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Wikiversity talk:Main Page/Archive 1

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 * Please archive conversations from September at Wikiversity talk:Main Page/Archive 2
 * No need to tag conversations archived

Spaces
Should a "School of X" be in the Wikiversity namespace (e.g. School of Engineering) or should it be called School of Engineering on its own? Or simply Engineering? --Fang Aili talk 17:26, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Good question. Can you come to the chat? We're all here talking if you want to join us. -- sebmol ? 17:28, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Can't right now, sorry. --Fang Aili talk 17:34, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Other languages
The other languages link to de: links to de:Wikipedia. Is there a way to fix this? --Fang Aili 15:35, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It's being worked on. It depends on Brion's schedule since this requires a direct change in the database. -- sebmol ? 17:24, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

no www.wikiversity.org yet
FYI: There's no http://www.wikiversity.org yet... Katpatuka11:00, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think Brion or other technical developers will need to fix this, the page has been a domain name placeholder for at least a year so it predates our database wiki. He may be waiting for a preliminary logo. I suggest we request an immediate fix using the mortar board logo in the center with various languages around it as in the www.wikipedia.org portal. It seems good enough while we wait for logo designers to show and have a competition. Mirwin 03:04, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Page organization
I re-organized the layout of the main page. Done now.

To do (and "done" by various editors): Doug 18:52, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * edit the browse box (indent text -- remove rule line?)
 * Done - changed "open-content" to "free-content". decide on whether to use "free-content" or "open-content" in several places on page
 * Done - revise the links section (into 2 columns?).
 * Done - "department" changed to "subject". while "department" is used on wikibooks in the same manner as on main page, is this the correct term? (department usually means something more specific like physics or anthropology) would "study areas" be better?

PS. In the "Help develop Wikiversity!" box, an invitation could be made to edit the main page as in:
 * Help with Main Page/Design

A "stable" version of this page could be uploaded regularly. Or, along lines (less ponderously so) of the en.Wikipedia main page revision this Spring, perhaps revisions could be consensed/voted on by admins and/or all users. Doug 19:36, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Good idea. It is after all the first page people see so it should always be in a presentable condition. I've moved the design page to Main Page/Design since it doesn't really belong into the main namespace. -- sebmol ? 16:09, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Bad idea. It hampers non administrative editors.  Trash or vandalism on the main page will not damage a learning institution more than letting an initial unofficial clique get in the habit off controlling site activities.   Consider a brick in mortar.   When someone spray paints or taggs the administrative centers walls or a Department Head's car is all work and study at the institution immediately suspended and control handed over to the janitors or one Dept Head?  It is theoretically possible to define a human expert in encyclopedias, dictionaries, or publishing formats and procedures.  It is self evidently impossible to find or create an expert in all fields of human learning. Mirwin 02:41, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The intent of the design page is to include everyone's input. A process for somehow regularly loading revisions doesn't exclude any input. The design page is a good idea for when it becomes necessary to protect the main page because of increasing traffic, just is done on Wikipedia now. This is a probability. I also feel it is a good idea to implement a design page for all edits soon because it allows people with page layout experience to clean up gently the page layout impact of substantial content edits (which often can mess up the graphical aspects of page layout) before going to the main page (and not even having the final say -- just a clean up that can be revised until page reaches a lull/stability for a day or two) -- without subtracting content or removing emphasis. Perhaps an example of this in practice for a limited time frame would demonstrate the benefits -- then the community could choose. Such a process would be a boon to the community and project - by keeping the design page attractive and user friendly. If people want to play with alternate page layouts, that is great and can be done better done on alternate design subpages where compromises and choices can be worked out. The wiki free form process on the main design page would be there -- supplemented by some planning subpages for more focused discussion of examples. Doug 01:32, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

I have a problem with calling one of the schools "Professions". Professions can be found in all the other schools!! Also, I feel that Education should be one of the major Schools.--Ningbojoe 06:03, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought the same thing about "professions" when I was editing some of content of that subsection. A more appropriate label for that category will surely pop up sometime. :) Education could be one of the Schools. So could others. I expect the list may grow longer... :) Doug 01:32, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Main page mission statement

 * Create and host open-content, multimedia learning materials and resources, for all age groups in all languages

Isn't this the mission statement for Wikibooks? Is there a link to the resolution from the board? - Amgine 22:11, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, here: Wikimedia Foundation approval of the project
 * The statement you quote reflects part of the mission of Wikiversity. Another major part of the mission is to create learning communities. As I understand it, Wikiversity projects can be partly based on Wikibooks in the same way that Wikibooks are sometimes partly based on Wikipedia articles. However, Wikiversity can be much more than a collection of curricula; it can be a network of learning communities, a creative university/multiversity without walls. --Doug 00:01, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * No. The effective mission of the Wikibooks project is to create textbooks.  A lot of other material people have typed in is routinely archived and deleted or perhaps merely deleted.  I am curious Amgine.  Do you intend to participate here at Wikiversity or do you view yourself as an interested Wikimedia Foundation member playing hall monitor to make sure we conform strictly to the letter of the approved proposal?  Are you a regular at Wikibooks concerned that we may host ebooks and other online materials that Wikibooks declines to host as outside their narror definition of what someone may use as a textbook or learning reference manual?  Mirwin 02:52, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
Due to a wayward idiot, this page (the main page, not the talk page) is now being semi-protected against edits by anonymous users. I would imagine after a couple of weeks when this pages gets settled down that there will be no major reason to continue to edit this page, and it will turn to sysop-only edit protection.

If there are problems that you experience with editing the main page, please drop a line here and let us know what you want to see changed. --Robert Horning 04:32, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Move
Uh, why move this page? It's the *Main Page* :-) Cormaggio 16:00, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I moved it to keep the purposes of the namespaces clear. If the main namespace is meant for learning and research materials, Main Page doesn't really fit into it. -- sebmol ? 16:33, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it is only by historical tradition that wiki main pages are in the main namespace. The idea of having an introductory main page came before the idea of having a project namespace to hold the meta-pages about the project. I support having the main page be in a "meta namespace" such as the wikiversity namespace. Technically, I wonder if the main page should be thought of as a portal. --JWSchmidt 16:39, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * By having Main Page as a redirect, we are automatically making practically everyone entering the project coming into a redirect. I just don't think that's good design. Yes, the main page is many things - a portal, a meta page - but, most importantly, it is an introduction to the project. Why immediately scupper the design of the page by keeping to a strict plan of what a particular namespace is? *No* other project has a redirect from Main Page - and I don't think it's purely an historical thing either. Cormaggio 17:06, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * What redirect? It's fixed. ;-) -- sebmol ? 17:20, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No, I mean, that you see underneath the page title: "Redirected from Main Page" - I just don't think it looks good. Cormaggio 17:29, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * You shouldn't see that anymore. Try entering just the URL or click on the image on the left. It should go straight to Wikiversity:Main Page without redirect. -- sebmol ? 17:30, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, so it is :-) Cormaggio 17:37, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * So it's ok? -- sebmol ? 17:39, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * That redirect sign is back, by the way - not sure if it's something to do with the vandalism.. Cormaggio 07:39, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Maybe the "redirect sign" is seen if you came from Main Page to Main Page. --JWSchmidt 09:10, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * What I mean by the redirect sign is simply the words "redirected from Main Page", which I get when I type http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Main_Page into a browser (or follow that link, which I've bookmarked). I wonder how it is for people coming in on a link from any of our sister projects..? Cormaggio 09:41, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * If they come through http://en.wikiversity.org/ they won't see a Redirect. If on a sister project the link is made like this:, they will also not see the redirect. I would suggest you adjust your browser so that it links to http://en.wikiversity.org/ with nothing after the slash. -- sebmol ? 09:47, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, will do. Back to dissertation-land for me :-) Cormaggio 09:53, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Languages without content
...include Esperanto, Netherlands, and Japanese. Should they be taken off the main page? I don't see any use for them over any other languages that have no content. <IP_ADDRESS> 19:02, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Link to DE
Can you change the link to DE from Deutsch to Deutsch?

I think the second way looks better.

-- MichaelFrey 17:11, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I fixed all of the links from external to internal links. I agree, they look better that way.  I think I messed up the Japanese link, so if anybody knows where in ja.wikibooks the Japanese Wikiversity pages are, it would be appreciated.  --Robert Horning 06:12, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks :-) -- MichaelFrey 18:04, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Welcoming Committee
Do we have a welcoming committee here yet? If not, how should one be started? (Or, alternately, would it be appropriate to start one?) --Qwerty 00:28, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Please start welcoming committee. There is this: --JWSchmidt 21:45, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Welcome page
I've just created Welcome, newcomers and i suggest it be linked to in the Main Page title, just as the other projects are. Can an admin please do this? - Trevor MacInnis 22:31, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. --JWSchmidt 22:41, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

What is up with this skin?
What's up with the rounded edges of this skin? It totally does not fit in with any of the other English Wikimedia projects. It looks plain ridiculous, especially since the rounded edges are not anti-aliased. I believe that it should be changed back to normal. <IP_ADDRESS> 21:41, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Each Wikimedia project determines its look separately. If you do not like the rounded edges, you are free to register and adjust your Monobook.css. -- sebmol ? 21:44, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, so you're the admin who made the change, I see. So instead of actually taking the time to discuss this change with me, you simply say "shut up and make your own exclusive override if you want to". This is terrible! You just made this change because you like it, and you don't seem to care about the fact that square edges have become the standard across almost all Wikimedia projects. What is your reason to do this? What do rounded corners add, besides your personal opinion of design? I am a graphic designer and I cannot fathom what rounded corners could possibly add. All they do is show how utterly clueless browsers are at rendering rounded corners. It's all jaggy and aliased, and there are even a few "gaps" in there. Anyway, if you really like this change, then it's okay to add it as you're legally entitled to do so (as admin) but please at least have the decency to discuss it rather than just telling people to go make their own override. <IP_ADDRESS> 21:48, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I do have the decency to discuss it. But if you're already making the point that it looks "plain ridiculous", what's the point of dicussion? You have not made any contributions to this project yet you feel the need to call something that meets the consensus of the project ridiculous. If you expect AGF, you have to start by asking, not judging. -- sebmol ? 21:53, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * P.S. Rounded corners do exist in Wikimedia projects, Wikiversity is certainly not the only one. It's also been around for a few days without anybody complaining. Rather the opposite. -- sebmol ? 21:53, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I just gave you plenty of reasons if you'll read my previous message.
 * Jaggy edges
 * Bad browser support
 * Not the standard (consistency is important for Mediawiki as a whole)
 * Not the way the Monobook skin was meant to look
 * I have not contributed to this project yet (I did vote for it to be started, though) but I believe that there is no problem with me pointing out what I believe to be a problem of this site. In a way, that is contributing as well. Also, you tell me one single other English Wikimedia project that also has rounded edges. There are none. This was my point. I realize there are non-English Wikimedia projects that do. I also cannot see how this decision can prevail in the long run, seen as how the other Wikimedia projects are much larger than this one, and any attempt to add rounded corners there would immediately be rejected via the Snowball clause. <IP_ADDRESS> 21:58, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * you are right, they are ugly. Still, that's not the end of the world, or even this project. If this is going to fly, there will be more than enough people to talk it over anyway, at length (and as soon as there are, the round corners will go out the window of course), and if it isn't, nobody will care about it anyway. <IP_ADDRESS> 22:38, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't even know what these rounded corners are - I've never seen any difference between all other WMF projects. What skin are you talking about? But please, whoever you are, don't get discouraged from discussing changes - for general issues, please bring them up on the Colloquium. Thanks. Cormaggio 12:05, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Cormaggio, view the wiki in a Mozilla-based browser like Firefox. You'll see that the global CSS has been edited to force tab and box corners to be rounded, among other things. robchurch | talk 12:10, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

If you don't like the rounded corners
You can have the default square ones instead by adding the following lines to your monobook.css: .pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright:0em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright:0em; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a { -moz-border-radius-topleft:0em; -moz-border-radius-topright:0em; }
 * 2) content { -moz-border-radius-bottomleft:0em; }

– Gurch 10:54, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

BTW, Internet Explorer ignores "-moz-" declarations anyway because they are Mozilla experimental stuff. That's why they start with "-moz-". I don't use IE myself and don't mind a bit of Mozilla activism. Just FYI, :-) Rogerhc 19:44, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Move main page content to subpages?
I think there is too much information on the front page: 4 screen fulls.

I reorganized some of the content on the main page. We could reduce content by putting the "Services" section (which is too long for front page) and moving the "Background and Proposals" section to separate pages. Then, we can put links on the front page to those. This would get down to about 3 screen fulls. Reswik 01:46, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I made the edits suggested here and created the 2 new subpages. I think this improves the front page. With editing work, I think the presentation of the information on the subpages will much improve. Reswik 03:49, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the morphing and move of the "Background and Proposals" main page sub-section into a new History of Wikiversity page (linked on main page) has some potential for generating insight and involvement. It only needs a good intro and a story line. Reswik 04:04, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

New page layout?
This looks better: User:Trevor MacInnis/MainPage, hit it on a random page--<IP_ADDRESS> 21:41, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Not sure. I think some of the elements of this revised page are interesting but the bold orange colors and rounded graphics don't appeal to my eye. Reswik 01:46, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I've changes to more muted colors, is that any better? - Trevor MacInnis 15:15, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This looks better. I like some of the ways you have rearranged things. Other things probably could be adjusted. Some suggestions -->

Suggestions for your draft page:
 * Move the sister projects back down to horizontal bar at bottom.
 * Replace the round corners with square ones
 * Drop the entire services section and just have a link -- too much content
 * Put Other areas above Library and rename Other areas to something like "Communications and Community"
 * Try a version without the little icons in the middle column. not sure abou those.

This is good work. I wonder what others think. Thanks, Reswik 15:54, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Ps. I was thinking today that it would be interesting to turn the main page text blocks into templates. Then we might be able to design different skins, fitting in the templates (with a few template alternates perhaps) as needed. Then, the skins can be options for viewing the current template content. What do you think? Heck, folks could design their own skins and portals -- many of them. We could vote on what skin to be default at any one time. Reswik 23:55, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I've implemented your comments, and the text block skin is basically what I'm doing with the page (see:Template:TrevorMainPageBox). - Trevor MacInnis 03:18, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I did not like it at first. It was a bit garish to my eye and I could not easily find stuff I was previously using.  I noticed that after I systematically located the old links I was depending on knowing where they were then the whole thing settled in nicely.  The old one looks drab now! lol  Nice work!  Mirwin 06:56, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think this is a very nice design. Let's implement the text block templates so we can have option to use more than one skin -- if no one objects -- guess we can go back if they do.  With more tweaking and polish, I think the very plain current design and your colorful and creative design can both improve further. However, I think we could upload your design now without a vote, if no one objects. I think I'll mention that as a 24 hour thing for feedback. OK? Reswik 18:06, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Ooops, I think the other language versions of Wikiversity were left out of your design (unless I missed them). But, those are easy enough to add. I'm doing so at bottom of your design page. Below, I made a new post to call for approval to upload your design soon. Reswik 18:17, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * A non-table Layout: click here

Motto?
Are we going to create an equivalent of the catchy-but-cheesy-yet-perhaps-useful slogan that they have in Wikipedia? Yes, I am talking about a “Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit” kind of thing. An obvious advantage of something like that is to remove some of the pressure already placed on defying the mission of wikiversity. Maybe a combination of a good graphic logo, a banner along the lines of “the free encyclopedia”, and a promotional slogan just like “that anyone can edit” could help in clarifying what this thing is all about. After all, many universities out there have silly Latin mottos and they even put them on t-shirts. Perhaps we should include banner proposals in the logo contest. What do you think?Aldenis 23:56, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Refine Wikiversity mission <--> Develop slogan/motto. We are working on the first step of this here -- the idea is first to refine our mission statement, from which and on the basis of which then we will all together try various slogans/mottos:  Wikiversity mission.  But, perhaps this is to complex. Refining  might be something we can do in tandem (hence the double arrow above <-->) -- perhaps by writing up a bunch of very short mission statements and then both translating those into slogans and refining mission through insights. Whatever works! Feel free to dive in there to try that... I was thinking of inviting people to lob short missions/slogans onto that page. Reswik 00:24, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

A suggestion for Wikiversity motto "Opening minds through open learning". Mos87

 * Howabout: "Reasonably free thinking, freely pursued." or "Free thinkers learn free." or "Pursue free thinking freely." or we could request Wikibooks find a new and use theirs: "Learn free, think free." or to further confuse the ongoing "but what is Wikiversity exactly" issue we could go with: "Think freely, but learn free."  or howabout:  "Free wiki mentors, learn freely."  Mirwin 07:13, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, the revise the mission page is not working so far -- so perhaps we need a motto contest page, as suggested in the post below. Reswik 13:33, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Motto and slogan contest
Please list your suggestions for mottos and slogans here: Motto and slogan contest.

The short motto will go with our logo (yet to be chosen) for listing on wikimedia sister projects. The slogan or descriptive phrase will go on the top of our main page with "Welcome to Wikiversity."

A simple contest process is suggested:
 * list as many mottos and slogans as you wish
 * add *one* vote for one motto and one slogan
 * feel free to change vote and add mottos at any time.
 * winners are the motto and the slogan with strong majority of votes. (there may need to be a run off if a strong majority is not achieved).
 * voting ends in 15 days: 5:00 pm GMT September 7, 2006.

We may use ideas from the motto and slogan contest to help refine the Wikiversity mission. Feel free to post mission statement revisions there too. --Reswik 13:32, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

What's the aim of Wikiversity?
I don't understand, what is the difference between Wikiversity and Wikibooks? Under Wikiversity/Modified project proposal I learn, that it is about learning about a topic (Wikiversity) and reading about a topic (Wikibooks). But this "difference" seems a bit made-up to me. Wikibooks at the moment features the book Movie Making Manual. A how-to on movie making. What would be the difference to a course "film making" or "movie making" on Wikiversity? Okay, I see that a Wikiversity maybe would have a slightly other focus on some aspects, but is it useful to create two independant projects? I can't think, that this was not a topic already before, so please point me to the discussion (but if it is a typical endless wiki discussion, I would be happy if you could give an outline of the main arguments, that were crucial to the decide). --<IP_ADDRESS> 19:55, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Just take some time here and relax for a moment. Yes, this was a major criticism to the proposal, although if you look at b:Wikibooks:Votes for deletion/Wikiversity you will see at least some of the justifications to delete Wikiversity in the first place, and also see some replies and rebuttals at Wikiversity/Vote/en.  This is certainly an issue that has been rehashed multiple times and deserves FAQ level answers.  --Robert Horning 23:34, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Compare What is Wikibooks to Wikiversity project proposal. The content of Wikibooks is textbooks. The content of Wikiversity does not include textbooks. --JWSchmidt 03:11, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It is of course possible to fork an FDL book and add features that the Wikibook's project has decided it will not allow authors to use.  For example, extensive links within text materials.  They  have decided they wish to be closer to formal textbooks easy to make print ready than online sets of notes.  Extensive problem sets or quizzes.  In line clickable animation or audio or analysis programs or other electronic extenstions available to a properly equipped computer via data on same CD or the internet.  An example would be an enginneering text with clickable access to stress/thermal analysis finite element packages or other numerical methods.  Mirwin 02:48, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

MIT has a program known as OCW(Open Course Ware) which provides course materials online for nearly all of the courses currently offered at MIT and for a select few courses even includes video lectures. I was wondering if anyone was aware of whether or not it would be possible to integrate these already available resources into the Wikiversity project? I feel that it would be a waste of time, that could be better spent on improving and supplementing these resources, to recreate them. Mos87

 * It is unfortunate but MIT's OCW program is under a special MIT license that is incompatible with the GNU FDL we are using. MIT is giving away the free use of the material via the Internet.  It is not allowing others to download and modify the materials as they see fit.  We can however use the materials at MIT for research and then include any distilled understanding of the subject gained here at Wikiverisity as long as the user is careful to use his own wording, examples, creativity to express the understanding gained at MIT's web site. Mirwin 06:44, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Why cannot Wikiversity give a certificate or start a certificate or diploma program on its own? The students can view the content, read it, download books, after that the exams should be conducted. That is what I feel Rich_richie

New banner graphic
There are 4 white guys (yes?) in the banner at the top of the main page:. That won't do. Please fix. --Doug 03:52, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. And one of them is holding a big stick and pointing his finger :-) Thanks for raising this, Doug. Cormaggio 10:35, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think it's a quill, rather than a stick - but I still advocate a better image for the main page - something more along the lines of "learning together". Cormaggio 11:22, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe a simple stylized image of a galaxy would work -- this being in part a metaphor for many bright lights shining and living together and also a metaphor for exploring the universe? Until a banner more representative and less male and euro-centric (which only fits maybe 10% of the global population) is created, is a banner needed? Is one needed at all? Also, I question the use of a graduation hat as the WV logo if the statement of what WV is not includes not granting degrees. Perhaps a galaxy could be a logo option for WV. Doug 13:24, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh yes, the logo is wrong - I just put something there as a placeholder (to replace Wikipedia's logo, which was there originally), with the full intention of opening a logo contest to decide our real identity :-). There have already been a few suggestions - so maybe we should get going on it soon - I know my girlfriend is keen to have a go. As for the banner image, no, we don't need one - though images are useful - I'll pooch around for something better.. Cormaggio 16:14, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yah, some graphic or photo would be nice up top. What you have now is better. It might be hard to find a banner that makes everyone happy by various criteria. A pluralistic option: Perhaps we could rotate (even automate the rotation) of the top graphic amongst a dozen or two dozen photos (or more) of people from different cultures in schooling/learning/research contexts -- one could have a blurb about the inclusive nature of wikiversity and reaching out to many contexts -- off and online. A logo contest soon sounds good. Doug 16:45, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Interesting. How do we know they are "white"?  My impression was Spanish from about the 1600s.  Conquistadors learning how to get to the "New World".  By all means pick something politically correct for China and North Korea.   Maybe a CD or IC under the arm of a scholar escaping from Alexandria burning?  Maybe the scholar could be plugging a light fiber into the internet?  Mirwin 02:58, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps someone knows the identities of the persons in the orginal picture but I couldn't be sure -- that is why I wrote "yes?" with a question mark above. We can't be sure they are all guys either -- another reason I wrote "yes?". But, something that looks like it could be 4 white people who happen to be all guys (yes? no?) sends the wrong message. I hope we have a community process to develop and pick a graphic. Doug 01:42, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

I'll have to say that this is something that needs to be fixed again, as the current image is something that is for a classroom in South Africa and it doesn't make it all that clear. Of course, we could do a "rotating" image that would have something from different regions of the world that would rotate in and out depending on the day of the week. That might show a little more diversity anyway. Kinda like the "pic of the day" images. --Robert Horning 04:18, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I see this as early ranging fire lacking proven ballistic analog computers. A few more attempts and we should start tweaking newcomer's interests .... say that could me in that picture! Mirwin 06:47, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Logo
Lose the "Beta" from the logo. Wiki-based projects are by definition never finished, so "beta" labels are unnecessary. (We might as well label all the projects "beta" if they were). Also, I'm sure there must be a better colour than bright blue to use for the name. Black, or Wikimedia grey, perhaps? – Gurch 10:39, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The board decided, that this project is in beta mode for 6 months so we can't really just get rid of it. The logo is indeed not the best one I've ever seen; we're planning on having a logo competition soon however. -- sebmol ? 11:00, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Can someone please organise this logo contest? Meta Logo is probably the best place. Thanks. (FWIW, I agree that the current logo is bad - for more reasons than just the colours.) Oh, and yes, the "beta" should be there for the beginning, as it was for Wikinews in its beta phase. Also agreed that the same could still be done for Wikipedia ;-) Cormaggio 12:00, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've changed the logo (with a bit of help) - though this should not stop us from making a new one. Please continue... Cormaggio 12:50, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Those colours are definitely better – thanks Cormaggio. A logo design discussion is now underway at Wikiversity/logo, submit any ideas there – Gurch 12:26, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Portal Addition
I created a Fine Arts portal, and since the schools'll have (at the very least shells) functioning pages as soon as I get my 4 hours of sleep, I was wondering if someone with the access wouldn't mind putting the portal up amongst the other schools on the main page. +Bozaloshtsh 08:38, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * done - Trevor MacInnis 16:06, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Great, thanks. +Bozaloshtsh 16:19, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

ERROR on front page
I registered for an account but cannot edit the front page. There is an error in the link to subscribe to the wikiversity mailing list. The URL should be: http://mail.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikiversity-l

p.s. I created the first draft of the Wikiversity front page like two years ago. I had to quit working on it while I finished my phd, but I'm glad this project finally got approved and I hope to contribute to it. DouglasHolton 16:44, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I fixed it. Thanks for the hint. I'm looking forward to your contributions. -- sebmol ? 18:29, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Unlock the Main page
Greetings all! I think we need to make the Main page more immediately visually accessible - in other words, what Wikiversity is and what you can do there. I'm not such a whizz at Mediawiki design, so I'd appreciate any help in making a better page layout. I can then help with adding and creating links.. Cormaggio 12:30, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Main page (lowercase p) should be the name of Wikiversity's Main page. --Rogerhc 19:09, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Wikiversity page naming conventions suggest Main page, not Main Page. Someone with admin status please make page lowercase.
 * 2) Wikiversity's front door belongs at the front -- in the main namespace -- not burried in the Wikiversity: namespace. Someone with admin status please make it so.

Is it really necessary to protect the main page in its first few days of existence? --Fang Aili talk 17:20, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I just undid it, but it should probably be redone tonight whenever the last admin goes to bed. Right now there are plenty around to take care of any vandalism that may happen. -- sebmol ? 17:23, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. --Fang Aili talk 17:24, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Main Page/Design could be used for edits. This idea is discussed in Page organization subsection below. Doug 19:37, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Unlock the Main Page please. Alternatively, please give me admin power so that I can edit it. Thanks. --Rogerhc 00:50, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * What's wrong with it? The main page is open for editing by all users, but the pieces are templated in from other locations.--Rayc 00:57, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for pointing this out; I hadn't thought of that. I am satisfied to edit the relevant template and can find it. I'd like to move some pages so that their titles follow the lowercase second and subsequent words, except proper nouns naming convention and update links to them in the template. If the templates are not locked I will do so another day. Ran out of time today. Thanks! :-) Rogerhc 06:25, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Why do you want to do that? -- sebmol ? 08:04, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * See Wikiversity_talk:Naming_conventions for why. :-) Rogerhc 18:44, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry but I don't agree with that reasoning. Personally, I prefer title case because it's what people are used to when reading titles. That may not be a very strong argument but neither are the ones for lower case that I've seen at that page. Anyway, I'm also not a fan of someone writing a rule that differs from convention and subsequently referring to it as the basis for changing things. Nor do I find it particularly appealing to run around policing page titles and section headings. -- sebmol ? 21:37, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't see why it has a title at all. The main page at wikipedia is a special page that doesn't even have a title.--Rayc 23:15, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, it does but it's hidden through some clever scripting. Is that done at any other Wikimedia project besides en-WP? -- sebmol ? 07:33, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Images on Main page
Can we protect the image that is on the main page as well? --HappyCamper 17:38, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Image:Discoveryclassroom.jpg -- I like this woman and girl at a computer image on the Main page. Thanks for putting it up! Very nice. --Rogerhc 05:05, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Image:Missione_del_Guaricano-bimbi_a_scuola.jpg -- This one is great, too. Nice work. --Rogerhc 23:25, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I've changed some other ones (ie Image:ScienceOlympiad.jpg and Image:Learning bongos.jpg), mainly because I felt that the ones that I replaced (Image:Computer lab showing desktop PCs warwick.jpg and Image:Internetcafe.png) didn't reflect learning of any kind. I'd also prefer to find a 'better' lecturer than the founder of IKEA for Friday's image, but maybe that's just my non-business personality talking... Cormaggio 10:40, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Should we have images that "reflect learning of any kind" on the main page of Wikiversity? Wikiversity is about using computer-based technology to support learning. An image showing people using comuters makes me think of online learning by Wikiversity participants. I have been trying to keep a record of past and current main page images. --JWSchmidt 12:56, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The images I replaced were of 1) an empty room of computers (ie no people, no learning), and 2) an image of an internet cafe (where the content on the computers looked a bit more like gaming than learning). Now, obviously, gaming can include learning and vice versa, and people can learn (formally and informally) whilst in internet cafes, but I just didn't (personally) feel that it was a good image for someone to see, in an image, what Wikiversity was about. Maybe a better image from an internet cafe might be better? But, anyway, thanks for keeping that list - that's useful. Cormaggio 20:51, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Main Page/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Bruno (beach soccer)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Bruno Malias. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120328144038/http://cbbsbrasil.com.br/selecao-brasileira/jogadores/bruno-malias/?TB_iframe=true&height=300&width=500 to http://cbbsbrasil.com.br/selecao-brasileira/jogadores/bruno-malias/?TB_iframe=true&height=300&width=500

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:08, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bruno (beach soccer)


text:
Vincent Valentine Ezeonyia

Vincent Valentine Eguchukwu Ezeonyia (5 April 1941 – 8 February 2015) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

Ordained to the priesthood in 1968, Ezeonyia was appointed the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Aba, Nigeria in 1990. He died while still in office.

title: Vincent Valentine Ezeonyia


text:
Peyk-i Şevket-class cruiser

The Peyk-i Şevket class was a pair of torpedo cruisers built for the Ottoman Navy by the German shipyard Germaniawerft in 1906–1907. The class comprised two ships: OTTOMAN CRUISER Peyk-i Şevket and OTTOMAN CRUISER Berk-i Satvet. They were ordered as part of a program to modernize the Ottoman fleet at the turn of the century. The ships were small vessels, at only 775 MT; they were nevertheless heavily armed for their size, with three torpedo tubes and a pair of 105 mm guns along with several smaller weapons.

Neither ship saw action during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, as Peyk-i Şevket had been interned in Suez and Berk-i Satvet spent the war confined to the Sea of Marmara with the main Ottoman fleet. Both ships took a more active role in the Balkan Wars, frequently providing gunfire to support to Ottoman troops in East Thrace. During World War I, both ships served in the Black Sea, where they conducted patrols, escorted convoys, and attacked Russian ports. In January 1915, Berk-i Satvet was mined off the Bosporus, and seven months later, Peyk-i Şevket was torpedoed by the British submarine HMS E11 in the Sea of Marmara. Both ships were repaired and returned to service by 1918.

After the end of the war, both ships were kept in service with the new Turkish Navy, with lengthy overhauls in the mid-1920s. Both ships were extensively modernized in the late 1930s, and they remained in service to 1944, when they were finally decommissioned. Both vessels were ultimately broken up in the early 1950s.

Design
The Peyk-i Şevket class was classified as a torpedo cruiser by the Ottoman Navy, but was also sometimes referred to as a torpedo gunboat. The two ships were authorized in 1903, and were ordered from the Krupp-owned Germaniawerft shipyard in Germany, as part of a deal to modernize the elderly ironclad OTTOMAN IRONCLAD Âsâr-ı Tevfik. The two cruisers were part of a naval reconstruction program that began in the late 1890s, following the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, in which the Ottoman fleet had been unable to play an active role.

Characteristics
The ships were 80.1 m long, with a beam of 8.4 m and a draft of 4.6 m. They displaced 775 LT while on sea trials. By 1938, their displacement had increased to 850 LT. The ships were fitted with two pole masts, the foremast just aft of the conning tower and the main mast further aft. The forecastle deck extended to the base of the forward funnel, and the quarterdeck was stepped down aft of the mainmast. They were steel-hulled ships and carried no armor protection. Their crew numbered 125 officers and enlisted men as completed, and it had risen to 145 by 1915.

The ships were powered by a pair of vertical triple-expansion engines each driving a screw propeller. Their four coal-fired Schulz water-tube boilers, manufactured by Germaniawerft, were trunked into two funnels. The engines were rated at 5100 ihp for a top speed of 21 kn, though on trials they reached 22 kn. By 1915, poor maintenance and heavy use had reduced their speed to 18 kn. The Peyk-i Şevket-class ships had storage capacity for 244 MT of coal, which provided a cruising radius of 3240 nmi.

The two Peyk-i Şevket-class cruisers' primary offensive armament was their three 450 mm torpedo tubes. One was mounted in the bow, above water, and the other two were in deck-mounted swivel launchers amidships. They were armed with a pair of 105 mm quick-firing 40-caliber guns that were placed in shielded single mounts on the forecastle and quarterdeck. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, they also carried six 57 mm 40-caliber guns, four of which were mounted in sponsons, a pair of 37 mm guns, and two machine guns.

Modifications
Both ships were rebuilt in the late 1930s and incorporated substantial improvements. Both stem and stern were rebuilt, with a new raked bow. Their superstructure was also reconstructed. The old gun armament was replaced with a pair of 88 mm 45-caliber guns and four 37 mm 40-caliber guns, and Berk-i Satvet received equipment to handle 25 naval mines.

Service history

Both ships saw extensive service with the Ottoman fleet over the course of the decade following their arrival in November 1907. They took part in the first fleet maneuver conducted by the fleet in over twenty years in 1909. Neither ship saw action during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, as Peyk-i Şevket had been interned at British-controlled Suez at the outbreak of war, and Berk-i Satvet was stationed with the reserve fleet in the Sea of Marmara, which did not risk confrontation with the significantly stronger Italian fleet. Both ships saw combat during the First Balkan War in 1913, primarily in supporting Ottoman forces ashore in East Thrace. The ships provided gunfire support to the Ottoman army holding the Çatalca line in defense of the capital at Constantinople. Berk-i Satvet also took part in two brief skirmishes with the Greek Navy.

The Ottoman Empire joined World War I in November 1914; Peyk-i Şevket and Berk-i Satvet primarily operated in the Black Sea against the Russian Black Sea Fleet. They frequently patrolled the Ottoman coast, particularly off the Bosporus, and escorted convoys to western Anatolia. On one of these convoy operations in January 1915, Berk-i Satvet struck a mine that wrecked her stern. She was towed back to Constantinople and repaired, returning to service in 1918. Peyk-i Şevket returned to the Sea of Marmara during the Dardanelles Campaign in 1915, where she carried munitions to the defending Ottoman forces. On 6 August, she was torpedoed by the British submarine HMS E11 and was badly damaged, with repairs lasting until 1917. Both ships were used as convoy escorts in the Black Sea in the final year of the war.

The Treaty of Sèvres that ended the war assigned one of the vessels to Portugal as war reparations, but the subsequent Turkish War of Independence nullified that agreement and ended with the Treaty of Lausanne in 1924, which allowed the new Turkish republic to retain its fleet. The two cruisers were retained by the new Turkish Navy and their names were shortened to Peyk and Berk. Lengthy overhauls followed, in 1924–1925 for Berk and 1927–1929 for Peyk. They were modernized a decade later, in 1936–1938 for Peyk and 1937–1939 for Berk. The ships remained in service until 1944, when they were stricken from the naval register and laid up at the Gölcük Naval Shipyard before being scrapped after 1953.

title: Peyk-i Şevket-class cruiser


text:
Wheeler Springs, California

Wheeler Springs is an unincorporated community that grew around a set of sulphurated hot springs in Ventura County, California. It is located 6 miles north of the Ojai Valley, within Los Padres National Forest. It is named for Wheeler Blumberg, who founded the town in 1891, and the many natural hot springs.

Wheeler Springs is most known for its former resort, natural hot springs and for previously being home to the smallest post office in the U.S. It is also where TV personality Art Linkletter opened the theme park Kiddyland Park. Wheeler Springs is home to numerous campgrounds, including Wheeler Gorge Campground by Matilija Creek, as well as multiple hiking trails and open-space nature areas.

Etymology
Wheeler Springs is named for Wheeler C. Blumberg, who acquired government land surrounding the hot springs. Blumberg discovered the hot springs here in 1890 when he was out on a hunting trip. He shot a deer which fell into a ravine. When Blumberg climbed into the canyon, he discovered hot sulphur springs and cold mountain water springs.

History
The first people to inhabit Wheeler Springs was the Chumash. during the Mission period, Wheeler Springs was home to a Chumash village known as Sisxulkuy. It is often assumed that hot springs in Wheeler Springs were sacred to the Chumash people, although there are no archeological evidence to confirm this.

Resort
The Wheeler's Hot Springs resort is located in Wheeler Springs. The founder of the resort, Wheeler Blumberg, established the resort in 1891. It had 14 rental cabins, a swimming pool, bar, and more. In May, 1907, Blumberg locked himself in a room and began shooting through the walls. Blumberg was arrested by a posse and placed in a straitjacket and a padded cell in Ventura. He died the following day at age 43. Webb Wilcox, Blumberg's son-in-law, became the new owner and renamed it Wheeler Hot Springs. California government geologists reported in 1917:

"A group of three warm springs flows out of clay banks on both sides of the creek. The larger of the three, consisting of about 11 small springs within a radius of a few feet, has a temperature of 100 F and flows about 35 USgal per minute. This is piped to a swimming tank. The other two springs (Bucket Spring and Genoveva Spring) have temperatures of 62 F and 75 F respectively, each flowing about 2 USgal per minute. They are used for drinking purposes. A resort has been conducted here since 1890, open throughout the year, with hotel and cottage accommodations for several hundred people. Electric lights are supplied by a 25-h.p. motor run by a small water-power plant."

The resort operated throughout the 1900s, but closed in 1997. It offered fishing, hunting, swimming, camping, trail riding and dancing and was often visited by Johnny Cash during the 1960s, when Cash resided in nearby Casitas Springs.

There was also a Wheeler Cold Springs, circa 1915, located in Sespe Canyon, that offered seasonal accommodations for hunters and fishermen.

Post office
Wheeler Springs Post Office was established by Webb Wilcox next door to Webb Wilcox Cafe in the mid-1930s. The shack, no larger than a phone booth, was designated by Ripley's Believe it or Not as the smallest post office in America. It was opened after the completion of the Maricopa Highway, which connected the Ojai Valley to the town of Maricopa in Kern County. The community lost its post office status in 1962. The post office was located at 16850 Maricopa Highway. It burned down in December 2017 during the Thomas Fire.

Geography

Wheeler Springs is located 5.5 miles north of the Ojai Valley and is situated within Los Padres National Forest. It is located next to Maricopa Highway. Tall mountain peaks, including Nordhoff Ridge, border the village in all directions. It is a mountain community which sits along the North Fork of Matilija Creek. During rainy winters, a waterfall near the highway splashes down into the creek. Creekbeds which cross the highway may contain deep water, making crossing difficult.

The community is situated north of the Topatopa Mountains, east of the Santa Ynez Mountains, and south of the San Rafael Mountains. There are natural mineral water springs, both hot and cold. The hot springs have a temperature of 102 F.

Wheeler Springs is in a rugged, mountainous landscape surrounded by giant oak trees. It is located 100 miles from Los Angeles, 19 miles north of Ventura and 7 miles north of Ojai. California State Route 33 (Maricopa Highway) passes through the village.

Geology
Wheeler Springs is located in a narrow, deeply incised canyon known as Wheeler Gorge, which is eroded by the North Fork of Matilija Creek and cuts through the Santa Ynez-Topatopa Range in northern Ventura County. The canyon is so narrow that three tunnels and an additional three bridges had to be constructed for Maricopa Highway to be built. The North Fork of Matilija Creek joins the main river (Matilija Creek) just south of Wheeler Springs in nearby Ojala, California. From Ojala it drains southward via the Ventura River to the coast.

Recreation
Wheeler Springs is home to Wheeler Gorge Campground and a variety of hiking trails in the Los Padres National Forest.

Hiking Trails

 * Wheeler Gorge Nature Trail: A 0.75-mile loop was built by the Youth Conservation Corps in 1979. The trail follows the North Fork of the Matilija Creek.
 * North Matilija Trail: A 2.6-mile roundtrip loop to nearby Matilija Campground. It ascends the Upper North Fork of Marilija Creek and passes through four nearby campgrounds: Marilija, Middle Marilija, Upper Marilija and Maple.

title: Wheeler Springs, California


text:
User:Marker~enwikibooks

Marker
I am a Ph.D. student in Mathematics at Brandeis University. I am interested in contributing some time and effort to the various math books here, whenever I find sufficient time to do so (which is unfortunately rare).

title: User:Marker~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Priest (writer)

CP?
since CP is a column in her bibliography, along with acronyms like BG and BL, wouldn't it be ideal to include some sort of legend informing readers what they stand for? 2607:FEA8:AA1D:6B00:F0E7:7BCB:F9C7:54D4 (talk) 06:26, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I have removed the entire column of "CP" from the table of works. I do not believe the specific sexual orientation of romances in each of her works is an important detail to the average Wikipedia reader. Mintopop (talk) 17:46, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Priest (writer)


text:
Huruma

Huruma is a low-income residential estate located in the northeast of Nairobi, the capital of Kenya. It borders Kariobangi and Dandora to the east, Moi Air Base to the south, Mathare to the north to west and Eastleigh to the southwest.

In April 2016, during Kenya's rainy season, a building collapse in Huruma resulted in the deaths of 52 people. The building's owner, Samuel Karanja Kamau, was charged with manslaughter.

Notable residents

 * George Hussein Onyango Obama - half-brother of US President with his nephew Ali Abubakar Otieno Barack Obama

title: Huruma


text:
Talk:Gaelic games in Western Canada

Changes
I put a short note about the wcc and the wdb. Both rightly need an article by them seems but doubling up the content in this article isn't needed (Gnevin 19:16, 11 August 2006 (UTC))

title: Talk:Gaelic games in Western Canada


text:
Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Nietzsche Scratch Page

Historical Introduction to Philosophy/General Introduction

This is my Scratch Page for Nietzsche. User:MaryCordova

So far I've not read a lot (anything) about Nietzsche's ideas. What I have come across so far is that Nietzsche was somewhat of a poet and many philosophers (especially Plato via Socrates) did not care for poets whatsoever. Because of Nietzsche's style it has taken a long time for his ideas (whatever they are) to be accepted as philosophical. I have just started to get into some ideas about form and content (or meaning) being separate entities when it comes to philosophical writing and discourse. Some feel that form and meaning can be divorced from each other while others feel that the proper weight given to form can provide insight for the content.

I have decided to pause in my reading of this particular book in order to read some biographical information on Nietzsche. I think it would also be beneficial to me to read some general overview of Nietzsche's work before I am capable of analyzing his form and content. Only then will I be prepared to make a decision on the form/content issue.

I was somewhat surprised at how much poetry was degraded and art in general considered worthless by early philosophers (according to the book I have been reading anyway). It is generally considered that "all work and no play makes jack a dull boy".

So, I have read the introductions to several books now (no content). There is an idea that I would like to present in my presentation. That is that because of Niet style and the difficulty in picking out his thought many groups all along the fanatical spectrum have been able to 'mold' Niet to their purposes. This in seen in the Nazis use of Niet writings as well as the use by the author of "Niet and Christianity" to argue Niet support of Christianity (which I have not yet ruled out). "An anthologist can easily re-create Niet in his own image, even as writiers of the lives of Jesus... Niet has attracted crackpots and villains, but perhaps the percentage is no higher than in the case of Jesus". (Portable Niet p1-2)

One of the interesting things about Niet as an author is that each of his works is an extension of the earlier ones. They can of course be read alone but to grasp the full meaning of his body of work they should be viewed collectively. This is something that seems to be, if not rare, certainly not the norm.

I was thinking today of how things generally seem to be either Platonic in origin or Aristotelian in conjuntion with the mind/body problem. I was thinking that I describe myself as a linear/empirical type of thinker. I was wondering if the reason that every time a Platonic theory makes a splash somebody comes back with an Aristotelian view has not so much to do with whether one is right and the other wrong but that maybe the ideas one subscribes too are impacted by the way their physiological brain works. I hate Platonic Forms and Rationalism. I am almost OCD when it comes to orderliness and organization which are essentially Aristotelian categories.

Back to Niet. It is interesting to note that in Niets period the term genius was fairly innovative. Genius was said to be a quality where one not only expanded current thought but actaully broke the bounds and crated new thought. A genius was a person who could actually create their own world rather than conform to what the world told them was real. Genius was seen as innate and usually associated with creative people. Niet was not exceptionally gifted. He was not what we would now call a prodigy. In his subconscious quest for a father figure he latched on to 2 known genius contemporaries: Goethe and Wagner. Consciously striving to pattern his life after theirs niet actually made himself into a genius. This took an exceptional drive and work ethic.

interestingly, i now know, having watched a documentary on heavy metal, that wagner is pronounced vagner.

Mary Cordova Re: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche

BIOGRAPHY: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born in 1844 on the birthday of King Friedrich Wilhelm, for w2hom the child was named. Nietzsche’s parents were Karl and Franziska Nietzsche. Nietzsche’s father, as well as both of his grandfathers, was Lutheran Pastors. In fact, more than 20% of Nietzsche’s male ancestors were in the ministry. It seems that, from the moment of Nietzsche’s birth, his future was predetermined. However, Nietzsche’s father died when Nietzsche was only 5 and it may be that this is what allowed Nietzsche to stray from the theological path.

Nietzsche grew up the only male in a house full of women. In constant search of a male role model Nietzsche latched on to the ideology of the ‘genius’. Nietzsche was exposed to the works of men like Byron, Goethe, Mozart, Schiller, and Rousseau. Most important to Nietzsche were two men; Schopenhauer and Wagner.

Schopenhauer is the thinker to which Nietzsche would become first a disciple and then an antagonist, and, although we consider Nietzsche an intellectual, his second biggest influence is the composer Wagner. Nietzsche was a person of many interests and he was long in finding himself. Throughout his education he led a double life; that of the academic publicly and of the artist privately. It is not until Nietzsche’s debut as a philosopher that he was able to synthesize his seemingly paradoxical natures.

In 1869 Nietzsche was appointed Professor of Philology in the Swiss city-state of Basel. He was 23. Nietzsche, however, was not terribly excited. Even before this appointment Nietzsche had begun to loathe the austerity under which Philology was practiced. Nietzsche’s first work, The Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music published in 1872, brings together all the disparate pieces of Nietzsche’s character. It is an artfully philosophic piece whose subject matter is Ancient Greece and yet it contains a scathing rebuke of Philology. This is the beginning of “Nietzsche”.

LIST OF WORKS: This list is incomplete but should be sufficient for all but the disciple of Nietzsche. 1. The Birth of Tragedy, 1872 2. The Untimely Meditations, 1873-6 3. Human, All Too Human, 1878 4. The Dawn, 1881 5. The Gay Science, 1882, 1887 6. Thus Spoke Zarathustra, 1883-5 7. Beyond Good and Evil, 1886 8. On the Genealogy of Morals, 1887 9. The Case of Wagner, 1888 10. Twilight of the Idols, 1888 11. The Antichrist, 1888 12. Ecce Homo, 1888 13. Nietzsche contra Wagner, 1888 14. The Will to Power and Other Posthumous Collections

INFLUENCES: As mentioned before, Nietzsche’s biggest influences were men of genius, particularly Schopenhauer and Wagner. Nietzsche himself came to be thought of as a genius and influenced the minds of blah, blah, blah.

PHILOSOPHICAL (IN)FAMY: 1. God is dead. 2. The Music Practicing Socrates/Socrates as Villain of Western Civilization 3. Inspiring the Nazis 4.

SYNOPSIS OF THOUGHT: "Philosophical systems are wholly true only for their founders.  For all subsequent philosophers they usually seem one great mistake..."

The Birth of Tragedy: Nietzsche's first work and an expression of contempt for his profession. As a philologist, one who studies the past for the sake of the past, Nietzsche's study of historical Greek tragedy to emphasize contemporary problems and then propose a soultion was seen as a mockery of his profession. It is also indicative of his constant inability to conform to, or choose just, one path.


text:
Luis González (footballer, born 1999)

Luis Ángel González Torres (born 7 November 1999) is a Venezuelan footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.

Club career
González played at Caracas during his adolescence, before joining Atlético Venezuela later. He played his way up through to the first team in 2018, getting his debut in a 3-2 defeat on 27 January 2018 against Deportivo Lara at the age of 18. He made five appearances in the Venezuelan Primera División, before he was loaned out to Chicó de Guayana for six months to continue his development. He returned for the 2019 season but wasn't taken into count, before he left Atlético.

In January 2020, González moved to Venezuelan Segunda División side Deportivo Petare. As of July 2021, he was still playing for the club. Ahead of the 2023 season, the club changed name to Deportivo Miranda. González left Deportivo Miranda at the end of the 2023 season.

title: Luis González (footballer, born 1999)


text:
-ak

Etymology
From.

Usage notes

 * -ak is the most common suffix used to form the plurals of animate words. It is often used to form the plurals of words ending in letters other than the semivowel w or the vowel a; it is sometimes used to form the plurals of words ending in w; it is almost never used to form the plurals of words ending in a.
 * The other suffixes used to form the plurals of animate words are:
 * -ik, often used to form the plurals of words (especially nouns denoting people who have particular occupations or activities) which end in the consonant d or t (which causes the d or t to mutate into j: nodabônkad, "baker" → nodabônkajik, "bakers"); only rarely used to form the plurals of words ending in other letters (nodkwaag, notkwahag, "pilot" → nodkwaagik, notkwahagik, "pilots"),
 * -ok, used to form the plurals of many words ending in w (which it may suppress), and of some other words (which likely ended in w at an earlier stage of the language),
 * -k, used to form the plurals of almost all words that end in a, and of some words that end in other vowels or in the semivowel w; not used to form the plurals of words ending in consonants.
 * The suffixes used to form the plurals of inanimate words are:
 * -al, the most common suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words (paskhigan, "gun" → paskhiganal, "guns"), including most body parts and some words ending in the vowel a,
 * -il, used to form the plurals of some words ending in the consonant g or k; only rarely used to form the plurals of words ending in other letters,
 * -ol, used to form the plurals of some words ending in the semivowel w (which it suppresses) or other consonants (which likely ended in w at an earlier stage of the language),
 * -l, used to form the plurals of many words ending in vowels, including the semivowel w; not used to form the plurals of words ending in consonants.

Etymology 1
. As the oblique plural forms include the vowel, it has been suggested that it derives from , to which the epenthetic vowel was attached before case suffixes. Then, the intervocalic would be dropped due to its position.

Etymology 2
From.

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * 1)   -s, -es

Etymology
From, from , from.

Pronoun

 * 1) ; I, me

Usage notes

 * When attached to the enclitic, the pronoun becomes -akon, reflecting its old form (see etymology above).
 * The pronoun is often conflated with in colloquial speech. See the definition of  for its proper usage.
 * The pronoun is often conflated with in colloquial speech. See the definition of  for its proper usage.

Etymology
From.

Etymology
.

Usage notes
This suffix usually softens the preceding consonant, causing an i or y to be added.

Declension
Personal declension (e.g. demonyms):

Animate declension (e.g. dances, sports, some colloquial nouns):

Inanimate declension (some colloquial nouns):

Etymology 1
.

Suffix

 * 1) * +  →.
 * 2) * +  →.
 * 3) * Proto-Slavic +  →.
 * 1) * Proto-Slavic +  →.

Etymology
From, from.

Suffix

 * 1) * +  →.
 * 2) * +  →.
 * 1) * +  →.

title: -ak


text:
twelvemo

Noun

 * 1)  duodecimo, or 12mo, a paper size, so called because it is cut 12 to a (huge, originally made) sheet
 * 2)  a page, book etc. of that size

title: twelvemo


text:
Southampton F.C. in European football

Southampton Football Club is an English football club based in Southampton, Hampshire. The club was established in 1885, and has competed in the English football league system from 1920. Since their first qualification in the European cup competition in 1969, they have participated in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, the European Cup Winners' Cup, the UEFA Europa League and the Texaco Cup. The club qualified for European Football after the 2014–15 season through their league position for the first time since 1984.

1961–62 Anglo-French Friendship Cup
The Anglo-Franco Friendship Cup was a short-lived Inter-League competition that lasted for two seasons. The format had four teams from England competing against four teams from France. Individual clubs could not win the competition outright, so whatever countries' teams claimed the most aggregate wins overall would be declared the best league and win the trophy. The draw for the 1961–62 competition was; Saints v Bordeaux, Blackburn v Nancy, Lens v Cardiff, and Derby v Béziers.

''Southampton lost 2–3 on aggregate, but the English League won 2–1 in aggregate victories (with one tied).

1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
The Saints' maiden European voyage was the 1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which they took part in with fellow English clubs Newcastle United, Liverpool and eventual winners Arsenal. Southampton's first opponents were Norwegian side Rosenborg. Despite losing 1–0 away, a comfortable 2–0 win at home in the second leg put Southampton into a Second Round tie with Portuguese side Vitória de Guimarães. A closely fought 3–3 away draw was followed by a 5–1 home win which saw them through to the last 16 where Southampton were drawn against fellow English side Newcastle United. A 0–0 away and 1–1 result at home meant that Southampton failed to progress to the quarter-finals after losing out on away goals.

First round
Southampton won 2–1 on aggregate.

Second round
Southampton won 8–4 on aggregate.

Third round
Southampton lost 1–1 on aggregate after the away goals rule.

1971–72 UEFA Cup
After finishing seventh in the previous season, Southampton qualified for European competition for the second time in two years. Drawn in the first round against Athletic Bilbao, the Saints came from behind to win the first leg 2–1. However a fortnight later, they lost 2–0 away after conceding a late goal which confirmed their exit from the competition.

First round
Southampton lost 3–2 on aggregate.

1974–75 Texaco Cup
After being relegated to the Second Division the previous season, Southampton qualified for the final instance of the short lived Texaco Cup. Alongside 15 other English teams split into four groups of Round Robin format, the top two from each group would progress to the quarter-finals where they would be drawn against Scottish opposition. Southampton's group consisted of West Ham, Luton Town and Leyton Orient which they topped after being undefeated. The knockout stages were a two-legged affair and Southampton were drawn a tough fixture against Rangers F.C. but managed to win convincingly 5–1 on aggregate despite playing away in front of 35,000. The semi final against Oldham Athletic proved just as routine with Southampton winning 5–2 over the two legs which progressed them through to the final against Newcastle United. Despite winning the first leg, the previous season's FA Cup finalists proved the gap between divisions was too large for Southampton to overcome and won the tournament with two goals in extra time.

Quarter final
Southampton won 5–1 on aggregate.

Semi final
Southampton won 5–2 on aggregate.

Final
Southampton lost 3–1 on aggregate after extra time.

1976–77 European Cup Winners' Cup
Despite being in the Second Division, Southampton caused a huge upset in the 1976 FA Cup Final by beating Manchester United 1–0. This qualified the Saints for the European Cup Winners' Cup competition where they were drawn in the first round against Olympique Marseille who had won the Coupe de France the previous season. Although suffering an away defeat, a 4–0 victory at home saw them through to the second round. Southampton travelled to Carrick Rangers of Northern Ireland who had won the Irish Cup to qualify for the tournament. A 9–3 aggregate win progressed high-scoring Southampton into the third round against Belgian Cup champions R.S.C. Anderlecht. Despite levelling the aggregate score to 2–2 in the second leg, Southampton conceded late on to be eliminated from the tournament. Anderlecht went on to reach the final.

First round
Southampton won 5–2 on aggregate.

Second round
Southampton won 9–3 on aggregate.

Quarter-finals
Southampton lost 3–2 on aggregate.

1981–82 UEFA Cup
Southampton qualified for the UEFA Cup for the third time after finishing sixth in the First Division the previous season. In the first round, the Saints travelled to Ireland for the first time to play Limerick F.C., after a convincing 3–0 win and a 1–1 draw at home Southampton were through to the second round against Sporting Clube de Portugal. Despite a very respectable 0–0 away in Lisbon, the home defeat proved too much to overcome and Southampton were eliminated from the competition.

First round
Southampton won 4–1 on aggregate.

Second round
Southampton lost 4–2 on aggregate.

1982–83 UEFA Cup
Southampton qualified for a European Cup competition in successive seasons for the first time and played Swedish team IFK Norrköping in the first round. A 2–2 draw at The Dell meant that they exited the tournament on the away goals rule after a 0–0 result in Sweden.

First round
Southampton lost 2–2 on aggregate after the away goals rule.

1984–85 UEFA Cup
In the 1983–84 Season, Southampton recorded their best ever finish in the First Division as runners up to Liverpool, just three points behind. In the first round of the UEFA Cup, they drew German opponents Hamburger SV. Despite a 0–0 draw at home in the first leg, Southampton were unable to claim victory in Hamburg and eventually lost 2–0.

First round
Southampton lost 2-–0 on aggregate.

2003–04 UEFA Cup
After almost two decades absent from European competition, Southampton qualified for the UEFA Cup after finishing runners up in the 2003 FA Cup Final. It was the first time that St. Mary's Stadium hosted a competitive European match. Following on from a 1–1 draw at home, Southampton conceded late on in Romania and found themselves eliminated from the first round for the third time in a row.

First round
Southampton lost 2–1 on aggregate.

2015–16 UEFA Europa League
Since the winners of the 2014–15 FA Cup, Arsenal, and winners of the 2014–15 Football League Cup, Chelsea, qualified for the Champions League based on league position, the spot awarded to the FA Cup winner (Europa League group stage) was passed to the sixth-placed team, Liverpool, and the spot awarded to the League Cup winner (Europa League third qualifying round) was passed to the seventh-placed team, Southampton. The draw for the third round was held on 17 July 2015, Southampton drew Dutch team Vitesse Arnhem who finished fifth in the previous season of the Eredivisie.

Southampton entered the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League in the third qualifying round. Their first game took place against Dutch side Vitesse Arnhem on 30 July 2015, which the Saints won 3–0 at St Mary's Stadium. Graziano Pellè found the net first in the 36th minute to put Southampton one up, before Dušan Tadić scored a penalty just before half time. Substitute Shane Long finished the scoring late in the second half to win the game for the home side. In the second leg Southampton won 2–0, therefore advancing to the play-off round 5–0 on aggregate. Pellè scored again to put the Saints up in the fourth minute, with Sadio Mané doubling his side's lead just a minute before the end of the match.
 * Vitesse (30 July and 6 August 2015)

In the qualifying play-off round, Southampton faced FC Midtjylland. In the first leg the Saints drew 1–1 with the Danish champions, with Jay Rodriguez equalising after Tim Sparv's opener on the stroke of half-time. In the second leg, Midtjylland striker Morten Rasmussen scored the only goal of the game to ensure the Danish side won 2–1 on aggregate to eliminate Southampton from the competition.
 * Midtjylland (20 and 27 August 2015)

Third qualifying round
Southampton won 5–0 on aggregate.

Play-off round
Southampton lost 2–1 on aggregate.

2016–17 UEFA Europa League
Since the winners of the 2015–16 Football League Cup, Manchester City qualified for the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League through their league position, the spot normally awarded to the League Cup winner was passed down to the team who finished in sixth place in the 2015–16 Premier League, Southampton. This was the first time that Southampton had participated in the Europa League group stage and on 26 August 2016, were drawn into Group K alongside Internazionale, Sparta Prague and Hapoel Be'er Sheva.

Southampton entered the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League at the group stage, when they were drawn in Group K with Internazionale, Sparta Prague and Hapoel Be'er Sheva. In the opening match against Sparta Prague on 15 September 2016, the Saints picked up their first win of the season when they beat the Czech side 3–0. Charlie Austin opened the scoring with a fifth-minute penalty, before doubling his side's lead 20 minutes later with a header. Jay Rodriguez scored a third in added time at the end of the match to send Southampton to the top of the group.
 * Sparta Prague (15 September 2016)

In their second match of the tournament, the Saints were held to a goalless draw at Israeli champions Hapoel Be'er Sheva. The game did not feature many goalscoring opportunities for either side in the first half, which Hapoel largely dominated, although James Ward-Prowse had a number of chances on goal after the break. The home side came closest to winning the game in the second half through Maor Melikson and Ben Sahar chances, however the deadlock stayed unbroken and both sides remained on level points at the top of the group table.
 * Hapoel Be'er Sheva (29 September 2016)

On 20 October 2016 the Saints travelled to the San Siro to face Internazionale, losing 1–0 to the Italian side. The visitors almost scored on a number of occasions in the first half, notably when Ward-Prowse's shot went over the crossbar and Cuco Martina's went wide of the post. Antonio Candreva scored the only goal of the game in the 67th minute, before Marcelo Brozović received a second booking and was sent off ten minutes later. However, Southampton could not take advantage of the extra player and succumbed to their first defeat in the tournament.
 * Internazionale (20 October 2016)

Southampton hosted Internazionale on 3 November 2016, winning 2–1 to secure second in the group K table. After Inter captain Mauro Icardi opened the scoring in the 33rd minute, the Saints were awarded a controversial penalty for a handball by Ivan Perišić just before half time, while Antonio Candreva was booked for an off-the-ball incident involving Sam McQueen. Dušan Tadić's penalty was saved by Samir Handanović, before the half ended with more drama between the players of both sides. The hosts increased the pressure in the second half, leading to defender Virgil van Dijk equalising in the 64th minute with a shot in the box following a corner. Less than five minutes later, Southampton went ahead as Yuto Nagatomo turned Tadić's cross into the Internazionale goal. Southampton held on and almost scored a third for an historic win.
 * Internazionale (3 November 2016)

On 24 November, Southampton lost at Sparta Prague by a single goal to remain second in the group. Despite dominating possession for most of the match, the Saints enjoyed few clear chances and went behind early on when defender Costa Nhamoinesu scored a volley from close range following a free kick, which was poorly defended by the Premier League club. Goalkeeper Fraser Forster made a number of saves to deny further goals, which Prague threatened to score later on in the game. The result left Southampton needing a goalless draw or win over Hapoel Be'er Sheva in the final group stage game in order to proceed to the knockout stages.
 * Sparta Prague (24 November 2016)

Southampton were knocked out of the UEFA Europa League on 8 December 2016 when they drew 1–1 with Hapoel Be'er Sheva at St Mary's Stadium. Despite the home side dominating much of the possession and having many more chances on goal, it was the visitors who took the advantage in the 78th minute when Maor Buzaglo scored the Israeli side's only shot on target after poor defending from the Saints, who were left needing two goals in just over ten minutes in order to advance to the knockout stages. Defender Virgil van Dijk pulled one back in stoppage time, and Maya Yoshida came close to winning the game with a last-minute header, but the game ended level and Hapoel finished the group in second place.
 * Hapoel Be'er Sheva (8 December 2016)

title: Southampton F.C. in European football


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User:Bob21795

Splatoon 2 glitched some consoles

Some switch consoles have been glitched to were the player has to restart the whole game so don’t go saying you you broke it 👉 and pointing fingers

Don’t sue just trying to get my brother to Not get mad at me because I acidently Restart his progress I am sorry Nintendo Please forgive me this is not true Splatoon 2 is a great game yeah splatoon 2

title: User:Bob21795


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Doğan Gölpek

Doğan Can Gölpek (born 27 November 1994) is a Dutch footballer of Turkish descent who plays as forward.

Club career
Gölpek began his career with the amateur side SV Meerssen, and after 4 successful seasons with them moved to MVV Maastricht in the Tweede Divisie. He made his Eerste Divisie debut for MVV Maastricht on 18 August 2017 in a game against Go Ahead Eagles. He was recruited to the Turkish club 1922 Konyaspor. After a debut season marred by injuries, he recovered and had a successful sophomore year, earning him a transfer to the Süper Lig with Konyaspor.

Personal life
Born in the Netherlands, Gölpek is of Turkish descent.

title: Doğan Gölpek


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List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 81st Congress by seniority

This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 81st United States Congress listed by seniority.

As an historical article, the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 81st Congress (January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1951). Current seats and party affiliations on the List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority will be different for certain members.

Seniority depends on the date on which members were sworn into office. Since many members are sworn in on the same day, subsequent ranking is based on previous congressional service of the individual and then by alphabetical order by the last name of the congressman.

Committee chairmanship in the House is often associated with seniority. However, party leadership is typically not associated with seniority.

Note: The "*" indicates that the representative/delegate may have served one or more non-consecutive terms while in the House of Representatives of the United States Congress.


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Marko Semren

Marko Semren (born 9 April 1954) was an auxiliary bishop of Banja Luka in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Biography
In 1973, he entered the Franciscan Order studied philosophy and theology at the Franciscan Institute, Sarajevo. From 1974-1975 he did his National Service and took final vows on 13 April 1980, and on 29 June 1981 was ordained. Then studied at the Pontifical University "Antonianum" in Rome, receiving his Ph.D. in 1986. He served as master of novices and spiritual father, pastor and guardian of the Franciscan convent in Gorica - Livno. He taught at the theological institute in Sarajevo. On 15 July 2010, appointed by Pope Benedict XVI as auxiliary bishop of Banja Luka, and Bishop of Abaradira.

Pope Francis accepted the resignation from the office of auxiliary bishop of the diocese of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, presented by Bishop Marko Semren, O.F.M. on July 15, 2024.

title: Marko Semren


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User:Photo Wai Aung

Photo Wai Aung (Burmese: ဖြိုးဝေအောင်; born Phyo Wai Aung 20 January 1996)

Phyo Wai Aung ဖြိုးဝေအောင် Phyo Wai Aung boan 20 January 1996 (age 24) Monywa, Myanmar Nationality Burmese Education Monywa University Height 175 cm (5 ft 9 in)

title: User:Photo Wai Aung


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Northumberland (ship)

Several ships have been named Northumberland after the English county of Northumberland, or the Dukedom of Northumberland:

 * Northumberland was launched at South Shields in 1797. She made one voyage for the British East India Company (EIC). She then traded with the West Indies until she wrecked in 1805.

 * Ships of the EIC:
 * Northumberland was launched in 1763 and made four voyages before she was sold. New owners renamed her Lord Shuldam for Lord Shuldham, and hired her out as an armed escort vessel; she was sold for breaking up in 1783.
 * Northumberland was launched in 1780 and made six voyages for the EIC before she was sold for breaking up in 1797
 * Northumberland was launched in 1805 and made six voyages of the EIC between 1805 and 1818. In 1810 and 1811 she served as a transport in the British invasions of Mauritius and Java. She was sold for breaking up in 1819.

title: Northumberland (ship)


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/postaladdress.in

Links

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Engineering Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic Systems

Thermodynamic System
In general, a system is a collection of objects, and there is a lot of subtlety in the way it is defined, as in set theory. However, in thermodynamics, it is a much more straightforward concept.

A thermodynamic system is a region of space or a finite quantity that occupies a volume and has a boundary. The surroundings refer to anything external to the system. The imaginary envelope that separates the system from its surroundings is known as the boundary. The boundary is what defines the limits of the system. The boundary can be fixed or moving. The system and its surroundings together constitute the universe.

Another term sometimes used instead of system is control volume. In the case of a closed system, in which the mass of matter inside the system remains constant, the control volume is referred to as control mass. A control volume is said to be enclosed by a control surface.

Proceeding further, the general term system will be used to refer to a thermodynamic system.

Isolated System
An isolated system is a system which does not allow the exchange of neither mass nor energy with its surroundings. An isolated system does not interact with its surroundings at all. The boundary of the system does not allow mass or energy transfer.

A close approximation of an isolated system is a thermos flask which retains the warmth of the liquid, by slowing down the interaction of the liquid and the air outside using a vacuum boundary. The only true isolated system is the universe.

Closed System
A closed thermodynamic system is a system which allows the exchange of heat and work with the surroundings but does not permit any exchange of mass across the boundaries. This type of system is also called a non-flow system, due to lack of flow across the boundary. The cylinder and piston of a reciprocating engine with gas in the cylinder is an example of a closed system. Another simple example is a kettle, in which heat is supplied to the kettle but the water contained in it remains constant.

Open System
An open thermodynamic system is a system in which allows the exchange of both mass and energy with the surroundings. The mass within the system varies over time. An open system is also called a control volume.

An example of an open system is an air compressor which draws in air from the surroundings, compresses it to a high pressure and then releases it from the system through a nozzle

Adiabatic System
An adiabatic system is a system which allows the exchange of work but not heat with its surroundings. The system achieves this with a thermally insulating boundary.

Continuum
An continuum is a system that contains a continuous distribution of matter. A continuum treats the matter in a system as distributed evenly in space and does regard the action of individual atoms or molecules. Pressure, temperature and other properties are the averages of the properties of many atoms and molecules taken together.

Phase
Matter which has is homogenous throughout its physical structure and chemical composition is called its phase. The most commonly observed phases are solid, liquid and gas phases.

Homogeneous System
A homogeneous system consists of only a single phase. Pure substances and homogeneous mixtures are examples of heterogeneous systems.

Heterogeneous System
A heterogeneous system consists of two or more different phases.

Properties of Pure Substances
A cursory review of properties will introduce the variables of thermodynamics to the student. Properties of substances are things such as mass, temperature, volume, and pressure. Properties are used to define the current state of a substance. Several more properties exist to describe substances in thermodynamics, but a stronger understanding of theory is required for their definition and application.

Properties can be intensive, if they are point properties (properties that make sense for a point) or extensive, if they depend on the amount of matter in the system. Examples of extensive properties of systems are mass of system, number of moles of a substance in a system, and overall or total volume of a system. These properties depend on how much matter of the system you measure. Examples of intensive properties are pressure, temperature, density, volume per mass, molar volume (which is volume per mole), and average molecular weight (or molecular mass). These properties are the same regardless of how you vary the amount of mass of the substance.

Properties are like the variables for substances in that their values are all related by an equation. The relationship between properties is expressed in the form of an equation which is called an equation of state. Perhaps the most famous state equation is the Ideal Gas Law. The ideal gas law relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas to one another.

Volume
The SI unit for volume is m3.

Volume is an extensive property, but both volume per mass and molar volume are intensive properties since they do not depend on the measured mass of the system. A process during which the volume of the system remains constant is called an isochoric (or isometric) process.

Pressure
The SI unit for pressure is Pa (Pascal), which is equivalent to a $$ N/(m^2)$$. Pressure is an intensive property. A process in which pressure remains constant is called isobaric process.

Temperature
Temperature, the degree of hotness or coldness of a body is Defined. Based on the zeroth law of thermodynamics, is a fundamental concept of thermodynamics. We know that a body at high temperature will transfer energy to one at lower temperature. Consider two bodies with different temperatures in contact with each other. Net energy transfer will be from  the hotter body to the colder body. At some point, the net energy transfer will be zero, and the bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium. Bodies in thermal equilibrium are defined to have the same temperature.

Systems
Classical thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium. The equilibrium state is defined by the values of observable quantities in the system. These are called system properties.

The minimum number of variables required to describe the system depends on the complexity or degrees of freedom of the system. Degrees of freedom refer to the number of properties that can be varied independently of each other in a system. Some of the common system variables are pressure, temperature, and density, though any other physical properties may be used.

Consistent with the axiomatic nature of subject development, many of the relationships between physical properties cannot be completely specified without further development of theory. What is good about classical thermodynamics is that many of the axioms stated here can be derived using techniques of statistical thermodynamics. And statistical thermodynamics gives results in many cases where classical thermodynamics fails, such as in the specific heats of gases with many degrees of freedom. In some sense, the relationship between classical and statistical thermodynamics is similar to the one between classical and quantum mechanics, i.e., classical thermodynamics approximates statistical thermodynamics in the macroscopic limit.

Processes
A change in the system state is called a process. When the initial and final states of a process are the same, the process is called a cycle. If a process can be run in reverse with no change in the system + surroundings, then the process is called a reversible process. If a process is not reversible it is called an irreversible process.

Isothermal Process
An isothermal process is one in which the temperature remains constant. Please note that a process being isothermal does not imply anything about the heat transferred or work done, i.e. heat transfer may take place during an isothermal process. An isothermal process implies that the product of the volume and the pressure is constant for an ideal gas. i.e. PV = Constant

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If a system A is in thermal equilibrium with another system B and also with a third system C, then all of the systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This is called the zeroth law of thermodynamics. This is how a thermometer works. If a thermometer is placed in a substance for temperature measurement, the thermometer's glass comes into thermal equilibrium with the substance. The glass then comes into thermal equilibrium with the liquid (mercury, alcohol, etc. . . .) inside the thermometer. Because the substance is in thermal equilibrium with the glass and the glass is in thermal equilibrium with the inner liquid, the substance and liquid must be in thermal equilibrium by the zeroth law. And because they are thermally equivalent, they must have the same temperature.

Temperature Measurement
Temperature is measured by observing some property of the system which varies with temperature. Such a property is called thermometric property, e.g.: - The volumes of most liquids increase with temperature. - The length of a metal rod increases as the temperature increases. - The pressure of a constant volume of gas increases with temperature

It is useful to establish a temperature scale so that a cardinal relationship can be established between various systems at different temperatures. This is done by defining the temperature t as a function of a thermometric property X, such that the temperature is a linear function of X, i.e., equal changes in the property X give rise to equal changes in the temperature. Such a linear function is t = a + b X, for which one needs to assign arbitrary temperatures to two values of X to find the values of the constants a and b.

For example, in the case of the Celsius scale, the measurements are based on properties of water at the boiling point and melting point. Suppose the value of the thermometric property is Xb for the normal boiling point and Xm for the normal melting point. Then the temperature is given by t = 100 (X - Xm)/(Xb - Xm), where X is the thermometric property at temperature t, and we have chosen tm = 0 °C and tb = 100 °C. The normal melting and boiling points are the temperatures of melting and boiling at 1 atmosphere pressure.

The major temperature scales are the Celsius (°C), the Fahrenheit (°F) and the Kelvin (K) scales. Note the absence of the ° sign for kelvin—it is not degrees Kelvin, but kelvins, not capitalized when spelled out, and with the normal English plural which was added to the degree when Kelvin was an adjective modifying that unit.

Different thermometers are used for different temperature ranges. As the reader might have guessed by now, this means that the different thermometers will only agree on the fixed points. However, a set of thermometers have been carefully selected and calibrated so that this is not a big issue in practice.

The standard in this case is the International Temperature Scale, which was introduced in 1927, and revised in 1948, 1968, and 1990. The latest scale is denoted by T90 for the Kelvin scale and is defined from 0.65 K upwards. For instance, between 0.65 K and 5.0 K T90 is defined in terms of the vapor-pressure temperature relations of 3He and 4He. The ranges for different materials overlap and any of the valid materials can be used as a standard in the overlapping region.

The Ideal Gas
Recall that a thermodynamic system may have a certain substance or material whose quantity can be expressed in mass or moles in an overall volume. These are extensive properties of the system. If the substance is evenly distributed throughout the volume in question, then a value of volume per amount of substance may be used as an intensive property. For an example, for an amount called a mole, volume per mole is typically called molar volume. Also, a volume per mass for a specific substance may be called specific volume. In such cases, an equation of state may relate the three intensive properties, temperature, pressure, and molar or specific volume.

A simple but very useful equation of state is for an ideal gas. The ideal gas is a useful notion in thermodynamics, as it is a simple system that depends on two independent properties. An ideal gas is one that has no intermolecular interactions except for completely elastic collisions with other molecules. For a closed system containing an ideal gas, the state can be specified by giving the values of any two of pressure, temperature, and molar volume.

Consider a system, an ideal gas enclosed in a container. Starting from an initial state 1, where the temperature is T1, its temperature is changed to T2 through a constant pressure process and then a constant molar volume process, then the ratio of pressures is found to be the same as the ratio of molar volumes. Suppose the initial value of the pressure and molar volume are p1 and V1 respectively, and final value of pressure and molar volume are p2 and V2 respectively. Note that we haven't chosen a specific scale for the temperature (like say, the Celsius scale). Now, suppose we were to choose a scale such that T1/T2 = p1/p2, we can show that the value of pV/T is constant for an ideal gas, so that it obeys the gas equation pV = RT, where p is the absolute pressure, V is the molar volume, and R is a constant known as the universal gas constant. The temperature T is the absolute temperature in the ideal gas scale, and the scale is found to be the same as the thermodynamic temperature scale. The thermodynamic temperature scale will be defined after the statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

This equation pV = RT is called the equation of state for an ideal gas, and is known as the ideal gas equation. Most common gases obey the ideal gas equation unless they are compressed or cooled to extreme states, so this is a very useful relation. A similar equation may be written where, for the specific type of gas, specific volume is used instead of molar volume and a specific gas constant is used instead of the universal gas constant. This then writes as pv = mrT.

In the above image, the volume of an ideal gas at two different pressures p1 and p2 is plotted against the temperature in Celsius. If we extrapolate the two straight line graphs, they intersect the temperature axis at a point t0, where t0 = −273.15 °C.

From experiment, it is easy to show that the thermodynamic temperature T is related to the Celsius temperature t by the equation: T = t + 273.15. The zero of thermodynamic temperature scale is 0 K, and its significance will be clear when we discuss the second law of thermodynamics.