text:
Novoalexandrovka, Altai Krai

Novoalexandrovka (Новоалександровка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Novoalexandrovsky Selsoviet, Rubtsovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 877 as of 2013. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Novoalexandrovka is located 20 km south of Rubtsovsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kolos is the nearest rural locality.

title: Novoalexandrovka, Altai Krai


text:
File talk:Separatory funnel-diagrams.svg

WRONG TEXT
Hallo, the picture B is no separating funnel !!! It's a dropping funnel and therefore wrong at this article ! Please change it. Thanks and greetings -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:57, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Schiffart~nlwiki

MyAlbum is an online photography community founded by Age van der Meer and Jos de Schiffart. The company was founded in 2003 in Joure, the Netherlands as MijnAlbum.nl. The service gained international fame when it launched a new website and mobile apps in 2015. The target group of MyAlbum has since shifted more to hobby and professional 'storytellers'. Members are encouraged to add texts to their online albums in addition to photos and videos.

The purpose behind MyAlbum is on the one hand to offer a place to share albums online in a small circle, and on the other hand to print these albums as photo books.

History
MijnAlbum.nl is the precursor of MyAlbum. During the rise of digital photography, this site met the need to easily send photos from a to b. In addition, it offered free hosting for photos, so they could be embedded in internet forums and websites. It soon turned out that the business model focused on print was not profitable. In addition to selling advertisements, a subscription model was introduced. Gold account subscribers had more storage space in addition to other additional functionalities.

In the spring of 2014, two of the four founders were (partially) bought out in a management buyout and the company's strategy was completely revised. The proposition aimed at sharing free private photos was no longer unique. The company focused on storytelling and adding context in the form of stories. The mission of the company is therefore to keep memories alive and sparkling, both online and in print.

In May 2015, the site went to Beta and in particular due to good press attention in leading publications such as PetaPixel and TheNextWeb soon acquired a large number of users.

Technique
In addition to the regular website, both iOS and  Android apps have been published for MyAlbum. This iOS app was highlighted several times by Apple in the App Store in various countries.

title: User:Schiffart~nlwiki


text:
Yancundong station

Yancundong station is an interchange station on Fangshan Line and Yanfang Line of the Beijing Subway. It was opened on December 30, 2017.

Station layout
The station has elevated dual-island platforms with a cross platform interchange. Fangshan line trains serve the inner platforms whilst Yanfang line trains serve the outer platforms. On one side, terminating Fangshan line trains interchange with Yanfang line trains heading to Yanshan, whilst on the other, terminating Yanfang line trains interchange with Fangshan line trains heading to Dongguantou South.

Exits
There are 4 exits, lettered A1, A2, B1, and B2. Exits A2 and B2 are accessible.

title: Yancundong station


text:
Talk:Bobby Myers (racing driver)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Bobby Myers (racing driver). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000447/http://www.stockcarracing.com/featurestories/scrp_0801_modified_myers_family/ to http://www.stockcarracing.com/featurestories/scrp_0801_modified_myers_family/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:17, 22 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bobby Myers (racing driver)


text:
frontal sinus

Noun

 * 1)  A paranasal sinus situated behind the superciliary arches.

Translations

 * Czech: čelní dutina
 * Finnish: otsaontelo
 * Hungarian:
 * Russian:

title: frontal sinus


text:
German/Level I/Essen/Problems

Introduction - Lesson 1 - Lesson 2 - Lesson 3

../Problems/ - ../Answers/ - ../Test/ - ../Test Answers/

Lesson 3 ~ Essen Problems

Food!
Translate the following foods:
 * 1) der Fisch
 * 2) der Salat
 * 3) das Brot
 * 4) der Käse
 * 5) die Hähnchen
 * 6) das Obst
 * 7) die Meeresfrüchte
 * 8) die Zwiebeln
 * 9) der Senf
 * 10) die Kartoffel

Pronouns
Translate the following pronouns:

Me

You (accusative)

You all (accusative, plural)

Him

Us

Antecedents
Example: Den Eisbecher, er ist Kälte (Eisbecher = bowl of ice-cream). In German, instead of saying it is very cold, you would say he is very cold. How do you know when to use he? Look at the gender of the noun. In this case the noun Eisbecher is masculine. If it were der Apfel, you would use er because Apfel is masculine.

Remember that antecedents are in the accusative form. So er turns to ihn.

Fill in the blanks:

Den goes to ____.

Die goes to ____.

Das goes to ____.

Die (plural) goes to _____.

Food-Related Verbs
Translate the following Food-Related Verbs:

 * 1) to eat
 * 2) to drink
 * 3) to get/receive
 * 4) would like
 * 5) to want

Möchten
Conjugate Möchten.
 * 1) ich:
 * du:
 * 1) er/sie/es:
 * 2) wir:
 * 3) ihr:
 * 4) sie/Sie:

Wollen
Conjugate Wollen.
 * 1) ich:
 * du:
 * 1) er/sie/es:
 * 2) wir:
 * 3) ihr:
 * 4) sie/Sie:

Hunger and Thirst
Translate: I am hungry She is hungry We are hungry

Formal Conversations

 * 1) What is the word for thank you when speaking to a waiter?
 * 2) What would the waiter's response be?

Kein-words
Say to a waiter you would like none of the following:

 * 1) salad
 * 2) bread
 * 3) chicken
 * 4) corn
 * 5) cheese
 * 6) cake
 * 7) fruit

Accusative case prepositions
Translate the following:

 * 1) through
 * 2) for
 * 3) against
 * 4) without
 * at, around

Saying How Food Tastes
Translate the following:

 * 1) delicious
 * 2) tasty
 * 3) crunchy
 * 4) spicy
 * 5) salty
 * 6) sweet
 * 7) bitter
 * 8) sour
 * 9) hot
 * 10) cold
 * 11) disgusting

Dieser
Translate the following:

 * 1) This cheeseburger is good.
 * 2) This sausage tastes good.
 * 3) This chicken tastes bad.
 * 4) You eat this cheeseburger.
 * 5) You eat this sausage.
 * 6) You eat this chicken.

Jeder
Translate the following:

 * 1) Every cheeseburger is good.
 * 2) Every sausage tastes good.
 * 3) Every chicken tastes bad.
 * 4) You eat every cheeseburger.
 * 5) You eat every sausage.
 * 6) You eat every chicken.

Welcher
Translate the following: You will need this for this section: ate = haben + gegessen at end of sentence. example: Ich habe den Cheeseburger gegessen.

 * 1) Which cheeseburger is good?
 * 2) Which sausage tastes good?
 * 3) Which chicken tastes bad?
 * 4) You ate which cheeseburger?
 * 5) You ate which sausage?
 * 6) You ate which chicken?

Essen/Problems

title: German/Level I/Essen/Problems


text:
Talk:Aletheia

Please notify this discussion page before making any substantial changes.

Re-write
I am planning on doing a substantial re-write of this page due to the factual innaccuracies and the problem of its readability. For the time being my draft of the new version is at User:Sdorrance/Draft. I will be moving text around frequently, however. - Sam 05:54, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Sam, when you get around to the rewrite, maybe a passing reference to the work of Ewan Cameron and Naomi Klein's Shock Doctrine. Both refer to wiping the slate clean - Cameron with individual memory and Klein with collective memory. It ties in with concept that drinking from the river Lethe as a ritual of death (something one must do before one passes on into the next world) and to the defiant nature of the avenging demon Alastor who, according to etymology is related to alethes - where unforgetting turns into unforgiving. Just enough that if the person wished for more detail that they could visit the other entries. 21:43, 15 March 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk)

The above suggestion doesn't seem relevant to me, this page is for the specifically philosophical usage of the word. Also the page is in need of further explanation in plain english, rather than an explanation unhelpfully reliant on the impenetrable continental style and terminology.ColeHeideman (talk) 00:29, 9 February 2017 (UTC)

The beginning paragraph uses...." Nazist philosopher and theoretician Martin Heidegger."... is Nazist necessary? It puts an extreme bias so early in the entry. Aletheia is a Philosophical idea, not a political one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mark Rautenbach (talk • contribs) 07:23, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

Reference in 'Kung Fu'
Perhaps there should be a mention of the reference to 'Aletheia' in Kung Fu. I'll write more about it, but it's not just a passing reference - one of the characters is named 'Aletheia', and truth is examined through her witness to a murder. -- Sasuke Sarutobi 00:29, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Image of truth
The new GIF image is possibly the most famous fragmented "truth" from antiquity, P52. Able to cut and paste the missing letters from same papyrus of John 18:37, more relevant than Van Gogh's shoes in Heidegger's study. Maybe not, but the perfect artistic truth, anyway. The discussion now is whether this is copyrightable. - Athrash | T a l k 03:43, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

The shoes in the painting are damaged. But there is nobody and nothing to cause the damage. So how can the painting be a whole world? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:01, 17 July 2011 (UTC) Collin237

 * Because it made you think of the "nobody" and "nothing" you say caused the damage. The painting "reveals" or "discloses" a whole world (whole, as in, somewhat coherent, not as in physically complete). Nobody said that it is a whole world by itself.Walkinxyz (talk) 09:48, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

TRUTH
THE TRUTH IS! What the war of Love is for! To be discovered! Freely chosen, selected and experienced! Shared eternally! JOHN 1;14, 8:32, 10:7-9, 10:27, 14:6, 18:37 —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:34, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Lacking key information
The article, despite mentioning that the term originates in Ancient Greek philosophy, does not include any further information about that usage of the term, and is instead entirely focused on its usage by Martin Heidegger, despite his usage of the term being derived from the Ancient Greek one. —Foxlillies (talk) 18:11, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

Confusing intro
Why does it start off saying it's "revolution or rising in philosophy" ? I expect the first sentence of an article to contain a definition, not make a statement about how it's gaining popularity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:43, 12 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aletheia


text:
Misty Eye

Misty Eye is the debut studio album released by British singer-songwriter Aiden Grimshaw on 20 August 2012. The album was produced by Jarrad Rogers, Joel Pott and includes the singles "Is This Love" and "Curtain Call". It received mostly very positive reviews. It peaked at number 19 on the UK albums chart.

Background
In April 2012, Grimshaw's debut single, "Is This Love", premiered. The track marked Grimshaw's first official material release since his participation in the seventh series of The X Factor, where he lost out to act Katie Waissel in the sixth week of the live finals. Speaking about his time on the show, Grimshaw stated: "I didn't really know what I wanted from it. I love music, and I knew I could sing, but I didn't think I was X Factor material. I'd been given this opportunity and I didn't want to waste it. But I had no idea what sort of music was really me. Everyone else had their own ideas, but all I knew was what I didn't want."

Since his time on The X Factor, Grimshaw has relocated from Blackpool to London, and has spent two years writing and recording demos with various writers and producers. Grimshaw has cited many tracks on the album were inspired by his time on the X Factor and weight problems as a teenager. Misty Eye has been recorded with songwriter and producer Jarrad Rogers, who has previously worked with the likes of Lana Del Rey and Tinchy Stryder. The album's track listing was confirmed via iTunes on 12 July 2012. "Undercurrent", a track written by Grimshaw and Joel Pott, did not make the final cut of the album.

Reception
"Misty Eye" received generally good reviews. Nick Levine from BBC gave the album a positive review, saying "the production is consistently slick...Vocally, he can switch between quivering intimacy and a belting falsetto, but his intensity never waivers." Haley Fox from Contact Music gave the album a favourable review, calling it "a record that will surprise you". Lauren Franklin from Sugarscape calls it "an incredibly strong debut album." Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave it 4 out of 5 stars calling it a "surprisingly solid debut." Jon o'Brien from Yahoo was also positive suggesting that "Grimshaw appears to have effortlessly produced the most subversive and intriguing X-Factor release to date." ''OK! Magazine'' is similar in praise calling it "Easily one of the best albums from an X Factor graduate!"

However, Metro was less favourable claiming the album has "none of the subversion or mystery that even the most banal pop requires to succeed." Simon Gage from Express gave it 3 out of 5, saying "There’s plenty of drama, quite a few beats, some gorgeous quiet moments and one would think quite a promising future." Helen Earnshaw of Female First gave it 5 out of 5, stating "He has mixed traditional pop songs with dancier elements as well as throwing in some great ballads to show that he is a very rounded and versatile artist." Matthew Horton from Virgin Media gave it 4 out of 5 stars and Michael Baggs from Gig Wise asks listeners to "Put aside your feelings on The X Factor and listen without prejudice...'Misty Eye' is the year's most unexpectedly brilliant album."

Singles
On 3 June 2012, "Is This Love" was officially released, debuting at number thirty-five on the UK Singles Chart. Shortly after, the release of his second single, "Curtain Call" was announced. The single was released on 13 August 2012, making its debut at number 49. A third single from the album, "Nothing At All", was set to be released on 13 January 2013 but was abandoned.

Track listing

 * Notes
 * "What We Gonna Be" features uncredited vocals from Smiler.
 * "Breathe Me" is a cover of the Sia song.
 * "Nothing At All" features uncredited vocals from ShezAr.
 * "Curtain Call" features uncredited vocals from ShezAr.

title: Misty Eye


text:
Johann Vierthaler

Johann Vierthaler (5 July 1869 – December 1957) was a German sculptor.

Following preliminary studies at the Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule in Munich, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts from 1895 to 1900, under Syrius Eberle. He was a regular participant in exhibitions at the Glaspalast, and is best known for his small bronze figures in the Art Nouveau style.

His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He also participated in the Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung of 1942; a showcase for Nazi-approved art.

title: Johann Vierthaler


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/stadtbahn-os.de

Links

 * stadtbahn-os.de resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 1 additions.


text:
Thyrsacanthus

Thyrsacanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, found in South America east of the Andes, typically in drier areas. Perennial shrubs, they were resurrected from Anisacanthus in 2010, leaving it with the North American species.

Species
Currently accepted species include:

 * Thyrsacanthus angustissimus (A.L.A.Côrtes & Rapini) Alcantara & M.Alves
 * Thyrsacanthus boliviensis (Nees) A.L.A.Côrtes & Rapini
 * Thyrsacanthus microphyllus A.L.A.Côrtes & Rapini
 * Thyrsacanthus ramosissimus Moric.
 * Thyrsacanthus ramosus (Nees) A.L.A.Côrtes & Rapini
 * Thyrsacanthus secundus (Leonard) A.L.A.Côrtes & Rapini
 * Thyrsacanthus sulcatus (Nees) C.Ezcurra & A.L.A.Côrtes

title: Thyrsacanthus


text:
lieden

Etymology
From, originally a singular collective noun. From, from , from.

Cognate with 🇨🇬 and, and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) men; people

Etymology
Equivalent to.

Adjective

 * 1)  lead

Verb

 * 1) to suffer

title: lieden


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Distributed/PolyORB

Library Functions
Excerpt from Homepage.

PolyORB aims at providing a uniform solution to build distributed applications; relying either on industrial-strength middleware standards such as CORBA, the Distributed System Annex of Ada 95, distribution programming paradigms such as Web Services, Message Oriented Middleware (MOM), or to implement application-specific middleware.

Library links

 * Author      : see homepage.

Sample Code
If you are interested in some samples look over at the Programming:CORBA wikibook.

Compile and Install PolyORB
First you should read the INSTALL file which is provided with PolyORB. Most informations needed for compiling PolyORB are contained there.

Linux
TODO

MinGW
You will need to download and install a complete set of MinGW tools. Including a current version of the GNAT compiler.

Refer to Installing chapter so see how to install MinGW.

Python
You need to download and install a version of Python.

XML/Ada
To use all functionality you should also install XML/Ada

Release Version
There is a bug in the makefiles of the release 1.1r (incorrect use of '/' and '\' in filenames) so this version will not compile with Windows.

FIND.EXE
The configure script needs the GNU find utility. The problem is that there is a find utility in  as well. You have to make sure that configure will use the right version of  by making a local change to your PATH environment variable. It is not a good idea to make that change in your Windows setup.

Shared Library Support
Shared library support is much used from the team as static library. So if you compile from cvs you might be better off without.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Libraries
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Distributed
 * CORBA Programming

Object Management Group

 * Ada Language Mapping Specification

|PolyORB


text:
School:History/Tasks

Welcome to the School of History's Task page! This page is designed as a simple place where our Departments can list things that they need help on, so that you can dig in and get involved contributing to Wikiversity. If any of the following sound like things you'd be interested in doing, jump right in! Be bold !

The following list is organized by Department and Project.

All Departments
With the new Browse system in place at Wikiversity, categorization is important. If you have some spare time, consider adding and organizing categories for School of History projects.

General learning project

 * History of the World

Timelines
I have started using timelines. Please see Tudor Origins of the British Empire/Timeline. Perhaps the format can be improved. But if we have a shared format, then specific facts can easily be copied from different timelines. i.e. Crown of Ireland Act 1542 could be included in a timeline for Ireland. I have created a space to put links for timelines here.

Departmental Task pages
The format is "pagename/Tasks". It would be helpful if each department had its own task page, as below.

🇨🇴
 * African History
 * Chinese History
 * European History
 * Historiography

 * History of Racism
 * Military History
 * North American History

title: School:History/Tasks


text:
Wendell F. Moore

Wendell F. Moore (6 March 1918, Canton, Ohio – 29 May 1969) was an American aeronautical engineer, known as a jet pack inventor.

Wendell F. Moore studied aeronautical engineering at Kent State College and Indiana Technical College but seems to have worked as an engineer instead of completing an academic degree. After working for several manufacturers of automotive engines and aircraft accessories, he became in 1945 an engineer at Bell Aerosystems in Wheatfield, New York (part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area).

"Moore first thought about the possibility of a hydrogen-peroxide-powered flying belt in 1953 and talked his superiors at Bell into funding its development. ... Bell knew about the army's interest in individual mobility devices and gave Moore the green light and a small budget with which to work."

In December 1957 Bell Aerospace's team led by Moore began rig testing a jet pack on a tether. In 1959 the U.S. Army's Transportation Research and Engineering Command (TRECOM) issued a Request for Proposal asking for a feasibility study for a "small rocket lift device" for possible use by individual soldiers. In February 1960 Aerojet General submitted its feasibility study (for which it received $56,456). TRECOM then announced a request for proposals to actually build such a device. Bell Aerospace won against Aerojet General and Thiokol. Bell was promised $25,000 of government funding to build an operational prototype and embarked on 10 August 1960 on its program for an operational small rocket lift device.

Moore's team made eighty-eight successful test firings without destroying the test dummy or the test cell with supporting tethers inside a hangar. Moore tested the rocket belt with himself as the pilot on 29 December 1960. He was attached to supporting tethers. There were at least nine other people present, including a medical doctor. On 17 February 1961, after nineteen tethered flights, Moore suffered his major setback when a tether could not support his weight after the rocket motor stopped firing. He fell onto the hangar's concrete floor from a height of about 2.5 meters (eight feet) and shattered one of his kneecaps.

After Moore's mishap, Bell replaced him as rocket belt pilot with Harold "Hal" Graham. After Graham had successfully completed thirty-six tethered flights, Moore and his team took the rocket belt to Niagara Falls International Airport, where on the 20th of April 1961, Graham made his historic flight. He became the first person to complete a successful flight with an untethered rocket belt. The entire flight lasted thirteen seconds and covered 112 ft. During the flight Graham's feet were never more than 18 in off the ground. Three major problems with the jet pack were that it ran out of fuel after 21 seconds, was difficult to pilot, and caused a noise level of about 125 decibels.

In July 1961 Moore submitted his official report to the U.S. Army, which accepted the results and declared the contract terminated. In June 1961 before the contract was terminated, Graham made a demonstration flight in which he flew over an army truck at Fort Eustis. A week later, Graham demonstrated the rocket belt in front of three thousand spectators at the Pentagon. He flew over an army staff car parked on the Pentagon lawn. Shortly afterward, Graham appeared on the television show To Tell the Truth.

On 5 July 1961, Wendell Moore appeared as a contestant on the television show I've Got a Secret. In 1965 he received the John Price Wetherill Medal for the invention of the "small lift rocket device". (Five others also received the Medal in 1965.)

Moore had a wife and children.

title: Wendell F. Moore


text:
Talk:Red Riding Hood (2006 film)

Formerly removed "external links"
Looking at old versions of this article, it seems to have started with about a dozen links of varying quality. If this film is notable, it would be so for its possibly innovative techniques. The old versions of this article did not have very good tone, but maybe we can pull some salient information out. Alternatively, if we can find multiple national level reviews of this film (in whatever nation), then it probably is notable. One of the old, probably now dead, links was to a review. Perhaps there are more. Rockphed (talk) 14:30, 5 July 2019 (UTC)

 * On further digging, the best source for relevant information about this film's technical achievements might be the April 2006 issue of American Cinematographer. The internet archive has a teaser about it  here, but that is rather thin evidence to evidence notability.  Without the article, I don't think we can even show that it is independent.  I suspect that most of the other pieces linked to in the early articles are either unreliable (e.g. ad work made by a supplier to the film) or are not independent of the film (e.g. press releases by the art director about how the film was made). Rockphed (talk) 14:53, 5 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red Riding Hood (2006 film)


text:
Cookbook talk:Ethics

"The golden rule applies to cooking: Cook for others the way you'd like others to cook for you."

I used to work in a restaurant with a chef who was a scar-faced, chip-toothed ex-soldier from Marseilles. He cooked the most amazing food for the staff out of whatever needed using up. His take on this was that you should always cook food "with love, as if you were cooking for your mother".

- "Rum & Rophy" - I'm not sure exactly what this is about, but if it's what I think, the phrase an "ethical grey area" is a fairly major understatement here. Redlentil 15:03, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

- Rophy

n : street name for Flunitrazepam [syn: R-2, Mexican valium, rope, roofy, roach, forget me drug, circle].

It is a date rape drug, part of the same "ethical grey area" as adding arsenic, strychnine, razor blades or shards of glass to a guest's meal.

I think it's hard to be "combative" when talking about date rape drugs. It's like saying the holocaust was a sickening spectacle that only morally depraved people would take pleasure in is too "combative." Sometimes hard and fast moral lines need to be drawn, and that's what is being done here.
 * Now, I know we aren't wikipedia, but let me cite part of their NPOV article "Let the facts speak for themselves". "Remember that readers will probably not take kindly to moralising. If you do not allow the facts to speak for themselves you may alienate readers and turn them against your position." Of Saddam Hussein "You won't even need to say he was evil. That is why the article on Hitler does not start with "Hitler was a bad man"" <IP_ADDRESS> 16:45, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

cerebrum
User:Fasten, while I agree with you re: not using sentient beings in cooking, I don't think your phrasing is all that useful; it's combative for no reason. The rest of this page needs work too, though. Kellen 02:41, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Indeed - all mammals have a cerebrum. I'm removing the reference, as it implies anything other than vegetarianism is wrong...

Indeed - all mammals have a cerebrum. I'm removing the reference, as it implies anything other than vegetarianism is wrong... --<IP_ADDRESS> 09:48, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

For your consideration
Just wondering if the name of this entry is perhaps a bit too broad. Perhaps a slightly more specific title, such as "Ethical Considerations"? MatthewMiddleton 17:52, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

- I think the section on not adding things like alcohol to the cooking "without consent" needs tempering with a little common sense. First of all, most alcohol in dishes evaporates by the time it's served. Secondly, if you're serving the meal with open house on the wine cellar (as I usually do!), it seems a bit pointless. There's a world of difference between a tot of sherry in a trifle and pot in the brownies - and if you object to alcohol on religious grounds, you're unlikely to get a dinner invitation from me! 10:29, 19 August 2007 (UTC) -
 * Alcohol does NOT evaporate as quickly or completely as many people cavalierly presume. Not even close:

http://whatscookingamerica.net/Q-A/AlcoholCooking.htm And frankly, if your bigotry is so strong you would not invite over to dinner someone because heavens forfend, you might have to make a dish with alcohol in it, the guest is better off not being part of your circle of friends to begin with. You are in essence acting the same as if you said you wouldn't have an observant Jew over because you'd have to avoid serving a salad with bacon mixed in.

NPOV issue
I hope that I have succeeded in making this less POV, by describing what concerns guilty rich Westerners might have in neutral, descriptive way. I may however have gone to the other extreme. I tried hard to be fair, but I'm quite cynical about many, if not most of these, coming from a place with many self-righteous hipster and yuppies. Rather than adding disclaimers to each, I have attempted to echo the warning about doing your research in the lede. --Quintucket (discuss • contribs) 20:46, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Ethics


text:
Tiarella cordifolia

Tiarella cordifolia, the heart-leaved foamflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Saxifragaceae. The specific name cordifolia means "with heart-shaped leaves", a characteristic shared by all taxa of Tiarella in eastern North America. It is also referred to as Allegheny foamflower, false miterwort, and coolwort.

Historically, the name Tiarella cordifolia has referred to the one and only species of Tiarella in eastern North America, but in 2021, the species was split into multiple taxa, which caused the name to have a different meaning. For clarity, the qualified name Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto (abbreviated s.s.) refers to the new taxon while Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato refers to the old taxon.

Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato is wide-ranging across eastern North America while Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto is narrowly confined to the East Coast of the United States. Cultivars of Tiarella are valued in horticulture for their erect stems of foamy cream-colored flowers.

Description

Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato is a herbaceous, perennial plant with a scaly horizontal rhizome. The heart-shaped basal leaves have hairy stalks up to 20 cm long. Both sides of the leaf blade have uniformly scattered hairs. The erect flowering stem is 15 - 40 cm long, with a terminal raceme of 15–50 flowers. The flowers are white, small and feathery, giving the flower cluster a fuzzy appearance. Each flower has 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 10 long, slender stamens (which are longer than the petals). The two unequal seed capsules split along their inside seams, releasing several pitted seeds.

Some species of Tiarella produce leafy stolons (T. austrina, T. stolonifera) and some have stem leaves (T. nautila, T. austrina). Some species have relatively large basal leaves with an extended terminal lobe (T. austrina, T. nautila, T. wherryi). Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto has none of these characteristics.

The heart-shaped basal leaves of Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato resemble those of species in other genera. For example, Tiarella is sometimes confused with Mitella diphylla, a closely related species that occurs over a similar range and habitat. If a plant lacks sufficient evidence of flowering, the orientation of the hairs on the basal leaf stalk may be used to distinguish the two species. All species of Tiarella in eastern North America have dense spreading hairs (outward-facing, angled 90 degrees) of various lengths while M. diphylla has long retrorse hairs (backward-facing, angled 45 degrees or less) sparsely distributed along its basal leaf stalk.

Identification
To positively identify Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto, all of the following key features must be verified (in any order):

 * Stolon always absent
 * Basal leaves usually about as long as wide
 * Basal leaf lobes usually obtuse to rounded with the terminal lobe not extended
 * Flowering stem without leaves or foliaceous bracts

If the plant in question has a stolon, it is not Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto. In that case, it is either Tiarella stolonifera or Tiarella austrina.

Except for the stolon, the key features listed above are identical to those of Tiarella stolonifera, so distinguishing the two species may be difficult. Also note that Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto is similar to Tiarella wherryi, differing only in the basal leaves.

Taxonomy
Tiarella cordifolia was first described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Linnaeus had two specimens at his disposal when he described the species, and so initially the type specimen was ambiguous. It remained that way until 1991, when one of the specimens was designated as the lectotype of the species. The lectotype was collected by John Clayton in northeastern Virginia but the precise date of the collection is unknown. In 1738, Linnaeus incorrectly cited the lectotype as "Mitella scapo nudo" in Hortus Cliffortianus, but the error was corrected in Species Plantarum in 1753. Tiarella cordifolia is sometimes called the false miterwort because of its similarity to Mitella, a genus of flowering plants known as the miterworts.

The taxonomy of Tiarella cordifolia is complex. Various authorities recognize from one to five related species, some of which include taxa at infraspecific rank. For example, the following alternative taxonomies of Tiarella cordifolia are in use:

 * Flora of North America accepts a single species with no infraspecific taxa
 * U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes one species comprising three varieties
 * Plants of the World Online accepts five related species with no infraspecific taxa

Both Flora of North America (FNA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognize one species of Tiarella in eastern North America. The two authorities differ in that the USDA taxonomy recognizes three varieties:

 * Tiarella cordifolia L.
 * Tiarella cordifolia var. austrina Lakela
 * Tiarella cordifolia var. collina Wherry
 * Tiarella cordifolia var. cordifolia

The treatment in FNA considers var. austrina and var. collina to be synonyms for Tiarella cordifolia L.

Tiarella cordifolia var. austrina was described by American botanist Olga Lakela in an influential paper published in 1937. Lakela observed two important facts regarding the entity known as Tiarella cordifolia L. First, many (but not all) plants of the species have stolons (i.e., runners); and second, plants may or may not have stem leaves. In the northern part of its range, the species usually has a naked stem, but in the south, stem leaves are the rule rather than the exception. As described by Lakela, var. austrina includes plants with stolons in the southeastern United States. Although the variety usually has stem leaves, Lakela did not consider this to be of taxonomic significance and therefore did not use this fact to distinguish var. austrina from the typical variety.

Lakela segregated a population of plants that lacked stolons into a new species. Known as Tiarella wherryi Lakela, it has basal leaves and stem leaves similar to var. austrina, differing only with respect to stolon production. The species was named in honor of Edgar Wherry, the botanist who collected the specimens cited by Lakela. In 1940, Wherry himself described Tiarella cordifolia var. collina, a non-stoloniferous variety of T. cordifolia thought to be distinct from Tiarella wherryi Lakela. According to the USDA taxonomy, however, the latter is a synonym for Tiarella cordifolia var. collina Wherry.

Both Lakela and Wherry considered the northern stoloniferous form to be the typical variety of the species. Lakela explicitly described Tiarella cordifolia var. typica to represent this taxon. Unfortunately the name was invalidly published, and so the USDA taxonomy uses var. cordifolia to represent plants with stolons from the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.

Despite the work of Lakela, Wherry, and others, the simple taxonomy in FNA is recognized by multiple authorities. The USDA taxonomy is used less so.

For a long time, botanists considered the stoloniferous northern expression initially described by Lakela to be the typical variant of the species. In 2021, Guy Nesom provided strong evidence that the type specimen of Tiarella cordifolia L. was sourced in northeastern Virginia, a region where the stoloniferous form of the species was not known to occur. Nesom went on to propose a major revision of the genus in which Tiarella cordifolia in the broad sense (labeled sensu lato below) consists of five closely related species:

 * Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato
 * Tiarella austrina (Lakela) G.L.Nesom
 * Synonym: Tiarella cordifolia var. austrina Lakela
 * Tiarella cordifolia L. sensu stricto
 * Synonym: Tiarella cordifolia var. collina Wherry
 * Tiarella nautila G.L.Nesom
 * Tiarella stolonifera G.L.Nesom
 * Synonym: Tiarella cordifolia var. typica Lakela
 * Tiarella wherryi Lakela

In the strict sense (sensu stricto), Tiarella cordifolia L. refers to the non-stoloniferous form found along the East Coast of the United States. The new species Tiarella stolonifera represents the wide-ranging northern stoloniferous form that Lakela, Wherry, and others previously considered to be the typical form of Tiarella cordifolia. The southern stoloniferous form that Lakela called Tiarella cordifolia var. austrina was raised to species status. Finally, Nesom resurrected Tiarella wherryi Lakela, circumscribing it without stem leaves while simultaneously describing Tiarella nautila, a new southern non-stoloniferous form with stem leaves.

, the taxonomy proposed by Nesom is accepted by Plants of the World Online and a few other authorities. The taxonomy is especially popular in the southeastern United States where the diversity of Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato is greatest.

The taxonomies of Lakela and Nesom agree insofar as the ability to produce stolons (or not) warrants separate species, but the two authors disagree with respect to stem leaves. Lakela believed that the presence of stem leaves is "without taxonomic significance" whereas Nesom described two new species (T. austrina and T. nautila) based on that single character.

Other taxa
Tiarella macrophylla Small was described from Tyron Mountain, North Carolina in 1903, but the leaves of the specimen are from Heuchera villosa Michx., not Tiarella. Regardless, most authors consider the name to be a synonym for Tiarella cordifolia L. Since the choice of epithet (macrophylla) suggests that leaf morphology was intended to be the defining characteristic of the taxon, Tiarella macrophylla Small is in fact a synonym for Heuchera villosa Michx.

In 1917, Oliver Atkins Farwell described a variety of Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato collected in Michigan the year before. Unlike the typical northern form of T. cordifolia, Farwell's variety had a small bract on the flower stem. The name Tiarella cordifolia var. bracteata Farw. is now a synonym for Tiarella stolonifera.

Distribution
In eastern North America, Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato is wide-ranging, from northeastern Wisconsin across southeastern Canada to Nova Scotia, extending southward through the Appalachians into Alabama and Mississippi:

 * Canada: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec
 * United States: Connecticut, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin

Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto prefers moist forests, coves, rock outcrops, and well-drained bottomlands. Its range is narrowly confined to the East Coast of the United States from Maryland southward through Virginia and the Carolinas, continuing into Georgia. Counties where the species is known to occur include:

 * Georgia: Clarke, Elbert, Jackson
 * Maryland: Charles, Montgomery, Prince George's
 * North Carolina: Alamance, Alexander, Alleghany, Avery, Burke, Cabarrus, Caldwell, Catawba, Chatham, Cleveland, Cumberland, Davie, Durham, Forsyth, Gaston, Granville, Guilford, Harnett, Iredell, Johnston, Lee, Lincoln, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Orange, Randolph, Rockingham, Rowan, Rutherford, Stanly, Stokes, Surry, Union, Wake, Wilkes, Yadkin
 * South Carolina: Abbeville, Cherokee, Chester, Edgefield, Fairfield, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, McCormick, Newberry, Richland, Spartanburg, Union, York
 * Virginia: Albemarle, Amelia, Amherst, Appomattox, Augusta, Bedford, Botetourt, Brunswick, Buckingham, Campbell, Caroline, Charlotte, Chesterfield, Culpeper, Cumberland, Fairfax, Fauquier, Fluvanna, Franklin, Goochland, Halifax, Henrico, Henry, James City, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nelson, Patrick, Pittsylvania, Powhatan, Prince Edward, Roanoke, Spotsylvania, Stafford, Sussex

The range of Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto does not significantly overlap with other Tiarella species. However, the ranges of T. cordifolia and T. stolonifera are immediately adjacent along the Blue Ridge Mountains in western Virginia and western North Carolina where both species are known to occur in a handful of North Carolina counties (Alleghany, Avery, Burke, McDowell, Wilkes). Likewise the ranges of T. cordifolia and T. austrina are adjacent in southwestern North Carolina and northwestern South Carolina. In northeastern Georgia, the ranges of T. cordifolia and T. nautila overlap in Jackson County.

Ecology
Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato flowers March through July. A wide range of insects, including bees, butterflies, and syrphus flies, may serve as pollinators, but detailed published information on pollination is lacking.

Conservation
The conservation status of Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato is globally secure (G5). Based on individual state rankings, it may be inferred that Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto is globally secure as well.

Cultivation
Tiarella cordifolia has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It spreads well by rhizomes, unlike other cultivars of Tiarella, but lacks the invasive tendencies of many more commonly employed groundcovers.

Tiarella cordifolia 'FM Mooberry' is named after F. M. Mooberry of the Brandywine Conservancy.

title: Tiarella cordifolia


text:
User:Cinalight Studios

Lambo is a British documentary film based on the life of Aarron Lambert, a former body builder. The film was directed by Leon Mitchell and released world-wide by The Orchard in 2018.

title: User:Cinalight Studios


text:
Timmins Square

Timmins Square is a shopping centre in the Mountjoy neighbourhood of Timmins, in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It has 397303 sqft of space. It has approximately 70 stores. Characterized as a regional shopping centre, Timmins Square draws customers from a surrounding area whose population is about 150,000.

Built and initially owned by Multi Malls, Timmins Square opened in 1976. Campeau Corporation bought the mall in 1982. The mall was expanded in 1989 to accommodate Sears as an anchor tenant. Other anchor tenants over the years have included Walmart, Kmart, Dominion Stores, Zellers, Winners, and Sport Chek. In 2000, an outpost of the Timmins Museum: National Exhibition Centre opened in the mall; items believed to be particular tourist draws included an outfit Shania Twain wore for the 1999 Country Music Association Awards.

As of 1999, the mall was owned by Laing Property Corporation, which is based in Vancouver. The mall was purchased by RioCan in May 2001. In 2006 a renovation was completed, the first major updates since the mall opened 30 years prior.

title: Timmins Square


text:
Georg Müller (sculptor)

Georg Müller (23 February 1880 – 13 July 1952) was a German sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Georg Müller (sculptor)


text:
User:Tamupe10park/sandbox

Akhil Datta-Gupta is Regents Professor and holder of L. F. Peterson ‘36 Endowed Chair in Petroleum Engineering at Texas A&M University in College Station, TX (USA). Dr. Datta-Gupta is well known for his contributions to the theory and practice of Streamline Simulation in petroleum reservoir characterization, management and calibration of high resolution geologic models. 3-D streamline simulation is considered to be one of the major developments in petroleum reservoir simulation and performance forecasting. Dr. Datta-Gupta is a co-author of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) textbook Streamline Simulation: Theory and Practice.

Among his honors are the 2009 John Franklin Carll Award from the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) for distinguished contribution in the application of engineering principles to petroleum development and recovery; the 2003 SPE Lester C. Uren Award for significant technical contributions in petroleum reservoir characterization and streamline-based flow simulation; and two SPE Cedric K. Ferguson Certificates  for the best peer-approved paper in 2000 and 2006. He has been named an SPE distinguished member, distinguished lecturer, distinguished author and outstanding technical editor.

In addition to his SPE awards, he is a recipient of the AIME Rossitter W. Raymond award and served as a member of the Polar Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences (2001-2004). In 2012, Dr. Datta-Gupta was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering, “for developing the theory and practice of streamline simulation for fluid flow in heterogeneous reservoirs.”  Election to the  National Academy of Engineering is among the highest professional distinctions accorded to an engineer.

Datta-Gupta earned his master’s degree and Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin and his B.S. from the Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad (India), all in Petroleum Engineering.

title: User:Tamupe10park/sandbox


text:
AIR Awards of 2007

The AIR Awards of 2007 is the second annual Australian Independent Record Labels Association Music Awards (generally known as the AIR Awards) and was an award ceremony at Toff of the Town, in Melbourne, Australia on 10 December 2007 to honour outstanding achievements in sales by Australian independent artists. Four genre categories were added the list of awards from the previous year and German liquor brand, Jägermeister were named as the sponsor of the event for the first time.

In 2015, Angus of Sneaky Sound System reflected on the night saying "We felt incredibly proud. Being an independent artist we'd put so much time, energy and money into the album so to receive these awards felt really very special. The AIR Awards mean a lot. Platinum awards and chart success and glowing reviews are wonderful of course, but it is just as gratifying to be recognised by your fellow independent artists for the quality of you recordings."

Performers

 * British India
 * Ben Winkleman
 * Urthboy
 * Blue King Brown

AIR Awards
Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface; other final nominees are listed alphabetically.

title: AIR Awards of 2007


text:
Introduction to Dermatology

Dermatology is the medical science of disorders of the skin. Often skin lesions and disorders are markers of internal disease and mirror the processes occurring within the body. Dermatology has been called "a window through which to see the entire body." As such an understanding of Dermatology is essential to the Internist.

Skin Anatomy
Skin consists of distinct layers. The most superficial (most exterior) layer is the epidermis. The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium. It has stacked layers of cells. Below the epidermis lies the dermis and below that we find the subcutaneous fat, or subcutis.

Epidermis
The epidermis consists of stratified squamous epithelium. The "bricks and mortar" cells of the epidermis are keratinocytes. Interspersed among the keratinocytes, we also find melanocytes and other specialized cells, known as Merkel cells. The keratinocytes provide the structure and maintain the barrier function of the skin. Melanocytes make protective pigment. Merkel cell function is less certain.

Skin Function
The primary functions of skin include protection from physical injury, impermeability (keeping fluids out of your body, and keeping necessary fluids inside of your body), resistance to microbial penetration, and function as a sensory end organ.

The secondary functions of skin include:

 * Immune Functions
 * Dryness, desquamation, normal flora of bacteria
 * Antigen presenting cells such as Langerhans cells, Keratinocytes (immunoregulating cytokine), Epidermotropic T-Cells.

 * Solar and Heat Interactions
 * UV Radiation Protection (melanin)
 * Thermoregulation
 * Vitamin D Metabolism

 * Communication

Functional Adaptations of Skin

 * Hair
 * Nails
 * Eccrine sweat glands
 * Apocrine glands
 * Sebaceous glands

Cellular Components of Skin

 * Epidermis
 * Keratinocytes
 * Langerhans cells
 * Melanocytes
 * Merkel cells
 * Lymphocytes

 * Dermis
 * Fibroblasts
 * Connective tissue
 * Extracellular proteins
 * Matrix
 * Endothelial cells
 * Mononuclear cells
 * Nerves and Neural organs

 * Hypodermis
 * Connective tissue
 * Adipocytes
 * Endothelial cells

Medical Disclaimer
= Pediatric Dermatologist = If your child has a skin condition such as a birthmark, eczema, acne, or psoriasis, a pediatric dermatologist will have the experience and qualifications to treat your child. Pediatric dermatologists treat a wide variety of pediatric skin conditions using the latest available treatments. Pediatric dermatologists treat children from birth through adolescence.

The pediatric dermatologist cares for children (newborns during adolescence) with skin disorders. Pediatric dermatologists treat children in a pediatric clinic setting, but they also care for hospitalized patients. Many people perform surgical procedures such as laser therapy and cataract surgery. Pediatric dermatologists Birthmarks (vascular and pigmented), skin diseases, dermatitis (atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis), melanocytic navy blue (moles), genodermatosis (inherited skin disorders), acne breakouts, dermatitis, dermatitis Rash viral and vascular collagen disorders.

title: Introduction to Dermatology


text:
Talk:Donyell Marshall

His Weight
Where did you get that Marshall's weight was 302 lbs? The lastest nba.com entry listed him at something like 245. That's way off. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:23, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Donyell Marshall


text:
C++ Programming/Weblinks

Reference Sites

 * http://www.research.att.com/~bs/C++.html
 * Bjarne Stroustrup's C++ page.

 * http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/library_technical_report.html
 * C++ Standard Library Technical Report.

 * http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/
 * C++ Standards Committee's official website, previously at http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/wg21/, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 is the international standardization working group for the programming language C++.

 * http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/index.html
 * The SGI Standard Template Library Programmer's Guide.

Free or with free versions

 * http://gcc.gnu.org/
 * GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection, which includes a compiler for C++.

 * http://www.mingw.org/
 * MinGW, a Win32 port of the GNU Compiler Collection and toolset designed for compatibility with the host OS.

 * http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin
 * Cygwin, a Win32 port of GCC and GNU Utils designed to simulate a Unix-style environment.

 * http://www.microsoft.com/visualstudio/en-us/products/2010-editions/visual-cpp-express
 * The Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Express Edition. It also allows you to build applications that target the Common Language Runtime (CLR). You should read their license for yourself to make sure. MFC, ATL and the Windows headers/libraries are not included with this version. To create Windows programs, you will need to download the Microsoft Platform SDK as well (for the Windows headers and import libraries).

 * http://hpgcc.sourceforge.net/
 * HP-GCC comprises the GNU C compiler targeted at the ARM processor of ARM-based HP calculators (like the HP49g+), HP specific libraries, a tool (ELF2HP) that converts the gcc produced binary to the appropriate format for the HP calculator, and an emulator (ARM Toolbox/ARM Launcher) that lets you execute ARM programs on your computer. At present, only a Windows version is available, but the site says that Linux and Mac OS X versions are "on the way".

 * http://www.ultimatepp.org/
 * Ultimate++ a C++ cross-platform and Open Source rapid application development suite focused on programmers productivity. It includes a set of libraries (GUI, SQL, etc..), and an integrated development environment. The IDE can work with GCC, MinGW and Visual C++ 7.1 or 8.0 compilers (including free Visual C++ Toolkit 2003 and Visual C++ 2005 Express Edition) and contains a full featured debugger.

 * http://www.codelite.org/
 * CodeLite, open-source under the terms of the GPL license, cross platform IDE for the C/C++ programming languages (tested on Windows XP SP3, (K)Ubuntu 8.04, and Mac OSX 10.5.2).

 * http://www.codeblocks.org/
 * Code::Blocks, C++ cross-platform and Open Source (GPL2) IDE, runs on Linux or Windows (uses wxWidgets), supports GCC (MingW/Linux GCC), MSVC++, Digital Mars, Borland C++ 5.5 and Open Watcom compilers. Offers syntax highlighting (customizable and extensible), code folding, tabbed interface, code completion, class browser, smart indent and a To-do list management with different users and more.

 * http://www.bloodshed.net/devcpp.html
 * Dev-C++, a free IDE including a distribution of MinGW. Delphi and C source code available.

 * http://wxdsgn.sourceforge.net/
 * wxDev-C++, an IDE/RAD tool resulting from extending Dev-C++. With all the features of the previous plus others. Uses GCC for the compiler, and adds an IDE and a form designer supporting wxWidgets.

 * http://quincy.codecutter.org/
 * Quincy 2005, a simple IDE for C and C++ under Windows. Installs the MinGW compiler and GDB debugger. Designed as a friendly learning environment. Public domain C++ source code.

 * http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/
 * Djgpp, a free compiler for C, C++, Forth, Pascal and more including C sources. Runs under DOS.

 * http://www.digitalmars.com
 * Digital Mars, a free C and C++ Compiler for DOS, Win & NT by the author of Zortech C++.

 * http://developer.apple.com/tools/mpw-tools/
 * Macintosh Programmer's Workshop (MPW). Same software and documentation as the "Tool Chest:Development Kits:MPW etc." folder on the August 2001 Developer CD.

 * http://www.openwatcom.org/
 * OpenWatcom, the Open Watcom is a joint effort between SciTech Software, Sybase®, and a select team of developers, which will bring the Sybase Watcom C, C++ and Fortran compiler products to the Open Source community.

 * http://msdn.microsoft.com/mobility/prodtechinfo/devtools/eVisualc/default.aspx
 * Microsoft eMbedded Visual C++ allows you to develop for Windows CE. It includes an IDE, which includes an integrated debugger.

 * http://www.borland.com/products/downloads/download_cbuilder.html
 * Borland C++Builder v5.5

 * http://www.eclipse.org/
 * Eclipse, a multi-language IDE with support for C++ through the CDT plugin. It requires a GCC backend. There is a download specifically for C++ developers that does not include the Java libs.

Commercial

 * http://www.intel.com/software/products/compilers/
 * Intel Compiler, a Intel® compilers. Compatible with the tools developers use, Intel compilers plug into popular development environments and feature source and binary compatibility with widely-used compilers. Every compiler purchase includes one year of Intel® Premier Support, providing updates, technical support and expertise for the Intel® architecture. [Intel CPUs ONLY]

 * http://comeaucomputing.com/
 * Comeau C/C++ Compiler. Available for purchase Comeau C/C++ supports Core C++03 language enhancements for all major and minor features of C++ and C, including export.

Free or with a free version

 * http://www.stack.nl/~dimitri/doxygen/
 * Doxygen is a documentation system for C++, C, and other programming languages.

 * http://valgrind.kde.org/
 * Valgrind, a system for debugging and profiling applications at runtime. The system runs on nearly any x86 linux (sorry, no amd64 yet). It can detect memory leaks, illegal memory access, double deletes, cache misses, code coverage and much, much more.

 * http://msdn.microsoft.com/visualc/vctoolkit2003/
 * Microsoft Visual C++ Toolkit 2003, This is a free optimizing compiler provided by Microsoft that developers can use to develop and compile applications in C or C++. It is the same compiler that ships with the professional edition of Visual Studio. It ships with the standard library and sample code.

 * http://ccbuild.sourceforge.net/?page=home
 * ccbuild, a C++ source scanning build utility for code distributed over directories. Like a dynamic Makefile, ccbuild finds all programs in the current directory (containing "int main") and builds them. For this, it reads the C++ sources and looks at all local and global includes. All C++ files surrounding local includes are considered objects for the main program. The global includes lead to extra compiler arguments using a configuration file. Next to running g++ it can create simple Makefiles, A-A-P files, and graph dependencies using DOT (Graphviz) graphs. (Linux only)

Free or with free versions

 * http://www.boost.org/
 * The Boost web site. Boost is a large collection of high-quality libraries for C++, some of which are likely to be included in future C++ standards.

 * http://www.samblackburn.com/wfc/index.html/
 * The WFC (Win32 Foundation Classes) site.

 * http://sourceforge.net/projects/wtl/
 * The WTL site.

 * http://www.oonumerics.org/blitz/
 * Blitz++ is a C++ class library for scientific computing which provides performance on par with Fortran 77/90. It uses template techniques to achieve high performance. The current versions provide dense arrays and vectors, random number generators, and small vectors and matrices. Blitz++ is distributed freely under an open source license, and contributions to the library are welcomed.

 * http://www.bdsoft.com/tools/stlfilt.html
 * STLFilt is a STL Error Message Decryptor for C++. It simplifies and/or reformats long-winded C++ error and warning messages, with a focus on STL-related diagnostics.

 * http://www.swox.com/gmp/
 * GMP is a free library for arbitrary precision arithmetic, operating on signed integers, rational numbers, and floating point numbers. There is no practical limit to the precision except the ones implied by the available memory in the machine GMP runs on.

 * http://www.cryptopp.com/
 * Crypto++ Library is a free C++ class library of cryptographic schemes.

 * http://alleg.sourceforge.net/
 * Allegro is a game programming library for C/C++ developers distributed freely, supporting the following platforms: DOS, Unix (Linux, FreeBSD, Irix, Solaris, Darwin), Windows, QNX, BeOS and MacOS X. It provides many functions for graphics, sounds, player input (keyboard, mouse and joystick) and timers. It also provides fixed and floating point mathematical functions, 3d functions, file management functions, compressed datafile and a GUI.

 * http://fltk.org/
 * FLTK (pronounced "fulltick") is a cross-platform C++ GUI toolkit for UNIX®/Linux® (X11), Microsoft® Windows®, and MacOS® X. FLTK provides modern GUI functionality without the bloat and supports 3D graphics via OpenGL® and its built-in GLUT emulation. FLTK is designed to be small and modular enough to be statically linked, but works fine as a shared library. FLTK also includes an excellent UI builder called FLUID that can be used to create applications in minutes.

 * http://www.libsdl.org/
 * Simple DirectMedia Layer is a cross-platform multimedia library for C/C++. It provides low-level access to 2D frame-buffer and hardware accelerated 3D graphics(using OpenGL), audio, threads, timers,user input and event handling. Other features are available through "plug-in libraries". Linux, Windows, BeOS, MacOS Classic, MacOS X, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, BSD/OS, Solaris, IRIX, and QNX are supported and there's some unofficial support for other platforms. SDL is available under the GNU LGPL license.

 * http://www.hpcfactor.com/developer/
 * SDKs for older platforms and from third parties. Includes a redistributable that contains the MFC library's for Windows CE 1, 2, HPC Pro, Palm-Size PC 1.2, HPC2000 and a limited number from Windows CE 4.0.

 * http://qt.nokia.com
 * Qt (pronounced "cute"), a multi-platform API that contains a UI toolkit as well as a core library. It is extremely modular, but to use it effectively, you should use at least UI+Core.

 * http://loki-lib.sourceforge.net/
 * Loki is a C++ library which demonstrates and encourages the use of generic programming and design patterns. It was written to accompany the book entitled "Modern C++ Design." The library includes a parametrized smart pointer class, generalized functors, a multi-threading abstraction, and some help for important patterns. Open source released under the MIT license.

 * http://tinythread.sourceforge.net/
 * TinyThread++, a light weight, portable C++ thread library that implements a subset of the C++0x standard, including the thread, mutex and condition_variable classes. Open source, released under the zlib/libpng License.

Commercial

 * http://pocoproject.org/
 * Poco C++ Libraries. Written in modern, standard ANSI C++, using the C++ Standard Library. Modular design, very few external dependencies, builds out-of-the-box. Good mix of "classic" object-oriented design with modern C++. Clean, easy-to-understand code, consistent coding style, comprehensive test suite.

Source Code Formatting rules

 * http://www.cs.usyd.edu.au/~scilect/tpop/handouts/Style.htm
 * Kernighan and Ritchie (or K&R) style

 * http://www.nongnu.org/style-guide/
 * GNU Programmer's Style Guide

 * http://lxr.linux.no/source/Documentation/CodingStyle
 * Linux kernel coding style

Comprehensive Source Code Convention guidelines

 * http://quantlib.org/style.shtml
 * QuantLib Programming Style Guidelines

 * http://www.research.att.com/~bs/bs_faq2.html
 * Bjarne Stroustrup's C++ Style and Technique FAQ

 * http://www.artima.com/intv/goldilocks.html
 * The C++ Style Sweet Spot A Conversation with Bjarne Stroustrup, Part I by Bill Venners

 * http://developer.kde.org/documentation/other/binarycompatibility.html
 * KDE Binary Compatibility Issues With C++

 * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/C%2B%2B_Portability_Guide
 * Mozilla C++ portability guide

 * http://www.chris-lott.org/resources/cstyle/Ellemtel-rules-mm.html
 * Programming in C++, Rules and Recommendations by FN/Mats Henricson and Erik Nyquist

 * http://www.chris-lott.org/resources/cstyle/Wildfire-C++Style.html
 * Wildfire C++ Programming Style With Rationale by Keith Gabryelski

 * http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2002/5/9/205040/3918
 * Musings on Good C++ Style (Technology) by GoingWare

 * http://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.xml
 * Google C++ Style Guide

 * https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=637
 * CERT C++ Secure Coding Standard

 * http://web.archive.org/web/20061230015340/http://www.research.att.com/~bs/JSF-AV-rules.pdf
 * Joint Strike Fighter air vehicle: C++ coding standards 2005

 * http://www.chris-lott.org/resources/cstyle/
 * C and C++ Style Guides by Chris Lott, lists many popular C++ style guides.

 * http://www.misra-cpp.org/
 * MISRA C++: Guidelines for the use of the C++ language in critical systems published by The Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) (based on a subset of C++).

 * http://freeworld.thc.org/root/phun/unmaintain.html
 * A very funny satiric text that turns the tables on the issues concerning coding style by Roedy Green.

Online C++ books, guides and general information
References to other works that can be relevant to the topic:
 * More C++ Idioms, covering modern C++ idioms.
 * Windows Programming, a Wikibook on Windows API (C and VB Classic), MFC (C++), COM and creation of ActiveX modules.
 * Optimizing C++, covering how C++ programmers can improve a program's performance.
 * Linux Applications Debugging Techniques, a hands-on guide to debugging applications under Linux.
 * C++ In Action, by Bartosz Milewski
 * Teach Yourself C++ in 21 Days, Second Edition
 * More C++, by Tim Love, July 5, 2001
 * Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming Using C++, by Peter Müller, 1997.
 * C++ Programming for Scientists, by Roldan Pozo and Karin Remington
 * C++ for Unix, a broken link, a quick reference, with C variations
 * STL Quick Reference, probably by Pablo Halpern,
 * C++ A dialog, by Steve Heller
 * Learning C++: An Index of Entry Points
 * , by Al Dev (Alavoor Vasudevan), 2001
 * Think like a computer scientist: C++
 * C++ Programming Tutorial for the beginners
 * Kohl et al. 2004: C/C++ Reference at cppreference.com
 * The C++ Annotations for C programmers, by Frank B. Brokken
 * C / C++ Tutorials at pickatutorial.com, a collection of online C / C++ tutorials
 * cplusplus.com, an open resource with various web discussion groups
 * A web site of Scott Meyers, an expert on C++ software development. He wrote the best-selling Effective C++ series (Effective C++, More Effective C++, and Effective STL), wrote and designed Effective C++ CD
 * Cprogramming.com, a web site designed to help you learn C or C++ and provide you with C and C++ programming resources.
 * Misc. Books, News & Articles on C++, by orelily.com
 * Frequently Asked Questions About Win32 Programming, from iseran.com
 * CppHeresy at c2.com, guidelines about how to keep the C++ bits simple
 * C++ FAQ at parashift.com, sometimes also called C++ FAQ Lite.
 * Defective C++: a 2009 summary by Yossi Kreinin of the major defects he finds in the C++ programming language. (Related: Particularities of the C programming language).
 * The Boost C++ Libraries online book that introduces many Boost libraries in a tutorial style and complements the official documentation. Under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

 * Cplusplus Code Examples

IRC

 * #C at (irc://irc.tambov.ru)
 * C/C++ Channel (http://silversoft.net/) (Russian Channel)

 * #C++ at (irc://hub.ptnet.org)
 * C++ Channel (Portuguese Channel)

 * #C++ at (irc://irc.euirc.net)
 * C++ Channel (German Channel)

 * ##C++ at (irc://irc.freenode.net)
 * C++ Channel

 * #c++newbie at (irc://irc.freenode.net)
 * Channel for those new to C++

 * #c++ at (irc://irc.dynastynet.net)
 * Channel on DynastyNet for discussing C++ topics.

User Groups

 * http://www.accu.org/
 * ACCU, formerly the Association for C and C++ Users, ACCU is a non-profit organization devoted to professionalism in programming at all levels. Although primarily focused on C and C++, have now interests in Java, C# and Python also.

Newsgroups (NNTP)

 * comp.std.c++ - FAQ
 * comp.lang.c++.leda
 * comp.lang.c++.moderated
 * comp.lang.c++
 * microsoft.public.vc.mfc
 * microsoft.public.vc.stl

Blogs and Wikis

 * http://www.codepedia.com/1/Cpp
 * a Wikipedia-like page with much code examples.

 * http://www.gnacademy.org/twiki/bin/view/CPP/TableOfContents%20GNAcademy.Org
 * TWiki C++ Web is a C++ wiki with GNU Free Documentation License

 * http://cpp.wikia.com/
 * Wikicities C++ is a multi-language C++ wiki (currently English and Polish).

Mailing Lists

 * http://www.oonumerics.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/oon-list/
 * Object-Oriented Numerics List, forum for discussing scientific computing in object-oriented environments. An archive is available.

Forums

 * http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/c%2b%2b
 * Stackoverflow is a knowledge sharing community including discussing C++ related topics.

title: C++ Programming/Weblinks


text:
Grand Rapids Township

Grand Rapids Township may refer to:

 * Grand Rapids Township, LaSalle County, Illinois
 * Grand Rapids Charter Township, Michigan
 * Grand Rapids Township, Itasca County, Minnesota
 * Grand Rapids Township, LaMoure County, North Dakota, a township in LaMoure County
 * Grand Rapids Township, Wood County, Ohio

title: Grand Rapids Township


text:
scacci

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  chess

Usage notes

 * In the Classical pronunciation, scacci is consonantially identical to the modern Italian-language designation for chess, but this is not so in Ecclesiastical. Ecclesiastical or Italianate Latin is thus more likely to use the alternative form scacchi, which forces [k] before [i].

title: scacci


text:
centuria

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  100 years

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) century Roman army unit

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) century, in its senses as
 * 2) any assembly of a hundred people or things
 * 3) any division into a hundred people or things
 * 4)  a company of Roman infantry, the smallest tactical division of a legion, originally of 100 men but later varying between 60 and 160
 * 5)  a company of auxiliary infantry equivalent to a Roman cohort, first established during the Imperial era.
 * 6)  a unit of area, equal to 100 heredia or 200 iugera (approximately 125 acres or 50 hectares)
 * 7)  a traditional division of the Roman people, allegedly established by Servius Tullius on the basis of property
 * 8)  any similar division, regardless of number

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) century
 * 2) centaury

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) century Roman army unit
 * 2)  century period
 * 1)  century period

title: centuria


text:
Talk:Sai International School

Sadhakm (talk) 11:01, 21 September 2017 (UTC) I want to create a wiki page for Sai international school which is a famous school in Bhubaneswar. There is also a redirection. how to proceed?

title: Talk:Sai International School


text:
tutelar

Etymology
From, from +.

Adjective

 * 1) Serving as a guardian; protective; tutelary.

Noun

 * 1) One that is tutelary.

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to protect (be guardian to)

Etymology
, from.

Adjective

 * 1) tutelary

Adjective

 * , tutelary

Verb

 * 1) to act as a guardian to, to supervise, to look after

title: tutelar


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2015-02-04/Technology report

 * I think this is a good idea, however I think it would still be beneficial to replace the meta one with long-form ones on the occasions where major feature deployment happens, to allow for a more extended explanation/discussion of the deployment itself, maybe even with a title change to highlight the difference.  Snowolf How can I help? 16:19, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes; the larger question is whether the Signpost has someone (a) with the required tech knowledge to write such long-form articles, (b) not affiliated with the WMF, which is necessary for some topics, and (c) open on the required week. Ed [talk] [majestic titan] 17:04, 10 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Volvo Philip

The Volvo Philip was a concept car built by Volvo in 1952. It was designed especially for the United States market, and so was fitted with a prototype V8 engine called the B8B, which produced 120 hp at 4000 rpm along with whitewall tires and a hint of tailfins.

The design was inspired by American cars and was similar to the 1951 Kaiser. The designer was Jan Wilsgaard, who also designed the Volvo Amazon. However, it was cancelled by the board and never reached production, with only one car being made. That car was used for several years by the board at Bolinder-Munktell in Eskilstuna and is now preserved at the Volvo Museum in Gothenburg.

This vehicle was hand built under extreme secrecy and was subjected to thorough testing. However, the V8 engine entered production in 1956 and was used for a truck, the Volvo Snabbe, as well as for boats. It was known for being strong and reliable but also for high fuel consumption. Production of the engine had ceased by 1973.

title: Volvo Philip


text:
Stadion Dr. Milan Jelić

Stadium "Dr. Milan Jelić" is a multi-purpose stadium in Modriča, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FK Alfa Modriča. The stadium has a capacity that can hold 6,000 spectators.

Other notable events
One of the first concerts held on the stadium was:
 * Svetlana "Ceca" Ražnatović performed a concert as part of her Poziv Tour promoting her album Poziv on 2 August 2014.

title: Stadion Dr. Milan Jelić


text:
verdiepen

Etymology
From, or.

Verb

 * 1)  to deepen
 * 2)  to study more thoroughly, to devote oneself (mentally) to
 * 1)  to study more thoroughly, to devote oneself (mentally) to

title: verdiepen


text:
Friesoythe

Friesoythe, in Saterland Frisian language Ait or Äit, is a town in the district of Cloppenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, on the river Soeste, 25 km northwest of Cloppenburg, and 30 km southwest of Oldenburg.

History
In 1227, Count Otto von Tecklenburg made Oite Castle in Friesoythe, which had just been built, his residence. Farmers, merchants and craftsmen quickly settled near the castle. As early as the first half of the 13th century, Friesoythe had extensive trade relations, as evidenced by the coin find from Friesoythe, whose more than 300 silver coins from Cologne, Münster, Osnabrück and other cities were only in circulation until 1235. Today's city center was soon surrounded by a massive city wall and was long considered impregnable. 1308 Friesoythe was first mentioned as a town. Friesoythe is occasionally referred to as a "Hanseatic town" and is said to have enjoyed Hanseatic privileges. It is unclear whether Friesoythe actually belonged to the Hanseatic League. Friesoythe shares a diverse culture in Lower Saxony history. Many cultural influences of German, Anglo-Saxon, Dutch, East Frisian, Danish and Swedish culture are noticeable in the town and citizens. The town has a large following of Roman Catholicism and small percentages of Calvinism and Lutheranism. It was part of the Duchy of Oldenburg and also under rule to the French Empire in the 18th century.

Second World War
In April 1945, the town of Friesoythe was evacuated and then occupied by the 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division, under General Christopher Vokes. Most of the town's population of 4,000 had moved out to the surrounding countryside on about April 11–12, 1945.

The town was defended by some 200 paratroopers of Battalion Raabe of the 7th German Parachute Division. These paratroopers repelled the first attack by the Lake Superior Regiment (Motor) on April 13. The Lake Superior Regiment suffered two dead and nineteen wounded. German casualties are not known.

Vokes ordered the resumption of the attack the next day by The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's) commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Frederick E. Wigle. The attack went well, with the Argylls securing the town by 10:30 hours. However, at 08:30 a small number of German soldiers caught Wigle's tactical headquarters by surprise, killing Wigle and several other soldiers. Lieutenant Alan Earp survived a bullet through the head.

Vokes ordered an immediate reprisal. "A first-rate officer of mine, for whom I had a special regard and affection, and in whom I had a particular professional interest because of his talent for command, was killed. Not merely killed, it was reported to me, but sniped in the back". According to Vokes, "I summoned my GSO1 . . 'Mac,' I roared at him, 'I'm going to raze that goddam town.'"

Units and soldiers of the Argylls had spontaneously begun burning buildings in Friesoythe as revenge for the death of their colonel, but Vokes later issued a direct order, and the town was systematically set on fire with flamethrowers mounted on Wasp Carriers. The rubble was used to reinforce district roads for the division's tanks. According to German estimates, 85% to 90% of the town was destroyed, making it one of the most devastated towns in Germany at the time. Vokes commented that he had "No feeling of remorse over the elimination of Friesoythe." The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and the Lake Superior Regiment (Motor) were awarded the battle honour "Friesoythe".

21st century
Friesoythe has grown from a village to a small city and shares traditional and modern style buildings of German architecture, Bauhaus, Victorian style, Renaissance and Baroque style. Large multinational companies are settled giving the city a modern appearance and lively feeling. Hospital, schooling, bus service, health service are all available in the city centre. The city has good communication and infrastructure and many American Germans, Poles and Russians integrated into its population.

Mayors

 * Gerhard Wreesmann: 7 April 1945 – 2 February 1946
 * Heinrich Vogel: 1946–1948
 * Heinz Stuke: 1948–1953
 * Gerhard Block: 1953 – 28 July 1967
 * Heinrich Olberding: 20 October 1967 – 1 October 1972
 * Ferdinand Cloppenburg: 14 November 1972 – 2 March 1984
 * Heinrich Niehaus:	11 April 1984 – 14 November 1996
 * Johann Wimberg: 15 November 1996 – 31. October 2014
 * Sven Stratmann: 1 November 2014

Notable people

 * Wilhelm Abeln (1894–1969), farmer and politician, member of Oldenburg Landtag
 * Monika Hilker (born 1959), biologist
 * Franz-Josef Holzenkamp (born 1969), politician (CDU)
 * Heinrich Totting von Oyta (c. 1330–1397), theologian and philosopher, co-founder of the Catholic Faculty of Theology of the University of Vienna

title: Friesoythe


text:
Cookbook:Frappé Coffee

| Beverages | Greek Cuisine

Frappé coffee is a refreshing drink of Greek origin, perfect on a summer's day.

Ingredients

 * 1–2 spoons of instant coffee
 * Tall glass of cold water
 * 1–3 spoons of sugar (optional)
 * 3–5 ice cubes (optional)
 * Milk (optional; condensed/evaporated milk works best)

Procedure

 * 1) Put coffee and sugar in a shaker or tall glass and add a little water, just enough to cover the mixture (about 10 ml, or a couple of teaspoonfuls).
 * 2) Shake or stir with mixer until the mixture becomes foamy.
 * 3) Fill the glass with cold water.
 * 4) Add ice cubes, milk (preferably evaporated or condensed milk) or cream to taste.
 * 5) Sip with a straw.

Types

 * Ratio of Sugar to Coffee >2/1: Frappé glykós (sweet)
 * Ratio of Sugar to Coffee 1/1: Frappé métrios (medium)
 * No sugar: Frappé skétos (plain)

Notes, tips and variations

 * You can also add Baileys or a ball of ice cream.
 * By including the ice when shaking or stirring the coffee, it allows the foam to become more aerated and frothier. Once this has been done, you can then top up with water and/or milk.
 * Adding milk makes the beverage referred to as mé gála (with milk), e.g. Frappé glykó me gala or frappógalo.
 * Instead of shaking the initial coffee/sugar/water mix, it can also be beaten with a teaspoon. This needs patience because takes a while to form the mix into a stiff, thick, thoroughly aerated, light brown mousse with a texture like meringue. The advantage of this more troublesome method is that the foam produced when the rest of the water is added is richer and lasts longer. This foam can also withstand hot water, and produce an effect akin to espresso crema.

title: Cookbook:Frappé Coffee


text:
Wykosowo railway station

Wykosowo is a non-operational PKP railway station in Wykosowo (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.

title: Wykosowo railway station


text:
Viroflay

Viroflay is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the south-western suburbs of Paris 14.1 km from the center and 3 km from the Palace of Versailles.

The town motto is Lux mea lex which is Latin for "Light is my law".

Gastronomy
The "Viroflay Omelette" is an omelette stuffed with spinach, ham and gruyère cheese.

The "Monstruous" is a variety of spinach, specific to Viroflay where it used to be cultivated.

Transport
Viroflay is served by Viroflay-Rive-Gauche station, which is an interchange station on Paris RER line C and on the Transilien Paris-Montparnasse suburban rail line.

It is also served by Viroflay-Rive-Droite station on the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line and by Chaville–Vélizy station on Paris RER line C.

title: Viroflay


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/Parsing XML files

In the earlier chapters we were taught how to create XML files in detail. This involved the development of XML documents, Style sheets and Schema and their validation. In this chapter, we will focus on different approaches for parsing XML files and when to use them.

But first, it is time to refresh what we have learned about parsing.

The Process of Parsing XML files
One goal of the XML format was to enhance raw data formats like plain text by including detailed descriptions of the meaning of the content. Now, in order to be able to read XML files, we use a parser which basically exposes the document’s content through a so-called API (application programming interface). In other words, a client application accesses the content of the XML document through an interface, instead of having to interpret the XML code on its own!

Simple Text Parsing
One way to extract data from an XML document is simple text parsing – browsing all characters in the document and check for a desired pattern:

Let’s say we are interested in the value of the house. Using straight text parsing, we would scan the file for the character sequence and call it the start pattern. Then, we would further scan the document for the end pattern (i.e. ). Finally, we declare the text string in between these two patterns to be the value of the surrounding  tag.

Why it doesn't work that way
Obviously, this approach is not suitable for extracting information from large and complex XML documents, since we would have to know exactly what the file looks like and where the information needed is located. From a more general point of view, the structure and semantics of an XML file is determined by the makeup of the document, its tags and attributes – hence, we need a device that is able to recognize and understand this structure and can point out any errors in it. Moreover, it has to provide the content of the document through an interface, so that other applications can access it without difficulty. This device is known as an XML parser.

What a parser does
Almost all programs that need to process XML documents use an XML parser to extract the information stored in the XML document in order to avoid any of the difficulties that occur when reading and interpreting raw XML data. The parser usually is a class library (e.g. a set of Java class files) that reads a given document and checks if it is well-formed according to the W3C specification. Then, any client software can use methods of the interface provided by the parser API to access the information the parser retrieved from the XML file.

All in all, the parser shields the user from dealing with the complex details of XML like assembling information distributed over several XML files, checking for well-formedness constraints, and so on.

Parsing: an Example
To illustrate more clearly what parsing an XML file really means, the following example was created which contains information about some cities. It also keeps track of who is on vacation and demonstrates the parsing process with the currently most common parsing methods.

Example: cities.xml
Based on the information stored in this XML document, we can easily check who is on vacation and where. The parser will read the file using one of the various techniques presented later in this chapter.

This process is very complicated and prone to errors of all kinds. Luckily, we will never have to write code for it, because there are plenty of free, fully-functional parsers on the Web. All we do is download a parser class library and access the XML document through the interface provided by the parser software. With more recent builds of Java, most parsers do not even have to be downloaded. In other words, we use the functions or methods included in the class library for extracting the information.

Basically, a parser reads the XML document and tries to recognize the structure of the file itself while checking for errors. It simply checks for start/end tags, attributes, namespaces, prefixes, and so on. Then, the client software can access the information derived from this structure using methods provided by the parser software (i.e. the interface).

The best way to learn about the functionality of a parser is to actually use them; therefore, the next section demonstrates the different methods of parsing.

Overview
There are two “traditional” approaches that dominate the market right now, an event-based push-model as represented by SAX (Simple API for XML) and a tree-based model using the DOM (document object model) approach.

However, there is a movement towards newer approaches and techniques that try to overcome the flaws inherent in these traditional models – an event-based pull-model and a “cursor model”, such as VTD-XML, which allows us to browse the XML document just like in the tree-based approach, but simpler and easier to use.

Description
The push model, typically the exemplified by SAX (www.saxproject.org) is the “gold standard” of XML parsing, since it is probably the most complete and accurate method so far. The SAX classes provide an interface between the input streams from which XML documents are read and the client software which receives the data made available by the parser. The parser browses through the whole document and fires events every time it recognizes an XML construct (e.g. it recognizes a start tag and fires an event – the client software is notified and can use this information… or not).

Evaluation
The advantage of such a model is that we don’t need to store the whole XML document in memory, since we are only reading one piece of information at a time. If you recall that the XML structure is a set of nodes of various types (like an element node) – parsing the document with a SAX parser means going through each node one at a time. This makes it possible to read even very large XML documents in a memory-efficient way. However, the fact that the parser only provides information about the node currently read also implies that the programmer of the client software is in charge of saving certain information in a separate data structure (e.g. the parents or children of the currently processed node). Moreover, the SAX approach is pretty much read-only, since it is hard to modify the XML structure when we do not have some sort of global view.

In fact, the parser is in control of what is read when. The user can only wait until a certain event has occurred and then use the information stored in the currently processed node.

Example: TGSAXParser.java
As mentioned before, the best way to fully understand the concept of the parsing process is to actually use it. In the following code sample, the information about the name and country of the cities that people are vacationing in will be displayed. The SAX API that is part of the Xerces parser package was used for the implementation ((Xerces 2 Homepage):

The : As mentioned before, SAX is completely event-driven. Therefore, we need a handler that “listens” to the input stream coming from the input file (cities.xml in this case).

The SAX API provides interface classes, which we have to extend with our own code to read our own specific XML document. In order to include our code in the SAX API, we just have to extend the DefaultHandler interface with our own class and set the content handler to our custom handler class (which consists of three methods: startElement, endElement and characters)

The  and   methods: These methods are invoked whenever the SAX parser finds a start or end tag respectively. The SAX API provides blank stubs for both methods and we have to fill them with code of our own.

In this case, we want our program to do something whenever the  attribute is set, so we set a Boolean variable to true whenever we find such an element and process the node by printing out the character sequence in between the start and end tag. The  method is automatically called whenever a   and   event was triggered, but prints out the character string only if the   attribute is set.

Description
The other popular approach is the tree-based model as represented by the DOM (document object model, see W3C Recommendation). This method actually works similarly to a SAX parser, since it reads the XML document from an input stream by browsing through the file and recognizing XML structures.

This time, instead of returning the content of the document in a series of small fragments, the DOM method maps the XML hierarchy to a DOM tree object that contains everything from the original XML document. Everything from elements, comments, textual information or processing instructions is stored in the tree object as nodes, starting with the document itself as the root node.

Now that all the information we need is stored in memory, we access the data by using methods provided by the parser software to read or modify objects within the tree. This facilitates random access to the content of the XML document and provides the possibility to modify the data it contains or even create new XML files by transforming a DOM back to an XML document.

Evaluation
However, the major downside of this approach is that it requires much more memory and is therefore not suitable for situations where large XML files are used. More importantly, it is somewhat more complex than the simplistic SAX method even for small and simple problems.

Example: MyDOMParser.java
In the following code sample, a list of cities with people on vacation is again created but this time with the tree-based approach:

In order to work with the DOM object, we have to create a variable holding it (of type  ).

Then, we create a list of nodes holding all elements with the tag name. The parser finds these nodes by browsing through the DOM tree. Then, we just go through each one of the city-elements and check if the vacation attribute is set and display all the information about the vacationer if so.

Xerces provides a helpful method called that lets us directly access the text node of an element node, avoiding all difficulties emerging from unneeded white space and the like.

Summary
Choosing an API at the beginning of your XML project is a very important decision. Once you decide which one to use, it is easy to try different vendors without having much trouble, but switching to a different API will be a very time-consuming and costly process, since you will have to redesign your whole program code.

The SAX API is a widely accepted and well-working parser that is easy to implement and works especially well with streaming content (e.g. an online XML source). Because it is a read-only API, you would not be able to modify the underlying XML data source. Since it only reads one node at a time, it is very memory-efficient and fast. However, this implies that your application expects the information to be close together and ordered.

If you want to randomly access the entire document at any point of time, then the DOM approach might be a better choice for you. The DOM API is more complex and harder to implement, but gives you full control over the whole document and lets you modify the data, also. However, it reads the whole XML document into memory, so the DOM API is not suitable for projects with very large XML files.

Recommended optional exercise
''Use the code sample for the SAX and DOM parser from this chapter and play around with it. You probably want to print out different nodes or add more constraints. This absolutely optional, but will give you an idea of the main differences between SAX and DOM.''

Now for the exercise

 * Create a SAX parser to parse the file movies.xml. The output simply needs to come from your IDE, it does not need to be sent onto a webpage.

TO HELP YOU download this, it provides a structure of the problem so that you can more easily run the app in NetBeans 5.0.

If you’re interested in using Xerces – just download the following file:

http://www.apache.org/dist/xml/xerces-j/Xerces-J-bin.2.8.0.zip

If the above link is dead. Go to http://www.apache.org/dist/xml/xerces-j/ and download the latest zip binary file. It should be in the format of "Xerces-J-bin.#.#.#.zip"

Then put the content into the \lib\ext subfolder of your NetBeans directory and start up NetBeans IDE. Now, the Xerces package is successfully installed on your machine.

Useful Links

 * 1) http://www.cafeconleche.org
 * 2) http://www.xml.com
 * 3) http://www.xmlpull.org
 * 4) http://workshop.bea.com/xmlbeans/reference/com/bea/xml/XmlCursor.html
 * 5) http://workshop.bea.com/xmlbeans/reference/com/bea/xml/XmlCursor.html

Programmation XML/Parsing


text:
Clem S. Clarke

Clement Steele Clarke (October 9, 1897 – March 28, 1967) was an American politician from Shreveport, Louisiana, who was the first member of the Louisiana Republican Party to run for the United States Senate since implementation in 1914 of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. He lost the 1948 race to Democrat Russell B. Long, the older son of Huey Pierce Long Jr.

Clarke's first marriage was to Marjorie Terry, daughter of Dr. Roy A. Terry of Long Beach, California. The couple wed on July 13, 1934. The couple soon divorced, and Marjorie Clark married Donald Ballard on December 22, 1936.

title: Clem S. Clarke