text:
Mindaugas Sadauskas

Mindaugas Sadauskas (born 14 June 1990) is a Lithuanian swimmer who specialized in sprint freestyle events. He is a multiple-time Lithuanian champion, who represented his country at the FINA World Championships, LEN European Championships and other international competition. Sadauskas also represented Lithuania at the London Olympic Games in 2012. He has seven national level records at the moment. Sadauskas is also a member of the swimming team for SMU Mustangs at the Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. Sadauskas achieved multiple gold medals at the Conference USA while studying at the SMU.

Personal life
Sadauskas was born in Panevezys, Lithuania, the son of Laima and Vygantas. He attended Panevezio Zemynos secondary school and represented his swim school all over the world. He graduated from high school in 2009. Sadauskas represented the Southern Methodist University and SMU Mustangs for four years with remarkable achievements. He received a Bachelor of Art degree from Southern Methodist University in 2014. After receiving a bachelor's degree, Sadauskas moved to Plymouth, England, where he extended his swimming skills and also received a Masters of Science degree in International Logistics and Chain Supply Management in 2016. His swimming career started when he qualified for the European Youth Olympic Festival in 2005. In 2018 Sadauskas married Bulgarian Olympic swimmer Nina Rangelova.

2009
In 2009, Sadauskas won his first ever individual title at the Conference USA Championships in Houston, Texas, posting a time of 0:44:18 sec. in the 100 yard Freestyle event.

At the 2009 FINA World Championships in Rome, Italy, Sadauskas represented Lithuania and placed 36th in the 100 m Freestyle event. He posted his new personal best time 0:49:26 sec. in the preliminary heats. However, he missed the semifinals by less than a second. Besides that, Sadauskas set an individual-split time of 48.90 seconds, and a national record of 3:16.47, along with his teammates Vytautas Janušaitis, Paulius Viktoravičius, and Mindaugas Margis, in the men's 400 m freestyle relay at the 2009 FINA World Championships in Rome, Italy. He also competed in the 50 m Freestyle event.

2010-2011
In 2010, Sadauskas took four gold medals in the individual events at the Conference USA Championships in Houston, Texas. He posted a time of 0:43:03 sec. in the 100yard Freestyle that qualified for NCAA Championship.

At the 2011 FINA World Championships in Shanghai, China, Sadauskas placed 29th in the 100 m Freestyle event with the time 0:49:66 sec. He also competed in the 50 m Freestyle and placed 34th place. Sadauskas in both events failed to advance into the semifinals.

Sadauskas represented Lithuania and Southern Methodist University at the XXVI Universiade Games in Shenzhen, China. He posted a time of 0:50:14 sec. and took 8th place in the final of the 100m. Freestyle event.

2012 Summer Olympics
Sadauskas qualified for the men's 100 m freestyle at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, by breaking a meet record and eclipsing a FINA B-standard entry time of 49.54 seconds from the Open Luxembourg Nationals in Luxembourg City.. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he challenged seven other Olympians in the fifth heat, including three-time Olympian and UC Berkeley graduate Dominik Meichtry of Switzerland. Sadauskas edged out Meichtry to take a fourth spot by 0.17 of a second, outside his entry time of 49.78 seconds. Sadauskas failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed twenty-eighth overall in the preliminaries.

Besides that, Sadauskas competed at the FINA World Short Course Championship in Istanbul, Turkey. He qualified for the 100 m Freestyle semifinals with a time of 0:47:82 sec. However, he failed to advance to the final and placed 16th place.

2013-2014
In 2013, Sadauskas swam the second fastest time in the 100 m Freestyle in SMU Mustangs history at the Conference USA Houston, Texas, with a time of 0:42.77 sec. and qualified for the NCAA Championship.

Sadauskas also raced at the Arena Grand Prix Mesa, Arizona, where he finished 4th in the 100 m Freestyle with a time of 0:49:78 sec. Sadauskas was left behind by an Olympian champion Nathan Adrian, Richard Berens and another Olympian Darian Townsend.

In the summer of 2013, Sadauskas competed at the XXVII Universiade Games in Kazan, Russia. During his performances, he qualified to the semifinals in the 50 m Freestyle and ended up in the 14th place with a time of 0:23:02 sec.

At the 2013 FINA World Championships in Barcelona, Spain, Sadauskas participated in the 50m. and 100 m. Freestyle events. However, he failed to advance to the finals. Besides that, Sadauskas and his teammates Danas Rapsys, Giedrius Titenis and Tadas Duskinas participated in the 400 Medley Relay were they placed in 13th place with a new national record of 3:36:72. Sadauskas also set an individual-split time of 0:48:76seconds.

At the 2013 LEN European Short Course Championship in Herning, Denmark, Sadauskas and his teammates Danas Rapsys, Giedrius Titenis and Tadas Duskinas were 4th in the 200Medley Relay with a time of 1:35:26sec. which was also a new national record.

At the 2014 LEN European Long Course Championship in Berlin, Germany, Sadauskas placed two 7th places along with his teammates Danas Rapsys, Giedrius Titenis and Tadas Duskinas in the 400Medley Relay and 400Freestyle Relay with the times of 3:36:18 and 3:19:91seconds.

In 2014, FINA 12th World Short Course Championships in Doha, Qatar, was another competition were Sadauskas placed 7th and 11th places. In the 200Medley Relay with a time of 1:34:35sec, which was also a new national record and 400Medley Relay with a time of 3:28:76 seconds.

2015 season
Sadauskas competed at the International de Canet-en-Roussillon Meet, Canet-En-Rousillon, France, where he was 8th in the 100 m Freestyle event with a time of 0:49:54 seconds.

At the 52nd. Sette Colli International Trophy Meet in Rome, Italy, Sadauskas participated in the 100 m Freestyle event and was 6th with a time of 0:49:68 seconds and in the 50 m Freestyle event Sadauskas was 8th with a time of 0:22:54 seconds.

At the FINA 16th World Championship in Kazan, Russia, Sadauskas and his Lithuanian teammates Danas Rapsys, Giedrius Titenis and Tadas Duskinas made 2016 Summer Olympics qualification standard. Sadauskas was part of the 400Medley Relay which was 12th overall and qualified for the Rio 2008 Summer Olympics.

At the 2015 LEN European Championship in Netanya, Israel, Sadauskas surprised Lithuania and the world with a new Lithuanian national record in the 100 m Freestyle event, which was 21-years-old. Overall, Sadauskas placed 7th with a time of 0:47:18 seconds.

title: Mindaugas Sadauskas


text:
turun

Etymology
. See more at 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  a two years old young camel
 * 2)  lineage

Etymology
From, from , from. for sense of to copy.

Verb

 * 1) to go down, to alight, to descend
 * 2) to decrease, to decline.
 * 3) to get off
 * 4) to end
 * 5) to fall
 * 6)  to be received.
 * 7)  to take to the dance floor; to take to the stage.
 * 1) to end
 * 2) to fall
 * 3)  to be received.
 * 4)  to take to the dance floor; to take to the stage.
 * 1)  to be received.
 * 2)  to take to the dance floor; to take to the stage.

Verb

 * 1) to copy

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to go down, to alight, to descend

Verb

 * 1)  to make something go down, to lower
 * 2)  to pass down, to make someone inherit (a trait etc.)
 * 1)  to pass down, to make someone inherit (a trait etc.)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: turun


text:
Osviel Hernández

Osviel Hernández (born 31 May 1989) is a Cuban track and field athlete who competes in the triple jump. He was the 2008 World Junior runner-up and has a personal best of.

Born and raised in Matanzas Province, he began competing in athletics at the age of eleven. He cleared the sixteen-metre mark for the first time in 2007 and recorded a best of that year. The following year he was selected to represent Cuba at the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics. At the event in Bydgoszcz he achieved a personal best of with a wind-aided  being enough for the silver medal behind France's Teddy Tamgho.

Hernández cleared seventeen metres at the Estadio Panamericano, Havana in 2009 – his jump of placed him within the world's top thirty that year. His 2010 and 2011 seasons were affected by injury and he did not manage a mark over seventeen metres in those years.

At the start of the 2012 season, he reached the top of the world rankings with a jump of in February. By the end of the season, this still ranked him fifth in the world. This performance did not translate to success on the track circuit, as he was beaten by compatriot Alexis Copello at both the Grande Premio Brasil Caixa de Atletismo and the IAAF Centennial meet in Havana.

After 2012, injuries again affected his performance and he was unable to jump beyond seventeen metres in either the 2013 or 2014 seasons.

Personal bests

 * Triple jump (outdoor) – (2012)

title: Osviel Hernández


text:
Talk:HyperText Markup Language

About

 * Size: 11,300 words (Sep 2008)
 * Started: 5 August 2003
 * Headings case: Currently inconsistent, mixing sentence case ("Heading title") with title case ("Heading Title")
 * Headings case: Currently inconsistent, mixing sentence case ("Heading title") with title case ("Heading Title")
 * Headings case: Currently inconsistent, mixing sentence case ("Heading title") with title case ("Heading Title")

Book topic discussion
It's a good idea to write a book about HTML (though it would be better about web design and web building).

However what has been written here seems to be all wrong! First writing simple web pages is not programming at all. It is marking up content of the page. Writing a CSS stylesheet is not programming either. Using DOM and for example Javascript to produce DHTML effect can be called programming.

So let's start all over again. First I think one should consider
 * audience
 * aim
 * scope
 * methodology to archieve the aim
 * multimedia to use in the book

Kpjas 20:38 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Writing CSS can be called programming. The other day I had to come up with a cross-browser effect to add bullets to list items only on hover. This is easy enough using JavaScript and rollover images, but the cooler effect - and quicker loading - is to use . Coming up with this code required using the same skills/thought processes as if I had done the same thing using JS and the DOM.

 * I think there should be a distinction between a markup language languages like HTML, programming languages like Java, C++ and scripting languages. HTML and CSS should not be categorized under Programming Languages as it would confuse those who are unfamiliar with what is a progamming language. Perhaps, we can make a book on WebDesign instead and clump HTML, CSS, etc under that instead of under Programming Languages. --VoeD 2 Nov 2003

CSS is a markup language, and cannot be considered a programming language. Markup may be used to generate interesting effects, but it remains markup. The fact that programming languages can generate output similar to markup is irrelevant to its classification.

--Eibwen 06:51, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I agree -- let's make one big book called something like web design and web building or perhaps simply web building. Then we can discuss the "best practices" in web building -- whether it's HTML, Programming:XHTML, XHTML (XML), CSS, XML, DHTML (aka JavaScript), AJAX, Flash (Macromedia Flash MX: Formtweening ?), RSS, or something that none of heard of when we started the book, but now everyone is doing it. This lets us make recommendations -- if you want to start a blog, we can immediately recommend a few free blog sites (and what features to look for in a blog site). Same for "start a wiki". Or "install a web server". Instead of making them wade through a bunch of irrelevant-to-them stuff about HTML tags, JavaScript, etc. Web advertising (This also makes it easier for us to add a couple of paragraphs about some new upcoming technology, then a few months later delete it if it's a flash in the pan, or else split it into it's own Wikibook if it catches on). --DavidCary 20:53, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Great, it looks like someone has already done this at Web Design. --DavidCary 04:44, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

rollovers
FIXME: move VoeD's tip and the following links to a page in a wikibook (where?) that discusses rollovers.
 * http://www.alistapart.com/articles/taminglists/
 * http://css.maxdesign.com.au/listamatic/index.htm

examples

 * Can't we upload HTML files and link to them with [[media:]] links? --Geoffrey 03:48 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

browser-specific information / recommendations
Should a Free book recommend using Internet explorer, especially considering that it is about 3 years behind the state of the art in web browsers? Arvindn

 * Fixed -- Paddu 12:13, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Moreover, should any particular browser be recommended at all? Aside from the most standards complaint browser (I believe it's Mozilla Firefox), any browser recommedations are purely subjective. However, the point should be made that different browsers render markup differently and several sections of the specification state that the browser itself is to govern the appearance of a particular "widget" (not all browsers conform to the specifications).

--Eibwen 06:51, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Help provided in Article Introduction
I started working on this this morning. So far I've just copied the intoductory information from the HTML article in the Wikipedia to the introduction in this article, made sense and the text was already linked. I guess I should read up on how to link articles. Just thought I'd pitch in.

HTML vs XHTML
The HTML img tag syntax page uses the XHTML example. While modern browsers may be able to parse "self-closing" tags (eg <img />, it is not proper HTML (whether such pages validate as HTML is another matter entirely, albeit an interesting one). This is probably prevalent throughout the site.

World Wide Web Consortium HTML 4.01 Specification

--Eibwen 06:51, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd guess that it's perfectly valid (at least if the W3C recommendation to put a space before the slash is followed) - the W3C recommend it, and HTML has always been supposed to degrade gracefully. On this subject, though, the examples in the text aren't valid HTML at all! There's no doctype. Perhaps this would be a bit much to throw at beginners, so I'd recommend a piecewise approach to building up the HTML covered: HTML tags, HEAD and BODY tags, content, and then the doctype.
 * - Perey 18:27, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not recommended per se, it's recommended as the best solution to a transition style, i.e. when the page is intended to be transferred into XHTML at a future point without requiring a major rewrite.
 * The closing slash on empty elements can lead to confusion in some browsers strictly following the SGML specifications (according to which, if I remember correctly, the syntax  and / are identical), which will render the slash as if placed after the element tag, not within it, other browsers' rendering might break (probably not an issue with 21st century generations of browsers) and in the case of elements requiring a closing tag as per HTML 4.01, this may lead to the tag being treated as an opening tag that is never closed (or treated as automatically closed at the end of its containing element).
 * It's litterally a Best Current Practice for this specific purpose, but not for HTML 4.01 in general.
 * Well-formdness, validity (i.e. full HTML 4.01 Strict compliance -- the Transitional doctype is intended to be a transitional aid for people used to HTML 3.2 or garden shed markup) and semantic markup should be a key goal of this book if it shouldn't end up being worth no more than any of the random "HTML 4" books on the market since the 1990s, but this is still a book about clean HTML 4.01 (if more versions should be covered, please keep them seperate), not wannabe-XHTML. -- Ashmodai 00:18, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

bold and italic vs. strong and emphasis
Bold and italic are "discouraged" by W3.

I'm going to replace with <em> and <strong>. --DavidCary 20:53, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

borders and getting rid of them
Many web browsers display something like

with a thick blue rectangle around the image.

To get rid of that blue rectangle, many people add border="0" something like this:

(For example, as of 2005 the Google Search Bar at Google http://www.google.com/searchcode.html still used   border="0" . )

However, http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/objects.html#h-13.7.3 informs us that the "border" attribute is deprecated.

The modern way to get the same effect is with CSS. Leave the HTML as simply  . Add something like this to the head of your HTML file, then *all* images will (by default) have no border.

 img { border-style: none; }

(one could get basically the same effect with any of:

 * border-style: none;
 * border-color: transparent;
 * border-width: 0;

)

--DavidCary 01:32, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

discussion
Technically HTML is a markup language and JavaScript is a scripting language. Compiled languages like C++ and Java are programming languages. --CarbonUnit

 * I agree that HTML isn't a "programming language". Let's move it from "Programming:HTML" to somewhere in the Web Design book. --DavidCary 16:20, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Is anyone still working on this? I'd love to help.  I'm a bit inexperienced as far as anything Wiki is concerned, but I'm a quick learner.  --twistofreality 21:07, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

I have some ideas that I think would be productive, but, being new to Wikibooks as I am, I'm hesitant to start editing things without support from previous contributors. I taught myself HTML, Javascript, and Cascading Style Sheets six years ago using nothing but online tutorials, so I believe that I have a rough idea of what someone who has never attempted to build a web page is looking for in a reference guide and textbook. For instance:

  The easiest approach for a beginner's module may be to write the text with a specific browser in mind (I learned on Internet Explorer, but Safari and Firefox are both gaining popularity). Later discussions in an intermediate or advanced module could stress cross-browser design and standards compliance.   The language and structure may need to be improved to appeal to individuals who have little to no experience with web design or computers in general. With personal computing becoming so wide-spread, many people who are barely interested in why or how their computers work are interested in building web pages for various reasons. Many will resort to WYSIWYG editors that produce awful code, but many will strive to learn the languages for themselves, as I did. Some examples of modifications to consider are:   The descriptions of the elements of the "simple document." They seem a bit convoluted and may scare of novices. </li> <li> The submodules' titles. They may seem to contain jargon for those not "in the know." Is it safe to assume that someone unfamiliar with HTML is going to know what a form, table, layer, or frame is? </li> </ol> </li> <li> Few people want to learn HTML solely; rather, people who seek out knowledge of HTML often want to design a web page, which can encompass several different languages and design methodologies. A concerted effort should be made to make beginning, intermediate, and advanced information on JavaScript and CSS more readily available from the HTML modules where appropriate. Efforts should also be made to standardize the layout and content struction of all web-design related modules to ensure ease of use. </li> <li> Finally, consideration should be made for the development of exercises, the results of which could be displayed as screen shots within the module. In my opinion, reading about any programming/markup language is boring; being able to utilize techniques and see an actual product shortly after a concept is introduced and discussed will almost certainly promote comprehension. </li> </ul>

Any feedback would be greatly appreciated. --twistofreality 02:37, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * As this is a HTML book, it should only cover HTML. Strict HTML 4.01 as per its Specification does not have any strictly presentational features. Cross-browser compliance is therefore not an issue unless the behavior of the elements strongly varies across mainstream browsers (abbr and acronym for example don't behave identically in MSIE). The primary scope of this book should be semantic markup, rather than presentation, so concepts like the difference between lists, the hierarchy of headers and the like should be described in-depth and tables should not be described as presentational tools (while they can be (ab)used in that way without strictly violating the Specs, there are other means to achieve a tabular layout in CSS-compliant browsers and as the modern W3C chant goes: HTML is not a presentational language) and be described in their entirety (tables in HTML have lots of features, so don't just stick to the good old table->tr->td model). And don't you dare leaving all the things that can and should go in the head element out -- just because not many browsers take note of the link element (other than for stylesheets) doesn't mean it should be taught -- although it should not be the primary focus.
 * Since HTML and CSS work hand-in-hand, this relation should be described in one of the later chapters. Stylesheets, alternate stylesheets, classes and IDs need to be explained (an ID is more than a unique class anyway), although this book should not explain CSS syntax and functionality in full detail, that's what the CSS book is for. -- Ashmodai 00:31, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm new to the Markup Languages, and I think it is a good idea to separate all those languages in three sorts of languages: Markup Languages, Scripting Languages and Programming Languages.
 * I hope that the writers of the lessons will emphasize the abilities with using each language.
 * Suppose that an absolute beginner decided to lean programming, an he visited this article in Wikipedia. I guess he will start with the html to learn programming, wich is not wise from him, since he will never bring any application to existence with language. This is also the same case of JavaScript. Although this last language is something stronger than the html/ xhtml or CSS. I don't believe people can make any application with it. The other point is that it is often unclear to understand the use/abilities of the scripts if the author, wouldn't make it clear. As example I learnt some basics of JavaScript but i can hardly know what i can do with it.Htmlb 16:36, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Thank you!
I am new to HTML and website building. I liked going through the chapter on making tables. It helped with the basic concepts and how to read html markup in general. I appreciate the time and effort put into this work. Thanks again. 8-19-05

Adding Music to a Page
If most browsers prefer the Object element, why doesn't the page teach that to the user? Why doesn't the page teach the user how to add music to the page using the object element? As you see, there really is no reason to put this under "Techniques that shouldn't be used" when there is a valid way that should be used to add music! Catch my drift?

[user:VenomousNinja]

Frontpage
No offense, but Frontpage is horrid. It should -not- be suggested for any beginner. It adds bits of unnecessary text that make learning from it nearly impossible, and editing it worse.

I totally agree, what I do is type the html source in notepad and save it as a .html document rather than a .txt, try it out. Also, a free html editor (open source) is out there. I use it sometimes, it is okay. It is called Nvu. Another one called Notpad++ is excellent too. These two are used if you want the syntax highlighted when you are editing. --Grich 01:15, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

If and when it is merged...
The title should be considered, as HTML is not programming, but a markup language as noted by others.

Link to a download
Is there a way to have a link bring up a 'Save as...' box by default rather than try opening the linked to file inside the browser. More specifically, I have a long lecture on my site that opens in visitors' browsers rather than offering to be downloaded. I know visitors can right-click on the link to get a 'Save as...' box, but I would rather 'Save as...' be the default action whenever the link is clicked.

Yeah, this is when you get into a Server lngauge called PHP. Were you can let a user download a file. Look it up on the wikibooks. I don't know any other way. Sorry. --Grich 09:04, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Title: HTML Programming?
HTML isn't a programming language. It's a markup language. I don't think you can consider it programming any more than the very wiki markup on this page. Shouldn't it be called HTML formatting rather? --Jocke pirat 02:55, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, its an important part of programming. The XML format is used alot in programming. Within HTML, you can incorporate JAVASCRIPT and PHP. It should be classed amoungst Programming and Web Developement. --Grich 09:08, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Support renaming. A "HTML Programming" book would actually need to be a book about JavaScript, for which we already have one. That XML, of which XHTML is just a species, can be used for all kinds of things around the world including programming has no bearing on whether HTML is a programming language or has to do with programming. That said, HTML indeed needs to be marked up or encoded. Proposals: "Marking up HTML", "Mastering HTML", "HTML Guide", "A Guide to HTML". I am uncertain about articles: "the", "a". --Dan Polansky (talk) 13:37, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Merger
I don't think it's a good idea to merge HTML with CSS and XHTML with XML. It's best to learn XHTML first and then move to CSS and/or XML. It doesn't make any sense to learn XML first. Or to learn CSS and HTML at the same time. --Stefán Örvarr Sigmundsson 00:24, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. I agree that we should cover the preliminary stuff in the earlier chapters of a book, and the dependent stuff in the later chapters of the same book, rather than trying to cover everything in the first chapter. --DavidCary (talk) 14:25, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

The article you wish to place is a redirect to a non-existent article, so there is no point. -- anonymous

 * Huh? --DavidCary (talk) 14:25, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

I suggest merging HTML into HTML Programming.

Although, as I've said earlier, I think "HTML Programming" is not a very good name. Is it too late to rename this whole book to Web Design? --DavidCary (talk) 14:25, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Title. AFAIK, the subject of web design goes far beyond HTML, being related to book design, to the choice of colors, fonts, including type faces and display faces, various layouts of pages, the software tools supporting the process, and the like. In contrast to this, this book so far has been a mixture of a reference and a user guide to HTML, the specific mark up language. Web design would need to encompass CSS, on which there is a standalone book: Cascading Style Sheets. --Dan Polansky (talk) 14:34, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Conditional comments
There has been a recent attempt to remove the chapter Conditional Comments, per it's not being part of the standard HTML. I think the book should better document all that there is, even if supported only by certain browsers. How else are the readers going to find out about such comments when they see them in HTML? --Dan Polansky (talk) 13:04, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Please fix: no page advancement links
The only way to move to the next section is to go back to the contents and click on the next section. This is not the case with other books on wikibooks, which have a link to the next section on the top right of the page.

Intro question
Re: "A text editor and a web browser is all you need to create web pages, view your handiwork, and share information with others all over the world"

Granted I am not an expert, but if this statement is correct one should be able to create webpages and share them with anonymous people on the other side of the pond even if one has no internet connection. I doubt this is true, but please educate me if I am wrong. btw if you are wondering I found this page by clicking on Random book in the left sidebar.

Thanks in advance, Ottawahitech (discuss • contribs) 17:32, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:HyperText Markup Language


text:
Wikiversity talk:Learning goals

Should this page be merged with Page creation requests? There are two links on the main page that use the word "Request" to link to these two different pages. The Jade Knight 01:23, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Biology
Biology cell specialization Jennifer Lawn (discuss • contribs) 08:36, 3 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Learning goals


text:
File:Darklordfrontcover.jpg

Fair use rationale
It is contended that the use of the image of a book cover qualifies as fair use when used in the article Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader for the following reasons.
 * This image is a low-resolution image of a book cover. This image is of lower resolution than the product itself.
 * This image does not limit the copyright holder's ability to profit from the original source, nor will it dilute the importance or recognition of the magazine in connection with its organization.
 * This image enhances the article in which it's displayed, as it provides an immediate relevance to the reader more capably than the textual description alone.
 * Use of the book cover visually identifies the book and its author in a manner that mere prose cannot, and meets all criteria in WP:NFCC.

title: File:Darklordfrontcover.jpg


text:
Muayad Al Khouli

Muayad Aref Al Khouli (مؤيد عريف الخولي) (born 16 October 1993), also spelt Moayad Al Khouli and Moaiad Alkhouli, is a Syrian footballer.

Al Khouli was born at Douma, Syria on 16 October 1993.

He started his career at Al-Jaish, which competes in the Syrian Premier League, the top division in Syria, in 2011. He remained at the club until 2014/2015, before moving to Al Talaba for a season, returning to Al-Jaish in 2016.

In November–December 2021, Alkhouli played for Al Nasr SCSC in Oman, in the FIFA Arab Cup in Qatar.

Since the 2022/2023 season and as of the 2024/2025 season, he plays for Tishreen SC in Syria.

title: Muayad Al Khouli


text:
Talk:A/B testing/Archives/2016

Merge Proposal
This page should be merged with something like Experiment, as AB tests are experiments. Maybe something like a section explaining recent developments in the digital industry? Please refer also to the discussion in the archive. AB tests are the digital equivalent of Between-group_design and from the experimental design perspective there is nothing that deserves its own wikipedia page.

title: Talk:A/B testing/Archives/2016


text:
You Love the Thunder

"You Love the Thunder" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter Jackson Browne from his 1977 live album, Running on Empty, recorded at a concert at Garden State Arts Center in Holmdel, New Jersey, on September 6, 1977. Released as the third single a full year after the album came out, it only reached #109 on Billboards Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, though it received increased Album-Oriented Rock airplay. The B-side of the U.S. single was "The Road"; however, the B-side for the British single was "Cocaine".

History
The lyrics seem to describe the relationship of a musician and a spouse or girlfriend who comes along on tour, keeping with the theme of the Running on Empty album, but they can be read more universally, as well:

 * You love the thunder, and you love the rain —
 * What you see revealed within the anger is worth the pain.
 * And before the lightning fades and you surrender,
 * You've got a second to look at the dark side of the man.

 * You love the thunder and you love the rain —
 * You know your hunger like you know your name.
 * And I know you wonder how you ever came
 * To be a woman in love with a man in search of the flame...

In his 1978 review of the album, Paul Nelson wrote: "Browne forges a temporary relationship with a kindred spirit, only to realize 'You can dream/But you can never go back the way you came.'"  Billboard commented on the "engagingly unpolished vocals" and "dynamic instrumental track."

Reception
Cash Box said that it has a "moderate pace, good lyrics and a strong hook," as well as "effective" slide guitar and backing vocals.

Ultimate Classic Rock critic Michael Gallucci rated it as Browne's 9th greatest song, saying that it "sympathizes with the wives, girlfriends and groupies who are along for the ride" while the singer is on tour.

Glide critic Lee Zimmerman rated it as one of 10 Jackson Browne songs that should have been a hit, calling it "a respectable rocker sung to a woman who seems prone to provocation and inciting a stormy relationship" although "there’s barely any hint of despair in the delivery given its catchy refrain and spirited set-up."

Personnel

 * Jackson Browne – vocals, acoustic guitar
 * Rosemary Butler, Doug Haywood – background vocals
 * Craig Doerge – piano
 * Danny Kortchmar – electric guitar
 * Russ Kunkel – drums
 * David Lindley – slide guitar
 * Leland Sklar – bass guitar

title: You Love the Thunder


text:
Energy diplomacy

Energy diplomacy is a form of diplomacy, and a subfield of international relations. It is closely related to its principal, foreign policy, and to overall national security, specifically energy security. Energy diplomacy began in the first half of the twentieth century and emerged as a term during the second oil crisis as a means of describing OPEC's actions. It has since mainly focused on the securitization of energy supplies, primarily fossil fuels, but also nuclear energy and increasingly sustainable energy, on a country or bloc basis.

Background
Energy diplomacy emerged as a term during the second oil crisis as a means of describing OPEC's actions and of characterizing the quest for the United States to secure energy independence and the Cold War relationship between Russia and satellite states regarding oil and gas exports. Since the oil crises, energy diplomacy has mainly focused on the securitization of energy supplies on a country or bloc basis and on the foreign policy to obtain that energy security.

Ontological relationship with national security, foreign policy, and energy security
Foreign politics has been around for thousands of years of our civilization, while energy has only entered in the last 150 years. However, in that period foreign policy and energy have had an increasing number of overlapping and interconnected elements. Foreign policy in its own part is closely linked and dependent on the concept of national security. National security is a principle of actions governing relations of one state with others based on geography, external threats and other national security challenges, of which energy is one.

The three concepts, national security, foreign policy and energy security are ontologically structured, where national security is the most general concept, foreign policy is one level lower covering the international aspect of national security risks, and the lowest on the scale is energy diplomacy. Foreign policy is linked to national security as it is the tool which implements overall national security. National security also has a direct link to energy diplomacy. National security denotes the capability of a nation to overcome its internal and external multi-dimensional threats by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance. It aims to protect national independence, security and territorial, political and economic integrity, dealing with a large number of national security risks.

Energy is one of the fundamental items on the national security agenda. National security that deals with such external issues and risks is applied and implemented by government departments for external relations. Implementation of the national security strategy involving external factors and international issues is carried out through foreign policy instruments, namely international relations and diplomacy. Energy diplomacy specifically focuses on external energy relations. Despite the ontological hierarchy of the three concepts, it is a recurring theme for them to continuously intersect in practical diplomatic life and the geopolitical reality.

History
The beginning of the 20th century was the early era of energy diplomacy, which was largely marked by corporate players. Such diplomacy was dominated by the corporations that produced and distributed fossil fuel, rather than sovereign governments, as in the case of Royal Dutch Shell and Standard Oil. National security on a national level as a concept in its own right had not yet been formulated, but the energy issues were increasing in importance. Carving up the global oil reserves and markets was carried out persistently, alike during the 1908 negotiations between Royal Dutch Shell head Deterding and the US Standard Oil director Teagle; or on the occasion of signing the US “As-Is” Pool Association agreement in 1928. The corporations were competing and racing over privileges, quotas and allocations. The governments were not too far behind, supporting them and often facilitating the race, but the influential corporations dominantly shaped the industry and foreign policy.

The Post World War II era experienced fall of empires, rise of colonies, global shifts in geopolitical influence of UK, US, Russia and others. It is the OPEC that has succeeded in the 1960s and 1970s to gain ground in relation to the international oil corporations, nationalizing and regaining control over the national fossil fuel resources in several large producing countries. The oil shocks after WWII were the ones that greatly contributed to the growth of security concerns and diplomatic efforts in the energy sphere. The most important occurrences were the Suez Crisis of 1956-1957 and the OPEC oil embargo of 1973–1974. Whole economies were brought near to a standstill, escalating energy issues as top security concerns.

Soon came other disruptions, albeit smaller, caused by the Iranian revolution of 1979, the Iran-Iraq War of 1980 followed by the first Persian Gulf War in 1990–1991. Turbulences on the oil market that disturbed and endangered economies were also caused by the 2003 Iraq invasion, oil price spike of 2007-2008, Russian Ukrainian gas dispute in 2009, and others including smaller disruptions. Oil passages are still a global security concern as 40% of all oil transits via four conduits of the straits of Hormuz, Malacca, Bab-el-Mandeb and the Suez Canal. International Energy Agency (IEA) expects that these quantities will rise from 40% to 60% by 2030. Any longer interruption would cause another large-scale economic downfall.

Therefore, energy diplomacy has entered the domain of foreign policy through the national security passageway. Numerous grave national and international risks associated with energy security and energy diplomacy have paved this way and assured that energy is viewed and judged as a security concern, so it acquired all the features of a security issue, and is constantly monitored for level of risk, potential prevention or intervention in the diplomatic field.

Next to the security path, energy concerns have entered foreign policy considerations via another path, the economy. A valid example is Australia, which has in 2018 decided to form a new policy body titled energy diplomacy. Australia, being by far the largest global exporter of coal, has only been mildly affected by the shifts on the market and geopolitics of energy, so its security risk concerning energy has not been very high.

The rise of energy risks and main issues
Energy diplomacy is a growing diplomatic field, aimed at providing energy security. Energy has entered the sphere of diplomacy and foreign policy as a result of its rising impact on national security and economy. Energy, the ability to do any work, powers the economy. Its uninterrupted flow, inward for importing countries, and outward for exporting, must be secured at all times. Until the last few decades of the 20th century the question of energy was not treated as a matter of such urgency nor geopolitics. The availability, affordability and supply were not a security issue. The industrial production and consumption capacities were smaller, and movement of energy was generally safe and dependable. Throughout the industrial revolution the increasing need for energy grew at a remarkable pace, spiraling in the 20th century. Only in the last 50 years, between 1971 and 2017 world total primary energy supply grew by more than 250% from 5, 519 Mtoe to 13, 972 Mtoe. Energy use worldwide is yet to grow by one-third until 2040.

The changed situation generated a series of factors that required energy security and energy diplomacy to be elevated onto the national security agenda. National security departments worldwide closely monitor the severe escalation of energy use. The modern consumer and the contemporary economy have gradually grown to critically depend on energy. Hence, economy and energy have become inseparable concepts. Energy has become a synonym for the economy and power, and not having enough of it became a concern of the utmost national security. Access to energy resources has decided on war outcomes, security of supply shaped national and international agendas, oil and gas producing countries organized together into coalitions, tapping into the newly discovered energy resources to back their political and geopolitical goals. Oil and gas companies became some of the most influential organizations in the global business and power-influencing arena. Oil price volatility caused by oil shocks spelled economic fortunes or disasters for many participants in the international arena affecting national and geopolitical strategies. The economic consequences were considerable, so energy had to be included on the list of security and foreign policy issues of states.

Nature of energy diplomacy
Energy diplomacy refers to diplomatic activities designed to enhance access to energy resources and markets. It is a system of influencing the policies, resolutions and conduct of foreign governments and other international factors by means of diplomatic dialogue, negotiation, lobbying, advocacy and other peaceful methods. The general relationship between foreign policy and energy diplomacy is conceptually one of principal and agent. Foreign policy sets the goals and overall political strategy while energy diplomacy is a mechanism for achieving the goals. Energy diplomacy is an instrument of foreign policy. The purpose of energy diplomacy is to safeguard economic and energy security. Energy diplomacy channels economic and trade relations of a state with other states and organizations safeguarding Energy security through availability, reliability and affordability.

Diplomatic efforts aimed at providing energy security grew in importance and complexity. It matured and spun off from general foreign policy and public diplomacy into a separate diplomatic niche field, energy diplomacy, mostly after the 1970s oil crises. This diplomatic activity has several other popular names like "geopetroleum politics", or "petro–politics" (Dorraj and Currier, 2011), or pipeline diplomacy (Aalto, 2008), but it mostly covers the same field. Energy diplomacy has developed its own programs, goals, instruments, tactics and action plans, such as the European Union Energy Diplomacy Action Plan.

Thus, at the institutional level, energy diplomacy typically focuses on such topics as targets and guidelines; regulations and energy saving; the development of nuclear energy; research and development and demonstration; oil sharing; energy transportation; energy exploration; energy early warning and response; and, in the context of global warming, energy sustainability and energy transition for hydrocarbon exporting states. Commercial energy diplomacy, a hybrid of commercial diplomacy and energy diplomacy, involves political support for foreign-investing energy businesses.

Energy diplomacy employs foreign policy methods to ensure a steady flow of energy and security of energy supplies. Energy producing and energy consuming countries apply them differently. Energy producing states mostly focus on using energy diplomacy to expand their exports and presence on the global markets. The example is the energy diplomacy of an exporting state, Russia, who aims to secure access to buyers for oil and gas. It is similar with the energy diplomacy of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), whose focus is similarly export and keeping external demand. Energy consuming and importing states apply energy diplomacy to secure energy supplies and steady inflow, like China's oil diplomacy in Africa or more recently, with Iran. There are also hybrid strategies, which are retained by states that are both large consumers and producers; such are India and the United States.

Energy diplomacy and the energy transition
Although the integration of energy diplomacy into foreign policy for some states has been security and the others economy, the energy transition is reshaping those dynamics so that questions of security and economy will follow a new geopolitical reality. The dynamics of the relationship with foreign policy and national security is thus undergoing a fundamental change—energy transition. Providing energy security has traditionally included several key notions: availability, reliability and affordability, but in the past two decades another crucial aspect is added – environmental sustainability and transition to low carbon energy.

This has initiated a huge shift in how energy is perceived, its toll on the environment and it prompted policies to curb climate change. It was spearheaded by policy makers in the EU. With the proliferation of more renewable energy in the energy mix, like solar, tidal, energy efficiency, wind or water, the geography of resources will not be limited to only a few resource rich countries, but much more evenly spread throughout the world. The way national energy risks are perceived is gradually changing, as energy availability will be significantly improved and more prevalent all over the planet. The energy transition into low carbon energy is already shaping the dynamic relationship of geopolitics, national security strategies, foreign policies and energy diplomacy. Various scholars argue that renewable energy may cause more small-scale conflicts but reduce the risk of large conflicts between states.

Arab states of the Persian Gulf
Hydrocarbon exporting states in the Persian Gulf, such as those of the Gulf Cooperation Council, traditionally reliant on oil export and often members of OPEC, are increasingly seeking bilateral relations which enable their ability to conduct an energy transition from fossil fuels to energy sustainability, including renewable energy and nuclear power.

Australia
Australia is considered an energy superpower. Its energy diplomacy focuses primarily on promoting fossil fuels, primarily coal, and securing export markets for them.

European Union
While the European Union's internal energy policy may be seen as an example of energy diplomacy between the member states, the European Union has been developing external energy policy over the past two decades, via its EU Energy Diplomacy Action Plan, most notably with regard to Russia,  Africa,  and Eurasia, including across the Caspian basin.

People's Republic of China
The country on which much of the energy diplomacy literature has focused is China, due to its management of its fundamental energy insecurity, for instance in the relationship between national and corporate interests, as in its gas supply and infrastructure. China faces an energy supply deficit by 2030, and its energy diplomacy is guided by the strategic need to secure sufficient gas and oil supplies by this time. Given this situation, it first aggressively attempted application of the 'Beijing Consensus' to other countries via energy diplomacy, such as the BRICS bloc countries.

China's energy diplomacy has covered a plethora of countries, such as, in the early years, Turkey, and in later years the Middle East and North Africa, with special regard to the Iran and Saudi Arabia conflict, where China's role in peace-building came under scrutiny. China's energy diplomacy with South American countries such as Brazil is an issue, as is its relationship with Russia, which can be examined at the levels of personalism and institutionalism.

At the heart of China's energy diplomacy as regards the West and indeed the world is the issue of whether China's struggle for energy security will result in energy diplomacy behavior normalization through economic interdependence or whether China will continue to practice resource neo-mercantilism and power politics. Global energy governance institutions such as the International Energy Agency continue to look for responsible domestic energy governance from China, while China has switched attention from trying to impose its leadership on BRICS to developing its own "Silk Road Economic Belt", in part via the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, as a means to obtain energy imports.

Russia
Russian energy diplomacy is mainly focused on its relationship with Europe,  especially over natural gas supply, including across Eurasia, and Russia has combined energy supply with cyber and maritime power as policy instruments. Russia also pursues nuclear energy diplomacy, for instance with Finland and Hungary, via Rosatom.

United States
United States (US) energy diplomacy has consistently focused on oil, and more recently on the oil and gas boom, and is coordinated by the Bureau of Energy Resources at the Department of State. Its commercial energy diplomacy interests extend widely, beyond the traditional Middle East oil exporters to Central Asian countries such as Kazakhstan. Historically, the US has exported nuclear energy reactors, by building on its Atoms for Peace program exporting research reactors.

title: Energy diplomacy


text:
1897 in Venezuela

Events in the year 1897 in Venezuela.

Incumbents

 * President: Ignacio Andrade

Events

 * 28 January – Early film screenings are held at the Baralt Theatre in Maracaibo, the premiere of the first Venezuelan films
 * 2 February – The Treaty of Washington between Venezuela and the United Kingdom is signed, towards the end of the Venezuelan crisis of 1895.
 * 28 July – The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maracaibo is established.

Births

 * 4 August – José Nucete Sardi
 * 15 September – Mario Briceño Iragorry

title: 1897 in Venezuela


text:
Talk:Rasmus Jensen (speedway rider)

Date of birth
The only place that seems to have his date of birth is a forum at Proboards. Should I use that date of birth? --Comment by Selfie City ( talk about my  contributions ) 13:10, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I found the information on the Glasgow Tigers website, so the problem is solved. --Comment by Selfie City ( talk about my  contributions ) 13:13, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

Edit summary
I made a mistake on an edit summary; I meant to say "2018" in the summary. --Comment by Selfie City ( talk about my  contributions ) 14:45, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rasmus Jensen (speedway rider)


text:
Cookbook:Coq au Vin I

| Cuisine of France | Meat

Many French regions claim coq au vin, or chicken stew, as their own, but legend has it that the recipe originated with Caesar's chef. Different variants exist throughout the world. Note that you can also use capon.

Ingredients

 * 1.5 kg (about 3.5 lbs) chicken, jointed (or drumsticks, thighs, breasts); get the giblets, and the blood if you can; season beforehand; marrow is important.
 * 1 onion, diced
 * 1 carrot, chopped
 * 3 tbsp flour
 * ½ tsp salt
 * ¼ tsp pepper
 * 200 g (about ¼ lb) small mushrooms
 * 240 ml (1 cup) red wine
 * 1 clove garlic, minced
 * 1 tsp basil, chopped and fresh
 * 1 tsp fresh or dried thyme
 * Olive oil for sautéing

Special equipment

 * Wide skillet
 * Deep pyrex bowl with lid
 * Jug

Procedure

 * 1) Mix flour, salt and pepper. Coat chicken, onion and carrot in flour mixture and set aside.
 * 2) Sauté mushrooms, set aside.
 * 3) Brown the chicken pieces a few at a time, set aside.
 * 4) Brown onions and carrots. Put chicken into large casserole on medium-high heat along with onions, carrots and mushrooms.
 * 5) Combine wine, garlic, and basil; pour over chicken.
 * 6) Cover the casserole, cook until chicken is ready (1–1.5 hours), stirring occasionally.

title: Cookbook:Coq au Vin I


text:
Wolfgang End

Wolfgang End (5 January 1939 – 7 October 2008) was a German field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Wolfgang End