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The Rarities (Mariah Carey album)

The Rarities is the eighth compilation album by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey, released on October 2, 2020, by Columbia Records and Legacy Recordings. It is a part of "#MC30", a promotional campaign marking the 30th anniversary of Carey's self-titled debut studio album, Mariah Carey (1990), and coincides with her memoir The Meaning of Mariah Carey (2020). Featuring a mix of b-sides and previously unreleased material "with personal relevance and meaning" to Carey—some of which are discussed in her memoir—the album also includes a second disc consisting of audio from her March 7, 1996, live performance at the Tokyo Dome during her Daydream World Tour. A Blu-ray disc featuring enhanced video footage from the concert was released exclusively in Japan.

Background
To celebrate and promote the 30th anniversary of her self-titled debut studio album, Mariah Carey and her memoir The Meaning of Mariah Carey, Carey announced the release of her eighth compilation album. Carey stated on Good Morning America that, "Basically, I found stuff in my vault that I had either started to work on a long time ago and never released or that I wanted to finish mixing or do whatever. But they're songs that have previously not been released."

Music and content
The album consists of a two-disc track collection of unreleased songs, B-sides, demos and live performances. The album begins with "Here We Go Around Again" in which Idolator writer Mike Wass stated was "hard to understand how something this effortlessly charming and catchy didn’t make the tracklist of Mariah’s debut album." Carey channeled the Jackson 5 on this "buoyant bop from 1990, sounding so innocent that she can barely contain the sheer joy of relishing in her own melismatic powers." "Can You Hear Me" was described as "a stunning ballad, and was originally penned for Emotions (1991)". Carey has stated that the song was also written for Barbra Streisand. The previously released B-side songs include "Do You Think of Me" which was featured on the B-side of Carey's "Dreamlover", "Slipping Away" on the B-side of "Always Be My Baby" and "Everything Fades Away" on the B-side of "Hero"  and also included as a bonus track on international editions of Carey's third studio album, Music Box (1993). The three B-sides were described as "legendary within The Lambily for good reason".

"All I Live For", a Music Box reject, was described as "90s R&B-lite". Carey's work on "One Night" was also an "urban groove that probably scared the execs at Columbia at the time" and was "one of Mariah’s first collaborations with Jermaine Dupri, a creative relationship that would bear a lot of fruit in coming years." Carey's cover of Irene Cara’s "Out Here on My Own" was described as being "heaven-sent and, thematically, it makes complete sense for [Carey]." The song is a piano ballad. "Loverboy" was previously released on Carey's Glitter soundtrack in 2001 and The Rarities features an original mix of the song which samples the 1978 Yellow Magic Orchestra song "Firecracker", which is said to have sparked the feud between Carey and Jennifer Lopez. "I Pray" was described by The New York Post writer Chuck Arnold, as "one of the most straight-up spiritual things Carey has ever done, with a choir helping her to take it all the way to church." "Cool On You" continues the R&B sound and "stems from E=MC² era and finds [Carey] in full club mode [...] It's light and feathery fun that gets stuck in your head after the very first listen." "Mesmerized" is a "curiously sedate mid-tempo that was supposed to appear in The Paperboy."

The album also features a live rendition of the jazz ballad, "Lullaby of Birdland", in which Carey performed live at The Elusive Chanteuse Show in 2014 and was originally meant to feature on her album, Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse (2014) which was then titled The Art of Letting Go. The lead single "Save the Day" with Ms. Lauryn Hill was "as timely as a song that was written in 2011 can be" and met with mixed reviews. One of the higher praised songs on the album was a 2020 re-recording of Carey's "Close My Eyes" from her album Butterfly (1997) which was described as a "real jewel in the crown" and that "few songs capture the power of the superstar’s voice and pen as well as this."

The second disc of the album features a live recording of Carey's Daydream World Tour concert at the Tokyo Dome, recorded in March 1996, and includes "Emotions", "Fantasy", "One Sweet Day", "Vision of Love", "Hero" and "All I Want for Christmas Is You".

Promotion
On August 19, 2020, Carey announced the pre-order of The Rarities on her social media platforms, along with its release date of October 2, 2020. She performed "Vision of Love" and "Close My Eyes" during the Good Morning America concert series. On September 12, 2020, a music video was released for "Save the Day" to commemorate female tennis players. Upon release of the album, Carey released her full concert at the Tokyo Dome on her Vevo channel. On October 23, 2020, to further promote "Save the Day", Carey released a lyric video for the song which encouraged viewers to vote as well as paying tribute to "Breonna Taylor, Congressman John Lewis, trans activist and writer Raquel Willis, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and essential workers on the frontlines of the pandemic, with portraits drawn by artist Molly Crabapple."

#MC30
In the weeks leading up to the album, Carey released "digital EPs, remixes, bonus cuts, rare tracks, a cappella renditions and live performances" from her discography under the coined hashtag "#MC30". Her first release was on July 17, 2020, where she released a digital-only EP, The Live Debut – 1990, which featured a live performance from Carey's debut showcase at New York City's Club Tatou on October 22, 1990.

To further promote her 30th anniversary and the release of The Rarities, Carey released EP remixes of her songs: "There's Got to Be a Way", "Someday", "Emotions", "Make It Happen", "Dreamlover", "Never Forget You", "Anytime You Need a Friend", "Fantasy", "One Sweet Day", "Always Be My Baby", "Underneath the Stars", "Honey", "Butterfly", "The Roof", "Breakdown", "My All", "Sweetheart", "I Still Believe" and "Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)". She also released a Spanish EP titled Mariah en Español featuring Spanish versions of her songs "My All", "Open Arms" and "Hero". After the release of the album, Carey picked up at where she left off on her "#MC30" campaign and released EP remixes for "Heartbreaker", "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)", "Thank God I Found You" and "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)".

Among music releases, Carey has also released her live video performances on her Vevo channel from BBC One's Top of the Pops along with what Billboard described as "spruced-up" versions of her album discography in vinyl format. On November 13, 2020, Carey released an unreleased music video for "Underneath the Stars" filmed in 1996 and teased months earlier for "#MC30" on Carey's Instagram. In 2021, she resumed "#MC30" releases with EP's for the songs "Through the Rain", "Boy (I Need You)", "I Only Wanted", "The One", "Bringin' On the Heartbreak", "It's Like That", "We Belong Together", "Shake It Off", "Don't Forget About Us", "Say Somethin'", "Your Girl", "Touch My Body", "I Stay in Love", "I'll Be Lovin' U Long Time", "I'm That Chick" and "Joy to the World".

Singles
The album's lead single, "Save the Day", was released on August 21, 2020. The song charted at number 12 on Billboard's US Hot R&B Songs. "Out Here on My Own" was released as the second single on September 18, 2020. The album's third single, a limited edition cassette single for "Here We Go Around Again" with "Loverboy (Firecracker – Original Version)" as a B-side was released in Japan on December 11, 2020. The double-sided single charted at number 59 in Japan for a week on December 21, 2020.

Critical reception
Upon release, the compilation album received generally positive reviews. On the review aggregator website Metacritic the album has a score of a 74 out of 100 based on reviews from 6 critics. Variety writer Jeremy Helligar gave the album high praise stating that, "unlike many of the pop queens that followed her up the charts, Carey can craft a hit without a cast of millions [...] and even as she switches up her emphasis from crossover pop to hip hop to adult soul, there’s a common thread of Mariah-ness running through everything." He gave praise to Carey's 2020 rendition of her classic, "Close My Eyes" from her sixth studio album Butterfly stating that, "Her vocals [...] are lovely and understated, even when she’s hitting her legendary whistle notes. He went on to say negatively that, "there are a few clunkers like her messy live take on the jazz classic "Lullaby of Birdland" [...] there should be a method to the madness. Unfortunately, Mariah's take on jazz chanteuse is more madness than method; suffice it to say she's no Sarah Vaughan." He also criticized "Save the Day" stating that "Ms. Lauryn Hill’s vocals have been cleverly interpolated" but called it a "rare lyrical misstep" saying that "what the world needs now is something more probing and specific than another string of peace homilies."

Los Angeles Times pop-music critic Mikael Wood also praised the album stating that the only negative aspect was that it did not "include anything from the out-of-print [...] alt-rock album that Carey secretly made in 1995 under the band name Chick." He praised the song "Here We Go Around Again" stating that her vocals were "precise as always" and praised her writing style saying that it was "already in a tune whose darting melody evokes the comings and goings of a guy who can’t make up his mind about her." Idolator writer Mike Wass also praised the album saying that "a collection of unreleased songs and B-Sides has no right being this good". He stated that "The Rarities is obviously essential listening for fans, but well worth diving into for general music lovers. After all, this is an important piece of pop history." NME writer Nick Levine, gave the album three out of five stars stating that the album "goes heavier on Carey's ballads than her edgier, hip-hop-influenced material of the late '90s onwards, but there's a delicious sense of revenge being served cold in the inclusion of "Loverboy" with its original sample." Rated R&B writer, Keithan Samuels, gave the album honourable mention on the publication's 30 Best R&B Albums of 2020 list. He stated, "Since her introduction, Carey has released songs that have shifted culture and have been the soundtrack to many of our lives [...] With The Rarities, Carey flips the script and allows the world to access the secret soundtrack that she has been curating unobtrusively." In describing the album, The Cavalier Daily writer Darryle Aldridge stated that it "lets fans and critics into a glimpse of [Carey's] true self, particularly the R&B siren that masqueraded as a tight-laced girl-next-door during her reign in the ‘90s." He went on to say that the album "is prime Mariah without the glitz, glamour or melodramatic flairs that shot her to fame."

Commercial performance
In the United States, The Rarities debuted and peaked at number 31 on the Billboard 200 chart with 21,000 album equivalent units, 14,800 units are pure album sales. The album also debuted on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums at number 15. On the UK Albums chart, the album debuted at number 44. The album also debuted and peaked inside the top-twenty in Australia and Spain, the top-thirty in Japan, Scotland and Switzerland, and the top-forty in Belgium, Croatia and Poland.

Track listing
Credits from the album's liner notes.

Notes
 * undefinedsignifies a co-producer
 * undefinedsignifies a musical director

Sample credits
 * "Loverboy" contains a sample of "Firecracker" by the Yellow Magic Orchestra (1978).
 * "Save the Day" contains elements of "Killing Me Softly" by the Fugees (1996).
 * "Fantasy" contains a sample and interpolation of "Genius of Love" by Tom Tom Club (1981).
 * "Dreamlover" contains a sample of "Blind Alley" by The Emotions (1972).

title: The Rarities (Mariah Carey album)


text:
User:Slate Weasel/sandbox

=Besanosaurus=

=Corosaurus=

History of study
The first specimen of Corosaurus was found in the summer of 1935, in Jackson Canyon in Natrona County near Goose Egg Ranch and the city of Casper, Wyoming. Geology student Don Allsen from the University of Wyoming discovered various pieces of the specimen spread among the rubble in a quarry dump in the Alcova Limestone. After the initial discovery, Allsen and Horace Thomas returned to the site and collected more material. Recovery of the specimen was hampered by it having been jumbled and broken up in the dump. This skeleton was the first vertebrate fossil to be found in the Alcova Limestone. The head of the State Geologic Survey of Wyoming, Samuel Knight, sent the specimen in November of the same year to paleontologist E.C. Case to study.

The bones of the specimen were preserved in limestone concretions within a sandy shale. This limestone was very hard, more so than the bones, and very dense as well. Because of this, it was difficult to remove the rock surrounding the bones. Traditional tools such as needles were found to be insufficient, so wheels made of silicon carbide were used to grind down the matrix instead. This specimen, cataloged as No. 51000 at the time but later renumbered UW 5485, is still the most complete specimen of Corosaurus. The skeleton is curled into a loop and twisted about 180°. In 1936, Case reported that it consisted of a skull, 58 vertebrae, ribs, gastralia, and portions of the forelimbs and shoulder girdle. However, in 1963, Rainer Zangerl reported additional large shoulder girdle elements Case did not mention, indicating that the specimen had likely been prepared further since Case's description. Zangerl also suspected that multiple individuals were represented in the material assigned to UW 5485, noting in particular the gastralia; in 1991 Glenn Storrs noted that some isolated elements cataloged with this specimen were duplicates of those in the main skeleton. Furthermore, due to the limestone blocks not all fitting together, Zangerl suspected that parts of the specimen had been lost, but Glenn Storrs demonstrated in 1991 that this was not the case.

In 1936, a paper describing the specimen was published by Case, who determined that it represented a new genus and species of nothosaur. This was the first time a North American nothosaur had been positively identified; while some vertebrae and ribs from the Hosselkus Limestone in California had previously been assigned to Nothosaurus, this specimen was reidentified as pertaining to the ichthyosaur Shastasaurus. Case named the new nothosaur Corosaurus alcovensis, which translates to "northwest-quarter reptile of Alcova", with UW 5485 as the holotype. Case had never worked with nothosaurs before, but subsequent researchers nevertheless considered Case's descriptions to be quite good.

Zangerl was interested in Corosaurus, and went looking for more specimens in 1948. This expedition found multiple specimens in Natrona County, and sent them to the Chicago Natural History Museum (now the Field Museum of Natural History). As with Case's specimen, preparing the fossils was difficult and very time-consuming. In 1963, he had a study on Corosaurus published, based on the holotype and the new specimen FMNH PR480, found near Freeland, Wyoming. This new specimen includes hip and hindlimb bones, not preserved in the holotype, as well as vertebrae from the middle of the torso to the tip of the tail. At least twelve more individuals, consisting of four partial skeletons and additional isolated remains, were also recovered, though they had not yet been prepared. FMNH PR480 had not been fully prepared either, though Zangerl still considered the available information important enough and the preparation difficult enough to publish preliminary research.

The skeleton of Corosaurus was still not completely known, so in the summer 1983, more specimens were sought around Casper. Scree from cliffs along Corral Creek on Milne Ranch near Muddy Mountain yielded most of the Corosaurus fossils found by this expedition, though except for two partial skeletons, all other specimens were fragmentary. After excavation, the specimens were brought to the Yale Peabody Museum. As with the two previous studies, preparation was still difficult. Since the bones were permineralized with calcite, they would dissolve in acid. Furthermore, the bones were too dense to be permeated with chemical protectants from the acid. The density of the rock was similar enough to that of the bones that hidden elements could not be viewed using X-rays. Therefore, despite being so painstaking, mechanical preparation had to be used to reveal the specimens, some of which had been damaged by previous attempts. Latex and epoxy were used to make casts when bones were only preserved as natural molds. Based on these new specimens and restudy of older ones, Corosaurus was reviewed by Storrs in a monograph published in 1991. At this point, the only unknown parts of Corosaurus were the palate, toes, and interclavicle (one of the shoulder bones).

An expedition during the summer of 1996 recovered another partial skeleton of Corosaurus from the north side of Muddy Mountain, in addition to fragments found throughout the general region of Casper. The partial skeleton was cataloged at the Field Museum as FMNH 2018. This time, chemical methods were used to make preparation easier. A solution of sodium salts (known as Waller solution) was used to remove iron from the rock, making it more easily dissolved. Formic acid was then used to remove the weakened matrix, with the specimens being subjected to repeated cycles of treatment with Waller solution and acid. To avoid damaging the bones, they were coated with acrylic resin. Additional preparation of the holotype and some of the other Field Museum specimens was also performed.

Skull
The holotype is the only specimen that preserves the cranium. It is wide and flat, measuring about 13 cm long and 7.5 cm broad at its widest. The snout is short and is not constricted, with the external nares (openings for the nostrils) located located about halfway along its length. The external nares and the orbits (openings for the eyes) are partially angled upwards. Behind the orbits are larger paired openings known as supratemporal fenestrae. While higher, Case reconstructed the back part of the skull as too tall.

Each side of the mandible is long, low, and narrow, forming the mandibular symphysis where they meet in front at an acute angle. The symphysis is the sturdiest part of the mandible, and is rather short and scoop-like in shape. There is a ridge on the inner surface of each side of the mandible. In front of the jaw joint, there is a prominent coronoid process; behind the jaw joint, there is a large retroarticular process.

The teeth of Corosaurus are all the same shape, though they vary in size. The teeth are pointed and recurved, with striations running from their tips to their bases. There are no cutting edges on the teeth. The tooth roots are large and set in sockets.

Postcranium
The vertebral column of Corosaurus consists of 18 cervical (neck), 23 dorsal (trunk), 3 sacral (hip), and likely about 40 caudal (tail) vertebrae, for a total of around at least 85. The largest neck vertebrae are those closest to the trunk, with size decreasing towards the skull. The vertebral bodies in the neck are about as tall as they are long. The second neck vertebra has a small triangular neural spine, while those of the other neck vertebrae are quadrangular. The cervical ribs each articulate with the vertebral bodies with two articular surfaces. The tips of the cervical ribs bear two prongs, one pointing forwards and the other pointing backwards. While fairly similar to those in the neck, the trunk vertebrae are larger than those in the other regions. The trunk vertebrae have robust sideways extensions known as transverse processes, about as long as the quadrangular neural spines are tall. The trunk vertebrae also posses an extra set of articulations, formed by protuberances and sockets known as zygosphenes and zygantra. The long, curved, unthickened ribs in the trunk have only one surface for articulation with the vertebrae.

The hip vertebrae resemble the trunk vertebrae and fit together firmly. In some individuals they are unfused, in others, there may be a limited amount of fusion. The sacral ribs, which articulate with the pelvis, are long and extend outwards and downwards. The tail vertebrae have constricted, cylindrical bodies. Those close to the hips are not very elongated, though they become increasingly elongated towards the tip of the tail. From the base to the tip of the tail, the shape of the neural spines changes from quadrangular to round and reclined to absent. The first 14 tail vertebrae bear caudal ribs, which resemble longer, unexpanded sacral ribs. The caudal ribs are either fused or very firmly attached to the vertebrae. V-shaped bones known as chevrons articulate with the undersides of the tail vertebrae, and first occur beneath the fifth or seventh caudal vertebrae, depending on the specimen.

A series of dense, interlocking bones known as gastralia are positioned along the underside of the trunk. They consist of V-shaped elements along the midline with rod-like elements to the sides. Two sets of gastralia seem to be present per the length of a vertebra. Pronged ends may be present on the midline elements, which Storrs interpreted as a congenital deformity.

The clavicles (collarbones) of Corosaurus each consist of two processes oriented roughly orthogonally to each other, forming an L-shape. The outer process is thin and flat while the inner process is short and robust, bearing a groove for the articulation of the interclavicle. The interclavicle supported the clavicles, which lacked firm contact with each other and the scapulae. As preserved, the interclavicle appears to be small and triangular, concave in front and pointed at the back. The shape of the clavicles suggest that there may have been long projections from the sides of the interclavicle. The remainder of the shoulder girdle consists of the sturdy scapulae and coracoids. The front edge of the scapula has an undualting profile, while the scapular blade is slender and backswept. There is a notch between the blade and the thick, rough portion of the scapula involved in the shoudler joint. The coracoids are a pair large, subrectangular, plate-like bones, with weakly concave front and back edges. There are no notches on the coracoids, which are thickest where they meet along the midline. The shoulder joint is somewhat inclined forwards. The coracoids have dense bone structure and in life would have had cartilaginous extensions.

History of study
There are two known specimens of "Callawyia" wolonggangense, the holotype SPCV 10306 and the additional assigned specimen SPCV 10305. The holotype is the more complete of the two, being a partial articulated skeleton consisting of a three-dimensionally preserved skull as well as trunk, shoulder, and forelimb bones. SPCV 10305 is a crushed skull. Both specimens are preserved in micritic limestone from the lower portion of the Xiaowa Formation, dating to the Carnian age of the Late Triassic. These fossils were discovered near the village of Xinpu in Guanling County, Guizhou Province, China. The species was named in 2007 by Chen Xiao-hong, Cheng Long, and Martin Sander. They found it to be quite similar to the Canadian ichthyosaur Callawayia neoscapularis, and therefore assigned it to that genus, thereby extending both the geographic and temporal range of the genus. However, there were differences between C. neoscapularis and the new Chinese material, so the authors named a new species, C. wolonggangense, to contain these new fossils. The name of the species refers to a hill, Wolonggang, rich in well-preserved fossils.

The assignment of this species to the genus Callawayia was contested by Michael Masich in 2010. Furthermore, he noted that the species was differentiated by the configuration of bones in the skull, which can be influenced by the quality of a specimen's preservation and how well it was extracted from the surrounding rock. He suspected that ''"C." wolonggangense represented the same animal as Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae, another ichthyosaur from the same place and time, but refrained from synonymizing them, provisionally reassigning "C." wolonggangense to Guizhouichthyosaurus wolonggangense'' until it could be studied in more detail. In a 2012 study, Shang Qing-Hua and coauthors restudied the anatomy of the skull of Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae, which they assigned to the geuns Shastasaurus as S. tangae, an assignment not accepted by other authors. They considered "Callawayia" wolonggangense to be quite similar to G. tangae and also proposed that the two species were synonymous. In a subsequent paper, Shang and Li Chun reaffirmed this synonymy, finding ''"C." wolonggangense to fall within the range of variation of G. tangae''.

However, ''"C." wolonggangense'' has also been considered a distinct species. Cheng Ji and coauthors conducted a phylogenetic study of ichthyosaurs in 2015, including ''"C." wolonggangense'' in their analysis. Their work further rejected the assignment of this species to Callawayia, failing to find unique features linking it to C. neoscapularis. However, they also found it to not be assignable to Guizhouichthyosaurus either.

Description
"Callawayia" wolonggangense is a medium-sized ichthyosaur, based on the size of its lower jaw, measuring about 70 cm long. More than two thirds of length of the skull in ''"C." wolonggangense'' is formed by a long snout. The openings for the nostrils are narrow, with a furrow extending forwards from each. The orbits, which housed the eyes in life, are large and fairly round openings, and the portion of the skull behind them is narrow. The smaller paired openings at the top of the skull, the supratemporal fenestrae, are preceeded by depressions extending from their front edges. The jaws are lined with conical teeth of varying sizes, with striated crowns and grooved roots implanted into sockets.

The configuration of the skull bones is preserved in the specimens, but it is uncertain how accurately. The toothbearing bones known as premaxillae form most of the snout. The other pair of toothbearing bones in the upper jaw, the maxillae, each bear a projection that rises to contact the corresponding prefrontal, bones which form part of the orbital rim. The prefrontals are blocked from touching a pair of skull roof bones known as frontals by two other pairs of bones, the nasals and postfrontals. The nasals are located on top of the snout and are quite extensive, reaching far back on the skull roof. The frontals form both the front edges of the supratemporal fenestrae and the terraces in front of them. The remainder of the rims of the supratemporal fenestrae are formed by bones known as parietals, supratemporals, and postfrontals; with the contact of the latter two preventing the postorbitals and squamosals from reaching the rim. Each parietal was described by Chen and coauthors as bearing a prominent ridge, behind which there is a shelf-like surface. However, Ji and coauthors stated in 2015 that this feature was not present in ''"C." wolonggangense''.

The trunk of the holotype of ''"C." wolonggangense'' is about 1.5 m long. Exactly how many vertebrae the trunk contained is not certain, but Chen and coauthors estimated that there were between 46 and 65. The vertebral bodies are shaped like disks. Chen and coauthors described the scapulae as long, narrow bones; however, Ji and coauthors noted that their shape was in part due to them being broken. The coracoids, another pair of shoulder bones involved in the shoulder joint, have concave front and back edges, resembling fans in shape. The humeri are short, wide bones with a strong ridge on their upper sides. Each foreflipper contains four digits. The front edges of the bones in the frontmost digit bear notches.

Classification
While recognized as a shastasaurid-like ichthyosaur, the exact placement of ''"C." wolonggangense'' within Ichthyosauria is uncertain. Chen and coauthors assigned ''"C." wolonggangense to Callawayia'' in their initial description. They noted that Shastasaurus and Callawayia had some significant differences from each other, and cast doubt on the notion that Callawayia could be classified in the group Shastasauridae. They tentatively assigned the genus to Shastasauria on account of the shape of its humerus, but argued that further study would be necessary to determine how Callawayia was related to other ichthyosaurs, and refrained from assigning it to a family. Maisch, who in 2010 assigned ''"C." wolonggangense to Guizhouichthyosaurus, classified it in Shonisauridae, alonside Shonisaurus and Himalayasaurus''.

In their 2015 phylogenetic analysis, Ji and coauthors found ''"C." wolonggangense'' to belong to Shastasauridae, in turn part of a larger group called Merriamosauria. Guizhouichthyosaurus was also found to belong to this group, though Callawayia was not. A modified version of this analysis run by Gabriele Bindellini and coauthors in 2021, who found different configurations for the classification of the shastasaurids. Some of their analyses found shastasaurids to form a natural group like that of Ji an colleagues; however, the relationships within this group were uncertain. ''"C." wolonggangense was sometimes found to form part of a small group in Shastasauridae along with Guizhouichthyosaurus and Besanosaurus'', though this was not always the case. Furthermore, other analyses run by these authors found shastasaurids to not be a natural grouping, instead being a series of branches each more closely related to other merriamosaurs.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Slate Weasel/sandbox


text:
Acrolepia elaphrodes

Acrolepia elaphrodes is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1919. It is found in South America.

title: Acrolepia elaphrodes


text:
User:Hokodo

== Wiley Simonian ==

Born in the san juan islands, generaly energetic patient male. He can be found wandering the parks or at most martial arts functions. Sword enthusiast as well as competent woodworker and blacksmith.

title: User:Hokodo


text:
Lion Oil

Lion Oil Company is a private corporation engaged in refining and production of oil, gasoline, and oil-based products. It also manufactures asphalt, industrial solvents and roofing materials. It also operates a gathering and transportation system that moves oil products in interstate commerce. The company is based in Arkansas.

History
Lion Oil Company was established in 1922. Thomas Harry (Colonel) Barton was instrumental in the development of the company. He joined the organization as a major stockholder in 1928 and was elected president and director. His tenure saw the expansion of Lion Oil with the addition of holdings in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. In Arkansas, it owned three large petroleum companies, including 400 hundred service stations.

In 1955, Lion Oil was sold to the Monsanto Company along with what is now El Dorado Chemical Company. Lion Oil is the only oil refinery Monsanto has owned. This purchase was part of Monsanto's move to enter the petroleum industry after major oil companies, which supplied it with feedstocks, began their own commodity chemical divisions. Lion Oil was later sold by Monsanto to Tosco.

In 1985, Lion was struggling and on the verge of shutting down and was sold by Tosco to a partnership of Ergon Refining of Jackson, Mississippi, and a group of local investors. This is how it acquired the oil refinery in El Dorado, Arkansas.

In March 2011, Delek US Holdings, Inc. of Brentwood, Tennessee acquired Ergon’s 53.7% majority equity interest; total equity ownership by Delek increased to 88.3%; on April 29, 2011 Delek US became the new operator of Lion Oil.

In October 2011, Delek US Holdings, Inc. acquired the remaining 11.7% interest to increase its equity interest in Lion Oil to 100%.

Lion Oil continues as a petroleum supplier with its headquarters in Brentwood.

title: Lion Oil


text:
Celestia/Development

Celestia's source code is freely available on GitHub. Only official Celestia developers can upload modified code to the GitHub server, but anyone can download the code and modify it for their own purposes. If you would like to contribute code to the project, please discuss it on the Celestia Web Forum in its Celestia Development Forum.

A sociological comment:
 * As with most software projects with established developer communities and protocols, a potential contributor to Celestia will have to undergo a form of apprenticeship. The program is large and complex and its underlying design philosophy has to be understood. It also takes a while to gain the trust of the people currently working on the program. By themselves, programming skills aren't enough. Too often individuals unfamiliar with the program or with the people involved have suggested significant changes and have become discouraged because their ideas weren't incorporated immediately. Don't let this happen to you. Read the forum. Read the developers mailing list. Participate in discussions. Contribute ideas. Try out things with the code on your own. Be patient. It'll take a while.

The following sections describe how to obtain the code and modify it for specific operating systems.

 * GNU/Linux and *BSD
 * macOS
 * Windows

title: Celestia/Development


text:
User:Truepopperqeen86/sandbox

Chocolate Labs Are Some Of The Best Dogs They Swim Very Well They Are Good Hunters Well Duck To Be Exact They Love People And Kids They Are Loyal Companions They Are Really Loving Dogs. German Shepard's Are Very Loyal And Trustworthy They Protect There Families That Is Why German Shepard's Are Used In Police Work In The K-9 Unit German Shepard's Are Loving Dogs Who Protect There Family And Home. Pit Bulls Have Not Always Been Called Pit bulls They Used To Be Called Nanny Dogs Because Of How Much They Took Care Of There Owners Kids Pit bulls Have A violent Reputation But They Are Really Good Dogs They Do Not Want To Hurt Any One Pit bulls Are Mainly Used In Cruel Dog Fighting Dog Fighting Is Illeagel And A Dog Should Not Have To Go Threw That I have a Pit bull/Chocolate lab and he is as sweet as can be he does not hurt anyone not even other dogs i also have a German Shepard and he is a protector he makes sure    i am §afe

title: User:Truepopperqeen86/sandbox


text:
solidarietà

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) solidarity (all senses); support
 * 2) sympathy

Noun

 * 1) solidarity

title: solidarietà


text:
Talk:Hypsilophodon

Dinosaur song
Yes, I know this is a long shot, but what the hell...

In around 1996 I used to listen to BFBS radio in Germany regularly and for some strange reason they played a silly childrens' song every single day. Now, of course, I want to find it again. It began

''Dinosaurs loved lots to eat, that's why their tummies were big  (something something) and the longest necks to reach the highest twig''

and the chorus was

There was a (something something)saurus, (something something)saurus,

(something something)saurus, (something something)saurus,

(something something)saurus, (something something)saurus,

Hypsilophodon

There was a (something something)saurus, (something something)saurus,

(something something)saurus, (something something)saurus,

(something something)saurus, (something something)saurus,

and an Iguanodon.

Remember this? Anybody? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Iago4096 (talk • contribs) 10:23, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

 * According to Google the lines were: "Herbivores liked lots to eat. That's why their tummies were big/ Stumpy legs and the longest necks to reach the highest twig/ Giant leaves and soggy weeds and different plants galore/ All plant-eating dinosaurs are known as herbivores!", the chorus being "There was a: Stegosaurus; Fabrosaurus; Scolosaurus, Ankylosaurus; Nodosaurus; Kentrosaurus; Hypsilophodon! There was a: Tsintosaurus; Brachiosaurus; Jaxartosaurus; Edmontosaurus; Apatosaurus; Uintasaurus, and an Iguanodon!", followed by: "Herbivores were gentle beasts and never wanted to fight/ Usually they ran away or just stayed out of sight/ If attacked they stand their ground and lash out with their tails/ Some have horns and bony plates and spikes as sharp as nails". Of course the theropods were not neglected: "All meat-eating dinosaurs, had sharp teeth and powerful jaws/ Faster legs and deadly claws, Ferocious beasts the carnivores! There was a: Gorgosaurus; Megalosaurus; Albertosaurus; Allosaurus; Ceratosaurus... Meet the carnivores! There was an: Oviraptor; Velociraptor; Coelophysis; Stenonychosaurus; Tyrannosaurus... Savage dinosaurs!". No idea who wrote or sang it.--MWAK (talk) 15:52, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Mantell-Bowerbank block
Is this it? http://www.lib.utexas.edu/books/britfossils/html/txu-oclc-13370987-2-dinosauria-plate06.php FunkMonk (talk) 19:51, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

 * It is indeed :o). Thank you for uploading this!--MWAK (talk) 14:56, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Heh, I tried to compare it with this image in my head, but couldn't get it to match. But they're the same specimen I think. FunkMonk (talk) 08:36, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, the Dinkel lithograph depicts it with a third piece added to the extreme right side.--MWAK (talk) 16:59, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

possible pronation
Were they able to pronate their hands?<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:15, 2 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't think there is evidence any dinosaurs could. FunkMonk (talk) 21:45, 2 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I know that theropods, bipedal sauropodomorphs, bipedal ceratopsians (including those semi-quadrupedal like Leptoceratops) and heterodontosaurs can't pronate their hands, at least not fully (they do seem to be able to partially pronate, except abelisaurs who don't even have wrists), but I have a dinosaur-book that has a picture of a Hypsilophodon, along with pictures of other bipedal ornithopods, pachycephalosaurs and some early ornithischians where their hands are pronating, and nobody said anything about these dinosaurs being unable to pronate, so I don't know if I should believe them or not, but at least the book's pictures of theropods and sauropodomorphs have their hands in the correct-positions. The book is called "Dinosaurs: The Most Complete Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur-Lovers of All Ages".<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:34, 5 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, it's a popular book targeted at younger readers I believe, it does not present new research, which is what we would need. Also, many of Luis Rey's drawing in that book are really old, I remember some of them even from the 90s or very early 2000s (including his Hypsilophodon and Pachycephalosaurus in extreme perspectives), so they are certainly not all up to date. And the book itself is from 2007, which is very long ago when we're talking dinosaur research. FunkMonk (talk) 19:09, 7 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hypsilophodon


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/bikroykoro.com

Links

 * bikroykoro.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 1 additions.


text:
1924 Iowa State Cyclones football team

The 1924 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1924 college football season. In their third season under head coach Sam Willaman, the Cyclones compiled a 4–3–1 record (3–2 against conference opponents), finished in fifth place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 87 to 68. They played their home games at State Field in Ames, Iowa.

Harry Schmidt was the team captain. Schmidt and Norton Behm were selected as first-team all-conference players.

title: 1924 Iowa State Cyclones football team


text:
Talk:Chris Bacon (boxer)

That is before he retired
After he retired that’s when he get started with the actual stranth and he just keeps training so he is way stronger now!😉 Lillybootsy (talk) 06:10, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chris Bacon (boxer)


text:
User:Sophpsych/sandbox

= Facial Signals of Personality =

One’s appearance is commonly used to form social judgements of others. Due to appearance based judgments being so prominent in everyday judgments and interactions, research has tested the accuracy and correlations between facial appearance and behaviours. Studies provide conflicting results, with some researchers arguing face-based social judgements merely bias our choices and decisions, whereas other research has suggested that facial appearance contains a kernel of truth about the individual’s traits and behaviours. Preconceived judgments based on facial appearance alone is shown to bias political election outcomes, decision making and outweigh inferences made by written factual information of an individual’s nature. However, individuals have been found to accurately perceive personality of others just from a static expressionless photo of their face indicating ‘judging a book by its cover’ is not necessarily a social bias that should be avoided and rather the face is a valid tool for social judgements.

= Evidence for Facial Signals of Personality =

Personality ratings from a static face
Alongside signals of emotion, research has indicated that the face signals personality traits. Even in the absence of emotional expression, static neutral faces provide accurate information about stable traits of personality. Using composite expressionless photos of multiple individuals scoring high or low on specific personality traits of the Big Five, individuals are able to accurately judge the personality of strangers from their facial appearance alone. In addition to levels of openness, contentiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism, accurate detection of social and behavioural traits including that of trustworthiness, dominance, aggression, intelligence and health are also shown to be involuntarily signalled via one’s facial morphology. Furthermore, research has found that personality can be detected from photos of individual non-composite faces with significant accuracy found for ratings of extraversion. Specific fixation of personality signals on the face is shown by greater accuracy in ratings from facial signals as opposed to other parts of the body. Agreeableness is better identified from facial appearance that the more extensive attribute of gait. These findings suggest that not only do humans signal personality and internal attributes from their facial appearance, but humans also obtain the ability to read these facial signals from others.

Holistic Vs Internal facial features
The accuracy of personality detection differs when based on composite images of a whole face or based on the more limited presentation of internal facial stimuli (cropped composite faces showing only the eyes nose and mouth). Correct detection of personality has been found for four of the Big Five personality traits (openness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism) when based on internal facial features alone. Accurate personality detection was not found for contentiousness and physical health suggesting these domains require more holistic facial appearance in order to be detected by others. However, external facial features seem to be important in the detection of facial signals of extraversion and physical health with improved accuracy found from the full-face images (in comparison to internal faces). This research suggests that facial signals of specific attributes obtain different morphology or facial locations.

Facial width to height ratio (fWHR)
Facial width to height ratio, the ratio of the bizygomatic-width to upper face height is a sexually dimorphic trait, with a larger fWHR found in males. Individual differences in fWHR has previously been used as a measurement and predictor of aggression, with high fWHR being found to positively correlate to aggressive behaviour both in laboratory behavioural tasks and real life settings, FWHR in males has been associated with achievement drive, untrustworthiness and unethical behaviour such as deception. Males with greater facial width not only were more likely to exploit the trust of others but were also less likely to be trusted by their peers compared to males with more narrow faces. Also, narrow-faced males are more likely to die from direct contact violence than wider-faced males, perhaps due to lower levels of dominance. Research examining facial width of the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of leading UK businesses found that dominance and success was correlated to each individuals fWHR, with strangers correctly rating the CEO’s as more dominant and successful than photographs of non CEO’s. However, research into fWHR is conflicting, with other studies finding no correlation between fWHR of males and reported levels of aggression. In addition, facial width to height ratio being gender specific is questionable with comparable fWHR found between males and females

= Trustworthiness =

Facial Morphology
It is still unclear what specific facial features influence or equate to specific signals of personality traits. However, research into trust evaluation has suggested specific face shape and structures that link to a face that signals either high or low levels of trust. Kleisner, Priplatova, Frost & Flegr (2013) found a correlation between an individual’s eye colour and their appearance of trustworthiness, with individuals with brown eyes perceived to be more trustworthy than those whom have blue eyes. However, when the eye colour on the facial stimuli was reversed the same results were found suggesting that it is the facial shape and structure related to individuals with brown eyes rather than the specific eye colour that influences perceived trustworthiness. Geometric morphometric correlates suggest that the facial structure mostly associated with brown eyes is commonly perceived as more trustworthy. Individuals with brown eyes tend to have a rounder and broader chin, a broader mouth with upward-pointing corners, relatively bigger eyes, and eyebrows closer to each other, features that are commonly allocated to a trustworthy face during trust evaluation studies. Whereas, blue eyed individuals commonly display a more prominent angular lower face, a longer chin, a more narrow mouth with downward pointing corners, relatively smaller eyes, and further apart eyebrows, synonymous of untrustworthy rated faces.

Neurological responses to Trust signals
The activity of the amygdala, one of the brain regions involved in decision making and evaluation of emotions, is sensitive to facial signals of trustworthiness playing a role in implicit evaluations of trustworthiness of faces. Responses by the amygdala are automatic with amygdala activity in response to untrustworthy faces elicited even when participants were not actively judging levels of trust. Face-trait inferences occur spontaneously and remarkably rapidly, within as little as 33ms. Impromtu and rapid judgements of personality detection via facial signals is further suggested by exposure time not having an effect on accuracy of judgement. Under a longer exposure of 500 ms and thus a longer time available to create a decision, personality judgments are made just as rapidly if not quicker, when exposed to a face for a shorted time of 100 ms. Research using functional magnetic resonance imaging has found greater neural activation in the bilateral amygdala and right insula, and also the right superior temporal sulcus, in response to untrustworthy faces during a trust discrimination task. The amygdala response towards untrustworthy facial signals was found to increase as the perceived trustworthiness of faces decreases. The role of the amygdala in face processing is also shown by research involving brain damaged participants. Impaired judgment of untrustworthiness from faces was found in individuals with bilateral amygdala damage, rating previously agreed untrustworthy and negatively attributed faces more positively than neuro-typical controls.

Evolved Social Signalling System
Automatic and enhanced activation of the amygdala towards socially dangerous facial stimuli, be it untrustworthy faces or expressions of fear, is suggested to be the result of an adaptive response to potentially dangerous stimuli. Instant responses towards threatening facial signals of others may have evolved to serve the purpose of protection against deception assisting social judgements of another’s intent. One suggestion by the field of evolutionary research is that such abilities to detect personality and facial signals are the product of an evolved social signalling system of which may serve the adaptive function of inferring harmful intentions of others, in turn providing protection against deception. If such an evolved social signalling system exists it would be expected that we would share personality structure and facial morphology with that of our closest evolved relative the chimpanzee. Humans are indeed able to detect facial signals of extraversion and dominance not only in individuals of our own species, but also that of our close relation, the chimpanzee. A shared personality structure between that of humans and chimpanzees is suggested by the cross-generalisation of personality traits between species alongside similarities of facial morphology that are apparent within human and chimpanzee facial muscular structure and facial expression further providing evidence for the existence of an evolved social signalling system. In addition an innate ability to detect facial personality signals is suggested by a typical ability to infer social attributes from the faces of others by individuals with prosopagnosia. Despite impaired holistic face recognition individuals with prosopagnosia seem to still be able to detect subtle facial cues of personality.

= Evaluation =

The validity and diagnostic ability of facial evaluations and detection of facial signals is controversial. Research by Olivia & Torodov (2010) analysed over 1 million appearance-based judgements and concluded that using appearances and facial cues overall had a detrimental effect on their ability to predict another’s intentions and characteristics. Rather predicting characteristics of others would be more accurate if individuals based their decisions solely on knowledge of basic information inferring characteristics, e.g textual explanation of their personality and previous behaviours. It is therefore suggested that more research into facial cues is needed in order to determine which cues help or hinder accurate social judgments. The ability to detect personality from facial signals and cues has been criticised for being merely caused by the reading of lower-level featural dimensions. Stable, expressionless photos of individuals may still obtain subtle emotional expressions which are then used to infer characteristics and intent. A neutral face containing structural overlaps to the emotional expressions, for example of anger or joy, contribute to the perceived level of trustworthiness. Therefore it may be the complex arrangements of these low- level facial features that form the overall differences in the facial appearance of trust.

= References=

title: User:Sophpsych/sandbox


text:
Home Remedies/Chapter 5

B
Aloe Vera get is good for treating burns, bites and grazes.

If you pack mud on a bee sting, it should help the stinger pop out.

C
CAMOMILE TEA TAKEN AT BEDTIME PROMOTES A RESTFUL SLEEP.

title: Home Remedies/Chapter 5


text:
Shōbayashi Shōrin-ryū

Shōbayashi Shōrin-ryu (少林流) (Shōrin-ryū) is a style of Okinawan Shorin-ryu karate founded by Eizo Shimabukuro. Eizo Shimabukuro (1925-2017) dropped the Chatan Yara no Kusanku and the Oyadamari no Passai he learned from Chotoku Kyan and he added Kusanku Sho and Dai and Passai Sho and Dai of Yasutsune Itosu lineage. It is said that Eizo Shimabukuro learned these Itosu kata as well as Pinan Shodan to Godan and Naihanchin Shodan to Sandan from Choshin Chibana. However, in his book "Okinawa Karatedo Old Grandmaster Stories" Eizo Shimabukuro says that Chibana was too old to teach and so Chibana referred Shimabukuro to his senior student, Nakazato, for instruction. Eizo Shimabuku also added two kata from his time in Goju-ryu with Chojun Miyagi. These kata being Seiyunchin and Sanchin (Eizo Shimabukuro used to call his version of Sanchin, Sanchu). At one time Shimabuku taught Shorin-ryu and Goju-ryu side by side.

History
Although Chinese martial arts began spreading to Okinawa in the 14th century, it was not prominent until the 18th century, when Kusanku, a Chinese military official, visited Okinawa and gave a demonstration. In subsequent visits, he started teaching "chuan fa" (meaning "fist way") to Okinawans.

Kanga Sakukawa blended Kusanku's Chuan Fa with indigenous Okinawan martial arts to form the first martial art style called karate. His student Sokon Matsumura blended Sakugawa's style with Shaolin kung fu to form Shuri-Te karate.

Matsumura was Anko Itosu's primary instructor, and both Matsumura and Itosu instructed Chotoku Kyan and Choki Motobu. Several of Kyan's students would go on to lead their own branches of karate. These are: Shoshin Nagamine (Matsubayashi-ryu), Tatsuo Shimabukuro (Isshin-ryu), Eizo Shimabukuro (Shobayashi Shorin Ryu), Joen Nakazato (Shorinji-ryu), and Zenryo Shimabukuro (Shorin-ryu Seibukan).

Eizo Shimabukuro studied under Chojun Miyagi before taking up Shuri-Te under Chotoku Kyan. Although Kyan then became his primary instructor, Shimabukuro also studied under Choki Motobu and weapons under Taira Shinken. In 1959 at the Kodokan in Japan, Kanken Tōyama promoted Eizo Shimabukuro to 10th Dan. At the age of 34, Shimabukuro was the youngest person ever to receive such an honor. Tatsuo was senior to Eizo and when he started Isshinryu, Eizo took over. Eizo studied often with his older brother Tatsuo, which may explain why the kata are so similar and Eizo retained Sanchin and Seiunchin

title: Shōbayashi Shōrin-ryū


text:
Talk:Introduction to Moral Reasoning/The dissertation

This sounded ok when I read it in French, but when I translated it into English, it suddenly sounds a little bit grand and wordy. Perhaps this is why a lot of English people have a problem with Derrida?? :) --publunch 12:34, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)


text:
Sagasi-Deybuk

Sagasi-Deybuk (Сагаси-Дейбук) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Sagasi-Deybuksky Selsoviet, Kayakentsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 1,986 as of 2010. There are 24 streets.

Geography
Sagasi-Deybuk is located 29 km northwest of Novokayakent (the district's administrative centre) by road. Karanayaul and Pervomayskoye are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Dagins and Kumyks live there.

title: Sagasi-Deybuk


text:
Blytheville Air Force Base

Blytheville Air Force Base was a United States Air Force base that operated under the Tactical Air Command and Strategic Air Command from 1954 until its closure in 1992. The facility originally served as a B-25 pilot training school during WW2. For the majority of its operation, the base served as a home for SAC's B-52 ground alert program. In 1988, the facility was renamed Eaker Air Force Base in honor of World War II General of the Eighth Air Force, Ira C. Eaker. It was located 3 mi northwest of Blytheville, Arkansas. The facility now operates as the Arkansas Aeroplex and Arkansas International Airport.

Construction and World War 2
Constructed on former agricultural land, the site was originally activated as the Blytheville Army Airfield in 1942. During World War II, the site served as a training airfield as part of the 70,000 Pilot Training Program. It was one of many air fields created in the country's interior during the war for this purpose. Blytheville, Arkansas was selected as a training location due to its proximity to the Mississippi River, where supplies could easily be shipped to and from the site. Construction of the airfield at Blytheville was quicker than other pilot schools in Arkansas, so the first groups to train at the base were originally intended for Walnut Ridge Army Airfield and Helena Aerotech for their basic training. There were also additional auxiliary airfields at Luxora, AR, Manilla, AR, Hornersville, MO, Steele, MO, and Cooter, MO. The first casualty of the flight school was Herbert Perkins, a native of Virginia whose BT-13 crashed near the intermediate air field at Luxora, AR. The airfield was used as the Southeastern Training Command's flight training school. Cadets trained on the AT-6, AT-9, and AT-10 to learn to fly the B-25. Additionally, the flight school hosted a small number of TB-25Gs, a trainer version of the B-25. In 1945, the base also hosted a glider school to train servicemen to fly the Waco CG-4. The airfield closed in October 1945 after the Second World War ended. Then the airfield briefly became a processing center for the rapid demobilization of military personnel being discharged. The War Assets Administration officially closed down the installation in 1946, at which point control and responsibility for the land was transferred to the city of Blytheville.

Reopening under Tactical Air Command
On 15 July 1955, the facility was reopened by the Tactical Air Command as Blytheville Air Force Base (AFB), when the 461st Bombardment Wing was moved from Hill Air Force Base in Utah. Blytheville AFB became fully operational when it was equipped with a wing of three squadrons of B-57 bomber on 19 July 1955. While the 461st never saw any combat during its time at Blytheville Air Force Base, it was assigned to a number of training exercises and experiments. The 461st Wing's B-57Bs participated on Operation Sagebrush, Operation Redwing, Operation Mobile Charlie, Operation Counter Punch, and Operation Able Vista.

Transfer to Strategic Air Command
On April 1, 1958, the base was formally transferred into the Strategic Air Command, as part of a planned expansion of the B-52 bomber program. In July 1959, the 97th Bombardment Wing subsequently assumed control of the base and brought with it the long-range B-52G bomber and the KC-135A Stratotanker aerial refueling aircraft to support bomber operations and SAC's ground alert program. A Ready Alert Facility was constructed on the base in 1960, similar to others being built all over America at the time. Blytheville AFB experienced a great deal of activity throughout the Cold War era. The base was taken to a heightened state of alert on three occasions. First, the 4229th Air Base Unit was taken to a "personnel alert" during the 1958 Lebanon Crisis. Second, the base was taken to DEFCON 2 and the 97th Bombardment Wing was placed on airborne alert on 22 October 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Two B-52G bombers were readied to strike the Soviet Union with nuclear weapons if necessary—for which the wing received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for its performance during the crisis. And third, the base was taken to DEFCON 3 in 1973 during the Yom Kippur War. During the Vietnam War the 97th Bomber Wing at Blytheville supported strike operations throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. A bomber crew from Blytheville was among the first shot down during Operation Linebacker II, a December 1972 mission targeting complexes in North Vietnam. Three crewmen died in the crash. Six more men from the 97th were also lost in Vietnam, whose names are recognized on a memorial placard at the former base. In 1972, all of the bombers were temporarily moved to Guam before being returned to Blytheville AFB, at which time the installation resumed normal functions. It launched rescue missions from the base to Grenada in 1983 and in August 1990, the pilots of the 97th Bomber Wing began practicing for missions in the Middle East and eventually supported Operation Desert Storm.

Renamed Eaker AFB and base closure
In 1988, the U.S. Air Force officially renamed Blytheville AFB to Eaker AFB in commemoration of World War II General Ira Eaker, the former commander of the 8th Air Force. Officials had hoped, after hearing rumors of the base's possible closure, that the name would endear the base among military leaders and be enough to incentivize its continued existence. Unfortunately, Eaker Air Force Base topped the Strategic Air Command's list of base closures in 1991 and with the Cold War coming to an end, the installation was officially chosen; in March 1992, the last aircraft left the base. Extensive efforts to offset the negative economic effects on the community of Blytheville were undertaken by local and federal officials, who cleaned up the site and then distributed the land to various organizations, including the Department of the Interior (DOI), the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Some of the land has since been declared a National Historic Landmark. The base closure cost the community over 700 civilian jobs, but half of these were recovered through the adaptive reuse of the former base, such as United States Post Office's utilization of the base in the late 1990s as an airport hub during the holidays, some of the base housing being converted by Westminster Village of the Mid-South for a retirement community, the construction of a $2.5 million sports complex by the local community, and the private investment of some $3 million for the creation of the Thunder Bayou Golf Course.

Arkansas Aeroplex and The National Cold War Center
Within a decade of the base's closure, the facility was reopened as the Arkansas Aeroplex, also known as the Arkansas International Airport. The main tenant of the Aeroplex is Aviation Repair Technologies, which specializes in large aircraft repair.

In 2020, the National Cold War Center was created by local citizens to take the base's former SAC Alert Facility and turn it into the primary exhibit for a museum that focused on the many aspects of the Cold War.

Historic Districts
The facility houses two historic districts, the Blytheville Air Force Base Strategic Air Command (SAC) Alert and Weapons Storage Areas Historic District and the Blytheville Air Force Base Capehart Housing Historic District. Both were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.

The SAC Alert Facility is a 247 acre historic district which included 23 contributing buildings, 33 contributing structures, two contributing sites, a contributing object, as well as two non-contributing buildings. The facility was originally constructed in 1960 after the Strategic Air Command took over the base.

In April 2022, the National Cold War Center began working to restore the facility as its primary exhibit.

Major commands to which assigned

 * Army Air Force Flying Training Command, 10 June 1942 – 16 June 1945
 * Continental Air Forces, 16 June 1945 – 21 March 1946
 * Redesignated to Strategic Air Command, 21 March 1946 – 1 April 1946
 * Tactical Air Command, 1 April 1946 – 15 August 1946, 10 June 1953 – 1 October 1953
 * Air Materiel Command, 1 October 1953 – 1 July 1954
 * Tactical Air Command, 1 July 1954 – 1 April 1958
 * Strategic Air Command, 1 April 1958 – 1 June 1992
 * Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 – 15 December 1992 (not operational)

Major units assigned

 * 326th Army Air Forces Base Unit, July 21, 1942 - April 30, 1944
 * 25th Twin Engine Flying Training Group, 25 July 1942 – 29 February 1944
 * 698th Two-Engine Flying Training Squadron
 * 699th Two-Engine Flying Training Squadron
 * 700th Two-Engine Flying Training Squadron
 * 701st Two-Engine Flying Training Squadron
 * 702nd Two-Engine Flying Training Squadron
 * 703rd Two-Engine Flying Training Squadron
 * 704th Two-Engine Flying Training Squadron
 * 945th Quartermaster Truck Platoon, October 2, 1942
 * 309th Aviation Squadron, September 14, 1942 - April 30, 1944
 * 2111th Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 May 1944 – 15 June 1945
 * 809th Army Air Force Base Unit, 16 June 1945 – 31 March 1946
 * 334th Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 April 1946 – 25 November 1946
 * 387th Composite Squadron (Reserve), 25 April 1949 – 17 June 1949
 * 4431st Air Base Squadron, 19 July 1955 – 16 October 1956
 * 461st Bombardment Wing, Tactical, 17 October 1956 – 1 April 1958
 * 764th Bombardment Squadron
 * 765th Bombardment Squadron
 * 766th Bombardment Squadron
 * 4229th Air Base Squadron, 1 April 1958 – 1 July 1959
 * 97th Bombardment Wing, Heavy, 1 July 1959 – 1 September 1991; Redesignated: 97th Wing, 1 September 1991 – 1 April 1992
 * 340th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy
 * 914th Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy
 * 97th Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy

Major aircraft assigned

 * Vultee BT-13 Valiant, 1942-1945
 * North American AT-6B, 1942–1944
 * Curtiss AT-9A, 1942–1944
 * Beech AT-10B, 1942–1945
 * Republic AT-12, 1942–1944
 * North American TB-25G, 1945
 * Curtiss C-46, 1945
 * Douglas C-47, 1945; 1956-1971
 * Waco CG-4, 1945
 * Martin B-57 Canberra, 1956–1958
 * Lockheed T-33, 1956-1961
 * Boeing B-52G Stratofortress, 1960–1992
 * Cessna T-37, 1960-1992
 * Boeing KC-135A Stratotanker, 1961–1992

title: Blytheville Air Force Base


text:
User:Abcd IIITH Indic Wiki Project/sandbox

A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device. GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles. Modern GPUs are very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processing. Their highly parallel structure makes them more efficient than general-purpose central processing units (CPUs) for algorithms that process large blocks of data in parallel. In a personal computer, a GPU can be present on a video card or embedded on the motherboard. In certain CPUs, they are embedded on the CPU die.

The term "GPU" was coined by Sony in reference to the PlayStation console's Toshiba-designed Sony GPU in 1994.[2] The term was popularized by Nvidia in 1999, who marketed the GeForce 256 as "the world's first GPU".[3] It was presented as a "single-chip processor with integrated transform, lighting, triangle setup/clipping, and rendering engines".[4] Rival ATI Technologies coined the term "visual processing unit" or VPU with the release of the Radeon 9700 in 2002.[5]


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Beauty Pageants/Sources

Thoughts
I endorse this initiative, and have added a couple of entries to the non-notable list. Editors in the subject area needs a lot of guidance, especially for fans on how to identify reliable and non-reliable sources. ☆ Bri (talk) 16:51, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Strong support: Yes, please, this is long overdue. I've been editing pageant-related articles for years now, and this project has ALWAYS been full of unsourced information, unreliable sources, and disruptive editing. It is time we adopt explicit standards to turn this project around. Hopefully this can lead to us curbing the issue with disruptive editors as well. { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 20:43, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Addition
Pageantsnews.com has concealed domain registration and there doesn't seem to be any attribution on anything they do. The "about us" page is unimplemented. Their Twitter account claims to be managed by "Louise" in Paris, France. Doesn't sound reliable to me. ☆ Bri (talk) 19:42, 15 September 2020 (UTC) Articles published at the site brillio.net/creator include UGC, see red-type disclaimer (in Indonesian) a "This article was written by a brillio.net reader". ☆ Bri (talk) 19:03, 2 October 2020 (UTC)
 * pageantsnews.com
 * brillio.net brilio.net
 * Do you mean brilio.net (with one l)? brillio.net is blocked by my ISP here in Indonesia. In Indonesian, the text for the disclaimer is "Artikel ini merupakan tulisan pembaca Brilio.net". Hanif Al Husaini (talk) 03:10, 31 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, thanks. It's linked from Jolene Marie Rotinsulu and Puteri Indonesia for example. ☆ Bri (talk) 03:22, 31 December 2020 (UTC)

More of the same - Bri.public (talk) 16:01, 27 October 2020 (UTC) anonymous and bloglike, concealed registration ☆ Bri (talk) 22:57, 8 November 2020 (UTC) Wordpress publishing engine, obfuscated domain ownership, all the contents seem to be added by a single individual. Appears to be a fansite aspiring to be something else. ☆ Bri (talk) 13:49, 18 June 2022 (UTC) Wordpress skin, dubious site, can't decide how to spell its own name (yodel/yodal), has a gmail contact address – all in all looks like a fansite trying to make some ad bucks on the side. ☆ Bri (talk) 18:45, 29 August 2022 (UTC)
 * pageanthology101.com
 * missitems.be
 * grehindia.com
 * newsyodel.com

conandaily.com
Hello is it possible to un ban conandaily.com, because their website provides detailed reports on Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) events. Becuz of conandaily.com detailed coverage of MMA event, their reports becomes invaluable resource for future editors for writing good wikipedia article on MMA topics <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:20, 7 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:generative

Bentley Architecture/Microstation is starting to use the term "Generative" for components. They may have created this definition. Anyone else agree? Its not a trademark but its getting close. Beware of SPAM. <IP_ADDRESS> 18:57, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:generative


text:
Cookbook talk:Orange Sherbet Smoothie

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: Poccil 03:49, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * [2003-07-22T18:29:14Z] <IP_ADDRESS> ( Sherbet, ice cream and soda dessert )
 * [2003-07-22T18:39:13Z] <IP_ADDRESS> ( Sherbet, ice cream and soda dessert )
 * [2004-03-17T05:51:32Z] Valluvar
 * [2004-05-30T10:47:18Z] TreyHarris ( Categorized into Category:Desserts )
 * [2004-08-24T10:29:52Z] Nyh ( this belongs in a cookbook, not encyclopedia... )
 * [2004-10-20T06:24:06Z] <IP_ADDRESS> ( {subst:vfd in place of copy and paste of boiler plate text )
 * [2004-11-10T23:37:24Z] Rossami ( from VfD )

Original recipe by Gary Michael Zager, 1998

title: Cookbook talk:Orange Sherbet Smoothie


text:
Talk:Homeschooling

 * Hello! The writing is very clear, and effective. However I would suggest more perspectives on the notion of homeschooling. For instance, how about homeschooling's pros and cons, meaning the positive and negative positions towards homeschooling? How old is it? Or, the international influence and span of homeschooling? Is there a way to see homeschooling grow or fail in our future?

Furthermore, I have already learned a lot from the great way you approached the subject, objectively and under a huge umbrella. Good job with the picture, it is inviting. I also understood a lot from the structure of the page. Great job with the loads of references!Jtnazari 09:51, 29 September 2008 (UTC)Jasmine Nazari

Hi! I thought you have done a lot of research. (I knew this from your references.) However, since this is wikiversity and not wikipedia, I suggest to create quiz or discussion section in your page so that the readers can learn and think about homeschooling more deeply. Good job with the research of many perspectives!Haruna 09:28, 3 October 2008 -Haruna

 * I hope this can be improved so that it factors in the new technology that is now available on the market and how we can take that to universities as well, not just for kids.

title: Talk:Homeschooling


text:
Talk:Instructional design/Cognitive behaviors

=Design Document= The following describes the design driving this instructional module. Phonebein

Target Audience
The audience for this module are people who are creating instruction for educational outcomes within the cognitive domain.

Course Goal
People who are designing a training program will be able to design a micro-level instructional method for a cognitive objective. The result shall be a method that is effective, efficient, and appealing.''

Learning Objectives
After completing this module, the learner will be able to:
 * Write a micro-instructional strategy to achieve a given cognitive learning objective that has appeal and is effective and efficient.
 * Recognize the definition of the cognitive domain.
 * Recognize the definition of a micro-instructional strategy.
 * Identify the defining characteristics of a cognitive-oriented micro-instructional strategy.
 * Given a list of instructional strategies, identify the micro-instructional strategies for cognitive skills.
 * Explain the concept of appeal in instructional design.
 * Explain the concept of efficiency in instructional design.
 * Explain the concept of effectiveness in instructional design.

Learning Experience
Describe the learning experience and how it will achieve the goal and objectives.

 * 1) The learning experience will consist of written definitions of cognitive domain and micro-instructional strategies and give examples of each.  There should be links to relevant sites that both give more specific detail (depth) to those definitions and some that also enrich and broaden the learner's exposure to the definitions.
 * 2) The learning experience will also consist of a section which breaks out the component parts of a micro-instructional strategy to help the learner identify micro-instructional strategies.
 * 3) To help the learner write an objective that has appeal, the lesson will explain the concept of appeal in instructional design, including examples and non-examples.
 * 4) To help the learner write an objective that is efficient, the lesson will explain the concept of efficiency in instructional design, including examples and non-examples.
 * 5) To help the learner write an objective that is effective, the lesson will explain the concept of effectiveness in instructional design, including examples and non-examples.
 * 6) To assist the student in writing a micro-instructional strategy for a cognitive learning objective, the learning experience will include one or more examples and non-examples of micro-instructional strategies, along with explanations of what makes them micro-instructional strategies or not.
 * 7) The lesson will include a model (fill in the blanks?) or formula for writing a learning objective that meets the criteria outline in the course goal:
 * 8) Is in the cognitive domain
 * 9) Is a micro-instructional strategy
 * 10) Has appeal
 * 11) Is efficient
 * 12) Is effective

--Lzinsmei 02:46, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

What is the Cognitive Domain?
The cognitive domain deals with learning objectives "...related to information or knowledge, naming, solving, predicting, and other intellectual aspects of learning. (Morrison et al. 2004, p. 109) (Team: I guess we need to come up with a way to list our references. Also, I want to this on its own page, but I'm confused by the page naming conventions. I was just going to link it to the "Recognize the definition of the cognitive domain" bullet, but I'm not sure that is what we want the page name to be. Ray)Rdubrayj 01:03, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

=Discussion= Team, I am trying out two means of facilitation. Tell me which you like the best. What you see here is my edit of what you've collectively posted. I've opted for simplicity, just enough to get you started on the next step, which is focusing on the design of the learning experience. If you want to see my previous edits, which were in-line with your edits, use the history tab to compare.

I would suggest the team begins working on one of the enabling objectives, specifically those related to the cognitive domain. Collaboratively develop a prototype of a text-based lesson for that objective. Let's also try moving away from being additive (in terms of each person posting their own versions of something), to more of an editing role: First person starts developing a lesson, others edit and elaborate. For fairness, each person should probably take the lead on developing a lesson for one of the objectives. Phonebein 20:03, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Here is my first pass at an objective for our module.

Novice instructional designers will be able to choose an appropriate micro-instructional strategy for fostering  in the cognitive domain with the result that the students they design for will achieve high scores on evaluations appropriate to the type of learning designed for. Rdubrayj 03:04, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Here's my refinement of the above: Given an enabling objective associated with the cognitive domain, the learner will be able to generate a micro-level instructional method for that objective. The instructional method must enable the target audience to achieve the objective (effectiveness), score a 4 or greater on a Level 1 evaluation (5-point scale) (appeal), and have a reasonable timeframe, as judged by an expert (efficiency). Phonebein 16:12, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

You're very diplomatic with your "refinement." But, it seems like a pretty tall order to me, given our timeframe. To achieve it, we'd not only have to provide instruction in what the micro-level methods are, but some sort of meaningful practice across a range of possible objectives in the domain.

Also, I'm having trouble seeing beyond the Reigeluth material. It seems like we'd want to create the next generation explanation of the strategies. But, I can't see it yet. Rdubrayj 17:18, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Think beyond just this class. Think of this wiki learning experience being continually edited and updated not just by this class, but by classes in the future. I understand that we are time-limited, so as long as we get one or two instructional units that contribute to that objective this semester, we're doing good.Phonebein 19:18, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Since our design document is due tomorrow, I took a stab at the learning objectives and a description of the learning experience. This is a first pass, and I would like feedback from the rest of the team. --Lzinsmei 03:05, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Just tring to jump in. We talked about having a chat session this Wednesday night. Unless anyone else has a thought, I can create a Cisco Meeting Place meeting, this will give us a toll free conference number and the ability to share a document to review/edit. What time? Kkatz 18:36, 4 March 2007 (UTC)Karen

Karen, I thought we decided 8:30 on Wednesday. But, I can't remember if Jennifer was still there or not. Also, we have to remember to include Nancy Tamez. We can also invite Pete, who has indicated an interest in sitting in on team discussions, although he may not be available. What I'm saying is that we should invite him, but we shouldn't let his availability, or lack thereof, to determine when the rest of us meet. Rdubrayj 00:12, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

A chat session would be great, especially for me since I feel so out of the loop on this exercise. I am really unsure of where we are in the process, and I want to contribute! Please just let me know what time on Wednesday (I am in Central time), so please let's make it after 6:00 pm. Thanks!! Nancy

8:30 pm EST works for me. I have a dinner, but I'll try to wrap up in time for the call. I'll email Pete to get information on the free conference call number. --Lzinsmei 13:31, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Good job, Ray! Thanks for taking the lead and blazing the trail. Looks like you've made great progress!--Lzinsmei 21:35, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

yea prolly not!


text:
Neil Rossouw

Neil Rossouw (born 25 September 1976) is a Namibian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler who played First-class cricket in 2004, as well as playing for the Namibian team when Pakistan and New Zealand's A teams toured the country. However, he played his first match, for an Eastern Province XI nearly ten years previously, when Durham toured South Africa.

He also played in the Faithwear Inter-Provincial Competition of 2004.

title: Neil Rossouw


text:
bouffée

Etymology
From bufee; from bouffer.

Noun

 * 1) puff of wind, smoke and etc
 * 2)  surge, rush

title: bouffée


text:
Talk:Objective-C Programming

While this is a great start, wouldn't it maybe be better to start from a total beginner's perspective on programming? There's no explaination of what a "method" is, for example. Unless knowledge from other OO programming languages are required reading, in which case why is OO programming defined here? ;) Sort of inconsistant.

Objective-C Programming as a name would be more in line with C Programming and C++ Programming Otus 11:52, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Objective-C Programming


text:
Federal Correctional Institution, Fairton

The Federal Correctional Institution, Fairton (FCI Fairton) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in New Jersey. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has an adjacent satellite prison camp housing minimum-security male offenders and a completely separate medium-security unit that houses inmates admitted into the federal Witness Security Program.

FCI Fairton is located 50 mi southeast of Philadelphia and 40 mi west of Atlantic City.

Notable incidents
On August 17, 2010, Brian Walters, Chief Pharmacist at FCI Fairton, pleaded guilty to stealing over $7,000 in drugs and supplies from the prison pharmacy which he supervised. An investigation revealed that from July 2008 to July 2009, Walters stole the drug nalbuphine hydrochloride, an opiate-based pain reliever, and other supplies, including hypodermic needles. Walters also ordered extra quantities of the drug through his position as Chief Pharmacist and took the drug and supplies in order to use the drug himself. The stolen drugs and needles were worth over $7,000. He was sentenced on December 1, 2010, to a three-year term of probation, $7,041.44 in restitution and a $1,000 fine.

An FBI investigation in early 2012 found that FCI Fairton Correction Officer Job Brown, 39, accepted $3,600 in bribes in exchange for smuggling contraband in and out of the facility. Between January 2012 and March 14, 2012, he accepted two separate cash payments – $1,100 and $2,500 – in exchange for using his position to smuggle tobacco and vitamin supplements to a prisoner inside the facility. Brown also smuggled approximately 900 U.S. postage stamps out of the facility for the same inmate's benefit. Tobacco is prohibited at FCI Fairton, and inmates are also not allowed to possess more than 60 United States postage stamps, or vitamin supplements, which are not purchased through the prison commissary. Brown pleaded guilty to accepting bribes in June 2012 and was sentenced to one year in prison.


text:
Drew Stokesbary

Andrew Ryan Stokesbary (born 1985) is an American lawyer and politician. He serves in the Washington House of Representatives, where he is currently the ranking Republican member on the House Appropriations Committee. During his second term, he was elected Minority Floor Leader. He also sits on the House Finance Committee.

Stokesbary was first elected in 2014, defeating Democrat Mike Sando. He previously worked as an aide to Pete von Reichbauer, a King County councilmember.

In 2019, Stokesbary introduced legislation that would permit NCAA athletes enrolled at Washington colleges to receive compensation. Similar bills were subsequently filed in California and Colorado, and by Congressman Mark Walker (R-NC).

Stokesbary reportedly considered running for Governor of Washington in 2020.

Following J. T. Wilcox's resignation from the position, Stokesbary became the Washington House Minority Leader after the close of the 2023 legislative session.

Personal life
Stokesbary lives with his wife and two sons in Auburn. He is a graduate of Duke University, where he was the Blue Devil mascot, and Notre Dame Law School. Outside of the Legislature, he works as a lawyer for startups and emerging companies and sits on the board of the Auburn Valley YMCA.

title: Drew Stokesbary


text:
User:Brunapedia

This is my very first experience with Wikipedia editing. I am originally an architect with experience in project management, sustainability and corporate social responsibility. I work with the United Nations Global Compact and I am currently involved as SDGs expert for the online edit-a-thon on SDGs during Global Goals Week, led by Project Everyone. This is part of the larger initiative "Wiki loves Sustainable Development Goals".

There are currently massive gaps in content about the Global Goals on Wikipedia – only some of them have their own articles. In addition, hundreds of other Wikipedia articles which could and should be linked to specific Goals are not. By mobilising a community of SDG experts and hundreds of volunteers to create and update the SDG-related articles on Wikipedia, we can raise awareness of the Goals amongst new audiences, strengthen the overall Global Goals movement and lay the foundations for more in-depth SDG related content on Wikipedia after this event.

I currently live in Beirut, Lebanon.

title: User:Brunapedia


text:
Talk:Dorian James

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dorian James. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121102191937/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ja/dorian-james-1.html to http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ja/dorian-james-1.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:09, 13 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dorian James


text:
User:Symode09

'''Today is Monday, July 29, 2024,  (UTC/GMT). There are resources on the English Wikiversity.'''

Heya!

Email me if you have any concerns

title: User:Symode09


text:
Shanghai Bound

Shanghai Bound is a lost 1927 American silent adventure film directed by Luther Reed and written by John F. Goodrich, Ray Harris, Julian Johnson, and E.S. O'Reilly. The film stars Richard Dix, Mary Brian, Charles Byer, George Irving, Jocelyn Lee, Tom Maguire, and Frank Chew. The film was released on October 15, 1927, by Paramount Pictures.

Cast

 * Richard Dix as Jim Bucklin
 * Mary Brian as Sheila
 * Charles Byer as Payson
 * George Irving as Louden
 * Jocelyn Lee as Shanghai Rose
 * Tom Maguire as Smith
 * Frank Chew as Yen
 * Allan Cavan
 * Tom Gubbins as Local Agent
 * Arthur Hoyt as Algy
 * Tetsu Komai as Scarface

title: Shanghai Bound


text:
Geneva (play)

Geneva, a Fancied Page of History in Three Acts (1938) is a topical play by George Bernard Shaw. It describes a summit meeting designed to contain the increasingly dangerous behaviour of three dictators, Herr Battler, Signor Bombardone, and General Flanco (parodies of Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini and Francisco Franco).

Because of its topicality in the run up to World War II, the play was constantly rewritten by Shaw to take account of rapidly changing events. Though initially a success, the play's flippant portrayal of Hitler and fascism have limited revivals in later years.

Plot
At the offices of the "Committee of Intellectual Cooperation" in Geneva, the only person present is a hopelessly overwhelmed secretary called Miss Begonia Brown. Various people turn up demanding redress of grievances: a Jew who complains of oppression in Germany; a colonial politician who had been denied the right to take his seat and a South American woman who objects to the politics of assassinations and vendettas. A British vicar and a Russian Bolshevik also complain about the respective influence of their competing ideologies. The vicar promptly dies of shock after realising he has been friendly with a Communist. The Jew says that the major culprits are the fascist dictators Battler, Bombardone and Flanco. He suggests that they should contact the International Court in The Hague, which the secretary does. A Dutch judge accepts the case, summoning Battler, Bombardone and Flanco to the court.

To everyone's amazement the dictators all obey the summons. They are put on trial, which is broadcast internationally on television. Battler, Bombardone, and Flanco all defend themselves with grandiose speeches. The judge comments, "It turns out that we do not and cannot love one another—that the problem before us is how to establish peace among people who heartily dislike one another, and have very good reasons for doing so: in short, that the human race does not at present consist exclusively or even largely of likeable persons". Sir Orpheus Midlander, the British Foreign Secretary, threatens Battler that if Germany invades another country, Britain will take military action.

As the situation seems to be escalating, news arrives that the earth has jumped out of its orbit and all humanity is threatened with freezing to death. Political differences no longer seem significant. But now all the leaders have a different plan to deal with the problem—or to ignore it. It is soon discovered that the report was false. Will this moment of shared, albeit illusory, danger help to bring the nations together? It's doubtful. But the play ends on a note of hope: "They came, these fellows. They blustered: they defied us. But they came. They came."

Creation
Shaw's friend and biographer Archibald Henderson says that he had suggested to Shaw that he could write a play about Mussolini, saying "It may be that Shaw was thereby influenced to consider all the totalitarian leaders and dictators brought together into a single play." The play's British ambassador is a composite figure based on British politicians of the day, including the aristocratic Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of Perth and the brothers Austen Chamberlain and Neville Chamberlain. According to Henderson,

"Geneva was the inevitable and logical outcome of his studies of the League of Nations. Two of the leading characters, the secretary of the League and Sir Orpheus Midlander, are drawn from his observation of Sir Eric Drummond and the two Chamberlains as a composite statesman. The actor, Ernest Thesiger, who played the rôle of Sir Orpheus Midlander, bore a striking resemblance in make-up to Sir Austen Chamberlain."

Shaw spent two years working on and revising the play after first drafting it in 1936. An early version was sent to Lawrence Langner of the Theatre Guild in New York. Langner was not impressed, and refused to put on the play. He was especially dismayed by Shaw's apparently sympathetic attitude to the dictators. He wrote, "Your influence has been exactly the opposite of that of the dictators...Yet you seem to justify Fascism with its intolerance, racial hatred, economic slavery, fanning of the war spirit...mainly on the ground that...Dictators are 'supermen', and the supermen 'get things done'." Shaw said he had already rewritten it to adopt as more critical stance: "Musso let me down completely by going anti-Semite on me...you may now put the copy I sent you in the fire as useless." As political events unfolded, Shaw had to constantly rewrite the play. According to Michael Holroyd, in the end "Geneva was played and printed in eight different versions".

Productions
It was first performed at the Teatr Polski in Warsaw on 25 July 1938, in a Polish language translation. Its first British production was at the Malvern festival on 1 August 1938. Shaw wrote a pamphlet to accompany the Malvern production. A London production opened on 22 November 1938, with more added scenes. The topicality of the themes, with war looming, attracted audiences and the play ran for 237 performances, closing in mid-June 1939.

Shaw revised the play again for a performance in New York in January 1940, but the atmosphere had changed with war now a reality. According to Stanley Weintraub the jokey and flippant manner did not work for audiences, "the caricatures were no longer clever – if they ever had been so....it was an immediate flop."

Responses
Beatrice Webb disliked what she heard when Shaw read passages from a draft of Geneva in 1936, writing "every character depraved in morals and manners and futile in intellect, with here and there a dull dissertation on public affairs". When she saw it on stage, she changed her mind, noting, "the play has come at the best possible occasion: it relieves the terrible tension that we all feel about foreign affairs by laughing at every one concerned." Homer Woodbridge says that "As a dramatized pamphlet or tract, the piece points in too many directions to be effective", but the caricature of Mussolini is witty and convincing. Both parliamentarian and fascist politics are caricatured, with only the Dutch judge representing reason. However, in line with Shaw's pro-Stalinist views, the Russian Commissar is portrayed without satire.

G. A. Pileki notes that early reviewers took the view that Shaw was far too soft on the dictators, being "overly critical of the British and generally sympathetic toward the dictators", but that after the war stated a production in New York was interpreted as "a British propaganda mission." Examining Shaw's revisions to his drafts of the play Pileki concludes that Shaw intentionally made the dictators' cases more rational in order to create a more balanced version of his typical "Shavian dialectic". In the early version the Jew and Battler have an argument in which the Jew claims to represent an intellectually superior, educated people, while Battler maintains that he wants to eliminate sub-humans, poisonous vermin and Jews. In the final version Battler says he was only trying to remove foreigners from his country, comparing his plans to the White Australia policy that was accepted in the British empire.

Preface
Shaw wrote his preface to the play ten years later in 1946, after World War II was over. He looked back on his portrayal of the failings of both dictators and of parliamentary democracy, reaffirming his often-repeated view that "Civilization's will to live [is] always defeated by democracy", arguing for a form of technocratic and meritocratic government. He said that Hitler had proved to be "a pseudo-Messiah and madman".

title: Geneva (play)


text:
J. Michael Mendel

Joel Michael Mendel (September 24, 1964 – September 22, 2019) was an American television producer. He was a five-time Emmy Award winner for his work on The Simpsons and Rick and Morty.

Career
Mendel first worked in television as a production assistant on All My Children and Loving during his summer breaks from studies at Syracuse University. After graduating Syracuse with a Bachelor of Science in television and film production, he worked with James L. Brooks and Gracie Films on Broadcast News, Big, and The Tracey Ullman Show. When Tracey Ullman's The Simpsons shorts were spun off into their own series, Mendel joined its staff as the show's producer, serving from season 1 to season 10. For his work on The Simpsons, Mendel won three Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program in 1995 ("Lisa's Wedding"), 1997 ("Homer's Phobia"), and 1998 ("Trash of the Titans").

After departing The Simpsons, Mendel produced shows such as The PJs, The Oblongs, Drawn Together, Sit Down, Shut Up, and Napoleon Dynamite. In 2013, he joined Rick and Morty, where he won his fourth Emmy Award for the episode "Pickle Rick" in 2018. He won a posthumous Emmy in 2020 for the episode "The Vat of Acid Episode".

Personal life
Mendel attended Monroe-Woodbury High School in Central Valley, New York. A resident of Studio City, Los Angeles, he was married to Juel Bestrop, a casting director for the series Brooklyn Nine-Nine and Life in Pieces, and had two children.

Mendel died at his home in Los Angeles on September 22, 2019, from natural causes, two days before his 55th birthday. His death has been described as "unexpected".

Legacy
Tributes were made to him by Justin Roiland and Al Jean. "The Winter of Our Monetized Content", the 31st season premiere of The Simpsons, was dedicated to his memory, as was the 4th season premiere and the entirety of Season 6 of Rick and Morty, as well as the pilot episode of Solar Opposites.

title: J. Michael Mendel


text:
Mahalakshmi (Malayalam actress)

Mahalakshmi is an Indian actress and dancer who primarily works in Malayalam language films and television shows.

Career
She studied at Carmel Girls’ Higher Secondary School and practiced Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi while in school. She worked as a child artiste in Thilakkam (2003) and Pattanathil Sundaran (2003). She made her lead debut with Ardhanaari (2012). She also played the lead in the television serial Sivakami on Surya TV.

Personal life
She married Nirmal Krishna on 15 December 2019.

Filmography

 * All films are in Malayalam, unless otherwise noted.

Television

 * TV shows
 * Tharolsavam - Reality show
 * Sree Kaleeswari - album
 * Don't Do Don't Do - Game Show
 * Saregma - Game Show
 * Ningalkkumakam Super Chef
 * Munch Stars

title: Mahalakshmi (Malayalam actress)