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World History/Causes and course of the Second World War

Causes of World War II
France, Great Britain, and the U.S. had attained their wartime objectives in 1919. They had reduced Germany to a military cipher and had reorganized Europe and the world as they saw fit. The French and the British frequently disagreed on policy in the postwar period, however, and were unsure of their ability to defend the peace settlement. Disillusionment with war led to the practice of appeasement, or giving into an aggressor's demands to keep the peace. The U.S., disillusioned by the Europeans' failure to pay their war debts, retreated into isolationism. The Treaty of Versailles left many countries dissatisfied. Adverse conditions, such as reparations and unemployed veterans from World War I led to the circulation of new, radical ideas and solutions, such as fascism in Italy. This Fascist party, as Mussolini called it, later became a model for Hitler in Germany.

The Failure of Peace Efforts
During the 1920s, attempts were made to achieve a stable peace. The first was President Woodrow Wilson's idea to establish the League of Nations (1920) as a forum in which nations could settle their disputes. The League's powers were limited to persuasion and various levels of moral and economic sanctions that the members were free to carry out as they saw fit. The United States never joined the League and Germany and the USSR were also never members. At the Washington Conference of 1921-2, the principal naval powers agreed to limit their navies according to a fixed ratio. The Locarno Conference (1925) produced a treaty guarantee of the German-French boundary and an arbitration agreement between Germany and Poland. In the Kellogg-Briande Pact (1928), 63 countries including all the Great Powers except the USSR, renounced war as an instrument of national policy and pledged to resolve all disputes among them "by pacific means." The signatories had agreed beforehand to exempt wars of "self-defense."

The Rise of Fascism
One of the victors' stated aims in World War I had been "to make the world safe for democracy," and postwar Germany adopted a democratic constitution, as did most of the other states restored or created after the war. In the 1920s, however, the wave of the future appeared to be a form of nationalistic, militaristic totalitarianism known by its Italian name, fascism. It promised to minister to peoples' wants more effectively than democracy and presented itself as the one sure defense against communism. Benito Mussolini established the first Fascist, European dictatorship during the inter war period in Italy in 1922.

Formation of the Axis Coalition
Adolf Hitler, the Leader of the German National Socialist (Nazi) party, preached a racist brand of fascism. Hitler promised to overturn the Versailles Treaty and secure additional Lebensraum ("living space") for the German people, who he contended deserve more as members of a superior race. In the early 1930s, the Great Depression hit Germany. The moderate parties could not agree on what to do about it, and large numbers of voters turned to the Nazis and Communists. In 1933 Hitler became the German Chancellor, and in a series of subsequent moves established himself as dictator. Japan did not formally adopt fascism, but the armed forces' powerful position in government enabled them to impose a similar type of totalitarianism. As dismantlers of the world status quo, the Japanese were well ahead of Hitler. They used a minor clash with Chinese troops near Mukden, also known as the Mukden or Manchurian crisis, in 1931 as a pretext for taking over all of Manchuria, where they proclaimed the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932. In 1937-8 they occupied the main Chinese ports. Having denounced the disarmament clauses of the Versailles Treaty, created a new air force, and reintroduced conscription, Hitler tried out his new weapons on the side of right-wing military rebels in the Spanish civil war (1936-9). This venture brought him into collaboration with Mussolini who was also supporting the Spanish revolt after having seized (1935-6) Ethiopia in a small war. Treaties between Germany, Italy, and Japan in 1936-7 brought into being the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. For example, Japan and Germany signed the Anti-Comintern pact in 1936 and then Italy joined in 1937. This pact denounced communism and it showed their unity in the matter. The Axis thereafter became the collective term for those countries and their allies.

German Aggression in Europe
Hitler launched his own expansionist drive with the annexation of Austria in March 1938. The way was clear: Mussolini supported him; and the British and French, overawed by German rearmament, accepted Hitler's claim that the status of Austria was an internal German affair. The U.S. had impaired its ability to act against aggression by passing a neutrality law that prohibited material assistance to all parties in foreign conflicts. In September 1938 Hitler threatened war to annex the western border area of Czechoslovakia, the Sudetenland and its 3.5. million ethnic Germans. The British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain initiated talks that culminated at the end of the month in the Munich Pact, by which the Czechs, on British and French urging, relinquished the Sudetenland in return for Hitler's promise not to take any more Czech territory. Chamberlain believed he had achieved "peace for our time," but the word Munich soon implied abject and futile appeasement. Less than six months later, in March 1939, Hitler seized the remainder of Czechoslovakia. Alarmed by this new aggression and by Hitler's threats against Poland, the British government pledged to aid that country if Germany threatened its independence. A popular joke ran at the time: "A guarantee a day keeps Hitler away". France already had a mutual defense treaty with Poland. The turn away from appeasement brought the Soviet Union to the fore. Joseph Stalin, the Soviet dictator, had offered military help to Czechoslovakia during the 1938 crisis, but had been ignored by all the parties to the Munich Agreement. Now that war threatened, he was courted by both sides, but Hitler made the more attractive offer. Allied with Britain and France, the Soviet Union might well have had to fight, but all Germany asked for was its neutrality. In Moscow, on the night of August 23, 1939, the Nazi-Soviet Pact was signed. In the part published the next day, Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to go to war against each other. A secret protocol gave Stalin a free hand in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, eastern Poland, and eastern Romania.

The Worldwide Great Depression

The costs of carrying out World War I, as well as the costs to rebuild Western Europe after years of fighting, resulted in enormous debts on the part of the Western European powers to the United States. The enormous reparations put on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles also increased the debts. Coupled with ineffective governments in many of these European States (notably the Weinmar Republic, pre-Mussolini Italy and Socialist France) led to slow reconstruction and poor economic growth.

With the crash of the New York Stock Market on 29 October, 1929, the United States recalled all foreign loans in the following days. Unable to repay these loans, the economies of the West collapsed, beginning the Great Depression.

War in Europe
The German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939 is regarded as the start of World War II. Due to official League of Nations law, France and the UK were obligated to intervene, but in reality did very little in a period known as the phony war. In Poland, however, fighting had begun. Germany was extremely successful in this war due to their new strategy known as blitzkrieg (meaning "lightning war"). This strategy involved the use of tanks, a relatively new technology at the time, to quickly overrun a country before they could set up their defenses properly. This strategy worked amazingly for Germany, with the German troops arriving near the Polish capitol of Warsaw in just 7 days. Germany and the USSR had made a nonaggression pact in the days leading up to the invasion, which was essentially an agreement to split eastern Europe between the two countries. The agreement was initially a shock to the world, as the two countries were governed by ideologies that were about as far apart from each other as possible. However, this fragile agreement did not last. Before that, though, the USSR used this opportunity to annex the Baltic states, parts of Romania, and tried to take land Finland in a disastrous campaign for the Russians known as the winter war. Germany then proceeded to take out Denmark and Norway in order to secure positions in the north sea. Then Germany shifted their attention to France. French strategy relied on using the Maginot line, a massive line of forts stretching the entirety of their border with Germany to protect their border with relatively few troops while positioning their best forces along the border with Belgium, as Germany had attacked through Belgium in the first world war. However, they left the Ardennes forest undefended, as they believed that the dense forest would provide enough of a natural barrier. Knowing this, Germany launched a daring attack that sent 50 tank divisions through the Ardennes. The Germans broke through, and managed to cut off the allied forces. The French forces there were wiped out, but they were able to defend long enough to let British forces escape through Dunkirk. But for France, all was lost. The bulk of their army had been wiped out, and within weeks France had to surrender. This was far from the end of French resistance, though, as aside from civilian resistance efforts, and forces fighting under the banner of "Free France" played a major role in the north African front in the coming years. In Europe, however, Germany had set up a puppet state called Vichy France in the south, while the north was fully annexed for defense purposes. Germany tried to make the odds seem as far in their favor as they could in the hopes that Britain would try to make peace, but the new Prime Minister Winston Churchill refused to give up. In order to take over the British Isles, Germany would first have to gain control of the English channel in both the air and sea to be able to land troops on the island. After intense air fighting over England that resulted in the bombing of major English cities, Britain stopped any chance of a naval invasion.

The War in the Pacific

 * Note that this is only a rough outline. Change it as needed.

Mukden Incident and the Invasion of Manchuria (1931)
After winning the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan quickly became the dominant power in its region. Russia recognized Korea as a Japanese sphere of influence and removed all of its forces from there and Manchuria, the sparsely populated northeastern region of China. In 1910, Japan annexed Korea as its own with little protest or resistance. Still, Japan was a quickly growing country, both population-wise and economically. It founded the South Manchuria Railway company in Manchuria in 1906, and with that company was able to gain government-like control of the area.

By 1931, the Depression had struck a blow to Japan. The government did little to help Japan's economy, and in the eyes of its citizens, was weak and powerless. Instead, the public favored the Japanese army, and soon the civilian government had lost control of its military. To the army, Manchuria seemed like an obvious solution to many of Japan's problems. Manchuria was vast and thinly populated, and would serve as excellent elbow room for an already overcrowded Japan. It was also thought that Manchuria was rich in forests, natural resources, and fertile land. The fact that the Japanese believed themselves to be far superior to the Chinese only moved Japan towards conflict faster. Additionally, the warlord of Manchuria went against Japanese expectations and declared his allegiance to a growing Chinese military movement. So, in 1931, the army staged an explosion at a section of railway near Mukden, a city in Manchuria, as a pretext to invade and annex China. Japan met little resistance, although it did not have support of its own government, and Manchuria was completely occupied by the end of the year. Japan subsequently set up the puppet state of Manchukuo to oversee the newly acquired region. The League of Nations vehemently protested Japan's aggression, but Japan then withdrew from it.

Japan invades China (1937)
The 1920s saw a weak and politically chaotic China. Warlords of the many provinces of China constantly feuded, and the central government was weak and decentralized, unable to do anything to stop conflict. In 1927 Chiang Kai-Shek gained control of the Kuomintang (the Chinese government) and its National Revolution Army. Chiang led an expedition to defeat southern and central Chinese warlords and gain the allegiance of northern warlords. He was successful, and he soon focused on what he perceived to be a greater threat than Japan, which was communism. But in 1937, the deposed warlord general of Manchuria kidnapped Chiang and refused to release him until he at least temporarily united with the communists against the Japanese threat. The Japanese army responded by staging the Battle of Lugou Bridge, which was supposed to provoke open war between China and Japan. It worked and the Sino-Japanese War began. The beginning of the conflict was marked by the Chinese strategy of giving up land in order to stall the Japanese. It is important to note that the Japanese was not to completely take over China; rather, the Japanese wanted to set up puppet governments in key regions that would protect and advance Japanese interests. The fall of Nanjing in the early stages of this conflict saw the beginning of Japanese war atrocities. 100,000-300,000 were killed in the six weeks after Nanjing was captured. Other war crimes committed included widespread rape, arson, and looting.

Anti-Comintern Pact and Tripartite Pact
These were pacts between Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Anti-Comintern pact had been a pact that denounced communism and it was initially signed by Japan and Germany. However, later, as German and Italian relations improved, Italy also signed and this was made stronger later by the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis in 1938. The Tripartite Pact also strengthened the alliance and it was basically a confirmation of the Rome-Berlin-Toyko Axis.

Pearl Harbor and Simultaneous Invasions (early December 1941)
On December 7, 1941, Japanese warplanes commanded by Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo carried out a surprise air raid on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the largest U.S. naval base in the Pacific. The Japanese forces met little resistance and devastated the harbor. This attack resulted in 8 battleships either sunk or damaged, 3 light cruisers and 3 destroyers sunk as well as damage to some auxiliaries and 343 aircraft either damaged or destroyed. 2408 Americans were killed including 68 civilians; 1178 were wounded. Japan lost only 29 aircraft and their crews and five midget submarines. However, the attack failed to strike targets that could have been crippling losses to the US Pacific Fleet such as the aircraft carriers which were out at sea at the time of the attack or the base's ship fuel storage and repair facilities. The survival of these assets have led many to consider this attack a catastrophic long term strategic blunder for Japan.

The following day, the United States declared war on Japan. Simultaneously to the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan also attacked U.S. air bases in the Philippines. Immediately following these attacks, Japan invaded the Philippines and also the British Colonies of Hong Kong, Malaya, Borneo and Burma with the intention of seizing the oilfields of the Dutch East Indies.

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941, even though it was not obliged to do so under the Tripartite Pact of 1940. Hitler made the declaration in the hopes that Japan would support him by attacking the Soviet Union. Japan did not oblige him, and this diplomatic move proved a catastrophic blunder which gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the pretext needed for the United States joining the fight in Europe with full commitment and with no meaningful opposition from Congress. Some historians mark this moment as another major turning point of the war with Hitler provoking a grand alliance of powerful nations, most prominently the UK, the USA and the USSR, who could wage powerful offensives on both East and West simultaneously.

Allied Defeats in the Pacific and Asia (late December 1941-1942)
Simultaneous with the dawn raid on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese carried out an invasion of Malaya, landing troops at Kota Bharu on the east coast, supported by land based aircraft from bases in Vietnam and Taiwan. The British attempted to oppose the landings by dispatching Force Z, comprising the battleship HMS Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser HMS Repulse, with their escorting destroyers, from the naval base in Singapore, but this force was intercepted and destroyed by bombers before even reaching their objective.

In a series of swift maneuvers down the Malay peninsula, thought by the British to be "impassable" to an invading force landing so far north, the Japanese advanced down to the Johor Straits at the southernmost tip of the peninsula by January 1942. The Japanese were even using tanks, which the British had incorrectly thought would not be able to penetrate the jungles.

During a short two week campaign the Japanese crossed the Straits of Johor by amphibious assault and conducted a series of sharp battles, notably the battle of Kent Ridge when the Royal Malay Regiment put up a brave but futile effort to stem the tide. Singapore fell on February 15, 1942 and with its fall, Japan was now able to control the sea approaches from the Indian Ocean through the Malacca Straits. The natural resources of the Malay peninsula, in particular rubber plantations and tin mines, were now in the hands of the Japanese.

Other Allied possessions, especially in the oil rich East Indies (Indonesia) were also swiftly captured, and all organised resistance effectively ceased, with attention now shifting to events closer to Midway, the Solomon Islands, the Bismark Sea and New Guinea.

Allies Regroup and the Battle of Midway (1942)
Following the attack on Pearl Harbour, the US military sought to strike back at Japan, and a plan was formulated to bomb Tokyo. As Tokyo could not be reached by land based bombers, it was decided to use an aircraft carrier to launch the attack close to Japanese waters. The Doolittle Raid was carried out by James H. (Jimmy) Doolittle and his squadron of B-25 medium bombers, launched from the USS Hornet. The raid achieved little strategically, but was a tremendous morale booster in the dark days of 1942. It also led to the decision by the Japanese military to attack the only logical base of the attackers, the tiny atoll of Midway.

A powerful force of warships, with four large fleet carriers at its core (Akagi, Kaga, Hiryu and Soryu) attacked Midway. The US navy, with the aid of intercepted and decoded Japanese signals, were ready and launched a counter attack with the carriers USS Enterprise and USS Yorktown, destroying all four of the Japanese fleet carriers. This was a devastating blow to the Japanese and is considered the turning point of the Pacific War. The Japanese had largely roamed the Pacific Ocean, the South China Sea, the Malacca Straits and the Indian Ocean with impunity, launching raids from these same four carriers on Allied bases in these areas including Darwin, Colombo and along the Indian east coast. With the loss of these carriers and more importantly their cadre of irreplaceable hard core highly trained naval aviators, the Japanese could no longer maintain an effective offensive and became largely defensive from then on.

Island Hopping (1943- Late 1944)
Island hopping was a campaign of capturing key islands in the Pacific that were used as prerequisites, or stepping stones, to the next island with the eventual destination being Japan, rather than trying to capture every island under Japanese control. Allied forces often assaulted weaker islands first, while starving out the Japanese strongholds before attacking them.

The Atomic Bomb (August 1945)
On August 6, 1945, a lone B-29 bomber, named the Enola Gay, appeared over the skies of Hiroshima. Air raid sirens went off around the city and people ran for their shelters. However, minutes later, the all-clear symbol was given. Although it had been a seemingly harmless run, the B-29 had, in fact, dropped a single bomb (this bomb was called "Little Boy"). This bomb detonated about 1,900 feet over Hiroshima and leveled much of the city within a few thousandths of a second. Tens of thousands were killed immediately and many more would eventually die from the radiation poisoning.

However, Japan did not surrender to the United States, so three days later, on August 9, 1945, a B-29 named Boxcar dropped an atom bomb on the city of Nagasaki (this bomb was called "Fat Man"). Although the bomb was actually more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb, the foggy weather conditions and the hilly terrain of Nagasaki somewhat shielded a portion of the city from the worst effects.

This, in conjunction with other factors affecting the state of the war, led to a ceasefire with Japan, and surrender a month later.


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1929 Parramatta state by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Parramatta on 23 February 1929 following the death of Albert Bruntnell.

Results
Albert Bruntnell died.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1929 Parramatta state by-election


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User:Tomruen/List of D5 polytopes

In 5-dimensional geometry, there are 23 uniform polytopes with D5 symmetry, 8 are unique, and 15 are shared with the B5 symmetry. There are two special forms, the 5-orthoplex, and 5-demicube with 10 and 16 vertices respectively.

They can be visualized as symmetric orthographic projections in Coxeter planes of the D6 Coxeter group, and other subgroups.

Graphs
Symmetric orthographic projections of these 8 polytopes can be made in the D5, D4, D3, A3, Coxeter planes. Ak has [k+1] symmetry, Dk has [2(k-1)] symmetry. The B5 plane is included, with only half the [10] symmetry displayed.

These 8 polytopes are each shown in these 5 symmetry planes, with vertices and edges drawn, and vertices colored by the number of overlapping vertices in each projective position.

title: User:Tomruen/List of D5 polytopes


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Aventuras en el tiempo

Aventuras en el tiempo (English title: Adventures in Time) is a Mexican comedy drama telenovela produced by Rosy Ocampo for Televisa in 2001.

On March 19, 2001, Canal de las Estrellas started broadcasting Aventuras en el tiempo weekdays at 4:00pm, replacing Carita de Ángel. The last episode was broadcast on August 10, 2001 with María Belén replacing it the following Monday.

Maribel Guardia and Gerardo Murguía starred as adult protagonists, Belinda and Christopher von Uckermann starred as child protagonists, while Vanessa Guzmán and Odiseo Bichir starred as antagonists.

Plot
Violeta lives with her uncle, because her mother died soon after she was born and she never knew her father. In addition to her uncle, Violeta stays with her grandmother from time to time as well. Violeta has a boyfriend named Ángel who gives her a pet dog.

While at her grandmother's house, Violeta discovers a time machine that her grandfather built, so she and her friends travel to different time periods. They visit several important events in Mexican history, learning these stories firsthand. The adults also end up traveling in time with the kids, and then it takes them all to recent time periods like the 1980s, where Violeta meets her mother and witnesses her own birth and her mother's death.

Later, she reunites with her father who is a well-respected doctor, and, after telling him and her uncle that she has found a time machine, they make a plan to save her mother the minute she gives birth to Violeta and take her to the future. Violeta's father successfully saves her mother.

Violeta's mother later wakes up and is told that she is in the future, and she sees that her daughter was the same girl who helped her to the hospital.

Cast

 * Maribel Guardia as Flor del Huerto
 * Gerardo Murguia as Marcos Flores Rosales
 * Belinda as Violeta Arcángel Flores
 * Christopher von Uckermann as Ángel del Huerto
 * Odiseo Bichir as Avaro Zopilote/Prof. Losthaim
 * Vanessa Guzmán as Faby Wolf
 * Mario Prudomme as Carlos Espino
 * Gustavo Aguilar as Mr. Malrostro
 * Juan Carlos Casasola as Lic. Chacal
 * Alejandro Speitzer as Ernesto "Neto" del Huerto
 * Naydelin Navarrete as Paloma
 * Enrique Sánchez as Alejandro
 * Ramiro Torres as Leonardo
 * Daniela Mercado as María José
 * Roberto Marín as Narciso Espino del Huerto
 * Carmen Montejo as Margarita Rosales de Flores
 * Marga López as Urraca Valdepeña
 * Maricruz Nájera as Mrs. Zopilote
 * Luis de Icaza as Kent Wolf (episodes 1–19)
 * Héctor Ortega as Kent Wolf (episodes 20–105)
 * Carlos Bracho as Geranio Flores
 * Pedro Weber "Chatanuga" as Don Manuel del Bosque Verdozo
 * Ricardo Chavez as Octavio
 * Roxana Saucedo as Yazmín
 * Javier Herranz as Jacinto del Huerto
 * Héctor Cruz as Rufiano
 * Greta Cervantes as Lidia
 * Martha Sabrina as Carla Espino
 * Mario Figueroa as Carlitos Espino
 * Mónica Riestra as Estefani
 * Bárbara Ferré as Begoña
 * Sergio Catalán as Luis Fernando Téllez
 * Nora Velázquez as Rocío del Bosque y Verduzco "Super Rocío"
 * Lourdes Munguía as Rosalba del Campo
 * Daniel Gauvry as Dr. Taimpress
 * Juan Pablo Gamboa as Salvador Arcángel
 * Roberto Tello as Méndez
 * Tomás Tamez as Rosales
 * Rafael del Villar as Luis del Monte
 * Yissmali Castillo as Maritza
 * Fernando Montaño as Rudolfín
 * Luis Couturier as Actor
 * Julio Camejo as Tony
 * Sergio Saldivar as Luigi
 * Luis Manuel Ávila as Police
 * Ricardo Vera as Severo Correa
 * Rubén Becerra as Sacerdote
 * Franco Gala as Obrero
 * Adriana Chapela as Angélica
 * Silvia Pinal as Herself
 * Martha Carrillo as Herself
 * Magneto as Themselves
 * Fabián Lavalle as Himself

Year 2470

 * Carlos Monden as Old Ángel del Huerto
 * Irán Eory as Old Violeta Flores
 * Rebeca Mankita as Adult Violeta Flores
 * Susan Vohn as Young Violeta Flores
 * Wendy González as Equis
 * Marco Uriel as Intelligence Chief

Year 1989

 * Irán Castillo as Azucena Flores Rosales

Year 1965

 * Susan Vohn as Young Margarita Rosales
 * Mayrín Villanueva as Young Urraca Valdepeña
 * Ernesto D'Alessio as "El Brother"
 * Alessandra Rosaldo as "La Flower"
 * Odiseo Bichir as Tacaño Zopilote
 * Gerardo Gallardo as Young Kent Wolf

Year 1950

 * Toño Infante as Epaminondas
 * Miguel Galván as Godofredo "El Godis"
 * Esther Rinaldi as Lupita
 * Melina Escobedo as Estrellita
 * Dolores Salomón "Bodokito" as Mercedes
 * Silvia Contreras as Cook Ranch
 * Pedro Romo as Rubén

Year 1910

 * Suzeth Cerame as María de la Luz
 * Marco Zapata as María de la Luz's brother

Year 1900

 * Lucía Guilmáin as Mrs. Crescencia Amargura de Limón
 * Amor Huerta as Dulce
 * Nancy Patiño as Vicenta
 * Karen Valencia as Juana
 * María Fernanda Malo as Blonde girl from the orphanage
 * Itzel Torres as Macrina
 * Belinda as Rosenda
 * Odiseo Bichir as Roñoso Zopilote
 * Miguel Priego as Mr. who adopts Dulce
 * Daniela Serratos
 * José Luis Cordero "Pocholo"

Year 1894

 * Odiseo Bichir as Roñoso Zopilote
 * Sylvia Pasquel as La Barbura
 * Susimar Logu as Child Rosenda
 * Diego Barquinero as Payasito Dieguín

Year 1885

 * Francis Laboriel as Princess Chorro de Humo
 * Yulyenette Anaya as African girl

Year 1810

 * Archie Lafranco as Don Rómulo
 * Joemy Blanco as Doña Isabel
 * Ernesto Laguardia as Insurgente
 * Francisco Rossel as Juan

Year 1790

 * Alejandra Meyer as Gitana

Year 1039

 * Salvador Sánchez as King Tlacay

Year 1000

 * Gabriel Ramos Villalpando as King Arturo

Soundtracks

 * Aventuras en el tiempo
 * Aventuras en el tiempo en vivo

title: Aventuras en el tiempo


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Simeon Perkins

Colonel Simeon Perkins (February 24, 1735 – May 9, 1812) was a Nova Scotia militia leader, merchant, diarist and politician. Perkins led the defence of Liverpool from attacks during the American Revolution, French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. In the 1770s, Liverpool was the second-largest settlement in Nova Scotia, next to Halifax. He also funded privateer ships in defence of the colony. He wrote a diary for 46 years (1766–1812), which is an essential historic document of this time period in Nova Scotian history. His home is now the Perkins House Museum. He was the grandfather of Joshua Newton Perkins.

Military career
He was lieutenant-colonel of the county militia from 1772 to 1793, he served as colonel commandant from 1793 to 1807. During the American Revolution, he defended the town numerous times from attack by American privateers. There were five raids on the town: October 1776, March 1777, September 1777, May 1778, and September 1780. He also went on the offensive by funding various privateer ships of his own to attack American privateers.

A month after HMS Blonde defeated Duc de Choiseul, on May 1, 1778, American privateers raided Liverpool, ravaging and pillaging a number of the houses and stores, including the store of Simeon Perkins. Three weeks later, on May 21, the same privateers returned and tried to tow the wreck of Duc de Choiseul out to sea. Perkins mustered ten men at the shore. Cannon fire was exchanged by the British militia and the American privateers. The privateers continued to fire at the town for almost an hour. Perkins marched his men along the shore, closer to the privateers. One of the militia was wounded in the ensuing exchanges. The privateers stayed off shore for a number of days. Perkins kept a sergeant and six men on guard duty twenty four hours a day until the privateers left the area.

After suffering three years of similar sporadic raids, Perkins, on June 2, 1779, built a battery for the artillery and on October 31 launched their own privateer vessel named Lucy to bring battle to their adversaries. As well, Perkins wrote a successful appeal to the authorities in Halifax, and on December 13, 1778 Captain John Howard's company of the King's Orange Rangers arrived aboard the transport Hannah. The company consisted of Howard, 2 lieutenants, 1 ensign, 3 sergeants, 2 or 3 corporals, 48 privates, and several camp followers, both women and children.

The most dramatic defense of Liverpool occurred on September 13, 1780. Two American privateers, Surprize under Captain Benjamin Cole, and Delight, under Captain Lane, unloaded nearly 70 men at Ballast Cove shortly after midnight. By 4am they had captured the fort and taken Howard, two other officers, and all but six of the KOR garrison as prisoners. Perkins called out the militia, engineered the capture of Cole, and ransomed him and the others for the recovery of the fort and the release of the prisoners. Liverpool was not bothered by privateers for the remainder of the war.

Perkins also invested in privateering during the Napoleonic Wars, earning substantial returns from vessels such as the ships Charles Mary Wentworth, Duke of Kent and the famous brig Rover

Politician
A born leader, he held public office for a long period representing Queens County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1765 to 1768 and from 1770 to 1799. He held twenty-seven government positions in his lifetime, none of which paid, including justice of the peace, colonel of the militia, and judge in the Inferior Court of Common Pleas and the Court of Quarter Sessions.

Family
Perkins was born in Norwich, Connecticut, one of sixteen children of Jacob Perkins and Jemima Leonard. He came to Liverpool, Nova Scotia, in May 1762 as part of the New England Planter migration to Nova Scotia. In Liverpool, Perkins immediately began trading in fish and lumber and forged trading ties with New England, Newfoundland, Europe and the West Indies.

He had nine children from two marriages. His first wife, Abigail Backus, died four weeks after the birth of his first son Roger. He married again in 1775 to Mrs. Elizabeth Headley (Young) who had been widowed two months before the birth of her daughter Ruth.

Diary
His diary, which he began in 1766, remains a vital source for historians studying the society and economy of colonial Canada and notably the battle for identity and loyalty during the American Revolution. Perkins was at first neutral, but became increasingly loyal to the British cause. After relentless American privateer attacks on shipping and an attempted American looting of Liverpool itself, Perkins helped lead the defences of the town and outfitted several privateer ships against the Americans.

One of his diary entries, for October 12, 1796 allegedly contains the first report of a UFO sighting in modern North America. Perkins reports the tale circulating at the time of a young lady and two men living at New Minas, Nova Scotia on upper reaches of the Bay of Fundy, who, during a recent sunrise, saw as many as fifteen “ships in the air ... and a man forward with his hand stretched out.” Perkins continues, "the story did not obtain universal credit but some people believed it."

The original copies of Perkins diaries were donated to the Town of Liverpool in 1899 and are now held by the Queens County Museum in Liverpool. The diary was published in five volumes by the Champlain Society between 1948 and 1967. The diaries are now available online.

Perkins House Museum
Perkins' home was preserved through the efforts of the Queens County Historical Society in 1949 led by the author and historian Thomas Raddall. It opened as the Perkins House Museum in 1957 and became part of the Nova Scotia Museum system, the oldest building owned by the province. It became a popular tourism draw in Liverpool open every year during the summer. However the house was closed to the public in 2015 after the province, citing shifting floor beams deemed the building a safety hazard. Repairs were completed in 2021 after delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The museum reopened in June 2021.

title: Simeon Perkins


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Talk:Eudendrium racemosum

Merge from Eudendrium racemosus
Grammatical gender of Eudendrium: neuter.

See http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=117553

and http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=117093

-- PhJ (talk) 07:19, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I went ahead and merged/redirected the article there. AdventurousSquirrel (talk) 03:02, 18 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eudendrium racemosum


text:
Talk:Xuân Diệu

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:10, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Mr. Cu Huy Can.jpg

title: Talk:Xuân Diệu


text:
Talk:David Pearl (lawyer)

Notable?
I don't know anything about these positions this man supposedly has held, but there are no citations to show that: a) he has held them; and b) that he is notable.

While there is a bare refrence to who's who, does this suffice to establish notability? Perhaps if these positions are notable someone should show that they are, or if the man is notable in his own right they should provide citations to that effect, as well as to show that he actually held these positions. --Δζ (talk) 12:24, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Did he go to a boarding school
Carmal college <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:28, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Pearl (lawyer)


text:
Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure/Nucleus and electrons

<< Atomic structure | Shells and orbitals >>

Atoms are made up of a nucleus and electrons that orbit the nucleus. An atom in its natural, uncharged state has the same number of electrons as protons. If it gains or loses electrons, the atom is then referred to as an ion.

The nucleus
The nucleus is made up of protons, which each have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have no charge. Neutrons and protons have about the same mass, and together account for most of the mass of the atom. Each of these particles is made up of even smaller particles, though the existence of these particles do not come into play at the energies and time spans in which most chemical reactions occur.

Electrons
The electrons are negatively charged and fly around the nucleus of an atom at something like light speed. We cannot determine exactly where electrons are at any point in time, rather, we can only guess at the probability of finding an electron at a point in space relative to a nucleus at any point in time. The image depicts the Bohr model of the atom, in which the electrons inhabit discrete "orbitals" around the nucleus much like planets orbit the sun. Current models of the atomic structure hold that electrons occupy fuzzy clouds around the nucleus of specific shapes, some spherical, some dumbbell shaped, some with even more complex shapes. Even though the simpler Bohr model of atomic structure has been superseded, we still refer to these electron clouds as "orbitals". The number of electrons and the nature of the orbitals they occupy greatly influence the reactivity of atoms in organic chemistry.

<< Atomic structure | Nucleus and electrons | Shells and orbitals >>


text:
Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Reading

Presentation
With the reading reality check, you read some text, look away, and see if you can remember the text. Then, you check if it has changed when you turn back. Do this twice. You can also actively try to change the text (note that changing text in a Wikibook is not necessarily evidence you are dreaming though!).

For example, consider this paragraph. Try to remember its text. Then reload the page. If you realise that the text is now missing, you know that you are dreaming.

This reality check works because the mind has no external input to base the text upon.

Note you will usually have no problems reading text in a dream. It is remembering the text which is hard.

Examples of this reality check working

 * I looked at some text that I found, then looked away. I couldn't remember what it said.
 * I looked at some text that I found, then looked away, then looked back. The text had completely changed or is scrambled up.
 * I looked at some text that I found, and it just said "lucid lucid lucid...". I was surprised but understood the message.
 * I dreamt I was reading a book. I closed my eyes to sneeze, and when I looked back, the text was the same, but it was in a completely different font.
 * There was a poster on a distant wall showing a spruce tree somewhere. I looked away and then back at it, where the scene changed to a small spruce tree in the middle of a city.
 * I opened a book and found the page empty, it had a weird haze over it. I thought to myself, "hey, that's weird" and the words "hey, that's weird" appeared on the page, I swore when I saw it happen and that popped up on the page as well. After about a paragraph of me questioning my sanity, a little voice said "you're dreaming, you idiot." I slapped myself on the forehead and continued on lucidly.

Examples of this reality check failing

 * I looked at some text that I found, then looked away. I could perfectly remember what it said.
 * I looked at some text that I found, then looked away, then looked back. The text stayed exactly the same.

Sueño lúcido/Test de Realidad/Lectura

title: Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Reading


text:
Template:Test

You can continue to participate at Wikiversity and keep other community members from reverting or removing your edits as vandalism by conducting your editing experiments in the sandbox, and in your own user space when you login or create an account. You can contact me contact me or the Wikiversity community with any questions you may have. Thank you. --

cs:Šablona:Experimenty de:Vorlage:Test es:Plantilla:Vandalismo fr:Modèle:Vandalisme it:Template:Test

title: Template:Test


text:
Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Halogenation

There are several ways to halogenate Alkenes. The simplest is by adding appropriate hydrogen halides, where the reaction follows Markovnikov's rule. This rule states that the halogen will become bonded to the more highly substituted carbon. This is a result of greater carbocation stability of more highly substituted carbon atoms, which have more ability to distribute the positive charge to the attached alkyl groups. When both carbon atoms have the same number of substituents, a mixture of products will often result.


text:
Talk:Geurt Schoonman

External links modified
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title: Talk:Geurt Schoonman


text:
twotino

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  Any astronomical object, on the apparent outer edge of the Kuiper Belt, whose orbit has a 1:2 resonance with the planet Neptune.

title: twotino


text:
Talk:Beam parameter product

I forget: is BPP defined in terms of diameter or radius? This article asserts diameter, while the same author's contribution at Gaussian beam asserts radius. Anyone know offhand which is correct?

By the way, something to be aware of: for a Gaussian beam, waist size and divergence are radial quantities, defined as the radius at which the beam intensity falls to 1/e² of the peak value. This is different from the statistical measure used to calculate size and divergence of real beams. If the correct constant is chosen (two, I think), the two measures are equal for the special case of a Gaussian beam.--Srleffler 21:44, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Re-merging M squared article
Re: M squared

As the first edition author of the wikipedia m sqared article, I offer the following opinion on the merge to bpp discussion: M squared is a far more useful and popular laser parameter than is bpp. It should not be blended in as a subtopic on bpp. There is even an iso standard titled after it. Many new scientific papers have been published about m squared. M squared is related to bpp in a simple equation -that does not mean its definition should be confined to bpp. Is there suddenly pressure to limit the number of new independent articles in wikipedia? Of course not! I suggest (instead) the m squared sub-discussion in the bpp article be extracted and merged with the new m squared article. It should never have been put there in the first place. Apparently, I am the second author to initiate a seperate m squared article, as the history shows another attempt was made in 2006 --Kenmenard1983 (talk) 14:14, 8 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The 2006 version was created on the same day, and by the same author as the beam parameter product article. These two parameters are so closely related, that there should be only a single article on them. I'm open to the argument that we should merge Beam parameter product into M squared, on the grounds that the latter term is far more commonly used.--Srleffler (talk) 17:48, 8 February 2009 (UTC)
 * If your argument were valid, than one could also argue the following (for example): the term speed is the ratio of distance to time, so speed should be defined only within a sub-article about distance (since the "parameters are so closely related").--Kenmenard1983 (talk) 23:54, 8 February 2009 (UTC)
 * That isn't an equivalent example. The beam parameter product and M² are essentially the same thing, just normalized differently. They are precisely equivalent measures of beam quality, with the only difference being that M² is normalized such that the best value that can be physically achieved is 1 instead of λ/π. If we kept both articles and perfected both, they would contain exactly the same content, except for that difference in normalization. --Srleffler (talk) 05:27, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Lagrange invariant
This seems closely related to Lagrange invariant and étendue. Should those be mentioned. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 03:10, 3 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I see the similarity, but I am not sure that it is actually related. This is a diffractive effect, while Lagrange invariant and étendue are ray-based effects.--Srleffler (talk) 02:55, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beam parameter product


text:
Talk:Hello, world!

This is only a modest introduction, and I look forward to seeing some incredible content which is sure to come from every part of the world very soon. --jlguinn 01:43, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Todo: Hyperlink the languages and platforms to existing Wiki articles

This page already exists on wikipedia: List_of_hello_world_programs It's not very educational, just interesting for people who are curious.
 * "Create a Hello, world! program in a language not listed above, then edit this page and add it to the collection." <-- this may not seem "very educational" but it is a traditional way for people to start learning a programming language. --JWSchmidt 23:11, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Request for deletion
''This page was proposed for deletion on September 27, 2006. The result of the discussion was keep.''

This page already exists on wikipedia: List_of_hello_world_programs -- DouglasHolton 22:53, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The Wikipedia page and the Wikiversity page are similar, but they do not have exactly the same content. The Wikiversity page seems to have educational value and will probably become increasingly unique and integrated with Wikiversity pages that will deal with learning various programming languages. It seems to me that it would be disruptive to delete this page. --JWSchmidt 23:05, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep: Hello, World! programs are programs for learning, right? This page will probably be a jump-off to those materials later, and it's good to have an explanation about what it is. --SB_Johnny | talk 00:45, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep it, for the reasons above. This is a learning experience, not an encyclopedia article.--  digital  _  me   02:18, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep - this page serves an important purpose as a reference for various programming courses on Wikiversity. --Draicone (talk) 02:30, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

keep this !!

kept, clear discussion outcome -- sebmol ? 23:23, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Shebangs...
Why a shebang on the Python version when there are none on, for instance, Perl and Ruby? <IP_ADDRESS> 17:11, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * No idea. I've gone ahead and removed them.--  digital  _  me   21:50, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Hey, yeah you need the Shebang to make it work. I've already linked to the Perl Hello, World! from Topic:Perl and added the #! shebang line. Please leave it on there if you don't mind. :) CQ 22:15, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * You only need the shebang if you're running it from the command line like "bash$ script.py" instead of "bash$ python script.py".-- digital  _  me   02:15, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

missing python line
On the python example of Hello World it says that the first line is optional and only needed if you want to invoke the interpreter automatically. What first line? Someone's removed it without regard to the explanation below it. The only line is print "hello world". BillK oct 10, 2006
 * It's called a "shebang", and it looks like "#!/bin/python". Basicly, it tells your shell that you can find the program it's supposed to use to execute the script at the path given after the "#!".  See my above comment for more info.--  digital  _  me   02:16, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Language standards?
I've noticed that C++ has two hello world programs, and the second one is obviously not standard C++. Main has a void return type when it should be int. The #include  is not standard, there should be no .h when including standard libraries, and for some reason Borland's implementation of iostream.h puts 'cout' and 'endl' in the global namespace instead of the 'std' namespace. So, while Borland allows non-standard C++, as do many compilers, this page is about languages and I think we should only have standard language examples. Is there any reason not to? --Poleary 21:15, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

I added a new language
I was bored, so I used startingpage.com to find a new programming language. The language I found is called "Alef++". More info @ alefpp.sourceforge.net.--Lawlolawland 01:11, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Guidance on selecting a programming environment.
This can become a more useful instructional tutorial if guidance on selecting an simple programming environment can be provided for each example, and enough guidance is provided so that the student can actually compile and run each example program. It will also be helpful if this can be used as a short overview of several (popular) languages to assist a novice programmer in selecting a programming language, and beginning to understand how various languages differ. --Lbeaumont (discuss • contribs) 13:50, 12 August 2017 (UTC)

 * What you are suggesting already exists in Computer Programming. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 19:50, 12 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hello, world!


text:
Talk:Dave Heineman

Untitled
This article needs work. There is no mention of what he did from 1975 after his Army service until 1994. GoodWikian (talk) 17:58, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Dave Heineman


text:
User:TAToennisson

Articles in progress
T.A. Toennisson is working on updating and adding details to the Azospirillum article. The most recent draft can be found in her sandbox.

title: User:TAToennisson


text:
affamato

Adjective

 * 1) starving
 * 2) hungry

Usage notes

 * For English translations of "to be hungry", avere fame is preferred.

title: affamato


text:
Talk:Anne Simonett

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title: Talk:Anne Simonett


text:
School talk:Aviation

International
As I can notice the school of Aviation is FAA focused while it should be more International, anyone ready to try to make it more international?

--Capt.radi 07:57, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

I have started a New Zealand section. I guess the problem is that while a lot of content will be similar between states, it isnt going to be the same. Maybe this is the way to go. Aerodrome 12:31, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. But I can only contribute US or general information.<IP_ADDRESS> 18:00, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

External resources
Links to handbooks and other helpful pages can be found on School:School of Aviation/External resources.

You people could practise using a Flight Simulator :-)

Aviation schools
Aviation Schools Flight school and pilot training directory listing aviation schools world wide. Find flight attendant training, helicopter schools, aircraft maintenance and lot more. Aviation  Schools

"US Air Force attempts Antarctica night-vision flight"
http://www.physorg.com/news140438706.html

title: School talk:Aviation


text:
Tabangao Refinery

The Tabangao Refinery is an oil refinery in Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines. It was owned and operated by Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation with the capacity to process 110000 oilbbl/d.

History
The Tabangao Refinery's construction began in 1960 and was completed in 1962. The oil refinery's inauguration was held on July 28, 1962 which was attended by then-Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal. Its initially capacity was 30000 oilbbl/d.

In 1993, expansion and renovation of the Tabangao Refinery (called STAR or Shell Tabangao Asset Renewal) began, to replace the old facilities including two crude distillers built in the 1960s. The expansion was completed in 1995 and the capacity of the refinery increased to 110000 oilbbl/d

Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, operations of the refinery was suspended on May 24, 2020 and in August 2020, Pilipinas Shell decided to permanently close the refinery and convert the site into an import terminal. The closure left the Bataan Refinery of Petron as the sole operating oil refinery in the Philippines.

title: Tabangao Refinery


text:
They Live in Fear

They Live in Fear is a 1944 American film starring Otto Kruger.

The film was known as America's Children. Filming was announced in August 1943. Otto Kruger joined the film in March 1944.

Plot
A member of the Hitler Youth escapes to America.

Cast

 * Otto Kruger as Matthew Van Camp
 * Clifford Severn as Paul Graffen
 * Pat Parrish as Pat Daniels
 * Jimmy Carpenter as Johnny Reynolds
 * Erwin Kalser as Jan Dorchik
 * Danny Jackson as Googy

title: They Live in Fear


text:
Evo 2004

The 2004 Evolution Championship Series (commonly referred to as Evo 2004 or EVO 2004) was a fighting game event held at the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona in Pomona, California from July 29 to August 1. The event featured nine fighting games on the main lineup, including Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike and Marvel vs. Capcom 2. While in previous Evolution events all competitions were held on arcade machines, most tournaments at Evo 2004 were played on video game consoles.

Evo 2004 featured the first Street Fighter match between Daigo Umehara and Justin Wong, in which Umehara executed the "Daigo Parry". The controversial final match of the Soulcalibur II tournaments held at Evo 2004 motivated the implementation of a collusion rule still in use today.

Background
The sixth Evolution Championship Series was held at the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Southern California on July 29 to August 1. Evo 2004 featured approximately 700 participants from over 30 nations, each competing in one or more of the nine tournaments held at the event. In order to create an easier situation for staff and increase the average play time of participants, the double-elimination-style tournaments of previous Evo events was replaced with a round-robin/double-elimination pool system. In the old system, some players would find themselves being eliminated from a tournament after losing two games, but because of the newly implemented system each participant would face off against at least nine other players during the preliminary pool.

2004 was in the middle of what Tom Cannon would later describe as the "Dark Ages" of the fighting game community, when fighting games were largely abandoned by game developers. However, the Evolution Championship Series grew steadily every year, and had become the largest fighting game tournament of its time.

Up until Evo 2004, every Evolution event relied almost entirely on arcade cabinets. However, arcade hardware has always been relatively difficult to get a hold of, especially for games that do not run on Capcom's CP System II system boards. Furthermore, arcade hardware would commonly offer up technical issues. Lastly, competitors often complained that the arcade hardware available at Evolution was different from the hardware they have trained on. In order to solve these issues, the Evolution organizers opted to switch to using video game consoles only at the tournament, where participants have to bring their own game controllers. Only the Street Fighter III: Third Strike tournament held at Evo 2004 was played on arcade hardware, because the Street Fighter Anniversary Collection release date was pushed back to August.

Tournament organizers opted to turn the team tournaments, which were traditionally exhibition matches, into a main part of the event. Two specifically seeded team tournaments in Capcom vs. SNK 2 and Marvel vs. Capcom 2 and a Pair Play tournament for Tekken Tag Tournament were held at Evo 2004. Evo 2004 also featured a "Bring Your Own Console" area, where people were able to set up smaller-scale tournaments of games not on the main roster.

Evo Moment #37
Despite having never matched off against each other before, the Japanese Daigo Umehara and American Justin Wong were known for having a supposed rivalry with each other due to their differences in gaming philosophies. The two players met each other in the loser's finals of Evo 2004's Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike tournament. Umehara, playing using the character Ken, was down to his last pixel of vitality and any special attack by Wong's Chun-Li could knock Ken out. Wong attempted to hit his opponent with Chun-Li's multihit "Super Art" move, forcing Umehara to parry 15 attacks in a very short period of time. Umehara did so successfully and went on to counter a final kick of Chun-Li in mid-air before launching a combo move himself and winning the match. The clip of Umehara parrying Wong's multihit attack became hugely influential and has been compared to famous sports moments such as Babe Ruth's called shot and the Miracle on Ice.

The Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike tournament was won by Kenji "KO" Obata, playing as Yun. He beat Umehara in the finals, just as he did a year prior at Evo 2003.

Soulcalibur II incident
The final match of the Soulcalibur II tournament at Evo 2004 was held between the friends Rob "RTD" Combs and Marquette "Mick" Yarbrough. The two were widely accused for collusion and not taking the fight seriously, playing using different characters than usual and playing on a "sub-par level". The two disputed these claims when asked about it on Game Show Network's Games Across America. Though Combs and Yarbrough were not punished directly, Evo went on to implement a "collusion rule", stating that players who purposely manipulate a match or intentionally underperform would forfeit prize and title. Speaking with GiantBomb in 2013, Evo-founder Tom Cannon stated that "they broke the spirit of the tournament. ... We were like 'fine, this happened, let's make sure this is never gonna happen again.'" Evolution's anti-collusion measure was further expanded in 2013 and is still in place.

title: Evo 2004


text:
Horodzhiv

Horodzhiv (Горо́джів) is a village (selo) in Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast, of Western Ukraine. It belongs to Dobrosyn-Maheriv settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The population of the village is about 1054 people. Local government is administered by Lavrykivska village council.

Until 18 July 2020, Horodzhiv belonged to Zhovkva Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Zhovkva Raion was merged into Lviv Raion.

Geography
The village is located above the Bila River, in a low marshy area on the altitude of 229 m above sea level. It is at a distance 5 km on the west of the Highway M09 (Ukraine) (), which is part of the Warsaw – Lviv route. The distance from the regional center of Lviv is 49 km, 19 km from the district center Zhovkva and 25 km from the city of Rava-Ruska.

Religious structures
There are two churches in the village:
 * The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church (wood, 1733).
 * Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker.

Famous people
Dmytro Sapiha – editor, journalist, director of the state enterprise "All-Ukrainian state multi-profile publishing house " KAMENIAR ".

title: Horodzhiv


text:
Wikibooks:Natural sciences bookshelf

For Wikibooks relating to medicine and health, see Health science bookshelf.

Introductory textbooks

 * General Chemistry
 * General Biology
 * The Scientific Method
 * Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life

High school and children's courses

 * Middle School Science
 * GCSE Science for secondary school students
 * NZ Level 6: Experimental sciences
 * Wikijunior Big Book of Fun Science Experiments
 * Introduction to Physical Science
 * Regents Earth Science (High School)
 * Biology
 * A-level Applied Science
 * 8th Grade Science

Astronomy

 * Astronomy
 * Introduction to Astrophysics
 * Solar System

Chemistry

 * A-level Chemistry
 * AP Chemistry
 * Biochemistry
 * Chemical Engineering
 * Computational chemistry
 * Crystallography
 * General Chemistry
 * IB Chemistry
 * Inorganic Chemistry
 * Mathematics for Chemistry
 * Nanowiki - The opensource handbook of nanoscience
 * Organic Chemistry
 * Physical Chemistry
 * Problems In Highschool Chemistry
 * Proteomics
 * Solved Question Papers - IIT JEE
 * VCE Chemistry

Earth sciences

 * A Chronological Survey of Sedimentary Landforms in the Continental United States
 * Geodesy
 * Geology
 * Oceanography
 * Soil mechanics
 * Volcanoes
 * The Geology of Indonesia

Ecology

 * See also: Biology_bookshelf

 * Ecology
 * Applied Ecology

Environmental sciences

 * Climate change
 * Environmental Science
 * Environmental Science in New York City
 * Meteorology
 * Oceanography - An introduction
 * Regents Earth Science (High School)
 * Soil Science

Library and information science

 * Applications of ICT in Libraries
 * Introduction to Library and Information Science by Richard E. Rubin
 * Library and Information Science

Physical sciences
he:מדף:מדעי הטבע

title: Wikibooks:Natural sciences bookshelf


text:
Genealogy

Genealogy is the research of one's family history (or someone else's). What is included in "family history" varies depending on the individual researcher.

There's a table of contents on every page that will help you navigate the pages. If you want to skip to a certain page, look below.

For everyone

 * /Getting started/
 * /Establish goals/
 * /Work backwards/
 * /Family interviews/
 * /Locating the previous overseas residence/
 * /Online options/
 * /Websites/
 * /FamilySearch/
 * /RootsWeb/
 * /Ancestry/
 * /Yahoo! Groups/
 * /Usenet Groups/
 * /Google Maps/
 * /Mailing lists/, etc.
 * Developing Genealogy Web-Pages
 * /Recording your research/
 * /Hard Copy/
 * /Software/
 * Archiving your records
 * Archiving paper-based documents
 * Archiving photos

Area-specific

 * /Africa/
 * /Egypt/
 * /South Africa/
 * /Asia/
 * /Afghanistan/
 * /China/
 * /Iran/
 * /Iraq/
 * /Israel/
 * /Pakistan/
 * /Saudi Arabia/
 * /Turkey/
 * /Europe/
 * /France/
 * /Germany/
 * /Italy/
 * /Latvia/
 * /Poland/
 * /Portugal/
 * United Kingdom
 * /North America/
 * /Canada/
 * /Mexico/
 * United States
 * /Oceania/
 * /Australia/
 * /New Zealand/
 * /South America/
 * /Brazil/

/Authors/

Genealogy sites

 * US National Archives Genealogy Section
 * Family Genealogy and History Internet Education Directory
 * Family Search - LDS Genealogy Site
 * Genealogy Tips and Research Guides
 * Cyndi's List of Genealogy Sites on the Internet - worldwide genealogy directory
 * Genealogy Resources, Newsletter and Databases for Family Tree History
 * Access Genealogy
 * Surname Web
 * Genealogy Resources at FamilyForest.com
 * Civil records from the Netherlands 1800~1920

title: Genealogy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Convenience package (2nd nomination)

The result was   delete. Stifle (talk) 11:48, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Convenience package
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

This was kept before on the basis that it could be sourced, but it still hasn't been. It's a list of features that appear on packages that some car makers call "convenience package" (and others use different names, or bundle the same features in different packages, or they are standard, or whatever) and the sources are all primary. X appears in convenience package, source: manufacturer Y listing X in convenience package. That is WP:OR, pure and simple, and there has never been a single reliable independent secondary source to support this list of random things that random makers bundle in a random collection with this random name. Let me talk you through this by reference to the articles in the list claimed to be "typically" included:

 * Automatic central rear view mirror dimmer (may be part of a safety package) - standard in many cars, part of the Driver Support Pack in Volvo, not available at all in others, regardless of the availability of a "convenience pack".
 * Automatic headlight dimmer (may be part of a safety package) - or not, also in Driver Support on Volvo, something else on BMW and Mercedes.
 * Bluetooth cellphone link - standard in many models, Technology pack in Honda, Bluetec in Mercedes think.
 * Coming/Leaving Home Kit (light activation to illuminate the surrounding of a vehicle when passengers and/or the driver emerge, garage door opener, etc.) - SE spec for Volvo, Lux spec for some recent Honda, standard on most Mercedes.
 * Convenience turn signal (turn signal will automatically flash three times at a single tip of the turn signal lever.) - Standard on all Volvo and I think also current HOnda, standard on many if not all VAG models too.
 * Cruise control, either plain or adaptive (the vehicle will automatically adjust its velocity to preceding vehicles when the feature is enabled.)
 * Front seat heating - Winter pack (Volvo), standard when leather seats are specified (Honda), other packs for Mercedes, BMW and others.
 * Glove compartment light - I cannot recall seeing any car in the last ten years that did not have this as standard.
 * Ground light on lower edge of door - standard on most Volvos, standard on Range Rover last time I checked, standard on Jaguar, and either standard or included in trim levels or in other packs on other cars.
 * Map light - the last car I had without one of these was a 1970 Mini.
 * Moonroof/sunroof - separate option in some cars, standard in Lux spec on some Honda models, separate non-pack option on Volvo V70/VC70, and so on.
 * Navigation - Nav spec on older Volvos, standard n ow I think, certainly for the 70 and 90 models; SE or Business trim level on other cars, technology packs on Honda and some other models.
 * Passenger assist strap or handhold - standard on every Volvo and Honda I have ever owned, and on most other cars too these days
 * Power exterior mirrors - in other packs on Volvo, standard on higher trim levels, standard on all the Mercedes I have looked at, standard with certain trim levels and models on BMW.
 * Power seat adjustment - standard on driver seat with SE spec Volvo, standard on some Mercedes trim levels, standard on some BMW models and trim levels.
 * Rear vision camera - option (on-pack) for Volvo, standard on some trim levels for Jaguar and Land-Rover, other packs or separate option for BMW last time I checked.
 * Remote start - comes with keyless drive and Volvo On Call for Volvo, other packs for other models.
 * Umbrella holder in door pillar. - the only car I have ever seen that has this is the Royce, and I have no idea if it's standard or not.
 * Vanity mirror light - every car I have owned or driven for the last twenty years has had this as standard.
 * Vanity mirror on sun visor - this was standard on my late sister's 1978 Mini.

Now, it's quite possible that some of these are included in a pack called convenience by some makers. As it stands, however, it is an indiscriminate collection of information, something Wikipedia is not. There is no source for most items, and those that are sourced, there is no evidence that this is a general name for the pack, no evidence that these items are usually included in such a pack, and no evidence that other sources consider this a separate subject. The most you could say is that this is a list of features that are optional on some cars (and standard or unavailable on others), some of whihc may be offered in various packs or trim levels by some manufacturers. That is, pretty much, all you can say about this list of items. Guy (Help!) 17:14, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Transportation-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:02, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Technology-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:02, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:04, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Delete Corporate PR-speak; no clear definition of exactly what this term means or what it includes. So poorly defined that although this article treats it as an automotive term, it appears to be used in other industries as well; in the previous AfD somebody cited a reference to "convenience packaging" in the brewing industry. I would put this in the same category as when a cold-calling salesperson announces "this is a courtesy call..." --MelanieN (talk) 23:31, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Missvain (talk) 05:56, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete. Current article relies entirely on original synthesis of primary sources as explained by the nominator, and would have to be rewritten if a secondary source could be found. Same goes for Safety package, Handling package, Sports package, etc. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 10:21, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Also, the previous rationale for keeping this article was that convenience packages had been the topic of secondary sources in other industries than the automotive. That's a mistake, because this article is unmistakably about cars only so an article using those sources would be a rewrite. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 10:24, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:2012–13 Argentine Primera División season

Champion? Super Champion?
First I have to say I already posted something similar to Argentine Primera Division article's talk page. I don't get what this article says about a "Super Champion". If I get the announcement of AFA about the reform right, there will be only one champion in 2012-2013 season. There is no such thing as a "Inicial champion" and a "Final champion", Velez is not "2012 Inicial Champion" since Ininicial is no championship on its own. It is the first half of a championship with Torneo Final being the second half and the winners of Inicial and Final play a match to determine who is going to be the ONE Champion of the year. This is what this article calls the "super champion". But the "super champion" is the one and only "champion" in my opinion.

The AFA announcement( http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16395:nuevos-torneos-&catid=180:afa&Itemid=219 ) reads as follows:

"El Comité Ejecutivo de la AFA decidió que se dispute un solo campeonato de 38 fechas dividido en dos torneos de 19 jornadas[...]."

In English: "The AFA Executive Committee decided that a single championship is played in 38 rounds divided in two tournaments of 19 rounds each[...]."

"El ganador del torneo Inicial y el vencedor del torneo Final se enfrentarán en un partido, en estadio neutral, al término del segundo certamen y determinarán el campeón del año."

In English: "The winner of Initial and Final tournament will face each other in a match at a neutral stadium, after the second event and determine the champion of the year.

Later in this document they say also that winners of Torneo Final and Torneo Inicial will receive money and a trophy.

But the trophies the Inicial and Final winners get are not THE championship trophy of Argentina who will be rewarded only to the champion that is the winner of the match between Inicial and Final winners. I think it should be listed seperately somehow. Of course it makes sense to list the winners of Inicial and Final but not as champions. To me winning of the Inicial doesn't seem to Velez' 9th title. There is only one champion per year and the others are "only" the winners of the respective tournaments. That's what the reform tells us: in the past there were two champions per season(Apertura and Clausura winner), but from now on we will see only one per year. Correct me if I'm wrong or show that AFA said or wrote somewhere that Inicial and Final winners will be counted as champions in the statistics of the federation. Maybe I just didn't see it since my Spanish is far from good. --Klugioh (talk) 01:15, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

newly promoted teams
Something should be said about which teams are new for this year and which teams were lost. You see that in most similar articles in club football. If I have time this week, I'll do it, but if you can do it, do it. YellowAries2010 (talk) 06:08, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Championship final
I can't find any information in regards to the Championship final in case the Torneo Inicial and the Torneo Final winners are the same club? Will the game be cancelled then? Calistemon (talk) 10:48, 19 July 2012 (UTC)


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Template talk:Infobox public transit

Operations date
I have to say i do like this new template, and i find it a major improvment over the the other two templates in visual aspects as well as its poential. One thing though, i do think their should be a variable and a section for the begining of operations of a system, mayber under commenced operations or began operations? --Boothy443 | trácht ar 08:03, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * added! Though I'm still not sure whether I like where I put it. --Millbrooky 05:57, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Avoid use of metro or subway
Excellent template, well done! A note for anyone including this template though, to use "rapid transit" as the transit_type argument (where applicable), as metro is a redirect, subway is a dab page, and both are geographically limited in scope. --CComMack 01:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Heading change
A user change the font size of the heading to a larger size, i think this is a bad idea, it looks garishly oversized, and personaly i think it detracts from the infobox. I recommend a change back to the previous version, and if this is an issue with is not displaying correctly in certain browsers, then an alternative markup be used. --Boothy443 | trácht ar 06:19, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Remove employees field
I suggest removing the employees field. As a template about public transit systems, a field for employees doesn't seem appropriate. Information about the number of people employed in a public transit system would probably be more appropriate in an article about the operator of a public transit system. --Millbrooky 22:48, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I disagree. Any complete article should include this information. It may not be relevant on articles about the operator. We don't always know what they want. -- Selmo  (talk) 03:51, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Routes & terminals
I couldn't help but notice that this infobox seems geared towards rail systems, with it's use of Lines and Stations. My local public transit system doesn't use any rail, it's all buses and ferries, and they refer to stations as Terminals, and lines as Routes. Would it be possible to add Terminals and Routes to the box, in addition to Lines and Stations, and let the user decide which is more appropriate for the article in question? --hfx_chris 18:09, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Please please add a "Path" type for long distance paths. In the UK the stops would be major towns and youth hostels. In Japan there are Edo Five Routes which could use this sort of template to give them cohesion.Cosnahang 13:49, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Gee Thanks
Can't believe they deleted the infobox monorail. Actually yes I can believe it. Seems like something Wikipedia would do. Something that's useful and informative, and it gets deleted. HeadMouse 21:23, 13 June 2007 (UTC)HeadMouse

Add farebox ratio
Because it's interesting to know how successful a public transportation system is. --Traal 15:32, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Transit type and operator parameters
I have removed the wikilink from Transit type to public transport. It is not needed, since the transit type value should always be a wikilink (i.e. Rapid transit) which points to a page explaining the word. I also removed the (s) at the end (purely for estetic reasons).

The operator parameter is no longer required. That parameter is not more important than any other non-required parameter. -- Kildor 11:03, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

need ability to add both an image and a logo
I would like to have the option to use both a logo and a second image pertaining to the sytem. Right now on Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority I have to put the header image just below the infobox and it looks somewhat awkward. Can you make this template like Template:Infobox Bus transit which has a place for both a logo and an image in the infobox? Biomedeng (talk) 03:52, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I was bold and added a second image parameter. Check out the results at Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority.  I am not sure if the line between the logo and the image is good or should be removed.  Biomedeng (talk) 23:40, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Added average_speed and top_speed
I added average_speed and top_speed, updated the documentation, and made use of it in Westside Express Service. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:22, 20 June 2008 (UTC).

request: add route diagram parameter please
I would like to ask the addition of such parameter like Infobox rail line but better support for Route diagram template. Thx -- Sameboat - 同舟 (talk) 00:43, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. parameters are  and   (use   or  ). Grey lines had to be removed else the route diagram would not show up properly.  - oahiyeel talk 08:15, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Thx, but still I want some revision. Please take a look at Sochi Light Metro and Sochi Light Metro route diagram The text in the route diagram isn't supposed to be center-aligned and bolded. Could you alter the syntax to avoid these? Thx again. Sorry I have fixed them in my route diagram template, it isn't the problem anymore. Anyway, thx. -- Sameboat - 同舟 (talk) 08:39, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Request: add image caption
I would like to ask for the addition of the image caption parameter as an optional one, that would show up directly below the second image to add a description of the picture, especially if the second image is a free-use image from the Wikimedia Commons. --AEMoreira042281 (talk) 05:08, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅, new parameter is added for image2 caption. -- Sameboat - 同舟 (talk) 05:25, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

 * We don't actually have a "caption1", so I've updated this to use the infobox template's caption parameter. There should be no need for a caption for the first image, which is a logo, and the second doesn't need a hoevering title in addition to the caption, so this simplifies the code a bit. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 10:11, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

BS-header fallout
I've just switched Clarian Health People Mover to Infobox Public transit and I'm ending up with some excess table code showing in the route map, up as normal text, after pulling in Clarian Health People Mover. This is coming from BS-header; however, if I remove that from the route diagram, it explodes! Did anyone have a proper solution (not just manually pasting equivalent code) when they've hit this? Many Thanks in advance, —Sladen (talk) 13:22, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * ✅. But you may tidy up the reference note in the template youself. -- Sameboat - 同舟 (talk) 14:15, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for looking at it (and fixing it!). I was hoping to find a solution that didn't require manually pasting in raw table code—if this needs to be done in every single case, would it be worth adding it to a proper template macro and documenting it.  At the moment, if the infobox/rdt interaction changes, alot of maps are going to have to be individually and manually fixed by hand (a problem, I was hoping to avoid enlarging).  —Sladen (talk) 14:22, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * ✅. BS-table3, please read the document carefully. -- Sameboat - 同舟 (talk) 04:47, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Headquarters parameter
If it is possible to add a Headquarters parameter (probably in the Info section), that would be appreciated. This would be so that this information can be shown in the template, as is the case with the Infobox rail and derivative templates, and the Infobox Bus transit templates. Thank you. --AEMoreira042281 (talk) 12:53, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅. Moot point: parameter was added myself. --AEMoreira042281 (talk) 16:32, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Request: website parameter
Most organisational infoboxes carry space for a website; can we have an optional parameter to add the offical website for the public transit system being described? It would be useful for many articles. Thanks! Wikidwitch (talk) 09:19, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Although there're other infoboxes has included such para, I'm not appreciate with this. Such link should be included only in the External links section in a formal Wiki article rathan than in the infobox. Any other thoughts? -- Sameboat - 同舟 (talk) 09:48, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

 * My thinking is that it's common practice to provide a corporate web address in infoboxes about organisations as part of key information (such as corporate HQ, location, type of business). Examples include Template:Infobox Company, Template:Infobox Network, Template:Infobox rail company. Users will expect to see this information in the summary info of an infobox. This is important information about an organisation - if you put it down at the end of the article it's hard to find. Wikidwitch (talk) 10:31, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Space limitation on route map break line
On Baltimore Light Rail you will seen the route line images with an extra space between Penn Station and U of Baltimore. This is because there is too much text which causes the images to separate. This revision has no breaks because it has more space. Is there anyway to stop the breaks in the line in the limited space of having the route be in an infobox? If so, could someone do it (so I know how to fix it for other places I see). gren グレン 09:00, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

 * . The major problem is from the route map template that using the "distance/time" column to display stations name. Increased the box width of the infobox template as well so it won't force the text in the map to return. -- Sameboat - 同舟 (talk) 09:39, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Map legend
I tried to add a "map legend" parameter into this infobox, but my template-fu skills are apparently not up to scratch. Can somebody help me do this? Here's an example of what I want to include on MAX Light Rail:

{{legend|#0269AA|Blue Line: Hillsboro–city center–Gresham}} {{legend|#048954|Green Line: Clackamas–city center–PSU}} {{legend|#D21846|Red Line: Airport-city center–Beaverton}} {{legend|#FEC62A|Yellow Line: Expo Center–city center–PSU}} {{legend|#808080|WES commuter line: Wilsonville–Beaverton}}
 * o station
 * • station with Park & Ride
 * • future station

-Pete (talk) 19:34, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Definition of system length?
The system length number probably needs to be defined more clearly. The number currently given seems to be the total length of single track (double track stretches counted twice) for some systems, for others the sum total length of operated services (a stretch used by three different lines is counted three times), for yet others it's the 'route' length, i.e. the total physical length with both single and double track counted once. This makes for some very misleading comparisons.

- Poikkeusreitti 20:27, 14 January 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Poikkeusreitti (talk • contribs)

"call centre"
Any chance we can get a tag on this to allow for ENGVAR appropriate spellings (especially the "call centre" parameter). It's just strange to see the "-re" ending on a page that is otherwise written in American English based on WP:TIES. oknazevad (talk) 13:49, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

units of measurement
what's the point of converting between km and miles and viceversa? according to the manual of style, we should do that just in US- or UK-based articles — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:52, 31 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The point is to do a courtesy to both sides of the great "measurement devide" and to be informative. Having said that, I strongly object to anonymous comments and contributions. Peter Horn User talk 14:25, 31 December 2012 (UTC)
 * MOS gives primary units to use with conversion. Sw2nd (talk) 18:21, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

OpenStreetMap - osm_id
There is a field listed called "osm_id" but there is no description. After a trial it is for an OpenStreetMap id. This is a good idea but doesn't create an active link (unfortunately). I'm wondering why this feature isn't documented? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tjej (talk • contribs) 10:05, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Members

 * I suggest adding a line for "members" to show paid members of membership-based transit systems; for example, bikeshare programs like Citi Bike and Vélib'. -- TexasDawg (talk) 15:07, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

Vehicles field
I'm not gonna go through I don't how many transclusions again to split it into two fields. Can't we let the supposed ambiguity be? People are not daft; they'll know it means their number when they see a number. — lfdder 04:04, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

Sizing not working.
Hello there. I just put this infobox at Midland Metro. And I noticed that the image sizing and box sizing options didn't seem to do anything. G-13114 (talk) 11:43, 10 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I worked out what the problem was. G-13114 (talk) 11:55, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

Request: add operating_speed
I would like to ask for the addition of operating_speed (normal maximum operating speed). Some transit systems reserve top speed for rare occasions, should they fall behind schedule.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:34, 30 September 2015 (UTC) This request has received no response; it was moved and re-stated on 8 October.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:24, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

Prototype Section
I'd like to request some sort of prototype section or area, so that information can be provided to the California High Speed Rail supporting Hyperloop. International developments may also follow, which would benefit the transportation sector for enthusiasts. Twillisjr (talk) 15:56, 4 February 2016 (UTC)

Rolling stock
Would it be possible to add a field for rolling stock? Peter Horn User talk 01:07, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

Suggestions for the inclusion of new Infobox fields
Would it be possible to add fields for Predecessors and Successors to the Infobox public transit template that would be similar as that used for the Infobox company template? Such a feature would be very useful for the Infobox for such articles as the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority which was formed by the amalgamation of several private companies which includes the Los Angeles Railway and the Pacific Electric Railway, and itself was replaced by the Southern California Rapid Transit District.

Having this information easily available in the Infobox would make it easier for the reader to follow the evolution of public transportation in a given region in both going forward and backward through time from a given article. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:05, 18 March 2018 (UTC)

 * What about a field for the ATP system? --Rainald62 (talk) 16:09, 18 July 2018 (UTC)

Map rendering
The rendered version of this infobox on Sounder Commuter Rail has a stray dash (see screenshot whereas the actual map itself does not (screenshot). Any ideas where the extra character comes from?

~ Atomic Taco (talk) 23:14, 28 September 2018 (UTC)

Additional field or parameter
For Toulouse tramway, and on doubt many others, could the field | rolling stock = Alstom Citadis 302 be added? Peter Horn User talk 19:23, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I support this addition, Template:Infobox rail line has it. In some cases, such as on East Coast Mainline, it made the infobox very long which led to that information being removed. However in cases where there's only a few different rolling stock types, I think it would be useful to have it included in the infobox. NemesisAT (talk) 21:02, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

I have added as a new parameter. --PhiH (talk) 20:28, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Start & end parameters
Is there reason that the  and  parameters do not display when this infobox is used? Cnbrb (talk) 18:49, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Infobox public transit


text:
User:KEVINICE

KEVINICE is a Kenyan rapper, singer songwriter, model,actor and record producer based in Nairobi,Kenya. He first gained recognition as an Instagram fashion model and designer. He is Characterized by his  eccentric hairstyles and androgynous fashion,his music is defined by often dark creative subject matters and imagery built on a melodic approach to rap/trap. In 2018 he launched his own imprint label  major league music alongside lennyboi guapo and has released several singles and his debut album "KEVINICENESS" released in 2020.

title: User:KEVINICE


text:
Bahrain at the 2019 World Athletics Championships

Bahrain will compete at the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha, Qatar, from 27 September to 6 October 2019. Bahrain will be represented by 21 athletes.

Results

 * Key
 * Q = Qualified for the next round
 * q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
 * NR = National record
 * PB = Personal best
 * SB = Season best
 * N/A = Round not applicable for the event

Men

 * Track and road events

Women

 * Track and road events

 * Field events

Mixed

 * Track and road events


text:
Initial questions in philosophy/Selected answers

I have a basic understanding of philosophy, and have a great interest. What would be some good areas to go to? I would like to start off with the Greecian philosophers, to get a base and work from there. But, I am not interested in limiting myself by style or subject.

Any suggestions would be great.
 * A fundamental tool that we all bring to philosophy is our mind. Should we take that tool for granted or should we carefully examine its abilty to both serve our investigations and mislead us? --JWSchmidt 14:54, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll go out on a limb and say that equally foundational is our capacity as social beings. I'm suspicious of the monological mind and temptations to reduce the world to it. To answer your questions, yes, we should carefully examine, but not just the mind. --executivezen 22:11, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

On the Mind

The mind has the power to easily mislead us, and take us in a path of ignorance, but at the same time enlighten us with knowledge. Does a certain amount of knowledge bring on ignorance? Or does it bring on apathy. What is the difference? (Plato's Allegory of the Cave?)

Other Initial questions

What is real?
What exists when no one is watching? anything? Everything we KNOW by direct experience seems to be the product of our own mentations, that is, we appear to be receiving data from a source outside ourself and then converting that data into an experienced universe. Does this experienced universe match the hypothesized "real" one that it seems to be modelling or are we all just, am I just, dreaming? Popular movies such as the Matrix and THE 13th FLOOR explore this inability to tell which is real and which is virtual in a dramatic style, but the question seems as old as history itself. The buddhist concept of maya or the illusory world comes to "mind". Plato's shadow world is another ancient version of this same conundrom. It seems to me that whatever is REAL has, at least in part, the ability to dream and think about its dreams. The dream of reality may be accurate to reality or may be completely alien, but without the ability to verify which is which, we seem forever destined to be tormented by this question. So far I am only sure that experiences are facts, items of perception, but beliefs about them are never more than speculations and guesses. Jiohdi 21:26, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

"Outside our heads there is freestanding reality. Only madmen and a scattering of constructivist philosophers doubts its existence." - Edward O. Wilson

The question of what is REAL seems to boil down to what MATTERS, what is important, what counts, etc. In that respect, the Meaning one finds in the world of experiences seems to be predictated on the expectation and living experiences in relation to peace of mind. Some experiences cause pain, some pleasure and some peace of mind and the beliefs about them seem to amplify or dampen those feelings. Learning which options lead to which experiences seems to be the only reality that matters in the final analysis. Jiohdi 16:01, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Paradoxes What we find in experience that matches our expectations will bring us joy and peace, however need not be true nor accurate to reality. When our beliefs match with our experiences we find no cognative dissonance and so feel at peace, yet science has time and again shown that accuracy to reality is not required for this mental state to be sustainable. An example would be classical physics which seemed to match measurable reality for several hundred years until better measuring devices evolved and started to show significant flaws between belief, or theory, and measurement or expectations. Relativity theory matches the measured reality far better than classical physics yet still has gaps that do not match Quantum physics for example, indicating some part of the theory is flawed or incomplete as well. All this points to the very likely possibility of finding peace of mind without finding reality or truth in the process which may be why so many religions persist even though they contradict each other and cannot all be right when it comes to accuracy to reality. Jiohdi 17:16, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Reality is what you can get away with Robert Anton Wilson

What is Justice?
See John RawlsJohn_Rawls and his Principles of Justice. AndrewJesseBrown 21:26, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

What makes something beautiful?
A study performed in the 1980s by Omni Magazine for its parent company PENTHOUSE, which is very interested for financial reasons in the answer to this question, found that we, [males were studied], all have an inner ideal which does not vary much across cultural or racial boundries and it is the reflexive, unconscious comparison of what we experience to this ideal that causes us to find someone or thing beautiful or ugly. The ideal seems to be based primarily on Symmetry and proportions which do not vary significantly from those drawn by Da Vinci in one of his famous sketch books, which showed a man within a circle, defining the bodies prportions and symmetries. Jiohdi 17:22, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

--Isma2012 13:52, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

"Way is obscured when men understand only one of a pair of opposites, or concentrate only a partial aspect of being. Then clear expression also becomes muddied by mere wordplay, affirming this one apsect and denying the rest." - Zhuangzi

"Philosophy is a battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language." - Wittgenstein

Human minds and cultures have evolved so as to provide us with particular intuitions about the nature of reality, justice and beauty. Western philosophy took an interesting diversion into exploration of the idea that people might be able to deduce the essential natures of reality, justice and beauty just by carefully thinking about these topics. However, human minds and cultures arise from the biological substrate of our species. Attention has now turned to study of the biology and sociology and philosophical views of the nature of reality, justice and beauty can now be informed by scientific results. Daniel Dennett is a philosopher who has examined traditional philosophical issues from the perspective of what we now know about human biology and how cultures develop and ideas compete for existence in the memosphere.

Edward Wilson has proposed that all branches of human knowledge can be unified using an approach called consilience (see also: Consilience). Such a view invites interdisciplinary cooperation. Other philosophers seem sure that philosophy has nothing to do with scientific observations. --JWSchmidt 16:57, 2 October 2006 (UTC)


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Mengjiapu station

Mengjiapu Station, is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2014. It is located in Hanyang District.

title: Mengjiapu station