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Airplane Flying Handbook/Introduction to flight training

Purpose of flight training
The overall purpose of primary and intermediate flight training, as outlined in this handbook, is the acquisition and honing of basic airmanship skills. Airmanship can be defined as: Learning to fly an airplane has often been likened to learning to drive an automobile. This analogy is misleading. Since an airplane operates in a different environment, three dimensional, it requires a type of motor skill development that is more sensitive to this situation such as: An airman becomes one with the airplane rather than a machine operator. An accomplished airman demonstrates the ability to assess a situation quickly and accurately and deduce the correct procedure to be followed under the circumstance; to analyze accurately the probable results of a given set of circumstances or of a proposed procedure; to exercise care and due regard for safety; to gauge accurately the performance of the airplane; and to recognize personal limitations and limitations of the airplane and avoid approaching the critical points of each. The development of airmanship skills requires effort and dedication on the part of both the student pilot and the flight instructor, beginning with the very first training flight where proper habit formation begins with the student being introduced to good operating practices.
 * A sound acquaintance with the principles of flight,
 * The ability to operate an airplane with competence and precision both on the ground and in the air, and
 * The exercise of sound judgment that results in optimal operational safety and efficiency.
 * Coordination:The ability to use the hands and feet together subconsciously and in the proper relationship to produce desired results in the airplane.
 * Timing:The application of muscular coordination at the proper instant to make flight, and all maneuvers incident thereto, a constant smooth process.
 * Control touch:The ability to sense the action of the airplane and its probable actions in the immediate future, with regard to attitude and speed variations, by the sensing and evaluation of varying pressures and resistance of the control surfaces transmitted through the cockpit flight controls.
 * Speed sense:The ability to sense instantly and react to any reasonable variation of airspeed.

Every airplane has its own particular flight characteristics. The purpose of primary and intermediate flight training, however, is not to learn how to fly a particular make and model airplane. The underlying purpose of flight training is to develop skills and safe habits that are transferable to any airplane. Basic airmanship skills serve as a firm foundation for this. The pilot who has acquired necessary airmanship skills during training, and demonstrates these skills by flying training-type airplanes with precision and safe flying habits, will be able to easily transition to more complex and higher performance airplanes. It should also be remembered that the goal of flight training is a safe and competent pilot, and that passing required practical tests for pilot certification is only incidental to this goal.

Role of the FAA
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is empowered by the U.S. Congress to promote aviation safety by prescribing safety standards for civil aviation. This is accomplished through the Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) formerly referred to as Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs).

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61 pertains to the certification of pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors. 14 CFR part 61 prescribes the eligibility, aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, and training and testing requirements for each type of pilot certificate issued.

14 CFR part 67 prescribes the medical standards and certification procedures for issuing medical certificates for airmen and for remaining eligible for a medical certificate.

14 CFR part 91 contains general operating and flight rules. The section is broad in scope and provides general guidance in the areas of general flight rules, visual flight rules (VFR), instrument flight rules (IFR), aircraft maintenance, and preventive maintenance and alterations.

Within the FAA, the Flight Standards Service sets the aviation standards for airmen and aircraft operations in the United States and for American airmen and aircraft around the world. The FAAFlight Standards Service is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and is broadly organized into divisions based on work function (Air Transportation, Aircraft Maintenance, Technical Programs, a Regulatory Support Division based in Oklahoma City, OK, and a General Aviation and Commercial Division). Regional Flight Standards division managers, one at each of the FAA’s nine regional offices, coordinate Flight Standards activities within their respective regions.

The interface between the FAA Flight Standards Service and the aviation community/general public is the local Flight Standards District Office (FSDO). The approximately 90 FSDOs are strategically located across the United States, each office having jurisdiction over a specific geographic area. The individual FSDO is responsible for all air activity occurring within its geographic boundaries. In addition to accident investigation and the enforcement of aviation regulations, the individual FSDO is responsible for the certification and surveillance of air carriers, air operators, flight schools/training centers, and airmen including pilots and flight instructors.

Each FSDO is staffed by aviation safety inspectors whose specialties include operations, maintenance, and avionics. General aviation operations inspectors are highly qualified and experienced aviators. Once accepted for the position, an inspector must satisfactorily complete a course of indoctrination training conducted at the FAA Academy, which includes airman evaluation and pilot testing techniques and procedures. Thereafter, the inspector must complete recurrent training on a regular basis. Among other duties, the FSDO inspector is responsible for administering FAA practical tests for pilot and flight instructor certificates and associated ratings. All questions concerning pilot certification (and/or requests for other aviation information or services) should be directed to the FSDO having jurisdiction in the particular geographic area. FSDO telephone numbers are listed in the blue pages of the telephone directory under United States Government offices, Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.

Role of the examiner
Pilot and flight instructor certificates are issued by the FAA upon satisfactory completion of required knowledge and practical tests. The administration of these tests is an FAA responsibility normally carried out at the FSDO level by FSDO inspectors. The FAA, however, being a U.S. government agency, has limited resources and must prioritize its responsibilities. The agency’s highest priority is the surveillance of certificated air carriers, with the certification of airmen (including pilots and flight instructors) having a lower priority.

In order to satisfy the public need for pilot testing and certification services, the FAAdelegates certain of these responsibilities, as the need arises, to private individuals who are not FAA employees. A designated pilot examiner (DPE) is a private citizen who is designated as a representative of the FAAAdministrator to perform specific (but limited) pilot certification tasks on behalf of the FAA, and may charge a reasonable fee for doing so. Generally, a DPE’s authority is limited to accepting applications and conducting practical tests leading to the issuance of specific pilot certificates and/or ratings. A DPE operates under the direct supervision of the FSDO that holds the examiner’s designation file. A FSDO inspector is assigned to monitor the DPE’s certification activities. Normally, the DPE is authorized to conduct these activities only within the designating FSDO’s jurisdictional area.

The FAA selects only highly qualified individuals to be designated pilot examiners. These individuals must have good industry reputations for professionalism, high integrity, a demonstrated willingness to serve the public, and adhere to FAA policies and procedures in certification matters. A designated pilot examiner is expected to administer practical tests with the same degree of professionalism, using the same methods, procedures, and standards as an FAA aviation safety inspector. It should be remembered, however, that a DPE is not an FAA aviation safety inspector. A DPE cannot initiate enforcement action, investigate accidents, or perform surveillance activities on behalf of the FAA. However, the majority of FAApractical tests at the recreational, private, and commercial pilot level are administered by FAA designated pilot examiners.

ROLE OF THE FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR
The flight instructor is the cornerstone of aviation safety. The FAA has adopted an operational training concept that places the full responsibility for student training on the authorized flight instructor. In this role, the instructor assumes the total responsibility for training the student pilot in all the knowledge areas and skills necessary to operate safely and competently as a certificated pilot in the National Airspace System. This training will include airmanship skills, pilot judgment and decision making, and accepted good operating practices.

An FAA certificated flight instructor has to meet broad flying experience requirements, pass rigid knowledge and practical tests, and demonstrate the ability to apply recommended teaching techniques before being certificated. In addition, the flight instructor’s certificate must be renewed every 24 months by showing continued success in training pilots, or by satisfactorily completing a flight instructor’s refresher course or a practical test designed to upgrade aeronautical knowledge, pilot proficiency, and teaching techniques.

A pilot training program is dependent on the quality of the ground and flight instruction the student pilot receives. A good flight instructor will have a thorough understanding of the learning process, knowledge of the fundamentals of teaching, and the ability to communicate effectively with the student pilot. A good flight instructor will use a syllabus and insist on correct techniques and procedures from the beginning of training so that the student will develop proper habit patterns. The syllabus should embody the "building block" method of instruction, in which the student progresses from the known to the unknown. The course of instruction should be laid out so that each new maneuver embodies the principles involved in the performance of those previously undertaken. Consequently, through each new subject introduced, the student not only learns a new principle or technique, but broadens his/her application of those previously learned and has his/her deficiencies in the previous maneuvers emphasized and made obvious.

The flying habits of the flight instructor, both during flight instruction and as observed by students when conducting other pilot operations, have a vital effect on safety. Students consider their flight instructor to be a paragon of flying proficiency whose flying habits they, consciously or unconsciously, attempt to imitate. For this reason, a good flight instructor will meticulously observe the safety practices taught the students. Additionally, a good flight instructor will carefully observe all regulations and recognized safety practices during all flight operations.

Generally, the student pilot who enrolls in a pilot training program is prepared to commit considerable time, effort, and expense in pursuit of a pilot certificate. The student may tend to judge the effectiveness of the flight instructor, and the overall success of the pilot training program, solely in terms of being able to pass the requisite FAA practical test. A good flight instructor, however, will be able to communicate to the student that evaluation through practical tests is a mere sampling of pilot ability that is compressed into a short period of time. The flight instructor’s role, however, is to train the "total" pilot.

SOURCES OF FLIGHT TRAINING
The major sources of flight training in the United States include FAA-approved pilot schools and training centers, non-certificated (14 CFR part 61) flying schools, and independent flight instructors. FAA "approved" schools are those flight schools certificated by the FAA as pilot schools under 14 CFR part 141. [Figure 1-2] Application for certification is voluntary, and the school must meet stringent requirements for personnel, equipment, maintenance, and facilities. The school must operate in accordance with an established curriculum, which includes a training course outline (TCO) approved by the FAA. The TCO must contain student enrollment prerequisites, detailed description of each lesson including standards and objectives, expected accomplishments and standards for each stage of training, and a description of the checks and tests used to measure a student’s accomplishments. FAA-approved pilot school certificates must be renewed every 2 years. Renewal is contingent upon proof of continued high quality instruction and a minimum level of instructional activity. Training at an FAA certificated pilot school is structured. Because of this structured environment, the CFRs allow graduates of these pilot schools to meet the certification experience requirements of 14 CFR part 61 with less flight time. Many FAA certificated pilot schools have designated pilot examiners (DPEs) on their staff to administer FAA practical tests. Some schools have been granted examining authority by the FAA. A school with examining authority for a particular course or courses has the authority to recommend its graduates for pilot certificates or ratings without further testing by the FAA. A list of FAA certificated pilot schools and their training courses can be found in Advisory Circular (AC) 140-2, FAA Certificated Pilot School Directory.

FAA-approved training centers are certificated under 14 CFR part 142. Training centers, like certificated pilot schools, operate in a structured environment with approved courses and curricula, and stringent standards for personnel, equipment, facilities, operating procedures and record keeping. Training centers certificated under 14 CFR part 142, however, specialize in the use of flight simulation (flight simulators and flight training devices) in their training courses.

The overwhelming majority of flying schools in the United States are not certificated by the FAA. These schools operate under the provisions of 14 CFR part 61. Many of these non-certificated flying schools offer excellent training, and meet or exceed the standards required of FAA-approved pilot schools. Flight instructors employed by non-certificated flying schools, as well as independent flight instructors, must meet the same basic 14 CFR part 61 flight instructor requirements for certification and renewal as those flight instructors employed by FAA certificated pilot schools. In the end, any training program is dependent upon the quality of the ground and flight instruction a student pilot receives.

PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS
Practical tests for FAA pilot certificates and associated ratings are administered by FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners in accordance with FAA-developed practical test standards (PTS). 14 CFR part 61 specifies the areas of operation in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the applicant. The CFRs provide the flexibility to permit the FAA to publish practical test standards containing the areas of operation and specific tasks in which competence must be demonstrated. The FAA requires that all practical tests be conducted in accordance with the appropriate practical test standards and the policies set forth in the Introduction section of the practical test standard book.

It must be emphasized that the practical test standards book is a testing document rather than a teaching document. An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training a pilot applicant to acceptable standards in all subject matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the tasks within each area of operation in the appropriate practical test standard. The pilot applicant should be familiar with this book and refer to the standards it contains during training. However, the practical test standard book is not intended to be used as a training syllabus. It contains the standards to which maneuvers/procedures on FAA practical tests must be performed and the FAApolicies governing the administration of practical tests. Descriptions of tasks, and information on how to perform maneuvers and procedures are contained in reference and teaching documents such as this handbook. A list of reference documents is contained in the Introduction section of each practical test standard book.

Practical test standards may be downloaded from the Regulatory Support Division’s, AFS-600, Web site at http://afs600.faa.gov. Printed copies of practical test standards can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. The official online bookstore Web site for the U.S. Government Printing Office is www.access.gpo.gov.

FLIGHT SAFETY PRACTICES
In the interest of safety and good habit pattern formation, there are certain basic flight safety practices and procedures that must be emphasized by the flight instructor, and adhered to by both instructor and student, beginning with the very first dual instruction flight. These include, but are not limited to, collision avoidance procedures including proper scanning techniques and clearing procedures, runway incursion avoidance, stall awareness, positive transfer of controls, and cockpit workload management.

COLLISION AVOIDANCE
All pilots must be alert to the potential for midair collision and near midair collisions. The general operating and flight rules in 14 CFR part 91 set forth the concept of "See and Avoid." This concept requires that vigilance shall be maintained at all times, by each person operating an aircraft regardless of whether the operation is conducted under instrument flight rules (IFR) or visual flight rules (VFR). Pilots should also keep in mind their responsibility for continuously maintaining a vigilant lookout regardless of the type of aircraft being flown and the purpose of the flight. Most midair collision accidents and reported near midair collision incidents occur in good VFR weather conditions and during the hours of daylight. Most of these accident/incidents occur within 5 miles of an airport and/or near navigation aids.

The "See and Avoid" concept relies on knowledge of the limitations of the human eye, and the use of proper visual scanning techniques to help compensate for these limitations. The importance of, and the proper techniques for, visual scanning should be taught to a student pilot at the very beginning of flight training. The competent flight instructor should be familiar with the visual scanning and collision avoidance information contained in Advisory Circular (AC) 90-48, Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance, and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM).

There are many different types of clearing procedures. Most are centered around the use of clearing turns. The essential idea of the clearing turn is to be certain that the next maneuver is not going to proceed into another airplane’s flightpath. Some pilot training programs have hard and fast rules, such as requiring two 90° turns in opposite directions before executing any training maneuver. Other types of clearing procedures may be developed by individual flight instructors. Whatever the preferred method, the flight instructor should teach the beginning student an effective clearing procedure and insist on its use. The student pilot should execute the appropriate clearing procedure before all turns and before executing any training maneuver. Proper clearing procedures, combined with proper visual scanning techniques, are the most effective strategy for collision avoidance.

RUNWAY INCURSION AVOIDANCE
A runway incursion is any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in a loss of separation with an aircraft taking off, landing, or intending to land. The three major areas contributing to runway incursions are:
 * Communications,
 * Airport knowledge, and
 * Cockpit procedures for maintaining orientation.

Taxi operations require constant vigilance by the entire flight crew, not just the pilot taxiing the airplane. This is especially true during flight training operations. Both the student pilot and the flight instructor need to be continually aware of the movement and location of other aircraft and ground vehicles on the airport movement area. Many flight training activities are conducted at non-tower controlled airports. The absence of an operating airport control tower creates a need for increased vigilance on the part of pilots operating at those airports.

Planning, clear communications, and enhanced situational awareness during airport surface operations will reduce the potential for surface incidents. Safe aircraft operations can be accomplished and incidents eliminated if the pilot is properly trained early on and, throughout his/her flying career, accomplishes standard taxi operating procedures and practices. This requires the development of the formalized teaching of safe operating practices during taxi operations. The flight instructor is the key to this teaching. The flight instructor should instill in the student an awareness of the potential for runway incursion, and should emphasize the runway incursion avoidance procedures contained in Advisory Circular (AC) 91-73, Part 91 Pilot and Flightcrew Procedures During Taxi Operations and Part 135 Single-Pilot Operations.

STALL AWARENESS
14 CFR part 61 requires that a student pilot receive and log flight training in stalls and stall recoveries prior to solo flight. During this training, the flight instructor should emphasize that the direct cause of every stall is an excessive angle of attack. The student pilot should fully understand that there are any number of flight maneuvers which may produce an increase in the wing’s angle of attack, but the stall does not occur until the angle of attack becomes excessive. This "critical" angle of attack varies from 16 to 20° depending on the airplane design.

The flight instructor must emphasize that low speed is not necessary to produce a stall. The wing can be brought to an excessive angle of attack at any speed. High pitch attitude is not an absolute indication of proximity to a stall. Some airplanes are capable of vertical flight with a corresponding low angle of attack. Most airplanes are quite capable of stalling at a level or near level pitch attitude.

The key to stall awareness is the pilot’s ability to visualize the wing’s angle of attack in any particular circumstance, and thereby be able to estimate his/her margin of safety above stall. This is a learned skill that must be acquired early in flight training and carried through the pilot’s entire flying career. The pilot must understand and appreciate factors such as airspeed, pitch attitude, load factor, relative wind, power setting, and aircraft configuration in order to develop a reasonably accurate mental picture of the wing’s angle of attack at any particular time. It is essential to flight safety that a pilot take into consideration this visualization of the wing’s angle of attack prior to entering any flight maneuver.

USE OF CHECKLISTS
Checklists have been the foundation of pilot standardization and cockpit safety for years. The checklist is an aid to the memory and helps to ensure that critical items necessary for the safe operation of aircraft are not overlooked or forgotten. However, checklists are of no value if the pilot is not committed to its use. Without discipline and dedication to using the checklist at the appropriate times, the odds are on the side of error. Pilots who fail to take the checklist seriously become complacent and the only thing they can rely on is memory.

The importance of consistent use of checklists cannot be overstated in pilot training. A major objective in primary flight training is to establish habit patterns that will serve pilots well throughout their entire flying career. The flight instructor must promote a positive attitude toward the use of checklists, and the student pilot must realize its importance. At a minimum, prepared checklists should be used for the following phases of flight.

 * Preflight Inspection.
 * Before Engine Start.
 * Engine Starting.
 * Before Taxiing.
 * Before Takeoff.
 * After Takeoff.
 * Cruise.
 * Descent.
 * Before Landing.
 * After Landing.
 * Engine Shutdown and Securing.

POSITIVE TRANSFER OF CONTROLS
During flight training, there must always be a clear understanding between the student and flight instructor of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to any dual training flight, a briefing should be conducted that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight controls. The following three-step process for the exchange of flight controls is highly recommended. When a flight instructor wishes the student to take control of the aircraft, he/she should say to the student, "You have the flight controls." The student should acknowledge immediately by saying, "I have the flight controls." The flight instructor confirms by again saying, "You have the flight controls." Part of the procedure should be a visual check to ensure that the other person actually has the flight controls. When returning the controls to the flight instructor, the student should follow the same procedure the instructor used when giving control to the student. The student should stay on the controls until the instructor says: "I have the flight controls." There should never be any doubt as to who is flying the airplane at any one time. Numerous accidents have occurred due to a lack of communication or misunderstanding as to who actually had control of the aircraft, particularly between students and flight instructors. Establishing the above procedure during initial training will ensure the formation of a very beneficial habit pattern.


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Amberd

Amberd (Ամբերդ) is a 10th-century fortress located 2300 m above sea level, on the slopes of Mount Aragats at the confluence of the Arkashen and Amberd rivers in the province of Aragatsotn, Armenia. The name translates to "fortress in the clouds" in Armenian. It is also the name incorrectly attributed to Vahramashen Church, the 11th-century Armenian church near the castle. The village of Byurakan is 6.4 km from the site of Amberd.

In 2024, the pan-European Federation for Cultural Heritage Europa Nostra included Amberd, a medieval fortress, in the list of the 7 most endangered European monuments and heritage sites. The buildings of the complex may collapse due to age, lack of funding for reinforcing the structures, and because of erosion and earthquakes.

History
The site started as a Stone Age settlement. During the Bronze Age and Urartian periods, a fortress had been built that is now obsolete. Some sources say that Amberd used to be a summer residence for kings. The castle of Amberd and some sections of walls were constructed in the 7th century as a possession of the noble House of Kamsarakan.

Four centuries later the fortress and surrounding lands were purchased by the House of Pahlavuni and rebuilt by Prince Vahram Pahlavouni, as is recorded in the manuscripts of Grigor Magistros Pahlavuni. Vahram built the Church of Surb Astvatsatsin in 1026, fortified the complex with thicker stone walls, and added three bastions along the ridge of the Arkhashen canyon. Despite being unusual for a military installation, a bath house was built in the same period and has remained moderately intact along with the water supply system.

Under Zakarian control during the 12th and 13th centuries, the walls were structurally reinforced and the castle and outer buildings were renovated.

The noble Vache I Vachutian purchased Amberd in 1215, making it a key defensive site in the region. Within a short period of time, the Mongols captured and destroyed the fortress in the year 1236. The site remained abandoned and untouched until the 20th century, when reconstruction and archaeological excavations began.

Fortress
The castle ruins of Amberd comprised an area of 1500 m2. Its walls are constructed of roughly hewn basalt blocks set in place with mortar. Tower walls are inclined to have made it easier to fire on invaders below. The interior of the castle had three-stories, each floor separated from one another by wood planks clinched on logs. There were five rooms in the first and second floor, each arranged in a row where one would enter each room through the previous room. An irregularly shaped hallway was separate from the three internal rooms by an internal wall.

On the third floor were the reception areas and private rooms for its royal inhabitants. The structural configuration is thought to have not changed since it was first built in the 10th century. Excavations have shown that the interior of the castle and rooms were quite lavish with elegantly carved decorations in the rooms, oil lamps, incense holders, and walls decorated with silks and brocades, and with bronze, gold and silver ornamentation.

Water supply
At Amberd, a constant water supply was crucial for its inhabitants. The fortress' primary viaduct was a terra cotta pipeline that had been laid 4 to 5 km from the fortress to dammed reservoirs which collected sources of spring water from higher elevations and melting snow. In the event that the fortress was under attack, it was likely that the pipeline would be destroyed. Therefore, another more secret water supply would need to ensure a constant flow of water to its inhabitants to keep them from dying from thirst. A covered passageway that led from the fortifications along a steep pathway descending down a cleft in the rocks to the Arkashen River performed such a task.

Bath house
The bath house south of the fortress was built between the 10th and 11th centuries. Its twin bathing rooms each with a single dome are still moderately intact. At one time it had used hypocaust heating as had originated in Roman times, to heat the floors. Pipes that ran through the floors and walls of the structure were heated by a fire built under the floor, which then forced the heat throughout the bathing rooms. Metal pipes supplied hot water to the baths.

Brief Chronological History
900-920 AD - The Arabs, during one of their periodic invasions, conquer and lay waste the town of Byurakan, 6 or 7 km from Amberd, but historian Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi in his account of the event says nothing of Amberd. No other Armenian historian mention it until at least the year 1000.

900-1000 - Ashot II Yerkat (of iron) Bagratuni begins liberating the country from Arabs, and conquers back old fortresses, restoring them and building additional new ones to complete country's defense system. An ever increasing scarcity of soldiers and organized armies, makes a series of fortified strongholds indispensable.

900-1100 - In the wake of these new constructions, terminated by Bagratuni dynasty, originators of the defense system to the East, popular tradition attributes the construction of Amberd to the king, Ashot II Yerkat: a national hero. During the long period from 900-1100, works are carried out to restore Amberd's eastern entrance and fortify all of it, as previously it was only an unfortified summer residence.

1020 - Gagik I Bagratuni dies and divides his kingdom among his three sons: Hovhannes-Smbat, Abas and Ashot. The first-born Hovhannes-Smbat receives the crown of Ani, the possession of the Ararat Plain, all the region of Shirak, and Amberd.

1026 - The Pahlavuni dynasty the most important noble family in the court of Bagratuni kings is given Amberd. It is their duty to make the necessary military commitments for the country's defense. Vahram Pahlavouni inaugurates the castle church in this years, as the inscription on its facade testifies. From this date onward Amberd becomes the most important center in the defensive system of the Shirak region, and the kingdom of Ani.

1040 - At approximately this time, Vahram Pahlavouni rebuilds walls of the fortress which remains in his hands until his death.

1040-1050 - Before the death of Vahram Pahlavouni, Sargis Vardapet visits Grigor Magistros Pahlanuni who is at Amberd on an assignment for the king, Gagik II.

1045 - An event with important consequences of Armenia takes place in Constantinople. The Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachos calls the king Gagik II and forces him to hand over the city of Ani.

1045 - Vahram Pahlavouni and his son Grigor fall in battle at the foot of Dvin.

1050 - Katakalon Kekaumenos and General Konstantin take possession of fortresses belonging to Gagik II, which had been captured by the Emir Shaddadiyan, in one of the many Turkish raids. The fortresses are: Sourb-Mari (Sourmair or Sourmalou), Ampier (Amberd), Sourb Grigor (perhaps near Parpi) and Khelidonion (Tsitsernakaberd).

1050 - The Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachos names Katakalon Kekaumenos governor of Ani and promotes the eunuch Konstantin to general of Byzantine armies in the Orient.

1064 - The fortress of Amberd is partially destroyed and reconquered together with provinces of Ayrarat, Lori and Syunik by the Seljuk king Alp Arslan, during the fourth invasion of Armenia.

1196 - The brothers Ivane and Zakare liberate Amberd and the cities of Ani, Bjni, Marand and Tabriz from Seljuk domination: an inscription in the monastery of Haghartsin commemorates the event. After such incidents, the archbishop's see of the region is moved from Byurakan to Amberd which offers better defense system.

1100-1200 during the entire century, the Zakarian family, the liberators of the region, restore and complete the fortress.

1200 - The heroic liberation of Amberd by Zakare Sipahsalar general of Georgian and Armenian armies is commemorated by a khachkar in the Norashen church at Iraklou.

1215 - One of the most important feudatories, Vache, and father of Prince Kurd Vachutian, buys the fortress of Amberd from Ivane Zakarian. The event is commemorated by an inscription in the Saghmosavank monastery. Later Prince Vache, the son of Vache Vachutian is nominated the governor of the Aragatsotn Province and Amberd by Zakare Sipahsalar.

1236 - The fortress is conquered by the Mongols and nearly demolished.

1250-1300 - The sons of Prince Kurd, Davit, Vache, Tayir, and Hasan govern the region which during this period. Vachutians rebuilt the fortress and made it the residence of the Vachutian family, whereas the religious authorities are housed in Hovhannavank monastery.

1254 - The Vachutian princes, well protected by their own defense system, not only succeed in remaining independent during the Mongolian occupation, but carry out an autonomous policy of friendship and allegiances as well. In 1254 the king of Armenian Cilicia, Hethum, stops at Amberd as guest of Kurd II Vachutian on his way to the court of the Mongolian Khan to sign a pact of alliance with him.

1335 - A manuscript describes the heroic enterprise of Prince Kurd, son of Tayir and grandson of Kurd, who acts as a bulwark against the enemy invasions and succeeds in making the region prosper in peace.

1338 - In an inscription in both church of Karbi and the Hovhannavank monastery Theodoros Chrkin, son of Prince Kurd, is commemorated.

1300-1350 - Neither codices nor inscriptions speak of the Vachutian family, who seem to have disappeared from the pagers of history. The fortress is abandoned, and falls into progressive ruin although in case of danger it is still a periodic refuge for the inhabitants of the plain.

1600-1700 - The territory has long since passed from the Ottomans to Persians. A quotation from that period however, mentions that Davit Kanakertsi is named governor of provinces of Kote and Amberd by the Persian governor of Yerevan, Amirkiune.

Chronology of the Amberd Excavations
1936 - Excavations are begun with the participation of experts from the Hermitage Museum and the Academy of Sciences of Soviet Armenia, whose director is Joseph Orbeli. During the excavations around the castle, the baths, the secret passage and the chapel, discovery is made of the rooms connected to the baths, the main entrance with a staircase leading to the castle, a water cistern located between the walls, as well as the outer walls of the citadel.

1963 - This second survey is sponsored by the Archaeological and Ethnographic Institute of Soviet Armenia under the direction of N.M. Tokarski. The upper part of the fortress, and the foundations of homes, workshops and service rooms are found. Furthermore, sections of the wall dating back to the Bagratuni and to the successive period of Zakarian are uncovered along the outside of the fortified wall. Tokarski suggested that some parts of the fortress and its walls were built by the Kamsarakan family in the 7th century.

1964 - The excavations Archaeological and Ethnographic Institute of Soviet Armenia continue under S.V. Harutiunian on the south side where it is hoped to find walls from the Urartian period.

1965 - The excavations start again and last until 1968. The northern part of the church, the foundation of buildings from the Bagratuni period, and a plastered building located 100 meters to the north of the church, are brought to light.

1966 - The cleaning of the grounds around the church is completed.

1968 - The oldest entrance to the fortress is discovered north of the church. South of it are found sections of the fortress wall with its connected buildings. Numerous archaeological relics are unearthed.

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title: Amberd


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Franz Marc Museum

The Franz Marc Museum is a museum located in Kochel am See, Upper Bavaria, dedicated to German Expressionist painter Franz Marc. The museum shows paintings by Franz Marc, and also works of art of his contemporaries and other important artists of the 20th century, in a permanent and in temporary exhibitions.

History
The Franz Marc Museum is a private institution, which was founded in 1986 to present the life and work of Marc, one of the most important artists of Bavaria in the 20th century, in the place where he lived and which gave him so much inspiration.

The museum exhibits 2000 works, including more than 150 works from the estate of Franz Marc, which are complemented with various loans. It also holds many of his personal items and written documents, as well works of art by some of his contemporary artists, such as Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Max Pechstein, Erich Heckel, Max Beckmann, Gabriele Münter and Alexej von Jawlensky. The exhibition illustrates the influence of Franz Marc and his colleagues of the Expressionist group Der Blaue Reiter in contemporary art.

In 2008, a new building was inaugurated, having been designed by Swiss architects Diethelm & Spillmann, and it opened up new possibilities for the museum's conception. It extended the exhibition space by around 700 m2, so that Marc's work could be put in the context of the 20th century art. Especially after the addition to the Franz Marc Bequest and the Franz Marc Foundation of the collection of the Etta and Otto Stangl Foundation, it became possible to showcase the work of Marc with the some of his other contemporaries, such as from the artists from the other German Expressionist group Brücke, and also post-World War II German and French artists, like Joseph Beuys, Per Kirkeby and Georg Baselitz.

The museum continuously changes the displays of the collection, which provides new insights about Marc's work and his influence in German contemporary art.

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the artist's death, on 4 March 2016, the museum dedicated him an exhibition trilogy, under the collective title "Franz Marc - Between Utopia and Apocalypse" (Franz Marc – Zwischen Utopie und Apokalypse), each one called, respectively, "The Poor Country of Tirol", "Grazing Horses" and "Fighting Forms". The museum also holds periodically exhibitions dedicated to contemporary artists. It inaugurated recently the exhibition "Blauer Reiter-Das Moment der Abstraktion", dedicated to the Blaue Reiter artists and how they paved the way to abstraccionism.

The Franz Marc Museum is part of the MuSeen Landscape Expressionism (MuSeenLandschaft Expressionismus), in Germany, together with the Museum der Phantasie ("Buchheim Museum"), in Bernried am Starnberger See, the Museum Penzberg, the Schloßmuseum Murnau (Castle Museum Murnau), and the Municipal Gallery Lenbachhaus, in Munich.

Friends of the Franz Marc Museum
The Friends of the Franz Marc Museum is an association that sponsors exhibitions on Franz Marc, artists of Der Blaue Reiter or Die Brücke, as well as on abstract art of the 20th century, especially German post-World War II art. Their commitment enables them to buy works of art to supplement the collections of the Franz Marc Museum. They also support the development of new placement services to promote understanding of art and to show their contexts and backgrounds. In addition, they facilitate series of talks, events and symposia, scientific conferences on 20th-century art and cultural history, and publications documenting these events or presenting new research results. They also promote cultural events such as readings or concerts and support placement services for non-educated sections of the population and young people.

Works
Some of the best known works of the museum are:

 * Franz Marc, Hut in Dachau Moors (German: Moorhütten im Dachauer Moos), 1902
 * Franz Marc, Kleine Pferdestudie II, 1905
 * Franz Marc, Two Women on the Hillside (German: Zwei Frauen am Berg), 1906
 * Franz Marc, Hocken im Schnee, 1911
 * Franz Marc, Springendes Pferd, 1912
 * Franz Marc, Kleine Komposition IV, 1914
 * August Macke, Große Promenade, 1914
 * Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Zwei Tänzerinnen, 1910–11
 * Willi Baumeister, Figur in absoluter Stellung, 1919

title: Franz Marc Museum


text:
欲加之罪，何患無辭

Etymology
From  (《左傳·僖公十年》):

Proverb

 * 1) If you want to convict someone, there is no need to worry about making a suitable pretext.
 * 2) If you want to find a fault of someone, there is no need to worry about making a suitable pretext.

title: 欲加之罪，何患無辭


text:
Learning resources

 * Learning resources (Education) - links to learning resources for education
 * Learning resource - Wikiversity learning project about Learning Resources
 * Learning resources - a guide to creating learning resources on Wikiversity

Categorising Resources

 * Category:Resources
 * Category:Resources by completion status
 * Category:Resources by level
 * Category:Resources by need
 * Category:Resources by project
 * Category:Resources by type
 * Category:Resources by who participants are
 * Category:Resource centers
 * Category:Resources under construction
 * Category:Resources with an attribution
 * Category:Resources with disclosures
 * Category:Resources with related material
 * Category:Featured resources
 * Category:Completed resources
 * Category:Nearly complete resources
 * Category:Half-finished resources
 * Category:Partly developed resources
 * Category:Freshly started resources

title: Learning resources


text:
User:Dj Rado

DJ RADO (COLORADO) D PERFACT MAN Animasaun Enoch Ayomide(born July 31,2002), professionally known as Rado, is a Nigerian disc jockey and producer. He started as disc jockey in the year 2018...

title: User:Dj Rado


text:
User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea riosaltensis

Chusquea  is a species of Chusquea bamboo in the grass family.

Distribution
Chusquea  is endemic to


text:
신선하다

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) to be fresh in a new or novel way
 * 2) to be fresh not stale or rotten

title: 신선하다


text:
Moonlight Mile (song)

"Moonlight Mile" is a song recorded by the Rolling Stones. Credited to Jagger-Richards, it was written by Mick Jagger with assistance from Mick Taylor. It appears as the closing track on their 1971 album Sticky Fingers. The song features multiple musicians playing alternate instruments due to the frequent absence of Richards during recording sessions of the period.

"Moonlight Mile" has been largely considered an under-appreciated work of the band, with music critics Bill Janovitz and Robert Christgau praising the track's composition.

Recording and composition
"Moonlight Mile" was the last song recorded for Sticky Fingers. Recording took place during the end of October 1970 at Stargroves. The song was the product of an all-night session between Jagger and guitarist Mick Taylor. Taylor had taken a short guitar piece recorded by Jagger (entitled "Japanese Thing") and reworked it for the session. Jagger performs the song's prominent acoustic guitar riff. Jagger felt it easier to extemporize with Taylor, as Richards was not present. It was Taylor's idea to add a string arrangement by Paul Buckmaster to the song. Jim Price—the Rolling Stones' usual trumpeter—plays piano. Taylor claims he was promised some songwriting credit, but found himself surprised that he did not receive one when the song was released on Sticky Fingers. Richards and Jagger took credit for the song.

The song was written while the Rolling Stones were on their 1970 European tour. Reportedly a rough time for the band, Jagger was particularly affected the most by the alienation and fatigue of touring. The lyrics are elliptical and mysterious, but touch on the alienation of life on the road:

Reception
Many consider "Moonlight Mile" one of the Rolling Stones' most under-appreciated ballads. In a review of the song, Bill Janovitz says, "Though the song still referenced drugs and the road life of a pop-music celebrity, it really is a rare example of Jagger letting go of his public persona, offering a behind-the-scenes glimpse of the weariness that accompanies the pressures of keeping up appearances as a sex-drugs-and-rock & roll star."

Rock critic Robert Christgau said the song, "re-created all the paradoxical distances inherent in erotic love with a power worthy of Yeats, yet could also be interpreted as a cocaine song." This is a reference to the first stanza, which includes, "When the wind blows and the rain feels cold, With a head full of snow". It was meant to be about coming down from a cocaine high. However, Mick Jagger later dismissed any suggestions of the song being an allegory for drug use, and stated "The feeling I had at that moment was how difficult it was to be touring and how I wasn’t looking forward to going out and doing it again. It’s a very lonely thing, and my lyrics reflected that".

Writing for Slate, pop critic Jack Hamilton praised the track, referring to it as Sticky Fingers' "strangest and most unique recording" that is "an intoxicating mix of exotic and intimate".

Classic Rock History critic Matthew Pollard rated it as the Rolling Stones' best deep cut, calling it an "epic in every way imaginable" and saying that "the vibe gives off such a Winter atmosphere" but "once the song accretes towards the climactic ending, it absolutely explodes into something so tearfully optimistic that it sends the body into goosebumps."

Personnel

 * Mick Jagger – vocals, acoustic guitar
 * Mick Taylor – electric lead guitar
 * Bill Wyman – bass guitar
 * Charlie Watts – drums
 * Jim Price – piano
 * Paul Buckmaster – string arrangement

title: Moonlight Mile (song)


text:
ではない

Etymology
Comprised of +  +.

Negative form of with  a contrastive. ultimately descends from :

Verb

 * : is not

title: ではない


text:
tribosphenic

Adjective

 * 1)  Describing the molars of some insectivores that have three peaks

Derived terms

 * pseudotribosphenic

title: tribosphenic


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Klemens Fischer

The result was delete.  Sandstein  17:43, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

Klemens Fischer

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Foreword: I have admittedly not spent much time researching this as I stumbled across this article while busy with something else.

This article appears to be entirely written by its subject as an autobiography. The only significant contributors, and Beatrix_Becker_2015 all appear to have some connection, along with a variety of IPs that all geolocate to the same area as the subject of this article. The article itself falls fowl of a variety of BLP rules such as WP:BLPSELFPUB. A fair portion of the listed sources in the article have nothing to do with Fischer himself and seem to just be about other things in the article to fluff up the number of refs.

In summary this seems to me to be pure self-promotion (WP:AUTOBIO, WP:SELFPROMOTE), barely more than a resume, and doesn't pass various notability requirements. The corresponding German wikipedia article has also been written by the same accounts listed above. EoRdE6(Come Talk to Me!) 05:42, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. EoRdE6(Come Talk to Me!) 05:42, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Politicians-related deletion discussions. EoRdE6(Come Talk to Me!) 05:42, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete, without prejudice against recreation if somebody without a conflict of interest can do better. I can't read German, so I'm not equipped to determine whether he has enough coverage in reliable sources to clear WP:GNG — but this is written like a résumé rather than an encyclopedia article, is based entirely on primary sources (his own staff profiles on the self-published websites of his own employers, etc.) rather than reliable ones, and is stating nothing about him that counts as "inherently" notable enough to make it necessary to keep an article that's written and sourced this badly. And the German article, as written, isn't any better — it's following exactly the same format (the English one is literally a straight translation of it, in fact) and citing exactly the same primary sources, and should rightly be deleted on DE too. If a German speaker can do better, be my guest. Bearcat (talk) 18:14, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm going to ping User:Gerda Arendt. She speaks German and may be able to help form an opinion.4meter4 (talk) 20:34, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment: regardless on who wrote this, he is a professor (Honorarprofessor) in Cologne and a politician for the European Union. The article has too much detail for my taste, and seems a not too elegant translation, with bare urls for refs, but I see no convincing reason to delete. Improve. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 20:44, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * does being a professor and being a low-level politician inherently mean notability? Also looking at the official website, his claim to being the Head of Department at the Permanent Representation of Austria to the European Union seems blatantly false based on and based on this list he seems to be one of hundreds of people doing the same job, I'm not convinced they're all notable. EoRdE6(Come Talk to Me!) 20:58, 3 October 2019 (UTC)
 * We don't automatically keep every article just because somebody uses the word "improve" in the AFD discussion — we wouldn't even be able to delete outright hoaxes anymore if all you had to do to save an article is speculate that better sources might be out there somewhere than anybody has actually found yet. Rather, it has to be shown that better sources definitively exist to improve it with before a poorly sourced article can get kept. Bearcat (talk) 14:59, 6 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Late reply: I didn't even say "keep". I also didn't argue for having him as professor, but a politician who is also a professor. In this, I read "head of a department, which is not the same as "head ofthe department. Looking further: this even says which department, "Länder and Regional Affairs". - Senior Research Fellow in Cologne. - 2018 when Austria had the EU presidency - I was busy, and still have many more urgent things to catch up. - (signature much later, sorry) --Gerda Arendt (talk) 22:38, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, 78.26  (spin me / revolutions) 17:14, 3 October 2019 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, ミラP 21:08, 10 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep = he;s an ambassador from Austria to EU. Normal editing can remove the cruft. Bearian (talk) 13:36, 11 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete Pure promotional article. If he's notable, we can WP:TNT and recreate, but none of the sources pass WP:GNG. Not convinced on the WP:NPROF, or that being an honorary professor would convey notability. SportingFlyer  T · C  05:22, 13 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete without prejudice towards recreation in the future if an editor can prove notability and write in a non-promotionial manner, but the current sources don't demonstrate that WP:GNG is passed. Best, GPL93 (talk) 16:23, 16 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Southeast Asian Languages/Vietnamese language/Vietnamese One

This seems like an interesting, and perhaps highly functional way to make exowiki content easily available to wiki users. While I'm sure it is a wealth of valuable information, I've personally always found the MIT Open Courseware site a bit obfuscated and hard to navigate. Perhaps Wikiversity might be a tool to facilitate the utilization of content on other sites. --Remi 19:55, 13 May 2007 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris Barraclough

The result was   delete. The Bushranger One ping only 00:47, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

Chris Barraclough

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

Unable to find reliable, secondary sources which provide the in-depth coverage required by WP:GNG to evidence the notability of this author. No listings in Worldcat, one listing in Google Books, I can't disambiguate/find reference to the named awards. Maybe there's a nickname issue, dunno. Additional sources welcomed, as always. j⚛e deckertalk 00:45, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Authors-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 02:14, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, BusterD (talk) 13:44, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete Unable to find significant coverage in any reliable sources J04n(talk page) 21:17, 26 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Helle

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1)  A daughter of king Athamas, who, together with her brother Phrixus, fled from their stepmother Ino to Colchis on a golden ram. On their way, she fell from its back and was drowned in the strait called, after her, Hellespont.

Translations

 * Greek:
 * Ancient: Ἕλλη
 * Italian: Elle
 * Latin: Hellē
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: Ге́лла
 * Spanish: Hele

Etymology
From a diminutive of.

Etymology

 * (Beekdaelen) First attested as Helle in 1803-1820. Derived from either or a deformation of . See also 🇨🇬.
 * (Gulpen-Wittem) First attested as Hölle in 1803-1820. Likely derived from . A derivation from is less likely when the oldest attestation of the toponym is taken into account.

Etymology
Variant of also associated with ; comparable to Finnish Hellä.

Etymology 1
Partially variants of, partially from as a relatively recent surname adopted during Finnicization of surnames in the early 20th century.

Etymology 2
From.

Etymology 1
Nominalization of the adjective.

Noun

 * 1) pale lager

Noun

 * 1) brightness

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Helle

Etymology
From.

title: Helle


text:
Talk:Robotics/Design Basics/Design software

As mention on the design software page, some information about alternative for Autocad and inventor are very welcome. If you know a (few) URLs or names, please add them here (or edit the design software page yourself):

If you know URLs about particular usefull tools for robot design please add them here:

Tools you might want, but haven't found:

--Patrik 15:04, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:GboyegaOgunmola/Books/Psychology

Personal conception in human beings

 * Big Five personality traits
 * Theory
 * Psychology
 * Learning styles
 * Revised NEO Personality Inventory

title: User:GboyegaOgunmola/Books/Psychology


text:
User:Jeremiah Hassel/Choose an Article

Article Selection
Please list articles that you're considering for your Wikipedia assignment below. Begin to critique these articles and find relevant sources.

Option 1 - peoples behavior (ethics)

 * Article title- activism
 * Article Evaluation-
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 2

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 3

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 4

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 5

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

title: User:Jeremiah Hassel/Choose an Article


text:
betong

Noun

 * 1) concrete building material

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) concrete

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) concrete

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) concrete

title: betong


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/WP Engine

The result was   no consensus. (WP:NPASR). N ORTH A MERICA 1000 21:06, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

WP Engine

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

asserts a lot of notability, but I was unable to find independent sources that didn't read like press releases Deunanknute (talk) 18:19, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions.  Everymorning   talk  18:23, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Texas-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 22:46, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Internet-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 22:46, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

I added a section of "Critical Response," with 1st-party references both about the company itself and its impact on Austin (i.e. multiple awards for best place to work) as well as on the product (i.e. reviews both from customers and from professional experts), as well as WP Engine's role in the WordPress community over the past 5 years, none of which are PR-based. There are literally dozens of additional online reviews of the product; I could include more than the three now cited if that would be useful in demonstrating notability. I do understand that the information in "company history" is not notable, but are relevant to the description of the company. Asmartbear (talk) 21:10, 15 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- Sam Sing! 12:26, 18 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Awards don't necessarily make a company any more notable. Blah2 (talk) 00:35, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, N ORTH A MERICA 1000 17:13, 25 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Public Pupil Pizza Project/Pre-Algebra and Spreadsheets

Decision Matrix
While it isn't part of the California State Standards, creating a decision matrix in the curriculum could be very useful, and also teach absolute/mixed references in a spreadsheet at the same time. -Jacob Walker

Nutrition Value
Another thing to add some place in the curriculum would be to determine what the nutritional value of each menu item would be, this would show how math is also relevant to health topics, and help health awareness --Jacob Walker 18:07, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Delivery
I had a thought this morning that a delivery piece should be added to this project, and look at it both from the owners perspective and the employees perspective, as the students can possibly relate easier to an employee perspective (they might be pizza delivery drivers, or know one that is around their age.) This would be able to bring in two major areas:  Delivery Times (Statistics, such as deviation), and Gas Mileage. --Jacob Walker 15:35, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Exponents
While x^2 and x^3 can be used to demonstrate area and volume, the example of possibilities of a password for security may be able to be explained later in the project when the "business" goes online. - Jacob


text:
David Dyson (businessman)

David Richard Dyson (born 27 April 1970) is the former Chief Executive of Three UK, one of 4 mobile networks operating in the UK.

Early life
He was born in Bury, Lancashire and is now based in Greater Manchester.

Career
He joined Three (the trading name of Hutchison 3G UK) as Chief Financial Officer in 2006, becoming Chief Operating Officer in 2009.

He became Chief Executive on 1 July 2011, replacing Australian Kevin Russell.

On 5 March 2020 in an email to staff he announced he would be stepping down as CEO of Three UK. He will be replaced by Three Ireland CEO Robert Finnegan, who will now hold both roles simultaneously.

title: David Dyson (businessman)


text:
Talk:Erkunt Group

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Erkunt Group. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080210011314/http://www.erkunttarim.com.tr/ to http://www.erkunttarim.com.tr/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:22, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Erkunt Group


text:
QuantLib/FinancialVisualization

Design specification on building an open source infrastructure for financial visualization. Installation instructions for the demo are available

source code is located at

Why open source?
The wish - If we keep this closed source, we can make a lot of money and get a competitive advantage

The reality - Closed source implementation commit a company to make massive investments to keep a system running which duplicated functionality found elsewhere, often very badly.

Always ask, are we in the ..... business? Most finance companies are in the algorithm business and not in the GUI infrastructure/computer language/database maintainence/programming tool business.

You close it, you maintain it.

The Pieces

 * QuantLib - financial analysis
 * VTK - 3-d graphical output
 * Python TraitsUI - controller

 * Nokia 800
 * Wiimote

Other traps

 * Letting infrastructure drive implementation rather than the other way around.
 * Making the infrastructure too abstract

Design paradigm
Start with specific needs. Find open source packages that almost fit those needs. Modify the open source packages so that they do.

Example Applications

 * Visualize volatility surface in conjunction with real data to see if how close the surface matches the data. Optimization will give you the closest parameter match, but without visualization techniques, you have no idea whether the match makes sense across the entire surface.

 * Sanity checks. You've calculated the solution to a derivatives pricing problem. Does this solution make sense?  Are there numerical issues (i.e. noisy output, singular points).

 * Qualitative descriptions - How do you characterize the behavior of the derivative price or Greeks in words?

 * Presentations to non-technical audiences. - Make points to people who are non-technical specialists.

Basic framework

 * model, view, controller

 * model - QuantLib
 * view - Mayavi2 + can possibly add 2-d plots with Chaco
 * controller - Enthought Traits for parameter controller. Wiimote (?!!!) for visualization.

Scripting language (Python) for rapid application development + C++ for building blocks

Why Python - Because there is already support for scientific computing via numpy and scipy.

Toy application
Calculate basket option values for min, max, average options while varying underlying. Use monte carlo for NPV calculations.

Python-SWIG
Connect QuantLib with python using SWIG wrapper generator

Connect QuantLib with MayaVi2
Both are Python applications. Right now uses python for surface rendering

Plotspace View
Problem - mayavi2 was built for CFD and medical imaging. These have homogenous scales. But finance has hetrogenous scales. Need an API for converting "plot coordinates" to "world coordinates"

Problem - Equations take a long time to calculate. Need to put computational infrastructure to support multi-threading

Status - Minimal implementation there.

Traits controller
Problem - Need to be able to edit the parameters of the model

Status - Try to figure out how to do this

Data Frame
Problem - VTK and visualization systems were designed to handle either arrays or unstructured 3-d data (imaging and CFD background). But financial data is usually multi-dimensional time indexed data with attributes associated with columns and with the data as a whole.

Solution - Implement something like R data.frames

Status - Basic implementation there. Right now road block is implementing database joins. (Simple, just need the time to do it).

Note - The data frame unifies some of the basic tools in finance - The spreadsheet and the database

QuantLib surface interface
Problem - Need standard interface to retrieve surface and volume data from QuantLib

Solution - Implement surface interface. Example of implementation of Surface interface would be time indexed curves.

Wiimote interface
Problem - Control view more naturally than with mouse

Solution - Use wiimote - This is actually straight foward. Wiimote uses bluetooth and protocol has been reverse engineered. Hardware is cheap. Map wiimote calls to mouse actions in controlling mayavi

Impedence mismatches
Classic problem with system integration are bad joints. Need to think about deep integration issues while we are in duct tape mode.

1) How do we integrate Traits event model with QuantLib event (observer model)?

2) How do we connect QuantLib arrays with numpy arrays?

3) What do we do about econometric time series analysis?

4) How do we connect the structured objects (i.e. surfaces) within QuantLib to the outside?

Why this needs to be open source
No proprietary information. No complete application. Just lots and lots of duct tape.

Danger of proliferation of API's and implementation. You close it, you maintain it.

title: QuantLib/FinancialVisualization


text:
Talk:Savaloy Dip

"...due to it being recalled, the album was dropped"
That's a phenomenally unconvincing explanation of what happened. Why was it recalled? Was it decided that the recording was of too poor quality? Or were the songs not up to scratch? Perhaps it was something to do with a disagreement between Reprise management and the head honchos at Warner? Harfarhs (talk) 14:19, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Savaloy Dip


text:
Adobe Photoshop/Gradient Tool

The Gradient Tool is the more complicated brother of the Paint Bucket Tool. It works by having one color of fill fade into the other. It has many features, and we will only cover the most common here.

The Tool
Right click on the paintbucket button and click on "Gradient Tool". Now, set your background and foreground colors. Click and hold were you want the gradient to begin and move your mouse to were you want it to end. Then let go of the mouse button. you should now have a basic gradient.

Picked Colors
Right click on the picture of a gradient on the top of the screen (Under "Photoshop") and you should get a menu. Click on one of the stoppers on either side of the gradient and pick your color or click one of the options above it. then click ok.

Gradient type
You can also change how the gradient acts. Look to the right of the picture off the gradient and you will see 5 or so pictures. These change how the gradient acts. The picture gives a pretty good idea of what it will change.

title: Adobe Photoshop/Gradient Tool


text:
Zhong Gong

Zhong Gong (中功) is a spiritual movement based on qigong founded in 1987 by Zhang Hongbao. The full name (中华养生益智功) translates to "China Health Care and Wisdom Enhancement Practice." The system distinguished itself from other forms of qigong by its strong emphasis on commercialisation, and a targeted strategy that aimed to build a national commercial organisation in China in the 1990s.

Zhong Gong achieved national prominence during the 'qigong fever' that gripped China during the Deng Xiaoping era. The denomination included a nationwide network of schools and healing centres based on Zhang's form of qigong before being outlawed by Chinese authorities in 1999, and Zhang's flight from China to evade multiple charges of rape from his subordinates. Zhang Hongbao claimed in 2003 to have about 38 million followers, and even Jiang Zemin allegedly believed in the curative power of Zhong Gong's message.

After China declared Zhong Gong an illegal organisation, all its assets and those of the 3,000 entitles constituting the Unicorn Group were confiscated, its 600 principals arrested. Zhong Gong wilted away thanks to once the organisation was no longer able to transmit the material and social benefits which were motivational drivers for its followers. After a warrant for the arrest of leader Zhang Hongbao was issued, he fled to the United States and applied for political asylum—he gained Protective resident status in U.S. on 13 June 2001. Zhang died in a car accident in July 2006.

History and development
In the aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations, Zhang Hongbao retreated to a remote base area in Sichuan, where he reorganised his followers as employees of a web of private enterprises owned by a parent firm, the Qilin Group.

During the early 1990s, Zhong Gong became the most popular of the various qigong schools, but rumours concerning Zhong Gong started to surface. As controversy about Zhong Gong increased, Falun Gong gained in popularity, eventually superseding Zhong Gong as the largest movement of its kind.

Its commercial activities were incorporated in China as the Unicorn Group (麒麟集团), a collectively ownership enterprise. In Mainland China, it had numerous operations, branches, and staff. There were six subordinate divisions, including Qigong training, healthy living, travel, education, medical.

Political scientist Patricia M. Thornton at the University of Oxford lists Zhong Gong as an example of a cybersect, due to the group's reliance on the internet for text distribution, recruitment and information-sharing among adherents.

Beliefs and teachings
Palmer, citing Ji Yi, said Zhang developed a style of Qigong which was based on automation, physics, relativity, bionics, and with distinctive use of mechanical engineering jargon, and founded Zhong Gong in 1987, launching it on the auspicious date of 8 August 1987.

Zhong Gong is based on the "qilin culture" (麒麟文化), created by Zhang in 1987 which, as he claimed in 2000, is "an obvious challenge to Marxism and the CCP's one-party rule". According to Zhang's 'spirit-matter dialectics', both spirit and matter have objective existence and can transform into the other under certain circumstances. In 1992, based on the ancient theories of yin and yang, Zhang extrapolated his universal law of motion according to which all objects or matter can subdivide into 'Yin' or 'Yang', predicting anything or act which contravened it would bring eventual disaster. He asserted Marxist property right theory and the derived Communist Party aim to eliminate private property were in conflict with his laws. In 1993, Zhang advanced his theories of 'promotion-restriction-inhibition-transformation'. In 1998, Zhang put forward a moral code which he referred to as "eight virtues and eight calls".

Qilin culture
'Qilin Culture' philosophy was developed by Zhang Hongbao, the master of Zhong Gong, and proclaimed during public lectures in Beijing.

According to a well-known account by Ji Yi, a journalist and enthusiastic qigong practitioner himself, "the qilin combines in a single body the essence of different species of living beings: the dragon's head, the pig's nose, the serpent's scales, the deer's body, the tiger's back, the bear's thighs, the ox's hooves and the lion's tail."

Qilin culture, according to Zhang, was made up of eight "systems": a philosophical system based on the traditional "diagram of ultimate return," which is to explain the origin of all creatures, their functions, and final destinations; a system of life sciences based on the use of qi to penetrate the mystery of biological systems; a system of "special medicine," which was different in important ways from Chinese and Western medicine, and "even garden variety qigong"; a system of art and aesthetics included qigong art, architecture, dance, music; a system of education; a system of industrial and political management; a system of everyday behaviour; a system of body practices.

Organisational techniques
Zhang Hongbao's had two organisations which formed the foundation of what eventually became an "impressive set of interlocked enterprises, the engine of which was a Qigong practice" according to Patricia Thornton.

More than any other qigong group, Zhong Gong concerned itself with a systematic training scheme of eight ascending levels. The practitioner would thus have a clear path of progression on which to advance. Unlike other qigong schools, which emphasised mastery of sitting meditation, movements, and inner alchemy, Zhong Gong geared its workshops around the acquisition of specific skills. The participants were to master a skill with satisfaction after several days training. Workshops aimed to train participants in Zhong Gong's brand of organisational and managerial techniques at the "second level." They would then be able to go forth and set up their own Zhong Gong franchises.

Stage one included basic techniques and posters; stage two covered organisational methods, certain qigong performance arts, and the 'secret of secrets' of Buddhist and Taoist techniques; stage three consisted of still meditation (jinggong), qigong hypnosis, and spontaneous boxing; stage four included more advanced qigong techniques like electric qigong, hard qigong etc., while stage five covered Fengshui, massage, regulation of the emotions, and more. The sixth, seventh, and eighth levels were never disclosed to the public.

Zhong Gong drew a large number of staunch believers across China, elaborating a highly organised structure that led Chinese Communist Party authorities to suspect it may turn into an opposing political force.

Qilin Culture's modern management theory, based on the traditional yin—yang and five-elements cosmology, was the basis for the Zhong Gong organisation, according to Palmer. It was claimed to be applicable to family, business or government, and aimed to synthesise the best aspects of the five phases of human social development: primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and communist society.

Ban in China
The 12th session of the NPC Standing Committee passed a resolution on 30 October 1999 which allowed it to take action against "heretic cults" and which applied retroactively to Falun Gong, Zhong Gong and any other spiritual groups deemed "dangerous to the state".

However, Zhong Gong has been much more low key than Falun Gong, and the government crackdown on it is almost unknown in China. Palmer describes how Zhong Gong effectively ceased to exist once the organisation was no longer able to provide material and social benefits to its followers.

As a sign of Zhang's acumen, Thornton notes that when the Beijing daily reported that his Beijing-based International Qigong Service Enterprise had been shut down pending an investigation into possible criminal activities, Zhang hired the team of lawyers who had defended Mao's widow during the Gang of Four trial, and managed to gain a public apology from the paper. A five-year string of unsuccessful legal actions against the government followed, during which Zhang managed to elude arrest.

After China declared Zhong Gong an illegal organisation, all its assets and those of the 3,000 entities constituting the Unicorn Group were confiscated, and its 600 principals arrested. After a warrant for the arrest of leader Zhang Hongbao was issued, he fled to the United States and applied for political asylum. He was not granted asylum, but gained Protective Resident Status on 13 June 2001. Zhang died in the United States in a motor accident on 31 July 2006 at the age of 52. After Zhang's death, Zhong Gong almost disappeared from the public's eye.

title: Zhong Gong


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Text IO

is a GNAT implementation-defined package that offers Get_Line and Put_Line functions which work directly on unbounded strings. They are more efficient and easier to use than the standard functions.

Get_Line Unbounded_String; Get_Line (File : .File_Type) Unbounded_String;

Reads up to the end of the current line, returning the result as an unbounded string of appropriate length. If no File parameter is present, input is from Current_Input. Put     (U    : Unbounded_String); Put     (File : .File_Type;  U : Unbounded_String); Put_Line (U   : Unbounded_String); Put_Line (File : .File_Type; U : Unbounded_String);

These are equivalent to the standard Text_IO routines passed the value To_String (U), but operate more efficiently, because the extra copy of the argument is avoided.

In Ada 2005 the standard equivalent to this package is.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Libraries
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Unbounded
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Text_IO
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Text_IO.Unbounded_IO
 * Ada Programming/Input Output

Ada Reference Manual

|


text:
User:Tony Blair~enwikiversity

Hello, I am the prime minister of the United Kingdom. Greetings. Tony Blair 16:47, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, Mr. Prime Minister. You've been blocked per Username policy. CQ 18:04, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Tony Blair~enwikiversity


text:
File:BeatlesCapitolAlbumsVol2albumcover.jpg

Summary

Fair use rationale for The Capitol Albums, Volume 2

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright


text:
User:Sapiens123456

I am very active user on czech Wikipedia. I am live in the Czech republic. I interested about biology, palaeontology, astronomy, geography, history and meteorology. More information of me on the Meta

title: User:Sapiens123456


text:
User:Rsquartz/Books/Berriman Family book

The French Connection

 * Adela of Champagne
 * Adelaide of Aquitaine
 * Adelaide of Maurienne
 * Adelaide of Susa
 * Adelaide of Tours
 * Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou
 * Adelais of Amboise
 * Adele of Meaux
 * Agilolfings
 * Agnes of Merania
 * Ahalolfings
 * Alfonso VII of León and Castile
 * Alfonso VIII of Castile
 * Alfred the Great
 * Alice of Normandy
 * Alix of France
 * Alpaida
 * Amadeus II, Count of Savoy
 * Andregoto Galíndez
 * Angevin
 * Angevin Empire
 * Angevin kings of England
 * Anjou
 * Anne of Kiev
 * Anscarids
 * Ansegisel
 * Ardennes-Verdun dynasty
 * Arnulf of Metz
 * Auria
 * Aznar Galíndez I
 * Aznar Galíndez II
 * Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders
 * Basilica of St Denis
 * Beatrice of Burgundy, Lady of Bourbon
 * Begga
 * Berengaria of Barcelona
 * Bertha of Holland
 * Bertrada of Laon
 * Bertrada of Prüm
 * Billung
 * Blanche of Castile
 * Blanche of Lancaster
 * Blanche of Navarre, Queen of Castile
 * Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France
 * Bonne of Bohemia
 * Capetian dynasty
 * Carolingian dynasty
 * Carolingian Empire
 * Catherine of France, Countess of Montpensier
 * Charibert I
 * Charibert of Laon
 * Charlemagne
 * Charles Constantine of Vienne
 * Charles Martel
 * Charles the Bald
 * Charles V of France
 * Charles VI of France
 * Charles VII of France
 * Charles, Count of Valois
 * Charlotte of Savoy
 * Château de Montpensier
 * Conan I of Rennes
 * Constance of Arles
 * Constance of Castile
 * Count of Poitiers
 * Counts and Viscounts of Châteaudun
 * Cunigunda of France
 * Dietrich of Ringelheim
 * Dirk VI, Count of Holland
 * Douce I, Countess of Provence
 * Duchy of Saxony
 * Duke of Aquitaine
 * Dunfermline
 * Ealhmund of Kent
 * Ealhswith
 * Ebalus, Duke of Aquitaine
 * Eberhard of Friuli
 * Edgar the Peaceful
 * Edinburgh Castle
 * Edmund I
 * Edmund Ironside
 * Edward III of England
 * Edward the Elder
 * Edward the Exile
 * Egbert of Wessex
 * El Cid
 * Eleanor of Aquitaine
 * Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile
 * Empress Matilda
 * Ermengarde of Anjou, Duchess of Burgundy
 * Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou
 * Ermentrude of France
 * Ermentrude of Orléans
 * Eystein Glumra
 * Fernando Bermúdez de Cea
 * Fernán González of Castile
 * Fortún Garcés of Pamplona
 * Franks
 * Fulcuich
 * Fulk I, Count of Anjou
 * Fulk II, Count of Anjou
 * Fulk III, Count of Anjou
 * Fulk IV, Count of Anjou
 * Galindo Aznárez I
 * Galindo Aznárez II
 * García II Sánchez of Gascony
 * García Jiménez of Pamplona
 * García Ramírez of Navarre
 * García Sánchez I of Pamplona
 * García Sánchez II of Pamplona
 * García Sánchez III of Navarre
 * García Íñiguez of Pamplona
 * Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou
 * Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais
 * Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou
 * Gerloc
 * Gerold of Vinzgau
 * Gisela of Burgundy, Marchioness of Montferrat
 * Godfrey I, Count of Verdun
 * Gonzalo Fernández of Castile
 * Gotfrid
 * Gothelo I, Duke of Lorraine
 * Gozlin, Count of Bidgau and Methingau
 * Guy, Count of Flanders
 * Gâtinais
 * Harald Klak
 * Hedwig of Saxony
 * Hedwiga
 * Henry I of England
 * Henry I of France
 * Henry II of England
 * Henry of Franconia
 * Henry the Fowler
 * Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
 * Herbert I, Count of Vermandois
 * Herbert II, Count of Vermandois
 * Herbert III, Count of Meaux
 * Hermann Billung
 * Hildegard of the Vinzgau
 * Hildegarde, Viscountess of Châteaudun
 * Hnabi
 * House of Babenberg
 * House of Blois
 * House of Bourbon
 * House of Braose
 * House of Burgundy
 * House of Capet
 * House of Dampierre
 * House of Ingelger
 * House of Lancaster
 * House of Neville
 * House of Normandy
 * House of Plantagenet
 * House of Savoy
 * House of Savoy-Carignano
 * House of Valois
 * House of Valois-Anjou
 * House of Wessex
 * Hugh Capet
 * Hugh I, Viscount of Châteaudun
 * Hugh of Tours
 * Hugh the Great
 * Hugobert
 * Hugues du Perche
 * Humbert I, Count of Savoy
 * Humbert II, Count of Savoy
 * Huoching
 * Igor of Kiev
 * Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France
 * Ingelger
 * Iorwerth Drwyndwn
 * Isabeau of Bavaria
 * Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France
 * Isabella of France
 * Isabella of Hainault
 * Isabelle of Luxembourg
 * Isle of Sheppey
 * Itta of Metz
 * Jiménez dynasty
 * Joan I of Navarre
 * Joan the Lame
 * Joan, Lady of Wales
 * Joanna of Bourbon
 * John de Braose
 * John II of France
 * John of Gaunt
 * John, King of England
 * Judicael Berengar
 * Judith of Flanders
 * Kingdom of Gwynedd
 * List of French consorts
 * List of French monarchs
 * List of monarchs of Wessex
 * List of rulers of Provence
 * Liudolf, Duke of Saxony
 * Llywelyn the Great
 * Lordship of Gower
 * Louis IX of France
 * Louis the Pious
 * Louis the Stammerer
 * Louis VI of France
 * Louis VII of France
 * Louis VIII of France
 * Louis XI of France
 * Malusha
 * Margaret II, Countess of Flanders
 * Margaret of L'Aigle
 * Margaret of Provence
 * Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France
 * Margaret, Countess of Anjou
 * Marie of Anjou
 * Marie of Brabant, Queen of France
 * Martin of Laon
 * Matilda of Béthune
 * Matilda of Ringelheim
 * Matilda of Scotland
 * Maud de Braose
 * Medieval Frankish dynasties
 * Melisende, Viscountess of Châteaudun
 * Memleben
 * Mercia
 * Merovingian dynasty
 * Oda of Metz
 * Olga of Kiev
 * Onneca Fortúnez
 * Osburh
 * Otto I, Count of Savoy
 * Otto I, Duke of Saxony
 * Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
 * Ottonian dynasty
 * Pepin of Herstal
 * Pepin of Italy
 * Pepin of Landen
 * Pepin the Short
 * Pepin, Count of Vermandois
 * Petronilla of Lorraine
 * Philip I of France
 * Philip II of France
 * Philip III of France
 * Philip VI of France
 * Philippa of Hainault
 * Pippinids
 * Poppa of Bayeux
 * Raby Castle
 * Ramnulfids
 * Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona
 * Ranulf I of Aquitaine
 * Ranulf II of Aquitaine
 * Reginald I, Count of Burgundy
 * Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford
 * Richard II, Duke of Normandy
 * Robert I of France
 * Robert I, Duke of Normandy
 * Robert II of France
 * Robert II, Count of Hesbaye
 * Robert III of Worms
 * Robert of Vermandois
 * Robert the Strong
 * Robert VII, Lord of Béthune
 * Robert, Count of Clermont
 * Robertians
 * Rognvald Eysteinsson
 * Rollo
 * Rotrude of Hesbaye
 * Rouen Cathedral
 * Rouen Cathedral
 * Rozala of Italy
 * Rurik
 * Rurik dynasty
 * Saint Margaret of Scotland
 * Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
 * Sancho Garcés, Lord of Uncastillo
 * Sancho I of Pamplona
 * Sancho II of Pamplona
 * Sancho III of Castile
 * Sancho III of Pamplona
 * Santa Maria, Ripoll
 * Savoie
 * Savoy Palace
 * Sviatoslav I of Kiev
 * The Vyne
 * Theodo of Bavaria
 * Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine
 * Toda of Pamplona
 * Ulric Manfred II of Turin
 * Urraca Fernández
 * Vladimir the Great
 * Walter de Clifford (died 1263)
 * Wessex
 * Wigeric of Lotharingia
 * William de Braose, 1st Baron Braose
 * William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber
 * William I Longsword
 * William I of Provence
 * William I, Count of Burgundy
 * William II of Dampierre
 * William III, Duke of Aquitaine
 * Wynflaed
 * Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
 * Ælfgifu of York
 * Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar
 * Æthelbald of Wessex
 * Æthelflæd
 * Æthelred "Mucel", Ealdorman of the Gaini
 * Æthelred of Wessex
 * Æthelred the Unready
 * Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians
 * Æthelwulf
 * Íñigo Arista of Pamplona
 * Bodegisel
 * Herleva
 * Adelaide of Maurienne
 * Adelaide of Susa
 * Adelaide of Tours
 * Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou
 * Adelais of Amboise
 * Adele of Meaux
 * Agilolfings
 * Agnes of Merania
 * Ahalolfings
 * Alfonso VII of León and Castile
 * Alfonso VIII of Castile
 * Alfred the Great
 * Alice of Normandy
 * Alix of France
 * Alpaida
 * Amadeus II, Count of Savoy
 * Andregoto Galíndez
 * Angevin
 * Angevin Empire
 * Angevin kings of England
 * Anjou
 * Anne of Kiev
 * Anscarids
 * Ansegisel
 * Ardennes-Verdun dynasty
 * Arnulf of Metz
 * Auria
 * Aznar Galíndez I
 * Aznar Galíndez II
 * Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders
 * Basilica of St Denis
 * Beatrice of Burgundy, Lady of Bourbon
 * Begga
 * Berengaria of Barcelona
 * Bertha of Holland
 * Bertrada of Laon
 * Bertrada of Prüm
 * Billung
 * Blanche of Castile
 * Blanche of Lancaster
 * Blanche of Navarre, Queen of Castile
 * Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France
 * Bonne of Bohemia
 * Capetian dynasty
 * Carolingian dynasty
 * Carolingian Empire
 * Catherine of France, Countess of Montpensier
 * Charibert I
 * Charibert of Laon
 * Charlemagne
 * Charles Constantine of Vienne
 * Charles Martel
 * Charles the Bald
 * Charles V of France
 * Charles VI of France
 * Charles VII of France
 * Charles, Count of Valois
 * Charlotte of Savoy
 * Château de Montpensier
 * Conan I of Rennes
 * Constance of Arles
 * Constance of Castile
 * Count of Poitiers
 * Counts and Viscounts of Châteaudun
 * Cunigunda of France
 * Decimus Rusticus
 * Dietrich of Ringelheim
 * Dirk VI, Count of Holland
 * Douce I, Countess of Provence
 * Duchy of Saxony
 * Duke of Aquitaine
 * Dunfermline
 * Ealhmund of Kent
 * Ealhswith
 * Ebalus, Duke of Aquitaine
 * Eberhard of Friuli
 * Edgar the Peaceful
 * Edinburgh Castle
 * Edmund I
 * Edmund Ironside
 * Edward III of England
 * Edward the Elder
 * Edward the Exile
 * Egbert of Wessex
 * El Cid
 * Eleanor of Aquitaine
 * Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile
 * Empress Matilda
 * Ermengarde of Anjou, Duchess of Burgundy
 * Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou
 * Ermentrude of France
 * Ermentrude of Orléans
 * Eucherius of Lyon
 * Eystein Glumra
 * Fernando Bermúdez de Cea
 * Fernán González of Castile
 * Fortún Garcés of Pamplona
 * Franks
 * Fulcuich
 * Fulk I, Count of Anjou
 * Fulk II, Count of Anjou
 * Fulk III, Count of Anjou
 * Fulk IV, Count of Anjou
 * Galindo Aznárez I
 * Galindo Aznárez II
 * García II Sánchez of Gascony
 * García Jiménez of Pamplona
 * García Ramírez of Navarre
 * García Sánchez I of Pamplona
 * García Sánchez II of Pamplona
 * García Sánchez III of Navarre
 * García Íñiguez of Pamplona
 * Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou
 * Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais
 * Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou
 * Gerloc
 * Gerold of Vinzgau
 * Gisela of Burgundy, Marchioness of Montferrat
 * Godfrey I, Count of Verdun
 * Gonzalo Fernández of Castile
 * Gotfrid
 * Gothelo I, Duke of Lorraine
 * Gozlin, Count of Bidgau and Methingau
 * Guy, Count of Flanders
 * Gâtinais
 * Harald Klak
 * Hedwig of Saxony
 * Hedwiga
 * Henry I of England
 * Henry I of France
 * Henry II of England
 * Henry of Franconia
 * Henry the Fowler
 * Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
 * Herbert I, Count of Vermandois
 * Herbert II, Count of Vermandois
 * Herbert III, Count of Meaux
 * Hermann Billung
 * Hildegard of the Vinzgau
 * Hildegarde, Viscountess of Châteaudun
 * Hnabi
 * House of Babenberg
 * House of Blois
 * House of Bourbon
 * House of Braose
 * House of Burgundy
 * House of Capet
 * House of Dampierre
 * House of Ingelger
 * House of Lancaster
 * House of Neville
 * House of Normandy
 * House of Plantagenet
 * House of Savoy
 * House of Savoy-Carignano
 * House of Valois
 * House of Valois-Anjou
 * House of Wessex
 * Hugh Capet
 * Hugh I, Viscount of Châteaudun
 * Hugh of Tours
 * Hugh the Great
 * Hugobert
 * Hugues du Perche
 * Humbert I, Count of Savoy
 * Humbert II, Count of Savoy
 * Huoching
 * Igor of Kiev
 * Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France
 * Ingelger
 * Iorwerth Drwyndwn
 * Isabeau of Bavaria
 * Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France
 * Isabella of France
 * Isabella of Hainault
 * Isabelle of Luxembourg
 * Isle of Sheppey
 * Itta of Metz
 * Jiménez dynasty
 * Joan I of Navarre
 * Joan the Lame
 * Joan, Lady of Wales
 * Joanna of Bourbon
 * John de Braose
 * John II of France
 * John of Gaunt
 * John, King of England
 * Judicael Berengar
 * Judith of Flanders
 * Kingdom of Gwynedd
 * List of French consorts
 * List of French monarchs
 * List of monarchs of Wessex
 * List of rulers of Provence
 * Liudolf, Duke of Saxony
 * Llywelyn the Great
 * Lordship of Gower
 * Louis IX of France
 * Louis the Pious
 * Louis the Stammerer
 * Louis VI of France
 * Louis VII of France
 * Louis VIII of France
 * Louis XI of France
 * Malusha
 * Margaret II, Countess of Flanders
 * Margaret of L'Aigle
 * Margaret of Provence
 * Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France
 * Margaret, Countess of Anjou
 * Marie of Anjou
 * Marie of Brabant, Queen of France
 * Martin of Laon
 * Matilda of Béthune
 * Matilda of Ringelheim
 * Matilda of Scotland
 * Maud de Braose
 * Medieval Frankish dynasties
 * Melisende, Viscountess of Châteaudun
 * Memleben
 * Mercia
 * Merovingian dynasty
 * Mummolin
 * Munderic
 * Oda of Metz
 * Olga of Kiev
 * Onneca Fortúnez
 * Osburh
 * Otto I, Count of Savoy
 * Otto I, Duke of Saxony
 * Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
 * Ottonian dynasty
 * Pepin of Herstal
 * Pepin of Italy
 * Pepin of Landen
 * Pepin the Short
 * Pepin, Count of Vermandois
 * Petronilla of Lorraine
 * Philip I of France
 * Philip II of France
 * Philip III of France
 * Philip VI of France
 * Philippa of Hainault
 * Pippinids
 * Poppa of Bayeux
 * Raby Castle
 * Ramnulfids
 * Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona
 * Ranulf I of Aquitaine
 * Ranulf II of Aquitaine
 * Reginald I, Count of Burgundy
 * Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford
 * Richard II, Duke of Normandy
 * Robert I of France
 * Robert I, Duke of Normandy
 * Robert II of France
 * Robert II, Count of Hesbaye
 * Robert III of Worms
 * Robert of Vermandois
 * Robert the Strong
 * Robert VII, Lord of Béthune
 * Robert, Count of Clermont
 * Robertians
 * Rognvald Eysteinsson
 * Rollo
 * Rotrude of Hesbaye
 * Rouen Cathedral
 * Rouen Cathedral
 * Rozala of Italy
 * Ruricius
 * Rurik
 * Rurik dynasty
 * Rusticus (archbishop of Lyon)
 * Saint Margaret of Scotland
 * Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
 * Sancho Garcés, Lord of Uncastillo
 * Sancho I of Pamplona
 * Sancho II of Pamplona
 * Sancho III of Castile
 * Sancho III of Pamplona
 * Santa Maria, Ripoll
 * Savoie
 * Savoy Palace
 * Sviatoslav I of Kiev
 * The Vyne
 * Theodo of Bavaria
 * Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine
 * Toda of Pamplona
 * Ulric Manfred II of Turin
 * Urraca Fernández
 * Vladimir the Great
 * Walter de Clifford (died 1263)
 * Wessex
 * Wigeric of Lotharingia
 * William de Braose, 1st Baron Braose
 * William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber
 * William I Longsword
 * William I of Provence
 * William I, Count of Burgundy
 * William II of Dampierre
 * William III, Duke of Aquitaine
 * Wynflaed
 * Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
 * Ælfgifu of York
 * Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar
 * Æthelbald of Wessex
 * Æthelflæd
 * Æthelred "Mucel", Ealdorman of the Gaini
 * Æthelred of Wessex
 * Æthelred the Unready
 * Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians
 * Æthelwulf
 * Íñigo Arista of Pamplona
 * List of Frankish kings
 * Matilda of Flanders
 * Adela of Champagne
 * Theobald II, Count of Champagne
 * Engelbert, Duke of Carinthia
 * Matilda of Carinthia
 * Corfe Castle
 * Ætheling
 * Æthelred Mucel
 * Ecgberht, King of Wessex


text:
Federal Correctional Institution, Victorville

The Federal Correctional Institution, Victorville (FCI Victorville Medium I & II) are two medium-security United States federal prisons for male inmates in Victorville, California. Part of the Victorville Federal Prison Complex, it is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice.

Description
FCI Victorville Medium are two medium-security United States federal prisons for male inmates in Victorville, California. Part of the Victorville Federal Prison Complex, it is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. There is an adjacent satellite prison camp for low-security female inmates. The complex is located on land that was formerly part of George Air Force Base.

It was built on a Superfund site, which has contaminated the region's water supply with industrial solvents like trichlorethylene, and pesticides like dieldrin and aldrin, and chemicals from jet fuel.

Notable incidents
In 2010, Scott A. Holencik, 45, the warden of FCI Victorville, was named in a six-count indictment returned by a federal grand jury. The indictment accused Holencik of lying to special agents of the United States Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, when he was interviewed in November 2009 in connection with an investigation into Internet postings that disclosed confidential government information. The indictment charged Holencik with two felony counts of making false statements when he denied making posts to www.prisonofficer.org. Holencik allegedly made multiple posts to the website that contained sensitive information concerning criminal investigations at the prison. Specifically, it is alleged that he disclosed confidential government information concerning a Bureau of Prisons employee who was suspected of being involved with an inmate gambling scheme, as well as facts related to a homicide that occurred at the prison in August 2009.

A federal judge, Virginia Phillips, subsequently ruled that the information posted on prisonofficer.org was not confidential, thereby dismissing those charges. On February 20, 2014, federal Judge Virginia Phillips ruled dismissing the remaining counts of the indictment against Holencik with prejudice. Holencik retired as warden.

On May 31, 2016, inmate Fazliddin Kurbanov snuck behind then-warden Calvin Johnson and attempted to slit his throat with a 4-inch shank he concealed, injuring him in the process. Kurbanov, an Uzbek refugee, was serving a 25-year sentence for material support and plotting a bombing attack while working as truck-driving instructor in Salt Lake City, Utah. Kurbanov was charged with attempted murder of a federal officer and sentenced to an additional 20 years in prison in 2018. He is now serving his sentence at ADX Florence.

In popular culture
In the first episode of the HBO television series Luck, the main character Chester "Ace" Bernstein, played by Dustin Hoffman, is released from federal custody after serving 3 years at FCI Victorville.

The main protagonist “Diablo”, played by Gino Silva, in A Man Apart (2003) featuring Vin Diesel, was incarcerated at Victorville Penitentiary.