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Talk:Puzzles/Decision puzzles/Monty Hall/Solution

The solution is wrong! Moreover, it's obvious for any mathematician...

If something's wrong, by all means, fix it. Be bold! :) <IP_ADDRESS> 22:19, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC) (User:Dysprosia, logged out)

I concur, the solution is incorrect. This is basic Probability. Consider:
 * goat
 * goat
 * prize

No matter which door you select, a door with a goat will be revealed. The fact that the door opened is one other than you choose is irrelevant. The remaining doors contain:
 * goat
 * prize

While 2 of the 3 original doors remain, the odds of selecting the prize from the two remaining doors is 1:2 NOT 2:3.

However, if the chosen door is revealed you effectively have two chances to select the prize from the three doors -- the odds are 2:3. The odds of selecting the prize from the initial round is 1:3.

--Eibwen 19:30, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The solution is right, you are wrong
Your reasoning is flawed. Read the explanation again. For that matter, did either of you try doing a monte carlo experiment and seeing for yourself?

If this makes it clearer, suppose you choose door A. Then:

Star prize is in   If you stick    If you switch A                  Star prize      Goat B                  Goat            Star prize C                  Goat            Star prize

The same applies whichever door you pick. -- Smjg 11:25, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Elaboration
There are four (and only 4) permutations for a given door. To illustrate, suppose you choose door A:

Prize Door  Revealed Door   Contents   Remaining Doors   If you stay  If you switch   Prize recieved by A            B               Goat       A, C              A - Prize    C - Goat        Staying C              Goat       A, B                           B - Goat        Staying B           C               Goat       A, B              A - Goat     B - Prize       Switching C           B               Goat       A, C              A - Goat     C - Prize       Switching

Independent of whichever door is selected only two doors remain, of which only one contains the prize, 1:2. Moreover, the odds of recieving the prize by either staying (2) or switching (2) relative to the number of permutations (4) is 2:4 or 1:2.

While there are 4 unique scenarios, staying or switching for any given door yield the same result. Consequently, two of the four scenarios are identical and the practical odds are 2:3 in favor of switching.

Both odds are valid, but they reference the outcome from different perspectives. 2:3 is the practical odds and is the answer given the context of the question. However, both the question and the solution could be further clarified to prevent this discrepancy while maintaining the integrity of the puzzle.

--Eibwen 01:58, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * What matters is not so much which possibilities are the same as their relative probabilities. Though statement 3 below does depend on the symmetry in B and C, and hence the equivalence of the first two....

 * The key statements are:
 * The prize is equally likely to be in A, B or C.
 * Hence once a door is picked, the probability of that door having the prize is 1/3.
 * Monty opening a door cannot alter the fact of statement 2, since his opening a door you didn't choose is unconditional.

 * Maybe the solution can be improved. But how would you improve the question?
 * -- Smjg 18:27, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

A demonstration
I've just written this C program for the doubters among you to try for yourself:

int main { const int ATTEMPTS = 10000; int stickWins = 0, switchWins = 0, attempt; srand(time(NULL)); for (attempt = 0; attempt < ATTEMPTS; attempt++) { int prizeIn = rand % 3; // prize is behind this door int choose = rand % 3;  // contestant's first choice of door int open;                 // door opened by Monty int switchTo;             // door that contestant switches to         // now reveal a goat if (prizeIn == choose) { open = rand % 2; if (open == choose) open = 2; } else { for (open = 0; open < 3; open++) { if (open != choose && open != prizeIn) break; }        }         // try sticking if (prizeIn == choose) { stickWins++; }        // try switching for (switchTo = 0; switchTo < 3; switchTo++) { if (switchTo != choose && switchTo != open) break; }        if (prizeIn == switchTo) { switchWins++; }    }     // now report on result printf("Wins by sticking: %5d\n", stickWins); printf("Wins by switching: %5d\n", switchWins); return 0; } -- Smjg 16:26, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) include
 * 2) include
 * 3) include

Never mind me
OK, I just ran the program, modified it to make it more fair (took out some unneeded code and made the choosing algorithm more transparent. My version keeps using rand untill it finds a valid door to open, instead of falling back to a 'default' 2 if it detects a double. It STILL ends up is 33%/66%. I was suprized... Untill I realized that the clue behind this 'riddle' is that the door that gets opened isn't a random door. If you choose a goat door the door that get's opened is non random. So I'm not sure yet how the math on this works, but because of this you chance goes up. The description on the solution page is still wrong though. However, the solution mentioned here (mapping all possibilities out if you choose door A) does privide a sufficient explanation, if you explain properly that you can see the 2 equal situations as 1 situation (resulting in 1 no switch win and 2 switch wins).

The current solution, as of june 21 2005, is correct.

Scenario A: Select prize; Switching after goat revealed means you lose. Scenario B: Select Goat A; Switching after goat revealed means you win. Scenario C: Select Goat B; Switching after goat revealed means you win.

Scenario A, B and C are equally likely; Switching means you win 2/3 times.

Merged Puzzles:Goats and sports car
... which was a duplicate solution to this problem. --Kernigh 00:47, 14 February 2006 (UTC)


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Charles Trueheart

Charles Trueheart (born September 5, 1951) is an American writer and former newspaper correspondent and non-profit executive. He was a reporter for The Washington Post   from 1986 to 2000 and director of the American Library in Paris from 2007 to 2017. His book on Vietnam during the Kennedy years, Diplomats at War, was published in 2024.

Life and career
Trueheart was born in Washington, D.C. in 1951. His father, William Trueheart, was a Foreign Service Officer with the U.S. State Department, and he grew up overseas, in Paris, Ankara, London, and Saigon. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1969 and from Amherst College in 1973.

He began his journalism career as an editorial writer and book reviewer at the Greensboro Daily News in North Carolina from 1973 until 1978, then as an editorial page editor for the Baltimore News-American from 1978 to 1981. From 1981 to 1983 he was the West Coast correspondent for Publishers Weekly magazine, and from 1982 to 1986 he was a columnist for the newspaper USA Today. From 1983 to 1986, Trueheart served as associate director of the Harvard Institute of Politics, where he directed the Public Affairs Forum at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, and oversaw the training programs for newly elected American mayors and members of the US Congress. In 1986 Trueheart returned to journalism, joining the staff of The Washington Post, covering books, authors, the publishing industry, and literary and intellectual issues. In 1992, he became a foreign correspondent for the Post, serving first as Canada correspondent and then as Paris correspondent (1996-2000), covering French politics and society and news throughout Europe, including extensive coverage of war crimes tribunals in The Hague.

He left the Post in 2000, and served briefly as counselor and speechwriter for the U.S. Ambassador to France, Felix Rohatyn. He became Director of the American Library in Paris, a position he held until he retired in 2017. He now contributes essays and book reviews to the Atlantic Monthly, and other publications, and is the Paris editor for The American Scholar magazine. In 2017 he began working on a book about Saigon in 1963.

Personal life
Trueheart is married to Anne Swardson, a retired Washington Post correspondent and ex-editor at Bloomberg News. She now blogs and writes Paris-based mystery fiction. They have two grown children.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charles Trueheart


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User:Stim07

Interested in sports, media and entertainment.

Also interested in traditional topics as well as those dealing with pop culture.

I also do random edits to improve pages in Wikipedia.

I believe in the Golden Rule.￼

title: User:Stim07


text:
Mohamed Dräger

Mohamed Dräger (مُحَمَّد دراغر; born 25 June 1996) is a professional footballer who plays as a right back for Swiss Super League club FC Basel. Born in Germany, he plays for the Tunisia national football team.

Club career
Born in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, to a German father and Tunisian mother, Dräger played his youth football with local Freiburg Police Sports Club and in 2009 he moved to the youth department of SC Freiburg. With the club's A youth team, he won the DFB-Pokal youth Cup in 2014. They won the final with an 8–7 win on penalties against FC Schalke 04, with Dräger being one of the successful penalty takers. After being the most dangerous player in the Freiburg youth team in the 2014/15 A-Junior Bundesliga with 15 goals during that season, he advanced to their second team in 2015. In the 2016/17 season, they managed direct promotion back to the Regionalliga Südwest as the Baden-Württemberg league champion. Dräger played mainly for the second team, but he made his professional debut for SC Freiburg on 27 July 2017, in a UEFA Europa League qualifying match against Slovenian club Domžale, coming on as a substitute in the 87th minute for Mike Frantz.

In 2018, Dräger joined SC Paderborn on a two-year loan. In September 2020, he joined Greek club Olympiacos on a transfer fee in the range of €1 million.

On 31 August 2021, Dräger joined EFL Championship side Nottingham Forest for an undisclosed fee. On 2 February 2022, Dräger moved on loan to Swiss Super League club Luzern, with an option to buy. After the loan period, Luzern did not pull the option.

On 25 August 2023, FC Basel announced they had signed Dräger on a three-year contract. He joined Basel's first team for their 2023–24 season under head coach Timo Schultz. Dräger played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game in the St. Jakob-Park on 3 September as Basel played a 2–2 draw with Zürich. He scored his first goal for his new team in the home game on 5 November 2023 as Basel won 2–1 against Yverdon.

International career
Dräger made his debut for the Tunisia national team on 20 November 2018, in a friendly against Morocco, as a 79th-minute substitute for Naïm Sliti, and scored on 13 October 2020 his first goal in a 1–1 friendly game draw away to Nigeria.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Tunisia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Dräger goal.

Honours
Olympiacos
 * Super League Greece: 2020–21

Tunisia
 * Africa Cup of Nations fourth place: 2019
 * FIFA Arab Cup runner-up: 2021

title: Mohamed Dräger


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El Ángel, Ecuador

El Ángel is a town located in the northern Andes of Ecuador, capital of the Espejo canton in the Carchi province.

Basic Information

 * Population: 4,497 Hab (2010).
 * Altitude: 3007 m.
 * Average temperature: 12 °C.
 * Climate: Cold Highland.
 * Canton festivities: September 27.

History
Prehispanic settlements were confirmed due to the ceramic remains found in the sector of Las Tres Tolas. In 1851, El Angel became a parish of the Tulcan canton. From the twentieth century, new road infrastructure from El Ángel towards Tulcán and Ibarra cities, promoted the development of the town and the canton. The September 27, 1934 the Espejo canton was created, being its capital El Angel.

Economy
The main economic activities of the population are public, private services and trade, that are performed inside and outside the city; and secondary activities as agriculture, floriculture and livestock production.

Tourist Attractions

 * Bellavista Mirador.
 * Church of El Angel.
 * Monuments La Botiluela and Nuevo Milenio.
 * Thermal spas La Calera.
 * Archaeological Museum.
 * El Angel Ecological Reserve.

Access Routes
 From the Pan-American Highway
 * Road: Bolívar – El Ángel.
 * Road: Mascarilla – Mira – El Ángel.

title: El Ángel, Ecuador


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Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation

The Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) is Gibraltar's public service broadcaster. It has provided the community with a radio and television service since 1962.

History
Modelled on the BBC, the Corporation was established in 1963 with the amalgamation of Gibraltar Television, a private company, and the Government-owned radio service, Radio Gibraltar which started regular broadcasting in 1958. Unlike the BBC, the majority of GBC's funding comes in the form of a grant from the Government. GBC did receive a small amount of income from the levying of a television licence fee. However, it was announced in Gibraltar's budget speech of 23 June 2006 that the TV licence was to be abolished.

The board
The activities of the corporation are controlled and governed by a board consisting of a chairman and not more than seven members appointed by the governor. Subject only to any directions of the Governor-in-Council the board is responsible for the corporation's policy. The corporation appoints a general manager and other staff to carry out its policies and the board is empowered to delegate any of their duties to their employees except responsibility for policy. Within GBC the board's powers are absolute.

The chairman and board thus work through their permanent staff, headed by a general manager, who are responsible to the board. Although the chief concern of the board is undoubtedly broad policy, once laid down it is left to the general manager and senior staff, whom they appoint to carry out as trustees of the public interest in broadcasting. In view of their ultimate responsibility for everything that is broadcast, it is the board's duty to take an active interest not only in the programmes, but also in the financial and staff policies of the corporation.

This is done through a number of sub-committees in which board members and senior staff participate in decisions relating to the treatment of political and public affairs, finance and development, and programmes. Only the House of Assembly has the power to change the ordinance and the Governor-in-Council the directions.

Radio Gibraltar
Radio Gibraltar broadcasts 24 hours a day and its programme format is similar to that of commercial local radio stations in the United Kingdom. The station operates on both FM and AM, broadcasting a mix of local programming in English and Spanish, and retransmissions of the BBC World Service. In December 2005, GBC started internet streaming of its radio service on the Internet, which, along with an up-to-date programme guide for GBC television and radio, can be found on the website. You can hear Radio Gibraltar live from 7 am to 8 pm on weekdays, after 8 pm the station plays continuous music through the night with only the brief interruption of Radio Gibraltar's jingle. On the station's AM frequencies BBC transmission can be heard through the night. On Weekends the station broadcasts live from 8 am to 9 pm with the same format. Radio Gibraltar's station is currently located at 18 South Barrack Road in Gibraltar's south district, after moving there in the 1980s from Wellington Front, its old location since its beginning in 1958.

On Saturday 16 February 2008 Radio Gibraltar celebrated its 50th anniversary. To commemorate the occasion, past presenters were invited to co-host programmes in the slot which they once occupied, amongst them Peter Canessa, David Hoare, Norma Delgado, Gerry Martinez, Christine Dobinson and Richard Cartwright. During the week leading up to the anniversary, Radio Gibraltar broadcast interviews with former presenters who recalled their memories of Radio Gibraltar as well as on-air jingles from the past. One of the high points of Radio Gibraltar's history was that it served as a communications link between Gibraltar and the neighbouring communities in Spain during the closure of the land frontier, which divided families between 1969 and 1982. A special Roadshow live from Main Street was held on the anniversary.

GBC TV showed a special programme to commemorate Radio Gibraltar's 50th anniversary which was celebrated during the week starting 18 February 2008.

Radio Gibraltar programming
Radio Gibraltar largely devotes its daytime hours to local news and current affairs, delivered through the flagship programme Focus, which has an AM, Lunchtime and PM edition.

Outside the Focus News programmes, Radio Gibraltar's daytime hours are filled with magazine type shows that feature chat, games, competitions and phone-ins, and all is sandwiched in between "Classic Hits, Latest Songs" as per the station's slogan. Programmes include The Morning Show, The Afternoon Show and the long-running Spanish language programme Saludos which has anchored the 2-4 pm slot for over twenty years.

The weekend schedule normally features personality-led shows alongside repeats from Radio Gibraltar's evening schedule, the UK Chart Show and a live transmission of Sunday Mass.

Radio Gibraltar's evening schedule is mostly made up of one locally produced programme airing in the 7-8 pm slot. Programmes include;
 * Made in Gibraltar; A weekly series showcasing local musicians
 * Jazz Town; Playing the best smooth jazz every week, from everlasting names like Sinatra to the most recent stars such as Madeleine Peyroux
 * My Country; Playing the American Country Top 5 songs and featuring a brand new album every week
 * Yesterday When I was Young; Radio Gibraltar's golden oldies show playing songs from the 50s, 60s and 70s. This series is Radio Gibraltar's longest running series, having been on air for over 20 years.
 * Soundtrack of my life; Insight into local personalities and figures through music
 * Centre Stage; Another long-running series that plays a selection of songs from the biggest musicals ever to grace a stage.

Radio Gibraltar also covers Community events such as National Day, sessions of Parliament, General Elections and others. It is also well known for organising Roadshows throughout the entire year, mainly organised around Charity events, Appeals, Awareness Campaigns and similar, culminating in the annual GBC / Radio Gibraltar Open day Charity fundraiser which takes place the week before Christmas. The station also carries a simulcast of the GBC TV programme Gibraltar Government Lottery Draw live every alternate Tuesday. Special programming usually takes over the news slots on Public Holidays, notably the 1 pm hour.

Radio Gibraltar App
On Monday 10 September 2012, coinciding with Gibraltar's National Day, a Radio Gibraltar App for the iPhone became available giving listeners a new way to listen to Radio Gibraltar on the go.

GBC Television
Prior to the 1990s, GBC TV was the only English-language channel available in Gibraltar. Launched as Gibraltar television in 1962, a privately owned commercial station, the broadcaster became the Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation a year later in 1963 when it became a public broadcaster funded by government.

GTV, later GBC TV was first housed in Wellington Front, in what was commonly called Wellington Front Studios. Due to its location in Gibraltar, the area around Wellington Front usually floods during the rainy season. GBC often flooded and once this occurred during a live TV broadcast.

In the late 70s GBC TV began experimenting with colour broadcasts. An all colour operation began in 1980 when GBC was relocated to 18 South Barrack Road into a building that is now called Broadcasting House.

For a short period, GBC's signals were seen on a second transmitter on VHF Band III in Fuenjirola; this transmitter was shut down per government orders in early 1984.

Broadcast hours and schedule
In its early days and until the 1990s, GBC TV offered viewers a mix of local production and international series, mainly imported from the BBC, ITV franchises and also from Canada and Australia. Broadcasting hours would be restricted to the evenings, with television normally being on air between 7 pm (later 6:30 pm) until shortly after midnight. GBC TV would also go on air during the daytime (normally for a couple of hours) from 3:30 pm during school holidays at Christmas.

Typically TV broadcasts would begin with a PRD (Programme Run Down) which would air for a few minutes before giving way to a title sequence playing the GBC TV start-up theme and logo.

Traditionally the programme line-up would be composed of children's programming between 6:30 pm and 7:30 pm. In the mid-1980s children's programming would take two slots, 6:30 pm – 7 pm and 7:30 pm – 8 pm with the decision to relay live the BBC Six O'clock News (7 pm in Gibraltar time). BBC News at Six was later dropped in favour of ITN bulletins.

Local programing would usually air in the 8 pm slot and in later evening slots following the news bulletin. Imported series would usually air during Primetime and in the late night 11 pm slot. Feature films would traditionally air on Tuesday nights and Saturday nights under the Tuesday Movie and Saturday Movie banners.

Local news
Local news has occupied various slots, airing as late as 10:30 pm, and 9 pm before settling in the 8:30 pm slot, where it currently [when?] remains. On occasions, during the summer months, and prior to the introduction of the 11:30 pm News replay, news programmes would be scheduled at the later time of 9 pm to accommodate viewers' summer routines.

Local news has been re-branded on air a number of times over the years. During the 1980s, it aired as Deadline. Currently local news on TV is branded as Newswatch, a brand introduced in the 90s. When GBC reporters travel outside of Gibraltar on assignment (notably the US and UK) they normally use the "GBC News" brand.

Newswatch

At present [when?], one news team produces news programming for both GBC TV and Radio Gibraltar. The Newswatch programme airs weekdays at 8:30 pm with a replay at the later time of 11 pm. It also streams live on www.gbc.gi and is also available next day after broadcast via the Watch Again player. No local news is produced or airs on TV or Radio at the weekend or on Public Holidays, unless events dictate differently. Newswatch has been using this composition for its openings, closings and stings for many years.

News Headlines air weekdays at 8 pm with an approximate duration of 60 seconds. For a period from 1 October 2012, as part of GBCs autumn schedules, the Newswatch Headlines moved forward to 7:30 pm, airing immediately after the station went on air, and also incorporated the weather (previously independent at 7:30 pm) and the What's On (diary of events) feature.

Newswatch is fronted by a number of newsreaders who work on rotation.

Due to budget constraints, but taking full advantage of social media sites, local news is also updated via Twitter and Facebook. This was recently demonstrated when GBC recently [when] provided Breaking News Coverage and News Updates of the ongoing British Waters incursions by Spanish Police (2012) and two Bomb Alerts (2012) via Social Media instead of opting for a traditional TV news update style broadcast.

Viewpoint

Viewpoint is the brand name for GBCs ongoing current affairs discussion series. The series has been running for a number of years and occupies the Thursday night slot that has traditionally accommodated most of GBCs past discussion series'. The programme's duration and frequency has been significantly reduced over the years; from a 90-minute weekly format to a 60-minute fortnightly one. The programme usually runs new series' between late September and early December, and continues after the Christmas break; from late January or February until late June, with a break in the spring coinciding with the Easter break. Viewpoint normally airs live and consists of a panel discussing community / political issues. In recent times the programme has become more participatory in nature by expanding on the traditional "Viewers Phone-in" and vox-pop to also include e-mails and comments made on social media sites.

Until the cancellation of companion series, "Community Call" which dealt with social issues and topics, Viewpoint dealt exclusively with political issues.

Like Newswatch, Viewpoint has a number of different presenters who work in rotation.

Other news formats

GBC News also produces Special reports and programming as required or dictated by events. These include interviews and addresses by politicians and community figures and special reports centring on specific news items.

BBC and ITN News on GBC TV

In the mid-1980s GBC TV decided to introduce international news into its schedules. Coinciding with the launch of the Six O'Clock News a few months earlier, GBC took the option to carry the bulletin. The programme aired live (at 7 pm due to the time difference with the UK) and in a simultaneous broadcast with BBC1. When greeting the audience, the BBC newsreader would acknowledge "viewers in Gibraltar" and also note the time difference.

GBC TV also carried the BBCs flagship news broadcast the Nine O'Clock News. again this would air live and simultaneously with the BBC broadcast, but at the local time of 10 pm.

Shorter 10-minute bulletins also aired on Saturdays and Bank holidays, although these were sometimes not aired live and were accommodated into the GBC TV schedule.

In the late 1980s, ITN launched World News, a newscast which they produced for the new satellite TV channel Super Channel, which at the time was owned by all but one of the ITV companies. Coinciding with this, GBC TV opted to drop the BBC News bulletins in favour of ITN World News. Like with the BBC broadcasts, ITN provided two broadcasts; the first was a pre-recorded bulletin which aired at 7 pm Gibraltar Time and was a version produced for international syndication. The second aired at 10 pm Gibraltar Time and was the live broadcast produced for Super Channel.

The GBC Open Day
The GBC Open Day is an annual fund-raiser event that has grown from year to year. Launched in (date), the annual event started out as a fundraiser event to financially support the annual Three King's Cavalcade and also to buy Christmas gifts for the least well off children in the community.

Originally, the event would encompass a number of fundraising initiatives that took place on the day of the Open Day itself, but over the years this has grown, and now a number of fundraisers are held throughout the year with monies being presented at the Open Day on the day of broadcast.

The GBC Open Day normally takes place a week before Christmas Day, always on a Wednesday. The event starts on radio Gibraltar at 9 am, and continues on radio until 7 pm. GBC Television normally takes over, starting their televised version of the event after the news bulletin, from 9 pm till the early hours.

The Radio Gibraltar part of the Open Day is composed of a Roadshow, normally held at John Mackintosh Square, with the public being invited to go down and donate money in exchange for a Christmas greeting and a musical dedication. Over the years, further aspects were introduced into the Radio format such as the annual "Villancicos" contest (Christmas Carol contest) where businesses and workplaces were invited to write and perform their own take on popular songs and carols. The TV version of the Open Day can be described as a traditional Tele-thon, complete with entertainment, live music, comedy, variety, cheque presentations, competitions and an auction. The Television Open Day also includes parodies of local events over the last year, and a "Reward" segment previously titled "Surprise" where individuals within the community are prized for their contribution, strength and sacrifices. Previously the TV version also featured the annual "Treasure Hunt" with live links throughout the broadcast on the progress made by participants. This disappeared over time despite being one of the most popular aspects of the TV Open Day, albeit being revived in the last few years as a pre-recorded segment.

Today, the GBC Open Day is a local charity which raises monies for a variety of local charities. It remains one of the highlights in the Gibraltarian Social Calendar, with most of the community participating and contributing in some way.

GBC programmes
Imported series previously aired on GBC TV

Children's programming

Live-action
 * The Paper Lads
 * Jossy's Giants
 * Adventures on Kythera
 * Skippy the Bush Kangaroo
 * Danger Bay
 * The Henderson Kids
 * Secret Valley
 * The Littlest Hobo
 * C.A.B.
 * Richard the Lionheart
 * T-Bag
 * Emu's World
 * Fraggle Rock
 * Worzel Gummidge
 * The Kids of Degrassi Street
 * The Book Tower
 * Super Gran
 * My Family and Other Animals
 * Home Farm Twins
 * Children's Island
 * Saved by the Bell
 * The Bubblegum Brigade
 * Mike and Angelo
 * Tales From Fat Tulip's Garden
 * Kidsongs
 * The Elephant Show
 * Terrahawks
 * Ragtime
 * The Worst Witch

Animated
 * Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings
 * Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds
 * Denver, the Last Dinosaur
 * He-Man and the Masters of the Universe
 * Fireman Sam
 * She-Ra, Princess of Power
 * ThunderCats
 * Duckula
 * Danger Mouse
 * Telebugs
 * Bertha
 * Charlie Chalk
 * Superman
 * Popeye
 * The Banana Splits
 * Alias the Jester
 * The Pink Panther
 * The Flintstones
 * The Family Ness
 * Jayce and the Wheeled Warriors
 * Alphabet Zoo
 * Sport Billy
 * The Mysterious Cities of Gold
 * The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin
 * Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids
 * Tom and Jerry
 * The Funny Company
 * Help!... It's the Hair Bear Bunch!
 * The Brady Kids
 * Pac-Man
 * Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle
 * Scooby, Scrappy and Yabba Doo
 * The Road Runner Show

British comedy / sitcoms
 * Benny Hill
 * 'Allo 'Allo!
 * Birds of a Feather
 * Blackadder
 * Steptoe and Son
 * Open All Hours
 * Bottom
 * Fresh Fields
 * French Fields
 * Me and My Girl
 * Man About the House
 * Dear John
 * The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin
 * Yes Minister
 * Spitting Image
 * Three Up, Two Down
 * Never the Twain
 * Dad's Army

US comedy / sitcoms
 * The Simpsons
 * The Bill Cosby Show
 * My Two Dads
 * ALF
 * Marblehead Manor
 * Webster
 * Kate and Allie
 * Bewitched
 * My Secret Identity
 * The Love Boat
 * Rhoda
 * I Dream of Jeannie
 * Family Ties
 * Roseanne
 * Here's Lucy
 * Eight Is Enough
 * Private Benjamin
 * The Brady Bunch
 * Car 54, Where Are You?

British drama / soaps
 * EastEnders
 * Coronation Street
 * Night and Day
 * Sherlock Holmes
 * Miss Marple
 * Upstairs Downstairs
 * Jupiter Moon
 * Bergerac
 * Howards' Way
 * Mitch
 * Sherlock Holmes
 * Robin of Sherwood
 * The Storyteller
 * Cold Feet
 * The Hitchhiker
 * The Ray Bradbury Theatre
 * Great Expectations
 * Doctor Who
 * Dempsey & Makepeace
 * Minder
 * Bodyguards
 * The Saint

US / Canada drama / soaps
 * Dallas
 * Wonder Woman
 * Charlie's Angels
 * Bonanza
 * Twin Peaks
 * St. Elsewhere
 * 18 Wheels of Justice
 * Hunter
 * Jake and the Fatman
 * Cagney & Lacey
 * Moonlighting
 * Remington Steele
 * Neon Rider
 * African Skies
 * L.A. Law
 * The Thorn Birds
 * T. and T.
 * MacGyver
 * Dr. Kildare
 * The Fugitive

Entertainment formats
 * Give Us a Clue
 * That's Incredible
 * Challenge Anneka
 * Trans World Sport
 * Weekly English FA Highlights programme

Australian drama / soaps
 * SeaChange
 * Stingers
 * Serangoon Road

Other
 * Cybernet
 * Return to Eden
 * Shaka Zulu
 * The Sullivans – The Australian soap was hugely popular in Gibraltar and is considered one of GBC TVs most successful imports of all time. Screened mostly throughout the 1980s, the soap was a Sunday night staple and usually followed The Sunday Message religious broadcast. Whilst it is standard scheduling practice today, GBC TVs scheduling of The Sullivans during the 1980s was well ahead of its day, with the broadcaster opting to air two episodes back-to-back on Sunday nights, editing out the closing credits of the first episode and the opening sequence for the second to create a seamless hour-long episode instead of two half-hour instalments. Sadly GBC TV never completed the 1,114 episode run of the series, cutting it off shortly after surpassing the 1000 episode mark as a result of its decision to drop all imports from its schedules. Local viewers never saw the conclusion of the series until satellite TV arrived in Gibraltar and golden oldies channel UK Gold screened the entire run.
 * Jupiter Moon – With EastEnders having become too expensive for the GBC, the channel opted to replace the series with a new British soap from British Satellite Broadcasting, Jupiter Moon, debuting it before its launch on the BSB's own Galaxy Channel. That series aired on GBC three times a week, normally on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.
 * Movies, Games and Videos

Local programme titles
 * "The Magic garden / Playground"
 * "Susan's Corner"
 * "3 to 6"
 * "Brain Box"
 * Top Team
 * "City Talk"
 * "Snippets"
 * "Soundchaser"
 * "Storyliners"
 * "A Walk through History"
 * "Girl Chat"
 * "From the Archives"
 * "Smarty Pants",
 * "Taboo",
 * "9 o'clock shop",
 * "Community Call"
 * "Sunday Message"
 * "Live from The Rock"
 * "Two's Company"
 * "The Mag"
 * "Telespree"
 * "Sports Report"
 * "Telebingo"
 * "The Quiz"
 * "The Bland Travel Game"
 * "The Thursday Debate"
 * "Music Street"
 * "PLU – People Like Us"
 * "Abstractus"
 * "Cultural Exchange"
 * "The Lamplighters"
 * "Sweet Somethings"
 * "Summer Rendez-vous"
 * "Health Matters"
 * "Just Another Day"
 * "Vicki's Kitchen"
 * "Flavours of the 1001 Nights"
 * "News Review"
 * "Support"
 * "Postcards from the Past"
 * "Diversity"
 * "Andrea's Kind of folk"

Early 1990s – Satellite TV arrives
With the arrival of satellite TV to Gibraltar, GBC TV decided to compete with a Microwave Distribution System MMDS which carried the BBC TV Europe service. Due to difficulties in securing the rights to rebroadcast other channels and propagation problems, the service was terminated. GBC started relaying BBC Prime on its VHF and UHF channels with opt-outs. In the early 1990s this comprised the BBC programming throughout the day with GBC TV productions screening in appointed "windows", such as the NewsWatch programme at 8:30 pm. The BBC service was re-encrypted with decoders supplied to licence holders free of charge.

This rebroadcasting ended in 1999 when GBC ceased BBC transmission in favour of a relaunch which would see the channel broadcasting its own output between 7:30 pm and 11:30 pm.

The 1999 relaunch
The BBC 1992 made-for-television movie An Ungentlemanly Act spearheaded the GBC 1999 schedules on Relaunch Night.

As part of the 1999 relaunch, GBC TV acquired the broadcast rights to various international TV series and Made for TV movies. Titles included the British action series Bodyguards, the Australian dramedy SeaChange, the Australian medical drama All Saints, the British romantic dramedy Cold Feet (screened under the Foreign Markets title "Life, Love and Everything Else"), reruns of classic Western drama Bonanza, the Canadian police drama Cold Squad; and factual series, "Hutan: Wildlife of the Malaysian Rainforest", Movies, Games and Videos, Cybernet, Adventure and discovery, Reel Adventures and "Sportsworx". GBC TV also "fills" its schedules with random episodes of music shows "London Live" "Legends of Jazz" and "The album Show". At present most "scripted fare" has disappeared from GBC TV schedules, and in its place the channel screens various lifestyle and travel programmes such as "Inside Luxury Travel" and various Country profile / promotional programmes.

GBC experiment: Latin American telenovelas
In 1999, GBC TV piloted the screening of a Spanish-language programme in their late night slot (10:30 pm). Flor de Oro, a Colombian telenovela was the first Spanish language serial to air on the channel. It ran for 65 episodes and had a replay the next day at 2 pm. Following the conclusion of the serial, GBC TV launched a second telenovela, 90-60-90 Modelos, this time opting not to include it in its nightly transmissions and only maintaining it in its 2 pm slot. When the serial finished, GBC ended its Spanish-language television programming and restricted Spanish broadcasts to radio (Radio Gibraltar) in its traditional 2 pm – 4 pm slot.

Early 2000s
Current

The television service also broadcasts 24 hours a day with the programme profile favouring the inclusion of local productions, including news and current affairs programmes. GBC TV programming airs daily between 7:30 pm and 11:30 pm, with the rest of its transmission hours being taken up by an Information Service which provides local information as well as from time to time broadcasting TV programme replays and programming from the channel's archives.

Local television shows airing on GBC TV include:

 * Newswatch – the channel's flagship news bulletin which airs every weekday at 8:30 pm and replayed at 11 pm.
 * Talk About Town – A discussion series in Llanito (the local vernacular) in which three presenters discuss local affairs, from the need to replace a street sign to important political affairs.
 * Viewpoint – The flagship political discussion show.
 * Pepe's Pot – Culinary series in Llanito in which presenter Pepe Palmero teaches viewers how to prepare local favourites. The series ended after five seasons in 2006. Revived in 2012.
 * Sports Report – Long-running local sports review type show
 * Telebingo – Long-running local gameshow hosted by local presenter David Hoare and then Andy Coumbe, based on the traditional bingo game. The gameshow ended on 25 July 2007.
 * In Him I Trust – Long-running religious magazine show

GBC TV also screens religious, music, history and children's programmes as well as many specials which cover events held in the local community.

The majority of GBC's output is imported, particularly from the UK, US and Australia. These are unavailable for streaming on GBC's website due to copyright. As has been the trend worldwide, GBC TV has also added a few reality shows to their line-up in recent years. The first reality series to air on the GBC was Let's Dance, a take on the BBCs Strictly Come Dancing contest. In the GBC version, various local personalities competed in a weekly competition that run for four weeks. A second series followed, as did a third in Spring 2009. January 2007 saw the launch of GBC's new reality contest – Weekend Warrior in which two teams of local personalities battled it out against each other in a recruit training type competition.

GBC daytime hours
Over the years, GBC TV has mostly been on air exclusively during the evenings with a few exceptions – holiday programming for children at Christmas and live broadcasts of community and news events. However, daytime hours were normally handed over to a number of Advertistment formats, most notably the EYE service during the 1980s. The EYE service can be compared to an on-screen revolving Teletext format which consisted of Community Information, Diary of Events, competitions and advertisements. Radio Gibraltar provided the audio for the EYE service. The service ceased when GBC TV opted to relay BBC broadcasts.

After the 1999 relaunch, GBC TV announced it would incorporate Daytime transmissions as a way of extending broadcast hours and subsequently increasing advertising time available to potential advertiseres. Initially, as a pilot-scheme, the service replayed a Spanish language telenovela that aired weeknights at 10:30 pm, but the plan was to extend this to include a news magazine show during the lunch-hour and a Community notice-board type magazine show. There was talk of taking to TV the popular radio news format Focus at Lunchtime. This never materialised.

At present, GBC TV fills daytime hours with a cheaper version of the old EYE format. The new service currently rotates a few ads with Community information, Diary of events, notices and Government Notices. Old photographs of Gibraltar donated by local photographers and collectors also feature, alongside photo portfolios from amateur photographers and Photography competition winners. Portfolios feature for months and are refreshed randomly. Like with the EYE service, Radio Gibraltar provides an audio stream for the service.

Logo and DOG
GBC on-screen branding and corporate identity have changed a number of times throughout its history. The iconic circle set against the backdrop of a computer animation of the Rock of Gibraltar was used throughout the 80s.

During the 90s, coinciding with GBC limiting its service and handing over most of its broadcast hours to retransmissions of the BBC Europe channel, a new logo was introduced. Designed locally, the new logo featured a broken silhouette of the Rock of Gibraltar against a white background and red letters depicting the GBC TV name.

After the 1999 relaunch, GBC again rebranded to an earlier version of the current logo which is depicted by a "silver-coloured wavy impression" of the silhouette of the Rock of Gibraltar. It also features "Gibraltar sunshine" represented by a yellow coloured Sun emerging from behind the Rock, and the Mediterranean Sea depicted by a "blue-coloured wavy" which also serves to underline the GBC red-coloured letters.

Recently GBC has opted for a reworking of the current logo, which uses silver colours against a blue background. The new logo is solely made up of a "silver coloured wavy" depiction of the silhouette of the Rock against a blue background and the GBC lettering now in a silver colour. The reworked version is currently appearing in the Newswatch titles, and corporate idents. The GBC website has not updated or changed the logo to the reworked version. The old logo with red lettering is still being used as the station's DOG.

Idents
GBC has introduced Gibraltar-themed idents during 2012.

During April 2012, for the first time, across London, in three different places, 55 soldiers of the Royal Gibraltar Regiment were responsible for the security and for providing the Queen's Guard at Buckingham Palace, St James Palace and the Tower of London, and guarding the Crown Jewels. GBC commemorated the historical occasion with a number of idents depicting the Royal Gibraltar Regiment duties in London. These idents also served to launch GBCs new style idents which have continued since.

To date, there are a number of idents. Most depict Gibraltar landscapes, streets, buildings, monuments, institutions and everyday Gibraltar life. These idents are refreshed frequently and are in constant rotation.

There are also "themed" and "commemorative" idents depicting "seasons" and occasions. Summer idents have depicted Gibraltar beaches, the Sea and Gibraltar's summer lifestyle. Commemorative idents have depicted the Golden Jubilee, National Day, and the London 2012 Olypipcs (the first with Gibraltarian participation).

New idents are planned for Autumn 2012 to coincide with GBCs new programme schedule which will see an increase in local programming.

GBC branding theme and scores
GBCs branding theme has been changed over the years. During the 70s and 80s GBC used a powerful orchestral type theme which was very much in line with TV station branding of the time.

Over the years and in keeping with changing styles, GBC has opted for a number of smoother sounding themes. At present, GBC uses a smooth, inspirational-type track as its brand theme.

GBC themes and programme scores are not exclusively produced for GBC TV as is the case with Radio Gibraltar jingles, and are instead bought from royalty-free music sites. At present the GBC brand theme is also being used as the programme theme for a factual series made by a Spanish TV channel.

The future of GBC
In summer 2007, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) announced that if they were to be re-elected in that year's elections, they would review broadcasting in Gibraltar and GBC TV and Radio would undergo a major overhaul in 2008. The GSD was then subsequently re-elected in 2007 for a further term. It has been said that the government would consider privatising in full or in part broadcasting in Gibraltar.

During a function held to celebrate Radio Gibraltar's 50th anniversary, Chief Minister Peter Caruana announced that the planned review of GBC and broadcasting in Gibraltar would take place before the end of 2008.

As at June 2009, the government had confirmed that a full review of GBC TV and Radio was completed earlier in the year. During a session in Parliament, when asked by the Opposition, the government announced that they had no "immediate plans" to reveal details of the survey. They further added that the GBC review is "no major priority".

2010: Allan King and "The Way Forward"
On 2 February 2010, the Government of Gibraltar published a paper detailing the future of GBC. Entitled The Way Forward, the paper was based on the various recommendations made by media personality and consultant, Allan King (formerly of the UK's Sky TV), in a report commissioned by the government. King's report was dated November 2008 and entitled "Preparing GBC for the next 50 years". Following the release of the paper, the government opened a period of public consultation that ran for six weeks on the future of broadcasting in Gibraltar.

The paper recommended that GBC TV and Radio Gibraltar close up one day at midnight, and re-open the next day at 6 am as a completely "New GBC" with a brand new logo, slogan, feel and programme schedule.

The paper looked at different areas and stresses the importance attached to providing better facilities, technical equipment, staff development and better management in order for broadcasting to move forward and survive. The paper states that there should be more local special interest programming, in-depth documentary series, one-off programmes and local "magazine" programmes separate from news programmes. It states that there is little justification for many of the current "bought-in" programmes as they do not relate to Gibraltar, and are simply a cheap way of filling airtime. GBC's raison d'être is its service to Gibraltar, i.e. its public service broadcasting function. There could be justification for some bought-in programmes where there is genuine local interest (providing they are cost-effective), and for films.

The paper also mentions the need to rebalance frequency use in Gibraltar, as the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) has a large share for its small audience. A second channel could be used for special events or even be leased out in programming block format such as the breakfast television franchise GMTV which operates via ITV in the UK.

The Way Forward also recommends that GBC take up the role of cable television operator to provide a new revenue stream for the broadcaster.

On radio, King stated that Radio Gibraltar tries to cater for too wide an audience, and recommends launching a second radio station, one for a general audience with news and current affairs at its heart, with the second service targeting a younger audience.

The King report initiated some debate in Gibraltar. Meanwhile, Chief Minister of Gibraltar, Peter Caruana, has proposed to the GBC board that Allan King be appointed the broadcaster's first chief executive officer. In late March 2010, the Board of GBC appointed Allan King as the broadcaster's first CEO for a term of three years. King began his employment with GBC on 7 April 2010.

As of July 2011, no major changes had been seen in GBC's TV broadcasting, albeit a reformatting of its daily news programme, to shorten it substantially, and follow it with a 'magazine' style programme. In early 2012, Radio Gibraltar has replaced its jingle with one that mirrors those in the UK. GBC's current situation is unknown.

Broadcasting Act 2012
The Broadcasting Act 2012 will replace the Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation Act 1963 (GBC Act). It will transpose several EU directives on broadcasting into Gibraltarian law. Under its provisions, GBC will continue to be a public service broadcaster offering free-to-air transmissions to the whole community. Its remit will continue to be to inform, educate and entertain.

A bill for the Broadcasting Act 2012 was published as a supplement to the Gibraltar Gazette in August 2012. The Gibraltar Parliament passed the Broadcasting Act 2012 on Friday 28 September 2012, which replaced the GBC Act. It was passed by Government majority, with the Opposition voting against, as it felt there were a number of technical objections which meant they could not support it.

The Chief Minister of Gibraltar, Fabian Picardo, said the new Act ends the GBC's monopoly on broadcasting and introduces a regulatory structure for all broadcasting in Gibraltar.

GBC becomes a joint-venture and the creation of the GEN (Gibraltar Entertainment Network)
Gibraltar Entertainment Network, a company formed in Gibraltar with well-known UK television writer Kim Fuller amongst its directors was part of the arrangement pursued by the Gibraltar Government to try to give the local public service broadcaster GBC a fresh start.

Best known for his work on Not the Nine O'Clock News, Red Dwarf and Spitting Image, Mr Fuller will be one of the directors of the new joint venture company involving GBC in an arms-length deal. Another of the directors will be Anna George whose partner was Led Zeppelin's manager, as well as that of Bad Company, Maggie Bell and the Yardbirds.

An agreement was signed late August 2012 with Rightful Media, a company which includes several directors who are also directors in another Gibraltar headquartered company, Personalbest, and include Andrew Smith, Non Executive chairman and with considerable experience in global asset management for leading entities, media sales manager Brendan Golt, Anna George and Trudi Faulkner the Operations Director.

The new commercial arrangements will see the corporation owning a 50 percent share in the Gibraltar Entertainment Network (GEN), and developing new built-for-purpose studio complexes at Europa Point, possibly by 2015. A music recording studio will also be set up. There may also be cross-over opportunities for GBC staff at the GEN.

GEN, and the new GBC, will not be fully operational for some time yet, as the estimate time of completion for the construction projects has been set at the end of 2015. GBC will, however, be relocating to the Ince's Hall Complex which will undergo extensive works to accommodate the broadcaster.

The Chief Minister of Gibraltar Fabian Picardo reiterated that the future of GBC must lie away from public funding. The new business model will see GBC teaming up with a UK entertainment company, Rightful Media to co-own the Gibraltar Entertainment Network, and taking advantage of Gibraltar's beneficial tax status to attract major productions to film and record in Gibraltar.

Autumn / Winter 2012 schedule: Local programming increased
In October 2012, GBC launched a new autumn schedule which saw a substantial increase in local programming. The new schedule included Stuff About Us, a brand new entertainment/variety magazine show that is on Friday nights. A new fortnightly community chat show fronted by female personalities, Women Unleashed alternates with Viewpoint on Thursdays, taking over a niche left vacant by the cancellation of Talk About Town. Other programmes include an adventure-style programme Living on the Edge; The Property programme which looks at Gibraltar's most impressive homes and the local property market; a new gastronomy programme, uCook, and a new religious programme, Questions of Faith, replacing the cancelled long-running series In Him I Trust. As part of the schedule revamp, most GBC programmes play three times over a seven-day period.

Long-running programmes Sports Report, News Review and Viewpoint continue to feature in the new schedule, as does the weeknightly Newswatch and the chat show Diversity. Some new international series will also feature in the new schedule, including Australian police drama Stingers and movie nights.

Local productions
(September–December 2012 / Cycle 1)

 * Sports Report – Weekly round-up of local sports events (on-going series)
 * Diversity – Chat show with local personalities and visitors (programme 13 ended series one; aired 22 October)
 * Viewpoint – Fortnightly discussion series focusing on political issues (on-going series).
 * News Review – Weekly local news review series (on-going series).
 * Gibraltar Government Lottery Draw Live – Fortnightly broadcast of the local lottery (on-going series).
 * Stuff About Us – Friday night entertainment magazine show which airs live; includes guests, music, features and competitions.
 * Living on the Edge – Adventure-type series in which a local personality/presenter takes on challenges such as bungee jumping and sky-diving. This is GBCs first commission (produced by an independent local production company as opposed to other GBC shows which are produced in-house) (series ended 29 November 2012)
 * The Property Market – Weekly half-hour series that talks about the local property market and also features properties for sale and rent (programme 6 ended series one; aired 7 November 2012)
 * Questions of Faith – Weekly half-hour discussion series on religious issues.
 * uCook – Weekly half-hour gastronomy series (premiered Monday 3 December 2012)
 * Women unleashed – Fortnightly chat show where local female personalities give their take on local issues
 * Exhibition – Ten Years On – Art series. Ten years ago GBC took a close look at Gibraltar's popular artists and invited them to share their thoughts and inspirations. The new series now revisits them ten years later and looks at how they have evolved as artists.
 * Diamond Jubilee Quiz – Children's quiz series (premiered 29 October)
 * New Kids on the Block – Biographical series that looks at the six individuals who became MPs for the first time at the last General Election (premiered 14 November 2012)

Local one-off specials

 * Gibraltar National Day (2012) – Live broadcast of Gibraltar's National Day celebrations.
 * Clean Up the World (Gibraltar – 2012) – Half hour special chronicling the community's effort to clean up the World
 * Gibraltar – A Film by Anna Garcia – Feature-length documentary by independent Gibraltar-born film-maker Anna Garcia. In June 2010, Ana Garcia returned home to Gibraltar to get married. Coming back to the most unusual of British territories, she finds herself compelled to find out more about the history of her family and her birthplace. As she prepares for her wedding, we are taken on a very personal journey that uncovers the inspiring story of how a small community has fought for its home and identity.

International series

 * Stingers – Long-running Australian police drama that ran for eight seasons (192 episodes) between 1998 and 2004. (Nine Network, Australia)
 * Forensic School – Factual true crime series
 * Legends of Jazz – Thirteen-part series featuring intimate conversations and original performances by some of the world's leading musicians. (US PBS)
 * On Patrol – US factual docu-series following police officers on patrol
 * Living Coffee – Coffee Culture series
 * Making Of… – Film preview show with behind the scenes footage.
 * Movies – A selection of older movies, made-for-TV movies, cult classics and straight-to-video/DVD releases.

On Tuesday 13 November 2012, GBC TV rebranded the Tuesday Movie Slot to Movie Time and started a new season of recently acquired movies.

Digital switch-over
The Gibraltar Regulatory Authority (GRA) signed a contract worth around $1.5 million with Arqiva in the United Kingdom to provide a digital broadcasting network in Gibraltar. The network comprises two digital television multiplexes and two digital radio multiplexes. On each television multiplex Gibraltar is able to transmit up to six distinct programmes. Each digital radio multiplex allows for four distinct programmes.

The transmitters are located at a single site on the Upper Rock, thus minimising the environmental impact of the antenna and support structures, which will replace the two television broadcasting sites of Signal Hill and O'Hara's Battery.

The digital broadcasting network had to be operational by 31 December 2012, allowing Gibraltar to meet its international obligation to cease its analogue television transmissions by that date.

The contractor, Arqiva, provides much of the infrastructure behind television, radio, satellite and wireless communications in the UK.

Proposal for relocation to Queen's Cinema and Hotel
After the GSLP/Liberal Alliance's victory to a second term in office, Chief Minister Fabian Picardo stated that GBC is to be relocated to the old premises of the Queen's Cinema, which will be redeveloped as Gibraltar's national theatre, and administered by GBC.

Radio Gibraltar

 * Medium Wave 1458 kHz (206 metres)
 * FM 91.3 MHz West side of the Rock and town area.
 * FM 92.6 MHz South District, Costa del Sol and Campo de Gibraltar (Spain)
 * FM 100.5 MHz South District, Campo de Gibraltar (Spain).

GBC Television

 * VHF Channel 12 West side of Rock including town area.
 * VHF Channel 6 Town area, East Side including Catalan Bay and Costa del Sol (Spain)
 * UHF Channel 53 South District
 * UHF Channel 56 North District
 * UHF Channel 32 Gibraltar, Campo de Gibraltar (Spain)

title: Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation


text:
Talk:The Paralegal Institute

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Talk:David Paice

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User:Jukeboksi/wikireaders

Jukeboksi's wikireaders on business administration studies

 * Jubo-jubo's wikireader into Logistics and SCM - 1st in the series of free learning resources for the business learner on a shoestring
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 * Jubo-jubo's wikireader into basic internationalization of a business - 3rd in the series of free learning resources for the business learner on a shoestring
 * Jubo-jubo's wikireader into law and business - 4th in the series of free learning resources for the business learner on a shoestring

More at http://wiki.study

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Talk:2/23rd Battalion (Australia)

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User:Shubham jainn

SHUBHAM JAIN

FATHER:- HIRALAL JAIN MOTHER:- ASHABEN JAIN BORN :- 13th of march 2001 Study :-BHMS(HOMOEOPATHIC) STATUS:- Single

title: User:Shubham jainn


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Talk:Free online peer reviewed journals

There really are quite a number of free online peer-reviewed journals out there. I'm thinking that we eventually may either have to split this page up into subpages, or simply have resources by portals (ie the Media portal has material that's relevant to the media, and so on). However, we would perhaps need to compile a comprehensive list first to warrant that - so we can continue with this page for now.. Cormaggio 18:03, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Definitely. :) Emesee mobi 04:44, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Free online peer reviewed journals


text:
изнести

Verb

 * 1) carry out

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to carry out, bring forth
 * 2)  to bring, deliver
 * 3)  to report, proclaim, declare
 * 4)  to say, pronounce
 * 1)  to report, proclaim, declare
 * 2)  to say, pronounce

title: изнести


text:
Game Creation Guidelines/Spiral Model of Game Development

Introduction
The Spiral Model of Game Development is the extraction of the Spiral Model proper for use in Game Development. This part of the Game Design Project looks at exploration of the Spiral Method as a means to game development, and asks the question: when should I employ the Spiral Method in developing my games?

The Spiral Model
The Spiral Model is an iterative development method. Iteration means the steps are performed over and over again. This means the project is conceived, designed, prototyped, tested, and the test results are put into the next iteration of the same steps. The Spiral Model is thus an evolutionary process.

The design process starts in the centre of the spiral with an idea. It proceeds outward clockwise through each of the five phases of design. Every return of the spiral to the "define" position starts a new iteration. Each iteration produces a deliverable or prototype, and each prototype is closer and closer to the final production model in complexity and degree of completion. The process begins when you have an idea for a game. First, you:
 * 1) define - define the new idea, make an outline, and hash out the basics of your design.
 * 2) design - get down to work writing the rules for the core mechanic, make the basics workable.
 * 3) prototype - build a working model, start to get the look and feel of the physical features of the game.
 * 4) playtest - you can do a solo playtest, an internal playtest, or a blind playtest.
 * 5) feedback - gather, collate, and synthesize your feedback.
 * 6) redefine - go back to the drawing board with what you learned and change your outline...

A major theme of the Spiral Model in software development and defence appropriations is Risk Management. The risks of game development, however, are few. The main risk to be avoided is wasting your time on a flawed design. The Spiral Model forces you to produce an early proof of concept, and if you've got a strong theme and weak mechanic, it will show readily. In this way, the Risk Management is subsumed by definition: if, after testing, the prototype was found to be unworkable, you don't have to go any further, but you can back pocket what was useful and hopefully use it again someday.

Commentary
Be bold and tell us what you think about the Spiral Model!

Exploration of the Spiral Model
A place for articles, songs, poems, diagrams, and games about and created by the Spiral Model.
 * Liberal Diplomacy - dnjkirk experiments with the Spiral Model to produce a Diplomacy variant!


text:
Karonga War

The name Karonga War  is given to a number of armed clashes that took place between mid-1887 and mid-1889 near Karonga at the northern end of Lake Malawi in what is now Malawi between a Scottish trading concern called the African Lakes Company Limited and elements of the Ngonde people on one side and Swahili traders and their Henga allies on the other. In the 19th century, it was referred to as the “Arab War”, despite few actual Arabs being involved. Although these conflicts predate formal endorsement of a British Central Africa Protectorate west of Lake Malawi in 1891, European involvement, both by the African Lakes Company and by Germans attempting to prevent Swahili slave trading around Lake Tanganyika in German East Africa, had upset the previous balance between the Ngonde and their neighbours and created the conditions for this conflict. It was between the Tumbuka and Nyakyusa-Ngonde ethnic groups.

Situation before the conflict
The area to the west of northern Lake Malawi was occupied by two established indigenous peoples, the Tumbuka and Ngonde, and the recently arrived Ngoni. Although the Tumbuka were already involved in the East African ivory trade, in the 1820s and 1830s Swahili traders from the Indian Ocean coast entered the area and displaced the earlier local merchants. These traders, who were backed by Indian financiers in Zanzibar, were as much interested in slaves as ivory. Finally, in the late 1870s, the African Lakes Company began trading in ivory along the shores of Lake Malawi, establishing its trading posts there in the early 1880s.

Local peoples
The Tumbuka probably entered the area between the Luangwa valley and northern Lake Malawi in the 15th century. At the start of the 18th century, they formed a number of groups, of which that known as the Henga was an important one, and they lived in small, independent communities without a central organisation, that were spread thinly over this area. By the mid-18th century, traders dressed “as Arabs”, although coming from the Unyamwezi region of what is now Tanzania, were involved in trading for ivory and to some extent slaves as far inland as the Luangwa valley. They formed alliances with groups of Henga, and their leader established a dynasty ruling a federation of small chiefdoms around the lakeshore. By the 1830s, this Chikulamayembe (also called Chikuramaybe) dynasty was in decline and the area reverted to a state of political and military disorganisation.

The Ngonde (as they are known in Malawi) occupy the north-western shore of Lake Malawi south of the Songwe River are an offshoot of the Nyakyusa people, who live north of that river in Tanzania. The Ngonde probably moved into Malawi around 1600 and densely settled the area between the Songwe and North Rukuru rivers. Their political organisation involved with relatively strong local chiefs, and a paramount chief or Kyungu from one of two princely lineages. The Kyungu was primarily a religious leader with limited power over the local chiefs. Because the environment of the Karonga plain was favourable for their mixed farming practices, the Ngonde gradually extended the area they occupied, but were not involved in ivory trading networks before the late 19th century.

The Ngoni of Mbelwa (also known as M'mbelwa or Mombera) were a branch of Zwangendaba’s Ngoni, which began its migration from South Africa between 1819 and 1822, eventually reaching southern Tanzania and remained there until Zwangendaba’s death in the mid-1840s. After this, his followers split into several groups, one of which under his son Mbelwa settled permanently in what is now the Mzimba district of northern Malawi around 1855.

Mbelwa’s Ngoni treated the Henga as a subject population, exacting tribute and taking captives through raiding. These captives were rarely sold to the Swahili traders, but retained as unfree agricultural workers or enrolled in Ngoni regiments. Some Henga soldiers fled back to their original homeland around 1879 but were attacked by the Ngoni in 1881 and forced to move north into Ngonde territory, where the Ngonde settled them as a buffer against their enemies. Zwangendaba’s Ngoni had raided the Ngonde in the 1840s and Mbelwa’s Ngoni did so in the 1850s and 1870s. Each time, the Ngonde had been forced to surrender many cattle, so they feared further raids.

Advent of the Swahili and Europeans
Around 1880, a group of Swahili traders who were established in the elephant-rich Luangwa valley sent one of their number, Mlozi bin Kazbadema from Ujiji, now in Tanzania, to act as their agent in the area to the north-west of Lake Malawi. He headed a party which established a camp near Mbande Hill, the seat of the Ngonde paramount chief, about 15 mi inland from the lake, and a stockade at Chilumba on Lake Malawi, from where ivory and slaves could be shipped across the lake. This was followed by other stockades, from which Mlozi also carried out an active trade in ivory with the African Lakes Company’s depot at Karonga. Contemporary Europeans in East Africa described these traders as Arabs, one writer dividing them into three classes: a few “White Arabs” from Oman, other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Iran or Balochistan and the majority, either Muslim “Mswahili” from the east coast of Africa or Nyamwezi people from Unyamwezi, who imitated Arab dress and customs but were only rarely Muslim. Other Nyamwezi who had not adopted Arab ways and who acted as the traders’ armed guards were known as Ruga-Ruga. The African Lakes Company, which cooperated closely with the Scottish missions, began its transport and trading concern that aimed to replace the slave trade by legitimate commerce and develop European influence in 1878. Its local managers, the brothers John Moir and Frederick Moir concentrated on trading ivory rather than cash crops, facing stiff completion from established Swahili merchants. In 1883, the company set up a base in Karonga to exchange ivory for trade goods.

Trading rivalries
The popularity of the so-called Arab traders arose from the ready supply of a wide range of trade goods they brought, not only guns and ammunition, but also iron tools and utensils, and cloth. This varied supply, for which African chiefs were prepared to exchange slaves as well as ivory, could not be matched by the African Lakes Company's intermittent supplies of European goods. The Swahili initially had good relations with the Ngonde, but as many of their stockades were built in the area where the Henga had been settled, the Ngonde began to distrust both the Henga and the Swahili.

Initially, relations between Mlozi and Low Monteith Fotheringham, the African Lakes Company's local representative, were cordial, but their relationship later deteriorated, partly because of the company's delays in supplying goods in exchange for ivory, its unwillingness to provide guns or ammunition and its limited supply of other trade goods, and also because the Swahili traders turned more to slaving and began to attack the Ngonde communities that the company had promised to protect.

The African Lakes Company's failure lay in part with its lack of sufficient finances to realise its ambitious plans, but also because it thought that trading in ivory and in slaves were intimately connected, as David Livingstone among others had observed recently enslaved Africans being forced to carry ivory to the coast. However, by the 1870s, most ivory porters were paid specialists, not slaves, and the relation between in ivory and slaves was an inverse one: the increasing European demand for ivory led to a depletion of the elephant herds in many areas, whose people were then forced to sell slaves in exchange for the trade goods they wanted, which they had formerly bartered ivory to acquire. After spending several years trying unsuccessfully to undermine the Swahili trading networks, by 1884 the African Lakes Company was almost bankrupt. It blamed the Swahili for this, and tried to revive its fortunes by making treaties with Ngonde chiefs on the Karonga lakeshore, with a view to preventing them trading with the Swahili traders. These treaties were not only commercial but promised protection, which the Ngonde interpreted as protection against the Swahili and Henga and not only from the Ngoni, which is what the company had intended.

Although the African Lakes Company was formed with the benevolent aims of cooperating with the Scottish missions and combating the slave trade, its local agents claimed to have made a series of treaties with local chiefs around its trading station at Karonga. There was little documentation for these, some of which may have been spurious, but several treaties offered protection and claimed to transfer sovereignty over the territory involved to the company, which may have had the ambition to become a Chartered company. This ambition was strongly opposed by missionaries based in Blantyre, south of Lake Malawi and Hawes, the Consul to the Lake Region, but initially supported by missionaries based further north in Livingstonia.

Indigenous volatility
The Ngonde were concerned both about Mbelwa's Ngoni, even though the latter were settled some distance to the south, and about the Nyakyusa people to the north. Although the Nyakyusa were closely related to the Ngonde, they nevertheless raided their more affluent relatives. To protect their northern border, the Ngonde resettled those Henga warriors who had been drafted into Ngoni regiments but had later revolted, and also hoped to use the Swahili traders and their well-armed guards to protect their southern flank. However, the Swahili preferred to remain on good terms with the Ngoni. The Henga, who were trained soldiers, could not adapt to life as farmers and remained unassimilated into Ngonde society, although they initially prevented Nyakyusa raids. After the death of an unusually strong Ngonde Kyungu in 1878 or 1879, his successor was weak and unable to provide firm leadership. In 1885 several powerful men among the Ngonde signed treaties with the African Lakes Company which claimed to cede large areas of land to it without consulting the paramount chief, and one Ngonde faction planned to massacre the Henga without the Kyungu's knowledge. This faction wished to use the African Lakes Company to oppose and possibly replace their paramount chief, who consequently attempted to use the Swahili to strengthen his position.

In addition to the internal conflict within the Ngonde state, the Henga leader died in 1887 and his following split into two groups, one led by his son, which represented the warriors, the other included those that had adapted to agricultural life.

War
Although conflict between the Swahili traders their guards and their Henga allies continued with greater or less intensity from mid 1887 to 1895, the accounts of Fotheringham and Lugard, which only record fighting which involved Europeans, identify four distinct periods: in October to December 1887, March 1888, May to August 1888 and February to March 1889. Minor incidents occurred at other times, and the war was formally ended by a treaty on 22 October 1889. Both Fotheringham and Lugard's accounts are written from the British perspective and give no clear indications of the size of the forces employed by the Swahili and their allies or the Ngonde.

Outbreak
After the African Lakes Company set up its Karonga trading base, it brokered a settlement between the Ngonde and Nyakyusa, and as the threat of Ngoni raids also declined, the usefulness of Henga and Swahili as buffers was reduced. Both groups were aliens in the Ngonde state and were suspicious of cooperation between the company and the Ngonde, so they allied with each other. Fotheringham's own account admits that one of the main sources of the company's problems in 1887 was that it had bought a large quantity of ivory from the “Arabs” on credit, more than could be paid for by a single boat-load of trade goods, and the creditors and their armed followers were forced to wait for several months for satisfaction, expecting the local Ngonde to supply food in the interim. Quarrels between the Swahili traders and the Ngonde people from whom they demanded supplies began in late 1886 and culminated in a violent assault on a trader in July 1887. This assault was used by Mlozi as the pretext to strike at the Ngonde before they decided that the Swahili were superfluous to their needs. After the killing of a local chief in reprisal, the Swahili, their Ruga-Ruga guards and their Henga allies drove out the Ngonde villagers from the Karonga Plain to a distance of 12 mi from the lake over the next few months and, in October 1887, killed a paramount chief or king of the Ngonde.

Although Mlozi was careful not to antagonise the Europeans directly, after this attack he proclaimed himself Sultan of Nkonde and demanded tribute from the African Lakes Company in October 1887, although did not attack when this was refused. The Ngonde sought protection from the African Lakes Company, which was initially refused. However, after further fighting in which the Ngonde were defeated and their paramount chief's village was sacked, many fled to Karonga, where they were given shelter in the African Lakes Company's compound. Fotheringham claimed that the Swahili wished to drive the Ngonde from their homeland and replace them with the Henga mercenaries they had recruited, and that they also intended to attack Karonga, so he issued arms to company employees and strengthened Karonga's defences. Fotheringham also feared that the advance of the Swahili would jeopardize the company's independent position and reduce it to dependence on Mlozi. Although it was portrayed as a fight against slavery, it was as much a trade war.

The first periods of fighting
The small African Lakes Company presence at Karonga consisted of Fotheringham, his assistant and about 60 African company workers: they had had few firearms and little ammunition. Fotheringham appealed to the African Lakes Company headquarters in Blantyre for assistance, and the British Consul at Mozambique, O'Neill, who normal area of consular authority did not include the Karonga area but acting on behalf of Hawes, the absent Consul to the Lake Region, organised a relief expedition. On 4 November, O'Neill reached Karonga by lake-steamer with three other Europeans. After some weeks of stand-off, Mlozi's men made several armed attacks between 23 and 28 November but were beaten off and retired. However, O'Neill and Fotheringham abandoned Karonga as too difficult to defend, and sought shelter with a group of Nyakyusa north of the Songwe River, where they were later reinforced by a small group which Hawes, Consul to the Lake Region, back from leave, had brought by a steamer which also carried arms and ammunition. On 23 December 1887, the company force with its Nyakyusa and Ngonde allies attacked Mlozi's headquarters, resulting in an indecisive skirmish, after which the majority of Europeans returned to the south.

There followed a dispute between the two consuls, Hawes wishing to discontinue the armed conflict while O'Neill wanted to attack Mlozi again. As a result, O'Neill returned to Mozambique, but Hawes also quarrelled with John Moir, the African Lakes Company's representative in Blantyre who was supported by most of the European settlers that settlement. O'Neill departed on leave after appointing John Buchanan as Acting Consul. Hawes was later reassigned to Zanzibar and Buchanan remained in post until Henry Hamilton Johnston arrived in March 1889 Frederick Moir, John's brother took a small party of armed men north, arriving at the abandoned site of Karonga on 3 March 1888; Buchanan arrived a few days later, and met Mlozi and other Swahili leaders with the aim of negotiating a settlement on 20 March. The Swahili apparently agreed to evacuate the Ngonde country and destroy their stockades, but later declined to sign an agreement to that effect, so Buchanan left. Meanwhile, Frederick Moir and Fotheringham, manager of the Karonga depot, had recruited some 500 African fighters, 270 with firearms, and rebuilt the Karonga stockade, after which they launched an abortive attack on a Swahili-controlled village in which Moir was severely wounded

Lugard’s arrival
In May 1888, Captain Lugard of the Indian Army, later Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard arrived in Blantyre, having earlier met O’Neill in Mozambique. O’Neill had told him that the forces at Karonga needed a competent commander. When he reached Blantyre he told Buchanan that, in his opinion, immediate military action against Mlozi and his followers was necessary to protect the missions and the Ngonde people, and to prevent other Swahili traders who had not previously supported Mlozi from joining forces with him, However, Buchanan declined to give him official support in view of Hawes’ opposition and the wish of the British government to avoid involvement. Although Buchanan, and later the Foreign Office and War Office, gave Lugard no official support, they did not oppose his actions on the basis that they were ostensibly to protect the missions rather than the African Lakes Company.

Lugard left Blantyre in mid-May 1888 and, with around 20 Europeans including John Moir and six other company employees, travelled up Lake Malawi by steamer, pausing at Bandawe to recruit 200 Tonga as soldiers, who were to march to Karonga His first aim was to attack Mlozi's stockade at Chilumba, where slaves and ivory were ferried across the lake. This was captured in a surprise attack and destroyed, after which the steamer continued to Karonga, arriving on 28 May, to reinforce the African Lakes Company employees and numerous Ngonde refugees in the company stockade, which Lugard strengthened and extended. After the arrival of the Tonga troops, Lugard prepared to attack the Swahili stockades. His attack, on 16 June, failed after he was wounded, and most of the expedition withdrew in August, leaving a small party in Karonga. Although several of the missions with interests in the area around Lake Malawi petitioned the British government to declare a protectorate and send troops, Lord Salisbury declined to do so, but agreed that the African Lakes Company and the missions were entitled to defend themselves.

Lugard’s second expedition
Lugard returned to Karonga in October and, on 28 November, he there met an envoy of Sultan of Zanzibar, Khalifa bin Said, who claimed suzerainty over Swahili communities in East and Central Africa. The envoy failed to convince Mlozi and his associates to reach a settlement and, in December, hostilities resumed with a Swahili attack on the Chilumba stockade, which Lugard had repaired and garrisoned the previous month. This attack failed and Lugard decided to ensure that Mlozi evacuated his strongholds or to force him out of them. On 16 January 1889, he took delivery of a 7-pounder gun and gave Mlozi an ultimatum to depart by 31 January. After the ultimatum expired, Lugard, with a force of nine Europeans armed with rifles, around 250 Africans, most armed with antiquated muskets, and the gun, attacked one Swahili stockade on 14 February and another on 13 March. Although the field gun caused casualties, its shells did not destroy either stockade. Shortly after the second failure, Lugard left Karonga for Blantyre, which he left on 9 April, arriving at Zanzibar on 3 May 1889 en route to Britain. Six European African Lakes Company employees and an unknown number of armed Africans remained in Karonga, and there was stalemate as neither the company nor the Swahili traders could expel the other. The company's failure to expel Mlozi and the other hostile traders put an end to its political claims to become a chartered company with a protectorate over this area.

Treaty and aftermath
Lugard never returned to Nyasaland but his activities put pressure on the British government to intervene and, in November 1888, it appointed Harry Johnston as Consul in Mozambique, with an area of consular authority covering Central Africa as well as the Portuguese controlled coast. Johnston arrived at Blantyre in March 1889: at that time he had no significant military forces, and agreed a truce with Mlozi in October 1889 to avoid confrontation with him and other slave traders in the north. However, despite the provisions in the truce agreement for the Swahili to allow the Ngonde to return to their villages unmolested and to reduce the number of their stockades, Buchanan, who visited Karonga in March 1891 and met Mlozi, reported to Johnston that, rather than expelled Ngonde being allowed to return, others were still being forced out of their homes, and the Swahili traders were building more fortified villages and restricting the African Lakes Company's trading activities.

Although on the formation of the British Central Africa Protectorate in 1891, Johnston was provided with a small force of Indian troops and trained more African soldiers over the next few years, he was fully engaged in the south of the protectorate until 1894. Between 1891 and 1894, Mlozi and his Henga allies had made further attacks on the Ngonde people and, the African Lakes Company claimed, threatened to attack Karonga again. Mlozi refused either to meet Johnston, who visited Karonga in June 1895, or curtail his raiding activities, so Johnston decided on military action.

Johnston first secured the neutrality of the Swahili ruler of Nkhotakota by paying him a subsidy and prepared to attack the Mlozi and the so-called “north end Arabs”. In November 1895, he embarked a force of over 400 Sikh and African riflemen, with artillery and machine guns on steamers at Mangochi, bound for Karonga. Without any prior warning, he assaulted two smaller stockades on 2 December and, on the same day, surrounded Mlozi's large, double-fenced stockaded town, bombarding it for two days and finally assaulting it on 4 December, facing stiff resistance. Mlozi was captured, given a cursory trial and hanged on 5 December. Between 200 and 300 of Mlozi's fighters were killed, many while attempting to surrender, and several hundred non-combatants were also killed in the bombardment. The other Swahili stockades did not resist and were destroyed

The Karonga War was minor in terms of combatants and casualties compared to the First or Second Matabele War in Southern Rhodesia but it had major significance for the history of Malawi, particularly the north of the country, because it forced a change in British government policy. This had originally been to ensure that no other power controlled the area west and south of Lake Malawi, but without Britain assuming any sovereignty over that area. It changed to one where Britain felt it necessary to proclaim a protectorate. Like the roughly contemporaneous Abushiri revolt in German East Africa, the war represented the end of the political influence of Swahili traders acknowledging the Sultan of Zanzibar's authority in East and Central Africa, and the end of attempts of Chartered companies to assume or retain control in place of their home governments.

title: Karonga War


text:
Demography/Overview

Nature of Demography
Demography is a scientific study of the population. Demographers compute indicators that measure population size and structure, the levels of mortality, fertility and migration processes and certain aspects of demographic behavior such as marriages, divorces, cohabitation etc. Census data, surveys, civil registration, church registers, hospital records, interviews
 * What does a Demographer do?
 * Sources of Demographic Data
 * An Overview of the Demographic Methodology

Theories of Population Change

 * Malthusian Theory
 * Other theories
 * Demographic Transition
 * Western Experience
 * Experience of the Developing Countries

Population Composition

 * Sex and Age Structure
 * Marital Status
 * Family Strucure and Life Cycle
 * Household Structure
 * Labor Force

Mortality
Mortality is the exit process of the populations. Main measure of this process is the coefficient of mortality. It is a number, computed by dividing the number of the people between two exact ages who die in certain time period and the average number of all people between two exact ages in the same time period. From this definition we can conclude that the denominator is always bigger than the nominator, so the coefficient takes values between 0 and 1. It is 0 when nobody dies and 1 if everybody died in this time period. The coefficient is usually represented "per mille" ore "per thousand".

Urbanization
In terms of demography, urbanization means increase of the relative percentage of the people who live in urban area. Hence, it also means a decrease of the share of the rural population.

title: Demography/Overview


text:
Talk:Diana Williams

material to expand upon
Lawrence §  t / e  16:20, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Diana Williams


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Talk:Hernando Iriberri

Article
I removed copyrighted content, leaving just basic information as a stub for future article Arthistorian1977 (talk) 15:14, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Contested deletion
This page should not be speedily deleted because it is not about advertisement. The article is about current newly appointed Chief of Staff of Philippine Armed Forces --Arthistorian1977 (talk) 15:10, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hernando Iriberri


text:
Modern Physics/Gravity

Newtons Law of Gravitation

 * 1) The Law of Gravitation
 * 2) Gravitational Field
 * 3) Gravitational Flux
 * 4) Flux from Multiple Masses
 * 5) Kepler's Laws
 * 6) Use of Conservation Laws
 * 7) Effects of Relativity

 * Problems

Modern theories of Gravitation

 * 1) General relativity

Speculative theories

 * 1) Brans-Dicke theory

title: Modern Physics/Gravity


text:
Top-rated United States television programs of 1983–84

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1983–84 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
Great Northern P-1

The Great Northern P-1 was a class of 15 4-8-2 "Mountain" type steam locomotives built by the Lima Locomotive Works in 1914 and operated by the Great Northern Railway.

History
The P-1s were at first assigned to pull passenger trains, but were proven to be too slow and were reassigned to freight service. Between June and November 1928, they were all rebuilt by the GN's Superior, Great Falls, and Hillyard Shops to Q-2 Class 2-10-2s.

Disposition
Neither the P-1s nor the Q-2s have survived into preservation today. Retirement started on July 16, 1953 and were all retired by April 1958.

title: Great Northern P-1


text:
Mangelia sciola

Mangelia sciola is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

Description
The length of the shell attains 3 mm, diameter 1.5 mm.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off South Africa.

title: Mangelia sciola


text:
portero

Etymology
, from, from. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) doorman, porter, gatekeeper a person who holds open the door at the entrance to a building, summons taxicabs, and provides an element of security; in apartment buildings, he also accepts deliveries and may perform certain concierge type services
 * 2) bouncer, chucker-out a member of security personnel employed by bars, nightclubs, etc to maintain order and deal with patrons who cause trouble
 * 3)  goalkeeper
 * 1)  goalkeeper
 * 1)  goalkeeper

title: portero


text:
Denmark plants trees

Denmark plants trees (Danmark planter træer) was a Danish TV-telethon event held on Saturday 14 September 2019 which aimed to raise funds for planting 1 million new trees in Denmark in order to inspire Danes to climate action. The event is widely regarded as the world's first telethon to fight the climate crisis.

The event was broadcast live over 2½ hours on the Danish television station TV2 live from the forest tower in Næstved which is located in the middle of the forest. During the event there were musical performances and famous guests. The Danish prime minister Mette Frederiksen planted one of the first trees. The telethon raised funds sufficient for planting 914,233 trees, nearly reaching the stated goal of 1 million trees. It was decided to keep the online donation website open, and two weeks later the goal of 1 million trees were reached.

The event was broadcast by TV2 which is the largest government-owned subscription TV-station in Denmark, aiming to place focus on climate change and the role of forests and trees in the countering climate change. The format was developed by the Danish TV production company Tiki Media and the producer expressed hope that the event would spread to other countries in order to engage the public in the climate issue.

The trees were planted by the Danish organization Growing Trees Network in collaboration with the Danish Society for Nature Conservation.

The event inspired a Dutch TV-series in 2021 called "Netherlands plants trees" (Nederland plant bomen) on NPO1 hosted by Bert van Leeuwen. The TV-series raised 500.000 euro which lead to the planting of 65.371 trees in the Netherlands.

title: Denmark plants trees


text:
User:Raymond J Brown

A semi-retired journalist and widowed father, Raymond Brown is Scottish and was born in Clydebank. Now 60, he started his career in journalism after his friend Jonathan Ashby who was CEO of WENN (World Entertainment News Network) offered him a job.

At 37, he became a reporter covering showbiz news feeding exclusive stories and features to national and international newspapers and magazines. Celebrity interviews and sourcing pictures. Radio correspondent supplying audio news to ABC NEWS in USA and INDEPENDENT RADIO NEWS in UK. Covering celebrity events, editing interviews and writing news stories for national newspaper’s news pages and showbiz columns.

He then joined First News with photo-journalist Nick Stern covering Hertfordshire/Essex/London.

Working on order from all national newspapers and supplying exclusive news and pictures.

Hertfordshire Mercury: Dec 2002 – present

-Work on news desk. Many of my stories picked up by the nationals, TV and radio including “asylum seekers eating swans”, Gazza to become parish councillor, Hertford’s links to the Holy Grail and many stories about the Beckhams, who live on the patch.

Radio: Weekly broadcasts on Hertbeat Fm, local radio.

Raymond became crime reporter at Cambridge News where he worked from 2007-2018.

He was married to Dr Lisa Steen in 1999. She died of cancer in 2016.

AWARDS:

Newspaper Society (News Journalist of the Year –2005) highly commended

EDF East of England Energy Awards (Feature writer of the year – 2005) highly commended

QUALIFICATIONS:

Middlesex University – 1992 – BA (Hons) Cultural Studies and

Diploma in Higher Education

GENERAL INFORMATION

A parish councillor in Stanstead Abbotts, I started annual village festival and village youth club. Narrow boat owner. Voluntary work for Afghan Association in London and Burma Campaign based in Brussels.

9NY

title: User:Raymond J Brown


text:
User:SAI TEJA GODLAVEETI

Sai Teja godlaveeti (born december 04, 1997) is an Indian-born extreme adventurer, inventor.

Early life
He was born in, Andhra Pradesh, and grew up in cuddapah, rayalaseema.

title: User:SAI TEJA GODLAVEETI


text:
Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Lyrics

The Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Lyrics is the highest award for lyrics of film music in Bangladesh.

Multiple wins and nominations
The following individuals received two or more Best Lyricist awards:


text:
Zhernovtsy

Zhernovtsy (Жерновцы) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Srostinsky Selsoviet, Yegoryevsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 50 as of 2013.

Geography
Zhernovtsy is located 28 km northeast of Novoyegoryevskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Srosty is the nearest rural locality.

title: Zhernovtsy


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La Villa Independent School District

La Villa Independent School District is a public school district based in La Villa, Texas (USA).

In addition to La Villa, the district serves the unincorporated community of Laguna Seca.

In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.

In January 2014 the district had 625 students. During that month, shortly after the end of the winter holiday, because La Villa ISD refused to pay the City of La Villa's increased surcharge rate, the city shut off water and sewer services to the schools. They were forced to temporarily close.

Schools

 * La Villa Early College High School (Grades 9–12)
 * La Villa Middle School (Grades 6–8)
 * Jose Bernabe Munoz Elementary School (Grades PK-5)

title: La Villa Independent School District