text:
User:Amonyah/sandbox

= Karmele Marchante (final draft) = María del Carmen Marchante Barrobés (born September 15, 1946 in Tortosa, Tarragona, Catalonia), better known as Karmele Marchante, is a Spanish journalist specialized in tabloid journalism.

Early career
Karmele Marchante was born in Tortosa, Tarragona (Catalonia), daughter of the colonel of infantry Carlos Marchante Alonso (1910-2000) and Carmen Barrobés Llatge (deceased on the April 10, 2005). Her mother came from a wealthy family from Barcelona and had been part of Auxilio Social (A humanitarian organization of the fascist party FET during Francisco Franco's dictatorship). She had two siblings, Carlos and María del Rosario. (This is a mistake)

She studied at the University of Navarra and at the Official Journalism School of Barcelona. In 1981, along with María Rodríguez Bayraguet, she translated Ayatollah Khomeini's book Political, philosophical, social and religious principles. She started working as a journalist in print media both in Barcelona and Madrid, in UNESCO and as a correspondent in many countries. She soon jumped to the small screen, where she became a well-known personality in Spain. She developed her first experiences on TV in news programs, such as TVE's Informe Semanal. She was also the director of Star magazine (a Spanish comic magazine) during its last years, which featured Michael Jackson in 1984. This magazine was one of the pioneers of counterculture in Spain.

Television
During the 1980s she worked for TVE, where she started doing social commentary for the TV program La tarde. Besides collaborating in written press with magazines like Interviú or Época, she hosted a gossip TV program in Antena 3 in 1990. In 1993, she started to appear in TVE programs like Pasa la vida, with María Teresa Campos, ¡Hola Raffaella! or La máquina de la verdad with Julián Lago. In 1996 she followed María Teresa Campos to work with her in the TV show Día a día in Telecinco. During this time, she balanced her appearances on television with writing her column for the magazine Tiempo.

Tómbola
Specialized in what is known as tabloid journalism, her popularity rose thanks to Tómbola, a TV show broadcasted by Canal 9 and Telemadrid between 1997 and 2004. It was an innovative format in Spain, in which a few journalists —including Karmele Marchante herself— would interrogate the guest celebrities about their personal life, often in an aggressive and judgemental way.

This show, along with this kind of journalism, was widely denounced by critics and even political parties, due to the show's public funding. However, it had the support of its loyal audience, which kept it seven years on air.

In the specific case of Karmele, her verbal confrontations with Jesús Mariñas, one of her collegues on set, became famous, just as much as his then famous catchphrase “shut up, Karmele!” (in Spanish: "¡que te calles Karmele!"). In 2002 the journalist was protagonist of a well-known scandal caused by her accusations of fraud against the actress and presenter Carmen Sevilla, related to her participation in a Disabled Care Foundation. It ended with a judicial ruling of the Provincial Court of Madrid in which the journalist was sentenced for illegitimate interference with the right to honour. In March 2009, the Supreme Court confirmed the judgement of the Provincial Court of Madrid stating that the journalist had not been able to prove the extreme accusations expressed in her article. Karmele was sentenced to pay €6000 in compensation to Carmen Sevilla who was forced to allocate that money for charitable purposes, as she announced in her lawsuit.

Other collaborations, Telecinco and Sálvame
After the cancellation of Tómbola, Karmele continued her career in nationwide channels, collaborating in celebrity gossip programs such as Como la vida (2003-2004), on Antena 3, or on Telecinco: Día a día (2004), by María Teresa Campos, TNT (2004-2007), by Jordi González or A tu Lado (2004-2007), by Emma García. Temporada Alta, program of the Balearic regional channel IB3, also stands out.

In 2008, she participated in the survival show Supervivientes (in English: Survivors), which Telecinco also broadcasts. The journalist was sometimes reprehended by the other contestants due to her physical condition and her peculiar personality, especially during group challenges. Karmele was the 6th eliminated from the competition, while Miriam Sánchez would later be the winner.

In 2009, she began collaborating as fellow guest in the program Sálvame (in English: "Save Me"), presented by Jorge Javier Vázquez, from Telecinco. However, she left the program in March 2011, due to the many disagreements with her teammates on set, the most controversial being her disputes with her co-worker Mila Ximénez. Apart from being a professional journalist in the program, Karmele contributed with comical moments such as her admission to the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest (see section). A few months later she returns to Sálvame and tried to fix the disagreements with her teammates, but in 2016 she definitively left the program.

She worked as a celebrity interviewer in the program La Noria (2008-2012) until it was cancelled due to lack of advertisers.

On July 16, 2013, Karmele began participating in the new competition on Telecinco called Campamento de Verano. The reality show was presented by Joaquín Prat from the central studios of Mediaset España/Telecinco and co-hosted by Sonia Ferrer from the Sierra de Gredos.

Television Career

 * 1981-1984: Informe semanal (TVE).
 * 1984-1987: La tarde (TVE).
 * 1993-1996: Pasa la vida (TVE).
 * 1993, 1994: La máquina de la verdad (Telecinco).
 * 1994: Dret a parlar (TVE).
 * 1996-2002, 2004: Día a día (Telecinco).
 * 1996, 1997: L’ou o la gallina (TVE).
 * 1997-2004: Tómbola (Channel 9 and regional television).
 * 1997, 1998: Moros y cristianos (Telecinco).
 * 1997-2004: Crónicas marcianas (Telecinco).
 * 2000: Bravo por la tarde (Canal Sur)
 * 2003: Como la vida (Antena 3).
 * 2002: Abierto al anochecer (Antena 3).
 * 2004-2007: A tu lado (Telecinco).
 * 2004-2007: TNT (Telecinco).
 * 2007: ¿Dónde estás corazón? (Antena 3), as a guest.
 * 2008-2012: La Noria (Telecinco), as an interviewer and a talk-show guest.
 * 2008: Supervivientes (Telecinco), as a contestant (7th place).
 * 2009-2014: Sálvame Deluxe (Telecinco).
 * 2009-2016: Sálvame (Telecinco).
 * 2013: Campamento de verano (Telecinco), as a contestant (7th place).
 * 2015: Trencadís (8tv), as a guest.
 * 2018: Espejo público (Antena 3), as a guest.
 * 2019: Espejo público (Antena 3), as a guest.

Radio
In 1988, after Jesús Mariñas' dismissal, Karmele replaced him in the program Protagonistas by Luis del Olmo on COPE. In the summer of 2015, her signing was made public, as team member of the program La vida on Catalunya Ràdio.

Eurovision 2010
In 2009, Sálvame announced that Karmele would participate in the preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2010, hosted by Televisión Española, with the stage name Pop Star Queen. The journalist submitted three songs to the contest "La Carmelita" and "Las mujeres al poder" and "Soy un Tsunami"); the latter, in English "I am a Tsunami" was selected.

Karmele released her music video on Christmas Eve with some small changes. On January 18, 2010, her single was officially admitted by RTVE as one of the 313 best songs. Her submission was rejected by some of the performers that participated in the selection process and Eurovision fans critizised it severely. However, "Soy un Tsunami" debuted at number one on Internet polls, gaining over 100,000 votes and therefore surpassing the second classified, Coral Segovia, by 30,000 votes. Nonetheless, three days after voting started, her proposal was dismissed, since it came to light that some parts of "I am a Tsunami" didn't comply with the EBU's regulation for the Eurovision Song Contest. A website created for the event made public that some parts of the song were taken from popular songs during Franco's dictatorship. In fact, Karmele herself had sung these verses in other TV shows before October 1, 2009, (the date set to make the festival songs public) and therefore the track couldn't be considered new. Besides, a part of the song was taken from Sálvame, broadcasted during summer 2009.

Furthermore, the song included the name of a company, Carrefour, which is also against the rules, even though the singer argued that the word meant 'crossing' in French. The music video was eventually broadcasted on Telecinco before it was sent to TVE, although the last had an exclusivity right.

Discography
Singles

 * "Soy un Tsunami" ("I am a tsunami")
 * "Karmele, la reina de la pista"

Other songs

 * "La Karmelita, niña bonita"
 * "Las mujeres al poder"

Literary work
Her literary work consists of many articles and two books. The first, Arquetipos y arquetipas: la fauna rosa, talks about different Spanish celebrities and was published in 2003 by Editorial Planeta.

Her second book, Los juguetes de Karmale Marchante, is of a more erotic nature. It was published in 2011 by La Esfera and according to the author "this book is made for everyone to think, like me, that sex is good, fun, shame-free and so necessary that it should be subsidized by Social Security, along with its toys and charms". She mentions different sex toys like Ben Wa balls or herbal aphrodisiacs, and sex positions like the “helicopter” or the “naughty rabbit”.

She also supports the transgender and gay community in general, so two transgender women were featured in the music video for "Soy un Tsunami". Because of this, she was chosen to give a speech at the Pride Parade in Madrid, in 2010.

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

= Karmele Marchante (original) = María del Carmen Marchante Barrobés (born September 15, 1946 in Tortosa, Tarragona, Catalonia), better known as Karmele Marchante, is a Spanish journalist specialized in tabloid journalism.

Early career
Karmele Marchante was born in Tortosa, Tarragona (Catalonia), daughter of the colonel of infantry Carlos Marchante Alonso (1910-2000) and Carmen Barrobés Llatge (deceased on the April 10, 2005). Her mother came from a wealthy family from Barcelona and had been part of Auxilio Social (A humanitarian organization of the fascist party FET during Francisco Franco's dictatorship). She had two siblings, Carlos and María del Rosario. (This is a mistake)

She studied in the University of Navarra and in the Offical Journalism School of Barcelona. In 1981, along with María Rodríguez Bayraguet, she translated Ayatollah Khomeini's book Political, philosophical, social and religious principles. She started working as a journalist in print media both in Barcelona and Madrid, in UNESCO and as a correspondent in many countries. She soon jumped to the small screen, where she became a well-known personality in Spain. She developed her first experiences on TV in news programs, such as TVE's Informe Semanal. She was also the director of Star magazine (a Spanish comic magazine) during its last years, which featured Michael Jackson in 1984. This magazine was one of the pioneers of counterculture in Spain.

Television
During the 80s she worked for TVE, where she started doing social commentary for the TV program La tarde. Besides collaborating in written press with magazines like Interviú or Época, she was the host of a gossip TV program in Antena 3 in 1990. In 1993, she started to appear in TVE programs like Pasa la vida, with María Teresa Campos, ¡Hola Raffaella! or La máquina de la verdad with Julián Lago. In 1996 she followed María Teresa Campos to work with her in the TV show Día a día in Telecinco. During this time she balanced her appearances on television with writing her column for the magazine Tiempo.

Tómbola
Specialized in what is known as tabloid journalism, her popularity rised thanks to Tómbola, a TV show broadcasted by Canal 9 and Telemadrid between 1997 and 2004. It was an innovative format in Spain, where a few journalists -including Karmele Marchante herself- would interrogate the guest celebrities about their personal life, often in an aggressive and judgemental way.

This show, along with this kind of journalism, was widely denounced by critics and even political parties, due to the show's public funding. However, it had the support of its loyal audience, which kept it seven years on air.

In the specific case of Karmele, her verbal confrontations with Jesús Mariñas, one of her collegues on set, became famous, just as much as his then famous phrase “shut up, Karmele!” (in Spanish: "¡que te calles Karmele!"). In 2002 the journalist was protagonist of a well-known scandal caused by her accusations of fraud against the actress and presenter Carmen Sevilla, related to her participation in a Disabled Care Foundation. It ended with a judicial ruling of the Provincial Court of Madrid in which the journalist was sentenced for illegitimate interference with the right to honour. In March 2009, the Supreme Court confirmed the judgement of the Provincial Court of Madrid stating that the journalist had not been able to prove the extreme accusations expressed in her article. Karmele was sentenced to pay €6000 in compensation to Carmen Sevilla and the presenter was forced to allocate that money for charitable purposes, as she announced in her lawsuit.

Other collaborations, Telecinco and Sálvame
After the cancellation of Tómbola, Karmele continued her career in nationwide channels, collaborating in celebrity gossip programs such as Como la vida (2003-2004), on Antena 3, or on Telecinco: Día a día (2004), by María Teresa Campos, TNT (2004-2007), by Jordi González or A tu Lado (2004-2007), by Emma García. Temporada Alta, program of the Balearic regional channel IB3, also stands out.

In 2008, she participated in the survival show Supervivientes (in English: Survivors), which Telecinco also broadcasts. The journalist was sometimes reprehended by the other contestants due to her physical condition and her peculiar personality, especially during group challenges. Karmele was the 6th eliminated from the competition, while Miriam Sánchez would later be the winner.

In 2009, she began collaborating as fellow guest in the program Sálvame (in English: "Save Me"), presented by Jorge Javier Vázquez, from Telecinco. However, she left the program in March 2011, due to the many disagreements with her teammates on set, the most controversial being her disputes with her co-worker Mila Ximénez. During her professional phase in the program, Karmele contributed, as well as with her journalistic experience, with comic moments such as her admission to the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest (see section). A few months later she returns to Sálvame and tried to fix the disagreements with her teammates, but in 2016 she definitively left the program.

She worked as a celebrity interviewer in the program La Noria (2008-2012) until it was cancelled due to lack of advertisers.

On July 16, 2013, Karmele began participating in the new competition on Telecinco called Campamento de Verano. The reality show was presented by Joaquín Prat from the central studios of Mediaset España/Telecinco and co-hosted by Sonia Ferrer from the Sierra de Gredos.

Television Career

 * 1981-1984: Informe semanal (TVE).
 * 1984-1987: La tarde (TVE).
 * 1993-1996: Pasa la vida (TVE).
 * 1993, 1994: La máquina de la verdad (Telecinco).
 * 1994: Dret a parlar (TVE).
 * 1996-2002, 2004: Día a día (Telecinco).
 * 1996, 1997: L’ou o la gallina (TVE).
 * 1997-2004: Tómbola (Channel 9 and regional television).
 * 1997, 1998: Moros y cristianos (Telecinco).
 * 1997-2004: Crónicas marcianas (Telecinco).
 * 2000: Bravo por la tarde (Canal Sur)
 * 2003: Como la vida (Antena 3).
 * 2002: Abierto al anochecer (Antena 3).
 * 2004-2007: A tu lado (Telecinco).
 * 2004-2007: TNT (Telecinco).
 * 2007: ¿Dónde estás corazón? (Antena 3), as guest.
 * 2008-2012: La Noria (Telecinco), as interviewer and talk-show guest.
 * 2008: Supervivientes (Telecinco), as contestant (7th place).
 * 2009-2014: Sálvame Deluxe (Telecinco).
 * 2009-2016: Sálvame (Telecinco).
 * 2013: Campamento de verano (Telecinco), as contestant (7th place).
 * 2015: Trencadís (8tv), as guest.
 * 2018: Espejo público (Antena 3), as guest.
 * 2019: Espejo público (Antena 3), as guest.

Radio
In 1988, after Jesús Mariñas' dismissal, Karmele replaced him in the program Protagonistas by Luis del Olmo on COPE. In the summer of 2015, her signing was made public, as team member of the program La vida on Catalunya Ràdio.

Eurovision 2010
In 2009, Sálvame announced that Karmele would participate in the preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2010, hosted by Televisión Española, with the stage name Pop Star Queen. The journalist submitted three songs to the contest "La Carmelita" and "Las mujeres al poder" and "Soy un Tsunami"); the latter, in English "I am a Tsunami" was selected.

Karmele released her music video on Christmas Eve with some small changes. On January 18, 2010, her single was officially admitted by RTVE as one of the 313 best songs. Her submission was rejected by some of the performers that participated in the selection process and Eurovision fans critizised it severely. However, "Soy un Tsunami" debuted at number one on Internet polls, gaining over 100,000 votes and therefore surpassing the second classified, Coral Segovia, by 30,000 votes. Nonetheless, three days after voting started, her proposal was dismissed, since it came to light that some parts of "I am a Tsunami" didn't comply with the EBU's regulation for the Eurovision Song Contest. A website created for the event made public that some parts of the song were taken from popular songs during Franco's dictatorship. In fact, Karmele herself had sung these verses in other shows before October 1, 2009, (the date set to make the festival songs public) and therefore the track couldn't be considered new. Besides, a part of the song was taken from Sálvame, broadcasted during summer 2009.

Furthermore, the song included the name of a company, Carrefour, which is also against the rules, even though the singer argued that the word meant 'crossing' in French. The music video was eventually broadcasted on Telecinco before it was sent to TVE, although the last had an exclusivity right.

Discography
Singles

 * "Soy un Tsunami" ("I am a tsunami")
 * "Karmele, la reina de la pista"

Other songs

 * "La Karmelita, niña bonita"
 * "Las mujeres al poder"

Literary work
Her literary work consists of many articles and two books. The first, Arquetipos y arquetipas: la fauna rosa, talks about different Spanish celebrities and was published in 2003 by Editorial Planeta.

Her second book, Los juguetes de Karmale Marchante, is of a more erotic nature. It was published in 2011 by La Esfera and according to the author "this book is made for everyone to think, like me, that sex is good, fun, shame-free and so necessary that it should be subsidized by Social Security, along with its toys and charms". She mentions different sex toys like Ben Wa balls or herbal aphrodisiacs, and sex positions like the “helicopter” or the “naughty rabbit”.

She also supports the transgender and gay community in general, so two transgender women were featured in the music video for "Soy un Tsunami". Because of this, she was chosen to give a speech at the Pride Parade in Madrid, in 2010.

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

= Karmele Marchante (corrections) = María del Carmen Marchante Barrobés (born September 15, 1946 in Tortosa, Tarragona, Catalonia), better known as Karmele Marchante, is a Spanish journalist specialized in tabloid journalism.

Early career
Karmele Marchante was born in Tortosa, Tarragona (Catalonia), daughter of the colonel of infantry Carlos Marchante Alonso (1910-2000) and Carmen Barrobés Llatge (deceased on the April 10, 2005). Her mother came from a wealthy family from Barcelona and had been part of Auxilio Social (The names of institutions are not written in italics) (A humanitarian organization of the fascist party FET during Francisco Franco's dictatorship). She had two siblings, Carlos and María del Rosario.

She studied at the University of Navarra and at the Official Journalism School of Barcelona. In 1981, along with María Rodríguez Bayraguet, she translated Ayatollah Khomeini's book Political, philosophical, social and religious principles. She started working as a journalist in print media both in Barcelona and Madrid, in UNESCO and as a correspondent in many countries. She soon jumped to the small screen, where she became a well-known personality in Spain. Her first experiences in television were in news programs, like TVE's Informe Semanal. She was also the director of Star magazine (a Spanish comic magazine) during its last years, which featured Michael Jackson in 1984. This magazine was one of the pioneers of counterculture in Spain.

Television
During the 1980s (Including the 19 levels the style) she worked for TVE, where she started doing social commentary for the TV program La tarde. Besides collaborating in written press with magazines like Interviú or Época, she hosted a (Style) gossip TV program in Antena 3 in 1990. In 1993, she started to appear in TVE programs like Pasa la vida, with María Teresa Campos, ¡Hola Raffaella! or La máquina de la verdad with Julián Lago. In 1996 she follows María Teresa Campos in her new stage as a main host of(The first translation did not mantain the same meaning as the original) the TV show Día a día in Telecinco. During this time, (A comma was missing) she balanced her appearances on television with writing her column for the magazine Tiempo.

Tómbola
Specialized in what is known as tabloid journalism, her popularity rose (The past tense of rise is rose, not rised) thanks to Tómbola, a TV show broadcasted by Canal 9 and Telemadrid between 1997 and 2004. It was an innovative format in Spain, in which a few journalists —including Karmele Marchante herself— (In cases like this one, use an em dash) would interrogate the guest celebrities about their personal life, often in an aggressive and judgemental way.

This show, along with this kind of journalism, was widely denounced by critics and even political parties, due to the show's public funding. However, it had the support of its loyal audience, which kept it seven years on air.

In the specific case of Karmele (the original refers to her by her last name - Marchante), her verbal confrontations with Jesús Mariñas, one of her colleagues on set, became famous, just as much as his then famous phrase “shut up, Karmele!” (Spanish: "¡que te calles Karmele!") (the sentence is too wordy in English, it would be clearer to put it in a more direct way: "Specifically, Marchante became widely known for her verbal confrontations with Jesús Mariñas, one of her collegues on set and the author of the famous catchphrase “shut up, Karmele!” (Spanish: "¡que te calles Karmele!")". In 2002, the journalist was protagonist of a well-known scandal caused by her accusations of fraud against the actress and presenter Carmen Sevilla, related to her participation in a Disabled Care Foundation. It ended with a judicial ruling of Provincial Court of Madrid in which the journalist was sentenced for illegitimate interference with the right to honour. In March 2009, the Supreme Court confirmed the judgement of the Provincial Court of Madrid stating that the journalist had not been able to prove the extreme accusations expressed in her article. Karmele (the original refers to her by her last name - Marchante) was sentenced to pay €6000 in compensation to Carmen Sevilla and Sevilla was forced to allocate that money for charitable purposes, as she announced in her lawsuit (the sentence is too wordy and redundant due to repetitive words of "Sevilla"; it would be better to express the idea in a more direct way: Marchante was sentenced to pay €6000 in compensation to Carmen Sevilla, who, in return, must have given that money to charity).

Other collaborations, Telecinco and Sálvame
After the cancellation of Tómbola, Karmele continued her career in nationwide channels, collaborating in celebrity gossip programs such as Como la vida (2003-2004) on Antena 3, or on Telecinco: Día a día (2004) by María Teresa Campos, TNT (2004-2007) by Jordi González or A tu Lado (2004-2007) by Emma García. Temporada Alta, a program of the Balearic regional channel IB3, also stands out.

In 2008, she participated in the survival show Supervivientes (in English: Survivors) (the translation is unnecessary since the article of Survivors exists in English Wikipedia too; just put the hyperlink without any parenthetical explanation) also broadcasted on Telecinco. The journalist was sometimes reprimanded by other contestants because of her physical condition and peculiar personality, especially during group challenges. Karmele (again, refer to her by her last name like in the original) was the 6th eliminated person from the competition, while Miriam Sánchez would later be the winner.

In 2009, she began collaborating as a fellow guest in the program Sálvame (in English: "Save Me") presented by Jorge Javier Vázquez on Telecinco. However, she left the program in March 2011 due to the many disagreements with her teammates on set, the most controversial being her disputes with her co-worker Mila Ximénez. During her professional phase in the program, Karmele contributed, as well as with her journalistic experience, with comic moments such as her admission to the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest (see section) (the sentence is too wordy, it would be clearer to use a direct sentence structure: "Apart from being a professional journalist, Karmele surprised everyone with some comical moments, such as her registration at Eurovision..."). A few months later she returned to Sálvame and tried to fix the disagreements with her teammates, but in 2016 she left the program once and for all.

She worked as a celebrity interviewer in the program La Noria (2008-2012) until it was cancelled due to lack of advertisers.

On July 16, 2013, Karmele began participating in a new contest on Telecinco called Campamento de Verano. The reality show was presented by Joaquín Prat from the central studios of Mediaset España/Telecinco and co-hosted by Sonia Ferrer from the Sierra de Gredos.

Television Career

 * 1981-1984: Informe semanal (TVE).
 * 1984-1987: La tarde (TVE).
 * 1993-1996: Pasa la vida (TVE).
 * 1993, 1994: La máquina de la verdad (Telecinco).
 * 1994: Dret a parlar (TVE).
 * 1996-2002, 2004: Día a día (Telecinco).
 * 1996, 1997: L’ou o la gallina (TVE).
 * 1997-2004: Tómbola (Channel 9 and regional television).
 * 1997, 1998: Moros y cristianos (Telecinco).
 * 1997-2004: Crónicas marcianas (Telecinco).
 * 2000: Bravo por la tarde (Canal Sur)
 * 2003: Como la vida (Antena 3).
 * 2002: Abierto al anochecer (Antena 3).
 * 2004-2007: A tu lado (Telecinco).
 * 2004-2007: TNT (Telecinco).
 * 2007: ¿Dónde estás corazón? (Antena 3), as a guest.
 * 2008-2012: La Noria (Telecinco), as an interviewer, a co-host and a guest'''.
 * 2008: Supervivientes (Telecinco), as acontestant (7th place).
 * 2009-2014: Sálvame Deluxe (Telecinco).
 * 2009-2016: Sálvame (Telecinco).
 * 2013: Campamento de verano (Telecinco), as acontestant (7th place).
 * 2015: Trencadís (8tv), as a guest.
 * 2018: Espejo público (Antena 3), as a guest.
 * 2019: Espejo público (Antena 3), as a guest.

Radio
In 1988, after Jesús Mariñas' dismissal, Karmele replaced him in the program Protagonistas by Luis del Olmo on COPE. In the summer of 2015, her signing was made public, as team member of the program La vida on Catalunya Ràdio.

Eurovision 2010
In 2009, Sálvame (a Spanish TVshow) announced that Karmele would participate in the preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2010, hosted by Televisión Española, with the stage name Pop Star Queen. The journalist submitted three songs to the contest ''"'"Soy un Tsunami"'La Carmelita" and "Las mujeres al poder"); "Soy un Tsunami" was selected.

Karmele released her music video on Christmas Eve with some small changes. On January 18, 2010, her single was officially admitted by RTVE as one of the 313 best songs. Her submission was rejected by some of the performers that participated in the selection process and Eurovision fans critizised it severely. However, "Soy un Tsunami" debuted at number one on Internet polls, gaining over 100,000 votes and therefore surpassing the second classified, Coral Segovia, by 30,000 votes. Nonetheless, three days after voting started, her proposal was dismissed, since it came to light that some parts of "I am a Tsunami" didn't comply with the EBU's regulation for the Eurovision Song Contest. A website created for the event made public that some parts of the song were taken from popular songs during Franco's dictatorship. In fact, Karmele herself had sung these verses in other tvshows before October 1, 2009, (the date set to make the festival songs public) and therefore the track couldn't be considered new. Besides, a part of the song was taken from Sálvame, broadcasted during summer 2009.

Furthermore, the song included the name of a company, Carrefour, which is also against the rules, even though the singer argued that the word meant 'crossing' in French. The music video was eventually broadcasted on Telecinco before it was sent to TVE, although the last had an exclusivity right.

Discography
Singles

 * "Soy un Tsunami" ("I am a tsunami")unnnecessary translation
 * "Karmele, la reina de la pista"

Other songs

 * "La Karmelita, niña bonita"
 * "Las mujeres al poder"

Literary work
Her literary work consists of many articles and two books. The first, Arquetipos y arquetipas: la fauna rosa, talks about different Spanish celebrities and was published in 2003 by Editorial Planeta.

Her second book, Los juguetes de Karmale Marchante, is of a more erotic nature. It was published in 2011 by La Esfera and according to the author "this book is made for everyone to think, like me, that sex is good, fun, shame-free and so necessary that it should be subsidized by Social Security, along with its toys and charms". She mentions different sex toys like Ben Wa balls or herbal aphrodisiacs, and sex positions like the “helicopter” or the “naughty rabbit”.

She also supports the transgender and gay community in general, so two transgender women were featured in the music video for "Soy un Tsunami". Because of this, she was chosen to give a speech at the Pride Parade in Madrid, in 2010.

title: User:Amonyah/sandbox


text:
Perl Programming/Exercise 1

Getting started, displaying text
Task: Create a Perl program which displays "Hello world" and then exits.

Displaying numbers
Try doing these few excercises yourself
 * Put the number 4000/7 into a variable, and display it on screen.
 * Adapt the program to display the number to 3 decimal places. (Hint: The well-known printf works in Perl!)
 * Adapt the program to round up if the last decimal place is greater than 5
 * Adapt the program to display the number with leading zeros
 * Adapt the program to show a + sign if the number is positive, and check that it correctly displays a - sign if you subtract 1000 from the number.

Functions
Write a function to calculate the roots of a Quadratic equation, where you give the coefficients a,b,c to the function, and it returns both the values of x

Putting it all together
Put together these programs into one which:
 * Displays a title on screen
 * Creates 3 random numbers (a,b,c)
 * Displays those numbers neatly formatted
 * Uses those numbers as the coefficients of a quadratic equation, calculates and displays both roots.

Answers

Next exercise

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Perl Programming/Exercise 1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brian Greenberg

The result was delete. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 16:49, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

Brian Greenberg

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Does not pass notability guidelines. Given references are mostly of him as a guest contributor on Forbes and Entrepreneur. Csgir (talk) 15:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete: None of the references used are independent. I did a search and couldn't come up with anything better. The subject of the article does not meet GNG. JSFarman (talk) 16:04, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Businesspeople-related deletion discussions. Csgir (talk) 15:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Arizona-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 15:29, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete. Doesn't meet WP:NAUTHOR or WP:GNG. I couldn't find any independent significant coverage. Schazjmd   (talk)  14:18, 25 September 2019 (UTC)


title: Wikipedia:Map data/Wikipedia KML/Missouri Route M (Jefferson County)


text:
Talk:El Gallito/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: MWright96 (talk · contribs) 07:03, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

Shall be taking on this review. MWright96 (talk) 07:03, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS for lead, layout, word choice, fiction, and lists):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (reference section): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) It is stable.
 * No edit wars, etc.:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images and other media, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free content have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images and other media, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free content have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * Pass/Fail:

Lead

 * "on who El Gallitos ring persona," - Gallito's

Professional wrestling career

 * "El Gallito ("The Little Rooster") started his professional wrestling career as a mascota for El El Gallo" - the first "El" is redundant
 * "As a mascota, he portrayed a diminutive version of El Gallo, complete with the same rooster character as El Gallo." - and competed as the same rooster character as him.
 * Cockscomb does not need to begin with a capital letter
 * "As a mascota he would accompany El Gallo to the ring, designed mainly - was created primarily
 * "to appeal to kids" - more formal; children
 * "and help El Gallo portray" - and assist El Gallo to portray

Micro-Estrellas division (2017–present)

 * "and his fellow mascotas Mije and fellow Zacarias el Perico to help establish" - repetition of the word "fellow"
 * "Gallito, Mije, Angelito, and Chamuel took on Microman, Atomo, Guapito, and Zacarias . In the end, Microman pinned Chamuel to win the tournament while - Gallito, Mije, Angelito, and Chamuel took on Microman, Atomo, Guapito, and Zacarias, which saw Micropan pin Chamuel to win the tournament while Galliot was the fourth to be eliminated from the match.
 * "four weeks later the Micro-Estrellas" - Four weeks later, the Micro-Estrellas
 * "With the popularity of the Micro-Estrellas" - think there maybe a word missing from this piece of text

Independent circuit (2017–present)

 * "While working for CMLL, El Gallito, like all CMLL workers" - repetition of working/workers
 * "While working for CMLL, El Gallito, like all CMLL workers, is allowed to take independent circuit bookings on days he is not needed by CMLL." - too much repetition of the term "CMLL"
 * "His first non-CMLL match was on June 14, 2017. on a Promociones El Cholo show in Tijuana, Baja California," - the period in the middle of this sentence is unneeded
 * "which featured Gallito and Microman defeating Mije and Zacarias." - saw

title: Talk:El Gallito/GA1


text:
Dubrovino

Dubrovino (Дубровино) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Dubrovinsky Selsoviet, Romanovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 479 as of 2013. There are 5 streets.

Geography
Dubrovino is located 40 km northwest of Romanovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tambovsky is the nearest rural locality.

title: Dubrovino


text:
Zbigniew Pakleza

Zbigniew Pakleza (born 5 December 1986) is a Polish chess Grandmaster and a streamer.

Chess career
Zbigniew Pakleza is a multiple medalist of the Polish Junior Chess Championship: 2002 (U16) - silver, 2001 (U16) - bronze. He represented Poland at the World Junior Chess Championship and European Youth Chess Championship. In 2002 won bronze medal in European Youth Chess Championship (U16) in Peniscola. In 2004 won the team gold medal at the Polish Junior Team Chess Championships. In 2007 shared 1st place (with Kevin Spraggett) in San Sebastián. In 2007 and 2008 shared 1st place in Open tournaments in Sitges. Zbigniew Pakleza has also competed successfully in several Polish Team Chess Championships (individual gold in 2008 and bronze in 2006, 2007). In 2014 shared 1st place in Rethymno chess tournament.

title: Zbigniew Pakleza


text:
Talk:Wearside Jack

Merger
I'm for the proposed merger. Oliver Keenan 21:04, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * As the user who tagged this article for a merge, I have little time and WikiExperience to perform the merge. I hope that's not a Wikipedia Faux Pas. - Raj Fra 01:38, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, looks like I found the time to do it. I hope its up to standard - it's my first major contribution to this site. --Raj Fra 04:04, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Raj. Oliver Keenan 10:31, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Disgusted
I'm utterly disgusted, not in his hoax, in the sentence of 8 years gaol passed down when the mens rhea of his act obviously indicated an unsound mind. Perhaps someone with more insight could raise this issue in the article? I don't believe that 8 years gaol, under any excuse, should be handed down to some idiot who claimed he was a killer, thousands of people around the world do that yearly, if it wasn't for the fact that this was a sensitive case that illustrated the police's negligence in being able to aprehend the real killer, would such a sentence be passed?
 * Good point, but probably not something that will (or can) happen. Please see Neutral Point of View. Wikipedia articles, in my humble opinion, are simply stating known fact for future reference. Should something occur later on that can be connected to the light sentence (i.e. he was released and then reoffends), it'll be added. To be blunt, we don't (or shouldn't) really care about what happened. We're just compiling details and assembling them for the purpose of easy access for future research. --Raj Fra 06:40, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Surely not. It's merely a media circus and an attempt to save face, yay for political clown courts. <IP_ADDRESS> 21:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Raj Fra, my friend, you misunderstand. The point is not that this is a light sentence, the point is that it is an unduly harsh sentence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Malcolm Starkey (talk • contribs) 23:33, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

That's a matter of opinion. This man is a disgrace to humanity. What kind of a person deliberately misleads police when they are hunting a deranged serial killer?? 8 years was too short. They should have sent him away for life. Animal. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:54, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Utterly pointless to use the article to show disgust for the way the hoax was handled. That is entire a POV issue.

I'm more concerned that the "revisiting the mystery" section sites no sources. Probably should be removed as it makes some interesting assertions without recource to source. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:33, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Release?
The Mail online ran a story "Yorkshire Ripper hoaxer Wearside Jack to be freed from prison next month" on 5th September 2009

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1211217/Yorkshire-Ripper-hoaxer-Wearside-Jack-released-prison-weeks.html#ixzz0xT5JaZXl

He was given an 8 year sentence in 2006 and from what I've read he fully admitted his guilt. By my reckoning he should have been released in line with the Mail's prediction.

Is there any up to date information? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:51, 23 August 2010 (UTC) Marko

Discrepancy
You say: '...Humble did not contact the police voluntarily to acknowledge his guilt, even when it was obvious his tapes and letters were diverting police resources away from the real Ripper. A BBC documentary broadcast on 27 March 2006 reported that Humble had telephoned the incident room and informed them that the tape was a hoax.'

These two statements can't both be right. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:41, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

Actually they can both be right. I don't know what actually happened, but it's possible he called an admitted the tape was a hoax withoutrevealing his identity. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:21, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

Incorrect Spelling
I've attempted to change the mis-spelling of Hylton in the 'Earlier Life' section on more than one occasion now but unfortunately my edits are being reverted due to suspected vandalism, which is frustrating.

It should be noted there is no 'Hilton Road' in Sunderland, and it should in fact be corrected to 'Hylton Road'. Whilst no specific page on Hylton Road exists, it can be verified on Google Maps and there are numerous instances of the correct spelling in other Wikipedia pages:

Hylton Castle

South Hylton Metro Station South Hylton North Hylton

I appreciate fellow users are trying to keep on top of malicious edits, but in this case the spelling must be corrected. Alternatively, if any evidence of the non-existent 'Hilton Road' can be cited, I'd be delighted to see it.

(Martintype (talk) 21:44, 28 May 2020 (UTC))

Category:Jack the Ripper
I disagree with the reasoning of this revert of my adding of Category:Jack the Ripper. Wearside Jack very much has a connection to Jack the Ripper (not the least the names), and there are no rules on how closely an article has to be related to a topic to be placed in a broad topic category. However, I don't care enough about this article to edit war over it. Just something to think about for other editors. MClay1 (talk) 08:04, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

 * The Whitechapel murders occurred 90 years before Humbler created his hoax tape. The 'Ripper' nickname is scarcely enough for a common category. Your addition of the Peter Sutcliffe category is perfectly reasonable. Philip Cross (talk) 08:48, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wearside Jack


text:
Business

A business is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods or services.

Learning projects

 * /Companies/
 * /Markets/
 * /Work smarter/
 * /Earning money/
 * /Employee-owned companies/
 * /Operating a business/

Discussion questions

 * How can business be utilized to benefit one's own self and others?
 * How can business be used to benefit society?
 * What are the best ways to raise funds to start a business?
 * What sort of business or businesses are you interested in starting?
 * What are the steps to start a new business ?
 * What are remedies to solve the problems of women entrepreneur ?

Wikipedia

 * Decentralized autonomous organization
 * Benefit corporation
 * Public-benefit corporation
 * Business
 * Business plan

Wikibooks

 * Business Wikibooks

External readings

 * Raising Private Money: Gifts, Loans, and Equity Investments

title: Business


text:
Talk:Benjamin Osgood Peirce

Reformatting

I have no idea how to do it but this entire article needs to be reformatted because the information is at the very bottom of the article.--Mr. 123453334 (talk) 20:13, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Benjamin Osgood Peirce


text:
Marty O'Halloran

Martin Kieran O'Halloran (born 1962) is an Australian former national champion and national representative rower and a senior global executive in the advertising industry. From 2020 to 2023 he was Global Chief Executive of the international advertising network DDB Worldwide.

Club and state rowing career
Raised in Melbourne, O'Halloran attended St Kevin's College where he took up rowing. His senior rowing was from the Mercantile Rowing Club in Melbourne.

O'Halloran made his state representative debut for Victoria in the 1981 youth eight which contested the Noel Wilkinson Trophy at the 1981 Australian Interstate Regatta. He again rowed in the Victorian youth eight at the 1982 Australian Interstate Regatta. In 1985 he was selected in the bow seat of the Victorian men's eight which won the King's Cup at the annual Interstate Regatta.

At the 1983 Australian Rowing Championships O'Halloran rowed in Mercantile colours in a coxed four which contested the U23 national coxed four title. In 1985 and 1986 O'Halloran stroked Mercantile coxed fours which contested the national title at the Australian Rowing Championships.

International representative
O'Halloran made his sole national representative appearance in the bow seat of the Australian men's heavyweight eight at 1985 World Rowing Championships in Hazewinkel. That crew rowed to a ninth placing.

Professional career
O'Halloran started out at USP Needham as an advertising Account Manager in Melbourne in 1986 - the same year that the Needham and DDB agency networks merged worldwide. He moved to DDB Auckland in 1988 and rose to become CEO of the New Zealand operation. In 2005 he was appointed Australasian Chairman and CEO and from 2009 he performed that role from New Zealand. In July 2020 he was named to succeed Wendy Clark as the Global CEO of DDB Worldwide. O'Halloran moved into the role of Global Chairman DDB Worldwide in October 2023 and was succeeded as Global CEO by Alex Lubar.

title: Marty O'Halloran


text:
teschio

Etymology
From, diminutive of.

Noun

 * 1)  skull
 * 2) death's-head symbol of death
 * 1) death's-head symbol of death

title: teschio


text:
Aircrafts and aerodynamics

Airplane Parts
The main parts of an aircraft are: Control Surfaces: Right and Left Aileron, Elevator, Rudder, and Trim Tabs
 * the fuselage,
 * the wings,
 * the horizontal stabilizer,
 * the vertical stabilizer,
 * the landing gear, and
 * of course the engine(s)

Four Forces on an Airplane
The four forces which act upon an aircraft in flight are:
 * 1) Lift
 * 2) Drag
 * 3) Thrust
 * 4) Weight

 * Lift acts upwards at right angles to the airflow through the center of pressure. In simple terms, Lift is perpendicular to the Relative Wind.
 * Drag is the backward force which opposes the forward motion of the aircraft and acts parallel and in the reverse direction to the aircraft movement.
 * Thrust is the forward propulsive force provided by the engines.
 * Weight is the total weight which acts vertically downwards through the center of gravity.
 * Lift Weight
 * Thrust Drag

Resources
NASA's Beginners Guide to Aerodynamics - Supplement your of study aerodynamics at your own pace and to your own level of interest. Some of the topics included are: Newton's basic equations of motion; the motion of a free falling object, that neglects the effects of aerodynamics; the terminal velocity of a falling object subject to both weight and air resistance; the three forces (lift, drag, and weight) that act on a glider; and finally, the four forces that act on a powered airplane. There are many interactive pages designed to illustrate aerodynamics.

Aerodynamics Lesson - Gold Seal Master CFI trainer Robert Still video presents basics of Aerodynamics in an easy to understand format.

See How It Flies - Free online book (in HTML format) running through aerodynamics and techniques for flight.

Wikipedia Aircraft - A definition of Aircraft and examples of various types of aircraft.

Wikipedia Aerodynamics - Technical overview of aerodynamics and the physics of flight.

FAA Aircraft - FAA information on Registration and Certification of Aircraft, Advisories and Guidance, Regulations and Policy, Forms, and Technical Information. Includes a searchable database of aircraft registered in the US.

title: Aircrafts and aerodynamics


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spain national under-16 basketball team

The result was procedural close. Nominated at Articles for deletion/Ethiopia men's national under-16 basketball team; no need for separate AfDs. (non-admin closure)  J 947(c) (m) 03:31, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

Spain national under-16 basketball team

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

See Articles for deletion/Ethiopia men's national under-16 basketball team  Schwede 66  19:17, 21 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
User:Caitlin OwlBag McGaff

I might as well have left this blank, like my brain whenever I have to think of interesting facts about myself. I guess I'll just start with the generic facts: - My name is Caitlin - I'm 19 - I study politics and film at the University of Stirling - My favourite colour is blue - I love Wes Anderson and Quentin Tarantino films - I play the guitar - That's pretty much it, bye

title: User:Caitlin OwlBag McGaff


text:
nauðga

Etymology
From the.

Verb

 * 1)  to rape, to violate

Verb

 * 1)  to compel, to force
 * 2) to ravish, violate, defile, profane
 * 1) to ravish, violate, defile, profane

title: nauðga


text:
Topic talk:Photoshop

Merge
Care should be taken to figure out what materials belong here at Wikiversity, and what materials belong at Wikibooks. The Jade Knight 02:23, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Topic talk:Photoshop


text:
User:ManuelGR

Hi.

My main interest for the moment in Wikibooks is to help a bit with the Ada Programming book.

For further information see my pages on Wikipedia: es, en and Wikibooks: es.

Thanks to all that have supported my proposal of activating subpages in the Wikibooks main namespace. See Wikibooks should use subpages.

Useful things (at least for me, they are)

 * awb.el: this is an Emacs Lisp module that I use for adding the code and link templates to the Ada Programming pages.

(Outdated) proposals

 * /Centralized development status proposal/

es:Usuario:ManuelGR

title: User:ManuelGR


text:
Talk:Cesare Federici

Where did caeser fredrici stay in India
G t edg <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:48, 13 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cesare Federici


text:
Maunu

Etymology
Medieval spoken form of the Scandinavian royal name, of origin.

Proper noun

 * Maunu Tavast oli Suomen piispa 1400-luvulla.
 * Magnus Tavast was a bishop of Finland in the 15th century.
 * Magnus Tavast was a bishop of Finland in the 15th century.

title: Maunu


text:
Concept Classification/Defined

Back to Topic: Instructional Design > Cognitive Menu > Concept Classification > Define >  Learn >  Teach >  Routine >  Power >  Try >  References

What is concept classification?
There are three major ways that a concept can be learned. You can memorize either its definition, or a particular instance and its name. You can understand it to be able to describe it in your own words and explain its relationship to other things you know. Or you can learn to apply it in new (previously unencountered) situations. This third type of behavior is what we call skill application.

Why is concept classification important?
Concept classification is one of the most common types of learning. Robert Gagné (1985) has shown that concepts are the building blocks for most of the cognitive capabilities we possess. Let's look at how concepts are involved in rule-using (principle-using and procedure-using) capabilities.

Principles describe changes in things. Those "things" are concepts which are simpler components of the principle and must be mastered before it is possible for a learner to master the principle. For example, the law of supply and demand describes relationships among changes in price, supply, and demand. Those three concepts must be mastered before the law of supply and demand can be mastered.

Procedures describe how to change things (to achieve a goal). Those "things" are also concepts which are simpler components of the procedure and must be mastered before the procedure can be learned. For example, the procedure for dividing fractions indicates that the divisor must be inverted, the resulting numerators must be multiplied to form the new numerator, and the denominators must be multiplied to form the new denominator. The three concepts--divisor, numerator, and denominator--must be mastered before it is possible to master the procedure (although it is not necessary to learn those labels). Also, procedures often require the use of tools to perform a step, and those tools are concepts.

Given the importance of concept classification, it is essential that we know how to teach it well. Fortunately, much research has been done in this area, so we understand much about how concept classification is learned and what features instruction should have to best help learners learn it.

Click the Next button to continue.

Source

 * Concept Classification by Charles M. Reigeluth. Used by Permission.

title: Concept Classification/Defined


text:
2021 Norwegian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 13 September 2021. All 169 seats in the Norwegian legislature, the Storting, were up for election.

The election was won by a coalition consisting of the social-democratic Labour Party and the agrarian Centre Party that entered into negotiations to form a government. The election also resulted in a majority for the parties that seek to dissolve the unpopular and controversial Viken county. Jonas Gahr Støre's Labour Party retained its position as Norway's largest party and expanded their lead in seats over the Conservatives, despite a slight drop in its share of votes and the loss of one seat. Incumbent Conservative Party prime minister Erna Solberg conceded defeat. Her party ended up with the second-largest number of representatives. Støre aimed to form a majority government with the Centre Party and the Socialist Left Party, but the latter stated they would remain in opposition citing disagreements over climate and welfare policies, while remaining open for future negotiations and to support the government on common grounds. On 14 October, Støre became prime minister of a minority government, the Støre Cabinet.

2017 parliamentary election and aftermath
In the 2017 parliamentary election held on 11 September, Erna Solberg of the Conservatives retained her position as prime minister after four years in power. Her premiership additionally received the support of the Progress Party, the Liberals, and the Christian Democrats, who combined secured 88 of the 169 seats in parliament. The opposition, led by Jonas Gahr Støre and his Labour Party, won 81 seats. Other opposition parties included the Centre Party, Socialist Left, the Greens, and the Red Party.

Christian Democratic Party government accession
The Christian Democrats voted at a party conference to join Solberg's government on 2 November 2018 and on 16 January 2019, Solberg's Conservatives struck a deal with the Christian Democratic Party. This marked the first time since 1985 that Norway would have a majority government representing right-wing parties in the Storting.

Progress Party withdrawal from government
On 20 January 2020, the Progress Party decided to withdraw from the government due to a decision by Solberg to repatriate a woman linked to Islamic State and her children back to Norway. Despite this, Solberg said that she and her party would continue to head a minority government, and the other parties in the coalition (the Christian Democrats and the Liberals) have also stated they would continue to serve in it.

Electoral system
The election used party-list proportional representation in nineteen multi-member constituencies. The number of members to be returned from each constituency varies between 4 and 19. To determine the apportionment of the 169 seats amongst the 19 counties, a two-tier formula is used, based on population and geographic size. Each inhabitant counts one point, while each square kilometer counts 1.8 points.

A total of 150 of the seats are regular district seats. These are awarded based on the election results in each county, and are unaffected by results in other counties. Nineteen of the seats (one for each county) are leveling seats, awarded to parties who win fewer seats than their share of the national popular vote otherwise entitles them to. A modification of the Sainte-Lague method, where the first quotient for each party is calculated using a divisor of 1.4 instead of 1, is used to allocate both the constituency and leveling seats. A party must win 4% of the popular vote in order to win compensation seats but may still win district seats even if it fails to reach this threshold. The system for apportioning seats is biased in favour of rural areas since the area of the county is a factor, but the system of compensation seats reduces the effect this has on final party strength.

Electoral reform
On 21 June 2017, Solberg's Cabinet established a committee tasked with reviewing the electoral system used in Norwegian parliamentary elections. The 17-member committee, which was led by court judge Ørnulf Røhnebæk, published its report on the electoral system on 27 May 2020. The committee agreed that the number of seats should remain at 169. Furthermore, a majority of the committee favoured the retention of the current 19 constituencies, lowering the electoral threshold to 3% and the abolition of the two-tier formula for the apportionment of seats; however, the proposed reforms to the electoral law are planned to be implemented in 2022, meaning that they would only apply from the next parliamentary election in 2025. The reform of the counties and municipalities came into effect on 1 January 2021 and resulted in a reduction in the number of counties from 19 to 11; the 19 constituencies no longer correspond to the county boundaries.

Date
As the 2017 election was held on 11 September, the 2021 election was to be held on 13 September. According to the Constitution of Norway, parliamentary elections must be held every four years. The Norwegian parliament may not be dissolved before such a parliamentary four-year term has ended, which in practice makes snap elections impossible.

By electoral district
Below is the percentage of vote each party earned in each electoral district.

Below is the number of district seats for each party, with the party winning the most votes coloured in. The party earning the leveling seat in each district is marked by (*).

Aftermath
After the announcement of the results, Conservative Party prime minister Erna Solberg conceded defeat to opposition leader Jonas Gahr Støre. Solberg thanked her supporters and said she was proud of the government's achievements throughout eight years of centre-right rule. On her way to the podium to deliver her concession speech, Solberg told reporters that she had called Jonas Gahr Støre, the head of the Labour Party, to congratulate him on his victory. Addressing a crowd shortly after Solberg conceded, Støre said: "We have waited, we have hoped and worked so hard, and now we can finally say, we did it."

International reactions
International news outlets commented that following the elections, all five Nordic countries, namely Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, now had left-leaning prime ministers or were to be ruled by left-wing-led governments simultaneously for the first time since 1959.

Disestablishment of Viken
The parties that seek to dissolve the unpopular and controversial Viken county, formed in 2020 by the forced merger of Akershus, Buskerud, and Østfold, won a majority, and as a result the county executive initiated the formal process to dissolve the county and divide it back into its original constituent counties.

Government formation
Government pre-negotiations took place at Hurdalsjøen Hotel in Hurdal municipality after Trygve Slagsvold Vedum and the Centre Party opted for pre-negotiations with the Socialist Left Party before subsequent government negotiations. These negotiations began on 23 September and lasted until 29 September (excluding the weekend), when the Socialist Left Party, led by Audun Lysbakken, withdrew from negotiations citing their disagreement with the Labour Party and the Centre Party, in particular over issues of petroleum and welfare. To the press, he reassured that the party was open for future negotiations and would be going into opposition for the time being. At a press conference later that day, along with Vedum, Støre announced that the Labour Party and the Centre Party had started negotiations for a minority government. On 8 October, Støre and Vedum announced that the new government's platform (Hurdalsplattformen) would be presented on 13 October and that they were ready to form a government, which was formalized for 14 October, and the Støre Cabinet was formed that day.

As a minority coalition, the government has to rely on opposition parties to pass budget motions. For both the 2021 and 2022 budgets, the government was able to come to an agreement with the Socialist Left Party.

Donations
According to Statistisk sentralbyrå, a total of 94.98 million NOK in campaign contributions was raised by all political parties in 2021.

title: 2021 Norwegian parliamentary election


text:
Order-4-5 square honeycomb

In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-4-5 square honeycomb is a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) with Schläfli symbol {4,4,5}. It has five square tiling {4,4} around each edge. All vertices are ultra-ideal (existing beyond the ideal boundary) with infinitely many square tiling existing around each vertex in an order-5 square tiling vertex arrangement.

Related polytopes and honeycombs
It a part of a sequence of regular polychora and honeycombs with square tiling cells: {4,4,p}

Order-4-6 square honeycomb
In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-4-6 square honeycomb is a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) with Schläfli symbol {4,4,6}. It has six square tiling, {4,4}, around each edge. All vertices are ultra-ideal (existing beyond the ideal boundary) with infinitely many square tiling existing around each vertex in an order-6 square tiling vertex arrangement.

It has a second construction as a uniform honeycomb, Schläfli symbol {4,(4,3,4)}, Coxeter diagram,, with alternating types or colors of square tiling cells. In Coxeter notation the half symmetry is [4,4,6,1+] = [4,((4,3,4))].

Order-4-infinite square honeycomb
In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-4-infinite square honeycomb is a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) with Schläfli symbol {4,4,∞}. It has infinitely many square tiling, {4,4}, around each edge. All vertices are ultra-ideal (existing beyond the ideal boundary) with infinitely many square tiling existing around each vertex in an infinite-order square tiling vertex arrangement.

It has a second construction as a uniform honeycomb, Schläfli symbol {4,(4,∞,4)}, Coxeter diagram, =, with alternating types or colors of square tiling cells. In Coxeter notation the half symmetry is [4,4,∞,1+] = [4,((4,∞,4))].

title: Order-4-5 square honeycomb


text:
Legal requirements for pilots in US

 * Part 61
 * Recreational Pilot Certification
 * Private Pilot Certification
 * For a Single Engine Airplane Rating
 * For a Multiengine Airplane Rating
 * For a Helicopter Rating
 * For a Gyroplane Rating
 * For a Powered-Lift Rating
 * For a Glider Rating
 * For an Airship Rating
 * For a Balloon Rating
 * Commercial Pilot Certification
 * For a Single Engine Airplane Rating
 * For a Multiengine Airplane Rating
 * For a Powered-Lift Rating
 * For a Helicopter Rating
 * For a Gyroplane Rating
 * For a Glider Rating
 * For an Airship Rating
 * For a Balloon Rating
 * Instrument Rating
 * For all instrument ratings
 * Airline Transport Pilot Certification
 * For an Airplane Ratings
 * For a Helicopter Rating
 * For a Powered-Lift Rating
 * For an additional Category Rating at the ATP Certification Level onto an existing ATP Certificate
 * Flight Instructor Certification and Flight Instructor- Instrument (for an Airplane-Instrument, Helicopter-Instrument, or Powered Lift-Instrument)
 * Additional Category Rating per § 61.63(b) [for other than ATP Privilege Level]
 * An additional Airplane category rating for the Single Engine class rating at the Recreational Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Rotorcraft category rating for the Helicopter class rating at the Recreational Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Rotorcraft category rating for the Gyroplane class rating at the Recreational Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Airplane category rating for the Single Engine class rating at the Private Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Airplane category rating for the Multiengine class rating at the Private Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional category rating for the Powered-Lift rating at the Private Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Rotorcraft category rating for the Helicopter class rating at the Private Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Rotorcraft category rating for the Gyroplane class rating at the Private Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Lighter-than Air category rating for the Airship class rating at the Private Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional category rating for the Glider rating at the Private Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Lighter-than Air category rating for the Balloon class rating at the Private Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Airplane category rating for the Single Engine class rating at the Commercial Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Airplane category rating for the Multiengine class rating at the Commercial Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Powered-Lift category rating at the Commercial Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Rotorcraft category rating for the Helicopter class rating at the Commercial Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Rotorcraft category rating for the Gyroplane class rating at the Commercial Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Glider category rating at the Commercial Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Lighter-than-Air category rating for the Airship class rating at the Commercial Pilot Certification Level
 * An additional Lighter-than-Air category rating for the Balloon class rating at the Commercial Pilot Certification Level
 * Additional Class Rating per § 61. 63(c) [for other than ATP Privilege Level]
 * For an additional class rating within the same category rating for the  single engine Airplane, multiengine Airplane, Helicopter, Gyroplane, Airship, or Balloon Ratings at the Private Pilot Certification Level
 * For an additional class rating within the same category rating for the single engine Airplane, multiengine Airplane, Helicopter, Gyroplane, Airship, or Balloon Ratings at the Commercial Pilot Certification Level
 * Part 141 Minimum Flight Training & Solo Requirements & Maximum Usage of Flight Simulators & Flight Training Devices
 * Appendix A – Recreational Pilot Certification Course
 * Airplane single?engine course
 * Rotorcraft helicopter course
 * Rotorcraft gyroplane course
 * Appendix B – Private Pilot Certification Course
 * Airplane single?engine course
 * Airplane multiengine course
 * Rotorcraft helicopter course
 * Rotorcraft gyroplane course
 * Powered?lift course
 * Glider course
 * Lighter?than?air airship course
 * Lighter?than?air balloon course
 * Appendix D – Commercial Pilot Certification Course
 * Airplane single?engine course
 * Airplane multiengine course
 * Rotorcraft helicopter course
 * Rotorcraft gyroplane course
 * Powered?lift course
 * Glider course
 * Lighter?than?air, Airship course
 * Lighter?than?air balloon course
 * Appendix C – Instrument Rating Course
 * Total for initial instrument rating course = 35 hours of instrument training, that includes training with an authorized instructor on the following areas of operation: (See Note 17)
 * Total for an additional instrument rating course = 15 hours of instrument training, that includes training with an authorized instructor on the following areas of operation: (See Note 18)
 * Appendix E – Airline Transport Pilot Certification Course
 * Airplane single?engine course
 * Airplane multiengine course
 * Rotorcraft helicopter course
 * Powered?lift course
 * Appendix F – Flight Instructor Certification Course
 * Airplane single?engine course
 * Airplane multiengine course
 * Rotorcraft helicopter course
 * Rotorcraft gyroplane course
 * Powered?Lift course
 * Glider category course
 * Appendix G – CFI-Instrument Instructor Rating Certification Course (for an Airplane-Instrument, Helicopter-Instrument, or Powered Lift-Instrument)
 * Flight Instructor Instrument — Airplane course
 * Flight Instructor Instrument — Helicopter course
 * Flight Instructor Instrument — Powered?lift course
 * Appendix I – Additional Aircraft Category or Class Rating Course
 * Additional category and class rating in an airplane category and a single engine class course
 * Additional category and class rating in an airplane category and a multiengine class course
 * Additional category rating in a powered?lift category course
 * Additional category and class rating in a rotorcraft category and a helicopter class course
 * Additional category and class rating in a rotorcraft category and a gyroplane class course
 * Additional category and class rating in a lighter-than-air category and airship class course
 * Additional category rating in a glider category course
 * Additional category and class rating in a lighter-than-air category and balloon class course
 * Appendix J – Aircraft Type Rating Course
 * A type rating in an airplane category — single?engine class course
 * A type rating in an airplane category — multiengine class course
 * A type rating in a powered?lift category course
 * A type rating in a rotorcraft category — helicopter class course
 * Other aircraft types course specified by the Administrator through the aircraft type certificate procedures
 * Appendix I – Additional Aircraft Class Rating Course that is within the same aircraft category
 * Additional class rating in an airplane category and a single engine class course
 * Additional class rating in an airplane category and a multiengine class course
 * Additional class rating in a rotorcraft category and a helicopter class course
 * Additional class rating in a rotorcraft category and a gyroplane class course
 * Additional class rating in a lighter-than-air category and airship class course
 * Additional class rating in a lighter-than-air category and balloon class course

title: Legal requirements for pilots in US


text:
Talk:Esperanto/Appendix/Alphabet and pronunciation

Untitled
The 'o' in dot and the 'o' in or seem to be different o's
 * The 'o' in dot is the correct sound. --Gabriel Beecham 00:30, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Why does the U first have an accent in the beginning of the article and further down an umlaut?15:37, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Audio
I'm making recordings of all the sample Esperanto words. I'm almost done, but I want to clear something up before I finish: I'm not sure ĝojo is such a great example for the oj diphthongs. When the noun ending is added, a syllable break will usually be inserted, and the word typically sounds like ĝo-jo, unless I force it. Hovever, any plural noun should do the job, so I'll change it to lingvoj (languages) unless there are any objections. I hope this will be clearer, and I'll be back soon with my finished recordings. --WurdBendur 05:59, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Ought to change
Ref (Post-edit notice) The 'o' sound in the main table states o as in French mot or o as in Spanish no, but I don't speak French or Spanish. From what I gather, this would be the sound of o as in "cord" or "sorry", and I think this being an English Wikibook it would be best to include English examples for all instructive content. ~Jafet 11:22, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Near the end in the diphthongs section you mention the pronunciation of 'boy' for one digraph and then 'buoy' for another. To people who are from the UK (like me) this is confusing because we pronounce both words exactly the same (with that 'oy' sound) but I know that Americans pronounce each differently. It might help to mention that on the page to stop us Brits getting confused!


text:
User:David Don

About David W Don
David is a Clinical Hypnotherapist and Psychotherapist who has also spent many years researching human motivation and behaviour. He is a skilled user of a number of specialised approaches to personal therapy and has dealt with a wide range of issues over the last six years.

For example:

 * Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia
 * Anxiety, esp. Phobias, Panic attacks
 * Counselling about significant life decisions
 * Depression and mood disorders
 * Drug and alcohol addictions
 * Erectile dysfunction/ impotence
 * Gambling and other compulsive behaviours
 * Low self esteem, Stress
 * Major physical/ organic health issues
 * PTSD and Early childhood trauma
 * Sleep disorders (incl. sleep eating etc)
 * Smoking cessation
 * Weight control.

From 1996 to 2001, David ran a company called Medistrat Pty Ltd. Medistrat specialises in medical market research. Prior to this he was responsible for new product development at ICI Pharmaceuticals and held several research and planning roles.

title: User:David Don


text:
Koine Greek/2

Koine Greek can be pronounced acceptably using Classical Greek or Modern Greek pronunciations.

Breathing Marks
More important than accents are the breathing marks. Breathings normally occur only at the beginning of a word, though they will, at times, be present in the middle - where two words have been joined together. Greek has two types of breathing, the smooth breathing, ᾿, and the rough breathing, ῾. Unlike accents, these are quite important, and you should try to learn them. A word that begins with a rough breathing on a vowel should be pronounced with an 'h'. So the Greek word ὅρος, meaning 'boundary', should be read 'horos', while ὄρος, a mountain, should be read 'oros'. Be careful never to confuse breathings with quotation marks or accents; when you write or quote Greek, the breathings should look like half-rings to clearly distinguish them from other marks. When rho occurs at the beginning of a word, it too takes a rough breathing mark and is transliterated rh, whereas when two rhos occur consecutively, the first takes a smooth breathing and the second a rough, although these breathing marks are not always indicated. Whenever upsilon occurs at the beginning of a word, it takes a rough breathing, except in the name of the letter itself. As with accent marks, breathing marks are written on the second of the two characters of a diphthong. Accents and breathings are often written to the left of capital letters: Ἇ for ἇ.

Vowel length
In Ancient Greek, vowels may be long or short. The vowels ε and ο are always short, whereas η and ω are always long. The vowels α, ι, and υ, on the other hand, may be either short or long. It is often taught in grade school that, e.g., the "a" in "rat" is short, whereas the "a" in "rate" is long. This is not at all like vowel length in Ancient Greek. In Ancient Greek, a long vowel is literally "longer" than a short vowel, that is, its sound lasts for twice as long as the sound of a short vowel. Originally, this was the only difference between short and long vowels, but as the language evolved, the short and long vowels began to differ not only in quantity (length) but also in quality (kind).

It is not always possible to tell whether an alpha, iota, or upsilon is short or long. In dictionaries and textbooks, as here, long alphas, iotas, and upsilons are marked with a macron (¯), whereas short vowels are usually unmarked, but occasionally marked with a breve (˘). If an alpha, iota, or upsilon takes a circumflex, one may conclude that it is definitely long (see the following section), so it is not marked with a macron. If an alpha, iota, or upsilon takes an acute or a grave and it is long, there are typographic difficulties and thus it might not carry a macron even though it is supposed to (although one might occasionally see an attempt, e.g., ἀγορᾱ́, which might not render correctly in your browser).

In practice, alpha, iota, and upsilon are usually short in the word stems of Classical Greek (although the same might not be true of all Ancient Greek dialects); most long alphas in Classical Greek occur in grammatical endings, which makes it easier for the learner to remember which vowels are short and which are long. Developing a habit of pronouncing Ancient Greek words, in reading and in memorization, with full attention to vowel length, will aid the learner in remembering vowel length as well.

Diphthongs
Notice the short line under the long vowels α, η, ω in three instances: this is the iota subscript. It indicates that there was originally an iota after the vowel, i.e. ῳ = ωι. Some texts simply print an iota after the vowel: this is known as an iota adscript, and some texts mix the two, using a subscript with lowercase letters, and an adscript for capitals (Ωιομην for ῳομην). By Classical times, these had become monophthongs (one vowel sound) equivalent to their non-iotized counterparts, and can simply be pronounced as such. Note that when alpha takes the iota subscript, one can infer that the alpha was originally long, whereas the diphthong αι is formed from short alpha.

Diaeresis
The diaeresis, ¨, is not strictly an accent, nor is it an umlaut, as used in German. It is mainly found on iotas to indicate that the letter should be pronounced separately from the vowel before it. For example, Verdi's opera Aïda is not pronounced 'eye-da', but 'a-yee-da'. Likewise, whereas αι is a diphthong, αϊ is two separate vowels.

Aspirates
The letters θ, φ, χ are not fricatives: they are not the same as the sounds th, f, ch in thin, foot, and loch (although these are the sounds they have become in Modern Greek). These letters have hard sounds, but are pronounced with an exhalation, like an h sound. Listen hard to your voice when you pronounce the examples above: you'll find that there is a difference between the p in pot and in spot. Don't worry if you have too much difficulty making this distinction; many teachers and students prefer to use the fricative versions (th, f, kh) so that they are easier to distinguish for speakers and listeners.

 * Much of the information provided in this section came from the article on pronunciation for Ancient (classical) Greek: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek/Alphabet#Pronunciation.

Modern Greek Pronunciation
The Modern Greek pronunciation is preferred within Greece and Cyprus and by the Orthodox Church. It differs from the classical prunuciation in that 'γ' is like a 'y' preceeding 'ε', 'η', 'ι'. 'ω' and 'ο' are pronounced the same, as are 'η' and 'ι', 'χ' is pronounced like 'ch' or similar to a Spanish 'jota' (hijo), 'β' is pronounced [v], δ is pronounced like 'th' in the word 'this', π becomes 'b' following a nasal, with the nasal frequently not being pronounced (especially at the beginning of words). The diphthongs 'ει' 'οι' and 'υι' are pronounced like 'i', and αι is pronounced like 'ε'. The 'υ' in the diphthongs αυ, ευ, ηυ is pronounced as [v] exept before unvoiced consonants and at the end of the word, when it is pronounced [f]. In Modern Greek pronunciation, all accents are treated like acute accents (similar to how Katharevousa Greek was pronounced). Aspirates are not pronounced.

Punctuation
The comma and full-stop (.) are used as in English. The colon or semicolon is a point above the line (·). The Greek question mark looks like the English semicolon.

Inverted commas are often used to denote speech. Capital letters are used at the beginning of paragraphs, sentences (depending on publisher), proper names, and the beginning of quotations.

In actual Greek texts from the era when Koine Greek was used as a day-to-day language, Greek was written with no punctuation*. The words ran together completely, with no spacing or markup. Accents, breathing marks, spaces, and other punctuation are added at a much later time, making texts easier to read.

 * This is actually not entirely accurate, as many of the earliest partial manuscripts of the New Testament do have punctuation. Due to the high cost of the factors of input (ink, paper), punctuation was quickly excluded, to be re-included later by textual scholars (not unlike the adding of vowel-markers to the Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic texts by the Masoretes).

title: Koine Greek/2


text:
marsj

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) walk
 * 2) march
 * 3) march
 * 4) march

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) walk
 * 2) march
 * 3) march
 * 4) march

title: marsj


text:
Billy Bunter's Banknote

Billy Bunter's Banknote is a school story by Charles Hamilton writing as Frank Richards, using the characters and settings of the Greyfriars School stories published from 1908 to 1940 in The Magnet. The book's retail price was 7s 6d.

First published in October 1948 by Charles Skilton Ltd, London, in an edition of 11,000 copies, the second in a series of post-WWII hardback novels, it was subsequently reprinted by them in 1949, 1953 and 1959, and by Hawk in January 1991. It has a dust jacket, colour frontispiece and black and white illustrations by R. J. Macdonald, who became seriously ill following a gardening accident; this delayed publication and the novel was eventually published alongside the third book in the series, Billy Bunter's Barring-Out in October 1948. An audiobook narrated by Martin Jarvis is available from CSA Word.

Origins
After the closure of The Magnet in May 1940 due to wartime paper shortages, author Charles Hamilton was contractually barred by the publisher, Amalgamated Press, from continuing to write Greyfriars stories. However in 1946 publisher Charles Skilton negotiated the rights to publish new stories in book form. Hamilton, delighted, suggested a payment rate of £90 per book; but Skilton, short of capital, asked Hamilton to accept royalties instead. This proved to be greatly in Hamilton's favour: he received £1,000 instead of £90 for the first book.

Synopsis
The Headmaster of Greyfriars School, Dr. Locke, is a bad judge of character when it comes to appointing new staff and Mr. Twiss, his new Secretary, is a dubious character. As usual, the broke Billy Bunter is writing home for a remittance - without success. About to break bounds by leaving the school late one evening Vernon-Smith wakens the whole school when he knocks Twiss down the stairs in the dark. Vernon-Smith’s punishment is a school flogging. Seething for revenge, Vernon-Smith is about to rag Dr. Locke's study when he is knocked unconscious in the dark by a mystery assailant at the study door. The next morning a large number of £10 notes are found to be missing from a drawer in the Head’s desk.

Coincidentally, Bunter has come into possession of a £10 banknote which he takes in and out of studies on the Remove to get changed without success. Bunter says the note is the long-expected remittance from home, but he is oddly reluctant to let Mrs. Mimble in the Tuck Shop change it. Then he claims he was given the note by a stranger. Is Bunter the midnight thief?

title: Billy Bunter's Banknote


text:
Alfred Starbird

Alfred Dodd Starbird (April 28, 1912 – July 28, 1983) was an American modern pentathlete, lieutenant general, and authority on nuclear weaponry. A graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, class of 1933, he was commissioned in the United States Army Corps of Engineers. He was a member of the United States modern pentathlon team at the 1936 Summer Olympics, finishing seventh overall in a field of 42.

During World War II, Starbird served in the Operations Division of the War Department General Staff. He was an observer at landings at Oran and Normandy. In the latter part of the war in Europe, he commanded the 1135th Engineer Combat Group, which supported the assault crossing of the Rhine, and built bridges over the Danube.

From 1955 to 1961, Starbird was Director of Military Applications of the Atomic Energy Commission. He commanded Joint Task Force 8 in the conduct the Operation Dominic series of nuclear tests in 1962, was director of the Defense Communications Agency from 1962 to 1967, and director of the Sentinel program from 1967 to 1971.

After retiring from the Army in 1971, Starbird was director of the newly created Office of Test and Evaluation in the Department of Defense (DOD) from 1971 to 1975, and assistant administrator for National Security in the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) from 1975 to 1977. In 1977, ERDA became part of the new Department of Energy (DOE), and he became its acting secretary for Defense Programs. He retired in 1980.

Early life and education
Alfred Dodd Starbird was born in Fort Sill, Oklahoma, on April 28, 1912, the son of Brigadier General Alfred Andrews Starbird and his wife, Ethel Dodd Starbird, the daughter of Brigadier General George A. Dodd. He had two sisters, Catharine (Kaye) and Ethel. His family called him by his middle name, Dodd.

On July 1, 1929, Starbird entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Although one of the younger members of his class, he was 6 ft tall, and distinguished himself in sports. He was captain of the cross country running team and also played basketball. He graduated fifth in his class of 347 on June 13, 1933. As was normal for high-ranking graduates, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army Corps of Engineers. He was posted to the 5th Engineer Regiment at Camp Humphreys, Virginia, until February 1, 1935, and then to the 13th Engineer Regiment at Fort Belvoir (as Camp Humphreys had been renamed) until June 15, 1935.

Olympic Games
Starbird, who was promoted to first lieutenant on June 12, 1936, was detached to join the United States modern pentathlon team at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He finished equal seventh in the cross country running, equal eighth in the fencing and show jumping, 20th in the swimming and 23rd in the shooting, and finished seventh overall in a field of 42. Although the United States team was placed first, he did not receive a gold medal, as medals were not awarded to modern pentathlon teams until 1952. Returning to the United States on August 23, 1936, Starbird entered Princeton University, from which he received a Master of Science degree in Civil Engineering on July 1, 1937.

After attending the officers' course at the Engineer School at Fort Belvoir, he returned to West Point as an instructor in Civil and Military Engineering on June 5, 1938. He married Evelyn Wallington at Fort Myer, Virginia, where her father was stationed, in June 1939. They had three children: Edward, Susan and Catharine.

World War II
During World War II, Starbird was promoted to captain in the Army of the United States on September 9, 1940, and major on February 1, 1942. On May 22, 1942, he was posted to the Operations Division of the War Department General Staff, the U.S. Army's global command post, working in its European section.

For Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa, he was attached to the staff of the 1st Infantry Division as the War Department observer from October 20 to November 23, 1942, for its landing at Oran. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Army of the United States on November 28, 1942, and captain in the Corps of Engineers on June 13, 1943. He represented the Operations Division at the Quebec Conference in August 1943 as an expert on the European Theater of Operations.

During Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, he was again a War Department observer, this time with V Corps headquarters from May 20 to June 13, 1944. For this service he was awarded the bronze star. Returning to the Operations Division, he was promoted to colonel in the Army of the United States on December 16, 1944. For his services with the Operations Division, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.

On January 1, 1945, Starbird assumed command of the 1135th Engineer Combat Group. The 1135th Engineer Combat Group supported the XII Corps assault crossing of the Rhine River on March 22 and 23, 1945. For this operation 18 engineer units were attached to 1135th Engineer Combat Group, and Starbird had the services of 600 storm boats and 300 assault boats. The 1135th Engineer Combat Group built a pontoon bridge over the Danube River on May 4 and then a treadway bridge on May 6. Starbird was awarded the Legion of Merit and second bronze star. He returned to the Operation Division on June 1, 1945.

Nuclear weapons
On July 17, 1946, Starbird was posted to Hawaii as the deputy chief of staff of United States Army Pacific. He was then seconded to Joint Task Force 7, a special force formed for the Operation Sandstone nuclear tests at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific in 1948. His appointment as a colonel in the Army of the United States was terminated on June 30, 1947, and he reverted to his permanent rank of captain. He was promoted to major in the Corps of Engineers on July 15, 1948. On April 1, 1949, he returned to Washington, D.C., where he worked for a year with the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group.

Starbird joined the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe in Paris when it was formed in 1951. He then returned to Washington, D.C., for a two-year tour in the Office of the Chief of Engineers. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1955. From 1955 to 1961, he was Director of Military Applications of the Atomic Energy Commission. At this time, great technical progress was being made in nuclear weapons technology, and atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs were coming into service in large numbers. He wrote voluminous reports on complex, technical issues. He advised the Atomic Energy Commission on nuclear disarmament issues, and a proposed moratorium on nuclear testing, and warned the Commission about the amount of fallout that could be expected from the Operation Hardtack I nuclear tests, and recommended the use of underground nuclear weapons testing.

In 1961, Starbird returned to duty with the Corps of Engineers as chief engineer of the North Pacific Division, supervising large military and civil construction projects in Portland, Oregon. In December 1961, he was suddenly ordered to take command of Joint Task Force 8 and conduct the Operation Dominic series of nuclear tests. For this, he was awarded an oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal. His citation read: "The success and productivity of this most complex and urgent program transcended all previous efforts in the history of United States nuclear testing and significantly enhanced the security of the nation and the free world."

Starbird served as director of the Defense Communications Agency from 1962 to 1967. On June 15, 1966, he was designated commander of Joint Task Force 728, and made directly responsible to the Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara. Starbird was given until September 1967 to build the McNamara Line, an electronic surveillance system intended to detect infiltration of South Vietnam by NVA forces from North Vietnam and Laos. The project was given the highest national priority, and Starbird was sent to South Vietnam to confer with General William Westmoreland. Considered by its critics to be symbolic of McNamara's management, in that it was expensive, valued technology over experience, and was generally ineffective, the barrier was never completed, and by March 1969 was shelved. Starbird received a second oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal for this work. His final assignment was as director of the Sentinel program, an anti-ballistic missile system. He retired from the military in 1971. He was awarded a third oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal, and an oak leaf cluster to his Legion of Merit.

In 1971, Starbird became director of the newly created Office of Test and Evaluation in the Department of Defense (DOD). In 1975, he was appointed the assistant administrator for National Security in the ERDA, the successor to the Atomic Energy Commission. In 1977, ERDA became part of the new Department of Energy (DOE), and he became its acting secretary for Defense Programs. He retired, only to be recalled to become director of the Joint DOD/DOE Long Range Resource Planning Group. He finally retired in 1980. As a civilian, he received an Atomic Energy Commission citation and gold medal for Commendatory Service in 1970, the Secretary of Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Award in 1975 and the ERDA Citation in 1977.

Starbird died of cancer at Walter Reed Hospital on July 28, 1983. His son Edward graduated with West Point class of 1962, and rose to become a colonel in the Corps of Engineers. Edward married Margaret Leonard, the daughter of Starbird's 1936 modern pentathlon teammate Charles F. Leonard Jr. Their son, Starbird's grandson, Charles D. Starbird graduated with the class of 1990, and granddaughter Kate Starbird is a former professional basketball player in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) and the American Basketball League (ABL), and a faculty member at the University of Washington.

title: Alfred Starbird