text:
User:Meeshmoo/sandbox

Domestic violence In Canada often referred to interchangeably as family violence is a serious problem that is defined by actual or threaten physical or sexual abuse by a current or former partner; as well emotional, psychological, criminal harassment as well as threats to children, other family member, pets and property. Children and elders are also at risk of becoming victims of domestic violence; children are also at risk of viewing domestic violence that will negatively affect them. Although men also experience domestic violence women are reported to be twice as likely to be victims of family violence as men. Younger woman and aboriginal women are reported to be victims of domestic or family violence than other groups in Canada as are women with disabilities. In times of economic downturn and natural disasters rates or domestic violence increases. Although domestic violence has decreased over time in Canada it is likely that almost 70% of abuse goes unreported to the police. In Canada there are no specific offences in the Criminal Code regarding domestic violence but the acts that are considered to be domestic violence are criminal offences; each province has their own legislation regarding family violence and domestic violence.

Forms of Violence
Domestic violence can be one incident but can also be part of larger pattern of abuse. Domestic violence is more than just physical abusse against a partner. There are several forms of violence that are considered to be domestic violence.

Physical
Physical abuse includes pushing, hitting, pinching, strangling or any other intentional use of force against a person that does not consent. Physical abuse can cause pain or injury that can last for a long time but does not have to. Acts that are defined as physical abuse are crimes in Canada. In Canada half of women have experience at least one incident of physical or sexual violence since the age of 16 and 67% of Canadians report knowing a victim of physical or sexual violence personally.

Sexual
Sexual abuse is any sexual contact with a person that does not consent to sexual contact. This includes forcing sexual contact on an intimate partner. Married spouses cannot be forced to have sexual contact against their will. Although both men an women re victims of sexual abuse in Canada 92% of the victims are women. Young women, women with disabilities, Aboriginal women, and women who have low-incomes or unemployed are at a greater risk of sexual abuse. Girls under the age of 18 are five times more likley than boys to be victims of sexual abuse and four times more likely to be abused by a family member. Special laws are also in place to protect children from sexual abuse or sexual contact.

Emotional
Emotional abuse pr psychological abuse is when someone uses words and actions to control another person. This is also called psychological abuse and can be but not limited to threats, insults, isolating them from friends and family, destroying property or bullying them. Name-calling or being put down by a partner has been reported as the most common form of emotional abuse. In 2009 it was reported that close to 1 in 5 Canadians 15 or older had been emotionally or financially abused by a partner. Not all of the acts considered to be emotional abuse is not considered to be criminal acts. Emotional abuse is not limited to happening within an intimate relationship, emotional abuse also happens to children when words are used to control, frighten, isolate or take away a child's self worth. Although emotionl abuse does not leave lasting marks on children the effects are long lasting and may escalate over their lifetimes.

Financial
Financial abuse is the illegal use of someone’s money or property to control that person, including pressuring someone for the money or to sign documents. Financial abuse also occurs when a person is not allowed access to the family money in order to meet their or children's basic needs or being prevented from working. Older adults are at the highest risk to become victims of financial abuse.

Neglect
Neglect is the failing to take care of another person that is dependent on the adult for their safety and care. Older Canadians are at risk for neglect as they often are dependent on their adult children to take care of them in so capacity. Children who are also dependent on their parents for their basic necessities are at risk of being victims of neglect.

Types of Violence
Domestic Violence is most often associated with Intimate Partner violence, domestic or family violence however does occur between other family members outside of an intimate relationship.

Intimate Partner
Intimate Partner violence is any abuse that happens between a couple in a relationship married or dating. Intimate partner violence can continue even after the relationship has ended. This kind of abuse can include but not limited to controlling what they wear, choosing who they can talk to, or where they can go and do. Of the violent crimes that are reported to the police in Canada one in four of them are intimate partner violence. Young Canadians have the highest rate of being victims of intimate partner violence. In 2014 67 of the 83 people killed by their intimate partners were women. This means that women are four times as likely to be killed by their partners than men are. Homicides commitied by legally married partners, former or current, has been decreasing in the last 20 years. Homicides that were committed by common-law partners and opposite-sex partners has been increasing over the same amount of time. Homicides committed in same-sex relationships has remained at the same rate since the data has been collected.

Child Abuse and Neglect
Child abuse and neglect includes physical, emotional, sexual and neglect. Since in Canada domestic and family violence are often used interchangeably, child abuse and neglect fall under domestic violence. Approximately 30% of the children or youth of policed-reported violent crimes had the violence perpetrated by a family member. Although children can be abuse by friends, acquaintances or strangers 26% of the perpetrators of serious violence against children are family members. Since younger children are more depend on their parents as caregivers they are at higher risk of being victimized. As children get older the rate of the violence reported given that the child has more contacts outside of the family. When children see or hear violence in their own families is also considered to be child abuse. Witnessing family violence can be as harmful for the children as experiencing it themselves. Children who grow up in homes where they are witness to domestic violence are at a greater risk of being in an abusive relationship later on in life. Exposure to family violence and abuse also affects children brain development. Certain kinds of abuse is listen in the Criminal Code which is applied Canada while other child protection laws are determined by province of territory.

Elder Abuse
Elder Abuse is when a family member, caregiver or friend takes action or fails to act in a way that causes harm or risk to an older adult. Elder refers to any Canadian that is over 65 years of age. One third of all violent crimes that are committed against elder adults are from family members. Violence that is committed against older adults are most often committed by a grown adult child or spouse of the victim. 60% of senior victims were female and common assault was the most common reported violence against seniors. Family related homicide against seniors has dropped approximately in half since 1985 in comparison to 2015. Seniors have the lowest rates of violence in comparison to every other age group.

Laws
There are no specific offenses laid out in the criminal code many of the acts that qualify as domestic or family violence are illegal. Physical and sexual violence such as assault, kidnapping, sexual assault, child pornography, homicide and trafficking which are aspects of family or domestic violence are covered in the criminal code. Criminal harassment, abandoning of children and theft of person holding power of attorney are also crimes related to domestic violence that are outlined in the criminal code. Laws to protect victims appear in the criminal code to allow no contact between victim and the accuse, putting limits on the ability for conditional sentences to be worked out in the community and to consider offences against spouses or partner, abuse of those under 18, and abuse by those in power as "aggravating factors" in sentencing. Provincial and Territorial governments make their own laws regarding family violence and prosecute most of the offences.

Alberta
Alberta has several acts that have to do with domestic and family violence which mostly has to deal with children's safety. The Child, Youth and Family Enhancement Act which deals with the need for protective services and child intervention for children who are in unsafe situations. Drug-endangered Children Act was proclaimed to be in force in November 2006 in order to protect children that were being exposed to adult activities regarding drugs. Protection Against Family Violence Act aims to protect all family members, including seniors and child, from violence. The act also adresses emotional or verbal abuse when it has caused reasonable fear that physical violence will occur. The act also introduced new types of court orders in regards to protection for the victim. Protection of Sexually Exploited Children Act protects children that are engaged or attempting to engage in prostitution as victims of sexual abuse, in this act it protects people up the age of 23 in some capacities.

British Colombia
Child, Family and Community Service Act requires that anyone who believes a child is being abused, in need of protection or being neglected to report it to the Ministry of Children and Family Development. Victims of domestic violence are able to obtain a protection order from the court as well as temporary custody of children if the police and courts believe it be necessary.

Manitoba
Domestic Violence and Stalking Act in Manitoba provides victims of domestic violence and stalking to be able to take action, this act is not only for intimate relationships but for all family members and allows for the application on behalf of minors. The act also establishes Protection and Prevention orders for victims as well as allows them to sue those stalking them. A bill in Manitoba has been put forward to give victims of domestic violence time off from their jobs when leaving those situations. The Child and Family Services Act is in place to help children that are in need of protection. The Act protects the rights of children as well as parents when a child is being taken into protective custody. While criminal cases the needs to be proof beyond a reasonable doubt courts determined the need for protection based on a balance of probabilities.

New Brunswick
New Brunswick introduced the Intimate Partner Violence Intervention Act in early 2017 in efforts to help curb intimate partner violence. The proposed legislation gives victims more tools for their safety when they leave unsafe situations. . New Brunswick also has Family Services Act  which is too look out for the best interest of the children.

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador has the Family Violence Protection Act provides new forms of Emergancy Protection Orders to help victims of family violence, adults and children are protected under this act. Family Violence Protection Act aims to fill in the gaps for victims that the Criminal Code leaves out. . Children and Youth Care and Protection Act is also in place which governs child protection and strengthens services for youth, children and their families. Adult Protection Act helps to protect adults that are at risk of abuse or neglect.

Northwest Territories
Protection Against Family Violence Act in Northwest Territories came into force in 2005 and provides emergency protection to victims of domestic violence, defines family violence and allows for others to apply for a protection order on behalf of someone else.  Child and Family Services Act for the Northwest Territories recognizes that families are entitled to know thier rights and how they affect them but the decisions should be made with the best interests of te child in mind.

Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia's Domestic Violence Intervention Act creates a system of orders that allow victims of domestic violence in an expedited manner when there have been a number of different reasons such as assault, threats that create reasonable fear, sexual assault or physical confinement. In the Act the victim must be at least 16 years of age and the violence has come from someone they live with or are partners with. Nova Scotia's Children and Family Services Act protect children when they have been abused and neglected or at serious threat of being abused and neglected. this also requires that anyone who is aware of these things that are happening to report them.

Nunavut
Nunavut's  Family Abuse Intervention Act passed in 2006 allows a justice of the peace to forcibly remove the abusive family member from the home. The Act includes Inuit societal values into the legislation. In addition to the Family Abuse Intervention Act here is also the Child and Family Services Actwhich states children deserve to live without abuse or neglect and laws that help with that protection.

Ontario
Domestic Violence Protection Act in Ontario defines domestic violence beyond just physical assault and can happen between anyone who is or was in an intimate relationship. Child and Family Services Act governs the programs and services regarding but not limited to child welfare, adoption in Ontario, youth justice services and secure treatment. This act comes up every five years for review and repoted to the public.

Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island has the Victims of Family Violence Act which focuses on the needs of the victims to allow them to stay in their homes and enables the justice system provide a more effective response to family violence. This act allows two different ways to provide victims of family violence protection, short term Emergency Protection Order which has a maximum 90 day span and longer term protection with the Victim Assistance Order. Child Protection Act in Prince Edward Island sets out to protect children from abuse and neglect, have their views heard in decisions that affect them, and it is the responsibility of family, community and province to prevent child abuse and neglect among other goals.

Quebec
The Youth Protection Act Quebec protects youth under 18 years of age that have their development or security is at risk. All decisions have to be in the best interest of the child or youth and respect their rights. All decisions must aim to keep the child in the family and inform the family and youth of any decisions.

Saskatchewan
The Victims of Interpersonal Violence Act formally the Victims of Domestic Violence Act was the fist legislation of the kind introduced in Canada. The act applies to any victim who suffers from domestic violence from another cohabitant, however the relationship does not have to be in an intimate relationship and can extend to other familial relationships. When a victim cannot file a protection order for themselves it can be file on their behalf allowing the police to examine the situation. The Child and Family Services Act stresses the need to protect children from abuse and neglect and requires to have the abuse reported if someone becomes aware of it.

Yukon
The Yukon has its own Family Violence Protection Act to allow victims of domestic violence emergency intervention orders and to fill in some of the spaces left by Canadian Criminal Code.

title: User:Meeshmoo/sandbox


text:
Talk:On the Rocks: A Political Comedy

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Porridge (TV series) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 06:44, 20 July 2019 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:On the Rocks: A Political Comedy


text:
User:Tokyoyo/Frank Bartoletti

Frank Bartoletti (born Feb 04, 1960), also known as Bart is a Canadian musician, producer, and guitarist best known for his tenure with Canadian rock band Slash Puppet He was born in Toronto, Ontario.

Early career
Bartoletti began singing at age five inspired by Elvis Presley. In October 2006 he received a bursary award from the York Region Media Group Celebration of the Arts, and as of 2010 has performed at over 830 events including; the Semaine Italienne Festival in Montreal, Quebec the SOS Abruzzo-Earthquake Relief gala, the Montreal Jazz Festival and the Calgary UNICEF charity gala.

While attending St. Elizabeth Catholic High School Panetta collaborated with classical vocalist Natalie Choquette for her record "Terra Mia" and that same year performed at the Beaches Jazz Festival in Toronto making him one of the youngest performers to ever take the stage at the event.

In 2008 Panetta was signed by former Canadian Idol judge Farley Flex and after recording a short demo CD released his first independent pop-rock record titled "Unleashed" in 2011. A year later in 2012 he was selected to perform at the "Una Voce per Padre Pio" (A Voice for Padre Pio in the World) tribute concert in Pietrelcina, Italy honoring the late Luciano Pavarotti. Following the Italian tribute concert and a performance at the Brampton Powerade Centre, he released his second independent record titled "The Closer I Get"

Musical style
Although classically trained in both opera and jazz, Panetta lends himself to a variety of different genres including; pop-rock, alternative rock and folk. In addition to English, he sings in Italian, French, Spanish and German.

Personal life
Currently residing in Toronto, Ontario, Panetta graduated from Humber College in 2013.

Discography

 * With Slash Puppet
 * The Demo (1989)
 * Slash Puppet (1993)
 * No Strings Attached (1993)
 * With Hanover Fist
 * Hanover Fist (1984)

title: User:Tokyoyo/Frank Bartoletti


text:
Talk:Laughter in the Dark (novel)

Margot's Age IIRC isn't she 16, not 18 when they first meet? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tricksterson (talk • contribs) 18:26, 14 May 2011 (UTC) --she is in fact 16, and I corrected the mistake with her age.

It seems to be commonly cited that Margot is 16 when she first meets Albinus, but looking back through the sequence when her early life is described I think it's clear she must be somewhat older (at least 17). It's certainly never stated that she is 16 when she meets Albinus. Starting from page 16 of my penguin edition (1969), the baseline for her age is given as 16 - "When she was barely sixteen she became friendly with the girl who server behind the counter of of a small stationary shop". Some time passes before she becomes an artists' model - "Next winter the shopgirl's sister introduced her to Frau Levandovsky ... first Margot posed in the classroom of a girls' art school, then later on, in a real studio" (page 19). She is introduced to Rex, who leaves her - and then makes money out of various elderly partners. One "pays for her room till November and had also given her enough money to buy a fur coat" (page 25) - and this lasts until spring: "She sold the fur coat and the money kept her until the spring". It's only after this (an unspecified time later, after she has changed logings) that she begins work in the cinema and meets Albinus. It seems clear that (at least) a year - winter to winter - has passed since she was "barely sixteen". Have I missed anything? I'm going to be bold and change it to 17. More broadly, the comparisons with Lolita can be exaggerated - while there are some sequences which are tonally similar (like Albinus watching Margot practice acting), it's really it's own story. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:21, 15 May 2015 (UTC)

Dubious Assertions
Describing Rex as Margot's molester seems a bit much in that she very willingly enters into a relationship with him. Also, describing her relationship with Albinus (one of literature's biggest suckers) as "mutually parasitic" is inaccurate in that the exploitation is all on her and Rex's part--whatever her age, Margot is not victimized by Albinus as Lolita was by Humbert Humbert. Finally, the central relationship of this novel has little resemblance to that of Ada. Van, the male protagonist of the latter, does sleep with some very young prostitutes, but the great love of his life, Ada, is only two years younger than he is, and the relationship is not depicted as parasitic on either of their parts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:27, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laughter in the Dark (novel)


text:
Talk:Don Lydon

Fair use rationale for Image:Irish Senator Don Lydon.jpg
Image:Irish Senator Don Lydon.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:58, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Previous editing
This article has all the hallmarks of suspicious editing. Anon IP removing cited material e.g. headlock incident. Registered users who only edit this article, seems someone wants Donny boy, cast in a favourable light. I will be keeping a close eye on this article. Avanti! Snappy56 (talk) 12:11, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
 * As if to prove my point, shortly after I tidied up this article, a newly registered user who has never edited any other articles (and there are 2 million of them!) deleted cited material about the Mahon Tribunal. I wonder if the anon IP and new editors have any connection to FF and/or Lydon? Curious!Snappy56 (talk) 23:43, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071119022548/http://www.planningtribunal.ie/images/SITECONTENT_476.pdf to http://www.planningtribunal.ie/images/SITECONTENT_476.pdf/

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External links modified
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title: Talk:Don Lydon


text:
Mónica Messa

Mónica Messa López (born 7 October 1966) is a former Spanish basketball player, captain of the Spanish team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. She won the gold medal at the 1993 European Championship.

Club career
Born and raised in Madrid, she started playing basketball with school club Colegio Alameda de Osuna, and then she played at Real Canoe NC from her junior years to her debut in the Liga Femenina de Baloncesto, where she won 3 consecutive titles from 1984 to 1986.

As one of the most promising young players of her time, she got transferred to the Caja Toledo - BEX Banco Exterior project, with other young Spanish prospects in order to prepare for the 1992 Summer Olympics.

National team
She made her debut with Spain women's national basketball team at the age of 19. She played with the senior team for 10 years, from 1985 to 1995, with a total of 185 caps and 4.3 PPG. She participated in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, and four European Championships:
 * 7th 1982 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women (youth)
 * 8th 1983 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship for Women (youth)
 * 4th 1984 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship for Women (youth)
 * 7th 1985 FIBA Under-19 World Championship for Women (youth)
 * 10th 1985 Eurobasket
 * 6th 1987 Eurobasket
 * 5th 1992 Summer Olympics
 * Gold_medal_europe.svg 1993 Eurobasket
 * 9th 1995 Eurobasket

title: Mónica Messa


text:
User:Robert Horning

pt:Usuário:Robert Horning I'm a software engineer who thinks that Wikibooks has a huge potential to do some good in this world. There are a few thing that I know about that are not in "common" knowledge, and I intend to write some wikibooks to help people out that are trying to learn these subjects.

 * Here are some opinions that I have regarding what some basic policies for Wikibooks ought to be like.
 * A little area I am using to experiment with various editing styles and minor projects.
 * An entire Wikibook at once WARNING: this Wikibook takes a very long time to load on most browsers.
 * Watch List - This is a list of Wikibooks that need some special attention.
 * /Bookshelf Reorganization/ - This is more my vision on how the bookshelves ought to be revised. Feel free to discuss and rearrange as necessary, but this is only a proposal at the moment.

Because sometimes the stuff I write is quite POV, and perhaps heated, I've started a new blog about the open source textbook movement. If you are interested in reading some of my opinions, please check it out here:

http://bookcraft.blogspot.com/

As this site is definitely not owned by the Wikimedia Foundation, it would be harder to remove content from this blog by the WMF or its board of trustees. Still, I intend to mainly concentrate on Wikibooks and general open textbook issues with this forum. If you want to join the "team" of fellow bloggers to add a post to this blog, please let me know.

Some Wikibooks that I'm currently working on:

 * Programming:Serial Data Communications (something I've started)
 * Wikijunior Solar System
 * MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook
 * AP Computer Science
 * State of the Project/2006
 * History of Wikibooks
 * GBA Development
 * Scratch
 * Colors

Here are some tools that I find useful:

 * Wikibooks maintenance

title: User:Robert Horning


text:
徘徊

Etymology
A reduplicative, ideophonic compound in Old Chinese.

Compare,.

Verb

 * 1) to pace back and forth; to walk to and fro; to wander
 * 2)  to linger; to hover around; to be reluctant to leave
 * 3)  to hesitate; to dither; to waver
 * 4)  to oscillate; to fluctuate; to vary (between two values)
 * 1)  to linger; to hover around; to be reluctant to leave
 * 2)  to hesitate; to dither; to waver
 * 3)  to oscillate; to fluctuate; to vary (between two values)
 * 1)  to oscillate; to fluctuate; to vary (between two values)

Synonyms

Noun

 * 1) prowling

Verb

 * 1) to prowl, to wander, to loiter

title: 徘徊


text:
Penny Martin

Penny Martin is an editor, writer, and curator. As of 2009 she is the editor-in-chief of the women’s magazine The Gentlewoman.

Early life and education
Penny Martin grew up in St Andrews and was educated at Madras College. Her interest in art was cultivated by her mother and stepfather who worked as an art teacher and a history teacher and theatre critic respectively. Martin graduated from Glasgow University with a degree in art history in addition to completing a course in museum studies at Manchester University. She pursued doctoral studies at the Royal College of Art.

Career
Prior to her work in fashion, Martin worked part-time at the Fawcett Library. She also worked as a curator of photographs in the collections of The National Museum of Photography, Film & Television. Her media career started in 2001 after Nick Knight invited her to work as editor of SHOWstudio.com. Over seven years there, she commissioned and executed interactive, motion and live fashion projects for the Internet. Martin collaborated with many figures in fashion and design, including Alexander McQueen, Peter Saville, Kate Moss, Hussein Chalayan and the estate of Erwin Blumenfeld. In 2008, Martin returned to academia as the Chair of Fashion Media at London College of Fashion, University of the Arts London. She curated two exhibitions there during 2009, at The Photographers’ Gallery and at Somerset House. She is a member of the development committee of Studio Voltaire and a trustee of the National Trust for Scotland.

The Gentlewoman
When Jop van Bennekom and Gert Jonkers, the Dutch founder-owners of men’s magazines BUTT and Fantastic Man, wanted to establish a women's magazine, they invited Martin to join them. The Gentlewoman launched in 2010. "With a publication that's produced by as few people as ours," she explained about The Gentlewoman, "you can take a lot of risks, so of course it's going to be about your personal tastes." Martin is also a regular contributor to Fantastic Man and The Happy Reader.

Awards
In 2016, Martin received the British Society of Magazine Editors Editor of the Year award in the Women’s Brand – Monthly or Less Frequent category.

title: Penny Martin


text:
User:ShriRoshanKumar/Bhup Narayan Yadav

Life
Bhup Narayan Yadav (born 05 February 1979)  also people call his "Pramukh", is a politician. He won elections to the Block Pramukh in 2000, 2005, 2013 and in 2019 from Pratapganj. Bhup Narayan Yadav became one of the 'Youngest Pramukh of Bihar in 2000.

He is Panchayat Samiti since 2000, 5 times continuously.

Bhup Narayan Yadav was born on 05 February 1979 in a Middle family in Belhi village, Pratapganj, Supaul, Bihar. He completed graduation in Political Science from B N Mandal University, Madhepura.

title: User:ShriRoshanKumar/Bhup Narayan Yadav


text:
Τυνδαρίς

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) a daughter of Tyndareus; a female Tyndarid
 * 2) Tyndaris, a city in Sicily

Descendants

 * Greek:
 * plural:
 * (plural Tyndarides)
 * plural:
 * (plural Tyndarides)

title: Τυνδαρίς


text:
Talk:Electronics/Inductors

The article currently says
 * ... air-core (only a coil of wire), iron-core, and ferrite core. Iron and ferrite types are more efficient because they conduct the magnetic field much better than air...

I suppose it depends on what you mean by "efficient". If you're trying to get a high inductance value with the least amount of copper wire (least cost), then yes, air-core will use the most wire (and cost the most), making it the least "efficient". On the other hand, if by "efficient" you mean "high Q factor -- dissipates the least amount as heat", then air-core is the *most* "efficient". Right ?

Maybe there's a different way of saying this without using the ambiguous word "efficient".

-- DavidCary 02:09, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * i would think its talking about transformers... - Omegatron 04:57, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I think you're right. Should I move that text to Electronics/Transformers ? -- DavidCary 00:03, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I guess. - Omegatron 18:22, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

diagrams
I changed the images from this:

to this:

so that it is consistent with the other articles. but i am biased, because i made them. so use whichever you want. Sorry I didn't realize the extension was case sensitive. - Omegatron 13:21, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

L=B/I? Never come across this before, but it may be true. If B=uH and H=NI then this comes to L=uN. This is something like true but there are usually some other complexities...

how do inductors really work ?
Should this page go into the physics of what happens to electrons inside an inductor ?

I starting writing about why inductors work (for anyone curious about the physics behind them): "Whenever an electron is accelerated...", then I realized I wasn't really sure myself. Even though I'm an EE and I know all about how inductors work. Why do inductors work ? What's going on with the individual electrons ? (Should I stick with a "magnetic fields" explanation, or with a Feynman Q.E.D. "electrons and photons" explanation ?) Is that really appropriate for "electronics" ? Or should we put that sort of detail over at (currently non-existent) http://wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics:Magnetic_Induction_and_Inductors ?

-- DavidCary 00:01, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * what is the electrons and photons explanation? i would just say that the electrons have a net drift velocity that causes a net magnetic field, and when the voltage changes the magnetic field is pushing them in the direction they were already going, so they have a kind of inertia.  i guess i don't really have a good way of explaining it either.  i guess this comes back to the question about who our target audience is, too. - Omegatron 18:22, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I've read the book Q.E.D. by http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?RichardFeynman WikiPedia:Richard_Feynman. In it, he describes how electrons and photons "really" interact (at least according to [WikiPedia:Quantum_electrodynamics]). In his explanation, there is no such thing as a "magnetic field" or "waves". There are only particles (with "quantum characteristics"). A "electrons and photons" explanation of electrostatics is simple. Off the top of my head: ''Every charged particle constantly spews out virtual (?) photons equally in all directions. Whenever a photon hits another charged particle of the *same* charge, it is absorbed and the momentum transfer pushes that particle "away" from the first charged particle. Whenever a photon hits another charged particle of the *opposite* charge, it is absorbed and the momentum transfer pulls that particle "towards" the first charged particle.'' See ? notice there is no electric "field", only particles.

I'd like a similar explanation for the inductor (no magnetic "field", only particles). I suspect it would go something like this: ''Say we have 2 close parallel wires carrying streams of electrons in the *same* direction. If you could fly close to the wires at the same (average) speed as the electrons, you would see electrons randomly bouncing around with zero average velocity, but the nucleus (including the protons) streaming by. Because of special relativity length contraction, the protons appear to be packed closer together in their direction of travel. Since the protons are packed more densely than the electrons, the electrons in the other wire are *attracted* to the (apparent) net average positive charge. Similarly, when parallel wires carry currents in the *opposite direction ... the wires repel each other." Is that going the right direction, or is it totally wrong ? (EditHint: feel free to *move* this comment to a more appropriate place -- perhaps one of the physics books). -- DavidCary 05:19, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Pretty weird. :-)  Aren't they both equally valid ways of thinking about the same phenomena though?  I think it is more appropriate for the physics book, and we should link to it after a basic classical description in our book.  The focus is on building circuits, not on the physics involved, but we do have to explain enough physics for them to know what their circuits are doing... - Omegatron 14:41, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Briefly explain. But seriously, it's starting to look less introductory with the barrage of formulae. Jimli536 (discuss • contribs) 16:36, 16 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electronics/Inductors


text:
Talk:Lanús

i have removed the reference to Diego Maradona, as he has actually born in Villa Fiorito (Lomas de Zamora), not in Lanus

title: Talk:Lanús


text:
tranquilizar

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to tranquilise; to calm down cause to become less excited, intense or angry
 * 2) to tranquilise to use a drug to sedate a person or animal
 * 1) to tranquilise to use a drug to sedate a person or animal

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to calm, calm down
 * 2) to sedate
 * 1) to sedate

title: tranquilizar


text:
Talk:Eastern Counties Railway

Dates
There seems to be a conflict between this article and Devonshire Street railway station which says Devonshire Street railway station opened in which 1839. This says the first terminus was Mile End opened in 1839 and then the year later Devonshire Street railway station became the terminus, all while Bishopsgate/Shoreditch was abuilding.--SilasW (talk) 20:02, 13 November 2009 (UTC)--SilasW (talk) 20:04, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Class
"class=start"? Who does these ratings? The article isn't perfect, but it's a jolly sight better than class=start. Afterbrunel (talk) 10:27, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * The guide is linked in the WikiProject banner at the top, it's the words "quality scale". Anybody may assess an article up to and including B-class without consulting anybody else. The criteria for B-class are fairly rigid, see WP:BCLASS, but below that there is considerable leeway. Above B-class, the GA, A and FA ratings all require discussion with at least one other person besides compliance with strict criteria - see WP:WIAGA, WP:ACLASS and WP:WIAFA. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 23:01, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Afterbrunel (talk) 11:36, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eastern Counties Railway


text:
Ratmir Kholmov

Ratmir Dmitrievich Kholmov (Russian: Ратмир Дмитриевич Холмов) (13 May 1925 in Shenkursk – 18 February 2006 in Moscow) was a Russian chess Grandmaster. He won many international tournaments in Eastern Europe during his career, and tied for the Soviet Championship title in 1963, but lost the playoff. Kholmov was not well known in the West, since he never competed there during his career peak, being confined to events in socialist countries. His chess results were impressive, so this may have been for security reasons, as Kholmov had been a wartime sailor. But he was one of the strongest Soviet players from the mid-1950s well into the 1970s, and was ranked as high as No. 8 in the world by Chessmetrics.com from August 1960 to March 1961. Kholmov stayed active in competitive chess right to the end of his life, and maintained a high standard of play past the age of 80.

Early years
Kholmov learned chess at age 12, and was near Master strength within three years. He served as a sailor in the Soviet merchant marine during World War II, sailing mainly the Northern Arctic route. In 1945, he took 5th in Tula. In 1946, he won in Zhdanovichi (Belarus). In 1947, he took 4th in the 13th Belarusian championship. Later that year, he made his first high-level appearance at the Mikhail Chigorin Memorial, Moscow 1947, scoring 5½/15 against a powerful international field. In 1948, Kholmov won the next BLR-ch in 1948, unbeaten, with 11½/13.

Kholmov qualified for his first Soviet final in 1948, Moscow URS-ch16, scoring 8½/18 for 12th place, where the winners were David Bronstein and Alexander Kotov. He had to return to the Soviet semifinal level at Tbilisi 1949, where he placed 3rd with 10½/17 to advance. At Moscow URS-ch17, 1949, he showed solid improvement, finishing tied 9th–10th with 10/19, as Bronstein and Vasily Smyslov won.

In 1950, he took 3rd in Pärnu, 7th in Tbilisi, and tied 4th–5th in the Spartak Club Championship. He missed Finals qualifying at Tartu 1950 (URS-ch18sf) with 9½/15 for fifth place. In 1954, he took 2nd, behind Vladas Mikėnas in Vilnius (Quadrangular). Kholmov won, or tied for 1st, in the Lithuanian championships in 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, and 1960, making a total of ten outright or shared Lithuanian titles. This consistent success meant that he could be a full-time chess professional.

International debut
Kholmov made his international debut at Bucharest 1954 with a tied 3rd–4th place, on 11/17, as Viktor Korchnoi won. He placed 6th at Kiev 1954 in the URS-ch21 with 10½/19, with Yuri Averbakh winning; this heralded his arrival in the Soviet elite. FIDE awarded Kholmov the International Master (IM) title in 1954. He tied for 3rd–6th places at Leningrad 1955–56 with 10½/18, as Vladimir Antoshin won. Kholmov tied for 1st–2nd places at Dresden 1956 with Averbakh on 12/15. He earned the International Master title for this. A very solid tied 5th–7th place at URS-ch23 in Leningrad 1956, with 10½/17, reinforced his high-echelon status. He maintained this standard at the next Soviet final, URS-ch24 at Moscow 1957, with 6th place on 12½/21. He placed 2nd at Szczawno-Zdrój 1957 with 11/15 behind winner Efim Geller. Kholmov won the Soviet semifinal at Tashkent 1958 with 11½/15, ahead of Korchnoi and Geller. His first clear international title was at Balatonfüred 1959, where he scored 10/13 to edge Wolfgang Uhlmann. In the URS-ch26 at Tbilisi 1959, Kholmov continued his improvement at the top Soviet level with a tied 4th–5th place, with 12/19, as Tigran Petrosian won.

Grandmaster
Kholmov scored one of the best results of his career with a tied 1st–2nd, along with Smyslov, at the Moscow International 1960 with 8½/11. The same year FIDE awarded him the Grandmaster (GM) title. He won the Soviet semifinal at Novgorod 1961 with 13/16. In Baku, at URS-ch29 (December 1961), he scored 11/20 to tie for 8th–11th places. He was clear first at Bucharest 1962 with 11½/15, ahead of Vladislav Shianovsky. He tied for 2nd–4th places in the Spartak Championship at Minsk 1962 with 11/17, behind Anatoly Bannik. Kholmov won at Kecskemét 1962 with 11/15, ahead of Lajos Portisch and László Szabó, who tied for 2nd–3rd places. He placed 4th in the URS-ch30 at Yerevan 1962 with 13/19, a point behind champion Korchnoi.

In 1963 he shared 1st–3rd, with Boris Spassky and Leonid Stein, at Leningrad at the 31st Soviet Chess Championships. Stein prevailed in the three man playoff. Consequently, Kholmov is arguably the strongest player of the era ranging from the 1940s through the 1960s to never hold the title of Soviet Champion. (Isaac Boleslavsky is the only other player of Kholmov's strength in that period to never hold the title.) At Sochi 1964, Kholmov tied 2nd–3rd places with 10/15, behind winner Nikolai Krogius. Then Kholmov suffered perhaps his greatest career disappointment in the Soviet Zonal tournament, Moscow 1964, where he scored 6/12 for 4th in a super-strong field, but fell one place short of advancing to the Interzonal stage. At Kiev in the URS-ch32 (1964/65), Kholmov tied 5th–6th places with 11½/19, as Korchnoi won. He made a notable result at Havana 1965 with 5th place on 14½/21, as Smyslov won, but Kholmov defeated Bobby Fischer and finished undefeated in the tournament. At Tbilisi 1966/67 for URS-ch34, he scored 10/20 to tie for 10th–12th places, as Stein won again.

Kholmov moved to Moscow in 1967 and lived there for the rest of his life. He won at Belgrade 1967 with 6½/9. One of his best career results was 2nd in a very strong field at Leningrad 1967 with 12/16, behind Korchnoi. He was 4th in an excellent field at Skopje 1967 with 11½/17, as Fischer won. Kholmov won at Havana 1968 with a powerful 12/14, ahead of Stein and Alexey Suetin.

His play in the next four Soviet finals continued to be strong. At Alma-Ata 1968/69 for URS-ch36, he placed 6th–9th with 10½/19, as Lev Polugaevsky and Alexander Zaitsev won. The next Interzonal qualifier was URS-ch37 at Moscow 1969, and he finished tied 7th–9th with 12½/22, with Polugaevsky and Petrosian winning; this was a point short of advancing to the Interzonal. At Riga 1970 for URS-ch38, he dropped a bit with just 10/21 for a tied 13th–14th, as Korchnoi won. Then in Baku 1972 for URS-ch40, he had 10½/21 for a tied 10th–11th place, with Tal winning. This was his last Soviet final. His form in his late 40s had substantially fallen from his best years, and a new generation of Soviet players would earn most of the top tournament places and international opportunities.

Kholmov got just one chance to represent the USSR in a team event at full international level when he played board ten at the European Team Championships, Kapfenberg 1970. He won the board gold medal with 4½/6 (+3−0=3), and helped his side to team gold. Kholmov did play in many national matches, such as against Hungary and Yugoslavia, generally scoring well.

The Chessmetrics website statistically estimates his retroactive ranking at a minimum of Top 25 in the world from 1956 to 1970, with his peak ranking being 8th in 1960–61. They further estimate that his peak rating was 2736, also in 1961.

Later years
Kholmov continued to stay very active in competitive play, and he was generally quite successful. At Luhacovice 1973, he tied for 4th–5th places with 9/15, with Andras Adorjan and Jan Smejkal winning. At Sochi 1974, he scored 8½/15 for a tied 4th–6th place, with Polugaevsky winning. He placed 2nd at Kecskemét 1975 with 8½/13 behind winner Karolyi Honfi. One of Kholmov's best late-career results was his tied 3rd–5th place in a very strong Moscow 1975 tournament, with 9½/15, as Geller won. He tied for 1st–2nd at Budapest 1976 on 10½/15 with László Vadász. He placed 2nd at Zalaegerszeg 1977 with 7½/12 behind Evgeni Vasiukov. At age 63, Kholmov tied 3rd–6th at Sochi 1988 with 7/13, as Sergey Dolmatov won. At Voskresensk 1990, Kholmov tied 3rd–6th on 6½/11 behind winners Igor Naumkin and Valery Neverov. He had an excellent 2nd place at Moscow 1991 with 8½/11 behind winner Mikhail Ivanov. At age 72, Kholmov tied for 1st–3rd at Moscow 1997 on 7½/11 with Igor Zaitsev and Andrey Rychagov.

World Senior Champion
Kholmov tied for the title in the 2000 World Senior Championship at Rowy, on 8/11 with Mark Taimanov, Jānis Klovāns, and Alexander Chernikov. Then he placed 2nd–4th in the same event the next year at Arco, again with 8/11, tied with Klovans and Vladimir Karasev, behind champion Vladimir Bukal, Sr.

Kholmov played competitive chess virtually right up until his death in early 2006 at age 80. He appeared in a Senior event in Dresden, 50 years after he won a tournament there.

Legacy
Kholmov was known as "The Central Defender" in Soviet chess circles, because of his great skill at repulsing enemy aggression. But he was also a very dangerous attacker, as most of the leading Soviet players learned. During his peak years, Kholmov was difficult to defeat, even at the top levels. He qualified for 16 Soviet finals between 1949 and 1972, with an aggregate well over 50 per cent. He scored wins over World Champions Petrosian, Spassky, Fischer, and Garry Kasparov. Kholmov was comfortable as White with both 1.e4 and 1.d4, could play excellent classical chess with both colours, and had an occasional fondness for unusual openings, with which he had good success, as the game selection shows.

Notable chess games

 * Efim Geller vs. Ratmir Kholmov, USSR Championship, Moscow 1949, Ruy Lopez, Bird's Defence (C61), 0–1 Two rising stars battle for position late in the tournament, and Kholmov scores with an offbeat variation, unleashing a lovely rook sacrifice in the endgame.
 * Tigran Petrosian vs. Ratmir Kholmov, USSR Championship, Moscow 1957, Blumenfeld Gambit (E10), 0–1 Another unusual defensive choice takes off the future World Champion.
 * Viktor Korchnoi vs. Ratmir Kholmov, USSR Championship semifinal, Tashkent 1958, Modern Benoni Defence (A64), 0–1 The Modern Benoni was just coming into fashion around this time.
 * Ratmir Kholmov vs. Paul Keres, USSR Championship, Tbilisi 1959, Sicilian Defence, Rossolimo Variation (B30), 1–0 It's highly unusual to see the powerful tactician Keres get knocked off so quickly.
 * Ratmir Kholmov vs. Laszlo Szabo, Kecskemet 1962, Slav Defence, Czech Variation (D19), 1–0 Kholmov overcomes the nine-time Hungarian champion.
 * Ratmir Kholmov vs. Leonid Stein, USSR Championship, Yerevan 1962, Sicilian Defence, Moscow Variation (B52), 1–0 Kholmov again scores with this unusual Sicilian line against one of his great rivals from this period.
 * Mark Taimanov vs. Ratmir Kholmov, USSR Championship, Leningrad 1963, Nimzo-Indian Defence, Rubinstein / Gligoric Variation (E54), 0–1 Taimanov was a recognized expert on both sides of this defence.
 * Ratmir Kholmov vs. Boris Spassky, USSR Zonal Tournament, Moscow 1964, Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation (B84), 1–0 Spassky was the tournament winner and a future World Champion.
 * Ratmir Kholmov vs. David Bronstein, USSR Championship, Kiev 1964–65, Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation (B99), 1–0 Kholmov outplays the creative attacker Bronstein for one of his most memorable victories.
 * Robert Fischer vs. Ratmir Kholmov, Havana 1965, Ruy Lopez, Closed / Chigorin Variation (C98), 0–1 Fischer lost exceptionally rarely on the White side of the Ruy Lopez, so this win was quite an achievement.
 * Ratmir Kholmov vs. Garry Kasparov, USSR Championship Qualifying Tournament, Daugavpils 1978, Caro–Kann Defence, Classical Variation (B18), 1–0 Kasparov, just 15 at the time, was the tournament winner and a future World Champion.

Opening theory
A couple of opening variations have been named after Kholmov.
 * ECO C92: Ruy Lopez, Closed, Kholmov Variation
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.h3 Be6
 * Russian Game, Damiano Variation, Kholmov Gambit (C42)
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nxe4 4.Qe2 Qe7

title: Ratmir Kholmov


text:
User:Wulverine claws/Arabic alphabet

Table
الحروف الجوف
 * Oral letters

{transl|ar|ALA|Tajwīd}} or the science of tajwīd in Islam is a science by which you know how to pronounce Qur’anic words as pronounced by the Prophet Muhammad bin Abdullah. The beginning of the science of tajwīd was when the Islamic state expanded in the third century of Hijra, where error and melody increased in the Qur’an due to the entry of many non-Arabs to Islam. So the scholars of the Qur’an began to write the rules and rules of intonation. It is said that the first person to collect the science of tajwīd in his book Kitāb al-Qirāt was Imām Abu ʻUbaid al-Qāsim bin Salām (774 - 838 CE) in the third century of Hijra.

History
The history of Quranic recitation is tied to the history of qira'at, as each reciter had their own set of tajwid rules, with much overlap between them.

Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam (774 - 838 CE) was the first to develop a recorded science for tajwid, giving the rules of tajwid names and putting it into writing in his book called al-Qiraat. He wrote about 25 reciters, including the 7 mutawatir reciters. He made the reality, transmitted through reciters of every generation, a science with defined rules, terms, and enunciation.

Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid (859 - 936 CE) wrote a book called Kitab al-Sab’ fil-qirā’āt "The Seven of the Recitations." He is the first to limit the number of recitations to the seven known.

Imam Al-Shatibi (1320 - 1388 CE) wrote a poem outlining the two most famous ways passed down from each of seven strong imams, known as ash-Shatibiyyah. In it, he documented the rules of recitation of Naafi’, Ibn Katheer, Abu ‘Amr, Ibn ‘Aamir, ‘Aasim, al-Kisaa’i, and Hamzah. It is 1173 lines long and a major reference for the seven qira’aat.

Ibn al-Jazari (1350 - 1429 CE) wrote two large poems about Qira'at and tajwid. One was Durrat Al-Maa'nia (الدرة المعنية), in the readings of three major reciters, added to the seven in the Shatibiyyah, making it ten. The other is Tayyibat An-Nashr (طيبة النشر), which is 1014 lines on the ten major reciters in great detail, of which he also wrote a commentary.

Religious Obligation
Knowledge of the actual tajwīd rules is a community duty (farḍ al-kifāya), meaning that at least one person in every community must know it. There is a difference of opinion on the ruling for individuals. Dr. Shadee el-Masry states that it is an individual obligation (farḍ al-'ayn) on every Muslim to recite the opening chapter of the Qur'an (al-fatiha) with correct tajwīd, though they do not need to know the terms and definitions of the rules themselves. Sheikh Zakariyya al-Ansari stated that it is sinful to recite in a way that changes the meaning or changes the grammar. If it does not change these two things, then it is not sinful, even if it is a clear error.

Qur'an and Hadith on Tajwīd
The central Quranic verse about tajwid is verse 73:4: "...and recite the Qur'an with measured recitation." The word tartīl تَرْتِيْل, as used in this verse, is often also used in hadith in conjunction with its command. It means to articulate slowly, carefully, and precisely.

Abu Dawud's hadith collection has a chapter heading titled "Recommendation of [reciting with] tartīl in the Qur'an." It begins with the narration: "The Messenger of Allah peace and blessings be upon him said: One who was devoted to the Qur'an will be told to recite, ascend and recite carefully (رَتِّلْ) as he recited carefully when he was in the world, for he will reach his abode when he comes to the last verse he recites (Sunan Abi Dawud 1464)." This narration describes the importance of the manner of recitation and its positive effects in the afterlife. The next narration describes the importance of prolongation (مَدًّا): "Qatadah said: I asked Anas about the recitation of the Qur'an by the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. He said: He used to express all the long accents clearly (كَانَ يَمُدُّ مَدًّا) (Sunan Abi Dawud 1465)." This narration also shows that even the companions of the prophet used some terms which are still used today in tajwīd rules.

Arabic alphabet and grammar
The Arabic alphabet has 28 basic letters, plus hamzah (ء).

Emission points
The area of speech has been divided into five parts, and subdivided into 17. Those are

 * 1) Al-Jawf : The Interior/Chest Area
 * 2) Al-Halq	The Throat
 * 3) Al-Lisaan	The Tongue
 * 4) Al-Shafataan	The Lips
 * 5) Al-Khayshoom	The Nasal Passage

There are 17 emission points (makhārij al-ḥurūf) of the letters, located in various regions of the throat, tongue, lips, nose, and the mouth as a whole for the prolonged (madd or mudd) letters.

The manner of articulation (ṣifat al-ḥurūf) refers to the different attributes of the letters. Some of the characteristics have opposites, while some are individual. An example of a characteristic would be the fricative consonant sound called ṣafīr, which is an attribute of air escaping from a tube.

Table
الحروف الجوف
 * Oral letters

Harakat (short vowel marks)
The ḥarakāt حَرَكَات, which literally means 'motions', are the short vowel marks. There is some ambiguity as to which tashkīl are also ḥarakāt; the tanwīn, for example, are markers for both vowels and consonants.

Fatḥah
ـَ

The fatḥah $\langleفَتْحَة\rangle$ is a small diagonal line placed above a letter, and represents a short (like the /a/ sound in English word "cat"). The word fatḥah itself (فَتْحَة) means opening and refers to the opening of the mouth when producing an. For example, with dāl (henceforth, the base consonant in the following examples): $\langleدَ\rangle$.

When a fatḥah is placed before a plain letter $\langleا\rangle$ (alif) (i.e. one having no hamza or vowel of its own), it represents a long  (close to the English word "dad", with an open front vowel /æː/, not back /ɑː/ as in "father"). For example: $\langleدَا\rangle$. The fatḥah is not usually written in such cases. When a fathah placed before the letter ⟨ﻱ⟩ (yā’), it creates an (as in "lie"); and when placed before the letter ⟨و⟩ (wāw), it creates an  (as in "cow").

Although paired with a plain letter creates an open front vowel (/a/), often realized as near-open (/æ/), the standard also allows for variations, especially under certain surrounding conditions. Usually, in order to have the more central (/ä/) or back (/ɑ/) pronunciation, the word features a nearby back consonant, such as the emphatics, as well as ق|qāf, or ر|rā’. A similar "back" quality is undergone by other vowels as well in the presence of such consonants, however not as drastically realized as in the case of fatḥah.

Ḍammah
ـُ

The ḍammah $\langleضَمَّة\rangle$ is a small curl-like diacritic placed above a letter to represent a short /u/ (as in "duke", shorter "you") and its allophones [u, ʊ, o, o̞, ɔ] (as in "put", or "bull"). For example: $\langleدُ\rangle$.

When a ḍammah is placed before a plain letter $\langleو\rangle$ (wāw), it represents a long (like the 'oo' sound in the English word "swoop"). For example: $\langleدُو\rangle$. The ḍammah is usually not written in such cases, but if wāw is pronounced as a diphthong, fatḥah should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation.

Kasrah
ـِ

A similar diagonal line below a letter is called a kasrah $\langleكَسْرَة\rangle$ and designates a short (as in "me", "be") and its allophones [i, ɪ, e, e̞, ɛ] (as in "Tim", "sit"). For example: $\langleدِ\rangle$.

When a kasrah is placed before a plain letter $\langleﻱ\rangle$ (ي|yā’), it represents a long (as in the English word "steed"). For example: $\langleدِي\rangle$. The kasrah is usually not written in such cases, but if ي|yā’ is pronounced as a diphthong, fatḥah should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation. The word kasrah means 'breaking'.

Sukun
ـْـ

The sukūn $\langleسُكُون\rangle$ is a circle-shaped diacritic placed above a letter ( ْ). It indicates that the consonant to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel, i.e., zero-vowel.

It is a necessary symbol for writing consonant-vowel-consonant syllables, which are very common in Arabic. For example: $\langleدَدْ\rangle$ (dad).

The sukūn may also be used to help represent a diphthong. A fatḥah followed by the letter $\langleﻱ\rangle$ (yā’) with a sukūn over it (ـَيْ) indicates the diphthong ay (IPA ). A fatḥah, followed by the letter $\langleﻭ\rangle$ (wāw) with a sukūn, (ـَوْ) indicates. ـۡـ The sukūn may have also an alternative form of the small high dotless head of khāʾ, particularly in some Qurans. Other shapes may exist as well (for example, like a small comma above ⟨ʼ⟩ or like a circumflex ⟨ˆ⟩ in nastaʿlīq).

Qalqalah
The five qalqalah letters are the consonants,

ق ط ب ج د.

Qalqalah is the addition of a slight "bounce" or reduced vowel sound /ə/ to the consonant whose vowel sound is otherwise cancelled, such as by a sukūn, shaddah, or the end of sentence. The "lesser bounce" occurs when the letter is in the middle of a word or at the end of the word but the reader joins it to the next word. A "medium bounce" is given when the letter is at the end of the word but is not accompanied by a shaddah, such as the end of the first verse of the Sūrat "al-Falaq":

The biggest bounce is when the letter is at the end of the word and is accompanied by a shaddah, such as the end of the first verse of Sūrat "al-Masad"'':

Alif Khanjariyah
ــٰ

The superscript (or dagger) alif $\langleأَلِف خَنْجَرِيَّة\rangle$ (alif khanjarīyah), is written as short vertical stroke on top of a consonant. It indicates a long sound for which alif is normally not written. For example: $\langleهَٰذَا\rangle$ (hādhā) or $\langleرَحْمَٰن\rangle$ (raḥmān).

The dagger alif occurs in only a few words, but they include some common ones; it is seldom written, however, even in fully vocalised texts. Most keyboards do not have dagger alif. The word Allah $\langleالله\rangle$ (Allāh) is usually produced automatically by entering alif lām lām hāʾ. The word consists of alif + ligature of doubled lām with a shaddah and a dagger alif above lām.

Thickness and thinness
The emphatic consonants خ ص ض ط ظ غ ق, known as mufakhkham letters, are pronounced with a "heavy accent" (tafkhīm). This is done by either pharyngealization /ˤ/, i.e. pronounced while squeezing one's voicebox, or by velarization /ˠ/. The remaining letters – the muraqqaq – have a "light accent" (tarqīq) as they are pronounced normally, without pharyngealization (except ع, which is often considered a pharyngeal sound).

ر (rāʼ) is heavy when accompanied by a fatḥah or ḍammah and light when accompanied by a kasrah. If its vowel sound is cancelled, such as by a sukūn or the end of a sentence, then it is light when the first preceding voweled letter (without a sukun) has a kasrah. It is heavy if the first preceding voweled letter is accompanied by a fatḥah or ḍammah. For example, the ر at the end of the first word of the Sūrat "al-ʻAṣr" is heavy because the ع (ʻayn) has a fatḥah:

ل (lām) is only heavy in the word Allāh. If, however, the preceding vowel is a kasrah, then the ل in Allāh is light, such as in the Bismillah:

Prolongation
Prolongation refers to the number of morae (beats of time) that are pronounced when a voweled letter (fatḥah, ḍammah, kasrah) is followed by a madd letter (alif, yāʼ or wāw). The number of morae then becomes two. If these are at the end of the sentence, such as in all the verses in "al-Fatiha", then the number of morae can be more than two, but must be consistent from verse to verse. Additionally, if there is a maddah sign over the madd letter, it is held for four or five morae when followed by a hamzah (ء) and six morae when followed by a shaddah. For example, the end of the last verse in "al-Fatiha" has a six-mora maddah due to the shaddah on the ل (lām).

Nūn sākinah and tanwīn
Nūn sākinah refers to instances where the letter nūn is accompanied by a sukun sign, some cases of which involve tanwīn's nun with a sukun. There are then four ways it should be pronounced, depending on which letter immediately follows:

Iẓhār

 * 1) iẓhār  ("clarity"): the nūn sound is pronounced clearly without additional modifications when followed by "letters of the throat" (ء ه ع ح غ خ). Consider the nūn with a sukun pronounced regularly in the beginning of the last verse in "al-Fatiha":

Iqlāb

 * 1) iqlāb  ("conversion"): the nūn sound is converted to a  sound if it is followed by a ب. Additionally, it is pronounced in a ghunnah (a nasalization held for two morae). Consider the nūn sound on the tanwīn on the letter ج|jīm that is pronounced as a mīm instead in the chapter Al-Hajj:

Idghām

 * 1) idghām  ("merging"): the nūn sound is not pronounced when followed by a و م ي ل ر or another ن, the last 4 letters also including ghunnah in the process. Idghām only applies between two words and not in the middle of a word. Consider for example the nūn that is not pronounced in the fifth line (the Shahada) in the Call to Prayer:

Ikhfāʼ

 * 1) ikhfāʼ ("concealment"): the nūn sound is not fully pronounced (i.e. the tongue does not make full contact with the roof of the mouth as in a regular /n/ sound) if it is followed by any letters other than those already listed, includes a ghunnah. Consider the nūn that is suppressed in the second verse of the chapter Al-Falaq:

Mīm sākinah
The term mīm sākinah refers to instances where the letter mīm is accompanied by a sukun. There are then three ways it should be pronounced, depending on which letter immediately follows:
 * 1) idgham mutamathilayn  ("labial merging") when followed by another mīm (usually indicated by a shaddah): the mīm is then merged with the following mīm and includes a ghunnah;
 * 2) ikhfāʼ shafawī ("labial concealment"): the mīm is suppressed (i.e. lips not fully closed) when followed by a ب, with a ghunnah; Consider the mīm that is suppressed in the second verse of the chapter Al-Fil:
 * 3) iẓhār shafawī  ("labial clarity"): the mīm is pronounced clearly with no amendment when followed by any letters other than those already listed.
 * 1) iẓhār shafawī  ("labial clarity"): the mīm is pronounced clearly with no amendment when followed by any letters other than those already listed.

Definite article
The Arabic definite article is ال al- (i.e. the letter alif followed by lām). The lām in al- is pronounced if the letter after it is "qamarīyah" ("lunar"), but if the letter after it is "shamsīyah" ("solar"), the lām after it becomes part of the following letter (is assimilated). "Solar" and "lunar" became descriptions for these instances as the words for "the moon" and "the sun" (al-qamar and ash-shams, respectively) are examples of this rule.

Lunar letters:

Solar letters:

Waṣl
Waṣl is the rule of not pronouncing alif as a glottal stop /ʔ/, assimilating to its adjacent vowel. It is indicated with the diacritic waṣlah, a small ṣād on the letter alif (ٱ). In Arabic, words starting with alif not using a hamzah (ا) receive a waṣlah...

In most of the cases, the vowel that must be used before the alif waṣlah is obvious (the short or long vowel before alif waṣlah); but if it is preceded by a word ending on a sukun, then these are the rules:

1 In the case of Tanwin and alif waṣlah, the intrusive kasrah between them is not graphically represented.

2 Plural mim is the ending of هُمْ or كُمْ as noun suffixes and تُمْ as a verb suffix, which normally end as /hum/, /kum/ and /tum/ respectively. But in some cases /hum/ becomes /him/; nevertheless, it continues as /him-u/. These three always take a damma /-u/.

3 مِنْ is an exception to this, which always takes a fatha /-a/ if it be conjoined with the next word.

Waqf
Waqf is the Arabic pausa rule; all words whose last letter end on a harakah become mute (sukūn) when being the last word of a sentence.

In the case of the proper name عمرو /ʕamrun/, it is pronounced /ʕamr/ in pausa, and the last letter و wāw has no phonetical value(this writing convention is merely for the differentiation from the name عُمَر /ʕumar/). And in fact, عمرو is a triptote (something rare in proper nouns, since they are usually diptotes).

Manners of the heart

 * One should be humble.
 * One should understand that the Qurʼan is not the word of man.
 * One should contemplate and ponder over the meaning of the text.
 * One should try not to be affected by distracting thoughts.
 * One should feel that every message in the Qurʼan is meant personally for himself or herself.

External manners

 * One should be vigilant of the physical purity of body, clothes, and place.
 * One is encouraged to face the Qiblah.
 * One should stop at a verse of warning and seek protection with God.
 * One should stop at a verse of mercy and ask God for mercy.
 * One should use pure Literary Arabic pronunciation, e.g. pronouncing the letter ج (jīm) as, not as or.
 * One should have wuḍūʼ "purity" and read only for the sake of God.

title: User:Wulverine claws/Arabic alphabet


text:
Feroze Mithiborwala

Feroze Mithiborwala is an Indian activist who devotes his efforts principally to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and Western imperialism in Asia. He led a humanitarian convoy that travelled from India to Gaza in the winter of 2010–11.

In his Twitter profile, he describes himself as being “committed to the global struggle against Imperialism & Zionism & thus the freedom of Humanity".

Activist background
Mithiborwala describes himself as being "from the Gandhian, left, Phule-Ambedakarite (the struggle of the oppressed lower and untouchable castes) and the stream of liberation theology".

An active supporter of Palestinian statehood, Mithiborwala has described Gaza as "a Nazi-prison-cum-concentration camp".

He told members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly in December 2010 that the people of the world would join together against an Israeli attack on Iran.

On Jerusalem Day in Mumbai in 2010 he said that Indians needed to increase their solidarity with the Palestinians. He said that the Palestinian resistance was "the international avant garde" and the "central geopolitical issue of our times" in the joint struggle against imperialism and Zionism".

While in Beirut during the 2006 Lebanon War, Mithiborwala wrote a column about what he called Lebanon's "victory".

Gaza convoy
Mithiborwala was a co-organizer of a convoy of 120 people who travelled from India to Gaza in the winter of 2010–11, leaving India on 5 December 2010. Its stated purpose was to deliver humanitarian aid, with Mithiborwala saying: “Since this is the first convoy from Asia to show solidarity with the Palestinian cause, our aim is only to get to Gaza and not confront the Israeli government.” The group included over 50 Indians, and they planned on arriving in Gaza by 28 December.

According to Salim Ghafouri, an Iranian citizen who claims to be the spokesman for the convoy, the participants in the convoy represented 137 organisations from 50 countries, including Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Britain, and Australia. Most, however, were Indians. Ghafouri said that the war with "the Zionists" is not only an “Islamic-Zionist war,” but the showdown between the “truth,” represented by “the freedom-loving people of the world,” and the “lie” of Israel and its supporters.

Mithiborwala said that he and his colleagues had four goals: “Liberation of Palestine, breaking the Gaza siege, annihilation of the apartheid system of Israel and unity among the Asian nations, with the slogan, 'One Asia United Asia'. Thus an Asia free of US Imperialism & NATO bases.”

The amount and significance of the aid delivered by the convoy has been the subject of debate. The Indian Express reported that the medical aid carried by the convoy was worth Rs 2.7 million, or about US$50,000. The convoy also donated two ambulances to Palestinian authorities. The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center said that the amount of aid delivered by the convoy was "negligible". The Milli Gazette, a Muslim newspaper, reported that the convoy took "medical equipment, food items, clothes and other aid worth $1 million, weighing 170 tons, for the people of Gaza who continue to suffer unspeakable hardship for nearly five years under the illegal blockade imposed by the Israeli-US regimes."

During the convoy's sojourn in Iran many contributions were received from Iranians. To process these contributions, the convoy opened dozens of headquarters in larger Iranian cities. Mithiborwala, in an address to the Iranian parliament, called the president of the US "an agent of Israel".

In Syria, the convoy met with exiled Hamas leader Khaled Mashal.

Upon arrival in El Arish, Mithiborwala said that the purpose of the convoy was "to break the siege of the Gaza Strip, to bring about the establishment of an independent Palestinian state whose capital is Jerusalem, and [to cause] the economic and political boycott of Israel."

In a retrospective interview, Mithiborwala said that "we were not there to 'help' the Palestinians. Ours is a movement of 'solidarity' with the people's resistance for the liberation of Palestine ... especially since 2008, we have been trying to organize a ship or a land caravan from India." He said that he planned to march until "Palestine is free. Today we have begun our march to Gaza, but tomorrow we will march to Jerusalem." He believes that when the Palestinians have won the battle for Jerusalem, humanity will be closer to God in a very universal and spiritual sense.

Global March to Jerusalem
The Global March to Jerusalem planned a number of large-scale anti-Israel demonstrations around the Arab world on 30 March 2012, which is Palestine Land Day. The idea was for the participants to gather in various places and then march to Jerusalem, or as far as they could get. Mithiborwala was described as "the key organiser of the Indian leg" of the event. Mithiborwala wrote that the event was not an attempt to delegitimise Israel, saying that "Rather, it is Israel's actions and policies that create its image as a practitioner of ethnic cleansing and an abuser of human rights."

Asked why he and his fellow participants were marching to Jerusalem and not to the Gaza Strip, Mithiborwala said that they were two different questions, citing the Gaza issue as a humanitarian crisis and Jerusalem as a political question as well as a "religious and anti-colonial issue". He went on to say that he considers Iran, Syria, Lebanon as anti-American powers, and South Asian anti-Imperialist parties among their allies.

After returning to Delhi, Mithiborwala said he wanted a unification of the Palestinian movement, and that he wanted Fatah and Hamas to be together. He went on to say that negotiations with Israelis would not solve anything, and that there needs to be a common programme of resistance.

Against Casteism
Mithiborwala is an anti-caste system activist, and in particular, opposes Manuwad or the supremacist hierarchical ideological system that relegates India's Shudras, Ati Shudras and Adivasis to second class status. He has been inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and is also a leftist and a Phule-Ambedkarite described as "an ideologue" who has been a leftist and also part of the Sarvodaya movement. In his view, noted a profile in the Indian magazine Outlook, "Hindu is not the enemy; casteism is."

After an Indian court upheld the demolition of a mosque, Mithiborwala accused Brahmanic elite forces of trying to subjugate Muslim communities and called the verdict a mockery. He said it "stands in utter contempt of the Indian constitution" and "giv[es] precedence to belief or aastha over law".

Conspiracy theories
Mithiborwala has propounded a number of conspiracy theories. He has claimed that terrorists acts attributed to Muslim groups were in fact "false flag" attacks, "inside jobs" carried out by the Intelligence agencies of the US, Israeli, Indian, Pakistani and/or other governments to discredit Muslims.

Mithiborwala wrote that the Mumbai 26/11 attack was carried out by the CIA and Mossad, its objective being to establish a pro-US/Israeli consensus among Indians, allowing the US/Israeli political elite "to deploy our Military into the war theatre in Afghanistan".

In June 2011 Mithiborwala wrote that David Headley, who was involved with planning the 26/11 attack, was "a CIA-FBI operative whose task was to organize & expedite the Mumbai 26/11 terror attacks."

He wrote that the attacks were the result of a CIA/Saudi Arabian/Mossad conspiracy, saying "The strategic period & the timing of the terror attacks are a pointer to the powers behind the perpetrators."

Mithiborwala believes that Osama bin Laden has been dead since the latter half of December 2001. He expressed his belief that the parties saying he was still alive were doing this because "The ghost of Bin Laden serves multiple purposes both at the Global and Indian context", mainly to generate fear for the Hindu community and to be a "false hero" for Muslims, falsely inspiring youth to follow the "flawed path of extremism and terror".

When several small bombs were set off in Pune on 1 August 2012, Mithiborwala and Kishore Jagtap called them a "Chitpawan Brahmanical-Manuwadi reaction to the restoration of the true Samadhi-Burial Shrine of Saibai, the first wife of Shivaji", and thus "part of the ongoing caste war that has once again erupted all across Maharashtra".

After the 21 February 2013 terrorist bombing in Hyderabad, Mithiborwala charged the ruling Indian National Congress party with staging it to win conservative Hindu votes. He claimed the bombing would be blamed on fictitious " 'Sleeper Cells' of disgruntled Muslim youth, who will begin to be picked up from the lanes of this city", and most of whom "will be police informers & petty criminals who will be entrapped into owning up for this terror attack". Both the Pune and Hyderabad bombings were believed to have been carried out by the Indian Mujahideen.

Other activities and organisations
Mithiborwala is president of Awami Bharat, an Indian political group that has described itself as being involved in an "international struggle against imperialism, Zionism, and Brahmanism". He is the founder-convenor of the Muslim Intellectual Forum of India and of the South Asian Solidarity Initiative. He has also been the national vice-president of the Maharashtra-based political party Rashtriya Samaj Paksha (RSP).

Mithiborwala led protests against the India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement in 2008.

Mithiborwala, in his capacity as coordinator of a group called Forum against War and Terrorism, was involved in planning a 2006 event called "Mumbai in White", which he described as an attempt, after the terrorist acts in that city, "to do something to touch the lives of Mumbaikars in a subtle manner".

Mithiborwala was also part of "an international peace delegation" with members from India, the Philippines, Brazil, Norway, France, and Spain that paid a friendly visit to Hizbollah in Lebanon in 2006. It was reported that they "stressed that it would be wrong to call Hizbollah a 'militant' outfit" and should rather be called a "socio-political resistance movement". Mithiborwala was quoted as stating that "Even a child in Lebanon wants to be a part of Hizbollah."

Mithiborwala signed a letter opposing the NATO-led 2011 military intervention in Libya.

Detention in Mumbai
Mithiborwala and his friend Kishor Jagtap were both pre-emptively detained before Secretary of State Clinton's visit to Mumbai in 2009. This action might have been in connection to his demand for an investigation into US Government cover ups in the Headley affair, where even the mainstream media has raised questions regarding the coverup. He described being picked up from his house on a Friday night without a specific reason given and then being brought into the MIDC police station. He spoke of the experience: “An official told us that we had been brought owing to an intelligence input and will be here till the next day. However, on Saturday, they told us that we would be allowed to leave only on Sunday. While Clinton's visit or security has not been mentioned to us as the reason for our detention, we sat there for very long without even knowing why.”

title: Feroze Mithiborwala


text:
User:Lostboysstudios/sandbox

Lost Boys Studios - School of Visual Effects is a PCTIA - accredited private academy for Visual Effects and Artistry, located in the historic Gastown district of Vancouver, British Columbia

History
Lost Boys Studios - School of Visual Effects was founded by Gemini Award and Emmy Award nominated Mark Bénard in 2006 in his hometown of Comox, British Columbia. After building his career in visual effects from his own studio, Lost Boys Studios Inc, partnered with Virgin Group Digital Studios, and teaching at Vancouver Film School, Benard turned his eye to education, focusing on hands on, project based learning.

Currently
In 2011, the school moved back to Vancouver to the historic Gastown district and is the only school in North America that is dedicated only to visual effects.

Lost Boys Studios also hosts various workshops and studio tours on a regular basis.

Notable Alumni

 * George Kyparissous - effects animator for Academy Award nominated film District 9
 * Perry Hyunwoo Sohn - camera technical director for Weta Digital on The Avengers, Prometheus, and The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
 * Grant Robertson - digital compositor for Wrath of the Titans and visual effects supervisor for Jackhammer
 * Monica Rodriguez Bautista - roto artist for Transformers: Dark of the Moon, Immortals and Jack the Giant Killer
 * Gregory Watkins - roto and paint artist for G.I. Joe: Retaliation, Dark Shadows, and The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn

title: User:Lostboysstudios/sandbox


text:
Talk:From the Ages/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Jaguar (talk · contribs) 15:32, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Should have this one to you within a day ☯ Jag  uar  ☯ 15:32, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

GA review – see WP:WIAGA for criteria

 * 1) Is it reasonably well written?
 * A. Prose is "clear and concise", without copyvios, or spelling and grammar errors:
 * B. MoS compliance for lead, layout, words to watch, fiction, and lists:
 * 1) Is it factually accurate and verifiable?
 * A. Has an appropriate reference section:
 * B. Citation to reliable sources where necessary:
 * C. No original research:
 * 1) Is it broad in its coverage?
 * A. Major aspects:
 * B. Focused:
 * 1) Is it neutral?
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) Is it stable?
 * No edit wars, etc:
 * 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
 * A. Images are tagged with their copyright status, and valid fair use rationales are provided for non-free content:
 * B. Images are provided if possible and are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * 1) Is it stable?
 * No edit wars, etc:
 * 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
 * A. Images are tagged with their copyright status, and valid fair use rationales are provided for non-free content:
 * B. Images are provided if possible and are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * B. Images are provided if possible and are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * Pass or Fail:

Initial comments

 * "The album was released to critical acclaim, with criticisms largely directed" - if something is critically acclaimed, then it should have next to no criticisms, and this sentence is suggesting that the criticisms were of a larger magnitude
 * ✅  Lazy Bastard  Guy  22:49, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "From the Ages became the band’s second album to win the Best Hard Rock Album award" - by who? Can this award be linked?
 * ✅ I added one word. Hopefully that'll be enough to clear it up.  Lazy Bastard  Guy  23:51, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The second paragraph (production) of the lead could be expanded slightly to comply per WP:LEAD
 * ✅ I hope what I added is sufficient.  Lazy Bastard  Guy  22:49, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "It had been six years since Earthless released Rhythms from a Cosmic Sky and five since Live at Roadburn" - this could be better reworded by stating that years those two albums were released, instead of "it had been x years", as it makes it sound too past tense
 * ✅  Lazy Bastard  Guy  22:49, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "and, being very long, has been described as "a bastard to play [and relearn]"" - who said this?
 * ✅  Lazy Bastard  Guy  22:49, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "with the Shrine in Australia" - I'd unlink The Shrine if they're not notable enough
 * ✅ I was going by an essay I remember reading (don't remember which one) which said redlinks were generally helpful, but I see your point here (bands on this label almost never get much press we can use for Wikipedia, since they're so obscure).  Lazy Bastard  Guy  22:49, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

On hold
A solid article. The prose is good, the article is comprehensive and broad. If all of the above can be addressed then it should have no problem meeting the GA criteria, which I think it is close to already. Will leave this on hold for the standard seven days ☯  Jag  uar  ☯ 18:07, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Close - promoted
Thank you for your improvements to this article, looks like a worthy GA! It is now well written and meets the "broadness" part of the criteria. I hope I didn't make anything too unclear? Anyway well done ☯  Jag  uar  ☯ 19:39, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Fantastic! Thank you so much!  Lazy Bastard  Guy  20:06, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:From the Ages/GA1


text:
Programming Languages/Procedural Languages

In procedural programming, the program is written as a collection of actions (a procedure) that are carried out in sequence, one after the other. The order is important.

A procedure is sometimes termed an algorithm.

An ingredient of procedural programming is the idea of state. The actions in a program change the value of data items, usually termed variables. As the program executes, the values of variables change. At any point in time the variables have a set of values, which is their state.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nawabpur Road

The result was   keep. (non-admin closure) -- Sam Sing! 13:10, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Nawabpur Road

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

This is an article about a road, in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It contains a few offline references, but I suspect they would be along the lines of "XYZ is on Nawabpur Road". It has been tagged for notability for more than a year, and I believe it would be difficult for it to meet the criteria n WP:GEOROAD. AtHomeIn神戸 (talk) 04:14, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bangladesh-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 17:53, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Transportation-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 18:36, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Spirit of Eagle (talk) 04:13, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep It's the busiest road in the capital city of this country. Andrew D. (talk) 00:16, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep It has a lot of history, dating from at least the Mughal Empire. It has also been Wikified. -Arb. (talk) 15:40, 22 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Automatic Control and Robotics

How to build your own Nerd-Cam 2 degree of freedom robotic camera mount
Note: To run the camera once you have built it, read this. For a printer friendly version of this how-to, click here.

What you will need

 * 1) 12 Round head 2-56 3/8" machine screws + nuts.
 * 2) 14 Round head 2-56 1/2" machine screws + nuts.
 * 3) 8 Flat head 2-56 1/2" machine screws + nuts.
 * 4) 3 Flat head 2-56 1/2" machine screws + nuts.
 * 5) 8 Round Head 4-40 3/8" machine screws + nuts.
 * 6) 1/4" x 5/15" Tee nut, we used USS / 18891 from Crown Bolt, This can be purchased at Home Depot.
 * 7) Sliding screen door top roller (Model B-537 Prime-Line), I bought this at Home Depot.
 * 8) 2 STD TS-53, System 3000 servo motors from Tower Hobbies.
 * 9) A Camera, I recommend Unibrain Fire-i firewire camera (and a standard VIA chipset firewire card you can buy anywhere).
 * 10) A servo controller. We use a Mini-SSC II controller.
 * 11) Something to cut parts from, we use 1/4" Plexiglas for our camera.
 * 12) Parts diagram in Illustrator downloadable free from here, or as PDF from here. Additionally you can download the parts schematic from here. Additional PDF specs for pan and tilt with size info.
 * 13) Tools, we use a BLANK to cut the Plexiglas parts. For additional machining we use a Dremel tool.
 * 14) Safety glasses!

The first step is to machine the parts
If you use a BLANK you can cut them straight from our template. If you don't then you will have to be creative. Any rigid material will do, for the template to match up the parts must be only 1/4" thick.

You will need to drill pilot holes into the sides of the "side" parts
These will allow you to bond the "side" parts with the "bottom" and "holder" parts. The holes should be long enough so that you can insert 1/2" 2-56 screws. The bottom picture gives you an idea of what you are shooting for at this point.

Before you assemble the full holder assembly
As shown above you will also need to drill some counter sinks. This is so that the bottom base can lie flush on what ever you want to mount the camera on eventually. The picture below shows how the counter sink should look on the parts

For the "Pan bottom" you will need to insert a tee nut
This may require some chiseling since it's a very tight fit. The picture below shows how this should look. The Tee-Nut is so that you can mount the camera on a standard tri-pod camera mount.

Go ahead and assemble the bottom "pan" holder
Secure the top part with 2-56 1/2" round head screws ,but use flat head screws on the bottom so that the your camera mount will sit flush on what ever you mount it to. It should look like below.

Next insert a servo motor into the base
using the 4-40 screws as shown in the picture below

Next you will need to take the plus shaped top off the servo motor
Then connect it to the odd "tilt side" piece as shown below. Use the 3/8" 2-56 flat head screws. The left part is the same as the right part. It just shows what the part looks like before and after you mount the plus shape servo thingy. Note: be sure the screw that connects the plus shape thingy to the servo is on the plus shape thingy before you connect the plus shape thingy to the side part. Also, you will need to widen the holes on the plus shape thingy just a tad in order for the 2-56 screws to fit. I use a drill bit to do this.

Next you will need to connect the "tilt bottom" to the sliding screen door roller
To do this align the rollers center of rotation with the center of rotation for the Plexiglas arm. This is about 8 mm back from the leading edge of the "tilt bottom" part. The first step is finding the center. Then you will have to decide where to drill three holes to connect this part to the "tilt bottom" part. This is the most difficult part and requires some solid measurements to make sure you center the piece correctly. You will also need to bevel an indentation as shown below so that swivel in the screen door roller has room to breath. Since this bevel will be hidden, it doesn't need to be pretty.

This picture above shows the three new holes and the beveled region
On the other side you will need to counter sink the three new holes as shown below

Not shown, you will need to counter sink the top two holes
Do this so that the screw you use will sit below the screen door roller. You will also need to cut slight notches into the screen door roller at the the points where it is fastened so that the screws hold tighter. The bottom picture shows the final result.

Next begin to assemble and connect the top to the bottom pieces as illustrated
Be sure that as you connect the pieces to the servos that you align the pieces. That is, move the servo all the way to one side then connect the arm at that position. This means that the servo should be in the top most position with the arm pointing upwards. If you do not calibrate at this point you most likely will have to take the robot camera apart and do it at some point.

You will need to connect the top servo to the "tilt arm"
Do this using the 2-56 3/8" screws.

Connect the tilt arm to the servo
The bottom picture shows the mounting finished without the camera added yet.

and

and

If you mount the unibrain firewire camera you will need to take it apart
I'm sure this voids the warranty so consider yourself warned. Mount the base part of the camera to the robot camera mount. Be careful, the unibrain camera contains surface mounted components that can easily come off. Be sure the camera is aligned when you mount it. The image below shows the finished camera.

The next step involves making the camera go
Connect the servos to the servo controller. Connect the servo controller to the computer. Power it up. Doesn't do anything? Relax, OK so now you have to make or get some software for your controller. For the Mini-SSC you can either download control programs that work under windows from the manufacturer, or you can write a very simple program in C++ to send bytes to the serial port. The code below shows a simple method to move one of the servos on the Mini SSC II controller under Linux.

00121 bool moveRaw(const int servo, const byte rawpos) 00122 { 00123     // Command Buffer: 00124     // [0] is start character 00125     // [1] is which servo to move 00126     // [2] is position to move servo to (0 to MAX_POSITION) 00127     char command[3]; 00128     command[0] = 255; 00129     command[1] = servo; 00130     command[2] = rawpos; 00131     int fd = open("/dev/ttyS0",O_RDWR); // open serial port 0 00132     if(fd==-1) LFATAL("open failed"); 00133     if(write(fd,command, 3)==-1){ 00134          perror("open"); 00135          LFATAL("write failed"); 00136     } 00137      close(fd); 00138     return true; 00139 }

 * Note that here we input an integer from 0 - 256 for the int servo. This tells the servo what absolute position to move to. Notice that this is one limiting factor of using R/C servos, our precision is limited to 0.71 degrees if our camera is set to rotate by 180 degrees.
 * LFATAL can be anything you want the code to do if it fails. You might even omit this if you want it to silently fail (for some reason).
 * On many Linux machines writing to the serial port is only open to root. You may need to change the permissions on the serial port device if you have trouble writing to the serial port.

Nerd-Cam Notes

 * Camera accuracy can be influenced by the voltage applied to the servos. As such, if you give the servos more voltage the camera will move faster, but have an increased likelihood of overshoot the mark. If this seems to happen, a simple fix is to put in a resister to limit the voltage a little. You may need to experiment a little to find what works best. However, if you have access to an actual power supply with voltage adjustment, this is even more ideal.
 * Firewire cables tend to be rather rigid. While the Nerd-Cam can hold the weight of a firewire cable, care should be taken not to let it pull to hard on the camera.
 * Don't leave the camera powered all the time with the servos used here. They seem to wear out. In general the gears seem to wear down. A more expensive servo might fix this problem. However, if a servo does go bad it can be replaced within the housing.
 * If your camera is not perfectly calibrated, you can measure the amount of error in its movement and program corrections into your software. Thus, if it seems to be off by three degrees, you can set its movement back by three degrees to completely compensate.
 * To grab firewire images under Linux use the dc1394 library. For more info check http://www.linux1394.org/

Connecting up the Camera
For the Mini-SSC controller, both serial and power can be carried over a single Ethernet CAT-5e cable. This is possible since CAT-5e has 8 wires inside. The current needed by the servos and Mini-SSC are low enough to make this option work. This also cuts down on costs considerably since a single CAT-5e cable is Dirt cheap.

Additionally, if you have several cameras, you can power them all from an old AT computer power supply. This provides both the 5 and 12 volts the Mini-SSC and servos need. It also provides way more power than one needs to run several cameras all at once. Additionally, if your Firewire cable does not carry power (Notebook PCMCIA Firewire usually does not) you can power the camera from the 12 volts. The use of the old AT power supply is helpful over the standard ATX power supply since you can manually switch it on. ATX requires a signal from either a motherboard or a power supply testing device to turn on. However, this is also an option if you can't find an AT power supply.

Manual Override Auto Switch Design
You can build a switch that allows you to override the computer servo inputs from a standard R/C car controller and then run the camera from the remote control manually. This is useful for any robot that is controlled by R/C servos. The design shown below allows such a switch to work. It was originally designed for a mobile robot, to allow for emergency manual override of the robot, but it can be adapted to be used with the Nerd-cam quite easily.

The override for the switch is provided by toggling the Transmission gearbox switch. On a normal R/C car, this causes it to change gears. Since we do not need this function, we use the transmission switch on the R/C controller to toggle the manual override. This switch has been tested and works well with a Traxxas EVX remote control and speed controller. However, there are probably cheaper R/C radio controllers that will also do the trick.

title: Automatic Control and Robotics


text:
Talgat Sabalakov

Talgat Sabalakov (Талғат Сабалақов) is a Kazakhstani midfielder. He plays for the club FC Caspiy in First Division.

Club career stats
Last update: 12 July 2012

Honours

 * Intertoto Cup Winner: 2007
 * Kazakhstan League Runner-up: 2007, 2008
 * Kazakhstan Cup Winner: 2007

title: Talgat Sabalakov


text:
Brisbane Water (utility)

Brisbane Water was a former government business enterprise of the Brisbane City Council, a local government authority with administrative responsibility for the City of Brisbane, Queensland, in Australia. Brisbane Water was responsible for the distribution of reticulated potable water throughout Brisbane, as well as the treatment and transport of bulk water to the local government areas of Brisbane City, Ipswich City, Logan City, Redcliffe City, Pine Rivers Shire and Caboolture Shire. Brisbane Water operated the city's reticulated sewerage network and associated treatment plants.

On 1 July 2010 the functions of Brisbane Water were formally assumed by the Queensland Urban Utilities, a statutory authority of the Government of Queensland, with shares resting in the local government authorities of Brisbane, Ipswich, Lockyer Valley, Scenic Rim, and Somerset councils.

History
Brisbane Water ceased operating as a business unit of Brisbane Council as part of a restructure introduced by the then Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman. The division was renamed initially as Brisbane City Council - Water Distribution.

In 2008, BCC - Water Distribution transitioned bulk water treatment and transport assets, functions and some staff to newly created Queensland state government water authorities, with the government's Southeast Qld Water Reforms enforced by the. From late 2009, the BCC - Water Distribution division changed its trademark temporarily to Queensland Urban Utilities, as part of a phased transition into the final stage of previously announced state government water reforms requiring local councils to transition remaining water and sewerage distribution and collection functions into new entities, with the transition enforced by the.

On 1 July 2010, Brisbane City Council ceased operating under the Queensland Urban Utilities trademark, with water distribution, and sewerage collection and treatment assets, functions and staff transitioned to the new Queensland Urban Utilities, a distributor-retailer statutory authority jointly owned by five local Councils. Simultaneously, the neighbouring distributor-retailers of UnityWater and AllConnex also commenced operations.

title: Brisbane Water (utility)


text:
Talk:List of Bugatti vehicles

How many madel Bugatti make
80 model Bugatti make Rajve²r (talk) 14:55, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Bugatti vehicles


text:
должен

Etymology
. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) obligated
 * 2) indebted

Etymology
, from. Compare with, and cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Predicative

 * 1) owing
 * 2) obligated (to), supposed (to)
 * 3) likely (to)
 * 4) intended (to), supposed to, meant (to)
 * 1) likely (to)
 * 2) intended (to), supposed to, meant (to)
 * 1) likely (to)
 * 2) intended (to), supposed to, meant (to)
 * 1) intended (to), supposed to, meant (to)
 * 1) intended (to), supposed to, meant (to)

title: должен


text:
Gry

Proper noun

 * 1)  of modern usage from the vocabulary word gry "dawn"

Proper noun

 * 1)  from the vocabulary word gry

title: Gry