text:
Wikipedia:Featured list removal candidates/List of works of William Gibson/archive1

 * The following is an archived discussion of a featured list removal nomination. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the article's talk page or in Wikipedia talk:Featured list candidates. No further edits should be made to this page.

The list was kept by The Rambling Man 07:50, 26 September 2012.

List of works of William Gibson

 * Notified: Skomorokh, WikiProject Science Fiction, WikiProject Literature, WikiProject Books

I do love me some William Gibson, but I do not believe this list fits the FL criteria at this time. Among my concerns: I am also concerned with the way this list is formatted: would it be better presented in a sortable table?
 * The use of external links in the body of the article, contrary with WP:EL.
 * A general lack of references for list items.

I have notified Skomorokh, but I fear he is no longer active. Town of Cats (talk) 14:18, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Comment from Goodraise Without having done an in-depth review, I think there is room for improvement here (perhaps making it more closely resemble more recently promoted lists like George Orwell bibliography), but I'm not yet at the point where I'd advocate delisting.  Good raise  19:19, 11 July 2012 (UTC) Please correct me if I've misread you, but from your response I've read that, first, the links are perfectly acceptable as sources, to which I agree. Additionally, you hold no issue that these external links are problematic in the body, and, while you wouldn't object to adding an in-line citation containing the exact same information as that in the list already, there's no need do so. Unrelated to above, I should point out that this is most likely not a reliable source. Again, thanks for putting up with me. Town of Cats (talk) 14:00, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't see anything objectionable about the format. Still, sortable tables provide an undeniable advantage, and for the moment I don't see a reason why this list shouldn't make use of them.
 * Many of the list items serve as their own references. That is a bit unusual, but I don't think it's problematic. It all comes down to verifiability and that is provided for most items.
 * Would you mind citing the passage of WP:EL you think is violated by this list? The way I read them, neither WP:CITE nor WP:EL appear to impose a lot of hard rules. And many links in this article appear to be acceptable per WP:ELYES.
 * First sentence states, "[external links] should not normally be used in the body of an article". If they should be references, then they ought to be converted into references, and not external links. Town of Cats (talk) 19:29, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Let's take the following list item as an example:
 * —. "Remembering Johnny: Notes on a Process" (1995), Wired, 3.06, June 1995.
 * It isn't only a list item, it is also a reference. For the sake of the argument, we could replace this item with the sentence "William Gibson wrote 'Remembering Johnny: Notes on a Process'" and place the original item in a footnote behind it. We could also put it in parentheses as an in-line reference. Both options are acceptable per WP:CITE. WP:EL uses the word normally, making me think of normal articles consisting mostly of paragraphs of prose. Don't you think that a list of works constitutes an abnormal situation?  Good raise  19:58, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Not sure I understand. What prevents other FLs from citing CDs in discographies and episodes in episode lists then? Do Google Books links make good links in bibliographies? What about direct links to episodes? Are all of these acceptable, and if not, why? Town of Cats (talk) 12:44, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * What sources are acceptable depends on the kind of information you want them to support. In an episode list, the episodes themselves can serve as the source for the episode summaries, but they can't normally be used as sources for their own original air date, because they don't contain that kind of information. When all you want to do is to show that a book exists, using Google Books is a perfectly fine way of doing that.  Good raise  13:25, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I feel we're getting a bit sidetracked here, which is totally my fault. Back to the point, are we confident that all of Gibson's work is represented in the list? Do in-body external links fall within policy and exemplify our highest quality work? Do these in-body external links serve as sources as well? While I realize it is extremely simple to convert these into references, is it necessary?
 * Maybe he has written something not covered in this list, but criterion 3a does not insist on completeness.
 * In regard to in-body ELs:
 * WP:EL's wording allows for a fair amount of leeway. Compare "should not normally be used in the body of an article" with "should not be used in the body of an article" or even "should never be used in the body of an article". I understand the use of the word normally as an acknowledgement (beyond WP:IAR) that there are cases where this particular rule should not apply.
 * I'm not saying that these list items can be converted into references, I'm saying that they are references. Keep in mind that an URL is not an essential part of a reference, even for sources available exclusively online. Take the URL out of a reference and it can still be considered valid.
 * Essentially, I'm saying that the double role of these list items as article content and reference creates a highly unusual situation, warranting an exception. Of course this is just my personal opinion. If I'm alone with that opinion, then you're right and these links should be removed from the article body. If consensus agrees with me, then perhaps some guideline should be tweaked to accommodate this and similar lists.
 * Don't worry. This isn't at all inconvenient, not to me anyway.  Good raise  14:50, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Let's be honest here: I'd much rather it be the case that these list items are citations in and of themselves, since it saves me the trouble of looking them up in WorldCat or other databases. It just seems lazy, though I understand and generally agree with everything you've stated. Town of Cats (talk) 15:39, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Comments Overall leaning to delist because I'm not sure, as a sum of its parts, it quite adds up to the best Wikipedia can offer. The Rambling Man (talk) 16:56, 12 July 2012 (UTC) The benefits are: reduced redundancy, and arguably-better for the reader - ie. not repeating all the information again in a cite template, and also not forcing the user to guess that the ref-link[1] will lead them to "the actual work by the author", rather than just to some external "list of works" that the entry is using as supporting evidence. Philosophically: Both styles are fine by me, but embedded links are insufficient to warrant delisting, imho. The readers and the content adders prefer it, but the copyeditors and janitors prefer utter separation (mostly to prevent future arguments. Which makes sense, but is annoying).
 * Refs need to be checked.
 * Do we know this list is complete and up to date?
 * "(1986, Preface by Bruce Sterling):" why the P?
 * Maybe my ignorance but "—. "Tokyo Collage" in SF Eye, August 1988." why the em-dash and full stop, then why end the incomplete sentence with a full stop?
 * "April 1990, 21-23." should be en-dash. Other examples are here.
 * pp. is for multiple pages, not single pages.
 * Some years of publication are in parentheses, some aren't, why?
 * Also not keen on the "embedded external links".
 * An em-dash is used in some citation styles to avoid repetition. Here, all of the em-dashes stand for Gibson, William.  Good raise  17:01, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the explanation. So it's commonplace to just use that markup for "uncollected" work, not "collected" work?  It seems unnecessarily complex to me considering this is called "List of works of William Gibson", so there should be little ambiguity as to who wrote the "uncollected" works. The Rambling Man (talk) 17:10, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Beats me. I just know that WP:CITE puts little to no restrictions on what citation styles can be used. There may be some manual of style out there (outside of Wikipedia) mandating things to look exactly the way this article does them, or the article's authors may have just followed their gut feeling, not unlike our own . I'd have to agree though, the information could be presented in a simpler way, e.g. in sortable tables.  Good raise  19:34, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Well I'd like to see internal consistency, or at least an explanation as to why various sections would be presented differently. The Rambling Man (talk) 19:59, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I can attempt to whip up an essay version of a MOS:List of Works or whatever. Town of Cats (talk) 20:12, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Would be possibly useful, but clearly would need to take all the intricacies of MOS regarding data tables and prose all in one into account. The Rambling Man (talk) 20:15, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Apparently, the dashes were added during the article's FLC. Compare: The article as nominated and as promoted. I can't quite follow the reasoning though.  Good raise  00:26, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * All links checked and fixed.
 * The list is complete and uptodate, afaik.
 * P made lowercase.
 * pp. misuse fixed.
 * Years in parentheses: This is related to the formatting, and I'll leave 'fixing' anything until we decide on whether sortable tables are wanted.
 * See Manual of Style/Lists of works (and WP:WikiProject Bibliographies which it links to) for what we've got, currently.
 * External links: 2 examples from our other FL bibliographies - List of works by Joseph Priestley places all the external sources in a section at the end, and List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein includes direct pdf links throughout. In non-FL bibliographies, styles vary; F. Scott Fitzgerald bibliography uses external links within a table.
 * HTH. -- Quiddity (talk) 00:54, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment Can all reviewers be contacted to revisit this FLRC? What issues have yet to be resolved? Dabomb87 (talk) 15:32, 18 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I believe all of the issues have been discussed, and most of the concerns have been fixed. The only remaining concerns are:
 * Dashes used to indicate the author's name eg diff. As a comparison, the FL List of works by Joseph Priestley does the same throughout, except in its 7th section (I'm not sure what styleguide this is following). Here, I would suggest that we remove them all for clarity/consistency, except in the "Forewords, introductions and afterwords" section. (Now done. Satisfactory?)
 * The dates not all appearing in parentheses. This is hard to fix, as citation templates don't place dates in parentheses, but human readers often prefer plain years to be in parentheses (both to separate and highlight), but mixing month/day/year into it gets confusing (August 5 1995). Most bibliographies have a mix, eg List of Maya Angelou works.
 * Embedded citation links. Some people prefer to separate them, some people value them. A few of the nuances/precedents/policies are discussed above. I favor leaving them as they are. It's not forbidden, and is widely used in other Featured content.
 * Placing everything in sortable tables. Suggested a few times above. Outside the remit of this process?
 * I believe it's suitable to keep, at this time. I've pinged Goodraise and Town of Cats. HTH. -- Quiddity (talk) 00:15, 19 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Neutral: I see nothing horribly wrong with this list, but I haven't done an in-depth review.  Good raise  15:58, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep all my major concerns addressed. The Rambling Man (talk) 09:18, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Fortunately for the rest of the world and unfortunately for me, "I don't like it" is not a valid delist reason. Thus, my vote is keep. Town of Cats (talk) 16:40, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep per the above. Congrats on fixing up the list. TBrandley 02:07, 23 September 2012 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gamofites

The result was keep. - Bobet 09:43, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Gamofites
This group is made up of 200 people who are not a formal group, they are not mainstream with the LDS Church, and don't even have a website. It reads like a journal with the quote 'priesthood quorum support that they wish they had' This is a waste of bandwidth. Rossinicholas 02:42, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. By definition, a group of gay fathers will not be "mainstream with the LDS Church". Further information about the group can be found at its web site, http://www.gamofites.org TruthbringerToronto (Talk | contribs) 07:12, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * weak delete —  I find this interesting and wish it were sourced. I will change my vote if significance is established. Chris Griswold 07:23, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * weak keep —  Although the group is small, the fact of organized dissent within a prominent anti-gay organization is itself notable. You know what really merits deletion though...that silly "Gay fathers" article Gamofites links to! DanB DanD 20:03, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * keep per Truthbringer Toronto. Interesting schism. Drett 01:01, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Buddy Holly (song)

Citations!
Could someone provide a citation for this paragraph:

"Rivers Cuomo is known for wearing thick-rimmed glasses, as did Buddy Holly. Weezer is often considered to be pioneers of fashion in the Emo subculture, as one of its standards is the wearing of square glasses like Cuomo's. Ironically, Cuomo was not wearing his signature glasses in the video for the song. Weezer also inspired a small flourish of 'geek chic' fashion, making it popular to wear articles of clothing usually associated with geekdom, such as sweater vests."

Last I checked, Weezer was definitely not an emo band. Even if square glasses are part of the emo style, where is the proof that they were inspired by Rivers? Sounds kind of fishy to me; someone please cite this! --Thebends 22:04, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

I agree. This does not seem entirely true. - sidewinder

I deleted a story about Weezer getting their name from Buddy Holly's putative last words -- that the Big Bopper had a cold and was thus a "gosh darn weezer." Googling that phrase turns up no other result besides this page. There were two citations -- one was a dead link, the other was Buddy Holly's death certificate (which said nothing about his last words).

Traces of Rapcore?
I just listened to this song and found something slightly interesting - In the section between the second chorus and solo, at approximately 1:45 until 2:00 (Bang! Bang! Knock on the door Another big bang and you're down on the floor, Oh no! What do we do? Don't look now but I lost my shoe, I can't run and I can't kick, What's a matter babe are you feelin' sick? What's a matter, what's a matter, what's a matter you?, What's a matter babe, are you feelin' blue?), I found Rivers Cuomo singing these listed vocals in a rap-like style. Because of this, do you think we should add Rapcore to the genre of the song? A Powerful Weakness (talk) 13:50, 2 January 2008 (UTC)A Powerful Weakness

 * No. Jersey John (talk) 09:30, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

 * No. Ivionday (talk) 03:07, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

 * This is a power pop song, with no hardcore punk/hip-hop influence whatsoever. He only rhymes during that part for a few lines. RadiumMetal (talk) 02:15, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

Power Pop?
Do ya really think Buddy Holly is a power-pop song? I would say it's an alternative rock song... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Juancho991 (talk • contribs) 01:19, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

Alternate cover art
Can someone please put this file (Buddy holly alt single cover.jpg) into the main infobox like the alternative art for Conspiracy Of One is in it's article, because I've tried but I can't get it to work when I try it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Heater123 (talk • contribs) 00:25, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Microsoft Windows 95
Wasn't the video of the song included in Microsoft's Windows 95 in order to demonstrate its multimedia features? Might have been the european version only. It's the most exciting thing about Windows 95 that I can remember nowadays. :) Here's a video confirming that: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERqsrkwJnJs

Thorstenhirsch (talk) 12:32, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Honda Pilot commercial, 2015
Added. Ssredg (talk) 04:56, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Pop punk
I found a citation for pop punk. I will add it and hopefully people will be okay with that.

Namesake?
"The lyrics reference the song's 1950s namesake and actress Mary Tyler Moore." Given the song is called "Buddy Holly", how can Moore be its namesake? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:05, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buddy Holly (song)


text:
Sam C. Barrett

Sam C. Barrett is a retired United States Air Force lieutenant general who last served as the director of logistics of the Joint Staff. He previously served as commander of the Eighteenth Air Force. Prior to his current position, he was the director of operations, strategic deterrence and nuclear integration of the Air Force Materiel Command.

The United States Senate confirmed his promotion to lieutenant general and nomination to become the director for logistics of the Joint Staff, replacing Lieutenant General Giovanni K. Tuck whom he also succeeded as eighteenth Air Force commander.

title: Sam C. Barrett


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Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Rachid87

 __NOINDEX__

The result of the discussion was delete. JohnCD (talk) 21:24, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

User:Rachid87

Inappropriate use of own user page - use Google translate to know what it means (while it exists since 2006, it certainly is out of scope). This page is also used for spam by, who used more IP addresses (such as and ) to spam on the page American Grown. Trijnstel talk 17:42, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete The Google translation was nigh useless but it appears to be some sort of essay about blogging and Morocco. OSborn arfcontribs. 21:37, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment I would have said "keep" because it is a perfectly good user page except that it was created with the user's only edit back in 2006 so I expect there is some policy or guideline for deletion. Thincat (talk) 23:27, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I think WP:NOTWEBHOST would apply here. The content on the page doesn't seem to be relevant to building an encyclopedia. OSborn arfcontribs. 03:32, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete Not in english, WP:SPA's only edit, WP:NOTBLOG --Surturz (talk) 03:51, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete - Translation is here. Delete per excessive unrelated content to Wikipedia. It also looks to be advocating something about the language used by Moroccan blogs and the value of Moroccan bloggers commenting on newspaper articles. -- Uzma Gamal (talk) 08:51, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete. WP:NOTWEBHOST.--Epeefleche (talk) 06:21, 16 July 2012 (UTC)


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Iragi

Iragi (Ираги; Dargwa: Ирагъи) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kudaginsky Selsoviet, Dakhadayevsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 843 as of 2010. There are 7 streets.

Geography
Iragi is located 17 km southeast of Urkarakh (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kudagu and Trisanchi are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Dargins live there.

title: Iragi


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The Monolith (Antarctica)

The Monolith is a pair of small islets located off the southern tip of Sabrina Island within the Ross Dependency of Antarctica. The smaller of the two islets rises at a steep incline to 363 ft above sea level, and is uninhabited even by penguins which have colonized the other nearby islands.

title: The Monolith (Antarctica)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chaotic wrestling

The result of the debate was delete. Shanel 01:37, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Chaotic_wrestling
Local wrestling is not notable, vanity. Tredmen88 23:24, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability not established.  Bucketsofg 23:37, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, clubcruft. Roy  boy cr ash  fan  [[Image:Flag_of_Texas.svg|30px]] 00:14, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 00:38, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:27, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable cruft. Chairman S.  Talk  11:34, 24 March 2006 (UTC)


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Cookbook:Lemongrass

| Spices and herbs

Cymbopogon citriodora West-Indian lemon grass Cymbopogon flexuosus East-Indian lemon grass Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt Citronella grass Cymbopogon martini

Lemon grass or lemongrass is a perennial herb used in Asian (particularly Thai and Vietnamese) and Caribbean cooking. It has a lemony flavor and can be dried and powdered, or used fresh. Commonly used in teas, soups, and curries it is also suitable for poultry, fish and sea food.

There are over 50 species of Cymbopogon. The East-Indian lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) is native to India, Sri Lanka, Burma and Thailand while the West-Indian lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) is assumed to have its origins in Malaysia. While they both can be used interchangeably C. citratus is more suited for cooking. In India C. citratus is used both as a medicinal herb and in perfumes.

Other species used in the perfume industry are Cymbopogon martini distilled into palmarosa oil and citronella grass (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt).

title: Cookbook:Lemongrass


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User:Thesunishot/sandbox

Charles E. Osgood

Works and Contributions

Charles worked on many studies mainly on Cross-Cultural studies in different aspects. He devoted most of his time to studies regarding Social Psychology, Cognitive-Behaviour Psychology and also on Psycholinguistics. He was renowned for four of his major works and these works have pathed the way for future researchers by facilitating them for validating their works with researches tools proposed by Osgood, also promoting international research studies on cross-cultural topics.

Mediation theory -- The psycholinguistics foundations in human behaviour and communication process

Osgood’s Mediation theory

Osgood proposed the mediation theory which suggested that the physical stimuli exist in our environment have elicited our internal response and lead to our interpretation of the underlined meaning of those presented stimulus. With our 3-level of thought process, we will have our internal stimuli, which are our thoughts and emotion towards the physical stimulus and the internal stimulus will bring up the outward response(s), which are visible feedbacks to the physical stimulus in the environment. Osgood also suggested that by measuring the visible outward response we can determine the intensity of emotion that has been brought up by the physical stimulus

Osgood also proposed a two-stage Meditation learning theory in the language acquisition process in 1954.(Osgood, 1954) The theory suggested that the use of language is an expression of mental process which is related to the cultural context of an individual. It suggested that the language acquisition process involves coding and decoding of the psychological structure within the language. His research in language, cognition, and neurophysiology had provided insight into future studies about multilingual language acquisition with a cross-cultural framework.

Semantic technique -- The Cross-Cultural Research tool

Osgood introduced the semantic technique for researchers to measure the connotative meaning of objects and concepts from the human Ecology aspect. The Semantic differential technique focused on three affective dimensions of Evaluation, Potency, and Activity (E-P-A) to evaluate social and cultural related concepts in a valid and reliable way. The practice of the semantic differential technique is being used broadly in social and behavioural science studies.

Development of the Atlas of Affective Meanings (1960s-1980s)

To further improve the validity of the semantic differential technique, Osgood took the lead to develop the Atlas of Affective Meanings project from the 1960s to the 1980s. The project is indices of the affective meanings with 20 basic and derived measures of over 600 functionally equivalent concepts by analysing over 30 language/ culture communities from Mexico, Brazil, Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand, India, Iran, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia, Italy, Span,Portugal, France, German, Netherlands, Finland, etc.

With the development of the Atlas, affective meanings are used as universal functional markers with the E-P-A dimension and they have high validity in measuring indigenous and cross-cultural comparisons. These affective meanings are being widely applied on social-cultural studies on social dynamics, international communication, mental illness stigma and connotation of racial concepts, etc. It has a great contribution to the development of cross-cultural researches and also international communications.

Graduated Reciprocation in Tension reduction (GRIT) Strategies -- solving inter-ethnic and inter-national conflict resolution

With the rise of the nuclear arms race that was brought up by the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Osgood proposed the GRIT strategies (Graduated Reciprocation in Tension reduction) in 1962, which means to provide a psychological approach to resolve the tension brought up from the nuclear arm race between the two superpowers. The GRIT strategies are based on the concept of reciprocity and used to rebuild a negotiation platform for two parties who are deadlocked. The introduction of GRIT strategies not only reduced the tension between the two superpowers but also has contributed to solving various social, cultural and political conflicts worldwide.

title: User:Thesunishot/sandbox


text:
User:VanishedUser 390318/Pages

This is a list of pages that I've made important changes to.

Created

 * From content in Using Firefox
 * Using Firefox/Advanced
 * Using Firefox/Mouse shortcuts
 * Using Firefox/Keyboard shortcuts
 * Using Firefox/Plug-ins
 * Using Firefox/Extensions
 * Using Firefox/Browsing with Tabs
 * Using Firefox/Search
 * Programming:JavaScript:The SCRIPT Tag
 * Programming:PHP:PHP Include Files

Manifestly improved

 * Programming:JavaScript
 * Using GNOME/File manager changes

Moved

 * Locally increased lead to Mac OS X:Locally increased lead
 * Spaces disappear to Mac OS X:Spaces disappear
 * User:Alerante/Zope to Zope

title: User:VanishedUser 390318/Pages


text:
Talk:Dietmar Haaf

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dietmar Haaf. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070704081712/http://www.leichtathletik.de/dokumente/ergebnisse/images/ewige_dlv_bestenliste.pdf to http://www.leichtathletik.de/dokumente/ergebnisse/images/ewige_dlv_bestenliste.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:34, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dietmar Haaf


text:
User:Jayanta Sarkar BD

Now Jayanta Sarkar is studing M M College, Jessore.

He has one brother name Sandip Sarkar.

His fathers name Chitta Ranjan Sarkar.

His mothers name Gita Sarkar.

title: User:Jayanta Sarkar BD


text:
Scouting/BSA/Soil and Water Conservation Merit Badge

Requirement 1

 * Tell what soil is. Tell how it is formed.

Soil is a combination of rock, sand, clay, minerals, organic material, air, moisture, organisms, crystals, plant roots, decayed leaves & other materials. As bits of crumbled material & moisture collect on a rock, simple plants begin to grow. After some time, water, decaying plants, and more minerals collect
 * Describe three kinds of soil. Tell how they are different.

Sand - Coarse and gritty and you can just barely see individual particles. Silt - Feels smooth like flour. You cannot see the individual particles without using a strong magnifying glass. Clay - Fine granules bond together.
 * Describe the three main plant nutrients in fertile soil. Tell how they can be put back when used up.

Nitrogen (N)- Main nutrient that contributes to the growth of the above ground plant. Makes grass greener. Returned to soil by: Mowing grass & leaving clippings in lawn. Phosphorus (P) - Helps plants germinate. Also helps plants absorb nutrients to produce more. Provides overall plant health and disease resistance. Returned to soil by: Decomposed plants back into the soil. Potassium (K): Mainly for strong roots. Returned to soil by: Decomposed plants back into the soil.

Requirement 2

 * Define soil erosion.

Erosion is the displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock, and other particles) by the agents of wind, water, ice, movement in response to gravity, or living organisms.
 * Tell why it is important. Tell how it affects you.

It's important because it helps prevent soil from being eroded and becoming chemically altered by overuse. Soil Conservation helps keep the environment in good working order, which helps provide clean air, food, shelter, clothing and living space which we all need and use.
 * Name three kinds of soil erosion. Describe each.

Water Erosion: Beating rain & moving water loosen up & carry soil particles, organic material and plant nutrients to a new location. Wind Erosion: A problem in windy areas when the soil is not protected by residue cover. Geologic: In dry regions where there is little vegetation and infrequent but intense rains that carves hills and scour valleys.
 * Take pictures or draw two kinds of soil erosion.

Requirement 3

 * Tell what is meant by conservation practices.

Is any specific action or process to care for natural resources, so they are protected from damage and improved for certain uses.
 * Describe the effect of three kinds of erosion-control practices.

Terraces: Are structural practices that can reduce erosion by holding back the water and routing it along a channel at a lower velocity to where it can be safely discharged, usually into a grassed waterway. Cover Crops: Crops such as rye that grow in late fall and provide soil cover during winter. By providing a cover to the soil, winter soil erosion from both air and water can be greatly reduced. Strip - Cropping: Is the practice of planting along the slope instead of up and down slopes, and planting strips of grass between row crops.
 * Take pictures or draw three kinds of erosion-control practices.

Requirement 4

 * Explain what a watershed is.

It's the area of land that catches rain and snow and drains or seeps into a marsh, stream, river, lake or groundwater.
 * Outline the smallest watershed that you can find on a contour map.
 * Then outline on your map, as far as possible, the next larger watershed which also has the smallest in it.
 * Explain what a river basin is. Tell why all people living in it should be concerned about land and water use in it.

An area of land drained by a river and all its large and small tributaries. All river basins are large watersheds. The way that land and water are used and managed affects the quality and quantity of water people in cities downstream will have.

Requirement 5

 * Make a drawing to show the water cycle.
 * Show by demonstration at least two of the following actions of water in relation to soil: percolation, capillary action, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration.
 * Explain how removal of vegetation will affect the way water runs off a watershed.

It will make the water run off faster, because nothing is holding it back.
 * Tell how uses of forest, range, and farm land affect usable water supply.

It helps slow down the run-off into the watershed and prevents flooding in other areas.
 * Explain how industrial use affects water supply.

It can cause water pollution by dumping chemicals into the rivers and also the ground which gets into our well water.

Requirement 6

 * Tell what is meant by water pollution.

The contamination of water by foreign matter. It impacts our oceans, our surface water, and our underground water. Pollution comes in many forms--some conventional and others toxic.
 * Describe common sources of water pollution and explain the effects.

Sources of water pollution are people, factories, septic tanks, road salt, fertilizer. The effects of water pollution are weed Infested lakes, dead fish, sick birds.
 * Tell what is meant by "primary water treatment," "secondary waste treatment," and "biochemical oxygen demand."

Primary water treatment: Allows the un-dissolved solids in raw sewage to settle out of suspension forming sludge. This only removes 1/3 of the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and none of the dissolved minerals. Secondary waste treatment: The effluent from the primary water treatment is brought in contact with oxygen and aerobic microorganisms. They break down much of the organic matter to harmless substances such as carbon dioxide. After chlorination to remove its content of bacteria, the effluent from the secondary treatment is returned to the local surface water. Biochemical oxygen demand: The BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen needed (in milligrams per liter or parts per million) by bacteria and other microorganisms to oxidize the organic matter present in a water sample over a period of 5 days.
 * Make a drawing showing the principles of a complete waste treatment.

Requirement 7

 * Do TWO of the following:
 * Take a trip to two of the following places. Write a report of more than 500 words about the soil and water and energy conservation practices you saw.
 * An agricultural experiment.
 * A managed forest or woodlot, range, or pasture.
 * A wildlife refuge or a fish or game management area.
 * A conservation-managed farm or ranch.
 * A managed watershed.
 * A waste-treatment plant.
 * A public drinking water treatment plant.
 * Industry water use installation.
 * Desalinization plant.
 * Plant 100 trees, bushes and/or vines for a good purpose. too hard
 * Seed an area of at least 1/5 acre for some worthwhile conservation purpose, using suitable grasses or legumes alone or in a mixture.
 * Study a soil survey report. Describe the thing in it. On tracing paper over any of the soil maps, outline an area with three or more different kinds of soil. List each kind of soil by full name and map symbol. easiest
 * Make a list of places in your neighborhood, camps, school ground, or park having erosion, sedimentation, or pollution problems. Describe how these could be corrected through individual or group action.
 * Carry out any other soil and water conservation project approved in advance.


text:
Talk:Arabic/Arabic alphabet (by group)

Untitled
I was thinking a fun exercise would be to get people to write English words in Arabic. This would be useful because 1) people don't have an English vocabulary 2) it would help them dissociate writing system from spoken languages (although this isn't always possible). Of course we could be cheeky and say, "since we don't know any arabic words, let's borrow a few from English", those being Alcohol, algorithm, etc, etc. Maybe we could even have them read an English sentence like: اف يو كن ريد ثيس، يو رد اربيك  (this is meant to say "if you can read this, you can read arabic")

Anyone care to propose a list of exercise-words? -- Kowey 17:52, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arabic letter size
Is there any possibility in increasing the arabic letter size? It's really hard to copy even with the text sized turned up.

Maybe also any chance of a printable "copy along" page like those in most hiragana/katakana self learn books?

 * Well... i tried, but cranking up the font size doesn't seem to make a difference (i.e. from +2 to +5 is the same). Maybe somebody else knows how? Can't help you on the "copy along" pages... my Arabic book doesn't show how to write the letters.  I've sort of given up on learning the language for now though.  Looks like somebody else will have to take over.  -- Kowey 08:08, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Fixed. -- Kowey 13:50, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Isolated
An anonymous editor (hi!) made some changes to the table: but the formatting to these changes is messed up, so it would be useful to correct it first. Also, I've recently set aside the Arabic, but I think the point of the extra _ is to show context, i.e. where other letters go. It is not intended to represent the letter shape itself. But maybe I misunderstood your comment. Best -- Kowey 10:39, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arabic/Arabic alphabet (by group)


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Robyn van Nus

Robyn van Nus

 * ... that 2012 shooting Olympian Robyn van Nus took up the sport as a way to deal with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?
 * Reviewed: Monster (Millennium)

Created/expanded by LauraHale (talk), Frietjes (talk). Nominated by LauraHale (talk) at 09:18, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol confirmed.svg Everything looks good to me. Length, date, hook and source all seem fine. - JuneGloom    Talk  23:41, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
Portal:Materials science and engineering

Welcome to the Department of Materials Science and Engineering!

 Materials Science and Engineering Hi and welcome to the Wikiversity School of Materials Science and Engineering. This is a resource that can help individuals learn and apply principles of Materials Science and Engineering. This site can serve as a forum to ask questions, discuss ideas, read notes, and participate in courses.

Materials Science and Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. This discipline involves a study of materials starting with design, followed by synthesis and processing, structure and properties of the materials. This integrated approach distinguishes this discipline from the individual components, such as physics, chemistry, and many others.

Wikiversity's Department of Materials Science and Engineering is part of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology.

 School news and current events
 * Looking for contributors.
 * 18 December 2006: New home page of the department of materials science:

Related news

 * March 22, 2007 - Scientists create "super lense" using meta materials capable of seeing objects smaller than wavelengths of light.
 * February 26, 2007 - Research into conversion of water and sunlight to hydrogren receives 3 million dollar federal grant.

 School history

The Department of Materials Science and Engineering is a developing school. There is an attempt to form a framework on this page to assist in the organization of content.

There is currently an introductory text to the field of Materials Science and Engineering being developed at Wikibooks.

 Selected biography Thomas Young (*June 14, 1773 – †May 10, 1829) was an English scientist, researcher, physician and polymath. He is sometimes considered to be "the last person to know everything": that is, he was familiar with virtually all the contemporary Western academic knowledge at that point in history. Clearly this can never be verified, and other claimants to this title are Gottfried Leibniz, Leonardo da Vinci, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Johann Wolfgang Goethe and Francis Bacon, among others. Young also wrote about various subjects to contemporary editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica. His learning was so prodigious in scope and breadth that he was popularly known as "Phenomenon Young."

 * read more...

 Quote "It is by no means an idle game if we become practiced in analyzing long-held commonplace concepts and showing the circumstances on which their justification and usefulness depend..." — Albert Einstein

 Related schools

 Specialties and Core Subjects
 * List of resources, projects, and courses offered

 Electives

Undergraduate Electives

 * Mathematical Methods for Materials Science
 * Materials for Biomedical Applications
 * Polymer Engineering
 * Ceramics Processing
 * Introduction to Ceramics
 * Diffraction and Structure
 * Symmetry, Structure, and Tensor Properties of Materials
 * Economic and Environmental Issues in Materials Selection
 * Physical Metallurgy
 * Electrical, Optical, and Magnetic Materials and Devices
 * Nanoscale Materials
 * Phage Display and Materials Science
 * Cancer Treatment and Materials Science

Graduate Elective

 * 3D Printing of Open Source Hardware for Science

Textbooks from Wikibooks

Associated Wikimedia of Materials Science and Engineering

fr:Département:Science des matériaux


text:
Taking Lives

Taking Lives may refer to:

 * Taking Lives (novel), a 1999 thriller novel by Michael Pye
 * Taking Lives (film), a 2004 American psychological thriller film, loosely based on the novel
 * Taking Lives (album), a 2013 album by Something Awful

title: Taking Lives


text:
Wiki 101/Blue link

Don't you just love a blue link? This page was created as an example for Wiki 101. The Red link page is protected to prevent it from being created.

title: Wiki 101/Blue link


text:
User:Sushil Adhikari

Sushil Adhikari is a citizen of Nepal, born in 15 July 1997. Studied School at Shree Tribhuban Shanti Higher Seconday school, High school at Gogon higher Secondary school and computer engineering at Pokhara Engineering college, Pokhara University.

title: User:Sushil Adhikari


text:
Talk:Ann Voskamp

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Ann Voskamp. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.zondervan.com/Cultures/en-US/Authors/Author.htm?ContributorID=VoskampA&QueryStringSite=Zondervan
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120322142352/http://www.babble.com:80/mom/work-family/top-mom-bloggers-full-list to http://www.babble.com/mom/work-family/top-mom-bloggers-full-list/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:21, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Article issues, February 2020
I gave the article a once-over, checking citations, correcting and completely those flawed citations that could be readily done, and setting all the bad web sources up for filling bythe reFill team. I also began checking text to source, and made minor content edits so the text here says what those sources say (no more, no less). The tags that are placed are the minimal—noting what content I found in the lead, infobox, and main body that are without justification by source, and after that calling attention to the global issues remaining. I understand that this is an author that has been highly regarded in her circles and among her readers. She is deserving of careful editing, and full compliance with WP:VER and WP:OS. The route to GA status—besides wide and careful reading and summarizing of the secondary and scholarly sources—is attention to the real issues that each article presents. As a former academic, I've indicated what I think they are, here.

Thanks in advance to the reFill team for the hard work they do to fix bad web citations. Cheers, all. 2601:246:C700:19D:E443:4C25:B2A0:E36 (talk) 07:54, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ann Voskamp


text:
Talk:Kanal 2

Untitled
I had to replace almost whole article text. It contained false info(there was no such scandal, no disruption of service, and I don't have a clue about broadcasts mentioned there!). I am from Estonia, and tune in to that station every day. If there was suspension of service, I'd have seen it. Same about the broadcasts --Tarmo Tanilsoo 08:05, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * If you remove any substantial amount of text, please therefore copy it here or link to the article version from article history. -Mardus 13:55, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * This was the page before my changes - http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanal_2&oldid=67783746 --Tarmo Tanilsoo 09:25, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hehehe, that entry rather belongs to the Uncyclopedia :-). Does it not refer to any other has-been tv-channel in Estonia?
 * -Mardus 06:09, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Total update of programming
I've fully updated the Own programming section, gonna check other sections tomorrow. --T2t2 19:07, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kanal 2


text:
Talk:Balaji Sampath

Very POV
This article is entirely POV and clearly written as a promotion of the subject and related entities (there would otherwise be no reason for the lead to be 80% praise of companies founded by/involved with him, instead of actual info about the subject of the article). AryKun (talk) 07:48, 20 August 2021 (UTC)early

Notes section
What does "Study and Enjoy" mean on the notes section DarkShadow exe (talk) 14:44, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Balaji Sampath


text:
Kenneth Lee Carder

Kenneth Lee Carder (born November 18, 1940) is a retired American bishop of the United Methodist Church, elected in 1992. Carder distinguished himself as a pastor, a member of Annual Conference and General U.M. agencies, a bishop, seminary professor, and an author.

Birth and family
Born in Washington County, Tennessee, Kenneth is one of five children of Allen and Edith Carder. Ken married Linda Miller June 30, 1961. She is a graduate of Emory and Henry College. They are the parents of two daughters, Sheri Carder Hood and Sandra Carder Nash, and they have five grandchildren.

Education
Ken graduated with honors from East Tennessee State University in 1962, and from Wesley Theological Seminary in 1965. In 1980 he earned a Doctor of Ministry Degree from Vanderbilt Divinity School. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Divinity Degree from Millsaps College in 2004.

Ordained ministry
Ken was ordained deacon in 1963 by Bishop Roy H. Short. He was ordained elder in 1965 by Bishop H. Ellis Finger, Jr. Prior to his election to the episcopacy, Ken pastored churches in Gaithersburg, Maryland; Bristol, Tennessee; Abingdon, Virginia; and Oak Ridge, Tennesseeak Ridge and Knoxville, Tennessee. He chaired the Task Force on Genetic Science, which presented its report to the 1992 U.M. General Conference. In addition to dialogue between science and theology, Ken has special concern for prison ministries, racial justice, and ministry with the poor and marginalized.

Ken Carder was a delegate to the Southeastern Jurisdictional Conference of the U.M. Church in 1980. He was elected General Conference delegate, 1984–92. He has served in several Annual and General Conference positions, including Chair of the Conference Council on Finance and Administration, a Director of the General Board of Church and Society, and president of the General Board of Discipleship. He was also a trustee of Emory University, and Henry College, Martin Methodist College, Lambuth University, and Millsaps College, Rust College, and a member of the Board of Governors of Wesley Seminary. He also served as a Trustee of Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare in Memphis, Tennessee, and Methodist Rehabilitation Hospital in Jackson, MS.

Episcopal ministry
Bishop Carder was elected to the episcopacy in 1992 by the Southeastern Jurisdictional Conference of the U.M. Church. At the time he was the pastor of the Church Street U.M.C. in Knoxville. He was assigned to the Nashville Episcopal Area, effective September 1, 1992. He was assigned to the Mississippi Area in 2000, where he served until retiring in 2004. Among the offices he held in the Council of Bishops are the following: chairperson of the Teaching Concerns Committee, Secretary of the Task Force on the Episcopal Initiative on Children and Poverty, and the Council's Laison to United Methodist Seminaries. He authored the Foundation Document for the Initiative on Children and Poverty. He was also a member of the University Senate and chaired Commission on Theological Education. He was selected by the Council to deliver the Episcopal Address at the 2004 General Conference.

Academic Ministry Bishop Carder joined the faculty of Duke University Divinity School upon retiring from the active Episcopacy in 2004 where he was named as the Ruth W. and A. Morris Williams, Jr. Professor of the Practice of Christian Ministry. Among the courses taught were the following: Introduction of Ordained Ministry; the Local Church in Mission; Preaching in the Wesleyan Tradition; Prophetic Ministry: Shaping Communities of Justice; Evangelism and Leadership in the Wesleyan Tradition; and Prison Ministry, Restorative Justice, and the Church. Upon retiring from Duke, he taught part-time as Senior Visiting Professor of Wesley Studies at Lutheran Theological Southern Seminary, in Columbia, SC. Bishop Carder is the author of the following books: Sermons on United Methodist Beliefs, Abingdon Press, 1991 ''Who Are We? Doctrine, Ministry and Mission of The United Methodist Church'' Leader's Guide, The United Methodist Publishing House, Revised edition 2001 Living Our Beliefs: The United Methodist Way, Discipleship Resources, Revised edition 2009. Grace to Lead: Practicing Leadership in the Wesleyan Tradition,(Co-authored with Lacey C. Warner), General Board of Higher Education and Ministry, Revised edition 2016 Ministry with the Forgotten: Dementia Through a Spiritual Lens, Abingdon Press, 2019

title: Kenneth Lee Carder


text:
Software Freedom/Information

The goal of this section is prompt students to consider the nature of information and the nature of software as an information good. The goal is also to help students realize that there is a fundamental difference between informational and material goods—namely, the former can be reproduced at zero marginal cost. It will also introduce the concepts of "ownership" and control of information and prompt students to reflect on these ideas.

Explorations and Activities
This section may be well served by the Software Freedom/Information Goods Activity.

Alternatively, the following activities or explorations might help the students explore and discover the key concepts in this section. Each is framed in terms of the key questions it raises.

Exploration: Discovering Immateriality
This is a discussion that prompts students to suggest, compare and contrast the production of a single good that is material with information goods that are purely immaterial.

Possible material goods include a widget, sweater, or vegetable. Possible immaterial goods might include a song, a melody, or a rumor. Students should feel free to suggest possible goods.

Students should discuss or write the process necessary to create that both types of good. Students should then be prompted to describe what happens when they give a copy of their creation to a friend. They should then be asked to reflect on this everyday action. Questions raised might include:

 * How does the process of reproduction differ between the types of goods?
 * How do things change with the second, third, forth, or one millionth copy?

Students should be asked to brainstorm and discuss a variety of related issues to the immaterial nature of their immaterial good and the way it was copied. Important issues might include:

 * How do information goods differ from other types of goods?
 * In what ways do the unique qualities of information make it more difficult to control?
 * Is a book information or material? What about a CD? (Be sure to make a distinction between the book/CD itself and what it contains.)
 * What else can students do that exhibit the costless reproducibility of information?

Exploration: Information Ownership and Transgression

 * An exploration or discussion around the idea of "transgressions" of ownership in material and immaterial goods.

If students are familiar with MP3, DIVX, software piracy, etc., these may each provide useful examples to seed a discussion. A good way to enter this discussion may be to bring up these examples.

Keys questions for discussion might include:

 * How does the definition of "stealing" differ in the context of an MP3 and a CD or record?
 * How does this connect to software? What is software piracy? How do students feel about it?
 * In what ways is information "owned"? How do students feel about this? Is it good or bad? Perhaps a debate of some sort would be an appropriate activity at this stage.
 * Why are libraries legal? Why don't entirely digital libraries exist?

Key Concepts
Students could walk away from this section with:

 * An understanding of information as an immaterial good and the impact of this on the cost of reproduction and distribution.
 * Knowledge of the problems, real and potential, economic and otherwise, introduced by valuable goods that can be reproduced at zero-marginal cost.
 * Some steps toward thinking about the ethical implication of regulating information production.

Additional Readings
The following readings help frame the questions addressed in this section although all, with the possible exception of Stallman's, may be inappropriate or unnecessary for students unless they express interest in this concept and want to read more.

 * Eben Moglen's dotCommunist Manifesto
 * Richard M. Stallman's The Right to Read
 * John Perry Barlow's Economy of Ideas
 * Lawrence Lessig's Free Culture

title: Software Freedom/Information


text:
User:Hillgentleman/study2

Edit.

Questions
1. What is the time now?

2 How many schools are there in wikiversity? How do you know?

3. Find a school in your field of interest and sign up. Join a topic or start a new one if you cannot find one that interests you.

4. What is a custodian? Name a custodian.

5. What do we discuss in Colloquium?

5.1 What is the law of causation?

6. How long is the Planck length?

7. Write down Schroedinger's equation.

8. What is the first line of <>?

9. Who were awarded The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2006?

10. What is a pottery knife for?

11. What is the opening sentence of Sun Tzu's <>?

12. Who wrote <>?

13. What does VB6 stand for?

14. How do you greet someone  in Arabia? German? Spain? France? Japan? Quenya? Russia?China?

15. What is peer review?

16. Describe Wikiversity in a sentence.

17. Can you host your research project here?

18. How did  the Hezbollah learn about the Israeli troop movements during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict?

19. Name an on-going research project on wikiversity.

20. What is The Question?

21. How old is our solar system?

22. Give an example of an eukaryotic organism.

23. Sign your name here.

title: User:Hillgentleman/study2


text:
pitää yllä

Verb

 * 1)  to maintain; to keep up ; to sustain

Conjugation
See.

Derived terms

 * nouns:

title: pitää yllä


text:
Karimabad, Nishapur

Karimabad (, also Romanized as Karīmābād) is a village in Darbqazi Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 264, in 68 families.

title: Karimabad, Nishapur


text:
Talk:Aiden

WHAT???
For God's sake, SOMEONE get 'Pop-Punk' off of the labels. How do Aiden compare in any way with blink-182, Green Day, MXPX, or Good Charlotte? Honestly. Emo? I could understand. Post-Hardcore? Sure. Hardcore, Post-Punk, Art Punk, they all fit in some way or other, but NOT Pop-Punk!

pop-punk
can someone explain to me why this band was genrefied as "pop-punk"?

Yeah, how did pop-punk come up? That's just weird... -Shinobi101

they're definetely not pop punk i'd put them in more of the emorock or gothrock category they are not at all pop and not at all punk

i'd say they're emo. they have all of the characteristics of it...

you going to explain more?

Hair Loss & Tooth Decay?
come on now.

Fox criticism
Mightn't it be more accurate that the video criticised shows inter-religion violence - white Christian groups burning black Christian group's churches and condemns that? Fox misrepresented this one quite badly.

title: Talk:Aiden


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/The one-to-one relationship

Introduction
In the previous chapter, some new features of XML schemas, documents, and stylesheets were introduced as well as how to model a one-to-many relationship. In this chapter, we will introduce the modeling of a one-to-one relationship in XML. We will also introduce more features of an XML schema.

A one-to-one (1:1) relationship
The following diagram shows a one-to-one and a one-to-many relationship. The one-to-one relationship records each country as a single top destination.

Exhibit 4-1: Data model for a 1:1 relationship

XML schema
A one-to-one (1:1) relationship is represented in the data model in Exhibit 4-1. The addition of country and destination to the data model allows the 1:1 relationship named topDestination. A country has many different destinations, but only one top destination. The XML schema in Exhibit 4-2 shows how to represent a 1:1 relationship in an XML schema.

XML schema example
Exhibit 4-2: XML Schema for a one-to-one relationship

New elements in schema
Let’s examine the new elements and attributes in the schema in Exhibit 4-2.
 * Country is a complex type defined in City to represent the 1:M relationship between a country and its cities.
 * Destination is a complex type defined in Country to represent the 1:M relationship between a country and its many destinations.
 * topDestination is a complex type defined in Country to represent the 1:1 relationship between a country and its top destination.

Restrictions in schema
Placing restrictions on elements was introduced in the previous chapter; however, there are more potentially useful restrictions that can be placed on an element. Restrictions can be placed on elements and attributes that affect how the processor handles whitespace characters:

White space & length constraints
The whiteSpace constraint is set to "preserve", which means that the XML processor will not remove any white space characters. Other useful restrictions include the following:

 * Replace – the XML processor will replace all whitespace characters with spaces.
 *

 * Collapse – The processor will remove all whitespace characters.
 *

 * Length, maxLength, minLength—the length of the element can be fixed or can have a predefined range.
 *
 *
 *

Order indicators
In addition to placing restrictions on elements, order indicators can be used to define in what order elements should occur.

All indicator
The indicator specifies by default that the child elements can appear in any order and that each child element must occur once and only once:

Choice indicator
The indicator specifies that either one child element or another can occur:

Sequence indicator
The indicator specifies that the child elements must appear in a specific order:

XML document
The XML document in Exhibit 4-3 shows how the new elements (country and destination) defined in the XML schema found in Exhibit 4-2 are used in an XML document. Note that the child elements of  can appear in any order because of the  order indicator used in the schema.

Exhibit 4-3: XML Document for a one-to-one relationship


text:
Cottrell Corners, New Jersey

Cottrell Corners is an unincorporated community located within Old Bridge Township in Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Located at the corner of Old Bridge-Matawan Road (County Route 516) and Cottrell Road, the area is named for the Cottrell Family who owned an apple farm at the crossroads since before the United States was founded. Though the last parcel of the farmland had originally been sold to a developer in 2002, the Middlesex County Freeholder Board purchased the property and intends to preserve it. In addition to the farm, the area contains stores, a townhouse development, and is the seat of the Old Bridge municipal offices and library.

title: Cottrell Corners, New Jersey


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/List of misleading food names

--<IP_ADDRESS> 01:13, 22 March 2007 (UTC)==List of misleading food names==

This page needs serious attention, it was in terrible condition when I found it and Ive done all I can. I have been seriously hampered by some other editor who seems to have a personal vendetta against me, so Im giving up on it and putting it in the hands of others. Jack Cain 09:59, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

There's no problem except that JC seems to have a problem with the double meanings of words like wiener and huevos, and other assorted things he apparently doesn't understand. He's never contributed diddley to the article, from what I see, merely deleted things he didn't like. I would suggest the taskforce leave the page content up to the consensus of the contributors, which is what was being done before JC stuck his nose in it. Tubezone 10:25, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * When I found the page, there was a cleanup tag on it(one that Tubezone decided to remove today), being the responsible wikipedian that Ive been for more than a year, I looked over the article and found many entries that simply didnt belong. I would like to make it clear that I left the majority of the page intact, obviously missleading item names like "Married Couple`s Lungs", deserve to have a place on the page

 * Anyway, I had made several edits before Tubezone began his "contributions". I know what Huevos Rancheros is, my father often made it for breakfast when I was child. I know that Huevos is spanish for Eggs and its also slang for testicles. Im aware that "Huevos Rancheros" may be a pun/double entendre because of slang, but ONLY because of slang. I dont think that this is a page for slang and puns.

 * And about puns, I love puns and humor and double entendres and wordplay, I read Dominic Deegan every day, I worship Mel Brooks and Im currently making a Nabeshin costume! I bought a four dollar can of Spotted Dick just because it made me laugh. Do not start accusing me of having no sense of humor. Jack Cain 10:47, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Heh heh, Spotted Dick. David P. A. Hunter 10:42, 2 May 2006 (UTC).

I'm closing this entry. The page is much improved. RJFJR 18:58, 4 June 2006 (UTC)


text:
Σαυρομάτης

Etymology
According to classical Greek authors, the Sarmatae owe the name to their typical red hair.

Noun

 * 1) a Sarmatian

title: Σαυρομάτης


text:
Talk:CeBIT

Since this is used in English, (acronym only) shouldn't it be listed also as English? --Connel MacKenzie 04:36, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:CeBIT


text:
camerata

Etymology
, from derived from.

Noun

 * 1) dormitory

Noun

 * 1)  companion, mate
 * 2)  comrade

Usage notes

 * Unlike English and its cognates in other languages, Italian camerata was frequently used as a term of address among fascists and is thus more associated in current use with right wing rather than left wing circles, in which  is used.

Noun

 * 1)  female friend, companion, comrade

title: camerata


text:
Talk:Maryam (name)

Persian
I deleted Persian from the first line. If we wanna add Persian we have to add Turkish, Urdu, Bangala and etc. --Lanov 14:42, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Old South Arabian
I read in an unabridged Arabic dictionary at my university library that the name derives from Old South Arabian (a Semitic language related to but in a separate branck from Classical Arabic), from the word "maryam" which means a soft-wooled sheep, or something to that effect. Although that does not rule out a common origin with the female name, or even that Old South Arabian was an intermediate so that the term could have ultimately come from "Beloved of Amon" via the sheep being known that way and hence the comparison with a tender, delicate woman; regardless, there is no mention of South Arabian anywhere in the article. I am living in Peru right now and am therefore physically unable to walk over to the Rutgers University library to properly reference this; but if anyone has access to one or more unabridged Arabic dictionaries, please look up the entry مريم and see what etymology they suggest. I think it's important not to omit a very important language in the ancient world. Thanks :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rcgy (talk • contribs) 01:04, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

Maryam is also the "surname" of Kanaya from Homestuck, and MAYBE all the other jadeblood get that surname! — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:17, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I see that there is a merge proposal but no discussion. So I'm adding one here. -- MC

 * Merge - There is absolutely to have two separate discussions as these are variants of the same name. I would, however, say that the article(s) should be disambig pages pointing to people with the name. IMHO having a discussion about the name itself is really a violation of WP:NAD. -- MC — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:6000:EC16:C000:C68:4872:A0B1:CB4A (talk) 03:53, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Oppose merge. The two names Maryam and Miriam may be etymologically related, but they are distinct enough to warrant separate articles. It would not be helpful to mix up the many people called Maryam with the many people called Miriam. BabelStone (talk) 12:29, 15 March 2018 (UTC)

sohail ❤ F
Farah ❤S <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:17, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maryam (name)


text:
Talk:Artur V. Shachnev

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:Artur V. Shachnev


text:
Talk:Civ/Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri/Tech Tree

This page was generated using a perl script and alpha.txt.

Wow, nice work. Now to actually describe the techs :P --Furrykef 18:42, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Whew. Got just about everything in there now, and fixed the problem with Doctrines not linking correctly. The heading links are Doctrine.3A_Flexibility and the like, since somewhere, something does not like colons. --Anarchie

 * I reported the colon problem to the WikiMedia guys; hopefully it'll be fixed soon, or at least eventually. Currently I'll link to them just like everything else — I'll change it if it's apparent it's not going to be fixed anytime soon. --Furrykef 10:32, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * It's fixed now. --Furrykef 00:00, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Diplomatic proposals are in. Last thing to do is the strategic comments. --Anarchie

I'm wondering if we really need a chapter for SMAC units, when units are just templates automatically designed in the Design Workshop (occasionally with a free prototype). The terraforming and diplomacy links should stay as they are for now, though. --Furrykef


text:
File talk:Subway Surfers app logo.png

Reversion
Reverted to version as of 12:19, 9 February 2015,which I uploaded because this is the current version (Subway Surfers Seoul)and you can check this at playstore,leading appstores or at official website i.e www.kiloo.com.Please stop reverting it.Why is uploading an image so hard in wikipedia.Tell me what more I can do? Atleast give me a reason coz i am fed up.

Zelena De oliveira Matias <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:47, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: File talk:Subway Surfers app logo.png


text:
Talk:L'esprit de l'escalier

"The French expression is also in use in French"?
Also used in Russian, presumably? Flapdragon (talk) 10:03, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:L'esprit de l'escalier


text:
Uporovo

Uporovo (Упорово) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Uporovsky District, Tyumen Oblast, Russia. Population:

title: Uporovo


text:
Laurel Heights Secondary School

Laurel Heights Secondary School (formerly Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School) is a high school in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, operated by the Waterloo Region District School Board (WRDSB). It opened in September 2004 and provides both academic and vocational programs. The school had 1,500 students as of the 2020–21 school year. Each year, around 450 new grade 9 students are enrolled from the following elementary schools: Centennial Public School, Edna Staebler Public School, Laurelwood Public School, and Vista Hills Public School The school is located on 650 Laurelwood Drive in northwest Waterloo. It was originally named after Sir John A. Macdonald, the first prime minister of Canada; in 2022, it was renamed to Laurel Heights Secondary School (LHSS).

History
Construction of the $27 million, 206000 sqft school was plagued by construction delays. It opened two months before construction was complete, with students initially limited to partial days of classes. The name was selected in 2003 by school board trustees. When they asked for suggestions, the most frequently submitted name was Oscar Peterson, but because he was still alive, Peterson wasn't eligible to have a school named after him.

The school name garnered attention in 2018 because of civic awareness regarding the historical treatment of Indigenous peoples in the Canadian residential school system. In 2021, the school board determined that the name must be changed; in March 2022, the new name of Laurel Heights Secondary School was confirmed.

Programs
The drama department participates in the annual SEARS festivals. In the 2012–13 school year, they advanced to regionals. In 2014, they hosted the festival for Waterloo schools, and in 2018 they hosted NTSDF.

LHSS offers numerous clubs, teams, and activities with over 10 choices per season. As of 2019, the Fraser Institute ranked LHSS as one of the best schools in Ontario with an average performance score of 8.1 out of 10. LHSS ranks better than 90 per cent of schools in the Waterloo Region and 85 per cent of schools in all of Ontario.

title: Laurel Heights Secondary School


text:
User:Swatchai

I guess this page is reserved for me. I have added coordinates to some of Thailand's National Parks. I plan to do more on other places in Thailand that do not have such information.

Swatchai

title: User:Swatchai


text:
Talk:Tomitarō Horii

Untitled
MChew and others. If you want to deny or change Japan's history, do it on a Japanese website, this is not the place for denial of facts. Your repeated insertion of unverified quotations in order to disguise Horai's Armies' behaviour and paint him in a falsely better light are against the spirit of Wikipedia. They will not be tolerated here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:14, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Dear anonymous IP editor, if you want to deny or change Japan's history, do it on a Chinese or Korean website. This is not the place for denial of facts. Your repeated deletion of sourced, referenced quotations in order to emphasize Japanese atrocities and play down attempts within the Japanese military to combat them, thus painting Horii in a falsely worse light are against the spirit of Wikipedia, and indeed the spirit of all scholarship. They will not be tolerated here. LordAmeth (talk) 19:20, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

I will not tolerate here a Japanese attempt to paint its war criminals with a falsely positive light. Horai presided over troops who were involved in execution of civilian and wounded POW's and canabilism, not to mention his involvement in the Nanking Massacre. Putting the removed quote in paints Horai was a man who tried to stop what he is historically known to have done. I sugest you do your homework on this man before you pontificate. You don't know what you are talking about, in this case. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:15, 29 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The Nanjing Massacre occurred in December 1937. In August 1937, Horii had been promoted to colonel and assigned to the command staff of the reserve IJA 8th Division under which he was regimental commander of the IJA 82nd Infantry Regiment. At the time, the 8th Division was a training/garrison force based in Manchukuo still rebuilding after losses the Japanese suffered at the hand of the Soviets at Nomonhan, and did not participate in the Battle of Nanjing. The OOB for Nanjing consisted of the Japanese China Garrison Army (with the 3rd, 9th, 13th and 16th Divisions and Shanghai Expeditionary Force) and the IJA 10th Army (with the 6th, 114th and elements of the 5th Divisions). Horii was reassigned to the IJA 11th Division in March 1940, and was thus NOT present at the Nanjing Massacre. I have no idea who this “Horai” the anon editor keeps referring to is, but if the anon cannot even spell the name correctly…--MChew (talk) 13:03, 29 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Thank you MChew. The anon IP should register, as it is now there is no credibility. Chris (クリス • フィッチュ) (talk) 15:07, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

Lieutenant General
Hi, I am working on a rewrite of the Battle of Buna-Gona. All wiki reliable sources I can access Give Horii's rank as Maj Gen. I believe (from Wiki unreliable sources) that he was promoted posthumously. Was hoping to clear this up. Does anybody have a precise reference to address this 'apparent' discrepancy please? Thanks Cinderella157 (talk) 04:16, 26 November 2014 (UTC)

proposed revision
Presently reads: "During the New Guinea campaign, Horii and his South Seas Detachment were assigned to the invasion of Port Moresby, but were turned back by Allied forces during the Battle of the Coral Sea. As a result, after landing in the Buna–Garara area in July 1942, Horii led a column of 8,500 men of the IJA 144th Regiment overland on the Kokoda Trail over the treacherous Owen Stanley mountain range in an attempt to capture Port Moresby.[3] However, after heavy fighting against a small Australian Army force, the Japanese were delayed and defeated, and Horii was forced to withdraw with his surviving soldiers in the Kokoda Track campaign from September 1942. Horii drowned while crossing the Kumusi River when his raft capsized on November 1942 in Territory of New Guinea.[4] Horii was posthumously promoted from major general to lieutenant general.[5][6]"

Would suggest the following adaptation from the draft. I believe that McAuley reports much the same but I don't have it ATM. The gunfire heard was possibly the first shots fired by the 1st Mountain Battery:

"During the New Guinea campaign, Horii and his South Seas Force were assigned to the invasion of Port Moresby, but were turned back after the escorting naval force was attacked by Allied forces during the Battle of the Coral Sea. The Japanese then planned an overland attack to capture the town by advancing from the north coast. In July 1942, they landed to established beachheads at Buna, Gona and Sanananda. This marked the beginning of The Kokoda Track campaign. The South Seas Force, under command of Major General Tomitaro Horii, advanced using the Kokoda Track to cross the rugged Owen Stanley Range.

By 16 September, after heavy fighting against a small Australian Army force, Horii's had advanced as far as Ioribaiwa, and was close enough to see the lights of Port Moresby. In light of reverses at Guadalcanal, the Japanese command determined it could not support both battles and, on 23 September, Maj Gen Horii was ordered to withdraw his troops on the Kokoda Track until the issue at Guadalcanal was decided. Limited provision had been made for the resupply of Horii's force and, by this time, the situation had reached a crisis. On 26 September, the Japanese commenced to withdraw from the front line. They fought a well ordered rear-guard action back over the Owen Stanley Range, with the Australian forces in close pursuit.

Horii's force had been severely depleted by lack of supply but At Oivi, near the northern end of the Kokoda Track, Horii's force received both resupply and reinforcement. The Japanese suffered heavily in the battle around Oivi-Gorari, from 4 – 11 November and the well ordered withdrawal that had been planned quickly disintegrated into a rout. The Australians crossed the Kumusi River at Wairopi on 16 November and were now about 65 km (40 mi) from Buna-Gona.

The flooded river blocked the retreat of Horii's force. Horii decided to raft down the river with a small party so he might more quickly reach the Buna-Gona positions that were being threatened by the Australian advance. Gunfire had been heard from the coast. When the raft became snagged on trees, he took to a canoe that was found by the river's edge. The canoe was swept out to sea and capsized during a storm. Horii drowned but his orderly survived to report his death. Horii was posthumously promoted to lieutenant general.[6]"

I was a little concerned that the account here was not consistent with other references. Regards Cinderella157 (talk) 09:29, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tomitarō Horii


text:
Female Engagement Team

Female Engagement Teams (FETs) are groups of female military personnel around the world which undertake specialized gender-suited tasks. FETs' tasks are as varied as American FETs interacting with local Afghan women in Afghanistan; Ghana Battalion FETs taking part in gathering intelligence during peacekeeping operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo; New Zealand Defence Force FETs support Special Operations Force objectives, the primary role being to "engage with local women and adolescents [...] in situations where it would be culturally unacceptable to involve male SOF operators", and the Jordanian Armed Forces FETs helping to conduct physical searches of women along the borders. However FETs also have had their fair share of limited success and problems in certain operations, with service personnel unable to interact successfully with the required population, lack of translators, too short a time frame or commanders refusing to take up FET missions.

Female Engagement Teams have their roots in American military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, in the form of Team Lioness between 2003 and 2004. In 2009, the US Marine Corps attached FETs to infantry units. One of the first FET programs is with 3rd Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment, Farah Province, Afghanistan. The first permanent American FET arrived in Afghanistan (Regional Command Southwest) in March 2010 whereas the first British FET began in October 2010. Australia, United Kingdom and Canada also employed FETs in Afghanistan. Sweden used all-female as well as mixed-gender engagement teams.

title: Female Engagement Team


text:
Talk:Electrodynamics

 * "In this section we will begin by stating the basic equations of electromagnetism --in terms of the four-potential, valid in special relativity-- then see how this reduces to the simple rules governing electricity and magnetism we learnt in school.

 * "Approaching the subject this way means you will be aware of the appproximations in the simple rules."

Unlike like the standard approach, where every five chapters you say "Sorry, what we told you earlier was only half-true. This is the real story."

Approaching the subject from this angle has advantages, especially as part of a unified treatment of modern physics (and it's the approach taken by the source text) so I'd suggest we try sticking to it. The traditional approach can be used in other wikibooks, giving the readers a chance to see which suits them best. Carandol

Maxwell's
Which chapter will cover Maxwells. On another note, I just finished a first draft of Four-Potentials

Discouraged Teaching Method
Teaching physics with this top-down approach should, in my opinion, be thoroughly discouraged for the following reasons:

1. It isn't really the top in the first place. At higher energy scales, electromagnetism seems to descend from the superstructure of Electroweak interactions as a low-energy limit. So, starting with four potentials would be a rather abrupt checkpoint of the theory to start with.

2. While it is true that the theory in terms of four potentials is mathematically elegant and forces an impression of inevitability, this formalism is invisible to many physical possibilites such as that of the magnetic monopole. A person studying the EM formalism through four potentials loses the chance to think about such possibilities or what experiments could be done to detect them.

3. Physics is an emperical science. It is dictated by experiment. Close correspondences between experimental findings and some mathematical structures lend those mathematical structures temporary importance in our understanding of the physical world. To begin a discussion of electromagnetism (aimed at the lay reader / sophomore visiting Wiki) with head-in-the-air formalism that aims to descend and explain all electromagnetic phenomena will deprive people of real reasons for the development of electric and magnetic fields to explain phenomena in the world. Otherwise, all the A's and F's are just an academic exercise in mental gymnastics.

4. The four potential, in quantum electrodynamics, leads to some rather knotty problems of gauge fixing (solved, but rather messily). This gauge freedom in A and its messy fixing in QED lead us to believe that we lack a respectable gauge free notation of electrodynamics.

I suspect that you might have had a largely mathematics based background going into electromagnetism because I see that you try to start from Lorentz invariance etc and are struck by its mathematical simplicity. You could also, begin from the deeper quantum theory of electrodynamics of A and descend to explain all physical phenomena pretty successfully. That will be the best picture we have so far, but at what cost to the general reader or curious character? However, if you still wish to expound EM top down, I would suggest looking for a two form of A to make a Lorentz invariant Lagrangian and proceed down.

I believe this is a thorougly misguided approach to teaching anything, and will potentially befuddle the general reader instead of providing him with an honest understanding of what we know and how we know.

Response
I agree with you but came to help this wikibook after the format was already laid out. If you read my Four Potential stuff you'll probably note that I keep throwing off telling people to study the rest first. If you would like to suggest a better format here, I would be most pleased to implement it after a vote. --Frontier 00:49, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Section Structure
I've been trying to contribute to these pages, and I am finding that their structure is inconducive to adding material in any kind of sensible progression. Starting the discussion off with electromagnetic four-potential is a strange idea (at best), especially considering the book hasnt even discussed elementary currents or potentials before hand. I've rearranged some of the existing pages into a progression that (i feel) will be better and more straight-forward for a reader without much familiarity with the subject. However, despite my best efforts at rearranging, I can't quite seem to make pages line up to provide material in a good order. Therefore, I am going to propose an outline for a proposed new architecture to this section, and I would like to get some questions/comments on this before I do it:

 * Introduction
 * required maths (vectors, del, flux, divergance, curl, spherical coordinates, etc...)
 * Electrostatics
 * Coulomb's Law
 * E-Field
 * Gauss' Law
 * Conservation of E-Field (Electric potential, charge distribution energy)
 * Capacitance
 * Relativity
 * Michelson-Morley Experiment
 * Lorentz Transformation
 * Four-Vectors
 * Magentic Fields
 * E and B fields as Tensors
 * Maxwell's Equations
 * Magnetostatics
 * Ohms Law
 * Biot-Savart's Law
 * Ampere's Law
 * Magentization
 * Mechanics
 * Force and Torque by E and B fields, etc.
 * Motions and interactions of charged particles
 * Larmor Precession
 * Magnetic Stress Tensors
 * Variation with Time
 * Faraday's Law
 * Poynting Vector
 * Displacement Current
 * Four-Vectors changing in Time

This is, I think, a good way to integrate all the material into a straight-forward precession. I can think of some things that can definately be moved around, however. I ask anybody who knows about this material to help out and make comments/suggestions on this outline, because I would like to start moving/renaming/deleting pages here to make things better ASAP. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 17:21, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

I would suggest moving relativity towards the bottom of the list and looking at Mechanics of Electricity directly after Electrostatics. From there Magnetism would come in as allegory to electricity, which seems to work well. I've just finished taking a class in this (PH 212/252 at most colleges), and this was the general layout. Essentially, this stuff is confusing as all get out, and it's somewhat easier to tackle if you do it one idea at a time and build slowly. Since magnetism behaves so similarly to electricity, it seems much easier to study it after one has some knowledge of electricity.

--Thatnerdyguy 15:40, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with you, i think. Although, the Special Relativity chapter of this book occurs before this chapter, so readers should have some background knowledge of it. This subject is sufficiently difficult, however, and maybe we should just push it off till the end. Magnetism is best learned (from my experiance as well) as an allegory for electricity, so we can worry about that second-to-last. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 16:36, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Rename
This page needs to be renamed to electromagnetism... because it speaks not only of electrodynamics, but also electrostatic. ''Raylton P. Sousa qualquer coisa estou aqui! =D'' 02:22, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electrodynamics


text:
Talk:Atara Marmor

External links modified
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title: Talk:Atara Marmor


text:
Chatrapathi Sekhar

Chandra Sekhar, known professionally as Chatrapathi Sekhar, is an Indian actor who primarily works in Telugu films. He is known for his frequent collaborations with S. S. Rajamouli.

Career
Sekar is a regular in S. S. Rajamouli's films and played a lawyer in Sye (2004). He garnered acclaim for his role as Prabhas's friend in Chhatrapati (2005). He has since portrayed notable roles in several Telugu films including Vikramarkudu (2006), Magadheera (2009), the bilingual Eega (2012), Rangasthalam (2018), the bilingual film U Turn (2018). He made his Tamil-language debut with Viswasam (2019), in which he portrayed Ajith Kumar's Muslim friend. He portrayed a farmer in the historical film Yatra and played one of the leads in Diksoochi (2019). He played Jr. NTR's friend in RRR.

Personal life
While shooting for Chhatrapati on a boat thirty five kilometers into the ocean, Sekhar had almost fallen off the boat. Prabhas caught Sekhar by his leg and pulled him back onto the boat.

Films

 * Student No. 1 (2001)
 * Simhadri (2003)
 * Abhimanyu (2003)
 * Sye (2004)
 * Chhatrapati (2005) as Bhadram
 * Ashok (2006)
 * Vikramarkudu (2006)
 * Dhee (2007)
 * Satya in Love (2008; Kannada)
 * Raksha (2008)
 * Flash News (2009)
 * Magadheera (2009) as Raghuveer's sidekick
 * Kalavar King (2010)
 * Maryada Ramanna (2010) as Raghava Rao
 * Sakthi (2011) as Basava
 * Racha (2012)
 * Dhammu (2012)
 * Daruvu (2012)
 * Eega (2012) as Tantra
 * Balupu (2013)
 * Legend (2014)
 * Aagadu (2014)
 * Karthikeya (2014)
 * Maha Bhaktha Siriyala (2014)
 * Kick 2 (2015)
 * Srimanthudu (2015)
 * Sarovaram (2017)
 * Jai Simha (2018)
 * Rangasthalam (2018) as Ganapathi
 * Krishnarjuna Yudham (2018)
 * U Turn (2018)
 * Viswasam (2019; Tamil)
 * Yatra (2019)
 * Diksoochi (2019)
 * Ranasthalam (2019)
 * Arjun Suravaram (2019)
 * Annaatthe (2021; Tamil)
 * Akhanda (2021)
 * RRR (2022) as Jangu
 * Rowdy Rocky (2022: Bhojpuri) as journalist
 * Veera Simha Reddy (2023) as Veeranna
 * Virupaksha (2023) as Suri
 * Bhari Taraganam (2023)
 * Music Shop Murthy (2024)

Television

 * Padmavyuham (ETV)
 * Manasichi Choodu as Nagineedu (2019–2022; Star Maa)
 * Radhamma Kuthuru as Gopala Krishna (2019–present; Zee Telugu)
 * Rangula Ratnam (2021–present; ETV Telugu)

title: Chatrapathi Sekhar


text:
Quasitrace

In mathematics, especially functional analysis, a quasitrace is a not necessarily additive tracial functional on a C*-algebra. An additive quasitrace is called a trace. It is a major open problem if every quasitrace is a trace.

Definition
A quasitrace on a C*-algebra A is a map $$\tau\colon A_+\to[0,\infty]$$ such that:

 * $$\tau$$ is homogeneous:
 * $$\tau(\lambda a)=\lambda\tau(a)$$ for every $$a\in A_+$$ and $$\lambda\in[0,\infty)$$.

 * $$\tau$$ is tracial:
 * $$\tau(xx^*)=\tau(x^*x)$$ for every $$x\in A$$.

$$\tau(a+b)=\tau(a)+\tau(b)$$ for every $$a,b\in A_+$$ that satisfy $$ab=ba$$.
 * $$\tau$$ is additive on commuting elements:

 * and such that for each $$n\geq 1$$ the induced map
 * $$\tau_n\colon M_n(A)_+\to[0,\infty], (a_{j,k})_{j,k=1,...,n}\mapsto\tau(a_{11})+...\tau(a_{nn})$$

has the same properties.

A quasitrace $$\tau$$ is:

 * bounded if
 * $$\sup\{\tau(a):a\in A_+, \|a\|\leq 1\} < \infty.$$

 * normalized if
 * $$\sup\{\tau(a):a\in A_+, \|a\|\leq 1\} = 1.$$

 * lower semicontinuous if
 * $$\{a\in A_+ : \tau(a)\leq t\}$$ is closed for each $$t\in[0,\infty)$$.

Variants

 * A 1-quasitrace is a map $$A_+\to[0,\infty]$$ that is just homogeneous, tracial and additive on commuting elements, but does not necessarily extend to such a map on matrix algebras over A. If a 1-quasitrace extends to the matrix algebra $$M_n(A)$$, then it is called a n-quasitrace. There are examples of 1-quasitraces that are not 2-quasitraces. One can show that every 2-quasitrace is automatically a n-quasitrace for every $$n\geq 1$$. Sometimes in the literature, a quasitrace means a 1-quasitrace and a 2-quasitrace means a quasitrace.

Properties

 * A quasitrace that is additive on all elements is called a trace.

 * Uffe Haagerup showed that every quasitrace on a unital, exact C*-algebra is additive and thus a trace. The article of Haagerup was circulated as handwritten notes in 1991 and remained unpublished until 2014. Blanchard and Kirchberg removed the assumption of unitality in Haagerup's result. As of today (August 2020) it remains an open problem if every quasitrace is additive.

 * Joachim Cuntz showed that a simple, unital C*-algebra is stably finite if and only if it admits a dimension function. A simple, unital C*-algebra is stably finite if and only if it admits a normalized quasitrace. An important consequence is that every simple, unital, stably finite, exact C*-algebra admits a tracial state.

 * Every quasitrace on a von Neumann algebra is a trace.

title: Quasitrace


text:
epiboly

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells, as takes place during gastrulation or secondary intention wound healing.

Translations

 * French:

title: epiboly


text:
Cookbook:Coffee

Coffee is a flavorful liquid brewed from coffee beans.

Cleaning
Since coffee seeds are held within the pulp of the fruit, the pulp must be crushed and removed. After this, the beans ferment slightly in order to get rid of the mucilage surrounding the hull before drying completely. The hull is cracked to expose the seeds, called coffee beans.

Decaffeination
Coffee beans naturally contain a good amount of caffeine, but some coffee beans are treated to remove it before roasting. This can either be done by treating the beans with a solvent or scraping away the outer caffeinated layer.

Roasting
Because the green, raw beans don't have much complexity of flavor, they must be roasted. This can occur over a range of temperatures (180–240°C/350–465°F) and times (10–35 minutes) to produce the desired final effect. This process causes them to darken and brown, developing the characteristic finished coffee flavor. Typically, the lighter the roast, the sweeter the profile; and, the darker the roast, the stronger and more bitter.

After roasting, beans may be treated with a flavoring component (e.g. vanilla, chocolate, spices).

Grinding
In most circumstances, coffee beans must be ground to a powder prior to use, either by the manufacturer or the consumer. The finer the grind, the less time necessary to properly brew the coffee, the sooner it can become overbrewed, and vice versa. As such, fine grinds are used for speedy preparation methods like espresso, while coarse grinds are better for drip.

Brewing
There are a number of ways to brew coffee—in all methods, ground coffee beans and water are combined, with the water extracting the aromatic compounds in the beans. Typically, this is done by either steeping the ground beans in water or forcing hot water through the grounds.

After brewing, liquid coffee may be dehydrated to produce instant coffee powder—this can be combined with water to immediately make coffee without needing to brew it.

Characteristics
Coffee contains caffeine in a relatively high quantity, which can cause alertness and increased sense of energy when consumed.

Bean
Coffee beans come in two main classes, which contributes to their flavor profile. Robusta beans are more common, though considered slightly inferior, and arabica beans are considered higher quality. Additionally, the geographic growing region and other environmental conditions will also affect the flavor of the beans—as such, beans are often named after region of origin.

Roast
After bean type, coffee beans can be further categorized by their degree of roasting, which typically ranges from light to medium and dark roasts. As the beans get darker and more roasted, they become oilier and develop a more complexly bitter flavor. Roasts may also be named slightly unintuitively, such as with "city" roast, "French" roast, and more.

Selection and storage
Coffee beans are best fresh, and their flavor will degrade as they age. Surface area plays a large part in the degradation process, so ground coffee degrades considerably faster than whole coffee beans. The degradation process is also accelerated by oxidation, so roasted coffee should be stored in airtight containers—and even in the freezer—to minimize oxidation. But in general, freshly ground, newly roasted beans will always give a better cup of coffee than pre-ground, older beans.

Once brewed, coffee still has a pretty short lifespan and should be used fresh. Excessive heating and oxidation will again degrade the flavor, so it's not recommended to keep brewed coffee on a heat source for very long.

Preparation
Many factors in the brewing process contribute to the final product. Clean fresh water is necessary, and the temperature of the water will have some bearing on the result as well. Cooler water will not extract flavors as efficiently as hot water, but boiling water can make an overly bitter brew, especially with very dark roasts. Lastly, the coarseness of the grind and the ratio of grounds to water are also important and vary according to the brewing method used. If you want stronger brewed coffee, use a higher ratio of ground coffee to water, rather than brewing for longer.

French press
In this method, the grounds are placed into the bottom of a vessel, and hot water is poured onto them. The mixture sits for a few minutes, then a mesh strainer is pushed down onto the mass, and the coffee is poured off to drink. French presses are also suitable for use in cold brewing (see below).

Drip
In America, this is the most common brewing method. Here, the grounds are placed in a basket with a non-reactive liner and a small hole in the bottom. Hot water is poured over the grounds, where it soaks them and steeps for a short time while being slowly forced by gravity through the hole into the container below. A good ratio for drip coffee is 2 tablespoons of finely ground coffee for every 6–7 oz water. Bring the water just to a boil, then pour slowly over the grounds, stirring gently. Stirring will result in the grounds retaining some extra water, but do not try to squeeze the water out—when it stops dripping, the coffee is ready to drink.

Espresso
In modern espresso machines, a fine grind of strong coffee is packed into a small metal container with a hole in the bottom. Pressurized water is quickly forced through the grounds into the pot below. A higher percentage of coffee solids are dissolved and extracted under pressure, creating an end product with more concentrated flavor. A moka-style percolator can also be used. Here, water is placed in the lower section, with the raw coffee grounds in the mid-section. As the water boils, it turns to steam—this creates enough pressure to force all the water from the lower section up through the grounds and into the upper reservoir. A good guide for making espresso is ¼ oz (7 g) ground beans per 1½ oz (45 ml) water.

Cold brew
In cold brewing, heat is replaced with time. Here, the ground coffee is steeped at room temperature for 8–12 hours before straining. One proposed argument here is that cold-brewed coffee is less bitter than hot-brewed.

Beverages
The most common way to consume coffee is as a beverage, either plain or with milk/cream, sugar, or other flavorings. A variety of classic beverages exist, including but not limited to the following:

 * Latte: Espresso and steamed milk
 * Cappuccino: espresso, steamed milk, and foamed milk
 * Mocha: espresso, steamed milk, and chocolate
 * Americano: espresso and water

Cooking
Coffee is sometimes used in recipes, especially desserts but also savory dishes, where the bitterness adds complexity of flavor. It goes well with many spices, and the flavour of chocolate is known to be enhanced by the addition of a small amount of coffee. Notable preparations that always or may include coffee include tiramisu, custards, and ice cream.

When used as an ingredient, coffee tends to be incorporated in one of the following options. The first is to simply incorporate coffee brewed with water directly into the recipe. If a different liquid is being used, the coffee can be steeped in that instead. Instant coffee powder is also an easy option, as it readily dissolves into a dish without needing to add a large volume of liquid.

title: Cookbook:Coffee


text:
Barf Riz

Barf Riz (, also Romanized as Barf Rīz) is a village in Fazl Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 26, in 13 families.

title: Barf Riz


text:
User:Pigby2

Yes, it's me, Pigby. I took a break and completely forgot my password! Might as well start all over!

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 * Early medieval basilicas on Ile de la Citet
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title: User:Pigby2