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Basic thermodynamics

Part of the School of Physics

''This class provides a basic overview requiring very little prior mathematical knowledge besides basic algebra. For a more involved discussion of thermodynamics which includes detailed derivations of these laws from first principles, please see the class page Statistical mechanics.''

Thermodynamics is the study of temperature, chemical energy, and the properties of matter as a consequence of its atomic structure. In the discipline of thermodynamics, two areas of interest are most significant: macroscopic thermodynamics, which deals with the properties of bulk matter; that is, large quantities of matter on a 'human' scale of understanding, and statistical mechanics, which relates the macroscopic behavior of matter to microscopic behavior.

Heat and Temperature
First of all, we must make clear some important definitions which may be different to the kind of language you are used to. In normal conversation, the words heat and temperature are used interchangeably. To 'warm' or 'heat' something up is to increase its temperature. One might say 'that fire has a lot of heat in it'.

In physics however, the word heat has a very distinct meaning. Heat is a form of energy which is held in matter by the constant jostling of its particles. In macroscopic thermodynamics, heat can be thought of as a massless, invisible substance that can flow from one region to another, but it is very important to remember that this is NOT a real or accurate description of heat, merely a tool to help you visualise how matter and the energy contained within it behaves in the 'real world' as we see it. In reality, heat is an effect of the movement of particles - whether they be atoms, ions, molecules, electrons, photons or any kind of fictional 'magic' particle you could care to imagine. Particles transfer heat between one another by colliding with one another, and over time this will cause heat to flow around in large bodies of matter where it allowed to.

Heat is represented in a formula by the symbol Q, and its units, like other forms of energy, are Joules, which have the symbol J

Example: The amount of heat in an object is measured in an experiment to be ten Joules; so we would write this result as Q = 10J

Temperature, on the other hand, is one of a number of measurements we can make, called thermodynamic variables, of real systems that we study using the laws of thermodynamics.

Thermodynamic variables
Thermodynamic variables are those properties of a real system which can be observed by simple apparatus on a scale that can be readily understood by human beings. These contrast with statistical variables which by and large are estimations and inferred quantities relevant to the atoms within a material, whose existence is not relevant to macroscopic thermodynamics. At this point we make no hypothesis whatsoever on the nature of the material itself, as the laws of macroscopic thermodynamics are concerned only with large quantities of (usually) homogenous matter.

Temperature
Temperature is an physical measurement expressing how much heat is present within a substance. Temperature is measured with a thermometer calibrated to one or more temperature scales. Three temperature scales are Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin.

States and State Diagrams
When physicists talk about the state of a thermodynamic system, what they mean is that the system has precise or 'well-defined' thermodynamic variables. That is to say, the system's pressure, volume and temperature are fixed at that point in time - we call this an equilibrium state. Only equilibrium states can be studied with basic thermodynamics - states where these variables are not changing at this precise moment in time. If these properties are changing, it no longer makes any sense to say that the system has a particular temperature, because energy will be moving around the system in ways that cannot be precisely measured. Similarly with pressure and volume; these cannot be precisely defined for a changing system because not every particle in the system is 'aware' of their current value, and certain areas of the system may behave as though the system has different pressure and volume.

Therefore, if we want to study a system which we know is changing in time, we must consider it to be a succession of equilibrium states - we pretend that instead of changing smoothly, the system jumps instantaneously between very many slightly different equilibrium states as it goes from its initial state to its final state.

The state diagram
It follows from the above statements that if a system has precisely defined thermodynamic variables, they can be plotted on a graph. An example, the P-V diagram, is shown below:

Source:

Source:

The Gas Laws
The gas laws are a set of laws that describe the relationship between thermodynamic temperature (T), pressure (P) and volume (V) of gases. It is a loose collection of rules developed between the late Renaissance and early 19th century. Early gas laws were:
 * Boyle's law - the product of the volume and pressure of a fixed quantity of an ideal gas is constant, given constant temperature
 * Charles's law - at constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of a gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature increases or decreases
 * Gay-Lussac's law - the ratio between the combining volumes of gases and the product, if gaseous, can be expressed in small whole numbers

These were combined to form the combined gas law:

 * $$\frac {P_1V_1} {T_1} = \frac {P_2V_2} {T_2}$$

Avogadro's law (1811) surmises that equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. All four laws were generalized into a the simplified ideal gas law:

 * $$\qquad\qquad P V = n R T$$

where:
 * P is the pressure in pascals
 * V is the volume in cubic metres
 * n is the number of moles of gas
 * R is the ideal gas constant (8.3145 J/(mol K))
 * T is the temperature in kelvins.

The Ideal Gas
The Ideal Gas is a simple model for a gas derived from the gas laws above. The Ideal Gas Equation relates pressure, temperature and volume in all possible combinations for a model gas which has the following properties, making it unlike the 'real' thing:
 * The particles in the gas have no size
 * The particles in the gas do not interact - that is, they cannot 'bounce off' one another, only the walls of the container, and do not exert any forces on one another

As a consequence of these points, further properties emerge that are still important in themselves:
 * The gas never changes phase (never liquefies or alters its properties) and cannot chemically react

The Ideal Gas is described by a single equation:

PV=NRT

Where:
 * P=Pressure in Pascals (Pa)
 * V=Volume in cubic metres (m^3)
 * T=Temperature in Kelvin (K)

N is the number of moles of gas in the volume R is a constant, the Molar Gas Constant. This is not important to know the details of at this stage, except that is approximately equal to 8.31

From this equation, we note that the product PV is directly proportional to T. This tells us the following about the behavior of gases:
 * If the temperature of the gas remains constant, either P or V can increase provided that the other decreases by the same proportion; you could double the pressure while halving the volume and not change the temperature of the gas, for example
 * If T changes, there are many combinations of P and V that can achieve this. To raise the temperature of the gas you can increase the pressure, decrease the volume, or change both at the same time and achieve the same temperature increase.

We also note that it would in theory be possible to alter the state of the gas by changing the number of particles, N. This is possible, but adding or removing particles involves manipulating chemical potentials, which are part of Statistical Mechanics and rather too complex for this lesson.

Exercise
Consider a sealed box of gas at atmospheric pressure (300 kPa) and room temperature (293 K). The gas is heated by a flame until its temperature is 400K. Calculate the change in pressure, $$\delta P$$. (Click expand for the worked answer)

Book list and study hints
Statistical mechanics

title: Basic thermodynamics


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User:Drice89/sandbox

Artistic Studios is a Limited Liability Company based out of San Francisco, California. Artistic Studios designs, sources, and distributes innovative children's activity products through established and emerging distribution channels to major retailers in the US and eleven addition countries.

During its more than thirteen years of business, Artistic Studios has developed a reputation for introducing a unique product line and a depth of product that includes books, wooden dolls, art and sticker sets, and an array of other products for young children. Their most popular goods are produced under the Disney Princess license. Their products can be found at many American retailers such as Costco, Wal-Mart, Ross, and Wall Greens.

Artistic Studios is owned by Jerold Balzer, CEO.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Drice89/sandbox


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Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2015 February 2

= February 2 =

Gesture (presumably American)
A bunch of American movies I've seen, as well as daily life, as I presume, feature a gesture when a satisfied person cheerfully stretches out his/her hand and points with an index finger towards a person he/she okayes. Is there any specific name for such approval gesture? Off the top of my head I can't link any specific video, but it could be seen when for example a politician appears on public. I got an impression that it's a typical American gesture. Brandmeistertalk  01:34, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I assume you mean this gesture? I don't know its name other than pointing, but I hope this helps. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 13 Shevat 5775 01:52, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I call it the "Hey, you're alright!" or "This guy gets it!". Some people (like the guy in the picture above) choose to go full out "finger gun and wink", but that's not alright, unless you're trying to be cheesy. InedibleHulk (talk) 02:13, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * It could also get a student expelled from school in some places, but yes it's generally one of the marks of being a tool. Actually, Buddy Christ is closest to what he's asking for. Forgot how it looked. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 13 Shevat 5775 02:50, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I'll agree with InedibleHulk here. I would call that the "you're the one" gesture, and it doesn't have to consist of the cheesy image WMFP provided, just a single loose hand with an index finger extended.  Desmond Morris has a book Gestures: Their Origin and Distribution (1979) on gestures, it may include this one. μηδείς (talk) 03:05, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't know if it goes as far as saying, 'You're the One,' but it definitely implies that the target is indeed both awesome and praiseworthy. Give me a break. That pic is the only one I could find without having a name for it. :( Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 13 Shevat 5775 03:13, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * No, no breaks for "Sirs". We did away with that when we drove George bonkers.  Since then you've always been a favored aunt or uncle, but not one with a blank Czech. μηδείς (talk) 05:28, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, the real Petrie was known to lose his head from time to time. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 13 Shevat 5775 05:39, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Bill Clinton was big on pointing at people as he spoke. I think the "buddy Jesus" point is just an exaggeration of Clinton's trademark way of connecting with his audience. Guettarda (talk) 06:06, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Oh dear God, you're right. Though it actually makes sense given that the movie came out in '99. By the way, do we have a name for this yet? It seems like a wink or some kind of head nod is required for it to be a sort "this guy right he-ah!" gesture as opposed to rudely pointing at someone. There must be a name for it. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 13 Shevat 5775 07:03, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I hadn't noticed that Buddy Christ is also doing the Clinton thumb. Guettarda (talk) 17:05, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Finger_gun(s) or finger pistol(s) -  . It doesn't always really invoke guns, but that's still a common name for the gesture. It can be a "cool guy" or "A OK" gesture, but very similar gestures could also be intended as a threat. Probably not a threat when this guy does it, but context is important. Here's a rage comic meme/image thing that pops up often - this site calls it "you're the man"    SemanticMantis (talk) 17:51, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * This google image search for /you're the man/ is mostly on-point . Medeis might be using "the one" in an effort toward gender neutrality, but "the one" usually has connotations of romance or a messiah figure - this /you're the one/ image search doesn't have any finger guns that I can see: . /You're awesome/ has some fairly similar results to /you're the man/ or /finger gun/ . SemanticMantis (talk) 18:15, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Damn it! I hate it when my attempts at gender neutrality have romantic or messianic connotations! Oh, wicked, bad, naughty, evil Zoot! μηδείς (talk) 20:49, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * [It reminds me of a foam hand.—Wavelength (talk) 20:04, 2 February 2015 (UTC)]
 * Yep, this is how the gesture looks like. It differs from finger guns, from what I see. Brandmeistertalk  21:16, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's what I meant by the "just a single loose hand with an index finger extended", although I've never watched American Psycho. The upward pointing gesture is one of self congratulation, as if one has put a tick mark on a blackboard.  People with the foam hands point up, not sideways. μηδείς (talk) 02:28, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I think it's normally done with two hands though, like so. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 14 Shevat 5775 02:46, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That's the one I call "Hey, you're alright!" More direct, plenty of eye contact. "This guy gets it!" is more a vague nod and sweeping point in the general direction of anyone who might nod back. Which to use depends on whether your audience are stoners or voters, but it's pretty safe to assume anyone who points at you from a stage is a charming psychopath. Doesn't always mean they're going to kill you, thankfully. InedibleHulk (talk) 03:04, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

I think this whole discussion helps to illustrate the fact that the hand gesture article is woefully inadequate. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 14 Shevat 5775 03:33, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Well it does omit the most popular hand gesture of them all. Somebody add this, please. Thank you. (It's not very well executed, but it's the best example we have.) ― Mandruss  ☎  05:37, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You could have a whole separate article on Italian hand gestures (I would actually pay for that one), especially the >800 documented Sicilian ones. And yes that is a glaring omission. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 14 Shevat 5775 05:47, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Why are Superbowl games usually 4 hours, when almost all other NFL games are 2:45 to 3:00 hours?
The question is in the title. I know Superbowl halftime is longer than the standard NFL 13 minute halftime but it's certainly not an hour longer! Why are Superbowls almost always 4 hours long? Kickoff is usually around 6:18pm EST and usually ends around 10:15pm. Thanks. Zombiesturm (talk) 03:14, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Longer halftime. Longer/more commercials. --Onorem (talk) 03:19, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * This one went from about 6:30 to a little after 10. A bit over 3 1/2 hours. Not bad. And regular season 1:00 starts often go until 4:15 or 4:30. Again, that's about 3 1/2 hours. Not that much difference. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 03:44, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Try watching an actual international game - this one lasts for six days, sometimes...because the Gods on the field need to rest on the seventh day.... :) KägeTorä - (影虎) (Chin Wag) 05:40, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Or if 3-4 hours is too long, try watching a sport where a match often lasts for just a few seconds. (Hmm.  Doesn't give a lot of time for commercial interruptions...) --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:01, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * My sport sells a half-hour to FOX for each of its shows' twelve or so bouts. If a fight ends in eight seconds, that means 26 minutes of commercials and desk banter. Same for the next one. When every match drags to a decision, it sort of makes the show less tiring. InedibleHulk (talk) 07:40, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

part time courses university toronto
Do York, U of Toronto and Ryerson universities offer part time courses for degree especially in history? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:32, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Here's the page for U Toronto History programs . Here is a page on part time student opportunities . I'd recommend you contact them directly, as they will be the authority on their own programs. My experience based on universities in the USA is that part time status should not prevent a degree from being granted, but that there are certain privileges that status as a full-time student will grant. For example, some financial aid (U Toronto here: ) and work study programs are restricted to full time students. But you'll have to contact the institutions directly for guidance. SemanticMantis (talk) 21:17, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Is there ever a Spartacus_(TV_series) convention in North America especially in California?
Please let me know. Venustar84 (talk) 23:45, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Given the show is cancelled and the original star died of cancer, it is unlikely they'll have stand alone conventions. You have asked similar questions about a dozen times before.  Such conventions are highly advertised, since they want attendees.  (In other words, we can't do better for you on this than google can.)  Here are various Spartacus fan club sites.  I'd use google and search those sites especially. μηδείς (talk) 02:24, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It looks like the remaining cast is reuniting in June. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 14 Shevat 5775 02:48, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Be aware, Sir William, that the user normally asks about locations near British Columbia, here California, not Florida. μηδείς (talk) 03:08, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If they're a true and proper nerd, the OP can purchase a plane to Florida. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 14 Shevat 5775 03:25, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * They could do that. But it might be more economical to just book a flight on one going that way instead... -- Jayron 32 15:09, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Or they could really get into the spirit of things, lead a revolt by oppressed passengers and steal a plane to freedom (or Florida). Clarityfiend (talk) 04:12, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I meant to say plane ticket, but my iPad's autocorrect is an exceptional troll and this resulted in a funnier chain of posts anyway. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775 15:31, 5 February 2015 (UTC)


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Cell Biology/Introduction/The elements of life

The various elements that make up the cell are:

 * 59% Hydrogen (H)
 * 24% Oxygen (O)
 * 11% Carbon (C)
 * 4% Nitrogen (N)
 * 2% Others - Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S), etc.

The difference between these elements is their respective atomic weights, electrons, and in general their chemical properties. A given element can only have so many other atoms attached. For instance carbon (C) has 4 electrons in its outer shell and thus can only bind to 4 atoms; Hydrogen only has 1 electron and thus can only bind to one other atom. An example would be Methane which is CH4. Oxygen only has 2 free electrons, and will sometimes form a double bond with a single atom, which is an 'ester' in organic chemistry (and is typically scented).

As for the organic molecules that make up a typical cell:

 * 50% protein
 * 15% nucleic acid
 * 15% carbohydrates
 * 10% lipids
 * 10% Other

Here is a list of Elements, symbols, weights and biological roles.


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James Lamb (orientalist)

James Lamb (1599–1664), was an English orientalist.

Lamb was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford; M.A., 1620; D.D. and prebendary of Westminster, 1660; bequeathed many of his books to the library of Westminster Abbey; manuscripts by him on oriental subjects in the Bodleian.

title: James Lamb (orientalist)


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User:LGagnon

Pages created by me:

 * Computers bookshelf
 * Portuguese
 * Portuguese:Contents
 * Portuguese: Personal Pronouns of Subject
 * Portuguese:Regular verbs
 * Portuguese:Irregular verbs

Other Wiki works:

 * My work at Wikipedia
 * My work at Wikimedia Commons
 * My work at Wikiquote
 * My work at Wikisource
 * My work at Wiktionary

title: User:LGagnon


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Portal talk:Fashion

The Official Fashion Portal!
(talk) 11:20, 14 June 2008 (UTC) The Fashion Portal is officially established! Except it has no contributors!Osbus 03:39, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * As I've promised, I will contribute! Just as soon as I get Portal:Food to featured status :P -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 03:45, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've just checked out your food portal...you're on your way:)- Osbus 17:29, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

I will be an official contributer to fashion ! I am new and dont know how to make myself oficial! Wahh! Mina19_1919 Ohh and another thing... I dont know a thing about css or maintenance of websites!--Hi its mina19_1919! 06:21, 2 July 2006 (UTC)--Hi its mina19_1919! 06:20, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Wouldnt expect you to...welcome to WP --Osbus 16:22, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Thanks!thats nice that you dont all expect every thing from 12 YO newcomers but I do know alot about alot of things so please healp me to do great things!--Hi its mina19_1919! 06:41, 28 August 2006 (UTC) P.S.Do you know how to get a bot?--Hi its mina19_1919! 06:41, 28 August 2006 (UTC) i-ve just made a note about Incroyables. i will continue with fashion notes.plese send feedback --Geape (talk) 07:50, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Image at Teddy (lingerie)
There's been one requested for a while. There's one there now due to a merge with camiknickers, but it's rather ugly and not very informative due to the odd angle. Kuronue | Talk 01:30, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Belen Echandia
Hello,

I'm trying to develop a page for luxury handbag designer Belen Echandia. Unfortunately, it has been deleted as it was deemed "spammy". I've since edited and re-published the article. Any assistance that you could provide in helping establish this page would be very much appreciated.

Many thanks in advance,

Parafianowicz (talk) 01:05, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Let's create Bread and Butter tradeshow (from de:Bread & Butter)
The Bread and Butter tradeshow during Berlin Fashion Week became one of the biggest and most relevant fashion fairs in recent years. Let's create an article about it, partly based on de:Bread & Butter! :) Cheers, Horst-schlaemma (talk) 21:13, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

Notice from the Portals WikiProject
WikiProject Portals is back!

The project was rebooted and completely overhauled on April 17th, 2018. Its goals are to revitalize the entire portal system, make building and maintaining portals easier, support the ongoing improvement of portals and the editors dedicated to this, and design the portals of the future.

As of May 2nd, 2018, membership is at 60 editors, and growing. You are welcome to join us.

There are design initiatives for revitalizing the portals system as a whole, and for improving each component of portals. So far, 2 new dynamic components have been developed: Template:Transclude lead excerpt and Template:Transclude random excerpt.

Tools are provided for building and maintaining portals, including automated portals that update themselves in various ways.

And, if you are bored and would like something to occupy your mind, we have a wonderful task list.

From your friendly neighborhood Portals WikiProject. Hope to see you there. Sincerely,    — The Transhumanist   07:29, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

Article selection criteria
The information below is based upon information at Portal:Fashion/Selected article. North America1000 18:03, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

 * The portal should only contain Selected articles that have been given a quality rating of Featured articles and Good articles.

 * Adding articles
 * Feel free to add Featured quality and Good quality Feminism-related articles to the above list.
 * See Category:FA-Class fashion articles
 * See Category:GA-Class fashion articles
 * If you are unsure or do not know how to add an entry, feel free to post a question or suggestion at the talk page.

title: Portal talk:Fashion


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Dyektiyek

Dyektiyek (Дъектиек; Јекјийек, Ĵekĵiyek) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Dyektiyeksky Rural Settlement, Shebalinsky District, the Altai Republic, Russia. The population was 593 as of 2016. There are 18 streets.

Geography
Dyektiyek is located 7 km southwest of Shebalino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Shebalino is the nearest rural locality.

title: Dyektiyek


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Kondratyevsky

Kondratyevsky (Кондратьевский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Kirovsky Selsoviet, Aleysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 56 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Kondratyevsky is located 34 km north of Aleysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novonikolsky is the nearest rural locality.

title: Kondratyevsky


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Fratrovci Ozaljski

Fratrovci Ozaljski is a village in Ozalj, Karlovac County, Croatia. It is situated 17 km from Karlovac. Before the signing of the Treaty of Trianon, it was part of Zagreb County.

title: Fratrovci Ozaljski


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Cliff Bridge, Scarborough

The Cliff Bridge, previously known as the Spa Bridge, is a footbridge in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England. Spanning the valley from St Nicholas Cliff to The Spa, it was completed in 1827 and is a Grade II listed building.

The bridge has four segmental braced iron arches on plain tapering stone piers with stone abutments; its walkway is 414 ft long. It is a rare example of a multiple-span cast iron bridge.

History
With the discovery of spa waters in Scarborough in the 17th century, the southern part of the town began to receive thousands of visitors. However, although it was easy to access the Spa from the South Bay seafront, a steep descent was required to reach it from the St Nicholas Cliff area of the town.

To give access to original "Spaw" and its mineral spring, the new Cliff Bridge Company was formed in 1826 to lease the Spa from the corporation to maximise its commercial potential by erecting an elegant iron footbridge to span the chasm of the valley from St Nicholas Cliff to the Spa. It is 75 ft above the valley, 414 ft long and 13.5 ft wide. By only the next year, it was completed, though despite its fast speed of construction, it came at a cost of around £7,000, double the original estimate. An opening ceremony was held on 19 July 1827, during which a mail coach was pulled by horses at high speed across the bridge. Much used, it soon became a toll bridge, with a booth erected at the St Nicholas Cliff end of the bridge. For regular users, season tickets were available allowing unlimited access to the bridge and Spa for one, two or four week periods.

In 1951, the Corporation of Scarborough purchased the bridge, removing the tolls and demolishing the toll booth. Cliff Bridge is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a Grade II listed building, having been designated on 22 December 1953. Grade II is the lowest of the three grades of listing, and is applied to "buildings that are nationally important and of special interest".

The bridge was closed to the public from November 2009 through to April 2010 for a £700,000 general renovation project, including new timber beams spanning the full width of the bridge, replacement of the main bridge deck and refurbishment and repainting of all metal components. The bridge refurbishment made North Yorkshire County Council one of three principal winners in the 2011 Historic Bridge and Infrastructure Awards.

title: Cliff Bridge, Scarborough


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Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family

The Marcos family, a political family in the Philippines, owns various assets that Philippine courts have determined to have been acquired through illicit means during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos from 1965–1986. These assets are referred to using several terms, including "ill-gotten wealth" and "unexplained wealth," while some authors such as Belinda Aquino and Philippine Senator Jovito Salonga more bluntly refer to it as the "Marcos Plunder".

Legally, the Philippine Supreme Court defines this "ill-gotten wealth" as the assets the Marcoses acquired beyond the amount legally declared by Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos in the president's statements of assets and liabilities —which amounts to only about US$13,500.00 from his salary as president. The court also deems that such wealth should be forfeited and turned over to the government or of the human rights victims of Marcos's authoritarian regime. Estimates of the amount the Marcoses reportedly acquired in the last few years of the Marcos administration range from US$5 billion to $13 billion. No exact figures can be determined for the amount acquired through the entire 21 years of the Marcos regime. But prominent Marcos-era economist Jesus Estanislao has suggested that the amount could go up to as high as US$30 billion.

Among the sources of the Marcos wealth are alleged to be: diverted foreign economic aid, US Government military aid (including huge discretionary funds at Marcos disposal as a "reward" for sending some Filipino troops to Vietnam) and kickbacks from public works contracts over a two-decades-long rule.

This wealth includes: real estate assets both within the Philippines and in several other countries, notably the United States; collections of jewelry and artwork; shares and other financial instruments; bank accounts, both in the Philippines and overseas, notably Switzerland, the United States, Singapore, and the British Virgin Islands; and in some instances, actual cash assets.

Some of this wealth has been recovered as the result of various court cases, either as funds or properties returned to the Philippine government, or by being awarded as reparations to the victims of human rights abuses under Marcos's presidency. Some of it has also been recovered by the Philippine government through settlements and compromise deals, either with the Marcoses themselves or with cronies who said that certain properties had been entrusted to them by the Marcoses. Some of the recovery cases have been dismissed by the courts for reasons including improper case filing procedures and technical issues with documentary evidence. An unknown amount is not recoverable because the full extent of the Marcos wealth is unknown.

Estimates
Estimates of the alleged ill-gotten wealth of the Marcos family vary, with most sources accepting a figure of about US$5 billion–10 billion for wealth acquired in the last years of the Marcos administration, but with rough extreme estimates of wealth acquired since the 1950s going as high as US$30 billion.

In a 1985 report to the United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Stephen Bosworth estimated that the Marcoses had stolen an accumulated wealth of US$10 billion "in recent years", in the context of the rapid decline of the Philippine economy in the early 1980s. The same figure was cited by the Philippines' Office of the Solicitor General soon after Marcos was deposed by the EDSA Revolution in 1986.

Bosworth's source, Dr. Bernardo Villegas of the Philippine think tank the Center for Research and Communication (CRC), noted that the rough 10 billion figure ultimately cited by Bosworth was already well below the conservative estimate which can be derived from an analysis of the Philippines' import and export figures. In an interview with the Catholic newspaper Veritas, Villegas cited economic data gathered by the CRC saying that the conservative figure for the Marcoses' unexplained wealth would be a minimum of $13.145 billion, and could be as high as $30 billion. Villegas noted that his analysis was based on figures tabulated by the CRC from 1977 to 1985, and added that the hidden wealth was self-evident, saying "kitang kita ang ebidensya" ("the evidence is very visible").

The PCGG's first chair Jovito Salonga later said that he estimated figure of US$5 billion–10 billion, based on the documentary trail left behind by the Marcoses in 1986. Internationally, Salonga's estimate has become the popularly cited estimate of the Marcoses' unexplained wealth, and it is this amount for which the Marcoses were cited by Guinness World Records as having perpetrated the "largest-ever theft from a government" in 1989 — a record they are still holding in 2024.

However, Dr. Jesus Estanislao, another noted economist from the Center for Research and Communication, pointed out that this figure reflected amounts taken out of the country in the years immediately prior to the ouster of the Marcos administration, and that there was no way to accurately estimate the wealth acquired by the Marcoses since the 1950s when he was in the legislature, and the mid-1960s when he became president. Estanislao suggested that the figure could be closer to $30 billion.

Means of acquisition
Among the sources of the Marcos wealth are alleged to be diverted foreign economic aid, US Government military aid (including huge discretionary funds at Marcos disposal as a "reward" for sending some Filipino troops to Vietnam) and kickbacks from public works contracts over a two-decade-long rule.

According to Jovito Salonga in his book Presidential Plunder - which details Salonga's time as head of the Presidential Commission on Good Government - these cronies helped the Marcoses amass his wealth by aiding him in one or more of what Salonga called "Marcos' Techniques of Plunder".

These techniques, says Salonga, were:
 * 1) creating monopolies and putting them under the control of cronies;
 * 2) awarding behest loans to cronies from Government banking or financing institutions;
 * 3) forced takeovers of various public or private enterprises, with a nominal amount as payment;
 * 4) direct raiding of the public treasury and government financing institutions;
 * 5) Issuance of Presidential Decrees or orders, enabling cronies to amass wealth;
 * 6) kickbacks and commissions from enterprises doing business in the Philippines;
 * 7) use of shell corporations and dummy companies to launder money overseas;
 * 8) skimming off of Foreign Aid and other forms of International Assistance; and
 * 9) hiding wealth in overseas bank accounts using pseudonyms or code names.

Agency in charge of recovery
Shortly after Marcos was removed through the 1986 People Power revolution, an quasi-judicial government agency named the Presidential Commission on Good Government was created, with the primary mandate of recovering ill-gotten wealth accumulated by the Marcoses, their relatives, subordinates, and close associates, whether located in the Philippines or abroad. It was also tasked with investigating other cases of graft and corruption; and instituting of corruption prevention measures.

Two years later in 1998, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law mandated that the funds recovered by the PCGG be automatically appropriated to fund the Philippines' agrarian reform programs. Since then, assets recovered from the Marcoses by the PCGG has funded more than 80 percent of the Philippines' budget for agrarian reform. On January 28, 2013, the Philippine Congress enacted the Human Rights Victims Reparation and Recognition Act of 2013 (Republic Act No. 10368). Through this law, the Philippine government acknowledged its moral and legal obligation to recognize and/or provide reparation for the victims of human rights violations during the Marcos regime. For this purpose, Congress allocated ₱10 billion from funds transferred to the Philippine government by virtue of the December 10, 1997, Order of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court, adjudged by the Supreme Court of the Philippines as final and executory in Republic vs. Sandiganbayan on July 15, 2003, (G.R. No. 152154) as Marcos ill-gotten wealth and forfeited in favor of the Republic of the Philippines.

Overseas real estate properties

Some of the most tangible examples of the unexplained wealth of the Marcos family are the various overseas real estate properties that the Marcoses acquired while they were in power.

The best known of these properties are the Marcoses' multi-million dollar real estate investments in the United States, particularly Imelda's purchases of buildings and real estate in New York, the estates purchased in New Jersey for the use of the Marcos children, Jose Yao Campos's investments in Seattle, various properties in Hawaii including the Makiki Heights estate where they lived during their exile, and their ownership of the California Overseas Bank in Los Angeles. According to Ricardo Manapat's book Some Are Smarter Than Others, which was one of the earliest to document details of the Marcos wealth, lesser known properties include gold and diamond investments in South Africa, banks and hotels in Israel, and various land-holdings in Austria, the United Kingdom and Italy.

Many of these properties are to have been acquired under the name of several Marcos cronies. One of them, Campos, cooperated with the Philippine Government and made an immunity deal, revealing how he fronted Marcos' investments both locally and abroad via numerous inter-locking shell corporations.

Marcos mansions in the Philippines
Aside from the overseas properties, there are fifty-or-so "Marcos mansions" acquired by the Marcos family within the Philippines itself. Locations of these "Marcos mansions" include properties in Philippines' "Summer Capital" of Baguio, in the Ilocos region where the Marcoses trace their ancestry, Leyte where Imelda Marcos's family came from, and throughout the Greater Manila Area and its outskirts.

Some of these properties are titled in the name of Marcos family members, but others are titled in the name of identified "Marcos cronies" while being reserved for the use of the Marcos family. In some cases, several such mansions were located close together, with specific mansions meant for individual members of the family, as was the case of the Marcos mansions on Outlook Drive in Baguio. Many of the Marcos mansions were sequestered by the Philippine government when the Marcoses were expelled from the country as a result of the 1986 EDSA Revolution.

The Marcos jewels
Also sequestered by the PCGG in 1986 were three sets of Imelda Marcos's jewelry, which have collectively come to be known as the "Marcos jewels" or "Imelda jewels."

Individually, the three collections of jewels sequestered by the PCGG have been come to be called the "Hawaii collection", the "Malacañang collection", and the "Roumeliotes collection", respectively. The "Hawaii collection" refers to a group of jewels seized by the US Bureau of Customs from the Marcoses when went into exile in Hawaii in 1986. The "Malacañang collection" refers to a group of jewels that were discovered in the Presidential Palace after the Marcoses fled the Philippines. The "Roumeliotes collection" refers to a group of jewels that were confiscated from Demetriou Roumeliotes - said to have been a close associate of Imelda - after he was caught trying to smuggle them out of the Philippines at Manila International Airport.

In February 2016, the government of the Philippines announced that the three collections had been appraised as valuing ₱1 billion, and that they would eventually be auctioned off after having been kept unsold by the government for three decades.

Overseas bank accounts
Much of the Marcos wealth that the PCGG has been trying to recover is kept in various overseas bank accounts, which the PCGG was able to identify based on documents left by the Marcoses in Malacañang in February 1986. Marcos opened his first bank account by depositing $215,000.00 in Chase Manhattan Bank in New York City on July 7, 1967.

The William Saunders and Jane Ryan accounts
The most famous of these overseas accounts of the Marcoses are the four so-called William Saunders and Jane Ryan accounts, opened with Credit Suisse in Zürich in March 1968. Marcos famously used the alias "William Saunders" for the name of the account, while Imelda Marcos choose the alias "Jane Ryan." Four checks, totaling US$950,000.00 were used to make the initial deposit. These were later moved into other accounts under various dummy foundations, but when records of them were discovered by the new Philippine government after the 1986 EDSA revolution, the Swiss Federal Council froze them. On December 21, 1990, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court ruled that these accounts could be turned over to the Philippine government, on the condition that there be a concurring "final and absolute judgment" by a Philippine court. In 1997, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court established the funds to have been "of criminal provenance" and permitted their transfer to an escrow account in Manila, pending a ruling from a Philippine court that came in the form of a confiscation ruling by the Philippine Supreme court on July 15, 2003. Switzerland finally released a total of $683 million in Marcos funds to the Philippines Treasury in 2004.

The Arelma account
Aside from the Saunders account, another well known overseas account of the Marcoses is known as the Arelma account, opened in 1972 at the brokerage firm of Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. in New York under the name of the Arelma Foundation, a Panamanian corporation. The initial deposit had been for only $2 million in 1972, but the account had grown to approximately $35 million by 2000, and $42 million by 2014.

Compromise deal accounts
Among the early successes of the PCGG were achieved through compromise deals with Imelda Marcos or various Marcos cronies. Banks involved included Japan's Sanwa Bank, and in the United States, Redwood Bank and California Overseas Bank.

Status of recovery efforts
As the Marcos family fled to Hawaii after the EDSA Revolution, the opposition organized themselves and President Aquino released Executive Order 1 on February 28, 1986, which was the creation of the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), with Jovito Salonga as its chair. The task of the PCGG was to recover all assets and moneys amassed by the Marcoses, relatives, and cronies.

The first attempt to recover was organized by Salonga, Sedfrey Ordoñez, Charlie Avila, and General Jose Almonte, and was called Operation Big Bird. Armed with documents recovered in Manila after the revolution, the committee worked with the European banking systems and Swiss government to recover the money hidden at Swiss banks. Operations Big Bird as formulated by Gen. Almonte was to use Filipino bankers in Europe to double-cross the Marcoses in issuing a special power of attorney (SPA) to move their money from possible investigation by Philippine, and European governments. While $7 billion of accounts were identified, this mission was only successful in transferring $356 million from Marcos' connected accounts to the Philippine government accounts. Sensing the double-cross, the Marcos withdrew their SPA, and the Swiss Attorney-General ordered the freezing of the rest of the accounts until the Philippine government can prove that these accounts belong to the Filipino people.

The recovered money ballooned to $570 million by 1998, when it was transferred from Switzerland to a Philippine National Bank escrow account. In 2003 the Philippine Supreme Court released a decision with finality that the said money was considered public fund. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in accordance to the law declared that the said money was to be used for the agricultural sector and agrarian reform. However, as 2004 elections were round the corner, the said funds were allegedly used for funding the campaign of Arroyo and her party-mates and allies; this was to become known as the Fertilizer Fund scam.

By 2019, the PCGG had recovered more than ₱171 billion of ill-gotten wealth from the Marcoses and their cronies since their creation in 1986; some of this came from money sequestered by the PCGG or surrendered under various compromise agreements, and some of it came from the sale of various surrendered or sequestered properties. By 2020 it had become ₱174 billion.

Acquittal

 * On September 21, 2018, the Supreme Court affirmed the 2008 ruling of the Court of Appeals that acquitted Imelda over her dollar salting case in which she allegedly stole millions of dollars in Swiss accounts. She was acquitted from 32 counts of dollar salting in 2008.

 * On June 27, 2023, the Sandiganbayan acquitted Ferdinand Marcos, his wife Imelda Marcos, and several of their associates on their ill-gotten wealth case due to the failure of prosecution "to prove its allegations by preponderance of evidence."

title: Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family


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Wikibooks:Deletion policy

Wikibookians are expected to follow this policy when performing deletion-related activities (including undeletion requests).

Only Administrators can delete and restore pages. Deletion removes access, and undeletion restores access to a page's content and revision history. Keeping track of deletions can be hard if done too casually. Deletion decisions are not to be taken lightly.

Deletion are not be confused with page blanking, which adds an entry in the page's history and anyone can undo. Page blanking might be vandalism, an attempt to deal with vandalism, or an attempt to delete a page for whatever reasons. The first two can be fixed by restoring a revision free of vandalism. The last may qualify for speedy deletion, depending on the situation; if you want a second opinion, you may make a request for deletion.

General guidelines

 * In general, keep stubs that can be improved on, but delete stubs that are too narrowly defined or do not have a decent definition of what they are about.
 * In general, keep modules that need heavy editing, but delete pages with no meaningful content.
 * In general, delete modules that will simply never become educational resource modules. This includes idiosyncratic non-topics such as "Teaching 100 monkeys to type the works of Shakespeare".

Meaningful content
Content is not meaningful if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered "meaningful content" depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages. In doubt, put it under a deletion discussion.

Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to:
 * Spam and vandalism.
 * Test edits and nonsense.
 * Abandoned pages displaying intent, but no actual content.

You can leave query on the page to check whether the user is intending to develop the page further.

Speedy deletions
Speedy deletion is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a request for deletion. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone.

Add to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in Category:Candidates for speedy deletion for administrators to address whenever time is available.

Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria can be considered for speedy deletion:

 * 1) Pages nominated for speedy deletion by the only significant contributor.
 * 2) Pages in the nominator's user namespace (their user page, talk page, or any sub-page thereof).
 * 3) Pages with no meaningful content. Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced.
 * 4) Pages in a book where current book contributors support deletion. Always link to the discussion page where consensus was reached.
 * 5) Pages that cannot comply with the scope or policies of the project. Should there be any doubt, get community consensus.
 * 6) Orphaned redirects that do not conform with Naming policy or where the names are unlikely to be inadvertently searched for by anyone.
 * 7) A repost of work previously deleted as a result of a requested for deletion that has not successfully gone through requests for undeletion.

Requests for deletion
If you disagree with the reason given in a speedy deletion nomination, or if you believe a work that does not satisfy any of the speedy deletion criteria should still be deleted, you can discuss deleting the work with your fellow community members at Requests for deletion. Please sign/date your reasoning and be prepared to defend it.

Next you should add to the top of the work, which will add the page to Category:Requests for deletion. At this time, the discussion process begins.

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 * 4) Use common sense and respect the judgment and feelings of other Wikibooks participants.
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 * Check the deletion log and head over to Requests for undeletion if you believe that a page may have been deleted without proper grounds.

title: Wikibooks:Deletion policy


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Web Design/Dynamic websites

Dynamic websites are type of websites that use one or more computer programming languages that allow the content to be managed or somehow outputted using a server-side application. Dynamic websites are mostly rich of content and manageable. Most Open Source website applications are competitive in the part of managing the content with an ease. Dynamic websites are examples like Wikibooks, Wikipedia, or blog portals. They allow the usage of custom templates and actions in the server-site, such as logging and adding new data. Today, it's quite hard to find a website that wouldn't be dynamic-content based.

Most dymanic websites are built on top of programming languages that are fast and can be used straight out of the box. Most of them are compatible with CGI to be used with Apache, or other powerful web servers.

Most used programming languages on the web today:
 * PHP -- Dynamic websites with PHP
 * ASP Including the .NET Framework
 * Perl
 * Python
 * Ruby

Note that Perl was the whole start of the server-side scripting for people who couldn't afford to buy or to learn the alternatives. Perl is now most portable solution that is the most widely available in the world. (add more)

Powerful dynamic website applications can also be built using almost any bigger programming language (C, C++, Pascal for example) which speeds up overall execution time of the script. Using PHP or other applications is a bit of pain as the applications are quite slow because they need to interpretate the source code, compile and execute it. Whereas, compiled applications are only executed either using SAPI or CGI interface. An example of powerful applications would be eBay - though the author is not sure but there are .DLL files. Also, Borland embeds .exe applications inside their search engine.

Web Servers
Webservers compatible with CGI/FastCGI applications:
 * Apache HTTP Server
 * lighttpd
 * Sun Java System Web Server
 * Zeus Web Server
 * IIS (ISAPI Only?)

title: Web Design/Dynamic websites


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Eudendrium simplex

Eudendrium simplex is a marine species of cnidaria, a hydroid (Hydrozoa) in the family Eudendriidae.

title: Eudendrium simplex


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2020 August 9

= August 9 =

Economic effects of CFA franc on former French colonies in sub-saharan Africa?
Whenever discussions on Françafrique come up, the currency CFA franc always get mentioned especially 20 years after the original franc got replaced by the euro. I have seen quite a significant amount of people asserting that CFA franc has caused former French colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa to continue be economically reliant/dependent on France ever since they achieved independence. Is this true? If it is true, then how does it work exactly? StellarHalo (talk) 03:09, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * A lot has been written about this, although mostly in French. There is no consensus among economists. The main problem is that level of trade between African countries is abnormally low, but that's not just a question of currency as it also plagues countries that do not use the CFA Franc. Another issue is that having an artificially strong currency has advantages, but it also encourages all imports and discourages local production. Here are a few recent articles in English:, , . Xuxl (talk) 13:09, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * One of the central objections is the colonial nature of the two currencies. They are managed by France, which means that neither allows the regions on question to manage their own monetary policy.  There are social and political implications beyond the economic ones for living in a place where another country's government has complete control over your monetary policy and currency.  Any argument in favor of the arrangement carries quite a bit of paternalism which feels out of time going into the third decade of the twenty-first century.-- Jayron 32 16:02, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

There is almost certainly no single answer to why CFA economies have not done well. And, within each of the CFA groups (West African CFA and Central African CFA) there are decidedly mixed results. To avoid exchange rate issues, I looked at caloric intake, and in the first group, Mali, Benin, Guinea-Bissau, and Niger did far, far better than Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Togo. In the Central African group, Gabon is the standout winner, CAR and Chad big losers, Congo poor and Cameroon little changed over the period 1961-latest data. A badly corrupt long-term leader or a civil war can ruin the results much, much more thoroughly than a mismanaged exchange rate. DOR (HK) (talk) 18:05, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

 * How likely is future Euro use? Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 17:14, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

In Africa ? ? That’s not likely as weaker European economies struggle to remain in the Euro Zone. DOR (HK) (talk) 00:56, 12 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
trash bag

Noun

 * 1)  A plastic bag for the disposal of household waste.
 * The road was full of trash bags awaiting the arrival of the garbage men.
 * 1)  A disrespectful person.

Synonyms

 * (UK)
 * (UK)
 * (US)

title: trash bag


text:
The Free Telegraph

The Free Telegraph is an online publication sponsored by the Republican Governors Association of the United States. The RGA did not initially disclose its involvement in the site, prompting critics to label the site as propaganda. The URL was registered on July 7, 2017, and began publishing that month.

title: The Free Telegraph


text:
Ghateshwar Temple

The Ghateshwar Temple - also known as Ghateshwara Mahadeva temple - in Badoli (or Baroli) is one of the nine temples near the river Chambal in Rajasthan, India. The Ghateshwar temple is dedicated to the god Shiva and is constructed in the Pratihara style of circa. It is located in Rawatbhata, which is around 50 km from Kota. The Ghateshwar temple is governed by the Archaeological Survey of India.

Architecture
Believed to have been built in the tenth century, the massive structure consists of a pancharatha sanctum, antarala and mukha mandapa, which rest on six pillars. The entrance is through a makara-torana. There are surasundaris which are carved on the front pillars of mukha mandapa in dance postures.

title: Ghateshwar Temple


text:
2017 Dutch Open Grand Prix

The 2017 Dutch Open Grand Prix officially Yonex Dutch Open 2017 was a badminton tournament which took place at Topsportcentrum in Almere in the Netherlands on 10 to 15 October 2017 and had a total purse of $65,000.

Tournament
The 2017 Dutch Open Grand Prix is the fourteenth Grand Prix's badminton tournament of the 2017 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix and also part of the Dutch Open championships which has been held since 1932. This tournament organized by the Badminton Nederland, with the sanctioned from the BWF.

Venue
This international tournament will be held at Topsportcentrum Pierre de Coubertinplein 4 in Almere in the Netherlands.

Point distribution
Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament based on the BWF points system for the Grand Prix event.

Prize money
The total prize money for this year tournament is US$65,000. Distribution of prize money will be in accordance with BWF regulations.

Seeds

 * 1) Wang Tzu-wei (semifinals)
 * 2) 🇮🇳 Ajay Jayaram (withdrew)
 * 3) Hans-Kristian Vittinghus (quarterfinals)
 * 4) 🇩🇪 Fabian Roth (withdrew)
 * 5) Emil Holst (quarterfinals)
 * 6) 🇪🇸 Pablo Abián (third round)
 * 7) Mark Caljouw (semifinals)
 * 8) 🇷🇺 Vladimir Malkov (third round)
 * 9) 🇫🇷 Lucas Corvée (second round)
 * 10) 🇮🇱 Misha Zilberman (quarterfinals)
 * 11) Kieran Merrilees (third round)
 * 12) 🇫🇮 Eetu Heino (second round)
 * 13) 🇯🇵 Yu Igarashi (final)
 * 14) Rasmus Gemke (second round)
 * 15) 🇮🇳 Subhankar Dey (third round)
 * 16) 🇫🇮 Kalle Koljonen (second round)

Seeds

 * 1) 🇺🇸 Beiwen Zhang (champion)
 * 2) Mette Poulsen (quarterfinals)
 * 3) Mia Blichfeldt (quarterfinals)
 * 4) 🇧🇬 Linda Zetchiri (withdrew)
 * 5) Natalia Koch Rohde (semifinals)
 * 6) 🇨🇦 Michelle Li (final)
 * 7) 🇩🇪 Fabienne Deprez (second round)
 * 8) 🇯🇵 Haruko Suzuki (quarterfinals)

Seeds

 * 1) Ricky Karanda Suwardi / Angga Pratama (second round)
 * 2) 🇯🇵 Takuto Inoue / Yuki Kaneko (final)
 * 3) 🏴 Marcus Ellis / Chris Langridge (quarterfinals)
 * 4) Berry Angriawan / Hardianto (semifinals)
 * 5)  Liao Min-chun / Su Cheng-heng (champion)
 * 6) 🇩🇪 Jones Ralfy Jansen / Josche Zurwonne (semifinals)
 * 7) 🇮🇳 Manu Attri / B. Sumeeth Reddy (first round)
 * 8) 🏴 Peter Briggs / Tom Wolfenden (second round)

Seeds

 * 1) Anggia Shitta Awanda / Ni Ketut Mahadewi Istirani (final)
 * 2) Lim Yin Loo / Yap Cheng Wen (semifinals)
 * 3) Chow Mei Kuan / Lee Meng Yean (quarterfinals)
 * 4) 🇮🇳 Ashwini Ponnappa / N. Sikki Reddy (withdrew)
 * 5) 🏴 Lauren Smith / Sarah Walker (quarterfinals)
 * 6) Julie Finne-Ipsen / Rikke Søby (withdrew)
 * 7) 🇯🇵 Ayako Sakuramoto / Yukiko Takahata (semifinals)
 * 8) 🇩🇪 Johanna Goliszewski / Lara Käpplein (second round)

Seeds

 * 1) 🇮🇳 Pranaav Jerry Chopra / N. Sikki Reddy (withdrew)
 * 2) 🇫🇷 Ronan Labar / Audrey Fontaine (second round)
 * 3) 🇮🇪 Sam Magee / Chloe Magee (first round)
 * 4) 🏴 Ben Lane / Jessica Pugh (semifinals)
 * 5) Chan Peng Soon / Cheah Yee See (first round)
 * 6) Jacco Arends / Selena Piek (final)
 * 7) Robin Tabeling / Cheryl Seinen (first round)
 * 8) 🏴 Marcus Ellis / Lauren Smith (champion)

title: 2017 Dutch Open Grand Prix


text:
Deepak Salvi

Advocate Deepak Salvi (D N Salvi) is a criminal lawyer in the High Court of Bombay. The State of Maharashtra in 2018 appointed him as a Retainer Counsel and Special Legal Advisor on matters relating to Reservation of Scheduled Casts, Scheduled Tribes and Socially and Educationally Backward Classes of people. He is a member of the PCPNDT committee of the State of Maharashtra as their Legal Expert. He was appointed as the Retainer Counsel for the Central Bureau of Investigation in 2009. He was appointed by the CBI as a special prosecutor in the cases of the 1993 Bombay bomb blasts cases, Jalgaon murder case, Sohrabuddin Sheikh fake encounter case. He is known for his contribution in the Adarsh Society Scam Case in helping the Bombay High Court monitor the probe. The High Court of Bombay has appointed him as amicus curiae in several criminal law cases.

He was awarded 'Thane Gaurav Puraskar' (Pride of Thane city award) for his contribution to law and society.

Early life
Born on 20 April 1961. He initially got his bachelor's degree in Science from the University of Mumbai where he further went on to graduate in Law. He registered with the Bar Council of Maharashtra and Goa in 1986 and started his legal practice. He was then appointed as Additional District Judge in the year 2000 from where he resigned in a period of 10 months. Thereafter, he resumed his legal practice.

title: Deepak Salvi


text:
CACS/Glossary/Tunneling

Tunneling (Networks, Software) – a software process that uses General Routing Encapsulation (GRE) programs to send encrypted or incompatible messages over a network, usually the Internet. The concept refers to the use of the internet by two nodes of a Virtual Private Network (VPN), and their treatment of the internet as a 'tunnel' for their messages.

title: CACS/Glossary/Tunneling


text:
Kansas's 22nd Senate district

Kansas's 22nd Senate district is one of 40 districts in the Kansas Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Usha Reddi since 2023, succeeding fellow Democrat Tom Hawk.

Geography
District 22 is based in Manhattan, covering all of Clay and Riley Counties as well as a small part of northern Geary County. Other communities in the district include Clay Center, Ogden, Wakefield, Riley, and parts of western Junction City.

The district is located entirely within Kansas's 1st congressional district, and overlaps with the 51st, 64th, 65th, 66th, 67th, 68th, and 70th districts of the Kansas House of Representatives.

title: Kansas's 22nd Senate district


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Warren Whitlinger

Warren Wayne Whitlinger (April 4, 1914 – April 30, 2012) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball League for the Akron Firestone Non-Skids during the 1937–38 season and averaged 4.5 points per game. As a senior at Ohio State in 1935–36, Whitlinger led the Big Ten Conference in scoring and was named to the All-Big Ten team. He also earned his Master of Business Administration (MBA) from Ohio State, graduating in 1940, and then accepted a job to work for Kimberly-Clark Corporation.

Family and tennis connections
In the early 1960s Whitlinger became involved with tennis. It became his new passion and he got into coaching, where he ended up training three different national champions within his own family – his son John and his twin granddaughters Tami and Teri. All three went on to have professional tennis careers, and John served as Stanford's men's tennis head coach from 2005 to 2014.

The Whitlingers were recognized as the Wisconsin and Midwest Tennis Family of the Year in 1986 and the USTA National Tennis Family of the Year in 1987. Warren was inducted into the Fox Valley Tennis Association Hall of Fame in 1999.

title: Warren Whitlinger


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Compa (2nd nomination)

The result was no consensus. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  08:22, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

Compa
AfDs for this article: Articles for deletion/Compa Articles for deletion/Compa (2nd nomination)
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

The situation hasn't changed much since the last AfD, but the prose is significantly changed enough that this article does not qualify for WP:G4. There is one source that qualifies as in depth, reliable coverage. Everything else included on the page is proof that the musician participated in some event. Might pass WP:MUSICBIO point 12 with this, but it doesn't seem quite substantial. menaechmi (talk) 17:18, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment. Hmm, what about FACT, mixmag, Vice, XLR8R, and err... The Clitheroe Advertiser and Times? --Michig (talk) 18:37, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Interviews, like the one in factmag, aren't independent enough for notability concerns; that Mixmag isn't awful but it doesn't say a lot (it also has an awkward ad in the middle of the page - so I might have missed the second half on my first viewing); the Vice piece is a list of music he likes; XLR8R is a four sentence piece about a new release; and that Clitheroe Advertiser piece is wonderful, and I'm trying to figure out how you found it because even knowing the title of the article I have difficulty finding it. menaechmi  (talk) 19:17, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Found from a Google search. --Michig (talk) 20:03, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. Shawn in Montreal (talk) 13:25, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of United Kingdom-related deletion discussions. Shawn in Montreal (talk) 13:25, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete does not meet any inclusion criteria for musicians.John Pack Lambert (talk) 13:49, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  MBisanz  talk 02:28, 27 September 2017 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Optakeover (U)(T)(C) 04:52, 4 October 2017 (UTC)


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User:Chose987788/sandbox

lil uzi vert no wait ft

king nemo

made it to bet awards at the age of 16

title: User:Chose987788/sandbox


text:
Michael Auprince

Michael Auprince, (born 21 February 1993) is an Australian swimmer and wheelchair basketball player. He set several swimming records and was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London in swimming, where he won gold and bronze medals. He represented the Rollers team at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. Michael is currently on the coaching staff of the University of Alabama Wheelchair Basketball team.

Personal
Michael Christopher Auprince was born on 21 February 1993, and is from Peakhurst, New South Wales. When he was ten years old, his left leg was amputated by choice; the limb had no muscles as a consequence of a congenital birth defect. Prior to the surgery, he wore a prosthesis that gave his leg support. In 2007, Banks MP Daryl Melham presented Auprince and sixteen other athletes a Federal Government sports achievement award. He attended Peakhurst High School and Georges River College at their Oatley Senior Campus. In 2021, he is undertaking a Master of Information Management at Curtin University and a wheelchair basketball player

Swimming
Auprince is an S9 classified swimmer. He is a member of the Revesby Swimming Club and is coached by Mick Gauci. He took up the sport in 2003 within six months of his leg being amputated.

In 2007, Auprince trained with the Australian Paralympic development team at a training camp in Maroochydore, Queensland. That year, he spent up to twelve hours a week and had broken several age and classification based national swimming records. He first represented Australia in an international competition in 2009 when he competed in the 09 Canadian hosted CanAm Championships. In 2010, he competed in the Sydney hosted State Age Championships, where he set two records including one in the 200 m record in the multi-disability event and the other an Australian record in the 100 m backstroke. That year, he trained up to eleven times a week. He competed at the 2010 IPC World Swimming Championships where he finished fifth in the 100 m backstroke. He was the youngest member of the Australian team competing at the Dutch hosted 2011 IPC World Swimming Championships.

In 2012, Auprince had four gym sessions and nine swimming training sessions a week. He was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in swimming. In preparation for the Games, he participated in a sixteen-day Thailand-based team training camp. While there, he could not fully train as he had to deal with a case of food poisoning. He was scheduled to attend a training camp ahead of the Games in early August in Wales.

At the 2012 Summer Paralympics he won a gold in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay and a bronze in the 4 × 100 m medley relay. He also participated in the S9 class of the Men's 100 m Backstroke, 100 m Butterfly, 100 m Freestyle and 50 m Freestyle events – as well as the Men's 200 m Individual Medley SM9. He was awarded an Order of Australia Medal in the 2014 Australia Day Honours "for service to sport as a Gold Medallist at the London 2012 Paralympic Games."

Wheelchair Basketball
He is classified 4 point player and plays centre.

At the conclusion of the 2012 Paralympic Games, Auprince decided to play wheelchair basketball and was selected for the 2013 Under-23 World Wheelchair Basketball Competition in Turkey, where the team won the bronze medal.

Auprince played in the United States for the Alabama Crimson Tide at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa 2015–2019. While playing with the Crimson Tide he won two College National Championships (2018 & 2019). He also played for the Wollongong Rollerhawks in the National Wheelchair Basketball League 2014–2018. in 2019 he switched things up to play with the Perth Wheelcats. In 2018, he was a member of the Rollers that won the bronze medal at 2018 Men's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Hamburg, Germany. Auprince currently plays professionally in Germany with RSV- Lahn Dill.

At the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics, the Rollers finished fifth with a win–loss record of 4–4.

title: Michael Auprince


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User:Adamknows2

Looking for Irish folklore Patriot, Mickey Thomas Doherty.

Mickey Thomas Doherty, born in Belfast, Ireland, August, assumed in the early 1960's. A check for his birth certificate shows he was born to the parents, Brenna Lee and Jerimiah Doherty of Belfast. However; the day, month, year and other information were redacted. A search for his Irish Passport showed that it was redacted in the late 1970's as was his exact date of birth. A search for his sister’s birth certificate shows Alice Jane Doherty born in Belfast May 1, 1953. She died in 1972 at the hands of a British soldier. His only brother Deaglan Fintan Doherty was born in Belfast September 6, 1963. He died in an explosion in Belfast, Ireland in 1978. It is believed that Mickey Doherty was the middle child. He is said to be related to a number of the Doherty clan including; Joe Doherty, Seamus Doherty, Dominic Doherty, William Doherty and Michael Doherty, all IRA members and Patriots. His alleged participation in the IRA is notably talked about in pubs and backrooms all through Ireland and places in the northeast of the USA, such as New York, Boston and Philadelphia. It was noted in Irish court papers that his alleged participation was due to the death of his sister and brother at the hands of the British. His last documented location was an immigration office in Magee, Northern Ireland, in 1979 as he departed on an outgoing fishing vessel.

Mickey Doherty’s arrival in the United States was not documented. His participation in fund raising for the IRA is documented in US Federal Marshal documents in the late 1970’s, early 1980’s and up to the release of Joe Doherty in the late 1990’s. There is only one arrest shown for Mickey Thomas Doherty and that was for cocaine smuggling in the mid 1980’s. Research, subpoenas and Freedom of Information Act Requests have gone un-answered by the federal government.

In 2003, a government source, who will remain unnamed stated that Mickey Doherty was recruited by the CIA “due to his ability to work with and control people of all cultures.” This source further stated that Doherty was like a chameleon. “He could stand next to you in a crowd and you would never know he was there unless he wanted you to know.” This source stated that “Doherty was the friendliest person he ever met. He was also cold, heartless and calculating.” The last comment from the source was that” Doherty had no aversion to taking a human life, there wasn’t a weapon or explosive that he didn’t know how to use or make.”

That government source was found dead in his vehicle in a park outside of Boston in 2004. No suspects were ever located in relation to his/her death.

In 2011, it was rumored that Mickey Doherty was seen in southern Florida with what appeared to be family members. He was also seen on several islands in the Caribbean and he was seen in Central and South America. Everyone I have contacted said they positively identified him as they knew him growing up. One of the people said he/she made contact with Doherty at a restaurant in Florida. Mickey bought his/her family their dinner, sat with them for a brief period of time and excused himself and never came back.

Sightings of Doherty and his alleged wife in Florida are rumored to becoming more frequent as if 2016, yet there are still no photos of him that have been located.

title: User:Adamknows2


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Scaposodus

Scaposodus is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:

 * Scaposodus indicus Breuning, 1969
 * Scaposodus rufulus Breuning, 1961

title: Scaposodus


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Takeshi Fukuda

Takeshi Fukuda (福田 岳志) is a director of photography for many anime television and movie productions. There are small groups of fans of his many projects.

Projects
All credits are for director of photography unless otherwise noted.
 * Air (TV series)
 * Air (film)
 * Dr. Slump (TV and movie series)
 * Goldfish Warning! (movie)
 * GoShogun
 * Idol Densetsu Eriko
 * Idol Angel Yokoso Yoko
 * Legend of Heavenly Sphere Shurato
 * Magical Princess Minky Momo
 * Magical Tarurūto-kun (TV and movie series)
 * NG Knight Lamune & 40
 * Roku de Nashi Blues (movie series)
 * Make-Up! Sailor Senshi (special shown before the Sailor Moon R movie)
 * Saint Seiya Heaven Chapter ~ Overture (digital photography director)
 * Sei Jūshi Bismarck
 * Slam Dunk (TV and movie series)
 * Tokusō Kihei Dorvack
 * Yawara! A Fashionable Judo Girl (movie)

title: Takeshi Fukuda


text:
Wikiversity talk:Introduction edit

Original source of this page.

suggested sequence of tutorial pages
It is suggested that the sequence of the tutorial pages should be:page 1, "Explore" (state what Wikiversity is and how to find existing content) --> page 2, "edit this page" --> page 3, how to create a new page--JWSchmidt 12:33, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Templates
Instead of having this page as a template, why not simply protect it from editing? I understand the nifty workaround on Introduction 1, enabling people to make test edits below the text of the page, but ultimately it's a bit confusing don't you think?

Cormaggio 21:04, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

That is funny! I just signed up for an account and as I'm reading through and found a grammatical error so I went to fix it, thinking "Heh my first contribution!". No, that was not the the case.

ON: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Introduction_edit

If the page name you select is already in use you you will be shown the existing page.

should be

If the page name you select is already in use you will be shown the existing page.

shawnlawyer 7:05, 7 February 07 2008 (EST)
 * Sorry did not see this on the page you tell, but did you mean this ? Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 16:35, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Firefox 3.5 and Wikiversity

 * To complete the edition mode buttons, it's possible to use the Firefox module: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/1347, by setting a template like at least:

Original source of this page.

Definition of technology
Definition of technology Bonheur Jordan (discuss • contribs) 23:08, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Introduction edit


text:
overpressure

Noun

 * 1) excess or markedly elevated pressure, especially a transient high pressure due to a shock wave
 * 2) * 1904, trans. unknown, Wilhelm von Leube, Julius L. Salinger (ed.), Medical Diagnosis, page 101
 * ... or whether the bronchiectatic cavity is due principally to a yielding of the bronchial walls to the inspiratory and expiratory pressure, to the overpressure of the engorging secretion, ...
 * 1) * 1997, Task Committee on Blast Resistant Design, Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities, ASCE, page 3-14
 * The walls facing the explosion will experience a reflected overpressure.
 * 1) * 2004, Peter Smith & R.W. Zappe, Valve Selection Handbook 5th ed, Elsevier, p191
 * Figure 5-19 shows a breather valve that carries separately a direct-loaded vacuum relief value and an overpressure relief valve.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: свръхналягане
 * Czech:
 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Italian: sovrappressione
 * Norwegian: overtrykk
 * Spanish: sobrepresión
 * Swedish: övertryck

Verb

 * 1) To subject to a high pressure

title: overpressure


text:
User:Theories of mine

If you think about it only way time travel would be possible is by using black and white holes or worm holes if proved real.

title: User:Theories of mine


text:
User:Ashutosh Mishra Voice of AtoZ News

Introduction-
Name- ASHUTOSH MISHRA (ROHIT)

DOB- 23/07/1995

VILL- SHIVLIPUR

POST- RAMPUR

DIST-AMBEDKAR NAGAR U.P

title: User:Ashutosh Mishra Voice of AtoZ News