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Islam/Muhammad

Muhammad; (Arabic: محمد) (also Mohammed, Muhammed, Mohamet, and other variants) was the historical founder of the religion of Islam, considered by Muslims to be the last messenger and prophet of God (Arabic: ألله Allah).

Sources on Muhammad’s life concur that he was born in the Year of the Elephant ca. 570 C.E in the city of Mecca in Arabia. In his youth, he was called by the nickname "Al-Amin" (Arabic: الامين ), an Arab name meaning "faithful, trustworthy" and was later sought out as an impartial arbitrator when all the tribes of Mecca were about to fight each other. It was by his clever intervention that he found a way out of the situation and managed to bring peace to the city of Makkah.

Muhammad's father, Abdullah, had died almost six months before he was born, and at the age of six, Muhammad lost his mother Amina and was thus orphaned. The young orphan boy was brought up by his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib. He too passed away two years later leading to his uncle Abu Talib taking over his guardianship.

As a young boy Muhammad was a shepherd. Later he became a trader and gained a reputation for reliability and honesty. That attracted a rich widow Khadijah who ask him to lead her trade caravans. Upon his return she was informed by her confidants that his integrity was impeccable and that he had realized a significant profit for her. She was impressed by what she heard and requested for him to marry her as a forty-year-old widow in 595 C.E. Muhammad was young and after consultation, consented to the marriage which by all accounts was a happy one.

Muhammad often retreated to Mount Hira, near Mecca for meditation and solace. He was known to never indulge in the pagan ways of his people who were prone to drinking, promiscuity, gambling and idol worship. While on one of these retreats, tradition holds that the angel Gabriel appeared and began communicating with him in the year 610 C.E. The angel Gabriel commanded Muhammad to recite the following verses:

'''Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created- Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood: Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- He Who taught (the use of) the pen,- Taught man that which he knew not.'''

Upon receiving the first revelation, he was scared. When he returned home he related the event to his wife Khadijah who consoled him. She believed in him and thus became the first convert to Islam. She did so stating as per tradition: "Never! will God disgrace you. You keep good relations with your kin, help the poor and the destitute, serve your guests generously and assist those in need."

Khadija then accompanied him to her cousin Waraqa, an old man, who during the pre-Islamic Period became a Christian and knew the Gospel and Hebrew. When they related the incident to Waraqa said "This is the same one who God had sent to Moses. I wish I were young and could live up to the time when your people would turn you out." Mohammad was surprised that his people would drive him out, since he belonged to a noble family and was greatly respected in the city of Makkah. However Waraqa informed him that anyone who came with something similar to what he (Muhammad) had brought before him was treated with hostility by his people.

Muhammad's teenage cousin Ali ibn Abi-Talib, close friend Abu Bakr and adopted son Zaid bin Haarith soon followed becoming the first male Muslims.

Around 613, Muhammad began to preach amongst the people of Makkah, most of whom ignored and mocked him, while some others became his followers. As the number of Muhammad's followers swelled, he became a threat to the local tribes and the rulers of the city, whose wealth rested upon the Kaaba (the focal point of Arab religious life, which Muhammad threatened with his call to give up Idol worship).

In 619 C.E., known as the "Year of Sorrow", both Muhammad's wife Khadijah and his uncle and guardian Abu Talib died. The relationship between Muhammad's group of followers and Muhammad's own Quraysh clan, which were already bad, worsened further. As the persecution and torture of Mohammads followers became unbearable, Mohammad asked many to migrate to Abyssinia which was ruled by a just Christian King. The Meccan's sent for those who had migrated there and asked for them to be returned by the King Najashi. The King inquired on the Muslims and was responded to by a Muslim who informed him of what Mohammad had mentioned about him being just and then recited some of the verses revealed to Mohammad about Mary the mother of Jesus. Najashi was touched by the verses and declared that the Muslims who wished to stay in Abyssinia would remain under his protection.

By 622 life in Mecca had become so difficult that Muhammad decided to then emigrate to Medina, a large agricultural oasis where there were a number of Muslim converts. Muhammad came to Medina at the invitation of many locals who had started converting to Islam in large numbers. From the very beginning he was designated as a mediator to resolve the feud between the two Arab factions of Medina Aws and Khazraj. He did so and later both factions became a apart of the Muslim community referred to as Ansar (Helpers).

Once the Muslims had found a stable home Islam began to spread increasingly fast throughout the Arabian peninsula. Worried about this the Meccans decided to attack the small powerless Muslim community on numerous occasions. The Majority of these battles were won by the Muslims even they they were always outnumbered and less armed.

In 630, after a series of conflicts Muhammad marched on Mecca with an enormous force, said to number more than ten thousand men. The conquest of Mecca as it became known remained a peaceful one as the Meccans finally gave up and seceded to the Muslims. Most Meccans converted to Islam, and Muhammad forgave even his archest rivals. Subsequently he destroyed all of the idols of Arabian gods in and around the Kaaba. Henceforth the pilgrimage would be a Muslim pilgrimage without idol worship. The capitulation of Mecca and the defeat of an alliance of enemy tribes at Hunayn effectively brought the greater part of the Arabian peninsula under Muhammad's authority. The Muslims were clearly the dominant force in Arabia, and most of the remaining tribes and states hastened to convert to Islam.

In 632 Muhammad fell ill and suffered for several days with head pain and weakness. He succumbed on Monday, June 8, 632, in the city of Medina. His last words were "O Allaah! (with) the highest companions.", meaning he chose to leave the dunya (present life). It is narrated from ‘Aa’ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her) who said: When the Prophet was healthy, he used to say, “No soul of a Prophet is taken until he has been shown his place in Paradise and then he is given the choice.” When death approached him while his head was on my thigh, he became unconscious and then recovered consciousness. He then looked at the ceiling of the house and said, “O Allaah! (with) the highest companions." I said (to myself), “He is not going to choose (to stay with) us.” Then I understood what he meant when he said that to us when he was healthy. The last words he spoke were, "O Allaah! (with) the highest companions.” These words were his absolute last ones.

Though, he did say some other stuff before this very last last word: There is a report narrated by Ahmad (1691) from the hadeeth of Abu ‘Ubaydah, who said that the last words that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) spoke were, “Expel the Jews of the Hijaaz and Najraan from the Arabian Peninsula, and know that the most evil of people are those who took the graves of their Prophets as places of worship.”. It is also mentioned by Abu Dawood (5156)and Ibn Maajah (2698) narrated that ‘Ali (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: The last words that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) spoke were, “The prayer, the prayer! And fear Allaah with regard to those whom your right hands possess.” This was classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh Abi Dawood. And there are other similar ahaadeeth. What is meant by these reports is that these are some of the last things that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said, or they were the last pieces of advice that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) gave to his family and companions, and those who would be in authority after he was gone. But, again, the very last words he said were "O Allaah! (with) the highest companions.”.

Upon his death Muhammad had seen Islam spread rapidly throughout the Arabian Peninsula and was perched to conquer a large portion of the world. He is buried on the spot he died while laying in the lap of his wife Ayesha in his room adjacent to the Mosque of the Prophet in Medina.

title: Islam/Muhammad


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Blæja

Blæja ("The altar") is a mountain in Nathorst Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a height of about 1,078 m.a.s.l. The mountain is surrounded by the glaciers of Kvamsisen, Steenstrupbreen and Svalbreen. Svalbreen extends from Blæja to the valley of Danzigdalen.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Blæja


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Aldo Tomasini

Aldo Tomasini (born 15 September 1952) is a former Italian male long-distance runner who competed at three editions of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships (from 1973 to 1975), and won three national championships at senior level (two outdoor and one indoor.

title: Aldo Tomasini


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Brad Turner (director)

Brad Turner is a Canadian film director, television director and photographer.

Life and career
Born in Bayfield, Ontario, Canada, on June 22. He graduated with honours from the Television Arts Program at H. B. Beal Secondary School in London, Ontario.

In all he has directed thirteen films, and over two hundred episodes of television. He has been nominated six times for Gemini Awards for directing, and in 2004 he won one for his work in the CBC mini series Human Cargo. He also has won two Directors Guild of Canada Awards for the same production. In 2005, Human Cargo was also given a Peabody Award. Turner has also won a Manitoba Film Award for Best Director in a television film and has been nominated for an American Cable Ace Award for Best Director.

Brad also has a love for fine art, and owns the Turner Gallery which sells and promotes living Canadian artists. The gallery is located in his home town of Bayfield, Ontario.

On the fifth season of 24 he became one of the main directors on the show directing half the season with Jon Cassar. He started as a producer that season and a supervising producer on season 6, season 7 as a co-executive producer. In the eight and final season he was promoted to executive producer, also directing the series finale. He won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2006, as part of the show's production team.

Some of his other television directing credits include Airwolf, 21 Jump Street, La Femme Nikita, Mutant X, The Outer Limits, Alias, Stargate Atlantis, Stargate SG-1, Smallville, Homeland and among other series.

Turner is also a photographer. Many of his photos can be viewed on his official website.

Television series

 * Stargate Atlantis (6 episodes, 2004–2006)
 * Stargate SG-1 (8 episodes, 1997–2005)
 * Alias (1 episode, 2005)
 * Smallville (1 episode, 2005)
 * Las Vegas (2 episodes, 2005)
 * 24 (46 episodes, 2004–2010)
 * Battlestar Galactica (1 episode, 2004)
 * The Outer Limits (17 episodes, 1995–2002)
 * La Femme Nikita (9 episodes, 1998–2001)
 * Andromeda (6 episodes, 2001–2005)
 * Jeremiah (2 episodes, 2002)
 * Blade: The Series (1 episode, 2006)
 * Bones (2 episodes, 2009)
 * Hawaii Five-0 (8 episodes, 2010–2011)
 * The Secret Circle (1 episode, 2011)
 * Homeland (1 episode, 2011)
 * Nikita (2 episodes, 2012)
 * Alcatraz (1 episode, 2012)
 * Psych (3 episodes, 2013–2014)
 * Daredevil (1 episode, 2015)
 * Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (3 episodes, 2016–2018)
 * The Shannara Chronicles (2016–2017)
 * Take Two (1 episode, 2018)
 * V Wars (4 episodes, 2019)
 * neXt (episode "file #9", 2020)
 * Accused (1 episode, 2023)
 * Alert: Missing Persons Unit (1 episode, 2024)
 * Safehaven (10 episodes, TBA)

Films/miniseries

 * Goofballs (1987)
 * Pray for Me, Paul Henderson (1989)
 * Paris or Somewhere (1994)
 * This matter of marriage Il mio vicino di casa - Film Tv(1998)
 * Roswell: The Aliens Attack (1999)
 * Must Be Santa (1999)
 * The Inspectors 2: A Shred of Evidence (2000)
 * The Wandering Soul Murders (2001)
 * A Colder Kind of Death (2001)
 * Jinnah – On Crime: Pizza 911 (2002)
 * The New Beachcombers (2002)
 * Jinnah: On Crime – White Knight (2003)
 * Black Widow (2003)
 * Human Cargo (2004)
 * Species III (2004)
 * Prison Break: The Final Break (2009)
 * Trigger Point (2021)

title: Brad Turner (director)


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Talk:Clostridium perfringens

Nagler's reaction.
Cl. Perfringens is grown on medium containing 6% of agar, 5% of fildes peptic digest of sheep blood and 20% human serum or 5% egg yolk in a plate. To one half of the plate, antitoxin is spread on the surface. The inoculated culture plate is incubated at 37°c for 24 hours. Colonies on the half plate without the antitoxin will be surrounded by opacity while colonies on other half with antitoxin show's no opacity due to the specific Neutralisation of the alfa toxin. Alpha toxin splits lecithin into phosphoryl choline and a diglyceride(lipid). The lipid deposits around the colonies resulting in opacity.

Gas gangrene from food poisoning???
I removed "Some strains of C. perfringens produce toxins which cause gas gangrene if ingested." Surely this can't be right???? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:57, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Use in Salt Rising Bread
According to http://home.comcast.net/~petsonk/index_files/Page416.htm, this organism can be used instead of yeast to make bread rise. If true, that use is worthy of mentioning. Another reference: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646681/ Kevink707 (talk) 19:38, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

Content and Citation
Citations should be added to 1st section paragraphs 2,3, Food Poisoning paragraph 2 and 3, Infection paragraph 1 and the sections diagnosis and treatment.

Also the paragraph about mobility has several sentences that seem to be to similar to the original article's wording (if not an exact copy). Paraphrasing as "C. perfringens has filaments surrounding its entire body allowing it to move. This structure allow them to move quickly from the original colony, causing them to appear at the edges of the agar. As a result the motility is similar to that of bacteria with flagella " would help fix this problem.

I also think it would be great benefit to this article to add information about the microbes metabolic processes. That it uses enzymes to facilitate glycolysis, and to survive the bacteria uses toxins and enzymes to break down host tissue into amino acids that it cannot create on its own. By adding this I think it will connect the microbes processes with the reaction to human or other host's living tissue (necrosis).

Michaellar (talk) 00:21, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

Removed/Rewrote sections that were copied and pasted from other sources
"Very rare, fatal cases of clostridial necrotizing enteritis (also known as pigbel) have been known to involve "Type C" strains of the organism, which produce a potently ulcerative β-toxin." Was copied from Microbes: Concepts and Applications By Prakash S. Bisen, Mousumi Debnath, G. B. Prasad, therefore I have supplied a paraphrased version of the same information. and cited the source.

Michaellar (talk) 01:56, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

"Outbreaks can cause regularly..."?
I'm not sure what was intended here.

Wiki Education assignment: MIBO 3500 Introduction to Microbiology
— Assignment last updated by Cowboy122 (talk) 13:49, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

Tissue gas
In human post-mortem bodies C. perfringens can cause extremely accelerated decomposition. The by-product, called tissue gas, is slowed or halted by embalming the body using special additive chemicals. It most commonly occurs in the bodies of people who have died of gangrene, large decubitus ulcers, necrotising fasciitis or who have had soil, faeces or water forced into wounds.

This section was copied and pasted from the provided source. Oblivious2 (talk) 17:52, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clostridium perfringens


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User:Kelsey.brandt/sandbox

Caseous Lymphadenitis is a disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis that commonly affects small ruminants. This disease it characterized by abscess lesions in the lungs, lymph nodes, and other visceral organs.

title: User:Kelsey.brandt/sandbox


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User:Artan79

It's been a while. I had a username before but got deleted, as I did not have time to look back.

I am Artan. I was born in Prishtina/Pristina in 1979.

title: User:Artan79


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Joan Reed

Joan Reed (born 19 February 1952) is an English curler and curling coach.

At the national level, she is a ten-time English women's champion (1988, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2005, 2006, 2007) and 2005 English mixed champion curler.

title: Joan Reed


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User:Youreawizardharry1992

Bio
Im a student, scuba diver, video gamer and lover of travel. I was born in the year 2000 in the Pacific Northwest. I am attending school to become a mechanical engineer - I like to use my hands and build things. I have many hobbies such as building large lego sets to cold water scuba diving. Scuba diving has gotten me into the niche group of underwater photographers and I like to produce videos of my dives and travels, and when not producing, I probably spend too much time on youtube.

Wikipedia is interesting to me because it has often been a source of information that I had been looking for, yet has a shadow following it with the reputation of that anyone can change an article. One of the latest hobbies I have been involved with is Lego, there have been hundreds upon hundreds of lego sets over the years and I don't imagine that there is a page for every single one. Therefore - I would be interested in being apart of creating a page for every Lego set ever created and over time that would most likely become a very big data base.

Article Evaluation
I have been very close to my grandfather for my entire life. I look up to him and admire what he does. When he became a certified scuba diver in the early 2000s knew that I had to become one myself. I became a certified diver in 2012 and since then, I have developed the skills of a great diver and have taken interests in the sub-hobbies of diving such as underwater videography. Underwater videography plays a vital role in entertainment industry and is widely used in many types of film making. This subject should have a well put together Wikipedia representation, given that, I visited the Underwater videography page on Wikipedia, and found three aspects of it worth commenting on: its incompleteness, its old age, and its insufficiency of citations.

Incompleteness
When I visited the page for the first time, I noticed the general lack of modern information. Many Wikipedia pages related to diving are up to date and well maintained, this one is a little less cared for. I know about many of the products marketed for underwater videography and this article lacks in acknowledgement of the modern equipment. The article mentions Ikelite which is one of the biggest manufactures of DSLR underwater housings, but it leaves out other brands such as Nauticam which is for hobbyists wanting a premium product and Gates which is marketed towards the professional.

Old age
If one were to posses all the facts and knowledge about underwater videography, there would certainly be thought that when upon reading - the article seems out of date. This is because it is. The article lacks in photos, and the photos that are being used are of outdated equipment which shows me that the article has had some neglect. When inspected a little more closely the articles history shows that it was created sixteen years ago and has about one hundred total edits.

Conclusion
This article has the correct core elements to be a good Wikipedia article, but it would take some work to get it there. It needs work on its citations, it needs to be updated with all of todays modern information and when done it needs to be a complete article which has all correct, modern unbiased and factually proven information regarding the world of underwater videography.

title: User:Youreawizardharry1992


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off one's rocket

Etymology
A mishearing or reinventing of the expression.

Prepositional phrase

 * 1)  Barmy; crazy; insane.

title: off one's rocket


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User:Ssiingh/sandbox

Kuldip Singh Bhullar (born, March 22, 1957) is a retired Indian discus thrower, best known for winning silver medal at the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi.

title: User:Ssiingh/sandbox


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Saints Academy

Saints Academy may refer to:

 * Saints Academy (Mississippi), a school in Mississippi
 * Southampton F.C. Under-23s and Academy, English football club

title: Saints Academy


text:
1908 in baseball

Champions

 * World Series: Chicago Cubs over Detroit Tigers (4–1)
 * Southern Association: Nashville Vols over New Orleans Pelicans (1–0)

Statistical leaders
1 National League Triple Crown pitching winner

January–March

 * February 27 – The sacrifice fly rule is adopted. No time at bat is charged if a run scores after the catch of a fly ball. The rule will be repealed in 1931, then reinstated (or changed) several times before gaining permanent acceptance in 1954.

April–June

 * June 30 – Cy Young pitches the third, and final, no-hitter of his career as the Boston Red Sox defeat the New York Highlanders, 8–0.

July–September

 * July 4 – One batter away from a perfect game, New York Giants pitcher Hooks Wiltse hits George McQuillan with two outs in the ninth inning. Wiltse continues to pitch and tosses a no-hitter against the Philadelphia Phillies. The Giants win, 1–0, in 10 innings.
 * August 4 – In a game between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Brooklyn Superbas only one baseball was used for the entire game. Brooklyn wins, 3–0.
 * September 5 – Nap Rucker pitches a no-hitter as the Brooklyn Superbas defeat the Boston Doves, 6–0.
 * September 18 – Cleveland Naps pitcher Bob Rhoads tosses a no-hitter against the Boston Red Sox, Cleveland wins, 2–1.
 * September 20 – Frank Smith of the Chicago White Sox throws a no-hitter against the Philadelphia Athletics, the White Sox win, 1–0. It is the second no-hitter of Smith's career.
 * September 23 – The Chicago Cubs and New York Giants, involved in a tight pennant race, (also involving the Pittsburgh Pirates) were tied in the bottom of the ninth inning at the Polo Grounds. The Giants had runners on first and third and two outs when Al Bridwell hit a single to center field, scoring Moose McCormick from third with the Giants' apparent winning run, but the runner on first base, rookie Fred Merkle, thinking the game was over, went halfway to second and then sprinted to the clubhouse after McCormick touched home plate. As fans swarmed the field, Cub infielder Johnny Evers retrieved the ball and touched second. A forceout was called at second base, nullifying the single, and since there were 2 outs when the play started, the run was also nullified and the inning ended. The game was declared a tie and would be made up at the end of the season if the Cubs and Giants were tied for first place. The incident became known as "Merkle's Boner".
 * September 26 – Ed Reulbach of the Chicago Cubs pitches two shutouts in the same day, whitewashing the Brooklyn Superbas 5–0 on a five-hitter and 3–0 on a three-hitter. The entire doubleheader is played in less than three hours. Reulbach allows five hits in the a.m. game, and is even stingier in the afternoon, yielding three hits and a walk. Kaiser Wilhelm and Jim Pastorius are the losing pitchers.

October–December

 * October 2
 * In a game involving the Cleveland Naps and the Chicago White Sox, Ed Walsh struck out 15 Naps and walked one batter, pitching a complete game, but it was not enough as Addie Joss pitched a perfect game, as the Naps beat the White Sox, 1–0, during the heat of a pennant race. Cleveland center fielder Joe Birmingham scored the game's only run. Joss' perfect game is the second in the modern era and fourth all time. It is perhaps the finest pitching duel in baseball history.
 * Washington Senators outfielder Otis Clymer hits for the cycle in a 12–2 Washington victory over the New York Highlanders.
 * October 6 – The Detroit Tigers defeat the Chicago White Sox, 7–0, to win the American League pennant on the last day of the season.
 * October 8 – The Chicago Cubs defeat the New York Giants, 4–2, in the make-up of "The Merkle's Boner" game, giving the Cubs the National League pennant.
 * October 14 – The Chicago Cubs defeat the Detroit Tigers, 2–0, in Game 5 of the World Series to win the series four games to one. It is the second consecutive World Championship for the Cubs and the second year in a row they have defeated the Tigers in the World Series. The Cubs did not win another World Series until 2016, when they defeated Cleveland Indians in seven games, this ended its 108 year championship drought.
 * October 14 – The baseball season of 1908 ends with the lowest runs per game average in major league baseball history at 3.38. This outcome was likely an important factor in the decision to trial a livelier "cork center" ball in both leagues the following season.
 * October 24 – "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" is introduced by singer Billy Murray. The songwriting team of Albert Von Tilzer (music) and Jack Norworth (lyrics) who created the immortal tune have never seen a game. Over the past 100 years, more than 400 musicians from every conceivable genre have recorded the song.
 * November 22 – In the first game ever between a Japanese and an American professional team, the Reach All-Americans defeat Waseda University in Tokyo, 5–0.

January

 * January 4 – George Selkirk
 * January 5 – Regis Leheny
 * January 13 – Jimmy Jordan
 * January 16 – Johnny Watson
 * January 17 – Les Willis

February

 * February 1 – Vince Barton
 * February 2 – Bobby Coombs
 * February 2 – Wes Ferrell
 * February 4 – Hank Garrity
 * February 9 – Buzz Boyle
 * February 13 – Gilly Campbell
 * February 14 – Oscar Judd
 * February 17 – Red Barber
 * February 23 – Ray Brown
 * February 23 – Bob Boken
 * February 25 – Al Hollingsworth

March

 * March 1 – Tadashi Wakabayashi
 * March 2 – Orville Armbrust
 * March 7 – Harry Davis
 * March 9 – Myril Hoag
 * March 12 – Bob Barr
 * March 13 – Harlin Pool
 * March 19 – Gee Walker
 * March 29 – Gibby Brack
 * March 29 – Bill Strickland

April

 * April 6 – Dick Gyselman
 * April 6 – Ernie Lombardi
 * April 6 – Joe Mowry
 * April 7 – George Hockette
 * April 8 – Buck Fausett
 * April 12 – Joe Vitelli
 * April 16 – Babe Phelps
 * April 18 – Ed Boland
 * April 22 – Fabian Kowalik

May

 * May 5 – Tony Freitas
 * May 6 – Jack Owens
 * May 9 – Billy Jurges
 * May 17 – Leo Norris
 * May 25 – Howard Craghead
 * May 27 – Euel Moore

June

 * June 4 – Orville Jorgens
 * June 4 – Bob Klinger
 * June 6 – Izzy Goldstein
 * June 9 – Paul Gregory
 * June 10 – Mike Kreevich
 * June 19 – Bill Swift
 * June 20 – Billy Werber
 * June 22 – Harry Rosenberg
 * June 25 – Joe Becker

July

 * July 6 – Cy Blanton
 * July 14 – Johnny Murphy
 * July 15 – Jake Powell
 * July 16 – Floyd Newkirk
 * July 17 – Ed Connolly
 * July 20 – Ed Madjeski
 * July 23 – Ival Goodman
 * July 30 – Frankie Pytlak

August

 * August 7 – Clyde Hatter
 * August 8 – Bo Briggery
 * August 10 – Odell Hale
 * August 10 – Bill Trotter
 * August 15 – Bernie Walter
 * August 16 – Andy Bednar
 * August 18 – Jim Peterson
 * August 20 – Al López
 * August 28 – Don Savidge

September

 * September 2 – Monte Pearson
 * September 12 – Jim McLeod
 * September 13 – Otho Nitcholas
 * September 14 – John Bottarini
 * September 16 – Buster Mills
 * September 18 – Lefty Guise
 * September 20 – Zeke Bonura
 * September 20 – Eddie Hurley
 * September 22 – Jim Holloway
 * September 28 – Carl Sumner

October

 * October 2 – Ray Lucas
 * October 6 – Tom Padden
 * October 12 – Johnny Markham
 * October 15 – Hugo Klaerner
 * October 17 – Red Rolfe
 * October 18 – Andy Spognardi
 * October 24 – Ralph Onis

November

 * November 3 – Red Phillips
 * November 5 – Ralph Birkofer
 * November 8 – John Stoneham
 * November 9 – Roy Schalk
 * November 13 – John Kroner
 * November 19 – Harley Boss
 * November 19 – Joe Glenn
 * November 21 – Paul Richards
 * November 26 – Lefty Gomez
 * November 29 – Pat Simmons

December

 * December 1 – Les Munns
 * December 10 – Earl Cook
 * December 12 – Flea Clifton
 * December 14 – Terry Lyons
 * December 16 – Emil Mailho
 * December 18 – Jimmy Pattison
 * December 20 – Art McLarney
 * December 22 – Ed Fallenstein
 * December 23 – Sol Carter
 * December 25 – Ben Chapman
 * December 25 – Alta Cohen
 * December 25 – Jo-Jo Moore

January–April

 * January 14 – Sim Bullas, 45, outfielder for the 1884 Toledo Blue Stockings.
 * January 14 – Henry Krug, 41, utility for the 1902 Philadelphia Phillies.
 * February 6 – Samuel F. Angus, 52, owner of the Detroit Tigers from November 1901 to October 1903.
 * February 20 – Wallace Terry, 57, first baseman/outfielder for the 1875 Washington Nationals.
 * March 12 – Fred Ketcham, 32, outfielder for the Louisville Colonels (1899) and Philadelphia Athletics (1901).
 * March 27 – Forrest Crawford, 26, shortstop who played 1906 through 1907 for the St. Louis Cardinals.
 * March 30 – Charlie Sweasy, 60, second baseman for 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings. Played seven years in the National Association and the National League.
 * April 6 – Jim Brown, 47, pitcher and outfielder for two seasons, 1884 and 1886.
 * April 10 – Mike Griffin, 43, center fielder for Baltimore and Brooklyn who batted .300 six times, scored 100 runs ten times; led league in runs and doubles once each.
 * April 13 – John Kelly, 49, 19th century catcher, manager and umpire.
 * April 20 – Henry Chadwick, 83, the "Father of Baseball", who through his writings, analysis of statistics and service in developing the sport's rules played a principal role in establishing baseball as the "national pastime"; devised the box score, developed scoring system which enabled recording of every play, authored the first rule book in 1858, and created statistics including batting average and earned run average; worked to revise sport's rules so as to balance offense and defense, and to increase mental demands as well as physical ones.

May–August

 * May 9 – Charlie Nyce, 37, shortstop for the 1895 Boston Beaneaters.
 * May 14 – John O'Connell, 35, played in only the 1891 and 1902 seasons.
 * May 24 – Pete Hasney, 43, played for the 1890 Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association.
 * June 16 – Ned Garvin, 34, pitcher who posted a 57–97 record and a 2.72 ERA for five different teams between 1896 and 1904.
 * June 22 – Everett Mills, 63, first baseman for six seasons, 1871–1876.
 * June 23 – Bill Traffley, 38, catcher for the 1878 Chicago White Stockings.
 * July 18 – John Brown, 31, pitcher for the 1897 Brooklyn Bridegrooms.
 * July 22 – Andy Sommers, 42, catcher who played with six clubs from 1897 to 1890.
 * August 19 – Doc Bushong, 51, catcher for 13 seasons (1875–1876, 1880–1890), who played on five league championship teams.
 * August 20 – Marty Honan, 39, catcher for the 1891 Chicago Colts of the National League.
 * August 24 – George Meister, 44, German third baseman who hit .194 in 34 games for the 1884 Toledo Blue Stockings.

September–December

 * September 7 – Bill Morgan, 52, outfielder and shortstop who played with the Pittsburgh Alleghenys (1883) and Washington Nationals (1884).
 * September 14 – Ike Van Zandt, 32, outfielder and pitcher who played for the New York Giants (1901), Chicago Cubs (1904) and St. Louis Browns (1905).
 * September 18 – Dickey Pearce, 72, shortstop (in the sport's earliest era) whose career spanned the years 1856 to 1877; introduced the bunt and pioneered defensive play at his position, later became an umpire.
 * September 25 – Frank Robison, 55 or 56, co-owner (with his brother Stanford) of the St. Louis Cardinals from 1899 until his death; previously co-owner of the Cleveland Spiders from 1897 to 1899.
 * September 28 – Tom Pratt, 64, played at first base for one game with the 1871 Philadelphia Athletics.
 * November 5 – Pat Hannivan, 42, outfielder and second baseman for the 1897 Brooklyn Bridegrooms.
 * December 8 – Frank Griffith, 36, pitcher for the Chicago Cubs (1892) and Cleveland Spiders (1894).
 * December 10 – Wild Bill Widner, 41, pitcher who posted a 22–36 record and a 4.36 ERA with the Red Stockings, Nationals, Solons and Kelly's Killers from 1887 to 1891.
 * December 19 – Reddy Foster, 44, pinch hitter for the 1896 New York Giants.
 * December 26 – Charlie Householder, 52, third baseman/left fielder/shortstop who hit .239 in 83 games for the 1884 Chicago/Pittsburgh team of the Union Association.
 * December 26 – Shadow Pyle, 47, pitcher for the Philadelphia Quakers (1884) and Chicago White Stockings (1887).

title: 1908 in baseball


text:
Sinéad Goldrick

Sinéad Goldrick (born 2 May 1990) is a dual code footballer, playing at the highest level in both Gaelic football and Australian rules football. She captained Dublin ladies in the 2014 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship final and was a member of the Dublin teams that won the All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship in 2017, 2018 and 2019. She was also a member of the Dublin team that won the 2018 Ladies' National Football League. In 2019 she won her seventh All Star award. During the 2010s she was also a prominent member of the Foxrock–Cabinteely team that won Dublin and Leinster titles and played in All-Ireland finals. In October 2019 it was announced that Goldrick has agreed to play for Melbourne Football Club of the AFLW in 2020 and she won a premiership with the club in 2022 (AFLW Season 7).

Early years, family and education
Goldrick attended St. Brigid's Girls National School, Cabinteely. Between 2002 and 2008 she completed her secondary level education at Coláiste Íosagáin in Booterstown. In addition to Gaelic football, in her youth she was involved in various sports and activities including gymnastics, Irish dancing and athletics. She also represented Coláiste Íosagáin at basketball, winning multiple All-Ireland titles. She recalls her father taking her to Croke Park for the first time, when she was about 10, to watch a Dublin team, featuring Jason Sherlock, play against Meath in the Leinster Senior Football Championship. Between 2008 and 2011 she attended University College Dublin where she gained a BSc in Social Sciences. Between 2011 and 2012 she attended the Dublin Institute of Technology where she gained a MSc in Marketing.

Clubs
Goldrick began playing for Foxrock–Cabinteely while attending St. Brigid's Girls National School. During the 2010s she was a prominent member of Foxrock Cabinteely teams that won Dublin and Leinster titles and played in All-Ireland finals.
 * Foxrock–Cabinteely

While attending University College Dublin and the Dublin Institute of Technology, Goldrick also played for UCD GAA and DIT GAA.
 * Intervarsity

Inter-county
Together with Niamh McEvoy, Noëlle Healy and Hannah Tyrrell, Goldrick was part of a generation of Dublin ladies' footballers who won All-Ireland titles at under-14, under-16 and under-18 levels before playing for the senior team. Since 2008 she has been a regular member of the Dublin senior panel. However she missed out on the 2010 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship final after choosing to go travelling in Thailand. She captained Dublin  in the 2014 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship final. She was also a member of the Dublin teams that won the 2017, 2018  and 2019 All-Ireland finals. She scored the opening goal for Dublin in the 2019 final. She was a member of the Dublin team that won the 2018 Ladies' National Football League. In 2019 she won her seventh All Star award.

Australian rules football
In October 2019 it was announced that Goldrick and her Dublin teammate, Niamh McEvoy, have agreed to play for Melbourne Football Club of the AFLW in 2020. She played all 6 games in her debut year before the 2020 season was cut short, and returned to play in 2021.

Personal life
Between 2013 and 2018 Goldrick worked for Vodafone Ireland in various roles including as a Vodafone Foundation executive and mobile app developer. She has also worked as a brand ambassador for both Lidl and AIG. Goldrick is dating the Dublin and Cuala hurler, David Treacy.

Gaelic football

 * Dublin
 * All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship
 * Winners: 2017, 2018, 2019: 3
 * Runner up: 2014, 2015, 2016: 3
 * Ladies' National Football League
 * 2018
 * All-Ireland Under-18 Ladies' Football Championship
 * Winners: 2008
 * All-Ireland Under-16 Ladies' Football Championship
 * Winners: 2006
 * All-Ireland Under-14 Ladies' Football Championship
 * Winners: 2004
 * Foxrock–Cabinteely
 * All-Ireland Ladies' Club Football Championship
 * Runner up: 2016, 2018: 2
 * Leinster Ladies' Senior Club Football Championship
 * Winners: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018: 4
 * Runner up: 2012: 1
 * Dublin Ladies' Senior Football Championship
 * Winners: 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018: 5
 * Individual
 * All Stars
 * Winner: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019: 7

Australian Rules

 * AFLW premiership player: Season 7 (2022)

title: Sinéad Goldrick


text:
User:Kent~enwikiversity

 Monday 29 July  UTC

 * Who: Dennis L. Kent (KDL)
 * Where: Kankakee, Illinois, United States of America
 * When: Since 04-27-2007
 * What: Net Slave
 * Why: To make the truth available.

About KDL
Dennis L. Kent (talk), is a Wikinews Journalist specializing in Public Affairs.

Date: 2007-04-27 (April 27, 2007) Time: 165001 UTC

Contact Information
Dennis L. Kent Post Office Box 129 Kankakee, Illinois 60901-0129 United States of America

Requests for Edits by KDL
Users: Please post them on the Dennis L. Kent Discussion Page.

Requests for Contributions by KDL
Users: Please post them on the Dennis L. Kent Discussion Page.

General Comments for KDL
Users: Please post them on the Dennis L. Kent Discussion Page.

 * Category:Business
 * Category:Entertainment
 * Category:Illinois
 * Category:Internet
 * Category:Journalism
 * Category:Kankakee
 * Category:Law
 * Category:North America
 * Category:Christianity
 * Category:Culture
 * Category:Orthodox Christianity
 * Category:People
 * Category:Political science
 * Category:Public affairs
 * Category:Religion
 * Category:Spirituality
 * Category:Science
 * Category:Statesmanship
 * Category:Technology
 * Category:Faith
 * Category:Film
 * Category:United States of America
 * Category:United States Senate

title: User:Kent~enwikiversity


text:
User:SamJU23/sandbox

Publication began in February of 1966.

The Newspaper has tended to focus on events occuring in and around Havana. In regards to political events, it has tended to focus on events supportive of the party and government, while excluding events that do not support these institutions.
 * Cuban social, cultural, and political events, such as parades and festivals

The newspaper has been a way for Fidel Castro and the Cuban Communist Party to communicate their ideology to the world, especially in regards to the United States.

Digital Format
The first website for Granma was created in August of 1996, making Granma the first media organization in Cuba to have a website. The Granma daily news was first published on a separate website in July 1997, and the two sites were later merged. The website includes versions of the newspaper in five languages other than Spanish, and updates all of these versions daily.

Cartas a la Dirección
The Cartas a la Dirección section of Granma contains letters from readers, as well as responses from the editor. It was first included in the newspaper on March 14, 2008, soon after Raúl Castro's speech stating that the Cuban Communist Party is open to criticism. The section has since then become very popular. The letters in this section can involve multiple topics, including complaints and suggestions for the newspaper or the Cuban Communist Party. Publication of letters to the editor of Granma serve a few functions. First, the publication of the letters acts as a platform in which the Cuban public can directly interact with the editor of the newspaper, as well as with the communist party as a whole. It also serves as a method for the party and the government to stay accountable to the public. Finally, the letters help inform Cuban leadership of matters concerning the people. Initially, very few of the letters published in Cartas a la Dirección received responses, and these responses were often vague and unhelpful. However, Granma, through editorial comments added onto letters and responses, as well as a periodic overview of responses, attempted to pressure government agencies into improving the quality and frequency of their responses. The strategy worked, with 77 percent of letters receiving responses in 2016, improved from only 8.8 percent in 2011.

The section Cartas a la Dirección is not the first time Granma has included letters from readers in the newspaper, but most of these sections were more focused on a certain topic, such as economic statistics or transportation and infrastructure. An exception was A vuelta de correo, which began in 1975 and continued until 1984. Like Cartas a la Dirección, A vuelta de correo included questions from the Cuban public that brought attention to various issues, as well as occasional responses by the government. However, these letters were much less specific than those found in Cartas a la Dirección, and were frequently redacted.

title: User:SamJU23/sandbox


text:
Cookbook:Garlic Lemon Dressing

Ingredients

 * 1 small clove garlic
 * 1 sprig rosemary
 * 1 strip lemon peel (1 x ½ inch)
 * ¾ cup olive oil
 * ¼ cup lemon juice

Procedure

 * 1) Place the garlic and rosemary on a cutting board and lightly crush with the flat side of a heavy knife.
 * 2) Put the rosemary, garlic and lemon peel in a clean bottle with a tight-fitting cap.
 * 3) Pour in the oil and lemon juice. Cap the bottle and shake well.
 * 4) Refrigerate and use within one week.
 * 5) Shake before serving. Drizzle on steamed vegetables, or seafood, pasta, potato salad, or other salads.

title: Cookbook:Garlic Lemon Dressing


text:
Talk:Monster (Millennium)/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: TBrandley (talk · contribs) 00:02, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Issues:

 * Infobox: Add "running time" to the infobox
 * Done. GRAPPLE   X  01:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Lede: Link American to Television in the United States
 * Done. GRAPPLE   X  01:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Lede: It premiered on the Fox network on October 17, 1997 → It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on October 17, 1997
 * Done. 01:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Lede: by should be from, for the guest performances in the lede
 * Done. 01:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Lede: Second paragraph - Add "In the episode"
 * Done. GRAPPLE   X  01:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Broadcast and reception: Fox Network should be Fox network, with no capital for network.
 * Done. GRAPPLE   X  01:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Broadcast and reception: Was first broadcast on Fox Network in which countrY?
 * Done. GRAPPLE   X  01:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Notes: Link 1997–1998 television season
 * I assume you mean link it to 1997–98 United States network television schedule? The article is currently undergoing an AFD so if it survives I could link it but there's no point now in case it's deleted. 01:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Footnotes: As in the X-Files articles, maybe you should format it as in this article, and others.
 * I take it you mean the semi-colon instead of a lower section heading. Screen readers have difficulty understanding the semi-colon in that context, so I prefer to use a section header to keep things in line with MOS:ACCESS. GRAPPLE   X  01:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * References: Could you cut down on dead links?
 * Not sure what you mean, all the online sources used are still up and running. GRAPPLE   X  01:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I mean't red links. TBrandley 01:49, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Have removed the link to Mark Freeborn, it's unlikely to be created in a rush; I've left John Peter Kousakis in as I do plan to create it. GRAPPLE   X  01:56, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

That's all. Great work. On hold for now. TBrandley 00:10, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the review. I've addressed or responded to your points; though one or two have raised questions in response. GRAPPLE   X  01:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monster (Millennium)/GA1


text:
UC Cartes

Unión Club Cartes is a Spanish football team located in Cartes, in the autonomous community of Cantabria. Founded in 1921 it currently plays in, holding home matches at Campo de Fútbol El Ansar with a capacity of 1,000 spectators.

History
UC Cartes was founded in 1921.

Club background

 * Unión Club Cartes – (1921–1956)
 * Soldevilla Unión Club Cartes – (1956–1970)
 * Unión Club Cartes – (1970–present)

Season to season

 * 2 seasons in Tercera División
 * 3 seasons in Tercera Federación/Tercera División RFEF

title: UC Cartes


text:
Venice–Udine railway

The Venice–Udine railway is an Italian railway line connecting Venice, in Veneto, with Udine, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It follows the same route as state highway 13 (SS 13, "Pontebbana"). The railway infrastructure is managed by the Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, which classifies it as one of its primary lines. It has a maximum line speed of 150 km/h.

History
The section between Mestre and Udine was opened between 1851 and 1860.

The electrification of the Mestre–Udine section at 3000 volts DC was officially inaugurated in October 1960.

Standards
The line is a double-track line entirely electrified at 3000 volts DC. The major cities crossed, in addition to the two termini, are Treviso and Pordenone. The line is signalled with the Sistema di Comando e Controllo (SCC), a form of centralized traffic control. Traffic is regulated by an operations centre manager at Venezia Mestre.

Rail traffic
Services are mainly operated by Trenitalia and consist of regional services, long-distance connections from Udine to Milan and Rome and from Venice to Vienna and Munich. In summary, the trains that operate on this line are:
 * regional
 * regional express
 * Intercity
 * Eurocity
 * Frecciarossa
 * Italo AV (since October 2019)

The main stations that have an interchange function with other lines are Venezia Mestre, Treviso Centrale, Conegliano, Sacile, Casarsa and Udine.

title: Venice–Udine railway


text:
SPM/Installation on Mac OS (PowerPC)

SPM12
SPM12 is not supported on Mac PowerPC.

SPM8
SPM8 is not officially supported on Mac PowerPC, as this platform is about to be phased out (see MATLAB Platform Roadmap). This means that precompiled MEX files (*.mexmac) are not included in the SPM distribution. It should however be relatively straightforward to compile them by yourself.

Installation
Download spm8.zip and its updates spm8_updates_rxxxx.zip in your home directory then type the following in a Terminal: cd /Users/login unzip spm8.zip unzip -o spm8_updates_rxxxx.zip -d spm8 Start MATLAB and add SPM into your path, either using File > Set Path > Add Folder... or typing addpath /Users/login/spm8 in MATLAB's workspace.

Compilation
You need to have Apple's development environment Xcode installed. It should be available on your Mac OS X installation DVD.

You also need to have the mex executable in your system path. To do so, type the following in a Terminal: export PATH=$PATH:/Applications/MATLAB/bin with the appropriate path where MATLAB is installed.

In a Terminal, from the src folder of your SPM8 installation, type: cd /Users/login/spm8/src make distclean make && make install make toolbox-distclean make toolbox && make toolbox-install make external-distclean make external && make external-install

SPM5
Precompiled MEX files for Mac PowerPC (*.mexmac) are available in the latest update.

Installation
Download spm5.zip in your home directory then type the following in a Terminal: cd /Users/login unzip spm5.zip Start MATLAB and add SPM into your path, either using File > Set Path > Add Folder... or typing addpath /Users/login/spm5 in MATLAB's workspace.

Compilation
If you want to compile SPM5 MEX files by yourself, you need to have Xcode installed and mex in your system path (see SPM8 for details).

Then, in a Terminal, from the src folder of your SPM5 installation, type: cd /Users/login/spm5/src make distclean make && make install

SPM2
Precompiled MEX files for Mac PowerPC (*.mexmac) are available in the latest update.

Compilation
NB. Some of the following commands require that you log in as root or use the "sudo" mode.

Assuming that your Matlab and SPM2 folders (say, "MATLAB" and "spm2") are in your Applications folder:

(1) make sure you use a version of gcc earlier than 3.3 (compiling spm2 with gcc3.3 fails when mex is invoked; there apparently is a conflict of library):

(sudo) gcc_select 3

(2) put a symbolic link to the "mex" file found in MATLAB/bin into /usr/sbin/ (!!! not in usr/local/bin):

(sudo) ln -s /.../Applications/MATLAB/bin/mex  /usr/sbin/mex

(3) recompile SPM2:

cd /.../Applications/spm2 make MAC

You should see something like the following lines:

make all SUF=mexmac RANLIB="ranlib spm_vol_utils.mexmac.a"   _________________________________________________ Unix compile for MacOS X   _________________________________________________ mex -O -c spm_mapping.c   mv spm_mapping.o spm_mapping.mexmac.o    rm -f spm_vol_utils.mexmac.a    ar rcv spm_vol_utils.mexmac.a utils_uchar.mexmac.o utils_short.mexmac.o    utils_int.mexmac.o utils_schar.mexmac.o utils_ushort.mexmac.o     utils_uint.mexmac.o utils_float.mexmac.o utils_double.mexmac.o     utils_short_s.mexmac.o utils_int_s.mexmac.o utils_ushort_s.mexmac.o    utils_uint_s.mexmac.o utils_float_s.mexmac.o utils_double_s.mexmac.o     spm_make_lookup.mexmac.o spm_getdata.mexmac.o spm_vol_access.mexmac.o     spm_mapping.mexmac.o     a - utils_uchar.mexmac.o    a - utils_short.mexmac.o    ... (a long long list of files) _________________________________________________   FINISHED _________________________________________________

title: SPM/Installation on Mac OS (PowerPC)


text:
Guldy

Guldy (Гульды; Kaitag and Dargwa: Гъулди) is a rural locality (a selo) in Dzhirabachinsky Selsoviet, Kaytagsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 145 as of 2010.

Geography
Guldy is located 23 km southwest of Madzhalis (the district's administrative centre) by road. Surgiya and Dzurmachi are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Dargins live there.

title: Guldy


text:
Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip

The battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip (April 18–28, 1862) was the decisive battle for possession of New Orleans in the American Civil War. The two Confederate forts on the Mississippi River south of the city were attacked by a Union Navy fleet. As long as the forts could keep the Federal forces from moving on the city, it was safe, but if they fell or were bypassed, there were no fall-back positions to impede the Union advance.

New Orleans, the largest city in the Confederacy, was already under threat of attack from its north when David Farragut moved his fleet into the river from the south. The Confederate Navy had previously driven off the Union blockade fleet in the Battle of the Head of Passes the previous October. Although the Union threat from upriver was geographically more remote than that from the Gulf of Mexico, a series of losses in Kentucky and Tennessee had forced the Confederate War and Navy Departments in Richmond to strip the region of much of its defenses. Men and equipment had been withdrawn from the local defenses, so that by mid-April almost nothing remained south of the city except the two forts and an assortment of gunboats of questionable worth. Without reducing the pressure from the north, (Union) President Abraham Lincoln set in motion a combined Army-Navy operation to attack from the south. The Union Army offered 18,000 soldiers, led by the political general Benjamin F. Butler. The Navy contributed a large fraction of its West Gulf Blockading Squadron, which was commanded by Flag Officer David G. Farragut. The squadron was augmented by a semi-autonomous flotilla of mortar schooners and their support vessels under Commander David Dixon Porter.

The expedition assembled at Ship Island in the Gulf. Once they were ready, the naval contingent moved its ships into the river, an operation that was completed on April 14. They were then moved into position near the forts, and on April 18 the mortars opened the battle.

The ensuing battle can be divided into two parts: a mostly-ineffective bombardment of the Confederate-held forts by the raft-mounted mortars, and the successful passage of the forts by much of Farragut's fleet on the night of April 24. During the passage, one Federal warship was lost and three others turned back, while the Confederate gunboats were virtually obliterated. The subsequent capture of the city, achieved with no further significant opposition, was a serious, even fatal, blow from which the Confederacy never recovered. The forts remained after the fleet had passed, but the demoralized enlisted men in Fort Jackson mutinied and forced their surrender.

Background
Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip were a pair of closely associated forts on the Mississippi River. They were sited some 40 km above Head of Passes, where the river divides before it finally enters the Gulf of Mexico, or about 120 km downstream from New Orleans. Fort Jackson was on the right (generally west, but here south) bank, while Fort St. Philip was on the left (here, north) bank of the river. Because of the path of the river, Fort Jackson was actually somewhat east of Fort St. Philip. Designed for defense against invasion in the days of sail, the two forts were sited near a bend in the river that would force ships to slow down in passing, so they would be nearly stationary targets under the 177 guns of the forts that bore on the channel.

Union preparations
Although land-based forts had long been considered to be invulnerable to attack by naval guns, some weaknesses had been exposed in the Battle of Port Royal, South Carolina, on November 7, 1861. Following that battle, (Union) Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus V. Fox began to press for expanded use of the United States Navy in attacking coastal Confederate positions. He particularly emphasized the desirability of assaulting New Orleans, the largest city in the Confederacy, from the Gulf. Fox proposed that the two forts could be weakened if not completely destroyed by a mortar barrage, and a relatively small Army force then could assault the weakened forts. Following the reduction of the forts, or even during the army assault, a fleet could steam past them and attack New Orleans directly.

At first, the Army, in the person of General-in-Chief George B. McClellan, opposed the plan. The contingent of 30,000 to 50,000 troops that McClellan considered the minimum needed for success would be a diversion from other Army operations, particularly the Peninsula Campaign against Richmond, Virginia, that he was directing at that time. Army opposition was negated, however, when (Union) Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles coopted the political general Benjamin F. Butler by allowing the expedition to proceed under Butler's name. With Butler's support, Welles was able to persuade President Abraham Lincoln to order the campaign forward. On February 23, 1862, Butler was informed that he was in charge of the land forces "destined to cooperate with the Navy in the attack on New Orleans." The number of troops at his disposal was whittled down appreciably from McClellan's original estimate, to only 18,000.

An organizational change in the Navy had to be made before planning for the campaign could proceed. On December 23, 1861, the Gulf Blockading Squadron was divided into the East Gulf and West Gulf Squadrons. To command the West Gulf Blockading Squadron, Secretary Welles selected Captain David Glasgow Farragut. The new commander arrived at Ship Island, in the Gulf of Mexico, on February 20, 1862; this can be taken as the starting date for the campaign.

Farragut had two problems to deal with in addition to any posed by the Confederates. The first, dealing with Butler and his army, was handled by simply ignoring him; the Army took no further part in his plans. The second was not so easily dismissed; part of Farragut's fleet was a semi-autonomous group of mortar schooners, headed by his foster brother David D. Porter. Porter was a master of intrigue who had the ear of Assistant Secretary Fox, and Farragut had to let the mortars be tried, despite his strong personal belief that they would prove worthless.

In mid-March, Farragut began moving his ships across the bar at the mouth of the river. This was not without incident; the depth of water was found to be only 15 ft instead of the 18 ft that was expected. At least one ship that the Administration wanted in the expedition, USS Colorado, drew too much to get across. To Farragut, the most serious problem presented by the failed effort to bring Colorado into the river was not the reduction in the force he had available, but rather the lost time. With Colorado subtracted, the fleet inside the bar included six ships and twelve gunboats.

After the warships of the squadron were safely in the river, Porter's 26 mortar schooners and associated vessels were brought in with no problems, beginning on March 18. In the next month, Farragut had to gauge the strength of the forts, find the range of their guns, determine the nature of other obstructions in the channel, place the mortar boats where they would be most effective, and put his warships in battle condition. Working under the intermittent fire of the forts and Confederate gunboats, men of the United States Coast Survey who had been assigned to the Navy went ashore and surveyed the forts from a distance, placing buoys in the river channel to mark where the gunboats should be anchored. On April 18, the preliminaries were completed.

Union chain of command
In the final days of preparation for his ships to run past the forts, Farragut organized his fleet, dividing it into three sections. (This would not be at all exceptional in the Royal Navy, where the division of the fleet into the van, main fleet, and the rear was the usual practice, but the United States Navy had not used full fleets before the Civil War.) Command of the first division of gunboats was given to Captain Theodorus Bailey, who was also appointed second in overall command, to take over if Farragut himself were to become incapacitated. Command of the second division of gunboats was given to Captain Henry H. Bell. Farragut retained divisional command of the ships for himself.

Confederate preparations
From the beginning, plans of the Confederate War Department (Secretary of War Judah P. Benjamin at first, later George W. Randolph) in Richmond for defense of New Orleans were distorted by the belief that the primary threat to the city came from the north. Reflecting that belief, much of the material intended to protect the city was sent to strongpoints on the Mississippi, such as Island Number 10, Fort Pillow, and Memphis. The immediate vicinity of the city was actually weakened as guns were withdrawn for use in distant campaigns, as for example that leading to the Battle of Shiloh. The region was also stripped of men of military age. Confederate Major General Mansfield Lovell, commander of Department No. 1, put much more credence in the buildup in the Gulf than did his distant superiors. Flag Officer George N. Hollins, CSN, in charge of the Confederate naval forces on the Mississippi at the time, personally agreed with Lovell, but his orders did not permit him to act on his beliefs. Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip were under the local command of Brigadier General Johnson K. Duncan. The average quality of the soldiers in the garrison was probably not as high as Lovell and Duncan would have liked; the most militant had been drawn off for other fields, leaving the irresolute and the unfit. Because New Orleans was something of an international city, the ranks contained a greater proportion of foreign-born soldiers than most units of the Confederate Army. Nevertheless, they could be expected to perform their duty, even if they would not make extraordinary exertions.

The forts around the city were supplemented by two defensive chains stretched across the river to prevent passage. (The chains were sometimes referred to as either 'rafts' or 'booms' in the reports.) One chain was placed above the city, and had no effect on the battle. The other was placed just below the forts, where enemy vessels trying to break it would come under their fire. This barrier was much more important than its counterpart. Originally put in place soon after Lovell took command of the department, it broke under the weight of debris washed down the river in the spring floods. It was repaired, but Lovell did not consider the replacement as good as the original.

Additional defense was provided by several ships and boats that were grouped into three separate organizations, with no common command. The largest of these (by firepower) was a contingent of the Confederate States Navy: three ironclads, CSS Manassas, Louisiana, and Mississippi; two more traditional warships, converted from merchantmen, CSS McRae and Jackson, and several unarmed support craft. The state of Louisiana furnished two ships of the Louisiana Provisional Navy, General Quitman and Governor Moore. Last were six cottonclad rams of the River Defense Fleet, nominally a part of the Confederate States Army but commanded by civilian captains and with mostly civilian crews: Warrior, Stonewall Jackson, Defiance, Resolute, General Lovell, and General Breckinridge (also known as R. J. Breckinridge). Also present were several tugs and unarmored harbor craft, of which two, Belle Algerine and Mosher, must be mentioned for the parts they played in the battle.

Confederate naval command
With three separate organizations in the confined waters of the lower Mississippi, the fleet command situation was already bad enough, but it began to deteriorate further when the buildup of Farragut's fleet in the lower river became apparent. Flag Officer Hollins was at this time near Memphis, which represented the then-northernmost holdings of the Confederacy on the river, and the Confederate War Department insisted that no effort should be spared to maintain possession. Hollins was sure that the threat from the Gulf was much more severe than Richmond thought, so he was prepared to listen when General Lovell pleaded for him to come down to New Orleans to help in its defense. When there, he sent a telegram to Richmond seeking permission to attack Farragut's ships while they were still being lightened to be brought in across the bar. His pleas were so insistent that they virtually amounted to insubordination. Hollins was called to Richmond, ostensibly to serve on an examination board, but in effect to be removed from active service. By default, command of the Confederate Navy vessels in the vicinity of New Orleans fell on the shoulders of Commander William C. Whittle, up to that time commandant of the navy yard there. Whittle did not consider himself able to handle all of his new duties, so on April 18 he passed command of CSS McRae, Jackson, and Manassas, together with their support vessels, to his executive officer, Commander John K. Mitchell. These were all the Confederate Naval vessels afloat at the time; Louisiana and Mississippi had not yet been launched, and were explicitly not controlled by Whittle or Mitchell. Later, when Louisiana was launched but before she was completed, she joined the others in Mitchell's domain.

General Lovell tried to reduce command confusion by ordering that all vessels afloat should likewise take orders from Commander Mitchell. However, Captain John A. Stephenson, leading the River Defense Fleet, refused to accept Navy orders. He was able to get away with this act of seeming mutiny because the relation of his fleet to the Army was contractual rather than military.

First phase: the bombardment, April 18 through 23

Porter's 21 mortar schooners were in place on April 18. They were located close to the river banks downstream from the barrier chain, which was still in place. Their tops were covered with bushes for camouflage; though this was soon stripped away by the shock of the mortar fire. Commencing in the early morning, the mortars kept up a steady fire all day. Porter had specified a rate of a shot every ten minutes from each mortar, which would have kept a shot in the air throughout the bombardment. While the rate could not be maintained, more than 1400 shots were fired on the first day. The rate of fire was somewhat less on subsequent days.

The fuses in the shells proved to be unreliable, and many of the shells exploded prematurely. To eliminate the problem, on the second and subsequent days of the bombardment, Porter ordered that all fuses should be cut to full length. While the shells hit the ground before exploding, they sank into the soft earth, muffling the effects of the blast.

Probably because it was nearer to the Federal mortars, Fort Jackson suffered more damage than did Fort St. Philip, but even there it was minimal. Only seven pieces of artillery were disabled, and only two men were killed during the bombardment. Return fire on Porter's vessels was about equally ineffective; one schooner (USS Maria J. Carlton) was sunk, and one man was killed by enemy action (another man died when he fell from the rigging.)

Porter had rashly promised Welles and Fox that the mortar fleet would reduce both forts to rubble in 48 hours. Though this did not happen, and the immediate fighting capacity of the forts were only marginally affected, a survey of Fort Jackson after the battle did note the following damage: "All the scows and boats near the fort except three small ones were sunk. The drawbridge, hot shot furnaces and fresh water cisterns were destroyed. The floors of the casemates were flooded, the levee having been broken. All the platforms for pitching tents on were destroyed by fire or shells. All the casemates were cracked (the roof in some places being entirely broken through) and masses of brick dislodged in numerous instances. The outer walls of the fort were cracked from top to bottom admitting daylight freely. Four guns were dismounted, eleven carriages and thirty beds and traverses injured. 1113 mortar shells and 87 round shot were counted in the solid ground of the fort and levees. 3339 mortar shells are computed to have fallen in the ditches and overflowed parts of the defenses. 1080 shells exploded in the air over the fort. 7500 bombs were fired."

Brigadier General Duncan, CSA, commanding the forts, described damage to Fort Jackson on the first day, April 18: "The quarters in the bastions were fired and burned down early in the day, as well as the quarters immediately without the fort. The citadel was set on fire and extinguished several times during the first part of the day, but later it became impossible to put out the flames, so that when the enemy ceased firing it was one burning mass, greatly endangering the magazines, which at one time were reported to be on fire. Many of the men and most of the officers lost their bedding and clothing by these fires, which greatly added to the discomforts of the overflow. The mortar fire was accurate and terrible, many of the shells falling everywhere within the fort and disabling some of our best guns."

General Duncan recorded 2,997 mortar shells fired on that day. This kind of damage made life in Fort Jackson a misery when combined with constant flooding from high water within the fort. The crew could be safe from mortar fragments and falling debris only within the dank and partially flooded casemates. Lack of shelter, food, blankets, sleeping quarters, drinkable water, along with the depressing effects of days of heavy, unanswered shelling were hard to bear. When combined with sickness and the ever-present corrosive fear, conditions were definitely a drain on morale. These factors contributed to the mutiny of the Fort Jackson garrison on April 28. This mutiny began a subsequent collapse of resistance downriver from the city. Fort St. Phillips was also surrendered, the CSS Louisiana blown up and even the Confederate fleet on Lake Pontchartrain was destroyed to avoid capture. The general collapse of morale began with the mutiny and greatly simplified the occupation of New Orleans by the Union navy.

The Confederate authorities had long believed that the Navy's ironclad ships, particularly CSS Louisiana, would render the river impregnable against assaults such as they were now experiencing. Although Louisiana was not yet finished, Generals Lovell and Duncan pressed Commodore Whittle to hurry the preparation. Acceding to their wishes against his better judgment, Whittle had the ship launched prematurely and added to Commander Mitchell's fleet even while workmen were still fitting her out. On the second day of the bombardment, she was towed (too late, her owners found that her engines were not strong enough to enable her to buck the current) to a position on the left bank, upstream from Fort St. Philip, where she became in effect a floating battery. Mitchell would not move her closer because her armor would not protect her from the plunging shot of Porter's mortars. However, because her guns could not be elevated, they could not be brought to bear on the enemy so long as they remained below the forts.

After several days of bombardment, the return fire from the forts showed no signs of slackening, so Farragut began to execute his own plan. On April 20, he ordered three of his gunboats, Kineo, Itasca, and Pinola, to break the chain blocking the river. Although they did not succeed in removing it altogether, they were able to open a gap large enough for the flag officer's purposes.

For various reasons, Farragut was not able to make his attack until the early morning of April 24.

Second phase: passing the forts
Having resolved to pass the forts, Farragut somewhat modified his fleet arrangements by adding two ships to Captain Bailey's first section of gunboats, thereby eliminating one of his ship sections. After the alteration, the fleet disposition was as follows:

 * First section, Captain Theodorus Bailey: USS Cayuga, Pensacola (ship), USS Mississippi (1841), Oneida, Varuna, Katahdin, Kineo, and Wissahickon.

 * Second section (ships), Flag Officer Farragut: USS Hartford, Brooklyn, and Richmond.

 * Third section, Captain Henry H. Bell: USS Sciota, Iroquois, Kennebec, Pinola, Itasca, and Winona.

The ship Portsmouth was left to protect the mortar schooners.

When passing the forts, the fleet was to form two columns. The starboard column would fire on Fort St. Philip, while the port column would fire on Fort Jackson. They were not to stop and slug it out with the forts, however, but to pass by as quickly as possible. Farragut hoped that the combination of darkness and smoke would obscure the aim of the gunners in the forts, and his vessels could pass by relatively unscathed.

At approximately 03:00 on April 24, the fleet got under way and headed for the gap in the chain that had blocked the channel. Soon after passing that obstacle, they were spotted by men in the forts, which promptly opened up with all their available firepower. As Farragut had hoped, however, their aim was poor, and his fleet suffered little significant damage. His own gunners' aim was no better, of course, and the forts likewise sustained little damage. The last three gunboats in the column turned back. Itasca was disabled by a shot in her boilers and drifted out of action; the others (Pinola and Winona) turned back because dawn was breaking and not because of Rebel guns.

The Confederate fleet did very little in this stage of the battle. CSS Louisiana was finally able to use her guns, but with little effect. The armored ram CSS Manassas came in early and tried to engage the enemy, but the gunners in the forts made no distinction between Manassas and members of the Federal fleet, firing on friend and foe indiscriminately. Her captain, Lieutenant Commander Alexander F. Warley, therefore took his vessel back up the river, to attack when he would be fired upon by only the Union fleet.

Once past the forts, the head of the Federal column came under attack by some of the Confederate ships, while some of the vessels further back in the column were still under the fire of the forts. Because of their fragmented command structure, the Confederate ships did not coordinate their movements, so the battle degenerated into a jumble of individual ship-on-ship engagements.

Manassas rammed both USS Mississippi (1841) and USS Brooklyn (1858), but could not disable either. As dawn broke, she found herself caught between two Union ships and was able to attack neither, so Captain Warley ordered her run ashore. The crew abandoned the vessel and set her afire. Later, she floated free from the bank, still afire, and finally sank in view of Porter's mortar schooners.

The tug CSS Mosher pushed a fire raft against the flagship USS Hartford (1858); for her daring she received a broadside from the latter that sent her to the bottom. Hartford, while attempting to avoid the fire raft, ran ashore not far upstream from Fort St. Philip. Although she was then within range of the guns of the fort, they could not be brought to bear, so the flagship was able to extinguish the flames and work her way off the bank with little significant damage.

In getting under way, Governor Moore was fouled by and ran into the Confederate tug Belle Algerine, sinking her. Attacking the Union fleet, she found USS Varuna ahead of the rest of the fleet. A long chase ensued, both ships firing on each other as Governor Moore pursued the Federal vessel. Despite losing a large part of her crew during the chase, she was eventually able to ram Varuna. The cottonclad ram Stonewall Jackson, of the River Defense Fleet also managed to ram. Varuna was able to reach shallow water near the bank before she sank, the only vessel lost from the attacking fleet. Lieutenant Beverly Kennon, captaining Governor Moore, would have continued the fight, but his steersman had had enough and drove the ship ashore. Kennon, apparently realizing that his steersman was correct and that the ship was unable to do any more, ordered her abandoned and set afire.

CSS McRae engaged several members of the Federal fleet in an uneven contest that saw her captain, Lieutenant Commander Thomas B. Huger, mortally wounded. McRae herself was badly holed, and although she survived the battle, she later sank at her moorings in New Orleans.

None of the rest of the Confederate flotilla did any harm to the Union fleet, and most of them were sunk, either by enemy action or at their own hands. The survivors, in addition to McRae, were CSS Jackson, the ram Defiance, and the transport Diana. Two unarmed tenders were surrendered to the mortar flotilla with the forts. Louisiana also survived the battle, but was scuttled rather than be surrendered.

In summary, during the run of the fleet past the forts, the Union Navy lost one vessel, while the defenders lost twelve.

Historian John D. Winters in The Civil War in Louisiana (1963) noted that with few exceptions the Confederate fleet at New Orleans had "made a sorry showing. Self-destruction, lack of co-operation, cowardice of untrained officers, and the murderous fire of the Federal gunboats reduced the fleet to a demoralized shambles." Historian Allan Nevins argues the Confederate defenses were defective:
 * Confederate leaders had made a tardy, ill-coordinated effort to muster at the river barrier. Fortunately for the Union, both the naval and military auxiliaries were weak. In all their work of defense the Southerners had been hampered by poverty, disorganization, lack of skilled engineers and craftsmen, friction between State authorities and Richmond, and want of foresight.

Surrender of New Orleans and the forts
The Union fleet faced only token opposition at Chalmette and thereafter had clear sailing to New Orleans. The fourteen vessels remaining arrived there in the afternoon of April 25 and laid the city under their guns. In the meantime, General Lovell had evacuated the troops that had been in the city, so no defense was possible. Panic-stricken citizens broke into stores, burned cotton and other supplies, and destroyed much of the waterfront. The unfinished CSS Mississippi was hastily launched; it was hoped that she could be towed to Memphis, but no towboats could be found, so she was burned by order of her captain. Farragut demanded the surrender of the city. The mayor and city council tried to buck the unpleasant duty up to Lovell, but he passed it back to them. After three days of fruitless negotiations, Farragut sent two officers ashore with a detachment of sailors and marines. They went to the Custom House, where they hauled down the state flag and ran up the United States flag. That signified the official return of the city to the Union. Meanwhile, General Butler was preparing his soldiers for an attack on the forts that were now in Farragut's rear. Commodore Porter, now in charge of the flotilla still below the forts, delivered a demand to surrender to the forts, but General Duncan refused. Accordingly, Porter again began to bombard the forts, this time in preparation for Butler's assault. However, on the night of April 29, the enlisted garrison in Fort Jackson mutinied and refused to endure any more. Although Fort St. Philip was not involved in the mutiny, the interdependence of the two forts meant that it was also affected. Unable to continue the battle, Duncan capitulated the next day. The end of CSS Louisiana came at this time. Commander John K. Mitchell, who represented the Confederate States Navy in the vicinity of the forts, was not included in the surrender negotiations. He therefore did not consider it his duty to observe the truce that had been declared, so he ordered Louisiana to be destroyed. Set afire, she soon became undocked and floated down the river. Louisiana blew up as she passed Fort St. Philip; the blast killed one soldier in the fort.

Aftermath
Forts Jackson and St. Philip had been the shell of the Confederate defenses on the lower Mississippi, and nothing now stood between the Gulf and Memphis. After a few days spent repairing battle damage his ships had suffered, Farragut sent expeditions north to demand the surrender of other cities on the river. With no effective means of defense, Baton Rouge and Natchez complied. At Vicksburg, however, the guns of the ships could not reach the Confederate fortifications atop the bluffs, and the small army contingent that was with them could not force the issue. Farragut settled into a siege but was forced to withdraw when falling levels of the river threatened to strand his deep-water ships. Vicksburg would not fall until another year had passed.

The fall of New Orleans as a consequence of the battle may also have swayed European powers, primarily Great Britain and France, not to recognize the Confederacy diplomatically. Confederate agents abroad noted that they were generally received more coolly, if at all, after word of loss of the city reached London and Paris.

title: Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip


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Talk:Saint Thomas Choir School

Photo
A photo of the school would be nice. Deputydog23 23:04, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Choir information
I moved much of the information about the choir itself to the related church webpage. The article now focuses primarily on the school and its history. Deputydog23 00:09, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 10:33, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Using in-line references
I just introduced the first use of inline references. Better late than never... :-) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:19, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:52, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Saint Thomas Choir School Logo NO NAME.pdf

title: Talk:Saint Thomas Choir School


text:
Cutting

Cutting Processes in Production/Manufacturing Engineering
Cutting is the process whereby the form of an original object is changed by removing material from that object. The object from which the material is removed may have been itself produced by another manufacturing process.

Cutting can take place with a single point tool, either as a single point or as multiple points. Alternatively it can be by a edge tool, commonly referred to as a blade.

At one time all cutting required a tool made harder material to cut softer materials. The first non tool cutting process involved the use of burning gases to burn through materials. Subsequent technological developments have seen the use or water jets, plasma jets, wires and lasers as cutting tools.

Generally cutting processes can only form a shape in two dimensions, although multiple manipulation of a tool means that three dimensional forms are produced. There are a few specialised processes that do produce a three dimensional form directly from the material removing tool.

Production Engineering Main Page --wahiba 08:50, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Cutting


text:
Talk:Skin grafting

Wikification
This article is quite plain. IMHO, it needs to be wikified. --Brazucs 23:22, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

The caption on this page and the caption when you click on the picture don't seem to agree. --ECS —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:56, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Why is the photo of Mr Yeo in this section ? - he has had pedicled flaps not skin grafts. These are fundamentally different techniques for resurfacing —Preceding unsigned comment added by Doctorwithwound (talk • contribs) 21:05, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Copyvio?
parts of the article appear to have been lifted from here. I hesitate to be bold and use the copyvio template without some discussion. Any thoughts? -- stubblyh ea d | T/c 21:37, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Since there doesn't seem to be any strong feelings on this by anyone, I'm going to go ahead and this.  -- stubblyh ea d | T/c 17:15, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

grafting for birthmarks
is skin grafting a decent solution for birthmark?please update thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:09, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Depends on the size. Usually serial excision of the defect is favoured and, lately, laser resurfacing. In other words, nowadays, it's a rare occurence using grafting for such defects. ktr (talk) 10:00, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't really think so <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:04, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

History
Could someone add a history section, please? It would be interesting to know when grafts were first made, how the techniques were developed, and by whom, and of course the influence of two world wars. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 20:41, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

Source reliable?
http://emedicine.medscape.com/ Is this really reputable? Website does not seem reliable and I can't find the site to be listed in reputable lists. Or maybe my search-fu fails. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:27, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * yes it is fine. Jytdog (talk) 05:57, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

Experimental Grafting Methods
Can someone please add stuff on new grafting techniques like "microcolumn grafting". & here's an article about it to help you along (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/term.2174) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:300:4302:4A4:A9C4:9CAC:D208:657D (talk) 22:53, 22 September 2018 (UTC)

 * See this article:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_grafting#cite_note-pmid31899297-23
 * We should write for this the page SkinDot!
 * Cheers bunt Bunt (talk) 16:56, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skin grafting


text:
2001 ICC Africa Under-19 Championship

The 2001 ICC Africa Under-19 Championship was a cricket tournament held in Uganda from 5–9 January 2001. All matches were played in the capital Kampala.

The tournament was a round-robin, with five teams playing each other once. Namibia finished first, ahead of a combined East and Central Africa side, and consequently qualified for the 2002 Under-19 World Cup in New Zealand. Tanzanian batsman Utpal Patel, playing for East and Central Africa, led the tournament in runs scored. Three players, Kenya's Alfred Luseno, Namibia's Michael Durant, and Nigeria's O. Animashaun (playing for West Africa), led the tournament in wickets taken, with nine apiece.

The tournament was the inaugural edition of the ICC Africa Under-19 Championships, which provide a direct qualification route to the Under-19 World Cup for African Cricket Association members. Two other African teams, South Africa and Zimbabwe, are full members of the International Cricket Council (ICC) and thus qualify automatically. Another edition of the tournament was not held until 2007. Instead, a joint tournament was organised with ICC East Asia-Pacific teams, held on two occasions (in 2003 and 2005).

Teams and qualification
Two combined regional teams, East and Central Africa and West Africa, participated in the championship for the first and only time, respectively organised by the East and Central Africa Cricket Conference and the West Africa Cricket Council. Players from Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia were eligible for East and Central Africa, while players from The Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone were eligible for West Africa.

Table
Source: CricketArchive

Most runs
The top five run scorers are included in this table, ranked by runs scored and then by batting average.

Source: CricketArchive

Most wickets
The top five wicket takers are listed in this table, ranked by wickets taken and then by bowling average. Source: CricketArchive

title: 2001 ICC Africa Under-19 Championship


text:
Talk:Charles L. Tutt Jr.

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title: Talk:Charles L. Tutt Jr.


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Talk:Clarence Glacken

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title: Talk:Clarence Glacken


text:
Military Division of the Mississippi

The Military Division of the Mississippi was an administrative division of the United States Army during the American Civil War that controlled all military operations in the Western Theater from 1863 until the end of the war.

History
The Division was originally created by President Abraham Lincoln to reorganize the Union troops in the Western Theater after the serious Union defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga. Its first commander, "with his headquarters in the field," was Major General Ulysses S. Grant. When Grant was called east, he was succeeded by William T. Sherman.

The Division was organized on October 16, 1863, to consist of the Departments of the Ohio, the Tennessee, and the Cumberland, which embraced all of the Union armies stationed between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains. On January 31, 1865, the Department of North Carolina was added. On February 10, 1865, the Department of Kentucky was added. On April 19, 1865, the portions of the Department of North Carolina that were not occupied by William T. Sherman at the time were transferred to the Military Division of the James. The Division was reconstituted on June 27, 1865, to include the Departments of the Ohio, the Missouri, and Arkansas. The Department of the Platte was added on March 26, 1866. The Military Division of the Mississippi was discontinued on August 6, 1866.

The Division of the Mississippi was victorious at the Battle of Chattanooga in November 1863, effectively routing the Confederate armies in Tennessee. When General Grant was called East by Lincoln to command all the Union armies, he was succeeded as head of the Division by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman. Under Sherman, the Division invaded the state of Georgia, capturing Atlanta in September 1864 and then marching to the port of Savannah. As commander of the Division, General Sherman issued his Special Field Orders, No. 15 in January 1865. He then led the march through the Carolinas that culminated with the successful Battle of Bentonville and the surrender in April 1865, by General Joseph E. Johnston, of all the Confederate armies in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.

title: Military Division of the Mississippi