text:
Talk:Chess

We've got that large tabley thing set up in the conventions (It might be better placed under the board set up section). However that table would be a real headache to use repeatedly (its huge HTML code). The best solution I've seen yet is that chess board tex markup from wikisophia (see it here: http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Chess). However from my simple little tests that isn't supported yet here.

So for standard representation of chess boards, for now I recommend we just stick to simple to complex Ascii diagrams, using PNBRKQ/pnbrkq for black and white respectively. That should do until that sweet sweet wikitex project becomes more standard in the wikiworld.

 * I hope you're not referring to algebraic notation, the virtual lingua franca of chess notation. Fine for ASCII showing the boards or whatever, but its important to teach writing chess as well... Dysprosia 03:59, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Why is uppercase for Black and lowercase for White? The standard convention is the opposite, e.g. Forsyth-Edwards_Notation. --<IP_ADDRESS> 18:55, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

No (that former post was mine), the tex markup, just lets a tex backend generate a diagram of the chess set up. A very very nice looking diagram. As we'll it labels the move history, so its ideal for transcribing chess games. WarrenWilkinson 21:53, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Problem is it uses long algebraic, not short! :C I like the rendering, but it means I have to sit there and by sight transcribe famous games if I want them to be rendered by WikiTeX! Dysprosia 22:22, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * WikiTeX now supports SAN and PGN in addition to algebraic. Peter Danenberg 11:28, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I'm still not entirely sure what you mean. Do you mean it uses the notation like QP2-QP4, instead of like e4-e6? Or are you against having to reproduce a chess match in part to display a picture of the certain result? WarrenWilkinson 03:33, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * long - b1-c3, short - Nc3. The Wikisophia Chess markup handles moves only in long algebraic, and not short which all game records use, so in order to use the Wikisophia markup to show a game it has to be translated into long algebraic first which is a pain - the \move or \ply commands only does b1c3, for example. Dysprosia 03:56, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

(Brainstorming) How about a special moves section that details moves like castling and en passant and where they apply. Possibly also mention non-standard chess pieces and chess problems? -- Emperorbma 19:12, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I was just thinking where to slot it in... Dysprosia 20:59, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I didn't know there were non-standard chess pieces. Do you mean chess varients? Or do other places play standard Chess with an alternate piece set? If its the former a section on chess varients may be appropriate, if the latter we should try to slot them into the actual document. Does anyone here know the names of different Chess notations? I'd like to include them, currently I've added the relative position, for lack of a better name, it looks like this

 * 1. QN1-QB3, ...  (1. B1-C3) (Queens Night to Bishop 3)

I've added that under the topic 'Alternate' Notation. Does anyone know its name, and/or the names of other notations?WarrenWilkinson 03:17, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * That's a European style notation, and is really rather ancient, and not many use it any more. Should we really include it here? (I'll find the name, in any case). There aren't really nonstandard chess pieces, but in chess variants you can have these. Dysprosia 11:46, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Non-standard chess pieces... aka Fairy chess pieces. -- Emperorbma 07:40, 8 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The alternate notation is called 'Descriptive Notation' and although it is not used much anymore it is worth knowing because there are a few books written in it which are worth reading (e.g. Irving Chernev's "The Most Instructive Games of Chess Ever Played").

Organizing the book
Hi, the chess book has been growing for a while, and it covers enough content to think about splitting it into several sub-pages. There are various ways of doing this, as discussed in Hierarchy naming scheme. I would recommend having only a short introduction on the main page of chess, and a table of contents like Chess Chess/Conventions Chess/Basics Chess/Playing The Game Chess/Notating The Game and so on. Avoid having red links or very short pages. A couple of chapters should be enough. Using subpages, each page gets an automatic link back to the main chess page. Have a look at Hamster Care or How To Build A Computer how it is done there, or look at the recent conversions User talk:Ojmorales0002 or Talk:How To Build A Computer. Let me know if you need help or if there are questions. --Andreas 11:53, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

There is a section called 'Notating The Game'. Could it be renamed to 'Annotating The Game' because notating is not a real word, and the correct word is annotating -- CRF - Chessplayer
 * No, we can't. "Notating" is in fact a real word. However, you're right in that "Notating" is not the correct term, but "annotating" refers to making comments about the moves played in the game, giving variations, evaluating positions, etc. The correct term is "scoring".

--Anonymouse--nerd and proud of it (talk) 11:52, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I was just going to suggest that but I see you were faster. :) I would break it using the existing top level headings:

Chess Chess/Basics Chess/Playing The Game Chess/Notating The Game Chess/Tactics Chess/Strategy Chess/Basic Openings Chess/The Endgame
 * --ZeroOne 20:30, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I have split the book into the heading listed above. This should allow for quicker load times and easier editing. Darvian 20 Apr 2005

 * The current one is:

Playing The Game Notating The Game Tactics Tactics Exercises Strategy Basic Openings Sample chess game The Endgame Variants Tournaments Puzzles Optional homework
 * Chess/Basics, and Chess/Conventions got deleted.
 * Chess got removed because it is the title of the page.

Maybe use template?
What do you think of using the template for chess boards (borrowed from the English Wikipedia), instead of the long table? Here is an example of its use, along with the old style:

New:

They produce, respectively:
 * – ABCD 17:52, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * There is a nice project going on for a cross-wiki Chess diagram template. See meta:WikiProject_Chess for details.  I've copied the new "standard" template from Commons to WikiBooks.  The template is called Chess_diagram, and here's what it looks like:

 * If there are no objections, I'd like to start using this template to clean up the Chess WikiBook. Bjimba 14:59, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Chess variants
There is a VfD discussion that has an impact on this Wikibook at the moment. Don't worry, we are not trying to delete this Wikibook, but there is a Wikibook that appears to be a chess variant, and perhaps its content could be modified and adapted to be included in this Wikibook. See Votes for deletion for further details. The point here is that this Wikibook is inappropriate if left alone, but my opinion is that it should be included in this Wikibook. If you (any reader who gets to this point) feel it perhaps should go elsewhere, speak your mind on the VfD page or "forever hold your peace". If there are any active participants on this Wikibook, I would invite you to join in the discussion. --Rob Horning 10:42, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Important notice
The Chess wikibook had separate chapters called Basic Openings and Opening Theory. The Opening Theory module covered the same broad subject as Basic Openings but using a significantly different approach. While Basic Openings was a linear chapter, Opening Theory aimed to be an opening explorer along the lines of this web site. In addition, Basic Openings was... basic, while Opening Theory had a theoretically unlimited depth.

I have made the former Opening Theory chapter of the Chess wikibook into a separate wikibook, called 'Opening theory in chess'.

My reasons for doing this centre on the fact that the Chess wikibook is meant to a) reach 100% completion eventually and b) be something that a reader can get through from cover to cover and which will provide a working knowledge of the basics of chess. The Opening Theory chapter was inconsistent with this because:

 * Opening theory dwarfs the rest of chess literature. One needs only to look at the typical bookstall at a chess tournament to see this. It would take a long time and a lot of effort to create the definitive guide to chess openings, which would retard the completion of the Chess wikibook as a whole. Indeed, Chess is nearing completion, while Opening theory in chess is close to 0%.
 * The Opening Theory chapter was intended to be open-ended and constantly evolving in breadth and depth, like the Cookbook, with the result that Chess could never be 100% complete. Better, to my mind, to have one complete and readable book with a link to another constantly evolving one 'for further information'.
 * The concepts behind opening theory get complicated and potentially off-putting to someone who simply wants to know a bit about chess.

I believe this complies with Wikibooks' no-forking policy because:
 * The approaches used by the two books are completely different
 * The content itself differs in scope and depth
 * The minimal actual duplication of material is for the greater good of Wikibooks as I have explained above.

Chi Sigma 10:18, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Transwiki
If any one is till paying attenetoin, Transwiki:Sample chess game <IP_ADDRESS> 21:03, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I took care of it in July. ZeroOne 22:55, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Chess puzzles for one and all
I am preparing a set of chess puzzles from actual games and published problems for my students in a real-life chess class. I have decided to use the Wiki software to make the chess diagrams.

The puzzles, with solutions given on a separate page, are available on my userpage. At some later time, I intend to copy them into the chess book. If anyone wishes to do it immediately, I have no objection, as long as I can keep the original copy in my userspace.

I hope everyone who wants to try the puzzles will enjoy them. Shalom (talk) 02:59, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Checking them out ChessCreator (talk) 16:22, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I am copying them into the chess book page. If anyone wishes to remove them, I won't object. Shalom Yechiel (talk) 15:09, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

New Wikibook
The endgame section isn't really finished yet, but I still think that endgames are complex enough that they deserve to be a seperate wikibook, like Chess Opening Theory. AltoStev (discuss • contribs) 13:44, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Intro

 * 1) This introduction is about history.
 * 2) Wikipedia has a much better (or more detailed) introduction right now. Maybe some details could be added.
 * 3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Chess#Chess_origin quote "My purpose was indeed to say that the origin of chess is a very controversial issue, that several places have serious claims, India, Persia, China, Central Asia, explaining why. The story is much more complex than saying chess is born in India or in China or anywhere full stop"
 * 4) So the sentence saying that it comes from India (full stop) should be changed or expanded somehow
 * 5) "Chess Update Log" by Ilyx (on youtube) also has a nice history-ish introduction

AltoStev (discuss • contribs) 16:15, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

New variant wikibook?
I feel like the current pages on chess variants here on Wikibooks are somewhat lacking in nature, so I would like to start work on a separate "Chess Variants" wikibook if that's cool. – Itswikisam (t • c) 02:37, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Since no-one has responded, I will assume everyone is okay with it. – Itswikisam (t • c) 01:57, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chess


text:
Gavin Heslop

Gavin Heslop (born November 13, 1997) is an American football cornerback who is a free agent. Heslop played college football at Stony Brook.

Early life
Heslop was born in Yonkers, New York. He attended Archbishop Stepinac High School in White Plains, New York, the same high school as his future college teammates including quarterback Tyquell Fields and cornerback TJ Morrison. Heslop was named to the NYSSWA First-team All-New York State, as well as the USA Today All-New York team. Heslop played a large role in Stepinac's 2014 CHSFL AAA championship team, the school's first since 1955, recording 60 tackles, three interceptions and three sacks a senior while rushing for 440 yards and six touchdowns. In 2014, Heslop also had a 68-yard interception returned for a touchdown to help Stepinac defeat rival St. Anthony's High School for the first time since 1983.

College career
Heslop redshirted during the 2015 season. During his freshman season in 2016, he played in eight games and recorded 13 total tackles. In his college debut on September 1 against No. 19 North Dakota, Heslop blocked a punt in the fourth quarter that was returned for a touchdown, giving Stony Brook the 13–9 victory. Heslop also recorded six tackles in a 42–14 upset of No. 2 Richmond.

In his 2017 sophomore season, Heslop started all 13 games at cornerback. He set career highs with 72 tackles, including 8.5 tackles for loss. Heslop recorded his first career sack and forced fumble on October 14 against No. 12 New Hampshire. Heslop recorded a career-high 12 tackles in a 59–29 victory over Lehigh in the first round of the 2017 FCS Playoffs. The following week against James Madison in the second round, Heslop recorded another 10 tackles in a 26–7 loss.

Heslop again started all 12 games at cornerback as a junior in 2018. He was named to the Second-team All-Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) after a season with 59 tackles, 38 of which being solo tackles. On September 22 against Richmond, Heslop recovered a fumble and returned it 87 yards for a touchdown. It was Heslop's first career touchdown and Stony Brook's first fumble recovery for a touchdown since 2016.

Prior to his senior season, Heslop was named one of three Stony Brook team captains. Heslop started all 12 games in 2019, ending his Stony Brook career having started 37 consecutive games. He was named to the Third-team All-CAA with 52 tackles, 8.5 tackles for loss, two blocked kicks, three forced fumbles, three fumble recoveries and one fumble recovery for a touchdown.

2020
Heslop signed with the Seattle Seahawks following the 2020 NFL Draft as an undrafted free agent. He missed most of training camp with an injury. He was waived during final roster cuts on September 5, 2020, and signed to the practice squad the next day. Heslop was elevated to the active roster on October 3 for the team's week 4 game against the Miami Dolphins, and reverted to the practice squad after the game. On January 11, 2021, Heslop signed a reserve/futures contract with the Seahawks.

2021
In the first week of preseason during the 2021 season, Heslop played 33 snaps, including 12 on special teams. He was waived on August 31, 2021 and re-signed to the practice squad. Heslop was elevated to the active roster on November 20 and made his NFL debut on November 21 against the Arizona Cardinals, playing four snaps on special teams. On Monday Night Football against the Washington Football Team on November 29, Heslop recovered an onside kick with Seattle down 17–15, but the play was called back due to an illegal formation penalty on another Seahawks player. He was signed to the active roster on December 10 after Jamal Adams was ruled out for the season.

On December 12 against the Houston Texans, Heslop suffered a broken fibula and tibia in the final minute of the game after coming in to take his first career regular season defensive snaps. He remained in Houston to receive surgery the next day, which head coach Pete Carroll described as "successful". He was placed on injured reserve on December 15.

New York Giants
On July 22, 2022, the New York Giants signed Heslop. He was released on August 16.

Carolina Panthers
On October 19, 2022, the Carolina Panthers signed Heslop to their practice squad.

Cleveland Browns
On August 5, 2023, Heslop signed with the Cleveland Browns. He was waived on August 27.

Houston Roughnecks
On October 24, 2023, Heslop signed with the Houston Roughnecks of the XFL. The Roughnecks brand was transferred to the Houston Gamblers when the XFL and United States Football League merged to create the United Football League (UFL).

San Antonio Brahmas
On January 19, 2024, Heslop signed with the San Antonio Brahmas of the UFL. He was placed on Injured reserve on March 22, 2024. He was activated on April 30, 2024. He was released on May 14.

Personal life
Heslop is cousins with former NFL player Doug Hogue, who played for the Detroit Lions and the Carolina Panthers from 2011 to 2012.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gavin Heslop


text:
Giovanni Anni

Giovanni Anni (born 8 May 1936) is an Italian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Giovanni Anni


text:
Burnrigg

 Burnrigg is a hamlet in Cumbria, England. It is located to the east of Carlisle. In 1887, The British Architect said "on a site particularly high and open, are two small two- storied blocks of tenements, in all thirty-two, two small rooms to each, no other accommodation except four privies".

title: Burnrigg


text:
Talk:Katja Loos

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 * Katja-Loos.jpg

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title: Talk:Katja Loos


text:
List of protected heritage sites in Perwez

This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Perwijs, or Perwez. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.

 * }


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Talk:Topology

I'm glad to see that someone has started working on a topology textbook. I would like to start making a few additions, and I have a few ideas for the direction I would like to see the book take. I would like to chat / collaborate with anyone else interested in contributing, and I hope that no one takes personal offense to my edits.

 * Billk 06:24, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I've made a few clarifications and additions. I'm also interested in discussing how to structure the book, if anyone else interested in editing it is still around, but if not I'll probably go ahead and change things.  In particular, I note that the page naming convention seems inadwquate, and I'd like to move a lot of the pages, to a "Topology:" prefix. J Bytheway 20:29, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * You do know about Allen Hatcher's Algebraic Topology book, no? It's a free book, available on his website.

http://www.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/AT/ATpage.html

Zorn's Lemma, AoC in the prereqs?
Is it really a good idea to put these in the prereqs without qualification? I mean, you can get through a fair part of basic topology without ever needing to invoke ZL or AoC. In the two books I have handy, they introduce AoC and prove Zorn's Lemma and then get to using it. I think it is a similar problem to the use of the word "Monad" in Haskell, it sounds scary, and so people may be offput from _using_ this (lovely) wikibook if they see these things, even though the subjects are not (IMO) super-difficult to grasp. Any thoughts, perhaps just qualifying them with a "For Section Foo, will need Zorn's Lemma and the AoC" or even just shoving them into the text as an Aside? Jfredett (talk) 05:50, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Format
Much has been discussed about content, but not about formatting, what should the format of each chapter be? I, given my experience, can deal with a simple, linear "(Theorem-Proof)*" format, others will likely prefer different. As it stands, there seems to be no standard format, some pages (such as the Completeness page) are the TP* style, some are more structured (like the page on the Fundamental Group. I'm happy to do the grunt work of rearranging the material, I just want to know if there is a standard format being used. Perhaps it would be wise to create a "Writing Standards" page somewhere with the format and organization rules organized there? Jfredett (talk) 05:50, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Work to be done
Hello, i just saw this book. and it seems to have lots of potential. I think we should list the subjects we would like to see in it, and evaluate them:
 * How important they are?
 * How diffecult to understanding ?
 * This will mean more examples. I personaly thing that you can never have to many examples.

Here is an initial list of subjects as i see it (ordered as the should appear. ):
 * 1) Metric spaces (the reason in the iterm below), importantcy: high
 * 2) suequences and convergence importantcy: high
 * 3) open and closed sets ( For this i think it is perferable to explain about metric spaces first, when it is more intuitive to undersanded and motivated.) importantcy: high
 * 4) continueity importantcy: high
 * 5) sub spaces importantcy: low
 * 6) Topological Space. importantcy: high
 * 7) closed and open sets importantcy: high
 * 8) The metric induced topology importantcy: medium
 * 9) Co-finite topology. importantcy: medium
 * 10) sub spaces importantcy: low
 * 11) continueity importantcy: high
 * 12) homermorphism. importantcy: high
 * 13) definition of a topological proprety, and basic examples.
 * 14) Speration axioms.
 * 15) continueity
 * 16) compactness
 * 17) connectedness
 * 18) ... to be continued (by you ?)

write them (according to importance). Only after covering one subject completly, we will move to the next.

You are invited to contibue to this list. I think that by this way we can consentrate efforts, to make this book more usable, quickly.

If you think this idea is bad, i would like to hear it too.

If no one will object in the next month, i shall consider it as agreeing, and redesign the book to suit this proposed structure.

--Uvgroovy 19:14, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Proposal for further improvements
Hello everyone!

I've seen the book and I would like to discuss further improvements to it.

I think that before adding any new materials to it, we should discuss the organization of the book in parts, chapters and sections.

Division of the book in parts

In my opinion the present divison of the book in 5 parts should be kept for now, namely

1. Introduction

2. Point-set topology

3. Algebraic topology

4. Differential topology

5. Help

Contents of each part

1. Introduction

This part should contain introductory material on set theory, basic algebraic structures (group, ring, module), and a survey on real numbers and real functions of a real variable. Everything that we need before starting.

2. Point-set topology

Here I express what I know to be a controversial direction in teaching topology: I believe the general topological space should be presented before the metric space. Reasons for that:

- Abstract distance is not easier to understand than general topology. Take for example the euclidean straight, plane or space with the metric which, given two points in it, associates 0 or 1, whether the points are the same or different. And now explain to a freshman that this distance is so much a distance in each of its particulars as the usual distance and wait for his comments.

- To a certain degree one can present metric independently of topology: definition of metric, sub-space, balls, limited set, Cauchy sequence - none of this concepts needs topology.

- But when one comes to the matters of closeness, convergence, adherence, continuity, there's nothing why one should present it firstly on a metric space, they are just topological aspects which metric spaces possess among others.

Now, I believe one should gather in different bags what is hard to comprehend and what is a piece of cake though necessary (an unecessary piece of cake shouldn't even be mentioned). The concept of topology is necessary but a piece of cake. Such are all the basics one can say about it: sub-space, closure, neighbourhood, interior and so on.

I believe that compactness and connectedness are hard bones in topology. That, and their applications in other mathematical branches, demand they should be gathered in a single chapter for mind-order's sake as for easing the work of analists, geometers and so on, who know topology well but just need a quick view of the bone. On the other hand all the basic topological constructions such as cartesian product, quotient space, space summing and glueing are nothing but technical instruments, constantly being used in every branch of mathematics needing topology, but uninteresting for itself (unless one's in a cathegory theory discussion).

I also believe one should take a short look to "general countability" and "general uniformity" before realizing that metric has all these propierties.

Thus I propose that part 2 should be organized in chapters and sections as follows

1. Topology

1.1. topology (including definition, open and closed sets, sub-space, base and generated topology, neighbourhood, interior, exterior, border, closure, density)

1.2. separation properties (including Hausdorff topology and other separation axioms)

1.3. limit and continuity (including concepts of convergence, adherence, continuity in a point and in a set, homeomorphism)

1.4. topological constructions (including quotient, product, sum, wedge-sum, glueing and others)

2. Compactness and connectedness

2.1. compactness (including definition, results on compactness and closeness, Thychonoff's Theorem, local compactness, Alexandroff's compactification, normal space)

2.2. connectedness (including connectedess, path-connectedness and local connectedness)

3. Countability, uniformity and metric

3.1. countability (including the first and second axioms of countability, sequential closure)

3.2. uniformity (including Cauchy property, uniform continuity, completness)

3.3. metric (including definition, ball, limitated set, uniform structure of metric, topology of metric)

3.4. countability and uniformity of metric (how sequences suffice in metric to describe limit and continuity, completness in metric spaces Lipschitz property, Banach's fixed point theorem)

3.5. Compactness in a metric space (how in a metric space behaves compactness)

4. Topology and metric of the euclidean space (including inner product, norm, compactness and connectedness in euclidean space)

5. Sequences of functions (What can one say about sequences of functions between topological or metric spaces, pointwise convergence versus uniform convergence)

'''3. Algebraic topology, 4. Differential topology, 5. Help'''

The contens of these chapters isn't so important until chapter 1 be in an advanced state.

Signed

--AnneKent 10:17, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I would say that although metric spaces are not easier to understand, an understanding of the nature of topological spaces are based upon an understanding of what metric spaces are. Regards, A 04:13, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

TOPOLOGY EXPERT
Dear all,

I am intending to vastly improve this book. I have so far created three sections on the comb space, linear continua, and on locally connected spaces. I have noticed that some people have added exercises to some chapters in this book which is great! However, some of the exercies are far too easy or far to boring. If you are going to include an exercise such as, 'check whether the following collection of subsets of X is a base', it would be appropriate to include one question on this but not anymore. Such exercises are far too repetitive and are not generally challenging for the more interested reader. Therefore, I recommend that you try to add more interesting exercises. Of course, adding any sort of exercise is great! In future, I am looking to completely improve the two chapters on general topology to make it readable.

Topology Expert (talk) 04:28, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I think that what needs work is the differential topology section, and more on manifolds, and so on.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:13, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

 * In addition, I have found that I may have added some stuff that was in the realm of functional analysis. For example, I have added the Arzela-Ascoli Theorem to the completeness page. I see that on the functional analysis book, then mention this theorem, but don't prove it. I think that some of this functional analysis stuff may be moved to the functional analysis book, but I find it troubling about the manner in which this should be done. After all, this would have to either assume that one has already read this topology book, or some topology material would have to be copied over to the Functional Analysis book. Regards, <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:33, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

You are right that there is this basic question: whether or not a background in general topology (not algebraic topology or differential topology) is prerequisite for functional analysis, a background that is little more than passing acquaintance. The current Functional Analysis is written based on the assumption that the answer to the question is affirmative. Since the weak topology play an important role in functional analysis, I don't think anyone can go far without experience with non-first-countable spaces. This could change, of course, in the future. -- Taku (talk) 14:14, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Development stages
I would suggest that someone more authoritative on topology (I'm haven't had any formal education in the subject yet) should go over the chapters and add development stages to each chapter, so as to get an overview of the content and quality of each chapter.

This would help identify areas that need improvement and completion and would turn the attention to those areas.

--Jerome Baum (talk) 18:22, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Topology


text:
Being Ginger

Being Ginger is a 2013 documentary/romantic comedy film directed, produced, and starring Scott P. Harris. It starts off as the filmmaker, an American redhead living in Scotland, goes on a quest to try to find a mythical woman who specifically likes ginger men. Over the course of the film it becomes more about the long-term impact of schoolyard bullying and self-acceptance.

Plot
The film opens as filmmaker Scott P. Harris explains his unique experience as a redhead. He says he's had many female friends tell him they have a friend who just loves gingers, but he's never met one of them. He takes his camera to the local park to stop women and ask what they think of redheads.

The first woman he stops claims to really like redheads, which throws Scott for a loop. The film briefly turns into a romantic comedy as he tries to get a date with the woman, and seeks advice from his trusted friend, and co-editor, Ben. He eventually gets the date, but it doesn't go anywhere.

Throughout the film Scott's camerawoman tries to encourage him to date a redheaded woman, but he steadfastly refuses. First he states that redheads simply don't date each other, but he later opens up that he doesn't like redheads himself, which he thinks is just because of his own self-loathing that he's projecting on to every redhead he sees.

Unwilling to return to the park, Scott starts using an online dating site that claims to specifically cater to redheads and the people who like them. When that turns out to be a scam, he sinks to a new low and goes to a public square wearing a sandwich-board that reads, “Looking 4 a woman who likes gingers. Seriously.” While there he meets a particularly nasty woman who doesn't hold back in telling him that redheads are unattractive. She recounts the first time she saw a redhead being bullied, when she was in kindergarten, and assumes the boy just accepted that as a redhead this is what his life was going to be like.

That run in prompts Scott to open up about his own bullying experiences, including a particular nasty reoccurring experience when he was eight. Every day of second grade all of the students in his class would stand up to tell him they hated him, and when he cried the teacher threatened to beat him. It is the scar of that experience that shades everything else in his life.

Scott then learns of The Redhead Days, the world's largest redhead gathering which takes place every year in The Netherlands. Scott sends them a copy of the first act of the film, which was his graduation project from film school, and the festival asks to screen it.

Scott flies over to The Netherlands, and while at the festival, he becomes a bit of a local celebrity. It's the first time in his life he's been the center of attention and not had it accompanied with serious emotional pain, which causes a major breakthrough for him. He also meets and falls for a beautiful redheaded woman who has flown over from the US to attend the festival.

The film ends on the promise that the two redheads will soon go on their first proper date together.

Production
The film took over two years to make. It was shot in Edinburgh, Scotland, and Breda, The Netherlands. In September 2012 Scott launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise money to pay for post-production. He raised $12,869.

Release and reception
The film was released online on August 23, 2013, the same weekend it screened at The Irish Redhead Convention. A week later it screened at The Redhead Days in the Netherlands. In January 2014, Scott started traveling around the country to attend individual screenings of the film in Austin, Dallas, Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Boston, and Tampa.

In April 2014 the film had a small theatrical release in the US and later Canada. In January 2016 the film was licensed to Netflix for two years.

The film received highly favorable reviews from critics, with Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times calling it "Sweet, funny, and ultimately rather touching". She described Harris's candor and vulnerability as "enormously endearing". Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter called it "entertaining and enlightening".

Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 92% based on reviews from 12 critics, with an average score of 7.12/10. The New York Times named it a Critics' Pick.

Sequel
The last credit of the film announces that Scott will return in a film called "An American Ginger In Paris." In September 2014 he launched a Kickstarter campaign and raised $15,788. The film is currently in production.

title: Being Ginger


text:
Abjeqan

Abjeqan (, also Romanized as Ābjeqān) is a village in Rivand Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 99, in 25 families.

title: Abjeqan


text:
Amateur Radio Manual/What is Current

To make electrons flow in a conductor, we first must supply some form of electromotive force (potential difference). This can be achieved attaching the conductor to some source (generator), like a battery or a power supply.

Current, then, is the rate of flow of electrons through the conductor (with unitary diameter), measured in amperes (A) after the French scientist André-Marie Ampère. In formulae, current is represented by the letter I. That's a capital eye.

The ampere is a large measurement so we usually refer to milliampere (mA), being 1/1000 of an ampere, in small measurements.

One ampere is equivalent to

$$6.24 \times 10^{18}$$

charged particles (or 1 coulomb) moving through a unitary section conductor in one second.

Current is measured with an ammeter.

title: Amateur Radio Manual/What is Current


text:
1983 in Thailand

The year 1983 was the 202nd year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 38th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2526 in the Buddhist Era.

Incumbents

 * King: Bhumibol Adulyadej
 * Crown Prince: Vajiralongkorn
 * Prime Minister: Prem Tinsulanonda
 * Supreme Patriarch: Ariyavangsagatayana VII

title: 1983 in Thailand


text:
Transportation in Metro Cebu

Transportation within Cebu City is mainly land-based with most parts of the city accessible by road. There is no existing mass transit but construction is currently being undertaken on the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System as well as an existing proposal for a Cebu Monorail, both of which will be crucial in solving the city's worsening traffic congestion, as existing transportation modes will soon become insufficient to move residents around the city if the local government fails to urgently implement infrastructure projects and measures to address the issue.

Regulations
The public transportation system is regulated by the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board which is responsible for promulgating, administering, enforcing, and monitoring compliance of policies, laws, and regulations of public land transportation services.

Jeepneys and modern jeepneys
Just like any other place in the Philippines, jeepney is the most popular means of public transportation in the city. Modern jeepneys have also started plying the roads of the city namely Beep operated by Persano Corp. and PeoplesJeep operated by Cebu People's Multi-Purpose Cooperative.

Beep has 40 vehicles in the city, with 20 units in two routes which goes from Cebu City Hall to Cebu IT Park via Robinsons Galleria, Cebu Business Park and vice versa. The other route goes from Paseo Arcenas at R. Duterte Street to Sykes in Panagdait, Barangay Mabolo via Happy Valley, Fuente Osmeña, Ramos St., D. Jakosalem St., Cebu Business Park and vice versa. Each air conditioned beep has a seating capacity of 24 passengers, and can accommodate an additional 10 standing passengers. The service also operates 24/7. Recently, they have also opened a third route which goes from Guadalupe to Carbon Market.

PeoplesJeep is a new modern jeepney that was launched in September 2019 with 15 units in 3 routes: Talamban-Ayala-Colon, Lahug-Ayala-SM and Bulacao-Colon-SM. Starting October 1, 2019, they will charge a passenger fare of PHP 10.

Buses
Most of the buses and mini-buses are stationed in Cebu North Bus Terminal (CNBT) at SM City Cebu, North Reclamation Area, Cebu City, and in Cebu South Bus Terminal (CSBT) at N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, both owned by the Cebu Provincial Government. The terminals serve passengers heading to the northern and southern parts of Cebu and neighboring provinces of Negros Oriental, Negros Occidental, Siquijor, Zamboanga del Norte, and Zamboanga del Sur.

MyBus, a public bus transportation operated by Metro Rapid Transit Services, Inc. (MRTSI), serves passengers coming the city going to Talisay City, Mandaue City up to Mactan–Cebu International Airport. It can accommodate up to 90 passengers including standing passengers.

Vehicles for hire
There were 6,000 taxicabs operating in Cebu as of early 2018 according to the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) in Region 7 and most of which ply the roads of Cebu City. The minimum flag down rate is PHP40 with an additional PHP13.50 for every succeeding kilometer and PHP2 for every two minutes of waiting time during traffic. They can be flagged down at any time of the day along any roads in the city.

Grab and MiCab also operate in Cebu.

Motorcycle taxis (habal-habal)
Despite being not a legal mode of public transportation in the Philippines, motorcycle taxis, locally known as "habal-habal", have long been a staple in the mountain barangays of Cebu City that are inaccessible by 4-wheel vehicles. Due to the high volume of traffic in some parts of the city and convenience of passengers especially during rush hours, several motorcycle taxis have propagated in the lowland with more than 6,000 of them that can be hailed along the road or can be booked using Angkas, a motorcycle-hailing platform. Fare for motorcycle taxis not under Angkas is done thru negotiation with the driver.

The city government has also been supportive of this mode of public transportation and spearheaded in organizing its drivers to address concerns about passenger safety. A bill was refiled by Cebu City North District Representative Raul del Mar in the House of Representatives to legalize the operations of motorcycle taxis while a pending city ordinance regulating motorcycle taxis has the support of the city's mayor Edgardo Labella.

Horse-drawn carriages (tartanilla)
Before the introduction of motorized vehicles in 1901, "tartanillas" were the primary means of transportation in the city until the 1970s. Also known in Filipino as "kalesa", these two-wheeled carriage drawn by a single horse have only limited routes covering Barangays Pasil & Duljo Fatima and Magallanes, Taboan & Carbon Streets.

Motorized and electric tricycles
Motorized tricycle is a mode of transportation for tertiary roads in the city and are not allowed on national highways. Some electric tricycles or "e-trikes" are also starting to appear in certain roads of the city.

Pedal-operated tricycles (trisikads)
This mode of transportation locally known as trisikad (also called as sikad or sikad-sikad) is commonly used in accessing inner roads in the urban area of the city. Similar with motorized tricycles, they are not allowed to ply on national highways.

Maritime transport
Passenger and cargo ships coming from within and outside the country arrive at the Port of Cebu which is managed by the Cebu Port Authority. The city is home to more than 80% of the country's island vessels traveling on domestic routes mostly in the Visayas and Mindanao.

Ferry boats going to Lapu-Lapu dock at Pier 3. Those operated by Metro Ferry, Inc. can accommodate up to 270 passengers with a travel time of 15 minutes to Muelle Osmeña docking point while those operated by Topline Marina can accommodate 325 passengers with a travel time of 35 to 40 minutes.

Piers
The Port of Cebu, located in the North Reclamation Area of Cebu City, Philippines, is the largest domestic port in the Philippines. Managed by the Cebu Port Authority, it mostly serves routes in the Visayas and Mindanao. It is situated in the Mactan Channel, a narrow strait between the islands of Cebu and Mactan.

Cebu-Cordova Link Expressway
Cebu City has its first toll bridge expressway of the Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway (CCLEX) in April 2022. CCLEX connects to the city of Cordova and provides an alternative route for passengers going to Lapu-Lapu City.

Metro Cebu Expressway
At approximately 73.75 km (45.82 mi) long, the proposed Metro Cebu Expressway, also known as the Cebu Circumferential Road, will serve as an alternative highway connecting Naga City to Danao to address the traffic congestion within Metro Cebu and will cross the mountain barangays of Cebu City.

title: Transportation in Metro Cebu


text:
كلام

Etymology 1
From the root, cf. .

Noun

 * 1) talking, speaking
 * 2) conversation, speech, talk, language
 * 3) discussion, debate
 * 4) dispute, controversy
 * 5) words, word, saying
 * 6) statement, remark
 * 7) sentence, clause, phrase

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) talking

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  words, talk

title: كلام


text:
Talk:Debbie Jaramillo

Stubbified
I have stubbified this article per WP:BLP to remove all the unsourced negative content. – ukexpat (talk) 16:07, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Debbie Jaramillo


text:
User:Andrew massyn

Hi, In real life I am an attorney based in Cape Town, South Africa. I also lecture part time at the local college. I am more active on wiktionary  where I am an administrator. You can e-mail me here

title: User:Andrew massyn


text:
TeX/baselineskip

< TeX

Synopsis
\baselineskip=[length]

Description
A parameter that tells TeX the distance between baselines.

Examples
If 10pt fonts are being used, then \baselineskip=20pt will cause the lines to be "double spaced."

title: TeX/baselineskip


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/acidcoven.com

Links

 * acidcoven.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Users

 * Jeblad (bot)
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group bot on some wikis
 * RudolphousBot
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group bot on some wikis
 * Sabbatino
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group reviewer on some wikis
 * Sabbatino
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group reviewer on some wikis

Additions

 * Displayed all 7 additions.


text:
edustava

Adjective

 * 1) representative having the same properties of interest as a larger group
 * 2) presentable in good enough shape to be shown to other people
 * 1) presentable in good enough shape to be shown to other people

title: edustava


text:
Juan Villa

Juan Felipe Villa Ruiz (born 10 October 1999) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ecuadorian Serie B club América de Quito.

Career
Villa made his professional debut with Gil Vicente in a 0-0 Primeira Liga tie with Boavista on 22 September 2019. On 9 January 2020, Villa joined Fafe on loan for the rest of the season.

In March 2023, Villa joined Ecuadorian Serie B club América de Quito.

title: Juan Villa


text:
Rangan

Rangan may refer to:
 * Rangan, Razavi Khorasan, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province
 * Venkat Rangan, Indian computer scientist
 * Gumbok Rangan, a mountain of India
 * Rangan Chakraborty (b. 1957), Indian filmmaker

title: Rangan


text:
The Gingerbread Man (film)

The Gingerbread Man is a 1998 American legal thriller film directed by Robert Altman and based on a discarded John Grisham manuscript. The film stars Kenneth Branagh, Embeth Davidtz, Robert Downey Jr., Tom Berenger, Daryl Hannah, Famke Janssen, and Robert Duvall.

Plot
Rick Magruder (Kenneth Branagh) is a divorced lawyer with a reputation for underhanded dealings and protecting criminals. After another successful trial, Magruder celebrates at a party hosted by his firm, becoming increasingly drunk. As he stumbles out of the party, he has a chance meeting with a woman named Mallory Doss (Embeth Davidtz), a waitress at the party who seems to have lost her car. Rick drives the woman to her home, where her car has been already parked, seemingly by her father, Dixon Doss (Robert Duvall). Rick and Mallory walk into the house arguing about her abusive father. Mallory carelessly undresses in front of him, after which they spend the night together.

The next day, Mallory asks him to file suit against her father because of his dangerous behavior. Having started a relationship with Mallory, Rick agrees and is successful in having Dixon put on trial thanks to favors from his staff, including his investigator, Clyde Pell (Robert Downey, Jr.). Mallory's ex-husband, Pete Randle (Tom Berenger) also takes the stand, to testify about his former father-in-law's erratic behavior. Dixon appeals to the judge, claiming that the charges against him are fabricated and exaggerated, but the judge sentences him to a mental institution. Upon being taken away, Dixon attempts to attack Magruder, vowing revenge. With her father institutionalized, Magruder and Mallory continue their relationship, but not long after, Dixon is able to escape from the institution. Scared of retaliation, Magruder assigns Pell to guard Mallory while he attempts to gain support from the police to apprehend Dixon. The police are unhelpful, even after Dixon and his friends set Mallory's car on fire, due to the many cases Magruder has won against them.

A short time later, Magruder receives an unmarked letter containing pictures of his children with their faces cut out of them. Worried for his children, he takes them out of school, despite not having full custody of his children and needing his wife's permission to take them. Despite the objections of the teachers, Magruder escapes with his children, calling his wife (Famke Janssen) to assure her that he is doing it only for their safety. During the call, Magruder's children are apparently taken by Dixon's crew, and he is forced to rendezvous with Mallory so that she can lead him to her father's house. After they arrive, Magruder forces Dixon into a standoff where the older man is killed with a shot through the throat. Dixon's men seemingly escape with Magruder's children, and he is forced to give chase. However, upon catching them, his children are not with them, having been turned into the police office hours earlier.

In the aftermath, Magruder is charged with murder and is threatened with disbarment. Realizing that he has been set up, Magruder has Clyde look into Mallory's background, suspicious that she might have something to gain from her father's death. The search reveals that Dixon's land is worth millions, and on top of that, Mallory had never actually divorced Pete Randle. With no will found, Mallory, and by relation, Randle, are granted ownership of Dixon's estate. Suspicious of Randle, Clyde and Magruder track the man down. Clyde is killed by Randle, and Magruder is forced into a desperate struggle in the middle of a violent hurricane. While the two grapple with one another, Mallory arrives and shoots Randle in the back with a flare gun. Her husband falls into the flood waters below, dead. Mallory claims that she had no idea about her husband's plans, but Magruder is still suspicious. He removes another flare from her flare gun, and when he returns it to her, she attempts to kill Magruder with it. Realizing that Mallory and Randle were working together, Magruder signals the police, who arrest Mallory. As the film concludes, Magruder decides not to fight the charges against him, accepting a plea deal that involves community service. In the courtroom, he spies Mallory being led away in handcuffs, who gives him a knowing look.

Cast

 * Kenneth Branagh as Rick Magruder
 * Embeth Davidtz as Mallory Doss
 * Robert Downey Jr. as Clyde Pell
 * Tom Berenger as Pete Randle
 * Daryl Hannah as Lois Harlan
 * Robert Duvall as Dixon Doss
 * Famke Janssen as Leeanne Magruder
 * Jesse James as Jeff Magruder
 * Mae Whitman as Libby Magruder
 * Wilbur Fitzgerald as Judge Russo

Production
The film was based on an original story by John Grisham that was subsequently adapted into screenplay form. Kenneth Branagh liked the story and agreed to do the film but only if a highly regarded director signed on as well. In July 1996, it was announced that Luis Mandoki was to direct the film, with Annette Bening in the female lead, and it was to have been filmed in Memphis, Tennessee. However, when Bening fell pregnant, she had to drop out, with Mandoki departing shortly afterwards. Branagh went to work on The Proposition while the producers looked for another director. John Dahl was offered the film before the producers settled on Robert Altman. Altman wanted to work with Branagh but only, as he told him, "If we can fool the audience by not making you the hero, by making you flawed."

Once Altman came on board, he heavily re-worked the script, giving credit to the pseudonymous Al Hayes. Altman said in an interview, "I just wanted to change the elements of these kinds of stories as much as I could and then I wanted to stay out of the courtroom." Altman changed the setting to Savannah, Georgia, and added the threat of a hurricane throughout the movie. For the look of the film, Altman was inspired by The Night of the Hunter.

Principal photography would occur during early 1997. In addition to Two Girls and a Guy, which was also shot in the early months of 1997, the film was Robert Downey Jr.'s first acting role after a 1996 drug arrest. It has been said that Downey Jr. "didn't even read the script" when he accepted the role.

Release
The Gingerbread Man was intended to open in the fall of 1997 but was delayed after an audience test screening reportedly went poorly. Polygram Films brought in an outsider to re-edit the movie without informing Altman, and claimed that his version "lacked tension and suffered from an inappropriate music score". At one point, the publicized squabble between the studio and the filmmaker got so bad that he wanted his name taken off the film. According to Branagh, the film previewed well but not up to the expectations of the studio. He said in an interview: "There's this enormous pressure to wrap everything up neatly and to resist things that stray from formula. Anything that suggests complexity in a character makes them unsympathetic in the eyes of some people, and they see that as a great crime." Polygram backed down when their version tested worse than Altman's in a preview. The studio was upset that Altman had completely rewritten Grisham's script so that it was more critical about lawyers.

Years later, Ray Pride interviewed Altman about the post-production debacle and he replied, "Well, it's criminal, their treatment of that film. There was a vindictive order from the guy who was running [Polygram Films], he was so pissed off with me, he literally told them, 'I want that movie killed.' We're talking to lawyers, but it's almost impossible to win a lawsuit. You can't prove what a film could have done. They were just pissed off because it didn't test the way they wanted it to with the teenagers, y'know, in those malls."

Reception
In his review for the San Francisco Chronicle, Mick LaSalle wrote, "If it weren't for Altman's touches, The Gingerbread Man would be a mediocre thriller. Even with them, it can't be more than a top-notch genre film, but top-notch is top-notch." Jay Carr of The Boston Globe said that the film "is fun junk...We're talking claptrap here, but it's more enjoyable than it has any business being, thanks to director Robert Altman and star Kenneth Branagh." In his review for The Independent, Boyd Tonkin wrote, "It does not sprawl or wander as the Altman of old would have. Neither does it ever really catch alight. This is a waterlogged venture in more ways than one." Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel gave the film two thumbs up, citing "brilliant filmmaking". The film holds a 60% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 47 reviews.

title: The Gingerbread Man (film)


text:
Don Wesely

Don Wesely (born March 30, 1954) was the 49th mayor of Lincoln, Nebraska. He previously served in the Nebraska Legislature from 1979 to 1999.

Biography
Wesely was born March 30, 1954, in David City, Nebraska. He graduated from Lincoln Northeast High School, then went on to receive his B.A. Degree from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 1977 and attended graduate school at UNL. Wesely is the father of three children: Sarah, Amanda and Andrew.

Political career
Wesely was first elected to the Nebraska Legislature in 1978. He was only twenty-four when elected and was a graduate student at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He was the third-youngest person ever to serve in that body. Wesely is a member of the Democratic Party. During his tenure, more than 300 legislative initiatives sponsored or co-sponsored by Wesely were successfully enacted into state law. His committee work included 14 years as Chairman of the Health and Human Services Committee. When he retired after 20 years in the legislature, Wesely was the eighth longest serving state senator in Nebraska history. He was only forty-four years-old upon his retirement from the legislature.

In 1999, Wesely was elected mayor of Lincoln, Nebraska, with 56% of the vote. He served only one term as Mayor. Following his departure from the mayor's office, he became a lobbyist for the state legislature.

Wesely was a delegate to the 1996 Democratic National Convention and the 2000 Democratic National Convention

title: Don Wesely


text:
Hector's clingfish

Hector's clingfish (Gastroscyphus hectoris) is a clingfish of the family Gobiesocidae, the only species in the genus Gastrocyathus. It is found all down the east coast of New Zealand around the low water mark amongst seaweed, on rocky coastlines. Its length is up to 6.4 cm SL. This species was described in 1876 by Albert Günther as Crepidogaster hectoris from a holotype collected on the south shore of the Cook Strait. Günther honoured the Scottish-born scientist James Hector (1834-1907) who was the Director of the Geological Survey of New Zealand and who presented type to the British Museum (Natural History).

title: Hector's clingfish


text:
Talk:common sense

1
Hot damn but that's a high-falutin' definition with plenty purty words an' all, but what in tarnation does it mean?

Surely common sense tells you that writing a simple ever'day definition is much better fer folks to git their minds around? <IP_ADDRESS> 04:11, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

independent of specialized knowledge
There's one distinction missing from the current definition (#2, that is). Let me take Dictionary.com's take as an illustration:
 * sound practical judgment that is independent of specialized knowledge, training, or the like; normal native intelligence

Note the stronger emphasis on non-specialized knowledge. "basic intelligence" and "plain understanding" does imply this, but not explicitly so. I suggest we edit the entry to more directly specify that common sense specifically excludes higher learning and specialization, since it's sometimes used as a counterpoint to those. CapnZapp (talk) 15:24, 22 July 2017 (UTC)

commonest meaning of a word
What about the meaning used when talking about a word/term's common sense, meaning its commonest meaning? --Backinstadiums (talk) 17:28, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:common sense


text:
Dutch/Lesson 5

Gesprek 5-1

Notice that John uses the polite forms "alstublieft" (please) and "hartelijk dank" (thank you very much) to a total stranger rather than the more informal "alsjeblieft and "dank je".

Grammatica 5-1 ~ Conjugation of verbs; the four moods
Dutch has a relatively simple system of verbs with four moods and eight tenses. The Dutch verb has a few more endings than the English one. We will focus on three forms:

 * 1) stem
 * 2) stem + -t
 * 3) stem + -en

Imperative mood
The simplest form is the imperative mood. As in English it is simply the stem of the verb:

 * Neem! - take!

There is a (rather archaic) plural of the imperative, that takes an extra -t:

 * Neemt! - take (you all!).

Often imperatives are 'softened' to a kind request or encouragement with modal adverbs like maar or even:

 * Ga weg  - Go away! (This is pretty curt, even offensive: Get lost!)
 * Ga even weg - Please leave me alone for a moment (A kind request: do me a favor)
 * Ga maar weg - You can go now, that's OK. (An encouragement or permission)

In polite address with 'u' often a -t is added, although grammarians don't always consider that an imperative :

 * Gaat u zitten - please sit down
 * Weest u niet bang - don't be afraid

Indicative mood in the present tense
By far the most important mood is the indicative one and its tenses. We will look at the present tense only here. The first person singular has the same form as the imperative:

 * neem! - take!
 * ik neem - I take

The third person (he/she) singular acquires a final -t in the present. In English it gets a -s instead:

 * ik volg - I follow
 * hij volgt - he follows

In contrast to English this also applies to the second person singular:

 * jij vindt - you find (informal)
 * U kunt - you can (formal, polite)

However, the -t ending is lost for the informal jij form, when the word order is reversed, e.g. when asking a question:
 * Vind je dat ook niet?

The Dutch verb has a 'plural' form that generally ends in -en, which is used for all plural persons and for the infinitive as well:

 * vertellen - to tell
 * wij nemen - we take
 * jullie volgen - you (all) follow
 * zij kunnen - they can

Notice that the vowel usually does not change and therefore we are doubling either consonants or vowels when we go from one syllable to two:

 * vertel - vertelt - vertelˑlen => single e remains [ɛ] in syllable closed by extra l.
 * loop - loopt - loˑpen => o remains [o], even in the closed syllable, as indicated by "oo".

Brief exercise
Choose the correct form of the verb, then hover you mouse over the verb to see the right answer.

Fill in the correct verb form in the blank. Hover to check the answer.

 * [werken]. Waar jij?
 * [gaan]. Zij allebei naar het concert.
 * [bibberen]. Het kindje van de kou.
 * [pakken]. Ik de kaart even.
 * [eten].  u graag pannenkoeken met spek?

Infinitive mood
The plural form is also the infinitive of the verb:

 * wij maken - we make
 * maken - to make

It occasionally takes 'te' as in English 'to' but that is more exceptional in Dutch. The form with te is known as the extended infinitive and it has its own uses. Some of them are quite comparable to what happens in English:

 * dat is moeilijk te maken - that is hard to make

The infinitive can be used as a noun where English uses the gerund in -ing. It is always neuter in gender:

 * het vertellen van volkverhalen is een leuk tijdverdrijf.
 * the telling of folktales is a nice pastime.

 * het eten - the food, the meal
 * het eten is klaar! - dinner's ready!
 * het leven - life

There is a present participle, it ends in -end(e) rather than -ing. It is used mostly as an adjective :
 * de week die volgt → de volgende week
 * the week that follows → the following week
 * volgend jaar
 * next year

There are forms ending in -ing in Dutch but they are (feminine) nouns of action only loosely associated with the verb they derive from, e.g.

 * vertalen - to translate
 * de vertaling - the translation

We will revisit verbal nouns much more extensively in one of the later lessons.

Some verbs are monosyllabic, e.g.
 * zien - to see
 * ik zie - I see
 * hij ziet - he sees
 * zij zien - they see

Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is even rarer in Dutch than it is in English. It only exists in third person singular and (with few exceptions) present tense. It looks like the infinitive minus -n:

 * Men neme twee pond gehakt
 * lit. (May) one take two pounds of ground beef (minced meat)
 * Het zij zo - be it so

It is only mentioned here for the sake of completeness. It is only used in a few wishes and recipes.

Some irregular verbs
Of course, there are a number of irregular verbs in Dutch, but often they are the same ones as in English. In English can and may do not take an -s in the third person. In Dutch a similar thing happens:
 * kunnen
 * ik kan - I can
 * jij kunt - you can
 * hij kan - he can (no t in Dutch - no s in English)

 * mogen
 * ik mag - I may
 * jij mag - you may
 * hij mag - he may (no t - no s)

We will revisit irregulars later.

Exercise 5.1
Read conversation 5.1 again and underline all verbs. Mark all endings as 0) - none 1) - t and 2) -en and identify in each case why this ending is used.

Exercise 5.2
Translate into Dutch:

Clitics revisited
As shown before many personal pronouns have a strong and a weak form:

 * mij, me - me (object)
 * jij, je - you (subject)
 * jou, je - you (object)
 * wij, we - we
 * zij, ze - they or she
 * hen, ze - them

The weak forms me, je, we and ze are used when the emphasis lies on some other part of the sentence. The strong form expresses mild emphasis.

 * Hij ziet me in de spíégel - He sees me in the mirror (not on television).
 * Hij ziet míj in de spiegel - He sees me in the mirror (not my mother).

Some pronouns do not have clitics, like u and jullie. In the spoken language there are more weak forms than in the written one, e.g. for he (ie), him ('m) and for her (d'r or 'r)

 * Dat heeft-ie niet gedaan - He ain't done it
 * Hij heeft 'r geslagen -  He beat 'r up
 * Ze hebben 'm gezien   -- They spotted 'im

In the written language they are often written in full hij, haar and hem.

For possessive pronouns the same holds. Compare:

 * Mijn motor is een Honda. Wat is jouw motor? - My bike is a Honda. What is your bike?
 * Ik wil graag een ritje op je motor maken. - I'd love to ride y'r bike!

 * mijn, m'n - my
 * jouw, je  - your
 * zijn, z'n - his
 * haar, (d'r)- her

Again the spoken language has a clearer distinction than the written one. The forms m'n, z'n, and especially d'r are often written as mijn, zijn and haar in formal writing. The form je is pretty much the only clitic possessive generally accepted in writing.

Quizlet
The vocabulary of this lesson can be trained at Quizlet (27 terms)

Progress made
If you have studied this lesson well, you should
 * 1) know the four moods of the verb
 * 2) know how to form a present tense
 * 3) be able to use Dutch personal pronouns in all their forms

Cumulative term count
 * Cycle 1: 579 terms
 * Cycle 2:
 * Lesson 5: 25 terms

 * Grand total 604 terms

title: Dutch/Lesson 5


text:
Overview of Cell Biology/Intermediate Filaments and Septins

Free Berkeley Lecture available from ITunes U [| Intermediate Filaments and Septins]

Readings

 * Study guide:
 * Wikipedia articles: Intermediate Filaments, Septins


text:
Ikha

Ikha (Иха; Ихха) is a rural locality (a selo) in Khubarsky Selsoviet, Kazbekovsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 462 as of 2010.

Geography
Ikha is located 19 km east of Dylym (the district's administrative centre) by road. Khubar and Novo-Zubutli are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Avars live there.

Famous residents

 * Zubair Saydulayev (chairman of the collective farm Friendship, awarded the Order of the Red Star)

title: Ikha


text:
User:Becritical/AnonPaste

AnonPaste was an online portal created by Anonymous to replace Pastebin, which allowed anonymous posting of files and documents.

As of at least May 04, 2012, the site has been suspended due to "abuse or copyright reasons".

title: User:Becritical/AnonPaste


text:
User:Geo Swan/Guantanamo/Master list of articles I have started/2006-06

__NOINDEX__

June 29 2006
]]
 * }


text:
File:FrameForgeSBTDS3.jpg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to create 3D storyboards with FrameForge 3D Studio Demo Version.

title: File:FrameForgeSBTDS3.jpg


text:
Eduardo Benot

Eduardo Benot Rodríguez (26 November 1822 – 27 July 1907) was a Spanish lexicographer, academic, poet, educator and politician advocate of federal republicanism. Follower of Francisco Pi y Margall, he briefly served as Minister of Development during the First Spanish Republic.

Early life
Born in Cádiz on 26 November 1822, his father had Italian origin. He was a feeble child during infancy. He took studies at the Colegio de San Pedro and later the Colegio de San Felipe Neri.

Already writing as teenager for the newspaper El Defensor del Pueblo, he later wrote for La Alborada, as well he authored 3 theatre pieces.

Working since 1840 for the municipal beneficence office, he was hired as teacher at San Felipe Neri in 1848 (soon starting to publish grammar books), and as lecturer on Geodesy and Astronomy at the Naval Observatory in San Fernando (1857).

Sexenio Democrático
After the 1868 Glorious Revolution, Benot became a member of the Constituent Cortes formed upon the 1869 election in representation of the district of Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz), overcoming Juan Prim at the election, although Prim was elected anyway as he was candidate in another district.

He was one of the supporters of a manifesto promoted by Francisco Pi y Margall on 10 May 1870 which reaffirmed on "pactist" federalism, in response to the so-called "Declaration of the Republican Press" (published on 7 May 1870), which attempted to resignify federalism as a simple administrative decentralization. He was later elected Senator in representation of the province of Girona in the 1872–1873 period.

Following the proclamation of the First Spanish Republic in February 1873, he earned again a seat at the Congress of Deputies in representation of the district of Algeciras (Cádiz) at the May 1873 election. He was appointed as Minister of Development of the executive power presided by Pi y Margall in June 1873.

His short ministerial tenure, barely 17 days, delivered the creation of the Instituto Geográfico y Estadístico (predecessor to both the National Geographical Institute and the National Statistics Institute), and the draft of the Ley de 24 de julio 1873, sobre el trabajo en los talleres y la instrucción en las escuelas de los niños obreros (published after his exit from government), the so-called "Benot Law" regulating child labour, entailing the first State intervention in labour relations ever in Spain. The law failed to be effectively enforced, however. He also forced ayuntamientos to pay for teachers' wage arrears. He was replaced by Ramón Pérez Costales at the ministerial portfolio.

He exiled after the 1874 coup of Pavía to Portugal, where he began to edit the bi-weekly La Europa, only to return to Madrid some time later, as Cánovas del Castillo achieved, via a requirement for expulsion to the Portuguese authorities, the forced return to Spain of Benot.

Later life
Already a correspondent member of the Royal Spanish Academy since 1860, he was later elected as numerary member, taking possession of the Chair Z on 14 April 1889, reading ¿Qué es hablar? a speech replied by Víctor Balaguer. His contributions to Spanish grammar have received diverse and lavish praises, but they tend to agree in pointing out the "modernity" of his approaches, sometimes even considered to be a "direct precursor" of "modern linguistics".

Benot would return to the Lower House, elected in representation of Madrid at the 1893 election.

He replaced Pi y Margall at the helm of the Federal Democratic Republican Party when the latter died. He could not however avoid the fracture of the party in May 1905. Catalanist republicans would reject from then on the insertion within the main stem of the Spanish left-wing. Ill and progressively blind since 1901, he died poor at Calle del Marqués de Villamagna 6, Madrid, on 27 July 1907. The funeral procession that took place on the next day was attended by Jacinto Octavio Picón, Francisco Fernández y González, Azcárate, Salmerón and Labra and by an attendance formed chiefly by republican sympathizers. Benot was buried at the Civil Cemetery (Madrid) in the Necrópolis del Este, in the same tomb Pi y Margall had been initially buried prior to the transfer of its corpse to a specific mausoleum funded via popular subscription.

title: Eduardo Benot


text:
Japanese/Grammar/Honorifics

In Japanese society people are "ranked" based on their age, job or grade level, and other criteria. The Japanese language reflects this: there is a sophisticated grammatical system in place as well as a specialized vocabulary able to express ample nuances of politeness. This is called the honorifics system.

Verbs (動詞 - Doushi)
Japanese has three different ways to express formality in verbs: the plain form (くだけた, kudaketa, "chatty" or "impolite"), the simple polite form (ていねい, teinei, "polite") and the advanced polite form (敬語, keigo, "honorific language"). Kudaketa verbs build off the dictionary form of a verb. Teinei verbs build off the stem of a verb + ma + the tense endings. Keigo is usually formed by archaic or highly irregular verbs that can be divided into two further groups: 尊敬語, sonkeigo, or honorific, and 謙譲語, kenjougo, or humble language. Sonkeigo" is an honorific way of speaking in which you elevate the rank of the person you're speaking to or about way above your own. Kenjougo is a humble way of speaking in which you humble yourself or lower your rank below the person you're speaking to.

Below is a chart comparing kudaketa verbs to teinei verbs.

* These forms are not used commonly. Usually, the plain forms of the conjunctive and conditional tenses would be used.

On the conjunctive, also known as the "-te form:" This is used as a variety of tenses but mainly when several verbs come in succession of each other (私はピザを食べて、眠りました. - Watashi wa piza wo tabete, nemurimashita. - I ate pizza, then slept.)

Regular Keigo Verb Forms

Irregular Keigo Verb Forms

The おいでになります oideninarimasu comes from the regular forms above applied to the old verb いづ izu (= modern 出る deru).

Honorifics (敬語 - Keigo)
A variety of ways can be employed to make words polite or impolite. One way that can be used is simply choosing a certain word (i.e., instead of using あなた (anata) to refer to the second person, one can use their name) or employ the usage of special affixes. Notably one of the most common is -さん (-san), used to denote something like Mr./Mrs./Ms. onto a name. A list of affixes is below.

* -こうはい (kohai) is rarely used as an affix. Most people in a senpai position would use -くん (kun) instead.

Note that -くん (kun) is a somehow (not strictly, just more often) preferred affix speaking to or between boys (although boyfriends are sometimes addressed with -ちゃん). Girls tend to use -ちゃん (chan) in a similar manner, although -くん (kun) is also used sometimes. Unlike -さん (san) which is commonly used with a family name, these two affixes can also be used with given names (moreover, the name used may be shortened in front of these two affixes).

-さま (sama) is also commonly used when addressing customers

title: Japanese/Grammar/Honorifics


text:
User:Wikiotro/sandbox

<! - You can start adding text after this message; if you want to move the workshop to the encyclopedia, remember to delete this message first and the top line User Workshop. ->

title: User:Wikiotro/sandbox


text:
South African Gymnastics Federation

The South African Gymnastics Federation is the overall governing body of the sports of gymnastics in South Africa. Established in 1931, the body is affiliated to the International Federation of Gymnastics, the African Gymnastics Union and the South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC), and recognized by Sport and Recreation South Africa (SRSA).

The SAGF governs nine gymnastics disciplines as follows:

 * Men's Artistic Gymnastics
 * Women's Artistic Gymnastics
 * Rhythmic Gymnastics
 * Aerobic Gymnastics
 * Acrobatic Gymnastics
 * Trampoline & Tumbling
 * Rope Skipping
 * Gym for All (GFA)
 * Schools Gymnastics

The SAGF is involved from the grassroots development level to the elite gymnastics level in all the 9 Provinces of South Africa, in partnership with its provincial affiliates.

title: South African Gymnastics Federation


text:
Portal:Physical Sciences/Physical Sciences topics

 * The Wikiversity page for Acid-base chemistry introduces the fundamentals and links to related resources at Wikibooks and other websites, including videos.
 * Amateur Astronomy - Astronomy Project - Backyard Astronomy - Galactic evolution - Introduction to Astronomy - Introduction to the Planets - Observational astronomy - Stellar evolution - The visible sky - Radioactivity - Bonding and chemical structure - Fundamentals of chemistry - Introduction to Geological Engineering - Aquaculture Project - Aviation Weather - Dark matter - Electrons and Electric Fields - Energy - Particle Physics - Radioactivity Basics - Vibrating String
 * Foundations of Science


text:
Gertma

Gertma (Гертма) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kazbekovsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 1,558 as of 2010. There are 18 streets.

Nationalities
Avars live there.

Geography
Gertma is located 17 km southeast of Dylym (the district's administrative centre) by road. Guni and Khubar are the nearest rural localities.

title: Gertma


text:
User:Nestum82/warna

Alternative spellings

 * - pre-1986
 * - pre-1986

Etymology
From Sanskrit. Compare English.

Noun

 * 1) colour
 * 2) * 1909, Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Straits Branch, page 58,
 * Di-pakai jubah kasa halus
 * Jubah mĕleret sampai kaki ;
 * Sĕrban kashmiri warna hijau
 * Bukan buatan nĕgĕri ini,
 * A robe of fine gauze was worn
 * A robe that stretched down to the legs ;
 * A green-coloured Kashmiri turban
 * Not made of this land,
 * 1) * 1981, Shahnon Ahmad, Srengenge, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, page 14,
 * Dan bintik-bintik warna darah beku berselerak ke situ berselerak ke sini.
 * And spots the colour of clotted blood were scattered here and there.
 * 1) * 1991, Ahmad J. Husein, Terbalik, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>, page 20,
 * Di tengah laut warna malam nampak bersatu dengan warna air laut.
 * In the middle of the sea, the colour of the night looked as though it had merged with the colour of the seawater.

title: User:Nestum82/warna