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General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Eukaryotes/Animals/Phyla

Introduction to animal phyla
There currently are almost 40 recognized phyla.

Phylum — Number of Species — Common Name
 * Placozoa — 1
 * Monoblastozoa — 1
 * Rhombozoa — 50
 * Orthonectida — 50
 * Porifera — 9,000 — sponges (figures)
 * Cnidaria — 9,000 — corals (figures)
 * Ctenophora — 100 — comb jellies
 * Platyhelminthes — 20,000 — flatworms (figures)
 * Nemertea — 900 — ribbon worms (figures)
 * Rotifera — 1,800 — rotifers (figures)
 * Gastrotricha — 450 — gastrotrichs
 * Kinorhyncha — 150 — kinorhynchids
 * Nematoda — 12,000 — roundworms (figures)
 * Nematomorpha — 230 — horsehair worms
 * Priapula — 15
 * Acanthocephala — 700 — (figures)
 * Entoprocta — 150
 * Gnathostomulida — 80
 * Loricifera — 35
 * Annelida — 15,000 — segmented worms (figures)
 * Sipuncula — 250 — peanut worms (figures)
 * Echiura — 135
 * Pogonophora — 145 — beard worms
 * Vestimentifera — 8 — beard worms
 * Arthropoda — 957,000 — arthropods (figures)
 * Onychophora — 80
 * Tardigrada — 400 — water bears
 * Pentastomida — 95 — tongue worms
 * Mollusca — 100,000 — molluscs (figures)
 * Phoronida — 15
 * Ectoprocta — 4,500 — sessile zooids
 * Brachiopoda — 335 — lampshells
 * Echinodermata — 7000 — echinoderms (figures)
 * Chaetognatha — 100 — arrow worms (figures)
 * Hemichordata — 85 — acorn worms
 * Chordata — 50,000 — chordates (figures)

Phylum Porifera
The name Porifera means "pore-bearing".

This phylum is commonly called sponges. The number of species is estimated to be between 5,000 and 10,000. All are aquatic and almost all are marine.

Animals in this phyla have no true tissues, which means, for example, that they have no nervous system or sense organs. Although sponges are multicellular, they are described as being essentially at a cellular level of organization. They are sessile as adults, but have a free swimming larva.

Their bodies are porous. They are filter feeders; water flows in through many small openings (ostia), and out through fewer, large openings (osculum). They have inner and outer cell layers, and a variable middle layer. The middle layer often is gelatinous with spiny skeletal elements (called spicules) of silica or calcium carbonate, and fibres made of spongin (a form of collagen). Choanocytes are flagellated cells lining the inside of the body that generate a current, and trap and phagocytize food particles.

Their cells remain totipotent, or developmentally flexible: they can become any type of cell at any point in the sponge's development. This allows for the great regenerative power sponges have.

Sponges are an ancient group, with fossils from the early Cambrian (ca. 540 mya) and possibly from the Precambrian. Sponges often are abundant in reef ecosystems. They somehow are protected from predators (spicules? bad taste?).

Many organisms are commensals of sponges, living inside them. Some sponges harbor endosymbiotic cyanobacteria or algae (dinoflagellates, a.k.a. "zooxanthellae").

Phylum Cnidaria
Name comes from the Greek knide- meaning "nettle".

This phylum formerly known as phylum coelenterata consists of the jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, corals, sea pens, sea wasps, sea whips and box jellyfish. There are about 9,000 species. Almost all are marine. This is another ancient group, with fossils perhaps reaching back to 700 mya.

Cnidarians exhibit radial symmetry. Their basic body plan is a sac with a gastrovascular cavity, or a central digestive system. They have one opening, which serves as both mouth and anus. The body wall has an outer ectoderm, an inner endoderm, and a variable undifferentiated middle layer called mesoglea or mesenchyme that may be jelly-like. The mesoglea is NOT considered to be true mesoderm and so the Cnidaria are described as diploblastic. Tentacles usually extend from the body wall around the mouth/anus. There are two basic body plans: the polyp and the medusa. The polyp is sessile and attaches to substrate by the aboral end (i.e., the end away from the mouth). The medusa ("jellyfish") is a floating form, and looks like an upside-down version of the polyp. Some cnidarians only have the polyp stage, some have only the medusa stage, and others have both.

The typical life cycle of a cnidarian involves what is called "alternation of generations": an alternation between an asexual polyp stage and a sexual medusa stage.

The tentacles are armed with cnidae (or nematocysts), small intracellular "harpoons" that function in defense and prey capture. When fired, the cnidae deliver a powerful toxin that in some cases is dangerous to humans. The phylum is named after the cnidae.

Cnidarians have no head, no centralized nervous system, and no specialized organs for gas exchange, excretion, or circulation. They do have a "nerve net" and nerve rings (in jellyfish).

Many cnidarians have intracellular algae living within them in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship (Dinoflagellates = zooxanthellae). This combination is responsible for much of the primary productivity of coral reefs.

There are three main classes in the phylum

 * Class Hydrozoa (hydras and Portuguese man-of-war are well-known but atypical examples of this Class)
 * Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)
 * The medusa stage is dominant and the polyp stage often is reduced.
 * Class Anthozoa (sea anemones, most corals)
 * No medusa (jellyfish) stage, so sexual reproduction occurs in the polyp stage in this group. The polyps also can reproduce asexually, which is how individual "corals" grow.

Phylum Platyhelminthes
Name means "flat worm"

Most members of this phylum are parasitic (flukes and tapeworms), but some are free living (e.g., planaria). There are about 20,000 species.

They are dorsoventrally compressed (i.e., "flat").

Animals in this phylum are acoelomate, triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, and unsegmented. Platyhelminths have a simple anterior "brain" and a simple ladder-like nervous system. Their gut has only one opening. Flatworms have NO circulatory or gas exchange systems. They do have simple excretory/osmoregulatory structures (protonephridia or "flame cells").

Platyhelminths are hermaphroditic, and the parasitic species often have complex reproductive (life) cycles.

There are four main classes of platyhelminths:

 * Class Turbellaria (mostly free living flatworms, e.g., planaria)
 * Class Monogenea (parasitic flukes)
 * Class Trematoda (parasitic flukes, e.g., liver fluke and the human blood fluke, Schistosoma)
 * Class Cestoda (tapeworms)
 * Cestodes are endoparasitic in the gut of vertebrates. They do not have a mouth or digestive system.

Phylum Rotifera
The Rotifers. The name means "wheel bearing," a reference to the corona, a feeding structure (see below).

They are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, and unsegmented. They are considered pseudocoelomates.

Most less than 2 mm, some as large as 2 – 3 mm.

Rotifers have a three part body: head, trunk, and foot. The head has a ciliary organ called the corona that, when beating, looks like wheels turning, hence the name of the phylum. The corona is a feeding structure that surrounds the animal's jaws. The gut is complete (i.e., mouth & anus), and regionally specialized. They have protonephridia but no specialized circulatory or gas-exchange structures.

Most live in fresh water, a very few are marine or live in damp terrestrial habitats. They typically are very abundant. There are about 2,000 species.

Parthenogenesis, where females produce more females from unfertilized but diploid eggs, is common. Males may be absent (as in bdelloid rotifers) or reduced. When males are present, sexual and asexual life cycles alternate. Males develop from unfertilized haploid eggs and are haploid. Males produce sperm by mitosis which can fertilize haploid eggs, yielding a diploid zygote that develops into a diploid female. Sexual reproduction occurs primarily when living conditions are unfavorable.

Most structures in rotifers are syncytial ("a mulitnucleate mass of protoplasm not divided into separate cells," or "a multinucleated cell") and show eutely (here, "constant or near-constant number of nuclei").

Phylum Nematoda
Name from the Greek for "thread".

This phylum consists of the round worms. There are about 12,000 named species but the true number probably is 10 - 100 times this!

These animals are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented pseudocoelomates. They are vermiform, or wormlike.

In cross-section, they are round, and covered by a layered cuticle (remember this cuticle !!). Probably due to this cuticle, juveniles in this phylum grow by molting. The gut is complete. They have a unique excretory system but they lack special circulatory or gas-exchange structures. The body has only longitudinal muscle fibers. The sexes are separate.

Nematodes can be incredibly common, widespread, and of great medical and economic importance. They are parasites of humans and our crops. They can live pretty much anywhere.
 * In one rotting apple, there can be up to 90,000 nematodes, and in one tablespoon of coastal mud, there can be 236 species of nematodes!

Nematodes can be free living or important parasites of our crops, or of humans and other animals. They have become very important in development studies, especially the species Caenorhabditis elegans, presumably due to its small size and constancy of cell number (eutely - 959 cells in C. elegans).

Phylum Annelida
Name means "ringed", from the Greek annulatus.

This phylum consists of earthworms, leeches, and various marine worms given many different names (e.g., sand worms, tube worms). There are about 12,000 - 15,000 species.

Animals in this phylum are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, segmented coelomates. Development is typically protostomous. They have a complete circulatory system, and a well-developed nervous system. Typically, each segment has paired epidermal "bristles" (setae or chaetae).

Most are marine but they are successful occupants of almost anywhere sufficient water is available. They can be free living, parasitic, mutualistic, or commensalistic.

Major advances of this phylum include the true coelom, segmentation, both longitundinal and circular muscles, a closed circulatory system and, for most, a more advanced excretory system (metanephridia).

There are three main classes of Annelids

 * Class Oligochaeta (earthworms)
 * Class Polychaeta (marine worms, fan worms, sand worms, paddle worms)
 * Class Hirudinea (leeches)

Phylum Arthropoda

Name means "jointed feet".

This phylum consists of spiders, ticks, mites, insects, lobsters, crabs, and shrimp, and is the largest of all the phyla. So far, over 1 million species have been named, and it is likely that the true number out there is 10 - 100 times greater.
 * This phylum also includes the extinct trilobites, which were prevalent in the Paleozoic era. Because of their exoskeletons, these animals fossilized well and over 4000 species have been named.

These animals are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, protostome coelomates. The coelom is generally reduced to portions of the reproductive and excretory systems. They have an open circulatory system.

The most notable advancement of this phylum is a rigid exoskeleton. It has major implications in these organisms' locomotion, flexibility, circulatory systems, gas exchange systems, and growth. It also was partially responsible for the ability of the arthropods to move on to land.

There are several major groupings of arthropods:
 * Major subgroups include:
 * The chelicerates (eurytperids, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, ticks) have clawlike feeding appendages. They lack antennae and usually have simple eyes.
 * The Trilobites...they get their own grouping
 * The uniramians (centipedes, millipedes, insects) have one pair of antennae and unbranched (uniramous) appendages.
 * The crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, lobsters, barnacles and many others) have two pairs of antennae and branched (biramous) appendages.
 * Major Classes Include
 * Class Arachnida (mites, scorpions, spiders, ticks)
 * Class Diplopoda (millipedes)
 * Class Chilopoda (centipedes)
 * Class Insecta (insects)
 * Class Crustacea (crabs, crayfish, lobsters, shrimp)

Phylum Mollusca
Name means "soft".

This phylum consists of snails, slugs, bivalves, chitons, squids, octopus, and many others. About 110,000 species

All molluscs have a similar body plan:

 * A muscular foot, usually used for movement.
 * A visceral mass, containing most of the internal organs.
 * A mantle, a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes the shell, if present.
 * Most have a radula, or a rasping organ to scrape food.

Molluscs are bilaterally symmetrical, or secondarily asymmetrical. They are coelomates, but the coelom generally has been greatly reduced; the main body cavity is a hemocoel. Development is typically protostomous. The gut is complete with marked regional specialization. Large, complex, metanephridia (excretion).

Many molluscan life cycles include a trochophore larva. This stage also is characteristic of annelids.

There are several major classes of molluscs:

 * Class Polyplacophora (chitons)
 * Class Gastropoda (snails, limpets, conchs, slugs, nudibranchs)
 * Class Bivalvia (clams, mussels, scallops, oysters)
 * Class Cephalopoda (squids, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish)
 * Class Scaphopoda (tusk shells)

Phylum Echinodermata
Name means "spiny skin"

This phylum consists of sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.

Echinoderms are mostly sessile or very slow moving animals.

As adults, they are radially symmetrical, but in the larval stage, they are bilaterally symmetrical. They are considered deuterostomes.

Echinoderms are unique in that they have a water vascular system composed of a system of fluid-filled canals. These canals branch into the tube feet, which function in feeding, locomotion, and gas exchange.

There are six major classes of echinoderms:

 * Class Asteroidea (sea stars)
 * Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
 * Class Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars)
 * Class Crinoidea (sea lilies and sea feathers)
 * Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumber)

Phylum Chordata
Name means "the chordates", i.e., these animals have a notochord at some stage in their lifecycle.

This phylum consists of tunicates, lancelets, and the vertebrates.

There are four major features that characterize the phylum Chordata.

 * A notochord, or a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and the nerve cord. In most vertebrates, it is replaced developmentally by the vertebral column. This is the structure for which the phylum is named.
 * A dorsal hollow nerve cord which develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube located dorsal to the notochord. Other animal phyla have solid nerve cords ventrally located. A chordate nerve cord splits into the central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord.
 * Pharyngeal slits, which allow water that enters through the mouth to exit without continuing through the entire digestive tract. In many of the invertebrate chordates, these function as suspension feeding devices; in vertebrates, they have been modified for gas exchange, jaw support, hearing, and other functions.
 * A muscular, postanal tail which extends posterior to the anus. The digestive tract of most nonchordates extends the length of the body. In chordates, the tail has skeletal elements and musculature, and can provide most of the propulsion in aquatic species.

Chordates have a segmented body plan, at least in development. This segmentation evolved independently from the segmentation of annelids.

Three subphyla make up the phylum Chordata:

 * Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates): the adults are enclosed in a tunic made of a carbohydrate much like cellulose. They squirt water out of an excurrent siphon. Urochordates are characterized by errant (mobile and active) larvae and sessile adults. All are filter feeders. The only "chordate" characteristics retained in adult life are the pharyngeal slits. Larval urochordates look more like adult cephlochordates & adult vertebrates than adult urochordates.
 * Subphylum Cephalochordata: Cephalochordates are known as lancelets because of their blade-like shape; they are also known as amphioxus. They are marine animals and usually live on the bottom, but can swim.
 * Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates) ...

Formally, the phyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are considered invertebrates.

Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrata refers to the presence of vertebrae and a vertebral column.

This subphylum includes most of the animals with which most people are familiar.
 * Vertebrates show extreme cephalization.

The notochord generally is replaced by the cranium & vertebral column in adults.

Neural Crest Cells
Later in development, these give rise to many cells of the body, including some cartilage cells, pigment cells, neurons & glial cells of the peripheral nervous systems, much of the cranium, and some of the cells of the endocrine system.

Some scientists would like to classify the neural crest as the fourth germ layer.

Neural crest cells come from the dorsal edge of the neural plate, thus ectoderm.


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Rabatak inscription

The Rabatak Inscription is a stone inscribed with text written in the Bactrian language and Greek script, found in 1993 at Rabatak, near Surkh Kotal in Afghanistan. The inscription relates to the rule of the Kushan emperor Kanishka, and gives remarkable clues on the genealogy of the Kushan dynasty. It dates to the 2nd century CE.

Discovery
The Rabatak inscription was found near the top of an artificial hill, a Kushan site, near the main Kabul-Mazar highway, to the southeast of the Rabatak pass which is currently the border between Baghlan and Samangan provinces. It was found by Afghan mujahideen digging a trench at the top of the site, along with several other stone sculptural elements such as the paws of a giant stone lion, which have since disappeared.

An English aid worker who belonged to the demining organization HALO Trust, witnessed and took a photograph of the inscription before reporting the discovery. The photograph was sent to the British Museum, where its significance as an official document that named four kings of Kushan, was recognised by Joe Cribb. He determined that it was similar to an inscription found in the 1950s at Surkh Kotal by the French Archaeological Delegation in Afghanistan. Cribb shared the photograph with one of only a handful of living people able to read the Bactrian language, Nicholas Sims-Williams of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). More photographs arrived from HALO Trust workers, and a first translation was published by Cribb and Sims-Williams in 1996.

Because of the civil war in Afghanistan years passed before further examination was possible. In April 2000 Jonathan Lee, an English specialist in Afghan history, travelled with Robert Kluijver, director of the Society for the Preservation of Afghanistan's Cultural Heritage, from Mazar-i Sharif to Pul-i Khumri, the provincial capital of Baghlan, to locate the stone. It was eventually found in a storehouse at the Department of Mines and Industry. Lee took photographs that allowed Sims-Williams to publish a more accurate translation, and another translation once Sims-Williams had examined the stone in person (2008).

In July 2000 Robert Kluijver travelled with a delegation of the Kabul Museum to Pul-i Khumri to retrieve the stone inscription (weighing between 500 and 600 kg). It was brought by car to Mazar-i Sharif and flown from there to Kabul. At the time the Taliban had a favorable policy towards the preservation of Afghan cultural heritage, including pre-Islamic heritage. The inscription, whose historical value had meanwhile been determined by Sims-Williams, became the centrepiece of the exhibition of the (few) remaining artifacts in the Kabul Museum, leading to a short-lived inauguration of the museum on 17 August 2000. Senior Taliban officials objected to the display of pre-Islamic heritage, which led to the closing of the museum (and the transfer of the Rabatak inscription to safety), a reversal of the cultural heritage policy and eventually leading to the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamyan and other pre-Islamic statuary (from February 2001 onwards).

Today the Rabatak inscription is again on display in the reopened Afghan National Museum, or Kabul Museum.

The Rabatak site, again visited by Robert Kluijver in March 2002, has been looted and destroyed (the looting was performed with bulldozers), reportedly by the local commander at Rabatak.

Religion
The first lines of the inscription describe Kanishka as:
 * "the great salvation, the righteous, just autocrat, worthy of divine worship, who has obtained the kingship from Nana and from all the gods, who has inaugurated the year one as the gods pleased" (Trans. Sims-Williams)

The "Arya language"
Follows a statement regarding the writing of the inscription itself, indicating that the language used by Kanishka in his inscription was self-described as the "Aryan language".
 * "It was he who laid out (i.e. discontinued the use of) the Ionian ("ιωνα", Yona, Greek) speech and then placed the Arya ("αρια", Aryan) speech."

Regnal eras
Also, Kanishka announces the beginning of a new era starting with the year 1 of his reign, abandoning the therefore "Great Arya Era" which had been in use, possibly meaning the Vikrama era of 58 BCE.

Territorial extent
Lines 4 to 7 describe the cities which were under the rule of Kanishka, among which four names are identifiable: Saketa, Kausambi, Pataliputra, and Champa (although the text is not clear whether Champa was a possession of Kanishka or just beyond it). The Rabatak inscription is significant in suggesting the actual extent of Kushan rule under Kanishka, which would go significantly beyond traditionally held boundaries:

Succession
Finally, Kanishka makes the list of the kings who ruled up to his time: Kujula Kadphises as his great-grandfather, Vima Taktu as his grandfather, Vima Kadphises as his father, and himself Kanishka:

 * "for King Kujula Kadphises (his) great grandfather, and for King Vima Taktu (his) grandfather, and for King Vima Kadphises (his) father, and *also for himself, King Kanishka" (Cribb and Sims-Williams 1995/6: 80)

Mukherjee translation

B. N. Mukherjee also published a translation of the inscription.

 * 1–3
 * "The year one of Kanishka, the great deliverer, the righteous, the just, the autocrat, the god, worthy of worship, who has obtained the kingship from Nana and from all the gods, who has laid down (i.e. established) the year one as the gods pleased."
 * 3–4
 * "And it was he who laid out (i.e. discontinued the use of) the Ionian speech and then placed the Arya (or Aryan) speech (i.e. replaced the use of Greek by the Aryan or Bactrian language)."
 * 4–6
 * "In the year one, it has been proclaimed unto India, unto the whole realm of the governing class including Koonadeano (Kaundinya< Kundina) and the city of Ozeno (Ozene, Ujjain) and the city of Zageda (Saketa) and the city of Kozambo (Kausambi) and the city of Palabotro (Pataliputra) and so long unto (i.e. as far as) the city of Ziri-tambo (Sri-Champa)."
 * 6–7
 * "Whichever rulers and the great householders there might have been, they submitted to the will of the king and all India submitted to the will of the king."
 * 7–9
 * "The king Kanishka commanded Shapara (Shaphar), the master of the city, to make the Nana Sanctuary, which is called (i.e. known for having the availability of) external water (or water on the exterior or surface of the ground), in the plain of Kaeypa, for these deities – of whom are Ziri (Sri) Pharo (Farrah) and Omma."
 * 9-9A
 * "To lead are the Lady Nana and the Lady Omma, Ahura Mazda, Mazdooana, Srosharda, who is called ... and Komaro (Kumara) and called Maaseno (Mahasena) and called Bizago (Visakha), Narasao and Miro (Mihara)."
 * 10–11
 * "And he gave same (or likewise) order to make images of these deities who have been written above."
 * 11–14
 * "And he ordered to make images and likenesses of these kings: for king Kujula Kadphises, for the great grandfather, and for this grandfather Saddashkana (Sadashkana), the Soma sacrificer, and for king V'ima Kadphises, for the father, and for himself (?), king Kanishka."
 * 14–15
 * "Then, as the king of kings, the son of god, had commanded to do, Shaphara, the master of the city, made this sanctuary."
 * 16–17
 * "Then, the master of the city, Shapara, and Nokonzoka led worship according to the royal command."
 * 17–20
 * "These gods who are written here, then may ensure for the king of kings, Kanishka, the Kushana, for remaining for eternal time healthy., secure and victorious... and further ensure for the son of god also having authority over the whole of India from the year one to the year thousand and thousand."
 * 20
 * "Until the sanctuary was founded in the year one, to (i.e. till) then the Great Arya year had been the fashion."
 * 21
 * "...According to the royal command, Abimo, who is dear to the emperor, gave capital to Pophisho."
 * 22
 * "...The great king gave (i.e. offered worship) to the deities."
 * 23

Note: This translation differs from Nicholas Sims-Williams, who has "Vima Taktu" as the grandfather of Kanishka (lines 11–14). Further, Sims-Williams does not read the words "Saddashkana" or "Soma" anywhere in the inscription.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rabatak inscription


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Princess and the Scribe

Princess and the Scribe (Princezna a písař) is a 2014 Czech television film directed by Karel Janák. It is a fairy tale action film. It premiered on 24 December 2014. It was viewed by more than 2 million people (51% share).

Cast

 * Matouš Ruml as Scribe Janek
 * Monika Timková as Princess Amálka
 * Maroš Kramár as Dietrich
 * Jiří Bartoška as the King
 * Petr Nárožný as Scapani
 * Jiří Hána as Ludvík
 * Radim Kalvoda as Herkul
 * Norbert Lichý as Stach
 * Bára Srncová as Marie
 * Jiří Dvořák as Přibík

Production
The film was shot during 2014 at Velhartice Castle, Martinice palace and on Ploučnice.

title: Princess and the Scribe


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Wikiversity:Original proposal

Brief summary of the original wikiversity proposal, which did not meet with complete approval.

Short summary of the old proposal

 * A center of learning using Wikimedia projects content as course material.
 * Initial scope of Wikiversity: something realistic that can be accomplished with the current set of tools available with MediaWiki software.
 * Mission: to test the limits of the wiki model both for developing electronic learning resources as well as for teaching and for conducting research and publishing results within a policy framework developed by the community.
 * Vision: a collaborative learning community structured to promote learning by engaging participants in scholarly activities within a wiki environment.
 * Two goals were identified:
 * E-teaching materials. The development and cataloging of tests, teaching materials that go beyond the scope of Wikibooks such as slides and videos, complete courses, and more. All this information must be presented from a neutral point of view and represent the current state of scientific research. Wikibooks will be used as a partner project where appropriate.
 * E-learning. A framework within which members of the community can actually take courses online.

Evaluation of the old proposal
A vote was held on the Wikiversity project proposal. The proposal got the required 2/3 majority (shortly).

In November the Board discussed the Wikiversity project and requested modifications to the proposal:

 * "Wikiversity proposal (http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikiversity) not approved, but we will approve it if some changes are made and if the community seems joyful about it, which may or may not require another vote. The board recommend rewriting the proposal to exclude credentials, exclude online-courses and clarify the concept of elearning platform. to be rewritten to exclude credentials and to clarify concept of e-learning."

title: Wikiversity:Original proposal


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Wikibooks talk:Naming conventions

I disagree with this system. I much prefer the Book:Title system for naming articles. There shouldn't be that many modules in a book that you'd need a 4X hierarchy. Gentgeen 11:17, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

interwiki
Doesn't the : seperater create a problem for inter wiki? Lets say I write a book on wikipedia, the chapters would be called something. This goes to wikipedia article something insted of the chapter on something. With interwiki growing and the likelyhood of a wiki named the same as a book growing, this may be a bad practice.

Yes, good point. I agree. Dan_AKA_Jack 17:10, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. We should be using subpages, but they are not enabled on the main namespace. Please, read my opinion about this topic on Wikibooks should use subpages. ManuelGR 13:26, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

subpages
Now we have subpages, I recommend using them. ManuelGR 18:17, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Do we agree on using subpages? If yes, we could put the recommendation on the "about" page itself, placed prominently on top, instead of recommending it only on the "talk" page and listing it as one of many many options. Is there a clear community opinion about this point already? Most of the new books still use the "booktitle:name" convention. I guess newcomers would also be happy about a clear directive for the future. (That does not mean that all existing books should be converted, but some would benefit.)
 * I would recomment:
 * Booktitle/chapterdescription
 * that is, only one layer of subpages, and use the description of the content instead of the chapter number (which would make including new chapters hard) --Andreas 14:13, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * While I am in favor of Sub-Pages I may ask: Is there actualy a way of converting pages without leaving hundreds of move pages. i.E. |Ada has about 103 pages - I would not want to convert that by hand. --Krischik 16:06, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Would using subpages apply just to textbooks or to everything? I wouldn't want to see Cookbook/Rice pudding, for example, but Biology/Chapter 3 is fine. TUF-KAT 16:25, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see any difference between the two, but I think that the first decission to take is wether to give a clear recommendation for new books to use subpages. I think we should. For current books, that is another issue, probably the best approach is to start promoting subpages and let the authors decide whether to change or maintain their current convention.  Only if the new convention is widely accepted then we can regard it as a new policy. ManuelGR 00:09, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I still think that there may be more benefits to real namespaces for books. Other wiki software packages provide namespace specific recent changes, searches, stylesheets, etc.  I can see a lot of benefits for each book operating as its own somewhat independent wiki.  The only benefit right now for subpages is the automatic linkback to the main page. I have no objection to them being used, but to suggest that all new pages and books be forced to use them is simply not a good idea. Gentgeen 01:40, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The mediawiki software currently only allows for 256 different namespaces (it is a TINYINT(2) variable in the SQL database), so the number of books getting the real benefit out of it would be comparatively small. I think, a mixed approach would be best: For the majority of small and medium-sized books subpages are the optimal thing to do, large projects, like "Cookbook:" or "Programming:" could have their own name-space if desired. Let us move the further discussion to Hierachy_naming_scheme.--Andreas 06:47, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Real-Namespaces
Just a thought: while 256 Real-Namespaces are not enough for all the books - they would be enough for Bookshelfes.

--Krischik 06:49, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Adding a new namespace requires minor changes to the software, or at least done on a developer level (developers also tend to be very Wikipedia-centric, and thus developments that would greatly help Wikibooks, eg. a way in the software to tell what book a given module is a part of, are held on the back burner). There was a large movement in the past of moving Cookbook and Programming (among others) to separate namespaces, but that idea largely died out - the idea however did transform into the ":" delimiter in WB:NC. As for bookshelves, part of the bookshelf overhaul was that they'd be moved under the Wikibooks namespace, to reserve the main module space for actual books. The bookshelves merely serve as an informal way of organizing books that exist. There are plans to have bookshelf management placed under the Card Catalog Office, but this is a very new idea that is in serious need of discussion. KelvSYC 08:04, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Using real namespaces would make it more difficult to move books between bookshelves, should the scope of those bookshelves evolve. The current POV in the CCO-project is to use Categories as much as possible. This way we can classify books not only by our bookshelves, but also by Dewey codes and Library of Congress codes (and anything else we might want to add in later). To change a book's classification would be a simple as changing a single parameter of a template to be included on the book's main page. - Aya T C 19:43, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Template naming conventions
moved to Wikibooks talk:Naming policy

category guidelines
Are there any tips or guidelines for using category tags? (A category tag starts with " ", then the name of the tag, then ends with " ". When a reader clicks on the tag, wikibooks automagically makes a list of every module that includes that tag -- this is often much more convenient than manually creating and maintaining such a list.)

Such category guidelines would say something like

 * make sure the category tag " " is on the "main module" of a programming language book, but no other module of the book. For example, you would put it on "C Programming", but not on "C Programming/Control".
 * Put the book-specific category tag on every module and template used in the book. For example, you would put the category tag " " on both modules "C Programming" and "C Programming/Control", but not on any modules in any other book.
 * make sure the category tag " " is on the book-specific category page. For example, you would put it on the " " category page.
 * It's fine to have a module or template have several different category tags. In particular, if a template is used in multiple books, put the book-specific category tag from each of those books on that template.

Is there a page for holding guidelines like this?

By the way, what is the difference between " " and " "?

--DavidCary 18:37, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi David - you are so right (in my view) to bring this up. It's one that has been lurking in my mind for a while now.  I see categories as very important and quite often badly handled.  That said you are posting this in quite a remote backwater of Wikibooks which will probably not be seen by many.  If you want to go to Category talk:Main page I promise I'll join it the conversation there (tho it will be tomorrow it being late in my timezone!).  Browsing Category:Main page will give you some idea how good and bad things can be - personally the Wikijunior section is pretty good but the rest ...
 * Hopefully see you there and get some discussion going about an important topic. Regards -- Herby  talk thyme 19:12, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Naming conventions


text:
Cookbook:Side Dishes

The category of side dishes is a somewhat general super-category in any cookbook.

One might best define a side dish in terms of the way it is served for a particular meal, as being:

 * “A medium-size portion of any primarily vegetable dish (including, for certainty, all grains and starches), which is served on the same plate with, or in a dish alongside, the main dish, that is not intended to be the main dish or a co-equal of the main dish, and, if in a separate dish, is not intended to be some other course, such as an appetizer or a dessert. The serving size of a side dish is larger than that of a mere accent item or condiment.”

In other words, the definition of a side dish is primarily based on what the item is intended to be, and is served as, taken in context.

For a complete, automatically generated, alphabetical list of pages which have been categorized, on their individual pages, as being a side dish see: Side dish recipes.

title: Cookbook:Side Dishes


text:
School:Mathematics/Undergraduate/Applied Mathematics

{|
 * - valign="top"
 * bgcolor="#E5C3E6" style="border:1px solid #cfcfcf;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0em;"|

WIKIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS - APPLIED MATHEMATICS
Applied mathematics is a branch of mathematics that concerns itself with the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains. Such applications include numerical analysis, mathematics of engineering, linear programming, optimization and operations research, continuous modelling, mathematical biology and bioinformatics, and many others.
 * rowspan=2 bgcolor="#EDCEEB" style="border:1px solid #cfcfcf;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0em;"|[[Image:Bessel_functions.png|thumb|300px|Bessel functions of the first kind. These functions are important in studying differential equations]]
 * - valign="top"
 * bgcolor="#FED9FF" style="border:1px solid #cfcfcf;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0em;"|

Structured courses
more needs to be added here
 * School:Mathematics/Foundation of mathematical concepts

Texts for reference

 * }


text:
William J. Craddock

William J. "Billy" Craddock (July 16, 1946 – March 16, 2004) was an American author who published two novels in the early 1970s chronicling psychedelic and biker culture in California in the 1960s. Doubleday published Craddock's books Be Not Content: A Subterranean Journal in 1970, and Twilight Candelabra in 1972. Craddock has been called one of the seminal chroniclers of the psychedelic period, along with Timothy Leary, Alan Watts and Andrew Weil.

Biography
Craddock was born July 16, 1946, in San Jose, CA; son of William O. (an executive) and Camille J. (Hatch) Craddock. He grew up in Los Gatos, California. He graduated from Los Gatos High School in 1964 and moved to San Jose to attend San Jose State College (now San José State University).

Craddock was editor of the underground newspaper The Mobius Strip, in 1966 and 1967. Craddock also wrote a column for the Los Gatos Times-Observer and, later, for a weekly in Santa Cruz, California. In 2007, the family of Neal Cassady republished Craddock's February 3, 1968 column eulogizing Cassady, whom he'd met at a party thrown by Ken Kesey near San Francisco. "The faster-than-light, holy beat power behind On the Road is gone. Cody, the incredible, always moving, sad-mad Dharma Bum is dead," Craddock wrote.

He married Carole Anne Bronzich on November 27, 1967. The marriage ended in divorce. He married Teresa Lynn Thorne on July 27, 1975, and moved to Santa Cruz, California, where he lived until his death in 2004. In Santa Cruz, Craddock operated a retailer of restored vintage motorcycles with musician Patrick Simmons of the Doobie Brothers. Also in Santa Cruz, Craddock began a friendship with the journalist Jay Shore, who in 1972 began publishing the alternative weekly Santa Cruz Times with Craddock as a contributor. When Shore suspended the newspaper and relaunched in 1975 as the Good Times (newspaper), Craddock joined as a weekly columnist, writing on a wide range of topics through 1989.

Be Not Content
Be Not Content: A Subterranean Journal was published in 1970. The book is structured as a story within a story: Abel gives the book manuscript to his friend Curt, who is on an LSD trip. The manuscript is then found by a friend named "mindless Eddie" (a result of too much LSD) who then eats it page by page.

Contemporary reviews were mixed. Martin Levin reviewing it in the New York Times said the journal "contains a chain of remarkably fresh impressions of the drug scene ranging from the funny to the horrible," confirming the book had something to offer for everybody - including a member of the "whiskey subculture" like Levin. Kirkus Reviews compared it to a bad trip that took forever.

In 1998, an excerpt was anthologized in The Walls Of Illusion: A Psychedelic Retro, edited by Peter Haining - a reviewer in the Birmingham Post (UK) called Craddock's excerpt "a moderately interesting period piece - nothing more, nothing less." Craddock's account of Kesey's Dec 18, 1965 Muir Beach Acid Test was included as a chapter of The Grateful Dead Reader (2000) by David Dodd and Diana Spaulding. The authors wrote that Craddock's account "Achieves the very psychedelic feeling he was chronicling — something only a few writers have been able to do."

By 2012, Craddock's works had been out of print for 42 years. Metro Silicon Valley carried a cover article on Craddock which said "If the Los Gatos native is indeed one of the era's preeminent chroniclers, acknowledgment has lagged. Not even a Wikipedia bio. Out of print for four decades, copies of Craddock's scarce gems fetch hundreds of dollars online." In 2012, Rudy Rucker's Transreal Books republished Be Not Content in full. "Few certifiably clued-in alumni of that scene, it seems, were left with enough cognitive fortitude to compile the definitive tale of the tribe," wrote Wired magazine contributor Steve Silberman about the Be Not Content reissue. "Now, however, another title has been added to the very short list of engaging books about the golden age of neuro-hacking." He was also featured on the cover of the Santa Cruz Weekly in July 2012. In 2020, Jay Shore, founding editor and publisher of Good Times, published a 50th anniversary edition of Be Not Content under his Backtrack Publishing imprint, including a number of additional writings by Craddock and an introduction by Craddock's sister, Diane Craddock.

title: William J. Craddock


text:
Kevin Percy

Kevin Percy (15 May 1935 – 2 September 2019) was a Team New Zealand field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

Percy died in Hastings on 2 September 2019.

title: Kevin Percy


text:
Polish/Prepositions as hints to declensions

Prepositions as hints to declensions
Prepositions, which generally show some sort of literal or figurative relationship between events, very rarely overlap exactly between different languages, both in literal and figurative usages. For example, to a non-native English speaker, it is not obvious why we talk about something, rather than talk on, at, or in something.

The correspondence shown below between some key Polish and English prepositions should not be taken as a relation in terms of meaning (semantics); it is only a rough approximation.

However, in Polish, both the choice of verb and the preposition (the Polish preposition, of course) are constrained by the declension. Once you develop some intuition as to which preposition you should use, or which declension, the relation between these can be used to guess the declension from the preposition or vice versa. Common links are as follows.

Note that some prepositions, these regarding to place, can be used with two possible cases. Usually, a locative or instrumental are used when the acting takes place in this place and accusative when it is going towards the place. Compare:
 * Kot siedzi na stole. - The cat sits on the table. (table - locative)
 * Kot wskakuje na stół. - The cat jumps onto the table. (table - accusative)
 * Kot nie wskakuje na stół. - The cat doesn't jump onto the table. (table still in accusative, not genitive, because it is not an object here!)

 * siedzi - 3rd person sing. present tense from "siedzieć" - sit
 * stół - table (gen. stołu, loc. stole, pl.nom. stoły)
 * wskakuje - 3rd person sing. present tense from "wskakiwać" - jump on


text:
The Once and Future King/The Sword in the Stone/Chapter 21

The Once and Future King - Book I: The Sword in the Stone - Chapter 21

Plot summary
Wart is sad, because Kay is being made a knight, and he will be only Kay's squire. Merlyn suggests that the Wart learn something, mentioning on the side the worthlessness of education to a laborer. As he warns that this is the last use of his magic, he turns Wart into a badger. Wart picks on a hedgehog and threatens to eat it, and the hedgehog asks for mercy by singing. Finally, when the hedgehog reveals he is one that was in Merlyn's hut, the Wart agrees to let the hedgehog go. Then, the Wart goes to see Badger, who tells a myth about how, when God was about to shape the embryos of the species, most animals requested specialization of their parts to help them. Man, though, said he would settle for the embryo shape, because God must have some plan in His mind. After God reveals man has solved the riddle, he gives them dominion over the other animals. Badger continues, questioning Man's ability at this leadership; he mentions he can only think of seven species that war against themselves. When the Wart protests, he asks, "Which did you like best, the ants or the wild geese?"

Analysis
Animals as governments - Badger ends by asking Wart whether he preferred the species that made war or the species that kept peace. Though Wart sees war as possibly noble, Badger reminds him that peace can accomplish much more. Badger also questions if humanity really holds the mankind is taken as an animal species.


text:
forty-ninth parallel

Noun

 * 1)  A nickname for the approximately 1200-mile (1900-kilometer) portion of the border between Canada and the USA, extending along the forty-ninth parallel of latitude from  to the Pacific Ocean.
 * 2)  A nickname for the entire border between Canada and the USA.

Translations

 * French:

title: forty-ninth parallel


text:
stockist

Noun

 * 1) A retailer or distributor who has stocks of a certain type of item for sale.
 * I need a replacement cartridge but I can't find a stockist.
 * I need a replacement cartridge but I can't find a stockist.

title: stockist


text:
Chinese (Mandarin)/Lesson 7

= Lesson 7: 这是什么? What's this? =

Text 1
You can check out the translations here.

Stroke orders

 * [[Image:王-bw.png|250px]]
 * [[Image:明-bw.png|450px]]
 * [[Image:李-bw.png|400px]]

More stroke orders will be added if it's helpful.

Chinese Names
In this lesson, we learn how to say "something is something" in Chinese. The first thing you need to know is that the sentence structure of Chinese is very similar to that of English in that they both follow the pattern of Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). But unlike many Western languages, verbs in Chinese aren't conjugated and noun and adjective endings don't change. They are never affected by things such as time or person.

这(/那)是什么？
This sentence means "What's this/that?":
 * 1) 这是什么？(What's this?)
 * 2) 那是什么？(What's that?)

The sentences, if broken down literally, shows that the ordering of words differs in English and Chinese:

The order of the sentences may seem a little bit tricky, but don't worry about that, we will discuss this later.

A　是　B
This sentence means "A is B."

"是" (shì), the equational verb to be, can be used as the English is or equals. When used in a simple Subject-Verb-Object sentence, the subject defines the object. Since Chinese verbs never change, no other forms for shì exist such as was or am in English. Also, articles like a and the are absent in Chinese. They are not translated.

For example:
 * 1) 这是书 (zhè shì shū): this is (a) book.
 * 2) 那是杂志 (nà shì zázhì): that is (a) magazine.

A　不是　B
This sentence means "A is not B." in which shì is negated when preceded by "不" (bu). "不" literally means "no", "not".

For example:
 * 这不是书 (zhè bú shì shū): this is not (a) book.

Now, we come back to the "what's this/that?" questions. We already see that the order is a bit tricky comparing to the English question order. But comparing to the latter pattern "A　是　B", we find the similarity: their orders are identically the same. In fact, like particles, question words make statements into questions without changing the order of the sentence. To make one, simply substitute the QW in where the subject would be in the answer.

Comparison:
 * 1) 这是书. (This is (a) book.)
 * 2) 这是什么？(This is what?)

 * 1) 那是杂志. (That is (a) magazine.)
 * 2) 那是什么？(That is what?)

吗
"吗"(ma) is a final interrogative particle used to form a question sentence. Adding this character at the end of a statement transforms the sentence into a question.

Example 1:
 * 这是书 (zhè shì shū). (This is (a) book.)
 * 这是书吗 (zhè shì shū ma)？(Is this (a) book?)
 * 这是书吗 (zhè shì shū ma)？(Is this (a) book?)

Example 2:
 * 这不是杂志 (zhè bú shì zázhì). (This is not (a) magazine.)
 * 这不是杂志吗(zhè bú shì zázhì ma)？(Isn't this (a) magazine?)
 * 这不是杂志吗(zhè bú shì zázhì ma)？(Isn't this (a) magazine?)

是/不
"是" (shì) can be used to answer a simple yes/no question. In this case, "是" means yes, whilst "不" (bú) or "不是" (bú shì) means no (literally, not is).

How to answer yes/no questions correctly in Chinese? Usually, it's the same as in English, but pay attention if the questions are negative, like "Isn't this a book?". In Chinese, you answer to the questions, not the fact. If the question itself is a negative answer, use "不是" or simply "不", vice versa. For example:
 * A: 这不是书吗？zhè bú shì shū ma? (Isn't this (a) book? = This is not a book, right?)
 * B: 是，这不是书. shì, zhè bú shì shū. (No, this is not (a) book. = You are right; this is not a book.)
 * B: 不，这是书. bù, zhè shì shū. (Yes, this is (a) book. = You're wrong; this is a book.)

A asks if that's a book in a negative way. If the object is not a book, you should nevertheless approve A's saying first. So we use "是" to acknowledge that A is correct, and then say "this is not (a) book" to emphasis A is right; In the case of that is a book, you should deny A's saying first, using "不" (no) to point out A is wrong, then make a new statement by noting that "这是书" (this is (a) book). One more example:
 * 他今天晚上不来参加宴会了，对吗？(He's not going to the party tonight, is he?)
 * 不，他肯定要来. (Yes, he's definitely coming.)
 * 是 啊，他很忙呢！(No, he's so busy!)

的
Character "的" (de) indicates that the previous word has possession of the next one. In English it functions like 's or like the word of but with the position of possessor and possessee switched. For example:
 * 1) 史密斯(Shǐmìsī)的书(shū: book) <-> Smith's book
 * 2) 王明的钢笔 <-> Wang Ming's pen
 * 3) 约翰** (Yuēhàn: John)的朋友** (péngyǒu: friend) <-> John's friend or a friend of John's

Exercise

 * 1) Replace the underline words, and practice.
 * 2) 史密斯是 美国人.
 * 3) *英国人
 * 4) *法国人
 * 5) 这不是 杂志.
 * 书
 * 1) *笔记本*
 * 2) *铅笔
 * 3) Replace the underline words, and then answer the questions with both positive answers and negative answers.
 * 4) *Example:
 * 5) *史密斯是 法国人 吗？
 * 6) **是，史密斯是 法国人.
 * 7) **不，史密斯不是 法国人.
 * 8) 那是 杂志 吗？
 * 9) *钢笔
 * 10) *铅笔
 * 11) *报纸*
 * 12) 王明是 学生 吗？
 * 13) *律师
 * 14) *老师*
 * 15) *作家*
 * 16) Translate the following English into Chinese.
 * 17) Wang Ming is not a teacher. Wang Ming is a student. Wang Ming is a Chinese. Wang Ming is not an American.
 * 18) *Answer(答):Wang Ming不是老師. Wang Ming是學生. Wang Ming是中國人. Wang Ming不是美國人.
 * 19) Smith is a lawyer. Smith is not a writer. Smith is an American. Smith is not a French.
 * 20) *Answer(答):Smith是律師. Smith不是作家. Smith是美國人. Smith不是法國人.
 * 21) This is Smith's book. That is Wang Ming's pen.
 * 22) *Answer(答):這是Smith的書. 那是Wang Ming的筆.

Translation for the text
de:Chinesisch: Lektion 7 Cinese/Lezione 7 Chiński/Podstawy/Lekcja 7

title: Chinese (Mandarin)/Lesson 7


text:
Bodil Honorary Award

The Bodil Honorary Award (Æres-Bodil, Honorary Bodil) is one of the special awards at the annual Danish Bodil Awards presented by the Danish Film Critics Association. It was awarded for the first time at the 2nd Bodil Awards in 1949, and pro re nata until 1997, since when it has been awarded annually.

1940s

 * 1949: Cinematographer Annelise Reenberg for shooting Kristinus Bergman

1950s

 * 1951: Former Minister of Finance H. C. Hansen for having lowered taxes on film
 * 1953: Cinematographer Kjeld Arnholtz for shooting The Crime of Tove Andersen
 * 1958: Composer Sven Gyldmark for the music to Bundfald
 * 1959: Charlie Chaplin

1960s

 * 1960: Cinematographer Henning Bendtsen for shooting Paw (1959)
 * 1961: Actor Dirch Passer because he "with a great talent has let himself be abused by Danish producers, and in the hope that he will soon get a part that will match his talent"
 * 1964: Cinematographer Henning Kristiansen for shooting Hvad med os? (1963) and School for Suicide (1964)
 * 1966: Cinema Director for his excellent way to run the Alexandra Cinema
 * 1967: Cinema Director Peter Refn for artistic and worthwhile repertoire at the Grand Theatre and the import of quality films
 * 1968: Cinema Director Ove Brusendorff for the good repertoire in Carlton Cinema
 * 1969: Cinema Director Peter Refn for importing Satyajit Ray's Indian masterpiece Pather Panchali

1970s

 * 1970: Film historian and handbook editor Bjørn Rasmussen for his five-volume encyclopaedia Filmens Hvem Hvad Hvor (The Who What and Where of Films)
 * 1971: Cinematographer Henning Camre for shooting Giv Gud en chance om søndagen
 * 1971: Cartoon Directors Flemming Quist Møller and Jannik Hastrup for the animated feature Benny's Bathtub
 * 1972: Cinematographer Carsten Behrendt-Poulsen for shooting Lenin, You Rascal, You (1972)
 * 1972: Film Editor Christian Hartkopp for good editing
 * 1974: Special Effects Designer Henning Bahs for special effects
 * 1976: Cinematographer Mikael Salomon, lifetime achievement award
 * 1977: Cinematographer Dirk Brüel, lifetime achievement award
 * 1978: Cinematographer Alexander Gruszynski for shooting the documentary Jenny (1977 film) (1977)

1980s

 * 1982: Cinematographer Dan Laustsen for shooting  (1981)
 * 1983: Cinematographer Jan Weincke for shooting Tree of Knowledge (1981) and Zappa (1983)
 * 1984: Film Importer Jan Vedersø from cinema 'Klaptræet' for quality imports
 * 1985: Film Producer Per Holst for his excellent work on Kærne Film and import of Wim Wenders' Paris, Texas (1984)
 * 1986: Set Designer Leif Sylvester Petersen for production design on The Dark Side of the Moon (1986)
 * 1988: Animation Director Jannik Hastrup, lifetime achievement award for his total production

1990s

 * 1992: Film Editor Ghita Beckendorff for her work as editor
 * 1993: Director Erik Balling, lifetime achievement award because "popular culture and quality are not two contradictory concepts"
 * 1994: Animation Director Flemming Quist Møller, lifetime achievement award for his many animated films, including Jungledyret Hugo
 * 1995: Screenwriter Niels Vørsel, lifetime achievement award for his work as a screenwriter, including The Kingdom
 * 1997: Actress Bodil Kjer, lifetime achievement award
 * 1998: Film Composer Joachim Holbek, lifetime achievement award for his work as a composer
 * 1999: Actor Ove Sprogøe, lifetime achievement award "for his efforts and long career in the Danish film"

2000s

 * 2000: Actress Marguerite Viby, lifetime achievement award
 * 2001: Film producers Peter Aalbæk Jensen, Ib Tardini, and Vibeke Windeløv for their and Zentropa's great importance to Danish film development through the 90s
 * 2002: Film Critic Morten Piil og Film Historian Peter Schepelern for their longstanding contribution to Danish film literature
 * 2003: Screenwriters Kim Fupz Aakeson, Anders Thomas Jensen, and Mogens Rukov, lifetime achievement awards for their screenplays
 * 2004: Anders Refn, lifetime achievement award for his work as a director, assistant director, editor etc.
 * 2005: Film Editor, lifetime achievement award for his work as an editor for several decades and as a consultant editor for a number of new directors and film editors
 * 2006: Kim Foss and Andreas Steinmann for their work with NatFilm Festival
 * 2007: Actress Helle Virkner, lifetime achievement award
 * 2008: Ib Monty, Marguerite Engberg, and Niels Jensen for their pioneering efforts for Danish film history, film studies, and film distribution
 * 2009: Director Jørgen Leth, lifetime achievement award for his documentary work through the ages

2010s

 * 2010: Carsten Myllerup, Linda Krogsøe Holmberg, and Jens Mikkelsen for founding the alternative film school Super16
 * 2011: Actor Henning Moritzen, lifetime achievement award
 * 2012: Actress Ghita Nørby, lifetime achievement award
 * 2013: Composer Bent Fabricius-Bjerre, lifetime achievement award
 * 2014: Actor Jesper Langberg, lifetime achievement award
 * 2015: Danish American actor Viggo Mortensen, lifetime achievement award
 * 2016: Anna Karina, lifetime achievement award
 * 2017: Henning Jensen (actor), lifetime achievement award
 * 2018: Lone Scherfig for her impressive career as a director
 * 72nd Bodil Awards: Arne Bro for his work as the head of the documentary line at the National Film School of Denmark

2020s

 * 73rd Bodil Awards: Michael Wikke and Steen Rasmussen (actor) for their great efforts for Danish family film
 * 74th Bodil Awards: The Danish cinemas, for their efforts after a historically difficult year of shutdown due to the covid-19 pandemic

title: Bodil Honorary Award


text:
Torah

The Torah is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. As the Torah is a religious text and open to interpretation by individuals, the Department of Torah study functions in discussion format.

Important Note: For the purposes of this department the term "Judaism" is non-denominational and does not refer to any particular movement of the Jewish religion.

Format and Contribution
The Torah is divided into a series of five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. The books are further divided into a series of portions called parshahs.

All projects offered by this Department will focus on one particular parshah. The format of a project is that of a discussion. The objective of this department is not to tell the individual how to interpret the text, but rather to foster a dialogue of potential interpretations. Discussions will be moderated according to Wikiversity policies regarding civility and relevance.

Torah is a religious concept. All individuals, regardless of religion are permitted and encouraged to contribute to this discussion. However, there is an expectation that all contributions will conform to a Jewish worldview and would be compatible with the religion Judaism. Contributions that do not satisfy this requirement will be considered vandalism. This is not a comparative religion forum nor is it a forum for the debate of different religions. If that is what you are looking for, please look elsewhere.

title: Torah


text:
Gwendolyn Bradley

Gwendolyn Bradley (Gwendolyn Bradley-Willemann) is an American soprano who performed on many opera and concert stages worldwide.

Early life
Bradley grew up in Bishopville, South Carolina as daughter of public school educators which were involved in the civil rights movement. After her high school music teacher recognized her talent, she received voice lessons at Coker College in Hartsville. Bradley was further trained at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem, the Curtis Institute of Music and the Academy of Vocal Arts in Philadelphia.

Singing career
Gwendolyn Bradley's debut was as Nannetta in Verdis's opera Falstaff at the Lake George Opera in 1976. After a very successful concert in New York in 1979 she established herself at the Metropolitan Opera, starting in 1981 as Nightingale in L'Enfant et les sortilèges (Ravel) and continuing for the next nine seasons singing such roles as Fiakermilli in Arabella, Blondchen in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos, Olympia in Les contes d'Hoffmann, the title role of Stravinsky's Le Rossignol, Clara in Porgy and Bess and especially as Gilda in Rigoletto. From her first appearance on March 20, 1977, to her last on January 27, 1990, Bradley sang in 108 performances at the Metropolitan Opera. She performed also in other American opera houses like the Memphis Opera, the Michigan Opera Theatre or the Central City Opera. Bradley was a frequent guest on the stage of the Los Angeles Opera as Oscar, Blondchen, Zerbinetta, Romilda, Zerlina, and in the 1997-98 season as Pamina in Die Zauberflöte.

She made her European debut in 1983 with the Netherlands Opera in the title role of Handel's Rodelinda. On European opera stages she performed beside other roles as Zerbinetta in Paris, Montpellier, Nice, Monte Carlo, as Susanna and Pamina in Madrid, as Blonchen in Munich, as Adina, Blondchen, Susanna, Zerbinetta in Hamburg, as Despina in Barcelona, as Oscar in Vienna, as Rodelinde in Amsterdam, and as Fiakermilli in Arabella at the Glyndebourne Opera Festival which was released as DVD from a recording of the 1984 season.

In 1988 she became a member of the Deutsche Oper Berlin where she made her debut in 1987 as Gilda in Verdi's Rigoletto. With her bell like voice, she was successful not only in female roles such as Gilda, Susanna, Nannetta, Sophie or Pamina but also the pert Blondchen, as capricious Zerbinetta and Musetta or the androgynous Oscar.

As an accomplished concert singer, she has worked with such conductors as Zubin Mehta (New York Philharmonic/Israeli Symphony), Riccardo Muti (Philadelphia Orchestra), Mstislav Rostropovich and Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos (Washington National Symphony Orchestra), Charles Dutoit (Montreal Symphony/Philadelphia Orchestra), André Previn (Pittsburgh Symphony), Michael Tilson Thomas (Los Angeles Philharmonic), Marek Janowski, Hans Graf, Christopher Hogwood, Ralf Weikert, Victor Pablo Perez, and Lorin Maazel among others. Her concert repertoire encompasses important works from the Baroque to the 20th century and as a recitalist she performed in Paris, Tokyo, Lisbon, San Sebastian, Los Angeles and New York.

Gwendolyn Bradley has recorded Fiakermilli in Arabella with Dame Kiri te Kanawa, Jeffrey Tate conducting for Decca Records, Virgil Thomson's Four Saints in Three Acts for Nonesuch Records and a live concert recording of Mozart concert works, with members of the Orchestre Symphonique Français.

After returning to the United States, Bradley shared her expertise with young artists teaching at The Masters School (since September 2004) and the Nyack College (since September 2005) as vocal instructor. In 2010 Bradley served as judge at the Washington International Competition for Singers of the Friday Morning Music Club which she has won herself in 1977.

In 2014 Bradley performed at the XX International Music Festival Krystyna Jamroz in Busko-Zdrój, Poland, as she did on several occasions in previous years. During her stay she was honored on 5 July 2014 with a 'sun', a commemorative bronze plaque embedded in the Star's Promenade (similar to the Hollywood Walk of Fame) which is located in front of the Sanatorium Marconi in the Spa Park.

TV

 * Live from the Metropolitan Opera, Season 12, Episode 1: Les contes d'Hoffmann (2 March 1988)

Videotape

 * Glyndebourne Festival: Arabella (BBC, 1984)

CD

 * Harfy Papuszy (Jan Kanty Pawluskiewicz Antologia) (1995)
 * Klassik Edition 8: Radio-Philharmonie Hannover des NDR, Bernstein-Gershwin-Gala (1997)
 * R. Strauss: Arabella (Universal Music Classics & Jazz) (2012)

title: Gwendolyn Bradley


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/hilife.com.tr

Links

 * hilife.com.tr resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 4 additions out of 4 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/hilife.com.tr

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\bhilife\.com\.tr\b         # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/hilife.com.tr ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 08:27, 15 August 2020 (UTC) No links left in here mentioned edits. Marked stale. . --COIBot (talk) 16:34, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 16:33, 20 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Eamon McGee

Eamon McGee (born 26 April 1984) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for Gaoth Dobhair and also, formerly, for the Donegal county team (between 2004 and 2016). He is the older brother of Neil McGee.

From Gweedore in County Donegal, he won one All-Ireland Senior Football Championship title, three Ulster Senior Football Championship titles and one National Football League title with his county and an Ulster title with his club. For a small time until Patrick McBrearty, Neil McGee, Paddy McGrath, Leo McLoone, Frank McGlynn, Michael Murphy and Anthony Thompson surpassed it in 2018, McGee's haul of Ulster SFC titles was a joint county team record (alongside such past players as Anthony Molloy, Martin McHugh, Joyce McMullan and Donal Reid).

Club
McGee made his championship debut for his club against Seán Mac Cumhaills on 8 July 2001. By 2023 he had won three Donegal Senior Football Championship (SFC) titles with his club: in 2002, 2006 and 2018; and he had played for his club in 23 consecutive championship campaigns, including in 35 consecutive championship games between 2001 and 2009. Ahead of the 2023 Donegal Senior Football Championship final, he had made 97 appearances in the club championship (92 in the Donegal SFC and 5 in the Ulster and All-Ireland Club SFC).

The final of the 2002 Donegal SFC, featuring McGee and his club, was not played until 2003 due to a disagreement between two other clubs over Eddie Brennan. McGee has described the medal he received as "tainted".

In 2006, his club returned to the Donegal SFC final. McGee played as his team won a 14th title, in one of the worst Donegal county finals ever.

McGee was sent off in the final of the 2018 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship.

Inter-county
McGee was first called up to the senior team by Brian McEniff for winter training in 2003. His early years in a Donegal shirt were marked by lapses of discipline—at one point Shane Carr left the panel when McGee moved ahead of him on the substitutes bench despite his lack of dedication.

During the 2004 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, he and Brian McLaughlin were suspended from the Donegal panel for a breach of discipline. The BBC reported that the pair had arrived for a "training session in an unfit condition" on two consecutive nights, one month after failing to turn up for one session at all.

In 2006, he and Kevin Cassidy were suspended from the Donegal football panel over a breach of discipline. McGee later returned and played in the 2006 Ulster Senior Football Championship Final at Croke Park, scoring one point.

McGee was a member of the Donegal team that won the National Football League in 2007, playing from the start to the end in the final against Mayo.

He spent some time in London and trained with their county team before returning to Donegal in 2010.

He and his brother played in the 2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final against Mayo. He had missed the start of the 2012 Ulster Senior Football Championship with a hamstring injury.

He departed the inter-county scene in 2016.

He thinks that the All Stars "mean very little" but admits his own total affects this thinking. Himself and Paddy Andrews agree on this.

Inter-provincial
McGee represented Ulster in the Inter-Provincial Series.

Post-playing career
In November 2017, he became part of Gary McDaid's backroom team when McDaid became the first manager of the new Donegal under-20 football team.

In March 2021, Donegal announced him as part of Gary Duffy's under-20 management team. In November 2022, he was part of the management team announced for Duffy's successor, Leo McLoone.

On the night of 25 November 2023, McGee was announced as a coach under the senior football management team of Gary Duffy at the Buncrana club.

Personal life
McGee has a profound fear of flying, a condition which has affected his ability to cope with flights to games.

McGee supports marriage equality and has campaigned to Repeal the 8th Amendment of the Irish Constitution.

Honours

 * Donegal
 * All-Ireland Senior Football Championship: 2012
 * Ulster Senior Football Championship: 2011, 2012, 2014
 * National Football League Division 1: 2007
 * National Football League Division 2: 2011
 * Dr McKenna Cup: 2009, 2010

 * Gaoth Dobhair
 * Donegal Senior Football Championship: 2002, 2006, 2018

 * Colleges
 * Sigerson Cup: 2004, 2005

 * Individual
 * All Star: 0
 * Nominated in 2012, 2014
 * Player of the Week: February 2013

title: Eamon McGee


text:
Børge Christensen (sport shooter)

Børge Christensen (18 May 1912 – 4 August 1967) was a Danish sports shooter. He competed in the 50 m rifle event at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

title: Børge Christensen (sport shooter)


text:
User:Ewigekrieg/tests/J

Vladimir Egorovich Yakovlev (Владимир Егорович Яковлев, born on March 8th, 1959, Moscow, RSFSR, USSR) is a founder and an editor-in-chief of the Kommersant Newspaper, the first Russian daily business-oriented newspaper. He is a former CEO and owner of Kommersant Publishing house. He is considered to be one of the creators of the Post-Soviet format of Russian journalism.

Early life and career
Vladimir was born into the family of the famous Soviet journalist Egor Vladimirovich Yakovlev.

He graduated from the International Division of the School of Journalism of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Vladimir Yakovlev was placed on a job in the Newspaper Soviet Russia. He then went on to work in the Magazine Rabotnitsa, the Sobesednik Weekly. Up to 1988 he was a correspondent of Ogoniok Magazine.

Since June 15, 1988 he was a founder and a president of Fakt informational cooperative society   (it was created in cooperation with Gleb Pavlovsky). Originally, the organization was created in the format of an information and reference service in order to “provide its potential readers – members of the booming cooperative movement – with facts: contact details, references, texts of regulatory acts and documents”.

In 1989 at the suggestion of the vice-president of Fakt, the USSR cooperators’ union, Artem Tarasov Vladimir Yakovlev together with Gleb Pavlovsky started an independent news agency and newspaper Kommersant. The pilot issue of the weekly newspaper was in December 1989.

From 1989 up to 1999 he was the owner and editor-in-chief of Kommersant Newspaper, which was the basis of the homonymous publishing house. Since 1992 Yakovlev, being the majority shareholder, took up a post as CEO of Kommersant Joint-Stock Company (up to 1992 Vladimir was the editor-in-chief of the newspaper).

Simultaneously, Vladimir Yakovlev was engaged in various projects such as Domovoy Magazine, together with V. D. Drannikov, a famous journalist, but none became as famous as Kommersant.

In 1999 the majority of shares of Kommersant publishing house were purchased by Boris Berezovsky  and Badri Patarkatsishvili through the American Capital Group. Kommersant Newspaper, Dengi, Vlast, Ogoniok, Autopilot, Sekret Firmy, Weekend, Citizen K. Magazines, Kommersant FM Radio station and Kommersant TV Channel were among the assets of the publishing group.

After "Kommersant"
In 2007 Vladimir Yakovlev became the CEO of Stream Continent Company, which was a content agency for cable television (an affiliate of Sistema Analytical finance company, currently Stream Channel Joint-Stock Company).

Since 2007 he was a member of the board of directors of Sistemy massmedia, an affiliate of Sistema Analytical finance company, and in the same year he founded Content bureau.

In 2008 together with Mikhail Prokhorov he created Zhivi! Media group. The goal of the company was “launching and managing innovative media projects”. Vladimir Yakovlev’s Content bureau LLC was a parent company, while ONEXIM company had 90% of the shares. The main projects of the company was Zhivi! (a project promoting a healthy lifestyle), including a homonymous channel, web-site and club; F5 (a newspaper and a web-site), Russian Pioneer Magazine and Snob Magazine (a project invented by Yakovlev ). In 2009-2010 Snob expanded to the UK and USA with availability via Barnes & Noble and regional hubs. Mr. Prokhorov invested $150 million in the launch of the magazine and website targeting highly paid professionals.

At the end of 2011 Vladimir Yakovlev stepped down as an editor-in-chief of the Snob project and president of the Zhivi! Media group. . Nikolai Uskov (Russian GQ) became the head of the company.

In 2010 Vladimir signed an open letter to the President of the Russian Federation asking for the quickest solving of crimes against journalists. Editors-in-chief of Novaya Gazeta, Forbes.ru, Russkiy Reporter and others also signed the open letter.

In 2011 Vladimir Yakovlev officially came down on the side of journalist Maxim Kovalskiy. According to Yakovlev, the journalist was fired for writing an article “which the government wouldn’t have liked”.

In May 2012 Vladimir started a new project called The age of happiness. It is dedicated to active ageing and is bilingual (Russian/English)

Legacy
He is thought to be the author of New Russians and Global Russians clichés.

He is one of the Perestroika publicists who created "russian newspeak" of the 90’s : «This new generation – mostly the children of the men of the 60’s such as Vladimir Yakovlev, Artyom Borovik, Dmitry Lihanov, Eugene Dodolev, Alexaner Lyubimov – are already taking their course. Being those of the gilded youth, having been brought up in huge apartments or having spent their childhood abroad, having graduated from the international division of the School of Journalism of Moscow State University, they now make a difference on the television and mass-media. The perfect takeoff and innate lack of fear allows them to remove taboos and visit all the hot spots where no Soviet journalist had been before»

Awards
Vladimir Yakovlev received a letter of acknowledgement from the President of the Russian Federation on June 25, 1996 for active involvement of organization and conducting of the election company of the President of the Russian Federation in 1996.

He is nominated man of the year	in Journalism according to the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia.

title: User:Ewigekrieg/tests/J


text:
Introduction to music

Introduction to The Course
The main purpose of this course is to explore basic music theory so thoroughly that the student-musician will be able to extend that knowledge to the more comprehensive concepts that will follow. Thus, it will be easier to understand music and the physics that accompany it up to whatever level suits your needs. Music history and the physics of sound are included for students who wish to expand their knowledge beyond that of learning a single instrument. Anyone wishing to write music using music notation software is well-advised to understand what we humans hear and why we hear it the way we do. Students who find the section on acoustics -- the physical basis for sound -- initially uninteresting may even skip it at first, but eventually, the serious student/musician will need to understand what causes musical sounds and why we hear those sounds. That's what makes this a course, rather than simply "A How to Play the Ukulele" handbook.

Music theory is a lot like grammar. Languages are invented for the purpose of communicating. Most of the time we communicate with others, while there are times when we communicate with ourselves. Mozart and only a very rare group of other people were able to keep everything organized in their heads. Most people need to keep a notebook to remind them of what they have learned. And a course such as this relies upon everyone being "on the same page," if we are going to learn together, which is the best way to learn. While this course will benefit the lone learner, learning with others is often a better approach, and that can be done online -- and for free. DRM

What is music? Music is a general melody of sounds that unify the mind and soul. Not even language differences can stop music from reaching out to our selected audience. Even before recorded history, people created music, whether through drumming, singing or chanting. Some of our strongest emotions may be brought on by listening to a piece of music. In this modern age, we hear music around us almost all of our waking hours, in one form or another: radio, television or film music and our personal music (iPods, MP3 players, etc.) is with us throughout the day. Most of us listen to recorded music or go to performances regularly, and some of us play a musical instrument. In earlier time before modern audio recording technology, music was available only in the presence of a musician, or to those who played an instrument or sang. Music varies in genres, pop, rock, R'n'B etc.

Musical concepts
A basic definition of music (in the Western World) is the chronological organisation of sounds; that is, making certain sounds at certain times, which make melodic, rhythmic and harmonic sense.

The first, most basic concept, is keeping the sounds "in time". This leads us to some of the first few musical concepts: beat, rhythm and duration.

 * Beat is the regular pulse which provides a `timeline` for the rhythm to anchor itself to.

 * Rhythm is essentially repeated patterns of long or short, stressed or unstressed sounds or silences which fit into the main beat.

 * Duration is the length of notes or sounds or silences which facilitate the rhythm.

Music is also the relationship between sound and silence. Duration and rhythm apply to silence in the same manner as they apply to sound.

One way to look at how we perceive music is as horizontal and vertical patterns. We hear melodies as a horizontal pattern. The notes (and silences) are heard one after the other over a period of time.

We hear chords (groups of notes played simultaneously) in a vertical pattern. A mixture of one or all of these: melody, rhythm, chords, and silence form musical patterns.

Rhythm
Rhythm is the most basic concept of music. In all cultures worldwide, the most simple and basic forms of music are purely rhythms. A rhythm is a pulse; a repetition of sounds in a pattern. Simple rhythms can be recognized straight away. Tapping rhythmically at a drum constitutes tapping it at timed intervals in a pattern. The most common rhythmic pattern in modern-day Western music is $$4/4$$ time (say four-four time). This is where four pulses come one after the other, with the first of each four being given emphasis (known as an accent). Try this exercise:

 * Say the words "one, two, three, four, one, two, three, four..." etc. continuously, and at even time intervals.
 * Now each time you say "one", say it slightly louder: "one, two, three, four, one, two, three, four..." etc.
 * You have just been saying the words "one", "two", "three" and "four" in $$4/4$$ time.

Reading

 * Rhythm module at Wikibooks.
 * rhythm article at Wikipedia

Tutorials

 * Mad Max - Creating more sounds with rhythm using GarageBand and symphony orchestra sounds - part of Filmmaking.

Melody
In music, pitch is used to describe how high or low a note sounds. Anyone would know the difference between a high-pitched scratching of fingernails across a blackboard, and the low, rumbling growl of thunder. When Maria tells the children in The Sound of Music that "the first few notes just happen to be...do re mi", she was referring to pitch. Using pitch, together with rhythm, we can start to construct melodies. Without rhythm, notes would just be long, sustained sounds. Without pitch, each sound would be the same (for example, the beating of a single drum).

Dynamics
In music, we use the word dynamics to describe how loudly or softly a note is played. Dynamics falls under the wider category of expressive techniques, which are instructions for the performer to play loudly or softly, smoothly or detached, and many other effects.

Timbre (tone colour)
In music, the "colour" of a sound being produced is referred to as timbre, or tone colour. Timbre is the difference between the harsh, scratchy sound of an electric guitar with distortion; the glassy, rounded sound of a piano; and the bird-like whispering sound of a flute. All these instruments could play exactly the same note, yet anyone would be able to recognise instantly an electric guitar from a piano from a flute.

Structure
Musical structure is usually defined by several things including scales and/or arpeggios, rhythm, key signature, melodic patterns, variations Etc. To keep this particular paragraph concise, all or some of the elements of music theory can be used in the structure of a musical piece. Many composers that listen to Bach are fascinated by the palindromes, variations and inversions of patterns contained in its compositional structure, most of which will never be noticed unless you plan on going through the notation with a magnifying glass.

--Subnote, Colhsh: Musical Structure also refers to the overall layout of a musical work as a whole, these come in several forms the simplest form is Binary form, in which there is one section of music "A" which is then juxtaposed against a contrasting "B" section which finishes it, giving the piece an "A-B" structure. An expansion on this is ternary form which is the same as binary, except that the "A" section is repeated, making the overall structure "A-B-A"

Another musical form that was popular during the classical era is that of the Rondo form, in which there is an "A" section that is repeated throughout the work, but is interrupted by contrasting episodes, making any work in a random form typically have the structure of "A-B-A-C-A-D-Etc."

Larger structures include "Sonata form," which was developed in the Classical Period. The "Sonata form" often is the structure of the first movement of a Sonata, Symphony, and Concerto. The Sonata form is comprised of four sections.
 * Exposition - Introduces a main theme in the tonic key, and a subordinate theme in a related key - often the dominant, or if in a minor key - the relative major.
 * Development - Develops and elaborates the themes and explores new and exciting key centers.
 * Recapitulation - Returns to the tonic key and states the main theme and subordinate theme. The subordinate theme is often reworked to stay in the tonic.
 * Coda - Concludes the piece.

Texture
Texture refers to the layering of sounds on top of each other. It describes the depth, nature, and relationship of those layers of sound, or voices. It can describe the vertical and horizontal relationship between the voices. Some common textures are:

 * Monophonic texture: A melody by itself, without harmony, and without another melody. For example, singing in the shower, monks chanting, or a fife and drum corps.
 * Polyphonic texture: Two or more melodies, heard at the same time. For example, singing "Row, row, row your boat" as a round, or a Bach Fugue.
 * Homophonic texture: A melody accompanied by harmony, or by less important melodies. Most popular music is homophonic, and much classical music as well, such as Beethoven's "Moonlight" Sonata, or a church hymn.
 * Heterophonic texture: Two versions of the same melody heard at the same time. Often, this is the melody plain and a variation played over the top.
 * Mixed texture: More than one musical texture. For example, singing a round (polyphony) accompanied by guitar chords (homophony).

Texture can also be described with such terms as thick, dense, or open.

title: Introduction to music


text:
Wikibooks:Languages bookshelf

Languages of Africa

 * Afrikaans
 * Bambara
 * Kinyarwanda
 * Swahili
 * Zulu

Languages of the Americas
(For English..., French..., Portuguese..., Spanish... see Languages of Europe.)

 * Arapaho
 * Cherokee
 * Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun (Inuit, Eskimo)
 * Jumieka
 * Mapudungun
 * Miskito
 * Miwok (Central Sierra)
 * Mohawk
 * Nahuatl
 * Navajo
 * Quechua

Languages of Asia
(For Hebrew see Languages of the Middle East.)

 * Azerbaijani
 * Bengali
 * Bikol

 * Gujarati

 * Indonesian
 * Japanese
 * Kannada
 * Kapampangan
 * Korean
 * Marathi
 * Manchu
 * Mongolian
 * Nepal Bhasa
 * Persian
 * Punjabi
 * Sanskrit
 * Tagalog (Filipino)
 * Tajik
 * Tamil
 * Telugu
 * Thai
 * Turkmen
 * Urdu
 * Uzbek
 * Vietnamese

Languages of Europe
(For Afrikaans see Languages of Africa. For Azerbaijani see Languages of Asia. For Hebrew see Languages of the Middle East.)

 * Albanian
 * Armenian
 * Austrian
 * Belarusian
 * Bulgarian
 * Catalan
 * Chechen
 * Croatian
 * Danish
 * Dutch

 * Gothic

 * Hungarian

 * Irish Gaelic
 * Italian

 * Latvian
 * Lithuanian
 * Lower Sorbian grammar
 * Lowland Scots
 * Macedonian
 * Manx
 * Neapolitan

 * Polish

 * Provençal
 * Romanian
 * Russian
 * Scottish Gaelic
 * Serbian
 * Sicilian
 * Silesian
 * Slovenian

 * Swedish
 * Turkish
 * Ukrainian
 * Welsh

Languages of the Middle East
(For Yiddish... see Languages of Europe.)

 * Arabic
 * Modern Hebrew
 * Sumerian

Languages of the Pacific

 * Fijian
 * Hawaiian
 * Tetum
 * Tok Pisin

Sign Languages

 * American Sign Language

Constructed Languages

 * D'ni
 * Esperanto
 * Folksprak
 * Ido
 * Easy Ido
 * Interlingua
 * Klingon
 * Lingua Franca Nova
 * Lojban
 * Neo
 * Novial
 * Fasili Novial
 * Quenya (Grammar)
 * Rohingya
 * Slovio
 * Tengwar (The Elven writing systems invented by J.R.R. Tolkien)
 * Toki Pona
 * Unilingua
 * Volapük
 * Al Bakiyye

Other Language Books

 * Authoring Foreign Language Textbooks
 * Becoming a linguistic mastermind
 * East Asian Calligraphy
 * False Friends of the Slavist
 * How to Learn a Language
 * How to Teach a Language
 * Understanding Scientific Terminology — Greek and Latin roots of Technical terms
 * Visual Language Interpreting

title: Wikibooks:Languages bookshelf


text:
Gaur ministry

This is a list of minister from Babulal Gaur cabinets starting from August 2004. Babulal Gaur is the leader of Bharatiya Janata Party was sworn in the Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh in December 2003. Here is the list of the ministers of his ministry.

Cabinet Ministers

 * Babulal Gaur - Chief Minister
 * Gauri Shankar Shejwar
 * Kailash Chawla
 * Raghavji
 * Dhal Singh Bisen
 * Gopal Bhargava
 * Kailash Vijayvargiya
 * Choudhury Chandrabhan Singh
 * Narendra Singh Tomar
 * Kusum Mehdele
 * Ramakant Tiwari
 * Om Prakash Dhurve
 * Himmat Singh Kothari
 * Archana Chitnis

Minister of State

 * Anoop Mishra
 * Meena Singh
 * Jagdish Mubel
 * Badrilal Yadav
 * Paras Chandra Jain
 * Kamal Patel
 * Narottam Mishra
 * Ajay Vishnoi
 * Umashankar Gupta
 * Antar Singh Arya
 * Rampal Singh

Former Ministers

 * Shivnarayan Jagirdar
 * Harnam Singh Rathore
 * Dilip Bhatere

title: Gaur ministry


text:
Simanta Express

Simanta Express (train No. 747/748) is an intercity train from Chilahati to Khulna. The train is conducted by Bangladesh Railway. The train serves from South-Western Bengal to North Bengal. Apart from the Simanta Express, the Rupsha Express also runs on this route.

Routes
The route from Chilahati to Khulna is the longest route of Bangladesh Railway. The stations are : 1.Khulna 2.Daulatpur 3.Nowapara 4.Jessore 5.Kotchandapur 6.Darshana 7.Chuyadanga 8.Poradah 9.Bheramara 10.Ishwardi 11.Natore 12.Santahar 13.Akkelpur 14.Joypurhat 15.Birampur 16.Fulbari 17.Saidpur 18.Nilphamari 19.Domar 20Chilahati

Timing
The train starts its journey from Khulna at 9:00 am and reaches the destination of Chilahati at 6:20 pm. Again it starts from Chilahati at 7:00 am and reaches at 4:30 pm to Khulna.

Halts
Simanta Express departs at the following stations:
 * Jessore railway station
 * Kot Chandpur station
 * Darshan Holt railway station
 * Chuadanga railway station
 * Alamdanga railway station
 * Torada railway station
 * Veramara railway station
 * Pakshi railway station
 * Ishwardi railway station
 * Natore railway station
 * Ahsanganj railway station
 * Santaher railway station
 * Akkelpur railway station
 * Joypurhat railway station
 * Birampur railway station
 * Phulbari railway station
 * Parbatipur railway station
 * Saidpur railway station
 * Nilphamari railway station
 * Domar railway station

title: Simanta Express


text:
User:Abhisheksonawane123

Abhisheksonawane123. Ambarnath. India. Fycs. Read any type of book. Playing cricket.

title: User:Abhisheksonawane123


text:
gibbered

Verb

 * 1) ; to talk incomprehensibly
 * It's embarrassing when I remember how much nonsense I gibbered at you on our first date.

title: gibbered


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Brendancox2/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

All three accounts are SPAs on Brendan Cox (entrepreneur) and are obviously the same person, adding spam, uploading own work photos to commons and removing maintenance templates and deletion tags. Praxidicae (talk) 16:17, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * self endorsing. Praxidicae (talk) 16:18, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅, (also for promotion-only editing), closing. Kevin ( aka L235 · t · c) 16:41, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * In relation to the blocks in this case see also<PHONE_NUMBER>009629 (CU only) Kevin ( aka L235 · t · c) 16:54, 13 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Arkady Volozh

Where does he live?
The article says he lives in Moscow then goes on to say he lives in Israel later in the same section. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:36, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Good catch. I've updated the article. Somers-all-the-time (talk) 13:53, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

Russo-Ukrainian war
The article says that he left Yandex in June 2022 "after the start of Russian War in Ukraine" and links to Russo-Ukrainian War. However, the Russo-Ukrainian war started in 2014. He left Yandex after the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
 * Whereas both statements are formally correct I changed to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.--Ymblanter (talk) 14:21, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: https://meduza.io/en/news/2023/08/07/yandex-co-founder-arkady-volozh-updates-his-entrepreneurial-bio-russia-shrinks-to-marginal-mention. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, provided it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. GreenLipstickLesbian (talk) 21:13, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arkady Volozh


text:
User:Willard1979/sandbox

Pete Rose Zanzibar
Pete Rose Pete Rose

Billy Joel Billy Joel

52nd Street 52nd Street (album)

Zanzibar (Billy Joel song) Entry includes the Pete Rose reference; just cross-reference the PR entry?

Draft; insert in Rose "Personal life" section just before the paragraph beginning "As of March 2014":

Pete Rose was referenced in the lyrics of the song "Zanzibar" originally released by Billy Joel in 1978 on the 52nd Street album: "Rose, he knows he's such a credit to the game / But the Yankees grab the headlines every time." The Wikipedia entry for that song provides more context on the lyrical reference, and also notes that in later live performances "instead of singing of Rose being 'a credit to the game,' Joel jokes that he will 'never make the Hall of Fame.' "

Outer Ring Road, Nairobi
The Outer Ring Road is a 13 km multi-lane highway located in Nairobi, Kenya. Construction funding was initially provided by the African Development Bank in 2012, although construction delays and increased traffic have delayed completion of the project. The highway runs primarily along the Eastlands area of Nairobi and connects major transportation hubs including the Nairobi-Thika Highway, Mombasa Road, and the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.

In August 2020, Kenya secured a $59 million (KSh6.4 billion) loan from the South Korean Export-Import Bank to build special lanes for high-capacity buses (bus rapid transit) to expand the road's carrying capacity.

Blagden
Blagden Alley-Naylor's Court Historic District (WP):

Blagden Alley-Naylor's Court Historic District (NPS): https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc67.htm

"Blagden owned property in the area and ran a lumberyard in the city."

Crestwood History: https://www.crestwood-dc.org/history

"Our homes occupy land that belonged to Thomas Blagden (1815 1870). His father George was superintendent of the stonework used in constructing the Capitol…and his brother, the Reverend George W. Blagden, was pastor at Boston's Old South Church."

Crestwood: 300 Acres, 300 Years (book): https://crestwooddc.org/Crestwood-300-Acres-300-Years

"Shortly before Bodisco died in 1854, he sold the Argyle property to lumber merchant and real estate tycoon Thomas Blagden, whose father George had been the chief stonemason for the construction of the U.S. Capitol."

title: User:Willard1979/sandbox


text:
User:Jamesbwhomer

Sharm Alme
Sharm Peek Alme; (born 20 April 1984) known professionally as Sharm Alme, was an actor who had a film career spanning a approx. 23 days.

He/She is a former student of a good identity system and has existed sequentially with one of the few guys who has done this kind of thing recently.

By nature fastidious, but also dull and torpid (synonyms: lethargic · sluggish · inert · inactive · slow · slow-moving · lifeless · dull) in his/her intellects, Sharm enjoys all holidays and festivities more than any other race. In addition He/She is not squeamish about using his/her social influence in support of her son/daughter.

Sharm is an outspoken supporter of the Corporate identity System.

Early life and education
In this period, he/she was often unemployed and homeless, and sometimes slept on the street, in theaters, or around about the kind of things you would imagine.

Film career
There was a brief period at the end of the first decade of the 21st century when Sharm found his/herself in the movie Cooks (2010) alongside the full time actor Al Pacino.

Obviously these were great times, and in addition to his/her work in film Cooks - with Al Pacino - Sharm could often be found at the docks searching through piles of empty boxes, however, this work was not at all financially rewarding.

During the filming of Cooks (with Al Pacino) Sharm was arrested after scaling the hotel walls of a hotel to sing the words of an incomprehensible song into the sleeping ears of Japanese jazz a nd blues singer Maki Asakawa.

Personal life
Sharm has always fought for a broadly tolerant life settlement under which he/she could prosper.

Filmography

 * Cooks (2010)

title: User:Jamesbwhomer


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Talk:King's Bounty II

Redirect?
Hi all, Let discus whether to redirect this page. Personally I think we shouldn’t. Smith0124 (talk) 06:47, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

Connection to Heroes of Might and Magic series
I removed the statement that King's Bounty is part of the Heroes of Might and Magic series (which btw was renamed into Might & Magic: Heroes). The original King's Bounty was the predecessor of Heroes of Might and Magic. The Might and Magic franchise is currently owned and milked dry by Ubisoft. At some in the early 2000s 1C Publishing secured the rights to the King's Bounty name and series of King's Bounty games (The Legend, Amored Princess, Crossworlds, Warriors of the North, Warriors of the North Ice and Fire, The Dark Side) all using the same engine and loosely connected stories. King's Bounty 2 is a successor to those games and has nothing to do with Heroes of Might and Magic.NorPhi (talk) 14:05, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:King's Bounty II


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Ghost Game

Ghost Game may refer to:

 * Ghost Game (film), a 2004 American film
 * La-Tha-Pii or Ghost Game, a 2006 Thai film
 * Ghost Game (novel), a 2011 novel by Nigel Hinton
 * Digimon Ghost Game, an 2021 anime series.
 * EA Gothenburg, a video game developer formerly known as Ghost Games
 * Ghost (game)

title: Ghost Game


text:
Richard Övel

Richard Övel (21 November 1894 – 11 January 1957) was the Chancellor of Justice of Estonia from 1944 to 1949. He was appointed the position of Chancellor of Justice in September 1944 when Prime Minister Jüri Uluots appointed a new government headed by Otto Tief.

title: Richard Övel


text:
Lafayette Worsted Company Administrative Headquarters Historic District

The Lafayette Worsted Company Administrative Headquarters Historic District encompasses the two surviving buildings of a once-extensive textile mill complex in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. Located near the Woonsocket Middle School on Hamlet Avenue are a former guest house, built about 1920, and the mill's 1923 administration building, an elaborate Second Empire brick building designed by Woonsocket architect Walter F. Fontaine. The Lafayette Worsted Mill, established in 1900, was one of three major local mills engaged in the French style of worsted wool production. Most of its buildings were demolished in 2008.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.


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Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid al-Fahmi

Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid ibn Musafir al-Fahmi (عبد الرحمن بن خالد بن مسافر الفهمي) was a governor of Egypt for the Umayyad Caliphate from 735 to 736.

A Qays Arab, Abd al-Rahman originally served as chief of police (sahib al-shurta) for al-Walid ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi before himself succeeding to the governorship upon al-Walid's death in mid-735. He remained in office until a Byzantine sea attack in the following year caused several Muslims to be taken prisoner; as a result, the caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik lost faith in his skill with military matters and replaced him with Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi instead.

title: Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid al-Fahmi