text:
Danielle Charest

Danielle Charest (1951 – October 13, 2011) was a Quebecois writer, a major figure in the Canadian radical lesbianism movement.

Charest was born in Sherbrooke, Quebec, in 1951. She graduated from the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences in Paris, having written her thesis on gender relations in crime fiction. She subsequently obtained a higher degree in history, focusing on the treatment of lesbians and gay men in crime novels. Charest subsequently worked various odd jobs: folk singer, apple picker, house painter, cook in a fast-food restaurant, taxi driver, horseback riding teacher for children, and French teacher for adults. These experiences helped inspire some of her later works.

She co-directed a documentary film about violence against young girls, published several novels, and wrote in 1993 Ma maison, mon taxi, a biography of Fernande Chartrand, a taxi driver. In 1982, she co-founded as part of a lesbian collective in Montreal the quarterly radical lesbian magazine Amazones d'Hier, Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui.

She led debates on various subjects, published articles online, and contributed to Lesbia Magazine. Her book Haro sur les fumeurs, jusqu'où ira la prohibition? ("Haro on Smokers: How Far Will Prohibition Go?"), published in 2008, studies the progression of anti-smoking laws in France in the international context. According to Charest, efforts to punish smokers are part of a larger framework of moralism that could have far broader implications. Charest died in October 2011 at the Paris House for Women, a feminist collective, at age 60, after suffering an aneurism.

Crime novels

 * L'Érablière, 1998
 * L'Échafaudage, 1999
 * L'Étouffoir, 2000
 * L'Entrave, 2002
 * Conte à rebours, 2003 (second edition in 2012)

Other works

 * Ma maison, mon taxi, 1993
 * Mais où est mais, 2000
 * Tabac : Vérités et mensonges, 2006
 * Lettreinfo, 2008
 * Haro sur les fumeurs, jusqu'où ira la prohibition ?, 2008
 * L'Enchilada, 2011

title: Danielle Charest


text:
User:Ajit281188/sandbox

Windows 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Windows 7 Part of the Microsoft Windows family Windows 7 logo.svg Windows 7.png Screenshot of Windows 7 Ultimate Developer Microsoft Corporation Website 	Official Website Releases Release date 	RTM version: July 22, 2009 Retail version: October 22, 2009 [info] Current version 	6.1[1] (Build 7601: Service Pack 1)[2] (February 22, 2011; 16 months ago) [info] Source model 	Closed source / Shared source License 	Proprietary commercial software Kernel type 	Hybrid Update method 	Windows Update Platform support 	IA-32 and x86-64 Preceded by 	Windows Vista[3] Succeeded by 	Windows 8[4] Support status Mainstream support until January 13, 2015.[5] Extended support until January 14, 2020. Further reading

Development of Windows 7 Features new to Windows 7 List of features removed in Windows 7 Windows 7 editions

Windows 7 is the current release of Microsoft Windows, a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, netbooks, tablet PCs, and media center PCs.[6] Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009,[7] and reached general retail availability worldwide on October 22, 2009,[8] less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time.

Unlike Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.[9] Presentations given by Microsoft in 2008 focused on multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with a new taskbar, referred to as the Superbar, a home networking system called HomeGroup,[10] and performance improvements. Some standard applications that have been included with prior releases of Microsoft Windows, including Windows Calendar, Windows Mail, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Photo Gallery, are not included in Windows 7;[11][12] most are instead offered separately at no charge as part of the Windows Live Essentials suite.[13] Contents

1 Features 1.1 New and changed features 1.2 Removed features 2 Development 2.1 Goals 3 Antitrust regulatory attention 4 Reception 5 Editions 6 Marketing 7 Hardware requirements 7.1 Physical memory limits 7.2 Processor limits 8 Service Pack 1 9 References 10 External links

Features New and changed features Main article: Features new to Windows 7 Windows 7 live thumbnails The new Action Center, which replaces Windows Security Center in Windows XP and Vista When the action center flag is clicked on, it lists all security issues in a small popup window

Windows 7 includes a number of new features, such as advances in touch and handwriting recognition, support for virtual hard disks, improved performance on multi-core processors,[14][15][16][17] improved boot performance, DirectAccess, and kernel improvements. Windows 7 adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different vendors (Heterogeneous Multi-adapter), a new version of Windows Media Center,[18] a Gadget for Windows Media Center, improved media features, the XPS Essentials Pack and Windows PowerShell being included, and a redesigned Calculator with multiline capabilities including Programmer and Statistics modes along with unit conversion for length, weight, temperature, and several others. Many new items have been added to the Control Panel, including ClearType Text Tuner, Display Color Calibration Wizard, Gadgets, Recovery, Troubleshooting, Workspaces Center, Location and Other Sensors, Credential Manager, Biometric Devices, System Icons, and Display.[19] Windows Security Center has been renamed to Windows Action Center (Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds), which encompasses both security and maintenance of the computer. ReadyBoost on 32-bit editions now supports up to 256 gigabytes of extra allocation. The default setting for User Account Control in Windows 7 has been criticized for allowing untrusted software to be launched with elevated privileges without a prompt by exploiting a trusted application.[20] Microsoft's Windows kernel engineer Mark Russinovich acknowledged the problem, but noted that malware can also compromise a system when users agree to a prompt.[21] Windows 7 also supports images in RAW image format through the addition of Windows Imaging Component-enabled image decoders, which enables raw image thumbnails, previewing and metadata display in Windows Explorer, plus full-size viewing and slideshows in Windows Photo Viewer and Windows Media Center.[22]

The taskbar has seen the biggest visual changes, where the Quick Launch toolbar has been replaced with the ability to pin applications to the taskbar. Buttons for pinned applications are integrated with the task buttons. These buttons also enable the Jump Lists feature to allow easy access to common tasks.[23] The revamped taskbar also allows the reordering of taskbar buttons. To the far right of the system clock is a small rectangular button that serves as the Show desktop icon. This button is part of the new feature in Windows 7 called Aero Peek. Hovering over this button makes all visible windows transparent for a quick look at the desktop.[24] In touch-enabled displays such as touch screens, tablet PCs, etc., this button is slightly wider to accommodate being pressed with a finger.[25] Clicking this button minimizes all windows, and clicking it a second time restores them. Additionally, there is a feature named Aero Snap, that automatically maximizes a window when it is dragged to the top of the screen.[26] Dragging windows to the left/right edges of the screen allows users to snap documents or files on either side of the screen for comparison between windows, such that the windows vertically take up half the screen. When a user moves windows that were maximized using Aero Snap, the system restores their previous state automatically. This functionality is also accomplished with keyboard shortcuts. Unlike in Windows Vista, window borders and the taskbar do not turn opaque when a window is maximized with Windows Aero applied. Instead, they remain translucent.

For developers, Windows 7 includes a new networking API with support for building SOAP-based web services in native code (as opposed to .NET-based WCF web services),[27] new features to shorten application install times, reduced UAC prompts, simplified development of installation packages,[28] and improved globalization support through a new Extended Linguistic Services API.[29] At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that color depths of 30-bit and 48-bit would be supported in Windows 7 along with the wide color gamut scRGB (which for HDMI 1.3 can be converted and output as xvYCC). The video modes supported in Windows 7 are 16-bit sRGB, 24-bit sRGB, 30-bit sRGB, 30-bit with extended color gamut sRGB, and 48-bit scRGB.[30][31] Microsoft has also implemented better support for solid-state drives,[32] including the new TRIM command, and Windows 7 is able to identify a solid-state drive uniquely. Microsoft is planning to support USB 3.0 in a subsequent patch, support not being included in the initial release due to delays in the finalization of the standard.[33] The Windows 7 taskbar

Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed from Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. Windows 7 includes Internet Explorer 8 and Windows Media Player 12. Users are also able to disable many more Windows components than was possible in Windows Vista. New additions to this list of components include Internet Explorer, Windows Media Player, Windows Media Center, Windows Search, and the Windows Gadget Platform.[34] Windows 7 includes 13 additional sound schemes, titled Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata.[35] A new version of Microsoft Virtual PC, newly renamed as Windows Virtual PC was made available for Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions.[36] It allows multiple Windows environments, including Windows XP Mode, to run on the same machine. Windows XP Mode runs Windows XP in a virtual machine and redirects displayed applications running in Windows XP to the Windows 7 desktop.[37] Furthermore, Windows 7 supports the mounting of a virtual hard disk (VHD) as a normal data storage, and the bootloader delivered with Windows 7 can boot the Windows system from a VHD; however, this ability is only available in the Enterprise and Ultimate editions.[38] The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) of Windows 7 is also enhanced to support real-time multimedia application including video playback and 3D games, thus allowing use of DirectX 10 in remote desktop environments.[39] The three application limit, previously present in the Windows Vista Starter Edition, has been removed from Windows 7.[40] Recommendations for Windows 7 is to be on Windows Vista (Longhorn) before upgrading to any version of Windows 7, and to have 16GB on the hard drive. Removed features Main article: List of features removed in Windows 7

Certain capabilities and programs that were a part of Windows Vista are no longer present or have been changed, resulting in the removal of certain functionalities. These include the classic Start Menu user interface, some taskbar features, Windows Explorer features, Windows Media Player features, Windows Ultimate Extras and InkBall. Four applications bundled with Windows Vista – Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Movie Maker, Windows Calendar[41] and Windows Mail – are not included with Windows 7, but applications with close functionality are instead available for free in a separate package called Windows Live Essentials which can be downloaded on the Microsoft website. Although Windows Ultimate Extras was removed, many of the extras can be installed separately.[42] Most popular extras were Microsoft Texas Hold 'em, Microsoft Tinker, and Windows DreamScene.[43] InkBall may also be installed into Windows 7. Development Main article: Development of Windows 7

Originally, a version of Windows codenamed Blackcomb was planned as the successor to Windows XP (codename Whistler) and Windows Server 2003. Major features were planned for Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. However, an interim, minor release, codenamed "Longhorn," was announced for 2003, delaying the development of Blackcomb.[44] By the middle of 2003, however, Longhorn had acquired some of the features originally intended for Blackcomb. After three major viruses exploited flaws in Windows operating systems within a short time period in 2003, Microsoft changed its development priorities, putting some of Longhorn's major development work on hold while developing new service packs for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Development of Longhorn (Windows Vista) was also restarted, and thus delayed, in August 2004. A number of features were cut from Longhorn.[45]

Blackcomb was renamed Vienna in early 2006[46] and again renamed Windows 7 in 2007.[47] In 2008, it was announced that Windows 7 would also be the official name of the operating system.[48][49] There has been some confusion over naming the product Windows 7,[50] while versioning it as 6.1 to indicate its similar build to Vista and increase compatibility with applications that only check major version numbers, similar to Windows 2000 and Windows XP both having 5.x version numbers.[51]

The first external release to select Microsoft partners came in January 2008 with Milestone 1, build 6519.[52] At PDC 2008, Microsoft demonstrated Windows 7 with its reworked taskbar. Copies of Windows 7 build 6801 were distributed at the end of the conference; however, the demonstrated taskbar was disabled in this build.

On December 27, 2008, the Windows 7 Beta was leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent.[53] According to a performance test by ZDNet,[54] Windows 7 Beta beat both Windows XP and Vista in several key areas; including boot and shutdown time and working with files, such as loading documents. Other areas did not beat XP; including PC Pro benchmarks for typical office activities and video editing, which remain identical to Vista and slower than XP.[55] On January 7, 2009, the 64-bit version of the Windows 7 Beta (build 7000) was leaked onto the web, with some torrents being infected with a trojan.[56][57] At CES 2009, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the Windows 7 Beta, build 7000, had been made available for download to MSDN and TechNet subscribers in the format of an ISO image.[58] The Beta was to be publicly released January 9, 2009, and Microsoft initially planned for the download to be made available to 2.5 million people on this date. However, access to the downloads was delayed because of high traffic.[59] The download limit was also extended, initially until January 24, then again to February 10. People who did not complete downloading the beta had two extra days to complete the download. After February 12, unfinished downloads became unable to complete. Users could still obtain product keys from Microsoft to activate their copies of Windows 7 Beta, which expired on August 1, 2009.

The release candidate, build 7100, became available for MSDN and TechNet subscribers and Connect Program participants on April 30, 2009. On May 5, 2009 it became available to the general public, although it had also been leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent.[60] The release candidate was available in five languages and expired on June 1, 2010, with shutdowns every two hours starting March 1, 2010.[61] Microsoft stated that Windows 7 would be released to the general public on October 22, 2009. Microsoft released Windows 7 to MSDN and Technet subscribers on August 6, 2009, at 10:00 am PDT.[62] Microsoft announced that Windows 7, along with Windows Server 2008 R2, was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009. Windows 7 RTM is build 7600.16385.090713-1255, which was compiled on July 13, 2009, and was declared the final RTM build after passing all Microsoft's tests internally.[7]

An estimated 1000 developers worked on Windows 7. These were broadly divided into "core operating system" and "Windows client experience", in turn organized into 25 teams of around 40 developers on average.[63] Goals

Bill Gates, in an interview with Newsweek, suggested that this version of Windows would be more "user-centric".[64] Gates later said that Windows 7 would also focus on performance improvements.[65] Steven Sinofsky later expanded on this point, explaining in the Engineering Windows 7 blog that the company was using a variety of new tracing tools to measure the performance of many areas of the operating system on an ongoing basis, to help locate inefficient code paths and to help prevent performance regressions.[66]

Senior Vice President Bill Veghte stated that Windows Vista users migrating to Windows 7 would not find the kind of device compatibility issues they encountered migrating from Windows XP.[67] Speaking about Windows 7 on October 16, 2008, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer confirmed compatibility between Windows Vista and Windows 7, indicating that Windows 7 would be a refined version of Windows Vista.[68] Antitrust regulatory attention

As with other Microsoft operating systems, Windows 7 is being studied by United States federal regulators who oversee the company's operations following the 2001 United States v. Microsoft settlement. According to status reports filed, the three-member panel began assessing prototypes of the new operating system in February 2008. Michael Gartenberg, an analyst at Jupiter Research said that, "[Microsoft's] challenge for Windows 7 will be how can they continue to add features that consumers will want that also don't run afoul of regulators."[69]

In order to comply with European antitrust regulations, Microsoft has proposed the use of a "ballot" screen, allowing users to download a competing browser, thus removing the need for a version of Windows completely without Internet Explorer, as previously planned.[70] In response to criticism involving Windows 7 E and concerns from manufacturers about possible consumer confusion if a version of Windows 7 with Internet Explorer were shipped later after one without Internet Explorer, Microsoft announced that it would scrap the separate version for Europe and ship the standard upgrade and full packages worldwide.[71]

As with the previous version of Windows, an N version, which does not come with Windows Media Player, has been released in Europe, but only for sale directly from Microsoft sales websites and selected others.[72] Reception

In July 2009, in only eight hours, pre-orders of Windows 7 at amazon.co.uk surpassed the demand which Windows Vista had had in its first 17 weeks.[73] It became the highest-grossing pre-order in Amazon's history, surpassing sales of the previous record holder, the seventh Harry Potter book.[74] After 36 hours, 64-bit versions of Windows 7 Professional and Ultimate editions sold out in Japan.[75] Two weeks after its release its market share had surpassed that of Snow Leopard, released two months previously as the most recent update to Apple's Mac OS X operating system.[76][77] According to Net Applications, Windows 7 reached a 4% market share in less than three weeks. (In comparison, it took Windows Vista seven months to reach the same mark.[78])

On March 4, 2010, Microsoft announced that it had sold more than 90 million Windows 7 licenses.[79] By April 23, 2010, Windows 7 had sold more than 100 million copies in six months, which made it Microsoft's fastest-selling operating-system.[80][81] As of June 23, 2010, Windows 7 has sold 150 million copies which made it the fastest selling operating system in history with seven copies sold every second.[81][82] Based on worldwide data taken during June 2010 from Windows Update 46% of Windows 7 PCs run the 64-bit edition of Windows 7.[83] According to Stephen Baker of the NPD Group during April 2010 in the United States 77% of PCs sold at retail were pre-installed with the 64-bit edition of Windows 7.[83][84] As of July 22, 2010, Windows 7 had sold 175 million copies.[85] On October 21, 2010, Microsoft announced that more than 240 million copies of Windows 7 had been sold.[86] Three months later, on January 27, 2011, Microsoft announced total sales of 300 million copies of Windows 7.[87] On July 12, 2011, the sales figure was refined to over 400 million end-user licenses and business installations.[88] As of January 19, 2012, over 525 million copies have been sold.[89]

Reviews of Windows 7 have been mostly positive, noting the increased usability and functionality when compared to its predecessor, Windows Vista. CNET gave Windows 7 Home Premium a rating of 4.5 out of 5 stars,[90] stating that it "is more than what Vista should have been, [and] it's where Microsoft needed to go". PC Magazine rated it a 4 out of 5 saying that Windows 7 is a "big improvement" over Windows Vista, with fewer compatibility problems, a retooled taskbar, simpler home networking and faster start-up.[91] Maximum PC gave Windows 7 a rating of 9 out of 10 and called Windows 7 a "massive leap forward" in usability and security, and praised the new Taskbar as "worth the price of admission alone".[92] PC World called Windows 7 a "worthy successor" to Windows XP and said that speed benchmarks showed Windows 7 to be slightly faster than Windows Vista.[93] PC World also named Windows 7 one of the best products of the year.[94] In its review of Windows 7, Engadget said that Microsoft had taken a "strong step forward" with Windows 7 and reported that speed is one of Windows 7's major selling points – particularly for the netbook sets.[95] LAPTOP Magazine gave Windows 7 a rating of 4 out of 5 stars and said that Windows 7 makes computing more intuitive, offered better overall performance including a "modest to dramatic" increase in battery life on laptop computers.[96] Techradar gave it a 5 star rating calling it the best version of Windows yet.[97] The New York Times,[98] USA Today,[99] The Wall Street Journal,[100] and The Telegraph[101] also gave Windows 7 favorable reviews.

Some Windows Vista Ultimate users have expressed concerns over Windows 7 pricing and upgrade options.[102][103] Windows Vista Ultimate users wanting to upgrade from Windows Vista to Windows 7 must either pay $219.99[104] to upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate or perform a clean install, which requires them to reinstall all of their programs.[105]

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ajit281188/sandbox


text:
Slums in Metro Manila

Slums are traditionally described as dense urban settlements, usually displaying characteristics such as crowded and compact housing units, informal delivery of utilities, and unofficial recognition by local government. In the Philippines, residents of slum areas are commonly referred to as "squatters" and have historically been subject to relocation or forced demolition. With a steadily growing metropolitan area, Metro Manila is subject to a densifying population of slum dwellers—a 2014 article states that Manila has an estimated 4 million people living in slums, out of a total population of 21.3 million.

Tondo
Tondo is the largest of the 16 districts of the City of Manila in terms of population and land area. It is also the second most densely populated district in the city.

San Andres
San Andres is the most densely populated district in Manila.

Batasan Hills
Batasan Hills was originally planned as the National Government Center of the Philippines, and it is the home of the Batasang Pambansa Complex, the headquarters of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. It is also the home to a large concentration of informal settlers.

Payatas

When the home Smokey Mountain rubbish dump in Tondo was closed by the government in 1995, many rubbish scavengers migrated to the Payatas dump site, where another large scavenging community arose. The population of Payatas is notoriously difficult to estimate. The official 2010 census states the population at almost 120,000 people, but an academic source suggests that the real population is closer to 500,000.

In the year 2000, a landslide at the Payatas dump killed over three hundred scavengers. This official figure, though, is also likely highly underestimated with eyewitnesses suggesting the real death toll is closer to 1,000.

Bagong Silang
Bagong Silang is infamous as a squatters' area after street dwellers from India and China were relocated here from the 1970s onwards. The name of the barangay came from bagong silang, the Tagalog word for "newborn". The namesake of the barangay was meant to signify "a new hope" for most of its residents who were originally relocated from slum areas in Tondo in Manila, Commonwealth in Quezon City, and San Juan.

Taguig-Makati
West Rembo suffers from re-occurring brownouts and is vulnerable to severe weather catastrophes. The dwellings are titled and rented out for between 1,000 and 100,0000 pesos a month. Unlike the more precarious settlements, residents here have access to basic healthcare and free education up to tertiary level. Students from West Rembo can even go to the University of Makati (UMAK) for free. But not just West Rembo students, all students from any barangays in Makati can enroll in UMAK. This is one of the benefits residents of Makati are getting from their city Government.

Population
While a large number of slum residents would be considered poor according to the international poverty line of $1.25/day, not all who live in slums fall into this category. A measurement in 2010 states that around 50% of slum residents earn wages of $2-$4 USD a day, landing above the federal poverty line. One reason for this is that while some residents are employed in formal wage labor outside of the slums, there are no alternative housing options for them within a reasonable distance of their employment, thus forcing them to live in the highly impacted urban slums.

Additionally, the reported poverty statistics may not be accurate due to political desires to maintain lower rates of poverty. Researchers suggest that up to an eighth of the slum population in Manila remains unaccounted for.

Physical location and composition
Slums in Manila can be found in four main types of locations:

 * by a river or near coastal areas
 * by an infill or a dumpsite
 * by heavily travelled roads
 * by road corners and intersections

A common characteristic of slums is their close proximity to commercial hubs due to employment opportunities close by. Materials used to build housing units within slums can range from wood, bamboo, and steel, to concrete blocks.

Access to utilities
The informal structure of utilities within slums also contributes to the poverty of their residents. Because of the unofficial status of slum dwellings, public utilities and social services do not reach these slum communities. Residents have to find alternative forms of acquiring utilities—usually through an informal and private economy of vendors. A measurement of the average cost of household expenses within Metro Manila slums shows that residents pay significantly more for basic utilities—such as clean water and electricity—in comparison to households within officially serviced areas. A cost-comparison study showed that in some cases, slum residents paid up to 4200% the amount for vended water versus piped water.

Health disparities
Because of the lack of sanitation and unstable supply of clean water, the recorded health ailments in slums are significantly higher than other areas of the city. Disproportionate levels of respiratory problems and diarrhea have been recorded.

Environmental impact

In September 2009 Tropical Storm Ketsana hit Metro Manila and dumped one month's rainfall in less than 24 hours, causing the Marikina River system, including the Manggahan Floodway, to burst its banks very rapidly. It is thought that blocked pipes and a poorly maintained sewer system, along with uncollected domestic waste, were major contributory factors in the speed with which the flood waters were able to engulf the surrounding area.

Illegal settlers were especially blamed for flooding since their houses reduce the effective width and blocked the flow of the floodway. During the height of the storm, the Marikina River had a flow of about 3000 m3/s (106,000 ft3/s), and the head of the UP National Hydraulic Research Center stated that the floodway could have handled this flow without overflowing if there were no settlers on its banks.

Consequently, in February 2010, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo revoked Proclamation 160 that reserved 20 parcels of land along the floodway for 6,700 urban poor families, and ordered the forcible relocation of the illegal settlers whose houses were blocking the waterway to Laguna de Bay.

Legality
In 1975, Ferdinand Marcos signed a presidential decree that made squatting on private and government-owned land illegal. Thus, resident of slums are also referred to as "informal settlers" and usually do not hold legal claim over the land they are living on. There are certain cases where the right of eminent domain has been pursued, although legal judgements rarely benefit those living in the slums. Some have argued that while technically illegal, the forced demolitions of homes is a waste of housing property since residents have made significant investments in their homes—some worth more than several thousands of pesos each.

Activism and organizing
Local groups and community-based organizations have lobbied for the rights of residents within slums and squatter settlements throughout the decades. In 1956, local associations successfully lobbied for Republic Act No 1597, which allowed squatter communities to purchase land they were occupying—although President Ramon Magsaysay died before fully implementing the law. Another prominent squatter organization was the Zone One Tondo Organization (ZOTO)—they were very active in the 1970s. ZOTO had numerous successful initiatives: they obtained funding and material resources for Typhoon Yoling victims, they pushed back the land expansion of an industrial firm, they obtained relocation sites for people displaced by business development, and they were recognized by the World Bank at the community's representative in negotiations.

The growth of local associations within slums continued throughout the decades. By 1990, there were eight major urban poor alliances within Metro Manila, which were composed of multiple local associations throughout the slums. While mobilizations and organized actions throughout the years have won campaigns, some critics say that urban poor movements have mainly been reactionary and defensive, with minimal effect on the larger economic structure and political authority over the slums. Initiatives have mostly been reactionary responses to the policies and actions of the state and not necessarily pro-active.

Root causes
Scholars have argued that the development of slums is a byproduct of economic inequality, failed city planning, and racial inferiority. Urban developments initiatives have prioritised large-scale commercial expansion while failing to provide adequate housing options for the working class. The current economic market of metropolitan Manila requires a large workforce with minimal compensation who can only afford squatting in slums. Despite these less-than-ideal living conditions, Metro Manila - which contributes 89% of the Philippines' national gross domestic product - continues to draw large swathes of migrants from other parts of the Philippines which are often vulnerable to natural disasters and other social issues. This has further contributed to the overcrowding problem - from 2000 to 2010, Metro Manila's population increased by 1.93 million, and a further 1.02 million from 2010 to 2015. The city of Taguig in particular had the highest growth rate of 4.5% with a population of 804,915. Yet, there has not been any formal tracking of migration, given that there was no national registration system up till 2018, where the Republic Act No. 11055 "Philippine Identification System Act" was established.

The Philippine government has faced significant challenges in reversing this trend thus far. Eviction attempts such as Marcos' Presidential Decree 772 in 1975 created serious human rights issues, while physical resettlement and social housing programmes such as the Community Mortgage Program saw poor service delivery and organisation. The patron-client relationship and short electoral cycles has also limited the government's ability to offer long-term solutions to the slum issue, evinced by short-lived examples of poverty alleviation programmes such as Joseph Estrada's 1998 "Lingap Para Sa Mahirap" (Caring for the Poor) and Gloria Arroyo's 2001 "Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan" (KALAHI) which could not be sustained given the constant change in political leadership. Despite decentralisation providing the local government greater self-reliance, autonomy and ability to be responsive to citizens' needs through a more "equitable and systematic distribution of government powers and resources, there was a lack of strategic planning and reliable central data bank to ensure quality basic services and policies across the various cities. Hence, many initiatives and programmes aimed at addressing the slum issue were often ad hoc and fragmented.

title: Slums in Metro Manila


text:
Algebra/Proofs

An Algebraic Proof is a proof of a Theorem (or Lemma or Corollary) that relies highly on symbolic manipulation of equations to go from the assumption(s) to the conclusion(s). An algebraic proof may be contrasted with a combinatorial proof, which involves more discussion of the objects themselves, rather than the symbols representing them.

Example
Theorem: $$ {n \choose k} + {n \choose k+1} = {n+1 \choose k+1}$$.

Proof: $$ LHS = \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} + \frac{n!}{(k+1)!(n-k-1)!} $$ $$= \frac{n!(k+1)}{(k+1)!(n-k)!} + \frac{n!(n-k)}{(k+1)!(n-k)!}$$ $$= \frac{(k+1+n-k)n!}{(k+1)!(n-k)!} = \frac{(n+1)n!}{(k+1)!(n-k)!}=RHS$$

title: Algebra/Proofs


text:
Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/guillom

This is an archive of community discussion related to the nomination for full custodianship for User:Guillom.

Hello. I am proposing the Wikiversity community to serve it as a custodian. I am there since its beginning as a separated project, and I find the Wikiversity concept really awesome. I have not been very present last weeks because of my involvement on the French-language Wikipédia (where I am a sysop), on Wikiversity Beta (ditto) and on meta-wiki. I am also a member of the French chapter, whose projets are occupying me a lot.

Several times I had to face vandal behavior on Wikiversity and I could not do anything but reverting. Although I cannot promise I will make an intensive use of custodian tools, I can promise I will not abuse them.

Thanks for your comments.

guillom 11:56, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Custodians offering mentorship:
 * -- sebmol ? 12:11, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I would be glad to be mentored by sebastian. guillom 13:09, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. :-) Cormaggio 19:40, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment - I strongly support guillom's nomination and feel he will serve us well in the capacity of a custodian. If he has become a probationary custodian, should this section be moved? --<IP_ADDRESS> 03:34, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reminder. --JWSchmidt 03:53, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * was made a probationary custodian on 28 September 2006; mentor = sebmol.

Nomination
The period for comments on this nomination starts on November 27, 2006, at 2:40 pm UTC and ends on December 2, 2006, at 2:40 pm UTC.
 * Mentor :
 * Evaluation : I have mentored guillom and have been very satisfied with his performance. He has been active blocking vandalism, deleting nonsense and contributing to discussion in a professional and courteous manner. His attitude and approach exemplifies what I expect from a Wikiversity custodian.
 * Comments
 * support. Guillom has served the Wikiversity community at both en.wikiversity.org and beta.wikiversity.org and makes use of IRC tools to coordinate vandalism patrol. Proven quality service to the community. --JWSchmidt 14:48, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I like how guillom carries out custodial work around here. --HappyCamper 23:58, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Support AmiDaniel (talk) 09:43, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Support - very speedy response to cleaning up a spill in Aisle 7 just a few hours ago, we need more janitors like this. Michael Billington (talk • contribs) 09:47, 5 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Mikerobbo72/sandbox

= Venus In Motion =

Venus In Motion is the artist name of Angel Johnson, a British songwriter, producer, and Dj who was born in Peterborough in 1967. She has released two albums, 2007's Walking In Limbo, 2013's Somebody's Heaven and has a forthcoming long-player, Liberation, ready for release in the near future. The music she produces encompasses such musical styles as jazz, breakbeat and blues, to soul and house. It is mostly recorded in a downtempo style, bringing to mind the sunsets of Ibiza, as viewed from the world-famous Cafe del Mar and Mambo's on the famous white isle. Angel writes, produces, engineers and mixes all her tracks herself, but brings in an array of singers and musicians to complete the finished articles.

Early Life
Angel was born Angela Elizabeth Pitts in Peterborough in 1967. She was fostered at age two by the Johnson family, who adopted her legally at the age of twelve, when her name became Angela Elizabeth Johnson. As a teenager, she became interested in the underground soul and electro scene, attending parties which whetted her appetite and where the seeds for a career in music were planted.

DJ Career
Her DJ career began in 1991 and she became known as Angel. She worked behind the bar in Nottingham's famous Venus house music club, but made the transition from bar-worker to DJ in a relatively short time as she taught herself within three months how to mix, eventually landing a slot at the club's New Year's Eve party. Her stock rose quickly, and she was soon one of the most sought-after house DJs, playing such institutions as The Haçienda, Shindig in Newcastle, Golden in Stoke, Ministry of Sound, as well as her four-year residency at Swoon in Stafford, which she held from the opening night in 1994 until its finale in 1998. Angel was also a regular guest at the best clubs in Ibiza, like Pacha, Es Paradis and El Divino and further afield on the worldwide club circuit.

Production Career
In 1993, Angel started producing music with Dean Marriott, better known as D.Ramirez under the guise of Masters of the Monotonal Groove on Liverpool's 3 Beat Records.

In 1996, she began her first solo venture, Angelheart, which was signed to the famous dance label, Hi-Life Recordings, a subsidiary of Polydor Records. Under this moniker, she released two singles, ' I'm Still Waiting ' and ' Come Back To Me.' Continuing with the name Angelheart and also DJ Angel, she released a number of house records on independent labels, probably most famously ' Love Thing' in 2004, featuring the sublime vocals of esteemed house diva, Kim English. From 2014, she started producing house music under the name of Angel Johnson and continues to release records on labels like Seamless Recordings, and Motion Records.

Venus In Motion
Moving away from her signature house sound, Angel hatched her new venture, in the mid-00s which was inspired by the British chill-out and trip-hop scene. Her first album  'Walking In Limbo', which she began writing in 2003, encompassed elements of soul, jazz, latin and ambient pop, and it was released in 2007 on Blanco y Negro around the time she relocated to Barcelona to live with her Spanish boyfriend. In 2011, she released the 5-track EP, Reach on German record label Bloodsugar Records. Two years later, she released her second long-player,  'Somebody's Heaven'  on Seamless Recordings. All releases remain staple soundtracks at Ibiza's nightspots and sunsets as many Balearic DJs have embraced her sound. Remixes for the two singles from the album, 'Again & Again' and 'Crazy People' were undertaken by Giom and Max Sedgley respectively. The mixture of soulful and folk vocals on all her releases are provided by her regular singers, Siobhan Lynch, Naomi Leigh and Cherry Mars, as well as occasional guests who bring her autobiographical tales of love and loss to life

Angel is currently working on her third Venus In Motion album, 'Liberation' which is scheduled for release in late 2017.

Angelheart

 * Angelheart Feat Rochelle Harris - Come Back To Me (1996)
 * I'm Still Waiting Feat Aletia Bourne (1996)
 * One Nation (1999)

DJ Angel

 * Love Thing feat. Kim English (2004)

 * Tell Me On Sunday Feat Rachel Harris (2005)
 * DJ Angel & Gabi Newman - Don't Break Us Down Feat Naomi Moss (2007)
 * DJ Angel & Gabi Newman - Hanging From The Ceiling Feat. Alex Senna (2009)

Angel Johnson

 * Lovers Heaven – Feat Tammy Cartwright (2014)
 * Choose Me – Feat Cherry Mars (2014)
 * Walk Away (2014)
 * Feeling Lonely – Feat Alex Senna (2015)
 * Salvation – Feat Tammy Cartwright (2016)
 * I’m Not The One – Feat  Naomi Leigh (2016

Venus In Motion

 * Walking In Limbo (2007)
 * Reach EP (2011)
 * Somebody's Heaven (2013)
 * Liberation (2017) TBA

Official Websites
https://venusinmotionmusic.com/ [Official Website]

https://open.spotify.com/artist/3eChX5UM2Y6PkDlXfa26NA/ [Spotify]

https://www.facebook.com/venusinmotion/

title: User:Mikerobbo72/sandbox


text:
Traumpartner TV

Traumpartner TV was a German free-to-air interactive TV channel, which could be received by satellite (DVB-S) and some cable networks (DVB-C). The subsidiary of RTL interactive GmbH (formerly RTL NEWMEDIA GmbH) started broadcasting via Astra 19.2°E on 1 December 2004 and offered a dating programming; broadcast daily live from 6 am to 10 pm.

On 1 October 2007, the management confirmed the termination of the program as of 31 October 2007. This was due to the fact that the targets had been set, were not achieved.

Interactivity
The interactivity was due to the possibility of paying for a chat on the screen via Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS). In addition, there was the possibility to communicate with other participants via a connected online dating platform.

Hosts
The face of the station was long time Juliane Ziegler, a winner of the RTL television show The Bachelor. Shermine Shahrivar moderated from December 2004 to August 2005.

From time to time guest or co-moderators appeared, e.g.:
 * Carsten Spengemann
 * Nazan Eckes
 * Isabel Varell
 * Ruth Moschner
 * Oli.P (Oliver Petszokat)

title: Traumpartner TV


text:
Talk:Det de Beus

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title: Talk:Det de Beus


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Talk:Irreligion in South Africa

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title: Talk:Irreligion in South Africa


text:
Physics with Calculus/Introduction/Textbook

This is an introductory-level physics textbook for engineering and science students with a strong mathematical background. It is assumed that the student had a year of calculus, covering differentiation and basic integrals. For those less mathematically-inclined, there are other physics textbooks such as the Physics Study Guide. While there are resources available online for the mathematics required for the material, an effort has been made to make this book self-contained in that respect.

Where possible, physical concepts will be first introduced in terms of historical context and descriptions of their significance. Basic mathematical treatments are given with an emphasis on specific examples, and the motivation behind the manipulation of symbols will be explained where mathematical abstraction is necessary. For a more mathematical and fundamental approach, try the Modern Physics.

Top: Introductions Next: Physics with Calculus/Introduction/Physics


text:
Talk:Diana Gabaldon

RITA Award Winner
In the Awards section it should say that Gabaldon won a RITA Award given by the Romance Writers of America in 1992. The award was "Best Romance of 1991" for Gabaldon's novel Outlander. Source: http://www.rwanational.org/cs/contests_and_awards/rita_awards/past_winners Jdmaloney 04:16, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Name
If she didn't take her husband's name, as stated in the article, then why does the article start with stating her name as Diana Jean Gabaldon Watkins, as 'Watkins' clearly is her husband's name? Modallist (talk) 11:35, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Religious Beliefs
Gabaldon has stated she is a Roman Catholic on several occasions, e.g. here: ("I'm a practicing Roman Catholic".) http://januarymagazine.com/profiles/gabaldon.html and here.(" I’m a Roman Catholic and a Libertarian, but that’s as far as I’d go in description") http://www.lightspeedmagazine.com/nonfiction/interview-diana-gabaldon/

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:49, 26 November 2014 (UTC)

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— TAnthonyTalk 00:19, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Diana Gabaldon


text:
Talk:Denise Coffey

Image copyright problem with Image:Denise coffey.jpg
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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --23:07, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Images
Some images. Martinevans123 (talk) 00:25, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denise Coffey


text:
Talk:Deno Andrews

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title: Talk:Deno Andrews


text:
Template:Attached KML/K-41 (Kansas highway)

   K-41.kml   1.1 			 http://maps.google.com/mapfiles/kml/pushpin/ylw-pushpin.png     ff0000ff 5 		    normal #s_ylw-pushpin </Pair> <Pair> highlight <styleUrl>#s_ylw-pushpin_hl</styleUrl> </Pair> </StyleMap> <Style id="s_ylw-pushpin_hl"> <IconStyle> 1.3 			<Icon> http://maps.google.com/mapfiles/kml/pushpin/ylw-pushpin.png </Icon> <hotSpot x="20" y="2" xunits="pixels" yunits="pixels"/> </IconStyle> <LineStyle> ff0000ff 5 		</LineStyle> </Style> <Placemark> K-41 <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin</styleUrl> <LineString> 1 				-97.75902138654355,39.27752964581316,0 -97.75357165992759,39.27755218628364,0 -97.74497655664712,39.27758316383517,0 -97.73548996214387,39.27761167590655,0 -97.71927876422968,39.2776665397076,0 -97.71852268370252,39.27765547520848,0 -97.71791143532766,39.27758976528074,0 -97.71711271240542,39.27747370881047,0 -97.71661175813112,39.27735730046783,0 -97.71573080843163,39.2771123548365,0 -97.71500097987587,39.27689776358913,0 -97.71397850551169,39.276573076449,0 -97.71329039168894,39.27639754598106,0 -97.71288250378535,39.27629814627251,0 -97.71244346828716,39.27625535874536,0 -97.71193536931008,39.27620271723803,0 -97.71140992298423,39.27619322968692,0 -97.71080737019152,39.2762214873006,0 -97.70871647377587,39.27650833494866,0 -97.70237308602981,39.27745693700243,0 -97.70170534066995,39.27754130488973,0 -97.70107157215453,39.27759170402624,0 -97.70052784061214,39.27762323179758,0 -97.69977571190775,39.27763763740256,0 -97.67671815700777,39.27754379695746,0 -97.66764806885669,39.2774881367715,0 		</LineString> </Placemark> </Document>


text:
The Voynich Manuscript/F67v1

The central figure may be Tycho Brahe, although this identification places the manuscript at a later date than many researchers are comfortable with.

Under that theory, the prominent stars to the lower left appears to be Casseopeia, and Tycho's Star, the supernova of 1572, is the outer of the two stars in the 8:30 position. The single star to the lower right is Algol.

title: The Voynich Manuscript/F67v1


text:
Filmmaking Basics/Making the Props

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Painting the movie poster
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

Making the Star Wars poster
[[Image:StarWarsPosterPainting.jpg|frame|This is a movie poster prop for the movie set of "Seduced by the Dark Side!" created with the free  ArtRage 2 demo.

This artwork was created by placing real posters from Star Wars in a tracing layer which can be enlarged and centered as needed. Then I use the very natural painting tools of ArtRage2 with a Wacom tablet to trace pieces of the original artwork to make a poster of my own design. Because ArtRage2 feels so natural and organic, this poster was fun to create even though I am not an artist. I highly recommend this program and you can download it immediately for either the Macintosh or Windows PC. Best of all, this working demo version is free. Use it today! FREE!

]]

We need a poster for our movie set. It must be very simple. It should look good when reduced to only 285 pixels wide (like the example to the left.) This is an ideal project to do with ArtRage2 FREE.

Screen shot of the free version of ArtRage2. Here, I am working on the Star Wars poster in the template layer.

Step 1 · Download ArtRage 2 FREE (The free version)

 * Highly Recommended !!!

 * ArtRage 2 is a fun painting program simulating simple artist tools. Ambient Design is a New Zealand based company founded by Andy Bearsley and Matt Fox-Wilson who came from MetaCreations Corp.  They offer a free version of ArtRage 2 which has only some of the features of the full version.  Still, the free version is more than enough to do this project.

 * ArtRage2 is one of those programs which needs no instructions to begin using. Almost everything is self explanatory. And it is fun!

 * Note 1
 * ArtRage 2 requires a graphic tablet since a mouse is not a good painting tool. I tried using a mouse and could not do it. You must have an artist's tablet attached to your computer to get the benefit of pressure sensitivity.

Step 2 · Download Star Wars Posters from Internet

 * There are a lot of Star Wars movie posters on the internet. Since you are only using it as a template, it does not have to be very large.  I used the file named "StarWarsMoviePoster1977.jpg".  (Google it.)

Step 3 · Create a new page in ArtRage2

 * Create a blank drawing (a blank canvas) in ArtRage2 which is the correct size for a poster. If possible, make this as small as you can.  For a movie prop, it must NOT have much fine detail.  If you create the poster at 285 by 425, then when it is blown up, it will have clear details.

Step 4 · Import the template

 * Put the Star Wars poster from the Internet into the tracing layer.

 * The great thing about ArtRage2 is you can move the artwork all around the tracing layer and enlarge it as much as you want. To create the sample drawing to the left, I used the same original poster as a template but you will see that I took different parts of it at different magnifications.  This is amazingly easy in ArtRage2 (specially when you compare this feature to other painting programs.)

 * For my sample drawing (seen left), I use the images of the to actors at one magnification and the words "Star Wars" at another magnification.

Step 5 · Create the poster

 * The free version of ArtRage2 has a limited about of brushes and tools but these are more than enough to create wonderful artwork.

Step 6 · Save your work

 * Save your work and then export the artwork as an PNG or a JPEG file. You can upload the PNG or JPEG file to Wikiversity or email it to me.

My email address

 * Hopefully, you have my email address by now. If not, please send me a message.  @undefined.  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|32px]]

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Let's look at a useful filming trick for motion pictures
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

The next page

 * Now we continue learning new and useful things about filmmaking. Matte paintings is one of the oldest tricks in filmmaking.  It is useful to know and we will need it later for our movie.

 * Go to Understanding Film Dailies.

 * }

title: Filmmaking Basics/Making the Props


text:
User:Sidhu prabhjot

= Prabhjot Singh Sidhu = Prabhjot Singh Sidhu (born 10 december 1989) is currently working as a senior research fellow in the field of molecular self assembly based nanotechnology. The work involves the development of future materials based on the bio-inspired molecular materials. I do wish to participate in the spread of new information to the general public through wikipedia.

title: User:Sidhu prabhjot


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/pajtoday.blogspot.ru

Links

 * pajtoday.blogspot.ru resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * pajtoday.blogspot.ru is hosted on pajtoday.blogspot.com
 * pajtoday.blogspot.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 1 additions.


text:
Computing in Japanese

Test
Test your computer to see if it is able to display Japanese text here.

Result
If your computer failed the test for text support, read and follow the directions here. If your browser failed the test for ruby annotation support, read and follow the directions here.

Configure Computer for Japanese Text Support
Read Computing in Japanese on Wikibooks to learn how to input and display Japanese text.

Configure Browser for Ruby Annotation
If you are using a Mozilla browser, you may need to install this support patch to view Ruby annotation correctly.

Assessment
This will check to see if you configured your computer correctly.

Display
Take the test again and try again if it does not work.

Questions
Leave any questions on the talk page or here.

title: Computing in Japanese


text:
Cancelling out

Cancelling out is a mathematical process used for removing subexpressions from a mathematical expression, when this removal does not change the meaning or the value of the expression because the subexpressions have equal and opposing effects. For example, a fraction is put in lowest terms by cancelling out the common factors of the numerator and the denominator. As another example, if a×b=a×c, then the multiplicative term a can be canceled out if a≠0, resulting in the equivalent expression b=c; this is equivalent to dividing through by a.

Cancelling
If the subexpressions are not identical, then it may still be possible to cancel them out partly. For example, in the simple equation 3 + 2y = 8y, both sides actually contain 2y (because 8y is the same as 2y + 6y). Therefore, the 2y on both sides can be cancelled out, leaving 3 = 6y, or y = 0.5. This is equivalent to subtracting 2y from both sides.

At times, cancelling out can introduce limited changes or extra solutions to an equation. For example, given the inequality ab ≥ 3b, it looks like the b on both sides can be cancelled out to give a ≥ 3 as the solution. But cancelling 'naively' like this, will mean we don't get all the solutions (sets of (a, b) satisfying the inequality). This is because if b were a negative number then dividing by a negative would change the ≥ relationship into a ≤ relationship. For example, although 2 is more than 1, –2 is less than –1. Also if b were zero then zero times anything is zero and cancelling out would mean dividing by zero in that case which cannot be done. So in fact, while cancelling works, cancelling out correctly will lead us to three sets of solutions, not just one we thought we had. It will also tell us that our 'naive' solution is only a solution in some cases, not all cases:

 * If b > 0: we can cancel out to get a ≥ 3.
 * If b < 0: then cancelling out gives a ≤ 3 instead, because we would have to reverse the relationship in this case.
 * If b is exactly zero: then the equation is true for any value of a, because both sides would be zero, and 0 ≥ 0.

So some care may be needed to ensure that cancelling out is done correctly and no solutions are overlooked or incorrect. Our simple inequality has three sets of solutions, which are:

 * b > 0 and a ≥ 3. (For example b = 5 and a = 6 is a solution because 6 x 5 is 30 and 3 x 5 is 15, and 30 ≥ 15) or
 * b < 0 and a ≤ 3 (For example b = –5 and a = 2 is a solution because 2 x (–5) is –10 and 3 x (–5) is –15, and –10 ≥ –15) or
 * b = 0 (and a can be any number) (because anything x zero ≥ 3 x zero)

Our 'naïve' solution (that a ≥ 3) would also be wrong sometimes. For example, if b = –5 then a = 4 is not a solution even though 4 ≥ 3, because 4 × (–5) is –20, and 3 x (–5) is –15, and –20 is not ≥ –15.

In advanced and abstract algebra, and infinite series
In more advanced mathematics, cancelling out can be used in the context of infinite series, whose terms can be cancelled out to get a finite sum or a convergent series. In this case, the term telescoping is often used. Considerable care and prevention of errors is often necessary to ensure the amended equation will be valid, or to establish the bounds within which it will be valid, because of the nature of such series.

Related concepts and use in other fields
In computational science, cancelling out is often used for improving the accuracy and the execution time of numerical algorithms.

title: Cancelling out


text:
Renu Soundar

Renu Soundar (born 13 October 1992) is an Indian actress who appears in Malayalam films and television series. She made her debut in the Malayalam film Manhole (2016 film) (2016). Her notable works include Chalakkudikkaran Changathi (2018), Ottam (2019) and Marjara - Oru Kalluvacha Nuna (2020)

Early life
She studied at GHSS, Thiruvananthapuram and later moved to Kochi for completing her higher studies. Renu has a bachelor's degree in the fine arts and master of fine arts from Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit.

Career
Renu made her acting debut as the lead in the 2016 film Manhole directed by Vidhu Vincent. Manhole was also screened at the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne in 2017.

In 2018, Renu starred in the film Chalakkudikkaran Changathi along with Senthil Krishna, Honey Rose, Joju George and others. The film was a loosely based on the life of actor Kalabhavan Mani. In 2019, she had two releases, Ottam and Pengalila. Renu starred in the film Marjara - Oru kalluvacha Nunnu which released in 2020. Renu has done a film in Tamil, Manja Satta Pacha Satta (2021) along with Guru Somasundaram which is under production.

Filmography

 * All films are in Malayalam language unless otherwise noted.

title: Renu Soundar


text:
Category:Human physiology

Human physiology topics:
 * Cardiovascular system
 * Cellular and molecular Physiology
 * Central nervous system
 * Endocrine system
 * Functions of subcellular organelles
 * Haematological system
 * Homeostasis
 * Respiratory system
 * Urinary system

title: Category:Human physiology


text:
User:LouI~enwikibooks

My normal use name is Lou Imholt. I'm a semi-retired computer nerd (system engineer) with 35+ years experience, and an apprentice nanotechnologist starting in December, 2002.

I am still wraping up some loose ends I've left Wikipedia, but I have started to contribute ober here. I expect most effort to go into a new start up venture, the Survey of Computing.

Use my talk page, or send an e-mail for comments, Thanks.

title: User:LouI~enwikibooks


text:
Filmmaking Basics/Formatting the Script/Type the script

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Start with Final Draft
 * style="width:55%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;" rowspan="1"|

Command : New

 * Screenplay format
 * When you ask for a new page in Final Draft, you will see a selection of script formatting styles.

 * Select Sceenplay.fdt because we are creating the basic screenplay for a motion picture.

 * Cole and Haag screenplay
 * There are a lot of other format for script formatting.

 * If you are following along with the book on script formatting from Cole and Haag, use the format for their style.

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

The new page dialog menu
 * style="width:45%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

{| cellpadding="30" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * }
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: #fffff0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

Typing The Script for "Seduced by the Dark Side!"

 * Here are step by step instructions for typing this script with Final Draft. 10 points

The Basic Script

 * 1) Begin Final Draft - Demo Version.
 * 2) Type the Location
 * 3) "E" for Exterior (tab)
 * 4) "The Local Movie Theater" (tab) (Notice how Final Draft converts this to upper case automatically.)
 * 5) "N" for night (tab)   *** Carefully look at what you have typed.  You should see EXT. THE LOCAL THEATER - NIGHT
 * 6) Type the first Action
 * 7) * "The Young Person and Old Person stand looking at the movie poster outside the theater." (tab, tab)
 * 8) Type the Character
 * 9) * "Young Person" (return) (Notice how Final Draft converts this to upper case automatically.)
 * 10) Type the Dialog *** Look at the bottom of the page for a better way to type this dialog. [[Image:Crystal Clear action bookmark.svg|16px]]
 * 11) * "That was a great movie... but I do not understand one thing." (return tab)
 * 12) Type the Character
 * 13) * "Old Person" (return)
 * 14) Type the Dialog
 * 15) * "What's that?" (return tab)
 * 16) Type the Character
 * 17) * "Young Person" (return) (Notice how Final Draft already has "YOUNG PERSON" in faint type. All you have to do is hit return.)
 * 18) Type the Dialog
 * 19) * "How can anyone be seduced by the Dark Side?" (return tab)
 * 20) Type the Action
 * 21) *"The old person thinks for a while." (tab)
 * 22) Type the Character
 * 23) * "Old Person" (return) (Notice how Final Draft already has "OLD PERSON" in faint type. All you have to do is hit return.)
 * 24) Type the Dialog
 * 25) * "What computer do you have at home?" (return tab)
 * 26) Type the Character
 * 27) * "Young Person" (tab) (Notice how Final Draft already has "YOUNG PERSON" in faint type. All you have to do is hit tab and the parenthetical is ready for typing.)
 * 28) Type the Parenthetical
 * 29) * "eagerly" (return)
 * 30) Type the Dialog
 * 31) * "A Macintosh!" (return tab)
 * 32) Type the Character
 * 33) * "Old Person" (return) (Notice how Final Draft already has "OLD PERSON" in faint type. All you have to do is hit return.)
 * 34) Type the Dialog
 * 35) * "And what computer does your father use at work?" (return)
 * 36) Type the Action
 * 37) * "The young person thinks for a moment." (tab tab)
 * 38) Type the Character
 * 39) * "Young Person" (tab) (Notice how Final Draft already has "YOUNG PERSON" in faint type. All you have to do is hit tab and the parenthetical is ready for typing.)
 * 40) Type the Parenthetical
 * 41) * "amazed and excited" (return)
 * 42) Type the Dialog
 * 43) * "Seduced by the Dark Side!" (return)
 * 44) Type the Action
 * 45) * "The Old Person smiles and they both walk toward home." (return return)
 * 46) Type the Transition.
 * 47) Select Transition
 * 48) Select Fade to Black (return)

Save your work

 * Save the file to your hard drive.

What scene is this?

 * This is scene #1. How do you get the scene number to appear?  You cannot just type it.  Does not work.

 * Instead, try renumbering the scene (which is a bit confusing) starting at "1".

 * Save the file again.

The Title Page

 * In the Document Menu of Final Draft, click on the menu item called Title…

 * Replace the text that is marked in brackets with whatever you feel is appropriate. Here is an example:

 * Type the title information
 * 1) Replace the words "(Name of Project)" with Seduced by the Dark Side.
 * 2) Replace the words "(Name of First Writer)" with your name (or your sign in name on Wikiversity.)
 * 3) Replace the words "(Based on, If Any)" with Based on a story by WikiU Film School.
 * 4) Replace the words "(Names of Subsequent Writers, in Order of Work Performed)" with your name (or your sign in name on Wikiversity.)
 * 5) Replace the words "(Current Writer, date)" with your name (or your sign in name on Wikiversity) and today's date.

 * Type the company information
 * If you have a company, put that name and address here. Otherwise, type this…

 * 1) Replace the words "(Name (of company, if applicable))" with WikiU Film School.
 * 2) Replace the words "Address" with www.wikiversity.com.
 * 3) Replace the words "Phone" with your User Name.

Save again!!!
Again, SAVE your work!!!

Print (save) as a PDF
Print your script as a PDF document to your hard drive. Under the File Menu, you will see "Save As PDF…". Normally, this prints both the title page and the script at the same time in the same document (unless you changed the preferences.) Email a copy of the script to your instructor. Robert Elliott

There is a bug in Final Draft!

Title Page BUG in Final Draft

 * Warning: There is a bug in Final Draft.
 * The title page will not print correctly to PDF in some cases. You have to follow a special procedure.

 * To type the title page, select TITLE PAGE from the DOCUMENT menu. A special window appears.  When finished, all the "(WORDS)" should be replaced with your information.  No brackets should appear in the actual title page.

 * Final Draft does not remember the information on the title page until you close the title page window. After you close the title page window, save your project (SAVE AS...).

 * Then open the title page again to see if the information is still there. (I always save a copy of all the text from the title page in TextEdit or my word processing program, just in case.)

 * Now you can use SAVE AS PDF in the FILE menu to create the PDF version which you will send to me.

 * }

Extra Credit

 * The steps above are very simple. If you want to try something more complex, one spot in the script needs to be expanded.

More Extra Credit : The script for the animated version

 * The animated script is slightly different from the live-action script. Extra vocalizations need to be added if the movie will be animated.  This is easy to do… but it is also easy to forget.  You have to pay extra attention to a script for animation.

{| border=1 cellspacing=4 cellpadding=25 style="width: 100%; background-color: #ccffff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" |
 * bgcolor="#ddffff"| 2 points [[Image:Crystal Clear app Community Help.png]] Animation Script!

The animated version is different from the live action motion picture script.

 * Please add these extra lines to the script for the animated version.

 * Also add the words "Animated version" on the title page information.

 * bgcolor="#eeffff"|
 * Extra Lines of Dialog
 * For the script of the animated version, we need all of the vocal sound effects included.

And don't forget to go under the Document menu and select Title Page... and type "Animated version" under the "Name of Project". (Note: Eliminate one blank line so the title page does not extend into a second page.)
 * 1) When the old person thinks for a while, you need to add: Old Person: "Hummm"  Hint: This dialog should not be part of the action and it seems a bit awkward adding it to the dialog "What computer do you have at home?" so try putting it before the action "The old person thinks for a while."  Therefore before you type the action "The old person thinks for a while.", type the character name: "Old Person" (return) and then type the dialog "Hummm." (return tab) and finally, if you have not already done so, you type the action "The old person thinks for a while." (tab)
 * 2) When the young person thinks for a while, you need to add: Young Person: "Hummm"  Hint: Again, this dialog should not be part of the action "The young person thinks for a moment." and it seems awkward to be part of the young person's dialog which follows therefore put it before the action "The young person thinks for a moment."
 * 3) When the old person smiles for a while, you need to add: Old Person: "Ahhh"  Hint: This is easy since you simply put this dialog before the action "The Old Person smiles and they both walk toward home."

There is a bug in Final Draft!

Title Page BUG in Final Draft

 * Warning: There is a bug in Final Draft.
 * The title page will not print correctly to PDF in some cases. You have to follow a special procedure.

 * To type the title page, select TITLE PAGE from the DOCUMENT menu. A special window appears.  When finished, all the "(WORDS)" should be replaced with your information.  No brackets should appear in the actual title page.

 * Final Draft does not remember the information on the title page until you close the title page window. After you close the title page window, save your project (SAVE AS...).

 * Then open the title page again to see if the information is still there. (I always save a copy of all the text from the title page in TextEdit or my word processing program, just in case.)

 * Now you can use SAVE AS PDF in the FILE menu to create the PDF version which you will send to me.

 * }

.

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

Go to the next lesson
The next lesson is to create the thumbnail storyboards.

 * }


text:
Discrete mathematics/Number theory

Considered by many as the most beautiful branch of mathematics, Number Theory is the study of the properties of numbers, especially integers and natural numbers.

Factorization
Discovering the prime factors of a number is covered in our resource on factorization.

title: Discrete mathematics/Number theory


text:
Talk:Braidwood, Illinois

Hey all, I'm the WikiProject Cities assessor of this article. If feedback is what you want and need, come to my talk page and give me a holler! --Starstriker7(Dime algoor see my works) 21:51, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Several Additions
An Early History section was added. Couldn't get the in-line citations (which apply to the section as a whole) to come out looking as I would like; improvement by someone more knowledgeable is welcome. An article on James Braidwood does not exist but is planned (link color will change when the article exists, without additional changes to this article). A Notable People section was added, and one entry was moved from the article's lead paragraphs. Added a Notes section for the references, which automatically includes two previously cited but heretofore unseen references. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:34, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Braidwood, Illinois. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://coalcity.lib.il.us/coalmining/pages/braidwood/brawling.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:51, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Braidwood, Illinois. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080514110855/http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/earlyday.htm to http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/earlyday.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:06, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

Post Office
I have removed a parenthetical comment to the effect that the Braidwood post office was burned down by Vietnam War protesters in 1969. Feel free to restore it if a good source is found. brtom (talk) 15:56, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

History since 1880s?
The article clearly needs attention to Braidwood's 20th century history. I'll do what I can, but please help if you are able. I realize that sources may be hard to find. brtom (talk) 16:44, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Braidwood, Illinois


text:
Macroeconomics/Consumption

=Consumption=

{| WIDTH="100%"
 * style="background-color: #FFFFEE; border: solid 1px #FFC92E; padding: 1em;" valign="top" |
 * style="background-color: #FFFFEE; border: solid 1px #FFC92E; padding: 1em;" valign="top" |

Consumption is:
what households, not businesses, do. This involves expenditure on goods and services, such as petrol, shopping and a new fridge. However, consumption can be split down further into durable and non-durable purchases. The Importance of Consumption Every time you purchase food at the drive-thru or pull out your debit or credit card to buy something, you are adding to consumption. Consumption is one of the bigger concepts in economics and is extremely important because it helps determine the growth and success of the economy. Businesses can open up and offer all kinds of great products, but if we don't purchase or consume their products, they won't stay in business very long! If they don't stay in business, many of us won't have jobs or the income to buy goods and services. Consumption can be defined in different ways, but is best described as the final purchase of goods and services by individuals. The purchase of a new pair of shoes, a hamburger at the fast food restaurant or services, like getting your house cleaned, are all examples of consumption. It is also often referred to as consumer spending. Many topics in economics explore how the income of families and individuals affects consumption and spending habits.
 * Durable purchases are those that are going to last a long time - often years! These include items like cars, cookers, and televisions. Fridges, cookers, washing machines etc. are all durable goods.
 * Non-durable purchases are those that only last for a short period of time and are 'used up'. A good example of this is going to the shops to buy food and drink.
 * }

Determinants

 * The level of consumption in the economy is determined by:

{| WIDTH="100%"
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1) Cost of Credit
If credit becomes difficult, mainly through expense of interest rates, some households may postpone their credit financed purchases. There will be a reduction in consumption until circumstances change, i.e. accumulate more savings, or a fall in interest rates. on the other hand if accessing credit becomes less expensive household will increase their consumption

2) Assets
Most households appear to have target levels of assets/wealth at each stage of their life cycle. If assets fall unexpectedly, households will increase their saving and reduce consumption. This works in reverse for situations like a sudden increase in wealth.

3) Disposable Income
Disposable income (income is often expressed as 'Y') is income after taxes. It is the amount of total income that can be spent with reasonable freedom by the household. Thus, disposable income is total income minus taxes (and sometimes also regarded as including other fixed payments, such as mortgage repayments). It is that income which can be 'disposed of' with near freedom.

4) Expectations
Individuals' attitudes to the functionality of the economy effects the level of aggregate expenditure. For example, households increase purchases of consumer durables if they believe interest rates will remain low or job security improves, etc. Expectations are the source of both business and household economic indicators. Strictly speaking, an expectation is a leading economic indicator, since it predicts changes in an economy and changes occur before corresponding changes in the economy.

A leading indicator is an economic statistic that suggests transactions in the future. For example, building permits suggest construction activity in the near term, and hence the hiring of construction workers and purchases of building materials. Purchases of raw materials by manufacturing industries ordinarily suggest a level of likely production. Increases in either suggest increased activity; decreases suggest decreases in near-term activity. Stock prices fit this category because high prices for corporate stocks create the impression of wealth that spurs consumption.

A coinciding indicator ordinarily indicates activity at the time. It is often a defining characteristic of the economy such as payroll or sales volume.

A lagging indicator is a statistic that ordinarily follows economic changes. Unemployment rates are a prime example; decisions by most employers to hire workers follow increases in activity and the parallel decision to lay off workers follows decreases in activity.

5) Taxation
A change in the level of taxation on income (income tax) will reduce the amount of disposable income available. Because of this, C could fall. However, if an equal or greater sum were given out in benefits to households, particularly to unemployed, then consumption could even rise. It is important to note that an increase in taxation will not necessarily cause a contraction in consumption. Further, if taxation and benefits were used to redistribute income/wealth from richer to poorer households, consumption might rise. This is because less wealthy households are more likely to spend a greater proportion of their disposable income than extremely rich individuals.
 * }

 * Consumption varies between about 40-60% of total expenditure depending on what type of economy you are in, and the period in the economic cycle it is currently at.

The Keynesian Consumption Function

 * Autonomous Consumption is the amount of income someone has to spend to survive (level of absolute need)
 * Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is the fraction/proportion of the remaining income that is spent on consumption. In reality it represents the how much of your income you are willing to spend on goods and services, as opposed to saving it for difficult times in the future or for retirement. The MPC is affected by consumer confidence and interest rates as they affect the rate of return on savings.

Calculations

 * What is the break-even point when:

Note:
Saving (S) is not part of A.E. due to it being a leakage, (we analyse it because it helps us determine consumption and impacts on Y levels). The savings function (S = Y - C) can be derived from the consumption function (c.f.).

 * where b is the Marginal Propensity to Save(MPS)

title: Macroeconomics/Consumption


text:
výběr

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) selection process or act
 * 2) choice
 * 3) withdrawal taking out money from an account
 * 1) withdrawal taking out money from an account

title: výběr


text:
U-shaped

Adjective

 * 1) Shaped like the letter "U"; bent such that the two ends are parallel.
 * 2) * http://www.nps.gov/archive/olym/uv.htm,
 * After the ice melts away, the valley appears U-shaped.
 * 1) Having a cross-section similar in appearance to a broad U.
 * a U-shaped valley

Translations

 * Danish: U-formet
 * German: ,
 * Irish: U-chruthach
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: U-formet

title: U-shaped


text:
Talk:Débora Falabella

Reverting to Version with Errors
I was discouraged to see that almost all of the changes I made to the Débora Falabella page had been reverted. I had corrected *many* serious errors in English usage, such as the use of "he" to refer to Deborah, or the confusion between "to call" and "to flame" stemming from the Spanish "llama".

I don't think the intent could possibly have been to re-introduce all those errors, so maybe this is just a mistake. Is it all right if I undo the reversion?

Mundie1010 (talk) 22:54, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Débora Falabella


text:
Talk:Endangered languages

Chaucer used Middle English. The Old English period is usually quoted as ending at the time of the Norman Conquest. As such, I changed this on the main page. I really don't think that either Old or Middle English qualify as 'endangered languages', however, and would prefer them to be removed altogether.
 * I agree. The Jade Knight 04:35, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

This list is not very helpful. There are many other endangered languages, for example among natives of the Amazon rain forest and of the islands between Asia and Australia. Conversely, Middle English is a completely dead language in that nobody uses it for day-to-day communication, even if it is studied academically.--Collingwood (talk) 18:00, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Endangered languages


text:
Pneumothorax/Tension pneumothorax

A condition in which lung collapses due to air entering the pleural space either through a chest wound that allows air more easily in than out ( eg a flapping wound) or through a rupture connecting the air-passages in a lung, through the pleural cover,  into the pleural space (again with a flap of tissue acting as a one-way valve). Air pressure will build up in the tension pneumothorax and will in due course displace the heart and the rest of the mediastinal structures to an astonishing degree, gradually squashing the remaining lung into a mere fraction of the total chest cavity.

Tension Pneumothorax is a medical emergency. The patient is dyspnoeic (short of breath) and will become more and more short of breath with each breath taken. There is tachypnoea (rapid breathing) tachycardia (rapid pulse) and there may be hypotension and engorged neck veins as the condition develops. As the gasping breathing efforts become more vigorous, the tension may build up more rapidly, until the patient slides into a gasping unconsciousness, then (probably for the first time) is manifestly cyanosed (blue). Breathing efforts cease, as either exhaustion or acute respiratory failure ensue. Death then follows within minutes at most. A history of wounding to the chest may be given by the patient or any accompanying person. (stabbing, fall on to a projection, motor vehicle accident) A chest wound is usually present, and obvious. Occasionally it will have to be searched for. Occasionally there is no external wound - the tension then arises from a spontaneous pneumothorax, usually from rupture of an emphysematous bleb, very rarely after decompression eg  an over-rapid ascent in a scuba diver.

Diagnosis is usually obvious in the conscious patient from the history and the nature of the wound. In an unconscious patient or a patient who has suffered a spontanious pneumothorax, the diagnosis of pneumothorax can be made very quickly at the stretcher-side by noticing by palpation and percussion the displacement of the heart. The diaphragmatic dullness will also be much lower than usual. The mediastinal displacement is often far more extreme in tension pneumothorax than in any non-tension pneumothorax. Auscultation may assist - the complete absence of transmitted breath sounds over the pneumothorax and the area over which heart sounds can be heard will help. A chest x-ray (or two if the first only shows a pneumothorax and the diagnosis is not otherwise clear) will diagnose the condition and help guide the decision of where to cannulate. There is no differential diagnosis in most cases. Levocardia in theory might need exclusion in some cases - the x-ray pictures of both conditions are absolutely diagnostic. In the most minimal cases of tension pneumothorax, the differential diagnoses of pneumothoraces generally will have to be considered.

First aid treatment - if a large, firm adhesive bandage can be secured over the wound it will prevent further air entrapment and may allow the transport of the patient to a doctor or hospital. If none is to hand, a hand firmly over the area may help as long as its function (to seal the whole wound) is understood. In theory at least, inserting anything into the wound (even quite a small object) so that an air passage through the wound exists (rather than a one-way valve) will convert a tension pneumothorax into a far less immediately-life threatening (non-tension) pneumothorax.

Emergency treatment - the tension can be released by a puncture into the tension compartment eg by a larger-bore needle (even 6 guage) open to the ward air. After ascertaining where the heart lies, insert the needle between two ribs, with the point away from the heart of any nearby structures, over any highly tympanitic area. The heart may be hugely displaced so palpate for its beat and percuss its main mass. Alternatively, where the patient is already unconscious (say from other injuries) and the diagnosis of tension pneumothorax is uncertain, intubation and positive pressure ventilation may hold respiratory failure at bay while more diagnostic examination and if necessary, radiology, is arranged. Great care must be taken in such a case not to rely on the intubation (without relieving the pressure in the tension pneumothorax) unless it is quite certain the patient continues to do well and remains pink, with good pulse and blood pressure.

Definitive treatment - Release the trapped air via simple aspiration or a "tube thoracostomy" -  an intercostal trocar and cannula,  but measure the pressure on first entering. If it is slightly below atmospheric, there is a pneumothorax but not tension. If it is atmospheric there may be a wound in the pleura but it is not of flap or "ball-valve" type. if it is above atmospheric pressure, that proves it was a tension pneumothorax. Empty the air from the cavity or allow it to blow out slowly, then connect the cannula to an under-water drain. Unlike an ordinary pneumothorax, this is usually required to ensure the flap has been dealt with. Some texts warn against rapid decompression, but let at least the over-pressure go freely. Deal with the wound and/or lung rupture (both may be present of course.) The latter may well require a thoracic surgeon competent in (intercostal) endoscopic surgery. DrRic 19:31, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Pneumothorax/Tension pneumothorax


text:
Roger Jackson (rower)

Roger Charles Jackson, (born January 14, 1942) is a Canadian academic and Olympic gold medallist rower. He won the only gold medal for Canada at the 1964 Summer Olympics, in the coxless pair with George Hungerford. The same year they were awarded the Lou Marsh Trophy. Jackson also competed at the 1968 Olympics and finished eleventh in the single sculls event. At the 1972 Olympics he was a crew member of the Canadian boat which finished twelfth in the coxed fours competition.

Biography
In 1959 Jackson enrolled to the University of Western Ontario where he started training in rowing. In 1963 he received a Bachelor of Arts degree and entered a graduate school at the University of Toronto, but shortly transferred to the University of British Columbia aiming to qualify for the 1964 Olympics. He did qualify, but his partner, Donald Pretty, had to be replaced by George Hungerford. Jackson and Hungerford first competed together at the Olympics, yet they won the gold medal.

In 1967 Jackson graduated with a master's degree in physical education and then entered the University of Wisconsin. He defended a Ph.D. in biodynamics in 1971 and for his post-doctoral studies went to the University of Copenhagen. After retiring from rowing he became active as a sports and medial administrator. He was the Director of Sport Canada from 1976 through 1978 and was President for three terms of the Canadian Olympic Committee (1982 through 1990). From 1978 to 1988, he was the Dean of the Faculty of Kinesiology at the University of Calgary. He was the founder and Director of the University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre.

Awards and honors
In 1964, Jackson was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. In 1983, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2005, he was appointed Chief Executive Officer of Own the Podium 2010 and inducted into the University of British Columbia Sports Hall of Fame. In 2009, he was named by CBC sports as one of the 25 most influential Canadians in sports for 2009. In 2012, Jackson was appointed to the Alberta Order of Excellence. In June 2015, he received an honorary degree from Western University in London, Ontario.

During the 1976 Canada Cup hockey tournament, Jackson participated in the postgame ceremony following the Canada-Sweden game in Toronto. He presented an award to Sweden's player of the game.

title: Roger Jackson (rower)