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Woolf Barnato

Joel Woolf Barnato (27 September 1895 – 27 July 1948) was a British financier and racing driver, one of the "Bentley Boys" of the 1920s. He achieved three consecutive wins out of three entries in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race.

Early life
The youngest son of Fanny Bees and Barney Barnato, who had made a fortune as a "Randlord" in South African diamond and gold mining, he was a relative of the Joel family of entrepreneurs.

He was born at Spencer House, 27 St James's Place, London. He had a sister, Leah Primrose (died 1933) and a brother, Isaac "Jack" Henry (died 1918 of bronchial pneumonia). The family divided their time between London, Brighton, Colwyn Bay and South Africa.

In 1897, when Woolf was two years old, his father died near Madeira during a sea crossing from South Africa to London. The official verdict was suicide ("death by drowning while temporarily insane"). Woolf inherited his father's fortune, but with the monies placed in trust. He inherited his first instalment of £250,000 in 1914 at the age of 19. In addition, Woolf benefited from a further inheritance after the murder of Woolf Barnato Joel in Johannesburg in 1898.

Barnato was educated at Charterhouse School and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Sports
Barnato's attitude to a new sport that took his interests, was to immerse himself in the learning process, practising endlessly and taking lessons only from the very best instructors he could find. His desire to excel at whatever he attempted was considerable.

He collected prizes (including the 1925 Duke of York Trophy) for motor boat racing, using his Bentley-powered boat 'Ardenrun V'. A keen shot, he bred horses at his house Ardenrun, and hunted with the Old Surrey and Burstow Foxhounds. He was a strong swimmer, a good amateur boxer, and also played tennis to 'country house level'. He took golf lessons at Coombe Hill Golf Club, Kingston, Surrey, with the club professional Archie Compston, a friend of King Edward VIII.

Career
Barnato served as an officer in the Royal Field Artillery, British Army in World War I. Serving in France, Egypt and Palestine, he attained the rank of captain in the latter stages of the war.

Having claimed a share of the business's profits from 1897 to 1916, in 1917 he broke off his business arrangements with the Joels. After a long legal dispute in South Africa, Woolf settled for £900,000 plus £50,000 in costs. He then sued his family for the £50,000, as well as £23,883 for disbursements.

Following settlement of the case, Barnato played first-class cricket, appearing as wicket-keeper with Surrey County Cricket Club from 1928 to 1930.

W. O. Bentley
Barnato purchased his first Bentley, a 3-litre, in 1925, 12 months before he acquired the business itself. With this car he won numerous Brooklands races. He was a member of a social set of wealthy British motorists known as the "Bentley Boys" who favoured the cars of W. O. Bentley. Many were independently wealthy, often with a background in military service. Barnato was nicknamed "Babe", in ironic deference to his heavyweight boxer's build.

Inspired by the 1924 Le Mans win by John Duff and Frank Clement, Barnato agreed to finance Bentley's business. Barnato had incorporated Baromans Ltd in 1922, which effectively existed as his finance and investment vehicle. Via Baromans, Barnato initially invested in excess of £100,000, saving the company and its workforce. A subsequent agreed wind-up of the original Bentley company was agreed, with all existing creditors paid off for £75,000, but with existing shares devalued from £1.00 each to just 1 shilling, or 5% or their original value. Barnato held 149,500 of the new shares, meaning that he controlled the company, and became chairman. Barnato injected further cash into the business: £35,000 as a debenture in July 1927; £40,000 in 1928; £25,000 in 1929.

With renewed financial input, W. O. Bentley was able to design another generation of cars, the six-cylinder 6½ Litre. However, the supercharged 4½ Litre (the famous "Blower" Bentley), which Barnato pushed through against Bentley's wishes, had poor durability and failed on the track.

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 affected the Bentley business greatly, with the Great Depression reducing demand for the company's expensive products. In July 1931 two mortgage payments on the firm that were guaranteed by Barnato fell due, and accepting the inevitable, he advised the lenders that he was "unable to meet these debts." On 10 July, on the application of the mortgagee, the court appointed a Receiver to Bentley Motors Limited. After a period where it appeared that Napier was going to acquire the business, the firm passed into the hands of Rolls-Royce in November 1931 for the sum of £125,000 after a sealed bid auction.

Barnato received around £42,000 in return for his shares in the business, having bought a sizeable stake in Rolls-Royce not long before Bentley Motors was liquidated. By 1934 he was again on the board of Bentley Motors (1931) Ltd.

Motor racing
Barnato first went motor racing in 1921, when after importing an eight-litre Locomobile from the United States, he signed-up to race at the Brooklands Easter meeting. Having come third in the 100-mile Long Handicap, he then swapped to a Calthorpe to compete in the following Whitsun meeting. For the 1922 season he bought a 1921 chassis Talbot directly from its owner/driver Malcolm Campbell, and for 1923 a Sir Alastair Miller customised-racing Wolseley Racing Moth. At the start of the 1924 season Barnato obtained an eight-litre Hispano-Suiza H6C chassis, which he commissioned Jarvis of Wimbledon to build a suitable racing body for. Barnato then established an eight-litre class racing record for the car.

In late 1924 he obtained a prototype Bentley 3 Litre chassis, which was subsequently fitted with a boat-tail body by Jarvis for a cost of £400. Barnato used the car to win several major Brooklands races, and then partnered by John Duff set a new 3-litre 24-hour record averaging 95.03 mph at Autodrome de Montlhéry. Barnato later won the Brooklands Six Hour Race and Double Twelve Race in 1930. He was regarded by W.O. Bentley as, "The best driver we ever had and, I consider, the best British driver of his day. One who never made a mistake and always obeyed orders."

Le Mans
As a driver, Barnato won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race three times:
 * 1928 – with Bernard Rubin in a Bentley 4½ litre
 * 1929 – with Sir Henry "Tim" Birkin in a Bentley Speed Six ("Old Number One")
 * 1930 – with Glen Kidston in a Bentley Speed Six ("Old Number One")

As these were the only years in which he entered the race, he has a perfect wins-to-starts ratio. Bentley, under his chairmanship, also won the race in 1927, with Dr J. Dudley "Benjy" Benjafield and S. C. H. "Sammy" Davis in a Bentley 3 Litre.

The Blue Train Races
In March 1930 at the Carlton Hotel, Cannes, during the Blue Train Races, Woolf Barnato raised the stakes on Rover and its Rover Light Six. Having raced and beaten Le Train Bleu for the first time, Barnato claimed that he could not only beat the Blue Train from Cannes to Calais, but could reach London in his 6½ litre Bentley Speed Six before the train even reached Calais, on a bet of 100 pounds sterling.

He set off from the bar of the Carlton Hotel at just before 6pm on 13 March, accompanied by his friend Dale Bourne as unofficial co-driver. They stopped for fuel at Aix-en-Provence, Lyon, Auxerre and Paris. He arrived at the docks in Boulogne at 10:30 am on 14 March, in time for the 11:30 sailing to Folkestone. Barnato reached Dale Bourne's club (the Conservative) in St James's, London, at around 3:30 pm, having covered the 830 mi in 22½ hrs, at an average speed of 43.43 mph.

Barnato drove an H. J. Mulliner-bodied formal saloon in the race; the streamlined fastback "Sportsman Coupé" by Gurney Nutting which he took delivery of on 21 May 1930 also became known as the Blue Train Bentley and is regularly mistaken for or erroneously referred to as being the car that raced the Blue Train, while in fact Barnato named it in memory of his race. Further confusion is caused by the well-known painting by Terence Cuneo which depicts the Gurney Nutting car. Both vehicles are still in existence.

Later life
From 1940 to 1945, Barnato was a wing commander with the Royal Air Force, responsible for the protection of aircraft factories against Luftwaffe bombing raids. He continued various low-key business opportunities out of his office on Park Lane.

Personal life
Barnato was married three times:
 * Dorothy Maitland Falk: 1915–1933, the daughter of an American stockbroker, two daughters Virginia and Diana
 * Jacqueline Claridge Quealy: 1933–1947. The daughter of a wealthy American Wyoming colliery owner; the couple had two sons Michael Jay, and Peter Woolf (1934–1959; died of cancer, San Francisco)
 * Joan Jenkinson: December 1947 – his death.

Barnato's daughter Diana Barnato Walker learned to fly at the Brooklands Flying Club in 1938 at the age of 20. She went on to ferry Spitfires, Hurricanes and Wellingtons with the Air Transport Auxiliary during World War II.

Residences
Barnato lived for most of the time in London, at his house at 39 Elsworthy Road, Hampstead, when married to Dorothy Maitland and, after his divorce, at his flat at 50 Grosvenor Square in Mayfair, on the south east corner of the square. Other Bentley Boys also had flats in the same block and, such was the number of Bentley cars parked outside, the location was known to taxi drivers as "Bentley's Corner".

He also owned Ardenrun Place, a country house situated near Lingfield, Surrey. Originally built in 1906–1909 by Ernest Newton for the Konig family, the house was the scene of many lavish motor racing-themed parties for Barnato and his friends, but was destroyed by fire on 14 March 1933. He also owned the nearby Nuthill Farm in Redhill, which was used by his ex-wife Dorothy and his daughters Diana and Virginia at weekends.

After the loss of Ardenrun, in 1938 he built a large castellated home named Ridgemead in Englefield Green, Surrey, at a cost of more than £100,000. Designed by Robert Lutyens, son of Sir Edwin Lutyens, Ridgemead featured innovations such as central heating, a "talkie" cinema and a drive lit by secret light rays. It had 25 bedrooms, a heated swimming pool and was set in 25 acre of land overlooking the River Thames at Runnymede. Upon Barnato's death in 1948, his wife Joan sold the house for £25,000 and it became a nursing home, which it remains.

During his final marriage, he purchased an 8 acre plot named Perot's Island, in Bermuda, "as an investment after my death".

Death
Barnato died at the London Clinic, Devonshire Place, on 27 July 1948 as a result of a thrombosis after an operation for cancer.

His funeral cortege was led by his Bentley "Old Number One", which was covered with flowers and wreaths. He is buried at St Jude's Church in Englefield Green, Surrey (grave 286, plot 25), next to his son-in-law Derek Walker (who had married his daughter Diana in 1944 and was killed in an aircraft crash in 1945) and next to his daughter Diana. Estimates of his wealth at the time of his death were between £1.5 and £5 million.

Posthumous honours
The Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) named its highest award in Barnato's honour; the first Woolf Barnato Award was presented in 1948, and has been presented every year from 1948 to the present (including the period it was renamed the Carl Haas Award, 1994–2001). Recipients are nominated by the past three winners and approved by SCCA's board of directors.

title: Woolf Barnato


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Electoral results for the district of Boorowa

Boorowa, an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales was created in 1880 and abolished in 1904.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Ian MacIntyre

Ian MacIntyre, WS (27 November 1869 – 29 June 1946) was a Scotland international rugby union player. He became the 26th President of the Scottish Rugby Union. For a period he was also a Unionist Party MP for Edinburgh West. He was also a Writer to the Signet.

Amateur career
MacIntyre started his rugby union at his Fettes College school. When he started studying law at the university, he then played for Edinburgh University. After university, MacIntyre played for Edinburgh Wanderers.

Provincial career
He was capped by Edinburgh District in the 1899 inter-city match. He was playing for Edinburgh Wanderers when he was called up.

International career
MacIntyre was capped 6 times for Scotland between 1890 and 1891.

Referee career
He refereed in the Scottish Unofficial Championship.

Administrative career
MacIntyre became the 26th President of the Scottish Rugby Union. He served the 1899–1900 term in office.

Law career
He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained an M. A. and LLB. He was admitted as a Writer to the Signet in 1893.

Macintyre's legal practice was concerned with financial and commercial undertakings.

Political career
He was a member of Edinburgh Town Council from 1918 to 1920.

He first contested the Edinburgh West seat in 1923, but was beaten by the Liberal incumbent Vivian Phillips by 2,232 votes. He gained the seat in 1924, pushing Phillipps into third place, and finishing just over one thousand votes ahead of the second-placed Labour candidate. He did not stand again in 1929, when Labour gained the seat.

Family
MacIntyre married in 1896 Ida van der Gucht. Their children, including two sons and four daughters, were:
 * Duncan MacIntyre (1902–1930)
 * Marjorie Linklater (1909–1997), wife of Eric Linklater, was a fervent Scottish Nationalist and campaigned for Winnie Ewing, the arts and the environment. MacIntyre's grandson is the journalist Magnus Linklater.
 * Alastair Macintyre (1913–1979)
 * Alison Bonfield

In 1932, MacIntyre was arrested and charged by Kenyan officials, along with his daughter Mrs Bonfield, on a charge of trying to kidnap two of his grandchildren. The charges were dropped at the Supreme Court of Kenya.

title: Ian MacIntyre


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Margaret of Hungary

Margaret of Hungary (Margit in Hungarian; 1175 – after 1223) was a Byzantine Empress by marriage to Isaac II Angelos and Queen of Thessalonica by marriage to Boniface of Montferrat. She was regent of Thessalonica during the minority of her son Demetrius of Montferrat in 1207–1216.

Early life
Margaret was the eldest daughter of Béla III of Hungary and his first wife Agnes of Antioch. She was a younger sister of Emeric, King of Hungary. Her younger siblings were Andrew II of Hungary and Constance of Hungary. Two other siblings, Solomon and Stephen, are mentioned in the standard reference work on the genealogy of medieval European aristocracy, "Europäische Stammtafeln" (1978–1995) by Detlev Schwennicke. They reportedly died young.

Empress
In January 1186, Margaret married the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who wanted a politically strategic alliance with Hungary in order to strengthen his claim to the throne. Upon this marriage, Margaret took the baptismal name "Maria".

With Isaac, she had two sons:
 * Manuel Angelos (died 1212), he was evidently the elder son, being contemplated in 1205 to ascend the Byzantine throne
 * John Angelos (b. ca. 1193 – died 1259). He migrated to Hungary and ruled over Syrmia and Bács (1227–42) as a vassal of king Béla IV of Hungary.

Isaac had been deposed and blinded in 1195 by his brother Alexios III Angelos who then assumed the throne. Isaac was imprisoned, but it's not yet clear if Margaret was also. Her step-son Alexios IV Angelos had escaped and went to join the military discussions which were shortly to launch the Fourth Crusade. There, he and others convinced the Crusaders to besiege Constantinople in order to depose his uncle and restore his imprisoned father and himself to the throne. This was done, but his restored reign was short-lived, as the Crusaders took over the empire for themselves in 1204.

Queen of Thessalonica
Margaret's husband Isaac died in February 1204, "whose end was accelerated by the fate of his son", who was "strangled in his dungeon after poison had failed to do its work". When Boniface of Montferrat, commander of the land forces at the taken of Constantinople, took the Boukoleon Palace, it was found that Margaret had taken refuge there alongside another dowager empress, the French Agnes of France. Boniface was one of only two contenders put forth to be elected emperor, but he lost to Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders. As compensation, he was granted "all the territories on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus as well as the Ille de Griesse [the Peloponnese]." The coronation of the new emperor took place in the church of St Sophia on May 16, 1204. Later that year, in Constantinople the widowed Margaret, dowager Empress, married Boniface of Montferrat, and returned to the rites of the Latin church.

Evidently in this same year of 1204, but after his new marriage, Boniface requested that he be allowed to exchange his lands in Asia for the Kingdom of Thessalonica, which he considered to be better suited for a political alignment with his new brother-in-law Andrew, then Regent of Hungary who would then be his neighbour, and the new emperor agreed to this exchange. Boniface however did not enjoy his domains in peace, being engaged in almost constant warfare until his death. Margaret's step-daughter Agnes of Montferrat was married to the new emperor, Henry of Flanders, in February 1207. That same year, Boniface was returning to Thessalonica when he was ambushed by Bulgarians. He was taken alive and decapitated, his head being sent to Kaloyan of Bulgaria.

With Boniface, Margaret had a son:
 * Demetrius of Montferrat in 1207, he wed a sister of the Lord of Athens but they had no children

Regency
Boniface left a will designating Demetrius as his successor in Thessalonica under the regency of his mother. His son William of Montferrat, by an earlier marriage, succeeded to the Marquisate of Montferrat. The barons however, knowing that a strong government was necessary, constituted themselves a council of regency for the infant.

In 1207, on his father's death, Demetrius became king of Thessalonica, at least in title. The Emperor visited Thessalonica to receive the homage in the infant's name, but was barred from the city by the bailiff Biandrate until he would agree to outrageous demands. Margaret, now in the Emperor's presence, put herself in his hands and revealed the plot against the infant. The Emperor then crowned the new infant King of Thessalonica. Margaret thereby secured the position of regent, as was stipulated in her spouse's will.

Biandrate fled, but conspiring at a distance, returned once more in 1216 to claim the Regency. The regent Margaret asked the emperor for assistance: "In response to Queen Margaret's appeal the Emperor hurried to her assistance, but arrived on the scene only to die with mysterious suddenness in the flower of his age."

Later life
Margaret fled to Hungary apparently leaving her son Demetrius in Thessalonica. She married thirdly Nicholas I of Saint Omer, who had accompanied his uncle on the Crusade and was granted a fief in Doris. He is also called "Lord of Boeotia".

With Nicholas, Margaret was apparently the mother of his two known sons:
 * Bela of Saint Omer
 * William of Saint Omer, who married but died childless.

On 30 March 1223, Pope Honorius II took Margaret under his protection, issuing a document that contains a list of her properties.

Death
Margaret was still living in 1223. Her exact death date and place, and burial location are apparently unknown.

title: Margaret of Hungary


text:
Talk:Ben Bruce Blakeney

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COI edit request on 28 March 2020
Note: This request was originally placed here {{replyto}} Can I Log In's (talk) page 05:59, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

Information to be added or removed: Photograph of Ben Bruce Blakeney in military uniform Explanation of issue: A poor photograph is shown in Wikipedia. I have multiple family photos.

Explanation of issue: Add details regarding death by plane crash in Japan. Information to be added or removed: Scanned copy of Japan Times, March 6, 1963 article regarding death by airplane crash and obituary. References supporting change: Cannot provide URL, Japan Times archive copies require paid subscription. Sblakeney (talk) 05:00, 28 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Symbol declined.svg Declined for many reasons.
 * Request No. 1, the image: the image relates the the section of International Military Tribunal of the Far East. If you provide an image that complies with WP:IUP and relates to the section, then we may accept it.
 * Request No. 2, Death by plane crash: Unfortunately, if a reliable source cannot be provided, then we cannot let it be in the article.
 * Reply back when you have imporoved your request considering the concerns I mentioned. Thank you. {{replyto}} Can I Log In's (talk) page 05:59, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ben Bruce Blakeney


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TLC Travel (2nd nomination)

The result was wrong venue. Concerns about a deleted or redirected article should be made at deletion review, not at AfD, so closing. (non-admin closure) Aasim 05:30, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

TLC Travel
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

An August 2019 AfD was closed with a consensus to merge. The article at that point only had one cite. A new fully cited article was added in May 2020 as noted at Talk:West Yorkshire Metro. Since then the redirect has been reinstated and reverted a couple of times. Best way to resolve is to conduct a fresh AfD. At this point I am not expressing an opinion, just initiating the process. Bretieni (talk) 04:48, 19 August 2020 (UTC)


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telaraña

Etymology
From +, or from a , from  +.

Noun

 * 1)  net-like construct of a spider

Etymology
From, or from a , from +.

Noun

 * 1) spiderweb

title: telaraña


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Kim Schoonbaert

Kim Schoonbaert (born 2 March 1986) is a road cyclist from Belgium. She participated at the 2012 UCI Road World Championships in the Women's team time trial for Lotto Belisol Ladiesteam.

title: Kim Schoonbaert


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screw thread

Noun

 * 1)  A helical ridge formed around a cylinder, or a helical groove formed around the inner wall of a bore, used mostly on fasteners and their connection points.
 * An internal screw thread is cut with a "tap", while external screw threads are cut with a "die".

Translations

 * Bulgarian: резба́
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Hokkien: 牙
 * Mandarin:, 螺牙
 * Czech:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto: ŝraŭbkanelo
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Galician: rosca
 * German:, Gewindegang
 * Greek: ,
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Indonesian:
 * Italian:
 * Macedonian: на́вој
 * Maori: ngauwiri
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: gjenge
 * Nynorsk: gjenge
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: roskas
 * Ukrainian:

title: screw thread


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Talk:Retrospective: 1995–2005

Fair use rationale for Image:Natalie merchant Retrospective.jpg
Image:Natalie merchant Retrospective.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:03, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Retrospective: 1995–2005


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Synthetic division

Synthetic division is a shortcut method of performing polynomial long division.

These notes constitute an overview of the topic.

Introduction
Synthetic division is commonly used when dividing a polynomial (such as $$x^3+8x^2-3x+6$$) by a binomial (such as $$x-2$$). The first step is to set the binomial equal to zero and solve for $$x$$ ($$x-2=0$$, $$x=2$$). The next step is to set up the synthetic division using this solution and the coefficients of the polynomial. In this case, the setup would look like this:

It is important to make sure all the numbers are correctly positive or negative depending on the polynomial. Also, if the exponents of the polynomial do not decrease by one from one term to the next, a coefficient of zero must be included. For example, the setup for $$x^3+8x^2-3x+6$$ would use the coefficients 1, 8, -3, and 6.

The next step is to bring down the first coefficient, like this:

After that, the number at the bottom is multiplied by the solution from the binomial (in this case, $$2*1=2$$):

The two numbers above each other are then added:

Again, the new number at the bottom is multiplied by the solution of the binomial:

The two numbers are added:

Again, multiplication:

And addition:

These numbers are the coefficients of the new polynomial. The highest exponent of this new polynomial is one less than that of the original polynomial, so since the original polynomial started with $$x^3$$, the new one will begin with $$x^2$$. The final term is obtained in a slightly different way. The remaining coefficient (in this case, 40) is divided by the original binomial to obtain the last term. Therefore, the final answer is

$$\frac{x^3+8x^2-3x+6}{x-2}=x^2+10x+17+\frac{40}{x-2}$$

This may look like a long process, but in practice it is much faster and simpler than long polynomial division.

Uses
One major use of synthetic division is finding the roots of a polynomial. Synthetic division is an easy way to do this. In the polynomial from the previous example, $$x=2$$ was not a root of the polynomial, because there was a remainder left over after the division. However, if we, for example, take the polynomial $$x^3+3x^2-3x+4$$ and divide it by the binomial $$x+4$$ (when $$x=-4$$)

Since the remainder of this equation is 0, we have found $$x=-4$$ to be a root of the polynomial. We can then take the remaining quadratic $$x^2-x+1$$ and solve for the remaining two roots using the quadratic formula.

title: Synthetic division


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Switching from C to C++

Some believe that learning C++ is easy and suggest learning C before learning C++, while other people disagree and believe that if your intention is to learn C++ that you are better off learning C++ directly rather than trying to learn C first. Switching from C to C++ can be both easy, as there are many similarities between the two languages, and hard, as there are many differences that require forgetting what you know and habits that you may have developed from programming in C.

Differences

 * C++ uses new and delete operators for memory management while C uses library functions.
 * C++ extends structs and unions, and also includes classes.
 * C++ has templates while C does not.
 * C++ has operator and function overloading.
 * C++ requires type casts conversions but C is less strict and C++ also provides alternative type conversion semantics.
 * typedef creates unique types in C++, and creates type aliasing in C.

Thinking in C++
If you are previously a C programmer and have decided to switch to C++, you should throw away some C concepts and get used to the C++/OO way of doing things:

 * C programmers tend to write lots of global functions. If these functions needs an object to work, you should make them member functions of a class.
 * You should group similar functions working with different types in a template.
 * C programmers usually prefix their identifiers to prevent name conflict. However, this is not necessary in C++ as they can be put in a namespace.
 * There are usually lots of pointers and type casts in C. However, you should use less pointers in favour of references and less type casts in favour of derived classes.
 * Think everything as objects. For example, if you write a control program for a plane, you should create a class called Plane and create functions inside it.

title: Switching from C to C++


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User:Fatherfruit89 CAPTCHA/sandbox

Approaches
Music archaeology is an interdisciplinary field with many methods goals and approaches that can be multifaceted. Music archaeology falls under the cross section of experimental archaeology and Musicology research. The goals of Music archaeology will indicate the kind of approaches used to understand past musical behaviors. A common research approach to an interdisciplinary field is to develop a collaborative research team with diverse specialists that can offer varying perspectives on data and findings. It would make sense for Music archaeology research teams to be comprised mostly of Musicologists and Archaeologists. However, Psychologists, Organologists, Chemist s and Historians among other professionals can be key in understanding past musical behaviors. In pursuit to achieve accurate results it is crucial that all sources of information and data, however they may be reported or recorded, should be treated equally.

Interpretations
Archaeological researchers will date and classify findings after a digg to better understand past behaviors. In music archaeology dating and classifying are just as important when interpreting data. To answer the question of what is a musical instrument and what is not an instrument is a tricky task and can spark debate. For example, the paleolithic era Divje Babe Flute regarded as the world's oldest musical instrument.

The Flute also goes by the name of the Neanderthal Flute because of how old it is (over 40,000 years old) and where it was found in Slovenia. There are debates as to whether or not the flute was constructed by Neanderthal or even by a hominin. some specialists believe that the bone was simply made by other Cave bear or Ice age hyenas.

title: User:Fatherfruit89 CAPTCHA/sandbox


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Gustavs Ērenpreis

Gustavs Ērenpreis (5 September 1891 – 19 May 1956) was a Latvian manufacturer of bicycles best known as the recipient of the Order of the Three Stars and Cross of Recognition, and as a founder and director of Gustavs Ērenpreis Bicycle Factory, which in the 1930s was the largest manufacturer of bicycles in the Baltic States. Ērenpreis's bicycles were ridden by a generation of elite bicycle racers in Latvia.

Personal life
Gustavs Ērenpreis was the son of Valtenberģi Manor coachman Lībijs and Anna. He was born in Vatenberģi (today, Mazsalaca), Latvia which at that time was in the Russian Empire. Ērenpreis was educated at a trade school in Riga.

He was married twice and had one child from the first marriage – a son Jānis, and four children from the second marriage – a son Juris and three daughters - Anita, Maija and Sarmīte.

Gustavs Ērenpreis was decorated with the Order of the Three Stars medal, the highest order of the Republic of Latvia, and the Cross of Recognition of the Republic of Latvia.

After the nationalization of the bicycle USSR, Gustavs emigrated to West Germany where he worked in a sawmill. He never returned to his homeland Latvia and died after an illness in Detmold, Germany. He was buried in Augsdorf.

Career
After graduation of trade school in Riga, in 1907 he worked at the Eduards Bērziņš bicycle workshop in Riga, which produced bicycles and repaired and sold English Triumph and Douglas motorcycles in the Baltic States. During World War I he was evacuated with the workshop to Harkov. After the war, the workshop equipment could not be recovered, and Gustavs had to return to Riga, Latvia without any equipment.

In 1921, following the end of the war, Ērenpreis launched his own workshop, where in early years he repaired and sold abandoned military transports of the Bermont army. He moved into manufacturing the following year as the "G. Ērenpreis Motorcycle and Bicycle Workshop", where he first manufactured his own bicycles under the "Baltija" label.

Due to rapid expansion, the limited space in his workshop had become a problem, and in 1924 the Ērenpreis workshop moved to a larger space. In 1926 Gustavs Ērenpreis and his business partners established a joint-stock company called Omega, but this entity was ultimately abandoned that same year.

G. Ērenpreis Bicycle Factory
Those first manufacturing efforts were preliminary to the actual establishment of a new manufacturing entity called the G. Ērenpreis Bicycle Factory in 1927. The new firm continued in its previous quarters until, in 1931, construction began on a new, modern bicycle factory located on in Brīvības Street. Janis Seregins, the biggest bicycle collection owner in Baltics and the author of historic review of Latvian bicycle history "100 year of bicycle manufacturing in Latvia. From Leutner to Erenpreis" points out that by 1937 the factory had become the largest manufacturer of bicycles in the Baltic States.

In addition to being the largest Latvian bicycle manufacture of its day, the G. Ērenpreis bicycle factory was regarded as the source of the highest quality bikes for Latvian competitive cyclists. G. Ērenpreis bicycles were ridden by the top Latvian cyclists of the era, including Olympic cyclists Arvīds Immermanis and Andrejs Apsītis.

Nationalization of factory and legacy
World War II and the occupation of Latvia halted G. Ērenpreis bicycle factory work. The Ērenpreis company was nationalized by the USSR and renamed the "Red Star Riga Bicycle Factory" (Rīgas Velosipēdu rūpnīca (RVR) "Sarkanā Zvaigzne"). Bicycle production continued at that company until 1963, when the factory was retooled and converted to the production of mopeds. Today G. Ērenpreis bicycles are exhibited at the Riga Motor Museum as part of the country's industrial heritage.

Starting in 2011, Gustavs hometown Mazsalaca has celebrated Gustavs Ērenpreis birthday in the festival "Velosvētki - Ērenpreisam 124" (bicycle festival - Ērenpreiss - 124 years old!")

In 2012 the brand was revived by Gustavs Ērenpreis' great-grandnephew, Toms Ērenpreiss, who manufactures new Ērenpreiss bicycles.

title: Gustavs Ērenpreis


text:
User:Ninjabenji1/sandbox

Ninjabenji1

Youtuber who focuses on gaming. He mainly plays games like minecraft and call of duty and grand theft auto 5

title: User:Ninjabenji1/sandbox


text:
Robert Roxby (songwriter)

 Robert Roxby (1767 – 30 July 1846) was an English clerk by profession, and amateur angler, songwriter and poet. He regularly contributed to collections of poems and songs, most prolifically in The Fisher's Garland from around 1823 to 1851.

Life
Robert Roxby was born in 1767 at Needless Hall, the name of the farm about 1 mile east of Hartburn, and 6 miles west of Morpeth. In 1828 it was occupied by Thomas Brice and in 1855 by William Howey.

His father died when he was very young, and he was put into the trusteeship of local farmer Gabriel Goulburn of Redesdale, to be trained in agriculture.

He remained there until about 1792, when the Goulburn’s business failed and the sum of money left in trust by his father was all lost. At this point in his life Robert Roxby had to turn to commerce and business to earn his livelihood. He worked as a clerk firstly at the bank of Sir William Loraine of Kirkhale, 6th Baronet, (Sir William Loraine & Co), which failed, leaving Roxby without an income. He quickly found a similar position with another bank, that of Sir Matthew White Ridley, 3rd Baronet (Sir Matthew White Ridley & Co. ), also of Newcastle, at which he eventually rose to the position of chief clerk.

Later life
He died 30 July 1846, at the age of 79 years, and was buried at St Paul's (now disused) burial ground, in Westgate Hill General Cemetery, Arthur's Hill, Newcastle upon Tyne.

Friendship
He became friendly with Thomas Doubleday and they eventually became almost inseparable, despite their differences in age (Roxby was by far the elder). The pair of them spent a considerable time fishing on the River Coquet, Rede and other Northumberland rivers.

Works
These include :-
 * "The Lay of the Reedwater Minstrel. illustrated, with Notes, Historical and Explanatory, Addressed to Matthew Forster of Broomyholme, Esq. By a Son of Reed" Newcastle: D. Akenhead & Sons, 1809. (NOTE – this actually refers to the River Rede)
 * The Fisher's Garland for 1821, or "A new song", to the tune of "The Miller o’ Dron" (signed "Newcastle 5th April 1821")
 * The Fisher's Garland for 1823. or "Coquet Side", sung to the tune of "The Hows o’ Glenorchie" – was printed as a broadsheet, and 196 copies were for Emerson Chamley, printer, publisher and bookseller of Bigg Market, Newcastle on 20 December 1828 – the first 3 verses were by Roxby, the last three by Thomas Doubleday.
 * The Fisher's Garland for 1824, or "The Auld Fisher's Welcome to Coquet Side"
 * The Fisher's Garland for 1825, or "The Auld Fisher’s farewell to Coquet", sung to the tune of "Gramachree" - 296 copies were printed for Emerson Chamley on 26 March 1825 and 100 copies presented to the Robert Roxby, (even though it was a jointly written piece).
 * The Fisher's Garland for 1826, or "The Coquet for ever", sung to the tune of "Oh, whistle and Til come to you, my lad" – 400 copies were printed for Emerson Chamley on 15m April 1826.
 * The Fisher’s Garland for 1828
 * The Fisher's Garland for 1832, or "The Auld Fisher's Invitation to his Friend in Newcastle"
 * The Fisher's Garland for 1841
 * The Fisher’s Garland for 1851, "The Auld Fisher's Visit to North Tyne" (which first appearing in "Richardson's Table Book" as an "Epistle to Robert Boyd, Esq") was written by Roxby alone, but was transformed into a Garland by Thomas Doubleday in a collection which he published in 1852 under the title of "The Coquetdale Fishing Songs, Now First Collected and Edited by a North-Country Angler"
 * The Auld Fisher’s Last Wish to the tune "My love is newly listed"

title: Robert Roxby (songwriter)


text:
Lunar Boom Town/Fueling Station

Business idea
Mine or separate out lunar resources required to create a viable rocket fuel for use around Earth-Moon system and deep space. Oxygen is readily available. Buy it from Lox manufacturerLunar_Boom_Town/LOX_Domestic_and_Exports. Aluminum is readily available on the moon although extracting it in large quantities will be challenging and capital intensive.[[Lunar_Boom_Town/Aluminum_Production]|Using Al as a rocket fuel is theoretically possible but also challenging.]

Mix the two into a fuel for shipping to customer site or into a solid form of rocket booster suitable for getting off the lunar surface or both.

Market

 * Any mass, such as lox, which needs to be delivered to space from lunar surface.
 * Short suborbital lunar hopping. Much faster than Rovers or Freight Trucks.
 * Mars resupply missions. Need large delta V to Holman to Mars or Aldrin Cyclers.

External data

 * http://www.space-rockets.com/lsp.html Explanation of a aluminum based rocket fuel
 * Interplanetary travel

title: Lunar Boom Town/Fueling Station


text:
Ceresia

Ceresia may refer to:
 * Ceresia Pers. a plant genus now known as Paspalum
 * Ceresia (katydid) Uvarov, 1928, a katydid genus with a single species, Ceresia pulchripes

title: Ceresia


text:
Serial Programming/MIL-STD-188

NOTE: This is a very sparse document right now. You may want to check out RS-422 or RS-232 in the meantime for more information.

History
(stub)

Physical Layer
(stub)

Requirements
(stub)

Limitations
(stub)

Handshaking
(stub)

MIL-STD-188 in the Real World
(stub)

Typical Applications
(stub)

Nonstandard Connectors and Wiring
(stub)

Physical Limitations in Practice
(stub)

Military Application Notes
(stub)

title: Serial Programming/MIL-STD-188


text:
Talk:Harlem Beat

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Harlem Beat. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090904034025/http://www.tokyopop.com/corporate/biz_dev/1053 to http://www.tokyopop.com/corporate/biz_dev/1053

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:28, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

Additional Notes
From "Goodbye Kyle! Goodbye Mizzy!" - Nishiyama stated that she did not see Mizzy having an enduring relationship or marriage, and that Kyle would romantically pursue Mizzy but, one decade later, instead marry a "some other cute quiet girl". Also, after the "Three Men's Hoop" area was taken down by the construction company, according to the page, Nishiyama had the boys save the wood hoop so the further generations of young basketball players could use that very hoop to train. WhisperToMe (talk) 23:25, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Finding archives?
I am trying to find pages about Harlem Beat in the archives of https://web.archive.org/*/https://www.shonenmagazine.com

Hopefully they'll be forthcoming... WhisperToMe (talk) 20:17, 11 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harlem Beat


text:
System administration

School:Information Technology → System administration

System administration is the field of work in which someone manages one or more systems, be they software, hardware, servers or workstations. Its goal is ensuring the systems are running efficiently and effectively.

Typical usage
System administration is typically done by information technology experts for or within an organization. Their job is to ensure that all related computer systems and services keep working.

A system administrator, or sysadmin, is a person responsible to maintain and operate a computer system or network for a company or other organization. System administrators are often members of an information technology department.

The duties of a system administrator are wide-ranging, and vary from one organization to another. System administrators are usually charged with installing, supporting, and maintaining servers or other computer systems, and planning for and responding to service outages and other problems. Other duties may include scripting or light programming, project management for systems-related projects, supervising or training computer operators, and being the equivalent of a handyman for computer problems beyond the knowledge of technical support staff.

It is common for systems administrators and systems analysts charged with developing and maintaining computer processes to identify operational and developmental systems. This is done to provide maximum reliability and availability on mission-critical systems used within the organization's processes by generic users to accomplish routine work while providing developmental resources to computer process development or research teams augmenting existing or developing new processes for the organization.

Related fields
Many organizations staff other jobs related to systems administration. In a larger company, these may all be separate positions within a computer support or Information Services (IS) department. In a smaller group they may be shared by a few sysadmins, or even a single person.

 * A database administrator (DBA) maintains a database system, and is responsible for the integrity of the data and the efficiency and performance of the system.
 * A network administrator maintains network infrastructure such as switches and routers, and diagnoses problems with these or with the behavior of network-attached computers.
 * A security administrator is a specialist in computer and network security, including the administration of security devices such as firewalls, as well as consulting on general security measures.
 * Technical support staff respond to individual users' difficulties with computer systems, provide instructions and sometimes training, and diagnose and solve common problems.
 * A computer operator performs routine maintenance and upkeep, such as changing backup tapes or replacing failed drives in a RAID array. Such tasks usually require physical presence in the room with the computer; and while less skilled than sysadmin tasks require a similar level of trust, since the operator has access to possibly sensitive data.
 * A systems analyst documents, trouble shoots, and develops existing and new computer and work processes and systems.

In some organizations, a person may begin as a member of technical support staff or a computer operator, then gain experience on the job to be promoted to a sysadmin position and afterwards an IT Manager.

Duties of a system administrator
A system administrator's responsibilities typically include:

 * Morning checks of systems/software.
 * Performing backups of data.
 * Applying operating system updates, and configuration changes.
 * Installing and configuring new hardware/software.
 * Adding/deleting/creating/modifying user account information, resetting passwords, etc.
 * Answering technical queries.
 * Responsibility for security.
 * Responsibility for documenting the configuration of the system.
 * Troubleshooting any reported problem or reported problems.
 * System performance tuning.
 * Keeping the network up and running.

In larger organizations, some tasks listed above may be divided among different system administrators or members of different organizational groups. For example, a dedicated individual may apply all system upgrades, a Quality Assurance (QA) team may perform testing and validation, and one or more technical writers may be responsible for all technical documentation written for a company.

In smaller organizations, a system administrator can also perform any number of duties elsewhere associated with other fields like:

 * Technical support
 * Database administration (DBA)
 * Network administration/analyst and specialist
 * Application analyst
 * Security administration
 * Programming

System administrators, in larger organizations, also tend not to be system architects, system engineers, or system designers, however, like many roles in this field, demarcations between systems administration and these other roles are often not well defined in smaller organizations. However, even in larger organizations, senior systems administrators often have skills in these other areas as a result of their working experience.

In smaller organizations, IT/computing specialties are less often discerned in detail, and the term "system administrator" is used in a rather generic way — they are the people who know how the computer systems work and can respond when something fails.

Being an administrator
The primary goal of being a system administrator is to be as lazy as possible. Not lazy in the sense that you do no work, but lazy in the sense that you get the computer to do the hard and repetitive jobs, and you do the thinking jobs.

The next goal of system administration is customer satisfaction. While "having a warm and fuzzy feeling" is a laudable goal, we want to fulfill measurable goals. Measuring things like server availability, time to problem resolution, network availability and error rates will help to measure satisfaction.

Remember there are at least two customer types in any sys admins job -- other employees, who are consuming the computer/server/network services, and the management (one of whom is the sys admins boss), who are paying the system administrator to steer their computer resources in a reliable and trouble free direction. Balancing and satisfying both customers is important in the long term. Most important, of course, is consistently providing product to end-users.

Resolving problems and troubleshooting
A large part of a sys admins job involves troubleshooting and problem solving. Many problems are user driven, and different users have different levels of competency and understanding of technology. Users are often frustrated over the problem, and sometimes need to vent. But the user is often the best source of information on the cause of an issue.

While there isn't a simple guide to every situation, there are a few steps which can help. NOTE: Don't make assumptions.
 * Isolate the problem as much as possible.
 * Look for recent changes
 * Check all of the obvious things (cables plugged in and so on)
 * Ensure each piece of equipment is working before moving on to the next.
 * Develop detailed specific information to communicate to specialized troubleshooters brought to assist with specific repairs or system augmentations.

/Detailed Computer Configuration Troubleshooting Guides

Planning and Routines
Establish a routine and try to stick to it. If you schedule deliveries of new computer equipment only on Tuesday, then you don't have to worry about matching equipment to orders while trying to get the mail server that failed over the weekend back up. Estimate how long tasks will take and measure how long they actually do. (Document them both in terms of "hours of actual work" and "clock time". It might take only 20 minutes to get a new machine set up in terms of "actual work", but it may take the better part of a day for all of the hardware and software to get installed.)

Manage and fulfill expectations
People want to know when they are going to see results, so try and think in terms of what your clients are seeing. If the server will arrive in 5 days, but it will take 2 days of setup and 2 days of testing, that is approx. 2 weeks of work, if all goes according to schedule. Don't say "it'll be here in a week", because your client will expect it to be working in 1 week and 1 day then.

Don't tell people what you think they want to hear. Be realistic and honest in your estimates, but under-promise and over-delivery. There are always a couple of things that are unforseen, and underpromising allows you real time to work on those items. Over-delivering means either be dead on, or early in completing tasks. If you are early, make sure you explain that you had some good luck (and avoided those couple unforeseen issues) and were able to deliver faster than you expected.

Larger projects - Blocking your time
There are always a few projects that will take either most of a day or even a few days, but they need concentration and few interruptions to complete in the best way possible. What do you do if your job is to answer end-user questions when they happen, and they usually happen a few times an hour? The best way is to block your time. Most sys admins work in teams, and this is the best way to block your time. Simply ask your team mate to take over all of the interruption type questions you usually deal with for the time you need, and you will do the same for him/her when they need to do a larger project.

Create a process and stick to it
Many companies have support hotlines and e-mail areas where users can get support for their questions. Often, however, sys admins complain that users ask them questions in person or call them directly to get around these processes. If you have a formal system, first make sure it's integrated. That means that any question, be it e-mail, phone or in person has to be "entered" into the system. No one should get answers without a ticket number, which should be used by both your users and your sys admins to refer to a request. Each request should be triaged, and the requestor should get an estimated time to resolve.

The system shouldn't build a moat around the sys-admins, though. The idea is that formal questions go through a formal process, and if this is stuck to, then all users should recieve a consistent answer in a timely manner. It should also dissuade "queue jumpers" from phoning certain people direct to work around the process.

These types of processes exist in guidelines such as ITIL. It can be difficult, especially in smaller companies, to convince end users of the benefits of calling a hotline, when they have to wait for the actual sysadmins to respond, instead of calling them directly.

Document, Document, Document
In real estate, it's location location location. In system administration, it's important to create a documentation trail so you know what was done, when, and by whom. This can be something as simple as short log entries (date-time/username/action), or formal guides. It is especially critical when you are debugging or doing emergency troubleshooting to keep these entries, as changes can affect security, stability or availability of resources.

The best system is one that collects configuration changes made into a central location. Often a version tracking tool, such as CVS or SVN can be used to accomplish this, with the added benefit that you get automatic backups of any such configuration.

Topic considerations

 * Sandbox Server
 * MediaWiki Engine
 * Linux Server Administration
 * FreeBSD Server Administration
 * Topic:Apache -> Apache webserver administration, Using Modperl, LAMP, WAMP, etc...
 * Install-script (example)
 * Logon-scipt (example)
 * BIOS - Troubleshooting (POST codes, example) and accessing (example)
 * Regression testing or planning. New systems should meet all old requirements which remain current while adding new capabilities.
 * Systems analysis or designing system augmentation or modifications.
 * ...brainstorm...

Off-topic considerations

 * Homeschool
 * ...brainstorm...
 * ...brainstorm...

Software
Both the client and server software that a system administrator uses is very important for every system administrator. Proper software can save a system administrator lots of time and money. It can also be a huge benefit if the source code is available for the software, in the event that a bug is found and the provider is too expensive/slow to fix it and/or come up with workarounds.

Availability and Performance Monitoring Software

 * Montastic - a free online website monitoring service
 * mon.itor.us - Monitor Websites, Servers, Visitors and more
 * up.time - server monitoring and capacity planning software. Free 14-day Enterprise trial available.
 * Nagios - One of the best open source monitoring applications in existance. Start with the base, then get some fantastic plugins.
 * /Grafana/ - analytics, monitoring and dashboards written in Go.
 * Linux server administration/Zabbix
 * Graphite

Archiving software

 * 7-zip - Open source (LGPL) archiving program for windows, which supports most formats (see the website for a full list)

Audio/video

 * VLC Media player - Open source cross-platform audio/video player (can save all files and streams that it can open)
 * PiTiVi - Open source video editor for Linux
 * Audacity - Open source cross-platform audio editor (works alot like the old cool edit)
 * Mediacoder - Adware/nagware audio/video conversion for Windows using open source tools
 * VirtualDub - Open source video editor for Windows
 * Avidemux - Open source cross-platform video editor
 * Kino - Easy, simple and powerful open source video editor for Linux
 * SUPER - Freeware windows front-end to various open source encoding tools (includes the tools and codecs)

Backup
See Synchronization

CAD

 * Autodesk DWG TrueView - Autodesk's own freeware program to open DWG files and can save to DWF, which can also convert all DWG formats from AutoCAD Release 14 through AutoCAD 2008
 * Autodesk Design Review - Autodesk's own freeware DWF viewer, which also includes some tools to e.g. measure distance in the DWF file
 * QCAD - An open source/commercial dual-licensed CAD program, which can open and save DXF files (open source version only has binaries for linux)
 * VariCAD - Commercial cross-platform program that can open autocad DWG files (has a cross-platform freeware viewer)

CD/DVD burning software

 * InfraRecorder Open source dvd / cd burning application similar in functionality to nero.
 * ImgBurn Freeware cd / dvd burner which allows the user to burn cd /dvd image files to a disc.
 * List of optical disc authoring software on Wikipedia
 * DVD Flick - an open source Windows program to create video DVD's

Data recovery
See also: Data recovery

 * Ubuntu - a popular Linux distribution which comes with a live CD with a complete Ubuntu Linux operating system, that can e.g. read from and write to your NTFS or FAT harddisk partitions (some info and links on the sysadmin wiki, should be included here)
 * Finnix - a Linux live CD with no GUI and all sorts of good command-line sysadmin utilities
 * Knoppix - a Linux live CD with powerful GUI and command line utilities
 * Slax - small sized Linux live CD with GUI capable to run from small sized (200 MB) CD, USB Flash Key, MP3 Player or other similar devices

E-mail application

 * Outlook - Microsoft's proprietary e-mail client (well integrated with exchange)
 * Mozilla Thunderbird - Open source e-mail client with some exchange capabilities and with RSS functionality (some info and links on the sysadmin wiki, should be included here)
 * Evolution - An open source e-mail application that can communicate with exchange (Also has a windows port)

Firewall

 * Untangle - very easy-to-setup firewall distribution

Hotkey/macro utility

 * AutoHotkey - Open source hotkey utility, with a programming interface
 * HotkeyP - Open source hotkey utility, with a GUI interface
 * Wizard's apprentice - Open source utility to create a GUI from a batch file
 * AutoIt - Powerful Freeware hotkey utility, with a GUI interface
 * Freeware rename program - Freeware Mass rename program that can rename alot of files with a few clicks

Mindmapping

 * Freemind - Open source mindmapping software

Office solution

 * OpenOffice.Org - Open source office solution
 * Lotus Symphony - Free Office Suite by IBM
 * Texmaker - Open source LaTeX editor
 * LaTeXEditor - Freeware LaTeX editor
 * ODF converter - Open source ODF converter for MS Office (has slightly annoying requirements and opens/saves documents through separate menu elements in the file menu)
 * Sun ODF plugin - Sun's freeware ODF converter for MS Office (integrates nicely into MS Office)

PDF creator/viewer

 * PDFCreator - Open source printer driver for windows, which saves to PDF (version 0.9.5 with basic Vista support is out)
 * Sumatra PDF - Open source PDF viewer for windows (smaller, faster and open source) - the 0.5 version can print PDFs that have disallowed printing
 * Adobe Reader - The original, but sometimes slow, PDF viewer
 * Foxit PDF Editor - PDF editor for Windows, free trial for 6 months
 * PDF Editor - Open source PDF editor for Linux
 * PDF Split and Merge (pdfsam) - Open source PDF split and merge tool

Project management

 * GanttProject - Open source project management that can import/export Microsoft Project files

Remote control

 * VNC - Open source cross-platform GUI remote control (some info and links on the sysadmin wiki, should be included here)
 * SSH - Encrypted command-line remote control (windows version available, somewhere)
 * PuTTY - Windows SSH Client (Several other tools available for SCP, SFTP, etc. available)
 * Omnitty - A linux SSH multiplexer (give commands to several SSH sessions simultaneously)
 * winexe (part of the wmi-client package on ubuntu) - Open source tool to remotely control windows computers through a linux terminal (same functionality as psexec)

Security/encryption

 * TrueCrypt - Open source cross-platform encryption program (can encrypt whole partitions and even boot-partitions)

Synchronization

 * BackupPC - Open source backup solution (the backup server pulls the files and stores them very efficiently)
 * File synchronization on Wikipedia
 * rsync - Open source synchronization software, which has been ported to Windows (some info and links on the sysadmin wiki)

Virtual machine

 * VirtualBox - An open source virtual machine (paid version available)
 * Vmware - A freeware virtual machine (there are links and info on the sysadmin wiki)

Web/database server

 * XAMPP - A Linux distribution setup to use Linux Apache Mysql and PHP (LAMP) Perl, FTP and PHPmyAdmin
 * MySQL - A popular database program.
 * WAMP Server - Installs Apache, MySQL and PHP and Perl on a Windows Machine

Misc

 * GRAPHsql - Allows user to generate code for MySQL using a graphical interface.
 * Scalable Cluster Environment - A set of tools to assist users in building clusters of servers.
 * MyServer
 * Curl loader - Load generator written in C, used for testing

BIOS
The BIOS has different POST codes, which can give indications to problems with a computer. Wikipedia has an article on the POST, including some of the codes it can give.

How to enter the BIOS
Different models of computers have different key combinations for entering the BIOS. They can be very handy to use if you need to guide a non-technical user over the phone.

The majority of computers use F2 or Del to enter the BIOS on boot-up but other keys are sometimes used, including alphanumeric keys.

Other options on boot-up include F12 to show the boot order and F8 (on Windows) to open the boot menu. Safe-mode can be booted from this menu.

BIOS Brands
Award Modular BIOS' use Del to enter setup.

IBM BIOS' ("300" series PCs) use F1 to enter setup. If you get a restricted menu, you'll have to switch off and on.

SCSI BIOS
Some servers come installed with two SCSI BIOS.

IBM eSeries (P3s) Ctrl-A for Adaptec, Ctrl-I for IBM.

Dell PERC Controllers Ctrl-M up to 4 series or Ctrl-C for 5 and later

Acer

 * TravelMate 3220 - F2 for setup, F12 for boot order

Dell
Most Dell computers - F2 for setup, F12 for boot order

HP
Some HP computers use F1 to both enter boot order and BIOS setup.

Pavillion dv6824eo

 * Esc to enable startup message
 * F1 to enter system information
 * F2 to startup check
 * F9 to change boot device order
 * Which also gives the option to enter the BIOS setup
 * F10 to enter setup
 * F11 to system recovery

ProLiant ML110

 * Esc - Summary and boot progress
 * F2 - Setup
 * F4 - Boot menu
 * F12 - Network boot

/ProLiant/ DL380 G5

 * F9 - Setup. See also iLO.

IBM
Older IBM computers (P2s and P3s of the "300" series) - F1 for setup

A few may require power Off and On, otherwise you'll get a minimal BIOS menu.

On some IBM computers, press the blue ThinkVantage button to get a menu where you can select the BIOS, which device to boot from, etc. You can also press F12 for the boot menu.

RM
RM notebooks use F2 to enter BIOS

Samsung
Samsung notebooks use F2 to enter BIOS

Stone Computers
Stone Computers notebooks and desktop machines use F2 to enter BIOS

VMWare
VMWare guests use F2 to enter setup, F12 for network boot and ESC for boot menu

0x7b
See this guide from "the SBS team".

title: System administration


text:
Huaylas Quechua

Huaylas Quechua is an Ancash Quechua dialect spoken in the Callejón de Huaylas and in the western slope of the Cordillera Negra.

The main peculiarities of this variety are phonetic. In Quechua Ancash-Huailas a phenomenon of monophthongation of syllables with semiconsonants in coda is present: "aw" is often pronounced as [o:] elongated, likewise "ay" as [e:]. For example, 'awmi' is pronounced [o: mi],  chawpi  (center) [t͡ʃo: pi] and  aywan  (walks) as [e: wan]. In grammatical terms, Huaylas lacks the suffix  -ski .

title: Huaylas Quechua


text:
User:QueenstonMining/sandbox

 Queenston Mining Inc.  Queenston Mining Inc is a Canadian resource company focused on the exploration and development of gold deposits on “Proven Mine Trends” in geopolitically stable areas. The objectives of the Company are to expand upon its exploration areas to enlarge existing deposits and to target new discoveries, and to return to producer status through the development of its 100% owned properties. The company’s slogan communicates the aspirations and accomplishments of Queenston Mining: “Delivering on Exploration... Advancing to Production”.

Mines and Projects
Queenston is a purely Canadian Mining Company, with company headquarters in Toronto, Ontario; and two main properties located in the Kirkland Lake Gold Camp, Ontario; and the Cadillac Gold Camp, Quebec. The Company is closer to its goal of returning to producer status by advancing its Kirkland East Project towards development. The project contains five 100% owned gold deposits (Upper Beaver, McBean, Anoki, Bidgood and Upper Canada) in Gauthier and Lebel Townships. Assuming metal prices remain near current levels, management believes that the gold deposits in this project have the potential to develop into a mine-milling operation that could support production of over 200,000 ounces per year.

In addition to the production preparation scenario, in 2012 exploration continues to be a prime focus of the Company both to enlarge existing deposits as well as targeting new discoveries.

The company also holds claims in the Cadillac mining camp area in Quebec, just 470 km north of Montreal. The mining camp ranks among the top gold producing regions in Quebec and has to date produced over 12 million ounces of gold.

Projects

 * Kirkland Lake
 * Upper Beaver Property
 * McBean-Anoki Property
 * Upper Canada Property
 * Lebel Property
 * Amalgamated Kirkland ("AK") Property
 * Joint Ventures
 * Cadillac
 * Pandora Property
 * Wood Pandora Property
 * Other Properties
 * Westhawk Property, Manitoba
 * Mishibishu Property, Ontario

Kirkland Lake
Table 1. Project overview of the Kirkland Lake Gold Project, Ontario.

Insert image here Figure 1. Kirkland Lake area map with Queenstons property holdings displayed.

Kirkland Lake is one of the most prolific gold camps in North America. This mining and lumbering community of approximately 10,000 people is located 500 km north of Toronto and is assessable year round by paved highways and roads. Gold was first discovered in 1906, in Swastika and Larder Lake, the first gold in the camp was produced at the Swastika mine in 1910. . Production was continuous for 90 years, until 2000 when the Macassa Mine was closed. In 2002, Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. re-opened the Macassa Mine where they are producing gold at a rate of 100,000 oz/ year and is forecast to increase to 200,000 oz. during 2011. From 1901 to 1999 the camp produced 37.3 million oz. of gold from 25 mines and collectively mined 100 million tonnes at a recovered rate of 12.74 g/t. The camp ranks second in Canada, next only to Timmins with respect to total ounces of gold produced.

The company’s core asset is an assemblage of gold properties in the historic Kirkland Lake gold camp where it is currently undergoing resurgence as a result of new discoveries made by Queenston and Kirkland Lake Gold Inc.

Queenston’s holdings represent the largest land package in the camp with over 35 properties or over 230 sq. km. . The properties host 11 gold deposits that contain current and historic mineral resources of 4.2 million ounces (in all categories). The Company owns a 100% interest in over 25 properties located in the Kirkland Lake Gold Camp area.

The primary focus is in Gauthier Township where the company is advancing five of its 100% owned gold properties (Upper Beaver, McBean, Anoki, Bidgood and Upper Canada) towards production. The goal is to outline a mineral resource of 8 million ounces of gold to feed a central milling facility to be constructed in Gauthier Township. All five projects are within 6km of the planned mill facility and all are accessible by an existing road network. In addition to the production preparation scenario, in 2012 exploration continues to be a prime focus of the Company both to enlarge existing deposits as well as targeting new discoveries.

Cadillac
Table 2. Project overview of the Cadillac Gold Project, Quebec.

Insert Image Here Figure 2. Cadillac area map with Queenstons property holdings displayed.

The Cadillac mining camp currently ranks as the top gold producing region in Quebec and to date has produced over 12 million ounces of gold. This mining camp is located 470 km north of Montreal and is assessable by paved highways and roads. The first gold discovery was in 1924 on the O’Brien property which entered into production in 1932. Between 1936-1949 several other mines were brought into production including Pandora, Central Cadillac and Wood Cadillac. The camp did not produce again until 1979 when the Bousquet and Doyon mines started up. The subsequent start up at LaRonde, Bousquet 2 and Mouska marked the second mining era in the camp. Currently the camp has four producers in the Mouska, Doyon, Lapa and LaRonde.

Queenston maintains two past producing gold properties along the Cadillac Break adjacent to the LaRonde and Lapa gold mines operated by Agnico Eagle mines. The Wood-Pandora property is a 50-50 joint venture with Globex Mining and the Pandora is 100% owned. The Wood-Pandora property consists of 28 claims and the Pandoa property consists of 18 claims. Together, the properties host 7 gold deposits that contain current and historic mineral resources of 715,000 oz. (526,000 net to Queenston). In 2012 the joint venture will continue the drilling program to further evaluate the economic potential of the Ironwood deposit.

Futher Reading

 * Official Queenston Website
 * Facebook
 * Twitter
 * Flickr
 * Youtube
 * Google Finance
 * Yahoo Finance
 * InfoMine
 * Mining Almanac
 * Reuters

 References:

title: User:QueenstonMining/sandbox


text:
Talk:Don Wilson (kickboxer)

External Link is bad
I am a new wikipedian: The following external link leads to a real estate inspection ad rather than to Don Wilson's official website: What is the proper way to remove this link? Paul Maslak (talk) 04:00, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Don "The Dragon" Wilson New(2008)up-to-date official site

Greatest Kickboxer of all time
Sorry I didn't source. Never gotten the hang of that.. Here is Black Belt Magazine's June 1989 issue, page 24, it mentions the STAR quote: https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=29cDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Also here is STAR's Don Wilson profile, where his record is kept alongside his titles and awards: http://www.starsystemkickboxing.net/Pages/DonWilson.aspx Surely official sources such as these are enough to validate the fact that he HAS been called the greatest kickboxer by them. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:16, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Don Wilson (kickboxer)


text:
Good Men

Good men may refer to:

 * The good men, self-designation of followers of the mediaeval Christian movement of Catharism
 * The Good Men, a stage name for Dutch music duo Chocolate Puma
 * The Good Men Project, an American organization

title: Good Men


text:
Reaktor/Synthesis/Subtractive

Substractive synthesis in general

 * Synthesizer at Wikipedia
 * Subtractive synthesis at Wikipedia
 * Introduction to Subtractive Synthesis by Mister Bill

title: Reaktor/Synthesis/Subtractive


text:
Norman Weissman

Norman Weissman (12 April 1925 – 27 May 2021 ) was an American writer, director, and producer of motion pictures and television shows. He was a graduate of Dartmouth College.

Motion picture and television career
Weissman was employed in motion pictures and television, writing, directing and producing more than four hundred TV series programs, television specials, documentaries and theatrical productions. He has had extensive experience with network and syndicated shows, including Fireside Theater, Four Star Playhouse, Armstrong Circle Theater, and the Lloyd Bridges TV series.

Early credits
Weissman's early credits include writing network radio and TV shows such as:
 * The Shadow
 * The Private Files of Matthew Bell with Joseph Cotten
 * Cafe Istanbul with Marlene Dietrich, and Studio One

A trilogy for the United States Information Agency in 1951 was well received when shown to overseas audiences:
 * Wilderness Library
 * School of the Ozarks
 * Ozark Newspaperwoman

He wrote the American Profiles TV series distributed by BBC and the USIA, and the CBS TV Eye on the World Pilot program with Walter Cronkite.

Theatrical credits
His theatrical credits include writing and editing Scuba with Lloyd Bridges, an Avco-Embassy-CineFilm release; writing and production managing Pepi Columbus with Joseph Meinrad, produced by Ernest Heusermann of the Stadt Theater, Vienna; and writing and directing film segments for the CBS Will Rogers, Jr. TV morning show.

TV specials
Weissman wrote and directed the following TV specials:
 * Ninety Days to Nowhere
 * Task Force 77
 * A Man Called Skipper
 * Muhammad Ali Victorious
 * Men For All Seasons
 * A Single Step
 * Invisible World Beneath our Seas
 * The Best Is Yet To Come
 * Taming of A virus
 * The Next Step
 * The Silent Killer
 * The Education of John Weems
 * The Hunters

Awards
Norman Weissman has won numerous film festival awards including three American Film Festivals, a CHRIS Award and one Academy Award nomination. He was a member of the Directors Guild of America.

Books
Norman Weissman has also authored eight books.
 * "Snapshots USA" (2008) Hammonasset House Books, Mystic CT.
 * "Acceptable Losses" (2008) Hammonasset House Books, Mystic CT.
 * "My Exuberant Voyage" (2009) Hammonasset House Books, Mystic CT.
 * "Oh Palestine" (2014) Hammonasset House Books, Mystic CT
 * "The Prodigy" (2015) Hammonasset House Books, Mystic CT
 * "The Patriot" (2018) Hammonasset House Books, Mystic CT
 * "Prospect Park Stories" (2019) Hammonasset House Books, Mystic CT
 * "Requiem for Warriors" (2020) Hammonasset House Books, Mystic CT

Archives and collections
Norman Weissman's books and papers are archived at the Yale Collection of American Literature at the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Twelve of his documentary shorts are in the collection of the Yale Film Archive.

Time at Dartmouth
While studying at Dartmouth College, Norman was a student of Robert Frost and Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy. He has contributed to conferences held by the ERH Society of North America.

Wartime Service
During World War II Norman served as an Aviator in the United States Navy in the Atlantic Theater. He flew Grumman F6F Hellcat and Douglas SBD Dauntless aircraft.

Personal life
In 1948 Norman married Mojave Millier, daughter of artist and art-critic Arthur Millier. Norman and Mojave together had four children, and later divorced. In 1972 he remarried Eveline Weissman with whom he was married until his death in 2021. Norman and Eveline had two children.

title: Norman Weissman


text:
Talk:Carol Graham

article
is written like a work-review of this author. it consists of her books rather than her BLP. it needs to be rewritten. FoCuSandLeArN (talk) 19:43, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110928083407/http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/directory/graham/ to http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/directory/graham/

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text:
Manin matrix

In mathematics, Manin matrices, named after Yuri Manin who introduced them around 1987–88, are a class of matrices with elements in a not-necessarily commutative ring, which in a certain sense behave like matrices whose elements commute. In particular there is natural definition of the determinant for them and most linear algebra theorems like Cramer's rule, Cayley–Hamilton theorem, etc. hold true for them. Any matrix with commuting elements is a Manin matrix. These matrices have applications in representation theory in particular to Capelli's identity, Yangian and quantum integrable systems.

Manin matrices are particular examples of Manin's general construction of "non-commutative symmetries" which can be applied to any algebra. From this point of view they are "non-commutative endomorphisms" of polynomial algebra C[x1, ...xn]. Taking (q)-(super)-commuting variables one will get (q)-(super)-analogs of Manin matrices, which are closely related to quantum groups. Manin works were influenced by the quantum group theory. He discovered that quantized algebra of functions Funq(GL) can be defined by the requirement that T and Tt are simultaneously q-Manin matrices. In that sense it should be stressed that (q)-Manin matrices are defined only by half of the relations of related quantum group Funq(GL), and these relations are enough for many linear algebra theorems.

Context
Matrices with generic noncommutative elements do not admit a natural construction of the determinant with values in a ground ring and basic theorems of the linear algebra fail to hold true. There are several modifications of the determinant theory: Dieudonné determinant which takes values in the abelianization K*/[K*, K*] of the multiplicative group K* of ground ring K; and theory of quasideterminants. But the analogy between these determinants and commutative determinants is not complete. On the other hand, if one considers certain specific classes of matrices with non-commutative elements, then there are examples where one can define the determinant and prove linear algebra theorems which are very similar to their commutative analogs. Examples include: quantum groups and q-determinant; Capelli matrix and Capelli determinant; super-matrices and Berezinian.

Manin matrices is a general and natural class of matrices with not-necessarily commutative elements which admit natural definition of the determinant and generalizations of the linear algebra theorems.

Formal definition
An n by m matrix M with entries Mij over a ring R (not necessarily commutative) is a Manin matrix if all elements in a given column commute and if for all i,j,k,l it holds that [Mij,Mkl] = [Mkj,Mil]. Here [a,b] denotes (ab − ba) the commutator of a and b.

The definition can be better seen from the following formulas. A rectangular matrix M is called a Manin matrix if for any 2×2 submatrix, consisting of rows i and k, and columns j and l:

\begin{pmatrix} \cdots & \cdots& \cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\ \cdots & M_{ij} &\cdots & M_{il} & \cdots \\ \cdots & \cdots& \cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\ \cdots & M_{kj} &\cdots & M_{kl}& \cdots \\ \cdots & \cdots& \cdots&\cdots&\cdots \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \cdots & \cdots& \cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\ \cdots & a &\cdots & b& \cdots \\ \cdots & \cdots& \cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\ \cdots & c &\cdots & d& \cdots \\ \cdots & \cdots& \cdots&\cdots&\cdots \end{pmatrix} $$

the following commutation relations hold

ac = ca, bd =  db,  \text{(entries in the same column commute) } $$

ad - da = cb - bc,  \text{(cross commutation relation)}. $$

Ubiquity of 2 × 2 Manin matrices
Below are presented some examples of the appearance of the Manin property in various very simple and natural questions concerning 2×2 matrices. The general idea is the following: consider well-known facts of linear algebra and look how to relax the commutativity assumption for matrix elements such that the results will be preserved to be true. The answer is: if and only if M is a Manin matrix. The proofs of all observations is direct 1 line check.

Consider a 2×2 matrix $$ M = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix}. $$

'''Observation 1. Coaction on a plane.'''

Consider the polynomial ring C[x1, x2], and assume that the matrix elements a, b, c, d commute with x1, x2. Define y1, y2 by

\begin{pmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{pmatrix}. $$

Then y1, y2 commute among themselves if and only if  M is a Manin matrix.

Proof:
 * $$[y_1, y_2] = [ax_1 + bx_2, cx_1 + dx_2] = [a, c]x^2_1

+ [b, d]x^2_2 + ([a, d] + [b, c])x_1x_2.$$ Requiring this to be zero, we get Manin's relations.

'''Observation 2. Coaction on a super-plane.'''

Consider the Grassmann algebra C[ψ1, ψ2], and assume that the matrix elements a, b, c, d commute with ψ1, ψ2. Define φ1, φ2 by

\begin{pmatrix} \phi_1, ~ \phi_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \psi_1, ~ \psi_2 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix}. $$

Then φ1, φ2 are Grassmann variables (i.e. anticommute among themselves and φi2=0) if and only if    M is a Manin matrix.

Observations 1,2 holds true for general n × m Manin matrices. They demonstrate original Manin's approach as described below (one should thought of usual matrices as homomorphisms of polynomial rings, while Manin matrices are more general "non-commutative homomorphisms"). Pay attention that polynomial algebra generators are presented as column vectors, while Grassmann algebra as row-vectors, the same can be generalized to arbitrary pair of Koszul dual algebras and associated general Manin matrices.

'''Observation 3. Cramer's rule.''' The inverse matrix is given by the standard formula
 * $$ M^{-1} = \frac{1}{ad-cb}

\begin{pmatrix} d & -b \\ -c & a \end{pmatrix} $$

if and only if   M is a Manin matrix.

Proof:

\begin{pmatrix} d & -b \\ -c & a \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} da-bc & db-bd \\ -ca+ac & -cb+ad \end{pmatrix} =  \text{if and only if }M\text{ is a Manin matrix} = \begin{pmatrix} ad-cb & 0 \\ 0 & ad-cb \end{pmatrix}. $$

'''Observation 4. Cayley–Hamilton theorem.''' The equality
 * $$ M^2-(a+d)M+(ad-cb)1_{2\times 2} =0 $$

holds if and only if  M is a Manin matrix.

'''Observation 5. Multiplicativity of determinants.'''

detcolumn(MN) = detcolumn(M)det(N) holds true for all complex-valued matrices N if and only if  M is a Manin matrix.

Where detcolumn of 2×2 matrix is defined as ad − cb, i.e. elements from first column (a,c) stands first in the products.

Conceptual definition. Concept of "non-commutative symmetries"
According to Yu. Manin's ideology one can associate to any algebra certain bialgebra of its "non-commutative symmetries (i.e. endomorphisms)". More generally to a pair of algebras A, B one can associate its algebra of "non-commutative homomorphisms" between A and B. These ideas are naturally related with ideas of non-commutative geometry. Manin matrices considered here are examples of this general construction applied to polynomial algebras C[x1, ...xn].

The realm of geometry concerns of spaces, while the realm of algebra respectively with algebras, the bridge between the two realms is association to each space an algebra of functions on it, which is commutative algebra. Many concepts of geometry can be respelled in the language of algebras and vice versa.

The idea of symmetry G of space V can be seen as action of G on V, i.e. existence of a map G× V -> V. This idea can be translated in the algebraic language as existence of homomorphism Fun(G)$$\otimes $$ Fun(V) <- Fun(V) (as usually maps between functions and spaces go in opposite directions). Also maps from a space to itself can be composed (they form a semigroup), hence a dual object Fun(G) is a bialgebra.

Finally one can take these two properties as basics and give purely algebraic definition of "symmetry" which can be applied to an arbitrary algebra (non-necessarily commutative):

Definition. Algebra of non-commutative symmetries (endomorphisms) of some algebra A is a bialgebra End(A), such that there exists homomorphisms called coaction:

$$coaction: End(A) \otimes  A \leftarrow A,  $$

which is compatible with a comultiplication in a natural way. Finally End(A) is required to satisfy only the relations which come from the above, no other relations, i.e. it is universal coacting bialgebra for A.

Coaction should be thought as dual to action G× V -> V, that is why it is called coaction. Compatibility of the comultiplication map with the coaction map, is dual to g (h v) = (gh) v. One can easyly write this compatibility.

Somewhat surprising fact is that this construction applied to the polynomial algebra C[x1, ..., xn] will give not the usual algebra of matrices Matn (more precisely algebra of function on it), but much bigger non-commutative algebra of Manin matrices (more precisely algebra generated by elements Mij. More precisely the following simple propositions hold true.

Proposition. Consider polynomial algebra Pol = C[x1, ..., xn] and matrix M with elements in some algebra EndPol. The elements $$ y_i = \sum_k M_{i k }\otimes x_k \in EndPol \otimes Pol $$ commute among themselves if and only if M is a Manin matrix.

Corollary. The map $$ x_i \mapsto y_i = \sum_k M_{i k }\otimes x_k $$ is homomorphism from Pol to EndPol $$\otimes$$ Pol. It defines coaction.

Indeed, to ensure that the map is homomorphism the only thing we need to check is that yi commute among themselves.

Proposition. Define the comultiplication map by the formula $$ \Delta (M_{ij})= \sum_l M_{il} \otimes M_{lj} $$. Then it is coassociative and is compatible with coaction on the polynomial algebra defined in the previous proposition.

The two propositions above imply that the algebra generated by elements of a Manin matrix is a bialgebra coacting on the polynomial algebra. If one does not impose other relations ones get algebra of non-commutative endomorphisms of the polynomial algebra.

Elementary examples and properties
xij, form matrices X, D with the corresponding elements. Also consider variable z and corresponding differential operator $$\partial_z$$. The following gives an example of a Manin matrix which is important for Capelli identities:
 * Any matrix with commuting elements is a Manin matrix.
 * Any matrix whose elements from different rows commute among themselves (such matrices sometimes called Cartier-Foata matrices) is a Manin matrix.
 * Any submatrix of a Manin matrix is a Manin matrix.
 * One can interchange rows and columns in a Manin matrix the result will also be a Manin matrix. One can add row or column multiplied by the central element to another row or column and results will be Manin matrix again. I.e. one can make elementary transformations with restriction that multiplier is central.
 * Consider two Manin matrices M,N such that their all elements commute, then the sum M+N and the product MN will also be Manin matrices.
 * If matrix M and simultaneously transpose matrix Mt are Manin matrices, then all elements of M commute with each other.
 * No-go facts: Mk is not a Manin matrix in general (except k=-1 discussed below); neither det(M), nor Tr(M) are central in the algebra generated by Mij in general (in that respect Manin matrices differs from quantum groups); det(eM) ≠ eTr(M); log(det(M)) ≠ Tr(log(M)).
 * Consider polynomial algebra C[xij] and denote by $$\partial_{ij}$$ the operators of differentiation with respect to

\begin{pmatrix} zId & D^t \\ X  & \partial_z Id \end{pmatrix}. $$

One can replace X, D by any matrices whose elements satisfy the relation: Xij Dkl - Dkl Xij = δikδkl, same about z and its derivative.

Calculating the determinant of this matrix in two ways: direct and via Schur complement formula essentially gives Capelli's identity and its generalization (see section 4.3.1, based on ).

Determinant = column-determinant
The determinant of a Manin matrix can be defined by the standard formula, with the prescription that elements from the first columns comes first in the product.

Linear algebra theorems
Many linear algebra statements hold for Manin matrices even when R is not commutative. In particular, the determinant can be defined in the standard way using permutations and it satisfies a Cramer's rule. MacMahon Master theorem holds true for Manin matrices and actually for their generalizations (super), (q), etc. analogs.

'''Proposition. Cramer's rule''' (See or section 4.1. ) The inverse to a Manin matrix M can be defined by the standard formula: $$ M^{-1} = \frac{1}{{\det}^{col}(M)} M^{adj}, $$ where Madj is adjugate matrix given by the standard formula - its (i,j)-th element is the column-determinant of the (n − 1) × (n − 1) matrix that results from deleting row j and column i of M and multiplication by (-1)i+j.

The only difference with commutative case is that one should pay attention that all determinants are calculated as column-determinants and also adjugate matrix stands on the right, while commutative inverse to the determinant of M stands on the left, i.e. due to non-commutativity the order is important.

'''Proposition. Inverse is also Manin.''' (See section 4.3. ) Assume a two-sided inverse to a Manin matrix M exists, then it will also be a Manin matrix. Moreover, det(M−1) = (det(M))−1.

This proposition is somewhat non-trivial, it implies the result by Enriquez-Rubtsov and Babelon-Talon in the theory of quantum integrable systems (see section 4.2.1 ).

'''Proposition. Cayley–Hamilton theorem''' (See section 7.1. )

det^{column}(t-M)|_{t=M}^{right~substitute}=0 ,i.e. \sum_{i=0...n} (-1)^{i}\sigma_i M^{n-i} =0. $$ Where σi are coefficients of the characteristic polynomial $$ det^{column}(t-M)= \sum_{i=0...n} (-1)^{i}\sigma_i t^{n-i} $$.

'''Proposition. Newton identities''' (See section 7.2.1. ) $$ \forall k \ge 0: -(-1)^k k \sigma_k = \sum_{i=0...k-1} \sigma_i Tr(M^{k-i}) $$

Where σi are coefficients of the characteristic polynomial $$ det^{column}(t-M)= \sum_{i=0...n} (-1)^{i}\sigma_i t^{n-i} $$, and by convention σi=0, for i>n, where n is size of matrix M.

'''Proposition. Determinant via Schur complement''' (See section 5.2. ) Assume block matrix below is a Manin matrix and two-sided inverses M−1, A−1, D−1 exist, then

det^{column}\begin{pmatrix} A & B \\ C & d \\ \end{pmatrix} = det^{column}( A)det^{column}(D-C A^{-1}B) = det^{column}( D)det^{column}(A-B D^{-1}C). $$ Moreover, Schur complements $$(D-C A^{-1}B),(A-B D^{-1}C)$$ are Manin matrices.

'''Proposition. MacMahon Master theorem'''

Capelli matrix as Manin matrix, and center of U(gln)
The Capelli identity from 19th century gives one of the first examples of determinants for matrices with non-commuting elements. Manin matrices give a new look on this classical subject. This example is related to Lie algebra gln and serves as a prototype for more complicated applications to loop Lie algebra for gln, Yangian and integrable systems.

Take Eij be matrices with 1 at position (i,j) and zeros everywhere else. Form a matrix E with elements Eij at position (i,j). It is matrix with elements in ring of matrices Matn. It is not Manin matrix however there are modifications which transform it to Manin matrix as described below.

Introduce a formal variable z which commute with Eij, respectively d/dz is operator of differentiation in z. The only thing which will be used that commutator of these operators is equal to 1.

Observation. The matrix $$ d/dz Id - E/z $$ is a Manin matrix.

Here Id is identity matrix.

2 × 2 example: $$ M = \begin{pmatrix} d/dz - E_{11}/z & - E_{12}/z \\ - E_{21}/z & d/z - E_{22}/z \end{pmatrix}. $$

It is instructive to check the column commutativity requirement: $$ [ d/dz - E_{11}/z, - E_{21}/z] = [ d/dz  , - E_{21}/z] + [ - E_{11}/z , - E_{21}/z] = E_{21}/z^2 -E_{21}/z^2 = 0 $$.

Observation. The matrix $$ exp(-d/dz)(Id + E/z) $$ is a Manin matrix.

The only fact required from Eij for these observations is that they satisfy commutation relations [Eij, Ekl]= δjkEil - δliEkj. So observations holds true if Eij are generators of the universal enveloping algebra of Lie algebra gln, or its images in any representation. For example, one can take
 * $$E_{ij} = x_i \frac{\partial}{\partial x_j};

E_{ij} = \sum_{a=1}^n x_{ia}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{ja}}; ~ E_{ij} = \psi_{i}\frac{\partial}{\partial \psi_{j}}. $$ Here ψ are Grassmann variables.

Observation. $$ z^{n-1} det^{col}(d/dz - E/z) = det^{col}(zd/dz - E - diag(n-1,n-2,...,1,0) ) $$

On the right hand side of this equality one recognizes the Capelli determinant (or more precisely the Capelli characteristic polynomial), while on the left hand side one has a Manin matrix with its natural determinant. So Manin matrices gives new look on Capelli's determinant. Moreover, Capelli identity and its generalization can be derived by techniques of Manin matrices. Also it gives an easy way to prove that this expression belongs to the center of the universal enveloping algebra U(gln), which is far from being trivial. Indeed, it's enough to check invariance with respect to action of the group GLn by conjugation. $$ det^{col}(d/dz - gEg^{-1}/z) = det^{col}(g(d/dz - E/z)g^{-1}) = det(g) det^{col}(d/dz - E/z) det (g^{-1})= det^{col} (d/dz - E/z)$$. So the only property used here is that $$det(gM)=det(Mg)=det(M)det(g)$$ which is true for any Manin matrix M and any matrix g with central (e.g. scalar) elements.

Yangian type matrices as Manin matrices
Observation. Let T(z) be a generating matrix of the Yangian for gln. Then the matrix exp(-d/dz) T(z) is a Manin matrix.

The quantum determinant for Yangian can be defined as exp (n d/dz)detcolumn(exp(-d/dz) T(z)). Pay attention that exp(-d/dz) can be cancelled, so the expression does not depend on it. So the determinant in Yangian theory has natural interpretation via Manin matrices.

For the sake of quantum integrable systems it is important to construct commutative subalgebras in Yangian. It is well known that in the classical limit expressions Tr(Tk(z)) generate Poisson commutative subalgebra. The correct quantization of these expressions has been first proposed by the use of Newton identities for Manin matrices:

Proposition. Coefficients of Tr(T(z+k-1)T(z+k-2)...T(z)) for all k commute among themselves. They generate commutative subalgebra in Yangian. The same subalgebra as coefficients of the characteristic polynomial detcolumn(1-exp(-d/dz) T(z)).

(The subalgebra sometimes called Bethe subalgebra, since Bethe ansatz is a method to find its joint eigpairs.)

History
Manin proposed general construction of "non-commutative symmetries" in, the particular case which is called Manin matrices is discussed in, where some basic properties were outlined. The main motivation of these works was to give another look on quantum groups. Quantum matrices Funq(GLn) can be defined as such matrices that T and simultaneously Tt are q-Manin matrices (i.e. are non-commutative symmetries of q-commuting polynomials xi xj = q xj xi. After original Manin's works there were only a few papers on Manin matrices until 2003. But around and some after this date Manin matrices appeared in several not quite related areas: obtained certain noncommutative generalization of the MacMahon master identity, which was used in knot theory; applications to quantum integrable systems, Lie algebras has been found in; generalizations of the Capelli identity involving Manin matrices appeared in. Directions proposed in these papers has been further developed.

title: Manin matrix


text:
Talk:Collaborative play writing

Maybe a varient on "add the next line to the story" type game could work?--Rayc 15:01, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Offer of source of material to write a play
Please feel free to take material from my dialogues with Abd, either from my blog or from here. —Barry Kort 13:22, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

music
Don't forget you can incorporate creative commons licensed music from Jamendo or ccmixter or mutopia. Choose tracks with seperate instrumental stems and posted lyrics for play theatres without a band. Tradimus 13:04, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Collaborative play writing


text:
User:Hipsterhenderson

I am from Fraserbugh, a small town about an hour north of Aberdeen that you probably haven't heard of. I'm also a Music Editor at Brig Newspaper, Head of Sport at Air3 Radio, co-host 4 radio shows on Air3 and co-run 2 independent blogs: plebsofwrestling.wordpress.com and talkoftheterracesblog.wordpress.com.

title: User:Hipsterhenderson


text:
User:Mahendraedis

Icon Hospital Akola

Icon Hospital is one and only all under one roof multispecialty hospital located in Akola district of Maharashtra founded by Dr. Abhay Patil

title: User:Mahendraedis


text:
Walter Nicoletti

Walter Nicoletti (4 November 1952 – 23 September 2019) was an Italian professional football coach.

Career
Born in Santarcangelo di Romagna, Nicoletti was originally a teacher, having previously been a youth player at Cesena, where he played as a goalkeeper.

Nicoletti began his coaching career in the 1970s, initially managing Emilia-Romagna-based San Mauro, Savignano and Corpolo. In 1985, Nicoletti joined Vis Pesaro, staying with the club for four years. Nicoletti later managed Giarre, Taranto, Empoli, Pisa, Trapani, Gualdo, Livorno, Cesena, Pistoiese, Lucchese, Spezia and S.P.A.L. After retiring as a coach he became a professor and advisor to the Italian Football Coaches Association.

title: Walter Nicoletti


text:
File:Darrers bag.jpg

 * Fair use rationale for use in the article Darrers:
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Kirovsky, Loktevsky District, Altai Krai

Kirovsky (Кировский) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Kirovsky Selsoviet, Loktevsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1,062 as of 2013. There are 15 streets.

Geography
Kirovsky is located on the Zolotukha River, 4 km northeast of Gornyak (the district's administrative centre) by road. Izvestkovy is the nearest rural locality.