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Vibration isolation

Vibration isolation is the prevention of transmission of vibration from one component of a system to others parts of the same system, as in buildings or mechanical systems. Vibration is undesirable in many domains, primarily engineered systems and habitable spaces, and methods have been developed to prevent the transfer of vibration to such systems. Vibrations propagate via mechanical waves and certain mechanical linkages conduct vibrations more efficiently than others. Passive vibration isolation makes use of materials and mechanical linkages that absorb and damp these mechanical waves. Active vibration isolation involves sensors and actuators that produce disruptive interference that cancels-out incoming vibration.

Passive isolation
"Passive vibration isolation" refers to vibration isolation or mitigation of vibrations by passive techniques such as rubber pads or mechanical springs, as opposed to "active vibration isolation" or "electronic force cancellation" employing electric power, sensors, actuators, and control systems.

Passive vibration isolation is a vast subject, since there are many types of passive vibration isolators used for many different applications. A few of these applications are for industrial equipment such as pumps, motors, HVAC systems, or washing machines; isolation of civil engineering structures from earthquakes (base isolation), sensitive laboratory equipment, valuable statuary, and high-end audio.

A basic understanding of how passive isolation works, the more common types of passive isolators, and the main factors that influence the selection of passive isolators:

Common passive isolation systems

 * Pneumatic or air isolators
 * These are bladders or canisters of compressed air. A source of compressed air is required to maintain them. Air springs are rubber bladders which provide damping as well as isolation and are used in large trucks. Some pneumatic isolators can attain low resonant frequencies and are used for isolating large industrial equipment. Air tables consist of a working surface or optical surface mounted on air legs. These tables provide enough isolation for laboratory instrument under some conditions. Air systems may leak under vacuum conditions. The air container can interfere with isolation of low-amplitude vibration.

 * Mechanical springs and spring-dampers
 * These are heavy-duty isolators used for building systems and industry. Sometimes they serve as mounts for a concrete block, which provides further isolation.

 * Pads or sheets of flexible materials such as elastomers, rubber, cork, dense foam and laminate materials.
 * Elastomer pads, dense closed cell foams and laminate materials are often used under heavy machinery, under common household items, in vehicles and even under higher performing audio systems.

 * Molded and bonded rubber and elastomeric isolators and mounts
 * These are often used as machinery (such as engines) mounts or in vehicles. They absorb shock and attenuate some vibration.

 * Negative-stiffness isolators
 * Negative-stiffness isolators are less common than other types and have generally been developed for high-level research applications such as gravity wave detection. Lee, Goverdovskiy, and Temnikov (2007) proposed a negative-stiffness system for isolating vehicle seats.

 * The focus on negative-stiffness isolators has been on developing systems with very low resonant frequencies (below 1 Hz), so that low frequencies can be adequately isolated, which is critical for sensitive instrumentation. All higher frequencies are also isolated. Negative-stiffness systems can be made with low stiction, so that they are effective in isolating low-amplitude vibrations.

 * Negative-stiffness mechanisms are purely mechanical and typically involve the configuration and loading of components such as beams or inverted pendulums. Greater loading of the negative-stiffness mechanism, within the range of its operability, decreases the natural frequency.

 * Wire rope isolators
 * These isolators are durable and can withstand extreme environments. They are often used in military applications.
 * Base isolators for seismic isolation of buildings, bridges, etc.
 * Base isolators made of layers of neoprene and steel with a low horizontal stiffness are used to lower the natural frequency of the building. Some other base isolators are designed to slide, preventing the transfer of energy from the ground to the building.

 * Tuned mass dampers
 * Tuned mass dampers reduce the effects of harmonic vibration in buildings or other structures. A relatively small mass is attached in such a way that it can dampen out a very narrow band of vibration of the structure.

 * Do it Yourself Isolators
 * In less sophisticated solutions, bungee cords can be used as a cheap isolation system which may be effective enough for some applications. The item to be isolated is suspended from the bungee cords. This is difficult to implement without a danger of the isolated item falling. Tennis balls cut in half have been used under washing machines and other items with some success. In fact, tennis balls became the de facto standard suspension technique used in DIY rave/DJ culture, placed under the feet of each record turntable which produces enough dampening to neutralize the vibrations of high-powered soundsystems from affecting the delicate, high-sensitivity mechanisms of the turntable needles.

How passive isolation works
A passive isolation system, such as a shock mount, in general contains mass, spring, and damping elements and moves as a harmonic oscillator. The mass and spring stiffness dictate a natural frequency of the system. Damping causes energy dissipation and has a secondary effect on natural frequency.

Every object on a flexible support has a fundamental natural frequency. When vibration is applied, energy is transferred most efficiently at the natural frequency, somewhat efficiently below the natural frequency, and with increasing inefficiency (decreasing efficiency) above the natural frequency. This can be seen in the transmissibility curve, which is a plot of transmissibility vs. frequency.

Here is an example of a transmissibility curve. Transmissibility is the ratio of vibration of the isolated surface to that of the source. Vibrations are never eliminated, but they can be greatly reduced. The curve below shows the typical performance of a passive, negative-stiffness isolation system with a natural frequency of 0.5 Hz. The general shape of the curve is typical for passive systems. Below the natural frequency, transmissibility hovers near 1. A value of 1 means that vibration is going through the system without being amplified or reduced. At the resonant frequency, energy is transmitted efficiently, and the incoming vibration is amplified. Damping in the system limits the level of amplification. Above the resonant frequency, little energy can be transmitted, and the curve rolls off to a low value. A passive isolator can be seen as a mechanical low-pass filter for vibrations.

In general, for any given frequency above the natural frequency, an isolator with a lower natural frequency will show greater isolation than one with a higher natural frequency. The best isolation system for a given situation depends on the frequency, direction, and magnitude of vibrations present and the desired level of attenuation of those frequencies.

All mechanical systems in the real world contain some amount of damping. Damping dissipates energy in the system, which reduces the vibration level which is transmitted at the natural frequency. The fluid in automotive shock absorbers is a kind of damper, as is the inherent damping in elastomeric (rubber) engine mounts.

Damping is used in passive isolators to reduce the amount of amplification at the natural frequency. However, increasing damping tends to reduce isolation at the higher frequencies. As damping is increased, transmissibility roll-off decreases. This can be seen in the chart below.

Passive isolation operates in both directions, isolating the payload from vibrations originating in the support, and also isolating the support from vibrations originating in the payload. Large machines such as washers, pumps, and generators, which would cause vibrations in the building or room, are often isolated from the floor. However, there are a multitude of sources of vibration in buildings, and it is often not possible to isolate each source. In many cases, it is most efficient to isolate each sensitive instrument from the floor. Sometimes it is necessary to implement both approaches.

In Superyachts, the engines and alternators produce noise and vibrations. To solve this, the solution is a double elastic suspension where the engine and alternator are mounted with vibration dampers on a common frame. This set is then mounted elastically between the common frame and the hull.

Factors influencing the selection of passive vibration isolators

 * 1) Characteristics of item to be isolated
 * 2) * Size: The dimensions of the item to be isolated help determine the type of isolation which is available and appropriate. Small objects may use only one isolator, while larger items might use a multiple-isolator system.
 * 3) * Weight: The weight of the object to be isolated is an important factor in choosing the correct passive isolation product. Individual passive isolators are designed to be used with a specific range of loading.
 * 4) * Movement: Machines or instruments with moving parts may affect isolation systems. It is important to know the mass, speed, and distance traveled of the moving parts.
 * 5) Operating Environment
 * 6) * Industrial: This generally entails strong vibrations over a wide band of frequencies and some amount of dust.
 * 7) * Laboratory: Labs are sometimes troubled by specific building vibrations from adjacent machinery, foot traffic, or HVAC airflow.
 * 8) * Indoor or outdoor: Isolators are generally designed for one environment or the other.
 * 9) * Corrosive/non-corrosive: Some indoor environments may present a corrosive danger to isolator components due to the presence of corrosive chemicals. Outdoors, water and salt environments need to be considered.
 * 10) * Clean room: Some isolators can be made appropriate for clean room.
 * 11) * Temperature: In general, isolators are designed to be used in the range of temperatures normal for human environments. If a larger range of temperatures is required, the isolator design may need to be modified.
 * 12) * Vacuum: Some isolators can be used in a vacuum environment. Air isolators may have leakage problems. Vacuum requirements typically include some level of clean room requirement and may also have a large temperature range.
 * 13) * Magnetism: Some experimentation which requires vibration isolation also requires a low-magnetism environment. Some isolators can be designed with low-magnetism components.
 * 14) * Acoustic noise: Some instruments are sensitive to acoustic vibration. In addition, some isolation systems can be excited by acoustic noise. It may be necessary to use an acoustic shield. Air compressors can create problematic acoustic noise, heat, and airflow.
 * 15) * Static or dynamic loads: This distinction is quite important as isolators are designed for a certain type and level of loading.
 * 16) * ; Static loading
 * is basically the weight of the isolated object with low-amplitude vibration input. This is the environment of apparently stationary objects such as buildings (under normal conditions) or laboratory instruments.
 * 1) * ; Dynamic loading
 * involves accelerations and larger amplitude shock and vibration. This environment is present in vehicles, heavy machinery, and structures with significant movement.
 * 1) Cost:
 * 2) * Cost of providing isolation: Costs include the isolation system itself, whether it is a standard or custom product; a compressed air source if required; shipping from manufacturer to destination; installation; maintenance; and an initial vibration site survey to determine the need for isolation.
 * 3) * Relative costs of different isolation systems: Inexpensive shock mounts may need to be replaced due to dynamic loading cycles. A higher level of isolation which is effective at lower vibration frequencies and magnitudes generally costs more. Prices can range from a few dollars for bungee cords to millions of dollars for some space applications.
 * 4) Adjustment: Some isolation systems require manual adjustment to compensate for changes in weight load, weight distribution, temperature, and air pressure, whereas other systems are designed to automatically compensate for some or all of these factors.
 * 5) Maintenance: Some isolation systems are quite durable and require little or no maintenance. Others may require periodic replacement due to mechanical fatigue of parts or aging of materials.
 * 6) Size Constraints:  The isolation system may have to fit in a restricted space in a laboratory or vacuum chamber, or within a machine housing.
 * 7) Nature of vibrations to be isolated or mitigated
 * 8) * Frequencies: If possible, it is important to know the frequencies of ambient vibrations. This can be determined with a site survey or accelerometer data processed through FFT analysis.
 * 9) * Amplitudes: The amplitudes of the vibration frequencies present can be compared with required levels to determine whether isolation is needed. In addition, isolators are designed for ranges of vibration amplitudes. Some isolators are not effective for very small amplitudes.
 * 10) * Direction: Knowing whether vibrations are horizontal or vertical can help to target isolation where it is needed and save money.
 * 11) Vibration specifications of item to be isolated: Many instruments or machines have manufacturer-specified levels of vibration for the operating environment. The manufacturer may not guarantee the proper operation of the instrument if vibration exceeds the spec.
 * 12) Not For Profit Organizations such as ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) and VISCMA (Vibration Isolation and Seismic Control Manufacturers Association) provide specifications / standards for isolator types and spring deflection requirements that cover a wide array of industries including electrical, mechanical, plumbing, and HVAC.

Negative-stiffness vibration isolator
Negative-Stiffness-Mechanism (NSM) vibration isolation systems offer a unique passive approach for achieving low vibration environments and isolation against sub-Hertz vibrations. "Snap-through" or "over-center" NSM devices are used to reduce the stiffness of elastic suspensions and create compact six-degree-of-freedom systems with low natural frequencies. Practical systems with vertical and horizontal natural frequencies as low as 0.2 to 0.5 Hz are possible. Electro-mechanical auto-adjust mechanisms compensate for varying weight loads and provide automatic leveling in multiple-isolator systems, similar to the function of leveling valves in pneumatic systems. All-metal systems can be configured which are compatible with high vacuums and other adverse environments such as high temperatures.

These isolation systems enable vibration-sensitive instruments such as scanning probe microscopes, micro-hardness testers and scanning electron microscopes to operate in severe vibration environments sometimes encountered, for example, on upper floors of buildings and in clean rooms. Such operation would not be practical with pneumatic isolation systems. Similarly, they enable vibration-sensitive instruments to produce better images and data than those achievable with pneumatic isolators.

The theory of operation of NSM vibration isolation systems is summarized, some typical systems and applications are described, and data on measured performance is presented. The theory of NSM isolation systems is explained in References 1 and 2. It is summarized briefly for convenience.

Vertical-motion isolation
A vertical-motion isolator is shown. It uses a conventional spring connected to an NSM consisting of two bars hinged at the center, supported at their outer ends on pivots, and loaded in compression by forces P. The spring is compressed by weight W to the operating position of the isolator, as shown in Figure 1. The stiffness of the isolator is K=K S -K N where K S is the spring stiffness and K N is the magnitude of a negative-stiffness which is a function of the length of the bars and the load P. The isolator stiffness can be made to approach zero while the spring supports the weight W.

Horizontal-motion isolation
A horizontal-motion isolator consisting of two beam-columns is illustrated in Figure. 2. Each beam-column behaves like two fixed-free beam columns loaded axially by a weight load W. Without the weight load the beam-columns have horizontal stiffness K S With the weight load the lateral bending stiffness is reduced by the "beam-column" effect. This behavior is equivalent to a horizontal spring combined with an NSM so that the horizontal stiffness is $$K=K_S-K_N$$, and $$K_N$$ is the magnitude of the beam-column effect. Horizontal stiffness can be made to approach zero by loading the beam-columns to approach their critical buckling load.

Six-degree-of-freedom (six-DOF) isolation
A six-DOF NSM isolator typically uses three isolators stacked in series: a tilt-motion isolator on top of a horizontal-motion isolator on top of a vertical-motion isolator. Figure 3 (Ref. needed) shows a schematic of a vibration isolation system consisting of a weighted platform supported by a single six-DOF isolator incorporating the isolators of Figures 1 and 2 (Figures 1 and 2 are missing). Flexures are used in place of the hinged bars shown in Figure 1. A tilt flexure serves as the tilt-motion isolator. A vertical-stiffness adjustment screw is used to adjust the compression force on the negative-stiffness flexures thereby changing the vertical stiffness. A vertical load adjustment screw is used to adjust for varying weight loads by raising or lowering the base of the support spring to keep the flexures in their straight, unbent operating positions.

Vibration isolation of supporting joint
The equipment or other mechanical components are necessarily linked to surrounding objects (the supporting joint - with the support; the unsupporting joint - the pipe duct or cable), thus presenting the opportunity for unwanted transmission of vibrations. Using a suitably designed vibration-isolator (absorber), vibration isolation of the supporting joint is realized. The accompanying illustration shows the attenuation of vibration levels, as measured before installation of the functioning gear on a vibration isolator as well as after installation, for a wide range of frequencies.

The vibration isolator

This is defined as a device that reflects and absorbs waves of oscillatory energy, extending from a piece of working machinery or electrical equipment, and with the desired effect being vibration insulation. The goal is to establish vibration isolation between a body transferring mechanical fluctuations and a supporting body (for example, between the machine and the foundation). The illustration shows a vibration isolator from the series «ВИ» (~"VI" in Roman characters), as used in shipbuilding in Russia, for example the submarine "St.Petersburg" (Lada). The depicted «ВИ» devices allow loadings ranging from 5, 40 and 300 kg. They differ in their physical sizes, but all share the same fundamental design. The structure consists of a rubber envelope that is internally reinforced by a spring. During manufacture, the rubber and the spring are intimately and permanently connected as a result of the vulcanization process that is integral to the processing of the crude rubber material. Under action of weight loading of the machine, the rubber envelope deforms, and the spring is compressed or stretched. Therefore, in the direction of the spring's cross section, twisting of the enveloping rubber occurs. The resulting elastic deformation of the rubber envelope results in very effective absorption of the vibration. This absorption is crucial to reliable vibration insulation, because it averts the potential for resonance effects. The amount of elastic deformation of the rubber largely dictates the magnitude of vibration absorption that can be attained; the entire device (including the spring itself) must be designed with this in mind. The design of the vibration isolator must also take into account potential exposure to shock loadings, in addition to the routine everyday vibrations. Lastly, the vibration isolator must also be designed for long-term durability as well as convenient integration into the environment in which it is to be used. Sleeves and flanges are typically employed in order to enable the vibration isolator to be securely fastened to the equipment and the supporting foundation.

Vibration isolation of unsupporting joint
Vibration isolation of unsupporting joint is realized in the device named branch pipe a of isolating vibration.

Branch pipe a of isolating vibration
Branch pipe a of isolating vibration is a part of a tube with elastic walls for reflection and absorption of waves of the oscillatory energy extending from the working pump over wall of the pipe duct. Is established between the pump and the pipe duct. On an illustration is presented the image a vibration-isolating branch pipe of a series «ВИПБ». In a structure is used the rubber envelope, which is reinforced by a spring. Properties of an envelope are similar envelope to an isolator vibration. Has the device reducing axial effort from action of internal pressure up to zero.

Subframe isolation

Another technique used to increase isolation is to use an isolated subframe. This splits the system with an additional mass/spring/damper system. This doubles the high frequency attenuation rolloff, at the cost of introducing additional low frequency modes which may cause the low frequency behaviour to deteriorate. This is commonly used in the rear suspensions of cars with Independent Rear Suspension (IRS), and in the front subframes of some cars. The graph (see illustration) shows the force into the body for a subframe that is rigidly bolted to the body compared with the red curve that shows a compliantly mounted subframe. Above 42 Hz the compliantly mounted subframe is superior, but below that frequency the bolted in subframe is better.

Semi-active isolation
Semiactive vibration isolators have received attention because they consume less power than active devices and controllability over passive systems.

Active isolation
Active vibration isolation systems contain, along with the spring, a feedback circuit which consists of a sensor (for example a piezoelectric accelerometer or a geophone), a controller, and an actuator. The acceleration (vibration) signal is processed by a control circuit and amplifier. Then it feeds the electromagnetic actuator, which amplifies the signal. As a result of such a feedback system, a considerably stronger suppression of vibrations is achieved compared to ordinary damping. Active isolation today is used for applications where structures smaller than a micrometer have to be produced or measured. A couple of companies produce active isolation products as OEM for research, metrology, lithography and medical systems. Another important application is the semiconductor industry. In the microchip production, the smallest structures today are below 20 nm, so the machines which produce and check them have to oscillate much less.

Sensors for active isolation

 * Piezoelectric accelerometers and force sensors
 * MEM accelerometers
 * Geophones
 * Proximity sensors
 * Interferometers

Actuators for active isolation

 * Linear motors
 * Pneumatic actuators
 * Piezoelectric motors

title: Vibration isolation


text:
Talk:David Koepp

Screenwriting style info?
It would be interesting and beneficial to readers if some information was provided as to who influences Koepp as a screenwriter or who his "friends" are in the business...for instance, I read on imdb that Andrew Kevin Walker asked Koepp to read a Se7en draft, or something to that effect. Information like that would be helpful for those who are looking for similar screenwriters. For instance, for the Meisner technique wiki, a list of actors who follow it is included. Does Koepp follow McKee's story idea, or Field's structure, or another prevalent system? More information of this type would be great! <IP_ADDRESS> 07:27, 22 March 2007 (UTC)user:Franklinpierce3

Spider-Man 4
I heard rumores that he is going to write spider-man 4... then i heared them saying that he wasn't anymore... so is he or isn't he???<IP_ADDRESS> 21:42, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Just learned Koepp was paid a million for one days work on Rockett —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:43, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

"Also He Is Spider-Man 2 Story Worked"
What the hell? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:39, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

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on in an
Looks nice, but still the "in" should be kicked out of the sentence. 2003:DE:2F45:6894:E9E1:11D:3FFE:4ADE (talk) 20:01, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

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Research collaboration

This page is of Wikiversity is all about research collaboration. Here best practices will be explored. Perhaps this page will also offer a venue for Wikiversitians to find collaborators and also brainstorm possible research topics.

 * Thesis, papers and dissertations about scientific collaboration
 * Research grant collaboration group
 * Topic:Learning Objects - Look into the creation of Learning objects and incorporating Learning Object Metadata into the MediaWiki engine for use at Wikiversity and other projects.

title: Research collaboration


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Michel Roussin

Michel Roussin (born May 3, 1939 in Rabat, Morocco) was the chief of staff of Alexandre de Marenches, who directed the SDECE French secret service until the May 1981 election of François Mitterrand as President of France. Michel Roussin has also been chief of staff of Jacques Chirac when he was mayor of Paris and also when he was prime minister.

Roussin then became minister of cooperation under Édouard Balladur's government. However, he had to resign, in accordance with the so-called Balladur jurisprudence because of suspected involvement in various affairs concerning the illegal funding of Chirac's Rally for the Republic (RPR) party. Jailed for a time, Roussin was afterwards acquitted. However, on October 26, 2005, he was condemned to four years of prison on probation and a 50,000 EUR fine for his role in the corruption affair concerning high schools in the Paris region.

Named to the direction of SAE International, a construction firm linked to Paribas bank, Roussin in 1997 followed this function with his presidency of the Africa committee of the MEDEF, the French employers organization; the francophonie delegation at Paris's municipal hall. He also presented himself as candidate to the presidency of the Elf Aquitaine oil company. Roussin is also allegedly a member of the masonic lodge Grande Loge Nationale Française (GLNF).

Timeline

 * 1972-76: Military commander at the Hôtel Matignon, residency of prime minister Jacques Chirac.
 * 1977-81: Chief of staff of Alexandre de Marenches at the SDECE.
 * 1983: Worked for the president of the Compagnie Générale des Eaux
 * 1984-86: Chief of staff of Jacques Chirac at the Paris municipal hall and then at Matignon
 * 1993-94: Minister of cooperation under Edouard Balladur's government.
 * 1994: Investigated in the frame of the "Jean-Claude Méry affair". He resigns from his ministerial functions, but is then acquitted.
 * 1996: President of SAE International, a subsidiary of the Eiffage group. He is charged of a special committee on Africa by the Medef's direction.
 * 1999: Death of Jean-Claude Méry.
 * 2000: Daily newspaper Le Monde publish the integral content of Jean-Claude Méry's posthumous videocassette, in which Jean-Claude Méry, member of the executive committee of the RPR party, declared having given 5 million francs in cash to Michel Roussin, then Chirac's chief of staff, "in the presence of Mr. Chirac". Investigative magistrate Eric Halphen would convoque on these grounds president Chirac as witness in March 2001.

title: Michel Roussin


text:
Provost of Fife

The Provost of Fife is the ceremonial head of Fife Council, a Scottish unitary authority covering the historic county of Fife. Along with the duties of an ordinary councillor, it is the Provost's duty to promote the values of the council, provide an example to others and enhance the reputation of the council and Fife.

The Provost is elected every five years by the members of the Council. The title was reinstated in May 2004. The current Provost is Councillor Jim Leishman.

title: Provost of Fife


text:
User:Zgmix0227

HI, I'm Danii I am a gerderfluid person who likes guys, I also love hockey and follow the blackhawks closely!! I also like to play hockey and ( position right wing)

title: User:Zgmix0227


text:
Anu Valia

Anu Valia is an American television and film director, writer, actress, and producer best known for writing and directing the short film Lucia, Before and After, which won the 2017 Sundance Film Festival Short Film Jury Award.

Early life and education
Anu Valia was born to a Sikh family in Indiana and grew up in the Greater Chicago area, specifically in the town of Schererville, Indiana. Valia studied dance from age 5, and in high school organized a charity dance performance to support people with HIV/AIDS. After graduating from Morgan Park Academy in 2006, Valia went to school New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.

Career
From 2011 to 2013, Valia served as a producer at CollegeHumor, appearing as herself in several videos and earning a nomination for a Webby Award.

Valia wrote and directed the short film Lucia, Before and After, about a young woman waiting to have an abortion in Texas. The film won the 2017 Sundance Film Festival Short Film Jury Award. In 2018, Valia joined the Los Angeles production company Majority, which works to create opportunities for female directors.

She has directed episodes of shows including Never Have I Ever, Mixed-ish, Awkwafina Is Nora from Queens, Love Life, A.P. Bio, And Just Like That..., The Big Door Prize and The Afterparty. Additionally, Valia served as a story producer for the television adaptation of My Brother, My Brother and Me.

In July 2020, Valia, who is of Indian descent, was announced as a mentor in the inaugural year of a mentorship program connecting aspiring talent of South Asian descent in the television and film industry with actors, writers, and leaders who could mentor them in Hollywood.

In December 2020, Marvel Studios announced that Valia will be directing episodes of the Disney+ streaming series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe for a 2022 release.

title: Anu Valia


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Talk:David Stanton (politician)

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Cryptography/Introduction

Cryptography is the study of information hiding and verification. It includes the protocols, algorithms and strategies to securely and consistently prevent or delay unauthorized access to sensitive information and enable verifiability of every component in a communication.

Cryptography is derived from the Greek words: kryptós, "hidden", and gráphein, "to write" - or "hidden writing". People who study and develop cryptography are called cryptographers. The study of how to circumvent the use of cryptography for unintended recipients is called cryptanalysis, or codebreaking. Cryptography and cryptanalysis are sometimes grouped together under the umbrella term cryptology, encompassing the entire subject. In practice, "cryptography" is also often used to refer to the field as a whole, especially as an applied science. At the dawn of the 21 century in an ever more interconnected and technological world cryptography started to be ubiquitous as well as the reliance on the benefits it brings, especially the increased security and verifiability.

Cryptography is an interdisciplinary subject, drawing from several fields. Before the time of computers, it was closely related to linguistics. Nowadays the emphasis has shifted, and cryptography makes extensive use of technical areas of mathematics, especially those areas collectively known as discrete mathematics. This includes topics from number theory, information theory, computational complexity, statistics and combinatorics. It is also a branch of engineering, but an unusual one as it must deal with active, intelligent and malevolent opposition.

An example of the sub-fields of cryptography is steganography — the study of hiding the very existence of a message, and not necessarily the contents of the message itself (for example, microdots, or invisible ink) — and traffic analysis, which is the analysis of patterns of communication in order to learn secret information.

When information is transformed from a useful form of understanding to an opaque form of understanding, this is called encryption. When the information is restored to a useful form, it is called decryption. Intended recipients or authorized use of the information is determined by whether the user has a certain piece of secret knowledge. Only users with the secret knowledge can transform the opaque information back into its useful form. The secret knowledge is commonly called the key, though the secret knowledge may include the entire process or algorithm that is used in the encryption/decryption. The information in its useful form is called plaintext (or cleartext); in its encrypted form it is called ciphertext. The algorithm used for encryption and decryption is called a cipher (or cypher).

Common goals in cryptography
In essence, cryptography concerns four main goals. They are:

 * 1) message confidentiality (or privacy): Only an authorized recipient should be able to extract the contents of the message from its encrypted form. Resulting from steps to hide, stop or delay free access to the encrypted information.
 * 2) message integrity: The recipient should be able to determine if the message has been altered.
 * 3) sender authentication: The recipient should be able to verify from the message, the identity of the sender, the origin or the path it traveled (or combinations) so to validate claims from emitter or to validated the recipient  expectations.
 * 4) sender non-repudiation: The remitter should not be able to deny sending the message.

Not all cryptographic systems achieve all of the above goals. Some applications of cryptography have different goals; for example some situations require repudiation where a participant can plausibly deny that they are a sender or receiver of a message, or extend this goals to include variations like:

 * 1) message access control: Who are the valid recipients of the message.
 * 2) message availability: By providing means to limit the validity of the message, channel, emitter or recipient in time or space.

Common forms of cryptography
Cryptography involves all legitimate users of information having the keys required to access that information.
 * If the sender and recipient must have the same key in order to encode or decode the protected information, then the cipher is a symmetric key cipher since everyone uses the same key for the same message. The main problem is that the secret key must somehow be given to both the sender and recipient privately. For this reason, symmetric key ciphers are also called private key (or secret key) ciphers.
 * If the sender and recipient have different keys respective to the communication roles they play, then the cipher is an asymmetric key cipher as different keys exist for encoding and decoding the same message. It is also called public key encryption as the user publicly distributes one of the keys without a care for secrecy. In the case of confidential messages to the user, they distribute the encryption key. Asymmetric encryption relies on the fact that possession of the encryption key will not reveal the decryption key.
 * Digital Signatures are a form of authentication with some parallels to public-key encryption. The two keys are the public verification key and the secret signature key. As in public-key encryption, the verification key can be distributed to other people, with the same caveat that the distribution process should in some way authenticate the owner of the secret key. Security relies on the fact that possession of the verification key will not reveal the signature key.
 * Hash Functions are unkeyed message digests with special properties.

Other:

Poorly designed, or poorly implemented, crypto systems achieve them only by accident or bluff or lack of interest on the part of the opposition. Users can, and regularly do, find weaknesses in even well-designed cryptographic schemes from those of high reputation.

Even with well designed, well implemented, and properly used crypto systems, some goals aren't practical (or desirable) in some contexts. For example, the sender of the message may wish to be anonymous, and would therefore deliberately choose not to bother with non-repudiation. Alternatively, the system may be intended for an environment with limited computing resources, or message confidentiality might not be an issue.

In classical cryptography, messages are typically enciphered and transmitted from one person or group to some other person or group. In modern cryptography, there are many possible options for "sender" or "recipient". Some examples, for real crypto systems in the modern world, include:

 * 1) a computer program running on a local computer,
 * 2) a computer program running on a 'nearby' computer which 'provides security services' for users on other nearby systems,
 * 3) a human being (usually understood as 'at the keyboard').  However, even in this example, the presumed human is not generally taken to actually encrypt or sign or decrypt or authenticate anything. Rather, he or she instructs a computer program to perform these actions.  This 'blurred separation' of human action from actions which are presumed (without much consideration) to have 'been done by a human' is a source of problems in crypto system design, implementation, and use.  Such problems are often quite subtle and correspondingly obscure; indeed, generally so, even to practicing cryptographers with knowledge, skill, and good engineering sense.

When confusion on these points is present (e.g., at the design stage, during implementation, by a user after installation, or ...), failures in reaching each of the stated goals can occur quite easily—often without notice to any human involved, and even given a perfect cryptosystem. Such failures are most often due to extra-cryptographic issues; each such failure demonstrates that good algorithms, good protocols, good system design, and good implementation do not alone, nor even in combination, provide 'security'. Instead, careful thought is required regarding the entire crypto system design and its use in actual production by real people on actual equipment running 'production' system software (e.g., operating systems) -- too often, this is absent or insufficient in practice with real-world crypto systems.

Although cryptography has a long and complex history, it wasn't until the 19th century that it developed anything more than ad hoc approaches to either encryption or cryptanalysis (the science of finding weaknesses in crypto systems). Examples of the latter include Charles Babbage's Crimean War era work on mathematical cryptanalysis of polyalphabetic ciphers, repeated publicly rather later by the Prussian Kasiski. During this time, there was little theoretical foundation for cryptography; rather, understanding of cryptography generally consisted of hard-won fragments of knowledge and rules of thumb; see, for example, Auguste Kerckhoffs' crypto writings in the latter nineteenth century. An increasingly mathematical trend accelerated up to World War II (notably in William F. Friedman's application of statistical techniques to cryptography and in Marian Rejewski's initial break into the German Army's version of the Enigma system). Both cryptography and cryptanalysis have become far more mathematical since WWII. Even then, it has taken the wide availability of computers, and the Internet as a communications medium, to bring effective cryptography into common use by anyone other than national governments or similarly large enterprise.

External links

 *

Crittografia/Introduzione alla crittografia

title: Cryptography/Introduction


text:
Talk:Political science

add Public Policy

You are linked ;)
I've set up a link to you from the Strategic Studies Curriculum. Hope I can help in future!--Dnjkirk 18:42, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Political science


text:
Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389

The Caroline War was the second phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England, following the Edwardian War. It was so-named after Charles V of France, who resumed the war nine years after the Treaty of Brétigny (signed 1360). In this part of the conflict, the Crown of Castile emerges as a supporter of France. The Kingdom of France dominated this phase of the war.

The Black Prince, eldest son and heir of Edward III of England, spent a huge sum of money in order to restore Peter the Cruel to the throne of Castile. The Castilian King was unable to repay him, however, so the Black Prince raised taxes in his domains in Aquitaine. The people's complaints were unheeded, so they appealed to the French King Charles V. In May 1369, the Black Prince received summons from the French king demanding his presence in Paris. The prince refused, and Charles responded by declaring war. He immediately set out to reverse the territorial losses imposed at Brétigny and he was largely successful in his lifetime. His successor, Charles VI, made peace with the son of the Black Prince, Richard II, in 1389. This truce was extended many times until the war was resumed in 1415.

Background
In the Treaty of Brétigny, Edward III renounced his claim to the French throne in exchange for the duchy of Aquitaine in full sovereignty. During the nine years of formal peace between the two kingdoms, the English and French clashed in Brittany and Castile.

In the War of the Breton Succession, the English backed the heir male, the House of Montfort (a cadet of the House of Dreux, itself a cadet of the Capetian dynasty) while the French backed the heir general, the House of Blois. Since Brittany allowed female succession, the French considered the Blois side to be the rightful heir. The war began in 1341, but the English continued backing the Montforts even after the Peace of Brétigny. The English-supported claimant John of Montfort defeated and killed the French claimant, Charles of Blois, at the Battle of Auray in 1364. By that time, however, Edward III no longer had a claim to the throne of France, so John had to accept the suzerainty of the French king in order to hold his duchy in peace. Thus, the English derived no benefit from their victory. In fact, the French received the benefit of improved generalship in the person of the Breton commander Bertrand du Guesclin, who, leaving Brittany, entered the service of Charles and became one of his most successful generals.

With peace in France, the mercenaries and soldiers lately employed in the war became unemployed, and turned to plundering. Charles V also had a score to settle with Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile, who married his sister-in-law, Blanche of Bourbon, and had her poisoned. Charles V ordered Du Guesclin to lead these bands to Castile to depose Pedro the Cruel. The Castilian Civil War ensued. Du Guesclin succeeded in his object; Henry of Trastámara was placed on the Castilian throne.

Having been opposed by the French, Pedro appealed to the Black Prince for aid, promising rewards. The Black Prince succeeded in restoring Pedro following the Battle of Nájera. But Pedro refused to make payments, to the chagrin of his English and Navarrese allies. Without them, Pedro was once more deposed, and lost his life. Again the English gained nothing from their intervention, except the enmity of the new king of Castile, who allied himself with France. The English merchant community that had been established in Seville was massacred on Henry's order. Between 1372 and 1380, Castilian corsairs raided the southern coasts of England with relative impunity, turning the tide in the Hundred Years' War decisively in France's favour.

The Black Prince's intervention in the Castilian Civil War, and the failure of Pedro to reward his services, depleted the prince's treasury. He resolved to recover his losses by raising the taxes in Aquitaine. The Gascons, unaccustomed to such taxes, complained. Unheeded, they turned to the King of France as their feudal overlord. But by the Treaty of Brétigny the King of France had lost his suzerainty over Aquitaine. After reflecting on the matter, it was asserted that Edward III's renunciation of France had been imperfect. In consequence, the King of France retained his suzerainty over Aquitaine. Charles V summoned the Black Prince to answer the complaints of his vassals, but Edward refused. The Caroline phase of the Hundred Years' War began.

French recovery

When Charles V resumed the war, the balance had shifted in his favour; France remained the largest and most powerful state in Western Europe, and England had lost its most capable military leaders. Edward III was too old and the Black Prince an invalid, while in December 1370, John Chandos, the vastly experienced seneschal of Poitou, was killed in a skirmish near Lussac-les-Châteaux. On the advice of Bertrand du Guesclin, appointed Constable of France in November 1370, the French adopted an attritional strategy. Rather than seeking battle, the English were worn down by an incremental approach whereby the areas ceded at Bretigny were retaken piece by piece, including Poitiers in 1372.

In August 1372, the English suffered a disastrous naval defeat at La Rochelle, when a supply convoy carrying reinforcements for Aquitaine, along with £20,000 to pay the troops, was intercepted and sunk by a Castilian fleet. This exposed the English coast to French and Spanish raids, isolated Gascony, and increased public opposition to the war. In addition, Jean III de Grailly, Captal de Buch, a Gascon fighting for the English who had filled the gap left by Chandos, was captured in the fighting around La Rochelle. Despite pleas from his own knights, Charles refused to ransom the Captal, arguing he was too dangerous to release, and kept him in prison where he died in 1376.

The English responded with a series of destructive military expeditions into French territory called chevauchées, hoping to bring du Guesclin to battle. The most significant of these was led by John of Gaunt in 1373; launched between two bouts of the Black Death in 1369 and 1375, the plague had a devastating economic impact, making it difficult for him to fund the campaign. According to chronicler Jean Froissart, the Chevauchée had been planned for three years. The English were known for their capability in this type of warfare. The English plan involved marching from Calais through Champagne and Burgundy into Aquitaine, a journey of over 1,000 miles lasting five months.

By burning manors, mills and villages, they hoped to destroy the French tax base and demonstrate Charles's inability to protect his subjects, moving at speed to allow them strike and withdraw before the enemy could respond. On this occasion, Charles issued strict instructions to avoid major combat and ordered farmers to take refuge in fortified towns. As they entered Burgundy, the English columns were tracked by one of du Guesclin's most effective subordinates, Olivier de Clisson, who killed over 600 and took many others prisoner. Most of their baggage and transport was lost crossing the Loire and Allier in October, leaving them short of supplies.

By the time they reached Bordeaux on Christmas Eve 1373, the English had been decimated by disease and starvation, with many of the knights on foot. Defeat caused great anger and resentment in England against John of Gaunt, who remained a powerful political player, but his unpopularity meant his efforts to agree peace with France were unsuccessful. By 1374, the Treaty of Bretigny had been nullified in fact as well as name; apart from Calais, England held no more territory than before their victory at Crécy in 1346.

Treaty of Bruges

Instigated by Pope Gregory XI, the 1375 Treaty of Bruges agreed a 12-month truce between the two sides while they negotiated an end to the fighting. France was represented by Philip II, Duke of Burgundy, and England by John of Gaunt. Talks eventually broke down over the issue of Aquitaine; the English wanted full sovereignty, while the French insisted it be retained by the House of Valois. Despite attempts by the Pope to broker a compromise, agreement could not be reached and the war resumed in 1377.

The Black Prince died in 1376; in April 1377, Edward III sent his Lord Chancellor, Adam Houghton, to negotiate with Charles, who returned home when Edward himself died in June. He was succeeded on the throne of England by his ten-year-old grandson, Richard II. It was not until Richard had been deposed by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke that the English, under the House of Lancaster, could forcefully revive their claim to the French throne. The war nonetheless continued until the first of a series of truces was signed in 1389.

Charles V died in September 1380 and was succeeded by his underage son, Charles VI, who was placed under the joint regency of his three uncles. With his successes, Charles may have believed that the end of the war was at hand. On his deathbed, Charles V repealed the royal taxation necessary to fund the war effort. As the regents attempted to reimpose the taxation, a popular revolt known as the Harelle broke out in Rouen. As tax collectors arrived at other French cities, the revolt spread and violence broke out in Paris and most of France's other northern cities. The regency was forced to repeal the taxes to calm the situation.

The Great Schism
In 1378 Charles V's support for the election of the Avignon Pope Clement VII started the Great Schism. This event split the Church for almost four decades and thwarted papal efforts to prevent or end the Hundred Years' War. The disputed papal succession resulted in several lines of popes competing for the support of national rulers, which exacerbated the political divisions of the war. Despite papal involvement in peace conferences throughout the 14th century, no settlement was ever reached, in part because the papacy was not influential enough to impose one.

title: Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389


text:
Graphic Design/Drawing

=Drawing= It's a good idea for a student of graphic design to learn how to draw. Sure, you can bypass this and do everything by computer, but drawing by hand trains your mind and your eye to seek out details and improve your grasp of visual forms. It develops different parts of your mind that relate to composition, color, anatomy, depth and mood, and helps you directly perceive things and interpret them.

Much of what we relate to in our lives is linear. For effective visual communication you need to develop a nonlinear, direct connection to the actual tensions, feelings, and dimesions you are interpreting and expressing in your work. Drawing can be an invaluable way to develop a direct connection to the world around you and develop your own outlook.

The ultimate aim of the graphic designer is to understand, use and coordinate the tools of the craft (typeface, art, photography, printing, etc.) and create a message that rises above them. As in music, you do not pay attention to the instruments alone but to the composition as a whole.

Draw some architecture, some life studies, and some abstract compositions. Start with basic media like pencil and charcoal, and then try some things in color. Look at master drawings for ideas and inspiration.

In interpreting three dimensions on a flat surface with a defined page shape, you encounter a number of issues. Evaluate how light falls across an object and how you can make shapes out of shadows. Shading, the gradation of darkness, is one of the most important factors when you draw an object. Shading and defining basic forms can provide a truer understanding of a dimensional object on a flat surface, and can make the difference between a really shoddy piece and a proper drawing. Get beyond outlining in your definition of form.

Appreciate your overall use of the page. Be familiar with positive and negative space (negative space is that space that falls between the objects) and understand they are all part of the overall composition.

To be successful at graphic design you need to develop a taste for solving visual problems and a set of strategies for resolving them.

Examples
{{Center|

Negative Space
With negative space, shape can be implied without drawing the feature itself.

This graphic only draws leaves, but implies a stem through negative space. }}

title: Graphic Design/Drawing


text:
Draft:Operating system/Operating Systems/basic x86 bootsector

Basic x86 boot loader
Here we are going to write a simple bootsector for an x86 machine to start with hands on experience in operating system design. The bootsector must follow a few rules. It must be written in assembly, be exactly 512 bytes long, and end with the bootloader signature of 55AA. We are also going to load it into memory at 7C00. You will need the nasm assembler.

Assembly code for infinite loop bootloader

 * [BITS 16] Tells NASM to compile in 16 bit mode (Note to self: see about rewriting file to use 32 bits.)
 * [ORG 0x7C00] The code will be loaded at address 7C00 in memory
 * main: main function of program
 * jmp $ jumps to start of function creating an infinite loop
 * times 510-($-$$) db 0 Fills remaining 510 bytes with zeros
 * dw 0xAA55 word (remaining 2 bytes) with bootloader signature, would not be recognized as bootable disk without this.


text:
Portal talk:Jewish Studies

Proposed subject
I am a prospective convert to Masorti Judaism. Maybe we should develop a course to teach Jewish converts the details of the faith? Dev920 13:50, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * A basic Judaism course would certainly be the most appropriate place to start. What kind of stuff would need to be discussed, though? By the way, I am probably going to convert to Conservative Judaism myself. :D Karimarie 23:28, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

I'm not going to convert but would be interested. Is it only for jews and potential converts? --Mateo 16:45, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * No. While Orthodox Jews would say that Jewish learning should be restricted to Jews and Noachides, that conflicts with Wiki philosophy that information, if it exists, should be accessible. Since Wikiversity is part of the Wikimedia Foundation, we are bound to following Wiki philosophy if there is a conflict between the two. We are founded on the principles of the Wiki, not on the principles of Jewish law. Karimarie 17:07, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I am Orthodox and I know of no such restriction. In several places the Gemara talks about study sessions between Jews and non-Jews. Rebele 08:36, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

Torah study
I think it would be a good idea to have a running class where all active participants discuss the week's parshah in a group discussion format.

Implementing it would be interesting, though.

Ideas? Karimarie 15:54, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

I have attempted to add some categories for further expansion of this page. I will do some cleaning up and additions later. Hope we get something going here! :) Erin November 25th, 2007

Socialist
I have added Socialist as the Bund is a very important Jewish organisation.Harrypotter 23:29, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that the Bund is a very important and influential institution. Is that enough to call it a separate branch of Judaism? Would Hadassah be a separate branch of Judaism? Is Poalai Agudah separate from Orthodoxy? Rebele 08:50, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

Humanism
Is Humanism particularly a branch of Judaism? I thought it was the atheistic branch of all religions. Rebele 08:59, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Jewish Studies


text:
Talk:Syaiful Syamsuddin

Notability
Hi {{ping|Danisamsoel}, do you have sources that establish his notability? I'd love to just add those instead of doing an AfD. I couldn't find any news coverage. Thanks.  Chamaemelum  (  talk  ) 17:35, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Syaiful Syamsuddin


text:
Agua Fria National Monument

Agua Fria National Monument is in the U.S. state of Arizona, approximately 40 mi north of downtown Phoenix, Arizona. Created by Presidential proclamation on January 11, 2000, the 72344 acre monument is managed by the Bureau of Land Management, an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The Bureau of Land Management already managed the lands; however, under monument status the level of protection and preservation of resources within the new monument have been enhanced.

The monument is a unit of the BLM's National Landscape Conservation System. Over 450 distinct Native American structures have been recorded in the monument, some of large pueblos containing more than 100 rooms each. The enhanced protection status also provides greater habitat protection for the numerous plant and animal communities.

Antiquities
Petroglyphs are scattered across the numerous puebloan ruins, which were built between 1250 and 1450 C.E. when several thousand Native Americans, known as the Perry Mesa Tradition, inhabited the region. The petroglyphs depict animals, geometric figures and abstract symbols and are found by the thousands. Numerous ruins of agricultural terraces and irrigation devices indicate that farming was widespread during this period. Other historical entities that are found include 19th century mining features and Basque sheep camps.

Natural history
Situated between 2150 ft and 4600 ft in elevation, the monument is primarily composed of semi-desert grassland but also contains extensive riparian stands of cottonwoods and willows which are tied to the Agua Fria River. More than 140 bird species have been recorded at the monument.

Notable species of reptiles and amphibians, including the leopard frog, the garter snake, and the desert tortoise, can be seen at the monument. Mammals such as the pronghorn, mule deer, white-tail deer and javelina are relatively common. The elk, black bears and mountain lions are also found in the monument, but are much less common. Native fish including the longfin dace, the Gila mountain sucker, speckled dace, and three endangered native fish including the Gila intermedia, charalito, and desert pupfish exist in the 129 mi-long Agua Fria River and its tributaries.

In late 2004, the BLM and the Sierra Club helped spark the formation of the Friends of the Agua Fria National Monument, a non-profit organization created to assist the federal agency in monument protection, management, and outreach.

title: Agua Fria National Monument


text:
Cookbook:Fairy Cakes

| Dessert | Cake

Fairy cakes are the British equivalent of American cupcakes. A common variant on fairy cakes is butterfly cakes, where the top of the cake is cut out and shaped to look like butterfly wings.

Ingredients

 * 125 g (4.4 oz) butter
 * ¾ cup (165 g / 5.8 oz) caster sugar
 * 1 tsp vanilla or lemon extract
 * 2 eggs
 * 2 cups (275 g / 9.7 oz) self-raising flour
 * ½ cup (125 ml / 4.2 oz) milk
 * ½ cup (140 g / 4.9 oz) jam (optional)
 * ½ cup (125 ml / 4.2 oz) cream (optional), whipped
 * Icing sugar for dusting (optional)

Basic cakes

 * 1) Beat the butter, sugar and vanilla until creamy.
 * 2) Beat in the eggs one at a time.
 * 3) Fold in the sifted flour alternately with the milk.
 * 4) Transfer batter to 18 greased or lined muffin cups, filling the cavities about ¾ full.
 * 5) Bake at 180 C for 12–15 minutes until well risen and golden. Cool on a rack.

Butterfly cakes (optional)

 * 1) Cut out a small circle in the top of each cake (using a small knife), and cut each circle in half to make the butterfly "wings".
 * 2) Spoon a little jam in the centre hollow, and top with whipped cream.
 * 3) Arrange the wings into the cream.
 * 4) Dust with icing sugar before serving.

title: Cookbook:Fairy Cakes


text:
felsic

Etymology
,.

Adjective

 * 1)  Enriched in minerals predominantly composed of the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium.
 * 2) * 1983, Paul C. Bateman, A summary of critical relations in the central part of Sierra Nevada batholith, California, U.S.A., J. A. Roddick (editor), Circum-Pacific Plutonic Terranes, Memoir 159, page 241,
 * Within comagmatic suites, successively younger granitoids are commonly, but not invariably, more felsic, representing progressively lower temperature mineral assemblages.
 * 1) * 1992, David C. Champion, Bruce W. Chappell, Petrogenesis of felsic I-type granites: an example from northern Queensland, P. E. Brown, B. W. Chappell (editors), The Second Hutton Symposium on the Origin of Granites and Related Rocks, Proceedings, Special Paper 272, [Originally published in Transactions of the : Earth Sciences, Volume 83], page 115,
 * The Claret Creek Supersuite granites are a little more felsic (65-77% ), and are chemically distinctive, having higher, , and , and lower , ,  and  than the granites of the Almaden Supersuite.
 * The Claret Creek Supersuite granites are a little more felsic (65-77% ), and are chemically distinctive, having higher, , and , and lower , ,  and  than the granites of the Almaden Supersuite.

Noun

 * 1) A rock with such properties.
 * 2) * 1953, R. C. Emmons, Chapter 6: Petrogeny of the Syenites and Nepheline Syenites of Central Wisconsin, R. C. Emmons (editor), Selected Petrogenic Relationships of Plagioclase, Memoir 52, page 80,
 * The central part of this nepheline syenite is very white felsics with black mafics in it. The entire area contains many nepheline-bearing dike rocks, but almost all are gray or pink or even red due to the color in the felsics.

title: felsic


text:
Talk:David Grant (academic)

External links modified
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title: Talk:David Grant (academic)


text:
Medea Abrahamyan

Medea Abrahamyan (Մեդեա Աբրահամյան; 8 March 1932 – 3 March 2021) was an Armenian cellist, People’s Artist of Armenian SSR (1980) and Professor of the Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory (1983).

Biography
Medea Abrahamyan was born in 1932 in Yerevan. She received her musical education at the ten-year Tchaikovsky Music School of Yerevan and later at Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory. In 1956, she graduated from Tchaikovsky Moscow State Conservatory and was one of the students of cellist Mstislav Rostropovich. She was a recipient of awards at the Vihaan International Festival of Arts (2nd Prize, 1955), the First Youth Festival of Armenia (1st Prize, 1957) and the Moscow All-Union Competition for Cellists (1st Prize, 1961).

Medea Abrahamyan performed in numerous countries, including France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Iceland, Korea, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, Syria, Lebanon, the republics of the former USSR and more. Alongside her performances of the works of classical and contemporary composers, the works of Armenian composers for the cello formed a major part of her performances. Moreover, she performed most of these works for the first time, and those works have been created with her direct participation and have been dedicated to her.

Alongside her concerts, Abrahamyan also lectured at Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory and the ten-year Tchaikovsky School for decades. She has taught students of different nationalities and educated generations of musicians in her classroom, which is now widely recognized in not only Armenia, but also abroad.

She was a member of the juries of several international, All-Union and republican competitions and gave master classes.

Awards

 * State Prize of the Armenian SSR, 1973
 * People's Artist of the Armenian SSR, 1980
 * Professor of the Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory, 1983
 * Knight of Armenian Art, 2007
 * 1st Degree Medal for Services to Homeland, 2012
 * Honorable citizen of the Bulgarian city of Russe
 * RA Prime Minister's Gold Medal, 2016
 * The major recipient of the Nairi Pan-Armenian music festival, 2017

title: Medea Abrahamyan


text:
Charmaine McMenamin

Charmaine McMenamin (born 13 May 1990) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league player. She previously played for the Kiwi Ferns in 2010 before making her test debut for the Black Ferns in 2013. She was a member of the Black Ferns victorious 2017 and 2021 squads.

McMenamin plays for the Blues Women in the Super Rugby Aupiki competition.

Early life
McMenamin was born in Wellington but was raised on the East Cape. She attended Gisborne Girls' High School. She affiliates with the Ngāti Porou iwi.

Rugby League
McMenamin played Rugby League for New Zealand, debuting in 2010 against the touring England team. In February 2016, she played in the NRL Auckland Nines and in a Test Match against Australia.

Rugby Union
In 2013, McMenamin made her international debut for the Black Ferns against England at Auckland. She was selected for the Black Ferns squad to the 2017 Rugby World Cup in Ireland.

McMenamin featured in two test matches against Australia in August 2018.

In June 2019, McMenamin was part of the winning team of the Super Series in San Diego. She next featured in two tests against the Wallaroos in August as the Black Ferns clean swept the series. She scored two first half tries in the first test as New Zealand won 47–10. She then scored again in the second test to help the Black Ferns win 37–8 and retain the Laurie O'Reilly Cup.

In December 2019, She was awarded the International Women's Player of the Year by the New Zealand Rugby Players Association.

McMenamin was named as Vice-captain of the Possibles team in a Black Ferns trial match in November. She turned out for the Black Ferns a week later in two games against the New Zealand Barbarians.

McMenamin played for the Blues against the Chiefs in the first-ever women's Super Rugby match in New Zealand on 1 May 2021. She later discovered that she had bone spurs on her spinal cord that required surgery. She has since recovered after a spinal fusion in October.

In July 2022, McMenamin played for the Ngalingali team in a Black Ferns trial match. She made her return to the Black Ferns as she was selected in the squad for the Laurie O’Reilly Cup Test series against Australia in August.

McMenamin made the Black Ferns 32-player squad for the 2021 Rugby World Cup.

title: Charmaine McMenamin


text:
Cookbook:Bison

Bison refers to the North American buffalo (Bison bison) and its meat. The name is used to differentiate the American buffalo from the Asian Water buffalo and African Cape buffalo.

Characteristics
Bison meat is much like beef but differs in a couple ways. Bison tends to have a deeper red color prior to cooking due to a lack of fat marbling and high iron content. Overall, it is much leaner than beef, having a total fat content of about 2% compared to 15–20% for beef. It is also said to have a sweeter, richer flavor than grain-raised beef, similar to that of grass-fed cattle. However, retail cuts of bison are similar to those of beef.

Selection and storage
Handle and store bison meat the same as any other type of meat.

Use
Overall, bison can be used much like beef, though with some specific considerations.

Since it is lean and lacks marbling, bison can cook and dry out faster than other red meats. As a result, care must be taken to not overcook bison—this is easiest to accomplish using low moist heat and longer cooking times, especially for larger and less tender cuts. You can also wrap the meat in a fatty material such as bacon to help keep it moist. For thin-sliced and ground bison, you can use quick cooking methods such as broiling and pan frying. Internal temperatures should read 145 °F (medium rare), 160 °F (medium), or 170 °F (well done). For safety, cook ground bison meat to 160 °F.

title: Cookbook:Bison


text:
Alf Turner

Alfred Docwra Turner (25 June 1879–1926) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Bristol City and Nottingham Forest.

title: Alf Turner


text:
climático

Adjective

 * 1) climatic

Etymology
From, from , from. .

Adjective

 * 1) climatic

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) climatic

title: climático


text:
Template:Lts

Template: ( [ edit] talk [ links] [ history] )

<--- Old line: Usage:, see for details. >
 * Main discussion & Queries:

ar:قالب:Lts

title: Template:Lts


text:
File talk:Godrej consumer products logo.svg

I can't figure out why there's whitespace to the right of the logo.  Debit pixie 💬 21:08, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You mean the empty space after letter s Perumalism (talk) 21:15, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, how'd you fix it? I couldn't see any whitespace in inkscape. Thanks  Debit pixie 💬 12:31, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I saved the files as plain svg Perumalism (talk) 17:44, 18 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
aegipan

Etymology
From, from Hellenistic , from.

Noun

 * 1)  A goat-like creature resembling a satyr, sometimes portrayed as having a fish's tail.

Translations

 * French:, ,
 * Portuguese: egipã

title: aegipan


text:
Franz Beyer (musicologist)

Franz Beyer (26 February 1922, in Weingarten – 29 June 2018, in Munich) was a German musicologist, who is best known for his revising and restoration of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's music, in particular his unfinished Requiem, KV 626, which he restored in the early 1970s.

In 1962 he became professor for viola and chamber music at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München.

His revision of the Requiem was in keeping with Mozart's actual musical style, not his own interpretation of the work. He has also revised and/or edited works of other composers. He has also played in the Collegium Aureum as a violist, and collaborated with the Melos Quartet as additional violist when performing Mozart's string quintets.

Awards

 * 6 August 2002 Medal of the City of Munich, Munich lights - the friends of Munich in silver.
 * 2003 Order of Merit, First Class awarded.

Completions and reconstructions of fragments by Mozart

 * Requiem in D minor, K. 626
 * Mass in C minor ("The Great"), K. 427 (417a)
 * "Dir, Seele des Weltalls", cantata, K. 429 (420a; 468a)
 * Lo sposo deluso, K. 430 (424a)
 * "Männer suchen stets zu naschen", aria for bass and orchestra, K. 433 (416c)
 * "Muesst ich auch durch tausend Drachen", aria for tenor and orchestra K. 435 (416b)
 * "Schon lacht der holde Frühling", aria for soprano and orchestra, K. 580
 * Adagio in F for clarinet and three basset horns, K. Anh. 94 (580a)
 * Allegro in F for a quintet for clarinet, basset horn, violin, viola and cello K. Anh. 90 (580b)
 * Movement of a trio in G for violin, viola and bass, K. Anh. 66 (562e)

title: Franz Beyer (musicologist)


text:
crucero

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. .

Noun

 * 1) cruise a sea or lake voyage, especially one taken for pleasure
 * 2) cruise ship, cruiser a passenger ship used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are considered an essential part of the experience
 * 3) cruiser a class of fast warships of medium tonnage, having a long cruising range but less armour and firepower than a battleship
 * 4)  crossing the volume formed by the intersection of chancel, nave and transepts in a cruciform church; often with a tower or cupola over it
 * 5)  crossing, crossroads, intersection an intersection where roads cross
 * 6) calvary a type of monumental public Christian cross, sometimes encased in an open shrine
 * 1)  crossing, crossroads, intersection an intersection where roads cross
 * 2) calvary a type of monumental public Christian cross, sometimes encased in an open shrine
 * 1) calvary a type of monumental public Christian cross, sometimes encased in an open shrine
 * 1) calvary a type of monumental public Christian cross, sometimes encased in an open shrine
 * 1) calvary a type of monumental public Christian cross, sometimes encased in an open shrine
 * 1) calvary a type of monumental public Christian cross, sometimes encased in an open shrine

title: crucero


text:
Centigrade (2020 film)

Centigrade is a 2020 survival thriller film directed by Brendan Walsh, written by Walsh and Daley Nixon, produced by Amanda Bowers, Molly Conners, Vincent Morano, Keri Nakamoto, Jane Oster, Bradley J. Ross, and Brendan Walsh. It stars Genesis Rodriguez and Vincent Piazza.

The story is about an American man and his pregnant wife who become trapped in their car when a storm buries them underneath layers of snow and ice in Norway. As supplies dwindle and temperatures plunge, the couple must battle the elements and hypothermia in a desperate fight for survival.

Centigrade was released by IFC Midnight to limited theatres and video on demand on August 28, 2020.

Plot
In 2002, a young American couple, Naomi and Matthew travel to the arctic mountains of Norway. After pulling over during a snowstorm, they wake up trapped in their SUV, buried underneath layers of snow and Ice. It is revealed that Naomi is eight months pregnant. They struggle to survive as the temperature drops to dangerous levels and they encounter unforeseen obstacles in their battle to stay alive. With few resources, a dwindling food supply, and nothing but time, tension, blame, and personal secrets bubble to the surface. Matthew and Naomi realize they must work together to survive in a crippling battle against the elements, hypothermia, disturbing hallucinations, and plunging temperatures.

After suffering a panic attack, Naomi goes into labor. Matt helps his wife with the delivery of their baby girl. Naomi suggests they name her Olivia (Liv for short) to which Matt agrees. Matt continues to suffer from hypothermia and frostbite while he is trying to dig through the window.

Naomi struggles to calm her newborn daughter and Matt offers his coat to help keep the baby warm. The next morning, Naomi awakens to find Matt has died from hypothermia. Days later, Naomi awakens with drops of water on her face. After checking the window, she discovers that the ice is finally soft enough to break through. She grabs her belongings, wraps up the baby, and manages to escape from the vehicle.

After hours of wandering in the wilderness, Naomi finally finds a remote hotel on the outskirts of civilization.

Before the credits roll, it is revealed that Naomi and Olivia were taken to a local hospital and treated for dehydration, hypothermia, frostbite and severe malnourishment. Experts believe they survived due to the "igloo effect", shielding them from the elements, and trapping in any heat they produced.

Cast

 * Genesis Rodriguez as Naomi Ibbotson.
 * Vincent Piazza as Matt Ibbotson
 * Benjamin Sokolow as Baby Liv
 * Emily Bayiokos as Baby Liv

Production
The original screenplay by Daley Nixon was based on the real-life case of Peter Skyllberg, a Swedish man who was pulled barely alive from his snow-covered car having survived on nothing but snow for two months in sub-zero temperatures. The script was found and optioned through the website InkTip in 2017. The film was shot in sequence. Both actors lost 20lbs during filming.

Principal photography occurred in Staten Island and Norway in 2018 and 2019.

According to star Vincent Piazza "They got two of the identical automobiles. They cut them in different ways so that they can move the camera in unique positions throughout the shoot to create a visual variety and they parked them in an ice cream freezer in Staten Island. They were able to control the temperature, so that was real. There were no gags or gimmicks. It was all real cold that we were enduring."

Release
Centigrade premiered at the Sidewalk Film Festival on August 27, 2020. The film's first trailer premiered via Entertainment Weekly on July 23, 2020. The film also showed as the Midnight Horror Special at the Sarasota Film Festival in May, 2021.

Box office
Centigrade has grossed $31,808 at the global box office.

Critical reception
Critics gave the film mixed to negative reviews with approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on  reviews with an average rating of. The website's critics consensus reads: "A survival thriller largely bereft of thrills, Centigrade may leave audiences feeling just as hopelessly trapped as the main characters." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 46 out of 100, based on eight critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

title: Centigrade (2020 film)


text:
Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Two 4s Equal 64?/Solution

< Back to Problem

Some answers are $$\sqrt{\sqrt{\sqrt{4^{4!}}}}$$, $$\sqrt{\sqrt}$$, $$4^{\log{\sqrt{\sqrt{\sqrt{\exp{4!}}}}}}$$ and $$4^{-\lfloor\tan{4!}\rfloor}$$.


text:
Stoke-on-Trent City Council elections

Stoke-on-Trent City Council elections are held every four years. Stoke-on-Trent City Council is the local authority for the unitary authority of Stoke-on-Trent in the ceremonial county of Staffordshire, England. Since the last boundary changes in 2023, 44 councillors have been elected from 34 wards.

Council elections

 * 1973 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1976 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1979 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election (New ward boundaries)
 * 1980 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1982 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1983 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1984 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1986 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1987 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1988 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1990 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1991 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1992 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1994 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1995 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1996 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1998 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 1999 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 2000 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 2002 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election (New ward boundaries)
 * 2003 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 2004 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 2006 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 2007 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 2008 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 2010 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 2011 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election (New ward boundaries)
 * 2015 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 2019 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election
 * 2023 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election (New ward boundaries)

Mayoral elections

 * Stoke-on-Trent mayoral election, 2002
 * Stoke-on-Trent mayoral election, 2005

title: Stoke-on-Trent City Council elections


text:
Wikiversity:Import

MediaWiki, the software that runs Wikiversity and its sister projects, has a feature that allows importing of pages from other wikis. When a page is imported that way, the edit history is preserved and the license observed. Currently, we can import pages from Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Beta Wikiversity, Wikiquote and Wikisource.

Archived requests for import: Archive 1

New requests for import
You can list here what pages from the above available projects you would like to have imported to Wikiversity.

Completed requests for import are located in the archive.

Developing A Universal Religion
Please import the main page and its subpages per b:Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 21:33, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello, I checked the RFD at Wikibooks. I can see one user suggesting to move to Wikiversity (b:special:diff/4238829), but I'm not sure if others have agreed with that. The original suggestion seems to be "Moving to Wikisource" (b:special:diff/4096694), but then the nominator says they are happy to keep in Wikibooks (b:special:diff/4232954). Another user said that it should be moved to Commons (b:special:diff/4238871). At this moment, I don't think there is a consensus to move it to Wikiversity, so the discussion over there may need to be continued. In other words, if there is consensus then we can handle this request. I hope this can help you. Other custodians or curators may have something else to say, so this thread will be kept open for a while. Thank you for taking your time to visit Wikiversity. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 05:34, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
 * . It's unclear to me how this content would be within the project scope of Wikiversity; it is essentially a philosophical tract, not an educational resource. Omphalographer (discuss • contribs) 00:58, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

 * : Wikiversity says "Wikiversity is a Wikimedia Foundation project devoted to learning resources, learning projects, and research for use in all levels, types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning." And thus, research is included, and the book presents original philosophical research from which one may learn, e.g. by criticizing it. However, if what I just wrote contradicts some policy I do not know of (does anyone have a link to the most applicable policy?), it should be disregarded. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 19:47, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm hesitant to accept content as "research" which isn't being actively conducted or developed on the wiki, nor as "learning material" which isn't part of a course and doesn't have specific educational goals associated with it. Omphalographer (discuss • contribs) 20:26, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Are the above invoked requirements based in policy? What is the most pertinent policy page for content inclusion criteria? My assumption was that Wikiversity allows publishing of original research. However, in Scope, "The other kind of research is wiki-based original research. It is not yet clear that this will be part of the Wikiversity. If the Wikiversity community decides to support original research, it will have to develop a specific set of policies to support such research activities." On the other hand, Original research does seem to allow original research.
 * Instead of ad hoc requirements not based in policy, it seems proper to identify the most fitting policy or guideline. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 06:27, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Assuming now that we can analyze the issues without reference to specific policy items, why should it matter that research is "actively conducted or developed on the wiki"? Since, one can learn from a piece of philosophical research whether it was made on wiki or elsewhere. As for specific learning objectives, I can see the following ones: learn about one particular concept of a universal religion and arguments in its favor, and criticize the concept and the arguments. At a minimum, answer the following questions: what distinguishes a religion from a particular ethical philosophy or system? Does religion need a God or gods? What does a religion have to do to be "universal"? One can state this as one task for the readers if one wants. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 06:55, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

600-cell
Please import 600-cell. I understand that will import its complete history with it, which is what I need. I will make the necessary edits to the copy after it is imported, e.g. to resolve links to W:. But is there a tool available to help me with that? It is a long article with a lot of links! Thanks. Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 17:39, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I forgot to explain that Dave Braunschweig did this import for me once before, in 2019 -- see Import/Archive 1. I then worked with the Wikiversity copy for a year or two before merging it back into Wikipedia, after which the Wikiversity:600-cell page was left empty, until it was deleted by custodians. That's all well and good, but now I need to import the current Wikipedia article to Wikiversity once again, for a different reason, to create an expanded "annotated" version of it that isn't going to be merged back into Wikipedia, but is going to stay here at Wikiversity as a learning resource companion to the Wikipedia article. So please import Wikipedia:600-cell again for me, with all its history, so I can start working on that. Thanks. Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 03:00, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅, latest revision imported. The page has many revisions and it takes too much time to import all of them. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 06:27, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I have finished adapting this to Wikiversity (resolving links to W:, inserting banners, etc.). It is ready for use by participants in the Polyscheme learning project. From now on it will continue to diverge from the 600-cell article, as we continue to develop them both, with the Wikiversity version being an expanded superset of the encyclopedia article with additional commentary and learning resources. Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 16:08, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

Template:Infobox polychoron
Please import Wikipedia:Template:Infobox polychoron. Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 05:34, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

 * This is actually W:Template:Infobox 4-polytope. It has a few dependencies. Obviously I would need them too. Or I could do without, and make up an equivalent Infobox of my own to use at Wikiversity, if it's too much trouble to import. That wouldn't be hard. Which do you recommend? Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 05:54, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅, all revisions imported. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 08:01, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

120-cell
Please import 120-cell. Wikiversity:120-cell already exists, but is currently empty. Thanks! Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 16:08, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅, latest revision imported. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 02:12, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I have finished adapting this to Wikiversity (resolving links to W:, inserting banners, etc.). It is ready for use by participants in the Polyscheme learning project. Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 22:25, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

24-cell
Please import 24-cell. Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 22:19, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 23:44, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I have finished adapting this to Wikiversity (resolving links to W:, inserting banners, etc.). It is ready for use by participants in the Polyscheme learning project. Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 06:24, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

16-cell
Please import 16-cell. Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 22:19, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 23:45, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I have finished adapting this to Wikiversity (resolving links to W:, inserting banners, etc.). It is ready for use by participants in the Polyscheme learning project. Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 22:25, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

5-cell
Please import 5-cell. Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 22:19, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 23:45, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I have finished adapting this to Wikiversity (resolving links to W:, inserting banners, etc.). It is ready for use by participants in the Polyscheme learning project. Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 21:30, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

Various geometry table templates
Please import:

 * Template:Demitesseract family

 * Template:24-cell_family

 * Template:Tesseract family

 * Template:Symmetric_tessellations

Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 06:08, 31 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 06:26, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

More geometry table templates please
Please also import:

 * Template:4-simplex Coxeter plane graphs

 * Template:1 k2 polytopes

 * Template:2 k1 polytopes

 * Template:Symmetric2 tessellations

Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 21:30, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Template:4-cube Coxeter plane graphs

Dc.samizdat (discuss • contribs) 22:24, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 04:40, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity:Import


text:
User:John balenthiran

Life Giving Grace International ministry

'''Founder Pastor. Daniel N. Mahendran (Mahen)'''

Bro. Daniel N Mahendran ( Mahen ), who has been called and anointed by God to teach according to

Acts 20:32; the Word of His Grace which can build the born again Christians up and give them an inheritance among all those who are sanctified. Since January 2018, Bro Mahen has been preaching radically, the Word of God’s Grace in mainly Tamil and once a week in an English language also. Within short period time his preaching has been making real positive impacts in the Tamil Christian world with so many supernatural testimonies of healing, deliverance and many enlightened hearts. Please kindly join with Bro Mahen’s vision to take the Gospel of Jesus Christ to every corner of the world by sharing his Facebook daily broadcast, Grace Time which is been eagerly watched and shared by thousands of believers worldwide.

title: User:John balenthiran


text:
Template:Courts and tribunals disestablished in year category header/doc

Creates a category of the form "Courts and tribunals disestablished in YYYY", where YYYY is a 4-digit year

e.g.
 * Category:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 2014

Usage
No parameters needed


text:
Angelo Panelli

Angelo Panelli (c. 1887 – c. 1967) was an Italian stamp forger, operating from Sanremo in the 1920s and 1930s.

Panelli was closely associated with other Italian forgers of the period, particularly Erasmo Oneglia.

title: Angelo Panelli


text:
Petro Stasyuk

Petro Mykolayovych Stasyuk (Петро Миколайович Стасюк; born 24 February 1995) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a defender for LNZ Cherkasy.

Career
Born in Ovidiopol Raion, Stasyuk is a product of the local Odesa Oblast academies as well as the Skala Morshyn youth system.

Playing for FC Mynai, Stasyuk was recognized by the PFL as a player of the month for July 2020.

After playing for various Ukrainian Second League and Ukrainian First League teams, he signed a three-year deal with the Ukrainian Premier League FC Mariupol in August 2020.

title: Petro Stasyuk


text:
Sinéad Aherne

Sinéad Aherne is a senior Dublin ladies' footballer. In 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, she captained Dublin as they won the All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship. In 2010, when Dublin won their first All-Ireland title, she was both player of the match and the top scorer in the final with 2–7. She also captained Dublin when they won the 2018 Ladies' National Football League. In 2018 she was named the TG4 Senior Player's Player of the Year and received her seventh All Star award. She has also represented Ireland at international rules.

Club
At club level, Aherne has played for St Sylvester's  and DIT. Aherne scored 3–4 and was player of the match when St Sylvester's won the 2004 Dublin Ladies' Junior Football Championship, defeating Raheny by 4–14 to 2–5 in the final. She also played for a combined Naomh Mearnóg/St Sylvester's team that lost to Ballyboden St Enda's by 1–12 to 1–10 in the 2007 Dublin Ladies' Senior Football Championship final.

Inter-county
Aherne made her senior inter-county debut for Dublin in 2003 against Longford. In 2003, aged 17, she made her debut appearance in an All-Ireland final when she came on as a second-half substitute and scored a point against Mayo. In 2010, when Dublin won their first All-Ireland title, she was both player of the match and the top scorer in the final with 2–7. Aherne has been for regular for Dublin during the 2010s, missing only the 2015 season as she went travelling in Australia and Asia. In 2017 she was named Dublin captain, taking over from Noëlle Healy. She subsequently captained Dublin as they won the 2017,   2018  and 2019 All-Ireland finals. She also captained Dublin when they won the 2018 Ladies' National Football League. In 2018 Aherne was named the TG4 Senior Player's Player of the Year and received her seventh All Star award.

International rules football
Aherne was a member of the Ireland women's international rules football team that played against Australia in the 2006 Ladies' International Rules Series.

Accountant
Aherne is a graduate of the Dublin Institute of Technology where she gained a BSc in Business and Management and a MSc in Accounting. Since 2010 Aherne has worked as a chartered accountant with KPMG. She is now an associate director of tax with the company.

Honours

 * Dublin
 * All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship
 * Winners: 2010, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020: 5
 * Runner up: 2003, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2016: 5
 * Ladies' National Football League
 * Winners: 2018: 1
 * St Sylvester's
 * Dublin Ladies' Junior Football Championship
 * Winners: 2004
 * Naomh Mearnóg/St Sylvester's
 * Dublin Ladies' Senior Football Championship
 * Runner up: 2007
 * Individual
 * TG4 Senior Player's Player of the Year
 * Winner: 2018
 * All Stars
 * Winner: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018: 7

title: Sinéad Aherne


text:
Talk:David Pratt (politician)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on David Pratt (politician). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120326110001/http://www.iraqlsp.com/Books/EN/LSP-%20Model%20Committee%20Operating%20Manual_July%202009.pdf to http://www.iraqlsp.com/Books/EN/LSP-%20Model%20Committee%20Operating%20Manual_July%202009.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110724232750/http://www.gcicanada.com/media-releases/02-10-11-david-pratt.php to http://www.gcicanada.com/media-releases/02-10-11-david-pratt.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110928121815/http://www.cdfai.org/sswg/PDF/Canadas%20Citizen%20Soldiers.pdf to http://www.cdfai.org/sswg/PDF/Canadas%20Citizen%20Soldiers.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041129155951/http://www.redcross.ca/print.asp?id=010983 to http://www.redcross.ca/print.asp?id=010983
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071011165942/http://www.redcross.ca/article.asp?id=010986&tid=001 to http://www.redcross.ca/article.asp?id=010986&tid=001
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111025194806/http://www.gcicanada.com/team/david_pratt.php to http://www.gcicanada.com/team/david_pratt.php

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:47, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Pratt (politician)


text:
Talk:David Pannick, Baron Pannick

Untitled
David Pannick QC won for Mr. Thompson, the high-profile case.

--Florentino floro (talk) 06:58, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Latest high profile cases
I added these 3 links to show his latest high profile cases handled: *timesonline.co.uk, Judges will carry on holding ministers to account - because that’s their job*guardian.co.uk, Unmarried sisters lose inheritance tax fight*thelawyer.com, Northern Rock showdown: It's Grabiner vs Beloff and Pannick --Florentino floro (talk) 11:15, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * He is the counsel of Gary McKinnonscmagazineuk.com, NASA hacker appeals to House of Lords to overturn extradition--Florentino floro (talk) 13:13, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on David Pannick, Baron Pannick. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160321194433/http://www.blackstonechambers.com/people/barristers/lord_pannick_qc.html to http://www.blackstonechambers.com/people/barristers/lord_pannick_qc.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:41, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

1992 Maastrict case?
It was mentioned in the House of Commons today (2019-03-27) that Lord Pannick represented Rees Mogg in 1992 in arguing that the government could not ratify the Maastrict treaty -- is this notable enough for inclusion? Source: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/1993/4.html ; see Hansard for reference. 2A00:23C0:FA11:F100:255F:442F:F950:E2F5 (talk) 20:24, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

2019 Prorogation case
Pannick has been representing the case in court - outcome currently awaited - that Boris Johnson's government acted illegally in proroguing parliament for an unusually long period, allegedly to ensure that the UK leave the European Union without a deal by preventing parliament from stopping this from happening.

--peter_english (talk) 14:29, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Pannick, Baron Pannick