text:
Talk:precum

RFV discussion
b.g.c. shows this as always hyphenated (or two separate terms?) in English. --Connel MacKenzie 20:24, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * a Google groups search of alt.sex.stories* shows ~10,900 for "pre-cum" (hyphenated or two separate words) and ~6,090 for "precum" (one word) . Based on this, I suggest marking precum as an alternative spelling of pre-cum. Thryduulf 20:41, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The b.g.c. results I saw (ahem, yes, before nominating it) were all non-English. --Connel MacKenzie 03:43, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * search for precum erotic (not as a phrase) and there are plenty of English results (9 of the first 10) spanning at least 1996 to 2006. I'll add the citations to the article this evening (don't have time now). Thryduulf 09:05, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've never seen it spelled outside a dictionary, encyclopedia or other similar resource with the hyphen. Also... it's a slang word and we're worried about its hyphenation? Ric | opiaterein 16:22, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I read quite a lot of erotic literature, and I've seen it spelled both ways. I vaguely recall one poorly-edited story using both "precum" and "pre-cum" in consecutive sentences! (I'm very rarely picky about which of a pair of alternative spellings an author should use, but a lack of internal consistency in a work is one of my pet peeves!) . Verification coming later (not on my own PC atm) Thryduulf 19:36, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * precum and pre-cum both now cited. "precum" also gets a lot of hits in a language that reckons is Latin, which probably needs an entry. Thryduulf 22:07, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I think in Latin precum means something like of prayers (that is, it seems to be the plural genitive of prex "prayer"; you might recognize the root from its English cognates imprecate and deprecate). —RuakhTALK 22:21, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * A couple of books clearly had an ecclesiastical context, so of prayers would make sense in that regard. Thryduulf 22:53, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yep, genitive, plural form of prex, feminine noun, 3rd declension, I think Ric | opiaterein 23:05, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

RFV passed; thanks, Thryduulf. —Ruakh TALK 05:19, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:precum


text:
latrocínio

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  hold-up; armed robbery robbery where the thief intimidates the victim with a weapon
 * 2)  robbery followed by the murder of the victim

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: latrocínio


text:
Roman Micał

Roman Micał (13 January 1939 – 25 March 2021) was a Polish field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Roman Micał


text:
Stony Point Fashion Park

Stony Point Fashion Park is a high-end outdoor shopping center in Richmond, Virginia that opened in 2003. The center currently maintains the anchor tenants Dillard's and Saks Fifth Avenue.

Stony Point is the only mall in the region that offers a dog-friendly environment along with comfort stations located throughout the center.

Rivalry with Short Pump
The mall was the result of a rivalry between mall developer Taubman Centers and ForestCity, both who sought to build a new upscale center in Richmond. The battle was eventually settled in court, which ultimately saw Taubman building Stony Point, and ForestCity building the rival, two-story Short Pump Town Center, which is nearly two times the size of Stony Point. Short Pump broke ground in November 2000, but Stony Point didn't break ground until February 2002. Stony Point finally opened on September 18, 2003, the day Hurricane Isabel made landfall in nearby Outer Banks.

title: Stony Point Fashion Park


text:
Civil Law

According to The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07, "Civil law is based on written legal codes, a hallmark of the Roman legal system, in which disputes were settled by reference to a written legal code arrived at through legislation, edicts, and the like; common law is based on the precedents created by judicial decisions over time."

Louisiana is the only state in the United States to employ civil law. All 49 of the remaining states utilize common law, a form of law derived from England. The main difference behind this disparity is that England, and thus the English common law system, governed the early colonies inevitably becoming the United States of America. The Louisiana territory was first settled by French colonists, who later became subject to Spanish rule as a result of the French and Indian War. "In the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800), Napoleon I forced the retrocession of the territory to France." Id.

After the Louisiana Purchase by the United States in 1803, the Louisiana Code of 1825 was enacted. This code was largely based on the Napoleonic Code and some remaining concepts of Spanish civil law. The Louisiana Code has since been revised, but its base in civil law remains.

title: Civil Law


text:
File talk:La Scala Academy Logo.png

This logo is not of the Ballet School, but of all the Teatro alla Scala Academy, which covers courses for opera singers, opera coaches, chorus singers, children's chorus, performing art institutions managers, set designers, costume technicians, lighting designers, audio eng., makeup artists, special makeup artists, stage carpenters, property builders and many others.

And the logo colors are wrong, in this file!

title: File talk:La Scala Academy Logo.png


text:
way station

Noun

 * 1) A small railway station between the principal stations or a station where the train stops only on a signal.
 * 2)  A service area or temporary lodging used during a longer journey.

title: way station


text:
поклонити

Etymology
, from.

Verb

 * 1)  bow
 * 2) obey, subdue

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to give (as a gift)
 * 2)  to bow

title: поклонити


text:
Storyboard Outline for Seduced by the Dark Side

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" Thumbnail storyboard for Seduced by the Dark Side
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

Thumbnail Storyboarding

 * This is part of the Lesson in Thumbnail Storyboarding

 * Print out this sheet and quickly draw the rough storyboards with a pencil.

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #e0e0ff; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" |

Reference materials

 * Reference materials for Seduced by the Dark Side! that you might need.
 * All the Lesson 4 Storyboard Frames. This sheet will give you ideas for your storyboards.
 * The storyboard outline. Print this script outline and use the numbers on this script for your thumbnail storyboards.
 * The original story.  To get additional information for your storyboards, look at the original story.
 * The [[Media:SBTDS Script Ciprian2.pdf|formatted script]].
 * A possible floor plan for the movie set. This will help you plan your shots.

 * }


text:
User:Perey/Mike Sutton (criminologist)

Michael "Mike" Sutton (born 1959) is a Reader in Criminology at Nottingham Trent University.

Authorial note
This userspace page serves two purposes. Firstly, it is a place in which I might draft a revision of the main article, which has been tagged as having multiple issues (six tags dating from mid-2010, still present as of February 2015). First, however, it is also a place for me (Perey), to collect links and content that I believe are important in. As a result, much of this content will not be suitable for the main article, for reasons including being original research.

My interest in Mike Sutton's work began in February 2015, when I was trying to unravel the myth of the iron content in spinach. It seemed on the one hand, that "everyone knew" that it was a myth that spinach has an extraordinarily large amount of iron. Yet on the other hand, it seemed that "everyone knew" that it was a myth that someone had caused this misconception when they misplaced a decimal point (and that nobody had thought to verify the measurements since). Sutton's explanation of the matter clarified that both were myths, one compounded upon another—what Sutton calls a "supermyth". (I put the preceding reference into the "Spinach" article, where it had previously languished as "Further Reading"; edit #645101190.)

Reading more about Sutton's work, I was intrigued by his claims that Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace had "stolen" Patrick Matthew's work on evolution. However, this interest was quickly matched by bemusement at Sutton's attitudes to Wikipedia, and at the behaviour of editors citing his work here.

Let it be said at the outset that I am not a "powerful Darwinian interest". The reason for this disclaimer will, I hope, be clear shortly.

Myth-busting
Sutton has published several academic papers and blog articles in which he seeks to debunk myths in science, particularly cases where scientific priority may be misattributed. These cases include:
 * Jock Young and Stan Cohen popularised the phrase "moral panic" in the 1960s and 1970s. Both have been credited with coining it, but they "both concede… that they probably picked up the idea of moral panic from Marshall McLuhan’s Understanding Media…". Sutton rejects the attribution not only to Young and Cohen, but to McLuhan as well, pointing to usages dating back as far as 1830.
 * Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, who both published on the topic of natural selection at approximately the same time, have been traditionally awarded priority over Patrick Matthew, who published On Naval Timber and Arboriculture 27 years before Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Darwin acknowledged Matthew's work in later editions, saying that Matthew had "anticipated" his discoveries, but denied that he or any naturalist he knew was familiar with Matthew's work. Sutton rejects this claim, showing that several prominent peers of Darwin had cited Matthew in their own work, and using "big data" to demonstrate that unpublished essays by Darwin use strikingly similar language to Matthew. Sutton's claims are published in his e-book Nullius in Verba: Darwin’s Greatest Secret, and in a paper presented at the 2014 British Criminology Conference.
 * Richard Dawkins, author of The Selfish Gene, has been credited with coining the term "selfish gene". Sutton contends that three other authors used both the term and the concept prior to Dawkins, a fact which others have overlooked and Dawkins himself failed to acknowledge.

Ethics of Wikipedia editors
In April 2013, Sutton published allegations that Wikipedia had an official policy of not citing published experts, because "experts are scum". The "official policy" in question was this paragraph, written by humorist Lore Sjöberg as a criticism of Wikipedia: "The Wikipedia philosophy can be summed up thusly: 'Experts are scum.' For some reason people who spend 40 years learning everything they can about, say, the Peloponnesian War—and indeed, advancing the body of human knowledge—get all pissy when their contributions are edited away by Randy in Boise who heard somewhere that sword-wielding skeletons were involved. And they get downright irate when asked politely to engage in discourse with Randy until the sword-skeleton theory can be incorporated into the article without passing judgment." The paragraph was quoted on the user page of Wikipedia editor "DreamGuy", who had previously removed a citation of Sutton's work from the article "Moral panic", with the explanation that "bestthinking.com does not count as a reliable source per WP:RS rules". Sutton alleged that "DreamGuy" had committed plagiarism by deleting the citation of his (Sutton's) work while also relying on his conclusions, which Sutton called "unique" (and so unable to be substantiated by reference to any other author). He further inferred that as "DreamGuy" was a "master editor", the passage that "DreamGuy" quoted represented "his, and presumably Wikipedia's, stealth-plagiarism philosophy".

Sutton also cited the example of an author editing the article "The Selfish Gene", replacing the word "coined" with "used" in the following sentence: "Dawkins coined the term 'selfish gene' as a way of expressing the gene-centred view of evolution..." The author of that edit, "Scientificradical", explained the edit thus: "Dawkins popularized - rather than 'coined' - the term 'selfish gene'. Strictly speaking the term selfish gene had been 'coined' previously by W.D. Hamilton and used by others." However, "Scientificradical" did not cite Sutton as the source of this information. Again, Sutton characterised his work as "unique", and so claimed that "Scientificradical" had used his work without acknowledgement. "Scientificradical" has not made any other edits to Wikipedia before or since.

"Experiment" in editing Wikipedia
To be continued!

Wikipedia editors of note

 * DreamGuy (talk | contribs): classifies Best Thinking as an unreliable source and has removed citations of it. Warned Questionnaire about conflicts of interest.
 * Questionnaire (talk | contribs): added the material about Sutton's research on the origins of "moral panic" to that article. (DreamGuy removed the citation but not the material; Sutton accused DreamGuy of being the one to insert it in the first place.) Identifies him/herself as a (soon-to-be, as of January 2013) research assistant of one Steve Hall, criminologist; and was accordingly warned about conflicts of interest in editing related material.
 * Scientificradical (talk | contribs): has only made one edit, the one that Sutton characterises as plagiarising his myth-busting work around Dawkins and the "selfish gene" term and concept. It's probably not worth noting that this edit was inappropriately marked as a minor edit.

IP-only editors

 * <IP_ADDRESS>: disputed User:DreamGuy's characterisation of BestThinking as an "unreliable source", posting as Bob Butler, CEO of BestThinking.

title: User:Perey/Mike Sutton (criminologist)


text:
List of video game soundtracks released on vinyl

The practice of releasing video game soundtracks on vinyl records began in the 1980s, fell out of favor in the 1990s and 2000s as vinyl records were replaced by other storage media, and experienced a resurgence of interest in the 2010s due in part to a vinyl revival.

History
Vinyl recordings of video game music find their origins in the 1970s with early experiments by Kraftwerk and albums such as Yellow Magic Orchestra's self-titled 1978 release sampling electronic music from the games Circus, Space Invaders, and Gun Fight. In 1984, Haruomi Hosono released the first generally recognized video game soundtrack album, Video Game Music, and the practice experienced its "golden age" in the mid-to-late 1980s with hundreds of releases including Buckner & Garcia's Pac-Man Fever, Namco's Video Game Graffiti, and Koichi Sugiyama's orchestral covers of the Dragon Quest series. The 1990s saw many fewer commercial releases and a shift to promo releases with increasing use of video game samples in rap and hip hop.

The trend away from vinyl discs continued in the 2000s as fan-made remixes also began to be produced, however by the 2010s the trend reversed and the practice of producing video game soundtracks on vinyl experienced a revival. The vinyl revival of the 2010s has itself been attributed to inspiration in younger music buyers from video games, and it has led to the establishment of video game soundtrack oriented vinyl record labels like Black Screen Records, Data Discs, Brave Wave, and iam8bit, and shifts toward similar releases for labels like Ghost Ramp, Ship To Shore Phonograph Co., and Mondo Tees. In a 2015 article, music journalist Mike Diver suggested that "this scene within a scene is experiencing boom times", however he noted that some in the music industry, including Invada manager Redg Weeks, were concerned by the risk of over-saturation of the market. These concerns were later repeated by Jamie Crook of Data Discs, and although he has joined Mondo's Mo Shafeek in arguing that the vinyl medium itself and the related revival is in no way a fad or bubble, in 2017 Kotaku reported concerns from dedicated video game soundtrack labels that pressing plants were scheduling their manufacturing runs last in order to favor traditional labels.

The 2000s-2010s revival of interest in this medium has been characterized by releases in limited numbers and promotional albums only available at special events or as pre-order bonuses. In addition, the practice has been adopted by the cult and Indie game scenes, with its proponents citing audio quality, interactivity, artwork,  nostalgia,  unique content,  and the fact that vinyl albums represent tangible aspects of intangible (digitally distributed) products   as key elements to what makes vinyl soundtrack albums attractive. Additional considerations for collectors include archival and preservation aspects for older games, examination and recontextualization of the music as a means to expand or further explore the game, and curiosity among audiophiles unfamiliar with video gaming music as a genre. Due to the limited nature of modern releases, many albums are considered highly collectible, with some regularly selling in excess of US$100. For Western collectors, additional difficulty is imposed by the cost of importing albums from Japan where the majority were produced during the "golden age" of the 1980s.

Vinyl data
Instead of direct sound recording, sequencer or other data can be encoded and stored on vinyl media. This process did not receive widespread acceptance.


text:
Talk:Bleu pétrole

Greatest French rock album
According to the article, "In 2010, the French edition of Rolling Stone magazine named this album the 46th greatest French rock album." This is sourced to Rolling Stone, n°18, February 2010. Fair enough, but what is not clear is what is meant by this. Greatest French rock album ever? Greatest French rock album in 2009? French Wikipedia is no clearer. Anyone got access to Rolling Stone's archive to clarify? Emeraude (talk) 10:42, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bleu pétrole


text:
File:ArtRage2SBTDS6160.jpg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to draw thumbnail storyboards with ArtRage2 free version.

title: File:ArtRage2SBTDS6160.jpg


text:
Antioch, Florida

Antioch is an unincorporated community in eastern Hillsborough County, Florida, United States, located on the east side of Lake Thonotosassa. It is partly within the Thonotosassa census-designated place.

History
As a community, Antioch dates to 1885. The community draws its name from the earliest church in the area, now known as the Antioch church of Christ. In the late 19th century the church served Baptists on the second and fourth Sundays and churches of Christ on the first and third.

Education
The first school was established in 1877. The community is now served by Hillsborough County Schools. For high school, the area is zoned to Armwood High School in nearby Seffner.

title: Antioch, Florida


text:
Talk:Denis Petushinskiy

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Denis Petushinskiy. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050925023043/http://www.athletix.org/news_int98.htm to http://www.athletix.org/news_int98.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:55, 8 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denis Petushinskiy


text:
National Council of Architectural Registration Boards

The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) is a nonprofit organization comprising the legally constituted architectural registration boards of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands as its members. Its mission is to collaborate with licensing boards to facilitate the licensure and credentialing of architects to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public.

NCARB recommends model law, model regulations, and other guidelines for adoption by its member jurisdictions, but each makes its own laws and registration requirements. As a service to its members, NCARB develops, administers, and maintains the Architectural Experience Program (AXP) and the Architect Registration Examination (ARE) as well as facilitates reciprocity between jurisdictions through the NCARB Certificate.

History
Illinois became the first state to enact laws regulating the practice of architecture in 1897. In May 1919, during an American Institute of Architects (AIA) convention in Nashville, TN, 15 architects from 13 states came together to form an organization that would become NCARB. Emil Lorch from Ann Arbor, MI, was elected the organization's first president in May 1920.

As expressed by its founding members, NCARB's stated goals were:
 * To facilitate the exchange of information on examining, licensing, and regulating architects
 * To foster uniformity in licensing and practice laws
 * To facilitate reciprocal licensing
 * To discuss the merits of various examining methods as well as the scope and content of licensing examinations
 * To strive to improve the general education standards of the architectural profession in the United States

Organization
NCARB is led by a Board of Directors elected by the licensing board members at its Annual Business Meeting each June. It has five officers (president, vice president, second vice president, secretary/treasurer, and the past president) and 10 directors (one from each of the six regions, a member board executive director, a public director, and two at-large directors).

Additionally, a chief executive officer, chief operating officer, and chief innovation and information officer lead the headquarters in Washington, DC. Over 100 people are on staff in Washington, DC.

NCARB Regions
Today, NCARB comprises the registration boards from the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and four U.S. territories (Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). These boards are organized into six regions:
 * New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
 * Middle-Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia
 * Southern: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, the U.S. Virgin Islands
 * Mid-Central: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin
 * Central States: Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wyoming
 * Western: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, the Northern Mariana Islands, Oregon, Utah, Washington

Services
Each U.S. jurisdiction grants individuals an architectural license. To become licensed, there are three essential components required by most jurisdictions: education, experience, and examination. NCARB maintains licensure candidate and architect records as a service to their customers and their member registration boards. Additionally, NCARB develops and administers the programs most often required to complete jurisdictions’ experience and examination requirements. NCARB also facilitates reciprocity between jurisdictions and acts on behalf of its Member Boards when negotiating international agreements.

Education
Most U.S. jurisdictions require a professional degree from a program that is accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB). NCARB publishes the NCARB Education Standard as a recommendation to its Member Boards, but requirements often vary between jurisdictions. Those who do not have a degree from a NAAB-accredited program may have their degree evaluated through the NAAB's Education Evaluation Services for Architects (EESA) if they would like to earn an NCARB Certificate. More information on the education requirement can be found in the NCARB Education Guidelines.

Architectural Experience Program
All U.S. jurisdictions accept completion of NCARB's Architectural Experience Program (AXP) to help satisfy their experience requirements. The AXP is a comprehensive training program that was created to ensure that licensure candidates in the architecture profession gain the knowledge and skills required for the independent practice of architecture.

Architect Registration Examination
The Architect Registration Examination (ARE) is required by all U.S. jurisdictions and accepted by 11 Canadian provinces to satisfy examination requirements for licensure. It is a computerized exam that assesses candidates for their knowledge, skills, and ability to provide the various services required to practice architecture independently.

NCARB Record
An NCARB Record is a detailed, verified record of education and training, and is used to establish qualifications for examination, registration, and certification. A licensure candidate must have an NCARB Record to participate in the Architectural Experience Program (AXP), the Architect Registration Examination (ARE), or apply for the NCARB Certificate.

NCARB Certificate
The NCARB Certificate facilitates reciprocal registration among all 55 NCARB Member Boards and can be used to support an application for registration in other countries, including Australia, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Although certification does not qualify a person to practice architecture in a jurisdiction, it does signify that he or she has met the highest professional standards established by the registration boards responsible for protecting the health, safety, and welfare of the public.

The standard requirements for the NCARB Certificate are:
 * 1) A professional degree from a NAAB-accredited or Canadian Architectural Certification Board (CACB)-accredited program. If educated in a foreign country, one must have their foreign education evaluated by the National Architectural Accrediting Board through the Education Evaluation Service for Architects (EESA).
 * 2) Complete the Architectural Experience Program (AXP).
 * 3) Pass all divisions of the Architect Registration Examination (ARE).
 * 4) Hold a license to practice from one of the U.S. registration boards.

There are two alternative ways to earn an NCARB Certificate: the Education Alternative and the Foreign Architect Path to Certification. Earning an NCARB Certificate through one of these alternatives is not accepted by all jurisdictions. Architects interested in earning the NCARB Certificate through one of these programs should verify acceptance with the jurisdiction in which they wish to be licensed prior to pursuing certification.

Education Alternatives
Architects who do not hold a professional architecture degree from a NAAB-accredited architecture program are eligible to apply for an NCARB Certificate through the Education Alternative. The alternative includes two pathways: the Two Times AXP option and the NCARB Certificate Portfolio option.

To be eligible for the Two Times AXP option, applicants must:

 * Have at least three years of continuous licensure for the last three consecutive years in any U.S. jurisdiction without disciplinary action.
 * Hold a bachelor’s degree that includes significant coursework in architecture (as determined by NCARB).
 * The program must be from an institution with U.S. regional accreditation (or the Canadian equivalent) that is awarded after earning less than 150 semester credits or the quarter-hour equivalent.
 * The program must include 60 semester credit hours (90 quarter hours) of coursework in the degree program major.
 * NCARB does not have a list of accepted degrees, since the amount of architecturally defined content may vary from institution to institution.

Approved applicants then document two times the required hours of the Architectural Experience Program (AXP).

To be eligible for the NCARB Certificate Portfolio option, applicants must have at least three years of continuous licensure for the last three consecutive years in any U.S. jurisdiction without disciplinary action, and any education other than a four-year degree, with significant coursework in architecture. Applicants then create an online portfolio documenting past work experience to satisfy areas of the NCARB Education Standard.

Foreign Architect Path to Certification
Foreign architects who are registered and in good standing in a country outside of the United States or Canada can seek NCARB certification through the Foreign Architect Path to Certification. The program has the following eligibility requirements:

International Credential/License Requirement
 * Your non-U.S. license must be active and in good standing at the point of application.
 * Your non-U.S. license must allow unlimited practice—the design of all types and sizes of buildings.
 * Your country must have a system for tracking disciplinary action for architects.
 * You must have no record of disciplinary action.

Required Education

You must hold a recognized education credential (completed academic degree) in an architecture program that leads to a license/credential for the unlimited practice of architecture in the non-U.S. country. An official transcript of your educational record must be sent directly to NCARB from the school.

Once a candidate has met the requirements, they can use NCARB’s Licensing Requirements Tool to confirm that the U.S. jurisdiction where they want to earn a license accepts the Foreign Architect Path, establish an NCARB Record, and begin submitting supporting documents to establish their eligibility for an NCARB Certificate through the Foreign Architect Path.

After these requirements have been documented, NCARB evaluates the applicant's record and issues a Certificate.

Continuing Education
NCARB assists architects in keeping their skills and knowledge up-to-date through an expertly developed collection of self-study resources. The objective of NCARB's Continuum Education program is to provide a quality continuing education resource, both economical and convenient, that investigates current and emerging topics of interest to practicing architects. The series explores everything from sustainable design to fire safety in buildings to professional conduct to post-occupancy evaluation. All learning units are American Institute of Architects (AIA) Learning Units, and most qualify as Health, Safety, and Welfare (HSW) units.

International Practice
NCARB has established reciprocal registration for architects in the United States, Australia, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom and is engaged in similar discussions with additional countries. NCARB also administers the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Architects program in the United States.


text:
Mironovka, Altai Krai

Mironovka (Мироновка) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Zyryanovsky Selsoviet, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 98 as of 2013. There are 5 streets.

Geography
Mironovka is located 59 km northeast of Zarinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zyryanovka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Mironovka, Altai Krai


text:
Real estate analysis exam review

This page is a final exam review which was taped by our professor and collaboratively transcribed by the students in Real Estate Analysis. If answers were relevant but a little different… I added them in green…

1.	Which of the following would be a basic power of government limiting private property or private property rights? (Page 145) Eminent domain= the right of government to acquire private property without the owners consent, for public use, in exchange for just 8	Know the type of index interest rate used most often with adjustable rate mortgages. What is the most commonly used interest rate index for ARMS? (Pg 248) With ARM home income ratio Example from Chapter 15 Quiz: Given the following information regarding a REIT you hold, which of the following is the best investment decision? EPS: $2.50. Shares Outstanding: 1,000,000. Share price: $20.00. Other REIT price/income multiple: 1/8. Options are to: 1. buy more of this REIT 2. sell your holdings of this REIT 3. you are indifferent since the price seems “right” 4. none of the above are true - Correct answer is that you are indifferent.  This is because the multiple should have been listed as 8/1. Our REIT is yielding $20/$2.50 = 8/1 which is why we’re indifferent.

liability fority holder, and flow-through taxation of both taxable income and cash distributions. Taxable income and losses flow through Not a legal form.

This will cover at least 2-4 questions

23 	After projecting estimates of a sales value knowing the rental prices, depreciation rates, you decide that a property has a certain value. If so, what is nrived (KS THIS ONE IS MARKET VALU… ANYONE WITH A DEFINATE ANSWER, PLEASE LET US KNOW!!!) Investment value is correct because it says: “you decide e roperty has a certain value” therefore it’s not the market value, which is the value to a “typical” investor (your value might coincidentally match the market value, but investment value is the best answer choice here)

Projected value Investment value Market Probate value - The market value of a property is its most probable selling price, assuming normal sale conditions. It can be viewed as the value that the typical participant would place on the property. -The investment value is the value a particular investor places on a property. It is based on the unique expectations of the individual buyer, not the market in general (Page 190-191).

24	If we have a landlord in a lease situation that allows a provision of $x per square foot that will change the floor plan and perhaps add more electrical k, partitioning,  net work capacity to a particular space. What would be the proper or referred to textbook name for this provision (Page 557) Tenant Improvement Allowance= The amount of funding the owner of commercial property must provide towards the cost of refurbishing the space to meet the tenants needs…. It is the amount of money the owner must give to the tenant or pay on the tenant’s behalf, toward the cost of refurbishing the space to meet the needs of the tenants business of a property is X$, down payment is X%, financing costs is 2 or 3%. Given these items what’s the total cash you will need at the closing of that loan?

26	the alphabet soup of the operating statement, starting at the top (PGI) and working your way down through VC, MI, EGI, Op ex., cap X, NOI, EDS, tax, CFBT, tax liability, CFAT.

27	What is the before tax equity reversion in the text if GOI less Op ex. is this the definition? NO! 	Before Tax Equity Reversion   Sale Price-Selling Expenses=Net Sale Proceeds

NSP-Remain Mortgage Balance=BTER

28	Leasing options that might be typical of how a commercial owner of investment real estate would handle a firm or individual to represent them for leasing. (Page 332-338)

Mortgage broker Mortgage banker

Mortgage bankers: they are full service mortgage companies. They process, close, provide funding and sell the loans they originate in the secondary market. They also typically service the loans they have sold (ex. collect monthly payments). They lend funds for home financing but are not financial intermediaries because they do not accept deposits. They combine a small portion of equity with vast amounts of borrowed capitol to originate loans. They sell the loans as rapidly as possible to institutional investors on the secondary market. The mortgage banking process creates 2 valuable financial assets: the loan and the rights to service the loan. The primary source of revenue in mortgage banking is the right to service the loans created.

Mortgage broker: specialize in the details of the loan origination. They do not provide funding (or capitol) for the loan, nor do they typically service the loans after selling them. They serve strictly as an intermediary between those who demand mortgage funds (borrowers) and those who supply the funds (lenders or secondary market investors). They do not make the loans; they serve as an intermediary between the borrower (customer) and lender (client). Many mortgage brokers serve as correspondents for large mortgage bankers who desire to do business in an area but do not feel the volume of business justifies the expense of staffing a local office.

29	rights and obligations that are contained in leases and in particular some of the fundamental landlord, tenant laws that govern most leases in most states.

Security deposits that might be required and how they are held Prohibiting children under the terms of the leases and a particular project Can you have pets or not Rights to enter premises Rights to enjoyment

30	An owner might be trying to decide whether or not to make improvements to a particular property they own. What is the value added or the value lost should these improvements done under the particular scenario. (Incremental costs and benefits in the book). we are given the current rate per square foot under a particular lease, the anticipated rate per square foot, cost of improvement and number of square feet.

31	If a deed includes the words “does hereby grant, convey, transfer,” which of the following deed elements would be resident holding these words?

Acknowledgement section of a deed Consideration section Addendum clause Acceleration clause Words of conveyance – early in the deed will be the words “does hereby grant, bargain, sell, and covey unto…” that serve to assure the grantor intends to convey interest in real property and indicate the type of deed offered by the grantor.

In addition: Chapter 18 Quiz: If a deed includes the words, “does hereby grant, bargain, sell, and convey unto…” Which of the following deed elements would these words fall into? 1. 	Recital of consideration	0% 2. 	words of conveyance	100% 3. 	habendum clause	0% 4. 	acknowledgement	0%

32 	what is the highest order of deed that one would prefer in a real estate transaction. What is the name?

Bargain and sale deed Claim deed Special warranty deed Limited warranty deed General warranty deed – the highest order deed, the deed you would most prefer.

Additional information: (Pages 472-473) -General warranty deed: includes the covenant of seizing, the covenant against encumbrances, and the covenant of quiet enjoyment. It contains the full set of legal promises the grantor can make. Thus, it is considered the highest-quality deed and affords the maximum basis for suit by the grantee in case the title is defective.

-Special warranty deed: identical to the general warranty deed, except that it limits the time of the covenant of encumbrances to the grantor’s ownership. That is, the grantor asserts only that he or she has created no undisclosed encumbrances during ownership, but asserts nothing about encumbrances from previous owners.

-Deed of bargain and sale: has none of the covenants of a warranty deed. It purports to convey the real property, and appears to imply claim to ownership. It is commonly used by businesses to convey property because, while implying ownership, it commits the business to no additional covenants which are sources of liability.

-Quitclaim deed: has none of the covenants of the warranty deed. Its words of conveyance go something like, “I hereby quitclaim…” as opposed to, “I hereby grant or convey…” It is worded to imply no claim to title, only to convey what interest the grantor actually has. Courts regard a quitclaim deed as a questionable conveyance of title.

33	Know the covenants that refer to season, quiet enjoyment and others. (Page 470)

Covenant of seizin- a promise that the grantor truly has good title, and that they have the right to covey it. Covenant against encumbrances- a promise that the property is not encumbered with liens, easements, or other such limitations except as noted in the deed. Covenant of quiet enjoyment- a promise that the property will not be claimed by someone with a better claim to title.

34	There are 3 major ways for a legal description of legal property. In the state of Florida, they won’t accept a mailing address or zip code to describe a real property. Compass heading, directions, and linear measures, which of the three is this likely to come from? (Pages 481-484) – metes and bounds approach.

Metes and bounds approach – Method of describing real estate in which a mete is a unit of measure (foot, mile) and a bound is a boundary marker. It forms a sequence of directed distances that are the boundaries of the property. Oldest form but still used. In the modern version, metes and bounds is a very precise, compass-directed walk around the boundary of a parcel. The boundary is defined by a point of beginning and a sequence of directed distances that eventually lead back to the point of the beginning. It is the most flexible of descriptions, and is capable of describing even the most irregular of parcels. Government rectangular method – For each region a baseline, running east and west and a principal meridian, running north and south, were established as reference lines. From these lines, a grid system was surveyed involving checks (24 square miles) and townships (6 square miles) and sections (1 square mile). A government rectangular description relies on townships and section numbers as the essential units of identification. Subdivision plat method – (Also known as plat lot and block number). An unambiguous means to provide a description of property that identifies each parcel in a surveyed map of a subdivision. When a platted residential or other subdivision is created, a surveyed map of the subdivision is places in the public records with each parcel identified by a plat lot and block number. It usually shows the location of various elements such as utilities, drainage, storm water retention, and bicycle paths.

Concept check 18-20:

The oldest form of the three land descriptions is metes and bounds. The most common form is subdivision plat lot and block number. The most common in most states is the government rectangular method.

35	Be able to spot the fundamental difference between the kinds of listing contracts, which is another way of saying agency agreements where brokers are being engaged by owners of property to represent and market their properties in various ways. One of the most restrictive ways on one end of the spectrum was the exclusive right of sale of contract (EROS) that has a very distinguishing characteristic that can be spotted easily. On the other end of the spectrum, there is the open listing agreement, and there is another kind of contract. What are the three kinds, and how are they different. 3 Types of Listing Contracts

1) Open Listing – contract between a property owner and a broker that gives the broker the right to market the property. Distinguishing Characteristic – lack of exclusivity -only the broker who procures a buyer will be owed commission, if owner sells him/herself no broker will be owed a commission

2) Exclusive Agency Listing – type of listing is used infrequently; owner can sell the property and avoid paying a commission, it provides far less protection the broker than the exclusive right of sale listing discussed below -brokers less willing to spend time and effort to market properties listed under this arrangement

3) Exclusive Right of Sale Listing – sellers list their property with one broker and agree to pay that broker a commission if the property is sold w/in a specified time or if not specified, w/in a reasonable time -broker owed a commission if any other brokers or even the owner sell the property during the contract period

“Seller gives broker exclusive right to sell….” is included in vast majority of brokerage arrangements due to 1) faster sales 2) brokers need the protection provided by the provision and 3) MLS only accepts exclusive right of sale listings

36	Know the fiduciary duties of an agent (495). Be able to distinguish between exclusive agents, universal agent, and transaction broker. Who is the principal, the service client, the service provider in these agency providers?

Disclosure-Be completely honest with principal. Confidentiality-Never betray confidential information about principal, their financial status, or their motivations. Accounting-Keep the principal informed about financial aspects of their assignment. Obedience-Follow the instructions of principal to limits of what is legal. Loyalty-Never subordinate the best interests of principal to the interests of others. Skill and Care-Represent the interests of principal to the best of their ability; represent in same way one would represent self.

Exclusive Agency Listing (509)-An agreement between a seller of property and a broker in which the seller agrees to pay a commission to the broker if anyone other than the owner finds a buyer, during the period of the agreement. Owner can still sell their own home without penalty. Exclusive Right of Sale Listing (510)-An agreement between a seller of property and a broker in which the broker is assured of receiving a commission if the broker or anyone else, including the owner, finds a buyer during the period of agreement. Owner can sell home but still owes fee to broker.

Universal Agent-One to whom a principal delegates the power to act in all matters that can be delegated in place of the principal. General Agent-One to whom ea principal delegates the power to act within the confines of a business or employment relationship. Special Agent-Person to whom a principal has granted authority to handle a specific business transaction or to perform a specific function. Real estate brokers and salespersons are special agents. Transaction Broker-One who facilitates a real estate transaction but who is not an agent of either buyer or seller. A transaction broker is required to deal honestly and fairly with both parties to exercise skill, care and diligence in carrying out his or her duties.

37	there are remedies that contract provide when a default of a contract occurs. Be familiar with the contractual remedies. There will be 1 or 2 questions on that regard (Page 537) When a party fails to perform (ex: breach of contract, nonperformance, or default), the other party may have one or more remedies. The non-defaulting party may: 1. Rescind the contract 2. Sue for specific performance (ex. require the defaulting party to carry out the contract) 3. Sue for damages. - An additional option for the seller is to retain the buyers deposit as liquidated damages.

38	one of the following is not a common closing costs (Chapter 20 Quiz)

Cleaning fee Appraisal fee Lenders fee Origination fee Flood certification

39	The following are legal elements for contracts, which is essential only for contracts on real estate? (Chapter 20 Quiz) -competent parties -offer and acceptance -written form -consideration

Additional Information (Page 523): Whatever the form, any contract, whether it be for real estate or for some other purpose, must contain the following elements: 1. Competent parties 2. Legal objective 3. Offer and acceptance 4. Consideration 5. No defects to mutual assent

Two additional requirements must be part of any contract for the sale of real estate: 1. Written form 2. Proper description of the property

40	There are ways the law looks at whether something is a fixture or not. There are at least 4 tests mentioned in the text. Know trade fixtures (Page 75) A fixture is defined as an object that was formerly personal property but has been converted into real property. There are 4 rules to determine whether an object has become a fixture: 1. The manner of attachment. The question in this rule is whether the removal of the object results in damage to the property. 2. The character of the article and manner of adaptation. Items that have been custom fitted tend to be regarded as fixtures. Examples include window screens, storm windows, church pews, custom bookshelves, custom draperies, and custom security systems. 3. The intention of the parties. This rule refers not to the private intentions of the parties but to the facts of the situation and the intention that an observer would reasonably conclude from them. Ex: kitchen appliances. If a kitchen range or refrigerator is in a single family home being sold, it normally is expected to remain with the seller. On the other hand, if the appliances are furnishings in a rental apartment they normally would remain with the building. Thus, the rule of intention would treat the appliances as personal property in the single family residence case, and as fixtures in the apartment case. 4. Relation of the parties. For landlord and tenant relationships, special versions of the rule of intention have evolved over time. a. Trade fixtures. Which are items installed by a commercial tenant to conduct business, are always considered personal property of the tenant unless they are abandoned at termination of the lease. So, even if removal of flood display cases and other custom fitted things injure the facility when removed, they are still regarded as property of the tenant. b. Agriculture fixtures. Such as fences, are also considered property of the tenant. Anything installed by the tenant remains personal property. c. Residential tenants also tend to be given the same protection. Any item installed in the residence by the tenant is regarded as the tenant’s personal property, at least until it’s abandoned.

41 	The term that describes the tenants transfer of a portion of his/her rights to another party. In a lease context, what is that called? A lease assignment occurs when all of a tenant’s rights and obligations are transferred to another party. A sublease occurs when the original tenant transfers only a subset of his or her rights to another.

42	What is the item when you buy real property that is not depreciable? (Page 583) Principal residences are properties used as taxpayers’ homes and cannot be depreciated for tax purposes. Commercial real estate, on the other hand, may be classified for tax purposes as a dealer, trade or business, or investment property. Real property held for resale by a dealer is not depreciable for tax purposes because such property is viewed as inventory, not a long-term investment. Congress allows depreciation deductions only on assets intended to be held as long term investments rather than those held for immediate resale.

43	if property is residential, it has one life in years that you then under straight-line depreciation can ratably depreciate each year a certain abdicable amount. If it’s a multi family income property, how many years over which can it be depreciated.

Answer (27.5yrs)

Chapter 22 Quiz: Congressional legislation mandates that residential real property be depreciated over a minimum of how many years? - 27.5

In addition (Page 591): Currently, residential real property (ex. apartments) may be depreciated over no less than 27.5 years. The cost recovery period for nonresidential real property (ex. shopping centers, industrial warehouses, and office buildings) is 39 years.

44	when one wants to calculate depreciable basis, the buyer must separate personal property from real property. What is the term that best describes this process? (Chapter 22 Quiz) Cost Segregation

45 	assume a non-residential income property was purchased with a depreciable basis of $X, on January first. What is the annual depreciation allowance for that year if it’s depreciated according to the straight-line method? (Chapter 22 Quiz) - Assume a residential property was purchased with a depreciable basis of $100,000 on January 1st. What is the annual depreciation allowance for that year? = 3,636

46	 4 properties have various profits or losses ascribe to each. We want to know the net income the tax payer can claim in the current year if the tax payer owns those 4 properties. Property 1 and 2 have a net profit of $thousand, property 3 has a loss of $thousands, property 4 has net profit of $X. What is the net result? 9. CH22 Q9 Howard owns four properties that have the following profit or loss. How much net income will Howard claim in the current year from the four properties? Property 1 & 2 both have a net profit of $6,000 Property 3 looses $21,000 Property 4 has a net profit of $7,000

1. -2,000 	0%      2.  0	 	100%       According to the quiz, this is correct, but (see below)… 3. 2,000	0%      4.  19,000 	0%      It appears that you can't claim negative income (the –2000 would carryover for next year). But Mr. Monroe apparently was asked about it and said it should have been –2000 (a lot of us put –2000, myself included, and I think we may have influenced him, but I think it’s wrong, 0 is correct). Decide yourself, page 585.

47	there is a term that describes the continual reconfiguration of a built environment t				to meet the needs of society. What is this term describing? Development

48	We will be given activities and roles that are engineer related. We must be able to describe which engineers these are describing. Examples are engineers that does onsite sewer lines, water distribution system, design of streets, the configuration or layout of parking?

Soils engineer-determines the sufficient specifications to achieve safety and stability for a structure’s foundation Structural engineer-determines the requisite structural skeleton to maintain the building’s integrity Mechanical engineer-provides specifications and design for the HVAC system and other building systems Electrical engineer-designs the power sources and distribution system Civil engineer-designs on-site utility systems, including sewers, water, streets, parking, and site grading.

49	a developer pre-leases a space to target. The space has not been built on but the lease has been agreed upon between landlord and tenant. What would the text describe this activity as?

Lease option Floor loan Bundle of rights being conveyed Build to suit arrangement Design build arrangement

50	what is the percentage of GDP for the US generated by real estate? (Page 7) Real estate generates nearly a third of United States gross domestic product (GDP)

51	there is a term used to describe the ability to sell a property quickly yet for fair market value. Is it? (Page 384 and 385) Answer = Liquidity Fast switch Liquidity Transactional flexibility Flip Quick turn

52 	All the following have a high degree of uncertainty risk as to their cost except. Can you spot on the spectrum where different property types lie as being high risk versus lower risk? Lowest Risk  Highest Risk: (Page 30) Purchase of new structure Purchase of good existing structure Purchase of older structure Standard Construction Project Subdivision land development, fully permitted Renovation Subdivision land development, not fully permitted Urban redevelopment

Lowest Risk  Highest Risk in terms of Cash Flow Uncertainty: (Page 33) Net lease with credit tenant Investment-grade commercial property Single-family rental Industrial Apartments Small Office Land Development, Hotel & Motel, Restaurant

Strategies that investors might use to lessen their risk? Ch. 23 (Portfolio management, risk/diversification) Diversification, judicious selection of various investment properties, market knowledge, ample due diligence upon acquisition, avoiding certain risk, etc.

This term describes the value of money at a time period in the future? (Pages 48-49) Future Value.

Land value on an unimproved property is in say 10 years, given %, how do you calculate a future value for that land?

Investing 10k, at the end of 20 years, you’ll have the largest amount of money if the money is compounded at what frequency? (Maximum gain due to the frequency of compounding) Whatever the most frequent compounding choice available is (daily is best)

What lien is superior to all others? Chapter 4 Quiz, Question 6 Property tax and assessment liens (a.k.a. government liens)

What is a mechanic’s lien? What activities? Page 83 Liens that arise from construction and other improvements to real estate or condo. If a property defaults on a construction contract, it is not realistic to expect the contractor to recover the materials and services used to improve the real estate.

Restrictive covenants…where are they found? Deed restrictions…what do they control/prohibit. (Conditions and restrictions, restrictive covenants, deed restrictions, CCR’s) Pages 81-82 Restrictive covenants impose limits on the uses of lands. They can be created when land is conveyed to a new owner by placing a restrictive clause in the deed that conveys the property. They are strictly private; they can only be enforced by those who hold a legal interest in the property. Deed restriction- the owner who created the restriction or that owner’s heirs are the only persons who can enforce the restriction

What does a restrictive covenant look like? All of the following are examples of residential subdivision restrictive covenants EXCEPT: 1. 	No children are allowed to play in the yard 	100% 2. 	No freestanding garage 	0% 3. 	No chain link fences 	0%

Property located b/t highway and state beach…state wants to build a road…what is that land considered? What kind of easement would that be? Easement in gross  correct

Market fundamentals – clinic or hospital – many travel regionally to go there – people that travel there are also family/friends of patients, spending money in the local economy – economic terms, what am I describing? (Page 103) Economic base multiplier. Economic base multiplier, regional revenue multiplier, high profit regional operation, economic star, economic generator…which is correct?

Multi-nucleic city model – what is the distinctive characteristic of this model? (Page 117) The motor vehicle, combined with new technologies of production, had released the city from its absolute ties to the central business district. Since the multi nuclei model, continued advances in motor vehicles, along with waves of other technological innovations, have continued to propel urban activity away from the central business district. Some revolutions contributing to the multi nuclei city are: the urban transportation revolution, the production revolution (assembly lines), air conditioning, lighting and new forms of retailing and offices, and advances in data process and communication (which allowed separation of management from the production process for the first time).

Industry economies of scale – draw clusters of activities, complementary or not? Know the difference of what is complementary and which is not, given examples. (Stadium, warehouse, high-rise, mall, university, etc.) Warehouse doesn’t draw businesses to complement/ support warehouse users – the others do.

Homeowners/Neighborhood/Condo/Condo Rental associations – provide services – enhance quality of life. One may build a park, landscape the entrance, hold an annual event, etc. – this might contribute to some rise in property values. What describes the reason for such increase? Coincidence, teamwork, group think, positive externalities…which is appropriate? (Page 131) Positive Externalities=beneficial effects on the property value from exceptional vistas, nearby parks, and recreation facilities, quality neighborhood schools, quality architecture, attractive commercial areas, well kept landscape, etc.

Missed very often: (TEXT) What is the goal/primary objective of real estate market research? Be careful, some look correct but are not. Summary of Chapter page 184 states “The goal of the research is to determine a plausible range for critical cash flow parameters for the subject property. For rental property these parameters are projected rental rate growth and vacancy rates. For a subdivision or condo project the critical parameters are sales rates”.

Adding to the primary goal/objective of real estate market research: The one common thread I found in Ch7 on pgs. 160, 164, 169, 171 and so on was the mentioning of creating “The Market-Defining Story,” which is the crucial beginning point of the market research process. “This Market-Defining Story” is part of the cycle of market research, which asks the following questions:

1.	What is the real estate product under consideration? 2.	Who are the customers? 3.	Where are the customers? 4.	What do the customers care about? 5.	Who are the competitors? …and includes the initial collection of data, evaluating results, determining if research is sufficient, if it is, end, if it’s not move to refining the research.

Market segmentation – housing – what are the factors that underlie market segmentation as to housing? Can you spot the relevant factors? (i.e., household income, ethnicity of population, # of extended family that live locally, employment status, sex/gender, age of household members…are some of these NOT part of the housing market segmentation?) Factors that DO affect housing market segmentation include: household income, household age, household size, and household lifestyle. NOT included is household unemployment status.

Developers, as they’re working on the feasibility of a particular project, might conduct interviews with people acquainted with a similar but different project to the one they intend to develop/construct…what is this called? (Trying to find likes/dislikes) Exit interview, survey research, psychographic inquiry, correspondence campaign…which is best response? (Page 182) Survey research= contact and interview owners of existing units and ask what they like or dislike about their units. From these interviews, the developers were able to identify some design features that enabled them to create a project that was distinctly more successful than others in the area.

Appraisal foundation is credited with a particular set of guidelines that have acronyms – what are they? (Pages 191-192) The Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) is maintained by the Appraisal Foundation and is required and followed by all states and federal regulatory agencies. USPAP imposes both ethical obligations and minimum appraisal standards that must be followed by all professional appraisers. To comply with the USPAP, real estate appraisers must follow this general process: 1) defining the problem, 2) selecting and collecting data, 3) identifying the highest and best use, 4) applying the three valuation approaches, 5) reconciling the indicated values that result from the multiple approaches, and 6) preparing the appraisal report for submission to the client.

Know ECOA, what does that pertain to? (Page 264 and Page 347) Because of what Congress perceived to be a long history of both deliberate and unconscious discriminatory practices in home mortgage lending, in 1974 it enacted the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA). This act prohibits discrimination in lending practices on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age, or because all or part of an applicant’s income derives from a public assistance program. In addition, ECOA regulates what information can be used and what income can be excluded from the process.

FIRREA (Page 329) In 1989 Congress enacted the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act (FIRREA). It took major steps to establish depository institution accountability and created long-called-for risk-based capital standards for depository institutions. FIRREA was an effort to “charge” financial institutions for risky behavior through higher net worth requirements.

RESPA (Page 265-266 and 538-539) The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) is a federal law that requires federally chartered or insured lenders to provide buyers and sellers w/ information on all settlement costs. This is required whenever a buyer obtains a new first mortgage loan, when the loan is insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA, or when the loan will be sold to one of the federally related secondary mortgage market agencies. The requirements are as follows: 1. Special information booklet 2. Good faith estimate of settlement costs 3. Uniform Settlement Statement (HUD-1 Form) 4. Prohibition against kickbacks There are three basic, often used and later reconciled approaches to arrive @ appraisal valuations for market value of real property. The weighting we give the three approaches varies according to type and market. If you are to spot an activity that isn’t one of the three, which would it be? (P.193) 1) the income approach 2) the sales comparison approach 3) the cost approach -The sales approach is applicable to almost all 1-4 family residential properties and even to some types of income producing properties and this approach is easily understood by both buyers and sellers. -The income approach is the dominant approach when estimating the values of any income producing type of property and assumes a property’s value is determined solely by it expected future cash flows. -The cost approach is necessary when good comparable sales or good income data are absent and involves estimating the cost of the property new and then subtracting depreciation. This is also the clear order of preference for methods of appraisal.

Growth management – century commission is tasked with accessing FL growth management and compiles an annual report – who gets this report? (Governor, legislature, citizens, all of the above) (www.centurycommission.com) The Century Commission makes recommendations to the Governor and Legislature regarding how they should address the impacts of population growth.

During appraisal process, extensive data is collected. Supporting market valuation – what is collected/analyzed for market valuation? What is relevant, what is not? (Page 196) The appraiser must generally search a variety of sources to obtain the necessary information on the subject and comparable properties. These sources include: public records, multiple listing services, private data services (vendors and insurance companies).

End of 70-80 exam questions.

Chapter questions from last 6 chapters

Chapter 18-24

First step in process of development? 8 distinct steps. (Ch. 24) Page 646 1)	Establishing site control 2)	Feasibility analysis, refinement, and testing 3)	Obtaining permits 4)	Design 5)	Financing 6)	Construction 7)	Marketing and leasing 8)	Operation

Various risks in construction stage of development phase and not land acquisition stage…which risks are associated with each? Page 656 - Risks of construction lending are less in a number of respects than with the land acquisition stage -Construction risks include the ability of the developer to manage and complete the construction process; risks of construction such as weather interruptions, materials shortages, work stoppages, strikes, or construction accidents; and rent-up following construction -Land Acq. Risks - environmental risks, ecological risks, title risks

There are environmental concerns that come to the surface during the due diligence period and environment assessments that developers do before they launch a project, it usually comes up when they’re doing their feasibility studies, so if I gave you a list of potential environmental concerns, would you be able to spot an exception that would not be an environmental concern when one is examining the particular environmental risks of a particular project. Page 648 -Environmental Concerns: free of soil problems, ecological complications, seismic concerns, hydrological concerns or anthropological or historical sensitivities; structural concerns, toxicity, wetlands, wildlife habitats, etc.

There is a question or two on mezzanine financing. Mezzanine Fin has some distinctive characteristics that are very unique to it as opposed to all other forms of financing. We highlight those in our discussions. What would they be? How is that different? One example is; it may or not take the form of a second mortgage or secondary financing because its focus is really not in the securing of the debt, but more in participating in the benefits like the equity investor or the developer, so to that extent, one of its distinctive then is that it shares one way or another in ownership benefits,  not just fixed payments via debt like a mortgage. What are some of the characteristics of mezzanine financing (from ch. 24) Page 657 - sometimes a second mortgage but often not a mortgage; ownership shares in the development entity are pledged to the mezz lenders as security -no foreclosure procedures is necessary to exercise recourse -mezz debt more expensive than construction financing

Following the line of logic re; mezzanine financing one of the ways that we would probably test that would be “a form of financing in which ownership shares are pledged as distinguished from the pledging of the real property” under a mortgage. If we said said, “What kind of financing is being described where ownership shares are being pledged to the entity that would be a description of mezzanine financing or mezzanine debt.

(Ch 24) There’s a name for an alternative arrangement that involves the combo of an architect and a general contractor on a project. It’s an alternative to the traditional arrangement btwn those parties. That said, according to the text, the best term is: fast track const contract, construct partnership, build to suit arrangement, design to build arrangement (best answer from text). Alternative arrangement where architect and contractor are one (PAGE 659)

(Ch 22) Depreciation and depreciable bases is certainly one of the key concepts of the chapter. I gave a number of ?’s earlier about that. Knowing those depreciable terms for the various types of property, would be a key.

In order for a property to qualify for the capital gains tax rate, will give answers from a few months to a few years, what would be correct answer? Chapter 22 Quiz, Question 3 In order for a property to qualify for the capital gains tax rate in the year of the sale, it must be held for how long? 12 months

If we give you a tax rate for a tax payer. Calculate the amount of tax that is being sheltered, and the following investment situation. We say the tax rate is 25% and one property has a loss, and one property has a gain, would your answer be a positive number, a negative number or would it be “not a description of a tax shelter” 4. CH22 Q4

Calculate the amount of tax being sheltered in the following investment situation. Tax rate: 35% Property 1: $10,000 loss Property 2: $10,000 gain 1. 2,500 0%      2.  3,000 0%      3.  3,500 100%       (See below) 4. none, this is not a tax shelter 0%

On the property with a 10,000 gain, you would have been taxed $3,500. Because of your 10,000 loss, you have "saved" $3,500. Page: 596. The benefits about Real Estate exchanging, which is referred to and described in internal code and it has a number – you’ll hear “1031 Exchanges” they are referring to that section of IRS code. Complying with the definition of like kind properties, that is two properties of like kind can be exchanged and in a process of doing that the gain is not taxed, the tax is deferred, the basis is tracked from one property into another as you exchange from one to the other, but you temp. avoid and defer the taxed. A property that falls under this code would be a 1031 Asset. 8. CH22 Q8

Which of the following is NOT a requirement of the 1031 exchange? 1. any cash or personal property received in an exchange is fully taxable in the year of the exchange  0% 2. the properties must be like-kind  0% 3. the properties must be trade or business or investment properties  0% 4. the seller must own a personal residence  100%

The text also talks about 1 other. Section 1231 Asset. You need to know what kinds of assets are described in the IRS Section 1231. A question might be: “What’s the biggest advantage of a Sec 1231 Asset?” may have something to do with protection from lawsuits, depreciation taken, or the treatment of cost basis, or how losses are deductible against ordinary income. Which one and what are some other benefits of a 1231 asset. Be careful that you’re looking at a question describing exchanging within the setup within the question it says Sec 1231 that it’s a red herring and taking you down the wrong path. The section 1231 Asset does not qualify for exchange. 10. CH22 Q10

What is the biggest advantage of a Section 1231 asset?

1. any losses are fully deductible against ordinary income  100% 2. it is protected from law suits  0% 3. it does not require depreciation  0% 4. it has no original cost basis  0% You’ll need to be able to spot examples of various kinds of income treatment, and identify it as portfolio income, passive income and active income? If we give you wages, consulting fees – is that portfolio income or earned income (which is classified as active income (according to this chapter). What is a passive income example? What is a portfolio example and how is the tax treatment different within those three major types of activities? Active Income - income earned from salaries, wages, commissions, and bonuses

Portfolio Income - income from investments in securities or unimproved land and includes interest and dividend income on investments such as stocks and bonds (ex: REITS)

Passive Activity Income - include all income generated from rental real estate investments

A homeowner, when we think about taxation, really constitutes a fourth category of tax treatment because there are so many tax benefits that are peculiar and unique to those that own a principal residence. Do you know the major differences? i.e.; can you depreciate your ownership of the principal residence? You Can’t – that would be a distinguishing characteristic of something you would not be able to do. Yet – the same property, were you to leave it as your principal residence, can be report differently on your taxes. You can now tell the IRS that the house that you were reporting the mortgage and home equity interest on is now being rented. Now you can depreciate it. You need to be able to spot that 4th category – is it passive, active, portfolio income - or a specific benefit or limitations that is because of the asset and the income derived is due to home ownership or not.

Similar to that are categories of property that are used in the income tax law, so we might talk about whether something is a capital asset or not. Is this a personal residence (in the above example) is this a passive activity property or not? Or is it a dealer property. If it’s a dealer property it’s treated differently. If you and I invest in a property and are treated one way by the IRS, or we could sell that property to someone else. If they are a RE professional, depending on how they conduct themselves, they may be excluded from the benefits that we received, because that was an investment for us, but for them it could be part of their biz activity. If so, if they are a dealer than the treatment that they’ll get is ordinary income treatment, in their tax bracket. We might have wound up with lower tax rates and hold the same property because for us it’s investment property, for them it’s dealer property. Know the types of property and the categories or treatment of income are keys to CHAPTER 21 to know.

CHAPTER 23 is the one that we’ve done a lot of edits to, because it’s so widely used at both the grad and undergrad. Know a few keys to limited pages you should study that we told you about – like – diversification of risk, how do you manage a portfolio risk, what are some of the specific activities in the selection of assets in a portfolio that you might do to minimize the risk? If we said that this is a diversification strategy and these are the risks, you should be able to pick out one of those items as not being a way to diversify the holdings – it will be fairly obvious.

The uncertainty of risk factors if rental rates and occupancy levels in a particular market – like the user market – a question like which of the following is not a demand factor in valuing the risks of rental rates and the occupancies in a user market. Give some choices, the demand for occupant services, changes in the population or the level of the unoccupied space (vacancy level) or the level of office employment. One is NOT a demand factor when you look at the uncertainty of rental rates at occupancy levels – which one would it be.

All of the following are might be strategies to mitigate risk except: Avoiding a risky project Insurance and interest rate hedging Variant selection Diversification of portfolio assets PAGE 625 Strategies to avoid risk : Avoiding risky projects, using insurance to transfer risk to others, performing due diligence and diversification

Chapter 19 – Brokerage and Listing Contracts: Know the acronyms, anti-discrimination, concerns regarding agencies, who has obligations to whom under the various forms. Knowing the duties of disclosure, loyalty, obedience – which of the arrangements require those various things. Fiduciary relationship, page 495

Chapter 20 – Remedies for the contract might be posed. 2. CH20 Q2

Which of the following is not a remedy available to the non-defaulting party in a real estate contract? 1. they may call the police 100% 2. they may rescind the contract 0% 3. they may sue for damages 0% 4. they may sue for specific purpose 0%

We discussed that it will also deal with RESPA, since most contracts deal with it and what they require. What are some of the things that come out of RESPA? Know what is contained in a HUD1 Form? What does it contain and the reason that the government wants consumers to use and be protected by it. This stuff can be found on pgs. 538-539. The RESPA requirements are 1. a special information booklet. 2. a good faith estimate of settlement costs. 3. a uniform settlement statement (HUD-1 form) and 4. Prohibition against kickbacks. The HUD-1 form contains all charges imposed by the lender; charges incurred by the buyer and seller separately and outside the closing are not required to be disclosed 3. CH20 Q3

All of the following are requirements that must be met under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act EXCEPT: 1. a special information booklet must be given to very loan applicant 0% 2. a good-faith estimate of settlement costs must be provided 0% 3. an inspection report must be provided 100% 4. a uniform settlement (HUD-1) must be provided 0%

Prorations – know – some of the examples as discussed this past Tuesday. Items are clearly prorated with prepaid rent, property taxes, mortgage interest, but there are some that need to be paid in whole – not in part – can you spot the difference? Look at the quizzes. It seems to me that fees are not able to be prorated and must be paid in whole. Insurance, taxes and interest can be broken down to day by day basis, or prorated, while the fees are paid all at once. 6. CH20 Q6

Which of the following will not possibly be prorated at closing? 1. appraisal Fee 100% 2. prepaid rent 0% 3. property tax 0% 4. mortgage interest 0%

A contract that had a clause that said “ this contract is dependent on the satisfactory building inspection to be made within 10 days of the final acceptance of this contract” this clause is know as what? Conditional / Performance / Professional Svces / Contract with Contingencies? Chapter 20 Quiz, Question 8

A contract states the following: “the contract is dependent upon a satisfactory building inspection to be made within 10 days of final acceptance of contract.” This is known as what? Contract with contingencies

Why do we record things in RE? Example - the recording of a deed or easement? Chapter 20 Quiz, Question 10 What is the purpose of recording in real estate? to inform anyone who may have a potential interest in the property

Notices – Public notices, Constructive notice. What are the elements of constructive notice vs. actual notice and how are they different? Page 544. Constructive notice informs anyone who may have a potential interest in the property of both the lender and owner. Page 478 – actual notice

What are the number of days in required by RESPA that a lender must provide the borrower with an estimate of the closing costs? RESPA requires lenders to provide borrowers with an estimate of closing costs when the borrower applies for a loan or within 3 business days before signing a contract for sale page: 542

Chapter 20 – First slide – what is the most document in Real Estate? The answer is in the quiz. Page 233 in lecture notes Contract for Sale: The Most Important Document in Real Estate

Ch 18 – Quiz question about the landowner that divides parcel and access to the street. Know the answer.

Chapter 18 Quiz, Question 1 A landowner divides his land into two parcels. The front parcel faces the street while the back parcel has no access to the street. The grantee of the back parcel claims he can drive across the existing road in the front parcel to access their back parcel. What is this called? Easement by prior use  Is correct according to the quiz. However, page 476 indicates that “easement of necessity” is probably better, since the question states “parcel has no access” but if this debatable question appears again, you must decide which choice you think is best.

Statute of frauds has a particular requirement with contract law. What is that requirement? Can you spot it easily? It has to be in writing in order to be enforced. Statute of Frauds - Provision adopted by all states requiring that all deeds, long-term leases and mortgages must be in writing to be enforceable. Derives from the original Statute of Frauds on 1677.

In lecture, water rights were discussed. Terms like accretion, reliction, erosion, alluvium – Know definitions.(from Lecture 11/28/06 2nd hour) Accretion: Gradual increase of land due to natural causes Reliction: Gradual receding of water uncovering additional land Erosion: Gradual loss of land due to natural forces Alluvion: Deposit of land as a result of accretion

Various ways that a seller can give evidence of title – what are the options that a seller has to offer a buyer evidence of title? Title abstract w/ attorney’s opinion (is a correct answer)/ Recording Statutes / Title Search / Paying for a series of specific inspections? (this is according to the contract terms in the text) 2 ways: 1)	Title abstract, together with an attorney’s opinion of title, 2)	Title insurance commitment (page 479)

There is a part promise contained in deeds and title that says that the property won’t be claimed by someone with a better claim. What is that known as? Covenant of Season / Covenant against Encumbrances / Covenant of Deed / Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment. (is a correct answer) page 470

Prof Monroe wishes us the best on the final, graduation and our careers.

title: Real estate analysis exam review


text:
Ericeia brunnescens

Ericeia brunnescens is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is found on Borneo, Sumatra and Java.

title: Ericeia brunnescens


text:
Talk:YMMV

Citation
figurative usage: October 13, 2004 "programming and human factors" by Jeff Atwood http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/archives/000105.html:

"As others have said, you take a big hit moving to .NET at all. The tiny additional hit of moving talented VB6 developers to C# is more than offset (IMHO) by the increased developer productivity achieved over the medium to long term in C#. (If your team is not very talented -- or not talented in that way -- YMMV.) "

title: Talk:YMMV


text:
Jeff Moore (soccer)

Jeffrey Eric Moore (born January 15, 1980, in Gloucester Township, New Jersey) is an American retired soccer player. After his playing career, Moore worked for six seasons as an assistant coach for his alma mater, Stockton University.

Raised in Gloucester Township, New Jersey, Moore played prep soccer at Triton Regional High School.

title: Jeff Moore (soccer)


text:
Cookbook:Tahini

Tahini is ground sesame seeds, generally without the hulls. Sesame butter is also ground sesame seeds, but generally includes the hulls. It has a nutty, slightly sour taste. It is a common ingredient in many Middle Eastern, Indian, and Mediterranean foods, such as hummus, baba ganoush, halvah, and many sauces and dressings.

In Arabic, it's known as tahina, while in Hebrew, it's known as t'xina (pronounced "t'ch'ina").

There are two different kinds of tahini generally available—'hulled' and 'unhulled'. The hulled version is made from seeds which have had their outer husks removed. This makes it less bitter and lighter in colour, but also less nutritious because a lot of the vitamins and protein are contained in the outer hull. In some places you can also get tahini sweetened with sugar or honey—needless to say, this version is not suitable for use in savoury dishes.

hy:Եփութուխ:Թահին

title: Cookbook:Tahini


text:
bifid

Etymology
From, from + , combining form of.

Adjective

 * 1) Cleft; divided into two lobes.

Etymology
, from.

title: bifid


text:
File:VonRohr arms CIMG0491.JPG

Von Rohr arms at the Swedish House of Nobility in Stockholm. Image by Yvonne Öhrbom of Sweden on July 12, 2010.

title: File:VonRohr arms CIMG0491.JPG


text:
2012 Italian Athletics Championships

The 2012 Italian Athletics Championships was the 102nd edition of the Italian Athletics Championships and were held in Brixen on 6–8 July 2012.

title: 2012 Italian Athletics Championships


text:
Introduction to Philosophy/What is Ethics

Ethics is a term. Many people think ethics has to do with a set of social conventions or a religious decree. In professional philosophy we do not typically consider this to be the definition of ethics. Philosophical ethics could be called the study of what is good and bad. Generally, philosophical ethics concerns itself with discovering a system one may use to determine who or what is good, or with evaluating systems that others have proposed.

The pursuit of moral knowledge dates back to Ancient Greek philosophers, but it is mostly the influence of Enlightenment moral thought that continues to shape ethics today. There are many well-known figures in the history of ethics, including the Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, but some of the most important modern influences include such people as Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, D.W. Ross, C.L. Stevenson, Alasdair MacIntyre, and John Rawls.

In ethics, a premium is placed upon defining "the good". Different approaches to defining the good, the nature of moral properties, the source of moral knowledge, and the status of moral facts have played an important role in shaping various branches of moral theory. The three major divisions of ethical philosophy may be called Virtue Ethics, Deontology, and Consequentialism.

Ethical mandates from society and church do not qualify as genuine philosophical ethics.

This last statement causes concern in that it reeks of negative presuppositions. First of all, ethical mandates ALWAYS have ethical undertones. It is inescapable. An ethical mandate may not fit certain schools of thought, but then certain schools of thought can be erroneous. All ethics are religious by nature, if one defines religion as an attempt to discover the good. Ethics stem from the question "What is right?" Whoever decides the answer to that question is a law maker. Laws are always expressions of religious thought be they theonomic or autonomous.

Ethics is the philosophical attempt to answer Socrates' question of how one should live. This is a very general question, which could for any individual translate to "How should I live?" It is important however to note that not all answers to this question are answers of the ethical type. One could conclude that one should live a self-indulgent life without any kind of logical contradiction. Moral philosophers study this idea, known as “egoism,” as well, and the question "Why be moral?" is because of this distinct from Socrates' question.

It is also important to note that Socrates' question not only allows for non-ethical answers but also answers from different ethical theories. His question is not the same as Kant's question "What is my duty?" or the egoist/utilitarian question of "How can we be happy?" There are many different ways of answering Socrates' question, and answers from the Categorical Imperative to the imperative "Sit on the couch and watch television" are equally answers to it, but Ethics attempts to find through reason the best answer to the question.

Ethics, often called Morality interchangeably, tries to answer "How should one live?" given that we already live in a society. Everyone is born with a place in society even if it is only "Stranger," and accordingly everyone has expectations for action placed upon them. One is expected to act a certain way as a brother, a friend, and a passer-by. Ethics primarily concerns itself with this realm of individual action. For the most part, ethical theories attempt to develop a system of obligations that we have towards others. Obligations that are common among different theories are the obligation to tell the truth, the obligation to help those in distress, and the obligation not to murder. Of course, most of the theories allow for flexibility based on the situation such as the ability to help in this circumstance and whether one has any other, higher obligations.

The ethical theories of the past have been of many types. Aristotle proposed a theory of virtue, a notion that was already a part of Greek culture. He espoused the view that the good man is one who lives in a way as to allow him to move towards the goal of man-as-such, the telos, and the way to reach the telos is to live a life of virtue.

Another prominent theory has been consequentialism. This theory includes John Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism, and its focus is, from its name, on the consequences of one’s actions. General consequentialism will say we have obligations to help people because helping people produces a better result than not helping people. Utilitarianism goes beyond this to mathematize ethics. It quantifies the utility, which it defines as “happiness” or “pleasure,” a given action will produce and weighs that number against the amount of utility produced by another action. Whichever action produces the most utility is the one that is obligated.

A third common ethical theory is deontology, and its main supporter has been Kant. Deontology is the study of obligations in a very narrow sense. It attempts to divine from reason alone the obligations every man holds simply because he is a rational being. Kant first argues for what he calls the Categorical Imperative, and from that it is possible to derive other universal maxims, which follow the formula “When in situation X, do Y.” Kant has two formulations of his Categorical Imperative. The first is Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. The second, which Kant claims carries the same meaning, is "Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end."

When considering ethics, it is also important to note that the Enlightenment project of justifying morality is judged by some prominent contemporary moral philosophers to have been a failure. These contemporary philosophers take it to be that morality cannot be grounded in reason alone. Three important alternatives are the philosophies of Alasdair MacIntyre, Richard Rorty, and Bernard Williams. MacIntyre advocates a return to the Aristotelian tradition of living out the virtues in reference to the telos, or goal, of man. Rorty is a pragmatist and argues that the question we must ask of every moral obligation is “Is this useful?” He would argue that treating strangers with distrust and keeping promises are good moral principles because they are primarily useful for building a better society. Finally, Williams critiques ethical theory on the whole and the notion of obligation. He also asks why ethics is taken to be a better answer to Socrates’ question than non-ethical answers.

Types
Normative ethics deals with questions of what we ought to do, or what things are good to do.
 * What behavior (or intentions) are good or bad?
 * What kind of things can be adduced as moral justifications ("justifying reasons") for certain kinds of behavior?
 * Is killing another human being (murder) morally acceptable? Killing an enemy in war?  Ethnic cleansing? Killing a person in self-defense?  Executing a convicted murderer?  Assisting a terminally ill person to die? Killing yourself?  Abortion?  Abortion of a deformed fetus?  Killing of an animal?
 * Do animals have rights? Do women?  Children?  Mentally handicapped people?
 * Is torture ever justified? Theft?  Lying?  Promise-breaking?
 * What is the best way for human beings to lead their lives?
 * What are the justifying reasons for war? Is there such a thing as a "just war"?
 * Can the cultural practices of other times and societies be condemned as immoral? How about American slavery?  Segregation and apartheid?  Chinese footbinding?  African female genital mutilation?  Mormon or Muslim polygamy?
 * What are the proper bounds for the toleration of diversity, or the respect for personal privacy? Is there a point at which the (proper) toleration of diversity or respect for privacy becomes (improper) passive acceptance of immorality?  What is that point?

Meta-ethics deals with questions about the nature of ethics.
 * What do ethical words such as "good", "right", "wrong", "ought" mean?
 * What makes a judgment a moral judgment as opposed to, say, an aesthetic judgment, or an etiquette judgment, or a simple personal preference?
 * What is the basis of moral law? Divine command?  Natural law?  Human nature?  Custom?
 * Why should we be moral? What is the motivational basis of moral behavior?  What "motivating reasons" (as opposed to "justifying reasons") can be made for moral behavior?
 * Why do people act morally?
 * Is it possible for some behavior to be right in one society/culture, and wrong in another?
 * What is the moral basis for law? Is there a moral basis for laws?  Should there be a moral basis for law?  Should we try to enforce moral behavior by legal means?

History of Ethics deals with the study of what philosophers have written in the past on the subject of ethics.

The boundary is not always sharply-drawn between questions of normative ethics and meta-ethics. Ethical questions can easily shade off into other areas of philosophy, for example into philosophy of law and philosophy of religion. And of course the study of the history of ethical thought is inter-twined with all topics in ethics: almost all ethical questions have been discussed in the past, and ethics continues to progress as an ongoing conversation between living and historical thinkers.


text:
Fränzi

Fränzi or Franzi is a given name or nickname. Notable people with the name include:
 * Fränzi Aufdenblatten, Swiss World Cup alpine ski racer
 * Franzi Groszmann, writer
 * Fränzi Mägert-Kohli (born 1976), Swiss snowboarder
 * Fränzi Schmidt (born 1943), Swiss figure skater
 * Franziska van Almsick, swimmer

title: Fränzi


text:
Talk:Denise Riley

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title: Talk:Denise Riley


text:
User:Gog the Mild/sandbox6

 * Armistice of Znaim

The Armistice of Znaim was a ceasefire agreed between Archduke Charles and Napoleon I on 12 July 1809 following the Battle of Znaim, effectively ending hostilities between Austria and France in the War of the Fifth Coalition.

Background
''Metternich, in council with Franz and Stadion on the 7th, relayed his impression that the French were open to a peace offer. Charles’s desires on this subject were well known and, on the 8th, Franz directed the Generalissimus to send Liechtenstein to Napoleon, authorising the prince to accept any peace that guaranteed "the perfect integrity of the monarchy".''

On 8 July 1809 Francis I, gave his army commander-in-chief and brother Archduke Charles permission to discuss an armistice with the French with a view to arranging a halt to the fighting. An initial approach received a favourable reception and Charles sent Johann Joseph, the Prince of Liechtenstein, to discuss terms with Napoleon. Napoleon knew Liechebstein, who had taken part in the negotiations that had ended Austria's involvement in the War of the Third Coalition. Some senior members of the Austrian court had were opposed to the negotiations and attempted to stop them.

Charles had the Austrian army fall back on Znaim (now Znojmo, Czech Republic) in a skilled retreat. Napoleon instructed French army to also march towards Znaim; he was concerned that the two combined French and Bavarian army corps under Auguste de Marmont which he had already despatched in that direction would be defeated in detail as they would be heavily outnumbered. Fighting broke out between Charles' and Marmont's forces on 10 July.

On 12 July Marmont was appointed a marshal of France.

title: User:Gog the Mild/sandbox6