text:
Vietnamese/Personal pronouns

Vietnamese is a bit different than Romance languages, in that Vietnamese doesn't just use different pronouns for casual or formal situations, but Vietnamese actually uses different pronouns depending on the relation between the speaker and his/her audience. This relation takes gender, age, and status into account. Basically, Vietnamese refer to everyone as a family member. Also, it is common to use a third person personal pronoun in the first person.

Singular pronouns

 * bạn (friend)
 * informal, but not casual; a general-purpose version; use with caution

 * anh (brother)
 * to a male who is the same age as the speaker

 * bà (grandmother, old lady)
 * formal; to a female who is older than the speaker

 * chị (sister)
 * informal; to a female who is the same age as or older than the speaker

 * con (child)
 * from an adult to a child

 * em(younger sister or brother)
 * to a female who is the same age as the speaker, or to a person (of either gender) who is younger than the speaker (such as a child)

 * mày (you)
 * informal, even rude or insulting; to a person younger than the speaker, or to a person held in low esteem; use with caution

 * ông (grandfather, old man)
 * formal; to a male who is older than the speaker

 * cô (father's sister)
 * formal; to an older woman as old as one's father, a young (usually unmarried) woman

In addition, there are different pronouns for each kind of relative. For a listing of those pronouns, see Family.

(More to come.)

title: Vietnamese/Personal pronouns


text:
Algebra/Equalities and Inequalities

Solving linear inequalities involves finding solutions to expressions where the quantities are not equal.

A number on the number line is always greater than any number on its left and smaller than any number on its right. The symbol "<" is used to represent "is less than", and ">" to represent "is greater than".

For example:

<--|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|->  -5    -4    -3    -2    -1     0     1     2     3     4     5

From the number line, we can easily tell that 3 is greater than -2, because 3 is on the right side of -2 (or -2 is on the left of 3). We write it as $$3>-2$$ (or as $$-2<3$$). We can also derive that any positive number is always greater than negative number.

Consider any two numbers, a and b. One and only one of the following statements can be true:
 * 1) $$a>b$$,
 * 2) $$a=b$$, or
 * 3) $$ay$$ and $$y>z$$, then $$x>z$$.

 * Additive property:
 * In an inequality, we can add or subtract the same value from both sides, without changing the sign (i.e. ">" or "<"). That is to say, for any three numbers $$x$$, $$y$$ and $$p$$, if $$x>y$$, then $$x+p>y+p$$ and $$x-p>y-p$$.

 * Multiplicative property
 * We can multiply or divide both sides by a positive number without changing the sign. For example, if we have any two numbers $$x$$ and $$y$$, and another positive number $$p$$, then if $$x>y$$, then $$x \cdot p>y \cdot p$$ and $$\frac {x} {p}> \frac {y} {p}$$.

 * When we multiply or divide both sides by a negative number, we have to change the sign of the inequality (i.e, ">" change to "<" and vice versa). So if we are given two numbers $$x$$ and $$y$$, and another negative number $$p$$, then if $$x>y$$, $$x \cdot p<y \cdot p$$ and $$\frac {x} {p}< \frac {y} {p}$$.

Now we can go on to solve any linear inequalities.

Solving Inequalities
Solving inequalities is almost the same as solving linear equations. Let's consider an example: $$x+4<13$$. All we have to do is to subtract 4 on both sides. We will then get $$x<9$$, and that is the answer! Note, however, what you get is not a single answer, but a set of solutions, i.e., any number that satisfies the condition $$x<9$$ (any number that is less than 9) can be a solution to the inequality. It is very convenient to represent the solution using the number line: <---o <-+-+-+-+-+-+-->  6     7     8     9     10    11

(Note: the open circle ("o") shows that the value 9 is not included in the solution set, as the inequality of this equation is less than 9, not less than or equal to 9. When we deal with less (greater) than or equal to (≤ or ≥) later on, we use a closed circle ("●") to show that the value is included in the solution set.)

Let us try another more complicated question: $$3x-2\ge2(x-3)$$. First, you may want to expand the right hand side: $$3x-2\ge2x-6$$. Then we can simply rearrange the terms so that all the unknown variables are on one side of the equation, usually the left hand side: $$3x-2x\ge-6+2$$. Hence we can easily get the answer: $$x\ge-4$$. This solution is represented on the number line below. Note that the solution requires a closed circle ("●"), because the $$x$$ is greater than or equal to 4. ●---> <-+-+-+-+-+-+--> -6    -5    -4    -3    -2    -1

Inequalities with a variable in the denominator
For example consider the inequality
 * $$\frac{2}{x-1}<2\,$$

In this case one cannot multiply the right hand side by $$(x-1)$$ because the value of x is unknown. Since x may be either positive or negative, you can't know whether to leave the inequality sign as $$<$$ (ie less than), or reverse it to > (ie greater than). The method for solving this kind of inequality involves four steps:
 * 1) Find out when the denominator is equal to zero.  In the above example the denominator equals zero when $$x=1$$.
 * 2) Pretend the inequality sign is an $$=$$ sign and solve it as such: $$\frac{2}{x-1}=2\,$$, so $$x=2$$.
 * 3) Plot the points $$x=1$$ and $$x=2$$ on a number line with an unfilled circle because the original equation included < (it would have been a filled circle if the original equation included $$\le$$ or $$\ge$$).  You now have three regions: $$x<1$$, $$12$$.
 * 4) Test each region independently.  in this case test if the inequality is true for $$1x>2)$$  (e.g. $$x=3)$$).  In this case the original inequation holds, and so the solution for the original inequation is $$1>x>2)$$.

Compound Inequalities
A compound inequality is a pair of inequalities related by the words and or or. In an and inequality, both inequalities must be satisfied. All possible solution values will be located between two defined numbers, and if this is impossible, the compound inequality simply has no solutions.

Consider this example: $$x+6\ge2$$ and $$x\le2$$. First, solve the first inequality for x to get $$x\ge-4$$. All and inequalities can be rewritten as one inequality, like this: $$-4\le$$$$x\le2$$ (write x between two ≤'s or <'s or both with the smaller number on the left and the larger number on the right). Now, we can graph this inequality on a number line as a line segment. Remember, all solutions to ≤ or ≥ must be graphed with closed circles. Interpret this graphic as "all numbers between -4 and 2, including -4 and 2." ●-● <-+-+-+-+-+-+--> -6    -4    -2     0     2     4

Now, let us consider or inequalities. Or inequalities usually do not have a set of solutions that satisfies both. Instead, they usually have two sets of infinite numbers that are solutions to each one. Because of this, or graphs define which numbers satisfy either equation. For example: $$x\;<1$$ or $$x-1\ge2$$. First, solve for x in the second inequality to get $$x\ge3$$. Now, graph the two inequalities on the same number line. Remember to use open and closed circles accordingly. <-o          ●> <-+-+-+-+-+-+--> -1     0     1     2     3     4

Solving Inequalities with Absolute Value
Since $$|x| = |-x|$$ A inequality involving absolute value will have to solved in two parts.

Solving $$|x-6| < 5$$

The first part would be $$x-6 < 5$$ which gives $$ x < 11 $$. The second part would be $$ -(x-6) < 5 $$ which solved yields $$x > 1$$.

So the answer to $$|x-6| < 5$$ is $$1<-● <-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-->  0     1     2     3     4     5     6     7     8     9     10    11    12

Graphing Linear Inequalities
The graphing of linear inequalities is very similar to the graphing of linear functions. A linear inequality is written in

Previous: Solving equations Next: Quadratic functions

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Algebra/Equalities and Inequalities


text:
Samoa National Democratic Party

The Samoa National Democratic Party is a political party in Samoa. Its leader is Valasi Toogamaga Tafito.

The party was registered in late 2019 and claims to be a recreation of the old Samoan National Development Party, which was Samoa's main opposition between 1988 and 2003. Its major policy issues are customary land rights, unemployment, and the enfranchisement of overseas Samoans.

The party aims to contest the 2021 Samoan general election. In May 2020 it announced that it had recruited 17 candidates.

On 2 September 2020 the party announced it would join forces with the Faatuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi and Tumua ma Puleono parties to contest the 2021 election. SNDP and Tumua ma Puleono candidates will run under the FAST banner, with only one candidate in each constituency. In the general election, four SNDP-affiliated candidates won seats.

title: Samoa National Democratic Party


text:
Gloria Gallardo

Gloria Graciela Gallardo (October 16, 1938 - February 14, 2012) was a Chicana activist and former religious sister. She is best known for her involvement in the 1970 student boycotts in Houston, coordinating the huelga schools and for co-founding Las Hermanas.

Biography
Gallardo was born in San Antonio. She became a member of the Sisters of the Holy Ghost. After taking vows, Gallardo began to work what was considered a "rough" part of town, Alazán-Apache Courts in San Antonio. She worked for several years in barrios in San Antonio.

In 1969, she was asked to come to Houston to work as the interim director of the Mexican American Education Council (MAEC). In this capacity, she helped support student boycotts against unfair policies, protested and spoke publicly for MAEC. Gallardo was a leader in the Mexican American boycott of the Houston public schools in the early 1970s. In September 1970, she set up special schools, called strike or huelga schools, for students to get an education while they were boycotting the school district.

Gallardo met Sister Gregoria Ortega through a friend, Father Edmundo Rodriguez in 1970. Together, they worked to identify Hispanic nuns in the United States and invited them to join a group. While they were working on the project, Ortega, who had recently been fired from her diocese had no income, and Gallardo shared her salary from her work with the Galveston-Houston diocese. Gallardo and Ortega then worked together to invite Mexican American nuns to create an organization for Spanish speaking religious women in April 1971. The group was formed and called Las Hermanas. Gallardo was elected to be the first president of Las Hermanas at this first meeting. Gallardo also edited their newsletter, Informes, which was first sent out on September 19, 1971.

In 1972, Gallardo resigned from the leadership team of Las Hermanas. She didn't like the change in direction the organization was taking.

Eventually Gallardo left religious life and was married. She had a son, Ervey Longoria, in 1977. Gallardo died in 2012.

title: Gloria Gallardo


text:
Hesar Now, Nishapur

Hesar Now (, also Romanized as Ḩeşār Now) is a village in Eshqabad Rural District, Miyan Jolgeh District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 88, in 21 families.

title: Hesar Now, Nishapur


text:
Top-rated United States television programs of 1958–59

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1958–59 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
CityMall Bacalso

CityMall Bacalso is a community mall located in N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City developed by DoubleDragon Properties. It sits on a 1.1 hectare property located between Elizabeth Mall and Cebu South Bus Terminal.

History
In June 2014, DoubleDragon Properties announced that its subsidiary CityMall Commercial Centers Inc. (CMCCI) signed a 30-year lease agreement with Dunes and Eagle Land Development Corp. for a commercial lot along N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City where a Grand CityMall will be constructed. It was expected to be completed in 2015 but the project hit a snag when stockholders of the dissolved Ludo and Luym Development Corp. (LudoDev) appealed to desist the construction since the lot was transferred illegally to DoubleDragon Properties pending the result of a court case.

Its construction was further halted on February 22, 2017 by Cebu City's Office of the Building Official (OBO) after the crane rented by Metro Dyna Build Incorporated (MDBI), the mall's contractor, collapsed on four houses and injured one woman.

The mall finally opened on April 30, 2022 with MerryMart Grocery as the anchor store.

title: CityMall Bacalso


text:
User:Brittanyli/sandbox

Conditions of Becoming a Slave in China
Slaves could either be bought and sold to their masters or inherit their role through birth. The majority of the slave market consisted of adolescents and young adults. Chinese law stated that families could only sell their children under the condition that doing so would save the rest of their family from starvation. Despite this law, the restrictions of human sales were rarely enforced. On some occasions, slaves were born into the family house by an existing slave thereby becoming a slave under that household by birth.

Slave Contracts
If a slave was bought from their birth family and sold, a slave contract was created by the selling agency or agent (more commonly known as "people sellers" or ren fanzi). The contract stated the name of the person offering the slave, the name of the person buying the slave, the name of the selling agent, the name of the guarantor, the age of the slave and how many years the slave was to work for the new family, which was typically around 10-15 years. It also stated how much money was being exchanged for the slave. Most contracts for slave girls had a clause that the master was to choose a mate for the girl following the end of her time working. After the agreement was made, the slave was then transported, cleaned, trained, inspected and brought to their new master's home to start work.

Lives of Slaves in China
Slaves had very poor living conditions with little time to themselves and a small living space often shared with other slaves. Punishment and abuse were regular occurrences for slaves in China and could sometimes result in extreme permanent injuries or even death in some cases. Abuse was rarely reported or looked into. The only instances where slave abuse was questioned was if the family or masters were under investigation by the police for another offence.

Female Slaves
Women slaves were distinguished by their marital status rather than what kind of work they did. Married women who were slaves were similar to employees; they were paid wages and were free to leave the family house when they were not working. Unmarried women (called binu or yatou) however were unpaid and forced to remain on duty at all times. Married women were acknowledged by their married surname, while unmarried women were given names by their masters. Often times, women who found work outside of their family found themselves vulnerable to kidnapping, trafficking, and sexual violence.

Concubines
Concubinage in China was a regular part of Chinese history. A slave who had sexual relations willingly or unwillingly with her master was considered to be a second wife rather than a slave, regardless of whether the master himself thought of her as such. A slave could also become a concubine if she was sold or given to another master as a gift. According to Chinese law, a man could have only one legal wife (qie), but could have as many concubines as he desired. On some occasions, the wife would select a concubine for her husband for the goal of getting a son and heir to the family line. Whether a child was born from the wife or a concubine, the wife was considered to be the mother.

title: User:Brittanyli/sandbox


text:
User:Shahzad aslam ch

Shahzad Aslam CH 04-06-1983 is from Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan now lived in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Reserch the Wiki Articles and minor edits if found correctable

title: User:Shahzad aslam ch


text:
Talk:Web shell/Archive 1

Copyvio
See the copyvio results here, copyvio likely from source: us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A Polyamorph (talk) 14:05, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

Hello, Polyamorph, The Alert (TA15-314A) at https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A is from US-CERT which is part of the Department of Homeland Security of the United States, which releases alert under the public domain in the United States. This is, therefore, a non-issue considering the location of the Wikimedia Foundation.

Please do not use my talk page as my IP changes at a great rate, If you have any concern about what I wrote then please post here. I will reply Within 6 hours. Thanks <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:20, 22 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Just because it's open source, doesn't mean you can close paraphrase, it's always good practice to write an original piece rather than copying a source. Anyway, I suggest some cleanup / re-writing. Polyamorph (talk) 09:17, 22 February 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Now the copyvio stands at 13% see new results here. So I am removing the cleanup tag Jasonx5 (talk) 09:02, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

Disambiguation page request for some of the popular Web Shells
Can any one create disambiguation page for the following four web shells that redirects to Web_shell similar to what is done in the case of R57 web shell. China Chopper b374k C99 WSO And my IP is not static so please answer over here, do not use my talk page. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:59, 17 February 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Added some shells to disambiguation page (that already existed) and created redirect for B374k, china chopper is most popular so it got an article. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:23, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

Refs
If anyone needs sources to improve the articles :
 * https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A
 * https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-hiding-web-shell-logins-in-fake-http-error-pages/
 * https://threatpost.com/patched-click2gov-flaw-still-afflicting-local-govs/140109/
 * https://www.itworldcanada.com/article/credit-card-data-stolen-from-thousands-paying-online-to-canadian-city/413086
 * https://techcrunch.com/2018/12/10/equifax-breach-preventable-house-oversight-report/
 * https://securityboulevard.com/2018/12/bypass-of-disabled-system-functions/
 * https://www.scmagazine.com/home/security-news/report-hackers-used-data-mining-tool-network-sniffer-to-steal-click2gov-information/
 * https://securityintelligence.com/got-wordpress-php-c99-webshell-attacks-increasing/
 * https://www.zdnet.com/article/hackers-swipe-card-numbers-from-local-government-payment-portals/
 * https://news.softpedia.com/news/new-made-in-china-web-shell-threatens-the-security-of-web-servers-worldwide-506448.shtml
 * https://securityintelligence.com/the-webshell-game-continues/

Eatcha (talk) 17:18, 20 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Web shell/Archive 1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dairy in India

The result was keep. WP:HEY applies; article has been expanded massively and there is clear consensus to keep. (non-admin closure) power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 02:57, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Dairy in India

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

This is a vague article which makes a single, broad, unsubstantiated claim. It fails to meet all elements of WP:SIRS Whiteguru (talk) 09:56, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions. Whiteguru (talk) 09:56, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 09:59, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment We have articles like Dairy industry in the United States and Dairy industry in Uganda. The topic is likely notable. In this case, it looks like the article creator got lazy and dumped the responsibility on others coming across the article. Should be deleted unless someone undertakes to expand it. - hako9 (talk) 12:35, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Agree with . Important topic, but the article itself is devoid of any information. --RaviC (talk) 14:31, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep obviously notable topic, though the article is a bit empty at the moment. It needs to be expanded, not deleted. SD0001 (talk) 18:23, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep per and WP:BEFORE. See Nursing in Pakistan for a similar precedent. It's not unfix-able. Bearian (talk) 00:03, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep or Merge: There's a Indian dairy products article that should be merged with this article, and the merged article should be at "Dairy in India". There are enough sources to write a good article on dairy in India, since India is the largest dairy producing country. TryKid [dubious – discuss] 01:00, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep and probably Rename to Dairy industry in India for the sake of consistency. The article may be a measly stub but the subject is certainly notable. Tayi Arajakate  Talk 01:35, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep Obviously notable subject with plenty of scope for article to be improved. Agree with renaming per Taji Arajakate's suggestion Zindor (talk) 01:39, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep. I find multiple RS stating that the dairy industry in India is the world's largest. If that's not a claim to notability, I don't know what is. I've also found info on the cultural significance of milk and dairy that extends beyond the merely industrial aspects. Unclear if it's best to put that elsewhere or integrate here. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 02:49, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep What a remarkable improvement to the article in a short time. - hako9 (talk) 20:26, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * keep notable topic, strong improvements made solidify it. PainProf (talk) 14:30, 22 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
List of protected heritage sites in Havelange

This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Havelange. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.

 * }


text:
Amanimalel

Amanimalel (also Amanimalēl and Amanimalil) was a Kushite queen of the Napatan kingdom of Nubia, likely a spouse of king Senkamanisken living in the second half of the 7th century BC. She is mostly known from one or possibly two statues of her of very high quality.

Chronology and family
Amanimalel lived in the second half of the 7th century BC. Several date have been proposed for her queenship based on those estimated for Senkamanisken's rule: 643–623 BC, or 642–623 BC.

Amanimalel is presumed to have been a queen consort of Senkamanisken, who was also married to queen Nasalsa and, possibly, Masalaye. As such, Amanimalel could be the mother of queens Asata and Madekan who espoused kings Aspelta and Anlamani, respectively. These possibilities are debated however because of the lack of direct evidence on the matter. Amanimalel's parents are equally uncertain, she could be a daughter of Atlanersa.

Attestations
Amanimalel is attested by a 141 cm high lifesize statue of the queen, which was uncovered in April 1916 by George Andrew Reisner in a cache at the Gebel Barkal temple B 500 during a joint Harvard University–Boston Museum of Fine Arts expedition. The statue, one of the great masterpieces of African art, shows the queen in a traditionally Egyptian striding pose, wearing a Nubian variation of an Egyptian dress that could have been sheathed in silver while the feet may have been adorned with golden sandals. The back pillar of the statue states that she is "beloved of Amun of Napata who resides in the sacred mountain", showing that the queen participated in the cult of Amun at Napata in a role that might have been related with that of God's Wife of Amun of the preceding Twenty-Fifth Dynasty. The inscription was under the aegis of a goddess whose portrait is damaged but may belong to Mut. The queen is shown holding a smaller statue of a god child wearing the double crown who might well be Khonsu, a son of Amun at Thebes, thereby associating the queen closely with the triad Amun, Mut and Khonsu.

A second, very similar, quartzite statue is located at the Neues Museum of Berlin and is thought to belong to Amanimalel owing to the close resemblance between both representations.

Tomb
The tomb of queen Amanimalel has not been identified with any certainty. Reisner proposed that pyramid 22 at the royal necropolis of Nuri belongs to her. The pyramid was excavated in 1917. These works unearthed fragments of gold foil, small silver artefacts and beads.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Amanimalel


text:
ommatidium

Etymology
From the stem form of.

Noun

 * 1)  One of the conical substructures which make up the eyes of invertebrates with compound eyes.

Translations

 * Catalan: ommatidi
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Spanish: omatidio

Noun

 * 1) ommatidium

title: ommatidium


text:
Druzhba, Aleysky District, Altai Krai

Druzhba (Дружба) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Druzhbinsky Selsoviet, Aleysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1,068 as of 2013. There are 21 streets.

Geography
Druzhba is located 25 km northwest of Aleysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mokhovskoye is the nearest rural locality.

title: Druzhba, Aleysky District, Altai Krai


text:
Mikhaylovka, Blagoveshchensky District, Altai Krai

Mikhaylovka (Михайловка) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Shimolinsky Selsoviet, Blagoveshchensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 157 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Mikhaylovka is located 35 km northeast of Blagoveshchenka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Shimolino is the nearest rural locality.


text:
1996 Girabola

The 1996 Girabola was the 18th season of top-tier football competition in Angola. Atlético Petróleos de Luanda were the defending champions.

The league comprised 13 teams, the bottom one of which were relegated.

Primeiro de Agosto were crowned champions, winning their 6th title, while Nacional de Benguela were relegated.

César Caná of Académica do Lobito finished as the top scorer with 15 goals.

Changes from the 1995 season
Relegated: FC de Cabinda, Sonangol do Namibe, Sporting de Luanda, Sporting do Lubango Promoted: Benfica do Huambo, Sagrada Esperança, Saneamento Rangol

Top scorer

 * César Caná

Champions
Squad: Assis, Bifex, Castella, Fuidimau, Gonçalves, Hélder Cruz, Hélder Vicente, Kiss, Milonga, Moisés, Muanza, Ndisso, Nelo Jorge, Neto, Nhanga, Ntomas, Pedro, Pena, Quim Faria, Roque, Serginho, Stopirrá Head coach: Mário Calado

title: 1996 Girabola


text:
Alexeyevka, Blagoveshchensky District, Altai Krai

Alexeyevka (Алексеевка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Alexeyevsky Selsoviet, Blagoveshchensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 347 as of 2013. There are 4 streets.

Geography
Alexeyevka is located 56 km east of Blagoveshchenka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Alexandrovka is the nearest rural locality.


text:
overline

Etymology
, by analogy with.

Verb

 * 1) To draw a line over or above text.

Adjective

 * 1) Passing over a railway line.

title: overline


text:
User:Mishra.kriti

username : kriti city:ulhasnagar country:india education:BSC compoter science skills:reading interests:painting

title: User:Mishra.kriti


text:
2/13th Battalion (Australia)

The 2/13th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army, which served during World War II. Formed in April 1940 from volunteers drawn primarily from New South Wales, as part of the 20th Brigade of the 7th Division, the battalion served in North Africa in 1941–1942, after being reassigned to the 9th Division. While most of the 9th Division was withdrawn from Tobruk, during October 1942, the battalion remained and fought alongside the new garrison built around the British 70th Division. Following the lifting of the siege, the battalion returned to Australia during 1943. It later took part in campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943–1944 and Borneo in 1945, before being disbanded in 1946.

Formation
The 2/13th Battalion was established in April 1940, from Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) volunteers drawn primarily from the state of New South Wales, the 2/13th Battalion. Along with the 2/15th and 2/17th Battalions, it formed part of the 20th Brigade, which was assigned on formation to the 7th Division. With an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the 2/13th was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies, each consisting of three platoons.

Throughout the war, the 2/13th had six different unit colour patches (UCPs). The colours initially chosen for the battalion's UCP were the same as those of the 13th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were light blue over dark blue, in a horizontal rectangle shape, with a border of gray in a diamond shape was later added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart. Later, as the 7th Division was formed, it was decided that the division's colour patches would utilise a diamond shape to set them apart from the battalions of the 6th Division, so the battalion's colour patch was changed to a light blue over dark blue diamond. This was later changed to a black and red diamond inside a gray diamond border to conform with regulations that stipulated that the 20th Brigade's defining colour was to be red, although this did not last long, with the light blue over dark blue rectangle being restored shortly afterwards, being presented inside a gray diamond. A further change occurred when the battalion was transferred to the 9th Division, at which point it adopted a light blue over dark blue rectangle inside a gray circle. This remained the battalion's UCP until after the fighting at Tobruk, when it adopted a T-shaped UCP.

Individual training was undertaken at Ingleburn Army Camp, before the battalion marched in mid-August to Bathurst Army Camp where collective training was completed. By October the battalion was ready to deploy overseas and, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Burrows, previously commanding officer of the 36th Battalion embarked along with the rest of the brigade from Sydney, bound for the Middle East on board the Queen Mary. While at sea, a reorganisation of the 7th and 9th Divisions resulted in several brigades being reallocated, and as a consequence the 2/13th, was reassigned to the 9th Division, along with the rest of the 20th Brigade.

Middle East
Sailing via Bombay, in India, where the battalion briefly camped at Deolali before transferring to the transport Christiaan Huygens on 12 November 1940. The battalion arrived in Egypt at the end of the month, disembarking at El Kantara on 26 November. After moving into camp at Kilo 89, on Gaza Ridge, they then spent several months completing further training in Palestine before the partially trained 9th Division was deployed to Cyrenaica in March 1941 following the departure of the 6th Division to Greece. Following the arrival of German forces in North Africa, the British were pushed onto the defensive and they were forced to withdraw from Benghazi to the strategic port of Tobruk, which subsequently fell under siege; the 2/13th formed part of the rearguard during the withdrawal during which it gained the distinction of being the first Australian Army unit to see action against the Germans, fighting a short, but sharp delaying action at Er Regima on 4 April 1941 against a force three times their size. At the time, the 2/13th had not yet completed its training, and was hastily equipped with captured Italian heavy weapons, mortars and signals equipment as it was put into the line on the rocky high ground around the Benina airfield. With one company guarding prisoners around Barce, the remainder of the 2/13th first went into action in the afternoon of 4 April 1941, as German infantry and tanks attacked their position over several hours. With support from a British artillery regiment, the 2/13th held their ground until late in the evening, until captured Italian vehicles were brought up to withdraw the battalion. The fighting cost the 2/13th Battalion 98 casualties.

Following this, the 2/13th joined the Tobruk garrison, as the port was surrounded. During the siege, the battalion occupied the perimeter and undertook defensive duties, remaining there for eight months, with the distinction of being the only Australian infantry battalion to see out the length of the siege, remaining alongside the new garrison built around the British 70th Division. The other Australian units were withdrawn earlier by sea and the intention had been to do the same for the 2/13th in October 1941, but the convoy scheduled to take the 2/13th out of Tobruk had been repelled by an Axis air attack and the British later asked for the battalion, less its advanced party which had already been evacuated, to remain for the subsequent break out attempt.

In November, the British launched Operation Crusader, to relieve the garrison at Tobruk. As part of this effort, the 2/13th Battalion was tasked with recapturing El Duda in late November after a battalion of the Essex Regiment was forced off the position. Supported by British armour and artillery, two companies totalling 160 men assaulted the position which was held by force of around 450 Germans. In the fighting that followed heavy casualties were inflicted on the defenders who were forced from the position, leaving 167 men who were taken prisoner. Following the capture of El Duda, the 2/13th undertook patrol actions in their sector, and endured a heavy bombardment, which resulted in further casualties, including the commanding officer, Burrows, after which Major George Colvin temporarily assumed command of the battalion in the field.

After the relief of Tobruk, in December 1941, the battalion moved to Palestine where it rejoined the rest of the 9th Division and subsequently undertook garrison duty in Syria, as part of the Allied occupation force that had been established there following the conclusion of the fighting against the Vichy French forces in the Syria–Lebanon campaign. During this period, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Turner took over command of the battalion. The 2/13th remained in Syria, based around Tripoli initially before moving to Aleppo, until July 1942 when the situation in North Africa became critical and the 9th Division was hurriedly moved west to El Alamein as the German Afrika Korps and Italian forces advanced towards Egypt. For the next four months, the battalion defended the northern sector of the Allied line, occupying Tel el Eisa in August, and then taking part in the Second Battle of El Alamein in October and November 1942. During the height of the battle, Turner was mortally wounded and command of the 2/13th fell to Colvin once again; he was subsequently confirmed in the position in later October 1942 and would command the 2/13th for the remainder of the war.

Pacific
The fighting around Tel el Eisa was the 2/13th's last involvement in the fighting in North Africa as the 9th Division was recalled to Australia in early 1943 to take part in the fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific, joining the other two 2nd AIF divisions – the 6th and 7th – which had been transported back the year before. Departing Egypt in January 1943 aboard the Acquitania, the 2/13th reached Sydney the following month. The battalion's personnel were given a long period of leave, before it was reconstituted on the Atherton Tablelands, in Queensland, where it was re-organised for jungle warfare and undertook amphibious training. Its next combat assignment came in early September 1943, when the 9th Division took part in a two-pronged assault on Lae, along with the 7th Division, with the 9th conducting an amphibious landing to the east of the town while the 7th advanced overland from Nadzab. After sailing from Cairns in late July, the battalion staged out of Milne Bay. During the landing, the 2/13th was tasked with coming ashore on "Yellow Beach", and then securing the beachhead for the follow on forces; it later sent out patrols to link up with the 2/15th Battalion and secure the right flank before the main advance west began.

Lae fell more quickly than the Allies expected and as a result a follow-up operation was mounted to secure the Huon Peninsula later in the month. Landing at Scarlet Beach in the first wave, two companies from the 2/13th secured the main beachhead while two others were also landed around Siki Cove on the first day of the operation. By October, the battalion occupied a position north of Langemak Bay which stretched in a dog-leg from Simbang north to Tirimoro. They were later involved in defending the beachhead against a Japanese counter-attack, and then the subsequent Australian advance inland as the Japanese withdrew towards Sio.

They were withdrawn from the front in March 1944, for rest and re-organisation, subsequently returning to the Atherton Tablelands to concentrate near Ravenshoe where a long period of training followed. The battalion's final involvement in the war came when they were committed to Operation Oboe, the Allied operation to re-capture Borneo. Embarking upon the transport Frederick Lykes, the battalion concentrated on Morotai Island in April 1945, along with the rest of the 7th and 9th Divisions, the 2/13th Battalion was committed to the Battle of North Borneo on 20 June when it conducted an unopposed amphibious landing at Lutong on 20 June, before undertaking another landing and continuing their advance down the south-western coast, passing through Miri on 23 June, before continuing on to Seria on their way towards Kuching, securing several airfields and oilfields, and conducting patrols, as they went. The campaign ended with news of the Japanese surrender, following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, by which time the 2/13th had established itself around Lobang.

Disbandment
After the conclusion of hostilities, the 2/13th Battalion carried out various garrison duties such as guarding prisoners of war and maintaining internal security while the demobilisation process took place. Personnel were repatriated back to Australia or transferred to other units for further service; meanwhile, in November, the battalion was transferred to Luban, before finally being brought back to Australia in December 1945 for disbandment. During the course of the war, a total of 2,706 men served with the 2/13th Battalion of whom 245 were killed in action or died on active service, 87 were captured, and a further 630 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: three Distinguished Service Orders including one Bar, ten Military Crosses, one Member of the Order of the British Empire, six Distinguished Conduct Medals; 12 Military Medals including one Bar, one British Empire Medal, and 40 Mentions in Despatches. One former member of the battalion, Lieutenant Albert Chowne, who served with the 2/13th before being commissioned in 1944, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions while serving with the 2/2nd Battalion during the Aitape–Wewak campaign in 1945.

Battle honours
The 2/13th Battalion received the following battle honours:
 * Defence of Tobruk, El Alamein, South-West Pacific 1943–45, Lae–Nadzab, Liberation of Australian New Guinea, Sio, Er Regima, El Adem Road, Tobruk 1941, Belhamed, Defence of Alamein Line, Finschhafen, Bumi River, Scarlet Beach, Defence of Scarlet Beach, Jivenaneng–Kumawa, Borneo, Brunei and Miri.

Commanding officers
The following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/13th:

 * Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Alexander Burrows (1940–1941);
 * Lieutenant Colonel Robert William Newton Turner (1941–1942);
 * Lieutenant Colonel George Edward Colvin (1942–1945).

title: 2/13th Battalion (Australia)


text:
Template talk:League of Women Voters

Wikidata list
List of state LWV chapters in Wikidata: < https://w.wiki/ZZU >. -- M2545 (talk) 09:06, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Template talk:League of Women Voters


text:
Deltic

Deltic or Deltics may refer to:

 * Napier Deltic, a diesel engine
 * British Rail DP1 ("Deltic") a prototype locomotive built by English Electric fitted with the Deltic Engine
 * British Rail Class 55, production locomotives powered by Deltic engines
 * British Rail Class 23, "Baby Deltic" production locomotives powered by Deltic engines
 * Deltic Preservation Society
 * Deltic acid, a chemical whose molecular backbone resembles the Greek letter delta (Δ)
 * Deltaic or deltic
 * Deltics (album), a music album by Chris Rea

title: Deltic


text:
shoulde

Verb

 * 1) * 1559 Book of Common Prayer
 * And that ye shoulde aunswere to every sentence. Amen.
 * And that ye shoulde aunswere to every sentence. Amen.

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1) should

title: shoulde


text:
Vietnamese/Ng

The sound that ng and ngh make in Vietnamese is by far the hardest sound for Westerners to make. Ng and ngh simply make the last sound in "king" or "running" (as long as you don't make the hard /g/ sound at the end). The problem arises when ng or ngh come at the beginning of a word, as the common family name Nguyễn clearly demonstrates. Here, the speaker has to isolate the /ŋ/ sound, which even many Western dictionaries don't recognize in their pronunciation guides. (Those that do tend to represent it as /ng/.) This lesson will help you to at least pronounce the /ŋ/ sound well enough for a native listener.

Oral exercise 1: Sing-along
For this exercise, follow the directions below. It may be a good idea to repeat each step until you've mastered it:

 * 1) Say the English word "sing-along" the way you normally would.
 * 2) Take the /s/ sound away from the beginning.
 * 3) Replace "along" with the "eah" in "yeah."
 * 4) If you can, take the /i/ (long e) sound away from the beginning as well, without making the hard /g/ sound.
 * If you can't do that, try to turn the /i/ sound into a quick schwa (/ə/) sound.

Hopefully, you've just pronounced the word nghe! It should sound something like this.

Tips

 * 1) Touch the back of your tongue to the roof of your mouth.
 * 2) Be careful not to make the hard /g/ sound afterwards.

title: Vietnamese/Ng


text:
Talk:Sentosa Express

Untitled
I've redirected "Sentosa Express LRT" here because it's not being built by LTA and is thus not an LRT. Station codes etc, even the final names, are also only speculation at this stage. Jpatokal 05:55, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Station names
There are a lot of station names floating around, please don't change the ones in the article unless you have up-to-date proof — say, a press release from Sentosa — about the final ones. Jpatokal 03:26, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Bump. What's the source? Jpatokal 16:27, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I got the source from here . Please correct me if I am wrong. —Sengkang 16:45, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Good enough for me! Do we really need to separate "Sentosa Gateway" from "Harbourfront"? Jpatokal 05:49, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, that is what's mentioned in the website. I guess we will only know the final answer when the line is officially going to be opened. —Sengkang 13:49, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

SMRT?
Article : Very Soon will be in SMRT Express Line, this station called "______" What SMRT Express Line??? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lao zha bor (talk • contribs) 16:52, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 5 external links on Sentosa Express. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090221215248/http://www.sentosa.com.sg/about_us/press_releases/press_release20061204_factsheet.html to http://www.sentosa.com.sg/about_us/press_releases/press_release20061204_factsheet.html
 * Added tag to http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/sub/storyprintfriendly/0,4582,370675,00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100215073725/http://www.sentosa.com.sg/UserFiles/File/SDCFlatFee.pdf to http://www.sentosa.com.sg/UserFiles/File/SDCFlatFee.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061205092140/http://www.sentosa.com.sg/useful_info/sentosa_express.html to http://www.sentosa.com.sg/useful_info/sentosa_express.html
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120225170126/http://www.hitachi-rail.com/rail_now/hot_topics/2002/sentosa/index.html to http://www.hitachi-rail.com/rail_now/hot_topics/2002/sentosa/index.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:26, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sentosa Express


text:
User:Dyslecix

Hello there
No need for a welcome template, I got one for my i.p. edits. Thanks. I hope I can be of help here. Dyslecix 01:04, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Dyslecix


text:
Lojban/Sounds and alphabet

Lojban has a 24-letter alphabet (23 of which come from the Roman alphabet): ' a b c d e f g i j k l m n o p r s t u v x y z And two special symbols: , . This includes most of the traditional English alphabet except for three letters: h q w Lojban has a phonetic spelling and audio-visual isomorphism, meaning that each letter has exactly one sound and each sound has exactly one letter.

' only appears in Lojban words between vowels. "," only appears in Lojban names. Lojbanists can optionally not include the "." in their writing. The stress is on a word's penultimate syllable. The exception is that a syllable whose nucleus is a 'y' cannot be stressed; in that case, stress the syllable immediately preceding it. Names may indicate different from penultimate stress by capitalizing the entire stressed syllable or the vowel of the stressed syllable. Some Lojbanists have unofficially proposed other characters to mark stress like "^". Lojban has eleven diphthongs written by composed vowels. The following transliterations are assuming that the reader has an American English accent.

A pair of adjacent vowels which are capable of forming a diphthong will form a diphthong unless a comma is placed between them. That is the purpose of the comma in Lojban; to act as a separator between syllables whenever necessary for pronunciation purposes. (It is not for pausing between words or phrases like in English.)

To make pronouncing some words easier, you may put unwritten buffer vowels in your speech between consonants. Any non-Lojban vowel can act as a buffer vowel, but i as in hit has the most popularity. For example, you could pronounce (but not write) a buffer vowel between the "s" and "f" of "sfani".

Exercises

 * Pronounce
 * Pronounce the word given below.

Write/Stress
 * .i
 * .a
 * .e
 * .a
 * .o
 * .u
 * 1) .e'i
 * 2) lu'a
 * 3) se'inai
 * 4) gu'onai
 * 5) diklo
 * 6) tumla
 * 7) tunlo
 * 8) stasu
 * 9) kabri
 * 10) vitke
 * 11) pandi
 * 12) ransu
 * 13) tercakyjme
 * 14) backemselrerkru
 * 15) seljinru
 * 16) penydjuxa'a
 * 17) vokygenkantu
 * 18) xagmaubi'o
 * 19) xacysantyse'u
 * 20) finprxipoglosu
 * 21) smacrkobaiu
 * 22) samcrkasava
 * Write down each Lojbanized name, stressing the first syllable. Pronounce the name with the original and initial (afterwards) stress.

Answer
 * 1) la geibri,el.
 * 2) la keitlen.
 * 3) la rabert.
 * 4) la xeilis.
 * 5) la no,as.
 * 6) la destenis.
 * 7) la keileb.
 * 8) la tamas.
 * 9) la kateren.
 * 10) la djorden.
 * 11) la necol.
 * 12) la xanter.
 * 13) la .alecsendras.
 * 14) la kameren.
 * 15) la mari,as.
 * 16) la kail.
 * 17) la savenas.
 * Answer each question completely.

True or False
 * 1) How many letters does Lojban's alphabet have, not including special symbols?
 * 2) How many symbols does Lojban's alphabet have, including special symbols?
 * 3) Which three letters of the English alphabet does the Lojban alphabet not have?
 * 4) Where do apostrophes (') appear in Lojban text?
 * 5) Which of the following are correct Lojban diphthongs: uo, oa, ii, io, oi, ee, ea, ui
 * 6) What does "buffer vowel" mean?
 * Answer 'true' or 'false'.

 * 1) Each Lojban letter corresponds to exactly one sound.
 * 2) The period (.) is a required part of the Lojban orthography.
 * 3) Lojban names have antepenultimate stress by default.

Answers to exercises
Pronounce
 * No recording of pronunciation available.

Write/Stress Answer True or False
 * 1) la GEIBri,el.
 * 2) la KEITlen
 * 3) la RABert.
 * 4) la XEILis
 * 5) la NO,as.
 * 6) la DESTenis.
 * 7) la KEILeb.
 * 8) la TAMas
 * 9) la KATeren.
 * 10) la DJORden.
 * 11) la NECol.
 * 12) la XANter.
 * 13) la .ALecendras.
 * 14) la KAMeren.
 * 15) la MARi,as.
 * 16) la kail. (No capitalization needed with only one syllable.)
 * 17) la SAVenas.
 * 1) Twenty-four (24) letters.
 * 2) Twenty-six (26) symbols.
 * h, q, and w.
 * 1) Apostrophes (') only appear in Lojban words between vowels.
 * uo, ii, io, oi, and ui.
 * 1) "Buffer vowel" means unwritten, spoken vowel in a consonant cluster to aid pronunciation.
 * 1) True
 * 2) False
 * 3) False

title: Lojban/Sounds and alphabet


text:
User:Ray Shan

Introduction
This is a page about Wikipedian Ray Shan. For detailed information, please visit his Profile page on www.RayShan.com.

title: User:Ray Shan


text:
Wagon Wheels (song)

"Wagon Wheels" is a Western song written by Billy Hill and Peter DeRose in the early 1930s. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.

Background
The song was used as the title song in the 1934 western movie Wagon Wheels, starring Randolph Scott and Gail Patrick. It was sung by Everett Marshall in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1934.

"Wagon Wheels" has been recorded dozens of times over the years, by artists including Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra and Paul Robeson in 1934, and Sammy Davis, Jr., The Platters, Sonny Rollins and Johnnie Ray later on.

title: Wagon Wheels (song)


text:
User:Bredlet/sandbox

AD Singh is an Indian entrepreneur, the founder and Managing Director of the Olive Group of Restaurants.

Career
Singh made his restaurant business debut in 1990 with Just Desserts, a jazz café that served only coffee and desserts. He launched Olive at Union Park, Bandra in the year 2000.

In 2003, Singh opened Olive Bar and Kitchen in New Delhi, which was announced as one of the ‘Best new restaurants in the world’ by Condé Nast Traveler. Olive won numerous awards and accolades across Mumbai, Delhi and Bengaluru – where, in 2005, Singh opened Olive Beach.

Singh has launched 15 restaurant brands throughout the country. He is credited with many ‘firsts’ in the Indian restaurant scene. Bombay’s first floating bar - Suzy Wong, India’s first gastropub - Monkey Bar, Olive - the country’s first truly standalone restaurant, and Guppy - one of India’s first Japanese restaurants.

Awards

 * Delwine Excellence Awards Hall of Fame 2019
 * Top Chef lifetime achievement - Restaurateur of the Year, 2016
 * Eazy Diner Lifetime Achievement of the Year 2019
 * DSSC announced AD Singh as The Power Packer in 2017
 * The Icon of Indian Restaurant Industry Award - Big F Awards 2018
 * The Lifetime Achievement award at the INCA awards 2017
 * Certificate of Appreciation for exemplary contribution in the field of Food & Travel by Times Power Icons, 2018
 * Awarded Hall of Fame at the Food Food awards, 2018

title: User:Bredlet/sandbox


text:
Talk:Pete Nice

Untitled
Pete Nice is lyrically one of the best mc's. No one had a style, flow and delivery like Pete. Jorgekluney 18:36, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

You're the best Pete!!!!! Release some old, unreleased tracks of yours, like Serch recently did. I didn't buy his, but I'll buy yours. --squirrelyQ

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 15:47, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Pete Nice. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Pete Nice


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness

The result was   keep. (non-admin closure) ansh 666 23:16, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Spam article with no independent sources and no evidence of significance. Big chunks of COI edits. Guy (Help!) 17:09, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:04, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Health and fitness-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:04, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Spain-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:04, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sports-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:05, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Keep per WP:GNG. Somebody deleted all the third party GNG cites I added last April. I have no idea why, but I'm not going to waste time adding them again if they are just going to be deleted without explanation again. VMS Mosaic (talk) 04:15, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Missvain (talk) 05:57, 15 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Spirit of Eagle (talk) 06:26, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep - Under its former name and its current name there seems to be quite a bit of coverage for this organization to satisfy WP:GNG. SB Nation describes it as the "long the dominant force in contests and magazines" in bodybuilding. It's safe to say that the article satisfies WP:NORG as well. Thank you, --ceradon ( talk  •  contribs ) 20:01, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep Per Ceradon.♦ Dr. Blofeld  16:20, 23 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Tuxentius gabrieli

Tuxentius gabrieli, the Gabriel's Pierrot, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Yemen and south-western Saudi Arabia.

title: Tuxentius gabrieli


text:
User:Yasminlajoie/sandbox

James Newman is an English singer-songwriter based in London. He is the brother of pop star John Newman. At the 2014 Brit Awards, Newman won Brit Award for British Single of the Year for Waiting All Night.

Singles

 * “Waiting All Night” by Rudimental ft. Ella Eyre
 * “Blame” by Calvin Harris ft. John Newman
 * “Lay It All On Me” by Rudimental ft. Ed Sheeran
 * “Love Me Like You” by Little Mix
 * “Dying to Try” by Brendan Murray

Albums

 * 2018	Sex & Cigarettes
 * 2017	Glasshouse
 * 2017	Pure Running
 * 2017	Rainbow
 * 2016	24 Hrs
 * 2016	All I Need
 * 2016	Classic House
 * 2016	Lazy Afternoon
 * 2016	Stay Together
 * 2015	Get Weird
 * 2015	Kidz Bop 28
 * 2015	Ministry of Sound: Bounce Sessions, Vol. 2
 * 2015	Now That's What I Call Music! 53
 * 2015	Revolve
 * 2015	Ultra Dance, Vol. 16
 * 2015	We the Generation
 * 2014	Motion
 * 2014	Sirens
 * 2014	x
 * 2013	Annie Mac Presents
 * 2013  Home

title: User:Yasminlajoie/sandbox


text:
Wikiversity:Disclosures

Wikiversity attempts to provide for broad and open-minded thinking, and so its mission is akin to Wikipedia's in the sense that it will strive towards the concept of neutrality, or "NPOV". However, since neutrality is not always (some would argue, ever) possible, or even desirable, we will need to develop a system of disclosure of biases. In particular, when academic freedom leads Wikiversity participants beyond the restrictions of the traditional Wikimedia Foundation Neutral point of view (NPOV) policy, the Wikiversity pages that are exempted from NPOV must be marked as such and include a disclosure of the limitations on perspective and points of view that are being explored. Only Wikiversity participants who have explicitly affirmed their personal commitment to the Wikiversity Scholarly ethics policy are allowed to edit Wikiversity pages outside of the restrictions imposed by NPOV policy.

Biases should be disclosed. The developers of any stream, unit or learning resource should disclose their bias at the head of each learning resource. Some streams and units will encompass multiple biases; they should state all encompassed biases in their Disclosure. Developers of a resource need not disclose all their biases, merely the ones that they present in the coursework. Wikiversity pages that do not explicitly disclose their biases must be edited according to the restrictions imposed by NPOV policy (all significant points of view must be described).

Default disclosures
The disclosures shown in the boxes on the right will be the default disclosures for Wikiversity:

NPOV was selected as it is what people expect from Wikimedia projects.

Progressivism was selected as it is the one promoted on the Learning page and discussed in the Wikiversity project proposal.

See below for more information and interpretations of these concepts.

POV Biases
POV: Point of View

General explanation
Wikiversity has different goals than Wikipedia. Wikiversity main namespace pages are devoted to the goal of supporting online education and the learning goals of Wikiversity participants. The traditional Wikimedia neutral point of view policy might not always be important for some Wikiversity pages - though, it does indicate the "iterative" (and, therefore, wiki-like) process of developing towards a compromise common ground, which could have relevance to a style of learning on Wikiversity. Many Wikiversity main namespace pages will strive to follow the traditional Wikimedia neutral point of view policy.

Wikipedia’s policy on maintaining a “neutral point of view” serves the goal of producing encyclopedia articles that have a limited amount of bias. Some Wikiversity pages are functionally similar to encyclopedia articles in that they should present an unbiased account of a topic. For such Wikiversity pages (for example, a Wikiversity page that describes the benefits and limitations of some learning materials) the Wikipedia policy for keeping a neutral point of view should be applied. Wikiversity pages in the wikiversity namespace should strive for NPOV.

In contrast, other Wikiversity pages might be devoted to the study of a topic from one particular point of view. Such Wikiversity pages need not strive to present to the world a neutral and unbiased presentation of the topic. Sometimes learning is advanced by asking new or unpopular questions that fly in the face of conventional thought. Wikiversity readers should not expect all Wikiversity pages to follow the neutral point of view policy. In order to help Wikiversity users distinguish between NPOV pages and other types of pages, pages that do not follow the traditional Wikimedia NPOV policy should be marked as such. Pages that do not attempt to follow the traditional Wikimedia NPOV policy should clearly indicate what they are trying to accomplish and why that does not involve adherence to the traditional Wikimedia NPOV policy. When members of the Wikiversity community excuse pages from the traditional Wikimedia NPOV policy, those community members take on the responsibility of making sure that they adhere to highest standards of scholarly ethics.

Examples of exceptions from traditional Wikimedia NPOV
example Scholarly study of topics can sometimes be advanced when a scholar adopts a particular point of view with respect to a topic of study. A famous example comes from attempts to understand the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Starting in 1987, soon after the discovery of HIV, Peter Duesberg systematically questioned the role of HIV as the cause of AIDS. Duesberg adopted a minority view, has published articles describing that point of view and has participated in discussions of the merits of his adopted point of view.

lessons Wikiversity allows scholarly investigations of individual points of view with respect to a topic of study. During the course of such studies, Wikiversity pages can be created and maintained that do not present a balanced (NPOV) discussion of the topic. These pages should contain a prominent section that describes why editors are departing from NPOV. Good scholarly practice is to be aware of and open to other points of view and to engage in scholarly analysis of each point of view. Each and every Wikiversity page need not present an NPOV account of topics that are under study, but each scholar needs to honestly portray the nature of their work within the Wikiversity community. Wikiversity editors can create and edit pages that deal with topics such as AIDS reappraisal, but these pages need to be scholarly analyses of ideas. Such pages can seek to be persuasive because of the merits derived from careful reasoning and intellectual honesty, not from deception or use of irrational arguments.

example Some advocates of Intelligent Design aim to scientifically study creationism or some variant of the idea that there are aspects of the natural world best explained in terms of intelligent design. Intelligent Design is often described by its supporters as a scientific alternative to evolution. However, creationism is considered by most biologists to be religion not science, and the legal status of Intelligent Design as public school educational content has been the topic of legal dispute (see: Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District).

lessons A learning project about Intelligent Design could be included in Topic:Evolutionary Biology and designated as being outside of traditional Wikimedia NPOV policy. This would allow a scholarly scientific exploration of the hypothesis that life on Earth has features best explained by an intelligent design process. Some advocates of Intelligent Design explicitly abandon the scientific method. A learning project that does not use the scientific method should not try to include itself as a topic at a science page such as Topic:Evolutionary Biology. Studies founded on religious convictions should be explored at School:Theology. Further discussion of this example is at Creation science and NPOV.

studying bias itself A project studying e.g. how scientist that happend to come under the political regime of nazi terrorism bent their published views away from what they published before and after that time period, will most naturally have to use, present, and analyse historic scientific resources with zeitgeisty nazi bias. While those documents may, or may not present biases of various kinds, they need to be on the wikiversity web site in part or toto, providing evidence backing the project teachings, or as working materials for learners.

There are many other historical examples of scholarly departures from unbiased study of a topic. (add more...)

Neutral point of view in interactions
The neutral point of view policy is not intended to restrict ideas expressed on Wikiversity to those which are neutral - for example, participants are welcome to express emotions which are representative of their internal state. For example, a participant (a Wikischolar) can express delight in acquiring a new concept.

NPOV addressses primarily that scholarly material written to exemplify competency in a particular topic is neutral. It should come across as a balanced, mature, and moderated.

Case in study
Wikipedia's reference desk is the largest and most popular collaborative page which deals with any topic. It exemplifies how collaborative learning can occur in a "neutral" environment. The ratio of edits to vandalism on that page is the highest on Wikipedia when compared to any other project page.

Current POV Biases

 * NPOV

Other possible biases

 * Left-wing
 * Right-wing
 * Christian conservative
 * Libertarian
 * Atheist
 * Naturalist
 * Socialist
 * Muslim
 * etc

EP Biases
EP: Educational Philosophy

Likewise, different educational philosophies will be selected by those who develop the Learning Materials. These should also be disclosed.

Current EP Biases

 * Essentialism
 * Progressivism
 * Perennialism
 * Existentialism
 * Behaviorism
 * Direct Instruction
 * Inquiry-based_learning

Example Bias Disclosures
It doesn't show here, but the "Disclosures" heading links to this page.

Physics course
Some biases that might apply to a traditional Physics course are floating on the right.

Politics course
Some biases that might apply to a left-wing political course are on the right.

Resources
The following could be useful article(s) about the notion of disclosure:
 * Newman, Judith M. (1987). Learning to teach by uncovering our assumptions. Language Arts, 64 (7), 727-737. Available online at http://www.lupinworks.com/article/learn.html

title: Wikiversity:Disclosures


text:
Khadem Beg Talish

Khadem Beg Talish (died 1514) was a Sufi and military commander of Talysh origin, who served the Safavid order, and later the dynasty established by the order, the Safavid dynasty. Khadem Beg was a retainer of Soltan Ali Safavi and his brother Ismail Mirza, when they were child, and an important advisor to the Shah Ismail ((r. 1501 – 1524)).

He died in the Battle of Chaldiran.

Career
Khadem Beg served in many of the campaigns of Shah Ismail, especially in one against Arabian Iraq. In 1508, the Shah conquered Baghdad and made him as first governor of Baghdad and the whole province, an office which included the task of supervising the Holy shrine of Karbala. Before holding governorship of Baghdad, he was Amir-e Divan (later called Divan-beigi) of the Safavid Empire.

He also held the position of Khalifat al-Khulafa of Safavid order from 1498.

Family
Yadegar Ali Sultan Talish, Khadem Beg's grandson, became Khalifat al-Khulafa for a brief in 1626–1627 and succeeded by his son, Badr Khan Sultan Talish.

title: Khadem Beg Talish


text:
User:Yash60

Name:Yash Chavan DOB:6th aug 2001 Place&Birth:Ulhasnagar City:Ulhasnagar State:Maharashtra Country:India

title: User:Yash60


text:
The Voynich Manuscript

Welcome
The Voynich manuscript, described as "the world's most mysterious manuscript", is a work which dates to the early 15th century, possibly from northern Italy. It is named after the book dealer /Wilfrid Michael Voynich/, who purchased it in 1912.

Some pages are missing, but the current version comprises about 240 vellum pages, most with illustrations. Much of the manuscript resembles herbal manuscripts of the time period, seeming to present illustrations and information about plants and their possible uses for medical purposes. However, most of the plants do not match known species, and the manuscript's script and language remain unknown and unreadable. Possibly some form of encrypted ciphertext, the Voynich manuscript has been studied by many professional and amateur cryptographers, including American and British codebreakers from both World War I and World War II. As yet, it has defied all decipherment attempts, becoming a cause célèbre of historical cryptology. The mystery surrounding it has excited the popular imagination, making the manuscript a subject of both fanciful theories and novels. None of the many speculative solutions proposed over the last hundred years has yet been independently verified.

The Voynich manuscript was donated to Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library in 1969, where it is catalogued under call number MS 408 and called a "Cipher Manuscript".

Perhaps the appeal of Voynich research is that (a) it is truly cross-disciplinary, and (b) it rewards endeavour and persistence. This wikibook is intended to help you get started on what has already been (for some) a long road of (self-)discovery - the page you may find most useful at first is the Guide To Voynich Jargon.

Table of contents

 * 1) /Content/
 * 2) /History/
 * 3) /Jargon/

What we know about VMS

 * Illustrated medieval folio written in an undeciphered script.
 * From the illustrations – hairstyles and features of the human ﬁgures – as well as the shapes of the glyphs, the manuscript is posited to have been created in Europe. Carbon-dating at the University of Arizona has found that the vellum was created in the 15th century, and McCrone Associates has asserted that the ink was added shortly afterwards.
 * The manuscript is divided into quires – sections made out of folded parchment, each of which consists of folios, with writing on both sides of each folio (Reeds, 2002).
 * Including blank pages and pages with no text, there are 240 pages, although it is believed that some are missing (Pelling, 2006)
 * 225 pages include text, and most are illustrated.
 * The text was probably added after the illustrations, and shows no evidence of scratching or correction.
 * The text is written left to right in paragraphs that are left-aligned, justiﬁed, and divided by whitespace into words. Paragraphs do not span multiple pages.
 * Under the most used transcription, as there are ambiguities, the VMS is comprised of 8114 word types, and 37919 word tokens.
 * Based on the illustrations, the manuscript has traditionally been divided into six sections: (1) herbal, containing drawings of plants; (2) Astronomical, containing zodiac-like illustrations; (3) Biological, mainly containing drawings of female human ﬁgures; (4) Cosmological, consisting of circular illustrations; (5) Pharmaceutical, containing drawing of small containers and parts of plants, and (6) Stars (sometimes referred to as Recipes), containing very dense text with drawings of stars in the margins.
 * Currier (1976) observed from letter and substring frequencies that the text is comprised of two distinct ‘languages’, A and B. Interestingly, the Biological and Stars sections are mainly written in the B language, and the rest mainly in A.
 * The word frequency distribution follows Zipf's law, which is a necessary (though not sufﬁcient) test of linguistic plausibility. We also ﬁnd that the unigram word entropy is comparable to the baseline texts.

Source: What we know about the Voynich manuscript, by Sravana Reddy and Kevin Knight. http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/people/voynich-11.pdf

Page-by-page commentary
See: The Voynich Manuscript/Page-by-page commentary

The Voynich Manuscript has more than 200 pages, divided up into twenty quires (as per the following links). The first 7 quires are standard quires consisting of 4 nested bifolios each. Quire 8 once consisted of 5 such bifolios but only 2 remain. From quire 9 onwards, quires often consist of only one or two multiple folding bifolios. Exceptions are quires 13 (5 standard bifolios) and 20 (7 standard bifolios of which 6 remain). Further details are available at the description of each quire.

The web-pages linked onwards from there are intended to summarise the debate relating to individual pages - what could they mean? To what are they similar? What interesting (visual or statistical) properties do they have? (etc)
 * Main herbal section - Quires 1-7
 * Mixed quire - Quire 8
 * Astronomical/cosmological section - Quires 9-10 (note that quire 10 also contains the start of the zodiac section!)
 * Zodiac section - Quires 11-12
 * Biological/balneological (bathing nymph) section - Quires 13-14 (contains the "9-rosette" fold-out page)
 * Pharmacological+herbal section - Quires 15-19
 * Recipe / calendar / almanacke section - Quire 20

Cross-page commentary
This section is designed to contain commentaries on features spanning multiple pages of the VMs.
 * /Currier Languages (A & B)/
 * /Statistical features of the text/
 * /Neal Keys/
 * /Page ordering/
 * /Titles/
 * /Nymphs/
 * /Long gallows/
 * /Paints/
 * /Inks/
 * /Marginalia/
 * /Emendations/
 * /Alphabet/

Timeline/provenance

 * Abbot Beere (Bere) of Glastonbury
 * John Dee and Edward Kelly

People who claim to have broken the VM's code

 * /Alisa Gladyseva/
 * /William Romaine Newbold/
 * /Robert Brumbaugh/
 * /Leonell Strong/
 * /Leo Levitov/
 * /John Stojko/
 * /Gordon Rugg/
 * /Claude Martin/
 * /Michael Sasscer/
 * /Stephen Bax/
 * /Jutta Kellner/
 * /Sukhwant Singh/

External Resources

 * http://www.voynich.net/ - starting point for the English-language VMs. mailing list (started originally in 1991).
 * Voynich MS entry in Wikipedia
 * http://www.voynich.nu/
 * http://voynich-ms.de/wiki/Hauptseite - German VMS wiki

title: The Voynich Manuscript


text:
Kamrupi

Kamrupi or Kamarupi may refer to:

 * Kamarupi Prakrit, a middle Indo-Aryan language (5th-12th century)
 * Kamrupi dialect, a modern dialect of Assamese
 * Kamarupi script, ancestral script of Assamese and Bengali
 * Kamrupi people, native speakers of Kamrupi language
 * Kamrupi Brahmins
 * Kamrupi Dholiya

title: Kamrupi


text:
Wikiversity talk:Multiversity

Free multiversity or diversity
We could also use the term "free diversity" in place of "free multiversity". That is a rather powerful statement: Wikpedia is a free diversity. Reswik 12:26, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Jargon: "multiversity" etc....I suggest that the mission statement be crafted for outside observers who are looking in at Wikiversity. The statement should be easy to understand by OUTSIDERS without them having to consult a glossary. --JWSchmidt 12:43, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * OK: you are correct about avoiding jargon for general statement purposes. university or diversity would work better in this context. i think we should consider defining and using multiversity as one concept introduced in a longer vision statement. Reswik 13:21, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

I don't get it, sorry. 'University' is using the word 'universitas', which means the whole, total, universe, world. What can more inclusive than that?? Using a word like Multiversity brings the connotation of multiple unconnected things, which is the wrong picture for people to get, IMO Awolf002 16:24, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Multiversity in part can be a concept about multiple interacting networks with some things in common. University means one but there are many types of university and scholar communities active on the web. One of the aims of suggesting the concept of multiversity is to create a space to welcome and invite large scholarly projects with differing authority structures, different education methods and perhaps with differing interpretations of basic values (within and without wikiversity space) to develop in dialog and collaboration. If and how to structure that is a long discussion that probably needs its own page. Reswik 03:05, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

interesting problem.... the word "university: is understandable but does indeed immediately connote harvard, uc berkeley and ut austin as well as the whole power-structure (and totallizing knowledge hierarchy?) we are trying to get out of (and which many folks, increasingly, can't afford to get inside of). i tend to think that if the word "multiversity" is comprehensible to outsiders, then it's preferable.  is there any way to test this out?  --Smithgrrl 03:30, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * i agree, thx. and, hmm, to test the concept: perhaps we could have a survey such as...
 * Do you think multiversity sounds like:
 * a. a new world fusion jazz band
 * b. a speculative physics theory
 * c. a brand of sports underwear
 * d. a new flexible kind of large education network

 * seriously though -- i think with some exposition (such as in one version of a possible vision statement) that the idea of multiversity could express well in a word some of the existing goals of wikiversity and its growth potential. Reswik 04:55, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Multiversity


text:
Jess Lockwood

Jess Lockwood may refer to:
 * Jess Lockwood (Home and Away), a character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away
 * Jess Lockwood (bull rider) (born 1997), professional bull rider

title: Jess Lockwood


text:
non compos mentis

Etymology
From +  +.

Adjective

 * 1)  Insane; not of sound mind; not in control of oneself.

title: non compos mentis


text:
Talk:David Christopherson

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title: Talk:David Christopherson


text:
Latin/Lesson 4-Ablative

The Ablative Case
The ablative case in Latin has 9 main uses:

 * 1) With certain prepositions, eg. in, cum, sub, ab
 * 2) Instrumental ablative, expressing the equivalent of English "by", "with" or "using"
 * 3) Ablative of manner, expressing how an action is done, only when an adjective is used alongside it. Example : Magnā cūrā id scrīpsit: he wrote it with great care.
 * 4) Ablative of time when or within which. note: not to be mistaken with the accusative of time which indicates for how long a period of time an action occurs.
 * 5) Locative Ablative, using the ablative by itself to mean "in", locating an action in space or time
 * 6) Ablative of separation or origin, expressing the equivalent of English "from"
 * 7) Ablative of comparison; when the first element to be compared was in the nominative or accusative case, quam was often omitted and the second element followed in the ablative case.
 * 8) Ablative with special deponents, which is technically the instrumental ablative but is used idiomatically with a few deponent verbs, such as ūtor, fruor, fungor, potior, vēscor
 * 9) Ablative Absolute, which is a type of participial phrase generally consisting of a noun (or pronoun) and a modifying participle in the ablative case; usually set off by commas, the phrase describes some general circumstances under which the action of the sentence occurs.

The different uses of the ablative will be dealt progressively. For a summary of all forms of the ablative, please consult the Appendix.

Grammar Part 5: The Power of the Ablative Case
Ablative generally indicates position in time and/or space (i.e. when and where). It can also indicate the idea of ways of getting to a location, abstractly or concretely.

Exercise
How would you translate "I made the toga by hand"?

 * Hint: You would not (and should not) use the genitive. The case you are studying right now can be used by itself for this goal.
 * Hint: Remember that you won't need to use the pronoun "I," since Latin is based not on word order, but on the endings!
 * Glossary:
 * "to make" - Facio ("I make"), facere ("to make"), feci ("I made"), factus ("made")
 * "toga" - Toga, togae feminine
 * "hand" - Manus, manus feminine (This is fourth declension)

Answer
Answer: Togam manu feci.

In this case, the word "manu" is in the ablative (see fourth declension list) and thus means "by hand."

Exercise
I have my wisdom by means of my teacher.

 * 'Glossary:
 * "wisdom" - Sapientia, sapientiae feminine
 * "to have" - Habeo ("I have"), habere ("to have"), habui ("I had"), habitus ("had")
 * "teacher" - Magister, magistri masculine (This is a second declension word, despite the 'r' at the end, like puer.)

Answer
Answer: Habeo sapientiam magistro.

Ablative of Time
How would you say: I will arrive at the 5th hour.

'at the 5th hour' is indicating position of time. Thus, it can be put into the ablative case, giving:

adveniam quinta hora

In general, therefore, in order to say "In the morning", "At nine O'clock," or "In the tenth year," use ablative. It is generally used to refer to a specific time in which something has, does, or will occur.

Example: I will leave in the night.

Hint: Future tense can be looked up in the appendices of this Wikibook!

Hint: to leave- discedo, discedere; night- nox, noctis(This is a third declension word!)

Answer
Answer: Discedam nocte.

Note the simplicity in which Latin translates the six words into simply two. The ending based language completely negates the need for the words "I," "will," "in," and "the."

Ablative of Place
Naves navigabant mari. The ships were sailing on the sea.

The ablative is also useful for showing the location of things, in general where you would use the words on, in, or at. There is an exception for the slightly more archaic locative, which is used with the words domi (from domus, domus, f., home), ruri (from rus, ruris, n., country [as opposed to city]), and Romae (from Roma, Romae, f., Rome), as well as with the names of towns, cities and small islands.

Latin has its own way of handling prepositions depending on the nouns and their cases in the sentence, including the versatile in, which can take many different meanings depending upon the case of the object.

Ablative with prepositions
Here are a few prepositions that can take the ablative (for a fuller list, see the lesson on adverbs and prepositions in the previous chapter):

As a general rule, when motion is implied, use the accusative instead.

Example 3
Servus ex agris venit.
 * "The slave came from the fields."

Note: Ager (ager, agri, m., field) must take an ablative suffix to match the preceding preposition, in this case e/ex.

Incidentally, both ager and campus mean "field," but ager, like its English derivative "agriculture", connotes a farming field, while campus (think "camping" or "college campus") means "open field." The Campus Martius was a large field in Rome used for military training.

The Vocative Case
While you will rarely need to ask Lupus where the bathroom is in Latin, you may find yourself reading either quotes or letters in which a person is being directly addressed. The case it will be in is the vocative.

For example, "Hail, Augustus" will appear in Latin as Ave Auguste, and not Ave Augustus.

Each declension has its own form of the vocative singular and plural. They are listed in the table below.

Furthermore, in all but the second declension, the nominative and vocative are exactly the same!
 * In the second declension singular, there are three separate possibilities for the vocative, depending on its nominative ending. Hence, if it is a us word, it will become an e and so forth.

Examples for different declensions in the second declension

 * -us:
 * Lupus ->Lupe (given name, wolf)
 * -ius:
 * Filius -> Fili (son)
 * Horatius-> Horati (given name)
 * -r:
 * Puer-> Puer (boy)

 * In all cases, the plural vocative is exactly the same as the plural nominative. This extends to those words which are neuter, which always have an 'a' for the nominative and vocative.

Examples

 * 1) Hello, Sextus.(Hello= Salve)*
 * Salve, Sexte.
 * 1) Speak, girl! (Speak= dico, dicere, dixi)*
 * Dic, puella.
 * 1) Knee, run!*(Knee= genu; run= curro, currere, cucurri)*
 * Genu, curre!
 * Oh, heart, why do you lead me? (Oh-o; heart- cor, cordis-f.; lead-duco, ducere;
 * O, cor! Cur ducis tu me?

 * Note that the first three also require use of the imperative. The imperative is used when ordering or telling someone what to do, e.g.- "Stop," or "Get away from me."

The basic form of the imperative is created by dropping the "re" off of the infinitive form of the verb, as in: Amare, which becomes Ama; at least in the singular active form, which is all that these exercises require. More can be found about this subject in the chapter on verbs.

title: Latin/Lesson 4-Ablative


text:
Joyful, Joyful

"Joyful, Joyful" is a song by contemporary Christian music band Casting Crowns from their fourth studio album Until the Whole World Hears (2009). Written by Mark Hall and Bernie Herms and produced by Mark A. Miller, the song is a re-interpretation of the hymn "Joyful, Joyful We Adore Thee" and Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9. "Joyful, Joyful", a CCM and alternative CCM song, is driven by a string section that has been compared to Coldplay's song "Viva la Vida". It received positive reviews from music critics and received airplay over the 2010 Christmas season, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart.

Background and recording
"Joyful, Joyful", is a rearrangement of the hymn "Joyful, Joyful We Adore Thee" (itself a re-arrangement of a theme from Beethoven). Hall felt that there are many Christian songs that have been around and sung so long that the meaning behind them is lost; he commented that "you hear them so many times you don't really hear what they're saying anymore", listing the original version of "Joyful, Joyful We Adore Thee" as an example.

Although the song is a re-interpretation of "Joyful, Joyful We Adore Thee", Mark Hall and Bernie Herms are credited with writing the song. It was produced by Mark A. Miller and recorded by Sam Hewitt, Michael Hewitt, and Dale Oliver at Zoo Studio in Franklin, Tennessee; the string instrument tracks were recorded by John Painter and Leslie Richter at Ocean Way in Nashville, Tennessee. Digital editing was handled by Michael Hewitt, while mixing was handled by Sam Hewitt. The song was mastered by Andrew Mendelson, Shelly Anderson, Natthaphol Abhigantaphand and Daniel Bacigalupi at Georgetown Masters in Nashville.

Composition
"Joyful, Joyful" is a song with a length of four minutes and twenty-eight seconds. According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes.com, "Joyful, Joyful" is a CCM and alternative CCM set in common time in the key of F major with a tempo of 120 beats per minute. Mark Hall's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of B♭3 to the high note of F5. The song has regarded as a re-invention of "Joyful, Joyful We Adore Thee" and Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, the song alters the format of the former, rearranging the song's overall structure while adding a chorus. "Joyful, Joyful" is led by a "driving" and "pulsing" string section that has been compared to Coldplay's "Viva la Vida". Mark Hall felt that the band's arrangement brought out the message of one of the song's final verses ("God our Father/Christ our brother/all who live in love are thine/teach us how to love each other/and fill us to the joy divine"); Hall described the message by saying "God's our father and Christ's our brother, we have this connection with God. But if we can't love each other, the joy isn't completed. Its not real joy yet until we know how to love the people that are around us".

Critical reception
"Joyful, Joyful" received positive reviews from music critics. Andrew Greer of CCM Magazine praised the song as a "fitting ode" to Beethoven's Symphony No. 9. Roger Ham of Christianity Today praised it as one of the best songs off of Until the Whole World Hears. Tony Cummings of Cross Rhythms praised the song as having "the same kind of string arrangement which made Coldplay's 'Viva La Vida' so enjoyable". Debra Akins of Gospel Music Channel regarded the song as a highlight of the album. Roger Gelwicks of Jesus Freak Hideout, while describing the song as "interesting", felt that it wasn't much of an improvement over the rest of the album.

Chart performance
"Joyful, Joyful" received airplay over the 2010 Christmas season, debuting at number forty-two on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart for the chart week of December 11, 2010. In its fifth week on the chart, the chart week of January 8, 2011, it reached its peak position of number three.

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the album liner notes for Until the Whole World Hears.

Recording
 * Recorded Zoo Studio in Franklin, Tennessee.
 * Strings recorded at Ocean Way in Nashville, Tennessee.

Casting Crowns
 * Hector Cervantes – Electric guitar
 * Juan DeVevo – Acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 * Melodee DeVevo – Violin, background vocals
 * Megan Garrett – Piano, keyboard, background vocals
 * Mark Hall – Vocals
 * Chris Huffman – Bass guitar
 * Brian Scoggin – Drums

Production
 * Natthaphol Abhigantaphand – Mastering assistant
 * Shelley Anderson – Mastering assistant
 * Daniel Bacigalupi – Mastering assistant
 * Terry Hemmings – Executive producer
 * Michael Hewitt – Recording, digital editing
 * Sam Hewitt – Recording, mixing
 * Andrew Mendelson – Mastering
 * Mark A. Miller – Producer
 * Dale Oliver – Additional recording
 * John Painter – Recording
 * Leslie Richter – Recording assistant

title: Joyful, Joyful


text:
Physics Study Guide/Greek alphabet

=About the Common uses in Physics= While these are indeed common usages, it should be pointed out that there are many other usages and that other letters are used for the same purpose. The reason is quite simple: there are only so many symbols in the Greek and Latin alphabets, and scientists and mathematicians generally do not use symbols from other languages. It is a common trap to associate a symbol exclusively with some particular meaning, rather than learning and understanding the physics and relations behind it.

=See Also= Greek alphabet on Wikipedia

Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering

title: Physics Study Guide/Greek alphabet