text:
Cardinals created by Leo XIII

Pope Leo XIII (r. 1878–1903) created 147 cardinals in 27 consistories held at roughly annual intervals. With his appointments he approached but did not exceed the limit on the size of the College of Cardinals set at 70 in 1586. The size of the college was 64 at the beginning and end of Leo XIII's 25-year papacy. With 147 additions to a body of fewer than 70, Leo had, as one observer phrased it, "renewed the Sacred College more than twice".

The largest group of fourteen new cardinals, with two more kept secret, was announced on 16 January 1893. Nine of Leo's cardinals were created in pectore and only announced at a later consistory. Those announced at his first consistory included his brother Giuseppe Pecci. In 1893, he elevated to cardinal Giuseppe Sarto, who succeeded him as Pope Pius X in 1903. The cardinals he created included brothers Serafino and Vincenzo Vannutelli in 1887 and 1889 and cousins Luigi Jacobini and Angelo Jacobini in 1879 and 1882. Another of Leo's cardinals, von Fürstenberg, had a cousin in the College appointed in 1842 by Pope Gregory XVI.

Of the 147 cardinals Pope Leo created, 85 were Italian. Only three were not Europeans: Gibbons (United States), Moran (Australia), and Taschereau (Canada). Pope Leo's appointments also included the first Australian, Moran, the first Canadian, Taschereau, the first Slovenian, Missia, and the first Armenian, Hassoun, who was also the first prelate of an Oriental rite made a cardinal since 1439. Cardinals who died before visiting Rome to be assigned their titular churches included Guilbert, Lluch, and Rotelli.

Of the 147 cardinals Leo appointed, 63 survived him and 61 of them, along with one cardinal appointed earlier, participated in the 1903 conclave that elected Pius X.

12 May 1879
After waiting more than a year, on 12 May 1879, Pope Leo created cardinals for the first time, six of the order of cardinal priests and four of the order of cardinal deacons, including among the latter his brother, Giuseppe Pecci. On 22 September he gave red galeri to three of them (Desprez, Haynald, and Pie), as well as to János Simor, whom Pope Pius IX had made a cardinal in 1873. Von Fürstenberg joined his cousin Friedrich Prince zu Schwarzenberg, a cardinal since 1842.
 * 1) Friedrich Egon von Fürstenberg (1813–1892)
 * 2) Julien-Florian-Félix Desprez (1807–1895)
 * 3) Lajos Haynald (1816–1891)
 * 4) Louis-Édouard-François-Desiré Pie (1815–1880)
 * 5) Americo Ferreira dos Santos Silva (1829–1899)
 * 6) Gaetano Alimonda (1818–1891)
 * 7) Giuseppe Pecci (1807–1890)
 * 8) John Henry Newman (1801–1890)
 * 9) Joseph Hergenröther (1824–1890)
 * 10) Tommaso Maria Zigliara (1833–1893)

19 September 1879
Pope Leo created four cardinals on 19 September 1879.
 * 1) Pier Francesco Meglia (1810–1883)
 * 2) Giacomo Cattani (1823–1887)
 * 3) Luigi Jacobini (1832–1887)
 * 4) Domenico Sanguigni (1809–1882)

13 December 1880
Pope Leo announced the creation of one cardinal on 13 December 1880, reserving the names of three others in pectore. Hassoun was the first Armenian cardinal and first Oriental-rite cardinal since 1439. Ricci Paracciani's cousin Salvatore Nobili Vitelleschi was made a cardinal in 1875, just five months before he died.
 * 1) Andon Bedros Hassoun (1809–1884)
 * 2) Carlo Laurenzi (1821–1893), in pectore, announced 1884
 * 3) Francesco Ricci Paracciani (1830–1894), in pectore, announced March 1882
 * 4) Pietro Lasagni (1814–1885), in pectore, announced March 1882

27 March 1882
On 27 March 1882, Pope Leo announced the names of two cardinals he had created in pectore in December 1880 and created another five, revealing the names of all but one (Lavigerie). Angelo Jacobini joined his cousin Luigi, then Secretary of State, who was made a cardinal in 1879.
 * 1) Domenico Agostini (1825–1891)
 * 2) Charles Lavigerie (1825–1892), in pectore, announced on 3 July 1882
 * 3) Joaquín Lluch y Garriga (1816–1882)
 * 4) Edward MacCabe (1816–1885)
 * 5) Angelo Jacobini (1825–1886)

25 September 1882
Pope Leo announced the creation of two cardinals on 25 September 1882.
 * 1) Angelo Bianchi (1817–1897)
 * 2) Włodzimierz Czacki (1834–1888)

24 March 1884
Pope Leo created two cardinals on 24 March 1884.
 * 1) José Sebastião de Almeida Neto (1841–1920)
 * 2) Guglielmo Sanfelice d'Acquavella (1834–1897)

10 November 1884
On 10 November 1884, Pope Leo announced the creation of eight cardinals and announced the name of one, Carlo Laurenzi, made a cardinal in pectore in December 1880.
 * 1) Michelangelo Celesia (1814–1904)
 * 2) Antolín Monescillo y Viso (1811–1897)
 * 3) Guglielmo Massaia (1809–1889)
 * 4) Cölestin Josef Ganglbauer (1817–1889)
 * 5) Zeferino González y Díaz Tuñón (1831–1894)
 * 6) Carmine Gori-Merosi (1810–1886)
 * 7) Ignazio Masotti (1817–1888)
 * 8) Isidoro Verga (1832–1899)

27 July 1885
On 27 July 1885, Pope Leo created five cardinals of the order of cardinal priests and one cardinal deacon (Cristofori).
 * 1) Paul Melchers (1813–1895)
 * 2) Alfonso Capecelatro (1824–1912)
 * 3) Francesco Battaglini (1823–1892)
 * 4) Patrick Francis Moran (1830–1911)
 * 5) Placido Maria Schiaffino (1829–1889)
 * 6) Carlo Cristofori (1813–1891)

7 June 1886
Pope Leo created seven cardinals on 7 June 1886. The two cardinal deacons Pope Leo created on 7 June 1886, Theodoli and Mazzella, were assigned their deaconries on 10 June; the other five cardinal priests were given their titular churches on 17 March 1887.
 * 1) Victor-Félix Bernadou (1816–1891)
 * 2) Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau (1820–1898)
 * 3) Benoit-Marie Langénieux (1824–1905)
 * 4) James Gibbons (1834–1921)
 * 5) Charles-Philippe Place (1814–1893)
 * 6) Augusto Theodoli (1819–1892)
 * 7) Camillo Mazzella (1833–1900)

14 March 1887
Pope Leo created five cardinals, all cardinal priests, on 14 March 1887.
 * 1) Serafino Vannutelli (1834–1915)
 * 2) Gaetano Aloisi Masella (1826–1902)
 * 3) Luigi Giordani (1822–1893)
 * 4) Camillo Siciliano di Rende (1847–1897)
 * 5) Mariano Rampolla (1843–1913)

23 May 1887
Pope Leo created two cardinal deacons on 23 May 1887. Bausa was not yet a bishop and was only consecrated in March 1889. Pallotti was never consecrated a bishop.
 * 1) Luigi Pallotti (1829–1890)
 * 2) Agostino Bausa (1821–1899)

11 February 1889
Pope Leo announced the creation of three cardinals on 11 February 1889.
 * 1) Giuseppe Benedetto Dusmet (1818–1894)
 * 2) Giuseppe d'Annibale (1815–1892)
 * 3) Luigi Macchi (1832–1907)

24 May 1889
Pope Leo created seven cardinals on 24 May 1889. Guilbert died less than three months later without having visited Rome to be assigned his titular church.
 * 1) François-Marie-Benjamin Richard (1819–1908)
 * 2) Joseph-Alfred Foulon (1823–1893)
 * 3) Aimé-Victor-François Guilbert (1812–1889)
 * 4) Pierre-Lambert Goossens (1827–1906)
 * 5) Franziskus von Paula Graf von Schönborn (1844–1899)
 * 6) Achille Apolloni (1823–1893)
 * 7) Gaetano de Ruggiero (1816–1896)

30 December 1889
On 30 December 1889, Pope Leo created a single cardinal without making it known. His brother Serafino was already a cardinal.
 * 1) Vincenzo Vannutelli (1836–1930) in pectore, announced 1890

23 June 1890
Pope Leo created three cardinals of the order of cardinal priests on 23 June 1890 and announced he had created Vincenzo Vannutelli a cardinal in pectore the previous December.
 * 1) Sebastiano Galeati (1822–1901)
 * 2) Gaspard Mermillod (1824–1892)
 * 3) Albin Dunajewski (1817–1894)

1 June 1891
Pope Leo created two cardinals on 1 June 1891. Rotelli received his red hat from French President Sadi Carnot, but died before being invested by the pope with the other symbols of his new rank.
 * 1) Luigi Rotelli (1833–1891)
 * 2) Anton Josef Gruscha (1820–1911)

14 December 1891
Pope Leo created two cardinals of the order of cardinal priests on 14 December 1891.
 * 1) Fulco Luigi Ruffo-Scilla (1840–1895)
 * 2) Luigi Sepiacci (1835–1893)

16 January 1893
Pope Leo created fourteen cardinals publicly on 16 January 1893 and two others in pectore.
 * 1) Giuseppe Guarino (1827–1897)
 * 2) Mario Mocenni (1823–1904)
 * 3) Amilcare Malagola (1840–1895)
 * 4) Angelo Di Pietro (1828–1914)
 * 5) Benito Sanz y Forés (1828–1895)
 * 6) Guillaume-René Meignan (1817–1896)
 * 7) Léon-Benoît-Charles Thomas (1826–1894)
 * 8) Philipp Krementz (1819–1899)
 * 9) Ignatius Persico (1823–1896)
 * 10) Luigi Galimberti (1835–1896)
 * 11) Michael Logue (1840–1924)
 * 12) Kolos Ferenc Vaszary (1832–1915)
 * 13) Herbert Vaughan (1832–1903)
 * 14) Georg von Kopp (1837–1914)
 * 15) Adolphe Perraud (1828–1906) in pectore, announced 1895
 * 16) Andreas Steinhuber (1824–1907) in pectore, announced 1894

12 June 1893
Pope Leo created five cardinals in a consistory held on 12 June 1893, including Giuseppe Sarto, his successor as Pope Pius X.
 * 1) Victor-Lucien-Sulpice Lécot (1831–1908)
 * 2) Giuseppe Maria Graniello (1834–1896)
 * 3) Joseph-Christian-Ernest Bourret (1827–1896)
 * 4) Lőrinc Schlauch (1824–1902)
 * 5) Giuseppe Sarto (1835–1914)

18 May 1894
Pope Leo created five cardinals in May 1894, four cardinal priests and one cardinal deacon (Segna). He announced that he had made Andreas Steinhuber a cardinal in pectore previously.
 * 1) Egidio Mauri (1828–1896)
 * 2) Ciriaco María Sancha y Hervás (1833–1909)
 * 3) Domenico Svampa (1851–1907)
 * 4) Andrea Carlo Ferrari (1850–1921)
 * 5) Francesco Segna (1836–1911)

29 November 1895
Pope Leo created eight cardinals on 29 November 1895 and announced that he had made Adolphe Perraud a cardinal in pectore in 1893. Francesco Satolli, Apostolic Delegate to the United States, did not travel to Rome for the ceremony, but received his insignia of office from Cardinal James Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore, on 5 January 1896.
 * 1) Sylvester Sembratovych (1836–1898)
 * 2) Francesco Satolli (1839–1910)
 * 3) Johannes Evangelist Haller (1825–1900)
 * 4) Antonio María Cascajares y Azara (1834–1901)
 * 5) Girolamo Maria Gotti (1834–1916)
 * 6) Jean-Pierre Boyer (1829–1896)
 * 7) Achille Manara (1827–1906)
 * 8) Salvador Casañas y Pagés (1834–1908)

22 June 1896
Pope Leo created four cardinals of the order of cardinal priests on 22 June 1896.
 * 1) Domenico Jacobini (1837–1900)
 * 2) Antonio Agliardi (1832–1915)
 * 3) Domenico Ferrata (1847–1914)
 * 4) Serafino Cretoni (1833–1909)

30 November 1896
Two cardinals were created on 30 November 1896; they received their red galeri on 3 December. Neither was a bishop when made cardinal; Prisco was consecrated in 1898.
 * 1) Raffaele Pierotti (1836–1905)
 * 2) Giuseppe Antonio Ermenegildo Prisco (1833–1923)

19 April 1897
Pope Leo created four cardinals on 19 April 1897.
 * 1) José María Martín de Herrera y de la Iglesia (1835–1922)
 * 2) Pierre-Hector Coullié (1829–1912)
 * 3) Guillaume-Marie-Joseph Labouré (1841–1906)
 * 4) Guillaume-Marie-Romain Sourrieu (1825–1899)

19 June 1899
Pope Leo announced the creation of 11 new cardinals on 19 June 1899 and created two in pectore, Alessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella and Francesco Salesio Della Volpe, whose names were published in 1901. Missia was the first Slovenian to enter the College of Cardinals.
 * 1) Giovanni Battista Casali del Drago (1838–1908)
 * 2) Francesco di Paola Cassetta (1841–1919)
 * 3) Alessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella (1840–1910) in pectore, announced April 1901
 * 4) Gennaro Portanova (1845–1908)
 * 5) Giuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè (1846–1928)
 * 6) Agostino Ciasca (1835–1902)
 * 7) François-Désiré Mathieu (1839–1908)
 * 8) Pietro Respighi (1843–1913)
 * 9) Agostino Richelmy (1850–1923)
 * 10) Jakob Missia (1838–1902)
 * 11) Luigi Trombetta (1820–1900)
 * 12) Francesco Salesio Della Volpe (1844–1916) in pectore, announced April 1901
 * 13) José Calassanç Vives y Tuto (1854–1913)

15 April 1901
Pope Leo created ten cardinals on 15 April 1901, assigning eight to the order of cardinal priests and two to the order of cardinal deacons (Tripepi and Cavagnis).
 * 1) Donato Maria Dell'Olio (1847–1902)
 * 2) Sebastiano Martinelli (1848–1918)
 * 3) Casimiro Gennari (1839–1914)
 * 4) Lev Skrbenský z Hříště (1863–1938)
 * 5) Giulio Boschi (1838–1920)
 * 6) Agostino Gaetano Riboldi (1839–1902)
 * 7) Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko (1842–1911)
 * 8) Bartolomeo Bacilieri (1842–1923)
 * 9) Luigi Tripepi (1836–1906)
 * 10) Felice Cavagnis (1841–1906)

22 June 1903
At his last consistory held less than a month before his death, Pope Leo created seven cardinals and assigned them all to the order of cardinal priests. Only Nocella, Cavicchioni, and Fischer were present to receive their red hats from the pope and be assigned their titular sees on 25 June. The others participated in the conclave that elected Pope Pius X and it was from him that Herrero received his red galero and titular church assignment on 27 August, as did Aiuti, Taliani, and Karschthaler theirs on 12 November 1903.
 * 1) Carlo Nocella (1826–1908)
 * 2) Beniamino Cavicchioni (1836–1911)
 * 3) Andrea Aiuti (1849–1905)
 * 4) Emidio Taliani (1838–1907)
 * 5) Sebastián Herrero y Espinosa de los Monteros (1822–1903)
 * 6) Johannes Katschthaler (1832–1914)
 * 7) Anton Hubert Fischer (1840–1912)

title: Cardinals created by Leo XIII


text:
Talk:Dieter Althaus

not a Creationist
There was a controversy because of a Professor Siegfried Scherer, who was initially invited to take part in the so called "Erfurter Dialog" in 2005. Althaus cancelled that invitation due to complaints by another invitee, evolutionary biologist and humanist Ulrich Kutschera. —KNcyu38 (talk • contribs) 21:16, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dieter Althaus


text:
fratellanza

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) brotherhood
 * 2) fraternity

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) brotherhood an association of any purpose, a fraternity

title: fratellanza


text:
Eddy Carbonnelle

Eddy Carbonnelle (23 October 1926 – 23 January 2004) was a Belgian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Eddy Carbonnelle


text:
agroindustry

Noun

 * 1) The agricultural activity of an area viewed as an industrial sector of the economy.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 農用化工業, 產業化農業
 * Greek:
 * Italian:
 * Kazakh: агроөнеркәсіп
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:

title: agroindustry


text:
Wikibooks talk:Textbook development process

My goal for this page was to start what I hope will become out guideline for creating editions, updates, and open texts as collaborative projects. There has been a lot of discussion in the mail list, but most of it intermixes the mechanics with the concepts. The intent now is for everyone to adjust and expand what little I've started with in terms of concepts to reach a consensus on how we want it to work. Mechanics are important, a we should remember that they may impose limits, but those come after the goals.

What's here as of today is very sketchy, but I don't feel comfortable going much further without input. So, I'm posting it as is. I expect to improve it, and hope you'll join in that effort. Thanks for your patience .... LouI 20:01 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of astronomy websites

The result was   keep. The Bushranger One ping only 00:54, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

List of astronomy websites

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

This article seems to describe a fairly arbitrary collection of space/astronomy websites, with no stated inclusion or notability criteria. I can't see it being of encyclopaedic value, and Wikipedia is not a directory.  W.  D.   Graham  14:48, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Withdrawn for now to let the other discussion play out. -- W.  D.   Graham  16:22, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Please do not withdraw the nomination. I would like this AfD to come to a conclusion, so the closing admin at Articles for deletion/Universe Today (4th nomination) will be aware of what his/her options are. Cunard (talk) 18:06, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Oh, correction. There is an inclusion criteria, which is that they have Wikipedia articles, so it is a self-reference as well. -- W.  D.   Graham  14:50, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The lead sentence of Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid states: "This guideline is about self-references and specifies which types of self-references should be avoided and which kinds are acceptable." I don't think this list is an unacceptable kind of self-reference; there is precedent for lists like this: Manual of Style/Lists and Categories, lists, and navigation templates. While Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid is inapplicable, WP:NOTDIR and WP:INDISCRIMINATE may prove fatal to this article. Cunard (talk) 18:06, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * This nomination, that paid no heed to the edit summary of the creating edit, will only serve to confuse and mess things up. This article was created as a result of discussions of alternatives to deletion at Articles for deletion/Universe Today (4th nomination), a discussion that is still active.  Its fate is strongly linked to that discussion and should be decided there.   Simply bring this article under the umbrella of the AFD discussion that it is already being discussed in.  Uncle G (talk) 15:36, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I think it's better to decide whether this list conforms to policy (or can be made to conform to policy) first before a final decision is reached at Articles for deletion/Universe Today (4th nomination). Cunard (talk) 18:06, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * My apologies, I was not aware of the previous discussion. -- W.  D.   Graham  16:15, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment: At Articles for deletion/Universe Today (4th nomination), I wrote: "I created the list by relying on Lists of websites and failed to take into consideration whether it violated WP:NOTDIR and WP:INDISCRIMINATE. It is meant to complement Category:Astronomy websites by including both notable astronomy websites and non-notable astronomy websites that have received tangential coverage in reliable sources. I think this is a good compromise position for this AfD: It dissuades users from bombarding the article with poor sources, trivia, and fluff to create a façade of notability. Instead, at List of astronomy websites, the non-encyclopedic information can be removed in favor of retaining only a short encyclopedic summary of the website. Please do not withdraw that nomination. List articles are not my area of expertise, so perhaps an AfD can attract experienced users to refine the inclusion criteria of List of astronomy websites so that it does not violate WP:NOTDIR and WP:INDISCRIMINATE. However, if, at the end of seven days, the list cannot be improved to satisfy the WP:NOTDIR and WP:INDISCRIMINATE policies, then it can be deleted and the discussion at this AfD can focus solely on whether Universe Today can be kept or deleted. I request that this AfD be relisted by the reviewing administrator after seven days have elapsed, so that Articles for deletion/List of astronomy websites can come to a conclusion before a decision is made here." I would like this article to be kept so the Notability-failing Universe Today can be merged into it. However, AfD positions should be motivated not by personal opinion but by policy-based arguments. Because I have little experience with regard to list articles, I will abstain from formally supporting retention but hope that more experienced editors can revise this article so it does not violate WP:NOTDIR and WP:INDISCRIMINATE. Cunard (talk) 18:06, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment: I'm involved in policing List of open source Android applications which says "This is an incomplete list of notable applications (apps) that run on ..." Phrasing it in terms of notability rather than things which have wikipedia pages seems better to me. A number of the apps on List of open source Android applications have had articles created apparently just to get on the list. Stuartyeates (talk) 20:17, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The problem with confining the list to notable websites is that Universe Today would be excluded from the list. The guideline at Stand-alone lists states: "A company or organization may be included in a list of companies or organizations whether or not it meets the Wikipedia notability requirement, unless a given list specifically requires this. If the company or organization does not have an existing article in Wikipedia, a citation to an independent, reliable source should be provided to establish its membership in the list's group." Is it possible to refine the list's criteria to permit non-notable websites but not violate WP:NOTDIR and WP:INDISCRIMINATE? Cunard (talk) 00:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The problem with that is with no notability threshold, the list could and indeed should include literally every website about astronomy. A quick Google search returns about 34 million results... If this list is kept, a line needs to be drawn somewhere. -- W.  D.   Graham  00:21, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Not necessarily. The list could include only astronomy websites that have received coverage in reliable sources (though not necessarily nontrivial coverage that establishes notability). Cunard (talk) 18:26, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep, and then conform to WP:LIST. - Presidentman talk · contribs Random Picture of the Day (Talkback) 21:32, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment – A potentially huge, huge list. It could be restricted a bit by limiting the content to professional organizations and astronomy association sites. Regards, RJH (talk) 21:36, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Would this criteria include Universe Today? How would such a restructuring be accomplished? (Would a rename be necessary?) Cunard (talk) 00:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That's probably a discussion for the article talk page. Regards, RJH (talk) 17:19, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Speedy close - This list was created as a result of discussion at the Universe today AfD linked above, but it is not unreasonable to keep this list regardless of the outcome at that AfD. Common sense suggests that a list should only be deleted if the unlimited scope problem is unfixable, which is not the case here. All that is needed is a consensus on the article talk page about what the inclusion criteria should be, perhaps an Alexa ranking since it is a list of web sites. VQuakr (talk) 02:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep - but provide clear criteria which allow a page to be entered on here, and make it look more like a list. Do not write extremely long sections on each website listed; those belong in dedicated articles, not a list amalgamating all of them. The most that should be there are brief, verifiable comments. This is not Extremely detailed characterizations of astronomy websites containing information which makes it seem like ten articles combined into one.Wer900 • talk • coordinationconsensus defined 02:48, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment why is The Planetary Society listed in the list article? It's not a website, it's an NGO, hell it has its own interplanetary probes. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:47, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the correction. I've removed The Planetary Society from the list. Cunard (talk) 18:26, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Websites-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 14:16, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 14:16, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment: Why is AuroraMAX listed? It's not a Wikipedia article about a website. Stuartyeates (talk) 20:27, 17 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:List of The Little Prince episodes

Thoughts

 * PGS seems to be selling the show solely as 78 half hours now and that's the format Primo TV uses for the U.S. broadcast. It's also how reruns on TVO and Knowledge were handled. I'm not even sure "season 3" has the mini-movie edits. Anyway, for the sake of brevity, I did the movie release. I figured you'd have a bunch of redundant entries since I wasn't going to write plot synopsis. If someone does go ahead and fill in the blanks, that's when the list should probably expand to the 78 episodes.

 * All Canadian broadcast dates were cited from the linked CRTC logs. I apologize beforehand for anyone wanting to verify my work, but I did not think it was rational to directly link to 1GB CSV files. If you are crazy enough to dig through that, in the earlier archives that used folders, TVO is listed as CICA and Knowledge is known as CKNO. With the CSV files, make sure to CTRL+F both "Little Prince" and "Planet of" because at times the show or the episode name isn't listed. It's possible Knowledge aired more than just the back half of season 3 before TVO did. Heck, given the scattershot way they ran it, it's possible that ABC3 in Australia got through at least the first "two" seasons before both Canadian channels.

 * Unfortunately, I don't know of any sources for the "third" season's broadcast in France beyond what I've found. When the show was airing, the movie became the centre of attention on the official website and they stopped covering the show. If there are popular French-exclusive social media sites, it's possible Ludo/France 3 shared more promos on them.

 * The season 1/season 2 episode split is my own creation based on the gap between episodes. The show was given the go-ahead for 52 episodes on day-1 and as far as I can tell, it wasn't really broadcast as two seasons in France. It was only when the "third" season came around when the back 26 episodes were starting to be referred to as a second season by the official site and news sources.

 * This isn't related to the article, but it's hard not to notice how bizarre TVO's broadcast of this series was. I found what seems to have been a press release of their's from 2011, promoting the show's premiere in September. According to the CRTC's broadcast logs (and even their own site for October), that never happened. I wonder if their programmers forgot they didn't actually air "The Planet of Time" and "The Planet of the Firebird" when November came along? There's also another TVO oddity. I can't find any listing for "The Planet of the Ice Bird - Part 2" (aka episode 65). I went as far as the end of 2017 in the logs, and they constantly show that episode getting skipped. That's very strange because I know I've watched it on there ... Damnedfan1234 (talk) 18:45, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of The Little Prince episodes


text:
My Friend Dino

My Friend Dino (Mon ami Dino) is a Canadian docufiction film, directed by Jimmy Larouche and released in 2016. A fictionalized documentary about the life of Dino Tavarone, who spent four years in prison for drug trafficking before finding fame playing a mafia boss in the television series Omertà in the 1990s, the film focuses on his life in his 70s as he battles a serious illness.

The film's cast also includes Michel Côté, Manuel Tadros, Joëlle Morin and Sasha Migliarese. Côté, Tadros and Morin played versions of themselves, while Migliarese played Tavarone's daughter Meredith.

Migliarese received a Prix Iris nomination for Revelation of the Year at the 19th Quebec Cinema Awards in 2017.

title: My Friend Dino


text:
Kalkni

Kalkni (Калкни; Dargwa: Кьялкни) is a rural locality (a selo) in Dakhadayevsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 1,317 as of 2010.

Geography
Kalkni is located 12 km northeast of Urkarakh (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gunakari and Dibgashi are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Dargins live there.

title: Kalkni


text:
Bagri language

The Bagri (बागड़ी) is a dialect bridge between Haryanvi, Rajasthani, and Punjabi and takes its name from the Bagar tract region of Northwestern India in the states of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. The speakers are mostly in India, with a minority of them in Bahawalpur and Bahwalnagar areas in modern day Pakistan.

Bagri is a typical Indo-Aryan language akin to Haryanvi, Punjabi and Rajasthani with SOV word order. The most striking phonological feature of Bagri is the presence of three lexical tones: high, mid, and low, akin to Punjabi. The language has a very high (65%) lexical similarity with Haryanvi.

According to the 2011 Census, there are 234,227 speakers of Bagri Rajasthani and 1,656,588 speakers of Punjabi Bagri.

Phonology
Bagri distinguishes 31 consonants including a retroflex series, 10 vowels, 2 diphthongs, and 3 tones. /ɳ/, /ɭ/ and /ɽ/ do not occur word initially. All vowels have their nasalised counterpart, marked with ◌̃ (ँ in Devanagari).

Bagri has 3 tones in a similar way to the Punjabi language. A rising-falling tone ◌́,  a rising tone ◌̀, and an unmarked mid tone.

Declension

 * There are two numbers: singular and plural.
 * Two genders: masculine and feminine.
 * Three cases: simple, oblique, and vocative. Case marking is partly inflectional and partly postpositional.
 * Nouns are declined according to their final segments.
 * All pronouns are inflected for number and case but gender is distinguished only in the third person singular pronouns.
 * The third person pronouns are distinguished on the proximity/remoteness dimension in each gender.
 * Adjectives are of two types: either ending in /-o/ or not.
 * Cardinal numbers up to ten are inflected.
 * Both present and past participles function as adjectives.

Verbs

 * There are three tenses and four moods.

Syntax

 * Sentence types are of traditional nature.
 * Coordination and subordination are very important in complex sentences.
 * Parallel lexicon are existing and are very important from sociolinguistic point of view.

Official status
There are two varieties of Bagri, Bagri Rajasthani and Bagri Punjabi. During the census, Bagri Rajasthani, spoken in Haryana and Rajasthan, is considered a Hindi dialect while Bagri Punjabi, spoken in Punjab, is considered a Punjabi dialect.

Work on Bagri

 * Grierson, G. A. 1908. (Reprint 1968). Linguistic Survey of India. Volume IX, Part II. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass
 * Gusain, Lakhan. 1994. Reflexives in Bagri. M.Phil. dissertation. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University
 * Gusain, Lakhan. 1999. A Descriptive Grammar of Bagri. Ph.D. dissertation. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University
 * Gusain, Lakhan. 2000a. Limitations of Literacy in Bagri. Nicholas Ostler & Blair Rudes (eds.). Endangered Languages and Literacy. Proceedings of the Fourth FEL Conference. University of North Carolina, Charlotte, 21–24 September 2000
 * Gusain, Lakhan. 2000b. Bagri Grammar. Munich: Lincom Europa (Languages of the World/Materials, 384)
 * Gusain, Lakhan. 2008. Bagri Learners' Reference Grammar. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Northside Publishers
 * Wilson, J. 1883. Sirsa Settlement Report. Chandigarh: Government Press

Gallery
Regions where Bagri is spoken:

title: Bagri language


text:
IB Chemistry/Bonding

Introduction to Bonding
Put simply, chemical bonding joins atoms together to form more complex structures (like molecules or crystals). Bonding can occur between atoms of the same element, or between atoms of different elements. There are several types of chemical bonding which have different properties and give rise to different structures.

Ionic bonding occurs between positive and negative ions (charged atoms). This type of bonding seldom occurs between just two atoms, but typically leads to the formation of an ionic solid, in which the ions arrange themselves into a rigid crystal lattice. NaCl (common salt) is an example of an ionic substance.

Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share electrons with each other. This gives rise to two types of structures: molecules and covalent network solids. Methane (CH4) is a covalent molecule and glass is a covalent network solid. In molecules we can distinguish individual covalent bonds between pairs of atoms.

Whether the interaction between two atoms has a covalent or ionic character can be predicted from the atoms' electronegativities:

Metallic bonding occur between metal atoms. In a metallically bonded substance, the atoms' outer electrons are able to freely move around - they are delocalised. In principle, all electrons can behave like delocalized waves, but in substances with covalent or ionic bonding the number of accessible energy states equals the number of electrons and that makes this wave character less apparent. In metals there are far more accessible states than electrons and that leaves the electrons free to move and conduct electrically. Aluminum, tin, lead, silver are all metallically bonded elements, but there are also compounds with metallic bonding, such as alloys and intermetallic compounds.

Chemical bonding is one of the most crucial concepts in the study of Chemistry. In fact, the properties of materials are basically defined by the type and number of atoms they contain and how they are bonded together.

4.1 Ionic Bonding
4.1.1 : Ionic bonding - +ve (cations) and -ve (anions) ions are attracted to each other and form a continuous ionic lattice.

What are ions?
Ions are atoms or molecules which are electrically charged. Cations are positively charged and anions are negatively charged. Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons. Since electrons are negatively charged, an atom that loses an electron will become positively charged (similarly an atom that gains one or more electrons becomes negatively charged).

Description of Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding occurs between positive and negatively charged ions. These oppositely charged ions attract each other and remain close together - they become ionically bonded. The law of electrostatic explains why this happens: opposite charges attract and like charges repel. When many ions attract each other, they form into large, orderly crystal lattices in which each ion is surrounded by ions of the opposite charge. When a metal forms an ionic bond with a non-metal, electrons are transferred from metal element to non-metal. When Ions are formed it is called Ionization

A diagram of an ionic solid should go here

Formation of Ions
Ions result when metals and non-metals chemically react. Due to its low ionization energy, a metal atom is destabilized only a little if it loses electrons to form a complete valence shell and becomes positively charged. Likewise, a non-metal is stabilized strongly by gaining electrons to complete its valence shell and become negatively charged. When a metal and a non-metal come into contact, the metal loses electrons by transferring them to the non-metal, which gains them. Consequently, ions are formed, which instantly attract each other. An ionic bond is the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions due to Coulombic forces. The process of attraction typically does not stop with two ions, but proceeds to involve a great many of them that stack in a solid lattice structure, in which individual 'bonds' or individual molecules cannot be distinguished.

4.1.2 : Group 1 metals form +1 ions, group 2 metals form +2 ions, metals in group 3 form +3 ions. Examples : Li+, Mg2+, Al3+...Greater ease of ionisation Li->Cs is due to the increased electron shielding of the nuclear attraction caused by additional inner shells of electrons. The easier atoms are to ionise, the more reactive they will be because less energy is required to ionise them, and so they react more easily.

4.1.3 : Group 6 ions will form 2- ions, Group 7 ions will form 1- ions. Examples : O2-, Cl-...

4.1.4 : The transitions metals (elements from Ti to Cu, ignore Sc and Zn) can form multiple ions (ie Fe2+, Fe3+) (due to proximity of 4s and 3d shells)

4.1.5 : The ionic or covalent nature of the bonding in a binary compound is a result in the difference between their electronegativity...NaCl(s) is ionic, HCl(g) is (polar) covalent (also, covalent molecules tend to be gases/liquids, ionic tends to be solid...except network covalent which will be solid). In general, if the difference between electronegativities is greater than 1.7, the bond will be more than 50% ionic.

4.1.6 : Take the name of the group 1,2, or 3 metal and add...fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide etc, oxide, sulfide, nitride or phosphide...

4.2 Covalent Bond
One useful model of covalent bonding is called the Valence Bond model. It states that covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons with each other in order to complete their valence (outer) electron shells. They are mainly formed between non-metals (i.e. chlorine, sulfur, carbon etc.).

The Valence Bond Model
An example of a covalently bonded substance is hydrogen gas (H2). A hydrogen atom on its own has one electron – there is room for two to complete its valence shell. When two hydrogen atoms bond, each one shares its electron with the other, i.e. the electrons are attracted by two nuclei instead of just one and so releasing energy. Both atoms now have access to two electrons: they become a stable H2 molecule joined by a single covalent bond.

Double and Triple Bonds
Covalent bonds can also form between other non-metals, for example chlorine. A chlorine atom has 7 electrons in its valence shell — it needs 8 to complete it. Two chlorine atoms can share 1 electron each to form a single covalent bond. They become a Cl2 molecule.

Oxygen can also form covalent bonds; however, it needs a further 2 electrons to complete its valence shell (it has 6). Two oxygen atoms must share 2 electrons each to complete each other's shells, making a total of 4 shared electrons. Because twice as many electrons are shared, this is called a double covalent bond.

Furthermore, nitrogen has 5 valence electrons (it needs a further 3). Two nitrogen atoms can share 3 electrons each (6 in total) to make a N2 molecule joined by a triple covalent bond.

Electron Sharing and Orbitals
Carbon, contrary to the trend, does not share four electrons to make a quadruple bond. The reason for this is that the fourth pair of electrons in carbon cannot physically move close enough to be shared. The valence bond model explains this by considering the orbitals involved. Also more energy can be released by making 4 single bonds to 4 other carbon atoms to form a diamond structure.

Recall that electrons exist as clouds of electron density (orbitals) in atoms. The valence bond model works on the principle that orbitals on different atoms must overlap to form a bond. There are several different ways that the orbitals can overlap, forming several distinct kinds of covalent bonds.

The Sigma Bond
The first, and simplest kind of overlap is when two s orbitals come together. It is called a sigma bond (sigma, or 'σ', is the greek equivalent of 's'). Sigma bonds can also form between two p orbitals that lie pointing towards each other.

picture of sigma bonds- please press the no.1O sigma bond.jpg

The Pi Bond
The second, and equally important kind of overlap is between two parallel p orbitals. Instead of overlapping, head-to-head (as in the sigma bond), they join side-to-side, forming two areas of electron density above and below the molecule(delocalization). This type of overlap is referred to as a pi ('π', from the greek equivalent of p) bond.

4.2.1 : Covalent bonds are where two atoms each donate 1 electron to form a pair held between the two atoms...Such bonds are generally formed by atoms with little difference in electronegativity...ie C, H and O in organic chemistry.

4.2.2 : All electrons must be paired...Lewis diagrams are the element symbol with the outer (valence) shell of electrons left over and spare electrons pair up...in general C forms 4 bonds, N forms 3, O forms 2, halogens form 1, H forms 1...(Li would form 1, Be 2, and B 3 but they don't usually...metallic or ionic bonding)

4.2.3 : Electronegativity values range from 0.7 to 4...from bottom left to top right respectively (hydrogen falls B and C with a electronegativity of 2.1...

4.2.4 : When covalent molecules have a difference in electronegativity (between the two bonding atoms) then the pair will be held closer to the more electronegative atom...resulting in a small -ve charge on the more electronegative atom, and a small +ve charge on the other...results in polar bonds

4.2.5 : Shape of molecule with 4 electron pairs depends on number of lone pairs.

3 lone pairs -> linear, 2 lone pairs -> bent, 1 lone pair -> trigonal pyramid, No lone pairs -> tetrahedral

4.2.6 : The polarity of a molecule depends on both the shape and the polarity of the bonds...1) if there are no polar bonds, it's not polar. 2) if there are polar bonds, but the shape is symmetrical, it's not polar (think about it like 3D vector addition...if they add to zero, then it's not polar). 3) if there are polar bonds, and it's not symmetric, then the molecule is polar

4.3 Intermolecular forces
4.3.1 : van der Waal's forces -- Electrons will not be evenly spread around an atom/molecule at any given time, meaning the molecule will have a slight positive charge on one end, and a negative at the other. This temporary state may cause attraction between two molecules, pulling them together (also known as London Dispersion Forces). Polar molecules, when properly oriented, will attract each other as a result of Dipole-Dipole forces. Dipole-Dipole forces are stronger than van der Waal's forces. Hydrogen bonding is when hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine, and a very strong dipole is formed, making the hydrogen very strongly positive. This hydrogen is then attracted to the lone pairs on other similar molecules--nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine all have lone pairs--forming a hydrogen bond, which is stronger than van der Waal's or dipole-dipole forces, but weaker than covalent bonding.

4.3.2 : Structural features -- Nonpolar molecules have van der Waal's forces only. This is also present in all other molecules, though its strength is often insignificant compared to the others. Polar molecules have dipole-dipole forces, which arise from polar bonds and asymmetry in molecules. Hydrogen bonds result from strongly delta positive hydrogen. This results in molecules with hydrogen bonding exhibiting stronger intermolecular forces, i.e. higher boiling/melting points etc. For example, H2O has a higher bp then H2S due to hydrogen bonding. Neutral molecules don't conduct electricity but some polar molecules exchange protons to form ions e.g. 2H2O makes H3O+ and OH-

4.4 Metallic bonding
4.4.1 : The metal atoms lose their outer electrons which then become delocalized, and free to move throughout the entire metal. These -ve delocalized electrons hold the metal cations together strongly. Since these electrons can flow, atoms with metallic bonding exhibit high electrical conductivity. The number of valence electrons involved in the bonding and the strength of the nucleus charge determines the strength. Unlike ionic bonding, distorting the atoms does not cause repulsion so metallic substances are ductile (can be stretched into wires) and malleable (can be made into flat sheets). The free moving electrons also allow for high thermal conductivity, and the electrons can carry the heat energy rather than it being transferred slowly through atoms vibrating.

Metallic bonds occur among metal atoms. A sea of valence electrons surrounds positive metal ions. The electrons are free to move throughout the resulting crystal. The delocalized nature of the electrons explains a number of unique characteristics of metals: they are good conductors of electricity, they are ductile, meaning they can be made into wires, and they are malleable, meaning they can easily be hammered into thin sheets.

4.5 Physical Properties
Melting and Boiling point: High with Ionic, Metallic Bonding and Network Covalent. Low with Covalent Molecular Bonding.

Volatility: Covalent Molecular Substances are volatile, others are not.

Conductivity: Metallic substances conduct. Polar molecular substances conduct, non-polar ones don't. Ionic substances do conduct when molten or dissolved in water but never when solid.

Solubility: Ionic substances --> generally dissolve in polar solvents (like water). Metallic substances --> soluble in liquid metal. Non-polar molecules are generally soluble in non-polar solvents, and polar in polar. Organic molecules with a polar head --> Short chain molecules are solubility in polar solvents but long chains can eventually outweigh the polar 'head' and will dissolve in non-polar solvents.

Characteristics
$$NaCl$$. $$KNO_3$$

Ionically bonded substances typically have the following characteristics.

 * High melting point (solid at room temp)
 * Hard
 * Brittle (can shatter)
 * Some dissolve in water
 * Conduct electricity when dissolved or melted
 * Typically stronger than covalent bonds.

= HL Material =

Topic 14 is the additional HL material for Topic 4.

title: IB Chemistry/Bonding


text:
babysitting circle

Etymology
babysitting + circle

Noun

 * 1) A group of families who share the task of babysitting on a rotational, or other equalising basis.
 * Our babysitting circle uses tokens to keep things fair.

title: babysitting circle


text:
Michael Kures

Michael Kures (born July 25, 1964) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. He was born in Czechoslovakia, but moved to the United States at age four.

Career
Kures, with partner Jonathan Canter, won the boys' doubles title at the 1982 US Open. The pair had been runner-up at the French Open earlier that year.

He played collegiate tennis for the University of California, Los Angeles in the early 1980s. In 1984, he was an All-American and a member of the NCAA championship winning team. In 1985, he earned All-American honours again and made the Division I singles final, which he lost to Mikael Pernfors. On the Grand Prix tennis circuit, Kures had his best result at the Boston Pro Championships in 1988, beating Roberto Argüello, John Ross and world number-nine Brad Gilbert, before losing to Bruno Orešar in the quarter-finals. He was a doubles semi-finalist at the 1987 Seoul Open, partnering Paul Chamberlin.

Kures competed at the US Open four times and made the second round in 1984, defeating Hans Simonsson. He was beaten by Mats Wilander in the second round. His other appearances were in 1987 and 1988, as a singles player, and 1989, in the men's doubles draw. He also competed at the 1987 Wimbledon Championships and 1989 Australian Open.

title: Michael Kures


text:
The Disciplined Woman

The Disciplined Woman (Die dressierte Frau) is a 1972 West German comedy film directed by Ernst Hofbauer and starring Astrid Frank, Esther Konrad and Heimo van Borg.

Cast

 * Astrid Frank as Gudrun
 * Esther Konrad
 * Heimo van Borg as Achim
 * Hansi Linder as Herself
 * Margot Mahler as Emmi
 * Rosl Mayr as Frau Kellermann
 * Bernd Bergemann
 * Ulrike Butz as Hanni
 * Carmen Jäckel as Monika Seibold
 * Monica Marc as Luise Biddinghaus
 * Michael von Harbach
 * Evelyne Traeger as Frl. Ullmann
 * Hans Kern
 * Iris Wobker
 * Dietrich Kerky as Walter Herwig
 * Jasmin Kompatscher
 * Josef Moosholzer as Pauls Freund Otto
 * Otto Storr
 * Hans Terofal as Paul
 * Dieter Assmann as Albrecht
 * Norbert Losch
 * Ruth Marcus
 * Karel Otto as Albrecht's Boss
 * Roman Skrobek as Otto Huber
 * Anke Syring as Reporterin
 * Felix Rakosi
 * Claus Tinney as Mann vor Nachtclub
 * Walter Buhse
 * Claudia Höll as Uta Becker
 * Astrid Boner as Krankenschwester
 * Gernot Möhner as Horst Becker
 * Jürgen Schilling as Kellner

title: The Disciplined Woman


text:
638 Ways to Kill Castro

638 Ways to Kill Castro is a Channel 4 documentary film, broadcast in the United Kingdom on 28 November 2006, which tells the story of some of the numerous attempts of the Central Intelligence Agency to kill Cuba's leader Fidel Castro. It was directed by Dollan Cannell.

Production
The film reveals multiple methods of assassination, from exploding cigars to femmes fatales; a radio station rigged with gaseous LSD to a poison syringe posing as an innocuous fountain pen. Fabian Escalante, the former head of the Intelligence Directorate and the man who had the job of protecting Castro for many of the 49 years he was in power, said that there were over 600 plots and conspiracies known to Cuban agents, all dreamt up to end Castro's life. Some were perpetrated by the Central Intelligence Agency, especially during the first half of the 1960s. From the seventies onwards, the attempts were most often made by Cuban exiles who had been trained by the CIA shortly after Castro took power in 1959.

The film also contains extensive material shot with Antonio Veciana, the Cuban exile who came close to killing Castro on three occasions over 17 years. He is found running a marine supplies store in Miami. All these men, the film claims, were supported and funded by the United States government. At one point the CIA even sought the help of the Mafia in the hope they would be able to succeed where so many others had failed. Other characters are Cuban exile Félix Rodríguez, the CIA operative who trained Cuban exiles for the Bay of Pigs Invasion, and who was present when the Bolivian Army killed Che Guevara in 1967 at the request of the Bolivian President at the time, and Enrique Ovares, possibly the first man to make an attempt on Castro's life after he took power. Robert Maheu is also interviewed, the Hughes associate who served as liaison between the CIA and mobsters "Johnny" Roselli and Sam "Momo" Giancana, in another plot to kill Castro, this time using poison pills.

The sub-text of the film is a comment on the contemporary "War on Terror". The film's executive producer was Peter Moore. It was directed by Dollan Cannell and the commissioning editor was Meredith Chambers.

Controversy
In 2006, the documentary was the centre of a controversy surrounding US Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen. In it the Miami Republican, who had been recently tapped to become the top Republican on the House International Relations Committee, stated "I welcome the opportunity of having anyone assassinate Fidel Castro and any leader who is oppressing the people." A clip of her statement made its way to YouTube where the news media quickly picked up the story. There was a subsequent public questioning of Ros-Lehtinen's morals and suitability for her job. She responded by asserting that the clip was spliced together and that it was taken out of context; but after her account was contested by the film's director, she eventually released a statement, on Christmas Eve, accepting that she had made the remark. She soon apologised and was later elected.

title: 638 Ways to Kill Castro


text:
unrestrainedly

Adverb

 * 1) In an unrestrained manner.

Translations

 * Catalan:
 * Dutch: a la dol
 * Finnish:
 * Greek:
 * Swedish:, ,

title: unrestrainedly


text:
Aa Church

Aa Church (Aa kirke), located in Aakirkeby on the Danish island of Bornholm, is a Romanesque church dating from the 12th century. It is the parish church of Aaker Parish.

History and architecture
Aa Church, which literally means "stream church", owes its name to the two streams which run beside it. Dedicated to John the Baptist, it was first known as Sankt Hans kirke (St John's Church). A gilded figure of St John stood in the church until 1706 but was buried in the churchyard by the priest as it was attracting undue attention from Catholic prisoners during the Great Northern War.

The church was built in the latter half of the 12th century in several stages. The oldest remaining sections are the choir and apse and the lower parts of the nave, all characterized by greenish sandstone and rust-brown shale from nearby Grødby Stream. The western end of the nave and the tower are made of limestone. The men's door to the south and the women's door to the north have both been preserved although the latter has been transformed into a window.

The tower was originally narrower on the western side but was already widened to its current dimensions of 13 by 11 metres during the Romanesque period. With its four floors, it reaches a height of 22 metres. The twin roofs from the 14th century probably replaced a four-sided pyramid. The bells now hang here although they were originally housed in the Bornholm fashion in a separate bell tower to the south of the church. The vaulted rooms in the tower were once used to store foodstuffs. The porch of Nexø sandstone, the oldest on Bornholm, is slightly more recent than the tower but still dates to the Romanesque period around 1200–1235.

The nave is large and light with a flat wooden ceiling. The vaulted ceiling from the Gothic period c. 1350 is supported by four rectangular corner pillars. It was earlier divided into two by arcade walls and had a gallery for the nobles from the now ruined Lilleborg Castle. During major restoration work in 1874, the arcade walls were torn down giving the church its present shape. Further restoration was carried out in 1968.

The altarpiece and pulpit date from 1603, probably the work of the sculptor Johan Ottho from Lund. With 11 scenes of Jesus' life, the sandstone font from 1200 is ascribed to the Gotland sculptor Sigraf.

title: Aa Church


text:
Talk:Deniz Akkaya

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title: Talk:Deniz Akkaya


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In real life, I am currently a student at the University of Saskatchewan taking a Bachelor of Arts degree in English. I have a particular interest in editing (in real life) and enjoy filling random empty pages.

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