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Engineering thermodynamics

Learning Resources

 * /Steam tables/ External links are available for printable steam tables for use by students. We also have a few quizzes and an unfinished MATLAB project to create steam tables.
 * The /Compressibility factor/ is an underdeveloped Wikiversity resource tells us the extent to which steam obeys the Ideal gas law.
 * The /Joule-Thomson effect/ is under construction, but Wikipedia's Joule-Thomson effect isn't bad. Eventually we want to develop this resource and include it, with wikiquizzes,  in a college course.
 * /Quizzes/ (We need a lot more. Please contribute because if we had this many we could begin to significantly reduce the cost required to educate engineers.)
 * /Gallery/ of images for future use by editors.

External resources

 * CoolProp CoolProp is an open-source database of fluid and humid air properties. It claims to have been formulated based on the most accurate formulations in open literature, validated against the most accurate data available from the relevant references.
 * Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems (NIST) is probably the best on the web for making Steam tables at all pressures.
 * Wikibooks Engineering Thermodynamics
 * LearnChemE screencasts on Thermodynamics
 * Engineering Thermodynamics - A Graphical Approach by Israel Urieli
 * http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/ generates large steam tables, but in form difficult to convert into files that can be read by a computer

title: Engineering thermodynamics


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Itsaraphap MRT station

Itsaraphap station (สถานีอิสรภาพ, ) is a Bangkok MRT rapid transit station on the Blue Line.

It is recognized as one of the four most beautiful MRT stations, along with Sanam Chai, Sam Yot, and Wat Mangkon stations.

Itsaraphap station is the first and only underground station in the Thonburi side and is the last underground before elevating above ground to the Tha Phra station. The station is bridged to Sanam Chai station through a tunnel running below the Chao Phraya River, with distance from the water surface to the tunnel approx. 30 m (98 ft) in depth, traversing horizontally under the Itsaraphap Road from Soi Itsaraphap 23 to Soi Itsaraphap 34.

The design of this station is based on the swan, a mythical creature which represents good fortune, and is also the symbol of Wat Hong Rattanaram, a temple with a very long history, built since the Ayutthaya era, in order to convey the history of the neighbouring areas, such as Wat Ratchasittharam, Wat Arun Ratchawararam (temple of dawn), Wat Hong Rattanaram, Thonburi Palace etc.

From this station, passengers can travel to various important places nearby, such as Dhonburi Rajabhat University, Bansomdej Chaopraya Rajabhat University, Kudi Chin Community, Taweethapisek School, Thonburi Hospital, Siriraj Hospital, Thonburi Railway Station with bus, songthaew (a type of tuk-tuk) or motorbike taxi.

Gallery
 File:MRT Itsaraphap station (Decoration).jpg File:MRT Itsaraphap train station (Entrance area).jpg File:Itsaraphap MRT Station 01.jpg File:Itsaraphap MRT Station 03.jpg File:MRT israpharp inside.jpg

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Itsaraphap MRT station


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Ῥῆσος

Etymology
“Ruler.” Satem sound-change from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  a king who fought on the side of Trojans in the Iliad

title: Ῥῆσος


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Banzai Media

The result of the debate was delete. Shanel 02:07, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Banzai Media
appears to be nn company. 740 google hits, but these are for "Team Banzai Media Corporation" which is another company in Texas. Pity there is no speedy for nn business.Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 04:22, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete it. There is no evidence of the Company's importance and it is pretty evident that it is not important given the somewhat humorous information that is provided Shawn 04:24, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-notable company -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 04:35, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination. BrownHairedGirl 04:44, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. ¡Dustimagic!  ( T / C ) 04:57, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Bucketsofg 05:21, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:23, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. Lankiveil 11:29, 20 March 2006 (UTC).
 * Delete the only Banzai I can think of are something to do with Digimon. Jud e (talk,contribs,email) 12:27, 20 March 2006 (UTC)


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retortamonad

Etymology
From, the type genus of the order.

Noun

 * 1) A microscopic flagellate of the order, which are mostly found in the intestines of animals.

title: retortamonad


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User:Shresthsingh71

Welcome to my page. Nice to see you here.

I’m Shresth, an architect by passion and an entrepreneur by profession. You can call me Shree. I originally hail from Alwar, Rajasthan (India), but have travelled far from the Thai to the Middle East. Been here since few years, going on the motto “Write less but good.“ Areas of editing interest: Soccer, Cricket, Infrastructure, Economics, Politics, Social Studies and whatever I feel like I know about.

I bust myths, and hate sock puppetry. Revert hate mongers and biased edits. Following Wiki pillars, and trying to make a small contribution to further add my little bit to this incredible source of indefinite knowledge. As word goes “Be neutral, stay true, and be factual”.

Share knowledge, not hate. Spread love. x

title: User:Shresthsingh71


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Petroleum and natural gas engineering

Petroleum engineering is the branch of the engineering sciences that deals with the economic production of hydrocarbons within the earth. Petroleum engineers are employed primarily by energy corporations to design wells and measures to get hydrocarbons from the earth and deliver them to market. Petroleum engineers are also involved in the exploration and estimation of hydrocarbons in the ground.

Drilling engineering - The discipline that deals with the design and operational aspects of drilling operations that aim to access the underground hydrocarbon (crude oil and gas) reserves.

Production engineering - The discipline that deals with the operation, troubleshooting and optimization of producing oil or gas wells; and design and operation of facilities for production and transportation of oil and gas.

Reservoir engineering - The discipline that is concerned with the quantitative estimation of underground reserves of hydrocarbons, as well as understanding the model of reservoir so that optimum exploitation scheme can be used.

The above disciplines supplement the geoscience discipline that attempts to understand and map subsurface hydrocarbon containing structures.

Traditionally, petroleum engineering has focused on the exploration and exploitation of naturally occurring oil and gas reservoirs. However, due to the increasing demand for hydrocarbons, the production of hydrocarbons from other fossil fuels or sources is also getting increasing attention. Examples of such alternative sources are hydrocarbons from coal, biomass, solid waste, etc. Further, hydrocarbons can be obtained from coal in several ways: The naturally occurring methane gas in coal beds can be produced through boreholes, the mined coal can be subjected to various reactions to produce liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons, deep coal deposits that are difficult to mine are subjected to gasification, etc.

title: Petroleum and natural gas engineering


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stronzata

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1)  rubbish, gibberish, nonsense, garbage
 * 2)  shit, bullshit

title: stronzata


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Nelly Martyl

Nelly Martyl (1 April 1884 – 9 November 1953), born Nelly Adèle Anny Martin, was a French soprano opera singer based in Paris who participated in several world premieres. During World War I and the 1918 flu epidemic, she worked as a nurse and received the Croix de Guerre for her service.

Early life
Nelly Adèle Anny Martin was born in Paris, the daughter of Jules Edouard Martin and Hélène Fleming. Her mother was English. She trained as a singer at the Conservatoire de Paris, studying with teachers Martini and Jacques Isnardon.

Career
Martyl was a soprano opera singer in Paris. She made her professional debut in 1907 in Gluck's Armide. She joined the Opéra-Comique in 1909, where she appeared as Micaela in Bizet's Carmen, Sophie in Massenet's Werther, Mimi in Puccini's La bohème and in the title role of Massenet's Manon, among others. Martyl performed in several world premieres, including Le Borne's La Catalane (1907), Erlanger's La Sorcière (1912), and, at the Monte Carlo Opera, Massenet's Amadis in 1922. She appeared in London's Royal Opera House Covent Garden in 1910, and recorded a duet in 1911. She was featured in fashion magazines, wearing gowns by Paris designers.

During World War I, she became a Red Cross nurse. She served at the Battle of Verdun in 1916, where she was called "la fée de Verdun" (the fairy of Verdun), and at the Second Battle of the Aisne in 1917. She also gave recitals in the military hospitals, and sang at benefit concerts. She was wounded and gassed, and after the war continued as a nurse during the 1918 flu epidemic. She was decorated with the Croix de Guerre with the carte du combattant (signifying service under particular hazard) in 1920.

After the war, Martyl created a charitable medical foundation with automobile racer Magdeleine Goüin, and the Nelly-Martyl Foundation's dispensary opened in 1929 in Paris; the building was razed in 2017, despite some efforts to preserve it.

Personal life
In 1909, Nelly Martyl married French artist Georges Scott. They remained married until his death in 1943. She died in 1954, aged 69 years, in Versailles. In 2016, to mark the centenary of the Battle of Verdun, a novel about Martyl, La fée de Verdun by, was published.

title: Nelly Martyl


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Νεῖλος

Etymology
From the noun, possibly from. The Egyptian name for it was ḥꜥpj.

Proper noun

 * 1) the river Nile

Descendants

 * Aramaic:
 * Classical Syriac:
 * Jewish Aramaic:
 * Classical Syriac:
 * Jewish Aramaic:

title: Νεῖλος


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Kievan

Etymology
From, from.

Adjective

 * 1) Of or associated with the city of.
 * 2)  Of or associated with the city of Kiev, especially when referring to the medieval period (c. 880–c. 1150) when the city dominated the East Slavic lands which today are Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.
 * 1)  Of or associated with the city of Kiev, especially when referring to the medieval period (c. 880–c. 1150) when the city dominated the East Slavic lands which today are Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.

title: Kievan


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Polski Fiat

Polski Fiat (literally in English: Polish Fiat) was a Polish car brand. Under this brand, cars under licence of the Italian manufacturer FIAT were manufactured or assembled in Poland.

Before World War II
The brand was created in 1932, when the Polish government made an agreement with FIAT to produce licence cars in a state factory PZInż. (Państwowe Zakłady Inżynieryjne) in Warsaw. The cars were sold and serviced by the newly created Polish-Italian company Polski Fiat SA. First cars were assembled from Italian parts (a compact car PF 508/I), other later models were also assembled from parts, such as the small car Fiat Topolino. From the mid-1930s, the factory started to produce whole cars.

The main produced models were (PF stands for Polski Fiat):
 * PF 508/III Junak - a compact car
 * PF 518 Mazur - a mid-size car
 * PF 618 Grom - 1.5 t truck
 * PF 621L - 2.5 t truck, also in a bus variant PF 621R

Special military models, developed in Poland:
 * PF 508/IIIW Łazik - passenger off-road car
 * PF 518 Łazik - passenger off-road car
 * PF 508/518 - utility off-road car and a light artillery tractor (based on parts of PF 508 and PF 518)

The brand ceased to exist after the outbreak of World War II, when the factory was seized by the Germans in 1939.

After World War II
The brand Polski Fiat re-appeared in the 1960s, when the Polish government renewed connections with Fiat and bought a licence for a mid-size car Polski Fiat 125p.

The deal was signed in 1965, and the first cars were assembled from parts by the factory, FSO, in 1967, their production started from 1968 and ended in 1991, however the brand Polski Fiat was replaced with FSO (which had already been seen on other models such as the 125p-based FSO Polonez) in 1983.

Between 1973 and 2000 a second licensed model was produced by the FSM: the small Polski Fiat 126p, based on the Fiat 126. The separate brand Polski Fiat disappeared in 1994, when Fiat bought the Polish factory, and Fiat models have since been produced in Poland under the Fiat brand, which was used before 1992 in export markets only.

In 2013, the one millionth Fiat was built at the FCA Poland plant in Tychy. By November 2019, the plant had manufactured 12 million vehicles. A report in 2020 stated that the plant employed 2,200 people and built over 1,000 cars each day. At that time, it was manufacturing Fiat 500 (2007) and Lancia Ypsilon vehicles.

title: Polski Fiat


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What is "programming"

Programming is coding, modeling, simulating or presenting the solution to a problem, by representing facts, data or information using pre-defined rules and semantics, on a computer or any other device for automation.

Contents
Programming is the art and science of translating a set of ideas into a program - a list of instructions a computer can follow. The person writing a program is known as a programmer (also a coder).

The exact form the instructions take depend on the Programming Language used. Languages run the spectrum from very low level like Machine Language or Assembly, to a very high level like Java. Lower level languages are more closely tied to the platform they are targeted for, while Higher level languages abstract an increasing amount of the platform from the programmer.

In other words, low level programming languages represent the instructions in a manner that resembles more closely the way the computer actually works. High level languages do resemble more the way the human mind works. Each type is a good fit depending on the particular case. Whenever speed and resource consumption are important, low level languages can provide an advantage since they cause much less "translation" and are less generic, thus causing less load on the computer. High level languages have much more abstraction and thus are better suited for tasks where maintenance and complex design is required.

After a programmer has finished writing the program, it must be executed. Traditionally, some languages (like Basic) are interpreted, while others (like C) are compiled prior to execution. Interpreted languages are executed "on the fly" at run time, while compiled languages have a separate compilation step that must be completed prior to running. Compilers are able to make certain optimizations that are unavailable to interpreters.

The program may fail to compile or execute due to syntax errors. These are errors caused by doing something that is unknown or illegal according to the language they have used. These errors have to be corrected before the program will execute.

If the program runs, the programmer must then verify that the program is working as they intended it to. When things don't go as the programmer intended, the error is said to be a bug. To eliminate bugs, the programmer goes through a process called debugging, where he tries to isolate and fix the source of the problem.

Questions for self-test

 * Next lesson
 * Back to course contents

See also:

 * Computer program
 * Computer programming

title: What is "programming"


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Introduction to Proofs

{| An introductory course from the School of Mathematics
 * bgcolor="#E6CFDD" style="border:1px solid #cfcfcf;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0em;"| Introduction to Proof and Problem Solving
 * bgcolor="#E6CFDD" style="border:1px solid #cfcfcf;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0em;"| Introduction to Proof and Problem Solving

 * bgcolor="#F4E3F3" style="border:1px solid #cfcfcf;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0em;"|
 * bgcolor="#F4E3F3" style="border:1px solid #cfcfcf;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0em;"|

Course Overview
Students learn the basic concepts and ideas necessary for upper division mathematics courses and techniques of mathematical proof in the context of specific topics. Introduction to sets, relations, elementary mathematical logic, proof by contradiction, mathematical induction, and counting arguments.

Since advanced mathematics courses require students to construct proofs, this class is necessary to study Real Analysis, Abstract Algebra, and beyond.
 * }

Course requirements
The following knowledge is required or desirable on commencement of study of this course:
 * High School Mathematics

Course outline
We're going to follow a number of different sources for this course. First, there is the Wikibooks' Set Theory textbook. We'll also cover material from the Wikibooks' Mathematical Proof textbook. As there are some limitations to those texts, we'll also cover material from outside sources.

 * Introduction to Mathematical Logic
 * Introduction to Sets and Operations on Sets
 * Direct Proof and Proof by Contradiction
 * Mathematical Induction
 * Equivalence Relations and Classes
 * Orderings
 * Functions and Mappings
 * Number Theory and Combinatorial Proofs
 * Countability Arguments

Lecture series

 * Lecture 1 Introduction to Proofs

Assignments
Problem sets will be posted here after a certain number of lectures (to be specified.)

Examinations
The plan is to have two 'midterm' exams and a comprehensive 'final' exam. Exam questions will be based on questions from the problem sets and the lectures.

Recommended student evaluation scheme
not available yet

title: Introduction to Proofs


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Talk:Nancy Hollister

We need a photo. Recent governors need photos.Arglebargle79 (talk) 17:55, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nancy Hollister


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Units, significant figures, and standard procedures

This lesson is a part of the School of Physics

In order to understand physics and work with physical theory accurately, there must first be a consistent understanding of the conventions and procedures of working out quantities and numbers.

Units
Most quantities that can be measured must be expressed in the correct units. The unit differentiates between whether one is talking about a measure of time, or a measure of distance, or several other fundamental types of observables that have come to light during our study of the universe.

Standard Prefixes
You already use units in everyday conversation. When you want to purchase something, the price of the item is measured in some combination of monetary units. In the U.S., these units are usually dollars and cents. In this system, a dollar is equivalent to 100 cents, although very few people would pay for an item using hundreds of cents. The American dollar is a simple example of a multiplicative unit. When reading the price of an item that costs more than 99 cents, you will most likely read it in terms of dollars, as that is the most convenient term to use. Seldom is the case where one reads an item priced at 10 dollars as being "a thousand cents".

Similarly, scientists must use appropriate types of scale when talking about large and small quantities. You would not want to talk about the mass of the Earth in the same unit as the mass of a few subatomic particles, for example, unless making a pointed comparison. One of the technical reasons for this is simple accuracy. It is just not feasible to be as accurate in talking about the mass of the Earth as one would be in measuring the mass of a few salt crystals. While the salt crystals can easily be measured to the nearest gram, the Earth's mass to the nearest gram is changing constantly (due to atmospheric evaporation and bombardment by radiation, particles, and tiny meteorites).

Scientists have developed a standard for referring to large and small quantities of units by referring to them as multiples of powers of ten. Each power is referred to by appending a prefix to the standard unit. The most common prefixes are listed below:

In terms of dollars and cents, we would then call a dollar a hectocent and if we used c as the unit abbreviation for cents, we would write 200 c = 2 hc. We generally don't go around talking about dollars and cents in this manner, but these prefixes are great way to quantify the myriad units we will encounter in the physical sciences. You may already be familiar with the kilogram as a unit of mass, and from the list above, you know that each kilogram is 1000 grams. You might purchase a few kilograms of cement or add a few grams of salt to a recipe, but you wouldn't want to add a few kilograms of salt to a recipe. This is again just an example of what physicists call order of magnitude.

Types of Units
The units of length and distance may seem obvious to you from everyday experience, but there are many other important units (ie., how would you measure the color of an object? We will learn more about color when we study electromagnetism), and there are ways of relating what may seem like completely different types of units to each other in a standard manner, including time and distance. Finding out that some units are really just products or multiples of some familiar unit is part of the allure of discovering new physics.

Units, most often the SI Unit Standard signify first and foremost what the quantity is relevant to. All SI units can themselves be expressed in terms of the seven SI base units below:

 * length, measured in metres, expressed as the symbol m
 * mass, measured in kilogrammes, expressed as the symbol kg
 * time, measured in seconds, expressed as the symbol s
 * electric current, measured in amperes, expressed as the symbol A
 * temperature, measured in kelvin, expressed as the symbol K
 * amount of substance, measured in moles, expressed as the symbol mol
 * luminous intensity, measured in candela, expressed as the symbol cd

The bold script indicating the symbols above is for emphasis; no special format is required when hand-writing these quantities provided that they are written clearly and in the correct case as shown.

There are many other SI units which have their own symbol, but every one of them is a shorthand for some product of the base units shown above (or equivalently, a product of other SI units which themselves are equivalent to some other product of base units, and so on). SI units are given their own symbol for two reasons; firstly, that the product they represent might be long and awkward to write, and secondly that units relevant to important scientific discoveries may be renamed and given a symbol of their own to honour their creator if the theory which uses them is a particularly significant discovery.

Writing Units
Many units belonging to quantities we can measure in physics are products of other units. As you know from mathematics, a product can include dividing one term by another - and from the Law of Indices we can also show that this is equivalent to multiplying the numerator by a negative power of the denominator. So, as an example, if we take a measurement of the velocity of an object, we express this in metres per second which we can write as:

 * $$m / s$$

Or equivalently as:

 * $$ms^{-1}$$

According to the the BIPM (Bureau Internationale de Poids et Measures), the international authority responsible for standardising systems of measurement, either of these methods is acceptable in scientific literature as long as the form of the unit is clear and unambiguous.

Significant figures and Uncertainty
We will frequently be using measured quantities (which will be expressed as some number or collection of numbers) in equations and formulas in order to relate them to quantities we wish to predict the value of. In all of these cases, it will be very important to pay attention to the precision of the numbers that we have actually measured, as it is very easy to get lots of meaningless numbers from applying basic formulas, all the while forgetting that we did not measure the observables with the precision that we are getting out of blindly applying the formulas.

Instrument Precision
As an example, when you measure the length of something short with a ruler, you may notice that between the centimeter marks, there are ten marks, allowing you to eyeball measurements like 2.64 cm. However, note that the 0.04 cm in the previous measurement is not a precise measure (it is not infallible). The ruler does not give markings down to hundredths of a centimeter; you can really only say that "It looks like the length is 2.64, but my instrument can only report the length as being between 2.60 and 2.70 cm somewhere close to that measurement." You have no hard evidence to support the 0.04; you only hypothesize that its somewhere around the 4 hundredths mark. It could actually be near the 3 hundredths mark or near the 5 hundredths mark, if there were such markings, but it definitely would not be around the 6 hundredths mark. All numerical measurements have this sort of error involved and scientists include the instrumental precision in every measurement by using the notation $$2.64 \pm 0.01$$ cm which means the object you measured is between 2.63 and 2.65 centimeters in length. That is definitely a statement you can support using your ruler. More advanced instruments also have statistical fluctuations in either the property they are measuring or the process/physical properties of the parts being used to measure the phenomenon and they all report (either live or in the manual) statistical uncertainty. Check your scale at home for its uncertainty. While you may expect your scale to tell whether you have sneakers on or not, it may not be able to tell whether you got a haircut today.

Unqualified measurements, those without explicit errors written in, are usually assumed to have a unit error in the most precise digit unless otherwise stated. Ie., if you see a measurement given as 5.4 g, it is usually meant as a shorthand for $$5.4 \pm 0.1$$ g.

Significant Figures
As we have seen above, all instruments have some finite precision. Significant figures are a method of keeping track of the order of magnitude of the error involved in a calculation. For example, You might read 3.26 cm off of a ruler. We say that such a measurement has 3 significant digits, which means all 3 digits present were measured on the ruler, implying the last digit, 6, is uncertain by some amount.

Suppose you measure something to be 0.05 cm using the same ruler. This measurement has only one significant digit (we didn't measure those two zeroes; they are only placeholders, an artifact of our decimal system), and it is uncertain, making it a very weak measurement (you wouldn't use this type of ruler to measure the thickness of paper). If you are ever confused about whether the digits in a measurement are significant and the context does not specify, simply write the measurement in scientific notation. The number of digits in the multiple of the power of ten are the number of significant digits. Above, 0.05 cm becomes 5 x 10-2 cm, with one significant digit.

Addition and Subtraction
For simple calculations, it is important to recognize that you can't get more information from a formula than the information contained by the weakest measurement you put into the formula. Ie., if you measure one object with a normal centimeter ruler and a larger object with a meter ruler, the smallest marking of which is one centimeter, and then add the lengths together, you should not expect to get a length that is precise down to the hundredth of a centimeter. Why not? Because you don't know how many hundredths of centimeters may be present in the length of the larger object. It could be anywhere from none at all to hundreds, which would make your overly precise sum quite nonsensical. This yields the following rule when dealing with addition: The result of an addition or subtraction of two measurements is only as precise as the least precise of the two measurements.

For example, if we have 3.4 g of water and 5.504 g of salt, we expect to get 8.9 g of salt water when we mix them together, not 8.904 g. We do not know what's going on in the hundredths and thousandths place of the mass of the water, only that it's between 3.3 g and 3.5 g of water that we have. For all we know, we may get 8.813 g of salt water as measured by a more precise instrument. As you can see, the 0.004 g carries no useful information.

Multiplication and Division
For reasons similar to the above, if one is taking the product or quotient of two numbers, the result is always rounded to the precision of the least precise measurement involved. Suppose a car is measured by a radar gun to be travelling at 10 m/s (accurate to the nearest meter per second), and you time the car as taking 10.7 seconds to go between point A and point B at that speed. As we will learn later, we can get the distance travelled by the car by multiplying the speed by the time taken. We do this and get 107 m. Rounding to account for the least precise measurement, which only has 2 significant digits, we get 110 m as the approximate distance between A and B. In this last value, note that the trailing 0 is only a placeholder and is not significant.

''Some texts will denote whether the trailing zeroes are significant or not by placing a decimal point after the last zero. This can get rather pedantic, so whenever the trailing zero is significant, we will simply alert the reader to the precision of the measurement, as in the radar gun measurement above.''

We round to 110 m in order to give the correct impression of the uncertainty of the result. The value of 107 m has 3 significant digits, misleading one to believe there is only an error in the units place. If one looks at the possible range of distances (from 95.4 m to 118.8 m using the lowest possible and highest possible values for the underlying measurements, respectively), one sees how inaccurate that would be.


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Dickey Mountain

Dickey Mountain is a mountain in Thornton, New Hampshire, United States. It is part of the White Mountains and has a summit that is 2734 ft above sea level. The mountain has an exposed summit which is accessible via the Welch-Dickey trail, a 4.4 mi loop which also crosses Welch Mountain. It is one of five places in New Hampshire which is home to the jack pine.

title: Dickey Mountain


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Category:Neighbourhoods in Hisar (city)

This category is for neighbourhoods in the city of Hisar and articles related to neighbourhoods in that city.

title: Category:Neighbourhoods in Hisar (city)


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Managerial Economics/Interest Calculations

Interest calculations are the relationship between time and money. For example, what's the difference between having $1,000,000 (1 million) now, versus having it a year later? If the money could have been received earlier and invested at 10%, then you would have had an additional 100,000 dollars the next year.

In a loan situation, you are taking money from the bank. This is money that you can spend now, so you are in effect, paying (paying the interest) to have this money on hand immediately. Conversely, when you invest, you are granting immediate money to another party, and they are paying you for this money, through interest.

In this section, we will be covering interest in depth and the different ways that interest can compound, and how it's calculated. In later sections we will cover cash flows such as payments in geometric and linear patterns.

Terminology

 * Principal
 * The initial money amount received in a loan or spent in an investment.

 * Interest Rate
 * The interest rate is the "cost" of the money, it is a percentage per period of time.

 * Interest Period
 * A measurement of the frequency that interest rate is applied to the current loan/investment. Typically Annually, Semi Annually, Quarterly or Monthly.

 * Annually
 * Interest is calculated once a year; Interest is usually calculated at the end of the year.

 * Semi Annually
 * The interest is calculated twice a year; Typically the interest will be calculated half-way through the year, and at the end of the year.

 * Quarterly
 * The interest is calculated 4 times a year, or every three months.

 * Monthly
 * Interest is applied at the end of every month.

Converting Interest Rates to different Interest Periods
Typically loans are given with a certain Annual interest rate, regardless of whether or not interest is calculated annually or not.

To convert from an interest period where interest is applied once, to a semi annually (were it's applied twice), the annual interest rate is converted to a semi annual interest rate.

This is best explained with an example. Suppose the annual interest rate is 10% and is to be applied semi-annually on a loan amount of $1000, then the interest is calculated as below:

The annual interest rate: 10% Number of semi-annual time periods in an year = 2 Therefore, semi-annual interest rate = 10/2 = 5%

Amount due at the end of the first half year = 1000*(1.05) = 1050

Amount due at the end of the second half year = 1050*(1.05) = 1102.50

Effectively you are halving the interest rate but multiplying it to to the amount twice.

Similarly, if the interest was to be applied on a quarterly basis then you would divide the annual interest rate by 4, but also multiply it to the amount 4 times.

In other words, if R is the annual interest rate, n is the number of time periods at which interest is applied then the effective rate E is given by

$$E = \left(1+\frac{R}{n}\right)^n$$

Bond equivalent yields (also called APR on most consumer loan documents) add these sub period rates to get an annual rate. The actual or effective rate compounds the interest according to the periods specified in the loan documents (normally continuous, daily, monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually). To calc the effective rate you would add one to each of the period rates and multiply them together, then subtract one. If all your period rates are the same length and carry the same rate you can simplify the function to the form $$I=P*\left(\left(1+\frac{r}{n}\right)^n-1\right)$$

As an example for a quarterly 12% APR you have four compounding periods (each with 3% interest per period). Your effective rate is (1+0.03)^4-1 or 12.55% (rounded to two decimal places). As your n approaches infinity the formula changes to P*e^r where e is a constant that is approximately 2.71828 (it is irrational).

By convention different security types use different month and year assumptions. A few common assumptions are actual number of months/actual days in the year, 30 day months/360 day year, 30 day months/365 day year.

Simple Interest
Simple interest is where interest is calculated only of the principal. This will mean that the added amount of interest added during the interest period is constant throughout the duration of the transaction.

For example if I were to take a loan of 1000 dollars at 10% interest annually. At the end of each year I would owe an addition $100 dollars, regardless of however much the loan has shrunk.

Under simple interest the final amount due can be easily calculated

$$ I = (iP)N $$ Where I is the total interest due. P is the Principal. i is the interest rate. N is the number of times interest is applied. ie Number of Interest periods per year times number of years. The Final value of the transaction can be easily calculated under simple interest. Since the final value is the Principal plus the interest you get the following formula.

$$ F = P + I = P + iPN = P(1 + iN) $$ Where F is the final value. I is the total interest due. P is the Principal. i is the interest rate. N is the number of times interest is applied. ie Number of Interest periods per year times number of years. P = $1000 i = 10% N = 1 year

Calculation Simple Interest Formula $$ F = P (1 + iN) $$ $$ F = 1000 * (1 + (10/100) * 1) $$ $$ F = 1000 * 1.1 $$ $$ F = $1100 $$  Simple interest is less common than compound interest and is occasionally found in add-on loans or bonds.

Compound Interest
test Compound interest is denoted by the formula $$A = P(1 + i)^n $$

Inflation
http://www.economist.com/research/Economics/alphabetic.cfm?LETTER=I#INFLATION

Equivalence Calculations
.8511

1233


text:
Swimming at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metre freestyle

The final of the women's 800 metre freestyle event for the 1976 Summer Olympics was held on July 25, 1976, in Montreal, after the preliminary heats on July 24, 1976.

Heats
Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3


text:
Andreas Athanasakopoulos

Andreas Athanasakopoulos (Ανδρέας Αθανασακόπουλος; born 27 November 2001) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Super League club Lamia.

Panathinaikos
Athanasakopoulos plays mainly as a midfielder.

title: Andreas Athanasakopoulos


text:
Sarah Bezra Nicol

Sarah Bezra Nicol (died 1834 or after) was a British actress who became known for playing older women character roles in Edinburgh.

Life
Sarah's birth name is unknown. At the end of the 18th century, she was first noticed as a servant to Colonel and the Hon. Mrs Milner. They encouraged her after she joined an amateur dramatic society known as the "Shakespearean Society of London" which put on plays in a small theatre in Tottenham Court Road. The Milners saw her appear in Venice Preserv'd and they supported her in her ambitions and she went on to act outside London. She soon became "Mrs. Nicol" – her husband worked as a printer – and this was the name under which all her subsequent work was done. In 1800 she gave birth to Emma Nicol who was the first of four daughters who were to become actresses.

By 1807 she was the character actress of choice for old woman roles at the Theatre Royal in Edinburgh, and in the following year she had her first benefit performance. Mrs Nicol appeared with Henry Siddons at the New Theatre Royal on Leith Walk and she went on play character roles like Mrs Malaprop. She was in the company chosen to perform in an operatic adaptation of the novel Rob Roy for the first time in the city. It was titled "Rob Roy MacGregor" and it was adapted by the manager of the theatre William Henry Murray and first performed on 10 June 1818. Mrs Nicol played the role of Jean McAlpine in the play and when King George IV visited Scotland he saw Rob Roy and she was still in that role. Two of her daughters appeared with her in Rob Roy MacGregor with Emma taking the role of Mattie. Emma Nicol left the city to find work in London at some time around 1823.

In 1823 Mrs Nicol was engraved as Miss Grizelda Oldbuck by William Home Lizars. She had played that part at the Theatre Royal in an adaptation of Walter Scott's novel The Antiquary.

By 1833 she was too elderly to get regular work and she died sometime after her farewell performance at a benefit in 1834. By November 1834 Emma was back in Edinburgh playing the type of roles her mother had played at the Theatre Royal. It was noticed that she had developed her skills considerably since she had left which enabled her to play the roles that her mother had made her own.

title: Sarah Bezra Nicol


text:
Talk:Light Grenades

Fair use rationale for Image:IncubusLightGrenades.jpg
Image:IncubusLightGrenades.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 08:30, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Criticism
Why is the Criticism section necessary at all? And if it is, it needs to be expanded upon. Metsfanmax 19:12, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Incubus light grenades 600x596.jpg
Image:Incubus light grenades 600x596.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 03:30, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070930191800/http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=4342 to http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=4342

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:27, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Light Grenades


text:
Cookbook:Breakfast

Breakfast is the first meal of the day, eaten in the morning to break the fasting period of sleep. Breakfast traditions vary greatly around the world, from the minimal Café au lait of France to the hearty spreads of the substantial English Breakfast. A breakfast should provide enough energy to realize the daily activity until noon or lunch but it should also be light enough as to be easy to digest.

For a complete, automatically generated, list of recipes which have been categorized, on their individual pages, as being breakfast recipes, see Breakfast recipes.

Also, below, is a list of a few selected breakfast recipes contributors have manually added to this page:

Breads

 * Cardamom Bread
 * Chipped beef on Toast
 * Dosa – eat with sambar and coconut chutney, or with eggs
 * French Toast
 * Orange French Toast
 * Idli – eat with sambar and coconut chutney
 * Pumpkin Bread
 * Toast

Muffins

 * Apple Streusel Muffins
 * Banana Chip Muffins
 * Banana Nut Muffins
 * Blueberry Muffins
 * Bran Muffins
 * Chunky Cran Apple Bran Muffins
 * Corn Muffins
 * Oatmeal Muffins
 * Orange Chocolate Chip Muffins
 * Raisin Oatmeal Muffins

Pancakes

 * Æbleskiver
 * Bliny (Russian blini/bliny/blin)
 * Chocolate Chip Pancakes
 * Cottage Cheese Pancakes (much lighter than regular pancakes)
 * Crêpe
 * Pancakes (basic pancakes)
 * Vegan
 * Whole Wheat Vegan
 * Blueberry Pancakes
 * Whole Wheat Pancakes

Waffles

 * Breakfast Waffles
 * Breakfast Waffles (Gluten-Free)
 * Waffles II
 * Whole Wheat Waffles

Eggs

 * Cazuela Gallega
 * Cottage Cheese Eggs
 * Breakfast Burrito
 * Fried Eggs
 * Hard Boiled Eggs
 * Latino Scramble
 * Not Quite Eggs Benedict
 * Poached Eggs
 * Scrambled Eggs
 * Soft Boiled Eggs
 * Southwestern Scramble

Omelets

 * Basic Omelet
 * Bacon Cheese Omelet
 * Potato Omelet
 * French Omelette
 * Denver Omelet
 * Spanish Omelet
 * Greek Omelet
 * Frittata Omelet

Hot Cereal

 * Hominy Grits
 * Porridge (oatmeal)
 * Øllebrød

Miscellaneous breakfast recipes

 * Grand Union Bacon
 * Vegetarian "Bacon" Gravy over Biscuits
 * Hash Browns
 * Slinger
 * English Breakfast
 * Chupaqueso
 * Wakeup Sausage Casserole AKA "Sausage Tossage"

ספר מתכונים/ארוחת בוקר

title: Cookbook:Breakfast


text:
Salaga Slave Market

Salaga Slave Market is an 18th-century slave market located in the East Gonja District of northern Ghana. During the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, Salaga served as an important market where slaves were transported to the coast for export. The market also served as outposts for the movement of slaves along the trans-Saharan routes.

History
From the 16th century, Salaga was one of leading market centers in West Africa. Kola, beads, ostrich feathers, animal hides, textiles and gold were among the goods traded in the market. However, in the 18th century, the market became a key center in the trading of humans. People from the Upper west, Upper East and Northern Regions served as sources for slaves. Slaves from the market were mostly exchanged for Kola nuts, cowries and gold.

title: Salaga Slave Market


text:
Bobo-Usmon Baturov

Bobo-Usmon Baturov (ru:Бобо-Усмон Шамсутдинович Батуров, uzb: Bobo Usmon Baturov born 16 November 1994 in Jizzakh) is a Uzbekistnai amteur boxer is who performs in the welterweight and first middleweight categories. Bronze medalist of the World Championship (2019), champion of the Asian Games (2018), two-time Asian champion (2019, 2021).

Amateur career
Bobo-Usmon Boturov competes in the second welterweight category. He has been competing in amateur boxing since 2013.

Gold medalist of Islamic Solidarity Games 2017 welterweight (69 kg)

In 2018, he took part in the Asian Summer Games, which were held in Jakarta. In the second welterweight division, he managed to win a gold medal, in the final he defeated an athlete from Kazakhstan Aslanbek Shymbergenov.

In Bangkok, at the 2019 Asian Championship, he became the champion of the continent, in the final he beat the Japanese boxer Sevon Okazawa.

At the 2019 AIBA World Championships in Yekaterinburg, Bobo-Usman reached the semifinals, in which he lost to English boxer Pat McCormack, thereby winning the bronze medal.

He competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, where he reached the welterweight quarterfinals.

title: Bobo-Usmon Baturov


text:
Fathabad, Zeberkhan

Fathabad (, also Romanized as Fatḩābād) is a village in Eshaqabad Rural District, Zeberkhan District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16, in 5 families.

title: Fathabad, Zeberkhan


text:
Hashemabad-e Soltani

Hashemabad-e Soltani (, also Romanized as Hāshemābād-e Solţānī) is a village in Rivand Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 107, in 31 families.

title: Hashemabad-e Soltani


text:
User:Calguzzie/TWA/Earth

The Earth is home to millions of species of plants and animals, including humans.

Earth is the only planet in the galaxy which is known to support life. Earth has many places that are suitable for humans to live; although, some areas of the planet can be dangerous for humans or uninhabitable. Changed text to be more neutral and unbiased.

title: User:Calguzzie/TWA/Earth


text:
Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Hydrolysis

Water can pull a halide off of an alkane and leave a hydroxyl group in its place. Water can ...


text:
whiskey tango foxtrot

Etymology
From the NATO phonetic alphabet names for the letters W, T, and F.

Interjection

 * 1)  What the fuck; an expression of shock.

title: whiskey tango foxtrot


text:
List of public art in the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall

This is a list of public art in the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall, in the West Midlands, England. This list applies only to works of public art accessible in an outdoor public space. For example, this does not include artwork visible inside a museum.


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Mossy leaf-tailed gecko

Mossy leaf-tailed gecko
Voting period ends on 25 Aug 2020  at 10:01:35 (UTC)

 * Reason:High quality large images. FP on Commons. Illustrates article well. The top image shows the gecko's camouflage (crypsis)
 * Articles in which this image appears: Crypsis, Mossy leaf-tailed gecko
 * FP category for this image:Featured pictures/Animals/Reptiles
 * Creator:Charlesjsharp

 * Support as nominator – Charlesjsharp (talk) 10:01, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. MER-C 15:36, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. I can see it in the second photo, but not in the first... ;-) --Janke | Talk 16:15, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support Excellent pair of photos with strong EV Nick-D (talk) 23:08, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support – Amazing. – Sca (talk) 13:29, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * PS: – I suggest that certain of our politicians equip themselves with dermal flaps. – Sca (talk) 13:32, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Support – 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 10:07, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support, wow. — Yerpo Eh? 16:51, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * None of the images is used in Mossy leaf-tailed gecko. Armbrust The Homunculus 10:40, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * oops. Sorted. Charlesjsharp (talk) 12:00, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

--Armbrust The Homunculus 15:19, 25 August 2020 (UTC) --Armbrust The Homunculus 15:19, 25 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
bioindustry

Noun

 * 1) Any of the industries associated with biotechnology

Related terms

 * bioindustrial

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: bioteollisuus
 * French:
 * German: bioindustriell
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:
 * Portuguese: bioindústria
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili:

title: bioindustry


text:
User:Stephen vines/Books/CompTIA Server+ Study Guide

SK003 Study Guide

 * Intro
 * Server (computing)
 * Server room
 * Server farm
 * Data center

 * Server Types
 * Database server
 * File server
 * Print server
 * Application server
 * Web server
 * Blade server
 * 19-inch rack

 * Windows Server
 * Windows Server 2003
 * Windows Server 2008 R2
 * Windows Server 2012
 * Cmd.exe
 * List of DOS commands
 * Active Directory

 * Hard Drives, Memory and Storage
 * Computer data storage
 * Hard disk drive
 * File Allocation Table
 * NTFS
 * RAID
 * Standard RAID levels
 * S.M.A.R.T.
 * Tape drive
 * Magnetic tape data storage
 * Optical storage
 * Optical jukebox
 * Serial ATA
 * ISCSI
 * SCSI
 * Network-attached storage
 * Storage area network
 * Failover
 * Snapshot (computer storage)
 * Computer memory
 * Random-access memory
 * Logical unit number
 * Logical Unit Number masking
 * Server Message Block
 * LM hash
 * Network File System
 * CPU cache
 * ATA over Ethernet
 * Switched fabric
 * Fibre Channel over Ethernet

 * Backup
 * Backup
 * Data redundancy
 * Data deduplication
 * Fault tolerance

 * Network
 * Network architecture
 * Internet layer
 * Link layer
 * Physical layer
 * Data link layer
 * Network layer
 * Transport layer
 * Session layer
 * Presentation layer
 * Application layer
 * Transmission Control Protocol
 * Internet Protocol
 * Media access control
 * User Datagram Protocol
 * Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
 * Simple Network Management Protocol

 * Virtualization
 * Virtualization
 * Virtual machine
 * Storage virtualization
 * Hypervisor

 * Troubleshooting
 * Troubleshooting
 * Hardware compatibility list
 * Logfile
 * Application service management
 * Root cause analysis
 * Quality control
 * Syslog
 * Server log
 * Event Viewer

 * Security
 * Computer security
 * Network security
 * Cloud computing security
 * Access control list
 * Security policy
 * Data loss prevention software
 * Data security
 * Disk encryption
 * Physical information security
 * Firewall (computing)


text:
User:Olympic test student

Hi, I'm a test account used by User:Stevenarntson to help administrate and verify resources available to college courses from Olympic College in Bremerton, Washington.

title: User:Olympic test student


text:
Talk:The Poison Belt

War of the Worlds up-beat ending?
Whereas The War of the Worlds ends by stating that any future attackers would suffer the same fate as the Martians...

Does it? I seem to remember something like "Is our planet really safe? Or is this merely a reprieve, while the Martians make ready for another attack?" in the closing chapter of the book.

Anybody can confirm this? -- Syzygy 09:48, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No, it's right. "By the toll of a billion deaths, man had earned his birthright, and the earth was his against all attackers." That's from memory, but it's close to accurate. The earth was given to humanity. Of course, a poison belt could also happen along and destroy Mars, so not everything is bleak. -Litefantastic 13:10, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hm:

"A question of graver and universal interest is the possibility of another attack from the Martians. I do not think that nearly enough attention is being given to this aspect of the matter.  At present the planet Mars is in conjunction, but with every return to opposition I, for one, anticipate a renewal of their adventure.  In any case, we should be prepared.  ..."

From the Gutenberg edition's last chapter. I think what Wells meant is that the Earth might belong to mankind rightfully, but that this wouldn't necessarily stop the Martians from taking it from us. -- Syzygy

Realism?
I think casualties from such events would far greater in scope. Today especially, when cars are prevalent methods of transport.In his times,any person actively doing somethi would be really injured falling down. Falling down = possible scull fracture.Imagine thousands of walkign people falling onto asphalt(uncontrolled fall).This isn't soemthing you waking up from and can shrug it off.

"Novel"? I don't think so
In this article The Poison Belt is referred to twice as a "novel" and once more as a "book" but it is simply too short to qualify as such. In my copy (the Berkley edition, the cover of which is reproduced in the article at this writing), the text runs a mere 82 pages, and the volume is filled out with Doyle's two Professor Challenger short stories (as indicated on that cover) and two essays, both of the latter apparently original to this edition. It must be either a novelette (7500 to 17,500 words) or a novella (17,500 to 40,000 words). The first full page of text has ten words in its first line, and thirty-eight lines. That multiplies to a total of 31,160 words, close enough to midway between the limits of a novella to not need to make any further calculations or allowances. If that first edition had nothing else in it, then it probably should be called a booklet or something. Somebody else can make that determination, but I am changing the two occurrences of "novel" to "novella."

One other thing: When I fixed two Wikilinks in the ref. cite that I had added a couple of days ago, I also removed "summer" from the relevant passage, as rereading the source reminded me that John Dickson Carr had written that it was originally scheduled to be "late in summer" but then the script had to be revised due to World War II events, and the performance/transmission date presumably postponed. He did not come right out and say this, and I did not put that into the article, merely removed the specificity. Forgot to mention that change in my edit summary. Sorry. --Ted Watson (talk) 20:56, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Ether/Aether
Doyle uses the spelling "ether" to refers to what we'd usually spell "aether". This is rather confusing, given that "ether" is a chemical compound (and definitely not what Doyle means). As far as I can tell, the modern meanings of aether and ether were known at the time, and Doyle used this wrongly.

WW1 and poison gas
Looking at this with hindsight, this seems to anticipate WW1 in terms of poison gas in war, mass deaths, and the need for humanity to gain a new perspective. Was Doyle particularly prescient, or is this merely coincidental? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:16, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

Reception?
Any reports on its reception by critics and the public? Valetude (talk) 21:43, 20 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Poison Belt


text:
Talk:汁

Etymology
What is the etymology of this character? "Water" + "ten," "complete," or "perfect"? <IP_ADDRESS> 07:49, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It's 水 radical and 十 phonetic. Phonetic components don't always make sense, and you can't read character components as words. Cynewulf 16:35, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:汁


text:
History of Quebec and Canada/Study Guide/Topic 2: Mutual Influences

How did the Europeans and the Natives mutually influence one another?

The meeting of two civilizations always involves an exchange of ideas, objects and ways of doing things that are later adapted to the tastes and needs of each culture. However, it was the Native way of life that underwent the most change, resulting in a breakdown of their society. The Europeans They adopted Native customs and were taught how to survive in the North American wilderness.They learned how to make warm winter clothing from furs and moccasins from leather; how to use canoes, snowshoes, and toboggans to travel; how to preserve food and how to use plants for medicinal purposes. They learned of new foods such as corn, pumpkins, and maple syrup.

The Native Indians

Positive Influences

They learned of new foods such as bread, peas, and salt. They were introduced to woolen cloth and blankets. They were introduced to iron tools and weapons and became increasingly dependent on them.

Negative Influences The use of alcohol, unknown to the Natives before the arrival of the Europeans, had disastrous repercussions on Native society. The introduction of European diseases (smallpox, measles, influenza) killed thousands of Native people. The fur trade conditioned European-Indian relations along antagonistic lines and changed the Native way of life. Religious orders, such as the Jesuits, tried to impose Christianity on the Native populations. Do the following questions on Topic 2: Mutual Influences

1. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DESCRIBES HOW AMERINDIAN LIFE WAS AFFECTED BY THE ARRIVAL OF THE EUROPEANS? A) There was greater unity between the different Amerindian tribes. B) The Amerindians became dependent on European goods. C) Amerindian traditions were preserved and continued to develop. D) The Amerindians adopted a sedentary way of life. ANSWER: A B C D

2. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SHOW THE INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN CULTURAL PRACTICES ON THE AMERINDIAN WAY OF LIFE DURING THE 17TH CENTURY?

1. the establishment of Christianity by the missionaries 2. the regular use of tobacco in ceremonies 3. the use of iron and metal in tools 4. the adoption of light means of transportation suited to the climate 5. the affiramtion of maternal authority within the family structure

A) 1    and     3

B) 2    and     4 C) 2     and     5 D) 3    and     5 ANSWER: A B C D

3. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF AMERINDIAN INFLUENCE ON EUROPEANS?

1.alcohol

2.birch-bark canoes 3.moccasins

4.snowshoes 5.salt 6. firearms

A) 1, 2, and 3 C) 2, 3, and 4 B) 1, 2, and 5 D) 3, 4, and 5

ANSWER: A B C D

4. WHICH TWO STATEMENTS BELOW DESCRIBE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF THE FRENCH INFLUENCE ON AMERINDIAN LIFE ?

1.   The Amerindians used iron pots and utensils for cooking. 2.   The abuse of alcohol by Amerindians led to grave social problems. 3.   The Algonquian and Iroquoian tribes joined forces to fight the French. 4.   The Amerindian population suffered from new diseases. 5.   The coureurs des bois adopted an Amerindian way of life.

A) 1    and     2

B) 2    and     4 C) 3     and     4 D) 3    and     5

ANSWER: A B C D

Go On To Unit 3: The Fur Trade


text:
215th Rifle Division

The 215th Rifle Division (215-я стрелковая дивизия) was an infantry division of the Red Army during World War II that continued to serve in the Soviet Army during the early years of the Cold War. It was the successor to a motorized division of that same number that was destroyed during the Battle of Kiev in September 1941.

Formed as the 48th Rifle Brigade in late 1941, it fought in the Toropets–Kholm Offensive and was reorganized as the 215th Rifle Division in May 1942. The division fought in the Battles of Rzhev until March 1943 and in the Battle of Smolensk, receiving the name of Smolensk as an honorific for its participation in the capture of the city. Advancing into eastern Belorussia in late 1943, the division fought in a series of stalemated offensives before participating in Operation Bagration during mid-1944. Receiving the Order of the Red Banner for its actions in the capture of Vilnius, the 215th advanced into East Prussia in late 1944 and in early 1945 fought in the East Prussian Offensive. For its actions in the latter, the division received the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class. After the Samland Offensive, the division was railed from East Prussia to the Soviet Far East to participate in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The 215th received its final decoration, the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class, for its actions in the latter. Postwar, it remained in the Soviet Far East and was briefly renumbered as the 33rd Rifle Division in 1955 before being disbanded a year later.

215th Motorized Division
This division began forming in March-April 1941 at Rivne in the Kiev Special Military District as part of the 22nd Mechanized Corps. It was based on the 15th Motorized Rifle Brigade. Col. Pavlin Andreevich Barabanov was appointed to command on March 11 and he would remain in this position until the division was disbanded. Once formed its order of battle was as follows: The 133rd fielded a total of 129 BT tanks, and the 677th was equipped with a total of 24 122mm howitzers, while the 211th had just four 37mm guns. Even by the time of the German invasion it was suffering crippling shortages of specialized personnel. The tank regiment and reconnaissance battalion were short about 70 percent of their required officers while the maintenance and supply echelons were missing almost 75 percent of their mechanics and technicians.
 * 707th Motorized Rifle Regiment
 * 711th Motorized Rifle Regiment
 * 133rd Tank Regiment
 * 667th Artillery Regiment
 * 41st Antitank Battalion
 * 211th Antiaircraft Battalion
 * 284th Reconnaissance Battalion
 * 386th Light Engineering Battalion
 * 585th Signal Battalion
 * 213th Artillery Park Battalion
 * 359th Medical/Sanitation Battalion
 * 677th Motor Transport Battalion
 * 158th Repair and Restoration Battalion
 * 35th Regulatory Company
 * 465th Chemical Defense (Anti-gas) Company
 * 742nd Field Postal Station
 * 557th Field Office of the State Bank

Battle of Brody
When Operation Barbarossa began on June 22 the 22nd Mechanized Corps (19th and 41st Tank Divisions, 215th Motorized Division, 23rd Motorcycle Regiment) was under command of the 5th Army of the redesignated Southwestern Front. The 215th was still positioned at Rivne with the 19th Tanks deployed somewhat to the northwest but the 41st Tanks was all the way forward to the frontier north of Volodymyr. The division went into action on June 23 after moving west along with 19th Tanks to link up with the 41st east of Svynaryn. The divisions were facing the 14th Panzer Division as it drove toward Lutsk. By the end of the day on June 27 the German division had captured that city as well as Rozhyshche despite the resistance of the now-depleted 22nd Mechanized. The fragility of the 215th was exposed by a report from 5th Army at this time that the division had "apparently only remnants" left. By July 1 it had been withdrawn with 19th Tanks to north of Klevan.

Battle of Kiev
Despite its difficulties a steady trickle of reinforcements and replacements kept a small cadre of the division in action with 22nd Mechanized. As of July 10 it was still under 5th Army's command, and was moving back to the fighting front to face Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler southwest of Volodarsk-Volynskyi before being driven back to the northeast over the following days. It continued its fighting withdrawal into the second week of August, pulling back past Malyn by the 11th. The division was officially redesignated as the 215th Rifle Division on August 22. At this time it had roughly 1,200 personnel still on strength with eight repaired T-37 tankettes and a dozen each of artillery pieces and mortars. The persistent resistance of 5th Army in the fastnesses of the eastern Pripyat marshes on the flanks of both Army Groups Center and South was influencing German strategy and was one reason for Hitler's decision to divert Panzer Group 2 southward to encircle Southwestern Front at and east of Kiev. At the start of this operation the 215th, which had been detached from 22nd Mechanized Corps, was positioned at Sorokoshichi on the Dniepr north of Kiev, very deep within the developing pocket. It had no chance to escape under circumstances and was officially written off on September 19.

History
The division was formed in the Ural Military District during October 1941 as the 48th Separate Cadet Rifle Brigade, under the command of Colonel Andrey Kupriyanov from 25 October. After completing its formation, the brigade was sent to the Northwestern Front, joining the 4th Shock Army to fight in the Toropets–Kholm Offensive. After the army transferred to the Kalinin Front on 22 January, the 48th fought in defensive battles near Velizh.

During May 1942, the brigade was used to form the 215th Rifle Division near Ponizovye (30 kilometers from Troitsa) in the reserve of the Kalinin Front, with Kupriyanov continuing in command of the division. The 215th included the 618th, 707th, and 711th Rifle Regiments, the 667th Artillery Regiment, the 421st Anti-Tank Battalion, and the 421st Communications Company. A month after its first commander was appointed in mid-May, the division was assigned to the 58th Army. In the following month, it was transferred to the 22nd Army, creating a temporary defensive line from Yefremov Gora to Ponizovye and strengthening the forward portion of the main defensive line near Bukharin, Verkh-Goritsa, and Plyushchevo while defending positions near Nelidovo. The division became part of the 30th Army of the Western Front in mid-August, fighting to capture strongpoints on the left bank of the Volga, northwest of Rzhev. Crossing the Volga on 9 September, the 215th fought on the approaches to Rzhev but was stymied by German defenses. Kupriyanov, now a major general, was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for his leadership of the division in actions between August and October, in which it was credited with destroying up to two German infantry regiments and fifteen tanks.

When German forces began withdrawing from the Rzhev salient, the 30th Army advanced in pursuit from 2 March 1943. The division helped capture Rzhev on the next day and by 19 March it had reached the approaches to the road junction at the village of Novo-Lytkino. Kupriyanov was killed on 20 March in a German artillery bombardment that struck the village where his headquarters was located. He was replaced by Major General Sergey Iovlev. The 215th remained with the 30th Army until April, when it transferred to the 31st Army, with which it served until the end of 1943. With the 31st Army, the division advanced as part of the 36th Rifle Corps during the Smolensk–Roslavl Offensive, participating in the capture of Smolensk and the crossing of the Sozh River. For its actions in the capture of Smolensk, the division received the name of the city as an honorific on 25 September.

At the end of 1943, the 215th was transferred to the 33rd Army. Iolev was replaced by Major General Andranik Ghazaryan, a Hero of the Soviet Union, in early April. The division was transferred to the 39th Army of the Western Front (the 3rd Belorussian Front from 23 April) on 16 April, and in early May took up defensive position near Vitebsk. Just before the beginning of Operation Bagration in late June, the division became part of the 72nd Rifle Corps of the 5th Army. It fought in the Vitebsk–Orsha Offensive and the Vilnius Offensive during Operation Bagration, pursuing retreating German troops and crossing the Berezina River, capturing Borisov, Vilnius, and Kaunas. For its "exemplary fulfillment of command tasks" in the capture of Vilnius the 215th received the Order of the Red Banner on 25 July. By the end of the summer offensive in August, the average rifle company in the division was reduced to 70 men, about half strength.

The division was placed in the second echelon of the 72nd Rifle Corps between 3 September and 16 October, then fought in the Gumbinnen Offensive. It defended positions near Pillkallen between 28 October and 13 January 1945 before fighting in the East Prussian Offensive and the Insterburg–Königsberg Offensive. For its actions in the former, the division received the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class on 19 February. The process of attrition continued: by March 1945, after the East Prussian Offensive, the division fielded 2,873 officers and men. Between late March and early April, the 215th marched from Valitnik, 15 kilometers northwest of Königsberg to fight in the Samland Offensive. With the 5th Army, it was transferred to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command on 20 April and began relocating to the Soviet Far East for the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The division began loading into rail cars on 22 April.

Soviet invasion of Manchuria
The 5th Army completed its move to the Far East by July, with the 215th part of the 72nd Rifle Corps together with the 63rd and 277th Rifle Divisions. The 215th fought in the Harbin–Jilin Operation during the latter with its corps and army, part of the 1st Far East Front. Breaking through Japanese border fortifications, the division pursued retreating Japanese troops and captured Dunhua. After the end of Japanese resistance, the division guarded the railway at Dunhua, Jiaohe, and Jilin, along with factories in the area. It was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class, on 19 September for its actions in the capture of Jilin. Postwar, the 215th was stationed in Primorsky Krai with its corps and army; Ghazaryan remained in command until about October 1947. It was renumbered as the 33rd Rifle Division on 30 April 1955, stationed at Krasny Kut. It was disbanded there on 25 July 1956.

title: 215th Rifle Division


text:
Eudendrium racemosum

Eudendrium racemosum is a marine species of cnidaria, a hydroid (Hydrozoa) in the family Eudendriidae. It was described by Cavolini in 1785. Hydroids are one of the most abundant organisms in hard-substratum benthic communities, more specifically in temperate seas, such as the Mediterranean. Similar to most modular organisms, they have high growth rates. In fact, E racemosum has been frequently found in northeastern Spain, specifically in Medes Islands, showing a maximum population density in summer with a minimal density during the winter (this is when it typically exists as dormant stolon). Their rapid growth coupled with their ability to store the necessary material to survive the winter is due to their efficient feeding and digestive methods.

title: Eudendrium racemosum


text:
Talk:N. D. Kalu

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 15:57, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:N. D. Kalu


text:
Russian/Lesson 1

Lesson 1 — Как тебя зовут?

[[File:Kremlin complex in Moscow.jpg|thumb|Кремль

The Kremlin, which is known to be headquarters of Russian authorities.]]

Dialogue
Read an introductory dialogue between a boy, Sasha, and a girl, Katya. You can read the lines using pronunciation respelling key.

 * Приве́т! is an informal greeting, loosely translated as 'Hi!' or 'Hey!'. The more formal meeting is здра́вствуйте ( ZDRAV -stvooy-tye)
 * Меня́ зову́т... literally means 'Me they call...' or 'They call me...', and is the Russian way of saying 'My name is...'. Similarly, как тебя́ зову́т? literally means 'How you they call?', or 'How do they call you?', and is how Russians ask 'What's your name?'.
 * Как дела́? literally means 'How (are) things?' (the word 'are' is omitted in Russian). А у тебя́? means 'And by you?'.
 * Хорошо́ is a general catch-all word that means 'good', 'fine', 'OK', etc.
 * Студент and студентка both mean 'student', but the former is for males and the latter is for females. Feminine words often end in a -а or a -я, while masculine words often end in a consonant. See the page on gender for more details.
 * Russians often omit the copula, i.e., words like 'is', 'are', 'am' - any present tense form of the verb 'to be'. They also omit articles, which in English are 'a', 'an', and 'the'. Thus, 'I am a student' becomes Я студент / Я студентка.
 * Ну is an interjection, a filler word that corresponds to the English 'well'.

Translation (test yourself)

Hello!

 * The first "в" in "здравствуйте" is silent.
 * The adjective добрый means "kind".

Formal and Informal
Russian distinguishes between formal and informal modes of address (register). Friends and family address each other using the informal register with the second person singular pronoun "ты" (you), while employees and students use the formal register with bosses and professors with the second person plural pronoun "вы" (you, referring to more than one person). Adults always use "ты" when talking to a child. In the vocabulary tables "Notes" column, the "X" denotes an exclusively informal term, and the "O" indicates an exclusively formal term.

 * Example
 * Доброе утро, студенты!
 * Good morning, students!
 * До свидания, профессор.
 * Good bye, professor.
 * Катя, пока!
 * Katya, bye!

What's your name?

 * "Как тебя зовут?", the phrase used to ask someone's name, translates to "How do they call you?"
 * "Очень приятно", means "very pleasant."

 * Example
 * Как тебя зовут?
 * What is your name?
 * Меня зовут Пётр.
 * My name is Pyotr.
 * Очень приятно.
 * Nice to meet you.

 * It should now be obvious that тебя and вас are interchangeable, the former used in casual / familiar settings and the latter in formal settings; вас is also the plural form of "you". An example may be у вас есть хлеб? meaning, "do you have bread?" - being both plural and formal.

 * With the first phrase comes an interesting note. Because the function of words is mostly determined by declension, word order is mostly free. "Меня зовут Пётр" and "Пётр меня зовут" mean the same thing. "Mostly" is highlighted, however, because some combinations do not work, so avoid straying too far from the word order of the examples until later.

Go to the exercise

Russian names
Russian names for people are composed of a given name, a patronymic, and a family name. The given name is a person's first name, and is usually chosen by the parents at birth. The patronymic is a derivation of the father's name, modified by gender. The family name is the name shared by the immediate family and passed down by the male descendants, but also modified by gender.
 * Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin ( [[Media:Ru-Vladimir_Vladimirovich_Putin.ogg|Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин]] ) is Russia's second president.
 * Vladimir is his given name.
 * Vladimirovich is his patronymic. His father was also named Vladimir. If he had a sister, her patronymic would be Vladimirovna (Владимировна).
 * Putin is his family name. His former wife, Lyudmila Putina has the feminine version of the name, Putina.
 * Maria Yuryevna Sharápova ( [[Media:Maria sharapova.ogg|Мари́я Ю́рьевна Шара́пова]] ) is a famous tennis player.
 * Maria is her given name.
 * Yuryevna is her patronymic. Her father was named Yuri. If she had a brother, his patronymic would be Yuryevich (Юрьевич).
 * Sharapova is her family name. Her father's family name is Sharapov.

How are you?

 * The three answers to "как дела" are adverbs.
 * You can append "очень" (very) to the front of any adverb.

 * Example
 * Иван: Привет, Юлия. Как дела?
 * Hello, Yuliya. How are you?
 * Юлия: Очень хорошо, спасибо. А у тебя, Иван?
 * Very well, thanks. And you, Ivan?
 * Иван: Неплохо. Пока!
 * Not bad. See you later!

Go to the exercise

Who is this?

 * Example
 * Сергей: Доброе утро, Наташа. Как дела?
 * Good morning, Natasha. How are you?
 * Наташа: Хорошо, спасибо. Кто это?
 * Well, thanks. Who is this?
 * Сергей: Это Иван. Он студент.
 * This is Ivan. He is a student.
 * Иван: Очень приятно. Вы студентка?
 * Nice to meet you. Are you a student?
 * Наташа: Да, я студентка.
 * Yes, I am a student.

 * Russian lacks "is" and articles: Russian does not use the existence verb "быть" in the present tense, or articles such as "a", "an", or "the." The verb "быть" does have a present tense, but it is considered archaic and old fashioned in standard Russian, albeit still used regularly in most dialects. Simply following "я" (I, me) with a noun suffices to say "I am a.." However, in written Russian, when the subject is a noun (not a pronoun), an em dash (—) functions as the verb. The proper sentence to say "Ivan is a student" is "Иван — студент."
 * Gender: The noun "студент" is the first instance of grammatical gender. "Студент" is used when the speaker is referring to himself or another male. "Студентка" is used when the speaker is referring to herself or another female.

Go to the exercise

Summary
In this lesson, you have learned:
 * How to greet people (Привет, доброе утро)
 * How to introduce yourself (Меня зовут Иван)
 * How to introduce others (Это Сергей)
 * How to say how you are (Хорошо, неплохо)

Finish the exercises and translate the introductory dialogue before moving on.

title: Russian/Lesson 1


text:
The Front Runner (film)

The Front Runner is a 2018 American political drama film directed by Jason Reitman, based on the 2014 book All the Truth Is Out: The Week Politics Went Tabloid by Matt Bai, who co-wrote the screenplay with Reitman and Jay Carson. The film stars Hugh Jackman, Vera Farmiga, J. K. Simmons, and Alfred Molina. It chronicles the rise of American Senator Gary Hart, the front-runner candidate to be the 1988 Democratic presidential nominee, and his subsequent fall from grace when media reports suggested he was having an extramarital affair.

The film premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on November 6, 2018, by Columbia Pictures. It received mixed reviews; while Jackman was praised for his performance, critics said the rest of the cast felt wasted and the film did not "dive deep enough into its central issues to make a compelling argument." The film was a box-office bomb, earning just $3.2 million against its $25 million budget.

Plot
After finishing second to Walter Mondale in the 1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries, former Senator Gary Hart is now the widely accepted front-runner in the 1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries. Leading up to the formal launch of his campaign in April 1987, some of Hart's campaign staff are concerned that he won't open up about himself (letting the public "get to know him"), instead focusing on ideas and policy. Meanwhile, at The Washington Post, editors and journalists discuss whether the paper should report on Hart's marital problems and rumoured promiscuity.

After the first week of campaigning, Hart joins his friend Billy Broadhurst for a yacht cruise from Miami to Bimini on the Monkey Business, where he meets Donna Rice, a young woman. Days later at an array of pay-phones in an airport, two reporters (A.J. Parker of the Post and Tom Fiedler of the Miami Herald) overhear Hart's end of a conversation, presumably with Rice.

On the campaign plane, Hart gets to know Parker, offering paternal advice and giving the young reporter a Tolstoy novel to learn about the Soviets. Later, in Iowa, Parker offends Hart during an interview by asking whether he has "a traditional marriage". Hart responds: "You want to know what I'm doing in my spare time, A.J., is that it? Follow me around, put a tail on me. You'd be very bored."

Meanwhile, in Miami, Tom Fiedler has received an anonymous call from a young woman alleging that Hart "is having an affair with a friend of mine". Fiedler dismisses the call at first, but ends up tracking two women on a flight to Washington, D.C., and staking out Hart's townhouse, where he sees Hart go out and come back with Rice. Hart eventually notices Fiedler's car and there is a confrontation, during which Fiedler asks about the woman and Hart denies any wrongdoing and asserts that his personal life is nobody's business. Knowing the story will hit the news, Hart phones his wife, Lee Hart, and apologizes.

After the story appears in the Herald, Lee and daughter Andrea are besieged by reporters outside their home in Troublesome Gulch, Colorado. Meanwhile, in D.C., campaign staffer Irene Kelly is tasked with befriending Rice to try to get information from her, after which she sends Rice back to Miami, where her privacy is torn to shreds by the press.

Hart argues with his campaign manager, Bill Dixon, about whether to respond to the Herald story. Dixon thinks Hart needs to speak out to control the damage, but Hart vehemently argues that any response at all would legitimize the reporters' action and set a dangerous precedent.

The Post receives an anonymous package with photos taken months previous of Hart with another woman. Parker argues that reporting on this aspect of Hart's life is not good journalism, but the editor, Ben Bradlee, overrules him, indicating that they need to change with the times.

While preparing for a press conference, Hart's campaign team notes that polls show a majority of the public believes the media has gone too far in their coverage of Hart and that a candidate's marital indiscretions are irrelevant to their qualifications for being president. When told that reporters may ask whether he has ever cheated on his wife, Hart strongly retorts, "It's nobody's goddamn business!", which the team agrees is the perfect answer. Then Lee arrives, and the staff leaves. She tells Hart that she may leave him eventually, but not now.

At the press conference, it is Parker who asks whether Hart has committed adultery. Instead of giving the rehearsed answer, Hart weakly stammers that he doesn't think it is a fair question. Later, Parker asks for comment from the campaign on the anonymous photos the Post received.

Seeing how upset Lee is over the public scrutiny and its negative impacts on their family, Hart drops out of the campaign. Onscreen text states that "Gary and Lee Hart remain married to this day".

Cast
Hart Campaign Washington Post Miami Herald Miami Traveling Press
 * Hugh Jackman as Gary Hart
 * Vera Farmiga as Lee Hart, Gary Hart's wife
 * J. K. Simmons as Bill Dixon, campaign manager
 * Mark O'Brien as Billy Shore, Hart's body man
 * Molly Ephraim as Irene Kelly, campaign scheduler
 * Chris Coy as Kevin Sweeney, press secretary
 * Alex Karpovsky as Mike Stratton, advance man
 * Josh Brener as Doug Wilson, policy advisor
 * Tommy Dewey as John Emerson, deputy campaign manager
 * Kaitlyn Dever as Andrea Hart, Gary and Lee Hart's daughter
 * Oliver Cooper as Joe Trippi, deputy political director
 * Jenna Kanell as Ginny Terzano, deputy press secretary
 * Alfred Molina as Ben Bradlee
 * Mamoudou Athie as A.J. Parker
 * Ari Graynor as Ann Devroy
 * John Bedford Lloyd as David Broder
 * Spencer Garrett as Bob Woodward
 * Steve Zissis as Tom Fiedler
 * Bill Burr as Pete Murphy
 * Kevin Pollak as Bob Martindale
 * Mike Judge as Jim Dunn
 * Sara Paxton as Donna Rice
 * Toby Huss as Billy Broadhurst, lobbyist
 * Jennifer Landon as Ann McDaniel

Presidential biographer and historian Jon Meacham appears in a cameo role as the moderator of a Georgetown town hall.

Development
Political columnist Matt Bai became interested in American Senator Gary Hart after writing a 2003 profile of him for The New York Times, and he released the book on which the film is based, All the Truth Is Out: The Week Politics Went Tabloid, in 2014.

The screenplay for the film was written by filmmaker Jason Reitman, Bai, and former Hillary Clinton press secretary Jay Carson. Reitman also produced with Helen Estabrook for Right of Way Films, and Aaron L. Gilbert produced for Bron Studios.

Casting
In June 2017, it was reported that Hugh Jackman would portray Gary Hart in The Front Runner. In August 2017, the extended cast list for the film was announced, including Vera Farmiga as Hart's wife Oletha "Lee" Hart, Kaitlyn Dever as Gary and Lee's daughter Andrea Hart, Sara Paxton as Donna Rice, Ari Graynor as journalist Ann Devroy, and J. K. Simmons as Bill Dixon, Hart's 1988 presidential campaign manager and longtime friend. The following month, Jennifer Landon and John Bedford Lloyd joined the cast in unspecified roles. In October 2017, Chris Coy was cast as press secretary Kevin Sweeney.

Filming
Principal photography began on September 18, 2017, in Georgia, with Jackman revealing the first image from the set that day. Production took place in both Atlanta and Savannah.

Release
In May 2018, Sony Pictures and Stage 6 Films acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film at the 71st Cannes Film Festival, with a planned awards season release. It had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2018, and screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8.

The Front Runner began its limited release on Tuesday, November 6, 2018, the first film to ever be released on Election Day in the United States. It then expanded to 22 theaters on November 16, and nationwide on November 21.

Box office
The film made $6,849 from four theaters on its first day (an average of $1,712 per screen), a figure Deadline Hollywood noted as underwhelming; however, the site wrote that it is rare for a film to open limited on a Tuesday, and the film's impending opening weekend would be the true gauge of its box office strength. It ended up making $56,000 in its opening weekend (a six-day total of $76,199), which Deadline called "awful" and "really horrible when you consider that it's a limited launch of an awards contender wannabe."

During its theatrical run, The Front Runner earned $2,000,105 at the domestic box office.

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on  reviews, with an average rating of ; the website's critical consensus reads: "The Front Runner exhumes the wreckage of a political campaign with well-acted wit, even if it neglects to truly analyze the issues it raises." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

title: The Front Runner (film)


text:
Talk:Thambi (2006 film)

Stub
Is the Indian film stub necessary? The article seems to have enough information about the movie. --Madhu 12:09, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Shouldn't the page actually be called 'Thambi_Movie' or something like that, given that 'thambi' is actually a Tamil word meaning 'younger brother'? -- Jagadish 10.40 IST, 18 May 2006

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 20:04, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thambi (2006 film)


text:
ταυροκαθάψια

Etymology
From and, a rare abstract noun composed of  and ; thus, literally, "touching of the bull".

Noun

 * 1) bull leaping - a Minoan sport in which athletes performed jumps over a bull, touching its back whilst passing.

title: ταυροκαθάψια


text:
Talk:David Prior, Baron Prior of Brampton

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130201100640/http://www.cqc.org.uk:80/media/new-chair-cqc-announced to http://www.cqc.org.uk/media/new-chair-cqc-announced

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External links modified
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Latest scandal !
Are we allowed to write this up? http://courtnewsuk.co.uk/three-foot-penis-shock-for-tory-peer/

Leave of Absence
Do we know why he is on leave of absence from the Lords?<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:21, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

Chair of NHS England
Contrary to this page, David Prior is not the incumbent chair of NHS England. This post has been held by Richard meddings since March 2022. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:31, 5 April 2023 (UTC)


text:
Rowborough Manor

Rowborough Manor (also Rodeberge, 11th century; Rowberg, 13th century; Rotirburgh, 14th century; Rowbarho, 16th century) is a manor house in the parish of Brading on the Isle of Wight.

History
Rowborough lies between Hardingshute Manor and Hill Manor. From the fact that it was held of the Confessor by the Abbot of St. Swithun's, Winchester, as an alod it may be inferred that it was included in the 50 hides at Brading reputed to have been granted to the monastery by Ine king of the West Saxons. In 1086 it was in the possession of William son of Azor. The overlordship followed the same descent as Yaverland to the Russells, John Rivers (de Riperiis) being their tenant at the end of the 13th century. The estate afterwards came to Ralph de Olne, but had lapsed before 1346 to the overlords, the Russells, and subsequently followed the same descent as Yaverland until 1846. It was then sold with the other estates of the Wright family, the purchaser being Sir William Oglander. As of 1912, the manor was owned by Mr. J. H. Oglander.

The current main property has been dated to 1720, with extensions in 1830s and 1986, and is currently in use as private family accommodation.

title: Rowborough Manor


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ecopack

The result was delete. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 20:01, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Ecopack

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No in-depth coverage in WP:RS. Fails WP:NCORP.  Greenbörg  (talk)  12:38, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 18:43, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Pakistan-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 18:44, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 16:26, 26 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete No indications of notability, references fail the criteria for establishing notability. Fails GNG and WP:NCORP. -- HighKing ++ 14:54, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete Fails WP:SIGCOV and WP:NCORP.Pharaoh of the Wizards (talk) 10:54, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ecopack


text:
Talk:Andrew Charles Elliott

Gold Commissioner succession box to be added
I haven't yet determined the full lineage of Gold Commissioners for the Lillooet Mining District but there was one before Elliott - Elwyn - and there would appear to have been others after elliott and before caspar Phair was appointed in, I think 1874. Once these are established there can be a succession bo here for the title of Gold Commissioner, as can also be made for other GCs and their respective mining districts.Skookum1 05:16, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andrew Charles Elliott


text:
Cookbook talk:Nuts and Seeds

The text for this module, or a verson of this module in the page history, was copied from the Wikipedia article Nut. The page history at the time the text was coppied is below:

 * (cur) (last) . . 07:21, 18 Dec 2003 . . <IP_ADDRESS>
 * (cur) (last) . . 07:20, 18 Dec 2003 . . <IP_ADDRESS>
 * (cur) (last) . . 19:16, 26 Nov 2003 . . Marshman (Fix link > pinon)
 * (cur) (last) . . M 04:16, 17 Oct 2003 . . Heron (sp)
 * (cur) (last) . . M 03:28, 29 Sep 2003 . . Modemac
 * (cur) (last) . . 08:07, 28 Sep 2003 . . <IP_ADDRESS> ([M] Link formatting; remove header that isn't followed.)
 * (cur) (last) . . 14:39, 4 Sep 2003 . . Marshman (Add link >> Cuisine)
 * (cur) (last) . . 14:29, 4 Sep 2003 . . Marshman (Link to Botany; remove questional statement about nuts in a forest)
 * (cur) (last) . . 10:43, 3 Sep 2003 . . Marshman (Fix links; copy edit text)
 * (cur) (last) . . 16:51, 2 Sep 2003 . . Marshman (Correct terminology and remove bad examples, add good examples)
 * (cur) (last) . . M 15:40, 26 Aug 2003 . . Marshman (Fix link >>Fabaceae)
 * (cur) (last) . . 03:38, 23 Aug 2003 . . <IP_ADDRESS>
 * (cur) (last) . . M 04:25, 6 Aug 2003 . . Heron (wiki link)
 * (cur) (last) . . 13:47, 27 Jun 2003 . . Heron (coco de mer is even bigger than coconut)
 * (cur) (last) . . 07:06, 23 Jun 2003 . . <IP_ADDRESS> (moved old content about food nuts from Nut plus a re-write)

title: Cookbook talk:Nuts and Seeds


text:
Wikipedia:Files for discussion/2020 August 16

File:VW Automatic Stickshift transmission 1968.gif

The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡  06:08, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * File:VW Automatic Stickshift transmission 1968.gif ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs])  – uploaded by Davism0703 ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log).

 * File:Valeo electronic clutch transmission system.jpg ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs])  – uploaded by Davism0703 ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log).

 * File:Electronically-controlled semi-automatic transmission.jpg ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs])  – uploaded by Davism0703 ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log).

 * File:VW AUTOSTICk SEMI-AUTOMTATIC TRANSMISSION.gif ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs])  – uploaded by Davism0703 ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log).

 * File:Volkswagen Automatic Stickshift transmission.gif ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs])  – uploaded by Davism0703 ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log).

 * File:Sequential Gearbox diagram.gif ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs])  – uploaded by Davism0703 ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log).

These mechanical diagrams are tagged as uncopyrightable works of simple geometry. They are reasonably complex diagrams, and creative choices were made in their construction. I believe they are copyrightable. (See also "Technical and Scientific Drawings", chapter 922, Compendium of U.S. Copyright Practices). Wikiacc (¶) 02:12, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Hello Wikiacc,
 * I believe all these diagrams were uploaded justly and fairly, in accordance to Wikipedia's policy. They weren't uploaded to cause harm, or to be destructive, but rather to be constructive and informative. They are all for demonstrations purposes only and help the article out immensely. They have also been shared around the public domain many times, and there does not seem to be a definite "single" original owner. I have done nothing wrong, these are all purely for educational purposes. I've also tried to gather as much copyright info as I can in the descriptions of the mechanical diagrams, but as I explained, a lot of these images do not have a single distinct "owner."Davism0703 (talk) 02:43, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for commenting here. Every copyrighted work has a copyright holder (a person, an organization, or a company), even if we don't know who it is. So if these works are indeed copyrighted, their use here needs to comply with WP:NFCC. (Note that these rules are much stricter than legal requirements, so it's possible for a work to be shared everywhere around the internet but still not be allowed here.) Wikiacc (¶) 02:59, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete These are too recent for PD-US-not renewed, so I can't think of any way that they'd be under a free license unless the author released them, which we'd need documented. The Squirrel Conspiracy (talk) 17:01, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

File:SanAntonioSprings05.JPG

The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡  06:08, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * File:SanAntonioSprings05.JPG ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs])  – uploaded by Brownings ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log).

Through the deletion outcome of another related file at Commons:Commons:Deletion_requests/File:SATeaGarden03.JPG, works of undated plaques on the US soil are not allowed on Wikimedia Commons, especially if it seems that private entity is the one who commissioned such markers. It's presence on Wikipedia is irrelevant, as Wikipedia is suppsedly not a place to host images per WP:NOTGALLERY. It's use on the said article falls below allowable fair use, since the elimination of photos of informational plaques do not deter the understanding of the topic. JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.) 10:14, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete Similar to photographing a page from a book, this is a derivative work of the author's copyrighted prose. The Squirrel Conspiracy (talk) 17:03, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

File:Rocket League The Vinyl Collection.jpg

The result of the discussion was: Textbook WP:NFCC violation, no policy-based arguments given to keep. No prejudice to restoration if the article is significantly expanded to explicitly discuss this importance image. - F ASTILY   04:38, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * File:Rocket League The Vinyl Collection.jpg ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs])  – uploaded by PhilipTerryGraham ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log).

Fails WP:NFCC 8 - Not critical to the understanding of the article topic, supporting prose is a brief aside in the article. The Squirrel Conspiracy (talk) 16:59, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep I don't see what is particularly wrong about it, as it depicts a low res version of the cover of one of the soundtracks. It is related to the subject of the article, informative and fair use, and there is only one cover in the entire article, so it does not seem unnecessary.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 21:33, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete - WP:NFCC speecificies that "Non-free content is used only if its presence would significantly increase readers' understanding of the article topic, and its omission would be detrimental to that understanding." It's contribution to the understanding the topic is marginal, and the image itself is not the subject of significant sourced commentary. - Whpq (talk) 13:06, 20 August 2020 (UTC)