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English in Use/Syntax

Syntax treats of the relation, agreement, government, and arrangement, of words in sentences.

The relation of words is their reference to other words, or their dependence according to the sense.

The agreement of words is their similarity in person, number, gender, case, mood, tense, or form.

The government of words is that power which one word has over another, to cause it to assume some particular modification.

The arrangement of words is their collocation, or relative position, in a sentence.

A sentence is an assemblage of words, making complete sense, and always containing a nominative and a verb: as,

 * "Reward sweetens labour."

The principal parts of a sentence are usually three; namely, the subject, or nominative; the finite verb; and the object governed by the verb: as,

 * "Crimes deserve punishment."

A predicate is the part of the sentence (or clause) which states something about the subject.

The other or subordinate parts depend on these, either as primary or as secondary adjuncts: as,

 * "High crimes justly deserve very severe punishments."

Sentences are usually said to be of two kinds, simple and compound.

A simple sentence is a sentence which consists of one single assertion, supposition, command, question, or exclamation: as,

 * "David and Jonathan loved each other."
 * "If your enemy hunger."
 * "Do violence to no man."
 * "Am I not an apostle?"—1 Cor., ix, 1.
 * "What immortal glory shall I have acquired!"—Hooke: Mur. Seq., p. 71.

A compound sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more simple ones either expressly or tacitly connected: as,

 * "Send men to Joppa, and call for Simon, whose surname is Peter; who shall tell you words, whereby you and all your house shall be saved."—Acts, xi, 13.
 * "The more the works of Cowper are read, the more his readers will find reason to admire the variety and the extent, the graces and the energy, of his literary talents."—Hayley: Mur. Seq., p. 250.

A clause, or member, is a subdivision of a compound sentence; and is itself a sentence, either simple or compound: as,

 * "If your enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat; if he be thirsty, give him water to drink."—Prov., xxv, 21.

A phrase is two or more words which express some relation of different ideas, but no entire proposition: as,

 * "By the means appointed."
 * "To be plain with you."
 * "Having loved his own."

Words that are omitted by ellipsis, and that are necessarily understood in order to complete the construction, must be supplied in parsing.

The leading principles to be observed in the construction of sentences, are embraced in the following rules, which are arranged, as nearly as possible, in the order of the parts of speech.

Articles
Articles relate to the nouns which they limit: as,

 * "At a little distance from the ruins of the abbey, stands an aged elm."
 * "See the blind beggar dance, the cripple sing, the sot a hero, lunatic a king."—Pope's Essay, Ep. ii, l. 268.

The comparative or superlative degree
The definite article may relate to an adjective or adverb of the comparative or the superlative degree: as,

 * "A land which was the mightiest."—Byron.
 * "The farther they proceeded, the greater appeared their alacrity."—Dr. Johnson.
 * "He chooses it the rather."—Cowper.

An unstressed numeral
The indefinite article is sometimes used to give a collective meaning to an unstressed numeral (a plural adjective of number): as,

 * "You have a few names even in Sardis."—Rev., iii, 4.
 * "There are a thousand things which crowd into my memory."—Spectator, No. 468.
 * "The centurion commanded a hundred men."—Webster.

The subject or nominative
A noun or a pronoun which is the subject of a finite verb, must be in the nominative case: as,

 * "The Pharisees also, who were covetous, heard all these things; and they derided him."—Luke, xvi, 14.
 * "But where the meekness of self-knowledge veils the front of self-respect, there look you for the man whom none can know but they will honour."—Book of Thoughts, p. 66.
 * "Do you mourn Philander's fate? I know you say it: says your life the same?"—Young, N. ii, l. 22.

The subject, or nominative, is generally placed before the verb: as,

 * "Peace dawned on his mind."—Johnson.
 * "What is written in the law?"—Bible.

But, in the following nine cases, the subject of the verb is usually placed after it, or after the first auxiliary:

A question
When a question is asked without an interrogative pronoun in the nominative case: as,

 * "Shall mortals be implacable?"—Hooke.
 * "What are you doing?"—Id.
 * "How many loaves have you?"—Bible.
 * "Are they Israelites? So am I."—Ib.

The imperative mood
When the verb is in the imperative mood: as,

 * "Go you,"
 * "Come you."

But, with this mood, the pronoun is very often omitted and understood: as,

 * "Philip said to him, Come and see."—John, i, 46.
 * "And he said to them, Be not afraid."—Mark, xvi, 5.

An earnest wish or strong feeling
When an earnest wish, or other strong feeling, is expressed: as,

 * "May she be happy!"
 * "How were we struck!"—Young.
 * "Not as the world gives, give I to you."—Bible.

A supposition without if
When a supposition is made without the conjunction if: as,

 * "Had they known it;" for, "If they had known it."
 * "Were it true;" for, "If it were true."
 * "Could we draw by the covering of the grave;" for, "If we could draw," etc.

Neither or nor
When neither or nor, signifying and not, precedes the verb: as,

 * "This was his fear; nor was his apprehension groundless."
 * "You shall not eat of it, neither shall you touch it."—Gen., iii, 3.

Emphasis
When, for the sake of emphasis, some word or words are placed before the verb, which more naturally come after it: as,

 * "Here am I,"
 * "Narrow is the way,"
 * "Silver and gold have I none; but such as I have, give I you."—Bible.

No regimen
When the verb has no regimen, and is itself emphatical: as,

 * "Echo the mountains round."—Thomson.
 * "After the light infantry marched the grenadiers, then followed the horse."—Buchanan's Syntax, p. 71.

A dialogue
When the verbs, say, answer, reply, and the like, introduce the parts of a dialogue: as,

 * "'Son of affliction,' said Omar, 'who are you?' 'My name,' replied the stranger, 'is Hassan.'"—Dr. Johnson.

The adverb there
When the adverb there precedes the verb: as,

 * "There lived a man."—Montgomery.
 * "In all worldly joys, there is a secret wound."—Owen.

This use of there, is idiomatic, and somewhat different from the use of the same word in reference to a particular locality: as,

 * "Because there was not much water there."—John, iii, 23.

Apposition or appositive
A noun or a personal pronoun used to explain a preceding noun or pronoun, is put, by apposition, in the same case: as,

 * "But it is really I, your old friend and neighbour, Piso, late a dweller on the Coelian hill, who am now basking in the warm skies of Palmyra."—Zenobia.
 * "But he, our gracious Master, kind as just, knowing our frame, remembers we are dust."—Barbauld.

An apposition or appositive is an interjection into a sentence. Appositive renames, or adds to the description of another noun. The thought expressed by the sentence will stand fully on its own without the appositive. In the following sentence, "My best friend's collie" is an appositive:

 * "The dog, my best friend's collie, caught the frisbee every time."

A possessive noun
A noun or a pronoun in the possessive case, is governed by the name of the thing possessed: as,

 * "God's mercy prolongs man's life."—Allen.
 * "Theirs is the vanity, the learning yours; touched by your hand, again Rome's glories shine."—Pope.

The possessive case generally comes immediately before the governing noun, expressed or understood: as,

 * "All nature's difference keeps all nature's peace."—Pope.
 * "Lady! be yours (i. e., your walk) the Christian's walk."—Chr. Observer.
 * "Some of Aeschylus's [plays] and Euripides's plays are opened in this manner."—Blair's Rhet., p. 459.

And in this order one possessive sometimes governs another: as,

 * "Peter's wife's mother,"
 * "Paul's sister's son."—Bible.

But, to this general principle of arrangement, there are some exceptions: as,

An adjective
When the governing noun has an adjective, this may intervene: as,

 * "Flora's earliest smells."—Milton.
 * "Of man's first disobedience."—Id.

In the following phrase from the Spectator,

 * "Of Will's last night's lecture,"

it is not very clear, whether Will's is governed by night's or by lecture; yet it violates a general principle of our grammar, to suppose the latter; because, on this supposition, two possessives, each having the sign, will be governed by one noun.

The affirmed or denied possessive
When the possessive is affirmed or denied: as,

 * "The book is mine, and not John's."

But here the governing noun may be supplied in its proper place; else a pronoun or the verb will be the only governing word: as,

 * "You are Christ's [disciples, or people]; and Christ is God's [son]."—St. Paul.

Whether this phraseology is thus elliptical or not, is questionable.

The case without the sign
When the case occurs without the sign, either by apposition or by connection: as,

 * "In her brother Absalom's house."—Bible.
 * "David and Jonathan's friendship."—Allen.
 * "Adam and Eve's morning hymn."—Dr. Ash.
 * "Behold the heaven, and the heaven of heavens, is the Lord's your God."—Deut., x, 14.
 * "For peace and quiet's sake."—Cowper.
 * "To the beginning of King James the First's reign."—Bolingbroke, on Hist., p. 32.

The object of predicate
A noun or a pronoun made the object of an active transitive verb or participle, is governed by it in the objective case: as,

 * "I found her assisting him,"
 * "Having finished the work, I submit it,"
 * "Preventing fame, misfortune lends him wings, and Pompey's self his own sad story brings." —Rowe's Lucan, B. viii, l. 66.

An intransitive verb
A noun or a pronoun put after an intransitive verb or participle, agrees in case with a preceding noun or pronoun referring to the same thing: as,

 * "It is I,"
 * "These are they,"
 * "The child was named John,"
 * "It could not be he,"
 * "The Lord sits King forever."—Psalms, xxix, 10.
 * "What war could ravish, commerce could bestow, and he returned a friend, who came a foe."—Pope, Ep. iii, l. 206.

An absolute noun
A noun or a pronoun is put absolute in the nominative, when its case depends on no other word: as,

 * "He failing, who shall meet success?"
 * "Your fathers, where are they? and the prophets, do they live forever?"—Zech., i, 5.
 * "Or I only and Barnabas, have not we power to forbear working?"—1 Cor., ix, 6.
 * "Nay but, O man, who are you that replies against God?"—Rom., ix, 20.
 * "O rare we!"—Cowper.
 * "Miserable they!"—Thomson.

An adjective relates to nouns
Adjectives relate to nouns or pronouns: as,

 * "Miserable comforters are you all."—Job, xvi, 2.
 * "No worldly enjoyments are adequate to the high desires and powers of an immortal spirit."—Blair.
 * "Whatever faction's partial notions are, no hand is wholly innocent in war."—Rowe's Lucan, B. vii, l. 191.

An intervening verb
An adjective sometimes relates to a phrase or sentence which is made the subject of an intervening verb: as,

 * "To insult the afflicted, is impious."—Dillwyn.
 * "That he should refuse, is not strange."
 * "To err is human."

Combined arithmetical numbers
In combined arithmetical numbers, one adjective often relates to another, and the whole phrase, to a subsequent noun: as,

 * "One thousand four hundred and fifty-six men,"
 * "Six dollars and eighty-seven and a half cents for every five days' service,"
 * "In the one hundred and twenty-second year,"
 * "One seven times more than it was wont to be heated."—Daniel, iii, 19.

A being or action in the abstract
With an infinitive or a participle denoting being or action in the abstract, an adjective is sometimes also taken abstractly; that is, without reference to any particular noun, pronoun, or other subject: as,

 * "To be sincere, is to be wise, innocent, and safe."—Hawkesworth.
 * "Capacity marks the abstract quality of being able to receive or hold."—Crabb's Synonymes.
 * "Indeed, the main secret of being sublime, is to say great things in few and plain words."—Hiley's Gram., p. 215.
 * "Concerning being free from sin in heaven, there is no question."—Barclay's Works, iii, 437.
 * Better, "Concerning freedom from sin," etc.

Abstract nouns
Adjectives are sometimes substituted for their corresponding abstract nouns; perhaps, in most instances, elliptically: as,

 * "The sensations of sublime and beautiful are not always distinguished by very distant boundaries."—Blair's Rhet., p. 47.
 * "The faults opposite to the sublime are chiefly two: the frigid, and the bombast."—Ib., p. 44.
 * Better, "The faults opposite to sublimity, are chiefly two; frigidity and bombast."
 * "Yet the ruling character of the nation was that of barbarous and cruel."—Brown's Estimate, ii, 26.
 * "In a word, agreeable and disagreeable are qualities of the objects we perceive."—Kames, El. of Crit., i, 99.
 * "Polished, or refined, was the idea which the author had in view."—Blair's Rhet., p. 219.

An adjective placed before noun
The adjective is generally placed immediately before its noun: as,

 * "Vain man! is grandeur given to gay attire?"—Beattie.

Adjectives can also come before the subject:

 * "The red dog likes chocolate."
 * "The tiny man had a height problem."

In the following instances the adjective is placed after the word to which it relates:

Pronouns
Those adjectives which relate to pronouns, most commonly follow them: as,

 * "They left me weary on a grassy turf."—Milton.

But to both these general rules there are many exceptions; for the position of an adjective may be varied by a variety of circumstances, not excepting the mere convenience of emphasis: as,

 * "And Jehu said, to which of all us?"—2 Kings, ix, 5.

Words which depend on the adjective
When other words depend on the adjective, or stand before it to qualify it: as,

 * "A mind conscious of right,"
 * "A wall three feet thick,"
 * "A body of troops fifty thousand strong."

The quality which results from action
When the quality results from an action, or receives its application through a verb or participle: as,

 * "Virtue renders life happy."
 * "He was in Tirzah, drinking himself drunk in the house of Arza."—1 Kings, xvi, 9.
 * "All men agree to call vinegar sour, honey sweet, and aloes bitter."—Burke, on Taste, p. 38.
 * "God made you perfect, not immutable."—Milton.

The quality which excites admiration
When the quality excites admiration, and the adjective would thus be more clearly distinctive: as,

 * "Goodness infinite,"
 * "Wisdom unsearchable."—Murray.

A verb
When a verb comes between the adjective and the noun: as,

 * "Truth stands independent of all external things."—Burgh.
 * "Honour is not seemly for a fool."—Solomon.

The adjective formed by prefix
When the adjective is formed by means of the prefix a: as, afraid, alert, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake, aware, averse, ashamed, askew. To these may be added a few other words: as, else, enough, extant, extinct, fraught, pursuant.

The nature of a participle
When the adjective has the nature, but not the form, of a participle: as,

 * "A queen regnant,"
 * "The prince regent,"
 * "The heir apparent,"
 * "A lion, not rampant, but couchant or dormant,"
 * "For the time then present."

Poetry
In some instances, the adjective may either precede or follow its noun; as, in poetry, provided the sense be obvious: as,

 * "Will you to the isles atlantic, to the rich hesperian clime, fly in the train of Autumn?"—Akenside, P. of I., Book i, p. 27.
 * "Will you fly with laughing Autumn to the atlantic isles, and range with him the hesperian field?"—Id. Bucke's Gram., p. 120.

Technical usage
When technical usage favours one order, and common usage another: as,

 * "A notary public," or, "A public notary;"
 * "The heir presumptive," or, "The presumptive heir."

An adverb
When an adverb precedes the adjective: as,

 * "A Being infinitely wise," or,
 * "An infinitely wise Being."

Murray, Comly, and others, here approve only the former order; but the latter is certainly not ungrammatical.

Belonging to the same noun
When several adjectives belong to the same noun: as,

 * "The red, hungry dog ate the chocolate."
 * "The car is red, slow and very old."
 * "A woman, modest, sensible, and virtuous," or, "A modest, sensible, and virtuous woman."

An emphatic adjective
When the adjective is emphatic, it may be foremost in the sentence, though the natural order of the words would bring it last: as,

 * "Weighty is the anger of the righteous."—Bible.
 * "Blessed are the pure in heart."—Ib.
 * "Great is the earth, high is the heaven, swift is the sun in his course."—1 Esdras, iv, 34.
 * "The more laborious the life is, the less populous is the country."—Goldsmith's Essays, p. 151.

A part of the object or predicate
When the adjective and its noun both follow a verb as parts of the predicate, either may possibly come before the other, yet the arrangement is fixed by the sense intended. Thus, there is a great difference between the following assertions:

 * "We call the boy good,"
 * "We call the good boy."

An equivalent to an adverb
By an ellipsis of the noun, an adjective with a preposition before it, is sometimes equivalent to an adverb: as,

 * "In particular;" that is, "In a particular manner;" equivalent to "Particularly".
 * So "In general" is equivalent to "Generally".

Pronoun antecedents
A pronoun must agree with its antecedent, or the noun or pronoun which it represents, in person, number, and gender: as,

 * "This is the friend of whom I spoke; he has just arrived."
 * "This is the book which I bought; it is an excellent work."
 * "You, therefore, who love mercy, teach your sons to love it too."—Cowper.
 * "Speak you, whose thoughts at humble peace repine, shall Wolsey's wealth with Wolsey's end be yours?"—Dr. Johnson.

Something indefinite
When a pronoun stands for some person or thing indefinite, or unknown to the speaker, the person, number, and gender, are rather assumed in the pronoun, than regulated by an antecedent: as,

 * "I do not care who knows it."—Steele.
 * "Who touched me? Tell me who it was."
 * "We have no knowledge how, or by whom, it is inhabited."—Abbot: Joh. Dict.

The neuter pronoun
The neuter pronoun may be applied to a young child, or to other creatures masculine or feminine by nature, when they are not obviously distinguishable with regard to sex: as,

 * "Which is the real friend to the child, the person who gives it the sweetmeats, or the person who, considering only its health, resists its importunities?"—Opis.
 * "He loads the animal he is showing me, with so many trappings and collars, that I cannot distinctly view it."—Murray's Gram., p. 301.
 * "The nightingale sings most sweetly when it sings in the night."—Bucke's Gram., p. 52.

The pronoun it
The pronoun it is often used without a definite reference to any antecedent, and is sometimes a mere expletive, and sometimes the representative of an action expressed afterwards by a verb: as,

 * "Whether she grapple it with the pride of philosophy."—Chalmers.
 * "Seeking to lord it over God's heritage."—The Friend, vii, 253.
 * "It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine, nor for princes strong drink."—Prov., xxxi, 4.
 * "Having no temptation to it, God cannot act unjustly without defiling his nature."—Brown's Divinity, p. 11.
 * "Come, and trip it as you go, on the light fantastic toe."—Milton.

The adjective many
A singular antecedent with the adjective many, sometimes admits a plural pronoun, but never in the same clause: as,

 * "Hard has been the fate of many a great genius, that while they have conferred immortality on others, they have wanted themselves some friend to embalm their names to posterity."—Welwood's Pref. to Rowe's Lucan.
 * "In Hawick twinkled many a light, behind him soon they set in night."—W. Scott.

Enallage
When a plural pronoun is put by enallage for the singular, it does not agree with its noun in number, because it still requires a plural verb: as,

 * "We [Lindley Murray] have followed those authors, who appear to have given them the most natural and intelligible distribution."—Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 29.
 * "We shall close our remarks on this subject, by introducing the sentiments of Dr. Johnson respecting it."—Ib.
 * "My lord, you know I love you."—Shakespeare.

The antecedent taken in another sense
The pronoun sometimes disagrees with its antecedent in one sense, because it takes it in another: as,

 * "I have perused Mr. Johnson's Grammatical Commentaries, and find it a very laborious, learned, and useful work."—Tho. Knipe, D. D.
 * "Lamps is of the plural number, because it means more than one."—Smith's New Gram., p. 8.
 * "Man is of the masculine gender, because it is the name of a male."—Ib.
 * "The Utica Sentinel says it has not heard whether the wounds are dangerous."—Evening Post.
 * Better, "The editor of the Utica Sentinel says, he has not heard," etc.
 * "There is little Benjamin with their ruler."—Psalms, lxviii, 27.
 * "Her end when emulation misses, she turns to envy, stings, and hisses."—Swift's Poems, p. 415.

Nominatives
Nominatives: (i.e., words parsed as nominatives after the verbs, though mostly transposed:)

 * "Who are you?"—Bible.
 * "What were we?"—Ib.
 * "Do not tell them who I am."
 * "Let him be who he may, he is not the honest fellow that he seemed."
 * "The general conduct of mankind is neither what it was designed, nor what it ought to be."

Absolute nominatives
This construction of the relative is a latinism, and very seldom used by the best writers.

 * "There are certain bounds to imprudence, which being transgressed, there remains no place for repentance in the natural course of things."—Bp. Butler.
 * "Which being so, it need not be any wonder, why I should."—Walker's Particles, Pref., p. xiv.
 * "He offered an apology, which not being admitted, he became submissive."—Murray's Key, p. 202.

Possessives

 * "The chief man of the island, whose name was Publius."—Acts.
 * "Despair, a cruel tyrant, from whose prisons none can escape."—Dr. Johnson.
 * "To contemplate on Him whose yoke is easy and whose burden is light."—Steele.

Objectives

 * "Those whom she persuaded."—Dr. Johnson.
 * "The cloak that I left at Troas."—St. Paul.
 * "By the things which he suffered."—Id.
 * "A man whom there is reason to suspect."
 * "What are we to do?"—Burke.
 * "Love refuses nothing that love sends."—Gurnall.
 * "The first thing, says he, is, to choose some maxim or point of morality; to inculcate which, is to be the design of his work."—Blair's Rhet., p. 421.
 * "Whomsoever you please to appoint."—Lowth.
 * "Whatsoever he does, shall prosper."—Bible.
 * "What we are afraid to do before men, we should be afraid to think before God."—Sibs.
 * "Shall I hide from Abraham that thing which I do?"—Gen., xviii, 32.
 * "Shall I hide from Abraham what I am going to do?"
 * "Call imperfection what you fancy such."—Pope.

Neuter verbs
Pronouns parsed as objectives after neuter verbs, though they stand before them:

 * "He is not the man that I took him to be."
 * "Whom did you suppose me to be?"
 * "If the lad ever become what you wish him to be."
 * "To whom shall we go?"—Bible.
 * "The laws by which the world is governed, are general."—Bp. Butler.
 * "Whom he looks on as his defender."—Addison.
 * "That secret heaviness of heart which unthinking men are subject to."—Id.
 * "I cannot but think the loss of such talents as the man of whom I am speaking was master of, a more melancholy instance."—Steele.
 * "Grammar is the solid foundation on which all other science rests."—Buchanan's Eng. Synt., p. xx.

Familiar language
In familiar language, the relative of the objective case is frequently understood: as,

 * "The man [whom] I trust."—Cowper.
 * "Here is the letter [which] I received."
 * "This is the man they hate. These are the goods they bought. Are these the Gods they worship? Is this the woman you saw?"—Ash's Gram., p. 96.

In grave writing, or deliberate discourse, it is much better to express the relative. The omission of it is often attended with some obscurity: as,

 * "The next error [that] I shall mention [,] is a capital one."—Kames, El. of Crit., ii, 157.
 * "It is little [that] we know of the divine perfections."—Scougal, p. 94.
 * "The faith [which] we give to memory, may be thought, on a superficial view, to be resolvable into consciousness, as well as that [which] we give to the immediate impressions of sense."—Campbell's Rhet., p. 53.
 * "We speak that [which] we do know, and testify that [which] we have seen."—John, iii, 11.

A relative in the nominative case
The omission of a relative in the nominative case, is almost always inelegant: as,

 * "This is the worst thing [that] could happen."
 * "There were several things [which] brought it on me."—Pilgrim's Progress, p. 162.

This ellipsis may occur after but or than, and it is sometimes allowed in poetry: as,

 * "[There is] No person of reflection but [who] must be sensible, that an incident makes a stronger impression on an eyewitness, than when heard at second hand."—Kames, El. of Crit., ii, 257.
 * "In this it is God directs, in that it is man."—Pope, on Man.
 * "Abuse on all he loved, or loved him, spread."—Id., to Arbuthnot.
 * "There's nothing blackens like the ink of fools."—Id., to Augustus.

A collective noun
When the antecedent is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality, the pronoun must agree with it in the plural number: as,

 * "The council were divided in their sentiments."
 * "The Christian world are beginning to awake out of their slumber."—C. Simeon.
 * "Whatever Adam's posterity lost through him, that and more they gain in Christ."—J. Phipps.
 * "To this, one pathway gently-winding leads, where march a train with baskets on their heads."—Pope, Iliad, B. xviii, l. 657.

Antecedents connected by or
When a pronoun has two or more antecedents connected by or or nor, it must agree with them singly, and not as if taken together: as,

 * "James or John will favour us with his company."
 * "Neither wealth nor honour can secure the happiness of its votaries."
 * "What virtue or what mental grace, but men unqualified and base will boast it their possession?"—Cowper, on Friendship.

Antecedents connected by and
When a pronoun has two or more antecedents connected by and, it must agree with them jointly in the plural, because they are taken together: as,

 * "Minos and Thales sung to the lyre the laws which they composed."—Strabo: Blair's Rhet., p. 379.
 * "Saul and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in their death they were not divided."—2 Sam., i, 23.
 * "Rhesus and Rhodius then unite their rills, Caresus roaring down the stony hills."—Pope, Il., B. xii, l. 17.

One person or thing
When two or more antecedents connected by and serve merely to describe one person or thing, they are either in apposition or equivalent to one name, and do not require a plural pronoun: as,

 * "This great philosopher and statesman continued in public life till his eighty-second year."
 * "The same Spirit, light, and life, which enlightens, also sanctifies, and there is not another."—Penington.
 * "My Constantius and Philetus confesses me two years older when I wrote it."—Cowley's Preface.
 * "Remember these, O Jacob and Israel! for you are my servant."—Isaiah, xliv, 21.
 * "In that strength and cogency which renders eloquence powerful."—Blair's Rhet., p. 252.

Emphatically distinguished
When two antecedents connected by and are emphatically distinguished, they belong to different propositions, and, if singular, do not require a plural pronoun: as,

 * "The butler, and not the baker, was restored to his office."
 * "The good man, and the sinner too, shall have his reward."
 * "Truth, and truth only, is worth seeking for its own sake."
 * "It is the sense in which the word is used, and not the letters of which it is composed, that determines what is the part of speech to which it belongs."—Cobbett's Gram., 130.

Each, every, or no
When two or more antecedents connected by and are preceded by the adjective each, every, or no, they are taken separately, and do not require a plural pronoun: as,

 * "Every plant and every tree produces others after its own kind."
 * "It is the cause of every reproach and distress which has attended your government."—Junius, Let. xxxv.

But if the latter be a collective noun, the pronoun may be plural: as,

 * "Each minister and each church act according to their own impressions."—Dr. M'Cartee.

The finite verb
Every finite verb must agree with its subject, or nominative, in person and number: as,

 * "I know; You know; He knows;"
 * "The bird flies; The birds fly."
 * "Our fathers' fertile fields by slaves are tilled, and Rome with dregs of foreign lands is filled."—Rowe's Lucan, B. vii, l. 600.

When the nominative is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality, the verb must agree with it in the plural number: as,

 * "The council were divided."
 * "The college of cardinals are the electors of the pope."—Murray's Key, p. 176.
 * "Quintus Curtius relates, that a number of them were drowned in the river Lycus."—Home's Art of Thinking, p. 125.
 * "Yon host come learned in academic rules."—Rowe's Lucan, vii, 401.
 * "While heaven's high host on hallelujahs live."—Young's N. Th., iv, 378.

Nominatives connected by and
When a verb has two or more nominatives connected by and, it must agree with them jointly in the plural, because they are taken together: as,

 * "True rhetoric and sound logic are very nearly allied."—Blair's Rhet., p. 11.
 * "Aggression and injury in no case justify retaliation."—Wayland's Moral Science, p. 406.
 * "Judges and senates have been bought for gold, esteem and love were never to be sold."—Pope.

One person or thing
When two nominatives connected by and serve merely to describe one person or thing, they are either in apposition or equivalent to one name, and do not require a plural verb: as,

 * "Immediately comes a hue and cry after a gang of thieves."—L'Estrange.
 * "The hue and cry of the country pursues him."—Junius, Letter xxiii.
 * "Flesh and blood [i.e. man, or man's nature,] has not revealed it to you."—Matt., xvi, 17.
 * "Descent and fall to us is adverse."—Milton, P. L., ii, 76.
 * "This philosopher and poet was banished from his country."
 * "Such a Saviour and Redeemer is actually provided for us."—Gurney's Essays, p. 386.
 * "Let us then declare what great things our God and Saviour has done for us."—Dr. Scott, on Luke viii.
 * "Toll, tribute, and custom, was paid to them."—Ezra, iv, 20.
 * "Whose icy current and compulsive course never feels retiring ebb, but keeps due on."—Shakespeare.

Emphatically distinguished
When two nominatives connected by and, are emphatically distinguished, they belong to different propositions, and, if singular, do not require a plural verb: as,

 * "Ambition, and not the safety of the state, was concerned."—Goldsmith.
 * "Consanguinity, and not affinity, is the ground of the prohibition."—Webster's Essays, p. 324.
 * "But a modification, and oftentimes a total change, takes place."—Maunder.
 * "Somewhat, and, in many circumstances, a great deal too, is put on us."—Butler's Analogy, p. 108.
 * "Disgrace, and perhaps ruin, was the certain consequence of attempting the latter."—Robertson's America, i, 434.
 * "Ay, and no too, was no good divinity."—Shakespeare.
 * "Love, and love only, is the loan for love."—Young.

Each, every, or no
When two or more nominatives connected by and are preceded by the adjective each, every, or no, they are taken separately, and do not require a plural verb: as,

 * "When no part of their substance, and no one of their properties, is the same."—Bp. Butler.
 * "Every limb and feature appears with its respective grace."—Steele.
 * "Every person, and every occurrence, is beheld in the most favourable light."—Murray's Key, p. 190.
 * "Each worm, and each insect, is a marvel of creative power."
 * "Whose every look and gesture was a joke to clapping theatres and shouting crowds."—Young.

When the verb separates its nominatives, it agrees with that which precedes it, and is understood to the rest: as,

 * "The earth is the Lord's, and the fullness thereof."—Murray's Exercises, p. 36.
 * "Disdain forbids me, and my dread of shame."—Milton.
 * "Forth in the pleasing spring, your beauty walks, your tenderness, and love."—Thomson.

Nominatives connected by or
When a verb has two or more nominatives connected by or or nor, it must agree with them singly, and not as if taken together: as,

 * "Fear or jealousy affects him."—W. Allen's Gram., p. 133.
 * "Nor eye, nor listening ear, an object finds: creation sleeps."—Young.
 * "Neither character nor dialogue was yet understood."—L. Murray's Gram., p. 151.
 * "The wife, where danger or dishonour lurks, safest and seemliest by her husband stays."—Milton, P. L., ix, 267.

The infinitive mood
The infinitive mood is governed in general by the preposition to, which commonly connects it to a finite verb: as,

 * "I desire to learn."—Dr. Adam.
 * "Of me the Roman people have many pledges, which I must strive, with my utmost endeavours, to preserve, to defend, to confirm, and to redeem."—Duncan's Cicero, p. 41.
 * "What if the foot, ordained the dust to tread, or hand to toil, aspired to be the head?"—Pope.

The active verbs, bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make, need, see, and their participles, usually take the infinitive after them without the preposition to: as,

 * "If he bade you depart, how dare you stay?"
 * "I dare not let my mind be idle as I walk in the streets."—Cotton Mather.
 * "Your Hector, wrapt in everlasting sleep, shall neither hear you sigh, nor see you weep." —Pope's Homer.

Though the infinitive is commonly made an adjunct to some finite verb, yet it may be connected to almost all the other parts of speech. The preposition to being its only and almost universal index; unless the word about, in such a situation, is a preposition.

Anciently, the infinitive was sometimes preceded by for as well as to: as,

 * "I went up to Jerusalem for to worship."—Acts, xxiv, 11.
 * "What went you out for to see?"—Luke, vii, 26.
 * "And stood up for to read."—Luke, iv, 16.

It seems practicable to subjoin the infinitive to every one of the ten parts of speech, except the article: as,

Noun

 * "If there is any precept to obtain felicity."—Hawkesworth.
 * "It is high time to awake out of sleep."—Rom., xiii, 11.
 * "To flee from the wrath to come."—Matt., iii, 7.

Adjective

 * "He seemed desirous to speak, yet unwilling to offend."—Hawkesworth.
 * "He who is the slowest to promise, is the quickest to perform."—Art of Thinking, p. 35.

Pronoun

 * "I discovered him to be a scholar."—W. Allen's Gram., p. 166.
 * "Is it lawful for us to give tribute to Caesar?"—Luke, xx, 22.
 * "Let me desire you to reflect impartially."—Blair: Murray's Eng. Reader, p. 77.
 * "Whom have you then or what to accuse?"—Milton, P. L., iv, 67.

Finite verb

 * "Then Peter began to rebuke him."—Matt., xvi, 22.
 * "The Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost."—Luke, xix, 10.

Another infinitive

 * "To go to enter into Egypt."—Jer., xli, 17.
 * "We are not often willing to wait to consider."—J. Abbott.
 * "For what had he to do to chide at me?"—Shak.

Participle

 * "Still threatening to devour me."—Milton.
 * "Or as a thief bent to unhoard the cash of some rich burgher."—Id.

Adverb

 * "She is old enough to go to school."
 * "I know not how to act."—Nutting's Gram., p. 106.
 * "Tell me when to come, and where to meet you."
 * "He has not where to lay his head."

Conjunction

 * "He knows better than to trust you."
 * "It was so hot as to melt these ornaments."
 * "Many who praise virtue, do no more than praise it."—Dr. Johnson.

Preposition

 * "I was about to write."—Rev., x, 4.
 * "Not for to hide it in a hedge."—Burns's Poems, p. 42.
 * "Amatum iri, to be about to be loved."—Adam's Gram., p. 95.

Interjection

 * "O to forget her!"—Young's Night Thoughts.

The uses of the infinitive
The infinitive is a verb, without affirmation, without person or number, and therefore without the agreement peculiar to a finite verb. But, in most instances, it is not without limitation of the being, action, or passion, to some persons or things, that are said, supposed, or denied, to be, to act, or to be acted on. Whenever it is not thus limited, it is taken abstractly, and has some resemblance to a noun. Even then, the active infinitive may govern the objective case. The uses of the infinitive are many and various. The following are the chief of the things for which it may stand:

Supplement to another verb
For the supplement to another verb, to complete the sense: as,

 * "Loose him, and let him go."—John, xi, 44.
 * "They that go to seek mixed wine."—Prov., xxiii, 30.
 * "His hands refuse to labour."—Ib., xxi, 25.
 * "If you choose to have those terms."—Tooke's D. P., ii, 374.
 * "How our old translators first struggled to express this."—Ib., ii, 456.
 * "To any one who will please to examine our language."—Ib., ii, 444.
 * "They are forced to give up at last."—Ib., ii, 375.
 * "Which ought to be done."—Ib., ii, 451.
 * "Which came to pass."—Acts, xi, 28.
 * "I dare engage to make it out."—Swift.

A purpose
For the purpose, or end, of that to which it is added: as,

 * "Each has employed his time and pains to establish a criterion."—Tooke's D. P., ii, 374.
 * "I shall not stop now, to assist in their elucidation."—Ib., ii, 75.
 * "Our purposes are not endowed with words to make them known."—Ib., ii, 74.
 * "A tool is some instrument taken up to work with."—Ib., ii, 145.
 * "Labour not to be rich."—Prov., xxiii, 4.
 * "I flee to you to hide me."—Ps., cxliii, 9.
 * "Evil shall hunt the violent man to overthrow him."—Ib., cxl, 11.

Object of an affection or passion
For the object of an affection or passion: as,

 * "He loves to ride."
 * "I desire to hear her speak again."—Shale.
 * "If we wish to avoid important error."—Tooke's D. P., ii, 3.
 * "Who rejoice to do evil."—Prov., ii, 14.
 * "All agreeing in earnestness to see him."—Shak.
 * "Our curiosity is raised to know what lies beyond."—Kames, El. of Crit., ii, 335.

Cause of an affection or passion
For the cause of an affection or passion: as,

 * "I rejoice to hear it."
 * "By which I hope to have laid a foundation."—Blair's Rhet., p. 34.
 * "For he made me mad, to see him shine so brisk, and smell so sweet."—Beauties of Shak., p. 118.
 * "You did eat strange flesh, which some did die to look on."—Ib., p. 182.
 * "They grieved to see their best allies at variance."—Rev. W. Allen's Gram., p. 165.

Subject of a proposition
For the subject of a proposition, or the chief term in such subject: as,

 * "To steal is sinful."
 * "To do justice and judgement, is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice."—Prov., xxi, 3.
 * "To do right, is, to do that which is ordered to be done."—Tooke's D. P., ii, 7.
 * "To go to law to plague a neighbour, has in it more of malice, than of love to justice."—Seattle's Mor. Sci., i, 177.

Predicate or object of a proposition
For the predicate of a proposition, or the chief term in such predicate: as,

 * "To enjoy is to obey."—Pope.
 * "The property of rain is to wet, and fire, to burn."—Beauties of Shak., p. 15.
 * "To die is to be banished from myself."—Ib., p. 82.
 * "The best way is, to slander Valentine."—Ib., p. 83.
 * "The highway of the upright is to depart from evil."—Prov., xvi, 17.

A coming event
For a coming event, or what will be: as,

 * "A mutilated structure soon to fall."—Cowper.
 * "He being dead, and I speedily to follow him."—Tooke's D. P., ii, 111.
 * "She shall rejoice in time to come."—Prov., xxxi, 25.
 * "Things present, or things to come."—1 Cor., iii, 22.

A necessary event
For a necessary event, or what ought to be: as,

 * "It is to be remembered."
 * "It is never to be forgotten."—Tooke's D. P., ii, 2.
 * "An oversight much to be deplored."—Ib., ii, 460.
 * "The sign is not to be used by itself, or to stand alone; but is to be joined to some other term."—Ib., ii, 372.
 * "The Lord's name is to be praised."—Ps., cxiii, 3.

Something previously suggested
For what is previously suggested by another word: as,

 * "I have faith to believe."
 * "The glossarist did well here not to yield to his inclination."—Tooke's D. P., ii, 329.
 * "It is a good thing to give thanks to the Lord."—Ps., xcii, 1.
 * "It is as sport to a fool to do mischief."—Prov., x, 23.
 * "They have the gift to know it."—Shak.
 * "We have no remaining occupation but to take care of the public."—Art of Thinking, p. 52.

Term of comparison or measure
For a term of comparison or measure: as,

 * "He was so much affected as to weep."
 * "Who could do no less than furnish him."—Tooke's D. P., ii, 408.
 * "I shall venture no farther than to explain the nature and convenience of these abbreviations."—Ib., ii, 439.
 * "I have already said enough to show what sort of operation that is."—Ib., ii, 358.

Participles
The regular syntax of the participle, is twofold; being sometimes that of simple relation to a noun or a pronoun that precedes it, and sometimes that of government, or the state of being governed by a preposition. In the former construction, the participle resembles an adjective; in the latter, it is more like a noun, or like the infinitive mood. To these constructions, some add others less regular: using the participle as the subject of a finite verb, as the object of a transitive verb, or as a nominative after a neuter verb.

Participles relate to nouns or pronouns, or else are governed by prepositions: as,

 * "Elizabeth's tutor, at one time paying her a visit, found her employed in reading Plato."—Hume.
 * "I have no more pleasure in hearing a man attempting wit and failing, than in seeing a man trying to leap over a ditch and tumbling into it."—Dr. Johnson.
 * "Now, raised on Tyre's sad ruins, Pharaoh's pride soared high, his legions threatening far and wide."—Dryden.

A preceding phrase
A participle sometimes relates to a preceding phrase or sentence, of which it forms no part: as,

 * "I then quit the society; to withdraw and leave them to themselves, appearing to me a duty."
 * "It is almost exclusively on the ground we have mentioned, that we have heard his being continued in office defended."—Professors' Reasons, p. 23.
 * Better, "His continuance in office," or, "The continuing of him in office."
 * "But ever to do ill our sole delight, as being the contrary to his high will."—Milton.

A being or action in the abstract
With an infinitive denoting being or action in the abstract, a participle is sometimes also taken abstractly; that is, without reference to any particular noun, pronoun, or other subject: as,

 * "To seem compelled, is disagreeable."
 * "To keep always praying aloud, is plainly impossible."
 * "It must be disagreeable to be left pausing on a word which does not, by itself, produce any idea."—Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 323.
 * "To praise him is to serve him, and fulfill, doing and suffering, his unquestioned will."—Cowper, Vol. i, p. 88.

Substitute for the infinitive mood
The participle is often used irregularly, as a substitute for the infinitive mood, to which it is sometimes equivalent without irregularity: as,

 * "I saw him enter, or entering."—Grant's Lat. Gram., p. 230.
 * "He is afraid of trying, or to try."—Ibid.
 * "Sir, said I, if the case stands thus, it is dangerous drinking."—Collier's Tablet of Cebes.
 * "It will be but ill venturing your soul on that."—Bunyan's Law and Grace, p. 27.
 * "Describing a past event as present, has a fine effect in language."—Kames, El. of Crit., i, 93.
 * "In English likewise it deserves remarking."—Harris's Hermes, p. 232.
 * "Bishop Atterbury deserves being particularly mentioned."—Blair's Rhet., p. 291.
 * "This, however, is in effect no more than enjoying the sweet that predominates."—Campbell's Rhet., p. 43.
 * "Habits are soon assumed; but when we strive to strip them off, it is being flayed alive."—Cowper, Vol. i, p. 44

A participle which is treated as a noun
Another frequent irregularity in the construction of participles, is the practice of treating them essentially as nouns, without taking from them the regimen and adjuncts of participles: as,

 * "Your having been well educated will be a great recommendation."—W. Allen's Gram., p. 171.
 * Better, "Your excellent education," or "That you have been well educated, will be," etc.
 * "It arises from sublimity's expressing grandeur in its highest degree."—Blair's Rhet., p. 29.
 * "Concerning the separating by a circumstance, words intimately connected."—Kames, El. of Crit., Vol. ii, p. 104.
 * "As long as there is any hope of their keeping pace with them."—Literary Convention, p. 114.
 * "Which could only arise from his knowing the secrets of all hearts."—West's Letters to a Young Lady, p. 180.
 * "But this again is talking quite at random."—Butler's Analogy, p. 146.
 * "My being here it is, that holds you hence."—Shak.
 * "Such, but by foils, the clearest lustre see, and deem aspersing others, praising you."—Savage, to Walpole.

Adverbs
The syntax of an adverb consists in its simple relation to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or whatever else it qualifies.

Adverbs relate to verbs, participles, adjectives, or other adverbs: as,

 * "Any passion that habitually discomposes our temper, or unfits us for properly discharging the duties of life, has most certainly gained a very dangerous ascendency."—Blair.
 * "How blessed this happy hour, should he appear, dear to us all, to me supremely dear!"—Pope's Homer.

Independent adverbs
The adverbs yes, ay, and yea, expressing a simple affirmation, and the adverbs no and nay, expressing a simple negation, are always independent. They generally answer a question, and are equivalent to a whole sentence. Is it clear, that they ought to be called adverbs? No.

 * "Can honour set to a leg? No. Or an arm? No. Or take away the grief of a wound? No. Honour has no skill in surgery then? No."—Shak.: First Part of Hen. IV, Act v, 1.

The word amen
The word amen, which is commonly called an adverb, is often used independently at the beginning or end of a declaration or a prayer: as,

 * "Surely, I come quickly. Amen: even so, come Lord Jesus."—Rev., xxii, 20.

When it does not stand thus alone, it seems in general to be used substantively: as,

 * "The strangers among them stood on Gerizim, and echoed amen to the blessings."—Wood's Dict.
 * "These things say the amen."—Rev., iii, 14

An adverb before a preposition
An adverb before a preposition seems sometimes to relate to the latter, rather than to the verb or participle to which the preposition connects its object: as,

 * "This mode of pronunciation runs considerably beyond ordinary discourse."—Blair's Rhet., p. 334.
 * "Yea, all along the times of the apostasy, this was the thing that preserved the witnesses."—Penington's Works, Vol. iv, p. 12.
 * "Right against the eastern gate, where the great sun begins his state."—Milton, L'Allegro.

Much, little, far, and all
The words much, little, far, and all, being originally adjectives, are sometimes preceded by the negative not, or (except the last) by such an adverb as too, how, thus, so, or as, when they are taken substantively: as,

 * "Not all that glitters, is gold."
 * "Too much should not be offered at once."—Murray's Gram., p. 140.
 * "Thus far is consistent."—Ib., p. 161.
 * "Thus far is right."—Lowth's Gram., p. 101.

Conjunctions
The syntax of conjunctions consists in the simple fact, that they link together such and such terms, and thus "Mark the connections of human thought."—Beattie.

Conjunctions connect words, sentences, or parts of sentences: as,

 * "Let there be no strife, I pray you, between me and you, and between my herdmen and your herdmen; for we are brethren."—Gen., xiii, 8.
 * "Ah! if she lend not arms as well as rules. What can she more than tell us we are fools?"—Pope.

Introducing a sentence
The conjunction that sometimes serves merely to introduce a sentence which is made the subject or the object of a finite verb: as,

 * "That mind is not matter, is certain."
 * "That you have wronged me, does appear in this."—Shak.
 * "That time is mine, O Mead! to you, I owe."—Young.

Two corresponding conjunctions
When two corresponding conjunctions occur, in their usual order, the former should generally be parsed as referring to the latter, which is more properly the connecting word: as,

 * "Neither sun nor stars in many days appeared."—Acts, xxvii, 20.
 * "Whether that evidence has been afforded [or not,] is a matter of investigation."—Keith's Evidences, p. 18.

Either and neither
Either, corresponding to or, and neither, corresponding to nor or not, are sometimes transposed, so as to repeat the disjunction or negation at the end of the sentence: as,

 * "Where then was their capacity of standing, or his either?"—Barclay's Works, iii, 359.
 * "It is not dangerous neither."—Bolingbroke, on Hist., p. 135.
 * "He is very tall, but not too tall neither."—Spect., No. 475.

Prepositions
The syntax of prepositions consists, not solely or mainly in their power of governing the objective case, but in their adaptation to the other terms between which they express certain relations.

Prepositions show the relations of words, and of the things or thoughts expressed by them: as,

 * "He came from Rome to Paris, in the company of many eminent men, and passed with them through many cities."—Analectic Magazine.
 * "Ah! who can tell the triumphs of the mind, by truth illumined, and by taste refined?"—Rogers.

The object
A noun or a pronoun made the object of a preposition, is governed by it in the objective case: as,

 * "The temple of fame stands on the grave: the flame that burns on its altars, is kindled from the ashes of great men."—Hazlitt.
 * "Life is his gift, from whom whatever life needs, with every good and perfect gift, proceeds."—Cowper, Vol. i, p. 95.

The preposition to
The preposition to, before an abstract infinitive, and at the head of a phrase which is made the subject of a verb, has no proper antecedent term of relation: as,

 * "To learn to die, is the great business of life."—Dillwyn.
 * "Nevertheless, to abide in the flesh, is more needful for you."—St. Paul: Phil., i, 24.
 * "To be reduced to poverty, is a great affliction."
 * "Too much to know, is, to know nought but fame; and every godfather can give a name."—Shakespeare.

The preposition for
The preposition for, when it introduces its object before an infinitive, and the whole phrase is made the subject of a verb, has properly no antecedent term of relation: as,

 * "For us to learn to die, is the great business of life."
 * "Nevertheless, for me to abide in the flesh, is more needful for you."
 * "For an old man to be reduced to poverty is a very great affliction."
 * "For man to tell how human life began, is hard; for who himself beginning knew?"—Milton.

Interjections
Interjections have no dependent construction; they are put absolute, either alone, or with other words: as,

 * "O! let not your heart despise me."—Dr. Johnson.
 * "O cruel you!"—Pope, Odys., B. xii, l. 333.
 * "Ah wretched we, poets of earth!"—Cowley.
 * "Ah Dennis! Gildon ah! what ill-starred rage divides a friendship long confirmed by age?"—Pope, Dunciad, B. iii.

General rules
In the formation of sentences, the consistency and adaptation of all the words should be observed; and a regular, clear, and correspondent construction should be preserved throughout.

Words that may constitute different parts of speech, must not be left doubtful as to their classification.

The reference of words to other words, or their syntactical relation according to the sense, should never be left doubtful.

A definition must include the whole class of things, which it pretends to define, and exclude everything which comes not under the name.

A comparison is a form of speech which requires some similarity or common property in the things compared; without which, it becomes a solecism.

Sentences that convey a meaning manifestly false, should be changed, rejected, or contradicted. They distort language from its only worthy use; which is, to state facts, and to tell the truth.

Every writer should be careful not to contradict himself; for what is self-contradictory, is both null in argument, and bad in style.

Words that are entirely needless, and especially such as encumber the expression, ought in general to be omitted.

Words necessary to the sense, or even to the melody or beauty of a sentence, ought seldom, if ever, to be omitted.

title: English in Use/Syntax


text:
User:Dragonboy8/sandbox

The Evolution of cartoons and animation

The first ever animation was made in 1838 using a zoetrope and since then more and more new types of animation have come into existence, a notable piece of animation is humorous phases of funny faces(1906) which changed animation largely

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Dragonboy8/sandbox


text:
Talk:List of Kenner Star Wars action figures

Missing three figures
I don't know enough of the details on this to add it myself, but three figures are missing from this list. Max Rebo, Droopy McCool, and Sy Snoodles came out in 1983 as a package: Sy Snoodles and the Rebo Band. --Daniel (talk) 22:11, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

Added: 2/11/2021, CLynn Another Missing in the 1980 section: 1980 star wars AT-AT Commander

Large size figures

 * Luke Skywalker (1978)
 * Princess Leia Organa (1978)
 * Chewbacca (1978)
 * Darth Vader (1978)
 * See-Threepio (C-3PO) (1978)
 * Artoo-Detoo (R2-D2) (1978)
 * Han Solo (1979)
 * Ben (Obi-Wan) Kenobi (1979)
 * Stormtrooper (1979)
 * Jawa (1979)
 * Boba Fett (1979)
 * IG-88 (Bounty Hunter) (1980) — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:32, 3 November 2019 (UTC)


text:
Genetics/Cancers

Readings

 * Study guide:
 * Wikipedia article: Oncogenes

Dominant Mutations in Oncogenes
Dominant mutations in oncogenes usually disrupt or constitutively activate signaling pathways that inform the cell about its environment. A mutation in an oncogene protein or a large excess of the normal protein makes it insensitive to upstream members of the pathway, which leads to constitutive activation of the pathway and unrestrained proliferation. These mutations are usually not inherited and arise during somatic growth.

Oncogenes can also be activated by insertion of a retrovirus at a nearby chromosome location.

Tumor Suppressor Genes
Tumor suppressor gene mutations are mutations in signaling pathways or cell cycle progression which regulate cell cycle production. This type of cancer appears to be inherited as a dominant trait even though the original mutant is recessive.

p53 Mutations
P53 is a tumor suppressor gene. P53 functions as a checkpoint to prevent commitment to S phase if there is unrepaired DNA damage. If there is unrepaired damage, p53 activates production of the p21 gene and this prevents the cyclin/cdk complex from initiating S. If the damage remains unrepaired, p53 causes apoptosis in the cell, eliminating potential mutagenic effects.

title: Genetics/Cancers


text:
Talk:Denver Botanic Gardens

External links modified
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title: Talk:Denver Botanic Gardens


text:
The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Appendix A

Air conditioning
Common Values

Chiller calcs
Assuming that all wattage consumed will end up as dissipated heat (servers do very little mechanical work or yield very little light);

Wattage times 3.41 = BTU/hr

Example:

Server draws 10 amps at 120vac 10 amps X 120 vac = 1200 voltamps (aprox 1200 watts) 1200 VA X 3.41 = 4092 BTU/hr


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Ryan Weisenberg

Ryan Weisenberg (born January 21, 1975) is an American basketball coach who was the head coach of the Pepperdine Waves women's basketball team.

Weisenberg attended St. Francis High School, a Catholic high school in La Cañada Flintridge, California, where he lettered in basketball, football, and baseball. Weisenberg attended Azusa Pacific University, receiving a master in education, and attended Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, receiving a Bachelor of Science. Weisenberg began his coaching career in 1995 at Mission Prep High School. Two years later, he spent some time as an assistant coach, video scout, and basketball camp director at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo. He spent five years as head coach for South Pasadena High School's boy's varsity basketball. After five years at South Pasadena High School, Weisenberg was hired as an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Sparks under coach Michael Cooper. After Cooper resigned in 2004, Weisenberg and Karleen Thompson were co-head coaches before leaving the Sparks. Then, Weisenberg worked for the Los Angeles Lakers as an assistant video coordinator and player scout. Weisenberg taught world history at Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana and was the varsity girls head basketball coach. Ryan also taught part-time 6th grade history at St. Mark's Lutheran School. This school is located in Hacienda Heights, which is about 45 minutes' drive locally from Anaheim. Additionally, he is the former assistant coach for the Houston Comets.

On January 6, 2010, Weisenberg was confirmed as the new Manawatu Jets coach. The team are based in Palmerston North, New Zealand and play in the NBL. He coached the Jets for 3 seasons before departing the team in February 2013.

Weisenberg is married to Lyndsey Hache.

authors: খাত্তাব হাসান

title: Ryan Weisenberg


text:
The Six of Calais

The Six of Calais is a one-act play by George Bernard Shaw. It was inspired by Auguste Rodin's sculpture The Burghers of Calais. It is a historical comedy about the conflict between Edward III of England and his wife Philippa of Hainault over his plans to punish the leading citizens of Calais for resisting the 1346 siege.

Conception
Shaw had had a long friendship with the sculptor Auguste Rodin, who had made a portrait bust of the playwright, and had long admired his sculpture of The Burghers of Calais. Rodin himself had once said of Shaw that his obsession with "cold" reason was "modified to vapour by his temperamental shyness and his Irish sense of humor". The struggle between anger, reason and humour is one of the themes of the play.

Plot
King Edward III of England intends to hang six leading citizens of Calais for resisting his siege of the town, but he must keep his plans from his wife Philippa, whose forgiving nature is such that she will plead for their lives. Peter Hardmouth, the leading burgher is unrepentant, and berates Edward for his warmongering. Philippa finds out about Edward's plan and uses all her wiles to persuade him to change his mind, clinching her case by saying that the brutality could adversely affect their unborn child. He eventually gives in, but decides he will use Hardmouth to get back at her. He brings in Hardmouth, who proceeds to berate the queen mercilessly. Furious, she insists that Hardmouth be punished, but now the king says she must be as forgiving as he was. The king warms to Hardmouth when he learns that he comes from Champagne, like the king's grandmother. The two bond and start playing a game which involves pretending to be dogs. The queen is not amused. She is further outraged when Edward says that he hopes some of Harmouth's spirit will enter their unborn child. He kisses her and everyone laughs.

Preface
The play was published along with The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles and The Millionairess in 1936. In the preface Shaw justified the apparently lightweight character of the piece, by arguing that the purpose of a play is to create elegant order from chaotic experience.

Production and reception
The play was produced at the Open Air theatre in 1934.

John Anthony Bertolini describes the play as a self-referential work in which the characters all performing roles. He considers it the most "fully realized" example of Shaw's conception of comic form.

title: The Six of Calais


text:
Giovanni Mazzalupi

Giovanni Mazzalupi (born 11 December 1934) is an Italian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Giovanni Mazzalupi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yellin Hockey League

The result of the debate was speedy deleted. Angr/ talk 20:45, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Yellin_Hockey_League
DeleteThis article lifts material from the National Hockey League to create an article of a fictional league. Capsgm2002 04:58, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Amusing, but not funny enough. Delete JoshuaZ 05:04, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonsense/hoax. Feezo (Talk) 05:11, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom, nonsense -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 05:13, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Patent nonsense. Bucketsofg 05:20, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Sppedy delete per Bucket. --Khoikhoi 05:24, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete: G1 per above, no meaningful content. -- Kinu t /c  05:43, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete obvious hoax. Lankiveil 11:30, 20 March 2006 (UTC).
 * Speedy delete as patent nonsense. Hoax, too. Jud e (talk,contribs,email) 12:30, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as hoax. ProhibitOnions 13:17, 20 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Draft:Firewatch (film)

Firewatch is an upcoming mystery adventure film based on the 2016 video game of the same name.

Premise
A man takes a job as a fire lookout at Shoshone National Forest in 1989, and soon begins to experience strange happenings in the forest that directly targets himself and a fellow lookout.

Production
In September 2016, the film rights for the game were acquired by Good Universe. No further development on the film had been announced until August 2020, when Snoot Entertainment had acquired the rights, with Good Universe's involvement ending after being purchased by Lionsgate. Game developers Sean Vanaman and Jake Rodkin will serve as producers on the film.

title: Draft:Firewatch (film)


text:
School talk:Mathematics/Calculus

I would like to take this class. --Superwiki 03:33, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Is someone going to teach this class? If so, I'd like to be a TA- i've taken 3 semesters of college calculus, and differential equations. DettoAltrimenti 07:47, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

I think we should discuss here the topics we want to tackle in the course. Have you seen the Calculs book? Is it good enough for you or you need to go deeper in some topic? What have you answered to the questions in the Calculus pre-test? --Vitalij_zad 14:30, 29 July 2006

A merger with Precalculus is a great idea Graemeb1967 21:29, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

I think we should have a pretest with actual problems to solve, to complement the one with just definitions (Ex. If sin(a) = pi/2 and 0<a<2pi, solve for a). Sometimes the best way to learn is by doing. Crusader8389

title: School talk:Mathematics/Calculus


text:
Ferrobaires

The Unidad Ejecutora del Plan Ferroviario Provincial (UEPFP) (in English: "Executive Unit of the Provincial Railway Plan"), mostly known under its trade name Ferrobaires, was a public railway company which operated extensive long-distance passenger trains throughout the Buenos Aires Province in Argentina. The company was primarily owned and funded by the Buenos Aires provincial government led by Eduardo Duhalde. The name "Ferrobaires" is a combination of the Spanish words for "Rail Buenos Aires."

From its base in the city of Buenos Aires, Ferrobaires rail lines extended south and west across the province. The company transported approximately 1.5 million passengers annually and operated from all three major rail termini in the city of Buenos Aires: Retiro (San Martín), Constitución, and Once, running trains on its 5,500 km of rail tracks.

Background
All of the routes which were managed by Ferrobaires were previously operated by Ferrocarriles Argentinos, the country's former national passenger railway corporation. After the privatisation of Ferrocarriles Argentinos starting in 1989, many train services across Argentina were indefinitely discontinued. In 1992 the Governor of Buenos Aires Province, Eduardo Duhalde, signed Decree 560/91 by which Buenos Aires requested National Government to transfer the operation of the lines deactivated between 1961 and 1992, that comprised more than 5,500 km of railway lines. Buenos Aires proposed to work with other municipal governments to create a company that operated the railway services.

On 28 April 1992, Buenos Aires officially requested the transfer of 52 disused lines and branches. In January 1993, "Unidad Ejecutora del Programa Ferroviario Provincial" (UEPFP) was created through decree n° 99/93. However, several lines were closed down by the UEPFP, especially during the 2001 financial crisis.

By National decrees 1168/1992 and 770/1993, the Government of Argentina transferred to the Government of Buenos Aires Province the operation of several lines in the Buenos Aires, La Pampa and Río Negro Provinces.

Lines that Ferrobaires were to operate included the Constitución to Mar del Plata line, the Bahía Blanca, Bariloche, Quequén and Bolívar line; the Olavarría to Bahía Blanca line; the Once to General Villegas, Toay, General Pico and Darragueira line; the Retiro (San Martín) to Alberdi and Junín line; and the Federico Lacroze to Rojas line.

Operation
Ferrobaires reactivated some lines that had been abandoned for many years (such as the Mar del Plata–Miramar and Gral. Guido–Gral. Madariaga lines, which had been closed down in 1978) and even built and opened a new station ("Divisadero de Pinamar", replacing the original station) on the Gral. Guido–Vivoratá branch, in 1996. Trains ran again to Pinamar after 29 years of no service.

Nevertheless, those lines would be closed again due to lack of maintenance and lack of sufficient rolling stock. The branch to Pinamar was closed in April 2011 and remained closed.

In early 2006, the national Ministry of Planning considered taking control of the company to arrange for it to be privatised once more, but the provincial government of Felipe Solá refused to allow this to happen, arguing that under provincial state control the company was working very efficiently and with low fares.

On 8 February 2007, the Provincial Government agreed to transfer all the services to the National Government to keep the lines active as many of the services on the lines were frequently interrupted due to technical problems. Nevertheless, this agreement was never carried through and Ferrobaires continued being operated by the province.

By 2011 Ferrobaires was widely criticised by users and journalists because of its severe operational problems trying to run the various railway services.

In July 2015, Ferrobaires announced the re-establishment of services from Plaza Constitución to Pinamar that had been suspended in 2010 with one service per week, and intermediate stops at Santo Domingo, Segurola, Monsalvo and Invernadas and Gral. Madariaga. The service started operations again on 17 July.

Decline
In June 2016, after a Ferrobaires train collided with a Belgrano Cargas y Logística freight train in Rawson, a city in Chacabuco Partido, the Government of Buenos Aires Province led by María Eugenia Vidal ordered the suspension of all services (eight in total) operated by Ferrobaires. That decision was taken alleging "the need of preserving security of passengers and service operators".

Nevertheless, it was announced that the service from Constitución to Mar del Plata would remain active as it would be transferred to the National Government. Likewise, a report by "Auditoría General de la Nación" (General Auditing Office of Argentina) revealed that rolling stock, rail tracks and signal systems had severely deteriorated due to the lack of maintenance. As of June 2016, the operation of services by Ferrobaires was costing $1,200 million per year, with annual income of only $60 million.

In July 2016, it was announced that Ferrobaires would be shut down and all of its personnel and infrastructure transferred to the National Government, a process that had been unsuccessfully attempted in 2007. Passenger services formerly operated by the provincial administration (since 1993) would be run by the Operadora Ferroviaria Sociedad del Estado (SOFSE). In January 2018, Governor Vidal signed the decree to transfer Ferrobaires services and assets to the National State.

Services taken over by SOFSE included the following lines: Plaza Constitución to Bahía Blanca, Bariloche, Quequén and Bolívar; Olavarría to Bahía Blanca; Once to Toay, General Pico, General Villegas, Darregueira and Lincoln; Lincoln to Villegas and Pasteur; Retiro to Alberti and Junín; Federico Lacroze to Rojas. All those services were part of the original set of railway services transferred to the Buenos Aires province in 1992. The Mar del Plata – Miramar and General Guido – General Madariaga lines (not included in the original Decree N° 1168/92) had been re-established by the Provincial Government after the transfer of the services.

Services
At the time of its closure Ferrobaires operated the following services:

title: Ferrobaires


text:
Hammaad Chaudry

Hammaad Chaudry is a playwright from Edinburgh, Scotland. His professional debut was in 2018 with the play An Ordinary Muslim at the New York Theatre Workshop.

Early life and education
Chaudry is the son of Pakistani immigrants and grew up in Edinburgh. At the age of 19 he moved to England to initially study law at the University of Surrey. He joined a writing program at the Royal Court Theatre in London which focused on Muslim writers. He later attended Columbia University and was introduced to Tony Kushner who became his mentor.

Career
At Columbia University, Chaudry developed An Ordinary Muslim, a thesis play which would also be directed by Kushner for two readings in 2014. The play opened at the New York Theatre Workshop in 2018 and tells the story of a British Asian Muslim family, The Bhatti’s, and their son’s struggle to belong to different cultural worlds. Directed by Jo Bonney, the play was called "rich and complex" by The Financial Times and selected as The New York Magazine Critic's Pick. Chaudry was also referred to as "no ordinary playwright" by Robert Hofler for his work with the play.

Chaudry's earlier works include Salaam, Mr. Bush, Tokens, Kismat, and God Willing which have played in theaters in both the United States and United Kingdom. He has also received numerous awards for his works.

title: Hammaad Chaudry


text:
Talk:QuantLib

Institute for quantitative finance --Should this page be in the Topic: namespace?--Hillgentleman|User talk 15:32, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:QuantLib


text:
Talk:Xi'an International University

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:22, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * XAIU Library.jpg
 * XAIU North Gate.jpg
 * XAIU Yuhua Lake.jpg

title: Talk:Xi'an International University


text:
Steam Locomotive Operation

This book is an operators manual for the operation of functional steam locomotives. The terms and procedures described here will enable a person to safely operate a 19th or 20th-century steam locomotive well into the future.

To hostle, fire, or engineer a locomotive effectively, efficiently, and safely, a person should have a good understanding of the construction and the physics that go into a steam engine to produce locomotion as well as an understanding of normal operating techniques.

The Boiler
A common later (the 1940s) boiler design was the radial stay extended wagon top type of locomotive boiler, which consists of an oblong box with a circular top made of steel plating, connected to a cylindrical part which is commonly known as the barrel of the boiler. That part of the boiler enclosing the firebox is known as the outer casing or shell. The firebox corresponds in shape to the back end and sides of the outer casing or shell, a space being provided between the firebox sheets and those of the outer casing which provides for the firebox being surrounded by water. The front or cylindrical part of the boiler encloses the flues which are secured at the front to the front flue sheet and at the back to the inner or firebox flue sheet.

This arrangement provides that all parts of the firebox, as well as the flues, are completely surrounded by water, and it also provides that when fuel is burned in the firebox, the heat will be transmitted by the flues and firebox plates to the water; the unused gasses and smoke having free passage from the firebox through the flues to the smokebox and smokestack.

The smoke box is formed by extending the cylindrical part of the boiler beyond the front flue sheet. The boiler shell is provided with a steam dome on top of the shell which forms a chamber where steam may collect and free itself from the water in the boiler before passing through the throttle valve to the cylinders.

The flues in a locomotive boiler are known as fire tubes, because the heat passes through them, while the arch tubes, of which there are usually four in each firebox are called "water tubes" because the fire is on the outside, and the water passes through them.

The firebox sheets and flues constitute what is known as the heating surface. In addition to this heating surface, there is an additional, or superheater heating surface in many boilers, which superheats the steam after it leaves the boiler and while it is passing from the boiler to the cylinders. Comparing the flue heating area with that of the area of the firebox plates shows that the plate heating surface equals only 5% of the flue heating surface, but the firebox heating surface generates about 40% of the steam. This fact should be remembered.

In the locomotive boiler, a large number of small flues are provided instead of a few large flues, in order that the heat and gasses passing from the firebox to the smokebox will be split up and come into contact with a larger flue surface. If large flues were used, great quantities of heat would pass through the center of the flues without coming into contact with the surface of the flue, such heat would pass away and be lost. A large number of small tubes also provides for the heat is more evenly distributed through the boiler shell water space. The small flue can be made of thinner material, which permits the heat to be more easily transmitted to the water which surrounds the flues. In the extended wagon top type of locomotive boiler, the back part, or outer shell, is considerably larger in diameter than the front section, or cylindrical part; while the straight type of boiler has the outer shell and cylindrical part of practically the same diameter. The extended wagon top type, therefore, allows more steam and water space, and gives superior performance in foaming water conditions.

Locomotive boilers are made entirely of steel, except stay-bolts and stays, which are of iron. The crown sheet is supported by what are called radial stays, reaching from the crown sheet to the exterior wrapper sheet.

There are three common designs of fireboxes in general use. The narrow, deep firebox, which is between the frames and extends below the top frame rails. The semi-wide shallow firebox which rests on top of the frames and extends to the outside edges of the frame rails, and the wide firebox type having a firebox wider than the frames and extending outside the frame rails on both sides, and resting on top of the frame rails, or expansion brackets which are secured to the top of the frames.

Combustion Chamber
The combustion chamber for large locomotives was originally introduced for the purpose that its name implies, of providing increased firebox area for combustion purposes. As locomotives grew larger and the wheelbase longer, it then became a question of limiting the length of flues. It was found that when flues were more than 21 or 22 feet long, there was considerably more trouble in respect to leakage and in order to keep the flues within those limits of length it was necessary to lengthen out the firebox, which was done by extending the flue area into the boiler.

There is also an advantage of the combustion chamber, in addition to allowing shorter flues, the heating surface of the firebox sheets composing the combustion chamber is vastly more efficient than the increased length of flues would be if the combustion chamber was not used.

The combustion chamber also serves to protect the ends of the tubes from cold air which comes up through the grates at the front end of the firebox, in addition to providing a long flameway for the burning gases, which is particularly desirable with oil, or coal, having a large percentage of volatile matter.

Effects of Heating, Cooling, and Low Water
When the crown sheet or firebox sheets are not covered with water, they become overheated very quickly with a hot fire in the firebox. If for any reason water is not maintained over the crown sheet, and the sheet becomes overheated, the fire must be put out or deadened at once, and under no circumstances should cold water be forced into the boiler. The boiler should be cooled down before any attempt is made to refill it, because forcing cold water into the boiler when it is very hot produces sudden changes in temperature of the various parts of the sheets and sets up destructive strains.

The prevention of destructive strains and stresses, or reducing their amplitude should interest all who have to do with the upkeep of the locomotive. In order to bring out clearly and simply the cause of destructive stresses, it should fully be understood that the contraction or expansion of a body of metal when changes of temperature occur is irresistible. A firebox sheet expanding or contracting as a result of a change in temperature cannot be restrained. It is certain to find relief in some direction, either by self-destruction or destroying the obstacle opposing its movement.

The life of a locomotive boiler or firebox is dependent largely upon the care which it receives while in service. It is not possible in the operation of a locomotive to avoid all strains and stresses, but it is possible, practical, and beneficial to reduce the frequency of the stresses and also their amplitude. In other words, if by any means the severity of the strains is reduced even though their frequency be increased, the period between failures will be prolonged, the time between repairs and the life of fireboxes and boilers will be lengthened.

Figure 3, which is a diagram of the boiler shown in Figure 1, illustrates the action of metal when heating and cooling takes place. It will be noted that the boiler is divided into sections. After the steam is generated in the boiler to 200lbs per square inch, it is found that the boiler has expanded nearly one inch, which demonstrates that the metal expands as heating takes place and that when the boiler cools the metal contracts. Expansion and contraction of the metals thus sets up strains and stresses at various parts in the boiler, and it is important that as these strains are developed that they are developed slowly, in order that the effect of heating or cooling will be distributed throughout the boiler so that the expansion or contraction will be as uniform as possible throughout all its parts.

Temperatures of Steam and Water
Operating water injector or water pump while the locomotive is standing causes more frequent and greater inequality of temperatures throughout the boiler and the development of more destructive stresses than any other cause. To illustrate: Temperature of the steam in a locomotive boiler at 190 psi is 383 degrees Fahrenheit (195 degrees Centigrade). This is also the temperature of the water at that steam pressure. When an injector is operated, the water passing through the injector on its way to the boiler is heated from 160 to 200 degrees F (71 to 93 degrees C). It is therefore from 183 to 223 degrees F (102-124 deg C) cooler than the water within the boiler. The water from the injector being cooler is heavier than the higher temperature water in the boiler, and on entering the boiler must take a downward course and continue downward until it reaches the lowest part. The weight of a cubic foot of water as it enters the boiler from the injectors is 60 1/8 pounds, while a cubic foot of water at 190 psi steam pressure, or 383 degrees Fahrenheit, is 54 1/4 pounds, or 9% lighter than the water at 200 degrees delivered into the boiler from the injector. This difference of weight makes it clear why the cooler and heavier water seeks the lower levels and displaces the hotter, lighter water.

-A quick reference to Water boiling point (Not Steam Temp) at different pressures- The boiling point of water raises 3 degrees F per each pound of square inch pressure added. For example: at sea level, water will boil at 212 degrees F (100 deg C). +1 PSI over sea level it will raise the boiling point 3 degrees F, to 215 degrees F (1.7 deg C, to 101.7 deg C). At +5 PSI over sea level, the boiling point of water will be 227 degrees F (108.3 deg C). And so on. This is why directions for boiling noodles and baking goods at high altitudes require longer cook times, and/or more water added to the mixture.

Hostler
The hostler prepares an engine each day for service. This usually includes starting the fire, greasing and oiling all lubrication points on a steam locomotive. This was traditionally the starting point for a person coming onto the engine crew.

Additionally, hostlers service locomotives with fuel and water, sand and lubricants and assure that all required tools and flagging equipment are provided on the locomotive. The firebox is cleaned or banked as necessary upon arrival at the locomotive.

Fireman
The fireman maintains the steam pressure in a locomotive boiler. This is accomplished through careful regulation of the fire, and by regular addition of water to the boiler. Water is added through the use of an injector or a feedwater pump. In the absence of an Engineer, he will be responsible for the safety and security of the locomotive. Locomotive Firemen will not operate locomotives unless under the direct supervision of a qualified Engineer.

Engineer
The engineer is responsible for ensuring that the engine is fit for operation before and during any movement of the locomotive. The engineer is responsible for it's over the road upkeep, oiling and proper operation of the locomotive to be the most fuel-efficient and easy on the machinery. The engineer controls the operation of the locomotive but the conductor controls the movement of the train, and both are responsible for its safe operation. The steam whistle, headlight, throttle, air brakes, reverse lever, and fireman are usually under the direct control of the engineer.

Firing
Firing involves caring for the boiler and making sure there is always sufficient steam for the engineer to use. When proficient, a fireman should concentrate on an efficient operation to conserve fuel, water and extend the life of the engine. This is especially important in the 21st century as working steam engines are rare and often in precarious financial situations.

General Practices
The boiler of a locomotive is made of a steel alloy and holds thousands of gallons of water. The boiler must be treated with care at all times, as it must withstand tremendous amounts of heat, pressure and vibration. The fireman should take care to minimize the thermal stresses placed on the boiler when safety permits.

Fireless Locomotives
Fireless locomotives generally used a tank (in place of a boiler and firebox) filled with superheated water that flashed into steam as the pressure from working existing steam dropped the pressure (refer to pressure table above). Fireless locomotives were tied to operating in an area where they could obtain water heated higher than the boiling point while a fire was undesirable for safety reasons. They were used mostly in industries or a group of industries, and due to this limitation were not common for moving trains on main lines. They were replaced by explosion-proof diesel or electric locomotives. There are no references to currently operating fireless locomotives found by this author.

Wood Burning Locomotives
Wood burning locomotives fell into disfavour in the United States once expansion into the western plain states began, chiefly because of the generally lower amount of thermal energy wood locomotives offered from the fuel, and the scarcity of forests in the plains states.

Oil Burning Locomotives
Oil burning locomotives in the steam era mainly used "Bunker C" fuel oil. (Bunker C is also known as Type 6 or Number 6.) While some preserved steam locomotives of today (circa 2005) still use Bunker C, most have switched to various alternative fuels as Bunker C can be difficult to locate, transport, and store. Alternatives include Number 4 fuel oil, kerosene or diesel oil (and sometimes a mixture of diesel/kerosene), others employ used motor oil.

Regardless of the kind of oil used, most locomotives store the fuel in a tank on the tender. The oil tank is equipped with steam heat coils to heat the fuel before combustion. This is done to keep the oil viscosity such that the oil can flow freely to the combustion chamber. Bunker C fuel oil is very thick and difficult to use without pre-heating.

The fire in an oil-burning locomotive is controlled with two valves: The fuel valve, which controls the flow of oil to the atomizer, and the atomizer valve, which controls the steam to force the oil into small droplets for burning.

The fireman must control the amount of steam, oil, and air in the combustion chamber to produce the most efficient fire to boil the water. The fireman observes the colour of the smoke emitted from the smokestack to determine what the fire needs. Thick, foul-smelling black smoke indicates that the fire is not burning correctly due to too much fuel oil. The fireman can increase the draft of air using dampers and the blower or reduce the amount of oil to the burner. Blue smoke indicates too much steam is being admitted to the atomizer, and he must reduce the steam pressure. A light grey smoke indicates proper adjustment, while no smoke at all means the fire is too light and should be increased.

It is worthy to note that under some circumstances, the fireman can cause a series of hollow booms or small explosions though misadjustment of the fire. If one were to be watching with the fire doors open at such a time, one would see that the flame is being ripped away from the burner and into the flues. This also can cause heavy amounts of soot to be deposited in the flue, reducing the efficiency of the boiler. The soot can be cleaned by throwing sand into the combustion chamber, but this causes undesirable wear to the flues and any superheaters.

title: Steam Locomotive Operation


text:
Henderson–Oxford Airport

Henderson–Oxford Airport is a public use airport located four nautical miles (5 mi, 7 km) northeast of the central business district of Oxford, a city in Granville County, North Carolina, United States. It is owned by the Oxford-Henderson Airport Authority. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

The airport's ICAO identifier is KHNZ.

Facilities and aircraft
Henderson–Oxford Airport covers an area of 220 acres (89 ha) at an elevation of 526 feet (160 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 6/24 with an asphalt surface measuring 5,501 by 100 feet (1,677 x 30 m).

For the 12-month period ending July 1, 2023, the airport had 25,200 aircraft operations, an average of 69 per day: 95% general aviation, and 5% military. At that time there were 46 aircraft based at this airport: 41 single-engine, 4 multi-engine, and 1 helicopter.

title: Henderson–Oxford Airport


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Kapitan Laut Buisan

Kapitan Laut Buisan
Created/expanded by Arius1998 (talk). Self nom at 13:05, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * ... that Kapitan Laut Buisan was the sixth Sultan of Maguindanao?

 * Symbol possible vote.svg The sentence of the hook must have a footnote immediately after. The first reference is a dead link (it shows a "this domain is for sale" page). References should not be given as raw links (Cite web can be useful to fix this). It would be better if the article had a lead and at least one section (a generic "biography" can be acceptable). Cambalachero (talk) 22:50, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol redirect vote4.png Creator appears to have made a series of edits to the article on July 13, though there was no notification of them here, as should have been done. Can we please have a review to see where the article stands now? BlueMoonset (talk) 04:03, 23 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I was watchlisting this nomination, not the article itself. It has improved, but it is still missing a reference for the information in the hook. I checked both links and none seem to mention it. Cambalachero (talk) 04:17, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Let's try for a different hook entirely. I believe this one is supported by the article and online sources:
 * ALT1 ... that, as a 16th- and 17th-century ruler of Maguindanao, Kapitan Laut Buisan led raids against Spanish settlements?
 * BTW, is the article name ideal? Sources indicate to me that "Kapitan laut" may be a title or rank (words apparently borrowed from Dutch), not part of this person's name. --Orlady (talk) 21:46, 3 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Symbol confirmed.svg The article meets DYK requirements (just). Bare URLs won't stop the DYK approval process. I have struck out the original hook, as it is not directly referenced. ALT1, however, is ok. Duplication detector doesn't show up any problems with the two sources that are online.  Schwede 66  05:44, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol question.svg Erm, no. Bare URLs need to be fixed. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 01:47, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting keep.svg Not to worry, Crisco. There are no bare URLs in this article. I'm not sure what Schwede66 was referring to. --Orlady (talk) 02:02, 9 August 2012 (UTC) I inserted an "approved AGF" link to reflect Schwede66's review. --Orlady (talk) 02:05, 9 August 2012 (UTC)


text:
Tambovsky, Kamensky District, Altai Krai

Tambovsky (Тамбовский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Tolstovsky Selsoviet, Kamensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 108 as of 2013. There is 1 street.

Geography
Tambovsky is located 40 km southwest of Kamen-na-Obi (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tolstovsky is the nearest rural locality.


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Winter in America (song)

Winter in America is a 1976 song by Doug Ashdown, written by him and Jimmy Stewart. It was released as a single and on his album Winter in America (Festival Records / Infinity 1976). The song was a Top 20 hit song in Australia and The Netherlands.

Lyrics
The lyrics are set in the United States during December and describe a man whose partner has left him for someone else. He expresses his heartache and sadness, though also hopes she's happier with the other man.

Background
It was originally titled "Leave Love Enough Alone" and released in 1974, but failed to become a hit. When retitled "Winter in America" in 1976, it became a hit in Australia, reaching #14 in Melbourne and #30 in Sydney. In 1978, it also became a hit in Belgium and the Netherlands.

"Winter in America" has been covered by Marco Bakker (1984), Gerard Cox (1987) and René Froger (1988), and in Dutch by The Kik (2014), titled "December". Ashdown's original was also covered in 1994 by the Australian band The Robertson Brothers.

title: Winter in America (song)


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Talk:Dean Kiely

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title: Talk:Dean Kiely


text:
Love for the Arts

Love for the Arts was an American international competition series created, produced and hosted by Trinity the Tuck. The show documents Trinity's search for the best drag artist. The show is all inclusive and recruits drag contestants from all drag backgrounds. Each week, contestants are given different challenges and runways while Trinity and guest judges critique contestants' progress throughout the competition.

History
In 2019, Trinity started Love For The Arts as a traveling competition in cities all over the US to uplift all types of drag artists who did not have a platform. In 2020, Trinity decided to create a digital version for a reality competition which is loosely based on the original Love For The Arts tour. The new digital version is more advanced in structure and concept to create a more dynamic competition setting.

Format
Each episode opens with Trinity introducing herself. She then reveals the fan voting poll results for who is eliminated based on the previous episode's lip sync battle. Trinity then introduces the week's guest judge(es) and proceeds to show the episode challenge.

Challenges
Each episode features a main challenge where each of the competitors must either act, design and create a look, or do a presentation. The performances are generally judged right after. Trinity then presents the runway.

Runways
If the challenge involves the creation of an outfit, that outfit is presented to the judges in the runway. Otherwise, a theme is assigned and the contestants must put together a look that fits the theme, which is presented to the judges. The runway looks and presentation are judged along with challenge performance.

Lip Sync Battles
The contestants selected as the bottom two must lip sync to songs previously filmed by each contestant. After the lip sync battle, Trinity opens a poll online where fans vote on who should stay in the competition. The results are then shown in the following episode.

Judges
Trinity the Tuck serves as the primary judge on the show, and is the only regular judge on the panel. Each episode she is joined by a rotating cast of celebrity models, makeup artists and drag alumni including Alaska, Adore Delano, Bitqtch Puddin, Landon Cider, Trinity K. Bonet, Peppermint, Manila Luzon, Shea Coulee and Vander Von Odd.

Overview
Season 1 of Love For The Arts was officially announced via Trinity the Tuck's Instagram on July 26, 2020. The show first aired on August 4, 2020, on her Twitch channel. The performers went through an audition process in which a certain group of performers then were put through to the semi-final in which the public would vote the 10 performers to enter the competition. Originally 10 performers were cast as shown in the promo but Spikey Van Dykey was announced to have quit the show at the start of Episode 1 for personal reasons. The performers compete to win custom costumes from Jeffrey Kelly Designs & Sew-excited, a "one of a kind hairstyle" from Shontelle Sparkles, custom accessories by Kalaqtic, a new brand logo by Dan Polyak, a complete make-up package from BatMe Cosmetics, a "one of a kind" custom crown by Fierce Drag Jewels and a cash prize of $5000 provided by Twitch.

The winner of the first season of Love For The Arts was Gvajardo from Monterrey, Mexico with Carmen Monoxide and Lesley Wolf being the runners-up.

Contestant Progress

 * The contestant won Love For The Arts
 * The contestant was a runner-up
 * The contestant won the Class Clown award for best personality.
 * The contestant received positive critiques, and was declared safe.
 * The contestant received critiques and was ultimately declared safe.
 * The contestant received negative critiques but was ultimately declared safe.
 * The contestant was in the bottom and faced the public vote.
 * The contestant was in the bottom but did not face the public vote due to another contestant quitting.
 * The contestant was eliminated.
 * The contestant returned to the competition and was eliminated in the same episode.
 * The contestant quit the competition.

title: Love for the Arts