text:
Kitboga (streamer)

Kitboga is the Internet alias of an American Twitch streamer and YouTuber whose content primarily focuses on scam baiting against phone fraud. His channel has over 1 million followers on Twitch, and his YouTube channel has over 3 million subscribers.

Scambaiting
In mid-2017, Kitboga found out that his grandmother had fallen victim to many scams designed to prey on the elderly, both online and in person. He then discovered "Lenny", a loop of vague pre-recorded messages that scam baiters play during calls to convince the scammer that there is a real person on the phone without providing any useful information to the scammer. After seeing these videos uploaded to YouTube, he decided to replicate the calls himself. While he started out streaming for his friends on Twitch, his viewership soon started growing beyond his immediate circles. Kitboga hopes that by wasting scammers' time, he can prevent them from scamming others, while also providing entertainment and education to his viewers.

In March 2020, with the growing prevalence of the COVID-19 pandemic, Kitboga started baiting scammers who were selling an essential oil which they dishonestly claimed was a cure for COVID-19, following a United States Federal Trade Commission warning alerting consumers of coronavirus-related scams.

In November 2020, Kitboga was signed by UTA to expand his anti-scam message. In May 2022, Kitboga was signed by Ryan Morrison's Evolved Talent Agency, again to expand Kitboga's goal of anti-scam messaging.

In February 2023, Kitboga began working with AnyDesk, the creator of the remote desktop software often used by scammers. AnyDesk's aim is to stop its software being used for fraud. While scambaiting, if a scammer uses AnyDesk as their remote desktop software, Kitboga could give an AnyDesk representative the current connection ID number, and in turn, AnyDesk can track and ban all scammers' devices from using AnyDesk within the same network.

In May 2023, Kitboga has partnered with Kraken, a cryptocurrency exchange, to create a spoof Kraken account to trap scammers into giving wallet addresses from stolen crypto accounts, along with their personally identifiable information should they decide to sign up for an account.

Technique
In his videos, Kitboga engages in scam baiting with several types of scammers. Besides technical support scammers, he also engages with refund scammers, IRS scammers, social security scammers, and others. He mixes elements of popular culture into his dialogue and wordplay into some calls; for example, in one March 2020 call against a scammer falsely claiming to sell a COVID-19 cure, Kitboga implied the scammer should be called "Saint Anne", eliding the two words to sound like "Satan".

To misdirect scammers away from his real identity, as well as for viewer entertainment, Kitboga often poses as many different characters during his videos, including an elderly woman or man, a Russian man named Vicktor Viktoor, a valley girl named Nevaeh ("Heaven" spelled backward), or a competing technical support scammer named Daniel. He does this by imitating the accent or vocal intonation of the character he is trying to portray, often with a voice changer to alter the pitch of his voice. The common factor uniting Kitboga's characters is that they are not computer-savvy, giving the scammer confidence that the scam is more likely to succeed.

The scams against which Kitboga engages in scambaiting often require the victim to install remote desktop software. As an example, in the case of technical support scams, the scammers request access to the victim's computer to "diagnose" a technical issue (where none exists), for which they then request payment to "fix". Because of the risks involved in remotely connecting to an unknown computer, Kitboga uses a different computer than his while scambaiting; the computer runs a virtual machine equipped with a virtual private network. This ensures not only that any malware or other software installed by the scammer does not affect his computer, but also hides his true IP address and location from the scammers. However, scammers can sometimes discern when a potential victim is using a virtual machine, so Kitboga and his team "have spent countless hours 'spoofing' [their] virtual machine to look and feel like a well-used, average computer."

Types of phone scams other than the technical support scam also often involve the scammer giving some reason to connect to the victim's computer. In online refund scams, for example, the scammer requests to connect to the victim's computer to access their online banking website. When Kitboga interacts with these scammers, in addition to taking the aforementioned precautions, he also uses a fake online banking website he created specifically for use in this type of scambaiting. This website contains intentional features and Easter eggs that make it more difficult for the scammer to conduct the scam, both so that the scammer wastes additional time and for the entertainment of Kitboga's audience.

When baiting IRS scammers and other types of scammers that request payments via gift card, Kitboga uses a piece of computer code to make the gift card redemption page accept any gift code that follows a specified format. Then, when the scammer asks him to read out the gift codes so they can redeem them to take payment from the victim, he types them into his own computer and claims them himself, pretending not to know any better.

At the end of bait calls, Kitboga sometimes turns off his voice changer and reveals that he has been aware that the call was an attempted scam the entire time. Some of the scammers immediately hang up when Kitboga reveals the ruse to them. Others' reactions to this range from anger to regret, with some maintaining that they are legitimate tech support agents. Still others are unrepentantly dismissive of Kitboga's hoax, informing him that plenty of impending victims yet await on hold. In later installments Kitboga has largely moved away from revealing his true nature, for two main reasons: one being that the scammer reaction is often either to pretend to have known all along or hang up, and the other being that he finds it more entertaining to leave the scammer believing that they failed to steal from an actual potential victim.

Other work
Kitboga has actively promoted computer science education. He regularly holds computer programming streams where he maintains some of the tools he uses in his scambaiting calls. Kitboga partnered with the STEM organization FIRST in 2018 to stream the building of a real-life "meme-o-meter" as used in his scambaiting streams; during the stream, he interacted with children interested in STEM through the stream chat. He stated in 2021 that he was looking into building an AI scambaiting program.

Before starting his Twitch and YouTube channels, Kitboga worked in software engineering, and used his technical background and knowledge of virtual machines to protect himself while scambaiting. He has said that if more people become aware of the scams he tries to bait, decreasing their prevalence, he will consider returning to software engineering or changing the focus of his stream to coding or playing video games.

On December 2023, Kitboga and his team launched a new company called Seraph Secure. This company provides software that helps prevent scams, including blocking scammer connections, blocking scam websites, and sending alerts to users when a threat is detected on a victim's computer. This software is currently only supported on Windows 10/11 and will include support for MacOS, iOS, and Android in the future.

title: Kitboga (streamer)


text:
Glossary of theater terms

A list of theater terms, and brief descriptions, listed in alphabetical order.

 * Act: A division of a play, may be further broken down into "scenes". Also, what the performers do on-stage.
 * Ad-lib: When a performer improvises line on-stage. Derived from ad libitum (Latin).
 * Aisle: An open space amongst seating for passage.
 * Alternate: see Understudy.
 * Amphitheater: an open-air theater, with seats rising in curved rows.
 * Angel: An individual or organization which provides financial support for a production.
 * Apron: The front area of the stage, nearest the audience; the portion of the stage in front of proscenium arch.
 * Aside: A line spoken by an actor/actress directly to the audience, unheard by the other performers on-stage.
 * Assistant director: Works very closely with the director and with the cast. They will gather research on the production, help keep the production true to the director's vision and help lead rehearsals should the director not be able to attend.
 * Assistant stage manager: Assists the production stage manager, with everything from taping floor plan marking to making sure that everyone has a copy of the script. They also make sure that the set has the needed props. Before a rehearsal the assistant stage manager helps the stage manager make sure everything is ready. At the end of rehearsal the assistant stage manager along with the stage manager will make sure that the space is locked up. Often shortened to ASM.
 * Audition: The activity where actors/actresses perform for the director or casting director, in order to obtain roles in a production.
 * Auditorium: The portion of a theater which contains the audience seating.
 * Avant-garde: Experimental or innovative works or people, derived from the French.
 * Balcony: An elevated portion of seating in the back of the auditorium.
 * Curtain Call: At the end of a live performance the cast will come out and do a bow while the audience applauds.
 * Doubling: When an actor plays more than one character in a production. Most times this is done for economical reasons but it can be that because an actor would like to take on more than one role in the performance.
 * Understudy: A person who learns the part of a specific character or characters. Should the performer who is cast in those roles be unable to perform their part due for any reason (e.g. illness, injury etc.), the understudy will step in and perform the role. Also known as an Alternate.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Glossary of theater terms


text:
Beretta PMX

The Beretta PMX is a 9x19mm Parabellum caliber submachine gun, designed and manufactured by the Italian company Beretta. The PMX was presented in 2017 and is intended to replace the Beretta M12 as an ordinance weapon of some law enforcement in Italy.

Development

The Beretta PMX shares design features with the Beretta M12, which was supplied to many police forces and armed forces around the world. Around 2015–2016, there were many rumours about the release of a new submachine gun model that was then presented by Beretta during the "Milipol" exhibition in Paris in 2017.

Since 2018, Italy's Carabinieri has ordered, after experimentation in some operational departments, more than 5,000 PMXs with the future intention of modernizing the entire individual weapons arsenal. In March 2022 it was confirmed that the Saudi government awarded Beretta a contract for 3,500 PMXs to arm the Saudi Royal Guard Regiment. As of February 2023, at least 47 Beretta PMXs have been ordered for the Elite Forces of Malaysia.

Design details
The Beretta PMX is a closed bolt and blowback operated submachine gun made by engineering plastic and aluminum. Its total empty weight is 2.4 kg and it is 640 mm long with extended folding stock (418 mm with folded stock). It is fed with a 30-round magazine, chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum NATO caliber, shooting a 900 rounds/min rate of fire. It has an ambidextrous three-position manual safety with selective fire (semi-automatic and full auto), adjustable folding sights and "MIL-STD 1913" picatinny rails that allow to use various accessories as aiming devices of any type.

title: Beretta PMX


text:
regionality

Noun

 * 1) The property of being regional.
 * The party's regionality prevented it from winning a national election.

Translations

 * Finnish: alueellisuus
 * German:

title: regionality


text:
Cookbook:Braising

Braising (from the French word braiser) is a cooking technique that uses a mixture of dry and wet heats. First, the food is sautéed in a fat, charring it and sealing in flavour. Then the food is simmered slowly with a small amount of liquid which results in tender, flavourful food.

Braising relies on heat, time, and moisture to successfully break down tough connective tissue and collagens in meat. It is an ideal way to cook tougher cuts. Many classic braised dishes such as Coq au Vin are highly-evolved methods of cooking otherwise tough and unpalatable foods. Swissing, stewing and pot-roasting are all braising types.

Most braises follow the same basic steps. The meat or poultry is first browned in hot fat. Aromatic vegetables are sometimes then browned as well. A cooking liquid that often includes an acidic element, such as tomatoes or wine, is added to the pot, which is covered. The dish cooks in relatively low heat in an oven or atop the stove until the meat is fork-tender. Often the cooking liquid is finished to create a sauce or gravy.

A successful braise intermingles the flavors of the foods being cooked and the cooking liquid. Also, the dissolved collagens and gelatins from the meat enrich and add body to the liquid. Braising is economical, as it allows the use of tough and inexpensive cuts, and efficient, as it often employs a single pot to cook an entire meal.

Familiar braised dishes include Murshed, pot roast, beef stew, Swiss steak, chicken cacciatore, goulash, braised tilapia and beef bourguignon, among others. Braising is also used extensively in the cuisines of Asia, particularly Chinese cuisine. Vegetables can also be braised. Glazed carrots are an example of a quick-braise, one which is done for a short period of time.

title: Cookbook:Braising


text:
User:BrendaMYoung/sandbox

A warning to the obese
Mary had a little lamb. A little pig, a little ham. British Library website

BrendaMYoung (talk) 14:15, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User:BrendaMYoung/sandbox


text:
Talk:protologistic

I guess the mandatory joke here, is that b.g.c. suggests:

 * Did you mean: "proctologist"

.     :-)

If/when this gets nominated for deletion, I vote we should keep it, tagged as, even though it is only a derived form, not a word we actually use here (yet.) --Connel MacKenzie 09:26, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:protologistic


text:
New Hope, Perquimans County, North Carolina

New Hope is an unincorporated community in Perquimans County, North Carolina, United States. The community is 8.8 mi east-southeast of Hertford.

A variant name was "Durants Neck". Durants Neck was named after George Durant, a pioneer citizen.


text:
James Douglas McLachlan

James Douglas McLachlan (1869–1937) was the first British wartime Military attaché to Washington, D.C.

Military career
James Douglas McLachlan was born in Semarang, Java, 14 February 1869 and commissioned into the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders in 1891. He participated in the Nile Expedition in 1898 and, subsequently, at the famous Siege of Khartoum. He married Gwendolen Mab White, of Havilah, New South Wales in 1903 at St Margaret Church in London.

As lieutenant colonel, McLachlan commanded the 1st Battalion of the Cameron Highlanders in March 1913 and led it to France in the early stages of the World War I until September 1914, when he was wounded. He then commanded 8th Infantry Brigade from October 1915 to March 1916. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (June 1916) and mentioned in dispatches twice (January 1916 and June 1916). He served on the staff as a Brigadier General before being appointed as the first wartime military attaché to the United States; he arrived in the United States with his wife and two school girl daughters on 11 September 1917.

In-post, he was promoted to Major General. He was raised to a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 3 June 1918 and a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in June 1919. Upon relinquishing his post as military attaché, he reverted to his substantive rank of Colonel. He was awarded the United States Distinguished Service Medal in July 1919. He died on 7 November 1937.

title: James Douglas McLachlan


text:
Novial/Novial as a gateway to language learning

To learn a foreign language to a fair degree of fluency typically takes several or many years and requires a high degree of motivation (or compulsion). Educational studies have shown that previous foreign language study makes it easier to learn second and subsequent foreign languages. However, language study proceeds slowly because of several factors:

1)	 learning new words takes a lot of time unless they are similar to words we already know

2)	 unfamiliar grammatical constructions must be thoroughly assimilated

3)	 numerous irregularities in word formation take up much of the learning time

The end result is that many students rapidly become disheartened and may learn to hate studying foreign languages. Novial provides an excellent first foreign language of study for the following reasons:

1)	 most of the vocabulary is similar to English words (70% plus)

2)	 those words which are not familiar are from Romance languages or German which broadens general knowledge of West European languages

3)	 most Novial grammar is similar to English

4)	 word formation is kept regular

5)	 for students new to language study, grammatical concepts are most easily learned thanks to points (1), (3) and (4) above.

Novial can be learned several times more quickly than Romance languages or German. For the newcomer to foreign language study this means that a good knowledge of a foreign language and the educational benefits derived from that study can be obtained in dozens of hours rather than many hundreds or the over 1000 hours of study typically required to gain real fluency in Romance languages or German.

Although Novial is much easier than other languages it is a genuinely foreign language. This gives the student of the language the educational benefits of first foreign language study very quickly.

Novial was designed by one of the most prominent linguists of the early 20th century, Professor Otto Jespersen. His expertise and aesthetic sense created a language at once elegant in form and sound and potent in its expessiveness and simplicity.

Welcome to the Novial language experience!


text:
Template:Featured ingredient

Create a new featured ingredient by entering its name in the field below without the Cookbook:, then add it to the list in alphabetical order, and then update the total in the Featured ingredient chooser template. |Image credit

title: Template:Featured ingredient


text:
Fall of Krak des Chevaliers

The Crusader fortress of Krak des Chevaliers fell to the Mamluk sultan Baybars in 1271. Baybars went north to deal with Krak des Chevaliers after the death of Louis IX of France on 29 November 1270.

Siege and surrender
After beating back the Mongols across the Euphrates, the Mamluk sultan Baybars was determined to oust the Crusaders from the Holy Land and bring it under Muslim Mamluk control. Before marching on the castle Baibars captured the smaller castles in the area, including Chastel Blanc. On 3 March 1271, Baibars' army arrived at Krak des Chevaliers. By the time the Sultan arrived the castle may already have been blockaded by Mamluk forces for several days. There are three Arabic accounts of the siege; only one, that of Ibn Shaddad, was by a contemporary although he was not present. Peasants who lived in the area had fled to the castle for safety and were kept in the outer ward. As soon as Baibars arrived he began erecting mangonels, powerful siege weapons which he would turn on the castle. According to Ibn Shaddad, two days later the first line of defences was captured by the besiegers; he was probably referring to a walled suburb outside the castle's entrance.

Rain interrupted the siege, but on 21 March a triangular outwork immediately south of Krak des Chevaliers, possibly defended by a timber palisade, was captured. On 29 March, the tower in the south-west corner was undermined and collapsed. Baibars' army attacked through the breach and on entering the outer ward where they encountered the peasants who had sought refuge in the castle.

Though the outer ward had fallen, and in the process a handful of the garrison killed, the Crusaders retreated to the more formidable inner ward. After a lull of ten days, the besiegers conveyed a letter to the garrison, supposedly from the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Tripoli which granted permission for them to surrender. Although the letter was a forgery, the garrison capitulated and the Sultan spared their lives. The new owners of the castle undertook repairs, focused mainly on the outer ward. The Hospitaller chapel was converted to a mosque and two mihrabs were added to the interior.

title: Fall of Krak des Chevaliers


text:
User:<IP_ADDRESS>/Choose an Article

Article Selection
Please list articles that you're considering for your Wikipedia assignment below. Begin to critique these articles and find relevant sources.

Option 1

 * Article title
 * Food chain

 * Article Evaluation
 * The article has a good foundation but it can add more examples of the types of food chains, and more about the energy levels. It can also go on to explain the impact on humans.

 * Sources
 * https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/foodchain-selenium-and-human-health-emphasis-on-intake/A584C980D54E8E67CE0D4442C49CE1F6
 * https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601239909373221
 * https://librarysearch.temple.edu/articles/pubmed_central4314237
 * https://librarysearch.temple.edu/articles/gale_ofa322960664

Option 2

 * Article title
 * Food and drink prohibitions

 * Article Evaluation
 * The article has a lot of different foods that are illegal to eat, but past food prohibitions could be added.

 * Sources
 * https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002096436301700304?journalCode=intb

Option 3

 * Article title
 * Food choice of older adults

 * Article Evaluation
 * This article includes a lot of different reasons on why food choices change but one that could be added is social media aspects. A lot of diet foods or diets are being showcased on social media and change the way some people eat.

 * Sources
 * https://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA4629931&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00368075&p=AONE&sw=w
 * https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20043023267
 * https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/2/e003926.short

Option 4

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 5

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

title: User:151.197.31.57/Choose an Article


text:
Talk:Latin stream

Wikibooks
How much use is Latin? <IP_ADDRESS> 16:29, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Vocab exercises etc.
hi. i was wondering if maybe instead of just explaining the grammar and history of latin (which wikibooks has done) perhaps we could adopt a more friendly and interesting way of teaching. more specifically i was thinking of introducing vocabulary lesson by lesson and building up stories and translations. this is the way that most textbooks organise things and wikibooks has not adopted it for whatever reason. i also think it would be useful to direct students to exercises and things to help build up confidence. I have made most of these suggestions at the ancient greek page but nothing seems to have come of it. please reply to this and tell me your thoughts!!! Storeye 07:27, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Just one question
I would like to ask exactly what type of Latin is being taught here. It is my understanding that the idiom of Latin known as Classical Latin is the main type embraced by Wikipedia and the other projects related to it. I do not object to anyone teaching Classical Latin but I don't, I teach basic prinicles of Latin that I expect my students to be able to use when reading, writing, or speaking any kind of Latin. I don't think that using the letter J is wrong and I fucus on vocabulary that is most likely to be used by the student in everyday speach. I just figure that they can look up really big words the same as they would with English. If this site is specifically for Classical Latin then I suspect my contributions would not be helpful. --<IP_ADDRESS> 11:29, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
 * no, wikimedia prefers the modern latin (i.e. the one used after 1900)900674user 00:40, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Question on format
I have noticed that in most references to verbs only the first and second parts are listed (e.g., "sum, esse" instead of "sum, esse, fui, futurus"). Admittedly the four-part lists can scare off potential students- and are unnecessary when studying the first few levels of Latin. However, listing all four forms seems more "complete"- and I believe it is also the dictionary form. There are probably other issues on formats that are going to crop up as well- should we list or not list the dictionary form of nouns, verbs, and adjectives in the regular lessons? Ketaikeon 17:18, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Latin stream


text:
Talk:Dick Clay

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dick Clay. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090914152937/http://www.richmondfc.com.au/hall%20of%20fame/tabid/7638/default.aspx to http://www.richmondfc.com.au/hall%20of%20fame/tabid/7638/default.aspx

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:03, 19 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dick Clay


text:
Talk:Media

Media is a very broad subject. This learning project is aimed at spanning a wide range of topics across many schools and divisions. Its intent is to provide a central facility for catalogging and learning about all things Media, especially those that ride on the "cutting (bleeding) edge" of MediaWiki development and shared by many Wikimedia Foundation projects.

This meta-workspace is even shared by some Wikia projects and is connected at the hip to META and Wikipedia through various Wikipedia:WikiProjects. Please remain as open-minded as you are and by all means, Have Fun! CQ 01:51, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Media


text:
St John the Evangelist's Church, Derby

St John the Evangelist's Church, Derby is a Grade II* listed parish church in the Church of England in Derby.

History
The architect for the church was Francis Goodwin. The foundation stone was laid on Thursday 14 September 1826.

It is a Gothic box shape with four tall corner turrets. The interior has galleries on each side, and the apsidal chancel dates is a later addition from 1871.

In 1891 the chancel was extended by 10 feet, and the floor of the chancel raised to give those in the galleries a better view. The heating and lighting were also improved at the same time. A new stained glass window by Ward and Hughes was installed, and the organ was improved by Charles Lloyd of Nottingham. The cost of the works was around £1,820.

In 1902 further works were carried where the exterior was repaired, and the upper stonework was taken down and adjusted. The interior of the building was cleaned and painted.

Organ
The church contains an organ dating from 1875 by Henry Willis. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register. In 1836 Grey and Davidson supplied a second hand organ for £177 local legend has it that this organ came from the Theatre Royal Dury Lane, the theatre did hire an "oratorio organ from Grey and Davidson until 1834 so may be true(presumably the one referred to above as improved by Lloyd and Dudgeon)

Organists

 * J. Norton ca. 1838, ca. 1846
 * W. H. Orme
 * Charles Drew 1868 - 1886
 * Thomas Archer 1886 - 1923
 * H.E Oldfield ca. 1928 ca. 1940
 * Frederick J. Stevenson 1944 - ca. 1952 (formerly organist at St James' Church, Derby)
 * John Gold..??
 * Hedley Taylor until 1962
 * Christopher Lyndon-Gee c.1965
 * Terrence Worral ca. 1968
 * TMN Whitehall 1970 - 1973 (Martyn R Warsop assistant)
 * David S Johnson 1973 - ca. 1984
 * Andrew Storer from 1995

title: St John the Evangelist's Church, Derby


text:
User:Levansthechief/Books/Politics: A study of political hegemonic trends currently and an examination of political alternatives f

: A study of political hegemonic trends currently and an examination of political alternatives from the African American perspective

 * The Political Order of Today
 * Capitalism
 * Imperialism
 * Mercantilism
 * Authoritarianism
 * Neocolonialism
 * American imperialism
 * Cultural imperialism
 * State capitalism
 * Racism
 * Racism in the United States
 * Fascism
 * Conservatism
 * Conservatism in the United States
 * Liberalism
 * Modern liberalism in the United States
 * Liberalism in the United States
 * Right-wing populism
 * Right-libertarianism
 * Neoconservatism
 * Neoliberalism
 * Third Way
 * Economic inequality
 * Income inequality in the United States
 * Democratic Party (United States)
 * Republican Party (United States)
 * Oligarchy
 * Plutocracy
 * Aristocracy

 * An examination of viable left wing political thought
 * Social democracy
 * Democratic socialism
 * Socialism
 * Market socialism
 * Left-libertarianism
 * Anti-capitalism
 * Anarchism
 * Libertarian socialism
 * Anarcho-communism
 * Anti-imperialism
 * Anti-fascism
 * Anti-racism
 * Marxism
 * Communism
 * Eco-socialism
 * Left-wing populism
 * Anti-globalization movement
 * Democracy
 * Democracy in Marxism

 * Looking through history for a more objective look at how we got to the present
 * History of North America
 * History of South America
 * History of the Caribbean
 * History of Central America
 * History of Latin America
 * History of the United States
 * History of Europe
 * History of the Middle East
 * History of Africa
 * History of Asia
 * African-American history
 * Western imperialism in Asia
 * Scramble for Africa
 * Race (human categorization)
 * European colonization of the Americas
 * Genocide of indigenous peoples
 * Native Americans in the United States
 * History of Native Americans in the United States
 * Mexican Repatriation
 * Racial segregation in the United States
 * Harlem Renaissance
 * Chicago race riot of 1919
 * Red Summer
 * Decolonization
 * Decolonisation of Africa
 * American Civil War
 * French Revolution
 * Haitian Revolution
 * Black Power movement
 * COINTELPRO
 * Iran–Contra affair
 * United States involvement in regime change
 * Latin America–United States relations
 * United States invasion of Grenada
 * CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking
 * Banana Wars
 * American Indian Wars
 * List of wars involving the United States
 * History of slavery
 * Slavery in the United States

 * Historical and contemporary figures, movements, and publications that give hope to leftist thought
 * Malcolm X
 * Martin Luther King Jr.
 * Fred Hampton
 * African socialism
 * Angela Davis
 * European migrant crisis
 * Immigration to Europe
 * Immigration to the United States
 * Dakota Access Pipeline protests
 * Black Lives Matter
 * Ferguson unrest
 * 2015 Baltimore protests
 * Arab Spring
 * Occupy movement
 * Occupy Wall Street
 * Internment of Japanese Americans
 * 1992 Los Angeles riots
 * King assassination riots
 * Watts riots
 * Black Panther Party
 * Bayard Rustin
 * A. Philip Randolph
 * Ida B. Wells
 * Frederick Douglass
 * Women's suffrage in the United States
 * Charlie Chaplin
 * The Great Dictator
 * George Orwell
 * Animal Farm
 * W. E. B. Du Bois
 * Huey P. Newton
 * Bobby Seale
 * Shirley Chisholm
 * Cornel West
 * Karl Marx
 * Friedrich Engels
 * Kwame Nkrumah
 * Nelson Mandela
 * Patrice Lumumba
 * Che Guevara
 * Albert Einstein
 * Political views of Albert Einstein
 * Tommy Douglas
 * Toni Morrison
 * James Baldwin
 * Langston Hughes
 * James Forman
 * Rosa Parks
 * Harriet Tubman
 * Sojourner Truth
 * Fannie Lou Hamer
 * Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
 * Democratic Socialists of America
 * Eugene V. Debs
 * Norman Thomas
 * Bernie Sanders
 * Barack Obama
 * Rashida Tlaib
 * Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
 * Lee J. Carter
 * Ayanna Pressley
 * Ilhan Omar
 * Keith Ellison
 * Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign
 * 2008 United States presidential election
 * Comparison of the 2008 United States presidential candidates
 * Cynthia McKinney
 * Pan-Africanism
 * Maxine Waters
 * Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
 * Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
 * Anonymous (group)
 * Hacktivism
 * Barbara Lee
 * Michelle Alexander
 * Ta-Nehisi Coates
 * Eddie Glaude
 * Medgar Evers
 * Cuban Revolution
 * Alicia Garza
 * Patrisse Cullors
 * Opal Tometi
 * The Young Turks
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 * Bowling for Columbine
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 * Jacobin (magazine)
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text:
User:Anaf505

Brasil. Portuguese Native speaker. Can speak Spanish also. ICQ: 335258229 myspace.com/anarf

title: User:Anaf505


text:
Peace studies/Shalom

''This learning project is brought to you by the Division of Peace Studies. When contributing to this learning project, please adhere to the Peace Studies learning project guidlines and the Peace Studies learning project template.''

Aims and Objectives

 * To be able to define Shalom.
 * To understand the concept of Shalom as a holistic view of peace and social justice.
 * To be able to practially and academically apply the concept of Shalom to situations requiring conflict transformation or reconcilation.

Introduction to the Topic
"The Hebrew word shalom has a wider meaning than the English equivalent peace, for it signifies welfare of every kind: security, contentment, sound health, prosperity, friendship, peace of mind and heart, as opposed to the dissatisfaction and unrest caused by evil."

Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts by Philip Birnbaum page 601 (previously published as A Book of Jewish Concepts)

Learning Materials

 * Including links to learning materials in wikiversity, wikipedia, and on the internet.

Shalom Magazine - A source of news about Eurpean Jews in the name of  Peace or rather the name of "Shalom."

Background to the Israel-Palestine Crisis - The history of the crisis in Palestine, the start to peace is knowing where we went wrong.

Reading List
Ideally, readings should be available on the internet, and the links made available. Give a brief summary of each reading, and possibly some questions with which to address the text. Readings that are unavailable on the internet should be referenced in the following way:

 * Author, A., Title of Book (Location: Publisher, Year of Publication).

Assignments

 * Edit and improve this learning project.

title: Peace studies/Shalom


text:
User:UBX/WikiImages

Rules

 * DO NOT copy the source of this userbox. Otherwise you risk putting your userpage in a miscategorization.

Usage

 * Put this Userbox on your Userpage like this:
 * This clickable Userbox is transcluded to over 15 Userpages. It is not an article!

title: User:UBX/WikiImages


text:
User:PWIGGY/sandbox

Perimeter The measuring and calculation to The boundaries of a shape is called perimeter. How can I identify the perimeter of a shape ? We carefully measure the lengths or the length and width of a shape add them together; When measuring  perimeter we measure the outer part which is called the path or boundaries  of the shape. We can find the perimeter by adding the measurements of all sides. If it is a shape where all sides are equal we can either add all sides or multiply. EXAMPLE THE SUARE: A square has four (4) equal sides, instead of  adding  all  four sides you multiply one side by 4 .The  unit of measurements for perimeter are inches, meters(m) and centimeters(cm) we should always remember that  after putting our total which is the perimeter of the shape  we should always put the

title: User:PWIGGY/sandbox


text:
هو

Pronunciation

 * or
 * or

Etymology 1
From.

Pronoun
(genitive or, accusative  or  or )

 * 1) he (subject pronoun)
 * 2)  Allah, God
 * 3) it (subject pronoun, referring to inanimate nouns of masculine gender)

Etymology 2
From, calqued from 🇨🇬, possibly through 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  id

Etymology
From, ultimately from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) he, that

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) he (subject pronoun)

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) he

Etymology
From.

Pronoun
, enclitic form.

 * 1) he
 * 2) it subject pronoun, referring to animals and inanimate nouns of masculine gender

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) he

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) he (subject pronoun)
 * Enclitic form:

Adverb

 * 1) yes

Etymology
Probably dialectal variant of, from , ; cognate with 🇨🇬. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) pus

Pronoun

 * 1) that

Etymology
Akin to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) I.

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) he third-person masculine singular subject pronoun

Pronoun

 * 1) he (subject pronoun)

title: هو


text:
Template:Mad Max:Table of contents:Orchestra Sounds:Pop Quiz

 * Which trill is the scariest?
 * Which pitch is the scariest?

 * }


text:
User:Darylgolden/PROD log

This is a log of all proposed deletion tags applied or endorsed by this user using Twinkle's PROD module.

If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the preferences panel, and nominate this page for speedy deletion under CSD U1.

September 2017

 * Welcome, Convalescence: PROD; notified 04:24, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * 1) * Reason: Does not appear to meet WP:NMUSIC.
 * Falugas: PROD; notified 04:32, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * 1) * Reason: No sources, delete as possible WP:HOAX. Cannot find any sources that are not Wikipedia mirrors that show its existence.

November 2022

 * Cross (City Harvest Church album): PROD; notified 04:46, 13 November 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) * Reason: Does not appear notable.

December 2022

 * List of Legal Eagles (TV Series) episodes: PROD; notified 11:39, 5 December 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) * Reason: unsourced list article for possibly non-notable tv show, unsuitable tone and original research/possible copyvio

July 2023

 * Wungabongas: PROD; notified 12:36, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) * Reason: No evidence of notability. Promotional prose.

title: User:Darylgolden/PROD log


text:
Bruce Djite

Bruce José Djité (French pronunciation: ; born 25 March 1987) is an Australian executive and former association football (soccer) player. he is South Australian executive director of the Property Council of Australia.

Djite made a name for himself playing in the AFC Champions League, reaching the 2008 AFC Champions League final, and was named Australia League Young Footballer of the Year for 2008. He was the Gold Coast United all-time second highest goal scorer and Adelaide United all-time highest goal-scorer. He played internationally for the Australia national team, debuting in 2008 and earning nine international caps, and has also played for clubs in Turkey, China, Korea, and Indonesia. In 2019 he returned to Adelaide United to become director of football for two years, and since then has occupied other executive positions in the business world.

Early life and education
Bruce José Djité was born on 25 March 1987 in Arlington County, Virginia, United States. He moved to Sydney, Australia, with his parents when he was three years old, when his Ivorian-born father, Paulin, was appointed professor at the University of Western Sydney. His mother, Lyn, was born in Togo. He has two brothers.

Djite first played soccer during a four-month stay with his family in Ivory Coast in 1993, and loved it, so registered with his local amateur club. He later said "By the time I was 8 I knew soccer was all I wanted to do". He joined the Marconi Stallions in 2004 at the age of 16, after the demise of Northern Spirit FC, whom Djite signed for in 2002–03 National Soccer League season. He continued to play with Marconi Stallions until the end of the 2005–06 season (August 2006). He trained at the NSW Institute of Sport in Sydney.

Djite completed all of his schooling in Sydney, and then attended Macquarie University for six months, before being offered an Australian Institute of Sport football scholarship, which took him to Canberra for nine months. There, in 2006, he attended the FFA Centre of Excellence on a football scholarship with Nikita Rukavytsya.

He undertook a Bachelor of Business degree as an external student through Open Universities Australia, at the Griffith Business School at Griffith University over eight years, starting in 2011. He won Griffith Award for Academic Excellence, for maintaining a GPA of above 6.0.

2006–07 season
In November 2006 at age 19 years old, Djite unsuccessfully trialled for two weeks at SV Werder Bremen of the Bundesliga in Germany. Upon his return to Australia, Djite signed for Adelaide United for the remainder of the 2006–07 A-League season, scoring three goals with an assist in thirteen matches.

2007–08 season
Djite signed a three-year contract with Adelaide United in March 2007 and Djite scored his first goal for Adelaide United in a competitive fixture on 11 April 2007 in AFC Champions League against South Korea K-League champions Seongnam Ilhwa, deftly controlling the ball in the penalty box to volley it into the back of the goal net. Djite scored his first goal in the A-League for Adelaide United against Brisbane Roar in a 2–2 draw on 25 August 2007 at Suncorp Stadium in 2007–2008 A-League followed by Adelaide United reaching 2008 AFC Champions League final and Djite scoring an increased strike ratio of 10 goals in 22 matches.

Gençlerbirliği
Djite was bought by business magnate and Gold Coast United owner Clive Palmer from Turkish Süper Lig club Gençlerbirliği to re-play in the A-League in 2010–11 season, Djite had scored 10 goals and registered three assists in 23 matches for Clive Palmer's Gold Coast United.

2008–09 season
On 15 May 2008, it was reported that Djite had been released from his contract with Adelaide United to sign for an unnamed European club. On 21 May 2008, Djite agreed to a three-year contract with Süper Lig club Gençlerbirliği in Turkey for the 2008–09 season.

Djite made his debut in the Süper Lig on 24 August 2008 in a 1–1 draw with Kocaelispor. Djite scored his first league goal for Gençlerbirliği in the 45th minute against Denizlispor on 25 October 2008. Fellow Australian James Troisi also got off the mark in a game which ended in a 2–2 draw. Djite consistently displayed his lethal acceleration, footspeed and strength in the penalty area and finished 2008–2009 Süper Lig season with 6 goals and two assists in twenty-eight matches played.

2009–10 season
In the 2009–10 Süper Lig off-season, Djite revealed in an interview with FourFourTwo reporter Ben Somerford, the club Hajduk Split in Croatia were interested in his services but he rejected the move. Djite appeared on nine occasions on loan to Turkish club Diyarbakırspor and on five occasions for Gençlerbirliği with an assist in 2009–10 Süper Lig.

2010–11 season
On 28 August 2010, it was announced by billionaire tycoon Clive Palmer that Djite would return home to Australia to play in the 2010–2011 A-League with Gold Coast United for 3 years, replacing New Zealand striker Shane Smeltz who had joined Gençlerbirliği. Djite was given the squad number 11 and Djite would unanimously be key to the success of Gold Coast United's attack utilizing his lightning footspeed, physical strength and aerial ability in the last third of the football pitch to score 10 goals and 3 assists in 23 matches including a fine hat-trick in the 37th, 80th and 87th minutes of Gold Coast's 5–1 win and 24th match of the 2010–2011 season at Skilled Park Stadium in Gold Coast against Newcastle Jets on 22 January 2011.

2011–12 season
On 23 March 2011, it was announced that Djite had signed a two-year contract until April 2013 for two seasons, the 2011–12 and the 2012–13 seasons with the club that gave him his first A-League contract, Adelaide United.

Djite was given the squad number 11 and scored his first goal for Adelaide United in the 2011–12 A-League on 19 November 2011 by showing his exceptional footspeed and physical strength in the penalty area before sharply shooting past the goalkeeper Tony Warner and into the back of the goal net in the 44th minute of the 1–1 match draw against Wellington Phoenix at Westpac Stadium in New Zealand. Djite's five goals and two assists in twenty-four matches helped Adelaide United in qualifying for the 2012 AFC Champions League with the fifth and final goal being on 12 February 2012 at Skilled Park Stadium in the 42nd minute of Adelaide United's 20th 2011–12 season match and 2–1 win over Gold Coast United.

Loan to Jiangsu Sainty
In March 2011, due to the long 2011–2012 A-League off season, Adelaide United agreed for Djite to be loaned to Chinese Super League club Jiangsu Sainty.

Djite was given squad number 19 and debuted for Jiangsu Sainty in the 2011–2012 Chinese Super League season on 3 April 2011 in the match against Beijing Guoan. Djite scored his first goal in the 18th minute of the match, an equaliser for Jiangsu Sainty in a 1–1 draw against Henan Jianye on 30 April 2011, followed by the winning goal in the 55th minute of the match in a 1–0 win against Chengdu Blades on 18 June 2011. Djite scored 4 goals with an assist in 13 Chinese Super League matches, helping Jiangsu Sainty to 4th place in the league. He scored the fourth goal for Jiangsu Sainty in a 4–0 win against Dalian Shide on 2 July 2011, and played his 14th and last Chinese Super League match in a 1–0 win against Shanghai Shenxin on 6 July 2011.

2012–13 season
Djite scored a header in the 90th minute and the 1–0 match winner in the 2012 AFC Champions League for Adelaide United against South Korea K-League club Pohang Steelers, heading the ball past goalkeeper Shin Hwa-Yong, The goal helped Adelaide United to top of 2012 AFC Champions League Group E on 4 April 2012 and into the 2012 AFC Champions League Round of 16, where Djite led the Adelaide United attack to defeat J.League club Nagoya Grampus 1–0 on 29 May 2012, and into 2012 AFC Champions League Quarter-finals on 3 October 2012.

On 1 December 2012, Djite scored for Adelaide United to lead 1–0 against reigning A-League champions Central Coast Mariners in the 17th minute shot from 51.5 m past the goalkeeper Justin Pasfield and into the left-hand corner of the net at Central Coast Stadium.

On 3 February 2013, Djite once again scored for Adelaide United against Western Sydney Wanderers on 61 minutes by dribbling past three Wanderers defenders and then taking a left-footed shot from 60.2 m past goalkeeper Ante Čović and into the right-hand corner of the net.

He finished two years and two seasons playing in Australia for Adelaide United in 2012–13 season with two goals and two assists in 17 2012–13 A-League appearances, and played 10 times, scoring once with two assists in the 2012 AFC Champions League.

Suwon FC
On 26 July 2016, after showing good form in Adelaide United's championship-winning season, Djite signed with Korean club Suwon FC, joining countryman Adrian Leijer.

PSM Makassar
In mid-2018, Djite moved to Indonesia, aged 31, and played for PSM Makassar.

International career
Djite is an American Australian and chose to play for Australia, although he would also have been eligible for the Ivory Coast national football team, United States national football team and Togo national football team.

Australia U20 national team
Djite was a star striker for the Young Socceroos during their 2006 tournament in South America scoring five goals in thirteen caps and was also chosen in the Australia Under-20 squad to compete at the 2006 AFC Youth Championships, in India.

Australia Olympic team
Djite was the key striker and a mainstay in the Australia Olympic football team qualification matches for the 2008 Olympics and helped the Australia Olympic football team, the Olyroos squad, to qualify for the Beijing Olympics contributing thirteen caps and scoring two goals.

Australia national team
Three days before his 21st birthday, on 22 March 2008, Djite received his first international cap for the Australia national team, the Socceroos, against Singapore, courtesy of national coach Pim Verbeek, as the replacement for, and heir apparent to Mark Viduka for the Australia national football team. Djite was substituted on at half-time and his best chance to score a goal for Australia came when he rounded the Singapore goalkeeper but his shot in the penalty area was blocked by Lionel Lewis, the ball going out for a corner kick.

Djite's first cap for Australia in a competitive match was when he came on as a substitute for Harry Kewell in Australia's 2010 World Cup Qualifier against Iraq on 1 June 2008. Djite then again appeared in the Socceroos next match on 15 June 2008 against Qatar, coming on as a Super-sub for the 2010 World Cup Qualifier in Doha, Qatar.

He earned nine international caps.

Playing style
As a player, Djite was known for his speed, strength and good height with ball heading skills and played in Turkey for professional football team, Gençlerbirliği S.K. of the Süper Lig.

Djité was a quick bustling left forward or striker with great footspeed and acceleration who kicks and shoots the ball well with either foot. He used his extreme physical strength and footspeed to out-run defenders in an A-League 2007–08 season, where he was crowned and awarded with the Rising Star Award, after scoring 10 goals in his first full season and then followed by registering six goals and two assists in his first Süper Lig 2008–09 season in Turkey. In 2011, Djité was among the top-goalscorers in the league, registering 10 goals and three assists in twenty-three matches.

Other and later roles
Djite was a member of the Professional Footballers Australia Board between 2012 (then aged just 25 ) and 2016, and became involved in negotiating the whole-of-football collective bargaining agreement. During this time he also created an investment portfolio for himself, and worked as a commentator for Fox Sports.

In 2016, he worked part-time at PKF, an accounting firm in Adelaide, while playing for the Reds.

Djite was an ambassador for All Together Now, Australia's only national charity with the sole focus of erasing racism, for some time before 2019. he was an ambassador for Little Heroes Foundation, a South Australian charity that supports seriously ill children and their families, and Roger Rasheed's Sports Foundation.

On 3 June 2019, Djite returned to his former club, A-League side Adelaide United FC taking up the role of director of football. In the first six months in this role, the club won the FFA Cup and began their A-League campaign well. Djite signed two young newcomers, Al Hassan Toure and Louis D'Arrigo.

He left the role in July 2021 to become the CEO of the Committee for Adelaide.

On 30 November 2022, Djite was appointed as South Australian executive director of the Property Council of Australia. He remains in the role.

Personal life
Djite is a multilingual, speaking French, English and Turkish.

He married, and had two children under five as of 2019.

Adelaide United

 * A-League Pre-Season Challenge Cup: 2007
 * FFA Cup: 2014
 * A-League Premiership: 2015–16
 * A-League Championship: 2015–16

Individual

 * A-League Young Footballer of the Year: 2007–08
 * Rising Star Award: 2007–08
 * Best Team Man Award: 2012–13

title: Bruce Djite


text:
Tuxentius stempfferi

Tuxentius stempfferi, the Stempffer's Pierrot, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Tanzania. The species is named after French entomologist Henri Stempffer.

title: Tuxentius stempfferi


text:
Talk:James de la Cloche

Name
Was this man's name really "Jack the Hat"? Aside from that, this article is written in a confusing way. EtaBetaPi (talk) 23:24, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

Untitled
Moved from the article page:

 * (this is highly unlikely: even if the 1644 birthdate is correct, Charles II would have been only fourteen at the time)

User:Zoe|(talk) 23:09, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:James de la Cloche


text:
cascata

Etymology 1
From ; cognate with 🇨🇬; from.

Noun

 * 1) cascade, waterfall
 * 2)  fall
 * 3) cascade

Etymology
, ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) cascade
 * 2) waterfall
 * 3) series of events
 * 4) big lie
 * 5)  vagina (woman's genitalia)

title: cascata


text:
Cape Horn

Cape Horn (Cabo de Hornos, ) is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island. Although not the most southerly point of South America (which is Águila Islet), Cape Horn marks the northern boundary of the Drake Passage and marks where the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans meet.

Cape Horn was identified by mariners and first rounded in 1616 by the Dutchmen Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire, who named it after the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands. For decades, Cape Horn was a major milestone on the clipper route, by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. The waters around Cape Horn are particularly hazardous, owing to strong winds, large waves, strong currents and icebergs.

The need for boats and ships to round Cape Horn was greatly reduced by the opening of the Panama Canal in August 1914. Sailing around Cape Horn is still widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting. Thus, a few recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Almost all of these choose routes through the channels to the north of the Cape (many take a detour through the islands and anchor to wait for fair weather to visit Horn Island, or sail around it to replicate a rounding of this historic point). Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Volvo Ocean Race, Velux 5 Oceans Race, and the solo Vendée Globe and Golden Globe Race, sail around the world via the Horn. Speed records for round-the-world sailing are recognized for following this route.

Geography and ecology
Cape Horn is located on Hornos Island in the Hermite Islands group, at the southern end of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. It marks the north edge of the Drake Passage, the strait between South America and Antarctica. It is located in Cabo de Hornos National Park.

The cape lies within Chilean territorial waters, and the Chilean Navy maintains a station on Hoorn Island, consisting of a residence, utility building, chapel, and lighthouse. A short distance from the main station is a memorial, including a large sculpture made by Chilean sculptor José Balcells featuring the silhouette of an albatross, in remembrance of the sailors who died while attempting to "round the Horn". It was erected in 1992 through the initiative of the Chilean Section of the Cape Horn Captains Brotherhood. Due to severe winds characteristic of the region, the sculpture was blown over in 2014. A 2019 research expedition found the world's southernmost tree growing, a Magellan's beech mostly bent to the ground, on a northeast-facing slope at the island's southeast corner. Cape Horn is the southern limit of the range of the Magellanic penguin.

Climate
The climate in the region is generally cool, owing to the southern latitude. There are no weather stations in the group of islands including Cape Horn; but a study in 1882–1883, found an annual rainfall of 1,357 mm, with an average annual temperature of 5.2 °C. Winds were reported to average 30 km/h, (5 Bf), with squalls of over 100 km/h, (10 Bf) occurring in all seasons. There are 278 days of rainfall. (70 days snow) and 2000 mm of annual rainfall. Cloud coverage is generally extensive, with averages from 5.2 eighths in May and July to 6.4 eighths in December and January. Precipitation is high throughout the year: the weather station on the nearby Diego Ramírez Islands, 109 km south-west in the Sea of Hoces, shows the greatest rainfall in March, averaging 137.4 mm; while October, which has the least rainfall, still averages 93.7 mm. Wind conditions are generally severe, particularly in winter. In summer, the wind at Cape Horn is gale force up to 5 percent of the time, with generally good visibility; however, in winter, gale-force winds occur up to 30 percent of the time, often with poor visibility.

Many stories are told of hazardous journeys "around the Horn", most describing fierce storms. Charles Darwin wrote: "One sight of such a coast is enough to make a landsman dream for a week about shipwrecks, peril and death."

Being the southernmost point of land outside of Antarctica, the region experiences barely 7 hours of daylight during the June solstice, with Cape Horn itself having 6 hours and 57 minutes. The region experiences around $17 1/2$ hours of daylight during the December solstice, and experiences only nautical twilight from civil dusk to civil dawn. White nights occur during the week around the December solstice.

Cape Horn yields a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc), with abundant precipitation—much of which falls as sleet and snow.

Political
Cape Horn is part of the Commune of Cabo de Hornos, whose capital is Puerto Williams; this in turn is part of Antártica Chilena Province, whose capital is also Puerto Williams. The area is part of the Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region of Chile. Puerto Toro, a few miles south of Puerto Williams, is the closest town to the cape.

Modern navigation
Many modern tankers are too wide to fit through the Panama Canal, as are a few passenger ships and several aircraft carriers. But there are no regular commercial routes around the Horn, and modern ships carrying cargo are rarely seen. However, a number of cruise ships routinely round the Horn when traveling from one ocean to the other. These often stop in Ushuaia or Punta Arenas as well as Port Stanley. Some of the small passenger vessels shuttling between Ushuaia and the Antarctic Peninsula will pass the Horn too, time and weather permitting.

Sailing routes
A number of potential sailing routes may be followed around the tip of South America. The Strait of Magellan, between the mainland and Tierra del Fuego, is a major—although narrow—passage, which was in use for trade well before the Horn was discovered. The Beagle Channel (named for the ship of Charles Darwin's expedition), between Tierra del Fuego and Isla Navarino, offers a potential, though difficult route. Other passages may be taken around the Wollaston and Hermite Islands to the north of Cape Horn.

All of these, however, are notorious for treacherous williwaw winds, which can strike a vessel with little or no warning; given the narrowness of these routes, vessels have a significant risk of being driven onto the rocks. The open waters of the Drake Passage, south of Cape Horn, provide by far the widest route, at about 800 km wide; this passage offers ample sea room for maneuvering as winds change, and is the route used by most ships and sailboats, despite the possibility of extreme wave conditions.

"Rounding" vs "Doubling" the Horn
Rounding Cape Horn can be done on a day trip by helicopter or more arduously by charter power boat or sailboat, or by cruise ship. "Doubling the Horn" is traditionally understood to involve sailing from a point above 50 degrees South in the Pacific around the Horn to a point above 50 degrees South in the Atlantic, and then sailing back against the prevailing westerly winds to a point above the 50th parallel south again back in the Pacific—a considerably more difficult and time-consuming endeavor having a minimum length of 930 mi for each leg. The 50th parallel south on both coasts of South America represent a set of benchmark latitudes of a Horn run, and is a region of the ocean that according to Herman Melville, "takes the conceit out of fresh-water sailors, and steeps in a still saltier brine the saltiest".

Shipping hazards
Several factors combine to make the passage around Cape Horn one of the most hazardous shipping routes in the world: the fierce sailing conditions prevalent in the Southern Ocean generally; the geography of the passage south of the Horn; and the extreme southern latitude of the Horn, at 56° south (for comparison, Cape Agulhas at the southern tip of Africa is at 35° south; Stewart Island/Rakiura at the south end of New Zealand is 47° south; Edinburgh 56° north).

The prevailing winds in latitudes below 40° south can blow from west to east around the world almost uninterrupted by land, giving rise to the "roaring forties" and the even more wild "furious fifties" and "screaming sixties". These winds are hazardous enough that ships traveling east would tend to stay in the northern part of the forties (i.e. not far below 40° south latitude); however, rounding Cape Horn requires ships to press south to 56° south latitude, well into the zone of fiercest winds. These winds are exacerbated at the Horn by the funneling effect of the Andes and the Antarctic peninsula, which channel the winds into the relatively narrow Drake Passage.

The strong winds of the Southern Ocean give rise to correspondingly large waves; these waves can attain great height as they roll around the Southern Ocean, free of any interruption from land. South of the Horn, however, these waves encounter an area of shallow water, which has the effect of making the waves shorter and steeper, greatly increasing the hazard to ships. If the strong eastward current through the Drake Passage encounters an opposing westerly wind, this can have the effect of further building up the waves. In addition to these "normal" waves, the area west of the Horn is particularly notorious for rogue waves, which can attain heights of up to 30 m.

The prevailing winds and currents create particular problems for vessels trying to round the Horn against them, i.e. from east to west. This was a particularly serious problem for traditional sailing ships, which could make very little headway against the wind at the best of times; modern sailing boats are significantly more efficient to windward and can more reliably make a westward passage of the Horn, as they do in the Global Challenge race.

Ice is a hazard to sailors venturing far below 40° south. Although the ice limit dips south around the horn, icebergs are a significant hazard for vessels in the area. In the South Pacific in February (summer in Southern Hemisphere), icebergs are generally confined to below 50° south; but in August the iceberg hazard can extend north of 40° south. Even in February, the Horn is well below the latitude of the iceberg limit. These hazards have made the Horn notorious as perhaps the most dangerous ship passage in the world; many ships have been wrecked, and many sailors have died attempting to round the Cape.

Lighthouses
Two lighthouses are located near or in Cape Horn. The one located in the Chilean Navy Station is the more accessible and visited, and is commonly referred to as the Cape Horn lighthouse. However, the Chilean Navy station, including the lighthouse (ARLS CHI-030, -55.96361°N, -67.22056°W) and the memorial, are not located on Cape Horn (which is difficult to access either by land or sea), but on another land point about one mile east-northeast.

On Cape Horn proper is a smaller 4 m fiberglass light tower, with a focal plane of 40 m and a range of about 21 km. This is the authentic Cape Horn lighthouse (ARLS CHI-006, -55.97722°N, -67.26278°W), and as such the world's southernmost traditional lighthouse. A few minor aids to navigation are located farther south, including one in the Diego Ramírez Islands and several in Antarctica.

Recreational and sport sailing
Despite the opening of the Suez and Panama Canals, the Horn remains part of the fastest sailing route around the world, and so the growth in recreational long-distance sailing has brought about a revival of sailing via the Horn. Owing to the remoteness of the location and the hazards there, a rounding of Cape Horn is widely considered to be the yachting equivalent of climbing Mount Everest, and so many sailors seek it for its own sake.

Joshua Slocum was the first single-handed yachtsman to successfully pass this way (in 1895) although in the end, extreme weather forced him to use some of the inshore routes between the channels and islands and it is believed he did not actually pass outside the Horn proper. If one had to go by strict definitions, the first small boat to sail around outside Cape Horn was the Irish 42 ft yacht Saoirse, sailed by Conor O'Brien with three friends, who rounded it during a circumnavigation of the world between 1923 and 1925. In 1934, the Norwegian Al Hansen was the first to round Cape Horn single-handed from east to west—the "wrong way"—in his boat Mary Jane, but was subsequently wrecked on the coast of Chile. The first person to successfully circumnavigate the world single-handed via Cape Horn was Argentinian Vito Dumas, who made the voyage in 1942 in his 33 ft ketch Lehg II; a number of other sailors have since followed him,  including Webb Chiles aboard "" who in December 1975 rounded Cape Horn single-handed. On March 31, 2010, 16-year-old Abby Sunderland became the youngest person to single-handedly sail around Cape Horn in her attempt to circumnavigate the globe. In 1987 The British Cape Horn Expedition, headed by Nigel H. Seymour, rounded Cape Horn in the world's first ever 'sailing kayaks', called 'Kaymaran'; two seagoing kayaks which could link together with two sails mountable in any of the four sailing positions between the two kayaks.

Today, there are several major yacht races held regularly along the old clipper route via Cape Horn. The first of these was the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, which was a single-handed race; this inspired the present-day Around Alone race, which circumnavigates with stops, and the Vendée Globe, which is non-stop. Both of these are single-handed races, and are held every four years. The Volvo Ocean Race is a crewed race with stops which sails the clipper route every four years. Its origins lie in the Whitbread Round the World Race first competed in 1973–74. The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht, with no restrictions on the size of the crew (no assistance, non-stop). Finally, the Global Challenge race goes around the world the "wrong way", from east to west, which involves rounding Cape Horn against the prevailing winds and currents.

The Horn remains a major hazard for recreational sailors, however. A classic case is that of Miles and Beryl Smeeton, who attempted to round the Horn in their yacht Tzu Hang. Hit by a rogue wave when approaching the Horn, the boat pitchpoled (i.e. somersaulted end-over-end). They survived, and were able to make repairs in Talcahuano, Chile, and later attempted the passage again, only to be rolled over and dismasted for a second time by another rogue wave, which again they miraculously survived.

Discovery by Europeans
In 1526 the Spanish vessel the San Lesmes commanded by Francisco de Hoces, member of the Loaísa expedition, was blown south by a gale in front of the Atlantic end of Magellan Strait and reached Cape Horn, passing through 56° S where they thought to see Land's End. Since the discovery, the sea separating South America from Antarctica bears the name of its discoverer in Spanish sources. It appears as Mar de Hoces (Sea of Hoces) in most Spanish-language maps. In English charts however it is named the Drake Passage.

In September 1578, Sir Francis Drake, in the course of his circumnavigation of the world, passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean. Before he could continue his voyage north his ships encountered a storm, and were blown well to the south of Tierra del Fuego. The expanse of open water they encountered led Drake to guess that far from being another continent, as previously believed, Tierra del Fuego was an island with open sea to its south. This discovery went unused for some time, as ships continued to use the known passage through the Strait of Magellan.

By the early 17th century the Dutch East India Company was given a monopoly on all Dutch trade via the Straits of Magellan and the Cape of Good Hope, the only known sea routes at the time to the Far East. To search for an alternate route and one to the unknown Terra Australis, Isaac Le Maire, a wealthy Amsterdam merchant and Willem Schouten, a ship's master of Hoorn, contributed in equal shares to the enterprise, with additional financial support from merchants of Hoorn. Jacob Le Maire, Isaac's son, went on the journey as "chiefe Marchant and principall factor," in charge of trading aspects of the endeavour. The two ships that departed Holland at the beginning of June 1615 were the Eendracht of 360 tons with Schouten and Le Maire aboard, and the Hoorn of 110 tons, of which Schouten's brother Johan was master. It was Eendracht then, with the crew of the recently wrecked Hoorn aboard, that passed through the Le Maire Strait and Schouten and Le Maire made their great discovery:

 * "In the evening 25 January 1616 the winde was South West, and that night wee went South with great waves or billowes out of the southwest, and very blew water, whereby wee judged, and held for certaine that ... it was the great South Sea, whereat we were exceeding glad to thinke that wee had discovered a way, which until that time, was unknowne to men, as afterward wee found it to be true."

 * "... on 29 January 1616 we saw land againe lying north west and north northwest from us, which was the land that lay South from the straights of Magelan which reacheth Southward, all high hillie lande covered over with snow, ending with a sharpe point which wee called Cape Horne [Kaap Hoorn] ..."

At the time it was discovered, the Horn was believed to be the southernmost point of Tierra del Fuego; the unpredictable violence of weather and sea conditions in the Drake Passage made exploration difficult, and it was only in 1624 that the Horn was discovered to be an island. It is a telling testament to the difficulty of conditions there that Antarctica, only 650 km away across the Drake Passage, was discovered only as recently as 1820, despite the passage having been used as a major shipping route for 200 years.

Historic trade route
From the 18th to the early 20th centuries, Cape Horn was a part of the clipper routes which carried much of the world's trade. Sailing ships sailed round the Horn carrying wool, grain, and gold from Australia back to Europe; these included the windjammers in the heyday of the Great Grain Race of the 1930s. Much trade was carried around the Horn between Europe and the Far East; and trade and passenger ships travelled between the coasts of the United States via the Horn. The Horn exacted a heavy toll from shipping, however, owing to the extremely hazardous combination of conditions there.

The only facilities in the vicinity able to service or supply a ship, or provide medical care, were in the Falkland Islands. The businesses there were so notorious for price-gouging that damaged ships were sometimes abandoned at Port Stanley.

While most companies switched to steamers and later used the Panama Canal, German steel-hulled sailing ships like the Flying P-Liners were designed since the 1890s to withstand the weather conditions around the Horn, as they specialized in the South American nitrate trade and later the Australian grain trade. None of them were lost travelling around the Horn, but some, like the mighty Preußen, were victims of collisions in the busy English Channel.

Traditionally, a sailor who had rounded the Horn was entitled to wear a gold loop earring—in the left ear, the one which had faced the Horn in a typical eastbound passage—and to dine with one foot on the table; a sailor who had also rounded the Cape of Good Hope could place both feet on the table.

One particular historic attempt to round the Horn, that of HMS Bounty in 1788, has been immortalized in history due to the subsequent Mutiny on the Bounty. This abortive Horn voyage has been portrayed (with varying historical accuracy) in three major motion pictures about Captain William Bligh's mission to transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to Jamaica. The Bounty made only 85 miles of headway in 31 days of east-to-west sailing, before giving up by reversing course and going around Africa. Although the 1984 movie portrayed another decision to go round the Horn as a precipitating factor in the mutiny (this time west-to-east after collecting the breadfruits in the South Pacific), in fact that was never contemplated out of concern for the effect of the low temperatures near the Horn on the plants.

The transcontinental railroads in North America, as well as the Panama Canal that opened in 1914 in Central America, led to the gradual decrease in use of the Horn for trade. As steamships replaced sailing ships, Flying P-Liner Pamir became the last commercial sailing ship to round Cape Horn laden with cargo, carrying grain from Port Victoria, Australia, to Falmouth, England, in 1949.

Literature and culture
Cape Horn has been an icon of sailing culture for centuries; it has featured in sea shanties and in many books about sailing. One of the classic accounts of a working ship in the age of sail is Two Years Before the Mast, by Richard Henry Dana Jr., in which the author describes an arduous trip from Boston to California via Cape Horn:

"Just before eight o'clock (then about sundown, in that latitude) the cry of 'All hands ahoy!' was sounded down the fore scuttle and the after hatchway, and hurrying upon deck, we found a large black cloud rolling on toward us from the south-west, and blackening the whole heavens. 'Here comes Cape Horn!' said the chief mate; and we had hardly time to haul down and clew up, before it was upon us. In a few moments, a heavier sea was raised than I had ever seen before, and as it was directly ahead, the little brig, which was no better than a bathing machine, plunged into it, and all the forward part of her was under water; the sea pouring in through the bow-ports and hawse-hole and over the knightheads, threatening to wash everything overboard. In the lee scuppers it was up to a man's waist. We sprang aloft and double reefed the topsails, and furled all the other sails, and made all snug. But this would not do; the brig was laboring and straining against the head sea, and the gale was growing worse and worse. At the same time sleet and hail were driving with all fury against us. We clewed down, and hauled out the reef-tackles again, and close-reefed the fore-topsail, and furled the main, and hove her to on the starboard tack. Here was an end to our fine prospects...."

After nine more days of headwinds and unabated storms, Dana reported that his ship, the "Pilgrim" finally cleared the turbulent waters of Cape Horn and turned northwards.

Charles Darwin, in The Voyage of the Beagle, a journal of the five-year expedition upon which he based The Origin of Species, described his 1832 encounter with the Horn:

"... we closed in with the Barnevelts, and running past Cape Deceit with its stony peaks, about three o'clock doubled the weather-beaten Cape Horn. The evening was calm and bright, and we enjoyed a fine view of the surrounding isles. Cape Horn, however, demanded his tribute, and before night sent us a gale of wind directly in our teeth. We stood out to sea, and on the second day again made the land, when we saw on our weather-bow this notorious promontory in its proper form—veiled in a mist, and its dim outline surrounded by a storm of wind and water. Great black clouds were rolling across the heavens, and squalls of rain, with hail, swept by us with such extreme violence, that the Captain determined to run into Wigwam Cove. This is a snug little harbour, not far from Cape Horn; and here, at Christmas-eve, we anchored in smooth water."

William Jones, writing of his experience in 1905 as a fifteen-year-old apprentice on one of the last commercial sailing ships, noted the contrast between his ship, which would take two months and the lives of three sailors to round the Horn, and birds adapted to the region:

"An albatross appears out of the murk, to examine us in our plight. The gale is of hurricane force, but the bird sails serenely and unhurriedly through the air, within a few feet of the ship's rail, on the windward side.

Then it turns into the eye of the wind, and disappears in the murk —westward —without any discernible effort in its aerial gliding, while we are still drifting to leeward, incapable of emulating its brilliant defiance of the gusts."

Alan Villiers, a modern-day expert in traditional sailing ships, wrote many books about traditional sailing, including By way of Cape Horn. More recent sailors have taken on the Horn singly, such as Vito Dumas, who wrote Alone Through The Roaring Forties based on his round-the-world voyage; or with small crews.

Bernard Moitessier made two significant voyages round the Horn; once with his wife Françoise, described in Cape Horn: The Logical Route, and once single-handed. His book The Long Way tells the story of this latter voyage, and of a peaceful night-time passage of the Horn: "The little cloud underneath the moon has moved to the right. I look... there it is, so close, less than 10 mi away and right under the moon. And nothing remains but the sky and the moon playing with the Horn. I look. I can hardly believe it. So small and so huge. A hillock, pale and tender in the moonlight; a colossal rock, hard as diamond."

John Masefield wrote: "Cape Horn, that tramples beauty into wreck / And crumples steel and smites the strong man dumb."

A memorial presented in Robert FitzRoy's bicentenary (2005) commemorates his landing on Cape Horn on 19 April 1830.

Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot wrote a song entitled "Ghosts of Cape Horn".

In 1980 Keith F. Critchlow directed and produced the documentary film "Ghosts of Cape Horn", with the participation and archaeological consulting of famous underwater archaeologist Peter Throckmorton.

title: Cape Horn


text:
George Jones (sport shooter)

George Jones was a British sports shooter. He competed in the 50 m rifle event at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

title: George Jones (sport shooter)


text:
The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Security Systems

Reasoning
More difficult entry

Selective access

Entry evident

Traceable access

Design
Determine who should have access to what

How many layers of access will there be

Consider using locking cabinets but not using computer locks

Consider locks on interior doors and fire cabinets.

Physical keys vs. card pass system

Key Management
Centralized key box for computer keys

Room keys may need to be given to CEO, landlord, and fire department for placement in Knox box.

Pass Card Systems
For card pass system, make sure entries are logged.

Avoid double-door magnet systems for passcard entry.

Proximity or RFID cards are harder to forge and easier to use

Security Systems
Use a combination of motion detectors and door sensors. This does several things:

 * Door sensors are good to minimize air movement alarms.

 * Reminds personnel to shut off the alarm system upon entry.

 * The door chime announces entry when there is no line of sight to the door.

Security systems are cheap compared to your other expenses. Splurge on the goodies, such as alarm pads with full English displays.

Also consider having security system monitor the power, temperature, and fire with remote callout alerts.

Visitors and Contractors
Use sign-in book for contractors and record name, company, identification number, date of entry, phone number, and purpose of visit so that problems can be traced.

I question the usefulness of having all visitors in a tour sign in.

Make sure all visitors are escorted by qualified personnel.


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/LaCrosse Footwear

LaCrosse Footwear

 * ... that LaCrosse Footwear was founded in La Crosse, Wisconsin, is based in Portland, Oregon, and is being bought by a Japanese company?
 * Reviewed: The Doon School Weekly Aboutmovies (talk) 07:10, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

Created/expanded by Aboutmovies (talk). Self nom at 07:36, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Cmprince (talk) 22:21, 11 July 2012 (UTC) Cmprince (talk) 11:12, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Symbol confirmed.svg Age, size and references all check out, just needs quid pro quo review . Fact order is mostly the same as in source articles, but it seems to to be the most logical presentation and it's not a close paraphrase. Being pedantic, I'd like to suggest an alt to keep the parallelism of the cities in the hook:
 * ALT: ... that LaCrosse Footwear was founded in La Crosse, Wisconsin, is based in Portland, Oregon, and is being bought by a Tokyo, Japan based company?

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
Manu Vunipola (rugby union, born 1967)

Manu Vunipola (born circa 1967 in Kolomotu'a, ) is a Tongan former rugby union player and former Tonga sevens coach. He played as scrum-half. Currently he is the Minister of Sport of Tonga.

Career
Vunipola debuted for Tonga in the 1987 Rugby World Cup, playing only against Wales, in Palmerston North, on 29 May 1987. He also played the 1995 Rugby World Cup, playing the matches against France and against Scotland, in Pretoria. His last international cap was during the match against Fiji in Nuku'alofa, on 26 June 1999.

Personal life
He is brother of the fly-half Elisi Vunipola and of the hooker Feʻao Vunipola, both Tongan internationals. He is also the uncle of Feʻao's sons, Billy and Mako Vunipola, both England internationals.

title: Manu Vunipola (rugby union, born 1967)