text:
Alisyn Camerota

Alisyn Lane Camerota (born June 21, 1966) is an American broadcast journalist and political commentator for CNN. She formerly was an anchor of CNN's morning show New Day, a co-host of the afternoon edition of CNN Newsroom, she also served as host of CNN Tonight from 2022 to 2023 as well as a presenter at Fox News. Camerota has covered stories nationally and internationally and has twice been nominated for an Emmy Award for news reporting.

Camerota covered the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in Houston, the Paris and Brussels terror attacks and the Parkland school shooting. She interviewed the Parkland student survivors and representatives of the National Rifle Association in the hours after the shooting. Camerota has held dozens of panels with Donald Trump supporters, and is a frequent critic of Trump. Camerota has also covered the Me Too movement.

Outside of her role anchoring New Day, Camerota anchored a number of primetime specials, including Tipping Point: Sexual Harassment in America and The Hunting Ground: Sexual Assault on Campus.

Prior to joining CNN, Camerota worked for many years at Fox News, most notably as part of the Fox & Friends franchise and as co-host of Fox & Friends Weekend. Her first novel, Amanda Wakes Up, about an idealistic young journalist who finds herself with a plum spot at a cable news channel during a crazy presidential race was published by Viking in 2017 and was selected by NPR as one of the best books of the year, and by O, The Oprah Magazine as "a must read."

Early life and education
Camerota is a native of Shrewsbury, New Jersey. She graduated from the School of Communication of the American University in Washington, D.C., with a degree in broadcast journalism.

Early broadcasting career
Before joining Fox, Camerota worked at a number of different stations, including WHDH in Boston and WTTG in Washington D.C., and for America's Most Wanted. She also worked on Ted Koppel's primetime documentaries at Koppel Communications.

Fox News
Camerota joined the network in February, 1998 as a correspondent for its Boston bureau, reporting on a number of different stories and contributing to the network's affiliate service, Fox News Edge.

In October 2007, Camerota started a blog on the Fox & Friends page on Fox News Channel's website called In The Greenroom. In November 2007, Fox & Friends began an Internet-only segment, "The After the Show Show", which featured Fox & Friends anchors Brian Kilmeade, Steve Doocy and Gretchen Carlson, sometimes along with earlier guests or crew members from the cable show and a toy monkey at the end of the Internet segment. These videos are available later on the Fox & Friends page on Fox News Channel's website. Camerota was a co-host of the weekend edition of this program, in addition to regularly appearing on the Friday edition of Fox & Friends 1st.

Camerota began co-hosting America's News Headquarters with Bill Hemmer on September 30, 2013, in the Monday to Friday 1:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. ET time slot. She also co-hosted Fox & Friends Weekend along with Clayton Morris and Dave Briggs. Her final broadcast on that program was September 28, 2013. She was also a co-host on Fox & Friends First.

At the end of the afternoon broadcast on March 14, 2014, Camerota marked the end of her 16-year run with the network in a farewell to her afternoon audience.

Camerota states that she was sexually harassed by Fox News chairman and CEO Roger Ailes, is briefly portrayed by Tricia Helfer in the movie Bombshell.

CNN
On July 14, 2014, CNN and CNN International announced that Camerota had joined the CNN news team to serve as a TV anchor with a time slot to be announced. She co-anchored on CNN's New Day the morning of Friday, July 25, 2014, and Monday, August 25, 2014, and in 2015 became a permanent co-anchor of New Day, whose viewership reportedly increased by 9 percent after she was added to the program.

On Monday, April 19, 2021, Camerota began co-hosting CNN Newsroom from 2-4 pm with Victor Blackwell.

In September 2022, Camerota was selected to serve as an interim host of CNN Tonight along with Jake Tapper and Laura Coates throughout the 2022 midterm elections where she helmed the 10 p.m. hour.

In January 2023 she was selected to permanently host the 11 p.m. hour of CNN Tonight. In August 2023 CNN announced that Camerota would be replaced by Laura Coates in the 11 p.m. ET hour following a major overhaul in weekday/weekend programming.

Amanda Wakes Up
Camerota wrote Amanda Wakes Up, a novel she began writing while taking notes of her interviews of candidates in the 2012 presidential election. The notes developed into a novel based on her 25 years of working for the news business. She wrote the book with the desire to remind readers of the importance of real journalism. Book reviewer Lincee Ray of the Associated Press wrote that the novel offers "a healthy dose of what it means to weigh ambition against truth".

Personal life
Camerota is of Italian American heritage. A native of Shrewsbury, New Jersey, she and her husband have fraternal twin daughters conceived via in-vitro fertilization in 2005 and a son who was conceived naturally in 2007. In 2010, she appeared on The Today Show to discuss her infertility issues and served as host of the National Infertility Associations "Night of Hope Celebration". The couple lives in Westport, Connecticut.

title: Alisyn Camerota


text:
Extinction Level Event 2: The Wrath of God

Extinction Level Event 2: The Wrath of God is the tenth studio album by American rapper Busta Rhymes, published on October 30, 2020. The album features guest appearances from Eminem, Kendrick Lamar, Mariah Carey, Anderson .Paak, Q-Tip, Rick Ross, Mary J. Blige, Rapsody, Ol' Dirty Bastard, Rakim, Pete Rock, Vybz Kartel, Bell Biv DeVoe, M.O.P., Nikki Grier, Chris Rock, and Louis Farrakhan. It is a sequel to 1998's E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event): The Final World Front, and his first studio album since 2012's Year of the Dragon.

The album was met with generally favorable reviews. The album debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200 chart, earning 38,000 album-equivalent units in its first week.

Background
Busta Rhymes first announced the album in 2013. Over the course of 2014, Busta Rhymes continued to do interviews promoting the album, and released the singles "Twerk It" featuring Nicki Minaj, "Thank You" featuring Q-Tip, Lil Wayne and Kanye West, and "Calm Down" featuring Eminem. Despite the heavy promotion around this time, promotion for the album ceased completely in July 2014, when it was announced that Rhymes had amicably departed Cash Money Records.

The album was announced once again on August 17, 2020, via a YouTube video starring Chris Rock. It released officially on October 30, 2020. The "Reloaded" version of the album released on November 2, 2020, featuring three brand new tracks and the previously-released 2014 single "Calm Down" with Eminem. An official deluxe edition was also released later that month on November 27, 2020, not only featuring the bonus tracks from the Reloaded reissue, but also four more extra tracks, including a remix of "Czar" with new verses by M.O.P. and rapper CJ.

Singles
The album's lead single "The Don and the Boss", featuring Vybz Kartel and J-Doe, was released on August 21, 2020. The album's second single "YUUUU" featuring Anderson .Paak was released on September 18, 2020. "Where I Belong" featuring Mariah Carey was released as the album's third single on April 7, 2021, and is set to be released to American rhythmic contemporary radio stations on April 13.

Critical reception
Extinction Level Event 2: The Wrath of God was met with generally favorable reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 71, based on six reviews.

Commercial performance
Extinction Level Event 2: The Wrath of God debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200 chart, earning 38,000 album-equivalent units (including 17,000 copies as pure album sales) in its first week. This became Busta Rhymes' seventh US top-ten album. The album also accumulated a total of 27.78 million on-demand streams of the album's songs that week.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Mshonle

Who I Am and What I Do
My name is Macneil Shonle. My area is software engineering, so I like to take a software engineering kind of approach to the texts that I work on:

 * Data Structures {fundamental tools}
 * Algorithms {fundamental techniques}
 * Data Structures and Algorithms {advanced tools and techniques}
 * Programming Languages
 * Logic for Computer Scientists

I'm primarily interested in the Algorithms book, which I work on whenever I find myself having the time. I want the book to primarily focus on the techniques used for designing your own algorithms (or understanding someone else's), rather than just having yet-another-reference book. The goal is to help people see the forest for the trees. While Knuth and CLRS are great books to have, I learned algorithms from a professor who had a great vision of teaching them. My main goal for the Algorithms book is to communicate that vision.

Many data structures books focus on seemingly trivial details and miss telling the greater story of abstraction. The book SICP, on the other hand, tells the story of abstraction quite well. Thus, my goal for the Data Structures book is to tell the same abstraction story in the context of all the most fundamental data structures.

Lately, the OO idea has only been half-understood by authors of popular data structures books. For example, I've seen several sources confuse the concept of encapsulation with abstraction. Much of the complexity of modern OO languages is actually quite arbitrary, so focusing on that only means you are telling an artificially complex story.

I created the Advanced book primarily as a place to keep off-topic but interesting material. While some cutting edge algorithms or data structures are very cool, they are inappropriate for introductory texts. (Why confuse the reader who is not yet comfortable with even the basic concepts yet?)

(I'm also an admin and active member of wikibooks, so you may find that many of my user contributions are simply deleting spam or voting in strange discussions of odd books.)

I'm also a Wikipedian, so you should check out my wikipedia page too.

Where've I been?
I've been sucked into a graduate student vortex for a while. Research first, as that's what pays the bills! MShonle 22:32, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Did I Delete a Wikipedia Link?
Perhaps you've come to my page because I deleted a wikipedia link inserted into one of the books I work on? Sorry about that... didn't mean to bite anyone's head or anything. In the future I'll try leaving the wikipedia links up longer. However, it is my intention that the books we work on won't need wikipedia links in the main body of the text. Here's how I see it: But given all of that, this project is a part-part-time job for me. Some sections will be stubs for a year if someone else doesn't get to them first. The books will be sparse in areas until the First Edition is achieved, and it sure will look like they need the links. But instead of linking, get to writing! Your writing or spelling doesn't even have to be good: we'll help you, just as others have helped me.
 * 1) If a book entry mentions something well known, such as the internet, or prime numbers, there's no need to link. A really confused reader could still google or search on wikipedia themselves.
 * 2) If a book mentions (e.g.) prime numbers in a way that is important, it should recap in-place the relevant properties instead. In fact, you can use the wikipedia as a resource to help you write that recap. Instead of flooding a person with all of the information the wikipedia entry gives, it's your job to just give them what they need to know. (Perhaps a definition, or a notation, for example.)
 * 3) If you really think the information linked will help the person, because it's a very interesting tangent, put the link instead at the end of the chapter, in a Related Readings section. (But again, if it's not a tangent, but important, it should be in the body of the text!)
 * 4) Some people think information, information, information is always good and "so long as it's true, it's useful". I instead take the view that our time on this planet is limited, and thus it's more valuable if we do what we can to provide signals to highlight the most important information. Without these signals (i.e., we let all information through, and include a link to every word used that has a wikipedia entry) learning will be hurt.
 * 5) On the other hand, for the Wikipedia itself, the rich and deep links are the information. Less-so with a book, where the writing and transfering of specific knowledge is what's needed, not the categorization and linking of general knowledge.

See you in the page logs!

Scrap Pages

 * /Policy
 * /Around 2000 Words -- A personal statement
 * /Charters an idea of mine for helping the VFD process and respecting expert contributors -- but without major bureaucracy
 * /First edition another policy idea that would encourage books to reach a "shippable" stage, and help reorganize the main page to lead more people to completed works
 * /Scrap some material that might be rewritten and put into a very introductory economics book
 * /SEAdvancedModularity

To Do

 * Unify the "computing" bookshelves so that there is only three names:
 * Computer Science -- the more "math-like" stuff you would get in college
 * Programming -- language guides, library tutorials, programming tips and recipies
 * IT -- about computer programs, using them, set up of networks, so long as you aren't writing much "code"
 * Re-order the programming language shelve so that there is no "misc", "hybrid" or "imperative" sections (all are far too general topics to be helpful).
 * Finish policy write ups.
 * Design/write up all data-structure ADTs for the book

title: User:Mshonle


text:
Pseudospingus

Pseudospingus is a genus of warbler-like birds in the tanager family Thraupidae. They are found in highland forests in South America.

Taxonomy and species list
The two species now placed in this genus were formerly assigned to the genus Hemispingus. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that Hemispingus was polyphyletic and as part of the subsequent rearrangement, the genus Pseudospingus was resurrected for these two species. The genus had been introduced by Hans von Berlepsch and Jean Stolzmann in 1896. The type species was subsequently designated as the drab hemispingus. The name Pseudospingus combines the Ancient Greek pseudos meaning "false" or "another" with spingos meaning "finch".

Species
The two species in the genus are:

title: Pseudospingus


text:
Talk:Dhani Jones

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:44, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

The top of the Article says he was born in San Diego, but his biography on the right says Potomac, Maryland. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:06, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dhani Jones. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070320045815/http://www.nfl.com/nflnetwork/story/10033511 to http://www.nfl.com/nflnetwork/story/10033511

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:21, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Dhani Jones. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110807122529/http://www.wwl.com/pages/888909.php?contentType=4&contentId=866978 to http://wwl.com/pages/888909.php?contentType=4&contentId=866978
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120105163028/http://dhanijones.tv/news/7/1308024000/espncom-page-2-dhani-jones-writes-book-about-travel-life-football to http://dhanijones.tv/news/7/1308024000/espncom-page-2-dhani-jones-writes-book-about-travel-life-football
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130615170552/http://inleague.com/player/dhani-jones/ to http://inleague.com/player/dhani-jones/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:53, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dhani Jones


text:
Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Step by Step/aaaaaaaa

Excellent Decision!
Now the first four shots are:

$$\Rightarrow$$ Fade In $$\Rightarrow$$ $$\Rightarrow$$ Cut To  $$\Rightarrow$$   $$\Rightarrow$$ Dolly Out  $$\Rightarrow$$      $$\Rightarrow$$ Pedestal Down $$\Rightarrow$$  $$\Rightarrow$$  $$\Rightarrow$$ Cut To  $$\Rightarrow$$   $$\Rightarrow$$ Cut To  $$\Rightarrow$$  $$\Rightarrow$$ Cut To  $$\Rightarrow$$

EXTERIOR - The local movie theater - NIGHT

(1) The Young Person and Old Person stand looking at the movie poster outside the theater.

(2) Young Person: "That was a great movie..."

(3) Young Person (contined): "but I do not understand one thing."

(4) Old Person: "What's that?"

(5) Young Person: "How can anyone be seduced by the Dark Side?"

(6) The old person thinks for a while.

(7) Old Person: "What computer do you have at home?"

Next Frame?
The Old Person says, "What computer do you have at home?"

 * Option A
 * The Old Person says, "What computer do you have at home?"

 * Option B
 * The Old Person says, "What computer do you have at home?"

 * Option C
 * The Old Person says, "What computer do you have at home?"

Now Decide!

 * Select either option A or B or C

 * If you change your mind, you can go back to the previous page.

 * Reference Material
 * All the thumbnail storyboard frames.
 * The unformatted script.
 * The original story.
 * The [[Media:SBTDS Script Ciprian2.pdf|formatted script]].
 * To start over, go back to the beginning.


text:
Liam Davis (footballer, born 1990)

Liam Davis (born 8 November 1990) is an English semi-professional footballer. He last played for Cleethorpes Town.

Davis started his career in the Youth teams of home town club Grimsby Town, where he failed to break into the first team. After departing Grimsby Town, he went onto play for Selby Town, Brigg Town, Gainsborough Trinity, and most recently Cleethorpes Town, who he represented in the 2017 FA Vase Final at Wembley.

Armthorpe Welfare
After being released from Grimsby Town, Davis joined Armthorpe Welfare.

Selby Town
After a single season at Armthorpe, Davis joined Northern Counties East Premier Division side Selby Town.

Barton Town Old Boys
Ahead of the 2011–12 season, Davis joined fellow Northern Counties East Premier Division side Barton Town Old Boys.

Brigg Town
Davis signed for Brigg Town of the Northern Premier League First Division South. Davis was named Brigg's Player of the Season in the 2012–13 season.

Gainsborough Trinity
Davis joined Gainsborough Trinity on 1 July 2013, who at the time played in the Conference North.

Cleethorpes Town
On 4 October 2016, Davis joined Cleethorpes Town.

On 21 May 2017, Davis represented Cleethorpes Town in the 2017 FA Vase Final, where Cleethorpes lost 4–0 to South Shields.

In 2018, Davis was invited to take part in the UEFA Equal Game Campaign, which culminated in him playing in a charity match in Lyon, France, sharing the pitch with former international stars Luís Figo and Eric Abidal i.

Personal life
In January 2014, Davis became Britain's highest profile openly gay footballer. On 21 May 2017, he became the first openly gay male footballer to play at Wembley when he turned out for Cleethorpes in the FA Vase Final.

In December 2017 Davis publicly criticised comments made by FA chairman Greg Clarke that "professional players who out themselves as homosexual would be taking a risk".

As of 2022, Davis owns a bar and café in Cleethorpes.

title: Liam Davis (footballer, born 1990)


text:
Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Truth, Objectivity, and Relativism

Home Back Forward

Before we begin, it is prudent to go over the basic course procedures. The information provided is intended to give a basic outline of the main philosophical positions on the topic and give the student an idea of what to expect from and take out of the reading. Each philosopher will have a link to a website that will provide background information on their lives and summaries of their philosophical positions that should provide more help in understanding their works. The reading questions should be reviewed before reading the selection in order to help guide your focus, because most of these works are not easy to get through. As another note, some on the full text wesites for the readings are not the best translations, so purchasing a copy of the texts is often times inexpensive, and always reccomended. And of course, most importantly, have fun!

Knowledge and Truth
Before discussing the philosophical debate on truth, it is first important to briefly review the two general distinctions between types of knowledge. These distinctions are concerned with how knowledge comes to be known--either independently of experience, or based on experience. These distinctions are purely epistemological, and are “a priori” and “a posteriori” knowledge, respectively.

A Priori Knowledge From Latin meaning literally “from what comes before”, a priori knowledge is characterized by its independent relationship from experience, which includes, but is not limited to, innate knowledge. This type of knowledge is arrived at through thought and reason alone. Common examples include: 'All bachelors are unmarried men' and 'All triangles have three sides'. In both of these statements, you need not refer to any particular experiences to determine whether you know the statements are true--they are true by virtue of their meaning, an assessment that was arrived at through reason. A priori knowledge is philosophically linked to analytic thought mostly through the works of Kant, and later Quine. Analytic propositions are true by their meaning alone and do not rely on any fact about the world. The concept of necessary truth is also linked to a priori knowledge because the negation of a priori statements produce a contradiction on the basis of their meaning alone, which remains constant regardless of how the world may happen to be. A priori knowledge, for the sake of simplification, is therefore always true or false.

A Posteriori Knowledge From Latin meaning literally “from what comes after”, a posteriori knowledge is characterized by its dependence on both reason and experience. Common examples include: 'That bachelor is tall' and 'That triangle is red'. The truth of falsity of these statements cannot be determined without observing the actual, real-world state of the bachelor and the triangle. Of course, one must use reason to understand the correspondence of the meaning of bachelor and triangle to the things observed, but the essential meaning of the statements is not contingent upon this relationship. Like a priori is linked to analytic thought, a posteriori is linked to synthetic thought, in which truth is characterized by its meaning but also by the state of relevant facts about the world. Contingent truth is therefore also linked to a posteriori knowledge because the truth of the statement is dependant upon what the world is like, and this world need not be any particular way at all.

This distinction between types of truths in modern philosophy was first made clear by Gottfried Leibniz (1646 – 1716). Leibniz used the term “truth of reasoning” to refer to statements of truth based on reason, and the term “truth of fact” to refer to statements of truth based on empirical data.(1) This later influenced David Hume’s distinction between “relations of ideas” and “matters of fact.” Immanuel Kant later made the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements of truth that we are familiar with.(2)

These concepts will be revisited in discussions about that kinds of things can be true based on our ability to know them. For further reading on the distinctions, relevance, and examples of a priori and a posteriori knowledge, refer to the following links: A Priori and A Posteriori Analytic and Synthetic Statements

What is truth?
Epistemological concerns with truth are extensive to say the least. Generally, they can be characterized by their interrogation of what it means to know something is true, what sorts of things can be true, and what truth is. These questions are generally addressed by seeking the answer to one in order to explain the other. There are several theories that set out to determine what truth is by answering what sorts of things can be true and what knowing this truth means. The majority of these theories have enjoyed more extensive development in the twentieth century, but the Correspondence Theory of Truth attributes its development in the thoughts of Plato and Aristotle and both addresses and responds to key ideas about truth: justification and belief.

Socrates, largely in response to the empty wisdom the Sophists espoused, positioned wisdom, first and foremost, as the awareness of your own ignorance. By avoiding the unethical characterizations of knowledge of the self-serving Sophists, Socrates was able to connect his lack of and subsequent search for knowledge to virtue, the most important of all being arete (excellence). He believed that knowledge was innate, and by questioning in a form that would become famously known as the Socratic dialogues. He was also very careful to separate knowledge from true belief, because truth requires some sort of justification for the belief.

Wow! Your first reading assignment! Before begining, it may be useful to read over some tips on reading and understanding philosophical texts. And now we begin.

Please read Plato's Meno, in which Socrates examines the nature of virtue, with these questions in mind:

1. What is the relationship between knowledge and virtue? 2. What is the difference between knowledge and true opinion?

Please prepare short (1 paragraph) responses to the questions with quotations from the text to support your answers.

Plato believed that knowledge was innate, making the search for such a matter of recollection of the knowledge your soul had when it was floating in the realm of the forms. This recall was triggered by the process of questioning similar to the Socratic method developed by his mentor. Like Socrates found knowledge of goodness necessary for virtue, Plato placed the Good as the highest form and the form in which all other forms participated in in varying degrees. Wisdom, then, was the recollection of the knowledge of Good in order to participate more in the form of Good.

Please read Plato's Republic with these questions in mind:

1. Why does Plato believe there are three distinct parts of the soul? 2. What does the Allegory of the Cave reveal about Plato's views on knowledge? What then can we infer about his views on the nature of truth?

Please prepare short (1 paragraph) responses to the questions with quotations from the text to support your answers.

Aristotle, being more scientifically inclined in his investigations of the nature of things, finds the highest good of human existence to act in our nature as rational beings and, well, be rational. He describes wisdom, therefore, as being able to rationalize about things in the world both in regards to practical actions and in finding happiness through virtue.

Oh, you will have more reading. Just wait.

Correspondence Theory of Truth
This theory explains truth by its relationship to the way the world is, stating that truth is determined by its correspondence to a fact that exists in the world. This theory is commonly associated with the positions of classical philosophy, but it is most famously established in Aristotle’s Metaphysics where he defines truth as “To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true”. This quote does not specifically establish the importance of the relationship between truth and the world, it does lay the foundations for the importance of relationships of what is. In his work Categories, Aristotle begins to flesh out the things that make statements true. Reading Assignment:

Please read Aristotle’s Categories with these questions in mind: 1. What support for the basic tenants of Correspondence Theory can you find in Categories? 2. Why is the definition of the word ‘is’ important to Aristotle?

Is that a fact?
Yes, the term fact has snuck its way into our discussion, and of course, it cannot be denied a grand entrance. A fact, insofar as The Correspondence Theory allows, facts can be mind-dependent or mind-independent entities (a priori or a posteriori knowledge). This becomes a problem because of the relationship between a proposition and a fact. “Mexico is south of the United States” is a proposition. And it is a fact. But it cannot be both without being circular and therefore fallacious, leading critics or Correspondence Theory to complain that facts are whatever true propositions must correspond to in order to be true.

Coherence Theories
Moving the justification of truth away from its specific relationship to the world, the Coherence Theories of Truth are characterized by their justification of a true proposition because of its relationship to other propositions. This theory evokes a more common-sense style approach to how we determine what is true--the process of determining truth is a recursive reference to what we already hold to be true in order to ascertain whether this new proposition is true, or more specifically, whether or not it coheres with our established beliefs.

What about belief?
Belief, roughly, is our attitude towards what we regard to be true or false. Linking what it is to be true with belief can, however, be quite problematic, because it allows for me to believe something and you to not believe something, which violates the law of non-contradiction, which always holds more philosophical weight than theories that violate it. The idea of belief, and the distinction of beliefs from knowledge will be further discussed with regard to Objective Knowledge.

Of Justification
Epistemological justifications for Coherence Theories suggest that we essentially cannot know if a proposition corresponds with the world because we cannot know what is beyond our own beliefs, but we can adequately ascertain whether or not something is consistent with our beliefs. There are of course several criticism to Coherence Theories of Justification, the principle one being that it does not necessarily follow that because a proposition cannot be known to correspond to reality that it does not correspond with reality.

The Problem of Justified True Belief
Truth and knowledge are intricately related because you must have knowledge of something to determine truth, and something must be true in order for it to be knowledge. Enter Justified True Belief, a traditional philosophical position on knowledge and truth that goes something like this: In order to know something, one must first believe that a proposition is true, because if you don't believe something you do not have knowledge of it. Secondly, this belief must be true, because you wouldn't believe it if it wasn't, and for reasons of a third element: justification. Justification is of course, a condition to ensure that belief is not just a matter of luck, but there are reasons for this belief. Philosophy diverges on what kinds of reasons fulfill this condition, but in general the belief should rationally follow from reliable evidence. This effectively sets up a conditional triumvirite in order to determine knowledge that reflexively relies on and determines truth.

Of course, this is perhaps too simplistic to be useful. There are cases where justification does not ensure that belief is not because of luck, known specifically as the Gettier Problem.

There's more.

Later Positions on Truth.
Augustine of Hippo enters God into the picture when it comes to defining truth, although not without reference to the methods of early philosophers. Here is a helpful outline provided by Wikipedia that explains Augustine's view of truth. And that's all the reading you have to do. For now.

1. Truth Exists:-It is self-defeating to deny the existence of truth. If someone claims that “Truth does not exist”, then we can counter by asking if the claim is True or False. If the claim is False, then Truth Exists, and if the claim is True, then Truth Exists.

2. Truth is Unchangeable:- It is impossible for truth to change. What is true today always has been and always will be true. All true propositions are immutable truths. Pragmatic views of truth that imply that what is true today may be false tomorrow are untrue. If truth changes, then pragmatism will be untrue tomorrow, if indeed it could ever be true.

3. Truth is Eternal:- By extension of its Unchangeable nature, Truth must be Eternal. Even if every created thing ceases to exist, Truth will continue to exist. But suppose someone asks, “What if truth itself should someday perish?” Then the truth that “Truth has perished” would still exist eternally. Any denial of the eternity of truth turns out to be an affirmation of its eternity.

4. Truth is Spiritual:- The existence of truth presupposes the existence of minds. Without a mind, truth could not exist. The object of knowledge is a meaningful thought which resides in one or more minds.

a. Truth is Not a function of Matter:- The existence of truth is incompatible with any materialistic view of man. Materialists believe that all thinking and reasoning is merely the result of the motion of particles in the brain. But one set of relative physical motions are not truer than another set. Therefore, if there is no mind, there can be no truth; and if there is no truth, materialism cannot be true. Truth cannot be a function of the position of material objects because if a thought was the result of some physical motion in the brain, no two persons could have the same thought. A physical motion is a fleeting event different from every other motion. Two persons could not have the same random motion, nor could one person have the same random motion twice.

b. Truth is Not a function of Time:-If thoughts were the result of physical motions in the brain, memory and communication would be impossible. We are able to recall the past because we have minds and not because of the motion of particles in our brains. Thus, if one is able to think the same thought twice, truth must be independent of time.

c. Truth is Not a function of Space:- Truth is independent of Space as well. Not only does truth defy time and matter; it defies space as well. For communication to be possible between two or more people, the identical truth must be in two or more minds at the same time. If, in opposition, anyone wished to deny that an immaterial idea can exist in two different minds at the same time, his denial must be conceived to exist in his own mind only; and since it has not registered in any other mind, it does not occur to us to refute it!

5. Truth is Superior to the human mind:-By its very nature, truth cannot be subjective and individualistic. Truth is immutable, but the human mind is changeable. Even though beliefs vary from one person to another, truth itself cannot change. Moreover, the human mind does not stand in judgment of truth; rather truth judges our reason. While we sometimes judge other human minds (as when we say, for example, that someone’s mind is not as keen as it should be), we do not judge truth. If truth and the human mind were equal, truth could not be eternal and immutable since the human mind is finite, mutable, and subject to error. Therefore, truth must transcend human reason; truth must be superior to any individual human mind as well as to the sum total of human minds. From this it follows that there must be a mind higher than the human mind in which truth resides.

6. Truth is God:-We have seen that Truth exists, is unchangeable, eternal, spiritual, and is superior to the human mind. But only God possesses these attributes. If we substitute the word “God” for the word “Truth” in the list of attributes, we see that:

God Exists- God is Unchangeable- God is Eternal- God is Spiritual- God is not a function of Space, Time or Matter- God is Superior to the human mind- These attributes apply equally to Truth and God, and only to Truth and God. Truth and God are identical. Truth and God are convertible. Truth is God. God is Truth.

No created thing possesses the attributes of Truth or God. There can be no True propositions about created entities, including numbers, geometric patterns or so called “laws” of science because they are all dependent on Space, Time or Matter. The only true propositions are about God. In other words, Knowing Truth is Knowing God. Truth is Knowledge of God.

Gottfried Leibniz defined truth as a proposition in which the predicate is contained in the subject. The predicate is what is claimed to be true, and the subject is that which the predicate claims truth about. When I propose that “I am a dog,” the subject of my proposition is me, and the predicate is am a dog. This happens to be false, because the predicate is not contained in the subject (there is no dog-ness in me). Leibniz argued that there must be a sufficient reason for why a thing is the way it is. This he called the principle of sufficient reason. Note that this does not directly imply determinism. If for every predicate there are predicates that together are sufficient for explaining it, as Leibniz argued, it does not necessarily follow that a certain collection of predicates was necessary to explain the predicate which they sufficiently explain.(1) To illustrate, Leibniz would argue that the events in Hitler’s life (perhaps being an insecure bully) were sufficient to explain his behavior as a leader. However, those events were not necessary to bring about Hitler’s behavior as a leader; he could have experienced very different things, and still have demonstrated the same behavior as a leader.

Knowledge and Objectivity
The relationship between knowledge and objectivity is essentially defined by our perception. In the most basic sense, knowledge is objective if it exists independent of the perceiver's perception of it. This statement is simple enough, but it implies within it complicated determinations about our abilities to perceive objects. If something were to be objective, it must exist independent of our awareness of it, whereas something is subjective if it relies on our perception in order to be, like colors only exist the way they do because they are seen. Subjective knowledge, then, refers only to knowledge of one’s own state, because that is the only knowledge that relies on our perception in order to be. The state of someone else, for instance, does not rely on our perceiving it, but in their own perception of it, and that perception alone. This affords subjective knowledge special epistemological status because it is the only form of immediate knowledge.

The Case for Objectivity
Plato, of course, believes that there is an objective reality, found in his theory of the Forms. These Forms are therefore the highest forms of knowledge because they exist in the most "real" way possible.

Aristotle, to be difficult, believes in what Plato what consider a subjective reality. He still believes in an idea of the Forms as essences of things and that these are the most objective reality, but rejects the idea that we can know anything (perfectly and objectively) that we don't know by experience, and we cannot experience the essences. Now what are these Forms, you ask? Well, read:

Plato's The Divided Line and Allegory of the Cave (yes, you have read this before, but now look at the idea of the Forms) A helpful site can be found here.

Aristotle's Metaphysics at evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/aristotle01.htm

You know what you are looking at in these readings (foundations for objectivity), and it is a lot of reading. No questions for this section.

Relativism
Everyone has heard the phrase, "It's all relative" mumbled in a dismissive tone, and as far as most philosophical positions go, they are just as annoyed with things being "relative" as you are. Because "everything is relative" it is hard to even characterize the general posisiton on relativism except for a few general tenets: 1. Views or opinions (this inculdes moral and ethical positions) are relative to a certain perspective, and 2. There is no privlidged (or correct) perspective.

Relativism lends itself easily to criticism, because following its very own logic, the view that relativism is wrong is as valid of a viewpoint as the view that relativism is correct. This fruitless recursivity is perhaps what is most problematic about relativism because it does not encourage, in a real and meaningful way, the pursuit of knowledge because all possible knowledges are the same (including contradictory knowledges) and therefore there is no objective form of knowledge.

Relativism emerged with the Sophists, most famously with Protagoras, who was acknowledged by Plato in his dialogue, Protagoras at evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/plato_protagoras03.htm. Please read the selection and identify the characteristics of relativism you see atributed to Protagoras's arugments.

As philosophy progressed, relativistic thought persisted, although it did not begin to emerge as a powerful position until the 20th century.

But that is another class. Until then, here is an interesting site with rather compelling arguments for relativistic thought. Are you convinced? Please compose a short (2 page) essay arguing for or against all or some of the arguments for relativism.

And it's over. Congratulations!

Works Referenced:

1) Monadology

2) Types of Truth

3) Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

4) The Philosophy Pages

5) Standford Enyclopedia of Philosophy

6) The Relativist

7) Wikipedia

Home Back Forward


text:
Hellandsbygd

Hellandsbygda or Hellandsbygd is a village in Sauda municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located in a river valley about 12 km northeast of the town of Sauda. The village is surrounded by forested mountains with the County Road 520 running through the village on its way from Sauda over the mountains to the Røldal area in neighboring Vestland county. The mountain Kyrkjenuten lies to the north of Hellandsbygda and the mountain Skaulen lies to the southeast of the village.

Historically, Hellandsbygda was an important mining/industrial location. The nearby Allmannajuvet mine is now a museum of the areas mining history. Hellandsbygd has also been an important hydro-power producer. The Sauda I power plant was in use here from 1919–2008 and the Sauda IV power plant has been in use since 1968.

title: Hellandsbygd


text:
Niederauer

Niederauer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Brandon Niederauer (born 2003), American guitarist and actor
 * Duncan L. Niederauer, American businessman
 * George Hugh Niederauer (1936–2017), American Roman Catholic bishop

title: Niederauer


text:
Vukica Mitić

Vukica Mitić (Serbian Cyrillic: Вукица Митић, 7 December 1953 – 27 June 2019 ) was a Serbian basketball player. She represented the Yugoslavia national team internationally.

Career achievements and awards

 * FIBA Women's European Champions Cup winner: 1 (with Crvena zvezda: 1978–79).
 * Yugoslav League champion: 7 (with Crvena zvezda: 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81)
 * Yugoslav Cup winner: 5 (with Crvena zvezda: 1972–73, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1978–79, 1980–81)
 * No. 8 honored by Crvena zvezda

title: Vukica Mitić


text:
Afshin Mohebbi

Afshin Mohebbi is an Iranian-born United States businessman, best known as the former president and Chief Operating Officer of Qwest Communications International.

Education and background
A US citizen, Mohebbi was born in Iran and raised in California. Mohebbi received his Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering with an emphasis on communications systems from the University of California, Irvine, in two years when he was only 18 years old. He followed this up with a Telecommunications Engineering Certificate from the University of California, Los Angeles. He also has an MBA (dean's scholar) from the University of California.

Career
Starting in 1983, Mohebbi undertook a series of posts in sales and marketing with Pacific Bell, including vice president-business markets; and later with SBC Communications. He then became president and managing director of British Telecom's United Kingdom Markets division, an $18 billion business unit serving 20 million consumers and 1.5 million businesses in the UK. At 34, he was the youngest BT Managing Director to lead a major division.

After 20 months Mohebbi left to join Qwest, managing the company's line operations, including market-facing business units; network engineering and operations; information technology and staff support functions. At age 36, Mohebbi became the youngest ever president of a major telecommunication company in the United States. He was appointed as co-chairman of merger integration for Qwest's merger with telephone company US West. Later he also joined the board of BearingPoint, when it signed a deal with Qwest to sell professional services.

Allegations of fraud at Qwest
On March 15, 2005, Qwest CEO Joseph Nacchio, Mohebbi and six other former Qwest executives were sued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. They were accused of a $3 billion financial fraud between 1999 and 2002 and of benefiting from an inflated stock price. On March 31, 2011, United States Federal Judge Marcia Krieger issued a summary judgement dismissing the SEC's suit against Mohebbi. Nacchio was convicted of 19 counts of insider trading in Qwest stock on April 19, 2007. Mohebbi testified during Nacchio's trial.

title: Afshin Mohebbi


text:
Talk:German to English

This is the first of what I reckon to be many Language A to Language B comparative texts. I'm proposing to come up with a page template (boilerplate?) for these types of pages using a side by side two column table. I've made many such proposals and suggestions at Wikiversity translations, but I don't want to charge too far ahead until I complete a few more Multilingual Studies. The biggest show-stopper is the apparent lack of interest (evidenced by the lack of participation) in the whole subject of translation.

Fortunately, A few good translators have stepped forward and started to pave the way in this area. They know who they are and you could too if you took the time. I don't mean to sound so pedantic, but darnit, this stuff is important. CQ 21:58, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:German to English


text:
Dennis Fernández

Dennis Fernández (born 23 January 1986) is a Cuban male triple jumper, who won an individual gold medal at the Youth World Championships.

title: Dennis Fernández


text:
Talk:Diego Cervantes

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Diego Cervantes. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073436/http://www.esmas.com/clubamerica/nuestroequipo/463589.html to http://www.esmas.com/clubamerica/nuestroequipo/463589.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:58, 16 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diego Cervantes


text:
Σαρδώ

Etymology
From its name in a pre-Roman language,, an indigenous name that likely had religious connotations.

Descendants
The typical Modern Greek name for Sardinia is.

title: Σαρδώ


text:
PHP Programming/headers and footers

Create the header and footer files:

Create a file called "header.php" and enter the html code that you'd like at the top of each page as follows:

Create a file called "footer.php" and enter the html code that you'd like at the bottom of each page as follows:

Now we will create a web page that uses these headers and footers. Create a file called "page.php" and enter the following html code:

We set the title for the page using (1)

We then include the header page using (2)

And we include the footer page using (3)

The final page should look like this:

Files included in this way act as if their text was inserted into the main document right at the include call. PHP then continues to process the inserted file, allowing the inserted file to access all previously defined variables and functions (so $title in header.php was replaced with the value set in page.php: "Welcome"). This can have unintended consequences if a file is included more than once. To learn how to correctly include files containing functions and classes, see PHP Include Files.

title: PHP Programming/headers and footers


text:
Tariq Razouki

 Tariq Razouki is a former Iraqi football defender who played for Iraq in the 1966 Arab Nations Cup. He played for Iraq between 1966 and 1967.

title: Tariq Razouki


text:
Introductory Ancient Greek Language/Lesson 4

If anyone is following these lessons then feel free to post a summary to the best of your ability what I've described in the first three to act as a review for anyone else. Don't be afraid of making mistakes as they'll likely be caused by my failing to explain something sufficiently, and it will give me the opportunity to do so.

On a side note, I've been having problems typing in the Greek font with accent marks and breathings. I've had to go through the laborious task of cutting and pasting from other websites and files. If anyone has advice on a quicker method I would appreciate it.

I've deliberately taken very slow steps to break you into the language and have broken up into several lessons what might normally be taught in one chapter in a textbook. I've done this because I know the language can be rough to learn if you have no background in it, and especially if you have no incentive to actually study it besides as a hobby I feel it should be as user friendly as possible.

Welcome = Ἀσπάζομαι!

Hello = Χαῖρε! - sg Χαίρετε! - pl

How are you? Τί πράττεις; - sg / Τί πράττετε; - pl

Fine, thanks, and you? = Πάντ' ἀγαθὰ πράττω.

Long time no see = Καιρὸς δέ!

What's your name? = Τὸ ὄνομα σοι τί ἐστιν;

My name is ... = Τὸ ὄνομα μοι…

Where are you from? = Πηλικὸς εἶ; - m / Πηλικὴ εἶ; - f

I'm from ... = Ἐκ … ἔρχομαι.

How old are you? = Ποδαπὸς εἶ; - sg Ποδαποί ἐστε;  - pl

I'm ... years old = Ἔτεα ... γεγονώς - m Ἔτεα ... γεγονυῖα - f

Pleased to meet you = Σε γιγνώσκων χαίρω.

Good morning,Good night,Goodbye = Ὑγίαινε! - sg Ὑγιαίνετε! - pl

Good afternoon/evening = Χαῖρε! Χαίρετε!

Good luck = ἴθι εὐτυχής! / Εὐτυχῶς. Cheers/Good health!, Have a nice day = Χαῖρε πολλά!

Bon appetit = Τὸ δεῖπνον ἐστ’ ἐπεσκευασμένον.

Bon voyage = ἴθι χαίρων!

I understand = Ξυνίημι.

I don't understand = Οὐ ξυνίημι.

Please speak more slowly = Βούλει σχολαίτερον λέγειν;

Please say that again = Aὖθις ἐξ ἀρχῆς λέγε, ἀντιβολῶ.

Please write it down = Μεταγράφε αὐτὸ, ἀντιβολῶ.

Do you speak English? = Ἀγγλιστί λαλεῖς;

Yes, a little = Ναί, ὀλίγον τι.

How do you say ... = Πῶς λέγω…?

Excuse me = Συγγνωθί μοι.

How much is this? = Πόσον τι;

Sorry = Συγγνώμην ἔχε.

Thank you = Ἐπαινῶ (Ἐπαινέω).

Response = Οὐδὲν διαφέρει.

Would you like to dance with me? = Δὸς ὀρχεῖσθαι τοῦτο μετὰ σοί.

I miss you = Ποθεινοτέρως ἔχω σοῦ.

I love you = Σε φιλῶ (φιλάω).

Get well soon = Τοὺς θεοὺς εὔχομαί σοι διδόναι ὑγίειαν.

Leave me alone!= Παῦε!

Help!= Ζεῦ σῶσον!

Fire!= Πῦρ!

Stop!= Παῦε!

Merry Christmas and Happy New Year= Καλὰ Χριστούγεννα!

Happy Easter = Καλὸν Πάσχα!

Congratulations! = Εὖγε!

Happy Birthday! = Πόλλ’ ἀγαθὰ γένοιτό σοι!

My hovercraft is full of eels = Τὸ ἀεροπλοῖον ἐμὸν ἐγχελείων πλῆρές ἐστιν.

One language is never enough = Μία γλώττα οὐδεπώποτε ἱκανή.


text:
Talk:Battle of Ammunition Hill

Legionnaires' monument
In Six Days of War, by Michael Oren, it says (pg. 258; Oxford, New York, 2002) it says: The marker placed by Israel over the grave of those Jordanians killed at Ammunition Hill extolled their singular bravery. Where is this marker, if anyone knows; is it on Ammunition Hill, or elsewhere? A picture of it would be a good addition to the article, if someone could take one. Noel (talk) 18:47, 20 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Another memorable, and telling, anecdote, from Among Lions, by Robert Moskin (which I will add to the reading list on the page): "a paratrooper who had lost several of his closest friends on Ammunition Hill came back to visit the site ... he saw a veiled woman dressed all in black sitting silently. ... Finally, she asked him, in English, 'Did you fight here?' ... She asked him, 'How were the Jordanians? How did they fight?' He said, 'They were very brave.' ... She said, 'My husband was a captain and the commander of the hill.'" (pg. 362; Arbor House, New York, 1982) Noel (talk) 12:53, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Battle of Ammunition Hill. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192104/http://www.jewishtoronto.com/page.aspx?id=65548 to http://www.jewishtoronto.com/page.aspx?id=65548

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:44, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Ammunition Hill


text:
Portuguese/Contents/Ser and estar

The easiest way to know Ser vs Estar Quickly and Easily is to look at these to tips: Ser= DOCTOR and Estar= PLACE

Ser / DOCTOR

Description (usually physical) / Tu és alto = You are tall

Occupation (Job) / Ele é um dentista = He is a dentist

Characteristics (Ser char. is only used when permanent/long) / ele é uma boa pessoa= he is a good person

Time (To tell time) / São 16:30 = It's 4:30

Origin (To tell where someone or something is from, including purchases) / Eu sou de Moçambique= I am from Mozambique

Relation (To express relationships, ex. she is my aunt) / Nos somos amigos= we are friends

Estar / PLACE

Position (To tell where you are) Estou em casa= I am at home

Location (To tell where something is) Está aí= Its over there

Action (Use action verbs here) Estamos correndo= We are running

Condition (Tell the condition that something is in, more commonly ) Estás com fome?= Are you hungry?

Emotion (Tell something's or someone's emotions) Eles estão tristes porque...= They are sad because...

Copula
One of the simplest constructions in any language is the ability to express a relation of equality between nouns or nouns and adjectives. This construction is often called copula, the Latin word for 'link', 'bond'. For example, consider the following statements:

 * John is tall.
 * Mary is a dentist.
 * Robert is happy.

These sentences link together the nouns (in these cases, 'John,' 'Mary' and 'Robert') with an adjective or noun (respectively, 'tall,' 'dentist' and 'happy'). In English, this is achieved by using the helper verb 'to be'.

In Portuguese, as in Spanish, we have actually two verbs which serve that role. Let's examine them, each in turn:

The first verb is ser, which comes from the old Latin verb esse, which meant 'to be'. It's conjugated (in the Present Indicative tense) as follows: eu             sou tu             és ele/ela/você   é nós            somos vos*           sois eles/elas/vocês são

The second verb is estar, which comes from the old Latin verb stare, which meant 'to stand'. It's conjugated (again, in the Present Indicative tense) as follows:

eu             estou tu             estás ele/ela/você   está nós            estamos vós*           estais eles/elas/vocês estão * Not commonly used

Using ser and estar- Usando Ser e Estar
Ok, now that we know the verbs, when do we know how to use them? What is the difference between ser and estar? The answer is actually quite simple, but it requires attention, especially for speakers of Spanish: the instances in which we use ser and which we use estar in Portuguese and Spanish are almost, but not always, the same.

Remember when I said that the verb ser comes from esse and the verb estar comes from stare? Well, there are two words in English which also come from these two Latin verbs. From esse we have English essence, and from stare we have English status. So we use ser when we want to describe the essence of something, or how a thing is always; and we use estar when we want to describe something's status, or how a thing is at the moment.

Let's see some examples, then, to fixate:

 * O sol é amarelo.
 * The sun is yellow.

 * Meu nome é Jim.
 * My name is Jim.

 * Nós somos Brasileiros.
 * We are Brazilian.

In each of these cases, the speaker attributes to the subjects of the sentence characteristics that are intrinsic to them. People don't change names that often, or nationality. It is part of their identity. Also, things are generally only one color, with a few notable exceptions like chameleons or traffic lights. All these cases use the verb ser.

 * A cerveja está gelada.
 * The beer is cold.

 * Eu estou doente.
 * I am sick.

 * O livro está sobre a mesa.
 * The book is on the table.

In these cases, the phrases describe temporary situations: beer can get warm, sick people get well, and books can be picked up and carried around. Therefore, these are cases where we use estar.

Notice that there are some cases where one could use ser or estar equally well; but in these cases, as expected, the meaning changes when we use one or the other case. Watch:

 * A moça é bonita.
 * A moça está bonita.

Both sentences above translate to 'the young woman is pretty'; however, in the first case, we mean that the young woman is naturally pretty, like Anna Kournikova. In the second case, we mean that she is prettier than usual -- typically because she put on some nice clothes, got a haircut, or otherwise accessorized herself. She may or may not be pretty normally, but we want to call attention to the fact that she is prettier due to some temporary condition.

 * Tony está doente.
 * Tony é doente.

Again, both cases translate to 'Tony is sick'. However, the first one explicitly says that Tony isn't usually sick, but is right now. The second one means that Tony is sick now, was in the past and will be in the future -- generally, this has connotations that Tony is mentally sick.

The location of things
When we want to describe the location of things, naturally we use the copula. In this case, we use ser when something generally can't move around, and estar otherwise. Spanish speakers should be aware that this is different from Spanish, where estar is used everywhere. Some examples:

 * O carro está na garagem.
 * The car is in the garage.

 * Os bilhetes estão sobre a cama.
 * The tickets are on the bed.

 * Eu estou na estação.
 * I am in the station.

 * O hotel é na praia.
 * The hotel is on the beach.

 * A casa é mais adiante.
 * The house is further ahead.

 * O castelo é em Portugal.
 * The castle is in Portugal.

In the first three examples, we have items which are expected to be able to be in a wide variety of places over time, so their location is not intrinsic to them: estar is used. In the last three examples, we have subjects which are generally immobile, and therefore have an intrinsic location; ser is the correct option then.

Leny...

title: Portuguese/Contents/Ser and estar


text:
Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Faith and Reason

Home Back Forward

What are Faith and Reason? Faith is the belief in the truth of something that does not require any evidence and may not be provable by any empirical or rational means. Reason is the faculty of the mind through which we can logically come to rational conclusions.

Introduction
What are Faith and Reason? Faith is the belief in the truth of something that does not require any evidence and may not be provable by any empirical or rational means. Reason is the faculty of the mind through which we can logically come to rational conclusions. Faith and reason are both sources of authority upon which beliefs can rest. Reason fundamentally is understood as the principles used for inquiring subjects from a methodological standpoint, whether it be moral, intellectual, or religious. Once demonstrated, a proposition or claim is ordinarily understood to be justified or authoritative.

Faith can be described as a stance or position that a particular claim is (at least presently) not capable of demonstration by invoking reason. As such, it is believed to involve a belief system that implies, or makes, either an implicit or explicit commitment on the part of the believer. This basis for a person's faith usually is understood to come from the authority of revelation or personal conviction. This revelation is either through some kind of direct infusion, or indirectly, such as the testimony of another source, or individual.

The basic impulse or incentive for this problem of faith and reason seems to come from the fact that the applied revelation or revelations on which most religions are based are interpreted in very sacred pronouncements steeped in canonical writings, or in an established oral tradition, and backed by a "divine" authority. These writings, stemming from oral traditions are often presented, narrative, parable, and sometimes discourse. This, for some reason, has given them in turn, some measure of immunity from reasonable or rational critique and evaluation.

The Classical Period
During the Classical Period, Greek Religions, as opposed to Judaism, primarily speculated not only on the human world but also on their surrounding cosmos.

Both Plato and Aristotle expressed a principle of existence in which intellectual organization in religious thinking could metaphysically function to halt the regression of explanation. Plato expressed this in his explanation of the Forms; in particular, the Form of the Good. The Form of the Good is where all things gain their intelligibility. In turn, Aristotle rejected Plato's ideas of the Forms, expressing that Good was not able to account for various good things, instead, Aristotle appealed to the "unmoving" mover, or one who invoked motion, as an unchangeable cosmic entity.

Both of the early Greek philosophers developed different versions of theology by showing how religious beliefs can emerge from rational, or reasonable reflections. An early form of religious apologetics that demonstrate the existence of the gods can be found in Plato's Laws, while in Aristotle's Physics, arguments were given to demonstrate the existence of an unmoved mover as a timeless self-thinker from the evidence of the existence of motion in the world.

Other schools of thought, such as the Stoics and the Epicureans, derived some of their theology from the world of physics and cosmology, but differed in their views of the relationship between faith and reason. The Stoics for instance, held a cosmological view with an eternal cycle, where necessity governs this cyclic process, and is identified with Divine reason (logos), with this, God maintains order in the universe, but without an explicit purpose. We as humans are only microcosms - our souls being only emanations of the soul of the universe. The Epicureans on the other hand were very steeped in skepticism; they took a materialistic point of view, and were very anti-dogmatic. They saw no relationship between the evils in the human life and a divine guidance from the universe, and at death all human perceptions would cease.

By this time in history we began to move into the rise of Christianity (an emergence from Judaism), and although the early Christians held on to a great amount of compatibility between faith and reason, their beliefs and practices were quite different from what the Greeks and Jews had practiced for many years. Early Christian philosophers, beginning with the Christian Apologists, began to express the less important role that reason should and could play in the religious world. Tertullian began to express the ideas that had been laid down by St. Paul in 1 Corinthians proclaiming that religious faith is both "against and and above reason". He goes on to claim in his De Praescriptione Haereticorum, "when we believe, we desire to believe nothing further". He goes on to claim that Greek philosophy is unnecessary to defend the faith, and began to try to show in a rational (reasoned) way what is found in faith.

Though St. Augustine felt strongly about the efforts and ideas of the Platonists, including their ideas about the causes of things and methods of obtaining knowledge, and also on the cause of the organized universe, he will go on to state that although one does not have to be a Christian to have a conception of God, one will only be able to grasp this type of knowledge by being Christian without having to revert back to philosophy. This pattern of a beginning of the separation from equality of reason to faith continued, and St. Anselm would go on to state that one must "love God to have knowledge of him". However, reason became more important with St. Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas believed that one could conclude that God exists using reason alone. Reason is necessary to decide which authority ought to be believed. Like Augustine, he believed that reason alone was incomplete. Faith comes after reason and then faith allows reason to grow. Faith enables a believer to understand further truths that could not be discovered through reason alone. Reason may enable all humans to know science, but only faith informs us of the ultimate end, goal, purpose, and plan for science.

Nietzsche on Religion
Nietzsche is famous for the quote "God is dead". There has naturally been some misinterpretation of this quote. Nietzsche did not mean that there was once a real, embodied God who had died. Nietzsche probably did not care if there was a God or not. What Nietzsche did mean was that the God of yesteryear was no longer relevant. With the advent of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment we no longer needed God or religion to explain to us how to behave or why/how natural phenomena (such as floods) occur. This God was dead.

Science (and Occam's Razor)(William of Ockham was a Franscican Friar and theologian who is attributed to Occams Razor,therefore is highly unlikely that it replaced religion as this was obviously not his or the Churches intent) replaced religion as the authority when it came to questions of astronomy, geology, biology, and meteorology; it even gave us new disciplines such as physics, chemistry, and advanced mathematics. Nietzsche's view on morals did not include God or religion either. Nietzsche felt that man's foremost duty was to overcome himself. As explained in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Nietzsche realized that man is still only part animal and part something more. By overcoming our inner "animal" mankind would become more than just human, something Nietzsche called the Übermensch or Over-man. He also believe that the Judeo-Christian morality was a slave-morality. Its fundamental flaw was emphasis on good intentions rather than on good results. By favoring the weak it bred more weakness.

In addition to this Nietzsche was certainly anti-religion. Nietzsche was a man who believed that man had a responsibility to live a full life. Religion was (is) antithetical to such an idea by creating sin which makes us ashamed of our natural desires, faith that makes us stupid and blind, pity rewarding weakness, and the after-life removed any reason for one to appreciate and enjoy the life they had (even those trying times). Because of this, Nietzsche felt that religion, and in particular Christianity, was evil.

Conclusion
Though we have only scratched the surface here with the relationship between faith and reason, I hope that this brief overview will encourage you to research the topic further, and expand your knowledge on the subject.

Now for your assignment(s);

Some things to ponder and write about;

Are Faith and Reason mutually exclusive?

Theology and Philosophy, are they only autonomous exercises?

OR, is there a unifying factor, something that could unite; Philosophy, Theology, Faith, and Reason.

For your final, consider the development of the ideas of faith and reason, compare and contrast the ideas from the early Greek philosophers to the Christian philosophers through Aquinas.

Home Back Forward


text:
Electronics/Capacitor Construction

Electrolytic capacitor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Electrolytic_capacitor

An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types, making them valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations, at the frequency or twice the frequency of AC input power, in rectifier output, and especially in the absence of rechargeable batteries that can provide similar low-frequency current capacity.

Electrolytic capacitors are constructed from two conducting aluminium foils, one of which is coated with an insulating oxide layer, and a paper spacer soaked in electrolyte. The foil insulated by the oxide layer is the anode while the liquid electrolyte and the second foil act as cathode. This stack is then rolled up, fitted with pin connectors and placed in a cylindrical aluminium casing. (Two popular geometries use axial leads, or two leads or lugs in one circular face of the cylinder, respectively.)

A common modelling circuit for an electrolytic capacitor has the following schematic:

R_leak _______       o-|_______|-o |                  |        |                   |     (+)    |        ||         |      _______                 (-)  0-o||-o-|_______|-oOoOoOo-0 ||                R_ESR        L_ESL C

where R_leak is the leakage resistance, R_ESR is the Equivalent Series Resistance, L_ESL the Equivalent Series Inductance (L being the conventional symbol for inductance).

R_ESR must be as small as possible since it determines the loss power when the capacitor is used to smooth voltage. Loss power scales linearly with the ripple current flowing through and quadratically with R_ESR. Low ESR capacitors are imperative for high efficiencies in power supplies.

It should be pointed out that this is only a simple model and does not include all the effects associated with real electrolytic capacitors.

Since the electrolytes evaporate, design life is most often rated in hours at a set temperature. For example, typically as 2000 hours at 105 degrees Celsius (which is the highest working temperature). Design life doubles for each 10 degrees lower, reaching 15 years at 45 degrees.

Electrolytic capacitors may explode (have weak link safety valve) when charged up with wrong polarity.

What are they made of

Aluminum electrolytic capacitors contain aluminum foil, porous paper, and an electrolyte. This is usually boric acid or sodium borate in water with some sugars or ethylene glycol added to retard evaporation. While you should not eat this, nor get it in your eyes, it is not very corrosive or dangerous. Simply wash it off your skin after you gut the old capacitor.

Wet-slug tantalum electrolytics (low voltage and so expensive that only the military can generally afford them) do contain sulfuric acid. I doubt if these are ever found in audio equipment.

It is important, however, to always be careful and not take chances. Safety glasses are always advised. With chemicals, extra precaution is always worthwhile.

External link

* Electrolytic Capacitors

Electronics : Electronics:Capacitor Construction

title: Electronics/Capacitor Construction


text:
Cheryll Heinze

Cheryll Boren Heinze (October 30, 1946 – July 10, 2012) was a Republican member of the Alaska House of Representatives from 2003 to 2005. She comes from the Boren family of Oklahoma and Texas; she was first cousin to both Hoyt Axton and David Boren. She was an artist outside politics.

Heinze died on July 10, 2012, when the Cessna 206 she and four other people were traveling in flipped upon landing in Beluga Lake, near Homer Airport.

title: Cheryll Heinze


text:
Open source science

Welcome to the Wikiversity Open Source Science Project.

Project description
The Open Source Science Project is a Wikiversity content development project. The goal of this project is to document existing sources of open content science. The term "open source" originated in the context of "open source software". The term "open source science" is used as scientific approaches, that used open source software to create the scientific results with application of open source software. Furthermore is addresses the impact of using open source for transparent versioning of source code e.g. for the applied methodology and its optimization of the code according to improvements of the methodology. The application of the source on data can be performed in several different ways. In some cases, also the data is open data and other scientist can reproduce the scientific results with the available "open source" software. On a second level Open Source Science is used to refer to science-related resources that are available under a free content license (example). The terms Open access and open content is also used. Examples of open content science projects are Science Commons and Public Library of Science (see also Green Open Access). For reproducibility of scientific results the following aspects are addressed with Open Source Science:
 * Open Source Software - for implementation of scientific methods
 * Open Data - for feeding the algorithms in Open Source software with the data
 * Open Educational Resources - for teaching scientist to learn and apply the methods on data

Department news

 * 3 November 2006 - Project founded!

Learning Task

 * Explore the concept of the Open Source Software KnitR and explain why the software support the development of dynamic scientific documents that evaluated a constant in stream of data.
 * Explain why Open Source Science is a valuable approach to combine Open Educational Resources, Open Source and Open Data as a learning environment for Reproducible Science.
 * Discuss the options for scientist, to use Open Source software (e.g. statistical software, numerical software, GIS, ...) to
 * apply a methodology in one paper with the available open source code to other data and adapt the code to the new requirements and constraints of their own project,
 * apply the same methodology with after a bugfix of the source code to the same data check if the same results remain the same or if the bugfix result into a different conclusions for the scientfic analysis,
 * add more data to the open data set and check with the available source code for the analysis if the analysis is true with the larger data set.

Learning materials
Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

You should also read about the Learning model. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.
 * Phage project - mixing microbiology research and education.
 * Astronomy Project - participants access public astronomy databases and explore outer space.
 * Human Genetic Uniqueness Project - search for genes that account for the genetic differences between humans and our closest relatives.
 * Theory of Everything Project - research projects involving public databases for particle physics experiments.
 * Topic:SkyCam - an all-sky camera for capturing images of stars and meteors.
 * Friedman Lab of Evolutionary Neuroscience - contains open-source projects for you to join!

Readings
Each activity has a suggested associated background reading selection.
 * Reading 1.
 * Study guide:
 * Wikipedia article: Open source movement

Active participants
Active participants in this Learning Group The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are.

title: Open source science


text:
Jonathan Tsipis

Jonathan Peter Tsipis (born November 7, 1972) is the current head coach of the Western Carolina women's team. Previously, he was the head coach of the Wisconsin Badgers women's basketball team.

Career
He was previously the head coach of the George Washington University women's basketball team, where he had an overall record of 92–38 in four years. During the 2014–15 season he led George Washington to an overall record of 29–4 and A10 regular season and tournament championships. He was named the A10 Coach of the Year at the end of the 2014–2015 regular season. The team made the 2015 and 2016 NCAA tournaments.

Prior to becoming the head coach at George Washington University he was an assistant coach, and then associate head coach, for the Notre Dame women's basketball team. During his time there the team went 228–77 (.748) and reached the NCAA tournament every year, highlighted by three Sweet Sixteens (2004, 2008, 2010) and two National Championship games (2011, 2012).

On March 23, 2016, Tsipis was introduced as the seventh head coach in Wisconsin women's basketball history. He signed a five-year contract through 2021. In the first-year of the contract, he was paid $633,000. He was paid $625,000 in 2017–18 and was paid $650,000 for the remaining duration of the contract. In 2018, Wisconsin extended Tsipis through the 2022–23 season. On March 9, 2021, Wisconsin fired Tsipis.

Tsipis signed one recruit after the conclusion of his first year as head coach at Wisconsin, Niya Beverley. His recruiting class for the 2018–19 season featured three-top 100 players and was one of the highest ranked classes in program history, with another top 100 player transferring to Wisconsin.

title: Jonathan Tsipis


text:
British–Brazilian Treaty of 1826

The British–Brazilian Treaty of 1826 was a treaty between the United Kingdom and the Empire of Brazil, by which Brazil agreed to ban the African slave trade.

It was signed at Rio de Janeiro on 23 November 1826. Exchange of ratifications took place on 13 March 1827, and the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed legislation on 2 July 1827 to enforce the treaty (Slave Trade, Convention with Brazil Act 1827, 7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 74).

In 1827 Emperor Pedro I presented the treaty to the Chamber of Deputies for its approval; its Committee for Diplomacy and Statistics approved the convention by three votes to two. In response, on 2 July 1827, deputy Raimundo José da Cunha Mattos, a member of the Committee who opposed the treaty, delivered a two-hour speech in defence of the continuation of the slave trade.

The treaty made it illegal for any subject of the empire of Brazil to be engaged in carrying out the African slave trade. It provided a three-year grace period after the exchange of ratifications, which meant that the ban took effect on 13 March 1830.

The United Kingdom had mediated the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825) by which Portugal recognised the independence of Brazil; the UK had made a commitment from Brazil to abolish the slave trade a condition of its support in securing recognition of Brazil's independence, and this treaty was agreed in fulfilment of that commitment.

Although Emperor Pedro I supported the treaty, it did not have widespread popular support in Brazil. As a result, the Brazilian government largely failed to enforce the treaty, and the slave trade to Brazil continued despite the treaty's ban. In response, the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the Aberdeen Act of 1845, which authorised British warships to board Brazilian ships and seize any found to be involved in the slave trade.

title: British–Brazilian Treaty of 1826


text:
Python Programming/Lists

A list in Python is an ordered group of items (or elements). It is a very general structure, and list elements don't have to be of the same type: you can put numbers, letters, strings and nested lists all on the same list.

Overview
Lists in Python at a glance:

List creation
There are two different ways to make a list in Python. The first is through assignment ("statically"), the second is using list comprehensions ("actively").

Plain creation
To make a static list of items, write them between square brackets. For example:

Observations:

 * 1) The list contains items of different data types: integer, string, and Donkey class.
 * 2) Objects can be created 'on the fly' and added to lists. The last item is a new instance of Donkey class.

Creation of a new list whose members are constructed from non-literal expressions:

List comprehensions
Using list comprehension, you describe the process using which the list should be created. To do that, the list is broken into two pieces. The first is a picture of what each element will look like, and the second is what you do to get it.

For instance, let's say we have a list of words:

To take the first letter of each word and make a list out of it using list comprehension, we can do this:

List comprehension supports more than one for statement. It will evaluate the items in all of the objects sequentially and will loop over the shorter objects if one object is longer than the rest.

List comprehension supports an if statement, to only include members into the list that fulfill a certain condition:

In version 2.x, Python's list comprehension does not define a scope. Any variables that are bound in an evaluation remain bound to whatever they were last bound to when the evaluation was completed. In version 3.x Python's list comprehension uses local variables:

This is exactly the same as if the comprehension had been expanded into an explicitly-nested group of one or more 'for' statements and 0 or more 'if' statements.

List creation shortcuts
You can initialize a list to a size, with an initial value for each element:

This works for any data type:

But there is a caveat. When building a new list by multiplying, Python copies each item by reference. This poses a problem for mutable items, for instance in a multidimensional array where each element is itself a list. You'd guess that the easy way to generate a two dimensional array would be:

and this works, but probably doesn't do what you expect:

What's happening here is that Python is using the same reference to the inner list as the elements of the outer list. Another way of looking at this issue is to examine how Python sees the above definition:

Assuming the above effect is not what you intend, one way around this issue is to use list comprehensions:

List size
To find the length of a list use the built in len method.

Combining lists
Lists can be combined in several ways. The easiest is just to 'add' them. For instance:

Another way to combine lists is with extend. If you need to combine lists inside of a lambda, extend is the way to go.

The other way to append a value to a list is to use append. For example:

However, [3,4] is an element of the list, and not part of the list. append always adds one element only to the end of a list. So if the intention was to concatenate two lists, always use extend.

Continuous slices
Like strings, lists can be indexed and sliced:

Much like the slice of a string is a substring, the slice of a list is a list. However, lists differ from strings in that we can assign new values to the items in a list:

We can assign new values to slices of the lists, which don't even have to be the same length:

It's even possible to append items onto the start of lists by assigning to an empty slice:

Similarly, you can append to the end of the list by specifying an empty slice after the end:

You can also completely change the contents of a list:

The right-hand side of a list assignment statement can be any iterable type:

With slicing you can create copy of list since slice returns a new list:

Note, however, that this is a shallow copy and contains references to elements from the original list, so be careful with mutable types:

Non-Continuous slices
It is also possible to get non-continuous parts of an array. If one wanted to get every n-th occurrence of a list, one would use the :: operator. The syntax is a:b:n where a and b are the start and end of the slice to be operated upon.

Comparing lists
Lists can be compared for equality.

Lists can be compared using a less-than operator, which uses lexicographical order:

Sorting lists
Sorting at a glance:

Sorting lists is easy with a sort method.

Note that the list is sorted in place, and the sort method returns None to emphasize this side effect.

If you use Python 2.4 or higher there are some more sort parameters:
 * sort(cmp,key,reverse)
 * cmp : function to determine the relative order between any two elements
 * key : function to obtain the value against which to sort for any element.
 * reverse : sort(reverse=True) or sort(reverse=False)

Python also includes a sorted function.

Note that unlike the sort method, sorted(list) does not sort the list in place, but instead returns the sorted list. The sorted function, like the sort method also accepts the reverse parameter.

Links:
 * 2. Built-in Functions # sorted, docs.python.org
 * Sorting HOW TO, docs.python.org

Iteration
Iteration over lists:

Read-only iteration over a list, AKA for each element of the list:

Writable iteration over a list:

From a number to a number with a step:

For each element of a list satisfying a condition (filtering):

See also ../Loops.

Removing
Removing aka deleting an item at an index (see also ):

Removing an element by value:

Creating a new list by copying a filtered selection of items from the old list: This uses a list comprehension.

Update a list by retaining a filtered selection of items in it by using "[:]":

For more complex condition a separate function can be used to define the criteria:

Removing items while iterating a list usually leads to unintended outcomes unless you do it carefully by using an index:

Links:
 * Remove items from a list while iterating, stackoverflow.com

Aggregates
There are some built-in functions for arithmetic aggregates over lists. These include minimum, maximum, and sum: The max and min functions also apply to lists of strings, returning maximum and minimum with respect to alphabetical order:

Copying
Copying AKA cloning of lists:

Making a shallow copy:

The above does not make a deep copy, which has the following consequence:

Making a deep copy:

See also.

Links:
 * 8.17. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations at docs.python.org

Clearing
Clearing a list:

Clearing using a proper approach makes a difference when the list is passed as an argument:

Keywords: emptying a list, erasing a list, clear a list, empty a list, erase a list.

Removing duplicate items
Removing duplicate items from a list (keeping only unique items) can be achieved as follows.

If each item in the list is hashable, using list comprehension, which is fast:

If each item in the list is hashable, using index iteration, much slower:

If some items are not hashable, the set of visited items can be kept in a list:

If each item in the list is hashable and preserving element order does not matter:

In the above examples where index iteration is used, scanning happens from the end to the beginning. When these are rewritten to scan from the beginning to the end, the result seems hugely slower.

Links:
 * How do you remove duplicates from a list? at python.org Programming FAQ
 * Remove duplicates from a sequence (Python recipe) at activestate.com
 * Removing duplicates in lists at stackoverflow.com

append(x)
Add item x onto the end of the list.

See pop(i)

pop(i)
Remove the item in the list at the index i and return it. If i is not given, remove the last item in the list and return it.

+
To concatenate two lists.

*
To create a new list by concatenating the given list the given number of times. i.e. list1 * 0 == []; list1 * 3 == list1 + list1 + list1;

in
The operator 'in' is used for two purposes; either to iterate over every item in a list in a for loop, or to check if a value is in a list returning true or false.

Difference
To get the difference between two lists, just iterate:

Intersection
To get the intersection between two lists (by preserving its elements order, and their doubles), apply the difference with the difference:

Exercises

 * 1) Use a list comprehension to construct the list ['ab', 'ac', 'ad', 'bb', 'bc', 'bd'].
 * 2) Use a slice on the above list to construct the list ['ab', 'ad', 'bc'].
 * 3) Use a list comprehension to construct the list ['1a', '2a', '3a', '4a'].
 * 4) Simultaneously remove the element '2a' from the above list and print it.
 * 5) Copy the above list and add '2a' back into the list such that the original is still missing it.
 * 6) Use a list comprehension to construct the list ['abe', 'abf', 'ace', 'acf', 'ade', 'adf', 'bbe', 'bbf', 'bce', 'bcf', 'bde', 'bdf']

Solutions
Question 1 : List1 = [a + b for a in 'ab' for b in 'bcd'] print(List1) >>> ['ab', 'ac', 'ad', 'bb', 'bc', 'bd'] Question 2 : List2 = List1[::2] print(List2) >>> ['ab', 'ad', 'bc'] Question 3 : List3 = [a + b for a in '1234' for b in 'a'] print(List3) >>> ['1a', '2a', '3a', '4a'] Question 4 : print(List3.pop(List3.index('3a'))) print(List3) >>> 3a >>> ['1a', '2a', '4a'] Question 5 : List4 = List3[:] List4.insert(2, '3a') print(List4) >>> ['1a', '2a', '3a', '4a'] Question 6 : List5 = [a + b + c for a in 'ab' for b in 'bcd' for c in 'ef'] print(List5) >>> ['abe', 'abf', 'ace', 'acf', 'ade', 'adf', 'bbe', 'bbf', 'bce', 'bcf', 'bde', 'bdf']

title: Python Programming/Lists


text:
Pio (surname)

Pio is the surname of:

 * Angelo Piò (1690–1770), Italian sculptor
 * Antonio Pio (composer) (1753–1795), Italian composer
 * Antonio Pio (painter) (1809–1871), Italian painter
 * Domenico Piò (1715–1801), Italian sculptor, son of Angelo Piò
 * Emmanuel Pío (born 1988), Argentine footballer
 * Iørn Piø (1927–1998), Danish folklorist, historian and archivist
 * Louis Pio (1841–1894), one of the founders of the organized worker's movement in Denmark and principal founder of the Danish Social Democratic Party
 * Teodoro Pio (died 1561), Italian Roman Catholic bishop

title: Pio (surname)


text:
Douglas Wilson Johnson

Douglas Wilson Johnson (1878–1944) was an American geographer and geomorphologist known for his contributions to the understanding of coastal processes and landforms.

Biography
Douglas Wilson Johnson was born in Parkersburg, West Virginia on November 30, 1878. He was a descendant of a slave-holding American family of English roots. Johnson's grandfather freed his slaves and paid for their passage to Liberia after he had become convinced that slavery was against his religious beliefs.

During the First World War, Johnson investigated military geography and geopolitics.

During the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Versailles, Johnson was a member of the American delegation dealing with the question of the new Italian-Austrian border in the Brenner Pass region. He was also a foreign member of Serbian Academy of Sciences, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1920, and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

He died in Sebring, Florida on February 24, 1944.

title: Douglas Wilson Johnson


text:
Talk:David Stokes (soccer)

Untitled
PDL teams are not "professional" clubs.--Scaryice 11:35, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 15:23, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Stokes (soccer)


text:
Kenneth Robinson (cricketer)

Kenneth Mark Lefebre Robinson (16 February 1897 – 9 January 1963) was an English first-class cricketer and Royal Navy officer.

Robinson was born in Hampshire at South Stoneham in February 1897. He served in the Royal Navy in the First World War, during which he was promoted from the rank of midshipman to sub-lieutenant in December 1916. In the closing stages of the war, he was promoted from the rank of acting lieutenant to lieutenant in June 1918. He was later promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander in January 1926. The following year he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for the Royal Navy against the touring New Zealanders at Portsmouth in 1927. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed for 13 runs in the Royal Navy first-innings by Bill Cunningham, while in their second-innings he was dismissed for a single run by Ernest Bernau. Robinson was promoted to the rank of commander in December 1931, before being loaned to the Royal Australian Navy from 1932–34. Returning to the Royal Navy, he served aboard HMS Colombo (D89) as its acting captain from December 1944 to mid–1945. He retired from active service in March 1947. Robinson died in January 1963 at Alverstoke, Hampshire.

title: Kenneth Robinson (cricketer)


text:
User:MarioGhost/sandbox

Romanu Rares is a normal guy born in Romania, He didn't achieve anything great yet, and won't if he still wants to continue as a bitch and ruining others dreams while not wanting to change his view,

He's a console peasent but at least he dosen't play COD or FIFA.

title: User:MarioGhost/sandbox


text:
Aleksandr Smetanov

Aleksandr Yuryevich Smetanov (Александр Юрьевич Сметанов; born 11 May 1962, Moscow) is a Russian politician and statesman, and since 14 September 2014, a Moscow City Duma deputy of the 6th convocation from the United Russia party. He is a former doctor of economic Sciences.

Biography
In the period from 1981 to 2001, he served in the KGB and FSB.

Since 2002 he was General Director of scientific production enterprise "Sapphire".

In 2006, the cosmonautics Federation of Russia for the establishment of space systems and their component parts has the honorary title "Honored Creator of space technology".

In 2013, the President of the Russian Federation awarded him with the medal of the order Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" II degree.

He was awarded medals "For distinction in Military service" III degree, "50 years of strategic missile forces", "50 years of space era".

He was a professor at Moscow Polytechnic University.

Scandals and accidents
In 2016, Alexander Smetanov went to the police with a request to check the financial activities of the organization Dissernet working to find plagiarism in scientific papers officials. He was subsequently stripped of the academic degree of Doctor of Economic Sciences by the Higher Attestation Commission for plagiarism in his doctoral dissertation.

Publications and publishing

 * Newspaper Petrovka 38. Room 5 (9557) from 14 February 2017, Officially, the Word Deputy.
 * The Newspaper Evening Moscow from 15 July 2016.
 * Family club Perovo from 19 April 2017.
 * Newspaper FAIR.RU from 7 July 2016.

title: Aleksandr Smetanov