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Talk:Analytic–synthetic distinction

To be added
1Z (talk) 20:53, 7 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Significance.
 * Kripke's aposteriori necessity (? Necessary aposteriori)
 * Katz
 * The Co-extensiveness thesis and Scott Soames.

Merge
This entry was created to merge analytic proposition and synthetic proposition. The two articles were pretty much duplicates of each other. - Jaymay 19:36, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Clean up
I think this entry could use less on the details of the projects of Kant and the logical positivists and more on the analytic/synthetic distinction itself. For example, why do we need to have info on how Kant wanted to use the distinction in connection with the rest of his philosophy (e.g., how it relates to his project of explaining synthetic apriori knowledge)? There should definitely be more info on Quine's critique. I added a bit about it, but it should be expanded and cleaned up. There should also, I think, be a section on how previous philosophers thought that what was analytic was a priori and necessary, but that this has been widely rejected, primarily since Kripke. The entry on a priori has some info about this. - Jaymay 19:41, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Kant
SelvoNT 21:22, 20 June 2007 (UTC) I feel that the emphasis on Kant is a biased interpretation on the distinction. Kant was preceded by both Leibniz and Hume respectively, and I'm sure there are others that I am not aware of. I feel that this needs to be redressed as well as some of the more Kantian-specific applications need to moved elsewhere (To Kant's page seems logical). Also, I do not think I am capable of altering this article personally but that someone should alter it. SelvoNT] June 19, 2007 [[User:SelvoNT|SelvoNT 21:22, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Yes, does not Hume's famous "commit it to the flames" injunction anticipate the distinction? (It can be found on the net.) It is what I would do to much, at least, of Kant. Philosophers love him because he provides so much work for them. He just could not take Hume's skepticism. Seadowns (talk) 15:58, 22 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree that there may be too much detail and emphasis on Kant. But, I don't think it's appropriate to call it a bias.  Kant did invent the terms and popularized the distinction in philosophy.  The conceptual distinction was surely around before him (that is, people thought about the difference between something's being true in virtue of meaning alone), but it's hard not to emphasis Kant a bit since the actual terms originated with him. (Note: Of course I don't mean that Kant invented the words, rather that Kant invented their use for this distinction.) -- Jaymay 05:09, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Who wrote this? Kant says that 7+5 = 12 is a synthetic statement, as is all maths. CPR pp. 15-16. This isn't even touched upon here in this section. I agree that the structure of this page is right off.

Von Mises
someone added a screed in which Von Mises is supposed to have solved the whole problem. I have tried to clean it up a bit, but I am not sure what the point is supposed to be. The possibility of an evolutionary explanation of apriori capabilities is not new, anyway. The first person to notice it was Charles Darwin.1Z 01:17, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The Von Mises stuff is completely out of place. It was originally posted January 28, 2007 by a non-registered user (I.P. = <IP_ADDRESS>).  Any major edit like this that is obviously not something that is standard on the analytic-synthetic distinction should be first discussed on the entry's talk page (i.e., here).  I'm going to take it out (although I'll leave the references as further reading).  If someone wants to put something about this Von Mises guy, it should (if included at all) first be discussed on the talk page, be minimal in length (currently it takes up about the same amount of space as the Kant stuff!), and be written in more of a prose form (not a bunch of bullet points). -- Jaymay 05:03, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

I was just reading Mises's book "Human Action" and can say the following. I don't think he tried to "solve the whole problem": he mentions the evolutionary apriori capabilities to support his own theories. The important connection with Mises is that he considers the entire field of economics to be entirely apriori. I'm not enough of a philosopher to tell whether he actually means it's a synthetic apriori or not. Chapter II of Human Action, "The Epistemological Problems of the Sciences of Human Action" is the relevant reference. Section 3, "The A Priori and Reality" especially. In fact I think this gives some flavor of what he means: "Aprioristic reasoning is purely conceptual and deductive. It cannot produce anything else but tautologies and analytic judgments...Hence, according to a popular objection, it cannot add anything to our knowledge...Action and reason are congeneric and homogeneous..." etc.

Distinction #1: LOGIC;  Distinction #2: Epistemology;    Here's the 2-by-2 Matrix...
This is how this article should be structured...

There are two distinctions to be made:

Distinction #1 -- BASED ON LOGIC

Distinction #2 -- BASED ON EPISTEMOLOGY (theory of how we can know)

DISTINCTION #1 -- LOGIC: ANALYTIC -vs- SYNTHETIC  Statements

A statement is ANALYTIC by this definition: the truth value (assigning TRUE or FALSE to the statement) can be done purely by knowing the meanings of the words. Thus, knowing the meanings of the words is sufficient to assign T or F. Nothing else is necessary.

A statment is SYNTHETIC by this definition: the statement is NOT ANALYTIC.

DISTINCTION #2 -- EPISTEMOLOGY: A PRIORI -vs- A POSTERIORI

A statement is A PRIORI by this definition: the truth value (assigning TRUE or FALSE to the statement) can be done WITHOUT NEEDING TO GO INTO THE WORLD AND OBSERVE.

A statment is A POSTERIORI by this definition: the statement is NOT A PRIORI. One requires going into the world and observe as a necessary condition to assign truth value.

THE MATRIX

With two, two-way distinctions, there are 2 times 2, or four, possibly existing beasts: ANAYLYTIC - A PRIORI, SYNTHETIC - A POSTERIORI, ANALYTIC - A POSTERIORI, SYNTHETIC - A PRIORI. Let's now see which of the four possibilities exists (or can exist).

ANALYTIC - A PRIORI -- If any beast such as an analytic statement exists, then the ANALYTICA - A PRIORI exists. ANALYTIC entails A PRIORI. That is, if a statement is ANALYTIC, then it MUST be A PRIORI as well. Why? ANALYTIC says meanings alone SUFFICE; nothing else is necessary. A PRIORI says it is NOT necessary to go into the world to give the truth value. Tautologies are analytic -- and therefore analytic - a priori.

ANALYTIC - A POSTERIORI -- Such a beast cannot exist because this categorization entails a logical contradiction. Like a four-sided triangle. Well not quite. The logical contradiction involves the modals of necessity and sufficiency. ANALYTIC says A is sufficient (where A = meanings of words). Saying A is sufficient implies that B is NOT necessary, C is NOT necessary, ...  A is sufficient implies an infinity of things that is not necessary. A POSTERIORI says it IS necessary to go into world and observe. That is a contradiction with "words' meanings" are sufficient.

SYNTHETIC - A POSTERIORI -- Such a beast not only exists, but predominates common discourse. My new Audi is Dolphin Gray. Synthetic says meanings alone do NOT suffice; something ELSE IS necessary. Saying "going into the world and observing" is necessary implies no logical contadiction.

SYNTHETIC - A PRIORI -- This was Kant's "categorical imperative" in the moral realm. Kant also believed that all of mathematics' statements were synthetic a priori. But first, let's see if the beast can exist without contradiction: SYNTHETIC = [A is NOT SUFFICIENT];  A PRIORI = [B is NOT Necessary]. Well, no logical contradiction. Wire cutters are insufficient to fix the ___ on the car. A screw driver is not necessary to fix the ___ on the car. No contradiction entails with the structure [A is not sufficient] AND [B is not necessary]. In the case of the car, maybe I don't need a screw driver and maybe wirecutters alone won't get the job done -- perhaps adding a soldering iron will help. But back to Kant. The moral imperative: "one should keep one's promises" or "one should not kill people" -- synthetic a priori statements. Too thorny are the issues in meta-ethics, but at least your pre-theoretical intuition tells you that (1) no, these are not true statements by the meanings of the words alone; but also, (2) neither do I feel I better go out and observe the world and experiment before I decide.

Let's leave the moral realm. Kant said of "2+3=5" that when he contemplated the ideas of '2' '3' or even the idea of '2+3' he in no way found that the idea was identical to the idea of '5'. Thus he claimed synthetic, not analytic. Yet, at the same time, Kant did not find he had to observe the world first before he could assign TRUE to '2+3=5' -- thus a priori. And thus, my friends, the synthetic a priori. The real mystery is "OK, no LOGICAL contradiction, but just how the blank do we know?" -- the meanings of the words are insufficient to know whether the statement is true or not AND it is entirely un-neccessary to go into the world and observe to know the truth of the statement, so just how the heck DO we know? At this point, things become very speculative. But now you understand the SYNTHETIC A PRIORI and Kant even!

acknowledgement: This structuring is from the teaching of logician Garrel Pottinger  -- a professor I had as an undergrad (1977-1981) at Carnegie-Mellon University. <IP_ADDRESS> 20:58, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Sensible and helpful as this sounds, it seems to me to miss the point as to what the article should be about - you say what you consider correct, the article describes how various philospophers have defined and used these concepts. I.e. you would undermine WP:NPOV. Moreover, I feel that it is more important to provide a wide range of information than a lot of explanation. PJTraill 22:11, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * This sort of matrix is fairly standard, especially in undergrad classes. But, there is so much to each distinction (analytic-synthetic and apriori-aposteriori).  That's why there are two separate articles with some stuff about the relation between the two.  We should not collapse them into one article.  What would it be titled?  Certainly not "Distinction #1:  LOGIC; Distinction #2: Epistemology".  Keep in mind that they are NOT the same distinction just in two different fields; rather, they are two different but related distinctions. -- Jaymay 04:45, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * As a non-philosopher coming to this article for some enlightenment, I became endarkened :-). In particular, this four-way distinction mentioned in the article and above has me confused.  It sounds at first reading like analytic = a priori and synthetic = a posteriori.  Obviously my understanding is a mis-, and I would like to know why.  Perhaps the "7+5=12" example is supposed to be synthetic and a priori, and the "tables exist" example is supposed to be a priori and analytic.  But if so, I would like an explanation; and if not, what are examples of these two cells in the matrix, and why do they fit there?  I gather there is another article about this somewhere, and a link to that would be fine; else please discuss it in this article.Mcswell (talk) 13:11, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Two problems
Firstly, this page reads as though it was written by someone with a lot of knowledge of Kant, but not much of the rest of philosophy. The concept of analytic sentences originates in Leibniz and is simply copied by Kant directly. Kant made a lot of use of the idea, but he did not originate it and did not claim to have done so.

Secondly, the section on Two-Dimensionalism is irrelevant and has clearly been placed here by someone to promote their own favourite view. It has to do with the alignment of a priori knowledge with necessity and a posteriori knowledge with contingency. But it is only indirectly to do with the analytic/synthetic distinction, which is a division in semantics. Thus the whole section should either be rewritten so that it will be useful to someone coming here looking for information on the semantic distinction or it should be removed. I would prefer to see it removed. Anyone else?

Eluard (talk) 23:58, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed on both points. A brief explication of the Leibniz–Kant relation is very much worth adding (concept of pure reason & its relation to metaphysics, and truth claims generally—perhaps it is worth even linking to the principle of sufficient reason here as well).

 * Further: Hume needs to be addressed, as does at least via brief mention the concepts of cause and effect, i.e. causality—concept of the consequent (effect), the ground (cause), and containment (that the former follows from the latter). The level of depth given here is open, but if 2-Dimensionalism and logical positivism get their lengthy sections then at the very, very least this entry deserves a better introduction as to how the analytic and synthetic distinction relates in Kant to what he was actually proceeding from (Leibniz’s explications) and responding to (namely, scientific determinism, Humean skepticism (+ the religious claim that we’re all morally free, but that’s not so important here). Such an introduction will aid in placing these concepts into context (historically, philosophically, …). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:36, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

 * (Previous commenter again.) This, by the way, is one of my pet peeves in the description of Kant’s philosophy. Kant himself is quite muddled and even at times self-contradictory in his writing. How much this may have to do with the quality and capability of translations to translate from the original German I’m not sure (I am fluent in both, but have not read him extensively in German). I’d argue, Kant—as much as anyone else—is deserving of context. Taking a section—whether on the analytic–synthetic, or on anything else—out of context, however appealing it might be for the sake of pedagogy is, I feel, largely reductive to the point where important details are missed leaving me incapable of tracing the lineage and genealogy of thought in its criticism, agreement, forks, and so forth. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:48, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

DanLanglois (talk) 08:05, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree about removing, simply removing, the section on Two-Dimensionalism, and I've added some more extensive comments of my own to the bottom of this page (where I suggested removing this section before having skimmed all the previous comments).

A priority
Reading the section titled Analytic–synthetic distinction, I noticed a paragraph that has some confusing words. For illustration, I've emboldened these in the following quote:

While the first four sections of Quine's paper concern analyticity, the last two concern a priority. Putnam considers the argument in the two last sections as independent of the first four, and at the same time as Putnam criticizes Quine, he also emphasizes his historical importance as the first top rank philosopher to both reject the notion of apriority and sketch a methodology without it.

The first term looks as if it's referring to priority ("A thing that is regarded as more important than another."), but I believe it is talking about an association with a priori. The second one is similar, but without the space. I'm not sure what's the best way to fix this, as I'm nowhere near knowledgeable in Philosophy, but I figured if I brought it up, you fine folks could find a better way to present this information. I usually italicize a priori (a priority?), but I'm not sure if that's acceptable according to the MoS, or if it even helps the problem at all. Perhaps removing the space from the first term (so it looks like the second) will be a good enough solution? Thank you for your consideration! -- MisterDub (talk | contribs) 00:03, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Until a better solution is found, I've changed the second term to read the same as the first. -- MisterDub (talk | contribs) 15:21, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

WIkilinks and hits
This edit removed the interwiki links to Analytic–synthetic distinction. Since that time the average number of hits on this page have dropped from about 250 hits/day to 50 hits/day. That seems to suggest that the transfer of these links to Wikidata is not bringing activity to this page, or possibly that Grok no longer counts these interwiki hits. Which is it? Brews ohare (talk) 15:47, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

Frege's Critisicm of Kant is not unanimously accepted
The line which asserts the analytically of mathematics does not reflect an unanimous epistemological opinion:

"Thanks to Frege's logical semantics, particularly his concept of analyticity, arithmetic truths like "7+5=12" are no longer synthetic a priori but analytical a priori truths in Carnap's extended sense of "analytic". Hence logical empiricists are not subject to Kant's criticism of Hume for throwing out mathematics along with metaphysics"[2]

Frege's logicism and rejection of Kant's synthetic, has many lines of criticism. I think the article needs contributions which stand against Frege's critcism of Kant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:02, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
 * It's also quite a shame that the article lists Frege under logical positivism, to which he wasnt related, although they used some of his ideas. He also did not deny the existence of synthetic propositions a priori (he did, in fact, acknowledged geometry as synthetic a priori), he only critizised Kant for restricting the analytic propositions too much. I'ld say that this part of the article needs a rework, and that Frege needs his own section. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:34, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

Tries to do too much
I think this article might begin, with a section on the rather informal, or 'intuitive', distinction, such that seems unproblematic and easy to understand, if possible. That is, begin with the *appearance* of the analytic. 'All ophthalmologists are eye doctors' can be known to be true just by knowing the meanings of the constituent words, right? Well, that's 'analytic' judgment. Pediatricians are doctors for children, yes? Are grandfathers parents of parents? Is sauntering a kind of movement? Is food, stuff that nourishes living things? Is pain a mental state? Yes, and this is 'analytic' judgment. Santa Claus has a beard. It's implausible to suppose that there's *nothing* people are getting at in these judgments.

That's how *I* would be begin..but, the article starts by describing the analytic–synthetic distinction as 'a conceptual distinction, used primarily in philosophy to distinguish propositions (in particular, statements that are affirmative subject-predicate judgments) into two types..'

Here, I read that the distinction in question is a 'conceptual' distinction. Actually, I'm not enamored of that, as I incline to reflect on what other kinds of distinctions there are? Like, ontological distinction, terminological distinction, vacuous distinction, etc. What is 'conceptual' distinction contrasted with, here? In truth, I've never liked the phrase 'conceptual distinction'. Compare: 'conceptually cogent distinction, but empirically important as well'. What is a 'conceptual distinction'? I do realize that this 'analytic/synthetic distinction' page is listed in the 'conceptual distinctions' category, on Wikipedia. There are two subcategories here, 'dichotomies', and 'difference'. In the case of 'difference', or, 'Category:Difference', there is, specifically, 'distinction (philosophy)'. Where I read, that 'Distinction, the fundamental philosophical abstraction, involves the recognition of difference.' That is to say that a 'distinction (philosophy)' is a *kind of* 'conceptual distinction'..? Now, we can unravel that in our leisure time, but I don't hesitate to criticize the description of the 'analytic/synthetic distinction' as a conceptual distinction. I'd suggest starting the article out by referring to this distinction as 'the distinction'. Now, it's been called a logical distinction, and also it's been called a grammatical distinction, and at least these terms mean anything to me.

Next, the page needs to prioritize. What is its ideal length? It tries to explain Kant, and several comments to this talk page concern whether this is the most relevant thing. I do feel that Kant is relevant, it's 'his' distinction, he made it popular, in more or less the usage that is still current. I see the points about Leibnitz had some such distinction, but he didn't coin the jargon 'analytic/synthetic', in this usage --although a distinction between analytic and synthetic methods is often made in geometry. Now, I say that I find Kant relevant, but if you want to explain Kant, it's not enough to try and fail. The page needs to succeed at what it tries to do, even if this means lowering our sights. Naturally, I have my criticisms of the discussion of Kant, but let's stick w/what are our priorities. I think the page can give some stuff about Kant, actually, and also certainly some stuff about Quine's famous paper disputing the analytic/synthetic distinction. But when we get into Quine, we are getting into 'analytic' philosophy, by which I mean 'anglo-american analytic' philosophy, in which there is lots of philosophy of language. The sort of obsessions that go back to Frege, major figure in analytic philosophy. And, I have this point, that here, well, I'll start over, I started by saying that:

"The article starts by describing the analytic–synthetic distinction as 'a conceptual distinction, used primarily in philosophy to distinguish propositions (in particular, statements that are affirmative subject-predicate judgments) into two types..'"

And, my point is that the term 'propositions' is a heavy heavy term in analytic philosophy. Frege commenced this mainstream traditional obsession. A proposition, this is a thing that is both very important in analytic philosophy, and also isn't really the focus previously, in philosophy. It's like 'propositions' didn't exist, even if the term was part of the language. Here, I read about Kant, who predates analytic philosophy of course, that he:

'..defines "analytic proposition" and "synthetic proposition" as follows:

analytic proposition: a proposition whose predicate concept is contained in its subject concept

synthetic proposition: a proposition whose predicate concept is not contained in its subject concept..'

Now, Kant never defined 'analytic proposition' or 'synthetic proposition'. He didn't use this jargon. None of this is Kant quotes, and it's not very trustworthy as a paraphrase, and I will again emphasize that the whole 'proposition' trip is extremely important in analytic philosophy, but Kant is innocent of the entire subject, he's talking about something else. Perhaps I seem to enjoy quibbling, but indeed, Kant never used the term 'predicate concept', or 'subject concept' (while, again, not also having ever used the terms 'synthetic proposition' or 'analytic proposition').

And, as it were, he didn't have the 'concept' of a proposition, at all, --that is, it's not that simple and convenient for people who have had some exposure only to analytic philosophy, when they try to go read some Kant. One wants to 'cotton on', and this non-Kantian jargon isn't a big help.

Now, here are some actual relevant Kant quotes:

"If I am to go beyond the concept A in order to cognize another concept B as combined with it, I rely on something that makes the synthesis possible:..'

Now, this is about the analytic/synthetic distinction, but w/great care Kant does not simply assert that 'experience' provides the thing that makes the 'synthesis' possible, in the case of synthetic judgment (this, although, as it turns out, he says that judgements of 'experience' are wholly synthetic). Rather, he relies on 'something' that makes the synthesis possible. And, if synthetic judgment is, like, synthesis, then what about analytic judgment? Well, '..analytic principles are indeed exceedingly important and needed, but only for attaining that distinctness in concepts which is required for a secure and extensive synthesis that, as such, will actually be a new acquisition..'

He's talking about a 'new acquisition' of cognition, that is. Then, analytic judgment is attaining distinctness in concepts. That's it? Yes, and so the analytic/synthetic distinction is based on logic, while analytic judgment itself is based entirely on logic, and is *what is* based on logic. Suppose, that what is going on in your mind is not utter primordial chaos, and this is how you like it, you like to have an organized mind, furnished with organized concepts. You do some housekeeping, you use logic to do it. You say that a bachelor is a married man. This is analytic judgment. W/out analytic judgment you are a raving lunatic. We cannot take sanity for granted, and this is based on analytic judgment. Coming to know anything new, learning, changing one's mind, is all synthetic judgment. Changing one's mind is in fact a logical contradiction. You can't therefore use analytic judgment to change your mind. Kant talks, as well, of ampliatory versus explicatory. That is, by an analytic judgement is meant a judgement in which the predicate is merely an explication of what is already contained in the subject. A synthetic judgement is a judgement in which the predicate is an amplification of the subject -- a clear addition to the content of the concept.

Anyways, next, I read about how the logical positivists took interest in Kant and his distinction, and revised the Kantian definition. There is this: 'This expanded idea of analyticity was able to show that all Kant's examples of arithmetical and geometrical truths are analytical a priori truths and not synthetic a priori truths.'

Okay, in passing, I note that 'analytical a priori truths' is not the same jargon as 'analytical a priori propositions', and neither one of these terms is from Kant. And, I feel that there is too much here, about the logical positivists, because really, we only need enough to be able to get into Quine, Quine is what is famous and important, when the matter is the analytic/synthetic distinction. The two-dimensionalism, 'Water is H2O', can be cut out, and does not at all dovetail nicely into the next section, "Quine's criticisms". Whether I have opinions about this section, I think it's important, so let's backtrack to Kant.

Kant does not say 'analytic proposition' he says 'analytic judgment'. Same thing? Close enough for gov't work? Well, I don't expect it to seem obviously plausible when I say no, but would it kill us to include some more verbatim Kant, here? Such as:

'Analytical judgements (affirmative) are therefore those in which the connection of the predicate with the subject is cogitated through identity;..'

And here is the rest of that sentence:

'..those in which this connection is cogitated without identity, are called synthetical judgements.'

And, Kant's explication has been 'improved' to such a degree in this article, that the page has no mention anywhere of 'identity' at all. Now, speaking of identity, when we later get into Quine, here, there is this:

'To summarize Quine's argument, the notion of an analytic proposition requires a notion of synonymy, but establishing synonymy inevitably leads to matters of fact - synthetic propositions. Thus, there is no non-circular (and so no tenable) way to ground the notion of analytic propositions.'

And (of course) there is some relationship between the 'synonymy' that is mentioned here, in summarizing Quine's argument, and the 'identity' on which Kant relies.

I haven't contributed much to Wiki, and I have not even considered modifying this article myself. I'm free w/my criticisms, but I now realize that actually writing a good article on this would be lots of work.

There can be, I think, a section on Kant, and a section on Frege (or general pre-Quinean analytic philosophy), and how their attitudes contrasted. Frege wanted the distinction to perform crucial epistemological work, where, for Kant, this distinction is not epistemological ('epistemological' distinction, a distinction based on epistemology, or, specifically, not logic; now, I don't know how it could be controversial to assert that for Kant the distinction is based on logic, or perhaps can be found in both logic and grammar, as in 'grammatical distinction'). It's not easy to wade into Frege, and again, we commence a virtual obsession, here, in the world of analytic philosophy, with so-called 'propositions'. The idea that the distinction can perform epistemological work was applied in particular to science and mathematics. And, with Quine, we get his criticisms (essentially of this 'epistemological work' idea, more than of the distinction itself as it is offered in Kant), and several generations of philosophers then despair of the analytic-synthetic distinction. They're also caught up in despairing of the category of a priori knowledge entirely. This is Quine's real target, he hates him some a priori knowledge.

And, there has been a wide variety of responses to Quine's attack, but we can put a pin in that. Chomsky is an of course important figure, and has commented on the analytic/synthetic distinction, so that could be included, but I don't want to *add* to the page, I think it's already long.

Now, what about Quine's attack. Well, in analytic philosophy, post Frege, “the analytic/synthetic distinction” refers to a distinction between two kinds of truth. Synthetic truths are true both because of what they mean and because of the way the world is, whereas analytic truths are true in virtue of meaning alone. What happens when we say 'true in virtue of meaning alone', is that the existence of analytic 'truths' becomes controversial. This is because something being 'true' has to have its epistemological justification, especially if you are an empiricist. We observe the world, the empirical world of experience, to decide what is 'true'. And, analytic judgement does not employ observing the world, analytic judgement is always 'a priori'. The relevant Kant quote here, though he's not labeled an empiricist generally, is 'All knowledge comes from experience'.

And, Quine 1951 is by far the most widely read paper objecting to the analytic/synthetic distinction. Here is his position. Suppose, as an empiricist, and this paper is 'Two dogmas of Empiricism', after all, Quine is an empiricist, so suppose as an empiricist that there are no a priori truths about the world. Then, if analytic judgements are a priori truths about the world, then there are no analytic judgments. There is no such thing as an analytic judgment. It's important here, though, to note that for Quine, the assertion is actually that there are not analytic 'propositions'. What's the difference between a proposition and a judgment. This is, informally, pretty much the same thing, more/less, isn't it? In brief, no, because every 'proposition' is taken, by Quine, in particular, to be sensitive to empirical experience.

Now, the page offers Quine's arguments but I'll offer an alternative summary. The first argument, I will call Quine's circularity argument. To make this argument, the first move that Quine makes is to say never mind about logical truths, so-called. This is, for example, P=P. Also, no unmarried man is married. For Quine, a 'not', or an '=', is a logical term. And, logically true propositions only depend on logical terms, for their 'truth'. They are, that is, truth no matter how you re-interpret the other words. In this fashion, Quine actually simply sets aside the whole category of Kantian analytic judgements. --never mind those. Then, besides logical truths, there is also what else, that we call (contra Kant) an 'analytic proposition'? 'No bachelor is married' is, for Quine, a case of synonymy. It's like saying 'no unmarried man is married', which is a logical truth. But 'no bachelor is married' is not, itself, a logical truth, unless you believe that employing synonymy here is unproblematic. Can you replace words with their synonyms, are there no pitfalls here? This doesn't change the meaning? Well, this is where I cash in my emphasis on the difference between 'judgments', as Kant calls them, and 'propositions', in the usage of analytic philosophy..

Suppose that I assert, says Quine, that A is synonymous with B if one is defined as the other. Then, how do I know that A is defined as B? I can make a judgement, but we don't have a judgement anymore, we're not Kantians and all we have is a proposition. Such as, 'no bachelor is married'. So, to know that A is defined as B, I mean if I'm just reading this sentence, and wondering what it means (not making a judgement for myself), I might look it up in a dictionary. In this fashion, I may learn that lexicographers believe that A and B are considered synonymous. Well, how do they know, do they look it up in the dictionary? What if the dictionary is not correct? So, this is circular. Now, that's no problem for Kant, because he's just worried about 'explication', or, attaining distinctness in concepts. Which is only a matter of logical truth. You can not know *anything*, all of your notions can be false, and you still can work w/'logical truth' all day long, doing, as I call it, 'housekeeping' on your totally inadequate concepts. Maybe you think Socrates is a man and maybe you don't, maybe you think all men are mortal and maybe you don't, you can do logic w/it either way. Which, Quine has already stipulated.

However, next Quine suggests that somebody might point out how when we look up a word in the dictionary, we get its definition, not merely an assertion that the word is a synonym. What about the definition of the word, then, that is, A and B are synonymous if A = B is true by definition. But, with a definition, we create a new meaning. And, this would be adequate for a definition of logical truth, but Quine (unlike Kant) is looking for something more than explication. He's looking, that is, for extensions of terms. This requires getting into Quine's notions, a bit, he's a logician.

I'll give it a shot. For starters, if I say that 'necessarily all and only Fs are Gs', then this would be a statement that captures synonymy. Suppose, though, that maybe it is a fact, that all and only creatures with hearts are creatures with kidneys. And you believe, shall we say, that fish are creatures with hearts. And, this is true. But you also believe, that fish are creatures with kidneys. This, is false. Then, it is not the case that necessarily all and only creatures with hearts are creatures with kidneys. Here, saying that 'necessarily' etc., is using analytic judgement. And, using analytic judgement preserves meaning. But, meaning is sensitive to empirical experience. By 'meaning', here, I mean, we're in the world of analytic philosophy, where there is a great preoccupation with 'propositions'. The propositions do a great deal, though it's kind of funny what happens if you ask for a formal definition of what they are. Well, they have words in them, always, I think. Propositions are not sentences, it's not an accident that we don't simply talk about sentences. Propositions have lots of jobs to do. Are propositions statements, then? Well, a 'proposition', mostly tends to have to include a relation to experience, if it is to have 'semantic content'. And the truth of a proposition tends to be supposed to have to be confirmed, or learned, by means of experience. And if you have a belief in a 'proposition', then this belief mostly is supposed to need to be justified in a particular way. It must be supported by experiential evidence. This is my breezy summary of highpoints (I have favored the fallacies) of what I will call classical semantic tradition. The most important thing about it, is that whatever it may be worth, one cannot simply gaze out from deep in the thicket of analytic philosophy's preoccupations, with its intension and extension, its meaning and reference, its non-Kantian notion of 'apriority', and the rational criterion thereof, and hope to understand Kant's spirit easily. It is perhaps not all about Kant anyways. But, the analytic/synthetic distinction is viable in Kant, and it's worth pointing out that it's his. Subsequent 'improvements' broke it.

Anyways, there are, then, for Quine, no 'analytically necessary' truths. Again, Quine simply makes an exception for truths about the kind of necessity that flows from the nature of concepts, which are Kant's analytic judgments. Quine's point is that there is not a priori knowledge of non-logical truths, or 'substantive' truths. Though I emphasize that this is not really a point against Kant, Quine wasn't talking to Kantians, and so this made a big stir. I started with best intentions, but I realize that I could explicate Quine more patiently. This is probably already too long. It's a dilemma..and probably, me arguing that analyticity of analytic elementary logical truths is perfectly intelligible at the end of the day, and that 'Kant was right', is what is called original research.

Anyways, we need to achieve a low common denominator, when it's this technical subject. I think some discussion needs to happen, before *I* take a swipe at this..?DanLanglois (talk) 07:58, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I don't want to sound mean, but I suggest you take a short break, re-read the text you have just written, and then ask yourself "am I the man to write a clear, concise, layman's description of the analytic-synthetic distinction?". -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 20:54, 26 August 2016 (UTC)

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Odd edit adding reference to Sloman (1965) while summary says it removes part of one.
The edit https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction&curid=6395956&diff=871109468&oldid=869858714 of 2018-11-29T00:59:50 by claims in its summary "Removed spurious portion of the last reference", but in fact adds a reference to

a relevant article on the genuine OUP site. Is anything odd going on? PJTraill (talk) 12:25, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

Remove or displace Peikoff's Criticism
Peikoff's argument is bad. In addition, the publication where this was published is a biased Rand Association publication. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sorbonneparis (talk • contribs) 18:22, 13 March 2019 (UTC) Peikoff wrote Analytic-synthetic distinction; both the article and the author are noteworthy of inclusion on Wikipedia making the criticism worthy of inclusion, too.  Orville1974  (talk) 23:20, 23 May 2019 (UTC)

It's absolutely absurd to include the section on Piekoff. He's a complete nobody in philosophy, and the argument is ridiculously poor. The quoted section alone is seriously misleading. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:07, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

Recent changes to section: Kant's version and the a priori / a posteriori distinction
I reverted one recent change by User:NONIS STEFANO for what seems to me a clear enough reason (given in edit summary, not to mention that it hijacked a reference). Incidentally, I also found it unclear how that reference (A Proof that Synthetic a priori Propositions exist) supports either the description of the contents or the dependence of the possibility of metaphysics on the decidability of synthetic a priori propositions; that might, however, be because I could only see the first half-page at JSTOR.

Moreover, I also wonder about that user's previous edit, which also strikes me as possibly questionable. They replaced:
 * This question is exceedingly important, Kant maintains, because all important metaphysical knowledge is of synthetic a priori propositions.

with
 * This question is exceedingly important, Kant maintains, because all scientific knowledge (for him Newtonian physics and mathematics) is made up of synthetic a priori propositions.

I took a look at Critique of Pure Reason, but there was too much for a quick conclusion: could someone who knows the subject please deal with this?

— PJTraill (talk) 17:17, 11 July 2019 (UTC)

 * I have access to and read the entirety of "Proof that Synthetic a priori Propositions exist". In it, C. H. Langford claims that the following are examples of synthetic a priori propositions: "a cube has twelve edges", "anything that was red must necessarily by colored", and "If anything is orange in color, then it is intermediate in color between red and yellow." There is no explicit mention of "metaphysics" (nor "science"), though the arguments could be considered to be about both, in some sense. Solomon Ucko (talk) 00:45, 19 September 2023 (UTC) P.S. It also never mentions Kant; the only other person is mentions is philosopher G. E. Moore.

All bachelors are unmarried?
A problem with classifying this as the prototypical analytic sentence is that one must already have a pre-existing notion of a bachelor; otherwise, one must consult a lexicon, which defeats the definition of a priori. An intellectual challenge would be to derive the concept of a bachelor independently, without the use of "cheats". Heavyarms2025 (talk) 17:54, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: PHIL 390 Contemporary Philosophy
— Assignment last updated by RudyCarnap (talk) 10:45, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Analytic–synthetic distinction


text:
User:Dr8

I was Dr8, but the email address associated with the account is some 15 years gone. I am attempting to usurp the account…Struggling! (Assistance appreciated!)

I was 50, or so, young, vain, and silly. I created a page for my great-grandfather, my stepmother, and (correct me if I’m wrong) my father. I even created a page for myself, which some wise owl mercifully deleted.

There’s work to be done!

-tom aitken

808 —  Macak - the cat who inspired electricity (fact check)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Dr8


text:
Ana Cairo Ballester

Ana Andrea Cairo Ballester (November 10, 1949 – April 3, 2019) was a Cuban writer, researcher and professor of literature and philology.

Early life and education
Ana Cairo Ballester was born in Havana in 1949. Her father was a mechanic, and her mother was a housewife. Her early years were marked by the massive upheaval of the Cuban Revolution. As a young teenager in 1962, she traveled to Baracoa to work harvesting coffee, but her work was interrupted by the Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1964, she began high school at the newly founded Raúl Cepero Bonilla Special Pre-University Institute, where she first became interested in the humanities. In 1967 she enrolled at the University of Havana, where she received a doctorate in philology in 1985.

Career
Cairo was a longtime professor in the Faculty of Arts and Letters at the University of Havana, where she began teaching in 1973 after completing her undergraduate studies. She led the department's instruction on Cuban literature and taught multiple subjects, including an annual seminar on Jose Martí. She was known as a deeply knowledgeable professor; intimidating despite her casual uniform; an old-school scholar who never used a typewriter, much less a computer. As her colleague Pedro Pablo Rodríguez wrote:"'With professorial wisdom—and not without a certain malice, I would say—Ana would open a book and ask unimaginable exam questions from it: calling on students to recount specific episodes from the fictional texts, attitudes of the characters, the human problems demonstrated in the stories. ... In truth, Ana taught her students how to read and how to think.'"She was a prominent figure in the Cuban literary scene, serving as a member of the Cuban Academy of History, on the advisory board of the Fundación Alejo Carpentier, and on the board of directors of the Fundación Fernando Ortiz. She was also a member of the Caribbean Studies Association and the Association of Historians of Latin America and the Caribbean, and she frequently traveled abroad to teach on Cuban literature and culture in such countries as Mexico, Panama, France, and Spain. She received the National Prize for Social Sciences and Humanities in 2015.

In 1975, Cairo received the July 26 Prize for the essay that would become her first book, El movimiento de Veteranos y Patriotas. She went on to publish some 20 books, including several anthologies, as well as numerous essays in both Cuban and international periodicals. She created the weekly Radio Havana Cuba show Contrapunteo and served on the editorial boards of various Cuban magazines, including Temas, Universidad de La Habana, Debates Americanos, and Revista de la Biblioteca Nacional José Martí.

Death and legacy
Cairo died in 2019 in Havana, at age 69.

In 2020, the 29th annual Cuban International Book Fair in Havana was dedicated in her honor.

Personal life
Cairo had one son, Carlos Enrique del Toro Cairo.

Selected works

 * El movimiento de Veteranos y Patriotas (1976)
 * El Grupo Minorista (1978)
 * Historia de La Universidad de la Habana (co-authored, 1983)
 * Teatro cubano (1987)
 * La Revolución del 30 en la narrativa y el testimonio cubanos (1993)
 * 20 de mayo, ¿fecha gloriosa? (2002)
 * Mella, 100 años (2003)
 * Heredia: entre cubanos y españoles (2003)
 * Bembé para cimarrones (2005)
 * José Martí y la novela de la cultura cubana (2014)
 * Letras. Cultura en Cuba (series editor)

title: Ana Cairo Ballester


text:
Talk:Learning Java/Decision Structures

Re-naming the lesson
How about re-naming this lesson to "Control Structures"? We already know the topic is on Java, so having Java in the name is a bit redundant. And decision structures are really only if/else and switch statements, not loops. Zchenyu 22:06, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

then how about splitting it up into 2 parts? Al-20 09:41, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Hello Al-20, and a belated hello to you Zchenyu. If you are confident that doing these actions will help a learner of Java increase their knowledge, then please, by all means, be bold and make the change. I don't really know enough about Java to have an opinion, at least with regards to the naming. If you can cut up the page in a meaningful way, please do. It can always be changed back if later on others come to the consensus that doing it a different way would be most advantageous. --Remi 10:08, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

-equals
Can we add a section about &=, and |= ? That seems pretty significant. <IP_ADDRESS> 06:19, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Learning Java/Decision Structures


text:
Esteban Salas y Castro

Esteban Salas y Castro (December 25, 1725 – July 14, 1803) was a Cuban composer of religious music. His compositions focused chiefly on vocal music, and are a fine representation of the late Baroque style. Although heavily influenced by French and Italian works of the period, his music is considered to incorporate an original Latin American component.

He became a teacher and head of music at the Chapel of Music at the cathedral of Santiago de Cuba from 1764. He also studied theology and canon law and was ordained a priest in Santiago de Cuba in 1790. Salas composed his last carol for Christmas 1801.

Interest in his works was revived during the twentieth century following the rediscovery of many of his scores during the 1940s by the Cuban novelist and musicologist, Alejo Carpentier. Not much is known about his personal life but he was generally described as a man of mixed Spanish and African heritage.

The music conservatory in Santiago de Cuba is named in his honor.

title: Esteban Salas y Castro


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aidan Mitchell

The result was delete. North America1000 09:39, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

Aidan Mitchell

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

This article does not cite any sources and it's over 10 years old. I'm not finding any significant coverage, either. WanderingWanda (talk) 13:26, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. WanderingWanda (talk) 13:26, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions. WanderingWanda (talk) 13:26, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions. WanderingWanda (talk) 13:26, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete It is time to purge Wikipedia of articles sourced only to IMDb.John Pack Lambert (talk) 22:19, 27 September 2019 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, – filelakeshoe (t / c) 🐱 14:44, 1 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete Fails WP:GNG at least. Catorce2016 (talk) 18:35, 3 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete per above, and fails WP:NACTOR specifically due to very small roles. Bearian (talk) 15:13, 7 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Doug Savant

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text:
Jim Marsh (basketball)

James Marsh (April 26, 1946 – August 12, 2019) was an American professional basketball player who competed in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for one season. He played college basketball at the University of Southern California, and played professionally for the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA.

After his playing career, Marsh spent time as an assistant coach at the University of Utah before transitioning to a career as a broadcaster for the Seattle SuperSonics, which is the franchise by whom he was drafted out of college. He served as the color commentator on SuperSonics television broadcasts for 12 years.

Marsh was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2004. He had two adult daughters and lived in Kirkland, Washington, where he continued to coach an AAU basketball team. Marsh died on August 12, 2019.

title: Jim Marsh (basketball)


text:
Wikipedia:Meetup/DC/American Archive of Public Broadcasting: Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon Series 2020

@WikimediaDC

American Archive of Public Broadcasting: Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon Series

Join the American Archive of Public Broadcasting (AAPB) for a series of virtual Wikipedia Edit-a-thons to help strengthen the quality of the world's largest online encyclopedia and improve the searchability of historic public radio and television collections in the AAPB.

Each meet up covers basic editing conventions and will work though a pre-selected list of content in the AAPB.

No Wikipedia editing experience necessary.

When

 * Thursday, September 17, 2020 4pm-5:30pm EDT
 * Theme: Constitution Day
 * With September 17th as Constitution Day, this edit-a-thon will focus on the Constitution Minutes and America Past series, as well as the Speaking and Protesting in America Exhibit.

 * Thursday, October 15, 2020 4pm-5:30pm EDT
 * Theme: Hispanic Heritage Month
 * With October 15th being the last day of Hispanic Heritage Month, this editathon will focus on content in the upcoming Latino Empowerment Exhibit.

 * Thursday, November 12, 2020 4pm-6pm EDT
 * Theme: KUT Celebrates 50 Years: 'In Black America' Series
 * Guest speakers join AAPB for this special event! John L. Hansen Jr. (Senior Producer/Host/Reporter), Laura Willis (AudioVault Operations Coordinator), David Alvarez (Production Director), and Declan McBride (AAPB Fall 2020 Cataloging Intern). November's event will feature the In Black America Collection from KUT which began in 1970 and continues to be broadcast weekly, featuring hundreds of interviews with influential members of the black community in a conversation about issues and topics pertaining to black America, including education, style, economics, social issues, families, culture, literature, and politics.

'In Black America' celebrates 50 years of broadcasting this year, 2020.

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Wikimedia
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Wikimedia Affiliates

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 * User groups
 * Wikimedia user groups are intended to be simple and flexible affiliates that are an alternative to chapters and thematic organizations - which require more formal requirements. User groups are highly valued as equal players in the Wikimedia movement, i.e., Art+Feminism

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November 12, 2020 Event: KUT Celebrates 50 Years - AAPB links and resources/Wikipedia article work list
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RUmDGbWtu5Ar4HL28nxa-RXTNaSEekYA/view Use the spreadsheet linked here to: 1) access links to AAPB materials 2) view a list of Wikipedia articles that could be improved through the addition of AAPB resources in the form of external links or citations.

October 15, 2020 Event: Hispanic Heritage Month - AAPB links and resources/Wikipedia article work list
Use the spreadsheet linked here to: 1) access links to AAPB materials highlighting content in the upcoming Latino Empowerment Exhibit. 2) view a list of Wikipedia articles that could be improved through the addition of AAPB resources in the form of external links or citations.

Help avoid cross-editing* by using this Etherpad to share what you are currently editing.

Cross editing = two or more editors working on the same article at the same time

September 17, 2020 Event: Constitution Day - AAPB Links and Source
Step 1: Choose an item from the AAPB listed below; i.e. Speaking and Protesting in America-New England Scene; St. Augustine, an eye-witness interview broadcast by WGBH in 1964 featuring a civil rights supporter in St. Augustine about his impressions of the march from that evening. Step 2: Find a related Wikipedia article; i.e. St. Augustine Movement Step 3: Cross-reference the related AAPB items on the Wikipedia article; i.e. External Links section -> “New England Scene; St. Augustine,” 1964-06-10, WGBH, American Archive of Public Broadcasting

Ready? Set. Go!

Step 1: Choose an item in the AAPB:
Content from the Speaking and Protesting in America exhibit produced by multiple participating organizations in the AAPB.
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Ten O'Clock News; Viewers' opinions of Mapplethorpe
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- New England Scene; St. Augustine
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Mississippi Project; Andrew Young Interview / Ted Mascott
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Stay Out For Freedom; Boycott Report
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Harvard: Where do we go from here?, Part 1
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Ten O'Clock News; Murphy and abortion issue
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Homefront USA; Vietnam: A Television History; 111; CBS News Special: 1968 [Part 2 of 2]
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Program about Anti-War Demonstration on President Richard Nixon 2nd Inauguration
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Kent State University Rally in Kent, Ohio [During Tent City, 1977]
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Program to Commemorate the Kent State Shootings (1971)
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- International Women's Day Celebration Rally in Yellow Springs, Ohio
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Program about the Jackson State Killings, Jackson, Mississippi
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- The Chicano moratorium
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Speeches by Cecil Williams and Angela Davis on Prisons and Oppression at Bay Area Rally
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- The Sit-ins and the New South
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- The road to Wounded Knee I: conditions at Pine Ridge (Part 1 of 5); The road to Wounded Knee
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Rally for the Oakland Seven and Huey Newton in Berkeley, California
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Cesar Chavez speaks on the Delano Grape Strike
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Commentary by Sidney Roger; Nikki Bridges interviewed by Sidney Roger
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Commentary of a Black Southern Bus Rider / Rosa Parks
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Sproul Hall Sit-In Documentation 1968 (Part 1 of 2)
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Sproul Hall Sit-In Documentation 1968 (Part 2 of 2)
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Radio Free Alcatraz; Radio Free Alcatraz 1969-12-31 and 1970-01-05
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Children of McComb
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Five College Forum; Panel Discussion on "What Does the Campus Upheaval Mean"
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Raw Footage of a Press Conference on the Amherst College Takeover
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Debate 1980, ERA (Equal Rights Amendment); Phyllis Schlafly and Peg Anderson
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Crisis In Agriculture; Program on Farm Rally In Ames (Iowa)
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Event Coverage of Environmental Protest in Kettleman City (California)
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Linea Abierta; The March to Support Strawberry Workers
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Connecticut Journal; Footage of Million Mom March in Washington, D.C.
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Raw Footage of Redwood Summer Protest In Eureka (California)
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Raw Footage of Redwood Summer Protest In Eureka (California)
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Midday; Metropolitan Senior Federation rally
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- MPR News Feature; Supporters of the ERA Outline the Benefits of the Amendment
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Midday; The Longest Walk
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- MPR News Feature; People's Blockade protestors arrested at Twin Cities Arsenal ammunition plant
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- MPR News Feature; University of Minnesota Child Care Rally
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- MPR News Feature; Skyway protest focuses on accessibility for handicapped
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Immigrant March at State Capitol, Sacramento (California)
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- Front Street Weekly; 522
 * Speaking and Protesting in America- New York Voices; 204
 * Speaking and Protesting in America (not in ORR)- Center for New Words; WGBH Forum Network; Media and Movements
 * Speaking and Protesting in America (not in ORR)- Feminist Blogging: From Journalism to Activism
 * Speaking and Protesting in America (not in ORR)- Center for New Words; WGBH Forum Network; Leveraging Social Media to Create Social Change

Constitutional Minutes series produced by PBS Wisconsin
 * Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Morrill Act; Episode Number: 107
 * Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Abelman v. Booth; Episode Number: 101
 * Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Belle LaFollette: Women’s Suffrage; Episode Number: 102
 * Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Reese v. Watertown; Episode Number: 105
 * Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Indian rights; Episode Number: 110
 * Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Victor Berger; Episode Number: 103
 * Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Prohibition; Episode Number: 111
 * Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Electors; Episode Number: 104
 * Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Milwaukee desegregation; Episode Number: 106
 * Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Wisconsin constitution; Episode Number: 109
 * Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Carl Schurz; Episode Number: 112
 * Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional minutes; Program : Carpenter v. Dane County; Episode: 108

America Past series produced by Rocky Mountain PBS
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Articles of Confederation; Episode Number : DO9
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: War of 1812; Episode Number : D15
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Thomas Jefferson; Episode Number : D14
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Industrial North Antebellum South; Episode Number : D18
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Transportation; Episode Number : D17
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Lincoln and the Coming of War; Episode Number : D23
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Utopias and Reforms; Episode Number : D20
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Age of Discovery: Spain; Episode Number : DO2
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Prelude to Revolution; Episode Number : DO6
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Beginning of Revolution; Episode Number : DO7
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Abolition and Women’s Rights; Episode Number : D19
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: English Colonial Life; Episode Number : DO4
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: America Before; Episode Number : DO1
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: The New Government; Episode Number : D11
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: The Gold Rush; Episode Number : D22
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Foreign Policy and John Adams; Episode Number : D12
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: The Constitution; Episode Number : D10
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: The French in America
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: The Civil War; Episode Number : D24
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Andrew Jackson; Episode Number : D16
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Manifest Destiny; Episode Number : D21
 * America Past- Series : America Past; Episode: Decline of Spain, Rise of England; Episode Number : DO3

Step 2: Choose a Wikipedia article.
Use the historic points listed below for suggested articles related to today's event theme.
 * Harvard University and the Vietnam War
 * Roe v. Wade
 * Derrick Bell
 * Kent State shootings
 * Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam
 * International Women's Day
 * Jackson state killings
 * Ableman v. Booth
 * Prohibition
 * 1968 Democratic National Convention

Step 3: Create a Citation
Go to the AAPB record page, scroll down the "citation" section, and then copy-paste the title, date, producer, and AAPB. Be sure to link to the Wikipedia pages of the producer and AAPB.

Attendees
September 17, 2020
 * Ryn AAPB (talk) 18:12, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Ariel Cetrone (WMDC) (talk) 20:35, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Enby (talk) 20:35, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Mapletree1234 (talk) 20:36, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Lken973 (talk) 20:36, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Springacres (talk) 20:39, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

October 15, 2020

 * Ryn AAPB (talk) 20:34, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Peter WGBH (talk) 20:34, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Paula Cooper (talk) 20:37, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

November 12, 2020

 * History2049 (talk) 20:51, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

 * History2049 (talk) 20:53, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

 * econterms (talk) 21:37, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Snapshot52 (talk) 22:37, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Peter WGBH (talk) 22:38, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Paula Cooper (talk) 23:15, 12 November 2020 (UTC)


text:
Soulcraft

Soulcraft the debut studio album of Thessalonians, released in October 1993 by Silent. The album has been described as musically stunning and groundbreaking.

Personnel
Adapted from the Soulcraft liner notes.

Thessalonians
 * Kim Cascone – sampler, effects, production, mixing
 * Don Falcone – synthesizer
 * David James – bass guitar, percussion, drum programming
 * Larry Thrasher – tabla, percussion, sampler, shortwave radio
 * Doug Murdock – percussion, congas
 * Paul Neyrinck – computer, sampler, voice

title: Soulcraft


text:
The Voynich Manuscript/F5v

Transcription, comments, theories, links to do with VMs page f5v to be added here...

Description:
One branching plant that takes up the lower 3/4 of the page.

 * Root: two dark-painted potato-shaped tubers next to the stem, with a few medium-length "mousetail" roots shooting from them.

 * Stem: straight and vertical, light under(?)color, with a fantastic loop at the top. The stem's base is wrapped with a short uncolored sheath.

 * Branches: several, diagonal, mostly straight.

 * Leaves: four lobes with serrated edges, naturalistically curved. Each lobe has a central vein.

 * Stalks: medium-short, thin, look like branches. Light coulored, many of them with crudely overpainted dark splotches.

 * Flowers: several, medium-small, mostly upright, some drooping.

 * Stalk: short, sometimes bent by weight.

 * Chalyx: rounded, light colored, like a rose's but on the fat side.

 * Sepals: short and pointed, light colored.

 * Petals: half a dozen, small, tongue-shaped, spread out; dark overpaint almost but not quite fills their outline.

One paragraph (5.5 lines) above the plant, left- and right-justified.

Comments:
The plant looks fairly normal, except for the fantastic loop in the stalk. Leaves and flowers are very naturalistic, but some are spoiled by the crude dark overpaint.

title: The Voynich Manuscript/F5v


text:
Cookbook:Gram

The gram or gramme (old BE), abbreviated g, is a unit of weight. It is equal to one thousandth ( ¹⁄ ₁,₀₀₀ [0.001]) of a kg. There are 454 ⁵⁄ ₁₁ (454. 54 ) g per pound. Since there are sixteen (16) ounces in a pound, there are 28 ⁹⁄ ₂₂ (28.4 09 ) g in one ounce. As many recipes have been crudely converted from one system to another, a similarly crude conversion back may yield the original recipe. (Cooking is not rocket science.)

title: Cookbook:Gram


text:
User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea urelytra

Chusquea urelytra is a species of Chusquea bamboo in the grass family.

title: User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea urelytra


text:
Dunăre

Etymology
Probably ultimately from /, though through an uncertain intermediate form. A form *Donaris has been proposed to be the one that preceded the Romanian word, possibly showing influence from an older paleo-Balkan or Thracian name for the river, as the -aris suffix can be found in another river,. The Latin term is likely derived from a, from , of Indo-European origin. .

Alternately, it may have been borrowed from, , from , from , with a singular form recreated from earlier plural form , from *Duna, akin to 🇨🇬.

Ultimately from, akin to. Likely found in many other river names such as, , and , perhaps by way of Scythian (compare 🇨🇬) or Celtic.

Proper noun

 * 1) Danube river

title: Dunăre


text:
曲線

Noun

 * 1) curve; bend; curl; curvature
 * 2)  curve
 * 3) curved contour; curves; curvaceous figure of a woman
 * 1) curved contour; curves; curvaceous figure of a woman

Adjective

 * 1)  indirect; roundabout; circuitous; inexplicit

Verb

 * 1)  to do something indirectly, usually in a mocking or ridiculing manner

Noun

 * 1) curve

Antonyms

 * : straight line

title: 曲線


text:
User:<IP_ADDRESS>/Choose an Article

Article Selection
Please list articles that you're considering for your Wikipedia assignment below. Begin to critique these articles and find relevant sources.

Option 1

 * conservation psychology
 * s
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 2
situational psychology

 * S
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 3

 * structural psychology
 * S
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 4

 * association psychology
 * S
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 5

 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources

title: User:131.91.4.34/Choose an Article


text:
User:Talkingneanderthal/ACF sandbox

The anterior cranial fossa is a depression in the floor of the cranial base which houses the projecting frontal lobes of the brain. It is formed by the horizontally-oriented orbital plates of the frontal bone, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the lesser wings (orbitosphenoids) and body of the sphenoid bone. This part of the sphenoid body can be referred to as the jugum sphenoidale, planum sphenoidale, or presphenoid bone, depending on context. The anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove is situated directly posterior to the jugum sphenoidale and runs on either side to the upper margin of the optic foramen. The posterior margin of the anterior cranial fossa is at the junction between the lesser wings and anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove laterally and the tuberculum sellae along the midline and just to either side. The anterior cranial fossa is positioned anterior to the middle cranial fossa, and the posterior, middle, and anterior cranial fossae are arranged like a staircase when viewed from the side, with the anterior cranial fossa occupying the "highest" position closest to the vertex of the crania.

Anatomical Description
The frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones contact each another in the anterior cranial fossa at the frontoethmoidal, sphenoethmoidal, and sphenofrontal sutures. In humans, the sphenoid and ethmoid bones typically contact each other broadly across the midline, the contact involving both the presphenoid and lesser wings, although in a smaller number of cases the two bones contact each other via a sphenoid or ethmoid process or spine. In a small number of cases the orbital plates of frontal bone intervene between the sphenoid and ethmoid bones to meet in the midline at a "retro-ethmoid" frontal suture.

The lateral portions of the anterior cranial fossa form the roof over each orbit and the platform on which the frontal lobes of the cerebrum rest. The orbital plates of the anterior cranial fossa are convex and marked by depressions and grooves that more or less faithfully mark the locations of brain convolutions and branches of meningeal blood vessels.

The midline portion of the anterior cranial fossa is both the roof of the nasal cavity and the bony platform that supports the olfactory bulbs. In humans, the horizontal plate of ethmoid bone (called the cribriform plate) is riddled with small holes that transmit olfactory nerves, and the nasociliary nerve runs through a slit-like opening between the ethmoid and frontal bones at the cribriform plate's anterior margin. The cribriform plate forms an olfactory groove on each side of the midline. Two midline structures - the root of the frontal crest and the crista galli - are attachment points for the dural falx cerebri, and the crista galli separates the right and left olfactory bulbs. The foramen cecum, which is located between the frontal crest and crista galli, usually transmits a small vein from the nasal cavity to the superior sagittal sinus.

Openings
A number of openings on the floor of the anterior cranial fossa transmit nerves and blood vessels between the endocranium, nasal cavity, and orbits. The internal openings of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina are situated lateral to each olfactory groove. The anterior openings, which are situated halfway along the lateral margin of the olfactory groove, transmit the anterior ethmoidal vessels and nasociliary nerve, the latter of which runs in a groove along the lateral edge of the cribriform plate to the slit-like opening at its anterior margin. The posterior ethmoidal foramen, which opens at the posterior margin under cover of the projecting lamina of the sphenoid, transmits the posterior ethmoidal vessels and nerve. The anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove is situated directly posterior to the @ and runs on either side to the upper margin of the optic foramen, through which the optic nerve runs.

Contents
The anterior cranial fossa contains the following parts of the brain:
 * frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex,
 * olfactory bulbs,
 * olfactory tracts,
 * orbital gyri.

Openings
There are several openings connecting the anterior cranial fossa with other parts of the skull, including the: The paired anterior ethmoidal foramen connects the anterior cranial fossa with each orbit and transmits the anterior ethmoidal artery, nerve and vein.
 * anterior ethmoidal foramen,
 * cribriform foramina.

The cribriform foramina are the openings in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, which connect the anterior cranial fossa with the nasal cavity and transmit the olfactory nerves.

title: User:Talkingneanderthal/ACF sandbox


text:
Star Entertainment Group

The Star Entertainment Group Limited is an Australian gambling and entertainment company. The company was formerly known as Echo Entertainment.

Properties
The Star Entertainment owns and operates the Treasury Casino & Hotel, The Star Gold Coast and The Star, Sydney. Star Entertainment holds three out of Queensland's five casino operation licenses.

The group also manages the Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre on behalf of the Queensland Government. Star owned a 50% stake in the Sheraton Mirage resort on the Southport Spit, that it sold in 2023 for $192 million.

Queen's Wharf Brisbane
The Queensland Government announced on 20 July 2015 that Echo Entertainment as 50% joint venture partner of the Destination Brisbane Consortium was the preferred tenderer for Queen's Wharf, Brisbane, beating rival Crown Resorts. Echo has two Hong-Kong based joint venture partners Chow Tai Fook Enterprises and Far East Consortium. The two joint venture partners will each contribute 25% of the capital to develop the integrated resort and will also jointly pay for the apartment and broader Queen's Wharf developments.

Controversy
In 2021 a joint report by the Sydney Morning Herald the Age, and the television program 60 Minutes, found that Star management had been warned that its anti-money laundering controls were inadequate and that between 2014 and 2021 Star had attempted to recruit high rollers who were allegedly linked to criminal or foreign-influence activities. In response to the report Star stated that it was " "concerned by a number of assertions within the media reports that it considers misleading." And also stated that it would take steps to address the allegations with Australian authorities. Following the report shareholders began forming a class action lawsuit against Star and inquiries were launched by Queensland's, Western Australia's, Victoria's, and New South Wales's state gaming regulators.

On 13 September 2022 the NSW Independent Casino Commission (NICC) published a report finding The Star unsuitable to hold its Sydney casino license because of its conduct relating to money laundering risks. It had 14 days to respond. The company was fined A$100m ($62m) as a result. Star's gambling license was suspended and operations were placed under a new manager Nicholas Weeks.

In late 2022, the Queensland Government also found Star unsuitable to hold its dual state casino licences. Former Court of Appeal Judge Robert Gotterson conducted an independent review of the matter. Queensland Attorney-General Shannon Fentiman found Star misled regulators and failed in its anti-money laundering duties. The company has been served a statement of claim for a securities class action in the Supreme Court of Victoria. The class action alleges that Star breached disclosure obligations and acted against the best interests of the shareholders. Star was fined $100 million on 9 December 2022. Casino licences for the Treasury Brisbane and the Star Gold Coast will be suspended for 90 days, with this action deferred until December 1, 2023. The deferment gives Star an opportunity to remediate its management and operations.

In April 2024, the chair for The Star Star Entertainment Group Limited David Foster resigned from his post less than a week after giving evidence to the ongoing inquiry into the license suitability of the company's The Star Sydney property. Foster reportedly found his efforts increasingly frustrated by office politics and, in particular, the relationship between the company's Chief Executive Officer, Robbie Cooke, and the independent manager appointed to help implement an official state-mandated remediation plan, Nicholas Weeks. Foster's departure came after he told the official inquiry his company was currently unsuitable to operate a casino in New South Wales. There was ‘not a scenario’ in which it would be able to run the property unsupervised. He was additionally quizzed on Tuesday over a series of ‘heat of the moment’ texts with Cooke in which the pair allegedly discussed getting rid of Weeks by having shareholders launch a class-action lawsuit against the government-appointed manager.

Speculation of a potential takeover
In May 2024, it was reported that multiple suitors were looking to acquire the company. Hard Rock International was said to be weighing a bid, but they subsequently stated that they were not looking into acquiring Star Entertainment.

title: Star Entertainment Group


text:
Bugry

Bugry (Бугры) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Novonikolayevsky Selsoviet, Rubtsovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 172 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Bugry is located 42 km southeast of Rubtsovsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pokrovka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Bugry


text:
User:Sjones23/Lucy Heartfilia

Lucy Heartfilia (ルーシィ・ハートフィリア) is a fictional character in the Fairy Tail manga and anime series created by Hiro Mashima. The main female protagonist and viewpoint character of the series, Lucy is a celestial wizard affiliated with Fairy Tail. Sakura initially has an infatuation for Sasuke, praising him at every juncture, and heaping scorn upon the less skilled Naruto. Over the course of the series, she begins to shed this singularly driven persona, and grows more appreciative and accepting of Naruto. Lucy has appeared in several pieces of Fairy Tail media, including the feature film in the series, all of the original video animations, and several video games.

In naming the character, Mashima used The Beatles song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" as a reference. Aya Hirano voices the character in the animated adaptations of the series, while Cherami Leigh plays her in the English dub.

Numerous anime and manga publications have praised and criticized Sakura's character. She was initially noted to be a stereotypical shōnen character, serving as a love interest for the protagonist, and served little purpose in the series initially beyond being comic relief. Her emergence from this stereotype as the series progressed, however, has been celebrated by reviewers. Amongst the Naruto reader base, Sakura has been popular, placing high in some polls. Several pieces of merchandise have been released in Sakura's likeness, including a plush doll and key chains.

In Fairy Tail
Lucy is a celestial wizard who runs away from her home one year before the beginning of the series. Within Sakura resides "Inner Sakura," a manifestation of her inner emotions. In addition to comic relief, Inner Sakura represents Sakura's actual opinion on things when she outwardly displays something opposite. As Sakura has a deep infatuation for Sasuke many of her earlier appearances are dedicated to her continuing effort to win his affection. She accompanies the rest of Team 7 during all of its early missions, though she does little to contribute to the battles that take place. Sakura lacks any unique traits that set her apart from the rest of Team 7 although Kakashi notes that she has an excellent control over her chakra early in Part I. As a result, Sakura sits on the sidelines, content in allowing her teammates to protect her and defeat their opponents. During the Chunin Exams, when the rest of Team 7 is left in need of her protection, Sakura realizes that relying on others to fight her battles has been unwise. She resolves to better her ninja abilities from that point further, and throughout the rest of the series takes a more active role in Team 7's battles. Lucy and the others are protected by a defensive spell from Mavis Vermillion, freezing them in time as Tenrou Island disappears.

After returning to Magnolia seven years later, Lucy acquires the ability to heal wounds, becoming one of the most experienced medical ninja. In order to secure her survival to heal other, Sakura also developed superhuman strength by building up chakra in her fists. Thanks to this, Sakura joins Team 7 as medical ninja to save Gaara from the criminal group Akatsuki. With help from the elder Chiyo, Sakura defeats the Akatsuki member Sasori who gives her hints of Sasuke's whereabouts. Naruto, Sakura, and the new members of Team 7 use this intelligence to track Sasuke down, but they are once again unable to prevent him from escaping. While disappointed in their failure, Team 7 tries once again to find Sasuke, though after almost apprehending him they lose his trail and are forced to return home. As they search for Sasuke during Part II, Sakura learns of the various hardships Naruto faces: the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox creature inside him which is being pursued by Akatsuki. Saddened by the impact both forces have had on his life, Sakura becomes protective of Naruto and tries to do whatever she can to help him overcome these obstacles. Sakura later resolves to kill Sasuke after understanding he is becoming a menace to the villages. However, when she fails to do it Naruto decides to settle things with Sasuke himself. When the group participates in the Grand Magic Games, Lucy participates in Team A.

title: User:Sjones23/Lucy Heartfilia


text:
User:Itinherit/sandbox

Buddhi Batiks is a srilankan company that produces clothes, using manual wax-resist dyeing techniques called Batik, applied to natural fabrics like cotton, silk, and linen.

Srilankan Traditional Batik is produced today all over Sri Lanka and is said to originate in the 16th century, introduced by the Portuguese during their colonization of Sri Lanka.

The Designs by Buddhi Batiks have been called "groundbreaking" by Sri Lankan Stars.

The company was founded	1970 in Koswadiya, where it still plays an integral role in the economy of the village.

Sunday Observer - Protest Artist

Brighter future for batik industry

The paradise of traditional craftsmen

Handcrafted Batiks - blended into high fashion

buddhibatiks.com

International Young Fashion Entrepreneur Award 2008

Taking Batik to the World

title: User:Itinherit/sandbox


text:
Milan Smiljanić (priest)

Milan Smiljanic (c. 1891 - August 1979) was a protopriest of the Serbian Orthodox Church, a participant in the Balkan Wars and the People's Liberation War, and a socio-political worker of the People's Republic of Serbia. His voice was recorded on the Voyager Golden Record saying: "Желимо вам све најлепше са наше планете" (Želimo vam sve najlepše sa naše planete; We wish you all the best, from our planet).

Biography
Milan was born in 1891 in the village of Ravni in Zlatibor. He was the second child of father Dragomir the priest and mother Katye. He grew up in the house of his grandfather Mihajlo, also an Orthodox protopriest, who was elected MP. He attended primary school in his hometown and continued the family tradition of joining the priesthood, finishing at seminary in Belgrade. Before he was able to go to Russia for priest training, but the First Balkan War broke out. In 1912, the theologian Milan joined the Fourth Infantry Regiment "Stefan Nemanja", and went with it as a soldier to the war, in the fight for Kumanovo.

He was the first Minister of Agriculture in the Socialist Republic of Serbia (1944-1946). Until he was replaced in December 1946, he carried out agrarian reform in Serbia. Smiljanic was also elected vice president of the Presidium of the National Assembly of the People's Republic of Serbia.

As a priest, he was elected president of the Main Board, the Association of Orthodox Priests of Yugoslavia from the end of 1947.

He died in August 1979 in Sirogojno, where he was buried on August 27 in the family tomb in the gate of the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. At his funeral, the funeral speech was given by Ivan Stambolić, Prime Minister of Serbia, while the funeral service was given by the Bishop of Žiča, Stefan Boca.

Archives

 * Audio and Photo Archive

title: Milan Smiljanić (priest)


text:
Talk:Duncan Oughton

External links modified
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I have just modified 4 one external links on Duncan Oughton. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090501185855/http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/NZRepSoccer/id1708.htm to http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/NZRepSoccer/id1708.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090912204651/http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/NZRepSoccer/id1842.htm to http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/NZRepSoccer/id1842.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090624071249/http://www.oceaniafootball.com/ofcnewsdetails/new-zealand---all-whites-name-squad-for-fifa-confederations-cup to http://www.oceaniafootball.com/ofcnewsdetails/new-zealand---all-whites-name-squad-for-fifa-confederations-cup
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090613002745/http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/teams/team=43978/squadlist.html to http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/teams/team=43978/squadlist.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:43, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duncan Oughton


text:
Talk:Chris Pratt (show jumping rider)

External links modified
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I have just modified 7 one external links on Chris Pratt (show jumping rider). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120330235129/http://equestrianjumpingcanada.com/newsanalysis.cfm?feature=590748&postid=1111093 to http://equestrianjumpingcanada.com/newsanalysis.cfm?feature=590748&postid=1111093
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120330235016/http://www.epicstables.com/press/chris-pratt-jump-canada/ to http://www.epicstables.com/press/chris-pratt-jump-canada/
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120330235020/http://www.epicstables.com/about-chris-pratt/ to http://www.epicstables.com/about-chris-pratt/

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title: Talk:Chris Pratt (show jumping rider)