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User:Vuara/Hyperlanguage of the Hebrew Alphabet

http://www.organelle.org/organelle/72/72d.html

An Angelic Alphabet

The Hebrew ‘aleph-beit’ is a ‘cognitive entheogen’, and is divine in nature. It accurately represents ways of knowing which conserve their not-entirely-human origins, and is a living artifact from a vast Epic of adventures with celestial presence on Earth. If we look at this from the perspective of spirituality, this language is a gift to the people of Earth from our spiritual progenitors. It is also a lot like a science-fiction toy from the future — it has trans-temporal connectivities and thus comprises something of a ‘prophecy device’. Hebrew is a living doorway to the ‘outside’ of what we understand as Time. I state this not as theory or philosophy but as easily demonstrated fact.

Theopoetic in function and purpose, the whole of creation is experienced by initiates as encoded in a magical way in the archetypal identities, shapes, histories, and relations of the letters. These relations are commonly non-linear, and so potentially diverse as to defy any single system of exploration. Each entity in a letter, word or phrase is reflectively redefined by systems of context, position and a magically-founded numerism which is most likely the source of modern ‘numerology’.

The 613 thousand letters of the Torah are said to comprise a single name of God, and a remembrance of the number of the souls who departed Egypt during Exodus. But hidden within the relational symmetries of the letters are profound doorways to ecstatic communion with their source. For thousands of years the ‘hidden’ aspects of Hebrew have escaped secular understanding almost entirely — a common goal of any sacred tongue. Yet these matters and ways are not meant to remain forever hidden, and in truth we live in a new Aeon where what was long hidden is now to be revealed and magnified in our lives and experience — not merely in books.

Whether or not Hebrew is ‘the chosen language’ is a question for those children who prefer division to unity, so too are questions relating to authorization to know, use or learn it. Hebrew is an amazing archeocognitive enlightenment-game. It is meant to be ‘played’ by children, not experts — and its purpose is liberation, not admonition and wrathful judgment as we are too often convinced by those who know too little of these matters to have any reasonable credentials for ‘teaching us’ of them.

The Numbers in the Letters in the Names...

In ancient cultures numeric entities were ‘something else’ before they were abstract. To know the ‘number 1’ was akin to having a special teaching angel for a best friend — it was a relationship with a being, not a token. Each of the cardinals (first 9 or ten numbers) was contemplated in similar fashion. In our time we are taught to denigrate such knowledge as spurious or superstition. The bald fact of reality is that in comparison it is our stance which is absurd, not theirs. The whole domain of mathematics and all of the sciences have their source in the precursors of the religions and informal metaphysics they labor so feverishly to denigrate, vilify or deny.

Back around the time of Pythagoras, and probably for a long long time before him, the fundamental numeric entities were experientially known to be living transports to impossible understanding. Their use in counting as abstract ‘values’ was seen as a denigrated and pragmatic reduction of their real natures and functions — akin to making idols to represent gods. Each of the first nine (ten to initiates) numbers is of peculiar and of profound formative significance, and each uniquely reflects the other members of the primordial set. These entities are not quantities, but are akin to transports in the body of the unityBeing — ‘angels’ (or angles) who exist as accessible teachers and ‘measurers’. To activate this transport, one cultivates a playfully non-human model of numerism in general, not entirely unalike with something we might expect from ‘an insane person’ in modern times.

‘Counting’ and ‘math’ are merely falsified pragmatic reductions of this ancient understanding, useful only for matters of enumerating and ‘building things’. These ‘abstract’ faces of numeric entities are terrifying in their ability to rob us of unity and comprehension, for they ‘shave away’ all that is true and real in preference to ‘images of empty structure’. As a denigrated toy, these forms of knowing are useful, but if we credential them as gods the result is a direct and crippling attack upon our anciently conserved organismal and human intelligence. When this attack ceases, our intelligence naturally expands to inhabit the re - membered spaciousness of the universe itself, and many universes beyond those we’ve named.

The hebrew arts of sacred writing comprise the elements of a formative hyperlanguage, extremely different from our own, and the letters of their aleph-beit share these qualities — existing as ‘many dimensional’ spiritual archetypes arranged in scalarly self-referential lexicon. Hebrew is a living doorway which conserves these relations, and it offers us precious access into not only what is possible, but the opportunities which lie far beyond what was accomplished thousands of years ago. It is an inexhaustible vehicle of literal enlightenment, not merely the language of a given people on Earth.

It is our birthright to have access to learning-modes and knowledge far in excess of the sum of what human science and religion can offer. We will never claim this right in isolation, for it is in every case the sacred fruit of human unity in mutual uplift, rescue, learning and celebration.

Notarikon,Temura and Gematria:

To understand a single letter, is to become ‘more alike with’ all that it relates to and is reflected with(in). Each is a living koan, a riddle-friend with whom one will always live and travel. Each letter also has a variety of numeric associates, which are ‘computed’ according to the rules of a variety of formal and informal systems. Each letter has at least 4 ‘intrinsic values’ in Gematria. Rather than being merely numbers, these values correspond to poetic and spiritual archetypes which represent primordial principles in multiple dimensions of metafication. Hebrew words have this same quality, which is a ‘sum’ of these angelic-lingual ‘archetypes’.. Each word may be numerically indexed to other term-archetypes in its ‘intimate family’ via a discipline known as gematria. These ‘games’ form a whole other dimension of semantic literacy, and provide a mode of recombinantly active metaphoric connectivity unknown in English.

Two words with the same gematric indices are clearly and usually poetically related. The potentials for relational gematria are probably infinite, but a few standard forms of the discipline have come down to us from their sources in history. One must suspect that the most profoundly adept incarnations of these games remain largely the guarded secret of the highest initiates, and may well be impossible to transmit in ‘system’ being founded instead in achieving and sustaining direct contact with God as co-interpreter

In gematria, each letter has various values, but one of these, the spelling value, is of particular import. Each letter in Hebrew is also a ‘word’ and thus has ‘a spelling’, usually comprised of 2 or 3 letters, beginning with the letter being spelled. Other values have to do with an arithmetic matrix and positional denominations [see 'aleph']. Thus a letter’s constituents can be ‘summed’ to produce an expansion of its elemental nature.

These values correlate with mystical and poetic principles related to the precedence-ladder of powers and events traversed in Creation, and particularly in Genesis. Essentially this is a door to an ever-more profound relationship with the sources of the Hebrew language, which turns out in every case to lead directly to contact with the living source of language itself.

o:O:o

Notarikon is the ‘noticing’ of the compressed terms which emerge when one takes the first letter each word in a specific block of text in order, discarding the rest. Many modes exist, such as last letter of a given statement, etc. Acrostics are a form of Notarikon, where the first letter of each line is taken, and these are added together to produce an encoded phrase. Notarikons can be gematrially correlated, and Temura may be applied as well, leading to further gematria.

Temura is a substitution-game, and the temura of a word can be gematrially reduced and thus correlated with indexes in memory or tome. The common forms of temura are listed below:

Note: Read English Left to Right : Read Hebrew Right to Left

Atbash: First letter is traded for the last, 2nd for 2nd to last, &c.

i.e: YHVH (or YHWH) = MTzPTz

Albam: Add 11 letter positions to the letter in question. A = L [1 (the letter)+11 = 12]

i.e: YHVH = ShAiPAi

Avgad: Add 1 letter-position. A = B

ie: YHVH = KZVZ

In early Hebrew, some letters were understood to act as guides or ‘matris lecionis’ (mothers of reading) because these letters held sway over the meaning-shape and sound-shape of the word. These protovowels formed the decoding premise of nearly every ‘word-form’ and thus acted as lexical ‘keys’ to the language itself. Aleph, Hey and Yud and Vahv most commonly used in this way.

Hebrew is suspected by most scholars to be a Canaanite dialect which began to establish itself as distinct sometime around 1000 B. C. E. The most likely symbolic sources are Phoenician— Proto-Hebraic is functionally indistinguishable from this lineage-precursor.

The square lettering form in modern use is thought to have arisen after the jewish captivity in Babylon. In Greek, the weakened guttural sounds of specific Phoenician letters, (nearly identical to old hebrew) were translated into the primordial vowels as follows:

Aleph - Alpha

Hey - Epsilon

Chait - Eta

Yod - Iota

Aiyin - Omicron

Vahv - Upsilon

In order to preserve traditional pronunciation Masoretic (a term possibly equivalent to ‘traditionalist’) scribes established and perfected a system which was distinct from the texts but could be overlaid upon them without changing the original document’s symbolic identity. Thus a modern ‘marked’ text should in theory be identical to an unmarked precursor, and markings may be systematically applied to any unmarked text without disturbing the symmetries and symbols of the text itself. The simple-seeming question: why have a complex system of markings when you can just put vowel-characters in is defeated by the timeline: these languages are from the genesis-period of vowels, and the Greeks gave and integrated the answer we ourselves still employ. The other night whilst viewing russian text in a film I recognized that their I character corresponds to our O...

References:

Introducing Biblical Hebrew, Allen P. Ross, pp. 15 - 21. +++

http://www.psyche.com/psyche/intro.html

...

"The language which must be learned to understand it" is a formative hyperlanguage constructed from semantically-accurate self-signifying signs -- the inner, structural/energetic meanings of the Hebrew alphabet.

The basic postulate: there is a hidden text written in this hyperlanguage concealed in Bereshit/Genesis and other Books of the Hebrew Bible, which can be de-coded letter by letter and word by word to yield a completely new text. Not numerology or gematria, not "bible codes," not an interpretive or hermeneutical approach, not even a translation: an unseen, coherent, self-verifying, transcendent, text. Testing this postulate, learning the language and decoding and reading the text is the revelation.

...

+++

http://www.psyche.com/psyche/qbl/formative_hyperlanguage.html

The Formative Hyperlanguage of the Hebrew Alphabet of Creation Beta version 1. What is a hyperlanguage? 2. What is a formative hyperlanguage? 3. How can an alphabet have/be a language? 4. What is an alphabet of creation? The Hebrew alphabet, considered as recursive, self-signifying formative functions or patterns, represents the smallest set of structural-semantic primes or fundamental powers necessary to generate a multiverse. We usually think of alphabets as the building blocks of language, not as languages in themselves. We know many languages that are made from essentially the same alphabet, and after all, what would "a" or "b" mean? Which is exactly the point to consider.

What if "a" or "b" had a meaning in addition to phonetic value? Then each letter of a word would contain its own significance, as well as contributing meaning to the whole. What if "a" or "b" had spellings themselves, with recursive hyperlinks to the meanings of those letters, and the letters of those letters? And what if were necessary to read a word from both directions, or in different permutations of letters?

The best description for such a language might be "hyperlanguage" since all its components are hyperlinked to other components in nested recursions. Formal definition of the word "hyperlanguage" may not exist. Google's sole general description may suggest why: Hyperlanguages transcend human languages in the same manner which human languages transcend the protolanguages of chimpanzees. Mark Alan Walker: Prolegomena to Any Future Philosophy

What is a formative hyperlanguage?

The search for a perfect, or universal, "adamic" language, or Characteristica Universalis, has been a part of human history since the Tower of Babel and Cratylus.

George Spencer-Brown: Laws of Form The language of True Names, Signature Rerum. From:  Memosys: Dr. Andreas Goppold: Infrastructures of Representation: A Quest for Multimedial Symbolization Systems: 6. Characteristica Universalis and the Origin of the Symbolator. 6.1.4. Precursors and successors of the CU Leibniz was by no means the first nor the only one to have worked on a universal language (UL) or character system (CS). Indeed, it could be said that the project of a UL was the craze of the day in 17th century proto-scientist circles (K88, 96). This quest can (somewhat arbitrarily, ANM:ADAM[107]) be originated with Jacob B鰄me (1575-1624) who had called for the re-discovery of the Adamic Language (or AL), the original language humans were supposed to have spoken before the events that were expressed in the biblical myth of the building of the Tower of Babel. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) proposed a set of universal characters in "The Advancement of Learning" and "De Augmentis Scientiarum" in 1623. The development was carried on. The list includes: Marin Mersenne 1636, John Wilkins 1641, Francis Lodwick 1647, Thomas Urquaart 1653, Cave Beck 1657, George Dalgarno 1661, Johann Joachim Becher 1661, Isaak Newton 1661, Athanasius Kircher 1663, Johann Amos Comenius 1668, Johann Sturm 1676, De Vienne Plancy 1681. (K91, p. 242; K88, 95-97). Leibniz was well aware of the approaches at UL and AL of his forerunners. Considerable influence in his thoughts had the combinatorical scheme of the Ars Magna of Raimundus Lullus (1233-1315) which he cites in "De Arte Combinatoria" of 1660. Lullus' system was not a language system but it played considerable importance in Leibniz' logical work on the CU. 6.2.6. Cabbala as Ars Characteristica The interpretation of the cabbala as given by Suar鑣 follows a thought pattern that we will find again in the chapter on "Symbolic Machines" or "Formal Character Systems". (See: ->:SYM-MACH, ->:ARS-CHAR ) On page 38 to 40, Suar鑣 describes the cabbala of the SY in terms recognizable as an approximation to the Ars Characteristica aspect of Leibniz' Characteristica Universalis. The language of the Sepher Yetsira... treats objects - water, fire, human bodies, planets, the zodiac - only in terms of their situation and of their r鬺e within an infinitely multiple, hierarchical, systematisation of the one energising life force. The equations indicating these objects consequently designate, on all planes, all the structures which exist, or could exist, in the innumerable, known or unknown, conjugations of this hierarchical system, form the most material to the most rarefied, from the least to the highest state of consciousness. SUARES-SEPHER, p. 39 The terms used by Suar鑣 are somewhat on the poetic side, but we can recognize the universal, combinatoric structure of a formal CS as Leibniz also had intended. Whether this interpretation can be worked through, or operated, cannot be determined here since that would require a thorough understanding of hebrew.

The cabbala is in this view an Ars Characteristica that has only been confused and confounded with (mostly theological) meanings by mystics first and later by rational theologists like Gerson Scholem. Mr. Scholem provoked the exaggerations to which this way of thinking gave rise, classifying everything under the false category of "mysticism." SUARES-SEPHER, p. 20 Universal languages have generally been approached from the Ars Characteristica side, as a language of essences present in all things. The formative aspect, which is why the "True Names" are true, is less considered. In the Sefer Yetzira system, grammar rules the world without its being used in any semantic manner ... This is a system in which the semantic level of language has been completely marginalized, viewed as a secondary, relatively insignificant use of a universal scientific set of laws.

The system is not semantic; can it be regarded as a semiotic one? ... is the alphabet of creation a rejection of a system of signifiers expressing a semantic message and the adoption of an alternative system of signs, signifying processes in the divine worlds and the actions of the divine powers in the created universe? ...

When a question is raised whether a scientific term is a sign or not, there will be no doubt that the word representing the term is one. Whatever a quasar or quark really is, the words "quasar" and "quark" are undoubtedly signs, created artificially to designate esotermic phenomena. But what happens if someone postulates that the enormous energy emitted from a quasar erupts from the word "quasar" itself? What if a scientific system arrives at the conclusion that the mountain emerges from the word "volcano"? In such a case, it will be possible to surmise that the word is the signified, while the material representation is the sign. This is actually the system presented by the Sepher Yetsira: The letter of the alphabet is the source of the planet, and not a sign by which it is designated.

The Language of Creation and Its Grammar Joseph Dan, Jewish Mysticism, Vol I, Aronson, 1998, p.151

Joseph Dan is rare in taking the Sepher Yetsira on its own terms, but without an understanding of the rich semantic system of the Yetsira, he is forced to look for an "alternative system of signs" in the divine world, which are non-semantic in nature. This raises the problem of a boundary between meaning and non-meaning. The Sefer Yetzira appears to base its statements and conclusions on observation and analysis, rather than on homiletical interpretation of biblical verses and the traditions of ancients sages. Its statements are ones that can be analysed, criticized, and interpreted on their own merits, rather than in comparison to a proof-text or the truth revealed to previous generations of sages.

The basic concepts of the Sefer Yetzira are so radically different than those of ancient Judaism that the attraction they exerted on Jewish Medieval scientists is obvious, once we successfully detach ourselves from the images introduced by eight centuries of "mythical," "mystical, and "magical" exegesis on the book.

Three Phases of the History of the Sefer Yetzira Joseph Dan, Jewish Mysticism, Vol I, Aronson, 1998, p.169 (emphasis added) People write Hebrew comments on the book, and other foolish people come later and comment on the commentary. Between them, the truth is lost ...                      Rabbi Yaakov ben Nissim, 10th century CE. The Sepher Yetsira is a scientific, cosmological work, not a mystical, homilectic (a la Zohar) commentary. Eight centuries of mythological, anthropomorphizing, theosophizing images must be discarded to approach the Sepher Yetsira on its own completely rational and scientific terms. 6.2.7. Structural Properties of the Cabbala

A further discussion of the cabbala requires a thorough understanding of Hebrew, which we cannot supply here. What we can do, is look at the formal aspects of the cabbalistic system. An important observation is the tree structure of the autiot characters. Since the name of each character can be expanded in a manner of context free grammars, each character or aut gives rise to an endlessly repeating tree structure.

ALEPH is constructed of ALEPH LAMMED PHAY LAMMED is constructed of LAMMED MEM DALLET MEM--MEM--MEM DALLET is constructed of DALLET LAMMED TAV

and so on.

Now this in itself may be nice but there is nothing new to it. We can do the same with the Greek Alpha-Beta system and form a tree, or in whatever language where the letters have full names. But we have a start that we will come back to. In the chapter on fractal character systems we will show a way to make good use of a nested character structure. Its system is somewhat different but it is following the same line of thought.

->:FRACTAL

A very interesting possibility should ensue when we can find a systematic means of changing the tree hidden under a character as influenced by its neighbor characters. This has not been envisioned by the cabbalists who had nothing but their unaided brains to do their symbol processing for them. (ANM:LIFE[108]) Such exploits are better done with the symbolator. What's new is the meaning: understanding each recursive letter as an abstract, generalized, biologically-structured formative pattern/process (or structural/energetic or semantic/semiotic) "fundamental power of all being." [ * ].

It's not the tree under the letter that changes (their recursive sturctures are unaffected). Instead, they all contribute their nested semantic structures to the whole, whose integration is the work of the formator, who stands in the center and makes the links on the appropriate levels of structuration and signification. Ten Sephirot Belimah. Ten and not nine. Ten and not eleven. Understand with Hhokmah. Meditate with Binah. Examine them. Delve into them and experiment with them. And the one who is there (standing) speaks to his creator and puts the maker of form in his rightful place (or, his foundation). Suares, SY, 1:4 The formative/symbolic meanings and recursive structures of the Hypertext Hebrew Alphabet can be explored in depth. As an introduction to qualities of our theoretical hyperlanguage, we can examine the structures of the first six letters of the alphabet.

Recursive Expansions of the First Six Letters of the Hebrew Alphabet

Aleph Bayt Ghimel Dalet

Hay Waw

The first six letters of the Hebrew alphabet contain three different kinds of structures, or semantic automata: two infinite repeating series, one complex (Aleph, Bayt, Ghimel, Dalet), one simple (Waw) and one non-recursive, terminating character, Hay. It is important to remember that we are dealing with biologically structured energies in different states of organization. The first four letters, while very different in meaning and action, share a common biological process in their roots: the Dalet-Lamed-Mem rhythm of controlled response (Lamed) in a resistant (Dalet) biological pattern (Mem).

We have learned from recent research that complex structures may be produced by simple rules. Whether or not a meaningful principle of computational equivilance exists, it is interesting to contemplate the results from complex rules. With this brief introduction to the deep structure of individual letters, we can now put a few of them together and examine the consequences. The first three letters of Genesis/Bereshit,       bring thirteen into creation, including           itself. When examined in their deep structure and interrelatedness, we immediately recognize the fundamental theme of the qabala: creation is the result of the structuration of the one dual energy.

Bara

The central Raysh endogenously produces in existence the cosmic Sheen, breath of God. The first, exterior, Yod of outer existence supports the Bayt process, providing material containers for cosmic energy. The second, interior, Yod provided by the inner Yod of Raysh-Yod-Sheen-Yod-Noun supports the Aleph process, bringing the Intemporal into existence. This double structuration of energy, immediately evident in the expansion of the first three letters of Bereshit/Genesis, can be found in every word and verse of the first four chapters of the Bible.


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Talk:Molipteryx fuliginosa

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title: Talk:Molipteryx fuliginosa


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The Voynich Manuscript/F4r

Transcription, comments, theories, links to do with VMs page f4r to be added here... :-)

Description:
One plant, mostly in the right half of the page.

Two paragraphs (with 3.8 and 8.6 lines), both above mid-page. The first is left- and right-justified, and interrupted once by the flowers; the second is left-justified and follows the plant's outline on the right.

Comments:
Plant appearance: very normal, exceptionally well-drawn. The layout of leaves and flowers is very naturalistic. The "dark painter" apparently spared it.

title: The Voynich Manuscript/F4r


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Talk:Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Cleaning parts

There are also devices that you can use to clean your chain. I've not really had much help with these, as they just get the solution mucky, but chains stay dirty because of the dirty gears. I suggest sticking with a rag. - RealGrouchy 02:05, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

bicycle chains
To clean chains I take off the chain and let it sit overnight in a solvent (like gasoline).

Someone else left this comment without signing it. All I can say is yikes! Here's a brief item on why this is a really bad idea.--Dhodges 18:05, 20 January 2007 (UTC)


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1,1-Dimethyldiborane

1,1-Dimethyldiborane is the organoboron compound with the formula (CH3)2B(μ-H)2BH2. A pair of related 1,2-dimethyldiboranes are also known. It is a colorless gas that ignites in air.

Formation
The methylboranes were first prepared by H. I. Schlesinger and A. O. Walker in the 1930s. Methylboranes are formed by the reaction of diborane and trimethylborane. This reaction produces four different substitution of methyl with hydrogen on diborane. Produced are 1-methyldiborane, 1,1-dimethyldborane, 1,1,2-trimethyldiborane, and 1,1,2,2-tetramethyldiborane.

Tetramethyl lead reacts with diborane in a 1,2-dimethoxyethane solvent at room temperature to make a range of methyl substituted diboranes, ending up at trimethylborane, but including 1,1-dimethyldiborane, and trimethyldiborane. The other outputs of the reaction are hydrogen gas and lead metal.

Other methods to form methyldiboranes include heating trimethylborane with hydrogen. Alternatively trimethylborane reacts with borohydride salts with in the presence of hydrogen chloride, aluminium chloride, or boron trichloride. If the borohydride is sodium borohydride, then methane is a side product. If the metal is lithium then no methane is produced. dimethylchloroborane and methyldichloroborane are also produced as gaseous products.

When Cp2Zr(CH3)2 reacts with borane dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, a borohydro group inserts into the zirconium carbon bond, and methyl diboranes are produced.

In ether dimethylcalcium reacts with diborane to produce dimethyldiborane and calcium borohydride:
 * Ca(CH3)2 + 2 B2H6 → Ca(BH4)2 + B2H4(CH3)2

1,2-dimethyldiborane slowly converts on standing to 1,1-dimethyldiborane.

Gas chromatography can be used to determine the amounts of the methyl boranes in a mixture. The order they elute are diborane, monomethyldiborane, trimethylborane, 1,1-dimethyldiborane, 1,2-dimethyldiborane, trimethyldiborane, and finally tetramethyldiborane.

Selected properties
1,1-Dimethyldiborane has a dipole moment of 0.87 d. The predicted heat of formation for the liquid is ΔH0f=-31 kcal/mol, and for the gas -25 kcal/mol. Heat of vapourisation was measured at 5.5 kcal/mol.

Reactions
At −78.5 °C, methyldiborane disproportionates slowly, first to diborane and 1,1-dimethyldiborane. In solution methylborane is more stable against disproportionation than dimethylborane.

 * 2 MeB2H5 → 1,1-Me2B2H4 + B2H6, K = 2.8, Me = CH3
 * 3 [1,1-Me2B2H4] → 2 Me3B2H3 + B2H6, K = 0.00027

Trimethyldiborane partially disproportionates over a period of hours at room temperature to yield tetramethyldiborane and 1,2-dimethyldiborane. Over a period of weeks 1,1-dimethyldiborane appears as well.

Gentler oxidation of 1,1-dimethyldiborane at 80 °C yields 2,5-dimethyl-1,3,4-trioxadiboralane, a volatile liquid that contains a ring of two boron and three oxygen atoms. An intermediate in this reaction is two molecules of dimethylborylhydroperoxide (CH3)2BOOH. (CAS 41557-62-5) When methyldiborane is oxidised around 150 °C a similar substance methyltrioxadiboralane is produced. At the same time dimethyltrioxadiboralane and trimethylboroxine are also formed, and also hydrocarbons, diborane, hydrogen, and dimethoxyborane (dimethyl methylboronic ester).

title: 1,1-Dimethyldiborane


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Inorganic Chemistry/Catalysis

Introduction
Catalysis is the ability of some species to rapidly speed up the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds. For historical reasons, the discipline is normally split into two sub-categories; homogeneous (homo = same, geneous = phase) and heterogeneous (hetero = different). Homogeneous catalysis is concerned with catalysts that are in the same phase as the chemical reactions they are speeding up. These reactions are normally in the liquid phase and include all of biology's enzymes. While the majority of homogeneous catalysis is in the liquid phase there are gas phase and solid phase homogeneous catalytic reactions. Heterogeneous catalysts have a catalyst that is in a different phase. This type of catalysis is responsible for the vast majority of 'bulk' chemicals that are produced each year that go into making all the things we take for granted around us such as plastics, and are also extensively used for refining oil in gasoline. This chapter focuses on heterogeneous catalysis and specifically how and why they work at all.

The key concept in catalysis, and indeed all of chemistry, is the tension between the thermodynamics of a particular reaction which tells you whether something should happen, and the kinetics which tells you how fast something will happen. This tension in the world around you is everywhere i.e. thermodynamics says the diamond on an engagement ring should turn into graphite, a more stable allotrope of carbon but the kinetics is such that you would be waiting a very, very long time before it happened! Catalysis works by giving chemical reactions that should happen a way to actually happen.

Conceptual Analogy
The standard way to think of a chemical reaction happening is to imagine the energy of a molecule as being represented by a z co-ordinate while the reaction 'proceeds' in the x-y plane. If this sounds confusing, just think of the energy as being like the height of land features like mountains relative to their position. A molecule in this landscape would be a place where you can't go downhill without having to go uphill first, like a crater lake. Even though on a global scale, a crater lake should flow down to the sea, the local conditions around it mean that it would have to first flow uphill, which we could postulate doesn't happen on a regular basis. This analogy helps to visualise what is going on in a chemical reaction: the atoms involved when they're joined in one fashion are in an energy 'lake' and aren't able to change, but given the right conditions, such as temperature or photons, they are able to get over the energy barrier and flow down to another energy 'lake' which has the atoms joined in another fashion. This energy barrier is called the activation energy. In our analogy, imagine drilling a hole from one lake to another lake, since the water doesn't have to go 'up and over', it can flow easily to another position. This is exactly what a catalyst does, it doesn't change the total energy of the system or where the system will eventually end up (the thermodynamics dictate this), it just provides an easier way for the system to get there and hence speeds it up (it increases the rate). This analogy paints a picture that helps you remember the text-book definition of a catalyst: a substance which increases the rate at which a thermodynamic equilibrium is obtained by lowering the activation energy of the reaction pathway.

That is what a catalyst does but it doesn't give us any idea of how. It is only useful in deciding whether you are observing catalysis in action, the mechanism of how heterogeneous catalysts work is far more subtle.

Mechanism
According to Surface absoprtion theory heterogeneous catalysis has five stages:

The ability for an atom or molecule to stick to the surface is known, brilliantly, as the Sticking Co-efficient. This is just the ratio or percentage of molecules that end up sticking on the surface.

Examples
In the contact process vanadium [V] oxide (V2O2) is solid whereas the reactants SO2 and O2 are gaseous.

More detailed method:

2V2O5(s) + 2SO2(g)⇔ 2SO3(g) + 2V2O4(s)

2V2O4(s) + O2 (g) ⇔ 2V2O5 (s)

Therefore: 2SO2(g) + O2(g)⇔ 2SO3(g)

title: Inorganic Chemistry/Catalysis


text:
Rainbow Lake, New York

Rainbow Lake is a hamlet in Franklin County, New York, United States. The community is 9.7 mi north of Saranac Lake. Rainbow Lake has a post office with ZIP code 12976, which opened on July 8, 1884.

title: Rainbow Lake, New York


text:
Will Simmons

Will Simmons (June 4, 1884 – January 1, 1949) was an American painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics. His father was the painter and muralist Edward Emerson Simmons, one of the famous group called Ten American Painters.

title: Will Simmons


text:
Plant identification

The Plant identification project is for making quizzes where students can try to identify plants from photographs.

Individual pages can be transcluded to make quizzes. Be careful not to make the quiz pages too large, out of courtesy for our friends with slow connections.

How to make pages for individual plants
To start, just go to the /Plant list/ page, and add the plant to the list there (in alphabetical order) using the following link style: This will create a "red link" to the subpage you want to create. Click on that red link, then paste the following onto the page: Add this to a quiz page by copying and pasting
 * ../Scientific name/

 *

Use just the individual page name for the image, the template will supply "File:" and the number of pixels, (and the image must exist in the File: namespace). For example:

Acer griseum0.jpg, not

How to make quizzes
Quizzes can be made for any reason. For Wikiversity purposes, some will be created as adjuncts to the Bloom clock, but users are encouraged to make quizzes for any purpose, such as study aids for University or other classes.

Quizzes

 * /Quiz 1/ (Mid-Atlantic, USA: Winter)

Ethnobotany-related quizzes

 * Plants used by the Cherokee

title: Plant identification


text:
Music Theory/Authors

If you added anything to this book, please feel free to enter either your nickname or full name to the list below:

 * A.J.
 * John Muniz
 * Kef Li Eric Marcus X-Schecter
 * hoogli
 * George Leung
 * PCon
 * Tropsy
 * zack69
 * MusicalMay
 * Henré "Mutant" Botha
 * TBOL3
 * Marcus2
 * Herr Beethoven
 * Leon Onn

Thanks to all of those!

title: Music Theory/Authors


text:
User:Swtrauf/sandbox

AIT Computer Institute of Information Technology

Categories: Computer Training Institutes

Address: 37 Ram Nagar Shoping Center Near Apolo Pharmency, Shastri Nagar, Jaipur, 302016

Landmark: Kawantiya Circel Near Apolo Pharmency

Contact Person: Imran Khan

Mobile: +91-9024117675

Landline: +91-0141-2309667

Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Website: http://myait.in

title: User:Swtrauf/sandbox


text:
General Relativity/Comma derivative

< General Relativity

In General Relativity we write our (4-dimensional) coordinates as $$(x^0,x^1,x^2,x^3)$$. The flat Minkowski spacetime coordinates ("Local Lorentz frame") are $$x^0=ct$$, $$x^1=x$$, $$x^2=y$$, and $$x^3=z$$, where $$c$$ is the speed of light, $$t$$ is time, and $$x$$, $$y$$, and $$z$$ are the usual 3-dimensional Cartesian space coordinates.

A comma derivative is just a convenient notation for a partial derivative with respect to one of the coordinates. Here are some examples:

1. $$T^\alpha_{\ \beta, \gamma} = \frac {\partial T^\alpha_{\ \beta}} {\partial x^\gamma}$$

2. $$f_{, \mu} = \frac{\partial f} {\partial x^\mu}$$

3. $$w^\mu_{\, \nu} = \frac{\partial w^\mu} {\partial x^\nu}$$

4. $$\Gamma^\alpha_{\ \beta \gamma ,\mu} = \frac {\partial \Gamma^\alpha_{\ \beta \gamma}} {\partial x^\mu}$$

If several indices appear after the comma, they are all taken to be part of the differentiation. Here are some examples:

1. $$S_{\alpha \ ,\mu \nu}^{\ \beta} = \left( S_{\alpha \ ,\mu}^{\ \beta} \right)_{, \nu} = \frac {\partial} {\partial x^\nu} \left( \frac{\partial S_\alpha^{\ \beta}} {\partial x^\mu} \right) =\frac {\partial^2 S_\alpha^{\ \beta}} {\partial x^\nu \partial x^\mu} $$

2. $$f_{, \alpha \beta \beta} =\left[ \left( f_{, \alpha} \right)_{, \beta} \right]_{, \beta} = \frac{\partial^3 f} {\partial^2 x^\beta \partial x^\alpha} $$

Now, we change coordinate systems via the Jacobian $$x^\mu_{\, \nu}$$. The transformation rule is $$x^{\bar \mu} = x^\mu x^{\bar \mu}_{\, \mu}$$.

Finally, we present the following important theorem:

Theorem: $$x^\alpha_{\, \mu} x^\mu_{\ , \beta} = \delta^\alpha_\beta$$

Proof: $$x^\alpha_{\, \mu} x^\mu_{\ , \beta} = \sum_{\mu=0}^3 \frac {\partial x^\alpha} {\partial x^\mu} \frac {\partial x^\mu} {\partial x^\beta}$$, which by the chain rule is $$\frac {\partial x^\alpha} {\partial x^\beta}$$, which is of course $$\delta^\alpha_\beta$$. $$\square$$

So, as a matrix, the matrix inverse of $$\left( x^\alpha_{\, \mu} \right)$$ is $$\left( x^\mu_{\ , \beta} \right)$$.

title: General Relativity/Comma derivative


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Song Dong

Song Dong

 * ... that Chinese artist Song Dong (pictured) has responded to the destruction of historic buildings in Beijing by creating an edible city?
 * Reviewed: Template:Did you know nominations/Maouri people

Created/expanded by Prioryman (talk). Self nom at 16:11, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol confirmed.svg Expansion, refs, hook etc all check out. However, I'd like to see the article broken into sections; an article with several short sections is preferable to one that is just one unbroken section. Logical headers would probably place everything up to ref 1 as the lead; the next two paragraphs as one heading; the paragraph and blockquote on Beijing/edible art as another; and either the final two paragraphs as a heading each or together as one under a broader title. GRAPPLE   X  20:54, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed - I've added some headers, an infobox and some images. Prioryman (talk) 22:44, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Looks a lot better now. Image checks out fine for main page. GRAPPLE   X  22:47, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
Talk:David J. Darling

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David J. Darling. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130121210700/http://www.cosmosportal.org/resources/view/138555/ to http://www.cosmosportal.org/resources/view/138555/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:56, 8 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David J. Darling


text:
Talk:Intelligence Intensification/Proofs

English Usage
A couple of web dictionary searches show that falsify as a synonym for disprove is valid, but it is not a common current usage in my experience. I know the use of "disprove" in the context of the module is especially unwanted (defining proof in terms of a derivate word would be a mistake!), so can someone suggest a better word of phrase. Mark Hurd 02:58, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I probably wrote falsify as it is the word usally used in this context in Swedish and since I knew the word existed in English. --DanielJanzon 21:19, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I hear "falsifiable" used in the context of scientific hypotheses all the time. Nothing wrong with "falsify" here.  <IP_ADDRESS> 05:31, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC) (User:Tormod)

Scientific method
I'm adding a much more detailed version of the scientific method, if you have an objection to this, please raise it on this talk page

 * Personally I like it. Maybe it would be a good thing to make it an easier read. I think it's important that even those who aren't already familar with the concepts can read the chapter. I hope many people involved in new age cosmic foo foo will come across this book and increase their demand for proof. Maybe there is a way to include both styles (humorous half-crazy style and, possibly for some people, boring thorough approach naming the concepts with adequate names etc). --DanielJanzon 20:45, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll try to work on making it more readable if I can find the time. What do you think about the section on inductive reasoning?


text:
Oddbjørg

Etymology
From +.

Usage notes
Matronymics
 * son of Oddbjørg:
 * daughter of Oddbjørg:

Etymology
From and.

title: Oddbjørg


text:
tent embassy

Noun

 * 1)  A semipermanent encampment set up as the focal point of a protest, particularly with regard to the rights of indigenous people.
 * 2) * 1985, Jens Brøsted, Jens Dahl (editors), Native Power: The Quest for Autonomy and Nationhood of Indigenous Peoples, Scandinavian University Press, page 55,
 * Outstanding examples of this genre of moral opposition are the tent embassies erected at different times in Washington, Canberra, Ottawa, Oslo and other capital cities.

title: tent embassy


text:
hobi

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hobby

Etymology
From.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) hobby activity done for enjoyment in spare time

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hobby (activity done for enjoyment in spare time)

title: hobi


text:
Talk:Brenda Benet

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:54, 24 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Brenda Bennet in The Young Marrieds 1965.jpg

Some people couldn't distinguish between actor and character?
I find "Her role on Days of Our Lives made her extremely unpopular with fans; Benet's character was breaking up one of the show's popular couples, Doug and Julie, and fans were outraged. " Was this before we, say, found out that occasionally a gay actor was playing a married person (and I don't mean playing someone in same-sex relationship). Carlm0404 (talk) 05:42, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brenda Benet


text:
User:Alf.laylah.wa.laylah/List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States new main article draft

This is a list of people killed by nonmilitary law enforcement officers, whether in the line of duty or not, and regardless of reason or method. Inclusion in the list implies neither wrongdoing nor justification on the part of the person killed or the officer involved. The listing merely documents the occurrence of a death.

The lists below are incomplete, as the annual average number is estimated to be near 400.

Background
Within the limits set by the US Supreme Court in Tennessee v. Garner, authority to use deadly force in the line of duty is granted by state law to state and local law enforcement agencies. Individual agencies set policies and procedures regarding when and how to use deadly force. When deadly force is used within the prescribed manner, the killing is deemed a justifiable homicide. Some law enforcement agencies routinely investigate all uses of deadly force while others investigate only cases involving extenuating circumstances. Other causes of death to suspects include accidents and police brutality. When the circumstances surrounding a death are questionable, a state and/or federal agency may investigate.

Through the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, the US Congress mandated the Attorney General to collect data on the use of excessive force by police and to publish an annual report from the data. Two national systems collect data which include homicides committed by law enforcement officers in the line of duty. The National Center for Health Statistics maintains the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) which aggregates data from locally filed death certificates. State laws require that death certificates be filed with local registrars, but the certificates do not systematically document whether a killing was legally justified nor whether a law enforcement officer was involved. The FBI maintains the Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR) which relies on the voluntary participation of state and local law enforcement agencies in submitting reports about crimes. A study of the years 1976 to 1998 found that both national systems underreport justifiable homicides by police officers, but for different reasons. Records in the NVSS did not consistently include documentation of police officer involvement. The UCR database did not receive reports of all applicable incidents. The authors concluded that "reliable estimates of the number of justifiable homicides committed by police officers in the United States do not exist." A study of killings by police from 1999 to 2002 in the Central Florida region found that the national databases included only one-fourth of the number of persons killed by police as reported in the local news media.

Lists of Killings

 * List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States 2012
 * List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States 2011
 * List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States 2010
 * List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States 2009
 * List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States prior to 2009


text:
Talk:Denise Nickerson

The Brady Bunch
She did NOT play a girlfriend of Peter Brady. She went out (on a blind date) with Peter's double, Arthur. Peter (who did not know her, she was the boss's neice or something) was roped into going out with her when he already had another date with the hot chick at school. So he pushed her off on his recently (and conveniently) discovered DOUBLE. She was ARTHUR's DATE! NOT PETER'S GIRLFRIEND. Thank you. <IP_ADDRESS> 00:57, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Violet-1971.jpg
Image:Violet-1971.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 02:15, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Gene Wilder?
What is the line Nickerson was with Gene Wilder in 1971-1973. referring to? --2001:4898:80E8:EE31:0:0:0:3 (talk) 04:33, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

September 2016
This may be morbid, but in a 2014 reunion of the child actors from Willy Wonka, Nickerson looked considerably older than her 57 years and very frail. Is there some medical condition that is not being mentioned? Sussmanbern (talk) 01:16, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

Spelling error
I guess the page is locked at this moment, but in the second paragraph under "Illness and Death," the incorrectly spelled word "accesed" should be changed to "accessed." No44ns864962 (talk) 13:56, 11 July 2019 (UTC)

 * . Thank you. —  Wylie pedia  @ 15:26, 11 July 2019 (UTC)

to answer a question
Nickerson was a heavy smoker for years, that's why near the end of her life she looked much older than she was. Her smoking also led to the stroke. Paul Benjamin Austin (talk) 04:51, 31 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Ahh. Thank you. I was wondering about that, too. Captain Quirk (talk) 22:05, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Sobre a página Gene Wilder
Olá! Percebi alguns pequenos erros na página, tentei editar, contudo, na edição, não havia a tradução para português. A página pediu que eu logasse, e foi o que fiz, porém, continuei a não ter acesso à página. O que há de errado? SaninhaC (talk) 23:24, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denise Nickerson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sharon Public Higher Secondary School

The result was delete. Vanamonde (Talk) 05:11, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Sharon Public Higher Secondary School

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Fails WP:GNG/WP:NORG. The Banner talk 16:19, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Schools-related deletion discussions.  The Banner  talk 16:19, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Education-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 16:24, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 16:24, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete per WP:SIGCOV. Only sources are listings. Bearian (talk) 23:22, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete - zero evidence of notability Spiderone  11:16, 21 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Carty

Untitled
I proposed it... so I better support it! Eiri Amach MERGE!!!

comment retracted.

IPA Pronunciations
I converted half the nonstandard pronunciations but the Irish ones are way out of my depth. Someone with a knowledge of IPA, the irish language and its phonetic dialects needs to look at this one. - Zeibura (Talk) 16:06, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

"Carty is a misspelling of the name Carty."
Huh?

I think one of those is meant to read "Carthy".

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Carty. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160122102741/http://www.clansofireland.ie/baile/content/carty-hy-many-%E2%80%93-%C3%B3-c%C3%A1rthaigh-u%C3%AD-maine to http://www.clansofireland.ie/baile/content/carty-hy-many-%E2%80%93-%C3%B3-c%C3%A1rthaigh-u%C3%AD-maine

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:41, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carty


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shaheen Foundation

The result was keep. North America1000 00:18, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

Shaheen Foundation

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No in-depth coverage in WP:RS. Fails WP:CORPDEPTH.  Greenbörg  (talk)  15:27, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Pakistan-related deletion discussions. AllyD (talk) 20:43, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep - One of the four Pakistani military's corporate subsidiaries that include: the Fauji Foundation, the Army Welfare Trust, the Shaheen Foundation, and the Bahria Foundation, with way too many mentions in books plus headlines in media e.g. The Nation & The News. - Mfarazbaig (talk) 09:01, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 18:27, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm finding it difficult to understand how the nominator could come to the conclusion that there is "no in-depth coverage in WP:RS". A simple click on the word "books" in the search links spoon-fed by the nomination process confirms that there is loads of such coverage. Those searches are there to be looked at, not to be ignored. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:12, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep - There are so many sources i'm not sure how this is even at AfD. I suggest the nom withdraw this. --  Dane  talk  00:42, 1 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Pinky Higgins

Untitled
Chapter "Role in Forestalling Integration" removed by a user on 7 January 2011. (See History.) While this chapter may be edited and improved, the topic of Higgins' impact on the Red Sox in this area should be restored in some form.McGill1974 (talk) 14:11, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pinky Higgins


text:
Lēdurga

Lēdurga is a village and the center of Lēdurga Parish, Sigulda Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. The village is located on both sides of the river Aģe, 18 km away from the municipality of Ragana and 64 km from Riga, the capital of Latvia. Lēdurga consists of parish administration, elementary school, House of Culture, sport center, Lēdurga's Lutheran church, dendrological park and open-air stage. Lēdurga is the birthplace of the Baltic German activist and writer Garlieb Merkel, the author of Die Letten ("The Latvians"), the book which first drew attention to the Latvians as more than just peasants.

History
Lēdurga (Letthegore, Lettegore, Ledegore) was first mentioned in the Livonian Chronicle of Henry in connection with events in the spring of the year 1211, when the Ridalians and the people of Saaremaa destroyed Bishop Albert's Livonian lands, including Lēdurga. William of Modena, the papal legate, conducted Christian worship for Livonians in the village church in 1225. Lēdurga was joined with Turaida in a single Lēdurga-Turaida congregation municipality in 1589. The village is formed around the center of the former Lēdurga manor ("Loddiger"). In 1932 Lēdurga obtained densely populated village status.

Education
The elementary school was established in 1871. On 21 July 1998 the school was renamed the Garlieb Merkel Elementary School to honor the Baltic German writer Garlieb Helwig Merkel since Lēdurga was his birthplace in 1769. The school has its own flag, symbol, and song by J. Ozoliņa and L. Niklase titled Skolas Gadi ("School years").

Waters
The River Aģe flows through the middle of the village, starting from the nearby Lake Aģe and ending in the Baltic Sea, near the city of Skulte. In the old days, the Aģe was used as an internal traffic and trade route. In the 13th century, the Livonian Chronicle of Henry mentioned the Aģe under the name of Adya (Livonian for "edge" ) in stories about Livonian battles against German intruders. In the village center next to the Lēdurga manor house, a dam was built, forming a pond that in the past was used for running the watermill. The watermill buildings and dams are still preserved but no longer in use.

Lēdurga dendrological park
Lēdurga dendrological park was established in 1973 by one person, Arvīds Janitens (1923–2009). A short documentary about him and the park was made in Latvian. In 1993 dendrologists of the National Botanical Garden recognized 939 tree and bush species and varieties, but currently, the number exceeds a thousand. Many events such as Walpurgis Night, Easter, Midsummer eve and others are celebrated in the park.

The house of culture
Lēdurga's house of culture was built in 1973. In the same year the building was burned down by an accidental fire. Reconstruction took 9 years. In 1981 the heating in the building was provided and the first kolkhoz "Draudzība" ("Friendship") events took place. The official opening took place on 29 May 1982. Previous managers were Karolis Treijs, Baiba Adamoviča, Didzis Trūbs, Dzintra Sapule, Mareks Motte; from January 2007 the manager has been Ilze Runce. Many amateur collectives practise and perform in the building: traditional dance groups, choirs, and the folklore band "Putni".

Folklore band "Putni"
The folklore band "Putni" ("Birds") is based in Lēdurga's house of culture. Singers, musicians, dancers, and storytellers practise their ethnic culture and traditional performing arts. Participants are aged between 3 and 50, joining together many generations. "Putni" is widely known in the whole of Latvia. During their performances, historical costumes from the 12th century are always worn. The costumes are handmade by the band members and their leader Ilze Kļaviņa.

title: Lēdurga


text:
Katherine Brehme Warren

Katherine "Kitty" Brehme Warren (1909–1991) was an American geneticist and scientific editor known for her work at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

Early life and education
Warren was born Katherine Suydam Brehme in New York City in 1909, to parents Almira and Franklin Brehme. She graduated from Barnard College in 1930 and earned a doctorate in zoology from Columbia University. She married fellow scientist Charles O. Warren in 1939.

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Brehme was a student of Calvin Bridges and after his death the Assistant Director of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Milislav Demerec pushed for Warren's appointment to complete some of Bridges's unfinished work. The project was supported by a fellowship from the Carnegie Institution of Washington and the completed work, The Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster (1944), became a classic in the field. For decades "Bridges and Brehme" served as an essential reference for geneticists and later formed the backbone of subsequent scholarship and, ultimately, the online resource FlyBase.

Warren served as the executive director of the Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. As Symposia editor from 1941-1958, she was responsible for manuscript preparation, proofreading, and indexing. In addition to her serious editorial duties, she introduced a nonexistent scholar, J. C. Foothills of Tennessee Intermountain College, whose name was derived from her favorite expression of frustration: "Jesus Christ in the foothills!"

Teaching and administration
Warren taught biology at Adelphi University, Hofstra University, Cornell University Medical College, and Wellesley College. She later spent a decade as a grants administrator at the National Institutes of Health, retiring in 1971.

Personal life
Warren suspended her teaching career for several years after the birth of her children, but did not interrupt her work with the Cold Spring Harbor Symposia. The couple divorced in 1961, with Warren retaining custody of her three teenage daughters.

title: Katherine Brehme Warren


text:
Talk:Obliveon

Contested deletion
This article should not be speedily deleted for lack of asserted importance because... it was a noteworthy progressive metal band that through the years achieved cult status with its odd music and influenced other artists, etc. --Malconfort (talk) 02:16, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I also would like to contest the deletion. I see two reliable sources and evidence that the group released albums through established record labels, thus it seems to pass WP:BAND criteria. Speedy deletion seems inappropriate here with such notability claims, take it to AFD instead. Fezmar9 (talk) 05:39, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Obliveon


text:
Wikiversity:Requests for proofreading

This page coordinates efforts to proofread new pages and pages which have recently undergone a major rewrite. If you stumble across a page that could use proofreading, or if you finish creating/rewriting a page, you are strongly encouraged to list it here. Pages should not be listed here or tagged with proofreading templates until the content of the page is fully (or almost fully) complete; i.e., until they are in the "rough draft" phase.

How to list a page for proofreading
First of all, tag the page with - this will place the page in the category, Category:Pages in need of proofreading. Then, list the page in the New requests section using the following format:

PAGENAME

 * Page: PAGENAME
 * Requested by: ~
 * Status: Not yet proofread.
 * Comments: Any comments that may help proofreaders.

Once the page has been thoroughly proofread and all grammatical, typographical, and stylistic mistakes removed, the request will be moved to the Completed requests section and the proofread tag removed. Proofreaders may also leave a note on the page's talk page about which version was finally found to be without further need of proofreading.

New requests
Please add new requests to the bottom of this section, and be sure to follow the above-specified format!

Example Page

 * Page: Example Page
 * Requested by: AmiDaniel 23:53, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Status: Not yet proofread.
 * Comments: This is just an example of how to file a request.

School of Biology: Genetics

 * Page: Topic: Genetics
 * Requested by: --TheVividDream 02:35, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Status: Not yet proofread.
 * Comments: Please help proofread all new pages under the topics subheader: Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes, Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes, Genetics of Cancer, Drosophila Sex Determination, and Genetic Control in Drosophila Patterning. Thanks a ton!

Japanese Roman Character Pronunciation Guide

 * Page: Japanese Roman Character Pronunciation Guide
 * Requested by: Balloonguy 21:38, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Status: Not yet proofread.
 * Comments:

Introduction to Programming/Variables part 2

 * Page: Introduction to Programming/Variables part 2
 * Requested by: Dmclean 14:40, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Status: Not yet proofread.
 * Comments: The course that this page is part of is intended for people with no programming experience. Please check that the material is explained in clear, simple, plain language.

Control Structures and Logical Expressions in VB6

 * Page: Control Structures and Logical Expressions in VB6
 * Requested by: AmiDaniel 00:03, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Status: proofread by Heltec  talk  and HappyCamper
 * Comments: Brand new page; it may have many typos and nuiances I haven't noticed. Any help proofreading would be appreciated.

Introduction to Programming/Variables

 * Page: Introduction to Programming/Variables
 * Requested by: Dmclean 02:04, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Status: Seems alright to me. Not perfect, but beyond the proofreading stage at least. AmiDaniel (talk) 18:39, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Comments: The course that this page is part of is intended for people with no programming experience. Please check that the material is explained in clear, simple, plain language.

Computing in Japanese

 * Page: Computing in Japanese
 * Requested by: Balloonguy 00:38, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Status: Looks good. AmiDaniel (talk) 18:42, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Comments: Also check the test.

Participants
If you plan to be an active participant in proofreading new pages, please sign your name here.

 * 1) AmiDaniel 23:53, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) HappyCamper 23:57, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) J.Steinbock 00:46, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 4)  Heltec  talk  00:54, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 5)  DarkMage  19:27, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * 6) Helloworld00 01:55, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity:Requests for proofreading


text:
Talk:Research and development/Archives/2012

NPOV?
The last two paragraphs are extremely non-NPOV. They are very cynical, and imply that companies doing R&D generally exploit their workers. (california) 09:38, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Sciguy47 06:57, 14 July 2005 (UTC) I'm puting a POV check on it.

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Osiris (talk) 13:52, 4 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:David Scullion

"active klan member"?
What does "active klan member" mean? There is no article on Klan that gives any meaning that makes sense in this context. In the USA, to describe someone as an "active klan membe" means that they are in the Ku Klux Klan. I'm sure this is not what is meant here, but what is the meaning? Herostratus 19:29, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 16:03, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Scullion


text:
User:Alsocal

Allen Lew is a Los Angeles, California area technologist. He currently works as a Quality Assurance Engineer for the Rubicon Project, whose "mission [is] to automate the $65 billion global online advertising industry." He is also a part time technology consultant for a variety of clients.

Education and Work
Previously, Allen worked for the Los Angeles Urban League, a nonprofit agency dedicated "to enabling African Americans and other minorities to secure economic self-reliance, parity, power and civil rights through advocacy activities and the provision of programs and services in our uniquely diversified city and region."

Allen is a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley, known to some as UC Berkeley, Berkeley, or Cal. There he majored in Molecular and Cell Biology with an emphasis in Immunology. His involvement on campus began with Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity-California Chapter, where he has held a variety of positions from Secretary to Philanthropy Chair. He was employed as a Computer Resource Specialist by the College Writing Programs of UC Berkeley, assisting faculty and staff in anything related to computers or technology. Allen also serves as the current director and news editor of Berkeley's student portal, One.Berkeley.edu, and a writer for Calstuff, a blog devoted to news and opinion on UC Berkeley. He also kept a personal blog at the Berkeley Open Computing Facility.

He has also spent two summers (2003 and 2004) keeping the grounds for the Hollywood Bowl. In the summer of 2005, he worked for US News & World Report as a Web Intern.

Allen was born and raised in Los Angeles, CA, where most of his family is living today. He is the oldest of three children.

Places I've worked at:

 * Hollywood Bowl-Summer of 2003 and 2004
 * U.S. News and World Report-Summer of 2005
 * UC Berkeley-Fall of 2005 until March 2007
 * Los Angeles Urban League- March 2007 to present.

I'm also on

 * Wikipedia
 * Wikiquote
 * Wiktionary
 * Commons
 * Wikia

title: User:Alsocal


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Dronrijp Reprisals

The Dronrijp Reprisals were carried out by the German Sicherheitsdienst in the Dutch town of Dronrijp on 11 April 1945. 14 prisoners, including 11 members of the Dutch resistance, were shot in reprisal for the sabotage of a rail line.

Background
In the evening of 9 April 1945, only a few days before the town's liberation by the Canadians, the local department of the national resistance organisation Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten (BS) received the order to start "sabotaging road, rail and water" to prevent German troops from escaping to Germany. BS member Broer Dijkstra and his sabotage group decided to prepare a disruption of the Leeuwarden-Franeker train line. In the night of 9 to 10 April, they removed the screws of 75 metres of railroad track, causing a Wehrmacht locomotive carrying 26 wagons to derail the night after. Within hours, the Sicherheitsdienst and the Sicherheitspolizei learned about the sabotage by a message from the town hall in Menaldum, intercepted and noted by the resistance as follows:

 * "At 23.30, in the night of 10 to 11 April, a Wehrmacht train consisting of one locomotive and 26 wagons derailed near a railroad bridge across the Bolswardertrekvaart, South of Dronrijp. The train left Leeuwarden for Franeker. Over a distance of 75 metres, screws were removed and ties were taken from the track. The locomotive is off the rails with two wagons behind it, and two other wagons lay on their sides. The wagons that were not derailed have been taken back to Leeuwarden. No personal accidents. Large amount of material damage."

Reprisals
The Sicherheitsdienst was furious and demanded the execution of 20 prisoners in Dronrijp the following day. A secret BS group in Leeuwarden intercepted the order and immediately positioned men near the sabotaged rail line, as they expected the prisoners to arrive by train. However, 14 prisoners from Leeuwarden were transported to Dronrijp in the back of a truck. As soon as they arrived, several British fighters overflew the town, causing the Sicherheitsdienst members to panic. Then they discovered that the bridge across the Van Harinxmakanaal was opened by the resistance, which blocked the road leading to the rail line. Now the only option was to guide the prisoners down next to the bridge to have them shot right there. One of the men, Gerard de Jong from Leeuwarden, survived the execution by pretending to be dead until the Germans had disappeared. People from the town, including Ynse Postma, rushed to the site and rescued him. De Jong’s luck was helped by the specific instruction from the Sicherheitsdienst for its men not to remove the bodies from the scene.

Memorial
Of the 13 prisoners who died that day, 11 were members of the resistance. Their names which are listed below are honoured at a memorial of 11 stone blocks that was built in 1949 at the location of the execution. A commemoration service is held every year on 4 May, the National Day of the Remembrance of the Dead.
 * 1) Johannes Nieuwland
 * 2) Hendrik Spoelstra
 * 3) Douwe Tuinstra
 * 4) Mark Wierda
 * 5) Klaas Wierda
 * 6) Hyltje Wierda
 * 7) Sybrandus van Dam
 * 8) Heinrich Harder
 * 9) Dirk de Jong
 * 10) Hendrik de Jong
 * 11) Ruurd Kooistra

The other two prisoners were Johannes Ducaneaux and Oudger van Dijk, whose activities during the war can be considered quite controversial. Ducaneaux was suspected of being a mole, and Van Dijk was a member of the Schutzstaffel (SS). Their names are therefore not honoured at the memorial.

title: Dronrijp Reprisals


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User:Veer Bahadur Singh Dhakray

Veer Bahadur Singh Dhakray alias vir Bahadur Singh Dhakray He is an advocate at Agra Uttar Pradesh he is also a Social worker do work for farmers agriculture and poor people's In Uttar pradesh assembly elections 2017 He contest from Agra kheragarh assembly seat from Lokdal

title: User:Veer Bahadur Singh Dhakray


text:
Fastbrick Robotics

FBR Ltd (formerly Fastbrick Robotics Limited) (ASX:FBR) is a Perth based robotics company. FBR is the creator of Hadrian X, the world's first fully automated end to end robotic bricklayer. In November 2016, Fastbrick Robotics won the Western Australian Innovator of the Year Award.

History
In 1994, aeronautic and mechanical engineer Mark Pivac had the idea for a mobile dynamically stabilised robot. Between 2005 and 2008, Pivac filed patents for an 'automatic bricklaying system' and created the first Hadrian prototype using seed funding. After successfully demonstrating the build of a wall using ground mounted robots and mortar, production of Hadrian 105 (the precursor to Hadrian X) was under way.

After stalling during the financial crisis of 2007–2008, development of the Hadrian 105 resumed in 2014, amid a stronger economy and renewed interest in robotic construction. The following year, Fastbrick Robotics was listed on the ASX.

Overview
In September 2016, the Hadrian 105 built the world's first multi room block structure from a 3D CAD model with no human intervention, providing proof of concept for what would become Hadrian X, and signed a non binding and non exclusive framework agreement, with Perth based builder Archistruct Builders & Designers.

In August 2017, Fastbrick Robotics moved to a new fit for purpose facility to allow a rapid expansion of their team, and signed an agreement with Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for a potential opportunity to build 50,000 new homes with Hadrian X,  entered into a Memorandum of Understanding, with an initial twelve month term, with Caterpillar Inc, which agreed to invest $2 million into the technology. and raised $35 million through a share placement.

In June 2018, the mechanical assembly of the first Hadrian X construction robot was completed. FBR signed a strategic collaboration with GP Vivienda to discuss a pilot programme for the Hadrian X in Mexico. In August 2018, Dynamic Stabilisation Technology testing on the layhead of the Hadrian X was completed. In September 2018, FBR signed a global partnership agreement with Wienerberger AG to develop, manufacture and test clay blocks optimised for Hadrian X.

In November 2018, Hadrian X built a three bedroom, two bathroom home structure in under three days. In February 2019, Hadrian X completed its first outdoor home structure, known as 'Build1'.

Hadrian X
Work on Hadrian X commercial bricklaying robot, began in March 2015. In May 2015, Hadrian 105 demonstrator was completed, which had the bricklaying rate of 225 bricks per hour. Hadrian X is built from steel, aluminium and carbon fibre composite materials, and is said to have the bricklaying rate of one thousand bricks per hour.

According to the CEO Mike Pivac, the machine will be able to build with a high degree of accuracy, decrease wasted bricks and work twenty four hours a day in most weather, without having to stop for mortar to dry, since it uses polyurethane adhesive.

On 25 August 2020, Hadrian X completed the Pilot Program stage of the Building Pilot Program Agreement between FastBrick Robotics and GP Vivienda, four Mexican-style two bedroom, one-bathroom house structures were completed by the Hadrian X, according to FastBrick Robotics each house was completed in less than one standard shift on average to complete.

On 1 September 2020, Hadrian X began building its first non-residential commercial structure, the structure is located south east of Perth.

In 2022 FBR signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Liebherr to commercialise Hadrian X.

title: Fastbrick Robotics


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User:Maffu

Maffu
Glad you've stopped by. I'm focusing on the C book right now. Hope to be able to give some input on the beginning Algebra book, eventually.

title: User:Maffu


text:
141 Lycia earthquake

The 141 Lycia earthquake occurred in the period AD 141 to 142. It affected most of the Roman provinces of Lycia and Caria and the islands of Rhodes, Kos, Simi and Serifos. It triggered a severe tsunami which caused major inundation. The epicenter for this earthquake is not well constrained, with locations suggested at the northern end of Rhodes, on the Turkish mainland north of Rhodes near Marmaris and beneath the sea to the east of Rhodes.

title: 141 Lycia earthquake


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Stadion Lazur

efbet Arena („Ефбет Арена“, 'efbet Arena') is a multi-purpose stadium in Burgas, Bulgaria. It is currently used for football matches and is the home ground of Neftochimic 1962 Burgas. The stadium holds 18,037 people and carries a 3-star rating by UEFA. It was opened in 1967 and was renovated between 1990 and 1997. Officially opened after renovation at 13 April 1997 with the match Neftochimik - Levski Sofia 4:1. Until 2002 the stadium was named "Neftochimic" and later "Naftex".

The stadium was used by PFC Chernomorets Burgas between 2006 and 2015, even though they had plans to move to a new stadium in the future. It was used also in some European matches of Litex Lovech (for the UEFA Champions League match against FC Spartak Moscow), PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv (for UEFA Champions League match against Club Brugge and for UEFA Cup matches against OFK Beograd and Bolton Wanderers F.C.) and PFC Cherno More Varna (for UEFA Intertoto match against UC Sampdoria and for the UEFA Europa League matches against Iskra-Stal and PSV Eindhoven).

 * During several renovations of the Vasil Levski National Stadium the Bulgaria national football team has played some of their home matches at "Lazur".
 * In the summer of 2009, the stadium underwent some serious upgrades, which included replacing the yellow-green seats with blue ones, as well as increasing the roof covers of the stadium to 10 meters.
 * During the summer of 2015, the stadium was one of 4 venues hosting the 2015 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. It hosted 11 games in total, including the final, which had an official attendance of 14,680.

title: Stadion Lazur


text:
antaa periksi

Verb

 * 1)  to give up, give in, cave, surrender
 * 2)  to budge to change one's opinion

title: antaa periksi


text:
Brestov, Humenné District

Brestov is a village and municipality in Humenné District in the Prešov Region of north-east Slovakia. The mayor is Ľudmila Nováková (Independent).

History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1567.

Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 206 metres and covers an area of 10.122 km². It has a population of about 545 people.

Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Presov, Slovakia"

 * Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1802-1911 (parish B)
 * Greek Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1768-1946 (parish B)

title: Brestov, Humenné District


text:
Talk:The Heat (film)

Untitled
I'm not sure about errors, maybe I've made some. My english is bad. :) --BetteDavis4ever (talk) 01:42, 11 July 2012 (UTC) is there going to be a sequel? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:47, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

who is Robin (played by Ben Falcone)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:00, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Heat (film)


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Naqdbesh

Naqdbesh (also known as Nagdābesh, Naqdābshar, Naqdbīsh, and Naqdesh) is a village in Darbqazi Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 50, in 13 families.

title: Naqdbesh


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Joe Schmick

Joseph Scott Schmick (born April 7, 1958) is an American farmer, businessman, and politician from Washington. Schmick is a Republican member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 9th Legislative District. Representative Schmick introduced legislation to give away 130 miles of the John Wayne trail back to private landowners effectively closing a large part of the longest Rail-to-Trail in the country. The legislation was nullified as a result of a typo.

Awards

 * 2014 Guardians of Small Business award. Presented by NFIB.
 * 2020 Guardians of Small Business. Presented by NFIB.

title: Joe Schmick


text:
Kauno Jėgeriai

Kauno Jėgeriai founded in 1993, was a Lithuanian football team based in Kaunas city. It was a farm-team of FBK Kaunas.

Participation in Lithuanian Championships

 * 2003 – 7th (1 Lyga)
 * 2004 – 2nd (1 Lyga)
 * 2005 – 2nd (1 Lyga)

title: Kauno Jėgeriai


text:
кричати

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬/, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) cry
 * 2) scream
 * 3) shout

Verb

 * 1)  to scream

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to shout, to cry, to holler, to yell

title: кричати


text:
Jay Rodne

Jay Robert Rodne (born March 21, 1966) is an American lawyer and politician of the Republican Party. He is a former member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 5th Legislative District. Rodne is of Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians ancestry. He was appointed to the House in 2004 and did not seek reelection in 2018.

Career
Rodne was the primary sponsor for 13 bills in the 2015–2016 session. His most recent co-sponsored bill was HB 2453 that passed unanimously and is designed to improve oversight at state mental hospitals. His committee assignments included Transportation, Health Care and Wellness, and Judiciary, where he was the ranking minority member.

Rodne is a Colonel in the USMC Reserve. He has been the commanding officer of 4th Landing Support Battalion, headquartered in Fort Lewis, Washington. He deployed overseas as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. During his active duty years, he deployed to Operation Restore Hope in Somalia and Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm in the Persian Gulf War.

Comments about Islam
Following the November 2015 Paris attacks which ISIS claimed responsibility for, Rodne made a Facebook post claiming that President Obama "wants to import 1.5 million Muslims into the U.S." The Seattle Times found Rodne's claim to be false. After receiving criticism for his comments, Rodne said, "The majority of the world's 1.2 billion Muslims are peaceful and want nothing more than to live in peace. And if they are here in America, they want nothing more than to live and enjoy our freedoms."

Lobbying career
In April 2019, he registered as a foreign agent to consult and lobby for the Kingdom of Cambodia. His consulting company co-owned with state senator Doug Ericksen will be paid $500,000 a year to arrange official visits between the countries and business leaders.

title: Jay Rodne


text:
User:Perl~enwikibooks/manhattan/3

In April, 1943, Los Alamos was opened. The work at Los Alamos centered around the development of a delivery system, and the two methods considered were the gun method and the implosion method. The gun method called for two non-critical elements to be fired at each other, contact turning them critical, but it was rejected as being to large for aerial delivery. Implosion called for the collapse of non-critical wedges, which would become critical when brought into contact, and it was the method that was eventually used. In February, 1944, the first slightly enriched Uranium (13% U-235) arrived at Los Alamos.

In September, 1944, 63% Uranium 235 arrived at Los Alamos, and the designs for Fat Man and Little Boy were finalized. Fat Man, composed of Plutonium shell within an array of shape charges wrapped around it, had a diameter of 60 inches, a length of 128 inches, and a weight of 10,000 pounds. Little Boy, composed of a long cannon with a Uranium (235) bullet, and U-235 target rings in the muzzle, had a diameter of 28 inches, and a length of 120 inches, and a weight of 9000 pounds.

On December 17th, 1944, the 509th composite bomber group, composed of specially modified B-29 Superfortresses designed to carry atomic bombs, was formed to deliver the bomb to targets in Japan.

In March, 1945, the S-50 plant at Oak Ridge came fully online, and began to supply Los Alamos with 85% enriched U-235.

On July 16th, 1945, the first nuclear bomb test occurred at the Trinity test site in New Mexico. It was the Fat Man design, and it was successful.

<< | >>

title: User:Perl~enwikibooks/manhattan/3


text:
Topic talk:English

Interlingual collaboration
Please see the new additions to Wikiversity translations.

Check this out: We may need to coordinate Language divisions. Agree? Disagree? Don't care? CQ 22:26, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Topic:Spanish
 * Topic:English
 * Topic:German
 * Topic:Chinese
 * Topic:Portugese
 * Topic:Dutch
 * Topic:French
 * Topic:Korean
 * Topic:Russian
 * Topic:Swedish
 * Topic:Romanian
 * Topic:Kurdish
 * Topic:Italian
 * Topic:Polish

title: Topic talk:English


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User:Kiouser/sandbox

The Computer University, Mandalay (CUMDY) (ကွန်ပျူတာ တက္ကသိုလ် မန္တလေး,, located in Mandalay, is a Myanmar IT and computer science university. UCSM offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree programs in computer science and technology. The majority of its student body is from Upper Myanmar. Administered by the Ministry of Education, UCSM is the official university for all the Government Computer Colleges in Upper Myanmar, whose students may continue their advanced studies at UCSM.

Many of the country's middle and upper level personnel in government and industry are graduates of UCSY.

Degree programmes
UCSM's main offerings are five-year bachelor's programs in computer science and computer technology. It also offers master's degree programs in applied science and in information science. The areas of study include artificial intelligence, bioinformatics, computer architecture, control applications, database systems, digital signal processing, image processing, Internet technologies, network security, operating systems, parallel and distributed computing, and software engineering.

Academic departments
UCSM consists of four faculties and three academic departments.
 * Faculty of Computer Science
 * Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies
 * Faculty of Information Science
 * Faculty of Computing
 * Department of Information Technology Support and Maintenance
 * Department of Languages
 * Department of Natural Science

Affiliations
Universities===
 * Keio University of Japan
 * Nagoya Institute of Technology
 * University of Miyazaki
 * Handong Global University
 * National Institute of Information and Communications Technology

Senior universities

 * Keio University of Japan
 * University of Computer Studies, Yangon (UCSY)

Colleges
The following Upper Myanmar-based Government Computer Colleges are officially affiliated with CUMDY. Their qualified graduates can continue their advanced studies at CUMDY

 * Computer University, Bamaw
 * Computer University, Bhamo
 * Computer University, Kalay
 * Computer University, Dawei
 * Computer University, Hinthada
 * Computer University, Kalay
 * Computer University, Kyaingtong
 * Computer University, Loikaw
 * Computer University, Lashio
 * University of Computer Studies (Maubin)
 * Computer University, Magway
 * Computer University, Thaton
 * Computer University, Monywa
 * Computer University, Myeik
 * Computer University, Meiktila
 * Computer University, Myitkyina
 * Computer University, Pathein
 * Computer University, Pakokku
 * Computer University, Hpa-An
 * Computer University, Pyay
 * Computer University, Pinlon
 * Computer University, Sittwe
 * Computer University, Taungoo
 * University of Computer Studies, Taunggyi
 * Computer University, Kengtung
 * Computer University, Taunggyi
 * Computer University, Panglong
 * Computer University, Meiktila
 * Computer University, Magway

title: User:Kiouser/sandbox


text:
Stöckli railway station

Stöckli railway station (Bahnhof Stöckli) is a railway station in the municipality of St. Stephan, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is an intermediate stop on the Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line of the Montreux Oberland Bernois Railway.

Services
The following services stop at Stöckli:

 * Regio: hourly service between Zweisimmen and Lenk im Simmental.

title: Stöckli railway station


text:
Aline Charigot

Aline Victorine Charigot (23 May 1859 – 27 June 1915) was a model for Auguste Renoir and later became his wife while continuing to model for him and then caring for him when he became disabled. She is pictured in many of his paintings over very many years, most famously in the early 1880s Luncheon of the Boating Party (where she is the woman on the left with the little dog), and Blonde Bather. They had three children together, two of whom, Pierre and Jean, went on to have distinguished careers in film, and the third, Claude, became a ceramic artist. Pierre had a son Claude who became the well-known cinematographer. She predeceased her elderly husband.

Biography
Aline Charigot was born on 23 May 1859 to a farming family who cultivated grapes in Essoyes in the department of Aube, France. When she was still a baby her father went to America and her mother moved away leaving Aline to be looked after by her aunt and uncle. She received little education. In 1874 she followed her mother to Montmartre, Paris, where she worked as a dressmaker. In about 1880 she met Auguste Renoir, when she was twenty and he nearly forty, and started modelling for him. She gave birth to their first son, Pierre, in 1885 and they married in Paris on 14 April 1890. They had two other sons, Jean born 1894 and Claude born 1901.

From 1888 the couple spent progressively more time living in Essoyes, buying a house there in 1896. In 1903 they moved to Cagnes-sur-Mer, building a new house there, Les Collettes, between 1905 and 1909.

Pierre became a prominent stage and film actor; Jean became a famous film auteur, actor, and author; and Claude became a ceramic artist. Pierre had a son Claude (Aline and Auguste's grandson) who became the well-known cinematographer.

After Claude's birth she developed diabetes but hid this from her husband. Pierre and Jean were drafted into the army in World War I and both were injured, Jean badly so. Aline died from a heart attack in Nice on 27 June 1915 after a hospital visit to Jean so predeceasing her elderly and disabled husband by four years. She was buried in the south of France and then her remains were moved to Essoyes to be alongside her mother.

Personality
Charigot had a love of the arts – she played the piano and decorated her bedroom with paintings by Johan Jongkind. According to Ambroise Vollard, in 1907 she designed and managed the building of the Renoirs' new villa at Cagnes-sur-Mer. She took care of her children as they grew up and supervised their various nannies and maids, notable amongst whom was her cousin Gabrielle Renard. This became very important as Renoir's rheumatoid arthritis became severe as he aged. She was blonde and had become comfortably plump from quite a young age. Renoir's biographer, Barbara White, describes the appearance of the model in the 1881 Blonde Bather as "rotund" and the 1885 and 1886 portraits being of a curvaceous woman.

Modelling
Charigot modelled for Renoir's paintings, sculptures and drawings over a long period from 1880 to 1915. She only sat for three portraits by her husband but she appeared in many of his subject paintings. In the 1880s she was Renoir's main model for the period in which he changed his manner of figure painting and broke away from Impressionism in a return to the old masters. This became known as his Ingresque style or period.

After her death Renoir made a terracotta sculpture of Aline as a maquette for a monument for her grave. Because of his arthritis he supervised the sculptor Richard Guino in doing the modelling, based in his 1885 painting of her nursing their first child (see below). The monument was never created but the work was used as a basis for a bronze bust placed by her grave.

Gallery
This list includes Renoir's main works of or including Aline Charigot. Some paintings have been done in several similar versions – in these cases a representative one has been chosen.

title: Aline Charigot