text:
in!" as they say. I mean, this is not a simple, "Nah; Read it, didn't really make sense, don't recommend it," of some New Age Fad-of-the-week. Please keep in mind that there are over 25,000 pieces of documentation that give weight and credibility to the **Holy Bible** (was the main topic, btw). Look up Dead Sea Scrolls. Then, let's see if we can resolve this issue. Respectfully, MichaelTheGamer MichaelTheGamer (talk) 22:08, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if you are suggesting a change to the article or not, but perhaps Internal consistency of the Bible will have something you find interesting. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 10:44, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

Little change of title request
Hi there. Not very much important nor relevant, but it would be a little bit better if the title was "The Holy Bible" rather than "Bible" alone. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:07, 13 January 2021 (UTC)

 * ❌ See WP:RNPOV. We are a religiously neutral, secular encyclopedia. Tgeorgescu (talk) 02:39, 13 January 2021 (UTC)
 * While I concur, and think no change is needed, this does bring up an interesting point: "Bible", broadly speaking, can refer to any religious scripture, not just the Christian/Jewish one (per Merriam-Webster), and "bible" to any book or tract considered authoritative on a given subject. "Holy" could be used to (partially) disambiguate without indicating an endorsement by WP - since that is its cover title in a majority of cases. That said, the colloquial use of "Bible" seems unambiguous here, at least for western cultures, and a redirect is already set up, so I still wouldn't change it. Jtrevor99 (talk) 05:03, 13 January 2021 (UTC)

 * That is what the hatnote and disambiguation page are for. "Bible" is the correct name for this article per WP:COMMONNAME (i.e. the term as used is widely recognised) and WP:NPOV (i.e. we don't make a POV judgement about it being 'holy').-- Jeffro 77 (talk) 09:21, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

You should do some research about it. I do believe that "The Holy Bible" is the original title of the book rather than "Bible" alone. And it's not something about POV nor adjective. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:59, 17 January 2021 (UTC)
 * First of all, the Bible is not a book. It is a collection of more than 60 books (some variations between churches) written in three different languages, during a period spanning several hundred years (possible over 1000 years). As such, it doesn't have an "original title". Jeppiz (talk) 14:03, 17 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Every book of this description (or compilation, or whatever you want to call it) I've ever seen, explicitly says "Holy Bible" on the cover, not just "Bible". As a matter of fact, I don't think you'll be able to find any edition that is just labeled "Bible".<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:46, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
 * The truth is that Christians call it "The Holy Bible" while non-Christians call it just "The Bible". This would be akin to updating the Quran article to be titled "The Holy Qu'ran", as most editions do indeed title it as such (in Arabic, of course). Yet that is terminology that only Muslims would use. Meanwhile, there are examples of publications entitled just "The Bible"...the YouVersion app on my phone labels it as such :) Jtrevor99 (talk) 16:33, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

The meaning of the word biblion is not "paper"
The text contains an error. The meaning of the Greek word biblion could not have been "paper", since paper was invented in China probably in the second century BCE and the earliest known examples of paper use in Europe are from 11th century CE. See Wikipedia page "History of paper". Instead, biblion is a diminutive form of the word biblos, meaning papyrus, a word that came to be used to mean scroll. Thus, the original meaning of biblion itself was 'little papyrus', or 'little scroll'. See: https://web.stanford.edu/class/complit172c/8jan.html Tpalonen (talk) 08:48, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Agreed, I changed it in the text. Jeppiz (talk) 14:23, 30 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Great! Thank you! Tpalonen (talk) 20:15, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

Title
I know this isn’t a big deal but it’s more of an OCD thing. Shouldn’t the name of the article be italic like the names of other book articles? CyberSecurityGuy (talk) 00:36, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

 * @CyberSecurityGuy That is not without logic, but for whatever reason, MOS:ITAL says we don't do that: "Italics are not used for major religious works (the Bible, the Quran, the Talmud)." See also Manual_of_Style/Titles. If you're interested in the why-ness, Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style is probably the place to ask. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 06:53, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

Are you saying I have a point? CyberSecurityGuy (talk) 15:23, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

Why is this trending?
? Turtleshell3 (talk) 20:12, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

 * As in ? I have no idea, perhaps the topic came up in a recent superheromovie? Or Donald Trump said something. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 23:29, 10 October 2021 (UTC)
 * We had a conversation about this the other day on the Discord. |United_States|Jesus|Harry_Potter This page has very odd trending in comparison to other articles. SkippyKR (talk) 04:29, 11 October 2021 (UTC)
 * @Smallbones, any good guesses? Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 08:05, 11 October 2021 (UTC)
 * You asked for a "good guess", so this may not qualify. But as a wildly speculative guess, I think it's pretty good! It could be The Gideons International advertising or linking to this article, you probably know them as the folks who give away 70 million Bibles every year, most notably in hotel rooms, This graph needs a logarithmic scale because the page views for the Bible are 10+ times higher than for the Gideons, but otherwise the pattern is quite similar.
 * How did I reach this tentative conclusion that the Gideons are advertising Wikipedia's Bible article? Well the mission that they've taken on is to literally spread around the good news of the Bible - in hotels, prisons, schools, doctor's offices and hospitals - why should the internet be any different? At first I thought it might be churches doing the linking or advertising. There must be over 10,000 church websites in the U.S., and they have much the same goal of spreading the word. But I think the average daily hits for church websites must be pretty low, and linking to the Bible there would literally be preaching to the choir.
 * My experience with people marketing individual Wikipedia pages is pretty much limited to Brooklyn. About January 2020? I got an ad with link for the article in my Marketwatch news feed in my email. I asked the WMF why they were advertising Brooklyn, ditto members of the NY Chapter. Nobody knew anything about it. I edited the article, removing what I thought might be a hidden ad - well lets say "mixed results". But after a couple of years Brooklyn's extremely high page views are almost back to normal.
 * Maybe I should send the Gideons an email and just ask? Smallbones( smalltalk ) 15:46, 11 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Speculation at it's finest! Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 16:09, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

Mythological
The majority of people consider the bible Mythological (not product of divine inspiration) yet nowhere is this stated in the article. Should the article describe the bible from the perspective of those who believe in it even if those are the minority? Wikipedia: Neutral Point of View Arnodenhond (talk) 15:03, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

 * First, you would need an RS that states you are correct about the “minority”. Second, “mythological” is not the inverse of “divine inspiration” considering that a large proportion of the Bible contains wisdom literature, songs, statutes, letters, and the like, that “mythological” by definition could not apply to. Third, a large proportion of the aforementioned portions, and many of the historical events in the Bible, are described as factual, or at minimum plausible, by secular scholars given historical sources and archaeological evidence. “Mythological” simply is not appropriate for this article. Jtrevor99 (talk) 03:29, 16 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Addendum: the article already conforms to NPOV because it uses the formula “believers hold that…”, etc. It simply describes the contents and makes no assertion of veracity on the portions that are not subject to historical or other scholarly validation. Please thoroughly read the article you link to on the subject as it covers this point. Jtrevor99 (talk) 03:35, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

 * This is how Wikipedia describes Myth:

Myth is a folklore genre consisting of narratives that play a fundamental role in a society, such as foundational tales or origin myths. The main characters in myths are usually non-humans, such as gods, demigods, and other supernatural figures.
 * Surely mythological is a very appropriate description of the bible. There is no secular scholar who believes the main character could have factually or plausibly existed because he is claimed to be born from a virgin. Are you a (biased) believer perhaps?

 * I think Wikipedia would be more neutral if it also described the perspective of rational people, as is already done in the articles about Scientology and Deepak Chopra, for example. Arnodenhond (talk) 21:55, 17 October 2021 (UTC)
 * First, make sure your comments do not break up the comments other people have written. Second, your posting of the definition of "mythological" proves my point that "mythological" is not an appropriate description for the Bible - for the reasons I already described - so thank you for doing so. I would reiterate what I've already written but you can reread it. Third, you are wrong regarding secular scholars and what they think: you need to read more on the Historicity of Jesus. Yes, the article makes clear that most scholars reject the "Christ myth" (and "mythological" may be an appropriate description for that one story, but not the Bible as a whole), but very few reject the idea that a historical Jesus existed. Don't conflate the two. Fourth, be very careful accusing other editors of bias when they have already shown you how the existing article conforms to Wikipedia's NPOV requirements, lest you appear as a (biased) nonbeliever. You need to read the article that you've linked to, and then perhaps you will understand why the article is already NPOV. Jtrevor99 (talk) 22:05, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

 * my sincere apologies for breaking up your comments. since they were signed individually i figured they were separate. thanks for moving my comment below your second comment.
 * i've reread your comment but of course i still don't see why you say that mythological is not an appropriate description of the bible. i wonder if you are trying to talk "with" me or merely talk "to" me. the very first chapter of the bible is a "foundational tale or origin myth". the god character is actually a god and the jesus character fits the description of a demi-god i'm not even talking about the myriad supernatural figures like talking donkeys/snakes/angels/demons/whatnot. you admit that mythological appropriately describes "that one story" but the bible is chockfull of mythological stories (also called miracles). you need to read the bible.
 * we agree that there could be many naturally conceived people called jesus and that there could not be any divinely conceived person called jesus as described in the bible. i was clearly referring to the latter. honestly, which one of us is conflating the jesuses?
 * it seems to me that you should be very careful in calling my question about your bias an accusation lest you be treated in that way yourself!
 * you say the article is already NPOV but in my view thats not binary but rather gradual. i would like to make the article MORE NPOV, you see? wouldn't you agree that the articles about scientology and deepak chopra would be less neutral if they were written without the description of non-biassed nonbelievers?
 * Arnodenhond (talk) 17:44, 18 October 2021 (UTC)
 * My argument was clearly stated. The Bible contains wisdom literature, poetry, laws, historical events that secular scholars have verified actually occurred, and more. The definition of “mythological” that you provided, by definition, does not apply to any of those sections. Nor have you addressed the need for a RS on stating that “most people see the Bible as mythology”. Nor have you addressed the fact that the NPOV requirements are already satisfied, in that the article merely states that “believers hold that…” and “the Bible states that…” - examples that the NPOV article go through. Trying to label as “mythological” what cannot be mythological, by definition, without RSs, makes the article LESS NPOV: it would overemphasize one group’s viewpoint without scholarly backing.
 * I am not talking “at” you. I am reiterating points that you are not addressing, or that are supported by the arguments you are making. The point is this: the Bible cannot categorically be mythological, full stop - such a label simply does not apply to the majority of the Bible, from a volumetric perspective. If you want to state that certain passages and certain stories contained therein are seen as mythological by most people, and you have a scholarly RS to back that up, then go for it. I am not opposed to that. Example: it’s fine to state that the creation story or virgin birth are seen as mythological by most, if you have a RS; but labeling proverbs, poems, statutes that are still abided by today, etc. as such is nonsensical. Jtrevor99 (talk) 18:48, 18 October 2021 (UTC)
 * To add to this, there isn't consensus among various religious groups as to what is and isn't mythological in the Bible. For example, the Roman Catholic church recognizes the creation story in the first chapters of Genesis as mytholicical, while other more conservative Protestant sects view it as 'truth'. SkippyKR (talk) 18:53, 18 October 2021 (UTC)
 * "The majority of people consider the bible Mythological" While I see no difference between the Bible and Jewish mythology, do you have sources on how it is viewed by the majority of rational people? No change in the article can occur without sources. Dimadick (talk) 06:39, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Dawkins Quote
While an entire paragraph devoted to any quote, regardless of content, probably is inappropriate for the lead - particularly when not adequately covered elsewhere in the article - I would agree that the lead should do a better job covering atheist and agnostic thoughts. I would propose something like the following:
 * Add a sentence to the end of P1 or somewhere in the middle of P4 of the lead along the lines of "Atheists and agnostics, however, largely view the Bible either contemptuously for its perceived immoral code and mythological content, or consider it antiquated and irrelevant to modern society." Or something like that - provided someone can find an RS along those lines. More than a short sentence is not appropriate due to the lead already being overlong, and one should be careful not to assume Dawkins' quote is representative of all (or even most) atheists' thoughts.
 * The Dawkins quote, meanwhile, would be well suited to expand upon this, but in the Views section, along with (hopefully) something that better covers agnosticism. I'm not sure if criticism of the main character of the Bible best fits in the Bible article, but I'm not sure what article it would be better suited for. Jtrevor99 (talk) 23:54, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
 * After thinking this over a bit more, I realized any new section in "Views" would need something that links Dawkins' quote to the general attitude of atheists towards the Bible. Otherwise it's simply Dawkins' viewpoint. To give an example from personal experience, I know at least 2 atheists that still think highly of the Bible from a moral, ethical and historical perspective. Jtrevor99 (talk) 03:50, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * An article like this should generally not have quotes or names of particular thinkers in the WP:LEAD. They're all drops in the ocean. I'm not at all sure that atheists and agnostics largely view the Bible like that, but sources, of courses. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 09:42, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * We could perhaps have half a sentence counterbalancing the 2007 Time quote at the end of the lead, that might demonstrate sufficiently widespread acceptance of viewpoints critical of the Bible (as a moral guide? as a source of historical information? as a teaching aide?), assuming we have an appropriate source. The section Bible could be expanded to contain more material related to popular views of the text that are not related to any academic field, or expanded to give general summaries of academic studies and disciplines that are explicitly secular or atheist, but @User:Arnodenhond, the Dawkins material you introduced is hardly fit even for the article Criticism of the Bible, and probably belongs in q:Richard Dawkins or maybe The God Delusion if sufficient relevance to the topic can be shown. Comparing Christianity to Scientology is not likely to help you achieve your goals here. With love, Folly Mox (talk) 02:21, 24 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Well said! The point is we are NOT hostile to reliably sourced and secular criticism of the Bible here. On the contrary, it belongs here. It’s just important to ensure it is written well, reliably sourced and appropriately brief for the lead. Jtrevor99 (talk) 03:59, 24 October 2021 (UTC)
 * This is ridiculous! I very clearly compared the lack of NPOV in the article about the bible to the amount of NPOV in the article about scientology. @User:Folly Mox You know very well that i did not compare christianity to scientology. What are you really trying to accomplish? Arnodenhond (talk) 14:14, 24 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Hmm upon a second reading, that does more accurately describe the comparison you were making. I must have been sleepy. Do you have any less strident material to introduce for this article or the Criticism of the Bible article? Folly Mox (talk) 15:23, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

 * While equating Humanists’ thoughts with those of all atheists may be incorrect, a good possible place to start for RS on general views might be https://americanhumanist.org/what-is-humanism/reasons-humanists-reject-bible/. The Pew Research Center also has good material. Jtrevor99 (talk) 19:01, 24 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm curious, why do you consider the Dawkins quote openly hostile? Isn't it a good summary of the page you linked to? Arnodenhond (talk) 22:21, 24 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Calling God "homophobic" among other slurs is open hostility, and is directed against God, not the Bible. If you remove Dawkins' open hatred for all Jews, Christians and Muslims from the quote, and just characterize atheists' thoughts on the subject (i.e. "atheists express misgivings/concern about the Bible's stance on homosexuality", etc.) then the concern is addressed, factual rather than using what some would characterize as hate speech, and better in line with the article I linked to. Subjects like this one need to be handled with "kid gloves", as it's far too easy for people on both/all sides to get upset over wording, and stray again into POV or even discrimination territory. Finally, frankly, Dawkins himself has no qualms about calling himself openly hostile and divisive, and his speech reflects that. Jtrevor99 (talk) 00:08, 26 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm still trying to understand your opinion. So you wouldn't consider Leviticus 20:13 to be hate speech? Has Dawkins ever called for Jews, Christians and Muslims to be put to death? Arnodenhond (talk) 12:50, 26 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Apologies for the length here. Looking at part of the Bible in isolation will inevitably lead to erroneous conclusions. For example, this needs to be paired with John 8:7, "Let he who is without sin cast the first stone", and with the various passages which clearly state the OT law has been superseded. Additionally, you must remember that homosexual behavior in the OT was usually (not always) paired with cultic worship of other gods. So it's important to consider the cultural setting. Another argument: calling the being who (in the view of believers) created the very concepts of sex and love "homophobic" because he insists that the only version of either that is acceptable and moral is one man, one woman, in a loving marriage of which sex is only a part, is missing the point entirely. It's utilizing incendiary language to try to put people ahead of God in deciding what's moral. It's also utilizing emotionally charged language from someone who openly admits his hatred for that group, which will trigger hatred in some, and create wrong conclusions in others. (To wit, the same passage you quoted also bans bestiality and incest, which for the time being culture still considers wrong, and other passages ban adultery, sex outside of marriage, etc. - all are considered equally evil in the Bible.)
 * Or, here's an illustration: imagine if someone insisted on putting a quote in the lead of some article that you feel defines much of your (non)belief system, from someone who has openly and repeatedly expressed hatred for you, that called anyone who agrees with you "narcissistic, amoral, hubristic, moronic, evil, racist, intolerant, religious bigots", etc., etc. There are some in the religious community who think that about the nonreligious, and if I looked I could probably find a quote from someone along those lines. But it would not be appropriate to put that in the lead, or probably even in the article. Even if I thought it was true. In fact ANY quote is not appropriate for the lead. Instead, sticking to factual statements devoid of emotionally charged language is the way to go. Jtrevor99 (talk) 14:01, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

Why should we include Dawkins at all in the lede? How is his personal opinion WP:DUE? Jeppiz (talk) 01:00, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Although the apparent lack of interest in my opinion does make it seem like you are talking "at" me, I will give you my opinion anyway:
 * as you said "in the view of believers" doesn't apply to those who are not believers therefore to them the comment is not "openly hostile" at all in any way. in fact, calling it openly hostile is rather offensive in the view of non believers. does that make sense to you?
 * Would you agree that non believers (from they own view of course) are not at all missing the point entirely ?
 * Although the bible is certainly full of contradictions, if i'm not mistaken, leviticus does not state that homosexuals need to be killed by "casting stones"
 * Also, keep in mind that "pairing" goes both ways! so John 8:7 is now also paired with the violent hate crime of murdering homosexuals.

 * i find your illustration very interesting although i deeply disagree with it.
 * have you seen the dawkins quote in the Deepak Chopra article? Does he "hate" those people too?
 * do you think the followers of Scientology can get away with demanding that the article about their belief system should be handled with "kid gloves" like you insist should be down for your belief system? how quickly would wikipedia lose its neutrality if that were done? please try to look beyond your bias more?
 * let me give you an illustration too: if, as you say, there are people in the religious community who feel that atheists are "narcissistic, amoral, hubristic, moronic, evil, racist, intolerant, religious bigots" then i would certainly advise them to add this to the article about atheism!

 * I don't care if it comes from humanists or bart erhman or whoever, but the lead of the bible deserves just as much criticism as the articles about Deepak Chopra or Scientology. go read those articles.
 * Arnodenhond (talk) 15:21, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I have clearly and repeatedly made it obvious your opinion is welcome here (I’m not sure what part of “the lead needs to do a better job on this” was unclear, for example). Nothing you have said warrants further comment on my part. My points stand. Jtrevor99 (talk) 17:36, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I’m going to step back and leave it to other editors to comment at this time. I will not comment further anytime soon. We have tried to make it clear that atheist and/or agnostic viewpoints are not only welcome, but necessary for this article; we are not in the business of silencing viewpoints (or should not be). Your self-professed mentor, User:ARoseWolf, weighed in and agreed that a healthy discussion not designed to silence you is what is happening here, when you asked. But your (or any) edits need to be done in a scholarly, productive manner which conforms to WP standards, including style standards for the lead; even without the distracting conversation on what constitutes “hate speech”, this hasn’t been addressed at all. Regarding “hate speech”: on such a sensitive subject one needs to go out of the way to ensure they do not edit out of anger, frustration or hatred, but out of a desire to improve things. Practically speaking, that often means hypersensitivity toward how opposing groups will receive critical language, or quoting those who have expressed hatred for their group in the past. And, we don’t have the right to tell a group that something they see as hate speech, isn’t. In short, I am trying for constructive dialogue here, as are the other editors that have spoken in unison against the edits made thus far; that means reworking, not silencing. Jtrevor99 (talk) 18:53, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

Dawkins is an evolutionary biologist. The Bible isn't his field at all. I don't see why a quote from him is relevant. If you want quotes from atheists, there are atheists who are actual Biblical scholars - like Bart Ehrman - who actually have some expertise on the subject. Dawkins opinion is no more relevant than anyone else's. Carlo (talk) 00:14, 27 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Civility is a big concern in our discussions, especially on subjects we feel passionate about. Civility doesn't just include the words we say to one another but our general tone throughout discussions. It's very hard to maintain but even harder to regain once it is let go. It will have a lasting affect on any discussion. I was asked about this topic on my talk page. I read the discussion and gave an honest and observant opinion. I am not a scholar on the Bible though my grandmother made us read the Torah often. Reliable sourcing can be tricky. Dawkins may be a reliable source when it comes to evolutionary biology but not a reliable source when it comes to Biblical authenticity and history. That is decided by the community and we all have to abide by the consensus. That is not to say that the article should only be filled with quotes and viewpoints of Biblical scholars and no other. It just means that the community should decide. There seems to have been a breakdown in the discussion falling along what constitutes hate speech. I don't really get into such discussions once we reach the point of trying to find that line. I have a personal line which none of you are obliged to adhere to. What I would say is that Wikipedia does not care what you or I say or believe on a personal level. It does not care what Dawkins believes or says on a personal level. It only cares about what is said in reliable sources about the subject. It also concerns itself with due weight. Should one man's opinion outweigh ten others in dissent? Should the ten drown out the one limiting their voice? The community is the keeper of the key and consensus must be gained or there is no moving forward. I encourage everyone involved to evaluate their tone and words and come back to the discussion with an open yet definitive mind on what they want and how what they want improves the article for all readers. -- A Rose Wolf  13:30, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

"Ayey Ngkarte-Akerte" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Ayey Ngkarte-Akerte. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 November 26 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Certes (talk) 16:55, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 December 2021
I'm referring to the page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible In the Hebrew Bible part, under the section Nevi'im, and sub-section Latter Prophets, in the first sentence it says that Daniel is part of the Latter Prophets. That is not correct. Daniel is part of the Ketuvim, as it correctly says under the sub-sub-title Other books there.

I suggest that the reference to Daniel in the Nevi'im chapter be deleted.

/HakanLiIL HakanLiIL (talk) 07:12, 2 December 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅. That's a Christianity thing. ◢ <i style="background-color:#F7E3F7; color:#960596"> Ganbaruby! </i>  (talk) 08:06, 2 December 2021 (UTC)

Trending Page Over a Month in 2021?
Any thoughts on why this article is suddenly so popular (especially for such an extended period of time)?

It seems like an anomaly similar to Cleopatra being a top ranked article for an extended period of time when Google Assistant recommended searching "Show me Cleopatra on Wikipedia" on their Android phones.

2600:1700:7D10:C130:F8E3:8B0A:2ED3:E9DD (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 17:47, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Previous musings at Talk:Bible/Archive_17. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 20:39, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

Starting very suddenly on March 6, 2019, the number of views for this article exploded (with no matching rise on Google trends). This spike was driven entirely by desktop views, indicating this is likely some kind of bot activity. The views counts are large enough and sustained enough that the Bible has been the most-read article on desktop for months and months and months. The question is: why?

Dmildy (talk) 22:37, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

Xhosa
I think Bible make us believe more 🙏 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:42, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

Believe in what? Dimadick (talk) 19:53, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

Xhosa? Kaylahackman (talk) 21:37, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

Lead too short?
I noticed an editor recently substantially shortened the lead. I’m worried the new lead does not provide an adequate summary of the topic. Needforspeed888 (talk) 04:02, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I reviewed the contributions and reverted to an earlier version since I determined the changes weren't constructive. The lead (introduction) is supposed to summarize the main body of the article, and I think it currently does an adequate job of this. So taking the content from the lead and placing it in a separate section was not helpful as it diminished the purpose of the lead. Your shorter lead was also inadequate in part because it was far too Christianity-focused. Moreover, your new 'origins' section (which was largely unreferenced) unfortunately duplicated much of the information already found the  and  sections. Please read through the article beforehand to check whether the information is already present, and then add new information to the existing sections where appropriate. --Hazhk (talk) 09:08, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

Hazhk, please undo reverts
I think Hazhk is wrong to delete the new intro, when instead the rest of the article needs a thorough elaboration where the article is more clearly about the book and not its users (who have their own articles in Wikipedia, which of course this article should be linked to).
 * I ask you Hazhk to undo your reverts 08:42 and 08:52, 24 January 2022
 * Without, it is not even clear what bible we are talking about, in the present Hazhk article version.
 * This article should be about the bible defined as the common Bible canon by the Councils of Hippo in 393 and in Carthage in 397 AD, and nothing else
 * This edition translated is what is published today in 100 million copies a year.
 * Else we do not even have a definition of what we are talking about.
 * All other bible definition and use should be mentioned later in the article with a link to their own Wikipedia article.
 * The article should be based on the Septuagint and the Vulgate editions because every later edition has its path from here.
 * The Masoretic text it should be referred to because its books are the origins.
 * And certainly in Carthage in 397 AD it was only about the common Christianity and every other later such aspect should be mentioned lower in the article.

 * We continue this debate from there, in general talk about how we can enhance the rest of the article, else we do not know what we are talking about.
 * I have not edited in the previous text, just but a new title Context over it, so lets talk from an non-destructive state?

The edits
I have written the new intro (24 January 2022) to the article about the bible and the purpose is to start a process to make the article more accessible (regardless of who the reader is). An article should be organized so that the basic formalities and definitions should start the article and then come to content and detail, to make it possible to keep orientation and comprehend the later text in the article. The article on the Bible is long and needs a working layout.

I think
 * 08:52, 24 January 2022 Hazhk −9,223 WP: REVERT. Sorry but your recent changes stent constructive. The lead summarized the content Already in thevredtvof the article, and your new 'origins' section duplicates the existing 'Development' section. Please read the article first
 * No, the article is poorly written communicative and one should not have to read the whole article with lots of detailed elaborations to get its basic formal content and origin.
 * The article needs a very short intro about what it is and when it was defined. It needs a brief overview of who wrote it, when and how (which in this case is a little more complex than usual).

 * 08:42, 24 January 2022 Hazhk +30 The Bible is not significant in Christianity only. Some recent changes need discussing
 * No, the bible is significant in only Christianity as the main thread. The common Bible canon by the Councils of Hippo in 393 and in Carthage in 397 AD were certainly only Christian.
 * Those non-Christianity religions who use it should be mentioned later in the article, definitely not in the introduction, they are uninteresting to 99% of readers, but exist. That it is of religious significance is initially covered by "of very special significance and therefore called" the Holy Scriptures "." And may be clarified later in the article.
 * The article should be about the book not about its users, where the book is so large that there are articles about its users that the book article should link to.

--Zzalpha (talk) 22:35, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Just as your lead edits were way too long and not an effective summary, so too your reply here. Jtrevor99 (talk) 04:22, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bible/Archive 17


text:
Talk:Dieter Moebius

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Dieter Moebius. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060510124845/http://cdn.scratchrecords.com/pages.cfm?ID=25 to http://cdn.scratchrecords.com/pages.cfm?ID=25

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:34, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

Such a weirdly small writeup...
Haps on the wrongside of the NWO, if not, then why such a smallie for the name? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7D:490:A600:1923:7067:71A2:CFCF (talk) 00:28, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dieter Moebius


text:
Never Give All the Heart

"Never Give All the Heart" is an original song introduced in the first episode of the first season of the musical TV series Smash, titled "Pilot".

The number was written by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman, but within the Smash universe the song is depicted as having been written by songwriting duo Julia Houston (Debra Messing) and Tom Levitt (Christian Borle) for a musical based on Marilyn Monroe's life titled Bombshell.

While a portion of the song is sung by Ivy Lynn (Megan Hilty) in the pilot, Karen Cartright (Katharine McPhee) sings the song in its entirety in the tenth episode "Understudy". Ivy Lynn's version of "Never Give All the Heart" was performed in the show as demo track that was recorded for Tom and Julia as they pondered actually attempting the Marilyn musical. Karen, on the other hand, sings the song to the Bombshell producers and director in the last minute of her episode. The song was also reprised in the sixth episode of Season 2, "The Fringe" by Karen, as a more uptempo version than previous renditions.

The song was released as a single on iTunes and as a track on the cast album Bombshell. The rendition on the single and the standard edition of the Bombshell album is McPhee's version; Hilty's version is a track on the Smash the Complete Season 2 album as a bonus.

Production
Providing a "tantalizing glimpse into a more Norma Jean characterization of Marilyn for the Arthur Miller marriage segments", 'Never Give All The Heart” was based on an actual favorite poem of Marilyn’s (by Yeats), as described in the elegant lyrics.

More than a month after performing an excerpt of the song in the pilot, Megan Hilty was asked by interviewer Pat Cerasaro of broadwayworld.com if she would be "singing the full 'Never Give All The Heart' at some point soon", to which she replied, "Well, I can’t tell you what I am singing in every show! I can’t give it all away! [Laughs.]" Around the same time, she commented that "[Never Give All the Heart] is an incredible song and I will tell you that you will hear more of that song, but I won’t tell you who is singing it!" In reality, the song was performed on the show in its entirety by Katharine McPhee a few weeks later.

Critical reception
Cartright's "exquisitely and evocatively emotional 'Never Give All The Heart' [which gave] way to a grand diva entrance for the highly anticipated debut of movie star Rebecca Duvall (guest star Uma Thurman), who took the applause...as she walked into the room" was described by Pat Cerasaro of broadwayworld.com as "a nod to Michael Bennett’s heart-stopping coup de theatre Act One Finale for DREAMGIRLS". He continued by stating that Katharine McPhee's big musical moment, the "crowning achievement" of 'Never Give All The Heart', was a perfect example of where "the plot and music were drawn together pleasingly and provocatively", and described it as being both "perhaps the finest ballad from BOMBSHELL" and "new series highlight".

Ryann Ferguson from BroadwaySpotted was surprised that Karen’s rendition of "Never Give All the Heart" worked well in the episode (Understudy). He liked that she didn’t really sing it in character as Marilyn (although clips of previous episodes where she was Marilyn flashed on the screen as she sang) as it managed to be more authentic as a whole. He explains that cruel realism of scene by saying, "[the song] set up the sad fact that just as she was starting to get good, in walks some miscast movie star. And the applause that should have been for her sweet, well-sung performance, instead were merely entrance applause for a bigger fish. But that’s show biz."

Los Angeles Times gave the song a rating of 4 out of 5 Jazz Hands, saying:

Technical trivia
The song is in the key of Bb Major, ranges from F#3-C5, and the tempo is described on the sheet music as being "ballad style, [sung] freely with expression" (q = 100).

The publisher for the sheet music is Alfred Publishing Co., Inc.

title: Never Give All the Heart


text:
Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Ethics

Home Back Forward

General Introduction to Ethics

Concepts: Ethics in terms of philosophy, is often referred to as morality. It is the right or wrong of any action taken, took, or will take place. We use its codes to lay judgement on standards we propose to follow. Ethics is often broken down into three main categories:
 * Metaethics : is the study of origin of ethical concepts. “Meta” means after or beyond, and conversely the idea implies that if one were to view metaethics they would encompass a whole concept of ethics. Metaethical issues give rise to such questions as; ‘where do rights come from?’ and ‘what kind of beings have rights?’
 * Normative ethics : are the principles established that guide or regulate human conduct. They are often what society considers the norm. It is the litmus test of proper behavior that society sets as their standard. The golden rule is a classic example of normative ethics. "Act onto others as you would have them do to you."
 * Virtue Theories: place most emphasis on developing good habits of character.
 * Duty Theories: place most emphasis on principles of obligation. Some times known as "Deontologicalists."
 * Consequentialist Theories: place most emphasis the outcome of the action. If it is more favorable than not, it is moral. Also known as "Consequentialists."
 * Applied ethics: the study of specific problems or issues with application of Normative ethics and/or Metaethics. Sometimes the applied ethics may be about political or social questions, but they always involves some moral aspect.

 PLATO   ARISTOTLE

Background: Many positions of ethics in history were based on western philosophy. Plato and Aristotle played a crucial role in its development. Plato thought people were more likely to be good than bad. He believed that people did not understand for the most part that they did wrong and that there wrong came from error, not intent. "Plato also suggested four virtues: wisdom, courage, justice and temperance; Aristotle agreed but added others, like generosity, truthfulness, friendliness and prudence."(1) However, Aristotle expanded from Plato's work and said in his Nicomachean Ethics "that goodness is in the actor, not the action; that is, an act is virtuous because of the manner in which a person has chosen it." (2). The idea was important because it showed that we could chose to be good. That gives rise to be able to question how shall we live? And a possible answer could be by being good, instead of by doing good. The outcome of such a notion was the beginning of building an ethical system. Aristotle and Plato never continued on to develop normative ethics. Tales, and epics thereafter, became away of displaying virtue, duty and consequence became a way to practically display such normal behavior. Values like justice and/or loyalty were displayed by their illustration and use. In many of the stories depicted by homer the gods made mistakes and this portrayed how ethics should be lived by.

David Hume first discusses ethics in his writing A Treatise of Human Nature. later, he will discuss it further in his writing An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. Hume's approach to his ethics is obviously an empirical one. Hume, instead of trying to establish how one should think that morality should function, strives to tell us how we as humans make our moral judgements. It seems Humes is asking or even trying to possibly imply that we tend to make our moral judgements based on or in self-interest. This seems to be a difference from the approach of his fellow empiricist Thomas Hobbes.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz contributed to the philosophical conversation of ethics with the idea that three kinds of evil exist in the world: Metaphysical evil, physical evil, and moral evil. Metaphysical evil is the limitation of all things due to their finite state. A theist, Leibniz believed that an infinitely perfect God existed, and that anything that is not part of God (including the world) is finite, with a limited amount of perfectness. Metaphysical evil is unavoidable, and no being can be held responsible for its existence. Physical evil is a lack of perfection of worldly things due to their nature. Humans can not be held responsible for this kind of evil, since God gave things their natures. Leibniz argued that this kind of evil exists to make the overall state of things better. An analogy is a shadowy portion of a painting which accentuates a brighter portion; the shadowy portion is necessary to make the overall work of art as beautiful as it is. The last kind of evil Leibniz recognized, moral evil, is the result of humans choosing to defy God’s will. With this theory of evils, man can measure the goodness of their behavior by how closely it is aligned with God’s will, but physical and metaphysical evils will ensure imperfection in the world regardless of man’s moral behavior.

 Suggested Readings  Nicomachean Ethics - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics Virtue- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue Cardinal Virtues- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_virtues Meno- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meno_(Plato)

 Literature  Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy Dante's Inferno Goethe's Faust .  Related Links and References  (1) http://www.galilean-library.org/int11.html (Good overview on Intro to Ethics)

(2) http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/ethics.htm (More in-depth break down on Ethics) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics

Home Back Forward


text:
Mathafarn

Mathafarn is a house and farm near Llanwrin, in Wales. The earliest house here was built before 1485, and Mathafarn plays a significant role in Welsh and English history.

History
The earliest reference to Mathafarn is in 1485. Henry Tudor was travelling through Wales to meet Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, when he stopped at Mathafarn Hall, near Machynlleth and consulted with the poet Dafydd Llwyd (c1420 to c1500) who lived at the hall. Llwyd was made an esquire following Henry's decisive victory at the Battle of Bosworth.

Around 1600, the house was owned by Richard ap John ap Hugh, a descendant of Llwyd. Hugh's son Rowland Pugh was the Lord of Meirionedd, and in 1624, was elected as the MP for Cardigan. In 1625, he was re-elected to the seat, and appointed as High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire. In 1628 he built a new house at Mathafarn. Pugh supported the Royalist side in the English Civil War. On 2 November 1644, Sir Thomas Myddleton of the Parliamentarian army was marching through the Dyfi valley when he was ambushed by a force organised by Pugh. In retaliation for the attack, Myddleton burned down Mathafarn on 29 November 1644. Rowland Pugh died at Christmas 1644; his son John Pugh was made Lord of Cyfeiliog at the Restoration in recognition of his father's support of the Monarchy.

Another house was built at Mathafarn towards the end of the 17th century and was sold to Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn in 1752. Wynn's son Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 5th Baronet built a new house at Mathafarn around 1800.

By 1859, Williams-Wynn had moved out of Mathafarn and had leased the house to William Owen. In 1915, Edward Hughes, a county alderman and magistrate of Montgomeryshire was in possession of Mathafarn. The house built in 1800 still stands in 2017.

Location
Mathafarn is located half a mile north-west of Cemmaes Road and a similar distance east of Llanwrin. It stands at the confluence of the Afon Ceirig and the Afon Dyfi.

title: Mathafarn


text:
Stefanos Koumanoudis

Stefanos Koumanoudis (Στέφανος Κουμανούδης, 1818–1899) was a Greek archaeologist, teacher and writer of the 19th century.

Biography
He was born in 1818 in Adrianople to a rich merchant family. In an early age, his family settled in Bucharest, and later in Silistra where he spent most of his childhood. He graduated from the Humboldt University of Berlin and the University of Paris. Fellow university students of Koumanoudis were Efthymios Kastorchis, Iraklis Mitsopoulos, Lysandros Kavtantzoglou and Emmanuel Kokkinos, who became notable teachers and archaeologists as well.

He became a lecturer in 1845, and in 1846 he was appointed a professor of Latin philology of the University of Athens. In 1854 he was elected dean of the Philosophical School of the university, and in the later years 3 more times (1855–1856, 1866–1867, 1877–1888, 1884–1885). He retired in August 1886 after forty years of active teaching. His subjects mostly concerned the history of Roman letters, the life of the Romans and the interpretation of the Latin poets and writers. He was a teacher of the later King George I and his wife Olga. He had been a secretary of the Archaeological Society of Athens for 36 years. Among his discoveries, during his tenure at the Archaeological Society, were the Stoa of Attalos, Hadrian's Library, the Theatre of Dionysus, the Dipylon and the Kerameikos.

He was also a member of the Institut de France, the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. He died on 31 May 1899 (Gregorian calendar), and was buried the following day.

Writings
He wrote excavation reports and epigraphic publications, dictionaries and commentary versions of classical works and translated several Serbian folk songs as well as works by Voltaire. His diary was preserved and transcribed by his great-grandson, fellow philologist Stefanos N. Koumanoudis, and published in 1980. He also enriched and translated the Latin dictionary of Heinrich Ulrichs (1807–1843), and in 1883 contributed to the re-issue of the Archaeological Journal, and from 1861 to 1863 he published the historical journal «Philistor» (Φιλίστωρ). He also published, with Efthymios Kastorchis, the journal «Athinaion» (Αθήναιον).

title: Stefanos Koumanoudis


text:
MS 70-536.1

1.1 Manage data in a .NET Framework application by using the .NET Framework 2.0 system types.
Data types are separated into value types and reference types. Value types are either stack-allocated or allocated inline in a structure. Reference types are heap-allocated. Both reference and value types are derived from the ultimate base class System.Object. In cases where a value type needs to act like an object, a wrapper that makes the value type look like a reference object is allocated on the heap, and the value type's value is copied into it. The wrapper is marked so that the system knows that it contains a value type. This process is known as boxing, and the reverse process is known as unboxing. Boxing and unboxing allow any type to be treated as an object.

In .Net and mono (nearly) everything is a Type. The key to finding out about types is the System.Type class. This class can be used to investigate a type. The quickest way to get hold of a type in c# is to use the typeof operator. This operator returns a System.Type object. using System; namespace OpenEd.Ms70536.Part1.Section1 {        public class TypeQuery {                public static void Main {                        // Getting an instance of Type in c#. Console.WriteLine (typeof (Type).FullName); // Getting an instance is more complicated using the CTS. Console.WriteLine (Type.GetType ("System.Type").FullName); }        } }

1.1.1 Value types
We can investigate types using System>Type and some reflection. using System;

1.1.5 Exception classes
See: System.Exception

All exceptions derive from the System.Exception class. This class has three constructors to throw a new exception either the first or second constructor can be used. To throw a nested exception the third constructor is used. Each of the constructors is illustrated below. using System; public class ThrowSimpleException {        public static void Main {                throw new Exception; } }

using System; public class ThrowExceptionWithMessage {        public static void Main {                throw new Exception ("Exception with message was thrown."); } }

using System; public class ThrowNestedException {        public static void Main {                Exception innerException = new Exception ("Inner exception message."); throw new Exception ("Outer exception message.", innerException); } } In practice exceptions that are thrown should derive from System.Exception. It is bad practice to throw System.Exception directly.

1.2 Manage a group of associated data in a .NET Framework application by using collections.
Managing groups of data as a unit where each data item can be accessed is a common operation. The System.Collections namespace provides several different types for managing collections. The collections are related to one another by the fact that they implement IEnumrable and ICollection (Check this).

The three interfaces IList, ICollection and IDictionary are structured in the following way: The main classes of System.Collections are as follows:

ArrayList class
ArrayList implements a variable-size IList that uses an array of objects to store the elements. A ArrayList has a ArrayList.Capacity, which is the allocated length of the internal array. The total number of elements contained by a list is its ArrayList.Count. As elements are added to a list, its capacity is automatically increased as required by reallocating the internal array.

Collection interfaces
public interface ICollection {       int Count { get; } bool IsSynchronized { get; } object SyncRoot { get; } void CopyTo (Array array, int index); }
 * ICollection interface and IList interface

public interface IList {       bool IsFixedSize { get; } bool IsReadOnly { get; } object this [ int index ] { get; set; } // TODO: Add methods. } public interface IEnumerable {       IEnumerator GetEnumerator ; }
 * IComparer interface and IEqualityComparer interface
 * IDictionary interface and IDictionaryEnumerator interface
 * IEnumerable interface and IEnumerator interface

public interface IEnumerator {       Object Current { get; } bool MoveNext ; void Reset ; }

Hashtable class
A Hashtable represents a dictionary with a constant lookup time that contains entries of associated keys and values. The type of each entry in a Hashtable is DictionaryEntry. A statement that exposes each element in the collection is required to iterate over this type.

BitArray class
The System.Collections.BitArray implements a collection of boolean values. There are a number of different constructors for a BitArray. The BitArray creates ... The methods of a BitArray allow a bitwise operation to be performed on the BitArray. using System; using System.Collections;

namespace OpenEd.Ms70536.Part1.Section2 {       public class BitArrayExample {               public static void Main {                       BitArray bitArray = new BitArray (new byte [] {byte.Parse ("25")}); Console.WriteLine ("bitArray.Count: {0}", bitArray.Count); for (int i = 0; i < bitArray.Count; i++) Console.WriteLine ("bitArray [{0}]: {1}", i, bitArray [i]); }       } } Compiling and running this example gives the following output: ~/work/70-536/70-536.1/70-536.1.2> gmcs bitarrayfrombyte.cs ~/work/70-536/70-536.1/70-536.1.2> mono bitarrayfrombyte.exe bitArray.Count: 8 bitArray [0]: True bitArray [1]: False bitArray [2]: False bitArray [3]: True bitArray [4]: True bitArray [5]: False bitArray [6]: False bitArray [7]: False

Stack class
The stack is a collection supporting only the push, pop, and peek operations. The push method puts an object onto the end of the stack. The peek method returns the most recent object placed on the stack. The pop method removes the most recent object placed on the stack and returns it.

1.3 Improve type safety and application performance in a .NET Framework application by using generic collections
There is often a need to have a collection only store objects of a given type. For example an ArrayList might be used to store only strings. ArrayList stringArray = new ArrayList ; stringArray.Add ("String 1."); stringArray.Add ("String 2."); stringArray.Add ("String 3."); However this is not type safe as at any point in the lifetime of the stringArray object an object that is not a string can added.

There is also the convenience of having to cast down the items retreived from the stringArray. string string2 = (string) stringArray [1]; In earlier versions of c# the only way to have type safe collections was either to wrap an existing collection or derive from an existing collection. public class StringArray {               private ArrayList stringArray;

public StringArray {} }

Collection.Generic interfaces

 * Generic IComparable interface (Refer System Namespace)
 * Generic ICollection interface and Generic IList interface
 * Generic IComparer interface and Generic IEqualityComparer interface
 * Generic IDictionary interface
 * Generic IEnumerable interface and Generic IEnumerator interface
 * IHashCodeProvider interface

Generic Dictionary

 * Generic Dictionary class and Generic Dictionary.Enumerator structure
 * Generic Dictionary.KeyCollection class and Dictionary.KeyCollection.Enumerator structure
 * Generic Dictionary.ValueCollection class and Dictionary.ValueCollection.Enumerator structure

Generic LinkedList

 * Generic LinkedList class
 * Generic LinkedList.Enumerator structure
 * Generic LinkedListNode class

Specialized String classes

 * StringCollection class
 * StringDictionary class
 * StringEnumerator class

Specialized Dictionary

 * HybridDictionary class
 * IOrderedDictionary interface and OrderedDictionary class
 * ListDictionary class

Named collections

 * NameObjectCollectionBase class
 * NameObjectCollectionBase.KeysCollection class
 * NameValueCollection class

Delegate class
A delegate is similar to a typed function pointer.

The ThermoStat class using System.Threading; namespace OpenEd.Ms70536.Part1.Section6 {    public delegate void ThermostatChangedEventHandler(ThermostatState newState); public class Thermostat {        private ThermostatState state = ThermostatState.Open; public ThermostatChangedEventHandler ThermostatChanged; public void MonitorTemperature {            while (true) {                Thread.Sleep(2000); FlipState; if (ThermostatChanged != null) {                    ThermostatChanged(state); }            }         }         private void FlipState {            if (state == ThermostatState.Open) {                state = ThermostatState.Closed; }            else {                state = ThermostatState.Open; }        }     } } A delegate allows the act of calling a method to be delegated to someone else. public delegate void TemperatureChangedEventHandler(double temperature);

public class ClientServer {        public static void Main {                Server server = new Server ; WriteMessage (server.GetMessage ); // TODO: poll servers here. }        public void WriteMessage (string message) {                Console.WriteLine (message); } }

public class EventHandlingClient {       public static void Main {              Server server = new Server ; MessageReceived += new MessageReceivedEventHandler (WriteMessage); // TODO: loop waiting for servers here. } }

Delegate class - test driven
In this section we'll explore delegates using unit tests. The first question we'll look at is when are delgates created?

A delegate is created when an method is added to the invocation list. The delegate is distroyed when there are no more methods in the invocation list.

using NUnit.Framework; namespace OpenEd.Ms70536.Part1.Section6 { 	[TestFixture] public class ThermostatTests { 		[Test] public void AddingHandlerCreatesDelegate { 			Thermostat thermostat = new Thermostat ; Assert.IsNull (thermostat.ThermostatChanged); thermostat.ThermostatChanged += new ThermostatChangedEventHandler (OnThermostatChanged); Assert.IsNotNull (thermostat.ThermostatChanged); thermostat.ThermostatChanged -= new ThermostatChangedEventHandler (OnThermostatChanged); Assert.IsNull (thermostat.ThermostatChanged); }        	public void OnThermostatChanged(ThermostatState newState) {        	} 	} }

EventArgs class
The EventArgs class is a base class for use in the pattern described in the next section. To pass arguments sub classes are derived from the EventArgs class. public class ThermostatChangedEventArgs : EventArgs {       private ThermostatState newState;

public ThermostatChangedEventArgs (ThermostatState newState) {               this.newState = newState; }

public ThermostatState NewState {               get { return newState; } } }

EventHandler delegates
The EventHanlder is part of a pattern for handling events that is aimed at reducing the proliferation of different delegates. In this pattern there is one delegate, the EventHandler delegate.

public delegate void EventHandler (object sender, EventArgs e)

title: MS 70-536.1


text:
Nikos Christogeorgos

Nikos Christogeorgos (Νίκος Χριστογεώργος; born 3 January 2000) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Super League club OFI.

Panathinaikos
Christogeorgos plays mainly as a goalkeeper and joined Panathinaikos from the team's youth ranks.

On 9 April 2021, he signed a new contract, running until the summer of 2024.

OFI
On 31 January 2023, Christogeorgos joined OFI on a deal running until the summer of 2026.

title: Nikos Christogeorgos


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Association for Social Transparency, Rights and Action

The result was delete. Eddie891 Talk Work 20:21, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Association for Social Transparency, Rights and Action

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Fails WP:NORG. Some hits in RS, but these are in passing. Tagged for notability for 9 years. Current sources are either deadlinks, non-RS, or do not mention the org. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 16:28, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 16:28, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 16:28, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete I don't see any significant coverage available on Google News. Shashank5988 (talk) 11:40, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete - zero evidence of notability Spiderone  20:36, 23 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Reba Maybury

This page should not be speedy deleted because...
This page should not be speedily deleted because... sentences from that article have been removed and a shorter replacement with additional references has been added. --Hstudent (talk) 17:35, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * OK. I have removed the tag, but please do not copy from copyrighted material in the future. --John B123 (talk) 18:03, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reba Maybury


text:
SOGIE Equality Bill

The Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Expression (SOGIE, ) Equality Bill, also known as the Anti-Discrimination Bill (ADB),  is a series of House and Senate bills that were introduced in the 17th, 18th, and 19th Congress of the Philippines, which aims to set into law measures to prevent various economic and public accommodation-related acts of discrimination against people based on their sexual orientation, gender identity, or expression. The first anti-discrimination bill based on SOGIE was first introduced in the 14th Congress of the Philippines, and has since been refiled continuously up to the present Congress.

Prior to the 17th Congress
A senate bill against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity was believed to have been first filed under the 11th Congress of the Philippines in 2000 by then-Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago. On July 26, 2004, under the 13th Congress of the Philippines, Senator Defensor-Santiago filed the Employment Non-Discrimination bill which aims to prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Similar bills were refiled by her on the 14th (Anti-Discrimination bill of 2007) and 15th congress (Anti-Sexual Orientation Discrimination bill).

In the House of Representatives, counterpart house bills were filed continuously by the representatives of Akbayan party-list starting with House Bill 634 filed during the 13th Congress of the Philippines on July 1, 2004, by then party-list Representative Etta Rosales.

Similar measures continued to be filed by other senators during the 13th to 16th Congress but none have been successful. Example provided below are the first anti-discrimination senate bills from their respective congress:
 * 13th Congress - Senate Bill 165 (Employment Non-Discrimination bill of 2004)
 * 14th Congress - Senate Bill 11 (Anti-Gender Discrimination bill)
 * 15th Congress - Senate Bill 1559 (Anti-Sexual Orientation Discrimination bill)
 * 16th Congress - Senate Bill 1022 (Anti-Discrimination bill)

17th Congress
In 2017, the first SOGI house bill of the 17th Congress was filed by Dinagat Islands Representative Arlene Bag-ao under House Bill 51. Similar bills were filed by Bataan Representative Geraldine Roman (HB 267), Akbayan Representative Tomas Villarin (HB 3555), and other representatives. These bills were consolidated and substituted by House Bill 4982. HB 4982 made history when it was approved on the third and final reading with no members of the House of Representatives in opposition, becoming the first Anti-Discrimination Bill that was approved in the House of Representatives.

The counterpart bill in the Senate, filed by Senator Risa Hontiveros (the first Akbayan senator), was in the period of interpolations by May 2018. It was backed by Senators Loren Legarda, Grace Poe, Nancy Binay, Franklin Drilon, Bam Aquino, Chiz Escudero, Ralph Recto, Sonny Angara, JV Ejercito, Francis Pangilinan, Migz Zubiri, and Leila de Lima, although de Lima was barred from voting on the bill as she is currently in police custody. It was opposed by Senators Tito Sotto, Manny Pacquiao, Cynthia Villar, and Joel Villanueva (who signed up as a co-author of the bill). Other senators such as Win Gatchalian, Koko Pimentel, Antonio Trillanes, Panfilo Lacson, and Richard J. Gordon did not express their support or rejection of the bill. Additionally, Alan Peter Cayetano and Gregorio Honasan lost their voting rights on Senate measures as they joined the presidential cabinet. Out of the existing 24 Senate seats: 12 seats could vote and were in support of the bill, 1 seat was in support but could not vote on the bill, 4 seats could vote and were in opposition to the bill, 5 seats could vote on the bill but have not yet given their positions on it, and 2 seats were de facto vacated. For a bill to have passed the Senate, it needed more than half the votes in favor of it from all 24 Senate seats. The SOGIE Equality Bill was supported by 12 seats that were allowed to vote on the measure.

The bill is also supported by the Catholic student governments of University of the Philippines-Diliman (UPD), Ateneo de Manila University (ADMU), De La Salle University (DLSU)-Manila, De La Salle - College of St. Benilde (CSB), Far Eastern University (FEU), Miriam College (MC), St. Scholastica's College (SSC)-Manila and San Beda University (SBU). The longest running LGBT student organization, UP Babaylan, has also been supporting the bill ever since it was first filed, as well as known celebrities and icons such as Heart Evangelista, Nadine Lustre, Bianca Gonzalez, Iza Calzado, Charo Santos-Concio, Dingdong Dantes, Joey Mead King, Divine Lee, Karen Davila, Chot Reyes, Tootsy Angara, BJ Pascual, Samantha Lee, Christine Bersola-Babao, Rajo Laurel, Tim Yap, Anne Curtis, Mari Jasmine, Laureen Uy, Pia Wurtzbach, Lorenzo Tañada III, Vice Ganda, Arnold Van Opstal, and Chel Diokno.

In March 2018, a small group of Christians protested at the Senate against the SOGIE bill by calling the proposed legislation an "abomination", adding that homosexuality is a "sin" according to the Bible and that identifying as part of the LGBT community is a lifestyle. The group also claimed that the bill relates to same-sex marriage, which is not found anywhere within the bill. Senators Villanueva, Gatchalian, and Villar spoke against same-sex marriage after the protest. In May 2018, Senator Tito Sotto, who opposes the SOGIE bill, became the new Senate President. In an interview, Sotto was asked on the bill's passage, to which he responded, "Not in this congress."

In July 2018, various high-profile celebrities rallied for the passage of the SOGIE bill. They also called out senators Sotto, Pacquiao, and Villanueva to end the debates and pass the proposed legislation. In August 2018, at the height of the bill's postponed debates, various discrimination incidents against the Filipino LGBT community surfaced, causing public calling for the passage of the SOGIE Equality Bill in the Senate. Numerous influential personalities, including political allies of the three senators who oppose the bill, sided with the calls to pass the landmark proposal.

In May 2019, the SOGIE Equality Bill officially became the longest-running bill under the Senate interpellation period in Philippine history. Supporters of the bill have remarked that the prolonged interpellation was intended by the dissenters to block the passage of the historic anti-discrimination bill. The bill's principal author and sponsor in the Senate, Senator Risa Hontiveros, called on her Senate colleagues to formally close the question period so that the bill can be open for amendments and voting. In June 2019, with the end of the session of the 17th Congress, the SOGIE Equality Bill died after the lawmakers failed to tackle the bill in this session of the Senate of the Philippines. The Senate version of the bill was first filed on August 11, 2016. It was sponsored by Risa Hontiveros on December 14 of the same year. The bill has become one of the slowest-moving bills in the country's history. The passed House version of the bill would have penalised discrimination with a fine of not less than ₱100,000 but not more than ₱500,000, or imprisonment of not less than one year but not more than six years or both, depending on the court's decision. However, she said the bill had gained new allies and wider acceptance among policy makers and the public and that she is confident the bill will pass in the next Congress. The bill was archived, and the bill must be refiled in the 18th Congress, restarting the one to three-year process of enactment.

18th Congress
Versions of the SOGIE Equality Bill were refiled in the 18th Congress by Senators Risa Hontiveros, Leila de Lima, Francis Pangilinan, and Imee Marcos although she is against divorce and same sex marriage stating that it is "too complicated". Another similar bill was filed by Senator Sonny Angara. Senators Bong Go, Migz Zubiri, Ralph Recto, and Franklin Drilon announced their support for the SOGIE Bill. In the House of Representatives, various representatives also filed their versions of the bill, notably, Sol Aragones of Laguna, Geraldine Roman of Bataan, Loren Legarda of Antique, Maria Lourdes Alba of Bukidnon, Joy Belmonte of Quezon City, Bayan Muna representatives Eufemia Cullamat, Carlos Zarate, and Ferdinand Gaite, Kristine Singson of Ilocos Sur, Bagong Henerasyon representative Bernadette Dy, Eric Olivarez of Parañaque, and Francis Abaya of Cavite. Representatives Sy-Alvarado, De Venecia, Reyes, Taduran, Bordado, Olivarez, and Violago have also signed as co-author of the bill filed by representative Roman, while Gabriela Women's Party representative Arlene Brosas has signed as co-author of the bill filed by Bayan Muna.

Religious leaders also gave their support for the SOGIE Bill, such as Koko Alviar of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Aglipayan Church), Sister Mary John Mananzan, OSB, executive director of the Institute of Women's Studies of the Catholic St. Scholastica's College, Bishop Solito Toquiero of the National Council of Churches in the Philippines, and Pastor Kakay Pamaran of the Union Theological Seminary. In contrast, representative Eddie Villanueva claimed that the SOGIE Bill is 'imported' and not part of Filipino culture.

Senate president Tito Sotto expressed dissent against the bill again, adding that the bill "will not pass" in the Senate as long as he is the Senate president. Senator Joel Villanueva also expressed dissent.

Various personalities announced their support for the SOGIE Bill, namely: Anne Curtis, Heart Evangelista, Catriona Gray, Pia Wurtzbach, Judy Taguiwalo, Iza Calzado, Nadine Lustre, Janine Gutierrez, BJ Pascual, Mari Jasmine, and Samantha Lee. Vice President Leni Robredo also supported the SOGIE Bill, while President Rodrigo Duterte supported "an anti-discrimination law patterned like the one approved in Davao". The government has stated that they will not certify an anti-discrimination bill as "urgent". In September 2020, groups again called to pass the SOGIE bill after President Duterte gave an absolute pardon to a former US Marine who has been convicted of homicide in relation to the killing of trans Filipina Jennifer Laude.

19th Congress
The SOGIE Equality bill was refiled in the 19th Congress by Senators Risa Hontiveros, Loren Legarda, and Mark Villar in September 2022 with Senator Robin Padilla showing support for the bill. The bill passed the Senate committee on women, children, family relations, and gender equality in December 2022 with the support of 19 senators. Included in the signatories of the Senate committee report were Hontiveros, Senate president pro tempore Legarda, and Senate minority leader Koko Pimentel.

Senator majority leader Joel Villanueva reverted the bill to the committee level after he referred the bill to the committee on rules in February 2023, which delayed sponsorship of the bill by the plenary. Villanueva and his father, Rep. Eddie Villanueva in the lower house of Congress, were accused of using underhanded tactics to delay or block discussions on the bill.

In the House of Representatives, the consolidated Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Gender Expression, or Sex Characteristics bill passed the committee on women and gender equality in May 2023.

The Commission on Human Rights supports the bill and stated that its passage complies with the Philippines' obligations to international human rights.

Musician and former National Youth Commission chair Ice Seguerra has expressed support for the bill.

An anti-SOGIE disinformation network was uncovered in a Rappler investigative report published in February 2023. According to data published by Rappler, the online network had been spreading disinformation about the bill since 2019.

In 2022, the Philippine government under the newly elected administration rejected the legislation of various anti-discrimination measures including the SOGIE Equality Bill, sparking the largest pride march in Southeast Asia, where over 110,000 people in June 2023 marched in Quezon City in support of the SOGIE Equality Bill. Various pride marches also occurred in key cities throughout the country's regions.

title: SOGIE Equality Bill


text:
Talk:List of Bangladeshi films of 1998

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of Bangladeshi films of 1998. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140617053125/http://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/hothat-brishti-made-me-the-ferdous-i-am-28269 to http://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/hothat-brishti-made-me-the-ferdous-i-am-28269

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:54, 17 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Bangladeshi films of 1998


text:
tuf

Noun

 * 1) foul odor, stench
 * 2)  tuff

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) tuff, tufa porous volcanic rock

Etymology 2
Perhaps from.

Noun

 * 1)  car, automobile

Noun

 * 1)  tuff

Noun

 * 1) sultry weather

Noun

 * 1)  tuff

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) tuff

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) tuff, tufa

Verb

 * 1) to spit

title: tuf


text:
Dairy industry in the United Kingdom

The dairy industry in the United Kingdom is the industry of dairy farming that takes place in the UK.

Production
In Europe, UK milk production is third after France & Germany and is around the tenth highest in the world. There are around 12,000 dairy farms in the UK.

Around 14 billion litres of milk are commercially produced in the UK each year.

Britain eats around 2000 tonnes of cheese a day.

Buckinghamshire

 * Arla Aylesbury, produces 10% of the UK's milk, and the world's largest milk production site

Cornwall

 * Davidstow Creamery, Britain's largest cheese factory, producing Cathedral City cheddar cheese

Delivery
Only 3% of milk in the UK is delivered to the door. There was an 80% drop in deliveries when supermarkets began to sell their own milk en-masse. The largest commercial deliverer of milk in the UK has around 500,000 customers; there has been a recent upswing in demand for door deliveries.

Regulation
Production was regulated by the Milk Marketing Board until 1994; its processing division is now Dairy Crest. AHDB Dairy is a central resource for the UK dairy industry.

Environmental impact
The dairy industry is a large source of waterway pollution in the UK. It is linked to half of all farm pollution, largely from the waste produced by cows. This pollution leads to fish kills and general harm to river ecosystems.

title: Dairy industry in the United Kingdom


text:
Gu Biwei

Gu Biwei (born 17 February 1988) is a Chinese female high jumper, who won an individual gold medal at the Youth World Championships.

title: Gu Biwei


text:
Giuseppe Morello (footballer)

Giuseppe Morello (born 12 October 1985) is a former Swiss-Italian footballer. He is currently assistant coach of Marco Schällibaum at Grasshopper Club Zürich.

title: Giuseppe Morello (footballer)


text:
Talk:Stefanos Koumanoudis

Feedback from New Page Review process
I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: Would you be able to clarify the sentence in the 'biography' section, starting 'In 1854 he was elected dean...' - at the moment, it seems to be saying that all of these elections took place in 1854, but I think you mean that the first election took place in 1854, and he went on to be elected dean a further three times? I can't read Greek though, so can't check the source for myself to fix it. Cheers.

Girth Summit  (blether) 15:27, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stefanos Koumanoudis


text:
ubriacone

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * : drunk, drunkard, toper, blotto, binge drinker, wino, winesop, alcoholic

title: ubriacone


text:
Talk:Chinese (Mandarin)/Pinyin Pronunciation

Incorrect pronunciation?
By following the rules for manipulating rhymes to pronounce them, don't we get for example that yin is pronounced without the initial y sound, which is not accurate? (yi doesn't have an initial y sound, but yin does.) similarly, we would not have an initial w sound for wu, which it does have.

It is also confusing/wrong to define the initial as the non-vowels at the beginning and then say some syllables have no initial, when all syllables have a non-vowel seciton at the beginning. Perhaps define the initial as what you get after manipulating the non-vowel section at the beginning.

 * I updated table and lists to reflect versions in Wikipedia pinyin articles. This includes removing w and y from the list of initials and rearranaging list to "conventional" pinyin order.  Also added a bit of explanation when y and w are used.  Hope that helps...  --  Murdocke January 10, 2005 09:27 UTC

Quick note to author(s):
Could use explanations of the use of accents in pinyin to illustrate tones.

 * I have added a small section on tones and some text examples. Like the comment below suggests, it would be cool to have links to a Mandarin speaker demonstrating the tones.

Audio files would be cool (can we do that yet?)

Why isn't this lesson 1? Learning the structure etc counts as a lesson to me.

Also, I need a login.

Audio samples?
I've started following the course, but I've got some problems with the pronunciation part. I've got no chance of visiting China in the near future to meet a native speaker, English isn't my native language and the descriptions of mouth and tongue positions are also Chinese to me.

In short, it would be really helpful if you could provide some example sound files... Azertus 20:44, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sure everyone envisages some sort of audio integration in the future, especially for the pinyin lessons, but we're not there yet. Chinese: Fundamentals of the language really needs a ton of work and audio samples before anyone could learn good pronunciation from it, but there are already some sites further along.

 * If you don't have any Chinese friends that could help you, Conversational Chinese Online has a good guide. You could also look for language tapes or CDs at your library to get the pronunciation. -Everlong 02:35, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Third tone duration
It's been my observation (for English speakers), that third tone also has the characteristic of lengthing the vowel sound, similar to Sanskrit / Hindi short and long matras (vowels). I'm just a beginner in learning Chinese and I don't claim this is academically "correct" or proven, however. I've never seen this pointed out on any pronunciation site, but the "trick" always works when I show it to others. If I pronounce a vowel as 2-3 times a regular vowel sound, it gets heard as third tone, even when I keep the tone as flat as possible. 14:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC) Stephan Hodges

 * I was also told to do this by my Chinese 101 instructor. And now that I look, there isn't much explanation of the tone pronunciation on the Tones page. I'll add the missing paragraph, including your useful hint. --Everlong 07:25, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Help!
I've been studying Chinese for about a month and have looked at many descriptions of pronunciation, but this page is way more confusing than anything I've seen. I don't understand the value of (i.e., need for) the initials and finals, am overwhelmed by the sheer mass of material here, and on top of it all, what software do you need to play an OGG file? Thank you. Alan Nicoll 00:18, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

More whining: if this is meant to be part of a textbook for beginners, it will scare away more users than it will help. It's put together like the ultimate reference to Mandarin pronunciation, not the user-friendly introduction that beginners need. Also, some of my characters are showing up as boxes, which is warned about, but how does one go about fixing the problem? Alan Nicoll 00:29, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

"The Mandarin syllable" section could use some diagrams
To show an example of which part is the tone, which part is the initial, which part is the final, and perhaps an exception. --Kakurady (discuss • contribs) 15:19, 28 December 2016 (UTC)
 * For example: in  d ua ̀ n , d is the initial, uan is the final, and ˋ is the tone. --Kakurady (discuss • contribs) 15:28, 28 December 2016 (UTC)


text:
Cambridge English Scale

The Cambridge English Scale is a single range of scores used to report results for Cambridge English Language Assessment exams. It was introduced in January 2015, with Cambridge English Scale scores replacing the standardised score and candidate profile used for exams taken pre-2015. The scale aims to provide exam users with more detailed information about their exam performance than was previously available.

From January 2015, results for B2 First, B2 First for schools, C1 Advanced and C2 Proficiency began reporting on the scale. From February 2016 A2 Key for schools and A2 Key for Schools, B1 Preliminary and B1 Preliminary for Schools and Cambridge English: Business Certificates (BEC) have reported on the scale. IELTS is mapped to the Cambridge English Scale but will continue to use its existing nine-band scale for reporting results.

History
The Cambridge English Scale was developed in response to feedback from exam users, including learners, teachers, universities and immigration departments. It builds on previous ways of reporting results and is based on years of research. It is designed to complement the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), building on Cambridge English Language Assessment’s longstanding role in the development of the CEFR and the well-established links between Cambridge English exams and the CEFR.

How are results reported
Successful candidates receive a Statement of Results and a Certificate. The Statement of Results can also be accessed on the online Results Verification Service, which allows recognising organisations to securely verify results. Both the Statement of Results and the Certificate provide the following:
 * A score on the Cambridge English Scale for each skill (Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking) and for Use of English, for the exams in which it is tested. For Cambridge English A2 Key and A2 Key for Schools, a score is reported for each of the three test papers (Reading and Writing, Listening and Speaking).
 * A score on the Cambridge English Scale for the overall exam
 * A grade for the overall exam
 * CEFR level for the overall exam.

The certificate also contains the UK National Qualifications Framework (NQF) level.

The candidate’s overall score is averaged from the individual scores for each skill (Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking) and for Use of English (when tested). For A2 Key and A2 Key for Schools, the score for the Reading and Writing paper is double-weighted as it tests two skills.

Cambridge English Scale scores replace the candidate profile and standardised scores used for pre-2015 results, but candidates continue to receive a CEFR level and grade.

The scores for each exam
Each Cambridge English exam maps to a particular section of the scale.

The grades and CEFR levels are set at specific points on the Cambridge English Scale. For example, in C1 Advanced, a Cambridge English Scale score of 195 represents a grade B and indicates that the candidate is at CEFR Level C1, whereas a Cambridge English Scale score of 205 represents a grade A and indicates that the candidate is at CEFR Level C2.

Although each Cambridge English exam targets a specific level (e.g. Cambridge English C1 Advanced at Level C1) there is some overlap between exams at adjacent levels. The Cambridge English Scale helps users understand where there is overlap and how performance on one exam relates to performance on another.

The same Cambridge English Scale score represents the same level of proficiency, no matter which exam is taken. However, a higher-level exam covers a broader construct (the cognitive processes and functions in the exam) than a lower-level exam. Therefore, even with equivalent scores, there can be more confidence in the higher-level exam candidate’s ability to perform higher-level cognitive processes and functions. This can be important in contexts where particular functions are needed, for example studying within higher education and in such contexts both the score and the exam on which the score was achieved should be considered.

Usage
The Cambridge English Scale was developed to provide exam users with more detailed information. This information can be used in the following ways:
 * Easier for learners and teachers to identify areas for improvement. The new Statement of Results and Certificate show what the learner has achieved in each of the different skills (Reading, Writing, Listening, Speaking and Use Of English) and how their performance in one skill compares to their performance in another. This will benefit the learner’s personal development and help schools that use external assessment.
 * Greater insight into learner progression. Results across most Cambridge English exams are reported on the same common scale, making it easier to see how performance on one exam relates to performance on another. Learners who take two or more exams in succession will be able to understand how their level of English in each of the different skills is improving from one exam to the next.
 * Easier for institutions to set admissions requirements. It is possible for organisations, such as universities, employers, professional bodies and immigration authorities, to state a requirement for a particular overall score, plus minimum scores for Speaking, Writing, Listening, Reading and Use of English. This could help organisations with decisions about individual candidates, particularly when the organisation wants to focus on specific language skills. It is also easier to compare performances, as all Cambridge English exams report on the same scale and are aligned to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and IELTS. With all exams using the same scale, it is also quicker and easier to describe the level of language skills needed.

The Cambridge English Scale is aligned with the CEFR, but can be used in slightly different ways. The CEFR is a broad reference scale whereas the Cambridge English Scale is a more detailed scale, which may be useful for the practical purposes described above, such as identifying a learner’s areas for improvement, stating the precise level of language skills needed for higher education or employment and providing comparability of results.

Institutions updating their entry requirements to include Cambridge English Scale scores include the London School of Economics (LSE), University of Bristol, University of Oxford and University of York. The Australian Department for Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP) has confirmed that from January 2015 it is accepting scores on the Cambridge English Scale achieved in C1 Advanced across its range of visa programmes.

Implementation
From January 2015, the scale was introduced to report results for B2 First, B2 First for Schools, C1 Advanced and C2 Proficiency. From February 2016, the scale was introduced to report results for A2 Key and A2 Key for Schools, B1 Preliminary and B1 Preliminary for Schools and Cambridge English: Business Certificates (BEC).

IELTS is mapped to the Cambridge English Scale but will continue to use its existing nine-band scale for reporting results.

Candidates can use the Cambridge English Scale Score Converter to find out how Cambridge English Scale scores compare to IELTS band scores. The converter can also be used to know how a CEFR level or result from an exam taken before 2015 compares to a Cambridge English Scale score.

Research and development methodology
The Cambridge English Scale was developed using researched links between candidate performance on different Cambridge English tests (using data from millions of candidates) and according to established processes which define and maintain standards for each skill component.

Writing and Speaking components: the assessment criteria for each level are the same across all Cambridge English exams. For example: the criteria required to meet CEFR Level B2 are identical for B2 First and C1 Advanced. Although the raw marks across the two tests are different, equivalent candidates will be awarded the same Cambridge English Scale score.

Reading, Listening and Use of English components: Rasch analysis is used to ensure that a consistent standard is applied in the grading of objectively marked components, accounting for differences in difficulty between them. This is achieved by calibrating the difficulty of all the items in a given test onto the same scale. The scales used for each test are linked to adjacent levels, meaning that standards can be compared and linked across levels and linked to CEFR thresholds.

Test alignment is an ongoing process. Cambridge English Language Assessment has ongoing alignment studies to evaluate and validate the links between adjacent exams and ensure the integrity of the Cambridge English Scale across all Cambridge English exams. In addition, there are ongoing empirical validation studies to establish the alignment to IELTS.

title: Cambridge English Scale