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Algebra/Function Graphing

Functions have an Independent Variable and a Dependent Variable
When we look at a function such as $$f(x) = \frac {1}{2}x,$$  we call the variable that we are changing—in this case  $$x\,$$ --the independent variable. We assign the value of the function to a variable we call the dependent variable. The reason that we say that $$x\,$$  is independent is because we can pick any value for which the function is defined—in this case real  $$\mathbb{R}$$  is implied—as an input into the function. Once we pick the value of the independent variable the same result will always come out of the function. We say the result is assigned to the dependent variable, since it depends on what value we placed into the function.

Equating $$y\,$$  with our function  $$y = \frac {1}{2}x,$$  then  $$ 2y = 2(\frac {1}{2}x),$$  then  $$ 2y = x,\,$$  then  $$ g(y)= 2y.\,$$

The independent variable is now $$y\,$$  and the dependent variable  $$x.\,$$
 * Note: this is a very unusual case where the ordered pair $$(g(y),y)\,$$  is reverse mapped  $$y\mapsto x\,$$  and corresponding reverses (dependent, independent), (range, domain), and now  $$x\,$$  must be singular for each and every  $$y\,$$  corresponding to an horizontal line test of function! It would be less desireable to rotate or swap the positions of axes, the order of coordinate pairs  $$(x,y)\,$$  and (abscissa, ordinate).

Have we used Algebra to change the nature of the function? Let's look at the results for three functions

If we look at the table above we can see that the independent variable for $$f(x)\,$$  gives the same results as the dependent variable of  $$g(y).\,$$  We can see what this means when we look at the values for  $$h(x).\,$$  The function  $$g(y)\,$$  is the same as the function  $$f(x),\,$$  but when we switch which variable we use as the independent variable between  $$g(y)\,$$  and  $$h(x)\,$$  we see that we have discovered that  $$g(y)\,$$  and  $$h(x)\,$$  are inverse functions.

Let's take a look at how we can draw functions in $$ x\, $$  and  $$ y\, $$  and then come back and look at this idea of independent and dependent variables again.

Explicit and Implicit Functions
Variables like $$x\,$$  and  $$y\,$$  formulate a 'relation' using simple algebra. $$f,\,$$  $$g,\,$$  and   $$h\,$$  commonly denote functions. Function notation $$f(x),\,$$  read "eff of ex", denotes a function with 'explicit' dependence on the independent variable  $$x.\,$$  By assigning variable  $$y\,$$  to  $$f(x),\,$$   $$y=f(x),\,$$   $$ y\,$$  is now an 'implicit' function of   $$x\,$$  using equation notation. If $$f(x) \,$$  is  $$\frac{x}{2},$$  then  $$y=\frac{x}{2}$$   [ $$y(x)\,$$  would denote an 'explicit' function of  $$x\,$$ ]. A relation is also a function when the dependent variable has one and only one value for each and every independent variable value.

The Cartesian Coordinate System
The Cartesian Coordinate System is a uniform rectangular grid used for plane graph plots. It's named after pioneer of analytic geometry, 17th century French mathematician René Descartes, whose Latinized name was Renatus Cartesius. Recall that each point has a unique location, different from every other point. We know that a line is a collection of points. If we pick a direction of travel for the line that starts at a point then all of the other points can be thought of as either behind our starting point or ahead of it. Finally, a plane can be thought of as a collection of lines that are parallel to each other. We can draw another line that is composed of one point from each of the lines that we chose to fill our plane. If we do this then we can locate the other lines as behind or ahead of the line with the point we chose to start on. Descartes decided to pick a line and call it the $$ x\,$$ -axis, and to then pick a line perpendicular to this line and call it the  $$ y\,$$ -axis. He then labeled this intersection point $$ (0,0)\,$$  and origin O. The points to the left (or behind) of this point each represent a negative number that we label as $$(-x,0).\,$$  The points to the right (or ahead) of this point each represent a positive number that we label as  $$ (x,0).\,$$  The points on the  $$ y\,$$ -axis that are above  $$ 0,0\,$$  are labeled as positive  $$ (0,y),\,$$  and the points on the  $$ y\,$$ -axis below  $$ 0,0\,$$  are labeled as negative  $$ (0,-y).\,$$  A point is plotted as a location on the plane using its coordinates from the grid formed by the  $$ x\,$$   and  $$ y\,$$ -axes. If you draw a line perpendicular to the $$ x\,$$ -axis from a point you pick then that point has the same  $$ x\,$$ -coordinate as the point where that line crosses the  $$ x\,$$ -axis. If you draw a line perpendicular to the $$ y\,$$ -axis from your point then it has the same  $$ y\,$$ -coordinate as the point where that line crosses the  $$ y\,$$ -axis. If you need to sharpen your knowledge in this area, this link/section should help: The Coordinate (Cartesian) Plane

An equation and its graph can be referred to as equal. This is true since a graph is a representation of a specific equation. This is because an equation is a group of one or more variables along with one or more numbers and an equal sign ( $$x=1,\,$$  $$y=x+1,\,$$  and  $$y=x^2+2x+1\,$$  are all examples of equations). Since variables were introduced as way of representing the many possible numbers that could be plugged into the equation. A graph of an equation is a way of drawing the relationship between the numbers that can be input (the independent variable) and the possible outputs that would be produced. For example, in the equation: $$y=x+2,\,$$  we could choose to make the  $$ x\,$$  the independent variable and the output number would be two more than the input number every time. The graph of this equation would be a picture showing this relationship. On the graph, each $$ y\,$$ -value (the vertical axis) would be two higher than the (horizontal)  $$ x\,$$ -value that is plugged in because of the  $$ +\, 2\,$$  in the equation.

Linear Equations and Functions
This section shows the different ways we can algebraically write a linear function. We will spend some time looking at a way called the "slope intercept form" that has the equation $$ y = f(x) = m x + b\,.\, $$
 * Linear Equations and Functions

Unless a domain for $$ x \, $$  is otherwise stated, the domain for linear functions will be assumed to be all real numbers  $$\mathbb{R}$$  and so the lines in graphs of all linear functions extend infinitely in both directions. Also in linear functions with all real number domains, the range of a linear function may cover the entire set of real numbers for $$ y\,,\, $$  one exception is when the slope  $$ m=0 \, $$  and the function equals a constant. In such cases, the range is simply the constant. Another would be a squaring function where the range would be non-negative when $$b=0\,.\,$$

The y-intercept constant b
It was shown that $$y=f(x)=mx+b\,$$  has infinite solutions (in the UK,  $$y=mx+c\,;\,$$  also common  $$y=ax+b\,,\,$$  $$y=a_1x+a_0\,$$  and  $$y=-\frac{A}{B}x-\frac{C}{B}\,$$ ). Points $$(x,y)\,$$  will be mapped with independent variable  $$x\,$$  assuming the horizontal axis and  $$y\,$$  vertical on a Cartesian grid. By assigning $$x\,$$  to a value and evaluating  $$y\,,\,$$  a (single) point coordinate solution is found. When $$x=0\,,\,$$  then by zero-product property term  $$m\times x=0\,$$,  and by additive identity terms  $$0+b=b=y\,.\,$$  The point  $$(0,b)\,$$  is the unique member of the line (linear equation's solution) where the y-axis is 'intercepted'. More about intercepts link: The  $x\,$  and  $y\,$  Intercepts

What does the m tell us when we have the equation $$ y = f(x) = m x + b \, $$ ?
$$ m \, $$ is a constant called the slope of the line. Slope indicates the steepness of the line.

Slope
Two separate points fixed anywhere defines a unique straight line containing the points. Confining this study to plane geometry ($$R^2$$) and fixing coordinates for unique points at $$(x_{1},y_{1})\,$$  and  $$(x_{2},y_{2})\,$$  a straight line is defined relating two variables in a linear-equation mappable on a graph-plot. When the two points are identical, infinite lines result, even in a single plane. When $$x_{1}=x_{2}\,$$  then a vertical-line mere relation is defined, not a function. Functions are equation-relations evaluating to singularly unique dependent values. Only when (iff) $$x_{1}\neq x_{2},\,$$  then is the line containing the points a linear 'function' of  $$x.\,$$

For a linear function, the slope can be determined from any two known points of the line. The slope corresponds to an increment or change in the vertical direction divided by a corresponding increment or change in the horizontal direction between any different points of the straight line.

Let $$\Delta y=\,$$ increment or change in the $$y\,$$ -direction (vertical)  and

Let $$ \Delta x=\,$$ increment or change in the $$x\,$$ -direction (horizontal).

For two points $$(x_{1},y_{1})\,$$  and  $$(x_{2},y_{2}),\,$$  the slope of the function line m is given by: $$m = \frac {\Delta y}{\Delta x} = \frac {y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1} $$

 * This formula is called the formula for slope measure but is sometimes referred to as the slope formula.

For a linear function, fixing two unique points of the line or fixing the slope and any one point of the line is enough to determine the line and identify it by an equation. There is an equation form for a linear function called the point-slope form of a line2 which uses the slope $$m\,$$  and any one point  $$(x_{1},y_{1})\,$$  to determine a valid equation for the function's line: $$ y - y_1 = m (x - x_1) \, $$

Algebra/Slope

The Pythagorean Theorem and The Distance Formula

Other forms of linear equations?
Algebra/Standard Form and Solving Slope

Intercept Form of a Line
There is one more general form of a linear function we will cover. This is the intercept form of a line, where the constants a and b are such that (a,0) is the x-intercept point and (0,b) is the y-intercept point.

$$\frac {x}{a} + \frac {y}{b} = 1 \qquad $$   where a ≠ 0  and  b ≠ 0

Neither constant a nor b can equal 0 because division by 0 is not allowed. The intercept form of a line cannot be applied when the linear function has the simplified form y = m x because the y-intercept ordinate cannot equal 0.

Multiplying the intercept form of a line by the constants a and b will give

$$b x + a y = a b \ $$

which then becomes equivalent to the general linear equation form A x + B y + C where A = b, B = a, and C = ab. We now see that neither A nor B can be 0, therefore the intercept form cannot represent horizontal or vertical lines. Multiplying the intercept form of a line by just b gives

$$\frac {b}{a} x + y = b$$

if we subtract $$\frac {b}{a} x$$

we get:

$$y = b - \frac {b}{a} x$$

which can, in turn, be rearranged to:

$$y = - \frac {b}{a} x + b$$

which becomes equivalent to the slope-intercept form where the slope m = -b/a.

Example: A graphed line crosses the x-axis at -3 and crosses the y-axis at -6. What equation can represent this line? What is the slope?

Solution: intercept form: $$ \qquad  \frac {x}{-3} + \frac {y}{-6} = 1$$

Multiplying by -6 gives $$\frac {-6}{-3} x + y = -6$$

 * $$y = -2 x - 6 \ $$

so we see the slope m = -2.

Graph of y = - 2x – 6 showing intercepts.

The line can also be written as $$-6 x - 3 y = (-3)(-6) \ $$

$$6 x + 3 y = -18 \ $$

Example: Can the equation

$$\frac {x}{2} + \frac {y}{4} = 0$$

be transformed into an intercept form of a line, (x/a) + (y/b) =1, to find the intercepts?

Solution: No, no amount of valid mathematical manipulation can transform it into the intercept form. Instead multiplying by 4, then subtracting 2x gives

$$y = -2 x \ $$

which is of the form y = m x where m = -2. The line intersects the axes at (0,0). Since the intercepts are both 0, the general intercept form of a line cannot be used.

Example: Find the slope and function of the line connecting the points (2,1) and (4,4).

Solution: When calculating the slope of a straight line from two points with the preceding formula, it does not matter which is point 1 and which is point 2. Let's set (x1,y1) as (2,1) and (x2,y2) as (4,4). Then using the two-point formula for the slope m:

$$ m = \frac {4 - 1}{4 - 2} = \frac { 3 }{ 2 }$$

Using the point-slope form:

One substitutes the coordinates for either point into the point-slope form as x1 and y1. For simplicity, we will use x1=2 and y1=1.

$$ y - 1 = \frac {3}{2} (x - 2)$$

$$ y - 1 = \frac {3}{2} x - 3 \, $$

$$ \  y =  \frac {3}{2} x - 2  $$

Using the slope-intercept form:

Alternatively, one can solve for b, the y-intercept ordinate, in the general form of a linear function of one variable, y = m x + b.

$$ b = y - m x \ $$

Knowing the slope m, take any known point on the line and substitute the point coordinates and m into this form of a linear function and calculate b. In this example, (x1,y1) is used.

 * $$ b = y_1 - m x_1 \, $$

 * $$ b = 1 - \frac {3}{2} \cdot 2 = 1 - 3 = -2 $$

Now the constants m and b are both known and the function is written as

$$ y = \frac {3}{2} x - 2 $$      or alternatively as      $$ f(x) = \frac {3}{2} x - 2 $$

__________ end of example __________

For another explanation of slope look here:

Slope

Example: Graph the equation 5x + 2y = 10 and calculate the slope.

Solution: This fits the general form of a linear equation, so finding two different points are enough to determine the line. To find the x-intercept, set y = 0 and solve for x.

$$ 5x + 2 \cdot 0 = 10 = 5x \ $$

$$ x = 10/5 = 2 \ $$

so the x-intercept point is (2,0). To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 and solve for y.

$$ 5 \cdot 0 + 2y = 10 = 2y \ $$

$$ y = 10/2 = 5 \ $$

so the y-intercept point is (0,5). Drawing a line through (2,0) and (0,5) would produce the following graph.

Graph of 5x + 2y = 10 showing intercepts

To determine the slope m from the two points, one can set (x1,y1) as (2,0) and (x2,y2) as (0,5), or vice versa and calculate as follows:

$$m = \frac {y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1} = \frac {5 - 0}{0 - 2} = - \frac {5}{2} = - 2.5 $$

__________ end of example __________

Summary of General Equation Forms of a Line
The most general form applicable to all lines on a two-dimensional Cartesian graph is

$$A x + B y = C \ $$

with three constants, A, B, and C. These constants are not unique to the line because multiplying the whole equation by a constant factor gives a new set of valid constants for the same line. When B = 0, the rest of the equation represents a vertical line, which is not a function. If B ≠ 0, then the line is a function. Such a linear function can be represented by the slope-intercept form which has two constants.

slope-intercept form: $$y = m x + b \ $$

The two constants, m and b, used together are unique to the line. In other words, a certain line can have only one pair of values for m and b in this form.

The point-slope form given here

$$ y - y_1 = m (x - x_1) \, $$

uses three constants; m is unique for a given line; x1 and y1 are not unique and can be from any point on the line. The point-slope cannot represent a vertical line.

The intercept form of a line, given here,

$$\frac {x}{a} + \frac {y}{b} = 1$$   a ≠ 0  and  b ≠ 0

uses two unique constants which are the x and y intercepts, but cannot be made to represent horizontal or vertical lines or lines crossing through (0,0). It is the least applicable of the general forms in this summary.

Of the last three general forms of a linear function, the slope-intercept form is the most useful because it uses only constants unique to a given line and can represent any linear function. All of the problems in this book and in mathematics in general can be solved without using the point-slope form or the intercept form unless they are specifically called for in a problem. Generally, problems involving linear functions can be solved using the slope-intercept form (y = m x + b) and the formula for slope.

Discontinuity in Otherwise Linear Equations
Let variable y be dependent upon a function of independent variable x
 * $$y=f(x)\, ,$$ also  $$y(x)=f \,.$$

y is also the function f, and x is also the argument. Let y be the expressed quotient function
 * $$y=\frac{2x^2-5x+3}{x-1} .$$

The graph of ys solution plots a continuous straight line set of points except' for the point where x would be 1. Evaluation of the denominator with $$x=1$$ results in division by zero, an undefined condition not a member element of R and outside algebraic closure. y has a discontinuity (break) and no solution at point 1,-1. It becomes important to treat each side of a break separately in advanced studies.

ys otherwise linear form can be expressed by an equation removed of its discontinuity'. Factor $$x-1$$ from the $$2x^2-5x+3$$ numerator (use synthetic division).
 * $$y=\frac{2x^2-5x+3}{x-1} .$$
 * $$y=\frac{(2x-3)(x-1)}{(x-1)} .$$
 * $$y=2x-3 \,,\;x\neq1$$ (for all x except 1).

Reducing its (x-1) multiplicative inverse factors (reciprocals) to multiplicative identity (unity) leaves the $$(2 x - 3)$$ factor (with implied universal-factor 1/1). Limiting this simpler function's domain; 'all $$x$$ except $$x = 1$$, where x is undefined' or simply 'and x ≠ 1' (implying 'and R2 '); equates it to the original function. This expression is a linear function of x, with slope m = 2 and a y-intercept ordinate of -3. The expression $$2x-3$$ evaluates to -1 at x = 1, but function y is undefined (division by zero) at that point. There is a discontinuity for function y at x = 1. Practically the function has a sort of one-point hole (a skip), shown on the graph as a small hollow circle around that point. Lines, rays and line segments (and arcs, chords and curves) are shown discontinuous by dashed or dotted lines.

Note: non-linear equations may also be discontinuous—see the subsequent graph plot of the reciprocal function y = 1/x, in which y is discontinuous at x = 0 not just for a point, but over a 'double' asymptotic extremum pole along the y-axis. As x is evaluated at smaller magnitudes (both – and +) closer to zero, y approaches no definition in both the – and + mappings of the function.

Example: What would the graph of the following function look like?

 * $$y = \frac {x^2 - 4}{x + 2} .$$

Solution:
 * $$y = \frac {x^2 - 4}{x + 2} = \frac {(x + 2)(x - 2)}{(x + 2)} .$$

Reduce the reciprocal (x + 2) factors to unity. This makes y = x – 2 for all x except x = -2, where there is a discontinuity. The line y = x – 2 would have a slope m = 1 and a y-intercept ordinate of -2. So for the final answer, we graph a line with a slope of 1 and a y-intercept of -2, and we show a discontinuity at x = -2, where y would otherwise have been equal to -4.

Example: Write a function which would be graphed as a line the same as y = 2 x – 3 except with two discontinuities, one at x = 0 and another at x = 1.

Solution: The function must have a denominator with the factors

denominator = (x – 0)(x – 1) = x (x – 1). to have 'zeros' at the two x values. The function's numerator also gets the factors preserving an overall factor of unity, the expressions are multiplied out:

$$y = \frac {(2 x - 3) x (x - 1)}{x (x - 1)}= \frac {2 x^3 - 5 x^2 + 3 x}{x^2 - x}. $$

__________ end of example __________

title: Algebra/Function Graphing


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Pelican Park (New Orleans)

Pelican Park was a sports stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana from 1908 to 1914. The ballpark was bound by South Carrollton Avenue, Palmyra Street, Banks Street and Scott Street. A contest was conducted to name the new ballpark. "Pelican Park" won out over scores of other entries.

When Pelican Park was demolished in 1914, the park's wooden grandstand was disassembled and relocated several blocks down Carrollton Avenue by mules to the intersection of Carrollton Avenue and Tulane Avenue. It reopened on April 13, 1915, as Pelican Stadium.

It was home to the New Orleans Pelicans baseball organization from 1908 to 1914.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pelican Park (New Orleans)


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2012 UCI Road World Championships – Women's junior time trial

The Women's junior time trial of the 2012 UCI Road World Championships was a cycling event that took place on 18 September 2012 in Limburg, the Netherlands.


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Jennifer Rupp

Jennifer L. M. Rupp FRSC (born January 27, 1980) is a material scientist and professor at the Technical University of Munich, visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the CTO for battery research at TUM International Energy Research. Rupp has published more than 130 papers in peer reviewed journals, co-authored 7 book chapters and holds more than 25 patents. Rupp research broadly encompasses solid state materials and cell designs for sustainable batteries, energy conversion and neuromorphic memory and computing.

Early life
Rupp was born in Germany in 1980 and grew up from her youth years in Vienna Austria. Her mother is a language teacher and her father is a physicist, the family is mixed French-German-Italian. She played competitive piano as a child and struggled to choose between pursuing her love for music and natural sciences. Rupp was active in her teen years in an environmental chemistry group and also an Austrian team member competing internationally at the International Young Physicist Team, where they won 3d place in 1998.

Education
Rupp received a Master of Natural Science Degree at the University of Vienna followed by a doctoral degree at ETH Zurich. Her undergraduate efforts were recognised by the Austrian Chemical Society, who presented her with their prize for her diploma thesis. She was awarded the ETH Zurich medal for PhD excellence for her thesis on micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and functional ceramic materials under the supervision of Ludwig Gauckler at ETH Zurich.

Career
Rupp was appointed a postdoc and group leader working at ETH Zurich till 2010, where she studied solid state ionic conductors and conceptualized on micro-solid-oxide fuel cell devices. In 2011 she joined the National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba Japan, where she learned how to make oxide memristors for non-volatile memory concepts and protonic fuel cells. She left early as a consequence of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and relocated in 2011 with her family to the USA where she joined as a senior scientist the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2012 she was awarded a prestigious Swiss National Science Foundation professorship career grant as a non-tenure track professor at ETH Zurich intensifying her research on memristive effects and starting also on solar-to-fuel conversion materials. In 2015 she received the ERC Starting grant (backed up in this year by SNSF) as a 2nd career grant to foster more research on materials for neuromorphic computing and memories. Short after in 2017, Rupp joined as a faculty at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she went through the promotion from assistant to associate professor. At MIT her prime appointment was in the department of material science and engineering and she was also appointed at the electrical engineering and computer science department. In her research at MIT, she focussed intensively with her team on solid state batteries, electroceramics and the concept of Lithionics to use Li-ions beyond batteries in solids state devices to neuromorphically compute, sense or react on optical stimulation.

In fall 2021, Rupp joined as professor at Technical University of Munich keeping an appointment as visiting professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as accepting the roles of new CTO for battery research at TUM International Energy Research. In 2023, she Co-Founded and serves as CSO of QKera GmbH, a German solid electrolyte material producer targeting inexpensive, sinter-free, low CO2 footprint solid chemistries.

Rupp serves on various advisory boards of companies with businesses on batteries or electroceramic manufacture, is an appointed Academic Director at the TUM Venture Labs to support rapid tech transfer, and is an elected Advisory Board Member of academic journals like Energy & Environmental Science, Advanced Energy Materials, Advanced Functional Materials and others. Since 2017, she is a multiple-times reelected Associate Editor at the Journal of Materials Chemistry A.

In 2019, she founded the LILA Mentorship program for Minorities in Engineering and Sciences in an effort to bridge the ever-existing gender gap, support minority groups and foster diversity in future leadership in energy and solid-state chemistry/material R&D.

Battery research

Rupp is developing next-generation batteries for application in electric vehicles and portable electronics, focusing on novel material synthesis and cell designs. Her research contributes to safer Li-conducting solid-electrolyte alternatives to classic polymers for lithium-ion solid and hybrid batteries by pioneering innovative solid-state synthesis chemistries like the sequential deposition synthesis in collaboration with Samsung, effects and structure science. She has also made major contributions in developing battery ceramic synthesis routes for thin electrolyte compounds, contribute to interface engineering electrode-electrode designs and structural design of various electrolyte and electrode chemistries. She talks about battery research in the Battery generation Podcast, which reaches ++105000 times watches in short time.

Lithionic research

In her Lithionic research, she has developed one of the key papers discussing structure-property requirements of Li-based solid state materials to execute Lithionic functions to neuromorphically compute, sense or react on optical stimuli beyond battery applications. The work lead to a larger research consortium funded by Ericsson to foster the tech for 6G at MIT and was initiated and led by Rupp. In the quest of having less materials serving more functions for future devices she contributes with material concepts, chemistry and physical operations to execute additional functions beyond classic energy storage.

Solid state ionics and electronics research & device engineering

The theme of solid state ionics and electronics is deeply centered in Rupp's work. Her objectives are to create tailored solid state materials and electroceramics for energy conversion and storage or information computing. This includes material design and fundamental model experiments on electro-chemo-mechanics for ionic conductors (i.e. with strain modulus) or also recent work with her colleague Harry Tuller (MIT) and students on opto-ionics. Applications of fast ion conductors include fuel cells, sensors, batteries, memristors, or neuromorphic computing chips. Several proof-of-concept devices and electrochemical operation principles stem from Rupp's team such as strained memristors, or recently proposed glucose-converting fuel cell chips for human implants.

Industrial collaboration, support and consultancy

Rupp has collaborated, served as a consultant to or received competitive awards from several companies including BMW, Samsung, Ericsson, Shell, Equinor, Alkegen, Unifrax, SiFab, Sensirion, Eni, Merck, BASF, Volkswagen,Oerlikon and NGK/NTK.

Awards and honors

 * 2024 Member of National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
 * 2024 American Ceramic Society's Richard M. Fulrath Award for excellence in research and development of ceramic sciences and materials
 * 2021 Fellow of the Royal Chemical Society for outstanding achievements in chemical sciences (FRSC title)
 * 2021 Samsung Recognition for Important Battery Advancements
 * 2021 Nature Sustainability Expert Panel Leader for Batteries
 * 2018 Merck Displaying Futures Award for energy implant device
 * 2017 BASF and Volkswagen Science Award Electrochemistry for battery research
 * 2018-2016 World Economic Forum council member on future of computing
 * 2015 ERC Starting Grant
 * 2015 World Economic Forum Top 40 international scientist under the age of 40
 * 2014 Spark Award
 * 2012 Swiss National Science Foundation SNSF Professorship Grant, Switzerland (2012)
 * 2012 European Academy of Sciences Kepler Prize "Materials for Energy Technology"
 * 2005 Young Scientist Award, International Solid State Ionics Society

title: Jennifer Rupp


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Léon Guilain Bureau

Léon Guilain Bureau (12 August 1869 – 8 September 1954) was a Belgian soldier who served in administrative roles in the Ottoman Empire and the Belgian Congo. Between 1918 and 1928 he was deputy governor general in turn of Congo-Kasaï and Katanga.

Early years
Léon-Guillain Bureau was born in Spy, Belgium on 12 August 1869. His parents were Hubert-Joseph Bureau and Anne-Marie Vigneron. He married Berthe Guiot. Bureau enlisted as a volunteer in the 12th Line Regiment on 2 February 1886. On 13 November 1899 he was admitted to the Military School, and on leaving was promoted to second lieutenant on 6 February 1892.

Junior officer (1886–1898)
Bureau was assigned to the Carabiniers regiment, and technically spent his whole military career with that regiment. In practice he spent almost all his career detached from the regiment. On 4 December 1893 he was temporarily seconded to the Military Cartographic Institute, and a few days later left for the Congo. He became a 2nd lieutenant of the Force Publique of the Congo Free State and was assigned to the Ubangi-Bomu region, where Georges-Édouard Le Marinel was preparing an expedition to the Nile. The expedition was cancelled for political reasons, and Bureau returned to his regiment in Belgium. Bureau was promoted to lieutenant on 26 June 1898, and the next day was appointed secretary of the prosecution of the Auditor General of the Military Court. He held this position until June 1903.

Turkey (1898–1909)
On 29 September 1898 Bureau was again temporarily seconded to the Military Cartographic Institute. He and three other officers were dispatched to Turkey to provide "technical assistance" to the Ottoman Empire in reorganizing the armed police of Rumelia. The Sultan had been pressured into this by the European powers after disturbances in Macedonia in 1902–03. Bureau was given the uniform and title of a major of the Ottoman Army. Following his duties in Macedonia he helped reorganize the police of the Thessaloniki region, then was assigned to the gendarmerie in Istanbul. On 26 March 1907 Bureau was promoted to staff captain (capitaine en second) in the Belgian army and was appointed inspector general and colonel of the police forces of European Turkey, and then director of the school that trained officers and police for this region. He held the Turkish title of Bey. In March 1909 Bureau returned to his regiment as a captain.

Congo (1911–1928)
On 7 January 1911 Bureau was again seconded to the Military Cartographic Institute and placed at the disposal of the Minister of Colonies for service in the Congo. He went there with the rank of director and acting secretary general of the colony, and was soon made secretary general. The former Congo Free State had been annexed by Belgium as the Belgian Congo, and Bureau helped define a policy based on the Colonial Charter, and an administrative framework consistent with this policy and with the economic development of the colony. He was promoted to captain-commandant on 26 June 1911.

Bureau was in the Belgian Congo when World War I (1914–1918) broke out. He requested early leave so he could fight on the Yser Front, and disembarked at Le Havre on 1 February 1915. However, the Minister of Colonies told him he could render greater services in the Congo. He was promoted to major on 12 February 1915 and returned to Boma to help with the colony's war effort. In 1917 Bureau was made one the first vice-governors general of the Belgian Congo, along with Charles Tombeur, Adolphe De Meulemeester, Georges Moulaert and Martin Rutten. He was assistant to the governor general, and was acting governor general several times. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 26 March 1918 and colonel in 1919 with eight Chevrons de front, usually awarded only for service in the front line.

Bureau was deputy governor-general of the newly created Congo-Kasaï province from 18 October 1918 to 1922. In May 1921 Rutten left for Europe. Bureau acted as governor general until Maurice Lippens, the new governor general, reached Boma. He was succeeded as governor of Congo-Kasaï by Alphonse Engels.

Bureau was deputy governor-general of Katanga Province from December 1923, succeeding Martin Rutten in this position. Bureau wrote to the colonial minister on 4 January 1924, forwarding Dr. Emile Lejeune's report on labor conditions in the Huileries du Congo Belge (HCB). He noted in his letter that, "Employers in Africa persist in blaming their failure to recruit workers on the indolence of the blacks, when the real cause is the fashion in which they treat those in their employ." He was promoted to Major General on 26 December 1926. Before leaving office Bureau presided over preparations in Elisabethville for the visit of King Albert and Queen Elisabeth in 1928. He was succeeded in Katanga on 21 January 1928 by Gaston Heenen.

Retirement (1929–1954)
Bureau retired from the colonial service at his own request on 31 January 1929. He asked to be spared active service in the army due to poor health, and was allowed to retire from the army on 21 March 1929. On 26 June 1929 he was given the honorary title of Lieutenant General. In retirement he was president of the water distribution board of the Congo and administrator of the Kilo-Moto gold mines and the Jules Van Lancker Company. On 14 February 1934 Bureau was named as a member of the board of the University Institute of Overseas Territories in Antwerp. Pierre Ryckmans was president. As late as 1951 Bureau made a long journey to the Congo. He died in Brussels on 8 September 1954.

title: Léon Guilain Bureau


text:
Trinchesia pupillae

Trinchesia pupillae is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Trinchesiidae.

Distribution
This species was described from shallow water at Tannowa and Kada, Osaka Bay, Pacific Ocean coast, Japan. The original description also lists additional localities of Mukaishima, Inland Sea of Seto; Nou and Awashima, Niigata Prefecture; Toyama Bay and Tsuruga Bay, Sea of Japan coast. The species is also reported from Oyster Bay, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Description
The adult size of Tenellia pupillae is only 3–5 mm. It has swollen cerata and extensive white surface pigmentation on the body and cerata, with an orange ring on the rhinophores and oral tentacles.

title: Trinchesia pupillae


text:
Cookbook:Biscuits I

| Bread

Biscuits are a traditional bread from the American South and a staple of soul food. This recipe is in the Yankee style, which is to say, it contains an egg and the end result is less dependent on your pastry technique. These biscuits are tall, light, and sturdy. They are less salty than many store-bought mixes. They taste good plain or with butter, honey, jam, or sausage/ham gravy. Because they are sturdy, this recipe is particularly well-suited for making a sandwich. Try splitting the biscuit open and putting a fried egg inside, or filling it with cold deli meats and other sandwich fixings.

For the more tender Southern-style (eggless) version, try rich biscuits. If you are trying to substitute gluten-free flour, you might have better luck with this recipe, because the egg will help hold the dough together.

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 450°F (230°C).
 * 2) Sift all dry ingredients into a bowl.
 * 3) Cut in shortening until it has the texture of coarse meal.
 * 4) Beat egg lightly and add to milk.
 * 5) Add liquid to dry ingredients and mix with fork just until dough holds together.
 * 6) Turn out onto floured board and knead lightly with floured fingers.
 * 7) Roll out ¾ inch (2 cm) thick, and cut out biscuits with a round, floured cutter.
 * 8) Place biscuits on baking sheet and bake at 450°F (230°C) for 12 minutes.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Vegetable shortening can have a bland flavor. You can substitute the same volume of butter for the shortening in this recipe if you want the butter flavor.

title: Cookbook:Biscuits I


text:
ESL for Primary School/Lesson plan template

LESSON PLAN

LANGUAGE ELEMENT / VOCAB / PHONOLOGY / CULTURAL THEME:

PREREQUISITES:

DIFFICULT SOUNDS:

MATERIALS:

REVIEW OF PREREQUISITES:

PRIMARY ACTIVITY:

PASSIVE/NON-VERBAL UNDERSTANDING:

ACTIVE/VERBAL UNDERSTANDING:

EXTENSION / GAME / COMMUNICATION ACTIVITY:

WRITTEN COPY:

WRITTEN EVALUATION ACTIVITY:

NOTES/EVALUTION:


text:
Léon A. Hofkens

Léon A. Hofkens (13 October 1894 – 9 January 1972) was a Belgian colonial administrator. He was governor of Lusambo / Kasaï in the Belgian Congo from 1945 to 1948.

Life
Léon Hofkens was born in Brussels, Belgium, on 13 October 1894. He obtained a normal school diploma, and worked for six years as a teacher in Brussels. In July 1920 he joined the territorial service in the Belgian Congo. Hofkens' first assignment was as a territorial agent in the territory of Lodja, Sankuru District. During his second term he was territorial administrator of Lusambo, then of Dimbelenge, a new territory that he was responsible for organizing. In 1927 he was made deputy district commissioner of Sankuru. From 1931 to 1933 he was deputy district commissioner of Bas-Congo District, then from 1934 to 1941 titular district commissioner of Bas-Congo.

At the start of World War II (1939-1945), in the second half of 1939 the administration was concerned about the politico-religious Mission des Noirs (Mission of the Blacks) movement, associated with Kimbanguism and the Salvation Army. On 5 December 1939 Marcel Maquet wrote to governor general Pierre Ryckmans opposing measures of clemency to Kimbanguists who renounced that movement, then returned to it. On 10 December 1939 Hofkens gave secret instructions to administrators in Bas-Congo in which he confirmed that he thoughr the Mission des Noirs was xenophic and subversive, but proposed that the natives who followed the movement should not be seen as vulgar delinquents, but as being engaged in a dangerous adventure. Persuasion was the way to bring them to their senses, rather than repression. He proposed that repeat offenders be subject to relatively small fines or penal servitude, proportional to the offense, and the leader of a village or organizer of a meeting should be punished rather than all the people.

Hofkens' 7th term started in 1941, when he was appointed provincial commissioner of Sankuru, holding office until 1943. In 1945 the districts of Kasai (capital at Luebo), Sankuru (capital at Lusambo) and Lomami (capital at Kabinda) were reorganized in the Kasaï Province, with its capital at Luluabourg. Hofkens was appointed governor of Lusambo Province on 21 September 1945. He replaced René P. Preys. In 1947 the name of the province was changed to Kasaï Province. Hofkens held office until 19 July 1948. He was replaced by Firmin Peigneux.

Hofkens was made a member of the Royal Order of the Lion on 8 April 1947. On 20 August 1949 Leon-A.-F. Hofkens, honorary provincial governor, was promoted to the rank of commander of the order. Hofkens died in Taintignies, Hainaut, Belgium, on 9 January 1972.

title: Léon A. Hofkens


text:
Talk:Jervis Bay Village

Disputed
This article describes Jervis Bay Village as though it were a local government area. The DOTARS webpage on JBT makes it quite clear that the Jervis Bay Administration is responsible for all state and local government services, so this cannot be right. I would be willing to accept that there is some body called the "Jervis Bay Village Council" if a source were given, but it should not be presented as an LGA. Note also that Hyams Beach is in NSW. JPD (talk) 11:13, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

I would agree. The Territory's website makes reference to Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council, but fails to indicate, in its extensive list of local organisations, any other form of local government. It is not clear whether Wreck Bay can be considered to truly be a local government authority. Skinsmoke 00:10, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Local Government Areas of Australia says “[t]he Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory and the external territories do not have Local Government Areas distinct from their Territory governments.” Wikipeditor 11:38, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Wikipeditor. Wikipedia articles shouldn't really be used as sources (the DOTARS webpage is much more authoritative) and I wouldn't completely rule out the existence of something called a "council" that isn't an LGA, but we have not after all this time been provided with any reference for this, I have removed all mentions of a council from the article. JPD (talk) 11:59, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Infobox Update
This page has had its infobox updated to Infobox Australian Place. This update has been automatically preformed by TheJoshBot. Please be aware that poorly filled templates can have infomation lost in the transition that is unknown to the bot. Check the page history for more infomation. The following infomation has been lost in the transition, and will need to be converted to the document prose:

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Jervis Bay Village. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130609220101/http://apps.aec.gov.au/esearch/LocalitySearchResults.aspx?filter=Fraser&filterby=Electorate to http://apps.aec.gov.au/esearch/LocalitySearchResults.aspx?filter=Fraser&filterby=Electorate

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:22, 24 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jervis Bay Village


text:
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts

Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130 (1967), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court establishing the standard of First Amendment protection against defamation claims brought by private individuals.

Background
The case involved a libel lawsuit filed by the former Georgia Bulldogs football coach Wally Butts against The Saturday Evening Post. The lawsuit arose from an article in the magazine, which alleged that Butts, still Georgia's athletic director following his resignation as coach after the 1960 season, and the Alabama head coach Bear Bryant had conspired to fix games. The Butts suit was consolidated with another case, Associated Press v. Walker, and both cases were decided in one opinion.

In finding for Butts but against Walker, the Supreme Court gave some indications of when a "public figure" could sue for libel.

Decision
In a plurality opinion, written by Justice John Marshall Harlan II, the Supreme Court held that news organizations were protected from liability when they print allegations about public officials. However, New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), the Supreme Court decided that news organizations are still liable to public figures if the published information is created with actual malice.

The Court ultimately ruled in favor of Butts, and The Saturday Evening Post was ordered to pay $3.06 million to Butts in damages, which was later reduced on appeal to $460,000.

The settlement was seen as a contributing factor in the demise of The Saturday Evening Post and its parent corporation, the Curtis Publishing Company, two years later. Butts and Bryant had sued for $10 million each. Bryant settled for $300,000.

title: Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts


text:
Miriam D'Agostini

Miriam D'Agostini (born 15 August 1978) is a former professional Brazilian tennis player.

In her career, she won eight singles titles and 15 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 10 September 2000, she reached her best singles ranking of world number 188. On 10 September 2000, she peaked at number 159 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Playing for Brazil Fed Cup team, D'Agostini has a win–loss record of 13–12.

title: Miriam D'Agostini


text:
Gorazd Mihajlov

Gorazd Mihajlov (Горазд Михајлов, born 21 August 1974) is a Macedonian football coach and former player.

He has coached numerous clubs in Europe and Middle East, and has also coached the Macedonia women's national football team.

Club career
Born in Skopje, SR Macedonia, he played with FK Vardar, FK Pelister, FK Kumanovo and FK Skopje in Macedonia, before moving to Germany to play with Chemnitzer FC. He played with German side Wismut Aue in the season 1992–93. During the winter break of the season 1993–94 he left Chemnitzer and signed with Publikum Celje playing with them in the 1993–94 Slovenian PrvaLiga. Next summer he moved to another Slovenian top-fligh club, NK Kočevje. After Slovenia, his next stop was Scandinavia, first with Ljungskile SK in the 1995 Swedish Division 1 and next with Hvidovre IF in the 1996–97 Danish Superliga then with FK Čukarički in the First League of FR Yugoslavia, before returning to Macedonia to play with FK Pelister in the 1999–2000 First Macedonian Football League.

International career
Mihajlov was also member of the Yugoslav U19 and Macedonian U21 teams.

Managerial career
Mihajlov started his coaching career in Iceland with Höttur.

 * Sep 2006-Dec 11: Höttur
 * Jan 2012-Mar 12: Ohrid
 * Jul 2012-Nov 12: Pelister
 * Apr 2012-Apr 13: Macedonia Women
 * Mar 2013-Jul 13: Teteks
 * Jul 2013-Feb 14: Napredok
 * Feb 2014-Mar 14: Rudar Prijedor
 * Jun 2014-Jan 15: Al-Qadisiyah FC (assistant)
 * Jan 2015-May 16: Teteks
 * Jul 2016-Oct 16: Pelister
 * Oct 2016-Nov 17: Hatta Club (assistant)
 * Jan 2018-Jun 18: Al Dhafra FC (assistant)
 * Jul 2018-Jan 21: Borec
 * Jun 2021-Dec 23: Sileks
 * Dec 2023-:      Vardar

As coach
Teteks
 * Macedonian Cup: 2012–13

title: Gorazd Mihajlov


text:
rotter

Noun

 * 1)  A despicable, worthless person; a scoundrel.

Alternative forms

 * roter

Verb

 * 1) to burp

title: rotter


text:
User:Harsimar21/sandbox

The ratio of pristane to phytane is the geochemical factor that allows petroleum biomarkers to be successful indicators of their depositional environments.

title: User:Harsimar21/sandbox


text:
The Voynich Manuscript/F10r

Transcription, comments, theories, links to do with VMs page f10r to be added here... :-)

Description:
One plant, flush against the right and bottom edges, reaching almost to the top.

Two paragraphs (with 4.4 and 6.8 lines) at the top. They are left- and right-justified, except for the last four lines of paragraph 2, which follow the plan'ts outline on the right. Paragraph 2 is interrupted by the flower stalk.

title: The Voynich Manuscript/F10r


text:
File talk:Namespacehierarchy.png

pls, o'd like to know the rights of the unborn child Um, this is a talk page for an image. I'll move your question to the Help desk though.--Rayc 16:44, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

title: File talk:Namespacehierarchy.png


text:
For the Love of Egypt

For the Love of Egypt (FLE, ) is a political alliance created by the General Intelligence Service. FLE contested the 2015 Egyptian parliamentary election.

Creation
The For the Love of Egypt (FLE) alliance was created with a founding meeting on 3 February 2015, chaired by General Ehab Saad of the General Intelligence Service (Mukhabarat) at the Mukhabarat headquarters. Participants were invited to the meeting by Major Ahmed Shaaban, a Military Intelligence officer close to president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who played a major role in organising pro-Sisi political coalitions. The main coordinator for choosing who should be a member of the list was Yaser Selim, a former Mukhabarat officer still working for the Mukhabarat as a civilian, with Seif al-Yazal having a nominal responsibility in coordinating the list. The creation of the alliance was announced in a press conference on 4 February 2015.

2015 election
In the 2015 Egyptian parliamentary election, the party submitted an electoral list contesting the 45 closed-list seats of the Upper Egypt constituency. Initially, the list however was rejected by Egypt's High Election Committee (HEC). In the final announcement, the list however was eventually admitted. In the other three constituencies, the party didn't submit an electoral list.

Some of the individuals involved with the alliance, including Tamarod founder Mahmoud Badr as well as former minister Osama Heikal, were formerly part of Kamal el-Ganzouri's National Alliance. The Tagammu Party left the alliance and will compete for individual seats as part of the Leftist Alliance. A member of the party attempted to join the For the Love of Egypt list, though he was not allowed to. The Tomorrow Party left the alliance and rejoined the Egyptian Front. The Egyptian Patriotic Movement and My Homeland Egypt Party are not part of the alliance. The coalition is seen as being supportive of current president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, although the Reform and Development Misruna Party has been skeptical about the support. 24 former members of the National Democratic Party won seats in the first phase of the 2015 election. The Reform and Development Misruna Party later became part of the Civil Democratic Movement.

title: For the Love of Egypt


text:
Ericeia goniosema

Ericeia goniosema is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is found in New Guinea and Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

The wingspan is about 40 mm. This wings are variably patterned brown.

title: Ericeia goniosema


text:
Portal:Latin America/Featured article/Day 20

Hurricane Nora was the fourteenth named tropical cyclone and seventh hurricane of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season. The September storm formed off the Pacific coast of Mexico, and aided by waters warmed by El Niño, eventually peaked at Category 4 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.

Nora intensified and weakened quickly before taking an unusual path, which lead it to make landfall twice as a hurricane in Baja California. After landfall, its remnants affected the Southwestern United States with tropical storm-force winds, torrential rain and flooding. Nora is blamed for two direct casualties in Mexico, as well as substantial beach erosion on the Mexican coast, flash flooding in Baja California, and record precipitation in Arizona. Nora persisted far inland, it was only the third known tropical cyclone to reach Arizona while tropical.


text:
Cookbook:Stuffed Portabella Mushrooms

| Vegetarian cuisine

Ingredients

 * 4 large Portobello mushrooms
 * Balsamic vinegar
 * Garlic, minced
 * 1 egg
 * ½ cup cottage cheese
 * 4 oz mozzarella cheese (fresh or regular), diced or grated
 * 10 Saltine crackers, crushed or ½ cup bread crumbs
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Other seasonings to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Generously sprinkle vinegar over the mushrooms, and top with garlic. Leave for 30 minutes or so.
 * 2) Combine the egg, cheeses, crackers and seasonings in a bowl. Mix well. Spoon the mixture onto the mushrooms.
 * 3) Bake at 350°F for 40 minutes.

title: Cookbook:Stuffed Portabella Mushrooms


text:
Santa Croce Crucifix (Donatello)

The Santa Croce Crucifix is a polychrome wood sculpture by Donatello, perhaps from c.1406-1408, or 1409–10. If the former is the correct dating, then Donatello was a young artist working in Lorenzo Ghiberti's workshop and beginning to get his own commissions. It is now in the Cappella Bardi di Vernio, just off the left transept of Santa Croce in Florence, Italy.

History
According to the Book of Antonio Billi (a manuscript of about 1515 in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze), quoted and added to in Vasari's Lives of the Artists, the work was originally in the church's cappella Barbigia. There it was criticised by Donatello's friend Filippo Brunelleschi (who had gone with him to Rome) as showing a "contadino" (farmer) on a cross, that is for its unusual realism. This spurred Brunelleschi to produce for Santa Maria Novella in c.1410-1415 his own crucifix - Donatello's first sight of that work made him drop the eggs he was carrying.

The Anonimo Magliabechiano, probably writing in the 1530s or 1540s, also attributes the work to Donatello, as does Vasari in a letter to Matteo Benvenuti dated 29 December 1571 recording its move to its present chapel. A few art historians have disputed this attribution and instead assigned the work to Nanni di Banco or another sculptor. Johnson identifies the work in Billi, Magliabechiano and Vasari with the crucifix at the Bosco ai Frati Monastery, but that work is now generally considered to date to between 1450 and 1499 instead.

title: Santa Croce Crucifix (Donatello)


text:
User:Misha Wolf/Sidney Kark

Sidney Lionel Kark (22 October 1911 – 18 April 1998) was a medical doctor and Professor in social medicine and public health. Together with his wife, Emily Kark, they led the development of what became known as community oriented primary care (COPC). This began in the early 1940s when they established a community health centre in Pholela, an impoverished area in the province of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Their work was later used as a model to shape community health centres in many countries.

Legacy
See Charles Darwin for example.

Selected publications
List the works organized by date of publication. See Charles Darwin for example.

title: User:Misha Wolf/Sidney Kark


text:
Apache MySQL PHP on Mac OS X

Apache, MySQL and PHP are needed for many applications such as WIKINDX, a free bibliographic/notes management and article authoring system. This page is a guide to how to run Apache, MySQL and PHP (AMP) on Macintosh computers.

Packages

 * XAMPP - Apache HTTP Server, MySQL database and necessary tools to use the PHP and Perl programming languages.

Apache server
file:///Library/Documentation/Services/apache/index.html.html - Apache documentation on your Macintosh after you install it.

Wikindx
User:Chrismo/wikindx

XAMPP
Intel Mac

Writing assignment ideas

 * What are the advantages and disadvantages of running AMP on a Mac environment?

Project ideas

 * Setup an AMP server on a Mac

title: Apache MySQL PHP on Mac OS X


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/videntes.top

Links

 * videntes.top resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is blacklisted by \.top\b on [//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Mediawiki:Spam-blacklist id.wikisource.org]
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is blacklisted by \.top\b on [//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Mediawiki:Spam-blacklist id.wikisource.org]

Additions

 * Displayed all 4 additions.


text:
Wikibooks talk:Study help desk

History
Initial text adapted from en:Wikipedia:Reference desk. --mav 09:08 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Discussion
It's awfully sad that this page is in the sidebar but never visited, whereas for the Staff Lounge it is just the reverse. What gives? Sj 22:14, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page doesn't get a lot of attention
Maybe redirect it to the staff lounge? -- SB_Johnny | talk 11:17, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You're right about the attention. I'm not too excited, however, in mixing the two pages together. The Staff lounge gets a lot of traffic already. There is no need to dump even more there.
 * I suggest we change the navigation aid and the text in the Community Portal to seperate the on-wiki and external contact methods better, and clear up the introductory text here so that people actually stick around. We might also advertise this in the Staff lounge (so much for my argument about hight traffic there ). --Swift 17:30, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Clarifying page purpose definition
I think we should define the purpose of this page more explicitly. Currently it is mostly states that it "serves much the same function as a library reference desk." Then, however, it goes on with: "Do you have a specific question that you want answered by Wikibooks? Then ask below!" but asking general questions isn't quite the purpose of a library reference desk.

I propose we restrict this to being a reference desk — restrict the questions to the books here at Wikibooks. --Swift 22:01, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. --Swift 22:52, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Deprecate
This page is now linked to from the Reading room, but still doesn't get much traffic. Requests for this type of page don't find their way to the other reading rooms. There really doesn't seem to be much demand for it. Reading room/Assistance therefore be able to handle the occasional requests that belong here. I suggest that we deprecate this page. --Swift (talk) 16:05, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Study help desk


text:
User:Rolo456/sandbox

LODGING

CABIN RENTALS & HOTELS

Frank M. Smith and Associates Rentals - www.vacationrentalspinetop.com

Best Western Inn of Pinetop – http://book.bestwestern.com/bestwestern/US/AZ/Pinetop-hotels/BEST-WESTERN-Inn-of-Pinetop/Hotel-Overview.do?propertyCode=03101

Great AZ Cabins – www.greatazcabins.com/properties

Timberlodge – www.timberlodge.com/index.php?PageID=1

Whispering Pines AZ – www.whisperingpinesaz.com/home/4576052035

title: User:Rolo456/sandbox


text:
Leucostoma aterrimum

Leucostoma aterrimum is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

Distribution
Canada, United States, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Europe. Hawaii (immigrant).

title: Leucostoma aterrimum


text:
User:PianoMusic-J/sandbox

This is my sandbox!

Language decline
'''Many Indigenous languages, like Secwepemctsín, experienced rapid decline with the institution of the residential schools. These schools prohibited the use of Indigenous languages in speech and in writing, resulting in two to three generations of students who were severely punished for not using English. Although some children forced to attend these residential schools can still speak their mother tongue, they have experienced much trauma which has great negative consequences on the future generations. '''

'''After residential schools were shut down, Aboriginal children entered the mainstream schooling system which is dominated by English. Inter-generational transmission of Indigenous languages was severely disrupted due to the dominance of English in education and in the workplace. This further contributed to the drastic decline of Indigenous languages. For example, the number of fluent speakers of Secwepemctsín had dwindled to 3.5 per cent by the mid 1990s. '''

Language revitalization and technology
An interface to Facebook is available in Secwepemctsín. The First Voices website has a Secwepemctsin (Eastern Dialect) Community Portal, a Secwepemc Community Portal, and a Splatsin (Eastern dialect) Community Portal  for language learning. A November 2012 article estimated about 150 fluent speakers, mostly over 65, adding that "an estimated 400 students are learning the language, and "the majority of Secwepemctsin learners are under age 19." Secwépemc language applications are available for iOS. The Secwepemc Cultural Education Society released Nintendo DSi software in 2013 that teaches Secwepemctsin to young children. A language authority of ten elder fluent speakers, from East, West, and the North, are recording pronunciation. A Language Tutor is also in preparation, exportable onto CD for use offline. David Lacho, a University of British Columbia master's student, developed an augmented reality storybook app to help people learn Splatsin dialect Secwepemctsín in support of the community’s language revitalization initiatives.

 A "“Cseyseten” (language nest) at Adam’s Lake is conducted entirely in the Secwepemc language. A language nest program in Secwepemctsín also takes place at the Splatsin Tsm7aksaltn (Splatsin Teaching Centre) Society where the grandmothers (kikia7a) interact with and teach the children. On January 21, 2013, Thompson Rivers University began offering a Secwepemctsín language class taught by fluent speaker Janice Billy.

title: User:PianoMusic-J/sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Louisiana Electorate of Gays And Lesbians (2nd nomination)

The result was   redirect to LGBT rights in Louisiana. — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 00:24, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

Louisiana Electorate of Gays And Lesbians
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Does not appear to be a notable advocacy organization. Lawsuits they have filed have gotten press, but nothing about the group appears to be available. Originally nominated for deletion some time ago, and sources were found to be almost entirely about press releases or side mentions, including socking activity, and ended up being a non-admin closure. I've seen nothing to change my mind at this point about the notability of this group per our retention standards. Thargor Orlando (talk) 16:44, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep I encourage everyone to read the prior deletion debate before responding. I identified many sources at that time, some hidden behind pay walls. In the end, six editors favored keeping the article, and only the nominator favored deletion. This is an article about a historical topic with no promotional or advertising concerns. The non-administrative closure was entirely appropriate since consensus was crystal clear, so mentioning the closure contributes nothing to this debate. Cullen328  Let's discuss it  17:10, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * As noted when you offered some examples, none of them were sources about the subject. You opted not to respond further when that protest was raised, would you care to explain why PR blasts and articles not about the subject should confer notability in this instance? Thargor Orlando (talk) 17:33, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep Based on result of first AFD. Elmmapleoakpine (talk) 18:52, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Redirect to LGBT rights in Louisiana. The significant coverage simply isn't present - they've accomplished some things, but they don't get covered as an organization. "A representative from LEGAL said..." as a pull-quote in an article on some LGBT rights development is not coverage of LEGAL. Since lawsuits are their main activity, significant cases in which they were involved are or could be covered in their state's article. BTW, I looked at the sources provided in the last AFD and also did searches of my own; the sources are trivial. –Roscelese (talk ⋅ contribs) 22:01, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Roscelese. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:25, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Louisiana-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:40, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
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 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, j⚛e deckertalk 03:45, 17 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Redirect per above. Or just delete (group appears to be long defunct anyway given ancient website with a WayBackMachine archived AOL address from 1998). Pax 08:33, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, N ORTH A MERICA 1000 00:11, 25 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Perl Programming/Functions

A Perl function is a grouping of code that allows it to be easily used repeatedly. Functions are a key organizing component in all but the smallest of programs.

Introduction
So far we have written just a few lines of Perl at a time. Our example programs have started at the top of a file and proceeded to the bottom of the file, with a little jumping around using control-flow keywords like if, else and while. In many instances, though, it is useful to add another layer of organization on our programs.

For example, when something goes wrong in a typical program, it prints an "error message". The code to print an error message might look like

Other messages might look slightly different, like

We could pepper our code with hundreds of lines just like this, and things would work just fine…for a while. But sooner or later, we'd want to separate out error messages from "status messages" that report harmless information about our program. To do this, we could prefix all of our error messages with the word "ERROR" and all of the status messages with "STATUS". The code for a typical error messages would change to

The problem is, with hundreds of error messages, it would be a hassle to go change them all. This is where subroutines can help out.

The Wikipedia defines a subroutine, as "a sequence of instructions that perform a specific task, as part of a larger program. Subroutines can be called from different locations in a program, thus allowing programs to access the subroutine repeatedly without the subroutine's code having been written more than once."

All that gobblydeegook means we can wrap up our error message code in one place, as follows:

Whenever something goes wrong in our program, we can activate, or call, this subroutine, with whatever message we prefer:

And see messages such as

ERROR: something bad happened

If we need to change the formatting of our error message, say, to include a few exclamation points, it's simple enough to change the subroutine:

This has been an admittedly simple example, and subroutines have a few other advantages, but that's it in a nutshell. Type it in one place, fix it in one place, change it in one place.

Now for a little more detail about subroutines. Much of what follows will use the following subroutine, which, if it isn't obvious already, adds two numbers together, and returns their sum.

Name
The first line of a function begins with the keyword sub followed by the function's name. Any string of letters and numbers that is not a reserved Perl word (such as for, while, <tt>if</tt> and <tt>else</tt>) is a valid function name. Subroutines with names that describe what the subroutine does make for easier-to-read programs.

Prototype (rarely used)
The optional <tt>($$)</tt> specifies how many arguments this subroutine expects. <tt>($$)</tt> says "this function requires two scalar values". Perl prototypes are NOT what most people with experience with other languages expect them to be: instead, the prototypes alter the context of the parameters to the subroutine.

It is possible to disable a prototype by calling the function with a leading <tt>&</tt>, but this is not recommended.

Prototypes are used only seldomly, as it's much easier to use the normal method of passing parameters.

Body
The body of a subroutine does the "work", and consists of three primary sections.

Reading arguments
The pieces of information handed to a subroutine are called arguments or actual parameters. For instance, in

<tt>3</tt> and <tt>4</tt> are the arguments to the subroutine <tt>add_two_numbers</tt>.

Perl passes arguments to a subroutine in an array represented by <tt>@_</tt>. Usually it is more convenient to give meaningful names to these arguments, so the first line of a function often looks like

that puts the contents of <tt>@_</tt> into two variables named <tt>$x</tt> and <tt>$y</tt>. <tt>$x</tt> and <tt>$y</tt> are called formal parameters. The distinction between formal parameters (arguments) and actual parameters is subtle and for the most part unimportant. It is described somewhat in the wikipedia article Parameter (computer science). Be careful not to confuse the special variable <tt>$_</tt> and <tt>@_</tt>, the array of arguments passed to a function.

Some subroutines don't require any arguments, for example

will print "<tt>Hello World</tt>" to STDOUT. This subroutine doesn't need any extra information about how to do its job and accordingly doesn't need any arguments.

Most modern programming languages save programmers the trouble of explicitly breaking the argument array into variables. Unfortunately, Perl does not. Which, on the other hand, makes writing subroutines with variable number of arguments very easy.

In programming context parameter means almost the same thing as argument (see parameter for details). The two are often confused with no loss of understanding.

Important note: global and local variables
Unlike programming languages such as C or Java, all variables created or used within Perl subroutines are, by default, global variables. This means that any piece of your program outside of your subroutine may modify these variables, and that your subroutine may be, unknowingly, modifying variables that it has no business modifying. In small programs this is often convenient, but as programs get longer this often leads to complexity and is considered poor practice.

The best way to avoid this trap is to place the keyword <tt>my</tt> in front of all your variables the first time they appear. This tells Perl that you only want these variables to be available inside the nearest enclosing group of curly braces. In effect, these local variables act as a "scratch space" for use within your subroutines that disappears when the subroutine returns. The line <tt>use strict;</tt> at the top of your program will instruct Perl to force you to use <tt>my</tt> in front of your variables, to prevent you from accidentally creating global variables.

An alternative to <tt>my</tt> that you may see in some older Perl programs is the <tt>local</tt> keyword. <tt>local</tt> is somewhat similar to <tt>my</tt>, but is more complicated to deal with. It's better to stick with <tt>my</tt> in your own programs.

"Scope" describes whether a variable is local or global, and a couple of other complexities. See scope for a technical discussion.

The interesting part of a subroutine
In the very middle of the subroutine you're likely to find the more interesting "guts" of it all. In our add_two_numbers subroutine, this is the part that actually does the adding

In this middle section, you can do just about anything your heart desires, arithmetic, printing to files, or even calling other subroutines.

The <tt>return</tt> statement
Finally, some subroutines "return" some piece of information, called the "return value", using the <tt>return</tt> keyword.

For example

will set <tt>$sum</tt> to 9 (the sum of 4 and 5).

<tt>return</tt> can also be used without any return value as a shortcut to leave a subroutine before getting to a closing <tt>}</tt>

Invoking subroutines
Subroutines may be declared anywhere within a Perl program. They may be invoked like so:

If no "<tt>&</tt>" prefix is used, parentheses are required unless the subroutine has been predeclared.

Functions calling functions
On their own, functions provide a major stepping stone towards good code, but combining functions together really unleashes their power.

As you might expect, calling a function from within another function doesn't look any different from calling a function from the part of your program that is sitting outside any curly-braces.

This function adds two numbers, then multiplies them by 3. Bear with us on the uselessness of these functions. As you build your own programs to solve your unique problems, you'll see their usefulness immediately.

The line

calls our function <tt>add_two_numbers</tt> and puts the result into our <tt>$sum</tt> variable. Easy stuff, huh?

In this function, we've actually written much more code than we need. It could be pared down to something much smaller, but equally readable:

Functions calling themselves — recursion
We've seen functions calling other functions, but one neat concept in programming is when functions call themselves. This is called recursion. At first it seems like this might cause a so-called infinite loop, but it's really quite standard programming.

In math, the factorial function, multiplies a positive integer by each positive integer less than itself. For example, "5 factorial" (usually written <tt>5!</tt>) is calculated by multiplying 5 times 4 times 3 times 2 times 1. Of course, the 1 doesn't change the result. The factorial function is useful in calculating things like the number of different possible ways to seat your relatives at the dinner table.

Factorial makes a natural example for recursion, though it can be written just as easily with a <tt>while</tt> loop.

The self-referential line here is

which calls the factorial function from within the factorial function. This would go on forever, but we have a sort of stop-sign that prevents it:

This stops the sequence of calls to factorial and prevents the never-ending infinite loop.

Written in a sort of longhand

factorial(5) = 5*factorial(4) = 5*4*factorial(3) = 5*4*3*factorial(2) = 5*4*3*2*factorial(1) = 5*4*3*2*1 = 120

We've just barely touched on recursion. For some programming problems, it is a very natural solution. For others, it's a little… unnatural. Suffice it to say, it's a tool every programmer should carry in his or her belt.

Functions vs procedures vs subroutines
While reading programming literature and talking to programmers, you might run across the three terms "functions", "procedures" and "subroutines". Most of the time these are used interchangeably, but for the purists out there:

A function always returns a value, and, given the same arguments, always returns the same value. Functions are a lot like the functions you may have used in math class.

A procedure, unlike a function, may return no value at all. Unlike a function, a procedure often interacts with its external environment beyond its argument array. For instance, a procedure may read and write to files.

A subroutine refers to a sequence of instructions that may be either a function or a procedure.

The official grammar
The syntax for defining a subroutine is:

sub NAME PROTOTYPE ATTRIBUTES BLOCK

If this makes any sense to you, you probably don't need to be reading this book ;)

Perl/関数

title: Perl Programming/Functions


text:
Leucostoma gravipes

Leucostoma gravipes is a North American species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

Distribution
Mexico, Canada, United States, Jamaica.

title: Leucostoma gravipes


text:
mazzo

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) bunch (of flowers, keys etc.)
 * 2)  pack, deck
 * 1)  pack, deck
 * 1)  pack, deck

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1)  bottom, buttock

title: mazzo


text:
Arvi Aavik

Arvi Aavik (born 31 December 1969, Viljandi) is an Estonian former wrestler who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics and in the 1996 Summer Olympics.

title: Arvi Aavik


text:
User:Warmstrings/sandbox

Shea Seger (album)

Shea Seger is the second album by singer-songwriter Shea Seger, released on July 19, 2010 through the independent record label, Truthcore.

Since recording, releasing and promoting The May Street Project ten years earlier, Seger had become disillusioned by the constraints of maintream music and the demands of major record labels. Although proud of the album, Seger describes how she feels "very distant from it musically ".

Background
Seeking focus and a direct connection with the music she was making, Seger began work in East Texas with guitarist Chester Kamen and bassist Dale Davis, eschewing distractions such as a telephone, television and computers and creating "great, honking hit songs" "absent of formula". Seger assumed that these sessions would produce her next album released by RCA, but on travelling to the UK and finding the label unable to nurture her creativity in view of mainstream movements, Seger requested she be freed from her contract and the relationship with RCA ended. The music created at this time was released digitally in 2019.

Development
Around the time of the breakup between RCA and herself, Seger met Andrew Wallace, a musician who has toured with Pink Floyd's Roger Waters, and soon became pregnant with their child Luna.

A neck operation on Seger’s father was tragically botched, forcing the sixtysomething to relearn basic motor skills. Seger took her family to Texas to care for her father. Financial struggles impacted on the family when Pink Floyd's Waters decided not to tour, thus leaving Wallace without a steady income. These challenges helped Seger turn to writing as a release:

"I never wanted to write [confessional music] ... The real stuff going on my life was a bit too intense and heavy … and that’s the last thing you want to write about if you’re trying to get into music, especially if you’re a girl and now a mom. But I had to. It was all pouring out of me, pouring out of me and then being locked in a safe."

Once Seger's father was well enough, the family moved to Austin, Texas, where Shea recorded a demo CD at home, and despite much interest and many meetings, Seger did not feel offered contracts were appropriate for her. “I told [them] thank-you but no thank-you,” Seger said. “I waited this long. I can wait some more.”

As the family's financial desperation grew, Seger was suddenly contacted with a cheque for outstanding royalties from The May Street Project. Seger described this as a "godsend" and " thought;

"'I’ll pay my bills, and if there’s anything left over, I’ll book a studio and I’ll pick up that guitar and I’ll just sing some songs.' Because at that point, it was the only thing I could think to do. It wasn’t a strategy. It was desperation. I was cornered and creatively just stripped, and the only thing that I hadn’t done, the only part that wasn’t exhausted, were the songs in the safe and me with my guitar without anybody else."

Recording
Seger began recording at Wired Recording studios in Austin. Her only stipulation was that she record directly onto analog tape with no cuts or edits.

"It was not fun. My fingers would bleed. … A lot of times I’d have to stop and, y’know, be a little bit of a mess for a bit and then get back on the chair and go. Do it. Record. Go."

The album features contributions from Seger's boyfriend Wallace, bassist Pino Palladino, who now plays for The Who, and J. J. Johnson, a drummer who has played with Joyn Mayer and Doyle Bramhall. Additional sounds – Johnson’s drumwork, Palladino’s bass guitarwork, some strings, accordion playing by Bukka Allen –– were inserted later.

Release
The album was released digitally through Seger's website and is available to stream online. "I don’t care in that department, when it comes to strategizing a commercial release of this record. I think it’s gonna do something that it’s gonna do, and I don’t really wanna mess with it that much.”

Critical reception
Anthony Mariani wrote on the Fort Worth Weekly that the album is "semi-bluesy, semi-folky, and raw ... There are meditations on destiny versus fate, heated missives to charlatans and other heartbreakers, elegies for the living, assertions of purpose, and paeans to the redemptive qualities of love of both the romantic and spiritual varieties."

Personnel
All tracks mixed by John Harvey, Andrew Wallace, and Shea Seger “Piper’s Dream” mixed by Joey Benjamin with Andrew Wallace and Shea Seger Recorded at Top Hat, Wire, and Premiuim recording studios in Austin, TX… Additional tracking at the Spirit Ranch, Sarasota, FL. Engineered by John Harvey, Boo Macleod, Andrew Hernandez, Bud Snyder and Jared Tuten. Assisted by Mary Podio, and Jeremy Stacy. Mastered by Jeff Lipton assisted by Maria Rice at Peerless Mastering, Boston,MA

Shea Seger: vocals, acoustic and baritone guitars, piano, percussion Andrew Wallace: electric and acoustic guitars, piano, organ, banjo, jews harp, porchboard, percussion, harmonium, timpani Pino Palladino: bass J.J. Johnson: drums Brian Standefer: cello Warren Hood: fiddle Bukka Allen: accordian Thorson Moore: slide guitar Extra percussive madness provided by: jo, mo and luna

title: User:Warmstrings/sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/mobile.caf-fac.ca

Links

 * mobile.caf-fac.ca resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 3 additions out of 3 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/mobile.caf-fac.ca

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\bmobile\.caf-fac\.ca\b     # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/mobile.caf-fac.ca ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 22:51, 17 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Dietrich Dörner

Importance
His work is VERY important to a sub-field of psychology. It's not anything like the Big Five personality traits, but I don't think that this or Liberation psychology are of either! Indolering (talk) 18:17, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dietrich Dörner


text:
Portal:Human physiology

Welcome to the Wikiversity Department of Human Physiology.

The Department of Human Physiology is a Wikiversity content development project where participants create, organize and develop learning resources for human physiology.

The "topic" namespace contains pages that are for management and organization of small academic units at Wikiversity such as departments (see: Topics).

Department news

 * 9 September 2006 - Department founded!

Request from School of Medicine
Could someone with experience in physiology please add content to the following pages:
 * Maternal Anatomy and Physiology
 * Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle

Learning projects
See: Learning Projects and the Learning model.

Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the learning project (learning projects are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing! We suggest the use of the learning project template (use "subst:Learning project boilerplate" on the new page, inside the double curved brackets – ).

Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple departments. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.

 * Human Physiology

General Physical Concepts
 * Body Organization
 * Homeostasis
 * Body Chemistry
 * Cell Structure
 * Cell Function
 * Histology
 * Feedback
 * Metabolism
 * Membranes
 * Cellular Communication

Systems Physiology
 * Neurophysiology
 * Muscular Physiology
 * Cardiovascular Physiology
 * Respiratory Physiology
 * Renal Physiology
 * Digestive Physiology
 * Endocrinology
 * Reproductive Physiology

Integrative Physiology
 * Exercise Physiology

Remember, Wikiversity has adopted the "learning by doing" model for education. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. We learn by doing.

Select a descriptive name for each learning project.

title: Portal:Human physiology


text:
Oscar and Friends

Oscar and Friends is a New Zealand children's stop motion animated television series that aired from 1995 to 1996. The series was produced in Wellington, and was aimed at children aged 3 to 6. The series was produced by Gnome Productions Ltd., distributed by Southern Star Sales, and funded by NZ On Air and Southern Star Entertainment. Oscar and Friends has been screened all around the world including the UK (ITV) (where the series rated number ten for kids in its first year of release), The United States (Fox Family), Australia (ABC), Taiwan (YoYo TV), Germany (Kabel 1 in Bim Bam Bino), South Africa (M-Net) and Argentina (Magic Kids)

Synopsis
The show is about a 7-year-old boy named Oscar, who, with his imaginary friends, goes from adventure to adventure. In this fantasy life of his, Bugsy, a bright green, bug-eyed mischievous coward, and Doris, a daring, eccentric girl and Oscar's confidante, are there to rescue him in danger and lend a hand.

Production
Cameron Chittock decided to start making his own television programs after years of working for the TV3 Network in New Zealand. He came up with the basic concept for a show about a young boy who was bored on his own at home. When his two imaginary friends appear, they take the boy off on an adventure into an fantasy world. Initially, the idea was conceptualized as a live action show using Chittock's background in puppetry and SFX to create the imaginary characters and fantastic settings. However, monetary issues became apparent as a series based on this approach became budgeted. Chittock realised it was simply not financially viable to produce the TV show in this manner. He then began to experiment with stop frame animation and saw the possibilities of using this medium to produce the action-adventure series. He turned to his friend, and award winning animation director, Euan Frizzell at Gnome Productions for support. They jointly applied for funding and were successful in gaining the finance required from NZ On Air in New Zealand to produce the show. Executive producer Shaun Bell brought Southern Star Sales on board to distribute the series, and invest into the production which allowed the 13 × 7 minutes episodes to grow into 26 × 5 minutes episodes, which the distributor believed would better meet international format requirements.

Although Chittock and a small group of technicians in New Zealand had gained some experience in clay-mation techniques up to that point, he still felt the crew required further training. He traveled to the UK and met up with Aardman animation director Richard Starzaki (aka Richard Goleszowski, who was the creator of the Aardman production Rex the Runt and director of the claymation series Creature Comforts). Starzak agreed to come back with Chittock to New Zealand to help train the Oscar and Friends animating crew. The input from both Starzak and Australian stop frame animator Norman Yeend proved immensely helpful, and enabled the New Zealand team to produce the high quality results that Chittock felt necessary to ensure the series would hold up against international competition. Chittock and his crew went on to successfully complete the series, and in the process set up a small claymation industry within New Zealand.

Chittock experimented with a mixed media approach, because he wanted to create a fresh new look to the show. The joint use of painted backgrounds and stop frame model characters give the show a unique appeal. The puppet characters were constructed using a simple wire armature held together with a brass section socket system. The bodies were made using foam latex with resin cast heads. Replacement mouths were used to create the illusion of speech and facial expression.

Some of the animation was completed on a rostrum shooting the painted backgrounds and puppet characters together while other shots were completed using a traditional model set or against a blue screen. The series was shot on 35 mm film using five hand made stop frame cameras built by SFX technician Stephen Greenwood. The cameras used Nikon still lenses. With a built in video split the animators used a computer and simple line test software to help guide them through the animation process.

Cast

 * Drew Neemia as Oscar
 * John Smythe as Bugsy
 * Ann Pacey as Doris
 * Callie Blood as Oscar's mother
 * Peter Hambleton as Oscar's father
 * Tungia Baker as Nanny Aroha
 * Rose Bollinger as Rosie

Episodes
This is a list of the 26 episodes made. The show screened earlier than these dates in a number of countries.

Season 1 (1995-1996)

 * 1) Oscar Takes Off
 * 2) Oscar Goes Flying
 * 3) One Day at the Dump
 * 4) The Time Machine
 * 5) Skullduggery
 * 6) Oscar and the Rustlers
 * 7) Oscar to the Rescue
 * 8) Oscar and the Pirates
 * Up, Up and Away
 * 1) The Magic Carpet

Season 2 (1996)

 * 1) The Frog Princess
 * 2) Feed Me
 * 3) Chocolate Meltdown
 * 4) Eel King
 * 5) Oscar and the Runaway Roller
 * 6) A Dog's Life
 * 7) Oscar and the Haunted House
 * 20,000 Leagues Under the Rock Pools
 * 1) Plastic Jurassic
 * 2) Voyage to the Bottom of the S-Bend

Season 3 (1996)

 * 1) Starstruck
 * 2) Championship Ball
 * 3) Oscar and the Castle Kingdom
 * 4) Diamond Danger
 * 5) Oscar and the Sandman
 * 6) Clowning Around

title: Oscar and Friends


text:
User:5lkdl

Hello everyone!

I‘m the user 5lkdl, originally from the German Wikipedia. Above all, I research about jazz musicians from the very beginning to the most famous like Ella Fitzgerald or Louis Armstrong. Jazz is really something that I admire. It can be crazy, it can be charming. Wild or slow. Lazy or cool. Cold or warm. I prefer the jazzy versions of the Great American Songbook and everything around that. Currently I‘m working out some German articles about Blues musicians by adding information about their life.

In the English Wikipedia, I only sometimes change something like incorrect links etc, or take part in talks.

title: User:5lkdl