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User:Kiddddz

Xaad kil: K’yuusda anglicised to "Kiusta: located on Haida Gwaii is the oldest Northern Haida village: and the site of first recorded contact between the Haida and Europeans in 1774. Haida lived in this village for thousands of years, due to the sheltered nature of its location it was used for boats offloading, especially in rough waters. Kiusta is one of the oldest archeological sites of human use in British Columbia, and continues to be a site for cultural revitalisation.

K'yuusda
The name K'yuusda means "where the trail comes out," in reference to a trail used from Lepas Bay to the village. The trail is substantial and is still used between these villages on the west coast of Graham Island.

Village Site
The village of K'yuusda lies on a sheltered beach facing Cloak Bay on the northwest corner of Graham Island, opposite Langara Island. It faces north onto Parry Passage, noted for its tidal currents, but is well protected by Marchand Reef along its northern end.

History
K'yuusda is one of the only sites that has been archeologically dated and ‘in 1986, archeologists from the Haida Gwaii Museum uncovered campfire charcoal dating back 10,400 years’ denoting it as ‘one of the oldest known sites of human activity in British Columbia’.

“A drawing of Kiusta from the 1799 journal of the ship Eliza depicts eight houses and two empty house lots. The archaeologist Swanton had information that there were nine houses that stood at Kiusta in the middle of the last century and eight more at the nearby village of Yaku. The 1799 drawing shows only one frontal pole [and] two mortuary posts, one of which is very big with a large animal figure, possibly a bear, to contain the coffin on top. It was located beside the large house of then Chief Gunia.” The construction of houses in the 18th century has been described as “a simple support structure of two parallel round beams set on pairs of uprights. To this basic structure is added a framework of light rafters, sills, corner posts, and gables, which is then covered with planks. “The Eliza journal also speaks of “Coneehaw”, “Connehaw”, or “Cunneaw”, said to be a reference to then Chief Gunia. Chief Gunia was a territorial chief, he lived in a house on a small island near Kiusta. The town chief of Kiusta was Itltini. Soon after the departure of the Djus Island people, the main lineage of the Stastas relocated to the Kiusta area from their villages at the far eastern end of Graham Island near Rose Spit and at Hiellan. Although, the Stastas Eagle families, under their chief, Edenshaw, built a sizable town at Kiusta during the 1800’s, there are few records of this event other than the remains of the houses and monuments themselves.” “About 1850, according to Dalzell, Chief Edenshaw died and was succeeded by his nephew Gwai-gu-unltlin of Cape Ball village who was known to Europeans as Albert Edward Edenshaw. By 1853 the population of Kiusta had declined seriously and the remaining occupants followed their chief east to Naden Harbour where they built new houses at an old village site which they renamed Kung.”

Early European References: contact with Kiusta
K'yuusda was first portrayed in 1799, in a drawing in the journal of the ship Eliza. The illustration provided a panorama of the town from the water. “In 1774, during a ten-month voyage, the Spanish ship Santiago voyaged to British Columbia under Captain Juan Perez. Due to concerns of the ship’s water supply running low the Santiago approached Haida Gwaii (Graham Island) to find a secure harbour to drop anchor. It was here off the coast of Langara Island that three canoes approached the ship and the Spanish traded beads for dried fish. The following day twenty-one canoes appeared, and two of the Haida people boarded the ship.”

The first reference to the village was made by John Meares in the published journal of the expedition of the Iphigenia, under Captain William Douglas. Although few precise landmarks are given, it appears that their first day’s exploration on June 20th, 1789, brought them as far as the middle of Parry Passage. A trade relationship would develop between these captains and Chief Cuneah exchanging items such as naval uniforms for sea otter pelts.

Small Pox Epidemic: 1830’s
In the late 1830’s an epidemic of smallpox ravaged the North Coast resulting in the death of more than half the Haida (though others have estimated the deaths to be closer to 80 to 90 per cent of the population). There was another outbreak in 1862 when some of the Hiada were living in Victoria, and James Douglas and Hudson's Bay Company made a plan to "distribute smallpox infested blankets amongst the Haida in the hopes that they would spread this disease to all the other tribes". With the reduced population, trade became monopolized by a smaller number of chiefs. Over the next quarter-century other chiefs, including Chief 7idansuu of Kiusta, had to establish stronger links with other chiefs as a result of their remote location and dwindling population and many gravitated to Masset where there were missionaries and other service and commercial people.

Abalone trade

Evidence of trade in abalone shells is based in part on recovered abalone shells from a site in Kiusta. This was done before the Americans arrived, between the Haida and other coastal communities. It is suggested that traders imported California-area abalone shell because “they had noticed local peoples' use of "paler, smaller" abalone. Such importation was likely done by American traders who dominated the sea otter pelt trade in the Haida Gwaii area from the mid-1790s to the 1840s (Lyle Dick, Parks Canada, pers. comm. 2001).”<ref [www.jstor.org/stable/41103451. p. 279] Sloan, N. A. “Evidence of California-Area Abalone Shell in Haida Trade and Culture.” Canadian Journal of Archaeology / Journal Canadien d’Archéologie, vol. 27, no. 2, 2003, pp. 273–286. JSTOR, JSTOR This trade is important as the “Haida used abalone shell fragments for personal adornment including labrets, jewellery, appliqué on garments, inlay into personal ceremonial dress such as frontlets, and inlay in argillite carvings for sale (Barbeau 1953). Boas (1898: 15) reports that sometimes pieces were glued directly to the skin for facial decoration.”, and some families adopted abalone shells as crests.

7idansuu

The name Edenshaw is an anglicised version of 7idansuu and is first mentioned by fur traders of the 1790s. As with all Haida chiefly names, it was passed down the matrilineal line to a chief's eldest sister's son. At least one Chief 7idansuu preceded the one who dominated most of the nineteenth century, Albert Edward 7idansuu. Albert Edward 7idansuu built his house in Kiusta around 1840 after the details of the carvings on the corner posts, rafter ends and frontal pole were 7idansuu to him in a dream. He named it Story House, and it stood on the site of his predecessor's dwelling, called Property House. When Story House was finished, Albert Edward gave a great potlatch and invited guests from Masset, Skidegate, Kaisun and Cha'atl, as well as from Kaigani villages. The noted artist Charles Edenshaw, who was Albert Edward's nephew and heir, made a model of Story House for John R. Swanton, and it is now at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.

Stastas Eagles

The Stastas Eagles are part of the Eagle contingent on the north coast of the Islands, the current chief of the Eagle clan is 7idansuu.

Art Mapping
“In 1966 the National Museum of Man launched a major programme of prehistoric research on the northern coast of British Columbia. …Mapping began at the village of K'yuusda in Cloak Bay in 1966… extensive files on each village were compiled, including references to village histories, house ownership, and the identification of the figures on the carved columns commonly known as totem poles. Over ten thousand historical photographs, assembled from museum and archive collections in North America and Europe, proved invaluable in checking the authenticity of the site maps. Careful records of the date and location of the photographs kept by the photographers, most of whom were attached to government survey parties, establish dates for the houses and monuments. The documentary photographs that survive are among the few remaining records which illustrate the richness and variety of Haida monumental art.”

K'yuusda Revitalisation
Three new longhouses built at the site of the ancient village of K'yuusda, amidst old poles that stand witness to the great civilization that was here are a testament to resilience and the future. Across the narrow strait separating K'yuusda from Ḵ'iis Gwaay Langara Island are three floating lodges for sport fishers are anchored. These are part of the Haida plan to manage the salmon resources of the islands to sustain the yield of a renewable resource.

Currently, ’island teens’ can also stay at T'aahllngsdhllng (Lapas Bay) for a 2-week “Rediscovery programme” to engage in "hands-on learning in environmental awareness, hands-on skills and respect for traditional Haida culture".

title: User:Kiddddz


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User:Biplove12

Biplove khanal (citizenship name(Binod) birthdate 2056-10-10 birthplace Arghakhanchi Father Lalmaini Khanal Mother Sita Kanal

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Biplove12


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Template:Did you know nominations/Melanie Oliver

The result was: promoted by ceradon ( talk  •  contribs ) 14:31, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Melanie Oliver

 * ... that film editor Melanie Oliver began her career under the tutelage of director Jane Campion?
 * Reviewed: The Living Truth

Created by 97198 (talk). Self nominated at 03:43, 11 February 2015 (UTC).

 * The article is new:
 * The article is long enough:
 * The hook is interesting:
 * The hook is referenced:
 * The hook is below 200 characters:
 * A google search does not reveal any copyright violation:
 * The article follows most other important policies:
 * QPQ:
 * Symbol confirmed.svg Article is good to go Cambalachero (talk) 14:21, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Symbol confirmed.svg Article is good to go Cambalachero (talk) 14:21, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


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Wikipedia talk:Education program archive/University of Oklahoma/Cold War Science (Spring 2015)/Timeline

([ Click to return to your main course page and continue.])

Timeline
25 Feb 1st assignment due -- note change in date

08 April 2nd assignment due


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Dease Strait

Dease Strait is an east–west waterway between the mainland's Kent Peninsula and Victoria Island in Nunavut, Canada. It is part of the Northwest Passage. At its eastern end, approximately 12 mi wide, is Cambridge Bay; to the west it widens to approximately 38 mi and becomes Coronation Gulf. The strait is 101 mi long.

The Strait is named after the Canadian explorer Peter Warren Dease, who was the first to navigate it along with the Scottish explorer Thomas Simpson.

title: Dease Strait


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Wikibooks:Book of the month

Books of the month are high quality wiki entries, selected in a voting process by registered Wikibook users.

Voting results

 * Voted in November 2006: December 2006 (Nanotechnology — 6)
 * Voted in October 2006: November 2006 (Special Relativity — 5)
 * Voted in September 2006: October 2006 (Rhetoric and Composition — 4)
 * Voted in August 2006: September 2006 (Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience — 20)
 * Voted in July 2006: August 2006 (Movie Making Manual — 5)
 * Voted in June 2006: July 2006 (Organic Chemistry — 9)
 * Voted in May 2006: June 2006 (European History — 9)
 * Voted in April 2006: May 2006 (German — 10)
 * Voted in March 2006: April 2006 (French — 10)
 * Voted in February 2006: March 2006 (Cookbook — 8)
 * Voted in January, 2006: February 2006 (Wikijunior:Big Cats — 10)
 * Voted in December, 2005: January 2006 (Chess — 12)
 * Voted in November, 2005: December 2005 (Japanese — 7)
 * Voted in October, 2005: November 2005 (Consciousness studies — 10)
 * Voted in September, 2005: October 2005 (Chinese (Mandarin) — 10)
 * Voted in August, 2005: September 2005 (Ada Programming — 16)
 * Voted in July, 2005: August 2005 (Wikijunior:Solar System — 6)
 * Voted in June, 2005: July 2005 (Blender 3D: Noob to Pro — 5)
 * Voted in May, 2005: June 2005 (FHSST Physics — 7)
 * Voted in April, 2005: May 2005 (How To Build A Computer — 9)
 * Voted in March, 2005: April 2005 (US History — 5)
 * Voted in February, 2005: March 2005 (High school extensions — 5)
 * Voted in January, 2005: February 2005 (Lucid Dreaming — 12)

Archive

 * All books of the month in 2006
 * All books of the month in 2005

title: Wikibooks:Book of the month


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afgietsel

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) cast, an object made by pouring liqui(fie)d matter in a mould

title: afgietsel


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Ras Mengesha Yohannes

Ras Mengesha Yohannes (መንገሻ ዮሓንስ; 1868 – 1906) was governor of Tigray and a son of Emperor Yohannes IV (r. 1872-89). His mother was Welette Tekle Haymanot wife of dejazmach Gugsa Mercha. Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes was his younger half brother. Prior to the Battle of Metemma, Mengesha Yohannes was considered to be a nephew of Emperor Yohannes IV. During the battle, the Emperor was mortally wounded and it was on his deathbed that Mengesha Yohannes was acknowledged as his "natural" son and designated as his heir. This created something of a succession problem.

Fighting between various relatives of the slain Emperor split his camp and prevented Mengesha from making a viable bid for the Imperial throne. Instead, the throne was assumed by Negus Menelik of Shewa. Ras Mengesha refused to submit to Menelik and later even flirted with joining the new Italian colony of Eritrea. He hoped that the Italians would support his rebellion against Emperor Menelik. However, encroachments by the Italians into his native Tigray, their previous enmity to his father Yohannes, and recognition that the ultimate goal of the Italians was to conquer Ethiopia themselves, led Mengesha Yohannes to finally submit to Menelik II. On 2 June 1894, he and his three major lieutenants went to the new capital at Addis Ababa. Within the newly constructed reception hall of the Grand Palace, the Emperor awaited them. He was seated on his throne with a large crown on his head. Mengesha Yohannes and his lieutenants each carried a rock of submission on his shoulder. They approached, prostrated themselves, and asked for forgiveness. Menelik simply declared them pardoned.

Following their allegiance with Menelik, they returned to Tigray, where Bahta Hagos initiated the rebellion against the Italians. Mengesha then led his army against the Italians at the Battle of Coatit, where his force was rebuffed. Another skirmish led by Fitawrari Gebeyehu, the vanguard commander of Menelik forces on the way to Adwa, annihilated the Italians at Amba Alagi. The war culminated in 1896, as Mengesha Yohannes and the forces of Tigray fought at the side of Menelik against the Italians at the pivotal Battle of Adwa. In 1899, Mengesha Yohannes rebelled again against Menelik when he was denied the title of Negus of Zion (his descendants would be outraged decades later when Ras Mikael of Wollo was crowned with this title by Lij Iyasu). Emperor Menelik had Ras Mengesha captured and put under house arrest at the old Shewan royal palace at Ankober.

Early life
Before 1889, Mengesha Yohannes was considered the Emperor's nephew, but on 9 March 1889 the Emperor on his deathbed, in Metemma, recognized him as his son, from a side-relation with his brother Gugsa's wife. Therefore, some informants still claim that Mengesha Yohannes was strongly attached to Yohannes throughout his life. Dejazmach Mengesha Yohannes was designated by the Emperor as his heir-to-the-throne, and allegedly crowned still on the battlefield of Metemma, but Mengesha Yohannes was not able to claim the throne. In the aftermath of the disastrous battle of Metemma, the Tigrayan ruling families found themselves embroiled in a power struggle that led to a regional civil war. This state of anarchy sapped the energy of Mengesha Yohannes's camp to unite the region under his authority. Quickly, instead atse Menelik II was proclaimed emperor in November 1889.

Ras Mengesha Yohannes, however, had the strong military and political backing of Yohannes's chief military general ras Alula Engada. Additionally, he had inherited a considerable number of armaments and soldiers that had long bolstered the power of Yohannes IV. However, historians cast doubts on Mengesha Yohanens's basic military prowess and leadership skills to mobilize the available resources and prevail over rivals, in contrast to his predecessor Yohannes. Mengesha Yohannes's strong political ambition once nearly pushed him to ally with the Italians, as demonstrated by the Mereb Convention of 1891. By 1890, the Italians had taken control of the Mereb Mellash, and aimed at the control of entire Tigray. In the meanwhile, Mengesha Yohannes and his Tigrayan vassals had revolted against atse Menelik II. Italian attempts to instigate them were, nonetheless, short-lived. The Italians' non-committed stance, coupled with Mengesha Yohannes's hesitant attitude finally convinced him to end his rebellion, even against the opposition of his counsellors and his military supporters, such as ras Alula.

Rule
In June 1894, Mengesha Yohannes ultimately dropped his claims to the imperial throne and officially submitted to atse Menelik II, ostensibly in expectation of the title of negus of Tigray. Menelik, in turn, appointed him governor, not negus of Tigray. For a while, Mengesha Yohannes demonstrated his loyalty. The conflict subsequently developing between the Italians and Menelik, gave him the opportunity to prove his indispensability to the central government.

During the first phase, in the years 1894-95, the Italians made a number of incursions into northern Ethiopia. Mengersha Yohannes was then responsible for defending the northern borders. He was beaten in the two battles of Kweatit (1894), Senafe (Eritrea) and Debre Hayle (1895): in early 1896 he even retreated from his stronghold Mekelle, but kept the Italians busy until a united Ethiopian army was gathered to face them.

Ras Mengesha Yohannes played an even more important role in the next phase of the conflict. Together with ras Alula, he was largely responsible for organizing and running the intelligence of Menelik II. He exploited his local connections, gathered intelligence and rendered a fairly outstanding command of the Tigrayan army. All these inputs had a crucial role in deciding the outcome of the battle of Adwa in 1896, which ended up as a grim loss to the Italians.

Despite Mengesha Yohannes's retention of "Tigray proper", Eritrea remained in the hands of the Italians. His proposal to sustain the war to push the Italians out of Eritrea was played down by the Emperor, who focused on the control of his own realm. Menelik officially rewarded Mengesha Yohannes with 300,000 silver dollars and married him to Kafay Wele Batul of Yejju, atege Taytu's niece. The marriage was meant to cement further the bonds between the houses of Tigray, Shewa, and Yejju. It was obtained at the cost of divorcing his loving wife. Still, Mengesha Yohannes's long expectations of promotion to negus of Tigray were shattered for the second time.

Mengesha Yohannes's final and desperate rebellion (in concert with ras Sebhat of Agame) in 1898 ended with his captivity and confinement at Addis Ababa, starting from 1899, and then in Ankober where he died as a prisoner in 1906.

Mengesha Yohannes's controversial political career, however, left a legacy of Tigrayan identity and autonomy. Indeed, his son leul ras Seyoum Mengesha and his grandson, leul ras Mengesha Seyoum were able to gain the governorship of Tigray, each at different stages of the history of this region (sometimes also partitioned among several governors, relatives of Mengesha Yohannes), until the 1974 Revolution. Mengesha Seyoum played then a role as the leader of an anti-Derg oppositional party, the Ethiopian Democratic Union, which dates back to the mid-1970s.

Succession problems
The confusion over Ras Mengesh's parentage is due to the fact that his mother Wolete Tekle Haymanot Tomcho (Woizero Tekle) was betrothed to Dejazmatch Gugsa. On the death of Ras Arya Sellassie, son and heir of Yohannes, the title of Ras was conferred on Mengesha and the army of Ras Araya Sellassie was transferred under his command. It was only on his deathbed, at Metemma, that Yohannes declared to Etchege Tewoflos and the important dignitaries present that Mengesha was not the son of his brother Gugsa, but his. He thus acknowledged him as his son and declared him as his heir. Immediately after this announcement, close relatives of Yohannes, such as Fitawrari Meshesha, son of Maru, Yohannes's brother, and Dejach Bogale Araya, son of Ras Araya Dimtsu, maternal uncle of Yohannes, refused to accept Mengesha as the son and heir of Yohannes, claiming that they were equally entitled to succeed the deceased Emperor.

Since Gugsa had the same father and mother as Yohannes, the legitimacy of Mengesha would not have been affected if Yohannes had declared that he had chosen Mengesha, his nephew, as his heir. Mengesha, through his mother, had also additional claim to the Imperial lineage. The only reason for claiming Mengesha as his own son was simply to reveal the truth, which hitherto was kept secret due to the close association that had existed between Yoahannes's elder brother Dejazmatch Gugsa and Woizero Tekle, the mother of Mengesha.

Augusus B. Wylde, a correspondent of the British paper, The Manchester Guardian, who had been in Ethiopia as a member of the Hewett Mission of 1884 and later, soon after the Battle of Adwa of 1896, contends that Mengesha was indisputably the actual son Yohannes. Bairu Tefla, on the other hand, although he is aware of the various sources, which assert that Mengesha was the natural son of Yohannes, has placed him as the son of Gugsa on the ground that "Most of the old people agree that Mengesha was the son of Gugsa, the eldest brother of the sovereign."

Familial rivalry and division of Tigray
Even after the submission of Mengesha Yohannes, familial rivalry between the two lines of descent from Emperor Yohannes IV proved to be a difficult issue for Emperor Menelik II and his successors. Yohannes IV was survived by his elder "legitimate" son Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes and by his younger "natural" son Mengesha. Ras Araya's son Gugsa Araya, and Ras Mengesha's son Ras Seyoum would for a time divide Tigray between them, with Ras Gugsa Araya ruling the eastern half and Ras Seyoum the western half.

Eventually Mengesha's son Ras Seyoum was made Leul of all Tigray in succession to his father after the death of his cousin Ras Gugsa Araya and after the treason of Gugsa Araya's son, Dejazmatch Haile Selassie Gugsa. In 1935, Haile Selassie Gugsa joined forces with the Italian invaders when they conquered Ethiopia and occupied the country.

Ras Mengesha is regarded as the founder of one of the two senior cadet branches of the Ethiopian Imperial Solomonic Dynasty.

title: Ras Mengesha Yohannes


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Talk:Daniela Sabatino

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. Community Tech bot (talk) 08:21, 12 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Daniela Sabatino, FW Brescia Calcio Femminile 08 2016.jpg

title: Talk:Daniela Sabatino


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Beregovoy, Altai Krai

Beregovoy (Береговой) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Verkh-Suyetsky Selsoviet, Suyetsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 49 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Beregovoy is located 5 km southwest of Verkh-Suyetka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Osinovsky is the nearest rural locality.

title: Beregovoy, Altai Krai


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Dry Harbour Mountains

The Dry Harbour Mountains are a range of mountains in north central Jamaica. More accurately described as a plateau than a true mountain range, they form the eastern boundary of the Cockpit Country. This is also the mountain that people used to go and pray. The Dry Harbour Mountains starts from Discovery Bay, St. Ann and covers most settlements all the way to the eastern end of the Cockpit Country. It is a mountain which abounds in limestone and bauxite. The soil type is latosol which is of red iron and aluminium oxide.

The Dry Harbour Mountains is some 2,200 feet above sea level and many areas are very cool. The area is covered in rich verdant pastures and numerous trees. In many areas the wet limestone forest is a riotous profuse of trees. Many prominent districts are part of this plateau region of Jamaica. Nine Mile, the home of Bob Marley; Alexandria; Aboukir; Clarksonville, Inverness; Tobolski; Gibraltar; Watt Town; Bethany; Murray Mountain (the marijuana centre) and McKenzie; Cascade; Battersea, the home of the famous Basil Robinson; Bohemia; Wild Cane are some of the numerous settlements in the Dry Harbour Mountains.

Aboukir is the birthplace of Harry Belafonte's mother and where Harry lived as a child.

Mining controversy
The area has come under question in regard to a recent license granted by the Office of the Prime Minister through executive action after a denial of license by Jamaica's environmental regulator, flagging questions as to the appropriateness of the activity.

title: Dry Harbour Mountains


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Shinobi no Kuni

Shinobi no Kuni (忍びの国) is a Japanese novel written Ryō Wada and published by Shinchosha in May 2008. A manga adaptation illustrated by Mutsumi Banno was serialized in Shogakukan's Monthly Shōnen Sunday from May 2009 to February 2011. A live-action film, Mumon: The Land of Stealth, premiered in Japan in July 2017.

Novel
Ryō Wada's Shinobi no Kuni novel was published by Shinchosha on May 30, 2008.

Manga
A manga adaptation illustrated by Mutsumi Banno was serialized in Shogakukan's Monthly Shōnen Sunday from May 12, 2009, to February 12, 2011. Shogakukan collected its chapters in four tankōbon volumes, released from December 12, 2009, to March 11, 2011. An additional fifth volume was released by Shogakukan, containing anthology stories that were never serialized, on June 12, 2017. It includes collaboration from Banno, Ashibi Fukui, Kōnosuke Saeki, Hayato Asaki, Hiko and Yuto Sano.

The manga was licensed in Indonesia by Elex Media Komputindo.

Live-action film
A live-action film adaptation of the novel, titled Mumon: The Land of Stealth, premiered in Japan on July 1, 2017.

title: Shinobi no Kuni


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Giftmas

The result was delete. - Mailer Diablo 11:35, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Giftmas
Provides no sources, found no reliable sources via Google. Violates WP:NOR, WP:V, and WP:NEO. — `C RAZY `( IN )`S ANE ` 19:21, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as OR. The only websites I could find that really talked about the word were a blog and an urban dictionary, two unreliable sources. At most, redirect to Christmas. --Gray Porpoise 19:45, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as per User:Gray Porpoise  Matthew Fenton  (Talk | Contribs) 19:55, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge with (after -complete- cleanup) or Redirect to Christmas - 15,400 Google Hits is a nice, small footprint on the web, but many of those come from blogs and other similar sources. Furthermore, it appears to be a neologism. אמר Steve Caruso ( desk / AMA / vote for me ) 19:57, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - seems a classic failure of WP:NEO. Ben & Jerry's seem to celebrate Giftmas every month so a redirect to Christmas may not be appropriate. As a result of googling it I did find the "I Want My Foreskin For Giftmas Homepage" though, so thanks a lot. - Yomangani talk 22:03, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Giftmas


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Bashlykent

Bashlykent (Башлыкент; Башлы, Başlı) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kayakentsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 3,230 as of 2010. There are 23 streets.

Geography
Bashlykent is located 29 km southwest of Novokayakent (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dzhavankent and Kapkaykent are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Kumyks live there.

Famous residents

 * Sakinat Gadzhiyeva (scientist-ethnographer, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Dagestan)
 * Balash Balashov (State Duma deputy)

title: Bashlykent


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Taxi Driver (song)

"Taxi Driver" is a song by Gym Class Heroes. The song was first released on The Papercut EP, but was also included on the full-length and much more widely released The Papercut Chronicles. In the song's lyrics, frontman Travis McCoy namechecks 26 other bands and artists that Gym Class Heroes enjoy. "Taxi Driver" was the very first video produced for Gym Class Heroes. It was produced by Bill Pealer, Jason Gillotti, and Ryan Smith long before the band was attached to any record label.

The song was named #20 of the "50 Worst Songs of the '00s" in a 2009 Village Voice article.

Referenced bands (in order of mention)
(However, Travie McCoy has claimed he is unsure as to all the bands referenced, suggesting there are allusions to other bands despite their names not being mentioned.)

They also mention their recording label, Fueled by Ramen, in the last line.
 * Death Cab for Cutie
 * Dashboard Confessional
 * Cursive
 * Bright Eyes
 * Sunny Day Real Estate
 * My Chemical Romance
 * Hey Mercedes
 * Coheed and Cambria
 * Fall Out Boy
 * Jimmy Eat World
 * Thrice
 * Brand New
 * The Postal Service
 * Planes Mistaken for Stars
 * At the Drive-In
 * ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead
 * Midtown
 * The Get Up Kids
 * Scraps and Heart Attacks
 * The Early November
 * Thursday
 * Taking Back Sunday
 * Jets to Brazil
 * Story of the Year
 * Hot Water Music
 * Elliott

title: Taxi Driver (song)


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Cell Biology/Cell types/Bacteria

Bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular organisms. Bacteria are very small; so much so that 1 billion could fit on 1 square centimeter of space on the human gums, and 1 gram of digested food has 10 billion bacteria. Bacteria are the simplest living organisms. Previously they fell under the Kingdom Moneran, but now they fall into two different Domains: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. There are several differences between the two. Typically, microbiologists in the 21st century call these groups "Archaea" and "Bacteria." One of the co-discoverers of the three Domains has argued that the term "prokaryote" should be removed from classrooms because it reflects an evolutionary hypothesis that has been disproved, given that the Archaea are more closely related to the Eukarya than they are to the Bacteria (Pace 2006, Nature 441 p. 289).

It is incorrect to think of bacteria as particularly "simplistic" for all that they do not have internal organelles that can be visualized using a light microscope. The bacterial nucleoid, for example, is a highly organized structure even though it typically contains just one or two circular chromosomes with a total of millions of basepairs of DNA (Thanbichier et el., 2005, J Cell. Biochem. 96:506-521; see also http://www.microbelibrary.org/Laboratory%20Diagnostics/details.asp?id=782&Lang=English). Bacteria have complex cell walls exterior to the cell membrane. Some bacteria contain plasmids, which are typically circular DNA with replication that is uncoupled from binary fission (cellular division). Plasmids in nature often encode traits of significant interest to humans, such as the ability to be resistant to clinically important antibiotics, or the ability to degrade "odd" carbon sources such as TNT or human-made pollutants. Plasmids from Escherichia coli have been "domesticated" and have long been in use for genetic engineering, as it is easier to isolate and modify plasmid DNA, and introduce it into a new cells, than it is to modify a bacterial chromosome (see "Techniques" at dnai.org; see also http://www.microbelibrary.org/Laboratory%20Diagnostics/details.asp?id=707&Lang=English). A few phylogenetic groups of bacteria can make endospores, which are metabolically inert but are able to resist high temperatures, radiation, and desiccation (see http://www.microbelibrary.org/Laboratory%20Diagnostics/details.asp?id=2511&Lang=English).

Bacterial reproduction is always asexual and usually occurs through binary fusion, once thought to be a simple process of growing and dividing. Microbiologists now know, however, that binary fission is complex in that it requires dozens of proteins cooperating to build the septum (new cell wall between 'daughter' cells) and to actively separate the two daughter chromosomes. Furthermore, there are other forms of reproduction in bacteria, all of them "asexual" in that they do not use gametes or involve genetic exchange (Angert 2005, Nature Reviews Microbiology 3:214-224). Genetic exchange in bacteria is instead called horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer, because bacteria can obtain genetic information from organisms that are not their parents (Amabile-Cuevas 2003, American Scientist 91:138-149). (Vertical genetic transmission is the inheritance of DNA down through the generations.) Horizontal gene transfer can happen any time and has nothing to do with cell division. There are three main types, conjugation which is the sharing of plasmid DNA; transduction, where a bacterial virus accidentally transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another, and transformation, where bacteria bind to DNA in the environment, internalize it, and can use that DNA as genetic material.

Archaea
Archaea are microbes that are more closely related to Eukaryotic cells than they are to the Bacteria (http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/aboutoverview.html). Under a light microscope, they visually resemble Bacteria, so that it wasn't until the advent of the use of molecular methods in evolutionary biology that they were recognized as belonging to their own Domain (a phylogenetic grouping above the level of Kingdom). Archaea have ultrastructural features that are superficially similar to those in Bacteria but are usually comprised of distinctive molecules. They do, for example, have a cell wall, yet that cell wall never contains peptidoglycan. Instead, peptidoglycan is a unique molecular signature of the Bacteria. Archaea also have odd lipids in their cell membranes. They were originally discovered living in extreme environments thought to resemble conditions on early earth, but now that microbiologists have become more adept at detecting them, it is clear that the Archaea are not confined to extreme habitats and can instead be found everywhere. It is true that some Archaea are "extremophiles," found in extremely salty or hot environments, but there are also extremophile Bacteria and even some very unusual extremophile Eukarya. The best-understood groups of Archaea are:
 * 1) Methanogens use Carbon dioxide and Hydrogen to make Methane. They are found in sewage, cows, and swamps, and they do not take in oxygen.
 * 2) Extreme Halophiles live in extremely salty places (i.e.:  the dead sea and great salt lake).
 * 3) Thermoacidophiles prefer extremely hot, acidic areas (i.e.:  hot springs and volcanos).

Bacteria
(sometimes called "eubacteria")

Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, and they have no unusual phospholipids. Bacteria have four shapes:
 * bacilli (rod shaped)
 * vibrios (curved shaped)
 * coccus (round shaped)
 * spirilli (spiral shaped).

Bacteria can also have prefixes before their names: strepto, indicating chains of the shaped bacteria, and staphylo, indicating clusters of the shaped bacteria. A 19th century microbiologist invented the Gram stain, still used today to differentiate bacteria into two types, Gram negative and Gram positive (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Gram). These types are not useful in determining phylogeny but can be very useful in a clinical setting, because Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria can exhibit differential sensitivity to some classes of antibiotics. There are probably dozens of "Kingdoms" within the Domain Bacteria, but the phylogeny of Bacteria is still disputed as microbiologists continue to study the evolution of bacteria using molecular methods. Some of the major types of Bacteria are:
 * 1) Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs that strip electrons from water and use them to fix carbon dioxide; they are a major source of organic carbon in marine ecosystems.
 * 2) Spirochetes are Gram negative bacteria that have flexible cells and internal flagella in an unusual form of a more typical Gram negative cell wall.
 * 3) Proteobacteria (E-coli)

Some bacteria produce virulence factors that can cause sickness. Some examples of these are serotoxins, which are given off by the Gram positive bacteria, and endotoxins, which are given off by Gram negative bacteria as they die. There are many other examples, however, and specific pathogens make a unique suite of virulence factors that lead to the particular disease caused by that pathogen.

title: Cell Biology/Cell types/Bacteria


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User:Still Sills on YouTube

Still Sills is a YouTube channel that was created by Finnish YouTuber Isaak Johnson on October 15, 2018. Still Sills posts a variety of videos, including music, gaming, and comedy.

title: User:Still Sills on YouTube


text:
Joseph Victor Gonzales

Joseph Victor Gonzales (born June 22, 1960, Kuala Lumpur) is a Malaysian choreographer, professionally known as Joseph Gonzales. Currently, he is experienced in the choreography and interpretation of traditional dances in Malaysia, contemporary dance practices, known in the theater and in the field of dance pedagogy. He is widely regarded as one of the leading voices in Asia and Southeast Asia.

Brief biography
Joseph Victor Gonzales was born in the city of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 22 June 1960. He received his elementary school education at the La Salle Primary School and secondary education at the La Salle Secondary School in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.

In 1986, he graduated from the Mathematical Department of the Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Malaya. He received dance training and choreographic education at the Davis Ballet School in Sussex (1987-1990), the London Studio Center (1991), simultaneously completing the Royal Academy of Dance and Imperial Society of Teachers of Dance accreditation (1992) in England. In 2006, he completed his master's program at Middlesex University. In 2010, he defended his doctoral dissertation at University of Malaya. For his self-development, he completed a Master of Buddhist Studies at University of Hong Kong in 2022.

He is the brother-in-law of former Olympic field hockey player Datuk Arumugam Sabapathy and retired Malaysian ambassador Dato’ Ramanathan Vengadesan. He is also the uncle of writer/journalist Martin Vengadesan.

Dance and teaching activities
He started dancing as a student, in 1981-1984 he participated in the choreographic ensemble "Kesuma" of the University of Malaya and at the Frances Ballet Academy, and in 1984–1986 at the Federal Academy of Ballet. In 1992-1994 he was a full-time ballet, modern dance, tap and jazz dance teacher at the Federal Academy of Ballet. In this times, he served as Assistant Artistic Director to Lee Lee Lan for the Kuala Lumpur Dance Theatre. From 1994 - he worked as a lecturer at the National Academy of Arts, Culture and Heritage (ASWARA formerly known as National Arts Academy), and became Dean of the Faculty of Dance in 1998. He remained in this position until 2015. He served as President of MyDance Alliance (1999-2001), Co-chairman of the Asian Dance Committee, Seoul, South Korea (2011-2017), adjudicator for the Singapore Youth Festival since 2008, and Sprouts, a young choreographers’ platform in Singapore as well as Vice-president South East Asia World Dance Alliance (2011-2016).

In Malaysia, he championed a multicultural system of dance education that was truly pioneering. This resulted in dance graduates with the capacity to inhabit numerous dance languages that enabled them to create exciting choreography and educational pathways locally and abroad. Students under his tutelage went on to pursue higher education on full scholarships to Hong Kong, Korea, USA, England, Taiwan and Germany. This has seen a new generation of young Malaysian dance graduates with postgraduate degree qualifications. He has also been committed to the highest performance standards, with students majoring and performing across cultures and borders from classical ballet to Bharatanatyam. He was responsible for the revival and revitalization of numerous Malay dance forms incorporating it into the curriculum or presenting them as part of public performances from 2000 to 2015. These include "Tari Inai", "Terinai", "Joget Gamelan", "Zapin", and many more. This work has continued through ASK Dance Company which was established in 2011.

In 2016, he was appointed as a professor and Head of Academic Studies/MFA Program Leader in Dance at The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts.

Creativity
He has participated in and presented his creative work in choreographic festivals in Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Japan, Belgium, Indonesia, China, Japan, India, Korea, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand. In 1993 he took part in the Opening ceremony of the XIX International Festival of Independent Cinema in Brussels and in 1998 - the 16th Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur. He represented Malaysia at the Philadelphia Dance Festival (2000) and presented his research papers at several international conferences across the globe.

Under his leadership at ASWARA, he produced innumerable ground-breaking productions celebrating traditional dance and multicultural identity such as "Main Zapin", "Tapestry", "Asyik", "Crossing Borders in Bharatanatyam", "Hang Li Po" as well as being the artistic director of the international Tari series, a festival of international universities of the arts from 1998 to 2014. His productions can be described as an avant-garde ballet and cutting-edge contemporary dance, notable for its originality of dance ideas and techniques. His credo: "Dance and you will enjoy freedom".

Productions and performances of recent years: "P. Ramlee, Musical " (2007) at the Palace of Culture in Kuala Lumpur, “Hamlet” (2007), “Passion” (2007) at the Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Center, ”Rhythms in Bronze” (2011), The Two (2013) ), "Rise" (2013) in the Penang Center for the Performing Arts, "Enter/Exit" (2014), "Suara (2011) "The Last Tea Party" (2013) for ASWARA, "Becoming King… the Pakyung Revisited" (2014 and 2015), and "Seru" (2016).

Since 1999, his choreography presentations have begun to reflect more deeply the issues he is passionate about - giving voice to the disenfranchised and marginalized, as well as addressing the social and political challenges that are deeply embedded in society. In 2011, he established a professional dance company ASK Dance Company that presents work in Malaysia and at international festivals. The company also promotes and revives traditional Malay dances through its Forging Traditions outreach program supported by Sime Darby Foundation. http://www.askdancecompany.com/

Awards

 * "Outstanding Service" (Ministry of Culture, Art and Tourism of Malaysia, 2001)
 * "Best production of the year" (Society of Art Lovers "Kaki Seni", 2003.2008)
 * "Crosscultural Champion of the Arts" (Boh Cameronian Arts Awards (2007).
 * "Outstanding contribution to the development of dance" (Academy Kshetra, 2010)
 * "Outstanding contribution to the development of dance" (Rotary Club, 2011)
 * "Outstanding Service" (National Academy of Arts, Culture and Heritage, 2011)
 * "Best Choreographer of the Year" (2016)
 * "Game-changer of the Year" (Kakiseni 2019)

Publications

 * Joseph Gonzales & Imran Syafiq. Forging Traditional Dance in Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.54165/9789887928522. Published. 2021-10-18
 * Joseph Gonzales.Makyung in Contemporary Malaysia: Strategies for Preservation and Proliferation. Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1080/15290824.2019.1683564. Published: 2021-04-03
 * Joseph Gonzales. Dancing the Malaysian. Kuala Lumpur: SIRD, 2010. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>345
 * Joseph Gonzales. Dancing Mosaic: Issues On Dance Hybridity. Mohd Anis Md Nor (Ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Cultural Center University of Malaya & National Department for Culture and Arts, Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture, 2012. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>179
 * Joseph Gonzales. South East Asia report. - in: Asia-Pacific CHANNELS. Newsletter of the World Dance Alliance 2, December 2012. Australian Dance Council-Ausdance Inc.
 * Joseph Gonzales. Malaysian Dancescapes. Kuala Lumpur: ASWARA, 2014. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
 * Joseph Gonzales. Koreografi Kontemporari Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur. SIRD, 2019. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>538

title: Joseph Victor Gonzales


text:
Sumathi Best Television Educational Program Award

The Sumathi Best Television Educational Program Award is presented annually in Sri Lanka by the Sumathi for the best Sri Lankan television educational program..

The award was first given in 2011. Following is a list of the winners since then.


text:
Talk:Portuguese

Welcome sentence
Why put the welcome sentence as this? I believe it is hard to read and to understand. I propose a change to something more like this: --Jotomicron 15:59, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. Especially since sentences don't really translate word-for-word like that most of the time (in real life). -- anon 12 April 2005

 * I've changed it so that all Portuguese text is together as suggested for readability -- anon 17 April 2005

Format
I suggest format this book like the books German and French. It will make this book more comprehensible and easy to maintain it. --User:Marlosfabris 02:01, 6 Oct 2006 (UTC)

 * There's a couple of other discussions over at Talk:Portuguese/Contents. Someone suggesting collaboration with Portugiesisch and other suggesting following the French and Spanish structure. Perhaps WikiProject Languages should lay down some guidelines for which is the best structure to follow -- Harry Wood (talk) 14:00, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

About Brazilian Portuguese on this Wikibook
Hello! I'm a newcomer to the wikibooks and a native Portuguese.

When I looked at the Portuguese Language Wikibook I understood it was written in Brazilian Portuguese.

I was wondering if Portuguese from Portugal could be used as it's the one I truly master and the only in which I could help the wikibook.

-- User:Portuguese15 31 March 2007

 * See discussion over at Talk:Portuguese/Contents -- Harry Wood (talk) 14:00, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Galicia
Why is Galicia listed as a region where Portuguese is official? Galician and Portuguese being the same language is not the Xunta's official interpretation. Ungoliant MMDCCLXIV (discuss • contribs) 20:06, 2 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Any objections against me removing Galicia from the list? Ungoliant MMDCCLXIV (discuss • contribs) 17:17, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portuguese


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Paneth cell

Paneth cells are cells in the small intestine epithelium, alongside goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells. Some can also be found in the cecum and appendix. They are located below the intestinal stem cells in the intestinal glands (also called crypts of Lieberkühn) and the large eosinophilic refractile granules that occupy most of their cytoplasm.

When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens, Paneth cells secrete several anti-microbial compounds (notably defensins and lysozyme) that are known to be important in immunity and host-defense into the lumen of the intestinal gland, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier by controlling the enteric bacteria. Therefore, Paneth cells play a role in the innate immune system.

Paneth cells are named after 19th-century pathologist Joseph Paneth.

Structure

Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands. There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. There are on average 5–12 Paneth cells in each small intestinal crypt.

Unlike the other epithelial cell types, Paneth cells migrate downward from the stem cell region and settle just adjacent to it. This close relationship to the stem cell region suggests that Paneth cells are important in defending the gland stem cells from microbial damage, although their function is not entirely known. Furthermore, among the four aforementioned intestinal cell lineages, Paneth cells live the longest (approximately 57 days).

Function
Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which are "key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens."

Small intestinal crypts house stem cells that serve to constantly replenish epithelial cells that die and are lost from the villi. Paneth cells support the physical barrier of the epithelium by providing essential niche signals to their neighboring intestinal stem cells. Protection and stimulation of these stem cells is essential for long-term maintenance of the intestinal epithelium, in which Paneth cells play a critical role.

Paneth cells display merocrine secretion, that is, secretion via exocytosis.

Sensing microbiota
Paneth cells are stimulated to secrete defensins when exposed to bacteria (both Gram positive and Gram-negative types), or such bacterial products as lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, muramyl dipeptide and lipid A. They are also stimulated by cholinergic signaling normally preceding the arrival of food which potentially may contain a new bacterial load.

Paneth cells sense bacteria via MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor (TLR) activation which then triggers antimicrobial action. For example, research showed that in the secretory granules, murine and human Paneth cells express high levels of TLR9. TLR9 react to CpG-ODN and unmethylated oligonucleotides, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) typical for bacterial DNA. Internalizing these PAMPs and activating TLR9 leads to degranulation and release of antimicrobial peptides and other secretions. Surprisingly, murine Paneth cells do not express mRNA transcripts for TLR4.

Antimicrobial secretions
The principal defense molecules secreted by Paneth cells are alpha-defensins, which are known as cryptdins in mice. These peptides have hydrophobic and positively charged domains that can interact with phospholipids in cell membranes. This structure allows defensins to insert into membranes, where they interact with one another to form pores that disrupt membrane function, leading to cell lysis. Due to the higher concentration of negatively charged phospholipids in bacterial than vertebrate cell membranes, defensins preferentially bind to and disrupt bacterial cells, sparing the cells they are functioning to protect.

Human Paneth cells produce two α-defensins known as human α-defensin HD-5 (DEFA5) and HD-6 (DEFA6). HD-5 has a wide spectrum of killing activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as fungi (Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Candida albicans). The antimicrobial activity of HD-6 consists of self-assembling into extracellular nets that entrap bacteria in the intestine and thereby preventing their translocation across the epithelial barrier.

Human Paneth cells also produce other AMPs including lysozyme, secretory phospholipase A2, and regenerating islet-derived protein IIIA. Lysozyme is an antimicrobial enzyme that dissolves the cell walls of many bacteria, and phospholipase A2 is an enzyme specialized in the lysis of bacterial phospholipids. This battery of secretory molecules gives Paneth cells a potent arsenal against a broad spectrum of agents, including bacteria, fungi and even some enveloped viruses.

Secretory autophagy
During conventional protein secretion, proteins are transported through the ER-Golgi complex packaged in secretory granules and released to the extracellular space. Should invasive pathogens disrupt the Golgi apparatus, causing an impairment in the Paneth cell secretion of antimicrobial proteins, an alternative secretion pathway exists: it has been shown that lysozyme can be rerouted through secretory autophagy. In secretory autophagy, cargo is transported in an LC3+ vesicle and discharged at the plasma membrane, thus bypassing the ER-Golgi complex. Not all bacteria prompts secretory autophagy: commensal bacteria, for example, does not cause Golgi breakdown and therefore does not trigger the secretory autophagy of lysozyme. A dysfunction in secretory autophagy is thought to be a possible contriburing factor to Crohn's disease.

Phagocytic function
Paneth cells maintain the health of the intestine by acting as macrophages; it has been shown that Paneth cells clear dying cells via apoptotic cell uptake. The phagocytic function of Paneth cells was discovered using a series of experiments, one of which made use of mice that were radiated with a low dose Cesium-137 (137Cs), mimicking chemotherapy undergone by cancer patients. These findings may be significant for addressing the side effects suffered by cancer patient whose intestinal health is damaged by chemotherapy: approximately 40% of all cancer therapy patients experience gastrointestinal (GI) mucositis during their treatment, with the number jumping to 80% in patients receiving abdominal or pelvic irradiation.

Epithelium maintenance
Paneth cells participate in the Wnt signaling pathway and Notch signalling pathway, which regulate proliferation of intestinal stem cells and enterocytes necessary for epithelium cell renewal. They express the canonical Wnt ligands: Wnt3a, Wnt9b, and Wnt11, which bind to Frizzled receptors on intestinal stem cells to drive β-catenin/Tcf signaling. Paneth cells are also a major source of Notch ligands DLL1 and DLL4, binding to Notch receptors Notch1 and Notch2 on intestinal stem cells and enterocyte progenitors.

Recently, however, it has been discovered that the regenerative potential of intestinal epithelial cells declines over time as a result of aged Paneth cells secreting the protein Notum, which is an extracellular inhibitor of Wnt signaling. If Notum secretion is inhibited, the regenerative potential of the intestinal epithelium could increase.

Zinc
It has been established that zinc is essential for the function of Paneth cells. A defect in the Zn transporter (ZnT)2 impairs Paneth cell function by causing uncoordinated granule secretion. Mice lacking the (ZnT)2 transporter not only exhibit impaired granule secretion, they also suffer from increased inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide and are less capable of bactericidal activity. Normally, zinc is stored in the secretory granules and, upon degranulation, is released in the lumen. It has been speculated that the storage of heavy metals contributes to direct antimicrobial toxicity, as Zn is released upon cholinergic PC stimulation.

Zinc deficiency is also implicated in alcohol‐induced Paneth cell α‐defensin dysfunction, which contributes to alcohol-related steatohepatitis. Zinc can stabilize human α‐defensin 5 (HD5), which is responsible for microbiome homeostasis. In line with this, the administration of HD5 can effectively alter the microbiome (especially by increasing Akkermansia muciniphila), and reverse the damage inflicted on the microbiome by excessive alcohol consumption. Dietary zinc deficiency on the other hand exacerbates the deleterious effect of alcohol on the bactericidal activity of Paneth cells.

Clinical significance
Abnormal Paneth cells with reduced expression or secretion of defensins HD-5 and HD-6 (in human) and antimicrobial peptides are associated with inflammatory bowel disease. In addition to that, several of the Crohn's disease-risk alleles are associated with Paneth cell dysfunction are involved in processes such as autophagy, the unfolded protein response, and the regulation of mitochondrial function.

It is believed that the dysfunction of Paneth cells compromises antimicrobial peptides leading to a microbiota composition shift, and even dysbiosis. Crohn's disease patients with a higher percentage of abnormal Paneth cells showed significantly reduced bacterial diversity compared with patients with a lower percentage of abnormal Paneth cells, reflecting a reduced abundance of anti-inflammatory microbes. Collectively, these findings support the theory that Paneth cell dysfunction may lead to a dysbiotic microbiota that, in turn, could predispose an individual to the development of Crohn's disease. However, it is yet to be established whether Paneth cell dysfunction is the cause of dysbiosis, or its concomitant effect.

Necrotizing enterocolitis
Paneth cells develop gradually during gestation and therefore preterm babies might not have them in sufficient numbers. This leaves preterm babies vulnerable to necrotizing enterocolitis. About mid-way though the development of the small intestine, cathelicidin secretion is replaced by α-defensin secretion. The small intestine of the premature baby is at this transition stage when the baby is born, making preterm babies susceptible to intestinal injury and, subsequently, to necrotizing enterocolitis. It should furthermore be noted that early Paneth cells do not possess fully functional, mature granules.

The mechanism that links Paneth cells to necrotizing enterocolitis remains unclear, but it has been theorized that a bloom of Proteobacteria and, more specifically, Enterobacteriaceae species precedes the development of the condition. When an inflammation then subsequently occurs, nitrates can be fermented by Enterobacteriaceae sp. but not by obligate anaerobes, which cannot use nitrates as a growth substrate. Thus, Proteobacteria are able to use this selective pressure to out-compete the obligate anaerobic Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, resulting in their overgrowth and consequent dysbiosis.

The process is thought to begin when the premature infant is exposed to foreign antigens via formula feeding. Inflammatory cytokines are subsequently released, creating a more aerobic state leading to a competitive advantage for Proteobacteria. As the microbiome becomes more dysbiotic, anti-inflammatory mechanisms weaken, which contributes to a cycle of increasing intestinal inflammation. The inflammation leads to a further loss in Paneth cells density and function, resulting in the impairment of AMP secretion and the destruction of the stem cell niche.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Whereas the role of Paneth cells in irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn's disease has received ample attention, relatively little is known about the effect Panth cell impairment has on the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Murine models indicate that obesity may decrease the secretion of α-defensin from Paneth cells, leading to dysbiosis. and at least one murine model suggests that when α-defensin levels in the intestinal lumen are restored by intravenous administration of R-Spondin1 to induce Paneth cell regeneration, liver fibrosis is ameliorated as a result of the dysbiosis resolving. It is hypothesized that selective microbicidal activities, as well as increasing Muribaculaceae and decreasing Harryflintia, contribute to amelioration in fibrogenesis.

One study described the injection of dithizone, which can disrupt cell granulates, into mice that were fed a high-fat diet in order to identify Paneth-cell-oriented microbial alterations. The application of dithizone improved high-fat diet glucose intolerance and insulin resistance and was associated with an alleviation in the severity of liver steatosis in HFD mice, possibly through gut microbiome modulation involving the increase in Bacteroides. It has therefore been suggested that microbiome-targeted therapies may have a role in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Further research is needed to elucidate the connection between Paneth cells and the gut-liver-axis.

title: Paneth cell


text:
Mosstowie railway station

Mosstowie railway station served the hamlet of Miltonduff, Moray, Scotland from 1858 to 1955 on the Inverness and Aberdeen Junction Railway.

History
The station opened on 25 March 1858 by the Inverness and Aberdeen Junction Railway. It closed to both passengers and goods traffic on 7 March 1955.

title: Mosstowie railway station


text:
Alive on Planet Earth

Alive on Planet Earth is the first live album by the progressive rock band The Flower Kings. It was released in double-CD format in 2000.

Track listing
All songs by Roine Stolt except where noted.

Disc One

 * 1) "There Is More to This World" – 11:31
 * 2) "Church of Your Heart" – 9:41
 * 3) "The Judas Kiss" – 15:43
 * 4) "Nothing New Under the Sun" – 4:13
 * 5) "The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway" (Genesis cover) (Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, Mike Rutherford) – 9:17

Disc Two

 * 1) "Big Puzzle" – 18:28
 * 2) "The Sounds Of Violence" – 6:38
 * 3) "Three Stories" (Tomas Bodin) – 6:05
 * 4) "In The Eyes Of The World" – 12:07
 * 5) "The Flower King" – 11:26
 * 6) "Stardust We Are, Pt. 3" – 9:45

Disc one was recorded at ProgDay in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, on 6 September 1998, and at D'Auteuil in Quebec City, Canada, on 11–12 September 1998, with Robert Engstrand on keyboards. Disc two was recorded at On Air West in Tokyo, Japan, on 15–16 March 1999, and Club Quatro, Osaka, Japan, on 18 March 1999, with Tomas Bodin on keyboards.

Personnel

 * Tomas Bodin – keyboards
 * Robert Engstrand – keyboards
 * Hasse Fröberg – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, slide guitar, vocals
 * Jaime Salazar – drums, snare drums, percussion, vocals
 * Michael Stolt – bass guitar, synthesizer bass, vocals
 * Roine Stolt – guitar, photography, vocals

 * Production
 * Don Bridges – photography
 * Florent Cuaz – photography
 * Stephen Geysens – engineer
 * Noriya Maekawa – engineer
 * David Palermo – artwork
 * Atsushi Sofuni – photography

title: Alive on Planet Earth


text:
User:BillLaboon

Hello, I'm Bill Laboon! I am the Technical Education Lead at the Web3 Foundation. I created this account to work with Wikipedia's dedicated volunteer editors on behalf of my organization. I will proudly adhere to Wikipedia rules and keep activity for which I have a conflict of interest on talk pages. I will make every effort to suggest content that is neutral in tone and verifiable in reliable sources.

title: User:BillLaboon


text:
Kansas's 27th Senate district

Kansas's 27th Senate district is one of 40 districts in the Kansas Senate. It has been represented by Republican Chase Blasi since 2023, succeeding fellow Republican Gene Suellentrop following his resignation.

Geography
District 27 is based in the western reaches of Wichita in Sedgwick County, also covering some or all of the suburbs of Colwich, Andale, Maize, and Goddard.

The district is located entirely within Kansas's 4th congressional district, and overlaps with the 90th, 91st, 94th, 100th, 101st, and 105th districts of the Kansas House of Representatives.

title: Kansas's 27th Senate district


text:
User:ConcernedTyrannosaur

Welcome to my userpage, empty as it is. There isn't much here, and in all probability there never will be. I only plan to make simple edits and point out other errors for more experienced editors to fix.

I created this account and made my first edit (to a talk page) on the 17th of August, 2020. I am very new here, so I apologize if I commit any faux pas or error in my attempts to help.

title: User:ConcernedTyrannosaur


text:
Scott Darbyshire

Scott Darbyshire (born 16 February 1979) is a professional English darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation events.

He earned a PDC Tour Card in 2017, as one of the top 12 ranked players on the Q-School Order of Merit.

title: Scott Darbyshire


text:
Sutradhar (caste)

Sutradhar'is a Sanskrit word which means the narrator in english', also known as Sutar or Suthar''' is a Hindu caste within the Indian subcontinent. Their traditional occupation is farming, architecture and Interior designing. The great majority of Hindu sutradhars belong to the Vaishnava sect.

Origin
The word Sutradhar literally means thread-holder. Sutra in sanskrit means thread (which is used to mark the course of a saw), and dhara means to hold. The names Sutar and Suthar are abbreviated versions of Sutrahadar.

Sutradhars, according to legend, are the carpenters descended from Maya, son of Vishwakarma. From the Rigveda, Vishwakarma is the divine engineer of the universe. In the Skanda Purana he had five children — Manu, Maya, Tvastar, Shilpi and Visvajna — and these are believed by the Vishwakarma community to have been the forebears of their five sub-groups, being respectively the gotras (clans) of blacksmiths, carpenters, bell metalworkers (metal casters), stonemasons and goldsmiths. Together, these sons are known as Rathakar, or builders of Chariots.

The Gotra of Suthar's is rathore(rathod),chauhan,parmar,solanki,bhati,tavar,sisodiya etc. It refers to people who are descendants in an unbroken male line from a common male ancestor or patriline. It Means if any person who is from suthar community it means their traditional occupation is carpentry but by blood they belong to there gotra(They share a common ancestor).

There is evidence that Sutradhars were performing other tasks besides carpentry in ancient times. A stanza from Chandimangal notes them puffing and frying rice, as well as painting. Agricultural tasks were historically done by castes of Austric origins, so the stanza may refer to a period of transition as the Sutradhar caste was forming and still performing other tasks. They were also engaged in making monuments, temples, palaces, chariots and sculpting rock structures. They are believed to have built the Konark Sun Temple, Jagannath Temples, and the terracotta temples of Bengal.

Demography
While some Sutradhars practice Shaktism, the vast majority are members of the Vaishnava sect. They worship Vishwakarma and offer sacrifices to him on Vishwakarma Day and Vasant Panchami.

The Sutradhar caste is subdivided into a number of subcastes including Bardhamenya, Mandaranya, Khadipeda, Astakul, and Airy. The Bardhamenya, Mandaranya, and Astakul are best known as carpenters but are also known as painters, clay image makers, stone carvers as well as constructors of buildings and temples. The Khadipeda were essentially architects, known as designers of temples, palaces and building.

Sutradhars are also subdivided into various clans, or gotras. All these clans are totemic. Common Sutradhar surnames include Dutta, Chanda, De, Pal, Sil, Kundu, Mena, Manna, Maharana, Rana, Bandra, Rakhsit, Sutradhar, Sutar, Bhandari, Fouzdar, Das, and Kar.

title: Sutradhar (caste)


text:
falsificare

Etymology
, from, from. .

Verb

 * 1)  to falsify, forge

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) falsification

title: falsificare


text:
Talk:Charles Clifton Penick

Photo available
There is an image of Penick available in Wikimedia, category: Missionary bishops of the Episcopal Church. Drbones1950 (talk) 20:32, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Clifton Penick


text:
Cookbook talk:Veal Gravy Soup

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: <IP_ADDRESS> 21:01, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * [2002-03-28T05:46:30Z] <IP_ADDRESS> ( * )
 * [2002-03-28T09:34:14Z] Szopen ( see wikipedia cookbook )
 * [2003-11-11T19:11:14Z] Big Bob the Finder ( Update of "ancient" entries )
 * [2004-09-18T16:05:15Z] Anthony DiPierro
 * [2004-11-12T03:54:38Z] Rholton
 * [2004-11-16T21:44:23Z] <IP_ADDRESS>
 * [2004-11-16T21:45:37Z] <IP_ADDRESS>
 * [2004-11-16T21:47:52Z] <IP_ADDRESS>
 * [2004-11-20T11:15:34Z] Rbrwr ( wikify; add intro stating the obvious )
 * [2004-11-26T01:59:40Z] Aranel

title: Cookbook talk:Veal Gravy Soup


text:
Isabel ravana

Isabel ravana is a species of plant bug, a type of insect in the family Miridae. It is the only accepted species in the genus Isabel.

title: Isabel ravana


text:
Marcus Whiffen

Marcus Whiffen (4 March 1916 - February 2002) was an English architectural journalist, historian, author and photographer specialising in British and American architecture. He was Professor Emeritus in the School of Architecture at Arizona State University.

Life and career
Marcus Whiffen was born in Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire on 4 March 1916, the son of Thomas Joseph Whiffen and Jessie Anne Hardy.

He graduated from Cambridge University with a BA in 1937, and then completed his MA in 1946.

Following his graduation, he joined The Architect and Building News in 1937. After the war, in 1946, he joined the Architectural Review (London) as assistant editor.

Whiffen moved to the United States in 1952, where he held lecturer positions at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then at the University of Texas. In 1954 he joined Colonial Williamsburg as architectural historian. He moved to Arizona State University in 1960 where he held various positions, and finally as Professor Emeritus. He corresponded extensively with several other leading architectural historians including Sir Nikolaus Pevsner, Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Sir John Summerson, plus architects including Walter Gropius, Paul Schweikher, and Bart Prince.

Whiffen served as director of the Society of Architectural Historians (1969-1971, 1975-1978) and director of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (1963-1968). His awards included the Society of Architectural Historians Annual Book Award for The Public Buildings of Williamsburg (1958) and the Arizona State University Alumni Association Faculty Achievement Award (1979).

Marcus Whiffen lived in a house designed for him in 1963 by architect (and Arizona State University colleague) Calvin C. Straub in the Arcadia district of Phoenix, Arizona. He died, aged 85, in Phoenix in February 2002.

Photographs by Marcus Whiffen are held at the Conway Library in the Courtauld, London, and are being digitised.

Select bibliography

 * Stuart and Georgian churches: the Architecture of the Church of England outside London 1603-1837.  Marcus Whiffen. B. T. Batsford, 1948. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
 * Thomas Archer: Architect of the English Baroque. Marcus Whiffen, Art & Technics, 1950.
 * The Architecture of Sir Charles Barry in Manchester and Neighbourhood. Marcus Whiffen.  Manchester, 1950.
 * An Introduction to Elizabethan and Jacobean Architecture. Marcus Whiffen. Art & Technics, 1952.
 * The Public Buildings of Williamsburg - colonial capital of Virginia - an architectural history. Marcus Whiffen. Williamsburg, Va. Colonial Williamsburg, 1958.
 * American Architecture, 1607-1976. Marcus Whiffen. Cambridge: MIT Pr. 1981. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>053
 * The Eighteenth-century houses of Williamsburg - a study of architecture and building in the colonial capital of Virginia.  Marcus Whiffen. Williamsburg, Va. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1983.
 * Pueblo deco: The art deco architecture of the Southwest. Marcus Whiffen and Carla Breeze. Albuquerque. University of New Mexico Press, c1984. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
 * American architecture since 1780: a guide to the styles.  Marcus Whiffen. Cambridge, Mass. London: MIT, 1992. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>570

title: Marcus Whiffen


text:
High School Mathematics Extensions/Mathematical Proofs/Solutions

Mathematical induction exercises
1.
 * Prove that 12 + 22 + ... + n2 = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
 * When n=1,
 * L.H.S. = 12 = 1
 * R.H.S. = 1*2*3/6 = 6/6 = 1
 * Therefore L.H.S. = R.H.S.
 * Therefore this is true when n=1.
 * Assume that this is true for some positive integer k,
 * i.e. 12 + 22 + ... + k2 = k(k+1)(2k+1)/6
 * $$\begin{matrix}1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + ... + k^2 & = & \frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6} \\ 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + ... + k^2 + (k+1)^2 & = & \frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6} + (k+1)^2 \\ \ & = & \frac{1}{6}(k+1) \left [ k(2k+1) + 6(k+1) \right ] \\ \ & = & \frac{1}{6}(k+1) \left [ 2k^2 + 7k + 6 \right ] \\ \ & = & \frac{(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)}{6}\end{matrix}$$
 * Therefore this is also true for k+1.
 * Therefore, by the principle of mathematical induction, this holds for all positive integer n.

2.
 * Prove that for n ≥ 1,
 * $$ (1 + \sqrt{5})^n = x_n + y_n\sqrt{5}$$
 * where xn and yn are integers.
 * When n=1,
 * $$1 + \sqrt{5} = x_1 + y_1\sqrt{5}$$
 * Therefore x1=1 and y1=1, which are both integers.
 * Therefore this is true when n=1.
 * Assume that this is true for some positive integer k,
 * i.e. $$ (1 + \sqrt{5})^k = x_k + y_k\sqrt{5}$$ where xk and yk are integers.
 * $$\begin{matrix} (1 + \sqrt{5})^k & = & x_k + y_k\sqrt{5} \\ (1 + \sqrt{5})^{k+1} & = & (x_k + y_k\sqrt{5})(1 + \sqrt{5}) \\ \ & = & x_k + y_k\sqrt{5} + x_k\sqrt{5} + 5y_k \\ \ & = & (x_k + 5y_k) + (x_k + y_k)\sqrt{5} \end{matrix}$$
 * Because xk and yk are both integers, therefore xk + 5yk and xk + yk are integers also.
 * Therefore this is true for k+1 also.
 * Therefore, by the principle of mathematical induction, this holds for all positive integer n.

3. (The solution assume knowledge in binomial expansion and summation notation)
 * Note that
 * $$\sum_{i=1}^n[i^k - (i-1)^k] = n^k$$
 * Prove that there exists an explicit formula for
 * $$\sum_{i=1}^ni^m$$ for all integer m. E.g.
 * $$1^3 + 2^3 + ... + n^3 = \frac{n^2(n+1)^2}{4}$$
 * It's clear that 11 + 21 + ... = (n+1)n/2. So the proposition is true for m=1.
 * Suppose that
 * $$\sum_{i=1}^ni^j$$
 * has an explicit formula in terms of n for all j < k (**), we aim to prove that
 * $$\sum_{i=1}^ni^k$$
 * also has an explicit formula.
 * Starting from the property given, i.e.
 * $$\sum_{i=1}^n[i^{k+1} - (i-1)^{k+1}] = n^{k+1}$$
 * $$\sum_{i=1}^n[i^{k+1} - \sum_{j=0}^{k+1} {k+1 \choose j} i^j] = n^{k+1}$$
 * $$\sum_{i=1}^n[i^{k+1} - {k+1 \choose k+1} i^{k+1} - \sum_{j=0}^k {k+1 \choose j} i^j] = n^{k+1}$$
 * $$\sum_{i=1}^n[\sum_{j=0}^k {k+1 \choose j} i^j] = n^{k+1}$$
 * $$\sum_{j=0}^k[\sum_{i=1}^n {k+1 \choose j} i^j] = n^{k+1}$$
 * $$\sum_{j=0}^k[{k+1 \choose j} \sum_{i=1}^n i^j] = n^{k+1}$$
 * Since we know the formula for power sum of any power less then k (**), we can solve the above equation and find out the formula for the k-th power directly.
 * Hence, by the principle of strong mathematical induction, this proposition is true.

Additional info for question 3
 The method employed in question 3 to find out the general formula for power sum is called the method of difference, as shown by that we consider the sum of all difference of adjacant terms.

Aside from the method above, which lead to a recursive solution for finding the general formula, there're also other methods, such as that of using generating function. Refer to the last question in the generating function project page for detail.


text:
scrofa

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sow female pig
 * 2)  a bitch, a whore
 * 1)  a bitch, a whore

Usage notes

 * Sometimes used pejoratively of a woman

Etymology
A non-Roman dialect form, originally "digger, rooter," from, from.

Noun

 * 1) sow female pig, especially one used for breeding

Descendants
(Inherited) (Borrowed)

title: scrofa


text:
Wedding of Crown Prince Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala and Sinaitakala Fakafanua

The wedding of Crown Prince Tupouto'a 'Ulukalala and Sinaitakala Fakafanua was held on 12 July 2012, at the Centennial Church in Nukuʻalofa, Tonga. Tongan Crown Prince Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala married Sinaitakala Fakafanua, his second cousin and 26th in line to the throne, during the ceremony.

The wedding marked the first marriage of a Tongan Crown Prince in sixty-five years. However, the union caused some controversy among Tongans, as the bride and groom are second cousins.

Background
Tupouto'a 'Ulukalala became Crown Prince of Tonga and first in line in royal succession in March 2012 following the death of King George Tupou V and the ascension of Tupou VI to the throne. The wedding ceremony marked the end of Tonga's one-hundred-day mourning period marking the death of George Tupou V, who died in March. The Crown Prince is the son of Tupou VI and the nephew of the late King George Tupou V.

All royal marriages in Tonga are arranged. Under Tongan royal protocol and tradition, members of the royal family may only marry members of Tongan nobility to maintain the royal bloodline. The bride, Sinaitakala Fakafanua, is also a member of the royal family and 26th person in the line of succession to inherit the throne.

Queen Nanasipau'u Tuku'aho, the wife of the current king, personally arranged the marriage between Crown Prince Tupouto'a 'Ulukalala and Sinaitakala Fakafanua. The queen pushed for a July wedding, even though the royal family must continue to wear black until February 2013 to mark George Tupou V's death. The queen's arrangement was reportedly opposed by her husband, King Tupou VI, who questioned whether it was appropriate for second cousins to marry.

The Prince was 27 years old at the time of the 2012 wedding, while the bride was 25 years old.

Ceremony
Earlier in the week, a Ma'utohi ceremony was held to mark the issuance of their marriage license. The Ma'utohi was followed by a reception, held at Fakafanua's home.

The wedding ceremony was held at the Centenary Church of the Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga in Nuku'alofa on 12 July 2012. Tupouto'a 'Ulukalala became the first Crown Prince to marry in sixty-five years. The groom wore grey and black morning dress, while the bride wore a long sleeve, lace wedding dress with a veil that reached the floor of the church.

More than 2,000 guests attended the ceremony, including chiefly families from Samoa and Fiji. Noticeably absent from the ceremony were queen mother Halaevalu Mataʻaho ʻAhomeʻe and her daughter (king's sister), Princess Pilolevu, who disapproved of the marriage.

Members of the international media visiting Tonga to cover the wedding were given detailed instructions on how to behave during the ceremony. Photography was banned in sacred areas, with the government warning that it would confiscate or delete any photos taken in prohibited places. Photographers were asked to sit on the ground and "stand up quickly" to take a photo before sitting back down. Female journalists could not wear sleeveless dresses or shirts and men were to wear suits and ties. Umbrellas, hats, and sunglasses were banned throughout the wedding, while gum, food and drinks were not allowed at the Tongan Royal Palace.

Controversy
The marriage between the Crown Prince and Fakafanua caused much controversy over the practice of marrying closely related cousins. The two of them are double second cousins (that is, Fakafanua's father and mother are each the first cousin of the prince's father). The wedding between the cousins was openly criticised by members of Tongan political and royal circles. A leader of New Zealand's Tongan community noted that there is no word for cousin in the Tongan language; cousins are considered and called "brother" or "sister", which reinforces the controversy among ordinary Tongans.

According to royal sources, King Tupou VI opposed the marriage due to their close relations and made his disapproval known to members of the royal family. (The king's wife, Queen Nanasipau'u, had arranged the royal wedding.) Two prominent members of the Tongan royal family, queen mother Halaevalu Mataʻaho ʻAhomeʻe and the king's sister, Princess Pilolevu refused to attend the ceremony. Daughter of Princess Pilolevu, Hon. Frederica Tuita, who is ninth in line to the throne, openly condemned the union, calling the royal arranged marriage "extremely arrogant and only perpetuated the motive behind social climbers."

Political figures and members of the Tongan community also weighed in on the controversy. Pro-democracy leader 'Akilisi Pohiva criticised the wedding, telling TVNZ, "They are too close...I do not know about biological effects of two close bloods mixed together, but I think they need new blood from outside." A leader of Tongans living in New Zealand, Will Ilolahia stated that many Tongans opposed the second cousins' marriage, but were unwilling to speak out publicly. Speculation also centred on possible genetic disorders that may result from a marriage of two close relatives.

Lord Vaea, an uncle of the Crown Prince, defended the marriage saying, "It's a new beginning for the royal household. They are both in their 20s, we are looking at that to preserve that constitutional monarchy within Tonga." A New Zealand geneticist noted that there is "only a slight risk" of genetic disorders for the offspring of cousins who marry.

In addition to the controversy over royal genetics, the wedding took place amid economic and political uncertainty. Tonga was projected to have the slowest economic growth in the Pacific Islands region during 2012. The royal family agreed to pay for the costs of the wedding; past weddings had been covered by the Tongan government. The government of Tonga may also face a potential vote of no confidence in the week following the wedding, adding to the country's political and economic woes.


text:
User:Nleibovici/Evaluate an Article

Evaluate an article
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article: ("Iron Man")
 * Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate.
 * I love Marvel characters and animations, specifically Iron Man.

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 * Guiding questions

 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
 * Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
 * Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

Lead evaluation

 * The Lead is decently put together. I'm a bit skeptical if the last sentence is necessary but it's open to suggestions.
 * The Lead mentions the main things descriptive of Iron Man but not all the things mentioned in the article.
 * The Lead is a bit short but it is descriptive enough.

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 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article's content relevant to the topic?
 * Is the content up-to-date?
 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?

Content evaluation

 * The article's content is up to date and its edit history is active with recent edits.
 * Last edit was just a few days ago!
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 * The article references many credible sources and has many in line citations
 * The talk page mentions some issues with protection for the page.
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Organization evaluation

 * The article is well written and very informative of the topic.
 * The article is organized with categories and subcategories
 * The Lead does not mention much of the biography or history of Iron Man so I can't say the article explains stuff or sections mentioned in the lead.

Images and Media

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
 * Are images well-captioned?
 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

Images and media evaluation

 * Yes, the article includes images but most of the images are from the comic series; not much from the movies or cartoons.
 * I recommend much more images! Yes, it may be hard to find pictures that are legally allowed by Wikipedia, but I think its vital.
 * Images should lure the reader in, not only for visual appreciation but for a better understanding of the topic.

Checking the talk page

 * Guiding questions

 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
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title: User:Nleibovici/Evaluate an Article


text:
User:Yunshui/decline understand

In order for us to lift the block, we need some indication that you really do understand the reason for it. Simply saying, "I understand the reason for the block" is meaningless without further explanation: anyone can claim to understand something, but a claim is not evidence. You need to explain, in your own words, why you were blocked and what steps you will take to ensure that the problems leading to the block will not be repeated.

title: User:Yunshui/decline understand


text:
Sarika Kale

Sarika Kale is an Indian kho kho player from Maharashtra. She became the captain of the Maharashtra women's state kho kho team in 2010, leading the team to three national championships. Selected for the India women's national kho kho team in 2015, she was named captain of the team before the 2016 South Asian Games. She led the team to victory in the South Asian Games and in the Third Asian Kho-Kho Championship, where she received the match winner award in the final against Bangladesh.

Coming from a poor family in the Osmanabad district, Kale struggled financially for years due to unemployment. Her achievements in kho kho have been recognised by the Government of Maharashtra and the Government of India. She was the recipient of her state's Shiv Chhatrapati Award in 2016 and the Arjuna Award in 2020.

Personal life
Kale was born in Umbre Kota village, Osmanabad district, Maharashtra. Hers was a very poor family and her father, mother, and grandmother made efforts to support her sporting career. She attended Shripatrao Bhosale High School in Osmanabad from first to twelfth grade, and attended Terna Mahavidyalaya in the city for her undergraduate programme. She received her postgraduate degree from Arts Science and Commerce College, Naldurg.

In 2016, she was struggling financially even as the captain of the national team and approached the Airports Authority of India for a job. She had also applied for a job in the Indian Railways in 2014 without success.

Career
Kale developed interest in kho kho and started playing it at the age of 10. Kho kho is one of the popular traditional sports of India, played across the country. Kale was selected for the Maharashtra women's state kho kho team in 2006 and has participated in 25 different national championships and tournaments with the team. She became the captain of the state team in 2010 and led it to three national championships.

In 2015, Kale joined the national team of India and was named captain of the team in 2016. The India team won the gold medal at the 2016 South Asian Games, held at Guwahati. At the Third Asian Kho-Kho Championship at Indore in April 2016, her team defeated Bangladesh in the final match by a score of 26–16, with Kale winning the match winner award. She received a cash prize of ₹51,000 for her performance in the championship.

Awards and honours
Kale has received numerous awards and recognition, including the Shiv Chhatrapati Award from the Government of Maharashtra. She was appointed Sports Officer of Tuljapur Tahsil after her success in the South Asian Games in 2016. In 2020, she received the Arjuna Award from the Government of India's Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in recognition of her achievements. She is the first woman athlete from the Marathwada region of Maharashtra to win the Arjuna Award, and the first kho kho player to win the award in 22 years; the last kho kho player to win the award was Shoba Narayan in 1998. Sudhanshu Mittal, the president of the Kho-Kho Federation of India, tweeted and called it a "greatest boost to indigenous games [in India]".

title: Sarika Kale


text:
User:Julianstout/Books/Neon

An overview

 * Overview
 * Neon

 * Isotopes
 * Isotopes of neon

 * Coumpounds
 * Neon compounds

 * Miscellany
 * Neon lamp
 * Neon sign

title: User:Julianstout/Books/Neon


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Derek Derenalagi

Derek Derenalagi

 * ... that former soldier Derek Derenalagi was pronounced dead in 2007, but will compete in the discus for Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Paralympics?
 * Reviewed: Alethea Sedgman
 * Comment: Could be saved for use during the Paralympics (29 August to 9 September 2012)

Created/expanded by Basement12 (talk). Self nom at 12:05, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol confirmed.svg QPQ done. No images to check. New enough.  Long enough.  Fully supported by inline citation.  Hook properly formatted. Plagiarism spot check shows no cause for concerns. Hook supported by article text which is supported by sources. Good to go. --LauraHale (talk) 02:17, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Please don't use "will compete..." on MainPage. That's crystal-balling. "Will" should be saved for things like the sun rising from the east tomorrow morning. An illness, injury or travel delays may prevent Derek from competing. How about: ALT1: ... that Derek Derenalagi, a discus thrower selected to represent Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, was pronounced dead in 2007? --PFHLai (talk) 20:56, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The hook is designed to be saved for the day of competition and should run on the main page at (more or less) the time he is actually competing. If anything changes before then it can be changed. But if the ALT is what the people want then go with that instead - Ba se me nt 12  (T.C) 22:56, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It's better to have a worry-free hook. When new info becomes available, we may or may not be lucky enough to have the time to fix things up. --PFHLai (talk) 05:54, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
Wang Hsing-hao

Wang Hsing-hao (born 5 June 1999) is a Taiwanese swimmer. In 2019, he represented Chinese Taipei at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships held in Gwangju, South Korea.

In 2018, he represented Chinese Taipei at the 2018 Asian Games held in Jakarta, Indonesia. He competed in the men's 200 metre individual medley and men's 400 metre individual medley events. He also competed in the men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay event.

In 2019, he won the bronze medal in the men's 200 metre individual medley event at the 2019 Summer Universiade in Naples, Italy.

title: Wang Hsing-hao


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Worldplus/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

All single-purpose accounts promoting a company named WorldPlus. Master is hardblocked so this is block evasion. GeneralNotability (talk) 15:39, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * If they aren't socks then they're working together. GeneralNotability (talk) 15:41, 13 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Syed Mohammed Madni Ashraf

The result was Wrong article. Wrong article. (non-admin closure)  scope_creep Talk  21:56, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

Syed Mohammed Madni Ashraf

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Fails WP:BIO and WP:SIGCOV. Presented references are name drops.  scope_creep Talk  21:55, 23 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Wallangra, New South Wales

Wallangra is a village in New South Wales, Australia. In the, the village had a population of 99 people.

title: Wallangra, New South Wales


text:
Talk:List of Big Hero 6: The Series episodes

spelling
Hey! New to editing, but I noticed a few spelling/grammar errors and did a quick edit for you. Not done: I also noticed in the 'Notes' section theres another one-'Swedon' to 'Sweden' which I don't know how to edit, so somebody should probably address that. Good luck getting the page published, and bless you for writing it. --Magmadragons (talk) 20:15, 24 September 2019 (UTC) MAgmadragons; September 24th 2019
 * thanks for telling did the spell check in the notes Fanoflionking  13:27, 27 September 2019 (UTC)