text:
Talk:David Parnas

Technical Realism
Would anyone be so kind as to explain what "technical realism" means in this instance?

Cohesion and Coupling
Parnas is often credited with introducing these concepts, but I've just gone back to the classic 1972 ACM and these concepts, while implicit, are not explicitly mentioned.--RichardVeryard 09:53, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

A review of the ACM Digital Library uncovers a single instance in all of Parnas's writing [Parnas, Schouwen, and Kwan. "Evaluation of safety-critical software," CACM, 33 (6), June 1990] where he used the terms coupling or cohesion--in that instance without attribution. If he is "often credited" where and by whom?Stirrer (talk) 18:18, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

The metrics of coupling and cohesion were originally proposed by Larry Constantine as correctly referred in Coupling_(computer_science). David Parnas did not contribute directly or indirectly to these metrics. The original reference is the seminal 1974 IBM Systems Journal paper Structured Design, which describes nearly 10 years of pioneering research by Larry Constantine. The ideas behind Coupling and Cohesion were initially published in "Segmentation and Design Strategies for Modular Programming." In Barnett and Constantine (eds.), Modular Programming: Proceedings of a National Symposium. Cambridge, MA: Information & Systems Press, 1968 and “The Programming Profession, Programming Theory, and Programming Education,” Computers and Automation 17, 2 (Feb. 1968) pp. 14-19. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:40, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Parnas hosted an IRC or mail group that provided reporting on software errors, near misses, and generally on software failures. In Hamilton, Ontario we had a computer club with researchers and technicians from McMaster, Stelco, Dofasco and the populous. The club sponsored a conference at Brock University where Parnas presented on Data Hiding. The concepts of cohesion and coupling were well discussed. Also discussed at the conference was the RCA 1802 with its double stack and use in satellites and industrial applications under the Forth language. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk)

= Information Hiding not being mentioned by Parnas = Contrary to what is stated in the references section, Parnas mentions information hiding in his 1972 ACM article on page 1056 (bottom left) and he refers to himself: Parnas, D. L. Information distribution aspects of design methodology. Tech. Rept., Depart. Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon U., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1971. Also Presented at the IFIP Congress 1971, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. - However, I was not able to obtain a copy of that article, but nevertheless, information hiding is mentioned by Parnas in his 1972 ACM article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:36, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

= Software Cost Reduction Project = I think this entry should say something about Parnas's participation in the U.S. Navy's Software Cost Reduction project. I actually came here to look for a reference to an example of the SCR's diagrams for specifying requirements. (See Heitmeyer (2007) "Formal Methods for Specifying, Validating, and Verifying Requirements".) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:52, 24 May 2011 (UTC) --RLV
 * LTV A-7 Corsair II The LTV A-7 Corsair II is a carrier-capable subsonic light attack aircraft ...
 * RDBrown (talk) 11:13, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * RDBrown (talk) 11:13, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * RDBrown (talk) 11:13, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

Quotations out of context are not a good idea in any article.
David Parnas is an important researcher, one part of this wikipedia entry, refers to flow-charts against structured programming, because a confusion common in those days.

Structured programming was wrongly taken by many people as programming without GOTOs, because an anecdote about the change of title of the GOTO considered harmful written by E.W.Dijstra, but renamed by N.Wirth (the author of Pascal,Modula, Step wise refinement, programs=data structures + algorithms, etc.)

Structured programming is basically programming by composing (reusable) parts on the basis of a mathematical structure. Data types are mathematical structures, programming structures too. Like deriving theorems from axioms.

Data-flow diagrams do not encourage an structured thinking, the introduction of "structured languages", (i.e. languages with assignment, if-then-else, while, for-next, repeat-until, and subroutines, making much more less use of GOTOs). Did not automatically solved the problem, take into account that the predominant languages of those days used floats, integers, characters, strings, arrays and records in some languages like COBOL. (this before Pascal, Algol existed but was not very known to business applications programmers)

Artificial intelligence on those days was very experimental and the quotation based on cite 4 where Parnas said that Turing Machines and Gödel theorems where irrelevant, could be because many people on those days argued that IA research where looking for impossible goals due to the incompleteness theorem. I could not download the document, the date of the original publication is also omitted.

Turing Machines originated by an engineering thought on how an human computer worked at those days, using the minimal elements. The Universal Turing Machine was the basis for the stored program computer. John Von Neumann new Turing. The famous Gödel theorems are related to arithmetic, and Recursive Functions (a class of functions, mathematical systems, not the simple use of the word to denote a program that calls it self) Seen in that way, I do not believe that Parnas ignored that. But the quotation based on citation 4 seems to be out of context, mixing a his opinion on the AI research with Software Engineering.

For that reason, I think that the quotations are out of context, and should be removed.

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Other publications by David Parnas
Mr. Parnas published a short (6 page) paper in 1986, called "A rational design process: how and why to fake it". It's really worth reading, and I'm surprised that there is no reference to it here in this article. Ifdef (talk) 16:44, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Parnas


text:
Talk:1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak

Name
I moved the article named "Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1994" to "1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak" to comply with Naming conventions (events). --Rosiestep (talk) 23:21, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Dead link

 * http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bmx/significant_events/1994/03_27/index.php
 * In 1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak on 2011-05-25 06:10:45, 404 Not Found
 * In 1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak on 2011-06-08 02:35:50, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 02:36, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

References v Biblio
Honest question: why are these two different things? — Preceding unsigned comment added by WikiWikiWowWow (talk • contribs) 19:17, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak


text:
1949 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles

Louise Brough and Margaret duPont successfully defended their title, defeating Gussie Moran and Pat Todd in the final, 8–6, 7–5 to win the ladies' doubles tennis title at the 1949 Wimbledon Championships.

Seeds
🇺🇸 Louise Brough / 🇺🇸 Margaret duPont (champions) 🇺🇸 Gussie Moran / 🇺🇸 Pat Todd (final) 🇬🇧 Molly Blair / 🇬🇧 Jean Quertier (quarterfinals) 🇬🇧 Joy Gannon / 🇬🇧 Betty Hilton (semifinals)

Section 2
The nationalities of Mrs FG Downing, Mrs EM Frost and Mrs M Guthrie are unknown.


text:
User:GXGSXAPLAYBOYS/sandbox

SANTA ANA PLAYBOYS, commonly known as SA PBSX3 is an international criminal organization and gang that was founded in Los Angeles. Originally, the gang started as a party crew but soon turned into a gang after one of their members was shot and killed "SMOKEY" Over time, the gang grew into a more traditional criminal organization. SA PBSX3 is defined by its cruelty, and its rivalry with the 18th Street Gang, palma Vista and Hard Times.

Their wide-ranging activities have drawn the attention of the FBI who have initiated wide-scale raids against known and suspected gang members, arresting hundreds across the United States. According to the 2009 National Gang Threat Assessment, "The gang is estimated to have 100 to 200 members with just two clicks in Orange County ca including Garden Grove ca, and associate members worldwide, 8,000 to 20,000 of whom reside in the United States." Other estimates put it at around 40,000 members internationally.

In the very beginning, Playboys was a group of young, delinquent, who lived in Santa Ana. However after ties with other allies gangs like Santa Nita and 17st, Playboysx3 began to mutate into a gang. What makes the gang more dangerous is that they don't follow orders from no leader in their gang everyone is on their own but if rules are broken there are consequences.

Garden Grove Playboys came out from Santa Ana Playboys they each take care of their own enemies Santa ana PBSX3 takes care of their enemies from harbor and garden grove all the way to Huntington Beach and Garden Grove Playboys takes care of their enemies from harbor and garden grove to La Habra.

Santa Ana Playboys is a well established gang that is involved in all areas of street-crime. Several Playboys gang members have reached a higher level of sophistication and organization in their illicit activities than other gangs. While their main source of income is street-level distribution of drugs, they also have been linked to murders, assaults, arson, extortion, human trafficking,kidnapping, prostitution, robbery, and weapons trafficking, as well as other crimes.

By 2019 there are over 20 members incarcerated doing 15 to life they keep growing fast in Orange County ca TIBBS ST in Garden Grove is known for their neighborhood which at night is very dangerous.

GG Officer Diaz

title: User:GXGSXAPLAYBOYS/sandbox


text:
Holy Family Academy (Philippines)

Holy Family Academy, also referred to by its acronym HFA, is a private Catholic basic education school administered by the Congregation of the Missionary Benedictine Sisters of Tutzing in Angeles, Pampanga, Philippines. It was established in 1906 as a Catholic parochial school and named Colegio de la Sagrada Familia in 1910. It is now one of the most prestigious schools in Angeles City. It has both elementary and high school departments as well as kindergarten and preparatory school (known in the school as "prep") classes for younger students. The school follows the Benedictine tradition of Ora et Labora, which means "Prayer and Work".

HFA is a Catholic Institution belonging to the Archdiocese of San Fernando, Pampanga and administered by the Missionary Benedictine Sisters. It is registered with SEC as a non-stock, non-profit corporation, with its assets and income used directly and exclusively for educational purposes including expansion when needed to carry out the aims and objectives of the school.

History
Holy Family Academy (HFA) was established on August 20, 1906 as the first Catholic parochial school of Angeles City through the initiative of Fr. Pablo Gamboa and with the assistance of the Board of Directors of the Parochial School in Angeles City composed of Mariano V. Henson, Juan G. Nepomuceno, Sr., Laureano Suarez, Filomeno Leon Y. Santos, Basilio Henson and Jose P. Henson. Located at the present site of the Holy Rosary Parish rectory, the school offered a primary course and was run by lay teachers who were paid out of contributions.

The Augustinian Sisters
In 1910, the Augustinian Sisters of Our Lady of Consolation took over and set up the Colegio de la Sagrada Familia with the help of the same Board of Directors. The colegio offered a complete elementary education and accepted female boarders.

Some time later, as the student population of the colegio increased, Jose P. Henson and Juan Nepomuceno Sr. initiated the school's expansion. They bought land and built a house that became the parish hall and the residence of succeeding parish priests. The Colegio de la Sagrada Familia moved to the present site of the Administrative Building of HFA.

The Missionary Benedictine Sisters
In June 1922, the Missionary Benedictine Sisters took over the management of the school upon the invitation of the parish priest Msgr. Pedro P. Santos and changed the school's name to "Holy Family Academy". The Benedictine Sisters did not take in boarders but actively attended to the supervision and administration of the school.

The first group of Missionary Benedictine Sisters headed by Sister Crescentia Veser were Germans and arrived in Angeles City in 1925, with the appointment of Sister Pacifica Gerding as the first resident superior. The Benedictine Sisters at Holy Family Academy became a juridical community.

Holy Family Academy continued to operate during the Japanese occupation period, closing only for a few months during the change of political administration and reopened its doors soon after the end of World War II.

As of the school year 2012–2013, the school is under the leadership of Sister Josefina Nepomuceno OSB and have just recently celebrated its centennial.

The Opening of the High School Department
In 1960, HFA opened the High School Department exclusively for girls.

The growth in population of Angeles City brought about an increase in the enrolment of HFA resulting in crowding and congestion in the old campus beside the Holy Rosary Parish Church on Sto. Rosario St. In search of a solution to growth problems, Sister Mary Bernard Lansang, OSB, superior/directress in 1983, together with concerned Renato Tayag, Jr. initiated the formulation of a foundation. This was realized during the term of Sister Ildephonsa Pineda, OSB as superior/directress and Mr. Florante Timbol as PTA president in the incorporation of the HFA-PTA Foundation with the occurrence of Oscar V. Cruz, then Archbishop of San Fernando.

High School Campus in Cutcut (New Site)
With the involvement of parents, alumni and other supporters through membership contributions and fundraising activities, the HFA-PTA obtained a five-hectare lot in Cutcut along the Circumferential Road. The four-phase building program was started. In 1987, phase one was completed, enabling the transfer of the 1st Year students to the new campus. Boys were then accepted in the high school. By 1988, phase two was completed, and two more year levels moved over. In 1991, with the completion of phase three, the entire High School settled in the new site, the Cutcut campus. With the support of the HFA Alumni Association, the covered court was partially constructed. This was completed in 1997. The new Pedro Calungsod Building that housed the audio visual center, the library and the canteen was completed in December 2002.

In the Cutcut campus, the High School Department occupies the Sto. Niño Building, the San Lorenzo Building, the San Pedro Calungsod Building and the covered court.

In the old site at Sto. Rosario St., the Preschool and Grade School occupy the following multi-story buildings: St. Benedict with the Auditorium, St. Joseph's, St. Mary's, the H.E. Building and the Main Building.

As of 2014, the Department of Education (DepEd) approved the K-12 Curriculum to be implemented in Holy Family Academy. Construction began in 2014 for the Senior High Building. In 2016, the Senior High building was finished. It is the newest building in the campus, located in the New Site. Its purpose is to provide more learning facilities for Senior High school students (Grades 11 and 12).

COVID-19
In July 2020, Holy Family Academy announced that the school is ready to conduct online classes to provide its students' learning needs amid the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Academic affiliation
HFA is a member of the Association of Archdiocesan and Parochial Schools of Pampanga (AAPSP), the Association of Benedictine Schools (ABS), the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), and the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAASCU).

School activities
The school observes most major Catholic holidays particularly those associated with the founder of the Benedictine Order, Saint Benedict. First Friday Holy Masses are also celebrated, and the students are required to attend. Students in the old site celebrate Holy Mass at the nearby Holy Rosary Parish Church, Angeles City's oldest while those who are in the new site, particularly High School students celebrate theirs in the Covered Court of the school.

There are also quite a number of extracurricular activities that are observed by the school, some of which aren't observed regularly, a few of these are:
 * Organization of Clubs – students join a particular club that holds activities for a certain point of interest, for example, Math Club, Science Club, Young Writers' Club, and the like. Clubs vary for grade school and high school departments. Preschoolers are not allowed to join clubs
 * Ecology Month – observed as a month of appreciation for Mother Earth, similar to the Earth Day celebrations
 * Ecology Week – A week in the Ecology Month used for the culminating activities such as the Science Quiz Show and the Tree Planting at Cutcut Farm
 * Academic Weeks – week-long activities devoted to a particular academic subject taught in the school, e.g. Math Week, Physics Week, History Week and the like
 * Recollections and Retreats – an integral part of the spiritual life of students in the school
 * Rosary Month – celebrated throughout the month of October. Students then are tasked to prepare an altar (usually at the back of their classrooms) and would take time to pray the rosary together.
 * SCIP Activities: Year Level Apostolate: Year I – Cutcut Elementary School, Year II – Bahay Pag-ibig, Year III – HAVEN, Year IV – Aeta Community, Faculty: KKP, Mabalacat
 * Songfest – usually held during the holiday season, classes contest to exhibit the best interpretation of a popular Christmas song with the exception of S.Y. 2011–2012, when it was done during the week when Intramurals and Book Week were incorporated with it.
 * Peace Concert – pioneering in 2003, the Peace Concert is a gathering of the academy's performing artists to celebrate and propagate peace and goodwill through music, dance and cultural presentations
 * Intramurals – sports is celebrated in this usually 3 to 4-day activity, this is a chance for students to unwind from the usual peculiarities of school life
 * Buwan ng Wika – a month-long celebration of the national language of the Philippines

Cor Unum
The Cor Unum is the official student publication of Holy Family Academy. Both the grade school and high school department publish a version of the newsletter. Popular by its tagline "One Heart", the Cor Unum exists as a venue for students to practice freedom of speech and as an area to voice out their concerns. It follows the common format of a student newsletter, with Opinions, editorials, news features, entertainment clippings, literary works, trivia and the like.

The newsletter selects its editorial board from the pool of students of Holy Family Academy. All students are invited to take part in the publication. There is a series of tests to filter which students are perfect to land the job as editors, reporters, photographers, cartoonists and contributors, among others. The administration selects a moderator for the school paper, usually a member of the English faculty, to facilitate the editorial staff in managing the newsletter.

Main Campus (Old Site)
The Main Campus, popularly referred as the Old Site, is a 1-hectare land in Sto. Rosario St., Angeles City, beside the Holy Rosary Parish Church that features 5 major buildings and structures that include:

 * St. Mary Building, a 4-storey building that houses classrooms for kindergarten, grade levels 1, 2, 3, and 6, and also some faculty offices.
 * St. Joseph Building, originally was a 2-storey building that once housed the library on the second floor and the canteen in the first floor. Renovated and finished construction in 2012, now it features 2 elevators, 6 additional floors, and additional facilities such as coordinator offices, conference room, and a prayer room on the 2nd Floor; a library in the 3rd floor; a music room, speech laboratories, Audio-Visual Rooms on the 4th floor; computer laboratories on the 5th floor; an entire floor of a P.E. room on the 6th floor; a theater on the 7th floor; and water tanks, utility rooms, and storage areas on the 8th floor which is off-limits.
 * St. Benedict Building, a 5-storey building adjacent to the main entrance that houses the auditorium, main canteen, classrooms for grades 4 and 5, a science laboratory, faculty offices, business office, treasury office, and the registrar. It also features a bridge behind it that connects the 3rd floor of the St. Benedict building and the 2nd floor of the St. Joseph building.
 * Covered Court
 * Administrative Offices

Annex Campus (New Site)
The New Site is a 5-hectare land located in Cutcut, Angeles City along the Fil-Am Friendship Highway, also known as the Friendship Circumferential Road. Only 2.72 hectares of the land is utilized for education, the rest of the area is an off-limits farm wherein tree planting projects are done. The buildings within the utilized area are:

 * Sto. Niño Building, a 2-storey building that houses classrooms for grades 9 and 10, administrative offices, guidance counselor office, faculty offices, prayer room, science laboratories, computer laboratories, and a robotics laboratory.
 * San Lorenzo Ruiz Building, a 2-storey building that houses classrooms for grades 7 and 8, an office for the student government organization, an office for the head in student involvement for charity, a dressmaking room, a technical drafting room, and a home economics kitchen.
 * San Pedro Calungsod Building, a 3-storey building that consists of the canteen on the ground floor, a library on the 2nd floor, and Audio-Visual Rooms on the 3rd floor.
 * St. Benedict & St. Scholastica Building (SHS Building), the newest building in the campus that houses classrooms for grades 11-12. It has a study hall, Clausura, and a theater on the ground floor.
 * Covered Court

title: Holy Family Academy (Philippines)


text:
type system

Noun

 * 1)  A way programming language classifies values and expressions into types, how it can manipulate those types and how they interact.

Translations

 * Finnish: tyyppijärjestelmä
 * German: Typsystem
 * Greek:
 * Serbo-Croatian: sustav tipova, sustav obilježja

title: type system


text:
Talk:Souleymane Oularé

Untitled
Souleymane Oulare en Branko Strupar, beste duo dat KRC Genk ooit heeft gehad ! Sonck en Dagano was nog zo een topduo maar overtroffen nooit het sterrenduo...

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text:
Advanced Classical Mechanics/Conservative Systems

We have found that when the forces can be described by a potential energy function it is straightforward to use the Lagrangian techniques to find the equations of motion. Given a set of force, how can we determine the potential function? How can we determine whether there is a potential function?

In conservative forces always mechanical energy is conserved ie, Kinetic energy + Potential energy remains constant at every point.For example, spring force gravitational force and electro static force.

Some Examples
Let's do an example,

$$ F_x = - \frac{k x}{\left ( x^2 + y^2 \right )^{3/2}}, $$ $$ F_y = - \frac{k y}{\left ( x^2 + y^2 \right )^{3/2}}. $$

How much work does the force do moving from $$(x_0,y_0)$$ to $$(x,y)$$?

$$ W = \int_{(x_0,y_0)}^{(x,y)} \left( F_x dx + F_y dy \right ) = \int_{(x_0,y_0)}^{(x,y)} \left( -\frac{k x}{\left ( x^2 + y^2 \right )^{3/2}} dx - \frac{k y}{\left ( x^2 + y^2 \right )^{3/2}} dy \right ) $$

If we look at the two terms, let's try to integrate each one with respect to $$x$$ and $$y$$.

$$ F_x = \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \left [ \frac{k}{\left (x^2 + y^2 \right)^{1/2}} \right ] $$ and $$ F_y = \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \left [ \frac{k}{\left (x^2 + y^2 \right)^{1/2}} \right ]. $$

They are both derivatives of the same function

$$ \frac{k}{\left (x^2 + y^2 \right)^{1/2}}. $$

Let's calculate the total derivative of the function

$$ d \left [ \frac{k}{\left (x^2 + y^2 \right)^{1/2}} \right ] = -\frac{k x}{\left ( x^2 + y^2 \right )^{3/2}} dx - \frac{k y}{\left ( x^2 + y^2 \right )^{3/2}} dy $$

and substitute it back into the integral

$$ W = \int_{(x_0,y_0)}^{(x,y)} \left( F_x dx + F_y dy \right ) = \int_{(x_0,y_0)}^{(x,y)} d \left [ \frac{k}{\left (x^2 + y^2 \right)^{1/2}} \right ] = \frac{k}{\left (x^2 + y^2 \right)^{1/2}} - \frac{k}{\left (x_0^2 + y_0^2 \right)^{1/2}} $$

The integral does not depend on path. We could write

$$ F_x = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial x} $$ and $$ F_y = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial y} $$ with $$ V = -\frac{k}{\left (x^2 + y^2 \right)^{1/2}}. $$

What about $$ F_x = 3 B x^2 y^2 $$ and $$ F_y = 2 B x^3 y $$?

What about $$ F_x = a x y $$ and $$ F_y = b x y $$?

 * If the forces are such that the work done when the system is moved from one configuration to another only depends on the initial and final   configurations, then the force is conservative.

Dry Friction
The force of friction between two dry surfaces is proportional to the normal force between the surfaces in a direction that opposes the relative motion between the surfaces. For an object resting on a surface we have $$F=\mu m g$$ that we can resolve into components as

$$ F_x = -\mu m g \frac{dx}{ds} $$

and

$$ F_y = -\mu m g \frac{dy}{ds}. $$

Let's write out the work done by the force,

$$ W = \int \left ( F_x dx + F_y dy \right ) = -\mu m g \int \left ( \frac{dx}{ds} dx + \frac{dy}{ds} dy \right ) $$

$$ = -\mu m g  \int \left ( \frac{dx}{ds} \frac{dx}{ds} ds + \frac{dy}{ds} \frac{dy}{ds} \right ) = -\mu m g \int ds = -\mu m g s $$

where $$s$$ is the length of the path. In particular, the work done by the frictional path does not necessarily vanish over a closed path.

The Potential Energy
In general,

$$ V = - \int_{x_i^0,y_i^0,z_i^0}^{x_i,y_i,z_i} \sum_{i=1}^p \left ( F_{x_i} d x_i + F_{y_i} d y_i +F_{z_i} d z_i \right ) $$

where $$i$$ counts over the various particles. Specifically, $$F_{x_i}$$ is the force on particle $$i$$ in the $$x-$$direction.

For this to be true,

$$ F_{x_i} = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial x_i}, $$ $$ F_{y_i} = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial y_i}, $$ $$ F_{z_i} = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial z_i}. $$

So let's calculate for example

$$ \frac{\partial F_{x_3}}{\partial y_4} = - \frac{\partial^2 V}{\partial y_4 \partial x_3} = \frac{\partial F_{y_3}}{\partial x_3}. $$

If the forces are conservative, then the partial derivatives of the forces are equal to each other. This is a quick way to check whether the forces are indeed conservative!

We can make some observativions from this result. First, if the force varies only along the direction that it points, then the force is conservative. An important example of this is the central force. Second, if and only if the curl of the force is zero, the force is conservative.

Why calculate V?
It takes quite a bit of effort to calculate the potential energy. Why don't we just use the forces directly?

 * 1) You can use the transformation rules to find the generalized forces $$F_{q_r} = \sum_i F_{x_i} \frac{\partial x_i}{\partial q_r}$$ but this is really ugly and could be even more effort than finding the potential energy.
 * 2) Calculate $$V$$ in whatever coordinates are convenient and then transform the coordinates so $$F_{q_r} = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial q_r}$$.
 * 3) Sometimes you can get $$V$$ by inspection.
 * 4) The generalized forces for $$V$$ and $$V+C$$ are the same so you can drop any constant term.  For example, we can write $$V=mgr\left (1- \cos\theta\right), mg \left (l - r\cos\theta\right ), -mgr \cos \theta$$ for the potential energy of a pendulum.

Do conservative systems conserve energy?
Conservative systems are those which you can write the force as the gradient for a potential function. We have seen forces where this is not the case: dry friction and a particle in magnetic field. In the first case we have a non-conservative force that does not conserve energy. In the second case, we have a non-conservative force that does conserve energy.

It is straightforward to come up with an example for a conservative force that does not conserve energy. Specifically we could have $$ \vec F = -\vec \nabla V \left (\vec r, t\right ). $$ Because the Lagrangian now depends on time explicitly, the Hamiltonian is no longer conserved.

Jiggly Pendulum

Let's write down the Cartesian coordinates of the bob of mass $$m$$,

$$ \vec x = \left [ l \sin\theta,  z(t)-l \cos\theta   \right ]. $$

Taking the time derivative of the position gives the velocity

$$ \vec v = \dot \vec x = \left [ l \dot \theta \cos\theta,  \dot z(t)+l \dot \theta \sin\theta   \right ]. $$

Using these results we can calculate the kinetic energy of the bob

$$ T = \frac{1}{2} m v^2 = \frac{m}{2} \left [ l^2 \dot \theta^2 \cos^2 \theta + \left ( \dot z(t) + l \dot \theta \sin\theta \right )^2 \right ] $$

$$ = \frac{m}{2} \left ( l^2 \dot \theta^2 + \dot z(t)^2 + 2 l \dot\theta \dot z(t) \sin \theta \right ) $$

and the potential energy

$$ V = m g \left ( z(t) - l \cos \theta \right ). $$

For this system we have $$\partial L/\partial t \neq 0$$ so $$d H/d t \neq 0$$; however, we can define a potential energy so the system is conservative.


text:
Harold Hecht filmography

Harold Hecht (1907–1985) was an Academy Award-winning Hollywood film producer, dance director and film director. He was also a talent agent, a literary agent, a theatrical producer, a theatre director and a Broadway actor. He was a member of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences and the Screen Producers Guild.

During his first stay in Hollywood in the early to mid-1930s, Hecht was one of the leading dance directors in the movie industry, working with the Marx Brothers, Mae West, Bing Crosby, Cary Grant, W.C. Fields, Gary Cooper, Maurice Chevalier and Marion Davies. In 1947, he co-founded Norma Productions, an independent film production company, with his business partner and managed actor, Burt Lancaster. From 1954 to 1959, the Norma Productions subsidiaries, Hecht-Lancaster Productions and Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions, were the biggest and most important independent production units in Hollywood. Following the end of the Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions team, Hecht continued as one of the top three independent producers in Hollywood, a position he shared with Stanley Kramer and the Mirisch brothers, for the next ten years.

At the 28th Academy Awards ceremony in 1956, Hecht received a Best Picture Oscar for the 1955 Hecht-Lancaster Productions film Marty. He was again nominated three years later at the 31st Academy Awards ceremony for the 1958 Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions film Separate Tables. The film did not win but Hecht did accept the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress in place of Wendy Hiller who could not be present. The Broadway play version of Separate Tables, produced by Hecht-Lancaster Productions, was nominated for the Best Play Award at the 11th Tony Awards ceremony in April 1957 In November 1959 Hecht was chosen by United States President Dwight Eisenhower to accompany the cultural exchange program committee in a trip to Russia when Marty was selected by the USSR as the first American film to be screened in that country since World War II.

Fourteen of Hecht's film productions (and an additional three on which he was a choreographer) have won and been nominated for several awards and prizes at various ceremonies and film festivals, including; Academy Awards, Golden Globe Award, British Academy Film Awards, Bodil Awards, Directors Guild of America Award, Writers Guild of America Award, National Board of Review Awards, New York Film Critics Circle Award, Laurel Awards, David di Donatello Award, Bambi Award and the Online Film & Television Association Award; and at the Cannes Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival and the Berlin International Film Festival. Four of the films Harold Hecht worked on have been deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States National Film Preservation Board and have been selected for preservation in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry; Duck Soup in 1990, Sweet Smell of Success in 1993, Marty in 1994 and She Done Him Wrong in 1996.

title: Harold Hecht filmography


text:
Puzzles/How do you ... ?/Ten Apples and a Basket/Solution

< Back to Problem

Solutions:

 * To your first nine friends, you give them an apple each. To your tenth friend, you hand her the basket containing the apple. She has an apple, but she also has the basket containing the apple.

 * You have ten apples in a basket. You have an eleventh apple in your hand.  You give out the one in your hand and nine of your ten from the basket, leaving one in the basket for you.

//Solutions below are only humorous and not Logical //

 * Since it doesn't say there are only(Do in the real world we always use only? Surely we mean it without saying else every sentence of us will include "only". Consider "My name is only Ramjane".) ten apples in the basket, it's possible the basket could start out with eleven apples in it. Then when you give out ten apples to your ten friends, you still have one apple in the basket.

 * You discover a horrible secret about your friend Brian, end your friendship and put his apple back in the basket
 * Alternately, end Brian, and take the apple back.

 * The basket is lying under an apple tree. At the right moment you shake the tree, catching a falling apple.

 * Ask Brian to wait a minute for his apple. Give the first apple to the second friend, the second to the third, the third to the fourth, the fourth to the fifth, the fifth to the sixth, the sixth to the seventh, the seventh to the eighth, the eighth to the ninth and the ninth apple to Brian, the tenth man, leaving one remaining apple in the basket.

 * You consider yourself as one of the friends, and so you still have the basket with an apple.

 * You went back to the store and bought another apple.

 * Two of your apples got frisky in the basket and had little applets

 * The tenth friend was a magician so he created the eleventh apple.

 * You are a kid and your tenth friend is an imaginary one.


text:
Fire and emergency management/Airport Rescue Fire Fighter/Response

Terminal Objective: Respond to day and night incidents or accidents on and adjacent to the airport, given an assignment, operating conditions, a location, a grid map, a vehicle, and a prescribed reponse time, so that the route selected and taken provides access to the site within the allotted time.

Enabling objectives: Student must understand the following:
 * airport familiarization
 * runway and taxiway designations
 * frangible gate locations
 * airport markings and lights
 * instrument landing system (ILS) critical areas
 * critical rescue and firefighting access areas
 * designated isolation areas
 * vehicular traffic controls on the airfield
 * bridge load limits
 * controlled access points
 * aircraft traffic patterns and taxi routes
 * fuel storage and distribution locations
 * airport and immediate local area topographic layout including drainage systems, water supplies and airport facilities

Terminal Objective: Communicate critical incident information regarding an incident or accident on or adjacent to an airport, given an assignment involving an incident or accident and an incident management system (IMS) protocol, so that the information provided is accurate and sufficient for the incident commander to initiate an attack plan.

Enabling Obectives: Student must understand the following:
 * IMS protocol
 * the airport emergency plan
 * airport and aircraft familiarization
 * communications equipment and procedures

Terminal Objective: Communicate with applicable air traffic control facilities, given a response destination on or adjacen to an airport and radio equipment, so that all required clearences are obtained.

Enabling Objectives: Student must understand the following:
 * communications equipment and frequencies
 * tower light signals
 * aviation phraseology
 * phonetic alphabet

Terminal Objective: Perform an airport operation, given an assignment, a hazardous condition, and the airport policies and procedures, so that unsafe conditions are detected and rduced in accordance with the airport policies and procedures.

Enabling Objectives: Student must understand the following:
 * airport and aircraft policies and procedures for hazardous conditions


text:
Marie Samuel Njie

Marie Samuel Njie was a musician and singer, from, and popular in, The Gambia.

Life and family
Marie Samuel Njie was an important griot singer and cultural icon in her home country, The Gambia. She came from a family that produced several major griot singers. Her songs were accompanied by a xalam, calabash, and sabar, and were mainly about social and political issues as well as everyday life.

She regularly entertained the high society of Bathurst (now Banjul). She was also active in the 1950s in the Gambia Democratic Party, and later performed at party meetings of the United Party of Pierre Sarr N'Jie.

Her son Pap Touray or Paps Touray (c. 1944 – 19 May 2007) was also a successful musician from the 1960s and a former mentor of the Senegalese singer Youssou N'Dour. He was a co-founder and lead singer of the Super Eagles and Ifang Bondi ( de ) bands, as well as a composer and songwriter. Her other son, Abdoulie Mbye, commonly known as Abdoulie "Efri" Mbye or Efri Mbye, nicknamed Everybody Mbye, ? — 11 June 2019) was a historian, narrator and singer. Marie Samuel Njie had a major influence in both her children's singing careers. She was married to Goreh Mbye. Through her father Modou Njie, she was second cousin to the renowned Gambian historian and Pan-Africanist Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof via her paternal grandmother Lingeer Ndombuur Joof (Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof's great aunt), and a member of the Joof royal family of Sine, Saloum and Baol, as well as a member of the Njie royal family of Jolof. Her mother Rohey Njie was the daughter of Chaby Nyang, sister of the 19th century Gambian elder and renowned exorcist and seer Biram Camonge Nyang, himself a relative of Cham Joof. Although known as a griot, ancestrally, just like Youssou N'Dour, she was of royal blood. Some of the legendary traditional female singers of her generation included the late Sosseh Jange; Yaham Nyang (commonly known as Ya Mundow Nyang or Yamoundow Nyang); and Ya Mundow Jobe (or Yamoundow Jobe), wife of renowned Gambian oral historian and xalam player Doudou Nying (commonly known as Dodou Nying Kol Yandeh or Dodou Nying Koliyandeh)—a regular on Radio Gambia and Radio Senegal's joint weekly history programme Chossani Senegambia from the 1970s.

title: Marie Samuel Njie


text:
Metriacanthosauridae

Metriacanthosauridae is an extinct family of allosauroid theropod dinosaurs that lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. When broken down into its Greek roots, it means "moderately-spined lizards". The family is split into two subgroups: Metriacanthosaurinae, which includes dinosaurs closely related to Metriacanthosaurus, and another group composed of the close relatives of Yangchuanosaurus. Metriacanthosaurids are considered carnosaurs, belonging to the Allosauroidea superfamily. The group includes species of large range in body size. Of their physical traits, most notable are their neural spines. The records of the group are mostly confined to Asia, though Metriacanthosaurus is known from Europe. Metriacanthosauridae is used as a senior synonym of Sinraptoridae.

Diagnostic traits
Metriacanthosaurids share the following unambiguous synapomorphies among allosauroids: Metriacanthosaurids share the following dental synapomorphies among theropods:
 * A short or absent anterior ramus of the maxilla (also found in carcharodontosaurids and piatnitzkysaurids).
 * The laterosphenoid articulated on the frontal and postorbital.
 * A squamosal without constriction of the lower temporal fenestra. (also found in megalosauroids)
 * A flange on the squamosal covering the quadrate head laterally.
 * A well-defined longitudinal groove on the lateral side of the dentary housing a row of neurovascular foramina.
 * Broad, well developed spinopost-zygapophyseal lamina on the axis.
 * A manus shorter than the forearm.
 * Subrectangular and sheet-like neural spines of middle caudal vertebrae.
 * A manus without digit V or the phalanges of digit IV (also found in neovenatorids).
 * A heart-shaped cross section of the ilium's paired midshafts (also found in coelophysids).
 * Fused distal end of the ischium (also found in neovenatorids and basal tetanurans).

 * surface centrally positioned on the labial surface of the crown roughly flattened in lateral teeth
 * irregular and non-oriented enamel surface texture

Metriacanthosaurines share the following synapomorphies among metriacanthosaurids:
 * The anteroventral border of the maxillary antorbital fenestra being demarcated by a raised ridge (also found in Eoraptor, coelophysids, Masiakasaurus, Marshosaurus, and Compsognathus).
 * A pronounced ventral keel on the anterior dorsal vertebrae (also found in Condorraptor, Piatnitzkysaurus, Carcharodontosaurus and many megalosaurians).
 * A straight posterior margin of the iliac postacetabular process.
 * The angle between the long axes of the pubic shaft and boot being less than 60 degrees.
 * A ventrally curved ischial shaft (also found in coelophysids, Eustreptospondylus, Afrovenator, Megalosaurus and Compsognathus).
 * A bulbous fibular crest on the tibia (also found in  Sinosaurus).

Classification
Carrano, Benson & Sampson (2012) noted that the name Metriacanthosauridae should be used as it has priority over Sinraptoridae. Cladistically, Sinraptoridae had been latest defined in 2005 by Paul Sereno as the most inclusive monophyletic group that contains Sinraptor dongi and all species closer to Sinraptor than to either Allosaurus fragilis, Carcharodontosaurus saharicus, or the house sparrow (Passer domesticus).

Furthermore, the 2012 study named a new subfamily Metriacanthosaurinae to include all metriacanthosaurids more closely related to Metriacanthosaurus than to Yangchuanosaurus. A much larger phylogenetic analysis found Xuanhanosaurus, previously considered a basal megalosauroid, to be the basalmost metriacanthosaurid. Both Poekilopleuron and Lourinhanosaurus were recovered outside the family, and many taxa within the Metriacanthosauridae were in polytomy. However, the positions of Xuanhanosaurus and Poekilopleuron were very unstable, and their exclusion from the analysis gave a more resolved and stable cladogram. The cladogram presented here follows that study.

Palaeobiogeography
Metriacanthosauridae fossils have only been found in modern Europe and Asia, parts of the prehistoric landmass Laurasia. From those found in Asia, most are from China, with a few discoveries in Thailand and other Asian countries. The group is thought to have originated in Asia and spread westward to Europe. Yangchuanosaurus has only been found in Yangchuan, Sichuan, China. Metriacanthosaurus has been found in the Oxford Clay in Southern England. Similar to Yangchuanosaurus, Sinraptor has been found in Sichuan, but also in Xinjiang. In 2008, Xu and Clarke described a large tooth found in the Junggard Basin in Xinjian, China, belonging to a large sinraptorid. The Late Jurassic Qigu Formation in Xinjiang has also yielded evidence of metriacanthosaurid habitation in the form of sauropod bones with bitemarks most likely belonging to a metriacanthosaurid. Siamotyrannus has been found exclusively in Thailand. Shidaisaurus has been found in Yunnan, China. Fragmentary remains of allosauroids from the late Middle-early Late Jurassic Marnes de Dives in northern France bear close similarities to metriocanthosaurids, and may belong to members of the group.

title: Metriacanthosauridae


text:
4mat

Matthew Simmonds, also known as 4mat or 4-Mat, is an English electronic musician, sound designer, and video game composer best known for his chiptunes written in tracker software. He began his career in the demoscene of the early 1990s composing on the Amiga.

Demo scene

 * L.F.F., as the theme music on Skid Row's cracktro for Lemmings (1991)

Albums

 * Decades (2010)
 * Surrender (2011)
 * Legacy Trails (2011)
 * Extras (2011)
 * Origins (2012)
 * Rips (2012)
 * Guru (2012)
 * Sans Titre (2012)
 * Closure (2012)
 * Nadir (2014)
 * Modern Closure (2019)

EPs

 * Starfields (2010)

Video game credits
4mat has been credited on the following games:

 * CarVup (1990)
 * Violator (1991)
 * Chuck Rock (1991)
 * Micro Machines (1991)
 * Leander (1991)
 * The Fantastic Adventures of Dizzy (1991)
 * Dizzy: Prince of the Yolkfolk (1991)
 * Cardiaxx (1991)
 * Bubble Dizzy (1991)
 * Dojo Dan (1992)
 * Cosmic Spacehead (1992)
 * Arcade Smash Hits (1992)
 * Agony (1992)
 * Llamazap (1993)
 * X-COM: UFO Defense (1994)
 * Pinball Dreams II (1994)
 * Perfect Pinball (1995)
 * Chicago Syndicate (1995)
 * Diablo (1996)
 * Manic Miner (1997 remake)
 * Warcraft II: The Dark Saga (1997)
 * San Francisco Rush (PlayStation) (1998)
 * Splat! (1998)
 * Sim Theme Park (1999)
 * Klass of 1999 (1999)
 * Jet Set Willy (1999)
 * Warriors of Might and Magic (2000)
 * LEGO Racers (2000)
 * LEGO Alpha Team (2000)
 * Battlezone: Rise of the Black Dogs (2000)
 * Airforce Delta (2000)
 * SpongeBob SquarePants: SuperSponge (2001)
 * Robot Wars: Arenas of Destruction (2001)
 * Robot Wars: Extreme Destruction (2002)
 * SX Superstar (2003)
 * Lunar Jetman (2003)
 * Serious Sam: Next Encounter (2004)
 * Serious Sam Advance (2004)
 * Sudeki (2004)
 * Jetpak: Solar Crisis (2004)
 * Nicktoons Unite! (GBA and DS versions) (2005)
 * ViColumn (2005)
 * Who Wants to Be a Millionaire: Party Edition (2006)
 * Retro 2 (2006)
 * Fuck Space! (2006)
 * Deflektor X4 (2006)
 * Crusty Demons (2006)
 * The Birthday (2006)
 * Atic Atac (2006 remake)
 * Silent Hill: Origins (2007)
 * Ghost Rider (2007)
 * Silent Hill: Shattered Memories (2009)
 * Overlord: Minions (2009)
 * Overlord: Dark Legend (2009)
 * Rocket Knight (2010)
 * Digital: A Love Story (2010)
 * Terminal Love (2012)
 * Prompt (2014)
 * The Assembly (2016)

title: 4mat


text:
Dakshin Maynadal

Dakshin Maynadal is a village in the Panskura CD block in the Tamluk subdivision of the Purba Medinipur district in the state of West Bengal, India.

Location
Dakshin Maynadal is located at 22.4462°N, 87.7332°W.

Urbanisation
94.08% of the population of Tamluk subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 5.92% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the second lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Medinipur district, just above Egra subdivision.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Dakshin Maynadal had a total population of 1,024, of which 521 (51%) were males and 503 (49%) were females. There were 108 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Dakshin Maynadal was 712 (77.73% of the population over 6 years).

Culture
The pancharatna Radha Gobinda temple is a 200-year-old structure that has been renovated, as per the renovation tablet in the temple. (see picture of tablet).

title: Dakshin Maynadal


text:
Talk:Millet

Marathi names the Millet Family members
I am not sure if i am right, so i am just putting the marathi names here:

 * Finger Millet - Naachani (नाचणी)
 * Pearl Millet - Baajari (बाजरी)

I am hoping for either verification or corrections to the above, after which i will move it to the main page.

- mskadu (Talk|Contribs|Blog) at: 21:36, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Palaeoethnobotanists
Regarding the recent edit:

I don't know much about this, but there seems to be some missing link here:

Palaeoethnobotanists in Canada, Korea, and Japan have found evidence of the cultivation of millet in the Korean Peninsula dating to the Middle Jeulmun pottery period (c. 3500-2000 B.C.).

Why would a researcher in Canada or Japan find evidence in Korea? Are we just talking about the nationalities of the researchers, and not where the discoveries are being made?

Palaeoethnobotanical results or forensic results?

 * A sentence was recently added :

 * Millet was consumed in northern Europe at least since the Iron Age, based upon forensic analysis of Haraldskær Woman found in Jutland, Denmark.

 * PLease clarify about the method that yielded the above result. I doubt that forensic analysis had anything to do with this find. I think the results were obtained by palaeoethnobotany, which is sometimes also known as archaeobotany. Additionally, this statement requires a citation. Please clarify.

--Also, let's expand the European crop histor section if possible. Anyone? ^^ Mumun 20:49, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Acid/Alkaline diet
I have removed this text: "Millet is the only grain that retains its alkaline nature when cooked, thus making it ideal for those allergic to wheat and gluten, or suffering from intestinal overgrowth of candidiasis." as it appears to be a reference to the crank (unverified) Dr. Hay diet, and therefore not suitable material for Wikipedia. Millets are of course highly suitable for those with whreat allergy because they are not closely related to wheat. Mark Nesbitt 12:09, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

"Be careful..."
I removed the following statement from the article, that was added by on Oct 30 (with a subsequent spelling & grammar fix 3 edits later):
 * "Be careful when eating millet, as too much consumption can cause pancreatic cancer and stomach ulcers."

If this can be substantiated with a citation then of course it can be added back in to the article, but it done not make sense to leave in the article, even with a "citation needed" tag on it. -- <IP_ADDRESS> 19:02, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Ottoman Society
A millet is also a small, individually run religious group in Ottoman Society, part of the reaya group. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:53, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Modern use of millet in China/Korea?
Are there any common dishes in these cuisines that survive today? Ham Pastrami (talk) 13:19, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

According to Lu, in poor, rural areas of northwestern China, millet is still used to make noodles. "These modern millet noodles have a harder texture than the wheat noodles, so they are commonly called iron-wire noodles," he said. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/10/1012_051012_chinese_noodles_2.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:41, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

picture
The picture labeled "Millet fields in Annapurna-region of Nepal" covers up the table below it. Can someone fix it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:26, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

Nutrition
In Seven Samurai (Akira Kurosawa, 1954), one of the villagers suggests paying the 'good' Samurai mercenaries with their rice stocks, since they have an ample supply of millet. Others resist the idea, claiming that a millet-only diet will result in blindness. Any truth in this?FrFintonStack (talk) 01:32, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Millet is one of the most lysin deficient grain. Without balancing millet with rice or any other grain or food more balanced in lysin, it could lead to lysin deficiency. Lysin deficiency could lead to anemia, and anemia to sight trouble.
 * Shelled millet or millet groats cooked in goat milk and added with some butter or cheese (lysin-rich food) is actually the healthier existing grain meal.Erudihen (talk) 10:34, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
 * In the film the head samurai Kambei Shimada holds forth a bowl of millet, saying that they are honored to be paid with it (as that's all the villagers have to pay them with). Culturally it's analogous to grits, I suppose. kencf0618 (talk) 20:50, 12 October 2019 (UTC)
 * In the film the head samurai Kambei Shimada holds forth a bowl of millet, saying that they are honored to be paid with it (as that's all the villagers have to pay them with). Culturally it's analogous to grits, I suppose. kencf0618 (talk) 20:50, 12 October 2019 (UTC)

Removed scientific names from lead
A user had recently added the scientific names of different millet species to the lead. This info already was in the body of the article, so I removed it. I'm open to putting it back in the lead if others think that is important.LaTeeDa (talk) 12:12, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Origins: seeking consistency (or at least clarity)
In the lead to the article, the following statement is made:

 * While millets are indigenous to many parts of the world, millets most likely had an evolutionary origin in tropical western Africa, as that is where the greatest number of both wild and cultivated forms exist.

But later in the article itself, the following statement is made:

 * Millet made its way from China to the Black Sea region of Europe by 5000 BC.

I know that the statements are not inherently inconsistent (the "migration" of millet the plant from Africa to China would potentially pre-date human use by millions of years). But I think it would be wise if the movement from China to the Black Sea (and thence, presumably to Africa) was noted as being the movement of millet the food, rather than millet the plant.Doug (talk) 01:15, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I corrected and extended the passage about the origins to reflect the actual content of the source.
 * --KaiKemmann (talk) 21:39, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

fun fact
At an Ethiopian restaurant in Toronto popped corn was served with coffee at the end of the meal. I asked what they used in Ethiopia since corn is from America. After some consultation they said popped millet. --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 15:01, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

What defines a "millet"?
I think it would be useful if the article made clear the distinction between millets and other grains, like wheat or barley, which are also grass seeds. Is "millet" simply a wastebasket category for less important domesticated grains? Or do wheat and barley have specific characteristics that disqualify them from being called millets. I notice the article currently states that "Corn and sorghum are occasionally counted as major millets", and I remember seeing somewhere else the statement that sorghum is not a "true millet," which suggests that there is in fact some definition that a grain may either meet or not meet. (I'm asking this question because I only recently became aware that millets had an important role in human history, and I'd like to have a better sense of what a millet is).

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:12, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Millet. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120313173210/http://www.nal.usda.gov:80/fnic/foodcomp/search/ to http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 01:33, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Millet beer
Added a "Citation neded" tag on the Tao people making millet beer (or millet wine) claim. The Tao are the only indigenous group in Taiwan that doesn't have its own traditional alcoholic beverage, and moreover, they never grew millet, but instead taros. Millet wine is made by indigenous people from Taiwan proper, like the Amis or Atayal. However, I don't have any citations for this, as this knowledge came from interaction with locals and not a book or article. Goderich (talk) 15:53, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

Contamination a concern for celiac disease
This comment is not supported directly by the findings of the study: "While millet does not contain gluten, its grains and flour may be contaminated with gluten-containing cereals", shown here in ref 49. Rather, it references a 1988 Finnish study inaccessible by a link. The previous reference I used directly assessed the level of contamination in millet, here. The Saturni reference is not adequate for the statement, while the Koemer reference is a direct analysis. Is this a necessary item to include in the nutrition section for millet? --Zefr (talk) 22:14, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

 * That is no reason to reject the source. If you have not been able to access the study does not mean the authors of the review and its reviewers have not done so. Here is the link, access need a login . Remember that the review which cites this study is published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal with a current impact factor of 4.74.

 * I edited to remove an inaccurate information and replace a primary source by this review  per WP:MEDRS. The previous version said:

 * While millet does not contain gluten and is not suitable for raising bread, its fiber component may contain gluten contaminants in some consumer flours or starches.

 * It is possible to make bread with millet, but it has low baking quality as a consequence of the absent gluten network. And this wording you made "its fiber component may contain gluten contaminants in some consumer flours or starches" seems to be a not entirely successful interpretation of what the source says ("Looking at the total mean (composite) contamination for specific ingredients (of naturally gluten-free flours and starches used by Canadians with celiac disease) the largest and most consistent contaminations come from higher fibre ingredients such as soy (902 mg kg⁻¹), millet (272 mg kg⁻¹) and buckwheat (153 mg kg⁻¹). Of the naturally gluten-free flours and starches tested that do not contain a gluten-free label, the higher fibre ingredients would constitute the greatest probability of being contaminated with gluten above 20 mg kg⁻¹."). Not that "fiber component of millet" may be contaminated but the higher fibre naturally gluten-free flours and starches (such as soy, millet, and buckwheat) would constitute the greatest probability of being contaminated with gluten.

 * You are right, is not a necessary item to include in the nutrition section. Perhaps is better to move it to other section, a specific section?

 * I think it's a good solution including the two references, secondary and primary, as is often done in Wikipedia.

 * Best regards. --BallenaBlanca (talk) 11:14, 9 October 2016 (UTC)

 * The sources for making a case of gluten contamination in millet products are not the best and the issue is WP:UNDUE for weight. I prefer leaving it out. --Zefr (talk) 13:36, 9 October 2016 (UTC)

 * They may not be the best sources, but they are good sources.
 * The best way to fix this is adding the sentence to the existing paragraph about celiac disease, so I will do.
 * It is not WP:UNDUE, quite the contrary, is a crucial information for the health of people with gluten-related disorders, and a brief sentence.
 * Best regards. --BallenaBlanca (talk) 14:28, 9 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Source says "However some studies have demonstrated gluten contamination either in naturally gluten free products (soybean, rice, millet, corn, buckwheat) or in industrially-purified gluten free flours" and the source is a review. We base our content on reviews. Impact factor of the journal is 3.8 Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 04:03, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151638/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567 to http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567

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External links modified (January 2018)
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Line 4 opening paragraph cleaning and citation
I edited this:

Millets have been important food staples in human history[citation needed], particularly in Asia and Africa.

to this

Millets have been consumed by humans for at least 7,000 years, and have been said to play "a pivotal role in the rise of multi-crop agriculture and settled farming societies".

with this source

https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/23/460559052/millet-how-a-trendy-ancient-grain-turned-nomads-into-farmers

Enjoy!

Medmanschultzy (talk) 06:48, 4 May 2018 (UTC)

Page needs a section on processing.
There no mention in this article about processing, or whether there is a whole and a polished kind available. In the German Wikipedia, there is an article on Braunhirse or "Brown Millet" which is whole millet, not polished, just as whole wheat is not polished. Strangely there is no link to the German article on Braunhirse in English or in any other language.Contraverse (talk) 20:16, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

sowing rate mistaken
"and sowing rates are around 10 tons per hectare for dryland production"

This may be 10 Kilograms but nobody sows 10 tons, grain yields are also not 10 tons, so maybe forage yields could be 10 tons, but i suspect they meant kilograms <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:14, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

"Comparison with other major staple foods" should include potato
Potatoes are a common staple. Far more common than cassava. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:32, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Millet


text:
Ron Swoboda

Ronald Alan Swoboda (born June 30, 1944) is an American former professional baseball player and television sports color commentator. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder from 1965 through 1973, most notably as a member of the New York Mets team that became known as the Miracle Mets when they rose from being perennial losers to defeat the favored Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series for one of the most improbable upsets in World Series history. Swoboda executed one of the most impressive defensive plays of the series in the ninth inning of Game 4 to help preserve a Mets victory. He also played for the Montreal Expos and the New York Yankees.

Major league debut
Swoboda was born in Baltimore, Maryland where he graduated from Sparrows Point High School. He then played for one season at the University of Maryland, and after an impressive showing in the AAABA tournament in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Swoboda was offered a $35,000 contract to sign with the New York Mets and scout Pete Gebrian on September 5, 1963.

Swoboda spent only one season in the Mets' farm system in AA with the Williamsport Mets before making the Major League team in spring training, 1965. At the age of 20 he made his major league debut as a pinch hitter in the season opener, and lined out in his only at-bat. He pinch hit, again, in the second game of the season, this time hitting an 11th-inning home run (the Mets still lost, as the Houston Astros had scored four runs in the top of the inning). He homered again in his first at-bat on April 18, giving him two home runs in his first four Major League at-bats.

Swoboda hit 15 home runs by the All-Star break, the most ever by a Mets rookie in the first half of a season until Pete Alonso broke his record with 25 home runs in 2019. He commented during a television interview that he loved hitting fastballs; then he began seeing a lot more breaking balls and hit only four more home runs in the season. Still, his 19 home runs stood as a Mets rookie record until Darryl Strawberry's 26 in 1983. His rookie fielding percentage was a below-league-average .947, however, he had nine outfield assists. For his efforts, he was selected to the 1965 Topps All-Star Rookie Team. His 1966 Topps baseball card was imprinted with a gold trophy symbol. In the 1966 movie Penelope, Natalie Wood, as the title character, opens a pack of 1966 Topps baseball cards, sees Swoboda's rookie card, and asks police lieutenant Horatio Bixbee (Peter Falk) "Who's Ron Swoboda?"

1966 to 1968
Swoboda wore number 14 as a rookie in 1965. When the Mets acquired third baseman Ken Boyer from the St. Louis Cardinals prior to the start of the 1966 season, they granted him number 14, as he'd worn it in St. Louis. Swoboda wore number 17 briefly during spring training in 1966, then switched to number 4. His home run drought continued through the 1966 season, when he hit only eight home runs and batted .222, with 50 runs batted in.

During his early years with the Mets, Swoboda acquired the nickname "Rocky" as a result of his less-than-reliable fielding. Although he possessed a strong, accurate throwing arm, a fly ball hit in his direction was by no means a sure out. After having spent most of his time in left field his first two seasons, Swoboda was shifted to first base in 1967 to make room for newly acquired Tommy Davis in left. Swoboda's fielding at first was no better, and he was soon shifted to right field. Offensively, he had perhaps his best season, hitting .281 with 13 home runs and 53 RBIs. He led the Mets with six triples and a career-high 59 RBIs in 1968, and also had a career-high 14 outfield assists.

Miracle Mets
By May 21, 1969, the Mets won their third game in a row for a .500 winning percentage 36 games into the season for the first time in franchise history. This was followed by a five-game losing streak that saw the team fall into fourth place in the newly aligned National League East.

The Mets then went on an eleven-game winning streak that brought them back into second place, seven games behind the Chicago Cubs. On September 10 the Mets swept a doubleheader against the Montreal Expos. Coupled with a loss by the Cubs, the Mets found themselves in first place for the first time in franchise history. On September 13, Swoboda hit a grand slam against the Pittsburgh Pirates to propel the Mets to a 5–2 victory. Two days later, as the St. Louis Cardinals' Steve Carlton struck out a record nineteen Mets batters in a losing effort, the Mets defeated the Cards 4–3 at Busch Memorial Stadium on a pair of two-run home runs by Swoboda. On September 24, facing Carlton and the Cardinals again, this time at Shea Stadium, the Mets clinched the NL East as Donn Clendenon hit two home runs in a 6–0 Mets victory. The Mets won 38 of their last 50 games, and finished the season with 100 wins against 62 losses, eight games ahead of the second-place Cubs.

1969 World Series
Swoboda did not appear in the Mets' 1969 National League Championship Series three-game sweep of the Atlanta Braves to reach the World Series. The Mets were heavy underdogs heading into the 1969 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles. In Game 4, Swoboda, not known for his fielding, made a spectacular catch of a ball hit by Brooks Robinson in the ninth inning to stop an Orioles rally. The Mets won the game 2–1 in ten innings, and subsequently, the World Series. For the World Series, Swoboda batted .400. His only RBI was the game winner of the fifth and final game.

A photograph of Swoboda, stretched almost horizontally, just inches off the ground, became an iconic image for Mets fans. The Right Field entrance gate of Citi Field, the current home of the Mets, features a metal silhouette of a baseball player making a diving catch similar to the one Swoboda made during the 1969 Series.

Trades
In March 1971, Swoboda and minor-leaguer Rich Hacker were traded to the Montreal Expos in exchange for young outfielder Don Hahn. Three months later, the Expos traded Swoboda to the New York Yankees in exchange for outfielder Ron Woods. Swoboda played in his final major league game on September 30, 1973, at the age of 29 and was released by the Yankees at the end of the 1973 season. He was signed by the Atlanta Braves during spring training of 1974. The Braves, however, released him on March 25, 1974, after which Swoboda retired from baseball. He attempted an unsuccessful comeback with the Mets during spring training in 1976.

Post retirement
After his retirement from baseball, Swoboda worked as a television sportscaster in New York City on WCBS-TV, on WISN-TV in Milwaukee, and for many years at WVUE in New Orleans. He also worked at Cox Sports Television. Swoboda was the color commentator for telecasts of games played by the New Orleans Baby Cakes, the AAA farm club of the Miami Marlins before the team relocated to Wichita, Kansas after the 2019 season .He was also a recipient of the Thurman Munson Award in February 2009.

He appeared as himself in a 1999 episode of Everybody Loves Raymond along with several other members of the 1969 Mets. Swoboda was referenced by Homer Simpson in the episode MoneyBart.

Swoboda is mostly remembered for his dramatic defensive gem during the 1969 World Series. In a guest column for the New York Daily News, Swoboda wrote, "I'm kidded, occasionally, by folks who wonder: 'How long are you going to keep living off of one catch?' My answer: 'How long have I got left?'"

On June 11, 2019, Swoboda released his memoir entitled Here's the Catch: A Memoir of the Miracle Mets and More (Thomas Dunne Books).

Swoboda met his wife, Cecilia, at the University of Maryland. They were married on October 9, 1965, and had two sons, Ron, Jr. (September 13, 1966 – January 27, 2020) and Brian Christopher.

He is mentioned in the 1987 song "Steve and Edie" by Dramarama

title: Ron Swoboda


text:
Baptiste Trotignon

Baptiste Trotignon (born 1974) is a French jazz pianist and composer.

Life and career
Trotignon was born near Paris in 1974. He started playing the violin at the age of 6 and the piano three years later. His first solo piano album was 2003's Solo. Trotignon composes music and plays "interpretations of music from Led Zeppelin and [Bob] Dylan to Edith Piaf".

Playing style
The Daily Telegraph's Ivan Hewett wrote on the originality of Trotignon's style in 2009 that "Any references are only subliminally present in a style that's very much his own. He has certain favourite devices such as rapid-fire repetitions of single notes, and machine-gun alternations of the hands". The Guardian's John Fordham, commenting on a Trotignon duo concert with percussionist Minino Garay stated that the pianist's playing contained "startling chordal exclamations, plaintively romantic lyricism and [...] a collage of liquid lines and stuttering drumlike invitations to his partner".

title: Baptiste Trotignon


text:
Talk:Epidendrosaurus

Synonym "issue"
I'll quit this little edit war for the moment, but I feel like we're giving undue wight to an issue that has never even been addressed in any published literature. Several people have treated these two as synonyms, but as far as I know, it has never been discussed and the two specimens have never been compared in any published form. The issue of the extremely different tail lengths, and the differences in the sclerotic rings (made of several bones in Scansor but one solid piece in Epi) really need to be addressed. Not to mention that the provenance of Scansor is totally unknown, having been bought at a fossil show. Basically, this issue does not exist in the lit yet, and moving it to a prominent spot in the intro rather than a note in the taxonomy section seems like jumping the gun.

Same thing for Cryptovolans, by the way. I think people are being far too cautious with this nomenclature lately, by the way. After a few studies find M. gui, M. zaoianus, and C. pauli in a polytmy relative to other microraptorians, what's so bad about just synonymizing the darn things and getting it out there? Dinoguy2 (talk) 20:16, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * You may never see anything about Scanoriopteryx or Cryptovolans in the literature. We probably agree that this sucks, because the fossils themselves are exquisite. Still, it is likely that the specimens will never be compared directly, and everyone will just switch to synonymizing them without explaining why. Here's why. One way that paleontologists maintain their reputations is to not comment on the record about fossils of troubling legal status. Otherwise, they may comment only on condition that the fossils be returned, etc. In this case, the fact that paleontologists as diametrically opposed as Padian and Feduccia are moving ahead with treating them as synonyms (in print) should show you that it is indisputable. Those two have only ever agreed on one thing - and this was it. Many researchers won't even use the names "Cryptovolans" or "Scansoriopteryx". They just treat those two as if they were never discovered, because citing them would be professionally unethical and would legitimize the self - published, bombastic, and poor - quality descriptions that Czerkas gave them. But, sure enough, our Wikipedia articles take sides; we treat them as different genera, even giving them different illustrations. Wikipedia has a lot of power in terms of propagating ideas, and that carries responsibility. One reason it is citicized is that it may amplify poorly supported ideas and imply that they are of equal merit to contradictory, very well supported, ideas.

 * I didn't really understand your point about "cautious nomenclature". What would be gotten out there exactly?

 * But, I concede one point. I moved the Epidendro thing down to Taxonomy.Jbrougham (talk) 02:01, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The cautious nomenclature thing--It's my understanding that these species consistantly come out together in cladograms. Normally, even without looking at the specimen or even addressing them directly, this would be ample ground for a quick synonymization of M. z., M. g., and C. p. (or at least the creation of new combination Microraptor pauli). But this has never been done, which seems odd to me in these days where lumping phylogenetically indistinct taxa is pretty popular. Or has Cryptovolans never even been coded into published cladograms? I may just be thinking of Mortimer's.
 * Incidentally, who is in possession of Czerkas' specimens? If nobody is studying them, it is pretty unethical for Czerkas not to just give them back to the Chinese government... It's a real shame if they never see the light of print again. Especially Pterorhynchus :( Dinoguy2 (talk) 20:57, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

I don't know where the fossils are. Last I heard, Czerkas promised to repatriate them after his traveling show was done. I agree with you completely that it would be better to put an M. pauli in the cladograms. Some researchers probably will, maybe they will even synonymize it at a species level, i don't know. I suspect that several of the top researchers will just consider the specimen untouchable. They will probably also say that it wouldn't affect the cladogram anyway since, as you say, M. pauli would just be a third Microraptor species. Jbrougham (talk) 16:17, 31 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah, ok. Looks like the exhibit is still going around. Guess I'll have to be patient... Dinoguy2 (talk) 18:15, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

bird?
Well, It looks like a bird, closest relative of Archeopteryx, & more advanced. I'm starting to think it's a bird. -Walkingwith08 (talk) 18:47, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * What definition of "bird" are you using, to begin with? Dinoguy2 (talk) 13:06, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Flight
Could Epidendrosaurus fly? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:29, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
 * It's possible, but without good adult specimens it's impossible to tell. The scientists who described Epi thought it was unlikely, since flying birds have short hands while Epi's are long. The scientists who described close relative/synonym Scansoriopteryx left the possibility open. Dinoguy2 (talk) 13:05, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Is it known for certain whether it could glide? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:38, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Also, did it have a keel? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:34, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think the sternum was preserved, so unknown if it had a keel. Gliding is the same situation as flying--we don't know enough to be able to tell. Unfortunately, scansors have barely been studied at all so far. For pretty much any question you can think to ask about them, the answer will be "we don't know" ;) Dinoguy2 (talk) 11:36, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Epidendrosaurus


text:
Girl Scouts of Albania

Vajzat Udhëheqëse të Shqipërisë (VUSh, Girl Scouts of Albania, literally Albania's Girl Leaders ) is one of Albania's Scouting and Guiding organizations. In January 2017, VUSh chose board members and in April, a World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts evaluation delegation visited Albania to assess VUSh's potential to become an associate member. The organization was recognized as an associate member by the WAGGGS at the 36th WAGGGS World Conference held in New Delhi in September 2017, in tandem with Niger and at the same time Syria, Aruba, Azerbaijan and Palestine became full members. As of September 2017, over 200 6-16-year-old girls have joined the movement in 10 cities including Berat, Vlora, Librazhd, Peqini, Fier, and Rrëshen.

VUSh International Commissioner Lusiana Mailaj said, "It has not been easy, but VUSh has managed to create value within the community within a short time. I am very proud to be part of these values and gratefully for this moment" at the 36th World Conference.

The membership badge of Vajzat Udhëheqëse të Shqipërisë incorporates the double-headed eagle of the arms of Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg featured on the emblem of Albania.

title: Girl Scouts of Albania


text:
Talk:Dave Yovanovits

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:39, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090106223520/http://www.sportsnet.ca/football/nfl/players/Dave_Yovanovits/ to http://www2.sportsnet.ca/football/nfl/players/Dave_Yovanovits/

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title: Talk:Dave Yovanovits


text:
tramezzino

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) A usually triangular sandwich constructed from two slices of soft crustless white bread, popular in Italy.

Etymology 1
Coined as a substitute term for during the  process of. .

Noun

 * 1) a sandwich made from two or three slices of pancarrè, cut diagonally

title: tramezzino


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/el-chico-restaurants.de

Links

 * el-chico-restaurants.de resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Users

 * ויקיג'אנקי
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group sysop on some wikis
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group sysop on some wikis

Additions

 * Displayed all 3 additions.


text:
akvamarin

Etymology
From, from + , adjective form from.

Noun

 * 1) aquamarine the bluish-green colour of the sea
 * 2) aquamarine a bluish-green variety of beryl

Adjective

 * 1) aquamarine of a bluish-green colour

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  aquamarine

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  aquamarine

Noun

 * 1)  aquamarine
 * 2) aquamarine

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) aquamarine
 * 2)  aquamarine

Adjective

 * 1) aquamarine

title: akvamarin


text:
Space Delta 9

Space Delta 9 (DEL 9) is a United States Space Force unit responsible for conducting orbital warfare. Its mission involves preparing, presenting, and projecting assigned and attached forces for the purpose of conducting protect and defend operations and providing national decision authorities with response options to deter and, when necessary, defeat orbital threats. Activated on 24 July 2020, the delta is headquartered at Schriever Space Force Base, Colorado.

It replaced the interim 750th Operations Group, 50th Space Wing, which was activated a month before its redesignation.

title: Space Delta 9


text:
User:Igrabe/sandbox

Grant Gopez Bequizo

Grant Bequizo or (born August 30, 1993)[2] is a Filipino entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the founder and Executive Chairman of Bequizo Enterprise, a group of highly successful metrosouth businesses. He is the first mainland Filipino entrepreneur to appear on the cover of Forbes.[3] As of November 2014, he is the smartest man in the Philippines and 18th richest man in the world with an estimated net worth of $29.7 billion, according to Bloomberg Billionaires Index.[4]

title: User:Igrabe/sandbox


text:
Lovisa

Usage notes
Matronymics
 * son of Lovisa: Lovisuson
 * daughter of Lovisa: Lovisudóttir

Etymology
Phonetic rendering of. Popularized by 18th- and 19th-century Swedish royalty.

title: Lovisa


text:
rotzen

Etymology
16th century, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to blow one's nose noisily
 * 2)  to sniff up snot through the nose (and spit it out), to gob
 * 3)  to spit (on the pavement etc.)
 * 1)  to spit (on the pavement etc.)
 * 1)  to spit (on the pavement etc.)

title: rotzen


text:
User:WolfgangNihil/sandbox

ECTsim is an open-source software toolbox written in MATLAB designed primarily for measurement simulation and image reconstruction for electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), in industrial and biomedical aplications.

The name is an acronym for Electrical Capacitance Tomography Simulation. In the graphical logo, the letters E and s are replaced with the Greek letters ε (epsilon) and σ (sigma), which are symbols of permittivity and conductivity, two electrical properties of matter.

History
The project was launched in 2008 by prof. Waldemar T. Smolik in Data Acquisition and Processing Lab at Warsaw University of Technology with a MATLAB code for numerical simulation and image reconstruction in 2D ECT. In 2013, the software was expanded to include a refined cartesian mesh with the finite element method for solving the forward problem. The first attempt to expand ECTsim to support three-dimensional simulations took place in 2017, using a hybrid method where some functions were written in C++ and called in MATLAB to achieve faster computations. However, the software was unintuitive to use and prone to errors. In 2020, a new version of ECTsim was developed, supporting both 2D and 3D problems. The new version uses an octree refined mesh and the finite volume method, and it is fully written in MATLAB. Since 2024, ECTsim has been publicly available on GitHub under the Apache 2.0 license.

Numerical Modeling
ECTsim for numerical modeling provides a set of functions that, using geometric primitives and simple transformations, enable the creation of any 2D and 3D objects needed to model a measurement sensor for electrical tomography. These tools simplify the process of constructing complex models, making it easier for users to prepare detailed and accurate numerical simulations.

Forward Problem Solver
ECTsim utilizes the Finite Volume Method with quadtree and octree mesh refinement for 2D and 3D models, respectively. The software allows for the simulation of complex potential distributions, electric field distributions, and the preparation of sensitivity matrix. This capability enables the simulation of both conductance and capacitance measurements, providing comprehensive data for electrical capacitance tomography.

Image Reconstruction
The toolbox includes four fundamental image reconstruction algorithms: LBP, PINV, Landweber, and a semi-linear implementation of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. These algorithms facilitate detailed image reconstruction, and the software can display mean square error norms obtained during the iterative algorithm, aiding in the assessment and improvement of reconstruction quality.

Advanced Visualization Methods
ECTsim is equipped with advanced methods for displaying both 2D and 3D images, including Multi-Planar Reconstruction (MPR), shaded surface, and slice visualization techniques. These methods support windowing, allowing users to customize the view and enhance the analysis of the reconstructed images, providing a robust tool for visual interpretation and analysis of tomography data.

Applications
ECTsim has found applications in both industrial and biomedical fields, including lung imaging, and investigation of brain stroke. In recent years, due to its very fast operation while maintaining high simulation accuracy, it has been used for preparing training datasets for machine learning. This is a valuable, particularly in scenarios where large and accurate datasets are crucial, like 3D image reconstruction.

title: User:WolfgangNihil/sandbox


text:
Tiger Style

Tiger Style is an American independent video game studio. The studio was founded by industry veterans Randy Smith and David Kalina in 2008. Their first title Spider: The Secret of Bryce Manor, was released in August 2009, followed by Waking Mars in 2012. They are a fully independent collective of designers, artists, and musicians. The studio is known for working remotely, and is known for their cooperative pay structure, distributing royalties among the game production teams.

List of titles

 * Spider: The Secret of Bryce Manor (2009)
 * Waking Mars (2012)
 * Spider: Rite of the Shrouded Moon (2015)

title: Tiger Style


text:
Talk:Berlin, Illinois

This is probably the wrong place to put this, but I'm too distracted to read how to do it right. But perhaps it should be mentioned that the infamous Donner Party was originally from the Berlin, Illinois area.

<IP_ADDRESS> 08:48, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Berlin, Illinois


text:
Tennessee State Route 221

State Route 221 (SR 221) is a 7.4 mi east-west state highway in Crockett County, Tennessee, connecting the towns of Alamo and Gadsden. For the majority of its length, SR 221 is known as Alamo Gadsden Road.

Route description
SR 221 begins in downtown Alamo at an intersection with SR 54 and SR 88. It goes east through neighborhoods as E Church Street before leaving Alamo and passing through farmland and rural areas as Alamo Gadsden Road. It goes due east for several miles, where it crosses over a large creek, before turning southeast at a Y-Intersection with Emerson Road to enter Gadsden. The highway enters town along Quincy Street and passes by some homes before coming to an end at an intersection with US 70A/US 79/SR 76. The entire route of SR 221 is a two-lane highway.

title: Tennessee State Route 221


text:
Never Let You Go (Mando song)

"Never Let You Go" is a song recorded by Greek singer Mando, with music composed by herself, lyrics written by Teri Siganos, and produced by Johnny Jam. It in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003, held in Riga. It was the first entry from Greece in the contest that did not feature any Greek lyrics.

Conception
"Never Let You Go" was composed by Mando, with lyrics by Teri Siganos, and was produced by Johnny Jam. It is a dramatic ballad, with the singer telling her lover all the things she would do for him, but emphasising that she would "never let [him] go". In addition to the version fully in English, Mando recorded a version with English and Greek lyrics.

Eurovision
On 26 February 2003, "Never Let You Go" sang by Mando competed in , the national final that the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) organized to select its song and performer for the of the Eurovision Song Contest. The song won the competition so it became the –and Mando the performer– for Eurovision. For the song to participate in the contest, it had to be shortened to fit into three minutes.

On 24 May 2003, the Eurovision Song Contest was held in the Skonto Hall in Riga hosted by Latvian Television (LTV) and broadcast live throughout the continent. Mando performed "Never Let You Go" seventeenth on the evening, following 's "Hasta la vista" by Oleksandr Ponomariov and preceding 's "I'm Not Afraid to Move On" by Jostein Hasselgård. Mando wore an unusual navy blue gown, with a very tight lace-up bodice. The song was the first Greek entry in the contest that did not feature any Greek lyrics as she performed it fully in English.

At the close of voting, it had received 25 points and was placed seventeenth in a field of twenty-six. It was succeeded as Greek entry at the by "Shake It" by Sakis Rouvas.

Aftermath
In the fifth episode of the first season of Your Face Sounds Familiar aired on 12 May 2013 on ANT1, Mando replicated her performance at Eurovision.

Track listing

 * 1) "Never Let You Go" (Euro Version) - 3:02
 * 2) "Never Let You Go" (Original Version)- 4:19
 * 3) "Never Let You Go" (English/Greek Version)- 4:20
 * 4) "Never Let You Go" (Dance Mix) - 4:22
 * 5) "Never Let You Go" (Extended Club Mix) - 5:54

Chart performance
The song topped the Greek charts and was certified gold in Greece.

title: Never Let You Go (Mando song)


text:
Manson, North Carolina

Manson is an unincorporated community in Warren County, North Carolina, United States. The community is located on U.S. Route 1, 5 mi west-southwest of Norlina. Manson has a post office with ZIP code 27553.

Manson was originally known as Cheathamville. The name changed to Branchville after a branch of the Roanoke Valley Railway joined the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad in the community in 1858. The following year the community was renamed Mason in honor of O. F. Mason, a local doctor. The locale was incorporated in 1874, but it later grew inactive in municipal activities. The Green Duke House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

title: Manson, North Carolina


text:
moretto

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) dark-haired, brunette

Noun

 * 1) dark-haired child
 * 2) dark-haired and dark-skinned boy
 * 3) (old-fashioned) black servant boy, statue representing a black servant boy
 * 4)  boy, young man, especially in vocative speech acts: Vieni qui, bel moretto! "Come here, beautiful boy!"
 * 5) (regional) fiancé: Lo voglio dare al mio moretto / Questa sera quando vien "I want to give it to my fiancé / When he comes tonight"
 * 6) redstart bird

title: moretto


text:
Louisiana's 7th State Senate district

Louisiana's 7th State Senate district is one of 39 districts in the Louisiana State Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Gary Carter Jr. since 2021.

Geography
District 7 covers much of southern New Orleans and parts of Jefferson and Plaquemines Parishes, including all of Algiers and parts of Gretna, Terrytown, and Belle Chasse.

The district overlaps with Louisiana's 1st and 2nd congressional districts, and with the 85th, 87th, 102nd, and 105th districts of the Louisiana House of Representatives.

Recent election results
Louisiana uses a jungle primary system. If no candidate receives 50% in the first round of voting, when all candidates appear on the same ballot regardless of party, the top-two finishers advance to a runoff election.

title: Louisiana's 7th State Senate district


text:
Talk:David Geringas

Plagiarism
The two cited external links are so alike in their wording that obvious plagiarism is taking place. On top of that, in large part this article uses exactly the same wording as these links. Needs a rewrite. User:Brenont 00:56, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Geringas' instrument
I can't find appropriate citations for the identity of David Geringas' cello - the page on Guadagnini states that it was made in Turin but this is as unverified as the information here. As such, I have removed both locations until either can be proven. Fascinoma (talk) 01:03, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Geringas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070703225950/http://www.kajimotomusic.com/html_e/artist_jap/david_geringas.html to http://www.kajimotomusic.com/html_e/artist_jap/david_geringas.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:09, 31 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Geringas


text:
eturauhanen

Etymology
🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1)  prostate, prostate gland

Usage notes
The English adjective used to refer to prostate is prostatic. The Finnish equivalents include, the prefix (see "Derived terms" below) and, in medical jargon, the adjective.

title: eturauhanen


text:
gạo

Etymology 1
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 rəkʰəw and 🇨🇬 rekoˀ ("uncooked rice"). According to Sagart (2003), 🇨🇬, whence 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, was borrowed from Austroasiatic.

Noun

 * 1) dehusked, uncooked rice

Etymology 2
From. Compare.

Noun

 * 1) cotton tree

Adjective

 * 1) engrossed in studies

Noun

 * 1) cyst such as those in Cysticerus cellulosae or those caused by  in fish

title: gạo