text:
IB Biology

This guide is currently being updated to the new syllabus effective 2015-2016.

or viewed here on the web.
 * Authorised copies of the IB Syllabus can be obtained from the International Baccalaureate

The following links are useful for the 2014 syllabus, with exams commencing in 2016:
 * IBPal

The link that follow are useful for the remaining section of the 2009 syllabus that will end 2015/2016:

and for assistance with the Internal Assessment go to Lab Banks again by Stephen Taylor.
 * Open Door by Paul Billiet
 * i-Biology by Stephen Taylor
 * by Stephanie Castle is a Youtube series of screen and videocasts
 * for students in a hurry
 * also by Stephen Taylor

Syllabus (2015-2016)

 * Introduction to the Guide
 * How to use this Guide
 * /Study Guide/

Topic 1: /Cell biology/

 * 1.1 Introduction to Cells
 * 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
 * 1.3 Membrane structure
 * 1.4 Membrane transport
 * 1.5 The origin of cells
 * 1.6 Cell division

Topic 2: /Molecular biology/

 * 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
 * 2.2 Water
 * 2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids
 * 2.4 Proteins
 * 2.5 Enzymes
 * 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
 * 2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation
 * 2.8 Cell respiration
 * 2.9 Photosynthesis

Topic 3: /Genetics/

 * 3.1 Genes
 * 3.2 Chromosomes
 * 3.3 Meiosis
 * 3.4 Inheritance
 * 3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Topic 4: /Ecology/

 * 4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems
 * 4.2 Energy flow
 * 4.3 Carbon cycling
 * 4.4 Climate change

Topic 5: /Evolution and biodiversity/

 * 5.1 Evidence for evolution
 * 5.2 Natural selection
 * 5.3 Classification of biodiversity
 * 5.4 Cladistics

Topic 6: /Human physiology/

 * 6.1 Digestion and absorption
 * 6.2 The blood system
 * 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
 * 6.4 Gas exchange
 * 6.5 Neurons and synapses
 * 6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction

Topic 7: /Nucleic acids/

 * 7.1 DNA structure and replication
 * 7.2 Transcription and gene expression
 * 7.3 Translation

Topic 8: /Metabolism, cell respiration, and photosynthesis/

 * 8.1 Metabolism
 * 8.2 Cell respiration
 * 8.3 Photosynthesis

Topic 9: /Plant biology/

 * 9.1 Transport in the xylem of plants
 * 9.2 Transport in the phloem of plants
 * 9.3 Growth in plants
 * 9.4 Reproduction in plants

Topic 10: /Genetics and evolution/

 * 10.1 Meiosis
 * 10.2 Inheritance
 * 10.3 Gene pools and speciation

Topic 11: /Animal physiology/

 * 11.1 Antibody production and vaccination
 * 11.2 Movement
 * 11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation
 * 11.4 Sexual reproduction

Option A: /Neurobiology and behavior/

 * A.1 Neural development
 * A.2 The human brain
 * A.3 Perception of stimuli
 * A.4 Innate and learned behaviour
 * A.5 Neuropharmacology
 * A.6 Ethology

Option B: /Biotechnology and bioinformatics/

 * B.1 Microbiology: organisms in industry
 * B.2 Biotechnology in agriculture
 * B.3 Environmental protection
 * B.4 Medicine
 * B.5 Bioinformatics

Option C: /Ecology and conservation/

 * C.1 Species and communities
 * C.2 Communities and ecosystems
 * C.3 Impacts of humans on ecosystems
 * C.4 Conservation of biodiversity
 * C.5 Population ecology
 * C.6 Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles

Option D: /Human physiology/

 * D.1 Human nutrition
 * D.2 Digestion
 * D.3 Functions of the liver
 * D.4 The heart
 * D.5 Hormones and metabolism
 * D.6 Transport of respiratory gases

title: IB Biology


text:
Wolfsnächte Tour 2012

The Wolfsnächte Tour 2012 was a European concert tour by German power metal band Powerwolf. Supporting the release of their fourth studio album Blood of the Saints, the tour ran from 9 December 2011 to 21 July 2012, taking place in Germany, Switzerland, Russia, Austria, Belgium, Poland, Croatia, Italy and Czech Republic.

Background
The tour dates were announced in December 2011. Mystic Prophecy, Stormwarrior and Lonewolf served a series of opening acts for Powerwolf during the tour.

Powerwolf released the Wolfsnächte 2012 Tour EP, a split EP with Mystic Prophecy, Stormwarrior, and Lonewolf. This EP featured a previously unreleased Powerwolf track, "Living on a Nightmare". Copies of this EP were originally distributed along with the purchase of tickets to the tour but since its conclusion, copies have been available in the Powerwolf webstore.

During the tour, Powerwolf also recorded their first live album, Alive in the Night. It contained 10 tracks and was just over 45 minutes in length. It was released with the April 2012 issue of the German edition of Metal Hammer.

Set list
This setlist is representative of the show on 9 April 2012 in Augsburg, Germany, at the Spectrum Club. It does not represent all dates throughout the tour.

 * 1) "Agnus Dei"
 * 2) "Sanctified with Dynamite"
 * 3) "Prayer in the Dark"
 * 4) "Catholic in the Morning... Satanist at Night"
 * 5) "We Drink Your Blood"
 * 6) "All We Need Is Blood"
 * 7) "Dead Boys Don't Cry"
 * 8) "Werewolves of Armenia"
 * 9) Drum solo
 * 10) "Raise Your Fist, Evangelist"
 * 11) "Resurrection by Erection"
 * 12) "Saturday Satan"
 * 13) "Lupus Dei"
 * 14) "Opening: Prelude to Purgatory"
 * 15) "St. Satan's Day"
 * 16) "Kiss of the Cobra King"
 * 17) "In Blood We Trust"
 * 18) "Wolves Against the World"

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wolfsnächte Tour 2012


text:
File:Dwang.gif

Summary
From interiordezine.com Permission from copyright holder Lee Brown of interiordezine: "We don't have a problem with this, obviously we need a credit for the information and a link to our website, and would like to see a preview. If you need any other help, please contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Lee Brown

title: File:Dwang.gif


text:
Talk:Algebra/Arithmetic/Numerical Axioms

The version written on August 3rd, 2003 contradicts the module Algebra/Further arithmetic and other algebra books such as the Reference given below because Axiom 1 states that there is a natural number 0 and the other sources say that the natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, ..... Effectively the other sources say that 0 is a whole number but not a natural number.

Reference: ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY with Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, by Earl Slotkowski and Jeffery Cole, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company 1997

H Padleckas 09:55, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Bones

Skull
Cranium: The skull minus the lower jaw bone.

Brow, Supraorbital Ridges: Bony protrusions above eye sockets.

Endocranial Volume: The volume of a skull's brain cavity.

Foramen Magnum: The hole in the skull through which the spinal cord passes.
 * In apes, it is towards the back of the skull, because of their quadrupedal posture
 * In humans it is at the bottom of the skull, because the head of bipeds is balanced on top of a vertical column.

Sagittal Crest: A bony ridge that runs along the upper, outer center line of the skull to which chewing muscles attach.

Subnasal Prognathism: Occurs when front of the face below the nose is pushed out.

Temporalis Muscles: The muscles that close the jaw.

Teeth
Canines, Molars: Teeth size can help define species. Dental Arcade: The rows of teeth in the upper and lower jaws. Diastema: Functional gaps between teeth.
 * Gorillas eat lots of foliage; therefore they need very large molars, they also have pronounced canines.
 * Humans are omnivorous and have smaller more generalized molars, and reduced canines.
 * Chimpanzees have a narrow, U-shaped dental arcade
 * Modern humans have a wider, parabolic dental arcade
 * The dental arcade of Australopithecus afarensis has an intermediate V shape
 * In the chimpanzee's jaw, the gap between the	canine and the neighboring incisor, which provides a space for the opposing canine when the animal's mouth is closed
 * Modern humans have small canines and no diastema.

Bipedalism
Fossil pelvic and leg bones, body proportions, and footprints all read "bipeds." The fossil bones are not identical to modern humans, but were likely functionally equivalent and a marked departure from those of quadrupedal chimpanzees.

Australopithecine fossils possess various components of the bipedal complex which can be compared to those of chimpanzees and humans:
 * A diagnostic feature of bipedal locomotion is	a shortened and broadened ilium (or large pelvic bone); the australopithecine ilium is shorter than that of apes, and it is slightly curved; this shape suggests that the gluteal muscles were in a position to rotate and support the body during bipedal walking
 * In modern humans, the head of the femur (or thigh bone) is robust, indicating increased stability at this joint for greater load bearing
 * In humans, the femur angles inward from the hip to the knee joint, so that the lower limbs stand close to the body's midline. The line of gravity and weight are carried on the outside of the knee joint; in contrast, the chimpanzee femur articulates at the hip, then continues in a straight line downward to the knee joint
 * The morphology of the australopithecine femur is distinct and suggests a slightly different function for the hip and knee joints. The femoral shaft is angled more than that of a chimpanzee and indicates that the knees and feet were well planted under the body
 * In modern humans, the lower limbs bear all the body weight and perform all locomotor functions. Consequently, the hip, knee and ankle joint are all large with less mobility than their counterparts in chimpanzees. In australopithecines, the joints remain relatively small. In part, this might be due to smaller body size. It may also be due to a unique early hominid form of bipedal locomotion that differed somewhat from that of later hominids.

Thus human bodies were redesigned by natural selection for walking in an upright position for longer distances over uneven terrain. This is potentially in response to a changing African landscape with fewer trees and more open savannas.

Brain Size
Bipedal locomotion became established in the earliest stages of the hominid lineage, about 7 million years ago, whereas brain expansion came later. Early hominids had brains slightly larger than those of apes, but fossil hominids with significantly increased cranial capacities did not appear until about 2 million years ago.

Brain size remains near 450 cubic centimetres (cc) for robust australopithecines until almost 1.5 million years ago. At the same time, fossils assigned to Homo exceed 500 cc and reach almost 900 cc.

What might account for this later and rapid expansion of hominid brain size? One explanation is called the "radiator theory": a new means for cooling this vital heat-generating organ, namely a new pattern of cerebral blood circulation, would be responsible for brain expansion in hominids. Gravitational forces on blood draining from the brain differ in quadrupedal animals versus bipedal animals: when humans stand bipedally, most blood drains into veins at the back of the neck, a network of small veins that form a complex system around the spinal column.

The two different drainage patterns might reflect two systems of cooling brains in early hominids. Active brains and bodies generate a lot of metabolic heat. The brain is a hot organ, but must maintain a fairly rigid temperature range to keep it functioning properly and to prevent permanent damage.

Savanna-dwelling hominids with this network of veins had a way to cool a bigger brain, allowing the "engine" to expand, contributing to hominid flexibility in moving into new habitats and in being active under a wide range of climatic conditions.

Free Hands
Unlike other primates, hominids no longer use their hands in locomotion or bearing weight or swinging through the trees. The chimpanzee's hand and foot are similar in size and length, reflecting the hand's use for bearing weight in knuckle walking. The human hand is shorter than the foot, with straighter phalanges. Fossil hand bones two million to three million years old reveal this shift in specialization of the hand from locomotion to manipulation.

Chimpanzee hands are a compromise. They must be relatively immobile in bearing weight during knuckle walking, but dexterous for using tools. Human hands are capable of power and precision grips but more importantly are uniquely suited for fine manipulation and coordination.

Tool Use
Fossil hand bones show greater potential for evidence of tool use. Although no stone tools are recognizable in an archaeological context until 2.5 million years ago, we can infer nevertheless their existence for the earliest stage of human evolution. The tradition of making and using tools almost certainly goes back much earlier to a period of utilizing unmodified stones and tools mainly of organic, perishable materials (wood or leaves) that would not be preserved in the fossil record.

How can we tell a hominid-made artifact from a stone generated by natural processes? First, the manufacturing process of hitting one stone with another to form a sharp cutting edge leaves a characteristic mark where the flake has been removed. Second, the raw material for the tools often comes from some distance away and indicates transport to the site by hominids.

Modification of rocks into predetermined shapes was a technological breakthrough. Possession of such tools opened up new possibilities in foraging: for example, the ability to crack open long bones and get at the marrow, to dig, and to sharpen or shape wooden implements.

Even before the fossil record of tools around 2.5 Myrs, australopithecine brains were larger than chimpanzee brains, suggesting increased motor skills and problem solving. All lines of evidence point to the importance of skilled making and using of tools in human evolution.

Summary
In this chapter, we learned the following:

1. Humans clearly depart from apes in several significant areas of anatomy, which stem from adaptation:
 * bipedalism
 * dentition (tooth size and shape)
 * free hands
 * brain size

2. For most of human evolution, cultural evolution played a fairly minor role. If we look back at the time of most australopithecines, it is obvious that culture had little or no influence on the lives of these creatures, who were constrained and directed by the same evolutionary pressures as the other organisms with which they shared their ecosystem. So, for most of the time during which hominids have existed, human evolution was no different from that of other organisms.

3. Nevertheless once our ancestors began to develop a dependence on culture for survival, then a new layer was added to human evolution. Sherwood Washburn suggested that the unique interplay of cultural change and biological change could account for why humans have become so different. According to him, as culture became more advantageous for the survival of our ancestors, natural selection favoured the genes responsible for such behaviour. These genes that improved our capacity for culture would have had an adaptive advantage. We can add that not only the genes but also anatomical changes made the transformations more advantageous. The ultimate result of the interplay between genes and culture was a significant acceleration of human evolution around 2.6 million to 2.5 million years ago.

title: Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Bones


text:
Khar, Mumbai

Khar (Marathi pronunciation: [kʰaːɾ]) is an affluent suburb of Mumbai, north of Bandra and south of Santacruz, Mumbai. Originally one of the 'villages' that made up the larger Bandra, the present suburb is divided into Khar West and Khar East areas. It is serviced by Khar Road railway station of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network. It is an area within convenient distances of several schools, restaurants, parks, promenades and shopping centres. Khar bears the Mumbai Postal Index Number (Pin Code) 400052.

Khar, which is derived from the word Khāra (meaning 'salty' in the local language Marathi) has acquired this name in reference to the salt pans that were used to farm salt by locals near the Khar Danda sea shore a couple of centuries ago. Here, one also finds the historic fishing village of "Khar Danda", which is one of the villages that made up the original Bandra area and is also one of the oldest settlements of Mumbai.

History
Most of the historic Khar area of Bandra was a marshland of salty sea water. Alongside fishing, salt production was one of the vocations that sustained the earliest dwellers of Khar Danda. Pathare Prabhus were one of the earliest inhabitants of Khar, from almost a century and half ago. In the early 1900s, the Pathare Prabhu community lived in South Mumbai and used their quaint bungalows in Khar as weekend dwellings. Khar Danda was one of the original villages of the erstwhile larger Bandra. Back then, the local Bandra railway station was felt distant to alight from trains and hire 'tangas' (horse carriages) to get to these bungalows in the Khar part of Bandra. Keeping these factors in mind, as well as the growing number of homes in this part, a second railway station named 'Khar Road' was introduced in north Bandra on 1 July 1924. This development is the primary reason for Khar to start being spoken of as a suburb by itself. The Pathare Prabhu community still has land ownership over a large area of Bandra/Khar.

Schools and colleges
Following are the educational institutions located at Khar:
 * Podar International School (IB & CAIE)
 * Khar Municipal School
 * ST Elias High School
 * B.P.M. High School
 * Sacred Heart Boys School
 * Khar Education Society's College of Commerce & Economics.
 * M.M. Pupils
 * Kamla High School and Jr. College
 * Bloomingdales Pre-primary / Jasudben M. L. School (ICSE)
 * R.V. Technical high School
 * Guru Nanak Mission High School
 * Beacon High
 * Anuyog Vidyalaya
 * Cardinal Gracious High School

Religious places

 * Shankar Mandir
 * Maruai Devi Mandir
 * Shree Siddhivinayak Devastan
 * Digamber Jain Temple
 * Ahimsa Bhawan Jain Sthanak on 14A Road
 * Jain Temple at 5th Road
 * St. Vincent De Paul Church, Khar
 * Ghanteshwar Temple Mumbai, Khar west
 * Gayatri Mandir 12th Road Khar west
 * Ram Mandir 12th Road Khar west
 * Rama Krishna Mission 12th Road Khar west
 * Guru Gangeshwar Dham 6th Road Khar west
 * Khatwari Darbar Linking Road Khar west
 * Shri Guru Singh Sabha Gurudwara Station Road Khar west
 * Khar Markaz Masjid Old Khar Khar west
 * Shri Aniruddha Gurukshetram, Old Khar

Medical facilities

 * Hinduja Healthcare Surgical
 * Mahavir Hospital on Ahimsa Marg (14A Road)
 * Ram krishna mission hospital
 * Beams Hospital 18A Road Khar west

Notable residents

 * Asha Bhosle, Indian playback singer
 * Anu Malik, Indian music director
 * Gulzar, Indian lyricist
 * S.D.Burman, Indian musician
 * Suman Kalyanpur, Indian playback singer
 * R.D.Burman, Indian music director
 * Tiger Shroff, Indian actor

title: Khar, Mumbai


text:
Talk:Dina Eastwood

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Dina Eastwood. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://articles.latimes.com/1998/dec/07/news/cl-51378
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ksbw.com/news/central-california/monterey/dina-eastwood-files-for-divorce-from-clint-eastwood/-/5738820/22602940/-/gu2mkm/-/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130902085633/http://www.sfsu.edu/~hotshots/journalism.html to http://www.sfsu.edu/~hotshots/journalism.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20143212,00.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:36, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Dina Eastwood. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194505/http://www.ksbw.com/news/central-california/santa-cruz/Dina-Eastwood-anchors-KSBW-evening-newscast/-/5738976/17380360/-/vi46r9z/-/index.html to http://www.ksbw.com/news/central-california/santa-cruz/Dina-Eastwood-anchors-KSBW-evening-newscast/-/5738976/17380360/-/vi46r9z/-/index.html
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/6KeC41Pkf?url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20143212,00.html to http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20143212,00.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:22, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

 * No mention of age? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:13, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dina Eastwood


text:
User:Yeoman

Yeoman is User:CQ. I use yeoman as a *nix-compliant user name.

Sandbox Server
yeoman at the Sandbox server. OK. Coming up: Sonic user interface for WCR...

Who is yeoman
To me a yeoman is a manager of a small farm or ship. My dream is to be a system administrator for a server farm or flagship site that helps to consolidate resources for under-resourced but deserving participants. See Wiki Campus Radio and Across the Wikiverse

This yeoman is also a Bioneer and spends a lot of time at WiserEarth.

Songwriting 101
Now we move forward to songwriting.

I have in my head and heart a schema for a listing of

Rhyming words for songwriters.

You can learn about Basic Blues & Rock styling here.

title: User:Yeoman


text:
User:Alexandre P Ramos

Alexandre Piscirilli Ramos

Currently: Private an English teacher (AmE) in Sao Paulo, Brasil, focused on assisting individuals eager to learn and apply their English skills in their daily lives, private lives, as well as professional. Primordially defender of LINGUISTICS*, as it is what “insufflates” life into any language.

Source: Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics: “ Linguistics is the scientific study of a given language. It involves the analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. Linguists traditionally analyze human language by observing an interplay between sound and meaning. Linguistics also deals with the social, cultural, historical, and political factors that influence language, through which linguistic and language-based context is often determined. Research on language through the sub-branches of historical and evolutionary linguistics also focuses on how languages change and grow, particularly over an extended period of time.”

Commitment Speakers must develop a firm conviction towards a sense of gratitude, respect, pride, honor, and even patriotism while speaking or dealing with a language in any giving way. For it is impossible for any reasonably sane individual not to acknowledge the existence of a Supreme Power and Intelligence which Rules and Runs this entire physical universe, and, as such Simple Power always clearly point out that harmony is the fundamental key when two individual wants to interact, that simple fact puts on each one of our shoulders the responsibility to do our utmost to communicate messages with a simplicity strictly connected with clarity, focus, and responsibility. After all, those who want “Freedom of Speech” has got to know that such freedom DEMANDS responsibility as to the consequences, legal or otherwise. Today, people say one thing, but mean something else. I only hope that that comes to change ASAP, for our own sake. One day, each human being will understand their actual place in this Universe, and when that day comes, I’m sure, World Peace will have the meaning such words deserve.

Academic background: Proficiency in English by The University of Michigan in 2000. Graduated in Modern Languages (LETRAS) in Sao Paulo in 2012, in Brazilian Portuguese, as well as American English.

Experiences: Lived in the State of California – USA for 10 years. Teaching private classes In Company since 1994, always using Conversation and Grammar books by Cambridge University Press. Volunteer translator connected to a group interested in Spirituality, focusing the author Roberto (https://www.facebook.com/TheDayWithoutTomorrow).

title: User:Alexandre P Ramos


text:
Cookbook:Red Devils

| Cuisine of the United States | Sandwiches

Red Devils are hot, open faced sandwiches. They are a great dinner or lunch. They include all the major food groups and taste great. Their ease of preparation makes them suitable for people on the move and the recipe can easily be scaled up or down for family or guests.

Ingredients

 * Bread, sliced
 * American cheese, sliced
 * Tomato, sliced
 * Onion, diced
 * Bacon

Procedure

 * 1) Place bacon in a sheet pan.
 * 2) Set the broiler to 'low'.
 * 3) Pre-cook the bacon under the broiler until it is about halfway done.
 * 4) While bacon cooks, place white bread on a sheet, one slice per diner.
 * 5) Place a slice of American cheese on each slice of bread.
 * 6) Place the tomato slices on each sandwich
 * 7) Sprinkle a small amount of onion onto each sandwich.
 * 8) Place a strip of half-cooked bacon on each sandwich.
 * 9) Place the cookie sheet under broiler, set to maximum temperature, and broil for approximately 3–4 minutes. You must check on them often to prevent burning.
 * 10) Remove once the bread is toasted, the cheese is golden at the edges, and the bacon is fully cooked.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Often it may be easier to eat with utensils instead of by hand.
 * The bacon is usually too long to fit on the sandwich so cut it in half. One strip of bacon is usually used per sandwich so it will have 2 halves on it when finished.
 * Precooking the bacon may be accomplished while preparing the rest of the food. It is best to cook until between rare and crisp.
 * Red devils usually require one tomato per sheet of sandwiches but may vary depending upon the size of your sheets or the size of your tomato slices.
 * A whole onion is not needed for a tray of Red Devils. A small sprinkling of diced onions is sufficient. Sweet onions or red onions are a good substitution for normal white "storage" onions.
 * As always, you can experiment or change things according to your tastes.

Warnings

 * It is very important to check on the Red Devils once they are in the oven. They can quickly change from being undercooked to overcooked within a few seconds. The goal is to quickly cook the bacon and toast the bread and cheese without making the sandwich too hot to eat soon after being finished.

title: Cookbook:Red Devils


text:
User:Blast

Please visit Topic:Culinary Arts, an effort to create a department on the artistic preparation of food.

If you have come here from OHP to collaborate on Topic:Culinary Arts, and need a tutorial on wikimarkup et all, start here.

On other related projects

 * Wikipedia
 * Wikinews
 * Commons
 * Wikia portal

title: User:Blast


text:
UK Constitution and Government/Houses of Lancaster and York

Presentation
The Houses of Lancaster and York (1399-1485)

Previous Chapter | Next Chapter --

Henry IV
Henry of Bolingbroke deposed his weak cousin, Richard II, in 1399. Henry IV's reign was marked by widespread rebellion. These were put down thanks to the great military skill of the Henry IV's son, the future King Henry V. Henry IV died in 1413 while plagued by a severe skin disease (possibly leprosy).

Henry V
Henry V's reign was markedly different from his father's in that it involved little domestic turmoil. Overseas, Henry V's armies won several important victories in France. In 1415, the English defeated the French King Charles VI decisively at the Battle of Agincourt. About 100 English soldiers were killed, along with about 5000 Frenchmen.

For the next two years, Henry V conducted delicate diplomacy to improve England's chances of conquering France. He negotiated with the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, who agreed to end the German alliance with France. In 1417, the war was renewed; by 1419, English troops were about to take Paris. The parties agreed to a treaty whereby Henry V was named heir of France. Henry V, however, died before he could succeed to the French throne, which therefore remained in the hands of the Frenchmen.

Henry VI and Edward IV
Henry VI succeeded to the throne while still an infant. His uncles, the Dukes of Bedford and Gloucester, both functioned as Regents. During his reign, many French territories won during the Hundred Years War were lost.

Henry VI's reign was interrupted by Edward IV's due to the War of the Roses. Henry VI was a member of the House of Lancaster, while Edward IV was from the House of York. The former House descended from Henry of Bolingbroke, the fourth son of King Edward III; the latter House descended from Edmund of Langley, Edward III's fifth son.

In 1461, the Lancastrians lost to the Yorkists at the Battle of Towton. The Yorkist claimant, Edward IV, ascended to the throne, with the support of the powerful nobleman Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, known by the nickname Warwick the Kingmaker. In 1464, Lancastrian revolts were put down. In 1469, however, Warwick the Kingmaker switched his allegiance, and in 1470, Henry VI was restored to the throne. The exiled Edward, however, soon returned and defeated Henry's forces. At the Battle of Tewkesbury, the remaining Lancastrians were defeated; Henry VI was also murdered.

Edward V and Richard III
Edward IV was succeeded by his twelve year-old son in 1483. Edward IV's brother, Richard, was made guardian of Edward V and his brother, also named Richard. The young King's uncle usurped the throne and had Parliament declare the two brothers illegitimate. The two princes were then imprisoned in the Tower of London, where they might have been killed (their fate, however, is not certain).

In 1485, Richard III faced Henry Tudor, the Lancastrian claimant, at the Battle of Bosworth Field, during which Richard became the last English monarch to be killed during battle. Henry came to power as Henry VII, establishing the Tudor Dynasty.

ms:Perlembagaan dan Kerajaan United Kingdom: Dewan Lancaster dan York


text:
Abraham Moss Community School

Abraham Moss Community School is a coeducational all-through school located on a 19 hectare site situated on Crescent Road in the Crumpsall/Cheetham Hill district of North Manchester adjacent to the Abraham Moss Metrolink station. The complex also includes a leisure centre, the district library and a 230-person theatre complex. The centre also hosts other tenants mainly in the public, voluntary and community sectors. It is named after Abraham Moss, Lord Mayor of Manchester (1953–54).

History
The Abraham Moss opened in 1973 as a multipurpose integrated centre with lower school, and upper school seamlessly joining to a FE college, a library and a leisure centre. The first principal was Ron Mitson, with Dave Shapcott being head of school. It aimed to teach through independent resource-based learning- staff developed and pasted up their own materials which were then taken to the printroom, where the masters were allocated an accession number and the printroom staff would print the required number of copies on offset litho machines. It was referred to as a school without books. The building was featured in a DES best practice building report.

It was one of six such centres built around that time that were characterised by shared-use area, collaboration across phases with an inclusive approach to the pupils, their welfare and developing their potential. They all had innovative curriculums and purpose designed buildings. It was built at a cost of £2.472 m.

Manchester City Libraries moved the stock from Crumpsall Library in 1974. The stock transfer, and subsequent change in the reader profile was subject to a study in 1979 published in the Journal of Librarianship and Information Science. In effect, the number of younger readers increased by 88% but the over 65s stopped coming.

Community education
Community education, as practised by Cambridgeshire village colleges of the 1930s, was seen as a viable solution for the densely populated long-established communities in areas in need of urban regeneration. Manchester City Council recognised that factors in Cheetham Crumpsall made this area where the experiment could take place. Community Education envisages that the school is the centre of the community, and instead of being closed to all but its pupils, the community should be encouraged. This is done by integrating sports and cultural facilities. Shared use creates financial saving- and the shared identity binds and strengthens the community which eventually takes over the running and management of the facility.

In the case of the Moss, Cheetham Secondary Modern School was due to be rebuilt; following DES Circular 10/65 selection was to be abolished and schools reorganised on comprehensive lines. Rebuilding was included in the 1967–68 and 1968–69 major building programme. Provision for an 800 fte (full-time equivalent) student further education college to be located on Cheetham Hill Road had been approved in 1967, land at Crescent Road would be cheaper and offered further savings if the two were to be in one building. The adult education centre was to move from old buildings adjacent to Cheetham Secondary Modern School to the proposed FE college. It would move too. Need had been identified in the area for a youth club, a residential unit for short stay accommodation for children and an elderly and handicapped persons' club with facilities for centralised catering. Providing these in one building was seen as attractive and cost effective.

The existing 19th century public baths on Cheetham Hill Road were due to be closed and replaced with a district sports and recreation centre that would have playing fields, outdoor public recreation space, sports halls and swimming pools. It too was at the early planning stage. Similarly, the Edwardian public library was no longer adequate. On a combined site it could provide the reference materials needed for college and school, and have a full lending library with children section and study space. It would have 60,000 volumes.

Thus, the finance and will to integrate was present, and Manchester was prepared to take the risk.

Arson
Two of the three school blocks were gutted in an arson attack on Friday, 15 May 1997. This destroyed the buildings, the collected resources and all school records. In spite of this the school reopened in makeshift accommodation in other parts of the centre, the Monday after the weekend. It was thought a group of teenagers, drunk or on drugs were responsible: No-one was charged for the attack. The BBC reported that the blaze, caused five million pounds worth of damage, destroying two-thirds of the school buildings, forty eight classrooms including the drama and music suites.

There was no sprinkler system, and some of the fire barriers in the ceilings had been pierced during alterations to the building. The blaze, one of the biggest seen in Manchester since the Second World War was brought under control by 160 firemen using 30 appliances.

Richard Jobson, Chief Education Officer for Manchester said: "It's a bit like an act of terrorism. There was twenty four hours security here and I haven't heard one single word of criticism from people saying that you didn't do enough. In fact on the contrary we're now fairly well experienced. I mean small fires and vandalism is part of our working life, so we've got used to the notion of making our buildings as secure as possible."

A temporary school of 40 classrooms was constructed out of portacabins on the tennis courts to service the nine hundred staff and pupils.

2012 Expansion
There was a large rise in the birth rate in 2008 in Manchester, manifesting in the need for many extra primary school places starting in 2012. Government legislation prevents Manchester City Council from fulfilling it statutory duty by building new schools to accommodate these children, they can only expand existing schools. Twenty seven primary schools were asked to increase their admission numbers by at least 15, and Abraham Moss was asked to change its designation from an 11–16 school to a 5–16 all-through school. The response was favourable, but there are tensions on how some of the existing facilities should be managed, issues such as outdoor play, indoor play and use of the theatre being at dispute. The Moss became an all-through 5–16 school, with a two form primary intake. The first reception class children arrived in September 2012.

The longstanding head teacher David Watchorn had taught at the school since it opened in 1973, and became head in 1984. The 2003 Ofsted report reports: "He has been a force for stability and continuity throughout the school's history, not least when the school 'kept going' in the immediate aftermath of the devastating fire of 1997; but he has also grasped the need for change and development and in recent years has helped to fix the staff's attention on the need to raise standards of attainment."

However, despite Watchorn's distinguished and distinctive service to the school and the young people of the area, he was suspended in July 2013 because he publicly disagreed with the City Council about some aspects of the primary school development. Manchester City Council's relationship with its heads has often been stormy and it has a history of suspending headteachers,

Gillian Houghton, a former vice-principal at The Co-operative Academy of Manchester in Blackley was appointed principal.

Coronavirus pandemic
Due to COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom in March 2020, there has been staff shortages and prolonged self-isolation and the decision was made for a partial school closure to take place for a month. Year 3, Year 4, Year 5, Year 9 and Year 10 pupils have to remain at home for a month, whilst the Early Years, Year 1, Year 6, Year 7, Year 8 and Year 11 still have to attend the school normally. Two days later, the school was later opened to Year 6 and Year 11 only until further notice.

Academy
Previously a community school administered by Manchester City Council, in September 2023 Abraham Moss Community School converted to academy status. The school is now sponsored by The Dean Trust.

Site
The building is on three levels, on falling land, bridging a pedestrian spine, 'the right of way', between Crescent Road and Woodlands Road which is reached through an underpass beneath the Bury line railway. The 9.5 ha of the 13 ha site had been a chemical waste tip, and the remaining 3.5 ha were formerly municipal allotments, to the south of the site the land falls away towards the Irk valley at the time it was informal open space. The southern boundary is defined by the former industrial branch line than led to Crumpsall Vale. The buildings were placed on the former allotment land. This has a high water table, and a subsoil of lenticulated glacial drift containing pockets of clay and running sand overlain in part by peat, so this is not very stable. Before landscaping the waste tip was covered with a 6m layer of clean top soil.

The 1973 buildings
The 1973 building was constructed using the CLASP Mk 4b system. CLASP was a building construction technique introduced post-war and popular in the 1960s for short-term, cheap and easily constructed buildings such as schools,fire stations, libraries etc. CLASP buildings of wood and concrete panel construction encompass a vast number of hidden voids for services. CLASP Mk 4b was the incarnation used between 1969 and 1972, measurements were imperial using 4" as the basic unit. Panels were multiples of this – that is 12 inches or 1 foot, 3-foot, 6-foot and 9-foot. The planning grid was 12x12 inches, and a structural grid of 36x36 inches. The preferred floor to ceiling heights were 8 ft and 10 ft. The structure was steel frame with a 6 ft bay. It was hung with external 10 ft by 3 ft pre-fabricated concrete panels. The interior partitions were built using plastic-faced, plasterboard-backed steel Stelvelite panels. There was a hung exposed-T ceiling with 36x36 inch mineral tiles. The void above was used for service ducting, heating, electric power and lighting. The system was not heavy which was important due to the difficult sub-soil, and quick to erect which was important due to the tight time scale. It was designed to have a 60-year life. Hindsight shows that the extensive voids were a design fault, and many CLASP buildings have been destroyed by fire and have posed an asbestos risk.

The Moss was designed between 1968 and 1970 by the DES Development Group, the principal architects being David and Mary Medd, Michael Hacker and Ian Fraser. A significant choice as David and Mary Medd have been leading school architects for 40 years. The curriculum was intended to align to the design of the centre. This was envisages as a network of multidisciplinary centres, an idea, that through their work at Maiden Erlegh, springs from a recommendation in the Newsom Report pages 46–48. The 24,000 m² complex was a low and compact 3-storey CLASP network, lit by small courtyards with 25 dispersed entrances linked by high level footbridges with an 'internal street'. Each component still had to satisfy multiple design regulations. The lower school was designed to provide a sheltered and identifiable environment for younger pupils (Year 7–Year 8). There were four centres or bases for smaller groups of 120 pupils and their five principal teachers who worked in a team to deliver resource based multidisciplinary project based work. The bays were 90% self-sufficient, and the lower school had its own hall and dining area with pullman style bays to further satisfy design requirements and shelter the pupils.

Arson damage
Two of the three school blocks were gutted in an arson attack on Friday, 15 May 1997. This destroyed the buildings, the collected resources and all school records. There was no sprinkler system, and some of the fire barriers in the ceilings had been pierced during alterations to the building.

A temporary school of 40 classrooms was constructed out of portacabins on the tennis courts to service the nine hundred staff and pupils. The BBC reported that the blaze caused five million pounds worth of damage, destroying two-thirds of the school buildings, forty eight classrooms including the drama and music suites. The Guardian reported the cost was eight million.

2012 buildings
There are tensions on how some of the existing facilities should be managed, issues such as outdoor play, indoor play and use of the theatre being at dispute. It is hoped to move the library from within the main-centre to a site within the leisure centre allowing the remaining CLASP 4b cladding to be replaced. It will have a separate entrance. The library and the primary school both wish to claim some key areas.

Current facilities
It comprises a school, an adult learning centre (City College), a library, a professional recording studio. The large leisure centre has extensive facilities including an IsoSpa gym, a sauna, two swimming pools, squash courts and a number of large halls for a variety of sports activities.

Admissions
There are formal procedures for entry at 3 years, and for entry at 11 years. The Abraham Moss follows the Manchester Education Committee admissions and appeals system. For Year seven, the applications are made the preceding October. The school has raised its admissions number from 240 to 270, but still predicts that it will be over subscribed.

Curriculum
The secondary school operates a two-week 46 period timetable.

Key Stage 3
All pupils in state funded community schools are required to follow the National Curriculum that was recently revised in 2014. To fulfil this requirement, pupils in Year 7 and Year 8 study:

Key Stage 4
All pupils in state funded community schools are required to follow the National Curriculum that was recently revised in 2014. To fulfill this requirement, pupils in Year 10, and Year 11 study for GCSE and BTEC qualifications. All students study a common core of subjects that comprises English, English Literature, Mathematics, Science and Religious Studies. In addition to these subjects most will study 3 optional subjects, as well as Physical Education. In Year 11 PE is dropped and the students are banded, so the weaker students can spend more time on the essential core, and the more academic can study a further option.

Academic performance
The 2011 Ofsted Inspection reported "Students' attainment overall in GCSE examinations has improved year-on-year although it remains consistently below the national average. Low levels of attainment overall are affected by the intake of high numbers of students, often at different times of the year, with little or no knowledge of English" ...

... "From 2008 to 2010 progress in English and mathematics was significantly above the national average. Students of African heritage make outstanding progress overall and those who speak English as an additional language make outstanding progress in English."

Head teachers

 * Ron Mitson
 * Dave Shapcott
 * Ann Porteous
 * David Watchorn
 * Gill Houghton
 * Andy Shakos (Interim)
 * Josette Arnold (Head of School)

Notable former pupils

 * Hassan Butt
 * Abdullah Afzal
 * Carl Austin-Behan

title: Abraham Moss Community School


text:
Cookbook talk:Chili (Vegan)

think this title should be 'Chile' the dish, not 'chili' which refers to the peppers. comments?<IP_ADDRESS> 21:45, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Merriam-Webster Online gives "chili" as the main entry with "chile" as a variant. Chili and chili con carne use the spelling "chili" as well as this article. --Think Fast 23:03, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

I use a similar recipe. I find that seitan can be a great addition, as well as vegetable boullion and a small amount of ginger for flavor. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 2007-02-10T07:51:34.

title: Cookbook talk:Chili (Vegan)


text:
Orange Bay (Portland Parish)

Orange Bay is a small bay in Portland Parish, Jamaica, fifteen miles west of the capital, Port Antonio. The name is shared by a small village on the shore of the bay.

title: Orange Bay (Portland Parish)


text:
Alder Escobar Forero

Alder Escobar Forero (born 1977) is a Colombian chess player. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 2014.

Career
Escobar Forero has represented Colombia in four Chess Olympiads; 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2012. He played in the Chess World Cup 2019, where he was defeated by Leinier Domínguez in the first round.

In January 2018, Escobar Forero tied for third place with Praggnanandhaa and IM Denys Shmelov in the Charlotte Chess Center's Winter 2018 GM Norm Invitational held in Charlotte, North Carolina with a score of 5.0/9.

title: Alder Escobar Forero


text:
Tokidoki

tokidoki ("sometimes" in Japanese) is a Japanese-inspired lifestyle brand created in 2006 by Italian artist Simone Legno and his business partners Pooneh Mohajer and Ivan Arnold. While based on the kitschy world of Japanese pop culture cartoons, and superficially resembling Japanese anime and manga, it has been described as complex and reciprocal set of cultural and economic influences between Japan, Italy and the USA, explaining its broad outreach and emotional appeal to consumers in Italy and other countries who grew up with Japanese anime and manga. This can be seen in the logo, a heart atop crossbones, which was described by Simone as “There is dark and light, there is the edgy, there is the cute.”

History
In April 2005, the co-founder of cosmetics company Hard Candy, Pooneh Mohajer, and her husband Ivan Arnold, saw Simone Legno's personal portfolio website, which had some popularity, being listed as one of The Independent's top ten "websites of the week". They subsequently arranged to meet him, and Simone joined them in Los Angeles. Simone has become a recent fixture at the San Diego Comic Con and makes appearances at various locations worldwide for signings and promotions.

Products
Simone has produced individual works as well as collaborations with other artists, such as the Karl Lagerfeld, the German fashion designer for a range of collectible dolls and accessories.

The brand has been used in numerous products including apparel, footwear, and accessories based on the art, cartoon characters and the logo designed by Simone Legno. tokidoki also has multiple business projects and collaborations with global brands such as Hello Kitty, Bearbrick, Barbie, Marvel, Nissan and Sephora. Among Simon's proudest achievements is creating merchandise for Roma, his childhood-favourite Italian Serie A football team.

Key characters include: Cactus Friends, Donutella and Her Sweet Friends, Unicorno, Moofia, Mermicorno, Til Death, and Punkstar.

title: Tokidoki


text:
Santa Maria Maggiore, Tuscania

Santa Maria Maggiore is an ancient Romanesque basilica church located at the foot of Colle di San Pietro (St Peter Hill) in Tuscania, Province of Viterbo, Region of Lazio, Italy. Atop the hill is the Basilica of San Pietro.

History
A church named Santa Maria Maggiore is first documented here in a Papal bull from the year 852 from Pope Leo IV to the Bishop of Tuscania. Records of a consecration date to 1206. The church has been reconstructed many times over the centuries.

The facade has three distinctive and finely decorated medieval portals. The central one is flanked by two spiral-fluted marble columns nestled on two "lion" bases, and topped by an animal figure. These enclose four thinner columns receding backward, each with their individual capital, generally Corinthian in appearance but some contain human figures. In the pilasters flanking the door stand two figures of the Apostles Peter and Paul, partly rebuilt after an act of vandalism. In the lunette are rectangular bas-reliefs, somewhat haphazardly assembled, depicting the Madonna and Child Blessing and images of Balaam, the Sacrifice of Isaac, and the Agnus Dei-like archetype. The right portal is decorated with classically inspired foliage, while the arch on the left one features an ornament of the Sicilian-Norman style. At the top is spread between a lion and a griffin, the loggia above the entrance has nine columns and ten arches.

The semicircular apse is covered by pilasters and bands of arches. The interior has columns and pillars with romanesque capitals also carved with plant and zoomorphic motifs. Along the walls of the aisles are blind arches that enclose blind arcades of half-pillars. The sanctuary is flanked by two transverse arches; the frontal of the altar, surmounted by a Gothic ciborium. There is a bishop's chair, which consists of a parapet of the eighth and ninth centuries.

In the right aisle is located a 13th-century octagonal baptismal immersion pool. In the nave is a pulpit of the thirteenth century. The apse contains a 13th-century fresco depicting Twelve Apostles; a 14th-century fresco in the chancel arch of the apse depicts San Secondiano and the Last Judgement. This has been attributed to Gregorio and Donato D'Arezzo. One belltower dates to the 12th-century. The church is property of the a Ministry for Architectural Structures of the Province of Rome, Rieti and Viterbo.

title: Santa Maria Maggiore, Tuscania


text:
Sticks and Stones (The 77s album)

Sticks and Stones is the 77s' fourth album, released in 1990 on Broken Records.

The record is primarily a collection of previously recorded, unreleased songs.

The band's song "MT" was featured a number of times on the popular television series Beverly Hills, 90210.

Track listing

 * 1) "MT"
 * 2) "Nowhere Else"
 * 3) "This Is The Way Love Is"
 * 4) "Perfect Blues"
 * 5) "Don't, This Way"
 * 6) "You Walked In The Room"
 * 7) "The Days To Come"
 * 8) "The Loop"
 * 9) "God Sends Quails"
 * 10) "Love Without Dreams"
 * 11) "Do It For Love" (Lost Island Treasure)
 * 12) "The Lust, The Flesh, The Eyes and the Pride of Life"  (Lost Island Treasure)
 * 13) "Pearls Before Swine" (Lost Island Treasure)
 * 14) "Bottom Line" (Lost Island Treasure)

Tracks 11–14 are only available on the CD.

Personnel
The band
 * Mike Roe – guitar, lead vocals, producer
 * Mark Tootle – keyboards, guitar, vocals
 * Jan Eric – bass guitar, background vocals
 * Aaron Smith – drums

Additional musicians
 * Chris Hillman (of The Byrds) – mandolin, bass guitar, background vocals
 * Steve Griffith – bass guitar
 * Mark Harmon – bass guitar
 * Steve Griffith – producer, recording engineer, mixing
 * Daryl Zachman – recording engineer, mixing

title: Sticks and Stones (The 77s album)


text:
Geometry/Proof

Introduction
Unlike science which has theories, mathematics has a definite notion of proof. Mathematics applies deductive reasoning to create a series of logical statements which show that one thing implies another.

Consider a triangle, which we define as a shape with three vertices joined by three lines. We know that we can arbitrarily pick some point on a page, and make that into a vertex. We repeat that process and pick a second point. Using a ruler, we can connect these two points. We now make a third point, not on the line through the first two points, and using the ruler connect it to each of the other points. We have constructed a triangle.

In mathematics we formalize this process into axioms, and carefully lay out the sequence of statements to show what follows. All definitions are clearly defined. In modern mathematics, we are always working within some system where various axioms hold.

Two-Column Proof
The most common form of explicit proof in high school geometry is a two column proof consists of five parts: the given, the proposition, the statement column, the reason column, and the diagram (if one is given).

Example of a Two-Column Proof
Now, suppose a problem tells you to solve $$x + 1 = 2$$ for $$x$$, showing all steps made to get to the answer. A proof shows how this is done:

Given: $$x + 1 = 2$$

Prove: x = 1

We use "Given" as the first reason, because it is "given" to us in the problem.

Written Proof
Written proofs (also known as informal proofs, paragraph proofs, or 'plans for proof') are written in paragraph form. Other than this formatting difference, they are similar to two-column proofs.

Sometimes it is helpful to start with a written proof, before formalizing the proof in two-column form. If you're having trouble putting your proof into two column form, try "talking it out" in a written proof first.

Example of a Written Proof
We are given that x + 1 = 2, so if we subtract one from each side of the equation (x + 1 - 1 = 2 - 1), then we can see that x = 1 by the definition of subtraction.

Flowchart Proof
A flowchart proof or more simply a flow proof is a graphical representation of a two-column proof. Each set of statement and reasons are recorded in a box and then arrows are drawn from one step to another. This method shows how different ideas come together to formulate the proof.

title: Geometry/Proof


text:
Talk:Post Mortem (2010 film)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Post Mortem (2010 film). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130301010144/http://www.ficg.mx/28/index.php/en to https://www.ficg.mx/28/index.php/en/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:34, 6 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Post Mortem (2010 film)


text:
Z-RNA

Z-RNA is a left-handed alternative conformation for the RNA double helix. Just like for Z-DNA, Z-RNA is favored by a sequence composed of Purine/Pyrimidine repeats and especially CG repeats.

Discovery
The ability of dsRNA to convert into a left-handed helix was demonstrated using NMR and circular dichroism in 1984. This conversion was shown to require high ionic strength and elevated temperatures (35 degrees).

Structural characteristics
Z-RNA to resemble, but not be identical, to that of Z-DNA. The structure of the complex of a Zalpha domain with Z-RNA under close to physiological salt concentrations however suggests a structure much closer to the Z-DNA conformation and points to two forms of Z-RNA (low and high salt conformations)

Role in biology
Formation of Z-RNA in living cells was suggested by experiments using anti-Z-RNA antibodies to stain fixed protozoan cells Further evidence accrued with the discovery that the Zalpha domain of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 binds and recognizes with high affinity Z-RNA. Structural features of the recognition of Z-RNA by Zalpha domains were revealed by the crystallographic study of the complex

title: Z-RNA


text:
Talk:David Brown (footballer, born 1969)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Brown (footballer, born 1969). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080321060355/http://www.thepowerfromport.com.au/ to http://www.thepowerfromport.com.au/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:57, 5 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Monsters in Dungeons & Dragons

In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, the term monster refers to a variety of creatures, some adapted from folklore and legends and others invented specifically for the game. Included are traditional monsters such as dragons, supernatural creatures such as ghosts, and mundane or fantastic animals. A defining feature of the game, is that monsters are typically obstacles that players must overcome to progress through the game. Beginning with the first edition in 1974, a catalog of game monsters (bestiary) was included along with other game manuals, first called Monsters & Treasure and now called the Monster Manual. As an essential part of Dungeons & Dragons, many of its monsters have become iconic and recognizable even outside D&D, becoming influential in video games, fiction, and popular culture.

Origins
While many "bizarre and grotesque creatures" are original creations of Dungeons & Dragons, the inspiration for others includes mythology, medieval bestiaries, science-fiction, fantasy literature, and film. Mauricio Rangel Jiménez goes so far to say that a basic knowledge of mythology, religion and fantasy is required to keep pace with the game, although the "creatures were unbound by time or place" of their original sources and co-creator Gary Gygax "made them coexist in a single aggregate world". With regard to pre-modern sources, scholar Laurent Di Filippo remarked that game creators often do not rely directly on original texts. Rather the material undergoes "cultural processes of transmission which go from medieval sources to the productions of contemporary cultural industries [...]. These transformations may be the result of translations or adaptations. This process of continuous evolution which involves both permanence and change is called "work on myth [Arbeit am Mythos]" by the German philosopher Hans Blumenberg."

Because of their broad, inclusive background, D&D monsters have been called a pastiche of sources. In some cases, this has resulted in legal battles, such as when names taken from the works of J. R. R. Tolkien had to be changed due to copyright disputes.

In game books, monsters are typically presented with illustrations, game statistics, and a detailed description. Monsters may be adapted to fit the needs of the game's writers and publishers, such as by describing combat abilities that may have been absent or only implied by an original source. Artistic renderings of various creatures have been a central tool for immersion in the game from the point of its creation.

Influence and criticism
The monsters of Dungeons & Dragons have significantly influenced modern fantasy fiction, ranging from licensed fiction to how monsters are portrayed in fantasy fiction generally. The scope of this influence has been compared to the works of J. R. R. Tolkien. In a 2005 interview, author China Miéville stated, "'I use AD&D-type fascination with teratology in a lot of my books, and I have the original Monster Manual, and the Monster Manual 2, and the Fiend Folio. I still collect role-playing game bestiaries, because I find that kind of fascination with the creation of the monstrous tremendously inspiring.'"

References and homages to Dungeons & Dragons monsters can be found in works such as Adventure Time, and the game's monsters have inspired tributes that both celebrate and mock various creatures. A 2013 io9 retrospective detailed memorable monsters, and in 2018 SyFy Wire published a list of "The 9 Scariest, Most Unforgettable Monsters From Dungeons & Dragons", and in the same year Screen Rant published a list of the game's "10 Most Powerful (And 10 Weakest) Monsters, Ranked". Other writers have highlighted the game's more odd or eccentric creations, such as Geek.com's list of "The most underrated monsters of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons", The Escapist's list of "The Dumbest Dungeons & Dragons Monsters Ever (And How To Use Them)", and Cracked.com's "15 Idiotic Dungeons and Dragons Monsters". D&D's monsters have also been licensed as toys, like in LJN's action figures, and even candy.

The number and variety of different monsters contributes to keeping the game interesting and forces players to think about employing diverse strategies.

The monsters of Dungeons & Dragons have received criticism from multiple sources. In addition to other game elements, the presence of magical or demonic monsters has provoked moral panics among religious conservatives. The game's emphasis on slaying monsters has also elicited negative commentary. As monsters have traditionally been defined by the number of "experience points" they award when killed, the game has been said to promote a "sociopathic" violence where the dungeon master "merely referees one imagined slaughter after another." Nicholas J. Mizer, in contrast, suggested that experience through combat was an in-game variation on Thorstein Veblen's theory that application of the "predatory spirit" of humans to warfare could lead to high standing in society.

Some female monsters, such as the nymph and succubus, were seen by Philip J. Clements as an instance of the sexist tropes the game draws on which presented female sexuality as inherently dangerous.

Monster types
Many kinds of monsters can be classified into typologies based on their common characteristics, and various books and game guides have been produced focusing on specific kinds of monsters. Such groupings include humanoids, monstrosities, dragons, giants, undead, aberrations, fiends, celestials, fey, elementals, constructs, oozes and plants; and beasts. There is some flexibility within these groupings. For example, many kinds of creatures can become undead or can be used to form magical constructs.

The 3rd edition of the game also used a broader type named "outsiders", encompassing any creature from the Outer Planes or Inner Planes.

Monster Manual (1977)
The Monster Manual (1977) was the initial monster book for the first edition of the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons game, published by TSR, Inc. in 1977. Gary Gygax wrote much of the work himself, having included and expanded most of the monsters from the previous D&D supplements. Also included are monsters originally printed in The Strategic Review, as well as some originally found in early issues of The Dragon and other early game materials. This book expanded on the original monster format by including the stat lines on the same page as the monsters' descriptions and introducing more stats, expanding the length of most monster descriptions, and featuring illustrations for most of the monsters. The book contains a treasure chart and an index of major listings.

Fiend Folio (1981)
The Fiend Folio: Tome of Creatures Malevolent and Benign was the second monster book for the first edition of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, published in 1981. The Fiend Folio consisted mostly of monsters submitted to White Dwarf's "Fiend Factory" column. The monsters in this book are presented in the same format as those in the previous Monster Manual work, and most featured illustrations of the monsters

Monster Manual II (1983)
Monster Manual II was the third and final monster book for the first edition of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, published in 1983, and has the largest page count of the three. As with the Monster Manual, this book was written primarily by Gary Gygax. This book contains a number of monsters that previously appeared in limited circulation and a large amount of its contents was entirely new at publication. The monsters in this book are presented in the same format as the Monster Manual and Fiend Folio.

Fiends
Fiend is a term used in the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game to refer to any malicious otherworldly creatures within the Dungeons & Dragons universe. These include various races of demons and devils that are of an evil alignment and hail from the Lower Planes. All fiends are extraplanar outsiders. Fiends have been considered among "D&D's most classic monsters".

Demons
Demons are a chaotic evil race native to the Abyss; they are rapacious, cruel and arbitrary. They are also portrayed as more widespread than other races of fiends, as the Abyss and its population are both theoretically infinite in size. The dominant race of demons is the tanar'ri. "True" tanar'ri such as the balors (originally called Balrogs) and the six-armed serpentine mariliths push other weaker tanar'ri around and organise them into makeshift armies for battle. Demon lords and demon princes such as Orcus, Demogorgon, Juiblex, Zuggtmoy, Graz'zt, and countless others are said to rule over the demons of their individual layers of the Abyss, as much as the chaotic demons can be ruled over.

Devils
The devils, of which the ruling type are called baatezu, are lawful evil natives of the Nine Hells of Baator; they are said to subjugate the weak and rule tyrannically over their domains. Pit fiends are the most powerful baatezu, though even the strongest pit fiends are surpassed by the Lords of the Nine, or Archdevils, whose ranks include Baalzebul, Mephistopheles, and Asmodeus. Unlike the demons, the devils are described as arranged in a strict hierarchy. Like the demons, the devils are scheming backstabbers; while a demon only keeps its words when it is convenient for it, a devil keeps its word all too well—they are said to be used to exploiting repressive bureaucratic machinations to the fullest and thus always know all ways around the letter of a contract to begin with. The tanar'ri and the baatezu hold an eternal enmity for one another and wage the Blood War against one another.

Yugoloths
The yugoloths (called daemons in 1st edition D&D) are neutral evil natives of the Bleak Eternity of Gehenna and the Gray Wastes of Hades; they are neutral to the affairs of the other fiendish races, interfering only when they see a situation that may be profitable or a potential for the advancement of their own schemes. The yugoloths are portrayed as manipulative, secretive, and mercenary by nature, often acting as soldiers for deities in their own private wars, or even at times aiding both sides of the Blood War. In 4th Edition, the yugoloths are considered to be demons, and their previously standard naming convention of "loth" is replaced by "demon" (Ex. the Mezzoloth is the 4e Mezzodemon). In fifth edition, yugoloths are listed as neutral evil fiends under their original names.

Demodands
The demodands are race of evil fiends that live on the plane of Carceri (Tarterus in 1st edition D&D). Demodands were introduced in the 1st edition supplement Monster Manual II, renamed as gehreleths in the 2nd edition Monstrous Compendium Outer Planes Appendix, and reintroduced as demodands in the 3rd edition sourcebook Fiend Folio. In 1st edition D&D, the three types of demodands from weakest to strongest were tarry, slime, and shaggy. In 2nd and 3rd editions, the three types are farastu, kelubar, and shator.

Hordlings
The hordlings are fiends that form the hordes of the Gray Waste of Hades. They first appeared in the 1st edition supplement Monster Manual II. Hordlings wander the Gray Waste preying upon everything they come across, even other hordlings. Hordlings vary greatly in appearance. It is said that hordlings evolved from larvae whose hatred was so unique, their souls became individual. The hordlings can be summoned using an artifact known as the Bringer of Doom, which was created around the time of the Invoked Devastation of Greyhawk. Hordlings are the most common inhabitants of the Gray Waste. They also occasionally roam the other Lower Planes as well.

Kython
The kythons (not to be confused with kytons, which are chain devils Baatezu) are distinct from the other fiends in that they did not originate on any of the lower planes. When a group of fiends (the Galchutt, from Monte Cook's Chaositech and Ptolus) were trapped on the Material Plane, they tried creating more of their own kind through magical means. The results were eyeless reptilian creatures with insectoid traits and neutral evil traits. As the kythons matured, they took on varied forms. None of them were loyal to the fiends that created them. Because kythons originated on the Material Plane instead of the Abyss (or another lower plane), they are also called earth-bound demons. Kythons are only interested in eating and breeding. They have spread rapidly across the Material Plane. The current hierarchy of kythons, from the weakest to the strongest is: broodlings, juveniles, adults, impalers, slaymasters, and slaughterkings. Eventually, with more time, kythons will grow into newer and more powerful forms. Kythons closely resemble xenomorphs. They were originally created for Monte Cook's Ptolus campaign, based on some gaming miniatures he had bought, and were added by him to the Book of Vile Darkness absent the context of the Galchutt, who did not appear until later on in Chaositech.

Cook originally planned on perhaps renaming them so their name was not quite so similar to kytons, or chain devils, as well as other episodes of Cook's Ptolus campaign to see how they were originally used.

Night hags
Night hags are fiends from the Gray Wastes of Hades that traffic in the souls of mortals in 3rd edition sources. In 5th edition they come from the Feywild and are exiled to the Gray Wastes of Hades.

Rakshasas
Rakshasas are fiends (often tiger-headed) that may have originated on Acheron according to 3rd edition sources. In 5th edition they originated in the Nine Hells.

Slaad
In the 4th edition game, Slaadi are chaotic evil and originate out of the Elemental Chaos. This is markedly different from the portrayal of Slaadi in all prior editions of the game, when they were chaotic neutral natives of Limbo and thus not fiends.

Half-fiends and fiendish creatures
The cambions (whose name comes from a different kind of mythological, demonic creature) are simply half-fiends; hybrids of fiends and non-fiendish creatures, often humans or other humanoids. Cambions are typically created through fiends raping mortals or seducing them after shape-shifting, although some of the most depraved beings actually participate willingly. Those cambions that actually survive birth typically look like grotesque, hellish variants of their mortal progenitors, having wings, claws, fangs and often many other features that reveal their fiendish origins. Cambions are usually outcast, being feared and hated in mortal societies for their fiendish origins and being derided by pure-blooded fiends for their impure heritage. A variant of cambion called durzagon is described in 3.5 edition of the Monster Manual II and is the hybrid of a devil and an unsuspecting duergar. The fiendish creatures are simply fiendish versions of other species in Dungeons & Dragons. They typically look like fearsome travesties of beings from the Material Plane. Most fiendish species are divided into a number of variants, usually in a hierarchy of increasing power and cunning.

Hecatoncheires
The hecatoncheires in the game is based on the creature with the same name from Greek mythology. Like their counterparts, D&D's hecatoncheires were presented as giants with one-hundred arms and fifty heads in early editions. They also had the ability to throw a whole "barrage of boulders" at their enemies. In later editions their description was changed to "abominations that are formed from the fusion of one-hundred beings." In another version they were reduced in power, appearing as "a mere four-armed giant". They were considered among the deadliest monsters of D&D by several reviewers. Marley King from Screen Rant recommended the hecatoncheires for Dungeons Masters to pit against high-level parties as a monster that is not "too cliché". He commented that - aside from the monster's many attacks, and high perception - it was given "incredible martial prowess" in the game, hearkening back to the importance of skill in battle in the culture it was taken from. Nicholas Montegriffo from The Gamer called them "worthy foes for epic heroes" and found the down-scaling of offensively usable arms sad.

Blood War
The Blood War concept was introduced as part of the new background for the outer planes in 1991's Monstrous Compendium Volume Outer Planes Appendix. The conflict is depicted as a bitter war of annihilation between the baatezu race and the tanar'ri; an absolute, all encompassing, and virtually eternal struggle. Trenton Webb of Arcane magazine wrote, "the fate of all the planes hangs on its outcome". The Blood War was thoroughly detailed in various books throughout the Planescape setting, particularly the 1996 boxed set Hellbound: The Blood War. The 4th edition of D&D's Manual of the Planes updated the Blood War into a smoldering cold war that was formerly an all-out war.

The Blood War has been given various causes across different game books. Fiendish Codex I: Hordes of the Abyss attributes it to an offshoot of the primordial battles between law and chaos, continued out of violent and sadistic stubbornness. Fiendish Codex II: Tyrants of the Nine Hells depicts Asmodeus as a formerly angelic being tasked with fighting an eternal war against the demons. When he and his followers take on demonic traits to better combat their foes, these angels, now deemed devils, are either exiled to or granted (depending on perspective) their own plane, where they fight the Blood War without disturbing the primordial lords of order. This is depicted as possibly being self-serving historical revisionism. The Guide to Hell instead portrays the Blood War as a distraction by Asmodeus to hide his true goal of usurping divine power and reshaping the multiverse. Later official materials claim Asmodeus possesses a piece of the pure elemental chaos Tharizdun used to create the Abyss. The demons are drawn to this and seek to reclaim it.

ComicBook.com contributor Christian Hoffer considered "Blood War between demons and devils" one "of the great conflicts that make up the D&D multiverse". Black Gate reviewer Andrew Zimmerman Jones described it as the "eternal" conflict "for who gets claim on being more evil" and praised the Blood War as a background for adventures putting the player characters between the fronts.

Controversy and related changes between editions
The inclusion of demons and devils proved controversial among critics of Dungeons & Dragons. TSR eliminated most references to occult symbols, demons, and devils from the second edition of the game. When the creatures were reintroduced in the Monstrous Compendium supplement MC8: The Outer Planes, the terms "baatezu", "tanar'ri", "yugoloth", and "gehreleth" were introduced and were used exclusively in place of the terms "devil", "demon", "daemon", and "demodand", respectively.

Following a more relaxed attitude towards the hobby, Wizards of the Coast reinserted many of these excised references in the third edition of the game. They kept intact the terms they had been replaced with, using both when applicable to appeal both to older players and those who played in subsequent editions of the game. While the 1st edition of AD&D used the term "Daemon", all subsequent editions beginning with 2nd edition have used the term "yugoloth" for the same creatures.

Reception
Fiends were considered among the "standard repertoire of 'Monsters'" in the game by Fabian Perlini-Pfister. Black Gate reviewer Andrew Zimmerman Jones positively contrasted the extended description provided in Mordenkainen's Tome of Foes (2018) as compared to earlier material: "It's easy to treat demons and devils as villains just there to be killed, but after reading this chapter [on the Blood War], you'll be more inclined to treat them as unique creatures, with their own goals and motivations."

Tarrasque
The tarrasque is a gigantic lizard-like creature which exists only to eat, kill, and destroy, "the most dreaded monster native to the Prime Material plane". The tarrasque was introduced in 1983 in the Monster Manual II, in the first edition of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons. It is very loosely based upon the French legend of the tarasque.

It is very large, 50 ft tall and 70 ft long, and has a Tyrannosaurus rex–like form, although it is much more broad and muscular, with a differently shaped head, and with larger and more developed front arms. It has brown skin, with scabs and warts and bits of encrusted dung all over it which are grey in color. Protecting its back and tail is a thick, glossy caramel-colored shell or carapace. It has spikes coming from its chin, the sides of the mouth, the underside of its neck, the elbows of its front arms, and its shell. The creature also has two horns projecting forwards from the top of its head.

The tarrasque's skin is very hard and thick, and provides excellent armor. It is immune or resistant to most offensive magic, and regenerates damage quickly.

The second edition of the game included rules for extracting treasure from the creature's carcass. In the Spelljammer series, the accessory Practical Planetology suggests the tarrasques originate from the planet Falx. Several hundred tarrasques live there, where they feed upon the native Imbul, a lizard-like creature. In the 4th edition of the game, the tarrasque is listed as an "abomination" and classed as a "Gargantuan elemental magical beast"—a living engine of death and destruction created by a primordial race for use as a weapon against the gods.

The tarrasque has been called "a creature that embodies wanton destruction" and "singularly deadly" and been compared to a kaiju. It was ranked No. 2 on the list of the ten best high-level monsters in Dungeons and Dragons 4th Edition For Dummies. Rob Bricken from io9 named the tarrasque as the 10th most memorable D&D monster. Screen Rant compiled a list of the game's "10 Most Powerful (And 10 Weakest) Monsters, Ranked" in 2018, calling this one of the strongest, saying "There are a lot of giant monsters that roam the various Dungeons & Dragons worlds, but none is more feared than the Tarrasque. This creature is an engine of destruction and it can crush entire cities in a single rampage." Backstab reviewer Michaël Croitoriu highlights the tarrasque among the monsters rated upwards from 2nd to 3rd edition, and wishes good luck to the adventurers having the temerity to attack it.

title: Monsters in Dungeons & Dragons


text:
File:Cambridgetn.jpg

Summary
Jacket of the book Cambridge by Tim Rawle published by Frances Lincoln http://johnadamsonbooks.com. Photograph copyright Tim Rawle. Thumbnail of the cover image only for information

title: File:Cambridgetn.jpg


text:
Abdolrahman Faramarzi

Abdolrahman Faramarzi (August 11, 1897 – July 11, 1972) was an Iranian journalist, writer, educator, deputy of parliament (the majles) and poet. He was born in Gachuyeh, Faramarzan, Bastak, Hormozgan Province, and died in the capital Tehran. Together with Mostafa Mesbahzadeh, Faramarzi co-founded Kayhan newspaper. Faramarzi was buried in the Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in Tehran.

Faramarzi was also the founder of the short-lived Bahram newspaper.

title: Abdolrahman Faramarzi


text:
Personal Finance/Budgeting

Budgeting involves maintaining control over your expenditures. There are typically three phases that show a maturation of a control of your budget.

 * Defining - Defining your inflows and outflows to get an idea of your cash flow.
 * Setting - Setting your budget to control how much your expenses are each month.
 * Improving - Improving your cash flows by reducing your expenses and increasing your income.

Write out your total income
Include wages, salaries, rent collections, settlements, allowances, or any other source of money you get.

Write out your fixed costs
These are the expenses that come in bill form like insurance, car payments, rent or mortgage payments, or payments to any other kind of loan. Costs like these need to be paid and don't change no matter how much or little you use them. It is important to get these down first, since these payments are generally out of your control.

Write out your variable costs
After you pay your bills, you can now allocate what's left of your income to other things that need to be paid. Groceries, utility bills, and other costs within your control go here.

Monthly income

 * Primary employment: $1600

Fixed monthly expenses

 * Rent / Mortgage: $300
 * Car payment: $336
 * Phone: $55
 * Kirby: $50
 * Insurance: $80

Variable monthly expenses

 * Gas: $80
 * Cigarettes: $150

The basic budget
Budgets don't have to be painful experiences. Now that you have a set of realistic goals for all of the money you will be getting and that you have an idea of how much money you will be spending, you can start to budget effectively.

For the first month, just count the ins and outs. You can use a normal notepad for this.

In August, they had 820 US$ in addition to 4,095 US$ from their income for a total of 4,915 US$.

They spent 2,150 US$ and had 520 US$ left at the end of the month. They therefore saved 2,245 US$ in August.

Counting the leftover cash in your wallet allows for a precise expenses count even if you forgot to actually count an item or two. The forgotten cash will show up as Mysteriously Vanishing Money (MVM).

Savings were distributed according to the priorities set out in Chapter 1 and were as follows:

In case of unforeseeable emergencies when expenses exceed income, they use their travel money first, then the car money and then the retirement money to pull them out of the scrape. This is not recommended. In fact, an extra savings account for emergencies should ideally be created and hold about 6 months worth of income to deal with the ups and downs of life.

Unfortunately, that is simply not possible for the family in the example above. They must therefore prioritize their needs and perhaps create a tighter budget.

The revised budget
Now that you've thought about how to cut your expenses, it's time to get to it! Some expenses of course are fixed and so cannot be easily cut. In the example below, rental fees are exorbitant but reducing them would entail moving elsewhere... Not a realistic solution. So, what can be cut? Food, ET and the phone bill look like prime targets. Another important one to hit is MVM as it usually represents items which you can do without... after all, you don't remember buying them! Utilities and gasoline are already quite low, so don't need to be taken care of. Gradual cuts may be better than taking out 50% of one item in one fell stroke and suffering through the entire month, only to face the uncontrollable urge to splurge on that item next month. Perhaps cuts of 10% a month would be easier to bear.

Hey, not bad! You have shaved 70$ from your budget. That's a great start. Continue doing this every month until you feel you are living *too* cheaply and yearn for a better life. Then, loosen up a little... just a little! Just enough to feel the difference between extreme poverty and the point where you enjoy life again. So, enjoy life, but on the cheap side!

title: Personal Finance/Budgeting


text:
1213 in Norway

Events in the year 1213 in Norway.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: Inge II of Norway

Deaths

 * Christina of Norway, Queen consort, daughter of Sverre Sigurdsson, spouse of Philip Simonsson.

title: 1213 in Norway


text:
Talk:Gobisaurus

Untitled
It can't be Early Cretaceous, if it's 92 million years old (EC ends at 99,6 Ma). —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:19, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
 * It's probably a typo. Thank you for fixing it! J. Spencer (talk) 22:58, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gobisaurus


text:
Schopenhauer Society

The Schopenhauer Society (Schopenhauer-Gesellschaft) is a literary and philosophical society devoted to research into the work, life and influence of the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860). The society was founded in 1911 by the Sanskrit scholar, philosopher and orientalist Paul Deussen and has its seat in Frankfurt. Since 1912, the society has published the Journal of the Schopenhauer Society (Jahrbuch der Schopenhauer-Gesellschaft).

From the 1920s, the society became increasingly academic in its orientation, and it hosted major international academic congresses on "Europe and India" (Dresden 1927), "Philosophy and Religion" (Frankfurt 1929) and "Theory and Reality" (Hamburg 1931). The society saw a revival in the postwar era, with numerous congresses, seminars and lectures, in addition to the publication of its journal. It has sections in India, Brazil, Italy, Poland and Australasia. The society has around 600 members.

title: Schopenhauer Society


text:
User:CGorman~enwikibooks

Hey everyone. I've been a member of Wikipedia itself for some time, but only joined Wikibooks on 8th September 2004.

Wikime
See the following for my other wiki personas:

 * Wikipedia
 * Wikicommons
 * Wikisource
 * Wikiquote
 * Wiktionary

To do

 * Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas

Wikibooks Contributions

 * Medal of Honor: Frontline

title: User:CGorman~enwikibooks


text:
User:GonyiAyeKyaw

GonYi started her public life in 2013 as Miss Myanmar International. Since then she’s been a successful event presenter, television host, brand embassador and a life coach. Originally from Mandalay, GonYi worked briefly as an insurance agent after finishing her degrees in English studies. The year 2013 proved to be a fortunate turning point in GonYi’s life when she competed for the title of Miss Myanmar International. The event was quite popular in Myanmar that was just opening its doors to influx of international events and ideas. Even though she participated purely out of fascination with the event, she competed passionately and was crowned Miss Myanmar International 2013. On top of that,

she was awarded People Choice Award in Miss International pageant in Japan. She was welcomed back home with much fan fair and accolades from Myanmar media. Since then she’s been recognized as a leader among Miss Myanmar for her public speaking, media talent, and charisma. GonYi has finally found her calling in life: to be a public personality and contribute with her speaking and entertainment prowess. In no time, she transitioned herself into the most sought after event presenter who can charm and entertain the crowd. She has worked with many local as well as international brands. In 2014, she was entrusted as the MC of the Gala Dinner for the prestigious ASEAN Tourism Forum(ATF) 2014 attended by presidents and prime ministers of the region. Right after, she also hosted the opening ceremony of state-owned biggest tire factory in Myanmar. That solidified her status as the premier MC for both corporate and entertainment events. Starting from 2014, she has presented and hosted many CSR program and Talk Shows including events for top companies in Myanmar and Forbes 500 companies.

title: User:GonyiAyeKyaw


text:
Talk:Reza Shirmarz

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:06, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Reza Shirmarz (1986, Iran).jpg
 * Reza Shirmarz (Athens, 2014).jpg
 * Reza Shirmarz conducting a voice and speech workshop in 2016 (Iran, Tehran).jpg
 * Reza Shirmarz in Acropolis (Athens, 2014).jpg
 * Reza Shirmarz in Athens, Greece (2012).png
 * Reza Shirmarz working in his office in Iran (2008).jpg

title: Talk:Reza Shirmarz


text:
Qarah Dash, Razavi Khorasan

Qarah Dash (, also Romanized as Qarah Dāsh and Qareh Dāsh) is a village in Zeberkhan Rural District, Zeberkhan District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 282, in 70 families.

title: Qarah Dash, Razavi Khorasan


text:
User:Khalidazia/sandbox

Tesla, Inc.
Automotive company

Tesla Motors was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning who financed the company until the Series a round of funding.[1] the founders were influenced to start the company after GM recalled all its EV1 electric cars in 2003 and then destroyed them.[2] Elon Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004, joining Tesla's board of directors as its chairman. Tesla's primary goal was to commercialize electric vehicles, starting with a premium sports car aimed at early adopters and then moving into more mainstream vehicles, including sedans and affordable compacts.[3]

Beginning in 2012, Tesla built stations called Superchargers in the United States and Europe designed for charging batteries quickly and at no extra cost to Tesla owners. Later versions of those stations were called Tesla Stations and also had the capability of complete replacement of the Model S battery pack.[4] References:-

title: User:Khalidazia/sandbox


text:
File:Violentistheword38.jpg

Summary
Lobby card/poster from The Three Stooges short film Violent Is the Word for Curly. Copyright Columbia Pictures, 1938. Used to illustrate film being described. Image is used under Non-free content rules on the basis of the following:
 * No free equivalent
 * Respect for commercial opportunities
 * Minimal usage
 * Minimal extent of use
 * Previous publication
 * Media-specific policy
 * One-article minimum
 * Contextual significance
 * Restrictions on location
 * Image description page

title: File:Violentistheword38.jpg


text:
kick down

Verb

 * 1) To break or demolish something by physical bodily force, especially stomping.

Usage notes
The object can come before or after the particle. If the object is a pronoun, then it must come before the particle.

title: kick down


text:
Talk:David Triesman, Baron Triesman

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Triesman, Baron Triesman. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130923022301/http://henryjacksonsociety.org/people/council-members/ to http://henryjacksonsociety.org/people/council-members/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:37, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Triesman, Baron Triesman


text:
Irish joke

Noun

 * 1)  A simple joke with a punchline implying that the Irish people are stupid.

Usage notes

 * Within Ireland, the term is used as a self-criticizing term to describe something illogical or silly that happened in Ireland.

title: Irish joke


text:
OC Photography Program/Light

The light
In photography, light is in fact the single most important aspect of consideration.

What time of day in which you choose to shoot can affect both how the subject will be represented, as well as your technical limitations in presenting it. When photographing it is wise to make use of the 'slowest' or smallest ISO film/medium possible... This reduces 'noise' in the case of digital, and grain in the case of film. Of course, there are exceptions to this, when the surreal/aged feel grain or noise adds to a photo is desirable, however for the most part, the high picture quality granted by slower sensitivities is preferable.

What separates a professional looking photograph from an amateur snapshot is both the quality of the light, and the quality of consideration placed on 'how I will deal with this type of light'.

For instance, if one was photographing a scene in which motion would be better represented slowly, a sudden need for more light arises. More so if coupled with that is a need for great depth of field. If at all possible, a photographer must make considerations such as; time of day (when will the light be strongest) and weather (does the skycast offer greater or lesser contrast in the photograph).

Most of these requirements are greatly reduced in difficulty when shooting in a studio, as the light is directly controlable, but a new difficulty arises... One must aspire to create a light that simulates light that humans have over eons come accustomed to seeing... One must simulate 'nice' light.... One must aspire to simulate the ways in which the sunlight shines on the subject.

Direction
The direction of the light is a critical consideration;

For instance, in portraiture, one would rarely use a light source that casts shadows upwards onto a face... That is to say, one would generally avoid placing the light below the subject, otherwise fall victim to 'scary campfire light' as is created by underlight flashlights to scare children... this light is both un-flattering, and un-natural.

Instead, to create a quality photograph, photographers try to emulate the suns' representation of light... That is, a light that falls both on the subject (from above) and on surroundings, and then reflects back onto the subject. This reflecting property of light is key. By placing a reflective surface opposite the shadows on a subject, one can fill the darker areas with a 'soft' or diffused type of light. The difference from such a subtle chance can be astounding.

Contrast
Contrast is the measure of the difference between the shadow and highlight brightness in a photograph.

Low: A low contrast photograph, having a lower contrast grade will look more greyish in the case of black and white, and will be subject to a muted feel in color.

Hard: A hard contrast image will have both very bright highlights and dark shadows, and the lines which define the shadowed areas will be much more significant and remarkable.

A between might be considered when shooting... A contrast grade that neither enhances or reduces dramatic effect in a photograph might be called 'normal' contrast or 'medium' with the advent of digital.

while contrast can be controlled in the darkroom/digital darkroom, it is wise to make considerations when shooting... What sort of contrast do you want to emphasize should reflect the nature of the light your shooting in.

Color
RGB

Color temperature (Kelvin)

Nature
Hard light; A light which casts heavy, clear, profound shadows when interrupted by an opaque object. Hard light gives high contrast and produces vivid and vibrant colors.It is generally used to increase drama in the picture.

Soft light; A light whose shadows are cast in a more soft, and subtle way. Softer diffused light can be created by increasing the size of the source with respect to the subject which can further be diffused by using filters (translucent materials) or by reflecting the light off an intermediary surface (generally walls-thereby further increasing the size of the source) before it falls on subject.

title: OC Photography Program/Light


text:
Stanford–UConn women's basketball rivalry

The Stanford–UConn women’s basketball rivalry is an intercollegiate basketball rivalry   between the Stanford Cardinal and UConn Huskies. The rivalry series is between two of the most successful in women's basketball, as the programs have combined for 13 NCAA titles. Stanford and UConn have met seven times in the NCAA tournament, with six of these postseason meetings occurring in the Final Four. As of 2022, UConn leads the series 12–7.

Series history
After Stanford won the first three meetings, UConn grabbed their first victory in the 1995 tournament, blowing out the Cardinal by a score of 87–60 in the national semifinals. UConn would win its following game over Tennessee for their first national championship.

The teams would meet thrice more in the postseason before the 2010 tournament with the national title at stake. In San Antonio, UConn downed Stanford 53 to 47 to overcome an 8 point halftime deficit and cap off an undefeated season. The following season, the Cardinal snapped the Huskies' 90-game winning streak, a week after Connecticut had broken the previous record of 88 games by UCLA. The loss was the first by UConn since 2008, when Stanford had beaten the Huskies in the 2008 Final Four. The Huskies returned the favor in 2012, ending the Cardinal's 82-game winning steak at Maples Pavilion in a 1-2 ranked matchup.

In 2014, the Cardinal again played spoilers. Stanford defeated the Huskies in overtime to snap UConn's 47-game winning streak. Amber Orrange hit a game-tying 3-pointer in the closing seconds of the second half, sending the game to extra time, and then scored the go-ahead basket in the final two minutes of overtime. The Huskies followed that defeat by reeling off 111 wins in a row, including another victory over the Cardinal in the national semifinals of the 2014 NCAA tournament.

Rival accomplishments
The following summarizes the accomplishments of the two programs.


text:
enrollee

Noun

 * 1) A person who is enrolled, as in a school.

Translations

 * Finnish: ilmoittautuja
 * Portuguese:

title: enrollee


text:
Ping Pong over the Abyss

Ping Pong over the Abyss is the debut album by the 77s, released in 1982 on the Exit Records label.

One song from that album, "Renaissance Man", was later recorded by the Ocean Blue. "It's So Sad" was later rerecorded, with a drastically different arrangement, by Roe's other band, the Lost Dogs, for their album MUTT.

The title comes from Allen Ginsberg's poem "Howl", section 3: "I'm with you in Rockland / where you scream in a straight jacket that you're losing the game of the actual ping pong of the abyss."

Side one

 * 1) "A Different Kind of Light"'
 * 2) "How Can You Love"
 * 3) "It's So Sad"
 * 4) "Falling Down a Hole"
 * 5) "Someone New"

Side two

 * 1) "Renaissance Man"
 * 2) "Ping Pong Over the Abyss"
 * 3) "Time Is Slipping Away"
 * 4) "Denomination Blues (That's All)"

Bonus tracks (CD)
Bonus tracks originally found on CDs in the 123 boxset.

 * 1) "A Different Kind of Light" (Live)
 * 2) "How Can You Love" (4-track demo)
 * 3) "It's So Sad" (Live)
 * 4) "Falling Down a Hole" (Live)
 * 5) "Ping Pong Over the Abyss" (4-track demo)
 * 6) "Denomination Blues" (Live)

Band members

 * Mike Roe - guitar, lead vocals
 * Mark Tootle - keyboards, guitar, vocals
 * Jan Eric - bass, background vocals
 * Mark Proctor - drums, vocals

title: Ping Pong over the Abyss