text:
Bigtoe

Bigtoe is a motorcycle that once held the Guinness World Record in the category of Tallest Rideable Motorcycle, bearing a maximum height of 7.5 feet (2.3 metres) and a top speed of 62 mph. It weighs 3,600 pounds. Tom Wiberg, from Sweden, built it in 1998 with a Jaguar V12 engine.

The title has passed to Dream Big, a bike built by Greg Dunham in 2005. Wiberg also holds the record for the smallest rideable motorcycle, with Smalltoe.

title: Bigtoe


text:
Nigel Rodgers

Nigel Rodgers (born 1953) is a British writer, environmentalist and critic.

Rodgers has a degree in history and history of art from Cambridge University. He is the founder of Pipedown, the Campaign for Freedom from Piped Music, and is a member of the Educational Writers' Group of the Society of Authors.

Work
He has written 15 books including Incredible Optical Illusions (Simon & Schuster 1998); The Traveller's Atlas with John Man and Chris Schüler (1999); Hitler and Churchill (Hodder 2001); Philosophers Behaving Badly with Mel Thompson; Roman Architecture (2006); Roman Empire (2008); Understand Existentialism with Mel Thompson (Hodder, 2010);  Existentialism Made Easy with  Mel Thompson (Hodder, 2011); The Greek World (2010); The Art and Architecture of Ancient Greece  (2012);  Why Noise Matters with Arline Bronzaft, Francis McManus, John Stewart and Val Weedon (Routledge 2011);  The Dandy — Peacock  or Enigma? and  The Umbrella Unfurled (2013). His latest books are Manet: his Life and Work (2015) The Bruegels (2016) and The Colosseum, a guide book-cum-history about Rome's most famous monument, from its inauguration in AD80 to its recent triumphant restoration, published in May 2018. His books have been translated into fourteen languages.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nigel Rodgers


text:
User:Kelvin Aniyom Obambon

I am a young Nigerian writer, yearning to accumulate as much knowledge as possible for the development of my immediate society and the world at large.

title: User:Kelvin Aniyom Obambon


text:
User:Peter Isotalo/gender topics

Sociology

 *

History

 *

Culture

 * fashion blog
 * lolita fashion
 * modern art - Frida Kahlo, Yayoi Kusama, Western perspective?, Marina Abramovic, Barbara Kruger
 * do it yourself
 * fanzine - no mention of riot grrrl, Julie Doucet; problem is no clear explanation of definition of zine
 * grunge - Hole (band) and L7 (band) linked once in a list

title: User:Peter Isotalo/gender topics


text:
Talk:Edward M. Daly

Facebook
General Edward M.Daly,please tell me if he has Facebook Liza Bedikian (talk) 04:05, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edward M. Daly


text:
replikoida

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬), ultimately from and adapted with the verbal suffix.

Verb

 * 1)  To replicate.

title: replikoida


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/La Riposte (Québec)

The result was   delete. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 03:24, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

La Riposte (Québec)
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

Delete as virtually identical article at La Riposte (Quebec) was deleted in May. See Articles for deletion/La Riposte (Quebec). No independent verification of notability, most sources are linked to sources related to the organization (the "In Defence of Marxism" website is run by La Riposte's parent, the International Marxist Tendency; Fightback is La Riposte's sister organization in English Canada, and TMI is the organization itself). Of the two other sources one,a Daily Telegraph obituary of Ted Grant makes no reference whatsoever to La Riposte or Quebec; the second, an attack article from the International Communist League fails Identifying_reliable_sources. Overall, this article fails the notability standards and other tests set out in WP:ORG, WP:NGO and WP:N. Downwoody (talk) 00:32, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Quebec-related deletion discussions.  Gongshow  Talk 01:47, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Politics-related deletion discussions.  Gongshow  Talk 01:47, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Literature-related deletion discussions.  Gongshow  Talk 01:47, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete I commented on the last AfD that it's not notable, and nothing has changed. --Colapeninsula (talk) 10:34, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree; on a brief search I found nothing to make me disagree with the opinions above.  This may need salt. Ubelowme U  Me  15:29, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep The statements in the article are verified by reliable sources. As far as notability is concerned, the term is used more often to refer to La Riposte (France), with fewer searches yielding the paper in Quebec. I hope this helps. With regards, AnupamTalk 08:38, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete I'm surprised, because I think I've seen this publication in town. Yet I can find no bona fide French-language WP:RS, not one. Shawn in Montreal (talk) 20:07, 15 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Anatomy/Introduction

The term anatomy is derived from the Greek word temnein, meaning “to cut”. Anatomy is the study of the structures of organisms and their parts, here we are mainly going to discuss about Human anatomy. Human anatomy is mainly divided into two groups Macroscopic anatomy (Gross Anatomy) and Microscopic anatomy (Histology). Macroscopic anatomy or Gross Anatomy is the study of Human structures at the macroscopic level - everything that can be seen with the naked eye, and Microscopic anatomy or Histology is the study Human cells and tissues at microscopic level - which can be seen with a microscope.

Anatomy can be studied in mainly two ways of approach which are regional approach(each region of the body is studied separately and all aspects of that region are studied at the same time) and systemic approach(each system of the body is studied and followed throughout the entire body). Here we are only going to use the regional approach where we will study upper limb, lower limb, abdomen, thorax, back, head and neck separately.

A course in anatomy gives students several tools that are essential to the practice of medicine. The most apparent tool is the ability to describe the precise position of structures within the body, and to locate these structures quickly - an essential skill in medical communication. Furthermore, students learn the function of many of the body structures, aided by the study of Human Physiology. Bones, muscles, and the central nervous system all cause changes in the body on both the macroscopic and microscopic level.

In a traditional anatomy course at medical school, lectures are accompanied by laboratory time, in which cadavers are dissected, allowing the medical student to study anatomical structures in situ. This gives the student a more thorough and complete knowledge of structures in relation to one another, as well as an understanding of what these structures look and feel like - far more than any anatomical textbook could do. It also gives the student practical experience in identifying everything from bony landmarks to specific nerves and muscles.

The study of anatomy requires a significant amount of memorization, however this requirement is moderated by the use of systematic methods of learning, and various tricks - such as mnemonics - wherever possible.

To continue with the course, the student should begin by familiarizing themselves with the terminology used in anatomy.

1.1 Anatomical Terminology

title: Anatomy/Introduction


text:
Puzzles/Decision puzzles/Monty Hall

Puzzles | Decision puzzles | Monty Hall

Let us assume that you are participating on the show "Let´s make a deal". Monty Hall offers you a choice of three doors. Monty tells you, and you know, that you can trust Monty, that there is one big prize (such as a sports car) behind one of the doors and goats behind the others. He tells you that after you choose a door, he will open a different door than you chose, which contains a goat.

After you have chosen one door, he opens one of the two other doors, which as promised, contains a goat. Now he gives you the chance to switch or stay at your initial choice. You will then get what is behind that door.

You cannot hear the goats from behind the doors, or in any way know which door has the prize.

Does it matter whether you switch or stay?

solution

title: Puzzles/Decision puzzles/Monty Hall


text:
Cookbook talk:Guacamole I

Page history from Guacamole

* (cur) (last). . 02:03, 1 Feb 2004. . Gentgeen (squashing an interwiki redirect) * (cur) (last). . 20:18, 22 Jan 2004. . Hyacinth * (cur) (last). . 14:29, 26 Dec 2003. . Mzamora (Tip: keep the avocado pit ) * (cur) (last). . M 20:41, 13 Nov 2003. . GRAHAMUK * (cur) (last). . 12:36, 13 Nov 2003. . Morwen * (cur) (last). . 14:12, 16 Oct 2003. . Dgrant (changed cilantro link) * (cur) (last). . 14:53, 18 Aug 2003. . Craigor * (cur) (last). . M 20:22, 6 Aug 2003. . GRAHAMUK * (cur) (last). . M 20:13, 6 Aug 2003. . GRAHAMUK * (cur) (last). . M 20:12, 6 Aug 2003. . GRAHAMUK * (cur) (last). . 20:11, 6 Aug 2003. . GRAHAMUK (formatting) * (cur) (last). . 20:11, 6 Aug 2003. . GRAHAMUK (added simpler recipe) * (cur) (last). . M 05:57, 4 Aug 2003. . Guaka (sauce, not town in mexico..) * (cur) (last). . M 03:40, 4 Aug 2003. . Guaka (tabasco, blender) * (cur) (last). . 04:35, 19 May 2003. . G (Added a recipe) * (cur) (last). . 19:50, 5 Mar 2003. . Zoe (onions, peppers, garlic and tomatoes) * (cur) (last). . M 18:03, 3 Mar 2003. . Karen Johnson * (cur) (last). . M 12:25, 3 Mar 2003. . Theresa knott * (cur) (last). . M 10:16, 3 Mar 2003. . Zanimum

Discussion copied from w:Talk:Guacamole

Anyone actually tried this stuff, to be able to add more info? user:zanimum

featured recipe
This module was the featured recipe on the main cookbook page from May 23- 2004 to June 1, 2004. Gentgeen 12:24, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Regarding the 'cookwork' template on this article
This is with respect to the infobox on this page that says:
 * This Cookbook page needs work. Please improve it. See the talk page for discussion regarding improvements. The following reason was given: Page should be split

I don't think the page has to be split. It's kind of nice seeing all of the different ways to do guacamole on one page, without searching around. Thoughts? Wikidsoup (talk) 22:16, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree Moreover, several other entries also have multiple recipes on one page Bk314159 (talk) 18:48, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Guacamole I


text:
dogmi

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬), ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) dogma authoritative principle, belief or statement of opinion

title: dogmi


text:
karakterisoida

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬), ultimately from and adapted with the verbal suffix.

Verb

 * 1) To characterize.

title: karakterisoida


text:
Rhetoric and Composition I

Literary Studies >

Please see Template_talk:Unit_boilerplate for more information.

Unit Summary

 * Course code: ALTU101
 * Suggested Prerequisites: High school english
 * Time investment:
 * Assessment suggestions:
 * Faculty: Arts
 * School: School:Language and Literature
 * Department: Topic:Literary Studies
 * Stream
 * Level: First year undergraduate

Content summary
Welcome to English 1101: Rhetoric and Composition I. This course will prepare you for academic writing in college. You will learn the skills required to be an effective college writer. You will learn to think rhetorically and thereby tailor your writing to accommodate your audience and the context in which your writing will be read and evaluated. You will learn the formal process of planning, drafting, editing, reviewing, and revising. You will learn how to examine sentences to see how you can make them clearer and/or more persuasive.

This course will include information about research; however, English 1102: Rhetoric and Composition II is intended to provide a more complete introduction to research. English 1101 is more concerned with the fundamental concepts of focus, development, organization, style, and academic conventions. Understanding these concepts is a prerequisite to English 1102.

Intended outcome
This course will help you refine four vital skills necessary for a good job in today's economy: Abstraction, System Thinking, Experimentation, and Collaboration. Instead of learning rules or formulas, you will develop your own methods and define a methodology. You will not always know everything you need to know before starting a project--you must learn along the way, adapting what you have learned to address new projects. Instead of working alone, you will work others to manage projects. You will learn how to provide evidence for your arguments and present them in an innovative and effective manner to your colleagues and professional audiences. This course will prepare you for argument and research-based writing in all academic settings. You will compose multiple drafts with careful revision and editing and complete numerous style exercises to sharpen your editorial skills.

Unit materials

 * Study guide:

Other sample syllabi
Use these syllabi and course schedules to help you plan your progress through this course. Teachers are invited to copy and adapt these syllabi for use in their writing classes.

 * Matt Barton's English 191 Syllabus
 * Matt Barton's English 191 Schedule

Texts

 * Rhetoric and Composition (incomplete please help)

title: Rhetoric and Composition I


text:
Chevenez

Chevenez is a village and former municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009 it is a part of the new municipality Haute-Ajoie.

title: Chevenez


text:
Motif (film)

Motif (English: Motive) is a 2019 Malaysian Malay-language crime drama film directed by Nadiah Hamzah starring Sharifah Amani, Rosyam Nor, Iedil Dzuhrie Alaudin and Taqim Zaki. This films revolves a female police investigator, Dewi (Sharifah Amani) have to solve the case, about a missing girl in a small town is suddenly murdered, while the prime suspect might be the girl's father (Rosyam Nor).

It is released on 26 September 2019 in Malaysia.

Synopsis
Inspector Dewi (Sharifah Armani) is an intelligent female inspector who is assigned to investigate the case of missing teen girl, Anna in the town of Tanah Merah. Anna was last seen in an old hotel. She is assigned with the local Inspector Rizal (Taqim Zaki). However, she is not welcomed by the town, especially by the father of the missing girl, Hussein (Rosyam Nor) who is a powerful figure in the town and has prejudices towards women. Meanwhile, Dewi also struggles with her personal life as she is in a polygamous relationship. When Anna is discovered murdered, everyone around Anna becomes suspect. Can Dewi solve the slow-burn murder case?

Cast

 * Sharifah Amani as Inspector Dewi
 * Rosyam Nor as Hussein, Anna’s father
 * Iedil Dzuhrie Alaudin as Faisal
 * Taqim Zaki as Inspector Rizal
 * Emma Tosh as Yasmin
 * Khalid Salleh as Yasmin’s father
 * Nadia Aqilah as Lena (voice)
 * Izze Azzam as Konstabel Hanif
 * Sherie Merlis as Suri, Anna’s mother
 * Khayrani Kemal as Anna Hussein
 * Sharmin Edora as Anis Hussein
 * Fadhli Masoot as Azlan
 * Azhan Rani as Kamal
 * Kenji Sawahi as ASP Zamri
 * Azman Hassan as Syukur
 * Ho Yuhang as Lim
 * Sakonlawat Khetboon as Surin
 * Lee Ming as Ming
 * Redza Minhat as IIham (voice)
 * Khairunazwan Rodzy as Bakar
 * Ken Zuraida as Yasmin’s mother
 * Muslim as Konstabel Ihsan

title: Motif (film)


text:
Wikibooks talk:Protected page

Initial text adapted from en:Wikipedia:Protected page. --mav

Ido wikibooks
A request has been made for one on the discussion page of the main page. io:user:mithridates

Proposed?
Why is this a proposed policy, and not enforced? at the very least, it should be an official guideline, but i think it would do better as an enforced policy. If we need to, i will start the voting myself. -- 21:51, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Semi-protection
Should we implement semi-protection? At this point, semi-protection would make sense on Wikibooks for major spam targets like Main Page. Guanaco 17:00, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Semi-protection policy / Move to Reject, merge to Wikibooks:Protected page--Panic 21:56, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Categories
I propose to clean up the policy page proper (i.e. Protected page) by moving the list of pages to a category. The list of pages itself is not policy, but instead is the result of the policy. As such, the category and a link to there from here should be created. Cheers, Iamunknown 17:19, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Unstable version
Changes have been made to the unstable version. I'm interested in people's thoughts on it. Also feel free to make changes. (Protected page/Unstable). – Adrignola talk 02:33, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

 * It is missing any process for changing the status of the pages. My view is that 7 days protections shouldn't open for contest and the issue should be solely addressable/reversed by the acting admin, the logic is that there should be already a good enough reason for the action and the time required to come to a clear discussion would have to exceed the 7 days to be recognized. Stating this on the text can reduce those requests. Longer protections should be open for validation (that is) if not originating in a community decision (that must be at least be made visible to the editors of the project (root) of that page) the process will be focused in establishing a consensus to the removal but to the continued protection of the page..
 * There is also a need to establish what constitutes in the content disputes the current version of the page (the page version that the protection will make static). Current version is extremely ambiguous, it depends on how the dispute has been running, most users resort to reversions or other engage in continues changes that promote the content they defend. One example of this type discussions that promote this type of alterations is for instance on the final approval of policies/guidelines drafts, a solution that has been taken is to fix (much like a protection) the proposed text. My view is that the same should be done in any other type of content dispute the version previous to the start of the dispute should be the one to be protected, this is easy to determine by the edits history logs... --Panic (talk) 03:35, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

Pending changes?
I thought there was pending changes. I noticed it in Cookbook:Christmas ham. Qwertyxp2000 (discuss • contribs) 00:44, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Pending changes is not a page protection per se, it is only active on Wikibooks for protection of the readers and it is used in general as a page review tool. Note that it is also an automated process, no administrative action is required (to enable, disable or make a change) and even if possible it is rarely used, most of those few instance have occurred only on Wikijunior. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 01:42, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Protected page


text:
Coylet (disambiguation)

Coylet is a hamlet in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.

Coylet may also refer to:

 * SS Coylet, a 1917 cargo ship scuttled off Sand Key Lighthouse, Florida, United States, in 1922

title: Coylet (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Lone Star College System

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Lone Star College System. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100527200449/http://www.lonestar.edu/10669.htm to http://www.lonestar.edu/10669.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:23, 5 January 2018 (UTC)

System map circa 1998
https://web.archive.org/web/19980705130317/http://wwwnhc.nhmccd.edu/maps/nhmccd.gif WhisperToMe (talk) 14:31, 29 December 2019 (UTC)

Some proposed changes
{Connected contributor (paid)|User1=NatalyaMARCOM|U1-employer=Lone Star College|U1-client=Lone Star College}}

--NatalyaMARCOM (talk) 15:51, 25 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Specific text to be removed: In 2017 it enrolled about 95,000 students.[2] The headquarters of the Lone Star College System are located in The Woodlands and in unincorporated Montgomery County, Texas.
 * Reason for the change: the information is outdated on the number of students enrolled and the location of the headquarters.
 * References supporting change:
 * The sources must be reliable, independent sources, and the Lone Star College website cannot be used for citation. Please find a suitable third-party source per WP:RS and write a full sentence that you recommend to use in exchange. That way you will get a quicker reaction from editors, that don't have to do the extra work of writing the piece for you. Thank you !Ferkijel (talk) 14:28, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:58, 5 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Star of Tomorrow.jpg

title: Talk:Lone Star College System


text:
Wikiversity talk:Creation of Free Online University

This sounds like a very interesting project. I would be willing to participate in getting this going.

Great going!!! will help a million if this dream project of online university comes alive

Would it not make sense to start with a degree or degrees ba ma on online communication? Surely that would be the easiest? Maybe give a degree to people that had wrote a certain amount of articles rated by the people who use wikipedia. This would be easy and very valuable. It is what wikipedia is all about. Am ma for people who have a degree and have wrote articles on a certain level. It would also allow people who had wrote things in other areas professionally to get a degree by submitting their work to wikipedia.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/courseseye.com

Links

 * courseseye.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 5 additions.


text:
Talk:Dave Cooke

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Dave Cooke. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100102185417/http://www.windsorstar.com:80/news/Dave+Cooke+reviving+downtown+canal+plan/2283299/story.html to http://www.windsorstar.com/news/Dave+Cooke+reviving+downtown+canal+plan/2283299/story.html

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:29, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dave Cooke. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090420120807/http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=a68aeec8-08c7-4169-881e-7acdc47554c7 to http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=a68aeec8-08c7-4169-881e-7acdc47554c7

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:12, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Cooke


text:
Nikolay Gapich

Nikolay Ivanovich Gapich (1901–1964) was a Soviet military leader, Major General of the Signal Corps (June 4, 1940). Head of the Communications Department of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (1940–1941), he was repressed in 1941, released and rehabilitated in 1953.

Early life and Civil War
Born on May 9, 1901, in the village of Novaya Alekseevka, Blagoveshchensky District, Amur Region, into a Russian peasant family. In 1916, he graduated from a two–year railway school, where he was educated as a telegraph operator, leading him to work on the railway as a telegraph operator–overseer.

In 1918 he was the station commissar for the Yerofey Pavlovich work settlement. In the autumn of the same year, he was arrested by the White Guards, then forcibly mobilized as a private in the army of Alexander Kolchak.

After the defeat of the Siberian Army, on February 4, 1920, he voluntarily joined the Red Army. He participated in the hostilities in Siberia, serving as a weapons instructor of a rifle regiment, then, beginning on February 15, as adjutant of the head of communications of the Trans–Baikal front and rear, after which he became head of communications of the railway department of the Eastern Transbaikalian Front on May 23.

In June 1920, he was sent to the Southwestern Front, where he was appointed chief of communications for the front's railway sector, then company commander of the 8th Infantry Division.

From June 1921, he again fought in Siberia with the troops of the Far Eastern Republic against the Japanese interventionists, participating in the suppression of the West Siberian uprising, first in June as commander of a communications company, then as commander of a telegraph platoon of this company and assistant commander of a communications division. Afterwards in August he served as Assistant to the Chief of Communications of the 3rd Amur Rifle Division; in September he became Chief of Communications of the Special Amur Rifle Regiment, then in October the assistant and temporary acting commander of the telegraph company of the headquarters of the Commander–in–Chief of Siberia Vasily Shorin. He was reassigned in November to the position of assistant commander of the 1st Separate Telegraph–Construction Company.

Interwar period
After the end of hostilities, he continued to serve in the Far East. In April 1922 he became head of the communications team of the 2nd Separate Rifle Battalion of the border troops. From August 1922 he served as platoon commander of the 1st Communications Company. Then he served in the newly formed 1st Trans–Baikal Infantry Division: from September 1922 as assistant regiment commander for the technical part, and from November 1923 as assistant to the division's communications chief. Beginning in May 1924 he was the head of the communications team of the 1st Chita Rifle Regiment, and from November of the same year he was the commander of the communications platoon of the same regiment. Then he studied at the Vladivostok infantry school, after which in November 1925, he was appointed commander of a separate communications company of the 1st Rifle Division.

On October 1, 1927, he was enrolled as a student at the main faculty of the Mikhail Frunze Military Academy, from which he graduated on May 1, 1930, and in the same month was appointed chief of staff of the 9th Communications Regiment in the Belorussian Military District. From January 1931, he served as assistant chief of communications of the Belorussian Military District, and in April he was approved in this position. From December 30, 1932, to February 22, 1936 he was Chief of the Signal Corps of the Belorussian Military District.

Beginning in October 1936 he studied at the Academy of the General Staff of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. In June 1938, he graduated from the Academy, and remained there as a teacher in the Department of Operational Art, where he became senior lecturer of the same department in April 1940. Here Gapich prepared several textbooks on the communications service, scientific works and received the title of associate professor of the Academy.

On July 26, 1940, he was appointed head of the Communications Department of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. Having familiarized himself with the state of affairs in the Directorate, he came to the conclusion that the army suffered from a huge shortage of communications equipment. From October 1940 to June 1941, he repeatedly addressed reports on the need to urgently rectify matters to People's Commissar of Defense Semyon Timoshenko, Chiefs of the General Staff Kirill Meretskov and Georgy Zhukov, and Chairman of the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union Kliment Voroshilov, but the measures he proposed were not implemented. As a result, from the first days of the Great Patriotic War, the lack of proper communication at all levels of troops became one of the important reasons for losses in command and control of troops and military defeats.

Great Patriotic War, arrest, repression
Gapich was dismissed from office on July 22, 1941. According to the memoirs of the future Marshal of the Signal Corps Ivan Peresypkin, this happened during the report of Nikolai Gapich to Joseph Stalin on the state of communications in the troops. A few days later, he was appointed Chief of Communications of the Front of the Reserve Armies, arrived at the front, but did not manage to take office. The front was reorganized into the Reserve Front, and the new front commander, Georgy Zhukov, who arrived, appointed General Ivan Bulychev as the front commander, and Gapich as his deputy.

Gapich was arrested on August 6, 1941, following which he was subjected to a prolonged investigation. At first, he was accused of criminal leadership in the work of his administration, charging him with failing to supply the army with the required means of communication, neglecting the needs of the front and failing to establish uninterrupted communication with the fronts. The authorities then added the accusation of participation in a "military–fascist conspiracy".

After being subjected to torture, he denounced himself and admitted that since 1935 he was a member of an anti-Soviet organization in the Belarusian Military District headed by Ieronim Uborevich. Even later, accusations were added of working for Japanese intelligence during the Civil War.

Gapich subsequently retracted all confessions. In view of their complete absurdity, the charges of conspiracy and espionage were dropped from him. By order of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union on January 29, 1944, he was dismissed from the Red Army.

After spending 11 years in prison while under investigation, on August 26, 1952, he was sentenced by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union to 10 years in a correctional labour camp under Article 193, paragraph 17. By the decree of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union of October 2, 1952, he was deprived of the military rank "Major General". To serve his sentence, he was sent to the city of Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast, where he worked as a foreman in felling.

He was released in July 1953 and rehabilitated on July 28, 1953. On August 15 of the same year, the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union canceled its decision to deprive Nikolay Gapich of his military rank, and he was reinstated in the Soviet Army. After being at the disposal of the Main Personnel Directorate of the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, he was transferred to the reserve on October 21, 1953, for health reasons. He lived in Moscow, where he worked in the apparatus of the Ministry of Communications of the Soviet Union since 1956 as the head of inspection services, then from 1961 as the head of the 1st Department.

He was buried at the Golovinskoye Cemetery in Moscow.

Military ranks

 * Colonel (January 29, 1936);
 * Brigade Commander (April 2, 1940);
 * Major general (June 4, 1940).

Awards

 * Order of Lenin (1953);
 * Order of the Red Banner (1941);
 * Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"

title: Nikolay Gapich


text:
Kergoat (surname)

Kergoat is a toponymic surname, and may refer to;

Kergoat derives from the Breton ker which means village or area and koad which means woods.

 * - Breton linguist and writer
 * - French sociologist, historian and political far-left activist
 * Danièle Kergoat - French academic and sociologist
 * a.k.a. Channig Kergoat - Breton humorist
 * Yannick Kergoat, French director

title: Kergoat (surname)


text:
List of extinct languages

Origin Uncertain

 * Sumerian probably afroasiaotic
 * Kassite
 * Elamite
 * Ancient Iberian (of Iberian Peninsula)
 * Tartessian
 * Aquitanian
 * Etruscan
 * Lemnian
 * Raetic
 * Minoan (or Linear A of Crete)
 * Hattic
 * Meroitic

Anatolian Languages (All Extinct)

 * Cuneiform Hittite
 * Hieroglyphic Hittite
 * Luwian
 * Palaian
 * Lydian
 * Lycian
 * Carian

Indo-Iranian Languages

 * Avestan
 * Ancient Persian (Cuneiform Persian)
 * Pahlavi (Middle Persian)

Italic Languages

 * Latin
 * Oscian
 * Umbrian
 * Venetic
 * Lombardian
 * Livonian

Ancient Languages of Balkans

 * Phrygian
 * Macedonian (Not to be confused with modern Macedonian of Slavic Group)
 * Thracian
 * Illyrian
 * Dacian

Celtic Languages

 * British
 * Pictish

Hurro-Urartian Languages

 * Hurrian
 * Urartian

Afroasiatic Languages

 * Akkadian
 * Babylonian( scientists have uncovered some of the language and are speaking it)
 * Aramaic (Assyrians are one of the few left)
 * Ugaritic
 * Phoenician
 * Ancient Egyptian

title: List of extinct languages


text:
Talk:Annette Sweeney

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
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 * Iowa State Senator Annette Sweeney.jpg

title: Talk:Annette Sweeney


text:
Louise Blanchard Bethune

Louise Blanchard Bethune (July 21, 1856 – December 18, 1913) was the first American woman known to have worked as a professional architect. She was born in Waterloo, New York. Blanchard worked primarily in Buffalo, New York and partnered with her husband at Bethune, Bethune & Fuchs. Her biggest project was the Hotel Lafayette, including its expansion project, but she also worked on many other residential and commercial projects, including many public school buildings. The Buffalo Meter Company Building was renamed Bethune Hall in her honor by the University at Buffalo.

Personal life
Bethune was born Jennie Louise Blanchard in Waterloo, New York in 1856. The Blanchard family moved to Buffalo, New York when she was a child, which is near Seneca Falls, the birthplace of the women's suffrage movement in the United States. She graduated from Buffalo Central High School in 1874. She made a remark explaining how her interest in architecture was first playful but soon became an absorbing interest.

In 1881, she wed Canadian Robert A. Bethune (1855-1915), also an architect. Together they had one son, Charles William Bethune, in 1883.

Bethune reportedly purchased the first woman's bicycle to go on sale in Buffalo. She was an active member of the Women's Wheel and Athletic Club. According to the Buffalo Spree, Bethune had feminist leanings.

Bethune retired in 1908 and died on December 18, 1913, at the age of 57.

Career
Bethune planned on going to architecture school at Cornell. Instead, in 1876, she took a job working as a draftsman in the office of Richard A. Waite and F.W. Caulkins, well known architects in Buffalo, New York. At the time, it was more common to learn architecture while working for a firm rather than in a classroom.

In 1881, after five years in Waite's office, she opened an independent office partnering with her husband, Robert Bethune, in Buffalo, earning herself the title of the nation's first professional woman architect, which she announced at the Ninth Congress of the Association for the Advancement of Women. In 1891, William Fuchs became their third firm partner, and the three of them did everything from small residential to larger institutional buildings.

Bethune was elected a member of the Western Association of Architects (WAA) in 1885. She later served a term as a vice president of the W.A.A. She was named the first female associate of the American Institute of Architects (A.I.A.) in 1888 and in 1889, she became its first female fellow.

In 1891, she refused to compete in a design competition for the Women's Building at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago because men were paid $10,000 to design buildings for the fair while the women got only $1,000. She believed that complete emancipation meant equal pay for equal work, and she didn't want to support endeavours that didn't support her views or values, but she also explained how she understands that as a businesswoman, she won't make money if she comes off as an antagonizing suffragette.

Bethune designed mostly industrial and public buildings. She disliked working on residential projects because they paid poorly. Her best-known design and masterpiece is the neoclassical Hotel Lafayette, which was commissioned for $1 million and completed in 1904. It has since undergone a $35 million restoration, completed in 2012 by developer Rocco Termini. The Bethune firm also designed the Denton, Cottier & Daniels music store, one of the first buildings in the United States to utilize a steel frame and poured concrete slabs. Three other Bethune buildings are still standing today: the Iroquois Door Plant Company warehouse; the large Chandler Street Complex for the Buffalo Weaving Company; and the Witkop and Holmes Headquarters (1901), which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. She was involved of the design of one hundred fifty buildings in the Buffalo and New England areas during her career.

Work
Bethune & Bethune designed 18 public schools in the term of the firm's lifetime, beginning in 1881 for the Buffalo Public School District. The firm paid special attention to segregating children by their ages, indoor plumbing, and including egress stairs for fire safety. These standards are still used today and the Bethunes pioneered these ideas. In 1893, Bethune commented that she does not specialize in educational design, because she felt as the first woman architect she should demonstrate her understanding of all types of architectural design.

Many of the buildings her firm worked on with historically derivative, which was the standard practice at the time. A lot of their work was Romanesque in character. The firm really focused on local projects, and none of them placed Bethune on a national level.

In the early 1900s, Bethune got the opportunity to design the Lafayette Hotel, located in downtown Buffalo. The building is a Renaissance Revival hotel of seven-stories. The hotel also features hot and cold water in every bathroom, and includes a telephone in every room. This hotel was praised as one of the most magnificent hotels in the country when it opened in 1904. Bethune ended up ending her AIA membership and focusing solely on the Lafayette Hotel expansion project that soon followed its opening. Bethune also partnered with Nikola Tesla for this project.

Bethune's designs reflect her success in applying new scientific developments such as sanitation, ventilation, fire-proofing, and other functions which were challenging architects during the late 19th-century, which was experiencing rapid urbanization and industrial development at this time.

Influence on women
Louise Bethune, being the first woman architect, understood her role as a feminist and her role as a businesswoman. Although Bethune, Bethune & Fuchs worked on many residential projects, she believed that women architects should not pursue these projects because it limits them from being chosen for bigger, commercial projects, and men were most likely to be chosen for these. She didn't want women to be pigeonholed into doing only residential design. Also, she believed in equal pay for equal work and many residential projects did not pay as well as commercial projects.

Equal pay for equal work was something she strongly advocated for women architects, and didn't take projects just for prestige. This was her guiding principle, and she gave a speech on to the Buffalo chapter of the Women's Educational and Industrial Union on March 6, 1891, explaining her values as to why she refused to compete to design the women's pavilion at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Bethune only saw herself as doing the work of a proper architect, and believed her gender shouldn't define her accomplishments. Although she didn't define herself as a feminist, she did lean into it with her optimistic views that more women will become architects in time. She was rather an advocate for the architecture profession being available for women rather than an apologizing for the limitations women suffered. Her activism was design itself.

Bethune was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution.

Her career and advocacy for women in architecture helped pave the way for generations of women architects including Lois Lilley Howe, Josephine Wright Chapman, Sophia Hayden, Mary Nevan Gannon, Alice Hands, Julia Morgan, and Beverly Greene. By the time Bethune died in December 1915, nearly 200 women were practicing architecture in the United States.

Legacy
The former Buffalo Meter Company Building was renamed Bethune Hall in her honor, when it housed the Department of Art along with the School of Architecture and Planning of the University at Buffalo. This building was purchased in June 2011 by the Ciminelli Real Estate Corporation, who redeveloped the building into 87 apartments with Carmina Wood Morris, PC. Residents began to move into the building in July 2013, and it was renamed Bethune Lofts. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, received LEED Silver certification, and received the Preservation League of NYS Excellence in Historic Preservation Award in 2014.

In 2013, Bethune's grave was given a new marker, which states, "JENNIE LOUISE BLANCHARD BETHUNE JULY 21, 1856 DECEMBER 18, 1915"

She is interred in Buffalo's Forest Lawn Cemetery.

title: Louise Blanchard Bethune


text:
Talk:Sergio Badilla Castillo

Cleanup concerns
I came across this article while researching contemporary Chilean authors. Even though this article is clearly written by Castillo himself, I found it interesting enough to check out some of his work on Amazon.com -- surprisingly, none of the book titles listed in this article are carried by Amazon.com. In fact, a search for 'Sergio Badilla,' 'Sergio Castillo,' and 'Sergio Badilla Castillo' comes up with nothing. Nor does this article's author deign to provide us with ISBNs for his book titles.

All this leads me to suspect something is up. I have to wonder whether this is a real person, and if he is, then perhaps he is using wikipedia for shameless self-promotion? Are his books even published?

I recommend we tag this article as violating Wikipedia's noteriety policy for biographies. --Michaelmussman (talk) 20:49, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

I retrieved this article when it was dumped at random into the Blog article, created the page and tried to give it a basic Wikipedia format in the hope that the original author would improve it. I know nothing about this poet, however, so I can't do anything about the content. Since my original edit, it has been edited a few times by one anonymous editor, presumably the original author, perhaps Badilla Castillo himself, the net effect of which has been to add information but make the style worse (see the history). I've tried to restore some basic wiki conventions (an intro paragraph, sections) but I'm over my head regarding content and I have some serious concerns about notability, verifiability and prose quality. So I've added a cleanup tag in the hope that the article will get some help (I had a wikify tag up before, which was removed). Please help if you can. Dear <IP_ADDRESS>, if you read this: please don't "unformat" the article again.  · rodii ·  03:12, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Please don't blank talk pages. It is considered vandalism. Instead, use this page to communicate your concerns. Wikipedia is a collaborative enterprise--let's work together to make this a good article, please.  · rodii ·  16:19, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Sergio Badilla Castillo


text:
Ahmadabad, Miyan Jolgeh

Ahmadabad (, also Romanized as Aḩmadābād) is a village in Ghazali Rural District, Miyan Jolgeh District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,246, in 342 families.

title: Ahmadabad, Miyan Jolgeh


text:
Talk:Yehoshua Leib Diskin

Moshe?
It seems from the article on the Rogatchover Gaon that his full name is Moshe Yehoshua Leib Diskin. Is this correct? if it is then perhaps we should change the name/move the article to his full name. Shlomke 01:11, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Having done a full Google search on the name, I'm still not sure. However, I'm fairly certain that his name wasn't Moshe, as none of the many religious references to him contain the name. Also, I think the reason some have added the name Moshe is because they know that he was called Maharil Diskin - and they erronously believe that stands for Moshe Yehoshua Leib Diskin - when it really stands for Moreinu Harav Yehoshua Leib Diskin. Do you agree? Nesher 13:31, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Very possible. I think it should be checked out. For now lets leave it this way. Shlomke 01:48, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * added Moshe as that was his name see pic of his tombstone <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:03, 10 September 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅. Look at the Hebrew page name! תנא קמא (talk) 16:25, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yehoshua Leib Diskin


text:
Talk:David Ford (canoeist)

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title: Talk:David Ford (canoeist)


text:
File talk:Dusan Jovanovic.jpg

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of a fair use image as a replaceable image. Please do not modify it.

The result was to delete the image.

The image does not meet our non-free content guidelines. The location exists, so therefore a free image could be created. Sorry, -- Diannaa (talk) 19:36, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it.

title: File talk:Dusan Jovanovic.jpg


text:
Talk:Hypervisor

Improved Lead
I changed the lead to make it clearer to non-specialists, and more accessible to the (large majority of) people who know nothing about IBM mainframes. I propose removing the warning about the introduction, as per the poster above.

Dan Shearer (talk) 13:20, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Article Needs Work
The body of the article needs to be improved to reduced confused concepts, especially under "UNIX and Linux servers" and "PC and Desktop Systems". There is no reference to Linux paravirt_ops, no reference to Xen being a portable hypervisor (it runs on three architectures, at least) and need to explain where the concept popularly described as "Linux is the Hypervisor" fits in. Dan Shearer (talk) 13:27, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Update: I couldn't find the PowerPC port for Xen in the source tree, sure enough, it's been pulled: see http://wiki.xensource.com/xenwiki/XenPPC . Xen ARM still exists but I'm not convinced about how much life is in the project. Ok, so Xen is more portable than ported, not a lot more to say :-)
 * Dan Shearer (talk) 13:39, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Re "UNIX and Linux servers" and "PC and Desktop Systems".
 * I think it would be clearer if these sections were considered in terms of x86 architecture platforms rather than as server and desktop.
 * What do you think?
 * --SimonBramfitt (talk) 19:16, 19 January 2013 (UTC)

History
I'm deleting

 * ==History==
 * The term "hypervisor" was first used in 1965, referring to software that accompanied an IBM RPQ for the IBM 360/65. It allowed the model IBM 360/65 to share its memory: half acting as an IBM 360 and half as an emulated IBM 7080. The software, labeled "hypervisor," did the switching between the two modes on split-time basis. The term hypervisor was coined as an evolution of the term "supervisor," the software that provided control on earlier hardware.
 * The term "hypervisor" was first used in 1965, referring to software that accompanied an IBM RPQ for the IBM 360/65. It allowed the model IBM 360/65 to share its memory: half acting as an IBM 360 and half as an emulated IBM 7080. The software, labeled "hypervisor," did the switching between the two modes on split-time basis. The term hypervisor was coined as an evolution of the term "supervisor," the software that provided control on earlier hardware.

I've not found anything that confirms the claim that hypervisor was coined in 1965. The text has no valid citations (see previous section) and is contradicted by Dave Tuttle above.

--SimonBramfitt (talk) 19:14, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

Question: The article says, ``in a series of disputed and bitter battles, time-sharing lost out to batch processing through IBM political infighting, and VM remained IBM's "other" mainframe operating system for decades, losing to MVS." I don't see any links to other Wikipedia articles that talk about these battles, nor any citations.  This must be written up somewhere--where? Mcswell (talk) 17:01, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

KVM type 2 hypervisor
In the article KVM is listed as a Type 1 hypervisor, but BHyVe that's exactly the same as KVM for FreeBSD is listed as a Type 2. That arrises the question of why is KVM listed as a Type 1 hypervisor?

Also VirtualBox and VMware Workstation work in the same way as KVM, but are also listed as Type 2, so either everything is Type 1 (and we loose the Type 1/Type 2 differentiation), or KVM is moved to Type 2. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roger.pau (talk • contribs) 14:02, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Hello, Roger. Welcome to Wikipedia.

 * Please sign your messages by adding ~ at the end.

 * I am not familiar with KVM and BHyVe but I am perfectly sure that VirtualBox and VMware Workstation are both hosted (type 2) hypervisors. That said, I am afraid your second paragraph is a bit of false dichotomy. Someone familiar with the subject needs to investigate and find out the correct answer.

 * Best regards,
 * Codename Lisa (talk) 15:04, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Hello, sorry for not putting the ~ at the end.

 * IMHO KVM turns Linux into an hypervisor using exactly the same hardware mechanisms as VirtualBox turns Mac OS X into an hypervisor, VMware Workstation turns Windows into an hypervisor or BHyVe turns FreeBSD into an hypervisor (they all use the same x86 hardware virtualization extensions).
 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:57, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi. VirtualBox and VMware Workstation do not turn Mac OS X or Windows into hypervisors. They are hypervisors themselves. On Windows, they run in user space and killing their process ends the entire hardware virtualization chain. I have even seen and used VirtualBox as a portable app! They are textbook examples of type 2.

 * User:Jandalhandler has added further clarifications. Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 20:19, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Both VirtualBox and VMware Workstation load a kernel module that allows them to make use of the x86 processor virtualization extensions, and then they run a userspace program that is the device model emulation, and again this is just like KVM, that uses a kernel module to access the virtualization extensions and then runs Qemu in userspace to provide the device model emulation, if you kill the userspace Qemu process you effectively kill the VM.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:14, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi. That is completely true. VirtualBox loads, VMware Workstation loads   and Virtual PC loads  . But a kernel driver still runs on top of HAL. In bare-metal hypervisor, however, HAL has to run on top of hypervisor, performing hardware abstraction as VMM sees fit, exposing what VMM exposes. And besides, these drivers don't do the bulk of virtualization task. Just imagine how funny would it be if VMware wanted to write everything in Native API.

 * But again, as I said before, I do not know anything about KVM. So, since I can't discuss it, I can't compare it either and this whole discussion is futile unless you wait for or solicit the aid of someone who knows.

 * Best regards,
 * Codename Lisa (talk) 21:55, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

 * There's no official literature on what defines a Type 1 or 2 hypervisor as far as I am concerned. However, the fundamental concept is clear to everyone and evident from the figure in the wikipedia article Hypervisor. Furthermore, IBM has a publication that supports the concept and is available here: . Based on all that, I think it is irrelevant if certain kernel modules make the base OS behave like a hypervisor; it remains the base OS and is not a hypervisor in the same sense that Xen or ESXi are today. I agree with Roger that KVM should be classified as a Type 2 hypervisor. I feel the article should clearly state this fact and the clarifications added recently are not enough. Franciozzy (talk) 14:29, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I think that there have been enough technical arguments to move KVM to Type 2 and remove the KVM note at the bottom of "Classification". If anyone has any doubts or technical arguments of why KVM should be a Type 1, please say so.Roger.pau (talk) 12:11, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi. It appears you are not fully aware how things work in Wikipedia. Although decisions on Wikipedia are made based on consensus (which is clearly absent here), core Wikipedia policies take precedence. There is a source that indicates there is – or have been – a dispute as to whether KVM is type 1 or type 2 hypervisor. According to the core policy of neutrality, we do not issue a verdict as to who is right of who is wrong. We report both significant points of view impartially, without commenting on them. So, sorry, no! What you suggest violates the NPOV policy. Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 15:36, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Hello, I would agree with you if there was a technical discussion here, but you (or anyone else) failed to provide any technical arguments on why should KVM be classified as a Type 1 hypervisor. Could you please point me to your technical argument on why we don't have a consensus regarding why KVM is not a Type 2 hypervisor? The only reference on why KVM is a Type 1 hypervisor is a Graduate Thesis which doesn't contain any kind of technical arguments on why KVM should be classified as a Type 1 hypervisor.Roger.pau (talk) 15:56, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi. I did not fail because I did not even attempt a discussion. (I refrained from discussing KVM.) That said, inserting material on articles based on technical discussions is not allowed in Wikipedia. The KVM has two sources. So, it should stay that way. A dissertation has all the qualities that is expected of a reliable source: Educated author, editorial oversight (academic oversight, to be accurate) and contents. (See WP:SCHOLARSHIP) If you have another source, present it, so we can cover it.

 * Best regards,
 * Codename Lisa (talk) 08:21, 23 July 2013 (UTC)

Type 3 hypervisor
Hi.

I am addressing a contribution by which I reverted today in accordance to WP:BRD. (I am hoping Vmdocker is seeing this.) It added a type 3 hypervisor to article but the contribution had the following problems:
 * 1) It failed verification. In other words, the 1974 article by Popek and Goldberg did not say anything about a third type. As most people here know, this is a deal-breaker.
 * 2) Even if a source can be found to assert that LXC is an L3 hypervisor, it is still the question of whether it is appropriate in this article. Hypervisor applies to full virtualization whereas LXC is a method of OS-level virtualization.

Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 15:36, 28 August 2014 (UTC)

Reference 15
Reference # 15 ("SubVirt: Implementing malware with virtual machines". University of Michigan, Microsoft.) link no longer works. This paper is publically available, but not (currently) from that URL. http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=67911 is one place the paper is available(in HTML or PDF). A UM alum, <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:20, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

 * , thank you for pointing it out! — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 06:54, 26 March 2015 (UTC)

Classification of kernel-based hypervisors
Last paragraph of "Classification" section states "Linux's Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) and FreeBSD's bhyve are kernel modules" however in both cases the code can be compiled directly into the kernels which would cause them to cease being kernel modules. As this is also what is done in OpenBSD (which no longer supports kernel modules) with its new kernel-based hypervisor, I suggest the wording is changed to "Linux's Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) and FreeBSD's bhyve are kernel subsystems" as this seems more generic and correct.

title: Talk:Hypervisor


text:
Wan Ahmad Fayhsal Wan Ahmad Kamal

Wan Ahmad Fayhsal bin Wan Ahmad Kamal (وان أحمد فيصل بن وان أحمد کمال; born 8 May 1987) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Machang since November 2022. He served as the Deputy Minister of National Unity in the Barisan Nasional (BN) administration under former Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob and former Minister Halimah Mohamed Sadique from August 2021 to the collapse of the BN administration in November 2022. Prior to that he was Deputy Minister of Youth and Sports in the Perikatan Nasional (PN) administration under former Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin and former Minister Reezal Merican Naina Merican from March 2020 to the collapse of the PN administration in August 2021. He was previously a Senator from March 2020 to his resignation in November 2022. He is a member of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), a component party of the PN coalition. He has also served as the 2nd Youth Chief of BERSATU since August 2020 and Deputy Youth Chief II of PN.

Early life and education
He grew up and received primary schooling in the neighbourhood of Taman Melawati, Kuala Lumpur before moving to Sekolah Menengah Sains Selangor, a science-focused boarding school in nearby Cheras. He obtained his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP).

He also took courses in Islamic theology and metaphysics, philosophy, ethics and history at the International Institute of Islamic Civilisation and Malay World (ISTAC), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) and later at the Raja Zarith Sofiah Centre for Advanced Studies on Islam, Science and Civilisation (CASIS), University of Technology Malaysia.

He earned his Master of Arts in Geopolitics (Territorial Security) from King's College London on 23 January 2019. His thesis was titled "The Encircling Dragon: Deciphering China's Geo-economic Expansionism in Peninsular Malaysia".

Early career
Upon graduation, he worked at Malaysia's national oil and gas company PETRONAS as a Business and Strategic Planning Executive under the Technology and Engineering (T&E) Division.

On 1 April 2010, he became Senior Executive of the Bumiputera Agenda Steering Unit (TERAJU), and was one of the individuals responsible for establishing the Bumiputera Education Steering Foundation (PENERAJU) under the Prime Minister's Department.

He served as assistant lecturer at the Selangor International Islamic University College (KUIS) before he becoming Research Fellow at the Putra Business School, Universiti Putra Malaysia. He was also active writing on various issues including business and geopolitics on various publications including New Straits Times, The Star, Global Research, Asia Times and The Edge.

Political career
He was Special Tasks Officer to then Minister of Youth and Sports, Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman from late 2018 until early 2020. Following the fall of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) government due to 'Sheraton Move', he was appointed Deputy Minister of Youth and Sports under the Cabinet of Muhyiddin Yassin. On the same day, he was made Senator (member of Dewan Negara or Malaysian Senate) to be qualify him for a cabinet post.

On 16 August 2020, he succeeded Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman as the head of ARMADA, the youth wing of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) in the party's first election. Syed Saddiq, a founding member of BERSATU and its inaugural, pro-tem youth chief, was earlier sacked from BERSATU amidst a political crisis. Wan Ahmad Fayhsal was subsequently appointed the Deputy Chief II of Perikatan Nasional's youth wing.

After Muhyiddin Yassin tendered his cabinet's resignation upon losing his parliamentary majority after at least 15 Members of Parliament from UMNO withdrew their support for the ruling coalition, he became the Deputy Minister of National Unity in the Ismail Sabri Administration.

In the 15th Malaysian general election, Wan Ahmad Fayhsal won the parliamentary seat in Machang. As MP for Machang, he called for the Prime Minister post to be limited for Malays only.

Personal life
His younger brother Wan Kuzain is a professional soccer player in the United States.

title: Wan Ahmad Fayhsal Wan Ahmad Kamal


text:
Talk:Marge Roukema

Untitled
The article should mention that she sponsored the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act, which Bill Clinton signed on his first day(s) as president after G.H.W. Bush had signaled he wouldn't do so. A detail that might not merit inclusion---but which this former constituent of hers remembers---is that Clinton handed out official signing pens to his friends but not to her.

KWRegan (talk) 01:34, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marge Roukema


text:
Concurrency and real-time programming

Concurrency and Real-Time Programming can be defined as the programming discipline dealing with real-time critical software development. At first glance Real-time programming is often associated with the need for efficient computing power and throughput performance. Actually, the main issue for real-time programming is how to design programs that are able to compute and respond according to certain quality attributes (maximum response time, average response time, quality of calculation, precision of calculation, within a certain time frame) in a predictable manner.

In Real-Time Programming there is usually a need to respond to multiple requests in parallel, and with different Real-Time Constraints. The software may have to support a fast time cyclic and demanding control loop, while simultaneously having to respond to asynchronous inputs from the user. To solve programming problems with multiple control loops and simultaneous requests, different Concurrency Programming techniques have been applied.

Programming environments and languages supporting Concurrency Programming are, to mention a few: Ada, RHAPSODY UML with C++, ERLANG, Concurrent C++, C with proper operating system support.

As time criticalness is often a concern, the following languages often disqualify themselves because of unpredictable demanding garbage collection activities: Java, C#.

The following programming languages are normally not suitable for demanding real-time control due to their single-thread processing limitations: Basic, Lisp, Prologue,

But there have been developments in Java which support Real Time programming to some extent. Two reference implementations have been created one is provided by TimeSys and other by Sun Microsystems. They have introduced some new advanced concepts like ImmortalMemory, ScopedMemory, NoHeapRealTimeThreads etc, whose interaction with heap can be controlled or at the best disallowed thereby insulating them from the Garbage Collector and hence establishing themselves as promising potential constructs for efficient real time programming.

title: Concurrency and real-time programming


text:
Amos Ayre

Sir Amos Lowrey Ayre  (23 July 1885 – 13 January 1952) was a British shipbuilder and co-founder of the Burntisland Shipbuilding Company in 1918. He held senior posts related to shipping during both world wars.

Born at South Shields, Ayre grew up surrounded by shipbuilding and seafaring activity. He served an apprenticeship as a draughtsman with Wood, Skinner and Co in Newcastle-on-Tyne and graduated from Armstrong College, Newcastle in 1904. He went on to hold posts in shipyards at Belfast and Dublin, where he came to hold status and responsibility. In 1909 he accepted the position of Manager at the Employment Exchange lately opened at Govan, outside Glasgow. He was in charge of fleet coaling operations on the River Forth during the First World War, and promoted to the post of Admiralty District Director for shipyard labour in Scotland. He and his brother, Sir Wilfrid Ayre, founded the Burntisland Shipbuilding Company at Fife. In 1936, in recognition of his eminence in public service, Ayre was offered the position of Chairman of the Shipbuilding Conference, effectively placing him in charge of the entire industry. He was made Knight Bachelor in 1937 and Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1943. From 1939 to 1944, he was Director of Merchant Shipbuilding.

title: Amos Ayre


text:
Talk:Speak No Evil (Wayne Shorter album)

Speak No Evil is the best album of all time.
Someone should mention that. <IP_ADDRESS> 08:07, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

At least ten Coltrane albums are better
In other words, this isn't the place for fanboy sloganeering.

Yeah, name one. Note: no one would claim that Wayne Shorter was a better soloist than Coltrane.

 * Name one? Tell ya what. I'll name nine. 1. A Love Supreme. 2. My Favorite Things. 3. Interstellar Space. 4. Sun Ship. 5. Giant Steps. 6. Crescent. 7. Duke Ellington And. 8. Ascension. 9. Blue Train. These are all better than Speak No Evil. And I think all but "Blue Train" (and maybe Ascension) are better than JuJu, which is probably the best Shorter album. - Maggie --<IP_ADDRESS> 21:31, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Speak no Evil has more soul than any of these albums. Also you should check out Live in Stockholm, Coltrane with Eric Dolphy. That's better than any other Coltrane album I can think of, except maybe the one with Harmonique on it, I don't remember the name of that one.

 * "More soul" than Crescent? "More soul" than A Love Supreme? "More soul" than Blue Train, or Sun Ship, or Ascension, or Interstellar Space? Speak No Evil is a succession of dial-tone themes and elliptical solos, based largely around technical (rather than emotional) ideas - hugely overrated. I find it interesting that reviews of Coltrane tend to emphasize how "spiritual" his records are, whereas reviews of Shorter tend to center on his technical conceits rather than his desultory solos. This is not to say that JuJu isn't a masterpiece, which it is. - Maggie --<IP_ADDRESS> 15:57, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Yeah it does have more soul than those. Also most of Coltrane's career was spent playing solos full of technical conceits, and many of his most famous compositions are also based on purely technical ideas that not translate into beautiful music, i.e. Giant Steps, Moment's Notice. I find the ideas in Speak no Evil to be very emotional. Love Supreme is boring and Blue Trane is uninspired. McCoy quit shortly after a Love Supreme by the way, and he's a pretty good judge.

 * Actually, McCoy quit about ten albums after A Love Supreme - among the LPs he participated in after it were The John Coltrane Quartet Plays, Ascension, Sun Ship, First Meditations, Meditations, Om, and a few others I can't recall. And his own (astonishing) The Real McCoy from 1967 sounds almost exactly like a comprimise between Crescent and Sun Ship. You're entitled not to like Coltrane, but to suggest that his playing consists of nothing but impenetrable technical virtuosity isn't at all accurate. It might have been true in 1957, or on Soultrane (although even there I don't think it's true), but Blue Train is full of feeling, and the only reason why anyone might say otherwise is that Coltrane's playing is so frenetic that it's somewhat imposing. I blame Lewis Porter, to an extent - in attempting desperately to bring forth the inherent structuring devices in the later, free-jazz period, he made the music seem almost calculated, which is an absurd thought in light of the euphoric, freeing Interstellar Space.

 * Furthermore, though Shorter's technique was somewhat limited, he was just as technically supercilious: "JuJu" is an extended whole-tone scale game, and on Night Dreamer he used a lot of cycle-of-thirdses. Speak No Evil happens to be much more conventional by comparison, but his "adventurous" chord changes and "limpid cello-like tone" are sound effects like anything else. Look at the liner notes for Speak No Evil - all that nonsense about "built on fourths" and "major-minor chromatic shifts". Just technical conceits. It doesn't help that "Infant Eyes" is excruciatingly dull, and, as I've said, "Witch Hunt" and "Speak No Evil" sound like busy signals. -Maggie --<IP_ADDRESS> 15:30, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

I don't think you understand jazz at all. Maybe you once did. I suggest that you examine your life.

Article totally rewritten, or rather, written
And quite brilliantly, I might add. Not bad for someone who doesn't even really like this record. -Maggie --<IP_ADDRESS> 21:48, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Indeed, a good job.

 * Thanks, mate! Feel free to make changes/additions, of course. - Maggie --<IP_ADDRESS> 15:21, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Controversy? This article is unclear
This article offers no source for the "controversy" regarding Hubbard's playing. What controversy? The article cites his "effusive presence" as the culprit, but then later states that he is "uncharacteristically low-key".

 * I totally agree, and was about to say the same! I've never seen any controversy nor can I hear anything other than excellent playing by Hubbard!! Who has the authority to remove that stuff? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:54, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

A BAND IS/WAS AROUND BY THE SAME NAME
I THINK ITS A NU METAL BAND R SOMETHING LIKE THAT —Preceding unsigned comment added by AROO8 (talk • contribs) 01:58, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 06:40, 30 April 2016 (UTC)


text:
parum

Etymology
..

Adverb

 * 1) very little
 * 2) insufficient, not enough, too little
 * 1) insufficient, not enough, too little
 * 1) insufficient, not enough, too little

title: parum


text:
Wikipedia:Proposed article mergers/Holding cell

This page is an incomplete list of articles with consensus to merge awaiting someone to perform the merger. Please follow instructions at Help:Merging and read the relevant merger discussion before performing the merger. Using this process is strictly optional; mergers that are unlikely to be conversial can be performed boldly and if an editor already has committed to performing the merger there may be no reason to put it on this list. Together with placing the merger on this list the merge tags (merge, merge to or merge from) may be replaced with.


text:
Talk:World Economic Forum

Undue reporting of fringe conspiracy theories
We don't generally report original research by non-notable individuals, so why should we report baseless conspiracies created by nobody 'influencers'? The primary motivation of these people is the pay-per-view advertising that their 'channels' attract, so their business model is manufacture of nonsense to attract the gullible (first order- those who will really believe it; and second order- those who believe that anybody who matters will believe it.)

The latest addition describes a conspiracy theory that arises from the 'great reset' of traditional business models that the pandemic has caused. It is is trivial, ultra-fringe and IMO it is WP:undue to give it any airtime. Although it is cited from the New York Times (which should know better), Wikipedia does know better given that we have no deadlines and have time to reflect.

I propose to delete it unless someone can offer a convincing defence? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 09:18, 16 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The NYT explicitly debunks the theory in the headline and opening line of the article using the word "baseless". If for some reason it is not deleted, it should be corrected to include the keyword "baseless", otherwise we are not being true to the source. Slywriter (talk) 13:53, 16 February 2021 (UTC)

Has the section been deleted yet? I don't see any conspiracy theories under "The Great Reset" section, only claims cited on the WEF website. I do not see any mention of "The Great Reset" under the criticism section, either. Has the section you mention already been deleted? 2600:6C44:5500:30:B115:E50A:398A:8B54 (talk) 05:20, 9 August 2021 (UTC)

I think it's funny how it's never discussed the absence of "people" in the STATED goals of WEF. "The foundation's stated mission is "improving the state of the world (for whom? for bacteria? for people? for elites?) by engaging business, political, academic, and other leaders of society to shape global, regional, and industry agendas"." Funny and some more, rather, negative words. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:17, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The talk page of Wikipedia article is for discussing edits not a platform for personal views.
 * I'm also going to paste the second section of their mission statement:
 * "At the heart of our mission of improving the state of the world lies the belief in the power of human ingenuity, entrepreneurship, innovation and cooperation. We recognise the need for a forum fostering rigorous and respectful dialogue between and among leaders with different beliefs and viewpoints, where diversity of thought is respected and all voices can be heard." <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:07, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:54, 2 August 2021 (UTC)
 * 10-18-saif-gaddafi.jpg

Conflict of Interest

The article on the World Economic Forum includes more than 50 edits by User:Mikeh101, who served as Editorial Director at the World Economic Forum since October 2010, and Senior Director, Communications, from July 2013 to October 2018. It is hence a case of paid editing and should be highlighted as such.

Quote from the author's LinkedIn page: "Responsible for all content published by the World Economic Forum, I led a team of over 20 professionals to: Build the Forum's digital publishing (...) and drive content distribution through all social media channels". This has the touch that the team could see Wikipedia as an extension of their marketing channels, without ever labelling or highlighting the edits made as COI. I am highly concerned.

Is there any way to validate how many further edits have been made by members of the team, given that the team head has made 50+ edits himself alone?

Polynesia2024 (talk) 14:26, 13 November 2021 (UTC)
 * No, except to the extent that you (or somebody) can determine the names of all the members (ever) of that team and then match them (somehow) to user accounts at Wikipedia, then check the subset of their edits on WEF-related articles. Pretty rough sledding, that. — JohnFromPinckney (talk / edits) 21:26, 13 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I am just witnessing how the "paid editor" box on Klaus Schwab as CEO of the WEF gets extended more and more. There seem to be some very muddy waters in terms of paid Wikipedia edits by the World Economic Forum. --Polynesia2024 (talk) 10:20, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

Self-citing within article
It seems quite problematic that many of the citations for this article are from the WEF. Things should be either independently cited or stated as "According to the WEF ...". --Polynesia2024 (talk) 13:38, 14 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Absolutely they should. See also WP:PRIMARY, so you could tag the whole article with Primary sources. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 14:46, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

Dates
In the Activity section's table, there's no info from before 1988, when it was called the European Management Forum, even though the article implies they are the same Forum, since 1971, but renamed, and there is no separate article for it with the original name. Also, conferences before 2001 have no dates. Why is that? Was the conference less known or more private before that year? Who is like God? (talk) 15:51, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

Build Back Better
No mention of the BBB agenda? I guess Wikipedia is just another website that doesn't want to 'offend' their masters, the WEF. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:59, 8 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Not sure what that has to do with the WEF. X-Editor (talk) 20:43, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

 * There should be mention of the WEF Build Back Better agenda. Please see here, both are on the WEF website, To build back better, we must reinvent capitalism. Here's how in July 2020, and reiterated DAVOS AGENDA: To build back better, we need to rethink global subsidies (January 2021). I will check to see if there is any mention in this article as well as the WP Build Back Better World article. If not, I will address accordingly.--FeralOink (talk) 01:02, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

FOXNEWSPOLITICS, RSEDITORIAL, UNDUE
I reverted your edit per FOXNEWSPOLITICS & RSEDITORIAL. Neither source is reliable. Besides, the content inserted was just gossip (UNDUE). This is an encyclopedia, not the magazine at the grocery store checkout. An encyclopedia need not report DeSantis' or Musk's opinion of Schwab or Davos ("woke", "boring", "expressed negative emotions"). This is the second time you have tried to insert these two sources, but this time you also managed to delete an entire other paragraph with three citations without any explanation.

The first source is Fox News gossip and RSP tells us "For politics and science, there is consensus that the reliability of Fox News is unclear and that additional considerations apply to its use. As a result, Fox News is considered marginally reliable and generally does not qualify as a "high-quality source" for the purpose of substantiating exceptional claims in these topic areas."

The second source was written by Conrad Black, a man convicted of fraud. It is also clearly labelled an opinion piece. So it's not a reliable source. Grorp (talk) 06:51, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

No recent additions, entries appear stale and old
There are no recent (2023) additions to the WEF forum text. Fox news was only posted to express criticism from the right. There is currently more material on the absence of Russia in Davos, and the presence of Ukraine asking for arms, which I like to post. I also prefer Politico over Fox, but sources from opinion pieces can be posted in the criticism section, if cited correctly.Osterluzei (talk) 15:46, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

Multiple issues
Are the multiple issues listed still live? I haven't done a thorough check but on the surface, the article seems fine to me. 20WattSphere (talk) 01:49, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:World Economic Forum


text:
Inline sledge hockey

Inline sledge hockey is a sport with similar rules to inline hockey, and the same equipment with the exception of a sledge and an additional stick. Like inline hockey, which is essentially ice hockey played off ice using inline skates, inline sledge hockey is played in a sports hall and not on ice.

The sport was invented by British Paralympian Matthew Lloyd, and developed through several organizations including the Hull Stingrays ice hockey team, sports wheelchair manufacturers RGK, the British Sledge Hockey Association, Wheelpower, Paralympians United, and the British Inline Puck Hockey Association. Unlike other team sports such as Wheelchair Basketball and Wheelchair Rugby, there is no classification points system to determine who can be involved in play within inline sledge hockey. The sport is being developed to allow everyone, whether they have a disability or not, to compete up to World Championship level based on ability.

The first games of inline sledge hockey were played at the Veterans Inline Puck Hockey Tournament in Bisley, Surrey, England, on 19 and 20 December 2009. The games were played between the Hull Stingrays (captained by Nigel Wright) and Grimsby Redwings (captained by Natalie Calthorpe).

title: Inline sledge hockey


text:
Talk:NTTV

Fair use rationale for Image:NorthTexasTelevision.jpg
Image:NorthTexasTelevision.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:44, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on NTTV. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080828022308/http://lonestaremmy.org/_archives/2007_winners.php to http://lonestaremmy.org/_archives/2007_winners.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120213110501/http://lonestaremmy.org/_archives/2005_winners.php to http://lonestaremmy.org/_archives/2005_winners.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202814/http://lonestaremmy.org/_archives/2006_winners.php to http://lonestaremmy.org/_archives/2006_winners.php

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:58, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:NTTV


text:
LPI Linux Certification/LPI Permission

Date: Fri, 16 Jan 2004 14:33:06 -0500 From: "Wilma Silbermann"  To: "m strawser"  Subject: Re: reprinting of exam objectives

Hi there Mark,

We are pleased that you are creating more training material for the LPI exams and would have no problem approving your request to reprint the objectives as long as you ensure you show that LPI does not approve or endorse your book in any way.

You may use the logo in the same manner - please read the logo license;

https://www.lpi.org/en/logo.html

Please give me a call if you have any further concerns or questions on this or any other matter.

Thanks again for your support of LPI.

Wilma

title: LPI Linux Certification/LPI Permission


text:
User:Antonvip85/sandbox

About
“The Order of Sin Eaters” is a religious and philosophical doctrine which appeared in I-II centuries AD after the unification of Christian ideas of divine incarnation of God’s son into a man with Judaic Monotheism, Buddhism, Hinduism and pantheistical buildings of pagan religions. The Order’s doctrine is based on the following formulae: “Faith of knowledge”. “The Order of Sin Eaters” is different from other gnostic beliefs which orthodox theologians declared heresy in that it was never persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church and up to this day it remains a Christian religious trend in non-canonical rite form.

History
First mentions of the Rite date back to the early-middle of the IV century BC in the territory of Sumerian civilization – a historical region of Southern Mesopotamia (situated in southern part of modern Iraq). Parallel to this, trails of the similar Rite can be found in the territory of Ancient Egypt (a historical region and culture of significant civilization of the Ancient world situated in the north-eastern part of Africa along the lower Nile’s flow). The most probable time of the Rite’s formation is a pre-historic period as evidenced by the similarity in time of the Rite’s first mentions in different cultures of the so-called “cradle of civilization”. The moment when biological species Homo sapiens became aware of finiteness of life and inevitability of death. The arrival of “proto-writing” (pictography) led to the first mentions of human’s attempts to study life after death and ways to prepare for it.

From ideological point of view the Rite is kind of a big religious and philosophic trend which now has a modern name “Culture of Death”. There is also a close spiritual connection with such works as “Pyramid Texts” (Ancient Kingdom), “Coffin Texts” (Middle Kingdom), later “Book of Coming Forth by Day”, Indian Book of the Dead (conventional name of the 18th book of Atharvaveda containing mantras accompanying funeral rituals), “Bardo Thodol” and others.

The Rite
Sin is suffering!

“A sin eater is a person who has the capacity to sence, draw out and consume the suffering of others. A sin eater takes suffering upon himself hoping that the freed soul can find its way back to God. Historically a sin was carried over from the dead to the living through food, often through bread, salt and cheese lying on the chest of the deceased and then consumed by the sin eater.” «Sin Eater» Isaac DeLuca.

“… the spirit of the deceased is offered a part of all food, both solid and liquid, of each meal. These food is placed in a bowl in front of the corpse; and then, after the spirit of the deceased has extracted from the food thus offered the subtle invisible essences, the food is thrown away." «Bardo Thodol» Foreword by Lāma Anagarika Govinda.

The Rite of “Sin Eating” is performed on a dead or dying man. In some cases, for instance, if a man committed suicide or death occurred under unclear circumstances, the rite may take place whenever possible regardless of the time passed after the moment of death. Sin eating is different form exoteric absolution during funeral service in that the sins of the dead are transferred to the priests of the Order who perform the rite.

In different cultures we record different features of the eating rite. For instance, Aztek Goddess of fertility Tlazolteotl purified souls of the dying by eating all the “filth”; that’s what her name literally means “consuming filth” (sins). Thus Tlazolteotl cleansed the dead of their sins.

In Russia
In Russia, for example, in many distant regions since ancient times till now there is a custom to lay a pancake on a dead man’s face and then on commemoration day, they propose a priest to eat it so as to purify the dead from sin. Knowing this, some priests refuse to eat at a wake, especially that very pancake, because they don’t want to take responsibility for sins of the deceased. Another example is a widely spread Russian tradition to bring eggs and cakes on relatives’ graves at Easter. This custom has nothing to do with Christianity and originates from the ancient times and from the Rite we described above. Apparently, the food is brought so that the poor and homeless could eat it and thus to consume sins of the dead. Currently, the Order is restored in Russia

External Sources
1. Website http://ordpg.ru/

2. Sin Eater: A Ministry of Suffering by Isaac Deluca on books.google.com

3. The Weird but True History of Sin Eaters

4. Tlazolteotl: The Goddess of Filth

title: User:Antonvip85/sandbox


text:
Ramón Ortiz y Miera

Ramón Ortiz y Miera (commonly Padre Ramón Ortiz) (28 January 1814 – 11 March 1896) was a Mexican priest who helped organize armed resistance during the Mexican–American War of 1846 to 1848, and who was frustrated by the U.S. authorities in his efforts to repatriate Hispanic residents from New Mexico to the republic of Mexico after the war.

Early career
Ramón Ortiz y Miera was born in Santa Fé, Nuevo México (now New Mexico), on 28 January 1814, the youngest of eleven children of don Antonio Ortiz and doña Teresa Miera. The Ortiz family of Santa Fé was well-connected, descended from early Spanish settlers in Mexico. His father was one of the three leading candidates to be the first (and, as it turned out, the last) representative for New Mexico in the Cortes Generales of Spain. When Ramón Ortiz was baptized his godparents were the governor of New Mexico at the time, Lieutenant Colonel don José Manrique, and the governor's wife, doña Inez Tellez. Ortiz's sister, Ana María, married Lieutenant Colonel José Antonio Vizcarra, who was governor of New Mexico from 1822–1823.

At the age of 18 Ramón Ortiz moved to Durango to study theology under Bishop José Antonio Laureano de Zubiría. He was appointed parish priest of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe in El Paso del Norte (now Ciudad Juárez) in 1836, where he had a spacious house surrounded by orchards and vineyards. He was known for his hospitality to visitors. These included Northerners, as recorded by Susan Shelby Magoffin.

Conflict with the United States
In 1841 the Texan Santa Fe Expedition was launched by a group of soldiers and traders from the Republic of Texas, pushing through New Mexico towards Santa Fe. Before reaching Santa Fe the expedition was defeated by Mexican troops, and the survivors were captured and marched to Mexico City. When the Texan prisoners passed through El Paso, maltreated by their captors and exhausted by the rigors of the desert crossing, Padre Ortiz gave them food and drink and helped them recover. However, he was a fierce nationalist and took advantage of the pulpit to communicate his hostility to United States expansionism.

When the Mexican–American War broke out in the spring of 1846, Ortiz helped to organize armed resistance. He was captured at the Battle of El Brazito on 25 December 1846. Colonel Alexander William Doniphan took him along as a hostage on his advance to the city of Chihuahua, while allowing him to perform his priestly duties to the Catholics among the U.S. troops. Ortiz was a witness to the Battle of the Sacramento River and to the defeat of Chihuahua. After administering to the casualties, he was given his freedom. Ortiz had powerful friends, and after the war he temporarily left the church to run for congress, winning a seat in Mexico City. On 13 May 1848 he voted against ratifying the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which had been concluded on 2 February 1848 between Mexico and the United States. He was in the minority, and the motion to ratify the treaty was passed.

Repatriation commission
Father Ortiz was made commissioner for repatriating Mexican families from New Mexico after the war, leaving for the north in September 1848. He was held up in El Paso del Norte by poor weather, and began to actively recruit migrants while there, finding many people in the border region keen to be helped to move to Chihuahua State. The majority of the people seeking repatriation were from the poorest classes. They either had no land or expected that what they had would be taken from them. They were afraid that the U.S. would treat them as slaves. More immediately, the combination of war and bad weather had left them in a desperate economic condition.

In April 1849 Father Ortiz arrived in Santa Fe, where he was welcomed by Governor John M. Washington and Territorial Secretary Donaciano Vigil, who both thought he was unlikely to succeed and even offered to supply transport to Mexicans seeking repatriation. Their mood changed quickly when the people of San Miguel del Vado alone submitted 900 requests for repatriation assistance. Vigil, backed up by the U.S. military, said that Ortiz could not conduct recruitment in person since his presence would disturb the peace. Ortiz then appointed agents to recruit New Mexico families, and they met with considerable success. In response Vigil cracked down further on recruitment. The United States position was that the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had not covered repatriation, and Ortiz's activity was therefore illegal.

Later career
In mid-1849 Ortiz was forced to return from the United States to Chihuahua, where the Governor, General Ángel Trías, granted him powers to "announce and give possession of the land needed to form new towns." The Mexican government made an official protest to the United States over the way in which Father Ortiz had been harassed. Almost 4,000 people from New Mexico eventually decided to make the move south. The main towns in Chihuahua built by repatriates from New Mexico were Guadelupe (1849), La Mesilla (1850), Refugio de los Amoles (1852) and San Tómas de Iturbide (1853). However, the Mexican government's promises of assistance to the repatriates with supplies of seed, were not fulfilled. Some of the colonists moved again, often to the United States. The repatriate settlers in the Mesilla valley including La Mesilla, Refugio de los Amoles (now Vado) and San Tómas de Iturbide (now Berino) found themselves transferred back to the United States involuntarily in 1854 as a result of the Gadsden Purchase.

In Texas and California, many Mexican families had been attacked and expelled from the United States. By contrast, the New Mexican military government did not want to see the state depopulated. Since the Mexican government did not provide the promised incentives to repatriates, as Father Ortiz had urged, most residents of New Mexico chose to remain in the United States. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave guarantees that they could retain their property if they chose to remain. They could formally elect Mexican citizenship or, by default, would become U.S. citizens after one year. Some, such as Miguel Antonio Otero and Donaciano Vigil, became wealthy and prominent in politics in the United States.

In 1853 Ortiz was subject to an investigation by the Foreign Ministry into his activities as repatriation commissioner in which he was accused of mishandling funds allocated to the new colonies. The main complainant was the last (acting) Governor of New Mexico, Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid. Ortiz was replaced by the prominent local politician Guadalupe Miranda. Becoming disillusioned with politics, Ortiz returned to parochial duties in El Paso del Norte. He died there of cancer on 11 March 1896, and was buried after a funeral that was attended by thousands of people.

title: Ramón Ortiz y Miera