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German submarine U-130 (1941)

German submarine U-130 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She was laid down at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard, Bremen as yard number 993 on 20 August 1940, launched on 14 March 1941 and commissioned on 11 June.

Her service life began with training in the 4th U-boat Flotilla; she moved to the 2nd Flotilla for more training on 1 September 1941 and operations with the same organization on 1 December.

She sank 21 ships, a total of and three auxiliary warships totalling  in six patrols. She also damaged one ship of. She was a member of three wolfpacks.

Design
German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs. U-131 had a displacement of 1120 t when at the surface and 1232 t while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m, a pressure hull length of 58.75 m, a beam of 6.76 m, a height of 9.60 m, and a draught of 4.70 m. The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4400 PS for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1000 PS for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 m.

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 kn and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 kn. When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nmi at 4 kn; when surfaced, she could travel 13450 nmi at 10 kn. U-131 was fitted with six 53.3 cm torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm SK C/30 as well as a 2 cm C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

First and second patrols
The boat's operational debut was her departure from Kiel on 1 December 1941. Crossing the North Sea, she entered the Atlantic Ocean via the gap between the Faroe and the Shetland Islands. She sank Kurdistan northwest of Northern Ireland on the tenth before docking at Lorient in occupied France on the 16th. U-130 would use this port for the rest of her career. The Kurdistan survivors were picked up by HMS Kingcup (K33) and landed at Derry.

The submarine was unsuccessfully attacked by an aircraft on 12 January 1942 in the Cabot Strait, between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland on her second patrol. She then sank two ships on the 13th east of Nova Scotia. She was almost sunk by two Canadian destroyers on the 18th, but the winter weather played a part, hampering both sides. The U-boat moved south, to warmer waters.

Third, fourth and fifth patrols
U-130's third patrol was marked by using her deck gun in conjunction with her torpedoes in the western north Atlantic and the eastern Caribbean when she sank Grenanger on 11 April 1942 and Esso Boston a day later.

The boat's fourth sortie also brought success, this time near the Cape Verde islands. Among others, she sank Tankexpress, Elmwood and Danmark, all in July 1942.

She tried to impede the landings for Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa, when she sank three troop transports at anchor off Morocco on 12 November 1942. They were USS Tasker H. Bliss (AP-42), USS Edward Rutledge (AP-52) and USS Hugh L. Scott (AP-43). The boat then headed off into the Atlantic, north of the Azores.

Sixth patrol and loss
Her last patrol was not without success; she sank Trefusis, Fidra, SS Empire Tower and Ger-y-Bryn, all on 5 March 1943.

She was sunk on 12 March 1943 by depth charges from the American destroyer USS Champlin (DD-601) west of the Azores. 53 men died. There were no survivors.

Wolfpacks
U-130 took part in three wolfpacks, namely:
 * Schlagetot (9 – 21 November 1942)
 * Westwall (21 November – 16 December 1942)
 * Unverzagt (12 March 1943)

title: German submarine U-130 (1941)


text:
Arnold Francis Hendy

Arnold Francis Hendy (1894 –1958) was an architect.

Early life and education
He was allegedly born in Plymouth in 1894, although he doesn't appear in the English census of 1901.

World War I
He served with the Devonshire Regiment in Palestine and France.

Architectural career
He entered the offices of W.H.Byrne & Son and became a student of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland for two years, winning the Downes Bronze Medal for 1920-1921 and the Institute Prize for 1921-1922.

In 1924 he became an assistant at the office of Kaye-Parry & Ross. George Murray Ross died in 1927 and William Kaye-Parry in 1932.

Hendy carried on the practice under the same name until his death in March 1956.

His works include the Pembroke Carnegie Free Library in Ballsbridge, No.35-36 Westmoreland Street and Archer's Garage.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arnold Francis Hendy


text:
Serial Programming/Serial Linux

Scope
This page is about the classic Unix C APIs for controlling serial devices. Languages other than C might provide appropriate wrappers to these APIs which look similar, or come with their own abstraction (e.g. Java). Nevertheless, these APIs are the lowest level of abstraction one can find for serial I/O in Unix. And, in fact they are also the highest abstraction in C on standard Unix. Some Unix versions ship additional vendor-specific proprietary high-level APIs. These APIs are not discussed here.

Actual implementations of classic Unix serial APIs do vary in practice, due to the different versions of Unix and its clones, like Linux. Therefore, this module just provides a general outline. It is highly recommended that you study a particular Unix version's manual (man pages) when programming for a serial device in Unix. The relevant man pages are not too great a read, but they are usually complete in their listing of options and parameters. Together with this overview it should be possible to implement programs doing serial I/O under Unix.

Basics
Linux, or any Unix, is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system. As such, programs usually don't, and are usually not allowed to, access hardware resources like serial UARTs directly. Instead, the operating system provides

 * 1) low-level drivers for mapping the device into the file system (/dev and/or /device/ file system entries),
 * 2) the standard system calls for opening, reading, writing, and closing the device, and
 * 3) the standard system call for controlling a device, and/or
 * 4) high-level C libraries for controlling the device.

The low-level driver not only maps the device into the file system with the help of the kernel, it also encapsulates the particular hardware. The user often does not even know or care what type of UART is in use.

Classic Unix systems often provide two different device nodes (or minor numbers) for serial I/O hardware. These provide access to the same physical device via two different names in the /dev hierarchy. Which node is used affects how certain serial control signals, such as DCD (data carrier detect), are handled when the device is opened. In some cases this can be changed programmatically, making the difference largely irrelevant. As a consequence, Linux only provides the different devices for legacy programs.

Device names in the file system can vary, even on the same Unix system, as they are simply aliases. The important parts of a device name (such as in /dev) are the major and minor numbers. The major number distinguishes a serial port, for example, from a keyboard driver, and is used to select the correct driver in the kernel. Note that the major number differs between different Unix systems. The minor number is interpreted by the device driver itself. For serial device drivers, it is typically used to detect which physical interface to use. Sometimes, the minor number will also be used by the device driver to determine the DCD behavior or the hardware flow control signals to be used.

The typical (but not standardized, see above) device names under Unix for serial interfaces are:

 * /dev/ttyxxx
 * Normal, generic access to the device. Used for terminal and other serial communication (originally for teletypes). More recently, they are also used in modem communication, for example, whereas the /dev/cuaxxx was used on older systems.
 * See the following module on how terminal I/O and serial I/O relate on Unix.

 * /dev/cuaxxx
 * Legacy device driver with special DCD handling. Typically this was used for accessing a modem on old Unix systems, such as running the UUCP communication protocol over the serial line and the modem. The cu in the name stands for the program. The a for ACU (automatic call unit).

The xxx part in the names above is typically a one or two digit number, or a lowercase letter, starting at 'a' for the first interface.

PC-based Unix systems often mimic the DOS/Windows naming for the devices and call them /dev/comxxx. Linux system generally call serial ports /dev/ttySxxx instead.

To summarize, when programming for the serial interface of a Unix system it is highly advisable to provide complete configuration for the device name. Not even the typical /dev path should be hard coded.

Note, devices with the name <tt>/dev/ptyxxx</tt> are pseudo terminal devices, typically used by a graphical user interface to provide a terminal emulator like xterm or dtterm with a "terminal" device, and to provide a terminal device for network logins. There is no serial hardware behind these device drivers.

Basics
Serial I/O under Unix is implemented as part of the terminal I/O capabilities of Unix. And the terminal I/O capabilities of Unix were originally the typewriter/teletype capabilities. Terminal I/O is not limited to terminals, though. The terminal I/O API is used for communication with many serial devices other than terminals, such as modems and printers.

The terminal API itself has evolved over time. These days three terminal APIs are still used in Unix programs and can be found in recent Unix implementations. A fourth one, the very old one from Unix Version 6 exists, but is quite rare these days.

The three common ones are:

 * V7, 4BSD, XENIX style device-specific ioctl-based API,
 * 1) An old one called termio
 * 2) A newer one (although still already a few decades old), which is called termios (note the additional 's').

The newer <tt>termios</tt> API is based on the older <tt>termio</tt> API, and so the two <tt>termio...</tt> APIs share a lot of similarities. The <tt>termios</tt> API has also undergone changes since inception. For example, the method of specifying the baud rate has changed from using pre-defined constants to a more relaxed schema (the constants can still be used as well on most implementations). Systems that support the newer <tt>termios</tt> often also support the older <tt>termio</tt> API, either by providing it in addition, or by providing a <tt>termios</tt> implementation with data structures which can be used in place of the <tt>termio</tt> data structures and work as <tt>termio</tt>. These systems also often just provide one man page under the older name termio(7) which is then in fact the <tt>termios</tt> man page, too.

In addition, some systems provide other, similar APIs, either in addition or as a replacement. <tt>termiox</tt> is such an API, which is largely compatible with <tt>termio</tt> and adds some extensions to it taken from <tt>termios</tt>. So <tt>termiox</tt> can logically be seen as an intermediate step between <tt>termio</tt> and <tt>termios</tt>.

The terminal I/O APIs rely on the standard system calls for reading and writing data. They don't provide their own reading/writing functions. Reading and writing data is done via the read(2) and write(2) system calls. The terminal I/O APIs just add functions for controlling and configuring the device. Most of this happens via the ioctl(2) system call.

Unfortunately, whichever of the standard APIs is used, one fact holds for all of them: They are a slight mess. Well, not really. Communication with terminals was and is a difficult issue, and the APIs reflect these difficulties. But due to the fact that one can do "everything" with the APIs, it is overwhelming when one "just" wants to do some serial communication. So why is there no separate serial-I/O-only API in Unix? There are probably two reasons for this:

 * 1) Terminals/teletypes were the first, and apparently very important, serial devices which were connected to Unix. So that API was created first.
 * 2) Once the API was there, there was no need to create a separate one for serial I/O only, since a large part of terminal I/O is serial I/O, and all needed features were already there in the terminal I/O API.

So which API should one use? There is one good reason to use the old V7 API. It is the simplest among the APIs - after going through some initialization woes on modern Unix systems. In general, however, the newer <tt>termios</tt> API makes the most sense, although it is the most complex one.

Line Discipline
When programming serial interfaces on Unix, there is one phrase - line discipline - which can drive programmers crazy. The line discipline provides the hardware-independent interface for the communication between the computer and the terminal device. It handles such things as editing, job control, and special character interpretation, and performs transformations on the incoming and outgoing data.

This is useful for terminal communication (e.g. when a backspace character should erase the latest character from the send buffer before it goes over the wire, or when different end-of-line character sequences between the terminal and the computer need to be converted). These features are, however, hardly useful when communicating with the plethora of other serial devices, where unaltered data communication is desired.

Much of the serial programming in Unix is hitting the line discipline which is in use over the head so it doesn't touch the data. Monitoring what actually goes over the wire is a good idea.

Unix V6/PWB
Unix Bell Version 6 with the programmer's workbench (PWB) was released in 1975 to universities. It was the first Unix with an audience outside AT&T. It already had a terminal programming API. Actually, at that point it was the typewriter API. That API is not described here in depth.

The usage of this API can in theory be identified by the presence of the following signature in some source code:

In theory, because at that time the C language was still a little bit different.

is supposed to point to a

structure. That structure later became  in Unix V7. Finding the V6 API in source code should be rare. Anyhow, recent Unix versions and clones typically don't support this API any more.

Unix V7
See Serial Programming:Unix/V7

termios
is the API that is in general recommended for serial I/O in Unix. A simple terminal program with  can look like it follows. Please note this program is not intended as a general framework for own programs. It lacks error handling, doesn't buffer data, and uses very inefficient polling, wasting lot of CPU cycles. The program just demonstrates some basics for serial I/O: See Serial_Programming:Unix/termios

termio / ioctl(2)
See Serial Programming:Unix/termio

Introduction
It is possible to do serial I/O on the Unix command line. However, the available control is limited. Reading and writing data can be done with the shell I/O redirections like <, >, and |. Setting basic configuration, like the baud rate, can be done with the <tt>stty</tt> (set terminal type) command.

There is also <tt>libserial</tt> for Linux. It's a simple C++ class which hides some of the complexity of termios.

Configuration with <tt>stty</tt>
The Unix command <tt>stty</tt> allows one to configure a "terminal". Since all serial I/O under Unix is done via terminal I/O, it should be no surprise that stty can also be used to configure serial lines. Indeed, the options and parameters which can be set via stty often have a 1:1 mapping to termio/termios. If the explanations regarding an option in the stty(1) man page is not sufficient, looking up the option in the termio/termios man page can often help.

On "modern" (System V) Unix versions, stty changes the parameters of its current standard input. On older systems, stty changes the parameters of its current standard output. We assume a modern Unix is in use here. So, to change the settings of a particular serial interface, its device name must be provided to stty via an I/O redirect:

stty parameters < /dev/com0 # change setting of /dev/com0

On some systems, the settings done by stty are reverted to system defaults as soon as the device is closed again. This closing is done by the shell as soon as the <tt>stty parameters < /dev/com0</tt> command has finished. So when using the above command, the changes will only be in effect for a few milliseconds.

One way to keep the device open for the duration of the communication is to start the whole communication in a sub shell (using, for example, '( ... )'), and redirecting that input. So to send the string "ATI0" over the serial line, one could use:

( stty parameters  echo "ATI0" ) < /dev/com0 > /dev/com0 Interweaving sending and receiving data is difficult from the command line. Two processes are needed; one reading from the device, and the other writing to the device. This makes it difficult to coordinate commands sent with the responses received. Some extensive shell scripting might be needed to manage this.

A common way to organize the two processes is to put the reading process in the background, and let the writing process continue to run in the foreground. For example, the following script configures the device and starts a background process for copying all received data from the serial device to standard output. Then it starts writing commands to the device:

( stty parameters; cat; )& < /dev/com0 bgPid=$? while read cmd; do   echo "$cmd" done >/dev/com0
 * 1) Set up device and read from it.
 * 2) Capture PID of background process so it is possible
 * 3) to terminate background process once writing is done
 * 4) TODO: Also set up a trap in case script is killed
 * 5)       or crashes.
 * 1) Read commands from user, send them to device

kill $bgPid
 * 1) Terminate background read process

If there is a chance that a response to some command might never come, and if there is no other way to terminate the process, it is advisable to set up a timeout by using the alarm signal and  that signal (signal 14), or simply kill the process:

trap timeout 14 timeout { echo "timeout occurred" } pid=$$ ( sleep 60 ; kill -14 $pid; )& # send alarm signal after 60 sec. or pid=$$ ( sleep 60; kill -9 $pid;)& # brutally kill process after 60 sec.
 * 1) normal script contents goes here
 * 1) normal script contents goes here

Overview
It is possible to provide a serial line with a default configuration. On classic Unix this is done with entries in the <tt>/etc/ttytab</tt> configuration file, on newer (System V R4) systems with <tt>/etc/ttydefs</tt>.

The default configurations make some sense when they are used for setting up terminal lines or dialup lines for a Unix system (and that's what they are for). However, such default configurations are not of much use when doing some serial communication with some other device. The correct function of the communication program should better not depend on some operating system configuration. Instead, the application should be self-contained and configure the device as needed by it.

<tt>/etc/ttytab</tt>
The ttytab format varies from Unix to Unix, so checking the corresponding man page is a good idea. If the device is not intended for a terminal (no login), then the getty field (sometimes also called the program field, usually the 3rd field) for the device entry should be empty. The init field (often the 4th field) can contain an initialization command. Using <tt>stty</tt> here is a good idea. So, a typical entry for a serial line might look like:

# Device   TermType    Getty   Init tty0       unknown     ""      "stty parameters"

<tt>/etc/ttydefs</tt>
Just some hints:

<tt>/etc/ttydefs</tt> provides the configuration as used by the ttymon program. The settings are similar to the settings possible with stty.

<tt>ttymon</tt> is a program which is typically run under control of the Service Access Controller (SAC), as part of the Service Access Facility (SAF).

TODO: Provide info to set up all the sac/sacadm junk.

<tt>/etc/serial.conf</tt>
Just some hints:

A Linux-specific way of configuring serial devices using the setserial program.

<tt>tty</tt>
tty with the -s option can be used to test if a device is a terminal (supports the termio/termios ioctl's). Therefore it can also be used to check if a given file name is indeed a device name of a serial line.

echo -e "Enter serial device name: \c" read dev if tty -s < "$dev"; then echo "$dev is indeed a serial device." else echo "$dev is not a serial device." fi

<tt>tip</tt>
It is a simple program for establishing a terminal connection with a remote system over a serial line. <tt>tip</tt> takes the necessary communication parameters, including the parameters for the serial communication, from a tip-specific configuration file. Details can be found in the <tt>tip</tt>(1) manual page.

Example:

To start the session over the first serial interface (here <tt>ttya</tt>):

tip -9600 /dev/ttya

To leave the session:

~.

Overview
Uucp (Unix-to-Unix-Copy) is a set of programs for moving data over serial lines/modems between Unix computers. Before the rise of the Internet uucp was the heart and foundation of services like e-mail and Usenet (net news) between Unix computers. Today uucp is largely insignificant. However, it is still a good choice if two or more Unix systems should be connected via serial lines/modems.

The uucp suite also contains command line tools for login over a serial line (or another UUCP bearer to a remote system. These tools are <tt>cu</tt> and <tt>ct</tt>. They are e.g. useful when trying to access a device connected via a serial line and when debugging some serial line protocol.

<tt>cu</tt>
<tt>cu</tt> "call another UNIX system", does what the name implies. Only, that the other system does not have to be a UNIX system at all. It just sets up a serial connection, possibly by dialing via a modem.

<tt>cu</tt> is the oldest Unix program for serial communication. It's the reason why some serial devices on classic Unix systems are called something like <tt>/dev/cul0</tt> and <tt>/dev/cua0</tt>. Where cu of course stands for the <tt>cu</tt> program supposed to use the devices, l stands for line - the communication line, and a for acu (automatic call unit).

<tt>ct</tt>
<tt>ct</tt> is intended to spawn a login to a remote system over a modem line, serial line, or similar bearer. It uses the uucp devices list to find the necessary dialing (modem) commands, and the serial line settings.

System Configuration
inittab, ttytab, SAF configuration

title: Serial Programming/Serial Linux


text:
1932 Kansas Jayhawks football team

The 1932 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Six Conference during the 1932 college football season. The team began the season with Bill Hargiss as head coach, but Hargiss resigned on October 10, and Adrian Lindsey took over as head coach for the third game of the season against Iowa State. The 1932 Jayhawks compiled a 5–3 record (3–2 against conference opponents), tied for second place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 89 to 77. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.

title: 1932 Kansas Jayhawks football team


text:
User:Dagon maung maung

Background
I have been editing en: since early 2004 anonymously, and under this account since 15-NOV-2005. My background is in computer network infrastructures and security. I also have years of experience in online forum moderation at several online forums.

Hot Topics
[EMPTY]

simple:User:Dagon maung maung

title: User:Dagon maung maung


text:
File:SIDP Logo 2019.png

Summary
This is a logo for Fair Use in Article: Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists Purpose of Use: Infobox The logo may be obtained from https://www.sidp.org/ The entire logo is used to convey the meaning intended and avoid tarnishing or misrepresenting the intended image. The logo is of a size and resolution sufficient to maintain the quality intended by the company or organization, without being unnecessarily high resolution. Because it is a non-free logo, there is almost certainly no free representation. Any substitute that is not a derivative work would fail to convey the meaning intended, would tarnish or misrepresent its image, or would fail its purpose of identification or commentary.

Other information Use of the logo in the article complies with Wikipedia non-free content policy, logo guidelines, and fair use under United States copyright law as described above. HBNew (talk) 03:40, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

title: File:SIDP Logo 2019.png


text:
Jerzy Lubomirski

Jerzy Lubomirski is the name of several Polish noblemen:

 * Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski (1616–1667), Polish nobleman and prince, leader of the Lubomirski Rebellion
 * Jerzy Dominik Lubomirski (1654–1727), Polish noble
 * Jerzy Aleksander Lubomirski (17th-century–1735), Polish noble
 * Jerzy Ignacy Lubomirski (1687–1753), Polish nobleman

title: Jerzy Lubomirski


text:
Werner Söderhjelm

Jarl Werner Söderhjelm (26 July 1859 – 16 January 1931) was a Finnish-Swedish linguist, researcher of literary history and diplomat.

Söderhjelm was born in Viipuri. His parents were Procurator Woldemar Söderhjelm and Amanda Olivia Clouberg. Through his family connections, he was exposed to a variety of languages and he took an early interest in literature.

He graduated from Viipuri Classical Lyceum in 1877, graduated as a Bachelor of Philosophy, with a Master's degree in 1882, and as a Licentiate and Doctorate from the Imperial Alexander University in 1885.

Söderhjelm was a docent of the new literature at the University of Helsinki from 1886 to 1889, Romanesque Philology as a Docent from 1889 to 1894 and an Extra Professor from 1894 to 1898.

He worked as a Germanic philologist and professor of Romanesque philology from 1898 to 1908 as Professor of Romanesque Philology in 1908-1913. He applied for the professorship of aesthetics and modern literature in 1910, but was beaten to it by Yrjö Hirn. Finally Söderhjelm became professor of Finnish and general literary history from 1913 to 1919.

Söderhjelm attended in the Diet of Finland as a  member from  the clergy from 1904 to 1905. In the early 1900s he belonged to the Young Finnish Party's conservative wing and was a member of the Young People Party Central Committee from 1906 to 1907.

After the independence of Finland, he served as Director in the Finnish News Agency in Copenhagen from  1918 to 1919 and  as Envoy to Stockholm from 1919 to 1928.

Werner Söderhjelm was married from 1884 to Sigrid Wilhelmina Lönnblad. They had four sons, the most famous being the writer and editor Henning Söderhjelm. His youngest son, J. O. Söderhjelm, served as a Minister of Justice  during the Winter War. Werner Söderhjelm's sister was Finland's first female professor Alma Söderhjelm. Activist Konni Zilliacus was his cousin.

He died in Helsinki, aged 71.

title: Werner Söderhjelm


text:
Senator Groff

Senator Groff may refer to:

 * Peter Groff (born 1963), Colorado State Senate
 * Regis Groff (1935–2014), Colorado State Senate

title: Senator Groff


text:
1990 BMW European Indoors

The 1990 BMW European Indoors was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Saalsporthalle Allmend in Zürich in Switzerland and was part of Tier II of the 1990 WTA Tour. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 8 October through 14 October 1990. First-seeded Steffi Graf won the singles title.

Singles
🇩🇪 Steffi Graf defeated 🇦🇷 Gabriela Sabatini 6–3, 6–2
 * It was Graf's 8th singles title of the year and the 52nd of her career.

Doubles
Manon Bollegraf / 🇩🇪 Eva Pfaff defeated 🇫🇷 Catherine Suire / Dianne Van Rensburg 7–5, 6–4

title: 1990 BMW European Indoors


text:
Introduction to Philosophical Logic/Arguments

Definition of an argument
An argument (in the context of logic) is defined as a set of premises and a conclusion where the conclusion and premises are separated by some trigger word, phrase or mark known as a turnstile.

For example:

1 I think; therefore I am.

There is only one premise in this argument, I think. The conclusion is I am and the turnstile is therefore (although the semi-colon may be thought of as part of the turnstile).

2 ''All men are mortal. Socrates was a man. So, Socrates was mortal.''

In this example there are two premises and the turnstile is so.

In English (and all other natural languages), the conclusion need not come at the end of an argument:

3 ''Pigs can fly. For pigs have wings and all winged animals can fly.''

4 I am a safe driver: I have never had an accident.

Here the turnstiles (for and :) seem to indicate where the premises come as opposed to where the conclusion comes. Other examples of turnstiles (indicating either conclusion or premises) are: so, thus, hence, since, because, it follows that, for the reason that, from this it can be seen that.

Sound arguments
A sound argument is an argument that satisfies three conditions. -True premises -Unambiguous premises -Valid logic

If one of these conditions is unsatisfied then the argument is unsound, though in the case of ambiguous premises, not necessarily so.

The first, second and fourth arguments (depending of course, on who "I" is - it is being assumed it is the author!) are all sound. Here are some more:

5 ''Grass is green. The sky is blue. Snow is white. Therefore coal is black.''

6 ''Grass is green. The sky is blue. Snow is white. Therefore pigs can fly.''

7 2+2=4; hence 2+2=4

8 2+2=4; hence 2+2=5

Note that it is not necessary that the truth value of the conclusion play a role in determining whether an argument is sound. This can be determined by considering the truth of the premises and the validity of the argument. However, if the conclusion is not true, the argument is not sound.

A sound argument always has consistent premises. This must be the case, since there is a possible situation (namely reality) in which they are all true.

Valid arguments
Of greater interest to the logician are valid arguments. A valid argument is an argument for which there is no possible situation in which the premises are all true and the conclusion is false.

Of the above arguments 2, 3 and 7 are valid. The reader should consider whether argument 1 is valid (read Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes, chapters 1, 2).

It does not matter whether the premises or conclusion are actually true for an argument to be valid. All that matters is that the premises could not all be true and the conclusion false. Indeed, this means that an argument with inconsistent premises is always valid. There is no situation under which such an argument has all premises true and so there is no situation under which such an argument has all premises true and conclusion false. Hence it is valid. Similarly, an argument with a necessary conclusion can in no situation have all true premises and a false conclusion, since there is no situation in which the conclusion is false.

An argument with the single premise 'The conclusion is true.' is valid (regardless of the conclusion). An argument with the conclusion 'The premises are all true.' is also valid.

According to the definition of truth given previously, if the conclusion is false, its negation is true. Hence a valid argument can also be defined as an argument for which there is no possible situation under which the premises and the negation of the conclusion are all true. Hence, a valid argument is an argument such that the set of its premises and the negation of the conclusion is inconsistent. Such a set (the union of the set of premises and the set of the negation of the conclusion) is known as the counter-example set. It is called the counter-example set for the following reason: if a possible situation is found in which the members of this set are all true (and so the set is found to be consistent), this situation provides a counter-example to the arguments being valid, i.e. the existence of such a situation proves that the argument is not valid.

Counter-examples do not exist only for arguments, but also for statements:

Prime numbers are always odd		2 provides a counter-example (a number) to this statement. All animals have four legs			Human beings provide a counter-example (a type of animal). Years are 365 days long			Leap years provide a counter-example (a type of year). Years designated by a number divisible by four are leap years			The year 1900 provides a counter-example (a particular year). It always rains in England			A singularly sunny day in September (today, when written - a 								particular interval of time) provides a counter-example.

Counter-examples to declarative sentences refute their truth and are classes of things (thing being understood very broadly here) or particular things. Counter-examples to arguments refute their validity and are possible situations designated by sets of sentences (the counter-example set). Some clarification of the situation is often needed.

For example, take argument 4. It will be modified slightly as follows:

John has never had an accident; therefore, John is a safe driver.

It will be assumed here that accident means car accident and driver means motorist and safe means not liable to cause an accident. The counter-example set is:

John has never had an accident. John is not a safe driver.

Clarification by example: it may be that John has never driven in his life (and so never had an accident) because he is blind (and so cannot be considered a safe driver).

As mentioned, an inconsistent counter-example set implies that a conclusion is valid because it means that there is no situation under which the premises are all true and the conclusion is false (the negation of the conclusion is true).

Take argument 2; the counter-example set is:

All men are mortal. Socrates was a man. Socrates was not mortal.

These sentences cannot all be true at once. If Socrates was a man and he was not mortal, it could not be that all men are mortal. If all men are indeed mortal and Socrates was not mortal, he could not have been a man. If all men are mortal and Socrates was a man, he must have been mortal. Hence the counter-example set is inconsistent and the argument is valid.

Use a similar approach to show that arguments 3 and 7 are valid (and use it to consider argument 1). This method is known as reductio ad absurdum (which translates literally from Latin as "reduction to absurdity"). The negation of the conclusion is absurd given the truth of the premises and so the conclusion must be true.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aversan inc.

The result was   delete. — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 11:33, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Aversan inc.

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This article is not supported by sufficient reliable sources to show that the subject company is notable per WP:CORP. The references are either to press releases, or to articles that only mention this company in passing. NawlinWiki (talk) 17:38, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete - Lacks NPOV & very close to G11. Bazj (talk) 17:48, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep Article was revised and the PR reference taken out. It no longer contains language that is promotional of nature and therefore G11 no longer applies. Article is sourced by news articles from Wing Magzine, Canadian Business Aviation Association and others. osap21 12:53, 9 February 2015 (EST)
 * Also see deleted versions at Aversan Inc.; there's nothing usable there that isn't already here, though. Delete unless sources that aren't mere reprints of press releases are provided.  Since osap21 was enthusiastic enough to create this article at least four times so far, I'm going to assume he already knows where to find them if they exist. —Cryptic 18:21, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Aversan Inc. is that this article is intended to be. Only ones created. The lower-case "i" in inc. was a type and this Aversan inc. article is supposed to be the Aversan Inc. one. I understand Cryptic's thought. However, not re-creating just because it was deleted. If approved was going to move the Aversan inc. to be the Aversan Inc.. Also, sources are completely seperate articles and are not reprints of press releases provided earlier. osap21 13:26, 9 February 2015 (EST)
 * Current ref 1 is the closest to being usable, and it contains zero complete sentences about Aversan. Ref 2 contains only the company name in a list with 203 others.  Ref 3 is just an address.  Ref 4's only mention of Aversan is indistinguishable from a press release, and ref 5's is indistinguishable from machine translation of a press release. —Cryptic 18:35, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete: It seems as if the only notable thing about this company is that a trade journal listed it in a top-10 list (ref 4). The first 3 references are just directory listings. I cannot speak to reference 5, as it is in Chinese. Personally, I would not call this significant coverage, but the bar here is very low. For example, the article on the cited trade journal, Wings (Canadian magazine), has no references at all. ubiquity (talk) 18:38, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete: The given references fall short of approaching the required depth for encyclopaedic notability and searches are turning up just routine announcements. Fails WP:CORPDEPTH. AllyD (talk) 21:41, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Ontario-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:46, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:46, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Technology-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:46, 11 February 2015 (UTC)


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Tahart

Tahart (also written Tahat) is a village in the commune of Abalessa, in Tamanrasset Province, Algeria. It lies on Oued Outoul 37 km west of Tamanrasset city.

title: Tahart


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List of unincorporated communities in Oklahoma

Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma do not have a formally organized municipal government. Rather, residents rely on the county government for services. State law allows unincorporated communities, under certain conditions, to incorporate or join another municipality

Many unincorporated communities were at one time incorporated but for various reasons no longer have a municipal government. Depopulation during the 1930s and 40s caused the loss of many communities and some no longer exist even as unincorporated communities. In Oklahoma, incorporated municipalities may petition for dissolution or be declared dissolved after missing two concurrent municipal elections (held April of odd numbered years). Platted unincorporated communities do have some right under the laws of Oklahoma that non-platted communities do not enjoy. A town plat is also one of the conditions required for incorporation. Although unincorporated communities have no municipal governments, they may organize their own water districts or fire districts and tax citizens to support them. Additionally, many communities have school districts with elected school boards. Also, several unincorporated communities still have their own post offices.

Many unincorporated communities (such as Boggy Depot, Tuskahoma, and Skullyville) played important roles in the development of Oklahoma and others, especially those with schools and post offices, continue to be important centers in rural Oklahoma.

"Oklahoma Municipal Government" from the Oklahoma Almanac published by the Oklahoma Department of Libraries is the source document for this list. Additional communities have been added using Wikipedia articles which cite authoritative sources. Geographic coordinates, if known, are provided for those place names which are unlikely to be communities.


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Edward Barber (actor)

Edward John Abellera Barber (born July 15, 2000) is a Filipino-British actor and host who came to prominence in 2016, after joining the reality television series Pinoy Big Brother: Lucky 7, where he placed fourth.

Barber started his film career by playing the lead role in the romantic comedy Loving in Tandem (2017). He also played supporting roles in Seven Sundays (2017), Da One That Ghost Away (2018), and Fantastica (2018). He also starred in the drama television series Hiwaga ng Kambat (2019). In addition to acting, Barber ventured into the music industry with his debut studio album #E0806.

Early life
Edward John Abellera Barber was born in Heidelberg, Germany, on July 15, 2000, to British-German entrepreneur Kevin and Filipina mother Cathy (née Abellera). He has an older sister.

Barber attended the European School, Karlsruhe in Germany where he discovered his interest for acting by joining the school's extra-curricular activities. Barber placed his education on hold when he joined Pinoy Big Brother.

Career
Barber was sixteen when he was asked to audition online for Pinoy Big Brother after staff from The Filipino Channel took a photo of him in a Dolce Amore event in Germany. He succeeded in joining and was later introduced as the first contestant of the show. Barber was later announced as a semi-finalist on the show and had to temporarily exit due to the program's format. Meanwhile, Barber, together with the other semi-finalists, Maymay Entrata, and Kisses Delavin, took part in an online reality series called Follow the Lucky 3 Teens, which follows their journey after momentarily exiting the house. The show's finale was held on March 5, 2017 at the Alonte Sports Arena where he was declared as one of the runners-up, with Entrata winning the competition.

In September 2017 Maymay Entrata and Edward Barber, popularly known with their loveteam "MayWard", played the lead roles for their debut film, Loving in Tandem, which was released nationwide on September 13, 2017. Right after, he got a cameo role in the box office hit film Seven Sundays.

He joined Maymay to make a teleserye debut on the television series La Luna Sangre.

Philanthropy
ELM Tree Foundation, a charity organization founded by Barber, his sister Laura, and Entrata, was formally launched on December 19, 2017. It takes its name from the initials of their name.

Endorsement
Fresh from Pinoy Big Brother house, he together with on-screen partner Maymay Entrata joined McDonald's family as the newest endorsers of the new Creamy McFreeze. They also became one of the newest endorsers for Bench (Philippine clothing brand). MayWard joined the launching of Ariel Philippines’ new product, the NEW Ariel with Downy Perfume on May 18, 2017, with the #ArielWhatAFeeling trending nationwide.

title: Edward Barber (actor)


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User:Ailbhe99/TWA/Earth/2

Shape and structure

Tectonic plates

Surface

Atmosphere

Weather, climate, and water cycle

Orbit and rotation

References

Added section headings Added wikilinks to relevant and unique terms Added images of Earth's nature, life, and creations

title: User:Ailbhe99/TWA/Earth/2


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University Academy 92

University Academy 92 (UA92) is a higher education institution in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England.

History
UA92 was announced in September 2017 and offers “broader courses than traditional degrees, designed to enhance life skills as well as employability”. Degrees have a focus on personal and character development, and the skills needed for the workplace.

UA92 was co-founded by Lancaster University and members of the Class of '92, the Manchester United football players who won the 1992 FA Youth Cup, including Gary Neville, Ryan Giggs, Paul Scholes, Phil Neville and Nicky Butt. Following their successful careers after football, the players wanted to open a university which would attract students who "otherwise might not go on to higher education".

UA92 has been described by The Times as “a venture setting out to help disadvantaged young people in Manchester get a better education, with a new university that explicitly draws on the strategies and mindset of elite sport".

It opened in September 2019 in Old Trafford, Manchester.

UA92 works in partnership with industry to develop a curriculum inspired by business needs. Current partners include Microsoft, Trafford College, KPMG, Manchester United and Lancashire County Cricket Club.

In January 2021, UA92 was accepted into the Office for Students register of higher education institutions following an inspection by the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA).

In December 2021, it was awarded £2m funding by the Office for Students to develop a new digital academy on campus. UA92 said “the new academy will increase UA92’s student capacity for digital students almost tenfold – from 65 to 634”.

Initiatives
In 2021, UA92 launched its 'Make It For Real' campaign to support disadvantaged students. Students eligible for the grant will each receive a Microsoft Surface Pro laptop and unlimited TalkTalk data for three years, Co-op lunch vouchers (five days a week, 52 weeks of the year for the length of their course), £150 Dunelm home vouchers and free travel to get to UA92. To qualify for the package, students needed to currently be in receipt of free school meals in their last year at school or college.

The campaign was inspired by fellow Manchester United player Marcus Rashford’s campaign for free school lunches in primary schools across the UK.

In November 2021, Wes Streeting MP, the Shadow Child Poverty Secretary, visited the campus to discuss the initiative and best practice in levelling up across education. He said the package, worth £5,000, was “a shining example of positive action to help young people from disadvantaged backgrounds access higher education”.

Disputes
In August 2017, the approval by the Department of Education to allow UA92 the use of 'University Academy 92' was questioned with critics claiming the decision to approve the use of the name makes it 'too easy' for new providers to use ‘university’ in a new institution's name.

In July 2018, it was revealed that UA92 had filed a lawsuit against Brendan Flood, who founded the University Campus of Football Business (UCFB). The lawsuit claimed trademark infringement after Flood incorporated a series of companies and trademarks using the name UA92 soon after the announcement of University Academy 92, and sought at injunction to stop Flood using the name.

The campus
Although local opinion on the project was divided as it reached the planning application stage, plans for the development of UA92 were approved by Trafford Council in a vote in January 2018. In August 2018 the campus plans were approved by Trafford Council. Work commenced in October 2018 on converting the former Kellogg's building into UA92's campus.

The main campus totals 100,000 sq ft. UA92 took up space in the building on a phased basis initially occupying the ground and first floors, totalling circa 50,000 sq ft. There is also an option for the university to take the upper two floors, again totalling around 50,000 sq ft, in subsequent academic years.

The campus was officially launched on 20 September 2019 on Brian Statham Way, Old Trafford, Manchester and the first hundred students started in October 2019. It will eventually cater for up to 6,500 students.

Gary Neville described the project as 'potentially the biggest thing we've ever done'.

Degree programmes
UA92 launched on 20 September 2019 with six undergraduate degrees for September 2019 entry - accounting and finance, business studies, journalism, media and communications, physical education and sports science. Further courses launched in 2020, including Computer Science and Sports Management, with a further four courses launching in September 2022: Event Management, Sports Coaching, Sports Event Management, and Sports Media and Communications. Students apply via UCAS. Certificates in Higher Education (CertHE) are also offered.

The qualifications are built around four main specialist subject areas – business, media, sport and digital.

The curriculum – delivered in fixed morning or afternoon slots for the duration of an individual's degree – is designed to allow students from a range of educational and socio-economic backgrounds to access high quality, higher education.

UA92 works in partnership with over 30 industry partners to develop a curriculum influenced by business needs. Current partners include Microsoft, Trafford College, KPMG, TalkTalk, Manchester United and Lancashire Cricket Club.

Academic model
UA92's academic model takes place over a full academic year, worth 120 credits. Each degree is broken into modules, taught in six-week blocks, and students can join at six points in the year, rather than having to begin in September.

Assessments are contained within each block, there are no traditional end-of-year examinations.

The academic year concludes in April, enabling students to pursue paid work/placements during summer.

Personal Character Development
Personal Character Development is a specialised programme of learning focusing on the personal skills and attributes required for life and the workplace, developing cognitive, emotional and social intelligence, an understanding of physical and mental well-being, and preparedness for employment.

Themes include: resilience, professionalism, leadership, health and well-being, team-working, financial and digital literacy, problem solving, career preparedness, reflective practice and communication skills.

This will be underpinned by support from a personal development coach, throughout study.

Staff
Sara Prowse was appointed CEO of UA92 in 2021 following a 30-year career leading and building well-known names such as Hotter Shoes, Lands End and ISME at Shop Direct, which is now known as The Very Group.

Professor Gary Pritchard was appointed Chief Academic Officer in January 2022

title: University Academy 92


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Stukovo

Stukovo (Стуково) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Stukovsky Selsoviet, Pavlovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1,222 as of 2013. There are 8 streets.

Geography
Stukovo is located 35 km southeast of Pavlovsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sarai is the nearest rural locality.

title: Stukovo


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Lord Hawke's cricket team in North America in 1894

An English cricket team led by Lord Hawke toured North America in September and October 1894 and two of its matches are considered to have been first-class. This was the second tour to North America led by Hawke: he had previously led a side there in 1891–92 and three of the players from the earlier tour, not including Hawke, were also on this second one.

The team played six matches in all, five of them in the United States and one in Canada. The games against the Gentlemen of Philadelphia were of three days' duration, though the second was finished inside two days, and are considered first-class. Other games in New York, Toronto and Lowell, Massachusetts, were each scheduled for two days and are not considered first-class; the match in Lowell was finished inside a single day and an exhibition game, also not first-class, was played on the second day without a result.

The team
Hillyard, McAlpine and Wright had been part of Lord Hawke's previous team to North America in 1891–92.

The tour
Hawke's team left London on 8 September 1894, sailing from Southampton that day. At the time of the departure, the team was expected to be playing matches in "New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Boston" and to be returning home by 1 October. The tour was in fact extended by a couple of weeks with a visit to Canada, but a report in England indicates that it was not entirely a success: "The English cricketers in America are losing their power to attract, there is a decrease in the number of spectators at their matches with their Yankee opponents, their doings appear to excite less interest, and their victories are not so much taken to heart as they used to be," said a note in the Cheltenham Chronicle newspaper. "Cricket is losing its hold upon the American public, who having gone wild over the short and exciting game of baseball, are losing all taste for our prosaic natural [sic] pastime."

Not all the team came back together: newspapers record the arrival of eight members of the team in Southampton on 17 October 1894.

First-class matches
Two first-class matches were played on the tour, both of them against the Gentlemen of Philadelphia side. McAlpine was omitted from the team for both of these matches.

Other games
There were three other matches, each of two days' duration, scheduled on the tour, none of them first-class. The team began with a 12-a-side match against an "All New York" team at the Staten Island Cricket Club ground: Hawke's side batted for the whole of the first day and the second was lost entirely to rain. The first-class matches in Philadelphia came next, after which the side headed for Toronto and a two-day game against a "Gentlemen of Canada" side which was drawn. In what was intended to be the final game of the tour, the team played a Massachusetts side, with Hawke's team 12-strong and the Americans 15; the numbers did not help and the touring team triumphed by an innings inside a single day. A "fill-up" single innings match was arranged for the vacant second day, but this match appears not to have been completed, and the scorecard does not give full detail of the home side.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Birds Barbershop

The result was keep. (non-admin closure) Jovanmilic97 (talk) 14:30, 27 September 2019 (UTC)

Birds Barbershop

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It's unsourced, but it also...isn't. There are potential sources in the External Links section, but 4 are from local newspapers, and 3 of those are from the exact same publication. There are only 2 others from Reuters and Newsweek. Most of the sources also don't appear to focus on the barbershop, instead just being lists or using the shop as an example. Only the Newsweek article appears to focus on it. I'm not even sure since the Newsweek website made it too hard to read the whole thing. Overall, this is very iffy as to whether this should be deleted or not, at least from what I've seen. Invalid OS (talk) 13:58, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions.  Invalid OS (talk) 13:58, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions.  Invalid OS (talk) 13:58, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the Article Rescue Squadron's list of content for rescue consideration. Lightburst (talk) 14:22, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the Article Rescue Squadron's list of content for rescue consideration. Lightburst (talk) 14:22, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep I click the Google news search at the top of this AFD and right away I see Forbes giving them ample coverage. Other significant coverage is at .   D r e a m Focus  16:00, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep per WP:RS I have been adding sources. WP:NOTCLEANUP. Notable company asses GNG Lightburst (talk) 18:01, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep seems to have good coverage from Forbes and Newsweek.Itsabouttech (talk) 19:01, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep Something for the weekend, sir? Here's another source. Andrew D. (talk) 18:35, 26 September 2019 (UTC)


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Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Genetics/Introduction

Although Charles Darwin is credited with discovering the first observations of natural selection, he never explained how or why the process happens. Other scholars tackled these problems.

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
Darwin recognized the importance of individual variation in process of natural selection, but could not explain how individual differences were transmitted from one generation to another. Although none of main scientists in the 19th-century debate about evolution knew it, the key experiments necessary to understand how genetic inheritance really worked had already been performed by an obscure monk, Gregor Mendel, who lived near Brno, in the Czech Republic.

Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel performed many breeding experiments using the common edible garden pea plants. He meticulously recorded his observations and isolated a number of traits in order to confirm his results.

In 1866, Mendel published a report where he described many features of the mode of inheritance which Darwin was seeking. He proposed the existence of three fundamental principles of inheritance: Segregation; Independent Assortment; Dominance and Recessiveness.

Because the basic rules of inheritance Mendel discovered apply to humans as well as to peas, his work is of prime relevance for paleoanthropology and human evolution.

Nevertheless Mendel's work was beyond the thinking of the time; its significance was overlooked and unrecognized until the beginning of the 20th century.

Mendel's research
Mendel observed that his peas had seven easily observable characteristics, with only two forms, or variants, for each trait: After crossing plants, Mendel noted and carefully recorded the number of plants in each generation with a given trait. He believed that the ratio of plant varieties in a generation of offspring would yield clues about inheritance, and he continually tested his ideas by performing more experiments. From his controlled experiments and the large sample of numerous breeding experiments, Mendel proposed the existence of three fundamental principles of inheritance:
 * Segregation
 * Independent Assortment
 * Dominance and Recessiveness

Segregation
Mendel began crossing different varieties of purebred plants that differed with regard to a specific trait. For example, pea color.

In the experiment:
 * The first generation (parental, Fo) of plants were either green or yellow. As they matured, the first hybrid offspring generation was not intermediate in color, as blending theories of inheritance (Darwin) would have predicted. To the contrary, they were all yellow.
 * Next, Mendel allowed these plants to self-fertilize and produce a second generation of plants (generation F1). But this time, only 3/4 of offspring plants were yellow, and the remaining 1/4 were green.

These results suggested an important fact:
 * Different expressions of a trait were controlled by discrete units, which occurred in pairs, and that offspring inherited one unit from each parent.

This is Mendel's first principle of inheritance: principle of segregation.

Independent Assortment
Mendel also made crosses in which two traits were considered simultaneously to determine whether there was a relationship between them. For example: Plant height and seed color.

Results of experiments: No relationship between the two traits were found; nothing to dictate that a tall plant must have yellow (or green) seeds; therefore, expression of one trait is not influenced by the expression of the other trait.

Based on these results, Mendel stated his second principle of inheritance: the principle of independent assortment. This principle says that the genes that code for different traits assort independently of each other.

Dominance and Recessiveness
Mendel also recognized that the trait that was absent in the first generation of offspring plants had not actually disappeared at all - it had remained, but was masked and could not be expressed.

To describe the trait that seemed to be lost, Mendel used the term recessive; the trait that was expressed was said to be dominant.

Thus the important principle of dominance and recessiveness was formulated; and it remains today an essential concept in the field of genetics.

Implications of Mendel's research
Mendel thought his findings were important, so he published them in 1866.

Scientists, especially botanists studying inheritance, in the late 19th century, should have understood the importance of Mendel's experiments. But instead, they dismissed Mendel's work, perhaps because it contradicted their own results or because he was an obscure monk.

Soon after the publication of his work, Mendel was elected abbot of his monastery and was forced to give up his experiments.

His ideas did not resurface until the turn of the 20th century, when several botanists independently replicated Mendel's experiments and rediscovered the laws of inheritance.

The role of cell division in inheritence
Mitosis and Meiosis

By the time Mendel's experiments were rediscovered in 1900, some facts were well known: In order for plants and animals to grow and maintain good health, body cells of an organism must divide and produce new cells. Cell division is the process that results in the production of new cells.
 * virtually all living organisms are built out of cells;
 * all the cells in complex organisms arise from a single cell through the process of cell division.

Two types of cell division have been identified:
 * Mitosis: a process when chromosomes (and genes) replicate, forming a second pair that duplicates the original pair of chromosomes in the nucleus. Thus, mitosis produces new cells (daughter cells) that have exactly the same number of chromosome pairs and genes, as did the parent cell

 * Meiosis: while mitosis produces new cells (which	contain a pair of homologous chromosomes), meiosis leads to development of new individuals, known as gametes (which contain only one copy of each chromosome). With this process, each new cell (containing only one copy of each chromosome) is said to be haploid: when new individual is conceived, a haploid sperm from father unites with a haploid egg from the mother to produce a diploid zygote. The zygote is a single cell that divides mitotically over and over again to produce the millions and millions of cells that make up an individual's body.

Mendel and chromosomes
Mendel stated in 1866 that an organism's observed traits are determined by "particules" (later named genes by the American geneticist T.H. Morgan) acquired from each of the parents. This statement was only understood by further research.

Between the time of Mendel's initial discovery of the nature of inheritance and its rediscovery at the turn of the century, a crucial feature of cellular anatomy was discovered: the chromosome.
 * Chromosomes are small, linear bodies contained in every cell and replicated during cell division.

In 1902, a graduate student from Columbia University, (Walter Sutton) made the connection between chromosomes and properties of inheritance discovered by Mendel's principles:
 * genes reside on chromosomes because individuals inherit one copy of each chromosome from each parent
 * therefore an organism's observed traits are determined by genes from both parents
 * these propositions are consistent with the observation that mitosis transmits a copy of both chromosomes to every daughter cell, so every cell contains copies of both the maternal and paternal chromosomes.

Molecular genetics
In first half of the 20th century, geneticists made substantial progress in:
 * describing the cellular events that took place during mitosis and meiosis
 * understanding the chemistry of reproduction.

By the middle of the 20th century it was known that chromosomes contain two structurally complex molecules: protein and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). It was also determined that the particle of heredity postulated by Mendel was DNA, not protein - though exactly how DNA might contain and convey the information essential to life was still a mystery.

In the early 1950s, several biologists (led by Francis Crick and James Watson), at Cambridge University, made a discovery that revolutionized biology: they deduced the structure of DNA.

Through this discovery, we now know how DNA stores information and how this information controls the chemistry of life, and this knowledge explains why heredity leads to the patterns Mendel describes in pea plants, and why there are sometimes new variations.

Molecular Components
Cells Cells are basic units of life in all living organisms. Complex multicellular forms (plants, insects, birds, humans, ...) are composed of billions of cells, all functioning in complex ways to promote the survival of the individual.

DNA Molecules Complex molecule with an unusual shape: like two strands (called nucleotides) of a rope (composed of alternating sequences of phosphate and sugar molecules) twisted around one another (double helix). Chemical bases that connect two strands constitute code that contains information to direct production of proteins.

It is at this level that development of certain traits occurs;. . Yet, since the DNA in a single chromosome is millions of bases long, there is room for a nearly infinite variety of messages.

DNA molecules have the unique property of being able to produce exact copies of themselves: as long as no errors are made in the replication process, new organisms will contain genetic material exactly like that in ancestral organisms.

Genes A Gene is a short segment of the DNA molecule that directs the development of observable or identifiable traits. Thus genetics is the study of how traits are transmitted from one generation to the next.

Chromosomes Each chromosome contains a single DNA molecule, roughly two meters long that is folded up to fit in the nucleus. Chromosomes are nothing more than long strands of DNA combined with protein to produce structures that can actually be seen under a conventional light microscope

Each kind of organism has characteristic number of chromosomes, which are usually found in pairs. For example, human cells contain 23 pairs.

Cellular processes
DNA Replication In addition to preserving a message faithfully, hereditary material must be replicable. Without the ability to make copies of itself, the genetic message that directs the activities of living cells could not be spread to offspring, and natural selection would be impossible.

Cells multiply by dividing in such a way that each new cell receives a full complement of genetic material. For new cells to receive the essential amount of DNA, it is first necessary for the DNA to replicate:
 * Specific enzymes break the bonds between bases in the DNA molecule, leaving the two previously joined strands exposed
 * When process is completed, there are two double-stranded DNA molecules exactly like the original one.

Protein Synthesis One of most important functions of DNA is that it directs protein synthesis within the cell. Proteins are complex, three-dimensional molecules that function through their ability to bind to other molecules.

Proteins function in myriad ways: Proteins are not only major constituents of all body tissues, but also direct and perform physiological and cellular functions. Therefore critical that protein synthesis occur accurately, for, if it does not, physiological development and metabolic activities can be disrupted or even prevented.
 * Collagen is most common protein in body and major component of all connective tissues
 * Enzymes are also proteins; their function is to initiate and enhance chemical reactions
 * Hormones are another class.

Evolutionary significance of cellular processes
Meiosis is a highly important evolutionary innovation, since it increases variation in populations at a faster rate than mutation alone can do in asexually reproducing species.

Individual members of sexually reproducing species are not genetically identical clones of other individuals. Therefore each individual represents a unique combination of genes that has never occurred before and will never occur again.

Genetic diversity is therefore considerably enhanced by meiosis. If all individuals in a population are genetically identical over time, the natural selection and evolution cannot occur. Therefore, sexual reproduction and meiosis are of major evolutionary importance because they contribute to the role of natural selection in populations.

Synthesizing the knowledge
Darwin believed that evolution proceeded by the gradual accumulation of small changes. But Mendel and the biologists who elucidated the structure of the genetic system around the turn of the century proved that inheritance was fundamentally discontinuous.

Yet turn-of-the-century geneticists argued that this fact could not be reconciled with Darwin's idea that adaptation occurs through the accumulation of small variations.
 * If generation of parent plants are tall and short, then there will be no intermediate in the generation of offspring and size of peas cannot change in small steps. In a population of short plants, tall ones must be created all at once by mutation, not gradually lengthened over time by selection.

These arguments convinced most biologists of the time, and consequently Darwinism was in decline during the early part of the 20th century.

In the early 1930s, a team of British and American biologists showed how Mendelian genetics could be used to explain continuous variation. Their insights led to the resolution of two main objections to Darwin's theory:
 * the absence of a theory of inheritance
 * the problem of accounting for how variation is maintained in populations

When their theory was combined with Darwin's theory of natural selection and with modern biological studies, a powerful explanation of organic evolution emerged. This body of theory and the supporting empirical evidence is now called the modern synthesis.

Variation maintained
Darwin knew nothing about genetics, and his theory of adaptation by natural selection was framed as a "struggle for existence": there is variation of observed traits that affects survival and reproduction, and this variation is heritable.

Also, the blending model of inheritance appealed to 19th century thinkers, because it explained the fact that for most continuously varying characters, offspring are intermediate between their parents.

 * When yellow and blue parents are crossed to 	produce a green offspring, the blending model posits 	that the hereditary material has mixed, so that when two green individuals mate they produce only green offspring.

According to Mendelian genetics, however, the effects of genes are blended in their expression to produce a green phenotype, but the genes themselves remain unchanged. Thus, when two green parents mate, they can produce blue, yellow and green offspring.

Sexual reproduction produces no blending in the genes themselves, despite the fact that offspring may appear to be intermediate between their parents. This is because genetic transmission involves faithful copying of the genes themselves and reassembling them in different combinations in zygotes.

The only blending that occurs takes place at the level of the expression of genes in phenotypes (ex. Beak depth, pea color). The genes themselves remain distinct physical entities.

Yet, these facts do not completely solve the problem of the maintenance of variation. Indeed, even is selection tends to deplete variation, there would still be variation of traits due to environmental effects. In fact, without genetic variation there can be no further adaptation.

Mutation
Genes are copied with amazing fidelity, and their messages are protected from random degradation by a number of molecular repair mechanisms.

However, every once in a while, a mistake in copying is made that goes unrepaired. These mistakes damage the DNA and alter the message that it carries.

These changes are called mutations, and they add variation to a population by continuously introducing new genes, some of which may produce novel traits that selection can assemble into adaptations. Although rates of mutation are very slow, this process plays an important role in generating variation.

More importantly, this process provides the solution to one of Darwin's dilemma: the problem of accounting for how variation is maintained in populations.

Twentieth century research has shown that there are two pools of genetic variation: hidden and expressed. Mutation adds new genetic variation, and selection removes it from the pool of expressed variation. Segregation and recombination shuffle variation back and forth between the two pools with each generation.

In other words: if individuals with a variety of genotypes are equally likely to survive and reproduce, a considerable amount of variation is protected (or hidden) from selection; and because of this process, a very low mutation rate can maintain variation despite the depleting action of selection.

Human evolution and adaptation are intimately linked to life processes that involve cells, replication and decoding of genetic information, and transmission of this information between generations. Because physical anthropologists are concerned with human evolution, adaptation, and variation, they must have a thorough understanding of the factors that lie at very root of these phenomena. Because it is genetics that ultimately links or influences many of the various subdisciplines of biological anthropology.


text:
Fighter Command: The Battle of Britain

Fighter Command: The Battle of Britain is a 1983 video game published by Strategic Simulations.

Gameplay
Fighter Command is a game in which aerial combat in the Battle of Britain is simulated.

Reception
Tom Cheche reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "Although FC includes a one day scenario, (Eagle Day), the beauty of the game is most apparent in the campaign scenario, which recreates the crucial period from mid-August to mid-September 1940."

Reviews

 * Computer and Video Games - Jan, 1986
 * ACE (Advanced Computer Entertainment) - Dec, 1987

title: Fighter Command: The Battle of Britain


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/theoutcastjourney.com

Links

 * theoutcastjourney.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 2 additions out of 2 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/theoutcastjourney.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\btheoutcastjourney\.com\b  # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/theoutcastjourney.com ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 13:26, 21 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Brad Herman

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Brad Herman. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120612025745/http://www.hawkeyesports.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/herman_brad00.html to http://www.hawkeyesports.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/herman_brad00.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:11, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brad Herman


text:
User:Upf9602

This is the webpage for user upf9602 or otherwise known as upf.usc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Upf9602 Hello everyone, this is my wiki page. I am going to stop typing now.

title: User:Upf9602


text:
cổ

Etymology 1
From, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 [Cuối Chăm] kɔː⁵, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) neck

Etymology 2
..

Adjective

 * 1) ancient; "old"; compare
 * 2) antique; "old"; compare
 * 1) antique; "old"; compare

Etymology 3
.

Pronoun

 * 1)  she/her, that young adult woman

title: cổ


text:
User:Ctalwalker/be bold

Being bold is important on Wikipedia. It will be interesting to learn what "being bold" looks like when we're trying to bring scholarly research on PE org areas and sectors to Wikipedia.

title: User:Ctalwalker/be bold


text:
Talk:El Amor (Ricardo Arjona song)/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Status (talk · contribs) 02:00, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * 2 deadlinks
 * Consistency between DMY and MDY.

 * Lead
 * Written by Arjona, the song was produced by himself alongside longtime collaborators Dan Warner and Lee Levin under their stage name Los Gringos, and enjoyed additional production work from Puerto Rican singer-songwriter Tommy Torres. --> Extremely awkward sentence.
 * Lyrically, "El Amor" was created by Arjona in an attempt to show all sides of love, explaining that "So many good things about love has been shown, that somebody had to turn it around and tell the bad ones". --> "El Amor" was written by Arjona in an attempt to show all sides of love.
 * #1 --> number one
 * Specify that Billboard is the US. (eg US Billboard)
 * and appeared on three year-end charts from Billboard at the end of 2011. --> Very odd. I suggest removing.
 * An accompanying music video was released in September 2011. --> An accompanying music video for "El Amor" was released in September 2011.
 * As of 11 July 2012, the video has reached 14 million views on YouTube. --> This isn't a lead worthy thing.

 * Composition
 * The bit rate in the sample needs to be reduced.
 * created --> written

 * Chart performance
 * Some countries are not capitalized.
 * # --> number
 * Fix this later. Have to go. Cheers. — Hahc 21  14:26, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Please do not add simply add a source stating a song reached #1 in a country. Every source needs that states a chart position must include the provider of the information. The chart does not provide publisher on the Argentine singles chart for example. The Colombian singles needs to proven by the source itself (in this case, National-Report), and here's a source I found to confirm that it indeed reached #1 in Colombia. Erick (talk) 08:21, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Promotion
 * Seems more appropriate to be entitled "release and promotion"
 * "El Amor" was in the set list for a televised program in 2011 --> What program?
 * It was a special 1 hour program dedicated to the album. I'm still looking for the name, since the sources i found says nothing bout it.

Ok, i have fixed all above. Cheers! — Hahc 21  14:05, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh, no. Still have to fix dates. — Hahc 21  14:08, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Ok, All fixed. — Hahc 21  14:14, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:El Amor (Ricardo Arjona song)/GA1


text:
Robert Baird (swimmer)

Robert Stephen Baird (born January 3, 1973) is a Canadian former competition swimmer who swam in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. There he finished in 16th position in the men's 400-metre individual medley.

title: Robert Baird (swimmer)


text:
Talk:Souls (band)

Untitled
I removed the external link, because i couldn't find any information on Souls on that page. If anyone can find a better link, or a more resourceful link from the same website, please feel free to add the link. Abid Ahmed 05:20, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * That's fine ... most of these music related sites are not related to many pages anyway. --Ragib 05:56, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

PICS
No pics?

title: Talk:Souls (band)


text:
Cascade Township

Cascade Township may refer to the following places in the United States of America:

 * Cascade Township, Michigan
 * Cascade Township, Minnesota
 * Cascade Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania

title: Cascade Township


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Database/GWindows

Library functions
David Botton created GNATCOM project to help Ada interoperate with Windows COM Object. The GWindows project is based on GNATCOM. It is used to create Windows Graphics User Interface.

The database package is a subset of the GWindows project. It is very easy and useful.

Library links

 * Author          : David Botton
 * Homepage        : http://www.gnavi.org/index.php?Command=Class&ClassID=GWindowsWin32&Title=GWindows
 * Project Info    : GWindows
 * Library Document : http://www.gnavi.org/gwindows/ref/gwindows-databases.html
 * CVS Archive     : - missing -
 * Download        : http://www.gnavi.org

Sample code
Gnatcom.Initialize; Gnatcom.Types; Gnatcom.Variant; Gwindows.Databases;  Gwindows.Databases; ;         ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  Test Connection : Database_Type; Recordset : Recordset_Type; customer  : Gnatcom.Types.Variant; Gnatcom.Initialize.Initialize_Com; Open (Connection,        "DSN=Northwind","your ID","your password"); Open (Recordset,        Connection,         "SELECT * from Orders",         Dynamic,         Optimistic); Eof (Recordset) customer := Field_Value(Recordset,"customerId"); Process (customer); Move_Next (Recordset); ;     Gwindows.Databases.Close(Recordset); Test;

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Libraries
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Database

Ada Reference Manual
—none apply—

|GWindows


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/sv388.ltd

Links

 * sv388.ltd resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is globally blacklisted by \bsv388\.ltd\b
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is globally blacklisted by \bsv388\.ltd\b

Additions

 * Displayed all 2 additions.


text:
Jeremy Larner

Jeremy Larner (born March 20, 1937) is an author, poet, journalist, and speechwriter. He won an Oscar in 1972 for Best Original Screenplay, for writing The Candidate.

Childhood
Jeremy Larner was born in New York, and grew up in Indianapolis, winning his high school tennis championship in 1954. He had some playground rep as a basketball player in Indianapolis, where he encountered Oscar Robertson and other future stars on the playground courts of that city.

Education and influences
Larner graduated from Brandeis University in 1958, where he was close to Herbert Marcuse, Irving Howe, Philip Rahv, and a fellow student named Abbie Hoffman, who later, running a small bookstore in Worcester, Massachusetts, became an early champion of Larner's first novel.

Early career
In 1959, Larner began a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship at UC Berkeley, but finding himself unsuited for academic life he left graduate school in his first year and came to New York City at 22. He stayed there throughout the 1960s, writing five books in that period.

In 1962, Larner was assigned by Dissent magazine to cover the teachers' strike, and spent several months going to elementary school classes in Harlem. His long account of what he discovered was widely anthologized, having come to the attention of Michael Harrington, author of The Other America: Poverty in the United States, which inspired John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy.

Larner's first published piece was a critique of J. D. Salinger, published in Partisan Review in 1961. Also in that year he journeyed south to cover the lunch-counter sit-in strikes organized at black universities, and wrote several pieces for The New Leader and Dissent.

In '63, Larner edited a taped collection of interviews with heroin addicts at the Henry Street Settlement in New York. The harrowing stories told in these interviews became the basis of one of the first books from tape: The Addict in the Street, which remained in print for 20 years. Grove Press celebrated its publication in early 1965 with a party for Larner and William S. Burroughs, where Norman Mailer challenged Larner to a fight.

First novel, Drive, He Said; writing prizes
Larner's first novel, Drive, He Said, won the Delta Prize for first novels in 1964. The prize had gone unclaimed for several years and by then had reached $10,000. The judges were Walter Van Tilburg Clark, Mary McCarthy and Leslie Fiedler. For the title of this novel, Larner chose a line from the poem I Know a Man by Robert Creeley.

The heroes of Drive, He Said were a college basketball star who has mixed feelings about his stardom and what is expected of him and his revolutionary roommate, who eventually burns the campus down. The reviewer in Playboy magazine echoed the establishment verdict when he said, "Nothing like this could happen in America."

In 1964, Larner won the Aga Khan Prize from The Paris Review, for the best short story of the year, "O the Wonder!"

Journalism
After 1964, Larner worked as a freelance journalist and published articles, essays and stories in many magazines, including Harpers, The Paris Review, and Life.

Larner reported on the trial of Dale Noyd, a decorated fighter pilot who had refused to train other pilots for the war in Vietnam. The account, which ran in Harper's, was selected for an anthology of the best journalism of the year.

Academics
In 1965, Larner began teaching in the English department at Stony Brook, State University of New York, although he had no degrees beyond the B.A. He taught classes in poetry and in the modern novel from 1965 through 1969, taking the year off in 1968, when he won an N.E.A. grant in the first year they were given to individual artists. He would later teach, for one year, at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

Eugene McCarthy campaign, 1968
In March 1968, Larner became a principal speechwriter for Eugene McCarthy in his campaign for President, working with him closely from the Wisconsin primary (when LBJ, knowing he was about to lose, announced he would not run for re-election), through the California primary (at the end of which Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated), through the convention in Chicago, where the police were rioting in the streets as Larner wrote and faxed the famous seconding speech which Julian Bond gave for McCarthy, just in time to save Bond (who had never met McCarthy) embarrassment, and help to put him on the map politically.

Afterwards Larner wrote a book, Nobody Knows, about his travels with the McCarthy campaign, and most of it was serialized in Harpers Magazine in April and May 1969. This book got good reviews and was widely read by many who participated in the campaign and wondered what happened to McCarthy after the assassination of Robert Kennedy.

In a wide-ranging interview, given in 2016, Larner spoke about his experiences writing for McCarthy, and how that influenced his script for The Candidate:"'I thought a campaign was like drifting downriver on a raft, where everything is beautiful: then you begin to hear the roar of the falls up ahead, but it’s too late. You go over the falls, you lose yourself, you become eternally confused by the difference between yourself and who your public thinks you are. And it's a disarming, dissociative experience. And Redford played that very well: the better McKay gets at campaigning, the more he loses himself.'"

Drive, He Said: The movie
In 1971, Drive, He Said, was made into a movie directed by Jack Nicholson, who collaborated with Larner on the screenplay. This film constituted Nicholson's directorial debut and is available as part of the Criterion edition "America Lost and Found: The BBS Story."

Vietnam peace movement
Larner continued his work with the peace movement in 1969. During the Moratorium which mobilized hundreds of thousands of people around the country, he wrote speeches for Sam Brown, the chief organizer and spokesperson of the Moratorium, and also for Paul Newman, who gave a statement on behalf of several actors who were advocating that war protesters miss a day of work.

During this time and afterwards, Larner spoke at many college campuses, first in behalf of the anti-Vietnam-war movement, later on movies and politics. He has spoken at one hundred universities around the country.

The Candidate
In April 1971, Larner wrote a documentary-style script for a feature film directed by Michael Ritchie and starring Robert Redford about a campaign for senator from California. The Candidate was released during the election of 1972, and was critically acclaimed; the film holds a score of 89% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 36 critical reviews.

Academy Award
In 1973, Larner got an Oscar for Best Original Screenplay for his script for The Candidate.

Political implications
Some politicians, like Dan Quayle, did not seem to realize the movie was ironic. Quayle spoke frequently about how the movie had inspired him, causing Larner, during the 1988 elections, to write an op-ed for The New York Times, saying, "Mr. Quayle, this was not a how-to movie, it was a watch-out movie. And you are what we should be watching out for!"

During this time, Larner occasionally wrote speeches for politicians, like Bill Bradley, when he gave his basic position on Israel, or stars like Robert Redford, when he spoke in behalf of environmentalism.

Later work
In 1987 Larner began to write poetry, and in 1989 began to have public readings. In 1992, he wrote a long story, titled "Rack's Rules", the only piece of fiction in an anthology titled Sex, Death & God in Los Angeles. After losing his home in the 1991 Oakland Hills fire, he contributed an article to Fire in the Hills, a compilation of responses to the fire, and became a regular contributor to New Choices magazine.

Sleep apnea
Larner moved back to New York City in the 90's, where he reached a point of severe disorientation before being diagnosed with sleep apnea, and wrote an article about the condition (not diagnosed or treatable until the 1980s) and his experience of it, that caused many people to recognize and recover completely from a state that otherwise can lead to sudden death.

Chicken on Church
It was in New York that Larner was inspired to write Chicken on Church, both a mock-epic and a love poem to the city, particularly to the neighborhood on the end of Manhattan Island. It has been described as Whitmanesque, but full of specific detail and classical allusions.

Larner first wrote the poem in 1992 and has revised it frequently since then. "Chicken on Church" and selected other poems have recently been published by Big Rooster Press.

Present activities
Jeremy Larner now lives outside of San Francisco, continuing to write poetry, finishing a Hollywood novel based on "Rack's Rules", and making notes for his memoirs.

title: Jeremy Larner


text:
Agriculture papers

 * Visual Impact Assessment Methodologies for Rural Building Design
 * Mechanization of Tea Leaf Handling in Trough Withering System
 * Influence of Insect Screens with Different Mesh Sizes on Ventilation Rate and Microclimate of Greenhouses in the Humid tropics
 * Evaluation of Wooden Silo during Storage of Maize (Zea mays) in Humid Tropical Climate
 * The Influence of Machine Speed on Human Work Performance for Simple and Highly Repetitive Work Processes: A pilot study
 * Energy Assessment of Different Weed Management Practices for Rice-Wheat Cropping System in India
 * Usability as a Challenge in Precision Agriculture—Case Study: an ISOBUS VT
 * Energy Consumption Pattern in Palm Kernel Oil Processing Operations
 * Web-based Decision Support System for Rural Land Use Planning-WebLUP-a Prototype
 * Aerodynamic Properties of Wheat Kernel and Straw Materials
 * Behavior of Dairy Cows Housed in Environmentally Controlled Freestall
 * A Methodological Contribution to Landscape Design and Development
 * Design and Optimization of a Photovoltaic Powered Grain Mill
 * Energy Consumption Pattern of Selected Mechanized Farms in Southwestern Nigeria
 * A Novel Azeotropic Mixture for Solvent Extraction of Edible Oils
 * Surface Waters Potential of the Hantebet Basin, Tigray, Norhtern Ethiopia
 * The Demand for Seasonal Farm Labor from Central- and Eastern European Countries in German Agriculture
 * Design Parameters for a Rice Husk Throatless Gasifier Reactor
 * Hot and Cold Weather Heat Load Dynamics of Uninsulated Broiler House in Botswana
 * Modeling of Soil Profile Produced by a Single Sweep Tool
 * Preliminary Evaluation of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Tree Branches for Truss Fabrication in Nigeria
 * Auditing of Energy Use of Different Cropping Systems in India
 * Development of a Real-time, Variable Rate Herbicide Applicator Using Machine Vision for Between-row Weeding of Sugarcane Fields
 * Performance Characteristics of a Stationary Constant Speed Compression Ignition Engine on Alcohol-Diesel Microemulsions
 * Monitoring of Groundwater Quality for Small-scale Irrigation: Case Studies in the Southwest Sokoto-Rima Basin, Nigeria
 * Performance Evaluation of a Two-Row Okra Planter
 * Modeling the Grain Cleaning Process of a Stationary Sorghum Thresher
 * Airborne Dust Control Measures for Measures against Airborne Dust in a Floor Housing System for Laying Hens
 * Some Hydraulic, Mechanical, and Physical Characteristics of Three Types of Compressed Earth Blocks
 * Comparison of Energy Use Patterns in Maiduguri and Yobe Flour Mills, Nigeria
 * Development and Performance Evaluation of a Melon Depodding Machine
 * Physical Properties of African Oil Bean Seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla)
 * Economic Analysis of Insect Control Strategies Using an Integrated Crop Ecosystem Management Model
 * Modeling of Oil Expression from Palm Kernel (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
 * Irrigation Scheduling Scenarios Studies for a Maize Crop in Tanzania Using a Computer-based Simulation Model
 * Influence of Hot Water Treatment on Some Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Potato
 * Process Optimization of Oil Expression from Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum Linn.)
 * Using Modern Robot Synthesis and Analysis Tools for the Design of Agricultural Manipulators
 * Keeping Freshness in Fresh-cut Horticultural Produce
 * Maturity, Quality and Marketing of Fruits and Vegetables
 * Approach to Life Cycle Analysis of Self-Propelled Agricultural Machines
 * Assessment of the Edo State of Nigeria Tractor Hiring Services
 * Potato Storage Technology and Store Design Aspects
 * Innovative Building Design Criteria for the Confectionary Industry
 * Alternative Energy Crops for Agricultural Machinery Biofuels—Focus on Biodiesel
 * INFLUENCE ON OPERATOR'S HEALTH OF HAND-TRANSMITTED VIBRATIONS FROM HANDLES OF A SINGLE-AXLE TRACTOR
 * Field Operations Planning for Agricultural Vehicles:A Hierarchical Modeling Framework
 * Pew Commission Says Industrial Scale Farm Animal Production Poses “Unacceptable” Risks to Public Health, Environment
 * The foundation of any farm’s success (Fred Kirschenmann -Spring 2009)

title: Agriculture papers


text:
Talk:Aylett Sammes

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Aylett Sammes. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:52, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aylett Sammes


text:
Overview of Cell Biology/Actin-Binding Proteins

Readings

 * Study guide:
 * Wikipedia article: The Arp2/3 Complex

Actin-Binding Proteins
Assembly of pure actin in vitro is different from cellular actin. F-actin is depolymerized by dilution in a low salt buffer.

Monomer Binding Proteins
The concentration of G-actin in the cell is about 200 μM (REMEMBER that the Cc of actin is 0.2 μM). Actin is maintainted as a monomer by sequestering proteins such as Thymosin b4 and Profilin.

Nucleating Proteins
Nucleating proteins promote polymerization and are usually present in areas that undergo dynamic extension/retration. One key nucleating factor in cells is the Arp2/3 Complex which works in conjuction with the nucleation proting factor family of WASPs. The Arp2/3 and WASP nucleating activity form a filament that is capped at the (-) end of the filament. Another family of nucleating factors are formins, which nucleate in a way that leaves both ends of the polymer free to bind new monomers.

Capping Proteins
Capping proteins stabilize filaments by capping to one end and preventing the addition or loss of new subunits.

Examples:

- CapZ caps at the (+) end.

- Tropomodulin binds at the (-) end.

- Tropomyosin binds along the length of the filament.

Severing and Depolymerizing Proteins
A protein called ADF-cofilin binds to ADP associated monomers and then severing filaments and acclerating depolymerization of ADP actin from the minus ends. ADF-cofilin proteins are regulated in cells by phosphorylatin via LIM kinase.

During ameboid motility, cytosol flos from the center of the amoeba and turns into a gel when it reaches the front of the cell. The gel is turned to sol by gelsolin which severs actin filaments. After being severing, gelsolin remains bound to the (+) end of the filament. Gelsolin is inactive when Ca2+ concentrations in the cytoplasm are low

Networking and Bundling Proteins
Proteins with shorter spacers tend to bundle filaments into parallel arrays. Crosslinking proteins tend to have longer spacers and arrange filaments in networks.

Examples of bundling proteins: fascin, villin, fimbrin, α-actinin

Examples of crosslinking proteins: spectrin, dystrophin, filamin

Cross-linking at the Plasma Membrane
In muscle cells, cytoskeleton is linked to the membrane by dystrophin. Dystrophin was discovered as the gene mytated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dystrophin binds to a membrane glycoprotein complex and stabilizes muscle plasma membrane.


text:
Sierra Leone at the 2017 Summer Universiade

The Republic of Sierra Leone entered six athletes, four men and two women, to compete at the 2017 Summer Universiade in Taipei, Taiwan. Out of the six, four of them did not start, and only two actually competed, but neither of them won a medal.

Athletics
Sierra Leone had six athletes scheduled to compete, but only two actually participated. Mariama Kamara in the women's 800 metres event, placing 26th, and Mohamed Othman in the men's 100 metres event, who placed 60th.