text:
Bombing of Braunschweig (October 1944)

During World War II, Braunschweig (known as Brunswick in English) was attacked by Allied aircraft in 42 bombing raids. On the night of 14/15 October 1944, the attack by No. 5 Group Royal Air Force (RAF) marked the high point of the destruction of Henry the Lion's city during the war. The air raid was part of Operation Hurricane, which was designed to demonstrate the capabilities of the Allied bombing campaign. The attack caused a massive conflagration, that might have developed into a firestorm, and resulted in Braunschweig burning continuously for two and a half days from 15 to 17 October. More than 90 percent of the medieval city centre was destroyed, changing the city's appearance to the present day.

Raids
The RAF first bombed Braunschweig on 17 August 1940, killing seven people, and the 94th BG earned a Distinguished Service Cross for an 11 January 1944 mission against the MIAG bomber components factory. As part of the Combined Bomber Offensive, Braunschweig was a regular target for RAF (nighttime raids) and American bombers (daylight), including two "Big Week" attacks on 20 and 21 February 1944.

The first major British raid against Braunschweig was on 14/15 January 1944, when nearly 500 Lancaster bombers attacked, in the face of strong defence by German fighters. Being a relatively small target, most of the bombs missed the city.

In an experimental raid, to see if bombing by radar alone (without target marking) was effective, nearly 400 heavy bombers raided Braunschweig on the night of 12/13 August 1944. No effective concentration of the bombs occurred, and nearby towns were bombed by mistake.

Between those dates, fast Mosquito bombers were sent on occasional nuisance raids and diversions against Braunschweig.

On 14 October 1944, No. 106 Squadron RAF bombed Braunschweig, and one of the last attacks was an attack on chemical plant in March 1945 as part of the campaign against synthetic oil production.

Braunschweig in 1944
Braunschweig was subjected to 42 air raids, and the city was ringed by antiaircraft guns.. In January 1944, Bomber Command raids against "Stettin, Brunswick and Magdeburg" were suffering losses of 7.2 percent – more than in raids against Berlin that month. The targets included machine and munitions works, harbours, research institutions, canneries, railway stations and railway maintenance works, and the German Research Centre for Aviation. Targets near Braunschweig included the Reichswerke Hermann Göring in Salzgitter and the KdF-Stadt Volkswagen factory near Fallersleben. The nearby Oflag 79 prisoner-of-war camp was attacked on 24 August 1944.

Purpose of the raid
On 13 October, the RAF received orders to carry out Operation Hurricane, to demonstrate the Allied bomber force's destructive power, and Allied air superiority. The orders included the following:
 * "In order to demonstrate to the enemy in Germany generally the overwhelming superiority of the Allied Air Forces in this theatre ... the intention is to apply within the shortest practical period the maximum effort of the Royal Air Force Bomber Command and the 8th United States Bomber Command against objectives in the densely populated Ruhr."

Operation Hurricane foresaw Duisburg as the main goal for the RAF's thousand or so bombers, and Cologne for the USAAF's 1,200 or so bombers. A further 233 RAF bombers were detailed for Braunschweig, which had about 150,000 inhabitants in October 1944.

Planning for the attack on Braunschweig was finalized by 15 August 1944. Darmstadt had been attacked on the night of 11 September 1944 using a new targeting technique: a fan-shaped flying formation, and the staggering of the use of explosive and incendiary bombs. Being a largely unprepared town, the resulting fires caused about 11,500 deaths. The Allies then turned their attention to Braunschweig.

Braunschweig was to be largely destroyed, not only as an important centre of the armament industry, but also, and above all, as a living place, thereby making it uninhabitable and useless. The goal, namely the greatest possible destruction, was to be achieved through detailed attack plans and careful execution, and also making careful use of the attributes of the materiel that was to be deployed. The means whereby the goal was to be reached would be the aforesaid firestorm, the production of which was to be no accident; it was scientifically based and developed through painstakingly detailed analysis.

On 13 October, the chief meteorologist at RAF High Wycombe advised RAF Bomber Command headquarters of the weather forecast for the weekend of 14–15 October: slight cloudiness, good visibility throughout the night, and moderate winds. The next day, Air Marshal Arthur "Bomber" Harris issued the orders to carry out the attack on Braunschweig and other cities. Brunswick was codenamed Skate by RAF Bomber Command. All German cities were given names of fish, because the person responsible for the naming was a keen angler. For security reasons, the actual city names were never used in operational orders.

RAF Bomber Command had sought in vain to inflict lasting destruction upon Braunschweig four times during 1944, failing each time as a result of, among other things, bad weather and strong defences.

On Saturday 14 October 1944 at No. 5 Group's headquarters at Morton Hall, the preparations for the attack were finalized.

October 1944 raid
The raid coincided with a British thousand-bomber raid on Duisburg, the second on that city within 24 hours, a previous British attack having been made in daylight.

According to plan, the aircraft of No. 5 Group took off around 2300 hours local time on 14 October. The main force of the group was 233 four-engined Mark I and III Lancasters heavy bombers, each with a bomb load of about 6 tonnes. The Lancasters were accompanied by seven Mosquito fast light bombers.

The bombers bound for Braunschweig took a course that ran to the south to avoid the Ruhr area, which was heavily defended by anti-aircraft batteries and fighter aircraft. Near Paderborn, the force turned towards the north, overflying Hanover and proceeding to Braunschweig.

As was usual, the British actions for the night included a number of sorties to deceive the German defences about the true targets for the night. One hundred and forty-one training craft flew simulated attacks on Heligoland, 20 Mosquitos went to Hamburg, eight to Mannheim, 16 to Berlin and two to Düsseldorf. They were supported by 140 special operations aircraft of 100 Group RAF, which deployed electronic warfare measures against German night-fighter defences. Strips of tinfoil (codenamed "Window") were scattered into the air in large amounts to jam the German air defence system's radar stations, thereby rendering them nearly useless. The feint against Mannheim, which German forces expected to be the main target, left the Braunschweig attack unopposed.

The siren signal alerting the city to an air raid was sounded at about 0150 on 15 October.

Target marking
The Mosquitos of 5 Group marked the target for the main force. No. 5 Group had developed its own techniques separate to the Pathfinder Force and was using "sector bombing". It used the cathedral as a reckoning point for the "master bomber" in the lead plane. Over the Dom-Insel – the site of Braunschweig Cathedral – a green flare was dropped, a so-called "blind marker". Other Mosquitos dropped their markers of various colours, lighting the target up. The first red flare fell south-west of the city centre. The same aircraft then dropped about 60 flares from a height of 1 000 m, which slowly floated down to the ground, each burning for from about three to seven minutes. Those lit markers were called "Christmas tree" by the Germans, due to their characteristic appearance. Given the clear night, the problem-free overflight, and the flawless marking of the target, the conditions for the attack were optimal, from the British point of view.

The green marker on the Dom-Insel served to guide the bomb aimers in all following aircraft, who flew in over it from various directions in a fan-shaped formation, whereupon they dropped their bombs.

RAF filming
This raid on Braunschweig was filmed by a Lancaster of the RAF Film Production Unit, outfitted for the task with three "Eyemo"-type cameras. The camera plane flew over Braunschweig, along with the rest of the bombers, at a height of 4950 m at 260 km/h. The time of the onset of the attack was noted as 0233 hours. A copy of the film is held by the Städtisches Museum Braunschweig.

The film is accompanied by the following informational text: "Bomber Command ... made a heavy and concentrated attack on the industrial town of Brunswick, which is one of Germany’s biggest centres for the aircraft and engineering industries. As the aircraft with the cameras runs up to the target, the fires can be seen spreading rapidly all over the city and by the time the aircraft is over the target, the whole city is ablaze and the streets can be seen clearly outlined."

The firestorm
Before long, about 847 tonnes of bombs had been dropped on the city. First to be deployed were about 12,000 explosive bombs – the so-called "blockbusters" – carpet bombing the old timber-framed town centre to start the intended firestorm in the most efficient way, by smashing up the wooden houses. Blast waves blew the roofs off houses, exposing the insides, blew windowpanes out, splintered the inner structure, broke walls down, tore electricity and water supplies up, and drove firefighters and rescue service personnel into cellars and bunkers, along with damage observers.

After the wave of explosive bombs, about 200,000 phosphorus and incendiary bombs were dropped, which were designed to ignite the destroyed buildings and create a firestorm, which would still be burning long after the bombers had returned to England.

By about 0310 hours, about 40 minutes after the first explosive bombs had been dropped, the raid was over.

A hot mass of air rose rapidly upwards due to the powerful thermal generated by the conflagration. Cooler air rushed in to replace it, creating a windstorm. Winds blowing from all directions worsened the fires, further strengthening the winds, which became strong enough to sweep up small pieces of furniture and toss people about.

About three and a half hours later, towards 6:30 in the morning, the firestorm reached its peak in the city core. About 150 ha of historic old Braunschweig were going up in flames. The city's tallest church steeples – those of St. Andrew's at about 100 m tall – could be seen burning far beyond the town, and they also rained embers down over the whole city. The ruins of the city centre were littered with unexploded incendiary bombs, greatly hampering fire engines and rescue vehicles.

The city burned so intensely and brightly that the light from the fire could be seen far and wide. From all directions, helpers and firefighters thronged into the burning town to help. They came from, among other places, Hanover to the west and Helmstedt in the east, from Celle to the north and Quedlinburg to the south.

Within the 24 hours of Operation Hurricane, the RAF dropped a total of about 10,000 tonnes of bombs on Duisburg and Braunschweig.

Rescue of 23,000 trapped people
The many fires in the city centre quickly grew together into one widespread conflagration. However, in this area were six large bunkers and two air raid shelters, all quite overfull, in which 23,000 people had sought refuge from the attack. While these thousands waited in seeming safety inside their thick-walled shelters for the all-clear signal, outside the firestorm raged.

The fire brigade very soon realized the threat to these 23,000 trapped people – the fire was growing ever hotter, and the oxygen in the bunkers and shelters thereby ever thinner. The danger was clearly that the victims would either suffocate for lack of oxygen if they stayed in the bunkers, or be burnt alive if they tried to leave and escape through the firestorm outside.

Die Wassergasse ("water alley")

Towards 0500, before the firestorm had reached its full intensity, the idea of building a "water alley" was conceived by Lieutenant of the Fire Brigade Rudolf Prescher. This "water alley" would allow the trapped people to flee their shelters for safe areas of the city.

The water alley consisted of a long hose that had to be kept under a constant water mist to shield it against the fire's tremendous heat as the firefighters led the hose through to the shelters where the people were trapped. The reach of each of the little jets issuing from the holes in the hose overlapped each other, making a continuous, artificial "rain zone".

The bunkers were reached towards 0700 Sunday morning, after the fire storm had reached its greatest intensity. All the trapped people were still alive, but had no idea what lay outside for them. All 23,000 managed to get out of the danger zone and reach safe areas, such as the museum park. Only at the Schöppenstedter Straße 31 air shelter did the help come too late, where 95 of the 104 people had suffocated by the time the fire brigade reached them. The firestorm had been so intense in this particular part of the city that it had used up nearly all the oxygen, making saving more than nine people impossible.

Effects
A great part of Braunschweig's tightly packed city centre was made up of about 800 timber-frame houses, many of which dated back to the Middle Ages. The city also had stone buildings dating mainly from the 17th and 18th centuries. The old cathedral, which the RAF had used as a reckoning point for the whole operation, and which the Nazis had turned into a "National Shrine" in 1935, was left standing. Many important historic buildings were largely or utterly destroyed.

On the next morning, 16 October, Braunschweig lay under a thick cloud of smoke. A British reconnaissance aircraft sent to take photographs of the bombing's aftermath for analysis had to return to England, as its mission had been rendered impossible by the opaque pall that hung over the town.

By the evening of 17 October, the last of the fire's main hotspots had been put out, but it took another three days to quench lesser fires, until 20 October. Eighty thousand of the townsfolk were left homeless by the attack.

The destruction was so widespread and thorough that ordinary people and the experts alike, even years after the war, were convinced that the attack had come from one of the dread "thousand-bomber attacks", such as the one that had laid Cologne waste. The extent of the damage could seemingly not otherwise be explained. Only after the British opened their military archives did it become plain that it had been "only" 233 bombers.

Casualties
The exact number of victims of the 15 October attack is unknown. The given figures range from 484 to 640 dead, 95 of those by suffocation at the Schöppenstedter Straße 31 shelter alone. Nowadays, historians put the number at more than a thousand.

These "light" losses – compared with those suffered in the great air raids on Dresden, Hamburg, Pforzheim and other German cities – according to expert opinions stem from various factors. For one thing, Braunschweig lay on the direct flight path, that is, the "lane" leading to Magdeburg and Berlin, and right near the armament industry centres of Salzgitter (Hermann-Göring-Werke) and Wolfsburg (Volkswagen Works), meaning that Braunschweigers were used to – even in a sense "trained for" – quickly responding to alarms (there were 2,040 warnings and 620 air raid alarms between 1939 and 1945). This may have prepared them for the attack, even though many of the earlier attacks from which they had sought shelter actually targeted the other cities mentioned. Furthermore, the city also had at its disposal a great number of the latest type of air raid bunkers and blockhouses known as Hochbunkers. Lastly, the fire brigade's "water alley" alone saved 23,000 people's lives.

The RAF lost a single Lancaster bomber to anti-aircraft fire that night.

Bunkers in Braunschweig
Braunschweig Armour

Braunschweig had, compared to other German cities, a great number of the most modern air raid bunkers, some of which were Hochbunkers (high-rise bunkers), which nevertheless suffered from regular overcrowding as the war wore on. As modern and robust as they were, the fact is that the so-called Braunschweig Armour was developed at the Institute for Building Materials, Massive Construction and Fire Protection of the Technical University of Braunschweig. It became a kind of safety standard for building air raid bunkers throughout the Reich.

Fire brigades from Braunschweig and other cities deployed against the firestorm
According to estimates, especially during the night of the bombing as well as in the next six days until the last fires were put out, about 4,500 firefighters were deployed. They came from up to 90 km away, and included not only members of city fire brigades from, among other places, Blankenburg, Celle, Gifhorn, Hanover, Helmstedt, Hildesheim, Peine, Salzgitter, Wernigerode and Wolfenbüttel, but also volunteers and members of plant fire brigades at the various factories in Braunschweig and the surrounding area. Due to their efforts the city was not utterly burnt that night.

The bombing in the Nazi press
Even on the night of the attack, the National Socialists seized the opportunity to make the victims an instrument in their quest for total war, for already by the next day, 16 October, with Braunschweig still burning, the local Nazi propaganda newspaper, the Braunschweiger Tageszeitung, came out with the headline "Die teuflische Fratze des Gegners. Schwerer Terrorangriff auf Braunschweig – Volksgemeinschaft in der Bewährung" ("The foe's devilish antics. Heavy terror attack on Braunschweig – Population put to the test"), and Südhannover-Braunschweig Gauleiter Hartmann Lauterbacher's (1909–1988) pithy words of perseverance to "the Braunschweigers". On 19 October, the number of "fallen" was given as 405, and on 20 October appeared a full-page death notice with 344 names. On 22 October, one week after the disastrous attack, there was a "memorial act" for the victims, both at the State Cathedral ("Staatsdom") – as the Nazis called Braunschweig's cathedral – and at the Schlossplatz, the square in front of Braunschweig Palace.

The same night, Braunschweig had another heavy air raid. This time the bombers were USAAF Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses. The last air raid on Braunschweig came on the morning of 31 March 1945, carried out by the 392d Bombardment Group. Their main target was the East Railway Station.

Population
When the Second World War began, Braunschweig had 202,284 inhabitants. By the war's end, the population had fallen by 26.03% to 149,641. From the effects of war (mainly air raids but also their aftermath, such as having to dispose of or otherwise make safe the duds that the Allies dropped) about 2,905 people died, 1,286 of whom (44.3%) were foreigners. These foreigners were predominantly prisoners of war, forced labourers, and concentration camp inmates who worked in the armament industry, and who were forbidden access to the air raid bunkers.

Destruction of housing and infrastructure
Between 1940 and 1945, Braunschweig was targeted 42 times by RAF and USAAF air raids.

Exact figures are available only for destroyed houses and flats. By the time the war was over, about 20% of Braunschweig's dwellings had been left completely undamaged, but about 24% of them had been utterly destroyed. The remaining 56% were somewhat damaged, with the extent of damage to any particular dwelling varying greatly with others. In 1943, before the area bombing of Braunschweig, there were 15,897 houses in the city, but by mid-1945, only 2,834 (about 18%) were left undamaged. The city also had 59,826 flats, of which 11,153 (about 19%) were still undamaged by the time the war ended. The level of destruction with regard to residential buildings stood at 35%, leading to homelessness for almost 80% of the townsfolk by war's end. Sixty percent of the city's places of cultural interest, including the municipal buildings, were likewise destroyed, along with about 50% of its industrial areas.

Overall destruction rate and amount of rubble
The destruction rate in Braunschweig's downtown core (within the "Oker Ring", the Oker being a river that encircles Braunschweig) stood at about 90%, and the overall figure for Braunschweig as a whole was 42%. The attack on the city produced an estimated 3 670 500 m³ of rubble. These figures put Braunschweig among Germany's most heavily damaged cities in the Second World War.

Reconstruction
On 17 June 1946, the rubble clearing officially began in Braunschweig. The job took 17 years, with the city only officially declaring the task accomplished in 1963. Actually, however, smaller messes were still being cleared up years after that.

Braunschweig's reconstruction in the 1950s and 1960s proceeded very quickly, as housing was so badly needed, and the city's infrastructure needed to be built all over again. Since the downtown core was a rubble-strewn wasteland, city and spatial planners seized the chance to build a new, modern, and above all car-friendly city, an idea promoted by Hans Bernhard Reichow. This once again led in many places to further destruction (through new roadways, for instance) and the removal of city scenery that had become historic, since in part the former city layout was ignored. Ruins were hastily torn down instead of being restored, and the car was raised as the new "yardstick" whereby the "new" Braunschweig was to be measured. Thus was wrought, especially in the downtown core, a "second destruction" of Braunschweig.

The later destruction of historic buildings and cultural sites, such as the demolition of many medieval, baroque and classical buildings or the controversial demolition of the damaged Braunschweiger Schloss (Brunswick Palace) in 1960 led much as with the Dresden Frauenkirche, the Berliner Stadtschloss (Berlin City Palace) and other prominent buildings in other cities to a further loss of identity for the local people, and was the cause of much controversy for decades.

Reconstruction of damaged or destroyed buildings continues in part down to the present day, as can be seen in the almost faithful reconstruction of the Braunschweiger Schloss in 2007.

Meaning and necessity of the destruction
Already in 1943, the Anglican Bishop and Member of the House of Lords George Bell was putting forth the view that such attacks as these threatened the ethical foundations of Western civilization and destroyed any chance of future reconciliation between the former foes.

Since the end of World War II, the question has been raised as to whether the destruction of Braunschweig in October 1944 was still a military necessity given that the war was into its final phase. This is part of the debate on whether the destruction of other German cities and loss of life that occurred once the Allied strategic bomber forces were released from their tactical support of the Normandy landings and resumed the strategic bombing campaign in September 1944 (a campaign that would last without further interruption until days before the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945,) can be morally justified.

15 October as a fixed point in the city's history
In the Main Cemetery in Braunschweig is a memorial, together with the graves of many victims of the 15 October 1944 raid.

Since the attack, memorial events and exhibitions have been held in Braunschweig every 14–15 October. The events of those two days also echo strongly in local historical literature (see under "References"). On 14–15 October 2004 – the sixtieth anniversary of the destruction of Braunschweig's historic old town – there were once again many events. Among other memorials that took place was Benjamin Britten's War Requiem, conducted at the Braunschweig Cathedral in the presence of British Ambassador Sir Peter Torry.

title: Bombing of Braunschweig (October 1944)


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Russian/Interrogative Pronouns

Like all pronouns, the interrogative pronouns are words that replace nouns in a sentence. Interrogative pronouns are those that ask questions, or interrogate. Compare "Peter is doing it" with "Who is doing it" - replacing the noun with an interrogative pronoun turns it into a question, though the rest of the sentence is left intact. Like the nouns they replace, interrogative pronouns must conjugate to suit the appropriate grammatical case. While some words discussed here are used more as adverbs than pronouns, they are still pronouns and are included here for the sake of completeness.

The pronouns
The twelve interrogative pronouns are as follows:

Russian pronoun quiz
Russian/Pronouns/Quiz

There are a few nuances to how you conjugate these pronouns, before we discuss how to use them.

Какой, который, чей
You may notice that какой ('what kind'), который ('what/which'), and чей ('whose'), are adjectives. They are therefore called adjectival pronouns. As such, when they are used in a sentence, they take on the ending appropriate for the gender and number of the noun it refers to, and the case appropriate for where it is in the sentence. This can mean that it takes on a different case to its noun.

Чей is an irregular adjective with unpredictable endings, and conjugates as follows:

 * Which dog are you talking about? - Вы говорите о которой собаке? - prepositional feminine singular to match собака, used when there is some definite set of possibly meaned dogs, otherwise better use о какой
 * What kind of cheese? - Какой сыр?
 * The girl who works here is nice - Девушка, которая работает там, симпатичная.
 * He talks about the girl who works here - Он говорит о девушке, которая работает там.
 * Whose house is this? - Чей это дом?
 * This is Boris' house - Это дом Бориса
 * Whose money is this? - Чьи это деньги? (money is plural in Russian, however the indeclineable это is still used in this construction, just as it is with feminine and masculine nouns)
 * Whose is this? - Это чьё?
 * We know whose it is - Мы знаем, чьё это

Кто, что, сколько
In contrast to the three adjectival pronouns, there are three nominal pronouns, so called because they more closely resemble nouns. These pronouns do not conjugate by gender and number like their adjectival counterparts, but still change according to case:

If you are familiar with the case system, you may notice that these endings are roughly similar to the adjectival endings, with a few alterations. As ever, кого is pronounced 'ko-vo', not 'ko-go', and similarly for чего.

The remaining six pronouns are indeclinable and do not conjugate.

Кто? Что?
To ask a question, use the pronoun as the subject of the verb. If you need to give it a gender, such as when forming the past tense, treat кто as a masculine singular noun (e.g., "Who was working? Кто работал?), что as a neuter singular noun (e.g., "What was rolling?" Что катилось?), and сколько as a plural noun (e.g., "How many people are walking?" Сколько человек идут? ).
 * What is this? - Что это?

 * What're you writing with? - Чем ты пишешь?
 * Who is this? - Кто это?
 * Who are they? - Кто они?
 * Who here speaks English? - Кто здесь говорит по-английски?
 * Whom did you see? - Кого ты видел?
 * To whom did you write? - Кому вы написали?
 * He doesn't know what this means - Он не знает, что это значит

These can also be used as conjunctions (i.e., words that join sentences together), and are sometimes translated differently than when used as interrogative pronouns:
 * I think that's his house - Я думаю, что это его дом'

Как? Когда? Почему?
Как ('how'), когда ('when'), and почему ('why'), don't conjugate, and are used just like in English:
 * How did he do it? - Как он это сделал?
 * How do you get to the theatre? - Как пройти в театр?
 * When will you arrive? - Когда вы придёте?
 * Why doesn't he know? - Почему он не знает?
 * I don't know how he did it - Я не знаю, как он это сделал

There are a number of common colloquialisms that are standard beginner's phrases:
 * How do you do?/How're things? - Как дела?
 * What's your name?/What do they call you? - Как вас/тебя зовут? - literally, 'how you (they) call? '

Сколько? Какой? Чей?
This pronoun simply means 'how much' or 'how many':
 * How much does it cost? - Сколько стоит?
 * How much did you write? - Сколько вы написали?

Like other quantity words, it also commands the genitive case. It often calls the plural form of a noun:
 * How many apples? - Сколько яблок?
 * How much water? - Сколько воды?
 * How many women? - Сколько женщин?

The two adjectival pronouns, какой and чей, are also simple in use. Какой asks what category something belongs to, or which item of a set, while чей asks for the owner of something:
 * Whose cat is that? - Чья это кошка?
 * What kind of cat is that? - Какая это кошка?

/Сколько Какой Чей quiz/

Где? Куда? Откуда?
The penultimate set of pronouns relate to motion and location. The English 'Where?' can translate in two ways: 'Where are you?' and 'Where are you going?'. Где? asks the first, locative question, while куда asks the second, directional question. To ask specifically where someone has come from, use откуда.
 * Where do you live? - Где вы живёте?
 * Where are you walking to? - Куда вы идёте?
 * Where are you walking from? - Откуда вы идёте?

Который?
The primary meaning is simply 'which one?', though который is also used to ask about one particular thing in a sequence of similar things.
 * Which apple is mine? - Которое яблоко моё?
 * What time is it? - Который час?
 * Which book do you want? - Которую книгу вы хотите?

It can also be used as an adjective meaning 'who' or 'whom':
 * The woman (who) I'm friends with - Же́нщина, с кото́рой я дружу́
 * The man who changed the world - Человек, который изменил мир

Examples

 * к чему это? : What is it?

 * Что это? :What is this?

 * Кто они? :Who are they?

 * Куда идёт Иван? :Where is Ivan going?

 * Откуда вы? :Where are you from?

 * Когда Павел и Марина ездят к родителям? :When are Pavel and Marina going to (their) parents?

 * Где их родители жили раньше? :Where did their parents live before?

 * В каком доме они жили раньше? :In what kind of house did they live before?

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Russian/Interrogative Pronouns


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tiffin

Etymology
Apparently from 🇨🇬, present participle of.

Noun

 * 1)  A (light) midday meal or snack; luncheon.
 * 2)  A box or container used to carry a tiffin.
 * 3) A cake-like confection composed of crushed biscuits, sugar, syrup, raisins, cherries and cocoa powder, often covered with a layer of melted chocolate.
 * 1)  A box or container used to carry a tiffin.
 * 2) A cake-like confection composed of crushed biscuits, sugar, syrup, raisins, cherries and cocoa powder, often covered with a layer of melted chocolate.
 * 1)  A box or container used to carry a tiffin.
 * 2) A cake-like confection composed of crushed biscuits, sugar, syrup, raisins, cherries and cocoa powder, often covered with a layer of melted chocolate.
 * 1)  A box or container used to carry a tiffin.
 * 2) A cake-like confection composed of crushed biscuits, sugar, syrup, raisins, cherries and cocoa powder, often covered with a layer of melted chocolate.
 * 1) A cake-like confection composed of crushed biscuits, sugar, syrup, raisins, cherries and cocoa powder, often covered with a layer of melted chocolate.
 * 1) A cake-like confection composed of crushed biscuits, sugar, syrup, raisins, cherries and cocoa powder, often covered with a layer of melted chocolate.

Verb

 * 1)  To eat a (light) midday meal or snack.

Etymology
From.

title: tiffin


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Category:S.K. Beveren players

The club was previously known as Red Star Haasdonk (1936 to 2002), Red Star Waasland (2002 to 2010) and Waasland-Beveren (2010 to 2022). Not to be confused with K.S.K. Beveren and its players, a separate senior club from 1935 to 2010.

title: Category:S.K. Beveren players


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nokado Battle Royal

The result was Delete. Xoloz 18:10, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Nokado Battle Royal
I can't believe there's no speedy criteria for this, but there isn't... A7 doesn't apply as it tries to assert "3 elite clans and 100s of smaller ones". However, there is not a single google hit outside of wikipedia and unrelated material. Not quite patent nonsense either. Anyways, it's not notable in any sense of the word and wholly unverifiable. I can't even prove this exists right now, much less prove anything in the article. ColourBurst 23:38, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * speedy delete I think that's only a minor plot point in whatever this is, not asserting that this book/game/whatever is notable. -Steve Sanbeg
 * Delete - But it can't be speedy delete. I mistakenly deleted it as prod, but restored it since it was already on AFD. -- Kungfu Adam ( talk ) 02:02, 16 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Zarzuelazen/Books/Reality Theory: Geometry&Analysis

Reality Theory: Geometry&Analysis

 * (ε, δ)-definition of limit
 * 3-manifold
 * 3-sphere
 * 3D rotation group
 * 4-manifold
 * 4-polytope
 * 5-cell
 * Abelian variety
 * Absolute continuity
 * Absolute convergence
 * Abstract cell complex
 * Abstract index notation
 * Abstract simplicial complex
 * Abstract Wiener space
 * Adjunction space
 * Affine connection
 * Affine geometry
 * Affine plane
 * Affine space
 * Affine transformation
 * Affine variety
 * Alexandrov topology
 * Algebraic curve
 * Algebraic cycle
 * Algebraic function
 * Algebraic geometry
 * Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry
 * Algebraic geometry of projective spaces
 * Algebraic K-theory
 * Algebraic surface
 * Algebraic topology
 * Algebraic variety
 * Almost complex manifold
 * Almost everywhere
 * Alternating series
 * Altitude (triangle)
 * Ambient space
 * Ample line bundle
 * Analytic continuation
 * Analytic function
 * Analytic geometry
 * Angle
 * Angular defect
 * Angular diameter
 * Antiderivative
 * Antipodal point
 * Antiprism
 * Antisymmetric tensor
 * Antiunitary operator
 * Aperiodic tiling
 * Apex (geometry)
 * Arc (geometry)
 * Arc length
 * Archimedean solid
 * Area
 * Area of a circle
 * Argument (complex analysis)
 * Argument principle
 * Arithmetic progression
 * Arzelà–Ascoli theorem
 * Aspect ratio
 * Asymptote
 * Atiyah–Singer index theorem
 * Atlas (topology)
 * Axis–angle representation
 * Babenko–Beckner inequality
 * Baire category theorem
 * Baire space
 * Ball (mathematics)
 * Banach algebra
 * Banach fixed-point theorem
 * Banach space
 * Banach–Tarski paradox
 * Barycentric coordinate system
 * Base (geometry)
 * Base (topology)
 * Beltrami–Klein model
 * Bessel function
 * Beta function
 * Betti number
 * Binomial series
 * Birational geometry
 * Bisection
 * Blowing up
 * Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem
 * Borel measure
 * Borel set
 * Borsuk–Ulam theorem
 * Bott periodicity theorem
 * Boundary (topology)
 * Boundary value problem
 * Bounded function
 * Bounded operator
 * Bounded set
 * Bounded set (topological vector space)
 * Bounded variation
 * Braid theory
 * Branch point
 * Brouwer fixed-point theorem
 * Bézout's theorem
 * C*-algebra
 * Calculus
 * Calculus of functors
 * Canonical bundle
 * Canonical ring
 * Cantor function
 * Cantor space
 * Cartan connection
 * Cartesian coordinate system
 * Casorati–Weierstrass theorem
 * Catalan solid
 * Cauchy principal value
 * Cauchy problem
 * Cauchy sequence
 * Cauchy's integral formula
 * Cauchy's integral theorem
 * Cauchy–Riemann equations
 * Center of curvature
 * Central angle
 * Centre (geometry)
 * Centroid
 * Chain (algebraic topology)
 * Chain rule
 * Change of variables
 * Characteristic class
 * Characteristic equation (calculus)
 * Chebyshev distance
 * Cheeger constant
 * Chern class
 * Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem
 * Chern–Weil homomorphism
 * Chirality (mathematics)
 * Chord (geometry)
 * Chow group
 * Christoffel symbols
 * Chu space
 * Circle
 * Circle bundle
 * Circular sector
 * Circular segment
 * Circular symmetry
 * Circumference
 * Circumscribed circle
 * Circumscribed sphere
 * Classical Wiener space
 * Classification of discontinuities
 * Classifying space
 * Clifford torus
 * Clique complex
 * Clockwise
 * Clopen set
 * Closed graph
 * Closed graph theorem
 * Closed graph theorem (functional analysis)
 * Closed manifold
 * Closed set
 * Closure (topology)
 * Cobordism
 * Codimension
 * Cofibration
 * Coframe
 * Coherent duality
 * Coherent sheaf
 * Coherent sheaf cohomology
 * Coherent topology
 * Cohomology
 * Cohomotopy group
 * Collinearity
 * Collineation
 * Compact operator
 * Compact space
 * Compact-open topology
 * Compactification (mathematics)
 * Compactly generated space
 * Comparison of topologies
 * Complete measure
 * Complete metric space
 * Complete sequence
 * Complete topological vector space
 * Complete variety
 * Completely metrizable space
 * Completely positive map
 * Complex affine space
 * Complex analysis
 * Complex analytic space
 * Complex conjugate
 * Complex differential form
 * Complex dimension
 * Complex geometry
 * Complex logarithm
 * Complex manifold
 * Complex measure
 * Complex plane
 * Complex polytope
 * Complex projective plane
 * Complex projective space
 * Complex torus
 * Complex vector bundle
 * Complex-analytic variety
 * Complex-valued function
 * Concave function
 * Concentration of measure
 * Conditional convergence
 * Cone
 * Configuration (geometry)
 * Configuration (polytope)
 * Configuration space (mathematics)
 * Confluent hypergeometric function
 * Conformal geometry
 * Conformal group
 * Conformal map
 * Congruence (geometry)
 * Conic section
 * Connected space
 * Connected sum
 * Connectedness
 * Connection (fibred manifold)
 * Connection (mathematics)
 * Connection (principal bundle)
 * Connection (vector bundle)
 * Connection form
 * Conservative vector field
 * Constant multiple rule
 * Constant of integration
 * Constant sheaf
 * Constructive analysis
 * Contact (mathematics)
 * Contact geometry
 * Content (measure theory)
 * Continuous function
 * Continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space
 * Continuous linear operator
 * Continuum (topology)
 * Contour integration
 * Contour line
 * Contractible space
 * Contraction mapping
 * Convergence of measures
 * Convergence tests
 * Convergent series
 * Convex analysis
 * Convex body
 * Convex combination
 * Convex cone
 * Convex conjugate
 * Convex curve
 * Convex function
 * Convex geometry
 * Convex lattice polytope
 * Convex polygon
 * Convex polytope
 * Convex set
 * Conway polyhedron notation
 * Coordinate space
 * Coordinate system
 * Coplanarity
 * Cotangent bundle
 * Cotangent space
 * Counting measure
 * Covariant derivative
 * Cover (topology)
 * Covering space
 * Coxeter notation
 * Coxeter–Dynkin diagram
 * Cramer's theorem (algebraic curves)
 * Cross section (geometry)
 * Cross-polytope
 * Cross-ratio
 * Crystalline cohomology
 * Cube
 * Cubic honeycomb
 * Cubic plane curve
 * Cubic surface
 * Cubical complex
 * Cuboid
 * Curl (mathematics)
 * Curvature
 * Curvature form
 * Curvature of Riemannian manifolds
 * Curve
 * Curve orientation
 * Curvilinear coordinates
 * Cusp (singularity)
 * CW complex
 * Cyclic polytope
 * Cylinder
 * Cylindrical coordinate system
 * Càdlàg
 * D-module
 * De Moivre's formula
 * De Rham cohomology
 * Decomposition of spectrum (functional analysis)
 * Decomposition theorem
 * Dedekind cut
 * Deformation (mathematics)
 * Degree (angle)
 * Degree of a continuous mapping
 * Degree of an algebraic variety
 * Del Pezzo surface
 * Dense set
 * Density on a manifold
 * Derivative
 * Derived set (mathematics)
 * Desargues's theorem
 * Descent (mathematics)
 * Diagonal
 * Diameter
 * Diffeomorphism
 * Differentiable function
 * Differentiable manifold
 * Differential calculus
 * Differential equation
 * Differential form
 * Differential geometry
 * Differential geometry of curves
 * Differential geometry of surfaces
 * Differential inclusion
 * Differential of a function
 * Differential operator
 * Differential structure
 * Differential topology
 * Differentiation rules
 * Digamma function
 * Dihedral group
 * Dimension
 * Dimension of an algebraic variety
 * Dirac delta function
 * Dirac measure
 * Direct comparison test
 * Direct image functor
 * Direct image with compact support
 * Directional derivative
 * Dirichlet boundary condition
 * Dirichlet series
 * Discontinuous linear map
 * Discrete geometry
 * Discrete space
 * Discrete spectrum (mathematics)
 * Disk (mathematics)
 * Distance
 * Distribution (mathematics)
 * Distribution function (measure theory)
 * Divergence
 * Divergence theorem
 * Divergent series
 * Divisor (algebraic geometry)
 * Dodecahedron
 * Dominated convergence theorem
 * Dual cone and polar cone
 * Dual curve
 * Dual norm
 * Dual polyhedron
 * Dual space
 * Dual system
 * Dual topology
 * Duality (projective geometry)
 * Dualizing sheaf
 * E (mathematical constant)
 * Eccentricity (mathematics)
 * Edge (geometry)
 * Ehresmann connection
 * Einstein notation
 * Elementary function
 * Ellipse
 * Ellipsoid
 * Elliptic function
 * Elliptic geometry
 * Elliptic integral
 * Elliptic operator
 * Elliptic partial differential equation
 * Elliptic surface
 * Enriques–Kodaira classification
 * Entire function
 * Enumerative geometry
 * Envelope (mathematics)
 * Epigraph (mathematics)
 * Equicontinuity
 * Equilateral triangle
 * Error function
 * Essential singularity
 * Essential spectrum
 * Euclidean distance
 * Euclidean geometry
 * Euclidean group
 * Euclidean plane isometry
 * Euclidean space
 * Euclidean tilings by convex regular polygons
 * Euler angles
 * Euler characteristic
 * Euler class
 * Euler's formula
 * Euler's identity
 * Euler's rotation theorem
 * Euler–Mascheroni constant
 * Even and odd functions
 * Exceptional inverse image functor
 * Exceptional object
 * Exponential decay
 * Exponential function
 * Exponential growth
 * Extended real number line
 * Exterior (topology)
 * Exterior derivative
 * Extreme point
 * Extreme value theorem
 * Face (geometry)
 * Facet (geometry)
 * Faceting
 * Family of curves
 * Fano plane
 * Fano variety
 * Fast Fourier transform
 * Fiber bundle
 * Fibered manifold
 * Fibonacci number
 * Fibration
 * Fibred category
 * Filters in topology
 * Final topology
 * Finite geometry
 * Finite measure
 * Finite morphism
 * Finite topological space
 * First fundamental form
 * First-countable space
 * Fixed point (mathematics)
 * Fixed-point theorem
 * Flag (geometry)
 * Floer homology
 * Focus (geometry)
 * Foliation
 * Formal power series
 * Four-dimensional space
 * Fourier analysis
 * Fourier inversion theorem
 * Fourier series
 * Fourier transform
 * Frame bundle
 * Fredholm integral equation
 * Fredholm kernel
 * Fredholm operator
 * Fredholm theory
 * Frenet–Serret formulas
 * Freudenthal spectral theorem
 * Frieze group
 * Frobenius theorem (differential topology)
 * Frustum
 * Fréchet space
 * Fubini's theorem
 * Fubini–Study metric
 * Function field of an algebraic variety
 * Function of a real variable
 * Function of several real variables
 * Functional (mathematics)
 * Functional analysis
 * Functional calculus
 * Fundamental class
 * Fundamental group
 * Fundamental groupoid
 * Fundamental polygon
 * Fundamental solution
 * Fundamental theorem of calculus
 * Fundamental theorem of curves
 * Fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry
 * Fuzzy sphere
 * Fσ set
 * Gamma function
 * Gaussian curvature
 * Gaussian function
 * Gaussian integral
 * Gaussian measure
 * Gauss–Bonnet theorem
 * Gelfand representation
 * General position
 * General topology
 * Generalised circle
 * Generalizations of the derivative
 * Generalized complex structure
 * Generalized function
 * Generalized hypergeometric function
 * Generalized Jacobian
 * Generalized Poincaré conjecture
 * Generating function
 * Generic point
 * Generic property
 * Genus (mathematics)
 * Genus of a multiplicative sequence
 * Geodesic
 * Geometric calculus
 * Geometric flow
 * Geometric function theory
 * Geometric genus
 * Geometric measure theory
 * Geometric progression
 * Geometric series
 * Geometric shape
 * Geometric topology
 * Geometric transformation
 * Geometrization conjecture
 * Geometry
 * Geometry and topology
 * Germ (mathematics)
 * Glide reflection
 * Gluing axiom
 * Golden ratio
 * Graded manifold
 * Gradient
 * Gradient theorem
 * Graph (topology)
 * Graph of a function
 * Grassmannian
 * Great circle
 * Great-circle distance
 * Green's function
 * Green's theorem
 * Gromov–Hausdorff convergence
 * Grothendieck topology
 * Gδ set
 * H-cobordism
 * Haar measure
 * Hahn–Banach theorem
 * Hairy ball theorem
 * Half-space (geometry)
 * Handle decomposition
 * Handlebody
 * Hardy space
 * Harmonic analysis
 * Harmonic function
 * Harmonic map
 * Harmonic series (mathematics)
 * Hausdorff distance
 * Hausdorff measure
 * Hausdorff space
 * Hausdorff–Young inequality
 * Heat equation
 * Heat kernel
 * Heaviside step function
 * Height
 * Heine–Borel theorem
 * Helix
 * Helmholtz decomposition
 * Hermitian adjoint
 * Hermitian manifold
 * Hermitian symmetric space
 * Hessian matrix
 * Hexagon
 * Hexagonal lattice
 * Hexahedron
 * Hilbert projection theorem
 * Hilbert space
 * Hirzebruch signature theorem
 * Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem
 * Hodge conjecture
 * Hodge star operator
 * Hodge structure
 * Hodge theory
 * Holomorphic function
 * Holonomic function
 * Holonomy
 * Homeomorphism
 * Homogeneous coordinates
 * Homography
 * Homology (mathematics)
 * Homothety
 * Homothetic center
 * Homotopy
 * Homotopy extension property
 * Homotopy fiber
 * Homotopy group
 * Homotopy groups of spheres
 * Homotopy lifting property
 * Honeycomb (geometry)
 * Hopf fibration
 * Hopf link
 * Hyperbola
 * Hyperbolic 3-manifold
 * Hyperbolic angle
 * Hyperbolic coordinates
 * Hyperbolic function
 * Hyperbolic geometry
 * Hyperbolic manifold
 * Hyperbolic partial differential equation
 * Hyperbolic sector
 * Hyperbolic space
 * Hyperbolic triangle
 * Hyperboloid
 * Hyperboloid model
 * Hyperconnected space
 * Hypercovering
 * Hypercube
 * Hypergeometric function
 * Hyperplane
 * Hyperplane separation theorem
 * Hyperreal number
 * Hypersurface
 * Hypograph (mathematics)
 * Hypotenuse
 * Icosahedron
 * Iitaka dimension
 * Image functors for sheaves
 * Imaginary line (mathematics)
 * Immersion (mathematics)
 * Implicit curve
 * Implicit function
 * Implicit function theorem
 * Improper integral
 * Improper rotation
 * Incidence (geometry)
 * Incidence geometry
 * Incidence structure
 * Indeterminate form
 * Indicator function
 * Infinite product
 * Infinite-dimensional vector function
 * Infinitesimal
 * Infinity
 * Initial condition
 * Initial topology
 * Initial value problem
 * Inner measure
 * Inscribed angle
 * Inscribed sphere
 * Integer lattice
 * Integer sequence
 * Integrability conditions for differential systems
 * Integrable system
 * Integral
 * Integral curve
 * Integral equation
 * Integral geometry
 * Integral test for convergence
 * Integral transform
 * Integrating factor
 * Integration by parts
 * Integration by reduction formulae
 * Integration by substitution
 * Interior (topology)
 * Intermediate value theorem
 * Internal and external angles
 * Intersection (Euclidean geometry)
 * Intersection homology
 * Intersection number
 * Intersection theory
 * Interval (mathematics)
 * Inverse curve
 * Inverse function theorem
 * Inverse functions and differentiation
 * Inverse hyperbolic functions
 * Inverse image functor
 * Inverse trigonometric functions
 * Inversion in a sphere
 * Inversive geometry
 * Invertible sheaf
 * Irreducible component
 * Irregularity of a surface
 * Isocline
 * Isogonal figure
 * Isolated point
 * Isolated singularity
 * Isometry
 * Isometry group
 * Isoperimetric inequality
 * Isosceles triangle
 * Iterated integral
 * Jacobi field
 * Jacobian matrix and determinant
 * Jacobian variety
 * Jensen's formula
 * Jensen's inequality
 * Jet (mathematics)
 * Johnson solid
 * Jones polynomial
 * Jordan curve theorem
 * Jordan measure
 * K-theory
 * K3 surface
 * Kadison–Singer problem
 * Kakutani fixed-point theorem
 * Kakutani's theorem (measure theory)
 * Kelvin–Stokes theorem
 * Kite (geometry)
 * Klein bottle
 * Knot (mathematics)
 * Knot invariant
 * Knot polynomial
 * Knot theory
 * Kodaira dimension
 * Krein–Milman theorem
 * Kronecker delta
 * Kähler manifold
 * L'Hôpital's rule
 * Laplace operator
 * Laplace transform
 * Laplace–Beltrami operator
 * Laurent series
 * Law of cosines
 * Law of sines
 * Law of tangents
 * Least-upper-bound property
 * Lebesgue covering dimension
 * Lebesgue integration
 * Lebesgue measure
 * Lebesgue's decomposition theorem
 * Length
 * Level set
 * Levi-Civita connection
 * Lie derivative
 * Limit (mathematics)
 * Limit comparison test
 * Limit of a function
 * Limit of a sequence
 * Limit point
 * Limit superior and limit inferior
 * Lindelöf space
 * Line (geometry)
 * Line at infinity
 * Line bundle
 * Line group
 * Line integral
 * Line segment
 * Linear complex structure
 * Linear differential equation
 * Linear function (calculus)
 * Linear space (geometry)
 * Linear system of divisors
 * Linearity of differentiation
 * Line–line intersection
 * Link (knot theory)
 * Linking number
 * Liouville's theorem (complex analysis)
 * Lipschitz continuity
 * List of mathematical functions
 * List of regular polytopes and compounds
 * List of trigonometric identities
 * List of types of functions
 * Local property
 * Local system
 * Locally compact space
 * Locally connected space
 * Locally constant sheaf
 * Locally convex topological vector space
 * Locally finite measure
 * Locus (mathematics)
 * Logarithmic derivative
 * Logarithmic differentiation
 * Logistic function
 * Looman–Menchoff theorem
 * Loop (topology)
 * Loop space
 * Low-dimensional topology
 * Lp space
 * Manifold
 * Manifold decomposition
 * Mapping class group
 * Mapping cone (topology)
 * Mapping cylinder
 * Maps of manifolds
 * Mathematical analysis
 * Mathematical constant
 * Matrix calculus
 * Matrix differential equation
 * Maximum modulus principle
 * Maximum principle
 * Meagre set
 * Mean curvature
 * Mean value theorem
 * Measurable function
 * Measurable space
 * Measure (mathematics)
 * Measure space
 * Mellin transform
 * Meromorphic function
 * Metric (mathematics)
 * Metric connection
 * Metric map
 * Metric signature
 * Metric space
 * Metric tensor
 * Metrizable space
 * Metrizable topological vector space
 * Metrization theorem
 * Midpoint
 * Midsphere
 * Min-max theorem
 * Minimal surface
 * Minkowski addition
 * Minkowski distance
 * Minkowski inequality
 * Modular curve
 * Moduli space
 * Modulus of continuity
 * Modulus of convergence
 * Moment curve
 * Monodromy
 * Monotonic function
 * Morphism of algebraic varieties
 * Morphism of schemes
 * Morse homology
 * Morse theory
 * Motive (algebraic geometry)
 * Moving frame
 * Multi-index notation
 * Multiple integral
 * Multivariable calculus
 * Möbius strip
 * Möbius transformation
 * N-skeleton
 * N-sphere
 * Naimark's dilation theorem
 * Natural logarithm
 * Negligible set
 * Neighbourhood (mathematics)
 * Nerve of a covering
 * Net (mathematics)
 * Neumann boundary condition
 * Nevanlinna theory
 * Non-Euclidean geometry
 * Non-measurable set
 * Non-standard analysis
 * Non-standard calculus
 * Noncommutative geometry
 * Noncommutative topology
 * Nonelementary integral
 * Normal (geometry)
 * Normal coordinates
 * Normal operator
 * Normal plane (geometry)
 * Normal space
 * Normal surface
 * Nowhere dense set
 * Nuclear operator
 * Null set
 * Number line
 * Octagon
 * Octagram
 * Octahedron
 * Octant (solid geometry)
 * One-dimensional symmetry group
 * Open and closed maps
 * Open mapping theorem (functional analysis)
 * Open set
 * Operational calculus
 * Operator (mathematics)
 * Operator algebra
 * Operator theory
 * Operator topologies
 * Orbifold
 * Orbital integral
 * Order of integration (calculus)
 * Order topology
 * Ordered topological vector space
 * Ordered vector space
 * Ordinary differential equation
 * Orientability
 * Orientation (geometry)
 * Orientation sheaf
 * Origin (mathematics)
 * Orthant
 * Orthogonal coordinates
 * Orthogonal functions
 * Orthonormal frame
 * Oscillation (mathematics)
 * Osculating circle
 * Osculating curve
 * Osculating plane
 * Outer measure
 * Parabola
 * Parabolic partial differential equation
 * Paracompact space
 * Parallel (geometry)
 * Parallel postulate
 * Parallel transport
 * Parallelepiped
 * Parallelogram
 * Parametric equation
 * Parametric surface
 * Parametrix
 * Parametrization (geometry)
 * Parseval's theorem
 * Partial derivative
 * Partial differential equation
 * Partial isometry
 * Partially ordered space
 * Partition of an interval
 * Pasting lemma
 * Path (topology)
 * Pathological (mathematics)
 * Peano existence theorem
 * Pencil (mathematics)
 * Penrose tiling
 * Pentagon
 * Pentagram
 * Perfect set
 * Perimeter
 * Periodic function
 * Periodic sequence
 * Perpendicular
 * Perverse sheaf
 * Pi
 * Picard theorem
 * Picard–Lindelöf theorem
 * Piecewise
 * Piecewise linear function
 * Piecewise linear manifold
 * Plancherel theorem
 * Plane (geometry)
 * Plane curve
 * Platonic solid
 * Plücker coordinates
 * Plücker embedding
 * Poincaré conjecture
 * Poincaré disk model
 * Poincaré duality
 * Poincaré half-plane model
 * Point (geometry)
 * Point at infinity
 * Point group
 * Point reflection
 * Pointed space
 * Pointless topology
 * Pointwise convergence
 * Poisson manifold
 * Poisson summation formula
 * Polar coordinate system
 * Polar set
 * Polar topology
 * Pole and polar
 * Polish space
 * Polydisc
 * Polygon
 * Polygonal chain
 * Polyhedral combinatorics
 * Polyhedron
 * Polytope
 * Polytope compound
 * Pontryagin class
 * Position (vector)
 * Positive element
 * Positive-definite function
 * Positive-definite kernel
 * Power of a point
 * Power rule
 * Power series
 * Pre-measure
 * Prime manifold
 * Principal axis theorem
 * Principal branch
 * Principal bundle
 * Principal curvature
 * Principal part
 * Principal value
 * Prism (geometry)
 * Prismatoid
 * Problem of Apollonius
 * Product measure
 * Product rule
 * Product topology
 * Projection-valued measure
 * Projective frame
 * Projective geometry
 * Projective Hilbert space
 * Projective line
 * Projective plane
 * Projective space
 * Projective tensor product
 * Projective variety
 * Projectively extended real line
 * Proper map
 * Proper morphism
 * Prototile
 * Pseudo-differential operator
 * Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
 * Pseudoholomorphic curve
 * Pseudometric space
 * Pseudotensor
 * Pullback (differential geometry)
 * Pushforward (differential)
 * Pushforward measure
 * Pyramid (geometry)
 * Pythagorean theorem
 * Quadrant (plane geometry)
 * Quadric
 * Quadrilateral
 * Quartic plane curve
 * Quartic surface
 * Quasi-isometry
 * Quasiconvex function
 * Quasiregular map
 * Quaternionic analysis
 * Quaternions and spatial rotation
 * Quotient rule
 * Quotient space (topology)
 * Radial function
 * Radian
 * Radius
 * Radius of convergence
 * Radius of curvature
 * Radon measure
 * Radon transform
 * Radon–Nikodym theorem
 * Ramification (mathematics)
 * Ramp function
 * Rank (differential topology)
 * Ratio test
 * Rational mapping
 * Rational normal curve
 * Rational surface
 * Rational variety
 * Real analysis
 * Real coordinate space
 * Real line
 * Real projective plane
 * Real projective space
 * Real-valued function
 * Rectangle
 * Reflection (mathematics)
 * Reflection group
 * Reflection symmetry
 * Reflexive space
 * Regular 4-polytope
 * Regular dodecahedron
 * Regular icosahedron
 * Regular measure
 * Regular polygon
 * Regular polyhedron
 * Regular polytope
 * Regular singular point
 * Reidemeister move
 * Relative dimension
 * Relative scalar
 * Removable singularity
 * Reproducing kernel Hilbert space
 * Residue (complex analysis)
 * Residue theorem
 * Resolution of singularities
 * Retract
 * Rhombus
 * Ribbon (mathematics)
 * Ricci calculus
 * Ricci curvature
 * Ricci decomposition
 * Ricci flow
 * Riemann curvature tensor
 * Riemann integral
 * Riemann mapping theorem
 * Riemann sphere
 * Riemann surface
 * Riemannian geometry
 * Riemannian manifold
 * Riemann–Hurwitz formula
 * Riemann–Roch theorem
 * Riemann–Stieltjes integral
 * Riesz representation theorem
 * Riesz space
 * Right angle
 * Right triangle
 * Rigid transformation
 * Ringed space
 * Rolle's theorem
 * Root test
 * Rotation (mathematics)
 * Rotation formalisms in three dimensions
 * Rotational symmetry
 * Rotations and reflections in two dimensions
 * Ruled surface
 * S-finite measure
 * Scalar curvature
 * Scalar field
 * Scalar potential
 * Scaling (geometry)
 * Scheme (mathematics)
 * Schläfli symbol
 * Schur-convex function
 * Schwartz space
 * Schwarz lemma
 * Schwarz triangle
 * Secant line
 * Second derivative
 * Second fundamental form
 * Second-countable space
 * Section (fiber bundle)
 * Sectional curvature
 * Segre embedding
 * Seifert–van Kampen theorem
 * Selection principle
 * Self-adjoint operator
 * Semi-major and semi-minor axes
 * Semi-reflexive space
 * Semicircle
 * Semiregular polytope
 * Separable space
 * Separated sets
 * Separation axiom
 * Separation of variables
 * Sequence
 * Sequence space
 * Sequence transformation
 * Series (mathematics)
 * Series expansion
 * Serre duality
 * Several complex variables
 * Shape
 * Shapley–Folkman lemma
 * Sheaf (mathematics)
 * Sheaf cohomology
 * Sheaf of modules
 * Shear mapping
 * Shift operator
 * Sierpiński space
 * Sigma additivity
 * Sigma-algebra
 * Signature (topology)
 * Signature operator
 * Signed measure
 * Similarity (geometry)
 * Simple function
 * Simple polygon
 * Simple polytope
 * Simplex
 * Simplicial complex
 * Simplicial homology
 * Simplicial polytope
 * Simplicial set
 * Simplicial sphere
 * Simply connected space
 * Sine
 * Singular homology
 * Singular measure
 * Singular point of a curve
 * Singular point of an algebraic variety
 * Singular solution
 * Singular value
 * Singularity (mathematics)
 * Singularity theory
 * Six operations
 * Size
 * Skew lines
 * Slope
 * Slope field
 * Small-angle approximation
 * Smash product
 * Smooth structure
 * Smoothness
 * Sober space
 * Sobolev space
 * Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem
 * Solenoidal vector field
 * Solid angle
 * Solid geometry
 * Solid of revolution
 * Solution of triangles
 * Space (mathematics)
 * Space group
 * Special functions
 * Specialization (pre)order
 * Spectral radius
 * Spectral theorem
 * Spectral theory
 * Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations
 * Spectrum (functional analysis)
 * Spectrum (topology)
 * Spectrum of a C*-algebra
 * Spectrum of a ring
 * Sphere
 * Spherical coordinate system
 * Spherical geometry
 * Spherical harmonics
 * Spherical mean
 * Spherical trigonometry
 * Spheroid
 * Spin connection
 * Spin structure
 * Spinor
 * Spinor bundle
 * Spinor field
 * Spiral
 * Square
 * Square lattice
 * Square pyramid
 * Square-integrable function
 * Square–cube law
 * Squeeze mapping
 * Stable map
 * Stack (mathematics)
 * Stalk (sheaf)
 * Standard conjectures on algebraic cycles
 * Star polygon
 * Star polyhedron
 * Steinitz's theorem
 * Stellation
 * Step function
 * Stereographic projection
 * Stinespring factorization theorem
 * Stokes' theorem
 * Stone space
 * Stone–Weierstrass theorem
 * Straightedge and compass construction
 * Strictly positive measure
 * Strong dual space
 * Strong topology (polar topology)
 * Subadditivity
 * Subbase
 * Subbundle
 * Subderivative
 * Submanifold
 * Submersion (mathematics)
 * Subnet (mathematics)
 * Subsequence
 * Subspace topology
 * Substitution tiling
 * Sum of angles of a triangle
 * Sum rule in differentiation
 * Superadditivity
 * Supergeometry
 * Supermanifold
 * Support (mathematics)
 * Support (measure theory)
 * Support function
 * Supporting hyperplane
 * Surface (mathematics)
 * Surface (topology)
 * Surface area
 * Surface integral
 * Surface of general type
 * Surface of revolution
 * Surface-area-to-volume ratio
 * Surgery theory
 * Surreal number
 * Suspension (topology)
 * Symmetric space
 * Symmetric tensor
 * Symmetry (geometry)
 * Symmetry group
 * Symmetry of second derivatives
 * Symplectic geometry
 * Symplectic manifold
 * Symplectomorphism
 * Synthetic geometry
 * Tangent
 * Tangent bundle
 * Tangent circles
 * Tangent space
 * Tangent vector
 * Tate conjecture
 * Taxicab geometry
 * Taylor series
 * Taylor's theorem
 * Teichmüller space
 * Tensor
 * Tensor (intrinsic definition)
 * Tensor calculus
 * Tensor density
 * Tensor field
 * Tensors in curvilinear coordinates
 * Term test
 * Tessellation
 * Tesseract
 * Tetrahedron
 * Theorema Egregium
 * Theta function
 * Third derivative
 * Three-dimensional space
 * Todd class
 * Topological combinatorics
 * Topological homomorphism
 * Topological K-theory
 * Topological manifold
 * Topological property
 * Topological space
 * Topological vector space
 * Topology
 * Toric variety
 * Toroidal and poloidal
 * Torsion of a curve
 * Torsion tensor
 * Torus
 * Total derivative
 * Total variation
 * Totally disconnected space
 * Trace class
 * Transcendental function
 * Transformation (function)
 * Translation (geometry)
 * Translation surface
 * Translational symmetry
 * Transversal (geometry)
 * Transversality (mathematics)
 * Trapezoid
 * Triangle
 * Triangle center
 * Triangle inequality
 * Triangular prism
 * Triangulation
 * Triangulation (geometry)
 * Triangulation (topology)
 * Trigonometric functions
 * Trigonometric functions of matrices
 * Trigonometric series
 * Trigonometric substitution
 * Trigonometry
 * Trilinear coordinates
 * Trivial topology
 * Tropical geometry
 * Turn (angle)
 * Twist (mathematics)
 * Twisted cubic
 * Two-dimensional space
 * Two-sided Laplace transform
 * Tychonoff space
 * Tychonoff's theorem
 * Ultrametric space
 * Unbounded operator
 * Unconditional convergence
 * Uniform boundedness principle
 * Uniform continuity
 * Uniform convergence
 * Uniform norm
 * Uniform polyhedron
 * Uniform polytope
 * Uniform property
 * Uniform space
 * Uniform tiling
 * Uniform tilings in hyperbolic plane
 * Uniformizable space
 * Uniformization theorem
 * Unit circle
 * Unit disk
 * Unit hyperbola
 * Unit interval
 * Unit sphere
 * Unitary operator
 * Upper bound theorem
 * Upper half-plane
 * Urysohn's lemma
 * Valuation (measure theory)
 * Vanish at infinity
 * Vector bundle
 * Vector calculus
 * Vector field
 * Vector Laplacian
 * Vector measure
 * Vector potential
 * Vector-valued function
 * Verdier duality
 * Vertex (geometry)
 * Vertex configuration
 * Vertex figure
 * Vertical and horizontal bundles
 * Volterra series
 * Volume
 * Volume element
 * Volume form
 * Volume integral
 * Von Neumann algebra
 * Wallpaper group
 * Weak equivalence (homotopy theory)
 * Weak formulation
 * Weak solution
 * Weak topology
 * Weakly measurable function
 * Weierstrass factorization theorem
 * Weight function
 * Weil cohomology theory
 * Weyl tensor
 * Whitehead theorem
 * Whitney embedding theorem
 * Wiener series
 * Winding number
 * Writhe
 * Wythoff construction
 * Wythoff symbol
 * Zariski topology
 * Zeros and poles
 * Étale cohomology
 * Étale topology
 * Σ-finite measure


text:
Orange-fin anemonefish

The orange-fin anemonefish (Amphiprion chrysopterus) is a marine fish belonging to the family Pomacentridae, the clownfishes and damselfishes, found in the Western Pacific north of the Great Barrier Reef from the surface to 20 m, to include the Pacific Ocean between Queensland, Australia, and New Guinea to the Marshall and Tuamotus Islands. It can grow to 17 cm in length.

Characteristics of anemonefish
Clownfish or anemonefish are fishes, that in the wild, form symbiotic mutualisms with sea anemones and are unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone, see. The sea anemone protects the clownfish from predators, as well as providing food through the scraps left from the anemone's meals and occasional dead anemone tentacles. In return, the clownfish defends the anemone from its predators and parasites. Clownfish are small-sized, 10 - 18 cm, and depending on species, they are overall yellow, orange, or a reddish or blackish color, and many show white bars or patches. Within species, color variations may occur, most commonly according to distribution, but also based on sex, age, and host anemone. Clownfish are found in warmer waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans and the Red Sea in sheltered reefs or in shallow lagoons.

In a group of clownfish, a strict dominance hierarchy exists. The largest and most aggressive fish is female and is found at the top. Only two clownfish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce through external fertilization. Clownfish are sequential hermaphrodites, meaning that they develop into males first, and when they mature, they become females.

They feed on mainly on planktonic copepods, algae, echiuroid and sipunculoid worms, and pelagic tunicates.

Adults generally inhabit reef passages and slopes. They are oviparous, with distinct pairing during breeding. Eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate. Males guard and aerate the eggs.

Description
The fish's body is short and deep; the head is small. Generally yellow in the body edges, it is yellow-brown to dark brown in the middle sides, with two white vertical stripes, the first behind the eye and the second before the anus. The fins are yellow to orange. Juveniles are a dull orange. The tail fins are generally white or yellow and vary depending on the area of origin (fish in the area surrounding Fiji and Tonga have yellow tails, fish from the Marshall and Solomon Islands have white tails). Dorsal spines (total) number 10 - 11; dorsal soft rays (total) are 15–17 in number. Two anal spines and 13-14 anal soft rays are present. It can grow to 17 cm in length.

Color variations
Fish that are generally blackish are associated with the host anemone Stichodactyla mertensii, Mertens' carpet sea anemone. Heteractis crispa is associated with brown males and juveniles. Only orange or brown juveniles are associated with Heteractis aurora (beaded sea anemone).

Similar species
A. chrysopterus may be confused with three other species with overlapping distribution, A. akindynos, A. clarkii, and A. tricinctus. A. chrysopterus tends to be darker than A. akindynos and the presence of black pelvic and anal fins eliminates A. akindynos. A wider midbar or tail bar is indicative of A. clarkii. A. tricinctus also has a tail bar unless it is solid black.

Distribution and habitat
A. chrysopterus is found in the Western Pacific north of the Great Barrier Reef from the surface to 20 m, to include the Pacific Ocean between Queensland and New Guinea to the Marshall and Tuamotus Islands.

Host anemones
A. chrysopterus is associated with these species of anemones:
 * Entacmaea quadricolor bubble-tip anemone
 * Heteractis aurora beaded sea anemone
 * Heteractis crispa sebae anemone
 * Heteractis magnifica magnificent sea anemone
 * Macrodactyla doreensis corkscrew tentacle sea anemone
 * Stichodactyla haddoni Haddon's anemone
 * Stichodactyla mertensii Mertens' carpet sea anemone

title: Orange-fin anemonefish


text:
Isabela Provincial Board

The Isabela Provincial Board is the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial legislature) of the Philippine province of Isabela.

The members are elected via plurality-at-large voting: the province is divided into six districts, each having two seats. A voter votes up to two names, with the top two candidates per district being elected. The vice governor is the ex officio presiding officer, and only votes to break ties. The vice governor is elected via the plurality voting system province-wide.

The districts used in appropriation of members is coextensive with the legislative districts of Isabela, with the exception that Santiago, an independent component city, is excluded in the fourth district.

Aside from the regular members, the board also includes the provincial federation presidents of the Liga ng mga Barangay (ABC, from its old name "Association of Barangay Captains"), the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK, youth councils) and the Philippine Councilors League (PCL). Isabela's provincial board also has reserved seats for the sectoral representatives for women, labor, and indigenous people.

Current members
These are the members after the 2019 local elections and 2018 barangay and SK elections:

 * Vice Governor: Faustino Dy III (PDP–Laban)

title: Isabela Provincial Board


text:
Levers Pacific Plantations

Levers Pacific Plantations Ltd. was a British company, incorporated by William Lever in London in 1902, as a subsidiary of Lever Brothers, which wanted to get more control over raw materials for its soap, such as copra, mainly for the Lever Brothers Factory in Sydney. The first general manager was G. Foulton, who was based in Sydney. In 1903, the British government granted the company access to copra and phosphate reserves in the Pacific.

In 1903, Levers Pacific Plantations Limited purchased 50,000 acres of coconut plantations from Lars Nielsen in the British Solomon Islands for £6,500, and in 1906 the company purchased the coconut plantation concessions in the Solomon Islands from the Pacific Islands Company Ltd for £5,000. By 1905 the company had acquired approximately 80,000 acres in the Solomon Islands which were distributed over 14 islands: 51,000 acres from Lars Nielsen and other plantation owners, and 28,870 acres purchased from islanders.

By 1905, Levers Pacific plantations were shipping 13,000 tons of copra yearly to the Lever Brothers Ltd factory in Sydney for processing into the raw material for soap manufacture and for the supply of butter fat to customers.

By 1911, the company had purchased or leased a total of 218,820 acres in the western and central Solomons, although the company did not develop and plant coconut palms on all the land they acquired. The company came into conflict with Charles Morris Woodford, the Resident Commissioner in the Solomon Islands, over his management of land alienation from the Solomon Islanders to plantation owners. The complaints included Woodford withdrawing ‘waste lands’ from transfer to plantation owners when the original Solomon Islander owners were identified, and his insisting on strict conformity with the improvement clauses on leases. The Solomons (Land) Regulation of 1914 (King's Regulation no. 3 of 1914), replace earlier regulations, and ended the alienation of land from Solomon Islander owners and a leasehold system was instituted for plantation land.

title: Levers Pacific Plantations


text:
General Biology/Getting Started/Matter

Matter
Matter is defined as anything that has mass (an amount of matter in an object) and occupies space (which is measured as volume).
 * Particles, from smallest to largest and amal is the greatest
 * Subatomic particles
 * Electrons
 * Protons
 * Neutrons
 * Atoms
 * Molecules
 * Macromolecules
 * Origin of matter
 * Big Bang, about 13.7 billion years ago
 * Hydrogen, helium
 * Heavier elements formed in suns, super nova
 * Earth's matter predates formation of sun, 4.5 billion years ago
 * All matter consists of atoms, which are composed of : electrons, protons, neutrons

The atom

 * Example: Hydrogen
 * The simplest element
 * One proton (+)
 * One electron in orbit (-)
 * Built by adding one proton (and one electron) at a time
 * Number of protons determines atomic number and number of electrons
 * Neutrons
 * Neutral charge
 * Contribute mass
 * May decay
 * Oxygen
 * 8 protons (mass)
 * 8 electrons
 * 8 neutrons (mass)

Mass and isotopes

 * Atomic mass
 * Sum of masses of protons and neutrons
 * Measured in daltons or AMU (Atomic Mass Unit)
 * An AMU is 1/12 the mass of Carbon-12
 * proton ~1 AMU or dalton
 * 6.024 x 1023 daltons/gram
 * Atoms with same atomic number belong to same element
 * Isotopes
 * Same atomic number but different atomic mass
 * Some are radioactive
 * Uses of isotopes
 * Radioactive: 3H, 14C, 32P, 35S
 * Tracers in biochemical reactions
 * Detection of molecules in recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)
 * Half-life: dating of rocks, fossils
 * Non-radioactive (N, C, O)
 * Diet of organisms (including fossils)
 * Biochemical tracers

Electrons

 * Negative charge
 * Held in orbit about nucleus by attraction to positively charged nucleus
 * Atom may gain or lose electron, altering charge
 * Cation: loses electron, positive charge
 * Na+
 * Anion: gains electron, negative charge
 * Cl-
 * Determine chemical properties of atoms
 * Number
 * Energy level

Chemical bonds

 * Form molecules
 * Enzymes: make, break, rearrange chemical bonds in living systems
 * Ionic
 * Covalent
 * Sharing of one or more pairs of electrons
 * Called single, double, or triple
 * No net charge (as in ionic bonds)
 * No free electrons
 * Give rise to discrete molecules
 * Hydrogen

Chemical reactions

 * Formation and breaking of chemical bonds
 * Shifting arrangement of atoms
 * Reactants -> products
 * Reactions are influenced by:
 * Temperature
 * Concentration of reactants, products
 * Presence of catalysts (enzymes)
 * Oxidation:reduction

Water

 * Essential for life
 * ~75% earth's surface is water
 * Life evolved in water
 * Solvent for many types of solutes
 * High specific heat
 * High polarity
 * Creates a slightly negative Oxygen and a Slightly positive hydrogen
 * allows formation of Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonding
Water organizes nonpolar molecules Ionization of water: H2O -> H+ + OH- pH
 * A type of polar interaction
 * Critical for:
 * Protein structure
 * Enzymatic reactions
 * Movement of water in plant stems
 * Weak and transient
 * Powerful cumulative effect
 * Solubility of many compounds
 * Cohesion (capillary action)
 * Lower density of ice
 * Formed between molecules other than water
 * Protein structure
 * DNA, RNA structure
 * Nonpolar molecules: no polarity (+/-) charges
 * Hydrophobic: exclude water because they don't form hydrogen bonds with it
 * Consequences:
 * Membranes
 * Protein structure
 * Hydrophilic: polar substances associate with water
 * Forms a Hydrogen ion (H+), hydroxide ion (OH-)
 * Due to spontaneous breakage of covalent bond
 * At 25 °C, 1 liter of water contains 10-7 moles of H+ ions: 10-7 moles/liter
 * A convenient way of indicating H+ concentration
 * pH = -log[H+]
 * For water, pH = -log[10-7] = 7
 * Since for each H+ in pure water, there is one OH-, pH of 7 indicates neutrality
 * Logarithmic scale

Buffer
 * Reservoir for H+
 * Maintains relatively constant pH over buffering range

title: General Biology/Getting Started/Matter


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Thiago Perpétuo

Thiago de Oliveira Perpétuo (born December 14, 1986) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who last competed in 2015. A professional since 2009, he has competed for the UFC, XFC, and was a competitor on The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil.

The Ultimate Fighter
In March 2012, Perpétuo appeared as a fighter on The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil. Perpétuo defeated Joao Paulo De Souza via decision to move into the Ultimate Fighter house, and become an official cast member, fighting for Team Vitor.

In the first round of the competition, Perpétuo fought Francisco Trinaldo. Perpétuo won the fight via TKO (retirement) to move onto the semi-final round. Later, Dana White demanded that the teams be scrambled up and Perpétuo was sent to Team Wanderlei. He then faced eventual winner Cezar Ferreira for a spot in the final against Daniel Sarafian. He was defeated by Ferreira via KO (head kick) in round one.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
Perpétuo made his UFC debut on June 23, 2012, at UFC 147 against Leonardo Mafra. He won the fight via TKO in the third round.

Perpétuo was expected to face Michael Kuiper on January 19, 2013, at UFC on FX 7. However Perpetuo suffered an injury and was replaced by Caio Magalhaes.

Perpetuo made his return at UFC Fight Night 32 where he faced UFC newcomer Omari Akhmedov He lost the back-and-forth fight via knockout in the first round. Despite the loss on his record, Perpetuo was awarded a Fight of the Night bonus for this bout.

Perpetuo faced Kenny Robertson in a welterweight bout on March 23, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 38. He lost the fight via submission in the first round, and was subsequently released from the promotion shortly after.

Mixed martial arts

 * Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * Fight of the Night (One time) vs. Omari Akhmedov

title: Thiago Perpétuo


text:
Caderousse

Caderousse (Cadarossa) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

Caderousse is located 6 km west of Orange on the river Rhône.

title: Caderousse


text:
Talk:Gordon, Tasmania

Feedback from New Page Review process
I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: Notability guideline for geographic places says - among other things - the following: "notability encompasses their entire history." Some history of the place by name Gordon is necessary for this article. Thank you..

Whiteguru (talk) 05:01, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gordon, Tasmania


text:
Wikiversity:Centralized discussions

Wikiversity users frequently discuss proposed changes to our project policy; these may take the form of new proposals, amendments to existing policies or guidelines, or straw polls. These discussions generally take place on relevant talk pages. They may also occur at Wikiversity-Beta, on IRC, and on our mailing list.

The Colloquium provides a central area both for giving notice of discussions elsewhere and for debate itself. Despite regular archiving, these pages tend to grow rather lengthy. It's not always easy to know what issues are active.

The box template cent is a centralized list of ongoing policy discussions and polls. It is found on pages where such debate takes place and, of course, you may refer to it directly at any time. Editors maintain this list by adding ongoing discussions and polls and by periodically removing inactive issues.

Usage

 * This page is for explanation of the way in which we use cent.
 * Wikiversity talk:Centralized discussions is for discussion of this process only.
 * Template:Cent contains the actual box content of ongoing policy issues. It should be edited to stay current at all times.
 * Template talk:Cent contains technical documentation of the template as well as discussion of related technical issues.
 * You may create any page of the form Wikiversity talk:Centralized discussion/Some topic if it does not appear that any particular existing talk page is the correct place for a policy-related discussion. Please note that there are a great many talk pages; a very large number of discussions are ongoing. Before creating yet another debate page, check to see that the topic is not already under discussion elsewhere. Search the project for keywords related to the topic in question.
 * Discussions are summarized at Centralized discussion/Conclusions.

Cautions
Like any tool, this may be misused. Kindly exercise restraint, assume good faith, and allow process to take its course. Please don't add new policy ideas indiscriminately; trial balloons are better floated at Colloquium. This template should be reserved for ongoing discussions. Remember, its usefulness is in inverse proportion to its size.

Before joining a debate, it might be wise to gather some background, especially on complex or long-standing issues. Please be courteous to your fellow editors and read existing discussion before adding your own comment. It's hoped that cent will contribute to the opening of policy debate and the broadening of consensus; but of course no good purpose is served by uninformed comment. Stay cool!

title: Wikiversity:Centralized discussions


text:
Talk:Waves/Superposition

Re superposition: How do 2 material waves actually pass through each other? Considering water waves, the energy transmits because water molecules receive kinetic and potential energy, and then pass it to other molecules. Right? But at an interference point there is no net movement of the material, no change of either kinetic or potential energy. So if the molecules' momentums are unchanged, how can they pass the tendency to change on? Or, is interference just an average effect, some molecules having momentum in one direction while a balanced number have momentum in the opposite direction?

Its just an average affect --flonejek 23:22, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waves/Superposition


text:
User:Thunderbunny~enwikibooks

I am a software engineer from Pennsylvania.

I currently am working on the C book on Wikibooks.

title: User:Thunderbunny~enwikibooks


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Virginia/Requested articles

This page is for listing requested or missing articles on the subject of Virginia.

Please note that requests for peer review of articles should be made at the peer review department rather than here.

Completed tasks should be removed from this list as needed.

History of Virginia

 * Timeline of Virginia history/ Timeline of the history of Virginia
 * Gloucester County Conspiracy (1663) - also known by other names
 * History of Fredericksburg, Virginia (major "old" city; history section will need expansion to create)
 * History of Winchester, Virginia (major "old" city, has a large history section already)
 * LOST, the 1778-1787 "Ohio County (Virginia)" article, the one for the NORTH BANK of the Ohio River with substantial French-Speaking settlements at Cahokia and Vincennes. These together with Revolution veteran settlement were ceded by Virginia to the Northwest Territory. THAT PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ARTICLE with adequate citations from reliable sources, is lost to public view by a "transclusion" (?) make an automatic link to Ohio County, West Virginia on the SOUTH BANK of Ohio River. Please help to recover and reinstate the information. TheVirginiaHistorian (talk) 06:24, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

People

 * Joseph Bryan (publisher) (1845–1908), Richmond businessman and founding editor of the Richmond Times-Dispatch

Virginia settlements

 * Cumberland, New Kent County, Virginia, prominent 18th & 19th-century town in New Kent County
 * Orapax / Orapakes, temporary capital of the Powhatan Confederacy in the 17th century
 * Dover, Goochland County, Virginia or Dover Mills, Virginia in Goochland County, Virginia
 * Fauquier White Sulphur Springs in Fauquier County, Virginia; a 19th-century medicinal springs
 * Dennisville, Virginia, in Amelia County
 * Berlin, Virginia in Southampton County
 * Piping Tree, Virginia, in King William County (appears on Civil War-era maps)
 * Osbornes, Virginia or Osborne, Virginia, a port/landing in Chesterfield County
 * Marseilles, Virginia in Halifax County
 * Reams, Virginia or Reams Station, Virginia in Dinwiddie County

Landmarks, houses, and plantations
A number of buildings or plantations were notable in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, but often due to fires, neglect, or demolition were destroyed prior to 1966 (and thus were never listed on the National Register of Historic Places). If sufficient notability can be established, these may warrant inclusion. (This incomplete list was created by reading various older works on the subject of Virginia history and architecture, etc.)
 * Tedington Plantation in Charles City County, Virginia
 * Catawba Hospital, a state-owned mental health facility that was formerly a TB hospital and the 19th century Roanoke Red Sulphur Springs resort

Businesses and organizations

 * Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company, headquarted in Baltimore, with major service to Norfolk
 * Stuart Land & Cattle Company, one of the oldest companies of any type in the U.S.A. and for a century the largest ranching operation east of the Missippi

Current
Below is a list of U.S. newspapers organized by state that may not be covered in wikipedia. Many of the stations may have existing articles about them but may need to be redirected. Please see the guidelines at the project page. The list was compiled from several sources though no source was used in toto:

 * 1) Al-Nashra USA	Virginia
 * 2) Annandale Times	Virginia
 * 3) Burke Times	Virginia
 * 4) Centre View	Centreville & Clifton, Virginia
 * 5) Clarke Times-Courier	Virginia
 * 6) Dickenson Star	Virginia
 * 7) Eastern Shore News	Virginia
 * 8) Henderson Hall News	Arlington Station, Virginia
 * 9) Journal Newspapers Online	Fairfax, Virginia
 * 10) La Nacion USA (in Spanish)	Virginia
 * 11) Las Américas Newspaper	Virginia
 * 12) Montgomery Journal	Virginia
 * 13) News Online	Winchester, Virginia
 * 14) Prince George's Journal	Virginia
 * 15) Rappahannock News	Virginia
 * 16) Rappahannock Record	Kilmarnock, Virginia
 * 17) Richlands News-Press	Richlands, Virginia
 * 18) Rockbridge Weekly	Lexington, Virginia
 * 19) Shenandoah.com	Strasburg, Virginia
 * 20) Smyth Country News & Messenger	Marion, Virginia
 * 21) South Boston Gazette-Virginian	South Boston, Virginia
 * 22) Southside Sentinel	Urbanna, Virginia
 * 23) Southwest Virginia Enterprise	Wytheville, Virginia
 * 24) Springfield Times	Virginia
 * 25) The Arlington Connection	Arlington, Virginia
 * 26) The Augusta Free Press	Shenandoah Valley, Augusta County, Virginia
 * 27) The Burke/Fairfax Station Connection -Burke & Fairfax Station, Fairfax County, Virginia]]
 * 28) The Culpeper Citizen	Culpeper, Virginia
 * 29) The Culpeper Star-Exponent	Culpeper, Virginia
 * 30) The Dickenson Star	Clintwood, Virginia
 * 31) The Fairfax Connection	Fairfax, Virginia
 * 32) The Fairfax Connection	Fairfax, Fairfax County, Virginia
 * 33) The Fauquier Citizen	Virginia
 * 34) The Fauquier Citizen	Warrenton, Virginia
 * 35) The Floyd Press	Floyd County, Virginia
 * 36) The Great Falls Connection	Great Falls, Virginia
 * 37) The Great Falls Times	Virginia
 * 38) The Herald Courier	Bristol, Virginia
 * 39) The Herndon Connection	Herndon, Virginia
 * 40) The Herndon Times	Virginia
 * 41) The Journal Press	King George, Virginia
 * 42) The Lebanon News	Lebanon, Virginia
 * 43) The Ledger Online	Lynchburg, Virginia
 * 44) The Loudoun Connection	-Cascades, Countryside, Potomac Falls & Sterling, Loudoun County, Virginia
 * 45) The Loudoun Easterner	Loudoun County, Virginia
 * 46) The New Journal Online	Virginia
 * 47) The Northern Virginia Journal	Virginia
 * 48) The Southwest Times	-Pulaski, Wythe County, Wytheville & City of Radford, Virginia
 * 49) The Voice Newspaper	-Richmond & Hampton Roads, Virginia
 * 50) Tocqueville Connection	Virginia
 * 51) Washington's Voz (in English & Spanish)	Virginia

Historic

 * Richmond Whig, daily newspaper during the American Civil War
 * Richmond Enquirer, daily newspaper prominent during the American Civil War
 * Norfolk Landmark (1873-1911), when merged with The Virginia-Pilot, daily newspaper in Norfolk

High schools
This list of high schools and cities is part of WikiProject Missing Articles.

 * 1) Powell Valley High School — Big Stone Gap, Virginia
 * 2) Buckingham County High School — Buckingham, Virginia
 * 3) Charles City County High School — Charles City, Virginia
 * 4) Randolph Henry Senior High School — Charlotte Court House, Virginia
 * 5) Atlantic Shores Christian School — Chesapeake, Virginia
 * 6) Coeburn High School — Coeburn, Virginia
 * 7) Cumberland High School — Cumberland, Virginia
 * 8) Southall / Westover Christian School — Danville, Virginia
 * 9) Surry County High School — Dendron, Virginia
 * 10) Tunstall Senior High School — Dry Fork, Virginia
 * 11) Pulaski County Senior High School — Dublin, Virginia
 * 12) Thomas Walker High School — Ewing, Virginia
 * 13) Broadwater Academy — Exmore, Virginia
 * 14) Alternative Education Center — Falls Church, Virginia
 * 15) Timberlake Christian School — Forest, Virginia
 * 16) Goochland High School — Goochland, Virginia
 * 17) Gretna Senior High School — Gretna, Virginia
 * 18) Northumberland High School — Heathsville, Virginia
 * 19) Grayson County High School (Virginia) — Independence, Virginia
 * 20) Central High School (King and Queen) — King and Queen Court House, Virginia
 * 21) King William High School — King William, Virginia
 * 22) Brunswick Academy — Lawrenceville, Virginia
 * 23) Brunswick Senior High School — Lawrenceville, Virginia
 * 24) Nelson County High School (Virginia) — Lovingston, Virginia
 * 25) Marion Senior High School — Marion, Virginia
 * 26) Laurel Park High School — Martinsville, Virginia
 * 27) Fort Chiswell High School — Max Meadows, Virginia
 * 28) Caroline High School — Milford, Virginia
 * 29) Highland High School (Virginia) — Monterey, Virginia
 * 30) William Campbell High School — Naruna, Virginia
 * 31) Craig County High School — New Castle, Virginia
 * 32) Ervinton High School — Nora, Virginia
 * 33) Ryan Academy — Norfolk, Virginia
 * 34) J.I. Burton High School — Norton, Virginia
 * 35) Nottoway High School — Nottoway, Virginia
 * 36) Garden High School (Oakwood, Virginia) — Oakwood, Virginia
 * 37) Giles High School — Pearisburg, Virginia
 * 38) Alliance Christian High School — Portsmouth, Virginia
 * 39) Quantico Middle/High School — Marine Corps Base Quantico
 * 40) Franklin Military — Richmond, Virginia
 * 41) Dan River Senior High School — Ringgold, Virginia
 * 42) Northcross High School — Roanoke, Virginia
 * 43) Rocky Gap High School — Rocky Gap, Virginia
 * 44) Rural Retreat High School — Rural Retreat, Virginia
 * 45) Northwood High School (Virginia) — Saltville, Virginia
 * 46) Middlesex High School (Virginia) — Saluda, Virginia
 * 47) Bluestone Senior High School — Skipwith, Virginia
 * 48) Park View Senior High School — South Hill, Virginia
 * 49) Sussex Central High School (Virginia) — Sussex, Virginia
 * 50) Essex High School (Tappahannock, Virginia) — Tappahannock, Virginia
 * 51) Central High School (Victoria, Virginia) — Victoria, Virginia
 * 52) Central High School (Woodstock) — Woodstock, Virginia
 * 53) Norfolk Christian School — Norfolk, Virginia
 * 54) Tandem Friends — Charlottesville, Virginia
 * 55) Woodberry Forest — Woodberry Forest, Virginia
 * 56) Wakefield Academy — The Plains, Virginia
 * 57) New Covenant Schools — Lynchburg, Virginia
 * 58) Fredericksburg Christian High School — Fredericksburg, Virginia
 * 59) Fair Oaks Academy — Fairfax, Virginia
 * 60) The New School of No. VA — Fairfax, Virginia
 * 61) Fieldale-Collinsville — Martinsville, Virginia
 * 62) Oaktree Academy — Chesapeake, Virginia
 * 63) Portsmouth Christian School — Portsmouth, Virginia
 * 64) Grace Christian High School (Staunton, Virginia) — Staunton, Virginia
 * 65) Evangel Christian School (Woodbridge, Virginia) — Woodbridge, Virginia
 * 66) Grove Avenue Christian School — Richmond, Virginia
 * 67) Holy Cross Regional Catholic School — Lynchburg, Virginia
 * 68) Roanoke Valley Christian School — Roanoke, Virginia
 * 69) Eastern Montgomery — Elliston, Virginia
 * 70) Guardian Angel Regional Catholic — Staunton, Virginia
 * 71) Faith Baptist School (Fredericksburg, Virginia) — Fredericksburg, Virginia
 * 72) Word of Life Christian Academy — Springfield, Virginia
 * 73) Renaissance School — Charlottesville, Virginia
 * 74) Fairfax Baptist Temple Academy — Fairfax Station, Virginia
 * 75) Commonwealth Christian — Richmond, Virginia
 * 76) New Community Prep School — Richmond, Virginia
 * 77) Victory Christian Academy (Virginia) — Richmond, Virginia
 * 78) United Christian Academy (Virginia) — Ruckersville, Virginia
 * 79) James River Christian Academy — Smithfield, Virginia
 * 80) Wakefield Country Day — Flint Hill, Virginia
 * 81) Mountain Mission School — Grundy, Virginia
 * 82) Mt. View High School — Centreville, Virginia
 * 83) Central Senior High School — Lunenburg, Virginia
 * 84) Christchurch Episcopal School — Saluda, Virginia
 * 85) Spanish Immersion Center at Manchester High School — Chesterfield County, Virginia
 * 86) Christian Heritage Academy (Virginia) — Rocky Mount, Virginia
 * 87) St. John Neumann Academy — Woodbridge, Virginia
 * 88) Ridgeview Christian School — Stuarts Draft, Virginia
 * 89) Mariamante Academy — Fredericksburg, Virginia
 * 90) Carmel Christian Academy — Ruther Glen, Virginia
 * 91) Way of Faith Christian Academy — Fairfax, Virginia
 * 92) Randolph-Macon Military Academy — Front Royal, Virginia
 * 93) Dayspring Christian Academy (Virginia) — Blacksburg, Virginia
 * 94) Commonwealth Academy — Alexandria, Virginia
 * 95) Virginia School of the Arts — Lynchburg, Virginia (merge with E. C. Glass High School?)
 * 96) Leesburg Christian — Leesburg, Virginia
 * 97) Smith Academy for Girls — Fredericksburg, Virginia
 * 98) Bland High School (Bland County, Virginia)
 * 99) Heritage Christian Academy (Midlothian, Virginia)
 * 100) Pocahontas High School (Virginia)

Missing articles in need of disambiguation from existing pages of the same name:
 * 1) Pulaski High School — Pulaski, Virginia
 * 2) George Wythe High School — Richmond, Virginia
 * 3) Landmark Christian School — Richmond, Virginia
 * 4) Richmond Christian School — Richmond, Virginia
 * 5) Emmanuel Christian School — Manassas, Virginia
 * 6) Summit Christian Academy — Yorktown, Virginia
 * 7) Northside Christian School — Charlottesville, Virginia
 * 8) Westminster Academy — Richmond, Virginia
 * 9) Friends School — Virginia Beach, Virginia

Housing in Virginia
Wikipedia readers would be grateful if your project would consider creating a new article about Housing in Virginia. Here are some sources of information: Best regards, -- M2545 (talk) 13:45, 24 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Category:Housing in Virginia
 * (assorted materials)
 * (assorted materials)
 * (assorted materials)
 * (assorted materials)
 * (assorted materials)
 * (assorted materials)


text:
Template:Courts and tribunals disestablished in decade category header/doc

Creates a category of the form "Courts and tribunals disestablished in the YYY0s", where YYY0s is a 4-digit decade

e.g.
 * Category:Courts and tribunals disestablished in the 1870s
 * Category:Courts and tribunals disestablished in the 1920s

Usage
No parameters needed


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Çarpışma

Çarpışma (English title: Crash) is a Turkish action thriller television series starring Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ, Elçin Sangu, Onur Saylak, Melisa Aslı Pamuk and Alperen Duymaz. It was premiered on Show TV on November 22, 2018, and concluded on May 30, 2019.

Plot
Kadir Adalı is the Chief Commissioner of the Organized Crime Branch of the Istanbul Police Department. The moment he loses his wife and daughter in a terrorist act, his happy family life is destroyed. Feeling very sorry for what had happened and suffering from this loss, he decided to end his life. Without realizing it, he causes a catastrophe that changes the lives of four people. Four cars, four people, four lives, four destinies collide. In one of the cars is his childhood friend Zeynep, with whom he grew up in an orphanage and was about to be married, but he refused to do so because of his strong desire to work in the police as his father was a police officer who was killed during his duty. So, Kadir marries another friend from the orphanage, Aslı, instead. Zeynep then marries Galip Tunç and starts working as a bank manager and gives birth to a daughter named Aylin, but Galip owes a mob that kidnaps her daughter Aylin after Galip escapes from Turkey and asks Zeynep to pay her husband's debts. Slowly And for this reason, she robs the bank where she works. After her arrest, she asks Kadir for help to save her daughter. In another car is Zeynep's lawyer, Cemre Gür, the daughter of Veli's lawyer, Selim, who is engaged to Demir. One of them, Kerem, a powerful friend in the fourth car, stabbed him. The Kerem partner, Yakup, uses this recording to blacken Demir and Belma.

Cast

 * Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ as Kadir Adalı
 * Elçin Sangu as Zeynep Tunç
 * Onur Saylak as Veli Cevher
 * Melisa Aslı Pamuk as Cemre Gür
 * Alperen Duymaz as Kerem Korkmaz
 * Erkan Can as Haydar
 * Mustafa Uğurlu as Selim Gür
 * Rojda Demirer as Belma Gür
 * Merve Çağıran as Meral
 * Hakan Kurtaş as Demir
 * İsmail Demirci as Galip Tunç
 * Gonca Cilasun sa Serpil Korkmaz
 * Yıldırım Şimşek as Ömer Korkmaz
 * Furkan Kalabalık as Adem
 * Gökçen Çiftçi as Aylin Tunç
 * Efecan Şenolsun as Yakup
 * Buçe Buse Kahraman as Meltem
 * Sevtap Özaltun as Aslı Adalı
 * Merve Nil Güder as Deniz Adalı
 * Ayşe İrem İpek as young Zeynep
 * Kivanç Gedük as young Kadir
 * Ali Surmeli as Arif/Zarif/Cansiz, a sadistic, deranged serial killer, Kadir's biological father and the series' main antagonist.
 * Ivo Arakov as Ivan Sokurov

title: Çarpışma


text:
User:Juxho~enwikibooks

I work mostly on Consumerium and English Wikipedia and occasionally on Wiktionary and Finnish Wikipedia.

I'm interested in developing Cookbook and UNIX tutorials and Books to Finnish language which is my native tongue.

title: User:Juxho~enwikibooks