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Immunotoxicology

Immunotoxicology (sometimes abbreviated as ITOX) is the study of the toxicity of foreign substances called xenobiotics and their effects on the immune system. Some toxic agents that are known to alter the immune system include: industrial chemicals, heavy metals, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, drugs, ultraviolet radiation, air pollutants and some biological materials. The effects of these immunotoxic substances have been shown to alter both the innate and adaptive parts of the immune system. Consequences of xenobiotics affect the organ initially in contact (often the lungs or skin). Some commonly seen problems that arise as a result of contact with immunotoxic substances are: immunosuppression, hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity. The toxin-induced immune dysfunction may also increase susceptibility to cancer.

The study of immunotoxicology began in the 1970s. However, the idea that some substances have a negative effect on the immune system was not a novel concept as people have observed immune system alterations as a result of contact toxins since ancient Egypt. Immunotoxicology has become increasingly important when considering the safety and effectiveness of commercially sold products. In recent years, guidelines and laws have been created in the effort to regulate and minimize the use of immunotoxic substances in the production of agricultural products, drugs, and consumer products. One example of these regulations are FDA guidelines mandate that all drugs must be tested for toxicity to avoid negative interactions with the immune system, and in-depth investigations are required whenever a drug shows signs of affecting the immune system. Scientists use both in vivo and in vitro techniques when determining the immunotoxic effects of a substance.

Immunotoxic agents can damage the immune system by destroying immune cells and changing signaling pathways. This has wide-reaching consequences in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Changes in the adaptive immune system can be observed by measuring levels of cytokine production, modification of surface markers, activation, and cell differentiation. There are also changes in macrophages and monocyte activity indicating changes in the innate immune system.

Immunosuppression
Some common agents that have been shown to cause immunosuppression are corticosteroids, radiation, heavy metals, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, drugs, air pollutants and immunosuppressive drugs. These chemicals can result in mutations found in regulatory genes of the immune system, which alter the amount of critical cytokines produced and can cause insufficient immune responses when antigens are encountered. These agents have also been known to kill or damage immune cells and cells in the bone marrow, resulting in difficulty recognizing antigens and creating novel immune responses. This can be measured by decreased IgM and IgG antibody levels which are an indicator of immune suppression. T regulatory cells, which are critical to maintaining the correct level of response in the immune system, also appear to be altered by some agents. In the presence of certain immunotoxic substances, granulocytes of the innate immune system have also been observed to be damaged causing the rare disease agranulocytosis. Vaccine effectiveness can also be decreased when the immune system is suppressed by immunotoxic substances. In vitro T-lymphocyte activation assays have been useful when determining which substances have immunosuppressive properties.

Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitive or allergic reactions, such as asthma, are commonly associated with immunotoxic agents and the number of people exhibiting these symptoms is increasing in industrial countries. This partially due to the increasing number of immunotoxic agents. Nanomaterials are commonly absorbed through the skin or inhaled and are known for causing hypersensitive responses by recruiting immune cells. These nanomaterials are often encountered when a person is in contact with chemicals in an occupational, consumer, or environmental setting. Agents that are known for creating a hypersensitive response include poison ivy, fragrances, cosmetics, metals, preservatives, and pesticides. These molecules that are so small, they act as haptens and bind to larger molecules to induce an immune response. An allergic response is induced when T lymphocytes recognize these haptens and recruit professional antigen-presenting cells. IgE antibodies are important when looking at hypersensitive reactions but cannot be used to definitively determine the effects of an immunotoxic agents. Because of this, in vivo testing is the most effective way to determine the potential toxicity of nanomaterials and other agents that are believed to cause hypersensitivity.

Autoimmunity
Immunotoxic agents can increase the occurrence of immune system attacks on self molecules. Although autoimmunity mostly occurs as a result of genetic factors, immunotoxic agents such as asbestos, sulfadiazine, silica, paraffin and silicone can also increase the chance of an autoimmune attack. These agents are known for causing disturbances to the carefully regulated immune system and increasing the development of autoimmunity. Changes in the circulating regulatory and responder T cells are good indicators of an autoimmune response induced by an immunotoxic agent. The effects of autoimmunity have been examined primarily through studies with animal models. Currently, there is not a screen to determine how agents affect human autoimmunity, because of this much of the current knowledge about autoimmunity in response to immunotoxic agents comes from the observations of individuals who have been exposed to suspected immunotoxic agents.

title: Immunotoxicology


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Alice's Restaurant (album)

Alice's Restaurant is the debut studio album by Arlo Guthrie released in October 1967 by Reprise Records. It features one of his most famous songs, "Alice's Restaurant Massacree". A steady seller, the album peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard Top LPs chart in March 1968. The album re-entered the chart in October 1969 and reached No. 63 in November of that year. Alice's Restaurant went gold (500,000 units sold) in September 1969 and Platinum (1,000,000 sold) in October 1986.

The cover depicts Guthrie sitting shirtless at a table set for a meal, holding his knife and fork and waiting for Thanksgiving dinner to be served. He wears a black bowler hat and has a napkin spread across his chest.

In 1996, Guthrie recorded the same material live for the album Alice's Restaurant: The Massacree Revisited.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Arlo Guthrie.

Side one
 * 1) "Alice's Restaurant Massacree" – 18:20

Side two
 * 1) "Chilling of the Evening" – 3:01
 * 2) "Ring-Around-a-Rosy Rag" – 2:10
 * 3) "Now and Then" – 2:15
 * 4) "I'm Going Home" – 3:12
 * 5) "The Motorcycle Song" – 2:58
 * 6) "Highway in the Wind" – 2:40

Personnel

 * Arlo Guthrie – vocals, guitar
 * The unknown musicians who play the electric guitar, keyboards, harmonica, standup bass, tuned percussion and drums
 * Al Brown – assistant production
 * Richard Chalfin – cover concept
 * Diana J. Davies – photography
 * Fred Hellerman – production
 * Harold Leventhal – liner notes
 * Ed Thrasher – art direction
 * Sherman Weisburd – cover photography
 * John S. Wilson – liner notes

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alice's Restaurant (album)


text:
File talk:FindTheBest Logo RGB.png

No SVG format for this image exists
If you know how to convert this image from PNG to SVG, please let me know by contacting me on my user talk page. Thanks! Evan (talk) 15:34, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

title: File talk:FindTheBest Logo RGB.png


text:
John Sullivan (colonial administrator)

John Sullivan (15 June 1788 – 16 January 1855) was the founder of the British settlement at Ootacamund in Colonial India.

Early life
Sullivan was born on 15 June 1788, the son of John Sulivan (1749 –1839), of Richings Park, Iver, Buckinghamshire, the second son of Benjamin Sulivan of Cork (1720–67), Clerk of the Crown for Waterford and Cork [Kinsman of Laurence Sulivan, Chairman and Director of the East India Company] and Lady Henrietta Hobart, daughter of George, 3rd Earl of Buckinghamshire and sister of Robert, Lord Hobart, one of Pitt's Secretaries of State. He was christened 7 July 1788 – St. Georges Hanover Square. He came out to India as a writer with the EIC at age 15 and was appointed the Collector of Coimbatore in 1817, India. He married Henrietta Cecilia Harington, a daughter of Rev. William Harington (1768–1821) and of Anne Collet (1772–1820) on 2 February 1820 in Madras. John Sullivan is best known as the founder of the British settlement at Ootacamund. But he never became the Governor of Madras Presidency.

Expedition to Nilgiris
In 1819, he set out to explore the Nilgiris after obtaining an order from the British East India Company charging him with investigating the "origin of the fabulous tales that are circulated concerning the Blue Mountains to verify their authenticity and to send a report to the authorities".

With a detachment of Europeans and Madras sepoys, he set out on his mission on 2 January 1819. The journey involved crossing rough and harsh terrain, ascending steep precipices and risking danger from wild animals. After an expedition that lasted for six days and the loss of the lives of some of the expedition members, Sullivan finally reached a plateau from where he proudly hoisted the British flag. After touring the area in 1819, John Sullivan began a personal campaign to persuade the government of Madras that the location's "unusually temperate and healthy" climate made it ideal as a "resort of invalids," primarily soldiers. In 1821 the Medical Board of the presidency ordered three assistant surgeons to investigate these claims. Their reports persuaded the Board that "we fully anticipate very great advantages from a resort to these Hills," and it recommended that fifty invalid soldiers be sent there to test the region's salubrity. Independently, Sullivan and other officials from neighbouring districts established summer residences at Ootacamund, in the heart of the Nilgiris. This nascent community soon attracted a stream of visitors in search of health, comfort and leisure.

Colony of Ooty
Sullivan was driven by a spirit of innovation and enterprise. He was the first to introduce horticulture in the Nilgiris. Potato, barley and other "English" agricultural products are some of the crops he introduced. In 1822, John Sullivan, began construction of his residence, called the 'Stonehouse', on property he had purchased from the Todas. His wife, who had the distinction of being the first European woman in the Nilgiris, moved into the house in 1823 along with his infant son and others who made Ooty their abode including Sir Thomas Munro, the governor of Madras, who stayed at Ootacamund. The Ooty Lake was created between 1823 and 1825 by Sullivan as a source of irrigation. Years later. He explained to his superiors: "the climate is particularly salubrious, and I rejoice to say my health has derived infinite benefit from my residence in it."[9] This retreat quickly became a magnet for invalided officers and other Europeans in upper India seeking rest cures. Considering the age in which he lived, his attitudes towards the local population were remarkably progressive, arguing that the native people should be allowed to govern their own affairs. He also held that the Toda tribe had total proprietary rights over the Nilgiris, which set him at odds with East India Company officials.

By 1828 there were some 25 houses, not to mention churches and the housing of immigrants from the plains. This was also the year when Ooty was made a military cantonment. Sullivan's dream of making it a sanatorium for British troops had been fulfilled, but the Government's action meant that Ooty would no longer be in his control but in that of his rival Major William Kelso. But Sullivan wasn't through with Ooty. After he finished his tenure as Collector of Coimbatore, he returned in his capacity as the Senior Member of the Board of Revenue of the Madras Presidency.

Return to England
In 1838, Sullivan's wife and daughter died within weeks of each other. John Sullivan's wife's and daughter's funeral were held at the St. Stephen's church and the graves can be seen even today. A grieving Sullivan left the hill station which he dearly loved and developed and returned to England with his eight children. He died 16 January 1855 and was buried in the churchyard of St Laurence, Upton-cum-Chalvey, Berkshire, where his grave may still be seen. The west window of the church is a memorial to him. The grave is shared by Frances, his second wife (1799–1876).

Legacy
The first house which Sullivan built at the village Hosatti, near Kotagiri, is currently the only memorial left in the Nilgiris save for the font donated in his name to St. Stephen's Church by Col. & Mrs. Gilhlan in 1872. The house is known as the "Sullivan's Bungalow" and is located in a village called Kannerimukku, near Kotagiri town. Sullivan contributed to the diversified commercial crops in the region, introducing potatoes and other European vegetables to the local community at that time to Badagas and Kotas, and played a very important role in developing the district as well as its headquarters – Ootacamund [now called Udhagamandalam, in short Ooty] which is an important Hill Station. Under Sullivan's influence local roads, a market, and such civic buildings as a courthouse, a hospital, a post office, a bank and a jail arose. He also played an important role in developing the economy of several local tribes. John Sullivan is regarded with great respect by the locals even today, for his contribution to the district of the Nilgiris (also known as the Blue Mountains).

His son, Henry Edward Sullivan, also became a Collector at Coimbatore and is noted in the memoirs of Madame Helene Blavatsky whom he entertained at Ooty in 1869. A second son, Augustus William Sullivan, also served in the Madras Civil Service, born in 1813; he died in 1858 and is buried at St. John's Cemetery in Tellicherry.

title: John Sullivan (colonial administrator)


text:
Dave Freeman (British writer)

David Freeman (22 August 1922 – 28 March 2005) was a British film and television writer, working chiefly in comedy.

He was one of the first generation of writers who established television, taking over from radio, as the most popular medium for comedy. His works were known for their usage of puns and double entendre.

During the small screen's Golden Age, he wrote scripts for comedians including Benny Hill, Tony Hancock, Ted Ray, Terry Scott, Spike Milligan, Eric Sykes, Peter Sellers, Charlie Drake, Arthur Askey, Sid James, Leslie Crowther, Roy Hudd, Jimmy Edwards, Tommy Cooper, Harry Worth and Frankie Howerd.

Early life
Dave Freeman was born in Marylebone, London. He trained as an electrician before joining the Royal Naval Fleet Air Arm at the outbreak of the Second World War. His service with the Pacific fleet took him to Ceylon, India, South Africa, Kenya and finally Australia where he met and married his wife, Alberta. Upon return to England in 1946, he joined the Metropolitan Police as a police constable in Paddington rising to a Special Branch detective at Scotland Yard.

After a period back at Special Branch, he became a journalist, then took a job as a security officer for the American Officers' Club in Regent's Park, London. One of his tasks was to book entertainment acts and when he struck up a friendship with Benny Hill, the pair started writing together.

Benny Hill
Freeman co-wrote with Benny Hill from 1955 to 1968 for The Benny Hill Show on BBC. The early series were notable for spoofs of popular television personalities of the time, such as the quiz and talent-show host Hughie Green, the globe-trotting journalist Alan Whicker, and the undersea explorers Hans and Lotte Hass.

Freeman was teamed with Hill from the second series, in 1956, and also appeared on screen when the star made one-off shows for ITV (1957–60) under a special contract with Bernard Delfont. He was later responsible for most of the scripts when Hill starred in three series of a BBC sitcom titled simply Benny Hill (1962–63), featuring the comedian in a different role each week in self-contained playlets.

Television, Film and Radio
Alongside his success with Benny Hill, he contributed to sketch-based programmes such as The Ted Ray Show (1955–59), and Great Scott - It's Maynard! (starring the comedy duo Terry Scott and Bill Maynard, 1955–56). In 1955 he joined Associated London Scripts, an agency representing the leading comedy and television writers of the 1950s and 1960s. There he teamed up with John Junkin and Terry Nation to write two series for Elsie and Doris Waters, Gert and Daisy. He then went on to contribute sketches to Spike Milligan's The Idiot Weekly, Price 2d (1956) starring Peter Sellers, the first successful attempt to transform the comedy of The Goon Show from radio to television.

Television became Freeman's medium. Moving back and forth between BBC and ITV, Freeman wrote the sitcoms ''Charlie Drake in. . . (co-scripted with Charlie Drake, who played a different character each week, 1958–59) and both Arthur's Treasured Volumes (1960) and The Arthur Askey Show'' (1961).

He also created and wrote sitcoms for Roy Kinnear and Jimmy Edwards. In A World of His Own (1964–65), Kinnear played the daydreaming Stanley Blake, an outwardly ordinary husband lost in his own fantasies. The Fossett Saga (1969) was a spoof on The Forsyte Saga and starred Edwards as an author of penny-dreadfuls, bon viveur and patron of the arts in Victorian London.

Freeman wrote the fantasy serial Knock Three Times (1968), starring Hattie Jacques and based on the children's book by Marion St John Webb.

In 1968 he wrote the screenplay to Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon. He also scripted episodes for The Avengers (1968) and It's Tommy Cooper (1970). After contributing to "Carry On" television specials, Freeman also wrote the feature film Carry On Behind (1975) and Carry On Columbus (1992).

Much of his subsequent career was spent contributing episodes to some of television's most popular sitcoms, including Bless This House (1971–76), Robin's Nest (1977–81) and Keep It in the Family, writing nine episodes with his scriptwriter son Greg Freeman, between 1980 and 1983.

He wrote, too, for Terry and June (1979–87), which starred Terry Scott and June Whitfield as husband and wife, a pairing that had begun on the sketch show ''Scott On. . .'', for which Freeman wrote the entire third and fourth series in 1970–71.

Theatre
A theatrical collaboration between Benny Hill and Freeman, Fine Fettle opened at the Palace Theatre in 1959. Freeman's stage farce A Bedfull of Foreigners opened at the Victoria Palace in 1973, starring Terry Scott and June Whitfield. In 1974, it transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre starring David Jason.

In 1982, Key for Two co-written with John Chapman was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Comedy after opening at the Vaudeville Theatre starring Moira Lister. His third play Kindly Keep It Covered opened in 1987 at the Churchill Theatre starring Terry Scott and Amanda Barrie.

All three plays have since been performed all over the world.

Commercials
Freeman wrote over 50 advertisements in a series of television commercials for the soft-drinks company Schweppes starring Benny Hill. The commercials became the first from Britain to win the Grand Prix de la Télévision at the 1961 Cannes International Festival of Publicity Films.

Following the success of the Schweppes adverts, Freeman was asked to write a series of television commercials for the Egg Marketing Board starring Tony Hancock and Patricia Hayes.

title: Dave Freeman (British writer)


text:
Kazantsevo, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai

Kazantsevo (Казанцево) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Novodrachyoninsky Selsoviet, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 105 as of 2013. There are 5 streets.

Geography
Kazantsevo is located 35 km northeast of Zarinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Smaznevo is the nearest rural locality.


text:
George Poyntz Ricketts

George Poyntz Ricketts (1749 – 8 April 1800) was a Jamaican-born English plantation owner who became Governor of Tobago and Governor of Barbados.

He was born the son of Jacob Ricketts and Hannah Poyntz on the Midgham plantation, Jamaica (named after Midgham, Berkshire, the family seat of the Poyntz). He succeeded his father in 1756 to the plantation, which was sold to the Woollery family c.1772. He married in 1774 Sophie Watts, whose sister Amelia was the mother of Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1812 to 1827. Ricketts also had mixed race half-siblings on Jamaica.

He was appointed Governor of Tobago in 1793. On Lord Liverpool's recommendation he was elevated to Governor of Barbados in 1794, a position he held until his resignation in 1800 because of ill health. He then returned to England and died in Liverpool later that year.

He and his wife had 4 sons and a daughter. Their son Charles Milner Ricketts was briefly MP for Dartmouth.

title: George Poyntz Ricketts


text:
Mike Banwell

Michael Banwell (born June 18, 1987) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenseman.

Playing career
Banwell played Division 1 NCAA hockey for the University of Maine Black Bears, where he was a finance major. In his four years there, he played 109 games, totalling 18 points and 169 penalty minutes. In the 08-09 season, Banwell was tied for team leader in plus-minus rating with Gustav Nyquist.

Banwell played two seasons in the American Hockey League. During the 2011–12 season, he played for the Albany Devils. Banwell started the 2012–13 season playing for the Trenton Titans, where he played 10 games before being called up to the Worcester Sharks. He split the season between the Worcester Sharks and the Springfield Falcons. Banwell tallied a total of 7 fights this season (5 AHL, 2 ECHL). The following season, Banwell signed with the Reading Royals of the ECHL. In his third professional season, playing 60 games, he tallied 3 goals and 16 assists for 19 points with the Royals. He was also called up briefly to the Bridgeport Sound Tigers during the 2013–14 season.

Banwell signed his first contract abroad on a one-year deal with IF Björklöven of the Swedish HockeyAllsvenskan on May 9, 2015. In the 2015–16 season, he appeared in 28 games with Björklöven before agreeing to a mid-season transfer to Norwegian club, Lillehammer IK of the GET-ligaen on December 10, 2015.

Unable to help Lillehammer reach the post-season, Banwell left Norway in the off-season, returning to the ECHL in signing a one-year deal with the Utah Grizzlies on August 24, 2016.

title: Mike Banwell


text:
1987 Bankstown state by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Bankstown on 31 January 1987 following the resignation of sitting Labor party member, Ric Mochalski who was facing charges over the collapse of a property trust. Mochalski gave the reason for his resignation as ill health, however the NSW Parliamentary Superannuation Fund rejected a claim based on ill health following a report from the NSW Chief Medical Officer.

The Bankstown by-election was held the same day as the Heathcote by-election.

Results
Labor party member Ric Mochalski resigned.

title: 1987 Bankstown state by-election


text:
interbellum

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) The time period between wars.

Translations

 * Danish: mellemkrigstid, mellemkrigsårene
 * German:

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Proper noun

 * 1) The  between World War I and World War II.

Usage notes
Often considered Dog Latin, but not officially proscribed.

title: interbellum


text:
Talk:Bill Vernon

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title: Talk:Bill Vernon