text:
Area code 859

Area code 859 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the city of Lexington and the central portion of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. It was created in a split from area code 606 in 1999.

History
Area code 859 was created in a split from area code 606 in 1999.

When an area code is split, normal practice calls for the largest city to retain the old area code in order to minimize disruption to existing businesses and the community. Thus, conventional wisdom would have suggested that Lexington and Northern Kentucky should have retained 606 in the 1999 split. Lexington was by far the largest city in the old 606 territory. Combined, Lexington and Northern Kentucky accounted for two-thirds of the old 606's population, along with the great majority of its landlines and cell phones. However, several counties in eastern Kentucky are among the poorest in the nation. The Kentucky Public Service Commission and BellSouth (now part of AT&T), then the region's main telephone carrier, decided to let the rural portion retain 606 to spare this notoriously impoverished area the added expense and burden of switching to a new area code.

Under current projections, 859 is expected to remain in its current configuration until about 2047. This is despite the fact that the Cincinnati local toll area extends into both Northern Kentucky and southern Indiana, meaning that several numbers in Cincinnati's 513 and the Indiana suburbs' 812/930 are not available for use.

Prior to October 2021, area code 859 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.

Service area
The numbering plan area comprises the following Kentucky counties. The boundary closely, but not exactly, tracks county lines.
 * Boone County
 * Bourbon County
 * Boyle County
 * Campbell County
 * Clark County
 * Fayette County (coterminous with the city of Lexington)
 * Gallatin County
 * Garrard County
 * Grant County
 * Harrison County
 * Jessamine County
 * Kenton County
 * Madison County
 * Mercer County
 * Montgomery County
 * Nicholas County
 * Pendleton County
 * Washington County
 * Woodford County

By far the largest city is Lexington. The next largest area is Northern Kentucky, the Kentucky portion of the Cincinnati metropolitan area. It includes smaller cities and towns such as Nicholasville, Richmond, Danville, Covington, Versailles, Florence, Mount Sterling and Winchester.

The digits 859 spell out "UKY" on a standard telephone keypad—a nod to Lexington being home of the University of Kentucky.

title: Area code 859


text:
Talk:Pine Bluff

Feedback from New Page Review process
I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: Thank you for creating the dab page, much appreciated!.

 Willsome 4 29  (say hey or see my edits!) 13:06, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pine Bluff


text:
User:Kendallsmomma1/sandbox

Cheryl is married to William "Billy Paul" Jones, a longtime Nashville resident who has worked with CMT and has had a long career behind the scenes in country music. Between them, they have three children: Rachel, Morgan and Sara.

title: User:Kendallsmomma1/sandbox


text:
Defence Medal 1940–1945

The Defence Medal 1940–1945 (Deltagermedaljen 9. april 1940 - 8. mai 1945/Deltakarmedaljen 9. april 1940 - 8. mai 1945) is the award rewarded to those military and civilian personnel who participated in the fight against the German invasion and occupation of Norway between 1940 and 1945.

The Defence Medal 1940–1945 can be awarded both to Norwegian and foreign citizens. The medal may still be awarded due to the large number of participants in the defence of Norway during World War II and the difficulties tracking down all eligible recipients.

The medal is in bronze. On the obverse is the coat of arms with the inscription 9 April 1940 - 8 Mai 1945. On the reverse is the royal flag, the flag and national flag. Above these a narrow circle with the inscription DELTAGER I KAMPEN (Participant in the struggle). The image is surrounded by a chain. The band is in the Norwegian national colors. The band can be fitted with a rosette if the recipient has distinguished himself several times. The medal is made by the goldsmith firm of J. Tostrup in Oslo.

As of 2017, the Defence Medal 1940–1945 ranks as 23rd of the Norwegian decorations.

Qualification details
The medal was awarded to those meeting one of the following criteria:
 * Taking part in the campaign in Norway in 1940 for five days or more.
 * Service in the Norwegian armed forces and merchant fleet outside of Norway for four months or more (awarded for less than four months service if one served in units that moved to Norway as part of the liberation).
 * Taking part in the campaign in Finnmark (winter 1944-45) for one month or more.
 * Allied soldiers who took part in the liberation of Norway and served for one month or more.
 * Service in the resistance forces for four months or more.

title: Defence Medal 1940–1945


text:
User:Xicreative

Xi Creative
Dedicated to learning, now and forever.

I am here to learn and eventually to add.

My primary areas of study will be Physics, Mathematics, Music, and Media.

I may also contribute to Media & Film, since that is the industry I work in.

title: User:Xicreative


text:
Talk:Donald Sinden

Publicity image
I have a signed copy of the same photo in front of me that I bought several years ago on eBay and "Rank Organisation publicity" is printed on the back. I estimated the date as a result of checking with similar photos of Mr Sinden in my collection and as he only worked at Pinewood Studios, which was owned by the Rank Organisation, I considered my wording a fair assumption. Manxwoman (talk) 12:35, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Donald Sinden


text:
Aigul Gareeva

Aigul Gareeva (born 22 August 2001) is a Russian professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's Continental Team. At the 2019 UCI Road World Championships in Yorkshire, England, she won the gold medal in the women's junior time trial event.

In January 2022, Gareeva was provisionally suspended for missing three anti-doping controls. She could face a two-year ban.

Major results

 * 2018
 * 1st European champion jersey 2016.svg Road race, UEC European Junior Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotRusia.PNG Time trial, National Junior Road Championships

 * 2019
 * UCI Junior Road World Championships
 * 1st Jersey rainbow chrono.svg Time trial
 * 4th Road race
 * National Junior Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotRusia.PNG Road race
 * 1st MaillotRusia.PNG Time trial
 * 2nd Silver medal europe.svg Time trial, UEC European Junior Road Championships

title: Aigul Gareeva


text:
Nazar Na Lag Jaye

"Nazar Na Lag Jaye" is a song by Indian singer Ramji Gulati, released as a single by United White Flag on 21 September 2019. The song is sung by Ramji Gulati, and is released under the United White Music label. It is featuring Team07 (Faisal Shaikh, Hasnain Khan, Adnaan Shaikh, Faiz Baloch and Shadan Farooqui) and Ramji Gulati. The lyrics, written by MOODY and AKKHAR.

title: Nazar Na Lag Jaye


text:
User:Zorg~enwikiversity

Hi!!

Info
Danilo Orlando -- Computer Science, University of Catania, Italy --

Contacts
You can contact me to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Box
Please write here if you want to edit

title: User:Zorg~enwikiversity


text:
Talk:Don Perrin

Notability
The sources added at the time of writing are insufficient evidence of notability. Citations of directories, such as SFBookcase.com are inadmissable as proscribed by WP:BIO. Sources such as The Alliterates are classed as self-published sources and are not considered reliable sources, nor is an interview with the author himself. Lastly the announcement on the The DragonLance Nexus is not classed as a reliable source, as trivial mentions on fansites is not considered to be a Questionable source. Please do not remove the notablitiy cleaup template until such time as reliable sources than are non-trivial have been added. --Gavin Collins (talk) 10:31, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * This article would have a similar discussion regarding notability as Dan Willis does, so the result of that discussion should probably also determine the notability of this author. -Drilnoth (talk) 16:41, 15 November 2008 (UTC)
 * They have to be judged seperately, as notability cannont be inherited.--Gavin Collins (talk) 00:38, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * You are correct. Common consensus seems to be that DLNexus is a reliable source for Dragonlance material, although I agree that its current use in the article is not right. -Drilnoth (talk) 01:25, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Don Perrin


text:
Pseudoscience

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project about Pseudoscience.

A pseudoscience adopts some of the forms that are associated with science, but not the scientific method.

How can you recognize pseudoscience?
The following are asserted as signs of pseudoscience. source of this list
 * Has the subject shown progress?
 * Does the discipline use technical words such as "vibration" or "energy" without clearly defining what they mean?
 * Would accepting the tenets of a claim require you to abandon any well established physical laws?
 * Are popular articles on the subject lacking in references?
 * Is the only evidence offered anecdotal in nature?
 * Does the proponent of the subject claim that "air-tight" experiments have been performed that prove the truth of the subject matter, and that cheating would have been impossible?
 * Are the results of the aforementioned experiments successfully repeated by other researchers?
 * Does the proponent of the subject claim to be overly or unfairly criticized?
 * Is the subject taught only in non-credit institutions?
 * Are the best texts on the subject decades old?
 * Does the proponent of the claim use what one writer has called "factuals" - statements that are a largely or wholly true but unrelated to the claim?
 * When criticized, do the defenders of the claim attack the critic rather than the criticism?
 * Does the proponent make appeals to history (i.e. it has been around a long time, so it must be true)?
 * Does the subject display the "shyness effect" (sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn't)?
 * Does the proponent use the appeal to ignorance argument ("there are more things under heaven … than are dreamed of in your philosophy …")?
 * Does the proponent use alleged expertise in other areas to lend weight to the claim?
 * adapted from Lee Moller's on-line article "BCS Debates a Qi Gong Master," Rational Enquirer, Vol 6, No. 4, Apr 94 (published by the British Columbia Skeptics Society)

See, however, What is Pseudoscience, Scientific American, by Michael Shermer. Shermer, after presenting the demarcation problem, then devolves into using a social test, i.e., pseudoscience is to be recognized by how "working scientists" respond to it. This is circular, similar to the above list. How do scientists determine what is pseudoscience? And, indeed, do they care? Shermer makes the point that:
 * individual scientists (as distinct from the monolithic ‘scientific community’) designate a doctrine a ‘pseudoscience’ only when they perceive themselves to be threatened—not necessarily by the new ideas themselves, but by what those ideas represent about the authority of science, science’s access to resources, or some other broader social trend. If one is not threatened, there is no need to lash out at the perceived pseudoscience; instead, one continues with one’s work and happily ignores the cranks.

Which also applies to those sometimes called "pseudoscientists."

Then Shermer comes to the core:
 * Any "scientific" group presenting a theory as fact when there is no evidence to back up the theory can be called a "Pseudoscience".

 * Adopting a theory as true withbout [sic] factual evidence to prove the theory as fact is Pseudoscience. When a "scientist" has to "fill in the gaps" or extrapolate based on observation where there is not concrete evidence to justify or prove the theory [s/he] pursues a Pseudoscience.

Shermer is describing pseudoscientific practice, which can exist in any field of inquiry. He's talking about "adopting a theory as true," when, in fact, adoption of theories as true is not science, it's a practical heuristic, not an absolute. We adopt, as true, theories, when the evidence for them passes some threshold; however, science suggests questioning what we regard as true, and there is no end to this process; we abandon the question for practical reasons, not for absolute ones. That is, scientifically, we never actually know "truth." We generate theories and test their predictions, but a false theory can generate true and even accurate predictions, the classic example is the Ptolemaic model of planetary motion.

A deeper meaning of pseudoscience would be a set of beliefs that are held as if they were "scientific," and typically using the language and trappings of science, but that are not questioned or tested, and that are often untestable. This practice was called Cargo cult science by Richard Feynman.

Case studies
Readings. Read the Wikipedia article on pseudoscience and the List of topics characterized as pseudoscience.

List and discuss any examples of pseudosciences that you think should not be on this list.

Are there other alleged pseudosciences that should be added to the List of topics characterized as pseudoscience?

External resources about pseudoscience

 * Debunking Pseudoscience
 * "Distinguishing Science and Pseudoscience" by Rory Coker, Ph.D.
 * Science and Pseudo-Science from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "First published Wed Sep 3, 2008; substantive revision Mon Feb 10, 2014."

title: Pseudoscience


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hazon

The result was keep. Tone 06:55, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

Hazon

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Fails WP:GNG and WP:NORG. Article has been tagged as "no citations" for the last 8 years. I didn't find any significant coverage by reliable sources. Normal Op (talk) 23:42, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. Normal Op (talk) 23:42, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Judaism-related deletion discussions. 23:44, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of New York-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 23:49, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of New York-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 23:49, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom. BD2412  T 05:29, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Changing !vote to keep per substantial expansion and improvement by Dom from Paris. BD2412  T 15:10, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment In a before search I have found quite a lot of sources, for exemple. Jewish Telegraphic Agency Times of Israel this one from Haaretz Fox Detroit The Jerusalem Post this one claims it is America's largest Jewish environmental organisation. A good few are RS notably The Jerusalem Post, Haaretz, Fox 2 Detroit, Marin Independent Journal Jewish Telegraphic Agency. I am leaning keep but I'd be interested to know the Nom's view on these. --Dom from Paris (talk) 15:59, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Environment-related deletion discussions. Dom from Paris (talk) 16:00, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep I have added the sources found which include 2 in-depth articles from WP:RS exclusively on the organisation plus some significative coverage in other articles in RS. The article needs improving but I think I have done enough to show notability there are a lot more sources that can be added if needs be. --Dom from Paris (talk) 16:25, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I just noted that there were a lot of sources in an earlier version that was quite rightly IMO deemed to be too promotional by who reverted to a version that had no sources which had been tagged as such at the time (2012). So it is incorrect to say that it had been tagged for 8 years with "no citations". Before nominating it is useful to look through the history to see if there is nothing salvageable from earlier versions. --Dom from Paris (talk) 16:35, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I just checked your additions. Good effort, but a company isn't notable because it sends a C&D notice to another organization, has bike ride fundraisers, or lays off people during COVID-19. A lot of the others were brief mentions. The only really good coverage was the marinij.com article. So far, that is not "significant coverage". When doing BEFORE, I DID notice some of these items such as bike rides, COVID layoffs, and the brief mentions, but I deemed my search leading to "not notable" and therefore wasn't worth my time to update the article. Normal Op (talk) 17:00, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree the fact that they sent a C&D notice or that they have laid off people or organised bike rides is not in itself a claim to notability but the fact that local national and international outlets have picked it up and done full length pieces about it is. You are confusing the event itself and the coverage. The guideline says "A company, corporation, organization, group, product, or service is notable if it has been the subject of significant coverage in multiple reliable secondary sources that are independent of the subject." not that what they cover has to be independently notable. This is not trivial coverage. I've added a few more articles that are in-depth cover in independent RS notably Daily Camera The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles etc, some coverage of the founder The Forward. Yes these are almost all exclusively Jewish publications but they are longstanding reliable sources some of which are local but some are national and international. I have added an article from WDIV-TV and the Times of Israel. Anyway I may have refbombed the article a little but I hope that gives anyone else coming to !vote some food for thought as you seem to have made your mind up already. A good tip when nominating is say what you found in a before search and explain why you don't think it points to notability. --Dom from Paris (talk) 18:22, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Also another top tip for looking for sources before nominating is the organisation's own "In the Media" page. here yes they will be only positive but there are literally hundreds in there which may help to find what you couldn't in the before search. --Dom from Paris (talk) 18:43, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep This page needs help to get it into good encyclopedic shape, but Hazon as an entity clearly merits inclusion in Wikipedia:  <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:35, 20 August 2020 (UTC) (talk) — <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
 * Keep, The article needs some more work but I think it can stay, Alex-h (talk) 08:51, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep: per WP:HEY. Nice save by Dom from Paris.   Ravenswing      05:19, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hazon


text:
BTC-e

BTC-e was a cryptocurrency trading platform primarily serving the Russian market, with servers located in the United States. The U.S. government seized their website and funds in 2017. It was founded in July 2011 by Alexander Vinnik and Aleksandr Bilyuchenko, and as of February 2015 handled around 3% of all Bitcoin exchange volume. The platform was eventually taken over by Russian Orthodox oligarch Konstantin Malofeev, and funds from BTC-e were used for the war in Donbass, under the control of the FSB.

It was a component of the CoinDesk Bitcoin Price Index since the index's September 2013 formation.

BTC-e was operated by ALWAYS EFFICIENT LLP, which was registered in London and was listed as having two officers (Sandra Gina Esparon and Evaline Sophie Joubert) and two people with significant control: Alexander Buyanov and Andrii Shvets.

The US Justice Department attempted to close down BTC-e on 26 July 2017, when they charged Vinnik and BTC-e in a 21-count indictment for operating an alleged international money laundering scheme and allegedly laundering funds from the hack of Mt. Gox.

History
BTC-e was established in July 2011, handling a few coin pairs, including Bitcoin/U.S. dollar and I0Coin to Bitcoin. By October 2011, they supported many different currency pairs, including Litecoin to dollars, Bitcoin to rubles and RuCoin to rubles.

The BTC-e website went offline on 25 July 2017, following the arrest of BTC-e staff members and the seizure of server equipment at one of their data centres. These events led to the closure of the BTC-e service.

To repay its customers, BTC-e created WEX tokens, which were used to represent customers' seized equity until its funds were also seized by US Government. The WEX tokens represented $1 and were issued to account for the value of customers cryptocurrencies at the time of the seizure. Alexander Vinnik was convicted and sentenced to 5 years in prison in France while refusing to testify during his trial. He was acquitted on involvement with the Locky ransomware charges. WEX exchange is ultimately controlled by FSB and managed by Konstantin Malofeev.

title: BTC-e


text:
Naji Sabri

Naji Sabri Ahmad Al-Hadithi (ناجي صبري أحمد الحديثي) (born 1951) is an Iraqi former politician who served as the Iraqi Foreign Minister under Saddam Hussein in the lead-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Background
Sabri was a professor of English literature at Baghdad University, before serving in the press office of Iraq's embassy in London. He was recalled from the embassy in 1980 after two of his brothers were arrested for plotting against Saddam Hussein's regime. Thereafter, Sabri served as editor of an English language newspaper and translated English books into Arabic.

During the 1991 Gulf War, Sabri served as the Deputy Information Minister for Iraq. His interactions with CNN producer Robert Wiener were dramatized in the HBO film Live From Baghdad, where his character was listed as Naji Al-Hadithi. CNN became famous after delivering live audio and video footage from within a Baghdad hotel even as the American military was bombing the city.

In 1998, Sabri was appointed Iraq's ambassador to Austria. In 2001, he was named Foreign Minister of Iraq. His education, almost flawless English, and comfort in diplomatic circles continued to make him one of Iraq's most recognized faces in the West. He is a Sunni Muslim.

2003 invasion of Iraq
In the lead-up to the 2003 invasion, Sabri led Iraq's diplomatic efforts to weaken support for a US-led attack on Iraq. He worked to lobby support from Russia, China, India, and even Iraq's former enemy Iran. Sabri was also heavily engaged in talks with UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and chief UN weapons inspector Hans Blix. In September 2002, Sabri officially announced to Annan that Saddam Hussein had agreed to a resumption of weapons inspections in Iraq.

In March 2003, while the invasion of Iraq was in its heated initial phase, a fatigued Sabri—last seen in Baghdad—publicly arrived in Damascus, Syria to the surprise of many. Sabri had managed to secure safe passage out of the country along a hazardous route. Sabri continued onto Cairo, Egypt, where his security was guaranteed by the Egyptian government. The United States also bragged about giving the Egyptian authorities a guarantee of Sabri's security while in Egypt.

CIA Informant
In March 2006, NBC Nightly News reported that Naji Sabri was, indeed, the "source who had direct access to Saddam and his inner circle" of which former United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) director George Tenet had once boasted. In April 2006, former CIA officer Tyler Drumheller claimed in a 60 Minutes interview that a very senior Iraqi official had indeed given the CIA information with regards to Iraqi weapons of mass destruction programs. 60 Minutes verified that the source was Sabri.

For a short time before the 2003 invasion, the CIA maintained French-sponsored, third-party contact with Sabri. In exchange for $100,000 paid to him by the American government, Sabri offered the CIA important details on some of Saddam's alleged weapons programs and affirmation on the discontinuance of others. Sabri told the CIA that Saddam had stockpiled certain chemical weapons, specifically "poison gas". Sabri also told the CIA that Saddam did not have an active nuclear or biological weapons program. There were people in the CIA that accepted and knew this intelligence, but the CIA reports which continued up to Capitol Hill and the White House president under Bush attempted to ignore this fact from Sabri but were reluctant to readily accept it. In the lead-up to the invasion, the CIA pressured Sabri to defect to the United States after he became a snitch, but Sabri declined. Communication between Sabri and the CIA ceased thereafter due to anger from the CIA.

From NBC Nightly News: On the issue of chemical weapons, the CIA said Saddam had stockpiled as much as "500 metric tons of chemical warfare agents" and had "renewed" production of deadly agents. Sabri said Iraq had stockpiled weapons and had "poison gas" left over from the first Gulf War. Both Sabri and the agency were wrong. A 2006 U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence report contains "additional views" from some committee members: "We can say that there is not a single document related to this case which indicates that the source said Iraq had no WMD programs. On the contrary, all of the information about this case so far indicates that the information from this source was that Iraq did have WMD programs." However, whether Sabri was right or wrong is unclear. Several small caches of chemical munitions at least 10 years old were found in Iraq between 2004 and 2006.

It has not been clearly established whether Sabri's safe passage to Cairo in the initial days of the invasion was related to his relationship with the CIA. In any case, the US military did not include Sabri in the "deck of cards" featuring the most-wanted Iraqi suspects.

Post war life
According to his LinkedIn profile, Dr Naji Sabri is now an independent Media, Translation & International Affairs Professional in Qatar.

title: Naji Sabri


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pierre F. Patricio

The result was   delete. Missvain (talk) 05:57, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

Pierre F. Patricio

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Does not pass WP:GNG. Does not pass WP:ARTIST. I can not find any RS to support an article (WP:NRV)). The only mentions I can find are on Facebook pages and social sites like DeviantArt. There are no references supporting any of the material in the article. JBH (talk) 16:52, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Visual arts-related deletion discussions. JBH (talk) 16:54, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:05, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Philippines-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:05, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete Fails WP:ARTIST. Not quite an unreferenced BLP, since there are some references in the External Links. However, they are notices of his participation in this event or that; nothing significantly ABOUT him. Portions of the article may have been copy-pasted from Wordpress . --MelanieN (talk) 23:39, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete It's a shame that there aren't references for what is here, but I tried searching in Philippines news sources (the few I could find -- someone else may be more successful) and got zero hits in them. LaMona (talk) 23:54, 14 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
User:Srikoth/Top Rankers

 Top Rankers  is a 2015 Telugu film directed by Gollapati Nageswara Rao starring Rajendra Prasad and Sony Charistha in the leading roles. This movie was produced by Pasupaleti Brahman and music was composed by Sunil Kashyap. The movie released on January 30, 2015.

Cast

 * Rajendra Prasad
 * Sony Charistha
 * Shivaji Raja
 * Giri Babu
 * Jyothi Sri
 * Aswini
 * Kanumari Krishnamraju

Release
The movie was released in USA and India on January 30, 2015.

title: User:Srikoth/Top Rankers


text:
Talk:Doddie Weir

My Name'5 Doddie Foundation
The name of the foundation is "My Name'5 Doddie Foundation". The 5 represents the number on his rugby jersey, one of two allocated to locks, the other being 4.--Megaton Sheriff (talk) 18:23, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Correct, see: https://www.myname5doddie.co.uk/ Billsmith60 (talk) 21:59, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

Name as per WP:Nickname
Hello, this article demonstrates the complexity, and inconsistency, of Wikipedia.

One established editor and administrator ('Bagumba') – restored my removal of "Doddie" to the first line, citing WP:Nickname (correctly, as it appears IMHO).

Subsequently, experienced user 'Jkaharper' removed it, again citing the same procedure...

Can it be sorted out, please? Billsmith60 (talk) 18:08, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The relevant text at MOS:NICKNAME is whether this is a common English-language hypocorism (diminutive or abbreviation) used in lieu of a given name My background led me to believe it wasnt, hence my edit, but I've come to realize it might be common in Scottish English, at least.—Bagumba (talk) 18:35, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi all. Apologies for the reverts. It just looked sloppy. I’ve amended the page. If anyone is still dissatisfied let me know. Thanks. --Jkaharper (talk) 20:33, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
 * @Jkaharper: Repeating his surname is discouraged per the guideline: Nicknames should not be re-presented with additional name parts unless necessary for usage clarity...Avoid: Earl Strickland, nicknamed "Earl the Pearl" Strickland If Doddie is not considered a common nickname, the format George Wilson "Doddie" Weir is standard. Namely, ...it is usually presented between double quotation marks following the last given name or initial.—Bagumba (talk) 00:05, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Thank you both Billsmith60 (talk) 22:52, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doddie Weir


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Topic talk:Philosophy of mind

I can help out here. I'm mainly working over in the computer science section with AI, but I know a bit on this topic. I can certainly add to the discussions. Mundhenk 21:40, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I am also ready to participate in this area. b:Introduction to Philosophy:Philosophy of Mind <-- I wonder if we should start a Wikiversity project to improve Wikibooks modules in the philosophy of mind area. --JWSchmidt 00:36, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Topic talk:Philosophy of mind


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wojciech Frykowski

The result was   redirect to Charles_Manson. — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 01:23, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Wojciech Frykowski

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Merge to Charles_Manson - or to a separate article Tate murders which has been proposed at related AfDs. He is known only for having been murdered by the Manson gang; before that nobody had ever heard of him. He is described as an actor and writer; in fact he had a few tiny uncredited roles in minor movies, and according to Bugliosi's book Helter Skelter, he claimed to be a writer but none of his friends had ever actually seen anything he had written. For related discussions see Articles for deletion/Abigail Folger (closed as merge), Articles for deletion/Steven Parent, and Articles for deletion/Jay Sebring. MelanieN (talk) 23:00, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Poland-related deletion discussions. lavender|(formerlyHMSSolent)|lambast 00:12, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:47, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete. You are write, I didn't look deeper into the claims of writer and actor. Doesn't seem to pass the notability threshold. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here  14:24, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment In these related AfDs, several people have suggested that a merge to a new article Tate murders would be better than a merge to Charles Manson. See Talk:Charles Manson to discuss this idea. MelanieN (talk) 23:16, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of California-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 15:00, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Crime-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 15:00, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Missvain (talk) 05:52, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Rename and create Tate murders article as suggested by nominating editor at Talk:Charles Manson. Subject falls under WP:BIO1E, and the event itself is notable, and has received persistent coverage long after the event occurred.--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 03:25, 21 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Charles_Manson. Add'l info provided in this article amounts to trivia about an otherwise unnotable murder victim. Perhaps that article section should be broken out into a separate article, but better to handle that with talk page discussion there. --Hobbes Goodyear (talk) 14:30, 22 February 2015 (UTC)


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User:Adrian M. H.

Most of my contributions to Wiktionary are likely to be related to my main topics of interest at the English Wikipedia and motor racing in particular. I edit here on only an occasional basis.

Useful categories

 * Motor racing

title: User:Adrian M. H.


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Kirey

Kirey (Кирей) is a rural locality (a selo) in Mirabilitsky Selsoviet, Kulundinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 265 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Kirey is located 16 km southeast of Kulunda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mirabilit is the nearest rural locality.

title: Kirey


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Talk:Dirceu Lopes

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Dirceu Lopes. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090626122521/http://futpedia.globo.com:80/jogadores/dirceu-lopes to http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/dirceu-lopes
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090315034458/http://www.fifa.com:80/classicfootball/news/newsid=1036255.html to http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/news/newsid=1036255.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:57, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dirceu Lopes


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Prachya Pinkaew

Prachya Pinkaew (ปรัชญา ปิ่นแก้ว; ; born September 2, 1962) is a Thai film director, film producer and screenwriter. His films include Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior and Tom-Yum-Goong, both martial arts films starring Tony Jaa.

Biography
Prachya graduated from Nakhon Ratchasima Technology College in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand, in 1985, majoring in architecture. He began his career in 1990, working as an art director and later as creative director at Packshot Entertainment, an advertising firm. He directed music videos and won several Best Music Video Awards at Thailand's Golden Television Awards.

His first feature film was made in 1992 and called The Magic Shoes. It was followed in 1995 by Dark Side Romance, a karmic thriller-romance.

By 1998, Open Maker Head and BaaRamEwe 1999 was concentrating on producing films, including the vampire movie Body Jumper, the action-comedy Heaven's Seven, the horror movie 999-9999, the musical Hoedown Showdown, the frankly sexual comedy Sayew and the arthouse drama Fake.

With his own Baa-Ram-Ewe production house, his name is seen on many films produced for Sahamongkol Film International.

In 2003 he took the director's chair for Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior, starring Tony Jaa, which went on to become a worldwide sensation and was the highest-grossing Thai film of the year. He also directed Tony Jaa's next starring feature, Tom-Yum-Goong.

His next projects included Chocolate, about a young autistic female martial artist out for revenge, and Power Kids, about four young martial artists fighting off terrorists who have taken over a hospital. Daab Atamas (Sword), starring Tony Jaa, was canceled. He produced Ong Bak 2, with Jaa directing, released in 2008.

As the president of the Thai Film Directors Association, Prachya Pinkaew has been active during 2007 in lobbying against proposed legislation that would put into place a restrictive motion picture ratings system. The system would replace the 1930 Censorship Code, but would retain the Board of Censors' ability to cut or ban films.

After the violent crackdown on the 2010 protests, he produced an all-star music video with the message "May our happiness return" that is being shown on the Bangkok Skytrain.

In 2011 he directed the action film Elephant White starring Djimon Hounsou and Kevin Bacon, produced by Nu Image and Millennium Films. Filmed and set entirely in Bangkok, the film tells the story of a mercenary (Hounsou) in Thailand who is engaged by a 14-year-old girl who gives his life a new meaning. Bacon plays the mercenary's old friend who may or may not be on his side this time. The film was Pinkaew's English-language/Hollywood debut and was released in early 2011.

In 2011 he also directed the Thai-Korean co-production The Kick with stars from both markets. The film failed to recoup its budget.

In 2013 he directed Tom Yum Goong 2, the sequel to his earlier martial arts film with Tony Jaa reprising his role.

Director

 * The Magic Shoes (Rawng tah laep plaep) (1992)
 * Dark Side Romance (Goet iik thii tawng mii theu) (1995)
 * Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior (2003)
 * Tom-Yum-Goong (2005)
 * Chocolate (2008)
 * Elephant White (2011)
 * The Kick (2011)
 * Tom Yum Goong 2 (2013)
 * Look Thung Signature (2016)
 * Sisters (2019)

Producer

 * Pop Weed Sayong (Body Jumper) (2001)
 * 999-9999 (2002)
 * Hoedown Showdown (2002)
 * 7 pra-jan-barn (Heaven's Seven) (2002)
 * Sayew (2003)
 * The Unborn (2003)
 * Fake (2003)
 * Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior (2003)
 * Pisaj (2004)
 * Born to Fight (Kerd ma lui) (2004)
 * Cherm (Midnight My Love (2005)
 * Tom-Yum-Goong (2005)
 * Mercury Man (2006)''
 * Dynamite Warrior (2007)
 * The Sperm (2007)
 * Sick Nurses (2007)
 * Opapatika (2007)
 * The Love of Siam (2007)
 * Ong Bak 2 (2008)
 * Chocolate (2008)
 * Power Kids (2009)

Screenwriter

 * Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior (2003)
 * Tom-Yum-Goong (2005)

title: Prachya Pinkaew


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Talk:FC Chornomorets Odesa

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussions at the nomination pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:08, 17 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Kit left arm chornomorets2021-22 hm.png (discussion)
 * Kit right arm chornomorets2021-22 hm.png (discussion)

title: Talk:FC Chornomorets Odesa


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rimodulare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to remodulate
 * 2)  to reconfigure (parameters)
 * 3) to reorganize or readapt for new circumstances

title: rimodulare


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Teletraffic engineering/Flow Control Telecoms/Solutions

Solution
1. VoIP makes use of the Realtime Transport Protocol (RTP) which is a User Datagram Protocol UDP stream. Unlike TCP, UDP is connectionless and has no in flow control mechanisms.

2. If TCP were used for applications such voice or video when there was packet loss due to congestion TCP would than retransmit the lost packets. These packets would then arrive late and would create additional distortion to the voice call or video stream. The retransmitted packets could also compound the congestion problem with more traffic.

Back to Flow Control


text:
Ryu Dam

Ryu Dam (born December 6, 1979), is a South Korean comedian and actor. He was a cast member in the variety show Law of the Jungle.

title: Ryu Dam


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Malaysia

| Southeast Asian cuisines

 * Arisa – A rare, traditional chicken dish
 * Eurasian Smore – Beef-shank stew
 * Bah Kut Teh – Pork Spare Rib Herbal Soup
 * Pulut Durian – Glutinous rice with Durian
 * Coconut Rice (Nasi Lemak) – A type of rice cooked with coconut milk
 * Pattaya Fried Rice – Fried rice covered with omelette and chilli sauce

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Malaysia


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Bosöns IK

Bosöns IK was a sports club in Bosön, Sweden. The club won the Swedish women's national volleyball championship in 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966 and 1967.

title: Bosöns IK


text:
wymiotować

Etymology
, from. Reshaped by the influence of.

Verb

 * 1)  to puke, to throw up, to vomit

title: wymiotować


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User:Bcrant

Hey,

I'm Brian Crant, I currently study Informatics and Business at Indiana University Bloomington. Outside of school I love live music and making music myself.

title: User:Bcrant


text:
30th Separate Company Armory

The 30th Separate Company Armory, also known as the Elmira Armory, formerly located at 307 East Church Street in Elmira, New York, was built from 1886 to 1888. It was a contributing property of the Elmira Civic Historic District. The structure was designed by J. H. Pierce of the firm of Pierce & Bickford. Following decommissioning by the New York National Guard in the 1970s it was acquired by Chemung County and used as for offices and storage.

Collapse of facade and demolition
The building was used as an annex to Elmira City Hall until March 10, 2006, when the facade of the Armory building collapsed, during a major windstorm. In December 2010, a project to demolish the building was completed.

title: 30th Separate Company Armory


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Portal:Spanish/Other Language Divisons

Alphabetical List:
 * Arabic
 * Chinese
 * Esperanto
 * French
 * Italian
 * Japanese
 * Portuguese
 * Urdu

title: Portal:Spanish/Other Language Divisons


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Tok Pisin/Class 1 adjectives

Tok Pisin > Tok Pisin Adjectives > Tok Pisin Class 1 Adjectives

Definition
Tok Pisin Class 1 adjectives have the suffix -pela in attributive position, and also when they follow the copula.

List of very useful Class 1 adjectives
yangpela - young nupela - new olpela - old

bikpela - big draipela - huge hatpela - hard strongpela - strong

longpela - long sotpela - short raunpela - round

retpela - red blakpela - black blupela - blue braunpela - brown grinpela - green waitpela, wetpela - white

gutpela - good naispela - nice, beautiful switpela - sweet

dispela, despela, tispela - this, that sampela - some narapela - another, other arapela - other diskain, tiskain - this kind of

Reference

 * Wurm, S.A. et Mühläusler (eds) (1985). Handbook of Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin). Canberra : Australian National University. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>.

Exemples of use found on the Internet

 * Orait papa bilong kanu i larim wanpela yangpela man i was i stap long kanu. > There the father of the canoe left a young boy to watch over it. (Sepik Stories)
 * Yumi mas lainim ol pikinini bilong yumi... long stretpela pasin taim ol i yangpela yet.> We have to teach our kids... about good habits while they are still young. (CBS Press)
 * Kantri ibin bungim bikpela heve longpela taim tumas na mi hop olsem dispela eleksin bai bringim ol gutpela lida. > The country have been facing some big problems for far too long a time, and I hope that this election will bring good leaders. (asiapacific)
 * ...dispela wei bilong developmen i gutpela. > ...this form of development is good. (Time to talk, ABC)

title: Tok Pisin/Class 1 adjectives


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William Backhouse Astor

William Backhouse Astor may refer to:

 * William Backhouse Astor, Sr. (1792–1875), American businessman and member of the Astor family
 * William Backhouse Astor, Jr. (1829–1892), American businessman and son of the above

title: William Backhouse Astor


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User:Bay'emup

Furflakes

Everyone will eventually encounter a furflake. The key to spotting these not so elusive annoyances is to simply breathe within dog groups. Their characteristic whining and becoming butthurt over the simplest of every day tasks is always an unwelcomed inconvenience. Constant crying and foot stomping is an indicator that they are too far gone into chiteater territory to be saved. When dealing with a furflake it is imperative that you point out the information they attempt to pass off as facts is highly questionable and most certainly outdated. Especially if they use common search engines to obtain said information. No cure is available for reversing the damage done by entertaining furflake ideals. If you encounter a furflake the wisest course of action is to stop drop and allow your dogs to roll in mud without calling a groomer to inquire about their services.

Catacrazy::: Requires straight jackets and heavy medication at all times. Can be found grazing amongst the rabid wildebeest in dog groups. Approach with caution they may fling linguistic dookie balls in defense of their psychosis.

title: User:Bay'emup


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jakun

Etymology
Semantic extension of the Malay, an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the jungles of Pahang, Johor and Negeri Sembilan.

Adjective

 * 1)  Fascinated by objects, events, or experiences which seem ordinary to others.
 * 2)  Overly excited, bad-tempered, unruly, or unsophisticated.
 * 1)  Overly excited, bad-tempered, unruly, or unsophisticated.
 * 1)  Overly excited, bad-tempered, unruly, or unsophisticated.
 * 1)  Overly excited, bad-tempered, unruly, or unsophisticated.
 * 1)  Overly excited, bad-tempered, unruly, or unsophisticated.
 * 1)  Overly excited, bad-tempered, unruly, or unsophisticated.

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) Adam's apple (the lump in the throat)

Etymology 2
From, from extension of the Malay , an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the jungles of Pahang, Johor and Negeri Sembilan. Compare to meaning of Singaporean 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * : fascinated with objects, events, or experiences which seem ordinary to others.

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) Adam's apple (the lump in the throat).

Etymology 2
From extension of the Malay, an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the jungles of Pahang, Johor and Negeri Sembilan.

Adjective

 * : being too excited, bad-tempered, unruly, or unsophisticated.

title: jakun


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Perl Programming/Strings

Strings
Any sequence of characters put together as one unit, is a string. So, the word the is a string. This sentence is a string. Even this entire paragraph is a string. In fact, you could consider the text of this entire book as one string.

Strings can be of any length and can contain any characters, numbers, punctuation, special characters (like ! #, and %), and even characters in natural languages besides English. In addition, a string can contain special whitespace formatting characters like newline, tab, and the bell character. We will discuss special characters more later on. For now, we will begin our consideration of strings by considering how to insert literal strings into a Perl program.

To begin our discussion of strings in Perl, we will consider how to work with string literals in Perl. The word literal here refers to the fact that these are used when you want to type a string directly to Perl. This can be contrasted with storing a string in a variable.

Any string literal can be used as an expression. We will find this useful when we want to store string literals in variables. However, for now, we will simply consider the different types of string literals that one can make in Perl. Later, we will learn how to assign these string literals to variables in the Scalar Variables section.

Single-quoted strings
String literals can be represented in primarily three ways in Perl. We have already used one type in the simple programming examples, using double quote marks. Using double or single quote marks in Perl each has a special meaning.

Single quotes can be thought of as literal strings. In the previous examples, you may have noticed that variable names were included inside the strings with double quotes. When the results were printed, the value of the variable was placed in the printed line, not the name of the variable. If single quote marks were used, the actual variable name would have been printed because nearly all special characters that might be interpreted differently are taken at face value when using single quotes.

To see what is meant by this, try this simple program:

You should see "Hello Fred" on the first line and "Hello $name\n" on the second (without a newline after it). Putting the value of $name into the string in the first print statement is called "interpolation." If you don't need interpolation, you should use single quotes, because it makes your intent clearer.

Special characters in single-quoted strings
There are two characters in single quoted strings that do not always represent themselves. This is due to necessity, since single-quoted strings start and end with the ' character. We need a way to express inside a single-quoted string that we want the string to contain a ' character.

The solution to this problem is to preceded any ' characters we actually want to appear in the string itself with the backslash (\ character). Thus we have strings like this:

We have in this example a string with seven characters exactly. Namely, this is the string: xxx'xxx. It can be difficult at first to become accustomed to the idea that two characters in the input to Perl actually produce only one character in the string itself. (C programmers are already probably used to this idea.) However, just keep in mind the rules and you will probably get used to them quickly.

Since we have used the \ character to do something special with the <tt>'</tt> character, we must now worry about the special cases for the backslash character itself. When we see a <tt>\</tt> character in a single-quoted string, we must carefully consider what will happen.

Under most circumstances, when a <tt>\</tt> is in a single-quoted string, it is simply a backslash, representing itself, as most other characters do. However, the following exceptions apply:

 * The sequence <tt>\'</tt> yields the character <tt>'</tt> in the actual string. (This is the exception we already discussed above).
 * The sequence <tt>\\</tt> yields the character <tt>\</tt> in the actual string. In other words, two backslashes right next to each other actually yield only one backslash.
 * A backslash, by itself, cannot be placed at the end of a the single-quoted string. This cannot happen because Perl will think that you are using the <tt>\</tt> to escape the closing <tt>'</tt>.

The following examples exemplify the various exceptions, and use them properly:

In the last example, note that the resulting string is <tt>Three \'s: "\\\"</tt>. If you can follow that example, you have definitely mastered how single-quoted strings work!

Instead of unreadable backslash escapes, Perl offers other ways of quoting strings. The first example above could be written as:

Newlines in single-quoted strings
Note that there is no rule against having a single-quoted string span several lines. When you do this, the string has newline characters embedded in it.

A newline character is a special ASCII character that indicates that a new line should be started. In a text editor, or when printing output to the screen, this usually indicates that the cursor should move from the end of the current line to the first position on the line following it.

Since Perl permits the placement of these newline characters directly into single quoted strings, we are permitted to do the following:

This string has a total of twenty characters. The first seven are <tt>Time to</tt>. The next character following that is a newline. Then, the eleven characters, <tt>start anew.</tt> follow. Note again that this is one string, with a newline as its eighth character.

Further, note that we are not permitted to put a comment in the middle of the string, even though we are usually allowed to place a <tt>#</tt> anywhere on the line and have the rest of the line be a comment. We cannot do this here, since we have yet to terminate our single-quoted string with a <tt>'</tt>, and thus, any <tt>#</tt> character and comment following it would actually become part of the single-quoted string! Remember that single-quotes strings are delimited by <tt>'</tt> at the beginning, and <tt>'</tt> at the end, and everything in between is considered part of the string, included newlines, <tt>#</tt> characters and anything else.

Examples of invalid single-quoted strings
In finishing our discussion of singled-quoted strings, consider these examples of strings that are not legal because they violate the exceptions we talked about above:

Sometimes, when you have invalid string literals such as in the example above, the error message that Perl gives is not particularly intuitive. However, when you see error messages such as:

(Might be a runaway multi-line '' string starting on line X) Bareword found where operator expected Bareword "foo" not allowed while "strict subs" in use

It is often an indication that you have runaway or invalid strings. Keep an eye out for these problems. Chances are, you will forget and violate one of the rules for single-quoted strings eventually, and then need to determine why you are unable to run your Perl program.

Brief digression from strings alone: The <tt>print</tt> function
Before we move on to our consideration of double-quoted strings, it is necessary to first consider a small digression. We know how to represent strings in Perl, but, as you may have noticed, the examples we have given thus far do not do anything interesting. If you try placing the statements that we listed as examples in Single Quoted Strings, into a full Perl program, like this:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict; use warnings;

'Three \\\'s: "\\\\\"'; # There are three \ chars between "" 'xxx\'xxx';            # xxx, a single-quote character, and then xxx 'Time to start anew.';

you probably noticed that nothing of interest happens. Perl gladly runs this program, but it produces no output.

Thus, to begin to work with strings in Perl beyond simple hypothetical considerations, we need a way to have Perl display our strings for us. The canonical way of accomplishing this in Perl is to use the <tt>print</tt> function.

The <tt>print</tt> function in Perl can be used in a variety of ways. The simplest form is to use the statement <tt>print STRING;</tt>, where <tt>STRING</tt> is any valid Perl string.

So, to reconsider our examples, instead of simply listing the strings, we could instead print each one out:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict; use warnings;

print 'Three \\\'s: "\\\\\"'; # Print first string print 'xxx\'xxx';            # Print the second print 'Time to start anew. ';   # Print last string, with a newline at the end

This program will produce output. When run, the output goes to what is called the standard output. This is usually the terminal, console or window in which you run the Perl program. In the case of the program above, the output to the standard output is as follows:

Three \'s: "\\\"xxx'xxxTime to start anew.

Note that a newline is required to break up the lines. Thus, you need to put a newline at the end of every valid string if you want your string to be the last thing on that line in the output.

Note that it is particularly important to put a newline on the end of the last string of your output. If you do not, often times, the command prompt for the command interpreter that you are using may run together with your last line of output, and this can be very disorienting. So, always remember to place a newline at the end of each line, particularly on your last line of output.

Finally, you may have noticed that formatting your code with newlines in the middle of single-quoted strings hurts readability. Since you are inside a single-quoted string, you cannot change the format of the continued lines within the print statement, nor put comments at the ends of those lines because that would insert data into your single-quoted strings. To handle newlines more elegantly, you should use double-quoted strings, which are the topic of the next section.

Double-quoted strings
Double-quoted strings are another way of representing scalar string literals in Perl. Like single-quoted strings, you place a group of ASCII characters between two delimiters (in this case, our delimiter is <tt>"</tt>). However, something called interpolation happens when you use a double-quoted string.

Interpolation in double-quoted strings
Interpolation is a special process whereby certain special strings written in ASCII are replaced by something different. In Single-quoted strings section, we noted that certain sequences in single-quoted strings (namely, <tt>\\</tt> and <tt>\'</tt>) were treated differently - these are called backslash escape sequences. This is very similar to what happens with interpolation.

For example, in interpolated double-quoted strings, various sequences preceded by a <tt>\</tt> character act differently according to the chart below:

As you may have noticed in the previous chapter, you can put the name of a variable within a string with its leading dollar sign. This form of interpolation replaces the name of the variable in the string with the content of the variable.

Examples of interpolation
Let us consider an example that uses a few of these characters:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict; use warnings;

print "A backslash: \\\n"; print "Tab follows:\tover here\n"; print "Ring! \a\n"; print "Please pay<EMAIL_ADDRESS>\$20.\n";

This program, when run, produces the following output on the screen:

A backslash: \ Tab follows:	over here Ring! Please pay<EMAIL_ADDRESS>$20.

In addition, when running, you should hear the computer beep. That is the output of the <tt>\a</tt> character, which you cannot see on the screen. However, you should be able to hear it.

Notice that the <tt>\n</tt> character ends a line. <tt>\n</tt> should always be used to end a line. Those students familiar with the C language will be used to using this sequence to mean newline. When writing Perl, the word newline and the <tt>\n</tt> character are roughly synonymous.

String operators
Operators manipulate two or more strings in some way.

The concatenation operator
Perl uses the <tt>.</tt> operator to concatenate or connect two strings together, like this:

"Hello". "World" # This is the same as "HelloWorld"

If you want to make the string have a space between Hello and World you could write it like this:

"Hello". ", " . "World" # This is the same as "Hello, World"

Or like this:

"Hello". ", World" # This is the same as "Hello, World"

The <tt>x</tt> operator
This is called the string repetition operator and is used to repeat a string. All you have to do is put a string on the left side of the <tt>x</tt> and a number on the right side. Like this:

"Hello" x 5 # This is the same as "HelloHelloHelloHelloHello"

If you wish to insert a line break after each output of the string, use:

"Hello\n" x 5

Exercises

 * Write a program that uses the <tt>.</tt> operator to print "Hello, Sir!".

 * Write another program which uses the <tt>x</tt> operator to print "HelloHelloHelloHello". Put comments in this program that explain how it works

 * Remember to take some time to play with single and double quoted strings, the more practice you get, the better you will be.

Perl/Strings

title: Perl Programming/Strings