text:
National debt of Japan

As of March 2023, the Japanese public debt is estimated to be approximately 9.2 trillion US dollars (1.30 quadrillion yen), or 263% of GDP, and is one of the highest among developed nations. 43.3% of this debt is held by the Bank of Japan.

Japan's asset price bubble collapse in 1991 led to a prolonged period of economic stagnation described as the 'Lost Decades', with GDP falling significantly in real terms through the 1990s. In response, the Bank of Japan set out in the early 2000s to encourage economic growth through the non-traditional policy of quantitative easing. By 2013, Japanese public debt exceeded one quadrillion yen (US$10.46 trillion), which was about twice the country's annual gross domestic product at that time, and already the largest debt ratio of any nation.

During the Lost Decades, Japanese public debt has continued to rise in response to a number of challenges, such as the Great Recession in 2008, and as well as two national crises, including the triple disaster (earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster, etc.) in March 2011, and with COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent recession in between January 2020 and the end of September 2021 in both Heisei and Reiwa periods.

In August 2011, Moody's rating cut Japan's long-term sovereign debt rating by one notch to Aa3 from Aa2 in line with the size of the country's deficit and borrowing level. The large budget deficits and government debt since the global recession of 2008 and triple disaster in 2011, which contributed to the ratings downgrade. In 2012, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Yearbook editorial stated that Japan's "debt rose above 200% of GDP partly as a consequence of triple disaster and the related reconstruction efforts." Former Prime Minister Naoto Kan called the situation "urgent" due to the ballooning debt.

Addressing public debt
In order to address the Japanese budget gap and growing national debt, the Japanese National Diet, at the urging of Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), passed a bill in June 2012 to double the national consumption tax to 10%. This increased the tax to 8% in April 2014. The originally scheduled 10% tax increase to be implemented in October 2015 was delayed until at least October 2019. The final increase to 10% was implemented on October 1, 2019. The goal of this increase was to halt the growth of the public debt by 2015, although reducing the debt would require further measures. The DPJ subsequently lost control of the Diet in late 2012, and Noda's successor Shinzo Abe of the Liberal Democratic Party implemented the "Abenomics" program, which involved an additional 10.3 trillion yen of economic stimulus spending to balance out the negative impact of the consumption tax increase on economic growth.

Abenomics led to rapid appreciation in the Japanese stock market in early 2013 without significantly impacting Japanese government bond yields, although 10-year forward rates rose slightly. Around 70% of Japanese government bonds are purchased by the Bank of Japan, and much of the remainder is purchased by Japanese banks and trust funds, which largely insulates the prices and yields of such bonds from the effects of the global bond market and reduces their sensitivity to credit rating changes. Betting against Japanese government bonds has become known as the "widowmaker trade" due to their price resilience even if fundamental analysis indicates the contrary should be true.

The servicing of the national debt cost 22% of the Japanese national budget as of 2023. The cost of importing energy in the wake of Fukushima disaster in 2011 has also negatively impacted Japan's longstanding current account surplus.

History
In 1944, during the Pacific War, the amount of governmental debt exceeded national income by 260%.

In 1947 during the post-war economic chaos, the number of bonds that the government issued exceeded tax revenue. Later, it was thought that this was the root cause of postwar inflation, and Japanese government enacted the Public Finance Act of Japan in response. The act established a balanced fiscal policy by prohibiting: 1) the issuance of government bonds to cover national debt, and, 2) the Bank of Japan from buying government bonds. Since the establishment of the 1955 System, the amount of held valuable securities in the bank – especially national bonds – had risen significantly. However, the 1965 budget issued 259 billion yen in deficit-covering bonds, and the next year's budget in 1966 allotted 730 billion yen in construction bonds. By 1990, the government did not issue a national bond due to the Japanese asset price bubble. Bonds were issued again in 1994, and have been issued every year since.

In 1995 (Heisei 9), Masayoshi Takemura, former Japanese finance minister, declared the Declaration of Fiscal Crisis by issuing deficit-covering bond with higher frequency.

National bond issuing and economic policy
Japan bonds.webp in 1990 Zero interest-rate policy started in 1995

]] [[File:Japan money supply and inflation.webp|thumb|300px|Japan money supply and inflation (year over year)

]] Japanese Bond Market.webp started in 2014

]]

During the Japanese asset price bubble of the late 1980s, revenues were high due to prosperous conditions, Japanese stocks profited, and the amount of national bonds issued was modest. With the breakdown of the economic bubble came a decrease in annual revenue. As a result, the amount of national bonds issued increased quickly. Most of the national bonds had a fixed interest rate, so the debt to GDP ratio increased as a consequence of the decrease in nominal GDP growth due to deflation.

The growth of annual revenue was slowed down by the prolonged depression. Consequently, the governments started issuing additional national bonds to cover the interest payments. This national bond is called renewal national bond. As a result of issuing these bonds, the debt is not actually repaid, and the amount of bonds issued continued to grow. Japan has continued to issue bonds to cover the debt since the asset price bubble collapse.

There was the phase that opportunity to act austerity policy rose when the fear for return (repayment) principal of interest was close-upped at any trouble happened. But, the policy was acted, that was the inadequate fiscal action by the government and bring finance under control by the Bank of Japan, when critical recession caused by austerity policy and others. There was the opinion that suggested a fear for general situation of the economic structure, that the Japanese economy experienced deflation caused by globalization and the growing international competition. These factors steered the direction of Japanese economic policy, hence, the perceived harmful impact to the economic strength of the country.

With the above-mentioned view point from the mobilizing of finances by the government or the action to monetary squeeze by the BOJ, or, from the view point that it has been deflation recession caused by long termed low demand, there are criticisms that it also cause an effect hurt power of economy the tend to promote structural reform increase efficiency of supply side. On the other hand, there are following suggestions for that criticisms:

 * Paul Krugman suggested that the opportunity cost of investment has been greater than the ROI, and that the quantitative easing policy has not been effective. He said that printing notes will not work if the country is in a liquidity trap.
 * Yasushi Iwamoto, an economist suggested that the issue of decline in the economic growth rate has been beyond the ability of monetary policy.
 * Takatoshi Ito and Motoshige Ito, both economist suggested necessity of structural reform to recover from the adverse effect of a monetary policy.

Direct purchase of government bonds by Bank of Japan
A policy was planned and enacted in which the national central bank would directly buy the national bonds.

Economist Kazuhito Ikeo stated, "Quantitative easing and debt monetization are different from each other. We must not assume they are the same just because both involve the Bank of Japan buying government bonds. 'Lending money' is clearly different from 'giving money', but we just see the money move from one place to another, and they look exactly the same in that aspect."

The Public Finance Act
The Public Finance Act prohibits the Bank of Japan from buying government bonds directly. Nevertheless, according to the provision, it is allowed to buy when the National Diet approves the bill. These regulations result from reflection that the Bank of Japan brought about violent inflation by their public bond purchases during the period from before to just after the Pacific War.

title: National debt of Japan


text:
Carrick Church

Situated in Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, Carrick Church (Teampall Carraig) is approximately one mile to the north-west of the village of Derrygonnelly, on the shore of Carrick Lough. The Church is a late medieval structure built by the local chieftain of the time, Gilbert O'Flanagan II, and his wife Margaret in 1483 in 'Honour of God and Mary'. The O'Flanagan sept, who supplied many of the clergy for both Devenish and Inishmacsaint, were the chieftains of Tuatha Rátha. The territory of Tuatha Rátha covered approximately the area which is known today as the Barony of Magheraboy and their stronghold was situated at Baile Uí Fhlanagain in the townland of Aghamore on the shores of Carrick Lake.

Much trouble plagued the descendants of O'Flanagan and the Annals of Ulster record that in 1528 Gilleece O'Flanagan and his son Turlough were both murdered in the chapel, on the same day, by Patrick O'Flanagan. Gilbert II may have built a church at Aghamore (the Great Field) as a private chapel but it raises the question; did he have a difference with his kinsman who was Prior on Inishmacsaint or did he build it for prestige? Gilbert II died in 1496 and when his wife Margaret, who was a daughter of the ruling house of the Maguires of Fermanagh, died, she was buried at the Abbey in Donegal.

Carrick Church may have existed as a place of worship for the local people until penal times as there is no record of any other Roman Catholic place of worship in the area. Inishmacsaint church was taken over by the planters as Hume, the local landlord, did not build a church until 1688 at Drumenag. Despite the condition of the dangerous ruins the graveyard was utilized by the locals until around 1930. Many gravestones litter the grounds and some late 18th century inscriptions are still visible on the markers.

Nearby to this ruin, there is a well by the name of Tobarnasuil, from the Irish Tobar na Súil, meaning "well of the eyes". Its water is said to have healing powers to cure ailments of the eye.

Carrick Church and graveyard, in Aghamore townland, grid ref: H0962 5388, are Scheduled Historic Monuments. In December 2012 work, overseen by the Ulster Archaeological Heritage Society, was completed to secure the deteriorated ruins and prevent further collapse.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carrick Church


text:
User:Kirsteintherese

Hello, I'm Kirstein Nazar. I am new to Wikipedia editing. Constructive Criticisms are welcome, but please be nice.

title: User:Kirsteintherese


text:
животъ

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) life
 * 2) living being

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) life
 * 2) animal
 * 3) property

title: животъ


text:
Irish Catholic Martyrs

Irish Catholic Martyrs (Mairtírigh Chaitliceacha na hÉireann) were 24 Irish men and women who have been beatified or canonized for both a life of heroic virtue and for dying for their Catholic faith between the reign of King Henry VIII and Catholic Emancipation in 1829.

The more than three century-long religious persecution of the Catholic Church in Ireland came in waves, caused by an overreaction by the State to certain incidents and interspersed with intervals of comparative respite. Even so, during the worst of times, the Irish people, according to Marcus Tanner, clung to the Mass, "crossed themselves when they passed Protestant ministers on the road, had to be dragged into Protestant churches and put cotton wool in their ears rather than listen to Protestant sermons."

According to historian and folklorist Seumas MacManus, "Throughout these dreadful centuries, too, the hunted priest -- who in his youth had been smuggled to the Continent of Europe to receive his training -- tended the flame of faith. He lurked like a thief among the hills. On Sundays and Feast Days he celebrated Mass at a rock, on a remote mountainside, while the congregation knelt on the heather of the hillside, under the open heavens. While he said Mass, faithful sentries watched from all the nearby hilltops, to give timely warning of the approaching priest-hunter and his guard of British soldiers. But sometimes the troops came on them unawares, and the Mass Rock was bespattered with his blood, -- and men, women, and children caught in the crime of worshipping God among the rocks, were frequently slaughtered on the mountainside."

The 1975 canonization of Archbishop Oliver Plunkett, who was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn on 1 July 1681, as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales raised considerable public interest in other Irishmen and Irishwomen who had similarly died for their Catholic faith in the 16th and 17th centuries. On 22 September 1992 Pope John Paul II beatified an additional 17 martyrs and assigned June 20, the anniversary of the 1584 martyrdom of Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley, as their feast day. Many other causes for Roman Catholic Martyrdom and possible Sainthood, however, remain under active investigation.

Henry VIII
Religious persecution of Catholics in Ireland began under King Henry VIII (then Lord of Ireland) after his excommunication in 1533. The Irish Parliament adopted the Acts of Supremacy, which declared the Irish Church subservient to the State. In response, Irish bishops, priests, and laity who continued to pray for the pope during Mass were tortured and killed. The Treasons Act 1534 defined even unspoken mental allegiance to the Holy See as high treason. Many were imprisoned on this basis. Alleged traitors who were brought to trial, like all other British subjects tried for the same offence prior to the Treason Act 1695, were forbidden the services of a defence counsel and forced to act as their own attorneys.

According to D.P. Conyngham, "Though the faithful underwent fearful persecutions toward the latter part of the reign of Henry, few publicly suffered martyrdom. Numbers of the monks and religious were killed at their expulsion from their houses, but the King's adhesion to many articles of Catholicity made it too hazardous for his agents in Ireland to resort to the stake or the gibbet. In fact, Henry burned at the same stake Lutherans, for denying the Real Presence, with Catholics, for denying his supremacy."

Meanwhile, the King and Thomas Cromwell continued Cardinal Wolsey's policies of centralizing government power in Dublin Castle and seeking to completely destroy the political and military independence of both the Old English nobility, the Irish clans, and the Gaelic nobility of Ireland. This, in addition to the King's religious policy, ultimately triggered Old English aristocrat Silken Thomas, 10th and last Earl of Kildare, to launch a 1534-1535 military uprising against the rule of the House of Tudor in Ireland.

On c.30 July 1535, Venerable Fr. John Travers, a graduate of Oxford University and the Chancellor of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, was executed in Dublin for writing a volume denouncing the Act of Supremacy. As this had not yet been made into a crime in Ireland, Fr. Travers was instead tried at the summer assizes for high treason and involvement in the recent rebellion of Silken Thomas. According to historian R. Dudley Edwards, Fr. Travers had acted only in non-combatant roles as a peace negotiator and had even offered himself as a hostage to the King's forces. Fr. Travers also had no political or financial dependency, familial links, or nationalist feelings of loyalty towards the Earls of Kildare and his involvement in the uprising was motivated only by a desire to defend the independence of the Catholic Church in Ireland from being lost to control by the State. Following his inevitable conviction, Fr. Travers was burned at the stake in the Common then known as, "Oxmantown Green", part of which has since become Smithfield Market on the city's Northside.

According to Philip O'Sullivan Beare, "[John Travers] wrote something against the English heresy, in which he maintained the jurisdiction and authority of the Pope. Being arraigned for this before the King's court, and questioned by the judge on the matter, he fearlessly replied - 'With these fingers', said he, holding out the thumb, index, and middle fingers, of his right hand, 'those were written by me, and for this deed in so good and holy a cause I neither am nor will be sorry.' There upon being condemned to death, amongst other punishments inflicted, that glorious hand was cut off by the executioner and thrown into the fire and burnt, except the three sacred fingers by which he had effected those writings, and which the flames, however piled on and stirred up, could not consume."

In 1536, Venerable Fr. Charles Reynolds (Cathal Mac Raghnaill), the Hiberno-Norse Archdeacon of Kells, was posthumously attained for high treason in the Attainder of the Earl of Kildare Act 1536 for successfully urging Pope Paul III to excommunicate King Henry VIII over his divorce, his uncanonical remarriage, and the Caesaropapism of his religious policy.

When the Suppression of the Monasteries was extended to Ireland as well, the Annals of the Four Masters reports for the year 1540, "The English in every place throughout Ireland where they established their power, persecuted and banished the nine religious orders, and particularly they destroyed the monastery of Monaghan, and beheaded the guardian and a number of friars." A 1935 article by historian L.P. Murray identifies the martyred erenagh of Monaghan Monastery as Fr. Patrick Brady and adds that he was beheaded alongside 16 fellow Franciscan Friars.

Elizabeth I
Even though she continued the plantation of Ireland with English settlers, the persecution of Catholics ceased after the accession of the Catholic Queen Mary, but after Mary's death in November 1558, her sister Queen Elizabeth I arranged for Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy of 1559, which re-established the control by the State over the Church within her dominions and criminalized religious dissent as high treason. While reviving Thomas Cranmer's prayerbook, the Queen ordered the Elizabethan religious settlement to favour High Church Anglicanism, which preserved many traditionally Catholic ceremonies. Meanwhile, the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity (1559), the Prayer Book of 1559, and the Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) mixed the doctrines of Protestantism and Caesaropapism.

From the early years of her reign, pressure was put on all her subjects to conform to the "Established Church" of the realm or be considered guilty of high treason. Prosecutions for Recusancy and refusals to take the Oath of Supremacy, the issuing of torture warrants, and the use of priest hunters escalated rapidly.

In 1563 the Earl of Essex issued a proclamation, by which all Roman Catholic priests, secular and regular, were forbidden to officiate, or even to reside in Dublin or in The Pale. Fines and penalties were strictly enforced for Recusancy from the Anglican Sunday service; before long. Priests and religious were, as might be expected, the first victims. They were hunted into the Mass rocks in mountains and caves; and the parish churches and few monastic chapels which had escaped the rapacity of King Henry VIII were also destroyed. It ultimately resulted in Pope Pius V's 1570 papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, which, "released [Elizabeth I's] subjects from their allegiance to her".

In Ireland the First Desmond Rebellion, led by James FitzMaurice FitzGerald and which sought to replace Queen Elizabeth I with Don John of Austria as High King of Ireland, was launched in 1569, at almost the same time as the Northern Rebellion in England. The Wexford Martyrs were found guilty of high treason for aiding in the escape of James Eustace, 3rd Viscount Baltinglass and refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy and declare Elizabeth I of England to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England and Ireland.

The ongoing religious persecution also became highly significant as the primary cause of the Nine Years War, which similarly sought to replace Queen Elizabeth with a High King from the House of Habsburg. The war formally began when Red Hugh O'Donnell expelled English High Sheriff of Donegal Humphrey Willis, but not before Red Hugh listed his reasons for taking up arms against the House of Tudor and alluded in particular to the recent torture and executions of Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley and Bishop Patrick O'Hely. According to Philip O'Sullivan Beare, "Being surrounded there [Willis] surrendered to Roe by whom he was dismissed in safety with an injunction to remember his words, that the Queen and her officers were dealing unjustly with the Irish; that the Catholic religion was contaminated by impiety; that holy bishops and priests were inhumanely and barbarously tortured; that Catholic noblemen were cruelly imprisoned and ruined; that wrong was deemed right; that he himself had been treacherously and perfidiously kidnapped; and that for these reasons he would neither give tribute or allegiance to the English."

Beatified Martyrs include:

 * Patrick O'Hely (Pádraig Ó hÉilí), Franciscan Friar from Creevelea Abbey (an Mainistir na Craoibhe Léithe) at Dromahair, County Leitrim, and Bishop of Mayo. Executed by hanging outside the walls of Kilmallock 13 August 1579
 * Conn O'Rourke (Conn Ó Ruairc), Franciscan Friar descended from the Gaelic nobility of Ireland, son of Brian Ó Ruairc, Lord of Breifne, executed with Bishop O'Hely by hanging outside the walls of Kilmallock, 13 August 1579
 * 5 Wexford Martyrs, sailors engaged in smuggling priests, laity, and banned Catholic literature in and out of Ireland, hanged, drawn and quartered in Wexford, 5 July 1581
 * Margaret Ball, former Lady Mayoress of Dublin, died as a prisoner of conscience in Dublin Castle for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, 1584
 * Dermot O'Hurley (Diarmaid Ó hUrthuile), Archbishop of Cashel and former professor of philosophy, theology, Classics, & secular and canon law at Rheims University. Arrested in 1583 after ordination abroad, being smuggled back into Ireland, and following a secret underground ministry. Tortured at Dublin Castle by being put to the "hot boots" for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy and then hanged using a noose woven from willow branches outside the walls of Dublin, 20 June 1584. Secretly buried afterwards in St Kevin's Churchyard
 * Muiris Mac Ionrachtaigh (Maurice MacKenraghty), Diocesan priest and former military chaplain during the Second Desmond Rebellion. Voluntarily surrendered himself, similarly to St Maximilian Kolbe, intending to die in the place of a condemned Recusant named Victor White. Executed for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy by hanging and posthumous beheading at Clonmel, 30 April 1585
 * Dominic Collins, Jesuit lay brother and former Catholic League military officer, under the nom de guerre "Captain de la Branche", during the Brittany Campaign of the French Wars of Religion. Captured following Battle of Kinsale and the 11-day Siege of Dunboy. Officially hanged for high treason, but in reality for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, outside the walls of his native Youghal, County Cork, 31 October 1602

Servants of God include:
 * Edmund Daniel, SJ, 25 October 1572 in Cork
 * Teige O'Daly, OFM, about March 1578 in Limerick
 * Donal O'Neylan, OFM, 28 March 1580 in Youghal, Cork
 * Gelasius Ó Cuileanáin (born 1554), Cistercian Abbot of Boyle, 21 November 1580 in Dublin
 * Eoin O'Mulkern, OPraem, Abbot of Holy Trinity Abbey upon Lough Key, hanged 21 November 1580 outside the walls of Dublin
 * David, John Sutton and Robert Scurlock, laymen, 13 November 1581 in Dublin
 * Maurice, Thomas, and Christopher Eustace, laymen, 13 November 1581 in Dublin
 * William Wogan and Robert Fitzgerald, laymen, 13 November 1581 in Dublin
 * Felim O'Hara, OFM, 1 May 1582 in Moyne, Cork
 * Walter Eustace, layman, 14 June 1583 in Dublin
 * Richard Creagh (Risteard Craobhach) (born 1523), Archbishop of Armagh, December 1586 as a prisoner of conscience in the Tower of London, England

King James I
According to D.P. Conyngham, "It was fondly hoped by the Catholics of Ireland that the accession of James would bring peace and repose to the Church in that distracted and oppressed country. A general feeling of relief and joy pervaded all classes. Many of those who had been forced into exile returned to their native country: churches were rebuilt - monasteries repaired - the sacred duties of the sanctuary were resumed, and the offices of the Church were performed with undisturbed safety throughout the Kingdom. This state of comparative tranquility was not, however, suffered to continue..."

A Royal edict issued on 4 July 1605 announced that Elizabethan era Recusancy laws were to be rigorously enforced and added, "It hath seemed proper to us to proclaim, and we hereby make it known to our subjects in Ireland, that no toleration shall ever be granted by us. This we do for the purpose of cutting off all hope that any other religion shall be allowed - save that which is consonant to the laws and statutes of this realm."

Beatified Martyrs include:
 * Concobhar Ó Duibheannaigh (Conor O'Devany), Franciscan from Donegal Abbey, Bishop of Down and Connor and longtime prisoner of conscience in Dublin Castle. Arrested under orders from Arthur Chichester while administering Confirmations in June 1611 and despite being, like St Polycarp of Smyrna, in his eighties, Bishop Ó Duibheannaigh was hanged, drawn and quartered outside Dublin City, 11 February 1612. Secretly buried afterwards at St James Churchyard
 * Patrick O'Loughran, priest from Donaghmore, County Tyrone and former spiritual director to Aodh Mór Ó Néill, hanged, drawn and quartered outside Dublin City, 11 February 1612. Secretly buried afterwards at St James Churchyard
 * Francis Taylor, former Lord Mayor of Dublin, died as a prisoner of conscience in Dublin Castle for refusing to say the Oath of Supremacy, 1621

Servants of God include:
 * Brian O'Carolan, priest, 24 March 1606 near Trim, County Meath
 * John Burke, layman, 20 December 1606 in Limerick
 * Donough MacCready, priest, before 5 August 1608 in Coleraine, County Londonderry

King Charles I
According to historian D.P. Conyngham, "Ireland was torn by contending factions, and was oppressed by two belligerents during the reign of Charles. The Catholics took up arms in defense of themselves, their religion, and their King. Charles, with the proverbial fickleness of the Stuarts, when pressed by the Puritans, persecuted the Irish, while he encouraged them when he hoped their loyalty and devotion would be the means of establishing his royal prerogative. It is ever thus with Ireland... For eight years Ireland was the theatre of the most desolating war and implacable persecution."

Beatified Martyrs of the era include:

 * Fr. Peter O'Higgins, Dominican Order, hanged outside the walls of Dublin at St Stephen's Green, on 24 March 1642

Servants of God include:
 * George Halley (born 1622), OCD, 15 August 1642 in Siddan, County Meath

The Commonwealth and Protectorate of England
On 24 October 1644, the Puritan-controlled Rump Parliament in London, seeking to retaliate for acts of sectarian violence like the Portadown massacre during the recent 1641 uprising, resolved, "that no quarter shall be given to any Irishman, or to any papist born in Ireland." Upon landing with the New Model Army at Dublin, Oliver Cromwell issued orders that no mercy was to be shown to the Irish, whom he said were to be treated like the Canaanites during the time of the Old Testament prophet Joshua.

According to historian D.P. Conyngham, "It is impossible to estimate the number of Catholics slain the ten years from 1642 to 1652. Three Bishops and more than 300 priests were put to death for their faith. Thousands of men, women, and children were sold as slaves for the West Indies; Sir W. Petty mentions that 6,000 boys and women were thus sold. A letter written in 1656, quoted by Lingard, puts the number at 60,000; as late as 1666 there were 12,000 Irish slaves scattered among the West Indian islands. Forty thousand Irish fled to the Continent, and 20,000 took shelter in the Hebrides or other Scottish islands. In 1641, the population of Ireland was 1,466,000, of whom 1,240,000 were Catholics. In 1659 the population was reduced to 500,091, so that very nearly 1,000,000 must have perished or been driven into exile in the space of eighteen years. In comparison with the population of both periods, this was even worse than the famine extermination of our own days."

After taking the island in 1653, the New Model Army turned Inishbofin, County Galway, into a prison camps for Roman Catholic priests arrested while exercising their religious ministry covertly in other parts of Ireland. Inishmore, in the Aran Islands, was used for exactly the same purpose. The last priests held on both islands were finally released following the Stuart Restoration in 1662.

Officially Beatified Martyrs of the era include:
 * Fr. Theobald Stapleton, (Teabóid Gálldubh), slain during the Sack of Cashel, 15 September 1647.
 * Bishop Terence O'Brien of Emly, Dominican Order, hanged at Gallows Green by order of New Model Army General Henry Ireton following the Siege of Limerick, 31 October 1651
 * John Kearney (1619-1653) was born in Cashel, County Tipperary and joined the Franciscans at the Kilkenny friary. After his novitiate, he went to Leuven in Belgium and was ordained in Brussels in 1642. Returned to Ireland, he taught in Cashel and Waterford, and was much admired for his preaching. In 1650 he became erenagh of Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary. During the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, he was arrested by the New Model Army while continuing to exercise an illegal and underground priestly ministry throughout the valley of the River Suir and executed by hanging at Clonmel, County Tipperary on 21 March 1653. He lies buried in the chapter hall of the suppressed friary of Cashel.
 * Fr. William Tirry (Liam Tuiridh), Augustinian Order, from St Austin's Abbey, Cork City. Arrested at Fethard, County Tipperary while vesting for Mass on Holy Saturday, 25 March, 1654, sentenced to death by New Model Army Colonel Solomon Richards, and hanged at Clonmel, County Tipperary, 12 May 1654

Servants of God include:

Sack of Cashel
Martyred by the Protestant and Parliamentarian soldiers under the command of the Lord President of Munster, Murchadh na dTóiteán, during the Sack of Cashel
 * Edward Stapleton, priest, 13 September 1647,
 * Thomas Morissey, priest, 13 September 1647 Sack of Cashel, County Tipperary
 * Richard Barry, OP, 13 September 1647, Sack of Cashel, County Tipperary
 * Richard Butler and James Saul, OFM, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
 * William Boyton, SJ, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
 * Elizabeth Kearney (mother of Blessed John Kearney) and Margaret (surname unrecorded), laywomen, on 13 September 1647

Cromwellian conquest of Ireland

 * Laurence and Bernard O'Ferrall, OP, between February–March 1649 in Longford
 * John Bathe, SJ and Thomas Bathe, priest, 11 September 1649, following the Siege of Drogheda, County Louth
 * Peter Taafe, OSA,11 September 1649, following the Siege of Drogheda, County Louth
 * Dominic Dillon and Richard Oveton, OP, 11 September 1649, following the Siege of Drogheda, County Louth
 * Conor MacCarthy, priest, 5 June 1653 in Killarney, County Kerry
 * Francis O'Sullivan, OFM, 23 June 1653, Scariff Island, County Kerry
 * Thaddeus Moriarty, OP, 15 October 1653 in Killarney, County Kerry
 * Donal Breen and James Murphy, priests, 14 April 1655 in Wexford
 * Luke Bergin, OP, 14 April 1655 in Wexford
 * John Tobin (born 1620), OFMCap, 6 March 1656 in Waterford

Charles II
During the Stuart Restoration, the Crown's treatment of Catholics was more lenient than usual, owing to the sympathy of the king. For this reason, Catholic worship generally moved from the Mass rocks to thatched "Mass houses" (Cábán an Aifrinn, lit. ‘Mass Cabin’). Writing in 1668, Janvin de Rochefort commented, "Even in Dublin more than twenty houses where Mass is secretly said, and in about a thousand places, subterranean vaults and retired spots in the woods".

This changed radically, however, due to the Popish Plot, a conspiracy theory concocted by Titus Oates and Lord Shaftesbury, who claimed that a plot existed to assassinate the King and massacre all the Protestants of the British Isles. Between 1678 and 1681, the attention of the public was riveted upon a series of anti-Catholic show trials that resulted in 22 executions at Tyburn.

As persecution of Catholics heated up in reaction to the Titus Oates plot, a priest with the Hiberno-Norse surname of Father Mac Aidghalle was murdered while saying the Tridentine Mass at Cloch na hAltorach; a Mass rock that still stands atop Slieve Gullion. The perpetrators were a band of redcoats under the command of a priest hunter named Turner. Local Rapparee leader Count Redmond O'Hanlon is said in local oral tradition to have avenged the murdered priest and in so doing to have sealed his own fate.

Irish victims of the Titus Oates witch hunt included:
 * Peter Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin (died imprisoned in Dublin Castle, November 1680)
 * Oliver Plunkett, Archbishop of Armagh, executed at Tyburn 1 July 1681

Age of the Whig oligarchy
Despite their exposure and public disgrace in 1681, the anti-Catholic witch hunt masterminded by Titus Oates and Lord Shaftesbury laid the foundation for the second overthrow of the House of Stuart in 1688, the creation of the anti-Catholic Whig political party, and, despite the best efforts of those who fought in the Jacobite risings, to decades of the British Empire being governed as a Whig single party state.

As the Whig-controlled Parliament of Ireland passed the Penal Laws, which progressively criminalized Roman Catholicism and stripped away from its adherents all rights under the law, a miracle connected to the ongoing religious persecution in Ireland took place, according to Diocesan and municipal records, at Győr in the Kingdom of Hungary.

During the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, a painting of Mary, Comforter of the Afflicted had been removed by Bishop Walter Lynch from Clonfert Cathedral to protect the image from desecration by the New Model Army. Bishop Lynch had kept the image hidden while held in the prison camp at Inishbofin, and, before his death in Hungarian exile, had willed the image to the Cathedral (Mennyekbe Fölvett Boldogságos Szűz Mária székesegyház) of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Győr. On St Patrick's Day 1697, the "Irish Madonna" (Ír Madonna), as she had come to be called, was seen many witnesses to weep tears of blood. The wall and even the canvas behind the image were closely examined and found to be dry. Signed statements remain and bear the signatures of many non-Catholic eyewitnesses, including local Lutheran and Calvinist ministers, the Orthodox Jewish Chief Rabbi of Győr, and Count Siegebert Heister, the Captain General of the town's military garrison. A copy of the image was presented in 2003 to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Clonfert by Bishop Pápai Janos of Győr and now hangs inside St Brendan's Cathedral in Loughrea, County Galway.

A 1709 Penal Act demanded that Catholic priests take the Oath of Abjuration, and recognise the Protestant Queen Anne as Supreme Head of the Church within all her dominions and declare that Catholic doctrine regarding Transubstantiation to be "base and idolatrous".

Priests who refused to take the oath abjuring the Catholic faith were arrested and executed. This activity, along with the compulsory deportation of other priests who did not conform, was a documented attempt to cause the Catholic clergy to die out in Ireland within a generation. Priests had to register with the local magistrates to be allowed to preach, and most did so. Bishops were not permitted to register.

In 1713, the Irish House of Commons declared that "prosecution and informing against Papists was an honourable service", which revived the Elizabethan era profession of the priest hunter, the most infamous of whom remains John O'Mullowny, nicknamed (Seán na Sagart), of the Partry Mountains in County Mayo. The reward rates for capture varied from £50–100 for a bishop, to £10–20 for the capture of an unregistered priest: substantial amounts of money at the time.

Irish nationalist John Mitchel, a Presbyterian from County Londonderry, later wrote, "I know the spots, within my own part of Ireland, where venerable archbishops hid themselves, as it were, in a hole of the rock... Imagine a priest ordained at Seville or Salamanca, a gentleman of a high old name, a man of eloquence and genius, who has sustained disputations in the college halls on a question of literature or theology, and carried off prizes and crowns -- see him on the quays of Brest, bargaining with some skipper to work his passage... And he knows, too, that the end of it all, for him, may be a row of sugar canes to hoe under the blazing sun of Barbados. Yet he pushes eagerly to meet his fate; for he carries in his hands a sacred deposit, bears in his heart a holy message, and he must tell it or die. See him, at last, springing ashore, and hurrying on to seek his Bishop in some cave, or under some hedge -- but going with caution by reason of the priest catcher and the blood-hounds."

While being interviewed by Tadhg Ó Murchú of the Irish Folklore Commission, Peig Minihane-O'Driscoll of Ardgroom, in the Beara Peninsula of County Cork, revealed that the local Mass rock, known in Munster Irish as Clochán a' tSagairt was located at a cairn to the south. Peig Minihane-O'Driscoll also revealed that her husband had been born before Catholic Emancipation and that her in-laws had twice carried their baby son up into the mountains, seeking to secretly make contact and request his baptism from one of the two outlawed priest known to be in hiding locally, one near Ballycrovane Wood and another near Castletownbere. Minihane-O'Driscoll concluded, "I don't know... there was some strength in them (the old people), with the grace of God. Oh, may God not blame us for complaining now, dear, there is a good life in it compared to that time."

 * James Dowdall (born 1626), OFMCap, 20 February 1710 in London, England
 * Fr. Nicholas Sheehy, Diocesan priest, hanged at Clonmel, County Tipperary, 15 March 1766

First French Republic

 * Fr. Martin Glynn (1729-1794), Roman Catholic priest from Inishbofin, County Galway, last Rector of the Irish College in Bordeaux, and martyr for remaining in the First French Republic and secretly continuing his priestly ministry in nonviolent resistance to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and during the Reign of Terror, guillotined at Bordeaux, 20 July 1794

Investigations
The Irish Martyrs suffered over several reigns and even at the hands of both sides during regime change wars. There was a long delay by the Holy See in opening an Apostolic Process into the Sainthood Causes of the Irish Catholic Martyrs for fear of escalating the ongoing religious persecution. Further complicating the investigation is that the records of these martyrs could not be safely investigated or publicized except by the Irish diaspora in Catholic Europe, due to the danger of being caught possessing such evidence at home. Details of their endurance in most cases have been lost. The first general catalog, that of Father John Houling, S.J., was compiled in Portugal between 1588 and 1599. It is styled a very brief abstract of certain persons whom it commemorates as sufferers for the Faith under Elizabeth.

Detailed accounts were also written and published by Philip O'Sullivan Beare, David Rothe, Luke Wadding, Richard Stanihurst, Anthony Bruodin, John Lynch, John Coppinger, and John Mullin.

After the successful fight that was eventually spearheaded by Daniel O'Connell for Catholic Emancipation between 1780 and 1829, interest revived as the Catholic Church in Ireland was rebuilding after three hundred years of being strictly illegal and underground. As a result, a series of re-publications of primary sources relating to the period of the persecutions and meticulous comparisons against archival Government documents in London and Dublin from the same period were made by Daniel F. Moran and other historians.

The first Apostolic Process under Canon Law began in Dublin in 1904, after which the findings were submitted to the Holy See.

In the 12 February 1915 Apostolic decree In Hibernia, heroum nutrice, Pope Benedict XV formally authorized the formal introduction of additional Causes for Roman Catholic Sainthood.

During a further Apostolic Process held at Dublin between 1917 and 1930 and against the backdrop of the Irish War of Independence and Civil War, the evidence surrounding 260 alleged cases of Roman Catholic martyrdom were further investigated, after which the findings were again submitted to the Holy See.

Thus far, the only Martyr to complete the process was Oliver Plunkett, Archbishop of Armagh, who was Canonized as a Saint in 1975 by Pope Paul VI as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. Plunkett was certainly targeted during the anti-Catholic witch hunt connected to Titus Oates and was executed following a show trial motivated solely in odium fidei ("out of hatred of the Faith"), instead of being in any way guilty of than any real crime against the state.

Other causes have also been formally recognized.

Canonized Martyrs
12 October 1975 by Pope Paul VI.
 * Oliver Plunkett, Archbishop of Armagh, 1 July 1681 at Tyburn, London; beatified 1920

Beatified Martyrs
15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI.
 * John Carey (alias Terence Carey) and Patrick Salmon, laymen, 4 July 1594 at Dorchester, England
 * John Cornelius (Seán Conchobhar Ó Mathghamhna), Jesuit priest, 4 July 1594 at Dorchester, England
 * John Roche, layman, 30 August 1588 at Tyburn, England

22 November 1987 by Pope John Paul II.
 * Charles Mahoney (alias Meehan), Franciscan, 21 August 1679, Ruthin, Wales

The 17 Blessed Irish Martyrs
27 September 1992 by Pope John Paul II.
 * Patrick O'Hely (Pádraig Ó hÉilí), Franciscan Bishop of Mayo, betrayed to Lord President of Munster Sir William Drury by the Rebel Earl and Countess of Desmond and executed at Kilmallock 13 August 1579
 * Conn O'Rourke (Conn Ó Ruairc), Franciscan Friar, betrayed to the priest hunters by the Rebel Earl and Countess of Desmond and executed at Kilmallock, 13 August 1579
 * Wexford Martyrs, 5 July 1581: Matthew Lambert, Robert Myler, Edward Cheevers, Patrick Cavanagh (Irish: Pádraigh Caomhánach), John O'Lahy, and one other unknown individual
 * Margaret Ball, former Lady Mayoress of Dublin, died 1584, as a prisoner of conscience inside Dublin Castle
 * Dermot O'Hurley (Diarmaid Ó hUrthuile), Archbishop of Cashel, sentenced to death by military tribunal and hanged at Lower Baggot Street, then outside the walls of Dublin, 20 June 1584
 * Muiris Mac Ionrachtaigh (Maurice MacKenraghty), military chaplain to the Rebel Earl of Desmond, executed at Clonmel, during the Second Desmond Rebellion, 30 April 1585
 * Dominic Collins, Jesuit lay brother captured by the Tudor Army following the Siege of Dunboy and executed without trial at Youghal, County Cork, 31 October 1602
 * Concobhar Ó Duibheannaigh (Conor O'Devany), Franciscan Bishop of Down & Connor, 11 February 1612
 * Patrick O'Loughran, priest from County Tyrone and former spiritual director to Aodh Mór Ó Néill, 11 February 1612
 * Francis Taylor, former Lord Mayor of Dublin, died as a prisoner of conscience inside Dublin Castle, 1621
 * Peter O'Higgins OP, Prior of the Dominican monastery of Naas, hanged under orders from Sir Charles Coote, despite O'Higgins' well-documented and successful efforts to protect Protestant civilians from sectarian violence and ethnic cleansing during the Irish rebellion of 1641, at St Stephen's Green, then outside the walls of Dublin, on 24 March 1642
 * Theobald Stapleton, (Teabóid Gálldubh), Roman Catholic priest and one of the creators of modern Irish language orthography. During the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Fr. Stapleton sought sanctuary inside St. Patrick's Cathedral upon the Rock of Cashel and was slain, alongside six other priests, by the Parliamentary Army of Lord Inchiquin (Murchadh na dTóiteán) during the Sack of Cashel, 15 September 1647. Fr. Stapleton is said to have blessed his attackers with holy water moments before his death.
 * Terence O'Brien OP, Dominican Order, Bishop of Emly, captured following the Siege of Limerick, court martialed, sentenced to death, and hanged by New Model Army General Henry Ireton. Gallows Green, Limerick City, 31 October 1651
 * John Kearney, Franciscan Prior of Cashel, hanged at Clonmel, officially for high treason, but in reality for covertly continuing his priestly ministry throughout the valley of the River Suir in nonviolent resistance to the Commonwealth of England's recent decree banishing of all Catholic priests, 21 March 1653
 * William Tirry (Liam Tuiridh), Augustinian Friar from St. Austin's Abbey in Cork City, captured by the priest hunters at Fethard, County Tipperary and executed by hanging, officially for high treason against The Protectorate and Commonwealth of England, but in reality for remaining in Ireland and continuing his priestly ministry in nonviolent resistance of the regime's decree of banishment for all priests, at Clonmel, County Tipperary, 12 May 1654

The 42 Martyred Irish Servants of God

A group of 42 Irish martyrs have been selected for canonisation. This group is composed mostly of priests, both secular and religious as well as several lay men and two lay women. These martyrs have not yet been beatified.

 * Edmund Daniel, SJ, 25 October 1572 in Cork
 * Teige O'Daly, OFM, about March 1578 in Limerick
 * Donal O'Neylan, OFM, 28 March 1580 in Youghal, Cork
 * Gelasius Ó Cuileanáin (born 1554), Cistercian Abbot of Boyle, 21 November 1580 in Dublin
 * Eoin O'Mulkern, OPraem, 21 November 1580 in Dublin
 * David, John Sutton and Robert Scurlock, laymen, 13 November 1581 in Dublin
 * Maurice, Thomas, and Christopher Eustace, laymen, 13 November 1581 in Dublin
 * William Wogan and Robert Fitzgerald, laymen, 13 November 1581 in Dublin
 * Felim O'Hara, OFM, 1 May 1582 in Moyne, Cork
 * Walter Eustace, layman, 14 June 1583 in Dublin
 * Richard Creagh (Risteard Craobhach) (born 1523), Archbishop of Armagh, December 1586 as a prisoner of conscience in the Tower of London, England
 * Brian O'Carolan, priest, 24 March 1606 near Trim, Meath
 * John Burke, layman, 20 December 1606 in Limerick
 * Donough MacCready, priest, before 5 August 1608 in Coleraine, Northern Ireland
 * George Halley (born 1622), OCD, 15 August 1642 in Siddan, Meath
 * Theobald and Edward Stapleton, priests, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
 * Thomas Morissey, priest, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
 * Richard Barry, OP, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
 * Richard Butler and James Saul, OFM, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
 * William Boyton, SJ, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
 * Elizabeth Kearney (mother of Blessed John Kearney) and Margaret (surname unrecorded), laywomen, martyred by the Protestant soldiers under the command of the Lord President of Munster, Murchadh na dTóiteán, during the Sack of Cashel on 13 September 1647
 * John Bathe, SJ and Thomas Bathe, priest, 11 September 1649 in Drogheda, Louth
 * Peter Taafe, OSA,11 September 1649 in Drogheda, Louth
 * Dominic Dillon and Richard Oveton, OP, 11 September 1649 in Drogheda, Louth
 * Laurence and Bernard O'Ferrall, OP, between February–March 1649 in Longford
 * Conor MacCarthy, priest, 5 June 1653 in Killarney, Kerry
 * Francis O'Sullivan, OFM, 23 June 1653 on Scarrrif Island, Kerry
 * Thaddeus Moriarty, OP, 15 October 1653 in Killarney, Kerry
 * Donal Breen and James Murphy, priests, 14 April 1655 in Wexford
 * Luke Bergin, OP, 14 April 1655 in Wexford

Fr. John O'Neill and the Bonane pilgrimage shrine
Even though the name of Fr. John O'Neill does not appear on the 1992 list of Catholic priests known to have served locally, the local oral tradition alleges that he fell victim to the last killing of a Catholic priest at a Mass rock, which allegedly took place at Inse an tSagairt, near Bonane, County Kerry, c.1829. A criminal gang based in Glengarriff, consisting of a woman and five men, conspired to kill the local outlaw priest and split the £45 bounty among themselves. After capturing Fr. John O'Neill, during Mass, beheading him, and bringing his severed head to Cork city, the six conspirators learned that Catholic Emancipation had just been signed into law and that no reward would be given. According to the story, the perpetrators threw Fr. O'Neill's severed head into the River Lee in frustration. Fr. O'Neill's clerk was also arrested at the scene and delivered as a prisoner to Anglo-Irish landlord and infamously anti-Catholic Church of Ireland vicar Denis Mahony at Dromore Castle. Rev. Mahony is said to have released the clerk while setting attack dogs on him, but the clerk managed to escape.

This region of County Kerry had extremely rough terrain, few well-constructed roads, and was very difficult to travel to from other regions of Ireland without being robbed or even murdered by highwaymen, as local Church of Ireland vicar Rev. Fitzgerald Tisdall was in 1809. Furthermore, the few English-speaking visitors praised the beauty of the landscape, but also complained that the local population were almost exclusively Irish language monoglot-speakers.

Even though this makes of Father John O'Neill's martyrdom plausible, but difficult to definitively confirm, Inse an tSagairt, despite being remote and difficult to access until well into the 20th-century, remained a place of reverence and devotion. For example, Fr. Eugene Daly's interest in the site began during his childhood, when his mother fell gravely ill and her life had been despaired of. As a deeply religious woman, however, Mrs. Daly requested that a drink of water be brought to her from Inse an tSagairt, which resulted in what was locally seen as a miraculous cure. Both Fr. O'Neill's martyrdom and the cure of Mrs. Daly have been commemorated in locally composed Irish poetry.

Since a hiking path was built there by the Coillte agency of the Irish State in 1981 at Fr. Daly's insistence, Inse an tSagairt has been a site of Christian pilgrimage and is still used by the local parish for an open air Annual Commemorative Mass every June. There is also a memorial plaque next to the altar in honour of Fr. John O'Neill. Other local Mass rock locations were an Alhóir, near the summit of Mount Esker, An Seana-Shéipeil at Garrymore, and Faill-a Shéipéil at Gearha.

Church dedications
Various parish churches have also been dedicated since 1992 to the Irish Catholic Martyrs, including:
 * Church of the Irish Martyrs, Ballyraine, Letterkenny, County Donegal
 * Church of the Irish Martyrs, Ballycane, Naas County Kildare
 * Church of the Irish Martyrs, Cromwell, Otago, New Zealand.
 * Church of the Irish Martyrs, Mallee Border Parish, Lameroo, South Australia, Australia
 * Chapel of the Irish Martyrs, Pontificio Collegio Irlandese, Pontifical Irish College, Rome, Italy.

Literary legacy

 * South Uist-born Catholic poet and Scottish nationalist Dòmhnall Iain Dhonnchaidh (1919-1986), one of the most important figures in recent Scottish Gaelic literature, was so deeply moved by reading Seán Ó Tuama and Thomas Kinsella's "An Duanaire An Irish Anthology: 1600-1900. Poems of the Dispossessed", that he composed his own "Trí Rainn agus Amhrán: Air dha an leabhar Eireannach Poetry of the Dispossessed a leughadh" ("Three Verses and a Poem: Having read the Irish book 'Poetry of the Dispossessed'"). Dòmhnall Iain compared the sufferings of the Irish people during the era described in Kinsella's poetry book with those of the Scottish Gaels after the Battle of Culloden ("Dhrium Ath-saidh na pèin"), in 1746, ("Chaith sibh tìm san Duibhne, cùmte fo mhùiseag nur dùthaich fhèin"), "You spent time in darkness, confined, oppressed in your own country." Dòmhnall Iain praised, however, the Irish people for their loyalty despite centuries of religious persecution to the Catholic Church in Ireland and their ultimate victory in the Irish War of Independence.

title: Irish Catholic Martyrs


text:
Internet Technologies/Web advertising

Web Advertising uses static images, animated GIFs, and Flash Animation to display a product or service. Advertising on the Web displays in many different ways such as banners or buttons, Pop-up and Pop-under, and intro pages to websites.

A banner or a button can be an image, animated gif, flash video or plain text

A Pop-up or Pop-under causes a new browser window to open and displays a webpage that can contain text, images and flash.

Intro Pages to websites usually have a flash or gif animation to introduce a company, their services or Products.

Internet advertising is delivered by ad servers. The most common type of ad server in use today is the Central ad server.

Standard Sizes for Banner Style Advertisements are as follows:

Rectangles -

300x250 250x250 240x400 336x280 180x150

Banners -

468x60 234x60 88x31 120x90 120x240 125x125 728x90

Skyscrapers -

160x600 120x600 300x600

title: Internet Technologies/Web advertising


text:
1989 Virginia Slims of Nashville

The 1989 Virginia Slims of Nashville was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Maryland Farms Racquet Club in Brentwood, Tennessee in the United States and was part of Category 2 tier of the 1989 WTA Tour. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and ran from November 6 through November 12, 1989. Sixth-seeded Leila Meskhi won the singles title.

Singles
Leila Meskhi defeated 🇨🇦 Helen Kelesi 6–2, 6–3
 * It was Meskhi's first singles title of her career.

Doubles
Manon Bollegraf / 🇺🇸 Meredith McGrath defeated Natalia Medvedeva /  Leila Meskhi 1–6, 7–6(7–5), 7–6(7–4)

title: 1989 Virginia Slims of Nashville


text:
Early 1930s Renault commercial vehicles

The early 1930s Renault commercial vehicles were a range of modular chassis produced by Renault, sold under various configurations, primarily trucks, buses and coaches. The range was the first from Renault to get diesel engines and it abandoned previous design styles from the company. The range was gradually replaced from 1935 onwards by the ACx and ADx light range, the ABx medium range and the ZP bus/coach.

Beginnings of the early 1930s range
At the end of 1930, Renault ended production of its last "coalscuttle"-bonneted (with the radiator behind the engine) commercial vehicles, adopting more vertical grilles and, in some models, vertical slits on both sides of the engine compartment, as the radiator was moved ahead. At the same time, it was introducing its first diesel engines for road transport. These engines were a 7-litre inline-four and a 10.5-litre inline-six, both with direct injection. The inline-four was initially used on Renault's heavy trucks from 1930, and the inline-six was introduced in 1931. The engines had been extensively tested for two years and its development had as base Renault's experience on diesel marine engines, which allowed the company to create its own diesel engine technology instead of purchasing it to foreign manufacturers, as most of its French competitors did. The production of Renault's commercial range at the time was heavily modularised, with many standardised pieces, improving economies of scale, quality on mass production and also simplifying parts replacement. The light and mid-range commercial vehicles for 1931 were largely made up from evolutions of existing models: the RY and KZ (both with payloads under 1 tonne), the OS (1.3-1.8 tonne payload), the PR (2 tonnes payload), the SX (2 tonnes payload), and the SZ (3 tonnes payload). The upper ranges had a mix of new and updated but old models, including the TL (4 tonnes payload), TR (5.5 tonnes payload), TS (7.5 tonnes payload), TI, and two tractor units (SY and TT).

Range expansion

For 1932, the lower range consisted on further upgraded vehicles, using inline-four (all except SX and SZ) and inline-six (SX and SZ) petrol engines. Most of the upper range used the already mentioned diesel engines and two petrol ones: a 6-litre inline-four and a 9.1-litre inline-six. The TI (5.5 tonnes payload) and the UD (7.5 tonnes payload) mounted the four engines, the TS (8 tonnes payload) only the inline-four ones, and the 6x2 VT (12 tonnes payload) only the inline-six. The range was completed by two tractor units: the TT (hauling capacity of up to 15 tonnes), using the four upper range engines; and the SY (hauling capacity of up to 6 tonnes), using the engine mounted on the SX-SZ.

About 1931–1932, Renault unveiled a new 3.8 inline-four diesel engine called the C-90, to be used in future vehicles. It also introduced short-lived 6×4 petrol-engined trucks with articulated suspension: the UC (7-tonne payload or tractor unit up to 15 tonnes) and the UR (4-tonne payload).

For the 1933 models, there were some changes compared to the ones for 1932: a new light vehicle called YP (0.75 tonnes payload), a new KZ chassis more focused on commercial use, the discontinuation of the TS. Renault also introduced vehicles with new diesel and petrol engines: the YF, replacing the SZ, and the YG tractor unit, replacing the SY. For 1934, Renault removed the SX, replacing it with the ZY (ZYAC, inline-four petrol, 2.5 tonnes payload) and started to phase out the PR, exchanging it for most uses with a new 2-tonne chassis, the ZJ, which was subject to less taxes and restrictions. A ZY version (ZYDC) received a new diesel engine, and both petrols and diesels for all the models were updated. The TI lost its inline-six petrol engine and the TT all its inline-four ones. A VT-based heavy truck, the ZF, was added to the lineup.

The French military commissioned various vehicles from Renault's commercial range, including the UD, the YF, the TI, and the PR.

End of the early 1930s range
By 1934, the French government established various restrictions on commercial vehicles. As a result of these, Renault began to introduce forward control designs, replacing the normal control (conventional cabin) it had been using in the early 1930s. At the 1934 Paris Salon, the company unveiled two forward control units for 1935: the ABF (5-tonne payload truck), the ZP (a coach), and announced a third, the ABG tractor unit (hauling capacity of up to 10 tonnes), which was unveiled at the Brussels Salon of that year. The petrol-engined versions of the TT and the VT were removed from the lineup. For 1935 Renault also retired its last flathead petrol engines from the commercial range and gave minor updates to the diesel ones. Lastly, the company introduced a new YF-based coach, the ZI.

At the 1935 Paris Salon, Renault presented basically the same 1935 range for 1936. In practice, all the early 1930s commercial vehicles up to 3.5 tonnes payload were discontinued during the 1935–1936 period, its boxy styling replaced with the more curvy Renault ACx and ADx range. Most normal-control commercial vehicles over 3.5 tonnes payload were also discontinued, the exception being the UD, which subsisted on the lineup until 1937. A TI variant (the TI 4 AE) was produced for the military until 1938.

1931 lineup
The Renault's commercial vehicle range for 1931 has gross combined weight ratings of up to 8.5 tonnes (for rigid trucks) and 16 tonnes (for tractor units with towed cargo). The bus/coach bodywork variants can carry between 10 (OS model) and up to 40 passengers (TI and TI N models).

1932 lineup
The Renault's commercial vehicle range for 1932 has about a dozen of different chassis configurations, with gross combined weight ratings of up to 14 tonnes (for rigid trucks) and 20 tonnes (for tractor units with towed cargo). The bus/coach bodywork variants can carry between 12 (OS model) and up to 45 passengers (TI model).

1933 lineup
The Renault's commercial vehicle range for 1933 has the same maximum gross combined weight ratings of the previous range. Some bus/coach variants got improvements on chassis and suspension.

1935 lineup
The Renault's commercial vehicle range for 1935 has about twenty three different chassis configurations, with a gross combined weight rating of up 20 tonnes. The bus/coach bodywork variants can carry between 14 (OS model) and up to 36 passengers (ZP model). Various models' chassis were modified to comply with the French law.

title: Early 1930s Renault commercial vehicles


text:
User:John Hawke

About Me
John Hawke is the nom de plume of someone who occasionally might throw Wikipedia an edit. Pay him no attention whatsoever.

title: User:John Hawke


text:
Cookbook:Potato Soup

| Soup

Ingredients

 * 6 potatoes, peeled and diced
 * 3 cups milk
 * 1 large onion
 * 2 carrots, diced
 * ¼ cup butter or margarine
 * 3 cups water
 * 2 cubes chicken bouillon
 * ½ tsp ground black pepper to taste
 * 3 tbsp all-purpose flour
 * 1 tbsp dried parsley
 * ¼ tsp dried thyme

Procedure

 * 1) Cook onion in butter until tender.
 * 2) Bring the diced potatoes, carrots, water and chicken bouillon in another stock pot to a boil. Simmer about 10 minutes or until tender. Add ground black pepper.
 * 3) Add the flour to the cooked onions to make a paste. Stir in the milk. Cook over low heat stirring constantly until warmed through. Add the potato and carrot mixture. Stir in the parsley and thyme and heat through. Serve hot.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Use vegetable stock instead of chicken bouillon for a vegetarian soup.
 * Add leeks if available.
 * Omit all ingredients except potatoes, water, salt and pepper for a simple and surprisingly pleasing potato soup. High quality, flavorful potatoes are required for this variation, which itself presents an ideal base for an inventive cook to expand upon.

sr:Кувар:Кромпир чорба

title: Cookbook:Potato Soup


text:
Partisan (film)

Partisan is a 2015 Australian film directed by Ariel Kleiman. The film stars Vincent Cassel as Gregori, a cult leader. The feature marks Kleiman's directorial debut. Kleiman wrote the film with his girlfriend Sarah Cyngler. It premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival.

Plot
Gregori, who operates as the patriarch to a "family" of child assassins, adopts Alexander after seeing his mother, Susanna, without a partner at a hospital. Eleven years later, Alexander is an adept assassin running missions with other future child assassins adopted in the same manner. Gregori tells the children the world is full of terrible men which is why they must carry out their missions. Gregori teaches the children to put earplugs in during assassinations to protect their ears from the gunshot.

Leo, Alexander's friend, is critical of himself after a mock assassination. Gregori sends Alexander and a girl on a mission where he kills a mechanic. Alexander sees his mother crying due to pregnancy, after she drops a piece of meat. He goes out during a mission and buys new meat at a local grocery store. The owner treats him kindly and gives him chocolate. Leo begins to question Gregori's authority escalating to a confrontation after Leo witnesses a chicken being slaughtered. He compares the chicken to the Tyrannosaurus rex, fearing its extinction. Leo disappears from the compound afterwards. Alexander begins to question everything he was taught. Susanna gives birth to a baby brother named Tobias. On Alexander's third mission he shoots a man and watches him bleed out. On his way back he meets a boy who plays with his gun before returning it to him. Alexander takes Tobias after coming home. He is confronted by Gregori as the camera pans down Alexander is seen holding his gun pointed at Gregori with earplugs in Tobias' ears.

Cast

 * Vincent Cassel as Gregori
 * Florence Mezzara as Susanna
 * Alex Balaganskiy as Leo
 * Jeremy Chabriel as Alexander
 * Samuel Eydlish as Ruben
 * Anastasia Prystay as Ariana
 * Alexander Kuzmenko as Ellis
 * Katalin Hegedus
 * Rosa Voto as Leo's mother
 * Frank Moylan
 * Alexander Dahlberg as Nicholas
 * Oscar Dahlberg as Oscar
 * Wietse Cocu as Felix

Production
While most of the interior scenes were filmed in Kleiman's home country of Australia, the exterior shooting of the film was shot in Georgia in 2013 for five weeks.

The film's score was composed by electronic musician Oneohtrix Point Never.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 59%, based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Well-acted and suitably chilling, Partisan is a dark drama whose confident craft may offer enough for some viewers to look past its flaws." On Metacritic, the film received a rating of 50 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

title: Partisan (film)


text:
Talk:Elizabeth Hazelton Haight/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: J Milburn (talk · contribs) 16:07, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

An excellent topic for a GA - I'd be happy to offer a review. At the moment, I always seem to review in spare minutes between other things, so my comments may come in dribs and drabs. Josh Milburn (talk) 16:07, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * The lead section is probably too short at two short sentences. As a shorter article, it's firmly in the "one or two paragraphs" range per MOS:LEADLENGTH, so I would recommend one fairly substantial paragraph or two shorter paragraphs. - Extended
 * You seem to be using American date formats but British spelling - consistency would be good. I would recommend going with American dates and spelling as she was American. - I've Americanized wherever I can spot British spellings, but these are hard for me to pick out, so do change any others you note!
 * In the paragraph starting "Haight matriculated at", could you specify the subject of her degrees? Classics, presumably? - Clarified
 * What is "the Yearbook"? Is this a specific publication? - no, so have de-capitalised.
 * "In the intervening period" - Between her degrees? Perhaps the paragraph could be rearranged to be a little more chronological - you may also want to think about splitting it. Fixed
 * "During her graduate study, she held teaching posts in preparatory schools in New York State." Is this repetition of the already listed schools? Or do you mean to say she continued teaching at unnamed schools post-1900? - Fixed - it's a little unclear, but having gone back through the evidence I think this was accidental repetition rather than ongoing teaching.

Stopping there for now (sorry...). Please double-check my edits so far. Josh Milburn (talk) 16:26, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

*Could we have a wikilink or explanation for "Founders' Day"? It's not a holiday I know. Done!
 * Again - you talk about her time as faculty at Vasser out of chronological order. I'd be the last to say that stories are always best told chronologically, but in this case, it strikes me that being a little more chronological would be a help to readers. - Fixed, paragraph is now chronological.
 * Could you check the "privileged princesses" quote? You appear to be missing some quote marks.
 * Could you specify the date and (if known) cause of death in the final paragraph of the career section? Don't worry about repeating content from the lead - a lead shouldn't contain any information not elsewhere in the article anyway. - Added date, cause is not recorded in the sources (she was 92, so it was probably not a surprise).
 * There's a degree of inconsistency with the capitalistion of the initial letter of "classics", "classical" and similar. Could I ask you to take another look? - done, capitals now used when referring to the name of the field, but not otherwise.
 * It's a little jarring that you call the Italy book her first but then list two prior to it in the bibliography. I can definitely see why you've done this, but perhaps it could be reframed. Adjusted for clarity
 * "reflecting the success of her attempts to make these works accessible to multiple audiences" Do you have a source for this claim? Otherwise, it comes across as editorialising, and thus "original research". Removed.
 * Could you add an appropriate wikilink for "symbolism"? - Not straightforwardly, as the kind of symbolism (the artistic movt) with a Wikipedia page is not what Haight was looking at.
 * Could you include the publishers as well as the locations in the selected publications section?
 * You don't include the history of Vassar in the list - was this deliberate? - Yes as it's a selected list, but I have put it in now.

I don't want to get bogged down in reference formatting and such at GAC, but, looking at the references:
 * You twice cite Find a Grave, which is not a reliable source. They should really be replaced, and if no replacement can be found, the information should be removed. Replaced sources.
 * Your "Database of Classical Scholars" link is dead. That doesn't mean it can't be used as a source, but it would be better if you replaced it with a live link, or included an archive url. (If that's meaningless to you, tell me, and I'll look into it.) Fixed the link!
 * I assume you're citing the McManus book, rather than the webpage you link to. I'd advise removing the link. A link to an online copy of the book is one thing, but a link to a webpage about the book is another entirely. Done
 * Are the two NYT sources the same? If so, could they be merged into one footnote? Done

And questions on categories:
 * Would it be right to call her a philologist? The word isn't mentioned outside of the association name, but it opens up lots more categories that could be added. Yes - added some categories accordingly!
 * What language was the Life of Alexander translated from? Would it be appropriate to add Category:Latin–English translators, or should it be Category:Translators of Ancient Greek texts? Or would both work? - It's Greek, so I've added the latter.

That's what jumps out at me on a first read-through. Again, it's great to see this article here, and I'm hopeful that this will make a decent GA. Josh Milburn (talk) 18:40, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

And please double-check my edits! Josh Milburn (talk) 18:40, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

Thanks very much Josh Milburn - I'll start working through these suggested edits now, and indicate on your list what I've done as I work through them. It may take me a few days as I'm editing in free time around work. KateCook (talk) 13:23, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Let me know when you're ready for me to take another look. Josh Milburn (talk) 19:32, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Reminder ping that this is still open. AIRcorn (talk) 21:57, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

Yes, sorry, I've been slammed at work, but am aiming to finish making adjustments this week, so hopefully everything will be ready then! KateCook (talk) 22:32, 15 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm ready when you are; let me know when you're done, and I'll take a look with a fresh pair of eyes. Josh Milburn (talk) 19:31, 16 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Right, sorry for the delay - I've gone through all of the edits suggested in your review, (with notes above for reference), so let me know what you think now! KateCook (talk) 11:48, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

I've had another look through the article, and I think it's looking very good. I've made some tweaks here and there (and also put together a quick stub on James Monroe Taylor) and I'm now happy to promote the article. Great working with you! Josh Milburn (talk) 20:42, 19 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Brilliant, thanks very much Josh Milburn! It's been a pleasure. KateCook (talk) 11:33, 20 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elizabeth Hazelton Haight/GA1


text:
1941 Kansas Jayhawks football team

The 1941 Kansas Jayhawks football team was an American football team that represented the University of Kansas in the Big Six Conference during the 1941 college football season. In their third season under head coach Gwinn Henry, the Jayhawks compiled a 3–6 record (2–3 against conference opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 222 to 74.

The team's statistical leaders included Ray Niblo with 241 rushing yards and 657 passing yards, Ray Evans with 235 receiving yards, and Denzel Gibbens with 18 points scored (three touchdowns). The Jayhawks had two players on the team more well known for accomplishments off the football field, politician Bob Dole and Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame coach Ralph Miller.

End Hub Ulrich was the team captain; Ulrich was also selected by the United Press as a first-team player on the 1941 All-Big Six Conference football team. Two other Kansas players (quarterback Ralph Miller and end Fred Preston) were named to the second team.

Kansas was ranked at No. 158 (out of 681 teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System for 1941.

The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.

NFL draft
The following Jayhawks were selected in the National Football League draft following the season.

title: 1941 Kansas Jayhawks football team


text:
User:Kent3tres/sandbox

Article evaluation: "Public opinion on nuclear issues"

-Yes, everything was relevant. The only distracting aspect was the author lumped public opinion data on nuclear weapons into a broad category of “nuclear issues.” I think they should be separated to avoid confusion.

-The article is neutral. It presents evidence regarding public opinion of nuclear weapons as well as nuclear energy.

-7 out of the 17 citations were not working. The sources are reputable and support claims made in the article.

-The article is a part of “WikiProject Energy” and “WikiProjectEnvironment” and it is rated as “Start-Class” which classifies it as a developing article.

Below are the sources I will be using for my assigned article "NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)"

Week 7 assignment: What’s missing? Thoughts before drafting the new section.

The article that I am going to add information to is entitled “NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)” and more specifically adding to a subsection that discusses the public’s response to the NSA warrantless surveillance. I will be using a range of sources located in my sandbox to include public opinion polling conducted on how Americans view the trade-off between civil liberties and security as well as a scholarly journal entry that discusses the idea. I believe that the added information will provide useful information that will improve the quality of the article.

Wikipedia Article second draft: “NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)”

Adding subsection to “Public Response”

Title of subsection: The public’s view on the trade-off between security and liberty

The most recent (June 2015) poll conducted by Gallup asked participants if the US should take all the necessary steps to prevent terrorist attacks even if civil liberties are violated (30%) or take steps but do not violate civil liberties (65%)

According to Pew, the majority of Americans do not see a need to sacrifice their civil liberties in order to be protected from terrorism. A poll conducted in the Spring of 2014, showed that 74% of respondents said they shouldn’t renounce their privacy and freedom in the name of security, 22% of respondents said the opposite. In December of 2004, 60% of respondents said they shouldn’t renounce their privacy and freedom in the name of security.

Pew also noted that in their surveys conducted post 9/11 have revealed, that in the periods during which prominent incidents that related to privacy and security first came up, the majority of respondents favored a “security first” methodology, while maintaining that a dramatic reduction in civil liberties should be avoided. Recent events have often caused Americans to back minor steps by both the law enforcement community and the intelligence community to allow them to investigate suspected terrorists more effectively, even if those steps might infringe on the privacy of ordinary citizens. But the majority of respondents disagree with those steps when it translates into extreme intrusion into their lives.

Governments on the other hand believe that there is a justification for calling for a reduction in privacy protections because it increases security. Two rationales exist to explain this idea that by reducing privacy, security is increased and protection from future terrorist attacks also increases. The first rationale is that by reducing privacy protections it reduces obstacles that anti-terrorist agencies face when collecting domestic intelligence to foil terrorist attacks. The second rationale is that less privacy protections makes it increasingly difficult for terrorist groups to engage in clandestine activities that help facilitate an attack.

title: User:Kent3tres/sandbox


text:
User:Meersan/Personal

 * I study sabre fencing.
 * I am a cyborg. My eardrums were surgically grafted in several tympanoplasty procedures.
 * Although I am no longer an active participant in any text MUDs or MUCKs now in development, I was associated with RiftsMUD for several years and contributed code to CircleMUD.
 * My native language is American (English). I have basic knowledge of written German, Spanish and French. I have "tourist-level" Japanese and Greek. I've forgotten almost all of my Turkish and Welsh.
 * Countries visited: 🇨🇦 🇪🇬 🇫🇷 🇬🇷 🇮🇹 🇲🇽 🇹🇷 🇬🇧
 * I play Go very badly
 * Sandbox/Game of Go/Manual

title: User:Meersan/Personal


text:
User:Buldożer

Hi, I am Polish (you might have guessed that already from my username), and I spend most of my Wiki time editing the Polish version of it. However, I appear also here occassionally, usually on Polish or Polish-like issues. My main interests are Navy and some kinds of sports (athletics and boxing).

title: User:Buldożer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Flip page

The result was   delete.  Sandstein  09:32, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

Flip page

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Computing-related deletion discussions.  Cliff  Smith 06:39, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Computing-related deletion discussions.  Cliff  Smith 06:39, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

A dictionary entry followed by spam. Penyulap  ☏  04:18, 12 Jul 2012 (UTC) 04:18, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Weak delete. I can't find any evidence that this particular skeuomorph is notable in its own right. On the other hand, I'm not convinced this isn't an encyclopedic topic, so it may be that my Google-fu isn't up to scratch. I doubt that any sources discussing this effect would refer to it as "flip page", but I don't really know what else to search for. DoctorKubla (talk) 17:43, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete Has no reliable sources, and there is no indication this is anything significant. Stedrick (talk) 14:49, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Not spam, but some of the links may be. Information is unsourced and probably original research, or is based on sources that do not appear sufficiently reliable for most of what is claimed. Remove this, and what's left wouldn't look like an article - it would probably be no more than a directory of external links. Peter E. James (talk) 19:01, 19 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Surviving Jeffrey Epstein

Christian and or Jewish victims
I am not 100 percent certain but it seems that most, if not all of Jeffrey Epstein’s victims, were non Jewish. Why is that? Did he target non Jewish women because he thought they were less humanly valuable than Jewish women? In other words, if they were non Jewish then they were fair game? I think it is something that should be looked into. If he thought this way then other powerful men think this way as well. If you don’t look into it someone else will.

Thank you,

A concerned citizen <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:53, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surviving Jeffrey Epstein


text:
étagère

Etymology
(modern 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) shelf flat, rigid structure, fixed at right angles to a wall or forming a part of a cabinet, desk, etc., and used to support, store or display objects
 * 2) piece of furniture equipped with shelves, such as a rack, a bookcase or a

title: étagère


text:
Portal:Learning Projects/Intro

Welcome to the portal for Learning Projects.

A major part of Wikiversity learning is organized around Learning Projects and Learning Groups. Wikiversity encourages a "learn by doing" model for education. Wikiversity contributors develop learning activities on a wide variety of topics. Wiki technology promotes collaborative editing of "learning projects". Participants are encouraged to learn by exploring topics of interest and editing the wiki pages.

title: Portal:Learning Projects/Intro


text:
Pavel Latushko

Pavel Pavlovich Latushko (born 10 February 1973) is a Belarusian politician and diplomat. He was the Minister of Culture of the Republic of Belarus from 2009 to 2012.

In 2020, Latushko supported the Belarusian protests against Lukashenko. He became the head of the National Anti-Crisis Management, a "shadow-government-like" organisation. On August 9, 2022 Latushko became the Deputy Head and Representative for the Transfer of Power in the United Transitional Cabinet of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya.

In March 2023, a Belarusian court sentenced him in absentia to 18 years' imprisonment.

Education
Latushko graduated from the law faculty of the Belarusian State University in 1995, and Minsk State Linguistic University in 1996.

Diplomatic career under Lukashenko
From 1995 to 1996, he was the attaché of the contractual and legal department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. He then served from 1996 to 2000 as the Vice Consul, Consul of the Consulate General of the Republic of Belarus in Bialystok (Poland). Following that, he was the head of the information department and press secretary of the Belarusian Foreign Ministry from 2000 to 2002.

From 6 December 2002 to 31 October 2008, he was Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Belarus to the Republic of Poland. He then served as the Minister of Culture of the Republic of Belarus from 4 June 2009 to 16 November 2012. Since 16 November 2012, he served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Belarus to the French Republic, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Belarus to UNESCO. On 20 May 2013 he was appointed concurrently Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Belarus to the Kingdom of Spain and to the Portuguese Republic. On 15 January 2019, he was relieved of his post as ambassador.

In March 2019, he was appointed director of the Yanka Kupala National Academic Theater.

Criticisms
During the 2006 Belarusian presidential election, Pavel Latushko attracted media attention in Poland. In his role as Belarusian ambassador to Poland, Latushko took part in the program "24 hours" of the TVN24 news channel via teleconference. The host questioned him about the conduct of the election, access of opposition candidates to the media and arrests of activists. At the end of the teleconference, the operator forgot to turn off the camera. Latushko's statements later became public, "I will say this - I will never give an interview to your station again - it's a nightmare ... Your journalists are ... well ... what they did in the summer, and now they're starting again with the president ... It's just ... If I [weren't] an ambassador, I apologize and please pass it to him (the presenter), I would give it to him in the face." Latushko was summoned "on the carpet" to the Polish Foreign Ministry and recalled to Belarus for consultations. Some Polish politicians called for Latushko to be declared persona non grata.

2020 election protests
During the 2020 Belarusian protests, he supported the strike of the theater artists, and spoke in favor of the resignation of Yury Karaev and Lidia Yermoshina. Because of his support, Latushko was fired on 17 August. Theatre artists applied en masse for the resignation in support of Pavel Latushko.

On 19 August, Latushko became a member of the presidium of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya's Coordination Council.

On 20 August, Alexander Konyuk, the Prosecutor-General of Belarus, initiated criminal proceedings against the members of the Coordination Council under Article 361 of the Belarusian Criminal Code, on the grounds of attempting to seize state power and harming national security.

In the closing days of August, Latushko moved to Poland after being questioned by authorities. "His departure came a day after Lukashenko warned that Latushko had crossed a red line and would face prosecution."

In late October 2020, Latushko became the head of National Anti-Crisis Management, a shadow government created by the Belarusian Coordination Council for the peaceful transition of power following the 2020 Belarusian presidential election.

On 9 August 2022, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya declared at a conference held in Vilnius, Lithuania, the declaration of the United Transitional Cabinet. Latushko is the responsible person for the transition of power in it.

In March 2023, a Belarusian court sentenced him in absentia to 18 years' imprisonment.

Points of view
In October 2002 Pavel Latushko accused Russian physicist and opposition politician Boris Nemtsov of interfering in Belarusian internal affairs and supported his expulsion from Belarus. "Nemtsov's efforts to complicate the development of Belarusian–Russian relations, to slow down integration processes, his categorical disagreement with the policy of building the Union State harm not only Belarusian–Russian bilateral relations, but also the prospects of building the union".

Ranks and classes

 * Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the 2nd class (6 December 2002).
 * First class civil servant (4 June 2009).
 * Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (16 November 2012).

Personal life
In addition to Russian and Belarusian, he speaks English and Polish. His ex-wife Natalia is the wife of the Belarusian diplomat and statesman Maxim Ryzhenkov.

title: Pavel Latushko


text:
опона

Etymology
From, cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. Probably from, cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) curtain

title: опона


text:
User:H Allan/sandbox

Like most guitar players who came of age in the 80s, H Allan was an Eddie Van Halen disciple and he loved to shred. The wannabe rocker never would have imagined that one day he would release a cover version of a tune by smooth jazz sax star Richard Elliot as his debut single, but that’s what will happen on Monday when his version of “Stiletto Heels” goes for radio adds.

Allan’s first job out of college was with the LA Sax Company, the maker of color-coated saxes used by an array of artists in all genres of music, including Elliot. His duties required that he attend shows whenever the musicians played Chicago thus Allan attended all of Elliot’s local gigs in the early 90s. A dynamic, high-energy performer, Elliot plays sax aggressively with power, passion and pyrotechnics much like the way Van Halen plays guitar, which quickly impressed Allan and won his respect and admiration. One song in Elliot’s set, the funky “Stiletto Heels” from the 1991 album “On The Town,” never fails to whip audiences into a boisterous frenzy. The tune and the way Elliot attacks it - well, simply put, it’s got balls - the kind that would make a lasting impression on Allan, who had the privilege of working with the saxman for nearly a decade.

A few years ago, long after he moved on from the LA Sax Company, Allan’s own dream of being a recording artist was rekindled. He recorded a few original demos and decided to convert “Stiletto Heels” from a powerhouse sax joint into a raucous guitar-led number.

“I was always blown away by Richard’s playing skills, musicality and ability to connect with his audience. I thought it would be cool to hear a guitar version of this saxophone classic (“Stiletto Heels”),” said Allan, who was named H at birth when his parents couldn’t agree on what name beginning with the letter h to give him. He began recording demos on which he played all the lead sax, rhythm guitar and keyboard parts on guitar. Allan decided to send the tracks to Elliot’s longtime keyboardist Ron Reinhardt who was so impressed that he offered to record the keyboard parts for the reboot. Then, after seeing a Facebook post from Elliot’s drummer, Eric Valentine Jr., offering his services as a session player, he landed a drum track from a second core member of Elliot’s band. Another prominent role on the “Stiletto Heels” rhythm track is the elastic basslines for which he recruited fellow Chicago native Mike “Funktastic” Zabrin to handle.

Piece by piece, it was coming together, but Allan struggled to find his unique guitar voice. He tried out a number of guitars and different approaches – some pure rock with lots of distortion that were true to his roots and some purposely smooth jazz. Eventually he settled on a vintage 1980s Gibson ES-175 guitar with Benedetto pickups and flat wound strings that has the type of clean electric jazz guitar sound that “Wes Montgomery himself would be proud of,” Allan said about the missing link. A longtime Frank Zappa acolyte, Allan tapped Zappa band member Robert Martin to mix and master the single. When Elliot heard Allan’s reimagined rendition, he said, “I freaking love it!”

Allan’s hopes for “Stiletto Heels” are clear. “The goal of this project is to get the single onto the charts and try to open some doors to playing shows as a solo artist as well as gigging with other artists.” He’s begun plotting his next recording project, but is keeping the details close to the vest for now.

title: User:H Allan/sandbox


text:
Talk:Hippy Sippy

Fark
This article was greenlighted (listed on the front page) at Fark.com on August 11, 2006. --Icarus (Hi!) 14:10, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hippy Sippy


text:
Jesus (1999 film)

Jesus is a 1999 Italian-American biblical historical drama television miniseries that retells the historical events of Jesus Christ. It was shot in Morocco and Malta. It stars Jeremy Sisto as the titular character, Jacqueline Bisset as Mary of Nazareth, Debra Messing as Mary Magdalene and Gary Oldman as Pontius Pilate. The miniseries was broadcast in Italy in two parts on December 5 and 6, 1999 before being broadcast in the United States on May 14 and 15, 2000.

Overview
The film's chronology entails a cinematic blending of the Four Gospels with the addition of extra-biblical elements not found in the New Testament accounts. It provides a down to earth approach through its focus on the human aspect of Jesus. Compared to more solemn and divine portrayals in earlier films, Jesus expresses emotions weeping at Joseph's funeral, throwing stones in Lake Galilee upon meeting Simon Peter and James son of Zebedee, dancing at the wedding at Cana, and starting a water-splashing fight with his disciples.

While the film mainly presented familiar Christian Episodes, it provides extra-biblical scenes such as flashbacks of his first trip to Jerusalem with John as well as scenes of war and destruction waged in the name of Jesus during the medieval and modern times. Likewise, the film's Satan comes in two different forms: a visual exemplification of a modern man and a woman in red, instead of the traditional snake that can be found in most films. The film also adds a composite character, an apocryphal Roman historian named "Livio" who watches and comments as events unfold; he is presumably named after Livy. As it appears in the credits, it was dedicated in memory of Enrico Sabbatini.

Cast

 * Jeremy Sisto as Jesus
 * Jacqueline Bisset as Mary, mother of Jesus
 * Armin Mueller-Stahl as Joseph the carpenter
 * Debra Messing as Mary Magdalene
 * David O'Hara as John the Baptist
 * G. W. Bailey as Livio
 * Luca Barbareschi as Herod Antipas
 * Christian Kohlund as Caiaphas
 * Stefania Rocca as Mary of Bethany
 * Luca Zingaretti as Simon Peter
 * Ian Duncan as John, son of Zebedee
 * Elena Sofia Ricci as Herodias
 * Gilly Gilchrist as Andrew
 * Thomas Lockyer as Judas Iscariot
 * Claudio Amendola as Barabbas
 * Jeroen Krabbé as male Satan
 * Gary Oldman as Pontius Pilate
 * Gabriella Pession as Salome
 * Maria Cristina Heller as Martha
 * Manuela Ruggeri as female Satan
 * Peter Gevisser as Lazarus
 * Fabio Sartor as James, son of Zebedee
 * Sebastian Knapp as Matthew
 * Sean Harris as Thomas
 * Karim Doukkali as Philip
 * Said Bey as Jude Thaddeus
 * Abedelouhahad Mouaddine as James, son of Alphaeus
 * El Housseine Dejjiti as Simon the Zealot
 * Mohammed Taleb as Bartholomew
 * Omar Lahlou as Nathanael
 * Roger Hammond as Joseph of Arimathea

Soundtrack
A soundtrack, Jesus: Music from and Inspired by the Epic Mini-Series, was released on March 8, 2000, for the series. "I Need You" was released as a single for the soundtrack by American country music recording artist LeAnn Rimes. "Spirit in the Sky" by dc Talk was also released as a B side with "I Need You".

title: Jesus (1999 film)