text:
Bruno Giordano Sanzin

Bruno Giordano Sanzin (14 February 1906, in Trieste – 12 January 1994) was an Italian poet. He was one of the principal writers featured in the Futurist magazine, L'auroro, Revista mensile de arte e de vita published from December 1923 to October 1924.

title: Bruno Giordano Sanzin


text:
Talk:Schrödinger equation

So is E the total energy of the system potential plus kinetic? Mirwin 05:32, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Yes. In classical mechanics the Hamiltonian is the energy of a state. In QM we have states with well-defined energy (which fulfil Schrödinger's equation -e.g., the electronic levels of an atom, for the state of its electrons) and superpositions of those states (for which there's no possible value for E -note that E is a scalar and H an operator). This is an eigenvalue equation. --Jorge 05:44, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmm...I'm not sure if the original question has a yes or no answer...The Hamiltonian H is constructed from two operators, one of them corresponds to the potential, and the other is kinetic. E represents a set of values which are allowable energies in the system. --HappyCamper 02:44, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Schrödinger equation


text:
Talk:Mannie Fresh

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 January 2019 and 17 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): MentrellRoddy98.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:16, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Issue of Date of Birth
Removed this valid question from the article itself:

"(This is suspect. It would have made him 10 when he begun producing?))"

It doesn't belong within the text of the article, and I don't know the answer; however, hopefully someone can track this down. JPX7 19:42, 5 January 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ent3rpryze (talk • contribs) 00:37, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Mannie fresh was born in 1969. he clearly says on his 2004 album mind of mannie fresh that he was 35 years old. which would make him 40-41 in 2010. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Almane Lo (talk • contribs) 14:37, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

Just changed his date of birth back to 1969 from 1974. He began producing in 1987 and has stated in numerous inteviews he already had DJing experience at that time, he was definitely older than 13 at that point. --BBonds 10:38, 2 May 2011(UTC)

Clarification as to Mannie Fresh's real name is needed.
He is cited as Daniel Anastasio Hartzman, but is regularly referred to as Byron O. Thomas. There must be an explanation for this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ent3rpryze (talk • contribs) 00:41, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Virgin Records Signing
I found this "he has recently being signed by Virgin Music and EMI after being dropped by Def Jam." within the article and removed it due to lack of source and grammar. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:41, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mannie Fresh


text:
Talk:2006 Malaysian Grand Prix

Qualifying results
Results from the qualifying session are in actual order of the drivers' fastest laps, irrespective of their final grid position. Grid position takes into account penalties such as those due to engine changes, unsafe driving etc., but this has no effect on the qualifying result. The official Formula One website reports the qualifying results without taking into account the demotions due to engine change penalties. Vikram 23:15, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think an extra column should be added for 'grid' - no clue how to do it tho! Anybody? Damiancorrigan 14:00, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The grid position is located in the race classification table, across from the driver. Manipe 14:54, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Noted, but it's hardly 'at a glance'. Damiancorrigan 10:52, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Friday Drivers
I see that there is no Friday Drivers column on this page - is this because there weren't any? If this is the case, shouldn't we put something in to say this? Cadan ap Tomos (talk) 15:36, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on 2006 Malaysian Grand Prix. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130307215052/http://www.formula1.com:80/results/season/2006/752/6272/ to http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2006/752/6272/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080830061317/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2006/3/4129.html to http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2006/3/4129.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081007032814/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2006/3/4124.html to http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2006/3/4124.html

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:30, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:2006 Malaysian Grand Prix


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Leading Edge Devices

This page give a detailed desciption on leading edge devices as well as a background history and an explanation on the different designs solutions and their implications on the aircraft performance.

Suggested Structure
The suggested structure for this page will be as follow:

Leading edge devices are located at the leading edge of the wing and can be deployed during different flight phases (take off, landing and cruise) in order to improve the aerodynamic performances of the the aircraft. More generally they are used during take off and landing to increase the lift and so be able to reduce the landing speed, or increase lift for take off. Also leading edge devices will create drag but the overall Lift to drag ratio is still an advantage. Following on this, the leading edge devices are retracted for cruise to decrease the drag and so have clean airfoil profile which is more efficient for cruise condition.
 * General understanding of effect of leading edge devices to the aircraft performance

The leading edge devices were used on early aircraft to improve the performance of the aircraft. One of the pioneer of the leading edge device was Handley Page who first tried this on his aircraft. First of all he used a fixed leading edge slat which provided him with high lift coefficient but the associated drag was detrimental to maximum speed. Handley page then tried to have an automatic deployment of the leading edge slat using the aerodynamic forces at the leading edge (suction). As the aircraft take off and land the speed see for more information http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/History-of-LE-devices
 * History of leading edge device

Currently different type of devices are used on commercial and military aircraft, depending on the aircraft type and also on the overall aircraft geometry. One of the most common device is the slat track concept which is used on most of the modern passenger aircraft (Boeing 737 [w:B737] and Airbus A320 [w:A320]). Another device currently used on A380 [w:A380]is the droop nose mechanism.
 * different concepts used for leading edge devices

The slat track mechanism is made of a track which deploy the leading edge slat, the slat once in the deployed position open a slot for the air to go through. The track is deployed and guided by rollers, both vertical and horizontal to garantuee the right deployment conpare to the wing. This is a simple and effective design.

The droop nose solution is basically increasing the wing camber while not extending by a huge amount the chord of the wing.This allows to gain lift, but does not provide a slot for the airflow to renergise over the wing when landing and so is less performant than the slat track option.

Wikipedia links

 * A good article on Leading Edge eXtension (LEX)...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge_device
 * An article on slats .................................http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slat
 * An article on slot ..................................http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge_slot
 * An article on high lift device ......................http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-lift_device

title: Leading Edge Devices


text:
Post Office (Christine, North Dakota)

The Post Office, or Old Post Office, in Christine, North Dakota, United States, was built around 1895-98 and was moved in 1906. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

It is a $1 1/2$-story 25 x building.

title: Post Office (Christine, North Dakota)


text:
rasare

Etymology
From (compare 🇨🇬), a frequentative verb formed from, past participle of , from , from , extended from.

Verb

 * 1)  to shave (a beard)
 * 2)  to trim, clip (a hedge)
 * 3)  to mow (a lawn)

title: rasare


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Category:Wikipedian hunters

This user category contains links to the user pages of Wikipedians who hunt.
 * For Wikipedians interested in or fans of hunting, see Category:Wikipedians interested in hunting.

To add your user page to this user category, place one of the following pieces of Wikitext on your user page.

title: Category:Wikipedian hunters


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Bad Romance/archive3

Bad Romance
This peer review discussion has been closed. Since the article's main contributor is no longer active, I plan on nominating the article to FA status. Some feedback on its current state and some points on how to improve it would be very appreciated.
 * Previous peer review

Thanks —DAP388 (talk) 03:21, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Comments:

 * "sung lyrics that concern the situation of being in love with one's best friend" can be more concisely put as "sung lyrics about being in love with one's best friend"

 * "The song, containing elements of the music from the 1980s and the 1990s and influences of German house-techno music, has been described by Gaga as a pop experimental record.": Remove "the" from "the music". Also, we're describing a song, not a record, no? Perhaps it should be a "pop experimental track" or some other synonym for "song".

 * " the song has sold 9.7 million copies worldwide in 2010": Remove "has"

 * " ninth best song": "ninth-best song" (compound adjective)

 * "eventually winning seven of those": Remove "eventually"

 * "during which, she performed it": No comma needed here.

 * " followed by the song being released" --> " followed by the song's release" is better.

 * "The songs composed during that time are about the various": Recommend "were" instead of "are" here.

 * "Hence "Bad Romance" was the song that detailed whether she preferred such lonely relationships, or it was her wrong choice in men" is slightly awkward. I'd recommend something like ""Bad Romance" explored her preference for such lonely relationships and her poor choice in men"

 * "Gaga further detailed her inspiration": "Gaga discussed her inspiration further:" is better.

 * "praised the cover art saying,": Comma needed after "art"

 * " at Amsterdam" --> "in Amsterdam"

 * "the sound of drum beats and the sound of keyboards" --> "the sound of drum beats and keyboards"

 * "The Chorus hook have a similarity to the intro of The Offspring's song" --> "The chorus is similar to the intro ..." etc. is better.

 * "Bill Lamb writes that the music is well suited for playing at fashion designer": Put this in the past tense: "Bill Lamb wrote" and "was well suited"

 * "Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said that the music consists": "consisted"

 * "a number of endless hooks" doesn't quite parse. How are the hooks "endless"? The song has an ending, no?

 * "Simon Price from The Independent felt that the chorus has influences of the music of Boney M": "chorus was influenced by the music ..." etc.

 * ""Bad Romance" received critical acclaim from critics" is redundant. Suggest: ""Bad Romance" received acclaim from critics"

 * "Gil Kaufman from MTV described the": I think we need to say "wrote that the" instead of "described the" (grammar)

 * "Michael Hubbard from MusicOMH felt that the chorus of the song is Gaga's best yet": "was", not "is".

 * "Paul Lester stated the song as "cheesy"": "described", not "stated".

 * "highest debuting song on the chart until then": "at that point" or "up to that point" instead of "until then"

 * "The movement was spurred by 49 percent digital gain, thus pushing the song to the top of the Hot Digital Songs chart selling 209,000 copies": This has some grammatical flaws. First, what does "digital gain" mean? A 49% rise in digital sales? And: "Hot Digital Songs chart, with 209,000 copies sold" is better.

 * "second highest peaking song": "second-highest" takes a hyphen (compound adjective)

 * "for shipment of a four million copies of the single": I'm not sure what this means. Are we saying 4 million copies were shipped? To whom? Does this not count digital sales?

 * "As of June 2012, "Bad Romance" has sold 5.2 million paid digital": I think "had sold" is better here (grammar).

 * "As of January 2011, Bad Romance has now sold": "had sold" instead of "has now sold". In this sentence, the period should come before the inline citation.

 * "debuted at number three and after two weeks, reached": No comma needed.

 * I'm not sure what this means: "(to be on top 50 for 65 weeks from late 2009 to early 2011)". Are we talking about Finland or the other countries? I recommend removal, perhaps. Also you need a "the" before "top" I think.

 * "the song has sold 9.7 million copies": Remove "has"

 * "a joint collaboration": Remove "joint" (redundant)

 * "activating fluorescent lighting, that shines through": No comma needed.

 * "After the video's release, the response": Remove "After the video's release" (critics couldn't respond to the video before its release)

 * There's a citation needed tag at the end of the Live performances section.

 * "the lead singer from the band Paramore": comma after "Paramore"

 * The article looks good, generally. It's pretty complete and comprehensive and is well-cited for the most part. The main issue, I think, is the quality of the prose. It's not bad, but it could use some improvement along the lines of the points raised above. Best of luck with it.


text:
Cookbook:Garnish

A garnish is a small, usually raw, addition to a cooked meal, intended to give visual appeal and perhaps a contrast in flavour and texture. The classic, indeed hackneyed, garnish is a sprig of parsley on top of just about anything, but garnishes can include croûtons in soup, or a slice of lemon on fish.

title: Cookbook:Garnish


text:
Collis P. Huntington State Park

Collis P. Huntington State Park is a public recreation area covering 1017 acre in the towns of Redding, Newtown, and Bethel in Fairfield County, Connecticut. The state park is noted for Anna Hyatt Huntington's sculptures of bears and wolves that welcome visitors at the park entrance. Her work can also be seen in the heroic sculpture of General Israel Putnam at Putnam Memorial State Park in Redding. The park bears the name of railroad magnate Collis Potter Huntington, whose heirs donated the lands to the state. The park's web of multi-use trails is open to hikers, cyclists, and equestrians. The park is managed by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.

History
Under the late 19th-century ownership of Commodore Walter Luttgen, a New York banker, industrialist and yachtsman, park-like features were added to the landscape including service roads, trails, and artificial ponds. One of Luttgen's improvements, a miniature stone lighthouse, may still be seen. The remains of a small steam paddlewheeler that once plied the ponds have not been found.

Joseph E. Sterrett, a principal with the accounting firm of Price, Waterhouse, acquired the estate, including its mansion, Villa Linta, following Luttgen's death in 1922. After Villa Linta burned down, the land was purchased by Archer M. Huntington, the philanthropist stepson of industrialist Collis Potter Huntington. He and his wife Anna Hyatt Huntington changed its name to Stanerigg and moved to the estate in 1939 to pursue their various interests: she as creator of works of realistic sculpture, he as poet, Spanish scholar, and patron of the arts. The park was opened to the public following Anna Huntington's death in 1973.

Activities and amenities

The park has trails for hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding, and cross-country skiing. Trails include the northern section of the Aspetuck Valley Trail, which connects with the adjacent Centennial Watershed State Forest. Park ponds are available for canoeing and fishing. Archery-only deer hunting is offered from mid-September through December. Pets are permitted but must be leashed.

The park also offers interesting geology. The pegmatite in the northern part of the Park was mined for mica and feldspar, and contains minerals like Tourmaline.

There is no fee to use the park. Facilities include pit toilets located near the Old Dodgingtown Road entrance. The park is not handicapped accessible.

title: Collis P. Huntington State Park


text:
Talk:List of Southeast Asian stock exchanges

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on List of Southeast Asian stock exchanges. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100306074943/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/international/2006/08/600383/ to http://english.vietnamnet.vn/international/2006/08/600383/
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20080416234051/http://www.idx.co.id/ to http://www.idx.co.id/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070403013701/http://www.pdex.com.ph/ to http://www.pdex.com.ph/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150403041853/http://www.bex.or.th/ to http://www.bex.or.th/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081227005719/http://www.vse.org.vn/ to http://www.vse.org.vn/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:49, 27 December 2017 (UTC)


text:
Embedded System Engineering

Introduction
Welcome to the Embedded System Engineering Department of Wikiversity. Embedded system engineering is a very exciting field of engineering where devices capable of interacting with the “real world” are designed and programmed. Embedded System Engineering is very strongly related to Computer Engineering, and there will be strong overlap between the two curricula. Computer Engineering is more of a balanced merger between CS and EE topics, where as Embedded Systems engineering is heavily lopsided in favor of the CS topics.

See Also:

 * Computer Engineering
 * Electrical Engineering
 * Computer Science

Mathematics

 * Calculus
 * Linear algebra
 * Differential equations

Computer Science

 * Ada Programming
 * C
 * Forth
 * Introduction to assembly language
 * Algorithms
 * Data Structures
 * Computer Science:Logic
 * Programmable Logic
 * Parallel Computing and Computer Clusters
 * Internet Technologies
 * Operating System Design
 * Serial Programming
 * Digital logic design

Electrical Engineering

 * Digital Circuits
 * Embedded Systems
 * Robotics
 * Electronics
 * LearnElectronics
 * PLCs
 * Digital Signal Processing

Course Listing

 * Embedded Systems 1

Related Wikipedia Articles

 * Real-time operating system
 * VXworks
 * RTAI
 * RT Linux
 * Embedded C++
 * Programming languages

Wikibooks

 * Embedded Systems

title: Embedded System Engineering


text:
acknowledge the corn

Etymology
An American expression. In a Congressional debate in 1828 one of the states which claimed to export corn admitted that the corn was actually used to feed hogs, and exported in that form. - Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 1970 Centenary Edition.

Verb

 * 1)  To admit to the truth of the point at issue or to a mistake; to cop a plea; or perhaps to admit to a small error but not a larger one.
 * 2) * 1846, Jesse Speight, address to the U.S. Senate:
 * I hope he will give up the argument, or to use a familiar phrase acknowledge the corn.
 * 1) * 1859, J. Underwood, letter to the editor, Samuel W. Cole (editor), The New England Farmer, Volume 11,
 * I should like to take a job of that kind on a wager with him, or any other New Hampshire man, and if I did not come out a little ahead on the "home stretch," why then I would "acknowledge the corn," and own myself beaten.

title: acknowledge the corn


text:
Talk:Somers-class destroyer

WPMILHIST Assessment
Could probably benefit from expansion. Also, insufficient references in the opening sentences to timing. Second sentence states they were built in response to what the Japanese were building "at the time", but no years are mentioned until a full paragraph later, and no direct explicit mention either of World War II, Pacific War, etc. "Building in response to the Japanese" implies the timing quite strongly, as does the style & quality of the photo, but this sort of thing needs to be explicit. LordAmeth 13:50, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * ExpandedRobDuch (talk) 16:37, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Somers-class destroyer


text:
User:Margaretschrader/Townhall with President Clinton

Town Hall with President Clinton ...

On November 8, 1999, President Clinton participated in the first ever presidential webcast produced by Excite@Home Network in partnership with the Democratic Leadership Council. The forum was held at George Washington University in Washington DC, moderated by DLC chairman, Al From and directed by Marc Scarpa. The webcast made use of the most cutting edge, IP-enabled technology of the time including streaming video remote feeds that connected the President to New Democrat leaders, including Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, then Lt. Governor of Maryland; Donald T. Cunningham, Jr., then mayor of Bethlehem, PA; Wisconsin State Rep. Antonio Riley; Ron Gonzales, then mayor of San Jose, and Jeanne Shaheen, then governor of New Hampshire along with Netscape co-founder Marc Andreessen.

The webcast was entitled “Third Way Politics in the Information Age,", a nod to Clinton's centrist political platform and the burgeoning age of the internet. The President and participants engaged in an online discussion on a range of issues from Medicare to gun control via questions submitted by the online users. 50,000 participants logged on to chat live with the President for 90 minutes (he stayed on for an additional 20 minutes). The webcast was likened to a 21st-century version of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s fireside chats with a similar impact to John F. Kennedy's use of the television broadcast . Clinton, who acted as a proponent of access to the internet and technology for lower income areas, said that the chat utilized, "the most modern technology for. . . old-fashioned communication between the American people and their president." The President recognized the high rate of growth in internet connectivity (1.3 million computers were connected to the internet when he took office as opposed to 56 million connected at the time of the chat) and that the webcast was a new way to connect with people from all across the country and allow them to participate in the democratic process. The broadcast received worldwide media attention and was simultaneously broadcast live throughout the United States on several television news networks including CNN, MSNBC and NBC. In 2005, the historical participatory media event was inducted into the permanent collection of the Clinton Presidential Library, in Little Rock, Arkansas and is the first Internet-age broadcast in a Presidential library . The event has stood the test of time, as a model for real-time political communication between the President and voters.


text:
Talk:Filter Bunker Raigmore Inverness

Commons files used on this page have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:37, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Lowerfloor-13.jpg
 * Upper-floor-bunker-raigmore.jpg

I am confused. I own the bunker. I make the measurements myself and drew the plans shown in the files above by myself. They cant be copyright of somebody else! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iainmaoileoin (talk • contribs) 20:41, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Filter Bunker Raigmore Inverness


text:
User:Naren subba

naren subba naren is an nepali director,hacker,photographer,singer and blogger. born on(19 December 1986)in sombare jhapa

title: User:Naren subba


text:
User:Smrondeau

I am Technical Services Librarian at Virginia Wesleyan University in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Although I live and work in the United States, I am a Canadian citizen. I see great potential for librarians to contribute to Wikipedia. I create name authority records as part of the Virginia NACO Funnel and see opportunity to build bridges between Wikipedia and authority work.

title: User:Smrondeau


text:
Karmayodha

Karmayodha is a 2012 Indian Malayalam-language neo-noir action thriller film co-produced, written and directed by Major Ravi. It features Mohanlal, Murali Sharma, Mukesh, Sai Kumar, Mukesh, Bineesh Kodiyeri, Rajeev Pillai, Asha Sarath, Aishwarya Devan, Janardhanan and Riyaz Khan. The soundtrack was composed by M. G. Sreekumar; the background score was provided by Jeffrey Jonathan. The film received mixed reviews and was an average grosser.

Plot
Madhavan Menon alias Mad Maddy is a ruthless and psychotic cop working with the Mumbai Police. He is an encounter specialist who makes decisions on the spot, without always waiting for orders from the top. His latest assignment is to investigate the missing of a teenage school girl from Mumbai. He reaches Kerala on being tipped off that the girl could be taken to Kerala. In the meantime, another girl gets kidnapped in Kerala, presumably by the same people or people linked to them. There is also information that some other girls too have been kidnapped. Following the leads, Maddy comes to the conclusion that all the girls have been abducted by a Kerala-based sex trafficking racket led by a psychotic pimp named Khais Khanna, who had a grudge on Maddy, as long ago, when Khanna kidnaps Maddy's daughter, Maddy comes to save her and a fight occurs between Maddy and Khanna, and Maddy to stab at Khanna's penis with a knife, resulting Khanna to lose his penis permanently. Maddy embarks on a mission to eliminate the racket and save the girls, including his daughter, who gets kidnapped, Diya.

Cast

 * Mohanlal as DCP Madhava Menon IPS ("Mad Maddy"), Mumbai Police officer
 * Murali Sharma as Khais Khanna, the main antagonist
 * Mukesh as CI Krishnaraj, Kerala Police
 * Rajeev Pillai as ACP K.Tony IPS, Mumbai Police officer
 * Asha Sarath as Arathi, Maddy's wife
 * Sai Kumar as ACP Eappen Devassy IPS, Kerala Police Officer
 * Pradeep Chandran as Arathi's Bose
 * Bineesh Kodiyeri as Manu
 * Shaalin as Renuka
 * Aishwarya Devan as Saleena
 * Sona Heiden as Selena
 * Malavika Nair as Diya
 * Kannan Pattambi as Thenkasi Selvam (Dubbed by Major Ravi)
 * Riyaz Khan as Sathan Sunny
 * Vishnu Hariharan
 * Sarayu
 * Sudheer Karamana as Anoop
 * Anil Murali as Surab
 * Santosh Sleeba as a police officer
 * Janardhanan as Narayana Menon
 * Sukumari as Maddy's mother
 * Gayathri Varsha as Krisharaj's Wife
 * Jayakrishnan as District Collector Muhammad Riyaz IAS
 * Bindu Ramakrishnan as Manu's mother
 * Lakshmi Menon as Divya
 * Sasi Kalinga as Chachaji
 * Dr Rony David as City Police Commissioner, Mumbai Police (Voice Dubbed By Vijay Babu)

Production
The pooja ceremony of the film was held on 7 July 2012 at the BTH Sarovaram Hotel in Cochin, India. The film was shot on locations in Mumbai, Cochin, Munnar and Nagercoil. Filming began in August 2012.

Notably, Karmayodha is not set in the military backdrop that had characterised all other Mohanlal–Major Ravi films, such as Keerthi Chakra, Kurukshetra and Kandahar. "Mohanlal's characterisation is similar to Denzel Washington's in the action film Man On Fire, which is about a single man on a mission who doesn't play by the rules to reach there," says Ravi.

Marketing
The films' teaser featured the song "American VI: Ain't No Grave" by American musician Johnny Cash. It was the first time that an English track was being used in a Malayalam film. The makers also gave credit to Cash's song claiming that "It has been used for teaser purposes only". The teaser went viral, and received praise for incorporating the song, which perfectly sets the action-thriller tone of the film. "The idea of using the song came during the editing stage, and I thought it truly complemented the Mexican-style footage that was used for the teaser. Though the song is a free template that's been made available by its producers to be used by anyone, we have also given the due credit.", says Ravi. Cash often performed wearing dark clothing, earning him the nickname 'The Man in Black.' Mohanlal's character is also seen wearing a black attire in the teaser and the stills.

The first-look poster was released in September 2012; the film's first teaser was released on 3 October 2012, and a theatrical trailer was released on 25 November 2012.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by M. G. Sreekumar, with lyrics by Dr. Madhu Vasudevan. The album was launched on 25 November 2012 at IMA Hall in Kochi. The event was attended by Mohanlal, Joshiy, Major Ravi, Mukesh, Rajeev Pillai, MG Sreekumar, Pradeep Nair, Pranav Mohanlal, Renji Panicker, Jeffrey Jonathan and other personalities from the film industry, along with the technical crew and cast of the film. The background score for the film was provided by Jeffrey Jonathan. The film notably features Murukan Kattakada's famous poem "Kannada", which has been rendered by the poet himself.

Release
The distribution rights for Karmayodha in Kerala were bought by Red Rose Release. The film's premiere show was held on 20 December 2012 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The worldwide release took place on 21 December 2012. Karmayodha was released in Europe and the UAE on 27 December 2012.

Critical reception
The film opened to mixed reviews. Sify.com said: "A rather flimsy plot, some bad performances, silly lines and villains who are unintentionally comical make you cringe in the seats. The plot moves ahead without a definite aim or direction with some weak links that barely look convincing."

Rediff.com rated the movie 2 out of 5, saying: "Karmayodha is not worth watching".

Indiaglitz gave the film an average rating of 5.9/10, saying that "Karmayodha may satisfy the die-hard Mohanlal fans."

title: Karmayodha


text:
Al Uqaydat

Al-Uqaydat (الْعُقَيْدَات) is a large Arab tribe which straddles Syria's eastern border with Iraq. It is the largest tribe in the Deir ez-Zor province and according to Max von Oppenheim, it is the largest tribe in all of Mesopotamia. Members of the tribe can be found on both sides of the Iraqi-Syrian border.

Uqaydat tribe is descended from the tribe of Zubaid.

Structure
The tribe is divided into three branches which are in turn divided into multiple clans: Busaraya clan
 * Abu Kamel
 * Abu Hassan clan
 * Al-Qaraan clan
 * Abu Rahmat clan
 * Al-Baqir clan
 * Al-Maree clan
 * Al-Shuwait clan
 * Abu Kamal
 * Al-Mireh clan and their sheikh is Mohamed Al-Gharab Al-Harsa
 * Al-Hassoun clan and their sheikh is Ayman Al-Daham Al-dandal
 * Al-Damim clan and their sheikh is Kamal Al-Naji Al-Jirah
 * Al-Daleej clan
 * Al-Marashda clan
 * Al-Jaalkah clan
 * Abu Zamil (al-Shaitat)
 * al-Khanfour
 * al-Shabab
 * al-Aliyat

title: Al Uqaydat


text:
Talk:Data Analysis Expressions

Was this article copied and pasted from a wikipedia press release?
The section title speaks for itself. Why is this site being used as a billboard? #ad

title: Talk:Data Analysis Expressions


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Draft:Joshua Travagli

 __NOINDEX__

The result of the discussion was:  Speedy Delete per WP:G4. — Cactus Writer (talk) 16:02, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

Draft:Joshua Travagli

Fair warning this case involves sockpuppetry. I will be referring the editor in question as Massimo after their first account. Most of the actions described were made using other accounts.

The creation of this draft is pretty clearly an attempt to keep content on the 'pedia despite that fact that it's been deleted several times over from multiple namespaces. Massimo created and recreated articles on this subject several times under a couple of different titles (see Joshua Travagli, Joshua travagli, and Josh Travagli) and frequently enough that two of these three titles needed salting. He then attempted bypass this using the WP namespace (see Joshua travagli), before finally settling on an AfC submission in their own sandbox (see User:Ynaps/sandbox.) After the submission was declined, Massimo resubmitted the draft twice more with no changes made. After the third decline back in March, Massimo stopped, so the draft was deleted per WP:G13 earlier this month, only to be recreated with no changes made about a week later.

As such, I can only conclude that Massimo has no intentions of actually working on this draft, but is just trying force the content to just sit here indefinitely. I worry that if we go through the normal WP:G13 procedure, we'll just wind up back here in six months time with yet another draft recreated immediately after deletion. Sir Sputnik (talk) 15:54, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related deletions. Sir Sputnik (talk) 15:54, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete per criterion WP:G4 and Articles for deletion/Joshua Travagli. Failing that, delete as disruption. Sockmaster indeffed, so any future recreations would fall under WP:G5. VQuakr (talk) 04:25, 21 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
User:Dce725/sandbox

= Marine Carbon Cycle = The oceanic carbon cycle (or marine carbon cycle) is composed of processes that exchange carbon between various pools within the ocean as well as between the atmosphere, Earth interior, and the seafloor. Carbon is an element that is essential to all living things; the human body is made up of approximately 18% carbon. The carbon cycle is a result of many interacting forces across multiple time and space scales that circulates carbon around the planet, ensuring that carbon is available globally. The Oceanic carbon cycle is a central process to the global carbon cycle and contains both inorganic carbon (carbon not associated with a living thing, such as carbon dioxide) and organic carbon (carbon that is, or has been, incorporated into a living thing). Part of the marine carbon cycle transforms carbon between non-living and living matter.

Three main processes (or pumps) that make up the marine carbon cycle bring atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) into the ocean interior and distribute it through the oceans. These three pumps are: (1) the solubility pump, (2) the carbonate pump, and (3) the biological pump. The total active pool of carbon at the Earth's surface for durations of less than 10,000 years is roughly 40,000 gigatons C (Gt C, a gigaton is one billion tons, or the weight of approximately 6 million blue whales), and about 95% (~38,000 Gt C) is stored in the ocean, mostly as dissolved inorganic carbon. The speciation of dissolved inorganic carbon in the marine carbon cycle is a primary controller of acid-base chemistry in the oceans.

Earth’s plants and algae (primary producers) are responsible for the largest annual carbon fluxes. Although the amount of carbon stored in marine biota (~3 Gt C) is very small compared with terrestrial vegetation (~610 GtC), the amount of carbon exchanged (the flux) by these groups is nearly equal - about 50 GtC each. Marine organisms link the carbon and oxygen cycles through processes such as photosynthesis. The marine carbon cycle is also biologically tied to the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles by a near-constant stoichiometric ratio C:N:P of 106:16:1, also known as the Redfield Ketchum Richards (RKR) ratio, which states that organisms tend to take up nitrogen and phosphorus incorporating new organic carbon. Likewise, organic matter decomposed by bacteria releases phosphorus and nitrogen.

Based on the publications of NASA, World Meteorological Association, IPCC, and International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, as well as scientists from NOAA, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, CSIRO, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the human impacts on the marine carbon cycle are significant. Before the Industrial Revolution, the ocean was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere whereas now the majority of the carbon that enters the ocean comes from atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The burning of fossil fuels and production of cement have changed the balance of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and oceans, causing acidification of the oceans. Climate change, a result of excess CO2 in the atmosphere, has increased the temperature of the ocean and atmosphere (global warming). The slowed rate of global warming occurring from 2000-2010 may be attributed to an observed increase in upper ocean heat content.

Marine Carbon
Carbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic, and dissolved or particulate, depending on their composition. Organic carbon forms the backbone of key component of organic compounds such as - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Inorganic carbon is found primarily in simple compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and carbonate (CO2, H2CO3, HCO3-, CO32- respectively).

Marine carbon is further separated into particulate and dissolved phases. These pools are operationally defined by physical separation - dissolved carbon passes through a 0.2 μm filter, and particulate carbon does not.

Inorganic carbon
There are two main types of inorganic carbon that are found in the oceans. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is made up of bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbonate (CO32-) and carbon dioxide (including both dissolved CO2 and carbonic acid H2CO3). DIC can be converted to particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) through precipitation of CaCO3 (biologically or abiotically). DIC can also be converted to particulate organic carbon (POC) through photosynthesis and chemoautotrophy (ie. primary production). DIC increases with depth as organic carbon particles sink and are respired. Free oxygen decreases as DIC increases because oxygen is consumed during aerobic respiration.

Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) is the other form of inorganic carbon found in the ocean. Most PIC is the CaCO3 that makes up shells of various marine organisms, but can also form in whiting events. Marine fish also excrete calcium carbonate during osmoregulation.

Some of the inorganic carbon species in the ocean, such as bicarbonate and carbonate, are major contributors to alkalinity, a natural ocean buffer that prevents drastic changes in acidity (or pH). The marine carbon cycle also affects the reaction and dissolution rates of some chemical compounds, regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and Earth's temperature.

Organic carbon
Like inorganic carbon, there are two main forms of organic carbon found in the ocean (dissolved and particulate). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is defined operationally as any organic molecule that can pass through a 0.2 µm filter. DOC can be converted into particulate organic carbon through heterotrophy and it can also be converted back to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) through respiration.

Those organic carbon molecules being captured on a filter are defined as particulate organic carbon (POC). POC is comprised of organisms (dead or alive), their fecal matter, and detritus. POC can be converted to DOC through disaggregation of molecules and by exudation by phytoplankton, for example. POC is generally converted to DIC through heterotrophy and respiration.

Solubility Pump
Full article: Solubility Pump The oceans store the largest pool of reactive carbon on the planet as DIC, which is introduced as a result of the dissolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide into seawater - the solubility pump. Aqueous CO2, carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion, and carbonate ion concentrations comprise dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). DIC circulates throughout the whole ocean by Thermohaline circulation, which facilitates the tremendous DIC storage capacity of the ocean. The below chemical equations show the reactions that CO2 undergoes after it enters the ocean and transforms into its aqueous form.

First, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid."(1)"Carbonic acid rapidly dissociates into free hydrogen ion (technically, hydronium) and bicarbonate."(2)"The free hydrogen ion meets carbonate, already present in the water from the dissolution of CaCO3, and reacts to form more bicarbonate ion."(3)"The dissolved species in the equations above, mostly bicarbonate, make up the carbonate alkalinity system, the dominant contributor to seawater alkalinity.

Carbonate Pump
The carbonate pump, sometimes called the carbonate counter pump, starts with marine organisms at the ocean's surface producing particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) in the form of calcium carbonate (calcite or aragonite, CaCO3). This CaCO3 is what forms hard body parts like shells. The formation of these shells increases atmospheric CO2 due to the production of CaCO3  in the following reaction with simplified stoichiometry :"(4)"Coccolithophores, a nearly ubiquitous group of phytoplankton that produce shells of calcium carbonate, are the dominant contributors to the carbonate pump. Due to their abundance, coccolithophores have significant implications on carbonate chemistry, in the surface waters they inhabit and in the ocean below: they provide a large mechanism for the downward transport of CaCO3. The air-sea CO2 flux induced by a marine biological community can be determined by the rain ratio - the proportion of carbon from calcium carbonate compared to that from organic carbon in particulate matter sinking to the ocean floor, (PIC/POC). The carbonate pump acts as a negative feedback on CO2 taken into the ocean by the solubility pump. It occurs with lesser magnitude than the solubility pump.

Biological Pump
Full article: Biological Pump

Particulate organic carbon, created through biological production, can be exported from the upper ocean in a flux commonly termed the biological pump, or respired (equation 5) back into inorganic carbon. In the former, dissolved inorganic carbon is biologically converted into organic matter by photosynthesis (equation 6) and other forms of autotrophy that then sinks and is, in part or whole, digested by heterotrophs. Particulate organic carbon can be classified, based on how easily organisms can break them down for food, as labile, semilabile, or refractory. Photosynthesis by phytoplankton is the primary source for labile and semilabile molecules, and is the indirect source for most refractory molecules. Labile molecules are present at low concentrations outside of cells (in the picomolar range) and have half-lives of only minutes when free in the ocean. They are consumed by microbes within hours or days of production and reside in the surface oceans,  where they contribute a majority of the labile carbon flux. Semilabile molecules, much more difficult to consume, are able to reach depths of hundreds of meters below the surface before being metabolized. Refractory DOM largely comprises highly conjugated molecules like Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or lignin. Refractory DOM can reach depths greater than 1000 m and circulates through the oceans over thousands of years. Over the course of a year, approximately 20 gigatons of photosynthetically-fixed labile and semilabile carbon is taken up by heterotrophs, whereas fewer than 0.2 gigatons of refractory carbon is consumed. Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) can store as much carbon as the current atmospheric CO2 supply,  but industrial processes are altering the balance of this cycle.

"(5)""carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen""(6)""carbohydrate + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + heat"

Inputs to the Marine Carbon Cycle
Inputs to the marine carbon cycle are numerous, but the primary contributions, on a net basis, come from the atmosphere and rivers. Hydrothermal vents generally supply carbon equal to the amount they consume.

Atmosphere

Before the Industrial Revolution, the ocean was a source of CO2 to the atmosphere balancing the impact of rock weathering and terrestrial particulate organic carbon; now it has become a sink for the excess atmospheric CO2. Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year. Because the solubility of carbon dioxide increases when temperature decreases, cold areas can contain more CO2 and still be in equilibrium with the atmosphere; In contrast, rising sea surface temperatures decrease the capacity of the oceans to take in carbon dioxide. . The North Atlantic and Nordic oceans have the highest carbon uptake per unit area in the world, and in the North Atlantic deep convection transports approximately 197 Tg per year of non-refractory carbon to depth.

Carbon dioxide exchange rates between ocean and atmosphere
Ocean-atmospheric exchanges rates of CO2 depend on the concentration of carbon dioxide already present in both the atmosphere and the ocean, temperature, salinity, and wind speed. This exchange rate can be approximated by Henry's law and can be calculated as S = kP, where the solubility (S) of the carbon dioxide gas is proportional to the amount of gas in the atmosphere, or its partial pressure.

Revelle Factor
Since the oceanic intake of carbon dioxide is limited, CO2 influx can also be described by the Revelle factor. The Revelle Factor is a ratio of the change of carbon dioxide to the change in dissolved inorganic carbon, which serves as an indicator of carbon dioxide dissolution in the mixed layer considering the solubility pump. The Revelle Factor is an expression to characterize the thermodynamic efficiency of the DIC pool to absorb CO2 into bicarbonate. The lower the Revelle factor, the higher the capacity for ocean water to take in carbon dioxide. While Revelle calculated a factor of around 10 in his day, in a 2004 study data showed a Revelle factor ranging from approximately 9 in low-latitude tropical regions to 15 in the southern ocean near Antarctica.

Rivers
Rivers can also transport organic carbon to the ocean through weathering or erosion of aluminosilicate (equation 7) and carbonate rocks (equation 8) on land,

(7)

(8)

or by the decomposition of life (equation 5, e.g. plant and soil material). Rivers contribute roughly equal amounts (~0.4 GtC/yr) of DIC and DOC to the oceans. It is estimated that approximately 0.8 GtC (DIC + DOC) is transported annually from the rivers to the ocean. The rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay (Susquehanna, Potomac, and James rivers) input approximately 0.004 Gt (6.5 x 1010 moles) DIC per year. The total carbon transport of rivers represents approximately 0.02 % of the total carbon in the atmosphere. Though it seems small, over long time scales (1000 to 10,000 years) the carbon that enters rivers (and therefore does not enter the atmosphere) serves as a stabilizing feedback for greenhouse warming.

Outputs from the Marine Carbon Cycle
The key outputs of the marine carbon system are particulate organic matter (POC) and calcium carbonate (PIC) preservation as well as reverse weathering. While there are regions with local loss of CO2 to the atmosphere and hydrothermal processes, a net loss in the cycle does not occur.

Organic Matter Preservation
Sedimentation is a long-term sink for carbon in the ocean, as well as the largest loss of carbon from the oceanic system. Deep marine sediments and geologic formations are important since they provide a thorough record of life on Earth and an important source of fossil fuel. Oceanic carbon can exit the system in the form of detritus that sinks and is buried in the seafloor without being fully decomposed or dissolved. Ocean floor surface sediments account for 1.75x1015 kg of carbon in the global carbon cycle At most, 4% of the particulate organic carbon from the euphotic zone in the Pacific Ocean, where light-powered primary production occurs, is buried in marine sediments. It is then implied that since there is a higher input of organic matter to the ocean than what is being buried, a large portion of it is used up or consumed within.

Fate of sinking organic carbon
Historically, sediments with the highest organic carbon contents were frequently found in areas with high surface water productivity or those with low bottom-water oxygen concentrations. 90% of organic carbon burial occurs in deposits of deltas and continental shelves and upper slopes ; this is due partly to short exposure time because of a shorter distance to the seafloor and the composition of the organic matter that is already deposited in those environments. Organic carbon burial is also sensitive to climate patterns: the accumulation rate of organic carbon was 50% larger during the glacial maximum compared to interglacials.

Degradation
POC is decomposed by a series of microbe-driven processes, such as methanogenesis and sulfate reduction, before burial in the seafloor. Degradation of POC also results in microbial methane production which is the main gas hydrate on the continental margins. Lignin and pollen are inherently resistant to degradation, and some studies show that inorganic matrices may also protect organic matter. Preservation rates of organic matter depend on other interdependent variables that vary nonlinearly in time and space. Although organic matter breakdown occurs rapidly in the presence of oxygen, microbes utilizing a variety of chemical species (via redox gradients) can degrade organic matter in anoxic sediments. The burial depth at which degradation halts depends upon the sedimentation rate, the relative abundance of organic matter in the sediment, the type of organic matter being buried, and innumerable other variables. While decomposition of organic matter can occur in anoxic sediments when bacteria use oxidants other than oxygen (nitrate, sulfate, Fe3+), decomposition tends to end short of complete mineralization. This occurs because of preferential decomposition of labile molecules over refractile molecules.

Burial
Organic carbon burial is an input of energy for underground biological environments and can regulate oxygen in the atmosphere at long time-scales (> 10,000 years). Burial can only take place if organic carbon arrives to the sea floor, making continental shelves and coastal margins the main storage of organic carbon from terrestrial and oceanic primary production. Fjords, or cliffs created by glacial erosion, have also been identified as areas of significant carbon burial, with rates one hundred times greater than the ocean average. Particulate organic carbon is buried in oceanic sediments, creating a pathway between a rapidly available carbon pool in the ocean to its storage for geological timescales. Once carbon is sequestered in the seafloor, it is considered blue carbon. Burial rates can be calculated as the difference between the rate at which organic matter sinks and the rate at which it decomposes.

Calcium Carbonate Preservation
The precipitation of calcium carbonate is important as it results in a loss of alkalinity as well as a release of CO2 (Equation 4), and therefore a change in the rate of preservation of calcium carbonate can alter the partial pressure of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere. CaCO3 is supersatured in the great majority of ocean surface waters and undersaturated at depth, meaning the shells are more likely to dissolve as they sink to ocean depths. CaCO3 can also be dissolved through metabolic dissolution (i.e. can be used as food and excreted) and thus deep ocean sediments have very little calcium carbonate. The precipitation and burial of calcium carbonate in the ocean removes particulate inorganic carbon from the ocean and ultimately forms limestone. On time scales greater than 500,000 years Earth's climate is moderated by the flux of carbon in and out of the lithosphere. Rocks formed in the ocean seafloor are recycled through plate tectonics back to the surface and weathered or subducted into the mantle, the carbon outgassed by volcanoes.

Human Impacts on the Marine Carbon Cycle
Oceans take up 15 - 40% of anthropogenic CO2, and so far roughly 40% of the carbon from fossil fuel combustion has been taken up into the oceans. Because the Revelle factor increases with increasing CO2, a smaller fraction of the anthropogenic flux will be taken up by the ocean in the future. Current annual increase in atmospheric CO2 is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon. This induces climate change that drives carbon concentration and carbon-climate feedback processes that modifies ocean circulation and the physical and chemical properties of seawater, which alters CO2 uptake.

Ocean Acidification
Full article: Ocean Acidification

The pH of the oceans is declining due to uptake of atmospheric CO2. The rise in dissolved carbon dioxide reduces the availability of the carbonate ion, reducing CaCO3 saturation state, thus making it thermodynamically harder to make CaCO3 shell. Carbonate ions preferentially bind to hydrogen ions to form bicarbonate, thus a reduction in carbonate ion availability increases the amount of unbound hydrogen ions, and decreases the amount of bicarbonate formed (Equations 1-3). pH is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration, where a low pH means there are more unbound hydrogen ions. pH is therefore an indicator of carbonate speciation (the format of carbon present) in the oceans and can be used to assess how healthy the ocean is.

The list of organisms that may struggle due to ocean acidification include coccolithophores and foraminifera (the base of the marine food chain in many areas), human food sources such as oysters and mussels, and perhaps the most conspicuous, a structure built by organisms – the coral reefs. Most surface water will remain supersaturated with respect to CaCO3 (both calcite and aragonite) for some time on current emissions trajectories, but the organisms that require carbonate will likely be replaced in many areas. Coral reefs are under pressure from overfishing, nitrate pollution, and warming waters; ocean acidification will add additional stress on these important structures.

Iron Fertilization
Full article: Iron Fertilization

Iron fertilization is a facet of geoengineering, which purposefully manipulates the Earth’s climate system, typically in aspects of the carbon cycle or radiative forcing. Of current geoengineering interest is the possibility of accelerating the biological pump to increase export of carbon from the surface ocean. This increased export could theoretically remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for storage in the deep ocean. Ongoing investigations regarding artificial fertilization exist. Due to the scale of the ocean and the fast response times of heterotrophic communities to increases in primary production, it is difficult to determine whether limiting-nutrient fertilization results in an increase in carbon export. However, the majority of the community does not believe this is a reasonable or viable approach.

Dams and Reservoirs
There are over 16 million dams in the world that alter carbon transport from rivers to oceans. Using data from the Global Reservoirs and Dams database, which contains approximately 7000 reservoirs that hold 77 % of the total volume of water held back by dams (8000 km3), it is estimated that the delivery of carbon to the ocean has decreased by 13 % since 1970 and is projected to reach 19 % by 2030. The excess carbon contained in the reservoirs may emit an additional ~0.184 Gt of carbon to the atmosphere per year and an additional ~0.2 GtC will be buried in sediment. Prior to 2000, the Mississippi, the Niger, and the Ganges River basins account for 25 – 31 % of all reservoir carbon burial. After 2000, the Paraná (home to 70 dams) and the Zambezi (home to the largest reservoir) River basins exceeded the burial by the Mississippi. Other large contributors to carbon burial caused by damming occur on the Danube, the Amazon, the Yangtze, the Mekong, the Yenisei, and the Tocantins Rivers.

title: User:Dce725/sandbox


text:
Wizja Info

Wizja Info was a Polish television station launched on July 25, 2001. The channel was available on the TV platform Wizja TV. The channel presented information about Wizja TV program's offer and information on subscriber contests, short overviews of the most interesting programming items and a list of the most important phone and contact details for customers.

Wizja Info ended broadcasting in 2002 after the merger of Wizja TV and Cyfra+.

title: Wizja Info


text:
LPI Linux Certification/Use Debian Package Management

Detailed Objective
(LPIC-1 Version 5.0

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

Key knowledge areas:
 * Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
 * Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
 * Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
 * Awareness of.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Package Structure
In order to understand how to use Debian's package management system, it would be useful to first have an understanding of how a Debian package is named. For example, the package ncftp_3.1.3-1_i386.deb has 5 major parts: Note that there is special significance to the use of underscores(_) and hyphens(-); an underscore shall separate the name of the program and its version, a hyphen shall separate a version number and the revision number, and an underscore shall separate the revision number and the architecture.
 * ncftp - the name of the program/application/library
 * 3.1.3 - the version of the program/application/library assigned by the original (upstream) author(s)
 * 1 - the revision number of the package assigned by the person(s) who packaged the program for a Debian system
 * i386 - the architecture the packaged program is designed to run on
 * .deb - signifies this is a Debian package

dpkg
dpkg is the "grandaddy" or "back-end" of the Debian Package Management System. Features present in the more advanced tools are not available to dpkg but it is nevertheless a useful tool.

Some notes:

 * dpkg keeps its record of available packages in /var/lib/dpkg/available.

Some of the more common functions used by administrators by dpkg are:

Adding, Removing, and Configuring Packages
 * dpkg {-i|--install}  will install the specified package
 * dpkg {-r|--remove}  will remove the specified package (but leave the configuration files intact)
 * <tt>dpkg {-P|--purge} <package-name></tt> will remove the specified package and the corresponding configuration files
 * <tt>dpkg --root /target -i </tt> will install a package into a unbootable system by specifying the system root.
 * <tt>dpkg --unpack <package-name></tt> will unpack (but do not configure) a Debian archive into the file system of the hard disk
 * <tt>dpkg --configure <package-name></tt> will configure a package that already has been unpacked

<tt>Querying Package Information</tt>
 * <tt>dpkg --info <package-name></tt> will print out the control file (and other information) for a specified package
 * <tt>dpkg {-l|--list}</tt> this will give you a list of installed packages.
 * <tt>dpkg {-a|--pending}</tt> is given instead of a package name, then all packages unpacked, but marked to be removed or purged in file /var/lib/dpkg/status, are removed or purged, respectively.
 * <tt>dpkg -s (--status)</tt> <package-name> will give you a description of installed package

<tt>Updating Package Information</tt>
 * <tt>dpkg --update-avail <package-name></tt> will replace old information with with new information from package.
 * <tt>dpkg --merge-avail <package-name></tt> will combine old information with new information from package.

dpkg-reconfigure
<tt>dpkg-reconfigure</tt> reconfigures packages after they have already been installed.

 * <tt>dpkg-reconfigure <package-name></tt> to reconfigure the initial installation settings
 * <tt>dpkg-reconfigure --priority=medium package [...]</tt> will set the minimum priority of question that will be displayed
 * <tt>dpkg-reconfigure --all</tt> will reconfigure all packages
 * <tt>dpkg-reconfigure locales</tt> will generate any extra locales
 * <tt>dpkg-reconfigure --p=low</tt> xserver-xfree86 will reconfigure X server

Dselect
The utility that allows you on debian to easely add/remove packages is dselect.
 * Choose the access method to use.
 * Update list of available packages, if possible.
 * Request which packages you want on your system.
 * Install and upgrade wanted packages.
 * Configure any packages that are unconfigured.
 * Remove unwanted software.

There is on dselect an interactive menu that will allow you to install/remove packages. Care must be taken with this utility. You can damage your system.

Dselect menu example: Debian `dselect' package handling frontend.

0. [A]ccess   Choose the access method to use. 1. [U]pdate   Update list of available packages, if possible. 2. [S]elect   Request which packages you want on your system. 3. [I]nstall  Install and upgrade wanted packages. 4. [C]onfig   Configure any packages that are unconfigured. 5. [R]emove   Remove unwanted software. 6. [Q]uit     Quit dselect.

$ dselect - list of access methods Abbrev. Descriptio cdrom          Install from a CD-ROM. * multi_cd      Install from a CD-ROM set. nfs           Install from an NFS server (not yet mounted). multi_nfs     Install from an NFS server (using the CD-ROM set) (not yet mounted). harddisk      Install from a hard disk partition (not yet mounted). mounted       Install from a filesystem which is already mounted. multi_mount   Install from a mounted partition with changing contents. floppy        Install from a pile of floppy disks. apt           APT Acquisition [file,http,ftp]

apt-get
If you know the name of a package you want to install, use apt-get. You must configure the sources.list file. This same file is used when you choose the apt access method of dselect. The location is <tt>/etc/apt</tt>.

 * <tt>apt-get install <package-name></tt> will search its database for the most recent version of this package and will retrieve and install it from the corresponding archive as specified in sources.list. In the event that this package depends on another APT will check the dependencies and install the needed packages.
 * <tt>apt-get install <package-name>=<version></tt> will install a package at the version specified
 * <tt>apt-get install <package-name> -o DPkg::options::="--force-overwrite"</tt> installs a package ignoring "error processing ..., which is also in package ..." errors.
 * <tt>apt-get remove <package-name></tt> will remove the specified package but keep its configuration files.
 * <tt>apt-get --purge remove <package-name></tt> will remove the specified package and its configuration files.
 * <tt>apt-get -u install <package-name></tt> will upgrade and install a specific package.
 * <tt>apt-get -u upgrade</tt> will upgrade packages within the same distribution packages except those which have been kept back because of broken dependencies or new dependencies.
 * <tt>apt-get -u dist-upgrade</tt> will upgrade an entire Debian system at once.

apt-file

 * <tt>apt-file search <file-name></tt> will search for a package which includes the specified file.
 * <tt>apt-file list <package-name></tt> will list the contents of a package matching the pattern. This action is very close to the dpkg -S command except the package does not need to be installed or fetched.

Apt-cache
To find the name of a package that you want to install use apt-cache. apt-cache main options are :

 * add - Add a package file to the source cache
 * showpkg - Show some general information for a single package
 * stats - Show some basic statistics
 * search - Search the package list for a regex pattern
 * show - Show a readable record for the package
 * depends – Show raw dependency information for a package

user@host:~$ apt-cache search gimp babygimp - An icon editor in Perl-Tk blackbook - GTK+ Address Book Applet cupsys-driver-gimpprint - Gimp-Print printer drivers for CUPS escputil - A maintenance utility for Epson Stylus printers filmgimp - A motion picture editing and retouching tool

Resources
APT HOWTO http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/index.en.html dselect Documentation for Beginners http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/dselect-beginner/

Exercises

 * Exercises results

 * 1) Install a system with Debian.
 * 2) Get familiar with dselect and remove the tcpdump utility.
 * 3) Install back with apt-get the package that contains the tcpdump utility.
 * 4) Try kpackage to install ethereal


text:
Talk:Anticipation (Carly Simon album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Carly Simon - Anticipation.jpg
Image:Carly Simon - Anticipation.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:05, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Carly Simon - Anticipation.jpg
Image:Carly Simon - Anticipation.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:55, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Anticipation (Carly Simon album). Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.carlysimon.com/music/Anticipation.html

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:35, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anticipation (Carly Simon album)


text:
Cookbook talk:Pasta Romanov

What is a "slug" of vodka. I'm assuming it's not the unit of mass, as that is about 14.6 kg and would be a lot of vodka. Gentgeen 14:02, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

A slug is an imprecise measure of liquid volume (usually alcoholic). Splash some in the pan and it should make a 'slug/glug' sound as it comes out the bottle. You don't need much vodka in this recipe - a shot will do fine if you are in need of precision. That said, this is a recipe you cook by eye and with the aid of a surreptitious testing spoon. You don't need to worry about quantities.

title: Cookbook talk:Pasta Romanov


text:
сиръ

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) orphaned
 * 2)  orphaned
 * 3)  empty, deserted
 * 1)  empty, deserted

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) orphaned
 * 2)  orphaned
 * 3)  empty, deserted

title: сиръ


text:
User:ErinCaffrey

I'm a new user starting at the John Michael Kohler Art museum in Sheboygan, WI. Current resident of Milwaukee, WI and student at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee.

title: User:ErinCaffrey


text:
Google Finance

Google Finance is a website focusing on business news and financial information hosted by Google.

History
Google Finance was first launched by Google on March 21, 2006. The service featured business and enterprise headlines for many corporations including their financial decisions and major news events. Stock information was available, as were Adobe Flash-based stock price charts which contained marks for major news events and corporate actions. The site also aggregated Google News and Google Blog Search articles about each corporation, though links were not screened and often deemed untrustworthy.

Google launched a revamped version of their finance site on December 12, 2006, featuring a new homepage design that lets users see currency information, sector performance for the United States market and a listing of top market movers along with the relevant and important news of the day. A top movers section was also added, based on popularity determined by Google Trends. The upgrade also featured charts containing up to 40 years of data for U.S. stocks, and richer portfolio options. Another update brought real-time ticker updates for stocks to the site, as both NASDAQ and the New York Stock Exchange partnered with Google in June 2008. Google added advertising to its finance page on November 18, 2008. However, since 2008, it has not undergone any major upgrades and the Google Finance Blog was closed in August 2012.

On September 22, 2017, Google confirmed that the website was under renovation and that portfolio features would not be available after mid-November 2017.

In early 2018, a notice on the website announced that the website had been renovated. The notice said that the portfolio feature was to be removed, and advised that stocks from the old portfolio feature would be migrated to the new website, and also giving the option for users to download the portfolio as a CSV file.

A Google Finance mobile app was removed from the Google Play Store in 2015.

Google Finance was relaunched in 2020 with tools to help users get started investing.

title: Google Finance


text:
Template:Cookbook

Usage

 * or

 * or

 * or

 * or

where also is a word that is put after "Cookbook". This template supports up to ten recipes.

Examples

 * produces

 * produces

 * also produces

 * produces

 * produces

title: Template:Cookbook


text:
Wikiversity talk:FAQ/Editing/Editing tips and tricks

Merge with Tips page
There is also a Tips page, created by. Wouldn't it be better to merge that content into this page, instead of having two separate pages, both with tips for editing? /Patrik Näsfors (discuss • contribs) 23:38, 13 October 2016 (UTC)


text:
Instabilität

Etymology
Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) instability
 * 2) quality of not being properly fixed, likely to fall
 * 3) quality of being unsteady, variable
 * 1) quality of being unsteady, variable
 * 1) quality of being unsteady, variable

title: Instabilität


text:
User:Gkof2014

About Me
Hello all. My name is Grant, a student at Simpson college. in Indianola, Iowa. I made a Wikipedia account for a history class in which I have to make a beneficial edit to one page.

title: User:Gkof2014


text:
bidentate

Adjective

 * 1)  Having only two teeth.
 * 2)  Having tooth-like projections that are themselves dentate.
 * 3)  Of a ligand, forming two separate chemical bonds to a coordinating metal ion.

title: bidentate


text:
Lenovo IdeaPad U310

The Lenovo IdeaPad U310 is an Ultrabook-class notebook computer released in 2012. It is the successor to the Lenovo U300s.

The U310 has an aluminum-slab design with an island keyboard and a large touchpad.

Hardware specifications
Christopher Null of Wired wrote, "Surprisingly, the U310 I reviewed performed almost identically in benchmark tests to the U300s I reviewed in November. That’s interesting, because the prior machine featured a 256GB SSD, and the U310 features a slow, 5400rpm 500GB traditional hard drive. It seems the faster CPU and slower hard drive manage to cancel each other out in the end. At about 4 hours, 20 minutes of video playback, even battery life is almost the same as it was last time around."

The U310 has a 13.3-inch 1366x768 resolution screen. The U310 has two USB 3.0 ports and one USB 2.0 port, an HDMI port, a wired Ethernet port, and an SD card slot.

Wireless connectivity issues
Many owners reported poor wireless connectivity, a fact later acknowledged by Lenovo, and allegedly affecting all U310 and U410 models built prior to 23 July 2012. Lenovo suggested that users affected by the issue send their Ultrabook to customer support, however no official recall campaign was issued and malfunctioning units in stock were still sold internationally. After the repair, some users still reported the same issue.

However, despite the statement above, reports continue to come in of laptops manufactured after the date mentioned having the same wireless problem.

Lenovo is in the process of settling a class-action lawsuit to either repair the faulty laptops, refund $100, or give a $250 voucher towards another laptop purchase.

Cracking case and hinge
A number of users throughout the world have reported that the hinges of their Ideapad U310 notebooks were popped out and sometimes cracking sounds could be heard after half of a year or one year's normal usage. So far, Lenovo refused to acknowledge this problem and tried to charge customers for replacing the whole screen, which almost costs as much as a new U310. No official recall campaign was issued.

Reviews
A review in Wired praised the U310 for its "awesome value," "solid performance," and sturdiness while complaining about the screen quality and lack of keyboard backlighting.

title: Lenovo IdeaPad U310


text:
George Caner

George Caner (1894–1984) was an American tennis player. He was often referred to as G. Colket Caner. After losing his opening match at the U. S. championships in 1910, Caner reached the last 16 in 1911. He lost early in 1912, 1913 and 1915. In 1920, Caner reached the semifinals, where he took a set off defending champion Bill Johnston. In the match between Johnston and Caner, Caner was the steadier player and fought hard, but Johnston was brilliant in patches, which were enough to see him to victory in four sets. The correspondent in The Brooklyn Daily Eagle commented that it was "astonishing that a player of Caner's ability has been able to reach the semi-finals of the national championship", concluding that the reason for this had been a "soft" draw. At Wimbledon 1922, Caner lost in the third round. Caner also played golf and football. He went to Harvard (where he excelled at tennis and was intercollegiate singles champion) and later during World war 1 enlisted in the Ambulance Corps.

title: George Caner


text:
Alfaiate

Alfaiate is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alexandre Alfaiate (born 1995), Portuguese footballer
 * Rúben Alfaiate (born 1995), Portuguese footballer

title: Alfaiate


text:
User:Menchi

en:User:Menchi (English) and zh:用户:Menchi (Chinese) are usually where I am. Perhaps I'll write some lessons that teach Chinese and/or English.

title: User:Menchi


text:
стегно

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) leg

Etymology
. Cognate with 🇨🇬/, Slovak and Czech, Slovene. Machek compares Sanskrit.

Noun

 * 1)  thigh

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) thigh

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) thigh

title: стегно


text:
Vladimir Smirnov (philosopher)

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Smirnov (1931 – 12 February 1996, in Moscow) was a Russian philosopher. He worked at both Tomsk University in Siberia and later at the Department of Logic of the Institute of Philosophy, Moscow. He revived interest in the work of Nicolai A. Vasiliev.

His doctoral thesis "Formal logic and Logical Calculi" was published in 1972.

title: Vladimir Smirnov (philosopher)


text:
sharp practice

Noun

 * 1) Commercial activity that is possibly dishonest while not actually being illegal.
 * 2) * 2007 August 29, letters to the editor, “More reports from the check-in desk”, in The Guardian,
 * If this is not actually illegal, it certainly appears to be a sharp practice.
 * 1)  A lawyer's unfairly taking advantage of an opposing party's missteps or inexperience to gain an advantage.
 * If this is not actually illegal, it certainly appears to be a sharp practice.
 * 1)  A lawyer's unfairly taking advantage of an opposing party's missteps or inexperience to gain an advantage.

title: sharp practice


text:
Talk:Sanford–Brown College

Overlap?
What is the relationship between this institution and Sanford-Brown College - Milwaukee? --Orlady (talk) 19:57, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The Milwaukee branch was just one of the larger system. That link has been redirected to this one. --Elonka 17:48, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sanford–Brown College


text:
User:Crazylollipop143/sandbox

Myrtle Sarrosa Myrtle Abigail Sarrosa or commonly known as Myrtle Sarrosa. She joined in the Pinoy Big Brother Teen Edition 4 and She was the Big winner. She is a cosplayer,she has collections of coplaying stuffs.

title: User:Crazylollipop143/sandbox


text:
Irena Borecká

Irena Borecká (born 5 November 1980, in Brno) is a Czech former basketball player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics.

title: Irena Borecká


text:
Olympia Zacharias

Olympia Zacharias (born 17 January 1986) is a Nauruan runner who competed at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics. She was her country's only athlete at that event in Paris. Her best distance is 100 m and her record in 2003 was 14.07 seconds with her personal best time being 13.17 seconds. In 2003, she was elected to lead the Nauru Athletics Association for three years.

In 2011, she became engaged to Winston Harris. They married on 1 July 2011 at Nauru Independent Church.

title: Olympia Zacharias


text:
User:Ygm410

 Gary Blackston

Pro Basketball Player

born: May 25th 1996

baltimore Maryland

 HIgh school career

 High School Career :

Joppatowne high school

Patterson high school

 COLLEGE CAREER

Angelina community college (Junior college)

PVAMU / Prairie View A&m University (Division 1)

 PROFESSIONAL CAREER

ROOKIE SEASON (SBL - Köping Stars )

 ACCOLADES AND AWARDS

All county selection (high school junior yr)

All metro selection (high school senior year )

Region 14 honorable all mention (fresh & soph)(Juco)

1st team all conference (swac)

2nd team all conference (swac)

2 time all tournament team (swac)

2019 Swac Tournament MVP

title: User:Ygm410


text:
Wikipedia:Counter-Vandalism Unit/Academy (old)/Resources

This page serves a location for instructors to come for lesson plans, tests, quizzes, and more related to their CVUA Teachings. If you have something to add, be bold and go ahead! And don't hesitate to get in touch if you still have questions.

Academy Page
It is recommended, though not required, that you give each student their own "academy page", usually as a subpage of your talk, i.e. User talk:Example/CVUA/Example. You can then use the /CVUA page as your centralized instructor page (see "Centralized Instructor Page", below). These academy pages usually build up as the lessons go on - you first add the Introduction, then the steps following from a Method of your choice (from either below or of your own creation).

Centralized Instructor Page
Want a cool, centralized page for all of your students to be able to go to and easily find links to their personalized academy pages, as well as other frequent counter vandal tasks? Consider using something like ItsZippy's Personal CVUA page as a starting point.

Instruction Methods
These instruction methods should be considered suggestions/starting points, and by no means "the law." You are free to teach however you like - just be sure that, in the end, the student knows everything listed on the Instruction Methods page!

This section gives broad suggestions for methods to use while instructing users. Instructors are free to add their own section detailing the kind of things they do. This may give you ideas about how to structure your course, what kind of approach to take with students, how to decide if a student graduates or not, and similar broad issues for instructors.

Callanecc's method
I've adapted my version primarily from ItsZippy but the two tests are adapted from Electriccatfish2. It might save Zippy sometime, not needing breaking it all down into steps. My version is at User:Callanecc/CVUA/Tasks.

ItsZippy's method
This method is what I used for my CVUA course, further details can be found at User:ItsZippy/CVUA. Take a look through any of my current of past candidate's academy pages to see how I approach instruction. I tend to create an academy page for my students, which I build up over time. There is a level of genericness (there are a lot of things every student needs to know), but I try to tailor them to specific students. The page will gradually grow as a student completes tasks and then sections. Once they've completed the whole course, they have a five-day monitoring period, during which I will watch their progress, ensure they're on track, and notify them if I see any problems. After this time, I will set them a final test. If they pass the test and I am happy with their progress in the monitoring phase, they will graduate.

Suggested tasks
One of the best ways to train someone in anti-vandalism to give them tasks to complete. By giving a student tasks to do, you force them to apply what they have learnt to real situations, and to deal with other people in a live editing environment. It is important to make tasks appropriate to the student - don't throw them in at the deep end, but make sure you challenge them sufficiently. Always ensure that the tasks you do won't get them in trouble (getting a student to file a test report at AIV will just get them and you in trouble). Tasks can be practical activities (find and revert X type of vandalism, warn a user, etc.) or questions based on what they've learnt.

Good faith and vandalism

 * Please explain below the difference between a good faith edit and a vandalism edit, and how you would tell them apart.
 * Please find and revert three examples of good faith but unhelpful edits, and three examples of vandalism. Please warn the editors with the correct template and give the diffs of your revisions below.

Warning and reporting

 * Please answer the following questions
 * Why do we warn users?
 * When would a 4im warning be appropriate?
 * What should you do if a user who has received a level 4 or 4im warning vandalises again?
 * Please give examples of three warnings that you might need to use while vandal patrolling and explain what they are used for.
 * Find and revert some vandalism. Warn each user appropriately, using the correct kind of warning and level. Posts the diffs of those warnings below.
 * Find an edit which could be a test edit and revert it. Warn the user with the most appropriate template, then post the diff below.
 * Report 2 users to AIV and post the diffs below. Be sure to follow the guidelines and only report users where necessary; do not report simply for the sake of this task.

Dealing with difficult users

 * Why do we deny recognition to trolls and vandals?
 * How can you tell between a good faith user asking why you reverted their edit, and a troll trying to harass you?

Protection and speedy deletion

 * In what circumstances should a page be semi-protected?
 * In what circumstances should a page be fully protected?
 * In what circumstances should a page be speedy deleted?
 * Correctly tag one page for speedy deletion and post the diff below.
 * Correctly request the protection of one page (semi or full); post the diff of your request (from WP:RPP) below.

Graduation

 * There is a graduation template that can be used at Counter-Vandalism Unit/Academy/Graduate; you must type your own message to the student into that.
 * Callanecc has a template with an example message here.


text:
Portal talk:Japanese

Resource catalog
I have listed your resources in the School of Language and Literature resource catalog--please list any new resources there in the future! Thanks! --Trinity507 21:56, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Cultural/etc background?
As noted on the Japanese language stream, should cultural/historical background be mentioned in with the language lessons?

Jaskit (talk) 18:32, 7 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Japanese


text:
Talk:Civ/The Basics

"Shields are added to the shield box (except in Capitalization). Shields are never removed from this box."

Can't spies Sabotage Production, causing that second sentence to be false? I know this isn't in all games, but which ones is it in? I think you should turn it into something like, "The shields cannot be exported to another city or civilization; they must be used, or wasted, in this city." - SamE 12:40, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I forgot about that. (I'd also forgotten about losing shields due to support.) --Furrykef 00:22, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Civ:Civilization "I"
Is there a reason why there is no specific page for the original game? Someone looking at the list of versions sees Civ:Civilization, Civ:Civilization II, then Civ:Civilization III, and naturally goes to the first one for the game with that name but finds it's a redirect from "Basics". Maybe some contributor has never seen the original game?? Robin Patterson 01:17, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not a redirect, and it never has been. I assume you're talking about Civ:Civilization, right? - SamE 03:32, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Civilization and Civ:Civilization are different, yes. I'll create Civ:Civilization I to redirect to the latter in case somebody types it in. Also note that you can type in shortcuts if typing in the full wikibooks URL, e.g., http://wikibooks.org/wiki/Civ:SMAC is one I use all the time. Use "what links here" to find the shortcut names and feel free to make some more. --Furrykef 00:22, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

25 Tiles?
The article says:

"Civ cities contain 25 tiles"

I thought civ cities contained the city tile itself and 20 more (ie. a 5x5 grid without the corners) giving 21 not 25.

Civilization rating
I'm a big Civ II fan, and have played it through many times, and I just can't seem to get a lock on getting a 100% Civilization rating. The highest i have ever gotten was 90%, and they named me "Caesar the Lionheart", or something like that, but i know there are better ratings (and better titles out there). In my best game, I was playing with Raging hordes of barbarians, Diety difficulty level, I had millions of citizens, A spaceship, Future technology 10.... In short, i played the best game of my life, and only got to 90%. so what is the secret to getting 100%? is it even possible? --Whiteknight T C E 14:57, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Out of date with the release of Civ4
This page is out of date and says many things which no longer apply with the release of Civ4. I know that rewriting this to be consistent with Civ4 is no small task, so maybe there should be a (hopefully temporary) notice to the effect that this page is out of date regarding civ4. <IP_ADDRESS> 01:33, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, will do. I'll put a big message at the top, and start making changes. A'trix 16:16, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Civ/The Basics


text:
дати

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to give

Alternative forms

 * Glagolitic:

Etymology
From, from , from.

Verb

 * 1) to give

Etymology
,, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to give
 * 2)  to let, permit, allow
 * 3)  to have done (let or entrust someone to do something on one's behalf by a command, request or invitation)
 * 4)  to let be acted upon; to give in, give way
 * 5)  to put out (consent to sex)
 * 6)  to surrender, give up, let up, give in
 * 7)  to produce, emit, give off, give out
 * 8)  to yield, produce, bear (fruit or other product of a tree or plant)
 * 9)  to start, begin (become available) (+ / + accusative/genitive)
 * 10)  to feel like, to want to do something, to be in the mood for something

Etymology 1
From, , from.

Verb

 * 1) to give
 * 2) to organize
 * 3) to let, to allow
 * 4)  to beat, to hit, to pound
 * 5)  to estimate someone's age by their looks
 * 6)  to put out, to consent to sex
 * 7)  to betroth

title: дати


text:
клевета

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) slander, calumny, aspersion, libel

Etymology
.

Usually compared with, which was supported by Vasmer. However Preobrazhenskiy pointed to semantic differences while Trubachev claimed a deverbal noun from such a thematic verb would have been **klьvota (like зевота) and proposed a better comparison with dialectal 🇨🇬 and Arkhangelsk dialectal 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) slander, defamation

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) slander, calumny, aspersion, libel

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) slander, calumny
 * 2)  defamation, libel

title: клевета


text:
User:Benschop~enwikibooks

Nico F. Benschop

Geldrop (Noord Brabant) - The Netherlands

Researcher at Philips Research Labs (Eindhoven) 1970 - 2002 Prof at TU-Delft/EE (part-time) Digital VLSI Design 1981 - 1987 . . . Retired nov-2002.

Subjects - Digital IC design methods : . . . State-Machines, Arithmetic, Logic circuits . . . Book : The Associative Structure of State Machines, see : . . . . . . http://home.claranet.nl/users/benschop/preface.htm --- (11 chapters, 217 pgs; For sale at http://home.claranet.nl/users/benschop )

Education : HBS-B. . highschool (Ede, Enschede) 1952 - 1957 HTS-EE. . . . . (Enschede - denHaag) 1957 - 1960 Mil.Serv. AirForce. (Breda - Ypenburg) 1960 -1962 TU-Delft. . . . . . . . . . . . . MSc/EE 1966 Univ-Waterloo, Canada. . PhD/EE 1971

Homepage:. . . http://home.claranet.nl/users/benschop Hobbies, see http://home.claranat.nl/users/benschop/play.htm Favorite links http://home.claranet.nl/users/benschop/links.htm

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Benschop" :

Abstract
The Associative Structure of State Machines by Nico F.Benschop.

Subtitle: An Associative Algebra Approach to Logic, Arithmetic and Automata.

New book (Feb.2011: 11 chapters, bibliography, 217 pgs): Engineering synthesis of State-Machines, Arithmetic and Logic. Formal approach (Semigroup structure) - Background: Industrial Research.

Relevant subjects are Associative algebra, Algebraic structure and:

Purpose : This book is intended for researchers at industrial laboratories, teachers and students at technical universities, in electrical engineering, computer science and applied mathematics departments, interested in new developments of modelling and designing digital networks (DN : combinational and sequential logic, arithmetic) in general, as a combined math/engineering discipline. As background an undergraduate level of modern applied algebra will suffice.. [1]. Birkhoff-Bartee (1970) - Modern Applied Algebra [2]. Clifford-Preston (1960) - Algebraic Theory of Semigroups (part I) [3]. Hartmanis-Stearns (1970) - Algebraic structure of Sequential Machines
 * Computer Science: Basic structure of algorithms, software, hardware, Automaton, finite state machine (FSM) : Sequential logic.
 * Finite transformation semigroup: Function Composition, Residue Arithmetic, Electronics/Boolean Algebra : Combinational logic.
 * Electrical Engineering: Digital circuit design, Combinational and Sequential logic, Finite Log-arithmetic with single- and dual bases.

Summary : The basic ideas of algebra relating to the structure of sequential and combinational logic, although well known from discrete mathematics [1][2], will be recalled briefly and, for practical state machine design purposes, interpreted in terms of the original additive and multiplicative arithmetic principles from which they developed in the nineteenth century (essentially the 1840's - Boole, Hamilton, Grassmann) The subsequent three parts follow the developments in reverse historical order: I. Sequential logic (state machines), II. Combinational logic (Boolean algebra), and III. Arithmetic. The respective disciplines: CS/EE/NT (computer science/ electrical engineering digital circuit design/ number theory) are merged under one heading: - - Finite Associative Algebra = Finite transformation Semigroups - - including: -- Non-commutative function composition, for sequential logic -- Commutative arithmetic (+, x) for residues and integers -- Commutative and Idempotent for combinational logic (binary, Boolean)

Structured Design : The original motivation for this work appears in appendix A, which is a report on the state of the art of computing science in 1973 (ICS73 Davos) regarding a controversy about the existence of a software crisis, and the need for more attention to ’structure’ in programming and design. In matters of abstract mathematical material with practical applications, there is the usual dilemma of how to present it: — either top down : starting with an abstract concise definition of the essential concepts involved and developing the consequences, ending up with corollaries, as selected examples of important special cases; — or bottom up : by appealing to practical (engineering) intuition and experience, to begin with special essential examples and applications, and gradually extracting their abstract essence to develop the general theory. This dilemma is here resolved by alternating these two approaches, with a preference for starting bottom-up. By familiar examples in arithmetic, digital circuits or state machines, the essence of a formal viewpoint is introduced, as basis for computer aided design (CAD) synthesis algorithms in practice. Synthesis is taken to mean: efficient binary coding of a - functionally specified - symbolic description of desired sequential or combinational logic behaviour.

Intro : Essential concepts and their engineering interpretation are introduced in a practical fashion with examples, e.g:

- - the elementary components of sequential behaviour (the 5 basic state machine types)
 * The known 5 non-isomorphic semigroups of order 2 as :
 * Any finite semigroup S is the sequential closure of a state Machine, uniquely decomposable as a coupled network of the 5 basic machine types.
 * Two of the five basic component types are non-commutative (branch- and reset- machines), the other three occur in residue arithmetic semigroups.
 * Excluding these non-comm've components, non-commutativity of S can be modelled by coupling - with combinational logic functions - between components (which does not occur if S is commutative).
 * Finite Group Decomposition (of any permutation machine) requires only right-congruence(s), thus proper subgroups suffice. Hence also a non-trivial simple group (like A5, without normal subgroup, resp. full congruence) can be decomposed as a coupled network of prime cycle machines, contrary to Krohn-Rhodes' decomposition which uses only 2 of the 5 basic machine types (reset- and permutation machines) and has the rather complex non-trivial simple groups (minimal order 60) as indecomposable components.
 * Binary Residue Arithmetic : each k-bit odd residue is a unique signed power of 3. So each residue n == +/- 3^i.2^j mod 2^k for unique natural pair i<2^(k-2), j<k, yielding an efficient dual base for log-arithmetic (US patent #5923888).
 * Fault Tolerant Logic by Error Correcting Codes : the known Hamming-code and Product-code methods for reliable transmissions can also be applied to (non-linear) Boolean combinational logic circuits. Practical examples show the trade-off between protection performance and cost.
 * Planar Boolean Functions : a new representation of BFn (n-input Boolean functions) uses the concept of (rank-) spectrum as an ordered sequence of n+1 natural numbers that characterizes a circuit, based on counting paths (minterms) in an orthogonal XY grid onto which a BFn is mapped. An essential algebraic composition property holds : the Spectrum of a (disjoint) product of BF's is the product of their Spectra : Sp(F1 * F2) = Sp(F1) x Sp(F2), where disjoint means: no common input(s).
 * Residue Arithmetic (mod m_k): The additive structure of multiplicative residue arithmetic semigroup S(*) [mod m_k] is analysed, for two characteristic moduli: m_k = p^k (prime power), and m_k = \prod{p_k} (the product of the first k primes). This yields insight into notoriously difficult representation theorems of Fermat, Waring and Goldbach (for integers, by controlled extension of residues with a carry, constructively breaking the Hensel lift ).

-- Preface + table of contents (11 chapters, 217 pgs) -- http://home.claranet.nl/users/benschop/preface.pdf

title: User:Benschop~enwikibooks


text:
Open web publishing

Concepts

 * Open Source
 * World Wide Web
 * Publishing

A medium like web publishing has practically no barriers to entry and anybody can publish anything. There's a multitude of tools, platforms and networks which support open web publishing. Many free web hosted services have come to be known as Web 2.0 technologies, a second generation of web applications that enable any person to publish online with relative ease, form social networks and participate in open web environments with people all over the world. It's largely due to the success of free and easy to use tools that has led to wide adoption of open web publishing including but not limited to literary works, musical works, software and other works dealing with information, including electronic media.

Copyright
Works published on the open web are protected by national and international copyright laws. Works are usually owned by the author or publisher. Open web publishing has empowered people to publish their own works, and it is common for the author to be the publisher. With many people wanting to share their creativity and allow their work to be reused, remixed and built upon, there is a choice of copyright licenses.

Widely used copyright licenses for publishing on the open web:

 * Creative commons
 * GNU Licenses
 * Public domain

Examples of open web publishing services

 * Wikipedia - free encyclopedia that anyone can edit
 * YouTube - video sharing website
 * Blogger - blog creation and hosting service
 * Del.icio.us - social bookmarking web service
 * Digg - non-hierarchical, democratic editorial control

Examples of web based publishing FOSS
Some popular examples of web based publishing tools available as free web hosted services and available as FOSS for download to run on your own server.
 * WordPress - Blogging platform
 * MediaWiki - Wiki platform
 * Plone - Content managment system
 * Moodle - learning managment system

Related news

 * April 11, 2007 - PLoS calls for volunteers...
 * July 31, 2008 - Open Access Doesn’t Drive Citations

title: Open web publishing