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Michael Liebel Jr.

Michael Liebel Jr. (December 12, 1870 – August 8, 1927) was an early 20th-century American businessman and politician who served as the Mayor of Erie, Pennsylvania, from 1906 to 1911, and a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives for one term from Pennsylvania, from 1915 to 1917.

Early life
Liebel was born December 12, 1870, in Erie, Pennsylvania, and is the son of Michael and Clara (née Uhr) Liebel. His father, Michael Liebel Sr. was born June 17, 1843, in Germany and was the son of John and Barbara (née Hammer) Liebel, who also lived in Erie, Pennsylvania. Michael Jr. was one of three sons: Eugene Liebel, who died in 1923, and Frederick W. Liebel, who died in 1896. His father was 14 years old when he came with his parents to Erie from their native Germany. He served an apprenticeship at the shoemaking trade, and in 1861 he started his own boot and shoe business, which he continued for five years. He invested in local real estate with his brother Reinhard Liebel, which eventually became very extensive before his death in May 1906.

Michael Jr. was educated in the public and parochial schools of Erie and attended Canisius College in Buffalo, New York, graduating in 1887.

Career
After graduating from college, Liebel was an accountant in the Buffalo office of the Nickel Plate Railroad for five years. He then returned to Erie, where he was employed in the office of Jackson Koehler, at that time conducting one of the leading breweries of this section of the state, for another five years. In 1898, he organized the Cascade Brewing Company, and was corporate secretary and treasurer until 1890 when it was consolidated with the Erie Brewing Company, which operated until prohibition.

Mayor of Erie
A member of the Democratic party, Liebel served as Mayor of Erie, Pennsylvania, from 1906 to 1911. His first term started in September, 1906, when he received the appointment to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Mayor Robert J. Saltsman. In the subsequent election of 1907, he was chosen by the popular vote to fill the remainder of the unexpired term until April 1, 1908. Liebel served in office as Mayor until 1911.

After leaving office as Mayor, Liebel organized and became president of the Vulcan Rubber Company which manufactured tires, tubes and hard rubber accessories.

United States House of Representatives
Liebel ran and was elected the Democratic representative of the 25th district of Pennsylvania to the Sixty-fourth Congress serving in that office from March 4, 1915, until March 4, 1917. While in office, he served on the Naval Committee. In 1916, Liebel challenged A. Mitchell Palmer of Stroudsburg to be the National Committeemean of the Pennsylvania State Democratic Party, but was defeated by Palmer.

He was not a candidate for renomination and after retiring from political office in 1917, he resumed his former business activities as president of the Vulcan Rubber Company, as well as President of the Erie Reduction Company, an Erie-based fertilizer manufacturer, with offices in Sandusky, Ohio.

Delegate to the Democratic National Convention
Liebel was a delegate to five Democratic National Conventions. His first, while Mayor of Erie, was the 1908 Democratic National Convention followed by the 1912, and the 1916 Convention as a member of the United States House of Representatives. He continued to attend the Conventions as a delegate after leaving elected office, attending the 1920, and 1924 Conventions.

Personal life and death
Liebel was a lifelong member of the Catholic Church and belonged to the Elks, Eagles and Moose lodges. He was described as "an enterprising and progressive business man" who was "widely known." Liebel died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1927, and is interred was at Trinity Cemetery in Erie.

Liebel lived in a home built by his father in 1882 known as the "Michael Liebel House," at 139 West 21st Street in Erie, Pennsylvania. The mansion is an 8,198 sq. ft. Colonial Revival, centered on a large lot and constructed of buff-colored brick. It features a massive porch with Corinthian columns and a bracketed dentiled cornice. Three pedimented dormers adorn the roof which is accented with a cornice matching that of the porch roof. The "Michael Liebel House" is part of the West 21st Street Historic District that was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

The home was used as the "Merle E. Wood Funeral Home" until 1992. Currently, the "Village at Luther Square," a domestic care provider, owns the building and uses is as a domestic care home that houses several elderly Erieites. VALS purportedly invested over $300,000 in refurbishing this building for its current use.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Michael Liebel Jr.


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мѣсити

Etymology
From, from , form. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to mix, blend
 * 2) to stir, agitate

title: мѣсити


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Portal:Board game studies

Part of The Game Design School and the Schools of History, Mathematics, Economics, Strategic Studies and Anthropology

See also Topic:Board game design =Introduction=

Board Game Studies is an interdisciplinary discipline that involves the history and reconstruction of games, the analysis of their impact and effect upon society, and the investigation of the development and mechanics of games to the modern day. This project is a collaboration of like-minded individuals from areas as diverse as mathematics and history, to create an open body of knowledge regarding the history, mechanics, and development of games. This project is divided into papers and commentaries from each of its component disciplines that contribute to a broader knowledge of games in general. While individuals are encouraged to contribute articles of very specific and specialized nature, they are equally encouraged to write from the perspective of a neophyte in their discipline. That is to say, if you know maths very well and you've got an idea for an article on probabilities in Mah-Jongg, you should try to write it as though your intended audience was an archaeologist or historian without a strong mathematics background.

Resources
Archive of this page

title: Portal:Board game studies


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Severe cognitive impairment

Severe cognitive impairment is a form of cognitive impairment that can be distinguished from the "mild" and "moderate" types of impairment. In the United States, the existence of severe cognitive impairment is a condition that triggers benefit payments under most long-term care insurance policies.

Definition
Under the United States' Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program, a severe cognitive impairment is defined as "a deterioration or loss in intellectual capacity that   (a) places a person in jeopardy of harming him or herself or others and, therefore, the person requires substantial supervision by another person; and    (b) is measured by clinical evidence and standardized tests which reliably measure impairment in:    (1) short or long term memory;    (2) orientation to people, places or time; and    (3) deductive or abstract reasoning."

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offer the general explanation that a cognitive impairment exists when a person "has trouble remembering, learning new things, concentrating, or making decisions that affect their everyday life". It goes on the say that the impairment is severe when the person "[loses] the ability to understand the meaning or importance of something and the ability to talk or write". According to their explanation, people with severe cognitive impairment are unable to live independently.

Prevalence
A 2013–2014 study conducted at nursing homes in Sweden found that approximately one in seven residents had that condition.

title: Severe cognitive impairment


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Mehroo Bengalee

Mehroo Dhunjisha Bengalee (29 December 1931 – 21 May 2014) was an Indian Parsi academic. She served as Vice Chancellor of the University of Mumbai from 1986 to 1992, the first woman to hold this post.

Bengalee earned a master’s in education, followed by a PhD in economics and psychology from the University of Mumbai, in 1965. She started her career at St Xavier's Institute of Education and later became a professor at the St. Xavier's College, Mumbai She served as Head of the Department of Education at the University of Mumbai from 1984 to 1986.

Bengalee was also a former trustee of the Bombay Parsi Punchayet and a founding member of the National Commission for Minorities.

Bengalee died on 21 May 2014, at the age of 82.

title: Mehroo Bengalee


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Talk:David Gaughran

[Untitled]
This page is in need of some editing. I think the lead section should have the book titles removed as well as the quote about Gaughran. The Career section should probably just end at "what it means for independent publishers." The Awards section should just be the first paragraph--details about the Solstice Award shouldn't be part of a bio of Gaughran. But this is a good amount of cutting and I was wondering if anyone has any thoughts.Kongjie (talk) 14:20, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Gaughran


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Cookbook:Garlic Parmesan Pasta

| Pasta Recipes

Ingredients

 * 120 ml (½ cup) butter
 * 2 tsp crushed dried basil
 * 2 tsp lemon juice
 * 1 ¼ tsp garlic powder
 * ¾ tsp seasoned salt
 * 220 g (8 oz) fettuccine or angel hair pasta, cooked and drained
 * 360 ml (1 ½ cups) broccoli florets, cooked tender-crisp
 * 3 Tbsp walnuts, chopped
 * Fresh, grated Parmesan cheese

Procedure

 * 1) Melt the butter in a large skillet. Add the basil, lemon juice, garlic powder and seasoned salt, blending well.
 * 2) Add the fettuccine, broccoli, and walnuts. Blend well and toss to coat the fettuccine.
 * 3) After tossing, add fresh grated Parmesan cheese to top off the dish.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Cooked chicken breast or cooked shrimp may be added along with the pasta if desired.

title: Cookbook:Garlic Parmesan Pasta


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IB Mathematics (HL)/Group Theory

The aims of this option are to provide the opportunity to study some important mathematical concepts, and introduce the principles of proof through abstract algebra. For this topic, you do not need any background knowledge of a core topic.

Naive Set Theory
Sets can be used as a foundation for constructing all the rest of mathematics. This is called axiomatic set theory. But axiomatic set theory is a very formal theory, too cumbersome for everyday mathematical use. On the other hand, sets are too useful a mathematical construct to be reserved for specialists investigating the foundations of mathematics. Naive set theory refers to using the framework of sets without formally defining them. This in what we will be doing.

A set is defined (informally) as any collection of things
Ex: The set of primary colors, the set of my siblings, the set of positive integers.

Some sets can be described by listing the things in them
We list the things separated by commas, and use curly braces to indicate that the belong to a set.

Ex: {red, yellow, blue}, {Donna, Linda, Bobbi, Julie, Steve}

If we can completely list (enumerate) all the things in a set, the set is said to be finite. The set of primary colors and the set of my siblings are finite sets. If a set isn’t finite, it is said to be infinite. The set of all positive integers is an infinite set.

Some sets can be described by a rule for enumerating them
The set of positive even integers is infinite, so we can’t list them all. But, we can write it as {2, 4, 6, …}. The “…” says that there is a rule for constructing a list that contains every member of the set, even though the list can't be completed in a finite amount of time.

Problem:

1. Explicitly state a rule for constructing the set of positive even integers.

An interesting aside: some infinite sets are so “big” that it isn't possible to write a rule that constructs a list of all its members. The set of real numbers is one such set.

Some common mathematical sets
Here are some common mathematical sets you are familiar with. You need to be able to recognize the symbols.
 * $$\mathbb{N}$$
 * the set of positive integers, $$\{1, 2, \ldots\}$$

 * $$\mathbb{Z}$$
 * the set of integers

 * $$\mathbb{Z}^+$$
 * the set of positive integers, $$\{1, 2, 3, \ldots\}$$

 * $$\mathbb{Q}$$
 * the set of rational numbers

 * $$\mathbb{Q}^+$$
 * the set of positive rational numbers

 * $$\mathbb{R}$$
 * the set of real numbers

 * $$\mathbb{R}^+$$
 * the set of positive real numbers

 * $$\mathbb{C}$$
 * the set of complex numbers

The “things” in a set are called elements of the set
If something (say “x”) is in some particular set (say “S”), we say “x is an element of S.” To say this concisely, we write

 * $$x \in S$$

Mathematicians often use the word member as a synonym for element. For example, you’ll hear things like “2 is a member of the set of positive integers”.

Definition of equality for sets
Two sets S and T are equal if every element of S is also an element of T and every element of T is also an element of S. Not surprisingly, we write this as

 * $$S \mathbf= T$$

Here are some implications of this definition.

The ordering of elements in a set is not important

The set {red, yellow, blue} equals (i.e. is the same as) the set {yellow, blue, red}. Why? Look at the definition of equality. Every element in the first set is an element of the second, and every element in the second set is an element of the first. So the two sets are equal.

Something is either an element of a set or not; it doesn’t make any difference if you list it multiple times

The set {red, red, yellow, blue, red} is the same as (i.e. is equal to) the set {red, yellow, blue}, even though “red” is listed multiple times in the first set. Don’t take my word for it; check the definition of equals.

Definition of subsets
What would happen if we broke up the definition of equal sets into its two parts? Suppose we required only that every element of S is also an element of T, without requiring the “vice versa”? For example, every element of the set {red, yellow, blue} is in the set {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple}, but not vice versa. This kind of thing happens often enough that we give it a name. We say that S is a subset of T if every element of S is also an element of T. To say this concisely, we write

 * $$S \subseteq T$$

Not surprisingly, we’ll also make up a definition for the “vice versa” part. That is, we say that S is a superset of T if every element of T is an element of S. We write this as

 * $$S \supseteq T$$

Notice the similarity between the symbols $$\subseteq$$ and $$\supseteq$$, which are defined for sets, and $$\le$$ and $$\ge$$, which are defined for numbers. This is not an accident. The subset relation between sets is not the same thing as the less-than-or-equal relation between the integers, but the two relations do have many similarities. (How many can you think of?) Good mathematical notation will often be suggestive of such similarities.

Problems:

1) Is $$\mathbb N\supseteq\mathbb Z$$? Is $$\mathbb Z \supseteq\mathbb N$$? Is $$\mathbb Z \subseteq\mathbb Z^+ $$? Is $$\mathbb Z\subseteq\mathbb Z$$?

2) If S, T and U are sets with
 * $$S \subseteq T$$

and
 * $$T \subseteq U$$,

what can you say about the relationship between S and U? Show it using the definition of $$\subseteq$$. Do you remember what this property is called?

3) Put as many as you can of the common mathematical sets listed above into a single order of subsets, that is
 * ? $$\subseteq$$ ? $$\subseteq$$ ? $$\subseteq$$ …

The relationship between subsets, supersets and equality
Reviewing the definitions, we see that for two sets $$S$$ and $$T$$,

 * $$S \mathbf= T$$

is true whenever both

 * $$S \subseteq T$$ and $$S \supseteq T$$

are true. Problems:

1) What is the analogous statement for $$\leq$$ and $$\geq$$ with respect to real numbers? Is this statement true?

2) For x and y in $$\mathbb N$$, either x $$\leq$$ y or x $$\geq$$ y. Does the same hold true for $$\subseteq$$ and $$\supseteq$$ with respect to sets?

“Proper” subsets
Sometimes we have $$S \subseteq T$$ and we want to rule out the possibility that $$S \mathbf= T$$. To do this, we write

 * $$S \subset T$$

i.e. we omit the bar below the $$\subset$$. To say this in words, we say that S is a proper subset of T. The use of the word “proper” here is kind of funny. It doesn’t mean that there is something more accurate, or more polite, about being a proper subset. It is just the term that mathematicians have come to use to avoid having to say, “S is a subset of T but it isn’t equal to T.” Similarly,
 * $$S \supset T$$

is read “S is a proper superset of T ” and is a shorter way of writing

 * $$S \supseteq T$$ and $$S \neq T$$

Problems:

1. For any set S, which of the following are true?

 * $$S \subseteq S$$
 * $$S \subset S$$
 * $$S \mathbf= S$$
 * $$S \supseteq S$$
 * $$S \supset S$$

2. Suppose S = {2, 4, 6}. For each of the following sets T, list all the relationships that hold between S and T.

 * T = {6, 4, 2}
 * T = {2, 4, 4}
 * T = {2, 6, 10}
 * T = {2, 4, 6, 10}
 * T = {1, 3, 5}

The smallest possible set
Is there a set X that is a subset of every possible set S? Yes. We can have a set with no elements at all. The definition of subset says that X is a subset of S if every element of X is also an element of S. If X has no elements, this statement is true regardless of what elements S contains.

We call the set containing no elements the null set. It sometimes is written as

 * { }

but more often we write it as

 * $$\empty$$

Again, note the similarity between the notations for the set $$\empty$$ and the number 0. Just as $$0 \le n$$ for any natural number n, $$\empty \subseteq S$$ for any set S.

Combining sets: union and intersection
So far, we have defined various relations on pairs of sets $$(=, \subset, \subseteq, $$etc.) in terms of membership. It is also useful to define operations that take two sets and form a third set. Once again, we will define these operations in terms of membership.

We’ll start by defining the intersection of two sets S and T to be the set containing anything that is both an element of S and an element of T. We’ll write the intersection operation as

 * $$S \cap T$$

Similarly, we’ll define the union of two sets S and T to be the set containing anything that is either an element of S or an element of T. We’ll write the union operation as
 * $$S \cup T$$

If you have any trouble getting mixed up between $$\cap$$ and $$\cup$$, try remembering that $$\cup$$looks like U, which stands for Union.

Problems:

1. If S = {1, 2, 3} and T = {2, 3, 4}, what is $$S \cap T$$? What is $$S \cup T$$?

2. Are the following statements true for any sets S and T?

 * $$S = (S\cap S)$$
 * $$S \subseteq (S\cup S)$$
 * $$S \subseteq (S\cup T)$$
 * $$S \subset (S\cap T)$$
 * $$S \supset (S\cup T)$$

Is so, explain why. If not, give a counter-example.

Venn diagrams
When doing math, it is often useful to draw a picture to help visualize a problem. For elementary set operations, there is a conventional method of drawing pictures called Venn diagrams, named after the British mathematician John Venn. To draw a set S, we simply draw a circle, with the name of the set inside the circle.

 * [[Image:Trivial_Venn_Diagram.png]]

The intent of this drawing is that the inside of the circle represents all the elements in S. The outside of the circle represents everything that isn’t in the set S. There isn’t any significance to the fact that we use circles in Venn diagrams. We could just as well draw

 * Image:Trivial_Elliptical_Venn_Diagram.PNG or [[Image:Trivial Pentagonal Venn Diagram]]

Now, to represent an operation on two sets, we draw two overlapping circles, like this:

 * [[Image:Simple Venn Diagram]]

If you have colored pencils, you could color the inside of S red and the inside of T blue, like this:

 * [[Image:Colored Simple Venn Diagram]]

We can now describe all the area that is colored as. The purple overlap between the circles represents. If you don’t have colored pencils, you can draw the circles and shade in the area you want to describe. For example, you can draw something like to represent. To represent, you would shade in only the overlap of the two circles. (I would show this, but the word processor I am using to write this can’t do this easily.) If we never combined more than two sets, Venn diagrams wouldn’t be useful enough to bother learning about. But they are very useful when we want to illustrate relationships between three sets. In this case, we draw three overlapping circles, like this: Problems: Illustrate the following set operations by drawing 3 overlapping circles for S, T and U and then shading in only the area described

Once we get more than three sets, Venn diagrams aren’t so useful. The problem is that we can’t simply draw four circles that show every possible combination of intersections. So Venn diagrams are mostly an introductory learning tool. Problems: Draw a Venn diagram (not limited to circles) that depicts every possible combination of intersections between four sets. What is the best you can do?

Set complement (first try)
There is one more operation we want to define for sets – the complement. This operation is a unary operation, meaning it takes only one set as an argument. (Intersection and union are called binary operations, because they take two sets as arguments.) The idea behind the complement of a set S is that it should contain exactly those elements that the set S doesn’t contain. We’ll write the complement of S as	S′ (Another notation that you’ll often see is .) Thus, we might try to define the complement of S as “the set of all elements that are not elements of S”. For example, if S were the set of odd integers, than the complement of S would include all the even integers. But according to our definition, the complement of S would also contain my sister Donna, the color red and Valentine’s Day, since they aren’t in S either. So the complement is going to have all kinds of useless junk in it. If this were an everyday discourse, we could just dismiss the junk as being irrelevant to our conversation and ignore it. But in mathematics, we like to be more precise than that. Our solution will be to introduce the notion of a “universal set”.

Universal set
A set consisting of all elements under consideration is called the universal set.It is usually by the capital English Letter U. The universal set is simply the set of all things that we are currently talking about. The name “universal set” is misleading. It is not a set that contains everything in the universe. Nor is it universal in the sense that everyone has agreed to use it. Perhaps a better term would be “universe of discourse”. If we are making statements about the real numbers, then we say our universal set is the set of real numbers. If, on the other hand, we were discussing the natural numbers, our universe of discourse would be the set of all natural numbers. Another way to think of this is with a Venn diagram. We can draw the set S as where the shaded area represents the elements in S. But how would we shade the diagram to represent the complement of  S?  We would want to shade the outside of the circle. But where would we stop? A “little ways” out? To the edge of the paper? Maybe the back of the paper as well? The universal set makes it clear where to stop:

Keep in mind that the only reason for defining a universal set is to remove ambiguity when we’re taking a set complement. If we’re not going to be using set complements, we don’t need to worry about what our universal set is.

Set complement (the real thing)
Now that we have the concept of a universal set, we’ll give the real definition for set complement: The complement of a set T is the set of all elements that are in the universal set but not in T. Problems: Assume that R, S, and T are subsets of some universal set U. Draw Venn Diagrams to determine whether the following statements are always true.

(You had this last problem before, in the section titled Combining sets: union and intersection. Did you get the same answer this time?  If not, did the Venn diagram mislead you? You have to be careful when interpreting Venn diagrams with proper subsets.)

DeMorgan’s laws
In mathematics, the term “law” describes a statement that can be proved from more fundamental mathematics. There are a number of synonyms: postulate, theorem, corollary, etc. The term “law” is often used in conjunction with statements that were discovered a long time ago, typically before that area of mathematics was formalized. DeMorgan’s laws, named after Augustus De Morgan, are and Note the symmetry between these two statements. If you take one and interchange the  and , you get the other. DeMorgan’s laws are important because they provide a method for moving the complement from the “outside” to the “inside” of a complex expression. By applying DeMorgan’s laws repeatedly, we can transform any complex expression containing complements into an equivalent expression that has only complements of simple sets. Ex: In the last step, we made use of the fact that taking the complement a second time returns us to the original set, i.e. for any set S, Problems: Use Venn diagrams to show that DeMorgan’s laws are true. Use DeMorgan’s laws to transform these expressions into equivalent expressions that have complements only of basic sets.

Other useful laws
There are numerous laws relating various combinations of intersection, union and complement operations. Laws of the form X = Y are especially useful because we can use them for translating an expression into other, equivalent expressions. Here are some useful laws of this having this form. To the right of each law is a verbal description. union is commutative intersection is commutative When operations are commutative, we don’t have to be concerned about the order of the operands. union is associative intersection is associative When operations are associative, we can remove unnecessary parentheses. For example, we can write  because there is no difference between   and. intersection distributes over union This is analogous to the fact that for real numbers, multiplication distributes over addition. That is,. If we exchange  for * and   for +, we get the law above. Notice also that union does not distribute over intersection, such as addition does not distribute over multiplication for real numbers. The next two laws include U, the universal set. law of the excluded middle This is called the law of the excluded middle because any element in the universal set either is an element of S or isn’t an element of S. There is no middle ground. universal set is an identity for intersection This says that taking the intersection with the universal set makes no change, just as multiplying a real number by 1 makes no change. Problems: Verify each of the above laws using Venn diagrams.

Union-of-intersections form
A good start in determining how two set expressions are related is to reduce them both to union-of-intersections form. This is an expression of the form (? ? … ?) (? ? … ?) (? ? … ?) … (? ? … ?) where all the question marks are either a named set or its complement. For example, the expression is in union-of-intersections form. This is analogous to the sum-of-products form for expressions over R, such as or, following the common conventions for omitting multiplication symbols and extra parentheses, Question: What mathematical properties and/or notational conventions are needed to get the previous line from the one before it? Here’s a general technique for transforming any set expression into union-of-intersections form, Apply DeMorgan’s laws repeatedly to move all complements to named sets. Apply the distributive law repeatedly to change intersection of unions into unions of intersections. Make free use the associative laws to get rid of unnecessary parentheses and the commutative laws to put things in a nice order. Here’s a simple example. (I had originally intended to take this topic farther, that is to develop a complete algorithm for deciding whether two set expressions were equivalent (or had a subset relationship). But I decided it was going to get into too many details, so I’m just going to stop here. Problems: Determine whether each of the following relationships is always true. Start by transform both sides of the expression into union-of-intersections form.

Sets of sets
At the beginning of this topic, I said that sets could be used for constructing all of mathematics. This is possible because the elements of sets can be sets themselves. For example, consider the set S = {1, {1}, {1, {1}}}. This set has three elements, the number 1, the set {1}, and the set {1, {1}}. When dealing with sets of sets, it is important not to get confused between a element of the set and a subset of the set. For example, if S = {1, {1}, {1, {1}}}, then the number 1 is an element of S, and not a subset of S. On the other hand, the set {1} is both an element of S and a subset of S.  How can this be? Let me write each of the elements of S in a different color. S = {1, {1}, {1, {1}}} Now {1} is clearly an element of S.  But in addition, {1} is a subset of S, but for a different reason. Questions: Is the set {1, {1}} an element of S? A subset of S? Problems: Is the set {1, {1, {1}}} an element of S? A subset of S? How many subsets does the set S have? List them. Suppose we start with nothing but the null set, Ø. If that is the only thing in the mathematical universe, what other sets could we possibly build out of it? There is only one possibility, and that is to put it into a set, i.e. {Ø}. Is Ø really different than {Ø}? How many elements does Ø have. How many elements does {Ø} have? So now we have two sets, Ø and {Ø}. What new sets can we build from these? Well, one possibility would be to have a set containing only {Ø}, that is. (The sets and {Ø} each have just one element; how can we be sure that they aren’t the same set?  Hint: use the definition of set equality.)  But from Ø and {Ø}, we can also build the set (Ø, {Ø}}.  This is clearly a new set, because it has two elements – our biggest set yet! Problems: How many new sets can you build by making sets of the four sets we know about so far, i.e. Ø, {Ø},  and (Ø, {Ø}}? List them. Make up a procedure that will take any set (including the null set) and produce a new (different) set. Starting with the null set, write the first 6 sets your procedure produces if you repeatedly apply it to the previously produced set. Will your procedure ever produce the same set a second time? If so, write a second procedure that never repeats. If your first procedure never repeats, write a second one that does. Constructing the natural numbers from sets It probably will come as a surprise to you, but you constructed the natural numbers in the previous problem set! You probably didn’t recognize them because you wrote them in an unfamiliar notation. But how we write (or pronounce) numbers doesn’t have any effect on their meaning. In English, we say “zero, one, two, three, …” while in French, we say “zéro, un, deux, trois, …”, but the numbers aren’t any different. Similarly, we could use different mathematical notations, say 0, 1, 2, 3, … or , I, II, III, …, and the underlying numbers themselves wouldn’t be any different. What is important is what properties the numbers have. For the natural numbers, the important properties are: For any n N, there is a function (we’ll call it a “successor” function and write it as succ) whose value is another natural number. There is a single n N that is not the successor of any other natural number. We’ll call this number “zero” and write it as “0”. For any n N that isn’t 0, there is only one m N such that n = succ(m). That’s it. Any set of objects satisfying those properties is essentially the natural numbers. (Later, we’ll get more precise about what we mean as “essentially”.) Everything else you know about the natural numbers (the properties of addition, multiplication, …) follow as a natural consequence. Cool, huh? We’re not going to actually show this right now, but we will later in the Discrete Math topic.

Russell’s paradox
Russell’s paradox, named after philosopher/mathematician Bertrand Russell is the standard example of how naïve set theory can get into trouble by accepting anything as a set. To see this, let’s let our universal set U be the set of all sets, and we’ll consider those sets that don’t contain themselves as members. (Interlude: None of the sets we have seen so far contain themselves as members. In fact, it isn’t possible for a finite set to contain itself as a member.  But what about the infinite set	Ц = …… This is an infinite set, the limit of the sequence Ø, { Ø },, , … .  Every set in this sequence has only one element.  In the case of Ц, it’s element is	…… which is just Ц.  So Ц  Ц which is to say that Ц contains itself. End of interlude.) Let’s call sets that don’t contain themselves to be “reasonable” sets. Clearly, there are lots of reasonable sets. We’ll define R to be the set of all the reasonable sets. (You can’t get much more reasonable than that. ) So. But it turns out that R embodies a contradiction. To see this, ask yourself the question Is R a reasonable set?” If your answer is “yes”, then R contains R because we defined R as the set of all reasonable sets. On the other hand, R does not contain R by the definition of reasonable. It doesn’t do any good to answer “no” to the question. You’ll still conclude both that R contains R and R does not contain R. Axiomatic set theory resolves this paradox by being more careful about defining what a set is. It turns out that the “set of all sets” is not something that can be constructed in axiomatic set theory.

title: IB Mathematics (HL)/Group Theory


text:
User:ClimacusFox1647/sandbox

= Robert Nicholas Wilkin                                                                       = Robert Nicholas Wilkin (born 1952) is the Executive Director of Grace Evangelical Society, editor of Grace in Focus magazine, and co-host of Grace in Focus Radio.

Early life and education
Wilkin was born and raised in Southern California. He graduated from University of California, Irvine with a Bachelor of Science in 1973. He then studied at Dallas Theological Seminary where he earned a Master of Theology (1982) and a Doctor of Philosophy in New Testament (1985). He was mentored by Zane Hodges from his time at Dallas Seminary to Hodges’s death in 2008.

Professional life
Wilkin was college campus staff for Campus Crusade for Christ between 1974-1978. After graduating from seminary, he taught at Dallas Bible College (Woodcrest College) in 1985. He then became Professor of Biblical Languages and Bible at Multnomah School of the Bible (now Multnomah Biblical Seminary), from 1986-1987. He founded Grace Evangelical Society in 1986. He has ministered at Victor Street Bible Chapel in East Dallas since 1992.

Thought
Wilkin is Plymouth Brethren. He holds to Free Grace Theology, Premilleniallism, Dispensationalism, and Biblical inerrancy. Notable doctrine are that salvation is by faith apart from works; that the object of saving faith is Jesus's promise of eternal life (or the equivalent); that repentance is from works, and that repentance is not a condition to be born again; the assurance is the essence of saving faith; the election is to service, not to eternal life ; and that the atonement has some unlimited benefits, and some limited benefits.

Personal life
Wilkin married Sharon Ann Dallas in 1976.

Selected publications

 * Confident in Christ: Living By Faith Really Works (1999, 2015)
 * The Road to Reward: A Biblical Theology of Eternal Rewards (2003, 2014)
 * Secure and Sure: Grasping the Promises of God (2005)
 * The Grace New Testament Commentary (2010)
 * The Ten Most Misunderstood Words in the Bible (2012)
 * Four Views on the Role of Works at the Final Judgment (2013)
 * Gospel of Doubt: The Legacy of John MacArthur's The Gospel According to Jesus (2015)
 * Inerrancy for Dummies (2016)
 * Vital Issues in the Inerrancy Debate (2016)
 * Grudem Against Grace: Defending Free Grace Theology (2018)
 * Turn and Live: The Power of Repentance (2019)

title: User:ClimacusFox1647/sandbox


text:
Dichotomous Key/Hexapoda

1

 * Wings
 * Present - 12
 * Not present - 2

2

 * Lifestyle
 * Parasitic - 3
 * Not parasitic - 4

3

 * Legs
 * Hind legs adapted for jumping - ../Siphonaptera/
 * No legs adapted for jumping - ../Phthiraptera/

4

 * Cerci
 * Present - 5
 * Not present - 6

5

 * Orientation of cerci
 * Pointing towards tailing end of body - ../Archeognatha/
 * Outer two cerci point away from body - ../Thysanura/

6

 * Mouthparts
 * Mouthparts external and easily visible - 9
 * Mouthparts not easily visible - 7

7

 * Presence of eyes
 * Simple eyes present - ../Collembola/
 * No eyes present - 8

8

 * Antennae
 * Not present - ../Protura/
 * Present - ../Diplura/

9

 * Mouthparts
 * Adapted for sucking - ../Hemiptera/
 * Adapted for chewing - 10

10

 * Pincer-like cerci on abdomen
 * Present - ../Dermaptera/
 * Not present - 11

11

 * Forelegs
 * Forelegs raptatorial - ../Mantodea/
 * Forelegs not raptatorial - 13

12

 * Number of wings
 * One pair - 17
 * Two pairs - 18

13

 * Narrow waist
 * Present - ../Hymenoptera/
 * Not present - 14

14

 * Body shape
 * long and thin - ../Phasmatodea/
 * Round and stout - 15

15

 * Body width
 * Flattened - ../Blattodea/
 * Not flattened - 16

16

 * Social structure
 * Solitary - ../Psocoptera/
 * Social - ../Isoptera/

17

 * Wings
 * Forewings reduced to knobs - ../Strepsiptera/
 * Hindwings reduced to knobs - ../Diptera/

18

 * Forewings
 * Membranous - 19
 * Not membranous - 31

19

 * Wing texture and color
 * Covered in scales or hairs - 37
 * Transparent - 20

20

 * Tail-like appendages
 * Present - 21
 * Not present - 23

21

 * Comparative wing size
 * Roughly equal - 22
 * Forewings much larger than hindwings - ../Ephemeroptera/

22

 * Comparative cerci size
 * Both abdominal cerci approximately equal in size - ../Plecoptera/
 * Abdominal cerci unequal in size - ../Embioptera/

23

 * Wing venation
 * Extensive - 28
 * Minor - 24

24

 * Narrow waist
 * Present - ../Hymenoptera/
 * Not present - 25

25

 * Wing texture
 * Fringed with hairs - ../Thysanoptera/
 * Not fringed with hairs - 26

26

 * Mouthparts
 * Chewing - 27
 * Sucking - ../Hemiptera/

27

 * Position of wings at rest
 * Held flat against body - ../Isoptera/
 * Held over body - ../Psocoptera/

28

 * Position of wings at rest
 * Held away from body - ../Odonata/
 * Held against body - 29

29

 * Beak-like head
 * Present - ../Mecoptera/
 * Not present - 30

30

 * Main wing veins
 * Forked near end - ../Neuroptera/
 * Not forked near end - ../Megaloptera/

31

 * Mouthparts
 * Sucking - ../Hemiptera/
 * Chewing - 32

32

 * Forewings hardened
 * Forewings hard - 33
 * Forewings not hardened (may be leathery) - 34

33

 * Abdominal pincers
 * Present - ../Dermaptera/
 * Not present - ../Coleoptera/

34

 * Hind legs
 * Adapted for jumping - ../Orthoptera/
 * Not adapted for jumping -

35

 * Forelegs
 * Raptatorial - ../Mantodea/
 * Not raptatorial -

36

 * Body shape
 * Broadly flattened - ../Blattodea/
 * Long and skinny - ../Phasmatodea/

37

 * Wing covering
 * Scales - ../Lepidoptera/
 * Hairs - ../Trichoptera/

title: Dichotomous Key/Hexapoda


text:
Wikiversity:Wikiversity and Wikinews services

Wikiversity and Wikinews services are being developed by the School of Media Studies through the Media Project Institute. Stay Tuned!

 * Topic:News and Information services
 * Topic:Science journalism


text:
Le Pecq

Le Pecq is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, 18.4 km from the center of Paris.

Geography
The commune of Le Pecq is located in a loop of the Seine river, 19 km west of Paris, at the foot of the chateau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

Le Pecq's territory is astride the two banks of the Seine and includes a small island, Corbière. It is highly urbanized except for Corbière island, which is partially protected as a nesting zone for migratory birds. Until after the Second World War, there were swimming baths on the island. Le Pecq was famous for two other establishments related to water: a spa exploiting springs on St-Germain hill and a natural water swimming pool which was 100 metres long with sand beaches.

It borders the communes of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Mareil-Marly in the west, Montesson and Le Mesnil-le-Roi (Carrières-sous-Bois district) to the north, Croissy-sur-Seine and Le Vésinet in the east and Marly-le-Roi and Le Port-Marly to the south.

History
The first mention of Le Pecq came in 704. In that year, the Merovingian king Childebert III granted a charter to Fontenelle Abbey which included territory in Aupec - the modern Le Pecq.

On 31 May 1875, a part of Le Pecq was detached and merged with parts of Chatou and Croissy-sur-Seine to create the commune of Le Vésinet.

Economy

 * Regional center of the "Lyonnaise des Eaux", water company which produces approximately 90 million cubic meters of drinking water per year, serving approximately 500 000 consumers in the west of Paris.
 * Home of the Yacht Club of Le Pecq

Monuments

 * Saint-Wandrille church: the current church, with triangular pediment, was built by the architect Sebastien Jan in 1739 on the site of an old church.
 * Saint-Thibault church: built of concrete and wooden in 1964 by the architects Perrouin, Lunel and Jung, surmounted by an arrow in wood veil 30 height meters.
 * Railway viaduct: work dating from 1847, with iron bridges (later replaced by steel) over the two channels of the Seine, and on the left bank a viaduct of twenty stone arches leading to a tunnel into the cliff at Saint-Germaine-en-Laye, in use for RER A.

People

 * Jacques Tati, born in Le Pecq on October 9, 1908, mime artist, cinema director and actor.

Politics
The town in Le Pecq is notable for being the town of residence of Alain Gournac: Senator of the Yvelines for the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire (UMP) since 1995. A. Gournac also occupied the function of Mayor of the town between 1991 and 2013, year in which, following legislature forbidding Senators from also holding the title of Mayor, he was made to resign, leaving his seat to Laurence Bernard, also a member of the UMP.

Transport
The main transportation links in Le Pecq are the N13 which runs on the left bank of the Seine and secondary road D 186 connecting Saint-Germain-en-Laye with Paris which crosses the Seine at the Le Pecq bridge. This bridge was built in 1963. It has of flattened steel arches resting on two central concrete piers.

Le Pecq is not served by the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. The closest station to Le Pecq is Le Vésinet – Le Pecq station on Paris RER line A. This station is located in the neighboring commune of Le Vésinet, 1.2 km from the town center of Le Pecq.

title: Le Pecq


text:
Cupid (Daniel Powter song)

"Cupid" (also known in Japan as "Koi no Cupid" (恋のキューピッド) ) is a song by Canadian recording artist Daniel Powter from his fourth studio album Turn on the Lights (2012). It was released as a digital download on 10 April 2012 as the lead single from the album. The song charted at number 38 on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart.

Background
Powter stated the inspiration and meaning for writing the song "Cupid" was when he was walking with his dog in a park one day and saw an elderly couple hugging and dancing with each other. He also added:

"I thought to myself: 'Oh my god. That is so amazing.' So I went back home and started writing all of these lyrics about: It doesn't matter if you're yin, doesn't matter if you're the yang. It's just that, the only thing that matters is that you love each other. So Cupid is trying to capture that moment where we're very different but we still love each other."

He also said in an interview with Getty Images:

"Cupid is a song that I wrote to kind of have that, you know, it's supposed to sort of represent that giddy first part of the relationship and then it's supposed to take you through the years — into the golden years — where a couple stays together and that sort of romanticizes the ideal relationship. I wanted to chronologically show people that you can love each other no matter what."

Formats and track listings

 * Digital Download
 * 1) Cupid - 3:44

 * UK Promo CD
 * 1) Cupid - 3:44

Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Cupid" was first released onto YouTube on 29 May 2012 at a total length of three minutes and fifty-three seconds. The video was directed by Neil Tardio and depicts the story of a couple, a man and a woman, and the stages in the life of their relationship (From the start where they are young adults and playful, to when they have children and at the end when they have a large family). Powter appears singing on the beach, outside their house and also near the end of the video where he 'gives away' the woman at the renewing of her wedding vows with the man. The video ends with the lovers walking on the beach with their many family relatives. The music video was shot in Malibu, California.

Christmas Cupid
Powter's single "Cupid" in a Christmas themed version.

title: Cupid (Daniel Powter song)


text:
Team Menard

Team Menard was an auto racing team that competed in the Indianapolis 500, CART, Indy Racing League, NASCAR Cup Series, and NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. The team was owned by Menards founder, John Menard Jr. Founded in 1980 to compete in CART, from 1991 to 1996 they modified their own Buick V6 engines for racing. This combination won pole for the 500 with Scott Brayton in 1995 and 1996; Tony Stewart used this combination for the first part of his 1996-1997 IRL Championship. With more stringent regulations, the team continued to shine winning the 1999 championship with Greg Ray. However, with the influx of former CART teams to the IRL in the early 2000s, Team Menard struggled to compete for wins and the team merged in 2004 with Panther Racing, although their car continued to carry Menard's colors and be driven first by Mark Taylor, who was then replaced by Townsend Bell. In 2005, Menard's was an associate sponsor for another team and the former Menard No. 2 car driven by Tomáš Enge carried no identification to its Menard lineage. For 2006, the No. 2 car was dropped by Panther and all vestiges of the once dominant Team Menard lineage disappeared until the spring of 2008 when Menards became a primary sponsor on the No. 20 Vision Racing Dallara driven by Ed Carpenter in the IndyCar Series.

The Team Menard name has also been used to refer to their sponsoring of various drivers throughout motorsports, including Paul Menard, Ryan Blaney, Austin Cindric, Brandon Jones and Matt Crafton in NASCAR, Simon Pagenaud in IndyCar and Frank Kimmel in ARCA, while TeamMenard.com was a portal to information on these drivers and their sponsor. However, Team Menard is not the name of any of their race teams and none of those cars are owned by John Menard. The URL currently redirects to the Menards home page.

Menard also had a NASCAR team running the No. 13 car. Robby Gordon ran 17 races in 2000, with P.J. Jones running an additional race.

CART (1980-1995)

 * 🇺🇸 Herm Johnson (1980–1986)
 * 🇬🇧 Jim Crawford (1990)
 * 🇺🇸 Gary Bettenhausen (1990–1993)
 * 🇺🇸 Kevin Cogan (1991)
 * 🇺🇸 Tom Sneva (1991–1992)
 * 🇺🇸 Al Unser (1992)
 * 🇧🇷 Nelson Piquet (1993)
 * 🇺🇸 Eddie Cheever (1993, 1994)
 * 🇦🇺 Geoff Brabham (1993–1994)
 * 🇺🇸 Scott Brayton (1994–1995)
 * 🇺🇸 Buddy Lazier (1995)
 * Arie Luyendyk (1995)

IRL/IndyCar Series (1996-2003)

 * 🇺🇸 Scott Brayton (1996)
 * 🇺🇸 Eddie Cheever (1996)
 * 🇺🇸 Danny Ongais (1996)
 * 🇺🇸 Mark Dismore (1996–1997, 2002)
 * 🇺🇸 Tony Stewart (1996–1998)
 * 🇺🇸 Robbie Buhl (1997–1998)
 * 🇺🇸 Robby Gordon (1999–2000, 2002)
 * 🇺🇸 Greg Ray (1999–2001)
 * 🇺🇸 Jaques Lazier (2001–2003)
 * 🇧🇷 Raul Boesel (2002)
 * 🇧🇷 Vítor Meira (2002–2003)
 * 🇺🇸 P. J. Jones (2002)
 * 🇺🇸 Richie Hearn (2003)

NASCAR Cup Series

 * 🇺🇸 Robby Gordon (2000)
 * 🇺🇸 P.J. Jones (2000)

NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series (2000-2001)

 * 🇺🇸 Bryan Reffner (2000-2001)
 * 🇺🇸 David Starr (2001)

PPG CART Indycar World Series results
(key)

IRL IndyCar Series results
(key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)

 * 1)  The 1999 VisionAire 500K at Charlotte was cancelled after 79 laps due to spectator fatalities.

title: Team Menard


text:
National Assembly (Benin)

The unicameral National Assembly is Benin's legislative body.

The National Assembly in Porto-Novo as it exists today was formed in 1990. The current National Assembly has 109 members, who are directly elected through a system of party-list proportional representation and serve five-year terms.

History
The first parliament of an independent Benin was defined by the Constitution of 28 February 1959 and lasted from April 1959 to November 1960. It was chaired by Justin Ahomadegbé Tomètin. With a 1960 and a 1964 constitution, two new National Assemblies were enacted each time. The implementation of the Basic Law of 9 September 1977 radically altered the parliament. It was renamed the Revolutionary National Assembly (ANR) and lasted until February 1990. The High Council of the Republic was formed in February 1990 to democratize the country and was chaired by Archbishop Isidore de Souza. A new constitution was passed on 11 December 1990 which formed the basic structure of the current assembly.

Electoral system
The 109 members of the National assembly are directly elected by the people in a party-list proportional representation system, with 24 multi-member constituencies that correspond to the departments of Benin. Parties select as many candidates as there are seats to be filled, and vacancies are filled by substitutes. They serve five-year terms, and the most recent election was in 2019. To be eligible to vote in Benin, a person must be at least 18 years old, a Beninese citizen, fully possess civil and political rights, and not be convicted of a crime that merits a punishment of three months in prison, in contempt of court, or have an undischarged bankruptcy. Each candidate for the Assembly must be at least 25 years of age, a resident of Benin for at least a year, and a Beninese citizen by birth or a naturalized immigrant who has resided in the country for at least ten years. Being under guardianship disqualifies a person from running, as does being convicted of electoral fraud.

Politics
In the 2015 election, Cauri Forces for an Emerging Benin retained 33 seats. They were the main party supporting President Thomas Boni Yayi. The two largest opposition parties were the Union Makes the Nation (UN) with 13 seats and the Party for Democratic Renewal (PRD) with 10. Six MPs are female, while 77 are male. Coalition building is essential. The main political issue facing the Assembly in recent years has been a proposal to amend the Constitution to allow Presidents to serve more than two terms, which has failed to receive enough support.

Adrien Houngbédji was elected as President of the National Assembly on the night of 19–20 May 2015; as the candidate representing the opposition, he received 42 votes.

Members of Parliament receive a salary of 193,291 francs per month with an additional allowance of 373,003 francs per month. MPs must attend plenary sittings and committee meetings. MPs who miss one third of meetings may receive a hefty fine and be suspended for up to a year.

title: National Assembly (Benin)


text:
User:Walnut56/TWA/Earth/2

Shape and structure

Tectonic plates

Surface

Atmosphere

Weather, climate, and water cycle

Orbit and rotation

title: User:Walnut56/TWA/Earth/2


text:
Talk:Montgomery County Public Schools (Maryland)

Stats
Can't we get anything but stats here? Willshepherdson 03:10, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Looking at the articles in Category:School_districts_in_Maryland, two are lists with stats, two are just lists, and only one, Baltimore_City_Public_School_System, is an article. Wikipedia is not a "mere collection of internal links", but including stats with the links is okay. -- M  @  th  wiz  20  20  00:02, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Also, MBHS is a magnet. Willshepherdson 04:40, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I know. Just for organization, I erased all the "special programs" info (except for special ed schools at the bottom).  I went through all elementary schools yesterday and will do middle and high tomorrow. -- M  @  th  wiz  20  20  01:15, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Great idea Willshepherdson 01:40, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, I most likely won't be able to update the chart until Friday due to time constraints, but you get the point. -- M @  th  wiz  20  20  02:04, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Stats has been updated to be current (2005-2006) year. SimsHsia (Talk : Contrib) 02:02, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Montgomery Village Middle School is in Montgomery Village, not Rockville. They did remodel it in 2001-2003 where students went to Tilden Middle School in Rockville, but that was only during that time. --Magriep 16:15, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

This needs more....
I don't feel like you get much info about the county except hard data about the schools. I'll try to improve! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by VolunteerFD (talk • contribs) 02:22, 15 February 2007 (UTC).

feeding
Wouldn't it make sense to include which middle school each of the elementary schools feeds into, and which high school each of the middle schools feed into, in the table? john k (talk) 01:50, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

I see that this has still not been done. Sigh. john k (talk) 00:40, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

links
why don't we add links to each individual table of schools? This would make it more convenient for the user. --Skydude176 (talk) 13:19, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

How about collapsible lists? --Zed (talk) 00:50, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Error...
Bannockburn ES is listed as having some 53 million square feet or so. Is this an extra three zero's? --Zed (talk) 00:51, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Check Herbert Hoover Middle School's Consortia
I believe it feeds into multiple schools. Puppier (talk) 17:06, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

MCPS website
I noticed that there's nothing mentioning of the launch date of the MCPS website on this article. I believe it was launched on October 30, 1995. Roughly 20 years ago! I provided a link in my source, which stats all the way at the bottom of the MCPS website link I provided of its launch date I just mentioned. And I also want to state that it was released in 1995 thanks to Al Gore & Bill Clinton's national event, NetDay starting in 1995.

Source(s): https://web.archive.org/web/19970514030219/http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/new.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marioluigi98 (talk • contribs) 22:58, 5 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Odd response to a 3 yr. old post, but https://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/ is a more modern site for their activities. We could use this to reference things about the school system. Neo (chat w/ me!) 14:10, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

seems like weasel words here!
"The board’s work is guided by its vision, mission, core purpose, and core values" doesn't mean anything! what *is* their vision, mission, and core purpose. What *are* their core values!? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:15, 25 September 2020 (UTC)


text:
Federation of BC Writers

The Federation of BC Writers is the largest writers organization in British Columbia, Canada. Its stated goals are to foster the art and profession of writing in British Columbia; to generate a sense of community among British Columbia writers; to provide support for writers at all stages of their careers; and to raise public awareness of the writers of British Columbia, their work, and their contribution to regional and Canadian cultures.

Among the organization's past presidents are David Watmough, D.C. Reid, Linda Rogers, George Fetherling, Brian Busby, Sylvia Taylor, Hendrik Slegtenhorst, Craig Spence, Candice James, George Opacic, Ben Nuttall-Smith and Coco Aders-Weremczuk.

title: Federation of BC Writers


text:
James Pitman, Lord Pitman

James Campbell Pitman, Lord Pitman LLD (1864–1941) was a 20th-century Scottish lawyer who served as a Senator of the College of Justice.

Life
He was born at 11 Alva Street in Edinburgh the son of Frederick Pitman WS.

In 1900 he is listed as an advocate living at 13 Great Stuart Street in the Moray Estate in west Edinburgh.

In 1911 he is listed as an advocate living at 9 Doune Terrace in the Moray Estate in west Edinburgh.

From 1920 to 1929 he was Sheriff of Caithness. In January 1929 he was elected a Senator of the College of Justice under the title of Lord Pitman.

Following his death in the spring of 1939, he was replaced as a senator by William Donald Patrick, Lord Patrick.

title: James Pitman, Lord Pitman


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/DaGizza

 * The following discussion is preserved as an archive of a successful request for adminship. Please do not modify it .

DaGizza
Final (93/1/2) ended 23:32, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

– DaGizza is a very experienced editor from Sydney, Australia, with more than 5500 edits since May 2005. Having self-identified as being a Hindu person of Indian origin, DaGizza has provided us with large amounts of knowledge of very high quality pertaining to matter such as Hinduism, Indian cinema and Cricket. This has resulted in him earning 3 barnstars, one cookie and a DYK, two of whom are from admins with 7000+ edits, and the other from another wiki-veteran with 8000 edits. At all times he is polite, warm, and welcoming to other regular users and also to newbies who make casual edits to articles related to the WikiProjects (project invites) in which he is participating (19 in all). His civility is remarkable, especially seeing as religious topics often stir emotions the most. DaGizza regularly cleans up vandalism, and interacts regularly on the projectspace, as well as AfDs and RfAs. I think this is why he and all of us at the Wikipedia community would benefit from DaGizza having access to admin tools. My first interaction with DaGizza was when he fixed up an error I had made on my userpage when I had just arrived, which shows that he possesses an appropriate level of assertiveness and helpfulness which is a good trait for administrators. My fellow Wikipedians, I nominate DaGizza for promotion to adminship.Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 08:26, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here: Thanks a lot. I accept  G i zza Chat  © 08:38, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Strong Support as above.Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 08:27, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Strong Support - DaGizza has proven to be a valuable contrubutor and deserves this position. mdmanser 09:20, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Support A very worthy candidate - go for gold! Brisvegas 09:22, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Support Contribs and talk look good. I'm not a fan of RFAs being "advertised" on WikiProjects but it's par for the course at the moment and not a reason to oppose. --kingboyk 09:54, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Excuse me Kingboyk, you mentioned that my RfA is being "advertised." I can assure you that I didn't do it. May you please tell me where it is advertised so that I can delete it. I'm not a fan of it myself.  G i zza Chat  © 10:11, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * May be, he's talking about this. I'm not sure if that would be advertisement. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 10:16, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, listing on noticeboards. I probably shouldn't have mentioned it as it's just my opinion; I'm happy for the thread to be moved to the talk page rather than clutter up your RFA. --kingboyk 11:02, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, I understand your point. I'll remove it. Done  G i zza Chat  © 11:17, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) SupportDolive21 11:00, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Strong Support An excellent candidate who will do well as an administrator —This unsigned comment was added by Richardcavell (talk • contribs).
 * 3) Support A good candidate and editor. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 10:10, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) --Jaranda wat's sup 11:28, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) Support - Aksi great 11:52, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) Support - Why Not! - Sukh | ਸੁਖ | Talk 11:59, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) Of Course. - Mailer Diablo 13:55, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 8) Support A good user. Deserves to be an admin. -- S iva1979 Talk to me  14:06, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 9) Support - Ganeshk  ( talk ) 14:54, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 10) Support, of course.-- May the Force be with you! Shreshth91 ($ |-| ŗ 3 $ |-| ţ |-|)  15:12, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 11) Support--Jusjih 15:16, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 12) Support: It is a great pleasure to me. --Bhadani 15:55, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 13) Support Really a great contributor. Shyam  ( T / C ) 15:57, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 14) Support Excellent editor; superb nomination also. Xoloz 17:02, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 15) Support Absolutely; all around great editor. joturner 22:05, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 16) Support Would like to see more communication with editors, but the all around good attitude of this editor is enough to make admin. M o e   ε  22:20, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 17) Support As above. Nephron 00:28, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 18) Strong support, an experienced editor, courteous, civil, level-headed and would make great use of the tools. --  Samir  [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]   (the scope)  01:07, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 19) Strong Support Unbelievably, you meet my requirements 100%. Good Luck on your campaign Cr  na  t e c   Go  ra  01:27, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 20) Strong Support - Obvious support here, a fantastic editor. Weatherman90 02:07, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 21) Jumping on the bandwagon like a 2001 Yankee fan Support - M ask [[Image:Flag of Alaska.svg|20 px]] 02:46, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 22) Support - Trustworthy and level-headed. --Muchness 02:56, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 23) Support - absolutely. Fine editor who has earned the responsibility--Looper5920 03:14, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 24) Support! fine editor, nice guy. ¡Dustimagic!  ( T / C ) 04:20, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 25) Support —Quarl (talk) 2006-03-22 05:33Z
 * 26) Support great edits and a thoroughly nice guy. Gwernol 05:35, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 27) Support, he looks good. J I P  | Talk 06:05, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 28) Support without reservation --rogerd 06:23, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 29) Support Tintin (talk) 06:45, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 30) Support, I trust him with the tools. --Ter e nce Ong 08:26, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 31) Support So do I. ProhibitOnions 08:29, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 32) Strong support — superb editor. Feezo (Talk) 08:37, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 33) Support, looks good, adminship no big deal. Hiding talk 09:45, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 34) Yes Just another star in the night T 10:00, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 35) Dafinitely. +sj + 10:07, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 36) Support No worries  Dei z io  11:45, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 37) Support Jisha C J 11:58, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 38) Support as above. Seen this user around, good impression. enochlau (talk) 12:41, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 39) Support as above; excellent editor --Deville (Talk) 12:49, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 40) Support I gave him his first barnstar and thought of nominating him for adminship, but decided against it thinking that he was too young. I guess he is ready. --Gurubrahma 13:56, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 41) Support. Good work. psch  e  mp  |  talk  14:51, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 42) Da =Nichalp   «Talk»=  16:30, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 43) Yup ProhibitOnions 16:36, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 44) Support-a-rooney. Seems like a great editor who will be a great admin.--Alabamaboy 18:06, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 45) Support. I go out of my way to support qualified antipodean editors that can mop up while the rest of the Anglophonic world sleeps (or binge drinks).  young  american  (talk) 19:14, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 46) Support Great contributions.  OhNo itsJamie Talk 20:55, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 47) Support looks good, very congenial. Mangojuice 21:04, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 48) Support Many good contributions. [[Image:Flag of Ohio.svg|20px]]  mm  e  inhart ''' 23:43, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 49) Support good contributor -- Jay  (Reply)  00:57, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 50) Strong Support — Oops. Sorry. Haven't been following this page for a while. Great editor, would do wikipedia immense good with admin powers. deeptrivia (talk) 01:12, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 51) Support --Mmounties ( Talk ) [[Image:pawprint.png|20px]] 01:31, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 52) Support Sarah Ewart (Talk) 02:29, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 53) Support of course. Jedi6  -(need help?)  02:51, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 54) Support. utcursch | talk 06:02, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 55) Support an awful lot of experience that can be put to good use by the community. Bucketsofg 06:08, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 56) Support --h y dkat 06:10, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 57) Support Ahonc ( Talk ) [[Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg|25px|]] 08:02, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 58) Support per everyone else! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wezzo (talk • contribs)
 * 59) Strong Support Girik has obvious commitment to Wikipedia, is willing to contribute heaps, and is a good guy. He deserves it. Sastrawan 10:42, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 60) Support Deserves to get the mop. Cheers! -- Andy123  (talk) 21:32, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 61) Support Looks like a good candidate. Jayjg (talk) 22:20, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 62) Support  Joe I  00:51, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 63) Support Good hardworking editor abakharev 01:03, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 64) Support Per above. AreJay 02:15, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 65) Support Have seen a lot of contributions from him in my time on Wikipedia, a good asset to the wiki, definitely support.  Noble eagle  (Talk)  03:57, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 66) Support Merecat 05:36, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 67) Support. Need more publicity, not less. ImpuMozhi 05:39, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 68) Support Competent. michael talk 08:03, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 69) Strong Support His contribs speak for themselves. [[Image:England flag.png|20px]] अमेय आर्यन DaBroodey [[Image:Flag of India.svg|20px]] 12:40, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 70) Support. Why, certainly. fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 15:05, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 71) Support. Thought he was one. — Mar. 24, '06 [15:31] <freakofnurxture|[ talk ]>
 * 72) Support. — FireFox • T [18:42, 24 March 2006]
 * 73) Support. Looks good. E WS23 | (Leave me a message!) 21:36, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 74) Strong Support Rama's Arrow 06:14, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 75) Support great contributions--Aldux 11:49, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 76) Support -- Saravask 20:41, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 77) Support - Would make a fine addition to the admin, great editor. Weatherman90 21:37, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 78) Support from down under? g'day mate... Gryffindor  01:18, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 79) Support -- especially with new and improved sig. John Reid 05:07, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 80) Support - a trusted user.  Jedi6  -(need help?)  07:42, 26 March 2006 (UTC)  Already voted
 * 81) Unlikely to abuse admin tools. Christopher Parham (talk) 21:47, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 82) Strong support for a hardworking and committed editor. Sorry I didn't get here sooner. -- Ian ≡ talk 03:20, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 83) Strong support Man, I can't believe I nearly missed this RFA! Amazing & extremely helpful. Deserves the mop. -[[Image:Flag of India.svg|20px]]Srik e it ( talk ¦  ✉  ) '' 16:53, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 84) Support. I have no problem with granting him a well-deserved mop. --Alan Au 19:15, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 85) Support. Looks good to me. --Rob from NY 02:16, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 86) I think he's a good guy, having looked through his contribs. The incident with anonymous is slightly concerning. The reason it's not a deal-breaker, however, is the way DaGizza responded: he apologized immediately. That the subject of those remarks accepted the apology in quick time suggests to me that this was a reasonably good resolution. Support. — Encephalon 08:36, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 87) Support Good candidate, no hesitation in supporting. -- Cactus.man  ✍  12:58, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 88) Support --Ugur Basak 13:14, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 89) Support --F a ng Aili 說嗎? 16:01, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) Oppose Makes too many mistakes still. Needs more time to adjust to the rules. For example.. WP:PA "Care to explain" --Masssiveego 09:53, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * That issue was dealt with here and . Like I stated below in that situation, I "remove my edits and apologise to the user." In that case I did it ASAP.  G i zza Chat  © 12:01, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Another comment. I am a bit of a pedantic guy and you mentioned "too many mistakes." In recent months, I am certain that my accidental attack on Anonym has been my only trouble and thought in the back of my mind that it would it brought out in my RfA. However, I can't think of anything else I have done ever which was worse than that. I still regret saying such a thing to Anonym, who is a great contributor at Wiki.  G i zza Chat  © 12:45, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Neutral Comments
 * 1) Neutral: Don't think it's time yet. Also, per apparent campaigning. The comment inviting people to demand explanations for edits is both pleasing and troubling; on the one hand, the user encourages feedback, a good thing. On the other; are there a lot of edits where the justification is not apparent? Not relating to this forum, but slapping it here; your signature's a bit bright...consider changing it? Ta, Rob Church 19:45, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think posting the fact that one was nominated for adminship on the project page where one is active is "campaigning". It merely lets those know who know you best. He did not say "Come vote for me" but rather "Hey, there is a vote going on, please cast yours" (...any which way).  And your personal preference against bright colors does not present a valid argument against this candidate.  In fact, it would speak against him if he did go and change his signature simply because it doesn't please you.  --Mmounties ( Talk )  [[Image:pawprint.png|20px]] 01:31, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Different people interpret things in different ways. As for the signature, that was just a request given that it was a bit bright for me to read. This wasn't necessarily the appropriate place to ask it, but oh well. <IP_ADDRESS> 11:47, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I have changed my sig and I removed that "advertisement" ASAP. GizzaChat  © 04:35, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Neutral: not sure because I'm still concerned about the personal attack that he made against me when I hadn't even talked to him before. -- a.n.o.n.y.m  t 20:07, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * anonymous man, nothing personal in it – if you wish you may take this as a joke! anonymous, sometimes, such things are not personal attacks – did I ever take all your attacks on me personally? I have become used to this… did I ever try to delete talks from my talk page like you deleted mine from your talk page at least twice within 24 hours. Do I keep my talk page and user page locked and protected like you for fear of personal attacks - never. Please be considerate man, and take things in the right perspective, please do not be so touchy of small things, and always assume good faith. --Bhadani 07:57, 26 March 2006 (UTC) OK, I regret. --Bhadani 08:13, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Bhadaniji, you don't have to start anything now. It would be bad if RfA turns into an argument between a couple of users, especially when everything is going well right now. Anyway, out the the three people who didn't support me so far, the only person who I feel is justified to do so is Anonym. GizzaChat  © 08:06, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Edit summary usage: 99% for major edits and 100% for minor edits. Based on the last 150 major and 150 minor edits in the article namespace. Mathbot 08:45, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * See DaGizza's edit count and contribution tree with Interiot's tool.

Questions for the candidate

Dear candidate, thank you for offering to serve Wikipedia in this capacity. Please take the time to answer a few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? Please check out Category:Wikipedia backlog, and read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.
 * A. I would like to help in all ways possible! Obviously everybody at Wikipedia encounters vandalism and the rollback button would be of great use, especially since I am a Recent Changes Patroller.  At the moment, I would try to focus on  WP:AIV, CAT:CSD, WP:PP WP:RM and WP:CV. I would gladly perform any admin-related request given to me. Later on, I may close out various deletion debates. I am likely to participate in more areas after I have become more experienced.

 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. My Userpage has some good lists for this. In short, one of the articles that I have worked on the most is List of nicknames used in cricket. I have cleaned up, wikified and added content to many Hinduism-related articles. I kept on updating the ICC Super Series article while it was a current sports event and currently keep on updating Sydney Grammar School, my school.  Recently, I have been concentrating on Project namespace pages, such as involvement in WP:AfD, WP:TfD, WP:FPC, WP:RfA etc…

 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A. I haven’t been in too many Wikifights! Whenever a user has complained about my edits to a particular page, I would first check over my contributions again and then either explain to him/her why I made the edits in more detail or remove my edits and apologise to the user. I also always assume good faith. So far it has prevented any major edit-warring! There have of course been anons who have insulted me on my talk page for deleting some of their vandal/POV edits. I treat them in a similar fashion to well-established users, except most of the time they don’t respond back! Btw, if anybody comes across an edit which I have made and needs some "explaining," please mention below in comments or below.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the discussion. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the talk page of either this nomination or the nominated user). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/howtodrama.com

Links

 * howtodrama.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 3 additions.


text:
Talk:Dawn Steele

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dawn Steele. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121020112802/http://www.whatsonstage.com/interviews/theatre/london/E8821207657875/20+Questions+With+...+Dawn+Steele.html to http://www.whatsonstage.com/interviews/theatre/london/E8821207657875/20+Questions+With+...+Dawn+Steele.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:34, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:54, 25 June 2019 (UTC)
 * D Steele 56972.jpg

title: Talk:Dawn Steele


text:
Tangeh-ye Olya

Tangeh-ye Olya (, also Romanized as Tangeh-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Tangeh-ye Bālā) is a village in Binalud Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 67, in 24 families.

title: Tangeh-ye Olya


text:
Margaret of Ypres

Margaret of Ypres (1216–1237) was a Flemish visionary, ascetic, Dominican penitent and flagellant. She was one of a number of 13th century lay women who led devout lives, following the example of Marie of Oignies. Called mulieres religiosae or mulieres sanctae, some gathered together in beguinages while many others lived at home practicing voluntary poverty, chastity, prayer, fasting and penance, a lifestyle known as the vita apostolica in imitation of Christ. In Margaret's time, such Dominican female penitents were unregulated by the Church and were under the guidance of individual spiritual advisers. A rule would not be established until Munio of Zamora’s Rule of the Brothers and Sisters of Penance of the Blessed Dominic (Regula Fratrum et Sororum Ordinis de Paenitentiae Beati Dominici) in the late 13th century.

Life
Information on Margaret comes from a biography, The Life of Margaret Ypres by Thomas of Cantimpré written in 1240. Margaret was born in Ypres into a well-off middle-class family. Her father died when she was four and Margaret, with her mother and three sisters, went to live with an uncle. She showed a predilection for a holy life from a young age. While attending a local convent school, she smelled a wonderful odor on first beholding the host and begged the Abbess to be allowed to partake of the Eucharist with the nuns. From the age of seven she began severe fasting and practiced self-mortification by stuffing stinging nettles and burrs down the front of her dress. By age ten she was tearing her flesh with thorns to experience the torment of Christ.

After the death of her uncle when she was 18, she turned to the Dominican Friar Zegher from Lille as her spiritual director, who encouraged her in her devotions. About this time she was attracted to a young man, but quelled her feelings and made a vow of chastity. She retreated entirely from the world and spent her days in constant prayer, even, although she rarely spoke, praying when in conversation with her mother and sisters. To avoid the temptation of men, she had her mother dismiss a twelve-year-old boy who was helping in the household.

Margaret slept little, often due to severe headaches, ate little, kept frequent vigils, engaged in long periods of fasting and continued her self-mortification. She wore ragged clothing and would go out begging until Zegher made her stop. Any money she received from begging she gave to the lepers. Margaret had visions of Christ and of the Virgin Mary and felt angels holding her up when her austerities left her too weak to stand. Many miracles were attributed to Margaret, such as making whole some smashed eggs so the family would have something to eat, and saving her sister who was on the point of death during childbirth.

Her austere lifestyle took a toll on her health and she was eventually bedridden, experiencing great pain, fevers and convulsions, all of which tribulations she bore with grace. After lingering for a year, she died aged 21.

title: Margaret of Ypres


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley

The result was redirect to David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon. Most keep comments do not counter the NOTINHERITED criterium, the consensus is against delete, while there is a reasonable support to a redirect. Tone 10:48, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Looks like was trying to nominate this using Twinkle and everything worked except creating the AfD page itself. Creating this to achieve what they presumably intended to—I am neutral. YorkshireLad ✿  (talk) 09:51, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of United Kingdom-related deletion discussions. YorkshireLad  ✿  (talk) 09:57, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. YorkshireLad  ✿  (talk) 09:57, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Both the above inclusions in lists were part of the nomination via Twinkle. YorkshireLad ✿  (talk) 09:58, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Weird! Thank you, YorkshireLad. Surtsicna (talk) 10:01, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

I am nominating this article for deletion because there appears to be no significant coverage as required for proof of notability by WP:BASIC and WP:GNG guidelines. Linley is mentioned frequently in passing but that does not qualify as in-depth coverage. All there is to say about him could fit in a single sentence in the article about his father. Surtsicna (talk) 10:01, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep a current member of the British Royal family --Devokewater @  12:15, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Devokewater, he is not, really. He holds no royal title and performs no royal duties, and is not featured anywhere on the royal family's website. He is merely an obscure relation. Surtsicna (talk) 16:00, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep. Great-grandson of a king, great-nephew of the current Queen, member of the most famous royal family in the world. Clearly notable. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:35, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Ah, WP:Clearly notable. "That person A has a relationship with well-known person B ... is not a reason for a standalone article on A; relationships do not confer notability." See WP:INVALIDBIO and WP:NOTINHERITED. He is not a member of the royal family but merely a distant relation; he appears nowhere on the royal family's website. Could you please attempt to prove his notability objectively by demonstrating significant, in-depth coverage in reliable sources? Surtsicna (talk) 15:59, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep. Agree with above reasons Balle010 (talk) 15:58, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable: "heir apparent to the earldom of Snowdon". Oleryhlolsson (talk) 16:14, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * There is no consensus on Wikipedia that heirs apparent to earldoms, or even earls themselves, are inherently notable. As noted in the closure of Articles for deletion/Prince Nicolas, Duke of Ångermanland, the concept of inherited notability has always been rejected by the community. Therefore, WP:SIGCOV applies to this biography as it does to any other. Surtsicna (talk) 16:42, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Strong delete. This is a genealogical entry with 1/3 of its sources deprecated. Notability is not and never has been inherited on WP; he is mentioned in passing by a now-dead, unarchived "Who's Who" link and a news blurb saying QE2 made him "First Page of Honour", which is not an honor that confers notability. JoelleJay (talk) 20:42, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Redirect to his father, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon. When I search for "Viscount Linley" online, I find mostly references to his father (who was known as Viscount Linley until 2017 when he inherited the earldom), and I don't find a lot of references to "Charles Armstrong-Jones" himself except as being one of his father's children. If, in the future, there is more news coverage of Charles in his own right, the article can be re-created at that time. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 06:05, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep or Redirect (to his papa's article), as he's the heir-apparent to the Earldom of Snowdon. GoodDay (talk) 16:27, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Where is the significant coverage, though? Surtsicna (talk) 22:34, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep - heir-apparent of an earl, great-nephew of the Queen, and grandson of Princess Margaret. I would not oppose a merge or redirect to his father. I'm looking for consensus and don't see one yet; see Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Royalty_and_Nobility. Bearian (talk) 21:54, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Being related to someone is not a reason for a standalone article; see WP:INVALIDBIO guideline. Wikipedia is also not meant to be a genealogy directory, documenting people solely for being related to other people; see WP:NOTGENEALOGY policy. Surtsicna (talk) 22:34, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment Still neutral, but since delsorts are normally reported on the AfD page, just noting that this AfD was included (not by me) in a list on the talk page of WikiProject Royalty and Nobility, which seems to be functioning as an informal delsort for that topic. YorkshireLad ✿  (talk) 22:42, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Eukaryotes/Plants

=Multicellular Photosynthetic Autotrophs =

Plants

 * Multicellular
 * Cellulose cell walls
 * Chlorophylls a and b
 * Develop from embryophyte
 * Alternation of generations
 * Major food source for terrestrial life
 * Atmospheric O2 and CO2 balance
 * Coal deposits
 * Intimate association with mycorrhizal fungi
 * >250,000 species (~500,000?)
 * Taxonomy
 * State of flux
 * DNA sequencing
 * Developmental studies
 * Division (old literature) = phylum (new literature)
 * ~12 phyla, 9 of which are vascular plants

Plant phyla
Phyla are 12 groupings

Plant evolution

 * Evolved from green algae, likely related to charophytes
 * Evidence
 * DNA sequences
 * homologous chloroplasts: chlorophyll b and beta-carotene; thylakoids in grana;
 * Cellulose in both groups; also peroxisomes
 * Mitosis and cytokinesis similar
 * Sperm ultrastructure

Terrestrial adaptations

 * Stomata: pores in leaves for exchange of gases; prevent desiccation
 * Secondary metabolites:
 * cuticle: waxy coating to prevent H2O loss
 * lignin: hardens wood
 * sporopollenin: resistant polymer; coats pollen
 * predator defenses
 * Embryonic development
 * gametangia in early plants
 * spores; seeds
 * Mycorrhizae
 * Water/food conducting systems

Plant life cycles

 * Alternation of generations
 * Sporophyte
 * diploid
 * produces spores in sporangia
 * Gametophyte
 * develops from spore
 * haploid
 * produces gametes in gametangia
 * Haplodiplontic life cycle

Moss life cycle
Moss has no vascular tissues or flowers. It is a thallus plant (it does not have true roots,stem and leaves). It does not produce seeds like the angiosperm.

Vascular plants

 * Most have roots
 * Aerial shoot systems
 * Vascular tissue
 * xylem: water, mineral transport
 * phloem: food transport
 * Lignin
 * Branched sporophyte is dominant stage
 * amplified production of spores
 * evolution of complex plant bodies
 * Dominated Carboniferous (360 my)

Vascular plant life cycles

 * Homosporous (single type of spore)
 * Heterosporous (two types of spore)

Pterophyta (ferns)
Tree fern Fern life cycle
 * Non-seed plant
 * Sporophyte conspicuous (vascular tissue)
 * Rhizome: ground stem, roots
 * Fronds: leaves
 * Sori: clusters of sporangia
 * Motile sperm require external water for fertilization
 * Originated in Devonian, 350 my

Non-seed plants, continued

 * Lycophyta: club mosses
 * E.g., Lycopodium (“ground pine”)
 * Many species became extinct 270 my, once dominant (coal formations)
 * Gametophyte non-photosynthetic, nourished by fungi
 * Arthrophyta: horsetails
 * Equisitum
 * Some fossil forms (300 my) were tree-size (coal)
 * Photosynthetic stems, no leaves
 * Silica deposits in epidermal cells

Seed plants
plant
 * 1st appeared in Devonian, 360 my
 * Seed develops from ovule, protects embryo
 * withstands drought
 * dispersal is enhanced
 * no immediate need for water for germination
 * Heterosporous
 * male gametophyte: arise from microspores
 * female gametophyte: arise from megaspores in ovule in ovary
 * Two groups
 * gymnosperms
 * angiosperms

Megasporangium (nucellus)

 * Key to seed development
 * Nucellus: solid, fleshy, surrounded by integuments derived from sporophyte (seed coat)
 * Entire structure called ovule
 * Flower may have many ovules

Pollen

 * Develop from microspores, become male gametophyte
 * Protected by sporopellenin
 * In most plants, sperm lack flagella (loss)
 * Many mechanisms to transport pollen
 * wind
 * insects, birds,

Gymnosperms

 * “naked seed”
 * ovule not fully enclosed by sporophyte at time of pollination
 * Conifers, cycads, gnetophytes, Ginkgo
 * Small, inconspicuous plants to giants like sequoia
 * Conifers: to carry cones fv
 * male cones, Female conesvv
 * evergreen

Other Coniferophyta

 * Cycadophyta: cycads
 * tropical, subtropical
 * flagellated sperm
 * Gnetophyta
 * e.g., Ephedra, Mormon Tea
 * Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo
 * only one surviving species
 * diecious (separate % and &trees)

Angiosperms

 * Flowering plants, Anthophyta
 * monocots- single seed leaf (grasses, lilies, etc.)
 * dicots- two seed leaves (roses, pulses, maples)
 * More specialized xylem (water transport)
 * vessel elements
 * fiber cells
 * Fossils date to 130 my
 * Animal (e.g., insect) coevolution

Earliest angiosperm

 * What is earliest angiosperm?
 * Recent analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequences suggests that Amborella, a tropical plant found only on the island of New Caledonia, is closest relative to flowering plants

Angiosperm life cycle
This text is based on notes very generously donated by Paul Doerder, Ph.D., of the Cleveland State University.


text:
Talk:Graphical identification and authentication

I made the table four column wide. The table looks better if all is contents are centered, wrt the column width, and the table centered wrt the page width. If the table template is put in <center>...</center> tags, both the table as well as its contents get centered (which is what should be because they both the table and its contents are in the same div). But in FF (1.5), the table is centered but its contents left aligned. Is there a fix? --Soumyasch 13:18, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

pGINA
A section or seperate article on pGINA.org- Home of a free GPL'ed GINA with Plug-ins, should be included in Wikipedia. <IP_ADDRESS> 22:09, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You're welcome to add to the article if you want! I haven't checked this out (yet), but if you think it sounds like a good addition, go ahead and add it. --Tech Nerd 01:39, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Xp windows security.png
Image:Xp windows security.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 20:08, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

suggest adding a kink to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_and_safety_features_new_to_Windows_Vista#Authentication_and_logon in place of the non-hyper-linked (and bold) Credential Providers at end of article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:49, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

Protect
How to protect or Wiki page Creator akgautam (talk) 16:57, 17 December 2020 (UTC)


text:
Wikimedia

Wikimedia is a shorthand term for the Wikimedia Foundation, an aggregation of sisterprojects comprising what can be called a Metacommunity:

The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. is the parent organization of the Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikibooks (including Wikijunior), Wikisource, Wikimedia Commons, Wikispecies, Wikinews, Wikiversity, and Meta collaborative projects. It is a not-for-profit corporation based in San Francisco, USA, and organized under the laws of the state of California. Its existence was officially announced by Jimmy Wales, who was hitherto running Wikipedia within his company Bomis, on June 20, 2003. Its approval by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, by letter in April 2005, as an educational foundation in the category "Adult, Continuing Education" means all contributions to the Wikimedia Foundation are tax deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. see Wikimedia Foundation for more information

NOTE: links in bold text are to local Wikiversity pages

Wikiversity and Wikimedia
Wikiversity has a definite role within the Wikimedia Metacommunity. This learning project focuses on how to define and extend that role within a universal or university context, applying the traditional paradigm of how universities collect learning resourses and apply them to real-world needs. Because Wikipedia focuses on the encyclopedic context, it must maintain a neutral point of view, prohibit and discourage original research, prohibit and discourage self references and other aspects of creating content that constrain it to the encyclopedic realm. Wikiversity, conversely, can enter these prohibitive spaces from the universal or university context. Let's give it a whirl...

Lab: Establishing Wikiversity's role and context
Wikiversity has a role to perform within the Wikimedia context and within a much larger Internet context. This learning project lab will focus on creating a relationship diagram that shows what Wikimedia looks like. We begin by working with templates, starting with Wikiversitysister-list and WikiversityUsers.

Challenge: Create local articles for each of the Wikimedia collaborative projects:
 * Wikipedia
 * Wiktionary
 * Wikiquote
 * Wikibooks (including Wikijunior)
 * Wikisource
 * Wikimedia Commons
 * Wikispecies
 * Wikinews
 * Wikiversity
 * Meta-Wiki

Include in these articles an opening statement based on the Wikipedia article of the same name. Include also a section Wikiversity and ... like this one.

Discussion: Get in touch with folks like Jimbo, Angela, and other Wikimedia heavyweights. Let them know that we are interested in studying Wikimedia from the university perspective. Contact mediawiki developers, stewards, admins and other folks that help form policies and guidelines for Wikimedia collaborative efforts.

Lab: Strengthening Wikiversity
The Learning to learn a wiki way article focuses on a "learn-by-doing" model. This model defines Wikiversity as a learning community. We can develop visualization tools through templates, diagrams, Portals, navigational aids, learning objects and a number of other instruments.

Example: daughters

Challenge: Create a lab series based on this one for each sister project linking to appropriate Schools, Portals and other local learning resources and groups:

 * Wikiversity and Wikipedia
 * Wikiversity and Wiktionary
 * Wikiversity and Wikiquote
 * Wikiversity and Wikibooks
 * Wikiversity and Wikisource
 * Wikiversity and the Wikimedia Commons
 * Wikiversity and Wikispecies
 * Wikiversity and Wikinews
 * Wikiversity and Meta-Wiki

Edit the Wikiversity article to include links to the new local articles. Update Wikiversitysister-list and WikiversityUsers to link to them.

The idea is to establish within Wikiversity a means to strengthen its effectiveness as an online university and Wikimedia's role as a Virtual community of practice. See also Metacommunity

Discussion: Get in touch with the folks that help form policies and guidelines for each of the sisterprojects. Participate in our own colloquium to make other Wikiversitans aware of this learning project. Use the talk page to present problems and ideas concerning Wikiversity's relationship to its parent organization, Wikimedia.

Examples:
 * One important discussion is taking place at Talk:Wikibooks about Wikiversity and Wikibooks services that help determine how the two projects can interface with each other more effectively.
 * Another exemplary development is the relationship between School of Journalism with Wikinews.
 * Another open project called strategy has been put in place by the Mediawiki Foundation for coming up with long-term strategic planning for all of the Wikimedia projects and languages. See Strategy and Wikiversity
 * add others here!

title: Wikimedia