text:
Talk:Ramaiah Institute of Technology

Fact checking
Is there a source for the $169 Million endowment claim? Srikanthnv 15:28, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Yes, See the AICTE 2004 report on Karanataka colleges

Discuss Merge with M.S._Ramaiah_Institute_of_Technology
Redirected M.S._Ramaiah_Institute_of_Technology to this page. The old article there was mostly copied from www.msrit.edu which may have had copyright issues. The rest was not NPOV. A bit was merged into this. If anyone has any issues with this please bring them up here before making any drastic changes.

Placements
The placements are good

Regarding M.Tech
If u r thinking of joining MSRIT t and many comapnies for placment latter on. In a whole the whole course is great. I am from Software Engineering, There are only 2 colleges under vtu which give this course. For any futher information regarding MTech contact MSRIT. Thank You.

engnearing at m s ramaiah
what is the cutt off ranking for 2AG in your institution12:38, 15 June 2015 (UTC)<IP_ADDRESS> (talk)

title: Talk:Ramaiah Institute of Technology


text:
User:LijiaH/Choose an Article

Article Selection
Please list articles that you're considering for your Wikipedia assignment below. Begin to critique these articles and find relevant sources.

Option 1

 * Article title: Energy Bar
 * Article Evaluation: what they are good for, use of them, more background information
 * Sources: i will add different kinds of them
 * Energy Bars sources: 1. https://go-gale-com.libproxy.temple.edu/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=temple_main&id=GALE%7CA148136539&v=2.1&it=r
 * 2. https://go-gale-com.libproxy.temple.edu/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CA168317715&v=2.1&u=temple_main&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w
 * 3.https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.temple.edu/docview/1673047078?accountid=14270&rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo
 * Option 2
 * Article title: Horchata
 * Article Evaluation: need more information
 * Sources: include where its made
 * Horchata: 1.https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.temple.edu/docview/1883589997?accountid=14270&rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo
 * https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.temple.edu/docview/110382867?accountid=14270&rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo http://web.b.ebscohost.com.libproxy.temple.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=8ca4671e-3472-4b58-9746-e8d7e6c5a822%40pdc-v-sessmgr06
 * https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.temple.edu/docview/110382867?accountid=14270&rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo http://web.b.ebscohost.com.libproxy.temple.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=8ca4671e-3472-4b58-9746-e8d7e6c5a822%40pdc-v-sessmgr06

Option 3

 * Article title: Comfort food
 * Article Evaluation: need more information of different comfort foods
 * - how this term was developed
 * Sources: add more to the definition, intro, where it was originated
 * Comfort Food Sources: 1. http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libproxy.temple.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=47951dfc-2bb0-4ae8-b6ca-072309584db6%40sdc-v-sessmgr03&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=2014-34446-001&db=pdh
 * 2. https://journals-sagepub-com.libproxy.temple.edu/doi/full/10.1177/0098628316679972
 * 3. https://www-sciencedirect-com.libproxy.temple.edu/science/article/pii/S0195666315000768

Option 4

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 5

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:LijiaH/Choose an Article


text:
User:Vimal chhimpa 01

Vimal chhimpa

To be continue...

Thank you.[Https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Vimal+Chhimpa&client=ucweb-b&channel=sb]

title: User:Vimal chhimpa 01


text:
Talk:European Union Association Agreement

Merger?
mergeto|Stabilisation and Association Process|discuss=Talk:Stabilisation and Association Process#Merger?|date=December 2008

Stabilisation and Association process (suggestion to Wgeelhoed)
Wgeelhoed, you're right. How about: "The Stabilisation and Association process covers official candidates Croatia, Macedonia and Montenegro, applicants Albania and Serbia, and potential candidates Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo"? CostaDax (talk) 11:27, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I changed the text accordingly. It certainly is clearer having a middel category of countries having submitted an application. Wgeelhoed 14:41, 21 February 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wgeelhoed (talk • contribs)

 * Great! I will only add a comma after Serbia to make the distinction clearer and to be precise in the correct usage of punctuation. CostaDax (talk) 14:49, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Kindly stop giving wrong facts If you do noyt know your fact kindly stop posting them on wikipedia. Article 310 TFEU ( former 238 EC) does not talk about association agreements. Please get someone who knows about the treaties to contribute. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:28, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Kosovo?
This is a clear violation of the neutrality of the article.

Kosovo is depicted as if a fully independent country and southern neighbor of Serbia, and not in a neutral manner. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:12, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

Map Update
needed — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:09, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

Syria CA
Hi I reverted your edit moving Syria. While I agree that based on the treaty title it might seem that it isn't an AA, my research when constructing this list led me to conclude otherwise. Most importantly, this (now dead) link listed 6 CAs (5 of which are no longer in force) as meeting the definition of AA. According to that article, the definition of an AA is an agreement for which "The legal basis for their conclusion is Article 310 (ex 238) TEC;" (which is the case for the Syrian CA: ). Whether that is a necessary or sufficient condition I don't know, nor how this applies to other CAs in force. TDL (talk) 02:24, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on European Union Association Agreement. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:00, 25 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Battle of Amgala

The Battle of Amgala may refer to:

 * First Battle of Amgala (1976)
 * Battle of Amgala (1989)

title: Battle of Amgala


text:
General Biology/Tissues

General Biology

=Vertebrate tissues = Definition of tissue: an aggregation of cells, usually of the same kind, organized to perform a common function. A group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit (Raven/Johnson). Primary categories of adult tissues (non-dogmatic categories of convenience):

 * 1) Epithelial tissue
 * 2) Connective tissue Includes bone and blood tissues
 * 3) Muscle tissue
 * 4) Nervous tissue

title: General Biology/Tissues


text:
activo

Etymology 1
From.

Adjective

 * 1) active

Etymology 1
.

Adjective

 * 1) active
 * 2)  up a website, server, system, etc.; usually used when a website or server was previously "down" but is now back online
 * 3)  top
 * 1)  top

Noun

 * 1)  any property or material right of an enterprise or individual

title: activo


text:
Larry Haler

Lawrence Eugene Haler (born January 24, 1951) is an American politician of the Republican Party. He was a member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 8th Legislative District. He was initially elected to fill the unexpired term of Jerome Delvin, who had resigned to take a seat in the state senate. Sean McGrath had held the seat in the interim. He was born in Iowa City, Iowa and previously served 14 years on the Richland City Council. In February 2018, Haler announced that he would not seek re-election to the Washington State House of Representatives.

Awards

 * 2014 Guardians of Small Business award. Presented by NFIB.

title: Larry Haler


text:
Greece at the 2013 World Games

Greece competed at the 2013 World Games held in Cali, Colombia.

Karate
Georgios Tzanos won the bronze medal in the men's kumite 84 kg event.

Water skiing
Marie Vympranietsova won the silver medal in the women's jump event.

title: Greece at the 2013 World Games


text:
Talk:Anne T. Hill

Patented "Taffy's of California"
I removed "On October 8, 1957, the US Patent and Trademark Office granted registration of the trademark "Taffy's of California"."

I can't find any link to that trademark registration with the USPTO. Their TESS database finds me a list of things with "Taffy's" in the title ("Taffy California" gives me 2), and something short of 100 registered on the date mentioned. (Search using 19570810 and Field:"Registration Date".) But not "Taffy's of California". Deadstar (talk) 13:12, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anne T. Hill


text:
User:Physchim62/PC Chemistry

Definition of the state functions G and F

 * Gibbs' free energy G and Helmholz' free energy F
 * Thermodynamic identities involving dH, dF and dG
 * Gibbs-Helmholz equation

Chemical potential

 * Definition of the chemical potential of a pure substance from G
 * Expression of dG in terms of temperature, pressure and quantity of matter
 * Variation of the chemical potential of a pure substance with pressure and temperature
 * Partial molar quantities
 * Definition of the chemical potential of a constituant of a mixture (homogeneous or heterogeneous)
 * dG = −SdT + Vdp + Σμidni
 * G = Σniμi
 * Gibbs-Duhem equation
 * Expression of the chemical potential:
 * for an ideal gas in an ideal mixture
 * for a constituent of an ideal condensed mixture
 * for a solute in a very dilute solution
 * Activity, activity coefficient, fugacity, fugacity coefficient

Reaction quantities

 * Chemical affinity of a system: definition, direction of spontaneous evolution of a system
 * Definition and expression of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant Ko
 * Expression of the chemical affinity in terms of the equilibrium constant and the product ‘’Q’’
 * Variance, factors which affect an equilibrium (p, T, xi)
 * Variation of the equilibrium constant with temperature: van't Hoff's equation
 * Laws of modification of equilibria: effect of temperature, pressure and the introduction of an active or inactive constituent

Phase equilibria of binary mixtures

 * Liquid-vapour equilibria: isobaric and isothermal conditions, with total or zero miscibility in the liquid phase
 * Solid-liquid equilibria, isobaric conditions, total miscibility in the liquid phase, total or zero miscibility in the solid phase: concept of a defined phase
 * Theory of chemical moments

IR and NMR spectroscopy: structure determination

 * Principles of IR spectroscopy: qualitative description of normal modes of vibration
 * Principles of proton NMR spectroscopy: chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, coupling constant, integration

Organometallics
See Aldehydes and ketones

Alkenes

 * Simple Huckel theory: moleculer orbital of ethylene, description of conjugated systems, application to butadiene
 * Hydrogenation with heterogeneous catalysis
 * Epoxydation with peroxycarboxylic acids
 * Hydrolysis of epoxides (acid and base)
 * syn-Dihydroxylation with osmium tetroxide
 * Preparation of primary alcohols by hydroboration of a terminal alkene
 * Ozonolysis
 * Diels-Alder reaction: mechanism, frontier orbital interactions

Aromatic hydrocarbons

 * Aromaticity
 * Geometric and electronic structure of benzene
 * Electrophilic aromatic substitution: general mechanism, alkylation, acylation, nitration and halogenation
 * Interpretation of the orientation of the substitution of anisole and nitrobenzene
 * Holemann's rules

Amines
See Carboxylic acids and their derivatives

Aldehydes and ketones

 * Preparation by oxidation of alcohols
 * Nucleophilic additions:
 * formation of acetals (with mechanism)
 * reduction by sodium borohydride
 * addition of Grignard reagents
 * Tautomerism: keto-enol and aldo-enol equilibria
 * α-Reactivity: formation of enolate anions
 * Generality of the formation of carbanions α to a π-attracting group
 * Reactions of enolate anions:
 * aldol condensation (with mechanism)
 * crotonisation (with mechanisms E1, E2 and E2cb)
 * C-alkylation (with mechanism)
 * α,β-conjugated carbonyls: conjugated addition, reaction with organolithiums, organ coppers and Grignard reagents
 * Wittig reaction

Carboxylic acids and their derivatives

 * Preparation of esters:
 * from carboxylic acids and alcohols (with mechanism)
 * by reaction of alcohols with acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides (with mechanism)
 * Preparation of amides by reaction of amines with acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides (with mechanism)
 * Saponification of esters (with mechanism)
 * Hydrolysis of nitriles and amides
 * Reduction of esters to primary alcohols by lithium aluminium hydride
 * Syntheses with malonic esters

Crystal systems and cohesive forces in crystals

 * Solid state: amorphous solids, crystalline solids. Model of the perfect crystal
 * Elementary definitions: lattice, site, unit cell, asymmetric unit
 * Crystal systems. Z, coordination, density, filling efficiency

Close-packed structures

 * Hexagonal close-packed and face-centred cubic structures
 * Tetrahedral and octahedral sites in a face-centred cubic structure

Metallic crystals

 * Close-packed structures (hcp, fcc) and non close-packed structures (bcc)
 * Allotropy
 * Macroscopic physical characteristics of the metallic bond

Ionic crystals

 * Description of four structures derived from cubic systems: CsCl, NaCl, zinc blende and CaF2
 * Definition of the coordinence of the anion and of the cation
 * Radius rules for 1-1 cubic structures

Covalent crystals

 * Diamond
 * Graphite

Molecular crystals

 * Ice (cubic)

Some principles of the extraction of metals

 * Construction and use of Ellingham diagrams: application to pyrometallurgy
 * Construction and use of E-pH diagrams: application to hydrometallurgy (lixiviation, purification, cementation)
 * Use of current-potential curves: application to the preparation of zinc by electrolysis

Corrosion

 * Galvanisation

Generalities

 * Chemical structure of organic macromolecules
 * Basic definitions describing these structures: repeating unit, degree of polymerisation, linear chains, branched chains
 * Polymolecularity (qualitative discussion)
 * Definitions: glass transition, semicrystallinity, glassy state, rubbery state

Polymerisation by steps

 * Reactive groups and functionality
 * General mechanism

Chain polymerisation

 * Active centres
 * Radical polymerisation and ionic polymerisation
 * Radical polymerisation: general mechanism, rate of polymerisation, order of reaction with respect to the promotor and the monomer
 * Anionic polymerisation: Monomers concerned, general mechanism, rate of polymerisation, “living” polymers
 * Molecular structure of chain polymers:
 * tacticity
 * isomerism
 * Mani differences between polymers produced by the two types of polymerisation: polymolecularity, “living” character, importance of transfer reactions

Diversity of structures

 * Condensation copolymerisation
 * Chain copolymerisation: statistical copolymer, block copolymer, influence of relative reactivities
 * Reticulation reactions

Relationship between structure and properties

 * Conformations of an isolated flexible chain in a vacuum, statistical effective radius
 * Solubility and expansion
 * Mechanical properties:
 * thermoplastics
 * thermosets
 * elastomers

title: User:Physchim62/PC Chemistry


text:
Glubokoye, Altai Krai

Glubokoye (Глубокое) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Glubokovsky Selsoviet, Zavyalovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1,508 as of 2013. There are 24 streets.

Geography
Glubokoye is located 28 km northwest of Zavyalovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Malinovsky is the nearest rural locality.

title: Glubokoye, Altai Krai


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alexander Boyd Barty

The result was   delete. Article's subject is found to not be notable. — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 01:40, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

Alexander Boyd Barty

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

I'm not seeing anything that satisfies WP:BIO or WP:GNG. No sources to speak of. Clarityfiend (talk) 03:00, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Authors-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:44, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Law-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:44, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Scotland-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:44, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep. Satisfies GNG. Obituaries in the Scottish Law Review and Sheriff Court Reports and the University of Edinburgh Journal. His books went through multiple editions (normally an indicator of popularity) and are cited by other works, including bibliographies. James500 (talk) 16:05, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of History-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 15:24, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * (with regret) delete (or possibly, redirect to a Dunblane history section). I am afraid that witing a town's local history does not make a book notable.  The republication with an additional chapter was presumably in the aftermath of the Dunblane school massacre, to cover subsequent events.  Getting local history publihsed in book form is not easy, due to the limited market.  I fear that this points to a lack of notability for the book, and the author of a NN book must also be NN, unless for other reasons.  Peterkingiron (talk) 10:06, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That is nonsense from start to finish. Firstly, he clearly satisfies GNG due to the two obituaries in academic journals which you have ignored. A book's inclusion in selective bibliographies is relevant by the same logic as the "selective database" argument of NJOURNALS. Your (frankly muddled and incoherent) argument seems to be along the lines that anyone who has written a book about local history is presumed non-notable. That is simply wrong in principle. That is a pure WP:IDONTLIKEIT argument. You have also fallen into the trap of assuming that the book is the only thing that makes him notable. Obituaries often fail to say why someone is notable, apparently because they assume that the audience already knows. I see this all the time, particularly in publications from that era. You (and others) made the same mistake at the AfD for Arthur Irving Andrews because you failed to realise that he satisfies criteria 1 of WP:ANYBIO because you assumed that the biographical dictionaries cited told the whole story, and didn't look for further sources. What should have been going through your mind was "this man's biography would not be included in these publications unless there was a good reason, even if it isn't obvious what that reason is just looking what they say". Likewise with the obituaries for Barty. As far as I am aware, academic journals, and especially law reviews, don't publish obituaries of non-entities. Moreover, you also need to actually read these sources. Unless I am mistaken, the obituary in the University of Edinburgh Journal says that Barty was, for example, amongst other things, secretary of the Scottish Law Agents Society, which sounds like a major responsibility/achievement that is more important than the book. Do I really have to micro-analyse the whole biography for you? He also wrote other books: His History of Dunblane Cathedral was reprinted in 1995. As for your comments about the circumstances under which the second edition that book was published, it is manifestly wrong, because the second edition was published in 1994 (50th anniversary of the 1st edition), two years before the massacre in 1996. James500 (talk) 12:44, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- Sam Sing! 11:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete. The only reference used is his own book. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) (talk) 02:45, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * @User:Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ): In view of the fact that there are clearly other sources available (eg the obituaries: ), are you questioning Barty's notability or simply suggesting that the article should be blown up for using an inappropriate source? If the latter, would it help if someone was to rewrite the article with better sources? James500 (talk) 06:58, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Keep, though it's clearly a narrow decision. The obituaries cited by James500, on inspection, meet the requirements of WP:WHYN - just enough information from reliable secondary sources to write an article and to determine the veracity and notability of the subject. It might be a good idea to add the obituaries as inline sources, though, or we'll all be back here for a second nomination at some point in the future. Fiachra10003 (talk) 17:30, 23 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 01:14, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I was tempted to close this as delete and I think that's the most likely option right now, based on arguments rather than numbers. The obituaries are linked but the snippet views do not allow us to see whether we're talking about "real" obituaries or single-paragraph notifications. Given the absence of other secondary sourcing I doubt that they were in much depth. Second, if the book is cited, evidence should be presented--but simply giving a list based on Google results is not enough. I found a few citations but their weight is difficult to establish--remember that citations can prove the work is important and has had an impact, which in turn suggests that some citations can be more important than others. This one cites a document cited in Barty's book, and this one cites him in four of the footnotes. They do not suggest that the book is of great importance: the book itself or its author are not discussed. Rather than close it, I'll leave this note here as a pointer, of what kind kind of evidence a closer would be looking for. I'm leaning delete, I'm sad to say. Drmies (talk) 03:36, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * (1) It is possible, by manipulation of Google Books' search engine, to extract fairly large passages of books. The obituary in the Scottish Law Review and Sheriff Court Reports, to begin with, appears to me to be a lengthy, blow by blow account of his life. (2) If you still have doubts, the solution is to go and look at a physical copy of those periodicals in a library. NRVE says that sources have to actually exist. It does not say that those sources have to be available for free on the internet. In fact, our policy is that they do not have to be online at all. (3) I am inclined to take the view that "significant coverage" must be something detectable with snippet view, precisely because that is the tool we have to work with, whether we like it or not. (4) The apparent absence of other secondary sources may be because GBooks is said to be missing three quarters of all books. For every source we have found, there are probably another three that haven't been digitised yet. On top of that, Google's search engine doesn't produce all the results it should for any given expression. James500 (talk) 03:53, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That you say "appears to me" means you didn't actually see them. That, plus the rest of your comments, suggests you are arguing that because we can see a tiny little bit, there must be more and we should therefore close as keep. Of course sources don't have to be online, but you can't cite what you can't see, and you can't say "keep" based on what you haven't seen. Drmies (talk) 16:42, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No, "appears to me" means I did see them, by doing this, then this, then this, then this, then this, then this, and so forth, through the rest of the publication. (Note that he was secretary of the Scottish Law Agents Society). Likewise with the other source:  etc. This technique isn't difficult, and you should be able to do it yourself. I used the word "appears" because depth is an inherently subjective concept ("how long is a piece of string"). I wouldn't describe the average snippet as "a tiny little bit", as you do. My idea of significant coverage is any decent sized paragraph, so this is a clear pass of GNG in my opinion. And common sense suggests that a person who died in 1940 who was secretary of the aforementioned society, and etc etc etc, is worthy of notice per WP:NHISTORY (still a draft proposal but lifted more or less verbatim from an existing guideline). The rest of your comments are nonsense. If you can't read the source online, the burden is on you to take yourself to a library and read it there, before arguing for deletion. We have a strong presumption against deletion at AfD, and NRVE does explicitly say that "there is likely to be more coverage offline" is a perfectly valid argument. James500 (talk) 10:14, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I have found an additional "good" source, an obituary in The Glasgow Herald, a national newspaper: (article titled "A Dunblane Solicitor: Mr Alexander Boyd Barty" in the fourth column headed "obituary"; not particularly easy to read directly, but here is part of what Google's OCR produces:  ). There is probably plenty more material if anyone actually bothers to search. James500 (talk) 14:25, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Upon closer inspection, I find there are indeed further newspaper articles from the Herald: . Here is one titled "Centenary Of Dunblane Legal Firm" from 1929. This one, the heading of which I can't clearly make out, though it might be "inherent right of people", is probably more important, as it appears to describe him as "Sir Alexander Barty". If that is true, he automatically satisfies criteria 1 of WP:ANYBIO, as a knight. James500 (talk) 15:14, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment. Contrary to what Drmies writes above, if this AfD was closed now, the only possible outcome, in my view, looking at arguments rather than numbers, would be a clear keep. Every !vote arguing for deletion above either represents that the obituaries do not exist (mistake of fact), admits to having not read them fully and not knowing how detailed they are, or advances arguments that have no apparent basis in any policy or guideline. That is my assessment of consensus. James500 (talk) 18:08, 3 March 2015 (UTC)


text:
UK Constitution and Government/Houses of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Windsor

Presentation
The Houses of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Windsor (1901—)

Previous Chapter | Next Chapter --

Edward VII
Edward VII was the oldest person in British history to become King, beginning his reign at the age of fifty-nine. He participated actively in foreign affairs, visiting France in 1903. The visit led to the Entente Cordiale (Friendly Understanding), an informal agreement between France and the United Kingdom marking the end of centuries of Anglo-French rivalry. In the case of Germany, however, Edward VII exacerbated rivalry through his bad relations with his nephew, Kaiser Wilhelm II.

Towards the end of his life, Edward was faced with a constitutional crisis when the Liberal Government, led by Herbert Henry Asquith, proposed the People's Budget. The Budget reformed the tax system by creating a land tax, which would adversely affect the aristocratic class. The Conservative landowning majority in the House of Lords broke convention by rejecting the budget. They argued that the Commons themselves had broken a convention by attacking the wealth of the Lords. Before the problem could be resolved, Edward VII died in 1910, allowing his son, George, to ascend to the throne.

George V
After George became King, the constitutional crisis was resolved after the Liberal Government resigned and Parliament was dissolved. The Liberals were reelected, in part due to the unpopularity of the House of Lords, and used the election as a mandate to force their Budget through, almost too late to save the nation's financial system from ruin.

The Lords paid a price for their opposition to the Liberals, who in the commons passed the Parliament Bill, which provided that a bill could be submitted for the King's Assent if the Commons passed it in three consecutive sessions, even if the Lords rejected it. The time would later be reduced to two sessions in 1949. When the House of Lords refused to pass the Parliament Bill, Prime Minister Asquith asked George V to create 250 new Liberal peers to erase the Conservative majority. George agreed, but the Lords acquiesced and passed the bill quickly.

World War I occurred during George's reign. Due to the family's German connections, the Royalty began to become unpopular; George's cousin, Wilhelm II, was especially despised. In 1917, to appease the public, George changed the Royal House's name from the German-sounding Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to the more English Windsor.

In 1922, most of Ireland left the United Kingdom to form the Irish Free State following the Irish Civil War. The Irish Free State retained the British monarch as a Sovereign, but functioned as a Dominion of the Crown, with its own Government and Legislature. Six counties in the Irish province of Ulster remained in the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland. In 1927, the name of the country was changed from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

George V died in 1936 and was succeeded by his son, who ruled as Edward VIII.

Edward VIII
Edward VIII became King in January of 1936 and abdicated in December. His reign was controversial because of his desire to marry the American Wallis Simpson. Simpson was already divorced once; she divorced her second husband so she could marry King Edward. A problem, however, existed because Edward was the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, which prohibited remarriage after divorce. The Government advised him that he could not marry while he was King, so he indicated a desire to abdicate and marry Simpson. The abdication was not unilateral, as the Act of Settlement provided that the Crown go to the heir of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, regardless of that person's willingness to rule. Therefore, Parliament had to pass a special Act in order to permit Edward to abdicate, which he did.

Edward's brother, Albert Frederick Arthur George, became King. He chose to rule as George VI to create a link in the public's mind between him and the previous Kings of the same name during a time of crisis. Edward, meanwhile, was made Duke of Windsor and the issue of his marriage to Simpson were excluded from the line of succession.

George VI
When George took power in 1936, the popularity of the Royal Family had been damaged by the abdication crisis. It was, however, restored when George and his wife, Queen Elizabeth, led the nation and boosted morale during World War II. During the war, Britain was led by one of its most famous Prime Ministers, Sir Winston Churchill.

Following the War, the United Kingdom began to lose several of its overseas possessions. In 1947, India became independent and George lost the title of Emperor of India. Until 1950, however, he remained King of India while a constitution was being written. George was also the last King of Ireland; the Irish established a republic in 1949.

George died in 1952 from lung cancer. His daughter Elizabeth succeeded him.

Elizabeth II
During Elizabeth's reign, there have been several important constitutional developments. A notable one occurred in 1963, when Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan resigned. There was no clear leader of the Conservative Party, but many favoured Richard Austen Butler, the Deputy Prime Minister. Harold Macmillan advised the Queen, however, that senior politicians in the party preferred Alec Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home. Elizabeth accepted the advice and appointed the Earl of Home to the office of Prime Minister, marking the last time a member of the House of Lords would be so appointed. Home, taking advantage of the Peerage Act passed in 1963, "disclaimed" his peerage. A Conservative member of the House of Commons vacated his seat, allowing Home to contest the by-election for that constituency and become a member of the House of Commons.

There have also been many recent constitutional developments in the nation. The office of Prime Minister increased greatly in power under the Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (the "Iron Lady") and the Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair. Under Blair, many of Parliament's lawmaking functions were devolved to local administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In 1999, the House of Lords Act was passed, removing the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House.

Charles III
Charles III acceeded to the throne, aged 74, on the death of his mother, Elizabeth II in 2022 and was crowned in 2023.


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Web Design/Dynamic Websites/Creating Database Tables

Before we can start using databases to create dynamic sites, we first need to create a database table! Since most cheap hosting sites support MySQL as their database server, we're going to use a special program that's been written by someone else to help us setup and administer our MySQL databases... it's called PhpMyAdmin.

From the PhpMyAdmin homepage:

phpMyAdmin is a tool written in PHP intended to handle the administration of MySQL over the Web. Currently it can create and drop databases, create/drop/alter tables, delete/edit/add fields, execute any SQL statement, manage keys on fields, manage privileges,export data into various formats and is available in 50 languages.

To take part in this activity, you'll need to know:
 * the URL of your database host, as well as your database username and password. If you are unsure about these, ask your hosting company or your facilitator.
 * Alternatively, you can install XAMPP Lite or WampServer on your local computer as it has PhpMyAdmin already installed for you.

Getting aquainted with PhpMyAdmin
To start getting aquainted, there's a nice and simple PhpMyAdmin Tutorial that will get you started creating your first example table using PhpMyAdmin, and inserting data into it. Try it out and see how you find the experience!

After finishing the tutorial, you might like to reflect on your blog or elsewhere:
 * Describe why database tables usually have one field set as the primary key?
 * How is the Auto Increment option useful?,
 * When adding a field to a database, what other information do we need to specify?

Creating your own table
Once you've finished with the example, we're ready to create our own database table! Referring back to an HTML form that you have created in the past (one that collects information from users, say for purchasing a product):
 * 1) write down the fields that will require to store this information in a database.
 * 2) Using PhpMyAdmin, create a new table in your database with a meaningful title (relevant to the data you're collecting, such as orders or enquiries etc)
 * 3) Specify the fields that you require to store your data (making sure that you choose the correct type, and that you've created a primary key etc).
 * 4) Insert 4 or 5 lines of sample data to your new table, each time noting the actual SQL code that is being used to add the information into your database.

More on Database Types
To re-cap some and pull together some of the things you've learned so far, read through Using MySQL down to (but not including unless you're keen) the Basic SQL Statement.

For the moment, it's important that you:
 * Feel comfortable creating a new table in a database using PhpMyAdmin,
 * Correctly select the type for each field in your table using only the simple types (e.g. int, text, varchar, datetime, but you should be aware that there's lots of other types),
 * Create a primary key for each table and use the auto-increment option correctly,
 * Have a vague idea of what an SQL statement looks like (more on this later!)

Phew! Enough for one day?! Next, we'll be finding out how we can connect to our database from PHP!


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User:Vuara/Phoenicians Lebanese

 * http://www.phoenicia.org/me.html
 * http://www.phoenicia.org/bibliogr.html
 * http://www.phoenicia.org/pythagoras.html
 * http://www.phoenicia.org/press.html
 * http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/profile/mcmen.html
 * http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/misc/profile/names/mmcmenam.shtml

Phoenicians Today: Who are Phoenicians? Lebanese 518 (40%) Some Lebanese 140 (10%) Lebs. & Neighbors 185 (14%) Mediterraneans 337 (26%) Others 108 (8%)

1288 Total votes Did you know?

Western/Latin and other alphabets come from the Phoenician alphabet? Beritus or Berytus (modern Beirut, Lebanon) had a very important School of Law in the Roman Empire? The Bible is called thus because it refers to the Phoenician city of Byblos ("marketplace of papyrus or byblinos" in Greek? King Solomon's great Temple was built in the style of Tyre's Melqart Temple by Phoenician artisans using the Cedars of Lebanon? The Egyptian Pharoahs employed Phoenician cedar for their wood needs? King Solomon, in his old age, became a worshipper of the Phoenician goddess Ashtarte? Melchizedek, the King of Salem (King of Jerusalem) and Priest of the Most High God (El Elion), who offered bread and wine to Abraham, was Phoenician? The Pentateuch (Moses' first five books, if not more, of the the Old Testament Bible, the Torah) was/were written down (transliterated) in Phoenician script? Jesus Christ visited Phoenicia and among the first to believe in him was a Phoenician woman? The bishops of all Phoenician cities were consecrated as bishops by the Apostles or their immediate successors? Tyre, Sidon and other Phoenician Christian cities and towns provided rest-stops and shelters for the Apostles on their way to convert the world? St. Jerome referred to Tyre as the place where St. Paul once knelt; and called Zarephath, Elijah's town? Phoenicians circumnavigated Africa? Phoenicians were the first to use the Pole Star for navigation? Phoenicians were able traders throughout the Mediterranean? Phoenicians colonized the far corners of the Mediterranean from the Island of Cyprus in the East to Spain and Gibraltar including the outer Atlantic coast and North Africa in the West? Britain was the Phoenicians' secret treasure of tin where the name "Britain" may be coming from Barr (land) of Tannic (Tin)? Hence Britannia did not come from Prutani, the name applied to the Celts by the Romans, and some claim that the Celts were Phoenicians. The Phoenicians reached North America BC and Punic inscriptions in Massachusetts and Iowa confirm this fact? In the Iliad and the Odyssey, Homer mentions Phoenicia, Phoenicians and Phoenician cities. The Phoenician possessed the science or art of dentistry as evident by the fine braces on a lower jaw of a scull? The Phoenician language is still spoken today in Malta (or Maltese is a mixture of Phoenician/Punic and other Mediterranean languages) ? To beef up their naval powers, conquerors employed the Phoenicians in building warship-fleets? The Phoenicians raised elephants on farms? The first parliament ever to convene in the Middle East met in the Phoenician confederate city of Tripoli? Roman Emperor Septimius Severus (193 - 211 AD) descended from early Phoenician settlers and spoke with a Phoenician accent? Pythagoras was Phoenician and was initiated into the 'Ancient Mysteries' of the Phoenicians c. 548 B.C. and studied for about 3 years in the temples of Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos and that his father was a Phoenician merchant from Tyre? Archimedes c.287 B.C.-212 B.C., Greek mathematician, physicist, and inventor, died during the Roman assault on Syracuse while designing a catapult and the Carthaginians fought on his side to defend the city. Thales of Miletus (who was half Phoenician), one of the first great scientists, is said to have forecast the solar eclipse of the year 585 BC. Zeno of Citium was a glowing star in the pre-Socratic age but was ridiculed in Athens for his Phoenician appearance. Popes Anicetus (155 - 166 AD), John V (685-686 AD), Sergius I (687-701 AD) and Gregory III (741-752 AD) and Constantius were Phoenicians? Aristotle held up the constitution of Carthage as a model. Hasdrubal-Clitomachus added to Arcesilas a critical interpretation of certitude which makes him a forerunner of modern thought. St. Augustine was Phoenician. He wrote "...there was a great deal of virtue and wisdom in the Punic books". St. Jerome believed Punic erotic poetry to be pernicious and described it as "lewd". Many parts of the Old Testament were plagiarized from Phoenician literature, poetry, and religion, similar to plagiarizing of the Book of Job (for example ) from Babylonian tales? Phoenician sacrifice of children to the gods was copied/practiced by many Semites such as Abraham's attempt to sacrifice his son? The Phoenicians had a rough knowledge about pi (3.1416) at the time of Hiram and the building of Solomon's Temple? St. Frumentius, Phoenician from Tyre, converted Ethiopia to Christianity? Mochus, a Sidonian, wrote a work on the atomic theory.

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Preface The largest web compilation & repository of studies about the origin, history, geography, religion, arts, crafts, trade, industry, climate, mythology, language, literature, music, politics, wars, archaeology and culture of the Canaanite Phoenicians. Note: Phoenicians, Canaanites and Punic/Carthaginians are the same people: Eastern Canaanites called Phoenicians by the Greeks and Western Canaanites called Punic by the Romans.

Missionaries of Civilization The Phoenicians were instrumental in disseminating their form of writing which became our modern alphabet and in opening up various civilizations and cultures of the Mediterranean basin to each other. Both sciences and pseudosciences spread from Egypt and Mesopotamia to Phoenicia and Anatolia. The Phoenicians, in particular, transmitted much of this knowledge to the various lands of the Mediterranean, especially to the Greeks. The direction taken by these influences can be followed from Egypt to Phoenicia, Syria and Cyprus. The evidence comes thanks to a combination of excavated art forms that prove the direction of movement, as well as to Greek tradition. The latter lays great stress on what the early Greek philosophers learned from Egypt. Mesopotamian influence can be traced especially through the partial borrowing of Babylonian science and divination by the Hittites and later by the transmission of information through Phoenicia. The Egyptians and Mesopotamians wrote no theoretical treatises; information had to be transmitted piecemeal through personal contacts.

Phoenician, what's in a name? It is not certain what the Phoenicians called themselves in their own language; it appears to have been Kena'ani (Akkadian: Kinahna), "Canaanites." In Hebrew the word kena'ani has the secondary meaning of "merchant," a term that well characterizes the Phoenicians.

The name 'Phoenicians,' was not what the Phoenicians called themselves but what the Greeks called them; the word means dark red in Greek and refers to the royal Tyrian purple dye that Phoenicians extracted from murex shells to dye cloth with and sold to the rich of the ancient world. The name appears in Psalm 45:14, in the phrase bat melek Ponnima (daughter of the king of the Phoenicians), which parallels bat Sor (daughter of Tyre) of verse 13. The same term, Ponnim (meaning the Phoenician language), appears in a comedy called Poenulus, by the Roman playwright T. Maccius Plautus (died 184 B.C.). The Latin poenus (noun) and punicus (adjective), as well as Greek phoinikos, refer to the term Phoenician.

Ethnic Origin and Language The Phoenicians probably arrived in the Eastern Mediterranean about 3000 B.C., however, nothing is known of their original homeland. What may be the most common ethnic origin they are considered to be is Semitic; however, some studies suggest that their original homeland may have been in the Indian sub-continent long before 3000 B.C. while other studies trace their origin, according to Irish records, to suggest that they descend from a Scythian King named Phoeniusa Farsa...according to the Irish this kings' descendents eventually populated the country of Phoenicia and named the country in his honor...Phoeniusa son.

They spoke Phoenician which is very close to Aramaic. Phoenicians had a language and culture like those of other Semitic peoples in the general area and may be said to have been identical with the Canaanites of North Palestine.

Geography and Major Cities Baalbeck Berytus Byblos Caesarea Carthage Sidon Tyre Zarephta

Political Structure and Colonies Their city states had a loose alliance and they established colonies in the far corners of the Mediterranean.

Religion and Mythology They worshiped fertility gods and goddesses and their belief system was influenced by other religions in the Eastern Mediterranean and had some influence on Greek and Roman mythologies. At the beginning of the Christian era, Phoenicians were the first to accept the new faith after the Jews.

Troubled History Phoenician cities, at the cross-roads of the East, were often invaded and subjugated by foreign conquerors which include Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Macedonians, Persians, and Romans, in addition to others. However, the Phoenicians were basically traders not warriors; and trade and war do not work well together.

Creators of Alphabet They created a form of alphabet which evolved and was adapted by the Greeks to become the backbone of modern alphabet.

Commerce and Other Achievements The Phoenicians were sea-faring traders who carried merchandise and goods across the Mediterranean. They circumnavigator Africa and used the Polar Star as a navigational guide.

Important Visitor to Phoenicia (as opposed to invaders) Herodotus, historian Jesus Christ of Nazareth Saint Paul Saint Peter and other Apostles Origen, Christian scholar Pythagoras, mathematician and philosopher Others (more to come)

Very Important Phoenicians (VIPs) Aquilina of Byblos, Christian martyr (died in 293 A.D.) Barbara of Baalbeck/Heliopolis, Christian martyr (died in 237 A.D.) Cadmus, "Teacher of the Phoenician Alphabet" Christina of Tyre, Christian martyr (died in 300 A.D.) Dorotheus, Jurist and Professor of Roman Law Eusebius Bishop of Berytus (Beirut) Eusebius of Caesarea, Christian Icon Frumentius, Saint, Apostle of Abyssinia Hanno, Circumnavigator of Africa Himilco, Voyager Hiram the Architect, Solomon's Temple Designer Jezebel Princess of Sidon and Queen of Israel (wife of King Ahab of Israel) John Mark Bishop of Byblos designated Bishop by St. Peter Pamphilus, Saint King Hiram of Tyre King Abi-Milki of Tyre King Ethbaal of Sidon (father of Princess Jezebel) King Ahiram of Byblos King Rib-Addi of Byblos King Zimrida of Sidon King Jabin of Hazor Mochus of Sidon wrote on the atomic theory Papinian, Jurist Perpetua and Felicity, Christian martyrs of Carthage (died in 203 A.D.) Philo of Byblos, Writer Porphyry of Tyre, Writer Pythagoras Phoenician Popes Sanchuniathon, Writer Thales of Citium Thales of Miletus, Astronomer Theodosia of Tyre, Christian martyr (died 293 A.D.) Ulpian, Jurist Zadok the Priest Zeno of Citium, Philosopher Zeno of Sidon, Philosopher Others (more to come)

Phoenician Art, Crafts, Music, and Literature They dyed cloth which was the prized possession of the rich and worked in precious metals and ivory. Most Phoenician literature is unknown or was lost. However, second hand information and some ecclesiastical Phoenician works survive. Traces of their music may still be found in some church music today.

The Logo or Coat of Arms © The logo or Coat of Arms is my own creation and it represents Phoenician achievements and mythology. The two creatures or mythological monsters -- part horse, part fish -- called hippocampus come from Phoenician antiquity and represent Phoenician mythology. (The Trade link, under the subtitle Transit Trade, contains an image of a Phoenician silver coin with an impression of the hippocampus monster and a Phoenician ship.) Further, on the top of the logo, a piece of marble with Phoenician script represents Phoenician alphabet. Beneath it, the cloth represents famous Phoenician dyed cloth. At the very bottom, amphorae represent vessels which were used to carry Phoenician merchandise, as they traded about the Mediterranean.

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Approach to This History While researching material for this Web site, I have tried to be open to all new and sometimes controversial subjects. This is why some sections may contradict others in the same site, as well as contain quasi archaeology. Also, I have tried to be non-dogmatic in my approach, except when faced with blatantly outrageous claims. I am always willing and ready to shift paradigm. Further, I must insist, stress and categorically affirm that I have NO political, religious or ethnic agenda in promoting and disseminating information about my Phoenician Canaanites ancestors. Suggestions of nationalism, fanaticism or political propaganda are emphatically rejected. Phoenicia Died Out Misinformation A number of historians ignorantly claim that the name, Phoenicia ceased from use in 64 BC, when it became part of the Roman world. However, official records indicate that in 425 AD Phoenicia Prima was subdivided into two provinces, Phoenicia Maritima and Phoenicia Libanensis by the Romans. Further, excavations of at Tel Kadesh (158 BC) in Israel as well as the witness of Saint Augustine (400 AD), Church Councils of Tyre (449 & 515 AD), the Fall of Phoenicia to the Arabs (640 AD) and the honorary living title "Metropolitan of Phoenicia Maritima" which Lebanese bishops continue to carry today (MP3 Byzantine psaltica chants: Bishop of Beirut & Bishop of Tripoli -- see page with translation) are a few of many solid proofs that Phoenicia and its people live on despite the misinformation.

The Bible and/or Tanach and History Though there is some history in the Bible, Torah, Tanach and Apocryphal writings, using any of these books of faith for historical research and discussions is unacceptable. Having said this, I must confess that I am a Christian and do respect the Bible as a didactic source of faith. The said ancient scriptures and their mythological stories are unreliable historical sources; however, some historical outlines from the same books may be used in very general terms. This position may sound like that of the minimalist or nihilists (mentioned below) but it does not go to their extremes. Hence, the historicity of Kings Hiram, David and Solomon, Queen Jezebel, Ahab...etc. are allowable exceptions, in my opinion. So-called proofs of historical or genealogical significance based on these books are respectfully rejected dogma.

The Semites Bible fanatics continue to write to me about the Semites being the descendents of Shem using the Bible as supporting evidence. This claim is completely unfounded. The term Semites is applied to a group of people closely related in language but not necessarily of the same ethnic origin -- Arabs, Israelis, Phoenicians, Aramaeans, Syriac...etc. They inhabited parts of the Levant. Though the expression is derived from the Biblical "table" of nations and the people are supposed to be descendants of Noah's son Sem (Shem), the term does not have any historical origin. It came into use at the end of the 18th century* and thereafter became a standard technical term. Like many other common mistakes -- such as lumping all the peoples of the Middle East into one pan-Arab group -- the term Semite was adopted and used without denoting true ethnicity. ________________
 * The term Semite was proposed at first for the languages related to the Hebrew by Ludwig Schlözer, in Eichhorn's "Repertorium", vol. VIII (Leipzig, 1781), p. 161. Through Eichhorn the name then came into general usage (cf. his "Einleitung in das Alte Testament" (Leipzig, 1787), I, p. 45. In his "Gesch. der neuen Sprachenkunde", pt. I (Göttingen, 1807) it had already become a fixed technical term. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIII

For Stifling Phoenician History, I Accuse: Eurocentrism, Judeocentrism, Arabists and Fundamentalist Christians It became evident to me during my research that various forces impacted almost all Phoenician/Canaanite subjects. In short, I found that historians and archaeologists were predominantly inclined to Eurocentrism or Judeocentrism. Specifically, Phoenician thinkers were ignored and their work credited to the Greeks, Romans or Israelites.

N.B. The red-highlighted "formulae" are to be applied to all the paragraphs that follow though they don't negate racial intermarriages. Comments or correspondence regarding these points are regretfully not open for discussion. Abuse of open dialogue has made this measure necessary.

Phoenicians are not = to Arab, Israelis, sub-Saharan (black) Africans; Canaanites are = Phoenician Canaanites, Punic (north African Phoenicians)

On the other hand, Minimalists/Nihilists (as referred to by Biblical Archaeologists) dismiss the 5 books of Moses and with them the exile in Egypt of Israelites, Exodus...etc as nothing but fiction written later than 1000 BC. With that they dismiss the existence of Kings David and Solomon. Their position is considered anti-Semitic by some; and they claim that the Israelites were actually Canaanites themselves. By doing that they confuse Phoenician Canaanite history with Israeli history (see the page entitled "Stealing"). The same is further aggravated by some fundamentalist Christian's British Israelism and the confusion over equating Dan, the lost tribe of Israel, with the Phoenicians.

Roman Bad Press, Bible Writers, and Fanatics Also, anti-Phoenician sentiments were the result of bad press by Roman historians, particularly after the Punic wars, and Jewish zealotism and hate of Phoenician religion by Bible writers. This was particularly so because of the infestation of pagan worship in the religion of the Israel caused by Queen Jezebel of Israel (a Phoenician Princess). Fundamentalist obsession with the literal interpretation of their religious book or political fanaticism of others with various agenda cloud the truth.

Arabists and Arab nationalists' antagonism of Phoeniciology and their "Phoenician Complex" Many of various religious backgrounds from Arab countries, especially Lebanon and Levant Arabists simply cannot tolerate the mention of the Phoenicians or their descendent in the modern world. They assume such a mention has political and religious overtones. However, Phoenician blood runs through their own veins themselves and most people in the region -- Phoenician does not mean Maronite Christian only, something which nobody claims but which Arabists assume. Further, there is no reason for those aforementioned who suffer from this Phoenician Complex to deny their heritage. Such people have no shame and are fools to ignore their great heritage. Many people of the Western Mediterranean including European and North African Muslim, Arab countries proudly accept Phoenician as their heritage and ancestry. (see the page on Tunisia). Canaanite Phoenicians pre-date the Arabs, anyway.

Afrocentrism Afrocentrism is not without blame in smothering Phoenician contribution to the ancient world. Many historians and archaeologists of that persuasion claim that the Phoenicians Canaanites themselves where sub-Saharan African based on unscientific Biblical myths or some unfounded claims that associates Canaanites with Egyptians. They, therefore, deny the Canaanites their proper place in history. Phoenicians of the Eastern Mediterranean or the Western Mediterranean (such as famous Hannibal or the Phoenicians of Carthage, Spain, Portugal, Sicily...etc.), the Punic, were Semites*

 * This statement does not negate the theory that all humans first evolved in Africa and thereafter populated the world.

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What's New in Phoenicia?

What was Historical Syria and Phoenicia? Is there confusion? (Syria link)

Did the Phoenicians Introduce the Idea of Interest to Greece & Italy; if so When? (Debt-Interest link); & "City-specific coins" coinage (Money link)

Living Phoenicians: Who is Phoenician and who is Arab today? Updated page (LivingPhoenicians link)

Elissar, Dido, Queen of Carthage and her “shining city” (Elissar link); & Jezebel, Phoenician Queen of Israel. (Jezebel link)

Tertullian of Carthage, Early Church Father (Tertullian link); & Phoenician & Popes Phoenician Saint Augustine of Hippo ("Popes" & "Augustine" links left).

"In Perpetuum Honorum" to Emir (Prince) Maurice Chehab for saving treasures of the Lebanese National Museum. (Honorum link)

Chants honoring Lebanese archbishops today proclaiming them "Metropolitan Archbishops of Phoenicia Maritima." (Metropolitan link)

History of the Syriac Orthodox Church (Syriacs links); & Byzantines of the East, the Melkites ("Melkites" link)

Hall of Maps and Marinus of Tyre, Mathematical Cartographer (Maps or Marinus links)

Who was the Phoenician god Adon (Adonis) and how did his name become "Lord" in Hebrew? (Adonis link)

The Lebanese-Phoenicians are from Lebanon-Phoenicia and from nowhere else. (Lebanese Phoenicians link)

The Phoenicians in East Africa, From the Red to the Med. (EastAfrica link); & Phoenician Gold Mines of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia ("Zimbabwe" link)

Wenamun in Byblos: shopped for wood, a valued Phoenician commodity. (Wenamun and Wood links)

Phoenicians introduced the world to viticulture and wine appreciation. (Wine link)

Phoenician Canaanite History TIMELINE (TIMELINE link)

Phoenician Saint Pamphilus of Cæsarea, rich son of Berytus (Beirut) (Pamphilus link)

Chrysippus of Soli, Phoenician cofounder of Stoicism (Chrysippus link); & Jamblichus, Phoenician Neapolitan Philosopher ("Iamblichus" link)

Saints Perpetua and Felicity, Phoenician/ Punic Christian Martyrs from Carthage (Martyrs link)

Phoenician craftsworkers in Egypt ("Egyptcrafts" link)

Roman Emperors "Severus" of Phoenician blood ("Imperial" link)

Shattered Christian Minorities of the Middle East ("Minorities" link)

Porphyry Malchus of Tyre, the mathematician ("Porphyry" link)

Pythagoras, Phoenician/ Greek mathematician ("Pythagoras" link)

St. Frumentius, Phoenician Apostle of Ethiopia ("Ethiopia" link)

Phoenician discoveries and the Origin of the Olympic Games and the ancient Amrit Stadium & Archaeology & Sports History by Dr. Labib Boutros ("Olympics" & "Sports" links left).

Phoenicians Founded Genoa jointly with ancient ancestors of Celtic tribes ("Genoa" link)

Phoenician influence on Greek Religion, physical signs of this influence -- killer study ("Greek" link)

Himilco's voyage to Northeastern shore of Europe and updated information on Hanno the voyager ("Himilico" and "Hanno" links left).

How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs through Phoenician Christians and Other Eastern Christians. ("Science" link)

Phoenician Jerusalem, Urushalem, the City Founded by Shalem, Phoenician God of Dusk ("Jerusalem" link)

Genetic & Anthropologic study of the Lebanese, including the famous Y-chromosome study. ("Genetics" link) En español -- in Spanish.

title: User:Vuara/Phoenicians Lebanese


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Ὄλυμπος

Etymology
Probably cognate with 🇨🇬, which may indicate original /u/ in the anlaut.

According to Beekes,. Suspecting originally an appellative word for “mountain” ολύ-, he tentatively identified the suffix -ump-.

According to Janda, a compound of the PIE roots and, more precisely from the heteroclitic  ~ , which directly gave 🇨🇬, ,  and. Further cognates include, , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and , 🇨🇬 and. For more see.

title: Ὄλυμπος


text:
Computer Architecture Lab/Winter2006/HoeftPirkWeir/InstructionSetI

ARM
32-bit RISC Prozessor, der sich vor allem durch gute Energieeffizienz auszeichnet, weswegen er in einer Vielzahl von Embedded Systems seinen Einsatz findet.

Instruction Set
Im normalen Modus ist eine Instruktion 32-bit lang, es gibt aber auch den Thumb Modus der einen reduzierten 16-bit Befehlssatz aufweist. Es wird hier nur auf den 32-bit Basisbefehlssatz eingegangen.

Register
Es gibt 15 General-Purpose Register, von denen 2 als Stack bzw. Rückkehradressen genützt werden. Zur effizienteren Interrupt-Behandlung sind diese 2 Register für jeden Prozessormodus ein Mal vorhanden.

Bedingte Ausführung
Jede Instruction beinhaltet 4 Bit, die eine Ausführung abhängig vom "Program Status Register" erlauben.

Branches
Relative Sprünge um bis zu 32MB als auch absolute Sprünge zu einer Adresse in einem Register sind möglich. Es gibt auch jeweils eine Version bei der der aktualle PC ins Rückkehradressenregister geladen wird.

Datenmanipulation
Unterstützte Operationen sind logisches UND, (exklusives) ODER, Subtraktion (mit Carry), Addition (mit Carry), Invertierung.

Ein Eingangswert kommt aus dem Shifter, der geshiftete oder rotierte 8-bit immediate Werte oder Registerwerte zur Verfügung stellt. Die Anzahl der geshifteten Bits ist entweder ein direkter 5-bit Wert oder ein Registerwert. Der 2. Eingangswert (sofern vorhanden) ist immer ein Register. Das Ergebnis wird in einem Register abgelegt, für UND, exklusives ODER, Subtraktion und Addition gibt es eine Version, die nur das PSR dem Ergebnis entsprechend anpasst.

Weiters gibt es Multiply und Multiply-Accumulate Befehle, mit Varianten die 32-bit, 64-bit vorzeichenlose, 64-bit vorzeichenbehaftete Ergebnisse liefern.

Speicherzugriff
Die Adressierung erfolgt durch ein Basisregister und einen Offset. Der Offset kann ein direkter 12-bit Wert, ein Register oder ein geshiftetes Register sein. Weiters kann das Basisregister nach Zugriff durch den Wert von Basisregister+Offset ersetzt werden, um einfach über Speicherblöcke iterieren zu können. Es gibt außerdem Befehle die mehrere Worte auf einmal in beliebige Register laden/speichern.

Andere Befehle
Der Befehl SWP erlaubt Laden und Speichern eines Wertes im Speicher innerhalb einer Instruktion, wodurch Prozesse leichter synchronisiert werden können. Der Software Interrupt Befehl dient dem Zugriff von User Mode Programmen auf Priviledged Code. Ein Breakpoint Befehl ist ebenfalls vorhanden.

PowerPC 405
PowerPC 405 is a 32-bit implementation of the PowerPC embedded-environment architecutre providing up to 400 MHz and 608 DMIPS performance.

Key Features

 * 32-bit architecture
 * Thirty-two 32-bit general purpose registers (GPRs), r0~r31
 * A number of 32-bit special purpose registers (SPRs)
 * Most are accessed only by privileged software
 * A few are accessed by all software
 * Flexible memory management
 * Enhanced debug capabilities
 * 64-bit time base
 * 3 timers: programmable interval timer, fixed interval timer, and watchdogtimer
 * 5-stage pipeline with single-cycle execution of most instructions, including loads and stores
 * Support for unaligned loads and unaligned stores to cache arrays, main memory and on-chip memory
 * Minimized interrupt latency
 * Integrated instruction-cache and data-cache:
 * 16 KB each, 2-way set associative
 * 8 words (32 bytes) per cacheline
 * Support for both big-endian and little-endian addressing
 * 4 GB of flat (non-segmented) address space
 * Dual-level interrupt

General Purpose Registers
32 GPRs (r0~r31) are the source and destination of all integer operations and are the source for address operands for all load/store operations. They also provide access to SPRs.

Floating Point Registers
FPRs here refer to FPRs and Floating-Point Status and Control Register (FPSCR). 32 FPRs (FPR0 - FPR31) are the source and destination operands of all floating-point operations and can contain 32-bit and 64-bit signed and unsigned integer values, as well as single and double-precision floating-point values. They also provide access to the FPSCR.

The FPSCR captures status and exceptions resulting from floating-point operations, and the FPSCR also provides control bits for enabling specific exception types, as well as for selecting one of the four rounding modes. Access to the FPSCR is through the FPRs.

Embedded microprocessors are frequently implemented without direct hardware support for the PPC floating-point instruction set, or only provide an interface to attach floating-point hardware. Many applications have little or no need for floating-point arithmetic, and software emulation of PPC floating-point instruction execution is usually more than adequate. The chip area and power savings of not implementing floating-point in hardware can be critical.

Special Purpose Registers
SPRs give status and control of resources within the processor core.

 * Instruction Address Register (IAR): known to programmers as the program counter or instruction pointer.
 * Link Register (LR): holds the address to return to at the end of a function call.
 * Fixed-Point Exception Register (XER): contains carry and overflow information from integer arithmetic operations, as well as carry input to certain integer arithmetic operations and the number of bytes to transfer during load and store string instructions, lswx and stswx.
 * Count Register (CTR): holds a loop counter that is decremented on certain branch operations.
 * Condition Register (CR): contains 8 fields, where each field is 4 bits. When an instruction's Rc bit (bit 31) is 1:
 * In integer operations, the CR field 0 is set to reflect the result of operation result: Equal, Greater Than, Less Than, and Summary Overflow.
 * In floating-point operations, the CR field 1 is set to reflect the state of the exception status bits in the FPSCR.
 * Any CR field can be the target of an integer or floating-point comparison instruction. The CR field 0 is also set to reflect the result of a conditional store instruction (stwcx or stdcx). Certain instructions can manipulate the CR.

 * Processor Version Register (PVR): a 32-bit read-only register that identifies the version and revision level of the processor.

Instruction Set
The POWER architecture has over two hundred defined instructions. Most instructions execute in a single cycle and typically perform a single operation (such as loading storage to a register, or storing a register to memory). Similar to most of the other 32-bit RISC ISAs, all PPC instructions are four bytes long and are word aligned. Bits 0:5 contain the primary opcode. Some instruction forms define an extended opcode field for specifying additional instructions.

Four Primary Formats

 * Register-register
 * {|border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"

 * -align="center"
 * style="width:60px;background:#E6E6FA" |Op6
 * style="width:50px" |Rd5
 * style="width:50px" |Rs15
 * style="width:50px" |Rs25
 * style="width:110px;background:#E6E6FA" |Opx11
 * }
 * Register-immediate
 * {|border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"

 * -align="center"
 * style="width:60px;background:#E6E6FA" |Op6
 * style="width:50px" |Rd5
 * style="width:50px" |Rs15
 * style="width:169px;background:#F5DEB3" |Const16
 * }
 * Branch
 * {|border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"

 * -align="center"
 * style="width:60px;background:#E6E6FA" |Op6
 * style="width:50px;background:#E6E6FA" |Opx5
 * style="width:50px" |Rs15
 * style="width:133px;background:#F5DEB3" |Const14
 * style="width:20px;background:#E6E6FA" |Opx2
 * }
 * Jump/call
 * {|border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"

 * -align="center"
 * style="width:60px;background:#E6E6FA" |Op6
 * style="width:252px;background:#F5DEB3" |Const24
 * style="width:20px;background:#E6E6FA" |Opx2
 * }

Integer arithmetic instructions

 * add, add carrying - addc, add extended - adde, add immediate carrying - addic, add to minus one extended - addme
 * devide word - divw, devide word unsigned -divwu
 * multiply low immediate - mulli, multiply high word - mulhw, multiply cross halfword to word unsigned - mulchwu
 * subtract from - subf, subtract from extended - subfe, subtract from zero extended
 * negate - neg

Logical, rotate, and shift instructions

 * and, or, nor, xor, equivalent - eqv, and with complement - andc
 * count leading zeros doubleword - cntlzd, extend sign halfword - extsh
 * rotate left doubleword then clear - rldc, rotate left word then and with mask - rlwnm
 * shift right doubleword - srd, shift right word immediate - srwi

Floating-point and FPSCR manipulation instructions

 * FP move - fmr, FP negate - fneg, FP compare ordered - fcmpo, FP select - fsel
 * move to CR from FPSCR - mcrfs, move to FPSCR bit 1 - mtfsb1

Branch instructions

 * branch - b
 * branch conditional - bc
 * branch conditional to count register - bcctr
 * branch conditional to link register - bclr

Uniqueness

 * Link Register: PPC puts the return address into the link register instead of one of the GPRs. It makes the return jump faster since the hardware need not go through the register read pipeline stage for return jumps.
 * Counter Register: It is used in for loops of a fixed number of times, therefore the the branch hardware can quickly determine if a branch is likely to take place.
 * Register 0: r0 is not hardwired to the value 0. Although it can not be used as a base register, however in base+index addressing it can be used as the index.
 * Load multiple and store multiple save or restore up to 32 registers in a single instruction.
 * CBTLZ counts leading zeros.
 * Logical shifted immediate instructions shift the 16-bit immediate to the left 16 bits before performing AND, OR, or XOR.
 * Etc.

PICmicro
Is a family of microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology with a reduced instruction set (RISC). It is also known as simply PIC microcontrollers.

Features

 * 80 memory ram positions, implemented as 8 bit registers. 12 special purpose registers and 68 general purpose registers.
 * 11 bit instruction address
 * 8 bit literals
 * 8/16 bit Modified Harvard Architecture
 * Flash and ROM Memory options
 * I/O Ports
 * 8/16 bit Timers
 * Several sleep modes
 * A/D converters
 * Serial peripherals
 * Voltage comparators
 * Internal EEPROM Memory
 * Motor control
 * USB, Ethernet, CAN, LIN, ... controller support

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
Each midrange instruction is a 14-bit word divided into an OPCODE which specifies the instruction type and one or more operands which further specify the operation of the instruction. There are three basic categories: All instructions are executed in one single instruction cycle, unless a conditional test is true or the program counter is changed as a result of an instruction.In these cases, the execution takes two instruction cycles with the second cycle executed as an NOP. Thus, for an oscillator frequency of 4 MHz, the normal instruction execution time is 1 us. If a conditional test is true or the program counter is changed as a result of an instruction, the instruction execution time is 2 us.
 * Byte-oriented operations
 * Bit-oriented operations
 * Literal-oriented operations

General instruction format
The possible formats for the instructions are listet in the figure.

the opcode portion of the instruction word varies from 3-bits to 6-bits of information. This is what allows the midrange instruction set to have 35 instructions.

Register manipulation
instruction set allows read and write of all file registers, including special function registers. If an instruction writes to the STATUS register, the Z, C, DC and OV bits may be set or cleared as a result of the instruction and overwrite the original data bits written. All bit manipulation instructions will first read the entire register, operate on the selected bit and then write the result back (read-modify-write (R-M-W)) the specified register.

Supported instructions
There are several groups of instrucions. Those can be divided into: Example: Mnemonic: movf fr, d Description: Move file register Function: fr => d Example: oprwf fr,d Mnemonic: logic / arithmetic operation with a file register and W Description: Function: fr opr W => d Example: Mnemonic: oprlw k Description: logic / arimetic operation with a literal and W Function: k opr W => W Example: Mnemonic: clrw   Description: Clear accumulator W  Function: 0 => W Example: Mnemonic: goto    addr Description: branch to addr Function: addr => PC(0:10) Example: Mnemonic: addcf fr, d Description: Add carry to fr Function: btfsc 3,0 incf f,d
 * Copy value from/to file register or literal to/from w
 * Logic / arithmetic instructions with a file register and w
 * Logic / arithmetic instructions with a literal and w
 * One operand logic / arithmetic instructions
 * Branch, Skip and Call instructions
 * Buit-in macros for commonly used logic / arithmetic operations


text:
Template:To do/sandbox/to do

 * This is just a test to-do list FOR THE SANDBOX
 * shows
 * up
 * correctly
 * Normally, the "/to do" subpage should only be created under the article's Talk page, unless it is a notice board or project page.

 * To use this template for an article, insert   at the top of that article's Talk discussion page. To use it for a project or as your own personal list, add it to the project page or  your user page, respectively.

title: Template:To do/sandbox/to do


text:
Talk:Timeline of Lviv

Year of establishment in Lviv?
-- M2545 (talk) 07:44, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Administrative divisions of Lviv
 * Shchors Cinema

title: Talk:Timeline of Lviv


text:
Marc-André Gragnani

Marc-André Gragnani (born March 11, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman currently an unrestricted free agent. He most recently played with Djurgårdens IF then of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). He spent four-and-a-half seasons playing for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League and their American Hockey League affiliate, the Portland Pirates. He also played half a season with Vancouver before signing with Carolina as a free agent. On July 3, 2015, Gragnani signed a one-year, two-way contract with the New Jersey Devils for whom he appeared four times.

Playing career
He played minor hockey for the Dauphins de Deux-Rives followed by four years in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). He was selected 87th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft and signed a professional contract with the Sabres in June 2007. After completing his junior career with the PEI Rocket, Gragnani began his professional career within the Sabres organization in the 2007–08 season, making his debut on February 23, 2008. Although originally drafted as a defenceman, Gragnani shifted to the left wing position during his first season. In April 2009, he established a new record for Portland defencemen with 51 points in the regular season. He also set the Portland franchise record for assists by a defenceman in a single season with 42. In 2011, he broke both of his own records by registering 48 assists and 60 points in a single season.

Gragnani was called up to the parent Buffalo Sabres in March 2011. His first NHL goal was a game-winning overtime goal in a game against the Carolina Hurricanes on April 3, 2011. Gragnani signed a two-year contract extension with the Sabres in the 2011 offseason.

After making the Sabres lineup for the first time out of training camp and earning a regular roster spot to begin the 2011–12 season, he was made a consistent healthy scratch by February 2012. At the NHL trade deadline, on February 27, he was traded along with forward Zack Kassian to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for forward Cody Hodgson and defenceman Alexander Sulzer. By that point in the season, Gragnani had played only once in the Sabres' previous month of games. Joining Vancouver, he was made a healthy scratch for the team's first game following the trade before making his Canucks debut on March 1, a 2–0 win against the St. Louis Blues. He finished the year playing in 14 games for Vancouver and did not appear in the playoffs.

By the end of the season, Gragnani had not played in enough games to earn unrestricted free agent status, remaining a restricted free agent if he was tendered a qualifying offer. With no intention of re-singing Gragnani, the Canucks unsuccessfully attempted to trade him at the 2012 NHL Entry Draft. Unable to move Gragnani, Vancouver chose not to give him a qualifying offer. As an unrestricted free agent Gragnani signed a one-year two-way contract with the Carolina Hurricanes.

On May 22, 2013, he signed a two-year contract in the Kontinental Hockey League with HC Lev Praha of the Czech Republic. In the 2013–14 season, Gragnani scored just 9 points in 42 games, but helped the club reach the Gagarin Cup finals in the post-season.

With the Bankruptcy of Lev Praha leading to the club folding, Gragnani settled the remaining year of his contract to become a free agent. On July 10, 2014, Gragnani moved to the Swiss National League A, signing a one-year deal with SC Bern.

On July 3, 2015, after two seasons abroad, Gragnani returned to the NHL in signing as a free agent to a one-year, two-way contract with the New Jersey Devils. In the 2015–16 season, Gragnani was assigned for the majority of the year to AHL affiliate, the Albany Devils. He was recalled to the Devils to appear in four games.

As a free agent in the off-season, Gragnani opted to return to Europe, signing a one-year deal with Belarusian club, HC Dinamo Minsk of the KHL on August 1, 2016. After two seasons with Minsk, Gragnani left the team however opted to continue in the KHL for the 2018–19 season, signing a one-year contract with Chinese outfit, HC Kunlun Red Star, on August 13, 2018.

On August 2, 2019, Gragnani continued his career in the KHL, returning for a second stint with HC Dinamo Minsk on a one-year contract.

International play
During the 2017–18 season, Gragnani was selected to represent Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Used in an offensive roving role, Gragnani contributed with 3 assists in 6 games to help Canada claim the bronze medal.

title: Marc-André Gragnani


text:
Klaus Woeller

Klaus Woeller (born 2 January 1934) is a German field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Klaus Woeller


text:
Aqushela

Aqushela is a typical over-dimensioned reservoir located in the Tanqwa-Abergele woreda of the Tigray Region in Ethiopia. The earthen dam that holds the reservoir was built in 1999 by the Relief Society of Tigray.

Dam characteristics

 * Dam height: 11.5 metres
 * Dam crest length: 456 metres
 * Spillway width: 16 metres

Capacity
These are the design values. In practice, the runoff from the catchment is largely insufficient to fill the reservoir, which serves only as shallow drinking pond for livestock.
 * Original capacity: 810 000 m³
 * Dead storage: 121 500 m³
 * Reservoir area: 20.5 ha

Irrigation

 * Designed irrigated area: 50 ha
 * Actual irrigated area in 2002: 0 ha

Environment
The catchment of the reservoir is 13.5 km² large. The lithology of the catchment is Precambrian metamorphic rock. Land use is strongly dependent on lithology: soils on metamorphic black limestone are used for cropping, while those on the schist and slate formations are under savannah woodland. Lands on the green-reddish-gray metamorphic banded marl formation are used for settlements. Most common soil types are:
 * in the metamorphic black limestone formation: Endoleptic Calcisol at the upper slope (plateau); Endoleptic Cambisol and Vertic Leptosol at the middle slope; Hypercalcic Calcisol at the footslopes and Grumic Vertisol at the lower slopes
 * in the schist and slate formations: Leptosol both at the upper slope and at the foot slope positions; Regosol (Calcaric) over Hypercalcic Calcisol at the mid slope position and Fluvisol at the valley bottom
 * in the green-reddish-gray metamorphosed banded marl: Leptic Calcisol at the upper slope, Haplic Calcisol at the foot slope, and Fluvisol at the valley bottom

title: Aqushela


text:
User:JD Records/sandbox

Jeremy Daniel OspinaKnown as Jeremy Danielss(JD, JD Rah or JD Girl. is a Colombian-American singer that got discovered by Andrew Gibson during his performance in the Mega radio station

title: User:JD Records/sandbox


text:
analiza

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) of or relating to analysis, analytical

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) analysis
 * 2) analysis

Etymology
.  . . Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) analysis
 * 2) analysis

Etymology 1
.

Verb

 * 1) to analyze

Etymology 2
Forms of the noun.

Noun

 * 1) analysis

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) analysis
 * 2) analysis

title: analiza


text:
atletika

Noun

 * 1) track and field (US), athletics (UK)

Etymology
Borrowed from other European languages, ultimately from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) athletics

Noun

 * 1)  track and field (US), athletics (UK)

title: atletika


text:
User:Ak happy'music/sandbox

My name Amit Yadav my barthday date14november 2001 in Haryana village mandhana I study for 12th class .i am interested in singing singing my lyf dreem

title: User:Ak happy'music/sandbox


text:
User:Arnhemcr

Hi, my name is Andrew. Originally from England, I now live in New Zealand.

Here are resources that I've found useful when writing for Wikipedia:

 * Hemingway Editor
 * Grammarly for Firefox set to British English
 * Oxford Text Checker
 * Title Case Convertor set to Wikipedia
 * Guide to Punctuation

title: User:Arnhemcr


text:
Heinrich Schweizer

Heinrich Schweizer (born September 5, 1943) is a Swiss composer of classical music. Schweizer first rose to prominence with his Historical Symphony, completed in 1974, which was premiered by the American Symphony Orchestra conducted by David Gilbert at Avery Fisher Hall on May 14, 1979. Some of his other notable compositions include Sinfonietta, the Pentatonic and East West Symphony.

title: Heinrich Schweizer


text:
Altiplano (disambiguation)

The Altiplano (Spanish for "high plain") is an Andean highland in Bolivia, Peru, and Chile.

Altiplano may also refer to:

Places

 * Altiplano Cundiboyacense, a Colombian Andean highland in Cundinamarca and Boyacá
 * Altiplano Nariñense, a Colombian Andean highland in Nariño and Putumayo
 * Mexican Altiplano, or Mexican Plateau, of northern and central Mexico
 * Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, "Altiplano", a maximum security federal prison in Mexico
 * Altiplano guatemalteco, or Guatemalan highlands, which culturally includes part of Chiapas, south eastern Mexico
 * Altiplano de Granada, in Andalucia, Spain
 * Altiplano de Yecla-Jumilla, a comarca of Region of Murcia, Spain
 * The Altiplano, an elevated valley in Antarctica

Other uses

 * Altiplano (2009 film), a drama film directed by Peter Brosens and Jessica Woodworth
 * Altiplano (2018 film), an experimental short film directed by Malena Szlam
 * Altiplanos, a 2005 album by Pierre Bensusan

title: Altiplano (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Beatdown

Untitled
RE: my fireball edit- Fireball was errata'ed at the time to do X damage divided (rounded down) among Y+1 creatures. Wizards later changed the card's wording to something a little less mathematical, but it was not a "mistake" at the time of the Beatdown printing. ChocoCid 20:24, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Can someone figure out a way to make the expansion symbol larger in the infobox? It just looks like a horizontal blob. --Khaim 15:09, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Ball Lightning
Someone might want to update that Groundbreaker is a reprint of Ball Lightning. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:06, 13 April 2007 (UTC).

title: Talk:Beatdown


text:
Praia Cape Verde Temple

The Praia Cape Verde Temple is a temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Praia, Cape Verde.

History
The intent to construct the temple was announced by church president Russell M. Nelson on October 7, 2018. The Praia Cape Verde Temple was announced concurrently with 11 other temples. At the time, the number of the church's total number of operating or announced temples was 201 with this announcement.

On May 4, 2019, a groundbreaking to signify beginning of construction was held, with Paul V. Johnson, who was then president of the church's Europe Area, presiding. On March 3, 2022, the LDS Church announced that a public open house would be held from May 21 through June 11, 2022, excluding Sundays. The temple was dedicated on June 19, 2022 by Neil L. Andersen.

title: Praia Cape Verde Temple


text:
ammonical

Adjective

 * 1)  Of or pertaining to ammonia.

Translations

 * French: ,
 * Polish: amoniakalny,

title: ammonical


text:
Talk:Shayne Graham

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Shayne Graham. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20140109154600/http://www.zimbio.com/Shayne+Graham/articles/GDQUJhSKjFE/Ravens+Sign+Shayne+Graham+One+year+Deal to http://www.zimbio.com/Shayne+Graham/articles/GDQUJhSKjFE/Ravens+Sign+Shayne+Graham+One+year+Deal

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:38, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shayne Graham


text:
Talk:Oklaunion

Untitled
Should be merged with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklaunion,_Texas —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:18, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oklaunion


text:
Talk:Dedé (footballer, born 1978)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Dedé (footballer, born 1978). Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.reviersport.de/297593---tuerkei-dede-lernt-beim-ziehvater.html

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 01:30, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dedé (footballer, born 1978)


text:
Talk:Chalchik Chunizhekov

Article title
Should it really be Chalchik Chunizhekov to follow the pattern of other biographies in Wikipedia (forename surname)?

As it is, it's entered as surname, forename, like a print encyclopedia. --FeanorStar7 (talk) 10:09, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chalchik Chunizhekov


text:
Session hijacking

In computer science, session hijacking, sometimes also known as cookie hijacking, is the exploitation of a valid computer session—sometimes also called a session key—to gain unauthorized access to information or services in a computer system. In particular, it is used to refer to the theft of a magic cookie used to authenticate a user to a remote server. It has particular relevance to web developers, as the HTTP cookies used to maintain a session on many websites can be easily stolen by an attacker using an intermediary computer or with access to the saved cookies on the victim's computer (see HTTP cookie theft). After successfully stealing appropriate session cookies an adversary might use the Pass the Cookie technique to perform session hijacking. Cookie hijacking is commonly used against client authentication on the internet. Modern web browsers use cookie protection mechanisms to protect the web from being attacked.

A popular method is using source-routed IP packets. This allows an attacker at point B on the network to participate in a conversation between A and C by encouraging the IP packets to pass through B's machine.

If source-routing is turned off, the attacker can use "blind" hijacking, whereby it guesses the responses of the two machines. Thus, the attacker can send a command, but can never see the response. However, a common command would be to set a password allowing access from elsewhere on the net.

An attacker can also be "inline" between A and C using a sniffing program to watch the conversation. This is known as a "man-in-the-middle attack".

History of HTTP
HTTP protocol versions 0.8 and 0.9 lacked cookies and other features necessary for session hijacking. Version 0.9beta of Mosaic Netscape, released on October 13, 1994, supported cookies.

Early versions of HTTP 1.0 did have some security weaknesses relating to session hijacking, but they were difficult to exploit due to the vagaries of most early HTTP 1.0 servers and browsers. As HTTP 1.0 has been designated as a fallback for HTTP 1.1 since the early 2000s—and as HTTP 1.0 servers are all essentially HTTP 1.1 servers the session hijacking problem has evolved into a nearly permanent security risk.

The introduction of supercookies and other features with the modernized HTTP 1.1 has allowed for the hijacking problem to become an ongoing security problem. Webserver and browser state machine standardization has contributed to this ongoing security problem.

Methods
There are four main methods used to perpetrate a session hijack. These are:

 * Session fixation, where the attacker sets a user's session ID to one known to them, for example by sending the user an email with a link that contains a particular session ID. The attacker now only has to wait until the user logs in.
 * Session side jacking, where the attacker uses packet sniffing to read network traffic between two parties to steal the session cookie. Many websites use SSL encryption for login pages to prevent attackers from seeing the password, but do not use encryption for the rest of the site once authenticated.  This allows attackers that can read the network traffic to intercept all the data that is submitted to the server or web pages viewed by the client.  Since this data includes the session cookie, it allows them to impersonate the victim, even if the password itself is not compromised.  Unsecured Wi-Fi hotspots are particularly vulnerable, as anyone sharing the network will generally be able to read most of the web traffic between other nodes and the access point.
 * Cross-site scripting, where the attacker tricks the user's computer into running code which is treated as trustworthy because it appears to belong to the server, allowing the attacker to obtain a copy of the cookie or perform other operations.
 * Malware and unwanted programs can use browser hijacking to steal a browser's cookie files without a user's knowledge, and then perform actions (like installing Android apps) without the user's knowledge. An attacker with physical access can simply attempt to steal the session key by, for example, obtaining the file or memory contents of the appropriate part of either the user's computer or the server.

After successfully acquiring appropriate session cookies an adversary might leverage the Pass the Cookie technique to perform session hijacking.

Firesheep
In October 2010, a Mozilla Firefox extension called Firesheep was released, and it provided an easy access point for session hijackers to attack users of unencrypted public Wi-Fi. Websites like Facebook, Twitter, and any that the user adds to their preferences allow the Firesheep user to easily access private information from cookies and threaten the public Wi-Fi user's personal property. Only months later, Facebook and Twitter responded by offering (and later requiring) HTTP Secure throughout.

WhatsApp sniffer
An app named WhatsApp Sniffer was made available on Google Play in May 2012. It was able to display messages from other WhatsApp users connected to the same network as the app user. At that time WhatsApp used an XMPP infrastructure with encryption, not plain-text communication.

DroidSheep
DroidSheep is a simple Android tool for web session hijacking (sidejacking). It listens for HTTP packets sent via a wireless (802.11) network connection and extracts the session id from these packets in order to reuse them. DroidSheep can capture sessions using the libpcap library and supports: open (unencrypted) networks, WEP encrypted networks, and WPA/WPA2 encrypted networks (PSK only). This software uses libpcap and arpspoof. The apk was made available on Google Play but it has been taken down by Google.

CookieCadger
CookieCadger is a graphical Java app that automates sidejacking and replay of HTTP requests, to help identify information leakage from applications that use unencrypted GET requests. It is a cross-platform open-source utility based on the Wireshark suite which can monitor wired Ethernet, insecure Wi-Fi, or load a packet capture file for offline analysis. Cookie Cadger has been used to highlight the weaknesses of youth team sharing sites such as Shutterfly (used by AYSO soccer league) and TeamSnap.

Prevention
Methods to prevent session hijacking include:

 * Encryption of the data traffic passed between the parties by using SSL/TLS; in particular the session key (though ideally all traffic for the entire session ). This technique is widely relied-upon by web-based banks and other e-commerce services, because it completely prevents sniffing-style attacks. However, it could still be possible to perform some other kind of session hijack. In response, scientists from the Radboud University Nijmegen proposed in 2013 a way to prevent session hijacking by correlating the application session with the SSL/TLS credentials
 * Use of a long random number or string as the session key. This reduces the risk that an attacker could simply guess a valid session key through trial and error or brute force attacks.
 * Regenerating the session id after a successful login. This prevents session fixation because the attacker does not know the session id of the user after they have logged in.
 * Some services make secondary checks against the identity of the user. For instance, a web server could check with each request made that the IP address of the user matched the one last used during that session. This does not prevent attacks by somebody who shares the same IP address, however, and could be frustrating for users whose IP address is liable to change during a browsing session.
 * Alternatively, some services will change the value of the cookie with each and every request. This dramatically reduces the window in which an attacker can operate and makes it easy to identify whether an attack has taken place, but can cause other technical problems (for example, two legitimate, closely timed requests from the same client can lead to a token check error on the server).
 * Users may also wish to log out of websites whenever they are finished using them. However this will not protect against attacks such as Firesheep.

title: Session hijacking


text:
Supersax

Supersax was an American jazz group, created in 1972 by saxophonist Med Flory and bassist Buddy Clark as a tribute to saxophonist Charlie Parker. The group's music consisted of harmonized arrangements of Parker's improvisations played by a saxophone section (two altos, two tenors, and a baritone), rhythm section (bass, piano, drums), and a brass instrument (trombone or trumpet).

History
Notable brass soloists that recorded with the group included Conte Candoli (trumpet), Frank Rosolino (trombone) and Carl Fontana (trombone). On the group's recordings their music was tightly orchestrated, with arrangements by Flory that contained little or no calls for improvisation (although members of the band would often solo at live performances).

Saxophonist Warne Marsh was a member in the first edition of the group, and although he was never given freedom to solo on any officially released materials, Lee Konitz has stated that there are bootleg tapes of the group where Warne played a solo.

They won the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance by a Group in 1974. They were also part of the Grammy-nominated 1983 recording Supersax & L.A. Voices, Volume 1, in which the L.A. Voices were nominated for Best Jazz Vocal Performance - Duo Or Group. Med Flory also wrote the vocal arrangements for the L.A. Voices recordings, as well as sang bass.

Discography

 * Supersax Plays Bird (Capitol, 1973)
 * Salt Peanuts: Supersax Plays Bird Vol. 2 (Capitol, 1974)
 * Supersax Plays Bird with Strings (Capitol, 1975)
 * Chasin' the Bird (MPS, 1977)
 * Dynamite!! (MPS, 1979)
 * Supersax & L.A. Voices: L.A. (Columbia, 1983)
 * Supersax & L.A. Voices Vol. 2 (CBS, 1984)
 * Supersax & L.A. Voices Vol. 3: Straighten Up and Fly Right (CBS, 1986)
 * Stone Bird (Columbia, 1988)
 * Live in '75: The Japanese Tour (Hindsight, 1998)
 * Live in '75: The Japanese Tour Vol. 2 (Hindsight, 1999)

title: Supersax


text:
User:MadelineChloe

Not my real name.

Joined as part of the 2020 ACS Women Chemists Committee Edit-a-thon.

Interested in amplifying the stories of Chemists from marginalized groups.

title: User:MadelineChloe


text:
Ermes Espinosa Veloz

Ermes Espinoza Veloz (born 1987) is a Cuban chess grandmaster.

Chess career
He played in the Chess World Cup 2015, being defeated by the eventual winner Sergey Karjakin in the first round. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster (GM) by FIDE in 2017.

title: Ermes Espinosa Veloz


text:
User:EditJason/sandbox

Tyreesha BonQuiQui LaQuifa Shontelle ShanaynayNisha Brielle Johnson
Tyreesha BonQuiQui LaQuifa Shontelle ShanaynayNisha Brielle Johnson is a character on Youtube portrayed by Jason Quiambao. Their Youtube channel is found as "VajayjayFTW."

Category:YouTube

On Youtube, their channel is found under the name as "VajayjayFTW." Their first video, published and made public on October 8, 2012, includes the characters Tyreesha and Tyrone, Tyrone being portrayed by Marvin Quiambao, a relative of Jason.

title: User:EditJason/sandbox