text:
Eric Daman

Eric Daman is a costume designer, fashion model, television personality, and author from New York City. Known for costume design and fashion styling on the American television series Sex and the City and Gossip Girl as well as designs for various products.

Early life and education
Eric Daman was born on August 21, 1970, in Monroe, Michigan, to Douglas and Maryann Daman. When he was 18, Daman began his undergraduate education at Wabash College, a small, private, liberal arts college for men, located in Crawfordsville, Indiana. He later transferred to Paris-Sorbonne University, a public research university in Paris, France, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in French Literature at age 22.

Career
Daman began his career in the early 1990s as a fashion model in Paris. From there, Daman began working in the United States behind the scenes as a fashion stylist for photo advertising shoots and then television costume designer and set stylist. He also has designed luxury goods products.

1990s
While at Paris-Sorbonne University in 1991, Daman met Steven Meisel, an American fashion photographer who obtained popular acclaim through his work in US and Italian Vogue magazine and his photographs of friend Madonna for her 1992 book, Sex. Meisel use Daman as a fashion model in some of his work, eventually pairing Daman with Kate Moss, a model from England known for her waifish figure and popularizing the heroin chic look in the 1990s. Through Meisel's work, Moss and Daman appeared together in a series of Calvin Klein advertisements. Other photographers such as Pierre et Gilles, Mario Testino, and Peter Lindbergh used Daman in their advertising work and Daman eventually appeared as a fashion model on the cover and within L'Uomo Vogue, among other publications.

In 1998 at the age of 28, Daman moved from Paris to New York City and began a career behind the scenes working a fashion stylist in photo shoots with American fashion photographer Terry Richardson. Together, their work was published in magazines such as Spin, I.D., The Face (magazine), and Visionaire. Daman additionally worked as a creative consultant to fashion designer Miguel Adrover, assisting sweater-maker Pierre ("Pierrot") Carrilero in providing Adrover's line of sweaters.

2000s
In 2001, American costume designer, stylist and fashion designer Patricia Field hired Daman as an assistant costume designer to work with Sex and the City executive producer Sarah Jessica Parker to update the fashion and styling of that then-popular American television comedy-drama series with a more editorial tone that conveyed a downtown New York City style.

After winning the Primetime Emmy Award, Daman began collaborating with a number of private companies as a designer of men's and women's apparel, as well as women's accessories. For example, in 2008, clothing retailer Charlotte Russe hired Daman as Creative Director. Since then Daman has also designed a number of collections of dresses for Charlotte Russe.

In 2009, Daman's designs for American teen drama television series Gossip Girl earned him a nomination for 2008 Outstanding Contemporary Television Series from the Costume Designers Guild.

2010s
In 2011 Daman created a capsule collection of hosiery with fashion design label DKNY called Eric Daman for DKNY. A year later in 2012 Daman designed a collection of jewelry for Swarovski, a Wattens, Austria based designer and manufacturer of cut crystal and related luxury products. The Daman collection appeared as the subject of a series of Swarovski-produced webisodes that were entitled "The Daman Chronicles" and premiered online at Cambio.com in June, 2012.

In July 2012, American daily newspaper The New York Times described Daman's costume design work for Gossip Girl as being as much a part of the creation of a character as the show's writers. Daman design work has contributed to Gossip Girl fictional characters Blair Waldorf, Serena van der Woodsen, and Chuck Bass being listed as TV's best dressed in popular press articles.

Named as one of "the 7 influencers" who "could change everything about the way we look" in 2010 by the New York-based women's beauty magazine Allure,

Awards
In 2002, Daman was awarded for the 2002 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series.

Filmography
Costume design for film is also among Daman's credits, the titles being The Adventures of Sebastian Cole, The Door in the Floor, Tenderness, Anamorph, Forty Shades of Blue, The Architect, Trainwreck: My LIfe as an Idiot, Quid-Pro-Quo. Fun Size, opening in theaters in October, 2012, is Daman's most recent film design credit. Television costume design credits for Daman include six seasons of Gossip Girl, and "The Carrie Diaries" which is slated to air early 2013 on the CW network.

Media appearances
Daman has appeared on E! News, The Rachel Ray Show; on America's Next Top Model and Project Runway All-Stars

Publications
Daman's first book, You Know You Want It: Style—Inspiration—Confidence, was published by Clarkson Potter/Random House in December, 2009.

title: Eric Daman


text:
Talk:Demetrio Sodi

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Demetrio Sodi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060421222322/http://demetriosodi.org.mx/ to http://www.demetriosodi.org.mx/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071209164527/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/biografias/489088.html to http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/biografias/489088.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060615201010/http://www.sodimepongoentuszapatos.com.mx/ to http://www.sodimepongoentuszapatos.com.mx/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060301014152/http://www.df.pan.org.mx/ to http://www.df.pan.org.mx/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060304232145/http://estadis.eluniversal.com.mx/graficos/coberturas_est/esp816.html to http://estadis.eluniversal.com.mx/graficos/coberturas_est/esp816.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:11, 16 January 2018 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Demetrio Sodi


text:
Scouting/BSA/Citizenship in the World Merit Badge/Requirement 4

This page contains additional information supplemental to the guide to earning the Citizenship in the World merit badge.

Numerous factors can affect national interests besides climate, geography and natural resources. These can include many aspects of culture, history, demographics and politics.

History can include long-ago or recent events that continue to shape a country's actions. These can include wars and injustices leading to rivalries between nations with little ostensible reason for animosity. History can powerfully affect a country's national interest. Bitterness over historical events can last for centuries, while gratitude and goodwill are perhaps more ephemeral.

 * After World War 1, Germany's economy was hardstruck by the effects of the Treaty of Versailles, leading to a national sense of bitterness towards countries like France and the United Kingdom, which help set the stage for World War 2, when Germany invaded many of its neighbors. After World War 2, Japan adopted a constitution that does not allow the creation of a military force, hampering the country's ability to help in military operations with the United Nations and allies like the United States.

 * In the run-up to the 2003 occupation of Iraq, many American commentators expressed bitterness over France's refusal to support the invasion. Many perceived a lack of gratitude for American aid during World War 2, while France's defenders pointed out that country's aid during the American War for Independence.

Culture includes a society's language, religion, lifestyle, clothing, decor and many other aspects. Cultural splits within countries sometimes lead to strife because different parts of the country have different interests. The American Civil War is an example of a country torn apart by the opposing interests of culturally distinct regions.

 * More recently, religious animosity has led to violence and chaos in many Middle-Eastern countries, especially Israel. The creation of Israel was prompted by fears of anti-Semitism leading to a repeat of the attempted genocide of the Jews during the Holocaust, and Israel's foreign relations have long been affected by fears of anti-Semitism harming Jews abroad.  Conflicts over religion, geography, ethnicity and other issues have led to ongoing violence with Palestinians and Arab neighbors like Syria and Egypt.

 * Cultural ties between peoples living in different countries has caused strife and war. For example, the Kurds live in several countries, including Iraq and Turkey, the latter a key US ally in the region.  With Kurdish leaders calling for an independent Kurdistan, the US was torn between supporting its Kurdish allies and the Turkish government, which believed that any independence for Iraqi Kurds could spur a revival of similar hopes among Turkish Kurds.  Nationalism plays an important role in this phenomenon, which has also included calls for a Greater Somalia, a view that has twice led to war with Ethiopia over the Somali Ogaden region, and Greater Serbia|, a motivation for the Kosovo War.

Demographics are the make-up of a country. Some countries have a very young population, such as Zambia, while others have a large elderly population, such as Sweden. Some countries are made up nearly entirely of one ethnic group speaking a single language, such as Iceland, while others are a melting pot of dozens or hundreds of ethnic groups, such as many of the equatorial African countries like the Republic of the Congo.

 * Demographic conflict has long been a source of strife on the diverse continent of Africa. In South Africa, for example, a white minority long controlled a huge black majority (Apartheid), eventually straining relations with countries like the United States, which imposed an embargo as a result.

 * Ethnically diverse states such as most of the Sub-Saharan African countries were created from European colonies in the region, which had no basis in rational geographic or cultural boundaries. As a result, many of the earliest leaders in these countries pursued as a high priority the formation of a national identity; this occurred in nations across Africa, including Zambia and Sudan.  In the rush to create a distinctive culture, minorities and dissenters were often marginalized or oppressed, leading to revolutions and civil strife..

Politics can occur within a single country or among countries. Activities involving the internal political landscape of a country can have an affect on national interests and foreign relations through the election or installment of leaders who enact foreign policy, while laws passed by a particular country may have an affect on the economy of a different country.

 * Internal conflicts between political blocs of capitalists and socialists led to a polarization of international relations. Countries like the United States, France and Italy jockeyed for power with the Soviet Union and satellites in newly-independent countries across Africa, South America and Asia (see The Cold War).

 * Following the internationally divisive US-led occupation of Iraq in 2003, foreign countries around the world were forced to pay close attention to the American political landscape. Some, like Israel, were supportive of the conservative right, while others, like France, supported the liberal left.

More examples
Citizenship in the World Merit Badge/Requirement 4


text:
Engineering Thermodynamics

This book deals with Engineering Thermodynamics, where concepts of thermodynamics are used to solve engineering problems. Engineers use thermodynamics to calculate the fuel efficiency of engines, and to find ways to make more efficient systems, be they rockets, refineries, or nuclear reactors. One aspect of "engineering" in the title is that a lot of the data used is empirical (e.g. steam tables), since you won't find clean algebraic equations of state for many common working substances. Thermodynamics is the science that deals with transfer of heat and work. Engineering thermodynamics develops the theory and techniques required to use empirical thermodynamic data effectively.

This course forms the foundation for the Heat Transfer course, where the rate and mechanisms of transmission of energy in the form of heat is studied. The concepts can be used in further study including internal combustion engines, refrigeration and air conditioning, and turbomachines to name a few.

Rigorous treatment of the molecular basis will be omitted, in favor of formulations most useful for developing intuition and understanding common technologies. Students of physics will want to pair this text with one on Statistical Mechanics.

 * /Introduction/
 * /History/
 * /Preface/

Contents

 * 1) /Thermodynamic Systems/
 * 2) /Zeroth Law/
 * 3) /First Law/
 * 4) /Second Law/
 * 5) /Third Law/
 * 6) /Applications/
 * 7) /Appendix/
 * 8) /Further Reading/

Termodinamica

title: Engineering Thermodynamics


text:
Chengdu Military Region

The Chengdu Military Region was one of seven military districts and is located in the southwest of the People's Republic of China, covering Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and the Xizang/Tibet Autonomous Region. It includes some of the area previously within the Kunming Military Region and has its headquarters in Chengdu. It was probably established in 1955.

The Tibet Military Region was reduced to the status of a district in 1971.

The region was disbanded during the 2015 People's Republic of China military reform and become part of the Western Theater Command.

Organisation
In 2005, the International Institute for Strategic Studies attributed the region with some 180,000 personnel, with four motorised infantry divisions, one artillery division, two armoured brigades, one artillery brigade, and two anti-aircraft brigades.

Blasko estimated in 2013 that the region consisted of the:
 * 13th Group Army (zh:中国人民解放军第13集团军)
 * 37th Infantry Division ('Red Army Division') (Chongqing)
 * 149th Mechanized Infantry Division at Leshan, Sichuan
 * Armoured Brigade (Pengzhou, Sichuan)
 * Artillery Brigade (Chongzhou, Sichuan)
 * AAA Brigade (Mianyang, Sichuan)
 * 2nd Army Aviation Regiment (Chengdu)
 * 'Cheetah' Special Operations Dadui

In 2009, Sino-Defence.com also said an Engineer Regiment, a Signal Regiment, and an Electronic Warfare Regiment were part of the army. The 149th Division joined the reorganising 13th Group Army on the disbandment of the 50th Army in 1985.

 * 14th Group Army (zh:中国人民解放军第14集团军)
 * 31st Infantry Division (Dali, Yunnan)
 * 40th Infantry Division (Kaiyuan)
 * Armoured Brigade (Kunming)
 * Artillery Brigade (Kunming)
 * AAA Brigade (Kunming)
 * 29th Chemical Defence Regiment

In 2009, Sino-Defence.com said also a Signal Regiment, an Engineer Regiment, and a Pontoon Bridge Regiment were part of the army.

 * Tibet Military District with the 52nd Mountain Motorized Infantry Brigade, 53rd Mountain Motorized Infantry Brigade (both at Nyingchi, Xizang)), the 54th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Lhasa), a Signals Regiment, and three military sub-districts, the Shannan Military Sub-District, the Xigaze Military Sub-District, and the Nyingchi Military Sub District.

Also reported are the 38th and 41st Armed Mobile Police Divisions of the People's Armed Police.

The military districts that fall within the Chengdu Military Region were:

 * Sichuan Provincial Military District (2nd Independent Division of Sichuan Provincial Military District (People's Republic of China) disbanded in 1976)
 * Tibet Military District
 * Guizhou Provincial Military District

The Chengdu Military Region Air Force was originally established in 1950 as the Xinan (Southwest) MRAF and was established in Chengdu, but when the Military Region HQ moved to Wuhan in May 1955 it was redesignated as the Wuhan MRAF. The Chengdu MRAF Command Post was established on 20 October 1965 and became the Chengdu MRAF on 15 August 1985.

In 1960, the Kunming MRAF CP was formed, abolished in 1976 but the 5th Air Corps staff was moved to Kunming that year and the MRAF CP was retitled the 5th Air Corps. 5th Air Corps became the Kunming MRAF CP in 1978, and then the Command Post was renamed a Base at some time after 1993.

Officers

 * General Li Zuocheng (Commander), from July 2013
 * Lieutenant General Zhu Fuxi (Political Commissar), from October 2012
 * Rong Guiqing (戎贵卿, Chief of Staff)

Lieutenant General (zhong jiang) Yang Jinshan served as the Deputy Commander of Chengdu Military Region between July 2013 to October 2014, and Commander of Tibet Military District from December 2009 to July 2013.

Nickname
Organizations affiliated with the Chengdu Military Region often used the nickname "banner", including the Banner Performance Troupe and the Banner Newspaper.

title: Chengdu Military Region


text:
Cookbook talk:Braising

The initial post was copied and pasted from the "Woman's Institute Library of Cookery Volume 1", found at Project Gutenberg. liblamb 19:55, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Original post replaced with entry from Wikipedia due to serious anachronisms in technique. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nedhorn (talk • contribs) 2007-03-10T11:32:35.

title: Cookbook talk:Braising


text:
Bhogavati

Bhogavati (भोगवती) is the subterranean capital of the nagas in Hindu mythology and Buddhist mythology. It is located in the Nagaloka region of Patala.

Buddhism
Bhogavati appears in Buddhist tradition as a palace in the naga world. It is the residence of the naga King Varuṇa.

A somewhat detailed description of the palace is given in the Vidhurapaṇḍita Jātaka.

Hinduism
The Mahabharata offers a description of Bhogavati. The nagas that populate this city are the size of mountains, and are stated to be the offspring of Kashyapa and Surasa. They are described to possess multiple heads and take on a variety of forms, and wear ornamentation that feature gemstones, svastikas, circles, as well as drinking vessels. They are stated to be ferocious and of great prowess. Vasuki is described to be its ruler.

The Ramayana states that Bhogavati is captured by the rakshasa king Ravana during his reign.

title: Bhogavati


text:
Kareena Kapoor Khan filmography

Kareena Kapoor Khan is an Indian actress who has appeared in more than 60 Hindi films. She made her acting debut opposite Abhishek Bachchan in the 2000 drama Refugee, for which she won the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut. The following year, she appeared in five films, including the romance Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai, the thriller Ajnabee, and the ensemble melodrama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham.... The latter emerged as the highest-grossing Bollywood film in overseas to that point,  and the success of these films established her in Bollywood. This success was followed by repetitive roles in a series of commercial failures.

In 2004, Kapoor portrayed a prostitute in the drama Chameli, which proved to be a turning point in her career, earning her a Filmfare Special Award. That same year, she played a Muslim woman affected by the 2002 Gujarat riots in Govind Nihalani's political drama Dev, and two years later, she played the Desdemona character in Omkara (2006), an adaptation of William Shakespeare's tragedy Othello from director Vishal Bhardwaj. She won two Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress for these films. In 2007, Kapoor played a loquacious Sikh girl in Jab We Met, a commercially successful romantic comedy co-starring Shahid Kapoor, for which she won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.

Kapoor co-starred with Aamir Khan in Rajkumar Hirani's comedy-drama 3 Idiots (2009), which emerged as the highest-grossing Indian film to that point. She won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the family drama We Are Family and played a tomboy in the lucrative comedy Golmaal 3 (both 2010). In 2011, she played the leading lady in the top-grossing action films Bodyguard and Ra.One. Among her four releases in 2012, she received praise for playing a free-spirited woman in Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu, a troubled actress in Heroine and a prostitute in Talaash: The Answer Lies Within. In the next few years, she (now Kapoor Khan) decreased her workload, taking on smaller parts of the love-interest in the androcentric films Singham Returns (2014) and Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015); the latter ranks among Indian cinema's highest earners. This changed in 2016 when she starred in two commercial successes, the satire Ki & Ka and the acclaimed drama Udta Punjab. Further success came with the ensemble comedies Veere Di Wedding (2018) and Good Newwz (2019). After reuniting with Aamir Khan in the commercially failed drama Laal Singh Chaddha (2022), Kapoor Khan had her first streaming film release in the thriller Jaane Jaan (2023). In 2024, she had another female-led commercial success in the comedy Crew.

title: Kareena Kapoor Khan filmography


text:
User:Satyr~enwikibooks

Hometown: Gwinnett (G-Town) Status: 2nd year Computer Science student at Georgia Institute of Technology Languages: English and some Japanese

title: User:Satyr~enwikibooks


text:
St Tarcisius Church

St Tarcisius Church may refer to:

United Kingdom

 * St Tarcisius Church, Camberley, Surrey

United States

 * St Tarcisius Church, Framingham, see Places of worship in Framingham, Massachusetts

title: St Tarcisius Church


text:
Algorithms

Table of Contents

 * Preamble
 * Introduction
 * Mathematical Background
 * Divide and Conquer
 * Randomization
 * Backtracking
 * Dynamic Programming
 * Greedy Algorithms
 * Hill Climbing
 * Unweighted Graph Algorithms
 * Distance approximations
 * Appendix A: Ada Implementation
 * Appendix B: Sources

Contributors
Macneil Shonle A large portion of my contributions here come from lectures made by [Impagliazzo] at UCSD. I like this project because it gives me a chance to explain algorithms in the way that I finally understood them

Matthew Wilson I typed in an outline after finishing a graduate algorithms course. M. Shonle has taken this textbook and really made it something great.

Martin Krischik I supplied the Ada examples for the algorithms. You never know if an algorithm works until you have actually implemented it.

See also the Sources list for contributions used with permission.

Algoritmia

title: Algorithms


text:
Talk:Introduction to psychology

Merge?
Should the information on this page and http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/General_Psychology be combined? Kevinjvokes 19:03, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

Merger proposal

 * Merge. No use having this article separate. It would be much more useful merged with Psy 1001. - Aditya Kabir 13:46, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

No chapter 2
If you click on the link to chapter 2, it's supposed to take you to the chapter in Wikibooks. But all you get is an error message saying the page no longer exists. Did someone delete the chapter from wikibooks, or is it simply mis-linked? How would one correct this? --Luai lashire 21:09, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Introduction to psychology


text:
Talk:Tropical Storm Nanmadol (2017)/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: CycloneIsaac (talk · contribs) 11:07, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

Reviewing later.— CycloneIsaac ( Talk ) 11:07, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Sure. Just notify me when ready. Typhoon2013  (talk) 09:28, 26 September 2017 (UTC)
 * .— CycloneIsaac ( Talk ) 01:06, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Criteria 1: Pretty much done. Only need to add mentions of landfall. I have no idea who add the July 11 statement there, but if there is a possible source, as shown in its track, I will add it in. I just need to confirm that.
 * Criteria 2: Current. Removed Criteria 3, as to what I say is "if no source, then no mention". Typhoon2013  (talk) 08:56, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Yep, article is (mostly) done now. Typhoon2013  (talk) 11:19, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Regarding my edits yesterday, I did some copyediting for grammar, and added non-breaking spaces and convert templates. Hopefully that settles some of the issues for Criteria 1. ~ KN2731 {t ⋅ c} 07:49, 7 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Since not all issues have not been solved with these seven days, this nomination has failed.— CycloneIsaac ( Talk ) 16:50, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

Criteria
 Good Article Status - Review Criteria   		A good article is—  :
 * (a) ; and
 * (b).

:
 * (a) ;
 * (b) ;
 * (c) ; and
 * (d).

:
 * (a) ; and
 * (b).

. . :
 * (a) ; and
 * (b).

Review

:

:

:

.

.

:

Criteria 1

 * "After gathering organization," Should be gaining.
 * "the system rapidly developed and intensified into a severe tropical storm and reached its peak intensity." What is the peak intensity?
 * Link Extratropical cyclone.
 * "during July 5." should be "on July 5."
 * "while five people are still unaccounted for." Change to "with five people unaccounted for."
 * "It is used from Nan Madol" From or named after?
 * "sometimes called as the "Venice of the Pacific"." The source said it is, not just sometimes.
 * "Later that day," What is six hours after "Later that day?"
 * "Soon after, the JTWC gave the system the internal designation of 05W, though they still classified it as a tropical depression." This sentence implies that they gave the designation as 5W but declared it as a depression earlier.
 * Did PAGASA upgrade Emong to a tropical storm before severe tropical storm?
 * "while Nanmadol was exiting the Philippine Area of Responsibility." Change to "when Nanmadol exited the Philippine Area of Responsibility."
 * There are more then one landfalls depicted on the track map. Those aren't mentioned.
 * "during July 8" On.
 * "During the next few days, the storm's remnants accelerated eastward towards Alaska, before dissipating off the coast of Alaska on July 11." Not referenced.
 * "The local government in Shimane, meanwhile, also urged residents to evacuate and issued a warning to 20,000 residents spanning some 9,200 households," is not "which promoted local officials to evacuate about 20,000 residents".
 * "During July 3" / "In July 10" You know what to do.
 * "began a bus" bus service?
 * "Trees with trunks of 50–60 cm (19.7–23.6 in) were washed away, which blocked the water stream further and thus exacerbated floods." Change to "blocking the water stream further and exacerbated floods."
 * "Therefore, on July 11, Forestry minister Yuji Yamamoto pledged to set up a task force to take a large driftwood, while an official at the University of Hyogo warned other municipalities of potential damage caused by fallen trees." Split these into two sentences.
 * Nagasaki should be linked the first time used.
 * "in Shikoku town of Muroto" Insert "the" between "in Shikoku".
 * "the iconic Shinkansen," That's an opinion.
 * "1,724 people. evacuated." Fragment.
 * "routes were already reopened over in some communities in the Fukuoka Prefecture." Routes of what?

Criteria 2
Doing ref by ref.
 * Ref 1: Agency missing, location missing, access date missing.
 * Ref 2: Bare url, everything missing.
 * Ref 3: Inconsistent dates.
 * Ref 4: Bare url, everything missing.
 * Ref 5: ^
 * Ref 6: Date missing/inconsistent.
 * Ref 7: Date inconsistent.
 * Ref 8: Wrong title, wrong publisher, archive date missing, access date missing.
 * Ref 9: Agency missing, location missing, access date missing.
 * Ref 10: Archive date/publisher missing.
 * Ref 11: ^
 * Ref 12: ^
 * Ref 13: ^
 * Ref 14: ^
 * Ref 15: ^
 * Ref 16: Agency missing, location missing, access date missing.
 * Ref 17: Archive date/publisher missing.
 * Ref 18: ^
 * Ref 19: ^
 * Ref 20: ^
 * Ref 21: Bare url, everything missing.
 * Ref 22: Archive date/publisher missing.
 * Ref 23: ^
 * Ref 24: ^
 * Ref 25: ^
 * Ref 26: ^
 * Ref 27: Publisher missing, access date missing.
 * Ref 28: Location missing, access date missing.
 * Ref 29: Blog unreliable, use Stars and Stripes articles only.
 * Ref 30: Access date missing, subscription tag missing.
 * Ref 31: Location missing, access date missing.
 * Ref 32: Access date missing, subscription tag missing.
 * Ref 33: "Typhoon Nanmadol", inconsistent dates.
 * Ref 34: Author missing.
 * Ref 35: Dead link.
 * Ref 36: ^
 * Ref 37: ^
 * Ref 38: Wrong author, publisher missing, date missing.
 * Ref 39: Access date missing.
 * Ref 40: Article expired.
 * Ref 41: Editorials are not reliable.
 * Ref 42: Location missing, publisher missing, access date missing.
 * Ref 43: ^
 * Ref 44: ^
 * Ref 45: Bare url, everything missing.
 * Ref 46: Dead link.
 * Ref 47: Subscription tag missing.

Criteria 3

 * There is Alaskan impact according to the infobox. Where is it?

title: Talk:Tropical Storm Nanmadol (2017)/GA1


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Walter Sobchak0/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

 * The CodeInconnu account was created a few months after Walter Sobchak0 was indefinitely blocked per WP:NOTHERE.
 * Both accounts focus mostly on Spain and the Citizens (Spanish political party).
 * Both accounts edit plots of psychological horror films. For example, they both added the same obscure comment about "a feline that looks like a cougar but roars like a big cat"
 * Both accounts have used similar idioms at their separate ANI cases. "pulling the headmistresses's skirt"
 * Further evidence is provided at the ANI complaint —  Cactus Writer (talk) 00:28, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments
per WP:DUCK. — Cactus Writer (talk) 00:29, 22 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
User:Shadow6461

Hello I'm shadow6461 I edit or sometimes make Pages. I'm also called Richard the fox

Nation: USA

Favorite music artists: frank Sinatra,Queen,the Beatles, Ray Charles,Michael Jackson,dean Martin,Johnny cash,and many more

Favorite nations: USA,UK,Japan

Favorite railways (USA) : Union Pacific, southern pacific,Pennsylvania railroad,New York central, Baltimore and Ohio, and Santa Fe

Favorite railways (none USA): jnr,jr (Japan) nswgr and Victorian railways (Australia) lms,southern,lner,gnr,ger,lnwr,lswr,gwr,Caledonian railway

Favorite anime: fairy tail,fullmetal alchemist,attack on Titan

title: User:Shadow6461


text:
gaie

Etymology
. Possibly onomatopoetic in origin. Also possibly from or less likely.

Noun

 * 1) kite (bird), specifically

title: gaie


text:
User:Chinoyhardik/sandbox

Highlight your text, then click here to format it with bold, italics, etc. The "More" options allows you to underline, add code snippets, and change language keyboards.

title: User:Chinoyhardik/sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/api.commerce.coinbase.com

Links

 * api.commerce.coinbase.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 1 additions out of 1 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/api.commerce.coinbase.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\bapi\.commerce\.coinbase\.com\b# ADMINNAME # see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/api.commerce.coinbase.com ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Frequency analysis, more concisely

The result of the debate was delete. Mailer Diablo 01:20, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Frequency analysis, more concisely
Original research. Xanzzibar 02:17, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Roy  boy cr ash  fan  [[Image:Flag_of_Texas.svg|30px]] 02:20, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 02:24, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom Bucketsofg 02:31, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 04:07, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as OR fork of Frequency analysis --Mmx1 04:34, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as OR fork per Mmx1. -- Kinu t /c  07:10, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research, o Etaoin Shrdlu. J I P  | Talk 14:21, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research. --Ter e nce Ong 14:40, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, NOR. ProhibitOnions 20:48, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete orires. Oliver Keenan
 * Keep NOT ORIGINAL it cites a book, doesn't say I did all this! This is cool as hell wtf is with all the deletes? --DragonWR12LB 07:03, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, cryptocruft and unnecessary fork. Haikupoet 03:44, 23 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Seminar in Tradecraft and HumInt

Part of the Strategic Studies curriculum

What is a Seminar?
A seminar style of learning involves students studying facets of an issue and teaching the other students. There is not considered to be a definitive body of knowledge on a seminar subject. On the contrary, the job of the students in a seminar is to collect references, do their own independent study, and bring that knowledge back into the seminar. This page will therefore be in a constant state of flux and addition as new students come in with their own study interests and flesh out the page more and more. Students with interest in given topics but without the resources or background to study those topics should request assistance below. People who can contribute to the discussion in any way should. Debate is encouraged. Occasionally, projects may be put up on this page to encourage students to debate given issues. Current events are always welcome in a seminar.

Pages the Seminar Should Develop
Please place the topics in which you have interest here. You and others can then flesh out the references for the topics and we can deepen the knowledge base of all seminar participants. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

Intelligence Tradecraft Topics: Surveillance & Counter Surveillance Acquiring Human Intelligence

Agnor, Francis. "The Interpreter as an Agent." Studies in Intelligence 4, no. 1 (Winter 1960): 21-27. In Inside CIA's Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency's Internal Journal, 1955-1992, ed. H. Bradford Westerfield, 29-34. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.

This article is not about the technical aspects of the interpreter's art, but rather focuses on the use of interpreters for intelligence collection in both domestic and foreign assignments. The author notes that the immediate information take from such assignments "is likely to be limited," while "the improvement of personal assets can be considerable."

The editor of the Yale University Press collection of articles from Studies in Intelligence stumbles somewhat with a throw-away line in the headnote to this article: "It may be obvious and time-honored ... that language interpreters are used for intelligence collection (and presumably also for some disinformation), yet the literature has neglected this practice." (p. 29) The editor's presumption is erroneous. There is nothing in Agnor's article that would encourage or support such a presumption, so it must originate solely with the editor. The statement betrays a lack of understanding, not just of the methods of intelligence, but of good practice, tradecraft, and common sense.

Bolfrone, Kenneth E. "Intelligence Photography." Studies in Intelligence 5, no. 2 (Spring 1961): 9-16.

Westerfield: Even amateurs may have occasion "to photograph a scene that may be useful to intelligence. Here is how to do it, with ordinary equipment."

Brigane, David V. "Credentials -- Bona Fide or False." Studies in Intelligence 4, no. 1 (Fall 1960): 37-49.

"As a tool in the investigation of enemy agents, document analysis can be used to great advantage not only in making an initial detection but in the handling of known agents, inducing them to talk and confirming or refuting their statements.... Document analysis ... can be equally valuable in determining the reliability of one's own agents and in assessing their reports and missions."

Brugioni, Dino. "Spotting Photo Fakery." Studies in Intelligence 13, no. 1 (Winter 1969): 57-67.

Westerfield: "A guide for the layman."

Bull, George G. "The Elicitation Interview." Studies in Intelligence 14, no. 2 (Fall 1970): 115-122. In Inside CIA's Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency's Internal Journal, 1955-1992, ed. H. Bradford Westerfield, 63-69. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.

Elicitation seeks "to obtain information without giving the subject the feeling that he is being interrogated." The author interviewed West German scientists "in order to determine the nature and extent of their contacts behind the Iron Curtain." The purpose of his efforts was to identify individuals with some potential for being recruited as agents. The article discusses some "practical problems" attendant to these kinds of interviews.

Bury, Jan. "From the Archives: The U.S. and West German Agent Radio Ciphers." Cryptologia 31, no. 4 (Oct. 2007): 343-357.

Abstract: This article presents a "translation of an in-house research paper of the communit Polish counterintelligence depicting the ciphers and the one-way radio communications patterns used by the U.S. and West German intelligence services against Poland in the 1960s and early 1970s."

Constantinides, George C. "Tradecraft: Follies and Foibles." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1, no. 4 (1986): 97-110.

Compendium of egregious lapses in tradecraft, across time and borders.

Cooper, H.H.A., and Lawrence J. Redlinger. Making Spies: A Talent Spotter's Handbook. Boulder, CO: Paladin, 1986.

Peake, IJI&C 4.1: "[E]xamples of the authors' lack of grasp of their subject abound."

Copeland, Miles. Without Cloak or Dagger: The Truth about the New Espionage. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974.

Petersen notes that Copeland's views on CIA operations are "held unreliable by some experts."

According to Ameringer, U.S. Foreign Intelligence (1990), p. 9, Copeland's book is "one of the few works of nonfiction to concentrate upon the techniques of spying.... Though Copeland's book received unfavorable reviews for hyperbole and allegedly inaccurate details about specific operations, he himself is a former clandestine operator, knowledgeable in tradecraft, and he conveys the sense of espionage as an art, stressing the human factor."

Czajkowski, Anthony F. "Techniques of Domestic Intelligence Collection." Studies in Intelligence 3, no. 1 (Winter 1959): 69-83. In Inside CIA's Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency's Internal Journal, 1955-1992, ed. H. Bradford Westerfield, 51-62. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.

The focus here is on gathering information from U.S. businesspeople, scientists, and academicians with contacts or who travel in denied areas, and from refugees who have settled in the United States. The article was written while this activity was still handled by Contact Division of the old Office of Operations. There are some good, common-sense thoughts about information elicitation expressed here.

Dimmer, John P., Jr. "Observations on the Double Agent." Studies in Intelligence 6, no. 1 (Winter 1962): 57-72. In Inside CIA's Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency's Internal Journal, 1955-1992, ed. H. Bradford Westerfield, 437-449. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.

Dimmer closes his article with some "Do's and Don'ts" of running double-agent operations.

Duffy, Michael, and Timothy J. Burger. "NOC, NOC. Who's There? A Special Kind of Agent." Time, 27 Oct. 2003, 36-37.

"Some Bush partisans have suggested that the outing of Plame is no big deal.... But the facts tell otherwise. Plame was, for starters, a former NOC -- that is, a spy with nonofficial cover who worked overseas as a private individual with no apparent connection to the U.S. government. NOCs are among the government's most closely guarded secrets, because they often work for real or fictive private companies overseas and are set loose to spy solo. NOCs are harder to train, more expensive to place and can remain undercover longer than conventional spooks. They can also go places and see people whom those under official cover cannot. They are in some ways the most vulnerable of all clandestine officers, since they have no claim to diplomatic immunity if they get caught."

Hansen, James H. "RX: Intelligence Communications -- Use Acronyms, Allegories, and Metaphors Only as Directed." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 2, no. 1 (Spring 1988): 21-26.

Hart, John Limond. The CIA's Russians. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003.

In the "Foreword" (ix), William E. Colby noted that the author brought the approach of a "professional intelligence operator who also is a scholar" to this work. "[H]is depiction comes from many years of involvement in the recruitment, management, and sometimes even psychological counseling of real spies."

Peake, I&NS 19.2, finds that "[d]espite the relatively small sample of cases, Hart combines his experience and access to the case files to reach some first-order conclusions. They are important though not surprising." Seamon, Proceedings, Aug. 2003, adds that the author spices his stories "with illuminating insights commendably free from any taint of professional jargon."

Jonkers, AFIO WIN 20-03, 27 May 2003, calls this an "[o]utstanding book. Get a feel for what these spies were really like as human beings. Good, useful reading."

In his review, Joseph C. Evans, IJI&C 17.3, focuses on Hart's handling of Yuri Nosenko and James J. Angleton, and finds little to please in the book. Evans believes that an "unstated but blatant purpose of the book is to defend Nosenko.... A second, yet by no means secondary underlying purpose ... is to denigrate" Angleton. "Instead of helping the intelligence historian or the current case officer, Hart has transformed the CIA's Cold War operations into mere polemics."

Hubest, Alfred. "Audiosurveillance." Studies in Intelligence 4, no. 3 (Summer 1960): 39-46.

"During the past 10 years there has been a great new surge in the use of audiosurveillance by intelligence services. This phenomenon can be attributed in large part to the development of improved listening, transmitting, and recording devices, new installation tools and techniques, a systematized operational approach to making audio installations, and advances in rapid processing and full exploitation of the take."

Hurley, John A. "A Technique for Coastal Infiltration." Studies in Intelligence 6, no. 3 (Summer 1962): 25-28.

"A submarine escape procedure applied to clandestine penetration." The method described is "buoyant ascent from a submerged submarine." (italics in original) Paul X. Kelley, "Coastal Infiltration and Withdrawal," Studies in Intelligence 7, no.2 (Spring 1963): A13-A17, discusses some of the complications involved in using the buoyant ascent technique for debarking agent personnel from a submerged submarine.

Inquirer. "The Practice of a Prophet." Studies in Intelligence 6, no. 4 (Fall 1962): A29-A41. In Inside CIA's Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency's Internal Journal, 1955-1992, ed. H. Bradford Westerfield, 83-92. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.

The author recounts the story of Ernst Hilding Andersson, who spied for the Soviet Union against his native Sweden from 1949 to 1951. The focus is on tradecraft practices and the capture of Andersson because of "the ineptitude of an ill-trained young case officer sent out from Moscow."

Kelley, Paul X. "Coastal Infiltration and Withdrawal." Studies in Intelligence 7, no.2 (Spring 1963): A13-A17.

The future Marine Corps Commandant discusses some of the complications involved in using the buoyant ascent technique for debarking agent personnel from a submerged submarine. See John A. Hurley, "A Technique for Coastal Infiltration," Studies in Intelligence 6, no. 3 (Summer 1962): 25-28.

Knobelspiesse, A.V. "Captain Stephan Kalman: A Classic Write-In Case." Studies in Intelligence 6, no. 4 (Fall 1962): A1-A13.

Westerfield: "What to do about a 'write-in' who never becomes a 'walk-in?'"

Langton, James. "CIA Fights to Hide Its Invisible Ink." Electronic Telegraph, 11 Apr. 1999.

"CIA lawyers say that classified First World War documents must not be made public because its spies still use the ink to send secret messages.... The formula is the oldest classified document still banned from public viewing at the National Archives." The judge who heard the freedom of information request in a Washington court in March "agreed, ordering the six files relating to the invisible ink kept secret until 2020."

McCadden, Harvey B. "Cover in Unconventional Operations." Studies in Intelligence 5, no. 3 (Summer 1961): 31-35.

Cover is one "consideration to be weighed in connection with any examination or re-examination of the modus of unconventional operations." It "must be treated as an integral part of the plan for the conduct of any clandestine operation.... [T]he conduct of the operation must be shaped to fit its cover legend."

Mineur, Michael L. "Defense Against Communist Interrogation Organizations." Studies in Intelligence 13, no. 4 (Fall 1969): 49-74.

The advance preparations of endangered agents "are very often decisive in determining the outcome" of any resistance effort. "The agent must be prepared physically, organizationally, and mentally."

Northridge, A. R. "The Selectively Reluctant Informant." Studies in Intelligence 11, no. 3 (Summer 1967): 107-110.

"In debriefing an informant,... one must always take care lest he prove unreliable on some one point, possibly of little significance, for some obscure reason." The author debelops an example from his experience with the 14th USAAF in World War II.

Onate, Benjamin F. "Catch-as-Catch-Can Operations." Studies in Intelligence 20, no. 4 (Winter 1976): 27-29. In Inside CIA's Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency's Internal Journal, 1955-1992, ed. H. Bradford Westerfield, 93-96. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.

An account, probably notional, certainly fictionalized, of improvisation in agent handling, with lessons learned.

Ornstein, Jacob. "The Articulation of Babel." Studies in Intelligence 4, no. 4 (Fall 1960): A1-A9.

"Planning is the answer to the language problem of the intelligence service, planning based on a long-term view of predictable requirements."

Orr, Kenneth G. "Training for Overseas Effectiveness: A Survey." Studies in Intelligence 4, no. 4 (Fall 1960): A11-A21.

Reviews non-government programs to prepare Americans for various kinds of service abroad.

Pincus, Walter. "The Spies Who Are Really Out in the Cold." Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 22-28 Jan. 1996, 18-19.

"[O]ne of the most sensitive debates in the U.S. intelligence community is whether to step up the overseas use of NOCs ["nonofficial cover" officers], not only by the CIA but also by the Pentagon's Defense Humint Service and the FBI, both of which also can work abroad under cover." Pincus quotes a former official for a host of problems associated with the use of NOCs: expense, control difficulties, support costs and complexities, and stress on the individual, among others.

Pribbenow, Merle L. "The Man in the Snow White Cell: Limits to Interrogation." Studies in Intelligence 48, no. 1 (2004): 59-69

The author reviews the South Vietnamese and U.S. interrogation of Nguyen Tai, "the most senior North Vietnamese officer ever captured during the Vietnam War." His conclusion that there is no place for physical torture in the American ideal has much to recommend it.

Schnell, Jane. "Snapshots at Random." Studies in Intelligence 5, no. 2 (Summer 1961): 17-23.

"If you have a batch of photos taken anywhere abroad, properly identified and preferably with negatives, the [CIA Graphics] Register would like to look them over.... And if it knows in advance that you are going to have a tour in some less well frequented place, it may be interested enough ... to supply you with camera and film."

Stanton, George. "Defense Against Communist Interrogation Organizations." Studies in Intelligence 13, no. 4 (Fall 1969): 71-101. In Inside CIA's Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency's Internal Journal, 1955-1992, ed. H. Bradford Westerfield, 415-436. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.

This article constitutes a cogent manual on how to resist interrogation by counterintelligence organizations.

Steinmeyer, Walter. "Installation Penetration." Studies in Intelligence 6, no. 3 (Summer 1962): 47-54.

"Objectives and techniques of acquiring assets in East European official missions around the world."

Weiner, Tim. "Master Creator of Ghosts Is Honored by His Kind." New York Times, 19 Sep. 1997, A11 (N).

At an 18 September 1997 ceremony at CIA Headquarters, Tony Mendez, a retired technical services officer, was honored as "one of 50 all-time stars of the spy trade.... He helped create the escape plan, the false identities and the disguises that got six Americans out of revolutionary Teheran while others were held hostage in 1980."

Weiser, Benjamin. A Secret Life: The Polish Officer, His Covert Mission, and the Price He Paid to Save His Country. New York: PublicAffairs, 2004. New York: PublicAffairs, 2004. [pb]

The paperback edition includes a brief addition to the "Postscript" noting Kuklinski's death on 11 February 2004 and the return of his ashes to Poland.

Clark comment: This may be the best book on human intelligence ever published. The people -- on both sides of the case officer/spy tandem -- are real people. The author allows their humanness to come through in both their words and actions. The dilemmas faced by Kuklinski and his handlers are presented in such a way that even those who have never had to face such decisions can readily understand and even identify with the potential harm that could come from a wrong move. The use of tradecraft -- the excellent use of tradecraft -- by the CIA officers and Kuklinski is carefully blended into the fabric of the story and is not overstated. Tradecraft is given the appropriate appearance of being little more than a normal part of the life of those who have to live by what otherwise would be rather strange-seeming activities. As Tom Troy says in Studies 48.2, "A Secret Life is a joy to read. Col. Ryszard Kuklinski is a hero, and Benjamin Weiser has written a great book about him." See also, my review in Defense Intelligence Journal 16.2 (2007): 155-156.

Eisner, Washington Post, 25 Apr. 2004, comments that "this well-done biography ... reveals the passions and tensions faced by Polish leaders under the thumb of Moscow during the 1970s and '80s. Weiser has produced a fascinating portrayal of Kuklinski, who decided that the best way to serve Polish nationalism was to become a spy for the West." The author's "lively narrative describes Kuklinski's nine years working for U.S. intelligence, converting interviews and a mountain of documentation into a page-turner."

For Jajko, Intelligencer 14.1, this is "a lucid, tightly organized book" and "a magnificent tale." The author's "narrative flows smoothly, explaining clearly and concisely all the main events of Colonel Kuklinski's double life without descent into tedious detail."

Troy, Studies 48.2 (2004), says the author's "riveting account .. of Kuklinski's life as a spy is superb; it should be 'must reading' for anybody interested in intelligence matters, the Cold War, or simply a good read.... Weiser never introduces extraneous material, embellishes the story, or speculates about what people were thinking, saying, and doing.... Col. Ryszard Kuklinski is a hero, and Benjamin Weiser has written a great book about him."

To Fischer, IJI&C18.1 (Spring 2005), this book offers insights into CIA tradecraft in "denied areas." However, Weiser approaches Kuklinski's story "from a human-interest angle and with a strong desire to recount the life of a courageous man to whom his Polish countrymen and Americans owe a debt of gratitude."

Chapman, IJI&C 18.2 (Summer 2005), reminds us that this "book was the first to detail the secret tradecraft used to run an agent deep inside the Iron Curtain in the face of competent counterintelligence police." This review is well worth reading as an essay on the subject of its title: See Robert D. Chapman, "Patriot or Traitor?" International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 18, no. 2 (Summer 2005): 364-374.

For Hansen, JIH 5, no. 2 (Winter 2005), Weiser's "is an important work done by a writer who ... has a fascinating way of telling an ex[c]iting story." Arnold, AIJ 24 (2006), finds the book "more engaging and much easier to read than many biographies that examine complicated and covert lives." In addition, Weiser "offers much to students of HUMINT tradecraft."

Szalacha, I&NS 22.2 (Apr. 2007), calls Weiser's work "an eminently readable volume that tells a controversial story in a relatively straightforward fashion." In what seems to be a rather strange interpretation, the reviewer thinks that A Secret Life "was written with an eye to glorifying the CIA as an institution, rather than to praise or vindicate Kuklinski."

Weiser's remarks to a CIRA luncheon on 6 October 2004 are well worth reading. See "Speech by Ben Weiser," CIRA Newsletter 26, no. 4 (Winter 2004): 3-14.

White, Ralph K. "Empathy as an Intelligence Tool." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1, no. 1 (Spring 1986): 57-75.

Wiant, John. A. "Reflections on Mail-Order Tradecraft: The Sears Catalog." Studies in Intelligence 37, no. 5 (1994): 59-61.

The author finds an alternative way to pay indigenous agents in Vietnam in 1966-1967.

An Introduction to Tradecraft

 * | Sleepers to Walk-ins

Articles on Tradecraft

 * The Moscow Rules - The seminal guideline on conducting human intelligence gathering.

title: Seminar in Tradecraft and HumInt


text:
Electronics/Amplifiers

Circuit Models for Amplifiers
Amplifier is a electronic device that increases the voltage, current or power of a signal. And amplifier used to wireless communication system and broadcasting and audio equipment of all kinds.

Amplifier are generally put in four categories These models apply irrespective of the complexity of the internal circuit of the amplifier. The values of the model parameters can be found either by analyzing the amplifier circuit or by performing measurements at the amplifier teminals.
 * 1) voltage amplifier,
 * 2) current amplifier,
 * 3) transresistance amplifier and
 * 4) transconductance amplifier.

The model for a voltage amplifier is shown in figure 1. Real amplifiers have input and output resistance. This is reflected in the model.

 * Figure 1: A Voltage Amplifier.

Gain
Gain is the increase in the strength of a signal and is often expressed in decibels (dB). An increase of 3 dB is about equal to doubling in a linear scale. A gain of more than 1 is called amplification, while a gain of less than 1 is called Attenuation.

Gain is given different symbols depending of the type. For No load gains
 * Voltage gain is Avo,
 * Current gain Aio,
 * Transconductance Gm
 * Transresistance Rm.

Using the model, the gain with a load can be calculated.

Common Emitter

QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
 * Current Gain: ..... HIGH
 * Voltage Gain: ..... HIGH
 * Power Gain:  ..... HIGH
 * Input Impedance: ... AVERAGE
 * Output Impedance:... AVERAGE

QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS Input Resistance(base): Zb=β×re' -> β: Current Gain (Ic/Ib), where 'Ic' is Colector DC current and 'Ib' is DC Base current; -> re': Base-Emitter dynamic resistor (Ut/Ie), where Ut is thermal voltage(≈25mV at 25°C) and 'Ie' is DC emitter current; Input Resistance(general): Zg= Zb || R1 || R2, where R1 and R2 are the same as the picture above.

Common Collector

QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS Current Gain: ..... HIGH Voltage Gain: ..... ≈1 Power Gain:  ..... LOW Input Resistance: ... HIGH Output Resistance:... LOW

Common Base

QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS Current Gain: ..... ≈1 Voltage Gain: ..... HIGH Power Gain:  ..... AVERAGE Input Resistance: ... LOW Output Resistance:... HIGH

FET Configurations
As with BJT configurations, there are three FET configurations, each one corresponding to one of the terminals of the transistor.

Biased Voltage Class
Transistors may be biased in a variety of classes. A trade off of linearity and power consumption is usually made where a Class A

Class A
The transistor is "on" all the time. We say 360 degrees of conduction, representing an entire period of the sine waveform. Ideally, this class produces very little distortion, however consumes a lot of power and is also least preferred.

This is the most linear of the classes, meaning the output signal is a truer representation of what was imputed. Here are the characteristics of the class: 1. The output device (transistor) conducts electricity for the entire cycle of input signal. In other words, they reproduce the entire waveform in its entirety. 2. These amps run hot, as the transistors in the power amp are on and running at full power all the time. 3. There is no condition where the transistor(s) is/are turned off. That doesn't mean that the amplifier is never or can never be turned off; it means the transistors doing the work inside the amplifier have a constant flow of electricity through them. This constant signal is called "bias". 4. Class A is the most inefficient of all power amplifier designs, averaging only around 20%.

Because of the way they are usually designed, Class A amplifiers are very inefficient. They do not need to be built in this way, but for every watt of output power, they can typically waste 4-5 watts as heat. They are usually very large, heavy and because of the 4-5 watts of heat energy released per watt of output, they run very hot, needing lots of ventilation (not at all ideal for a car, and rarely acceptable in a home). This is not due to the amplifier type, but the fact that even many design engineers do not fully understand how they work and often copy their designs from previous ones. The upside is that these amps are the most enjoyed of all amplifiers. When properly designed, the Class A amp gives the best representation of musical detail, with no clipping of the waveform. As a result the sound is cleaner and more linear; that is, it contains much lower levels of distortion.

They are the most accurate of all amps available, but at greater cost to manufacture, calling for tight tolerances and additional components for cooling and heat regulation.

Class AB
The transistor is "on" for slightly more than half the cycle (>180 degrees) of a sine wave and is the most common configuration used in push-pull audio power amplifiers. In push-pull amplifiers, Class AB produces mostly odd order distortion, however it is far more power efficient than Class A. Odd order distortion is not considered pleasing to hear in audio power amplifiers. This distortion can easily be removed with the addition of a simple negative feedback loop into the system as shown by the diagram below:

This type of amplifier is extremely easy to build and is the industry standard for audio amplifiers.

Issues with this type of amplifier include poor efficiency, size and cost. A typical class ab amplifier will have a power efficiency of 40-80%. Because of this they require large heat sinks to cool the transistors, this also increases the cost of the amplifier due to the extra material to create these heat sinks.

This is the compromise of the bunch. Class AB operation has some of the best advantages of both Class A and Class B built-in. Its main benefits are sound quality comparable to that of Class A and efficiency similar to that of Class B. Most modern amp designs employ this topology.

Its main characteristics are: In fact, many Class AB amps operate in Class A at lower output levels, again giving the best of both worlds The output bias is set so that current flows in a specific output device for more than a half the signal cycle but less than the entire cycle. There is enough current flowing through each device to keep it operating so they respond instantly to input voltage demands. In the push-pull output stage, there is some overlap as each output device assists the other during the short transition, or crossover period from the positive to the negative half of the signal.

There are many implementations of the Class AB design. A benefit is that the inherent non-linearity of Class B designs is almost totally eliminated, while avoiding the heat-generating and wasteful inefficiencies of the Class A design. And as stated before, at some output levels, Class AB amps operate in Class A. It is this combination of good efficiency (around 50) with excellent linearity that makes class AB the most popular audio amplifier design.

There are quite a few excellent Class AB amps available. This is the design I recommended for most general-use applications in home and car. Usually, parts choice rivals that of Class A amps, and dollar for dollar these are some of the best values in stereo amplification. There can be some variation in design principle, but generally these are well-designed amps since their function is very well-understood by audio designers.

Class B
The transistor is "on" for only half the cycle (exactly 180 degrees) of a sine wave and is also very typically used in push-pull amplifier circuits. Ideally this class produces mostly odd order distortion. In audio applications it is believed that odd order distortion is not pleasing to hear. It is difficult to build a low distortion Class B amplifier and hence Class AB is almost universal.

In this amp, the positive and negative halves of the signal are dealt with by different parts of the circuit. The output devices continually switch on and off. Class B operation has the following characteristics: The input signal has to be a lot larger in order to drive the transistor appropriately. This is almost the opposite of Class A operation There have to be at least two output devices with this type of amp. This output stage employs two output devices so that each side amplifies each half of the waveform. [li Either both output devices are never allowed to be on at the same time, or the bias (remember, that trickle of electricity?) for each device is set so that current flow in one output device is zero when not presented with an input signal. Each output device is on for exactly one half of a complete signal cycle.

These amps run cooler than Class A amps, but the sound quality is not as pure, as there is a lot of "crossover" distortion, as one output device turns off and the other turns on over each signal cycle.

This type of amplifier design, or topology, gives us the term "push-pull," as this describes the tandem of output devices that deliver the audio signal to your speakers: one device pushes the signal, the other pulls the signal. They can be less expensive, because one can use two cheap output devices instead of one high-quality one in the design.

As I mentioned before, the input signal has to be lot larger, meaning that from the amplifier input, it needs to be "stepped up" in a gain stage, so that the signal will allow the output transistors to operate more efficiently within their designed specifications. This means more circuitry in the path of your signal, degrading sound even before it gets to the output stage

Class C
The transistor is "on" less than half the cycle of a sine wave. We say <180 of conduction. This class produces both even and odd order distortion, however is very efficient.

Class D
The class D amp has been developed after the short-comings of past generations, including classes A, B, AB, and C. Many people mistake the D as standing for digital. Although it is a “switching” amp, meaning it turns “on” and “off” at a specific frequency, it is a wrong assumption. D was simply the next letter in the alphabet. Consuming the least power out of its previous generations, the class D amps are generally smaller, making them ideal for mobile devices. It is because of their power efficiency, small size, and cheaper costs that the class D amps are quickly becoming the new industry standard for audio electronic. Companies such as Advanced Analog, Texas Instruments as well as other companies have released 50W stereo class d amplifiers that are the size of a penny and did not require any sort of heat sinking, something that was not possible with other types of amplifiers.

The basic design includes two MOSFET transistors in series, one pFET and one nFET being driven by a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal. Because of the properties of MOSFET transistors they are either fully on or fully off. When the transistor is off and the current is zero (so the amount of power wasted heating up the transistor is zero), or the transistor is fully on and the voltage across it is very close to zero (so the amount of power wasted heating up the transistor is again, very close to zero).

Because an analog signal needs to be transformed into a PWM signal a certain amount of distortion can occur, but the amount of distortion can be minimized. Because a PWM signal is very much like a digital signal, the sampling theorem states that if the sampling frequency is more than half the maximum frequency of the source it can be reproduced exactly. For audio signals the maximum frequency heard by humans is roughly 20kHz, so a PWM generator would only need to provide a minimum switching frequency of 40kHz. Because of the availability of faster components many class d amplifier designers will use switching frequencies closer to 400kHz to further reduce the distortion.

Issues of concern with a class d amplifier include electromagnetic emissions. Due to the presence of a medium frequency signal in the circuit, steps must be taken to reduce the emission of these signals that could interfere with other electronic devices.

Class E
(oops, class D again?) Switching amplifier These amplifiers are erroneously called "digital" amplifiers by the press and many audio "experts." Here's the skinny on Class D: While some Class D amps do run in true digital mode, using coherent binary data, most do not. They are better termed "switching" amplifiers, because here the output devices are rapidly switched on and off at least twice for each cycle. Depending on their switching frequency, they may be "switched on" or "off" millions of times a second. Class D operation is theoretically 100% efficient, but in practice, they are closer to 80-90% efficiency. This efficiency gain is at the cost of high-fidelity.

Think of Class D amps as being similar to a switchable power supply, but with audio signals controlling, or modulating, the switching action. To do this, you use a technology called Pulse Width Modulation (or PWM, a technology found in many CD players).

According to experts, audio signals can be used to modulate a PWM system to create a high power audio amplifier at fairly low voltages using very small components. Class D audio uses a fixed, high frequency signal having pulses that vary in width based on input signal amplitude. So, for example, a deep bass note creates a large pulse in the carrier signal. This can be translated into a musical signal by the on/off nature of the output devices.

Class D amplifiers are generally used for non-high-fidelity, or subwoofer applications.

There is a fifth (and, nominally, a sixth) class of amplifier, but they are rarely seen in practice in the consumer market. One is the Class G and the other Class H. These are similar in design to Class AB topologies, but both feature two power supplies that switch on or off, depending on the musical signal imputed. Using two power supplies improves efficiency enough to allow significantly more power for a given size and weight. Class G is becoming common for pro audio designs. Class H amps are designed to use the same topology as Class G, but it provides just enough voltage for optimum operation of the output devices. Again, its an attempt to increase efficiency, but at the expense of fidelity ultimately.

title: Electronics/Amplifiers


text:
Artibeus schwartzi

Artibeus schwartzi, or Schwartz's fruit-eating bat, is a species of bat found in the Lesser Antilles. It was previously considered a subspecies of the Jamaican fruit bat, (A. jamaicensis). It has been hypothesized that it arose from hybridization of three Artibeus species: A. jamaicensis, A. planirostris, and an unknown third species.

Taxonomy and etymology
A. schwartzi was described as a new subspecies of the Jamaican fruit bat in 1978. In 2007, however, Larsen et al. determined that A. schwartzi should be recognized as a full species based on genetic data. The eponym for the species name "schwartzi" is in honour of American biologist Albert Schwartz.

Biology and ecology
It is likely frugivorous.

Range and habitat
It is endemic to the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean Sea. Its range includes Barbados, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. It has been documented at elevations up to 120 m above sea level.

Conservation
As of 2016, it is assessed as a data deficient species by the IUCN. Very little is known about this species, and its population size and trend are unknown.

title: Artibeus schwartzi


text:
Σινώπη

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) Sinope, a woman in Greek mythology
 * 2) Sinope, Paphlagonia; Sinop, Turkey

Descendants

 * Ottoman Turkish
 * Turkish:
 * Ottoman Turkish
 * Turkish:

title: Σινώπη


text:
Talk:Italian Army enlisted military ranks

--- Correct Italian Army Ranks and NATO Codes ---

The correct army ranks are:

OR-9 Primo Maresciallo Luogotenente, OR-9 Primo Maresciallo, OR-9 Maresciallo Capo, OR-8 Maresciallo Ordinario, 0R-8 Maresciallo 0R-6 Sergente Maggiore Capo OR-6 Sergente Maggiore, OR-5 Sergente, OR-4 Caporale Maggiore Capo, OR-4 Caporale Maggiore Scelto, OR-4 Caporale Maggiore, OR-3 Caporale Scelto, OR-2 Caporale, OR-1 Soldato

--<IP_ADDRESS> 19:45, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Here is a link to the current Italian Army ranks and Insignia - the NATO rank codes in this article are clearly incorrect:

http://www.esercito.difesa.it/root/equipaggiamenti/gradi_270906.pdf<IP_ADDRESS> 13:43, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge the articles
There are now 3 articles about the Italian Army ranks: One has all ranks, but no text (Italian Army Ranks), the two other have text, but lack all the Warrant Officers. These three articles need to be merged in one. If no one else does it, I will do it- BUT I would like to know first what layout style should be used: either the one in Italian Army Ranks, which I translated from the Italian version or should it be in this style: Spanish Army Ranks??? noclador 22:34, 31 May 2007 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history/Coordinators/September 2020

Election page up
G'day ok, this page and its subpages are up now. Feel free to indicate your intention to run again in the table. Cheers, Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 07:16, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I should have added that I'll do a mass message on the 1st and 14th to prompt nominations and voting (and maybe one on the 27th for last-minute voters), plus a notice on the announcements page. I'll also mention it in The Bugle. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 07:45, 17 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Why 10 dimensions

 * "Conformal invariance (including "scale invariance") is related to the fact that points on the surface of a string's world sheet need not be evaluated in a particular order. " -- I cannot see how the two are related.--Hillgentleman|User talk:hillgentleman 08:53, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I have no idea. I just tried to reproduce the argument given by Kaku in his book "Hyperpace". If someone who understands what "Conformal invariance" is read the book, they might have a better understanding of what Kaku was saying. --JWSchmidt 22:55, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Why 10 dimensions


text:
Mounika

Vijaya Rekha, known by her stage name Mounika, is an Indian film and television actress who appeared in South Indian films and Tamil television serials. She was the third wife of director Balu Mahendra.

Personal life
Mounika was living together with Balu Mahendra. Balu Mahendra has confirmed his relationship with Mounika in many of his interviews and also in his blog. They started living together in 1996 and married in 1998, but went public about their marriage only in 2004.

Film career
Mounika was introduced by Balu Mahendra in the film Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal that was released in 1985.

Films

 * Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.

title: Mounika


text:
Tomos Moped/Protection

U-locks designed for bicycles are popular for locking the rear tire. Kryptonite locks are popular to locking your moped to an immovable object, such as a rail or tree.

Kill switches can be installed, making it difficult to start. Always use your gas cut-off switch.

Remember to register your vehicle and at the minimum get its VIN.

title: Tomos Moped/Protection


text:
User:Charliebelkowitz/Evaluate an Article

Evaluate an article
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article: (link) Kosher restaurant
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Lead

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Lead evaluation

 * The lead of this article includes a clear, and concise description of the multiple topics discussed within it. It also includes short descriptions of all the major sections/ subtopics that are contain important information. The lead does not include any information that is not referenced in the article, keywords in the lead work as links to other sections of the article. This article has a good mix of concise, and detailed information that is presented in a way that is not overwhelming, or difficult to interpret.

Content

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Content evaluation
All of the content in this article is relevant to the topic, and the information is relatively up to date. There are multiple articles cited that were published 2017. There is no missing content from this article, and this is due to its unbiased nature. The article includes controversies, and supporting arguments which supplies a wealth of information.

Tone and Balance

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Tone and balance evaluation
The article is neutral, and this is because of how it does not refrain from exposing many controversies that would't be referenced in a biased article. Because of this there are no claims that are too heavily biased. No viewpoints are overrepresented, or underrepresented, and this is because the article simply explains facts, and context that is accurate, and precise. Because of how many facts, and its wealth of historical context, this article presents facts, and does not try to persuade the reader in any way, if anything this article promotes the reader to take in the information, and develop their own opinion.

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Sources and references evaluation
All facts that are presented in this article are properly backed up with multiple sources of information. The sources are thorough, and include a variety of articles, journals, and websites. Most of the sources are current, the most recent being from 2017. It would make this article stronger if there were some sources from the current year. All of the links I checked work, and were directly related to the subject that the article contains.

Organization

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Organization evaluation
This article is pretty well written, it is definitely concise, and easy to read, but the writing itself doesn't necessarily stand out in an interesting way. It is free of grammatical, and spelling errors which strengthens it overall. The article is very well organized, and it is properly broken down into easily digestible information. The way it is organized makes the major topics really easy to understand, and the major points are made completely clear.

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text:
2020 Euroformula Open Championship

The 2020 Euroformula Open Championship was a multi-event motor racing championship for single-seater open wheel formula racing cars that was held across Europe. The championship featured drivers competing in the new Dallara 320 car, which features the Halo safety device. It was the seventh Euroformula Open Championship season.

CryptoTower Racing Team driver Yifei Ye won the title after the second race at Barcelona, having won 11 races, 13 pole positions, 12 fastest lap.

Teams and drivers
All teams utilized the new Dallara 320 chassis.

 * Kris Wright was scheduled to compete with Fortec Motorsport but neither him or the team appeared at any rounds.

Race calendar
A nine-round provisional calendar was revealed on 11 October 2019. While Silverstone Circuit was not on this season's calendar, Autodromo di Pergusa was scheduled to debut as a Euroformula Open Championship round. An updated calendar was announced on 22 October 2019.

After the start of the season was delayed due to the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, a new 8-round calendar was announced on 21 May 2020. The round at Circuit de Pau-Ville, which was on the original schedule, was not run this season. On 3 June 2020 it was announced that the season opener at Hungaroring was moved back to 23–26 July. On 10 June 2020 the season opener was moved to 8–9 August, while the round at Autodromo di Pergusa was cancelled with plans to run there in 2021. Two of the eight rescheduled events will hold three races to compensate for the loss of one round. On 22 October, the planned season finale at Jarama was cancelled due to rising COVID-19 cases in Europe, and it was announced that Barcelona would hold four races instead.

Drivers' championship

 * Points were awarded as follows:

Only the fifteen best race results counted towards the championship.

Rookies' championship

 * Points were awarded as follows:

Teams' championship

 * Points were awarded as follows:

title: 2020 Euroformula Open Championship


text:
δια-

Etymology
Prefixing form of the preposition.

Prefix

 * 1) through, right through, across, over
 * 2) in different directions
 * : asunder, apart
 * 1) at variance
 * : one with another
 * : to the end, utterly, out
 * : thoroughly, out and out
 * : between, partly, somewhat
 * : one with another
 * : to the end, utterly, out
 * : thoroughly, out and out
 * : between, partly, somewhat
 * : to the end, utterly, out
 * : thoroughly, out and out
 * : between, partly, somewhat
 * : thoroughly, out and out
 * : between, partly, somewhat
 * : between, partly, somewhat

title: δια-


text:
1910 North Dakota gubernatorial election

The 1910 North Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1910. Incumbent Democrat John Burke defeated Republican nominee C. A. Johnson with 49.96% of the vote.

Primary elections
Primary elections were held on June 29, 1910.

Candidates

 * John Burke, incumbent Governor

Candidates

 * C. A. Johnson
 * J. A. Buchanan
 * Hans H. Aaker
 * George W. Wilson
 * Smith Stimmel

Candidates
Major party candidates
 * John Burke, Democratic
 * C. A. Johnson, Republican

Other candidates
 * I. S. Lampman, Socialist

County results
Results by county were as follows.


text:
User:Nafekhan

Nafe khan is an actor in bollywood /tollywood film industry and television personality,nafe khan born on 08/02/1989 8th February 1989 ,his film career spanning over ten years, include rajive gandhi internation award,maharashtra ratna award,dada saheb falke yatra awards,mahanagar global achiver awards for acting, He is ready to entertaining world. He has one yunger brother and His father is rediologist and mother social worker. Nafe khan first film was world cup 2011, which releasd in 2011,and second film as main lead mumbai shooters,in 2012,and third film AAHINSA which is releasd in 2014, Fourth film releasd in 2016 bhaag kaha tak bhagega. Fifth film faqt tujha sathi (marathi film) releasd in 2016. Pick pocket short film on Amazone prime in 2018. Releasd all film business was average. And few advertisment.like lafarge ciments,A.K jewelery ,shubhkamna jal,and prints advertisments. Some more films are under productions,and coming soon in thetare. Like ..Teri fitrat, Unfriend, mind game,socha na tha, Rajnandni, chopal dhamal,only for you.

title: User:Nafekhan