text:
Talk:David L. Dill

Verified Voting Foundation
Hello! My name is Alyssa and I am currently creating an article for the Verified Voting Foundation. Your article about David L. Dill is great! I am reaching out to see if you have any input/perspective on David L. Dill's work with starting this foundation? Any help is much appreciated, thanks! Alyssaamoreno (talk) 16:26, 22 April 2018 (UTC)
 * It's all written by arbitrary volunteers, so you're just getting public comment. What caught me is that Dill isn't a computer security expert or anything relevant, and VerifiedVoting wants the paper record to be the authoritative record—the paper record, of course, involves ballots moving out of public view and changing hands through small groups of trusted individuals along *thousands* of paths.  It's rife with abuse and is impossible to secure.  Paper ballot security fetishism is a basic example of the appeal to tradition and argumentum ad populum fallacies, begging the question, and the fallacy of composition (notably that paper ballots are immune to electronic hackers and can be looked at, therefor election systems—composed of paper ballots and handling processes—are immune to tampering if using paper ballots). John Moser (talk) 00:40, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:David L. Dill


text:
Talk:Physics Study Guide/Work

''When work is applied to an object or a system it adds or removes kinetic energy to or from that object or system. More precisely, a net force in one direction, when applied to an object moving opposite or in the same direction as the force, kinetic energy will be added or removed to or from that object. (Someone please explain this to me though because energy is not a vector.) Note that work and energy are measured in the same unit, the Joule (J).''
 * That's why you have to use a scaler product! Work is the scaler product of force and displacement. Theresa knott 09:37, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Please, what is a scalar product ? If I dont know this, many other people wont know this, and we could use a good, concise definition here on the site. Thanks, --Karl Wick

OK I'll have a go. Let's take gravity as our force. If you jump out of an aeroplane and fall you will pick up speed. (for simplicity sake let's ignore air drag). To work out the kinetic energy at any point you just multiply the value of the force of gravity, by the distance moved. So for example a 100kg man falling a distance of 10m will have 1000kJ extra kinetic energy. We say that the man has had 1000kJ of work done on him by the force of gravity.

Notice that energy is not a vector, it has a value but no direction. Gravity and dispacement are vectors. They have a value plus a direction.(In this case their directions are down and down respectively) The reason we can get a scalar energy from vectors gravity and dispacement is because in this case they happen to point in the same direction. Gravity acts downwards and displacement is also downwards.

When two vectors point in the same direction, you can get the scalar product by just multiplying the value of the two vectors together and ignoring the direction.

What happens if they don't point in the same direction?

Consider a man walking up a hill. Obvoiusly it takes energy to do this because you are going against the force of gravity. The steeper the hill the more energy it takes every step, this is something we all know unless we live on a salt lake.

In a situation like this we can still work out the work done. In the diagram the green lines represents the displacement. To fond out how much work against gravity the man does we work out the projection of the displacement along the line of action of the force of gravity. In this case it's just the y component of the man's displacement. This is where the cosθ comes in.

If the two forces do not point in the same direction, you can still get the scaler product by multiplying the projection of one force in the direction of the other force. A(Bcosθ)

I hopes this makes sense. Theresa knott 17:16, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

But don't these situations only apply in the specific instances that you have described? Surely, the relationship might not always be cos theta, rather sin theta. Sorry if I'm mistaken. Also, the formula describing work done = deltaKE + deltaPE is also a specific instance, where there are no losses, for example air resisitance or friction. Shouldn't this be mentioned? If you're going into the preciseness of vectors and scalars or whatever, shouldn't this be mentioned? Finally, I'd just like to say it's a great job you're doing here! (I don't have an account on Wikibooks) --<IP_ADDRESS> 18:53, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Physics Study Guide/Work


text:
Chacra

Chacra is an Andean term (a loanword from the Quechua word chakra, meaning "farm, agricultural field, or land sown with seed"; Hispanicized spellings include chacra, chajra, and chagra) for a small garden or farm, often on the outskirts of a city, which produces food for the inhabitants of the city. The term is most commonly used to refer to farms located on ejidos (agricultural commons) in parts of Latin America. Chacras today are frequently used for horticulture as well.

The word has been borrowed into Portuguese as chácara and is commonly used in Brazil to refer to a small farm.

title: Chacra


text:
Novoromanovo

Novoromanovo (Новороманово) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Novoromanovsky Selsoviet, Kalmansky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 3,144 as of 2013. There are 20 streets.

Geography
Novoromanovo is located 27 km northwest of Kalmanka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Alexandrovka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Novoromanovo


text:
CACS/User Conundrum

Wiki Note

''This note will be removed later. The entire essay may become a secion within an Introduction Chapter. Or, it might remain here and just have an assigned reading on the introduction. Please use the Talk page for this entry for additional discussion. Thanks. LouI''

=The Myth of the User= There are several terms widely used in the computer industry that are not clearly defined. The result is that everyone understands them and uses them, but the use may tend to complicate rather than illuminate a discussion. This outline looks just two of these terms in the context of an application within a fairly large corporation. Then it draws some conclusions about the impact of context on the use of terminology.

Consider the terms User and Application. The User is defined as the person who uses a computer. The Platform is the hardware or software that supports an application or a system. The suggested application is one of monitoring and use of a particular resource pool across an area of the company.

The Application
Project and unit managers share a common resource pool. They budget and track the use of the pool in their area. They use a series of spreadsheets that show their planned vs. actual use of many resources. The data is extracted for their status reports. The data is also uploaded through the company's networks for use in other summaries of the effective use of the resource pool. These support the manager and planning staff that are responsible for the pool.

To make this work, a set of spreadsheet macros are in place to ensure data validity and consistency. These templates are put in place by the corporate IT staff. The end-user needs to record their work results, using the spreadsheets by an arbitrary cutoff time on Friday.

The Software Hierarchy
Now consider the hierarchy of software engineering that puts this application in place. The example could be extended further. The extensions in Step 3 could be produced by an outside Value Added Reseller to produce a resource planning system. Step 1 could look into the earlier history in Hardware for PC Configuration, BIOS, Operating Systems, The C++ compiler, etc. But these 5 layers are quite complex enough to illustrate the terminology problems.
 * 1) The Spreadsheet application has a programming team that work for the software vendor. They assume an Intel Pentium running Windows NT as their platform. They produce a set of software that integrates the work of the Visual Basic for Applications team with the next release of the operating system software and their own code (written in C++) to produce a working application.
 * 2) The vendors packaging team puts this together with the other desktop embedded applications to produce an integrated version or release of the composite operating system.
 * 3) The corporate IT department takes this software, along with the company standard network, Operating System,, and desktop applications as their platform. They add the VBA macros with  upload and reporting utilities that will make the aggregate set of applications work. Then they lock the results to ensure that no bad input comes from the end-users. They deliver their work to the system administrators.
 * 4) The system administrators in each division install the results. Some of these are on department servers, and some on individual desktops. The entire assembled application is their platform, and the desktops of the affected staff the target domain for their work.
 * 5) The individual manager now uses the entire work product as a seamless platform to do their work.

''For those who are have never worked in this situation, this is NOT an uncommon example. Millions of people work in this environment every day at your bank, your university, or the manufacturer of your automobile.''

The Confusion
The above example is fine when it works. But, what about when it fails? As the end-user, I've got a problem in my spreadsheet, and an error message. I find something from the 1st level, the User's Guide, and try to find a solution. But it is a hopeless quest. I can't use most of the options they discuss. I can't even inspect the VBA code that the guide says my error message comes from. The usually helpful System Admin who put this new update on my desk is equally puzzled, and other users haven't reported a problem. So, what went wrong?

Every layer in the hierarchy has their own viewpoint. Everything in the layers above them is viewed as a Platform and constitutes a given. Every participant in the layers below them is the User and is considered with the same monolithic view.

In some cases, the monolithic view is correct, but even then it is usually distorted. When I buy a new PC for home use, I have the seemingly unfiltered copy of the spreadsheet. But even here, the software was preinstalled by the people I bought the PC from. They chose certain options left by the 1st level spreadsheet team to make the installed software work with this particular configuration. Certain other options may be precluded by their choices.

A really good practitioner working in the hierarchy will be partially aware one layer above and below their own level. They can influence the layer above them, through user groups or other methods. They can consider the needs of those one layer below them, and improve their product and documentation to help out, but only as limited by budgets and competitive factors.

Conclusions
If you begin to understand the problem, then Welcome to the world of Computers!. But you can also understand how many niches in this world open opportunities for integrators and vendors. How a Peoplesoft vendor can package and sell an integrated solution for a business function. How a high-powered consulting firm can charge high prices to help corporate management try to cope. Why the industry keeps looking for something like an XML magic wand to make it fit together.

And most of all, how some kind of mental framework is needed before you can see how the pieces fit together. This kind of a framework is called an Architecture, and several of them are needed to see how the pieces fit together.

title: CACS/User Conundrum


text:
Talk:Deborah Adair

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title: Talk:Deborah Adair


text:
Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience

The Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience is a BERC (Basque Excellence Research Center) research center devoted to neuroscience and created by Ikerbasque – the Basque Foundation for Science and the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) in mid-2012. The center is named after Nicolas Achucarro (Bilbao, 1880–1918), the first internationally recognized Basque neuroscientist.

The center is located at the Science Park of UPV/EHU, within the campus of University of the Basque Country, in Leioa, Spain.

The research focus of the center is the study of neuronal-glial biology in normal and pathological brain, which is the base for training students and disseminate the acquired knowledge to the Society, so well-being of people and sustainable social development is fostered.


text:
Corredor Sur metro station

Corredor Sur station is a Panama Metro station on Line 2. It was opened on 25 April 2019 as part of the inaugural section of Line 2 between San Miguelito and Nuevo Tocumen. This is an elevated station built above Avenida Domingo Díaz, next to the crossing with the Pan-American Highway, locally known as Corredor Sur. The station is located between Don Bosco and Las Mañanitas.

On 16 March 2023, a branch of Line 2, known as El Ramal (English: the branch), connecting Corredor Sur and Aeropuerto was opened. There are no through trains to Aeropuerto, the trains start at Corredor Sur. The adjacent station is ITSE.

At the station, trains to the airport use the center track, while trains to San Miguelito and Nuevo Tocumen use the outside track. This allows passengers from any direction to transfer to the branch line.

title: Corredor Sur metro station


text:
Shad Mianeh

Shad Mianeh (, also Romanized as Shād Mīāneh; also known as Shād Mehneh) is a village in Darbqazi Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 273, in 83 families.

title: Shad Mianeh


text:
Charge & Go! / Lights

"Charge & Go! / Lights" (stylized as "Charge ▶ Go! / Lights") is the 30th single by Japanese pop group AAA. It is included in the group's seventh studio album 777: Triple Seven. "Charge & Go!" was written by Kenn Kato and Mitsuhiro Hidaka. The single was released in Japan on November 16, 2011, under Avex Trax in five editions: a CD-only edition, a CD and DVD A edition, a CD and DVD B edition, a box set edition, and a Mu-Mo edition. "Charge & Go! / Lights" debuted at number five on the weekly Oricon singles chart. The single charted for nine weeks and went on to sell over 52,400 copies in Japan.

Composition
"Charge & Go!" was written by Kenn Kato and Mitsuhiro Hidaka, composed by Tetsuya Komuro, and arranged by ArmySlick. "Lights" was written by Yusuke Toriumi and Hidaka, composed by Bounceback, and arranged by Tohru Watanabe.

Release and promotion
"Charge & Go! / Lights" was released on November 16, 2011, in five editions: a CD-only edition, which includes "6th Anniversary Sabi Medley", a medley of AAA's previous singles "Blood on Fire", "Champagne Gold", "Dragon Fire", "Metamorphose", "Jamboree!!", "That's Right", "Sunshine", and "Hurricane Riri, Boston Mari"; a CD and DVD A edition, which includes the music video for "Charge & Go!" and the first part of the music video making; a CD and DVD B edition, which includes the second part of the music video making; a CD and DVD A edition, which includes the music video for "Charge & Go!" and the first part of the music video making; a CD-only Mu-Mo edition; a Mu-Mo box set edition which includes the Think About AAA 6th Anniversary clips from seasons 13 and 14. "Charge & Go!" was used in television advertisements for Morinaga & Company's energy drink Weider in Jelly. At the end of 2011, a smartphone download version of the single was released.

Chart performance
"Charge & Go! / Lights" debuted at number four on the weekly Oricon singles charts, selling 48,912 copies in its first week. It went on to chart for nine weeks and sold over 52,400 copies in Japan. On the issue dated March 5, 2012, "Charge & Go!" debuted at number 13 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100. On the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) Digital Track Chart, "Charge & Go!" and "Lights" debuted at numbers 22 and 69, respectively.

title: Charge & Go! / Lights


text:
Talk:Anna Stella Schic

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title: Talk:Anna Stella Schic


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User:A.prdm93/sandbox

SF Plague Article (Rupert Blue)

Live from article: ...Blue spent his early years at MHS at the front lines of turn-of-the-century public health, participating in the medical inspection of immigrants to the United States and battling outbreaks of epidemic disease. Then-Surgeon General Walter Wyman dispatched Blue twice to oversee rat eradication and urban sanitation programs after bubonic plague struck San Francisco, once in April 1902 during the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, and again in August 1907 during a second series which followed the 1906 earthquake and fires. Blue’s skilled diplomacy with California state and city officials and with civil and business leaders fostered successful public education campaigns, stemming plague and enabling Wyman to avoid imposing a Federal quarantine on the Bay area. His longtime friend and assistant Dr. W. Colby Rucker was a vital part of the San Francisco campaign and worked alongside Blue in New Orleans, where he later in 1914 personally took charge of the sanitary work there against the plague. ...

My notes from Risse book to implement into article:

→Used this position to keep tabs on the political environment within the bay area and how it might affect sanitation ventures within Chinatown and surrounding areas both for himself and acting surgeon general Wyman
 * May 1903 Blue replaces Arthur H Glennan at the helm of the U.S. Public Health Service in SF
 * Bulk of his work at this time consisted of seeking out and maintaining funds for sanitation campaigns across Chinatown through negotiations between the Mayoral office, the health board and SFs board of supervisors to name a few (all who at the time were conflicted on whether or not the plague existed within SF)
 * Demolitions
 * Rat extrications

→ by June of 1903 there were no further reports of plaque cases (sporadic cases had popped up since 1900) and Blue was sent away by urging of SF municipal government

 * February 1903 Blue organized a conference at the PHS HQ in SF and brought together federal, state, and city health officials together to discuss the sanitation conditions in Chinatown and how to keep sanitation campaigns going in the area
 * This meeting was the first time that all branches were able to meet, put politics aside, and focus on what needed to be done to address the health condition of Chinatown
 * Decided to keep these meetings going on a biweekly cycle
 * Adopted a binding resolution that prioritized the continuation of implementation and maintained of sanitation efforts within Chinatown for as long as necessary until the city was plaque free.
 * These meetings eventually evolved into the Public Health Commission of California (link to page)
 * Purpose of the commission was to “help in the formulation, interpretation, and imposition of sanitary regulations”
 * Blue was elected inaugural president
 * this occurred around April 1903

→Program called a success but very few numbers of rats captured where carriers → Blue’s focus on the rats showed the error in focusing on just Chinatown for the plaque
 * Blue returned back to SF in February of 1903
 * Rat eradication was the main focus of Blue’s sanitation plans for Chinatown (anti-plaque campaign), due to increasing scientific evidence that they were the primary transports of the plaque [still Feb 1903]
 * Poisoned bait, Danysz plant (poisonous to rats not humans, but tolerance could be built)
 * Demolition of rotting wood removed possible rat nesting in Chinatown
 * Create permanent barriers between humans and rate via cementing basement floors and walls, broken drain systems repaired, areas underneath homes that harbored unsanitary conditions were filled in, ground and upper stories were covered in powder lime chloride and washed down with a bichloride solution, cracks/holes were filled/patched up
 * Prior to pouring cement up to a foot of subsoil was removed and burned to remove germs
 * Occurred from February 1903 thru March 1905 when funding ran out for campaign
 * During the time mortality rate in Chinatown dropped
 * No new plaque cases were reported
 * Summer 1903 2 cases of plaque seen in Contra Costa as well as a sever die off of squirrels but no plaque found in animals (investigated by Blue)
 * Early 1904s Blue double down his efforts to wipe our vermin by increase boundaries of areas in which plans would be focused

 * April 1905 Blue succeeded the Public Health Service over to his assistance Donald Currie (link) and moved on to his next post in Norfolk

My proposed changes to article (would replace first paragraph in career section, then resume with second paragraph)

Blue spent his early years in the MHS at the front lines of turn-of-the-century public health, participating in the medical inspection of immigrants of the United States and battling outbreaks of epidemic disease. Then-Surgeon General Walter Wyman dispatched Blue twice to oversee rat eradication and urban sanitation programs after bubonic plague struck San Francisco, once in February 1903 during the San Fran[cisco plague of 1900–1904, and again in August 1907 during a second series which followed the 1906 earthquake and fires.

During his initial deployment Blue acted as a middleman reporting back to Wyman concerning the political climate surrounding San Francisco. The majority of Blue’s work consisted of acting as a mediator between the various branches of government who at the time were conflicted on their opinions of whether or not the bubonic plague was actually present in San Francisco. Upon arriving Blue was able to organize a conference between the federal, state, civil and business leaders of the area to discuss the sanitation conditions in Chinatown, where the majority of plague cases were aggregated within the city.

Blue’s primary concern was to secure funding to improve the sanitation conditions of Chinatown through the implementation and maintenance of sanitation measures. These proposed measures consisted of vermin eradication, growing scientific evidence pointed to rats as carriers of the plague, and creating physical barriers between rats and humans through cementation of basement floors and walls.

This initial conference, organized by Blue, ended with the adaptation of a binding resolution that prioritized funding for sanitation campaigns throughout San Francisco until the city was declared plague free. This was the first time all levels of government had been able to put political differences aside and agree on a direction together. These conference meetings continue to occur on a biweekly notice, and eventually led to the creation of the Public Health Commission of California with Blue as it’s inaugural president in April of 1903.

Funding for these sanitation campaigns lasted from 1903 through 1905 at which time San Francisco was declared plague free due to a decrease in mortality rate within Chinatown and the lack of any new cases reported to officials. The success of these sanitation programs were credited to Blue for his diplomacy skills among the different levels of government. With the implementation of these programs Blue was able to stem the plague and enable Wyman to avoid imposing a federal quarantine on the bay area.

In April of 1905, with pressure from the municipal government of San Francisco and no new cases, Blue succeeded his position as head of the United State’s Public Health Service in San Francisco (after being appointed in May of 1903) to Donald Currie before heading off to his next post.

 * need to add citations
 * need to add links to other pages

Catherine Opie Wiki Page Citrique
 * the little box to the right that has all of Cathrine's demographic information needs to be updated to include: a recent picture of her, her DOB, and current partner (if she has one)
 * on the note of her partner, I'm not sure if it's just proper wiki language to use the word partner or if it would be more appropriate to caller her partner her wife/girlfriend given that in the same sentence in which her partner is introduced it mentions they are living together. This might jut be a personal bias I have, but it's one of the first things I noticed that I kept coming back to while looking over the article
 * The "work" subsection of the article page seems very long (it doesn't give readers very many breaks, jumping onto the next idea). I was thinking it might be beneficial to create a couple different subsections within the "work" section for different projects mentioned here in which the influences can be noted in a brief summary of the work.
 * it's also mentioned that she is now a UCLA photography professor yet nothing about the work she does there is discussed (find out what she's do to add here)
 * a subsection for administrative/board work she'd done in museums/galleries.
 * on the talk page someone also mentioned a few upcoming exhibitions this year and into 2018 for the "700 Nimes Road" but they didn't want to post them on the article page because they were in the future. I think it'd be a great idea to add them to the page so anyone scrolling through can get a header up that theres an exhibition coming.
 * the tone of the article is very neutral throughout it's entirety, especially when talking about her influences in the work and how while she draws her inspiration from personal moments and communities the challenges that might create for the interpretation of her work for those that might not know her of the community being portrayed

Katz, J. D., Hushka, R., Arning, B., & Stebich, S. A. (2015). Art AIDS America. Seattle ; London: Tacoma Art Museum in association with University of Washington Press.
 * 1) Jump up ^  More than one of   and   specified (help); Check date values in:   (help)
 * 2) Jump up ^  More than one of   and  specified (help); Check date values in:   (help

"Evaluating Articles and Sources"
 * The first paragraph/sentence seems really busby with a lot of extra facts thats might be more appropriately placed in its own section describing the evolution of the actual viral pathology of AIDS. I had to keep going back to omit facts in-between comas to remember what the subject of the sentence was.
 * Multiple sentences missing citations (stating facts or statistics that I'm assuming s/he obtained from other sources for which those sources aren't cited) throughout the entire article
 * In terms of content and organization, I think that the article would benefit from an additional section (or subsection) in which the pathology of the virus was briefly summarized because it feels un-complete to have an independent section regarding treatments but not for pathology. Especially since, as I previously mentioned, the facts about the pathology of the virus are clogging other sentences trying to get a different point across. (If they hadn't bothered with treatment I don't think it'd be such an issue to omit the pathology)
 * As is common in most conversations about HIV/AIDS the association with the gay community is mentioned and identified, but I think it'd be worth-while (and out of the norm) to include representation from hemophiliacs during the mention of the epidemic since they were another major group affected.
 * The language under "medical treatment" feels biased with the use of adjectives such as "great" (I'm not saying its not a good thing just not the best arena to use the language because it could bring your voice as an editor to question), other than these couple sentences with iffy word choice for the most part the article is very neutral and presents biases as a basis from certain perspectives.
 * Along with multiple facts verified by their citations, a lot of the data (specifically the demographic numbers) seem out of date -assuming that the news demographical numbers are out.
 * In that same train of thought, when it comes to demographics it seems like we're only getting New York's numbers. But the article is suppose to be able the entire US and in the open sentences mentions San Francisco and Los Angeles so it'd probably be a good idea to get those numbers included. Or if the other cities are omitted because they're no longer areas of increased risk for the disease then that should be noted.
 * This article is part of multiple WikiProjects, but upon looking over the talk page it doesn't seem like much has been done since earlier this year (January 2017), and even then those where when the last responses are time stamped but these conversation haven't seemed to lead to much change.
 * The conversations in the talk page for this article also seem a little hostile between editors debating changes made or proposed.

title: User:A.prdm93/sandbox


text:
Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Rayc

This is an archive of community discussion related to the nomination for full custodianship of User:Rayc.

My name is Rayc, and I'm applying to become a Custodian. I don't have any other sysop experience, but I have been around here long enough to have participated in the discussion that established the mentorship program. (I think my comment was 'what if we had mentors, like Jedi.') I've been working on establishing test functionality in Wikiversity and can foresee when access to restricted code might come in handy. I also like dull repetitious work, like stub storing, which is a good deal of custodian's work. I just ask everyone to keep an eye on my spelling, since I'm known to make the weirdest mistakes. I hope you'll support my custodianship--Rayc 19:37, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

To the candidate: Please indicate who you will accept as your mentor
 * Custodians offering mentorship:
 * I would be glad to be mentor Rayc. --JWSchmidt 03:31, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I accept JWSchmidt as my mentor.--Rayc 00:16, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

has been made a temporary custodian sebmol ? 07:50, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Nomination
 * I nominate Rayc for full custodianship. Rayc has been a probationary custodian since November 2, 2006. Rayc has done some page imports, helped revert vandalism using the rollback tool and has deleted pages created by vandals (see). In addition, Rayc has performed other community services such as helping deal with the backlog of uncategorized pages. Rayc's efforts for Wikiversity have been facilitated by participation at IRC freenode #wikiversity-en and Colloquium. After having served the community during the probationary period, Rayc should be confirmed by the Wikiversity community as a full custodian. --JWSchmidt 20:58, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Comments
 * I fully support Rayc in becoming a full custodian.-- digital  _  me   00:50, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Rayc is a great boon to this project. Support! --HappyCamper 13:25, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Full support - great contributor. Cormaggio talk 14:00, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. guillom 14:14, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Closing comments
All community comments supported full custodianship for User:Rayc after a one month probationary period ending December 2, 2006. The 5 day period for comments on this nomination ended on December 7, 2006, at 07:48 UTC. Rayc became a community-approved custodian on 7 December 2006. --JWSchmidt 18:28, 7 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
Electronics/Op-Amps

Op-Amp (operational amplifier)
Op-amp stands for operational amplifier. It is available in IC (Integrated Circuit) chip. It is an electronic circuit of many electronic components already connected and packaged inside a chip of many pins for external connection. Originally, op-amps were so named because they were used to model the basic mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, integration, differentiation, etc. in electronic analog computers. In this sense a true operational amplifier is an ideal circuit element.

 * {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width=100%

! Op-amp || Pins || Symbol !  ||  ||
 * }

Symbol
The 741 op-amp has a symbol as shown.
 * [[image:opamppinouts.png|op-amp]]

Its terminals are:
 * V+: noninverting input
 * V−: inverting input
 * Vout: output
 * VS+: positive power supply
 * VS−: negative power supply

Operation
The 741 op-amp can be thought as Universal Voltage Difference Amplifier. The main function of the 741 op-amp is to amplify the difference of two input voltages which can be expressed mathematically like below
 * $$V_o = A(V_+ - V_-)$$

From
 * $$V_o = A(V_+ - V_-)$$ . The op-amp acts as a voltage difference amplifier.

It can be shown that an op-amp can function as a noninverting voltage amplifier or inverting voltage amplifier.
 * $$V_o = A V_+$$ . $$V_- = 0$$ . The op-amp acts as a noninverting voltage amplifier.
 * $$V_o = - A V_-$$ . $$V_+ = 0$$ . The op-amp acts as an inverting voltage amplifier.

Also, it can be shown that an op-amp can function as a voltage comparator
 * $$V_o = 0 $$ . $$V_- = V_+$$ . No difference between the two input voltages
 * Vo = VS+ . $$V_+ > V_-$$ . Non Inverting input voltage is greater than the Inverting input voltage
 * Vo = VS- . $$V_- > V_+$$. Inverting input voltage is greater than the Non Inverting input voltage.

Ideal Op-amps
The output voltage is the difference between the + and - inputs multiplied by the open-loop gain
 * Vout = (V+ − V−) * Avo.

The ideal op-amp has
 * an infinite open-loop gain,
 * infinite input impedances and
 * zero output impedance.
 * The input impedance is the impedance seen between the noninverting and inverting inputs.

The model for the op-amp is shown in Figure 1. Where V+ − V− is equal to vd; Rin is the input impedance; Rout is the output impedance; Avo is the open loop gain; and Rs is the source impedance.

 * Figure 1: The model of the op-amp.

Using voltage divider rule, we can determine the voltage vd.
 * $$v_d=\frac {V_{in}R_{in}}{R_{in}+R_{s}}$$ (1)

Since the dependent voltage source amplifies the voltage vd by Avo. We can work out the output voltage across RL once again using voltage divider rule.
 * $$V_{out}=\frac {A_{vo}v_dR_{L}}{R_{L}+R_{out}}$$ (2)

Substituting equation 1 into 2.
 * $$V_{out}=\frac {A_{vo}V_{in}R_{in}R_{L}}{(R_{L}+R_{out})(R_{in}+R_{s})}$$

Now if the properties of an Ideal op-amp are applied. The ideal properties of an op-amp are infinite input impedance and zero output impedance. Since Rin >>, much greater than, Rs, Rin/(Rin+Rs) $$\approx$$ 1.
 * $$V_{out}=A_{vo}V_{in} \,$$

Which is basically the definition of an op-amp. But if the input impedance was not infinite and the output impedance nonzero then this would not be so.

Real Op-amps
Real op-amps are (normally) built as an integrated circuit, but occasionally with discrete transistors or vacuum tubes. A Real op-amp is an approximation of an Ideal op-amp. A real op-amp does not have infinite open loop gain, infinite input impedance nor zero output impedance. Real op-amps also create noise in the circuit, have an offset voltage, thermal drift and finite bandwidth.

An offset voltage
 * means that there exists a voltage vd when both inputs are grounded. This offset is called an input offset because the voltage vd is offset from its ideal value of zero volts.  The input offset voltage is multiplied by the open loop gain to create an output offset voltage.

Thermal drift
 * means that the characteristics of the op-amp change with temperature. That is the open loop gain, input and output impedances, offset voltages and bandwidth change as the temperature changes.

Finite bandwidth
 * Op-amps are made up of transistors. Transistors can only respond at a certain rate because of certain capacitances that they have.  This means that the op-amps cannot respond fast enough to frequencies above a certain level.  This level is the bandwidth.

Modern integrated circuit MOSFET op-amps approximate closer and closer to these ideals in limited-bandwidth, large-signal applications at room temperature. When the approximation is reasonably close, we go ahead and call the practical device an 'op-amp', forget its limitations and use the thinking and formulae given in this article.

DC Behaviour
Open-loop gain is defined as the amplification from input to output without any feedback applied. For most practical calculations, the open-loop gain is assumed to be infinite; in reality, however, it is limited by the amount of voltage applied to power the operational amplifier, i.e. Vs+ and Vs- in the above diagram. Typical devices exhibit open loop DC gain ranging from 100,000 to over 1 million. This allows the gain in the application to be set simply and exactly by using negative feedback. Of course theory and practice differ, since op-amps have limits that the designer must keep in mind and sometimes work around.

AC Behaviour
The op-amp gain calculated at DC does not apply at higher frequencies. This effect is due to limitations within the op-amp itself, such as its finite bandwidth, and to the AC characteristics of the circuit in which it is placed. The best known stumbling-block in designing with op-amps is the tendency for the device to resonate at high frequencies, where negative feedback changes to positive feedback due to parasitic lowpasses.

Typical low cost, general purpose op-amps exhibit a gain bandwidth product of a few MHz. Specialty and high speed op-amps can achieve gain bandwidth products of 100s of MHz.

Op-amp Configurations

 * /Linear Configurations/
 * /Non Linear Configurations/
 * op-amp Configurations

Applications

 * audio and video pre-amplifiers and buffers
 * voltage comparators
 * differential amplifiers
 * differentiators and integrators
 * Filters
 * Precision rectifiers
 * Precision Peak Detector
 * voltage and current regulators
 * analogue calculators
 * Voltage clamp
 * analogue-to-digital converters
 * digital-to-analogue converters

Quick Design Process
Imagine we have a (weak) input signal, and we want to amplify it to generate a strong output signal; or we have several different voltages, and we want to add them together. For these purposes, we need op-amp amplifying and summing circuits. It seems that there is nothing new to say about these bare (usually single op-amp) circuits. Only, the innovator Dieter Knollman has suggested a new simpler design procedure in an EDN's article. He has also placed his work on the web (see also a circuit story written after Dieter's work).

We assume:

 * All inputs are ideal voltage sources.
 * Gain is defined as the gain from the ideal voltage source to the op-amp output.
 * The feedback resistor, Rf, connects from the op-amp output to the inverting input.
 * The input resistor, Ri, connects from the ideal voltage source input to the op-amp input. (This *includes* any source resistance).
 * positive-gain inputs connect (through that resistor) to V+
 * negative-gain inputs connect (through that resistor) to V−

Design procedure:

 * First, specify the desired circuit gains for each input.
 * Then calculate the ground gain, as follows:

 * Daisy's theorem:
 * The sum of the gains = +1 in a properly-designed op-amp circuit.

Therefore, choose

 * Ground gain = 1 - ( the sum of the desired positive and negative gains).

 * Choose a feedback-resistor value. For example, let Rf=100 kiloOhms.

 * Next, calculate the resistor values for each input, including the ground-gain resistor, using

 * $$Ri = \frac {Rf} { |gain| }$$.

 * where |gain| is the absolute value of the desired gain.

Some op-amp circuits need a resistor to ground from the op-amp's inverting input. Others need a resistor to ground on the noninverting input. The sign of the ground gain determines where to place the ground resistor.

If the desired gains add up to one, a resistor to ground is unnecessary.

You will see below some examples that illustrate using the quick design procedure. First of all, answer the question, "What's the highest and lowest output voltage you want?" Make sure the power terminals of the op-amp are at least that high and low. (If you want it to swing from +5 V to -5 V, then an op-amp connected to 0 V and +10 V won't work).

The generic op-amp has two inputs and one output. (Some are made with floating, differential outputs.) The output voltage is a multiple of the difference between the two inputs:

''floating outputs? Are you perhaps misunderstanding "fully differential amplifier" ?''

 * Vout = G(V+ − V−)

G is the open-loop gain of the op-amp. The inputs are assumed to have very high impedance; negligible current will flow into or out of the inputs. Op-amp outputs have very low source impedance.

If an Operational Amplifier is used with positive feedback it can act as an oscillator.

Other Notation
The power supply pins (VS+ and VS−) can be labeled many different ways. For FET based op-amps, the positive, common drain supply is labeled VDD and the negative, common source supply is labeled VSS. For BJT based op-amps, the VS+ pin becomes VCC and VS− becomes VEE. They are also sometimes labeled VCC+ and VCC−, or even V+ and V−, in which case the inputs would be labeled differently. The function remains the same.

Basic Applications
... insert drawings of basic FDA amplifying circuits here ...

Fully Differential Amplifier versus Instrumentation Amplifier
An instrumentation amplifier has extremely high input impedance-- much higher than the input impedance of a fully differential amplifier (once all the feedback resistors are in place). So an instrumentation amplifier is better for measuring voltage inputs with unknown (and possibly time-varying) output resistance.

A fully differential amplifier is better than an instrumentation amplifier for precisely generating differential output voltages, with good rejection of differential noise on the input, output, and power lines.

Applying a Quick Design Procedure
Can we apply Dieter's procedure to a fully differential amplifier? We can, if we revise it a little:

 * Daisy's theorem revised:
 * The sum of the gains = 0 in a properly-designed fully differential amplifier circuit.

Here is the FDA quick design procedure:

 * Use equal feedback resistors Rf, one from the + output to the - input, and one from the - output to the + input. Connect the "common" input to the appropriate voltage source.
 * The sum of the gains = zero in a properly-designed fully differential amplifier circuit (note that this new formulation differs from Daisy's theorem, which claims that the sum is always 1).
 * Calculate resistor values for each input, using Ri = Rf / |desired gain|.
 * For inputs with positive gain, connect the calculated resistor value between that input and the + input on the amplifier.
 * For inputs with negative gain, connect the calculated resistor value between that input and the - input on the amplifier.
 * If all your inputs are differential pairs, then the sum of all the gains is now zero. Done. Otherwise add a ground resistor to bring the total gain to zero.

-

Example 7 (a classic design procedure):

-

Example 8 (a quick design procedure):

-

title: Electronics/Op-Amps


text:
File talk:JESC 2012 Map.svg

Please also colour these countries yellow: Croatia, Denmark, France, Greece, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, United Kingdom, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland - Dinsdagskind (talk) 06:06, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

title: File talk:JESC 2012 Map.svg


text:
Shumin Ota

Shumin Ota (1884 – 15 May 1950) was a Japanese painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Shumin Ota


text:
Mark Coeckelbergh

Mark Coeckelbergh (born 1975) is a Belgian philosopher of technology. He is Professor of Philosophy of Media and Technology at the Department of Philosophy of the University of Vienna and former President of the Society for Philosophy and Technology. He was previously Professor of Technology and Social Responsibility at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, Managing Director of the 3TU Centre for Ethics and Technology, and a member of the Philosophy Department of the University of Twente. Before moving to Austria, he has lived and worked in Belgium, the UK, and the Netherlands. He is the author of several books, including Growing Moral Relations (2012), Human Being @ Risk (2013), Environmental Skill (2015), Money Machines (2015), New Romantic Cyborgs (2017), Moved by Machines (2019), the textbook Introduction to Philosophy of Technology (2019), and AI Ethics (2020). He has written many articles and is an expert in ethics of artificial intelligence. He is best known for his work in philosophy of technology and ethics of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI), he has also published in the areas of moral philosophy and environmental philosophy.

Early life and education
Mark Coeckelbergh was born in 1975 in Leuven, Belgium. He was first educated in social sciences and political sciences at the University of Leuven (Licentiaat, 1997), before moving to the UK, where he studied philosophy. He received his master's degree from the University of East Anglia (MA in Social Philosophy, 1999) and his PhD from the University of Birmingham (PhD in Philosophy, 2003). During the time of his PhD study he also painted, wrote poems, played piano, and worked on engineering ethics at the University of Bath (UK) and at the Belgian nuclear research centre SCK-CEN.

Career
In 2003 he started teaching at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands and in 2007 he was assistant professor at the Philosophy Department of the University of Twente, also in the Netherlands. In the same year he received the Prize of the Dutch Society for Bioethics (with J. Mesman). In Twente he started working on the ethics of robotics. In 2013 he became Managing Director of the 3TU Centre for Ethics and Technology. In 2014 he was appointed full professor at the Centre of Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, a position he held through early 2019. In 2014 and 2017 he was nominated for the World Technology Awards in the Ethics category. In 2015 he joined the Department of Philosophy of the University of Vienna as full Professor of Philosophy of Media and Technology.

Coeckelbergh is the President of the Society for Philosophy and Technology, a member of the High Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence for the European Commission, a member of the Austrian robotics council (Rat für Robotik), inaugurated by the Austrian Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology, and a member of the Austrian Advisory Council on Automated Mobility. He is also a member of the editorial advisory boards of AI and Sustainable Development, The AI Ethics Journal, Cognitive Systems Research, Science and Engineering Ethics, International Journal of Technoethics, Techne, Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, Journal of Posthuman Studies, Kairos. Journal of Philosophy & Science, Technology & Regulation (TechReg), and The Journal of Sociotechnical Critique. Moreover, he is a fellow of the World Technology Network (WTN). Recently, Coeckelbergh joined the Technical Expertise Committee at the Foundation of Responsible Robotics, along with Charles Ess and Kevin Kelly.

Works
Following his articles on robot ethics and his book Growing Moral Relations, Coeckelbergh has been attributed a 'relational turn' in thinking about moral status. In his articles Coeckelbergh argues for a phenomenological and relational approach to the philosophy of robotics. His theory on 'Social Relationalism' in regards to Artificial Intelligence and Morality is discussed by Gunkel and Cripe in their paper entitled 'Apocalypse Not, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Machine'. He has published mainly on robot ethics and ICT in health care, but also on many other topics. He also wrote a book on vulnerability and technology (Human Being @ Risk) in which he proposes an 'anthropology of vulnerability' and engages with discussions about human enhancement and transhumanism. His first books are about freedom, autonomy, and the role of imagination in moral reasoning. Later books discuss the problem of disengagement and distancing in the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and society's relation to the environment: in Environmental Skill he argues against modern and romantic ways of relating to the environment and in Money Machines he discusses new financial ICTs. In New Romantic Cyborgs he investigates the relation between technology and romanticism and reflects on what he calls "the end of the machine". He also wrote opinion articles in The Guardian and in Wired.

Books

 * AI Ethics (MIT Press, 2020) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>190
 * Introduction to Philosophy of Technology (Oxford University Press, 2019) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>809
 * Moved by Machines: Performance Metaphors and Philosophy of Technology (Routledge, 2019) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>573
 * New Romantic Cyborgs: Romanticism, Information Technology, and the End of the Machine (MIT Press, 2017) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>460
 * Money Machines: Electronic Financial Technologies, Distancing, and Responsibility in Global Finance (Ashgate, 2015) ISBN 978-1-4724-4508-7
 * Environmental Skill: Motivation, Knowledge, and the Possibility of a Non-Romantic Environmental Ethics (Routledge, 2015) ISBN 978-1-13-888557-8
 * Human Being @ Risk: Enhancement, Technology, and the Evaluation of Vulnerability Transformations (Springer, 2013) ISBN 978-94-007-6024-0
 * Growing Moral Relations: Critique of Moral Status Ascription (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>951
 * Imagination and Principles: An Essay on the Role of Imagination in Moral Reasoning (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>791
 * The Metaphysics of Autonomy: The Reconciliation of Ancient and Modern Ideals of the Person (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>388
 * Liberation and Passion: Reconstructing the Passion Perspective on Human Being and Freedom (DenkMal Verlag, 2002) ISBN 3-935404-06-9
 * Human Being @ Risk: Enhancement, Technology, and the Evaluation of Vulnerability Transformations (Springer, 2013) ISBN 978-94-007-6024-0
 * Growing Moral Relations: Critique of Moral Status Ascription (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>951
 * Imagination and Principles: An Essay on the Role of Imagination in Moral Reasoning (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>791
 * The Metaphysics of Autonomy: The Reconciliation of Ancient and Modern Ideals of the Person (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>388
 * Liberation and Passion: Reconstructing the Passion Perspective on Human Being and Freedom (DenkMal Verlag, 2002) ISBN 3-935404-06-9

Reviews
Work by Coeckelbergh has been responded to by many academics, such as David Gunkel of Northern Illinois University, USA, who about 'Moved by Machines' writes: “This unique and innovative book changes the very framework for doing philosophy of technology by introducing and developing a performance-based method of analysis”.

Coeckelbergh's textbook on philosophy of technology,'Introduction to Philosophy of Technology', has been roundly praised by other academics working in the same field. Shannon Vallor of Santa Clara University calls it a “model of philosophical clarity” while Diane Michelfelder of Macalster College rates the book as “...excellent. One can imagine students getting excited about the philosophy of technology, and philosophy in general, from reading Coeckelbergh's work.”

Coeckelbergh's book New Romantic Cyborgs has been described as offering 'a whole new way of looking at our use of technologies' and he has been called 'one of the most versatile, profound, and original thinkers in the contemporary philosophy of technology.' David Seng, University of Arizona, writes: 'One of the strengths of this book is that it is provides a critical process of inquiry and helpful analysis of inherited philosophical orientations regarding the relationship between technology and society.' A review by Roland Legrand for De Tijd especially compliments Mark Coeckelbergh's analysis of virtual worlds, among other aspects of the book.

Wendell Wallach of Yale University, USA, referring to 'Money Machines' comments: “Mark Coeckelbergh is recognized internationally for illuminating the manner in which information and communication technologies (ICTs) create new forms of “distancing” and in particular “moral distancing”. This important book extends that analysis to underscore the hidden ways ICTs shape money and global finance, alter relationships, and undermine responsibility”. Also, Keir James Cecil Martin writes about Money Machines: "Coeckelbergh’s view of money as a technology of relationality that shortens some geographical and temporal distances, whilst simultaneously widening moral and social gaps (…) has much to offer to anthropological debates on the nature of finance and money."

Marks publications that have been peer-reviewed and received reviews include: Money Machines 'Environmental Skill', 'Human Being @Risk' and 'Growing Moral Relations' as well as articles and other peer-reviewed research publications. For example, David Gunkel has written in his review in Ethics and Information Technology that Growing Moral Relations is 'a real game changer' and 'a penetrating analysis of moral status'. Jac Swart has called the book 'an important contribution to animal ethics' and Frank Jankunis says in his review that it is 'an impressive contribution to the literature on moral status'.

Yoni Van Den Eede has called Human Being @ Risk 'one of the most comprehensive and fine-grained in the current literature' and Pieter Lemmens has written that the book ''is thoroughly unique and original in showing the importance and extreme usefulness of philosophical anthropology and the phenomenological tradition for thinking through the consequences of the epochal technological mutations of our time'. Bert-Jaap Koops calls Human Being @ Risk 'an important and original book' and on the website of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies Nikki Olson writes: 'Coeckelbergh develops an impressive case that all our technological and social measures create new sources of vulnerability … Coeckelbergh drives home an important point for our debates about the human future. … Human Being @ Risk identifies important choices that we must debate as we imagine and (to a limited extent) plan the future of humanity. It raises issues that are fundamental to ongoing thinking about how to better the human condition.'

Carl Mitcham writes about Environmental Skill that it is 'an insightful argument for an environmental philosophy that draws on the resources of and at the same time extends work in philosophy of technology. The notion of skilled engagement with the world as this has emerged from pragmatism and phenomenology is here deepened and re-thought in an effort to understand and respond to the challenges of living in a techno-transformed nature.' Jochem Zwier and Andrea Gammon say in their critical but sympathetic review: 'One of the strong points of Coeckelbergh’s diagnosis is that it deepens the discussions regarding environmental concerns and the problem of motivation by laying bare the modern roots of these phenomena.' Tara Kennedy has published a review of the book in Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. She writes: 'There is much for contemporary environmentalists to find compelling about Coeckelbergh's account, being not only an interesting analysis of the factors at work in motivation but also a convincing and optimistic approach to the problem.' She questions Coeckelbergh's interpretation of Heidegger but also praises 'Coeckelbergh's effectiveness in articulating a compelling account of the problem of motivation and how the development of an ethics of skilled engagement with the environment, a focus on habit and virtue, would find us better equipped to deal with the environmental crises we face. It is a welcome and interesting addition to a field in need of voices focused on bringing about meaningful, practical change.' And Louke van Wensveen writes in her review in the journal Environmental Ethics that the book reminds us of 'an overly autistic, obsessively controlling tendency in Western philosophical and everyday cultures. Such a distancing pattern and its ideological scaffolding prevent environmental action.'

Coeckelbergh's recent book New Romantic Cyborgs has been described as offering 'a whole new way of looking at our use of technologies' and he has been called 'one of the most versatile, profound, and original thinkers in the contemporary philosophy of technology.' David Seng, University of Arizona, writes: 'One of the strengths of this book is that it is provides a critical process of inquiry and helpful analysis of inherited philosophical orientations regarding the relationship between technology and society.' A review by Roland Legrand for De Tijd especially compliments Mark Coeckelbergh's analysis of virtual worlds, among other aspects of the book.

In the Media
Coeckelbergh has appeared regularly in Dutch (and British) media talking about the ethics of drone technology. He has talked about the ethical development of drones in relation to surveillance in an article for Kennislink entitled 'The Irrepressible Drone' and about the ethics of drone fighting for Universonline. He has been interviewed on live radio for BBC radio Leicester where on 15 April 2015 he talked about drone technology and discussed robots that cook food. On 11 June 2013 he appeared on Dutch national television for the Een Vandaag programme also talking about drones and has appeared in articles for the Dutch newspaper Trouw on the subject of environmental philosophy and 'Down To Earth' magazine (Netherlands) discussing drones for environmental purposes. In 2015 he was also interviewed about drones in Stedelijk Interieur, a Dutch magazine on public space.

In August and September 2015 Coeckelbergh's book "Money Machines" received media attention: he was interviewed on BBC Radio Leicester, in the Leicester Mercury where he warns for a growing reliance on computer algorithms in global finance, and in the Belgian national newspaper De Standaard, which printed a large article on the book in its weekend edition of 12 September 2015. In the De Standaard interview (in Dutch), Coeckelbergh warns that we might delegate too much to technology, and that we lack control and overview. The ethical and societal influence of new technologies may be invisible but is and remains powerful. But, he argues, if technology is part of the problem, it is also part of the solution: we need to develop new, alternative technologies and technological practices, also in the financial world.

Coeckelbergh has also been quoted in international mainstream media such as CNN and has a profile at the Guardian due to many comments from readers responding to his article regarding his thoughts about the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. On 6 November 2012 Coeckelbergh was Interviewed by Stephen Edwards for a report appearing in the Economist newspaper Intelligence Unit (EIU) exploring the interaction between humans and technology.

In 2014 Coeckelbergh received much response on social media by other philosophers such as Evan Selinger for his Wired magazine article with posts appearing on Twitter and Facebook.

Coeckelbergh's paper entitled 'Humans, Animals, and Robots: A Phenomenological Approach to Human-Robot Relations' was referenced in an online article for Dailydot.com entitled 'sex and love in the robot age' where human-robot relations were discussed. He also wrote an opinion article with Katleen Gabriels in the Dutch newspaper nrc.next which questions a call for banning sex robots and asks attention for (more) pressing societal issues, and was interviewed about his critical comments on the campaign in the Leicester Mercury.

In May 2017 he has been included in the top of tech pioneers named by the Belgian newspaper De Tijd, in the category leaders and thinkers.

Public Talks
Coeckelbergh has a long record of international public speaking appearances for diverse audiences at academic, public policy, legal, and business events. Recent examples since 2018 include the President's Keynote at SPT 2019 (Austin, TX), keynotes at ECSS 2018 (Gothenburg, Sweden), Robotiuris 2019 (Madrid, Spain), OtroMundo International Congress (Medellín, Colombia), SOLAIR 2019 (Prague, Czech Republic), INBOTS 2018 (Pisa, Italy), and invited talks at University of Sydney's "Sydney Ideas" lecture series, Chung-Ang University (Seoul, South Korea), Beijing Forum 2019, UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Workshop at Illinois Institute of Technology, and others.

Academics References
From his more than 100 academic publications Coeckelbergh has been cited hundreds of times, for example his publications in Ethical Theory & Moral Practice, Science, Technology and Human Values, Ethics and Information Technology, International Journal of Social Robotics, and AI & Society. Human Being @ Risk (2013) is his most cited book.

title: Mark Coeckelbergh


text:
Sanctuary of Madonna del Ponte

The sanctuary of Madonna del Ponte is located on the SP 63 (provinciale road 63), in the territory of  Partinico (Palermo), 3 or 4 km from the junction of Balestrate of the A29 motorway.

History
In 1306, king Frederick III of Sicily, devoted to Maria Santissima Annunziata and in order to thank her for the graces he had received, donated the lands near Altofonte to the Cistercian Order, because he wanted an abbey to be built in order to enhance the cult for the Virgin Mary. Three years later, the king saw the merits of these friars and gave also the lands in the park of Partinico (that in the previous years had been devastated by Saracens. So it was up to these abbots to provide for the rebuilding of this small town, but they started works only at about 1430 A.D.

They gave Partinico the coat of arms and tried to repopulate it; a group of friars settled in the wood in order to administer the assets they had received and give a civil and religious education to the new settlers.

The abbot Pietro Guzio started the restoration works of a small church in order to let Federico II to attend mass when he was hunting in that area. In 1774, Frederick III of Sicily gave his financial support to the restoration of the sanctuary: it was enlarged with three naves, and the vaults supported by four stucco columns.

In order to satisfy the wish of all the community of Partinico, grateful towards the Virgin who had saved the town from cholera in 1854, they made the request for the coronation of the holy Image: it took place in 1861, and there were five days of celebrations on that occasion.

In 2000, with the Great Jubilee, the sanctuary was chosen as a place of pilgrimage to get indulgences, and in 2010 it was associated to the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome.

The painting
The first image was a copy (painted or sculpted) of that one venerated at Altofonte and still existing there; later it got ruined as time passed by. In 1669, the bishop of Mazara del Vallo gave the permit to build an altar in the Mother Church of Partinico with the image of Maria Santissima del Ponte.

In 1795, as humidity had ruined the painting, they had another copy made by the painter Domenico Ferrandina: it was used the old canvas already consumed. The present painting was realized by Vincenzo Manno in 1819, and has been restored several times.

Our Lady is represented on the throne: with an arm she is holding the Christ Child, who is stretching out his hands towards her, while her right hand is holding a heart; on the two sides there are Saint Peter, with a book and keys in his hands, and Paul the Apostle (or saint John the Apostle) with a book and a lily. Below them we can see a bridge, which recalls the old one on the river Jato that is near this place.

The feast
It takes place in the week following Easter from Thursday to Saturday; thousands of devotees go on a pilgrimage to the sanctuary with torches lit. At the same time, some folkloristic events take place.

On the day of the feast (Sunday) at 12 o’clock sharp, the painting is put on a vara and starts towards Partinico: in the evening, when it arrives, is received by the civil authorities, the clergy and the townspeople; then it goes round the streets of the small town. At about midnight the procession arrives at the Mother Church, where the painting will remain and people go there to pray the Holy Virgin; in August there will be three days’ celebrations, with folkloristic events, and in November it will be taken back to the sanctuary.

People from Partinico, Balestrate, Trappeto and Alcamo take part in this feast; according to tradition, if the painting goes out from the small Church at 12 o’clock, i twill belong to the people of Partinico, if it is late (until  12,30), it will belong to the people of Alcamo, and if it goes out from 12,30 to 13,00 it will belong to Balestrate, and finally to Trappeto.

In fact, according to Giuseppe Pitrè, the legend says that there were four people from the neighbour towns to competing for the property of The Madonna, miraculously found in a grotto; as the chart carrying the statue was not moving towards any of the four towns, they decided to build a small Church there in order to venerate it all together.

title: Sanctuary of Madonna del Ponte


text:
Wikiversity:Wikiversity community

The Wikiversity community is participating in an experiment in education. Just what can be done with wiki technology as a tool for education? In order to answer this question, Wikiversity is devoted to supporting constructive interactions between Wikiversity participants. Wikiversity is devoted to individuals and individuality. Conventional "bricks and mortar" universities are constrained by the expense of existing in physical space. Conventional universities tend to clump students together in to groups for a coordinated "factory" approach to "assembly line" education. Wikiversity exists in a virtual learning space where the individual interests and needs of learners can be respected.

Active learning
In order for Wikiversity to serve individual needs, it is important that each Wikiversity participant to be an ACTIVE LEARNER. This means sharing your interests, goals and educational experiences with other members of the Wikiversity community. By sharing, others will learn of your needs and help point you towards resources and activities that will serve your needs. By sharing your experiences you move out of your personal world of learning into the Wikiversity community space where learners help build Wikiversity while they learn. The distinction between learner and teacher is very flexible within Wikiversity. No matter what you are learning, there will almost always be other Wikiversity participants who can learn something from you.

"I want someone to teach me FOO." At Wikiversity, who is that "someone"? If we all adopt the spirit of community learning, then we realize that "someone" is US. Particularly at the launch of Wikiversity we must all engage in learning projects and participate in the construction of Wikiversity.

The Wikipedia model Today, there are many people who are simple "users" of Wikipedia, people who read the content of Wikipedia but do not edit Wikipedia articles. At the start of Wikipedia (when there was no content), there could be no simple users.....Wikipedia participants had to be active editors and create the content. Wikiversity is in a similar situation and needs active participants who can be both learners and wiki editors. However, it is the goal of Wikiversity that its participants will always be active wiki editors, even after there is a large amount of "educational content" and "learning materials" in Wikiversity.

Learning Projects Wikiversity is devoted to active learning and learning by doing. The fundamental unit of Wikiversity community structure is the Learning Project. Learning Projects are wiki pages where groups of interested participants come together to share questions, ideas, and answers as they explore a topic. An individual's learning goals are met within Wikiversity by participation in suitable Learning Projects. It is up to each of us to design and participate in the Learning Projects that will allow us to grow towards our goals. Reach out and join in.

 "what we didn‘t understand at that time is how to build a community and how to empower a community to do good work" (source)

Where are the courses?
There is nothing that prevents Wikiversity participants from leading and attending conventional courses within Wikiversity. However, the wiki user interface is not well-suited for conventional courses and the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees has directed the Wikiversity community away from courses (the Board's comments). Wikiversity participants are encouraged to innovate and create learning experiences that take full advantage of the wiki format for online community interactions. Non-traditional Learning Projects and other projects oriented towards learning about conventional course subjects are encouraged within Wikiversity. See: Learning.

People can learn when they edit wikis. Wikibooks has one kind of learning project: make textbooks. Wikipedia has one kind of learning project: make encyclopedia articles. Wikiversity is the place for every kind of learning project that does not already take place at other Wikimedia projects.....that is the special role for Wikiversity.....the creation of many new learning projects that support the learning goals of Wikiversity participants.

Kinds of Wikiversity Communities
All Wikiversity activities are oriented around learning. Two special types of activities are service activities and research activities.
 * Learning community
 * Service community
 * Research community

title: Wikiversity:Wikiversity community


text:
konfirmoida

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬), ultimately from and adapted with the verbal suffix.

Verb

 * 1) To confirm to administer the rite of confirmation to.

title: konfirmoida


text:
Millie's Daughter

Millie's Daughter is a 1947 American drama film directed by Sidney Salkow, from a screenplay by Edward Huebsch, based on the novel of the same name by Donald Henderson Clarke. The film stars Gladys George, Gay Nelson, and Paul Campbell, and was released on March 20, 1947.

Cast

 * Gladys George as Millie Maitland
 * Gay Nelson as Joanna Maitland
 * Paul Campbell as Robert Lattimer
 * Ruth Donnelly as Helen Reilly
 * Norma Varden as Mrs. Sarah Harris
 * Arthur Space as Tappie
 * Nana Bryant as Mrs. Cooper Austin
 * Ethel Griffies as Aunt Katherine
 * Harry Hayden as Cummings
 * Paul Maxey as Hale
 * Robert Emmett Keane as Henry Harris
 * Douglas D. Coppin as Escort
 * Michael Towne as Escort
 * Robert Stevens as Hotel clerk
 * Fred Sears as Escort manager
 * Nita Bieber as Model
 * Dorothy Mathews as Sandra
 * Jesse Graves as Black waiter
 * Torben Meyer as Mr. Johnson
 * Stanley Andrews as Detective
 * Leon Lenoir as Alex

title: Millie's Daughter


text:
William Gilliam

William Gilliam (c. 1841 – January 23, 1893) was an American Republican politician who served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, representing Prince George County from 1871 to 1875. He was one of the first African-Americans to serve in Virginia's government.

title: William Gilliam


text:
Senator Griego

Senator Griego may refer to:

 * Eric Griego (born 1966), New Mexico State Senate
 * Phil Griego (born 1948), New Mexico State Senate

title: Senator Griego


text:
Bruises (Train song)

"Bruises" is a song by American pop rock band Train from their sixth studio album, California 37. The song features American country singer Ashley Monroe. It was released as the album's third single on October 5, 2012. "Bruises" was re-recorded with French-Canadian singer Marilou in both English and French for its Canadian single release.

Development
In an interview with Radio.com, Monahan said that he had met Ashley Monroe when she was nineteen, and she wanted to write a song with him, which they eventually did through a contact in Columbia Records. Monahan said that he wrote the song in New York, and it was about running into former high school classmates: "I run into people I went to high school with and realize how much older we are, and how much more we’ve been through and a lot of it isn’t all that fun and it makes us more beautiful if you can see it that way. That song was really easy to write because it is a very true story and Ashley was the perfect girl to sing on it."

Music video
A music video was filmed with Monroe for the U.S. release; it was directed by Alan Ferguson. It premiered on Train's official Vevo account on November 12, 2012. The video was filmed at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre at Red Rocks Park in Colorado.

Live performances
A live recording of the song with Megan Slankard is featured on the California 37 deluxe edition DVD. During the group's June 2012 show at the Sydney Opera House, Train were joined by Australian singer Delta Goodrem on the song.

On February 1, 2013, Train and Ashley Monroe performed the song on VH1's 2013 Best Super Bowl Concert Ever. They performed the song during the Mermaids of Alcatraz Tour that run that summer, and on The Today Show on July 26.

Track listing

 * Digital download (United States)
 * 1) "Bruises" (featuring Ashley Monroe) – 3:52

 * Digital download (Canada)
 * 1) "Bruises" (featuring Marilou) – 3:50
 * 2) "Bruises" (French version) (featuring Marilou) – 3:50

Charts
As of October 2013, the song has sold 463,000 digital copies in the United States.

title: Bruises (Train song)


text:
Modern Physics/Principle of Relativity Applied

An application of relativity to waves
Returning to the phase of a wave, we immediately see that

 * $$\phi = \mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{x} - \omega t =

\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{x} - ( \omega /c)(ct) = \underline{k} \cdot \underline{x} .$$

Thus, a compact way to write a wave is $$A( \underline{x} ) = \sin ( \underline{k} \cdot \underline{x} ) .$$(6.8)

Since $$\underline{x}$$ is known to be a four-vector and since the phase of a wave is known to be a scalar independent of reference frame, it follows that $$\underline{k}$$ is indeed a four-vector rather than just a set of numbers. Thus, the square of the length of the wave four-vector must also be a scalar independent of reference frame

 * $$\underline{k} \cdot \underline{k} =

\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{k} - \omega^2 / c^2 = const .$$

Resolution of a four-vector into components in two different reference frames.

Let us review precisely what this means. As this figure shows, we can resolve a position four-vector x into components in two different reference frames, e.g (X,T) and (X′,T′), but these are just different ways of writing the same vector.

This is exactly the same as the way a three-vector has different components in a rotated frame.

Similarly, just as a three-vector has the same magnititude in all frames, so does a 4-vector; i.e,

 * $$X^2-c^2 T^2 = X^{\prime 2} - c^2 T^{\prime 2}$$

Applying this to the wave four-vector, we infer that

 * $$k^2-c^{-2} \omega^2 = k^{\prime 2} - c^{-2} \omega^{\prime 2}$$

where the unprimed and primed values of k and ω refer to the components of the wave four-vector in two different reference frames.

Up to now, this argument applies to any wave. However, waves can be divided into two categories, those for which a special reference frame exists, and those for which there is no such special frame.

As an example of the former, sound waves look simplest in the reference frame in which the gas carrying the sound is stationary. The same is true of light propagating through a material medium with an index of refraction not equal to unity. In both cases the speed of the wave is the same in all directions only in the frame in which the material medium is stationary.

If there is no material medium, then there is no unambiguous way of finding a special frame so the waves must fall into the second category. This includes all waves in a vacuum, such as light.

In this case the following argument can be made. An observer moving with respect to waves of frequency ω and wave number k sees waves of frequency ω′ and wave number k′. If the observer can tell in any way that they come from a source moving with respect to them, then they can use this to identify a special frame for those waves, so the waves must look just like ones from a stationary source of frequency ω

This forces us to conclude that for such waves

 * $$ \omega^2= c^2 k^2 + \mu^2 \,$$

where μ is a constant. All waves in a vacuum must have this form, a much more restricted choice than in classical physics.


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Eric Kress

 Eric Kress (born 25 March 1962) is a Danish cinematographer.

Biography
Kress was born in Zürich on 25 March 1962 to a French father and a Danish mother. He studied cinematography at the National Film School of Denmark in Copenhagen from 1987 to 1991.

Personal life
His brother Philippe Kress is also a film photographer.

title: Eric Kress


text:
Cookbook talk:Coriander

Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit

* (cur) (last). . M 08:09, 21 Feb 2004. . Viajero (quiclky --> quickly ) * (cur) (last). . 08:08, 21 Feb 2004. . Mkweise (never cook the leaves) * (cur) (last). . 05:05, 8 Feb 2004. . Kristof vt   * (cur) (last). . M 17:03, 18 Jan 2004. . Cbm * (cur) (last). . M 05:12, 8 Dec 2003. . Ojigiri (+ja) * (cur) (last). . 06:16, 3 Dec 2003. . <IP_ADDRESS> (de) * (cur) (last). . M 13:27, 15 Nov 2003. . Kpjas * (cur) (last). . 08:31, 10 Nov 2003. . ( (combined Coriander (plant) and Coriander (spice))   * (cur) (last) . . 12:09, 16 Oct 2003 . . Dgrant (redirect to coriander (spice) for now. Disambiguation later perhaps?)   * (cur) (last) . . M 13:27, 15 Oct 2003 . . Dgrant (wki)    * (cur) (last) . . 13:27, 15 Oct 2003 . . Dgrant (added preparation)    * (cur) (last) . . 13:26, 15 Oct 2003 . . Dgrant (created)    * (cur) (last) . . 11:33, 15 Oct 2003 . . Dgrant (moved to "Coriander_(plant)")

title: Cookbook talk:Coriander


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Liangyuan, Shangqiu

Liangyuan District is one of the two districts of the city of Shangqiu, Henan province. The name Liangyuan, or "the garden of Liang", follows from the name Prince Xiao of Liang, who built the garden around 154 BC centered in the area of nowadays Shangqiu. At present, Liangyuan district hosts the government of Shangqiu city.

Administrative divisions
As 2012, this district is divided to 10 subdistricts, 3 towns and 7 townships.
 * Subdistricts
 * Towns
 * Xieji (谢集镇)
 * Shuangba (双八镇)
 * Zhangge (张阁镇)

 * Townships

title: Liangyuan, Shangqiu


text:
Talk:Yemen national football team

Who deleted history/squad/results?
I mean really... there was a lot of info... I put it back. Update it later. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Weka (talk • contribs) 10:33, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Afghanistan national football team which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:20, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Afghanistan national football team which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:50, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yemen national football team


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Cross County Mall (Illinois)

The result was: promoted by Yoninah (talk) 19:29, 1 October 2017 (UTC)

Cross County Mall (Illinois)

 * ... that in 1974, Mattoon, Illinois's Cross County Mall became the first shopping center in the U.S. to have J. C. Penney, Sears, and Kmart, then the "three largest retailing firms in the nation"?

Created by TenPoundHammer (talk). Self-nominated at 15:47, 19 September 2017 (UTC).

 * Symbol question.svg New article, plenty long, and looks to be appropriate quality. Hook is cited in the article to a paywalled source. (I highly recommend tagging paywalled sources with  |subscription=yes |via=Newspapers.com  in the citation tags.) The hook is 191 characters, barely within the guidelines. I'm willing to pass as is if you're particularly attached to this hook, but I think a shorter hook that either leaves out the quote or the store names - and probably leaves out the town name as well - may be better. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 04:50, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I feel the city is necessary since there is more than one Cross County Mall in the US. I would be fine with removing the "then the three largest retailing firms in the nation" part, so...
 * ALT1: ... that in 1974, Mattoon, Illinois's Cross County Mall became the first shopping center in the U.S. to have J. C. Penney, Sears, and Kmart? Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 18:53, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Symbol voting keep.svg That looks good to me. All ready for the front page. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 02:31, 24 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi, I came by to promote this. It didn't make sense to leave a defunct Florida mall as the main Cross County Mall page, so I moved that page to Cross County Mall (Florida). I agree with that this hook should be trimmed some more. Since most readers probably aren't familiar with the names of these retailers from 40 years ago, how about writing:
 * ALT2: ... that in 1974, Cross County Mall in Mattoon, Illinois became the first US shopping center to house the nation's three largest retailers? Yoninah (talk) 21:10, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The problem is that those are not currently the three largest retailers, and that hook makes it sounds like the current ones. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 01:45, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
 * OK, so let's go back to the original hook and remove the quote. (ALT1 doesn't tell us why these 3 retailers are significant.)
 * ALT0a: ... that in 1974, Mattoon, Illinois's Cross County Mall became the first shopping center in the US to have J. C. Penney, Sears, and Kmart, then the nation's three largest retailers? Yoninah (talk) 12:51, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm fine with Alt0a if everyone else is. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 17:18, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Pinging . Yoninah (talk) 17:22, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Symbol confirmed.svg Fine with me. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 19:24, 1 October 2017 (UTC)


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User:Deepak572

What is Biryani?????
Biryani (pronounced [bɪr.jaːniː]), also known as biriyani, biriani, birani or briyani, is a mixed rice dish with its origins among the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent.[1][2][3] It can be compared to mixing a curry, later combining it with semi-cooked rice separately. This dish is especially popular throughout the Indian subcontinent, as well as among the diaspora from the region. It is also prepared in other regions such as Iraqi Kurdistan.[4] It is made with Indian spices, rice, meat (chicken, goat, beef, lamb, prawn, or fish), vegetables or eggs.

Etymology
Biryani (بریانی) is a Hindustani word derived from the Persian language, which was used as an official language in different parts of medieval India by various Islamic dynasties.One theory states that it originated from birinj (Persian: برنج), the Persian word for rice.Another theory states that it is derived from biryan or beriyan (Persian: بریان), which means “to fry” or “to roast”.

Ingredients
Ingredients vary according to the region and the type of meat used. Meat (of either chicken, goat, beef, lamb, prawn or fish) is the prime ingredient with rice. As is common in dishes of the Indian subcontinent, vegetables are also used when preparing biryani, which is known as vegetable biriyani. Corn may be used depending on the season and availability. Navratan biryani tends to use sweeter, richer ingredients such as cashews, kismis and fruits, such as apples and pineapples.

The spices and condiments used in biryani may include ghee (clarified butter), nutmeg, mace, pepper, cloves, cardamom, cinnamon, bay leaves, coriander, mint leaves, ginger, onions, tomatoes, green chilies, and garlic. The premium varieties include saffron.In all biryanis, the main ingredient that accompanies the spices is the chicken or goat meat; special varieties might use beef or seafood instead. The dish may be served with dahi chutney or raita, korma, curry, a sour dish of aubergine (brinjal), boiled egg, and salad

Kacchi biryani
For kacchi biryani, raw marinated meat is layered with raw rice before being cooked together. It is also known as kacchi yeqni. It is typically cooked with chicken or goat meat and occasionally with fish or prawns. The dish is cooked layered with the meat and a dahi-based marinade at the bottom of the cooking pot. A layer of rice (usually basmati rice or chinigura rice) is placed over it. Potatoes are often added before adding the rice layer. The pot is usually sealed (typically with wheat dough) to allow it to cook in its own steam and it is not opened until it is ready to serve.

Hyderabadi biryani
Hyderabadi biryani is one of India’s most famous biryanis; some say biryani is synonymous with Hyderabad. The crown dish of the Hyderabadi Muslims, Hyderabadi biryani developed under the rule of Asaf Jah I, who was first appointed as the governor of Deccan by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. It is made with basmati rice, spices and goat meat. Popular variations use chicken instead of goat meat. There are various forms of Hyderabadi biryani. One such biryani is the kachay gosht ki biryani or the dum biryani, where the goat meat is marinated and cooked along with the rice. It is left on a slow fire or dum for a fragrant and aromatic flavour. One more variation is dum cooked Hyderabad veg biryani for vegetarians.

Kolkata biryani
Calcutta or Kolkata biryani evolved from the Lucknow style, when Awadh’s last NawabWajid Ali Shah was exiled in 1856 to the Kolkata suburb of Metiabruz.[16] Shah brought his personal chef with him. The poorer households of Kolkata, which could not afford meat, used potatoes instead, which went on to become a specialty of the Calcutta biryani. The Calcutta biryani primarily uses meat and potatoes. However, this theory is vehemently opposed by Janab Shahanshah Mirza, great great grandson of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. According to him, Awadh’s last ruler used to get an annual pension of Rs.12 Lakh and he was the highest paid pensioner in India. He was an animal lover and had set up a zoo in Kolkata. He used to spend about 25% of his pension on the maintenance of zoo and upkeep of animals. A man who can spend a substantial part of his income on the welfare of animals can certainly afford meat in his biryani, argues Mirza. He points out that potatoes were first introduced in Surat in the 17th century. They slowly spread to different regions and were brought to Bengal by English traders. In those days, potato was an exotic vegetable and because of low yield it was extremely expensive. The chefs who had accompanied Nawab Wajid Ali Shah tried various combinations and experiments to enhance the taste of biryani. On one such occasion potatoes were added while cooking the biryani. It appealed to the taste buds of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. He was so pleased that he ordered that henceforth whenever biryani was cooked it should be with this vegetable.The Calcutta biryani is much lighter on spices. The marinade uses primarily nutmeg, cinnamon, mace along with cloves and cardamom in the dahi-based marinade for the meat which is cooked separately from rice. This combination of spices gives it a distinct flavour compared to other styles of biryani. The rice is flavoured with ketaki water or rose water along with saffron to give it flavour and a light yellowish colour.

Lucknowi Biryani has a uniquely delicate flavor and rich fragrance. In preparing this unique dish, the meat and the rice are cooked separately and then layered in a pot that is placed over a low flame. Many chefs also add a little-concentrated stock to the rice to flavor it. Each grain will look like nothing much, but when you put it in your mouth, it will (if it’s done right) burst with flavor.

Lucknowi Biryani
While both biryanis may have been influenced by the Mughals, Lucknow’s chefs refined the cuisine through the use of aromatics and cooking techniques and Hyderabad transformed the dishes with robust flavors. We at Biryani by Kilo deliver both authentic Hyderabadi (Kutchi) and Lucknowi (Pukki) Biryani prepared in individual earthen handis with the freshest ingredients. To take your experience a notch higher, we send you earthen Angeethis (Aanch) with each order. We also prepare each order fresh and from scratch, to ensure that we do justice to the rich heritage of the wholesome dish. To rediscover the flavors, order a royal feast by the kilo.

title: User:Deepak572


text:
Morehead River

The Morehead River is a river in southwestern Papua New Guinea. It is located just to the east of the Bensbach River, and to the west of the Fly River. The river flows through the Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands.

The mouth of the river is located at the southern end of Morehead Rural LLG and discharges at the head of Heath Bay.

The Morehead River was named after Boyd Dunlop Morehead, 10th Premier of Queensland by Sir William MacGregor.

Yam languages, also known as the Morehead-Wasur languages, are spoken in the Morehead River area.

title: Morehead River


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Malajpur temple

The Malajpur Temple located in the Malajpur(region) near Chicholi in Betul, madhya pradesh, India. The only Ghost fair in the world. every year on the occasion of vashant panchami a fair is conducted on the Tombstone of Hindu Saint "Gurusahab Baba". Where people comes  from across the india.

History
In Malajpur village of Betul, ghosts and ghosts inside the body of people allegedly talk and also give interviews. In fact, in the village of Malajpur, there is the tomb of a saint named Gurusahab Baba, where the fair of ghosts has been started continuously for the last 305 years. Here, alleged ghosts are treated.

The fair at the Samadhi Sthal begins every year on the day of Magha Purnima. People who have an illusion that an evil spirit or vampire has entered their body come to this fair to get rid of them. But A Bhoot Phantom is not only seen dancing and swinging but also giving interviews.

Timeline
The fair at the Samadhi Sthal begins every year on the day of Magha Purnima. People who have an illusion that an evil spirit or vampire has entered their body come to this fair to get rid of them. But A Bhoot Phantom is not only seen dancing and swinging but also giving interviews.

Population
Mlajpur is a large village located in Chicholi Tehsil of Betul district, Madhya Pradesh with total 601 families residing. The Mlajpur village has population of 2765 of which 1372 are males while 1393 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Mlajpur village population of children with age 0-6 is 406 which makes up 14.68% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Mlajpur village is 1015 which is higher than Madhya Pradesh state average of 931. Child Sex Ratio for the Mlajpur as per census is 980, higher than Madhya Pradesh average of 918.

Mlajpur village has higher literacy rate compared to Madhya Pradesh. In 2011, literacy rate of Mlajpur village was 71.05% compared to 69.32% of Madhya Pradesh. In Mlajpur Male literacy stands at 83.29% while female literacy rate was 59.06%.

As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Mlajpur village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village. Our website, don't have information about schools and hospital in Mlajpur village.

title: Malajpur temple


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Louden Ryan

William James Louden Ryan, MRIA (1923–2018), known as Louden Ryan, was an Irish economist and academic. He was Professor of Industrial Economics (1961–1967), Whately Professor of Political Economy (1967–1979) and Professor of Political Economy (1979–1985) at Trinity College Dublin. Among a number of public positions, he served as chairman of the National Economic and Social Council from 1973 to 1978 and as Governor of the Bank of Ireland from 1985 to 1991. He has been credited with playing a key role in the transformation of Ireland's economy from one based on agriculture and protectionism to one dominated by industry, free trade and services.

Early life, education and academia
Born in Portadown in Northern Ireland on 19 October 1923, he attended Trinity College Dublin, where he was appointed an assistant lecturer after graduating in 1946. He completed a PhD at Trinity (with a thesis on "The nature and effects of protective policy in Ireland, 1922–1939" ) but moved to the London School of Economics in 1949, where he was a lecturer in economics until 1953. He then returned to Trinity to lecture in the Department of Economics under George Alexander Duncan, who was then Whately Chair of Political Economy. A proponent of "eclectic Keynesianism", Ryan published Price Theory in 1958, and was promoted to a personal chair as Professor of Industrial Economics in 1961, and then when Duncan retired in 1967 Ryan succeeded him as Whately Professor. In 1979, he stepped down from the chair and was appointed to another personal chair, as Professor of Political Economy. He left academia in 1985 and was elected a Member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1986. He received an honorary DSc degree from Ulster University in 1990.

Public service and banking
Ryan served as technical director of the Department of Finance's Economic Development Board from 1959 to 1961, and then served as its economic consultant until 1969; he was seconded from Trinity to work at the Department full-time from 1964 to 1966. During this time, he was involved in the implementation of T. K. Whitaker's First Programme for Economic Expansion, an economic programme for transforming the Republic of Ireland's economy from one dominated by agriculture (and then mired in depression) and protectionism, to one based on industry, services and free trade. The Irish Times noted in its obituary of Ryan that while "a significant amount of the credit for the transformation of the Irish economy... has been credited to the late T. K. Whitaker[,] in reality the transformation also owed a great deal to Whitaker's friend and academic ally Louden Ryan, and it may be more accurate to describe the successful transformation as due to the partnership between [them]". Ryan held various public offices thereafter, notably as chairman of the National Prices Commission from 1971 to 1975, chairman of the National Economic and Social Council from 1973 to 1978, and chairman of the National Planning Board between 1983 and 1984.

Appointed a director of the Central Bank of Ireland in 1966, Ryan became increasingly interested in finances. After retiring from that bank in 1978, he moved to the Bank of Ireland to sit on its board and in 1985, Ryan left academia to be its governor, serving until 1991. As governor, he attracted some criticism for his conservatism and lack of interest in credit expansion.

Later life
Ryan died on 19 November 2018; his wife Maudie predeceased him. He was survived by his daughter Jane McAfee, his son Jonathan Ryan, and his grandchildren Clare McAfee, James Ryan and Victoria Ryan.

title: Louden Ryan


text:
User:NTUMBU

NTUMBU JOHN A FOUNDER OF LITTLE MISS AFRICA AND CO DIRECTOR OF LITTLE MISS UGANDA AND ALSO FOUNDER AND DIRECTOR OF ECO KIDS UGANDA.

title: User:NTUMBU