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Symsagittifera roscoffensis

Symsagittifera roscoffensis, also called the Roscoff worm, the mint-sauce worm, or the shilly-shally worm, is a marine worm belonging to the phylum Xenacoelomorpha. The origin and nature of the green color of this worm stimulated the intrigued zoologists in the 1870's. It was discovered that the coloring resulted from the symbiosis between the animal and a green micro-algae, the species Tetraselmis convolutae, hosted under its epidermis. It is the photosynthetic activity of the micro-algae in hospite (in the host’s body) that provides the essential nutrients for the worm. This partnership is called photosymbiosis, from "photo", "light", and symbiosis "who lives with". These photosynthetic marine animals live in colonies (up to several million individuals) on the tidal zone.

Biology and ecology
Although roscoffensis means "who comes from Roscoff", this flatworm is not endemic to Roscoff or North Brittany. Its geographical distribution extends over the Atlantic coast of Europe; colonies were observed from Wales to the south of Portugal.

130 years of history
In 1879, at the Station Biologique de Roscoff founded by Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers, the British biologist Patrick Geddes pondered the nature and origin of the green compound of a local acoela he called Convoluta schultzii. He succinctly described "chlorophyll-containing cells" and the presence of associated starch "as in plant chlorophyll grains".

In 1886, French biologist Yves Delage published a detailed histological study describing (among other things) the nervous system and the sense organs of the same Roscoff acoela, Convoluta schultzii. In this article Delage also inquired as to "the nature of zoochlorella (i.e. micro-algae): are they real algae? Where do they come from? What are the symbiotic relationships that unite them to their commensal?"

In 1891, Ludwig von Graff, a German zoologist from the University of Graz and a specialist in acoela, undertook a taxonomic redescription of the Roscoff acoela at the Station Biologique de Roscoff. His works highlight a taxonomic confusion in the previous works of Geddes and Delage: "... the researches made in Roscoff and on the Adriatic coasts showed me that the green convoluta of the Adriatic (Convoluta schultzii)  ... is specifically different from the green Convoluta of Roscoff. I have preserved for the first one the old name Convoluta schultzii, for the second I give the name of Convoluta roscoffensis." The species name roscoffensis is thus a tribute to the Station Biologique de Roscoff and Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers. In this article, von Graff also writes about zoochlorella (i.e. micro-algae) "Although they undoubtedly derive from algae ... they represent however, in their current state of adaptation, a specific tissue of the worm dedicated to assimilation".

It is in an academic book entitled Plant-Animals published in 1912 by Frederick Keeble, the co-discoverer of the nature and the origin of micro-algae, where a set of works is describing the specific relationship between Convoluta roscoffensis and its photosynthetic partners.

The 1960's brought with them a better understanding that called upon emerging electron microscopical techniques. Luigi Provasoli, a pioneering micro-algologist in the art of isolating and cultivating micro-algae, maintained for several years between 1965 and 1967 in New York (Haskins Laboratories, now in Connecticut) generations of S. roscoffensis directly received from the Station Biologique de Roscoff. Thus generations of non-symbiotic juveniles were born in New York and were used to test the specificity of association between S. roscoffensis and different species of micro-algae. A century after its formal description, in 1991, thanks to the techniques of molecular biology and the emerging tools of bioinformatics, the phylogeny of acoela was revisited and modified: the green Convoluta of Roscoff, Convoluta roscoffensis became Symsagittifera roscoffensis, the "Roscoff worm".

Biotope and ethology
Symsagittifera roscoffensis lives in the tidal balancing zone, preferentially in a sandy substrate, poor in organic matter. The accumulation of the latter generates reduced, hypoxic or anoxic conditions, which promote the development of anaerobic bacteria releasing compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) incompatible with the oxygen requirements of the worm.

Circatidal rhythms (dynamic alternation of high and low tides) influence the behavior of these animals that migrate vertically at each tide: at rising tide the colonies sink into the sand, they rise to the surface at the beginning of the ebb tide and become visible in interstitial seawater flowing. Sand particle size is an important factor because it determines the ease of vertical movements of the worms. The latter always remain in contact with seawater when the interstitial flows dry up during the ebb tide, and are also protected (buried in the sand) at rising tide, from dispersive effects of the waves.

The colonies are located on the upper part of the foreshore, which is the least long-term covered layer of water during the tidal cycle. Colonies of S. roscoffensis are therefore in this place theoretically exposed to the longest light exposure to maximize the photosynthetic activity of micro-algae partners. Light is an essential biotic factor since the photosynthetic activity of algae in hospite is the only contribution to nutrient intake for the animals.

The works of Louis Martin refer to the presence of S. roscoffensis in the interstitial seawater flows at low tide nights showing bright reflection of the Sun on the Moon. The latter has also shown that the worms, captive in the laboratory, gather mostly on the surface of the container when the tide is low and migrate to the bottom when the tide is high. In the thermo and photo-regulated chambers where the worms do not physically perceive the rising or falling tide, this vertical oscillation persists for 4 to 5 days and is then gradually lost and evolves in fine in a random occupation of the space in the container.

Another movement characteristic to the species, sometimes observed in puddles of seawater and in the laboratory, brings together hundreds or even thousands of individuals to realize a circular procession. Modeling work shows that this social behavior is self-organized and is initiated by the movement of an individual who drives the worms to its proximity, thereby propagating the movement to an increasing density of worms that move in a coordinated way. Symsagittifera roscoffensis is thus a model for studying and understanding how individual behavior can lead to collective behavior.

As early as 1924, zoologists observed the behavior of S. roscoffensis in response to the acidification of its environment. After forced diffusion of CO2 (carbon dioxide) gas into seawater, the dissolved CO2 concentration increases until the medium is saturated and generates carbonic acid and releases an H+ ion (CO2 + H2O ⇔ H+ + HCO3–). The increase in H+ ions causes a decrease in pH and therefore an increase in acidity. Under the effect of the abrupt and pronounced decrease of the pH, S. roscoffensis contracts, turns on itself, then gradually expels its algal partners. The worm gradually loses its green color and usually dies after a few hours. This experience mimics the effects of ocean acidification, which is today the major consequence (with the rise in temperatures) of anthropogenic activities, particularly the combustion of fossil fuels, which generates very high concentrations of CO2. This photosymbiotic system "S.roscoffensis / T. convolutae" allows to explore and evaluate the effect of acidification on oceanic photosymbiotic species, the most emblematic of which are corals. Coral bleaching, which results mainly from the rise in ocean temperature but which is aggravated with acidification, results in the dissociation of the algae / animal partnership leading to the expulsion of the algae. Although it may be reversible, bleaching is a direct illustration of the environmental changes that are threatening more and more coral reefs and the many associated species.

Anatomy of the adult and reproduction of the species
The adult worm is about 4 to 5 mm long. In the anterior part (the head), there is a statocyst or otolith: a gravito-sensor that allows the worm to orient itself in space and to show a negative geotropism (a mechanical stimulus against the wall of a tube containing worms triggers their active dive to the bottom of the tube).

The worm has two photoreceptors flanking the statocyst: the perception of light allows the worm to move towards illuminated environments: one speak of positive phototropism. This adaptation likely maximizes the probability of encounter between the free microalga and the non-symbiotic juvenile which also presents this positive phototropism. S. roscoffensis, exposed to different light intensities tends to move and expose itself to higher intensities than those at which free micro-algae perform optimal photosynthesis. Other works have shown experimentally that if it has the choice, the photosymbiotic worm avoids exposing itself to extreme light conditions: either too weak or too strong. In its environment, it is suspected that a temporary burying allows to escape to too strong intensities (photoinhibition).

This worm has a central (brain) and peripheral nervous system. When one amputates the anterior part ("the head" containing the brain), one can observe a capacity of regeneration of the whole central nervous system in about twenty days with a joint recovery of the normal behavior. However, the different biological functions are not regenerated at the same speed: if the phototropism, which is associated with the regeneration of the photoreceptors, is recovered quickly, the geotropism, which is associated with the regeneration of the statocyst, is not recovered for several weeks.

S. roscoffensis does not have a circulatory blood system: the diffusion of oxygen through the tissues is passive. Part of this oxygen also comes from the photosynthetic activity of the in hospite algae.

The surface of the animal is abundantly ciliated and strewn with numerous mucus-secreting glands. Mucus provides a physical network allowing the worms to move in the seeps of seawater. An in-depth study on the behavior of S. roscoffensis in situ explains that the only possibility for the worm to move horizontally is to make a support (invisible to the naked eye) which is nothing other than a matrix synthesized from secreted mucus. The animals do not slide directly on the sand but "give the impression of sliding on an invisible surface".

The author of this study hypothesized that animals, moving "above" the sandy substrate, would also receive more light by reflecting light rays, taking advantage of more photosynthesis and hence nutrient transfer for the worm.

Secreted mucus is also an interface (biofilm) between the animal and its environment. Specific bacterial populations develop and appear to be hosted in the mucus, being hence intimately involved in the worm biology.

This triptych (animal + micro-algae + bacterial consortium) is a good example of the Holobiont paradigm that explains that an organism (animal or plant) is a complex and dynamic association involving microbial populations necessary for development, growth and to some extent, for the life of the organism.

S. roscoffensis does not have a digestive system at any time during its development. However, on its ventral side there is an orifice considered as "a mouth" which allows it to ingest (without digesting) the micro-algae Tetraselmis convolutae. The latter gives access to a digestive syncytium through which the future micro-algae in hospite is first vacuolated (it loses its flagella and its theca) then transits to be finally located under the epidermis of the animal without being internalized in the cells but in contact and between the cells of the worm.

Symsagittifera roscoffensis also has a muscular system consisting of a complex network of transversal, longitudinal, circular and dorsal-ventral muscle fibers.

This worm is a hermaphrodite but does not self-fertilize: it must mate with a partner to reproduce. Mature spermatozoa are produced at the posterior end of the animal. The oocytes are fertilized by the spermatozoa of the partners who are stored, after mating, in a spermatheca. This spermatheca is connected to the oocytes by one canal. Each gravid individual will produce from the mucus that it secretes abundantly a transparent cocoon in which are released the fertilized oocytes. Embryos, whose number varies and can reach twenty, develop synchronously. In the laboratory and depending on the rearing conditions, after 4 to 5 days, the juveniles hatch, escape from the cocoon and begin their quest for the photosynthetic partner. If the micro-algae is not ingested, the non-symbiotic juveniles in the laboratory die after about 20 days.

Phylogeny: incertae sedis?
In 1886, Yves Delage wondered about the simplicity of the acoela body plan organization: is it the consequence of a loss, of regressions of characters during the evolution or the acoels preserved, for certain characters, an ancestral body plan organization? These flatworms were first assimilated to Turbellaria within the phylum plathelminthes, mainly on the basis of morphological resemblances. After numerous phylogenetics and phylogenomics studies, these acoela worms were placed within the subphylum Acoelomorpha phylum Xenacoelomorpha.

The phylogenetic position of the acoela is unstable and has been the subject of much discussion: arguments place them at the base of the bilaterians, before the deuterostomians/protostomians dichotomy, while others place them rather at the base of deuterostomians. Regardless of their phylogenetic position within metazoans, acoela may have retained some ancestral traits of bilaterians during evolution and thus represent an object of study that would potentially help to better understand the diversification of body plan organization in animals with bilateral symmetry.

Discovery and characteristics of the partner micro-algae
Neither Geddes (1879), who observed the presence of starch and chlorophyll in the green cells present in the tissues, nor Delage (1886) and Haberlandt (1891) had formally been able to identify their origin and nature, however, suspecting micro-algae.

In 1901, in Roscoff, William Gamble and Frederick Keeble began to study these green cells in hospite and tried to isolate them and put them into cultivation—with no success. In 1905, they observed non-symbiotic juveniles that were greening as they had hatched from cocoons, originally laid in unfiltered seawater, but transferred and incubated in filtered seawater. They hypothesized that the factor infecting juveniles and conferring the green color was probably on the surface or inside the cocoon.

In a second experiment, they removed empty cocoons (post-hatching) initially contained in unfiltered seawater and then transferred and incubated them in filtered seawater. After 3 weeks, they observed in the filtered seawater a greening of these cocoons and the accumulation of unicellular organisms green and flagellated. This experiment allowed to isolate these green microorganisms. The microscopic observations of these cells showed characteristics of the micro-algae, showing (among other things) the presence of a violet color after treatment with iodine, revealing the presence of starch, diagnosis of photosynthetic activity. The contact between non-symbiotic juveniles, reared under sterile conditions, with these flagellate green cells allowed to induce photosymbiosis: these founding works demonstrated that the green cells in hospite were in fact flagellated microalgae in the free living state and that they were the "infective" factor causing the green coloration of adults (absent in non-symbiotic juveniles). Thus, there is no vertical transmission of the symbionts (transmitted by the parents) but a horizontal acquisition at each new generation (i.e., the symbionts are in the environment).

Tetraselmis convolutae belongs to the class Chlorodendrophyceae within the division Chlorophyta. This alga has remarkable characteristics, including four flagella, a theca (polysaccharide envelope) and a vacuole (stigma or "eyespot") that contains photo-receptor molecules. T. convolutae lives in the free living state in the water column but is mainly benthics. Thus, in hospite, the alga does not have the same phenotype as in the free living state: it no longer has its flagella, its theca and stigma. These phenotypical differences did not allow Geddes, Delage and Haberlandt to deduce that the green cells in the tissues could have been micro-algae.

Modus vivendi: a highly integrated partnership—not only additive
Few works describe the trophic nature of the exchanges between the animal and its photosynthetic partners. The photosynthetic activity provides, in addition to oxygen, various organic compounds: amino acids, proteins, polysaccharides and fatty acids. The photosynthetic partner is estimated to provide S. roscoffensis with 174% body C d−1 ind−1.

Micro-algae recycle uric acid (coming from the worm's nitrogen metabolism) for the synthesis of its amino acids / proteins. The assimilation of uric acid by S. roscoffensis has attracted the attention of early experimenters, including Louis Destouches aka Louis Ferdinand Céline who carried out work on the physiology of these animals and who concluded in 1920 "that it is therefore very likely that symbiotic exchanges lead to the transformation of uric acid into nitrogenous food for zoochlorella". Douglas has formally shown that endogenous uric acid from the worm (derived from its metabolism) is a source of nitrogen for micro-algae and that non-symbiotic juveniles contain uric acid crystals that disappear 15 to 20 days after the establishment of symbiosis. However, the author proposes that if exogenous uric acid is not used by the worm and that if its concentration in the medium culture decreases over time it is because of a bacterial activity associated with the animals.

Near resurgences rich in nitrate, in intertidal areas where live S. roscoffensis, worms are able to assimilate significant amounts of nitrate depending on the exposure and intensity of light. This quantity is ten times greater than that absorbed by the alga in the free living state. So, S. roscoffensis could be a major nitrate interceptor.

In the tissues of the animal, the micro-algae produces a sulfur compound, DMSP (dimethylsulfoniopropionate), which also diffuses into the environment. This compound is generally degraded enzymatically by DMSP-lyases to acrylic acid and DMS (Dimethyl sulfide). However, no DMSP-lyase activity was measured in cultures of Tetraselmsis convolutae alone. Bacterial DMSP-lyase activity has been hypothesized to explain the presence of DMS and acrylic acid in colonies of S. roscoffensis. It is likely that S. roscoffensis mucus (such as the mucus of other photosymbiotic animals such as corals) harbor specific bacterial populations expressing DMSP-lyases. DMSP is a sulfur compound that exhibit, among other things, a repellent property that could confer a chemical barrier explaining the absence of known or observed predators and as a consequence the abundance of worms within colonies.

title: Symsagittifera roscoffensis


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Bonney Forge Corporation

Bonney Forge was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1876 by Charles S. Bonney. Originally Bonney Forge crafted forged and finished hardware for horse-drawn wagons, later it became a manufacturer of automotive hand tools, and now it is a manufacturer of fittings and unions, branch connections, steel valves and specialty products.

In 1953, Bonney Forge was taken over by the Miller Manufacturing Company of Detroit, Michigan. In 1964, the firm sold its tool division to Kelsey-Hayes Corp. of Romulus, Michigan. The firm was later acquired by Gulf and Western Industries. Gulf and Western sold the firm to its president John Leone in 1984.

The company was for many years based in Allentown, Pennsylvania, where it had some of its manufacturing operations. Bonney Forge also had manufacturing operations in Alliance, Ohio, Orangeburg, South Carolina and near Milan, Italy.

Plant closures
In March 1964, Bonney Forge closed its manufacturing plant in Allentown after it moved manufacturing operations from there to the Mount Union, Pennsylvania. In August 2001, Bonney Forge closed its manufacturing plant in Allentown because the plant building could not be modernized to handle a new press.

Distribution
Bonney Forge valves are broadly distributed internationally, prominently through HSP Valves in the UK, The Alloy Valve Stockist in Spain, and AIV in the US.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bonney Forge Corporation


text:
Bruske

Bruske may refer to:

 * Jim Bruske (born 1964), American baseball player
 * Paul H. Bruske (1877–1956), American writer, journalist, advertising executive, and sportsman

title: Bruske


text:
Haushalt

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (earlier ). .

Noun

 * 1) household collectively, all the persons who live in a given home
 * 2)  budget itemized summary of intended expenditure and expected revenue
 * 3) housework domestic chores
 * 4)  balance
 * 1) housework domestic chores
 * 2)  balance
 * 1) housework domestic chores
 * 2)  balance
 * 1)  balance
 * 1)  balance

title: Haushalt


text:
Cookbook:Samosa

| Cuisine of India | Vegan cuisine

Ingredients

 * ¼ kg potatoes
 * Green peas combined
 * 2 onions, sliced
 * 2 green chiles, chopped
 * Spices (optional)
 * 2 mint leaves
 * 2 sprigs of cilantro (coriander)
 * Maida (all-purpose flour)
 * Water
 * Olive oil or vegetable oil
 * Salt
 * Vegetable oil, for deep frying

Procedure

 * 1) Steam the potatoes and peas separately. Cut the potatoes into small pieces.
 * 2) Heat a dash of olive oil in a frying pan. Add onions and chilis, and sauté until the onions turn transparent.
 * 3) Add the potatoes, peas, and spices. Sauté them while stirring until they are completely cooked.
 * 4) Add mint leaves, and coriander leaves.
 * 5) Mix the flour with enough water to make a stiff dough. Knead in 1 tablespoon of oil and a pinch of table salt. Knead it well.
 * 6) Roll dough into even-sized balls (about 3.5 cm in diameter) and roll them out into circles using a rolling pin.
 * 7) Cut each circle in half to make semi-circles.
 * 8) Place a spoonful of the vegetable mixture onto the dough semi-circles, and fold on three sides to make each one into a pyramid shape.
 * 9) Deep fry the samosas until golden and crispy.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Multiple variations are possible for filling. Lamb and other meats work well with samosa, as do peppers, rice, paneer and mince (keema).

title: Cookbook:Samosa


text:
User:Praxidicae/ayurveda

 * Examples of treatments pushed by AYUSH included a homeopathic medicine containing diluted arsenic, an Ayurvedic drug developed
 * part of the Modi-led government’s response has been marked by pseudoscientific remedies like homoeopathy to semi-scientific Ayurveda treatments, all backed by AYUSH.
 * Thus, by modern scientific principles, Ayurveda cannot be considered a science as it relies too heavily on largely untested hypotheses and metaphysics. Similarly, it is vital to ward off the pseudoscientific elements of Ayurveda, which endanger people’s health and undermine the legitimacy of evidence-based medicine (EBM) by mere association.
 * His remarks raise fundamental issues related to science and scientific outlook on the one hand and non-science, pseudoscience, superstition, sorcery, blind faith and rituals on the other.
 * Pseudoscience is extremely common in India and we even have a government Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy…Yes! HOMEOPATHY) dedicated to peddling pseudoscience
 * Most current ayurveda research can be classified as "tooth fairy science,"

title: User:Praxidicae/ayurveda


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Talk:Dave Sims

Missing Dave Sims page
There was a different, much longer, Dave Sims page, that was here, and I and others had made changes to it. It seems to have disappeared, and replaced with this older one. (Or maybe just all edits over the last few months were lost). Anyone know anything about this? Simon12 17:45, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I discovered that it had been copied from a biography on the AthletiSense website, so I deleted it and restored the revisions before that. Then I rewrote it with some additional information from the current news cycle. --Michael Snow 18:25, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks. Simon12 03:11, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Dave Sims. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121011002957/http://coachk.com/coach-k-media/sirius-xm-radio-show/ to http://coachk.com/coach-k-media/sirius-xm-radio-show/
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:43, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Sims


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User:Cassiopeia/NPPS/Tasks

Hello, welcome to your New Page Patrol School page! Every person I instruct will have their own page on which I will give them support and tasks for them to complete. Please make sure you have this page added to your watchlist. Your NPP School page has been specifically designed according to you and what you have requested instruction in - for that reason, please be as specific as possible when under my instruction, so that I know the best ways to help you (and do not be afraid to let me know if you think something isn't working).

Make sure you read through Notability as that's the knowledge which most of the questions I ask you and tasks you do will revolve around.

This page will be built up over your time in the Academy, with new sections being added as you complete old ones. Each section will end with a task, written in bold type - this might just ask a question, or it might require you to go and do something. You can answer a question by typing the answer below the task; if you have to do something, you will need to provide diffs to demonstrate that you have completed the task. Some sections will have more than one task, sometimes additional tasks may be added to a section as you complete them. Please always sign your responses to tasks as you would on a talk page.
 * How to use this page

If both the instructor and student make completing the course curriculum a top priority, it will generally take around a month to go through the entirety of the curriculum. This pace is not required or necessarily expected, but rather is provided in order to give participants an idea of what to expect.

Notability
 PART 1

When patrolling or reviewing an article, you may often come across articles do not meet the WP:N guidelines, but the editors make the edits in good faith. Please read WP:AGF and do not WP:BITE the new editors.

 * A. Notability is a test guidelines to decide whether a given topic warrants its own article in Wikipedia mainspace. Please read What Wikipedia is not, General Notability Guidelines, Specific Notability Guidelines, Stand-alone list before completing the following tasks.

General notability guidelines
1. In your own words, why it is important to WP:AGF and not WP:BITE new editors.

Answer:

2. In your own words, how is notability defined in Wikipedia?

Answer:

3. Does a step by step instructions on how to "Change a car tire" considered a notable topic in Wikipedia?

Answer:

4. What are the differences between A WP:GNG and a specific notability guidelines? how do we determine which one to use when patrolling an article?

Answer:

Specific notability guidelines
5. If an editor creates an article about "2028 Summer Olympics" in 2024 without providing any sources, is the subject considered not notable and why?

Answer:

 * B.  Without considered of sources/content policies and review just based on "subject specific notability" (SSN) "alone" for sake of the exercises below,  please answer if the subject meets the SSN guidelines, based on the given content below, and specify under (1) which notability criteria they meet or fail (example - MUSICBI#1 if certain sub set of criteria is applicable) and (2) reasons/explanations.

6. A New York city based 2023 start up software company, specializing in data mining, has just received a USD 200K investor fund.

Answer:

7. Guram Kutateladze is a mixed martial arts fighter who fights under Ultimate Fighting Championships with a record MMA record of 12-4.

Answer:

8. A upcoming action drama title "Suleiman the Great" based on the the life of Suleiman the Magnificent, was reported will be in production in February 2024 and to be released on August 2024 in the cinemas.

Answer:

9. A political candidates, without any previous or current political position, who is running for November 2024 election for a Senator position in United States with multiple local newspapers coverage of his candidacy.

Answer:

10. A singer who self produced his first album in May 2023 and his songs are listed in Spotify.

Answer:

 * C. Based on  which SSN guidelines the below subjects are notable under (1) which notability criteriaMUSICBI#1 (if certain sub set of criteria is applicable) and (2) reasons/explanations

11. Carlos Alós-Ferrer

Answer:

12. Alistair Overeem

Answer:

13. Jennifer Lopez

Answer:

14. Three Mile Island accident

Answer:

15. Persepolis

Answer:

Background for trainees

 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia for such content claimed should be supported by independent (secondary), reliable sources for verification. Please read WP:RS, WP:IS, WP:RSP, WP:V, WP:PROVEIT, WP:Primary, WP:Secondary and WP:Tertiary. WP:New page patrol source guide and WP:Reliable sources/Perennial sources may be a useful reference for looking up the reliability of a source that have been discussed before on Wikipedia.

and answered the the below questions in your own words.
 * You can contact WP:RX if you could not find the sources yourself either on the web due to paywalls or offline-only sources.

---

Exercises

 * 1.

 * 2.

 * 3.

-

Answer:
 * 4. Please explain in your own words why the content claimed needs to be verified?

Answer:
 * 5.Could we used Wikipedia as the source? and why?

Answer:
 * 6.Give an example and explain why a source is reliable but not independent of a subject?

Answer:
 * 7.Give an example and explain why a source is independent source but not reliable?

--
 * Pls indicate "y" for yes or "n" for no or "?" after "ind", "rel" and "sig" (see first example) and give a brief explanation of why you place "y" or "n".

Example Article about Bill Gates

Martina Hingis is a Swiss former professional tennis player. She won five Grand Slam singles titles. Hingis was one of the highest-paid female athletes in 2000. She retired in November 2007 after being hampered by a hip injury for several months and testing positive for a metabolite of cocaine during that year's Wimbledon Championships, which led to a two-year suspension from the sport.
 * 8. Hingis RG16 (10)<PHONE_NUMBER>1).jpg

 * 11. Please answer if the subject meets the "subject specific notability" guidelines, Which subject specific  notability based on the given content above, and specify under (1) which notability criteria they meet or fail (example - MUSICBI#1 if certain sub set of criteria is applicable) and (2) reasons/explanations.

Answer:

 * Pls indicate "y" for yes or "n" or "?" for no after "ind", "rel" and "sig" (see first example) and give a brief explanation of why you place "y" or "n".

Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. His creative period spanned more than 70 years. He works includes The Guggenheim, swirling, snail-shaped museum in the middle of Manhattan. Fallingwater, which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture." This is one of Wright's most famous private residences (completed 1937), was built for Mr. and Mrs. Edgar J. Kaufmann, Sr., at Mill Run, Pennsylvania. Constructed over a 30-foot waterfall, it was designed according to Wright's desire to place the occupants close to the natural surroundings. The house was intended to be more of a family getaway, rather than a live-in home.
 * 12. Wrightfallingwater.jpg, Mill Run, Pennsylvania (1937)]]

 * 13. Please answer if the subject meets the "subject specific notability" guidelines, Which subject specific  notability based on the given content above, and specify under (1) which notability criteria they meet or fail (example - MUSICBI#1 if certain sub set of criteria is applicable) and (2) reasons/explanations.

Answer:

Jordan Lennon (born February 22, 2000), is a British film producer and actor. Lennon is currently a member of BAFTA. He continues to work aside 20th Century Fox, Warner Bros, Wicked Wales, Capture Studios, Cineworld, Paramount Pictures, and Rockefeller Foundation.
 * 14. Phoenix King.jpg

At age 16, the Vice President of 20th Century Fox, Paul Higginson. Who previously worked on Star Wars, Titanic, and Independence Day took on Jordan and Rowan Snow as a mentor. In December 2018, Jordan and Rowan finished British Film Academy. Jordan lived in Skelmersdale for 10 years before moving to Rhyl, North Wales. He's currently writing 'Stranger in the Night' scrreenplay for Warner Brothers.

 * 15. Please answer if the subject meets the "subject specific notability" guidelines, Which subject specific  notability based on the given content above, and specify under (1) which notability criteria they meet or fail (example - MUSICBI#1 if certain sub set of criteria is applicable) and (2) reasons/explanations.

Answer:

 * 16. Bryan Adams Guadalajara 2006 dsc02642.jpg

"Can't Stop This Thing We Started" is a song by Canadian singer and songwriter Bryan Adams. The song was written by Adams and Robert John "Mutt" Lange, and was the second single from Adams' 1991 album Waking Up the Neighbours where by the song was nominated for Grammy Award 1992 "Song of the Year"

Weekly charts

 * 19. Please answer if the subject meets the "subject specific notability" guidelines, Which subject specific  notability based on the given content above, and specify under (1) which notability criteria they meet or fail (example - MUSICBI#1 if certain sub set of criteria is applicable) and (2) reasons/explanations.

Answer:

 * 20.Kamlesh Bhatt is a Solution Architect and a DevOps Engineer living in Singapore. I am a fan of technology, music, and entrepreneurship. He is interested in photography and travel. He could be reached at his blog and youtube channel.

 * 21. Please answer if the subject meets the "subject specific notability" guidelines, Which subject specific  notability based on the given content above, and specify under (1) which notability criteria they meet or fail (example - MUSICBI#1 if certain sub set of criteria is applicable) and (2) reasons/explanations.

Answer:

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Article titles

 * Please read WP:TITLE and answer the questions below

 * 1. Article name "Hannibal Barca" - Does the article name need to be change? and Why? (please explain based on Wikipedia guidelines and name/link the guidelines in your answer)

Hannibal Barca was a Carthaginian general and statesman who is widely considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. His father, Hamilcar Barca, was a leading Carthaginian commander during the First Punic War (264–241 BC).

Answer:

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 * 2. Article name "Magic Johnson". Does the article name need to be change? and Why?(please explain based on Wikipedia guidelines and name/link the guidelines in your answer)

Earvin "Magic" Johnson Jr. (born August 14, 1959) is an American retired professional basketball player and former president of basketball operations of the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played point guard for the Lakers for 13 seasons.

Answer:

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Biographies of living persons

 * Please read WP:BLP and answer the questions below.

 * 3. As per the texts below, pls explain the if the content is acceptable of inclusive and why. (please explain based on Wikipedia guidelines and name/link the guidelines in your answer)

Conor Anthony McGregor (born 14 July 1988) is an Irish professional mixed martial artist and boxer. His is a former Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) featherweight and lightweight champion.

On 15 August 2019, TMZ Sports published a video that appeared to show McGregor punching a man at The Marble Arch Pub in Dublin. The incident happened on 6 April and was originally reported by Irish media, although without the video that showed the attack. Irish police stated in April that they had opened an investigation. McGregor was charged with assault and first appeared in court on 11 October 2019.

In April 2019, McGregor is the father of Terri Murray's son, Clodagh. Murray bedded McGregor in 2017 at his hotel after the Aintree Grand National just four weeks bofore McGregor's girlfriend Dee Devlin gave birth to their son.

Answer:

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 * 4. As per the texts below, pls explain the if the content is acceptable of inclusive and why. (please explain based on Wikipedia guidelines and name/link the guidelines in your answer)

Diana Nyad (née Sneed; born August 22, 1949) is an American author, journalist, motivational speaker, and long-distance swimmer who lives in 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. and could be contacted at +0-202-456-6213. Nyad gained national attention in 1975 when she swam around Manhattan (28 mi) and in 1979 when she swam from North Bimini, The Bahamas, to Juno Beach, Florida (102 mi). In 2013, on her fifth attempt and at age 64, she became the first person confirmed to swim from Cuba to Florida without the aid of a shark cage, swimming from Havana to Key West (110 mi).

Answer:

Images copyright

 * Please read Image use policy and Public domain image resources. Please answer the questions below and (1) with explanation based on Wikipedia guidelines and (2) provide the guidelines/links in your answer.

 * 5. Could this image-1 be uploaded into Main Page and used in Wikipedia? and Why.

Answer- Explanation:

Answer - link/guideline:

 * 6. Could this image-2 be uploaded into Main Page and used in Wikipedia? and Why.

Answer- Explanation:

Answer - link/guideline:

 * 7. Could this image-3 be uploaded into Main Page and used in Wikipedia?

Answer- Explanation:

Answer - link/guideline:

 * 8. Could this image-4 be uploaded into Main Page and used in Wikipedia? and Why.

Answer- Explanation:

Answer - link/guideline:

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Neutral point of view
P;lease read WP:NPOV and MOS:PUFF. Point out the WP:NPOV words/pharses and rewrite the paragraph on Question 9& 10 from a neutral point of view.

Answer:
 * 9. She is a brilliant boxer with a rare and exceptional beauty. She turned Pro at the age of 19 after winning one amateur fight on December 14, 2013 where she destroyed her opponent in 20 seconds. Her talent and marketability made her a fighter to watch right out the gate and she fought under XXX promotion on her next fight on February 2014.

Answer:
 * 10. He is a popular, acclaimed Bulgarian actor, who loves by all who have watched his films. He was born in Veliko Tarnovo and started working in the film industry since he was at the tender, innocent of the age of 14 and he has featured in 44 films.

Answer:
 * 11. Please read WP:DUE and in your own words, please explain why it is important to provide balance and due weight content in an article.

--

No original research

 * Please read WP:OR and WP:NOT and answer the questions below

Answer:
 * 12. In your own words, why Wikipedia is not a platform to publish original research?

Answer:
 * 13. In your own words, please provide one example with explanation when it is appropriate to insert an original research or an opinion in an article.

Answer:
 * 14. See this video''' and write the content in the in an article by using the video info as the source.

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Verifiability

 * Please read WP:V and answer the questions below

Answer:
 * 15. If the subject has two sons and it is supported by three independent, reliable sources but in reality he has 3 sons. Could we change the content from "2" sons to "3 sons"? and why?

Filtering - Criteria for speedy deletion
 PART 2

 * We have looked at the requirements needed for a page to meet notable, policy and type of sources to merit a page in Wikipedia in Part 1 (Assignment 1, 2 & 3). In assignment 4, we look at what type of articles need to be filtered out from our system when reviewing a page. There are many criteria of WP:Criteria for speedy deletion. Here we discuss (1) General criteria (G1-G14),  (2) Article criteria (A1-A11) and R2.

 * Please do the following

 * 1) Pls set up your CSD log by installing MYCSD so I could review your CSD nomination. After saving, you have to bypass your browser's cache to see the changes - see instruction at Bypass your cache.
 * 2) Bookmark Earwig's Copyvio Detector in computer; and install Earwig Copyvio Detector script. (The "copyvio" will appear on the left panel under "Tools" section on every page in Wikipedia.
 * 3) Install CV-revdel and after saving, you have to bypass your browser's cache to see the changes - see instruction at Bypass your cache.

General criteria

 * 1. Please (G1-G14) at General and answer the following questions in your own words.

Article and R2 criteria

 * 1. Please (A1-A11) criteria at WP:CSD and answer the following questions in your own words.

--

 * 3. Please read WP:PROMOTION and WP:G11 and provide 5 successful CSD 11 articles you have nominated from Special:NewPagesFeed (New Page Patrol or Article for Creation section). Pls provide the article names and hist diffs and I will check them at your CSD log.

Answer i:

Answer ii:

Answer iii:

Answer iv:

Answer v:

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 * Pls read WP:COPYVIO, WP:REVDEL, WP:COPYPASTE, WP:DCM and WP:G12 and answer the questions below.

Answer:
 * 3. When do we nominated a page for WP:G12 and when do we WP:REVDEL the COPYVIO text?

Answer:
 * 4. What constitute copyright infringement/violation.

Answer i:
 * 5. Why some of the texts found in an article are identical as per its sources and yet they are not considered copyright violation? Please provide three examples.

Answer ii:

Answer iii:

Answer:
 * 6. Why copyright violation needs to be stamped out from Wikipedia and who determined when a violation is unlawfully taking place?

 * 7. Pls read WP:COPYVIO, WP:REVDEL, WP:COPYPASTE, WP:DCM and WP:G12 and provide 5 successful CSD 12 articles you have nominated from Special:NewPagesFeed (New Page Patrol or Article for Creation section). Pls provide the article names and I will check them at your CSD log. You can use Earwig's Copyvio Detector tool to check if an article is in violation of COPYVIO.

Answer i:

Answer ii:

Answer iii:

Answer iv:

Answer v:

'

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Answer i:
 * 8. Pls provide 5 successful CSD in any criteria except WP:G11, WP:G12 and WP:G13 articles you have nominated from Special:NewPagesFeed (New Page Patrol "ONLY"). Pls provide the article names and I will check them at your CSD log.

Answer ii:

Answer iii:

Answer iv:

Answer v:

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 * 9. Pls read WP:R2 and WP:NPPDRAFT. Please explain when to a new page (NPP article) can be nominated for CSD R2 and what should be considered when doing such move?

Answer:

--

 * 10. Pls read and A1-A11 and R2 at WP:CSD and and provide 5 successful "Article CSD" articles (with at least two of them are CSD A7) you have nominated from Special:NewPagesFeed (New Page Patrol "ONLY").Pls provide the article names and I will check them at your CSD log.

Answer i CSD A7:

Answer ii CSD A7:

Answer iii CSD R2:

Answer iv CSD R2:

Answer v any criteria:

Copyright violation and paid editors

 * Pls read WP:COI and WP:PAID and answer the following question

Answer:
 * 11. How do we spot a COI/PAID editor?

Answer:
 * 12. What you should do when you review an NPP article and notice the creator is a COI editor?

Answer:
 * 13. Please read WP:PAID. What you should do when you review an NPP article and notice the creator is a paid editor?

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Filtering - Deletion policy & other alternatives
In assignment 4, we look at articles which fits in WP:Criteria for speedy deletion (CSD) where by the the articles are deleted within a few hours to 24 hours from the time of the nomination. In Assignment 5, we discuss the what actions should be taken for those articles do not fit under the CSD criteria but do not meet relevant criteria for content of the encyclopedia.

Please read WP:PROD,  WP:BLPPROD, WP:MERGE, WP:DRAFTIFY, WP:NPPDRAFT and WP:REDIR, WP:AFD and answer the following questions. (Provide links and hisdiff where they are applied.)

Answer:
 * 1. Under what circumstances do we propose deletion (PROD) a page and why do we do that?

Answer:
 * 2. What should we do before we PROD a page? and what should be considered /action during a nomination?

Answer:
 * 3. What is the criteria when nominated a BLPPROD? If we choose not to BLPPROD a page what are the alternatives? (give three examples with explanations)

Answer:
 * 4. In what circumstances we nominate an AFD and what step should be done prior such action.

Answer:
 * 5 How long do PROD, BLPPROD and AFD last prior it is deleted or decline?

Answer:
 * 6. When a page has been previously BLPROD and was provide a source; however if you still think that article should be deleted, what can you do?

Answer:
 * 7. When do we decide whether an article should be PROD or WP:BLPROD or WP:AFD?

Answer:
 * 8. What are the reason to WP:Merge a page to another page?

Answer:
 * 9. List 10 reasons we purpose WP:REDIR.

Answer:
 * 10. When article can be moved to draft space?

Answer 1:
 * 11. Nominate 5 articles for WP:AFD by using WP:Twinkle and provide explanation of your nomination.

Answer 2:

Answer 3:

Answer 4:

Answer 5:

 * 12. Participate in 5 WP:AFD where by you are the first voter of the discussion. Please provide you reason either to delete, keep, redirect or merge.

Answer 1:

Answer 2:

Answer 3:

Answer 4:

Answer 5:

Answer 1:
 * 13. Nominate 2 articles for WP:PROD and state your reasons.

Answer 2:

Answer 1:
 * 14. Nominate 2 article for WP:BLPROD and state your reasons.

Answer 2:

Answer 1:
 * 15.Nominate 2 article for WP:NPPDRAFT - R2 and state your reasons.

Answer 2:

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Tagging
In this assignment we look at tagging pages for problems. There any many tags available in Wikipedia and we will look at some of them here.

 * Please enable HotCat in your "Wikipedia references" - see How to enable/disable HotCat. The tool lists and proposes existing categories for auto-completion.
 * Pls download StubSorter user script. The script is for adding/removing stub tags.
 * Pls download Rater user script. The scripts provides a dialog interface to add, remove, or modify WikiProject banners, including class and importance assessment. Accessible from either the page itself or its talk page. after saving, you have to bypass your browser's cache to see the changes - see instruction at Bypass your cache.
 * Please enable User:Galobtter/Shortdesc helper gadget for editing, adding, and importing short descriptions.

Tagging in the article
Please read WP:TAGGING and answer the questions below. Please provide explanation in your own words and provide hist diff when applicable.

Answer:
 * 1. Why do we place tags on the article?

Answer:
 * 2. What does "drive by tagging" mean?

Answer:
 * 3. List down 8 common tagging should be avoided in an article?

Answer:
 * 4. When it is appropriate to remove the tags?

(pls provide links)
 * 5. Tag 10 articles from Special:Newpagesfeed where appropriate tags are needed and provide associate personal message to creator using page curator tool.

i.  Answer:

ii. Answer:

iii. Answer:

iv. Answer:

v.  Answer:

vi. Answer:

vii. Answer:

viii. Answer:

ix. Answer:

x.  Answer:

 * 6. Read WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types and use StubSorter user script. Tag 10 sub class article correctly from Special:Newpagesfeed. (pls provide links)

i.  Answer:

ii. Answer:

iii. Answer:

iv. Answer:

v.  Answer:

vi. Answer:

vii. Answer:

viii. Answer:

ix. Answer:

x.  Answer:

Categorization

 * 7. Please read Categorization and assign 10 articles from Special:Newpagesfeed with one or more useful categories. You can check similar articles for potentially relevant categories. (pls provide links)

i.  Answer:

ii. Answer:

iii. Answer:

iv. Answer:

v.  Answer:

vi. Answer:

vii. Answer:

viii. Answer:

ix. Answer:

x.  Answer:

WikiProject Sorting

 * 8. Please read WikiProject and Content assessment and tag 10 articles from Special:Newpagesfeed with appropriate WikiProject and class types on the articles' talk pages. Please use Rater user script. (pls provide links)

i.  Answer:

ii. Answer:

iii. Answer:

iv. Answer:

v.  Answer:

vi. Answer:

vii. Answer:

viii. Answer:

ix. Answer:

x.  Answer:

WikiProject Short description

 * 9. short description suitable to allow a reader to identify which search result is most likely to suit their needs.  All mainspace pages should have a description of what they are preferably limit to about 40 characters, but function is important. Please read Short description and WikiProject Short descriptions and provide 10 short descriptions in 10 different articles  from Special:Newpagesfeed. Please enable User:Galobtter/Shortdesc helper prior making the edit. (pls provide links)

i.  Answer:

ii. Answer:

iii. Answer:

iv. Answer:

v.  Answer:

vi. Answer:

vii. Answer:

viii. Answer:

ix. Answer:

x.  Answer:

Communication and editor interactions

 * Wikipedia project is a collaboration of many editors, some are experienced and some are new to the Project ad Wikipedia values all constructive editors' contributions alike. Communication in a civil, respectful manner is a vital part in Wikipedia, and it should be welcomed rather than discouraged especially to new editors who are not familiar with Wikipedia guidelines and policies for most new editors find it is a steep learning curve during the first few months of editing articles or creating articles in Wikipedia. Please read Assume good faith, WP:BITE, WP:CIVIL, Etiquette, and welcome template and answer the following questions. Do provide links and hist diff where appropriate.

Communication
Answer:
 * 1. How do we deal with a bad faith registered user and how do we deal with a bad faith IP editor?

i.  Answer:
 * 2. What can we do to welcome and help the newcomers.? (List down 10 different ways/scenario)

ii. Answer:

iii. Answer:

iv. Answer:

v.  Answer:

vi. Answer:

vii. Answer:

viii. Answer:

ix. Answer:

x.  Answer:

 * 3. In you own words, provide 10 ways to avoid biting the newcomers.

i.  Answer:

ii. Answer:

iii. Answer:

iv. Answer:

v.  Answer:

vi. Answer:

vii. Answer:

viii. Answer:

ix. Answer:

x.  Answer:

i.  Answer:
 * 4. Place 5 different welcome templates on 5 different newcomers. (Pls provide user talk page links)

ii. Answer:

iii. Answer:

iv. Answer:

v.  Answer:

i.  Answer:
 * 5. List 5 uncivil behaviors and explain how you would duel with them.

ii. Answer:

iii. Answer:

iv. Answer:

v.  Answer:

A token of appreciation
We reward Wikipedia editors for their hard work and due diligence by awarding them barnstars as a token of appreciation, encouragement and make its recipient feel good of their contributions. The choice of banstar given should be fair and appropriate, which will help prevent over-use. There are many different type of banstars, kindly read Barnstars, Personal user awards

i.  Answer:
 * 5. Give 5 different banstars to 5 different editor and do provide relevant text as to why you are awarding them. (Pls provide links)

ii. Answer:

iii. Answer:

iv. Answer:

v.  Answer:

Tools and help
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Putting all together -reviewing articles

 * Please install COPYVIO check script. This is a script which displays the % of copyvio in a separate section of the info menu of the NPP toolset. After saving, you have to bypass your browser's cache to see the changes - see instruction at Bypass your cache.

 * Please install Superlinks script. This script allows users to quickly view pages and information related to the page they are currently viewing or editing without the need to navigate away from the page or open large numbers of new tabs. After saving, you have to bypass your browser's cache to see the changes - see instruction at Bypass your cache.

 * Bookmark NPP flowchart in your devices.

 * Note: quality reviewing is extremely important, please do not sacrifice quality for quantity.

Reviewing articles

 * Please refer to NPP flowchart and read all the reading material provide from Assignment and tools 1-8 and answer the questions below. Please pick 10 articles from the new pages or draft pages from Special:NewPagesFeed and follow the NPP flowchart and provide the appropriate answer below (pls place N/A if not applicable). Pick articles that have 3-4 sources for the exercises below.

 * 0. Example
 * 1) Article (pls provide link)  = Assignment 2 - Sources   Q 8 and 9 Q 8 - David Howell Petraeus
 * 2) Article titles (need to change if so state the change) = OK
 * 3) Images copyright = US free image
 * 4) NPOV (if not then state why) =yes
 * 5) COI / PAID (if yes then provide explanation)= no indication
 * 6) COPYVIO (if yes then provide source (URL) = not
 * 7) Article Class  =  Stub class
 * 8) Short Description =  U.S. Army general
 * 9) Categories (3-5)  = 1952 births  ; Living people ; Commandants of the United States Army Command
 * 10) Review (Review/AfD/PROD/BLPPROD/R2) = Reviewed
 * 11) Reason (for 10)  =  = meet GNG and  Military history/Notability guide#2
 * 12) WikiProject      = Biography,  Military history, Espionage, New York (state), Iraq, Afghanistan
 * 13) Sources (see below)

 * Pls indicate "y" for yes or "n" for no after "ind", "rel" and "sig" (see first example) and give a brief explanation of why you place "y" or "n".

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 * 1.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)  =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

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 * 2.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)  =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

--

 * 3.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)  =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

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 * 4.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)  =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

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 * 5.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)  =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

--

 * 6.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)  =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

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 * 7.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)  =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

--

 * 8.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)  =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

--

 * 9.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)  =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

--

 * 10.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)  =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

Creating article

 * Please create an article in via Articles for creation where by the subject is notable, the content adhere to all the requirement and appropriate tagging/labeling/linkings as discussed from Assignment 1-8. Some notable subjects could be found at WikiProject Women in Red/API Women, Merab Dvalishvili and Raoni Barcelos notable MMA fighters - see Merab and https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Raoni-Barcelos-94587 Raoni] article can be created from the redirect pages Merab and Ranoni.

Assignment 1

 * WP:AGF and not WP:BITE -We should always help the new editors who want to provide good contribution and want to improve Wikipedia even at time they might not know the the Wikipedia guidelines

 * WP:Notability - In Wikipedia, notability means "worthy to be noted" - it is defined as a topic is "presumably" notable for stand-alone article or list if (1) it has received significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject whee by the sources talk "directly" about the subject in depth and in length and not only passing mentioned and (2) it is not excluded under the What WP:Wikipedia is not policy.

 * WP:GNG and SSN - both could be used when reviewing an article.

Assignment 2

 * WP:Sources - Sources needed are significant coverage of published Independent / WP:SECONDARY, reliable sources to verify the content claimed where by the sources talk about the subject in lenght and in depth and not only passing mentioned.

Assignment 3

 * WP:Content Policy - Article needs to adhere to Wikipedia Content Policy in article article title, WP:Biographies of living persons, image and text ( Wikipedia:Image use policy and WP:COPYVIO, WP:NPOV, verifiability

 * WP:COPYVIO - Public domain and note proper nouns are not Copyvio

 * Image use policy - check the original source

Assignment 4

 * WP:CSD - go through the criteria

 * WP:COI / WP:PAID - Self-disclosure by COI/PAID editors is one of the many ways we find out that they are COI/PAID. The different between a COI say an COI editor write about themselves, or friends is that written prose is not that perfect as compared that to a professional writers' (PAID editor). Secondly, if the article is about a company, the prose of the article is written more like a businesslike (business writing). Thirdly, professional paid editor would provide neat citations and only take one or 2 edits to create the article. In addition, professional PAID editors would create multiple different companies article that normal COI editors would not. Do note PAID is a subset of COI and an COI would also a PAID editor such as a small business owner write about their company or a rapper write about their own article in Wikipedia

 * G11 (promo) - What constitute a G11? At times it is hard to define. Although if a article is blantantly promote or advertise about the subject then it is a G11. Sometimes, the it is a little subtle and that would be a judgement call. As a rule of thumb, if article about an entertainers (actor/singer/DJ/artist and etc) in dept of how hard they work, how motivated they are, using all the puffery/flowery languages and especially the subject does not meet notability guidelines. For a corporation, we would see they list down all they product/services, their directors/key person in the company, they mission, their client, they are the influencer in their industrial, all the words/phrased to enhance/market the company and no substantial info that is supported by independent reliable sources. If you look at the this version of Zapp Scooters which you tagged G11, I have to agree with the editor who removed the tag that it is not a G11 and unsourced info can be removed.

 * G12 (copyvio) - Copyright violation addresses the use of original expression without permission of the holder which is a violation of laws even the credit is given to the source. For articles, the Copyright Law gives the copyright protection to the “original works of authorship fixed in in a tangible medium of expression” in the newspaper, magazine and freelance article at the moment of their creation, for the life of the creator plus 70 years after, and 95 years for corporation publication or 120 years from date of creation, whichever is shorter.

 * A7, A9 and A11 - "Claimed of signification"  - As long as the content states a claim of significant in regardless there is no source provided  or the claim might not be true, then A7/A9/A11 does NOT apply. Example: "John Smiths is the US senator who lives in Texas" or " Let's Jump, Let's Dance is ranked #2 in Billboard chart in October 2019" or "DM7-29 is a  U.S. self-propelled artillery gun developed in 2010 capable hitting the target of 500 miles" - all these 3 examples do claim of significant and some of them might not even be true and there have no source, but they do not qualify for A7/A9/A11. The option is either to PROP them or to do a WP:BEFORE or to do a R2, for potential subject,  if it has no source or only primary source provided  and if they fails the WP:BEFORE then AfD them. A7 would be something like "John Smiths is my high school teacher, who have a lot of knowledge of algebra"  or "The Minnesota Valhalla is the heavy metal band from Minnesota. The band makes up of my brother, Alan, my little sister, Mary and two of my mates, Ken and Jesus. We practice every Monday and Friday at our home garage".

Assignment 5

 * WP:NPPDRAFT - do so for articles have no sources or sources that are primary/not independent, such as from their home page, user generated sites or sport databases, club home page for sportspersons. If you would find 3 independent, reliable sources to support the notability of the subject, then please do so and add the source in the article and mark reviewed. It can be tempting for new reviewers to overuse this; it should not be used as a substitute for taking an article to AfD.

 * PROD - (1) When it does not fall under CSD but not controversial deletion with the notion that it will be deleted if the article is AfDed. (2) We can only PROD the article once thus do check the history page to make sure the article has not been PROD before. (3) If the PROD is removed, do not replace it (4) PROD would last for 7 day start from the date of the nomination and will be either deleted or removed of the tag by an uninvolved admin who decides the outcome of the nomination.

 * BLPROD - (1) nominated if only there is no source for article about a living person. (2) BLPPROD can be removed only an reliable is added. (3) Even item 2 has been performed but editor still think it is should be deleted under PROD (1) criteria then a PROD can be tag. (3) if PROD (1) is not applicable and editor could nominate the article for AfD if the subject is not notable.

 * AfD - Nominated articles to AfD if the subject is not notable or fall under Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not. A WP:BEFORE should be done prior the nominated. If the article states the nationality of the subject and a local name is provided, do search the local name in said country in Google to look for sources if any (2) Reason / justification based on notability guidelines should be address when nominate AfD or participate in a AfD. (3) Do not AfD if the sources are provided but you can locate/view them due to paywall, print book/article to determined the content claimed as per sources. (4) Request paywall article /print book from WP:RX to view the content (make sure you have you email provided in your preferences page, so the RX editors could send you the article via email). (4) You might want to reconsider to AfD an article if the sources of the article would be found mostly in other languages besides English or your languages you comprehend. For example if an article is about a Russian poet or sportman or actors / singer but the subject has not reach worldwide notability/popularity where by most source could not be found in their country reliable newspapers or books other languages but English. I dont often participate/vote for Indian actors as I dont read any Indian languages.

Assignment 6

 * Taggaing - sue scripts/tools to tag appropriate cat/wikiproject/subsort/issues in the their respectively fields.

Assignment 7
While notability is the most important concept for a reviewer, communication is our most important responsibility. Communication takes a few forms for the NPP reviewer:
 * Many ways to communicate with the editors - focus on the subject not the ediots. Be civil and helpful always.
 * Always using clear and helpful edit summaries while patrolling - While using edit summaries is generally good practice, while doing NPP it's important to take it a step further. For instance, a common occurance will be to find an album by a musician with a page, but a particular album doesn't seem to meet any of the criteria of WP:NALBUM. The normal patrol action here is to redirect the album to the page of the artist. An inadequate edit summary would be "redirecting to artist" or some such. I prefer a more complete summary along the lines of "No indication in article of how album is notable per WP:NALBUMS. Redirecting as an WP:ATD."
 * Edit summaries are not a replacement, however, for real communication. Depending on context this should either be done on the talk page or the user talk page of the editor. This is especially to be done even if the other editor is only communicating through edit summaries. We have a higher obligation to do it right. Doing this proactively is great. Just as frequently it will be more reactive - for most editors who contact you it will be out of confusion or ignorance. However you will get some angry ones as well. In all cases being the calm professional one in the conversation is vital.
 * The final main mode of communication is through the toolset itself. Find a great article? Make sure to leave a comment. See a few articles in a row by a newer user all of which are notable? Leave some wiki love.
 * There are a few essential policies and guidelines when it comes to communication. Please read (or re-read) Assume good faith, WP:BITE, WP:CIVIL, and Etiquette.

Assignment 8

 * Tools - as per listed

Assignment 9

 * Reviewing article - Apply what have learnt from Assignment 1-8 when reviewing article.

 * Paywall site: If the source is from a paywall site, then see help from WP:RX and you need to forward me the print article once WP:RX send it to you via email.

 * Lack of sources : If there is lack of sources, we need to do a WP:BEFORE, then we and add in the sources (at least 3 independent, reliable sources in the article) if we going to mark review.

 * Print sources: I do suggest to avoid any print sources for they are hard to located.

 * Digital sources of foreign languages: If the sources are digital and in foreign languages, then get it translated.

 * Filtering: If you are going to AfD, or PROD then you need to provide reasons of why you are doing do. I would like you to work on different outcomes (some review, some nominated AfD or PROD); however, you still need to do the rest of the requirement such as tagging cats, Wiki Project, subsort (if it is a sub class), send personal messages and etc.

 * Work on subject you are familiar with

 * For any article without source and you would like to review it and accept the article (meet notability requirements) then you need to find the independent sources (at least 3) which would support the content claimed then place inline citation.

 * If you have a hard time to find (say the sources most probably in foreign languages) and it is a potential article, then do a R2.

 * For foreign language sources, use google translate, I do that all the time.

 * If there is a native name provided in the article, and you know which country the subject is from, then google the native name with the associate country in google search such as a Russian subject then Google search on "native name.ru".

 * When reviewing, first pls check if the article fit CSD criteria (do remember to check copyvio), then if the article has no source - do a R2 (I usualy do a R2 for potential article) or tag BLPPROD if it is a BLP or search for the source (I always search for source if I know the subject is notable and add the sources it). For sourced articles, check sources against content claimed. If meet notability guidelines (at least 3 independent, reliable sources needed and check SSN guidelines), then mark review. If the article fails the notability guidelines, then do a PROD if you think if send to AfD will be a definitely delete or nominate AfD for discussion, if you think a discussion should take place.

 * Always check all the sources. Any articles that you not sure if it meets notability guidelines, then left them to other patroller.

 * When reviewing, make sure take your time - always quality over quantity.

 * Creating article - make sure the subject is notable with significant coverage of published Independent / WP:SECONDARY, reliable sources to verify the content claimed where by the sources talk about the subject in length and in depth and not only passing mentioned.

--

Part 1
1. In your own words, why and how do communicate with the editor and why it is important to WP:AGF and not WP:BITE them?

 * Answer:

'''2. What kind of sources are needed to demonstrate/contribute the notability of the subject? Why it is important?'''

 * Answer:

'''3.What constitutes a WP:COPYVIO? and why it is not a copyvio even the texts are identical the same as per sources?'''

 * Answer:

4. What should we do when we encounter WP:COPYVIO article and what should we place on the COPYVIO editor's talk page?

 * Answer:

5. What should we do when we encounter WP:PAID article and what should we place on the PAID editor's talk page?

 * Answer:

6. When do we nominated a page for WP:G12 and when do we WP:REVDEL the COPYVIO text?

 * Answer:

'''7. What constitute an article is a WP:PROMO page? and what should do do when we encounter one?'''

 * Answer:

'''8. Why do we tag a page? What are the normal tags we place in an article'''

 * Answer:

9. When do we WP:R2 a page?

 * Answer:

10. When do we WP:PROD a page?

 * Answer:

11. When do we WP:BLPPROD a page?

 * Answer:

12. When do we WP:AfD a page?
 * Answer:

13. Why it is important to WP:CSD a page when the article fit the CSD criteria?

 * Answer:

14. When do we decide to WP:R2 / WP:PROD / WP:BLPPROD a page when the article has no source in it?

 * Answer:

15. In your own words, list 5 things you have learnt from observing and participating in AfD.

 * Answer i:

 * Answer ii:

 * Answer iii:

 * Answer iv:

 * Answer v:

Part 2
'''Pls read WP:PROMOTION and WP:G11 and provide 5 successful CSD 11 articles you have nominated from Special:NewPagesFeed (New Page Patrol or Article for Creation section). Pls provide the article names and hist diff/links'''

Answer i:

 * Answer ii:

 * Answer iii:

 * Answer iv:

 * Answer v:

Part 3
'''Pls read WP:COPYVIO, WP:REVDEL, WP:COPYPASTE, WP:DCM and WP:G12 and provide 5 successful CSD 12 articles you have nominated from Special:NewPagesFeed (New Page Patrol or Article for Creation section). Pls provide the article names and hist diff and I will check them at your CSD log. You can use Earwig's Copyvio Detector tool to check if an article is in violation of COPYVIO.'''

Answer i:

 * Answer ii:

 * Answer iii:

 * Answer iv:

 * Answer v:

Part 4
'''Pls read and A1-A11 and R2 at WP:CSD and and provide 5 successful "Article CSD" articles (with at least two of them are CSD A7) you have nominated from Special:NewPagesFeed (New Page Patrol "ONLY"). Pls provide the article names and hist diff.'''

Answer i:

 * Answer ii:

 * Answer iii:

 * Answer iv:

 * Answer v:

Part 5
1. Nominate 2 articles for WP:PROD and state your reasons. Answer i:

 * Answer ii:

2. Nominate 1 article for WP:BLPROD and state your reasons. Answer i:

3.''' Pls read WP:R2 and WP:NPPDRAFT and  provide 2 successful WP:R2 from Special:NewPagesFeed (New Page Patrol "ONLY"). Pls provide the article names and hist diff.'''

Answer i:

 * Answer ii:

Part 6
'''1. Participate in 5 WP:AFD where by you are the first voter of the discussion. Please provide you reason either to delete, keep, redirect or merge.''' Answer i:

 * Answer ii:

 * Answer iii:

 * Answer iv:

 * Answer v:

Part 7
Nominate 5 articles for WP:AFD by using WP:Twinkle and provide explanation of your nomination.

 * Answer ii:

 * Answer iii:

 * Answer iv:

 * Answer v:

Part 8
Pls list 10 things needs to be considered/done when reviewing a page.'

 * Answer i:

 * Answer ii:

 * Answer iii:

 * Answer iv:

 * Answer v:

 * Answer vi:

 * Answer vii:

 * Answer viii:

 * Answer xi:

 * Answer x:

Part 9
'''Pls follow the NPP flowchart and read all the reading material provide from Assignment and tools 1-8 and answer the questions below. Please pick 5 articles that meet the notability guidelines (no PROD/BLPPROD/R2/AfD/CSD) from the new pages from Special:NewPagesFeed and follow the NPP flowchart and provide the appropriate answer below (pls place N/A if not applicable). Pick articles that have 3-4 sources for the exercises below. (pls provide link and hist diff)'''

1

 * 1.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)  =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

2

 * 2.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)   =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

3

 * 3.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)   =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

4

 * 4.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)   =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

5

 * 5.
 * 1) Article          =
 * 2) Article titles   =
 * 3) Images copyright =
 * 4) NPOV             =
 * 5) COI / PAID       =
 * 6) COPYVIO          =
 * 7) Article Class    =
 * 8) Short Descr      =
 * 9) Categories       =
 * 10) Review/AfD/PROP/CSD =
 * 11) Reason (for 10)   =
 * 12) WikiProject      =
 * 13) Sources

Part 10
Creating article

'''Please create an article in via Wikipedia:Articles for creation where by the subject is notable, the content adhere to all the requirement and appropriate tagging/labeling/linking as discussed from Assignment 1-8. Some notable subjects could be found at WikiProject Women in Red/API Women.

Answer:

Completion
Congratulations from both myself and all of the instructors at the New pages patrol School on your successful completion of my NPPSCHOOL instruction! You have now graduated from the New pages patrol School and completed your final exam with XX%. Well done!

As a graduate you are entitled to display the following userbox (make sure you replace your enrollee userbox) as well as the graduation message posted on your talk page (this can be treated the same as a barnstar).

It's been a real pleasure to work with you over the past few months. I hope you gained something from this course, and if you have any questions, do drop a message on my talk page. Best of luck, and thank you so much for your willingness to help Wikipedia in this role. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 04:03, 23 December 2019 (UTC)

--

Acknowledgements: I would like to thank and, who have published their training methods on-wiki. I used their materials for your training, with a few minor tweaks.  CASSIOPEIA(talk) 09:42, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User:Cassiopeia/NPPS/Tasks


text:
Gundula Diel

Gundula Diel (born 13 May 1941) is a German hurdler. She competed in the women's 80 metres hurdles at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

title: Gundula Diel


text:
Talk:The War on Normal People/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: The Rambling Man (talk · contribs) 16:28, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

Comments
 * " 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang." bit sea of blue for me. You could put Yang's name first on that and then list his positions i.e. "authored by Andrew Yang, ....".
 * ✅ Bobbychan193 (talk) 19:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * "It was published by Hachette Books on..." in the US I imagine, so please state that.
 * ✅ Bobbychan193 (talk) 19:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Often wonder why we need the refs in the lead, the material there should be reiterated and expanded upon in the main body and can be referenced there.
 * ✅ Bobbychan193 (talk) 19:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * "made publicly available in September 2018." do you mean for paid download?
 * No, it's free on Youtube (see the citation). Also clarified. Bobbychan193 (talk) 19:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * "the economy, " once again, it's English language Wikipedia so that should be explicit in stating the economy of the US.
 * ✅ Bobbychan193 (talk) 19:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * " including providing a" ->" ing ing, perhaps "including the provision of a"?
 * ✅ Bobbychan193 (talk) 19:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * "increasing unemployment can lead to violent protests" well that's a given...
 * The average reader might not think that's a given. Plus, it's what's written in Yang's book, so it gives context. Bobbychan193 (talk) 19:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * "values".[7][2]" refs in numerical order.
 * ✅ Bobbychan193 (talk) 19:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * "useful primers on the case for a" UBI -> odd place to close the quote..., maybe [UBI] inside the quote instead?
 * ✅ Bobbychan193 (talk) 19:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

Not much really to add, I was initially worried about balance, but there seems to be a reasonable selection of views in the reception section, and everything else is pretty trivial, so feel free to let me know as and when you might have addressed them. Cheers. The Rambling Man (Staying alive since 2005!) 17:19, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Just finished the first round of fixes. Bobbychan193 (talk) 19:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * There's nothing more required here as far as I can see. The article easily meets GA criteria so I'm promoting it.  Good work. The Rambling Man (Staying alive since 2005!) 16:06, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:The War on Normal People/GA1


text:
Politics and Economics

Political Economy
Political economy refers to different, but related, approaches to studying economic and political behaviours, ranging from the combining of economics with other fields, to the using of different, fundamental assumptions that challenge orthodox economic assumptions.

Markets
In orthodox economic theory, there is often much said about the "free" market and pure markets. Orthodox economics advocates a "laissez-faire" approach from government; that the government should intervene as little as possible in the economy, because the market provides the most optimal, efficient outcome. Thus, they regulate de-regulation and privatisation as means to achieve "pure" markets. However, orthodox economics often cannot explain how income gaps around the world are so large, why poverty is still so persistent throughout the world, and the fact that governments still play very important roles in governing the economy. Political Economy looks at the interaction between political and economic forces, which is highly relevant to global issues of the 21st century such as globalisation, international organisations, multi-national corporations, world trade, global governance and international finance, just to name a few.

title: Politics and Economics


text:
Talk:hyper-

Notes on use?
Where could we add that “hyper- is often used as a higher order of magnitude than super-, a meaning it doesn't have in its original, Greek form.”? David Latapie 11:30, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Hyper is Greek and super is Latin, and they both mean over in their original languages.

I'm pretty sure that they share their origin, by the way, since Greek word initial h- often corresponds to Latin (and Germanic) word initial s-: hexa-sex, hypo-sub, hepta-septem. <IP_ADDRESS> 08:40, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:hyper-


text:
User:Jkoop/Tim Koop

Tim Koop is a computer programmer and author published by CreateSpace and Interesting Books. He got married 1996, and has four decedents born from 2002 through 2006. Since 2006, he and his family live in the Town of Ste Anne, Manitoba, Canada.

Books

 * Thought Punches (19 Jun 2017) - Thought Punches is a collection of mind-bending ideas. This book contains over 65 short punches to stimulate your thinking and adjust your perspectives on this life.
 * The Memory Mechanic (14 Mar 2018) - What if everyone had a backpack they wore all the time that contained all their memories? What if the bad memories caused back pain? Instead of going to a doctor, you would go to a Memory Mechanic to feel better.
 * God's Email Address (6 Nov 2019) - Corporate email servers are being hacked. Private information is sold to the highest bidder, and people are blaming the software company.

title: User:Jkoop/Tim Koop


text:
Lipotriches pulchriventris

Lipotriches pulchriventris is a species of bee in the genus Lipotriches, of the family Halictidae. It is widespread in Southeast Asia and variable in appearance, and has been given numerous names since its original description.

title: Lipotriches pulchriventris


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/De la Beche Club

The result was   delete. T. Canens (talk) 05:00, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

De la Beche Club

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

Notability not established by significant coverage in reliable, independent secondary sources. Wkharrisjr (talk) 20:28, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Schools-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:26, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 14:27, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Keep I believe this page should be kept. The information has been sourced from a number of references including the three specified (GeoLogic), and from personal experience of organising De La Beche Club events over a period of nearly 30 years. The Club is also described in the Imperial College Calender, the authorative account of College affairs published annually. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Msr69 (talk • contribs) 17:16, 14 July 2012 (UTC) — Msr69 (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.

KEEP I believe this article should be kept as it contains information from numerous references including my own experience as chair to the club over the current academic year. References also include the union of the prestigious and reliable Imperial College London. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mattwebb11 (talk • contribs) 12:26, 18 July 2012 (UTC) — Mattwebb11 (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, The Bushranger One ping only 00:47, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Note: Msr69 has been blocked as a sockpuppet of Mattwebb11; the master has been blocked for the duration of the AfD for attempting to disrupt it using multiple accounts. - The Bushranger One ping only 01:58, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: I've unblocked both of these, as I believe what they say (one editor is current president of the subject club; the other is a long-time associate of the subject club. Both have COI on the article, but this is not a violation worthy of blocking. --jpgordon:==( o ) 22:03, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete as failing to have significant coverage in independent third party sources. Ping my talk page if more sources are added to the article. Stuartyeates (talk) 09:23, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

KEEP As 2011-2012 Honorary secretary for the De La Beche club, I urge you to keep this page as it is representing a long standing society within Imperial College Union and the Royal School of Mines. Alongside being verified by the university as a society, the Sir Henry De La Beche page of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography recognises the club as a "student geology society subsequently called the De La Beche club" after the work De La Beche did on the Royal School of Mines. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Em.penn (talk • contribs) 12:11, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I invite you to re-cast your arguments in terms of the GNG guideline. Stuartyeates (talk) 20:44, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment Henry De la Beche might actually make a good merge and redirect target. Stuartyeates (talk) 20:45, 21 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Tony Ardizzone (American football)

Anthony Allen Ardizzone (born December 19, 1956) is a former American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) who played for the Chicago Bears. He played college football for the Northwestern Wildcats.

College career
Ardizzone attended and played college football at the Northwestern University from 1974 to 1977.

Professional career
Ardizzone was selected in the sixth round (#153 overall) of the 1978 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions. He played all 16 games with the Chicago Bears in 1979.

Personal life
On April 1, 2007; Ardizzone began a CertaPro Franchise in Glenview, Illinois. The Franchise, CertaPro Painters of the North Shore, has been accredited by the Better Business Bureau since September 2009. The franchise is still owned by Ardizzone as of March 2023, marking 15 years in the painting business.

title: Tony Ardizzone (American football)


text:
BM-1

BM-1 can refer to:

 * TOS-1, a Russian multiple-rocket launcher
 * USS Puritan (BM-1), a United States monitor
 * BM1 (New York City bus), a bus route in New York City

title: BM-1


text:
Damon DiMarco

Damon DiMarco (born October 16, 1971), is a New York City author, actor, playwright, and historian. His oral history work has been compared to that of Studs Terkel. He was born on Princeton, New Jersey.

Oral histories
DiMarco's oral histories include Tower Stories: An Oral History of 9/11, which chronicles the September 11 attacks in 2001, from diversified perspectives on the destruction of the World Trade Center. When asked why he wrote the book, DiMarco told CNN news anchor Betty Nguyen that "as a writer, my specialty is words. And so I couldn't go down to ground zero and dig, I couldn't pull bodies out. My service was to compile the accounts of people who did extraordinary things."

The book's 20th anniversary commemorative edition (2021) features forewords by George Pataki, who served as Governor of New York during the September 11 attacks, and by former Governor of New Jersey and Chairman of the 9/11 Commission Thomas Kean.

A starred Publishers Weekly review called Tower Stories a "monumental work" and says that "DiMarco's contribution to the memory of that horrific day is enormous; the testimonies collected here form an amazing, one-of-a-kind account." MSNBC cited it as one of "five must-read books about 9/11 and its legacy," and said it was "arguably the most successful attempt at capturing the enormity of the events of 9/11." The book was also praised by The New York Times and William F. Buckley, Jr.

Kean praised the book for being as important as the Federal Writer's Project under the Roosevelt Administration and the Works Progress Administration Slave Narrative.

For the Tower Stories 20th anniversary commemorative edition, DiMarco included a new Retrospective section that includes interviews with Alice M. Greenwald, President and CEO of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum; Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Stephen Adly Guirgis; Jesuit priest, Father James Martin; and Glenn Guzi, who oversaw matters related to the reconstruction of the World Trade Center for The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

DiMarco has appeared as a television and radio guest for 9/11-related events, notably on CNN, Premiere Radio Networks, NPR/PBS, and the National Geographic Channel. In his introduction to Tower Stories' 20th anniversary commemorative edition, DiMarco noted that, two decades after 9/11, he sees the event as testifying to the strength of mutual aid as described in the work of Peter Kropotkin, Charles Darwin, and Rebecca Solnit.

Other oral histories include Heart of War: Soldiers' Voices from the Front Lines of Iraq, a collection of first-person narratives from U.S. veterans of the War in Iraq.

Critics of DiMarco's oral history work praise the respect he pays to his interviewees. They note the diversity of perspectives he brings to bear on a single issue, as well as the fact that his interview subjects are often highly intelligent people whom mainstream media have failed to notice. DiMarco himself has voiced dissatisfaction with mainstream media.

Books on acting
DiMarco wrote The Actor's Art & Craft and The Actor's Guide to Creating a Character with Bill Esper, one of the "most important contemporary master-acting teachers" in the United States. Esper founded the William Esper Studio and the Professional Actors Training Program at Rutgers University's Mason Gross School of the Arts. DiMarco has been called Esper's protégé. Both The Actor's Art & Craft and The Actor's Guide to Creating a Character detail how Esper explores and elaborates on the famous acting techniques pioneered by legendary acting teacher Sanford Meisner. The books have been endorsed by Meisner-trained actors and writers who studied with Esper, including David Mamet, Sam Rockwell, Patricia Heaton, Mary Steenburgen, Stephen Adly Guirgis, Gretchen Mol, and Calista Flockhart.

The Quotable Actor collects 1001 quotes from actors on such diverse subjects as imagination, rehearsal, technique, and the actor's lifestyle. Featured quotes come from diverse sources including Constantin Stanislavski, Daniel Day-Lewis, Ellen Burstyn, Paul Newman, Jack Nicholson, Stella Adler, Forest Whitaker, Laurence Olivier, and many more.

Collaborations
DiMarco collaborated on Out of Bounds, written with Roy Simmons, a former offensive lineman for Georgia Tech who went on to play for the New York Giants and took the field in Super Bowl XVIII for the Washington Redskins. Simmons became the first former NFL player to publicly announce that he is HIV positive, and one of the first to reveal the extent to which drugs and alcohol backdrop the world of professional football. Following the release of Out of Bounds, Simmons caused controversy among the gay and lesbian community by publicly stating that homosexuality is "against God's will." Reviewer Beth Greenfield, writing for Time Out New York, advised readers "Do Not Buy This Book", perhaps based on Simmons' apparent hypocrisy.

DiMarco wrote My Two Chinas: The Memoir of a Chinese Counter-revolutionary with Chinese political dissident, Tang Baiqiao. The books covers events surrounding Tang's life, including his experiences at the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, and after. My Two Chinas features a preface by photojournalist Jeff Widener who was a Pulitzer finalist for his iconic Tank Man photo; an introduction by Prof. Robert Thurman of Columbia University; and a foreword by the Dalai Lama. A starred Publishers Weekly review called the book "beautifully-written" and notes that it "fully embraces the poetry and stories of China . . .both a history lesson and a heart-wrenching read."

Fat Kid Got Fit: And So Can You! was written with Bill Baroni and details Baroni's lifelong battle with obesity and how he finally took control of his life at the Duke Diet and Fitness Center. The book features a foreword by Dr. Howard Eisenson, Executive director of the Duke Center, as well as endorsements by former Executive director Dr. Michael Hamilton and Tommy Thompson former governor of Wisconsin and a former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services.

The Brown Agenda: My Mission to Clean Up the World's Most Life-Threatening Pollution recounts how Australian environmentalist and entrepreneur Richard Fuller founded Blacksmith Institute, an international nonprofit organization dedicated to eliminating life-threatening pollution in the developing world. The institute works under grants from foreign nations, as well as global NGOs.

Acting
A classically trained actor, DiMarco studied at the Mason Gross School of the Arts. He has acted in regional theatre, and lists television roles and independent films on his acting resume.

 * Guiding Light, 2000
 * Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, 2000
 * As the World Turns, 1999–2001
 * Law & Order, 2007
 * One Life to Live, 2005–2007 (recurring)

Audiobook Narration

 * The Actor's Art and Craft read with Michael Esper, 2019

Non-fiction

 * Tower Stories: the Autobiography of September 11, 2001 (2004)
 * Out of Bounds: Coming Out of Sexual Abuse, Addiction, and My Life of Lies in the NFL Closet in collaboration with Roy Simmons (2005)
 * Heart of War: Soldiers' Voices from the Front Lines of Iraq (2007)
 * Tower Stories: an Oral History of 9/11  A revised, updated edition. (2007)
 * The Actor's Art & Craft with William Esper (2008)
 * The Quotable Actor: 1001 Pearls of Wisdom from Actors Talking about Acting (2009)
 * My Two Chinas: The Memoir of a Chinese Counterrevolutionary with Tang Baiqiao (2011)
 * Fat Kid Got Fit: And So Can You with Bill Baroni (2012)
 * The Actor's Guide to Creating a Character with William Esper (2014)
 * The Brown Agenda: My Mission to Clean Up the World's Most Life-Threatening Pollution with Richard Fuller (2015)
 * Tower Stories: an Oral History of 9/11  20th anniversary commemorative edition, expanded. (2021)

Short stories

 * Nightshade (2014, anthologized in After the Fall: Tales of the Apocalypse, Almond Press)

Plays

 * My Mariners (2004, with Jeffrey Harper)
 * Shock & Awe: A Play in Two Acts (2009)
 * Tower Stories: A Play About 9/11 (2017)
 * The Martinis' Christmas Wonderland (2019)
 * The Monk and The Hangman's Daughter adapted from the novella by Ambrose Bierce (2020)

Essays

 * Brown is Just as Important as Green (2012)

Education
DiMarco attended Steinert High School in Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Drew University in 1993, and a Master of Fine Arts degree from the Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers University.

He has taught acting and directing in the Theater Arts department at Drew University and at the New York Film Academy.

title: Damon DiMarco


text:
Karnaugh Maps

It may be necessary to read the section on Boolean Algebra in order to understand some of the notation used within this article.

A Karnaugh Map makes simplification of truth tables into functions much easier, but it is quite an involved concept to learn. You get all the minterms, and draw a rectangle around them using the fewest rectangles possible that include all the selected minterms. A rectangle must have 2^N minterms within it (so 1,2,4,8,16 etc.) The size of Karnaugh map depends on the number of variables dealt with.

In order to begin teaching the concepts behind Karnaugh maps, I will start with a 2x1 grid. This would not actually be used, but gives an example of how Karnaugh Maps work. I will use the example of an inverter. If a 1 is put in, a 0 is given out. If a 0 is put in, a 1 is given out. I will use the term xn to describe the letter x followed by a number. xn would normally be replaced by a 0, a 1 or a don't care term, represented by a - as is shown in examples 2.1 and 2.2 below. As you can see, everything below the the A is the value for when A = 1. Everything which doesn't have an A above is the value for when A = 0. This may not make much sense yet, but should start to when we deal with larger maps.

For the invertor example, this would have the values

Below, I've shown how the output(X) of the truth table (normally 0s or 1s) are mapped onto a 4x4 karnaugh map.

In use, each occurrence of X and a number (Xn) would be replaced with a 0, 1 or - (don't care) term.

The letters at the top and sides show where each of the input variables (A,B,C and D) equal 1. For the Karnaugh map to be translated into a function, it is necessary to group similar terms. An example of this is shown below. The function ($$\lnot$$A$$\land$$$$\lnot$$B$$\land$$C$$\land$$D)$$\lor$$($$\lnot$$A$$\land$$B$$\land$$C$$\land$$D)$$\lor$$(A$$\land$$$$\lnot$$B$$\land$$C$$\land$$D)$$\lor$$(A$$\land$$B$$\land$$C$$\land$$D) is mapped below. It can be seen that are equal to 1 are shaded. All the shaded cells fall into both C and D. Therefore, the simplified function is C$$\land$$D. Don't care terms can be assigned to either a 1 or a 0 depending on which leads to a more simplified solution.

title: Karnaugh Maps