text:
Toyota Project Genesis

Project Genesis was a plan by the Toyota Motor Sales USA to attract more youthful buyers to the company's products. Widely considered by the media to be one of Toyota's worst flops, the experiment provided the foundation for Toyota's Scion marque. The endeavors of this approach were also used in the home market of Japan. The Japanese market efforts were the result of several Japanese companies contributing products or services under the WiLL brandname, and Toyota's contribution was three vehicles offered at restructured Toyota Japanese sales channels from Toyota Vista Store to Toyota Netz Store.

Launched in 1999, Project Genesis was a task force formed by Yoshimi Inaba, president of Toyota Motor Sales USA and James Press, COO of TMS. They intended to take three new products which were about to be introduced and sell them as a "marque within a marque" through Toyota's United States and Japanese dealer network.

The cars, the Celica, MR2 Spyder, and Echo, would be bundled together and advertised differently from other Toyota models. At the time, in America, these vehicles were in segments that were shrinking and not necessarily considered typical youth segments. Regardless, the parent company in Japan challenged Toyota USA to market these existing products as "youth" vehicles.

The Toyota ECHO was a global vehicle sold in Asia and Europe under the name Yaris. It attracted young American buyers in the first year of its launch, but the average age would creep up in subsequent years. The ECHO has since been replaced by the global brand Yaris nameplate. The MR2 Spyder, named the MR-S in Japan, did not sell very well either, as it was believed to be impractical for younger generation buyers. Little storage room, low seating capacity, and other problems are common to two seater convertibles, but they are inconvenient when it's the owner's only car. Another problem was the important restrictions imposed on Toyota; these caused severe dealer markups and made the car less accessible to younger buyers. The MR2 Spyder did at least sell well with the tuner market and older demographics. The Celica, on the other hand, was at first successful with younger buyers. In 2000, its first model year being sold under the 'Project Genesis' marque, sold over 65,000 units. Sales started to trail off towards it final 2005 model year, in which only 15,000 units were sold. In later years the Toyota Matrix was added to the 'Project Genesis' lineup.

With a limited budget, minimal product input, and strong internal political resistance, Genesis struggled to make the enduring marketing impact it set out to accomplish for the launch of these three vehicles. Hence came Toyota's 'Project Exodus'.

In 2001, Genesis was officially brought to a close by the announcement that Toyota Motor Sales USA decided to launch a separate marque, Scion, a move known as 'Project Exodus'. Scion's success can be directly attributed to the lessons learned from the Genesis experience and struggles.

There was also a specific website dedicated to the project named "isthistoyota" and had a change in rhetoric to appeal to the younger buyers. This site now redirects to the Toyota USA site.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Toyota Project Genesis


text:
Talk:Battle for Piva Trail

Map
There is a map at https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/II/maps/USMC-II-17.jpg which may be useful. (Hohum @ ) 15:57, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * G'day, thanks for this -- I have added it now. Regards, AustralianRupert (talk) 09:27, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle for Piva Trail


text:
Boulevard du Plateau

Boulevard du Plateau is a collector roadway located in Gatineau, Quebec, beside Route 148.

This road starts at Chemin Vanier in Aylmer and ends at Boulevard Saint-Raymond and Route 148.

It is home to the new D'Arcy McGee English high school, which recently moved from its former location near the Hull Hospital, several kilometres away,

This roadway, which was fairly quiet until the mid-1990s, became very busy after 2000, when the community began to grow rapidly. The increasing number of residents, was one of the reasons that retail and commercial development has exploded, similar to the likes of Barrhaven's Marketplace district as well as the Kanata Centrum and the Holy Trinity/Avalon district of Orleans.

Since the late 1990s, Loblaws, SuperC, Reitmans, Moores, Wal-Mart Canada, Rona and Bureau en Gros stores have been built in rapid succession, A large 16-theatre movie complex, known as StarCité Hull, was also built, the largest of its kind in Gatineau.

Local residents have expressed concerns about the growing number of superstores in the area and have asked the city to slow the expansion of the commercial district, as traffic has been getting increasingly congested during shopping hours. However, there is still ample open space left for development that allows for more stores in the future since the road has been completed. In addition, the nearby Boulevard des Allumettières (formerly Boulevard de l'Outaouais), also known as the Highway 50/148 extension, gives eastern residents of the city much faster and easier access to the big-box stores in the area which would add to traffic congestion. Boulevard des Grives has been extended to the 148 to help reduce congestion.

As of 2006, community has entered the Aylmer sector, and its population is expected to approach the 15,000-20,000 range.

title: Boulevard du Plateau


text:
Tsvetopol

Tsvetopol (Цветополь) is a rural locality (a selo) in Mikhaylovsky Selsoviet, Burlinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 212 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Tsvetopol is located 20 km southwest of Burla (the district's administrative centre) by road. Orekhovo and Chernavka are the nearest rural localities.

title: Tsvetopol


text:
Edward Von der Porten

Edward Paul Von der Porten  (October 29, 1933 – April 9, 2018) was an American scholar noted for his work in history, archaeology, and museum practices. His areas of expertise included Sir Francis Drake, Drake's New Albion claim, Chinese porcelain, the Kriegsmarine, and Manila galleon history, and he was also the director of the Treasure Island Museum.

Personal life
Edward Paul Von der Porten was born in New York City on October 29, 1933 and died in San Francisco on April 9, 2018, of strokes. His father was a banker, and when Von der Porten graduated from Stuyvesant High School, the family moved to San Francisco. At San Francisco State College (now San Francisco State University), he earned his bachelor of arts degree in 1955. While attending post-graduate school at San Francisco State, he researched the German World War II navy, the Kriegsmarine, and in 1965 was awarded a master of arts degree.

Von der Porten earned his teaching credential and first taught at taught at Washington High School (Fremont, California). He later taught at Cook Middle School. Most of his career, he taught at Santa Rosa High School. Von der Porten also developed the program and taught archaeology at Santa Rosa Junior College (SRJC).

While in college, Von der Porten met Saryl Corrick and they were married in 1954. They had two sons.

Career
Von der Porten both taught archaeology and founded the field archaeology program at SRJC. With the college, he did extensive archaeological field work regarding the protohistory of the area of what is now Point Reyes National Seashore, near Drakes Bay, California. In the fall of 1961, Von der Porten and 21 of his Santa Rosa Junior College students excavated four sites that had been previously identified by the Drake Navigators Guild (DNG). These sites were sites which he had previously investigated on behalf of—and while operating—as a member of the DNG. In 1962, he led a team of SJRC 23 students who further investigated DNG sites in Marin County and two other locations on the Sonoma Coast near the old Russian colony, Fort Ross. Later, SJRC continued the archaeology studies at Point Reyes National Seashore by including other instructors. Maritime historian Barry Gough writes about Von der Porten: ‘’He was an American pioneer in writing the German naval history of the Second World War. . . .”  For the book, Von der Porten interviewed numerous German naval officers including Großadmiral Karl Dönitz who authored and signed the book's foreword. The book, first published in 1969 was again published in an expanded pictorial edition in 1976. Von der Porten' last book, the posthumously published Ghost Galleon, describes the 16th century Manila galleon wreck off Baja California, the San Juanillo.

Von der Porten investigated 16th century maritime history at Drakes Bay and Point Reyes, particularly with respect to Chinese porcelains. Clarence Shangraw of San Francisco's Asian Art Museum and Von der Porten studied the archived porcelain sherds and distinguished two different cargoes: one from Francis Drake Golden Hind anchorage in 1579 and another from Sebastián Cermeño's 1595 San Agustin shipwreck. His work—primarily as an officer of the Drake Navigators Guild—was instrumental in the recognition as Drakes Bay becoming a National Historic Landmark acknowledging the place where Francis Drake careened his ship.

Von der Porten investigated and wrote regarding the mystery of Drake's Plate of Brass hoax. He often cautioned about the insufficient utility of the plate as an artifact by saying, "Such a lone find is nearly meaningless in the nature of archaeological evidence."

Von der Porten was the manager of the Treasure Island Museum, and he developed the museum and shop aboard the Jeremiah O’Brien Liberty Ship, currently berthed in San Francisco. He was also consulting displays curator for the Sonoma County Museum and worked with the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia in Mexico City. Among the conferences at which Von der Porten presented were those held by the Center For Scientific Research in Canada and at conferences of the Society for the History of Discoveries and The North American Society for Oceanic History. He was also a consultant for the National Geographic regarding the Hanseatic League and did significant research about Henry VIII’s Mary Rose and the development of big gun sailing ships.

Books
Von der Porten wrote several books and almost 100 scholarly articles about maritime matters. This list represents some of the books he authored:

 * Ghost Galleon: The Discovery and Archaeology of the San Juanillo on the Shores of Baja California. Texas A&M University Press (2019). ISBN 978-1-62349-767-5
 * Write In Style. Perfection Learning; 5th edition (2012). ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>968
 * Discovering Francis Drake's California Harbor. Drake Navigators Guild (2000).  (Co-authored with Raymond Aker)
 * The Drake And Cermeño Expeditions' Chinese Porcelains At Drakes Bay, California 1579 And 1595. Santa Rosa Junior College and Drake Navigators Guild (1981). (Co-authored with Clarence Shangraw)
 * Pictorial History of the German Navy in World War II . Crowell; Revised edition (1976). ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>800
 * The German Navy in World War II. T. Y. Crowell (1969).
 * ''The Mystery of the Plate of Brass: California's Greatest Hoax and The Search for its Perpetrators"".  Amazon (2020)

title: Edward Von der Porten


text:
Talk:Ahmed Mubarak Al-Saadi

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. Community Tech bot (talk) 06:43, 2 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Ahmed Mubarak Salah 2017.jpg

title: Talk:Ahmed Mubarak Al-Saadi


text:
User:Valjean/Tutorials

Tutorials

 * Editing Wikipedia - Wikipedia
 * Wikipedia editing tutorial - Wikipedia
 * The Missing Manual - Wikipedia
 * How To Edit Wikipedia, Part I: Set up your account - Tim Farley
 * How To Edit Wikipedia, Part II: Patrol for vandalism - Tim Farley

Videos

 * How a ragtag band created Wikipedia - Jimmy Wales, TED Talks, July 2005
 * Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales on internet censorship - Jimmy Wales
 * Time Magazine: 10 Questions for Jimmy Wales - Jimmy Wales, Time Magazine
 * Jimmy Wales 10th anniversary global call to action - Jimmy Wales, Wikimedia Foundation
 * Wikipedia's YouTube channel
 * Wikipedia: Verifiability and Neutral point of view - Wikimedia Foundation
 * How to Edit a Wikipedia Article - Video, by WonderHowTo.com
 * Lessons from Wikipedia - YouTube, Jerry Michalski
 * Using Wikipedia for Academic Research (CLIP) - YouTube, Michael Baird, Cooperative Library Instruction Project (CLIP)
 * Professor Wikipedia - YouTube, CollegeHumor.com
 * Colbert slams Wikipedia again - YouTube, Stephen Colbert, comedy

Virtual classroom
Source: User:Foxj/Virtual_classroom

title: User:Valjean/Tutorials


text:
Gerdkooh Hills

Gerdkooh ancient hills (Persian: تپه باستان گردکوه) consists of three hills, the tallest of which is 26 m in height. Their history has been estimated to date back to the Iron Age. The hills are located in Qaem Shahr in Mazandaran Province. In exploring this area, a 4500-year-old grave has been found, as well as objects such as disposable tableware dishes related to the Parthian Empire and Sasanian Empire. There is evidence that the hills at the time of the Sasanian Empire and Muslim conquest of Persia were part of a Castle.

title: Gerdkooh Hills


text:
User:Reverend667/sandbox

Genöcide - (Band)

Genöcide was a full-throttle, skull fucking rip-ride of hardcore sex, ghetto drugs, and berserk violence, a supersonic nailgun of Aquanet and mascara and spikes and splatterpunk and slutmetal. And this was way before most of that shit was even invented! Indeed, Genöcide was violent, anti-social and lethal – even by today’s standards. -

Considered by many to be the evil godfathers of Metalpunk!

Written by Sleaze Grinder for Classic Rock Magazine.

Bobby Ebz - Vox Pete Powers - Guitar Bob Sexton - Bass T-Best - Skins

Re-Released by Horror Records:

”Reign of Terror” demo 1985 - remastered from the original master tape, incl. one previously unreleased track!

”Submission” album 1987/2008 - extremely powerful 2008 remix of the album formerly known as ”Submit to Genöcide”, remixed from the original multitrack tapes, and including the original cassette-only bonus track, this has never sounded better!

”Guttercat” demo 1989 - remastered from the original master tape, previously unreleased!

http://horrorrecords.com/catalog/product_info.php?info=p1382_genoecide--down-to-kill--2lp--black-vinyl-.html http://www.facebook.com/pages/Genöcide/188685164485664?sk=info http://www.shop-hellsheadbangers.com/item.asp?cID=0&PID=18917

title: User:Reverend667/sandbox


text:
Philip Pritchard

Philip Pritchard (10 November 1932 – 13 April 1987) was an Australian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Philip Pritchard


text:
kannattaja

Noun

 * 1) supporter one who provides physical support
 * 2) supporter, stalwart one who supports or agrees with an idea or a cause
 * 3) supporter one who provides by money or other assets as support
 * 4) second one who agrees in a motion, as required in certain meetings to pass judgement etc.
 * 5) advocate person who speaks in support of something
 * 6) fan, admirer, adherent, devotee, enthusiast, booster, aficionado supporter of a sports team etc.
 * 7) follower one who adheres to the opinions, ideas, or teachings of another
 * 1) fan, admirer, adherent, devotee, enthusiast, booster, aficionado supporter of a sports team etc.
 * 2) follower one who adheres to the opinions, ideas, or teachings of another
 * 1) follower one who adheres to the opinions, ideas, or teachings of another
 * 1) follower one who adheres to the opinions, ideas, or teachings of another

title: kannattaja


text:
Draft:Kashan Admani

Kashan Admani (Full name: Muhammad Kashan Admani) (Urdu: کاشان ادمانی) is a Pakistani musician, composer, music producer, film producer, film director, guitar player, founder of music band Mizmaar, and the CEO of Dream Station Productions.

Early life and career
Admani began his mainstream career with his band Mizmaar. He is the founder and owner of Dream Station Productions located in Karachi. Kashan His song Sitara featured in Dragon War.

Mizmaar
Admani formed Mizmaar in 2000 with drummer Roger Faria, bassist Russell Owen, and vocalist Rehan-ul-Haq. Rehan-ul-Haq parted ways and Daniyal Badshah joined Mizmaar as the vocalist. The band has released two albums, Kash and Sitara.

Solo career
Recently, Admani assembled 31 artists for a song Taare.

Coke Studio
Admani appeared in Coke Studio Season 9.

Acoustic Station
Admani has launched a music web series named Acoustic Station through Dream Station Productions. Kashan has performed with Simon Phillips.

Carma - The Movie
Admani has directed a feature film by the name of Carma - The Movie.

Global collaboration
Admani enlisted top musical talent from all over the world for a new song 'We Are One'. We Are One features 40 musicians from all over the world including Grammy Award winners.

title: Draft:Kashan Admani


text:
User:Muhammadahsanshaheed

Muhammad Ahsan Shaheed (Urduمحمد احسان شہید) son of Master Muhammad Azram was born in Village Bajar near Police Station Jatli in Tehsil Gujar Khan & District Rawalpindi on 12 April 1988. He got early Education from Government High School Thekerian & Raman, Gujar Khan (Rawalpindi). He joined Pakistan Army as a Soldier on 12 November 2007 at Army Selection & Recruitment Office Rawalpindi at that time he was very young, age 19 years old. He started Basic Millitary Training (BMT) at Engineer Center Risalpur Cantt and passing out after 6 months in 2008. He was posted to unit 23 Engineer Battalion. Meanwhile he was to participating in active battle Al-Mehzan Operation at South Waziristan Jhandollah (Razman).

"*" Shahadat "*"

At the time of 2012 active Wana Operation South Wazirestan Razmak (between Terrorist and Pakistan Army) he was attached with army unit known as “23 Engineers Battalion ”. While his unit was engaged in the frontline area of Jhandolha near Horangzahi Agency, Razmak attached with Frontier Work Organisation (FWO). He himself never missed an opportunity of taking over a machine-gun and firing on the enemy, he got Shahadat on 22 September 2013 while braving intense shelling and direct fire from enemy at Wana Operations RAZMAK. For his braveness awarded to Tamgha-e-Basalat on the occasion of Pakistan Martyr & Defence Day from Chief of the Army Staff General Raheel Sharif GHQ Rawalpindi.... Tamgha-e-Basalat (Medal of Good Conduct) is an award of Soldiers & Officers. May his soul rest in peace and May Allah give enough strength to the bereaved his family.

("Father") Master Muhammad Azram, Mobile No: 0341-2570062 ("Brother") Abdul Manan Raja, Email ID: am.official.pk@gmail.com

title: User:Muhammadahsanshaheed


text:
Tokyo District Court

Tokyo District Court (東京地方裁判所) is a district court located at 1-1-4 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.

title: Tokyo District Court


text:
2022–23 UEFA Champions League

The 2022–23 UEFA Champions League was the 68th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 31st season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League.

The final was played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, on 10 June 2023. The stadium was originally appointed to host the 2020 UEFA Champions League final, but both this and the 2021 editions, which had been subsequently re-allocated to the Atatürk, were moved due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2023 final was contested by English club Manchester City and Italian club Inter Milan, with the former winning 1–0 via a second-half goal by Rodri, who was named man of the match by UEFA. For Manchester City, this was their first-ever European Cup, and first European trophy since 1970. Having earlier won the Premier league and FA Cup titles, they achieved a unique continental treble. As winners, Manchester City earned the right to play against Sevilla, the winners of the 2022–23 UEFA Europa League, in the 2023 UEFA Super Cup, as well as qualifying for both the 2023 and 2025 FIFA Club World Cups in Saudi Arabia and the United States, respectively.

Real Madrid were the defending champions, having won a record-extending fourteenth European Cup title in the previous edition, but they were eliminated by eventual champions Manchester City in the semi-finals.

Association team allocation
A total of 78 teams from 53 of the 55 UEFA member associations participated in the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League (the exceptions being Russia, who were banned from participating due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and Liechtenstein, which did not organise a domestic league). The association ranking based on the UEFA association coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
 * Associations 1–4 each had four teams qualify.
 * Associations 5–6 each had three teams qualify.
 * Associations 7–15 (except Russia) each had two teams qualify.
 * Associations 16–55 (except Liechtenstein) each had one team qualify.
 * The winners of the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League and 2021–22 UEFA Europa League were each given an additional entry if they did not qualify for the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League through their domestic league.

Association ranking
For the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League, the associations were allocated places according to their 2021 UEFA association coefficients, which took into account their performance in European competitions from 2016–17 to 2020–21.

Apart from the allocation based on the association coefficients, associations could have additional teams participating in the Champions League, as noted below:
 * (UEL) – Additional berth for UEFA Europa League title holders

Distribution
The following is the access list for this season.

Due to the suspension of Russia for the 2022–23 European season, the following changes to the access list were made:

 * The champions of association 11 (Scotland) enter the group stage instead of the play-off round (Champions Path).
 * The champions of association 13 (Turkey) enter the play-off round instead of the third qualifying round (Champions Path).
 * The champions of association 15 (Cyprus) enter the third qualifying round instead of the second qualifying round (Champions Path).
 * The champions of associations 18 (Croatia) and 19 (Switzerland) enter the second qualifying round instead of the first qualifying round (Champions Path).
 * The runners-up of associations 10 (Austria) and 11 (Scotland) enter the third qualifying round instead of the second qualifying round (League Path).

Since the Champions League title holders (Real Madrid) qualified via their domestic league, the following changes to the access list were made:

 * The champions of association 12 (Ukraine) enter the group stage instead of the play-off round (Champions Path).
 * The champions of association 14 (Denmark) enter the play-off round instead of the third qualifying round (Champions Path).
 * The champions of association 16 (Serbia) enter the third qualifying round instead of the second qualifying round (Champions Path).
 * The champions of associations 20 (Greece) and 21 (Israel) enter the second qualifying round instead of the first qualifying round (Champions Path).

Teams
The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round:
 * TH: Champions League title holders
 * EL: Europa League title holders
 * 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.: League positions of the previous season
 * Abd-: League positions of abandoned season as determined by the national association; all teams were subject to approval by UEFA

The second qualifying round, third qualifying round and play-off round were divided into Champions Path (CH) and League Path (LP).

CC: 2022 UEFA club coefficients.

Notes

Schedule
The schedule of the competition was as follows. All matches were played on Tuesdays and Wednesdays apart from the preliminary round final and the final. Scheduled kick-off times starting from the play-off round were 18:45 and 21:00 CEST/CET.

As the 2022 FIFA World Cup took place in Qatar between 20 November and 18 December 2022, the group stage commenced in the first week of September 2022 and concluded in the first week of November 2022 to make way for the World Cup.

The draws for the qualifying round started at 12:00 CEST/CET and were held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. The group stage draw took place in Istanbul, Turkey.

Group stage
The draw for the group stage was held on 25 August 2022. The 32 teams were drawn into eight groups of four. For the draw, the teams were seeded into four pots, each of eight teams, based on the following principles:

 * Pot 1 contained the Champions League and Europa League title holders, and the champions of the top six associations based on their 2021 UEFA country coefficients. Since the Champions League title holders, Real Madrid, were also the champions of Association 2 (Spain), the champions of Association 7 (Netherlands), Ajax, were seeded into Pot 1.
 * Pots 2, 3 and 4 contained the remaining teams, seeded based on their 2022 UEFA club coefficients (CC).

Teams from the same association could not be drawn into the same group.

Eintracht Frankfurt made their debut appearance in the group stage (and first appearance in the European Cup since their loss in the 1960 final) after winning the 2021–22 UEFA Europa League and, as a result, this was the first time that five German clubs played in the group stage.

A total of 15 national associations were represented in the group stage. This season was the first since the 1995–96 edition in which a Turkish side failed to qualify for the group stage. It was also the first time since the 2007–08 season that two Scottish sides qualified for the group stage.

Knockout phase
In the knockout phase, teams played against each other over two legs on a home-and-away basis, except for the one-match final.

Statistics
Statistics exclude qualifying rounds and play-off round.

Team of the season
The UEFA technical study group selected the following players as the team of the tournament.

Player of the Season

 * 🇪🇸 Rodri ( Manchester City)

Young Player of the Season

 * Khvicha Kvaratskhelia ( Napoli)

title: 2022–23 UEFA Champions League


text:
Boécourt

Boécourt is a municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

History
Boécourt is first mentioned in 1141 as Boescort. The municipality was formerly known by its German name Biestingen, however, that name is no longer used.

Geography
Boécourt has an area of. Of this area, 6.09 km2 or 49.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 5.09 km2 or 41.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.06 km2 or 8.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.04 km2 or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes and 0.03 km2 or 0.2% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.9%. Out of the forested land, 38.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 18.0% is used for growing crops and 17.4% is pastures and 13.2% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is in lakes.

The municipality is located in the Delemont district, south of the Les Rangiers junction on the Glovelier-Porrentruy road. It consists of the villages of Boécourt, Séprais and Montavon.

The municipalities of Bassecourt, Boécourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier, Saulcy, Soulce and Undervelier are considering a merger on at a date in the future into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a Garb Or ribboned and arched with three Mullets [of Six] of the same.

Demographics
Boécourt has a population of. , 9.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 1.4%. Migration accounted for 1.8%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.4%.

Most of the population speaks French (744 or 91.4%) as their first language, German is the second most common (32 or 3.9%) and Italian is the third (16 or 2.0%). There are 3 people who speak Romansh.

, the population was 49.9% male and 50.1% female. The population was made up of 387 Swiss men (45.2% of the population) and 40 (4.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 390 Swiss women (45.6%) and 39 (4.6%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 330 or about 40.5% were born in Boécourt and lived there in 2000. There were 264 or 32.4% who were born in the same canton, while 107 or 13.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 94 or 11.5% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 27.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14.4%.

, there were 328 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 425 married individuals, 34 widows or widowers and 27 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 308 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 66 households that consist of only one person and 29 households with five or more people. , a total of 303 apartments (86.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 36 apartments (10.3%) were seasonally occupied and 12 apartments (3.4%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 4.7 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 2.07%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 29.12% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (24.83%), the SVP (17.61%) and the FDP (17.38%). In the federal election, a total of 227 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 38.0%.

Economy
, Boécourt had an unemployment rate of 3.9%. , there were 38 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 15 businesses involved in this sector. 337 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 13 businesses in this sector. 59 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 17 businesses in this sector. There were 403 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.0% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 383. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 26, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 324 of which 290 or (89.5%) were in manufacturing and 32 (9.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 33. In the tertiary sector; 5 or 15.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 6.1% were in the movement and storage of goods, 7 or 21.2% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 6.1% were technical professionals or scientists, 7 or 21.2% were in education.

, there were 309 workers who commuted into the municipality and 249 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.2 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 19.4% of the workforce coming into Boécourt are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 7.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 63% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 641 or 78.7% were Roman Catholic, while 61 or 7.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 33 individuals (or about 4.05% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Islamic. 72 (or about 8.85% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 22 individuals (or about 2.70% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Boécourt about 242 or (29.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 69 or (8.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 69 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.9% were Swiss men, 29.0% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009-10 school year, there were no students attending school in Boécourt. , there were 71 students from Boécourt who attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Boécourt


text:
Víkingsvöllur

Víkingsvöllur is a football stadium in Reykjavík, Iceland. It is currently used for football matches and is the home ground of Víkingur F.C. The stadium holds around 2,000, with 1,149 seats, and is located at 'Traðarland' in Fossvogsdalur, south-east of the city center

Stats

 * Size:
 * Record attendance: 2,023 tickets versus Leiknir Reykjavík, 2021
 * Opening game:

title: Víkingsvöllur


text:
Wikiversity talk:Policies

Original Policies
I propose that Wikiversity start by adopting existing Wikipedia policy. The Wikiversity community can then discuss the creation of new policies that will diverge from Wikipedia's policies. New Wikiversity policies should reflect the education-oriented mission of Wikiversity as defined in the Wikiversity project proposal that was approved by the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. --JWSchmidt 13:44, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * For me, this seems too much. Wikipedia has tons of policies, the vast majority of which are specific to its needs. I think we should only begin with the most basic of Wikimedia policies, Civility, and then develop our own. NPOV, for example, doesn't even fit with what I believe education to be all about - education, for me, is more along the lines of "What do you think? Do you agree/disagree?". Cormaggio 13:50, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * We know that Wikipedia policy provides a viable way to run a wiki project. I suggest using Wikipedia policy as a temporary set of rules; Wikipedia policy would provide stabilty while the Wikiversity community creates new policy. As soon as the Wikiversity community creates its own rules, the Wikipedia rules would no longer be in effect. --JWSchmidt 13:58, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, but why bother adopting them all to begin with? There are so many which are obviously irrelevant - though I say civility is a basic one - and the rest we can work out as we go along. No projects are forced to adopt any principles but the core Wikimedia values (and NPOV, like I've said, is one that i think should go for a start). Cormaggio 14:10, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia policy could provide a starting point. The approach would be "easy come, easy go". It is easy to adopt Wikipedia policy as a default for when no Wikiversity policy exists. When new Wikiversity policy is constructed by the community it would automatically displace the default Wikipedia policies. In other words, it would be easy for the Wikiversity community to decide which Wikipedia policies are not relevant, either explicitly or implicitly just by ignoring them. Some Wikipedia policies could be modified to suit Wikiversity needs rather than having to start each Wikiversity policy from zero. --JWSchmidt 14:43, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Take into account that there are lots of Wikipedias, not just one. And they have different policies each. I think there shouldn't be that automatic Wikipedia policy. You can add a line stating Wikipedia general policies should be followed but no more. Common sense does the rest, and there's usually an intention to follow it. But don't set that on the policy, please. It only helps (vandal?, troll?) people saying, this hidden wikipedia policy says so, and it's stupid to apply this here, but we must obey, so you all are wrong. Platonides 14:51, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed. I think it would be pertinent to import the ground rules, e.g. Civility, Copyrights and Be Bold. Everything beyond that should be created here (but taking into account experiences made elsewhere). Sebmol 14:55, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

It sounds like we need a list of proposed Wikiversity policies. --JWSchmidt 15:07, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed, here's what I think would be a good start:
 * Observe copyrights (IMO very important so the project doesn't end up getting shut down after all this work because Wikimedia gets sued by some textbook publisher)
 * Civility, Wikiquette, no personal attacks, and the like (This is especially important in a quasi-academic setting. I would imagine that some of the material covered here might be pretty controversial so it's additionally important not to resort to personal attacks)
 * Be bold (In the beginning stages and with few people involved, initiative is often times more important than that all agree to a plan of action. Things that go in the wrong direction can be corrected fairly easily with the technology we have available)
 * Thoughts? What else would be good? -- sebmol ? 15:22, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Added: Diversity (With that I mean, that in a learning environment, it's more important to have a diversity in material than a basis in scientific verifiability. Teaching literature or poetry isn't really science, inherently POV, but obviously important nonetheless. So we should create an environment where people feel comfortable creating and discussing controversial materials as well, even if science doesn't back them up.)

 * I think there should be a modified NPOV policy. I think NPOV should apply to the Wikiversity namespace of Wikiversity. An NPOV policy would help guide the meta discussion that will take place in the Wikiversity namespace: "where there are or have been conflicting views, these should be presented fairly, but not asserted" --JWSchmidt 15:38, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

---

I think that the original "5 pillars" should be perhaps copied over and used in theory, but I have to agree with Cormogo that the policies that exist here should be ones that the users for Wikiversity need and use come up with. There are some policies (such as What Wikiversity is not and others) that should be copied over from Meta. I'll start them as proposed policies to begin with, and certainly the original research guidelines need to be discussed as well. --Robert Horning 16:13, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Open discussions for setting polices is a great way to acquire initial ideas, however, polls are not condusive to gathering the best language for a sound policy. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams appointed themselves dictators and designers of the US Constitution before they later delegated the refinements (ammendments) over to the American people. Wikiversity, in my opinion, should appoint a very small committee to draw up basic policy. This committee should be in total agreement with Wikiversity's Mission Statement. These policies should reflect the intent and charactor of Wikiversity and not the whims of the world community. Wikiversity can tweek the policies of any great education entity to suit its own intent and personality. A time saver. you will never please everyone. In summary: be the dictator for now, appoint your own policy making team, and tweek it as you go to reflect the Mission Statement. Everyone with a rearend has an opinion. This is mine. User: TigreNoir

 * Honesty/integrity should be one policy. This is notable, because, unlike in wikipedia, here one may say things which are tentative.  Yet one must not intentionally mislead;  one must not claim something that he cannot support. As one learns more, she may adjust her statements.  But one must always let others know the status. Confucius:「知之為知之，不知為不知，是知也」--Hillgentleman 09:10, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

GDFL and copyright
If this has been discussed before, please forgive me. But I was just thinking about GDFL and copyrights. Suppose a class on Wikiversity requires the students to write papers (original work of their own). Will those papers be posted on Wikiversity, and if so, are they automatically GDFL, as are contributions to Wikipedia? I imagine that many people will not want their hard work so easily given away. Some people might think it's great, or not care, but if down the road we have people writing 20+ page final papers, will they really want them distributed on the internet? I am just brainstormin here. --Fang Aili 15:59, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that in general, we should use GFDL or cc-by-sa. I personally would prefer the latter because it doesn't come with all the complications of the GFDL and was created for content such as ours. As to papers, from the university I've attended, the university took over the rights for all papers submitted by students so they could use them for publications, contests, future courses, etc. I therefore don't think that would really be a problem here either. What we can do, howeve, is having those pages excluded from search engines so they won't be distributed as easily. -- sebmol ? 16:30, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

"all the complications of the GFDL" <-- please list them "created for content such as ours" <-- what is different from the GFDL?

We should keep Wikiversity under the GFDL because nearly every project is. Some things (particularly on Wikibooks) will have to be copied to here, so it'd be easier to keep things uniformly licensed. The only exception is Wikinews, and consequently, things can't be copied from other projects to Wikinews because of license incompatibility. Messedrocker 01:19, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Growing and maintaining the commons is precisely Wikiversity's primary mission. We happen to focus on learning where several other Wikimedia projects focus on high quality reference works. The GFDL has been proven in the past and is a well known copyleft mechanism. Further, there is a separate Foundation (GNU Foundation) dedicated to maintaining and protecting it as a viable copyleft mechanism. If a learner has a valuable paper it certainly should not be published here until their organization is setup to exploit the valuable innovation has a large lead to market. We could change this in the future perhaps as Wikiversity grows and has an advanced grid like capability to mix and match specific teams and sponser with all applicable necessities such as secrecy and access management. For now I think we would be wise to keep things as simple as possible until we have the size, experience and dedicated resources to manage a complicated mix. In short, wiklars wiklars should not publish valuable proprietary information on wikiversity. The submittal form currently makes this crystal clear for any who read it. There is nothing to stop a local learner from publishing under copyright at another web site and then referring to the material with a link embedded in local FDL'ed overview materials. Mirwin 07:58, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Original Research Guidelines
I know this needs to be turned into a whole different page for ongoing discussion, but as Anthere made mention in her announcement on Foundation-l (see http://mail.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2006-August/009046.html for details), the original research provisions of Wikiversity are going to be something the board of trustees will look at very carefully. This is also something that needs to turn into a formal policy discussion at this point. --Robert Horning 16:13, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * From what I've heard, part of the reason why Wikinews started up is additionally to function as a reliable source for Wikipedia. See, original research is allowed on Wikinews, but the condition is that you must supply evidence and a way to verify it. One of the "students" could do some investigating involving Wikiversity resources, and publish a thesis based on it. The "student" should subsequently, however, provide verifiable proof on the discussion page. Once everything is checked over and peer reviewed, that page could function as a usable source for Wikipedia. Just my thoughts, though. Messedrocker 01:23, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Voting is evil
This is not the appropriate way to start policies.--<IP_ADDRESS> 01:57, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Right now, the votes allow us to judge which policies need discussion. --JWSchmidt 01:59, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The advantage of this poll is that it's a good way to have a rudimentary set of policies quickly implemented, considering that some of these are a given (like Be bold). Additionally, this still allows discussion, and if people agree with a point made by a certain user, they may change their votes accordingly. Voting in itself is not evil, but voting and not allowing discussion is. Messedrocker 02:02, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * This is a very bad start, frankly. It is not sensible to try to set rules a priori, before the problems we may or may not face are even particularly well understood.  Voting has always been the best way to get the worst outcome in a wiki.  This is a grand way to kill the project and get it off on the wrong foot from the very beginning.  Wikis are about wisdom, not control, about freedom in a spirit of kindness, not about rules.  Trust yourselves, trust each other, love each other, and work together in a spirit of helpful togetherness and we might just do something spectacular here.  Go down a path of rules-making from day one, and you will kill the very spirit that makes a wiki run.--<IP_ADDRESS> 02:05, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * If we have no standards, then we have nothing to strive for. And if the rules fail us, we invoke WV:IAR and decide that the rules are no good and should be changed. There is discussion, not only on Policies, but on Colloquium and the mailing list. The poll, based on what JWSchmidt says, is not a binding decision, but helps shows which are a given and which are a bit controversial. Messedrocker 02:16, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Aghast!!!
This whole page leaves me aghast! To be complete it needs only one further policy: "All students shall seek permission before leaving class to go to the washroom." Those who have proposed these rules seem more fit to run a borstal than a university. To me it is not a matter of whether I think this policy good, and that one bad. It is a completely wrongheaded approach totally unsuited to any kind of free and open education. In some instances it even seems that certain Wikipedians are taking this as an opportunity to have their most disliked policies rendered inapplicable in Wikiversity. It establishes the presumption that by virtue of being there at the beginning a certain cabal has earned the right to dictate policy that may be difficult alter when it must be applied to real world situations. If we really believe that we are taking a new and imaginative approach to education let's act in a manner consistent with that. Policy should follow practice; it should not dictate it. I am not so naïve as to believe that we will never need policy, but I at least recognize that they must evolve as and when they are needed.

The voting should be completely removed from the page, and it is a great temptation to act unilaterally to do this. I will instead add an additional section petitioning that the voting process that has been undertaken be viewed as fundamentally flawed. In doing so I would ask that all who have already "voted" remove all their votes without regard to the specific policy in question.

Wikipedia enumerates five pillars, of which one, "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia" is by its nature not applicable to the sister projects. This is the pillar of identity which each project must develop in its own way over in the course of its own development. The other four: neutrality, freedom, civility and initiative could be considered broadly applicable. This does not so much as imply that the elaborative comments at w:Wikipedia:Five pillars are also pertinent to Wikiversity. The elaboration in this project will come over time. "Free Content" does not imply that we are necessarily bound by GFDL and only GFDL, and Neutral Point Of View does not imply that there can be no mutually conflicting views or discourse on the path that leads to an idea's centre of gravity. Eclecticology 17:37, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * You're not the only one that sees it like this. There's a reason I removed all the discussion from the page and moved it to the respective talk pages. I'm not happy at all at the bureaucratization that was attempted here in the beginning. The policies that were adopted are the ones you were talking about btw. -- sebmol ? 17:42, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Let me second the comment above. Don't worry, this project is still in its infancy, and there are other editors who share your concerns. --HappyCamper 17:45, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, I should elaborate - I'm quite worried myself actually, but with so much activity going on right now, one can only do so much, and trust that the Magic of the Wiki will prevail. I hope that at minimum, there will be those special nooks and crannies around Wikiversity which would emulate the "ideal" that much of us are thinking about. --HappyCamper 17:51, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The level of activity is indeed a problem because of the opportunities it provides for those people who just love to make rules. It is trite to say that great vigilance is required to keep that process from getting out of hand, but some of us would prefer engaging in more fertile pursuits. Eclecticology 19:22, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that in some sense, Wikiversity will create much of its "identity" in future years, but the Wikiversity community did not start from scratch on August 15, 2006. The development of policy at Wikiversity is being guided by the contents of an approved project proposal. Wikiversity is not a university. Voting is useful as a quick way to help judge consensus; nobody takes sensible people do not view voting as something to get excited about. --JWSchmidt 18:02, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * That in itself is porbably a source of contention that we should recognize. As for what to do about it, well, I'm not sure anyone really knows precisely what that would be. For myself, I don't think this point would be something to worry about necessarily. --HappyCamper 18:13, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Voting is evil. Since voting is "not ... something to get excited about" we can avoid using it.  While there are times when a poll can be used to gain a sense of the opinion, the premature institution of a vote has the effect of excluding any middle ground that might be discovered in a reasonable discussion.

 * In my view Wikiversity is a university in the finest and broadest sense of that term. This has nothing to do with granting degrees, a practice which I would personally oppose.  Any prehistoric discussions that took place before August 15 can only be viewed as arriving at a provisional consensus.  If someone wants to maintain a policy that was developped there it still needs to be reviewed, and will stand or fall on its own merits. Eclecticology 19:22, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * No policies were included in the Wikiversity project proposal. The approved project proposal defines a plan for this project that was accepted by the Board of Trustees. The approved proposal explicitly describes the components of the original proposal that were rejected by the board (see: Original proposal). The Board of Trustees had good reasons for rejecting some elements of the original proposal. The approved proposal is an agreement between the Wikiversity community and the Foundation. If the Wikiversity community works towards the goals that were proposed and approved then the community will have the support of the Foundation. All Wikiversity participants need to recognize that efforts to do an end-run around the expressed wishes of the Board can be damaging to the success of the project and also risk termination of Wikiversity. --JWSchmidt 20:55, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The points raised in the reasons for the original rejection are limited enough. Nobody is seriously suggesting granting degrees, and there would already have been sufficient development in the idea of e-courses to not be too concerned about that.  The rejection in the resolution was only three lines long so I don't see the point of making it more elaborate than it is.  Nobody is even talking about an end-run around foundation policy. Eclecticology 21:17, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Common voting page
While I agree with sebmol that the voting needed to be taken off of this page, I disagree that the voting should all be done on the discussion pages for each policy. The main concern is for something to happen like the Privacy policy that was moved to official status when obviously there wasn't even a vote on the topic. Or to see somebody "railroad" a policy into enforcement before there could be a community concensus on the subject.

I simply don't have the hours of the day to devote to Wikiversity 24/7/365 and keep up on all of the discussions and be able to monitor each and every policy page. I will try to add my voice to the discussions when I have an opinion, but I am very concerned about these "stealth policies" being created and then significant custodian action happen as a result of these policies going to enforced status. I say this because I've seen it happen on other projects.

All I'm suggesting is that we create a common "vote" page that lists all of the policies that are currently up for discussion. Perhaps to also establish some kind of criteria for when policy is going to be going before the community for formal approval as well, as there have been a number of policies put up for a vote that were clearly in need of major overhaul and substantial changes being made after the voting started. This is not good for Wikiversity.

It is also nice to do a quick glance at the list of policies up for review and see what ones you still need to get involved with, if you havn't expressed a positive or negative opinion on the policy. I suggest this so that we can have even more participation with forming community concensus, as holding votes on individual policy discussion pages seems to serve as a deterrant, especially if the voting gets lost somewhere in the middle of the discussion page or there are multiple voting sections from previous attempts to get it approved. --Robert Horning 23:28, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Categories of Other?
Anyone who knows which category the "Other" policies are supposed to be in, let me know.

update
I just updated the lists to reflect which proposed policies have been adopted. Please check to see if I missed anything.--mikeu 18:56, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Note: apparently the voting on Cite sources was against and the voting on Verifiability was split. See . Can't see why you did this Mike, other than reasons of academc enlightenment. --McCormack 13:02, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * More likely it was a mistake on my part. I did ask for others to proofread to see if I got anything wrong.  I actually discovered the cite sources in the wrong cat this morning and started to fix it before seeing your note.  It looks like JWS made this change to Verifiability.  --mikeu talk 17:03, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Update, it looks like I made changes based on this edit. My attempt back then was simply to clarify what status each policy had.  Looking at it now I can realize I should have looked much closer.  --mikeu talk 17:06, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't see that the process for making policy has improved. Two forms of evidence are clear to me: a) the sheer number of people who have left the project and b) the reluctance of capable people to step into leadership roles. Policy, guidelines and process are functions of how and why people collaborate and participate as members of a learning community. Wikiversity has tremendous opportunity at this particular time to develop its own identity within the larger community. We need to look at 1) the process - 2) a guideline or two -3) a proposal or two - 4) then some proposed policy - and 5) some policy if it's needed - not the other way around. The process can be clearly seen here. --CQ 05:25, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm not really seeing b), personally. But maybe it's just me.  The Jade Knight (d'viser) 01:57, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Introduction
My I suggest that, for the time being at least, all teaching and class/lecture based courses constructed and carried out on Wikiversiry be aimed no higher than Secondary, and/or are only skills based (eg, computer programming, etc).

Reasons
(a list of a few, if anyone wishes to add more, please add them)

 * Subjects of Higher the Secondary contain materials which stretch the human imagination, and in some areas, go beyond. Courses can no long be based on a person’s intuition, and formalisation of terms and definitions are a must to carry on some areas (eg. Mathematics). --Fattony 4001 20:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * People may start to teach ideas which have not been Peer Reviewed or that might not have been accepted by the intellectual community. --Fattony 4001 20:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Secondary Education (and those below) are well regulated by Governments and Professional Bodies, and specifications exist that courses and classes can be based on. --Fattony 4001 20:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It is not sufficient to know things at Post-Secondary Education, but to also understand them, so if a student was to ask a teacher a question such as “Where did Mathematics originate?” The teacher gives a better answer than “Ancient Greece” The not so short answer here. --Fattony 4001 20:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * A lot of material Post-Secondary level that is not skills based is very specialised, and very few people would be interested in it. For example, I could run a course on: Set Theory without the Axiom of Choice. This is a very difficult, conceptually, and much of the subject matter has not been discussed or verified, and there are only a handful of specialists in the world that could talk to you about it. Another even better example of this is concerning the  Axiom of constructability. There exists only two people in the world who talk about ordinal Turing machines (one a PhD student at the University of Bristol, and one resides in Germany). This means that out of about six and a half billon people, only two have knowledge or understanding, enabling them to teach subject matter based on this idea, and such ideas would only interest Pure Mathematicians and Philosophers. --Fattony 4001 20:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Objections
(Please list objections here)

It seems silly to me to attempt to tell volunteers what level of pedagogical materials meeting the standards of the community they can or cannot engage in exchanging on Wikiversity. While no doubt some volunteers will show up willing to attempt to regulate others, other volunteers have no obligation to pay any extra special attention to them or their list of proscribed materials. Peer review or disclosure requirements or accurate labeling are different from saying no advanced materials. Clearly perpetual motion schemes will eventually attract volunteers demanding fair disclosure and labeling. user:mirwin

Final Thoughts
I would not be opposed to Discussion Groups or Seminars, nor creating material for those currently in education above Secondary, however to teach it must be postponed until a clear set of guidelines about teaching Post-Secondary subject matter has been formulated and set in stone. --Fattony 4001 20:52, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

List of official policies
As of June 2008, the list of official policies on this page was mainly put together by User:Mu301 in March 2007, probably on the basis of him looking at the tags on the top of the policies, rather than at any votes. As the tags on the top of policies may have been changed (by other users, at earlier stages) without consensus or voting, some policies crept into the official list through this backdoor route of. As it has been argued that lack of objection may be seen as agreement with this, I am registering my objection to this process. Proposed policies remain proposed until properly agreed upon. --McCormack 08:35, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Dissagree. The beginning policy makers had a much higher advantage... we should really be making policies more freely... people should be allowed to add 1 every 6 months up until the point they've proven to do more harm than good... no wonder these tactics are happen as you say because no other polcies will get passed... Philosophical policies work best (removing policies based on logical fallicies which are viewable on wikipedia than opinion poles.)

Policy Discussion
With all of these Proposed Policies how long do some of them take, most of them have been around since 2006 and it's now 2008 shouldn't they have already been approved now - or are they still being proposed and altered. DarkMage 18:32, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. I would like to see policies developed in learning projects after they are developed there. They should be put through a period of "take this out, add this" and then put to vote. Once approved there should be a measure of their effectiveness. All approved policies should be reviewed as part of the same learning project. The learning project should strip the policies to the bare bones of what wikimedia want, analyse them and then put their future to vote. We also need a procedure for every policy so we have no repeat of the nonsense that has been occurring here the last month and a time-scale for voting and repeated analysis. That' my complete view on things. Two years is a long time. Donek (talk) - Go raibh mile maith agaibh 22:18, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I sympathise with both of you. However the problem with the original policy discussion in August 2006 (and why it was boycotted by some) was that the community was too small to produce meaningful decisions. Today the members of the active community are mostly different, but not any larger. Opinions among current editors are also more varied than you might realise. I'm not sure a large policy discussion will get anywhere at the current time - unfortunately. --McCormack 04:41, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Now it's 2016 and much haven't happened. I have begun working toward an approval for the naming conventions, so see that talk page. /Patrik Näsfors (discuss • contribs) 00:43, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Voting is ...
HERE!

VOTE this September for the President of the Wikiversity Board of Regents!
 * I don't understand what Messedrocker was talking about, but i like him/her + i'm a custodian so kiss my ...
 * Where did this come from, CQ? The Jade Knight (d'viser) 19:02, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * From voting is evil ^up there^ --CQ 15:17, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Advertisement
I'm looking for guidelines regarding advertisement. Can anyone help me? What is considered advertisement? Timboliu (talk) 12:28, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Protection Policy
This is what I was just about to write after reading the "Please Note" as my idea to solve this crisis... it may not be in line to this discussion but hope it gets seen.

Wikiversity terms of use should state that it does not permit plagiarism. - That is, any content created by an individual is either removed (for other policy reasons to not conflict with this one) or uploaded not for other people take and use for their own financial gain. - In some instances, someone could spend most of their time on a page and someone else random see's this and uses the whole section to print in a book... the individual who has created the original work, should be able to point to this policy listed within a civil matter of their own if they had spent ages on their work and the plagiarist had made money from the work (caught).

- Why this would work is because it stands as a witness statement protecting individuals on here if they ever have problems within their own endovours (reduces theoritical hazard rather than awaiting assumption of risk.)

A second policy should be made after this stating; If ever the above policy is removed, it was consented to that, if the writer posted their work within the duration of the policy existing, it is still not agreed for their work to be plagorised even on account of this policy being removed or both removed as of that duration. - (You'd have a counter-claim atleast)

- The reason for these is that, comparable to... "You uploaded it, you had chosen to give it to someone else"... You'd give no one fair ground for their own endevours. I see more reason to protect orignal writers than give them nothing... infact, popularity would arguably heighten here if this were the case. (Just for this matter, I'd claim on behalf of writing this first edition.)

So I've concluded this; At the editing terms;

Please Note:

To copy from an editor on wikipedia, you agree to not plagiarise or redistribute the copy for commercial gain including while the edit/context is or was made with this rule enforced if the edit was written while it was enforced. If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly (although no factual content may be removed on fact based articles) or redistributed by others, do not submit it. Only public domain resources can be copied without permission—this does not include the vast majority of web pages or images. See our policies for more information on editing.

Protection Policy (within it's own category)

To copy from an editor on wikipedia, you agree to not plagiarise or redistribute the copy for commercial gain including while the edit/context is or was made with this rule enforce if the edit was written while it was enforced. <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 12:20, 19 December 2015 (UTC) Anonymous 573462i (discuss • contribs) 12:21, 19 December 2015 (UTC)

In support of this proposal, the user added the following sections to the policy:

Creator Protection
To copy from an editor on wikiversity, you agree to not plagiarise or redistribute the copy for commercial gain, this includes edits/contexts made while this policy is enforced and if edits/contexts were made within duration of this policy being enforced (as of the potential circumstance of this policy becoming rejected or revised). This policy is not to protect plagorism performed on wikiversity.

Fairness of agreed Protection
This acts as an insurance policy for the protection of the "Creator Protection" policy to assure editors their protection if they wish to submit edits/contexts within any time frame of the "Creator Protection" policy being enforced. This policy is not within dispute to be rejected as it only protects those who chose to submit while the "Creator Protection" is/was enforced and serves to remove the potential voting loop-hole of removing protection altogether. Rejecting or removing or unfairly revising this policy should be treated as vandalism.

 * Thank you for your contributions to Wikiversity. Please note that there is no crisis.  The discussion you are responding to is more than 9 years old.  Regarding creator protection, all contributions are covered through CC-BY-SA licensing.  CC-BY-SA does not restrict commercial gain.  It only requires attribution.  There is a CC-BY-NC-SA that covers only non-commercial use, but that is not the licensing used on WikiMedia projects.

 * Please feel free to discuss any policies that concern you, but it is best not to make changes to policy without first seeking consensus from the community. Thanks!  -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 14:18, 19 December 2015 (UTC)

I guessed that would be the case reading the edit's warning, but since wikiversity is for original research, are we completely unable to make these rules happen if we wanted? What if someone literally takes someone's work as whole, copy-rights it, deletes the article claiming copy-right and fully profits from the scenario. Shouldn't this be fully avoided? Despite this is arguably 1 of the forseeable reasons why people don't submit on wikiversity. It's halting me in all honestly. We should have some fair restraint... and being able to vote on a rule seems like a somewhere near middle ground answer?. Also, where you've mentioned "Supporting this proposal, are you in favour or were you referencing to me?" :) Anonymous 573462i (discuss • contribs) 14:26, 19 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Contributions to Wikiversity can't be deleted. For example, your contribution to the policy page will always be available at .  Custodians can hide edits, but they can't delete them.  Even deleted pages are still visible to other custodians, so it would be possible for anyone to make a claim and request that the original content be reviewed and/or restored if necessary.  So, to address what I understand to be your first concern, there is always proof of contributions here.  Regarding your second concern that others could potentially profit from your contributions, it would be difficult for them to do so legally.  Any derivative works must be shared under the same licensing.  It would be possible for them to charge for whatever it is they do, but they would also have to make it available free.  As an example, (not exactly the same but gets at the idea), many companies provide and charge for supporting open source software.  But the software itself remains free.  The contributions you make to Wikiversity must be available free if they are used elsewhere, and you must receive credit for those contributions, either in name or by link to the original source.  I hope this allays some of your concerns, and that you will consider contributing your original content to Wikiversity.  -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 14:48, 19 December 2015 (UTC)

Thanks for the help. Not unless the policy has changed (if it's still applicable) but cheers. Anonymous 573462i (discuss • contribs) 15:32, 19 December 2015 (UTC)

Native American rites.
As pertaining to land rites and resource value reimbursement's. This is not a hot button, issue from me as a Pomo,Wialaki, Wintu native. I am not in any way inviting a antagonistic response from any person,persons ie.groups or governments. Any such would not beneficial to a discussion on this topic. Please feel free to give any positive comments,thoughtful help on how to reach a positive outcome. Be it actual legal advice or guidance or just your own thoughts on an important subject to myself and family. Sincerely yours, Travis Roy Sanders <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 20:08, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Policies


text:
Markovian

Etymology
, named for the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov.

Adjective

 * 1)  Exhibiting the Markov property, in which the conditional probability distribution of future states of the process, given the present state and all past states, depends only upon the present state and not on any past states.
 * 2) * 1992, Casella and George, Explaining the Gibbs Sampler, in: The American Statistician 46(3) 167–174
 * It is not immediately obvious that a random variable with distribution $$f(x)$$ can be produced by the Gibbs sequence of (2.3) or that the sequence even converges. That this is so relies on the Markovian nature of the iterations, which we now develop in detail for the simple case of a 2 × 2 table with multinomial sampling.

Translations

 * Hebrew: מרקובי

title: Markovian


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Great Battles

The result was delete.  Sandstein  06:28, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

Great Battles

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non notable tv series; no reliable independent sources found. Mccapra (talk) 21:01, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions. Mccapra (talk) 21:01, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of History-related deletion discussions. Mccapra (talk) 21:01, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Military-related deletion discussions. Mccapra (talk) 21:01, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

 * To be clear, it actually aired on television? Hyperbolick (talk) 00:04, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes it did according to comments from other editors. Mccapra (talk) 06:25, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Which battles were "great" ones is a matter of POV for the presenter and compiler. I do not think we need to have an article on every TV series.  Peterkingiron (talk) 18:01, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete - Per nom. Barca (talk) 21:25, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. Found nothing in a pretty extenzive search. Fails WP:GNG.4meter4 (talk) 01:17, 28 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Feminist genealogies in Spanish art 1960–2010

Feminist genealogies in the spanish art 1960–2010, in Spanish, Genealogías feministas en el arte español: 1960–2010 was an exhibition held from 24 June 2012 to 24 February 2013 at the Contemporary Art Museum of Castilla y León (Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León - MUSAC), in León, Spain. It was developed by Patricia Mayayo and Juan Vicente Aliaga, who are curators and academic university teachers and researchers, and showcased over 150 works by 80 artists. The exhibition originated from extended research, ended in a publication with the same title, in which the leading specialists in the field collaborated, such as Rocio de la Villa, Isabel Tejeda, Beatriz Preciado, Noemí de Haro, among others.

Exhibition
The exhibition Genealogías feministas, as well as the publication, are a unique research in the artistic Spanish field. Both the exhibition and the book are a platform that deal with the main themes of feminism. The history from the 1960s until 2010. The main art historians contribute with their texts, to give them the support in history. It covers from those artists working under Franco's dictatorship, how their work survived under such repression, another recurrent subject was the identity, gender, the role the women in the XX century, until the feminist revolution.

Throughout the duration of the exhibition, talks, seminars, conferences about the subject were programmed.

As a complement to the exhibition, two seminars were held at the Reina Sofía Museum in Madrid, followed by another one at the MUSAC in León in February 2013.

Publication
The book with the same title, was edited by the same authors of the exhibition, Mayayo and Aliaga. The content of the book is a teoric and graphic research with a variety of texts on feminism. It is not only a catalogue of the exhibition, but a publication with essays from relevant feminists.

The book was organised in two parts.

Part 1 -Stories
- Imaging new genealogies by Patricia Mayayo

- What the works oozes by Juan Vicente Aliaga

- Feminism in exhibition discourses and museographic stories in Spain by Olga Fernández López

Part II- Routes

 * Women artists and images of female oppression in critical realism by Noemí de Haro García
 * Spanish artists under Franco dictatorship by Isabel Tejeda
 * Feminism and art in Catalonia in the 1960s and 1970s by Assumpta Bassas Vila
 * Around the nineties generation by Rocío de la Villa
 * Occupy sex. Notes from the revolution feministapornopunk by Beatriz Preciado

Participants in the exhibition
The participants covered a wide spectrum in terms of ages and artistic languages, but mainly involved artists, both male and female, who, through their commitment, have contributed to building a feminist language that fights to reduce gender inequality. Some participating artists also represented individual sexual orientation and gender diversity.

Works by the main artists on the Spanish art scene were shown throughout the entire museum, from one end of the building to the other, and ranging from the realism of the 60s to conceptual art and all the way up to movements in the XXI century. Participants included Esther Ferrer, Carmen Calvo, Paz Muro, Carlos Pazos, Miguel Benlloch, Mari Chordà, Marisa González, Isabel Villar, Eulàlia Valldosera, Cristina Lucas, Ana Navarrete, Juan Hidalgo, Mau Monleón, Alicia Framis, Paloma Navares, and Marina Núñez, among others.


text:
Donavan Mitchem

Donavan Mitchem (born c. 1989) is an American from Chicago, noted for political activism, including a stint as a television correspondent on The Oprah Winfrey Show.

At age 7, Mitchem talked his way into the 1996 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Mitchem picketed in front of the United Center for more than four hours with a placard reading "Let me in, DNC. Let me in." Given a pass from a representative of the Transport Workers Union of America, it took another three hours to convince security to let his mother and him in on the same pass. Once inside, he attracted the interest of the press. Afterward, Oprah Winfrey made Donavan a correspondent, and he covered President Bill Clinton’s victory speech in Little Rock, attended his inauguration in Washington, D.C., and attended the 2000 DNC as a guest of Clinton.

By age 11, Mitchem had been President of the "Purple Kiddy Group" at Rainbow/PUSH, and had written for the Chicago Defender.

In 2000 Mitchem served as an ambassador for the United States at the United Nations as part of the Millennium Dreamers Program. Mitchem attended a special session of the UN General Assembly as a guest of Nan Annan, wife of former Secretary General Kofi Annan.

In addition to his history as an activist, Mitchem has been an actor since the age of 7, appearing in national ad campaigns for Tost'em breakfast pastries, Payless Shoe Source and Connor Prairie museums. In 2001 Mitchem starred in "Christmas Carol" at Chicago's Goodman Theatre.

Mitchem graduated from University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in June 2007. He currently attends DePaul University. He writes for the blog "Cornbread and Matzah" under the name Hi-Fi, and also serves as a chief research analyst for the National Black Leadership Forum in Washington D.C.

Quotes

 * "Kids don’t have a voice in the political process in this country."

title: Donavan Mitchem


text:
Talk:Essex Farm Cemetery

Comment
I thought it was quite good — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jazzejeff (talk • contribs) 18:34, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Essex Farm Cemetery


text:
Talk:Irene Ryan

Age
Why put widely believed age of 70? its either 70 or give a reason why it might not be, I'd change but there may be a reason. Anyone know? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 23:04, 18 January 2007

Place of birth
Was she borned in El Paso, Texas or San Francisco,Ca. You can't be borned in two places at once? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:52, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

 * True. I looked at the page history and noted the following:

 * Aug 21, 2008: An IP adds an assertion that she was born in San Francisco, California. This is sourced to Imdb, which, like Wikipedia, is subject to unreliable information in its bio/trivia sections.

 * Aug 31, 2008: Over the course of several edits which expand the article, an editor changes the article so that it stated she was born in San Francisco, California in the infobox, with the qualification that "Some reports claim that Irene Ryan ... was born in El Paso, Texas" in the early life section.

 * And that appears to have remained the case since.

 * Ordinary Googling isn't of help here, as web pages have a tendency to quote/copy Wikipedia or Imdb. Looking in the Google News Archives, several contemporaneous obituaries (i.e. those written before the internet had a chance to mung things up) state that Ryan was born in El Paso. I can't find any of that vintage which claim she was born in San Francisco.

 * I have, however, found this:

 * "she was born to an army sergeant father in El Paso, Tex., and moved to San Francisco with her parents at an early age."

 * I'd like to check a few things out before making a change to the article itself, but I'm inclined to think this might be the cause of have contributed to the internet's current confusion. --Dominic Hardstaff (talk) 07:57, 22 October 2009 (UTC)
 * This is an old topic, but I just came upon this page and saw the "uncertain" bit about her birthplace. After digging around, it seems IMDb is the only place that claims Ryan was born in San Francisco. All other sources, including old newspapers and books, state Ryan was born in El Paso. It is possible that IMDb is the only correct source in this instance, but I'm guessing it is not based on the fact that other biographical content there isn't found in any other source (ie supposed birth name, etc.). Since IMDb is not a reliable source for biographical content to begin with, I have removed the mention of it along with the explanation of why it's wrong because of personal records, blah, blah, blah. We should just present information along with the proper sourcing, not go into a long-winded explanation about records and why a source is wrong. If it's wrong or questionable, leave it out.

 * EL PASO, TEXAS until proved otherwise. IMDb is not a reliable source for actors' biodata. I'll check Ancestry.com when I get to the library (where it's free), most likely later today (February 23, 2016) and maybe I can come up with something definitive. Yours, Quis separabit?  06:24, 23 February 2016 (UTC)
 * UPDATE: According to this YouTube channel, which purports to show Irene Ryan's death certificate (albeit bifurcated into two different sections), the place of birth (1st part) is given as "Texas" and, sadly if true, the second part, which may not be legit, otherwise why make it into two different parts or sections, "glioblastoma" (a brain tumor, which I believe is a pretty lethal form of brain cancer), is given as primary cause of death, with heart attack second. It is dated May 1, 1973 (in the bottom of the second section). Check it out! Quis separabit?  06:40, 23 February 2016 (UTC)

Photo
The main photo image of Irene should not be of her character, "Granny." <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 14:38, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

 * She’s love it 2603:6010:B801:41CD:D138:808E:CA86:B792 (talk) 10:53, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

"Jessie Irene Noblett" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Jessie Irene Noblett and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 September 21 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. -- Tamzin  [ cetacean needed ] (she|they|xe) 23:51, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Irene Ryan


text:
User:M.satheesh kannan

NAME : SATHEESH KANNAN M

DATE OF BIRTH : 20/01/1982

FATHER NAME : MANI P (LATE)

MOTHER NAME : ANNAKKILI M

BROTHER NAME: SARAVANAN M (LATE)

SISTER'S NAME : SARADHA M, KALAI SELVI L

title: User:M.satheesh kannan


text:
Tropic of Cancer (disambiguation)

The Tropic of Cancer is the most northerly circle of latitude of the Earth's tropics region.

Tropic of Cancer may also refer to:

 * Tropic of Cancer (novel), 1934 novel by Henry Miller
 * Tropic of Cancer (film), 1970 film based on the Henry Miller novel
 * Tropic of Cancer (TV series), 2010 BBC TV series
 * Tropic of Cancer, a song from the Panda Bear album Panda Bear Meets the Grim Reaper

title: Tropic of Cancer (disambiguation)


text:
Why 10 dimensions

This Wikiversity learning project allows participants to explore why some physicists have speculated that our universe might have 10 dimensions.

Source
This project started at Wikipedia. It needs to be adapted to wikipedia.

In our personal human experiences, we seem to exist in a universe with three spatial dimensions. Some theories in physics, including string theory, include the idea that there are additional spatial dimensions. Such theories suggest that there may be a specific number of spatial dimensions such as 10. The question, "Why 10 dimensions?" arises from these theories.

Why 10, 11, or 26 physical dimensions in string theory?
This is one of the questions discussed by Michio Kaku in his book Hyperspace. That book is an attempt to translate the mathematics of hyperspace theory into ordinary language that can be understood by a wide audience. This article is devoted to the same goal, leaving the details of the mathematics to the hyperspace theory article.

Kaku traces the number of dimensions to Srinivasa Ramanujan's modular functions, but this article will start with some fundamentals and work its way into the mathematics. The goal here is to use ordinary language when possible and be careful to clearly define jargonistic terms that come to us from the mathematics and physics of hyperspace.

Foundation: let's be clear what we are talking about
All in one place: short definitions
 * what are spatial dimensions?
 * what is string theory?
 * what is hyperspace?
 * what is a string?
 * what is a modular function?
 * Modular functions and string theory
 * Ramanujan modular functions

Spatial dimensions
Macroscopic physical objects such as people are free to move in three independent directions, so we conclude that there are three spatial dimensions. Theoretical physicists have speculated that there might be additional spatial dimensions that escape our notice because they are too small. Some theoretical objects like strings are small enough that they would be able to vibrate in the compact dimensions while moving through the familiar three extended dimensions.

String theory
String theory is a proposed physical theory. There are several versions or types of string theory. Attempts are being made to discover which version of the theory (if any) is in agreement with observations of the physical universe. All string theories include the idea of a hyperspace of more than three spatial dimensions. The "extra" spatial dimensions are theoretically "compact" or "collapsed" dimensions. This means that they are not as extended in space as the three familiar spatial dimensions. The collapsed dimensions are too small to observe directly. It is not clear how many collapsed dimensions are required for a string theory that is in best agreement with observations of the physical universe, but mathematical constraints currently favor string theories with 10, 11, or 26 dimensions.

Hyperspace
What explanatory power comes from including "extra" compact dimensions in a physical theory? Since the time of the first written speculations about the possible existence of an atom, a goal of physics has been to understand the fundamental physical components of the universe. Unfortunately, many subatomic particles (each subject to some combination of the four fundamental forces) have been observed and so attention has turned to theoretical attempts to describe the diversity of subatomic particles in an elegant physical theory. Why are there so many different particles? Why do they have the physical properties that they are observed to have? Have things always been this way or have the properties of subatomic particle changed since the formation of our universe? Do they continue to change? Some theoretical physicists are exploring the idea that the diversity of subatomic particle can be accounted for in terms of symmetry breaking. Maybe under the high energy conditions of the early universe all particles were initially indistinguishable, a condition called supersymmetry. As the universe cooled, some spatial dimensions compactified and particles distributed themselves among the available stable energy states provided by four extended space-time dimensions and six or more compact dimensions. This line of reasoning suggests that it might be possible to explain the diversity of subatomic particles and fundamental forces in terms of a theory of how an original hyperspace "broke" into two "parts"; our extended 4 dimensional space-time and several "invisible" additional compact spatial dimensions. String theory is popular partly because it is a quantum field theory which accommodates gravity in terms of a spin=2 graviton.

Strings
Within string theory, a string is an object with one spatial dimension. These hypothetical one-dimensional strings are very small, on the order of the Planck length (about 1.6 × 10-35 meters). String theory explores the behaviours of open strings (with free ends) or closed strings (loops with no free ends). Within string theory, the stable vibrational states of strings are taken to correspond to physical particles like the graviton. When a string moves through spacetime it sweeps out a 2-dimensional surface called the worldsheet. One of the features of string theory that has appeal to physicists is that, when particle interactions are thought of in terms of worldsheets, it is possible to overcome some of the mathematical problems confronted when considering particles as points.

Recap before getting to the mathematics
String theory grew out of attempts to find a simple and elegant way to account for the diversity of particles and forces observed in our universe. The starting point was to assume that there might be a way to account for that diversity in terms of a single fundamental physical entity (string) that can exist in many "vibrational" states. The various allowed vibrational states of string could theoretically account for all the observed particles and forces. Unfortunately, there are many potential string theories and no simple way of finding the one that accounts for the way things are in our universe. One way to make progress is to assume that our universe arose through a process involving an initial hyperspace with supersymmetry that, upon cooling, underwent a unique process of symmetry breaking. The symmetry breaking process resulted in conventional 4 dimensional extended space-time AND some combination of additional compact dimensions. What can mathematics tell us about how many additional compact dimensions might exist?

Modular functions
Modular functions are a subclass of the more general modular forms. An example of a modular function is the Dedekind eta function, given by the infinite product

 * $$e^{\pi iz/12}\prod_{m=1}^\infty \left(1-e^{2\pi imz}\right).$$

Like other modular forms, this function is defined over the domain of complex numbers z = x + iy where x and y are real and y > 0.

Remember that for complex numbers i is the square root of −1. In the function, e is Euler's number (2.71828....) and $$\pi$$ is pi (3.14159....).

What is the connection between modular functions and string theory?
Modular functions are used in the mathematical analysis of Riemann surfaces. Riemann surface theory is relevant to describing the behavior of strings as they move through space-time. When strings move they maintain a kind of symmetry called "conformal invariance"

Conformal invariance (including "scale invariance") is related to the fact that points on the surface of a string's world sheet need not be evaluated in a particular order. As long as all points on the surface are taken into account in any consistent way, the physics should not change. Equations of how strings must behave when moving involve the Ramanujan function.

Ramanujan modular functions

1968 "Veneziano model" Euler beta function describes the strong nuclear force.

When a string moves in space-time by splitting and recombining (see worldsheet diagram at right), a large number of mathematical identities must be satisfied. These are the identities of Ramanujan's modular function.

The KSV loop diagrams of interacting strings can be described using modular functions.

The "Ramanujan function" (an elliptic modular function? satisfies the need for "conformal symmetry") has 24 "modes" that correspond to the physical vibrations of a bosonic string.

When the Ramanujan function is generalized, 24 is replaced by 8 (8 + 2 = 10)[where does the 2 come from?] for fermion strings.

title: Why 10 dimensions


text:
Talk:David Petrie

Copyright issue
In 2008, in this series of edits, content was added to the article that was copied from the 2006 ODNB article on the subject. Since this material is copyrighted, I'm afraid it's going to have to be removed unless by chance the 2006 ODNB author copied an earlier version and didn't say so. It would be possible to simply revert the body to prior to these edits, but I decided to blank instead to give contributors a chance to rewrite it if they choose or to salvage subsequent improvements that do not result in a derivative work. Please let me know at my talk page if you have any questions. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 18:58, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Petrie


text:
caporale

Etymology
Probably based on

Noun

 * 1) corporal, lance corporal
 * 2) bossy person
 * 3) illegal employer of agricultural workers for little pay

title: caporale


text:
Category:Illinois stubs

 * For geographical items about Illinois, use Illinois-geo-stub instead.
 * For Illinois politicians, use Illinois-politician-stub instead.
 * For Illinois schools, use Illinois-school-stub instead.

title: Category:Illinois stubs


text:
jolle

Etymology
From, from , possibly ultimately from a derivative of , see also 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Compare with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) dinghy

Verb

 * 1) roll (sides of the boat going up and down)

Etymology
From ; compare with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a dinghy

Etymology
From ; compare with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a dinghy

Etymology 1
Attested since 1529, from, from , possibly ultimately from a derivative of , see also 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a dinghy

Etymology 2
Derived from. Compare with.

Noun

 * 1) a marijuana cigarette, a joint

title: jolle


text:
Qaleh Vazir

Qaleh Vazir (, also romanized as Qal’eh Vazīr and Qal‘eh-ye Vazīr; also known as Kalāteh Vazīr and Qal‘eh-ye Bāzār) is a village in Zeberkhan Rural District, Zeberkhan District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 200, in 60 families.

title: Qaleh Vazir


text:
Talk:Actors Federal Credit Union

Question about publication
I would like to submit this page for publication -- but do not see the 'submit' button. What am I missing? Also -- i've tried to remove all the peacock terms / advertising slants -- not sure if I did or not. I would welcome some feedback. THANKS Lorraine

 * It is already "published". There is no "submit" system unless you have used the "Articles for creation" process - but even then there is no "submit button". Roger (talk) 08:36, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Actors Federal Credit Union. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120428122813/http://www.local802afm.org/publication_entry.cfm?xEntry=1876268 to http://www.local802afm.org/publication_entry.cfm?xEntry=1876268
 * Added tag to http://www.local802afm.org/publication_entry.cfm?xEntry=1876268

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:57, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Actors Federal Credit Union


text:
Talk:Chinas

Merge from China in the Mahabharata
This article covers all early mentions of China, whereas that article (poorly) only covers one. See also discussion page there for misunderstandings currently being advocated by that page which are already fairly well-dealt with here. — LlywelynII  09:02, 21 September 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅. Cnilep (talk) 02:08, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

Mahachina Linguistic
Mahachina & Malechha Seems linguistically similar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mleccha — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:23, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinas