text:
Ibrahima Sanoh

Ibrahima Sanoh (born 11 April 1994) is a Guinean former footballer.

Early life
Born in Guinea, Sanoh moved to Canada in 2011 to attend school and learn English. In 2014, he played at the amateur level with Sherwood-Parkdale Rangers SC Bayern. In 2019, he played with PEI FC.

College career
He began attending the University of Prince Edward Island, but was not able to play for the men's soccer team in his first year, but did train with the team. He began playing for the soccer team in 2012, scoring in his first game for the team in a 3-1 victory over the Mount Allison Mounties on September 8, 2012, also earning the team’s rookie of the year honours that season. He then took the following year off.

In 2014, he began attending Holland College. In his four seasons, he was named a CCAA All-Canadian and the Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association player of the year four years in a row. He was named a all-star at the national tournament in 2015. In February 2017, he was named the PEI Soccer Association Male Athlete of the Year for 2016. In his fourth season with Holland in 2017, he helped them win bronze at the national championships, after having won four conference titles. That season, he was named the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association Player of the Year, becoming the first Holland player to earn the honour in any sport. He was also named the school's Male Athlete of the Year on two occasions - the 2014/15 season and 2017/18 season. In his time with Holland, he scored a record 101 goals in 70 games played.

Club career
In January 2018, Sanoh attended a combine with the coaches of Major League Soccer club Toronto FC, returning a couple of weeks later to trial with the second team, Toronto FC II.

Sanoh appeared in a friendly for the HFX Wanderers FC Atlantic Selects team (which occurred prior to the Wanderers formal professional launch in 2019) in 2018 against Fortuna Düsseldorf's U-21 team, scoring a goal in the match.

In December 2019, he signed a professional contract with HFX Wanderers FC of the Canadian Premier League. The club waited for his Canadian permanent residency paperwork to be finalized before officially signing his, allowing him to count as a domestic player for roster purposes. He made his professional debut on August 15 as a substitute against Pacific FC, also scoring his first goal on a penalty kick in a 2-2 draw. After the 2020 season, he was released by the club.

title: Ibrahima Sanoh


text:
User:Jrincayc

See my user page on english

Wikification of non-programmers python tutorial

 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Front matter
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Intro
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Hello, World
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Who Goes There?
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Count to 10
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Decisions
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Debugging
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Defining Functions
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Lists
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/For Loops
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Boolean Expressions
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Dictionaries
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Using Modules
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/More on Lists
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Revenge of the Strings
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/File IO
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Dealing with the imperfect
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/The End
 * Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/FAQ

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jrincayc


text:
User:Fred Nurdley

I have an original handbill issued to Holsteiners by King Frederik on March 29, 1848. I have had it in my possession for about sixty years, but it has been in my family (Broberg) since the 19th century. I don't know if this is a common item or if it has any value. Can someone tell me? I also need to know how I can make it an attachment, to show you what I am talking about.

Finally, I would also like to change my log-in name from "Fred Nurdley" to my actual name Chris Albertson, but I haven't been able to find out how that is done.

Chris Albertson Fred Nurdley (talk) 05:37, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

title: User:Fred Nurdley


text:
Introduction to Real Analysis

Course outline
This course aims to provide a thorough introduction to the subject of real analysis. The work done corresponds to the period of Fall, 2008.

Course requirements
The following knowledge is required or desirable on commencement of study of this course:
 * Knowledge of basic methods of proof
 * Calculus of One Variable
 * Differential Equations
 * Basics of Set Theory

Syllabus
The course will follow Rudin's Principles of Mathematical Analysis scheme. Course material can be obtained from Wikibooks, MIT's OCW and other free online resources, including the work done by participants during this and other semesters (cycles).

Lecture series

 * 1) The Real and Complex Number System
 * 2) Basic Topology
 * 3) Numerical Sequences and Series
 * 4) Continuity
 * 5) Differentiation
 * 6) The Riemann-Stieltjes Integral
 * 7) Sequences and Series of Functions
 * 8) Some Special Functions
 * 9) Functions of Several Variables
 * 10) Integration of Differential Forms
 * 11) The Lebesgue Theory

Assignments
Will be posted, with suggestions of solutions, after each lecture is finished

Examinations

 * Examination #1 should be taken after all the material from lectures 1-3 is studied.
 * Examination #2 should be taken after all the material from lectures 4-6 is studied.
 * Examination #3 should be taken after all the material from lectures 7-9 is studied.
 * Examination #4 should be taken after all the material from lectures 10-11 is studied.
 * The Final Examination should be taken after all the material from all the lectures is studied.

Recommended student evaluation scheme
Group work is encouraged: discussions, corrections and observations are greatly welcome. Questions can be posted in the discussion pages for each topic and answers can be attempted by all members of the class.

Evaluation is self-assesed. Each assignment should be done after the material from the lectures is understood, and should be used as preparation for the examinations. Solutions will be posted with each assignment and examination.

A success percentage above 75% indicates dominion over the topics.

Sign Up List
If you are interested in taking (or helping with) this course, please indicate so here. I'm as serious as you are:

 * --Cœlispex 06:17, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Love to take it. W3asal 23:50, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I would be happy to help give it. Thenub314 15:11, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I would also love to take this course. Sorry, I don't have a login name.  <IP_ADDRESS> 09:33, 2 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Would also love to take this. Sorry I don't have a login name either
 * I plan to take this course in my university next semester. I am willing to help whenever needed.--Fj217 23:32, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Introduction to Real Analysis


text:
Friedl Murauer

Friedl Murauer (born 4 July 1938) is an Austrian hurdler. She competed in the women's 80 metres hurdles at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Friedl Murauer


text:
Πατρεύς

Proper noun

 * 1) Patreus, the legendary founder of Patras

Noun

 * 1) an inhabitant of Patras

Declension
The personal name does not take a definite article.

title: Πατρεύς


text:
Lao Central Airlines

Lao Central Airlines Public Company, operating as Lao Central Airlines, was an airline in Laos with its head office in Wattayyaithong Village, Sikhottabong District, Vientiane. The airline was founded in 2010, and ceased operations in 2014.

It was the first private airline in Laos and offered premium and budget seats. The name change from Phongsavanh Airlines to Lao Central Airlines was meant to raise awareness for the airline as Lao-owned in international market. The airline is owned by the Phongsavanh group, a Lao company engaged in international trading, timber, hospitality, telecommunications, banking, and security products and services. The airline hired PricewaterhouseCoopers for management consultancy services to ensure adherence to international aviation standards. The airline was the second biggest among Lao airline operators in terms of fleet size.

Phongsavanh Airlines
Lao Capricorn Air Company was sold to Phongsavanh Airlines Public Company headed by Lao magnate Od Phongsavanh, which effectively took control of the airline in January 2010. After the takeover, the airline's name was changed to Phongsavanh Airlines to align with Phongsavanh Bank and became part of the Phongsavanh Group of Companies.

Lao Central Airlines
In 2012, Phongsavanh Airlines was rebranded as Lao Central Airlines.

Suspension of services and future of airline
Lao Central Airlines cancelled its Bangkok services in December 2013 due to the political unrest in Bangkok, and Luang Prabang services were suspended in July 2014 to allow for restructuring.

The airline announced it would be resuming flights mid 2015 under a new owner, however, in December 2014 it was announced that the two Sukhoi SSJ 100 made for Lao Central Airlines were to be transferred to the Russian Federation Presidential Office putting in doubt the ability of the company to resume services.

As of October 2016, there has still be no announcement on if and when services will resume.

Ownership
The airline was owned by Od Phongsavanh, the owner of Phongsavanh Bank, a private bank in Laos.

Destinations
Previously Lao Central Airlines flew to the following locations:

Laos

 * Vientiane — Base
 * Luang Prabang — Branch Office

Thailand

 * Bangkok

Lao Central Airlines previously announced that it will service the following destinations once it resumes operations in mid 2015; to Luang Prabang (Laos), Bangkok, Hanoi (Vietnam), Phnom Penh (Cambodia), Naypyidaw (Myanmar), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) and other cities.

Fleet
This is a list of Lao Central Airlines fleet when it was active.

title: Lao Central Airlines


text:
Talk:Puzzles/Logic puzzles/Knights, Knaves & Spies

For Knights Knaves and spies we can split the problem into two. C is the spy or C is not the spy

Senario 1 C is the spy.
 * C is a spy and is telling the truth.
 * therefore A is lying so must be the Knave
 * So B must be the knight.

However B says that A is the knight, which is a lie. This is a contradiction since the knight neber lies so the spy cannot be telling the truth.

Senario 2 C is not the spy

 * C is not the spy
 * Therfore C must be the Knave because they are telling lies
 * This leaves two further possibilities A knight B spy or A spy B knight

The first possiblity is consistant. The second would isn't because B would be a knight who was lying.

 * So A = knight
 * B = spy
 * C =knave

is the only consistant solution Theresa knott 10:08, 6 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Excellent, Theresa! Couldn't have said it better... Thomas

Hope this is the place for question : in the consistant solution, the spy (B) is not lying anymore !


text:
Talk:David Helwig

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on David Helwig. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090705124004/http://www.gg.ca:80/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=5815 to http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=5815

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:57, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Helwig


text:
Stanislav Vydra

Stanislav Vydra (13 November 1741 in Hradec Králové – 2 December 1804 in Prague) was a Bohemian Jesuit priest, writer, and mathematician.

Life
Vydra entered the Jesuit novitiate of Hradec Králové in 1757. After two years in Brno, he studied philosophy and mathematics from 1762 to 1764 at Charles University. His teachers included Joseph Stepling and Jan Tesánek.

In 1765, he went as a teacher to Jičín and became Stepling's assistant a year later. He ministered as parish priest in Vilémov from 1771 to 1772. In 1772, Vydra was appointed professor of mathematics in Charles University in Prague. Here he taught until 1773. From 1789 to 1799, he was appointed to the mathematics faculty and served as dean of the Faculty of Arts. He became the rector of the university in 1800. He went blind in 1803 and died one year later. He is buried in Prague at the Olšany Cemetery in Prague.

Teachings
Stanislav Vydra taught elementary mathematics, a compulsory subject for the students at the philosophical faculty since 1752. He published “Elementa calcvli differentialis et integralis” in 1783, which became a well-known calculus textbook in Prague. After his death, his pupil and successor Josef Ladislav Jandera published his book Pocátkowé Arytmetyky, which was the first text book of elementary mathematics in Bohemia.

Selected works

 * Historia Matheseos in Bohemia et Moravia cultae, 1778
 * Elementa Calcvli Differentialis, et Integralis, 1783
 * Počátkowé Arytmetyky, 1806

title: Stanislav Vydra


text:
Narysh

Narysh (Нарыш; Нариш) is a rural locality (a selo) in Mekheltinsky Selsoviet, Gumbetovsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 451 as of 2010.

Geography
Narysh is located 128 km north of Mekhelta (the district's administrative centre) by road. Germenchik and Pervomayskoye are the nearest rural localities.

title: Narysh


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Propaganda in the american media system

The result of the debate was delete. Shanel 02:15, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Propaganda in the american media system
Original research. This is somebody's term paper. -- Curps 02:45, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Obviously OR. Fan1967 02:50, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 02:50, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * delete per WP:NOR Niffweed17, Destroyer of Chickens 03:06, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom (one hopes the term paper didn't get better than a C). Joe 03:38, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The article cites its sources, but per WP:NOR, "it introduces a synthesis of established facts in a way that builds a particular case favored by the editor, without attributing the synthesis to a reputable source." Also, it goes on too long for an encyclopedia article. Delete.  -- E lkman - (talk) 03:48, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete OR.--Phenz 04:12, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. ¡Dustimagic!  ( T / C ) 04:53, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:20, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Hbackman 05:46, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, this one's pretty obvious -- stillnotelf   has a talk page  05:50, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom abakharev 07:03, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom Lankiveil 11:17, 20 March 2006 (UTC).
 * Delete soapboxing. —This unsigned comment was added by Robin Johnson (talk • contribs).
 * Delete as definite original research. Jud e (talk,contribs,email) 11:59, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. I'd describe it as original research, except it's not very original and shows no signs of actual research. ProhibitOnions 13:05, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --Ter e nce Ong 13:30, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research Triage 14:23, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. And I hope the paper gets no better than a D; it is possibly the longest paragraph that I've seen outside of James Joyce.  ergot 19:16, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, that's an effect of the way the author pasted the article. He/she didn't realize that an extra carriage return was needed to start a new paragraph, so in WP each section ended up as one paragraph. That could be cleaned up, but why bother? Fan1967 16:39, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete OR as per above. Chairman S.  Talk  11:32, 24 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Citing Sources

The Citing Sources Learning Project functions as a workshop on how to improve the quality of cited sources in WikiMedia projects. Citing sources is a basic skill for wiki editors. This is a support project for the Wikiversity Service community.

Covered topics:
 * 1) How to set up or participate in Wikiversity projects that seek to improve the cited sources for WikiMedia project articles.
 * 2) Single source verification. Making sure that a source really supports the statement made in a WikiMedia project article that cites that source.
 * 3) Multiple source verification. Just because a cited source makes a claim, that does not mean that the claim has a factual basis. Tracking claims made in sources to verifiable data.
 * 4) When are there too few or too many sources cited? How to start and run a campaign to find more sources. How to "off-load" and archive excess sources to Wikiversity.

List of interested learning activity developers
Sign up here by adding # to the bottom of this list.
 * 1) Tomaschwutz Seems to be a good idea of learning by doing: I want to learn about citing, so I can create an activity on my way of learning.
 * 2) Is this page still active?  I'm doing a lot of APA-style citations at the moment and would like to share what I've learned so far. --BrienWest (discuss • contribs) 16:13, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Citing Sources


text:
Patrick Austen

Patrick Austen (18 March 1933 – 14 October 2013) was a British field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Patrick Austen


text:
upbearing

Etymology 1
From, , equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) A bearing up; support
 * 2) A surge or movement upward

Etymology 2
From, , equivalent to.

title: upbearing


text:
1907 Blayney state by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Blayney on 12 January 1907 because Paddy Crick resigned from Parliament after findings of corruption made by a Royal Commission. Crick had also been expelled from the Legislative Assembly for outrageous behaviour in the chamber, however he was returned in the resulting by-election.

The Royal Commission handed down an interim report in May 1906, which found that 50% of the sums received by a land agent Peter Close were paid to Crick whilst he was Minister for Lands. The Legislative Assembly proposed to immediately deal with Crick, however the Speaker ruled that the Assembly could not deal with the matter as it might prejudice his criminal trial. Instead the assembly amended its standing orders and suspended Crick pending the outcome of his criminal trial. The jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict, and the Attorney General declined to prosecute the matter again as evidence before the Royal Commission had been ruled inadmissible in his criminal trial. Crick then submitted his resignation from parliament, however before it was accepted the assembly passed a motion that he was guilty of conduct that rendered him ineligible to sit as a member. Rutledge and Nairn stated this was due to old scores being paid off, while Anne Twomey stated that this motion was passed to influence future voters not to vote for Crick. In any event Crick did not nominate for the by-election.

Results
Paddy Crick was expelled from the Parliament for corruption.

Aftermath
Paddy Crick was struck off the roll of solicitors on 23 August 1907 because of the evidence before the Royal Commission. He challenged the validity of his suspension in the Supreme Court and was successful before the Full Court, however this was overturned on appeal to the Privy Council which held that the Legislative Assembly was the sole judge whether an "occasion" had arisen that affected the orderly conduct of the Assembly.

Crick stood for parliament again at the September 1907 election for Surry Hills but was unsuccessful. He died the following year.

title: 1907 Blayney state by-election


text:
Φειδίας

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * : Pheidias; Phidias
 * 1) in particular, the 5th century  Greek sculptor and architect Phidias
 * 1) in particular, the 5th century  Greek sculptor and architect Phidias

title: Φειδίας


text:
Liverpool pound

The Liverpool pound refers to various types of local currencies used in Liverpool, United Kingdom.

History
Between 1793 and 1796, in order to solve a local financial crisis the Liverpool Corporation gained permission from the House of Commons to distribute its own banknotes in denominations of £50 and £100. Today versions of the original notes are displayed at the Liverpool Museum.

In 2017 Israeli technology company Colu launched the Liverpool Local Pound, a digital currency accessible through a smartphone app and which offers discounts at businesses in Liverpool.

title: Liverpool pound


text:
High School Mathematics Extensions/Primes/Solutions

Factorisation Exercises
Factorise the following numbers. (note: I know you didn't have to, this is just for those who are curious)

 * 1) 13 is prime
 * 2) $$26 = 13 \cdot 2$$
 * 3) 59 is prime
 * 4) $$82 = 41 \cdot 2$$
 * 5) 101 is prime
 * 6) $$121 = 11 \cdot 11$$
 * 7) $$2187 = 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3$$

Recursive Factorisation Exercises
Factorise using recursion.

 * 1) $$45 = 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 5$$
 * 2) $$4050 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 5$$
 * 3) $$2187 = 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3$$

Prime Sieve Exercises

 * 1) Use the above result to quickly work out the numbers that still need to be crossed out in the table below, knowing 5 is the next prime:

\begin{matrix} X & 2_p & 3_p & X & 5 &X &7& X& X& X \\ 11 & X & 13 & X& X& X&17 &X& 19& X\\ X& X& 23 & X& 25 &X&X&X&29& X\\ 31 &X& X& X& 35 &X&37& X& X& X\\ 41 & X& 43 & X& X&X&47& X& 49& X\\ \end{matrix} $$

 * The next prime number is 5. Because 5 is an unmarked prime number, and 5 * 5 = 25, cross out 25. Also, 7 is an unmarked prime number, and 5 * 7 = 35, so cross off 35. However, 5 * 11 = 55, which is too high, so mark 5 as prime ad move on to 7. The only number low enough to be marked off is 7 * 7, which equals 49. You can go no higher.

2. Find all primes below 200.

 * The method will not be outlined here, as it is too long. However, all primes below 200 are:

2     3      5      7     11     13     17     19     23     29 31     37     41     43     47     53     59     61     67     71 73     79     83     89     97    101    103    107    109    113 127    131    137    139    149    151    157    163    167    173 179    181    191    193    197    199

Modular Arithmetic Exercises

 * 1) $$(-1) \cdot (-5)\mod{11} = 5$$alternatively, -1 = 10, -5 = 6: 10 × 6 = 60 = 5&times 11 + 5 = 5
 * 2) $$3 \cdot 7 \mod{11} = 21 = 10$$
 * 3) $$2^1 = 2, 2^2 = 4, 2^3 = 8, 2^4 = 16 = 5$$ $$ 2^5 = 32 = 10, 2^6 = 64 = 9, 2^7 = 128 = 7$$ $$ 2^8 = 256 = 3, 2^9 = 512 = 6, 2^{10} = 1024 = 1$$ An easier list: 2, 4, 8, 5, 10, 9, 7, 3, 6, 1 Notice that it is not necessary to actually compute $$2^{10}$$ to find $$2^{10}$$ mod 11. If you know $$2^9$$ mod 11 = 6.  You can find $$2^{10}$$ mod 11 = (2*($$2^9$$ mod 11)) mod 11 = 2*6 mod 11 = 12 mod 11 = 1.  We can note that 29 = 6 and 210 = 1, we can calculate 62 easily: 62 = 218 = 2^8 = 3. OR by the above method $$6^1 = 6, 6^2 = 36 = 3, 6^3 = 6*3 = 18 = 7, $$ $$6^4 = 6*7 = 42 = 9, 6^5 = 6*9 = 54 = 10, 6^6 = 6*10 = 60 = 5, $$ $$6^7 = 6*5 = 30 = 8, 6^8 = 6*8 = 48 = 4, 6^9 = 6*4 = 24 = 2, 6^{10} = 6*2 = 12 = 1.$$ An easier list: 6, 3, 7, 9, 10, 5, 8, 4, 2, 1.
 * 4) 02 = 0, 12 = 1, 22 = 4, 32 = 9, 42 = 16 = 5, 52 = 25 = 5, 62 = 36 = 3, 72 = 49 = 3, 82 = 64 = 9, 92 = 81 = 4, 102 = 100 = 1 An easier list: 0, 1, 4, 9, 5, 3, 3, 5, 9, 4, 1 Thus$$\sqrt{4}=2\mbox{ and }\sqrt{4}=9$$
 * 5) x2 = -2 = 9 Just look at the list above and you'll see that$$\sqrt{-2}=8\mbox{ and }\sqrt{-2}=3$$

Division and Inverses Exercises
1.
 * $$x = 2^{-1} = 4$$
 * $$x = 3^{-1} = 5$$
 * $$x = 4^{-1} = 2$$
 * $$x = 5^{-1} = 3$$
 * $$x = 6^{-1} = 6$$
 * $$x = 7^{-1} = 0^{-1}$$ therefore the inverse does not exist

2. $$x = \frac{28}{7} = 4 \ \ \mbox{(mod 29)}$$
 * $$7^{-1} = 25 \ \ \mbox{(mod 29)}$$
 * $$x = 28\cdot 25 = 4 \ \ \mbox{(mod 29)}$$

3.
 * $$x = 5^{99} \times (40 + \frac{1}{3}) \ \ \mbox{(mod 11)}$$
 * $$x = 5^{99} \times (40 + 4) \ \ \mbox{(mod 11)}$$
 * $$x = 5^{99} \times 0 \ \ \mbox{(mod 11)}$$
 * $$x = 0  \ \ \mbox{(mod 11)}$$

4.

Coprime and greatest common divisor Exercises
1.
 * 1.

 * 5050 and 5051 are coprime
 * 2.

 * 59 and 79 are coprime
 * 3.

 * 111 and 369 are not coprime
 * 4.

 * 2021 and 4032 are coprime

2. We first calculate the gcd for all combinations

 * The gcd for any combination of the numbers is 15 so the gcd is 15 for the three numbers.

Diophantine equation Exercises
1.

\begin{matrix} 216x &=& 1 + 816b\\ 216c &=& 1 + 168b\\ 48c &=& 1 + 168d\\ 48e &=& 1 + 24d\\ 24e &=& 1 + 24f\\ \end{matrix} $$
 * There is no solution, because can never become an integer.

2.

\begin{matrix} 42x &=& 7 + 217b\\ 42c &=& 7 + 7b\\ 7c &=& 0 + 7d\\ \end{matrix} $$
 * We choose d=1, then x=26.

3.
 * (a)

 * (b) To be added

4.
 * (a)

 * (b) To be added

Chinese remainder theorem exercises
1.

\begin{matrix} 3x &\equiv& 5 \pmod{14}\\ x &\equiv& 11 \pmod{14}\\ x &=& 11 + 14 a\\ 2x &=& 2(11 + 14a) &\equiv& -3 \pmod{17}\\ & & 22 + 28 a &\equiv& -3 \pmod{17}\\ & & 11 a &\equiv& -8 \pmod{17}\\ & & a &=& 7 + 17b\\ x &=& 11 + 14(7 + 17b) &\equiv& 6 \pmod{15}\\ &=& 109 + 238b &\equiv& 6 \pmod{15}\\ &=& 4 + 13b &\equiv& 6 \pmod{15}\\ &=& 13b &\equiv& 2 \pmod{15}\\ && b &\equiv& 14 \pmod{15}\\ && b &= &14 + 15c\\ x &=& 109 + 238(14 + 15c)\\ x &=& 3441 + 3570c \end{matrix} $$

Question 1
Show that the divisible-by-3 theorem works for any 3 digits numbers (Hint: Express a 3 digit number as 100a + 10b + c, where a, b and c are ≥ 0 and < 10)

Solution 1 Any 3 digits integer x can be expressed as follows
 * x = 100a + 10b + c

where a, b and c are positive integer between 0 and 9 inclusive. Now

x \equiv 100a + 10b + c \equiv a + b + c \pmod{3} $$

x \equiv 0 \pmod{3} $$ if and only if a + b + c = 3k for some k. But a, b and c are the digits of x.

Question 2
"A number is divisible by 9 if and only if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9." True or false? Determine whether 89, 558, 51858, and 41857 are divisible by 9. Check your answers.

Solution 2 The statement is true and can be proven as in question 1.

Question 4
The prime sieve has been applied to the table of numbers above. Notice that every number situated directly below 2 and 5 are crossed out. Construct a rectangular grid of numbers running from 1 to 60 so that after the prime sieve has been performed on it, all numbers situated directly below 3 and 5 are crossed out. What is the width of the grid?

Solution 4 The width of the grid should be 15 or a multiple of it.

Question 6
Show that n - 1 has itself as an inverse modulo n.

Solution 6
 * (n - 1)2 = n2 - 2n + 1 = 1 (mod n)

Alternatively
 * (n - 1)2 = (-1)2 = 1 (mod n)

Question 7
Show that 10 does not have an inverse modulo 15.

Solution 7 Suppose 10 does have an inverse x mod 15,
 * 10x = 1 (mod 15)
 * 2×5x = 1 (mod 15)
 * 5x = 8 (mod 15)
 * 5x = 8 + 15k

for some integer k
 * x = 1.6 + 3k

but now x is not an integer, therefore 10 does not have an inverse


text:
Talk:Ian Livingstone (property developer)

Ambiguous article name
As four of the people listed at Ian Livingstone (disambiguation) could be described as a "businessman", I suggest that this page should be moved from Ian Livingstone (businessman) to Ian Livingstone (property investor), "(property developer)" or similar. – Fayenatic  L ondon 13:47, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Fair point. I will move him to Ian Livingstone (property developer). That is his most notable activity and I can't see it changing. Edwardx (talk) 08:48, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Statement needs a source
This statement "They are also reveloping the former Elizabeth House hotel near London's Waterloo Station in a $930 million project." needs a citation. A Google search turns up these two sources: cityam.com and standard.co.uk. 23W 21:41, 8 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Reinstated with the ES citation. Edwardx (talk) 23:35, 8 March 2015 (UTC)


text:
palmatifid

Adjective

 * 1)  Having lobes with incisions that extend less than half-way toward the petiole.

Usage notes
Deeper incisions are palmatipartite; incisions reaching nearly to the petiole are palmatisect.

Translations

 * Finnish: sormihalkoinen
 * Italian:

Etymology
.

title: palmatifid


text:
Invertebrate Zoology/Guide Introduction

<< Contents Page

Introduction to the Invertebrate Zoology Study Guide
This Study Guide to Invertebrate Zoology is a textbook at Wikibooks shelved at the biology bookshelf section and intended to establish a course of study in the subject of Invertebrate Zoology, mostly utilizing articles found in Wikipedia, with links to other relevant web sites as appropriate. In some cases, portions of the text from Wikipedia articles have been used to materially develop introductory text within the Guide.

For the new user, it need be pointed out that Wikipedia differs from a standard encyclopedia in two important respects: 1) it is a hypertext document, and 2) it is open and editable, and therefore constantly changing. For the student following this or any guide through Wikipedia to cover a specific subject, it is recommended that each article (page) be read first in its entirety, before any hyperlinks are followed to other topics or explanations. It is too easy, otherwise, to simply become lost in a maze of links, and miss the main thrust of an article presented as an assignment from the Guide. Because Wikipedia is constantly changing (and, it is hoped, improving) the quality of each article encountered will be variable. Some articles are well written and go to adequate depth, whereas others, lacking a proponent, are shallow and incomplete. This short-coming should diminish with time, but can be a problem.

One clear advantage to using this Guide linked to a hypertext like Wikipedia is the "circular redundancy with serendipity" factor that arises when an article is read and its hyperlinks followed; this factor can be a powerful learning tool. The persistent reader is subjected to a fairly high degree of repetitive reading, often presenting slightly different perspectives on the same general topic, with the result that learning comes from redundancy. At the same time, some hyperlinks lead down less relevant paths, bringing new and unanticipated knowledge.

title: Invertebrate Zoology/Guide Introduction


text:
Talk:Daniele Amfitheatrof

wikify
The article may categorised in two areas: 1]composer, 2]conductor.

Please get someone to format for me.

Please ask someone to re-catagorise it for me.

John Lasher, vox_melba

 * The "wikify" and other tags are signals to the rest of the community that this needs to be formatted/categorized/etc. Someone will come by eventually and do it. I may be able to do a little more cleanup at some later point today, but I have trouble navigating categories so I don't typically deal with those -- I let someone handle it who has a better idea as to what s/he is doing. ;) Hbackman 01:25, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Family/personal life
I'm thinking that Amfitheatrof's family deserves a section of its own if someone can find more information on it. At the moment his wife and kids come up for the first time almost as a side note in the section on his move to America. Hbackman 02:34, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

I would certainly agree that his family merits mention, particularly, Erik, who edited a book on Italian food during his time as editor at Time-Life books, as well as a book on Columbus, the exact title of which escapes me.--Jslasher 22:17, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daniele Amfitheatrof


text:
Reticulate banded gecko

The reticulate banded gecko or reticulated gecko (Coleonyx reticulatus) is a species of small gecko native to the United States (Texas) and Mexico (Coahuila).

Description
Reticulate banded geckos can grow to 6.5 inches long, and are a pink or brown color with brown or black spots, sometimes with faint banding. They can easily be mistaken for the Texas banded gecko as they share habitat, but the reticulate banded gecko grows to a larger size. They resemble leopard geckos.

Behavior
It is nocturnal and carnivorous, consuming almost any small species of arthropod. They are found in semi-arid, rocky areas. They are capable of vocalizations, and sometimes will emit squeaking sounds if handled.

Conservation concerns
The reticulate banded gecko is listed as a threatened species in the state of Texas, as it only occurs in two counties, but its habitat is fairly remote and not easily accessible and is not under immediate threat. Also, part of its habitat is found within the protected confines of Big Bend National Park.

title: Reticulate banded gecko


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Video games/Reference library/Electronic Games

New Reference library page
Hey User:Hellknowz, I figured we were in bad need of this one, so I am working on it. :) BOZ (talk) 23:18, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * My scanned magazine folder is about 150 folders, so I don't think you're running out of stuff to do any time soon, haha. But, yeah, these super-early magazines barely appear anywhere. Well, good luck. If I wasn't so busy, I might write down some contents. — HELL KNOWZ   ▎TALK 10:26, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

User:Hellknowz, I spent a lot of time working on User:BOZ/Early computer game reviews so that should prove useful. :) I am not sure how or if you would want to incorporate any of that into the Reference Library, but I posted a discussion on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Video games. BOZ (talk) 22:13, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Dang, that's a lot of work! I think the best is to split that up by publication and make reference library subpages. That way it's centralized and, more importantly, easily searchable. Even if many are just dates and links at this time, any content is better than no content at all and it's a great starting point. It would probably take years (decades?) to actually "use up" all the sources for those earlier games. — HELL KNOWZ   ▎TALK 22:44, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Per above and per VG talk, I gone done it. I put them in a separate section. I also redirected your user(sub)page so that no one accidentally splits any changes. — HELL KNOWZ   ▎TALK 19:19, 24 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Wearmouth

Etymology
From, equivalet to

Proper noun

 * 1) The Saxon name for the area on each side of the mouth of the River Wear, including Bishopwearmouth and Monkwearmouth, that later became Sunderland

title: Wearmouth


text:
casinero

Noun

 * 1) someone who dances either Casino (also known as "Cuban Salsa" outside Cuba) or Rueda de Casino, a Cuban salsa dance style also found outside of Cuba

title: casinero


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2012 July 7

= July 7 =

Genetic variation between humans
A little while back, I heard someone (I believe a biologist) make the claim that genetic variation among humans was small. First, what precisely does this mean? And second, is it true? Thanks.

PS I tried reading the article human genetic variation but I couldn't find the answer I was looking for. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:18, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Small compared to what? There are different ways to measure genetic variation.  Read the Human genetic variation article again - it lists some of the ways.  Perhaps the easiest to understand is Nucleotide diversity.  The article cites a nucleotide diversity of about 0.001 for humans.  I found an article that suggests that domestic dogs have about the same number.  By this measure, humans contain about the same amount of genetic diversity as the domestic dog.  Chimps and Bonobos also have similar nucleotide diversity, or even somewhat higher numbers than humans.  The nucleotide diversity of tuna, on the other hand, is much higher, over 4%. Buddy431 (talk) 03:37, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * As you correctly guessed, by small I meant compared to comparable mammals. But I find the article's claim about domestic dogs to be very surprising. Different breeds of dogs seem so ...different, surely they would have a very high nucleotide diversity, no? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:05, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Genetic diversity often does not manifest itself as obvious differences in phenotype. Among humans, for example, there is more genetic diversity within Kalihari Bushmen than across all non-African populations combined.  That's a result of the ancestors of the Bushmen having been in that area for hundreds of thousands of years, whereas all non-African populations passed through a common bottleneck about 50,000 years ago.  The visible differences among dogs are a result of selective breeding and not a sign of large genetic diversity -- the breeders emphasized the genes that make a visible difference and ignored the others. Looie496 (talk) 05:27, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * You can think of a human's DNA as a sequence of letters A, G, C, T, lined up in arbitrary order (like AGGCTATTACTTTACCTA...), several hundred million letters long. If you pick two people at random, their letter-sequences will match in over 99% of locations.  It's in that sense that genetic variation is small. Looie496 (talk) 03:44, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "Small" is always going to be in comparison to something else. It's certainly smaller than lay people or even new students to biology intuitively guess. It's pretty average as far as animals go. Someguy1221 (talk) 03:46, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * As for why the genetic diversity of humans would be small, it's because we have a relatively long time between generations, and are a relatively young species, which combine to mean there have been a lower number of generations than most other species. (Dogs are an exception, since we bred them from a small number of wolves, fairly recently, they don't have much more variation than those original wolves had.)  Since each generation has the potential to introduce new genetic diversity, more generations mean more diversity. StuRat (talk) 07:24, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Rather surprisingly that is not true. See molecular clock. That depends a bit on whether an animal is cold blooded or hot blooded but does not seem to depend very much on how long the generations are. Dmcq (talk) 16:20, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't see how that article contradicts what I said. In fact, it agrees, listing one of the factors as "Changing generation times (If the rate of new mutations depends at least partly on the number of generations rather than the number of years)".  It also provided examples of where longer generations slow the molecular clock: "Tube-nosed seabirds have molecular clocks that on average run at half speed of many other birds, possibly due to long generation times, and many turtles have a molecular clock running at one-eighth the speed it does in small mammals or even slower." StuRat (talk) 16:34, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Actually this is an incomplete picture and the influence of generational length, in this context is not as great as you might think, though not primarily for the seasons that Dmcq cites above. The length of generations is a contributing factor, but (likely to be) a small one here, since this is not the strongest constraint on species differentiation and we know of more potent influences in the case of humans.   For example, natural selection is not the only factor which could leverage such a split - Sexual selection is often a major contributor to the generation of a subspecies split -- and indeed, human beings do show some propensity for selecting mates who look similar to those they grew up around; for example, many studies have observed that couples, barring outside social pressure on the choice of their mate, tend to have amazing similarities in small details of their facial features (the width of the bridge of the nose, the relative size of the earlobes, ect.) that are incongruent with chance.  This is because human beings, like many complex sexual species, imprint upon those they grow up around (parents and siblings) as their ideals for attractiveness, and, to an extent, select mates accordingly -- this is mostly what accounts for the generation of our phenotypical "races" and differences like skin color (earlier theories that these types of changes were the result of natural selection -- such as protection from UV radiation driving skin color adaptations, have been more or less debunked).  However, these factors, interesting as they are, are not as firm in humans as they are in less social species -- humans apply much more complex psychological equations in the selection of their mates and (baring some historical divides) don't show much qualms in crossing those phenotypical lines (again, as compared to sexual species of similar complexity).   Without the bottle-necking effect of sexual selection, homogeneity is going to increase, and indeed research suggests that at present time this is the trend, as even non-experts can see in the fact that "pure white" races are becoming a smaller and smaller proportion of the population in nations where they used to predominate.  Also consider that, even with natural selection, the pressure for change is not all that great; natural selection is driven, for given species, by the adaption of beneficial traits and we've found one that has, since we adopted it, not ceased being useful in our environmental context: intelligence.  Well, a specific type of intelligence -- abstract thought, and all the attendant advantages that process confers -- language, tools, and mental/practical adaptations that allow us to tackle new environments and new problems without having to develop a more specific physiological trait to cope.  You're quite right to point out that humans are a relatively young species (our modern form being somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000 years old) and that we shouldn't necessarily expect differentiation in any event, but some species have cleanly split into several subspecies in a lesser number of generations than have taken place for humans in that span and the greatest constraints on our doing so moving forward are our willingness to mate freely with one-another (which seems likely at present time to only increase) and our conceptual/technological ability to adapt to new circumstances (which also will likely increase).  Add to this our advancing capabilities with genetic engineering and it seems likely we will be tailoring our genes in a planned manner long before we begin to differentiate via the traditional means. Snow (talk) 19:39, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * There certainly are other factors, like isolation of populations, which affect how quickly a species splits into two or more, but, overall, I doubt if the majority of species diverge into separate species with as small a number of generations as there have been in humans. StuRat (talk) 20:31, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, in most cases we don't have a completely clear picture, but 6,000 to 10,000 generations has seemingly proven more than sufficient to allow for significant divergence in other mammalian species, possibly even other primates. Consider for example the fact that we co-existed for a short period with other species (Neanderthals, and seemingly others), with whom we were genetically similar enough to interbreed and that the entire span of their existence was not much longer than ours.  But ultiamtely we just don't have the data of a full census of the genetic history of most species to know what is typical in this regard, though we can make decent guesses based on extrapolated information. Snow (talk) 20:59, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I read, I think in Nicolas Wade "Before the Dawn" a quote by some geneticist that the amount of genetic variation in humans, in any other animal would warrant a division into subspecies. Уга-уга12 (talk) 17:50, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * This image should give you a very good direct visual grasp of the difference in genetic diversity of humans compared to the other great apes: http://www.familyoriginstree.com/images/tree/tree_of_life.jpg Unfortunately I cannot find the original source.  It would be appreciated if anyone familiar with the image can give the source. μηδείς (talk) 18:04, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Too bad they didn't include any members of the genus Homo other than modern humans and Neanderthals. StuRat (talk) 20:38, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That image is at least about five years old (it might be in Before the Dawn, actually) but I can't remember where I have seen it. In any case, Denisovan DNA info has only been available very recently and something just in the news said it is closer to Neanderthal than sapiens sapiens. μηδείς (talk) 21:51, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Here's a more informative link to the human/great ape genetic diversity image which provides the source from 1999: http://www.icb.ufmg.br/lbem/aulas/grad/evol/humevol/extra/apediversity.html μηδείς (talk) 02:02, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Still no other Homos (there are at least 7 more). StuRat (talk) 06:29, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Here's a working link to: "To People the World, Start With 500" By Nicholas Wade NYT November 11, 1997 AS few as 500 or so people, trekking out of Africa 140,000 years ago, may have populated the rest of the globe.... μηδείς (talk) 02:07, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I happen to think Wade's 140kya date is too old, and find the Toba catastrophe theory fits the linguistic and archeological evidence better. μηδείς (talk) 02:10, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

Sweet Potatoe vs kumara
I remember reading sometime ago, that the sweet potatoe is not native to New Zealand. I've read that the Maori brought a tuber vegetable with them which was called a kumara. Apparently, it was a sweet, relatively small vegetable that resembled a knobbly ginger root. Later, europeans introduced the sweet potatoe in the nineteenth century. The sweet potatoe is easier to cultivate, or something like that, so the Maori adopted the sweet potatoe as the kumara instead. Where can I find a source for this? Plasmic Physics (talk) 03:50, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Sweet potato Snow (talk) 07:42, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Reading around that section, it appears that kumara is simply the name for sweet potato in various languages and that the Maori only had a small variety which was replaced later by a bigger one after wider trade contact. Rmhermen (talk) 15:04, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That was my take-away as well, though the wording could be clearer in the article. Snow (talk) 14:21, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

large hadron collider
what could make the particles to collide together during big bang as now it is collided by the LHC? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Haresiba (talk • contribs) 05:01, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Just after the Big Bang the universe was very hot and very dense. So collisions or interactions between particles were both very energetic and very frequent. According to the LHC Brochure, when it is running at full power the collisions created by the LHC will have the same energy as typical collisions just 10-12 seconds after the Big Bang, when the temperature of the universe was about 1016 degrees C. Gandalf61 (talk) 10:26, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The LHC generates a bunch of nearly identical collisions in a single place, so that we can build a huge detector there and observe what happens. Conditions like that have never existed naturally. If you're just talking about random energetic collisions between particles, you don't have to go back to the big bang for that—cosmic ray collisions of higher energy than the LHC energy happen all the time in Earth's atmosphere. There's no good reason to say that the LHC "recreates conditions of the big bang". It's just hype. -- BenRG (talk) 13:01, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Large Hadron Collider (Part 2)

What is large - the hadrons or the collider? Roger (talk) 10:59, 7 July 2012 (UTC) The collider.-- Gilderien Chat|List of good deeds 11:14, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The collider itself, which has a length exceeding 27 kilometers (see map on right) and which weighs in at a healthy 38,000 tonnes. The particles are your run of the mill sort (protons composed of quarks).  Snow (talk) 12:42, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The collider is big but they are searching for "large hadrons" like the new Higgs-like boson at 133 times heavier than a proton. Rmhermen (talk) 14:59, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The Higgs boson is believed to be an elementary particle; it is not a hadron. (A hadron is any one of a family of composite particles formed from two or more bound quarks.) The LHC facility has plans and facilities to accelerate protons and sometimes a bit of non-exotic hadronic matter (heavy ions like lead nuclei).  TenOfAllTrades(talk) 15:19, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * An easy mistake to make, because some non-experts in popular treatment of the matter have implied as much, but in fact: Scientific American interview with Frank Wilczek. Also, as Ten points out, the Higgs boson is an an entirely different class of particle, being a much smaller excitation of the Higgs field than other elementary particles. Snow (talk) 18:09, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * My understanding was, the "large" qualifies the "hadrons." Any kid can build a hydrogen ion accelerator in his back yard and truthfully claim to be accelerating small hadrons, but only CERN has the resources to accelerate heavy nuclei like lead (Pb) to supermassive TeV states.  And of course, it's also a particle collider, not just a heavy ion beam; every silicon shop from here to Hong Kong has an ion-beam epitaxy station; but only CERN has the energy to smash these heavy nuclei into other heavy nuclei.  In fact, in senior year physics lab, I seem to recall building a proton cyclotron out of a tuna fish can and a neodymium magnet.  That technology was Nobel-prize-worthy in 1939, but today it's a toy.  It's one thing to excite a hadron and measure its presence - you do that every time you cook grapes in your microwave - but it's a totally different and much more difficult thing to collide a hadron with another one.  Nimur (talk) 18:03, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * All true perhaps, but these hadrons are no larger than any other hadrons would be under the conditions of CERN project experiments. Also there's the fact that every physicist connected with CERN who I've ever heard refer to the installation and whose native language is English places the grammatical stress in the phrase in such a way as to suggest that "large" is an adjective modifying the combined compound noun phrase "hadron collider" as opposed to an adjective modifying the word hadron.  Also, the acceleration of heavy ions take place in only a very small subset of the CERN projects and are not the main focus of research at the installation, which would make it an odd choice if the large were to refer to this work. Snow (talk) 18:28, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

The Superconducting Super Collider would have been a lot larger. Count Iblis (talk) 19:57, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Shhhh, American physicists are still in mourning. Snow (talk) 21:56, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * From the LHC website: "The LHC is exactly what its name suggests - a large collider of hadrons." LukeSurlt c 22:57, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, I'd say that's case-closed. Snow (talk) 23:05, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Just to point out, the hadrons that are being collided are protons.Dja1979 (talk) 01:40, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Gas phase 3rd order reaction rates for various M
For gas phase 3rd order reactions of the form A + B + M → AB + M, A + A + M → A2 + M, and the like, there is a large body of published reaction rate data (constants to insert in arrhenius or modified arrhenious equation) for all sorts of atoms A and B, but for each sorts of A and B, only for a limitted range of M.  The reaction rate is strongly dependent on what atom or molecule is M.  How does one handle a situation where measured data is not available for a particular M?. Is there a way given reaction rate data for a few given types of M, you can roughly estimate rate data for a different M (say based on molecular weights or radius or something)? For example, for the reaction Br + Br + M > Br2 + M, data has been published for M = N2, Ne, Br, Br2, O2, etc, but not CO2 or H2O. Ratbone<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:40, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure that there's no way to estimate the effects of a catalyst without actually measuring it. The intermediate species are vital, so you'd have to a) know what the intermediate steps are, and b) understand their kinetic properties. The catalysts that you list in your example have wildly different properties in terms of lone pairs, etc. so they will form a wide array of different activated complexes through a wide array of different mechanisms. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:58, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

Aren't these reactions elementary (single hump) reactions? Or, if the reaction IS elementary (perhaps not the example I gave), is there a method? Is "catalyst" the correct term for M? The only role for M is as somewhere for excess kinetic energy to go to. If it is not possible to at least roughly estimate rate coefficients, then what does one do? The chances of someone having measured the exact same combination of A, B, and M is not very high. Ratbone<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:38, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * If the presence of M lowers the activation energy, then yes, it is a catalyst. I don't really understand why you need it just to act as a sink for excess energy; why can' the A2 or whatever just take the energy (or would that cause it to decompose again)? If that's all it's doing, then isn't the rate just going to be proportional to the heat capacity? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:18, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Good point - lowering the activation energy means it's a catalyst by definition. However, in reactions of the type A + A + M > A2 + M, the activation energy is essentially zero regardless of what M actually is.  Only the pre-factor and temperature exponent vary.  Without any M, there is no reaction at all.  (Note:  in published data, you sometimes see the activation energy value, Ea, given a quite small value.  I think this just a dodge to make the measured data fit the modified arrhenius equation, remembering that this equation only approximates reality, and especially remebering that the measurement accuracy is seldom very good by engineering standards.)  As to why M is needed, I've never seen that in any of the text books I've looked at, but previous questions in this forum produced a consensus that unless M is present, the energy made available by creating the bond means that the bond must be immediately broken apart again, as in these types of reactions, the bonded form is always lower in energy than the monatomic form.  The reaction rate is significant but varies only slightly with temperature (usually decreasing slightly with temperature), which supports the idea that it only requires the 3 atoms to collide in suitable directions without an A & the M combining.  Ratbone<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:34, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Law of cause and effect
I was reading the iron chariots website which is a counter-apologetics website for atheists. Specifically here, where it addresses Kalām cosmological argument, and counters the premise that everything that begins to exist has a cause.

The counter argument is this, "Within quantum mechanics there seems to be real counter examples to the first premise of the argument. "Everything that begins to exist has a cause." For example, when Carbon-14 decays to Carbon-12 the radioactive decay is a perfectly random causeless event and thus though the Carbon-12 began to exist it wasn't caused to exist."

My understanding is that Carbon-14 decays due to the weak nuclear force, so couldn't it be said that the weak nuclear force is the cause?

Correct me if I'm wrong, but wouldn't a better example be the decay of pions? Even though they decay because of the weak nuclear force, it has two decay modes for both charged and neutral pions. But how it determines which to decay into is completely random, and thus is uncaused. Correct? ScienceApe (talk) 15:04, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Carbon-14 decays to Nitrogen-14, not Carbon-12. Roger (talk) 15:16, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I take this position: the deeper you dive into the semantics of a teleology debate - whether in the context of religion and philosophy, or in the more mundane examples of the application of the first principles of physics - the more ill-defined "cause" and "effect" become. I think this is basically what  Feynman hoped to illustrate when he drew those ridiculous line-diagrams.  Everyone else uses those diagrams as if they actually reveal some useful physical intuition - but Feynman never did that!  The goofy diagrams are just examples to illustrate a philosophical point.  If you draw time on the "x-axis," and you read from left to right, it looks like everything on the right half was caused by everything on the right side.  But if you draw the energy on the x-axis, and time on the y-axis, ... suddenly everything at higher energy looks like it was caused by everything at lower energy.  Your brain is (if you read English) conditioned to treat change in the +x direction as a "causal relationship," when in fact, you're the one making the assumption of cause/effect.  The decaying particle makes no such assumption!  The universe is doing its thing, exactly as it should, without worrying about what causes what.  Unfortunately, most people don't get it - they're spending all this time trying to make nature fit into their tiny and ultimately limiting ideas about causality, drawing ridiculous squiggles to represent particle evolutions as if they mean anything... and that's probably why our fabulous article on Feynman diagrams doesn't actually cite Feynman, and why he's even got a whole chapter in his book about whether reading from right to left or from left to right is "correct"! Nimur (talk) 16:49, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Not to mention, he has another entire chapter about how ridiculous it is to apply scientific methodology to settle disputes about medieval mysticism. Apologies to the now-deceased author for the link to a probable a copyright-violation - but at least hopefully it may spread some enlightenment.  ... And spur some enthusiastic physics student to actually go track down where exactly in Feynman's text he actually drew that squiggle.  Nimur (talk) 16:57, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Uh... the point of those "ridiculous diagrams" was to simplify computations in quantum electrodynamics, not to make a philosophical point. And if Feynman didn't believe that the diagrams were physically meaningful, he certainly did a good job of faking it in QED. And if there's one thing about cause and effect that everyone can agree on, it's that causes precede effects. That's not the hard part. -- BenRG (talk) 00:05, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It's funny that you should say that, because the exact quote I recall from Feynman was, "if (event A) is later than (event B), you're inclined to say the photon went from (here to there); and if (event B) is later than (event A), the photon went from (there to here); ...but it's a funny thing in relativity, it's very difficult to say for things that are nearly at the same time, which is ahead.... and this whole business of trying to decide which one is ahead, which one is emitting the photon, which one is absorbing the photon, is an irrelevancy." This is, incidentally, from QED Lecture # 3.  Nimur (talk) 14:21, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Roger's very reasonable objection aside, the point of the argument is that the time of the decay doesn't depend on anything that came before, and I don't think it's strengthened by considering a case where the products of the decay are also random. -- BenRG (talk) 00:29, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I think we've run into a limitation of the word "cause" here. If you're dealing with quantum mechanics, you're dealing with probabilities. Let's consider the two-slit experiment, with a detector at each slit. What "causes" the photon to be detected at one slit instead of the other? Nothing. There was a finite probability that it would go through either slit, and it was detected where it was detected by random chance. In much the same way, nothing "causes" a radioactive atom or other unstable particle to decay; there's just a finite probability that it will occur at any instant, so when it does it is consistent with the laws of physics.
 * If you want to force a "cause" in there, you could say that the creation of the unstable particle was the cause of its decay. The laws of physics dictate that this particular particle is unstable, therefore it will decay at some point: that's a cause, albeit a fuzzy, hand-wavy one. - Running On Brains (talk) 03:13, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The Kalām cosmological argument is philosophical nonsense. You can't DEFINE a being into existance. Anything that begins to exist has a cause, but God didn't begin to exist, therefore he didn't need a cause. I can JUST as easily make a premise "that which didn't begin to exist, doesn't exist", 2 "god didn't begin to exist" 3 god doesn't exist". It's JUST as logically valid as the kalam argument, it's either special pleading or circular reasoning to say god didn't "begin" to exist. To invalidate my argument, you would have to demonstrate something which exists but never begun to exist, which is the same thing you are trying to prove with the 1st argument. You're basically using your own argument to prove something into existance. Secondly, WHERE did God exist before the universe begun to exist? and WHEN did God exist? The answers are NOWHERE and at NO TIME did God exists. This is the law of non contradiction, God can't EXIST and NOT EXIST at the same time. Apologists say there was no time or space but God existed 'somewhere else' in some "supernatural dimension" well this is special pleading at its best, if they want to argue that there was truly NOTHING before the big bang (which we truly do not know and possibly CAN NOT know", there was no 'other special realm'. If they want to posit a "special realm" then maybe the universe simply emerged from this "special realm" it self? Why not? It's just as valid. They also say that "real" infinites are not possible, but God was eternal, but since there was no "time" before the big bang, God's existance doesn't count as "infinite", it's complete nonsense. Vespine (talk) 00:09, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * My feeling is that efforts to make the Big Bang stand in for the "Let there be light" of Genesis are confounding two entirely different and unrelated things, and wrong religion as much as they wrong science. The Big Bang is a mathematical catastrophe.  I bet that during that little interval from 3 to 20 minutes after the Big Bang, when fusion was occurring, that there were strange and intelligent beings made up of magnetic flux-lines or catalytic quark-gluon plasmas, who built whole civilizations that lived and died in fractions of an attosecond, during which they wrote depressing science articles about the coming "cold death with a whimper" when the universe, so slightly short of flat and ever so slowly failing to contain itself, would cease to produce new energy by fusion.  The Big Bang isn't a moment of creation, but an endlessly regressing wonderland of different laws of physics carried out within a universe always vast in space and time to its inhabitants.  The means of the origin, the theoretical First Thing, is not something waiting one last equation from a theorist, but lies concealed behind wave after endless wave of stranger and stranger phenomena that grow ever more impossible to model using our tiny energies, just as its future extends endlessly into incomprehensibly long times and large distances during which impossibly cold particles find new meaning in the most minute of interactions, things far too subtle to observe in a mere billion years. Wnt (talk) 19:37, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

stupid and speculative optical media question
the fastest DVD-RW blanks today are 4x. The equivalent of 4x in CD speeds is 36x (both mean roughly 5.3 MByte/s). So, why are there no 36x CDRW blanks (12x is max), can't they just use the coating they use for DVD-RW blanks for CDRW? What am I missing? Уга-уга12 (talk) 17:29, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * High speeds mean more violent airflow around the disk, which causes the disk to flex and flutter. For reading, the CD-ROM section (4th para) talks about increasing inaccuracy as speed increases. The need for accuracy is greater still when writing, an as CD-R notes, write speeds above 20x can be achieved only using a Constant linear velocity where the high speed is used only when writing to the inner portion of the disk (where the disk is stiffer). At higher speeds still (beyond the ambit of your question) the forces on the disk are such that compact Disc shattering is a concern. But lastly there's simply the issue of demand - if someone can burn a CD-ROM in 5 minutes, how much more are they willing to pay to do it in 2? - it seems like the CD-R and -RW makers have concluded that not enough people are willing to pay the necessary increment for them to make the investment in a factory to produce these wholesale (and they probably don't want the reputational damage they'd get when people with cheap burners can't reliably burn at those speeds anyway). -- Finlay McWalterჷTalk 19:08, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Especially as the medium is moving (slowly) towards obsoletion (or at least a more limited role). Snow (talk) 19:46, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Not sure that I agree with Finlay McWalter's answer. The CDRW is for CD writers of 'older' laser technology.  Any CD manufacture must produce blanks to record within those limits. DVD writers have superior laser optics and tracking. So a DVD writer can write to both DVD and CD where as an 'old'  CD writer can not write to a DVD.  To mix the two up, would mean that customers would be buying CD's claiming to have a capacity that their writers can not achieve, thus leaving the manufacture liable to law suits for false advertising.  --Aspro (talk) 19:56, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

thanks for all your answers. Уга-уга12 (talk) 10:27, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Note that your basic premise is flawed. The fastest DVD-RWs are 6x . And DVD+RWs which aren't really that different from the - ones (at least not when you're comparing them to CD-RWs) are available in 8x variants  . Meanwhile Ultra Speed+ CD-RWs are available in 32x variants as our article mentions and shown  . However it's a bit pointless to compare raw transfer speeds of CDs and DVDs as the above answers have hinted at but perhaps not explained very well. DVDs have a much higher data density so naturally you can record more while travelling at the same speed (whether you actually can spin and record reliably while spinning at the same speed may be a different matter). They also use different lasers and I think (definitely for the recordable not sure about rewritable) substrates (dyes in the case of recordables, ) from CDs. Even if you could apply some of the stuff from DVDs and produce generally compatible CD-RWs and no one has done it yet, considering that Ultra Speed CD-RWs are rare let alone Ultra Speed+, I think this tells you how much interest the market has in such products. Remember that while the writers may need to be upgraded, most people usually expect their media to work in any reader which works with the older discs (CD-RWs do have problems with some readers particularly audio CD players and of course all recordable optical media can sometimes be a bit hit and miss). If you're only going to use the same burner to read the point of CD-RWs becomes even more questionable considering the price of rewritable DVDs. Remember there's nothing to stop you burning most CD images to DVD except for those odd ones like Mode 2 form 2 or audio CDs, and if you're only going to read them in the original it'll be rare burning the images as files will be a big disadvantage so even with those you can still burn them in a fashion. So burning whatever you plan to burn to CD-RW to DVD+/-RW will likely be a more compatible option then burning to a CD-RW someone makes which can only be read in new burners or drives. Nil Einne (talk) 08:22, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

Whitewashing coal
In the early days of coal mining the Davy lamp was used by miners for lighting. These lamps give out a paltry amount of light, so did anyone think of whitewashing the coal face to increase the illumination for the miner whilst he undercut the seam before blasting it away? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:28, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * That is ridiculous. Why would they whitewash the seam that they were hacking away? Whoop whoop pull up Bitching Betty 20:02, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * To see what they were doing my little friend.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:33, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * There are areas of coal they can't mine, either because it would destabilize the mine or because it's on property to which they don't have mining rights. Whitewashing that might make sense, depending on the cost of the paint and the flammability/toxicity of the fumes. There might also have been a problem with it drying in a cave. StuRat (talk) 20:22, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Mine owners of the time wouldn’t care a dime about toxicity. It is very cheap. Flammability is an attribute that whitewash does not have. It works OK in damp cellars too (don't use whitewash distemper – it contains binders such as gums which can support some types of fungi and bacteria). It doesn’t 'dry.' It cures by absorbing CO2 -of which there is lots of underground and in cellars.--Aspro (talk) 20:42, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * That depends on how toxic it was. If it kills all the miners or they come running out of the mine clawing at their bleeding eyes, this will affect productivity. StuRat (talk) 06:21, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Coal is brittle. One just hacks away it it with a pick axe. Back in those days they didn’t blast the coal but the rock blocking the way. Second. Back in those days, mine owners made the miners pay for their own explosives – he ruddy weren't going to pay for any white-wash. Thirdly. People get used to working in dark conditions. The feel from the pick axe handle tells them if they are hacking at coal or not. So, people may have thought about it but I shouldn't think it was ever put into practice until modern times.The last coal mine I was in (Copperfields up near Brum) had a lot of whitener in the access tunnels.--Aspro (talk) 20:18, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Also, while I'm think about the safety aspect and mine-owners practices. The introduction of the Davy-lamp resulted in more deaths rather than less, because it encouraged working in seams that otherwise would have been considered to dangerous to contemplate. Something that the science books always forget to mention. --Aspro (talk) 20:51, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry You are talking thro the wrong orifice. Coal is definitely blasted with dynamite.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:36, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Also, so a thin seam is darker than a thicker seam? Where do you get that from?--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:41, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * "In the 1800s, coal was dug with a pick. Crouching or lying on his side, the collier carefully undercut the seam until a wedge or small powder charge brought the coal crashing down". Dynamite was invented 50 years or so after the Davy lamp. Alansplodge (talk) 01:04, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The word "Collier" is actually a contraction of "coal hewer", who was the man with the pick who physically dug the coal in the mine. Coal was dug in this way until the 1980s at some pits in South and West Yorkshire. I used to have business dealings with a man who was the last coal hewer in Wakefield, who used his redundancy money to set up a brewery. --TammyMoet (talk) 08:11, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The OED doesn't agree with you, Tammy: " 			Middle English colier, colyer , etc., <  col, coal n.1, apparently after words from French in -ier suffix, q.v." --ColinFine (talk) 14:27, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Someone better tell my ex-collier friends in Yorkshire that then! And the OED does say "apparently", so even they're not sure. --TammyMoet (talk) 14:59, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * "Coal hewer" sounds like a highly motivated folk etymology. μηδείς (talk) 18:10, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Collier Row on the Essex / London border is named after the chaps who made charcoal there a while ago. I don't think they did any hewing. Alansplodge (talk) 01:49, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

So, did anyone think of using whitewash to give more effective illumination or not?--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:05, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Can't think why they would want to paint something that they were about to smash-up (sorry "hew") with a pick. But it's not easy to prove why somebody didn't do something. Alansplodge (talk) 01:53, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I explained all that: Its to enble the miner to make the most of the paltry light from his Davy lamp.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:07, 10 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
MediaWiki Project

The MediaWiki Project guides participants from introductory HTML to advanced MediaWiki hacking. Participants will develop new MediaWiki features for the Wikiversity community.

Project description
This project formed to provide a central resource and forum for learning and discussing the inner workings of MediaWiki. MediaWiki is the server software that powers Wikiversity and the other Wikimedia projects (like Wikipedia). The primary aim of this project is to give Wikiversity participants a deeper insight into MediaWiki's functionality, thus facilitating more effective ways to get the most out of the technology. Another aim is to address Wikiversity's technical needs via problem-solving and critical thinking within a practicum for applied computer science.

Project news

 * 22 August 2006 - Department founded!
 * 14 November 2006 - Namespace debate escalates..
 * 26 November 2006 - Multilingual support for MediaWiki listing added to the Multilingulism practicum
 * 23 January 2007 - MediaWiki Ideal - In an ideal world, what features would the ideal Wiki Software have, and what would it be like?
 * February 23, 2007 - Scripting MediaWiki content development project started
 * 11 March 2007 - MediaWiki Templates content development project started
 * 12 July 2009 - MediaWiki Project at Sandbox Server - see?

Learning materials and projects
Wikiversity has adopted the "learning by doing" model for education. The MediaWiki Project centers on learning activities for Wikiversity participants that are directed towards the goal of improving the Wikiversity user interface. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple Wikiversity departments. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.
 * Change default skins? - Should Wikiversity have a distinctive default skin?
 * Rank each wiki page according to degree of completeness. Have links to pages color coded to indicate the degree of completeness of the target page. Category:Stubs
 * Meta-Wiki - general user survey software
 * Threaded discussions
 * integration of threaded discussions into Wikiversity. See LiquidThreads at meta and some local implementations at Template:LiquidThreads and LiquidThreads.
 * THREADNAV - a simple and flexible experimental model of threaded navigation with wiki-text, developed on wikiversity.
 * Test and Quiz - integration of systems for testing into Wikiversity. See: Quizzes.
 * Video discussions - integration of video chat into Wikiversity (for audio, see WCR below)
 * Topic:MediaWiki - Explore the MediaWiki engine from a Computer Science perspective, from the MediaWiki Codebase to its application here at Wikiversity.
 * Infrastructure Project - Wikiversity's technical needs become a subject of Computer Science study and a learning path in applied Computer Science.
 * Search feature master namespaces checkbox - quickly check or uncheck namespaces
 * UML/MediaWiki - A project to define MediaWiki in terms of the Unified Modeling Language and to develop UML diagrams of the MediaWiki Engine.
 * Wiki Campus Radio (WCR) - a project to build in audio functionality to Wikiversity and a community-driven Internet Radio platform.
 * MediaWiki:Common.js and MediaWiki:Monobook.js - a good place to learn how MediaWiki and Javascript work together with MediaWiki:Common.css and MediaWiki:Monobook.css. see Basic JavaScript
 * Generating dynamic content with MediaWiki - intermediate course to learn and teach how to build things like QOTD and Picture of the Month
 * Interactive labs (Java applet)/MediWiki JAR support - an advanced learning project to coordinate the effort to add JAR file support to MediaWiki
 * /Copying or Forking a file with attached editing history
 * comment You can do that by exporting it to, change its name, and reimport it to . And by the way, is the import channel beta: -> en: open? Hillgentleman|Talk 02:28, 13 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Proposal: To read old versions of pages with the old versions of the transcluded templates - a useful (but missing) feature that Mediawiki should have

Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

MediaWiki
MediaWiki Project: MediaWiki - codebase & engine - PHP & MySQL
 * MediaWiki
 * Quick and dirty guide
 * Semantic MediaWiki
 * Learning object metadata
 * Bots that work with wikis
 * How to become a MediaWiki hacker
 * Embed Media - streaming media

Wikipedia

 * MediaWiki

Wikibooks

 * b:Category:Programming

Active participants
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this department, you can list your name here (this can help small departments grow and the participants communicate better; for large departments a list of active participants is not needed).
 * User:JWSchmidt - I know PHP, I want to learn how the MediaWiki software works and how to extend it. (protect individual page sections from editing, add threaded discussions)
 * HappyCamper - I'd like to learn how to write useful bots for Wiki projects.
 * Hillgentleman - interested to know more about MediaWiki; can't spend too much time; see how it goes
 * User:CQ - I'd like to take MediaWiki apart and play with the pieces.
 * Chaos I,m sorry .. maybe I won't be so usefull in Programming issues but I will try my best to give creative idea's and I will try to get advanced knowledge in the requested programming language .. maybe that could help.
 * User:Rayc -- working on ideas at Test and Quiz
 * User:Mirwin -- I would like to get a family wikimedia server up for some private workspace adjacent and linked back into public areas.

title: MediaWiki Project


text:
Lamonte trevallis

Lamonte trevallis is an ichnospecies from the late Ediacaran sediments of the Yangtze Gorges of Southern China. It represented fairly large traces that indicate burrowing behaviour. It had Millimetre-sized traces preserved differently than other Ichnofossils from that time period. Surface-dwelling trackways, vertical burrows and horizontal tunnels are a common characteristic of the trace fossil.

title: Lamonte trevallis


text:
J Awards of 2012

The J Award of 2012 is the eighth annual J Awards, established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. The announcement comes at the culmination of Ausmusic Month (November). For the fifth year, three awards were presented; Australian Album of the Year, Australian Music Video of the Year and Unearthed Artist of the Year. Winners were announced on 23 November 2012.

Who's eligible?
Any Australian album released independently or through a record company, or sent to Triple J in consideration for airplay, is eligible for the J Award. The 2012 nominations for Australian Album of the Year and Australian Music Video of the Year were selected from releases received by Triple J between November 2011 and October 2012. For Unearthed Artist of the Year it was open to any artist from the Unearthed (talent contest), who has had a ground breaking and impactful 12 months from November 2011 and October 2012.

Australian Album of the Year

 * This was the second time Tame Impala have won this award; the first coming at the J Awards of 2010 with Innerspeaker.

title: J Awards of 2012


text:
Giovanni Tebaldi

Giovanni Tebaldi (1787–1852) was an Italian painter, active in a Neoclassical style.

Biography
Born at Parma, he was a pupil of Pietro Antonio Martini as a boy, but studied in Rome for some years. He returned to Parma to become professor at the Academy of Fine Arts of Parma. Among his pupils were Enrico Bandini and Francesco Scaramuzza.

title: Giovanni Tebaldi