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Marius the Epicurean

Marius the Epicurean: his sensations and ideas is a historical and philosophical novel by Walter Pater (his only completed full-length fiction), written between 1881 and 1884, published in 1885 and set in 161–177 AD, in the Rome of the Antonines. It explores the intellectual development of its protagonist, a young Roman of integrity, in his pursuit of a congenial religion or philosophy at a time of change and uncertainty that Pater likened to his own era. The narration is third-person, slanted from Marius's point of view, added to which are various interpolated discourses, ranging from adaptations of classical and early Christian writings to Marius’s diary and authorial comment.

Plot summary
Marius, a sensitive only child of a patrician family, growing up near Luna in rural Etruria, is impressed by the traditions and rituals of the ancestral religion of the Lares, by his natural surroundings, and by a boyhood visit to a sanctuary of Aesculapius. His childhood ends with the death of his mother (he had early lost his father) and with his departure for boarding school in Pisae.

As a youth he is befriended by and falls under the influence of a brilliant, hedonistic older boy, Flavianus, who awakens in him a love of literature (the two read with delight the story of Cupid and Psyche in Apuleius, and Pater in due course makes Flavian, who is "an ardent student of words, of the literary art", the author of the Pervigilium Veneris). Flavian falls ill during the Festival of Isis and Marius tends him during his long death-agony (end of 'Part the First'). Grown to manhood, Marius now embraces the philosophy of the 'flux' of Heraclitus and the Epicureanism (or Cyrenaicism) of Aristippus. He journeys to Rome (166 AD), encountering by chance on the way a blithesome young knight, Cornelius, who becomes a friend. Marius explores Rome in awe, and, "as a youth of great attainments in Greek letters and philosophy", is appointed amanuensis to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Aurelius's Meditations on Stoicism and on Plato, and the public lectures of the rhetorician Fronto, open Marius' eyes to the narrowness of Epicureanism. Aurelius's indifference, however, to the cruelty to animals in the amphitheatre, and later to the torments inflicted on people there, causes Marius to question the values of Stoicism (end of 'Part the Second').

Disillusioned with Rome and the imperial court which seem "like some stifling forest of bronze-work, transformed as if by malign enchantment out of the living trees", puzzled by the source of Cornelius's serenity, still Epicurean by temperament but seeking a more satisfying life-philosophy, Marius makes repeated visits alone to the Campagna and Alban Hills, on one occasion experiencing in the Sabine Hills a sort of spiritual "epiphany" on a perfect day of peace and beauty (end of 'Part the Third').

Later he is taken by Cornelius to a household in the Campagna centred on a charismatic young widow, Cecilia, where prevails an atmosphere of peace and love, gradually revealing itself as a new religion with liturgy and rituals that appeal aesthetically and emotionally to Marius. The sense of purposeful community there, set against the persecution of Christians by the authorities and the competing philosophical systems in Rome, contributes to Marius' mood of isolation and emotional failure. Overshadowed by thoughts of mortality he revisits home and pays his respects to the family dead, burying their funerary urns, and sets out again for Rome in Cornelius's company. On the way the two are arrested as part of a sweep of suspected Christians. It emerges that only one of the young men is of this sect, and Marius, unbeknown to Cornelius, makes their captors believe it is he. Cornelius is set free, deceived into thinking that Marius will follow shortly. The latter endures hardship and exhaustion as he journeys captive towards Rome, falls ill, and dying is abandoned by his captors. "Had there been one to listen just then," Pater comments, "there would have come, from the very depth of his desolation, an eloquent utterance at last, on the irony of men's fates, on the singular accidents of life and death."

Marius is tended in his last days by some poor country people, secret believers who take him to be one of their own. Though he has shown little interest in the doctrines of the new faith and dies more or less in ignorance of them, he is nevertheless, Pater implies, "a soul naturally Christian" (anima naturaliter christiana ) and he finds peace in his final hours as he reviews his life: "He would try to fix his mind on all the persons he had loved in life, dead or living, grateful for his love or not. In the bare sense of having loved he seemed to find that on which his soul might 'assuredly rest and depend'. ... And again, as of old, the sense of gratitude seemed to bring with it the sense also of a living person at his side" (end of 'Part the Fourth').

Themes
Marius the Epicurean explores a theme central to Pater's thinking and already examined in his earlier Imaginary Portrait 'The Child in the House' (1878): the importance to the adult personality of formative childhood experiences. In addition, conscious of his growing influence and aware that the ‘Conclusion’ to his Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873) had been misconstrued as amoral, Pater set about clarifying his published ideas. As he states in the third edition of The Renaissance (1888), Marius the Epicurean "deal[s] more fully with thoughts suggested by" the 'Conclusion'. In particular Pater is careful in the novel to distinguish between 'hedonism', as usually understood, and Marius's cerebral, ascetic version of Epicureanism:
 * "How little I myself really need" (runs Marius' diary ), "when people leave me alone, with the intellectual powers at work serenely. The drops of falling water, a few wild flowers with their priceless fragrance, a few tufts even of half-dead leaves, changing colour in the quiet of a room that has but light and shadow in it ..."

Marius' quest exemplifies Pater's dictum that we should "be for ever testing new opinions, never acquiescing in a facile orthodoxy":
 * "Liberty of soul, freedom from all partial doctrine which does but relieve one element of our experience at the cost of another, freedom from all embarrassment alike of regret for the past and calculation for the future: this would be but the preliminary to the real business of education – insight, insight through culture into all that the present moment holds in trust for us, as we stand so briefly in its presence."

Thus the novel elaborates Pater's ideal of the aesthetic life – a life based on αἴσθησις, sensation, perception – and his theory of the stimulating effect of the pursuit of sensation and insight as an ideal in itself.

Centrally, Marius dedicates much time, and Pater much space, to examining the Meditations and character of Marcus Aurelius, who was warmly admired in the 19th century (by Niebuhr, Matthew Arnold, Renan, George Long and many others ) as a paragon of intellectual and moral virtue, but whose Stoicism Marius ultimately finds too bleak and lacking in compassion. The appeal of religion – whether ancestral paganism or primitive Christianity – is another major theme of the novel. Indeed the novel's opening and closing episodes betray Pater's continuing nostalgia for the atmosphere, ritual and community of the religious faith he himself had lost. Michael Levey, a biographer and editor of Pater, writes: "Pater is able to depict an early, pure Christianity, not yet sectarian, authoritarian, or established, which offers Marius a vision which is ideal because untarnished." Early Christianity, Pater notes, "had adopted many of the graces of pagan feeling and pagan custom ... So much of what Marius had valued most in the old world seemed to be under renewal and further promotion". Marius, however, having outgrown his childhood piety, dies before he has engaged intellectually with the doctrines of the new faith. He remains essentially Epicurean:
 * "For still, in a shadowy world, his deeper wisdom had ever been, with a sense of economy, with a jealous estimate of gain and loss, to use life, not as the means to some problematic end, but, as far as might be, from dying hour to dying hour, an end in itself – a kind of music, all-sufficing to the duly trained ear, even as it died out on the air."

His epiphany in the Sabine Hills, where he sensed a "divine companion" and the existence of a Platonic "Eternal Reason" or Cosmic Mind, is not a prelude to religious faith, though it continues to comfort him. Some readers take the novel at face value, as a conversion narrative; others may feel that Pater makes it hard for them to believe that Marius, with his acute, probing, restless mind, would have embraced Christian doctrines if he had examined them. Instead the novel remains open-ended, leaving us with a provisional ideal of 'aesthetic humanism' while bringing Marius, intuitively if not intellectually, to a Christian end.

Publishing history
Marius was favourably reviewed and sold well; a second edition with minor revisions came out in the same year (November 1885). For the third edition (1892) Pater made extensive stylistic revisions, this version being reprinted regularly until the early 1930s. An edition with introduction and notes by Anne Kimball Tuell was published by Macmillan, Pater's original publishers, in New York in 1929. Two further scholarly editions were published in the mid-1980s to mark the novel's centenary (see Editions below).

Critical reception
In an early review in Macmillan's Magazine the novelist Mary Ward praised "the great psychological interest" of the book, but identified as a weakness its tendency to depict Christianity from an aesthetic viewpoint, rather than presenting it as life's ultimate truth and reality. T. S. Eliot, with his Stoic and Christian sympathies, concurred in his influential 1930 essay.

More recently William F. Shuter has noted that "the lack of curiosity exhibited by Marius as to what was actually believed by the Christian community to which he is so strongly drawn" matched Pater's own lack of curiosity; it contrasts strongly with Marius' (and Pater's) keen interest in philosophy.

Harold Bloom writes, "Pater evaded the novel's ultimate problem by killing off Marius before the young man grasps the theological and moral exclusiveness of Christianity. Marius could not remain Marius and renounce [Epicureanism]. Whether Pater earns the structural irony of the novel's concluding pages, as a still-pagan Marius dies a sanctified Christian death, is legitimately questionable." Nevertheless Bloom praises Pater's integrity in his handling of Marius's epiphany in the Sabine Hills: "The self knows that it is joined to no immortal soul, yet now believes also that its own integrity can be at one with the system of forces outside it. By de-idealising the epiphany, Pater makes it available to the coming age."

Literary significance
As well as being of interest to students of Pater's ideas and personality (Marius's diary in Chapter XXV has a Montaigne-like candour unusual for Pater) Marius the Epicurean is of interest as "one of the more remarkable fictional experiments of the late nineteenth century". Pater's interspersing of narrative with classical and historical texts – borrowings acknowledged and unacknowledged, translations and adaptations – makes Marius the Epicurean an early example of a novel enriched by intertextuality. These fragments cover a range of discourses – narrative within narrative (from Apuleius), oration (by Fronto), formal dialogue (an abridgement of Lucian's Hermotimus), letters (Eusebius) – which, taken with other metafictional devices – the comparative lack of plot, action, characterisation, time-line and dialogue – make the novel "look forward beyond its century to modern works of fiction".

Trilogy
Pater conceived Marius as the first of "a trilogy of works of similar character, dealing with the same problems under altered historical conditions". He began work on the second novel, Gaston de Latour, set in turbulent late 16th-century France, shortly after finishing Marius, but it remained unfinished at his death.

In 1896, Pater's friend and literary executor, Charles Lancelot Shadwell, edited and published seven chapters of Gaston.

In 1995, Gerald Monsman published Gaston de Latour: The Revised Text, re-editing the seven chapters and editing the remaining six which Shadwell had withheld as too unfinished. "Through the imaginary portrait of Gaston and Gaston's historical contemporaries – Ronsard, Montaigne, Bruno, Queen Marguerite, King Henry III – Pater's fantasia confronts and admonishes the Yellow Nineties, Oscar Wilde not least."

In an 1891 review of The Picture of Dorian Gray in The Bookman, Pater had disapproved of Wilde's distortion of Epicureanism: "A true Epicureanism aims at a complete though harmonious development of man's entire organism. To lose the moral sense therefore, for instance the sense of sin and righteousness, as Mr. Wilde's heroes are bent on doing so speedily, as completely as they can, is ... to become less complex, to pass from a higher to a lower degree of development." Though unfinished, Gaston throws light on Pater's intentions in Marius, as well as further developing his experimental technique: "Dramatic action is filtered by memory, ideas, and multiple perspectives," writes Monsman, "dissolved so radically that the fictional protagonist seems almost to be reading about the age in which he lived."

The third novel in the trilogy was to have been set in England in the late 18th century.

Editions

 * Walter Pater, Marius the Epicurean, ed. Michael Levey (Penguin Classics, Harmondsworth, 1985); with introduction and notes.
 * Walter Pater, Marius the Epicurean, ed. Ian Small (World's Classics, Oxford, 1986); a facsimile text of the 1934 Everyman's Library edition, with new introduction and notes.

title: Marius the Epicurean


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CS Communication & Systèmes

CS Group, initially known as Communication & Systèmes (CS), is a French information-technology service company listed on the Paris Bourse as a member of the CAC Small index. The company designs information systems, develops and integrates software, manages projects and deploys industrial applications. Apart from that, it provides science, technology, and consulting services. CS Group is the French leader in air traffic control, the third-biggest supplier of traffic-management systems in the world and provides information technology consulting services.

The company's headquarters are in Paris, with 12 others located throughout France. Regional headquarters or subsidiaries are found in Germany, Romania, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, India, and the United States. CS Group has nearly 2,000 employees.

Defense, space and security
CS Group deploys command and control information systems, implementing open, interoperable and upgradeable solutions aligned with operational needs:

 * Operations command information systems: Air and naval defense, homeland security, and intelligence
 * Space systems and applications: Flight dynamics, space surveillance and environmental safety
 * Information and communication systems security: Simulation and virtual-reality systems, electronic warfare and mission-critical information systems
 * Security consulting: Audit, support and assistance and risk analysis
 * Technologies and systems for the detection and neutralization of light drones. Boreades, built around centralized supervision, can detect, identify and pursue drones, neutralize them, and recover them.
 * Products: Prelude (a SIEM), Vigilo (a network-supervision tool), PKI, time stamping and archiving

Diginext, a CS Group subsidiary, also produces and markets in the fields of:
 * Tactical data links
 * Simulation and virtual-reality systems
 * Navigation and geolocation systems
 * Electronic warfare
 * Mission-critical information systems

Aeronautics
CS Group supplies aircraft manufacturers with high-tech embedded systems and motor parts, providing product lifecycle management, simulators and tests.

Energy
In nuclear safety and radioactive waste management, CS Group produces high-performance simulators and creates specialized scientific software. The firm participated in creating simulator platforms for nuclear plants (including specialized simulators of EDF, the French electric company).

CS INDIA Bangalore
CS Group India Private Limited was started in 2011. CS provides engineering s, services to aircraft engine manufacturers. CS Communication & Systèmes designs, integrates and operates systems worldwide. It offers operations command information systems for joint armed forces, air defense and naval, homeland security, armed forces training, intelligence, and support and logistics information systems applications; space systems and applications for use in ground segment and space services, flight dynamics, space surveillance, and environmental safety; information and communication systems security solutions, such as audit, consulting, and design of secure architectures, as well as authentication services and cyber defense solutions. The company also provides Diginext products in the fields of tactical data links, simulation and virtual reality systems, navigation and geo-localization systems, electronic warfare, and mission-critical information systems. In addition, it offers digital design products, including HPC and simulation products, digital mock-ups, enterprise content management solutions, and product lifecycle management solutions, as well as simulators for engineering, training, and maintenance. The company provides embedded systems, such as NSS, FWS, FADEC, ATC/ATM, cockpit displays, etc.; engineering, development and integration, maintenance, testing, and certification services for aeronautics, automobiles, energy, mobile phones, railway transportation, etc.; and nuclear safety solutions for nuclear waste management, safety studies, and crisis centers, as well as supervision, command, and control. Further, it offers technical information systems comprising technical documentation and respect for production constraints; security systems for encryption and implementation in networking equipment, identification and validation, non-reversible transactions, data and interchange confidentiality, secured application flows, and rights management and attribution; and radio-telephone-intercom integrated solutions.

CS Inc
CS Group Inc was established in 2015 in East Hartford, CT to work with clients based in the United States. This is the company's first US branch and since its conception, it has secured several clients, including Pratt & Whitney and Triumph Engine Controls. The US branch now employs over 25 people, including software engineers, design engineers, and IPT leads who mainly work on Aircraft Engine design and Software Testing in accordance with DO-178B. CS Inc. has worked on several commercial engines, including the PW1100 for the Airbus A320 Neo, PW1500 for the Bombardier CS series and the PW1900 for the Embraer E-jets. More recent projects include military engines as well for which the company has formed a new military division.

Other activities
CS Group develops a computational fluid dynamics software solution based on the Lattice-Boltzmann method: ProLB. Low dissipation and dispersion errors combined with state-of-the-art turbulence modeling approaches (Large Eddy Simulations), allow ProLB to perform high-fidelity aeroacoustic and aerodynamic simulations of weakly compressible flows.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CS Communication & Systèmes


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BoAt

The result was delete. RL0919 (talk) 05:17, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

BoAt

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Fails WP:ORGCRIT and WP:CORPDEPTH. GSS (talk |c|em ) 05:10, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions. GSS  (talk |c|em ) 05:10, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. GSS  (talk |c|em ) 05:10, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete - would qualify for speedy deletion as a company not demonstrating any significance.  Velella  Velella Talk 12:25, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete - repeat what I said when PROD this: Fails WP:ORGCRIT requirements of in-depth coverage in multiple reliable sources. ☆ Bri (talk) 14:01, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete Article mention little about the company.Itsabouttech (talk) 18:59, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete Due to routine and public relation esque sources which show it doesn't have depth to pass WP:GNG or WP:NCORP. IlluminatingTrooper (talk) 06:02, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BoAt


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Talk:Irvine–Gass syndrome

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:45, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Irvine–Gass syndrome


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Talk:Kapiti Fine Foods

Untitled
why should this article be put up for speedy deletion when there are many other NZ company articles with even less supporting info that are still around?? KFF Ltd (and i am NOT and employee by the way) is important as it is a major producer of cheese and icecream in NZ and wins awards for its products

i have removed the speedy deletion tag as the article is not about a person, group of people, band or club. Goldfinger820 04:25, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kapiti Fine Foods


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Franck Mbarga

Franck Mbarga (born 9 January 1992) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Al Sahel SC in Kuwait. He also holds German citizenship.

Club career
He relocated to Bulgaria, signing a contract with Slavia Sofia in early 2015, where he remained until October of that year. On 28 January 2016, Mbarga became part of the 1461 Trabzon team. In July 2018, he moved to Lokomotiv Sofia. On 7 February 2020, Mbarge confirmed on his official Instagram profile, that he had signed for Al Sahel SC in Kuwait.

title: Franck Mbarga


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User:Vuara/The Alphabet is Historic

"Aleph" is the first letter in the Phoenician alphabet, and corresponds to our "A".

Original images and Phoenician type font courtesy of S. George Khalaf, A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia (linked through The Perseus Project).

Date Created: 11/25/03 Historical reference maps for Phoenicia, Greece, and Rome Alphabet interactives: Phoenician, Greek Alphabet animations The Alphabet is Historic: The Phoenicians and the Beginnings of the Alphabet Lesson One of Curriculum Unit:

The Alphabet is Historic

Introduction

Our first lesson will be about the Phoenicians, who invented the alphabet inherited by the Greeks, Romans, and eventually, us.

Guiding Questions: Who were the Phoenicians and where did they live? When and why did they invent the alphabet? What did their alphabet look like? Can we see some early forms of our own letters in this very old alphabet?

Learning Objectives: After completing this lesson students will be able to: Describe the Phoenicians as a trading people who lived long ago on the shores of the Mediterranean. Understand that the Phoenicians invented the first form of our alphabet. Say why the alphabet was important for the Phoenicians. Compare some of the Phoenician letters to our letters. Write a short paragraph (with the teacher or alone) on a topic related to learning or using the Phoenician alphabet.

Preparing to teach the lesson: The Phoenician Alphabet

A short narrative description of the Phoenicians is included below. You could use it, together with the maps and illustrations provided, to introduce your students to the Phoenicians. In order to do the activities outlined here you will need to download or project the The Phoenician World and the The NEH Phoenician Alphabet Page.

Other useful maps may be found at A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia. Click on “The Phoenician World with Cities “ and "Phoenician Land and Sea Voyages". Images of Phoenician ships can be also be downloaded at this site.

Project or Show the map of the Mediterranean as you introduce the Phoenicians.

Historical Introduction: The Phoenicians were a trading people who came from the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Their two main cities were Sidon and Tyre. They had very wonderful ships, built with timber from Lebanon, and they traded in all sorts of good things: metals, cloth, purple dye, fine jewelry and craft work, salt, wine and olives, grain, and many other things. The Phoenicians were sailors and city dwellers, and as they grew more and more prosperous and populous they did not spread out into the land as other people might. Rather, they founded many new cities, or colonies, all around the Mediterranean Sea. Be sure to show your students that some of these colonies were as distant from Phoenicia as the southern coast of Spain. You could also point out Carthage, in North Africa. Carthage was the most famous of the Phoenician colonies. It became a very powerful city, and later on in time it became Rome's adversary in a battle for dominance over the western Mediterranean.

Two Activities based on the Phoenician Alphabet Phoenician Alphabet Activity: Speak about the Phoenicians' extensive trading all around the Mediterranean and show your students some pictures of the Phoenician ships. Now use your map to show the students Tyre and Athens, Greece. (We'll be using Athens again in the Greek part of the unit.) Ask the children to pretend that they are Phoenician merchants trading purple cloth from Tyre for olive oil from Athens. They are stationed at Athens, and they must stay there to continue with their business. But they must also report back to Tyre about how much they've sold and what new supplies they will need. How will they send the message? (Answer: They will have to send a letter, probably with the next ship.) Then ask the students if the Phoenician traders could write a letter if they didn't have an alphabet. Using the NEH Phoenician Alphabet page the teacher could show the students the Phoenician alphabet. S/he could say something like: "Three thousand years ago, when the ancient Phoenicians wrote letters, this is the alphabet they used." Do the children recognize any of the old Phoenician letters? Several are easy to recognize once you see that the form is slightly different from what we are used to. Point out that A and S, for instance, are nearly the same as they are now, except that they are lying sideways ["S" is the second to last letter of this alphabet]. Again, the teacher could show the students that O looks just the same now as it did three thousand years ago, and so does T. Encourage your students to draw further comparisons. (Ask about the letters in the “D” and “E” position, for instance. Do they look somewhat familiar?)

Congratulate the children on being able to identify letters that are about 3,000 years old and come from a different language! Let the children count the letters and copy some of the strange ones. They'll see that this first alphabet has fewer letters than ours, and they will notice many other differences.

You could talk with the class about how things change form and appearance as they develop. For instance, you could ask the children if they think that they will look the same when they are 12, or when they're grown up, as they do now. Just like people, the alphabet changes its appearance over time.

Possible assignments: Ask the children to write (or write with them) a short story or descriptive paragraph about a Phoenician child who is learning the alphabet. Alternatively, write with them, or ask them to write, the letter the Phoenicians traders wrote back to Tyre. They could tell about their success at Athens and request more things to sell. Assessment Activity: Conclude the lesson by asking the children to identify Phoenicia and the Mediterranean Sea on the map. Can the children trace the route from Tyre to Athens? Can they show the Phoenician colonies? Ask the children what sorts of things the Phoenicians loaded onto their boats to trade.

Finally, ask the children who invented the alphabet that would someday become our alphabet. Why would a trading people need an alphabet? Can they remember some of the letters the Phoenicians invented that we still use?

Extending the Lesson: If any of your students suggested that it might be just as easy to write with pictures, there are two wonderful Just So stories by Rudyard Kipling—through the EDSITEment-reviewed Internet Public Library—that show in a very amusing way why it is so important to have letters. They are called "How the First Letter was Written" and "How the First Alphabet was Made". They would also be available in any collection of Kipling's stories for children.

Just So

"How the First Letter was Written" and "How the First Alphabet was Made"

Perseus Project

A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia

The Phoenician World with Cities

"Phoenician Land and Sea Voyages

Images of Phoenician ships

title: User:Vuara/The Alphabet is Historic


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Geometry/Right Triangles and Pythagorean Theorem

Right triangles
Right triangles are triangles in which one of the interior angles is 90o. A 90o angle is called a right angle. Right triangles have special properties which make it easier to conceptualize and calculate their parameters in many cases.

The side opposite of the right angle is called the hypotenuse. The sides adjacent to the right angle are the legs. When using the Pythagorean Theorem, the hypotenuse or its length is often labeled with a lower case c. The legs (or their lengths) are often labeled a and b.

Either of the legs can be considered a base and the other leg would be considered the height (or altitude), because the right angle automatically makes them perpendicular. If the lengths of both the legs are known, then by setting one of these sides as the base ( b ) and the other as the height ( h ), the area of the right triangle is very easy to calculate using this formula:

$$Area = \,$$(1/2)$$ b h \, $$

This is intuitively logical because another congruent right triangle can be placed against it so that the hypotenuses are the same line segment, forming a rectangle with sides having length b and width h. The area of the rectangle is b × h, so either one of the congruent right triangles forming it has an area equal to half of that rectangle.

Right triangles can be neither equilateral, acute, nor obtuse triangles. Isosceles right triangles have two 45° angles as well as the 90° angle. All isosceles right triangles are similar since corresponding angles in isosceles right triangles are equal. If another triangle can be divided into two right triangles (see ../Triangle/), then the area of the triangle may be able to be determined from the sum of the two constituent right triangles. Also the Pythagorean theorem can be used for non right triangles. a2+b2=c2-2c

Pythagorean Theorem
For history regarding the Pythagorean Theorem, see Pythagorean theorem. The Pythagorean Theorem states that:

 * In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides.

Let's take a right triangle as shown here and set c equal to the length of the hypotenuse and set a and b each equal to the lengths of the other two sides. Then the Pythagorean Theorem can be stated as this equation:

$$ \quad c^2 = a^2 + b^2 $$

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, if the lengths of any two of the sides of a right triangle are known and it is known which side is the hypotenuse, then the length of the third side can be determined from the formula.

Sine, Cosine, and Tangent for Right Triangles
Sine, Cosine, and Tangent are all functions of an angle, which are useful in right triangle calculations. For an angle designated as θ, the sine function is abbreviated as sin θ, the cosine function is abbreviated as cos θ, and the tangent function is abbreviated as tan θ. For any angle θ, sin θ, cos θ, and tan θ are each single determined values and if θ is a known value, sin θ, cos θ, and tan θ can be looked up in a table or found with a calculator. There is a table listing these function values at the end of this section. For an angle between listed values, the sine, cosine, or tangent of that angle can be estimated from the values in the table. Conversely, if a number is known to be the sine, cosine, or tangent of an angle, then such tables could be used in reverse to find (or estimate) the value of a corresponding angle.

These three functions are related to right triangles in the following ways:

In a right triangle,

 * the sine of a non-right angle equals the length of the leg opposite that angle divided by the length of the hypotenuse.

 * the cosine of a non-right angle equals the length of the leg adjacent to it divided by the length of the hypotenuse.

 * the tangent of a non-right angle equals the length of the leg opposite that angle divided by the length of the leg adjacent to it.

For any value of θ where cos θ ≠ 0,

$$\qquad \tan \theta = \frac {\sin \theta } {\cos \theta }$$.

If one considers the diagram representing a right triangle with the two non-right angles θ1and θ2, and the side lengths a,b,c as shown here:

For the functions of angle θ1:

$$\sin \theta_1 = \frac {b} {c} \qquad \cos \theta_1 = \frac{a} {c} \qquad \tan \theta_1 = \frac {b} {a} $$

Analogously, for the functions of angle θ2:

$$\sin \theta_2 = \frac {a} {c} \qquad \cos \theta_2 = \frac {b} {c} \qquad \tan \theta_2 = \frac {a} {b} $$

Table of sine, cosine, and tangent for angles θ from 0 to 90°
General rules for important angles: $$ sin 45^o = cos 45^o = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} $$

$$ tan 45^o = 1 $$

$$ sin 30^o = \frac{1}{2} = cos 60^o $$

$$ cos 30^o = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} = sin 60^o $$


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WJJO

WJJO (94.1 MHz "94-1 JJO") is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Watertown, Wisconsin, and serving the Madison metropolitan area. It has an active rock radio format and is owned by Mid-West Family Broadcasting. Its studios are on Rayovac Drive in Madison.

WJJO is a Class B FM station. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 50,000 watts, the maximum for most stations in Southwest Wisconsin. The transmitter is on Wedvick Road in Deerfield.

WTTM-FM (1961–1982)
The station signed on the air on August 1, 1961. Its call sign was WTTN-FM and it originally broadcast at 104.7 MHz. It moved to 94.1 in the early 1970s to allow WTKM-FM in Hartford, Wisconsin, to apply for a construction permit to broadcast on 104.9. WTTN-FM and its AM sister station, WTTN at 1580 kHz (now silent), simulcast their programming until 1982.

Soft AC WMLW (1982–1989)
In 1982, the FM started broadcasting in FM stereo and became WMLW ("Mellow 94"). It aired a soft adult contemporary format. WMLW also carried Milwaukee Brewers baseball games and aired syndicated programming such as The Rockin' America Top 30 Countdown with Scott Shannon and Westwood One's That's Love in the 1980s.

Top 40 WTFX (1989–1991)
In 1989, with a change in ownership to Joyner Communications, the station flipped to Top 40 hits as 94.1 WTFX "The Fox". The studios moved to Madison and its transmitter location relocated to Deerfield, where it remains today. Joyner Communications later sold the station to the current owner, Mid-West Family Broadcasting.

Classic Rock WJJO (1991–1997)
On June 17, 1991, the call letters were changed to WJJO. A classic rock format was adopted.

Active rock (1997–present)
On April 1, 1997, WJJO switched to its current format of Active Rock. It competes with iHeartMedia's classic rock station WIBA-FM 101.5 in the Madison radio market.

Its morning show was hosted by Johnny Danger and Greg Bair for many years. On December 22, 2006, Bair left to host mornings on Mid-West's WHLK "106.5 The Lake" in Cleveland. On Monday, November 3, 2008, Bair returned to WJJO to co-host the morning show for another eleven years. On August 30, 2019, Bair's last show with Johnny Danger aired. The morning show is currently hosted by Johnny Danger and Dee. Previous morning show hosts include Sue Peterson, Mark Elliot, and "Crash and Burns".

Awards
WJJO was the recipient of the "Radio Contraband Rock Radio Award for Medium Market Radio Station of the Year" in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014. In June 2013, Michele Clark's Sunset Sessions convention awarded WJJO the "rock station that plays the most new music".

WJJO was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014.

title: WJJO


text:
United States Government/The Three Branches

Introduction
The United States Constitution divides government into three separate and distinct branches: the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches. The concept of separate branches with distinct powers is known as "separation of powers." That doctrine arose from the writings of several European philosophers. The Englishman John Locke first pioneered the idea, but he only suggested a separation between the executive and legislative. The Frenchman Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, added the judicial branch.

Each branch is theoretically equal to each of the others. The branches check each others powers and use a system known as  checks and balances. Thus, no branch can gain too much power and influence, thus reducing the opportunity for tyrannical government.

The Preamble to the American Constitution sets out these aims in the general statement:

"'We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America'."

The Legislative
The Congress is the Legislative Branch. Its main function is to make laws. It also oversees the execution of these laws, and checks various executive and judicial powers. The Congress is bicameral - it is composed of two houses. One house is the House of Representatives and the other is the Senate.

The House of Representatives is currently composed of four hundred and thirty-five members. Each of the fifty states is allocated one or more representatives based on its population which is calculated on a decennial basis (once in ten years). Each state is guaranteed at least one representative. A state that is allocated more than one representative divides itself, as state procedures dictate, into a number of districts equal to the number of representatives to which it is entitled. The people of each district vote to elect one representative to Congress (States that have only one representative allocated choose at-large representatives - the state votes as one entire district). The District of Columbia and a number of U.S. territories have been permitted to elect delegates to the House of Representatives. These delegates may participate in debates, and sit and vote in committee, but are not allowed to vote in the full House. Every House member faces re-election in an even-numbered year and is elected to a two-year term. The House is presided over by a Speaker, who is directly elected by the members of the House.

The Senate is the upper house of the legislative branch of the United States and possesses one hundred members which is considerably less than the four hundred and thirty-five members of the House of Representatives. Each state chooses two senators, regardless of that state's population. The Constitution originally dictated that a state's senators were to be chosen by the state's legislature; after the Seventeenth Amendment was ratified in 1913, senators were elected directly by the state's population. In contrast to the House's two-year terms, Senators are elected to a six-year stint in office. In addition, only one-third of the Senate stands for election during an even year. These differences between the two houses were deliberately put into place by the Founding Fathers; the Senate was intended to be a more stable, austere body, whereas the House would be more responsive to the people's will.

The Vice-President is President of the Senate, but he/she only votes if there is a tie. The Senate also chooses a President Pro Tempore to preside in the Vice-President's absence (though, in practice, most of the time, senators from the majority take turns presiding for short periods).

The Senate and the House are both required to approve legislation before it becomes a law. The two houses are equal in legislative power, but revenue bills (bills relating to taxation) may only originate in the House. However, as with any other bill, the Senate's approval is still required, and the Senate may amend such bills.

The Senate holds additional powers relating to treaties and the appointments of executive and judicial officials. This power is known as "advice and consent." The Senate's advice and consent is required for the President to appoint judges and many executive officers, and also to ratify treaties. To grant advice and consent on treaties, two-thirds of the Senators must concur (agree).

While most votes require a simple majority to pass, it sometimes takes three-fifths of senators to bring a bill to a vote. This is because Senate rules hold that a bill cannot be voted on as long as it is being debated--and there is no limit on how long a senator may debate a bill. Senators sometimes use this rule to filibuster a bill--that is, continue debating a bill endlessly so that it cannot be voted on. The only way to end a filibuster is for three-fifths of all Senators to vote for a cloture resolution, which ends all debate and brings the bill up for voting. Use of the filibuster tends to be controversial. Whichever party is in the majority tends to call its use "obstructionism," while the other side sees it as an important check on the majority.

The House has the sole power to impeach federal executive and judicial officers. According to the Constitution, officers may be impeached for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.” The Senate has the sole power to try all such impeachments, a two-thirds vote being required for conviction. The Constitution requires that any individual convicted by the Senate to be removed from office. The Senate also has the power to bar that individual from further federal office. The Senate may not impose any further punishment, although the parties are still subject to trial in the courts. As the Vice-President (being next-in-line to the Presidency) would have an obvious conflict of interest in presiding at a trial of the President, in such cases, the Chief Justice presides. Interestingly, no similar provision prevents the Vice-President from presiding at his or her own trial.

The Executive
The President, Vice President, and other executive officials make up the Executive Branch. The main function of this branch is to execute the laws created by Congress. The President and the Vice-President are chosen by the Electoral College, a body of people elected for the purpose of electing the President. One may wait to consider the Electoral College in further detail.

The President appoints several Secretaries to head executive departments. An executive department is a body covering a broad topic of law- examples include the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Justice. The several secretaries (in the case of the Justice Department, the Attorney General) serve as advisors to the President and also as the chief officers of their own departments. This group of advisors is collectively known as the President's cabinet. The President nominates these Secretaries, as well as other important federal officials, and the Senate advise and consents to them.

The Judicial
The Supreme Court and the lower courts compose the Judicial Branch. The judiciary must interpret the laws of the United States. In the course of such interpretations, the courts may find that a law violates the constitution. If so, the court declares the law unconstitutional. Thus, the judiciary also has a role in determining the law of the land.

The judges of federal courts are nominated by the President and advised and consented to by the Senate. The number of judges and the exact structure of the courts is set by law, and not by the Constitution.

The Legislative Process: How A Bill Becomes A Law
After both houses of Congress pass a bill, perhaps observing the different rules and procedures in each house, but with the exact same final text, the bill is submitted to the President. Immediately, a ten-day clock for the president to act in starts to tick. Sundays are excluded in this calculation.

Once he receives the bill, the President has many options. The outcome of the process depends on the route taken by him.
 * Signature- If the President signs a bill, it immediately takes effect as law.
 * Veto- The President may, if he pleases, return a bill to the house in which it originated. That house may then consider the President's objections. If it wishes to pass the law in any event, it must repass the bill with a two-thirds majority. If the same occurs, then the other house considers the bill, perhaps repassing it with the same two-thirds majority. If both houses pass the bill with the requisite majority, then the bill becomes law despite the President's veto. If one or both houses fail to provide an adequate majority, then the bill fails
 * No Action- The President may decide to take no action at all on a bill. If, for 10 days, the President has neither signed nor returned the bill, the bill becomes law without a signature.
 * Pocket veto- The pocket veto is an absolute veto- Congress may not override it by any majority (though it may choose to repass the bill). The pocket veto occurs near the end of a Congressional session. If the bill is with the President, and he has not signed it or returned it, and the ten-day limit has not expired, and Congress adjourns for the year (that is, it decides to meet no longer for the rest of the year), then the President may pocket veto the bill.

Checks and Balances
In order to prevent any branch of government from becoming too powerful, the Framers of the Constitution created a system of checks and balances. Each branch of government has checks on the others, while it is itself also checked. The complex system can be outlined as follows:

Checks of the Legislative

Checks on the Executive Checks on the Judicial Internal Checks
 * Power to override vetoes
 * Power to confirm the President's appointment of a Vice President when a vacancy in the Vice Presidency occurs
 * Power to tax and allocate tax revenues for executive activities
 * Oversight and investigation of executive activities
 * (Senate) Power to approve treaties
 * (Senate) Power to approve Presidential nominees
 * (House) Impeachment, or accusation of a federal official for bribery, treason, or another high crime
 * (Senate) Trial of Impeachment
 * Power to set size and structure of courts
 * (Senate) Power to approve Presidential nominees for judgeships
 * (House) Impeachment
 * (Senate) Trial of Impeachment
 * Approval of both houses required for passage of a law

Checks of the Executive

Checks on the Legislative Checks on the Judicial
 * Power to veto
 * Power to pocket veto
 * Power to call a special session of Congress when Congress is not already meeting
 * Vice President presides over Senate meetings as President of the Senate
 * Congress cannot reduce the salary of the President while he continues in office
 * Power to nominate judges
 * Power to fully or partially pardon convicted criminals

Checks of the Judicial

Checks on the Legislative Checks on the Executive
 * Power to declare bills unconstitutional
 * Congress cannot reduce the salary of a judge while he continues in office
 * The Chief Justice presides over an Impeachment Trial of a President
 * Power to declare executive acts unconstitutional


text:
doctrina

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) doctrine

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) teaching, instruction
 * 2) learning, erudition
 * 3) doctrine, theory

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) doctrine

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) teaching
 * 2) doctrine

title: doctrina


text:
Talk:Vera Farmiga/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Slightlymad (talk · contribs) 04:31, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

Interesting choice an article to bring for evaluation against the much-coveted Good Article standards! It looks fine through a cursory glance, but my assessment should take more than a week. So please stick around and put this review page onto your watchlist so I don't have to ping you frequently. Possibly you could mention what drew you to editing the article and why you are nominating it at this time. SLIGHTLY mad   04:31, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * No problem. I've been a fan of this actress for a while and have been a frequent editor to the article for a couple of years, putting in the work to bring it to a good standard. I feel now is as good a time as any to see if it passes for a Good Article! RedLiquorice (talk) 12:04, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

Very well, here are my initial comments:

 * There are a decent amount of dead refs or refs that redirect to different links. Please fix them right away so I may verify the prose against the source.

Early life and education

 * "When she was twelve" -> At age 12?
 * She has one older brother, Victor, and five younger siblings—Stephan, Nadia, Alexander, Laryssa (who was born with spina bifida), and Taissa. Her maternal grandparents, Nadia (née Pletenciw; October 23, 1925 – October 19, 2014) and Theodor Spas (March 20, 1921 – February 4, 1990), met at a displaced persons camp in Karlsfeld during World War II. just segue this into the first paragraph as the second sentence. And no need to add the complete dates - just put the year range (e.g. 1925–2017)
 * At the time, her grandfather was working as a mechanic for the United States Army. Theodor and Nadia married in Munich in 1946, and emigrated to the States (aboard the USS General M. B. Stewart) in 1950 when Luba was 14 months old.[20] Farmiga's father was born in Ukraine and raised in Argentina. A soccer player, Michael was scouted for the Argentine national team, and also played professionally for the Newark Ukrainian Sitch. Undue as it discusses Farmiga's next of kin rather than Farmiga herself.

...may come back later. SLIGHTLY mad   12:29, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Provide a reliable source that supports both her complete name as well as DOB in the lede; place it outside the parentheses when you find it.
 * You may cite this as the source instead. SLIGHTLY  mad   05:35, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

1996–2001: Beginnings
Note: If you notice different wording from the article, that means I have copy edited it. SLIGHTLY mad   06:04, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The film, which aired on the CBS network on April 20, 1997, also featured Jennifer Garner and Justin Chambers in the cast. undue
 * The show premiered on July 14, 1997, and was cancelled by the network after only one season. source?
 * The film, released on August 11, 2000, grossed a total of $90.7 million worldwide from a budget of $65 million, becoming a financial success. undue
 * The film, released on March 9, 2001, fared well at the box office, grossing $56.4 million worldwide against a budget of $42 million. undue
 * Farmiga next played the beautiful former slave Catlin in Fox's fantasy adventure series Roar, bold text not in source given
 * Two years later, Farmiga had a supporting role as Lisa Tyler in the romantic drama Autumn in New York, opposite Richard Gere (who played her character's biological father) and Winona Ryder. bolded sentence clause not in source given
 * The following year, Farmiga had a major supporting role as Czech immigrant Daphne Handlova in the action thriller 15 Minutes, alongside Robert De Niro. clause not in source given
 * ref. 12 is dead
 * She next co-starred in the British-Macedonian drama film Dust, opposite Adrian Lester, which opened at the Venice Film Festival on August 29, 2001. clause not in source given
 * She then portrayed Queen Josephine... not in source given

2002–2008: Breakthrough
Note: If you notice different wording from the article, that means I have copy edited it. SLIGHTLY mad   07:37, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Farmiga had her first starring role in the romantic drama film Love in the Time of Money, which premiered at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival on January 11, and later received a limited release on November 1. clause not in source given
 * In June 2002, she portrayed Helen in David Eldridge's Under the Blue Sky at the Williamstown Theatre Festival. not in source given
 * The following year, Farmiga had her breakthrough role as a drug-addicted mother, Irene Morrison, in the independent drama film Down to the Bone, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 15, 2004. needs another reliable source; one that supports the fact that either implies or explicitly states that her appearance in that movie was her "breakthrough" role, as well as its Sundance premiere.
 * Can you cite a professional film critic's opinion about Farmiga's performance in Down to the Bone, preferably from The Hollywood Reporter or Variety?
 * The series premiered on the USA Network on March 12, 2004 and was well received by critics; however, the network did not renew the series for a second season. undue
 * The film, released on July 30, 2004, was well received by critics, and grossed $96.1 million at the worldwide box office. undue
 * The following year, she co-starred in the fantasy drama Neverwas with Aaron Eckhart and Ian McKellen, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2005 and went straight to DVD two years later. not in source given
 * The film, released on October 6, 2006, was lauded by critics, winning four Academy Awards including Best Picture. It went on to gross $289.8 million at the worldwide box office from a budget of $90 million. undue
 * She next starred as Teresa Gazelle in Wayne Kramer's crime thriller Running Scared, released on February 24, 2006, not in source given
 * Farmiga subsequently landed the lead role of Sophie Lee in Gina Kim's Korean-American romantic drama Never Forever, which premiered at the 2007 Sundance on January 18 not in source given
 * Based on the novel of the same name, the film was well received by critics, grossing $44.1 million against a budget of $12.5 million. undue
 * She then starred in the British-Russian war drama In Transit alongside John Malkovich, which was released in Russia on March 4, 2008. not in source given

2009–2012: Directorial debut
Note: If you notice different wording from the article, that means I have copy edited it.

 * She then appeared as Aurora de Valday in Niki Caro's romantic drama A Heavenly Vintage, which premiered at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival on September 12. not in source given
 * ...which premiered at the 2011 South by Southwest on March 11, and in theaters on April 1. not in source given
 * The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing $147.3 million worldwide from a budget of $32 million. undue
 * Farmiga was offered lead roles in both Madonna's romantic drama W.E. not in source given
 * ...in which she also starred as the adult Corinne Walker. "adult" is rather vague. Be a little bit more descriptive. Just follow this format: "in which she also starred as Corinne Walker, a insert description here. Please make sure that is in the source you provide.
 * During her second pregnancy, Farmiga made her directorial debut in the micro-budget, Christian-themed drama Higher Ground not in source given
 * The film received critical acclaim following its premiere at the 2011 Sundance on January 23, I'd reword this into: "The film, which received "generally favorable reviews" on Metacritic," and support it with this source . Another reliable source should be provided for the January 23rd release date at Sundance, though.
 * The film had its premiere in New York City on February 7, 2012, and was released in theaters three days later. Although it received mixed reviews from critics, the film was a financial success, grossing $208.1 million worldwide from a budget of $85 million. undue
 * ...which opened at the 2012 Sundance on January 24, and was given a limited US release on August 10. not in source given
 * What does another professional critic have to say about Farmiga's acting performance in her own film? Just add it next to Honeycutt's comment.
 * That same year, she portrayed CIA operative Catherine Linklater in Daniel Espinosa's action thriller Safe House, not in source given
 * (The film had its premiere in New York City on February 7, 2012, and was released in theaters three days later. Although it received mixed reviews from critics, the film was a financial success, grossing $208.1 million worldwide from a budget of $85 million. undue

To be continued... SLIGHTLY mad   09:04, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

Filmography
I know this should be the last thing to be done, but I'd like to skip on this right away so there'll be enough breathing room on the remaining sections
 * Those content supported by refs. 40, 47, 56, 59, 66-70, 80, 81, 90-96, 101 should be merged here; that also means removing the bulleted list of this section.
 * Substitute the hatnote with this and get rid of the "Awards and nominations" section. Finally, rename this section into "Filmography and awards".
 * Provide a concise overview of Farmiga's filmography as well as her accolades received. I'd like you to visit the Ben Affleck (a FA) and Jessica Chastain (a GA) articles for pointers on what to include here.

2013–present

 * What do professional critics have to say about Farmiga's portrayal of Norma Bates in the show? Cite two reactions and segue them into a single sentence instead of directly quoting separately (i.e. A said B, while X said Y)
 * Same with her portrayal of Lorraine Warren; THR has a reaction of her performance.
 * Any reactions from Warren herself about Farmiga's performance in The Conjuring?
 * In addition to starring in the series, she served as a producer, and later executive producer, from the second season to its fifth and final season. not in source given
 * She next appeared in James Wan's horror film The Conjuring, and was met with critical and commercial success. need another reliable source which explicitly states this consensus.
 * Like its predecessor, The Conjuring 2 was met with a positive critical reception and commercial success, becoming the second highest-grossing horror film of all time. same thing
 * In 2013, Farmiga appeared as Edith Martin in the romantic comedy At Middleton, with Andy García and her sister Taissa. Remove "In 2013" and just add the year of release beside the title
 * and had a limited US release on January 31, 2014. remove
 * She then starred as Alice Bercovich in the Romanian-American comedy-drama Closer to the Moon, based on the events of the Ioanid Gang. The film, directed by Nae Caranfil, was given a limited US release on April 17, 2015. Reword into: "Also in 2013, she starred as Alice Bercovich in Nae Caranfil's Romanian-American comedy-drama Closer to the Moon, based on the events of the Ioanid Gang."
 * The Judge -> The Judge (2014)
 * The film was released on October 10, 2014. remove
 * ...before being released worldwide on April 29, 2016. remove
 * Farmiga also co-starred as Dr. Nora Phillips, alongside Dakota Fanning and Clive Owen, in the BMW short film The Escape, directed by Neill Blomkamp. -> "Farmiga co-starred as Dr. Nora Phillips in Neill Blomkamp's BMW short film The Escape, alongside Dakota Fanning and Clive Owen."
 * No need for the exact dates of the releases; I believe those should be left in their own article. I suggest changing the complete dates in this section (e.g. October 23, 2016 -> October 2016; Tribeca Film Festival on April 22, 2016 -> 2016 Tribeca Film Festival)

Personal life

 * ref. 122 needs to be replaced with another reliable source as Twitter is generally not accepted as one.
 * The first direct quote under the Religion section is 50-word in length and could probably be a block quote.
 * Just trim the second quote in the same section by paraphrasing it a bit

Sorry to have kept you waiting as I just got my broadband restored at home. I believe there are some comments above still remain unresolved - please review them properly and if you're absolutely sure that you have resolved them, mark them with the on either side of the text (e.g. This sample comment has been resolved ). I'll get with this review real soon. SLIGHTLY mad   12:32, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

Final comments
Here are a few final touches:

SLIGHTLY mad   11:24, 26 September 2017 (UTC)
 * You still haven't added a blockquote on that first quotation under Religion section
 * Lede: This role, along with her roles in Joshua, Orphan, and the Conjuring film series, is there a reason these titles don't have years of release beside them? Also, you make use of the word "role" in a single sentence, please copyedit.
 * Early life and education: Farmiga went on to study performing arts at Syracuse University, from which she graduated in 1995 she graduated with what college degree?

 * I'm having trouble finding a source detailing Lorraine Warren's reaction to Farmiga's performance in The Conjuring films, so I think critic reactions will have to suffice here. RedLiquorice (talk) 14:09, 26 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hey don't sweat it. I just thought it'd be nice to add in the prose, for what it's worth. SLIGHTLY  mad   14:43, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

Closing comment: Alright since the article, as it stands, is well-researched and broad, contains appropriately licensed photos, free from grammar issues, and places the subject in context with no bias whatsoever, I'm happy to say the article has passed against the Good Article criteria. Well done! You may be interested in nominating the article for WP:DYK as it's a newly-promoted GA; more information can be read at that page.

P.S. Employing the magic of the IA bot tool, I've managed to archive all sources retrieved online by a single click. You're welcome. SLIGHTLY mad   14:43, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vera Farmiga/GA1


text:
Scranton, North Carolina

Scranton is an unincorporated community in Hyde County, North Carolina, United States. The community is located along U.S. Route 264 near the Pungo River, 9.3 mi northwest of Swan Quarter. Scranton has a post office with ZIP code 27875.

title: Scranton, North Carolina


text:
Age of Empires: The Age of Kings

Age of Empires: The Age of Kings is a turn-based strategy video game developed by Backbone Entertainment and published by Majesco Entertainment for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console. It is a spin-off of Microsoft's Age of Empires series.

The Age of Kings allows the player to command any one of five historical civilizations: the Britons, Franks, Mongols, Saracens and Japanese. It has a single-player campaign and scenario mode, as well as a multiplayer wireless and hotseat mode.

Gameplay
The Age of Kings is turn-based. As a derivative of the Age of Empires series, other games of which are real-time strategy as opposed to turn-based strategy, The Age of Kings incorporates several features and mechanics commonly associated with real-time strategy, including technology advancement and resource and building management.

The playing field is divided into a grid, with the player having an overhead perspective of the map. Units are able to move a certain amount of spaces in the four cardinal directions, with how far they can go affected by several variables, including the unit's natural movement abilities and terrain. Each unit type is given a specific amount of spaces that it can move, with some having better movement capabilities than others. There are a variety of terrain types, such as roads, forests and grass. Roads are best for movement, while some terrains slow the player down but can provide other advantages, such as extra range or defense.

Each of the five civilizations has its own hero, which is stronger than other units. The Japanese hero is Minamoto no Yoshitsune; the Saracens' hero is Saladin; the Mongols' hero is Genghis Khan; the Franks' heroine is Joan of Arc; and the Britons' hero is King Richard the Lionheart. Each hero has special abilities which are unique to them. Each civilization is also unique in the sense that they have different Unit Art (the Franks and Britons share art, and the Mongols and the Saracens share art), different Special Units (powerful civilization-specific units trainable from castles), and different high- and low-cost units.

Most units are divided into four main categories: Infantry, cavalry, ranged and siege units. Infantry and cavalry units are only able to attack an enemy unit or structure in any adjacent square (with the exception of squares which are diagonally adjacent), while ranged units and some siege units are able to attack from a greater distance. Each unit has movement, attack, defense, range and vision values. Some units may have additional defensive bonuses against certain types of enemy units or abilities.

There are many variables to be taken into account before battling an enemy. Before entering the battle, the game will display the statistics of both units, which consists of the units' health points, attack power, and defensive capabilities. This screen shows an adviser, who predicts the chance a given attack has of being successful. The attack power and defensive capabilities of the attacking unit vary depending on the opposing unit's special abilities. When the units enter into battle, many warriors are seen, which begin to battle each other. The attacking units usually do more damage as they get the first strike. As a unit's HP drops, their attack power does as well.

The player can advance their civilization by researching new units, technologies and other advancements. Once the player advances far enough in research or completes certain conditions, a new age is made available. Players usually start in the first age, the Dark Age, and progress through later ages, including the Feudal, Castle and Imperial ages. Advancing in age unlocks new subjects for the player to research, makes additional buildings and units available, and upgrades existing units to their equivalent in the new age.

Campaign
The Age of Kings includes a campaign divided into five sections, one for each civilization. Each section contains five or six missions. The first section of the campaign, following Joan of Arc, acts as a tutorial and educates the player about the basics of the game. Campaign missions vary widely in characteristics. Some contain a field effect known as the fog of war, and in some missions the player starts out with some buildings while in others the player may start without any. By playing to earn "Empire Points", the player can buy powerful units to use in-game from the Bonus Items Shop, as well as new maps to play on in Single Scenario (freeplay) mode. Each mission has main goals as well as secondary goals, the latter of which increase the number of Empire Points gained when the mission is completed.

Multiplayer
The Age of Kings contains a multiplayer mode which can support up to four players. Multiplayer can be played on a single DS in hotseat mode, or in wireless multi-card mode, where each player has a DS and a copy of the game.

Development
The vast majority of content from Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings was ported to the DS, in what Official Nintendo Magazine described as a huge task. The sole exception was said to be the political scheming in the PC version, though there was still some contained in the DS counterpart.

Reception
Age of Empires: The Age of Kings has received an average score of 80.0% at GameRankings (based on 45 reviews), and an average score of 80/100 at Metacritic (based on 38 reviews). Both IGN and GameSpot gave it an 8.2/10, saying that the gameplay was solid, although they stated that it should have had more civilizations and online play. Both IGN and Electronic Gaming Monthly each gave it a Game of the Month award. It received an award for "Best Game Design" Elan award in the inaugural Canadian Awards for the Electronic & Animated Arts on September 14, 2006. It was also nominated for 2006 BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Award): Best Strategy Game.

title: Age of Empires: The Age of Kings


text:
The Gift (EP)

The Gift is the debut extended play (EP) by Guamanian recording artist Pia Mia. First released independently on December 23, 2013 as a free download by her record label Wolfpack, the EP was later reissued on iTunes on February 25, 2014, after she was signed to Interscope Records. Produced by Nic Nac Beats, The Gift is musically a pop and R&B record that is influenced by hip hop and trap music.

Perez first posted the cover of Drake's song "Hold On, We're Going Home" on her YouTube account on August 23, 2013. She later posted the songs "Shotgun Love" and "What a Girl Wants". Two singles were released from the EP; "Red Love" was released on December 9, 2013 and "Mr. President" on May 19, 2014.

title: The Gift (EP)


text:
liikevaihtovero

Noun

 * 1)  sales tax a tax levied on sales from 1940 to 1994 when it was replaced by value added tax

title: liikevaihtovero


text:
Talk:Haveli

Well maintained?
Are most havelis well maintained by their families, or are most of them just watched over by a watchman? I removed the sentence claiming that they were well-maintained, as it disagrees with another claim in the article, but if anyone has more accurate information, please correct the article. --Slashme 11:32, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

photos of some select havelis is appreciated
Photos of the said Havelis are appreciated. A single picture can say more than a 1000 words of explanation. <IP_ADDRESS> 12:48, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Rajasthan workgroup Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Rajasthan workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Rajasthan or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 07:07, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haveli


text:
Frederick Delve

Sir Frederick William Delve, (28 October 1902 - 2 October 1995), was an English firefighter who became chief fire officer of the London Fire Brigade from 1948 to 1962,  and was instrumental in the fire service's adoption of modern telecommunications technologies.

Early life
Delve was born in Brighton, the son of a tailor, and joined the Royal Navy on his 16th birthday in 1918, working as a wireless telegraphist in the Black Sea, an experience which spawned his enthusiasm for modern telecommunications. In 1922 Delve he left the Navy and joined the Brighton Fire Brigade.

Fire service
By 1929, aged 27, he had been promoted to the rank of Second Officer, the youngest in Britain. In 1934, he moved to the Croydon Fire Brigade as Chief Officer, leading its installation of radio telecommunications between all fire appliances and headquarters, and supervising the brigade's deployment at the fire which destroyed the Crystal Palace in Sydenham in November 1936.

In 1937, with World War II looming, Delve served on a Home Office committee advising on changes to Britain's fire service. Its recommendations were implemented following the Fire Brigades Act 1938 (1 & 2 Geo. 6. c. 72), which established the Auxiliary Fire Service and admitted women to fire brigades.

During the war he was appointed Deputy Inspector-in-Chief of Fire Services, advising on fire support needs and helping to establish the National Fire Service in 1941 (in January 1941, he was awarded the King's Police and Fire Services Medal, 'for gallantry'). He was then appointed Chief Officer of No 5 Region (covering the London area), in which role he extended use of radio communications in fire vessels along the River Thames, and was also an adviser on fire bombing.

Chief officer of London Fire Brigade
After the war, Delve was appointed Chief Officer of the reconstituted London Fire Brigade in 1948. Challenges included provision of fire services to tower blocks and to traffic accidents, and the movement of hazardous materials across the capital (in 1958, Delve produced a report, Fireman's Handbook of Hazardous Industries, published by London County Council). Under his leadership, street-based fire alarms were replaced by the '999' system (first introduced in central London in 1937), fire appliances were modernised and fire stations rebuilt.

Major fires in Covent Garden market (1949 and 1954), the Goodge Street deep tunnels (1956), and Smithfield meat market basement (1958 - during which two firemen died) led to changes in procedures relating to breathing apparatus. Delve and his deputy and successor, Leslie Leete, proposed control procedures that eventually became national policy, and also recommended the fitting of warning devices to breathing apparatus so that users were alerted when their oxygen supplies were running low.

Having been awarded CBE in 1942, Delve was the first LFB chief to be knighted in office, in the 1962 Birthday Honours. After his 1962 retirement, he joined the board of Securicor.

title: Frederick Delve


text:
богъ

Alternative forms

 * Glagolitic:

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) god

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) god

Etymology
Ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) bull

title: богъ


text:
Talk:Gnathia marleyi

Use as a nomen nudum
I thought it worthwhile to state that the name had been used, as a nomen nudum, by Sikkel et al. (2011), because readers of the article may see that and think that the 2012 date must be wrong. People (including some taxonomists) have all sorts of misconceptions about this situation. Some people think that if a name was ever used as a nomen nudum, than it cannot ever be made available! So, it would be good if we could find a way to point out that, yes, the name was first used as a nomen nudum, but it doesn't make any difference to anything ... Carcinologist2 (talk) 09:01, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

 * All that is fine, but you need to have a source that says what you're claiming. The source you cited previously does not mention the name being a nomen nudum, and certainly doesn't comment on the validity of a name published in a later paper. In any case, it may be appropriate to have that kind of detail only in a footnote, as I did at Laurentaeglyphea, for example; note that in that instance, discussion of the dates and validity of publication had appeared in a peer-reviewed journal. The only discussion I've seen of Gnathia marleyi being initially a nomen nudum was a blog post at "Parasite of the day", which seems to have been removed (retracted?) since. --Stemonitis (talk) 09:45, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

Please add
I see the species characterised as "tiny" and this makes sense, since it is a blood-sucking parasite on fish, but nowhere in the article is its size actually quantified. Also, cephalosome needs some sort of clarificatory link for general readers; I find it nowhere else on en.wikipedia, although I can see it in Google Books. Yngvadottir (talk) 14:32, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

Impenetrable jargon
A sentence like "The cephalosome of adult male specimens has a distinct produced frontal border with conical superior fronto-lateral processes with a slightly sunken inferior conical medio-frontal process" is impenetrable in a general encyclopedia. Translate it into English, please, and perhaps insert the jargon as a footnote, in quotes.--Wetman (talk) 22:51, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Gnathia marleyi. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:30, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gnathia marleyi


text:
1988 Penn Quakers football team

The 1988 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania during the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Penn won a share of the Ivy League championship, its fifth of the past six years.

Background
During its third and final year under head coach Ed Zubrow, the Quakers compiled a 9–1 record and outscored opponents 269 to 208. Dan Bauer and Tom Gizzi were the team captains.

Penn's 6–1 conference record tied with Cornell atop the Ivy League standings. The Quakers outscored Ivy opponents 182 to 75. Penn's only loss was to its co-champion, Cornell, in the last week of the year.

Before its last two games, Penn appeared in the weekly top 20 national rankings, at No. 19 in the poll released November 8 and at No. 14 in the poll of November 15.

Following the loss to Cornell, Penn dropped out of the rankings, and was not ranked at season's end.

Penn played its home games at Franklin Field adjacent to the university's campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

title: 1988 Penn Quakers football team


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Annette.spry/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

This user first appeared on 26 February, and soon began making similar edits to year articles to IPs that had recently been blocked, adding unsourced entries of limited notability. I have been keeping an eye on their edits since then. During that period, I've given them several warnings on their Talk page, all of which they have deleted, and they've had two temporary blocks. I could just block them again, but this has the hallmarks of a sleeper account, created by someone who wants to remain anonymous and only logs in when the IP address they are using is blocked. There are a number of IPs that make similar edits, but it's extremely difficult to be sure, hence the request for checkuser. Deb (talk) 12:33, 13 August 2020 (UTC) Deb (talk) 12:33, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * - all suspected socks are IPs, CUs will not connect a named account to IPs., it's possible that Annette.spry is related to these, but I just don't see strong enough evidence that the same person is using the IPs - as you said, a lot of editors make similar edits. If they're being disruptive, just block them. I note that all of these IPs appear to belong to a Peruvian ISP, but the range is way too wide for a rangeblock, so unfortunately this will be a game of whack-a-mole. GeneralNotability (talk) 23:47, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , Peruvian? Then probably not whack-a-mole. -- RoySmith (talk) 00:59, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I was afraid you'd say that. Okay, I'll just block him/her again if it goes on. Deb (talk) 07:22, 14 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Johnny Sandlin

John Everett Sandlin Jr. (April 16, 1945 – September 19, 2017) was an American recording engineer and record producer. He is best known for producing albums by bands such as the Allman Brothers Band, Widespread Panic, Wet Willie, and Col. Bruce Hampton and the Aquarium Rescue Unit.

Life and career
Sandlin was born in Decatur, Alabama, and attended Athens State University. Sandlin began his music career as a guitar player in The Impacts, a band he co-founded while attending Decatur High and went on to become the drummer of The Five Minutes, was a member of Hour Glass alongside Duane and Gregg Allman, and recorded as a session musician in Miami, playing drums, bass, and guitar. He began producing albums with Johnny Jenkins' Ton-Ton Macoute! (1970), and went on to mix At Fillmore East (1971) and Eat a Peach (1972), and produce Brothers and Sisters (1973), and Win, Lose or Draw (1975). He worked with a variety of other bands, including the Athens, Georgia-based band Widespread Panic on their sophomore album, Mom's Kitchen.

Death
Sandlin died of cancer in Decatur, Alabama, at the age of 72.

Awards and honors

 * 2016 Alabama Music Hall of Fame inductee

title: Johnny Sandlin


text:
6DJ8

The 6DJ8 is a miniature nine-pin medium-gain dual-triode vacuum tube. It is distinguished by its very high transconductance, mostly the result of its frame grid construction. Versions of the tube are named ECC88, E88CC, 6922, E188CC, CV4108, 7308, 6N1P and 6N23P.

Origins
The tube was developed by Philips in the Netherlands under European designation ECC88. The series-string version 7DJ8 / PCC88 was also introduced at the same time. The 6DJ8 was designed for use as a low-noise amplifier in VHF and UHF TV tuners, an improved successor to the usual 6BK7, but due to its high gain it was heavily used in high-end test equipment, for example, most high-quality oscilloscopes from the 1950s to the 1960s utilize a number of 6DJ8 tubes.

Audio
Although not originally designed for the purpose, it became popular in hi-fi audio amplifiers. European-produced version of the tube is designated ECC88. An industrial (improved/higher ratings) version of the tube was designated 6922 / E88CC between 1959 and 1961. Siemens introduced their own super ECC88 / 6DJ8 at the same time under CCa type. New Old Stock (NOS) 6DJ8s and ECC88s produced in the past by major American or West European vacuum tube manufacturers (such as Philips or Amperex) remain extremely popular with and highly sought by audiophiles. A version (direct equivalent) of this tube was also produced in the Soviet Union as 6N23P (Russian: 6Н23П).

the tube was being produced in three versions in Eastern Europe - Slovakia by JJ Electronic (ex-Tesla), and in Russia: 6DJ8 for Sovtek and 6922 for Electro-Harmonix.

title: 6DJ8


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Juge Juge Ami Tomari

The result was delete. Eddie891 Talk Work 12:22, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Juge Juge Ami Tomari

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non-notable film with no evidence of release, or even evidence filming was complete, per WP:NF BOVINEBOY 2008 09:54, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Film-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 10:02, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Bangladesh-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 10:02, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete Nothing notably found during search. Donaldd23 (talk) 10:58, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete An unreleased low-profile movie. Fails notability per WP:NFF. Nothing shows up about the film through a websearch. Fails GNG. - hako9 (talk) 13:28, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Olaf Kosinsky (talk) 22:20, 20 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
flowingly

Adverb

 * 1) In a flowing manner.
 * She danced flowingly across the stage, as though gravity and friction didn't apply to her.

title: flowingly


text:
Talk:Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:07, 28 January 2020 (UTC)
 * LNJPIT Logo.svg


text:
Talk:David Sztybel

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on David Sztybel. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090205001448/http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_6/sztybel.pdf to http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_6/sztybel.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090106123436/http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_5/sztybel.pdf to http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_5/sztybel.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:39, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Sztybel


text:
Template:WikiProject Islam/rater-data.js

{	"taskforces": { "partsuf": "", "items": { "Hadith": "Hadith", "Islam-and-Controversy": "Islam and Controversy", "Mosques": "Mosques", "Muslim-history": "Muslim history", "Muslim-scholars": "Muslim scholars" }	} }


text:
Cookbook:Nori

Nori (海苔), also called gim (김), is a type of processed dried seaweed sheet commonly used in Japanese and Korean cuisines.

Nori is sometimes translated as 'laver' in English—however, this English term is generic to many varieties of seaweed, and nori is more commonly used when referring to this specific variety.

Composition
Nori is typically made from various red algal seaweeds, most commonly from the genera Pyropia and Porphyra.

Production
Finished products are made by a shredding and rack-drying process that resembles papermaking.

Use
Nori is often used in Japanese and Korean cuisines to make rice rolls, such as makizushi, onigiri, and kimbap. It may also be used as a garnish or eaten, toasted and seasoned, as a snack.

title: Cookbook:Nori


text:
рабъ

Alternative forms

 * Glagolitic:

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) slave
 * 2) servant

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Noun

 * 1) slave

title: рабъ


text:
Talk:Payload specialist

Name
Should this article be at Payload specialist to comply with naming conventions?--Peta 02:43, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No, it's a formal title, along with Commander, Pilot, and Mission Specialist (and ISS Commander and ISS Flight Engineer). Payload Specialist Astronauts --Dhartung | Talk 05:30, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Question
So why don't NASA plan on using any more payload specialists for the rest of the shuttle program's life? Have they given a reason? Stevage 17:41, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

More info on other functions?
I added these links to pilot, flight engineer and mission commander (took them from Payload Specialist), but I think the links are currently not really helpful (there should be more information about the other functions). It would be nice if someone with better knowledge could fix this, either by adding the space flight related information to those pages or by creating new articles. <IP_ADDRESS> 16:35, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Capitalization
The title "payload specialist" should not be capitalized, just as "lieutenant colonel" should not be, per MOS:MILTERMS and MOS:JOBTITLES. Eleven years ago there may have been different views, as evidenced in the section above (Name). Saying it's a "formal title" nowadays doesn't trump the MoS. Discussion or agreement? Chris the speller  yack  15:09, 27 February 2017 (UTC) There was recently a title conflict between a few people interested in trains and a few interested in MoS (should "narrow gauge" be hyphenated in titles?), and I feel it was important to include both perspectives equally, even though it would have been less contentious with only one. I saw that you posted a notice at MoS, but it's more about potential change to MoS than about this proposed title change. If I'm not mistaken, RMs are listed in a some central location which is more likely to be seen by the generalists (but that might be a wishful-thinking fantasy). Anyway as you say it will ultimately be an RM anyway, so I'm missing the point of spending time greasing skids beforehand. ― Mandruss  ☎  01:12, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
 * The MoS is a guideline which is "a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply." JOBTITLES specifically says they "are common nouns and therefore should be in lower case when used generically." As used as specific job titles by NASA, they should be capitalized. They should only be lowercase in those rare instances when the term is being used generically (for example, by a journalist in a story about a non-NASA crew member), if and when it comes into common parlance. JustinTime55 (talk) 22:29, 1 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Also notice the lead sentences of Payload Specialist and Mission Specialist specifically talk about the NASA job titles. If and when the terms truly become generic (can you prove that has happened yet?) the articles will have to be rewritten. JustinTime55 (talk) 22:33, 1 March 2017 (UTC)
 * By that reasoning, "pope" and "cardinal" are used as specific job titles by the Vatican, so they should be capitalized, but Wikipedia has decided not to. The MoS is clear that the title is not capitalized except "when they can be considered to have become part of the name", like "Payload Specialist Smith", or "used to refer to a specific and obvious person as a substitute for their name". Such cases do not appear in these articles. Nearly every week some editor picks up "used generically" and tries to run with it, but that play has been whistled dead. Chris the speller   yack  06:03, 2 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Any reason this is not an RM? ― Mandruss  ☎  06:21, 2 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Having seen discussion from years ago, I thought it might be a good idea to grease the skids first, and this seemed like a good public place for any possible discussion. I brought this up on this talk page and the talk page for "Mission Specialist" and on the talk page for "WikiProject Spaceflight" so all people who might be concerned with it would get a chance for comment; I don't want to sneak this past anyone. If there had been no objections I would have made it an RM. If anyone thinks this is not a good place for discussion, I will close this and do the RM now. Chris the speller   yack  16:58, 2 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't see how this page could be considered a public place; the only things less public are user talk pages and email. lol.
 * I just wanted the kind of editors who preferred capitalization ten years ago to have an opportunity to have their say, since it had been discussed here before. I didn't expect to get beat up for being considerate of people who might view the issue differently than I do. I don't see how you or any other editor is harmed by bringing it up here again. I'm missing the point of spending time objecting to mentioning the possible change here.  Chris the speller   yack  04:26, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I apologize. I thought I was engaged in a good-faith and mutually respectful discussion about process. I certainly didn't mean to beat you up, but it sounds like a good time to withdraw. Best of luck. ― Mandruss  ☎  05:02, 3 March 2017 (UTC)

Chris the Speller has this exactly right. A payload specialist is "one who specializes in transporting cargo", no matter that they do so in NASA's employ. Primergrey (talk) 07:11, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Chris the speller is correct. This is an ordinary, generic usage. Just because an organization uses non-standard capitalization (e.g., my workplace often capitalizes job titles in all usages, such as "Technical Writer–Editor," which is incorrect per almost any style manual, including Wikipedia's), that non-standard usage does not trump consistent typography that we strive for. This type of hyper-capitalization can be found in almost any bureaucratic organization in the English-speaking world. Military (or government in general) and business organizations are notorious, both of which I am involved with. Holy (talk) 16:37, 16 March 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 16 March 2017

The result of the move request was: both moved. (non-admin closure) TonyBallioni (talk) 20:03, 8 April 2017 (UTC)

– "payload specialist" and "mission specialist" are job titles and common nouns, just as "sales manager" is. Wikipedia does not capitalize job titles unless "followed by a person's name to form a title, i.e., when they can be considered to have become part of the name", per MOS:JOBTITLES. Chris the speller  yack  20:47, 16 March 2017 (UTC) --Relisting. — JFG talk 05:43, 24 March 2017 (UTC)  --Relisting. Andrewa (talk) 06:04, 1 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Payload Specialist → Payload specialist
 * Mission Specialist → Mission specialist

 * Support as standard application of MOS. Dicklyon (talk) 04:46, 26 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Support this move 2601:541:4305:C70:1AB:6C4E:3A37:9F23 (talk) 17:40, 26 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: Only just became aware of these and they are already in the backlog... watch this space. Andrewa (talk) 06:04, 1 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Support. See discussion. Andrewa (talk) 22:37, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Supports as standard practice. Nothing exceptional about this job title. Primergrey (talk) 01:32, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Not proper names. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:42, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

Discussion
Apologies for delaying this one but I needed some time to think! It's borderline IMO, and I thought there was a chance I'd end up opposing.

There is certainly a case for capitalising. This is a particular, titled role. There could in theory be a person on the mission who was a specialist in the mission, so was a mission specialist, but was designated in another primary role... for example, a Mission Commander who had previously served as Mission Specialist (the role) on a similar mission... and so was not serving as a Mission Specialist on this one.

But on reflection, I think this has a lot in common with a military rank such as major general, so for the moment at least it's valid to decap.

Again, apologies for the delay, and I would also support an immediate close and move per the instructions at wp:RM. Andrewa (talk) 22:37, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Like nom said, it's what the guideline at MOS:JOBTITLES. Hard to see any reason to do otherwise for this one. Dicklyon (talk) 22:48, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Reader experience. The MOS is normally correct and we assume it to be so, that is, the onus of proof is on those who wish to depart from it. But it's not set in concrete, or without exceptions, see template:MoS guideline. Andrewa (talk) 23:34, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Sure, but hard to see any improved "reader experience" in deviating, here or almost anywhere else. Dicklyon (talk) 23:48, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Agree that there are exceptions (most are already outlined) but as far as changing consensus on a guideline, that would need to be done at the guideline's TP. Primergrey (talk) 01:30, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Disagree. But your opinion on capitalisation (expressed in many other places) is I'm sure noted by all. Andrewa (talk) 01:22, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Also note that both of the cited references use lowercase. So it's unanimous. Dicklyon (talk) 03:02, 3 April 2017 (UTC)

There's a note at the Mission Specialist TP directing those who want to weigh in on that page's RM to discuss it here. That can't be right. Primergrey (talk) 03:47, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * That's pretty standard for a muti-RM. Dicklyon (talk) 04:14, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * What's the criteria for a multi-RM? Primergrey (talk) 04:38, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * See . There's not much detailed guidance on this. Consolidating multiple related requests on a single page for a consolidated discussion is a longstanding practice that predates my arrival on Wikipedia. I haven't researched this to locate when the practice was initiated and any discussion that led to it, but would imagine the rationale would be a desire for consistency in titling articles. These are both astronaut job titles, and it would seem odd to me to see one capitalized as a proper name, while the other was not. Can you be more specific about why you think discussing these at one central location isn't right? wbm1058 (talk) 13:57, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Personally I think it makes total sense, but given the resistance often encountered when trying to get consistency across similar articles, I just assumed it wasn't kosher. Glad to be wrong, and thanks for the informative reply. Primergrey (talk) 23:07, 3 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Payload specialist


text:
Fortress of Ghat

The Fortress of Ghat is a fort on top of the hill of Koukemen in Ghat, Libya. It was started by the Military of the Ottoman Empire and rebuilt in 1930s after partial destruction caused by the Italian campaign against Libya.

Summary
The Fortress was built by the Ottoman Empire during their rule of Tripoli and Fezzan, and it was destroyed by the Italian colonialists who occupied the city in 1913. It is not excluded that the French also used it during their occupation of Fezzan (1943-1952) after defeating the Italians in the last years of the Second World War. It has been rebuilt and is now a distinctive tourist attraction in the city.

Location
The road to the top of the fortress definitely passes through the paths of the ancient city of Ghat, ‘Agram’, standing at the top of Ghat Fortress can easily get a bird's-eye view of the city and the nearby palm plantations, as well as the Acacus Mountains, with their charming rock carvings, and golden sand dunes, whereas under the fortress’ western wall there is an underground tunnel that might have been used in emergency situations, such as sieges.

title: Fortress of Ghat


text:
Joshua Car

Joshua Car (born 1 August 2000) is an Australian race car driver with residence in Dallas, Texas, United States.

Career
Joshua began his racing career in karting in 2013. In 2018 he made his debut in the Formula 4 United States Championship with Crosslink Racing w/ Kiwi Motorsport. He returned to the series in 2019, and won the championship.

Career summary

 * Season still in progress.

title: Joshua Car


text:
hostil

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) hostile

Adjective

 * 1) hostile

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) hostile showing ill will and malevolence

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) hostile

title: hostil


text:
bodhran

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) A type of frame drum used in Irish music which was traditionally played by being struck with an animal bone, or in modern times, a piece of wood.

title: bodhran