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Scouting/BSA/Music Merit Badge

Requirement 1
Sing or play a simple song or hymn chosen by your counselor using good technique, phrasing, tone, rhythm, and dynamics.. Read all the signs and terms of the score.

See Learn to Sing Better How to Play Music How to Play Guitar How to Play the Piano How to Play Basic Piano Chords Advanced Piano Playing Modern Musical Symbols List of Musical Symbols Musical Terms Key Signature Reading Music 101 Learning Music Symbols and Terms

Requirement 2
Name the five general groups of musical instruments. Create an illustration that shows how tones are generated and how instruments produce sound.

The science of musical instruments is called organology. It embraces the study of instruments' history, instruments used in different cultures, technical aspects of how instruments produce sound, and musical instrument classification.

Musical instruments are frequently classified by the way they generate sound:

*Woodwind instruments generate a sound when a column of air is made to vibrate inside them. The frequency of the wave generated is related to the length of the column of air and the shape of the instrument, while the tone quality of the sound generated is affected by the construction of the instrument and method of tone production. Vibrations are created by blowing air across a single reed, double reed or across a sharp-edged hole opening at or near the end of the instrument. The clarinet and saxophone families are examples of single reed woodwinds. The oboe and bassoon are examples of double reed woodwinds. Flutes produce sound when air is blown across the embouchure hole.

*Brass instruments generate sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips which are “buzzed” in the instrument’s mouthpiece. There are several factors involved in producing different pitches on a brass instrument. One is alteration of the player's lip tension (or embouchure), and another is air flow. Also, slides or valves are used to change the length of the tubing, thus changing the harmonic series presented by the instrument to the player. There are two different kinds of brass: low and high. The tuba, baritone and trombone are examples of low brass. The trumpet and French horn are examples of high brass.

*Percussion instruments generate sound, with or without a definite pitch, when hit with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. The shape and material of the part of the instrument to be struck and the shape of the resonating cavity, if any, determine the sound of the instrument. The term usually applies to an object used in a rhythmic context or with musical intent. Examples of definite pitch percussion are chimes, glockenspiel, handbells, marimba, steelpan, gong, timpani and xylophone. Examples of indefinite pitch percussion are bass drum, castanet, cymbal, slapstick, snare drum, tom-tom drum and tam-tam.

*String instruments generate a sound when a string is plucked, strummed, slapped, etc. The frequency of the wave generated (and therefore the note produced) usually depends on the length of the vibrating portion of the string, the diameter of the string, the tension of the string, and the point at which the string is excited. The tone quality varies according to the construction of the resonating cavity (size, shape and wood used), the material the string is made of, how the string is excited into motion, and the expertise of the musician. The guitar, violin, mandolin, ukulele, harp, autoharp, harpsichord and piano are examples of string instruments.

*Electronic instruments generate sound through electronic means. Such an instrument sounds by outputting an electrical audio signal that ultimately drives a loudspeaker. They can mimic all of the other instruments or create very unique sounds. The digital piano, electronic keyboard, organ, analog synthesizer, digital synthesizer, MIDI instruments (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), wind synthesizer, digital drums and virtual musical instruments are examples of electronic instruments.

Many alternate divisions and further subdivisions of instruments exist. See also Classifying Musical Instruments. To learn about a specific instrument, consult the list of musical instruments or List of archaic musical instruments.

The human body, generating both vocal and percussive sounds, was the first human musical instrument. Most likely the first prehistoric rhythm instruments or percussion instruments involved the clapping of hands, hitting stones together, or other materials that are useful to create rhythm. The oldest flutes discovered thus far were in the Hohle Fels Cave in Germany and were dated at about 35,000 years old. All classes of instruments, other than electronic, are mentioned in ancient historic sources, such as Egyptian, Chinese, East Indian, Greek and Roman inscriptions and the Bible and have actually been recovered from historical archaeological sites from around the world.

See Sound is Energy Vibrating String What is Sound? Changing Sounds Sounds and How Instruments Work Making Sounds With Musical Instruments

Requirement 3
Do TWO of the following:

 * A. Attend a live performance, or listen to three hours of recordings from any two of the following musical styles: blues, jazz, classical, country, bluegrass, ethnic, gospel, musical theater, opera. Describe the sound of the music and the instruments used. Identify the composers or songwriters, the performers, and the titles of the pieces you heard. If it was a live performance, describe the setting and the reaction of the audience. Discuss your thoughts about the music.

If there is a program, make good use of the notes.

 * B. Interview your parents and grandparents about music. Find out what the most popular music was when they were your age. Find out what their favorite music is now, and listen to three of their favorite tunes with them. How do their favorites sound to you? Had you ever heard any of them? Play three of your favorite songs for them, and explain to them why you like these songs. Ask them what they think of your favorite music.

 * C. Serve for six months as a member of a school, church, Scout unit, or other local musical organization, or perform as a soloist in public six times.

 * D. List five people who are important in the history of American music and explain to your counselor why they continue to be influential. Include at least one composer, one performer, one innovator, and one person born more than 100 years ago.

See Music of the United States American Popular Music Before 1900 American Popular Music From 1900 to 1950 American Popular Music From 1950 to 2000 Google Timeline 1760–2011 American Music Timeline 1640–1890 American Composers List of American Composers List of American Songwriters

Requirement 4
Do ONE of the following:

 * A. Teach three songs to a group of people. Lead them in singing the songs, using proper hand motions.

*Teaching a Song. These tips will get you started and help you relax and have some fun, too. 1. Practice the words and the melody of the song you will teach until you know the song by heart. 2. Smile at the group. Be enthusiastic and act confident, even if this is your first time teaching a song. 3. Start with a lively, well-known warm-up number, so everyone (including you) can sing with confidence. 4. Tell the group the name of the song, and provide copies of the lyrics. Use songbooks or song sheets, or write the lyrics on a blackboard or large sheet of paper. 5. Sing the song through alone or with a small group that already knows it. 6. Then sing phrase by phrase and have the group repeat after you. If the song has several verses, teach one verse at a time. 7 When the group has learned the phrases or verses, sing the song all together. If the song is fast or difficult, sing it slowly at first, then pick up speed as the singers master it. 8. Musical accompaniment helps. Piano, accordion, guitar and harmonica are good accompaniments because they can play harmony, not just the melody. 9. When the group has sung the song a time or two, stop. Do not work so hard that it is no longer fun. Go all at once to a familiar song. Boy Scouts of America Merit Badge Series, Music, #35921, page 49, 2010.

*Leading a Song. Because teaching is a part of song leading, many of the previous tips apply to both. Here are a few more hints to help you lead songs successfully. 1. Give the starting note. Sing or hum a few bars of the song. Or, have a few bars played, if an instrument is available. Be careful not to pitch the song too high or low. If you start the group on the wrong note, stop and start over. 2. Start with a slight upward arm motion followed by a decisive downward motion (a downbeat), and begin singing. Do not worry if some don’t start with the first note. They will join quickly. 3. Beat time with a simple down-and-up motion of the arm. Hold your arm high enough for everyone to see, and make your gestures definite and brisk. You are in command. 4. Control volume by raising your free hand for loudness and lowering it for softness. 5. Move around a little, put some energy into it, and smile. 6. Stop while everyone is still having fun. Leave the group wanting more. Boy Scouts of America Merit Badge Series, Music, #35921, page 50, 2010.

See Conducting Tips Learn Music Conducting Techniques Conducting The Conducting Beat Patterns Conducting Music Conducting Interactive Conducting Course Interactive Conducting Course PDF

 * B. Compose and write the score for a piece of music twelve measures or more.

See MusicTheory.net Music Theory Chord Chart In Sequence Chord House Money Chords Free Printable Staff Paper More Free Printable Staff Paper

 * C. Make a traditional instrument and learn to play it.

See Kinder Art Wanna Learn Building Musical Instruments

 * D. Catalog your own or your family's collection of 12 or more compact discs, tapes or records. Show how to handle and store them.

*Classifying Your Collection. Classify (organize) your recordings in a way that suits you, but keep your system simple and flexible. You can classify recordings in several ways: •	In chronological order of the periods during which the music was written. •	In alphabetical order, by names of performers, composers or titles. •	By category—classical, folk, jazz, country, rock, etc. •	In numerical order, by catalog numbers. •	In combinations of these or according to your own numbering system. Boy Scouts of America Merit Badge Series, Music, #35921, page 62, 2010.

*Caring for Compact Discs (CD) and Players. •	Handle CDs carefully by the edges. •	After playing, store each CD in its protective plastic case. CDs can be stored horizontally or vertically in storage units. •	A carrying case is good for organizing CDs as well as for transporting them. •	Wipe carefully handled CDs with a soft cloth, stroking from the center to the rim. If a CD has been soiled, you can clean it gently with soap and water. •	Place a CD on a level surface, away from dampness, high humidity, and extreme heat. Protect it from strong vibrations or jolting. •	CD players ordinarily need no maintenance. If the player malfunctions, consult your dealer or a repair shop. Repair requires a trained technician and specialized tools.

*Handling Records. •	Handle records by the edges. Avoid touching the grooved surfaces. Use a soft brush or cloth to keep them free of dust, making strokes in a circular direction along the grooves. •	When you play the records manually, lower the tone arm onto the record gently. A bumpy landing can scratch and injure the record and damage the needle. •	Be sure the needle (stylus) is in good condition at all times. A worn needle can ruin your records. Replace diamond needles after every 1,000 hours of play. •	Discard records that are cracked or full of nicks. They can damage the needle.

*Caring for Tapes and Tape Players. •	Clean and demagnetize the tape heads after at least every 20 hours of use to remove tiny particles that tapes leave behind. Do this especially before you plan to record an important program or play a valuable tape. Use cotton swabs soaked with denatured, not isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol. You can buy denatured alcohol or a special cleaning solution from an electronics or music store. Allow the heads to dry for 30 minutes before inserting a tape. •	After you have cleaned the heads, use the swabs to clean the metal guides along the tape path. •	To avoid erasing a cassette tape by accident, remove the small plastic tabs on the back of the cassette. Use a small screwdriver to pry out the tabs. Commercially recorded tapes already have he tabs removed.

*Storage. Store record albums in an upright position and fit snugly against each other. Flat or slanted storage will cause the records to warp. Store tapes and CDs in a cabinet or case that protects them from dust and allows you to keep them organized and safe. Boy Scouts of America Merit Badge Series, Music, #35921, pages 66-67, 2010.

See Manage Your Growing Disc Collection – Tools and Tricks Storing Your CD Collection Shelving Your CD Collection Organizing and Storing Your CD and DVD Disks More Storage Means More Freedom

 * E. Give a brief history of the bugle, and explain how the bugle is related to other brass wind instruments. Demonstrate how the bugle makes sound, then explain how to care for, clean, and maintain a bugle.

See Bugle History of the Bugle Evolution of the Bugle How to Play a Bugle How to Blow a Bugle How to Tune a Bugle How to Play a Trumpet How to Take Care of a Bugle How to Clean Brass Instruments

 * F. Compose a bugle call for your troop or patrol to signal a common group activity, such as assembling for mealtime or striking a campsite. Play the call that you have composed before your unit or patrol.

g. Sound the following bugle calls: “First Call,” “Reveille,” “Assembly,” “Mess,” “To the Colors,” and “Taps.” Then explain when each of these calls is used.

“First Call” is generally used to just get everyone’s attention that something will be happening soon (like assembly) and is sometimes used at race tracks as the “call to the post” (horses get in line to start the race). “Reveille” is used to awaken people and lets them know it is time to get up and about. “Assembly” is used to call everyone together, for everyone to “fall in”, often at a designated place. “Mess” signals that it is time to eat. It is also used at times at athletic events to stir up the crowd. “To The Colors” is a bugle call to render honors to the nation. The most common use is when the national flag is being lowered at the end of the day (where everyone may be assembled as well). It commands the same courtesies as the National Anthem. “Taps” signifies “lights out” at the end of the evening. Lyrics can be sung to it called “Day is Done”. It may also be played during flag ceremonies and at funerals, particularly for veterans. Bugle Calls Music More Bugle Calls Music and Listen to Bugle Calls Listen to Bugle Calls

title: Scouting/BSA/Music Merit Badge


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barmak Akram

The result was no consensus.  Sandstein  09:09, 10 October 2017 (UTC)

Barmak Akram

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Not enough notability. Legacypac (talk) 18:13, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions.  M assiveYR   ♠  18:16, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Afghanistan-related deletion discussions.  M assiveYR   ♠  18:16, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Keep, per WP:CREATIVE. Looks like the article is thin because he's not in US media.  But his accomplishments collectively get him over the bar.  GetSomeUtah (talk) 22:46, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  MBisanz  talk 02:29, 27 September 2017 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 00:30, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:A. Wallis Myers

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110903120953/http://www.ictennis.net:80/About/HistoryoftheIC.aspx to http://www.ictennis.net/About/HistoryoftheIC.aspx

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title: Talk:A. Wallis Myers


text:
User:SuggestBot/Interviews/User-49

As part of our current research study we would like to know a bit more about you and your involvement on Wikipedia and your use of SuggestBot. Your participation is voluntary, meaning you are free to not answer any questions or withdraw at any time. You can find more information about the study and contact information in the consent information sheet. To respond you can edit this page and write the answers below the questions like it was a talk page. If you wish to submit your answers in private you can email us directly.

If you have questions about any part of this, feel free to let us know. I (User:Nettrom) am the researcher responsible for the project and I’ve got this page on my watchlist so I can respond fairly quickly. I might also stop by to ask some follow-up questions, e.g. to clarify if there was something I could not understand. Regards, Nettrom (talk) 18:10, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * 1) Articles you are interested in.
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 * 4) Are there certain features of Wikipedia that help you make these decisions, e.g. recent changes, community portal, WikiProjects, etc?
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 * 6) What kind of things to do on Wikipedia do you find most interesting?
 * 7) Expanding articles - particularly stubs. I used to work up a lot more Good Articles than I do now, I to be honest I find stub improvement just more satisfying. It's nice when you open an article which is three lines and you leave it with five paragraphs. Especially regarding biographies as its surprising how much information you can find on a stub bio if you're willing to spend the time looking. And occasionally you end up adding so much information that it becomes good enough to be a GA. Doesn't happen often. I also create little "projects" in my head, like improving articles relating to the 1948 Olympics, or the Queens Park Rangers football club, or Michelin star restaurants in the UK.
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 * 13) I guess the only "bad" is when it's something I've heard of, which does happen. But for the most part SuggestBot comes up with articles I've never heard of but is related to subjects I'm interested in. The only time it doesn't do so great is when I'm really working on random articles during a month which I expect simply throws the searching algorithms off.
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title: User:SuggestBot/Interviews/User-49


text:
Talk:Pyramid of Khentkaus I

Possible typo
The phrase "the tripe Ka hieroglyph" looks odd to me. I'm wondering if that is a typo for "triple"? I don't have access to the sources, so cannot check. -- John of Reading (talk) 13:08, 18 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's a typo. Fixed. Mr rnddude (talk) 13:40, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pyramid of Khentkaus I


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Vox Continental

The Vox Continental is a transistorised combo organ that was manufactured between 1962 and 1971 by the British musical equipment manufacturer Vox. It was designed for touring musicians and as an alternative to the heavy Hammond organ. It supports drawbars in a similar manner to the Hammond, and has distinctive reverse-coloured keys. The sound is generated by a series of oscillators, using a frequency divider to span multiple octaves.

The first Continentals were produced at Vox's manufacturing plant in Dartford, England; after arranging a deal with the Thomas Organ Company, later models were produced in the US and Italy. The most popular model was the single-manual Continental, but other models were produced, such as the budget Vox Jaguar, various dual-manual organs, and the experimental Guitar Organ and Voxmobile, based on the Vox Continental's internals.

The Continental became a popular instrument in the 1960s and 1970s, especially with garage and later new wave bands, and was used by the Beatles, the Animals, the Doors, Iron Butterfly, Elvis Costello, and Madness. After being phased out of production in the early 1970s, the instrument remained a sought-after combo organ by enthusiasts. Japanese manufacturer Korg bought the Vox name, producing a new version of the Vox Continental in 2017, and various modern stage keyboards include an emulation of the organ.

Description
The Continental had two basic designs, each with its own variations. They were the single-manual Continental, and the dual manual model called the Vox Continental II in England and the Vox Super Continental in Italy. Each manual features 49 reverse-colored keys (black naturals and white sharps) like on a harpsichord. The organ comes with a chrome Z-shaped bolt-on leg stand assembly. The top of the organ is furnished with an orange Rexine cover.

The Vox Continental uses six slider-type, metered volume controls called drawbars instead of the stop-tab rocker switches seen on other combo organs. Two of the drawbars on the right hand side control the voices (flute and reed tones), while the four on the left control the footages (corresponding to ranks of pipes on a pipe organ). The stock Continental has 16', 8' and 4' drawbars, with a fourth one labelled "IV" containing a mixture of higher pitches. There is a single-speed, single intensity vibrato whose rate can only be adjusted by removing the lid of the instrument and adjusting a potentiometer. The Continental has no other internal effects. A bass pedalboard was available as an optional extra.

Dual-manual models also have a 5 1/3' drawbar on the upper manual, an octave of bass keys and a string bass feature. Later models also supported a percussion feature similar to that on a Hammond.

The organ's sound comes from twelve oscillators, one for each note in the chromatic scale along the top octave of the instrument. The signal from each of these is fed into a frequency divider circuit that allows the frequency to be halved, in order to produce the sound an octave lower. This is then halved again for the subsequent octave, and so on down the rest of the instrument's range, except for the lowest note, C, which has a dedicated generator. Each key is connected to four contacts connected to ground; when a key is pressed, it makes a connection to the bus bar which sends a signal to the drawbars to produce a sound.

The first Continentals were manufactured with wooden keys covered with plastic key caps. Musicians complained this gave it an unpleasant playing action. Later models switched to using plastic keys connected to metal shafts.

History
The Vox Continental was first manufactured by the Jennings Musical Instruments factory in Dartford, Kent in 1962. Most of the components for the organ were subcontracted to other companies, with Jennings working on the final assembly. The original cabinets were constructed by Heathpoint Timer in Rayleigh, Essex while some of the electrics were made by Kimber-Allen in Swanley, Kent. Jennings sold part of the company to the Royston Group in 1963. Production later moved to Vox Sound in Erith, Kent. The dual-manual Continental II was introduced in 1965. That same year, the single-manual model sold for $995 ($ in ).

The Vox Jaguar was introduced as a budget version of the Continental the following year, retailing at $495 ($ in ), which used rocker tabs instead of drawbars. Only fundamental frequencies could be produced on the Jaguar, as it lacked the circuitry to generate additional harmonics like the Continental. The tabs allowed a choice of "flute", "bright", "brass" and "mellow", a "bass chords" option and the vibrato as found on the Continental. The bottom octave could be switched to a monophonic sub-octave bass generator, which was routed to a separate audio jack. Though the Jaguar superficially resembled the Continental, the sound was significantly different. However it was still popular, particularly in the US. The Jaguar was also sold in DIY kit form, allowing musicians to save money by finishing certain aspects of the assembly on their own.

The Continental quickly became popular as it was advertised as part of the British Invasion of the mid-1960s, particularly after being endorsed by the Beatles. In order to increase supply, a licensing deal was signed between Jennings and the Thomas Organ Company in the US in 1966. Later that year, production for the US market was moved to EME in Italy for economic reasons; Thomas held a 30% stake in the EME factory, with Jennings and Royston holding 22%. The Italian Continentals used cheaper plastic keys glued to metal shafts, that were easier to break. There were also some minor cosmetic differences compared to older models, including a different vinyl covering, colours on the drawbar tips and construction of the stand. By 1969, the price of the Continental had dropped to $599 ($ as of ).

In 1966, Vox produced the Guitar Organ, which put the internals of a Vox Continental in a Vox Phantom guitar body, and used a series of contacts along the frets so that a note would sound when a string was depressed onto a fret. John Lennon was given a sample instrument in the hope he would promote it, but it was never recorded and the instrument never entered full production.

In 1967, Thomas manufactured the Voxmobile as a promotional instrument, designed by custom car designer George Barris. It combined a dual-manual Vox Continental with two oversized Vox basses, which were mounted onto a 289 cc Ford Cobra engine. The Continental Baroque was introduced in 1968, which combined the usual Continental manual with a multi-timbral one similar to that on other Thomas organs, and included a built-in amplifier. It sold for $1,598 ($ as of ), significantly more than the Super Continental. The additional sounds included banjo, harpsichord and celeste. It was considered unreliable and expensive, and did not sell well.

Jennings struggled to retain control of Vox, and chief designer Dick Denney was fired on 19 September 1967, with employees loyal to him leaving shortly afterwards. Royston filed for bankruptcy two years later. The company was bought by Corinthian Securities who attempted to reintroduce a range of Vox Continentals, with the price of the Super Continental reduced from $999 ($ as of ) to $265 ($ as of ). By then, groups were preferring to use a Hammond organ and Leslie speaker instead of a Vox. Most of the remaining assets were sold at a liquidation sale in 1971.

There are no definitive figures for how many Vox Continentals were manufactured. However, estimates based on serial numbers indicate 9,100 single-manual organs were manufactured. Around 4,100 of these come from the UK, followed by 4,000 from Italy and 1,000 in the US.

The Vox name was later sold to Rose Morris, who in turn sold it to Korg in 1992. Since then new products carrying the trademark Vox have been primarily for the guitar player, and the Korg trademark appears on most keyboards. In September 2017, Korg released a workstation-style keyboard named in honour of the Vox Continental and highlighting the particular Continental organ sound, competing with contemporary keyboards such as the Nord Electro. The original Vox Continental is still used by collectors of vintage instruments.

Maintenance
The Vox Continental used relatively unstable germanium transistors in its oscillators, which can occasionally drift in pitch and required to be re-tuned. The wooden keys on earlier models are more durable than later plastic ones. The organ is connected to the mains via a round three pin Bulgin connector, which was standard for the time but is no longer in general use because it does not meet modern safety standards. Some technicians have retrofitted the power supply on a Continental to take a standard IEC 60320 C14 "kettle plug" lead. The later US and Italian Continentals have a hinged lid, which allows servicing without having to dismantle the instrument.

Because the Continental was designed to be played in concert and used in touring, there are relatively few of them in good condition unless they have been repaired. Several surviving models are missing the original case carrying the stand and volume pedal.

Clones
Several modern keyboards feature emulation of the Vox Continental, including the Nord Stage and Nord C Series, and the Hammond SK series. There are also some software emulations of the instrument, including the Arturia Vox Continental V, a Virtual Studio Technology plugin that uses modelling to accurately recreate the electronics of the original.

Notable users
The instrument was commonly heard in 1960s rock music, and played by the Beatles' John Lennon, the Dave Clark Five's Mike Smith and the Animals' Alan Price. Lennon played the Continental on Rubber Soul's "Think for Yourself", and regularly used it on "I'm Down" as a live set closer, such as their 1965 concert at Shea Stadium. In 2008, this model was sold at auction for $182,500. Price used it prominently on the Animals' hit arrangement of "The House of the Rising Sun". The Doors' Ray Manzarek played a Vox in combination with a Rhodes Piano Bass early in the group's career, including "Light My Fire". Paul Revere Dick of Paul Revere & the Raiders switched from a Farfisa organ to a Vox, and became endorsed by the company. John Cale used the organ with distortion on The Velvet Underground's "Sister Ray". Other hit singles released in the 1960s and featuring the Vox Continental include the Monkees' "I'm a Believer", Van Morrison's "Brown Eyed Girl", ? and the Mysterians' "96 Tears" and Iron Butterfly's "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida". Augie Meyers' use of the instrument drove the Sir Douglas Quintet's instantly distinguishable sound.

The Grateful Dead's Pigpen switched from the Farfisa to the Continental, before moving on to a Hammond. Tom Constanten also played a Vox Continental during his tenure in the Dead, but did not like playing it and switched to a Hammond as well. Yes' Tony Kaye played a Vox Continental when the group formed in 1968, and disguised it in a Hammond organ style casing on stage, before upgrading to a real one six months later.

The Vox Continental was revived during the punk and new wave movements in the late 1970s. It was used by Steve Nieve, keyboard player for Elvis Costello & The Attractions, particularly in the early years up to This Year's Model. It was also used by several 2-Tone groups, including the Specials' Jerry Dammers and Madness' Mike Barson. Benmont Tench of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers has also frequently used a Vox Continental, and sometimes prefers its "drier, thinner, more cutting sound". On "Don't Do Me Like That", he played one through a Leslie speaker.

In the 21st century, the organist Rhys Webb, of the UK band the Horrors can be seen using the Continental.

title: Vox Continental


text:
Merrell Twins

Veronica Jo Merrell-Burriss and Vanessa Jo Merrell-Vaughn (born August 6, 1996), known as the Merrell Twins, are American identical twin YouTubers, actresses, musicians and singers.

Early years
The Merrell Twins are identical twin sisters born in Kansas City, Missouri, on August 6, 1996, to Paul Merrell and Wendy Merrell. Veronica "Roni" is 45 minutes older than Vanessa "Nessa". They grew up in Kansas City, Missouri, before moving to Greater Los Angeles in June 2013 at the age of 16 to pursue a career in acting and filming for their YouTube channel. They also had a very short time with Disney Channel.

Education
In 2015, the Merrell Twins enrolled in California State University, Northridge. Veronica was studying screenwriting and Vanessa was studying TV production.

Career
The Merrell Twins launched their main YouTube channel in late 2009, but they didn't take it seriously and upload videos to it consistently until about the start of 2013. Their videos are produced and edited by their father, Paul Merrell. They often appear in AwesomenessTV videos and had recurring roles on the television show Jane the Virgin. They appeared in the 2016 film The Standoff. In 2016 at the 8th Shorty Awards, they won for YouNower of the Year.

They won a Streamy Award for Best Live Social Media in 2016. In 2017, they were nominated for Choice Female Web Star at the Teen Choice Awards. In 2018, they were nominated for two Teen Choice Awards: Choice Female Web Star and Choice YouTuber. They won the 2018 Streamy Award in the Lifestyle category.

In July 2018, the Merrell Twins released their clothing line, True IMG. The phrase 'true image' is derived from the meaning of Veronica's name, and its logo features a butterfly dotting the 'I' in IMG referring to the meaning of Vanessa's name in Greek.

They were nominated in 2019 for Best YouTube Ensemble at the 11th Shorty Awards. At the 2020 Kids' Choice Awards, they were nominated for Favorite Female Social Star.

In collaboration with AwesomenessTV, the twins launched Twin My Heart, a reality TV show aimed at finding love for one of the twins, Vanessa Merrell. The success of season one led to a second season being released in 2020 which revolved around two of the twins' best friends, Franny Arrieta and Nezza. They also produced and acted in three web shows called "Where is My Romeo?", "Prom Knight", and "Breaking into College".

In the beginning of 2023, Vanessa and her husband John Vaughn, formed a music duo "ButterflyTiger" and released their debut single, "Love Me (Like You Do)" on February 24, 2023.

Personal lives
On December 27, 2021, Veronica married YouTuber Aaron Burriss.

On January 27, 2023, Vanessa married musician John Vaughn.

The twins have stated in at least a couple of videos that they are of certain Spanish, Portuguese, Irish, German and Mexican descent, while also possibly having Filipino roots as well.

Filmography

 * This filmography is of the twins as a duo.

 * This filmography is of Vanessa Merrell.

title: Merrell Twins


text:
User:CultureCouture/sandbox9

Marie Samuel Njie was a prominent musician, a cultural icon, and legendendary singer from The Gambia.

Life and family
Marie Samuel Njie was an important griot singer and cultural icon in her home country, The Gambia. She came from a family that had produced several major griot singers. Her songs were accompanied by a xalam, calabash, and sabar, and were mainly about social and political issues, as well as everyday life.

She regularly entertained the high society of Bathurst (now Banjul). She was also active in the 1950s in the Gambia Democratic Party, and later performed at party meetings of the United Party of Pierre Sarr N'Jie.

Her son Pap Touray or Paps Touray (c. 1944 — 19 May 2007) was also a successful musician from the 1960s and a former mentor of the Senegalese singer Youssou N'Dour. He was a co-founder and lead singer of the Super Eagles and Ifang Bondi ( de ) bands, as well as a composer and songwriter. Her other son, Abdoulie Mbye, commonly known as Abdoulie "Efri" Mbye or Efri Mbye, nicknamed Everybody Mbye, ? — 11th June 2019) was a historian, narrator and singer. Marie Samuel Njie had a major influence in both her children's singing careers. She was married to Goreh Mbye. Through her father Modou Njie, she was second cousin to the renowned Gambian historian and Pan-Africanist Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof via her paternal grandmother Lingeer Ndombuur Joof (Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof's great aunt), and a member of the Joof royal family of Sine, Saloum and Baol, as well as a member of the Njie royal famiy of Jolof. Her mother Rohey Njie was the daughter of Chaby Nyang, sister of the 19th century Gambian elder and renowned exorcist Biram Camonge Nyang, himself a relative of Cham Joof. Some of the legendary traditional female singers of her generation included the late Sosseh Jange; Yaham Nyang (commonly known as Ya Mundow Nyang or Yamoundow Nyang); and Ya Mundow, wife of renowned Gambian oral historian and xalam player Doudou Nying (commonly known as Dodou Nying Kol Yandeh or Dodou Nying Koliyandeh)—a regular on Radio Gambia and Radio Senegal's joint weekly history programme Chossani Senegambia from the 1970s.

title: User:CultureCouture/sandbox9


text:
Talk:Constructivist Theories in Education

Shouldn't this be in Psychology? --Daniel 10:59, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Not unless it is a section on Educational Psychology. Typically, this topic is house in Schools of Education, which are housed in the Social Sciences. How does one vote to have a section moved - or does one, in a wiki environment? Should we just opt to move the page as we see fit? That would seem to fit in with the objective of a wiki environment, but I'm new to this and don't want to overstep my boundaries. - Jo Meyertons

How Humanity Learns
This module is correctly placed, in my opinion, in that the subject deals with learning as an empirical process based in a praxis of incremental mental growth. The Humanities take their queues from generations long passed. As learners and teachers, we merely ride upon a wave that is eternal...we didn't make it...it made us. JasperJenkins 08:01, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Constructivist? or Constructionist?
The article uses the term 'constructivist' and also 'constructionist'. Was this a typo? Or are they interchangeable terms?

No, not interchangable, Constructionism builds on Constructivism, see Papert "Situating Constructionism"

Swami Centre Link
Delete as spam?


text:
Talk:Demetrio Albertini

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I have just modified 2 external links on Demetrio Albertini. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Demetrio Albertini


text:
Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion

  Deletion requests

If an article should be deleted and does not meet speedy deletion criteria, please list it here. Include the title and reason for deletion. If it meets speedy deletion criteria, just tag the resource with rather than opening a deletion discussion here.

If an article has been deleted, and you would like it undeleted, please list it here. Please try to give as close to the title as possible, and list your reasons for why it should be restored. The first line after the header should be: Undeletion requested

Unused files uploaded by PCano
I suggest to delete the 287 unused files listed in Category:Files uploaded by PCano - unused. A longer discussion about unused files in general can be seen at Requests_for_Deletion/Archives/20 and a similar discussion about files uploaded by Robert Elliott was closed as delete above. Uploader have not been actice since 2011 so it is unlikely the files will ever be used. The files seems to be a part of a set of data. I do not know if the set is complete. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 19:17, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't know the details, but sometimes the WikiJournals process the copyright differently. Has anybody checked with them about these files? If not, I would be happy to do the deed.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 02:34, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Guy vandegrift I have not checked with WikiJournals. I was not thinking about copyright but if we are sure the files are correct and if they are of use to anyone? --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 14:41, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * As I recall, files that are imbedded in pdf files are don't show up as being used. I don't know why the WikiJournal would care,   the wikitext but want the pdf and raw files (wouldn't make any sense.) But the value of the Wikijournals is such that somebody needs to double check.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 14:52, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * If the files are really embedded in a pdf (not linked), they are part of the pdf, and even if the files get deleted, the content is still in the pdf. What are examples of pdfs produced by Wikijurnals? --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 15:20, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Leaning toward delete: since the files are unused, there seems to be no harm in deleting them. If someone presents arguments why they should be kept, I may reconsider. For the record, the files seem to be in the public domain, and many of them are for "HLA allele distribution"; "Source: HumImmunol 2008". A selection of concerned file names: File:2005 ASHI Poster 48 PCano.pdf, File:A-0101.gif, File:A-0102.gif, File:A-0103.gif, File:A-0201.gif, File:A-0202.gif, File:A-0203.gif, File:A-0204.gif, File:A-0205.gif, File:A-0206.gif, File:A-0207.gif, File:A-0208.gif. I randomly checked a couple of these files and they were uploaded in years 2010 and 2011. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 06:46, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Just to be safe, somebody needs to contact the WikiJournal. This a a dormant author.  Right now my biggest problem is an active author.  I need to get an active author, Saltrabook, to put all their work under a single subpage before they become a bigger problem.Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 15:29, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * No hurry here, AFAICT. This RFD can be opened for weeks and that is no big problem. And there are also other admins. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 15:50, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I made a comment at Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group. Lets see if anyone join the discussion. And I agree that the discussion can be open for weeks. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 17:23, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group has gone unnoticed for a month. What next?--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 01:13, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Delete :-) In case anyone ever wonder which files it was they can see the files in my sandbox history. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 15:18, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * More for the record and about the question where these files were probably used: The uploader User:PCano (Pedro Cano, M.D., M.B.A. MD Anderson Cancer Center, HLA Typing Laboratory, Houston, TX ) created Genetics/Human Leukocyte Antigen (originally under the title HLA, moved to Genetics/Human Leukocyte Antigen in April 2017), which was much later (in December 2022) deleted as per Requests for Deletion/Archives/18. Deleting the files used there seems to be a natural follow-up on that deletion decision. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 13:23, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Unless you still worry about the WikiJournals I think you can delete the files. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 10:54, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I have a meeting with the WikJournal of Science tomorrow and I will bring it up.Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 13:57, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I just talked to the WikiJournal editors and they have no problem with deleting these files. Moreover, they have no problem with deleting any unused files, with one exception: They would prefer that we not delete pdf files that are marked as preprints, without first contacting them.  These preprint pdf files are easily identified with the standard WikiJournal preprint headers.  Apparently, they keep a record of all preprints and would need to create another depository for them if the Wikiversity community decides it doesn't want to host them.  Their policy is to post the preprint pdf files only if the article is submitted for publication.Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 22:30, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I added File:WikiJournal Preprints COVID-19 ELIMINATION AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION - Wikiversity.pdf to Category:WikiJournal Preprints to remove it from deletion suggestion . Perhaps some one can find the right category for it? Also It could be a good idea to make sure that all the WikJournal files are categorized somewhere in Category:WikiJournal. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 05:44, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Have I correctly conveyed the wishes of the WJ editors in this regard?Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 08:32, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me, thanks! Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 12:13, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Great! And as info I can tell that I made by bot add all files that seems to be related in any way to Category:WikiJournal. For example if the word WikiJournal is used on the file page or the file is used on a page with WikiJournal in the title. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 17:16, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
 * While this File:WikiJournal Preprints COVID-19 ELIMINATION AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION - Wikiversity.pdf file is a preprint within WikiJournal, the author never moved the PDF onto an actual preprint page. Judging from this author's global contributions, it's safe to say that the author abandoned the draft 4 years ago.  OhanaUnited  Talk page  03:59, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Aha so it might be safe to delete this file even if its a preprint. However, I think the best is to discuss those files case by case and in a separate discussion. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 15:17, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

User:Koavf Seems you are the expert in deleting unused files. This is the only open DR about unused files. Could you also do this one? And do you think we should make more DR's for Special:UnusedFiles? Or should we just leave them alone for now? --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 15:33, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

Archiving of Invalid fair use by User:Marshallsumter

 * See Requests for Deletion/Archives/21

This space is for any unfinished business from that discussion.Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 07:53, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Can be closed and archived, I guess. If anyone figures out a new task in the area of "Invalid fair use by User:Marshallsumter", they can open a new RFD nomination as and when they do so. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 13:26, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The problem is that the task (as mentioned in Requests_for_Deletion/Archives/20) is to check all the files uploaded by User:Marshallsumter and check if they meet the criteria for fair use. Sadly it is 1,151 files so I doubt anyone will spend the time on that. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 14:01, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I tend to support preemptively deleting all files (not pages) uploaded by User:Marshallsumter. The fact that many of the files uploaded by him were determined not to meet Wikiversity criteria for fair use should be grounds enough. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 14:12, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I thought we deleted all his files and userfied all his pages. Apparently I was wrong: File:Earth Shells to Scale.png // Earth/Geognosy/Quiz // Earth/Geognosy. When I deleted his images, I went to a page (category?) that someone else created. ... See also: This List.  Apparently this user spend all day long uploading files and putting them into pages he/she created. ...  This is why I don't bother with a couple of nutcase articles in Physics/Essays--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 16:55, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * For anyone's interest, the upload list is visible at Special:ListFiles/Marshallsumter; a single-page view is at https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles&limit=1160&user=Marshallsumter. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 18:09, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

The abuse of the fair use doctrine by this former participant is so egregious that I fully support nuking all image uploads. --mikeu talk 04:25, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

 * And I presume all pages by same participant that contain these images?--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 08:09, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Any pages that have copious copyvio images should be deleted, along with the images. If there are pages without image violation they should be userfied. I doubt there are very many resources that have relevant learning content without copyvio. So, that leaves the resource pages open to deletion - which I support. --mikeu talk 01:44, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

Mixed discussion related to User:Marshallsumter and other topics
(Moved from Requests_for_Deletion/Archives/22 --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 16:15, 12 April 2024 (UTC))
 * While I have your attention, I am confused about two lists that I compiled from various requests on RFD:
 * >1500 Marshallsumter files: Why we deleting Marshallsumter images?
 * Draft:Original research/Literature & Dominant group/Literature Marshallsumter sometimes delves into the "soft" (unscientific) subjects like literature where personal taste becomes important. I see no reason to delete or even read them.
 * I believe these are being deleted because they are unused, yes?
 * I am not very skilled at uploading files to commons that I did not create (most of my contributions need only attribution to other files on commons.) I uploaded three files from the loc, and it was a time-consuming learning experience.  Is there someone else who can do it?  Perhaps I could watch till I got the hang of it.
 * After writing this I found, which answers a lot of my questions.
 * I find this page a bit cluttered, but can live with it. If you want a general archiving and cleanup-just ask.
 * --Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 14:59, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

Hello! --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 15:36, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) Many of the files uploaded by Marshallsumter did not meet the requirements of fair use (violating the Exemption Doctrine Policy). I think all "the easy files" are deleted now. So to clean up the rest we either need hard work or a brute descision to delete everything just to be safe.
 * 2) I do not think I suggested to delete those 2 pages?
 * 3) Yes because they are unused.
 * 4) If you mean move files from here to Commons it is very easy: just click the tab "Export to Wikimedia Commons". If you mean files you found on the Internet it is more tricky. You need to add the relevant information manually and more important add a source. If you found a website with hundreds or thousands of good files it may be possible to do with a bot (see c:Commons:Batch uploading).
 * 5) Great :-)
 * 6) I can live with it too.

 * On #1, I am happy with the brute decision if you are. It's the uploader's responsibility to document the copyright.  Recently Mu301 and I "rescued" some high-quality photos on a high-quality resource.  But that was an exceptional case. Regarding #4, is (or should it be) our policy to move all Wikiversity files to Commons that are not fair use?  My problem with that is we sponsor some pretty low-quality stuff.  For example, instructors sometimes use Wikiversity for student submissions, and we can't delete those files until the course is over (in fact, we have no policy on deleting course-affiliated student submissions.) What do we do if the main page is a high-quality course, but some of the student submissions have no educational value?--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 01:25, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I have no problem if everything is deleted in #1. And I also have no problems if course-affiliated student submissions are deleted after some time (#4). But I think both should be discussed on separate topics (perhaps just move the content to ). --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 14:41, 10 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I have been on Wikiversity for more than 10 years, most of the time not paying attention to such things, but I am unaware of any policy that calls for the routine deletion of student efforts that were created as part of an established course. If no decision has ever been made to routinely delete student efforts, we need to make sure the entire community is on board with any change in policy.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 17:54, 10 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes I agree. Deleting student efforts that were created as part of an established course needs a new discussion and concensus.
 * Except if it is a copyvio then it should be deleted. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 16:15, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

Deleting ALL non-free uploads by User:Marshallsumter
Okay so it seems everyone agree that files that violates Wikiversity criteria for fair use should be deleted - not a big surprise :-D

The big question is if files should be checked one by one or if they should all be deleted. I noticed that some users more or less support to delete all non-free files.

I therefore have 2 questions:
 * 1) Do you agree to delete all non-free files?
 * 2) Would you like to try to save any of the files and if yes should all the files be put on a list or in a category or how do you propose to make that possible?

Ping User:Guy vandegrift, User:Dan Polansky, User:Mu301, User:Koavf, User:Omphalographer, User:Dave Braunschweig, User:AP295 and User:MathXplore that was involved in discussions recently. Sorry if I missed anyone and if you do not want to join this time thats of course okay. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 14:51, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes
 * No
 * —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 15:52, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Also yes to 1 and no to 2, with the understanding that this policy only applies to MS because of the large volume of images involved.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 03:29, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Correct and also because MS had a lot of bad files. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 05:52, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

 * yes, all non-free files should be deleted, prejudiced.
 * no, I don't believe that there is anything worth saving, in this batch from MS.
 * --mikeu talk 21:30, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Same as Justin, Guy and mikeu: delete all Marshall Sumter-uploaded non-free files/uploads. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 17:20, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

It seems that there is concensus to delete. I am now adding the files to Category:Files uploaded by Marshallsumter - non-free. I have created Category:Files uploaded by Marshallsumter - non-free - do not delete where anyone can add files if they think some files should be kept (permanent or temporary). I hope it will make it easier to delete the files.--MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 11:20, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Just as info. Marshallsumter wrote to me on Commons (User_talk:MGA73) saying we should not delete. I do not see how it will change the result here. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 17:32, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

Facilitation
Trivial questions don't save what is a page with learning outcomes that are scarce (WV:Deletions]). I don't care whether this gets deleted, moved to userspace or moved to Draft:Archive. This was proposed for deletion in 2016 by Dave Braunschweig and was "saved" by adding questions that in my view are trivial and do not save the article. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 17:01, 10 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't think the page achieves anything. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 04:50, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Draftify, pending vote to rescind the 6-month draftspace deletion rule (latest vote change)--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 11:25, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Archive, Delete, or Userspace (roughly in that order: vote cast on behalf of Dan Polansky by Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 17:30, 11 March 2024 (UTC) That's accurate. I guess I prefer Archive. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 17:57, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Draftify (Move to Draft namespace) - I contributed to this page in good faith. Deleting this page rather than preserving it somewhere will further decrease my motivations to contribute Creative Commons content to the Commons on this wiki, with the understanding that it is OK and considered a "best practice" to delete some good faith Creative Commons contributions on this wiki. A relevant rational may also be found here. Limitless peace. Michael Ten (discuss • contribs) 04:43, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The "good faith" talk is, in my view, entirely beside the point. Faith is not in question in deletion discussion, merely the aptness of the material for inclusion on a project, or inclusion in a specific namespace. For example, Wikiversity is not a repository of good-faith small children's creations or their analogues, or at least its mainspace is not. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 09:42, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * As an aside, the word you are looking for is "rationale", not "rational". --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 10:37, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I do not accept your premise that "Wikiversity is not a repository of (small children's creations)". ... Also, there is a parallel discussion at Wikiversity_talk:Deletions, and it may remove most of the need for Draft:Archive. Michael Ten has pointed out that pages in draftspace could remain permanently. Looking back into the history, I discovered that I voted for the 180 limit. I had forgotten all about that vote, but my own choice of wording jogged my memory: I voted for a 180 day limit because the decision to delete old drafts seemed like a foregone conclusion (Groupthink - who needs it!)--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 13:51, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, then, from what does it follow that Wikiversity is such a repository? Which guideline, policy or scope statement? By small children I mean, say 0-6 years olds. Should e.g. scans of all pictures drawn by such children be uploadable as "educational content"? And if not pictures, should their first writings be uploadable? Why do they need publishing; does their local harddrive storage not serve the creative purpose enough? --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 13:53, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I overstated my remark about children's work: For the most part, it belongs in userspace or draftspace. And, we need the parent's permission. But colleges teach courses in elementary education. I once walked into such a course and somebody was reading a children's book to the entire class.  But we have no entrance requirements for Wikiversity, no minimum IQ is needed. Keep in mind that our differences are matters of personal taste (not factual reality.)  The question at hand at Wikiversity_talk:Deletions is what requirements we wish to have for a page to reside indefinitely in draftspace.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 14:27, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I propose that we close this discussion with decision to delete, as author voted for that option.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 08:16, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

Decadic numbers
Arguably, this is not good enough for the mainspace; I have no objections to this being in the draft space or the userspace. Issues: 1) The page appears to be an original research but is not marked as such; 2) it introduces the term "decadic number" as an original terminological invention, as far as I can tell, but does not disclose this to be the case; 3) the term "decadic number" is unfortunate since what is meant is something like "infinite decadic number"; 4) even the term "number" is questionable since it is not clear how these so-called numbers can have anything to do with quantity (but then, complex numbers arguably also do not express quantity, or a single quantity); 5) no attempt to formally define what a decadic number is made; this so-called decadic number appears to be a mapping from positive integers to the set of digits 0-9, to be interpreted from right to left; 6) e.g. "Addition of the decadic numbers is the same as that of the integers" is clearly untrue: integers are finite discrete quantities; ditto for "Multiplication works the same way in the decadic numbers as in the integers".

Perhaps this can be salvaged rather than moved out of mainspace. The first thing to do is add external sources dealing with the concept or state that this is original invention; and then, address the issues. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 07:30, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

 * As with Surreal numbers the choice is between userspace and a subspace where users could be encouraged to cooperate. Unlike Surreal numbers, I am unaware of any application in physics for this topic. The ideal place would be Discrete mathematics/Number theory because the Olympiads is a high school thing. I will contact the author about both pages--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 09:29, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * If the page should stay in mainspace, I see no reason why it could not stay at Decadic numbers; I don't see moving it around in mainspace as an improvement. But my position as explained above is that it is not fit for mainspace. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 10:07, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Decadic numbers and Surreal numbers have enough that they should be parallel subpages of the same page. I have suggested to the author that they should either create a top page, or find a top page and group these resources together.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 16:54, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

Rational numbers/Introduction
The page does not do anything that Wikipedia does not do better: Rational number. The page contains unfilled tables that seemed to be intended to explain something, but since they are empty, explain nothing. The page has no further reading, revealing no attempt to find best complementary sources online, probably of much higher quality. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 10:20, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Now I see why you were kicked off Wiktionary. Wikiversity has a long and established tradition of allowing student efforts. This page is no worse that Student Projects/Major rivers in India, a page which I randomly selected from Student Projects.  I am trying to recruit students to contribute to Wikiversity.  Until the Wikiversity community changes its mind about allowing student projects, I will continue with that quest. I will change the template so as to not discourage a person clearly interested in teaching mathematics, and I want you to refrain from placing rfd templates on student efforts.  Use subpagify instead.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 12:24, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I was blocked in the English Wiktionary for "racism" and more. In the English Wiktionary, I often defended pages nominated for deletion and rather rarely nominated anything for deletion. The English Wiktionary has almost no useless pages and is the 2nd most often visited project after Wikipedia. By contrast, the English Wikiversity has very few useful pages, a state of affairs that I am trying to turn around, step by step, following processes and guidelines that I did nothing to establish: WV:RFD and WV:Deletions. That is as far as persons go (ad hominem); as far as process, I hoped here to have a discussion with editors about whether this nearly useless page (Rational numbers/Introduction) should be moved out of the mainspace, and unless consensus developed for my position, I stand no chance to prevail. Rational numbers/Introduction  is not a "student project" in any sense of "project" but rather example of all-too-typical junk. Again, I do not decide, others do with me being only a single voice/input. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 12:52, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Now you are on the right track! Wikiversity might be in a transition period between allowing all sorts of pages, to morphing into a selective institution. But the process has to change from the top-down, not from the bottom by deleting one page at a time. When I say "top", I am referring not to the administrators, but to the community at large. At present, RFD has nothing near the quorum required to implement the changes you (and others) are seeking. Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 13:05, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The only reasonable way going forward, to my mind anyway, is to follow WV:Deletions and not worry about the precedent of its countless violations. Since, should we take e.g. Relation between Electricity And Magnetism, existing since 2011, as an example of a page to be kept, then we must keep nearly everything. There are too many pages like that, and therefore, if we take their aggregate as a binding precedent to follow, we end up in trouble, unable to delete junk. It seems only fair to proceed according WV:Deletions, especially when using RFD process which gives potential opposition enough time to object. Such a procedure violates neither established guidelines nor processes; if it "violates" anything, then preexisting extreme lenience/tolerance toward junk, lenience that, as far as I know, was never codified into a guideline. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 13:29, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * No. Please don't use this page as an agenda for reforming Wikiversity. Go to the Colloquium or write an essay. Having said that, I did delete Creating Relation between Electricity And Magnetism because that follows both guidelines and established practice.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 13:50, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Actually, lenience is given an advantage when pages are up for deletion (See Special:Permalink/2615245 for evidence that deletion requires somewhat of a super-majority.) But you are not calling for deletion of low quality pages. Instead you want them out of mainspace. We have room for compromise. But, as I said before: RFD is not the place to discuss this. If you want, I could take "Wikiversity:What-goes-where 2024" out of my user-space and we could discuss it there.Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 14:18, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

Portal:Complex Systems Digital Campus/E-Laboratory on complex computational ecosystems/Members of the ECCE e-lab
I noticed a recent edit in the archives and stumbled upon an unanswered question by user:MGA73.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 16:29, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The linked page shows a list of laboratory members and their photo portraits (photos of faces). Such a thing does not seem to be particularly educational, and no big loss ensues by deletion. On the other hand, if this group of people wants to use Wikiversity to contribute research or educational material, this kind of page could be kindly tolerated. I do not really know what to do here. What is the precedent or similar previous RFD cases? --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 13:06, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * There is also a copyright problem and possibly a privacy issue.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 14:04, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The page was created by User:Collet = Pierre Collet, who, believing the page, is one of three representatives of the group. Presumably, if these people did not want to be so published, they would not have agreed to Pierre's creating the page? Therefore, as for privacy, should we assume a problem unless some of the members depicted contacts us, or should we rather assume Pierre Collet knew what he was doing? Pierre Collet's last edit was on 5 July 2021. Many of the images were uploaded by User:Pallamidessi in 2014, per Special:Contributions/Pallamidessi. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 14:48, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I am OK with keeping it as is.Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 14:44, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Just for the record. The copyright belong to the photographer and not the person on the photo (unless photographer transferred the rights to the person). So the person have no right to allow other to use the photo. The person can ofcourse say that they do not mind that a photo of them is used somewhere. But there is a good chance that the photographer allowed the persons to use the photo. So I do not think there is a big risk using the photos. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 17:22, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

Unused files (user uploaded 1 file only)
I suggest to delete the unused files in Category:Unused files (user uploaded 1 file only). There are 115 files but a few are also in Category:NowCommons and could be speedy deleted for that reason.

A longer discussion about unused files in general can be seen at Requests_for_Deletion/Archives/20 and a similar discussion about unused files uploaded by Robert Elliott and Katluvdogs was closed as delete. Currently there is an open discussion for.

These files were uploaded by users that only uploaded 1 file. So it is most likely not users that were very active on Wikiversity.

I made a comment at Colloquium about moving files to Commons but I do not think these files look useful. If anyone think that one or more of the files should be kept they are welcome to move them to Commons so they can be put in relevant categories and hopefully be used for something in the future. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 14:27, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Many of them are not useful for any real purpose. I'll chip away at some of these. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 21:48, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It was actually pretty easy to go thru most of these as they are 1.) clearly not useful, 2.) unused, or 3.) already exported to Commons. A substantial majority has been deleted. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 22:11, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Did them all. Mostly lo-rez selfies, images of text, and diagrams or equations that related to nothing, plus a few screenplays. None of them were in use locally, a handf
 * were already on Commons and I exported some as well.l —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 22:29, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

Unused files (user uploaded 2-5 free file only)
I suggest to delete the unused files in Category:Unused files (user uploaded 2-5 free file only). There are 81 files but a few are also in Category:NowCommons and could be speedy deleted for that reason.

A longer discussion about unused files in general can be seen at Requests_for_Deletion/Archives/20 and a similar discussion about unused files uploaded by Robert Elliott, Katluvdogs and was closed as delete. Currently there is an open discussion for.

These files were uploaded by users that only uploaded a few free files so the files are most likely not a part of a bigger set of files.

I made a comment at Colloquium about moving files to Commons but I do not think these files look useful. If anyone think that one or more of the files should be kept they are welcome to move them to Commons so they can be put in relevant categories and hopefully be used for something in the future.

There are some pdf-files among. Commons does usually not value pdf-files unless they are scans of old books for example. So I do not think we should move those files unless there is a good reason to do so.

One of the files is called "File:WikiJournal Preprints COVID-19 ELIMINATION AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION - Wikiversity.pdf" so that would fit in Category:WikiJournal. However it is also called "preprint" so I'm not sure if it is the final edition. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 14:32, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I removed File:WikiJournal Preprints COVID-19 ELIMINATION AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION - Wikiversity.pdf from category and added to Category:WikiJournal Preprints to keep it per comment Special:Diff/2624512. --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 05:41, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
 * User:Koavf you did the "1 file only" so well. Perhaps you could also check this category? --MGA73 (discuss • contribs) 16:38, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Sure. I should be able to get to this today. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 16:59, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Advanced C Programming
Delete or move to user space or to draft space. Nothing to learn from here. I see no subpages. The page was edited in 2024 by Anonymous Agent, but it did not result in any useable content, from what I can see. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 09:04, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Delete unless who has recently edited it has any intentions on expanding it to something useful in the short term. If you don't, AA, would you be interested in hosting it in your userspace and working on it at your own pace until it's ready to be published in the main namespace? —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 09:38, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Totally agree to delete this page. I once requested to delete this page but was rejected. Happy to delete it now ! Anonymous Agent (discuss • contribs) 09:46, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

Adel shirazy
Delete as out of scope for Wikiversity. This is part of an attempt at various WMF sites to publicise Adel shirazy who lacks notability. The creating editor, Adelsoft, shares Adel with Shirazy, so this may be self promotion. Please see Adel Shirazy and w:en:Draft:Adel Shirazy. Setting aside the deletion discussion on the former, this is the correct venue for a biography. Timtrent (discuss • contribs) 11:27, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Deleted as spam since this request. Thank you. Timtrent (discuss • contribs) 17:14, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion


text:
Cookbook:Bell Pepper

| Chili Pepper The bell pepper, sometimes ambiguously known simply as "pepper" or "capsicum", is a type of large mild chili pepper used as a vegetable.

Characteristics
Bell peppers have multiple lobes and a hollow center with a clump of small white seeds and a bitter white membrane.

The peppers are green while developing and then ripen to a variety of colors—red and yellow are the most common but purple and orange are also found, along with white and almost black. They are edible while still green, where they have a somewhat grassy and bitter flavor. When mature, the peppers still retain a fairly vegetal taste, with no spiciness despite their close relatedness to hot chiles.

Seasonality
Green bell peppers are available all year, with their peak season falling between July and November. The ripe varieties are more sensitive to season and will reach their peak towards the end of the green pepper's season.

Selection and storage
Like many fresh vegetables, bell peppers should have few blemishes, wrinkles, or soft spots. The skin should be shiny and well-colored around the stem (if ripeness is desired), and the peppers should feel solid.

Store bell peppers in the fridge—avoid using an airtight bag, the resulting moisture of which can cause mold growth.

Use
For general usage, cut bell peppers open, then remove the stem, core, seeds, and white veins. For some applications, the peppers are charred over a fire, such as a gas range, to loosen the skins and add a distinctive smoky flavor.

Bell peppers are commonly added to pizza, stir-fry, and sweet and sour. They can also be deseeded, stuffed, and baked.

title: Cookbook:Bell Pepper


text:
Linear Algebra/Inner product spaces

Recall that in your study of vectors, we looked at an operation known as the dot product, and that if we have two vectors in $$\mathbb{R}^n$$, we simply multiply the components together and sum them up. With the dot product, it becomes possible to introduce important new ideas like length and angle. The length of a vector $$\mathbf{a}$$, is just $$\|\mathbf{a}\|=\sqrt{\mathbf{a}\cdot\mathbf{a}}$$. The angle between two vectors, $$\mathbf{a}$$ and $$\mathbf{b}$$, is related to the dot product by
 * $$\cos{\theta} = \frac{\mathbf{a}\cdot\mathbf{b}} {\|\mathbf{a}\|\cdot\|\mathbf{b}\|}$$

It turns out that only a few properties of the dot product are necessary to define similar ideas in vector spaces other than $$\mathbb{R}^n$$, such as the spaces of $$m\times n$$ matrices, or polynomials. The more general operation that will take the place of the dot product in these other spaces is called the "inner product".

The inner product
Say we have two vectors:
 * $$\mathbf{a}=\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix}, \mathbf{b}=\begin{pmatrix} 6 \\ 3 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$$

If we want to take their dot product, we would work as follows
 * $$\mathbf{a}\cdot\mathbf{b} = a_1b_1+a_2b_2+a_3b_3 = (2)(6)+(1)(3)+(4)(0) = 15$$

Because in this case multiplication is commutative, we then have $$\mathbf{a}\cdot\mathbf{b}=\mathbf{b}\cdot\mathbf{a}$$.

But then, we observe
 * $$\mathbf{v}\cdot(\alpha\mathbf{a}+\beta\mathbf{b}) = \alpha\mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{a} + \beta\mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{b}$$

much like the regular algebraic equality $$v(aA+bB)=avA+bvB$$. For regular dot products this is true since, for $$\mathbb{R}^3$$, for example, one can expand both sides out to obtain

\begin{matrix} (\alpha v_1a_1+\beta v_1b_1)+(\alpha v_2a_2+\beta v_2b_2)+(\alpha v_3a_3+\beta v_3b_3)=\\ (\alpha v_1a_1+\alpha v_2a_2+\alpha v_3a_3)+(\beta v_1b_1+\beta v_2b_2+\beta v_3b_3) \end{matrix}$$

Finally, we can notice that $$\mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{v}$$ is always positive or greater than zero - checking this for $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ gives this as
 * $$\mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{v}=v_1^2+v_2^2+v_3^2$$

which can never be less than zero since a real number squared is positive. Note $$\mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{v}=0$$ if and only if $$\mathbf{v}=0$$.

In generalizing this sort of behaviour, we want to keep these three behaviours. We can then move on to a definition of a generalization of the dot product, which we call the inner product. An inner product of two vectors in some vector space $$V$$, written $$\langle \mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}\rangle$$ is a function $$V\times V \to \mathbb{R}$$, which obeys the properties
 * $$\langle \mathbf{x},\mathbf{y} \rangle = \langle \mathbf{y},\mathbf{x}\rangle$$
 * $$\langle \mathbf{v},\alpha\mathbf{a}+\beta\mathbf{b}\rangle = \alpha\langle\mathbf{v},\mathbf{a}\rangle+\beta\langle\mathbf{v},\mathbf{b}\rangle$$
 * $$\langle\mathbf{a},\mathbf{a}\rangle\geq0$$ with equality if and only if $$\mathbf{a}=0$$.

The vector space $$V$$ and some inner product together are known as an inner product space.

The dot product in $$\Complex^n$$
Given two vectors $$\mathbf{a} = a_1\vec{e}_1 + a_2\vec{e}_2 + \dots + a_n\vec{e}_n \in \Complex^n$$ and $$\mathbf{b} = b_1\vec{e}_1 + b_2\vec{e}_2 + \dots + b_n\vec{e}_n \in \Complex^n$$, the dot product generalized to complex numbers is:

$$\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{b} = \sum_{i=1}^n a_i^*b_i = a_1^*b_1 + a_2^*b_2 + \dots + a_n^*b_n$$

where $$z^*$$ for an arbitrary complex number $$z = c + di$$ is the complex conjugate: $$z^* = c - di$$.

The dot product is "conjugate commutative": $$\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{b} = (\mathbf{b} \cdot \mathbf{a})^*$$. One immediate consequence of the definition of the dot product is that the dot product of a vector with itself is always a non-negative real number: $$\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{a} \geq 0$$.

$$\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{a} = 0$$ if and only if $$\mathbf{a} = \vec{0}$$

The Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality for $$\Complex^n$$
In $$\R^n$$, the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality can be proven from the triangle inequality. Here, the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality will be proven algebraically.

To make the proof more intuitive, the algebraic proof for $$\mathbf{a}, \mathbf{b} \in \R^n$$ will be given first.

title: Linear Algebra/Inner product spaces


text:
User:Vuara/ANCIENT ALPHABETS COMPARED

ANCIENT ALPHABETS COMPARED By R. Cedric Leonard

Have you ever wondered why our system of letters is called an alphabet? The word is actually the combination of the Greek names of the first two characters of the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta. But where did the Greeks get these names? Why call the letters alpha, beta, gamma, delta, etc., in the first place?
 * http://www.atlantisquest.com/comparison.html
 * http://www.atlantisquest.com/tab4.gif

These are merely the Greek variation of the Phoenician names aleph, beth, gimel, deleth, etc., and these are actual words in the Phoenician language for ox, house, camel, door, etc. There are several theories as to why these names were applied to the characters in this manner, none of which have been proven. The two prevailing theories at present are: 1) the characters so-named came from earlier pictograms of those objects; 2) each character so-named was the initial sound for that object.

But the scholarly world is in complete disarray when it comes to the question of the origin of the characters. That the Greek alphabet (and most later European alphabets) is basically made up from the earlier Phoenician letters is clear. But the big question is, how did the Phoenicians come by these letters? Evidence indicates that at least some (about four) were invented on the spot (just as the Greeks invented several for their vowels). But what about the rest?

For want of a plausible theory, Dr. I. J. Gelb, Professor at the Oriental Institute and the Department of Linguistics of the University of Chicago, suggests that the entire Phoenician system of signs is an arbitrary invention throughout. Let's take an entirely different tack. Let's assume the Glozel Tablets (believed by many to be authentic and infinitely older than the Phoenician) are the key to the puzzle. Let's make a comparison between several "western" systems and the Glozel characters.

The Azilian, Iberian and Berber character-sets all correspond somewhat to that found on the Glozel Tablets. The "Proto-Sinaitic" inscriptions discovered on cliffs near Luxor, Egypt may represent a contributing factor. And even though the correspondences of several of the characters with its associated "hieroglyphic original" seem somewhat strained, there is little doubt that certain Egyptian hieroglyphs contributed to the overall Proto-Canaanite system. My contention is that the final Phoenician (an "eastern" system) was cribbed mainly from a "western". However it should be mentioned, that just as in the hieroglyph/sinai conversion, the character-shapes correspond--but not necessarily their phonic values.

Professor Johannes Friedrich, archeologist and linguist at the Free University of Berlin, implies that the Berber alphabet of North Africa may have been a relatively late invention--the earliest inscriptions appearing only in the 2nd century B.C.--therefore some of its characters may have been based on the Phoenician (Punic) script, rather than vice versa.

He writes: "The political and cultural independence of the Numidians manifested itself also in the creation of an alphabetic . . . script which has been preserved in our days in more than a thousand inscriptions." He adds: "A variant of this script is still being used today by the desert tribes of the Tuareg." (Friedrich, 1957) The independence spoken of was acquired with the backing of the Romans early in the 2nd century B.C.

But what about the inscriptions discovered among the Berbers of the Canary Islands? In 1878 French anthropologist Dr. Rene R. Verneau discovered rock carvings in the ravines of Las Balos that bear similarities with Libyan or Numidic writing from the time of Roman occupation or earlier. In other locations the older Libyco-Berber (T'ifinagh) script has been identified. (Verneau, 1881)

Keep in mind that we are comparing several "western" (i.e., Azilian, Berber, Iberian, Numidian, Glozel) with the alphabet supposedly INVENTED by the Phoenicians. The similarities are simply too great. The Phoenicians obviously did not invent their character-set known today as the alphabet. They discovered it in their travels to the west from a source dating back at least 12,000 years (i.e., the Glozel and Azilian).

Just as a footnote to all this riggamaroll about characters and alphabets (included because this also is a fact not widely known), the early Biblical Hebrews (from about the time of King Solomon until after the Babylonian captivity) used the Phoenician alphabet. In other words, whether they wrote on parchment or inscribed on stone, they wrote utilizing Phoenician characters. The earliest known Hebrew inscription is the famed Moabite Stone (dated 9th Cent. B.C.). It is written in the Hebrew language, but with Phoenician characters. The so-called "Hebrew" or block characters we are so familiar with today belong to the Aramaic alphabet, not the Hebrew.

To those of you who hung in there through all this jargon, I congratulate you. I hope I have stimulated some thinking in regards to alphabets and their origins. Whether you agree with me or not, I think the link between the Glosel Tablets and Atlantis is reasonably solid. It just may be that we owe our form of writing to the lost Atlanteans of antiquity.

title: User:Vuara/ANCIENT ALPHABETS COMPARED


text:
User:ReeceTheBoy/sandbox

Niall Dorrington:

Niall Dorrington is a famous publisher from springfield school he grew up in the small town of portsmouth and had a crazy life from just the age of 5 Niall Dorrington was Singing and Writing his first ever book 50 Shades of grey he then went on to write his most successful book Frozen In Fear This extract is a beautiful piece of work

When niall was just 12 he started in competitive cs:go getting into teams like DeadHonest and Night Knight this lead to a very successful career and a 1000 Hours on counter strike global offensive Not only that but niall was a internet sensation on Youtube with his popular prank that blew up. Niall is currently 15 years old and is very tall

But in the late summers when niall was 13 a tragic event happened to him his mother Karen died and his dad Joe Mama Was left distraught Niall dorrington was left Heartbroken so he ended up writing a really popular book called Things I wish i knew before my mum died.

title: User:ReeceTheBoy/sandbox


text:
Talk:buck

What about to buck a rivet?

 * The synonyms indicate a usage in dealing poker that is not reflected in the alternative definitions. Dick Kimball 16:25, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Hmmm... the sense was discussed Requests for verification archive/July 2007 but kept, then deleted 13 March 2008 as RFV-failed. Odd, since it seems perfectly good. (The navy defn is very similar.) Said it would be re-listed, but I can't find that. (discussion is supposed to be copied here when closed!) Robert Ullmann 16:36, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The definition of "pass the buck," linked on this page, seems to explain the poker meaning of buck quite well. Dick Kimball 16:43, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

RFV discussion
See Requests for verification archive/July 2007. —Ruakh TALK 06:36, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Verb
When a horse bucks, it kicks out its hind legs, supporting its weight on its front legs, usually in an attempt to throw off a rider or (at a rodeo) as a natural reaction to the discomfort of a "bucking strap" tightly buckled around its haunches. The action of a horse raising up on its hind legs would be rearing, as in "Hi, yo, Silver!" The rodeo definition would also apply to bulls. If you watch closely, you can see the rodeo clowns rushing up to release the bucking strap, instantly calming the horse or bull. Dick Kimball 16:38, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Buck Naked
Nothing on this usage here. <IP_ADDRESS> 08:29, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

buck
The noun senses refer to numbered senses of other definitions which are no-longer accurate. For exmaple definition 6 starts "by extension of (6)... ". Thryduulf 11:19, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It's been cleaned up --Volants 13:32, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Adjective
That song is buck. Does slang have a place in the dictionary? <IP_ADDRESS> 21:59, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Slang is fine, but we need evidence meeting WT:CFI. What does "buck" mean, and can you find it in a printed book or Usenet newsgroup? Equinox ◑ 22:00, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

RFV discussion: December 2021
Rfv-sense: The beech tree. - buck*** can mean beech***, but little evidence that buck = beechOED Notusbutthem (talk) 15:37, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

cited Kiwima (talk) 03:16, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

RFV-passed Kiwima (talk) 20:55, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:buck


text:
RESONANCE

rESONANCE is a compilation album by haloblack, self-released on July 15, 1992. The album comprises a collection of demos that were recorded in 1992 with the intention of being part of the band's debut Tension Filter.

Personnel
Adapted from the rESONANCE liner notes.

haloblack
 * Bryan Barton (as Bryan Black) – vocals, instruments, production

title: RESONANCE


text:
Gambia Senior Secondary School

The Gambia Senior Secondary School (formerly the Gambia High School) is a school in Box Bar Road, Banjul, Gambia, founded by Wesleyan missionaries. It has educated two leaders of Gambia.

History
The school was founded in 1876 in Dobson Street, Banjul, by Wesleyan missionaries. In 1898 it re-opened as the Methodist Boys' High School and in 1915 the associated Girls High School was opened. https://www.accessgambia.com/information/gambia-high-school.html

The girls' and boys' high schools were merged in 1959 to create the Gambia High School and the location moved to Box Bar Road. Philip Beale was the principal from 1961 to 1966. While there, he jointly organised an archaeological expedition with pupils from the school to examine the Senegambian stone circles. In 1994, the name changed again to the Gambia Senior Secondary School.

Notable alumni

 * Fatim Badjie, Minister of Communications, Information and Information Technology and Minister of Health and Social Welfare, youngest person ever appointed to the Gambian Cabinet.
 * Fatou Lamin Faye, Minister of Education from 2004
 * Yahya Jammeh, leader of the Gambia from 1994 to 2017.
 * Dawda Jawara, prime minister of Gambia from 1962 to 1970.
 * Bai Modi Joof, lawyer
 * Fatou Sanyang Kinteh, Minister for Women's Affairs, Children and Social Welfare
 * Louis Mahoney, actor

1876 to 1958

 * 1876–1878: Rev. J. Fieldhouse
 * 1878–1879: Rev. J. Heslam
 * 1879–1884: C. R. Cross
 * 1885–1889: J. Gilbert
 * 1889–2900: G. P. Wilhelm
 * 1901–1904: Circuits Ministers
 * 1904–1907: W. T. Cole
 * 1907–1909: Rev. C. Leopold
 * 1909–1911: A. N. Walker
 * 1912–1913: F. Dean
 * 1913–1920: Rev. L. L. Leopold
 * 1921–1922: W. E. Hoare
 * 1922–1928: Rev. F. F. Morton
 * 1929–1931: H. E .E. Burne
 * 1932–1952: J. J. Baker
 * 1953–1958: R. P. Pye

Girls High School

 * 1915–1917: Mrs. P. S. Toye
 * 1922–1927: Miss L. E. Morton
 * 1928–1929: Miss C. E. Mason
 * 1929–1936: Miss. R. M. Little
 * 1937–1938: Miss. A. I. Spencer
 * 1939–1956: Miss. N. Spencer
 * 1957–1958: Miss. V. Vodlcy

Gambia High School

 * 1959–1961; J. S. Sergeants
 * 1961–1966: P. E. Beale
 * 1966–1974: E. F. Foss
 * 1974–1976: J. J. Ndow
 * 1976–1978: H. I. Jagne
 * 1978–1980: R. D. Somers
 * 1980–1986: H. I. Jagne
 * 1986–1989: Mrs. D. E. S. Carrol
 * 1989–1994: Mrs. Satang Jaw
 * 1994–2005: Rev. W. E. E. Carr
 * 2005–present: Lamin M. B. Jaiteh

title: Gambia Senior Secondary School