text:
Scytho-Siberian world

The Scytho-Siberian world was an archaeological horizon that flourished across the entire Eurasian Steppe during the Iron Age, from approximately the 9th century BC to the 2nd century AD. It included the Scythian, Sauromatian and Sarmatian cultures of Eastern Europe, the Saka-Massagetae and Tasmola cultures of Central Asia, and the Aldy-Bel, Pazyryk and Tagar cultures of south Siberia.

The Scythian-Siberian world was characterized by the Scythian triad, which are similar, yet not identical, styles of weapons, horses' bridles, and jewelry and decorative art. The question of how related these cultures were is disputed among scholars. Its peoples were of diverse origins, and included not just Scythians, from which the cultures are named, but other peoples as well, such as the Cimmerians, Massagetae, Saka, Sarmatians, and obscure forest-steppe populations. Mostly speakers of the Scythian branch of the Iranian languages, all of these peoples are sometimes collectively referred to as Scythians, Scytho-Siberians, Early Nomads, or Iron Age Nomads.

Origins and spread
The Scytho-Siberian world emerged on the Eurasian Steppe at the dawn of the Iron Age in the early 1st millennium BC. Its origins has long been a source of debate among archaeologists. The Pontic–Caspian steppe was initially thought to have been their place of origin, until the Soviet archaeologist Aleksey Terenozhkin suggested a Central Asian origin.

Recent excavations at Arzhan in Tuva, Russia have uncovered the earliest Scythian-style kurgan yet found. Similarly the earliest examples of the animal style art which would later characterize the Scytho-Siberian cultures have been found near the upper Yenisei River and North China, dating to the 10th century BC. Based on these finds, it has been suggested that the Scytho-Siberian world emerged at an early period in southern Siberia. It is probably in this area that the Scythian way of life initially developed. Recent genetic studies have concluded that the Scythians formed from European-related groups of the Yamnaya culture and East Asian/Siberian groups during the Bronze Age and early Iron Age.

The Scytho-Siberian world quickly came to stretch from the Pannonian Basin in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east. There were, however, significant cultural differences between east and west. Over time they came in contact with other ancient civilizations, such as Assyria, Greece and Persia. In the late 1st millennium BC, peoples belonging to the Scytho-Siberian world expanded into Iran (Sakastan), India (Indo-Scythians) and the Tarim Basin. In the early centuries AD the western part of the Scytho-Siberian world came under pressure from the Goths and other Germanic peoples. The end of the Scythian period in archaeology has been set at approximately the 2nd century AD.

Recent archeological and genetic data confirmed that Western and Eastern Scythians of the 1st millennium BC originated independently, but both formed from a combination of a Yamnaya-related ancestry component from the area of the European steppes, and an East Asian-related component most closely corresponding to the modern North Siberian Nganasan people of the lower Yenesei. Furthermore, archaeological evidence now tends to suggest that the origins of the Scytho-Siberian world, characterized by its kurgan burial mounds and its Animal style of the 1st millennium BC, are to be found among Eastern Scythians rather than their Western counterparts: eastern kurgans are older than western ones (such as the Altaic kurgan Arzhan 1 in Tuva), and elements of the Animal style are first attested in areas of the Yenisei river and modern-day China in the 10th century BC. The rapid spread of the Scytho-Siberian world, from the Eastern Scythians to the Western Scythians, is also confirmed by significant east-to-west gene flow across the steppes during the 1st millennium BC.

Ethnicity
The peoples of the Scytho-Siberian world are mentioned by contemporary Persian and Greek historians. They were mostly speakers of Iranian languages. Despite belonging to similar material cultures, the peoples of the Scytho-Siberian world belonged to many separate ethnic groups. Peoples associated with the Scytho-Siberian world include speakers of the Scythian languages:
 * Massagetae
 * Sarmatians
 * Saka
 * Scythians
 * Agathyrsi
 * Sigynnae
 * Cimmerians
 * Forest steppe people

Although the peoples of the forest steppe were part of the Scytho-Siberian world, their origins are obscure; there might have been early Slavs, Balts, and Finno-Ugric peoples among them. The settled population of the Scytho-Siberian world areas also included Thracians.

Terminology
Among the diverse peoples of the Scytho-Siberian world, the Scythians are the most famous, due to the reports on them published by the 5th century Greek historian Herodotus. The ancient Persians referred to all nomads of steppe as Saka. In modern times, the term Scythians is sometimes applied to all the peoples associated with the Scytho-Siberian world. Within this terminology it is often distinguished between "western" Scythians living on the Pontic–Caspian steppe, and "eastern" Scythians living on the Eastern Steppe. The term Scytho-Siberians has also been applied to all peoples associated with the Scytho-Siberian world. The terms Early Nomads and Iron Age Nomads have also been used. The terms Saka or Sauromates, and Scytho-Siberians, is sometimes used for the "eastern" Scythians living in Central Asia and southern Siberia respectively.

The ambiguity of the term Scythian has led to a lot of confusion in literature.

Nicola Di Cosmo (1999) questions the validity of referring to the cultures of all early Eurasian nomads as "Scythian", and recommends the use of alternative terms such as Early Nomadic.

By ancient authors, the term "Scythian" eventually came to be applied to a wide range of peoples "who had no relation whatever to the original Scythians", such as Huns, Goths, Turks, Avars, Khazars, and other unnamed nomads.

Characteristics
The cultures of the Scytho-Siberian world are recognized for three characteristics known as the Scythian triad:
 * similar, yet not identical, shapes for horses' bridles,
 * their weapons, especially their distinct short, composite bows, and
 * the styling on their jewelry and decorations.

Their art was made in the animal style, so characteristic that it is also called Scythian art.

Finds
In the beginning of the 18th century, Russian explorers began uncovering Scythian finds throughout their newly acquired territories.

Significant Scythian archaeological finds have been uncovered up to recent times. A major find are the Pazyryk burials, which were discovered on the Ukok Plateau in the 1940s. The finds are notably for revealing the form of mummification practiced by the Scythians. Another important find is the Issyk kurgan.

Society
The Scythians were excellent craftsmen with complex cultural traditions. Horse sacrifices are common in Scythian graves, and several of the sacrificed horses were evidently old and well-kept, indicating that the horse played a prominent role in Scythian society. They played a prominent role in the network connecting ancient civilizations known as the Silk Road. The homogeneity of patrilineal lineages and contrasting diversity of matrilineal lineages of samples from Scythian burial sites indicate that Scythian society was strongly patriarchal.

Numerous archaeological finds have revealed that the Scythians led a warlike life: Their competition for territory must have been fierce. The numerous weapons placed in graves are indicative of a highly militarized society. Scythian warfare was primarily conducted through mounted archery. They were the first great power to perfect this tactic. The Scythians developed a new, powerful type of bow known as the Scythian bow. Sometimes they would poison their arrows.

Physical appearance
The Scythians were tall and powerfully built, even by modern standards. Skeletons of Scythian elites differ from those of modern people by their longer arms and legs, and stronger bone formation. Commoners were shorter, averaging 10–15 cm (4–6 in) shorter than the elite.

Their physical traits are characteristic of Iranian peoples and support a common origin indicated by the linguistic evidence, however, people of mixed physical appearance are also indicated by the archaeological and historical evidence.

Numerous Eastern Scythian remains have been found in an excellent state of preservation in the Altai mountains, with soft tissues such as skin and hair preserved. From the Pazyryk valley, Scythian remains show a variety of hair colors, ranging from black to bright chestnut. Mummified Scythian warriors from the Ukok plateau and Mongolia had blond hair.

Preserved skin tissue also reveals that the eastern Scythians had tattoos. Tattooing is not thought to have been practiced by western Scythians.

Genetics
The genetics of remains from Scythian-identified cultures show broad general patterns, among these are remarkably different histories for men and women. Their ethnic affiliations are summarized above. Their familial inter-relations are discussed below.

There are two distinct paternal lineages in the east and west, with the eastern and western paternal lineages being themselves homogeneous. The Western Scythian males almost uniformly carried haplogroup R1b, which is closely related to modern European peoples from the Pontic region, while the Eastern Scythians carried R1a, Q1a and N. In a sample of Siberian Scythians, there was a nearly equal proportion of West and East Eurasian maternal lineages.

The maternal lineages among Scythians are diverse, showing a mixture of Eastern and West Eurasian lineages, with increasing East Asian admixture in the Iron Age. In Western Scythians, West Eurasian maternal lineages are 62.5-74% of the total, while East Eurasian maternal lineages are 26-37%. In a sample of Eastern Scythians from Tuva, the maternal lineages are nearly equally divided between Western and East Eurasian sources.

Ethnogenesis
The Scythians represent a "multitude of horse-warrior nomad" groups, which emerged from Bronze and Iron Age Central Asians (Western Steppe Herders or "Steppe_MLBA") who admixed with an East Asian-derived population represented by Khövsgöl LBA groups, giving rise to the various "Scythian cultures". Different Scythian groups arose locally, rather than through migration patterns. As a whole, Scythians can be modeled as a mixture between West Eurasian sources, primarily Western Steppe Herders (Steppe_MLBA) and BMAC-like groups, with additional amounts of admixture from a population represented by the Khövsgöl LBA peoples of East Eurasian origin. Previous suggested admixture sources represented by other modern "East Eurasian proxies", such as Han Chinese or Nganasans, failed and were less reliable than Khövsgöl sources. Scythians can broadly be differentiated into "Western" and "Eastern" sub-groups, with Western Scythians displaying affinity to various modern groups in the Caucasus and Central Asia, while Eastern Scythian affinity is more widespread but nearly exclusively found among modern Turkic-speaking as well as Uralic and Paleosiberian peoples. Overall, modern Tajiks and Yaghnobis were found to display the strongest genetic continuity with the Bronze and Iron Age populations of Central Asia (Indo-Iranians). Scythian Steppe populations display genetic heterogeneity along a West-to-East cline, with Eastern Scythians having higher genetic diversity. Eastern Scythians around the Altai Mountains were of multiple origins and originated from an admixture event in the Bronze Age. The Eastern Scythians genetically formed from mixture between Steppe_MLBA sources (which could be associated with different cultures such as Sintashta, Srubnaya, and Andronovo) and a specific East Eurasian source that was already present during the LBA in the neighboring northern Mongolia region. Eastern Scythians did not belong to a single genetic or cultural cluster, while Western Scythians fall in or close to the European cluster.

A later different Eastern influx, starting during the Middle Iron Age to post-Iron Age period, is evident in three outlier samples of the Tasmola culture (Tasmola Birlik) and one of the Pazyryk culture (Pazyryk Berel), which displayed c. 70-83% additional Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry represented by the Neolithic Devil’s Gate Cave specimen, suggesting them to be recent migrants from further East. The same additional Eastern ancestry is found among the later groups of Huns (Hun Berel 300CE, Hun elite 350CE), and the Karakaba remains (830CE). At the same time, western Sarmatian-like and minor additional BMAC-like ancestry spread eastwards, with a Saka-associated sample from southeastern Kazakhstan (Konyr Tobe 300CE) displaying around 85% Sarmatian and 15% BMAC ancestry. Sarmatians are modeled to derive primarily from the preceding Western Steppe Herders of the Pontic–Caspian steppe.

Western Scythian culture genetics
This section lists the findings of genetic studies of the remains excavated in western Asia and eastern Europe ascribed to one of the Scythian cultures.

Initially, the Western Scythians carried only West Eurasian maternal haplogroups, but the frequency of East Eurasian haplogroups rises to 26% in samples dated to the 2nd century BCE. Among the Western Scythians discovered at Rostov-on-Don, in European Russia, East Eurasian maternal haplogroups make up 37.5% of the total. These results possibly suggest the increasing presence of East Eurasian women in Western Scythian populations, although autosomal genetic evidence is needed to confirm this observation.

In terms of paternal haplogroups, most Western Scythian remains from the North Pontic region have been observed to carry a specific clade haplogroup R1b, which distinguishes them from Eastern Scythians, who generally exhibited haplogroup haplogroup R1a, as well as other haplogroups. One Scythian from the Samara region carried R1a-Z93.

Unterländer, et al. (2017) found that contemporary descendants of western Scythian groups are found among various groups in the Caucasus and Central Asia.

Eastern Scythian culture genetics
This section lists the findings of genetic studies of the remains excavated in central Eurasia and the eastern steppe ascribed to one of the Scythian cultures. Pilipenko (2018) studied mtDNA from remains of the Tagar culture, which was part of the Scytho-Siberian world. Although found in Khakassia, at the eastern extreme of the Eurasian steppe, remains from the early stage of the Tagar culture were found to be closely related to those of contemporary Scythians on the Pontic-Caspian steppe far to the west, exhibiting both West Eurasian and East Eurasian lineages. However, the fossils from the middle stage of the Tagar culture showed a strong increase in East Eurasian maternal lineages, increasing from 35% to nearly 45% by the middle stage. Notably, the mtDNA haplogroups C and D increased from 8.7 to 37.8%.

Mary, et al. (2019) studied the genetics of remains from the Aldy-Bel culture in and around Tuva in central Asia, adjacent to western Mongolia; the Aldy-Bel culture is considered one of the Scytho-Siberian cultures. The authors also analyzed the maternal haplogroups of 26 Siberian Scythian remains from Arzhan. 50% of the remains carried an East Eurasian haplogroup, while 50% carried a West Eurasian haplogroup. In contrast to the paternal lineages, the maternal lineages were extremely diverse. The most common lineages were variants of haplogroup C4.

Mary, et al. (2019) also determined the paternal haplogroups of 16 Siberian Scythian males of the Aldy-Bel culture. 56.2% of the haplogroups belonged to varieties of haplogroup R1a. On the other hand, 31.2% belonged to haplogroup Q1b, which was found in Bronze Age samples from the Altai Mountains. Additionally, one specimen (6.25%) carried haplogroup N-M231, which is associated with neolithic remains from Northern China.

The Scythian groups of the Pontic Steppe and South Siberia had significantly different paternal genetics, which suggests that the Pontic and South Siberian Scythians had completely different paternal origins, with almost no paternal gene flow between them.

Since the Middle Iron Age onwards, the Eastern Scythians received additional Northern East Asian geneflow, paralleling the emergence of Huns, which shared this newly arrived component. There was also an increase in Sarmatian and BMAC-like ancestries.

Unterländer, et al. (2017) found that eastern Scythians share closest genetic similarities with modern-day speakers of Siberian Turkic languages, such as Telengits, Tubalars, and Tofalars, which supports a "multi-regional origin" of the eastern Iron Age Scythians. Eastern Scythians share partial ancestry with contemporary Turkic, Mongolian, and Siberian groups in eastern Eurasia, while evidence of genetic affinity with Scythians is strongest among modern speakers of the Kipchak languages. There is increasing evidence for a partial continuity from the eastern Scythians to the Turkic-speakers of the Altai region, as well as modern Uralic and Paleosiberian peoples. Turkic-speaking Central Asians can be described as having formed from admixture between Scythian-like groups, displaying their highest genetic affinity to modern day Tajiks, and "Eastern Steppe Xiongnu" groups during the Iron Age. The admixture with West Eurasian sources was found to be "in accordance with the linguistically documented language borrowing in Turkic languages".

title: Scytho-Siberian world


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Social psychology

{| style="background:transparent;" Psychologists believe that the individual has an impact on society, whereas sociologists believe that society has an impact on the individual.
 * The field of social psychology consists of the overlapping foci of psychology and sociology. Thus, two academic emphases have emerged:
 * 1) Social psychology with an emphasis on psychology
 * 2) * An undergraduate unit run by James Neill, University of Canberra.
 * 3) Social psychology with an emphasis on sociology
 * 4) * Needs development...
 * 1) * Needs development...

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Social psychology


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Damn You Auto Correct

The result was merge to Autocorrection. (non-admin closure)  Oxon Alex    - talk  14:06, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

Damn You Auto Correct

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Seeing very little independent coverage with little news coverage since 2013. Fails WP:WEB. --   LuK3      (Talk)   00:04, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Websites-related deletion discussions. --    LuK3      (Talk)   00:04, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Merge to Autocorrection, where it is already mentioned. The NPR, CNN, and ABC sources in the article are pretty significant coverage for a website—it isn't that often that a website started by a single individual gets attention from national media. The Autocorrection article also cites The Daily Telegraph. However, in terms of long-term significance, it is interesting how the website faded into obscurity until it quietly shut down without fanfare. I suspect autocorrect mistakes were a short-lived novelty that was interesting to people only when autocorrect was still a new feature—nowadays smartphones and autocorrect are so commonplace that a whole website devoted to autocorrect mistakes doesn't have the attention needed for a permanent standalone encyclopedia article. I do think, however, that owing to the bit of national media coverage when the website was still around and alive, it should have a place in our Autocorrection article. Mz7 (talk) 09:56, 29 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Varuzhan Nersesyan

Varuzhan Nersesyan (Վարուժան Ներսեսյան) is an Armenian diplomat who is currently the ambassador of Armenia to the United Kingdom. Prior to this, he has served as the ambassador to the United States from November 2018 to July 2021. He was appointed an ambassador to United Kingdom on 16 July 2021.

Education

 * Global Master of Arts Program, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Boston, MA, 2007- 2009.
 * Masters in Public Administration, The Public Administration Academy of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia, 1996–1998.
 * Master of Arts on International Relations, Diplomacy and International Law, Yerevan State University, Armenia, 1991–1996.

Certificate programs

 * Vienna Diplomatic Academy, Special Course for Diplomats from NIS Countries, Vienna (1999);
 * Advanced Course on the Management and Politics of European Integration, British Know How Foundation, Program of Diplomatic Studies, Brussels (1999);
 * Course on Conventional Arms Control and the OSCE Vienna Document 1999, Stockholm (2004);
 * International Visitor Leadership Program on Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution, US Department of State (2005), Washington DC.

Professional experience

 * July 2021 - Appointed Ambassador of Armenia to United Kingdom
 * November 2018 – Appointed Ambassador of Armenia to the United States of America;
 * April–November 2018 - Assistant to the Prime-Minister of the Republic of Armenia;
 * January 2012- April 2018 - Assistant to the President of the Republic of Armenia. Responsible for international affairs and matters related to the National Security Council;
 * April 2008 - December 2012 - Deputy Chief of Mission at the Embassy of the Republic of Armenia, Washington DC;
 * July 2006 - March 2008 - Head of the External Relations Department, National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia;
 * April 2005-July 2006 - Head of the OSCE Division, European Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia;
 * February 2003-March 2005 - Head of the Conventional Arms Control Division, Arms Control and International Security Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia;
 * February 2000-January 2003 - Deputy Head of Mission, Permanent Mission of the Republic of Armenia to the OSCE, Vienna, Austria;
 * April 1999-January 2000 - OSCE Desk Officer, Department of European Structure. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia;
 * February 1998-April 1999 - Third Secretary, OSCE and UN desk Department of International Organizations Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia;
 * June 1997-January 1998 - Attache Department of Arms Control and International Security, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia.

Diplomatic rank

 * Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (2018)
 * Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary (2014)

Academic activities

 * 2014-2018 - Visiting Lecturer at the Public Administration Academy of the Republic of Armenia;
 * Course taught -Foreign Policy and Regional Security Issues of the Republic of Armenia Awards.
 * Decorated with Medal of "Mkhitar Gosh" by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Armenia on March 1, 2016.

Personal life
Varuzhan Nersesyan was born on 31 August 1973 in Yerevan, Armenia. He is married and has three children.

title: Varuzhan Nersesyan


text:
Talk:Dichotomous Key/Animalia

Echinodermata have radial symmetry, and so under this key would be classes as Cnidaria or Ctenophora. I don't know how to fix this, however, without introducing more technical characters.

 * I made it no longer incorrect, but it is still technical -- not such a big deal, I think, for one of the high level taxa like Animalia. Can always be simplified later... TUF-KAT 18:37, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * This is only a superficial symmetry. If one considers e.g. the madreporite, then echinoderms are clearly bilateral symmetric. Lycaon 08:51, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dichotomous Key/Animalia


text:
Electronics/History/Chapter 1

Early days: < 1600

Baghdad Battery
The Baghdad Battery is an artifact from between 250 BC and 250, discovered near Baghdad, with a structure similar to that of a modern battery. It also appears that similar batteries can be located around ancient Egypt, where objects with traces of precious metal electroplating have been discovered at different locations.

In 1938, the German archaeologist Wilhelm Konig reportedly excavated the five-inch (13-cm)-long clay jar in Khujut Rabu, near Baghdad, Iraq (though some reports say it was found in the collections of the National Museum of Iraq). The jar contained a copper cylinder, in turn covering and protecting an iron rod, isolated from the copper by asphalt. The artifact had been exposed to the weather and had suffered corrosion.

Konig published paper reporting the mechanism's resemblance to a battery in 1940. Upon publication, Konig's discovery was discounted by the scientific community and soon disregarded. Such ancient knowledge in the history of electricity bears no known continuous relationship to the development of modern batteries. Its form, though, is nearly identical to the principles that are in use today. After the Second World War, Willard Gray demonstrated current production by a reconstruction of the inferred battery design when filled with substances, like grape juice. Subsequent tests found acidic residues in the original, analysed as an electrolytic solution, perhaps vinegar or wine.

Some people regard the Baghdad Battery as an anachronism (appearing to be out of place in time), because of the belief that ancient civilizations did not have electrical power and therefore would not have had a device that operated on the principles of electric power. The practical uses of this battery are uncertain. Some contemporary researchers have renewed interest in interpreting this artifact, and suggested electroplating precious metals as a practical use for early batteries by Baghdad Parthians (who used it to electroplate metallic items; e.g. put a thin layer of gold over an object made out of some other metal). Artifacts from ancient Egyptian sites, similarly resembling batteries, or bearing traces consistent with precious-metal electroplating, may support that.

Ark of the Covenant
Speculations that the Ark of the Covenant may have operated as an electrical capacitor are common amongst some electrical engineers (Nikola Tesla being the earliest); they say that the design of it allowed it to store electric charge, and thus could facilitate an electric discharge between the cherubs. The theory suggests that it resembles a capacitor (of radiant energy) in its construction. The biblical accounts of individuals sudden deaths from touching the Ark could correspond to death by a lethal high voltage charge. Louis Ginzberg’s "Legends of the Jews" has ancient oral traditions referring to "sparks" from the cherubim. These "fiery jets" occasionally burned and destroyed close objects. Other biblical accounts could correspond with exposure to some high frequency electromagnetic fields. Jewish legend has occasional records of a "cloud" between the cherubim. The Ark was considered dangerous at these times and Moses would not approach it.

Tesla, in the article "A fairy tale of electricity" (published September 9, 1915), stated in regards to the Ark:

 * "The records, though scanty, are of a nature to fill us with conviction that a few initiated, at least, had a deeper knowledge of amber phenomena. To mention one, Moses was undoubtedly a practical and skillful electrician far in advance of his time. The Bible describes precisely, and minutely, arrangements constituting a machine in which electricity was generated by friction of air against silk curtains, and stored in a box constructed like a condenser. It is very plausible to assume that the sons of Aaron were killed by a high-tension discharge, and that the vestal fires of the Romans were electrical." [2]

Archaeological discoveries of the last century (which include the Baghdad Battery among others), indicate that a working knowledge of energy devices might have been present in ancient Middle Eastern cultures, and therefore it might not have been beyond Moses' specialized training in the house of Pharaoh (Exodus 2:10).

It is known that the acacia wood acts as an insulator, while the gold (the purest available at that time) is known as a good conductor. An electric charge could have accumulated from constant exposure to static electricity in the Middle East climate (among other possible sources). The Ark's upper surface has a rim of gold (a single coil of angels figures). Over the ark, the cherubs could form a spark gap, producing a dynamic radiance that would inspire awe in the observer, and act as a lightning source to kill anyone that touched it.—Num. 7:9; 10:21; 4:5,19, 20; 1 Kings 8:3, 6; Lev. 16:2; Num. 7:89; 2 Sam. 6:6, 7.

Around 1999, author Richard Andrews built a model of the ark. He claims that when tested, it demonstrated that it would act as an electromagnetic accumulator.

title: Electronics/History/Chapter 1


text:
User:Makaylacg/Evaluate an Article

Evaluate an article
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article:
 * Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen
 * Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate.
 * I chose to do my article on this man because when I came across his page I saw that he was a pathologist which I think is pretty neat. It turns out he studied many types of conditions and even founded a couple.

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 * It mentions his son and that is the only spot he is mentioned.
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 * The lead is very concise.

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 * The content is relevant, it goes over Dr. Recklinghausen's education, field of study, and publishings.
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 * Plenty of missing information such as his early life, family (it is mentioned he has a son who is a psychologist but no mention of a mother), his contributions to the university he taught at ( this article: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130034?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents, talks about him constructing a new labratory). And it only touches on some of his discoveries.

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 * The article includes all of his higher education as well as his time as professor there. It also touches on some of his medicinal work and the writings he published.
 * How can the article be improved?
 * The article could be improved drastically. One step would be to find out about his early life, where did he live, did he study as a child, etc. But also in a very short time frame he was asked to be an assistant and progressed to a Professor without going through the normal steps up, as I found in this article: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130034?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents.
 * How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed?
 * I would say that the information within the article is well developed, but the article itself still needs a significant amount of work.

Optional activity

 * Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback

with four tildes — ~

 * Link to feedback:

title: User:Makaylacg/Evaluate an Article


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kraja (band)

The result was delete. Asserting that sources exist while being mysterious about supplying them doesn't work well at AfD. -- RoySmith (talk) 17:11, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

Kraja (band)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

I can find no in-depth sourcing from independent, reliable sources about this band. Fails WP:GNG and WP:NBAND.  Onel 5969  TT me 18:24, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions.  Onel 5969  TT me 18:24, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sweden-related deletion discussions.  Onel 5969  TT me 18:24, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  MBisanz  talk 02:29, 27 September 2017 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Weak Keep - I find several sources for them. Seem to have some notability within their field. BabbaQ (talk) 11:14, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete: I would be interested to see the sources refers to because while a Google search for "Kraja" "band" reveals 363,000 hits, the only stuff in the first 10 pages that constitutes independent, reliable coverage is this and this, both of which don't give any indication of notability per band notability standards.    Dr Strauss   talk   14:23, 1 October 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Optakeover (U)(T)(C) 04:52, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Still standing by the fact that article quality is irrelevant to notability. Clearly sources are available to be added at a Keep or No consensus closure.BabbaQ (talk) 09:10, 12 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete no claims of notability in the article, and no secondary sources provided. BabbaQ has not provided links to the sources that he claims exist. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 15:07, 12 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
User:Orchastrattor/sandbox

"As this situation has been institutionalized, Israel has ceased to be a democratic state and has become a Herrenvolk democracy — a regime in which citizens enjoy full rights and non-citizens have none. The laws of Israel have become the laws of a master people and Israeli morality the morality of lords of the land." Kimmerling, NYT

Alcoholic beverages are today some of the most popular in the world. In addition to its function as a social lubricant, more prestigious forms of drinking can form integral parts of fine dining, such as in the form of a wine pairing. The expertise necessary to maintain such traditions can be provided by a sommelier or cicerone.

Works
Littlejohns, Richard. “‘Der Krieg Hat Uns Für Alles Verdorben’: The Real Theme of Im Western Nichts Neues.” Critical Insights: All Quiet on the Western Front, Oct. 2010, pp. 219–31. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lkh&AN=57400589&site=eds-live&scope=site.

Bassett, Troy J. "Author: Sir Gilbert Edward Campbell." At the Circulating Library: A Database of Victorian Fiction, 1837—1901, 25 December 2023, http://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=4658. Accessed 20 January 2024.

Alexis Easley, “The Man of Letters as Criminal: Sir Gilbert Edward Campbell and Henry Labouchère’s Truth.” Victorian Review, vol. 45 no. 2, 2019, p. 253-270. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/vcr.2019.0058.

https://www.revenantjournal.com/contents/lycanthropic-landscapes-an-ecogothic-reading-of-nineteenth-century-werewolf-short-stories/

http://www.autodidactproject.org/quote/lem_hopeless.html

/Spectacle fighter

The classic theory of natural selection positing a difference in male and female reproductive strategies has recently been reexamined, with an alternate theory being proposed that promiscuity was encouraged among women and men alike, causing uncertainty among males of the paternity of their offspring, allowing for group cooperation in raising all offspring due to the possibility that any child could be the descendant of a male, similar to observations of the closest relative of humans, the bonobo.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/<IP_ADDRESS>/16

<IP_ADDRESS> and 2601:183:4C02:AD50:A0F6:CB44:5448:FED2

A work of pseudepigrapha,

The novel is written as a work of epistolary metafiction focusing on a fictional documentary film titled the Navidson Record, presented as a story within a story discussed in a handwritten monograph recovered by the primary narrator, Johnny Truant. The narrative makes heavy use of multiperspectivity as Truant's footnotes chronicle his efforts to transcribe the manuscript, which itself reveals the Navidson Record's supposed narrative through transcriptions and analysis, depicting a story of a family who discovers a larger-on-the-inside labyrinth in their house.

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Proposed lead edit to focus much more on the Golden Plates and the rest of Smith's texts
A big part of any lead section per MOS is establishing notability, which should typically include an attempt to demonstrate what distinguishes a given subject from those of similar pages (which is particularly important for a topic as labyrinthine as protestant denominations). I'd like to shoot my proposal past the talk pages first:

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, informally known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church, is a nontrinitarian Christian church founded on the Book of Mormon and other religious texts published by Joseph Smith during the Second Great Awakening. The Church is the leading denomination of the wider Latter Day Saint movement, which considers Smith's texts

that considers itself to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ.

The church is headquartered in the United States in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 17 million members and 62,544 full-time volunteer missionaries. Based on these numbers, the church is the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States as of 2012, and reported over 6.7 million US members. It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the early 19th-century period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening.

Attributes of god

Team Fortress is a video game franchise and shared fictional continuity encompassing a series of multiplayer first person shooter games and mods developed by TF Software and Valve Corporation alongside a variety of tie-in materials. Originating as Team Fortress, a total conversion mod for Quake and QuakeWorld, creators John Cook and Robin Walker would be hired by Valve to create Team Fortress Classic, a port of the mod to the GoldSrc engine used by Valve's flagship title Half-Life. Cook and Walker and would continue to work on a standalone sequel, eventually released as part of The Orange Box under the title of Team Fortress 2 and built using the much more contemporary Source engine. Although each entry in the series was accompanied by historic advances in game engine technology, the core gameplay of two teams assembled from nine different classes, each with their own strengths and weaknesses that players must account for, has remained essentially unchanged, with many maps, mechanics, weapons, and gamemodes being inherited almost directly between entries. Team Fortress 2 has in particular received widespread acclaim as a quintessential multiplayer experience and one of the greatest video games ever made,  continuing to receive official Valve server support and periodic updates as of July 2022.

Team Fortress 2 also introduced an increased focus on the characterization of the characters and setting of the series, with the personalities and exploits of its nine classes portrayed in a series of animated featurettes titled Meet the Team, followed by the longer Expiration Date short and various other trailers and promotions. The internally developed Source Filmmaker used for these shorts would later be released to the public, by default including many assets from Team Fortress 2 and other Source games. A series of comics published by Valve and later by Dark Horse Comics would further explore the world and characters, describing the origin of the conflict between "RED" and "BLU" in addition to portraying the adventures of the Team Fortress 2 cast outside of the game's events and reintroducing the Classic team as a rival group of mercenaries.

Release
particularly following a widespread "#SaveTF2" movement criticizing Valve's apparent apathy towards the game and its playerbase.

Tie-in materials
Beginning in May 2007, to promote the game, Valve began a ten-video advertisement series referred to as "Meet the Team". Constructed using Source Filmmaker and using more detailed character models, the series consists of short videos introducing each class and displaying their personalities and abilities. The videos are usually interspersed with simulated gameplay footage. The format of the videos varies greatly; the first installment, "Meet the Heavy", depicts him being interviewed, while "Meet the Soldier" shows the Soldier giving a misinformed lecture on Sun Tzu to a row of severed BLU heads as if they were raw recruits.

In more recent major updates to the game, Valve has presented teaser images and online comic books that expand the fictional contuinuity and characters of Team Fortress 2, as part of the expansion of the "cross-media property", according to Newell. In August 2009, Valve brought aboard American comic writer Michael Avon Oeming to teach Valve "about what it means to have a character and do character development in a comic format, how you do storytelling". "Loose Canon", a comic associated with the Engineer Update, establishes the history of RED versus BLU as a result of the last will and testament of Zepheniah Mann in 1890, forcing his two bickering sons Blutarch and Redmond to vie for control of Zepheniah's lands between them. This and other comics also establish other background characters such as Saxton Hale, the CEO of Mann Co., and the Administrator, the game's announcer. The collected comics were published by Dark Horse Comics in Valve Presents: The Sacrifice and Other Steam-Powered Stories, a volume along with other comics created by Valve for Portal 2 and Left 4 Dead, and released in November 2011.

Setting and continuity
Although the Team Fortress games are designed as an open ended multiplayer experience without an active storyline, Team Fortress 2 and additional material nonetheless feature a wider narrative centered around the fictional Mann Co., a large shipping and manufacturing company led by CEO Saxton Hale. The main PvP gamemodes are set during the "Gravel Wars", a conflict between the rival heirs Redmond "Red" and Blutarch "Blu" Mann for which the eighteen playable characters (both the nine classes of Team Fortress Classic and Team Fortress 2) were hired out as mercenaries. Gray Mann later emerges as the third competitor, killing the other two brothers and forcing Hale to rehire the Team Fortress 2 mercenaries to protect Mann Co. from Gray's robot army in the Mann vs Machine cooperative horde shooter mode. Further stories concerning the Team Fortress 2 cast would include a clash with the Classic team, the deaths and resurrections of the Sniper, Medic, and Scout, and various other adventures across the globe.

Fan projects
A fan-made total conversion mod for Half-Life 2 titled Fortress Forever was created, aiming to replicate the gameplay of Team Fortress Classic while using the more modern Source engine. Fans have also made a similar mod of Team Fortress 2 titled Team Fortress 2 Classic, which seeks to marry gameplay elements and concepts from both entries alongside scrapped ideas from the sequel's development cycle and several entirely original additions.

title: User:Orchastrattor/sandbox


text:
Oncomeris flavicornis

Oncomeris flavicornis is a species of true bugs belonging to the family Tessaratomidae.

Description
Oncomeris flavicornis can reach a length of about 35 - 41 mm. This bug shows the typical family shield, robust hind legs, a dark brown body with red markings and yellowish antennae (hence the Latin species name flavicornis, meaning golden horn.

Distribution
This species can be found in New Guinea, Indonesia and Queensland, Australia.

title: Oncomeris flavicornis


text:
Filmmaking Basics/Editing the Animatic

 * Lesson
 * WikiU Film School - Lesson #007: Editing the Animatic

 * Pages of this Lesson
 * Title Page  →  You are here!!!!
 * Page 1 - Editing the storyboard

 * Current Location
 * Wikiversity (English) $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Humanities $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Art and Design $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Fine Arts $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Film and Television $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Narrative Film Production $$\Leftrightarrow$$  Course #01 - Learning the Basics of Filmmaking $$\Leftrightarrow$$  WikiU Film School - Lesson #007: Editing the Animatic

Lesson Summary
The animatic is a bit like a slide show. We take the images from the storyboards and turn them into a movie. We use the dialog we have recorded plus the temp movie film score to create an accurate timing of the final movie. The storyboards or the dialog alone will not allow us to accurately time the movie. We need to put it all together.

The Editing Program
You can use almoat any editing program. There is only one problem. That is the size. Most editing programs (such as editing programs which work only with DV footage) are limited to the frame size. Hopefully, you can find an editing program which will letterbox the storyboard frames and not stretch them out of proportion. Both iMovie and MovieMakers should work fine.

title: Filmmaking Basics/Editing the Animatic


text:
síntoma

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  indicators and characteristics of the presence of something else

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  indicators and characteristics of the presence of something else

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  indicators and characteristics of the presence of something else

title: síntoma


text:
hyötykuorma

Noun

 * 1) payload total weight of passengers, crew, equipment and cargo carried by something
 * 2)  live load temporary or moving structural load, such as those caused by people, furniture, the environment, etc.

title: hyötykuorma


text:
Florence Eliza Lord

Florence Eliza Lord (1879–1942) was a journalist in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. She is best known for her long-running series of articles on Brisbane's Historic Homes in The Queenslander newspaper. She sometimes published under the pseudonym of Wilga.

Early life
Florence Eliza Lord was born on 22 July 1879 in Cockatoo, Queensland, the daughter of William Lord, a grazier, and his wife Marianne (née McLean). After the death of her father in 1903, Florence and her mother relocated to Brisbane, where Florence worked as a governess and a lady's companion.

Journalism
During the 1920s and 1930s, Florence Lord published sketches and articles on history and travel in the Brisbane Courier (later The Courier-Mail) and The Queenslander newspapers.

Florence Lord was a member of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, the Lyceum Club and the Queensland Town and Country Club. Being socially well-connected, she was able to gain access to many of Brisbane's finest homes to produce her newspaper series on Brisbane's Historical Homes.

Later life
In the late 1930s she retired to Melbourne and in 1937 was living in Collingwood.

Florence Lord died on 27 June 1942 at a private hospital in Camberwell, Victoria.

title: Florence Eliza Lord


text:
Bagh-e Jafarabad

Bagh-e Jafarabad (, also Romanized as Bāgh-e Ja‘farābād) is a village in Darbqazi Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 317, in 87 families.

title: Bagh-e Jafarabad


text:
User:BrainiacOutcast~enwikiversity

I am BrainiacOutcast from wikipedia. Still working on transferring my userpage.

My Favorite Games
Dragonfable

Feel free to try it.

My stats

#2
Tanks

#3
Stickman sam 4

title: User:BrainiacOutcast~enwikiversity


text:
Talk:Deutsches Jungvolk

Girls ?
This article says it was for boys only, while the Hitler Youth article says this org is for boys and girls. Which is it ? StuRat 12:29, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The whole article is suspect, the translation would be better as "German Young People" or "German Youth People" as well. user:Pzg Ratzinger

 * Hitlerjugend or Hitler Youth has two distinct meanings; one was as an umbrella organisation for all the sections of the Nazi youth movement and the other was a section of the first for boys aged 14 to 18. The Deutsches Jungvolk had the full title; Deutsches Jungvolk in der Hitler Jugend and was for boys only. Girls aged 10 to 18 had the Bund Deutscher Mädel or League of German Girls. Alansplodge (talk) 19:21, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

Pimpf
It was this organization that was referred to as "Pimpf"? Drutt (talk) 22:31, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The boys were referred to as "Pimpfs" apparently. Not sure if this was an official title.Drutt (talk) 09:34, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
 * See the "Organization" section. Recruits were called Pimpfen, but left the title behind as they rose through the ranks. The DJ magazine was called Der Pimpf. Alansplodge (talk) 10:15, 14 December 2013 (UTC)

"Hitler Jugend at rifle practice, 1933" image
I'm not sure how this is relevant to this article. The boys are wearing HJ armbands and are therefore older than Deutsches Jungvolk members. A referenced statememt in the "Training and activities" section says that the DJ didn't start shooting training until 1940, and then with smallbore rifle rather than the military weapons shown here. I intend transfer it to the Hitler Youth article unless anybody objects. Alansplodge (talk) 19:39, 3 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Now moved to Hitler Youth article. Alansplodge (talk) 20:28, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

Boy Scouts
I've added a see-also to Boy Scouts -- this is not a smear aimed at the Scouts, but you can see that the Deutsches Jungvolk was closely modeled on the general format of the Boy Scouts (scarves and woggles in particular show this -- compare to the uniforms of the HJ, which were modeled on that of the military instead). I believe the Nazis outlawed the Boy Scouts at the same time as they made this compulsory, and appropriated a lot of the imagery and structure of Scouting, but in a Nazified form. -- The Anome (talk)
 * User:The Anome, the various German Scouting associations were banned between 1933 and 1934 by the Nazis. Associating Scouting to the Nazis in any way certainly is a VERY sensitive subject and I think that you need to provide a reliable reference to support your statement that "the Deutsches Jungvolk was closely modeled on the general format of the Boy Scouts" together with a note in the article explaining why you have linked the two. Alansplodge (talk) 20:55, 14 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree, Boy Scouts was a bad see-also, and I'm glad it's been taken out. However, the modelling of the DJ uniform on the Scout uniform is absolutely clear (shorts and neckscarves with woggles --who else has those?), as was the banning of the Scouting movement by the Nazis when the HJ was set up; the Nazis clearly intended the DJ as a replacement for Scouting, and they weren't subtle about it. Whether WP:RS can be found for this, though, is a different matter. This is the nearest I can find at the moment, and I don't think it makes the cut, as it's an op-ed. I'll have to do some more searching. -- The Anome (talk) 20:11, 15 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Perhaps a short referenced sentence in the "Uniform and emblems" section would do the trick. I have to declare an interest in that I'm and active Scout Leader, and a surprising number of people see fit to suggest that there IS some sort of connection between Scouting today and the Hitler Youth - it's not an idea that I want to encourage. Alansplodge (talk) 20:51, 15 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Argh. Perhaps the section about this could be written in such a way as to let us make very clear in the process that the Nazis disliked the Scouts so much that they banned them and created their own ersatz pseudo-Scout organization to replace them? I now have a section from"" that directly states that the HJ/DJ were modeled on the Scouts: you can search online for the words "The Hitler Youth took the Boy Scouts and the various youth groups of the Weimar Republic as a model. They wore a similar uniform, went to camp, sang songs ..." to confirm this online. -- The Anome (talk) 14:57, 17 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Good work User:The Anome, do you want to put it in or shall I? Alansplodge (talk) 17:21, 17 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I'd be delighted if you were to do it. Thank you. -- The Anome (talk) 17:23, 17 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Job done! (see "Development" section). Thanks for your input. Alansplodge (talk) 19:42, 17 September 2016 (UTC)

removal of images
Bogan, don't kid yourself, "looks ugly" is not in Wikipedia policy on image removal.--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 05:46, 3 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Yeah, my sincere apologies to you. It was rude of me to say that. No excuses, it was wrong. Won't happen again. As for the image, Alansplodge's edit satisfied me on the issue. ProjectHorizons (talk) 07:01, 3 February 2017 (UTC)
 * All's well that ends well. Alansplodge (talk) 09:44, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

Full phonetic name
The full phonetic name should be something like "ˈdɔʏtʃəs ˈjʊŋfɔlk ɪn  de:ɐ̯ ˈhɪtlɐˌjuːɡn̩t" or possibly "dɔʏ̯tʃəs  jʊŋfɔlk  ɪn  de:ɐ̯  hɪtlɐ  ju:gənt". Can someone confirm which is correct, or if neither, what is the correct version? -- The Anome (talk) 09:19, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

DJV
Was the abbrevation DJV really in use? German article only mentions DJ. 2A02:908:1461:D160:5D2F:7041:BC3:63CB (talk) 14:22, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deutsches Jungvolk


text:
Talk:Vushtrri

Requested move 15 January 2022

The result of the move request was: those supporting the move to Vushtrri have the stronger arguments.
 * "Google results aren't from third-party sources" is a confusing statement, and Maleschreiber is correct in their counter of that argument, which essentially was "only Albanians spell it like this".
 * The analyses of the Google (Books and Scholar) results by the nominator and by Maleschreiber are solid, and while the objection by Vanjagenije made sense, it was countered by Super Dro, with no rebuttal.
 * The Google results indicate a preponderance for the proposed article title, which reflects the situation on the ground, so to speak, and so per COMMONNAME as well as per Official names there is good ground to move. Drmies (talk) 23:12, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

Vučitrn → Vushtrri – I propose that this article be renamed to 'Vushtrri' due to the fact that, not only is 'Vushtrri' the preferred and official name used by the government and the vast majority of people in Kosovo, but it is also the common name. Here are some Google Scholar results that prove this:
 * https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22Vushtrri%22&btnG= - "Vushtrri" 881 results.
 * https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22Vu%C4%8Ditrn%22&btnG= - "Vučitrn" 572 results.
 * https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22Vushtrri%22+%22Kosovo%22&oq=%22Vushtrri%22 - "Vushtrri" + "Kosovo" 874 results.
 * https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22Vu%C4%8Ditrn%22+%22Kosovo%22&btnG= - "Vučitrn" + "Kosovo" 476 results.

Additionally, recent trends are also important in choosing the name of an article. Therefore, looking for searches since 2018 yields the following results:
 * https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2018&q=%22Vushtrri%22&btnG= - "Vushtrri" 297 results.
 * https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2018&q=%22Vu%C4%8Ditrn%22&btnG= - "Vučitrn" 132 results.
 * https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2018&q=%22Vushtrri%22+%22Kosovo%22&btnG= - "Vushtrri" + "Kosovo" 295 results.
 * https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2018&q=%22Vu%C4%8Ditrn%22+%22Kosovo%22&btnG= - "Vučitrn" + "Kosovo" 114 results.

As can be observed, in recent trends, the form 'Vushtrri' has more than doubled 'Vučitrn'. It should also be noted that Vushtrri is more English-friendly, as the 'č' letter does not exist in the English alphabet. A variety of sources can also be cited that display a trend of governments and international organisations labelling it as 'Vushtrri', but in this case, the search results should be enough. Botushali (talk) 07:09, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Strong Support per nomination and WP:COMMONNAME. The inhabitants of Vushtrri are more than 95% Albanian I fail to see a reason to use the Serbian name instead. The Albanian name also appears to be the most friendly and widely used name in English as per analysis above. Iaof2017 (talk) 12:35, 15 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. As in previous discussion, the filer failed to include "Vucitrn" (as a variation of "Vučitrn") in the search. If included, the results are different: 881 hit for "Vushtrri" and 958 hits for "Vučitrn", "Vuçitrn" and "Vucitrn" together .  Vanjagenije  (talk)  15:49, 15 January 2022 (UTC)
 * But if we combine "Vushtrri" and "Vushtri", we get over a thousand results (compare to 938 when combining the three variants of the Serbian name ), so the Albanian name is still more common. By the way, if you look at the first page of results, the articles using the Albanian names are usually more recent and those using the Serbian one.  Super   Ψ   Dro  17:38, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Support as the Albanian name is more common. Super   Ψ   Dro  17:38, 15 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Strong support per WP:NAMECHANGES, the "official" language of the region is Albanian.--Ortizesp (talk) 18:16, 15 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose. I agreed with Vanjagenije. Ничим неизазван (talk) 22:38, 15 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose, per Vanja's argument. Elserbio00 (talk) 11:14, 16 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment: I would like to state that two users have voted “oppose” using an argument that has already been deconstructed above. I urge all future voters to look at this move request from a reasonable, unbiased and logical standpoint - the combination of three separate versions of the Serbian name is still outnumbered by two separate versions of the Albanian name. It is time for Wikipedia to go along with the modern trend and call this article 'Vushtrri'. As previously mentioned, since 2018, the results on Google Scholar show that 'Vushtrri' comes up with double the results in comparison to 'Vuçitrn'. 'Vushtrri' is the common name and this should be reflected on the article. Botushali (talk) 12:02, 16 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support is right. We should include all variants. "Vushtrri" OR "Vushtri" OR "Vushtria" OR "Vushtrria" (Vushtria/Vushtrria are the definited forms of the Albanian toponym): 1150 results (2000-2022) vs. "Vučitrn" OR "Vucitrn" OR "Vuçitrn" 746 results (2000-2022). Academic use favors a rename to Vushtrri. But we should also check use outside academic sources to determine which toponym people use the most in everyday life. Google ngrams:  It's obvious that Vushtrri has overtaken Vučitrn since the early 1990s, which is expected as over 98% of the population are Albanians. The article should be renamed to reflect common academic and everyday use.--Maleschreiber (talk) 14:11, 16 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support The Albanian form is more common, plus it is the official name used in the language of the majority of the population there. For anyone confused by Vanjagenije's argument above, please also read the clarification by Super . Çerçok (talk) 23:22, 16 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment: Folks, check the non-English names in the USA toponyms. Please, stop historical revisionism! Ничим неизазван (talk) 01:46, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
 * That’s not a sufficient counter argument at all. This is not “historical revisionism”, this is updating Wikipedia articles to reflect current trends and realities. Botushali (talk) 02:57, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose Looking at the Google Scholar diffs, the nationality of the scholar dictates the naming convention with those who are Serbian using Vučitrn and those who are Albanian using Vushtrri. The small number of non-Balkan scholars use both names in their work Vučitrn/Vushtrri. The diffs only demonstrate the common name is common amongst ethnic Albanian scholars and not worldwide. A search of grey literature could provide a solution to this. ElderZamzam (talk) 05:49, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support Vushtrri is by far the most popular google trends. even in Serbia Vushtrri is the more common. Durraz0 (talk) 15:28, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Very interesting, I haven't checked google trends. It looks like almost nobody outside of Serbia is searching for 'Vučitrn'. Academic and everyday search frequencies show an overwhelming support for Vushtrri.--Maleschreiber (talk) 19:34, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Support Per nominator, the Albanian name is used more nowadays. --Vacant0 (talk) 21:12, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination and arguments raised above by Maleschreiber, and Durraz0, among others. Uniacademic (talk) 21:45, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nominator. As shown above, Vushtrri is more common. – Βατο (talk) 00:31, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. Like the admins and other editors pointed out (which the OP has neglected to present accurately): "Vushtrri" has 881 hits while "Vučitrn" has 958. Vushtrri is more used by ethnic Albanian scholars than being an actual worldwide trend, and therefore, I am not exactly convinced on why to support the RM. The editors should follow Wikipedia's naming guidelines, and OP Botushali really ought to slow down with the multiple RMs they have initiated the last couple of days (noticed the one here as well, by the same OP, on the same day). While there is no Wikipedia rule limiting editors on how many RMs they may initiate at once, trying to change articles into Albanian names, while failing to accurately present all the evidence (missing statistics favoring the current name), concerns me as it may suggest that there is an attempt to make a narrative where the proposed name is more commonly used, while it isn't. I can't exactly say that this is really helpful for the readers, nor for the WP:BALKANS topic area which politically remains sensitive. --- ❖ SilentResident ❖ (talk ✉ | contribs ✎) 21:32, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Google scholar:1150 results (2000-2022) vs. "Vučitrn" OR "Vucitrn" OR "Vuçitrn" 746 (The link provided by Vanjagenije only included Vushtrri vs. all variants of Vučitrn)
 * Google books ngrams:
 * Google trends (worldwide): All show that Vushtrri is used overwhelmingly more than Vučitrn. --Maleschreiber (talk) 23:16, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Incorrect. The vast majority of the sources in your results are Albanian. It doesn't change the fact that international usage of the terms (by third party sources), are more in favor of the current name over the proposed one. This is the International English Wikipedia, not the Albanian Wikipedia and I strongly believe that we shouldn't be changing names for articles of cities and towns without strong evidence for usage of these terms in English sources. Good day. --- ❖ SilentResident ❖ (talk ✉ | contribs ✎) 01:01, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * They're worldwide results. Most searches for any toponym will be in the language which is used by most people in a region. Naming guidelines in that cases favor the most used local name. --Maleschreiber (talk) 01:41, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * "Worldwide results" is a red herring here; the results using the RM's proposed name aren't from third party sources, are -in their vast majority- Albanian websites and authors. You may argue indefinitely about bits and things, but I am not convinced by such arguments. Good day. --- ❖ SilentResident ❖ (talk ✉ | contribs ✎) 02:07, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Google search provides a global index. If you want to call it "Albanian sites" that's on you, but it's not an argument against the rename but for it. Per NCGN, if a local name is the one used more commonly then the article gets renamed to that title.--Maleschreiber (talk) 02:22, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Considering that this isn't the first time we meet in a RM (you came to the RM at Imia), I think you know me well enough so that you can tell whether my similar positions in both RMs isn't a mere coincidence, but my actual approach: where there has been history and are politically sensitive topics, such as Turkey-Greece or Albania-Serbia, then, in my opinion, is better for Wikipedia to reflect on international community and third party sources rather than on what local sources and views do say. You may find it impractical or absurd, but considering how sensitive these topic areas are politically, my position is not just in line with Wikipedia's naming guidelines, but also as neutral as it can get. Good day. --- ❖ SilentResident ❖ (talk ✉ | contribs ✎) 03:02, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * If you want to be objective and neutral, start from objective reality: most data show Vushtrri as the top result and it is the language the locals. Right now you're !opposing the name used by the locals and most people who are searching for this town online in favor of a name used in just one country. The last Kosovo vote you took part in is [] and you !opposed the move - but it was moved. Maybe this is the time for some reflection. Good day.--Maleschreiber (talk) 03:15, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The reality is that not every RM can end however you want it. My own RM, where you oppose!voted, was closed with a large majority in favor of my arguments, and when the RM closure was reviewed, the closure was endorsed unanimously, with many votes which is unprecedented for my standards. But that doesn't matter I am afraid: In some RMs the consensus may be opposite of what we vote, and that's absolutely natural and we can only accept it and move on. Now, I kindly ask that you respect my votes, no matter however I cast them, even if they are based on what I believe to be better for the Wikipedia project as whole, instead of reflecting on what others may have voted in past RMs. --- ❖ SilentResident ❖ (talk ✉ | contribs ✎) 03:43, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Google Scholar has a function to search English-only sources. Vučitrn (notice the "lr=lang_en" at the url) gets 542 results ("Vučitrn" OR "Vuçitrn" OR "Vucitrn" get 548) while Vushtrri gets 595 ("Vushtrri" OR "Vushtri" get 659). Super   Ψ   Dro  22:34, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Google Scholar has a function to search English-only sources. Vučitrn (notice the "lr=lang_en" at the url) gets 542 results ("Vučitrn" OR "Vuçitrn" OR "Vucitrn" get 548) while Vushtrri gets 595 ("Vushtrri" OR "Vushtri" get 659). Super   Ψ   Dro  22:34, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:NCGN. Google scholar, google books, general google results all strongly show that Vushtrri is more common than Vucitrn. The results searched should be after 1999 (Kosovo War) per WP:WIAN: As is normal for a city of Kosovo where 95%+ are Albanians, the more commonly searched named online is the Albanian one. NCGN proposes in such circumstances that  That name in all cases is Vushtrri.-- Bes-ART  Talk  23:30, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose The most ridiculous claim that I read here is that "even in Serbia Vushtrri is the more common". It would be nice if people in this discussion would stick to facts. This is obviously part of the same initiative to promote Albanian names of cities (see discussion for name change from Lipljan to Lipjan). Having that in mind, I will repeat what I stated there, as situation here is very similar: "This is Wikipedia in English language. It makes no sense that names of cities in English language should change every time when political situation on Balkans changes (which happens very often, as we all know). Of course that Albanian version of the name is going to be more present on recent Google results, having in mind that it is officially in use currently (and as a result - there are many official documents mentioning it). But I don't see that as a valid reason for name change in English language. If Kosovo was not renamed to Kosova (Albanian version of the name) on Wikipedia, I don't see justification for this change either." Tresnjevo (talk) 01:47, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose Counting 4 or 5 versions of Albanian pronunciation together does not make it "common", good God. Vucitrn has been in use since the Middle ages and it is more common in works by international scholars. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:10, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * This vote completely ignores the evidence presented here - ‘Vushtrri’ on its own is actually more common than ‘Vučitrn’ on its own, as has been shown above. ‘Vučitrn’ can only beat ‘Vushtrri’ when other versions of ‘Vučitrn’ are counted, so why can we not do the same about ‘Vushtrri’ and the different versions? You cannot be selective about the evidence. Botushali (talk) 13:35, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Support The results which we can't decipher entirely about the language they're in although the majority are in English/German/French show way more hits for Vushtrri. If there is an English WP:COMMONNAME it is Vushtrri. If there is no English WP:COMMONNAME then the most frequent local name (Vushtrri) gets to be the title of the article. Ahmet Q. (talk) 18:45, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The Google scholar results show nothing, only that Albanian authors use "Vushtrri" and Serbian authors use "Vucitrn". Google scholar results have an exclusively narrow focus. On the other hand, Google Books results from the 21st century show 3500 hits for "Vucitrn" and only about 500 for "Vushtrri" or "Vushtrria" . Google Earth and Google Maps also uses "Vucitrn". Interestingly, while Google Earth and Google Maps use the Albanian name for most places in Kosovo, they do not do so for Vucitrn and Lipljan. It's a bid odd, but that's what it is. Khirurg (talk) 20:59, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Google books results are fewer than google scholar which includes all indexed gb results. There aren't 3500 results for Vucitrn but 26-28 pages x 10 results/page = 260-280 results. Google Books results in list format are just the Google Books ngrams results in non-graphic format: And if you search for google trends (worldwide): You're not bringing up something which isn't already in the discussion. You proposed such use of gbooks results at the discussion about Peja as an !oppose argument. But it's verifiably not correct.--Maleschreiber (talk) 22:29, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Support WP:NCGN: When a widely accepted English name, in a modern context, exists for a place, we should use it. This will often be a local name, or one of them; but not always. If the place does not exist anymore, or the article deals only with a place in a period when it held a different name, the widely accepted historical English name should be used. If neither of these English names exist, the modern official name (in articles dealing with the present) or the modern local historical name (in articles dealing with a specific period) should be used. None of the names is really common in English, as GB/GS show. None of the names in used by a considerable margin compared to the other. This way the official and the name used by the local population of the city should be used as per the cited policy above. Albanian is the first official language of the municipality and the name used by the local population. Serbian is the second official language but not used in all of the municipality's documents and not used by over 98% of the local people (who are ethnic Albanians).Alltan (talk) 16:53, 21 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support There is no "common English name" for this municipality and town. The two names are used in GoogleBooks and GoogleScholar results without a large margin compared to each other. Such cases are solved by WP:NCGN where it says that "If no name can be shown to be widely accepted in English, use the local name". The local population is almost 100% Albanian. Apart from this, the first official name used by the local authorities is the Albanian one. The only name used in every single document of the local authorities. Generally speaking, the articles of Kosovo municipalities with an Albanian majority should use the Albanian name, and the others the Serbian one. Ktrimi991 (talk) 00:17, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose Majority of Albanians using the Albanian language version for Vucitrn, obviously, as presented at the Google Scholar diffs does not mean that is the case not worldwide nor is it a very strong argument. MareBG (talk) 00:40, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination. Jingiby (talk) 06:57, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support - per nomination by and 's informative comments. @Maleschreiber was spot on back in the previous RM and is again now.Resnjari (talk) 12:27, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose Per previous informative comments which do prove that there is no need for this change. Kosovo, not KosovA, or just take a look at numerous Greek cities or islands which are not named per the standard in Greek language, which is just proving my point, not to mention that Google search results are not completely relevant, only a part of the human population is regullary using Google. Вукан Ц (talk) 19:19, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose It is a traditional and established name in English, other names can certainly be regulated by redirects. --Djordjes (talk) 16:42, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 *  Support The proposed name is widely used in Google Books and Google Scholars results, and is the local and first official name in line with WP:NCGN. If editors can't agree on a common English name, then the local and first official name are used for the article per the relevant policy. Lijaeujit (talk) 18:19, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * your vote here is your very first edit, and only edit, as a registered user. Could you please explain why this is the case and how you know Wikipedia guidelines (naming conventions) as a first time user? I am very interested to know. ElderZamzam (talk) 21:34, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose Google search results from intro. post are too narrow and selective. We could remove the Slavic ch from the title and that could probably make it more neutral. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:55, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

Vushtrri
Vushtrria urban have 27,272 population, not 26... 2003:C5:7721:30E0:B1D1:3324:4444:FCFE (talk) 13:19, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vushtrri


text:
Kaohsiung Museum of Shadow Puppet

The Kaohsiung Museum of Shadow Puppet is a museum in Gangshan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

History
Kaohsiung County Government began researching the establishment of a museum in 1986 as instructed by the Council for Cultural Affairs (CCA) and the Taiwan Provincial Government Department of Education. Plains to build the museum were proposed by the Council for Cultural Affairs in 1987. The design of the museum building was completed in 1988 and construction took place between 1991 and 1993. The museum was officially opened on 13 March 1994. In September 2010, the building was damaged by Typhoon Fanapi. Subsequently, the museum was closed for reparation works and reopened in March 2012.

Architecture
The museum was designed by Chiu Kun-liang. It has eight sections which spreads across four floors and basement, which are lobby, performance area, exhibition area, digital shadow play theater, experience area, reference room, promotion and research center and creative cultural product area.

Transportation
The museum is accessible within walking distance south of Gangshan station of Taiwan Railways and Kaohsiung Metro.

title: Kaohsiung Museum of Shadow Puppet


text:
Talk:David Rokeby

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Talk:David Gates (author)

In 1987 Gates wrote a review for Newsweek of David Herbert Donald's Pulitzer Prize winning biography of Thomas Wolfe (Looking Homeward) that was considered scurrilous and defamatory toward the subject of that book by those familiar with Wolfe and his work, and inappropriate and undignified by those concerned with journalistic standards more generally, being an egregious example of the middlebrow philistinism Wolfe ridiculed; sadly coming from someone who should have known better. (Newsweek, February 2, 1987). — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:41, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

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text:
User:Mtv52/Evaluate an Article

Article Evaluation
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article: Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen

 * Is the article's content relevant to the topic? All information present is relevant to Recklinghausen.
 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong? One of the sources cited lists 12 works in his written works, but only 8 are in the article. In addition, the article lists his medical discoveries, but not how he came to making the discoveries. More about his time at Würzburg could also be added, as well as elaborating on what his "important studies" on the heart and circulation were specifically about.

 * Is the article neutral? The article maintains its neutrality throughout.
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented? Information about his time as a professor are noticeably missing.

 * Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information? There are only two citations in the article, suggesting that more can be done to accurately cite the information.
 * Check a few links. Do they work? The source links work but there are only three provided (though only two are referenced). More sources would drastically help improve the article.
 * Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic? There are only three main sections to the article, and only two of them are paragraph sections. Adding a section about more of his research (like his "important studies" on the heart and circulation) can help improve the article.
 * Are images well-captioned? The only image provided is not captioned.

 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic? Only two conversations are present on the talk page, both by students in this course. Tranlsating sources into English and adding info about his time teaching are suggested.
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects? The article is rated Start-Class and a part of WikiProject Germany and Wikiproject Biography
 * How can the article be improved? As previously stated, more English sources and citations, more about how he made his discoveries and what his studies about the heart and circulation detailed, and more about his time at Würzburg and Strassburg.

~

title: User:Mtv52/Evaluate an Article


text:
bilis

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) bile

Noun

 * 1)  billiards, pool game

Etymology
From. de Vaan notes that the word is only found in Latin and Brythonic (🇨🇬) and does not rule out a borrowing for both; however, it could instead be a derivative of a preform, from , referring to the substance's bitterness.

Noun

 * 1) bile
 * 2)  anger, gall

Noun

 * 1) dog

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) bile

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬. See also.

Noun

 * 1) speed
 * 2) promptness; quickness
 * 3) velocity
 * 4)  ultimate syllabic stress
 * 1) velocity
 * 2)  ultimate syllabic stress
 * 1)  ultimate syllabic stress

Interjection

 * 1) faster! hurry up; quick!

title: bilis


text:
Θάψος

Etymology
name, but of unknown meaning.

Proper noun

 * 1) Thapsus, Tunisia
 * 2) Thapsos, Sicily

title: Θάψος


text:
Cookbook talk:Chicken Madras

This module was originaly published as the Wikipedia article Chicken Madras. The page history at the time the page was moved is included below:

* (cur) (last). . m 04:06, 21 Apr 2004. . Gentgeen (oops) * (cur) (last). . 04:05, 21 Apr 2004. . Gentgeen (transwiki boilerplate) * (cur) (last). . m 15:00, 19 Apr 2004. . Cyrius (sp) * (cur) (last). . m 16:51, 18 Apr 2004. . SimonArlott * (cur) (last). . 14:01, 18 Apr 2004. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . 14:01, 18 Apr 2004. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . 13:56, 18 Apr 2004. . Guanaco (msg:delete) * (cur) (last). . m 13:53, 18 Apr 2004. . SimonArlott (fix italics) * (cur) (last). . 13:53, 18 Apr 2004. . SimonArlott (fix heading, add msg:stub) * (cur) (last). . 13:51, 18 Apr 2004. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . 13:51, 18 Apr 2004. . <IP_ADDRESS>

title: Cookbook talk:Chicken Madras


text:
South Hertfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)

South Hertfordshire was a constituency in Hertfordshire which returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was created for the February 1974 general election and abolished for the 1983 general election when it was mainly replaced by the new Hertsmere constituency.

Boundaries

 * Statutory definition
 * The Urban District of Potters Bar;
 * the Rural District of Elstree;
 * in the Rural District of St Albans the parishes of Colney Heath, London Colney, and St Stephen; and
 * in the Rural District of Watford the parish of Aldenham.

 * Components' immediate predecessor seats

 * The land of the Urban District of Potters Bar in local government administration-abolished Middlesex has been in Hertfordshire since the creation of Greater London in 1965. It now moved into this new seat from the abolished Enfield West seat.

 * The Rural District of Elstree was in the abolished Barnet seat.

 * The three St Albans district parishes came from the very long-lived St Albans seat and Aldenham came from South West Hertfordshire.

 * Components' immediate successors

 * Colney Heath went back to the St Albans seat and St Stephen transferred to the Watford seat.

 * The rest formed most of the new constituency of Hertsmere.


text:
J. Long

Jaime Lynn Long (born June 10, 1985), better known by his stage name J.Long, is an American singer, songwriter & multi instrumentalist. He was a frequent collaborator with hip hop group Pretty Ricky, and also featured the group on his own song "Personal Freak". In April 2015, before departing from the music industry, Long toured one last time with his bandmates in Europe. He remained on hiatus until releasing new music in 2023.

Early life
Long was born into a family of musicians. His uncle, Huey Long (1904–2009), was an African-American jazz and R&B guitarist of the pop group The Ink Spots. By age 17, he was selling beats recorded on equipment his stepfather, Melvin Hudnall, bought him. As he developed as an artist, he cited gospel quartet and the likes of musicians D'Angelo & Prince as a heavy influence. Long has since earned credits for singing, songwriting, producing.

Career
Long signed his first record deal soon after graduating high school, joining NBA player Steve Francis's label ISOH Entertainment. In 2006, Long released his Six-10 mixtape through Mike Jones's Ice Age Entertainment label. His career began to take off with his 2008 single, "Berry Love" featuring his brother K.Bell. Long released his debut album Girl Listen in 2009, whose single "Personal Freak" hit #4 on Billboard. Other songs by Long feature artists Lil' Webbie and Juvenile. At one point, Long took a break from music for spiritual reasons. When he returned to the recording world, Long began to write and produce inspirational music, releasing an album entitled R & B (Redeemed and Blessed), featuring the single, "Jesus I Need You".

Long's solo record sales caught the attention of hip hop group Pretty Ricky, who were searching for a new singer to join the group. After signing with BlueStar Entertainment, Pretty Ricky did a remake of Long's highly successful Personal Freak. Long remained with the group from 2010 to 2012. During that time, he accompanied them on several tours, including BET's 106th & Park Tour. After he left the group in 2012, he later rejoined them on their European tour in April 2015.

In 2022, J. Long returned to the studio to record R&B (Redeemed and Blessed) Volume II. That album was released along with Couples Therapy Volume II and J.A.I.M.E. (Jesus Absolutely Is My Everything) in early 2023.

Personal life
In 2019, three years into their relationship, it was reported that Long married author and criminal justice advocate Cyntoia Brown. Wes Yoder, a representative for both Long and Brown, confirmed the marriage and stated that the details of how the two met could be found in Cyntoia Brown Long's memoir through Atria Books.

Long, along with his wife, founded a nonprofit organization together in the fall of 2019. The Foundation for Justice, Freedom, and Mercy or The JFAM Foundation, exists to amplify narratives relating to social and criminal justice in the hopes that it can empower individuals who are at risk of exploitation or criminal justice system involvement. In addition to his work in the charitable sector, Long is owner of a Texas healthcare company.

Brazilian Jiu Jitsu
In addition to his music career, Long dedicated himself to training Jiu Jitsu. He has also competed in martial arts tournaments. On his social media pages, Long has posted photos and videos showing that he is actively involved in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, earning his blue belt in November 2020. In August 2020, he was named the winner of the Good Fight Tournament Feather weight division, and finished in second place of the Tournament Lightweight division.

title: J. Long