text:
Video Game Design/Programming

Programming
Programming is the way you put your concept in practice, how you build your game. There are a wide variety of programming languages. These languages will be covered in more detail later on.

Game programmer or game developers, take the implement the game design, most parts of a video game programming are boring and non-creative unless the game design requires some innovation or updates. But take care the worst situation for any developer especially one implementing a video game is in having a poor video game design to start with, the inability to make decisions or be non committal to choices will result in the developers having to implement bad concepts until the game designer accepts the results (or is forced to give the go ahead because of time/costs constrains), resulting in a substandard product.

Not all developing is attractive and in games most of it is not, for instance the front of a game is mostly common amongst most games designs doing one more is just going through hops. Now let's take for example the task of supporting hardware changes in video cards or even the low level optimization tasks, that would be the top of the cream for a creative programmer.

Learning to Program
Because it is arguably the most difficult part of game design, we are going to spend a fair bit of time on it. If you have some idea of what language you want to learn and have read up on the various languages, you should actually start learning. If you can take classes that is great, if not there are many alternatives. Buy some programming books, look up some tutorials on the Internet or on Wikibooks and look through the source code of Open Source programs. Don't think it will be easy, it is not; but try and have fun with it. If you do not have fun that sort of defeats the whole purpose does it not?

Some Resources: Google Code, Sourceforge

Choosing a Programming Language
Before you start programming, it is important to choose a programming language that suits your needs. Remember that no language is perfect for everyone or every situation. There is such an incredible selection of languages that it can be nearly impossible to choose one. Before you make up your mind to learn Java or Assembly, make sure you know what you are planning to make. How complex is the game? Certainly it would be counter-productive to spend a lot of time and energy learning a language that does not have the power to make what you are planning, just as it would be counter-productive to learn a language that is overly complex for your needs. When you start reading about the various languages, you will inevitably read about "low-level" and "high-level" languages. At this stage this does not concern you so much, but later on it will be very important. Essentially, low level languages (ex: C++, C, Asm) are more powerful and faster allowing you to control the inner workings of the computer. However, they are generally harder to learn. Higher level languages (ex: BASIC) are easier to learn and use, but lack the power and flexibility that lower level languages have.

Sound
Sound plays an integral part in any game as it affects the mood of the player at a conscious and subconscious level! Could you imagine playing UT or Quake without sound? It would be unbearable! Sound in games ( depending on the game of course ) generally consists of background music, event sound effects ( honking a car horn, gunfire etc ) and environmental sound effects (footsteps, wind blowing, birds, beach waves, bugs, echoes etc).

Background music depending on the game can play all the time, but also like in film stop completely and change to fit certain moods, such as if you enter a battle the music might change to a track with a faster beat or become more erratic.

Sound effects on the other hand, play when they are triggered by some event. If a player were to open a door, there could be creaking noise coming from the door. Sound effects can add a lot of realism to a game and choosing the right sounds can really make a game come alive. Please note however, too many of them, or ones that have unrealistic properties, can hurt the game experience, or annoy the player. For example there is a game with a jetpack in it. This jetpack has unlimited fuel, so players can float in the air for an indefinite amount of time. While the jetpack is running, it makes a noise like rushing air. This noise becomes very annoying over time, because it is heard a lot during the game. Also, if a sound has strange properties, it can detract from realism. Eg, a machine gun that goes quack, or a machine gun that has sound faster than its actual firing rate.

Environmental sound effects are triggered simply when the player enters the environment and play in a loop until the player leaves. Please note that these sound files are most numerous and multiple sounds are sometimes looped in a random order to create a sense of variety in a environment (i.e. two birds singing that sound completely different or two characters walking and the shoes clucking sounds different for each character).

Input
Games usually give many options to players regarding input. Common means of input include the mouse, keyboard, joysticks, and gamepads. Ideally, a game engine should abstract the input so that the user can select from any of the above. Furthermore, one important thing to remember is that all gamers have different preferences in regards to key or button placement, and often want a certain specific configuration. This means the input should also be abstracted to allow buttons or keys to perform different actions in the game.

Keyboard
It's important to first understand the different ways keyboard events can be interpreted by the program. The most common ways to receive keyboard events are through callbacks and polling.
 * Callbacks - Often used by games that utilize the GLUT library, function pointers are passed to GLUT which "register" that function as the keyboard event callback. This means, any time a key is pressed or released, GLUT calls the respective function, passing the key data and allowing the program to respond accordingly.
 * Polling - Used more often by games using SDL, polling is helpful if callback functions break abstraction in an engine. Polling is a process by which the game checks a collection of keyboard events in its spare time. So, for each pass through the game loop, your game can poll the collection, resulting in quick response to key events, and no loss of data.

Networking
Every operating system has its own TCP/IP API, so if you are planning on developing for a specific platform, then you must look into that OS's SDK (such as WinSock for the Windows API). If you are writing games for portability across multiple platforms, one good possibility is SDL_net.

After choosing the networking API, classes should be constructed for a game engine that encapsulate sockets. One must also make the decision between networking protocols, TCP and UDP (although through abstraction, either could be used).

 * TCP - This protocol sets up a connection between two computers. Data sent between computers is resent if any errors are present. The disadvantage to this protocol is that it is not as fast overall as UDP.
 * UDP - This protocol does not set up a connection. Data packets are sent to an address, and the sender does not know if it arrived properly and error free. A protocol could be written using UDP to provide error checking and resending.

The decision is up to the programmer, and what is best for the game. If the subject is an online game of chess, where speed is not a major concern, TCP could be used to avoid some headaches. But, for a large team of people in a FPS, UDP would be a better choice, due to speed.

Free fire is the most coo game about 41 million people play free fire.Sea Limited was founded under the name Garena in Singapore in 2009 by Forrest Li, a graduate of Shanghai Jiaotong University and Stanford Graduate School of Business. Garena was originally intended to be a game development and publishing company, but later expanded to become a tech conglomerate which also offered financial services and e-commerce. Following a rebranding to Sea in 2017, the digital entertainment branch retained its name as Garena.

That same year, Free Fire launched as a battle royale multiplayer game and swiftly found international success. It was the most downloaded mobile game globally in 2019 and grew to become a significant stream of revenue for Garena.

In 2021, Garena released a graphically enhanced version, Free Fire Max, which has yet to surpass the original release in revenue generation. The two apps were the most downloaded shooter games in 2022 at over 100 million each, according to AppMagic.

Free Fire has become one of the “Big 3” shooter mobile games along with PUBG Mobile and Call of Duty: Mobile following the removal of Fortnite from the App Store and Google Play in August 2020. This trio earns the majority of revenue in the genre, which has been falling in popularity more rapidly than other game sub-sectors.

At the beginning of 2022, India banned Free Fire and 53 other apps which were considered as a threat to the country’s security; Free Fire Max remained available on the Google Play store. According to data.ai, Free Fire had been the second most downloaded app in the country, and had had the highest consumer spend. While Sea is based in Singapore, its biggest shareholder is the Chinese social media company Tencent Holdings. Annual revenue for Free Fire and for Sea fell significantly in 2022, which has been partially attributed to the Indian ban.

Since 2019, Free Fire has also ran esports competitions, with its World Series becoming the most-watched esports event in history with 5.4 million live viewers in 2021. These regional events are available globally and offer multi-million dollar jackpots.

Free Fire has been accused by PUBG Mobile’s developer Krafton of copyright infringement, and in January 2022 the company filed a lawsuit against Garena citing similarities in game items, mechanics and look. Apple and Google are also included in the lawsuit, which has not yet been settled, for distributing the game.

We have collected data and statistics on Free Fire. Read below to find out moreScripting
Here's a list of free scripting engines used in games development:
 * KonsolScript - A free software game scripting language
 * Lua - The Lua scripting language

Game Tools
Here is a list of free software tools for use in game development.
 * Blender3D - A free and very advanced modeling program, a bit tricky to get used to but just as capable as any other commercial modeling program.
 * OGRE - A free software graphics engine. Top notch.
 * Terragen - A free for non-commercial use terrain generator
 * TrueSpace - Professional grade 3D modeling, animation and rendering package, previously costing up to $700 (USD), now available as a free download after a buy-out of Caligari by Microsoft.

Assembling and Coordinating the Team
Other:
 * The Art of Computer Game Design
 * Sloperama's Game Biz Advice page
 * List of game design wikis on FreeGameDevWiki

title: Video Game Design/Programming


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of prominent MySpace members

The result of the debate was delete. Mailer Diablo 01:16, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

List of prominent MySpace members
Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of data. Listcruft, forumcruft. Also OR, unless proof is provided for every assertion. User:Zoe|(talk) 00:40, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. junk.  Moe Aboulkheir 00:48, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Roy  boy cr ash  fan  [[Image:Flag_of_Texas.svg|30px]] 00:56, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Notice also that the list doesn't include any criteria as to the degree or duration of usage, nor could that be effectively verified.  Postdlf 01:03, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 01:07, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, indiscriminate collection of external links, unencyclopedic. -- Kinu t /c  01:26, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per Kinu. --Firsfron 01:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, as a large plurality of . — Mar. 21, '06 [01:41]
 * Delete, per common sense.--Sean Black (talk) 01:47, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per all. Bucketsofg 02:44, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per Bucketsofg Encise 03:08, 21 March 2006 (UTC)Encise
 * Delete Ugh, nasty!! ...and per nom. --CrypticBacon 03:47, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - useful, but Wikipedia is not the place for this. --Khoikhoi 04:08, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - I hate to do this to any article featuring my man K-Fed, but it's a useless article. The Disco King 04:26, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator.--B.U. Football For Life|Talk 04:27, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete indiscriminate collection of external links. --PS2pcGAMER (talk) 04:55, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Large, never-finished random list of bloggers.   (aeropagitica)   06:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, listcruft, Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. --Ter e nce Ong 10:36, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete; pointless, useless and downright crufty. smurray  inch   e  ster  ( User ), ( Talk ) 10:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, listcruft, unless having a MySpace page is somehow an important aspect in their lives and/or careers. J I P  | Talk 14:19, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * For all we know, it's something their agents or PR people do for them, without them actually participating. Postdlf 15:33, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Then there is even less point to this list. J I P  | Talk 15:38, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom --Focoe 15:33, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per every single opinion already submitted.--Isotope23 20:31, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, Isotope said it. ProhibitOnions 20:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, need I say anything more? Per nom. Oliver Keenan 20:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete: This list is better handled by myspace.com itself. There is no encyclopedic value in this whatsoever. --Slgrandson 20:48, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge into the entry for myspace, with a reduced list. Helzagood 00:28, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Merging doesn't address the issue of OR and verifiability. User:Zoe|(talk) 17:39, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge Myspace side notes not worthy of being own topic Sundergod9 02:03, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep Myspace is becoming more and more popular why not have an article on famous people who have them? --DragonWR12LB 06:59, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * KEEP I found the article to be interesting information and would argue that it goes beyond a mere list. User:JMiletic (UTC)
 * User's third edit.
 * No it isn't he just moved his vote from the middle to the bottom of the list. —This unsigned comment was added by DragonWR12LB (talk • contribs).
 * I have no idea why you think moving his vote refutes that (I moved the vote, regardless), but here are his contributions, clearly showing this to be his third edit. Postdlf 18:41, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep As indication of MySpace's widespread importance and popularity. It is not about the celebs, it's about MySpace. --alienman 08:24, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * User's 15th edit.
 * Delete Myspace itself provides a similar area for this, why is it needed here? —This unsigned comment was added by TgC (talk • contribs).
 * User's first and second edits.
 * Delete I followed afew of these and I don't think all of them are even official, for example, surely metallica would have had their name taken long before they'd have the chance to take it, and the artic monkey's one even states it's only a fan site. <IP_ADDRESS> 19:41, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * IP's second edit.
 * Delete. Most are impossible to verify, and having a MySpace profile is getting to be as common as having a website. (Yes, I have contributed to this article, but MySpace has been clouding my brain lately... :) ) tregoweth 02:41, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete there is no use to knowing what websites those who are famous visit or use for self promo or friends Showtime203 03:24, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep Or at least merge. The article shows how popular Myspace has gotten, especially to clueless users. M2K 20:14, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Mitja Okorn

Mitja Okorn (born 26 January 1981) is a Slovenian film director and screenwriter. Most known as director of Letters to Santa, Planet Single and his Hollywood debut Life in a Year.

Early life
He was born on 26 January 1981 in Kranj. He graduated at high school of economics and studied at School of Economics and Business in University of Ljubljana, then he quit the college in the third year. He never studied at Academy of Theatre, Radio, Film and Television (AGRFT) in Ljubljana, the main Slovenian film school institution, as he accused them of stagnating for decades. He is also very critical to Slovenian culture and film industry being total amateurs for ignoring him and not investing any money in his film projects.

2005: First feature film
In 2000 he started his career with two short documentaries Not sponsored 1 and Not sponsored 2; and awarded for short film Be Flexible at Motovun Film Festival in 2002. His career started to bloom in 2005 when he directed his first feature film Tu pa tam (Here and There) which premiered at his 24th birthday, a Slovenian film shown also at Sunderland Film Festival. This opened him doors to shoot numerous adds and music videos for Slovenian artists such as Dan D, Omar Naber, Alya, Elvis Jackson, Select, C.R.A.S.H, Kocka and Jah Waggie.

2007–2016: Huge success in Poland
In 2007 he was one of ten nominated for IYSEY award for most promising Young Film Entrepreneur, which is awarded by British Council. After that he spent two weeks in Wales and London where he presented himself to expert jury, where he met Duncan Kenworthy who described him as a young director with full of energy and bright future. In fall he was invited by TVN, Polish commercial television to direct and co-write first season of Polish tv series 39 i pół (2008–09), which was a huge success in Poland with excellent ratings. After that he directed numerous commercials in Poland.

In 2011 he directed his first international feature film, romantic comedy Letters to Santa (Listy do M.) distributed by ITI Cinema, huge success in Poland with box office over $12 million. It was the most watched movie in Poland that year with over 850,000 viewers and total of over 2 millions. With 130 days, it is the second longest screening film in Polish cinema history, only after Titanic. Broadcasting rights were sold to various TV stations in Poland, the Czech Republic, Latvia and Slovenia.

In 2016 he directed his second Polish feature film, romantic comedy Planet Single (Planeta Singli) distributed by Kino Świat, was a commercial success back home and thanks to the roots of director, also in Slovenia. Number of tickets sold between first and second weekend of broadcasting in Poland increased for 156%, the most after 1989. Film was nominated for Golden Lion Award in the main category at 41st Film Festival in Gdynia.

2017–2020: Debut in Hollywood
In 2017 he completed his Hollywood debut Life in a Year, an American romantic drama film, starring Jaden Smith, Cara Delevingne and Cuba Gooding Jr., which was produced by Overbrook Entertainment, co-owned by Will Smith and distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was released three years later due to some issues between production company and distributor. He became the first ever Slovenian director in Hollywood and one of few Slovenians in the heart of film industry.

title: Mitja Okorn


text:
Talk:List of ministers of foreign affairs of the Republic of Artsakh

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:47, 1 September 2023 (UTC)


text:
Mary Villiers, Lady Herbert of Shurland

Mary Villiers, Lady Herbert of Shurland is a c. 1636 oil painting on canvas by Anthony van Dyck. It is a portrait of Mary Stewart, Duchess of Richmond as a young widow (pointing to her mourning brooch), before she married for the second time to the Duke of Richmond.

title: Mary Villiers, Lady Herbert of Shurland


text:
USA-96

USA-96, also known as GPS IIA-14, GPS II-23 and GPS SVN-34, is an American navigation satellite which is part of the Global Positioning System. It was 14 of 19 Block IIA GPS satellites to be launched, and the last one to be retired.

Background
Global Positioning System (GPS) was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to provide all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for military ground, sea, and air forces. Since its implementation, GPS has also become an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational used (e.g., boating, aircraft, hiking), corporate vehicle fleet tracking, and surveying. GPS employs 24 spacecraft in 20,200 km circular orbits inclined at 55.0°. These vehicles are placed in 6 orbit planes with four operational satellites in each plane.

GPS Block 2 was the operational system, following the demonstration system composed of Block 1 (Navstar 1 - 11) spacecraft. These spacecraft were 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointing using reaction wheels. Dual solar arrays supplied 710 watts of power. They used S-band (SGLS) communications for control and telemetry and Ultra high frequency (UHF) cross-link between spacecraft. The payload consisted of two L-band navigation signals at 1575.42 MHz (L1) and 1227.60 MHz (L2). Each spacecraft carried 2 rubidium and 2 Cesium clocks and nuclear detonation detection sensors. Built by Rockwell Space Systems for the U.S. Air force, the spacecraft measured 5.3 m across with solar panels deployed and had a design life of 7.5 years.

Launch
USA-96 was launched at 17:04:00 UTC on 26 October 1993, atop a Delta II launch vehicle, flight number D223, flying in the 7925-9.5 configuration. The launch took place from Launch Complex 17B (LC-17B) at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), and placed USA-96 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37XFP apogee motor.

Mission
On 25 November 1993, USA-96 was in an orbit with a perigee of 20104 km, an apogee of 20260 km, a period of 718.00 minutes, and 55.08° of inclination to the equator. It broadcast the PRN 04 signal, and operated in slot 4 of plane D of the GPS constellation. The satellite has a mass of 840 kg. It had a design life of 7.5 years. It was temporarily removed from the GPS constellation on 2 November 2015. From 20 March 2018 the satellite was operational again, broadcasting the PRN 18 signal, from slot 6 of Plane D, until 9 October 2019, when it was placed in reserve as an on-orbit spare. It was the final Block IIA satellite to be retired on 13 April 2020.

title: USA-96


text:
Talk:Watson Washburn

Davis Cup
Hasn't Washburn won 2 Davis Cup titles?

He was on the team in both 1920 and 1921?

https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1920-WG-CHR-ANZ-USA-01

https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1921-WG-CHR-USA-JPN-01

If Davis Cup website isn't relevant, then what is? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:05, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Watson Washburn


text:
synonymously

Adverb

 * 1) In a synonymous way.

Translations

 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: synonymt
 * Swedish:

title: synonymously


text:
Miharashidai Station

Miharashidai Station (見晴台駅) is a railway station in Minamiaso, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. It is on the Takamori Line, operated by the Minamiaso Railway.

Following the damage from severe earthquakes in April 2016, the entire Takamori Line was shut down. Service was resumed in July of the same year.

History

 * 1 October, 1986 - Station opened for business.
 * 14–16 April 2016, - the Kumamoto earthquakes caused damage to bridges and tunnels on the Takamori line, and operations have since been suspended.
 * 31 July 2016, - Miharashidai Station resumed operations along with the resumption of operations between Nakamatsu and Takamori.

title: Miharashidai Station


text:
eneo

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  made of bronze; brazen

Noun

 * 1) region; area; realm
 * 2)  area

Usage notes
This noun does not take a suffix when used in its adverbial locative form.

title: eneo


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/AIDS/archive1

AIDS
This article has been listed at the Good articles for some time now. It was also a Medicine Collaboration of the Week where it underwent a lot of improvements and it has also been through a Peer review. It is well-referenced, current, comprehensive, and, I will let you tell us if it is well-written. It has remianed stable for a long period of time, except from the obvious vandalism which a page like this does suffer from. This is a semi-self-nomination as I have worked a lot on this, but this should not detract from the nomination. --Bob 22:52, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * NOTE about page size. Since all the references are inline to this article, the page size warning gives a page size that is twice as large as the readable prose of the actual article. Thus, as I write this, the readable prose of this article is just a bit above 40KB ; about right for the topic, IMO. --mav 16:10, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Object - Everybody should look at the wikitext for this article - what a HUGE mess. It is practically unreadable due to the fact that full reference information is hidden in in it. That is very bad style - the full alphabetically sorted by name reference information should be in a ===Works cited=== subsection under ==References== with under ===Notes==. The ONLY thing that should be inline is things like or better yet in this case (Smith et al, 1995, page 56). Be brief and to the point so as not to make editing the article more difficult than necessary. Here is an example of what I'm talking about:

Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century; it is now a pandemic. As of January 2006, UNAIDS and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized on December 1, 1981, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in recorded history. In 2005 alone, AIDS claimed between an estimated 2.8 and 3.6 million, of which more than 570,000 were children. In countries where there is access to antiretroviral treatment, both mortality and morbidity of HIV infection have been reduced.

That is horrid. The whole purpose of wikisyntax is to avoid unreadable source text like that. Featured articles are supposed to serve as examples of best practice - the above is certainly not best practice. --mav 23:40, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment The article uses the templates,  and  . There are also other FA's with such templates in use, such as Pneumonia. Harvard citations were removed because they made the text unreadable. The wikitext has been formatted in such a way in that it is NOT displayed as portrayed above.--Bob 00:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The above formating is the result of the way the nowiki tag works, but still shows the effect of breaking up sentences. And Pneumonia does not use the CITE templates at all, let alone inline. Sorry, but doing so is ugly and makes the wikitext unreadable. MUCH more consensed use of citing is needed inline with the detail in a ===Works cited=== subsection under ==References==. --mav 01:24, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * So, you feel that this is better?: Bacteria were first seen in the airways of individuals who died from pneumonia by Edwin Klebs in 1875. Initial work identifying the two common bacterial causes Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae was performed by Carl Friedländer and Albert Fraenkel in 1882 and 1884, respectively..

 * Just because it uses a non-standard template, it is just as difficult to read for the editor, and is not formatted in such a way as to make it easier to read. As stated below and previously, the citation method used in the AIDS article is seen to be best practice at the moment. And the way you would have us reference it would mean two sets of reference tables for the same set of references, either that or Harvard references which makes it hard to read, or incomplete references which cannot be verified. If you read the Talk:AIDS page you would have seen discussion on this point. --Bob 17:54, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, that is best practise at the moment. It's the fault of the >ref< system for needing inline citations. The article uses nicely standardised citation templates and formatting, and uses auto-numbered and linked references to make maintenance that much easier. Your proposed solution would not work properly since you have to have cited the reference once before >ref< will pick it up and display it. (And I don't think an alpahabetically sorted list of citations is amongst the currently used referencing systems anywhere on Wikipedia, but I could be wrong.) -Splash talk 01:10, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * What? How is that the fault of the ref system? All one needs is to have the detailed information about each reference in the references section and for the refs to be used to refer to that while using the minimal amount of text ' ' <-- THAT is all you need inline. That is best practice. The detail should NOT be inline. --mav 01:24, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * But then how would you construct the templated links in such a way that they get autonumbered when you rearrange the text? -Splash talk 01:31, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * As I understand mav's suggestion, there would be one section of footnotes, produced by ref tags and autonumbered, but without detailed citations.  The detail would go in a separate section which would be arranged alphabetically, not by the order they are referred to in the article (Smith et al would be filed under s, and would tell you where to find Smith's article). Markyour words 17:35, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Agree with the suggestion; for the inline citations, put a simple thing within each tag (see J. R. R. Tolkien as an example), and move the bulk of the referencing into a separate "References" section. However, despite being actionable, I don't think this goes again any of the WP:WIAFA requirements and don't feel as if it is a valid reason for objection. AndyZ 21:50, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Tolkien article uses the within the text exactly like the AIDS article does, yet there is no objection to that. Your suggestion would be fine if there was under 10 references, but since there are a lot more, it is not practical to repeat references like that, especially when many references are referred to just once. What the suggestion asks for is a repitition of the reference section, ie, two sections for the same thing. The current method employs a way to automatically numerate the list with backlinks to every citation within the article, making it extremely reader-friendly.--Bob 22:03, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The Tolkien article also has within the text, and for the journal references, big chunks of hidden data as well with no standard format, which the  would bring. Really, if both Tolkien and Pneumonia can be FA with hidden inline data to make up the the reference sections, then what is the problem with the AIDS article?--Bob 22:08, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Strong Support - I've been looking at the AIDS article for quite a while now. I was a heavy contributor last summer, and it was a mess; been checking in on it regularly ever since. Right now, it's lookin' really awesome, well referenced and well written. Great job to all involved, lets make this a featured article! JoeSmack Talk 01:07, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Strong Support. This article is excellently written. I went back to read WP:What is a Featured Article?, and found no mention of readability of wikitext as a criterion for featured status. Considering that, I am inclined to say mav's objection is not valid. I think it is simply silly to reject such a complete, well-written article that also happens to be NPOV on what could be a controversial topic, on such grounds. It is akin to judging the quality of a car on whether or not the factory that made it washes their floors every night. RyanG e rbil10 01:58, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose -- the article is in a huge mess. There are too many subsections and lists giving rise to a bloated ToC. Some sections serve as trivia while others are too short. Make sure you use minimal subsection (if possible avoid them). Secondly, much of the text is heavily US oriented: In the USA, the definition of AIDS is...; The majority of new AIDS cases in the United States; However, these assays are not specifically approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration etc. AIDS is a global phenomena and US specifics should not dominate the article. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  10:31, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment --Subsections have been removed, ToC has been reduced in size and is not disimilar to other FA's. The text has been modified so it is not heavily US orientated. --Bob 19:00, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The ToC is dissimilar to most other FAs I know of. The article also cries out for a summary. 76kb is a very long article. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  14:55, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe you should read other FAs on scientific subjects then. Please see DNA_repair, Antarctic krill, Pneumonia and Action potential. All have similar ToCs. Other FAs are longer than this, and remember, about a third of the length is made up of references, external links and interwiki links. --Bob 17:21, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I would have objected to those articles too. I ignore references etc while estimating the page size. Taking 20 kb off would still result in a raw size of about 55kb. Summarise content here, move details to dedicated daughter articles. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  17:47, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, the cite.php also increases page size. If you take out refs and cite.php and external links to other wikipedias, the size of the article is only 39kb, 40kb needs to be taken off to correctly estimate the size of the page... --Bob 18:16, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Presentation is one of the key points in a featured article. If it is not neatly presented and needless detail added to the page, it does not deserve the Featured tag. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  12:46, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * What, exactly, do you oppose to? Please make a point by point list detailing exactly what parts you object to and why. Please include subsections you object to and why, and what you think could be done to improve the article's presentation. Also, I have tried removing the subsections in the symptoms section, and it looked much worse. Without the point by point objection list, I would have to deem your objection unfounded. --Bob 17:51, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Support. Oppose - not comprehensive: no section on social consequences of AIDS. It should discuss both the micro consequences (ostracism of carriers, etc.) and macro (threat to African economy, etc.). I'd exepct that those matters are important enough to deserve their own subarticle.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 03:34, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Done --Bob 17:21, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * That's a good start on the stigma section, although 1) bullet points are not the best style 2) I am sure it can be expanded 3) see also to external links is definetly not recommended. But there is still little on macro-level impact of AIDS - although quite a lot of relevant info is mixed into the 'Epidemiology' section. I think the economic impact of AIDS deserves its own section. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk  03:46, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * - Will somehow make more... --Bob 18:33, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Good job. While I think those sections can be expanded even further, this can be done in their subarticles - they should be comprehensive enough for the current 'overview of AIDS' article. One last thing to be done is to go over those new sections and ilink some important concepts like 'economic growth, 'human capital', 'death rate', 'labor force' and such.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 22:40, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Support Minor Oppose - Not for the reasons above, but rather, I'm a stickler for WP:LEAD sections to be of the appropriate size. In this case, it should be three paragraphs.  I'd support otherwise. Fieari 21:21, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Three paragraphs is what it now is. --Bob 22:01, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support now. Fieari 22:33, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Note that as I write this it's back up to six. —Spangineer[es] (háblame)  04:15, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I really am a stickler for this. Removing my support until the lead is properly sized. It's "only" 4, but not only is it 4 paragraphs, those are also dense, long paragraphs. It's too much for a lead. Fieari 05:47, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It has been condensed and reduced to three --Bob 16:01, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Flip-flop, flip-flop... back to support. Good condensing! Fieari 19:04, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Support Interesting and comprehensive. Brisvegas 10:01, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support Thethinr e dline 08:06, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Tentative Oppose Abstain A lot of work has gone into this, but I don't feel that it's suitable for FA:
 * Parts of the article read like an instruction manual, which wikipedia is WP:NOT. In particular the areas on the use of condoms, eg "They must be used during all penetrative sexual intercourse ..." and "It is essential to check the expiration date ..."
 * - rewording --Bob 18:33, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Weasel words are sometimes used. For example, "Other religious groups have argued that preventing HIV infection is a moral task in itself ..." - which religious groups?
 * - stated the Episcopalians --Bob 18:33, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The section about Uganda sounds like an argument in progress.
 * -The whole situation of the CNN and ABC is an argument in progress. Just listen to politicians and right wing nutbars on this subject --Bob 18:33, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, but the wikipedia article text could do with some cleaning up. Anything that uses "It must be noted that" is a red flag to me. Andjam 03:48, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Noted.--Bob 17:52, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The table of risk of infection sounds like original research - it gathers the risk on different infection routes from different sources, and comes up with a conclusion as to which routes are most dangerous. If there is a "league table" out there, wikipedia should cite it instead, and if there isn't, is there a good reason for wikipedia to create one? As a side note, in the table, does oral sex refer to sex involving male or female genitalia?
 * - stated the CDC source --Bob 18:33, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe fewer research papers should be used, with more secondary sources instead, so that the number of references are reduced. The article ought to read like an encyclopedia article, not like a scientific paper. Also, scientific papers tend to be designed for scientists (and are often unavailable for non-scientists).
 * - most papers are available to the general public through open access or through their local college library --Bob 18:33, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The paragraph starting with "The definition of "alternative therapies" in AIDS has changed since that time ..." seems a bit flowery. It also lacks references.
 * - You want us to use less references, but you request some more here? ;-). I will see what I can dig up, but the whole alternative therapies section is flowery IMHO, and decent reliable references not using commercial sources is difficult at best. However... --Bob 18:33, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess most sources promoting alternative therapies would be commercial in nature, but what about sources keeping track of them? Wouldn't mainstream health researchers be interested in tracking the use in alternative therapies as they'd view it as a source of concern? Andjam 03:48, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I hope I'm not being too harsh. Thanks, Andjam 12:37, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support, comprehensive, and as it is a high-importance article, it has to be a bit long. Using too many daughter articles kills the prose, so I wouldn't recommend splitting it any more. Tito xd (?!? - help us) 23:43, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment - can we please remove the reference citations from the lead and shift them into the main article body? I say this because the lead is only a very general summary of the most salient main points of the article — as no info should be in the lead that isn't dealt with further in the main article there is no need for references. The point of the lead is not to introduce specific facts: it is to be almost like an executive summary of the main article. - Ta bu shi da yu 14:04, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Reply- the references were added to this section after the statements were frequently removed precisely because they were not backed up with references --Bob 17:57, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, you can still move them into the main body of the text. If people complain, point them to the body. - Ta bu shi da yu 22:39, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Reluctant support. There are a few places with unusual writing quality. —Eternal Equinox | talk 15:51, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Object; excessively long lead (6 paragraphs!) and furthermore, "For more details on this topic" stuck in the middle of the lead. Incidentally, what's the difference between "For more details" and "main article"?  Why have both?  Why put some of them at the beginning of a section and some at the end? Too much bold used throughout article (just the title please), and inconsistent inline citation positioning throughout (citations should follow punctuation with no space in between to prevent line breaking, which is happening here and looks terrible).  Also, the punctuation is sometimes used both before the citation and after.  And still, too many subsections. Gigantic low resolution screen eating table in the "Transmission" section, with text jammed up against it (do something to add some space there). Numerous very short paragraphs.  What's the copyright status of Image:ThreeColoredRolledUpCondoms.jpg? This is a good article, but as Nichalp said, it's a mess. This breaks so many basic formatting rules that it is almost deserving of a cleanup tag. —Spangineer[es]  (háblame)  04:02, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Reply
 * The Image:ThreeColoredRolledUpCondoms.jpg is Copyrighted Free Use as per the owner of the photograph. The name of the image has been changed to reflect the one that the person taking the photograph uploaded.
 * The lead was extended to six paragraphs because a section title was deleted. This has been rectified.
 * Regarding "For more details" and "main article"', main details links to the main article on that subject, further reading is just that, further reading. The formats are standard for every section.
 * Inline citation is now standardised.
 * There are now only 11 subsections listed.
 * Bolding has been reduced throughout.
 * The table has been reduced in size and formatted so a margin of 15px is found around it.
 * Are there any other specific points that one would have to address? --Bob 20:47, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Good work. I've been bold and made it so that there is only one extra link per section, and incorporated the rest into the prose itself.  In my experience, that's the more typical formatting.  My complaint about subsections wasn't related to the ToC, but to the size of some of them.  The ones in the diagnosis section are pretty short, but that's not a big deal. Thanks for taking care of the rest of it. Reading through it, I still feel like the prose can use some improvement (some passive voice and somewhat choppy in places), so I'll go with a weak support. —Spangineer[es]  (háblame)  03:04, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Object. Not well enough written for 2a. Here are some examples.

"It is a late stage of advanced HIV infection which leaves individuals prone to opportunistic infections and tumors." Starting this second sentence at the top with a thematic equative is laboured; there's a particular meaning here that is redundant (the late stage is the only thing that leaves individuals prone ...).

"world-wide" —no hyphen, one word.

"access to health care, age and other coexisting infections" —ambiguous.

"many different definitions" —middle word is redundant.

"peculiarities of the viral strain" —do you mean just "the viral strain"?

progression to death normally occurs within a year" —why not remove the first two words?

India based infections" —clumsy, and hyphen missing in any case.

Most instances of "also" need to be weeded out. A few of the monster sentences need to be chopped up.

A few stray upper-case letters in titles and subtitles.

Please get someone else to go through the text to polish it, and I'll change my object. Tony 16:30, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Reply I had a friend look over it and copyedit it, I applied these copedits today. Your objections noted above have been addressed, though I don't know which monster sentences you were referring to. If there are any specific points that we may have overlooked, please feel free to help out, as help from a pro would be appreciated in getting this article up to FA status. --Bob 22:11, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Support In light of the prograss that has been made during this FAC. Vulcanstar6 01:09, 8 April 2006 (UTC)


text:
Catriona aurantia

Catriona aurantia is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trinchesiidae. It was incorrectly synonymised with Catriona gymnota from the Western Atlantic but shown to be a distinct species by DNA analysis.

Distribution
This species was described from Whitley, on the North Sea coast of England.

Description
This species has a translucent white body and slightly swollen cerata. The digestive gland is orange pink in colour and the tips of the cerata have a broad white band of tiny epidermal glands. In larger specimens the rhinophores develop a pale orange suffusion. The foot is broad and rounded anteriorly. Large individuals may exceed 20 mm in length.

Habitat
Feeds on the hydroid Tubularia larynx. Individuals are thought to feed by eating through the stems of the hydroid rather than on the polyps. Usually found in exposed places, in strong tidal streams, and in shallow water, from 0 m to 20 m depth. The spawn consists of lozenge-shaped packets of eggs.

title: Catriona aurantia


text:
Talk:Deborah Moggach

"Moggach"
The article does not explain where this name comes from. Varlaam (talk) 05:10, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

 * It's a pseudonym for the woman who raised me, Jamie Merrell, her sister Renee Conroy and possibly others. This entire article is false. I have no sources to back me up but am certain that this article is false. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:44, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

"Tulip Fever, set in Vermeer’s Amsterdam"
Why would anyone want to make a link between Vermeer and Amsterdam? Vermeer is traditionally linked with the city of Delft. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:1812:2434:9300:4053:19E6:2445:471 (talk) 14:04, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Deborah Moggach. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050730073908/http://www.lambiek.net/calman_mel.htm to http://www.lambiek.net/calman_mel.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090415033603/http://www.writersguild.org.uk/public/008_Featurearticl/023_DeborahMoggac.html to http://www.writersguild.org.uk/public/008_Featurearticl/023_DeborahMoggac.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:22, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deborah Moggach


text:
User:TheRealJack260707/sandbox

Jack, Jack was born 26/7/07. He grew up being a smart B student, he was amazing at math and will stay that way. He was named after his grandfather who had the same name

title: User:TheRealJack260707/sandbox


text:
Talk:Energy

Energy system design
I'm interested in the design of Sustainable energy systems and would like to find (or help form) a learning project of some sort that deals with this topic in a holistic way. Please drop me a note.

title: Talk:Energy


text:
Dániel Tőzsér

Dániel Tőzsér (born 12 May 1985) is a Hungarian professional football official and a former midfielder. He works as a sporting director for Debrecen. He also played for the Hungary national team. A left-footed player, he played on the central, defensive or the left side of midfield.

Club career
Dániel Tőzsér graduated through the youth ranks at Debrecen. He managed 1 first team appearance for Debrecen. Tőzsér transferred to Turkey with Galatasaray youth team in 2003, aged 17, but didn't manage to make any appearances for the first team. After one year with the club, Tőzsér moved to Hungarian club Ferencváros.

Ferencváros
Tőzsér signed a professional contract with Ferencváros in what turned out to be a successful two years at the club. Club manager, Bobby Davison, called Tőzsér the Hungarian Frank Lampard. In total Tőzsér made 54 apps and scored 3 goals over 2 years with the club, before moving to AEK Athens in 2006.

AEK Athens
With AEK Athens, Tőzsér managed 35 appearances and 3 goals. AEK manager Llorenç Serra Ferrer said he had talent and a great future ahead of him. Tőzsér wore the number 88. He scored his first goal against OFI Crete with a stunning strike. Tőzsér also played an important role in AEK's UEFA Champions League run and was voted man of the match against Anderlecht. Following the match and evidently impressed, Anderlecht attempted to sign Tőzsér, however AEK declined the offers. He also gave the assist for the goal of Nikos Liberopoulos against Hearts. After 2 years at the club, he departed to Belgian team Racing Genk.

Genk
On 5 June 2008, Genk announced the signing of Tőzsér on a four-year deal. According to several Greek newspapers the Belgian club paid around €1.500,000. In Genk, Dániel would play alongside fellow Hungarian, Balázs Tóth. He stated that he hoped by doing well at Genk he would regain his place in the Hungary national team. He also stated that he wanted to win the Belgian title with Genk. On 16 August, he captained his side against Porto in a 4–2 defeat. On 21 July 2011, Tőzsér won the Belgian Supercup beating Standard Liège. Tőzsér scored the only goal of the match. On 23 August 2011, Tőzsér and his Hungarian teammate László Köteles played an important role in qualifying for the group stages of the UEFA Champions League 2011–12 season. Genk beat Maccabi Haifa 4-1 on penalties. On 13 September 2011, Tőzsér debuted in the UEFA Champions League against Valencia. The result was a goalless draw.

Genoa
In February 2012, it was announced that Tözsér would be leaving Genk at the end of the season, with a four-year contract having been agreed with Italian side Genoa. Tözsér struggled for consistency in his first season, making only 22 appearances for the Serie A club. Having fallen out of favour with head coach Gian Piero Gasperini the following season, Tözsér joined long-term admirers Watford on loan.

Watford (loan)
On 29 January 2014, Tőzsér joined Watford on loan for the remainder of the 2013–14 season, with a view to signing a permanent deal. Tőzsér made his Watford debut in a 2–0 win over Brighton on 2 February 2014, playing the full 90 minutes.

Parma
After two years at Genoa, and a loan spell in 2014 with Watford, Tőzsér signed for fellow Serie A side Parma on 5 July 2014 signing a two-year contract.

Return to Watford (loan)
Following his move to Parma in early July as part of the deal that Aleandro Rosi moved to Genoa., Tőzsér returned to Watford on 7 July 2014 signing a two-year loan deal with the option of a third.

He scored his first goal for Watford in a 4–1 win against Leeds United on 23 August 2014.

On 1 November 2014, Tőzsér scored a superb free-kick in the 45th minute against Millwall in a 3–1 victory in the 2014–15 Football League Championship season.

Tőzsér was cited as the Watford's unsung hero of the 2014–15 Football League Championship by the journalist of Here Is The City.

Despite playing a crucial role in Watford's promotion to the Premier League, Tőzsér announced he would be leaving the club early, just one year into a two-year loan from Parma.

Queens Park Rangers
On 28 August 2015, Tőzsér completed a move to QPR on a two-year deal. The first of two of Watford's promotion winning side to sign for QPR during the summer transfer window. He scored his first goal for QPR in a 1–1 draw with Sheffield Wednesday on 23 February 2016.

International career
Tőzsér made his international debut on 14 December 2005 against Mexico. Tőzsér scored his first international goal against Malta during a Euro 2008 Qualifier, putting Hungary two goals in front with a stunning free kick.

International goals
Scores and results list Hungary's goal tally first.

Personal life
Tőzsér married on 21 June 2008 to Zsanett Lénárt. On 3 September 2011, Tőzsér appeared on the breakfast football show Soccer AM.

Honours

 * Belgian Cup: 2008–09
 * Belgian Pro League: 2010–11
 * Belgian Super Cup: 2011

title: Dániel Tőzsér


text:
Electrodynamics/Coulombs Law

Coulomb's Law for Point Charges
The repulsive or attractive electrostatic force between two point charges is determined by an equation called Coulomb's law. Consider the situation where we have two charges, labeled for convenience q, and Q ("q" or "Q" are common variables to describe a point charge, and we will use these letters to describe charges throughtout this book). The following picture shows charge q at a certain point with charge Q at a distance of r away from it. The presence of Q causes an electrostatic force to be exerted on q. The distance vector between Q and q is r.

Using Coulomb's Law, we can find the strength of the electric force between these two charges:

 * $$F = k_\mathrm{e} \frac {q Q}{r^2}$$

Where: $$k_\mathrm{e}$$ = Coulomb's constant = 8.9875 × 109  N·m2/C2 in free space.

The magnitude of the electrostatic force F, on charge q, due to charge Q, equals Coulomb's constant times the product of the two charges (in coulombs) divided by the square of the distance r, between the charges q and Q.

Dielectrics
The value of Coulomb's constant given here is such that the preceding Coulomb's Law equation will work if both q and Q are given in units of coulombs, r in meters, and F in newtons and there is no dielectric material between the charges. A dielectric material is one that reduces the electrostatic force when placed between charges. Furthermore, Coulomb's constant can be given by:

 * $$k = \frac {1}{4 \pi \epsilon }$$

where ε = permittivity. When there is no dielectric material between the charges (for example, in free space or a vacuum),

 * $$\epsilon _0 = 8.85419 \times 10^{-12} \frac{C^2}{(N \dot m^2)}$$

Air is only very weakly dielectric and the value above for ε0 will work well enough with air between the charges. If a dielectric material is present, then:

 * $$\epsilon = \kappa \epsilon _0\,$$

where κ is the dielectric constant which depends on the dielectric material. In a vacuum (free space), κ = 1 and thus ε = ε0. For air, κ = 1.0006. Typically, solid insulating materials have values of κ > 1 and will reduce electric force between charges. The dielectric constant can also be called relative permittivity, symbolized as εr in Wikipedia.

This shows that the electric force between the charges decreases as the charges are located further from each other by the square of the distance between them. As the charges become located further enough apart, their effect on each other becomes negligible.

Force Vectors
Any force on an object is a vector quantity. In a force vector, the direction is the one in which the force pulls the object. The symbol F is used here for the electric force vector. If charges q and Q are either both positive or both negative, then they will repel each other. This means the direction of the electric force F on q due to Q is away from Q in exactly the opposite direction, as shown by the red arrow in the preceding diagram. If one of the charges is positive and the other negative, then they will attract each other. This means that the direction of F on q due to Q is exactly in the direction towards Q, as shown by the blue arrow in the preceding diagram. The Coulomb's equation shown above will give a magnitude for a repulsive force away from the Q charge. If the magnitude given by the above equation is negative due to opposite charges, the direction of the resulting force will be towards Q, an attractive force. In other sources, different variations of Coulombs' Law are given, including vector formulas in some cases (see Wikipedia link and reference(s) below).

Vector Form
We can vectorize Coulomb's Law to use position and force vectors instead of scalar quantities. We can express the location of charge q as rq, and the location of charge Q as rQ. In this way we can know both how strong the electric force is on a charge, but also what direction that force is directed in. Coulomb's Law using vectors can be written as:

 * $$\mathbf{F} = \frac{kqQ(\mathbf{r}_q - \mathbf{r}_Q)}{|\mathbf{r}_q - \mathbf{r}_Q|^3}$$

If we have r = rq - rQ, and r = |r|, then we can rewrite this equation as:

 * $$\mathbf{F} = \frac{kqQ\mathbf{r}}{r^3}$$

The vector F is a force vector that shows the direction and the magnitude of the force.

n Charges
In many situations, there may be many charges, Q1, Q2, Q3, through Qn, on the charge q in question. Each of the Q1 through Qn charges will exert an electric force on q. The direction of the force depends on the location of the surrounding charges. A Coulomb's Law calculation between q and a corresponding Qi charge would give the magnitude of the electric force exerted by each of the Qi charges for i = 1 through n, but the direction of each of the component forces must also be used to determine the individual force vectors, F1, F2, F3, ...., Fn. To determine the total electric force on q, the electric force contributions from each of these charges add up as vector quantities, not just like ordinary (or scalar) numbers.

 * $$\mathbf{F}_{q} = \mathbf{F}_{1} + \mathbf{F}_{2} + \mathbf{F}_{3} + ..... + \mathbf{F}_{n}$$

The total electric force on q can be added to any other forces affecting it as a vector quantity to obtain the total force vector on the charged object q. In many cases, there are billions of electrons or other charges present, so that geometrical distributions of charges are used with equations stemming from Coulomb's Law.

We can re-write Coulomb's law as a sum of n charges:

 * $$\mathbf{F_n} = \sum_{i \ne n} \frac{q_n q_i(\mathbf{r}_n - \mathbf{r}_i)}{4 \pi \epsilon_0|\mathbf{r}_n - \mathbf{r}_i|^3}$$

title: Electrodynamics/Coulombs Law


text:
Top-rated United States television programs of 1982–83

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1982–83 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
GCSE Science/Uses of Static electricity answers

Q1 The white areas are left neutral.

Q2 When the electrons absorb the light, they get a little bit of extra energy. It is this increase in energy that allows them to escape to earth.

Q3 The toner is given a negative charge so that it is attracted to the positively charged plate.

Q4 The paper attracts the toner because it is positively charged. Note that the charge on the paper is stronger than the charge on the plate, so although the toner is still attracted to the plate, it is attracted to the paper even more.

Q5 negative

Q6 less paint falls on the floor because more is being attracted to the car. Remember: Unlike charges attract.

<<Back to Uses of Static Electricity


text:
Thrillseeker

Thrillseeker may refer to:

Film and television

 * Thrill Seekers, a television series hosted by Chuck Connors
 * Thrill Seekers (film), a 1999 science fiction movie
 * The Thrill Seekers, a 1927 American silent film
 * The Yellow Teddy Bears, a 1963 British film released as The Thrill Seekers in the US
 * Hot and Naked, also known as Thrill Seekers, a 1974 French film
 * Thrillseekers, an animated short on Cartoon Network

Music

 * Thrill Seeker, an album by August Burns Red
 * "Thrillseeker", a song by The Divine Comedy from the 1998 album Fin de Siècle
 * The Thrillseekers, English trance DJ

Other

 * Thrillseeker (roller coaster), a defunct steel roller coaster at Sea World, Australia
 * Adrenaline junkie, one who appears to favor stressful activities

title: Thrillseeker


text:
Tulipa Ruiz

Tulipa Ruiz Chagas (born October 19, 1978), also known mononymously as Tulipa, is a Brazilian singer-songwriter and artist. She self-describes her musical style as "forest pop".

Biography
Tulipa Ruiz Chagas was born in Santos, São Paulo on October 19, 1978. Her father, Luiz Chagas, was a member of Itamar Assumpção's live band Isca de Polícia; in an interview, she stated her name was a tribute to one of her father's favorite films, The Black Tulip (1964). After her parents divorced, she moved with her mother Graziella and brother Gustavo to São Lourenço, Minas Gerais, where she was raised; after growing up, she worked at a record store until moving to São Paulo at 22 years old to study journalism at the PUC-SP.

She made part of many musical ensembles during her college years, but only began her career officially in 2009. Her critically acclaimed debut album, Efêmera, came out one year later, and its eponymous song was featured in the soundtrack of the video game FIFA 11. Its 2012 follow-up, Tudo Tanto, awarded her a Multishow Brazilian Music Award and an APCA Award. Her third album, Dancê, which came out in 2015, awarded her a Latin Grammy Award. In 2013 she was a guest musician on rapper Emicida's debut O Glorioso Retorno de Quem Nunca Esteve Aqui, and in 2016 she collaborated with former Titãs member Nando Reis on his eighth solo album, Jardim-Pomar.

Tu came out in 2017 and counts with a guest appearance by Mexican musician Adan Jodorowsky, son of filmmaker Alejandro Jodorowsky. Habilidades Extraordinárias is her most recent album, released in September 2022.

Aside from her musical career, Tulipa has also provided illustrations for magazines, album covers, concert posters and notebooks; her artworks are showcased in her official Tumblr page.

Influences
Tulipa claims to be strongly influenced by singers such as Meredith Monk, Joni Mitchell, Gal Costa, Ná Ozzetti, Zezé Motta, Baby Consuelo and Joyce.

References in popular culture
Tulipa is alluded in Rogério Skylab's song "Jeneci, Kassin, Tulipa", off his 2018 album O Rei do Cu, alongside Marcelo Jeneci and Alexandre Kassin.

title: Tulipa Ruiz


text:
Dear Mama

"Dear Mama" is a song by American rapper 2Pac from his third studio album, Me Against the World (1995). It was released on February 21, 1995, as the lead single from the album. The song is a tribute to his mother, Afeni Shakur. In the song, Shakur details his childhood poverty and his mother's addiction to crack cocaine, but argues that his love and deep respect for his mother supersede bad memories. The song became his first top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number nine. It also topped the Hot Rap Singles chart for five weeks. As of March 2021, the song is certified 3× Platinum by the RIAA.

"Dear Mama" has been consistently ranked among the best of its genre, appearing on numerous "greatest" lists. In 2009, the song was inducted into the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress, who deemed it a work that is "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important, and/or inform or reflect life in the United States", making it the first hip hop recording by a soloist to be inducted. In a press release, the organization called the song "a moving and eloquent homage to both the murdered rapper's own mother and all mothers struggling to maintain a family in the face of addiction, poverty and societal indifference."

Background
The song is a tribute to Shakur's mother, Afeni Shakur. She and her husband were active members of the Black Panther Party in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Shakur was born a month after his mother was acquitted of more than 150 charges of "Conspiracy against the United States government and New York landmarks" in the New York "Panther 21" court case. She was often absent during his childhood in favor of being an activist, and also during his adolescence when she became addicted to crack cocaine. Shakur was kicked out by Afeni at age 17, and they had little contact for many years. Having "lost all respect" for his mother, he subsequently moved into a vacant apartment with friends and began writing poetry and rap lyrics. In 1990, realizing her habit was out-of-control, she enrolled in a 12-step program at a drug and alcohol treatment center in Norwalk, Connecticut. After completion, she reconciled with her son, who was at this point a successful recording artist.

Record producer Tony Pizarro explained; "Pac used to make references to 'Dear Mama' in a lot of different songs and I'd always be like 'You know that's a song in itself.' And one day he was like 'I got somethin' for that.' And he was like 'Man, you have In My Wildest Dreams by the Crusaders' and I was like 'Yeah.' He was like 'Yeah, I got something for that.' So I got the track ready. Pac just came through and just dropped it and blessed it with them vocals."

The song was written shortly before Shakur served a prison term. Upon completion of the track, Shakur phoned longtime friend Jada Pinkett-Smith, remarking; "I wrote this song about our mothers and I want you to hear it." Pinkett-Smith's mother too had struggled with drug addiction, and their experiences growing up with this as children led to their friendship. She later remarked that the song gave her a "rush of emotions" upon her first listen. Johnny J, one of the rapper's producers, noted that "The emotional, the sad songs, were his personal favorites."

Shakur mentioned the song and his intentions behind it in a 1995 interview with the Los Angeles Times: "I'm the kind of guy who is moved by a song like Don McLean's 'Vincent,' that one about Van Gogh. The lyric on that song is so touching. That's how I want to make my songs feel. Take Dear Mama — I aimed that one straight for my homies' heartstrings." When questioned on possible misogyny in his lyrics, Shakur defended his music, noting that he worked in the studio with women and played his songs for women pre-release, remarking; "Why do you think I wrote Dear Mama? I wrote it for my mama because I love her and I felt I owed her something deep."

Lyrical content and message
In "Dear Mama," Shakur praises his mother's courage, arguing that many mothers share this trait, and also describes the "highs and lows" of her past. In a cultural and historical context, "Dear Mama" is part of a long line of hip-hop songs in which male rappers state their reverence for their mothers. Statistics show that a disproportionate number of African-American households are headed by single mothers, and Hess asserts that their bravery and role in their children's lives leads to their status as an "eternal symbol of love" in their offspring's eyes. Mickey Hess, author of Is Hip Hop Dead?: The Past, Present, and Future of America's Most Wanted Music, asserts that his mother's appearance in Shakur's music works is designed to establish credibility with listeners. In this sense, he "connects himself to black radical history through his mother's affiliation with the Black Panthers," and explains that his music is autobiographical, illustrating that 2Pac (the stage performer) and Tupac Shakur (the person) are one and the same. In addition, Shakur recorded the tune as he knew he was not the only person to grow up with a parent struggling with drug addiction.

The song's most famous lyric is one in which Shakur "declares his love for Afeni as well as his disappointment in her":

Michael Eric Dyson, author of Holler If You Hear Me: Searching for Tupac Shakur, writes that this line speaks to Shakur's maturity: "[It] allows him to value his mother's love even as he names her affliction. His refusal to lie as he praises her is all too revealing." In the song, Shakur also takes aim at the lack of a father figure in his life: "No love from my daddy cause the coward wasn't there / He passed away and I didn't cry, cause my anger wouldn't let me feel for a stranger." The father mentioned here was Lumumba Shakur who divorced Afeni after finding out Tupac was not his son, Lumumba died later on February 1986. The line, according to Black Fathers: An Invisible Presence in America, "seemed to resonate with a generation of Black males who felt estranged from their fathers." Shakur also describes "being kicked out of his home at 17, selling crack rock with thugs who offered paternalistic support, hugging his mother from behind bars." "Dear Mama" samples the songs "Sadie" (1974) by The Spinners, and "In All My Wildest Dreams" (1978) by Joe Sample but in the chorus "Sadie" is replaced with "lady".

According to The Philadelphia Tribune George Yancy, the slowness of the beat creates in the listener a mood of reflective reminiscence. Tupac begins by creating a context where his mother was simply taken for granted against the backdrop of his rather mischievous behavior. He says, "Suspended from school, scared to go home, I was a fool with the big boys breaking all the rules." He then reflects on how he no doubt blamed the wrong person: "I shed tears with my baby sister. Over the years we were poorer than the other little kids. And even though we had different daddies, the same drama, when things went wrong, we blamed mama. I reminisce on the stress I caused..."

Release and reception
"Dear Mama" entered Billboard's Hot R&B Singles chart on March 11, 1995, rose to number 2 the next week, then to number 1 during the week of March 25. The song topped the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart for five weeks and peaked at number nine on the Hot 100. It also topped the Hot Dance Music Maxi-Singles sales chart for four weeks. The single was certified platinum by the RIAA on July 13, 1995, and sold 700,000 copies domestically.

The Los Angeles Times praised the tune, writing, "The song attests to Shakur's gift at crystallizing complex emotions in simple stark images." Rolling Stone called the song "a heartfelt, sometimes harsh dedication of love for his mother that deals with the trials and tribulations each has put the other through." In his dean's list for the Pazz & Jop critics poll, Robert Christgau named "Dear Mama" the eighth best single of 1995.

Music video
The video features an appearance by Afeni Shakur, who re-enacts her reconciliation with a lookalike of her son. Tupac himself was serving his four-and-a-half-year prison sentence. He released this song, and the associated album, while being sentenced. While in prison his album quickly climbed the charts. The demand for a video grew: the video was released while he was in prison and for that reason could not be in the video. No other video was made when he was released.

Legacy
The song is often considered Shakur's most "emotionally resonant" song. Rolling Stone placed "Dear Mama" at number 18 on its 2012 list of The 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time, writing, "The song is the ne plus ultra of hip-hop odes to Mom." The song was also ranked number four on About.com's "Top 100 Rap Songs" list. Carrie Golus of USA Today opined that "Dear Mama" was the sole reason for the double-platinum certifications of Me Against the World. Golus also argues that the song revealed a softer side of the rapper, leading to increased recognition, especially among female fans. Following the rapper's death, his mother mentioned the song in a People article: "Can I listen to it without crying? No. It gets worse every time. It gets harder, it really does. That song gets deeper and deeper." LA Weekly placed the song 6 on their list The 20 Best Hip-Hop Songs in History.

"Dear Mama" was one of 25 recordings selected for preservation at the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress in 2010, making it the third hip hop song to do so, following tracks by Public Enemy and Grandmaster Flash. The Library of Congress has called the song "a moving and eloquent homage to both the murdered rapper's own mother and all mothers struggling to maintain a family in the face of addiction, poverty and societal indifference." On the subject of the inclusion, Afeni Shakur stated, "It could have been any song, but I'm honored they chose 'Dear Mama' in particular. It is a song that spoke not just to me, but every mother that has been in that situation, and there have been millions of us. Tupac recognized our struggle, and he is still our hero."

Influence
The song has had an impact on numerous rappers. Eminem stated that the song played constantly in his car in the year following its release.

Common remarked; "'Dear Mama' was one of Tupac's songs that influenced me the most; it was one of the most heartfelt songs I've ever heard in hip-hop. It also showed that you could be a real cat but still express compassionate love […] The music sounded beautiful. It showed courage.'" Kendrick Lamar noted that the song profoundly impacted his life, writing, "I can really go back and appreciate the value of vulnerability and being able to express yourself and not being scared to express yourself."

Track listing

 * 12", cassette, CD, maxi
 * 1) "Dear Mama" (LP Version) — 4:41
 * 2) "Dear Mama" (Instrumental) — 5:21
 * 3) "Bury Me a G" — 4:59
 * 4) "Dear Mama" (Moe Z. Mix) — 5:09
 * 5) "Dear Mama" (Instrumental Moe Z. Mix) — 5:09
 * 6) "Old School" (LP Version) — 4:59

Credits and personnel

 * Background vocals: "Sweet Franklin", Reggie (Reginald) Green
 * Co-Producers: DF Master Tee, Moses
 * Engineer: Tony Pizarro
 * Mix engineers: Paul Arnold, Leevester Clay
 * Producer: Tony Pizarro
 * Rap Vocals: 2Pac
 * Keys: Reggie Green
 * Bass: Charles Jefferson, Alex Al
 * Guitar: Reggie Mc Glover

title: Dear Mama


text:
Talk:Ramvir Singh Bidhuri

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:52, 9 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Ramvir Singh Bidhuri.png

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:52, 23 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Ramvir singh bidhuri pic.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:08, 8 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Ramvir Singh Bidhuri.jpg

title: Talk:Ramvir Singh Bidhuri


text:
The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Location

Co-locate

 * telephone company central offices
 * carrier hotels

Cost
Shop around to compare prices. Many co-location centers give initially inflated prices.

Suitability

 * Proximity to multiple major network backbones.
 * Proximity to customers if that is a consideration.
 * Distance to central office

Transportation

 * Proximity to public transportation
 * Proximity to highways

Availability of emergency services

 * fire insurance category

Safety from water damage
HVAC can fail in such a way that water comes out. Look out for pipes, vents, and ducts above your equipment. Air conditioners can freeze up and then thaw, water heaters can fail, ventilation ducts can pack with snow, toilets can overflow, etc. The building may be in a flood zone - does the insurance cover the damage? How long will it take to file the claim? Document who you must contact before the disaster happens.

Natural hazards

 * Wildfires
 * Hurricanes
 * Tornados
 * Earthquake
 * Mudslide
 * Tsunami

etc.

Manmade hazards

 * Proximity of pollution sources
 * Transportation-related risks
 * Risk of crime, violence, terrorism, etc.


text:
User:Andyfresno68/sandbox

The Ludlow

The Ludlow is a variation of The Kaplan which consists of 1.25 Ounces of Gin, 3.0 ounces of Tonic and .75 ounces of St, Germain. The Ludlow was conceived July 4, 2010 by Andrew Albaum, Paul Kaplan and Stan Kaplan during a 4th of July Party in New Jersey U.S.A. Recently The Ludlow has surged in popularity, and was most recently added as a regular offing on the Celebrity Constellation.

The Ludlow consists of 3 OZ Vodka and .75 ounces of St. Germain. The perfect Ludlow is served over Ice and lightly stirred.

The Ludlow has been known as the following.

The Andy Lexington Douchemeister Little Squirrel La allegre ardilla

title: User:Andyfresno68/sandbox


text:
Prauserella alba

Prauserella alba is a moderately halophilic bacterium from the genus Prauserella which has been isolated from saline soil in China.

title: Prauserella alba