text:
Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Time

Presentation
With the "time" reality check, you see if clocks work.

Other than checking to see if clocks report a logical time, you can try blinking to change the time. Some have more success with a digital than an analog watch, for some it's the other way around.

Examples of this reality check working

 * I looked at the clock. I looked away, then back again. It had jumped forward five minutes. I did it again, just to make sure. It had jumped forward another five minutes. Alright, time to have fun...
 * I looked at my digital watch, and read the time. I looked away and back again, and the numbers had changed to symbols. I realized I must be dreaming.
 * I woke up from a dream (for real). I looked at my digital alarm clock and noticed that it was 7:10am. Since it was weekend, I didn't feel like getting out of my bed, so I decided to go back to sleep. I fell asleep and I dreamed that I was in my own bedroom. I looked at my alarm clock and noticed the time: 1:30am. I thought: "Wait a minute, just a few minutes ago it was 7:10am, I must be dreaming!"
 * I suspected that I was dreaming, so I looked at my watch. It said 6:58. I looked back a second later, and it said 4:48.
 * I looked at a digital clock and the time showed something impossible like 9:65, then the segments of the display started flashing randomly.

Examples of this reality check failing

 * I looked at the clock, looked away and back again. I couldn't tell if it had changed. My vision was fuzzy, and the digital reading seemed to keep on jumping. I gave up and continued nonlucidly.
 * I was already lucid when this started. My mum (or rather a dream character playing her part) came into my room and told me I wasn't dreaming. I decided I'd better double-check and so used my favourite clock reality check. I looked at the clock and away. I looked back again - and the time hadn't changed. I lost lucidity.
 * During a false awakening, I looked at my alarm clock (in fact, an old one I threw away some years ago), and it showed something like 1:20am, though I was sure I already woke up at 4am that night. I was starting to think I was dreaming, but I wanted to check the time again. However, I couldn't figure it out, as the hour and minute hands of the clock were of the same length. I thought it was pretty inconvenient, but didn't get lucid. Then, as I was staring at the clock, the hands started spinning faster, like an hour in a few seconds. Still, I didn't get lucid, as I was really trying to read the time, and was too focused on this goal.
 * I read a digital clock which said "DU:CK". I asked my dad and he said this must be advertisement from Chinese restaurant. (in fact, there are no Chinese restaurants near my location, and the clock does not have internet connections, so there can't be any advertisements)

Sueño lúcido/Test de Realidad/Tiempo

title: Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Time


text:
Lanao del Sur Provincial Board

The Lanao del Sur Provincial Board is the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial legislature) of the Philippine province of Lanao del Sur.

The members are elected via plurality-at-large voting: the province is divided into two districts, each having five seats. A voter votes up to five names, with the top five candidates per district being elected. The vice governor is the ex officio presiding officer, and only votes to break ties. The vice governor is elected via the plurality voting system province-wide.

The districts used in appropriation of members is coextensive with the legislative districts of Lanao del Sur.

Aside from the regular members, the board also includes the provincial federation presidents of the Liga ng mga Barangay (ABC, from its old name "Association of Barangay Captains"), the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK, youth councils) and the Philippine Councilors League (PCL).

Current members
These are the members after the 2019 local elections and 2018 barangay and SK elections:

 * Vice Governor: Mohamad Adiong (Lakas)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lanao del Sur Provincial Board


text:
The Art of Computer Programming/Algorithms

Notes on Page 7
This page is part of The Art of Computer Programming.

Explanation of "f is a function from Q into itself" and "f(q) should equal q for all elements q of (horseshoe symbol)" from p. 7.

''The problem on page seven where Knuth attempts to explain algorithms in terms of mathematical set theory is giving me big trouble though. Specifically, can anyone explain the following statements?''

"f is a function from Q into itself". "f(q) should equal q for all elements q of (horseshoe symbol)"

It actually gets a little clearer as you read further along through the example.

While studying anything in depth, one builds a model of the subject, in which everything that is non-essential is stripped away, and only core concepts are retained. This allows one to analyze the subject in a mathematically rigorous manner, without any ambiguities that might arise from an informal description.

In this case, Knuth is building a model to represent a "computational method" by abstracting away real-world things such as CPUs, memory, displays and suchlike.

Q represents all the possible states that a computation may be in. Of these, some states can be considered as input states (I), and some as output states (the horseshoe symbol, which is the uppercase Greek letter Omega). And then there is the function f which represents a computational step.

Given that you are currently in state x of the computation, if you apply step f, you get into a new state y. If you are already in an output state (in other words, if you have finished the computation), applying step f again doesn't get you anywhere. You just stay in the same state -- that's what "f(q) should equal q for all elements q of Omega" means.

Let's say you want to use an elevator to get to the 3rd floor in a five-floor building. The set Q has five states:

1) Elevator in floor 1 2) Elevator in floor 2 3) Elevator in floor 3 4) Elevator in floor 4 5) Elevator in floor 5

The set I also has the same 5 states since you can get into an elevator from any floor.

Suppose that floor 4 is a private suite, so you can't get off at floor 4. In that case, Omega will include only states (1, 2, 3, 5) from Q. Note that people on the fourth floor can summon the elevator to their floor, so 4 is still in set I.

Function f is the act of pressing a button inside the elevator.

Now the statement f(q) = q says that if are already on floor 2, then pressing 2 again leaves you in the same state. That's all. The reason you have to specify this in the model is to define termination of the computation method rigorously.

Note that the model does not need to specify memory as a distinct concept because it can be rolled into the notion of a state. In the Euclid's algorithm example on page 8, Knuth has used state variables 1, 2 and 3 to represent different states of the computation, but he has included it as part of the states. If you were to write it in a programming language, you'd either use explicit state variables, or it would be implicit in the form of the program counter. (The program counter and the registers in a CPU are all part of the computer's state.)

I hope this has made it somewhat clearer. In general, you don't really need to go back to such a primitive definition of a computational method, but it is useful to have such a definition around, just in case someone asks, "But what exactly do you mean by 'computational method'?"


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Music Theory/Finding the Key and Mode of a Piece

Identifying keys
Finding the proper key is a matter of finding the I note, then finding what mode the notes seem to follow. This can be easy or difficult, depending on the piece of music. Some music does not really follow a mode at all, but non-modal key signatures are frowned upon.

The first place to start would be the chord structure. The most important chord is the I chord. This is the chord formed by the first, third, and fifth notes in a mode. This is why a C major chord is called C major, because the C major scale starts with C D E F G. Every mode naturally contains three major chords, three minor chords, and one diminished triad. By "naturally", it is meant that all of the notes in the chord are in the mode's scale. D major is not natural in the key of C because a D major consists of D, F#, and A, and F# does not occur in the C major scale. One major chord can be extended to a dominant seventh chord (in the key of C major, this would be G7), and all of the minor chords can be extended to a minor seventh chord.

Suppose we have a song and have determined it to have these chords: C, F, and G. This is a classic example of a three-chord song, of which the twelve-bar blues is a good example (but there are many other possible three-chord structures). Suppose the C chord occurs often and it is also the first and last chord in the song — it is probably the I chord, because the tendency is to begin on the I chord, move around a bit, and come back ("resolve") to the I chord. C, F, and G happen to be the three major chords that occur naturally in the C major scale. Therefore the chord progression is in C major and it is quite likely that any melody accompanying it is also in C major.

But what if a chord progression contains six major chords? Not all of those can occur naturally in a given mode, since each mode has only three. Does the mode change during the progression? Well, yes and no. Certainly, the key signature won't change with each chord change; it will only change when the piece as a whole is changed to another key, generally when a new chord becomes the I chord.

By the way, in case you forgot, harmonic minor and melodic minor scales use the same key signatures as the natural minor scale.

Another way
There is another way to figure out the key signature, which does not depend on matching the scale exactly. You still have to find the 1 note and write the notes of the scale. Let's say your song uses only five notes: 1 2 4 5 b7. (This is a Japanese scale.) It has a flatted seventh; everything else is the same as in the major scale. What modes have a flattened seventh? Everything except lydian and ionian. The one with the fewest sharps/flats of these is mixolydian. Therefore, this scale fits well into the mixolydian mode, and a piece written in this scale would have the appropriate key signature for the mixolydian mode.

Now let's try a different Japanese scale: 1 2 b3 5 b6. This one is even easier: what modes have a flatted third and a flatted sixth? Aeolian and locrian. But locrian does not have a 5 note, it has a b5 note instead. Therefore this piece uses the key signature for the natural minor scale.

Now a really puzzling one: 1 b3 4 b5 5 b7. What mode has a flatted third, fifth, and seventh? Locrian. But again this scale has the 5 note, which locrian does not! This scale doesn't fit into anything. There are two possibilities: the song is indeed in locrian and the 5 is outside the scale. Notes outside of a scale in a song are rare and usually stand out (sometimes to good effect and sometimes to bad effect, depending somewhat on your musical tastes); if a note is used often it is part of the scale. If you find the 5 note is not part of the scale, then the song is in locrian. However, it turns out this "modified locrian" with the 5 note is very common and it is called the blues scale. (If confronted with this apparent scale, this is the much more likely possibility. Another way to look at this is as the minor pentatonic with a b5. The minor pentatonic is 1 b3 4 5 b7.) The normal way to handle this particular oddball scale is to just interpret it as a major scale. That is, the "F blues" is F major.

More often than not, the bass instrument (typically a cello or electric bass) will play the tonic as the first note of the first measure (excluding pick-ups).

Atonal music
Some music is "atonal", meaning there is no tonal center and therefore no I note. Atonal music has a fairly distinct flavor, and generally does not occur in popular music — even rap music is tonal when it has any musical notes at all. The most well-known atonalists were probably Arnold Schönberg (who, incidentally, abhorred the word "atonal") and, after Schönberg's death, Igor Stravinsky (before Schönberg's death, Stravinsky made many tonal pieces). Atonal music is perhaps the musical equivalent of abstract art, that is, free from the confines of the usual way of things — at the possible cost of an inability to be understood by others because the work does not inspire the same thoughts in them.

What key signature do you use for atonal music? None at all. The very idea of a key implies the presence of a tonal center, which atonal music, by definition, lacks. But be sure that the piece really is atonal before arriving at this conclusion. The twelve-tone technique, which Schoenberg usually used (and Stravinsky used it as well), is almost a dead giveaway that a piece is atonal (but there are some tonal songs that use it).


text:
Portal:Fashion/Fashion Trend

Leggings are any of several sorts of fitted clothing to cover the legs. Originally leggings were two separate garments, one for each leg. In contemporary usage, leggings refers to tight, form-fitting trousers that extend from the waist to the ankles; in the United States, they are sometimes referred to as tights (although the word tights is often used to refer to opaque pantyhose). Modern leggings are typically made from a blend of lycra, and either nylon, cotton, or a cotton-polyester blend. However, leggings can also be made from wool, silk, and various synthetic fabrics as well.

title: Portal:Fashion/Fashion Trend


text:
List of public art in Hyde Park, London

This is a list of public art in Hyde Park, London.

A Royal Park since 1536, Hyde Park covers an area of over 350 acres. Its present landscaping dates largely to the 18th century, when Queen Caroline introduced the Serpentine among other features, and to the 1820s, when Decimus Burton made improvements including the park's triumphal entrance at Wellington Arch. In the immediate vicinity of the arch, at Hyde Park Corner, there is a significant concentration of war memorials.

Hyde Park Corner
The high concentration of military memorials at Hyde Park Corner, centred on Wellington Arch, has been called "one of the world's most important groups of war memorials". The arch was originally crowned with a colossal equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington, which in 1883 was removed to Aldershot in Hampshire. The RAF Bomber Command Memorial, inaugurated in 2012, is located a short distance away in Green Park.

title: List of public art in Hyde Park, London


text:
Stadion pod Borićima

Stadion Pod Borićima is a multi-purpose stadium in Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of NK Jedinstvo Bihać. The stadium can hold about 7,504 spectators, including 5,504 seats.

title: Stadion pod Borićima


text:
Emilie

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Proper noun

 * 1) Emilia

title: Emilie


text:
Talk:Benjamin Bennett (writer)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 one external links on Benjamin Bennett (writer). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005009/http://dougsafricana.blogspot.com/2010/10/benjamin-bennett-south-africas-greatest.html to http://dougsafricana.blogspot.com/2010/10/benjamin-bennett-south-africas-greatest.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120126051309/http://www.africacrime-mystery.co.za:80/books/fsac/chp10.htm to http://www.africacrime-mystery.co.za/books/fsac/chp10.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005009/http://dougsafricana.blogspot.com/2010/10/benjamin-bennett-south-africas-greatest.html to http://dougsafricana.blogspot.com/2010/10/benjamin-bennett-south-africas-greatest.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005009/http://dougsafricana.blogspot.com/2010/10/benjamin-bennett-south-africas-greatest.html to http://dougsafricana.blogspot.com/2010/10/benjamin-bennett-south-africas-greatest.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120126051309/http://www.africacrime-mystery.co.za:80/books/fsac/chp10.htm to http://www.africacrime-mystery.co.za/books/fsac/chp10.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:52, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Benjamin Bennett (writer)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/virtualcashhomebuyers.com

Links

 * virtualcashhomebuyers.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * COIBot domainredlist search for link virtualcashhomebuyers.com gives:
 * virtualcashhomebuyers.com (Automonitor: reported to en:MediaWiki talk:Spam-blacklist (diff))
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link would be caught by rule \bvirtualcashhomebuyers\.com\b on the monitor list (Automonitor: reported to m:Spam blacklist (diff - )).
 * Link is globally blacklisted by \bvirtualcashhomebuyers\.com\b
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link would be caught by rule \bvirtualcashhomebuyers\.com\b on the monitor list (Automonitor: reported to m:Spam blacklist (diff - )).
 * Link is globally blacklisted by \bvirtualcashhomebuyers\.com\b

Additions

 * Displayed all 5 additions.


text:
Talk:Dax Griffin

Age
The controversy over his age is legitimate content for a celebrity biography and merits inclusion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by GrimGrinningGuest (talk • contribs)
 * I agree but it needs sources, the whole article does. Trevor GH5 23:29, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dax Griffin


text:
Priscilla Lawson

Priscilla Jones Lawson ( Shortridge; March 8, 1914 – August 27, 1958), was an American actress best known for her role as Princess Aura in the original Flash Gordon serial (1936).

Early years
Born in Indianapolis, Indiana, Lawson was the daughter of Elmer Shortridge, a railroad yard foreman and machinist, and his wife, Elizabeth (née Hess) Shortridge.

Career
Lawson was a professional model by her early twenties and was named Miss Miami Beach in 1935, after which she was employed as an Earl Carroll chorus girl at the Miami Casino. This gained her a contract with Universal Studios, which used her in a variety of small roles. However, in 1936 she was cast in the serial Flash Gordon as the voluptuous daughter of the villain, Ming the Merciless. Princess Aura's rivalry with Dale Arden for Flash Gordon's affection was one of the centerpieces of the serial and gained Lawson cult figure status.

Roy Kinnard wrote in Science Fiction Serials that "Lawson's notable physical assets were responsible for incurring the wrath of censors" in the filming of Flash Gordon. Co-star Jean Rogers told him that censors ordered retakes of Chapter 1 of the serial with Lawson "wearing slightly less revealing garb." Her screen career ended in 1941.

Personal life
Lawson was married to:
 * Gerald A. Lawson (1906-1933), a furniture salesman, on March 8, 1932; he died the following year of croupous pneumonia.
 * Alan Curtis (1909-1953), American actor, in November 1937. They divorced in 1940.

Later life
After her second marriage ended, Lawson enlisted in the Women's Army Corps during World War II. An unverified rumor claims she lost a leg in an accident while serving in the Army. Another version is that she lost a leg in a 1937 car crash. However, her Flash Gordon co-star Jean Rogers denied that Lawson had lost a leg, and it was also rejected in a biographical review in an Indianapolis journal. In later life, she managed a stationery shop in Los Angeles, California, and worked for two pottery companies as a finisher.

Death
On August 27, 1958, Lawson died at 44 in Monrovia, California, due to cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by a duodenal ulcer. She was interred at Live Oak Memorial Park in Monrovia.

title: Priscilla Lawson


text:
Cyberspace (album)

Cyberspace is the fourth album by the composer Eloy Fritsch.

AllMusic's Cesar Lanzarini described the record as "overflowing with powerful electronic compositions; rich, melodic themes; and dynamic musical movements".

Track listing

 * 1) "Cyberspace" – 4:31
 * 2) "Lost Paradise" – 8:50
 * 3) "Beyond the Ocean Waves" – 5:52
 * 4) "Inside the Heart of Universe" – 4:43
 * 5) "Malacara Canyon" – 6:34
 * 6) "Symphony of Peace" – 6:39
 * 7) "Parallel Dimension" – 6:35
 * 8) "Callisto" – 5:20
 * 9) "Lake of Peace (Movement 1 & 2)" – 11:05
 * 10) "The Arrival of Spaceship" – 3:08
 * 11) "Tales of the Ancient Sphinz" – 4:23
 * 12) "Towards to Sky" – 5:02

Personnel

 * Eloy Fritsch – Synthesizer, Arranger, Keyboards, Programming, Wind, Producer, Korg Synthesizer, Sequencing, Cover Design, Mini Moog, Computer Editing, Ensoniq, Korg M1, Roland Synthesizer, Roland Juno 6, Roland JD800
 * Marcos Abreu – Mastering
 * Carlos Valdes Machado – Photography
 * Lauren Veronese – Photography

title: Cyberspace (album)


text:
Chentu

A chentu (செண்டு) is a horse whip which looks like a crooked stick, and is a typical attribute of Aiyanar, Krishna in his aspect as Rajagopala, and Shiva with Nandi. The attribute of chentu, which is etymologically derived from a Tamil word, generally appears in Southern India, especially in Hindu images of Tamil Nadu state, India.

title: Chentu


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2020 August 8

= August 8 =

Would a positively charged solar cell produce electricity in the absence of electrons?
From the article on the photoelectric effect, the implication seems to be that electrons are simply "knocked loose" and hence the flow of electricity. But what if the cell and all of its connected components were instead (mostly) devoid of electrons, say in deep space. Would the positively charged assemblage thereof be able to be powered up by a ray of sunlight, or would it simply remain "dead" until enough free electrons floating about in the vacuum of space had been "captured"? In other words, can electrons be created by the photoelectric effect? Earl of Arundel (talk) 06:42, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Why do you think that objects in deep space are (mostly) devoid of electrons? Why do you think that the photoelectric effect involves capturing electrons from the environment? --Guy Macon (talk) 07:03, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It was more of a spherical cow kind of question. Assuming those conditions were met, would the photoelectric effect in fact still occur? Earl of Arundel (talk) 07:30, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Spherical cows are simplifications. You are essentially asking "if a cow was made entirely of bad science fiction stories posted on Facebook. would it still Moo?" You would no longer be talking about a cow, spherical or otherwise. Likewise, your question is no longer talking about the photoelectric effect. --Guy Macon (talk) 16:22, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The direct answer to your question is that if a solar cell were "(mostly) devoid of electrons", it would instantly explode with unfathomable violence. It might be instructive to try to calculate the amount of energy required to bring that much positive charge all together in a small space. --Trovatore (talk) 07:08, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Well it can't be totally impossible. There are things like alpha particles "out in the wild". Earl of Arundel (talk) 07:30, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * An alpha particle can be held together without electrons by the nuclear force, but that only works for things the size of an atomic nucleus. When dealing with something larger than a nucleus (or just a very large nucleus), it no longer works and the thing desintegrates. Without electrons, there would be no photoelectric effect, but neither would there be any structures larger than an atomic nucleus, so no solar panels. PiusImpavidus (talk) 09:56, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Disintegrates is a rather mild word. Larry Niven created the notion of the "Slaver digging tool", which "suppressed the charge on the electron".  From his description of the effects, I can only conclude that either Niven never actually did the calculation, or he meant it to be a partial suppression. --Trovatore (talk) 17:44, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory were in fact able to remove 100% of the electrons from at least a few uranium nuclei.[] So an atom stripped of its electrons isn't (necessarily) inherently unstable. Granted, given the number of free electrons available here on Earth, such a substance must be highly reactive. Earl of Arundel (talk) 00:25, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * A uranium atom stripped of all its electrons is a bare nucleus, and as I wrote above, this nucleus can be stable on its own. Except that uranium has such a large nucleus that it isn't. It's radioactive. On the other hand, when we take a molecule and strip it of all its electrons, it won't hold together. That's because molecules are held together by the electromagnetic force. PiusImpavidus (talk) 07:02, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Ah, good point. It's settled then. Thanks. Earl of Arundel (talk) 15:24, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I guess my real question here is whether or not electrons can be created from photons? Earl of Arundel (talk) 07:30, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Two photons together can be converted into an electron and a positron. It's called pair production and has nothing to do with the photoelectric effect. PiusImpavidus (talk) 09:56, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Right, and even if this were to occur in a solar cell the net charge would remain zero so... Earl of Arundel (talk) 00:25, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * A solar cell and connected components consisting of antimatter, say floating in deep space, could be mostly devoid of electrons. --Lambiam 12:11, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

Anyway, it was meant as a joke, which is why I put it in a smaller font. --Lambiam 07:44, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Replacing all electrons with positrons, all protons with antiprotons etc. is not what most people think of when they say "take away all of the electrons". --Guy Macon (talk) 16:22, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Who mentioned or suggested "taking away" the electrons? The hypothetical question implied their absence, but not the why or how of that absence. --Lambiam 22:22, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Sigh... See Paraphrase. Replacing all electrons with positrons, all protons with antiprotons etc. is not what most people think of when they say "(mostly) devoid of electrons". Happy now? --Guy Macon (talk) 22:40, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Very few people would say that, and if they do, I can only guess what they were thinking of.
 * To kind of sum up, photovolatic cells work because they're designed so that absorbed light produces a photo-induced charge separation via the photovoltaic effect, which can then be exploited to do work. You can do all kinds of violent things to a PV cell for experiments, but that tends to make it into something that is no longer what we think of as a "photovoltaic cell". Light will produce a charge separation as long as the material has a band gap with the appropriate energy. If the material is changed so it no longer has said band gap, then there's no more photovoltaic effect. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:14, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you. The article on band gap was particularly helpful. Earl of Arundel (talk) 05:18, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

Explanation of the continuum hypothesis
In fluid dynamics fluids are treated as continua, with assuming kinetic energy of a piece of a fluid stream as if it were a solid body, while in reality every molecule has its own velocity and, consequently, its own kinetic energy. For example, for a stream of propellant, being expelled from a rocket, we can calculate its kinetic energy given the flow rate and the thrust exerted. Would we assume the propellant stream to be a small set of uninteracting particles (molecules) we should come to the conclusion, that given momentum of the propellant may be consistent with multiple values of kinetic energy. As far as I remember, it is explained in statistical mechanics, that in a big enough set of interacting particles distribution of kinetic energies of the particles is such, that the sum of their components parallel to the direction of common motion tends to the kinetic energy of a continuous body. But I have difficulty with finding the exact theorem or equation in literature. Couldn't somebody give me a reference to an article (or articles) in Wikipedia, where this principle is explained and/or relevant sources are cited? Эйхер (talk) 14:54, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Courtesy links: Our Continuum hypothesis article is for the mathematical hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets, but it does contain the hatnote: "For the assumption in fluid mechanics, see Continuum assumption", that link being a redirect to the relevant portion of Fluid mechanics (which refers to it as both the "continuum assumption" and the "continuum hypothesis"). We also have Continuum mechanics and Aerodynamics.  Also relevant are Knudsen number and Compressible flow. -- ToE 15:54, 8 August 2020 (UTC) Edited to reflect hatnote cleanup; explicitly noted "Courtesy links". -- ToE 22:04, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank You anyway! Here the concept is described, as well as boundaries of its applicability, but not the explanation. What I'm looking for is the theoretical explanation of validity of the "continuum assumption". Эйхер (talk) 17:18, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Not a physicist but can't help noticing how similar your formulation is to the central limit theorem in mathematics. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:58, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Suppose you have a black box with a 1 kg mass, moving at a speed of 1 m/s. What is its kinetic energy? Well, 0.5 J, of course. Now you open the box and inside you find a bunch of very active frogs jumping in all directions. Their kinetic energies, added up, are considerable, but do not contribute to the kinetic energy of the box. Now consider a volume of the fluid or gas enclosed in a thin membrane that moves along with the flow at the average velocity of the particles. This forms a virtual box that can be analyzed like the moving box with frogs. A difference is that the membrane is not impermeable, but on the grand scale of things the relatively few particles that enter the virtual box in one direction (passing through the membrane) are compensated by those that exit it in the same direction. So calculations treating this as a homogeneous mass will come out the same as those treating it as particulate. --Lambiam 07:36, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Possibly out of scope, but the concept of stress-energy tensor deals nicely with boxes of frogs, and indeed other less interesting situations such as ideal fluids. HTH, Robinh (talk) 21:34, 9 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
File talk:LGBT hate crime laws by country or territory.svg

Canada
Canada's hate crime law covers sexual orientation and gender identity. It should be colored purple on the map. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Robsalerno (talk • contribs) 20:25, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

Brazil
Brazil should be purple on the map. In 2019 Brazil’s Supreme Court criminalized homophobic acts, extending an older law that already covered racial, religious and gender hate crimes. --Bernardo.fm (talk) 23:58, 13 June 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Davis Love III

Sections
Easy way for a knowledgeable editor {not me I don't know golf) to improve this would be to get the text into proper headings. At the momemt the prose text has one heading, "Background and Family", which contains a list of unconnected facts. How about dividing the prose up something like

 * Background
 * Amateur Career
 * Early Professional Career 1985-1999
 * Later Professional Career 2000-?
 * Personal Life/life outside Golf? and then go on to the tables etcTigerboy1966 (talk) 10:42, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Davis Love III. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120314063018/http://www.rydercup.com/2012/usa/news/love_captain_012011.cfm to http://www.rydercup.com/2012/usa/news/love_captain_012011.cfm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121028022952/http://home.comcast.net:80/~antaylor1/usgabook.html to http://home.comcast.net/~antaylor1/usgabook.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:29, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Davis Love III


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ras Ablaze

The result was delete. Tone 09:05, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Ras Ablaze

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Notability is in question. Fails WP:NMUSIC and WP:SIGCOV  D My Son  07:42, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 08:05, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Nigeria-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 08:05, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete please delete per nom Brain7days (talk) 10:36, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete - Note that he has been promoted under two names: Ras Ablaze and Rasz. Either way he is only present in unreliable media sources that reprint press releases (note the repeated use of the phrase "fast rising" which no objective journalist would use), and the usual self-uploaded streaming sites. ---  DOOMSDAYER 520 (Talk|Contribs) 21:43, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete - per Brain7days and Doomsdayer. No reliable sources. How many of these non-notable Nigerian/Persian/Indian singers/rappers are left? It seems like WP is full of them. GhostDestroyer100 (talk) 09:26, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable, fails WP:GNG -- Devoke water  (talk)  22:37, 22 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Electronics/Static Electricity

Static Electricity
This is a rough draft.

''As this is a book, it should have historical stories and stuff to make it more interesting. Greeks and amber in this section, for instance.''

When a solitary atom has the same number of electrons and protons, it has no overall charge. The individual charges cancel out. It is said to be neutral.

An atom that has more electrons than protons is negatively charged. The atom will have a tendency to attract other particles that have a positive charge, and repel particles with a negative charge.

An atom that has less electrons than protons is positively charged. The atom will attract negative particles (like solitary electrons or negatively charged atoms) and repel positive particles (like solitary protons or positively charged atoms).

If a solitary proton and electron are placed near each other (or even far away, as long as nothing else is nearby), they will move closer together, until the electron becomes "attached" to the proton and they form a hydrogen atom. An atom of metal that is positively charged (missing electrons) and a free electron will behave the same way.

The same goes for macroscopic objects. A metal sphere that has a significant amount of atoms that have the same number of electrons and protons is neutral. Also, if there are several atoms that are positively charged or negatively charged, it is said that the whole object is charged. This may not be noticeable if only a few atoms on the object are charged.

Charged metal spheres will attract and repel each other according to the same rules as individual particles.

A solitary metal sphere with an excess of electrons will tend to have the extra electrons spread out evenly across the surface of the sphere (not in the interior). This is because the electrons repel each other, and try to get as far apart as possible. On a positively charged sphere, the positive charge (absence of electrons) also spreads evenly across the surface due to its lack of electrons. (Talk about the neat shielding properties of Faraday cages) In the space inside to the sphere there is no charge.

In the case of insulating spheres charge does not move throughout the object, it just sits there. The electrons in this object are not constantly moving from atom to atom, so the empty holes have no way to be filled by their neighbors.

A Van de Graaff generator is basically a pump for electrons (or a "charge pump"). It uses the triboelectric effect to take electrons from one conductor and deposit them on another. The triboelectric effect is caused when two different materials are brought into contact and then separated. One material will have more of a tendency to attract extra electrons, and some of the electrons will transfer from one material to the other. The Van de Graaff generator accomplishes this with a silk or rubber belt held tightly between two rollers of different materials. As the belt comes into contact with one roller and then separates, it picks up charge from the roller. When it comes into contact with the other roller and then separates, it deposits the charge.

It thus makes one roller positively charged and the other negatively charged. The electrons are supplied to one roller and extracted from the other by metal brushes, connected to the large conductors. This creates a voltage between the conductors, due to their distance.

(Should we really be going into so much detail about it though?... I guess as an example of a very basic electric circuit, it is a good example.  Maybe we could just link to Wikipedia triboelectric effect?  That's the thing I don't like about wikibooks.  You have to provide all of the background instead of just directing them to it.)

title: Electronics/Static Electricity


text:
Talk:OLPC

OLPC
As per CFI --Keene 08:33, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep all, as properly tagged. --Connel MacKenzie 08:36, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I would RFV the tag, as I've never even heard this, but I will take other contributors' word on it. DAVilla 13:54, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Delete if actually specific to Wikimedia projects; I've never heard it, and can't judge where it's used. —RuakhTALK 17:30, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds reasonable. DAVilla 21:16, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * delete: The only mention on Wikipedia (linked from the entry) is for the Delaware-based organization by this name. --EncycloPetey 21:36, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * keep: This is the official initialism of the One Laptop Per Child program and has over 6 million Google hits. --Versageek 13:26, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:OLPC


text:
User:Sumitsays/Books/Prehistoric Religion

Prehistoric Religion

 * Prehistoric religion
 * Paleolithic religion
 * Magic and religion
 * Proto-Indo-European religion
 * Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
 * Animal worship
 * Sacred bull
 * Bear worship
 * Horse worship


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/laurentdelaye.com

Links

 * laurentdelaye.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * laurentdelaye.com is hosted on laurentdelaye.wordpress.com
 * laurentdelaye.wordpress.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 3 additions.


text:
The Whole Family

The Whole Family: a Novel by Twelve Authors (1908) is a collaborative novel told in twelve chapters, each by a different author. This unusual project was conceived by novelist William Dean Howells and carried out under the direction of Harper's Bazaar editor Elizabeth Jordan, who (like Howells) would write one of the chapters herself. Howells's idea for the novel was to show how an engagement or marriage would affect and be affected by an entire family. The project became somewhat curious for the way the authors' contentious interrelationships mirrored the sometimes dysfunctional family they described in their chapters. Howells had hoped Mark Twain would be one of the authors, but Twain did not participate. Other than Howells himself, Henry James was probably the best-known author to contribute. The novel was serialized in Harper's Bazaar in 1907–08 and published as a book by Harper's in late 1908.

Chapters and authors

 * 1) The Father by William Dean Howells
 * 2) The Old-Maid Aunt by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman
 * 3) The Grandmother by Mary Heaton Vorse
 * 4) The Daughter-in-Law by Mary Stewart Cutting
 * 5) The School-Girl by Elizabeth Jordan
 * 6) The Son-in-Law by John Kendrick Bangs
 * 7) The Married Son by Henry James
 * 8) The Married Daughter by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward
 * 9) The Mother by Edith Wyatt
 * 10) The School-Boy by Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews
 * 11) Peggy by Alice Brown
 * 12) The Friend of the Family by Henry van Dyke

The highest paid of the contributors was Ward, who asked for $750. Van Dyke was paid $600, Brown $500, James $400, Cutting $350, Freeman $250, and Howells contributed without additional payment.

Plot summary
In the opening chapter Howells introduces the Talbert family, middle-class New England proprietors of a silverplate works that turns out ice-pitchers and other mundane household items. Daughter Peggy Talbert has just returned from her coeducational college engaged to a harmless but rather weak young man named Harry Goward.

Eventually, after many twists and turns introduced by the subsequent contributors, Harry Goward is dismissed as a suitor, Aunt Elizabeth is sent off to New York City, and a more suitable mate for Peggy is found in a college professor named Stillman Dane. Peggy marries Dane and the couple sails off to Europe with Peggy's brother Charles and his wife Lorraine for a honeymoon tour.

Composition and publication history
William Dean Howells conceived of the project in the spring of 1906 as a showpiece of his brand of literary realism. He enlisted the help of Elizabeth Jordan, then editor of Harper's Bazar, and pitched the book as an opportunity to create "a showplace for Harper's family of authors". Jordan was excited and hoped "to bring together the greatest, grandest, most gorgeous group of authors ever collaborating on a literary production". Mark Twain may have inspired the collaboration after previously suggesting a similar project involving himself, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Bret Harte, and others, though the idea was dismissed. For The Whole Family, Twain was offered the light-hearted school-boy chapter but declined.

Howells was concerned about which writers would contribute, especially if he intended to contribute a chapter himself. As he wrote to Jordan, "If you find the scheme does not commend itself to the more judicious and able among the writers to whom you propose it, you had better drop it. I should not like to appear in co-operation with young or unimportant writers." Jordan set about finding contributors, though only half of those approached agreed to the project. Howells had predicted that neither Edith Wharton nor Henry James would be willing, though James ultimately did contribute. James, in fact, was immediately impressed with the idea and wrote to Jordan he was interested in writing any of several characters' chapters. Hamlin Garland declined to take part and Kate Douglas Wiggin withdrew after initially agreeing.

It was Howells's intention that each of the authors would examine the impact of Peggy's engagement on a different member of the Talbert family. The second chapter, by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, immediately disrupted Howells's intended trajectory. Freeman apparently took issue with Howells's reference to the old maid aunt as a quiet old spinster and transformed her from a minor character to be pitied into a major one to be envied. Her character, Aunt Elizabeth or "Lily", is a vibrant and sexually attractive woman who does not mind getting noticed by Peggy's fiancé.

Jordan, herself unmarried, was impressed by Freeman's character and, as she called it, the "explosion of a bombshell on our literary hearthstone", but she dealt with considerable negative response from some of the other collaborators, particularly Howells and van Dyke. Howells, never particularly comfortable with frank sexuality, recoiled from Freeman's spicy conception of a character he had intended as a harmless old lady. Van Dyke, who would eventually write the concluding chapter, reacted in a half-humorous, half-worried letter to Jordan:

"Heavens! What a catastrophe! Who would have thought that the old maiden aunt would go mad in the second chapter? Poor lady. Red hair and a pink hat and boys in beau knots all over the costume. What will Mr. Howells say? For my part I think it distinctly cruel work to put a respectable spinster into such a hattitude before the world."

Freeman, who had been single until her marriage at age 49, defended herself to Jordan by noting the changing role of single women:

"Their single state is a deliberate choice on their part, and men are at their feet. Single women have caught up with, and passed, old bachelors in the last half of the century. I don't think Mr. Howells recognizes this. He is thinking of the time when women of thirty put on caps, and renounced the world. That was because they married at fifteen and sixteen, and at thirty had about a dozen children. Now they simply do not do it."

As subsequent critics have pointed out, the rest of the novel became an effort by the later writers to cope somehow with this introduction of Aunt Elizabeth as a sexual competitor with Peggy for her fiancé's affections.

The book was first serialized in Harper's Bazar from 1907 to 1908. In serial form, the chapters were published anonymously, though there was an accompanying list of contributors and a teasing note that an "intelligent reader" would "experience no difficulty in determining which author wrote each chapter—perhaps. Elizabeth Jordan later utilized the collaborative authorship approach in the book The Sturdy Oak (1917), in which several authors wrote on behalf of woman's suffrage.

Critical response
The novel's contemporary reception was favorable, with decent sales and mostly positive reviews. Its contemporary popularity was spurred by the literary novelty of the project, as well as the guesswork required from its initial anonymous publication, in addition to rumors of in-fighting between contributors.

Many years after the book was published, Elizabeth Jordan exclaimed in her autobiography: "The Whole Family was a mess!" Critic Alfred Bendixen sympathized when he wrote: "As The Whole Family developed, the plot increasingly focused on family misunderstandings and family rivalries, which were mirrored by the artistic rivalries of the authors. The writing of the novel became a contest as much as it was a collaboration, with each author trying hard to impose his vision on the entire work."

In his long, dense but insightful chapter, and with charged rhetoric reminiscent of his late novels, Henry James has the aesthetic son Charles Talbert rail against the frustrations that he and his equally artistic wife Lorraine experience due to the claustrophobic realities of family life in his small New England town:

 * It's in fact in this beautiful desperation that we spend our days, that we face the pretty grim prospect of new ones, that we go and come and talk and pretend, that we consort, so far as in our deep-dyed hypocrisy we do consort, with the rest of the Family, that we have Sunday supper with the Parents and emerge, modestly yet virtuously shining, from the ordeal; that we put in our daily appearance at the Works—for a utility nowadays so vague that I'm fully aware (Lorraine isn't so much) of the deep amusement I excite there, though I also recognize how wonderfully, how quite charitably, they manage not to break out with it: bless, for the most part, their dear simple hearts!

James might as well have been talking about the frustrations that many of the authors felt with the "family" of their collaborators.

title: The Whole Family


text:
Electronics/Microwave

Microwave
Microwaves are defined to be waves having frequency greater than 1 GHz. While some books put the upper limit of 30 GHz to microwaves, some literature consider the upper limit to be up to 300 GHz. At such high frequencies, the behaviour of the devices used commonly is no longer predictable by general rules and new design issues need to be considered. Even short leads of devices act as inductances and may possess capacitances.

A magnetron emits microwaves at 2450 MHz λ = 12.24 cm A microwave is a Faraday cage, so waves can't escape openings smaller than 6.12 cm. Microwaves work by bombarding atoms from all sides with an electric field. This causes the dipole to keep realigning itself and the food heats up. Most effective on water, metal deflects microwaves. Containers survive because they do not absorb many microwaves relative to the food.

title: Electronics/Microwave


text:
2010 IAAF Road Race Label Events

The 2010 IAAF Road Race Label Events were the third edition of the global series of road running competitions given Label status by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). All five World Marathon Majors had Gold Label status. The series included a total of 57 road races: 24 Gold, 24 Silver and 9 Bronze. In terms of distance, 35 races were marathons, 10 were half marathons, 9 were 10K runs, and 3 were held over other distances.

Races

 * {{Legend|#ccccff|World Marathon Majors}}

title: 2010 IAAF Road Race Label Events


text:
User:Tommyde~enwikibooks

My main interest is in passing the Japanese Language Proficiency test.

For that goal I am working on the Japanese Wikibook.

title: User:Tommyde~enwikibooks


text:
WSGX

WSGX may refer to:

 * WSGX-LP, a low-power radio station (95.1 FM) licensed to serve East Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
 * KATZ-FM, a radio station (100.3 FM) licensed to serve Bridgeton, Missouri, United States, which held the call sign WSGX from 2011 to 2012

title: WSGX


text:
Data shadow

Data shadows refer to the information that a person leaves behind unintentionally while taking part in daily activities such as checking their e-mails, scrolling through social media or even by using their debit or credit card.

The term data shadow was coined in 1972 by Kerstin Anér, a member of the Swedish legislature.

The generated information has the potential to create a vastly detailed record of an individual's daily trails, which includes the individual's thoughts and interests, whom they communicate with, information about the organizations with which they work or interact with and so forth. This information can be dispersed to a dozen organizations and servers depending on their use. Along with Individuals, the activities of institutions and organizations are also tracked. Data Shadows are closely linked with data footprints, which are defined as the data that has been left behind by the individual themselves through various activities such as online activities, communication information, and transactions. In a chapter for the book Geography and Technology, researcher Matthew Zook and his co-authors note that data shadows have come as a result of people becoming "digital individuals" and that these shadows are continually evolving and changing. They are used to model and predict political opinions, and make inferences about a person's political values or susceptibility to advertising.

Digital footprint
The data or digital footprints are obtained from monitoring and tracking individuals’ digital activities. Digital footprints provide a drive for companies such as Facebook and Google to invest in obtaining data generated from these footprints, in order to be sold to marketers. As illustrated by Bodle, users are willing to give up their information to companies they trust. Although collecting individuals’ data raises several ethical concerns, it can be valuable for the healthcare data analytics and new health services. For instance, access to such data can help healthcare services shed light on the causes of disease, the effects or side-effects the treatments might have and can facilitate a tailored analysis according to the individual's characteristics.

Dataveillance
Dataveillance gives rise to data shadows since it allows for the identification, classification and representation of individuals or organizations. Dataveillance is defined as a mode of surveillance which tracks, monitors or regulates an individual using digital activity including their personal details and social media activities. In 2013, Edward Snowden’s revelations on the National Security Agency's PRISM program, that the organization would “receive” emails, video clips, photos, voice and video calls, social networking details, logins and other data held by a range of US internet firms”. It is also revealed that corporate social networks share their information with the intelligence agencies. Platform owners such as Google and Facebook, anchor the trust of their users and reassure them that their information is protected through portrayal of corporate codes of conduct such as “Do no evil” and “Making the world transparent and connected” However, as pointed out by Bodle, platform owners are themselves collecting the user's information and using it for purposes they deem to be necessary.

Privacy
Europe has brought about a long-awaited revision to their data protection framework called the Data Protection Directive. According to this, European Union countries are forced to remove personal data of individuals upon their request if the information is obsolete or irrelevant. Information privacy is defined as the right that individuals have over the data about themselves when subjected to a third party, and that the data should not be available to any organization or person without their approval. However, this is not the case when data is collected and collated for marketers: online marketers use cookies, spyware, adware and so on to capture rich data about their customers. State agencies also collect citizen data for security purposes. The aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks has allowed US national security agencies to increase their collation and exchange of information in order to strengthen the United States Intelligence Community (USIC) and to minimize potential threats.

title: Data shadow


text:
User:Cz-mitch/sandbox

CZ-Mitch
I am learning how to edit using Wikipedia on a Monday morning.

Let me create a red link.

I am student at Makerere University in Uganda.

My citation example
== I read an interesting article on the Guardian today about Beirut ==

My example list
Things i do during my free time

 * Playing soccer
 * Playing computer games
 * Listening to Music
 * Partying with my friends

title: User:Cz-mitch/sandbox


text:
basophil

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  Any cell that has granules stained by basic stains.
 * 2)  A white blood cell responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response.
 * 3) One of the endocrine basophilic cells of the adenohypophysis, including gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs.

Synonyms

 * beta cell
 * beta cell

Hypernyms

 * leukocyte
 * leukocyte
 * leukocyte

Translations

 * Czech: bazofil
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish: bazofîl
 * Portuguese: basófilo
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

title: basophil


text:
1950 in Chile

The following lists events that happened during 1950 in Chile.

Incumbents

 * President of Chile: Gabriel González Videla

January

 * 24 January – The Chilean Government orders troops to their garrisons in response to strikes.

March

 * 18 March – The Chilean Government abolishes 'emergency zones' created around vital economic areas created in 1947 to deter strikes.

June

 * 19 June – Empresa Nacional del Petróleo is created.

July

 * 7 July - The newspaper La Tercera de La Hora, edited in Santiago and owned by Copesa, is founded.

December

 * 9 December - An intraplate earthquake of magnitude 8.2 occurs inside the Department of Loa, near Calama
 * 29 December – Admiral Carlos Torres accepts the transfer of USS Brooklyn and USS Nashville to the Chilean Navy under the Mutual Defense Assistance Act.

Births

 * 4 February – Teresita Reyes
 * 9 March – Jorge Marchant Lazcano
 * 21 March – Julio Crisosto
 * 24 April – Rafael González (Chilean footballer)
 * 25 June – Paco Saval
 * 5 July – Carlos Caszely
 * 11 July – Hernán Rivera Letelier
 * 14 July – Mario Osbén (d. 2021)
 * 17 September – Patricia Maldonado Aravena
 * 26 October – Jorge Socías

Deaths

 * 27 January – Augusto d'Halmar (b. 1882)
 * 24 August -Arturo Alessandri (b. 1868)

title: 1950 in Chile


text:
Talk:Napoléon Louis Bonaparte

Untitled
The French Wiki refers to him as fr:Louis II de Hollande, I wonder if this title is not more appropriate. Napoleon Louis Bonaparte is very confusing (being the reverse of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the Second Empire), and besides the French wiki also refers to fr:Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (1914-1997). I guess a move to "Louis II of Holland" would be better... Tazmaniacs 13:31, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Louis Bonaparte which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 04:45, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Name
Why was he named Napoleon Louis and his brother named Louis-Napoleon? Wouldn't that be really confusing?--The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 21:19, 16 August 2013 (UTC)

Title
It should be called "Louis II of Holland". Jim Pleiades Hawkins (talk) 12:17, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Napoléon Louis Bonaparte


text:
Talk:XHTML

On Merging
I do not think that the XHTML section of the XML Wikibook is extensive enough (or indeed capable of being extensive enough) to cover XHTML sufficiently. The section on media types, for example, does not do the subject justice. There is no mention whatsoever of  dispite the fact that it is the most cross compatible media type nor is there any mention of the pitfalls of serving XHTML as HTML. Conversely, our section on media types includes a more comprehensive overview of the pros and cons of each and even includes a table which illustrates the how each layout engine interprets each media type. This is the kind of depth that a stand-alone XHTML book can reach with other XHTML subjects like semantic layouts, modularization, DTDs, HTML conversion, deprecated elements, namespaces, and syntax.

Yes the XML module is better written and organized, and yes, it does do a good job giving an overview of what XHTML is, but that doesn't mean that we can't match its quality while offering a more complete steadily-paced tutorial. In summation, I vote for sufficiency over efficiency.

Nadamt 23:21, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Untitled
You don't get XHTML by just putting the right doctype in a HTML document and make sure it's formatted according XML standards [This is not true: an XHTML document is an XHTML document regardless of what common browsers do with it - RFC 2854 makes it clear that some XHTML documents can be served as text/html]. If the server sends it as text/html, it is still interpreted as HTML. The contenttype should be "application/xhtml+xml". And if you use that, many browser are in trouble.

http://hixie.ch/advocacy/xhtml

Try this in IE6: http://devedge.netscape.com/viewsource/2003/xhtml-style-script/examples/example-6.xhtml (one of the rare real XHTML pages on the web).

Since about 90% of the internet users still uses IE as a browser, it is not realistic to create real XHTML webpages for common purpose. And it's going to be that way for a couple of years. If you search on google for this webpage (for example this page: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=Example+6+-+XHTML+1.0+Strict+as+application%2Fxhtml%2Bxml&btnG=Search), then you'll see the google says "File Format: Unrecognized".

Technically correct but as both IE6 (and IE5?) and Firefox display XHTML sent as text/html fine, why create pages using older standards which teach bad practices just so you can be correct with the contenttype?

Organization is a bit off
As of now, I just don't like how the page here is set up. It seems like we're diving into the core XHTML tech too soon and not giving a real introduction to it. We just have a short synopsis, and bam! we've put tags and elements before their faces. Here's how I'd like to see it:

 * Introduction to XHTML
 * Purpose
 * History
 * Differences from HTML /* jump here if they already know HTML and just want a diff */
 * Syntax
 * How XML Works /* if they want to understand XHTML, first they have to get XML */
 * Basic Tags /* does this belong here? -- html, head, title, body, p, br */
 * Your First XHTML Document
 * Code Listing /* not a real section, just the listing */
 * Understanding the Elements
 * Links and the id Attribute

etc.

This way, I think there'll be less of a learning curve. (Oh, and the application/xhtml+xml thing too.) [ alerante | “” 13:13, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC) ]

XHTML in IE is broken, so we should create another page.
XHTML in IE is broken.

XHTML in Mozilla and Firefox is properly rendered as XHTML. Just 'View info' to see that it works.

Therefore, instead of changing this XHTML page to deal with IE's quirky interpretation of XHTML.

I propose we have a second page dealing with IE's quirks regarding XHTML.

If I write an article about unleaded gasoline, but your car does not function with unleaded gasoline, then we should write an article about your car. We should NOT delete a page which correctly describes unleaded gasoline.

 * IE quirks are definitely outside the scope of an article on standardized XHTML. There are a few problems here, honestly.  One is that IE is arguably bad/terrible/horrendous software and the other is that W3C's standards are arguably byzantine and unnecessarily complicated.  However, if the focus of this wikibook is XHTML, it should adhere to XHTML standards which are established by W3C, not by Microsoft.  If the book is not about standardized XHTML, don't call it a book on standardized XHTML.  I think this is a question of scope, not protocol.  --banzaimonkey

Cascading Style Sheets
If we're going to do a proper wikibook on XHTML, I suspect that it will need a sister volume on Cascading Style Sheets. Right now, it's hideously under-developed.

--Noah 17:17, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

related wikibooks

 * GET
 * CSS Programming

web hosts to practice with
Learning all the tags and viewing local files with a web browser is nice and everything, but the whole point is to put stuff on the Internet.

I think it would be nice to explain how to get these ".html" files from your personal computer onto the Internet.

Is there some other wikibook that talks about uploading to a web server ?

There are lots of places to get free web hosting; would it be appropriate to list a few dozen in this wikibook? (Is there a more appropriate wikibook?)

--DavidCary 05:49, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Free Website Hosting
 * free web site providers
 * Free Website Providers for Business Webpages
 * Free Website Hosting

Merging this page with XHTML (XML)
As the note describes at the beginning of the page, I think a merging is necessary.

However, I'd have to say, overwhelmingly, that the XHTML (XML) page is much much better. It is far more thorough and descriptive. Perhaps what needs to be done is to look this over and compare it with the other page, finding any bits worthy of inclusion that cannot be found at XHTML (XML) and redirect this sucker over.

EDIT: 4/21/06 XML and XHTML are actually 2 different things. XML is used by such programs as MSN Messenger to store logs, while XHTML is more of an HTML encoding standard than an entirely different language. As such, merging this page wouldn't do much good, unless you want to link it through there.

<IP_ADDRESS> 22:59, 21 April 2006 (UTC)Web Designer

Confusion betwen tags, elements and element types
This tutorial uses the word "tag" where it should read "element" or "element type" instead. One example is stating that XHTML documents are enclosed in an tag. This is not the case.

Bad practices
I think it's rather bad that this module teaches bad practices. I've only read the first page, but I noticed this:
 * Links like "click here" isn't any good at all. Rather than "Click here to go to Wikibooks.org", the module should rather say "Go to Wikibooks.org".
 * Missing alt-text when introducing . One'd better get it right from the beginning!

"This document, although it works in 99% of XHTML browsers, isn't actually valid because it lacks a doctype."
99%? Where was this statistic pulled from? The same place that the rabbit was?

Mozilla Standards Compliance
I changed "completely" standards compliant, to "mostly" standards compliant. Mozilla is good, but it's not the best. Let's keep things objective here ;-).

<IP_ADDRESS> 13:58, 28 February 2006 (UTC)-Rahul.

 * While on the subject of objectivity, why are "we" reccomending only Mozilla Firefox? Are not there other browsers which properly render XHTML?  Don't they deserve at least a mention?

 * Nadamt 20:15, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

In XHTML 1.0 Strict You SHOULD NOT use the 'b' and 'i' element
Please, correct markup tags, 'b' and 'i' have be retired of your mental-dictionary.

 * b was tranformed to 'strong'
 * i was transformed to 'em'

Token / <IP_ADDRESS> 09:44, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Tags and Elements
The "Tags and Elements" section should be rewritten. Elements are semantic structuring units; a valid XHTML document is composed of a hierarchy of elements conforming to an XHTML DTD. Tags are the syntax used to identify elements. An element has a name identifying its type, a start tag, possibly optional attributes, possibly optional content, and an end tag. The DTD specifies, for each element type, which attributes are allowed and required, and the content that is allowed. Attributes are specified in the start tag. An element with no content may start and end with the same tag (e.g. <br />). (Although for browser compatibility some elements like script should have explicit start and end tags.)

Adding Some Pages
I added some pages, of course they a bit under developed but give it time. I agree that the page needs some organisation. I'll attempted this. Also some pictures would be nice (coding etc). --Grich 01:51, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

This book
I think that this book needs a complete re-write. It is written as if it expects the reader to be a professional in HTML. This book has to assume that the reader has never even heard of HTML and does not have any knowledge of this web stuff what-so-ever. --S.Örvarr.S 00:31, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:XHTML


text:
Information geometry

Resources

 * Information Geometry: Near Randomness and Near Independence
 * Applications of information geometry to interest rate theory

Further readings

 * Information geometry

title: Information geometry


text:
Grady's Cold Brew

Grady's Cold Brew is an American coffee company known for its New Orleans-style cold brew coffee. Founded in 2011, the company is based in The Bronx, New York.

History
Grady's Cold Brew was originally started by Grady Laird. He created a New Orleans-style blend while working for GQ Magazine. He was inspired by an article in GQ that taught how to make cold brew coffee concentrate. Laird sold his brew to other magazines in the Condé Nast brand but later quit his job to pursue it full-time. He officially launched the brand in 2011 with the help of Dave Sands and Kyle Buckley. Grady's was originally sold online and at select retailers in Brooklyn and Manhattan. It gained the attention of Whole Foods while a vendor at Smorgasburg, and began selling at the grocery chain in 2012.

Products
Grady's Cold Brew is a New Orleans-style coffee made using a cold brew method of steeping ground coffee in cold water. The grounds are filtered out after 20 hours to create the concentrate. The company sells both ready-to-drink and concentrate as well as pre-packaged bean bags.

title: Grady's Cold Brew


text:
Talk:Navasota Independent School District

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Navasota Independent School District. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070927234029/http://www.theeagle.com/stories/031306/schools_20060313004.php to http://www.theeagle.com/stories/031306/schools_20060313004.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070927234223/http://www.theeagle.com/stories/112106/local_20061121004.php to http://www.theeagle.com/stories/112106/local_20061121004.php

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 01:14, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Navasota Independent School District. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071008132305/http://www.misd.org/otherPages/RollingOaksPressRelease6-13-07.pdf to http://www.misd.org/otherPages/RollingOaksPressRelease6-13-07.pdf

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:14, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Navasota Independent School District. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120628134123/http://ritter.tea.state.tx.us/perfreport/account/2011/index.html to http://ritter.tea.state.tx.us/perfreport/account/2011/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071024071030/http://www.navasotaisd.org/www/navasota/site/hosting/District%20Information/Navasota%20ISD-District-Boundary.pdf to http://www.navasotaisd.org/www/navasota/site/hosting/District%20Information/Navasota%20ISD-District-Boundary.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:24, 14 February 2018 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Matteson, Illinois

How is the name pronounced?
Is it two or three syllables? Highnumber (talk) 17:33, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

It's actually pronounced with 3 syllables. But there has been disaqreements on rather its pronounced like the city of MADISON in Wisconsin, or with a "t" sound in the middle: ma-TT-e-son. User:Thriller95 I*S*T 16:38, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Joel Aldrich Matteson (August 8, 1808 – January 31, 1873) was the tenth Governor of Illinois, serving from 1853 to 1857. In 1855, he became the first governor to reside in the Illinois Executive Mansion. The village of Matteson, Illinois is named in his honor. A check with the Matteson Historical Society indicates that Mr. Matteson pronounced his name with three syllables - mat-tes-sun. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ValerieDe (talk • contribs) 22:03, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matteson, Illinois


text:
Talk:biomodification

Please can anyone say if they actually use this word! i do, a lot.Danielspencer91 09:50, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * When googling i find stuff like "Biomodification of coal to remove mercury", "Biomodification of fibers for novel papermaking applications

"Reactive and Functional Polymers : Biomodification" .. so i guess there must be a wider sense, than "modifying a biological organism".. maybe more like "modifying by biological organism" ? Mutante 11:02, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I believe the definition to be incorrect - should be "the modification of a material by biological (enzymatic or genetic) means". SemperBlotto 11:05, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:biomodification


text:
User:ISD

Welcome
Hi everyone!

I'm ISD, from England. I joined Wikipedia in February 2006. Most of the entries I have edited have been connected to my all-time passion, comedy. Indeed the first article I created was related to Green Wing (Guyball). I recently joined the Anime and Manga WikiProject as well.

Notable works

title: User:ISD


text:
Cookbook:Sunglow Motel-Cafe Pickle Pie

| Desserts

The Sunglow Motel-Cafe in Bicknell, Utah serves the unique pickle pie, developed by Cula Ekker. This is their recipe, as it appeared in a Salt Lake Tribune article that is framed and hangs on the cafe's wall.

Ingredients

 * 5 eggs
 * 2 cups white granulated sugar
 * 1 tsp cinnamon
 * 1 tsp nutmeg
 * 1 tsp lemon extract
 * 2 tbsp cornstarch
 * 1 cup + 2 tbsp light cream
 * ⅛ cup margarine, melted
 * 12 oz sweet pickles, drained and ground
 * 2 unbaked 9-inch pie shells

Procedure

 * 1) Beat eggs and sugar until lemon-colored and thick; beat in cinnamon, nutmeg, lemon extract, cornstarch, cream and margarine.
 * 2) Stir ground sweet pickles into mixture.
 * 3) Pour pickle mixture into unbaked pie shells.
 * 4) Bake at 350°F for 1–1.25 hours, until a knife inserted in center comes out clean.

title: Cookbook:Sunglow Motel-Cafe Pickle Pie


text:
Agios Nikolaos, Chalkidiki

Agios Nikolaos (Άγιος Νικόλαος, meaning Saint Nicholas) is a village located 110 kilometers south-east of Thessaloniki on the Chalkidiki peninsula in Macedonia, Greece.

Geography

The village Agios Nikolaos itself is 2 km inland from the Singitic Gulf. However, its territory is quite extensive. To the north-east it borders the village of Pyrgadikia at Salonikiou Beach (8 km from Agios Nikolaos). To the north it borders the village of Metangitsi. In the west and south-west it is neighboring the village of Nikiti (9 km from Agios Nikolaos). To the south it borders the village of Sarti at Armenistis Beach (28 km from Agios Nikolaos).

Landscapes
Agios Nikolaos' landscapes show a substantial variability.

In the plains east and south-east of the village agriculture predominates with olive trees as the main cultivated plant. Toward the south, rises the Itamos mountain range of Sithonia and is completely covered with pine forest. Towards its northeastern extension (Salonikiou Beach) significant parts of the village territory are covered with forests. In all parts of the village territory plains or smooth hill segments are devoted to agriculture.

On the beaches there are hotels and pensions as well as individual homes that have been built since the 1980s.

The highest point within Agios Nikolaos territory is mount Karvounas (height approx. 550 m) in the south-west (Vourvourvou).

Settlements
A couple of coastal settlements belong to Agios Nikolaos, these are:
 * Vourvourou – located 10 km south-east. Vourvourou is a village near Agios Nikolaos, in the Chalkidiki peninsula of northern Greece. It is best known as a holiday destination. Close to Vourvourou are the beaches of Karidi and Fteroti. Diasporos island is very close to Vourvourou.
 * Salonikiou Beach – located 8 km north-east. Salonikiou is the area around the beach of Salonikiou on the northeast coast of Sithonia, between Ormos Panagias and Pyrgadikia. The closest village is Metangitsi (4 km inland). Most of the buildings in the region are private villas but there are some studios and apartments to rent. The beach is more than 1 km long.
 * Ormos Panagias – located 4 km east/south-east, serves as the village port. Ormos Panagias is an important port for Sithonia, Halkidiki. Considered as being a part of Agios Nikolaos, the port of Ormos Panagias is located just a few kilometres to the south. The amount of accommodation and restaurants that have been built around this harbour has made it grow into somewhat of a village on its own, built around an existing old church. Even though it is not officially recognized as a village, Ormos Panagias is considered a Halkidiki resort in its own right that attracts many people. Tourist boat tours of Mount Athos and it's monasteries leave from this port.

Population

The community of Agios Nikolaos, which includes the settlements of Agios Nikolaos, Vourvourou, Salonikiou Beach, and Ormos Panagias, has 1,965 residents (2021 census). Almost all inhabitants are indigenous Greeks. After the rise of tourism, some non-Greeks have settled permanently in Agios Nikolaos, for example, Germans, Dutch, and Austrians.

During the summer holiday period, the population may rise to 10,000.

Economy
Traditionally, inhabitants of Agios Nikolaos had two economic mainstays: agriculture and fishery. Agriculture was mostly devoted to olive trees (and olive oil production), wheat, and winery. Fishery was limited to the waters of the Singitic Gulf.

Since the 1980s, tourism replaced fishery and agriculture as economic mainstay. Inhabitants have built own hotels, homes, and pensions or sold-off their agricultural land for real estate purposes. Concomitantly, living standards have risen significantly.

History

The ancient Greek city of Singos, which gave its name to the Singitic Gulf, was located within Agios Nikolaos' territory and dates back to 454 BCE. It was probably near the Vourvourou bay on Livari peninsula, where an ancient wall of large stones is still visible (Mega Teichos). Individual reports even mention remains of an ancient port at the very same location. No excavation was performed to confirm position and location of ancient Singos and significant remains of buildings are not evident.

The village's history dates back to the 14th century when inhabitants moved inland from the sea because of repeated attacks by pirates. A likely position of a previous settlement can be found 2 km away on the coast at Pyrgos Beach, where remains of a watchtower presumably of Byzantine Greek origin can be found.

Agios Nikolaos fell under Ottoman Turkish rule from the 15th century until liberation in the Balkan Wars of 1912. The town suffered further in the 1940s during World War Two and fighting in the Greek Civil War.

After the 1950s, peaceful times returned and the Agios Nikolaos area saw a tourism boom from the 1980s onwards which increased prosperity in the region. Many villagers built summer homes in the coastal areas of Ormos Panagias and Vourvourou.

Public facilities
Agios Nikolaos has following public facilities:
 * police station
 * health center (equal to a very small hospital)
 * pharmacies
 * post office
 * ATM
 * radio station
 * volunteer firefighters station

Agios Nikolaos does not have a bank. The nearest bank is located in Nikiti (9 km away).

Transportation
Agios Nikolaos lies adjacent to the road leading from Nikiti to Sarti (Sithonia west ring) and from Nikiti to Pyrgadikia (semicircular road around Singitikos bay leading east). All roads are covered with concrete or asphalt.

There is no link to a railroad. (Chalkidiki has no railroad at all).

Ormos Panagias serves as port of Agios Nikolaos. Daily cruises to Mount Athos' west coast take off from that port. It serves also as home port of the village's fishery boats.

Air traffic is managed by the international airport of Thessaloniki. Bus traffic is the mainstay of public transport in Agios Nikolaos, as in Chalkidiki as a whole. Daily connections to Thessaloniki, Sarti, Polygyros, and Nea Moudania exist. In the summer, at least 3 buses a day do provide transportation, whereas in the winter bus frequency is lower.

Architecture
Agios Nikolaos is primarily a traditionally built village with characteristic Macedonian architecture. However, a lot of traditional homes and houses have been replaced with modern ones. This is partially due to a higher standard of living as well as to stricter building standard because of earthquake concerns.

Sightseeing

Ancient remains in the area are not noteworthy. However, one may want to take a look at:

 * Byzantine watch tower at Pyrgos Beach (only ruins visible)
 * Ancient Mega Teichos at Vourvourou (Livari)
 * The village of Agios Nikolaos has traditional architecture
 * The central square (πλατεία) of Agios Nikolaos is surrounded by restaurants and cafes and is especially busy on summer nights.Ágios Nikólaos,IMG2 0215.JPG

Agios Nikolaos is full of noteworthy beaches, as there are: Beside the beaches, the bay of Vourvourou has approx. 9 islands giving it a lagoon appearance. All islands and islands' beaches can only be reached by boat.
 * Salonikiou Beach
 * Pyrgos Beach
 * Livrochio Beach
 * Latoura Beach
 * Lagonisi Beach
 * Livari Beach
 * Vourvourou Beach
 * Karidi Beach
 * Zografou Beach
 * Galana Nera, a beach located between Diaporos and Agios Isidoros.
 * Diaporos Island, largest island, partially inhabited
 * Agios Isidoros, the most eastern island

title: Agios Nikolaos, Chalkidiki


text:
Gomillion v. Lightfoot

Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U.S. 339 (1960), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that found an electoral district with boundaries created to disenfranchise African Americans violated the Fifteenth Amendment.

Background
After passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957, activists in the city of Tuskegee, Alabama, had been slowly making progress in registering African-American voters, whose numbers on the rolls began to approach those of registered white voters. The city was the location of the Tuskegee Institute, a historically black college, and a large Veterans Administration hospital, both staffed entirely by African Americans.

African Americans outnumbered whites in the city by a four-to-one margin, and whites wanted to block the likelihood of being governed by the black majority. White residents lobbied the Alabama legislature to redefine the boundaries of the city. In 1957, without debate and ignoring African-American protests, the legislature enacted Local Law 140, which created a 28-sided city boundary that excluded nearly all black voters from the redefined city, but no whites. The act was written by state senator Samuel Martin Engelhardt Jr., who was executive secretary of the White Citizens' Council of Alabama and a white supremacist. African Americans protested, led by Charles G. Gomillion, a professor at Tuskegee, and community activists mounted a boycott against white-owned businesses in the city. Gomillion and others filed suit against the city mayor and other officials, claiming that the act's purpose was discriminatory under the Fourteenth Amendment's due process and equal protection clause.

Judge Frank M. Johnson dismissed the case, ruling that the state had the right to draw boundaries of election districts and jurisdictions. That ruling was upheld by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in New Orleans.

Booker T. Washington had promoted blacks advancing by education and self-improvement, with the expectation of being accepted by whites when they showed they were "deserving". At the time of the U.S. Supreme Court hearing of this case, journalist Bernard Taper wrote, "Since the gerrymander was designed to defeat municipal suffrage rights of the highly 'deserving' members of the Institute and the hospital staff, Session Law 140 has demonstrated, perhaps more than other symbols of Southern prejudice, the invalidity of Booker T. Washington's advice."

The redrawing of the city boundaries had the "unintended effect of uniting Tuskegee Institute's African-American intellectuals with the less educated blacks living outside the sphere of the school. Some members of the school's faculty realized that possessing advanced degrees ultimately provided them no different status among the city's white establishment".

Gomillion and his attorneys appealed the case to the U.S. Supreme Court. The case was argued by Fred Gray, an Alabama civil rights attorney, and Robert L. Carter, lead counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, with assistance from Arthur D. Shores. The defense was led by James J. Carter.

Decision
Justice Frankfurter issued the opinion of the Court, which held that the Act violated the provision of the 15th Amendment prohibiting states from denying anyone their right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude".

Justice Whittaker concurred but said that he believed the law should have been struck down under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, not the 15th Amendment. According to Whittaker, just because someone has been redistricted to vote in another district does not automatically mean his rights have been denied; it is not a right to vote in a particular jurisdiction. But in this case, completely fencing African-American citizens out of a district is an unlawful segregation of black citizens and a clear violation of the Equal Protection Clause.

Subsequent history
"The case showed that all state powers were subject to limitations imposed by the U.S. Constitution; therefore, states were not insulated from federal judicial review when they jeopardized federally protected rights." The case was returned to the lower court; in 1961, under the direction of Judge Johnson, the gerrymandering was reversed and the original map of the city was reinstituted.

In the controversial case Mobile v Bolden (1980) the court held that 14th amendment voting dilution claims require purposeful discrimination. According to the Court opinion in Mobile, Gaffney v. Cummings interpreted voting dilution cases like White v. Regester and Gomillion as requiring intent:

"A districting statute otherwise acceptable, may be invalid because it fences out a racial group so as to deprive them of their pre-existing municipal vote. Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U.S. 339 (1960). A districting plan may create multimember districts perfectly acceptable under equal population standards, but invidiously discriminatory because they are employed 'to minimize or cancel out the voting strength of racial or political elements of the voting population."

After the Mobile decision held that claims under §2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 required intent because the 15th amendment cases required it, an effects standard was added by the 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act allowing plaintiffs to establish a §2 violation if they could prove that the standard, practice, or procedure being challenged had the result of denying a racial or language minority an equal opportunity to participate in the political process.

title: Gomillion v. Lightfoot


text:
primum

Etymology 1
.

Adverb

 * 1) first, at first, in the first place, first of all, for the first time, in advance, immediately

title: primum


text:
Cookbook:German Style Sweet Mustard (Senf)

| Sauces

Senf is German for "mustard". This particular senf, known as 'Süßer Senf', has a sweet, yet sharp taste that makes it great on sandwiches and crackers. While this recipe is from a 3rd or 4th generation German American, such recipes are said to originate from the southern parts of Germany (Bavaria).

Ingredients

 * 1.7 oz dry ground mustard
 * ½ tsp sugar
 * ½ cup vinegar
 * ½ tsp salt
 * pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Mix sugar, mustard, salt, and pepper together. Mix in water.
 * 2) Mix in vinegar last, as the mustard will lose some of its flavour if vinegar is introduced too early.
 * 3) Stir using a wire whisk to prevent lumps.
 * 4) Add some water if too thick.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * It gets better as it cools and ages awhile.


text:
User:PC78/Bio cats

General

 * Foo-Class biography articles
 * Automatically assessed biography articles
 * Biography articles needing attention
 * [Actors and filmmakers work group articles needing filmographies]
 * [Musicians work group articles needing discographies]

Work groups

 * Foo-Class biography (work group) articles
 * Foo-importance biography (work group) articles
 * WORK GROUP work group articles
 * Automatically assessed biography (work group) articles
 * WORK GROUP work group articles needing attention
 * WORK GROUP work group articles *[without/needing]* infoboxes
 * Wikipedia requested photographs of [...]

Where work group / WORK GROUP / [...] equals:

 * arts and entertainment / Arts and entertainment / artists and entertainers [without]
 * actors and filmmakers / Actors and filmmakers / actors and filmmakers [needing]
 * musicians / Musicians / musicians [needing]
 * military / Military biography / military-people* [needing]
 * peerage* / Peerage [and Baronetage]* / peers* [needing]
 * politics and government / Politics and government / politicians and government-people [needing]
 * royalty* / Royalty [and nobility]* / royalty and nobility [needing]
 * science and academia / Science and academia / scientists and academics [needing]
 * sports and games / Sports and games / sportspeople [needing]

Tree

title: User:PC78/Bio cats


text:
mobile phase

Noun

 * 1)  The fluid (liquid or gas) that flows through a chromatography system, moving the materials to be separated at different rates over the stationary phase

Translations

 * Finnish: liikkuva faasi

title: mobile phase


text:
Trigonometry/Vectors and Dot Products

Consider the vectors U and V  (with respective magnitudes |U| and |V|). If those vectors enclose an angle θ then the dot product of those vectors can be written as:

 * $$\mathbf{U}\cdot\mathbf{V} = |\mathbf{U}||\mathbf{V}| \cos(\theta)$$

If the vectors can be written as:

 * $$\mathbf{U} = (U_x, U_y, U_z)$$
 * $$\mathbf{V} = (V_x, V_y, V_z)$$

then the dot product is given by:

 * $$\mathbf{U}\cdot\mathbf{V} = U_x V_x + U_y V_y + U_z V_z$$

For example,

 * $$(1, 2, 3) \cdot (2, 2, 2) = 1 (2) + 2 (2) + 3 (2) = 12.$$

and
 * $$(0, 5, 0) \cdot (4, 0, 0) = 0.$$

We can interpret the last case by noting that the product is zero because the angle between the two vectors is 90 degrees.

Since

 * $$|\mathbf{U}| = \sqrt{U_x^2+U_y^2+U_z^2}$$

and

 * $$|\mathbf{V}| = \sqrt{V_x^2+V_y^2+V_z^2}$$

this means that

 * $$\cos(\theta) = \frac{U_x V_x + U_y V_y + U_z V_z}$$

title: Trigonometry/Vectors and Dot Products


text:
Millrose Games

The Millrose Games are an annual indoor athletics (track & field) meet held each February in New York City. Among the world's most prestigious indoor track meets, the games started taking place at the Armory in Washington Heights in 2012, after having taken place in Madison Square Garden from 1914 to 2011.

The games were started when employees of the New York City branch of Wanamaker's department store formed the Millrose Track Club to hold a meet.

Today, the Millrose Games feature elite competitions for athletes at all levels, including youth, club, masters, high school, collegiate, and professional levels.

The featured event is the Wanamaker Mile.

History
The Millrose Games began in 1908 at a local armory the same year when its parent, the Millrose Athletic Association, was formed as a recreational club by the employees of the John Wanamaker Department Store. "Millrose" was the name of the country home of Rodman Wanamaker in Cheltenham, Pennsylvania.

In 1914, after overflowing the armory the year before, the Millrose Games moved to Madison Square Garden, and until 2011 was the oldest continuous sporting event held there. For 10 years beginning in 1916, the Wanamaker 1 ½ Mile race was a highlight of the meet. Run for the last time in 1925, the final edition was won by Paavo Nurmi, the nine-time Olympic gold medalist from Finland. In 1926, the distance was shortened, and the Wanamaker Mile was born. It has often been run at 10 p.m., a carryover from the days beginning in the 1930s when noted sports announcer Ted Husing would broadcast the race live on his 10 p.m. radio show.

The Wanamaker Mile has been won by over 44 different men, including Glenn Cunningham, Kip Keino, Tony Waldrop, Filbert Bayi, Steve Scott, Noureddine Morceli, Bernard Lagat, Marcus O'Sullivan, Ron Delany, and Eamonn Coghlan. Coghlan was known as the “Chairman of the Boards” for his dominance on the old wooden Millrose track and won the mile seven times, a feat surpassed only by Bernard Lagat, who won his eighth Wanamaker Mile in 2010.

Some highlights in Millrose history include Ray Conger's 1929 upset win over Nurmi in the Wanamaker Mile; pole vaulter Cornelius Warmerdam becoming the first person to vault 15 ft indoors, in 1942; John Thomas hitting the first 7 ft high jump, in 1959; Mary Decker’s run to a 1500-meter World Indoor Record to encouragement from the crowd, in 1980; John Uelses becoming the first person to pole vault the height of 16 feet; Carl Lewis in 1984 breaking the World Indoor Record with a jump of 28 ft, 10.25 inches, a mark that still stands; Eamonn Coghlan notching his then record seventh Wanamaker Mile in 1987; Bernard Lagat breaking Coghlan's record with his eighth Wanamaker Mile triumph in 2010, and Stacy Dragila setting a late-night pole vault world record in 2001.

For 70 of its first 96 years, the role of Millrose meet director was a father-son affair: Fred Schmertz directed the meet in 1934, passing on that position to his son Howard in 1975. In 2003, the title of Meet Director Emeritus was bestowed on the younger Schmertz.

In May 2011 Norbert Sanders, the President of the Millrose Games, announced that, starting January 2012, the games would be moved to the Armory in Washington Heights, at 168th Street, and that a new all-day Saturday schedule would replace the Friday evening format.

The Millrose Games, operated by The Armory Foundation, are also notable for their rigid anti-doping policies. In 2017, Millrose race director Ray Flynn told an ESPN reporter, "We have a mandate that we don't invite any athlete that has had any drug history in their past. We want to keep our meet free of any athlete that really has a violation."

The Millrose Games were first added to the World Athletics Indoor Tour Gold Standard in 2022.

At the 2023 Millrose Games, Dr. Anthony Fauci attended and was honored with The Armory's Presidents Award.

At the 2024 Millrose Games, the President of World Athletics, Sebastian Coe, was given The Armory's Presidents Award.

Statistics
The most prolific winner in event history is Loren Murchison, a sprinter who won 13 titles between 1919 and 1926. He is followed by pole vaulter Bob Richards (11), hurdler Greg Foster and 500-600-800m runner Mark Everett (10), and hurdler Harrison Dillard and miler Eamonn Coghlan (9). Coghlan’s total includes seven Wanamaker Mile victories and two Masters Mile wins.

Four women share the honor of most Millrose wins at eight apiece: 400-meter runner Diane Dixon, whose eight victories include five straight from 1988–1992; middle-distance runner Jearl Miles-Clark; shot putter Connie Price-Smith; and high jumper Tisha Waller.

202 athletes share the distinction of being both Millrose Games and Olympic champions.

Meeting Directors
The Millrose Games has had ten meeting directors over its rich history.

World records
Over the course of its history, numerous world records have been set at the Millrose Games.

title: Millrose Games


text:
Talk:Mud Lake (Texas)

Requested move 28 February 2020

The result of the move request was: Not moved (non-admin closure) BegbertBiggs (talk) 17:22, 14 March 2020 (UTC)

Mud Lake (Texas) → List of places named Mud Lake in Texas – This article seems currently more like a list of places named mud lake in texas, we should move the article there. ShiberToast (talk) 17:08, 28 February 2020 (UTC) —Relisted. – Ammarpad (talk) 10:03, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:CONCISE and WP:CONSISTENT. I see no benefit to a longer and less intuitive title. This is a WP:set index article. Similar SIAs usually are titled like this one; see Category:Set indices on lakes. - Station1 (talk) 07:28, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The few exceptions in the above category should be moved to match this page. Nohomersryan (talk) 21:22, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose There are 35 US States with one or more "Mud Lake" listed on the Mud Lake article. They are all in the current format. Per WP:CONSISTENT, this should stay as currently titled. TXAggie (talk) 22:38, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mud Lake (Texas)


text:
User:Cjskywalker

Darth xantor
Just to let you know I have proposed this article for deletion as it does not appear to be verifiable. If you have a canon source for this article please let us know on the article's talk page. --BinaryTed 17:48, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Cjskywalker


text:
User:Duncan dfc

Duncan_dfc
Hi, I'm Duncan, an intercalating medical student studying in Edinburgh. I am currently on the reproductive biology honours course at the University of Edinburgh. I love football and Scottish trad music. My favourite team is Dundee Football Club.

My Example Citation
I read an interesting article on the BBC new site about Dundee manager Neil McCann.

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Things I like:
 * Chat
 * Dundee FC

title: User:Duncan dfc


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thomas Crowley (soldier)

The result was keep. Tone 08:34, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Thomas Crowley (soldier)

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Fails WP:N and WP:NBIO (only mentioned in Croatian diaspora websites and receives a passing mention in a single book). Half of it is written in a foreign language. Amanuensis Balkanicus (talk) 16:58, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. Amanuensis Balkanicus (talk) 16:58, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Politics-related deletion discussions. Amanuensis Balkanicus (talk) 16:58, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Terrorism-related deletion discussions. Amanuensis Balkanicus (talk) 16:58, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Ireland-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 17:00, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep - As the nom notes, the subject doesn't appear to meet WP:NSOLDIER (in that major isn't a particularly high rank, and the Order of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan is not Croatia's highest military award for valour). However, as far as I can tell, the subject meets WP:GNG. In that there is substantial coverage of the subject in relevant news sources. Including three articles in which the subject is the primary subject published by what we state to be Croatia's "leading media" outlet, 24sata. And several about or relating to the subject published in the Večernji list daily. And at least a few pieces broadcast by Croatia's main national (state?) broadcaster Hrvatska radiotelevizija. While some of these Croatian language are at least a little jingoistic, and English language sources thin on the ground, based on a WP:BEFORE review, it seems to me that GNG/SIGCOV is met. Mine is a "keep" recommendation... Guliolopez (talk) 20:52, 24 August 2020 (UTC)