text:
mennä kihloihin

Etymology
Combination of the verb and the illative plural of the noun.

Verb

 * 1)  to get (also to be) engaged to mutually promise to marry each other

title: mennä kihloihin


text:
User:GarySnoodleman/sandbox

B and C Inc.

Created in 2016 by Braeden Kotch and Charles Peach, B and C Inc. is company that produces films and television shows. Some of their most famous works include The Epic War, Braeden...Who? and Pirate Adventures. Before creating B and C Inc., Kotch and Peach had worked together previously on personal projects which have since been released and have gained a loyal following. Such works include Wood Fight and a parody animation titled Duck, Duck, Stormtrooper. Kotch and Peach continue to make films under their company name with occasional help from Coleton Kotch, a filmaker and Not B and C Inc., another film company co-created by Charles Peach.

Work

Braeden...Who?

The Epic War

The Epic War 2: The Epic Conspiracy

Hulio

Epic Force Ninja Battle

Pirate Adventures

Pirate Adventures 2

Pirate Adventures 3

Works In Progress

Fans of B and C Inc. are currently waiting for the third and final installment to The Epic War trilogy, of which the teaser trailer was released back in 2018. A television show under the name Alien Hunter Muglungo is also in the process of being released.

Other Projects Kotch and Peach can be found in the box office hit Buddy Fighters 2: Electric Boogaloo in which both starred as characters in. They can also both be found in the worldwide phenomenon Cooking With Isaac, which they have both helped produce in the past.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:GarySnoodleman/sandbox


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Ross Hall

The result was: promoted by ceradon ( talk  •  contribs ) 14:10, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Ross Hall

 * ... that while at Ross Hall, General George Washington ordered a feu de joie?
 * Reviewed: Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge

Created by Zeete (talk). Self nominated at 19:05, 9 February 2015 (UTC).

 * Symbol confirmed.svg New enough, long enough, meets core content policies. Hook directly cited to RS. I wikilinked feu de joie in the hook. Good to go. --Jakob (talk)  21:46, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
Dušan Stojinović

Dušan Stojinović (born 26 August 2000) is a Slovenian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Ekstraklasa club Jagiellonia Białystok.

Club career
Stojinović is a youth academy product of Bravo. He made his senior team debut on 14 October 2017 in a 3–0 defeat against Mura.

Stojinović joined Celje during 2017–18 season. In June 2019, he signed a contract extension with the club until 2022. He scored his first professional goal on 25 August 2019 in a 6–0 win against Triglav. With Celje, he won the 2019–20 Slovenian PrvaLiga season, the club's first ever national championship title.

In June 2021, Stojinović joined the Russian Premier League side Khimki on loan. On 27 January 2022, the loan was terminated early.

International career
Stojinović was a Slovenian youth international. In March 2021, he was included in the under-21 squad for the 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.

Honours
Celje
 * Slovenian PrvaLiga: 2019–20

Jagiellonia Białystok
 * Ekstraklasa: 2023–24

title: Dušan Stojinović


text:
User:GK at CRG

This is a draft for an article and is a work in progress.

Gregory G. Curtin, Ph.D
Gregory G. Curtin, Ph.D., JD. is an American subject matter expert in Digital Government. He is a Founder and CEO of Civic Resource Group International, a Los Angeles, California based company that provides technology solutions to the broad public sector since 1999. Dr. Curtin, formerly a professor at University of Southern California, was a government attorney and maintains an active role as a political and government consultant.

Dr. Curtin is accredited for his work as a Senior Fellow at the World Economic Forum and serves as a Charter Member of WEF’s Global Agenda Council on the Future of Government 2014 - 2016. As a member of the Council, Dr. Curtin was among the winners of the first [Vision Award] from the WEF for delivering breakthrough ideas and the high impact collaborative action in the area of technology and government.

Dr. Curtin is counted as one of the contributors on the Global Council on the Future of Government’s two main reports: The 2014 Future of Government Smart Toolbox and FAST Government Framework. Currently, Dr. Curtin is the author and Editor-in-Chief of the Future of Government Blog. He is a public speaker and writer on matters of digital government worldwide.

Dr. Curtin has founded and served as a Director of the E-Governance Collaborative Program at the Bedrosian Center, University of Southern California. His organization built and led digital government research programs leveraging the collaboration among government/academia/private sector worldwide.

Dr. Curtin is active in his role as a Senior Fellow with [Good Governance International], a Silicon Valley nonprofit organization whose mission is to champion the use of innovative technology with the goal to enable transformation to “smart” government in the U.S. and internationally

Recently, Dr. Curtin was appointed to Microsoft’s CityNext Partner Executive Board.

Dr. Curtin’s credentials as a subject matter expert and early influencer of the concept of digital government include his 10-year tenure at the United Nations Global E-Government Survey and Report as the principle investigator and and one of senior contributors.

In 2003 Dr. Curtin published The World of E-Government (Haworth Press), and started the Journal of E-Government (Haworth Press), a peer-reviewed review on the newly unfolding subject of e-government. Dr. Curtin is the author of Free the Data: E-Governance for Megaregions (published by “Public Works Management & Policy”). The publication covered early stages of the emergence of the open data/big data, that helped initiate discussions among e- government thought leaders on formulating the concept of what is now known as “digital government”.

Dr. Curtin earned the following degrees: •	Ph.D., Public Law and Policy, University of Southern California (USC) •	Juris Doctor (JD), University of Southern California (USC) •	MA, American Politics, University of Southern California (USC) •	B.A., Political Science, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) GK at CRG (talk) 22:58, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

title: User:GK at CRG


text:
Talk:Badminton at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles

Comments
According to General Competition Regulation 16, Tian/Zhao will finish ahead of Maeda/Suetsuna and advance to the QF.

http://www.bwfbadminton.org/page.aspx?id=14915

 * 16.2.3 If three or more players / pairs have won the same number of matches, ranking will be established by the difference between total games won and total games lost, with greater difference ranked higher.
 * <IP_ADDRESS> If this still leaves two players / pairs equal, the winner of the match between them will be ranked higher.
 * <IP_ADDRESS> If this still leaves two players / pairs equal, the winner of the match between them will be ranked higher.

16.2.3 eliminates the Japanese pair and <IP_ADDRESS> places the Danes above the Chinese.

The same rules also eliminate the Indian pair in group B

More comments
This isn't exactly a direct suggestion for a way to improve the article, but perhaps it will be useful anyway. It's a narrative of what probably happened in the closing rounds of pool play. Of course, there's no proof of match-throwing by non-disqualified teams.

Following the conclusion of the morning matches of July 30, both Chinese teams were assured of making playoffs: In pool A, Canada and Russia were 0-2 in matches while China and S. Korea were 2-0, so with 2 matches still to play, the advancing teams were already decided. In pool D, meanwhile, Hong Kong was 0-2 and therefore could not overtake 2-0 China in the standings; neither could Japan, as the 3-way tie at 2-1 resulting after wins by Denmark and Japan (the only way Japan could equal China's match record) would be broken by W-L differential in games--China's was guaranteed to be at least +2, and Japan could do no better than +1.

As the top two seeds in the tournament, the Chinese teams aspired, probably even expected, to take gold and silver. However, meeting in the knockout rounds before the final would have precluded this. If both teams had won their final round robin matches, they would each have been seeded first in their respective pools, and would have placed into opposite halves of the bracket, successfully avoiding such a meeting. However, there was an easier way: by obtaining the 2-seeds in each pool, they would still place on opposite sides of the knockout bracket, and would not need to worry about a possible upset--the Korean team in pool A, with the third seed overall, was a particular threat in this respect. Throwing their final pool matches would save them both physical exertion and psychological stress.

In pool D, to successfully execute this plan, China needed to lose 0-2 to Denmark. A 1-2 loss would have opened the door for Japan to advance rather than Denmark, resulting in a 1-seed for China (since 2-way match record ties are broken by head-to-head results). In the 9:40 AM match on July 31, eventual gold medal team China duly lost 0-2, guaranteeing that Denmark would become D1 and China D2.

A few hours later, at 1:09 PM, Japan's final round robin match in pool B began. If Japan (the 4th overall seed in the tournament) had won this match, they would have played China in the quarterfinals. By losing it 0-2, they could ensure a 2-seed and an easier quarterfinal match against Denmark. Accordingly, Japan intentionally lost 0-2 to Taiwan, thereby avoiding the Chinese team until the finals, and so paving the way to a silver medal.

The final match in pool A, between China and South Korea, began at 7:07 PM. Neither team needed to win to advance. Neither team wanted to face the Chinese team from pool D in the semifinals. Perhaps South Korea planned to lose the final matches in both the A and C pools so as to keep its two teams from meeting before the final. In any case, both teams wanted an L rather than a W, and, for the first time, the intentionally poor play became obvious. China prevailed, losing the match 0-2.

The last round robin match of the tournament was between South Korea and Indonesia in pool C. Once again, neither team needed to win to advance, and both wished to avoid playing China in the first knockout round, preferring, apparently, to play the lower-seeded South Korean team instead. As in the pool A match, with both teams trying to lose, the level of play spiraled downward, revealing the tactic. Indonesia eventually managed to lose 1-2.

So, the gold and silver medal winning teams probably got away with the very same behavior that earned four other teams disqualification.

Results
The results here do not reflect the official definitive results as listed in the Official Results book, e.g. the Russians won all three matches. By all means include a note of the "results" of the DQ'd athletes before they were DQ'd, but the official results should have precedence. http://www.london2012.com/mm/Document/sport/General/01/34/12/31/BDResultsBookV2_Neutral.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:02, 14 August 2012 (UTC)


text:
William Reed (British colonial official)

William Reed (c. 1670 – September 1728) was a British colonial official who served as the acting governor of North Carolina from 1722 to 1724.

Biography
Reed was born in 1670 and he probably arrived to North Carolina from England. Reed was appointed as a Proprietor's deputy and member of the Council in 1712, keeping these occupations for the remainder of his life. Reed was appointed Acting Governor of North Carolina on 7 September 1722, keeping the charge until the arrival of Governor Burrington on 15 January 1724, when Reed was appointed president of Council. Several lawsuits against Reed were made (between them, he was accused of sell liquor without licenses at this home, with others men). Reed repeatedly clashed with colonial governors and even wrote an official complaint from the Council about Gov. Richard Everard's administration to King George II that was sent the day after Reed's death. He died on 1728, at his home in Pasquotank County, North Carolina. Reed was married twice: The first of his wife was named Christian, with who had two sons: Christian and Joseph. His second wife was Jane, with who had a son, William.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bloke (word)

The result was   keep. WP:NOTDICT is the main argument being used for deletion/transwiki, but the argument is not convincing, mainly because (as many have pointed out) the article contains a lot of sourced content that would not be appropriate for a dictionary (like the "History" and "Examples of use in Australian culture" sections, for example). -Scottywong | speak _ 15:55, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

Bloke (word)

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

There is some disagreement at Talk:Bloke about whether Bloke (word) violates Wikipedia is not a dictionary. I have created this procedural nomination to determine whether Bloke (word) should be transwikied to Wiktionary (at bloke) or kept as a Wikipedia article. A previous AfD discussion occurred in April 2007 at Articles for deletion/Bloke. As this is a procedural nomination, I am neutral. Cunard (talk) 19:38, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article is clearly not just a dictionary definition, but goes into much detail about origins and cultural issues, as do other Wikipedia articles on other words such as dude or whilst. The article appears to have met the expectation expressed in the prior AFD that this article be expanded, and it has. ~Amatulić (talk) 19:45, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * (Speedy?) Keep - There are an origin, changes, and an impact. That's it. It's not like Celebrity X on Twitter or Woody Interruptus. --George Ho (talk) 19:47, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I would oppose a "speedy keep". I don't think there's any harm in having a full discussion about the article to settle the dispute. Cunard (talk) 19:49, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep: plenty of content beyond what would be appropriate in a dictionary, especially the Australian culture section. Pam  D  19:55, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * comment for those saying "plenty of content" - please check the references to find out whether the sources actually support the claims they are making. I have not reviewed them all, but the three places I checked earlier were all original research where the references had the word "bloke" in them but the analysis and commentary in the article was all the creation of the Wikipedia editor and non-existant in the source. I dont have time to do a thorough review right now.-- The Red Pen of Doom  19:59, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I did go through them and share your impressions -- see my comments bellow. Snow (talk) 21:48, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I finally had time to go through all the references currently in the article and in the previous incarnation of this page. All do include the word "bloke" and document its existence and meaning.  Excluding the dictionaries, not one of the sources were actually about the word either as a word or as a cultural concept.  Rossami (talk) 22:18, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * transwiki although there is a lot of concept content it is, as it says in the very first sentence, "a slang term". And Wikipedia is not a dictionary says (again, helpfully, the first sentence) "Wikipedia is not a dictionary or a slang, jargon or usage guide". There is a lot of content but that all follows on from the definition of the word and its usage as a word. I.e. it's all content suitable for a slang dictionary or usage guide, not an encyclopaedia.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 20:10, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Couldn't the same be said for any other Wikipedia article about a word? ~Amatulić (talk) 20:54, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Yup, which is why it is almost never allowed. There are exceptions where the meaning of an extremely important term can be highly variable in context, but note that this only happens if the word already has a (non-disambiguation) page which deals with the core subject matter.  For example America/American and American (word). Snow (talk) 21:35, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Soft-redirect to Wiktionary using wi. The page is a very thorough and well-written dictionary definition.  It contains definition, etymology and examples of usage, all content that one would expect to see in a truly great, unabridged dictionary.  It does not, however, contain anything beyond that.  The word "bloke" is used in culture but contrary to the claim above has had no significant impact on culture.  There are no sources provided either in the article or Talk that identify any significant cultural impact (though the sources do confirm that the word is used).  The definition is in paragraph format but that alone does not distinguish a dicdef from an encyclopedia article.  The page retains only lexical content despite several attempts and more than enough time for improvement and expansion.  (I can't argue to transwiki in this case because almost all the content is already on the Wiktionary page.  What detail is not already there should be added by cut-and-paste with attribution.  Transwiki works better for titles that Wiktionary doesn't already have.)  Note that while the earlier verion of this page was kept, it was not kept as is.  By consensus of the editors working on the page, the earlier dictionary definition was eventually turned into the disambiguation page now at bloke.  This version was separately created but resolves none of the issues that led to the removal of the earlier dicdef content.  Rossami (talk) 20:36, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Rossami, can you point to where the rules discuss impact on culture? Thanks. Green Cardamom (talk) 21:42, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I believe he is referencing WP:GNG. Like any other Wikipedia article, the subject must have analytical coverage in its sources to prove its impact and establish notability, though in this case it must also pass other more specific bars than GNG, as per discussions elsewhere on this AfD. I think -- and I don't want to put words into his mouth here but he seems to be on the same page as me -- that he is attempting to stress that the mere fact that the word exists and is used (even prominently) is not sufficient to warrant an article.  This, of course, is a common issue explored in AfD and is not restricted to lexical entries.  Snow (talk) 21:58, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There is nothing that says an encyclopedia article must have a discussion of an impact on culture. That is merely an example of the kind of content that would be encyclopedic as opposed to merely lexical.  The section noting that examples of usage of a word in culture are merely lexical can be found at Wikipedia is not a dictionary.  Rossami (talk) 21:51, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * From the article:
 * [The] verse collection "The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke" was published in 1915, "revealing as it did to Australians their own slang and culture of the common people."
 * Is that not an impact on culture? It's the kind of quote you would want to have in an encyclopedia article, but not in a dictionary. Green Cardamom (talk) 22:28, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That verse collection is evidence that the word "bloke" was in use in 1915 and that's all. The phrase that you appended at the end refers to the book, not to the word.  The source is quite clear, reading in full "it [the book] was a roaring success (selling 66,000 copies in its first eighteen months), revealing as it did...".  Words do not sell "66,000 copies".  The book is notable.  That does mean that each individual word used in the title is therefore encyclopedic.  Rossami (talk) 23:15, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Beyond evidence of use, the book helped "reveal" (make popular) slang in general in Australian culture, according to this quote. The word bloke, by way of the book title, is evidently included in this idea, it couldn't be otherwise without being nonsensical (or redundant if made explicit). Green Cardamom (talk) 00:31, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * the subject of the article, the word "bloke" did NONE of this. the series of poems did. this is yet another example of original research of applying your own personal interpretation that far exceeds the analysis or commentary in the actual sources. -- The Red Pen of Doom  00:40, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Well I'm not convinced by your argument, it is unsupported. The quote is about the verse collection's influence on Australian culture, specifically mentioning introduced/revealed "slang" contained in the collection, which obviously includes bloke, in the title of the book and the subject of this article. It's not my interpretation, there is no other way to read it. Unless you can provide an alternate reading (you mentioned it was just about the verse collection, but that ignores the part about slang). Green Cardamom (talk) 01:59, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The source says nothing about 'bloke' (except for in its mention of the name of the poetry collection). The poetry collection obviously uses 'bloke', at least in its title but I'd assume inside, but it's not a reliable source for anything.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 02:31, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Then what does the quote say? I'm really at a loss. It can't mean anything but that bloke (and other slang) had an influence on Australian culture through the verse collection "The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke". If there is some other way to read it please tell me because I can't see it. Green Cardamom (talk) 03:03, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The obvious interpretation of that whole sentence in its original context is that the book had an influence on Australian culture through its descriptions of slang generally (of which, "bloke" is merely one example) and its description of the "culture of the common people". Rossami (talk) 04:39, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Forgive me if I come off brusque here - I'm not intending to be, just trying to clarify this point as cleanly as possible -- but notice what you just said: "the word bloke". Not the book "Bloke" or the person "Alfred Bloke", bur rather the word.  Wikipedia does not have articles for words, except in extremely rare cases where the word is of global importance and has many conflicting definitions that require delineation.  Think of it like this: would "art (word)" or "finance (word)" or "earthquake (word)" have any fewer sources or any less cultural or practical relevance than "bloke (word)"?  Clearly not, and yet we'd disallow these entries as well, because we are not in the business on this project of defining words or tracing their history; we concern ourselves with the real entities, phenomena and subjects that words refer to, not individual words.  That is why we have millions and millions of redirects and disambig pages -- because we realize that one word may refer to multiple subjects or one subject may be referred to by multiple names, but it is not our mandate here (and indeed it counter-intuitive and impractical for an encyclopedia) to define and treat every synonym for every real world subject or concept.  Wikipedia would quickly devolve into an unusable mess where no one could find the information they are looking for if we did that. Snow (talk) 01:16, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the thoughts. Not out to make an article for every word, believe the word is encyclopedic. Green Cardamom (talk) 01:59, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * But why would be my next question then. It's a slang term with an obvious and more or less uniform meaning that has had no greater impact than any one of thousands of similar slang terms (in English alone, not even factoring in other languages). Why "bloke" and not "buddy," "pal," "dude," "bro," "bud," and "mate"?  And surely you can see if we let this bar be the standard, then virtually any word would qualify and we might as well not even have a "not a dictionary" policy. Snow (talk) 03:06, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * See slippery slope, logical fallacy, one doesn't lead to another, just working on bloke, sources determine articles. Green Cardamom (talk) 04:12, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * So does policy: WP:Wikipedia is not a dictionary. And yes, one actually does lead to the other here, since without consistent policies based on community consensus there is no way to proscribe any form of article. Snow (talk) 09:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Re: "sources determine articles" - That is the fundamental problem. Despite years of trying, no one has been able to find any sources to substantiate more than a mere dictionary definition.  All the sources in the article confirm the existence of the word.  But that has never been in question.  What sources go beyond mere lexical content and casual references?  Rossami (talk) 22:24, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Transwiki/redirect to the Wiktionary entry Clearly a lexical entry and in violation of WP:NOTDICT; bloke is simply a contextual colloquialism for "man" and we have an entry for that, obviously. Note this was also the finding of an RfC on the issue before the article was even created, but that a draft was made and inappropriately promoted to article space over the consensus.   The entry has been inflated by nonsensically separating "Etymology," "Origin" and "History" into three sections, and all of the sources are either A) etymological in nature, or B) do not even address the subject matter and its relevance but rather just use the word in passing (Archetypal Aussie Still a Likable Bloke in "Dundee" or Actor the quintessential Aussie bloke).  One source examines the social meaning of the word but is hardly sufficient to meet the extremely stringent standards for allowing purely lexical entries on Wikipedia; we allow this only for words like American that are of massive importance and have many highly variable and contextual meanings.   Please note the distinction that I am making here between a general-purpose word and a specific non-lexical subject matter -- I would not, for example, oppose the creation of the article First Bloke, assuming a few more sources were found demonstrating its cultural relevance, as this would refer to a concrete independent subject.  But the current entry is clearly lexical and belongs at Wiktionary.  Etymological, semantic, or grammatical content (and sources) should be merged into the entry on that project, to the extent they are appropriate.  Snow (talk) 21:28, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note Australia's First Bloke already appears in an appropriate article: First_Lady, while the post is discussed here and the current occupant here.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 21:37, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Bloke (word) is also an appropriate place to discuss first bloke, assuming the article is kept, since it has to do with the word bloke. Green Cardamom (talk) 21:40, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Yep, good catch. And, not to beat the dead horse, that all seems like appropriate content as it describes specific individuals and positions, which are appropriate to an encyclopedia, as opposed to common-usage definition of a word, which is why we have dictionaries. Snow (talk) 21:47, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It might be an appropriate place to discuss it, if there are sources that actually discuss or analyse the usage/impact of the phrase, and not simply sources that refer to him as "First Bloke". --  The Red Pen of Doom  21:51, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete as a dictionary definition, (despite handwaving unsubstantiated claims it isn't), or perhaps transwiki to Wiktionary. Edison (talk) 22:56, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Australia-related deletion discussions. Jenks24 (talk) 04:22, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep. Bloke is a cultural expression rather than a word. There are many similar expressions in Wikipedia, such as homie, mate (colloquialism) and geezer. WWGB (talk) 04:44, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Geezer is a disambig page and the other two are arguably candidates for deletion themselves. Regardless, this article clearly violates WP:NOTDICT and labeling it a "cultural expression" and suggesting that this somehow makes it not a word (and thus not lexical entry) is a non-sequitur based on an arbitrary and artificial distinction. Snow (talk) 10:11, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * See WP:OTHERSTUFF. It's irrelevant what other articles exist, given that there's no barrier to creating articles on anything. There are examples and counterexamples for both outcomes (e.g. many such pages have previously been deleted). Which is why we instead use the rules and guidelines.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 11:51, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Language-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 14:24, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment: The content is for the most part dictionary content, though I appreciate the thoroughness of the coverage and do think that there is a place for some articles on words on Wikipedia. The section "Influences in Australian culture" seems strongest in this regard, but even it is a bit too much like original research from primary sources. That is, the sources use the word to describe Australian men rather than analyzing the word as an aspect of Australian culture. I don't regard this as an insuperable argument for deletion, but neither do I think I can really argue to keep the article. Cnilep (talk) 01:12, 13 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Football (soccer)/Goalkeeping

This page is a sub link from the Football (soccer) page. It teaches the user how to play football as the goal keeper, as it requires unique skills to the ones of the other players.

Aim of the goalkeeper
The aim of the goalkeeper, is to stop the ball from entering the goal, which can be shot at by any player of the opposition team, from entering the goal. The goalkeeper is allowed to use any way possible to stop it. Goalkeepers need good agility, awareness and strength. They do not have an effect on the offside rules. But can still be penalised. They could even score, if the goalkeeper fails to stop the ball.

Goalkeeping techniques

 * 1) Grab - The Goalkeeper can grab or snatch the ball if it comes near. They often do it if the ball is not evalated and not very fast. It is a basic move
 * 2) Dive - The diving technique is recommended for high shooting fast balls. The goalkeeper dives in the appropiate direction upwards in order to push the ball outwards. It is for very advanced keepers often enough.
 * 3) The boot - If an unguarded ball comes towards the goalkeeper, or a ball at a very low speed. They can boot it upwards away from the goal towards the other half of the pitch.

Goal kicking and movement
If a shot of the ball from the other team misses the goal in their shoot. Its a goal kick, the goal keeper gets a kick with the ball freely, and must pass it to the other team members by either foot, or by throwing it. Note, the goalkeeper cannot pick the ball up outside of their box. If they do that, it causes a free kick.

title: Football (soccer)/Goalkeeping


text:
User:Ilgiz

My name is Ильги́з Латы́пов (eel gheez lah ti pof).

I was born in Ufa, Bashkiria, Russia. I am a computer programmer in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada.

Miscellaneous useless links:
http://lib.ru/PROZA/SOKOLOV/shkola.txt
 * My home page, http://ei.homeip.net/
 * A book I recently read, Sasha Sokolov's "Shkola dlia durakov" (A School For Fools),

title: User:Ilgiz


text:
Philippine units of measurement

A number of units of measurement were used in the Philippines to measure various quantities including mass, area, and capacity. The metric system has been compulsory in the country since 1860, during the late Spanish colonial period. A mixture of Spanish units and indigenous units were used alongside American units in the 1900s.

Mass
Measurements of Mass
 * 1 Kurot = 5 grams
 * 1 Daks = 10 grams
 * 1 Guhit = 100 grams
 * 1 Kagitna = 1/2 kilogram
 * 1 Gatang = 1 kilogram
 * 1 Chimanta = 6 kilograms
 * 1 Kaban = 50 kilograms

Length
Measurements of Length

 * 1 Piranggot = 1/2 inch
 * 1 Sandamak = 4 inches
 * 1 Dangkal = 8 inches
 * 1 Talampakan = 12 inches = 1 foot
 * 1 Bisig = 16 inches
 * 1 Dipa = 68 inches

Volume
Measurements of Volume:

 * 1 Salok = 80 ml
 * 1 Saro = 250 ml
 * 1 Mangok = 400 ml

title: Philippine units of measurement


text:
Talk:How to Write an Essay

Is it worth putting in a chapter about Referencing standards (Harvard)? I could make a chapter about writing rl Wick|Karl Wick]]

Isn't this fairly V?

Links
The first link (Research and preparation) links to the same page as the second link.

Best Essay Writing services

Why is there a link to the contents page on the contents page?? BenC7 06:33, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Requesting inter wikibook link mr
@ User:QuiteUnusual

Hi,

Seasons greeting from mr-wikibooks.

At mr(Marathi language wikibooks) a book is available on the same subject of How to Write an Essay. Requesting you to approve interwikibook link निबंध लेखन कसे करावे ?

Thanks and regards

Mahitgar (discuss • contribs) 10:56, 5 November 2014 (UTC)
 * The interwiki works even if not reviewed, but I've reviewed it now - thanks. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 11:58, 5 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:How to Write an Essay


text:
Steve Kaufmann

Steve Kaufmann (born October 8, 1945) is a Canadian polyglot and internet personality known for his language-learning content on YouTube, and the LingQ online language-learning platform which he co-founded.

Background
Kaufmann was born in Sweden in 1945 to Jewish parents from Prostějov in Czechoslovakia, now the Czech Republic. His parents spoke Czech and German. He grew up in Montreal, Canada, after he and his family moved there in 1951 when he was five.

In June 1962, Kaufmann quit his construction job and worked aboard a German tramp steamer in exchange for passage to Europe. After a week in London, he visited Belgium, then spent a year in Grenoble, France. He studied politics at the L'Institut d'Études Politiques (Institute of Political Studies, commonly known as Sciences Po) and studied French in Paris.

He hitchhiked through Europe, picking up basic language skills in Spain, Italy and Germany. He went on to join the Canadian diplomatic service, where he began learning Mandarin Chinese in Hong Kong full-time in 1969, and allegedly became fluent within a year. When he was re-posted to the Embassy of Canada, Tokyo in the early 1970s, he learned Japanese.

After his role as a trade commissioner, he used his language abilities in commercial trade, living in Japan for nine years. He eventually learned more languages, mostly later in life.

Along with his son, Mark, Steve co-founded the language learning platform LingQ in 2007.

Current work
Kaufmann appears at conferences to speak on his language learning techniques and abilities. He also has social media channels where he discusses language learning, primarily to assist learners.

He was a founding organizer of the North American Polyglot Symposium. He travels to learn languages, and has given interviews in native languages on television and on YouTube, including in Chinese (both Mandarin and Cantonese), Russian and Ukrainian. He has been a regular contributor to the Huffington Post.

Language learning
Kaufmann has spent over 50 years studying languages. He advocates total immersion in the learning process. He places great emphasis on absorbing the language by reading texts and by not worrying about unfamiliar words, believing that they are gradually acquired through repeated reading. Though he supports using techniques such as flashcards for memorizing difficult words, he spends most of his learning time listening to native speakers and reading. He is particularly fond of reading books on the history of the country or region of the language he is learning, written in that language. He prefers not to have a fixed study schedule and enjoys listening to content in his target languages while performing other tasks. He believes that age does not impede learning a new language and that older people can learn languages as well as younger people. He believes mistakes are a natural part of the learning process, and that people can be considered fluent despite making mistakes.

Kaufmann started learning Russian, his ninth language, when he was 60. As of 2024, he has an understanding of 20 languages, though his ability to speak and write in them to a highly proficient level varies considerably. He has said that he rarely writes in the languages, and that speaking languages he has not used for a while can be initially challenging.

As of May 2023, Kaufmann speaks these languages to varying degrees: • English

• French

• Mandarin Chinese

• Cantonese

• Japanese

• Korean

• Russian

• Swedish

• German

• Italian

• Spanish

• Portuguese

• Ukrainian

• Czech

• Slovak

• Romanian

• Polish

He has also learned some Greek and Turkish and is currently learning Arabic and Persian. In 2024, he stated that after studying Turkish he will focus on Arabic and Persian, and spends time listening to Arabic TV series and Al Jazeera news, and reading books on Arabic and Persian history.

Prominent language-acquisition scholar Stephen Krashen has studied Kaufmann's approach to learning, and those of other polyglots such as Kató Lomb. Krashen claims the success of Kaufmann and other polyglots as independent support for his own ideas on second language learning, and sees Kaufmann's approach as a model for other language learners. He has praised Kaufmann as " really good, no question", and described him as "my language therapist, helping me."

Personal life
Steve Kaufmann is the father of political scientist Eric Kaufmann and ice hockey player Mark Kaufmann.

title: Steve Kaufmann


text:
Nujella Halt railway station

Nujella Halt railway station (station code:NUJ ), serves the rail needs of Gudlavalleru. This is located nearly 11 km away from Gudivada. This railway station is administered under Vijayawada railway division of South Coast Railway Zone.

title: Nujella Halt railway station


text:
Cookbook talk:Coconut

This module was the featured ingredient on the main Cookbook page from June 25, 2004 - July 10, 2004. Gentgeen 17:42, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Coconut


text:
User:Cavac

Hi, I'm Rene 'cavac' Schickbauer.

There's not much here about me; for details you currently have to contact 'cavac' at the domain 'magicbooks.org'

title: User:Cavac


text:
European History/European Imperialism and Nationalism

The period between 1870 and 1914 saw a Europe that was considerably more stable than that of previous decades. To a large extent this was the product of the formation of new states in Germany and Italy, and political reformations in older, established states, such as Britain and Austria. This internal stability, along with the technological advances of the industrial revolution, meant that European states were increasingly able and willing to pursue political power abroad.

Imperialism was not, of course, a concept novel to the nineteenth century. A number of European states, most notably Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands, had carved out large overseas empires in the age of exploration. However, the new technologies of the nineteenth century encouraged imperial growth. Quinine, for instance, allowed for the conquest of inland Africa, whilst the telegraph enabled states to monitor their imperial possessions around the world. When the value of these new technologies became apparent, the states of Europe began to take control of large swathes of territory in Africa and Asia, heralding in a new era of imperialism.

France
After France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck required France to hold elections so that he could negotiate a peace. Elections were held for a provisional government, and monarchists were elected, which was unacceptable to revolutionaries of Paris. Paris responded by forming its own government, a 40 member council or "commune" with its own national guard. The commune established the equality of all citizens, promotion of women's rights, and communal workshops. On May 21, Adolph Theirs, leader of the French provisional government, sent in troops to "restore order" in Paris. Members of the commune killed the Archbishop, packed the Tuileries with gunpowder, and blew it up. When it was all over, however, 20,000 Parisians had been killed by the troops.

Thus began the 3rd Republic of France from 1871 until 1940. The 3rd Republic consisted of a ceremonial President and a two chamber Parliament with universal male suffrage.

Germany

The idea of a German state had existed since the formation of the Kingdom of Germany in the early Middle Ages. The kingdom was succeeded by the Holy Roman Empire, but the authority of the emperors was weak, and the power of the central state declined until its final abolition in 1806. In 1815 the German-speaking territories were divided into around 40 states, many of them small.

The beginnings of popular nationalism in Germany can be traced to Napoleon's invasion of German territory in 1806. Whilst this act helped precipitate the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Napoleon's political machinations helped to encourage nationalist feeling. Many people within the German heartlands wished to escape the influence of foreign autocrats, such as the emperors of France and Austria, and build their own state.

This broad feeling was encouraged by the works of eighteenth century German writers and philosophers, such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and particularly Johann Gottfried von Herder. With his work on aesthetics, gothic art, and folk poetry, Herder encouraged an idea that the Germans had a rich common cultural heritage. Although Herder glorified the Germans, he was well travelled, feeling that every country had its unique features, and was worthy of some admiration.

However, the unification of Germany was not solely due to nationalism. It is worth noting that, in an era when Europe was increasingly dominated by large empires, many German states were small to the point of insignificance. Most German rulers understood that there was strength in working together. This understanding was to lead to inter-state co-operation across the region, the most notable example being the Zollverein, the customs union that encompassed most of northern Germany by the early 1830s.

This variety of factors, both nationalistic and economic, were exploited by the conservative King of Prussia, William I, and his chief minister, Otto von Bismarck. Both understood the value of a unified German state, particularly one which excluded Austrian influence.

Wars of Unification
Whilst he had a clear idea that the unification of Germany should be his goal, Bismarck was a shrewd politician and exploited, rather than initiated, events. The complicated dynastic successions within the German confederation proved to be a useful tool to this end.

The first such conflict was triggered by the Schleswig-Holstein problem. Schleswig and Holstein were German duchies whose ruler was also the Danish king, Frederick VII. Frederick's death in 1863 caused consternation amongst German nationalists as his successor, Christian IX, decided to annex Schleswig and Holstein, and make the German duchies into part of the Danish state. The Diet of the German Confederation demanded that this be prevented and encouraged Prussia and Austria, the only German states to have significant military strength, to invade Denmark.

The war between Denmark and the Germany states was short and decisive and the Danes were defeated in 1864. In the resultant peace treaty, the Danish king renounced his rights to the disputed territories of Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia and Austria respectively.

The occupation of Schleswig and Holstein was to prove the catalyst for the next German war, the Seven Weeks War of 1866. Whilst control of these provinces was regulated by the Gastein Convention of 1865, Bismarck was able to provoke the Austrians into declaring war. This was as decisive as the previous conflict. The meticulously planned Prussian advances outmanoeuvred the Austrians, who were forced on the defensive, and quickly defeated.

In 1867, Prussia established the North German Confederation, made up of 21 small northern states with a constitution and Kaiser Wilhelm as king. The small states were still in a vacuum, however, and needed some form of encouragement to join with Prussia.

In 1870, Prince Leopold Hohenzollern was asked to take the crown in Spain, and France demanded that the Prussians agree that no Hohenzollern ever take the Spanish throne in the so-called "Ems Dispatch." Bismarck manipulated the telegram; his modifications made France and Germany appear more hostile than they actually were. After he released it to the press in Europe, France declared war on Prussia, and the remaining German states joined Prussia for protection.

The Franco-Prussian war lasted from 1870 to 1871, and resulted in the defeat of Emperor Napoleon III. He was captured on September 2, 1870 at the Battle of Sedan. On January 18, 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed at Versailles as a major snub to the French. On May 1871, the Treaty of Frankfurt was signed, and France ceded Alsace-Lorraine and 5 billion gold francs to Germany.

Italy
Throughout the Middle Ages and early modern period Italy consisted of a patchwork of small states. Its urbanization and position in the Mediterranean meant that Italy was a politically important region and, for much of this period it was dominated by foreign powers, most notably the Bourbon dynasty which, during the eighteenth century, provided kings for both France and Spain.

The dominance of foreign powers was brought to an end by the Napoleonic wars. Napoleon's attempts to dominate the peninsula failed, and the monarchies of France and Spain were weakened by long years of war. Moreover, Napoleon had attempted to conglomerate much of Italy into a single state, a process that encouraged a sense of the Italians belonging to a nation. It is notable, for instance, that Napoleon provided Italy with its national flag, the green, white, and red tricolore.

Although the Treaty of Vienna restored many of the small Italian states, nationalist feeling remained, and was preserved by nationalistic and revolutionary groups, such as the Carbonari in southern Italy. These groups were inspired by revolutionary activity in other European states. As a result, the early nineteenth century saw numerous small insurrections against the autocrats ruling the Italian states, most notably with the French-inspired revolts of 1831, which afflicted the Papal States. Such revolts were frequently small in scale, however, and were easily dealt with by the rulers of Italy.

The Italian Unification movement was led primarily by two central figures: Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, who supplied much of the ideology for the movement, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, who led the fighting of the movement. Cavour was the Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia and served King Victor Emmanuel II. He built up the strength of Piedmont-Sardinia, establishing a strong army, a healthy economy, and political freedoms, such as freedom of the press. He gained the support of Napoleon III by promising him Savoy and Nice. Austria invaded Italy, but the Italians, aided by French troops, defeated the Austrians at the battles of Magenta and Solferino.

Garibaldi led the Red Shirts, or guerilla fighters in Italy. He was a supporter of a republic but conceded to a monarchy. He took his forces into southern Italy and successfully conquered Naples and the two Sicilies. Cavour sent troops south to stop Garibaldi from invading Rome, which was occupied by French troops, but both sides met in Naples and surprisingly became allies. In 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was declared with Piedmont's Victor Emmanuel as king. However, Italy's agrarian south and industrial north had difficulty uniting, and the unification was not complete until 1870, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War.

Russia
During the late 1800s, Russia began to work to increase its power and to overall westernise itself. The state was considered weaker in military terms than other nations and had lost to Britain and France in the Crimean War of 1853–1856. It had an autocratic tsar with no social contract, and serfdom still existed in Russia. There was a small middle class with much less industrialization.

Nicholas I came to power after the death of his brother, Alexander I. His reign began marred by the Decembrist revolt of 1825 among the soldiers, some of whom supported his other brother. Thus, Nicholas ruled through police action and use of the army.

Alexander II came to power, using the defeat in the Crimean War as the major impetus to reform. He believed that Russia needed to follow the European model in order to become more powerful. As a result, in 1861, he gave the serfs freedom. However, the serfs were still bound in many ways to their formal feudal dues. The former serfs were given only half of the land, and the nobles were allowed to keep the other half. In addition, former serfs had to pay a communal redemption fee to their former lords.

In addition, Alexander II ended the secret police started by Nicholas I, and he created public trials that had professional judges with state salaries as well as juries. Zemstvos were created, which were local provincial councils, elected by the people, that dealt with local governmental issues such as roads and schools. Finally, Alexander reduced the draft from 25 years to 6 years.

Despite Alexander's actions, unrest continued in Russia. Peasant revolutionaries resented the redemption fees, and two new groups arose in Russia. The first, the nihilists, believed in nothing but science and rejected traditional society and culture. The second, the anarchists, led by Mikhail Bakunin, set out to destroy any government, even a reformist tsar like Alexander II. In 1881, an anarchist group known as the "People's Will" assassinated Alexander II with a bomb.

Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905
In 1860, the Russians founded the city of Vladivostok on the Pacific Ocean, and began work on the Trans-Siberian Railroad to connect the East to the West. The Russo-Japanese war was caused by the imperialist ambitions of Russia and Japan in Manchuria and Korea. In a number of key battles, the war resulted in a surprise victory for Japan in a peace agreement brokered by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905.

The war resulted in the establishment of Japan as a major world power. Japan modelled European industrialization and militarism, and increased its focus on China, gaining dominion over Korea and establishing a claim to Manchuria. This expansion helped to cause World War I. The war marked the first major victory of a non-western power over a western power. As a result of the failure of the war in Russia, there was considerable discontent at home, and this discontent led to the Revolution of 1905. Finally, as a result of the defeat, Russia turned its interests back to the West and the Balkans.

The Revolution of 1905
Under Czar Nicholas II, who ruled from 1896 to 1917, the people believed that "papa czar" could hear their grievances and he would fix them. However, the people soon learned that the czar could not be trusted.

On what has become known as "Bloody Sunday," June 22, 1905, a peaceful march of thousands of St. Petersburg workers to the Winter Palace by Father Gapon took place. The marchers desired an eight hour work day, the establishment of a minimum wage, and a constitutional assembly. However, the Czar was not in the city, and Russian troops panicked and killed several hundred of the marchers.

As a result of Bloody Sunday, riots erupted throughout the country during 1905. Soviets formed the councils of workers in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Demands for representation increased, and the moral bond between the people and the czar was broken. As a result, the October Manifesto was granted to stop the disturbances. The October Manifesto provided a constitution, a parliament called the Duma, and some civil liberties. The Duma actually possessed little power, however, and was primarily intended to divide and subdue the revolutionaries.

Stolypin's Reforms
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was appointed minister by the Czar to address the problems of 1905. At Stolypin's recommendation, the czar ended redemption payments by the serfs, increased the power of the zemstvos, and allowed the peasants to own their land outright for the first time. Peasants were now allowed to buy more land to increase their holdings, and were even given loans. In some sense this was a sincere attempt at reform, and it created a new class of prosperous, entrepreneurial peasants called Kulaks. However, for the most part this was again an attempt to subdue revolutionaries, as the ulterior motive of the plan was to create a new class of peasant farmers who would be conservative and loyal to the czar. Under Stolypin's lead, revolutionaries and dissenters were brutally punished in what became known as "Stolypin Neckties." Stolypin was assassinated in 1911.

Imperialism
The Ultramarine Papal disputes between Spain and Portugal were long gone and both nations had been in decline since late 16th, first one then the other as the British Empire had started to take shape as a challenge to thwart the old powers, especially Spain and France. The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) permitted Britain's to rise among the world's predominant powers, it destroyed France's supremacy in Europe, in North America (1760s) and opened the conquest of large parts of India, thus altering the European balance of power. This was also the time the Industrial Revolution started to take shape in Great Britain. So by 1871, political stability of European nations resulted in renewed interest in imperialist endeavours, expansionism and power. Britain had became heavily involved in colonialism. The newly-unified Germany saw expansion as a sign of greatness and France and other European nations also remained involved in imperialist affairs due to the pressured of foreign competition. By 1837 we see the start of the Victorian era, Pax Britannica and the heights of Imperialism.

This age cemented the notion of British exceptionalism as it had political, military and economic domination of the world. Giving birth to the British notion of the white man's burden. While similar there are distinctions between this ideology and motivations in relation to the previous ones, especially the religious fervor that marked the Spanish maritime expansionism. Spain was a Roman Catholic Nation and Britain had long become Protestant (In 1534, King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England, after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon), this seemingly simple differences had very large implications, first the Papacy had been the seat of power during the previous "world orders", much of the benefit and actions reflected into gains for the Roman church that had more or less maintained stable control over the head of states of what are the territories of today's Europe and the territories they controlled across the world, this important distinction is self evident in the ways Portugal and the Spain "colonized" and controlled territories in relation to England. The other subtle distinction is how Protestantism sees personal worth, it is more centred in work, social structure, participation. This lead not only the seat of power being the Britain head of state, but that any national religious fervour be turned into national profitability and a centralization and depuration of notions regarding economic policies and legal proceeding. This is further validated when we compare the evolution of other Protestant dominated nations and their central social strength around the same values, for instance Holland and Germany.

The white man's burden held that the white man had an obligation to forcefully spread their ideas and institutions with others. This, of course, was utilized by some of the European governments as moral justification for their imperialistic foreign policies as British supremacy and influence increased.

In addition, as a result of European industrialization, nations had an increased need for various resources, such as cotton, rubber, and fuel. Moreover, a high level of nationalism was at the time being experienced across Europe, particularly as a result of Napoleon's Empire. As nationalism grew at home, societies began to desire more troops for their army, and thus colonies were needed to provide more troops, as well as naval bases and refuelling points for ships.

By the late 1800s, a number of nations across Europe possessed new colonial territories. Belgium had taken the Congo in central Africa. France controlled Algeria, and Italy controlled Somalia.

It was said that "The sun never sets on the British Empire." By this time, Britain's colonial territories spanned the world, and during the late 1800s Britain expanded their territorial possessions to include Egypt, Kenya, and South Africa.

In Asia, the British, Dutch and French all established or expanded their colonies.

Crimean War
The Crimean War found its roots in the so-called "Eastern Question," or the question of what to do with the decaying Ottoman Empire.

The Crimean War was provoked by Russian tsar Nicholas I's continuing pressure on the dying Ottoman Empire, and by Russia's claims to be the protector of the Orthodox Christian subjects of the Ottoman sultan.

Britain and France became involved in order to block Russian expansion and prevent Russians from acquiring control of the Turkish Straits and eastern Mediterranean, and to prevent Russia from upsetting the European balance of power.

The Crimean War is considered one of the first "modern" wars and it introduced a number of "firsts" to warfare. The Crimean War marked the first time rail-roads were used tactically to transport troops and to transport goods to troops over vast distances. The War also marked the first time steam powered ships were used in war. Additionally, new weapons and techniques were used, including breech-loading rifles, which loaded from the rear, artillery, and the deployment of trenches. The telegraph was used for the first time as well, allowing for the first "live" war to be broadcast in the press.

The conflict marked the end of Metternich's Concert of Europe. At the end of the war, Russia was defeated and as a result looked weak. The shock of the defeat in the Crimean War in Russia led to Alexander II enacting sweeping internal reform. Alexander recognized that in order to compete with other nations, it would have to industrialize and modernize. As a step toward this, Alexander liberated the serfs in 1861. Finally, the Ottoman Empire was kept intact, and it would continue to decline until World War I.

Darwin's Theory of Evolution
In his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Charles Darwin (1809–1882) wrote that creatures experience genetic mutations prior to birth. Some of these random mutations are beneficial, and some are not. He wrote that in the world, the creatures who are the "most fit" are most likely to survive and thus pass on their genes. This process, known as natural selection results in the strongest creatures thriving and the weak dying off.

One of the most massive results of Darwin's theory of evolution was that it was another major challenge to the Catholic Church. This, coupled with the Reformation, Renaissance, the Enlightenment and its subsequent rise of deism, and other related movements, caused the Church to lose even more influence in society.

Also, Darwin's theory led to the rise of the concept of social Darwinism, or "survival of the fittest." The theory was fathered by Herbert Spencer. Social Darwinism espoused the idea that consensual economic interaction and property rights enabled societies to progress by allowing productive members of society to flourish and unproductive members to be punished by poverty. Accordingly, the theory of social Darwinism had a large impact on classical liberal and libertarian theory. However, in non-libertarian circles, social Darwinism did not enjoy a favourable reputation, as it was perceived to have espoused apologism on behalf of the rich, while condemning the poor.

New Mental Sciences
As a result of Darwin's theory, a new group of mental sciences arose. People now began to believe that life is a struggle, and they began to try to explain these struggles. These new mental sciences supported the concepts of real politics and capitalism, and rejected the notion that life is orderly, harmonious, predictable, or reasonable.

During this time, Sigmund Freud founded what is known as the psychoanalytical school of psychology. He argued that people are not creatures of reason, as the Enlightenment suggested, but rather that people act because of subconscious motivations. He broke these motivations into three areas:

 * Id : The id produces unconscious desires and is the most primitive of the three. The id desires instant gratification. Freud argued that people will use defence mechanisms and rationalization to justify acting upon the id.
 * Ego :The ego is the reality principle or the conscious self. It attempts to suppress the id and its intense desires.
 * Superego : The superego is a person's conscience.

Lombroso argued that you can tell criminals by their appearance. Pavlov argued that people's actions are a response to being conditioned by stimuli in an environment. Finally, Binet devised IQ tests, arguing that intelligence is a measurable quotient. As a result, eugenicists used this to try to prove that some people were more fit to live than others.

Society and Culture
The Victorian Age was a period in which appearances were critical to social status. The dominating social class was the middle class, or bourgeoisie. High moral standards and strict social codes, especially of etiquette and class status, were followed. This era also saw a middle-class interest in social reform for the lower classes.

Modern life was often unsettling to Europeans, as their old ways were being replaced by urbanization, industrialization, socialism, imperialism, and countless other new "ways."

The population was rising, with the Agricultural Revolution as well as advances in medicine allowing the citizens to live longer. This resulted in a portion of the rising population migrating to other locations, including emigrating to other nations. Europeans migrated from the country to the city in search of industrial jobs. In addition, many Europeans fled to the United States, South America, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand for a number of reasons - to escape anti-semitic persecution, to flee the Irish potato famine of 1840, and as a result of a general overcrowding in Italy.

However, at the same time, there were falling birth rates as a result of massive social changes in Europe. Child labour laws were being enacted across the continent, and compulsory education was enacted. Thus, the value of children to families fell since they could not generate income, and the overall cost of having children was now bore much more upon the parents.

White collar workers now arose in society, and Europe saw the entrance of educated females into clerical jobs in business and government. Disposable income became more common, and thus department stores and other similar stores began to open. People spent their extra income on fashion, home furnishings, cameras, and various other items. New leisure activities became popular, including hunting, travelling, and bicycling, as well as team sports, including polo, cricket, and soccer.

Impressionist Art

Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s. The name of the movement is derived from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari.

Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugène Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, still lifes and portraits as well as landscapes had usually been painted indoors. The Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting "en plein" air. Painting realistic scenes of modern life, they emphasized vivid overall effects rather than details. They used short, "broken" brush strokes of pure and unmixed colour, not smoothly blended, as was customary, in order to achieve the effect of intense colour vibration.

Post Impressionist Art

Post-Impressionists extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued using vivid colours, thick application of paint, distinctive brush strokes and real-life subject matter, but they were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary colour.

The Post-Impressionists were dissatisfied with the triviality of subject matter and the loss of structure in Impressionist paintings, though they did not agree on the way forward. Georges Seurat and his followers concerned themselves with Pointillism, the systematic use of tiny dots of colour. Paul Cézanne set out to restore a sense of order and structure to painting, to "make of Impressionism something solid and durable, like the art of the museums". He achieved this by reducing objects to their basic shapes while retaining the bright fresh colours of Impressionism. The Impressionist Camille Pissarro experimented with Neo-Impressionist ideas between the mid 1880s and the early 1890s. Discontented with what he referred to as romantic Impressionism, he investigated Pointillism which he called scientific Impressionism before returning to a purer Impressionism in the last decade of his life. Vincent van Gogh used colour and vibrant swirling brush strokes to convey his feelings and his state of mind. Although they often exhibited together, Post-Impressionist artists were not in agreement concerning a cohesive movement. Younger painters during the 1890s and early 20th century worked in geographically disparate regions and in various stylistic categories, such as Fauvism and Cubism.

Christianity and Religion Questioned
New scientific theories such as Darwin's Theory of Evolution and Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis threatened traditional values. Historical scholarship, especially archaeology, led to questioning the veracity of the Bible, and philosophers like Marx and Nietzsche cast doubt on the morality of Christianity. Due to government's expanding role in education, organized religion also came under attack from the secular state.

These pressures led Pope Pius IX to put forth the Doctrine of Papal Infallibility. Pope Leo XIII addressed the great social issues of the day, condemning Socialism but urging improvements in labor conditions.

Lịch sử châu Âu/Chủ nghĩa Đế quốc và Chủ nghĩa Dân tộc ở châu Âu


text:
User:MPH BoyGenius

MPH BoyGenius(Real Name Mpho Phala Siphuma Is A Music Producer,Sound Engineer,Rapper,Songwriter &DJ ,Born And Bred In The Capital City Of South Africa,Pretoria.

title: User:MPH BoyGenius


text:
User:Tom Radulovich/Residents of Gwalior

 * 1782 - 1785 David Anderson
 * 1785 - 1786 James Anderson
 * 1786 - Nov 1787 William Kirkpatrick (b. 1754 - d. 1812)
 * 1787 - 1798 William Palmer (d. 1814)
 * 1798 - 1803 John Collins (d. 1807)
 * 1803 - 1804 Sir John Malcolm (b. 1769 - d. 1833)
 * 1804            Josiah Webbe (b. 1768 - d. 1804)
 * 1805 - 1808 Sir Richard Jenkins (b. 1785 - d. 1853)
 * 1808 - 1810 Robert Close (1st time)
 * 1810            Graeme Mercer
 * 1810 - 1811 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe   (b. 1785 - d. 1846)
 * 1811 - 1815 Sir Richard Charles Strachey (1st time) (b. 1781 - d. 1847)
 * 1815 - 1816 Gerald Wellesley
 * 1816 - 1818 Robert Close (2nd time)
 * 1818            Sir Richard Strachey  (2nd time)
 * 1818 - 1821 Josiah Stewart (1st time)
 * 1821 - 1823 Sir Richard Strachey (3rd time)
 * 1822            Captain Johnstone (acting)
 * 1823 - 1824 Robert Close (3rd time)
 * 1824 - 1828 Josiah Stewart (2nd time)
 * 1829 - 1831 Colonel George Fielding (1st time)
 * 1831            Sir John Low (b. 1788 - d. 1880)
 * 1831 - 1832 Colonel George Fielding (2nd time)
 * 1832            Major John Dixon Dyke
 * 1832 - 1835 Richard Cavendish
 * 1835 - 1837 Colonel John Sutherland
 * 1837 - 1838 Captain Dundas
 * 1838 - 1843 Colonel Alexander Speirs
 * 1843 - 1844 Sir William Henry Sleeman (b. 1788 - d. 1856)
 * 1844 - 1848 (1st time) Sir Richmond Campbell Shakespear (b. 1812 - d. 1861)
 * 1848 - 1849 Captain D. Ross
 * 1849            Sir Richmond Campbell Shakespear (2nd time)
 * 1849 - 1852 General Sir Henry Marion Durand
 * 1852 - 1854 Major Duncan A. Malcolm
 * 1854 - 1859 Major Samuel Charters Macpherson
 * 1859 - 1862 General Sir Richard John Meade (b. 1821 - d. 1894)
 * 1862 - 1863 Richard Harte Keatinge (b. 1825 - d. 1904)
 * 1863 - 1867 Alexander Ross Elliott Hutchinson
 * 1867 - 1868 Sir Henry Dermot Daly
 * 1868 - 1869 Charles L. Showers
 * 1869 - 1872 Sir Crawford Trotter Chamberlain
 * 1872 - 1874 Eugene Clutterbuck Impey
 * 1874 - 1877 John William Willoughby Osborne (1st time)
 * 1877            Sir John Watson (1st time) (b. 1829 - d. 1919)
 * 1877 - 1880 William Tweedie (1st time) (b. 1836 - d. 1914)
 * 1880 - 1882 John William Willoughby Osborne (2nd time)
 * 1882            Sir John Watson (2nd time)
 * 1882            William Tweedie (2nd time)
 * 1882 - 1883 Patrick W. Bannerman (1st time)
 * 1883 - 1884 James Cavan Berkeley
 * 1884 - 1886 Patrick W. Bannerman (2nd time)
 * 1886 - 1887 Sir David William Keith Barr (1st time) (b. 1846 - d. 1916)
 * 1887 - 1888 Patrick W. Bannerman (3rd time)
 * 1888 - 1892 Sir David William Keith Barr (2nd time)
 * 1892 - 1893 John Biddulph (b. 1840 - d. 1922)
 * 1893 - 1894 Edward Swarman Reynolds
 * 1894 - 1895 Sir Donald Robertson (1st time) (b. 1847 - d. 1930)
 * 1895 - 1896 Charles Withers Ravenshaw
 * 1896            Sir Donald Robertson (2nd time)
 * 1896 - 1897 Ivor Mac Iver
 * 1897            Joseph Henry Newill
 * 1897 - 1901 Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Caldwell Pears (1st time)
 * 1901            Lieutenant Colonel Charles Herbert (1st time)
 * 1901 - 1902 Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Caldwell Pears (2nd time)
 * 1902 - 1904 Major Charles Hamerton Pritchard
 * 1904            Sir Stuart Mitford Fraser (b. 1864 - d. 1963)
 * 1904            Lieutenant Colonel Charles Herbert (2nd time)
 * 1907            Henry Venn Cobb                    (b. 1864 - d. 1949)
 * 1907            Herbet Lionel Showers              (b. 1861 - d. 1916)
 * 1907 - 1909 Sir Alexander Fleetwood Pinhey
 * 1909 - 1912 Charles Arnold Kemball
 * 1912 - 1924 William Ellis Jardine (b. 1867 - d. 1944)
 * 1914            Francis Granville Beville (acting for Jardine)
 * 1922            Edward Herbert Kealy (acting for Jardine)
 * c.1928         Robert Hearle
 * 1928 - 1929 Terence Humphrey Keyes (b. 1877 - d. 1939)
 * 1934 - 1937 Edmund C. Gibson
 * 1937 - 1940 Gerald Fisher
 * 1940 - 1942 George G.B. Gillan
 * 1942 - 1944 Charles G. Herbert
 * 1944 - 1947 ....


text:
John Price Carr House

John Price Carr House is a historic home located near Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. It was built in 1904, and is a two-story, Queen Anne style frame dwelling. It has a high hipped roof, four-stage projecting tower, and wraparound porch.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

title: John Price Carr House