text:
Sarkies

Sarkies is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Sarkies Brothers, hoteliers
 * Duncan Sarkies, New Zealand screenwriter and playwright
 * Kristian Sarkies (born 1986), Australian soccer player
 * Robert Sarkies (born 1967), New Zealand film director and screenwriter

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sarkies


text:
Biblical Studies/New Testament Commentaries/The Gospel of John/Chapter 14

Verses 1-4
Jesus comforts his disciples and calls upon them to invest both trust and faith in the Lord. He does this by once again inferring (and thus predicting) his own death and resurrection. Though Jesus' use of foreknowledge is nothing new in John's gospel, his description of divine destination is completely unique. "I am going there to prepare a place for you. 3And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come back and take you to be with me that you also may be where I am" (John 14:2,3). This heavenly destination is not exclusive to Jesus however; he explicitly states that his disciples are the motivating factor in regard to this preparation. After this strange statement, Jesus reminds the disciples that they "know the way to the place where I am going" (John 14:4). "The way" is not a physical path, but a lifestyle of submission and faith that has been taught to Jesus' disciples from the beginning of his ministry; and the "place" is obviously near the Father, (aka heaven).

There is also disagreement in the arrangement of Chapter 14. "The fact that in 14:31 Jesus tells his disciples to get up and depart, but they do not, has suggested to many commentators that there has been some disarrangement of the text," (Smith 263). The fact that the disciples would not obey Jesus seems inconsistent with the text. One argument, Smith continues, is that 15-17 were added later, as is a possibility in many parts of this Gospel.

Jesus reassures his disciples the events that are to come should not be troubling to them and they should trust God during this time. Jesus also reassures the disciples they know the way to the kingdom of Heaven. Throughout Jesus' ministry the disciples showed a lack of understanding of Jesus' teachings and mission. Now Jesus is reassuring the disciples they know what they need to know from his teachings.

Verse 6 "The Way the Truth and the Life"
John 14:6 may be one of the best known verses of the Gospel of John. Jesus announces to his disciples, "I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father but through Me." (NASB) This verse fits with the often stark contrast of dark and light in the gospel of John, especially as depicted of "the Jews" who are constantly in the dark. Some argue that this exclusivity only applies to those immediately exposed to Jesus, saying that all have received "the light" (cf. 1:9) and must respond to the light they are given.

Verse 12, the person who believes in Jesus will do the things Jesus did
He who believes in Jesus will do the same things that Jesus did.

Some of the things that characterized Jesus' and made it different than the lives of the people who went before him were:

 * sacrificial love
 * confrontation of sin
 * spending time with his disciples
 * teaching people how to be close to God
 * praying fervently to God
 * believing and trusting in God

So Jesus' expectation was that those who believed in him develop similar characteristics in their lives.

An important part of this verse states that those who believe in Jesus will not only do similar works to Jesus, but also "greater works than [them] because [Jesus] is going to the Father. An interpretation of this verse is that Jesus is referring to the idea that His followers will perform the act of proclaiming the resurrection.  In other words, Jesus is saying, "What could be greater than spreading the news of my resurrection to the world?"

Verse 14 "I will do anything that you ask in my name"
Jesus refers to things that are in line with his teaching and will. By looking at other scriptures that describe God's heart we can construct a list of things that Jesus has in mind that his disciples would ask for:

 * unity among believers (Jn 15)
 * faith (various)
 * spiritual fruit (Jn 15)
 * a new heart
 * changes in character (2 Peter 1)
 * healing of the heart (James 5:15, 16)
 * understanding and wisdom

Other scriptures demonstrate that to ask for things a believer uses prayer. This is an ongoing communication with God, talking with him, asking for things and sometimes insisting over time.

Jesus uses the plural "you", speaking immediately to his group of disciples, and by extension, those who would come to believe through their efforts. By talking to the group and using the plural "you", as well as the help of other passages, we know that the prayers are one person for himself as well as one person praying for another or for others.

Verse 15 The one who loves Jesus will obey his commands
Jesus commanded many things of his disciples, principally moral teachings about how to treat one another and how to relate to God.

Rather than focus on the emotional aspects of a relationship with him, Jesus calls the attention of his followers to their actions. A disciple of Jesus' who loves him will obey him. This implies that in the areas that Jesus gives commands, Jesus becomes the person who calls the shots in one's life, not the person person who professes love for Jesus. This was acted out in the lives of many thousands of early followers of Jesus', many of whom obeyed to the death at the hands of non-believers. At the time of the writing of John, most of the Apostles and many other followers had already been killed for obeying Jesus' commands.

Jesus then goes on to explain in verse 16 how he will ask the Father to send another advocate for his disciples. He speaks of the Holy Spirit, which will always remain with the disciples of Jesus as a counselor. The purpose of this discourse has been questioned by some as a possible way that John attempts to allow for a progressive revelation of doctrine by leaving the door open for future revision after the death of Jesus. By having Jesus explain that there will be an "Advocate" that will come to guide them after his death, John could very well be addressing the concerns of the Christian community who might have been divided on certain issues and were seeking ways to settle disputes in the absence of a firm stance by Jesus. This view also lends itself well to subsequent church history as we have seen that the "Spirit of Truth" or Holy Spirit has been credited with guiding the decisions of church doctrine throughout history. Without this guide it would have been difficult for church leaders to make decisions of doctrine with any type of authority if they were not clearly outlined by Jesus. So it is an interesting question to wonder if Jesus actually said something along these lines or if this was an attempt by John to address issues and concerns of the Christian community of his day.

Verses 18 and 19 I will not leave you orphans
The word 'orphan' appears here in the Greek. Note that he addressed them as little children in John 13:33, showing his deep love and affection for them. He saw them as vulnerable children in a hostile world, in his absence. That is how the disciples would feel when Jesus was no longer with them on Earth. But they need not feel like that; he would send another spirit/angel to them. For the elohim/angel, their parakletos in Greek, would be their supporter. The Spirit/angel is not explicitly mentioned here, but it is through the Spirit/angel teaching Jesus to them that they will draw nearer to the ever-living Father.

Verse 21-23 Obedience gains a believer the love of Jesus and his Father
Besides the universal love for mankind expressed throughout the gospels and New Testament, Jesus talks about a love that comes specifically when his followers obey the commands of his Father. This level of love is conditional to an extent on the response of the believer. Jesus describes love for him as minding his word.

Jesus tells the disciples in this section about the coming of the Holy Spirit/angel in the near future. The Holy Spirit/angel will teach the disciples and will lead the disciples in their mission to spread the message of Jesus throughout the world.

verse 27-29
In this passage Jesus tells his disciples he's leaving them in/with peace meaning that once he is gone they should still be assured and comforted that he will not have left them in spirit, only body. "This peace, bestowed upon them from the throne of God, was His gift to them -- the indwelling Spirit/angel Who would assure them of His presence no matter what life would bring" (Speer 445). Furthermore, Jesus reminds them that he will once again return to them, but later. If anything they should rejoice that he is going to be with his Father(in heaven) for the Father is greater than anything. The last verse "I am telling you this now before it happens. When it does happen you will believe" (14:29) is a prophecy to let them know that they will finally realize everything once it all occurs.

Verse 30 The one who is boss here in this world
Jesus refers to the Devil as master of this world. This is because the majority of human desires go against the desires of God. The most dramatic example of this is the reaction of the people who rose up to kill Jesus, a person who preached about the will of God and how the people needed to change what they were doing.

Some people believe that God controls everything that happens on this planet but not according to Jesus. He told us to pray for God's will to be done. That means his will is not being done.

In the time period that John was written, Greco-Roman religion worshiped the Emperor. Traditionally, Jews had exemption from Emperor worship, because of their own beliefs. It is possible that when the Jewish Christians were cast out of the synagogue, they were told that they weren't Jewish from an "official" standpoint, not being in the Temple; they were also persecuted by the Romans, who "wanted" them to partake in Emperor worship. For this reason, this verse could possibly refer to the anti-Christ. The book of Revelations possibly supports this theory: in this book, the beast, referred to as the anti-Christ, has many characteristics which point to it being a symbol for the Emperor.

The follower of Jesus, in contrast, has a very different master in his heart. Rather than being guided by selfish human desires, the follower of Jesus is directed by the word of God. This includes going against many common beliefs of the non-believing world, and often against the natural desires of the human heart. To allow Jesus to be the lord of one's life means self-denial (Luke 14) and sacrifice. Jesus leads in this way by example. In verse 31, he says that he does exactly why God commands of him. This exemplifies the obedient lifestyle that Jesus teaches—for him to follow God's commands even to the cross.

Philip and Thomas in John 14  Philip and Thomas  are doubters, with reservations regarding Christ's person even as He is near departure. They have witnessed his miracles and been at His side for the duration of his ministry, so why the questions? What makes them so different from the others who remain silent at this critical juncture? Are they the only ones who had doubt, or were they simply the voices of doubt that the author of John included to portray them in a certain light? Their dialogue, too, seems to be simply an excuse for Christ to reiterate His doctrine, and after He rebukes Philip, he does just that.


text:
sätta fast

Verb

 * 1) to fasten; to make sure an object will not move (excessively)
 * 2) to catch; to arrest

title: sätta fast


text:
Talk:Henry W. Wessells

Public domain material
The material on this page is copied from an 1890 encyclopedia article, which is in the public domain because it was published before 1923 and the copyright has expired. MaxVeers (talk) 22:05, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry W. Wessells


text:
Reissner's fiber

Reissner's fiber (named after Ernst Reissner) is a fibrous aggregation of secreted molecules extending from the subcommissural organ (SCO) through the ventricular system and central canal to the terminal ventricle, a small ventricle-like structure near the end of the spinal cord. In vertebrates, Reissner's fiber is formed by secretions of SCO-spondin from the subcommissural organ into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. Reissner's fiber is highly conserved, and present in the central canal of all chordates. In cephalochordates, Reissner's fiber is produced by the ventral infundibular organ, as opposed to the dorsal SCO.

Structure
Reissner’s fiber (RF) is a complex and dynamic structure present in the third and fourth ventricles and in the central canal of the spinal cord, observed in almost all vertebrates.

It is formed by the assembly of complex and variable high-weight molecular glycoproteins secreted by the SCO that are released to the cerebrospinal fluid. At least five different proteins were found, of 630 kDa, 480 kDa, 390 kDa, 320 kDa, and the major constituent, 200kDa, that is present in both RF and cerebrospinal fluid, CSF. One of the most important RF-glycoproteins secreted by the SCO has been named SCO-spondin and is of major importance, especially during embryonic life.

Reissner’s fiber grows caudally by the addition of those glycoproteins at its cephalic end and extends along the brain aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius), and the entire length of the central canal of the spinal cord, growing continuously in the caudal direction. It is just a small part of the secretions made by SCO and remains a matter of speculation, probably involved in many physiological functions, such as clearance of monoamines, detoxification of the CSF, neuronal surviving or the control of water balance.

The glycoproteins forming RF can be found in three conformations: the first is when the material aggregates over the SCO cilia, the so-called pre-RF; the second and most studied form is known as the proper RF, which is a cylindrical regular structure; and finally, a third and final form — massa caudalis — is known as the final distribution and the final assembly of the proteins.

Development
This fiber is essentially made by glycoproteins of high molecular mass, secreted by the subcommissural organ, which are released into the cerebrospinal fluid. Here, they aggregate on the top of the cilia, forming a thin film that becomes further packed in a highly ordered fashion to form a threadlike supramolecular structure.

The pre-RF material appears in the form of loosely arranged bundles of thin filaments. As a result, it is plausible that some biochemical modifications may occur to the pre-RF material in order for it to condensate and form the exact structure of Reissner’s fiber, such as disassembly and passage into neighboring vessels. Some of these changes may decrease the reactivity of the molecules, and this should be considered as a transitory stage, from pre- to the proper RF, in which the accessibility of the antibodies to the epitopes is decreased. This lack of immunoreactivity could be due to the spatial distribution of negatively charged sialic acid residues within the fiber, or might be the result of bound compounds interfering with the accessibility of the antibodies to RF- glycoproteins.

The massa caudalis is the final form of this assembly of proteins, and is mostly related to the distal side of accumulation of the fiber, and this final form has more filaments and is less compact than the middle form of the fiber.

The secretory material is first synthesised at embryonic day 3 (E3) by morphological undifferentiated neuroepithelial cells. At E7, post coitum, the SCO-spondin is released to embryonic CSF (ECSF); however, RF does not form until E11, and only at E12, the RF becomes present in the lumbar spinal cord. The mechanisms that trigger RF formation remain unknown, but probable factors other that ventricular release must be required for the formation of the fiber, such as the hydrodynamics of the CSF.

SCO-RF complex
This complex may participate in the maintenance of water and electrolyte homeostasis (osmoregulation), during ontogeny and in the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid.

The SCO-RF has been linked to various aspects of water and electrolyte metabolism, and it has been proven that water deprivation enhances the secretory activity of the SCO. This helps to support the correlation between this complex and the adrenal cortex, while the presence of receptors or binding sites for peptides involved in hydromineral balance — such as angiotensin II — has been reported in the SCO-RF. This complex is involved in many physiological functions, such as development of the spinal cord, the pathophysiology of lordosis and neuronal survival in a more developmental pathway.

RF and the cerebrospinal fluid
Due to the presence of sialic acid residues with negative charge, Reissner’s fiber might participate in the cleaning of the CSF. The glycoproteins bind biogenic amines present in the CSF such as dopamine, serotonin or noradrenaline, thereby controlling the concentration of these monoamines by ionic change. There are, however, differences in the binding characteristics of each of these amines; the binding of serotonin is more unstable, and it occurs only when its CSF concentration is high, while noradrenaline binds strongly to the RF and remains bound as it moves along the central canal in the same binding site as adrenaline.

The concentration of these monoamines in the CSF in Reissner’s fiber-deprived animals was investigated, concluding that this fiber possibly may be involved in the cleaning of the liquid — based upon elevated levels of CSF concentration of several amines displayed in the tested animals, with L-DOPA demonstrating the largest increase. All findings obtained indicate that RF binds monoamines present in the ventricular CSF and then transports them along the central canal. In the absence of RF, the CSF concentration of monoamines increased sharply.

title: Reissner's fiber


text:
Quorum sensing

Portal:Life Sciences -> School:Biology -> Topic:Microbiology -> quorum sensing

Quorum sensing, first observed by Princeton Microbiologist, Bonnie Bassler is the ability of bacteria to communicate and coordinate their behavior through signaling molecules. Her pioneering work began as an intense study of the bioluminiscent properties of the somewhat benign Vibrio fischeri bacteria found in the light-producing organ of the Hawaiian bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes).

Her curiosity led her to notice that only after a sort of "critical mass" of these symbionts (symbiotic organisms) had formed, would the community living inside the squid's mantle "light up". Further study revealed that as they touched, they sensed each other's enzymes. As more and more V. fischeri team inside a contained concentration, they suddenly and simaltainiously get the urge to activatee their collective luciferin-luciferase system, thus emmitting visible light.

 * More about vibrio fischeri: The phenomenal activities of V. fischeri provide a rich base for studying symbiosis, bioluminecsence, enzymatic communication, and even the Hawaiian bobtail squid's use of light in their mating rituals.

Continuing research
Bassler, now a professor at Princeton's Department of Molecular Biology is directing her team toward a study of the general phenomenology of quorum sensing in other much-less-harmless bacteria such as the deadly Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenic bacteria. Hopefully, learning to disrupt quorum sensing of the malevalent type, cures and remedies may develop for certain types of pathogen-induced illnesses.

Resources
Wikipedia - Quorum sensing, Bonnie Bassler

Ask BB NOW as of 22:59, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

 * PBS Profile: Bonnie Bassler
 * The Quorum Sensing Website
 * "QscR, a modulator of quorum-sensing signal synthesis" (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98: 2752-2757) Abstract/Free Full Text 2001
 * Bacterial quorum sensing in pathogenic relationships. (Infect. Immunol. 68: 4839-4849) Free Full Text 2000
 * Cell-to-Cell Communication in Bacteria

title: Quorum sensing


text:
User:Gkhan

I hate writing pages about myself, so I'll just link to the things I am/were/are going to write.

 * User:Gkhan/Asymptotic Notation
 * User:Gkhan/Matrix Multiplication DP version (I don't know why everybody likes this one)
 * User:Gkhan/Closest pair of points (now that's a cool algorithm)
 * User:Gkhan/Fibonacci using memoization and DP

title: User:Gkhan


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Divided Sovereignty

The result was delete. I'm seeing a consensus that this should not exist as a stand-alone article. Since several redirect targets have been suggested, a discussion of whether "Divided soveregnty" should be re-created as a redirect (and, if so, what the target should be) can be conducted elsewhere. Deor (talk) 15:54, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Divided Sovereignty

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Hopelessly WP:OR ~  ONUnicorn (Talk problem solving 16:40, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete This is an opinion piece.  As User: BD2412 notes the subject is already covered under Federalism in the United States. Red Harvest (talk) 19:19, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. bd2412  T 19:33, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Weak keep While the article is a little essay-like and unbalanced right now, it's not original research. I think we could have a distinct article on this concept, which is a political theory concept that is somewhat distinct from the actual chronicles of the history of federalism in the United States.   Not opposed to chopping large parts of the existing article back to a stub if that's what it takes though.  Gigs (talk) 19:40, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Redirect This would best be served re-pointing to Federalism i the United States, where perhaps a stub of this material could be incorporated. Simonm223 (talk) 21:35, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete POV pushing, violates an alphabet soup of policies and guidelines. Brimba (talk) 22:35, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 17:54, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of United States of America-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 19:36, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of History-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 19:36, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Philosophy-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 19:36, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Politics-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 19:36, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete - per nom. unnecessary OR. --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 23:58, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Federalism. Article is unusable, but term seems to be used in other sources as a type of Federalism. Empire3131 (talk) 03:50, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * REdirect to Federalism, which is the target implied by the title. The content in fact only relates to one country (USA), so that if there is anything worth merging (which I doubt), the target woudl be the USA article.  However, the article has the feel of an undergraduate essay.   Peterkingiron (talk) 10:09, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep The articles on Federalism and States Rights fail to gather into one place the Constitution's Framers reasons for wording the Preamble with provide versus promote, 9th and 10th Amendments. In 1982 the Federal providing welfare via a communications monopoly was declared unconstitutional. Federal violation of divided sovereignty (see President Madison's Mar 3, 1817 veto) by taxing to provide welfare via energy and transportation infrastructure monopolies resulted in the current problems of pollution tilting the balance of nature with Climate Change, resource depletion with US Peak Oil in 1970, 50% dependence of the US economy of foreign oil, oil-wars since 1990, and funding  of terrorists with oil-dollars. The lack of use of the Ninth Amendment to the Constitution to defend individual liberty indicates the lack of importance placed on divided sovereignty. The use of the Tenth Amendment to suppress individual liberty via "States Right's" indicates the perversion of divided sovereignty. Nullification by the states was a failed attempt to enforce divided sovereignty.  BillJamesMN (talk) 13:06, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Determining framers' intent is the judiciary's job, not wikipedias. NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 08:23, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Agreed. And BillJamesMN is also inserting his original research into other articles. The sooner this is deleted, the better. Red Harvest (talk) 18:45, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

 *  Delete Redir to Federalism Phrase does not appear in the constitution, but this article is premised on Lead Sentence 1's false assertion that it is defined in that document. NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 08:23, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Dual federalism. Closing administrator, I think that this article thematically more closely corresponds to the existing article on "dual federalism", rather than "federalism". "Dual federalism" is far from perfect, but it has a workable outline, prose rather than marching quotes, and some reasonable citations. FeatherPluma (talk) 23:54, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete, and redirect probably to Federalism, but that can be discussed subsequently. The present article is a string of long quotations assembled to make an essay, and neither overall nor in detail adds anything to Wikipedia.  DGG ( talk ) 04:51, 17 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Cookbook talk:Pezzetti di Cavallo (Italian Horse and Tomato)

This module was originaly published in Wikipedia, under the title Pezzetti di cavallo. The authors at the time the page was moved are listed below.

* (cur) (last) 05:04, 21 Jul 2004 Lyellin * (cur) (last) 05:03, 21 Jul 2004 Lyellin (boilerplate) * (cur) (last) 02:12, 8 Apr 2004 Liftarn m (Wik) * (cur) (last) 05:34, 7 Mar 2004 <IP_ADDRESS> * (cur) (last) 22:16, 9 Sep 2003 Patrick0Moran m   * (cur) (last) 06:06, 26 Aug 2003 Liftarn


text:
Lacera nyarlathotepi

Lacera nyarlathotepi is a moth of the family Erebidae.

Taxonomy
Although named, the species has not been officially described.

title: Lacera nyarlathotepi


text:
Talk:You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song)

Sources for expansion
- Carbrera (talk) 20:15, 5 November 2018 (UTC).
 * FCA campaign

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:23, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Gwen Stefani Rockefeller Center 2019.jpg


text:
Ada Programming/Keywords/is

The keyword is separates the name of an entity from its definition.

In type declarations
Day_Of_Month   1 .. 31;

See Ada Programming/Types and Ada Programming/Subtypes.

In subtype declarations
Day_Of_February Day_Of_Month  1 .. 29;

See Ada Programming/Subtypes.

In package declarations
My_Package ...  My_Package;

See Ada Programming/Packages.

In procedure and function declaration
My_Procedure ...        ...       My_Procedure;

See Ada Programming/Subprograms.

In generic instantiations
Day_Of_Month_IO Ada.Text_IO.Integer_IO (Num => Day_Of_Month);

See Ada Programming/Generics.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Keywords

Ada Quality and Style Guide

|Is

title: Ada Programming/Keywords/is


text:
Talk:Windows XP/Drive Failure

Welcome to the Troubleshooting Windows XP talk page. I've started this book largely to separate the "Troubleshooting" section out of the Windows manual that's in progress, which I'm also contributing to. The "Performance" section of that manual will, likewise, also probably be pulled out at some point. Please feel free to contribute, question, or correct! Cheers, Matt "Breakpoint" Heck 27OCT2004

Change Discussion
"Odds are that you will have spyware on your system. Anyone who browses the internet for any length of time generally does." -- This is simply not true. This should be replaced with a list of symptoms users may experience when spyware is running. For example, "If you find that pop-up advertisements are appearing inexplicably, you may have spyware on your computer..." -- Micah Henning

New Layout
It is of my opinion that readers of this book may, more often than not, be looking for a solution to a problem the users have recently incurred. Therefore, this book should be structured based on symptom and/or the location of the symptom.

For example, if my copy of Windows XP does not boot (the symptom), I will immediately navigate to a section within this book that talks about what to do when Windows does not boot. Under this section, one may find subsections like "Due to a Bluescreen failure" or "Without any symptoms."

title: Talk:Windows XP/Drive Failure


text:
Dysbiosis

Dysbiosis (also called dysbacteriosis) is characterized by a disruption to the microbiome resulting in an imbalance in the microbiota, changes in their functional composition and metabolic activities, or a shift in their local distribution. For example, a part of the human microbiota such as the skin flora, gut flora, or vaginal flora, can become deranged, with normally dominating species underrepresented and normally outcompeted or contained species increasing to fill the void. Similar to the human gut microbiome, diverse microbes colonize the plant rhizosphere, and dysbiosis in the rhizosphere, can negatively impact plant health. Dysbiosis is most commonly reported as a condition in the gastrointestinal tract or plant rhizosphere.

Typical microbial colonies found on or in the body are benign or beneficial. These appropriately sized microbial colonies carry out a series of helpful and necessary functions, such as aiding in digestion. They also help protect the body from infiltration by pathogenic microbes. These beneficial microbial colonies compete with each other for space and resources. However, when this balance is disturbed, these colonies exhibit a decreased ability to check each other's growth, which can then lead to overgrowth of one or more of the disturbed colonies which may further damage some of the other smaller beneficial ones in a vicious cycle. As more beneficial colonies are damaged, making the imbalance more pronounced, more overgrowth issues occur because the damaged colonies are less able to check the growth of the overgrowing ones. If this goes unchecked long enough, a pervasive and chronic imbalance between colonies will set in, which ultimately minimizes the beneficial nature of these colonies as a whole.

Potential causes of dysbiosis
Any disruption of the body’s microbiota is able to lead to dysbiosis. Dysbiosis in the gut happens when the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract become unbalanced. There are many causes for dysbiosis in the gut. Some reasons include, but are not limited to:

 * Dietary changes
 * Antibiotics that affect the gut flora
 * Psychological and physical stress (weakens immune system)
 * Use of radiation, chemotherapy, antiviral drugs, radioactive isotopes, and hormone therapy
 * Presence of intestinal helminths (human parasites)
 * Uncontrolled rectal cleansing with enemas
 * Inflammatory process in the intestine
 * Chronic and acute infections (HIV, Hepatitis C & B, herpes, etc.)

Gut/intestinal dysbiosis
Bacteria in the human gut’s intestines are the most diverse in the human body and play a vital role in human health. In the gastrointestinal tract, dysbiosis manifests particularly during small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), commonly caused by a decrease in the passage of food and waste through the gastrointestinal tract following surgery or other pre-existing conditions. SIBO is characterized by symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, discomfort after eating, and malnutrition. Similarly, dysbiosis manifests during small intestinal fungal overgrowth (SIFO) caused by excessive population levels of fungi in a bowel. SIFO can be characterized by GI symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea) in those previously immunocompromised. The consumer’s dietary habits can be one of the most influential factors on the gut’s microbiota. Diets high in carbohydrates and refined sugars are common links to dysbiosis in the gut, whereas those rich in fruits, vegetables, and fish oils are considered more favorable to the gut due to their anti-inflammatory properties. Many diseases, such as IBD, Type 2 Diabetes, Crohn's, and even allergies, are suggested to be due, in part, to an alteration in the microbiome of the gut. Probiotics can sometimes cause mild gas and bloating in people who first start taking them, especially at high doses, as their body gets used to having new gut bacteria introduced into their gut.

Oral dysbiosis
The mouth is frequently exposed to novel microbes from the environment, and this can lead to microbial disturbances in the mouth as well as in the stomach and intestines. Hygiene and nutritional variation are imperative in preventing oral diseases such as gingivitis, tooth decay, and cavities, which are linked to altered microbial communities in the oral cavity. Oral pathogens can affect multiple microbiota compartments of the body and alter systemic processes, such as immunological alterations or digestion issues. Smoking, drinking, oral intercourse, and advanced age are all associated with oral dysbiosis.

Skin dysbiosis
There are a number of types of microorganisms that reside in and on the human skin, collectively known as the skin flora. Normal healthy microbial communities may have some positive effects. Altered microbial composition and diversity (dysbiosis), may play a role in some non-infectious skin conditions such as acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea. In more extreme cases, such as cellulitis, a pathogenic bacteria can infect the skin, the most common being Streptococci species and Staphylococcus aureus.

Vaginal dysbiosis
The vagina contains a microbiome (vaginal flora) that can become disturbed and result in conditions such as bacterial vaginosis. Alterations in vaginal flora can also affect vaginal health in reproduction, as well as one's risk of acquiring and the subsequent severity of sexually transmitted infections.

Role of antibiotics in promoting dysbiosis
Dysbiosis can occur during many stages of life and can be triggered by many different sources. Antibiotics, for example, are often a significant contributor to disruptions in microbiomes. This occurs because not all microbes will be affected by the antibiotic in the same way, and so it can change the balance of different types of microbes as well as changing the total number of microbes. Antibiotic usage during young childhood development can lead to adverse gut issues (dysbiosis) in adulthood. The gut microbiome is altered from antibiotics and is linked to future gut disease, i.e., IBD, ulcerative colitis, obesity, etc. The intestinal immune system is directly influenced by the gut microbiome and can be hard to recover if damaged through antibiotics. The use of minocycline in acne vulgaris has been associated with skin and gut dysbiosis.

Effects
Gut dysbiosis has been linked to the pathogenesis of both intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders. Dysbiosis may affect intestinal disorders include IBD, IBS, and coeliac disease, as well as extra-intestinal conditions including allergies, asthma, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and obesity.

Gut dysbiosis can also be a factor in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases due to the link between age-related dysbiosis and inflammation. Inflammation is a common factor for a wide variety of age-related pathologies, including neurological diseases. By correcting the dysbiosis in elderly patients, it may be possible to prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysbiosis may contribute to the cause or development of neurological conditions, including autism, pain, depression, anxiety, and stroke. Dysbiosis contributing to neurological conditions is due to interactions with the gut-brain axis allowing the gut microbiome to influence neural development, cognition, and behavior. There has also been evidence that the gut microbiota composition can be altered due to changes in behavior, and changing the microbiome can also cause depressive-like behaviors.

Microbial colonies also excrete many different types of waste byproducts. Using different waste removal mechanisms, under normal circumstances the body effectively manages these byproducts with little or no trouble. Unfortunately, oversized and inappropriately large colonies, due to their increased numbers, excrete increased amounts of these byproducts. As the amount of microbial byproducts increases, the higher waste byproducts levels can overburden the body's waste removal mechanisms.

A human’s microbiome can change because of inflammatory processes, such as cell-mediated inflammation and host-mediated inflammation, or a ‘driver’ bacteria causing/aggravating inflammation. This change allows the microbial community to become more susceptible to pathogens. Once the pathogens are established successfully, they contribute to dysbiosis and produce genotoxins and other potential cancer-causing microbial metabolites. The evolution of pathogens is another possible effect of dysbiosis, contributing to a potential increase in cancer risk.

The density of bacteria in the colon is high (about 1012 per ml.), and these bacteria are subject to dysbiosis. By contrast, the small intestine has a relatively low density of bacteria (about 102 per ml.) so that dysbiosis is likely less of a problem. This difference may account for the greater than 10-fold higher incidence of cancer in the colon compared to the small intestine. The risk of Intestinal cancer is associated with a Western high fat diet that increases susceptibility to secondary bile acid induced dysbiosis. Exposure of the colon to an increased level of secondary bile acids resulting from dysbiosis can cause DNA damage, and such damage can cause carcinogenic mutations in colon cells.

Gut dysbiosis can affect the cardiovascular system “via signaling molecules and bioactive metabolites. This could cause diseases through neuro-entero-endocrine hormones that can lead to heart failure and other conditions such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes.

Associated illnesses
Cross-regulation occurs between the host and the gut microbiota in healthy people, resulting in a homeostatic equilibrium of bacteria that keeps the gastrointestinal tract healthy and free of potentially pathogenic bacteria. There are three significant categories of dysbiosis: loss of beneficial organisms, excessive growth of potentially harmful microorganisms, and loss of overall microbial diversity. Disruptions in the microbiome can allow outside factors or even pathogenic members of the microbiome to take hold in the gut environment. Dysbiosis has been reported to be associated with illnesses, such as multiple chemical sensitivity, periodontal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, obesity,  cancer,  bacterial vaginosis, and colitis.

Inflammatory bowel disease
There is no single or well understood microbial cause of Crohn's disease, but three major pathogens have been associated with Crohn's disease: Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), and Clostridium difficile. The causal role, if any, these bacteria play has yet to be determined. Rather than the "one-microbe-one disease" hypothesis, some think that Crohn's is caused by an imbalance of commensal microflora associated with more complex interactions between the host and the entire intestinal microbiota.

Obesity
Obesity is a metabolic condition in which the body retains an unhealthy amount of fat. Similar to IBD, a specific microbiota appears to be linked to the development of obesity. There is a notable reduction in microbial diversity in obese individuals. Research in humans and animals shows an association of obesity with altered ratios between Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; as Bacteriodetes decreases, Firmicutes increases. This ratio has been linked to body weight and fat accumulation, indicating that obese people have a higher disproportionate ratio of these bacteria.

Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a carbohydrate metabolism disorder characterized by insufficient insulin output or utilization, which is needed for the body to turn sugars and starches into energy. The prevalence of DM in the United States is about 29.1 million, with about 1.7 million new diagnoses annually. The two forms of diabetes are Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 DM is also known as Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM). Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that affects the beta cells in the pancreas, causing insulin production to be impaired. It is most often diagnosed in children and young adults. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, also known as Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), is a type of diabetes that affects adults and is characterized by insulin resistance, which occurs when tissue sensitivity insulin is reduced, causing the body to ignore the insulin released. Research has shown dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota may contribute to both forms of diabetes. Dysbiosis related to type 1 DM is characterized by a decline in mucin-degrading bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, and Prevotella, and an increase in Bacteroidetes and Clostridium.

Cancer
Sustained periods of dysbiosis lead to extended amounts of stress and inflammation in the gut microbiome, which can in turn promote the production of carcinogenic metabolites. Intestinal dysbiosis has been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). According to the American Cancer Society, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. In CRC patients, a general dysbiosis pattern has been discovered, including a decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria and an increase in the proportion of several potentially pathogenic bacteria.

Clostridioides difficile
C. difficile is an opportunistic bacteria that commonly infects patients following a disruption in the microbiome, such as treatment with antibiotics. Infection can lead to several different symptoms including watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, and abdominal pain. Severe or chronic infections of C. difficile can lead to inflammation of the colon, a condition known as colitis.

Periodontitis
Periodontitis is an oral infection that can damage the bones supporting teeth and lead to tooth loss. One of the major risk factors for periodontitis is the disruption of the oral microbiome such that there is an accumulation of pathogenic bacteria. Studies show that the oral microbiota changes as periodontitis progress, shifting from gram-positive aerobes to gram-negative anaerobes. Oral dysbiosis is likely to evolve, shifting the symbiotic host-microbe relationship to a pathogenic one. During this time, the host's oral health deteriorates, eventually leading to clinical disease.

Acne vulgaris
The use of minocycline in acne vulgaris has been associated with skin and gut dysbiosis.

Cardiovascular disease
Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota may accelerate the progression of cardiovascular disease. Dietary habits, high stress, intestinal infections and use of antibiotics can cause an imbalance in the species and quantity of microorganisms in the adult intestine. Gut dysbiosis may lead to inflammation and metabolic disorders that promote the development of cardiovascular disease.

Antibiotics
Because of the complex interactions in the microbiome, not much data exists on the efficacy of using antibiotics to treat dysbiosis. However, the broad-spectrum antibiotic rifaximin has been shown to have a favorable response in several of the ailments associated with dysbiosis, including irritable bowel syndrome.

While most antibiotics alter the gut microbiota for the duration of the treatment, some cause long-lasting changes. However, repeated exposure to antibiotics can also cause the opposite of the intended effect and destabilize the gut microbiome, resulting in promoting “outgrowth of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria” (see antibiotic misuse) thus aggravating gut dysbiosis.

Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT)
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is an experimental treatment that has resolved 80–90 percent of dysbiosis-related infections caused by recurrent C. difficile infections that do not respond to antibiotics in randomized, controlled clinical trials. A patient's colon is transplanted during FMT with a fecal preparation from a carefully screened, healthy stool donor. FMT is thought to work by repopulating the patient's microbiome with various microorganisms that compete with C. difficile for space.

FMTs use the same line of reasoning as probiotics; to recreate a healthy balance of microbiota in the microbiome by inserting beneficial microbes into the environment. FMT accomplishes this by taking a donation of fecal matter from a healthy individual, diluted, strained and introduced to a diseased patient. FMTs are currently used to treat patients with Clostridium difficile infections, who have proved resistant to other therapies.; however, this is considered an investigational therapy at present with risks that have not been fully defined. FMT is also being investigated for use in psychiatric disorders. Because the process is not sterile and contaminations can pass from donor to patient, there is a push to isolate key microbiota and culture them independently.

Probiotics
The World Health Organization defines probiotics as "live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host". The benefit of using probiotics to treat dysbiosis related diseases lies in its ability to treat the underlying cause of said diseases. Some benefits include their ability to suppress inflammation in the microbiome and disrupt colonization by pathogens.

Excessive use of antibiotics, IBD, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and many more ailments are related to interruptions in the microbiome(dysbiosis), especially in the human gut. Probiotics can promote healthier microbial function by introducing or reintroducing helpful bacteria to strengthen the weaknesses presented in a dysbiotic microbiome. It is essential to recognize that such circumstances are beneficial bacteria that occur more frequently than harmful ones. Probiotics can be utilized in aiding existing conditions and preventing such diseases by instituting anti-inflammatory properties and improving immune cell function.

The human gut contains a wide diversity of bacteria and can easily be disrupted through diet, medicinal usage, diseases, and many others. Probiotics have proven influential in returning the intestinal microbiota to homeostatic balance and improve intestinal health.

Probiotics contain anti-inflammatory properties that assist in the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases due to microbial dysbiosis. More research is needed to understand better the many benefits probiotics can offer for multiple forms of dysbiosis. Lactobacillus is the most researched single strain of probiotic bacteria. It is sold to consumers for gut health either as a single strain or part of a multi-strain formulation.

title: Dysbiosis


text:
Talk:Devean George

This is not a newspaper.
This is an encyclopedia, not a newspaper. Until the situation has worked itself out, the trade issue should not be included. Arzel (talk) 14:31, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Devean George


text:
Alexoudis

Alexoudis is a Greek surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alexis Alexoudis (born 1972), Greek footballer
 * Kaloudis Alexoudis (born 1961), Greek volleyball player

title: Alexoudis


text:
Talk:Elizaveta Shanaeva

Restored
I have restored this article to mainspace pursuant to the outcome of Articles for deletion/Devid Naryzhnyy. bd2412 T 11:35, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elizaveta Shanaeva


text:
User:Mmmikkel/sandbox

Jakub Wojciech Zakrzewski (born November 24, 1989) is a Polish entrepreneur and business person in the e-commerce and fintech industry.

Contents

 * 1Education
 * 2Business Career
 * 2.1Lazada
 * 2.2Easyship
 * 2.3Revolut
 * 2.4Kraken
 * 3Awards and Recognitions
 * 4References

Education[edit]
Jakub holds a Master of Science in Finance degree awarded by ESADE Business School in Barcelona where he wrote his master thesis on "Cases of Angel Investing in Europe".

Lazada[edit]
After a small stint at KPMG in Poland, Jakub started at Lazada Group (a Rocket Internet venture). He became the first employee of the company in Singapore and established the business intelligence and online marketing departments. In 2016, Lazada was acquired by Alibaba Group for 1 billion USD.

Easyship[edit]
In 2015, Jakub moved to Hong Kong to work for digital logistics startup Easyship (a 500 Startups portfolio company). Here, Jakub was heading up the growth department, while joining again as one of the company's early employees.

Revolut[edit]
After 2 years, Jakub joined Revolut back in Singapore as General Manager for APAC. He was responsible for launching Revolut's operations across Asian markets targeting wealthy individuals.This proved to be a bigger challenge than originally thought, causing a significant delay in Revolut's launch in ASEAN.

Kraken[edit]
Since early 2020, Jakub is Managing Director at digital asset exchange Kraken based out of Singapore.

Awards and Recognitions[edit]
In 2018, Jakub was listed in Forbes 30 under 30 in his home country Poland. He has also been recognized in the Top 100 Fintech Influencers in South-East Asia for two years consecutively.

References[edit]
"Jakub Zakrzewski Bio". generalassemb.ly. Retrieved 2020-08-19.

"Jakub Zakrzewski's schedule for Money20/20 Asia". money2020asia2019.sched.com. Retrieved 2020-08-19.

Kharpal, Saheli Roy Choudhury,Arjun (2016-04-12). "Alibaba buys controlling stake in Southeast Asian retailer Lazada". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-08-19.

"What are Revolut's prospects in Asia? - Kapronasia". www.kapronasia.com. Retrieved 2020-08-19.

DiBiasio, Jame (2019-10-30). "Revolut's live in Asia. Now what?". DigFin. Retrieved 2020-08-19.

Barros, Eduardo de. "[Podcast] Revolut expansion lead Jakub Zakrzewski on the future of money". e27. Retrieved 2020-08-19.

"Central and Eastern European Chamber of Commerce (Singapore)". Retrieved 2020-08-19.

"Lista 30 przed 30. Młodzi Polacy, którzy podbijają świat. Nie tylko w biznesie". Forbes.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-08-19.

LATTICE80 (2018-11-30). "LATTICE80 Fintech South East Asia 100 - Top Influencers to know & follow". LATTICE80. Retrieved 2020-08-19.

LATTICE80 (2019-04-26). "LATTICE80 - Top 100 Fintech Southeast Asia Influencers 2019". LATTICE80. Retrieved 2020-08-19.

title: User:Mmmikkel/sandbox


text:
Talk:Dick Harris

Assessment
Rated low importance as he appears to have never served in a Cabinet position.  PK T (alk)  15:44, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dick Harris


text:
Wikiversity:The original learning model

The Wikiversity learning model

This page explores the Wikiversity learning (or "e-learning") model, a general approach to learning at Wikiversity. You are also invited to join the reading and discussion group about this model.

The Wikiversity model
The goal of some Wikiversity participants is to create a vast collection of learning materials to be downloaded and used in physical schools and for self-study. For other participants the goal is to evaluate and provide feedback for students and teachers on how various educational resources fulfill their needs.

At Wikiversity educational resources are called "learning resources" and are roughly divided into learning projects and learning materials. The approved Wikiversity project proposal developed in response to a request by the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees also included learning groups. A slogan that captures the intent of the Wikiversity model is "Learning by doing".

Learning projects
Wikiversity attracts participation by developing exciting learning projects for people to engage in their interests. People learn about topics by participating in learning projects and by contributing to the development of learning materials. Learning materials are accumulated as a by-product of learning projects. For example, you can learn about wikis by participating in the Wiki learning project and the development of learning materials can help to improve your understanding of wiki technology.

Lessons learned
Wikipedia allows anyone to create articles for rapid development of an encyclopedia. Nupedia was too slow to develop an encyclopedia because only experts could create articles. Similarly, Wikiversity does not require you to wait while experts create lessons. Wikiversity invites you to explore your personal interests by participating in learning communities. Most people want to learn, but few "teachers" have time to participate at Wikiversity. Consequently you play a major role in the development of learning resources at Wikiversity.

You are free to develop learning resources using almost any approach you want. You can stimulate and facilitate learning by collaborating with other participants to create and develop learning resources. Wikiversity is a wiki. Wikiversity encourages you to explore how wiki technology can best be used to promote and support learning. Wikiversity recommends the development of topic-specific learning communities within the greater Wikiversity learning community. "Learning by doing" means to actively learn by sharing what you know and learning from what others share. "Learning by doing" reminds us to invest in activities that actively engages learners. Wikiversity learning projects should be intellectually stimulating activities that invite learners to become Wikiversity mentors. Education done the wiki way.

The student experience
The new student of a subject is an "expert" in a narrow field: the student knows, better than anyone else, which concepts within the subject material are difficult to learn. Thus, a student who is struggling is encouraged to edit the subject material to expand it to cover the difficult material in more detail. A student who has mastered a concept after a struggle is encouraged to edit the material to make it clearer: such a student is much more of an expert in the clarity of the material than the original author. Students may also learn social interactions with others. Students will also learn to think about those things who they didn't think before. Students will learn more in a way of using their own imaginations.

Education classes in a typical university
The purpose of Education itself as a topic of study is to get students to start transferring their ideas of being a student into those of an educator, to be on the other side of the desk. Education classes in a university typically follow the progression of pre-methods -> methods -> student teaching. Pre-methods classes are designed around educational theory and observation, acclimatizing the student to the process necessary to see education for its methods rather than just the content. Methods classes build on this concept while drawing the student deeper into the process of how students think and what methods are effective in bringing about understanding.

Classes in 'methods blocks' typically include a class on elementary or secondary observation/teaching method, a class on technology, another on classroom management or multiculturalism, and a class on a specific subject area. Once the student has demonstrated proficiency in these classes, they are moved on to a student teaching placement, the practical experience. This full semester of teaching is designed to be as close to the real thing as is possible within the law. Students that survive the semester and have shown to be thoughtful and effective educators are passed on for certification in the jurisdiction in which they did their program.

While Wikiversity cannot provide such an experience for those wanting to learn about education, it is a great opportunity to gain some insights and skills about the process before pursuing an accredited program in education. It is important to keep in mind that education often doesn't have a 'right' answer all the time. More often than not there is a political side to it and education is more than just serving up facts, it's a process that is supposed to last a lifetime.

On the other hand, in its capacity as an alternate educational facility, Wikiversity can provide prospective teachers with questions, creative writing exercises, and readings that are not found in Education departments, or indeed in most teaching methods courses at time of writing. These materials will encourage the prospective teacher to think about her/himself as a performer who uses realtime, and what performance artists call "the heat of the real" to engage students in the experience of meaning.

Wikis call for challenges to the design of learning - see James (2004)

Collaborative learning
Wiki websites facilitate collaborative webpage editing. Building on the collaborative aspect of wikis, Wikiversity is a place for exploration of all types of collaborative "learn by doing" projects. See: Wiki as a tool for learning, Sandbox Server.

Learning models
The page learning models draws together the many pages, contributions and alternative views produced on this topic since the original learning model was produced. In particular, resources at learning models reflect on the actual experiences of learning and content creation at Wikiversity - experiences which were not available when this model was produced. The most active centre for current discussion of Wikiversity learning models is Developing Wikiversity through action research.

External links and resources

 * WikiEducator is another developing resource, which may be of help.
 * Journal of Computer Mediated Communication
 * Journal of Interactive Online Learning
 * Seymour Papert's website - children using computers as instruments for learning
 * "E-Learning" from the M/Cyclopedia of New Media
 * Education-line
 * British Education Index (free version)
 * British Education Internet Resource
 * Educators' Reference Desk

title: Wikiversity:The original learning model


text:
Wikijunior talk:Solar System/Saturn

Enceladus
I can't find a non-wikipedia source for "It is denser than other icy moons. That suggests it also has some rock and iron inside." Help!--Shanel 22:47, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I did a quick search on enceladus and came up with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)#Interior

However, I think this whole discussion is complicated for the 8-11 crowd. In general, there is WAY too much information in this wikibook. That's what you get when you write a textbook by committee! --SV Resolution 00:18, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Iapetus

 * ...The ridge...is up to 20 km high, which is over 20 times higher than Mount Everest
 * Well, all your references say it's up to 20 km wide (not high) and up to 13 km high.
 * Mount Everest is 8.8 km high, so the ridge is 1.5 times higher than 13 km (or just 2.3 times higher compared with 20 km) Knightowld 10:35, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Solar System/Saturn


text:
Financial Derivatives

This wikibook is devoted to detailing the methods for trading and evaluating financial derivatives, such as futures and options. This wikibook assumes a strong grasp of differential equations and some understanding of statistics. The ideas introduced will not make you into a good trader. They will merely provide you with some of the tools that derivatives traders use.

Detailed contents list

 * Chapter 1 ~ Introduction

 * Chapter 2 ~ Basic Derivatives Contracts
 * Forwards
 * Futures
 * Swaps
 * Options
 * Advanced Structures

 * Chapter 3 ~ Pricing of Derivatives

 * Chapter 4 ~ Derivatives in Risk Management

 * Chapter 5 ~ Real Options

 * References ~ References

 * Appendix I ~ Notions of Probability Theory

 * Appendix II ~ Notions of Stochastic Calculus

= References = Fischer Black, "The pricing of commodity contracts", The Journal of Financial Economics, 3 (1976), pp. 167–179.

Stephen A. Ross, "Neoclassical Finance (Princeton Lectures in Finance)", Princeton University Press, 2004.

title: Financial Derivatives


text:
Talk:Christianity in Sudan

Question
Did any of the Orthodox Christians survive the Islamic period to the present day or did they all converted to Islam?--Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy (talk) 18:04, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

link problem
I can't figure out how to link to the Wikipedia category Sudanese diaspora. I've tried several ways to eliminate this red link, but all attempts to link to the existing category just eliminate the text, rather than create a link to the existing category page.Jweaver28 (talk) 13:01, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

The Copts in Sudan and the Byzantine Empire.
The section "Coptic Christianity" is interesting as it seems to conflate Byzantine Orthodoxy and Coptic Non-Chalcedonian ("miaphysite" as we're supposed to say today) Orthodoxy. These were rival religions and did not cooperate. Perhaps either the title of this section should be changed, or it should be made clear that Byzantine Orthodoxy was a competitor to Coptic Christianity. --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 03:38, 15 May 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Christianity in Sudan


text:
User:Xawaari/sandbox

he Sandbox is a page designed for testing and experimenting with wiki syntax and the VisualEditor.

The Sandbox was created as a place with fewer rules and policies than other pages on Wikipedia. For example, you don't have to follow the Manual of Style or reach community consensus before making a major change. However, it must not be used for malicious purposes, and policies such as no personal attacks, civility, and copyrights (such as non-free content criteria) still apply.

If you have a username, you can create your own sandbox in your userspace. You can find your user sandbox here. (And if it doesn't exist yet, feel free to create it!) For easy access, there is a link labeled "sandbox" at the top right of every page between the "talk" and "preferences" links. You can also put on your userpage.

If you want more sandboxes then make a page in your userspace and designate it as your sandbox.

To create a new sandbox (call it anything, such as 'sandbox2') enter this in the search box, using you

title: User:Xawaari/sandbox


text:
Hajjian

Hajjian (, also Romanized as Ḩājjīān and Hājīān) is a village in Mazul Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 121, in 28 families.

title: Hajjian


text:
Tara (Northern Ireland)

Tara was an Ulster loyalist movement in Northern Ireland that espoused a brand of evangelical Protestantism. Preaching a hard-line and somewhat esoteric brand of loyalism, Tara enjoyed some influence in the late 1960s before declining amid a high-profile sex abuse scandal involving its leader William McGrath.

Origins
The roots of Tara lay in a group known as "The Cell". This shadowy group, headed by the evangelist William McGrath, was made up of a mixture of his youthful followers and senior Orangemen who met at 15 Wellington Park, McGrath's Malone Road, Belfast base for his mission. Young men such as Fraser Agnew, Roy Garland and Clifford Smyth, became part of this growing but mainly clandestine group. The cell spearheaded a campaign of speeches to Protestant audiences, more political than religious in tone, encouraging unionists to turn away from the relatively moderate Terence O'Neill and to lend their support to his most vocal political opponent, the hardline Ian Paisley.

Development
In November 1966 McGrath reconstituted the Cell as Tara, choosing the name to reflect his belief in the Irish heritage of his politico-religious mission. It was intended as an outlet for virulent anti-Catholicism. The group endorsed British Israelism as it sometimes claimed that Ulster Protestants were descendants of the Lost tribe of Israel. The group espoused a form of historical revisionism, arguing that the early inhabitants of Ireland had come from modern Scotland before being displaced by the Irish, whilst also utilising Gaelic terms and symbols. An Orange Order lodge attached to Tara and founded by McGrath was named "Ireland's Heritage" as a consequence of these views. Tara adopted as its motto "we hold Ulster that Ireland might be saved and Britain reborn". As a movement Tara sought to establish a Protestant Northern Ireland in which law and order would be paramount and the Roman Catholic Church would be outlawed. Tara viewed Catholics as being in a grand conspiracy with moderate unionists and left-wing groups and felt that a conflict between Protestantism and Catholicism was inevitable. As a result members of Tara were expected to be proficient in weapon use and were encouraged to join the security forces.

A short-lived alliance with the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) was attempted and Roy Garland, a leading Orangeman in the 60s and 70s, and now an author, was one of Tara's members who worked closely with the UVF for a time. The leaders of the UVF initially encouraged their members to also become involved in Tara. With the UVF under the command of Samuel McClelland in the late 1960s, McGrath felt that an alliance with the better-armed group could help advance Tara's aims.

Tara enjoyed a rush of members around 1969 as McGrath's prophecy of a doomsday scenario in Northern Ireland looked like it might come true with the advent of the Troubles and a UVF bombing campaign, which McGrath suggested in a whispering campaign was the work of the Irish Army. Tara soon established their regular meeting place as Clifton Street Orange Hall, one of the most important centres of Belfast Orangeism, although McGrath did not openly tell the Orange Order leadership that he was using the rooms for Tara meetings, rather simply stating that he need them for generic meetings. A more formalised structure was adopted with Garland as deputy leader, Clifford Smyth as Intelligence Officer and leading roles for Frank Millar Jr and Protestant Telegraph journalist David Browne, whilst Davy Payne was also associate with the group, albeit at a lower level.

Although initially Tara and the UVF co-operated closely, a number of people contacted McClelland to tell him that McGrath, who secretly pursued homosexual and pederastic relationships, was using the link-up with the UVF as a way to pick up young men who were members of the organisation. McClelland confronted McGrath who fiercely denied the allegations, but following a fiery argument the relationship between the UVF and Tara was ended and McClelland burnt the Tara ledger in which the names of his UVF men had been entered. From that point on the UVF proscribed Tara membership for its volunteers and sought to hamper the work of Tara. On a more practical level a number of UVF members who had become involved in Tara also informed their UVF superiors that Tara did not possess much in the way of weaponry or military know-how and according to Steve Bruce "Tara had a good line in martial rhetoric but even its claims to be ready for martial defence rang hollow". Bruce further adds that, for the most part, UVF members had simply used their attendance at Tara meetings as an opportunity to identify new recruits for their own group.

Decline
Tara failed to attract much interest as its ideas were too esoteric for most loyalists. By 1971 McGrath's relationship with his deputy Garland had deteriorated, as the two began to differ over ideology, whilst Garland had also been informed by some young members of Tara that McGrath had made passes at them. Garland broke from Tara soon afterwards and confirmed to the UVF that their suspicions about McGrath had been correct. A war of words erupted between the two groups, with McGrath and Tara regularly attacked in the pages of UVF magazine Combat and McGrath undertaking a letter-writing campaign to the press accusing the UVF of being a communist organisation. McGrath sought to boost the ailing movement by linking up with John McKeague, a member of the Free Presbyterian Church, leading figure in the Shankill Defence Association and founder of the Red Hand Commando who allegedly shared McGrath's sexual attraction to men and children. The pair met at the Kincora Boys' Home, where McGrath took up a position in 1971, to discuss trading weapons for their respective groups. Around this time McGrath also made contact with another leading homosexual unionist, Sir Knox Cunningham, and secured funding for Tara from him.

By 1974 Tara had an estimated 300–400 members, which was significantly less than the group had at their 1969 peak. In an attempt to inject some life into the group, which unlike the UVF, RHC and UDA was not active in shooting or bombing attacks, McGrath imported a quantity of rifles, machine guns and ammunition from hard-line Protestants in the Netherlands with whom he had close links.

In 1976 a Queen's University graduate who was a member of Taras's "brigade staff" made three trips to the Netherlands, where one of his main contacts was the Utrecht-based secretary of the anti-Ecumenist International Council of Christian Churches, of which Ian Paisley's Free Presbyterian Church was a leading member. During these trips a variety of firearms, ammunition and plastic explosives were bought to be transported back to Northern Ireland. They included belt-fed MG 42 machine guns, MP 40 submachine guns, M1 carbines, .22 rifles with telescopic sights and silencers, Beretta machine pistols, Luger pistols, .303 rifles, shotguns and around 50,000 rounds of assorted ammunition. Reportedly, at least some of these arms originated from Apartheid South Africa.

Many Tara members were Royal Ulster Constabulary reservists with access to standard police weapons like 9mm Walther pistols and Sterling submachine guns. Near Dromore, County Down, Tara members assembled home-made submachine guns based on the Sterling, with a rifled barrel which made them far more reliable than those manufactured by the UDA. In June 1981 a Tara member from Dromore, Walther Crothers, walked free from Belfast Crown Court after being fined £600 for possessing detonators, firearm components and a quantity of assorted ammunition. During the trial Crothers claimed he had assembled the arsenal at his home for use under the direction of the security forces in the event of a "doomsday situation". The presiding judge, Robert Babington, said: "I am satisfied you felt very strongly, clearly and honestly and that you thought you were behaving as a good patriot should. But the way you went about it was totally and utterly wrong".

The group continued to speak of a coming "doomsday" scenario in which they would have to take the lead in battling the Irish government and returning the island to its pre-Catholic roots, although beyond some drilling Tara undertook no real activity. In April 1973 posters issued by the group appeared in Belfast, calling for Protestants to bring up their children in the Protestant faith, an end to illegal drinking clubs, the return of capital punishment, the use of lawful authorities to "crush" the "spirit of rebellion" if it arises in a community, the Catholic Church to be made an illegal organisation, for Protestants to have a knowledge of firearms and to be prepared to "fight to the death" and finally:

"We must campaign now for integrated education. All Roman Catholic centres of education must be closed."

In June 1974 Tara published a full-page advertisement in Belfast newspapers calling for the Catholic Church to be proscribed under the law and claiming civil war was inevitable. According to Steve Bruce the group did little beyond releasing occasional threatening statements but was quickly superseded by the UVF/RHC and eventually also the UDA. The group spread rumours about senior unionist figures whom it felt were too moderate.

A 1981 arms find damaged the group whilst McGrath had already been caught up in the Kincora scandal. McGrath pleaded guilty to fifteen charges related to child sex abuse in December 1981 and was sentenced to four years imprisonment, representing the effective end of the by then near-moribund Tara. The name reappeared in 1986, when a leaflet denouncing the Anglo-Irish Agreement and predicting again the onset of the doomsday scenario was circulated, although this seems to have been the work of a handful of die-hards rather than a reorganised movement. In September 1986 a group calling itself Tara threatened "all republicans in loyalist areas".

title: Tara (Northern Ireland)


text:
User:Ghagdan/sandbox

The Newton-Raphson Method

Introduction The Newton-Raphson method, or Newton  Method,  is a powerful technique for solving equations numerically. Like so much of the differential calculus, it is based on the simple idea of linear approximation. The Newton Method, properly used, usually homes in on a root with devastating efficiency. The essential part of these notes is Section 2.1, where the basic formula is derived, Section  2.2,  where  the procedure  is interpreted geometrically, and—of course—Section  6, where the problems are. Peripheral but perhaps interesting is Section 3, where the birth of the Newton Method is described.

Using Linear Approximations  to  Solve Equa- tions Let f (x) be a well-behaved  function,  and  let  r  be a root  of the equation f (x) = 0. We start with  an  estimate  x0  of r.   From  x0, we produce  an improved—we  hope—estimate x1. From x1,  we produce  a  new estimate x2. From x2, we produce  a new estimate  x3. We go on until we are ‘close enough’ to r—or until it becomes clear that we are getting nowhere. The above general style of proceeding is called iterative. Of the many it- erative root-finding procedures, the Newton-Raphson method, with its com- bination  of simplicity  and  power,  is the  most widely used. Section 2.4 de- scribes another iterative root-finding procedure,  the Secant  Method. Comment. The initial  estimate  is sometimes  called  x1, but  most  mathe- maticians prefer to start counting  at 0. Sometimes the initial  estimate is called a “guess.”  The Newton Method is usually very  very  good  if x0  is  close  to  r,  and  can The “guess” x0 should be chosen with care.

The Newton-Raphson Iteration Let x0 be a good estimate of r and let r = x0 + h.  Since the true root is r, and h = r − x0, the number  h measures  how far the estimate x0 is from the truth. Since h is ‘small,’ we can use the linear (tangent line) approximation to conclude that

title: User:Ghagdan/sandbox


text:
Cookbook:Easy Batter Bread

A batter bread is a type of bread made with a relatively high liquid to flour ratio. As a result, it forms more of a batter than a dough. This bread takes about three hours to make and about ½ hour of hands-on work.

Procedure

 * 1) In a bowl, mix the lukewarm water, ½ teaspoon sugar, and active dry yeast. Let stand until yeast mixture becomes frothy and increases in volume.
 * 2) While the yeast mixture is standing, in a separate large mixing bowl, mix the butter, 1 tablespoon light brown sugar, salt, and hot water or buttermilk.
 * 3) Once the yeast mixture becomes frothy, add the yeast mixture to the separate large mixing bowl.
 * 4) Add 2 cups of white flour to the large mixing bowl. Stir at slow speed with an electric mixer for 1 minute. After that, mix at medium speed for 3 minutes, scraping the sides of the bowl frequently.
 * 5) With the remaining 2 cups of white flour, add the remaining flour at about ¼–½ cup at a time to the large mixing bowl, and continually mix with a spoon until the mixture begins to pull away from the sides of the bowl or it becomes difficult to add more flour.
 * 6) Cover the mixture with plastic wrap and a towel. Place in a warm room with no drafts until the batter doubles in volume (about 45 minutes to 1 hour).
 * 7) After the batter was allowed to sit, stir it down with a spoon (about 25 strokes).
 * 8) Divide the batter into 2 loaf pans. Wet fingers and push into the corners and smooth out.
 * 9) Cover both setups with plastic. Place in a warm room and let the batter rise until it just reaches the tops of the pans (about 25 minutes). Watch carefully and don't let the batter rise too high (if it does rise too high, punch it down a little bit and let it rise again).
 * 10) Bake at 375°F for 30–45 minutes. The bread is done when it sounds hollow when tapped on the bottom of the pan and is browned to the baker's preference.
 * 11) Turn out on a wire rack and let cool.

title: Cookbook:Easy Batter Bread


text:
User:Sarahpaul0

Graduation dresses

Graduation dresses truly are a sign of the changing times. When proms made their initial appearance, the outfit code was Sunday best. These folks were organized in graduation gymnasiums that were decorated with streamers. Boys sports a tie in conjunction with a jacket and some women their Sunday dress. The mood the many people was set by playing a list potentially a live local band. The reasoning behind would be to inculcate manners and social skills in youngsters. Chaperons were must in the early proms along with the tradition continues till date. The 1980 s changed numerous. In addition, they changed how can proms were conducted too graduation dresses worn at the 80s reflected these changes.

The graduation dresses these wear be affected by it lavish attitude. Ladywishes.com possesses numerous software products with proprietary intellectual property rights, owns technological superiority in addition to efficient marketing team a number of similar industry.

title: User:Sarahpaul0


text:
SWR Vokalensemble

SWR Vokalensemble is the vocal ensemble of the broadcaster Südwestrundfunk (SWR), based in Stuttgart, Germany. It was founded in 1946 as Südfunk-Chor Stuttgart in 1946 to perform studio work for Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR) which merged in 1998 with the Südwestfunk to form the SWR. Redigera wikitext

The ensemble was awarded the Echo Klassik in both 2011 and 2012.

Conductors

 * Marinus Voorberg (1975–81)
 * Klaus Martin Ziegler (1981–1986)
 * Rupert Huber (1990–2000)
 * Marcus Creed (2003-2020)
 * Yuval Weinberg since 2020

title: SWR Vokalensemble


text:
User:MssKitt/Books/CivilLaw.LegalSystem.MyWikiCreations

 * Civil law (legal system)
 * Civil law (common law)
 * Roman law
 * Codification (law)
 * Precedent
 * Corpus Juris Civilis
 * Napoleonic Code
 * Ancient Germanic law
 * Canon law of the Catholic Church
 * Legal positivism
 * Statutory law
 * Case law


text:
Using MediaWiki Variables

Variables provide useful information about the MediaWiki software that can be used alone or in combinations with other MediaWiki features. Templates use variables for example to adopt to changes in page names or to adopt to changes in the current time, rather than using static text.

 * /Page name/

Page variables
Some variables are available which can be used to gain information about a page. They are:

title: Using MediaWiki Variables


text:
User:Cvandyke

Generation Y. Overstimulated and underorganized. Exploring the infinite universe... You know how it goes.

Eager and pensive participant in the School of Classics, Latin Classics Department.

title: User:Cvandyke


text:
Corrado Mancioli

Corrado Mancioli (26 March 1904 – 20 September 1968) was an Italian painter. His work was part of the art competitions at the 1936 Summer Olympics and the 1948 Summer Olympics.

title: Corrado Mancioli


text:
User:Mna1991/sandbox

Mohammed Nisar Ahmed

Mohammed Nisar Ahmed is a young businessman with unique and innovative ideas. He comes from a middle class family. He has very much interest in politics and current affairs.

title: User:Mna1991/sandbox


text:
banán

Etymology
, from or, from.

Noun

 * 1) banana fruit
 * 2)  goal

Etymology
Borrowed from, from or , from.

Noun

 * 1) banana (fruit)

Etymology
, from or, from.

Noun

 * 1) banana

title: banán


text:
Genco

Genco, Inc. (株式会社ジェンコ) is a Japanese anime production enterprise, founded on March 3, 1997. Presided over by Tarō Maki, its headquarters is located in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo. It has produced numerous anime series such as Honey and Clover, Nodame Cantabile, Elfen Lied, Kino's Journey, Accel World, Sword Art Online, Genshiken and Toradora. It has also co-produced original creations like Yasuomi Umetsu's Wizard Barristers and did project collaborations like in Hero Tales (with Hiromu Arakawa and Studio Flag) and in Xebec's Mnemosyne no Musume-tachi.

Productions
Genco produced most of ARMS' non-hentai titles and A.C.G.T's animation projects. It also works with J.C. Staff in some of its productions.

title: Genco


text:
Talk:JARIC

Fair use rationale for Image:ICG Logo.jpg
Image:ICG Logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 08:20, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:JARIC


text:
Talk:Clinton, Massachusetts

Copyvio?
Is the recent edit a copyright violation from here? I'd be loath to just go and delete it, though, since it's interesting and useful information. AJD 17:43, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It was. That may be usable as a source, but not by copying.  The history section of the article was a copyright violation from 13 September to 17 October.  Don't let it revert to those versions.  GRBerry 16:41, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Baseball Field
I don't really care what baseball field is oldest. I care about sourcing. The Guiness Book claim can be sourced to that book so doesn't urgently need a source. (It would be best if someone with a copy produced a proper cite book citation, but I know from a filler news story that the statement is in the Guiness book.) Any claim about something else needs a reliable source, not original research on the part of an editor. And even once sourced, may or may not merit inclusion here. GRBerry 22:02, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Clinton, Massachusetts


text:
Prostitution Reference

Reference re ss. 193 & 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code (Man.) [1990] 1 S.C.R. 1123, commonly known as the Prostitution Reference, is a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the right to freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and on prostitution in Canada. Manitoba's Appeal Court had ruled the legislation violated the guarantee of freedom of expression in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, by constraining communication in relation to legal activity (R. v. Skinner (1987), 35 C.C.C. (3d) 203). The case was referred to the Supreme court.

The Supreme Court held that the criminal code provision that prohibited communication for the purpose of engaging in prostitution was in violation of the right to freedom of expression; however, it could be justified under section 1 of the Charter and so it was upheld.

The majority, with both women dissenting, found that the purpose of eliminating prostitution was a valid goal and that the provision was rationally connected and proportional to that goal. Accordingly, the provision was upheld.

The justification was set out in three stages:
 * 1) The court must first characterize the objective of the law (a remedy for solicitation in public places and the eradication of social nuisance from the public display of the sale of sex). This was constructed as restricted to taking prostitution off the streets and out of public view. In this respect, Dickson disagreed with the opinion of another justice that the legislative objective addressed the broader questions of the exploitation, degradation and subordination of women.
 * 2) The court must assess the proportionality of the legislation to the objectives; in particular any infringement of rights must be the minimum to achieve this. It was held the provisions were not unduly intrusive.
 * 3) The court must determine if the effects of the law so infringe a protected right that it outweighs the objective. It was held that the curtailment of street solicitation was in keeping with the interests of society, for its nuisance‑related aspects.

The decision was later upheld in Canada (AG) v Bedford.

title: Prostitution Reference


text:
Cookbook:Hot Sauce (Homemade)

This is somewhat an interpretive recipe, so you have to get a little creative. But, creativity is what spawned it, and no two people come up with exactly the same sauce. Regardless, what results will be very hot, and very delicious provided you like hot sauce.

Ingredients

 * 1–5 cloves of garlic, depending on size and taste
 * Vinegar (any kind)
 * Lime juice
 * 1–3 squirts of honey
 * About 10 habanero peppers, de-stemmed
 * Salt

Procedure

 * 1) Mix all ingredients except peppers and honey in blender until you think you've got enough liquid. It doesn't matter how much of anything you use—just throw it all in. As a general rule, though, your total liquid volume should be about the size of 3–4 peppers. Make sure it covers up to the middle of the blender blades.
 * 2) Pulse everything until smooth.
 * 3) Add habaneros and pulse more, until they're fairly chopped up but still chunky.
 * 4) Add honey, and blend for about 30 seconds. Your resulting sauce should be fairly thick, but contain only very small particles of peppers and garlic. If there are chunks bigger than grains of salt, keep blending until they are tiny.

title: Cookbook:Hot Sauce (Homemade)


text:
Zhongshan Kingdom (Han dynasty)

Zhongshan Kingdom or Zhongshan Principality (中山國) was a kingdom of the Han dynasty, located in present-day southern Hebei province.

The kingdom was carved out of Changshan Commandery in 154 BC and granted to Liu Sheng, son of the reigning Emperor Jing. In 55 BC, the last Prince of Zhongshan in Liu Sheng's lineage died without issue, and the kingdom was abolished. In 46 BC, however, the territory was granted to Liu Jing, son of Emperor Xuan, as his fief. Jing also left no issue, and the kingdom was subsequently granted to Liu Xing (劉興), son of Emperor Yuan. In 1 BC, Liu Kan, the heir to the Zhongshan Kingdom, was enthroned as Emperor Ping, and Liu Chengdu (劉成都), another member of the imperial family, became the new Prince of Zhongshan. He was deposed after Wang Mang's usurpation.

After the restoration of Eastern Han, the kingdom was reestablished. It was initially awarded to Liu Mao (劉茂), one of Emperor Guangwu's fellow rebels against Wang Mang. Later, Mao was demoted to the rank of marquis, and the territory went to Liu Fu (劉輔), the emperor's second son. Fu was moved to Pei soon later, and his brother Liu Yan (劉焉) succeeded him as the Prince of Zhongshan. Yan's lineage held Zhongshan until the year 174, when the last prince died without issue. Zhongshan was subsequently converted to a commandery.

In late Western Han, it administered 14 counties: Lunu (盧奴), Beiping (北平), Beixincheng (北新成), Tang (唐), Shenze (深澤), Kuxing (苦陘), Anguo (安國), Quni (曲逆), Wangdu (望都), Xinshi (新市), Xinchu (新處), Wuji (毋極), Lucheng (陸成) and Anxian (安險). The total population in 2 AD was 668,080, or 160,873 households.

Zhongshan again became a kingdom/principality in the Cao Wei and Western Jin dynasties. The Book of Jin recorded a population of 32,000 households in 280. The region was lost in the Disaster of Yongjia.

title: Zhongshan Kingdom (Han dynasty)


text:
Ratna Bahadur Bista

Ratna Bahadur Bista (1910–1990) was the fifth Chief Justice of Nepal. He was born in Dadeldhura to an aristocratic family that was given land grants in Sudurpashchim Province circa 1911 during a hunting trip by King George V of the United Kingdom and Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, the Prime Minister of the Rana Dynasty. He went on to become the 5th Chief Justice of Nepal, in office from 26 July 1970 to 6 August 1976. He was appointed by the then-king of Nepal, Mahendra. He was responsible for the Summary Procedure Act 1971. The Committee that he established recommended for the establishment of High Courts in different regions which resulted in the creation of a four tiered judicial structure with one additional tier in the middle- "the Regional Courts."

He is the recipient of the Order of Tri Shakti Patta by King Birendra of Nepal on June 10, 1980

He had worked as a member of the National Election Commission formed by King Birendra on June 26, 1980. The Election Commission had held a referendum election in 2037 BS 1980 AD

Bista was preceded by Bhagwati Prashad Singh and succeeded by Nayan Bahadur Khatri.

Personal life
He is a part of the Bista Family that originates in the far western region of Nepal. Many members and mostly his nephews have held public office in the government of Nepal.His Nephew Lok Pratap Bista was also appointed by King Mahendra of Nepal as the Minister of Forestry and Agriculture. His nephew Puran Bahadur Bista also held public office as the 4th Nepalese Director General of Department of Customs. His nephew Dr. Mahendra Bahadur Bista held the position of director general of the government's Department of Health (DOH) and the director of Nepal's Epidemiological and Disease Control Division position implementing modern maternity care and disease control in rural parts of the country. His eldest son Dhirendra Bahadur Bista was a judge in the district court while his second son Major Jitendra Bahadur Bista was a military pilot and major in the Nepal Army, known for his daredevil helicopter stunts and rescue missions all over Nepal. His nephew Dipendra Bahadur Bista was the ambassador of Nepal to the United Kingdom from 2003 to 2007. Another nephew of the same namesake was Deputy Inspector General Dipendra Bahadur Bista who was the head of Mid Western Regional Police Office in Surkhet, Nepal.

title: Ratna Bahadur Bista


text:
File:Redwall Friend and Foe.jpg

Summary
Book cover for Redwall Friend & Foe by Brian Jacques.

Rationale of fair use for Redwall Friend & Foe

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:Redwall Friend and Foe.jpg


text:
spuntare

Etymology 1
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to break (the point of a pencil, etc.)
 * 2)  to trim or snip (a beard, etc.)
 * 3)  to tick off (names in a register)
 * 4)  to fetch (a good price)
 * 5)  to grow (teeth)
 * 6)  to emerge, to appear, to come out, to pop up, to stick out
 * 7)  to sprout
 * 8)  to rise
 * 9)  to break
 * 1)  to break

Noun

 * 1) rise

Etymology 2
From, on the model of.

Verb

 * 1)  to check off (an item with a pen)

Etymology 3
From, with replacement of the prefix by.

Verb

 * 1)  to unpin, to unclip, to unstitch

title: spuntare