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High School Mathematics Extensions/Set Theory and Infinite Processes/Solutions

Set Theory and Infinite Processes
 These solutions were not written by the author of the rest of the book. They are simply the answers I thought were correct while doing the exercises. I hope these answers are useful for someone and that people will correct my work if I made some mistakes

How big is infinity? exercises

 * 1) The number of even numbers is the same as the number of natural numbers because both are countably infinite. You can clearly see the one to one correspondence. (E means even numbers and is not an official set like N)
 * E  N
 * 2  1
 * 4  2
 * 6  3
 * 8  4

2. The number of square numbers is also equal to the number of natural numbers. They are both countably infinite and can be put in one to one correspondence. (S means square numbers and is not an official set like N)
 * S  N
 * 1  1
 * 4  2
 * 9  3
 * 16  4

3. The cardinality of even numbers less than 100 is not equal to the cardinality of natural numbers less than 100. You can simply write out both of them and count the numbers. Then you will see that cardinality of even numbers less than 100 is 49 and the cardinality of natural numbers less than 100 is 99. Thus the set of natural numbers less than 100 is bigger than the set of even numbers less than 100. The big difference between infinite and finite sets thus is that a finite set can not be put into one to one correspondence with any of its subsets, while an infinite set can be put into one to one correspondence with at least one of its subsets. 4. Each part of the sum is answered below
 * infinity + 1 = infinity
 * You can prove this by taking a set with a cardinality of 1, for example a set consisting only of the number 0. You simply add this set in front of the countably infinite set to put the infinite set and the inifinite+1 set into one to one correspondence.
 * N  N+1
 * 1  0
 * 2  1
 * 3  2
 * 4  3
 * infinity + A = infinity (where A is a finite set)
 * You simply add the finite set in front of the infinite set like above, only the finite set doesn't need to have a cardinality of one anymore.
 * infinity + C = infinity (where C is a countably infinite set)
 * You take one item of each set (infinity or C) in turns, this will make the new list also countably infinite.

Is the set of rational numbers bigger than N? exercises
1. To change the matrix from Q' to Q the first step you need to take is to remove the multiple entries for the same number. You can do this by leaving an empty space in the table when gcd(topnr,bottomnr)≠1 because when the gcd isn't 1 the fraction can be simplified by dividing the top and bottom number by the gcd. This will leave you with the following table.
 * $$\begin{matrix}\frac{1}{1} & \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{3} & \cdots\\ & & \\\frac{2}{1} &  & \frac{2}{3} & \cdots\\ & & \\\frac{3}{1} & \frac{3}{2} &  & \cdots\\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots\end{matrix}$$

Now we only need to add zero to the matrix and we're finished. So we add a vertical row for zero and only write the topmost element in it (0/1) (taking gcd doesn't work here because gcd(0,a)=a) This leaves us with the following table where we have to count all fractions in the diagonal rows to see that Q is countably infinite.
 * $$\begin{matrix}\frac{0}{1} & \frac{1}{1} & \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{3} & \cdots\\ & & \\ & \frac{2}{1} &  & \frac{2}{3} & \cdots\\ & & \\ & \frac{3}{1} & \frac{3}{2} &  & \cdots\\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots\end{matrix}$$

2. To show that $$ \infty \times \infty = \infty $$ you have to make a table where you put one infinity in the horizontal row and one infinity in the vertical row. Now you can start counting the number of place in the table diagonally just like Q' was counted. This works because a table of size AxB contains A*B places.

Are there even bigger infinities? exercises

 * 1) You have to use a method to map the coordinates in a plain onto a point on the line and the other way around, like the one described in the text. This method shows you that for every number on the line there is a place on the plain and for every place on the plain there is a place on the line. Thus the number of points on the line and the plain are the same.


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Portal:Practical Arts and Sciences/Featured

This page is for keeping track of featured content on Portal:Practical Arts and Sciences. If you change/update content in the portal, please be sure that the record of past content is updated here.

Featured learning resource
Pomology Teaching Tools is a support project for the Department of Pomology. It is a project where participants create learning resources and study tools for pomology, such as pictures, schematic drawings, videos and textbooks.

Featured research project
Participants at Wikiversity NPC learn how to create and manage a nonprofit corporation. The corporation will be entirely oriented around the use of MediaWiki technology for the promotion of education.

News
Experts Discuss Turning DMZ into Ecotourism District Since 1953 the Korean Demilitarized Zone has been a "no man's land" between North and South Korea.

Did you know?
Empennage The tail of an aircraft is called the "empennage". Usually it includes the stabilizers, rudder and elevator and it may contain the Flight Data Recorder ("black box") and Cockpit Voice Recorder. See: Introduction to aircraft components.

Quotes
"One man practicing sportsmanship is far better than fifty preaching it." - Knute Rockne

Featured learning projects
Home Economics - International tourism - Introduction to aircraft components - Aviation Examination Manuals - Physical Education - Pomology Teaching Tools - Tropical and Subtropical Pomology - Real estate analysis - Welding - Wikiversity NPC

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Dog Care/Choosing a veterinarian

 * Check with friends or other dog owners. Asking around at a dog park or similar location could reveal a few local names to avoid.
 * Reputable veterinarians should not complain if you want to know details about their education.
 * A veterinarian's office should be able to give fees for vaccinations, office visits and other similar charges, and should at least be able to give an estimate for many other needs. Information like your dog's weight, reactions to kenneling/strangers/other dogs and eating habits may be required beforehand.
 * Bring vaccination information with you until your veterinarian's office has it in their computer system. If travelling or otherwise using a new veterinarian, have at least a phone number for any office that might have previous records of your dog.  Bring along any medications you are giving your dog, except for normal flea and tick or heartworm medications (though know precisely what brands and schedules you are using for those).
 * Don't be afraid to ask questions. A reputable veterinarian will take the time to explain anything that confuses or worries you.
 * Know what the problem is and educate yourself on possible diseases and injuries. See ../Signs and symptoms/.

title: Dog Care/Choosing a veterinarian


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Talk:WikiU Film School Point System

Whats the Star Movie Workshop? --Elatanatari 20:38, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:WikiU Film School Point System


text:
Linguistics

This online textbook serves to provide an introduction to the science of linguistics, its major subfields, and its theoretical consequences.

Part of the Linguistics Collection

title: Linguistics


text:
User:Priyanka Rauniyar

priyanka Rauniyar is not an option to have a nice day and I be a good time and consideration of my life and that is a good idea to have a girls

title: User:Priyanka Rauniyar


text:
Malek Kandeh

Malek Kandeh (, also Romanized as Malekandeh) is a village in Rivand Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 168, in 44 families.

title: Malek Kandeh


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Spinosodus

Spinosodus is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:

 * Spinosodus rufomaculatus Breuning, 1973
 * Spinosodus spinicollis Breuning & de Jong, 1941

title: Spinosodus


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Mountain Province Provincial Board

The Mountain Province Provincial Board is the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial legislature) of the Philippine province of Mountain Province.

The members are elected via plurality-at-large voting: the province is divided into two districts, each having four seats. A voter votes up to four names, with the top four candidates per district being elected. The vice governor is the ex officio presiding officer, and only votes to break ties. The vice governor is elected via the plurality voting system province-wide.

The districts used in appropriation of members is not coextensive with the legislative district of Mountain Province; unlike congressional representation which is at-large, Mountain Province is divided into two districts for representation in the Sangguniang Panlalawigan.

Aside from the regular members, the board also includes the provincial federation presidents of the Liga ng mga Barangay (ABC, from its old name "Association of Barangay Captains"), the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK, youth councils) and the Philippine Councilors League (PCL). Mountain Province's provincial board also has a reserved seat for its indigenous people (IPMR).

Current members
These are the members after the 2019 local elections and 2018 barangay and SK elections:

 * Vice Governor: Francis Tauli (PDP–Laban)

title: Mountain Province Provincial Board


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Lux Mundi (statue)

Lux Mundi  (Latin for "Light of the World") is a 52 ft tall statue of Jesus at Solid Rock Church, a Christian nondenominational church near Monroe, Ohio, in the United States. Designed by Tom Tsuchiya, Lux Mundi replaced the statue King of Kings which was struck by lightning and destroyed by fire in 2010.

Design

The statue shows Jesus stepping forward with a welcoming gesture, a pose inspired by the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. John. Facing I-75, the statue stands on a foundation decorated by rocks with a cascading water feature.

Because of its pose and inviting quality (and in reference to its predecessor's nickname "Touchdown Jesus"), Lux Mundi has earned the nickname “Hug Me Jesus”.

Construction
The polymer composite and steel sculpture is mainly fabricated by Display Dynamics of Clayton, Ohio. Since the original statue at Solid Rock Church was destroyed by fire, the new statue incorporates fire resistant materials including a lightning suppression system. Following several months of work, the major pieces of the statue were assembled together at the site on September 19, 2012, and it was dedicated eleven days later.

title: Lux Mundi (statue)


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Talk:Spanish/Registration

How does one register now?

Where to register?
There are five(!) apparent Spanish registration pages: here, at Participant Coordination, at Spanish/Students, at Spanish/Spanish_One/Students, and at Spanish/Spanish Two/Students. Some major coordination needs to be done to get people to the right place. The Jade Knight 03:31, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, there are six now. Someone in the Spanish Department needs to figure this mess out.  The Jade Knight 10:48, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

I concur. One central registration page, which might also link to the instructors who are teaching the class, would allow the instructors to decide when a class has reached the desirable size. SGCharest, 08:00, 8 September 2007

I tried to register my name as a student of Spanish but but not found any link for that. Can you specify the link in main page?
 * Please have a look at Topic:Foreign_Language_Learning/Participant_Coordination, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:19, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

edits on talk pages from previous registration pages are listed below

 * How do I take these classes?

How do you sign up?
I have just identified an area with great potential for improvement: I've just spent ten minutes trying to sign up for the Spanish II class. The fact that I've failed I put down to poor usability of the site.

J L
 * Considering that this is currently self study, I'm not to sure why we even have this page...--Rayc 03:23, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * You know, I agree. The current table system is not at all user-friendly.  A simple list would be significantly better, at least for new sign ups.  The Jade Knight 03:22, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Additional participant list
See the list at Participant Coordination for more students which have signed up. You may, additionally, want to replace the lists there with a link here. The Jade Knight 03:25, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Where to register?
There are five(!) apparent Spanish registration pages: here, at Participant Coordination, at Spanish/Registration, at Spanish/Spanish_One/Students, and at Spanish/Spanish Two/Students. Some major coordination needs to be done to get people to the right place. The Jade Knight 03:32, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * didn't know about the others, but I've been trying to get people to stop signing up on the Spanish/Registration area. Maybe we can just have them place Template:Spanish1-Announce on there user talk if they want updates?--Rayc 04:37, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

i'm new to this. how do i register for spanish. i've been using all the above with no success so far. also how do i negotiate to the second lesson? greatguls (not so great)

Thank you!
Thank you, thank you, thank you to whoever did it for combining these all into one spot. That's one less headache for me on Wikiversity. The Jade Knight 13:14, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish/Registration


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User:Sambizo/sandbox

= Bobby Borisov =

Boris Sergeev Borisov (born 12 July 1992) is an Bulgarian actor. He started her career in a couple of short films then in the Bulgarian television series "Stolen Life" (2016–) in several episodes and the pilot episode of the "Police from the far side of town". He also acts as a model. In 2016 he took the title of Mr. Montana 2016 from the beauty contest Mr. and Miss. Bulgaria Category:Actors

title: User:Sambizo/sandbox


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Partido Conservador

Partido Conservador may refer to:
 * Colombian Conservative Party
 * Conservative Party (Bolivia)
 * Conservative Party (Brazil)
 * Conservative Party (Chile)
 * Conservative Party (Ecuador)
 * Conservative Party of Nicaragua
 * Conservative Party (Panama)
 * Conservative Party (Spain)

title: Partido Conservador


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User:Abhishek tiwari(divyanshu)

Abhishek Tiwari is a social worker born at Lucknow uttar Pradesh.His father name is Mr.Awadesh Kumar Tiwari and his mother name is Richa Tiwari.He lives at Bilhaur Kanpur uttar Pradesh(209202).His father is a private architect and owner at Dattatreya construction Pvt limited.he completed 8th from C.Q.H.R.M School bilhaur.and 12th from Prabha Sunrise Educational institute. Contact no-8853197201<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Insta-abhishektiwari0618

title: User:Abhishek tiwari(divyanshu)


text:
File:Synoman Barris-NPP certificate-154169.jpg

Summary
Composite by Betty Wills (Atsme), the parchment roll is public domain per Pixaby


text:
Nick Anderson (cartoonist)

Nick Anderson is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American editorial cartoonist whose cartoons typically present liberal viewpoints. He currently draws cartoons for the Tribune Content Agency. His work has appeared in The New York Times, Newsweek, The Washington Post and USA Today. He has appeared on CNN, MSNBC, and Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor. In addition, he is co-founder of Counterpoint Media.

His artwork is characterized by a painterly style due to his use of Corel Painter software, which he uses in conjunction with the Wacom Cintiq computer monitor. He has been designated a "Painter Master" by The Corel Corporation. Anderson's cartoons have been featured in a series of instructional books, ''The Painter X Wow! Book'' by Cher Threinen-Pendarvis.

Career
Anderson graduated from Ohio State University. After interning at the Louisville Courier Journal, he became the newspaper's editorial cartoonist in c. 1990.

Soon after winning the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning, his winning cartoons were shown on air by Fox News' Sean Hannity as evidence, Hannity argued, of liberal bias by the Pulitzer judges.

Anderson was staff cartoonist for the Houston Chronicle from 2006 to 2017, where the newspaper's website maintained a blog of his cartoons and video animations.

The CNN-YouTube Republican presidential debates, which aired on November 28, 2007, used one of Anderson's questions, submitted in animated form.

Anderson was president of the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists in 2007–2008.

As of 2013, Anderson was syndicated in 150 newspapers by The Washington Post Writers Group.

In the summer of 2017, Anderson was terminated from his position at the Houston Chronicle; up to that point, he had been the last staff editorial cartoonist in the entire state of Texas.

In late 2020, Anderson's cartoons began being syndicated by the Tribune Content Agency.

Counterpoint Media
In 2018, some time after losing his position at the Houston Chronicle, Anderson and a partner formed Counterpoint Media, launching a website and newsletter that featured a rotating group of editorial cartoonists.

In 2022, The Washington Post Writers Group announced it was winding down its editorial cartoons syndication business. In response, a number of the syndicate's editorial cartoonists — including Clay Bennett, Jack Ohman, and Pedro X. Molina — left for Counterpoint Media, which launched its own syndication service.

In September 2022, Counterpoint began syndicating comic strips, first taking on Darrin Bell's Rudy Park and then Gene Weingarten, Dan Weingarten, and David Clark's Barney & Clyde, both of which were formerly distributed by The Washington Post Writers Group.

Awards
Anderson won a Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 2005 for his work with the Louisville Courier Journal. The judges credited his "unusual graphic style that produced extraordinarily thoughtful and powerful messages."

In addition to the Pulitzer Prize, he won the Society of Professional Journalists' Sigma Delta Chi Award in 2000, the 2011 National Press Foundation's Clifford K. and James T. Berryman Award for Editorial Cartooning, and is a two-time winner of the John Fischetti Award from Columbia College Chicago (in 1999 and 2012). While drawing cartoons for Ohio State University Lantern, he was given the College Cartoonist Charles M. Schulz Award by the National Journalism Awards.

title: Nick Anderson (cartoonist)


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I Want You (Thalía song)

"I Want You" / "Me Pones Sexy" is the first single from the Mexican Latin pop singer Thalía's 2003 crossover studio album Thalía. The track features American rapper Fat Joe and is notable for its sample of Brenda Russell's song "A Little Bit of Love". The song peaked at number 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Both songs were written by Cory Rooney, Gregory Bruno, Fat Joe, Thalía, and Brenda Russell, and produced by Cory Rooney and Davy Deluge.

Promotion
Thalía performed the song on various shows to promote it including Good Morning America. In December 2003, Thalía was invited to the Jingle Ball along with other artists such as Jennifer Lopez, Britney Spears, Kelly Clarkson, Beyoncé, Sean Paul, and Simple Plan and where she was the first of nine artists to sing where she performed the song along with her hits "Dance Dance (The Mexican)", "Baby, I'm in Love", and "¿A Quién le Importa?".

Chart performance
"I Want You" became a modest success, peaking at number 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song also achieved international success in countries like Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Romania.

Music video
The music video for "I Want You" was directed by Dave Meyers and shot in The Bronx, New York. The video aired in May 2003. It won an award for "Video of the Year" on Lo Nuestro Awards in the next year in Latin America.

In the video, Thalía seduces some bricklayers and sings while some guys are playing basketball. Fat Joe also appears in the video.

Track listings
CD single
 * 1) "I Want You" [Radio Edit] – 3:34
 * 2) "It's My Party" [English Version of "Arrasando"] – 3:57
 * 3) "I Want You" [Pablo Flores Club Mix] – 8:21

Mexican 2-track promotional only CD
 * 1) "Me Pones Sexy"
 * 2) "I Want You" [Pop Edit] – 3:46

US 4-track promo-only remix 12"
 * 1) "I Want You" [Radio Edit] – 3:34
 * 2) "I Want You" [Album Instrumental] – 3:34
 * 3) "I Want You" [Pablo Flores Import House Mix] – 8:36
 * 4) "I Want You" [Pablo Flores Club Mix] – 8:21

title: I Want You (Thalía song)


text:
Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's European Qualifiers

The Men's European Football Qualifiers for the 1972 Summer Olympics consisted of two stages, the first single elimination tournament and then group stage.

Play-off stage

 * }

Group 4

 * }


text:
International Relations/Classical Realism

Classical Realism
Classical Realism derives from the thought of Thucydides, Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Sun Tzu, Carl von Clausewitz, Edward H. Carr, Nicolas Spykman, Hans J. Morgenthau, Henry Kissinger, Z. Brzezinski, S. Huntington.

Key assumptions:

 * The international system is anarchic, no true authoritative world government exists.
 * Sovereign states are the principal actors in the international system.
 * International institutions, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations and other sub-state or trans-state actors are viewed as having little and mostly not independent influence.
 * International Law reflects the current balance of power.
 * States are rational unitary actors each moving towards their own national interest. They move on a cost- gain axis trying to maximise their gains
 * Because of the anarchy of the international system there is a general distrust of long-term cooperation or alliance.
 * The overriding 'national interest' of each state is its national security and survival.
 * In pursuit of national security, states strive to amass resources.
 * States resolve to war on order to achieve high levels of security
 * Relations between states are determined by their comparative level of power derived primarily from their military and economic capabilities.

Both Classical Realism and Structural Realism agree on the key assumption that the states are rational actors moving towards their own national interests. The difference between these two theories is that Structural Realism emphasizes on the function and the role of the international system and the way that states interact in it.


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Zomahoun Idossou Rufin

Zomahoun Idossou Rufin (born June 15, 1964), popularly known as Zomahon (ゾマホン), is a Beninese foreign personality (gaijin tarento and diplomat) in Japan. He is currently the Ambassador of the Republic of Benin to Japan and the former Special Advisor of the President of the Republic of Benin Thomas Boni Yayi.

Zomahoun was born in Dassa-Zoumé, Dahomey (the old name of Benin until 1975). He attended National University of Benin and Beijing Language and Culture University in Beijing, China. Until 2006, he was a student at Sophia University in Tokyo, where his coursework completed without a degree of Ph.D. in sociology. He can speak Yoruba, Fon, English, French, Mandarin and Japanese.

In 1998, Zomahoun was "discovered" by a TBS executive and became a cast member on the TV show Koko ga Hen da yo Nihonjin. In a pool of 100 foreigners voicing their displeasure about certain aspects of Japanese society, he was usually picked due to his hyperactive Japanese speech, causing him to trip over his words and prompting the celebrity panel to yell at him to speak more slowly. He was one of the show's leading stars until its end in 2002. With the help of host Takeshi Kitano, Zomahoun built four schools in Benin, two of which are named after Kitano (Takeshi Elementary School and Takeshi Japanese School). Additionally, he won a People's Honor Award in Benin in 2002.

In 2008, he participated in a few episodes (403-406) of Ainori reality show, when the traveling group arrived in Benin.

In December 2011, the Cabinet of Benin accredited him as Ambassador to Japan.

Awards

 * The World Highest Young Men's Award (JCI) (2001)
 * People's Honor Award (in Benin) (2002)

title: Zomahoun Idossou Rufin


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Senator McCall

Senator McCall may refer to:

 * H. Carl McCall (born 1935), New York State Senate
 * James McCall (politician) (1774–1856), New York State Senate
 * John T. McCall (1863–1950), New York State Senate

title: Senator McCall


text:
Astrid

Etymology
Borrowed from modern Scandinavian  since the 19th century.

Translations

 * Latvian: Astrīda
 * Portuguese:

Etymology
From, from +.

Usage notes

 * Used in Denmark since the Middle Ages.

Etymology
Borrowed from modern Scandinavian.

Proper noun

 * 1)  of  origin

Etymology
Borrowed from modern Scandinavian.

Usage notes

 * Popular in France in the latter half of the 20th century.

Etymology
Borrowed from modern Scandinavian.

Etymology
From, , from earlier , a variant of , from , from + , equivalent to. .

It has also been claimed to come from, whence also modern , but this is likely a reinterpretation.

Cognates include with 🇨🇬,, and 🇨🇬.

Usage notes

 * Used in Norway since the Middle Ages. A royal name.

Etymology
, from, from. Occurs in Norse mythology, revived in Sweden in 1820.

title: Astrid


text:
Philip Williamson

Philip Williamson may refer to:

 * Phil Williamson (born 1965), tennis player from the United States who competed for Antigua and Barbuda in the Davis Cup
 * Philip Williamson (historian) (born 1953), British historian

title: Philip Williamson


text:
Glazypeau

Glazypeau may refer to:

 * Glazypeau Creek, in Garland County, Arkansas
 * Glazypeau Mountain, in Garland County, Arkansas

title: Glazypeau


text:
Fox (Norwegian TV channel)

Fox was a Norwegian entertainment television channel owned and produced by Fox Networks Group. It was launched on March 21, 2011, as Fox Crime, and changed to current name on July 1, 2013. The channel ceased broadcasts on March 31, 2021, with most of its content shifting to Disney+.

Final series
Source:
 * American Dad!
 * Bless the Harts
 * Family Guy
 * Futurama
 * New Girl
 * MacGyver
 * Modern Family
 * The Resident
 * War of the Worlds

As Fox
Source:

 * Alaska Wing Men
 * The Bridge
 * Cops
 * Crossing Jordan
 * Da Vinci's Demons
 * Death in Paradise
 * Detektiv Frost
 * The Glades
 * Law & Order
 * Mad Dogs
 * Magnum, P.I.
 * Medium
 * NCIS
 * Numb3rs
 * The Pretender
 * Psych
 * Scam City
 * Snapped
 * The Sopranos
 * Taboo

title: Fox (Norwegian TV channel)


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Windsor and Maidenhead (UK Parliament constituency)

Windsor and Maidenhead was a county constituency in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The constituency was created at the February 1974 general election and abolished at the 1997 general election, when it was replaced by the new separate constituencies of Windsor and Maidenhead.

It was a safe Conservative seat throughout its existence.

History
The constituency was formed in 1983 to replace the existing seat of Windsor, with no changes to its composition.

For the 1983 general election, the boundaries were adjusted to reflect the changes to local authorities under the Local Government Act 1972.

In order to effect an increase in Berkshire's representation from 7 to 8 MPs in accordance with the Fourth Periodic Review of Westminster Constituencies, the Windsor and Maidenhead constituency was abolished in 1997 and the two separate constituencies of Maidenhead and Windsor were created.

1974–1983

 * The Royal Borough of New Windsor;
 * The Municipal Borough of Maidenhead; and
 * The Rural Districts of Cookham and Windsor.

1983–1997

 * The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead wards of Belmont, Bisham and Cookham, Boyn Hill, Bray, Castle, Clewer North, Clewer South, Cox Green, Eton North and South, Eton West, Furze Platt, Hurley, Oldfield, Park, Pinkneys Green, St Mary's, and Trinity.

''The constituency gained the small town comprising the former Urban District of Eton which had been transferred from Buckinghamshire to the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire by the Local Government Act and was previously part of the abolished Borough Constituency of Eton and Slough. The area comprising the former Rural District of Windsor, including Old Windsor and Sunninghill, was transferred to the new constituency of East Berkshire.''

On abolition, the majority of the electorate, including Maidenhead, Bisham and Cookham was transferred to the new Maidenhead constituency, with Windsor, Eton and Bray added to the re-established Windsor constituency.


text:
Wikiversity talk:Practicum

This is a proposed way of conducting a course for a topic. Please see Learning Group. CQ 22:38, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Practicum


text:
User:Engl3506

Welcome to the wikki. If you want information of formatting, it can be found here [] Fell free to browse around the site, and add your own pages, if you would like.

title: User:Engl3506


text:
Talk:Joyful, Joyful/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Hahc21 (talk · contribs) 15:27, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Review

 * Lead
 * Good. It could be rewritten to be a little more clear but that's just a recommendation.
 * Fixed some minor mistakes there.
 * Background
 * Great
 * Composition
 * Great, although i think it could be made a little bit longer.
 * Critical reception and performance
 * Great, although i think those could be better as subsections of "Reception".
 * Credits
 * Good.
 * Charts
 * Good.
 * References.
 * Good.

The article is great. It passes the criteria. Cheers! — Hahc 21  20:37, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joyful, Joyful/GA1


text:
The Keith Lemon Sketch Show

The Keith Lemon Sketch Show is a British television impressions/character sketch show that aired on ITV2 from 5 February 2015 until 10 March 2016. It stars Leigh Francis' character Keith Lemon portraying several celebrities.

Series 1
The first series aired from 5 February until 12 March 2015 on ITV2. Paddy McGuinness, Bill Oddie and Fearne Cotton appeared in all episodes in this series.

Official Viewing Figures are from BARB.

Series 2
The second and final series of The Keith Lemon Sketch Show aired from 4 February until 10 March 2016 on ITV2. Paddy McGuinness, Jessica Hynes, Vernon Kay, Ruth Langsford and Eamonn Holmes made regular appearances in this series.

Official Viewing Figures are from BARB.

The Big Fat Gypsy Kardashians
This is an amalgamation of Big Fat Gypsy Weddings and Keeping Up with the Kardashians. During the series, we follow Kim's marriage to Kanye. The whole sketch shows how trivial both programmes are. They later reappear in Keith Lemon - Coming In America.

Characters
 * Kim Kardashian
 * Kourtney Kardashian
 * Khloe Kardashian
 * Bruce Jenner
 * Kris Jenner
 * Kanye West
 * Jay-Z
 * Lionel Richie
 * Paris Hilton

The Hairy Lairy Bikers
This is a cruder take on the Hairy Bikers.

Come Dine with Me
He-Man and Skeletor star in this episode of Come Dine with Me.

The Exciting Life of Mark Wright & Michelle Keegan
Mark Wright and Michelle Keegan are seen doing boring, uninteresting, everyday things.

This Morning
Lemon plays the part of Holly Willoughby and Hank Osasuna plays the part of Phillip Schofield and Eamonn Holmes. Some scenes focus around phone-ins, fashion advice and medical help. Many jokes are made about Holly's breasts. Other minor characters include Denise Robertson, Jeff Brazier, The Speakmans, Dr Chris Steele and Gino D'Acampo.

Backstage with Cheryl & Kimberley
Cheryl tells Kimberley about what has happened to her recently. Both stories are later cleared up by Kimberley to actually be various well-known film plots. After realising that Kimberley is right, Cheryl shrugs this off as having "been under a lot of pressure recently".

OptimalFacialSolutions.com
An overenthusiastic, stereotypical American plastic surgeon whose approach is rather lazy.

Doodles!
A typical 90s kids' art programme but with a presenter resembles Pat Sharp or Neil Buchanan who continually makes sexual references. In series two, the format is changed slightly, whereby presenter Dicky Doodles is seen "out and about".

The Great British Piss Up
With a similar format to The Great British Bake Off, this sees six people trying to get as drunk as possible in the space of an hour.

The Urban Fox
This sees a well-meaning fox (Lemon) terrorising his neighbourhood and in most episodes, clashes with a local dog (Davis). In one episode, it is revealed that The Urban Fox's real name is Russell and that he lives with his mother.

He reappeared in the 2018 series Keith Lemon - Coming In America, where he has shown to have migrated to America.

Oh no! There's something wrong with my body I must go on television and talk about it
A bizarre take on Embarrassing Bodies. The host of the show is Dr Chrispian, a strange version of real-life host and doctor, Dr Christian Jessen. Dr Chrispian is a somewhat egotistical centaur with an "incredible physique".

Ant & Dec Undercover / Ant and Dec
Ant & Dec go undercover for Saturday Night Takeaway but it sees their costumes as unrealistic and not very convincing. A new sketch was introduced in series 2 featuring Ant and Dec which was based on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!.

Jedward 2050
This sees Jedward as old men and generally ends with them going to the bookies.

Billy & Miley's European Vacation
Miley Cyrus and her father are touring Britain. Miley's father is hoping some of the British politeness will turn Miley into a lady, however she normally ends up getting her breasts out and doing something inappropriate.

Downtoon
A tongue-in-cheek look at how Downton Abbey would look if written by the writers of Geordie Shore in order to appeal to a younger audience.

Dickinson's Any Old Shit
This is a typical auction programme a parody of Dickinson's Real Deal, hosted by David Dickinson portrayed by Lemon. This version sees viewers bring in everyday rubbish in order to make a few pence. Such items include half a bottle of bleach spray, adult magazines and a jacket potato with coleslaw and cheese. For some reason, this David Dickinson blows raspberries and makes bizarre noises after every other sentences.

Lemon's version of Dickinson later appears in Keith Lemon - Coming In America.

Ed Sheeran Watch
A Springwatch-style programme following Ed Sheeran, who is living in a forest. The voiceover is provided by Bill Oddie, former presenter of BBC Two's Springwatch programme.

Keith & Paddy's Film Bit
Keith Lemon and Paddy McGuinness reenact famous movie scenes but the scenes are normally ruined by Keith who tends to go too far. Movies Viewed
 * Toy Story
 * Rocky
 * Batman

Cooking with Sloth
A cooking show hosted by Sloth from The Goonies.

Fearne Cotton meets One Direction
Fearne Cotton talks with One Direction who tells her silly bits of work on their music videos (e.g. pretending to play instruments). Lemon plays Harry Styles - who has a thing for elderly women quoting "I love sweet wrinkly vag me" and Hank Osasuna plays Zayn Malik.
 * Harry Styles
 * Niall Horan
 * Zayn Malik
 * Liam Payne
 * Louis Tomlinson

Mick Hucknall: Nightmare Neighbour
In a parody of similar prime time series, Mick Hucknall (Lemon) is accused of being a "nightmare neighbour", but goes out of his way to protest his innocence. Other "nightmare neighbours" include Paul Weller.

Taylor Swift: Making Friends
Taylor Swift (Lemon) tries to make friends with complete strangers while on vacation in the United Kingdom, but ends up alienating more people than she befriends with her impatience and rudeness.

Kate Garraway in the Morning
Lemon plays a fictitious Hollywood reporter known as "George Clooney's Pig" in a spoof of the breakfast show Lorraine, which in turn is instead presented by Kate Garraway. Characters
 * Kate Garraway

Keith's Doing it for Charity
Lemon fronts a fictitious charity campaign in which he is trained by Eamonn Holmes and Ruth Langsford to have sex non-stop for ten days whilst travelling the length and breath of Britain, raising money for charity.

Cowboy Builders
Dominic Littlewood (Lemon) presents a spoof version of Cowboy Builders in which dodgy builders actually turn out to be real cowboys, and end up in a gunfight, which in turn destroys the persons' home even more.

Family Fortunes
Vernon Kay presents a spoof version of All Star Family Fortunes in which Little Mix and One Direction go head to head. However, many of the top answers relate to some form of innuendo. Characters
 * Vernon Kay
 * Jade Thirlwall
 * Leigh-Anne Pinnock
 * Jesy Nelson
 * Perrie Edwards
 * Harry Styles
 * Niall Horan
 * Liam Payne
 * Guest-Eileen

Ant & Dec's Jungle Trials
Ant & Dec (Lemon) host a spoof version of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! in which Will has to perform sexual acts on Ant in order to win meals for the camp.

George Lucas Says the Funniest Things
Presented by Phillip Schofield, this segment parodies the typical daytime gameshow format. George Lucas (Lemon) has to describe an everyday object or item and two contestants, Jennifer and Ian (also portrayed by Lemon), have to guess what the item is. Typically, Ian keeps making references to Star Wars, leading an irate Schofield to constantly remind him the show has no links to Star Wars whatsoever. The first sketch attracted much press attention after Schofield is seen to tell contestant Ian to "f**k off" after he becomes increasingly annoying.

The Cartoon Job Centre
Jessica Hynes plays the owner/manager of a job centre which specializes in finding work for jobless cartoon characters. Lemon plays a variety of cartoon characters, including the Care Bears.

Martin Clunes Really Loves Animals
Martin Clunes (Lemon) presents a spoof animal documentary series in which he proceeds to wish to 'bum' every animal that he comes into contact with.

This Week's Spotted
Lemon plays a variety of celebrities who engage in weird or unexpected activities, such as Prince going to a car boot sale and Russell Brand learning to ride a skateboard.

The Adventures of Minty Cat and Diablo
Lemon stars as Minty Cat, one half of a crime fighting duo similar to Batman and Robin, who try to foil plots against them by known supervillains and crazed enemies.

The Keith Lemon Show: the Gossip
Fearne Cotton presents a spoof spin-off from show entitled The Gossip (which in itself is a parody of Take Me Out: The Gossip) in which Lemon and a number of guests sit in a posh bar and talk about the show.

The Trip
Lemon and Joe Swash parody the BBC2 series The Trip, starring Steve Coogan and Rob Brydon, whereby they visit a series of run-down restaurants and talk about their languishing careers.

If Miss Marple Was Much More Real
Lemon portrays a contemporary version of Miss Marple, who turns up at crime scenes, only to be told to "f**k off" by the local police who claim that the general public have no right to investigate murders.

The X Factor: Behind the Scenes
Olly Murs (Lemon) and Caroline Flack present a behind-the-scenes look at The X Factor, alongside judges Nick Grimshaw (Lemon), Rita Ora (Davis) and Simon Cowell (also portrayed by Lemon).
 * Olly Murs
 * Caroline Flack
 * Rita Ora
 * Nick Grimshaw
 * Simon Cowell
 * Sinitta

title: The Keith Lemon Sketch Show


text:
changeroom

Noun

 * 1) changing room, locker-room

Translations

 * Dutch: kleedkamer or, kleedlokaal
 * Finnish: ,
 * German: ,
 * Italian:
 * Russian: ,

title: changeroom


text:
Robertson screwdriver

Etymology
From Canadian inventor P. L. Robertson (1879-1951).

Noun

 * 1)  A type of screwdriver having a square tip, designed to drive a Robertson screw.

title: Robertson screwdriver


text:
Overview of Theology/Ásatrú theology

Overview
Ásatrú is the faith and the way of life which springs from the specific spiritual beliefs of the Northern Europeans. It is as old as this branch of the human race, which came into being 40,000 years ago. Along with other native European faiths, it fell into shadow for some centuries after the Christian conversion of Northern Europe. During the last quarter of the twentieth century Common Era, it re-emerged as modern men and women took up the faith of Ásatrú once more.

Ásatrú is a faith which honors many gods and tells stories of many worlds, of which Midgard (Earth, or the world of Men) is but one. At the heart of Ásatrú lies the desire of men to hold to a way of life which brings honor to them, strength to their  kin and families, and closeness to the gods and goddesses who Ásatrúar (adherents of Ásatrú) hold to be their Eldest Kinfolk.

This faith is very different from Christianity, which has been the religion of most Europeans for the last ten to twelve centuries. Ásatrú does not consider men to be "fallen" and in need of "saving". Men and women, one by one, simply exist, each different from the next, having the potential in them for rightness and honor. Some will bring this forth and some will not. Ásatrú honors Gods, but does not hold them to be all-knowing or all-ruling. Anyone who needs – openly or secretly – an all-knowing, all-ruling God, would most likely find Ásatrú's Gods unfit for the role. In Ásatrú, a man's heart and mind belong to him, and his fate is held to be far closer linked to actions and conduct than to beliefs and professions. Physical death is part of that fate for every man, and while there is much in Germanic mythology about the afterlife and worlds beyond our Earth, Ásatrú makes no promise of admission to a blissful "heaven" simply for believing or following a certain doctrine.

In other worlds, as in ours, gods, spirits and beings have fates due to the actions they take based on their own will and wisdom.

There is no demand that Ásatrúar convert others to their faith, and there is no record that its historical adherents tried to do so.

Ásatrú is thousands of years old. Its beginnings are lost in prehistory, but as an organized system, it is older by far than Christianity.

The Runes
The Runes go back when time began, we of Ásatrú have set a date from when the first Futhark was discovered 2259 [as of 2009] years ago. This is known as the Runic Era which places us to date in the year 2259 R.E.. comparable to [2009 AD]

Ásatrúar have always lived in close harmony with the environment, the seasonal and stellar cycles, their Gods and Goddesses, and their ancestors. These forces come together in the mysterious symbols known as Runes. The word Rune means a secret or a whisper. Runes are magical tools for both divination and spell casting.

 * I know that I hung on Yggdrasil
 * For nine nights long
 * Wounded by spear
 * Consecrated to Oðin
 * Myself a sacrifice to myself
 * Upon that tree
 * The wisest know not the roots
 * of ancient times whence it sprang.

 * None brought me bread
 * None gave me mead
 * Down to the depths I searched
 * I took up the Runes
 * Raised them with song
 * And from that tree I fell.

 * Runes you shall know, and readable staves,
 * Very powerful staves, Very great staves
 * Graven by the mighty one who speaks
 * Carved by the highest hosts

 * Oðin among the Aesir,
 * Dvalin (sleeper) among dwarfs,
 * Dáin (dead) among alfs,
 * Alvitter (all-knowing) among etins,
 * I myself carved some for mankind

The following are not recommendations, Alfather commands you to know the following if you are Ásatrúar.

 * Know how to carve, know how to read,
 * know how to stain, know how to understand,
 * know how to ask,   know how to offer,
 * know how to evoke, know how to sacrifice.

title: Overview of Theology/Ásatrú theology


text:
Ruthville, North Dakota

Ruthville is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Ward County, North Dakota, United States. Its population was 191 as of the 2010 census. The town was named after Ruth Mackenroth during the Depression, and consisted of a grocery Store, and gas station for area farmers.

title: Ruthville, North Dakota


text:
Glazypeau Mountain

Glazypeau Mountain is a summit in Garland County, in the U.S. state of Arkansas.

Glazypeau is derived from the French "glaise à Paul", referring to a nearby salt lick.

title: Glazypeau Mountain


text:
Talk:Imám Ahmad bin Hanbal

Source for the spelling: WhisperToMe (talk) 13:49, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imám Ahmad bin Hanbal


text:
Talk:DeVante Swing

Comment
Many portions of this article appear to be correspond exactly to text in a copyrighted blog post at http://triplerdeezeemadd.blogspot.com/search/label/jodeci. This appears to be a copyright violation. I was not able to find any reference to this issue being addressed previously in talk pages or history. Maralia 04:12, 15 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually this article seems to be a collage of statements taken from multiple blogs - most of them linked to by now. I've replaced the copyvio tag with a cleanup tag - this is no way to write a Wikipedia article. --Alvestrand 18:25, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * This article has been edited some 20 times since I tagged it for copyvio, so it no longer appears to be lifted directly from the site I mentioned previously. I agree with the new tags; this needs a complete rewrite for npov and grammar reasons, and also needs citations from creditable sources. An artist that has been producing music for over 10 years as part of a platinum selling group must have been profiled by music industry sources such as MTV and magazines as well as mainstream newspapers; resorting to fansites and bulletin boards certainly violates Biographies of living persons. Maralia 19:16, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I deleted everything in the article that seemed to me to need verification in order to be included. After staring at it for a while, that was the whole article except for the lead-in paragraph. The material presented, if untrue, would be more than enough for a libel suit for defamation; WP:BLP says, more or less, "delete that". --Alvestrand 05:15, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

jodeci is blessed by the lord
i pray 4 yall,dont listen to negative people.remember were GOD brought yall from.yall grew up in church,stay in there no matter how successful yall get.devante you one of the best producers,you and teddy.k-ci,jojo.dalvin yall tight to.humble yourselves and pray God will deliver and help and shut your enemies mouths.REMEMBER JESUS LOVES YALL IT AINT TO LATE.THERE IS A WAY TO GET YALLS ALBUM OUT.PRAY ABOUT IT AND IT WILL HAPPEN.NEVER GIVE UP.ENEMIES ARE NECCESSARY FOR PROMOTION! —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:54, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Problems in finding sources
I've gone through 5 pages of Google search results on this name, and 2/3 of them are news reports (from what I think is non-WP:RS sites) about his recent arrest, and most of the rest are fansites or video download sites. Need help to find something usable here to rescue it from WP:BLP deletion - this link is the closest I've come, and I don't like it much. --Alvestrand (talk) 10:29, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned references in DeVante Swing
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of DeVante Swing's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "billboard": From H-Town (band):  From CeCe Peniston:  From Imajin (album): [ Imajin: Charts & Awards] From Flo Rida:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 15:32, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:DeVante Swing


text:
Talk:Audio quality measurement

I do not agree with merging this article as I specifically started it rather than take on the daunting task of trying to correct an article which I consider to be almost totally erroneous. I intend to try to clean up the other article when I have time, and I do think the two articles can be made to fairly reflect differing views that exist regarding measurement. --Lindosland 00:41, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

This article (even by the authors admission in this Talk) is trying to set itself in a position contrary to the Audio System Measurements article which attempts to describe the techniques employed. If any author wishes to correct errors or omissions then that's fine but to use technical Wikipedia articles as platforms for opinions or advertising should be avoided. This article should be merged or, better still, deleted. Clive01 10:27, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Not true. An article on audio systems measurements is not an article on audio quality measurements. The former can be many and pointless, the latter relate to subjective effect. Thus the commonly used THD measurement is an engineering concept, but no-one claims that it is related to subjectively experienced distortion except in the vaguest of ways (this has been a big topic of discussion for fifty years and more). Audio quality measurement is something that many people think they know about, while in fact they know nothing of developments since the 1950's. There therefore exists a huge amount of 'disinformation' in my opinion, a phenomenon that is common on the web, where quantity does not indicate quality. Rather than confuse matters by trying to explain all this in the one existing article on audio system measurements I chose to indicate in that article that there was a subset of measurements that were related to subjective quality measurement, and then to link to a complete set of pages on such measurements. I think that is quite fair. If you think something in these articles is not true or widely acknowledged, by all means say so here, but you might first consider that they are based on the content of the 'Audio Engineers Reference Book', a respected reference work, which I, being considered an expert in the field, was invited to write. I do not consider anything here to be advertising, or solely my opinion. --Lindosland 14:01, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Audio quality measurement


text:
User:Maldama21/Choose an Article

Article Selection
Please list articles that you're considering for your Wikipedia assignment below. Begin to critique these articles and find relevant sources.

Option 1

 * Article title
 * Social Cost of Carbon

 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 2

 * Article title
 * Climate Justice

 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 3

 * Article title
 * Climate Change Feedback

 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 4

 * Article title
 * Prison Reform

 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 5

 * Article title
 * Eco-Tariffs

 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources

title: User:Maldama21/Choose an Article


text:
User:Gkhan/Matrix Multiplication DP version

Defining the problem
Say that you need to multiply a series of n matrices together and form a product P.

 * $$M_1 M_2 M_3 \cdots M_{n-1} M_n = P$$

What is the fastest way we can form this product? Even though matrix-multiplication is not commutative it is associative. I.e.

 * $$(M_1 M_2) M_3 = M_1 (M_2 M_3)$$
 * $$M_1 M_2 \ne M_2 M_1$$

This means we can decide in what way to parenthesize a matrix product but we cannot change the order which we multiply them. Since you can only multiply two matrices at a time the product $$M_1 M_2 M_3 M_4$$ can be paranthesized in these ways:

 * $$(((M_1 M_2) M_3) M_4)$$
 * $$((M_1 (M_2 M_3)) M_4)$$
 * $$(M_1 ((M_2 M_3) M_4))$$
 * $$((M_1 M_2) (M_3 M_4))$$
 * $$(M_1 (M_2 (M_3 M_4)))$$

Two matrixes $$M_1$$ and $$M_2$$ can be multiplied if the number of coulums in $$M_1$$ equals the number of rows in $$M_2$$. The number of rows in their product will equal the number rows in $$M_1$$ and the number of columns will equal the number of columns in $$M_2$$. I.e if the dimensions of $$M_1$$ is $$a \times b$$ and $$M_2$$ has dimensions $$b \times c$$ their product will have dimensions $$a \times c$$

Two multiply two matrices with eachother we will use a function called MatrixMultiply which takes two matrices and returns their product. We will leave implementation of this function alone for the moment as it is not the focus of this chapter (how to multiply two matrices in the fastest way has been under intensive study for several years and really merits it's own chapter). The time this function takes two multiply two matrices of size $$a \times b$$ and $$b \times a$$ is essentially proportional to the number of scalar multiplications which is proportional to $$a b c$$. This means that the paranthezation matters. Say that we have three matrices $$M_1$$, $$M_2$$ and $$M_3$$. $$M_1$$ has dimensions $$5 \times 100$$, $$M_2$$ has dimensions $$100 \times 100$$ and $$M_3$$ has dimensions $$100 \times 50$$. Let's parantezise them in the two possible ways and see which way requires the least amount of multiplications. The two ways are

 * $$((M_1 M_2) M_3)$$
 * $$(M_1 (M_2 M_3))$$

To form the product in the first way requires 75000 scalar multiplications (5*100*100=50000 to form product $$(M_1 M_2)$$ and another 5*100*50=25000 for the last multiplications.) This might seem like alot, but in comparison to the 525000 scalar multiplications required by the second parenthesization (50*100*100=500000 plus 5*50*100=25000) it is miniscule! One understands why such an algorithm is important, imagine what would happen if we needed to multiply 50 matrices!

Forming a recursive solution
Note that in this discussion we will concentrate on finding a how many scalar multiplications are needed instead of the actual order. This is because once we have found a working algorithm to find the amount it is trivial to create an algorithm for the actual paranthezation. It will, however, be discussed in the end.

So how would an algorithm for the optimum paranthezation look? By the chapter title you might expect that a dynamic programming method is in order (not to give the answer away or anything). So how would a dynamic programming method work? Since dynamic programming algorithms are based on optimal substructure, what would the optimal substructure in this problem be?

Suppose that the optimal way parenthesize
 * $$M_1 M_2 \dots M_n$$

splits the product at k, i.e
 * $$(M_1 M_2 \dots M_k)(M_{k+1} M_{k+2} \dots M_n)$$

Then the optimal solution contains the optimal solutions to the two subproblems
 * $$(M_1 \dots M_k)$$
 * $$(M_{k+1} \dots M_n)$$

I.e, just in accordance with the fundamental principle of dynamic programming, the solution to the problem depends on the solution of smaller sub-problems.

Let's say that it takes $$c(n)$$ number of scalar multiplications to multiply matrices $$M_n$$ and $$M_{n+1}$$ and $$f(m,n)$$ is number of scalar multiplications to be performed in an optimal paranthesation of the matrices $$M_m \dots M_n$$. The definition or $$f(m,n)$$ is the first step towards a solution.

When $$m-n=1$$, the formulation is trivial, it is just $$c(n)$$. But what is it when the distance is larger? Using the observation above we can derive a formulation. Suppose an optimal solution to the problem divides the matrices at matrices k and k+1 (i.e $$(M_m \dots M_k)(M_{k+1} \dots M_n)$$) then the number of scalar multiplications are.

 * $$f(m,k) + f(k+1,n) + c(k)$$

That is, the amount of time to form the first product, the amount of time it takes to form the second product and the amount of time it takes to multiply them together. But what is this optimal value k? The answer is, ofcourse, the value that makes the above formula assume the minimum value. We can thus form the complete definition for the function:

 * $$f(m,n) = \begin{cases} \min_{m < k < n}f(m,k) + f(k+1,n) + c(k) & \mbox{if } n-m>1 \\ c(m) & \mbox{if }n-m=1 \end{cases}$$

A straight-forward recursive solution to this would look something like this (the language is Wikicode):

function f(m, n) { if m-n = 1 return c(m) minCost = $$\infty$$ for k from m + 1 to n - 1 { v = f(m, k) + f(k + 1, n) + c(k) if v < minCost minCost = v    } }

This rather simple solution is, unfortunatly, not a very good one. It spends mountains of time recomputing data and its running time is exponential.

[TODO: write an analysis of the straight-forward-recursion method]

Using Memoization
It is straightforward to convert the recursive solution into one that uses memoization. You just have to modify the code so that results are stored so no values need to be recomputed.

int[,] x; function f(m, n) { if x[m][n] != null return x[m][n] if m == n        x[m][n] = 0 return 0 if m-n = 1 { x[m][n] = c(m) return c(m) }    minCost = $$\infty$$ for k from m to n - 1 { v = f(m, k) + f(k + 1, n) + c(k) if v < minCost minCost = v    } x[m][n] = minCost; return minCost }

As you can see, there is very little modification needed to the original code. This is a huge optimization, down to a polynomial-time algorithm.

''[What is the exact runtime? My qualified guess would be O(n^2*log n) but i haven't analyzed it properly.]''

Using Dynamic Programming
So how do we make it into a full-fledged bottom-up dynamic progragramming algorithm? To illustrate that point, lets use an example. Suppose we have 6 matrices with the following dimensions:

 * $$M_1 : 6 \times 15$$
 * $$M_2 : 15 \times 8$$
 * $$M_3 : 8 \times 1$$
 * $$M_4 : 1 \times 17$$
 * $$M_5 : 17 \times 7$$
 * $$M_6 : 7 \times 15$$

This will make the cost-function c(n) assume the following values:

 * $$c(n) = \begin{cases}

720 & n=1 \\ 120 & n=2 \\ 136 & n=3 \\ 119 & n=4 \\ 1785 & n=5 \end{cases} $$

The matrix which will hold the optimum values (called x in the memozation example) can be seen like this:

This is only half of the entire array, but since the values m>n are never used it would be redundant to display them. The reason that it is tilted to the side is that it conveinently shows the how the process "builds" the result up from the bottom. So, what can we do to this matrix. If we look at the definition of f(m, n) it says that for all the values which m=n the value in the array is zero. Let's fill in those values:

Allright! Let's boldly continue. The row just above the one we filled in contains all the values with adjacent indexes (i.e 1,2 2,3 3,4 4,5 and 5,6). Those values are just the values of the cost-function, so let's fill in those too.

Now we continue to next row and just use the definition to fill in the blanks. What, for instance should be in 1,3? Just use the definition:


text:
User:EssentialDetails/drafts/Davy Kestens

Davy Kestens (birthdate – death) is the CEO and founder of Sparkcentral, a customer-service startup in silicon valley. Kestens founded the company in 2012, when he was 23 years old.

Early life
Davy Kestens grew up in Belgium, and began working on rebuilding old computers and doing web-based freelancing at age 13.

Expanded description
In 2012, Kesten was working on _____ at _____ when _____


text:
Talk:foot

Foot meaning Infantry
This meaning is supported by American Heritage Dictionary. See foot7 --Joe Webster 23:17, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Requests for deletion - kept
Kept. See archived discussion of April 2008. 06:01, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Link
coordinate term is used in the head of one of the sections. --<IP_ADDRESS> 14:13, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

My foot!
This special expression seems to be lacking in the article foot. The OED has the expression in the general article 'foot'. It is my personal opinion that 'foot' in 'My foot! meaning 'nonsense' should have an article of its own: foot (2). I assume 'foot' in 'My foot'is connected with French 'foutaise' meaning nonsense. foutaise was shortened and transformed to foot (part of the leg). Wiktionary doesn't give etymology, but at least the existence of the common expression 'My foot!' should be mentioned in the article 'foot'.--Rogermue 06:22, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Maybe see my foot? Why don't you help improve the entry by inserting the etymology? Jamesjiao → T ◊ C 07:43, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

Well, I have written some lines uner the heading 'my foot' (discussion page). Perhaps you can use some ideas of it.--Rogermue 12:44, 24 April 2011 (UTC)--Rogermue 12:44, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

RFV
See Requests for verification archive/2012.

feets
feets should be mentioned --Backinstadiums (talk) 02:17, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Not here, IMO. It's too nonstandard: we would confuse learners by including it at foot. Equinox ◑ 02:50, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

soldiers who fight on foot (takes a pural verb)
FOOT: soldiers who fight on foot (takes a pl vb) https://oed.com/oed2/00087593 HORSE: a unit of soldiers riding horses (takes a singular verb). https://oed.com/oed2/00108182 --Backinstadiums (talk) 16:44, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

Six foot tall; a herd of elephant: special use of the singular in certain syntactic contexts
CambridgeGEL, page 1588 reads Examples like She’s six foot tall involve a special use of the singular form rather than a base plural: the difference between this and How many feet are there in a mile? is a matter of syntax rather than of inflectional morphology. In a herd of elephant it is arguable that the construction involves not a base plural, but a special use of the singular in certain syntactic contexts (comparable to the six foot tall construction).

What are that "special use" and those "syntactic contexts" the author refers to? --Backinstadiums (talk) 12:48, 6 July 2020 (UTC)

plural
In front of another noun, the plural for the unit of length is foot: his 70-foot ketch. Foot can also be used instead of feet when mentioning a quantity and in front of words like tall: four foot of snow; he is at least six foot tall https://www.wordreference.com/definition/foot --Backinstadiums (talk) 10:16, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

a foot out the door
Has this idiom been added yet? --Backinstadiums (talk) 19:45, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

Creepy image
I find the image of the foot on the entry very creepy because of the transparent background when there are loads of non creepy images of feet on Wikimedia Commons <IP_ADDRESS> 13:56, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:foot


text:
User:AmyDoyle2610

'Amy Doyle, Information and Communication Studies'' Student at University College Dublin, Ireland. I am currently editing wikipedia pages for a college project.'''

title: User:AmyDoyle2610


text:
פיל

Etymology
, but usually regarded as a non-Semitic Afroasiatic loanword, see 🇨🇬.

Other Semitic cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. Compare also 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) An elephant.

title: פיל


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/arthurandersen.international

Links

 * arthurandersen.international resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 6 additions.


text:
Administrative divisions of Evenk Autonomous Okrug

Evenk Autonomous Okrug was a federal subject of Russia until December 31, 2006. On January 1, 2007, it was merged into Krasnoyarsk Krai along with Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. During the transitional period it retains a special administrative status within Krasnoyarsk Krai.

 * Districts:
 * Evenkiysky (Эвенкийский)
 * Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Tura (Тура) (administrative center)
 * with 3 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Baykitsky (Байкитский)
 * Ilimpiyskiy (Илимпийский)
 * Tungussko-Chunsky (Тунгусско-Чунский)


text:
Talk:Brandon Beal

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Brandon Beal. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120322081726/http://itunes.apple.com:80/dk/album/never-let-u-go-feat.-snoop/id510392261? to http://itunes.apple.com/dk/album/never-let-u-go-feat.-snoop/id510392261
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151226154145/http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/ to http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120326011404/http://musicxclusives.com/2010/07/12/brandon-beal-interview-june-2010/ to http://musicxclusives.com/2010/07/12/brandon-beal-interview-june-2010/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:56, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brandon Beal


text:
Voter's Guide/Australia/Issue Guide/Aged Care

Aged care emerged as an issue in the 2004 election in Australia when Opposition Leader Mark Latham announced and costed a policy for aged care, which was for the Government to take care of people over 75.

This has become an issue because the baby-boomers (the generation born from 1942 to 1967) will be in the senior age group, some of them in the next four years.

The policy for aged care included both public and private hospital care, as well as care for the elderly at home.

The person responsible for such a policy is the Minister for Health and the Minister for Aged Care.


text:
Mél of Ardagh

Mél of Ardagh, also written Mel or Moel, was a 5th-century saint in Ireland who was a nephew of Saint Patrick. He was the son of Conis (or Chonis) and Patrick's sister, Darerca. Saint Darerca was known as the "mother of saints" because most of her children (seventeen sons and two daughters) entered religious life, many were later recognized as saints, and several of her sons became bishops.

Mél and his brothers Melchu, Munis and Rioch accompanied their uncle Patrick to Ireland and helped him with his missionary work there. Mél and his brother Melchu were both reportedly consecrated bishop by Patrick himself. After Patrick built the church at Ardagh, he appointed Mél as Bishop of Ardagh. According to the Life of St. Brigid, Mél is said to have had no fixed see for most of his life in ministry, which fits with other accounts of his being a traveling missionary and evangelist. Acting upon the apostolic precept, Mél supported himself by working with his hands; what he gained beyond bare necessities, he gave to the poor.

Life
Mél helped evangelize Ireland while supporting himself through manual labor. Patrick appointed Mél as one of the earliest Irish bishops and head of the Diocese of Ardagh. Mél also built the monastery of Ardagh where he was both bishop and abbot, and is said to have had the gift of prophecy. He accepted Brigid of Kildare's profession as a nun, and served as her mentor while she was in Ardagh.

Mél lived with his aunt, Lupait, on her farm during a portion of his ministry, and rumor spread that their relationship was of a scandalous nature. Patrick went to investigate. Mél and Lupait both produced miracles to testify to their innocence: Mél plowed up a live fish in the middle of his field, and Lupait carried hot coals without being burned.

He died in AD 488.

Veneration
There is a lot of confusing and conflicting evidence about the life of Mél, including the possibility that he and Melchu were the same person. Mel has a strong cultus in County Longford where he was the first abbot-bishop of a richly endowed monastery that flourished for centuries. The cathedral at Longford is dedicated to Mél, as is a college. An insular crozier, believed to have belonged to Mél, was found in the 19th century at Ardagh near the old church of St Mél. The crozier is now kept in a darkened bronze reliquary that was once decorated with gilt and colored stones which was burned in the 2009 fire that destroyed the cathedral. He is the patron saint of the Roman Catholic diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnois.

Mél's feast day, 7 February, has begun to be observed as a holiday for single people. "Saint Mél's Day" is a chance for singles to celebrate the good things about being single. Traditions include sending yourself a Saint Mél's Day card and for people to host parties for their single friends.

title: Mél of Ardagh


text:
Talk:Macroeconomics/Contents

What's the Australian perspective? Are you sure you don't mean Austrian school perspective? --Waxmop 16:39, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The Money Supply
Wikipedia has a pretty decent article on the Money Supply, shouldn't this be added to this project?

AE or AD
I've always been brought up with Aggregate Demand (AD), not AE (Aggregate Expenditure?). Advice? Opinion? --Mark Lewis 22:54, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Change
I've created a proposal list of chapters to change to, a Template:Macrobar to be used as navigation, and a basic first chapter that gives an overview of economics. I think the present structure throws out the windows any logical order of learning concepts and breaks it down into chunks which are too small. I don't recommonmend just throwing it out however, but integrating it into the new scheme, which can expand or change easily based on others' input.--Naryathegreat|(talk) 03:25, 5 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I have renamed the template to /bar, in keeping with recent naming conventions. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 23:50, 10 April 2017 (UTC)

Update
Is anyone currently working on this wikibook? I can't seem to see many recent changes in the economics bookshelf.... DettoAltrimenti 04:42, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

I suggest that these subjects be covered under a section for GDP, not Aggregate Demand (these are all listed under Aggregate Demand in the pre-change TOC). DettoAltrimenti 18:34, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Consumption
 * Investment
 * Government Spending –almost empty
 * Imports-Exports –almost empty

Content
It would seem that a book should be viewed in it's entirety and not as a semblance of the whole, therefore I believe there should be some information on the history of macroeconomics including subjects such as Keynes Eroyce 15:00:34, 15 December 2005

I would agree- in most books I've read, the history of economics was brought up in the introduction, and again as it was necessary. An example would be explaining keynesian and classical economics with the aggregate supply curve, and maybe throw something in there about the 1929 stock market crash. Most of this book needs to be looked over and edited fairly heavily, though. DettoAltrimenti 21:04, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Organization
this book should be organized, and links made, before any major changes are added. Also, the name of this book should be 'Principles of Macroeconomics'- to avoid confusion- there is no macroeconomic theory in this book. DettoAltrimenti 16:58, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Macroeconomics/Contents


text:
Shubharambh

Shubharambh ( Auspicious beginning) is an Indian Hindi-language romantic action drama thriller television series. Produced by Shashi Sumeet Productions, it aired from 2 December 2019 to 13 November 2020 on Colors TV. It starred Mahima Makwana and Akshit Sukhija in the lead roles. The show was developed and written by Pankhuri Gangwal and Vaishali Naik.

Plot
Raja Reshammiya, a son of his wealthy family lacks self-confidence. Sharp and pretty, Rani Dave hails from a poor family. They meet and fall in love. Thinking the Daves are rich, Raja's mom Asha sends a marriage proposal. After the marriage, Asha finds out Rani is poor.

Later on, Rani and Raja come up with several situations, and Raja's uncle and aunt want them to be under their control. Meanwhile, Kesha (Raja's uncle and Aunt's daughter) falls for Ustav's Boss, and decides to marry him without informing her family. She was pregnant. Later on, Utsav reveals the truth of his boss to Kesha. His boss was already married. Heartbroken, Kesha comes back home with Utsav's advice. With misunderstanding, the family blames Utsav, except Rani. When she enquires Utsav, he agreed the blame. Kesha's father decides that she must leave the house as she did not obey his wish for her marriage with his business friend, Mukesh Shah's son. After that, Raja and Rani participate in a competition of shoemakers called 'Mera Jutha hai Hindustani' as the winner of the competition gets a loan from the government to start their shoe factory. They both fail in the selection round. So, they decided to go with the wild card entry and along with them Kesha participates, as she had a deal with her father that if Raja and Rani were out of the competition, she can come home. So, with Utsav's trust she goes to competition. Meanwhile, Raja gets badly injured in the eye while he makes the soles of the shoes with a chemical glue. Both Raja and Rani work hard to win the competition as a false statement was given for not attending the interview with their name that they will be separated if they lose the competition. They work very hard. Competitor Mihika and Kesha tried very hard to make them lose but failed. Kesha fakes her illness and after seeing Raja's kindness, she tells the truth on how she tried to sabotage them. Raja is hurt on his foot and they both try to go to the competition. Raja's uncle and aunt send goons after them. Raja gets injured and tells Rani to go to the competition. Raja and Rani won the competition. As Raja gets injured due to Gunvant's evil plot Rani's ex-lover Mihir enter their life as his doctor much to her dismay. Mihir blackmails her to marry him and he will save Raja. A helpless Rani agrees. After Raja's second surgery, Rani tells the family the truth. She decided to commit suicide by drinking poison. Mihir sees how much Rani loves Raja and leaves Rani. Raja is recovered.

One year later
Raja and Rani have become very successful. Raja's uncle and aunt want to kill Rani. His uncle decides to set them on fire, but instead both him and his wife are caught in the circle of fire. Raja and Rani jump in the circle trying to save them. His uncle and aunt gives the keys of his father's shop to Raja and Rani. And finally, the family reunites and takes a family selfie together.

Main

 * Akshit Sukhija as Raja Reshammiya: Asha and Dhanwant's son; Hitendra, Mehul and Keshavi's cousin; Rani's husband (2019−2020)
 * Mahima Makwana as Rani Dave Reshammiya: Vrinda and Chagan's younger daughter; Utsav and Vandita's sister; Raja's wife (2019–2020)
 * Jiten Lalwani as Gunwant Reshammiya: Dhanwant's brother; Kirtida's husband; Hitendra, Mehul and Keshavi's father (2019−2020)
 * Chhaya Vora as Kirtida Reshammiya: Gunwant's wife; Hitendra, Mehul and Keshavi's mother (2019−2020)

Recurring

 * Pallavi Rao as Asha Reshammiya: Dhanwant's widow; Raja's mother (2019−2020)
 * Rakesh Kukreti as Dhanwant Reshammiya: Gunwant's brother; Asha's husband; Raja's father (2019) (Dead)
 * Padmesh Pandit as Chagan Dave: Vrinda's husband; Utsav, Vandita and Rani's father (2019–2020)
 * Shubhangi Latkar/Vaishnavi Mahant as Vrinda Dave: Chagan's wife; Utsav, Vandita and Rani's mother (2019−2020)/(2020)
 * Meghan Jadhav as Utsav Dave: Vrinda and Chagan's son; Vandita and Rani's brother; Keshavi's husband (2019−2020)
 * Vaibhavi Mahajan as Keshavi "Kesha" Reshammiya Dave: Gunwant and Kirtida's daughter; Hitendra and Mehul's sister; Raja's cousin; Utsav's wife (2019−2020)
 * Vaidehi Dharmecha as Vandita "Chukki" Dave Shah: Vrinda and Chagan's elder daughter; Utsav and Rani's sister; Mahendra's wife (2019–2020)
 * Rahul Patel as Mahendra "Popat" Shah: Vandita's husband (2019–2020)
 * Vikas Tripathi/Meer Ali as Hitendra "Hitank" Reshammiya: Gunwant and Kirtida's elder son; Mehul and Keshavi's brother; Raja's cousin; Darshana's husband (2019–2020)/(2020)
 * Dipna Patel/Zalak Desai as Darshana Reshammiya: Hitendra's wife (2019−2020)/(2020)
 * Aarjav Trivedi as Mehul Reshammiya: Gunwant and Kirtida's younger son; Hitendra and Keshavi's brother; Raja's cousin; Jharna's husband (2019−2020)
 * Astha Agarwal as Jharna Reshammiya: Mehul's wife (2019−2020)
 * Roopa Divetia as Sharmini Reshammiya (2019–2020)
 * Karan Mehra as Bharat Hasija: Judge at "Mera Joota Hai Hindustani" competition (2020)
 * Deepti Bhatnagar Badoni as Meena Nayak: Judge at "Mera Joota Hai Hindustani" competition (2020)
 * Prachi Bohara as Sweety Singhaniya (2020)
 * Helly Thakkar as Mihika Raichand (2020)
 * Raaj Bhavsar as Aashish Patel (2020)
 * Shagun Pandey as Dr. Mihir Doshi: Rani's possessive lover; Raja's doctor, a Neurosurgeon (October 2020-November 2020)

Production
The production and airing of the show was halted indefinitely in 19 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak in India. The filming was expected to resume on 1 April 2020 but could not and the series was last broadcast on 1 April 2020 when the remaining episodes were aired. The production resumed on 25 June 2020. Owing the halt, the cast of the series took 25% payment cut for six months. On 27 September, the shooting halted when Akshit Sukhija tested positive for COVID-19. The storyline was tweaked during Akshit Sukhija break. Akshit Sukhija resumed shooting on 12 October 2020.

Ratings
According to BARC ratings, with an impression of 3,539, the show entered the top 20 list in week 49 of 2019. Simultaneously, it has maintained its place in week 1 of 2020 and week 3 of 2020 occupying 19th spot respectively in all India Hindi GEC shows with the ratings of 1.7 and 1.6, respectively. The ratings kept on fluctuating with a rating of 1.4 however it returned to the top 20 list in week 9, 2020 and continued till week 10 and week 11,2020. In week 12, 2020 the show entered the top 10 chart.

title: Shubharambh


text:
User:NehpestTheFirst

My agenda
Howdy, all. My name is Steve, and I stumbled onto Wikiversity in November '06, and I'm just about ready to start contributing. I'm pursuing a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from a school in Sunny SoCal, so just about everything I learn is going to show up in Wikiversity. I'm especially interested in internet/networking technology, aerospace, and music, so I'd love to collaborate on those topics, or anything related to them.

Contact me
On Wikiversity: NehpestTheFirst On Wikipedia: NehpestTheFirst

Interests
Like I said, my interests are pretty varied, but here goes...

Engineering
† One of my great passions
 * Electronics
 * Computer tech
 * Networking
 * Wireless
 * Web Design†
 * Aviation & Aerospace

Music

 * Music Theory
 * Music History & Appreciation
 * The Baroque era
 * Pre-1600
 * Strings
 * Vocal Performance

Mathematics

 * Calculus
 * Plane Geometry
 * Computation Theory

Language and Linguistics

 * French
 * German
 * Latin

Other
Chances are, I'll put in my two cents wherever I feel I can help, whether I can be legitimately considered an expert on the topic in question or not.

To Do

 * Help flesh out as much music history and music theory as I can.
 * Actively participate in discussions in my fields of interest.
 * Assist with the development of Degree programs for Wikiversity.

title: User:NehpestTheFirst


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Time Machine books

The result of the debate was delete. Mailer Diablo 01:39, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

The Time Machine books
Not sure why someone would bother, but this looks like a hoax. None of these titles googles (except the first, natch). No vote for now. D e nni ☯  04:26, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete seems to be a hoax, couldn't find a series like the one mentioned in the article on Amazon -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 04:33, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete NN and unverifiable, at the very least. Unable to google the first book, since it matches the H. G. Wells classic. The second and fourth don't google at all. The third shows up on Amazon, with no author name and a rank over 3 million, and only used copies available. Is it possible this is an old, forgotten children's series? Fan1967 04:38, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. --Khoikhoi 08:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax, and redirect to the real series which is at Time Machine (book series) -- Astrokey44 |talk 14:06, 21 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Winterheim

Winterheim is a fantasy novel by Douglas Niles, set in the world of Dragonlance, and based on the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. It is the third novel in the "Icewall" trilogy. It was published in paperback in January 2003.

Plot summary
Strongwind Whalebone is the king of the people known as the Highlanders, and the ogres have taken him prisoner in their stronghold, while Grimwar Bane the ogre king deals with royal treachery as well as revolt from within.

Reception
Reviewer Don D'Ammassa wrote that, especially compared to Niles' other novels, the story is "a bit too simplistic and routine."

title: Winterheim


text:
Just Between the Two of Us

Just Between the Two of Us is a duet album by country singers Bonnie Owens and Merle Haggard with the Strangers. It was released in 1966 by Capitol Records.

Background
At the time of Haggard's first top-ten hit "(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers" in 1965, Owens was actually the better known performer, a fixture on the Bakersfield club scene who had recorded and appeared on television. Bonnie, who had been married to Buck Owens, won the new Academy of Country Music's first ever award for Female Vocalist after her 1965 debut album, Don't Take Advantage of Me, hit the top five on the country albums chart. As Haggard recalls in the American Masters episode dedicated to him, Owens set her career aside to help make his name: "She had records in the charts and she was directly responsible for telling people, you know, 'You need to book this guy in Bakersfield because he's gonna be a star.' And they liked her so much that they tried me."

Haggard and Owens, who would eventually marry, scored a minor hit with the duet "Just Between the Two of Us" in 1965 on Tally Records. As part of the deal that got Haggard signed to Capitol, producer Ken Nelson obtained the rights to Haggard's Tally sides, including the duets with Owens, and in 1966 Just Between the Two of Us was released. The LP was a forerunner of the male-female country duet golden age that would emerge in the years ahead, featuring teams like Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton, Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn, and George Jones and Tammy Wynette. However, there were no more hit singles, and although Owens recorded six solo albums on Capitol between 1965 and 1970, she became mainly known for her background harmonies on Haggard hits like "Sing Me Back Home" and "Branded Man".

Reception
Just Between the Two of Us hit number 4 on the country albums chart. In a retrospective review by Mark Deming for AllMusic, Deming wrote that the album is for "Haggard completists" and notes, "while Bonnie Owens was a good honky tonk singer, she was hardly a great one like Haggard, who seems to be holding himself back a bit musically as he defers to his spouse."

Track listing

 * 1) "Just Between the Two of Us" (Liz Anderson) – 2:46
 * 2) "A House Without Love is Not a Home" (Hank Williams) – 2:18
 * 3) "Slowly But Surely" (Fuzzy Owen) – 2:23
 * 4) "Our Hearts Are Holding Hands" (Bill Anderson) – 2:24
 * 5) "I Wanta Live Again" (Fuzzy Owen) – 2:08
 * 6) "Forever and Ever" (Buck Owens) – 2:07
 * 7) "That Makes Two of Us" (L. Anderson) – 2:05
 * 8) "I'll Take a Chance on Loving You" (Owens) – 2:47
 * 9) "Stranger in My Arms" (Wallace Lewis, Owen) – 2:46
 * 10) "Too Used to Being with You" (Don Carter, Jack Rhodes) – 2:03
 * 11) "So Much for Me, So Much for You" – 3:00
 * 12) "Wait a Little Longer, Please Jesus" (Chester Smith) – 2:35

Personnel

 * Merle Haggard – vocals, guitar
 * Bonnie Owens – vocals

The Strangers:
 * Roy Nichols – guitar
 * Ralph Mooney – steel guitar
 * George French – piano
 * Jerry Ward – bass
 * Eddie Burris – drums

title: Just Between the Two of Us


text:
Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Darwinian Thought

Pre-Darwinian Thoughts on Evolution
Throughout the Middle Ages, there was one predominant component of the European world view: stasis.
 * All aspects of nature were considered as fixed and change was unconceivable.
 * No new species had appeared, and none had disappeared or become extinct.
 * Strongly thought that if any new species were to appear, it would be through sexual intercourse through multiple different species.

The social and political context of the Middle Ages helps explain this world view:
 * shaped by feudal society - hierarchical arrangement supporting a rigid class system that had changed little for centuries
 * shaped by a powerful religious system - life on Earth had been created by God exactly as it existed in the present (known as fixity of species).

This social and political context, and its world view, provided a formidable obstacle to the development of evolutionary theory. In order to formulate new evolutionary principles, scientists needed to:
 * overcome the concept of fixity of species
 * establish a theory of long geological time

From the 16th to the 18th century, along with renewed interest in scientific knowledge, scholars focused on listing and describing all kinds of forms of organic life. As attempts in this direction were made, they became increasingly impressed with the amount of biological diversity that confronted them.

These scholars included:
 * John Ray (1627-1705) - put some order into the diversity of animal and plant life, by creating the concepts of species and genus.
 * Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) - added two more categories (class and order) and created a complex system of classification (taxonomy) still used today; also innovated by including humans in his classification of animals.
 * Georges-Louis Leclerc (1707-1788) - innovated by suggesting the changing nature of species, through adaptation to local climatic and environmental conditions.
 * Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) - offered a comprehensive system to explain species changes; postulated that physical alterations of organic life would occur in relation to changing environmental circumstances, making species better suited for their new habitat; also postulated that new traits would be passed on to offspring (the theory known as inheritance of acquired characteristics).

Therefore, the principle of "fixity of species" that ruled during the Middle Ages was no longer considered valid.

In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin offered a new theory which pushed further the debate of evolutionary processes and marks a fundamental step in their explanation by suggesting that evolution works through natural selection.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Charles Darwin's life as a scientist began when he took a position as naturalist aboard HMS Beagle, a ship charting the coastal waters of South America. As the ship circled the globe over a five-year period (1831-1836), Darwin puzzled over the diversity and distribution of life he observed. Observations and collections of materials made during these travels laid the foundation for his life's work studying the natural world.

As an example, the Beagle stopped five weeks in the Galapagos archipelago. There Darwin observed an unusual combination of species and wondered how they ended up on this island.

Darwin's observations on the diversity of plants and animals and their particular geographical distribution around the globe led him to question the assumption that species were immutable, established by a single act of creation. He reasoned that species, like the Earth itself, were constantly changing. Life forms colonized new habitats and had to survive in new conditions. Over generations, they underwent transmutation into new forms. Many became extinct. The idea of evolution slowly began to take shape in his mind.

In his 1859 publication On the Origin of Species, Darwin presented some of the main principles that explained the diversity of plants and animals around the globe: adaptation and natural selection. According to him, species were mutable, not fixed; and they evolved from other species through the mechanism of natural selection.

Darwin's theory of natural selection
In 1838, Darwin, at 28, had been back from his voyage on the Beagle for two years. He read Thomas Malthus's Essay on Population, which stated that human populations invariably grow until they are limited by starvation, poverty, and death, and realized that Malthus's logic could also apply to the natural world. This realization led Darwin to develop the principle of evolution by natural selection, which revolutionized our understanding of the living world.

His theory was published for the first time in 1859 in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.

Darwin's Postulates
The theory of adaptation and how species change through time follows three postulates:
 * Struggle for existence: The ability of a population to expand is infinite, but the ability of any environment to support populations is always finite.
 * Example: Animals require food to grow and reproduce. When food is plentiful, animal populations grow until their numbers exceed the local food supply. Since resources are always finite, it follows that not all individuals in a population will be able to survive and reproduce.

 * Variation in fitness: Organisms in populations vary. Therefore, some individuals will possess traits that enable them to survive and reproduce more successfully (producing more offspring) than others in the same environment.

 * Inheritance of variation: If the advantageous traits are inherited by offspring, then these traits will become more common in succeeding generations. Thus, traits that confer advantages in survival and reproduction are retained in the population, and traits that are disadvantageous disappear.

Examples of adaptation by natural selection
During his voyage on the HMS Beagle, Darwin observed a curious pattern of adaptations among several species of finches (now called Darwin's finches) that live on the Galapagos Islands.

Several traits of finches went through drastic changes in response to changes in their environment. One example is beak depth:
 * There was huge variation in beak depth among finches on the island; it affected the birds' survival and adaptation to local environmental changes.
 * During a drought, finches with deeper beaks were more likely to survive than finches with shallow beaks (which were at a disadvantage because it was harder for them to crack larger and harder seeds).

 * Parents and offsprings had similar beak depths.

Through natural selection, average morphology (an organism's size, shape and composition) of the bird population changed so that birds became better adapted to their environment.

Individual Selection
Adaptation results from competition among individuals, not between entire populations or species.

Selection produces adaptations that benefit individuals. Such adaptation may or may not benefit the population or species. In the case of finches' beak depth, selection probably does allow the population of finches to compete more effectively with other populations of seed predators. However, this need not be the case. Selection often leads to changes in behavior or morphology that increase the reproductive success of individuals but decrease the average reproductive success and competitive ability of the group, population, and species.
 * Example of conflict between individual and group interests: All organisms in the population produce many more offspring than are necessary to maintain the species. A female monkey may, on average, produce 10 offspring during her lifetime. In a stable population, perhaps only two of these offspring will survive and reproduce. From the point of view of the species, the other eight are a waste of resources. The species as a whole might be more likely to survive if all females produced fewer offspring.

The idea that natural selection operates at the level of the individual is a key element in understanding adaptation.

Directional Selection
Instead of a completely random selection of individuals whose traits will be passed on to the next generation, there is selection by forces of nature. In this process, the frequency of genetic variants for harmful or maladaptive traits within the population is reduced while the frequency of genetic variants for adaptive traits is increased.

Natural selection, as it acts to promote change in gene frequencies, is referred to as directional selection.

Stabilizing Selection
Finches' beaks (Example)

Large beaks have benefits as well as disadvantages. Birds with large beaks are less likely to survive their juvenile period than birds with small beaks, probably because they require more food to grow.

Evolutionary theory prediction:
 * Over time, selection will increase the average beak depth in a population until the costs of larger-than-average beak size exceed the benefits.
 * At this point, finches with average beak size in the population will be the most likely to survive and reproduce, and finches with deeper or shallower beaks than the new average will be at a disadvantage.

At this point, the population reaches equilibrium with regard to beak size. The process that produces this equilibrium state is called stabilizing selection.

Even though average characteristics of the beak in the population will not change in this situation, selection is still going on. The point to remember here is that populations do not remain static over the long run; if so, it is because a population is consistently favored by stabilizing selection.

Rate of Evolutionary Change
In Darwin's day, the idea that natural selection could change a chimpanzee into a human, much less that it might do so in just a few million years (which is a brief moment in evolutionary time), was unthinkable.

Today, most scientists believe that humans evolved from an apelike creature in only 5 to 10 million years. In fact, some of the rates of selective change observed in contemporary populations are far faster than necessary for natural selection to produce the adaptations that we observe.
 * The human brain has roughly doubled in the last 2 million years (rate of change of 0.00005% per year); that is 10,000 times slower than the rate of change observed among finches in the Galapagos Islands.

Therefore the real puzzle is why the change in the fossil record seem to have been quite slow.

The fossil record is still very incomplete.

It is quite likely that some evolutionary changes in the past were rapid, but the sparseness of the fossil record prevents us from detecting them.

Darwin's Difficulties
In On the Origin of Species, Darwin proposed that new species and other major evolutionary changes arise by the accumulation of small variations through natural selection.

This idea was not widely embraced by his contemporaries.
 * Many accepted the idea that new species arise through the transformation of existing species.
 * Many accepted the idea that natural selection is the most important cause of organic change.
 * But only a few endorsed Darwin's view that major changes occur through the accumulation of small variations.

Darwin's critics raised a major objection to his theory: The actions of selection would inevitably deplete variation in populations and make it impossible for natural selection to continue.

Yet Darwin couldn't convince his contemporaries that evolution occurred through the accumulation of small variations because he could not explain how variation is maintained, because he and his contemporaries did not yet understand the mechanics of inheritance.

For most people at the time, including Darwin, many of the characteristics of offspring were thought to be an average of the characteristics of their parents. This phenomena was believed to be caused by the action of blending inheritance, a model of inheritance that assumes the mother and father each contribute a hereditary substance that mixes, or "blends", to determine the characteristics of the offspring.

The solution to these problems required an understanding of genetics, which was not available for another half century. It was not until well into the 20th century that geneticists came to understand how variation is maintained, and Darwin's theory of evolution was generally accepted.


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Lugovoye, Kamensky District, Altai Krai

Lugovoye (Луговое) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Plotnikovsky Selsoviet, Kamensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 769 as of 2013. There are 17 streets.

Geography
Lugovoye is located 39 km southeast of Kamen-na-Obi (the district's administrative centre) by road. Podgorny is the nearest rural locality.

title: Lugovoye, Kamensky District, Altai Krai


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Tuerto Formation

The Tuerto Formation is a geologic formation exposed around the Ortiz Mountains of New Mexico. It is estimated to be of Pliocene to Pleistocene age, and forms the gravel cap of the Ortiz surface, one of the first pediment surfaces recognized by geologists.

Description
The Tuerto Formation consists primarily of conglomerate with minor sandstone. The clasts (rock fragments) making up the conglomerate consist largely of hornfels and Ortiz porphyry eroded off the Ortiz Mountains and Cerrillos Hills and deposited as a thin alluvial fan in the Hagan basin. Beds containing limestone clasts eroded off the east slopes of the Sandia Mountains are sometimes also included in the formation. The formation is informally divided into a lower well-cemented cliff-forming member and an upper poorly cemented member.

The formation lies with angular unconformity on the Blackshare Formation. It is distinguished from the coeval Ancha Formation in containing mostly volcanic clasts, while the Ancha Formation is rich in granite clasts.

The unit underlies the Ortiz surface, one of the first pediment surfaces recognized, by I.H. Ogilvie in 1905.

History
The unit was first named the Tuerto Gravel by C.E. Stearns in 1953 for exposures southwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Daniel Koning, Sean Connell, Frank Pazzaglia, and William McIntosh described the unit as the Tuerto formation in 2020, and Connell first argued for formalizing it at formation rank in a footnote to a 2002 paper. It was so treated in a draft geologic map of the Hagan area in 2002.

title: Tuerto Formation


text:
kihlat

Etymology
From, borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) engagement ring and engagement presents collectively

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) engagement presents

title: kihlat