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ValeFest

ValeFest, previously known as The Vale Festival, is a charitable summer music and arts festival that takes place on the Vale, a park and student accommodation site at the University of Birmingham, in Birmingham, England now going into its 19th year.

It is planned, organised and largely staffed by volunteer students - it is believed to be the largest solely student-organised event in the UK and is the largest student-run charity festival in Europe. Every year it is held on the Saturday after summer examinations finish and all proceeds go towards charities selected earlier in the academic year. So far it has raised over £200,000. The capacity of the 2019 event was 5,000.

The committee is a student group associated with University of Birmingham Guild of Students, the university's students' union.

The beginning of each year sees the nomination and selection of charities that each year would raise money for, from social justice matters and adolescent mental health, to general poverty causes. There are several stages at the festival on the day, as well as comedy and performance tents, society events and workshops, and an after-party.

2000s
With the aims of both raising money and awareness for AIDS-related causes and addressing the lack of live music on campus, the Birmingham University Stop AIDS society attempted to arrange a large festival at the Guild Building in 2005. The Guild of Students pulled out, deeming the event unfeasible. Simultaneously a much larger event was being planned on University (rather than guild) property: The Vale Festival. The Vale Festival team, an independent group of students and the Student Stop Aids committee joined forces. Local bands, student societies and the large team of volunteer organisers worked to make the event, held in the Vale student village, a substantial success in June 2005. The chosen focus was the crisis in Sudan. £12,000 was raised, and the event was widely viewed as a major success.

The Vale Festival 2006 took place on 6 June. Attended by over 3,900 students, and raising approximately £25,000 for two charities - UNICEF and SPW, for their HIV/AIDS projects in Kenya and Zimbabwe respectively - the event was hailed as probably the biggest and best event ever to be staged at The University of Birmingham. Highlights of the day included performances from numerous bands, singers and DJs - Old School Tie, The Anomalies, First Rate, Vijay Kashore and the 360 headlined again, pulling in a crowd of over 200 students which created an amazing end to a great line up of live bands. DJ, drumming and singing workshops also went on throughout the day, as did drama performances, healing spaces and many stalls run by student societies. The day culminated in an outdoor cinema screening of The Constant Gardener, and three different rooms for the club night inside Shackleton Hall.

The 2007 festival was held on 12 June, with just over 5,000 students on the day. The event aimed to raise awareness of the humanitarian effects of climate change on people in poorer nations. Vale Festival '07 supported two charities, Kids for Kids and Action Aid, and raised over £30,000.

The line-up was as follows:

Main Stage: The Anomalies, The Tommys, Laid Blak, Floors and Walls, Hobbit, Lazy J, Old School Tie, Friendly Fire, Stanley's Choice, University Gospel Choir Kids for Kids Chillout Tent: Transient Dreams, Two Spot Gobi, Yamit Mamo, Swing Manouche, Tanante, The Old Dance School, KTB, Kid-iD, Hannah Rhodes ActionAid Dance Arena: Deepgroove, Will Bailey, Aries, Far Too Loud, Joebot, Mikee Lazy, Hobbit & Bass6, Fat Gold Chain, DJ Shei.

Vale Festival 2008 took place on 10 June and had near the full capacity of 5500. The theme for the year was 'Water for Life', with the festival focussed on the issue of sustainable access to clean water in the developing world and raised £30,000 for WaterAid, Play Pumps and Pump Aid. The main stage, dance tent and Hilltop Tent were headlined by Misty's Big Adventure, Andy Morris and Watch this Fire Spread respectively. There was a generous mix of entertainment throughout the festival, including African drumming, wood carving and capoeira. The open air cinema screening was of Shooting Dogs and the after-party took place on The Vale within the University.

Vale Festival 2009 took place on 9 June, with the charitable causes being chosen as Self Help Africa and FareShare. The ethic proposed was to 'Unite Against Hunger'.

The Main Stage, Hill-Top Tent and Forest Edge Stage were headlined by 360, Picture Book and Rafiki and Tangawizi respectively. With the growth of the festival since its introduction in 2005, more stages were added as well as workshop spaces, societies and stalls among others. The Jungle Jam was also introduced- encouraging students to create their own unique musical experience.

Once again the festival was committed to raising awareness for ethical causes. The ideals promoted were to "Think Globally, Act locally" and "We must be the change we want to see in the world". The chosen causes were a direct result of these ideals, with both charities working towards the sustainable use of natural resources, reducing the vulnerability to Aids and the redistribution of food aid to areas of intense poverty.

2010s
Vale Festival 2010 took place on 8 June, with the charitable causes being chosen as Oxfam, Procedo Foundation and the Malaria Consortium. The focus was on raising money and awareness for projects supporting sufferers of malaria. The 2010 programme also stated that since its formulation over £115,000 had been donated to charitable causes.

The Main Stage, Hill Top Tent, Forest Edge and Jungle Jam were headlined by Scarlet Harlots, Lucy Ward, Bigger Than Barry and Uprizing respectively. Once again the range of live performance, interactive workshops and stalls was widened. These included bicycle-powered smoothies, a vintage clothes stall and live graffiti and art battles. There was also an outdoor screening of The Hurt Locker, as well as the official after party.

The ethical causes were chosen to raise the awareness of those who suffer with malaria in the face of extreme poverty. The money raised by ValeFest was donated directly to training for health workers, education and the treatment and diagnosis for the prevention of malaria. As well as this, money was donated toward the construction of sanitation systems in Kirakhadi, with the long-term goal being the prevention of disease.

Vale Festival 2011 took place on 15 June, with the Helen Bamber Foundation and the Calla Trust being chosen as the causes.

The Main Stage, Hill Top Tent and Dance Tent were headlined by 360, Rachel Harlow and Tom Leech Trio, and Seedy Sonics respectively. The workshops included (in part) dancing, circus skills, fire spinning and yoga. Creative workshops and stalls were also running throughout the day simultaneously with the musical entertainment. Valefest 2011 also presented a live performance of X, which was commissioned specifically for the festival with the aim of focusing upon human trafficking.

The causes were chosen to address the issue of human trafficking in part as a response to work within the Midlands. The money raised by Valefest for The Calla Trust and Helen Bamber Foundation would aim to provide training and counselling directly to those involved, as well as working toward durable solutions.

Vale Fest 2012 was on 2 June, raising money for Action for Children and War Child, with both charities focusing on relief for children in warzones. Electric Swing Circus, whose guitarist Tom Hyland was part of the original Vale Festival organisers, headlined the Main Stage.

On 1 June, Vale Festival 2013 introduced the Beats Around the Bush dance stage. Magnus Puto headlined the Main Stage, and the focus of this year was 'Music for the Mind', specifically student depression and adolescent mental health. £15,000 was raised and completely donated to two charities: Students Against Depression and YoungMinds. The main-stage headliner was The Magnus Puto.

2014's Valefest was on 7 June, with cancer charities Macmillan Cancer Support and Trekstock selected as the charities to have money raised for them. Electric Swing Circus returned as headliners, with the woodland Dance Stage returning by popular demand. This event was the most successful so far, raising over £25,000 for both charities.

This ValeFest saw a focus on the rebranding of the festival as a sustained and continuous annual festival, with the official event renaming and branding as 'ValeFest', while the committee of student volunteers remained 'The Vale Festival'. It was decided that poverty would be the focus of this years festival, with proceeds received by Child Poverty Action Group and Medic Malawi. A change in infrastructure and professionalism led to a greater emphasis on expanding the festival beyond students. The Main Stage was headlined by Will and The People, and the dance stage by New York Transit Authority.

Taking place on 4 June, the charities chosen for ValeFest 2016 were Action Against Malaria Foundation and Birmingham Children's Hospital. The festival was headlined by The Dub Pistols, alongside Adam Barnes, Everybody Looks Famous and Shadow City.

In 2017, the theme of the charities was mental health. The chosen charities for 2017 were Rape & Sexual Violence Project, a charity providing support across Birmingham and Solihull, and BasicNeeds, a global mental health organisation. Headlining the festival were The Mouse Outfit, Bodalia, Buckfast Boys Club, Lisbon and IORA.

2018 saw the festival grow bigger than ever before, with headline acts Fickle Friends and Little Comets causing tickets to sell out in record time. The chosen charities were ShelterBox and Sifa Fireside.

Growing from the success of 2018, 2019's event took place on 8 June. It was the biggest year to date with the event selling out before the lineup was announced. Acts at the 2019 festival included The Hunna headlining with Saint Raymond, Ivory Wave and Chopstick Dubplate also performing. More tickets were sold than ever before to raise money for the chosen charities, St Basil's, Sense and Kids Adventure.

2020s
The 2020 festival was cancelled due to Covid-19. A virtual festival named ValeFest Goes Virtual took place online on the day of the event. The online festival raised £4763.86 for the charities RSVP West Midlands and Just Like Us.

In 2022, the festival returned, headlined by Biig Piig and special guest General Levy.

The 2023 edition of the festival was cancelled and the event did not go ahead.

In 2024, the festival returned again, headlined by local talent. Birmingham-based band Overpass headlined the festival.

Organisation
A committee team is assembled at the start of the academic year. Everything is planned by students and the numbers on the committee increase in number year on year. A core committee maintains the four sub-committees, which take responsibility for different aspects of the festival; these are the Entertainment, Site, Marketing and Relations.

title: ValeFest


text:
Eden, Minnesota

Eden is an unincorporated community in Wasioja Township, Dodge County, Minnesota, United States. The community is located along Dodge County Road 16 near its junction with State Highway 56 (MN 56) and Dodge County Road G. Nearby places include Dodge Center, Wasioja, and West Concord. The South Branch Middle Fork of the Zumbro River flows nearby.

History
Eden was named established as a railroad station, and named by railroad officials. The post office at Eden was called Cheney. The Cheney post office was in operation between 1886 and 1924.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eden, Minnesota


text:
utility function

Noun

 * 1)  A mathematical function that assigns a real number to every element of the outcome space in a way that captures the agent's preferences over both simple and compound lotteries.

Translations

 * Czech: užitková funkce
 * Hungarian: hasznossági függvény
 * Icelandic: nytjafall
 * Tagalog: kabisa ng dahat

title: utility function


text:
User:Iamelenajohnson

Elena johnson was born in Khaborovsk russia. She was adopted at the age of 18 months old and brought to america with her twin brother

title: User:Iamelenajohnson


text:
User:Irishf1987

Fred Floyd
International Pornstar. Born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1980, Fred Floyd had but one dream. To pleasure women in front of a camera..and get paid to do it.

His beginnings were humble. He started making amature porn in his basement in 2000 under the production studio name BIG DERF Productions. His first movie title was called How to Lose a Girl's Virginity in 10 Days. It was an immeadiate success.

Since then Fred has released over 150 feature films. His greatest accomplishments have been Saving Ryan's Privates, There's Something About Mary's Vagina, Anal Only and Paul Bunyan's Penis

He will foreve be remembered as Cleveland's greatest porn star.

title: User:Irishf1987


text:
Muhammad Ma Jian

Muhammad Ma Jian (محمد ماكين الصيني ; 1906–1978) was a Hui-Chinese Islamic scholar and translator, known for translating the Qur'an into Chinese and stressing compatibility between Marxism and Islam.

Early years
Ma was born in 1906 in Shadian village in Gejiu, Yunnan. This was a majority-Hui village that would later be the site of the infamous Shadian incident during China's Cultural Revolution. When Ma was six years old, he was sent to the provincial capital of Kunming, where he would receive his primary and secondary education until the age of 19. Following his graduation, Ma returned to his hometown of Shadian to teach at a Sino-Arabic primary school for two years - an experience which he did not enjoy. This was followed by a stint of study under Hu Songshan in Guyuan, a city in the Hui region of Ningxia. He then went to Shanghai for further education in 1929, where he studied at the Shanghai Islamic Normal School for two years.

Study in Cairo
Following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Ma was sent by the Chinese government to Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt, to cultivate relations with Arab nations. He was a member of the first group of government-sponsored Chinese students to study there - which included men who would later become leading Chinese scholars of Arabic and Islam, such as Na Zhong. While in Cairo, he contacted the Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated Salafi Publishing House, which agreed in 1934 to publish one of his works - the first full-length book in Arabic on the history of Islam in China. A year later, Ma translated the Analects into Arabic. Whilst in Cairo, he would also subsequently translate several of Muhammad Abduh's works into Chinese, with the assistance of Rashid Rida, as well as Husayn al-Jisr's The Truth of Islam. To promote Chinese interests in the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ma was sent to Mecca in early 1939 as part of a hajj delegation alongside 27 other students - a journey on which they spoke to Ibn Saud about the determination of 'all the Chinese people' to resist the Japanese.

Return to China
Ma returned to China in 1939. There he edited the Arabic-Chinese Dictionary, while translating the Qur'an and works of Islamic philosophy and history. He also became a professor of Arabic and Islamic studies at Peking University in 1946, a role in which he oversaw the introduction of the first Arabic-language courses in the Chinese higher education system. At Peking University, he would train many of the next generation's most prominent Chinese Arabists, such as Zhu Weilie. His initial translation of the Qur'an's first 8 volumes was completed in 1945, and after being rejected by Beijing publishing houses in 1948, this was published by Peking University Press a year later.

Following the Chinese Communist Party victory in the Chinese Civil War and the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, he was also elected as a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) in 1949. In 1952, another edition of his Qur'an translation was published by Shanghai's Commercial Press, and Ma became one of the founders of the Islamic Association of China. As part of this role, Ma also aimed to increase public awareness of Islam - which he did by publishing several articles in newspapers such as the People's Daily and the Guangming Daily. He also published a translation of Tjitze de Boer's History of Philosophy in Islam in 1958. Due to his linguistic skills, he served as a high-level interpreter for Chinese officials such as Zhou Enlai, whom he enabled to speak to Gamal Abdel Nasser at the Bandung Conference. It was this that allowed him to keep his professorship and post in the CPPCC until his death in 1978, despite widespread persecution of Muslims during the upheaval of the Cultural Revolution. Ma's mother-in-law, sister and niece were killed during the upheavals of the Cultural Revolution but Ma was unable to voice his personal feelings on the tragedy.

Following his death, Ma's translation of Philip K. Hitti's History of the Arabs was published in 1979 by the Commercial Press. The China Social Sciences Press also posthumously printed, in 1981, his complete translation of the Qur'an, which Ma had worked on up until 1957, and then between 1976 and 1978.

Influence
His translation of the Qur'an remains the most popular in China today, surpassing versions by Wang Jingzhai and Li Tiezheng. It has been lauded for its faithfulness to the original, and has reached an 'almost canonical status'. The quality of this translation has also been recognized internationally - with the Medina-based King Fahd Holy Qur'an Printing Press opting to use it for their Arabic-Chinese bilingual edition of the Quran, published in 1987.

title: Muhammad Ma Jian


text:
Talk:Cello Concerto (Walton)

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:39, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cello Concerto (Walton)


text:
User:Chrisepedia

Anne Rodgers HEALER SEE MIRACLES on my Website www.annehealed.me THE BEST HEALER ..................                                                  IN THE WORLD.

title: User:Chrisepedia


text:
How To Search/Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 * Purpose: To provide a dynamic and up to date reference work in the subject area of philosophy.
 * Audience: General philosophy researchers.
 * Scope: Philosophy
 * Refresh Rate:

Other Features
There is a directory available for those who just want to browse by title of encyclopedic article or by date of article creation.


text:
Ada Programming/Keywords/range

Description
The keyword range is used in the following type definitions.

 * Defining the first and last element in an integer range.
 * Defining the first and last element in a Modulus subtype.
 * Defining the first and last element in an enumeration subtype.
 * Defining the minimum range of a floating point type.
 * Defining the minimum range of a fixed point type.
 * Defining the range of an array type.

It is also used within the following statements:

 * Specify the range of a for loop.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Keywords
 * Ada Programming/Types/range
 * Ada Programming/Types/Enumeration
 * Ada Programming/Types/digits
 * Ada Programming/Types/delta
 * Ada Programming/Types/array
 * Ada Programming/Control

Ada Reference Manual

Ada Quality and Style Guide

|Range

title: Ada Programming/Keywords/range


text:
User:Alena00048

I am a Film & Media student of the University of Stirling. I am in my second year now and this year we are doing a module called Digital Media and Culture.

title: User:Alena00048


text:
Panagiotis Lagos

Panagiotis Lagos (Παναγιώτης Λαγός; born 18 July 1985) is a Greek former professional footballer. Lagos had the ability to play in various positions as much as on the wings as on the center, due to the combination of the speed and technique of his play. Επίσης ο Παναγιώτης Λαγός έχει και ένα παιδί τον Αλέξανδρο.

Iraklis
Born in Thessaloniki, Lagos started his professional football career with Iraklis in 2002. Having made 76 appearances for the club, he became one of the most important players in qualifying for Europe during the 2005–06 season.

AEK Athens
Lagos was a target of some Greek clubs, Olympiacos, Panathinaikos and PAOK. Lagos signed with AEK Athens for €1 million and was transferred from Iraklis in 2006. Lagos scored his first goal for AEK Athens against Atromitos in a 4–0 home win. In his first season at AEK, Lagos started his career with AEK before suffering a serious injury on his right leg in 2007, forcing him out of football for two years, and made his comeback near the end of the 2008–2009 season. Lagos' first game back from his injury was in a derby match against Panathinaikos. Lagos was a regular in the AEK Athens starting line-up, being played as a left wingback.

In 2010, Lagos renewed his contract with the club, signing a new three-year deal which kept him at the club until 2013. Lagos scored 2 goals against Larissa which led AEK winning 2–3. Lagos again suffered a knee injury against Anderlecht, which forced him out of football for three months. Lagos made his comeback against Ergotelis, where the match finished 1–1.

Vorskla Poltava
On 29 January 2013 Lagos signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with the Ukrainian club Vorskla Poltava. He made his debut with the club on 3 March 2013 in an away 1–0 loss from Chernomorets. On 3 March 2014, due to the political and military problems in Ukraine, Lagos decided to end his contract with the club

Apollon Smyrnis
On 9 July 2014 the "Light Brigade" announced the acquisition of Panagiotis Lagos. The 29-year-old full back-midfielder signed a one-year contract with the club and will play for Football League.It is worth noting that Lagos will be found for the first time in his career in a minor league in Greece, after his presence in Iraklis and AEK Athens (clubs that he measured a total of 186 appearances, 13 goals and 14 assists in 11 seasons).

International career
Lagos made his debut for Greece in 2006 against Korea Republic. Due to his injury, Lagos has been dropped from the national side. Lagos has played 9 times for Greece.

Lagos competed for Greece at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Lagos was recalled to the Greece squad by Fernando Santos to play against Malta in a Euro 2012 qualifier and a friendly match against Poland.

International
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan=3 | Greece national team !Year!!Apps!!Goals ! Total ! 9 ! 0
 * 2006
 * 6
 * 0
 * 2008
 * 2
 * 0
 * 2011
 * 1
 * 0
 * 2011
 * 1
 * 0

Honours
AEK Athens
 * Greek Cup: 2010–11

Individual
 * Greek Young Footballer of the year: 2005, 2006

title: Panagiotis Lagos


text:
William Kaye-Parry

William Kaye-Parry (28 June 1853 –10 November 1932) was an Irish architect and civil engineer.

Early life and education
He was born on 28 June 1853, the son of William Parry, proprietor of the Salthill hotel, Salthill, County Dublin.

From 1 November 1870 to 1 November 1873 he was articled to John McMurdy. He then entered Trinity College Dublin where he obtained a Bachelor of Engineering in 1875 with special certificates in practical engineering as well as mechanical and experimental physics.

Career
He began to practice as an independent architect and civil engineer in 1877. In 1880 he won a competition for a design of a concert hall held by the Royal Irish Academy of Music. He also exhibited at the Royal Hibernian Academy that year, as well as in 1881–1883, 1886 and 1896. He was surveyor to the Kingstown Estate from 1896 to 1903.

He entered into a partnership with George Murray Ross in late 1898 or early 1899. The partnership opened a London office in 1900.

He had a reputation for expertise in domestic sanitation and sewage as well as architecture. He was engineer to the Dublin Sanitory Association from 1883 to 1890. He was consulting engineer to the Ulster Sanitory Association in 1891. He was also university examiner in practical sanitary engineering for the qualification of state medicine for Trinity College Dublin in 1895 and external examiner in sanitary engineering in the Faculty of Technology, Victoria University of Manchester.

He suffered a severe accident in 1921 when he broke his thigh in two places - an injury he never fully recovered from.

In 1927 Arnold Francis Hendy, an assistant in the practice was taken on as a full partner and the firm became known as Kaye-Parry Ross & Hendy.

Death
After living in London for several years, he died on 10 November 1932.

title: William Kaye-Parry


text:
Karl Marx - a brief biography

Historical Introduction to Philosophy

A Brief Biography

Karl Marx was born in 1818 in the town of Treves in the Rhineland (Germany), and died in 1883. He was born to Jewish parents who later converted to Christianity when Karl was six. Marx studied at the University of Berlin and in 1841 he recieved his doctorate for his dissertation on the philosophies of Democritus and Epicurus. Afterwards, Marx became a journalist, since his radical views and ideas were incompatable with an academic career, and in 1842 he became the editor of the newspaper called Rheinische Zeitung.

One year after becoming editor of the newspaper it was suppressed (1843), and he then moved to Paris to study the theory and practice of socialism. It was here that he met Friedrich Engels, and the two would go on to write several works together, including the seminal work Manifesto of the Communist Party.

Marx, along with Engels, took part in the Revolution of 1848, and during this time, Marx edited the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, which would also become suppressed. However, along with the suppression of the paper, Marx was also indicted with Treason. Thus, Marx was forced to live in England in exile.

In 1864, the International Workingmen's Association was formed, and Marx returned to the political arena. Marx became a member of the organization, and would find himself an influential member of it's General Council.

Karl Marx eventually became ill, and he died in 1883.

Karl Marx and Religion The creation of 'false consciousness' refers to having been led to believe something that is not true, and at the same time is disadventagious to the holder of said belief. According to Marx, religion is a false conciousness embedded into the the minds of the proletariat (the working class) by the bourgeoisie (the ruling class). In other words, the ruling elite in society, promote religion to the masses in order to control them, or to maintain the obedience of the exploited working class. Religion is the Opiate of the Masses is commonly referred to by people trying to convey Marx's view of the repressive nature of relgion, and the intoxicating effect it has on individuals and groups.

The Communist Manifesto

Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto is the work that Marx is most known for, or in other words it was his semnial piece of work. The fact that the work is still discussed, and argued comtemporarily, just goes to show the impact his work had on the ways in which religion, society, politics, and economics can be thought about.

Historical Relevance/Background (provided by Friedrich Engels in a preface to an 1888 English edition):

The Manifesto was published just a few weeks prior to the French Revolution, which started in February of 1848. The Manifesto was to serve as the platform for the Communist League (a workers association). The Communist League was initially an underground organization, which was due to the radical economic and political ideas of the organization. According to Engels, the French Revolution was "...the first great battle between the Proletariat and the Bourgeoisie..."

Summary of the Communist Manifesto:

In the introduction, Marx makes two important claims that help to state the purpose for drafting the Manifesto. First, communism is currently recognized as a power by all European powers. Second, communists should henceforth, be open about and publish their views, be clear about their aims/goals, and the time has come for the party to draft a Manifesto.

Part One of the Communist Manifesto: Bourgeois and Proleatarians

Bourgeois: the owners of the means of production, or the capitalists; the employers.

Proletariat: wage laborers, or those who must sell their labor to survive (workers); the employees.

"The history of hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." This is the opening statement of the Manifesto and refers to that of all written history. In other words, all the history that has been written since history has been recorded, illustrates how antagonisms between social classes have developed and have become increasingly more complex. (E.g. Feudalism giving way to Merchantalism, which developed into Capitalism). The end of feudalism gave way to the rise of the Bourgeois. With the rise of the bourgeois to power, the antagonisms between class are different than they had previously been under feudalsim. What has become different is that society is becoming a two class society: the bourgeiosie and the proletariat.

The bourgeoisie first started gaining power in the artisan guilds during the Middle Ages, and through the ever increasing world market/economy the industrial class gainded more power as these markets increased. As the world markets and demand grew, so did the power of the owners of production, and industrialisation increased as did the markets and the power of the bouregiosie. As the process continued, so did the process of creating a two class society. In other words, this was sort of revolutionary, in that the world was changing quite drastically. The bourgeois centralized their power partly by putiing control and ownership of property in the hands of the few, the decline of religious aouthority/power, and with the end of feudalism/manorialism. The rise of cities of industry (towns estsablished or saved by industry) also helped to accomidate the power of the bourgeois through centralization, since the citizens were dependent on there wages, which were nothing in comparison to their conditions and treatment.

However, the problem that arises for the bourgeois is that they must constantly grow in order to survive. As the cities grow and so does their desire for local and foreign goods, then the bourgeois must expand by either finding/conquering new markets, and finder more lucrative means of exploiting existing markets. Since capitalism is dependent upon growth (it is the system), then the bourgeois' power is likewise dependent.

Steve Ferguson

Sources:

Feuer, Lewis S., ed. Marx & Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy. New York: Anchor Books, 1959.

title: Karl Marx - a brief biography


text:
-idine

Etymology

 * Derived from the ending of pyridine, which comes from German Pyridin which in turn comes from a combination of pyro- and  ( and )

Suffix

 * 1)  Denotes a chemical compound containing a ring containing nitrogen
 * 2)  alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists.

title: -idine


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/M. A. Malik

The result was delete. RL0919 (talk) 22:24, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

M. A. Malik

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

The thing that might make the subject of this article notable is that he was head of the Department of Sociology & Psychology for over 20 years at the University of the Punjab. However the article is almost entirely unsourced and his main claim to fame is apparently his prominence in the world of palm-reading, sourced only to a single obituary. Mccapra (talk) 21:16, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions. Mccapra (talk) 21:16, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Authors-related deletion discussions. Mccapra (talk) 21:16, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Pakistan-related deletion discussions. Mccapra (talk) 21:16, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete. No evidence of notability supplied. Xxanthippe (talk) 00:10, 24 September 2019 (UTC).
 * Delete. This person entirely fails to meet notability requirements. George Custer's Sabre 01:54, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fails to meet WP:NN.   Oshawott 12  ==== Talk to me!  02:33, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete not wp:notable. -Roxy, the dog . wooF 11:50, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete - it's filled to the brim with dubious claims that can not be verified, such as a "special degree". One of thousands of writers on the occult. Bearian (talk) 15:33, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete fails to meet notability requirements due to lack of evidence of notable work. Also lacks significant coverage in reliable media. -- D Big X ray ᗙ  11:06, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete - Lacks notability. Barca (talk) 20:39, 26 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Bobs Cogill Haworth

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title: Talk:Bobs Cogill Haworth


text:
Talk:Kaja Kallas

Place of birth
There seem to be several unregistered users on a crusade to change her place of birth to "Estonian SSR", which would go against the general style on Wikipedia for people born in Estonia during that period as Estonia was illegally occupied and the Soviet rule her was legally null and void. Should we perhaps limit editing this page only for registered users? H2ppyme (talk) 08:53, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I filed a request for page protection which led to the <IP_ADDRESS> IP being blocked for 72 hours. If the vandalism begins again I will file another request. { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 14:04, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * There actually have been some RfCs on this topic and consensus is that like the rest of the wiki the place should be listed as it was at the time of their birth which is the Estonian SSR. There are some such as H2ppyme that unfortunately keep changing all the Baltic BLPs to Estonia etc despite the result of the Rfcs. -DJSasso (talk) 12:36, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I am sorry, but it is a hard fact of international law that the Soviet rule in Estonia was legally null and void, which is why all people born in Estonia during the Soviet occupation should just have "Estonia" in their infobox. Do not push your pro-Kremlin POV on Wikipedia! <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:08, 8 February 2021 (UTC)
 * That doesn't change the fact of what it was called at the time. -DJSasso (talk) 11:55, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * there's only one way to stop any editors from re-writing history. Boards, like AN, ANI etc. GoodDay (talk) 00:29, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Out of curiosity, I went to Riigikogu and several sub-articles listed there, and clicked on every person I could find, and it turned out that out of all Estonians with infoboxes who were born after 1939, every single one listed Estonia as their place of birth, and not the Estonian SSR. There were zero mentions of Estonian SSR as a place of birth.  Even going back through several years of edits, the only thing I found was an edit from last month that changed it to Estonian SSR on only one article that was quickly reverted.  It would appear that it is not current practice on Wikipedia to use Estonian SSR as a place of birth. NorthernFalcon (talk) 03:32, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, as mentioned there was a group of editors who went through and changed it on most biographies a few years back which kicked off some RfCs which sided on using the Estonian SSR. But any time anyone has tried to implement the results of the RfC the same group of editors generally revert the changes despite the result of the RfC, usually with comments like the IP editors above. -DJSasso (talk) 11:55, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, she born in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was part of the USSR, why does the same Putin or Zelensky indicate that they were born in the USSR (in the RSFSR and the USSR, respectively), but this is not here, independent Estonia of which at that time did not even exist, well, in the Soviet period, she was part of the Soviet nomenklatura, his father Siim Kallas, graduated with honors from Tartu State University with a degree in finance and credit, and noted his success in 1972 by joining the ranks of the CPSU.
 * His Soviet career was quite successful: director of the republican branch of the Sberbank of the USSR, deputy chief editor of the newspaper Rahva Hyael (an organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Estonia and the Council of Ministers of the Estonian SSR), chairman of the Central Union of Trade Unions of Estonia, people's deputy of the USSR. Well, in the USSR there were no separate wagons for livestock, there were common wagons for both livestock and people Цйфыву (talk) 22:31, 1 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Historical facts are not depending on "the general style", whatever that means. This woman was born in the Soviet Union, in the Estonian SSR, denying that is denying an historical fact. "illegally occupied" is your personal opinion, the same can be claimed about any territory that changed of hands after WWII. By allowing such politically motivated denials, Wikipedia loses credibility. Ostirnim (talk) 12:03, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Just to double check, I've noticed that the prime ministers and presidents pages of other Baltic states (Egils Levits and Gitanas Nausėda who are the presidents of Latvia and Lithuania respectively) use the term "Soviet-occupied Latvia" and "Soviet-occupied Lithuania", could and should this be done with figures from Estonia? SpyroeBM (talk) 00:46, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

home page photo
This photo is being used on the home page today - but it's not in the article https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RE_Kaja_Kallas.jpg Tondelleo Schwarzkopf (talk) 15:31, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Looks like the photo was changed on the 27th. »NMajdan · talk 21:24, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Leader of the Communist Party since 2018??
Leader of the Communist Party since 2018?? Is that a troll — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:30, 31 January 2021 (UTC)

Is she still a member of the Riigikogu?
If you go on the website of the Riigikogu, Kallas is no longer listed as a member of parliament. She was certainly listed prior to becoming PM, so does anyone with advanced knowledge of Estonian politics know whether the PM has to leave their seat when being appointed to the office of PM? { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 14:34, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't claim to have advanced knowledge, but I read on ERR News that Estonian ministers are required to vacate their seats in the Riigikogu and are replaced by an alternate. Tammbeck   talk  15:05, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * So then since the seat has to be vacated isn't it misleading to still say she is an incumbent member of parliament in her infobox? Since she is just being replaced by an alternate it is not the same thing as resigning entirely I suppose, and she'd return to parliament if she steps down as PM. I'm not sure what the protocol is on this when it comes to incumbency in the legislature. { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 16:05, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

Semi-Protected Edit Request
Can someone remove the last two sentences in the personal life section? The first one is unsourced and the other is sourced to Google Translate which doesn't make sense as Google Translate is just a translation tool. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:06, 5 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and repaired the second citation as requested. NorthernFalcon (talk) 17:12, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

The personal life section says that Taavi Veskimägi was a partner after Kaja Kallas was divorced from her first husband in 2006 after they married in 2002. The Wikipedia page of Taavi Veskimagi states that they were married in 2002 and were divorced in 2014. This is a contradiction of facts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rmorrisons (talk • contribs) 06:21, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

Typo
In the Personal life section, Taavi Veskimägi's name is misspelled. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:50, 6 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I've fixed it. Tammbeck  talk  09:56, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

Kaja Kallas
Kaja Kallas on inimkasutaja ja poliitiline sekkuja 2001:1530:1017:B299:A113:D78F:2C08:9E02 (talk) 18:45, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

What is the meaning of Kaja name?
Ural altaic laguages Kaja or Kaya or Kai words mean "stone". <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:19, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

RfC regarding historical Baltic state births
At least as far as I've noticed, when including a place of birth in an article's infobox, it's the general practice on Wikipedia to use historical place names. Sometimes the modern-day country is included, as with Mikhail Gorbachev or Mila Kunis. With Kaja Kallas being featured on the main page, it came to my attention that many articles for people born in what's now Estonia (and possibly other states) do not adhere to this practice. It appears that, due to Estonia having been on the receiving end of Russian imperialism for the last few hundred years and the idea of state continuity of the Baltic states, opinions on whether to list Estonia or Estonian SSR as someone's place of birth often reflect the politics of the editors involved.

Personally, I think the de facto recognition of the Soviet administration by most paired with other factors like the monopoly on the legal use of force make linking to the SSR articles the sensible thing to do. Additionally, I believe the articles on the Baltic SSRs do a sufficiently good job of addressing questions about their legitimacy. In any case, I think it would be helpful to solicit comments and see if we can maybe get some kind of consensus here. Rockhead126 (talk) 23:00, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

 * My understanding is that the Baltic countries have a rather unique view on the Soviet era; they view their country as illegally occupied from 1940-1991, and you can even see evidence of that in the Estonia article. In light of that, they would not list themselves as born in the Estonian SSR; they would list themselves as born in Soviet-occupied Estonia, much in the same way that I believe Wikipedia would list Ukrainians born in Mariupol in the past six months to have been born in Ukraine, not Russia.  I also believe in deferring to how a country or people refer to themselves, rather than forcing them to conform to our standards.  Therefore, I would leave it as it is.  However, I would also suggest that this is not the appropriate talk page for this discussion; it should be at WikiProject Estonia. NorthernFalcon (talk) 23:57, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * As can be seen in Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Baltic states-related articles, the consensus on this has been established as there being no consensus to list Baltic births as being Soviet-born, so the Baltic states form an exception where births in Baltic Soviet republics have historically not been recorded as such on Wikipedia. { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 00:14, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Manual of Style is always in a "draft" state - RFC's have more weight along the lines of Guidelines and those overwhelmingly wanted to reflect what history books show - the SSR's existed, and that is a fact - national pride has no place here, only scholarship. Otherwise, Wiki will continue to be seen as a conglomeration of rednecks by professional historians in these areas. HammerFilmFan (talk) 18:28, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

 * For the German occupation, we have Jean-Claude Killy as born in "France" and Bernard Tapie as born in "occupied France." Can we say Estonia (as SSR)? Senorangel (talk) 00:21, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Estonia - per NorthernFalcon BogLogs (talk) 10:19, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Estonia. The docs for template:infobox person say the name of the birthplace at the time of birth. Well, Estonia’s had the name Estonia since before it was occupied by the USSR, and Estonia is also the most common and most recognizable synonym for the Estonian SSR. Those docs are often interpreted to mean “use the Russian name,” with various bogus rationales given, favouring Russian and Soviet colonial bias, for no actual valid reason. Time to start using common sense and following both the letter and spirit of the guidelines (and cf. the WP:CRITERIA). Time to stop WP:RGW by clinging to something from some Cold-War-era Russian history book and start respecting Wikipedia’s guidelines and readers.
 * Estonia was and is Estonia. So why is it so frickin’ hard to just call it that? —Michael Z. 23:26, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Estonia SSR, I don't see a source or even conjecture that the Soviet occupation is seen as illegal, and I think it's consensus around the world that they were valid and accepted parts of the USSR.--Ortizesp (talk) 20:33, 10 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Wow. Levivich (talk) 20:35, 10 March 2023 (UTC)
 * There is an entire Wikipedia article about this { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 17:32, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Estonia. Listing an Estonian as being born in the Estonia SSR is like listing a Palestinian as being born in Israel or listing an Israeli as being born in Palestine. Levivich (talk) 20:37, 10 March 2023 (UTC)
 * If a Palestinian were born in occupied territory, I would expect WP to record that. If a Jewish person were born in the pre-1948 Palestinian mandate territory, the same, regardless of whether either recognised the regime under which they were born. Ditto someone born in East Germany, or anywhere in former European empires. Recording the political reality under which someone was born (and grew up?) is not imposing any national identity on them, it's simply recording historical facts. Facts which may or may not impact on who they later become. Pincrete (talk) 07:42, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Estonian SSR. We list George Washington as having been born in the Virginia Colony, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim as having been born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, Mahatma Gandhi as having been born in the Porbandar State, and Konstantin Päts as having been born in the Livonia Governorate. I don't see why Kallas' page would be any different with regard to the de facto ruling entity at the time of her birth. CJ-Moki (talk) 06:39, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Each of those people you listed were born before their countries existed. Washington born 1732 before US independence in 1776; Mannerheim 1867, Finland 1917; Gandhi 1869, India 1947; Pats 1874, Estonia 1918. But Kallas was born in 1977, after Estonian independence in 1918. Levivich (talk) 06:52, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * You are misinterpreting the situation. Estonia was founded in 1918, you are citing examples of people born before their nations were founded. The Estonian SSR is the Soviet occupation of the independent Republic of Estonia, not the same situation. A comparison would be the "Donetsk, Donetsk People's Republic, Russia" rather than "Donetsk, Ukraine," not saying George Washington was born in a British colony. { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 17:28, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * If the occupation of Donetsk continues, and someone is born and grows up there, I would expect their article to record that they were born in whatever common name "occupied Donetsk" acquires, which would not be plain Russia, nor plain Ukraine. I don't see how it helps to ignore the political reality of the 'occupation'. Article text can 'flesh out' these issues. Pincrete (talk) 10:04, 12 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Estonian SSR. I was going to cite many of the same people as CJ-Moki. The political regime in which someone was born is part of their basic biog information, even if they and their compatriots saw their own identity as being a more 'national' (or otherwise different) one. Even if the Soviet occupation were illegal, or never recognised by the locals, (Estonians), it is nonetheless the political regime in which, and under whose laws, the person was born. If the period of occupation were brief, there might be a case for making an exception, but that isn't so here. We aren't in any way recognising legitimacy by recording political/historical facts. I could add that the poet Seamus Heaney, was born in Northern Ireland, a political unit which neither he, nor many of his community, has ever recognised as ever having been legitimate. Pincrete (talk) 07:16, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * USSR with the interlink to the Soviet Union, this is my option A . I have not found any WP guidelines for states in infoboxes, but judging by what appears in the “featured articles” category, in case of biographies they almost always indicate the city and the state as it was at the time. Then, option B is “USSR” with the interlink to “Estonian SSR”; I like it less, because after all Estonian SSR does not equal the USSR, though on the other hand, it is more informative. My option C is “Estonia” with the interlink to Estonian SSR. It is somewhat confusing, as "Estonia" does not equal "Estonian SSR", yet one might say that it points to a specific phase in the history of Estonia, the phase relevant for the period when Mrs Kallas was born. As option D I would refrain from other info than “Tallinn”. It is a somewhat evasive option, so that we do not have to tackle the issue up front, and this is why I see it as the fourth preferred one. As option E I would go for “Estonia” with no interlink, also an evasive option but worse, since we introduce a term but we do not explain it, and it might get confused with the Republic of Estonia. Then my option F would be “Estonian SSR” with the interlink to "Estonian SSR". Though factually correct, it refers to the administrative unit within the USSR. I do not think we need administrative details in infoboxes, and quoting “Estonian SSR” might deliver a false impression that it was sort of a state. The least preferred option G is to go for “Estonia” with the interlink to “Estonia” (“...formally the Republic of Estonia”); this would be a blatant error, as Kaja Kallas was certainly not born in Republic of Estonia. --Hh1718 (talk) 14:47, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Option E is my preferred choice as linking countries violates WP:OVERLINK, so we should refrain from linking it anyways. I also take issue with your rationale in Option G, as the majority of the international community did not recognize the Estonian SSR, and instead recognized the continuity of the independent Baltic nations throughout Soviet occupation. { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 17:31, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Estonia – since this is becoming a thing now, adding my comments. As other people have mentioned, the history of the Baltics and the Soviet Union is not the same as for other Soviet republics. They were illegally annexed and taken over, and this annexation was not recognized by most of the western world – we would not list a 2022 birth in Donetsk as a birth in Russia, or a 2014 birth in Simferopol as a birth in Russia, births in the Baltic states between the 1940s and 1990s were births in independent Baltic nations occupied by the Soviet Union. It has been longstanding practice on English Wikipedia to not enforce Soviet birth places on Baltic-born individuals during the Soviet era because of how contentious this is. This is not a matter of "Estonians don't acknowledge the Estonian SSR," it is a matter of what actually happened and what the Soviet Baltic republics were – occupied independent countries. Hyperlinking (ie, Birth Place: Tallinn, Estonia) would be an acceptable middle ground, but listing births as "Tallinn, Estonian SSR, USSR" is misleading and not how we would be handling modern-day instances of the same thing. { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 17:21, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Much of the western world did not recognize the Soviet government when it was formed, so can we not say someone was born in Soviet Russia or the USSR during those first few years? Mellk (talk) 18:55, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Recognition by the “Western world” is not a requirement to be part of a country or not, to exist or not as a country, the “Western world” is not the judge or the highest authority in the world. Ostirnim (talk) 12:08, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Estonia: it's within editorial discretion to pick one or the other. In this case, the subject was 14 when Estonia regained independence and none of her career took place during the USSR era. --K.e.coffman (talk) 18:15, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * That's an argument for nationality but not for birthplace, though - her career should have no bearing on the latter. An Israeli who was born in, say, Soviet Belarus, and made aliyah as a kid would be both Israeli *and* born in Soviet Belarus. Ostalgia (talk) 11:06, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment: We list Helena Majdaniec and Vitaliy Khmelnytskyi as having been born in Reichskommissariat Ukraine. If we list these people as having been born under a bygone occupation regime, shouldn't we do the same with Kallas? CJ-Moki (talk) 23:16, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Tallinn The questions are whether the annexation of the Republic of Estonia by the USSR was legal; if not, where did Tallinn fall under during that time? I do not see a clear answer to BOTH questions. Some changes from that time, such as border and demographics, are accepted. Other changes are not. In general, we should try to describe controversies. The infobox is not the best place to settle them. Senorangel (talk) 00:14, 12 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Estonia Users well explained it beforehand, illegal annexation with limited recognition and person played no role in the SSR. Pelmeen10 (talk) 07:55, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Estonia - It is an official stance of Estonia that the country was illegally occupied from 1940-1991, and legal continuity was maintained throughout this period. Majority of western countries shared this view, by never providing de jure recognition of annexation. I am sure all kind of different examples for handling such issues can be found on wikipedia, like the earlier comment mentioning two French persons born in 1943 being treated differently, but as far as Estonian people go, the current approach has been applied pretty consistently since those infoboxes started appearing 15+ years ago, and there isn't really any need or policy requiring to change it. Furthermore, we are dealing with a BLP here, and if you take a passport of an Estonian born 1940-1991 like Kallas, then the place of birth will marked as Estonia, not Estonian SSR or whatnot. Finally, the RfC is also malformed because initiators personal opinion has been added to the original question.--Staberinde (talk) 22:23, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Estonia - For all the reasons mentioned previously, i.e. Estonia became a sovereign state in 1918 and continued to exist to this present day, long been the accepted style for over 15 years in Baltic state related BLPs, the subject has no connection with the communist regime, etc. Editors often cite template:infobox person, quoting the name of the birthplace at the time of birth but the example given in the docs applies to a city not a country, and they ignore the part that's actually related to country: For modern subjects, the country should generally be a sovereign state, which Estonia remained under international law according to reliable sources. Additionally, per WP:COMMONNAME, during the period of occupation from 1940 to 1991, majority of English language sources refer to the country as “Estonia”, not “Estonian SSR”, see . We don’t say Julie Bishop was born in the Commonwealth of Australia, we just say Australia without overlinking, so no different when we say Kaja Kallas was born in Estonia. Regardless of whether it was run by republicans or communists, it was and still is Estonia. --Nug (talk) 09:32, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oscar Wilde was born in Ireland, but Ireland had a different meaning then, (one of the four countries making up the UK) than it does now (an independent Republic - or an island with two political elements). The COMMONNAME usage graph is an agument for 'piping' Estonia - not for ignoring the political reality under which Kallas was born. Pincrete (talk) 10:20, 18 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Your argument does not follow. If you look at the article Oscar Wilde, the infobox states that he was born in Ireland, without linking or piping the country. This article Kaja Kallas does the same per template:infobox person, which also states Countries should generally not be linked. Ignoring this is tantamount to WP:CHERRYPICKing parts of template:infobox person to make some WP:POINT. --Nug (talk) 04:23, 19 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Wilde links to the island, rather than the country. What I'm saying that linking to something which had a different meaning at the time of someone's birth is not very informative. Wilde was born on an island which was part of the British state at the time of his birth, but that island is now two 'countries'. If one needs to understand the political realities of the time to simply understand the place of birth, that isn't very informative IMO. It has nothing to do with making a point - most of us as interested in learning the regime into which a person was born as simply the name of the place of birth. The legality of a regime's annexation seems to me to be fairly trivial compared to the de facto control of the place. Pincrete (talk) 17:58, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Estonia, simple, clear and short. More accurate, second best longer alternative would be Soviet-occupied Estonia. ("(Estonian) SSR" is an ambivalent and less known abbreviation which stands for a confusing Orwellian set of three words - each of which has a markedly different meaning in standard English and in common Russian usage.) 3 Löwi (talk) 22:26, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Estonian SSR or USSR, as Estonia wasn't independent at the time of Kallas' birth. GoodDay (talk) 03:10, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Estonian SSR/USSR. We can not like the Soviet Union, but we cannot pretend it did not exist.Ostalgia (talk) 11:02, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I think Estonian SSR, or at the very least linking to the Estonian SSR article. This is not similar to Ukraine. That is an ongoing war with only partial occupation and practically zero recognition. Compared to an almost 50 year period with partial recognition and de facto acceptance. That article would explain the status anyway. The Bolshevik coup in the first place was illegal and was not recognized by Western governments (seems like some people think only recognition by those governments matter), but we would still put Soviet Russia as a place of birth. Mellk (talk) 07:27, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

Controversy section
Please stop undoing edits related to this controversy section. Per WP:CSECTION, Wikipedia discourages the usage of sections devoted specifically to controversies, and encourages incorporating them into other sections. There is no reason why Kallas needs an entire section of her article dedicated to one controversy, when this information should be easily migrated into the section about her premiership, which this controversy is occurring during. Additionally, please stop adding exaggerated language such as "major world media" and maintain a neutral point of view. I am moving the controversy back into the section about her premiership, please do not edit war and discuss here rather than continuously reverting. { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 00:39, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

O <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:06, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kaja Kallas


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cuckold (film)

The result was keep. (non-admin closure) ~ Amkgp  💬  19:11, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Cuckold (film)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non-notable film; does not meet WP:NFILM. We cant just be giving articles to every film mentioned briefly mentioned in a few sources. Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 17:01, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Film-related deletion discussions. Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 17:01, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of South Africa-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 17:16, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep Article was initally prod'd, and within a few minutes, I found several indepth reviews of the film to meet WP:GNG.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 17:02, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep per the reviews cited in the article. The nominator's statement about the film being "briefly mentioned in a few sources" is incorrect, even before Lugnuts' improvements. A full review in The Hollywood Reporter is not a brief mention. — Toughpigs (talk) 19:19, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep article is even better now, but reviews in Vareity and the Hollywood Reporter made this not a great nom in the first place. DiamondRemley39 (talk) 10:41, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep as has significant secondary coverage in multiple reliable sources such as the aforementioned reviews so there is a pass of WP:GNG and deletion is unnecessary imv Atlantic306 (talk) 22:21, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep The subject passes WP:GNG. Abishe (talk) 01:44, 17 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
moral authority

Noun

 * 1)  The quality or characteristic of being respected for having good character or knowledge, especially as a source of guidance or an exemplar of proper conduct.
 * 2) * 1835, John Orville Taylor, The District School or National Education 3rd ed., Carey, Lea, and Blanchard, Philadelphia, p. 287:
 * The people adopted the government they had framed, and thus gave it its moral authority.
 * 1) One possessing this characteristic.
 * 2) The right or power to act (or direct others to act), based on the belief that the actor is moral, rather than on the actor having or needing some formal power to do so.
 * 1) One possessing this characteristic.
 * 2) The right or power to act (or direct others to act), based on the belief that the actor is moral, rather than on the actor having or needing some formal power to do so.
 * 1) The right or power to act (or direct others to act), based on the belief that the actor is moral, rather than on the actor having or needing some formal power to do so.
 * 1) The right or power to act (or direct others to act), based on the belief that the actor is moral, rather than on the actor having or needing some formal power to do so.
 * 1) The right or power to act (or direct others to act), based on the belief that the actor is moral, rather than on the actor having or needing some formal power to do so.

Translations

 * Dutch: moreel gezag
 * German: moralische authorität
 * Icelandic:
 * Romanian: autoritate morală

title: moral authority


text:
User:Arunbibu01/sandbox

AKHIL SIVAN HE LIVING IN THRISSUR NEAR PAZHUVIL. HIS FAVOURATE GOD IS MURUGA. HE BORN IN MARCH 1997.HE IS A SMALL POET. HIS FAVOURATE FRIEND IS ARUN BIBU.

title: User:Arunbibu01/sandbox


text:
Shield of Achilles

The shield of Achilles is the shield that Achilles uses in his fight with Hector, famously described in a passage in Book 18, lines 478–608 of Homer's Iliad. The intricately detailed imagery on the shield has inspired many different interpretations of its significance.

Overview
In the poem, Achilles lends Patroclus his armor in order to lead the Achaean army into battle. Ultimately, Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector, and Achilles' armor is stripped from his body and taken by Hector as spoils. The loss of his companion prompts Achilles to return to battle, so his mother Thetis, a nymph, asks the god Hephaestus to provide replacement armor for her son. He obliges, and forges a shield with spectacular decorative imagery.

Homer's description of the shield is the first known example of ekphrasis in ancient Greek poetry; ekphrasis is a rhetorical figure in which a detailed (textual) description is given of a (visual) work of art. Besides providing narrative exposition, it can add deeper meaning to an artwork by reflecting on the process of its creation, in turn allowing the audience to envision artwork that they can't see.

The passage in which Homer describes the creation of the shield has influenced many later poems, including the Shield of Heracles once attributed to Hesiod. Virgil's description of the shield of Aeneas in Book Eight of the Aeneid is clearly modeled on Homer. The poem The Shield of Achilles (1952) by W. H. Auden reimagines Homer's description in 20th-century terms. Of other significance, this passage is recognized as the first example of cosmological mapping in the history of Greece.

The theme inspired related illustrations and paintings, for example Thetis Receiving the Weapons of Achilles from Hephaestus by Anthony van Dyck.

At least since the beginning of the 18th century scholars and artisans attempted to recreate the shield in detail on paper, gold, and bronze.

Description
Homer gives a detailed description of the imagery which decorates the new shield. Starting from the shield's center and moving outward, circle layer by circle layer, the shield is laid out as follows:

 * 1) The Earth, sky and sea, the sun, the moon and the constellations: Pleiades, Hyades, Orion, and Ursa Major (484–89)
 * 2) "Two beautiful cities full of people": in one a wedding and a law case are taking place (490–508); the other city is besieged by one feuding army and the shield shows an ambush and a battle (509–40)
 * 3) A field being plowed for the third time (541–49)
 * 4) A king's estate where the harvest is being reaped (550–60)
 * 5) A vineyard with grape pickers and children (561–72)
 * 6) A "herd of straight-horned cattle"; the lead bull has been attacked by a pair of savage lions which the herdsmen and their dogs are trying to beat off (573–86)
 * 7) A picture of a sheep farm (587–89)
 * 8) A dancing floor where young men and women are dancing and courting (590–606)
 * 9) The great stream of Ocean (607–609)

Interpretations
The shield of Achilles can be read in a variety of different ways. One interpretation is that the shield represents a microcosm of civilization, in which all aspects of life are shown. The depiction of law suggests the existence of social order within one city, while feuding armies depict a darker side of humanity. The imagery of nature and the universe also reinforce the belief that the shield is a microcosm of Greek life, as it can be seen as a reflection of their perception of the world. In a poetic and descriptive way, some scholars read it as a summation of the whole of human knowledge in the Homeric era. Also, the sun and the moon are shown shining simultaneously, which some consider representative of a general understanding of the universe and awareness to the cosmological order of life.

The shield shows images of conflict and discord by depicting the shield's layers as a series of contrasts – i.e. war and peace, work and festival. Wolfgang Schadewaldt, a German writer, argues that these intersecting antitheses show the basic forms of a civilized, essentially orderly life. This contrast is also seen as a way of making "us…see [war] in relation to peace".

The images of the shield can also be interpreted as a visual expression of specific themes that were found in corresponding text sections elsewhere in the Iliad and the Odyssey. This suggests symbolic imagery of Achilles' own life and of overcoming both inner and outer enemies, therefore endowing the hero with a special and different power and protection in his second attempt at fulfilling his fate as a warrior – this time with a shield that reveals a diverse, balanced, and more mature imagery than the typical battle shield for example used by Agamemnon, who was bearing a simpler image of a bloody head of the Gorgon Medusa with twisted snakes in place of hair, which projected a less refined but more common form of intimidating brute force in war.

The construction of the shield also allegorises the role of fate in the Iliad. Fate in ancient Greek mythology is unchangeable even by the gods, because it is the three Moirai that spin the destiny of each human life like a thread from the laws of the universe. The description of the shield has been considered a form of foreshadowing, a narrative technique that underlines the inevitability of future events and is used in classical epics. The images on the shield are narrated as cryptic parables linking powerful symbolism (creation and cosmos, origins and destiny, war and peace, life and death, the seasons, urban and agricultural civilization, identity and eternity) with specific predictions regarding events in corresponding verses in the Iliad and Odyssey, therefore not only raising anticipation and suspense in the audience, but also giving the hero Achilles a ‘screenplay’ of his own destiny concealed from himself on the very shield that he carries to his fate.

title: Shield of Achilles


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Parexocoetus brachypterus

The result was   keep. Nomination withdrawn: Filed at RfD instead. (non-admin closure) -- Sam Sing! 22:21, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Parexocoetus brachypterus

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Unhelpful redirect, the species article is only linked to by the genus article, but the species article links back upwards to the family article. Astrofreak92 (talk) 22:27, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Procedural close and keep: this is about a redirect and should be brought up at Redirects for discussion. -- Sam Sing! 22:57, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Nomination withdrawn: Filed at RfD instead. Astrofreak92 (talk) 21:48, 8 February 2015 (UTC)


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Talk:Evacuation immediate

Please Read
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "Non-Weather Related Emergency Message Description Guidelines". This article therefore does NOT violate any copyright information. Swearengin (talk) 22:27, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Evacuation immediate


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Talk:...And Here I Die... Satisfied

Fair use rationale for Image:Satisfied Grave.jpg
Image:Satisfied Grave.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:43, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:...And Here I Die... Satisfied


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Razdolny, Kamensky District, Altai Krai

Razdolny (Раздольный) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Poperechensky Selsoviet, Kamensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 175 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Razdolny is located 66 km southwest of Kamen-na-Obi (the district's administrative centre) by road. Filippovsky is the nearest rural locality.

title: Razdolny, Kamensky District, Altai Krai


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Söderhöjdens BK

Söderhöjdens BK was a sports club in Stockholm, Sweden. Established in 1971. it played three seasons in the Swedish women's bandy top division.

title: Söderhöjdens BK


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18+ (band)

18+ is an American band consisting of musicians and visual artists Justin Swinburne and Samia Mirza.

History and career
Having met at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Swinburne and Mirza launched the 18+ project in 2011 under anonymous pseudonyms. Their first recordings, a trilogy of mixtapes entitled M1xtape, Mixta2e, and Mixtap3, were launched online under the anonymous titles of 'Boy' and 'Sis'.

Much of the band's lyrical content concerns sex. Mirza commented on this: "I don't ever think the way we represent sex is explicitly sexy; we're not trying to seduce. We're playing up to roles we still see in music today."

In August 2014, 18+ released their first single, "Crow"/"Horn", on London nightclub Fabric's record label Houndstooth. This was followed by their debut album, Trust, which was released on Houndstooth in November 2014. Killian Fox, writing in The Observer, said of the album "Trust moves at a stoned pace, oozing sex and a glitchy sense of unease, though it’s never clear whether it’s critiquing its excesses or revelling in them."

The band's follow-up single, "Dry", was released on Houndstooth on 23 February 2015.

In January and February 2015, 18+ toured Trust in the US and Europe, including dates in Los Angeles, London, Amsterdam, Berlin and Paris.

Studio albums

 * Trust (2014), Houndstooth
 * Collect (2016), Houndstooth

Mixtapes

 * M1xtape (2011) - download only
 * Mixta2e (2012) - download only
 * Mixtap3 (2013) - download only
 * Fore (2016) - download only

Singles

 * "Crow"/"Horn" (2014), Houndstooth
 * "Dry" (2015), Houndstooth

title: 18+ (band)