text:
Computer Architecture Lab/WS2006/Group6/ISA

Memory
Program, data and stack memories occupy the same memory space. The total addressable memory size is 64 KB.

Program memory
program can be located anywhere in memory. Jump, branch and call instructions use 16-bit addresses, i.e. they can be used to jump/branch anywhere within 64 KB. All jump/branch instructions use absolute addressing

Data memory
The processor always uses 16-bit addresses so that data can be placed anywhere.

Stack memory
is limited only by the size of memory. Stack grows downward.

Interrupts
The processor has 5 interrupts – INTR, RST5.5 ,RST6.5 RST7.5 and Trap.

I/O ports
256 Input ports, 256 Output ports

Accumulator
or A register is an 8-bit register used for arithmetic, logic, I/O and load/store operations.

Flag
8-bit register containing 5 1-bit flags:  Sign ,Zero, Parity, Carry set , or borrow during subtraction/comparison.

General registers
8-bit B and 8-bit C registers,8-bit D and 8-bit E registers,8-bit H and 8-bit L registers

Stack pointer
is a 16 bit register. This register is always incremented/decremented by 2.

Program counter
is a 16-bit register.

Instruction Set
Data moving instructions,Arithmetic - add, subtract, increment and decrement,Logic - AND, OR, XOR and rotate,Control transfer - conditional, unconditional, call subroutine, return from subroutine and restarts,Input/Output instructions,Other - setting/clearing flag bits, enabling/disabling interrupts, stack operations, etc.

Addressing modes
Register references the data in a register or in a register pair. Register indirect - instruction specifies register pair containing address, where the data is located. Direct Immediate - 8 or 16-bit data.

Architectural Features of the R8000
The R8000 is a 64bit RISC microprocessor with strong emphasis on floating point performance, that is spcifically designed for supercomputing applications. It implements the MIPS IV instruction set architecture (ISA). The MIPS R8000 processor is designed to deliver extremely high floating point performance. The R8000 key features include:  Multi-component chip set consisting of an integer unit (IU), floating-point unit (FPU), tag RAMS, and 2 MB of data streaming cache Four-way superscalar architecture, six operations per clock cycle True 64-bit microprocessor with 64-bit integer and floating-point operations, registers, and virtual addresses 3.3-volt technology 16 KB of instruction cache (I-cache) in IU, 16 KB of dual-ported data cache (D-cache) in IU, 1K entries of branch prediction cache Memory Management Unit (MMU) in IU contains a 384-entry, dual-ported, three-way set associative Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)

ANSI/IEEE-754 standard floating-point coprocessor with imprecise interrupts

32 doubleword (64-bit) general-purpose registers in IU and 32 floating-point registers in FPU

128-bit data bus and a separate 40-bit address bus that can access up to 1TB of physical memory

Upward compatibility with earlier 32-bit and 64-bit MIPS microprocessors

Instruction set
Instructions are fetched from an on-chip 16-Kbytes instruction cache (Instruction Cache). Four instructions (128 bits) are fetched per cycle.There are three categories of new instructions: fused multiply-add, register+register addressing mode, and conditional moves.The fused multiply-add instructions - three input operands and performs a multiplication followed by an addition with no intermediate rounding. The register+register addressing mode is supported for floating-point loads and stores to enhance the performance of array accesses with arbitrary strides.Integer and memory instructions get their operands from a 13 port register file (Integer Register File). The R8000 processor includes the following functional units, Integer and memory instructions:

2X load/store

2X ALU

1X shifter

1X integer multiply/divide

2X FPU

 The FPU implements the following operations:

MADD (1 cycle latency Multiply-Add; ex: a = a + b * c)

Divide

Square Root

Reciprocal (i.e. 1/x)

Reciprocal Square Root

Memory
The characteristics of the R8000 memory subsystem - number of ports, sizes and algorithms of the caches, tag RAM, and buffering schemes - complement the high-performance computational capabilities of the R8000 and ensure that memory bandwidth demands from the floating-point and integer units are met.

Pipeline
The Fetch stage - accesses the instruction cache and the branch prediction cache (to be explained later). The Decode stage - makes dispatch decisions based on register scoreboarding and resource reservations, and also reads the register file. The Address stage - computes the effective addresses of loads and stores. The Execute stage - evaluates the ALU operation, accesses the data cache and TLB, resolves branches and handles all exceptions. Finally, the Writeback stage - updates the register file.

EXTERNAL CACHE PIPELINE
There are five stages in the external cache pipeline. Addresses are sent from the R8000 to the tag ram in the first stage. The tags are looked up and hit/miss information is encoded in the second stage. The third stage is used for chip crossing from the tag ram to the data rams. The SSRAM is accessed internally within the chip in the forth stage. Finally data is sent back to the R8000 and R8010 in the fifth stage.

* * * I wandted here to add a picture, but I couldn't register. I also couldn't add a external Picture. img src="stud3.tuwien.ac.at/~e0248591/r8000.PNG" ***

AMD Athlon64
It is designed by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), who have since renamed it AMD64. The AMD64 architecture is a simple yet powerful 64-bit, backward-compatible extension of the industry-standard (legacy) x86 architecture.

Architecture: Pipeline
Pipeline-Stages

20 -. 31 Stages

Fetch-Execute

it last 20 (31) tacts

Pipeline hard to fill

TC Nxt = trace cache next instruction pointer

TC Fectch = trace cache fetch

Rename = register renaming

Que = micro-op queuing

Sch = micro-op scheduling

Disp = dispatch

RF = register file

Ex = execute

Flgs = flags

BrCk = branch check

Instruktions-Set
IA-32 (x86) Instruktions-set

32-Bit instructions; 32-Bit Adresses

Variable instruction lenght: 1-16 Bytes

no Load-Store architecture

operand may be on memory

instructions can change the memory

2 Adress-instructions

target is also the source ADD EAX, [1234]

branch instructions

check statusbits in Flag-Register

different levels

Level 0: operating system

Level 3: User-Programm

Instructions
x86-Instructions

Data transfer instructions (MOV)

binary arithmetic (ADD, SUB)

logical instructions (AND, OR)

shift and rotate (ROR, SAR)

bit and byte instructions (BTS, SETE)

control transfer instructions (JMP, LOOP, CALL)

string instructions (MOVS, SCAS)

flag control instructions (STD, STI)

segment register instructions (LDS)

miscellaneous instructions (LEA, NOP, CPUID)

Instructions format
Complicated and complex size

1-Byte Opcodes

originally 1-Byte Opcodes

Prefixes possible

Other words width  or iteration

Instructions decoding is difficult

ModR/M, SIB, Displacement, Immediate:

Operands addressing

24 Adress types

Offset = Base + Index*Scale + Displacement

Register
ExX-Register

Mixture General-Purpose and Special-Purpose Register

EAX: Accumulator

EBX: Base-Register

ECX: Count-Register

Special: Loops

EDX: Data-Register

Special: multiplication / division

 Furthermore

EBP: Base-Pointer

points out at the Stacks start

ESI, EDI: Source- und Destination-Register

ESP: Stack-Pointer

EFLAGS: Flags

Adressing mode
Addressing: the choise of an instruction operands –	where are the operands stored Immediate addressing: MOV EAX, 1234 – specifying the data direct instead of adress Direct addressing: MOV EAX, [1234] –	detail of (32-Bit) memory address Register-Adressing: MOV EAX, EBX – Register contain operand Register-indirect adressing: MOV EAX, [EBX] – Register contain the adress of operands – Pointer Indexed addressing: MOV EAX, table[EBX] – Basicadress + Offset Register Indexed Register- indirect addressing with displacement – IA-32 speciality: MOV EAX, table[EBX*4 + 1]


text:
Talk:Dennis Meadows

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Wikiversity:Control panel

This is the Wikiversity Control Panel.

WV:CP is a METAOBJECT that grants users of Wikiversity access to Wikiversity's dynamic database. This UNIT was built collaboratively by members of ...

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title: Wikiversity:Control panel


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Tianjin Tuanbo Football Stadium

Tianjin Tuanbo Football Stadium (Simplified Chinese:天津团泊足球场) is a professional football stadium in Tianjin, China. The stadium holds 22,320 spectators and opened in 2012.

title: Tianjin Tuanbo Football Stadium


text:
Red Moon (software)

Red Moon is a free software application for the Android operating system, designed to filter blue light from the device's display, helping reduce eye strain during night-time use and disruption of sleep patterns. It allows for independent adjustment of colour temperature, luminosity and filter level, making it also possible to lower the effective screen brightness below the usual minimum brightness level of the device. Red Moon does not require root.

title: Red Moon (software)


text:
SPT0418-47

SPT0418-47 is a gravitationally lensed, high-redshift, dusty star-forming galaxy, discovered with the South Pole Telescope. Observations with NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed the presence of a companion galaxy, which may indicate that SPT0418-47 is a merging system of galaxies. In June 2023 detection of organic molecules in SPT0418-47 using the Webb telescope was announced.

title: SPT0418-47


text:
Talk:DWDB-TV

Untitled
Woah, wait, "Kwento natin 'to!" is not a CityNet-27 slogan. It is a QTV-11 slogan. What's the connection? Is there a QTV channel 27 in Metro Manila? That's all. -- Obin 3391 16:54, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

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Cardinals created by Clement XIV

Pope Clement XIV (r. 1769–1774) created 16 cardinals in twelve consistories.

18 December 1769

 * 1) Paulo de Carvalho de Mendoça

29 January 1770

 * 1) Mario Marefoschi

6 August 1770

 * 1) João Cosme da Cunha

10 September 1770

 * 1) Scipione Borghese
 * 2) Giovanni Battista Rezzonico

12 December 1770

 * 1) Antonio Casali
 * 2) Pasquale Acquaviva d'Aragona

17 June 1771

 * 1) Antonio Eugenio Visconti
 * 2) Bernardino Giraud

23 September 1771

 * 1) Innocenzo Conti

16 December 1771

 * 1) Charles-Antoine de La Roche-Aymon

14 December 1772

 * 1) Leopold Ernst von Firmian

15 March 1773

 * 1) Gennaro Antonio de Simone

19 April 1773

 * 1) Francesco Carafa di Trajetto
 * 2) Francesco Saverio de Zelada

26 April 1773
Clement named two cardinals at this consistory and created another eleven cardinals in pectore. He died without announcing their names and their appointments lapsed.
 * 1) Giovanni Angelo Braschi
 * 2) Francesco D'Elci

title: Cardinals created by Clement XIV


text:
Qilimiao station

Qilimiao Station, is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2014. It is located in Hanyang District.

title: Qilimiao station


text:
Philosophy of mathematics

This is intended to become the script for a course on the Philosophy of Mathematics. It may then serve as basis for books and other materials as well as discussions and research. Also see the discussion page of this module.

About Philosophy of Mathematics
This is an introductory meta chapter on the topic and the course of Philosophy of Mathematics (PhilM). It might be helpful for deciding on taking this course as well as for understanding its approach.

The Scope

 * The Topic PhilM: What is Mathematics? How is Philosophy seen here? Who is PhilM for? What is PhilM about?
 * The Course PhilM: didactics, boundaries, ...

The Structure

 * The Topic PhilM: What are the structuring principles? What does the structure look like?
 * The Course PhilM: didactics, approach, ...

The Basics

 * /Defining Mathematics/ - The subject usually called Mathematics.
 * Other Basics used within the course - misc. basics can be added here ...

The History
Understanding the historical development of PhilM ...

Philosophy of Supplying Mathematics
A Mathematician is thinking about the degrees of freedom he or she has while doing his or her job, finally starting to question the foundations of a mathematician's job.

Questioning the Method
Judging mathematical work beyond right and wrong: How to do the Mathematician's every day job? How to exploit the degrees of freedom a Mathematician has in doing a Proof, judging the importance of Sentences and overthrowing Theories?

 * Questioning the Instance of Proof - The Exam Situation. Why do I do my Proof the way I do? What is a good or bad proof? Is a proof an explanation? ...
 * Questioning the Sentence - Normal Science. What Sentence to prove? What is an important Sentence? ...
 * Questioning the Theory - Revolutionary Science. How do Theories interrelate? What is an important Theory? ...

Questioning the Foundations
How well-founded is Mathematics? Is there a better Mathematics than the one we employ today?

 * Questioning the Concept of Proof - Metamathematics. Is there a mathematical definition of a mathematical proof?
 * Questioning the Language - Metamathematics. What can and what can't be expressed with the usual mathematical Language? Are there more expressive alternatives?  Does increased expressiveness come for free? ...

Philosophy of Applying Mathematics
Or "Philosophy of Logic"

Questions concerning justification and use:

 * How can a Theorem/Theory be of any use in general?

All theorems are either (a) an assumption agreed upon by a posteriori knowledge (something we intuitively observe), or (b) a priori knowledge. (something we assume is true within a rational language by strict rules of inference).

In other words, theorems are either facts we can generally agree on about the way the universe works around us (If you put one apple in a box with one other apple, the box will have 2 apples), or they are concepts which we base a formal language on (1+1=2).

Deductive reasoning (A priori): By collecting a vast amount of theorems, we can use these theorems together and derive / dedeuce other assumptions about the world around us. Ie: We can take different things that we all assume, and use them together to assume more things. Eg: "If a+b=c, and c-b=a, then c-a=b"

Inductive reasoning (A posteriori): By collecting a vast amount of theorems, we can connect some of our assumptions and approximate highly probable theories about how they function together. Eg: "Out of every of the thousands of DNA strands we've examined on Earth, every one of them contains the base-pairs of Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine. So it is fair to assume that with possible rare exceptions- all DNA strands on Earth have the base pairs of Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine"

 * How beneficiary is the Theorem/Theory, esp. to science and engineering?
 * Where and how may one apply this Theorem/Theory?

Further Questions:

...

title: Philosophy of mathematics


text:
German/Lesson 4

<< Lesson 3 | Lektion 4 | Lektion 5 >>

Lesestück 4-1 ~ Eine Geschichte über Zürich

 * Zürich ist die größte Stadt der Schweiz. Sie liegt am Ausfluss des Zürichsees und ist die Hauptstadt des gleichnamigen Kantons, des Kantons Zürich. Zürich ist ausgesprochen schön gelegen, am nördlichen Ende des Zürichsees—bei klarem Wetter hat man eine gute Sicht auf die Glarner Alpen.

 * Zürich ist das Zentrum der schweizer Bankenwirtschaft. Neben den beiden Großbanken ('Credit Suisse' und 'UBS') haben auch etliche kleinere Bankinstitute ihren Sitz in der Stadt.

Although this short story contains quite a number of impressive German nouns and adjectives, with the aid of Vokabeln 4-1 following you should have no trouble reading and understanding it. The passage makes considerable use of the German genitive case (English possessive case), which you have not yet learned. However, a clue applicable here: translate des as "of the" or "of" and note there are other der-words that also mean "of the".

Vokabeln 4-1
die Alpen              Alps der Ausfluss           outlet, effluence           (of a lake) die Bankinstitute      banking institutes die Bankenwirtschaft   banking business das Ende               end die Großbanken        major banks die Hauptstadt         capital city das Haus               house der Kanton             canton                      (Swiss state) das Lesestück          reading passage die Schweiz            Switzerland die Sicht              view der Sitz               office das Wetter             weather das Zentrum            center (centre) das Zürich             Zurich                      (city and canton in Switzerland) der Zürichsee          Lake Zurich

d.h. (das heißt)       i.e. ("that is" in Latin) Glarner Alpen          Glarner Alps man hat...             one has...   nach Hause              (toward) home               (compare: zu Hause = "at home")

anrufen                call, telephone geben (gab, gegeben)   give kommen (kam, gekommen) come liegen (lag, gelegen)  lie (lay, lain)

am (an dem)            at the ausgesprochen          markedly bei                    in  beiden                  two etliche                a number of, quite a few, several gleichnamig            same named größte                 largest klar                   clear klein                  small neben                  besides nördlich               northern schweizer              of or pertaining to Swiss Pronunciation Guide >>

Grammatik 4-1 ~ Introduction to adjectives
An adjective is a part of speech which can be thought of as a "describing word"—typically, an adjective modifies a noun. In both English and German, adjectives come before the noun they describe or modify. In many other languages (such as French) they usually come after the noun. Here are some examples of adjectives (underlined) you have already encountered: Because nouns are capitalized in German, it is fairly obvious in these sentences where the adjectives occur: just before the nouns they modify. Note how the endings on German adjectives can change, depending upon the noun (keinen Käse; klarem Wetter; gute Sicht)—specifically, the gender and case of the noun they are modifying. Before explaining the basic rules governing adjective endings, you need to have a better understanding of person, gender, and case in German nouns—concepts that will be explored in the next few lessons.

Finally, realize that the ordinal numbers you learned in Lektion 3 are, in fact, adjectives—subject to the same rules governing word endings for adjectives.

Gespräch 4-1 ~ Das neue Mädchen

 * Markus und Helena sind Freunde.
 * Markus: Lena, wer ist das neue Mädchen? Die Brünette dort drüben.
 * Helena: Ich glaube, sie heißt „Karoline“.
 * Markus: Sie ist sehr schön.
 * Helena: Sie ist hübsch, wenn man kleine Mädchen mit langen dunklen Haaren mag.
 * Markus: Ja. Ihre Haare gefallen mir sehr.
 * Helena: Markus, du bist ein Ferkel!

This short conversational passage contains more examples of adjectives.

Vokabeln 4-2
die Brünette            brunette die Haare               hair(s) das Mädchen             girl das Ferkel              piglet

gefallen               appeal to glauben                  believe heißen                  name, call mag                     like, desire, wish

dort                    there (dort) drüben           over there dunkel                  dark ihr                     her hübsch                  cute klein                   short lang                    long neue                    new wenn                    if wer? who?

Pronunciation Guide >>

Grammatik 4-2 ~ Nouns and pronouns in the accusative and dative
As was noted previously when the concept of case was introduced for pronouns (Grammatik 2-2), there are four cases used in German. Recall that the nominative case in German corresponds to the subjective case in English and applies to nouns and pronouns used in a sentence as the subject of a verb. Nouns (and pronouns) that are used as objects of transitive (action) verbs are in the English objective case. If these are direct objects (recipients of the action of a verb), then these nouns are in the accusative case in German. If indirect objects, then these nouns are in the dative case in German. Essentially, the English objective case is divided, in German, into an accusative case used for direct objects and a dative case used for indirect objects.

Pronouns
For comparison with English, recall that the singular personal pronouns (nominative case) are "I", "you", and "he/she/it" (1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons). The objective case, personal pronouns in English are "me", "you", and "him/her/it"—and are used for both direct and indirect objects of verbs. For example:

 * He gives it [the Direct Object] to me [the Indirect Object].

The German accusative case, personal pronouns (singular) are: mich, dich, ihn/sie/es. The German dative case, personal pronouns (singular) are: mir, dir, ihm/ihr/ihm. Thus, the above English example sentence becomes, in German:

 * Er gibt es  [the Direct Object]  mir  [the Indirect Object].

Because mir is a dative pronoun, there is no need in German to use a modifier as in English, where "to" is used as a signal of an indirect object. The following table summarizes the German pronouns in three cases for both singular and plural number:

 * * Polite form

Recall from Gespräch 2-1 the "incomplete" sentence Und Ihnen? ('And you?'). Note that the pronoun agrees in case (here, dative) with the implied sentence — Und wie geht es Ihnen? The same rule is evident in Gespräch 1-1 (Und dir?). Such agreement is important to convey the correct meaning. Tables giving the German personal pronouns in all cases can be found in an appendix: Pronoun Tables.

Nouns
Nouns do not change their form (spelling) relative to case in German; instead, a preceding article indicates case. You have learned the nominative case definite and indefinite articles (Grammatik 3-3: der, die, das and ein, eine. ein) for each of the three noun genders. Now we will learn the accusative (used to signal a direct object) and dative (used to signal an indirect object) articles. First, the definite articles:

This table might seem a bit overwhelming (and there is yet one more case in German: the genitive!), but some points to note can make memorizing much easier. First, as you can see from the table, gender does not really exist for plural nouns. No matter what the noun gender in its singular number, its plural always has the same set of definite articles: die, die, den for nominative, accusative, and dative cases. The plural der-words are similar to the feminine singular der-words, differing only in the dative case. Another point: the dative for both masculine and neuter nouns is the same: dem. Finally, for feminine, neuter, and plural nouns, there is no change between nominative and accusative cases. Thus, only for masculine nouns is there a definite article change in the accusative compared with the nominative.

The following examples demonstrate the use of the definite article in various parts of speech:

In the last example, you need to know that in both English and German, the noun (or pronoun) that follows the verb 'to be' is a predicate noun, for which the correct case is the nominative. That is why, in English, 'It is I' is grammatically correct and 'It is me' is simply incorrect.

The indefinite articles are as follows:

Of course, there are no plural indefinite articles in German or English (ein means "a". "an", or "one"). It is important to see that there is a pattern in the case endings added to ein related to the der-words in the definite articles table above. For example, the dative definite article for masculine nouns is dem—the indefinite article is formed by adding -em onto ein to get einem. The dative definite article for feminine nouns is der—the indefinite is ein plus -er or einer. These ending changes will be covered in greater detail in a future lesson. You will see that there are a number of words (adjectives, for example) whose form relative changes by addition of these endings to signal the case of the noun they modify. Finally, we can see a pattern relationship between these "endings" and the 3rd person pronouns as well:

We could construct a similar table to compare the definite articles to the 3rd person pronouns. And in that case, we would also see how the plural definite articles (die, die, den) compare with the third person plural pronouns (sie, sie, ihnen).

Grammatik 4-3 ~ Interrogatives
You have encountered nearly all of the interrogatives commonly used in German (review Grammatik 1-2): wann                 when warum                why             Warum sind Sie müde? was                  what            Was ist das? wer                  who             Wer ist das Mädchen? wie                  how             Wie geht es dir? wieviel              how much        Wieviel Uhr ist es? wo                   where           Wo ist das Buch? wohin                where (to)      Wohin gehst du? In a question, interrogatives replace the unknown object and establish the class of answer expected. Note that the English construction for some of the questions differs from the German in that the former uses the progressive form of "do".

Übersetzung 4-1
Translate the following sentences into German:

title: German/Lesson 4


text:
Dudley Davenport

Rear-Admiral Dudley Leslie Davenport CB OBE (17 August 1919 – 27 December 1990) was a Royal Navy officer who became Flag Officer, Malta.

History
Born the son of Vice Admiral Robert Clutterbuck Davenport, Davenport joined the Royal Navy in 1935. He served in World War II and saw action at the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 before becoming commanding officer of the destroyer HMS Caesar in May 1944, commanding officer of the frigate HMS Cotton in June 1945 and commanding officer of the frigate HMS Holmes in September 1945.

After the War he became Director of Seamen Officer Appointments at the Admiralty in June 1962, commanding officer of the aircraft carrier HMS Victorious in October 1964 and Flag Officer, Malta in June 1967.

title: Dudley Davenport


text:
Pneumothorax/Hemothorax

A condition in which blood fills the chest cavity. Can cause complications similar to a tension pneumothorax.

title: Pneumothorax/Hemothorax


text:
Folkevæpningssamlag

Folkevæpningssamlag or Folkevæbningssamlag (literally People's Armament Union) was a union of voluntary shooting associations that existed in Norway in the 1880s and 1890s. The union was established due to dissatisfaction with the official shooting association at that time called Centralforeningen for Udbrædelse af Legemsøvelser og Vaabenbrug (lit. The Association for Physical Exercise and use of Firearms)

At the start of the 1880s, member dissatisfaction in the Centralforeningen increased since the members had no influence over the association. The first Folkevæpningssamlag was established after initiative by Inntrøndelag school manager Ole Five on a meeting with representatives from the shooting clubs in Northern Trondhjems amt on 29 January 1881. The following year, the Folkevæpningssamlag had clubs in 12 of the 20 amts in Norway, and a board was established in Kristiania between 6 and 8 February 1882, with Ole Five as chairman.

The primary goal of the Folkevæpningssamlag's was to strengthen Norway's defense capabilities, especially by training the people in shooting and by ensuring that modern firearms became widespread. Already in 1881, the Storting had granted a smaller sum for purchasing firearms and ammunition, and in 1882 a larger sum was granted. However, the Regjering refused to approve the grant. This disagreement was a key part in the impeachment of the Selmer Ministry in 1884.

The member numbers of the Folkevæpningssamlag's increased from 13 000 in 1882 to 18 000 (distributed over 586 shooting clubs) in 1890. In 1892, a Royal Order in Council (kongelig resolusjon) ordered a strengthening in the collaboration between the Folkevæpningssamlag's and the Norwegian Army. The Folkevæpningssamlag's were allowed to borrow firearms from the army, under the condition that the Folkevæpningssamlags hired shooting instructors with military education, and that military officers were allowed to inspect the training. At the same time, the Storting increased their grants for purchasing rifles.

In 1893, all rifle shooting clubs in Norway were gathered under one organisation when the Folkevæpningssamlags and the shooting part of Centralforeningen together formed the National Rifle Association of Norway (Det frivillige skyttervesen, DFS). Still today, this organisation is the largest sport shooting association in Norway.

title: Folkevæpningssamlag


text:
Sanam Chai MRT station

Sanam Chai station (สถานีสนามไชย, ) is a Bangkok MRT rapid transit station on the Blue Line. The station is located underground under Sanam Chai Road. During the excavation of the site to build the station, multiple historical artifacts were found, such as coins from the reign of King Mongkut and King Chulalongkorn. These were given to the Fine Arts Department and Museum Siam for preservation and research. An exhibition was planned to display these artifacts at concourse level under Exit 1. This was opened to the public as the first museum in Thailand located underground on 27 November 2020, free of charge.

Design and location
Sanam Chai station is in the middle of Rattanakosin Island, or Bangkok's old town zone, which is a conservation area and has historical significance. It can be considered as the only station in the inner Rattanakosin Island (around Royal Grand Palace), and regarded as one of only four MRT stations that are recognized for their most beautiful design (consisted of Itsaraphap station, Sanam Chai station, Sam Yot station, and Wat Mangkon station).

The interior is finished under the theme of the early Rattanakosin era, as designed by expert in Thai architecture and national artist Pinyo Suwankiri. The inside is decorated with Sadom pillars (main pillar), these are etched with tiles carve into the shape of the Pikul flower sharpe, which signify prosperity, with the pillar edges adorn with blooming lotus shapes, with long curve petals leaning toward the centre, the bottom of each large petals engrave with smaller petals and coated in gold leaf. The floor and walls made of resemble the city walls. The ceiling painted with star sharpe stencils to resemble the atmosphere of the throne hall in Rattanakosin era. The station has a higher ceiling than most MRT stations along the line as the ventilation system was installed to the side of the station instead of directly above it.

Entry-exit 1 has been specifically designed by CH.Karnchang, PLC. without a roof and with specially designed escalators, in order to not obscure the view of Museum Siam located behind the exit.

In addition to being in the middle of the Rattanakosin Island, the station is also near Wat Pho, Saranrom Park, Saranrom Palace, Museum Siam, Pak Khlong Talat, Rajini School, Wat Ratchabopit, Wat Rajabopit School, Wat Ratchapradit, etc.

title: Sanam Chai MRT station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ozone (festival)

The result was delete--Ymblanter (talk) 08:29, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Ozone (festival)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Delete: Note notable.  Arun Kumar SINGH (Talk)  07:51, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Events-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:25, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:25, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Schools-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:25, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- Sam Sing! 10:21, 16 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Delete. I generally wouldn't consider college music events notable, and this one doesn't demonstrate any notability outside of the college simply hosting it. Kingofaces43 (talk) 20:45, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- Sam Sing! 01:35, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete No assertion of notability. WP can't have an article on everything that happens.Kitfoxxe (talk) 05:57, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete Event not notable. All college festivals and events are not warranted as an article unless they show strong signs of notability.Lakun.patra (talk) 04:15, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete - I can't seen to determine an assertion of notability in the context of WP:GNG or WP:NEVENT. --ceradon ( talk  •  contribs ) 04:21, 2 March 2015 (UTC)


text:
Cathy Tilton

Cathy Tilton is an American politician from Alaska. A Republican, she is a member of the Alaska House of Representatives, representing District 26 which is entirely within the Matanuska-Susitna Borough. Prior to 2020 redistricting, represented District 12.

She succeeded Bill Stoltze upon his election to the Alaska State Senate. She is a self-employed real estate professional and former legislative aide. She lives in Wasilla. Tilton was elected Speaker of the House on January 18, 2023.

title: Cathy Tilton


text:
User:Ketu Mishra

Ketu Mishra is a professional web developer and designer with experience of 3+ years in the industry. He has a skills like Responsive web designing, User friendly creations and much more. Ketu Mishra holds bachelor degree in Information Technology. He is very passionate about playing and arts.

title: User:Ketu Mishra


text:
Anna May-Rychter

Anna May-Rychter (1864–1955) was an early 20th century realist painter best remembered for her watercolors of the Holy Land.

May-Rychter was born in Regensburg, Bavaria, in 1864; the daughter of Henry von May, who held an appointment of personal physician for Prince of Thurn and Taxis. During her childhood, Karl Theodor, Duke in Bavaria brought the physician and his family to Munich, where she was educated by Catholic nuns and went on to study at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. There, Nikolaos Gyzis was one of her teachers.

Known unofficially as May-Rychter (May was Anna's maiden name), she was the long-term partner of Polish artist Tadeusz Rychter. The two did not marry because the Catholic Church did not recognize divorce and Tadeusz had been previously wed, to Cracovian artist Bronisława Janowska. According to Haaretz, social disapproval of their out-of-wedlock relationship was the reason why the couple left Europe and settled in Jerusalem. In 1939 Tadeusz traveled to Poland on a work assignment and died in Warsaw during World War II. May-Rychter continued to live in the Arabic-speaking neighborhoods of East Jerusalem until her death in 1955 at the age of 90.

In 2014 the Palestinian Heritage Foundation and The Jerusalem Fund sponsored an exhibition of May-Rychter's watercolors

title: Anna May-Rychter


text:
Brachyurophis incinctus

Brachyurophis incinctus is a species of snake from the family Elapidae, commonly named the unbanded shovel-nosed snake, and is a species endemic to Australia. Its common name reflects its shovel nose specialisation, burrowing behaviour and the fact that it is not banded on its body.

Description
The unbanded shovel-nosed snake is an oviparous, mildly venomous, and small (< 400mm) burrowing snake, which is not banded on its body.

Taxonomy
Brachyurophis incinctus is one of eight currently recognised species within the genus Brachyurophis. It was first described by Glen Milton Storr in 1968 as Vermicella semifasciata subsp. incincta.

Distribution & habitat
Brachyurophis incinctus is found in central Australia (in the Northern Territory) and in western Queensland, in grasslands, shrublands and deserts.

Conservation status
The conservation status of B. incinctus is assessed by the Queensland Government as being of "Least Concern" and is similarly assessed by the IUCN, with the  comment that it is  "unlikely that any major threat is impacting this species".

title: Brachyurophis incinctus


text:
Talk:David Unsworth

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 08:38, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:David Unsworth


text:
garbage bag

Noun

 * 1)  A plastic bag produced for the disposal of household waste.
 * The road was full of garbage bags awaiting the arrival of the trash men.

Synonyms

 * (UK)
 * (UK)
 * (US)

Hyponyms

 * (UK)
 * (UK)

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish: ,
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: prügikott
 * Finnish:, roskasäkki
 * French:, sac à ordures
 * German:
 * Japanese:
 * Norwegian: søppelpose
 * Portuguese: saco de lixo
 * Russian: му́сорный мешо́к, мешо́к для му́сора
 * Spanish: bolsa de basura
 * Swedish: ,

title: garbage bag


text:
File talk:Andrew-Wyeth-Wind-from-the-.png

300x205 pixels? Nice job, might as well remove this all the other pictures from the internet. God forbid to look at them even for a moment - everything's copyrighted these days!


text:
User:Mkmevoh Gachiri

MUTHONI K. MUCHIRI NONPROFESSIONAL RESEARCH B2B COMMUNICATION WITHOUT INTERFACING<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Brain,the central nervous system which is responsible for thoughts and feelings has capacity to communicate and control,by use of electricity signals developed along scalp.Brain signals depend on normal neuromuscular output channels to communicate and control.

Today brain to brain communication via internet is a burning topic to research on.In the field of research and, development,scientists have successfully interfaced more than one brain using brain-computer interfacing (BCI) devices and a network (internet).This has successfully sent and received binary thoughts,feelings,words or images from one brain to another.This was successful B2B COMMUNICATION VIA INTERNET.

What if? Nature has perfected in brain to brain communication already. The communication does exist in us. Is it successful B2B COMM a big secret or not known to us.

This topic is going to take you to some of possible occurrences and rare events that our mind/brain do communicate without us noticing.

BRAIN TO BRAIN COMMUNICATION Without INTERFACE (INTERNET). The enigma how brain achieves communication without us noticing and interfacing: The mind is in control. Mostly we are unaware of communication happening. Our bodies and minds are "Programmed" or(and) in a contingency.

Mostly,since brain is in control brain signals are not brought into our attention. But such communication is influenced,analyzed and attained from attributes,behavior,situation,feelings,relationship and affairs,emotions or secrets.

The minds largely does the encoding and decoding,commands,coerces us to behave,adjust our ourselves and react during unconscious process (a mental process that one isn't aware of). Thoughts,feelings,sensitive data,environment changes,transmission of emotions,significant life activities or even images may be communicated by brain without interfacing.

LIMITATIONS OF B2B WITHOUT BCI. Some events and occurrences are result of brain waves therefore being impractical in outside communication It is a secret communication because brain is the control.weren't aware of it Brain Identify the need to communicate and appropriate time.

RARE     CASES              AND           SPECIAL    OCCURRENCES.

LOVE: Affectionate feelings.In love parties send brain signals to each other when in range.They can effectively approach /move toward each other,or be made aware of each other presence. Friendship.Friends with regards and respect to each other develop a link in their brains.This makes them aware of each other presence. If one of them was asleep it is observed that he/she will wake up after the other party arrives.This is an indication of communicating minds. Sexual urges.Frequently observed incase of men who have "programmed" their minds with sex urges. CASE 1.A prostitute if she passes by men will react toward her. CASE 2.A beautiful (holy) woman passes by men won't react. In case 2 mind is programmed not to respond toward immoral brain signals as opposed to case 1.

DEATH,ILLNESS AND MISFORTUNE: CASE 1. This is most successful communication without brain interfacing,the communication happens frequently and we just ignore it.A dying person sends brain signals to relatives and friends.As a results relatives and friends reacts by having a"bad day".It is observed that low spiritedness,unhappiness,unrest or feel like not performing any activity by relatives throughout the day.Later to find out there own is dead.

CASE 2. When the most unfortunate state resulting from unfavorable outcomes eg road accidents,happens brain waves are sent to relatives as an indication of the misfortune that have occurred.Relatives and friends feel unrest or unable to perform any activity.Later to find out an illness or misfortune has befallen one of them.

SOLITARY AND HATRED. Having practically placed myself in the field.

If a party places intense dislike to friends or less interaction with them.In solitary position and doesn't like to engage in any activities with cronies.

Finding. Friends and cronies receive same negative brain signals and attitudes.They will subsequently cut connection, activities or interaction with their friend. This situation has most indications and yet a successful programmed secret communication.

OTHER CASES :

TWINS BRAIN FUNCTIONALITY Twins are able to get same grades and marks in an exam.

SIGNIFICANT LIFE ACTIVITIES 1 # When preparing for main exams by continuous opening certain pages,seeing certain questions or using same revision materials.Later after exams you find out there is brain to brain communication with examiner. 2 # Alot of saliva is secreted into mouth later to find out delicacies have been prepared for you at home.

FOOTBALL AND SPORTS NO MATTER THE CLUB,the no of fans and sponsors,the player's experience,their organization and matches they have won. The mentality toward current opponents is shared and spread inform of brain waves to teammates. The team end up losing if mentality was that the current opponents are tough.

My employer having the one who carries the keys when he arrives it takes shorter time for me to arrive at the job and usually I find him minutes of his arrival. I rarely arrive early nor late but almost the same time with him at varied times in the days.

When waiting for someone,when you lose hope, panic and about to go.That person arrives this proves brains are communicating when you panic is as result communication

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

The situation we are in,the programmed mind or factors that power our brain "command center" to communicate will always remain a mystery.

However,this is a blazing topic,and a basic of what researchers have termed next big thing,to solve and effect how we communicate as modern and developing world.Utilization of computer devices,experts in the field and current know how will have effect on this topic.

This is a pastime research,wholly based on amateur.

title: User:Mkmevoh Gachiri


text:
User:Elinruby/sandbox

 * Linguistic relativity

Criminal Code of 1830 Criminal Code of the Empire of Brazil

The Criminal Code of 1830 was the first Brazilian penal code, sanctioned a few months before the abdication of Pedro I of Brazil, on December 16, 1830, took effect in 1831 and remained in force until 1891, then replaced by the Penal Code of the United States of Brazil (Decrees no. 847, of October 11, 1890, and 1,127, of December 6, 1890).

Summary
Since 1603, the Philippine Ordinances (cruel punishment) issued by Philip II of Spain, also King of Portugal since 1580. were in force in Brazil, as it was a Portuguese colony. After the Independence of Brazil in 1822 and the granting of the Brazilian Constitution of 1824, the first Brazilian legal codes began to be constructed. In 1830, the Criminal Code was promulgated, which were more advanced than the Philippine laws, with regard to physical integrity for free men, and the inviolability of their civil rights and legal equality, but did maintain corporal punishment for slaves. Article 60 determined that "If the defendant is a slave and incurs punishment, other than capital punishment, or galley punishment, he will be sentenced to flogging, and after suffering it, he will be handed over to his master, who will be obliged to bring him with a iron, for the time, and manner that the Judge designates". This provision was repealed by Law 3,310 of 1886, which in Article 1, determined that "The same penalties decreed by the Criminal Code and other legislation will be imposed on the slave defendant in force for any other offenders"). The difference in punishment between free people and slaves resided in the fact that the slave's imprisonment would result in financial losses for his owner, while corporal punishment allowed the slave to return to work more quickly than would occur in the case of imprisonment. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]

Crimes under the criminal code of 1830

 * Public:
 * crimes against the Empire, against the internal tranquility of the Empire, against the administration, the treasury and public property;
 * Private:
 * against individual freedom and security,
 * against private property;
 * Police:
 * against police regulations and public rules (municipal positions)

and could not be extended to his family members;
 * Penalties:
 * proportionality between the crime and the penalty,
 * proportional between the crime committed and the penalty; the exclusive sentence for the convicted person could not exceed the offender,
 * humanization of the death penalty, without torture;
 * prohibition of cruel punishments, without hangings or beheadings, but maintaining the punishment of whipping for slaves;
 * persistence of penalties of exile, banishment, galleys, fines, deprivation of political rights,
 * banishment (exile)
 * some penalties from Philippine ordinances still persisting.

Homosexuality was permitted, with no references to the term sodomy in the texts.

The Code of 1830 was divided into four parts with a total of eight chapters, divided into titles and sections, which, whether or not they contain, specifications on crimes and penalties in each of these subdivisions.
 * Structure
 * Crimes and Penalties
 * Public crimes
 * Private crimes
 * Police crimes

Parte Primeira - Dos Crimes, e Das Penas Essa parte trata, de como são os crimes, e de como deverão ser aplicadas suas penas, suas temáticas são:

Título I - Dos Crimes Do artigo 1 ao 13, têm-se definido os crimes e os criminosos, e como deveriam ser aplicadas as penas, reunidas em seis grupos básicos:

Ver também Ordenações Filipinas Código do Processo Criminal de 1832 Referências «ENTRE CIVILIZADOS E BÁRBAROS: transformações nas práticas de punição ao escravo no Maranhão do séc». www.outrostempos.uema.br. Consultado em 15 de dezembro de 2018 «Os 5 piores castigos dados aos escravos no passado». www.fatosdesconhecidos.com.br. Consultado em 15 de dezembro de 2018 Ligações externas Wikisource A Wikisource contém fontes primárias relacionadas com Código Criminal de 1830 «Código Criminal do Império» «Código Criminal do Império segundo o Professor Rolf Koerner Júnior» Ícone de esboço	Este artigo sobre História do Brasil é um esboço. Você pode ajudar a

Electoral Code of 1932

The Electoral Code of 1932, Brazil's first Electoral Code, was created at the beginning of the Vargas era. [ 1 ] In May of the same year, the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) was installed in Rio de Janeiro, then the country's capital. The 1930 Revolution had as one of its principles the moralization of the electoral system. One of the first acts of the provisional government was to create a commission to reform electoral legislation, whose work resulted in Brazil's first Electoral Code. [ two ]

Electoral Justice The Electoral Code of 1932 created the Electoral Court, which became responsible for all electoral work - registration, organization of voting tables, counting of votes, recognition and proclamation of those elected. In addition, it regulated federal, state and municipal elections throughout the country.

The Code The then Minister of Justice Maurício Cardos convened a commission to create the first Brazilian Electoral Code itself, given that previously the legislation dealing with this subject was dispersed across several legal documents. The Electoral Code of 1932, established by Decree No. 21,076 of February 24, 1932, [ 3 ] brought significant political and social advances, among them:

female vote ; secret vote ; proportional representation, in two simultaneous shifts.

Electoral legislation made reference, for the first time, to political parties, although individual candidacy was still permitted. However, this Code preserved a certain exclusionary and anti-democratic character, since according to its article 4 illiterate people did not have the right to vote. [ 3 ]

The Electoral Court was created through the 1932 Code. This institution was responsible, then, for the administration of all electoral work: registration, organization of voting tables, counting of votes, recognition and proclamation of those elected. Furthermore, with the emergence of the Electoral Court, elections across the country were regulated at the federal, state and municipal levels.

At that time, electoral crimes were provided for in the Criminal Code of 1890 and the Electoral Code of 1932. Both legislations considered electoral crimes to be: preventing, or obstructing in any way, the voter from voting; request, using promises or threats, votes for a specific person, or for this purpose buy votes, whatever the election being held; misplace, hide, render useless, confiscate or steal from someone their voter registration card.

Criticism of the 1932 Electoral Code led, in 1935, to the promulgation of our second Code, Law No. 48 of 1935, which replaced the first without altering the achievements made up until then. [ 4 ] Despite having been in force for a few years - in November 1937 Getúlio Vargas initiated the Estado Novo and abolished the Electoral Court, abolished political parties and suspended free elections - Brazil's first and second electoral codes established revolutionary innovations which were later rescued with the Electoral Code of 1945. [ 5 ]

References «Brazil’s First Electoral Code turns 81». www.tse.jus.br. Consulted on April 15, 2018 «Evolution of Electoral Justice in Brazil». Regional Electoral Court of Piauí «DECREE No. 21,076, OF FEBRUARY 24, 1932 - Standard Data - Portal Câmara dos Deputados».www2.camara.leg.br. Consulted on April 15, 2018 «LAW Nº 48, OF MAY 4, 1935 - Original Publication - Portal Câmara dos Deputados». www2.camara.leg.br. Consulted on April 15, 2018 «DECREE-LAW No. 7,586, OF MAY 28, 1945». www.planalto.gov.br. Presidency of the Republic of Brazil. May 28, 1945. Consulted on April 15, 2018 [ To hide ]vdIt is Brazilian legal codes Current Commercial (1850)Waters (1934)Criminal (1940)Criminal Procedure (1942)Labor and Labor Process (1943)Mineral Waters (1945)Telecommunications (1962)Electoral (1965)Tax (1966)Mining (1967)Military Penalty (1969)Aeronautics (1986)Consumer Protection (1990)Ethics of the Federal Executive Branch (1994)Industrial Property (1996)Transit (1997)Civil (2002)Sports Justice (2003)Fishing (2009)Forestry (2012)Civil Procedure (2015)Defense of public service users (2017) Repealed Penal (1830)Criminal (1890)Civil (1916)Electoral (1932)Forester (1934)Electoral (1935)Air (1938)Fishing (1938)Civil Procedure (1939)Traffic (January 1941)Traffic (September 1941)Electoral (1945)Electoral (1950)Forester (1965)Transit (1966)Air (1966)Fishing (1967)Criminal (1969)Industrial Property (1971)Civil Procedure (1973) Propositions Criminal (PLS 236/2012) Portal do Brasil Policy portal Categories :Elections in BrazilBrazil Codes This page was last edited at 02:34 on 29 December 2022. This text is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license ; may be subject to additional conditions. For more details, see the conditions of use. Privacy PolicyAbout WikipediaGeneral noticesCode of ConductProgrammersStatisticsStatement about cookiesMobile versionWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki

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Cession of Djerba (1493)
 * Banco de Londres y América del Sur Headquarters

The Chamber approved PL 1,876/99 written by Aldo Rebelo. Bill 1,876/99 was created by Tucano deputy Sérgio Carvalho, then a member of the ruralist bench. However, it took 12 years for this legislative project to clear, due to obstructions from rural groups. It was resumed in 2009 when the Board of Directors appointed a Special Committee to provide an opinion on the Project. Representative Aldo Rebelo (PCdoB) wrote an opinion on the project.

When the rewritten legislation entered the Chamber's Agenda in March 2011, the Dilma government reached an agreement with the ruralist bench to approve the project since Amendment No. 164 (a radicalization of ruralists, which would allow the reduction of preservation areas in the country by legalizing illegal occupations in permanent preservation areas (APPs), such as riverbanks, hilltops and slopes that were illegally deforested) was rejected. As a result, 410 voted to approve the project, versus 63 who did not. This represented support from 86.5% of parliamentarians for the project, against 13.3% of opponents. Amendment No. 164, proposed by the PMDB to reduce the area of APPs, was later approved.

The text approved by the Chamber determined: Exemption from the legal reserve for the four modules (20 to 400 hectares, depending on the State). The government wanted Aldo Rebelo to exempt only family farming modules, but the rapporteur insisted on including small properties. According to the Ministry of the Environment, the measure would leave 15 million hectares, the equivalent of Acre, without reforestation. Consolidation of the maintenance of agricultural activities in APPs (permanent preservation areas) and authorization for states to participate in the regularization of rural properties.

Amendment No. 164 provided amnesty for deforestation carried out by rural producers until 2008.

 * Arudsch-barbarossa.jpg
 * Sultan Murad III.jpeg
 * Conquest of Tunis 1535 bis.jpg
 * Battle of Tunis 1534 Spahi of the Regency fighting Spanish tapestry Alcazar of Sevilla 1554.jpg

Brazil

 * image1           = A Barbary Pirate by Giovanni Guida.jpg
 * caption1         = A Barbary Pirate, Giovanni Guida (1837-1895)
 * alt1             = Turbaned and shirtless man wielding knives and a pistol

 * Ok. Examples would be good. By the way I looked at Google Ngrams. Unsurprisingly there were a lot of mentions around 1820 for "Regency of Algiers", but I couldn't get anything to come up at all for "Regency of ALgiers pirate" or piracy or slavery... though I have not used this much and maybe I am using the wrong syntax for an AND query. Maybe the word has to be in there. do you know anything about this? And are you happy with checking me from Manufacturing forward or do you want to do something else? Elinruby (talk) 10:10, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

OTTOMAN VELVETS AND THEIR OWNERS, 1600-1750. Authors: PHILLIPS, AMANDA1 Source: Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World; Aug2014, Vol. 31, p151-172, 22p Document Type: Article Subjects: Silk Textiles Velvet Luxuries Luxury goods industry Abstract: The article discusses the widespread popularity of a specific type of silk, cushion covers made of velvet brocaded with gold. The author explores the relationship between their consumption and production. Also revealed is that the manufacture, purchase, and acquisition of these luxury goods was both more nuanced and more widespread than has been acknowledged. Author Affiliations: 1Marie Curie Fellow of the Gerda Henkel Stiftung, Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham, U.K ISSN: 07322992 DOI: 10.1163/22118993-00311p07 Accession Number:

 * Tragic Week
 * (Argentina) 1919
 * (Catalonia) 1909 translation; possible source
 * (Guatemala) 1920
 * The National Assembly, whose president then was Adrián Vidaurre, former Secretary of War and one of the most important members of Cabrera's cabinet, declared the President unable to continue and designated Carlos Herrera y Luna as interim president.
 * Bishop of Facelli, Piñol y Batres from the Aycinena family, began preaching against government policies in the San Francisco Church in 1919, instructed by his cousin, Manuel Cobos Batres For the first time, the Catholic Church opposed the President; additionally, Cobos Batres was able to inflame the nationality sentiment of conservative criollo leaders José Azmitia, Tácito Molina, Eduardo Camacho, Julio Bianchi and Emilio Escamilla into forming a Central America Unionist party and oppose the strong regime of Manuel Estrada Cabrera
 * See Mariano_de_Aycinena_y_Piñol article looks ok-ish, here for context
 * Also Pedro de Aycinena y Piñol same
 * And Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol

 * 1917 Guatemala earthquakes (for context, article looks ok)

 * ''El Guatemalteco

 * Carlos Zachrisson, Finance minister from 1923 to 1926

 * Sebastian Hurtado, Mariano Valverde, German Alcántara -- marimba composers.
 * La Flor del Café by Alcántara.
 * Governor General Brigadier Gabino Gaínza

 * Antonio Obando Sánchez
 * Alfredo Pellecer
 * Communist Party of Guatemala
 * Revolutionary Armed Forces

 * Francisco Morazán announced he would create a large army to re-create the Federal Republic of Central America and planned to include El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, but popular feeling rapidly turned against him and a sudden revolt resulted in his arrest and execution by firing squad.
 * extensive article here for context

 *

 * Coffee and Class: The Structure of Development in Liberal Guatemala David J McCreery, Hispanic American Historical Review Vol 56 # 3, 1976, Duke Unive*rsity Press https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-56.3.438

 * https://www.jstor.org/stable/1007411

El Salvador
(Partido Nacional Democrática) a Salvadoran political party that existed from 1913 to 1931, a period known as the Meléndez–Quiñónez dynasty. El Salvador was called a "coffee republic" during the reign of the PND due to the country's heavy reliance on coffee exports. The party ruled as the country's sole political party.
 * National Democratic Party

 * Manuel Humberto Rivera Attorney-General of El Salvador until May 1945
 * Julio Eduardo Jiménez Castillo (became Attorney-General of El Salvador in 1948)

 * Miguel Mármmo (El Salvador Communist Party)
 * Society of Workers, Peasants and rmen of Ilopango (SCOPI)
 * steel workers' strike against the government of Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo
 * President Hernández Martínez --
 * La Matanza exists but does have redlinks
 * Estrella Roja: newspaper https://books.google.ca/books?id=AubqWtPHt1kC&pg=PA121

 * Fourteen Families (Spanish: Catorce Familias) was a term used to label and refer to the oligarchy of El Salvador during the country's period known as the "Coffee Republic" from 1871 to 1927. These families controlled most of the land in the country.

Coffee production in El Salvador: The coffee industry grew inexorably in El Salvador, after a somewhat tentative start in the mid-19th century. Between 1880 and 1914, the value of coffee exports rose by more than 1,100 percent.[5] Although the coffee industry itself was not taxed by the government, tremendous revenue was raised indirectly through import duties on goods imported with the foreign currencies that coffee sales earned

Federal Republic of Central America
In October 1852 El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua created the Federation of Central America (Federación de Centro América). The union lasted less than a month. In 1856–1857 the region successfully established a military coalition to repel an invasion by the U.S. freebooter William Walker (filibuster).
 * Order of the Lone Star, organized to conquer Cuba and Nicaragua, succeeding in the latter in 1856 under William Walker before being driven out by a coalition of neighboring states.

consider rewrite: Treaty of Madrid (1880) General Carrera

Luis Batres Juarros — conservative member of the Aycinena Clan, then secretary general of the Guatemalan government of recently reinstated Mariano Rivera Paz — obtained from the vicar Larrazabal authorization to dismantle the regionalist Church
 * Angel Molina reinstated conservative government of Mariano Rivera Paz
 * had its own newspaper – El Popular

Guatemala

 * State of Los Altos, sought independence from Guatemala.

Conservative government of Rivera Paz; they even had their own newspaper – El Popular
 * Governor General Brigadier Gabino Gaínza
 * the above article is extensive and provided for context

 * Gabino Gaínza Fernández de Medrano and was alternately victorious and defeated in the following actions:
 * Battle of Cucha-Cucha
 * Battle of Rancagua
 * Battle of Gamero
 * Battle of El Quilo
 * Battle of El Membrillar
 * First Battle of Cancha Rayada
 * Battle of Guajardo
 * Battle of Río Claro
 * Battle of Quechereguas

 * Corregidor general Mariano Paredes

 * Granadine Confederation
 * {ILL|Península de Azuero|es|es}}
 * El Banco, Padilla, Valledupar (provinces)

On July 12, 1861, after fighting the constitutional government of President Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, General Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera created the Sovereign State of Tolima, created from the State of Cundinamarca. This was confirmed and legalized by the rest of the states of the Colombian Union, by means of Article 41 of the Pact of the Union on September 20, 1861, reaffirming the legality of the institutionalism of Tolima.[6]

The Granadine Confederation ended on 8 May 1863, with the signing of the Constitution of 1863 by the Rionegro Convention, which officially changed the name of the country to the United States of Colombia

Federal State of Antioquia was created from Antioquia Province on June 11, 1856.[2]

Active priests of Quetzaltenango — capital of the would-be-state of Los Altos — Urban Ugarte and José Maria Aguilar, were removed from their parish and likewise Regional Confederation of Mexican Workersthe priests of the parishes of San Martin Jilotepeque and San Lucas Tolimán. Larrazabal ordered the priests Fernando Antonio Dávila, Mariano Navarrete and Jose Ignacio Iturrioz to cover the parishes of Quetzaltenango, San Martin Jilotepeque and San Lucas Toliman, respectively.

Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers
https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1135&context=history-in-the-making

The Movement that Sinned Twice: The Cristero War and Mexican Collective Memory By Consuelo S. Moreno Abstract: Many scattered occurrences in Mexico bring to memory the 1926-1929 Cristero War, the contentious armed struggle between the revolutionary government and the Catholic Church. After the conflict ceased, the Cristeros and their legacy did not become part of Mexico’s national identity. This article explores the factors why this war became a distant memory rather than a part of Mexico’s history. Dissipation of Cristero groups and organizations, revolutionary social reforms in the 1930s, and the intricate relationship between the state and Church after 1929 promoted a silence surrounding this historical event. Decades later, a surge in Cristero literature led to the identification of notable Cristero figures in the 1990s and early 2000s. However, these occurrences continue to be scarce, and nonetheless, continue to create controversy in Mexican society. 1 www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/publicacion.php?id=PUB-LH-1998-62

Recommended Citation Moreno, Consuelo S. (2020) "The Movement that Sinned Twice: The Cristero War and Mexican Collective Memory," History in the Making: Vol. 13, Article 5. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol13/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>On July 12, 1861, after fighting the constitutional government of the president Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, the general Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera created the Sovereign State of Tolima, created out of the State of Cundinamarca. This was confirmed and legalized by the rest of the states of the Colombian Union, by means of Article 41 of the Pact of the Union on September 20, 1861, reaffirming the legality of the institutionalism of Tolima.[6] Under an agrarian reform in 1592, the crown established resguardos, or reservations, for the indigenous people to provide for their subsistence; the resulting concentration of indigenous people freed up land to be sold to hacendados. The purchase of land as private real estate from the crown led to the development of latifundios
 * Economic_history_of_Colombia

, Nombre de Dios (in present-day Panama), and Cartagena de Indias.
 * mitayos (indigenous people contracted to work)
 * The new hacendados soon came into conflict with the encomenderos because of the ability of the latter to monopolize indigenous labor.
 * New Laws
 * War of the Thousand Days (1899–1902)
 * Coffee production in Colombia
 * Manila galleon

https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/publicacion.php?id=PUB-LH-1998-62

Nicaragua Legitimist Party Conservative Party (Nicaragua)
 * Alfredo César Aguirre

Ponciano Corral Acosta (1855) Fermín Ferrer (1856-1856) Fernando Chamorro y Alfaro (1860) Ignacio Chávez López (1891) Eduardo Montiel de la Cerda (1893)

 * Piedras Negras (Maya site)
 * Muisca economy

WLA2017DZ Metier en Algerie (39)Vendeur Osier.jpg

Gustave Clarence Rodolphe Boulanger - La Cour du Palais de Dar Khdaouedj El Amia Alger.jpg Palais du Bey d'Oran - plafond 2.jpg

[]

Viceroyalty of New Spain,

Santa Hermandad visitador-general

Battle of Mactan "needs to be rewrittern"

Portuguese Restoration War
Plafond1.jpg Emile Claus - The mosque of Sidi Boumedienne.jpg Naw.jpg Nawel.jpg Algeria1.jpg Mharma.jpg Mharma Vase trouvés en 1896 musée alger.jpg Photo de la Casbah d'Alger en Algerie.jpg

Algerian Jebel Amour rug, 19th century or earlier (detail).png Algerian Jebel Amour rug, 19th century or earlier (detail) Luce Ben Aben School of Arab Embroidery Algiers Algeria.jpg Luce Ben Aben School of Arab Embroidery Algiers Algeria Tissage nomade Algérie.jpg Tissage nomade Algérie Algeria Hand-loom Weavers (NBY 440370).jpg Algeria Hand-loom Weavers (NBY 440370)

{{Documentation|content=

De første massakrene
Få dager etter at tyske styrker invaderte Litauen (som hadde vært okkupert av Sovjetunionen siden året før), begynte massakrene på landets over 210,000 jøder. De første systematiske massakrene ble gjennomført etter initiativ av en lokal politisjef i Øst-Preussen uten konkret ordre fra Berlin. Stapo-kontoret (Staatspolizeistelle) i Tilsit hadde mottatt generelle direktiver fra Heinrich Müller, sjefen for Gestapo innenfor RSHA, og disse direktivene var grunnlaget for ordrene utstedt av standartenführer Hans-Joachim Böhme. Stapo-kontoret i Tilsit var involvert i forberedelsene til operasjon Barbarossa, blant annet hadde kontoret fullmakt til å utvide sitt virkeområde over grensen inntil 25 kilometer inn i Litauen. Kontoret fikk tillatelse til å etablere en Einsatzkommando Tilsit, og denne krysset grensen like bak Wehrmacht. Massakrene ble kamuflert som «opprydningsaksjoner» (Säuberungsaktionen) eller «straffetiltak» (Strafaktionen).

Gargždai
Den første Judenaktion skjedde i Gargždai (litt øst for Klaipėda) da tyske styrker og politi henrettet 201 mennesker to dager etter invasjonen. Tysk infanteriregiment 176 inntok i Gargždai (tysk: Garsden) tidlig på dagen 22. juni 1941 etter 15 timers blodig kamp. Da regiment 176 rykket videre østover overlot de vaktholdet i byen til grensepolitiet fra byen Klaipėda (tysk: Memel), Memelland hadde blitt annektert av Tyskland to år tidligere. Grensepolitiet forsterket med lokale litauere skilte ut 600–700 jøder fra sivilbefolkningen. Grensepolitiet var usikre på hva de skulle gjøre videre og telegraferte til Staatspolizeistelle i Tilsit og Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) i Berlin. Mens hovedkvarteret i Berlin var usikre på neste skritt, ga standartenführer Hans-Joachim Böhme ved Staatspolizeistelle i Tilsit ordre om å velge ut 200 menn blant jødene. De 200 ble (sammen med en kvinne som nektet å forlate mannen sin) ført til fots til en åker der de ble bevoktet av mannskap fra tolletaten. Statspolitiet i Tilsit hadde ikke nok mannskap til å gjennomføre henrettelsene og politisjefen i Memel, Bernhard Fischer-Schweder, sendte etter forespørsel en tropp på 25 mann. The squad practiced execution at the Memel police camp on 23 June and drove to Gargždai the next day..

Først på vei fra Memel til Gargždai fikk mannskapet overraskende vite at oppdraget var å henrette jøder, og enkelte reagerte med sjokk. Politimennene deltok i avrettingen vel vitende at de drepte uskyldige sivile. I mellomtiden hadde jødene gravd sin egen grav ved å utvide en eksisterende «pansergrav». Ettermiddagen 24. juni ble jødene henrettet etter at det ble lest opp en «dom» som omfattet «forbrytelser mot Wehrmacht». Mange av jødene i Gargždai hadde flyktet fra Memel etter den tyske annektering og var i flere tilfeller gamle bekjente av politimennene som utførte henrettelsene. Gjerningsmennene hevdet etter krigen at ordren om å drepe hadde kommet fra Hitler selv (Führerbefehl) eller fra brigadeführer Walter Stahlecker (kommandant for Einsatzgruppe A ), men ordren hadde kommet fra Böhme.

Videre massakrer
Dagen etter massakren i Gargždai var det lignende «aksjoner» i Kretinga (tysk: Krottingen) og Palanga (tysk: Polangen), henholdsvis 214 og 111 drepte de fleste var jødiske menn. RSHA hadde gitt tillatelse til organisering av en Einsatzkommando (en mobil drapsenhet) i Tilsit og denne krysset grensen rett etter Wehrmacht (Kretinga ble inntatt etter få timers kamp). Einsatzkommando Tilsit besto av personell fra SS, Sicherheitspolizei, Sicherheitsdienst og grensepolitiet samt frivillige fra Wehrmacht. De første jødene som ble henrettet ble anklaget for å være snikskyttere, banditter, forrædere eller partisaner. Tyskerne fikk bistand fra litauere hvorav noen hadde flyktet til Tyskland etter den sovjetiske maktovertakelsen i 1940. I Gargždai, Kretinga og Palanga ble likene dumpet i eksisterende hull eller groper i terrenget etter at de som skulle henrettes hadde utvidet graven. En rekke på ti menn ble stilt på kanten av gropen og den neste gruppen på ti menn måtte da sørge for at alle likene fra forrige runde havnet i massegraven.

Pogromer ble dagene etter invasjonen utført av lokale anti-sovjetiske partisaner. Ifølge Stahlecker satte Algirdas Klimaitis i gang massakrer i Kaunas fra 23. juni. Nettene 23.–26. juni ble 1500 jøder drept av militsen og flere synagoger brent, senere ble 2300 jøder massakrert ifølge Stahleckers notater. I Šiauliai ble 1000 jøder drept i slutten av juni, lignende mindre massakrer ble utført mange steder i landet. Unntaket var Vilnius der det ikke var noen pogromer de første dagene. Stahlecker kom 25. juni i Kaunas i kontakt med Algirdas Klimaitis, leder for en anti-sovjetisk og anti-semittisk milits. På oppmuntring fra Stahlecker og hans menn gjennomførte Klimatis den første massakren på 1500 jøder.

Böhme og hans mannskap møtte Heydrich og Himmler i Augustów 30. juni. Böhme fortalte Heydrich og Himmler om «tiltakene» (tysk: Massnahmen) iverksatt av politiet i Tilsit hvorpå Heydrich og Himmler bifalt disse fullstendig (tysk: billigten diese in vollem Umfang). Böhme og hans Einsatzkommando fortsatte sitt drapstokt i Litauen og hadde innen 18. juli henrettet 3302 personer. The day after the massacre in Gargždai, there were similar "actions" in Kretinga (German: Krottingen) and Palanga (German: Polangen), respectively 214 and 111 killed, most of whom were Jewish men. The RSHA had given permission for the organization of an Einsatzkommando (a mobile killing unit) in Tilsit and this crossed the border right after the Wehrmacht (Kretinga was taken after a few hours of fighting). Einsatzkommando Tilsit consisted of personnel from the SS, Sicherheitspolizei, Sicherheitsdienst and the border police as well as volunteers from the Wehrmacht. The first Jews to be executed were accused of being snipers, bandits, traitors or partisans. The Germans received assistance from Lithuanians, some of whom had fled to Germany after the Soviet takeover in 1940. In Gargždai, Kretinga and Palanga, the bodies were dumped in existing holes or pits in the terrain after those to be executed had expanded the grave. A line of ten men was lined up on the edge of the pit and the next group of ten men then had to ensure that all the bodies from the previous round ended up in the mass grave. [30] [31]

Pogroms were carried out in the days after the invasion by local anti-Soviet partisans. According to Stahlecker, Algirdas Klimaitis started massacres in Kaunas from 23 June. The nights 23–26 On June 1,500 Jews were killed by the militia and several synagogues were burned, later 2,300 Jews were massacred according to Stahlecker's notes. In Šiauliai, 1,000 Jews were killed at the end of June, similar smaller massacres were carried out in many places in the country. The exception was Vilnius where there were no pogroms in the first days. [18] On 25 June in Kaunas, Stahlecker came into contact with Algirdas Klimaitis, leader of an anti-Soviet and anti-Semitic militia. Encouraged by Stahlecker and his men, Klimatis carried out the first massacre of 1,500 Jews. [39]

Böhme and his crew met Heydrich and Himmler in Augustów on 30 June. Böhme told Heydrich and Himmler about the "measures" (German: Massnahmen ) implemented by the police in Tilsit whereupon Heydrich and Himmler fully approved them (German: billigten diese in vollem Umfang ). Böhme and his Einsatzkommando continued their killing spree in Lithuania and by 18 July had executed

Cet article recense les principaux palais existants ou ayant existé en Algérie.

Articles connexes

 * Liste des sites et monuments classés en Algérie
 * Liste du patrimoine mondial en Algérie
 * Art ottoman
 * Architecture islamique
 * Architecture néo-classique
 * Architecture mauresque
 * Architecture néo-classique

, and my name has been dragged a little further through the mud but who cares right? Another entitled mansplainer has been empowered to lecture someone else on imaginary incivility and create arbcom cases over problems that exist only in his preconceptions. NBD.
 * I am just a dog he got to kick because he was mad, two hours and 22 minutes after AE told him not to do that. last I heard you didn't understand the problem. You were complaining about people not notifying you, so I did. Would you please find some time to understand this and at least have an informal talk with him about reality checking his preconceptions? Neither I not Cukrakalnis is a Polish nationalist, thank you very much, and neither of us was disrupting Wikipedia before he came into our lives to tell us that we shouldn't. We are both North Americans who speak other languages, yes that is weird. He probably doesn't even remember who Cukrakalnis is, since he didn't check any of the links he was commenting on before he started the Arbcom request, so skip that part if you like and just believe me. Or ask me questions?
 * Or I could just change my name too I guess. Maybe to Jake or Jack or something. It's not like I have 100k edits on important non-EE articles or anything, eyeroll. Or will by the time you read this the way things are going. I do understand that the Arbcom case just now ended and you were involved in the policy discussion. but it's been a month and this issue is now stale. I never asked for the man's head, but I would have liked someone to tell him that that wasn't ok. If not he will continue to think that it is. I honestly don't think that's unreasonable. I realize it's easier to just assume he knows what he is talking about but I am trusting you not to do that.

you were only in this because as far as I can tell you are the only admin that has made any attempt whatsoever to understand the context here, and kudos again for that. Elinruby (talk) 23:41, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

 * School of Paris
 * taxonomy

title: User:Elinruby/sandbox