of the beam is prevented. Do not assess the serviceability limit state. The design probability of failure is Pf,lim <= 0.00007.

Structure Response to the Load 'S'
The variable value of the load is equal to the product of its maximum value and the coefficient expressing its variation by the assumptive distribution, then g = 10 kN/m ∙ gvar, q = 8 kN/m ∙ qvar. Individual distributions follow in the chart (Fig.3).

The bending moment behavior along the beam Mx = ½ ∙ (g + q) ∙ (L ∙ x - x2) is traced by AntHill [2] software. The variables taking part in this simulation are g, q.

Structure Resistance 'R'
The variable value of the steel yield stress is equal to the coefficient expressing its variation by the assumptive distribution, then f = fvar. The variable values of the profile moduli are equal to the products of their nominal values and the coefficients expressing their variation by the assumptive distributions, then W1 = W1,nom ∙ Wvar, W2 = W2,nom ∙ Wvar. Individual distributions follow in the chart (Fig.5).

The nominal values of the cross-sections properties are W1,nom = 1.64E-4 m3, W2,nom = 1.25E-4 m3. The profiles 1 and 2 are displayed on Fig.2. The structure resistance is defined as the product Mr = W ∙ f, than Mr1 = W1 ∙ f, Mr2 = W2 ∙ f.

Assessment
Critical cross-sections, considering the bending moment, are for Profile 1 the center of the beam (x = 2 m), for Profile 2 the place of its sudden profile variation (x = ?).

Profile 1, x = 2 m
In the center of the beam's span is the failure probability Pf = 0.000053 < Pf,lim = 0.00007. Profile 1 satisfies the requirements, calculated by AntHill [1] software.

Profile 2, x = ? m
With assistance of AntHill [1] software, the probability of failures is found in individual positions near the estimated location of the sudden profile change.

The profile should be changed in position x = 1 m from the support. The failure probability in this location Pf = 0.000027 (see Fig.9) < Pf,lim = 0.00007. Profile 2 satisfies the requirements. Calculated by AntHill [1] software.

Conclusions
This study outlines the opportunity of using SBRA method for the global reliability assessment. The used example is very simple; however, it is possible to assess more complicated statically determined structures.

title: Probabilistic assessment of structures


text:
Talk:Dirk Verhofstadt

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