text:
History of Elven Writing Systems/Foreword

Fantasy author J. R. R. Tolkien invented many writing systems to be used by his Elves and other races in his fictional world of Middle-earth.

This is a detailed account of the writing systems used by the Elves. The essay is concentrated on the process of time in the fictional history and the Ages of Middle-earth, and its purpose is to show how writing could have evolved by various races of the legendarium, as well as the interrelation between modes. The logical process behind evolution of each system from the other is speculated.

Disclaimer
The document doesn't include many explicit quotes from Tolkien’s writings for reference, but it is clear that many statements set forth are conclusions out of the authors' judgement from the sources and evidence. Words like “assume”, “speculate”, “reconstruct”, “must” and “perhaps” are used, and the reader must have in mind that these theories have not been ensured by examples or explicitly stated by Tolkien.

The same applies to the examples of some writing systems, like early Certhas, specimina of which Tolkien haven’t left to us at present. On the contrary, this essay provides all of known (elvish) Tengwar samples that have been written by Tolkien, leaving the final judgment to the reader.

What this document is not

 * The document is by no means a tutorial for starters, or a guide of how to write Tengwar. Although it can be used as such, there are better and more practical tutorials and guides available. What can it be used for is a reference guide for all known systems (some of them hypothetical or reconstructed) and is recommended as a supplement for such a study by a starter.
 * The document does not try to describe every single system that came into Tolkien’s mind, but takes account only his “latest” elaborations that he must have considered “current” while writing Lord of the Rings and the later Silmarillion. So no description of the early Sarati, the “Valmaric script” or the “Runes of Pengolodh” will be found there.
 * English and Old English modes for Tengwar devised by Tolkien won't be described either.

Legal remarks
The essay tries not to show anything that goes beyond Fair Use and doesn’t quote so extensively from Tolkien's work as to run afoul of it. All quotation is used for the purpose of supporting the analysis that forms the vast majority of the work.

History
Eldatencelion started as a timeline of all the changes that took place forming the Elvish writing systems according to the information given in Appendix E to The Lord of the Rings. An early form was hosted kindly in Gwaith-i-Phethdain in a portable document format, and was soon translated into Italian by Eldalie.it. It was ported to wiki format on January 2005 and has been improved and changed ever since.

On reading this document
The reader must have the following way of formatting in mind:
 * Names of published corpus are in bold: LotR, King’s Letter, Moria Gate Inscription
 * Words or sounds used as samples (usually elvish) are in italic: thúle, parma
 * Tengwar names are not in italic, but their first letter is capital: Thúle, Parma
 * Minus are used to show etymological process or change in pronunciation: *áse > áze > áre
 * Non-attested hypothetical forms (usually archaic) are asterisked: alda < *galadâ
 * Wrong forms are asterisked twice: alda < *galadâ, not **aladâ
 * Primitive stems and etymological roots are always in capital: alda < GALAD

FA, SA and TA mean First, Second and Third Age respectively.

Note: The document makes heavy use of certain fonts of Tengwar, Runes and, in a case, Sarati. The fonts that need to be installed in order to view this document properly are:
 * Sarati Eldamar and
 * Tengwar Parmaite, both by Måns Björkman
 * Cirth Erebor by Dan Smith
 * Gondolinic Runes by Ronald Kyrmse

Some other compatible fonts will also work since most of the best-known tengwar fonts follow the layout proposed by Dan Smith. In some cases, Tengwar doesn’t render correctly in Internet Explorer, so other browsers are recommended (the display is fine in Mozilla Firefox). The problem can alternatively be overpassed by copying and pasting the text into a word processor such as MS Word.

Acknowledgements
The present form of the essay owes much to the contributions of knowledge by Helge Fauskanger, Måns Björkman, Daniel Adriës, Ryszard Derdzinski, Carl Hos and others, as well as the editors of Vinyar Tengwar.


text:
Cookbook:Cookware

Cookware holds food, generally for cooking on a range. Sometimes pots and pans are used in an oven or, if they do not include metal, in a microwave.

Dark gummy burned-on oil can be removed with acetone, widely available from hardware stores and in diluted form as nail polish remover.

Cookware and bakeware are containers in a kitchen for food preparation. Cookware are for use on a stove or range cooktop. Bakeware are for use inside an oven. Some utensils are used for both types of cooking.

There are many types of cookware and bakeware. The material are constructed affects the quality of the vessel and the quality of the food cooked. Factors to consider are the thermal conductivity, how food sticks in use, and the surface pre-preparation, i.e., seasoning, before use.

A factor to consider in selecting is the heat conductivity of the handle. If it is molded to the vessel of the same material Then precautions need to be followed in handling the vessel when hot. Avoid hollow handles because they are difficult to clean or dry. Additionally, a good cooking pot design has an "overcook edge" where the lid actually rests and the lid has a dripping edge that prevents condensation fluid from dripping from the lid when handling.

Common materials
Metal pots need to conduct heat well and be chemically unreactive to avoid altering the flavor of the food being cooked. These two factors are usually mutually exclusive and the vessel is a compromise between them. Clad vessels are attempt to get the bes of both. For example a copper pot clad or tinned with another metal.

Stainless steel
Stainless steel is good enough for most uses, although it is not as conductive as aluminium or copper. Stainless steel tends to be inexpensive and lightweight. Stainless steel has the advantage of being non reactive with most household acids. Thin-bottomed pans, often with an insignificant layer of copper, can cause uneven heating, so a layer of aluminium is often "sandwiched" in the base of the pan.

Even though stainless steel is not considered non-stick, food does not stick very strongly unless the surfaces are rough. Stainless steel is popular for saucepans and stock pots.

Stainless Steel is a poor conductor of heat so must be clad with a core of aluminium or copper to improve heating properties. High-quality stainless has a core covering the entire pan where low-quality stainless just has an aluminium or copper bottom.

Anodized aluminium
Anodizing is an electro-chemical process that molecularly alters the surface of aluminium cookware making it stick and scratch-resistant and easy to clean. A final stage in the anodizing process seals the aluminium, preventing any leaching into food. Unlike uncoated aluminium, this cookware does not react to acidic foods, and is much more durable. Unlike stainless steel, no "sandwiching" or "cladding" is needed for even heating. Anodized aluminium cookware is generally not dishwasher safe.

Cast Iron
Cast iron is denser than other pan materials, making the pans unparalleled at retaining and evenly distributing heat, but also somewhat heavy. Therefore these pans are excellent for applications such as searing, or any time when a pan must stay hot even as ingredients are added.

The pan retains its heat better than most other materials. They can also be put under a very hot grill or into a barbecue or campfire — something that would completely destroy a non-stick pan — as they are all-metal and would have to be melted to suffer damage. Contrary to popular belief, acidic foods can be cooked in cast iron, provided they are removed from the pan as soon as cooking is complete.

Cast iron pans can be used for other kinds of cooking as well, although their heaviness makes them somewhat awkward for making, say, crepes, or any other kind of cooking where the pan needs to be moved around a lot during cooking. Cast iron is also less conductive than other materials such as aluminium and copper. This results in the aforementioned excellent heat retention, but also means that cast iron cookware takes longer to heat up and cool down.

Cast iron needs to be seasoned to provide a more-or-less non-stick surface. This process involves heating oil so that it polymerizes and binds to the pan. This creates a non-stick surface chemically similar to a plastic coating. Some people see this need for seasoning as a drawback; however, because the seasoning can be removed (with steel wool, even!) and reapplied as needed, cast iron pans can be maintained in excellent condition far beyond the life of a typical non-stick pan.

Properly cared for, a cast iron pan can last for generations. Thus they are an excellent value: extremely durable, costing less than all but the cheapest non-stick pans, while outperforming all but the most expensive cookware. The main drawback is that they will rust if washed in a dishwasher or left soaking in water. Also, they should not be washed with harsh, lye-based soap, as this will remove the seasoning.

They can be effectively cleaned with a stiff brush, plastic wool, or by rubbing with a paper towel, vegetable oil, and any salt, used as a mild abrasive. Prior to putting them back in storage, if you heat them up, empty, for few minutes, any remaining dampness will evaporate. Generally these retail for no more than US $20.

Cast iron cookware has been around a long time. It is not unusual that cookware is passed down for generations. Some cooks consider cast iron a good choice for egg dishes, while others feel the iron adds an off-flavor to eggs. Cast iron is ideal for searing or frying, long-cooking stews, braised dishe. Other uses of cast-iron pans include baking, for instance for making cornbread, cobblers and cakes.

Bare cast iron must be seasoned properly and cleaned proper immediately after each use. Enamelled cast iron is cast iron that has a vitreous enamel glaze applied to the surface to allow easy thorough cleaning.

A seasoned pan has a stick-resistant coating created by polymerized oils and fats. Seasoning is a process by which a layer of animal fat or vegetable oil is applied and cooked onto cast-iron or carbon steel cookware. Typically, pre-seasoned cast iron cookware (seasoning or coating applied by the manufacturer) is stripped (removal of seasoning through either chemical, electric, or physical means) and is re-seasoned by the user, as most users have their own preferred method of seasoning. A seasoned pan is typically not placed in a conventional dishwasher or washed with soap, as this may strip the pan of its seasoning and lead to rust as well as quality and performance issues. This practice exists because of the past use of lye in soaps, however, most modern soaps no longer contain lye, but have other ingredients that may affect the cookware. Therefore, it's generally advised to avoid the use of detergents and soaps.

Because other cookware cleaning techniques like scouring or washing in a dishwasher can remove or damage the seasoning on a bare cast-iron pan, these pans should not be cleaned like most other cookware. Some chefs advocate simply wiping them out after use, or washing them with hot water and a stiff brush.< https://web.archive.org/web/20130512045102/http://www.lodgemfg.com/useandcare/seasoned-cast-iron > Others advocate washing with mild soap and water, and then re-applying a thin layer of fat or oil.< http://whatscookingamerica.net/Information/CastIronPans.htm > A third approach is to scrub with coarse salt and a paper towel or clean rag.< https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PiQ0VOJmCbg >

Enameled Cast Iron
Enamelled cast iron cookware — typically, casseroles or Dutch ovens — enables cooks to take advantage of the heat retention of cast iron while also providing a non-stick, non-rusting, non-reactive, light-coloured surface (the light-coloured surface makes it easier to monitor how foods are browning). The thickness of the cast-iron core helps guarantee even heating and prevents "hot-spots" and warping from occurring, even on electric stoves.

Some care must be taken in use and storage, as the enamel surface is vulnerable to chipping.

The main drawback of enameled cast iron is expense, with pieces typically being 3-5 times more expensive than their cast-iron counterparts. The enamel is naturally non-stick and cleans easily, but may crack, chip, or discolour over time, particularly if improperly cleaned. Exteriors are generally available in a rainbow of colours.

Carbon Steel
Like cast iron, carbon steel needs to be seasoned and is vulnerable to acid foods. Like stainless steel, carbon steel is lightweight and inexpensive. Carbon steel can be slightly better than stainless steel on an induction-based cooktop. Carbon steel is very popular for woks, particularly the large round-bottomed ones, and is becoming more popular as an alternative to cast iron in pans.

Aluminium
Aluminium is lightweight and inexpensive. It conducts heat well, especially if it is thick. This allows for even heating and fast response to desired temperature changes.

Aluminium usually has a non-stick surface inside it. With or without a non-stick surface, aluminium is vulnerable to scratches. A connection between aluminium and Alzheimer's disease is a concern for many, although a scientific link between the two is inconclusive at best.

Uncoated aluminium is vulnerable to damage from acid foods like tomatoes. Low-grade aluminium is easy to dent. Aluminium is popular for frying pans. Aluminium is a lightweight metal with very good thermal conductivity. Uncoated and un-anodized aluminium can react with acidic foods to leach into food and change its taste. Anodized aluminium has had the naturally occurring layer of aluminium oxide thickened by an electrolytic process to create a surface that is hard and non-reactive.

Copper
In Western cooking, the best pots were made out of a thick layer of copper for good thermal conductivity and a thin layer of tin to prevent the copper from reacting with acidic foods. Copper pans provide the best conductivity, and therefore the most even heating. They tend, however, to be heavy, expensive, and to require occasional retinning. Modern copper cookware is now made with stainless steel lining rather than tin.

Copper has the highest thermal conductivity among metals used for cookware construction so has fast heating with very good heat distribution. Copper does not store ("bank") heat, and so thermal flows reverse almost immediately upon removal from heat allowing for precise temperature control for heat sensitive cooking, e.e., candy.

Copper thickness of less than .25 mm is referred to as foil and must be clad to a more rigid metal to produce a serviceable vessel. Such applications of copper are purely aesthetic and do not materially contribute to cookware performance.

Copper is reactive with acidic foods which can result in corrosion, the byproducts of which can foment copper toxicity. Lining copper pots and pans prevents copper from contact with acidic foods. The most popular lining types are tin, stainless steel, nickel and silver.

Using modern metal bonding techniques, such as cladding, copper is frequently incorporated into cookware constructed of primarily dissimilar metal, such as stainless steel, often as an enclosed diffusion layer.

Glass
Glass allows food to be observed while the lid is on. Glass is heavy, because it must be thick enough to prevent shattering. To avoid cracks, avoid sudden large temperature changes (do not drop a very hot glass pot into cold water).

While not considered non-stick, food does not stick strongly to glass unless baked-on. Glass can be used in a microwave oven. Glass is generally clear or white, the latter known as Corning Ware, a product designed for missile nose cones.

Combinations
Multi-ply pans are made from two or more the above materials. Oftentimes, oxidation-prone copper or delicate aluminium are "clad" in stainless steel or some other sturdier material, combining the best features of the many materials and blunting the disadvantages. Also, many pans come with glass lids to allow the user to see inside the pot or pan as the food cooks.

Shapes, sizes, etc.

 * crepe pan
 * Double boiler
 * Dutch oven
 * Frying pan
 * Makiyakinabe pan
 * Paella pan
 * Roasting pan
 * Pressure cooker, including multicooker as Instant Pot.
 * Saucier Pan
 * Saucepan (typically called a "2-quart (2 L) pot" or "4-quart (4 L) pot")
 * Sauté pan
 * Stock pot
 * Tava
 * Wok

ספר מתכונים/סירים ומחבתות

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook:Cookware


text:
Talk:Quechua/Pronunciation

Untitled
Quechua doesn't have the same vowels as in Spanish! The best book for Anglophones is "The language of the Inka" from Bruce Mannheim.

Quechua has rather many allophones. The basic Phonemes are:

i = like /I/  more like the y in posh brittish lovely u = like the u in put, but longer. a = like in arab. somewhat like the a in brittisch 'man'

when in contact with uvular sounds, there is change:

i = E like in american english 'get' u = O like in french bonne, or New yorkish: Boss a = A like in father

Linacha, i presume it was you who put in "Ayqey - to escape", i took that out and replaced it with "Ayqena", because i am trying to keep all of the examples as nouns, since they are the most basic part of speech. Do you think that is a good idea or not? The bellman 03:29, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

IPA
all of the IPA symbols are currently uploaded to wikipedia, so when i have the time i will make a copy of them on commons, and then put them into the table. Also, i think that a paragraph or two is required to introduce the concept of phonetics, the IPA, X-SAMPA and to say, that while it may be useful you dont need to know these things for the course. I think quite a bit of that could be copied from the wikipedia articles on Phonetics, the IPA and X-SAMPA. The bellman 05:20, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Consonents
I think we really need to put in some of the information about aspirated and glottalized consonents, possibly starting with what's below. dannya222 00:12, 04 May 2005 (UTC)

These freaking consonents are confusing the hell out of me, due to conflicting sources. My sources are: http://www.zompist.com/quechua.html http://www.omniglot.com/writing/quechua.htm and the lonely planet quechua phrasebook. The bellman 05:20, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The quechua consonant system has a fairly regular structure and it shouldn't be difficult to grasp if properly explained. I'm reordering the chart and adding the missing consonants to make things clear. I'm also correcting the vowel part: there aren't five basic vowels, just three (as reflected in the orthography devised by linguists), because [e] and [o] are merely allophonic, that is, they are not used to distinguish words, which means if you pronounce [i] and [u] before [q] the word is unchanged, although it won't sound as "natural" to native speakers to pronounce it that way. Including them as "basic vowel sounds" is like saying that in English there are two basic t sounds: the one in "take" (aspirated [t_h]) and the one in "stake" (unaspirated [t]). Of course, there is just one phonemic t in English, regardless of how many phonetic allophones it features. The choice between phonetic [t_h]/[t] in English is determined purely by the phonetic environment and if you pronounce a [t_h] in "stake" or a [t] in "take" the word is unchanged, although it won't sound as "natural" to native speakers, just like the choice between [i]/[e] and between [u]/[o] in Quechua. Note that in Quechua those two types of t sound (aspirated [t_h] and unaspirated [t]) are considered completely different consonants and if you use one instead of the other the word is changed, that is, those two sounds belong to different consonant phonemes in Quechua, unlike in English (viceversa, a word is changed in English if you use [i] instead of [e] or [u] instead of [o], because those sounds belong to different vowel phonemes in English, unlike in Quechua). Uaxuctum 00:12, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

/q/ or /x/?
The current module says that the IPA /q/ / Quechua is pronounced as in the Scottish Loch. The last time I checked, is pronounced /lɒx/, not */lɒq/. Mga 04:23, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It's both right and wrong. In Quechua, the sounds fricative velar [x] and uvular [X] are merely positional allophones of the corresponding plosives (/k/ and /q/). Uaxuctum 20:35, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quechua/Pronunciation


text:
現實

Noun

 * 1) reality

Adjective

 * 1) realistic
 * 2) pragmatic; utilitarian; materialistic; self-interested; money-oriented
 * 3)  real; hard-hitting
 * 1)  real; hard-hitting
 * 1)  real; hard-hitting

title: 現實


text:
Talk:Duane Ludwig

personal life
I know that duane is married and has a daughter but does anyone know what his daughter's name is? (MgTurtle (talk) 23:22, 3 February 2008 (UTC)).

Fastest KO record
Someone changed it under his "accomplishments" section to 2nd fastest KO. Not sure why, because it is now officially recognized as the fastest. Please change it to fastest. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:06, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

It cannot POSSIBLY be the 2nd fastest. It's the unofficial fastest and official THIRD fastest, after Jung and Duffee. Sadly, some dumbass kept changing it for blatantly wrong info and an admin who has no idea what is going on, locked the page.  Paralympiakos  (talk) 21:16, 28 December 2011 (UTC)
 * That admin who has no idea what is going on locked it because there was a content dispute going on. My actions should not be seen as an endorsement of either version, but instead as a way to force a consensus to be reached here before the edit war is continued, disrupting the article and flooding the page history. You might not like it, but our policy is against edit warring.--Slon02 (talk) 02:02, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

- The fight against Goulet is still listed as having taken 0:11 seconds instead of 0:06, UFC and Dana White may give Ludwig the honor of having the fastest knockout, as the fight did end well before the 0:11 second mark of the first round, however the governing body which sanctioned the fight, Nevada Athletic Commission, has never changed the official time from what it originally was. I did not change it as it seems a consensus that it should stay at 0:06 was reached, even though it's officially and factually incorrect Rissx (talk) 16:09, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

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Example:

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This template is used by Intermediate Wikiversity. What good is accomplished by deleting it? --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 00:23, 3 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Navigation2


text:
Talk:Dawid van Lill

This article is an autobiography? Hansmuller (talk) 16:26, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dawid van Lill


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/xn--42cf5b6boa8g6i6a.com

Links

 * xn--42cf5b6boa8g6i6a.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
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text:
Koine Greek/Preface

As you probably already know, Greek and English use different alphabets. Because of this, you need to download and install a Greek font to properly view any of the following pages. If you don't, they will appear as jibberish.

The font used throughout this textbook is SPIonic, a free font developed primarily for Biblical researchers. To download and install it, follow these simple instructions:

 * 1) Visit the Society of Biblical Literature's Biblical Fonts[deadlink - guessed replacement: Biblical Fonts - SPlegacy Fonts ] page. Scroll to the bottom of the page.
 * 2) The second item from bottom reads, in part, "SPIonic is a Greek font." Click the attached MAC or WIN button to download the zipped font file.
 * 3) When the download is complete, open the zip file. It should contain one file, named SPIONIC_.TTF. Copy the file into your system's fonts folder.
 * 4) To test the installation, open any page below. It may be necessary to completely close all browser windows before the font will display correctly.

Before you begin, a word on prerequisites. This course assumes no previous foreign language knowledge. As I mentioned above, learning a third or fourth language is usually easier than learning a second, but all this course presumes is English fluency.

I have tried to avoid rote memorization where possible, but the fact is that memorization is impossible to avoid completely. Rules of grammar, of accent, even the alphabet itself must simply be memorized. This is not as difficult as many people seem to think, however, and the text will try to provide helps where possible.

title: Koine Greek/Preface


text:
what's good

Phrase

 * 1)  What is good, especially in reference to food.
 * 2)  What's up?
 * 1)  What's up?

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 這裡有什麼好吃的？
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: mikä on hyvää
 * French:
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: چی باشە؟

title: what's good


text:
Cantellated 24-cells

In four-dimensional geometry, a cantellated 24-cell is a convex uniform 4-polytope, being a cantellation (a 2nd order truncation) of the regular 24-cell.

There are 2 unique degrees of cantellations of the 24-cell including permutations with truncations.

Cantellated 24-cell
The cantellated 24-cell or small rhombated icositetrachoron is a uniform 4-polytope.

The boundary of the cantellated 24-cell is composed of 24 truncated octahedral cells, 24 cuboctahedral cells and 96 triangular prisms. Together they have 288 triangular faces, 432 square faces, 864 edges, and 288 vertices.

Construction
When the cantellation process is applied to 24-cell, each of the 24 octahedra becomes a small rhombicuboctahedron. In addition however, since each octahedra's edge was previously shared with two other octahedra, the separating edges form the three parallel edges of a triangular prism - 96 triangular prisms, since the 24-cell contains 96 edges. Further, since each vertex was previously shared with 12 faces, the vertex would split into 12 (24*12=288) new vertices. Each group of 12 new vertices forms a cuboctahedron.

Coordinates
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of the cantellated 24-cell having edge length 2 are all permutations of coordinates and sign of:

 * (0, $\sqrt{2}$, $\sqrt{2}$, 2+2$\sqrt{2}$)
 * (1, 1+$\sqrt{2}$, 1+$\sqrt{2}$, 1+2$\sqrt{2}$)

The permutations of the second set of coordinates coincide with the vertices of an inscribed runcitruncated tesseract.

The dual configuration has all permutations and signs of:
 * (0,2,2+$\sqrt{2}$,2+$\sqrt{2}$)
 * (1,1,1+$\sqrt{2}$,3+$\sqrt{2}$)

Structure
The 24 small rhombicuboctahedra are joined to each other via their triangular faces, to the cuboctahedra via their axial square faces, and to the triangular prisms via their off-axial square faces. The cuboctahedra are joined to the triangular prisms via their triangular faces. Each triangular prism is joined to two cuboctahedra at its two ends.

Cantic snub 24-cell
A half-symmetry construction of the cantellated 24-cell, also called a cantic snub 24-cell, as, has an identical geometry, but its triangular faces are further subdivided. The cantellated 24-cell has 2 positions of triangular faces in ratio of 96 and 192, while the cantic snub 24-cell has 3 positions of 96 triangles.

The difference can be seen in the vertex figures, with edges representing faces in the 4-polytope:

Related polytopes
The convex hull of two cantellated 24-cells in opposite positions is a nonuniform polychoron composed of 864 cells: 48 cuboctahedra, 144 square antiprisms, 384 octahedra (as triangular antipodiums), 288 tetrahedra (as tetragonal disphenoids), and 576 vertices. Its vertex figure is a shape topologically equivalent to a cube with a triangular prism attached to one of its square faces.

Cantitruncated 24-cell
The cantitruncated 24-cell or great rhombated icositetrachoron is a uniform 4-polytope derived from the 24-cell. It is bounded by 24 truncated cuboctahedra corresponding with the cells of a 24-cell, 24 truncated cubes corresponding with the cells of the dual 24-cell, and 96 triangular prisms corresponding with the edges of the first 24-cell.

Coordinates
The Cartesian coordinates of a cantitruncated 24-cell having edge length 2 are all permutations of coordinates and sign of:

 * (1,1+$\sqrt{2}$,1+2$\sqrt{2}$,3+3$\sqrt{2}$)
 * (0,2+$\sqrt{2}$,2+2$\sqrt{2}$,2+3$\sqrt{2}$)

The dual configuration has coordinates as all permutations and signs of:
 * (1,1+$\sqrt{2}$,1+$\sqrt{2}$,5+2$\sqrt{2}$)
 * (1,3+$\sqrt{2}$,3+$\sqrt{2}$,3+2$\sqrt{2}$)
 * (2,2+$\sqrt{2}$,2+$\sqrt{2}$,4+2$\sqrt{2}$)

title: Cantellated 24-cells


text:
Saint Julie Billiart Parish

Saint Julie Billiart Parish is a Roman Catholic parish of the Diocese of San Jose in California, located in the Santa Teresa neighborhood of San Jose, California. The parish is named for Saint Julie Billiart, the foundress of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur.

title: Saint Julie Billiart Parish


text:
1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election

The 1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1876, to select the governor of the state of South Carolina. The election campaign was a referendum on the Radical Republican-led state government and their Reconstruction policies. Opponents disputed the challenger Wade Hampton III's victory, gained by a margin of little more than 1100 votes statewide. But he took office in April 1877, after President Hayes withdrew federal troops as a result of a national Democratic compromise, and the incumbent Daniel Henry Chamberlain left the state.

Governor Chamberlain had been unable to preserve the peace in the months beforehand, reducing support for Republicans as the Red Shirts, a white Democratic paramilitary group, attacked Republican blacks in numerous areas of the state, particularly the Piedmont, in violent incidents including the Hamburg Massacre, and riots at Ellenton and Cainhoy. Under this pressure, some blacks were discouraged from voting altogether; others had aligned with Democrats for a variety of reasons. White voters overwhelmingly supported the Democratic ticket in November. The turbulent atmosphere ended before election day, which was peaceful.

Democrat Wade Hampton narrowly won with slightly more than 1100 votes statewide following the suppression of black voters, particularly in Edgefield County. The election was disputed and a prolonged contest ensued as both parties established separate governments. Chamberlain lost most of his support and in early 1877 was kept in office by Federal troops guarding the state capitol. When President Rutherford B. Hayes ordered the troops to stand down, Chamberlain left the state and Hampton was confirmed as the 77th governor of South Carolina.

Background
South Carolina entered 1876 having had eight years of Radical Republican rule. Whites had resisted social and political changes after the war and believed that the Reconstruction programs set up by the Republicans were used by corrupt politicians and carpetbaggers to their financial benefit. At the same time, many whites were angered by the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments which guaranteed citizenship rights to former slaves. Former Confederates were not allowed to vote or hold office for several years until the passage of the Amnesty Act in 1872. Following that, Southern Democrats ran for office and sought to regain political control of the state. The elections were seasons of violence by white paramilitary groups against blacks to disrupt Republican meetings and reduce their vote. In scattered localities, some blacks broke with the Republicans and joined the Hampton forces.

But, most blacks remained steadfastly loyal to the Republican Party. After the end of the Civil War, many whites had conducted a decade-long insurgency to maintain white supremacy and suppress black political power. Black citizens, however, constituted a sizable majority of the electorate, particularly in the Low Country and with narrow majorities in several Piedmont counties. The state Democratic Party was unorganized, not having contested a state election since 1868 when it was utterly defeated by the Republicans.

The Democratic Party also divided on a strategy for contesting the general election. Most Democrats heading into the May convention decided to not oppose the governorship and other state offices because Governor Daniel Henry Chamberlain had implemented many favorable reforms. Known as fusionists, they also felt that any effort spent on state offices would be wasted and better served by trying to acquire a majority in the General Assembly.

The more ardent Democrats, called the "Straightout Democrats", gained strength after the General Assembly elected, former Governor Franklin J. Moses Jr. and William Whipper to circuit judgeships, as they were considered corrupt. The nominations were blocked by Governor Chamberlain, but the Straightouts believed that meaningful political reform would happen only when Democrats gained power. In their opinion, every race from governor to coroner had to be contested.

May convention
A reinvigorated South Carolina Democratic Party convened in Columbia from May 4 to May 5. Its purpose was to select 14 delegates and alternates to the National Democratic Convention in St. Louis and state the policies of the party. However, the party remained divided between the Fusionists and the Straightouts as to whether run a state ticket or not.

The debate continued through the summer between the two as to which approach would be best for the Democratic Party. The Hamburg Massacre in July, although limited in fatalities compared to the total from later incidents at Ellenton, Charleston and Cainhoy, persuaded many whites that Governor Chamberlain's administration was unable to maintain order. In most of these events, blacks were killed in much greater number than whites, particularly at Ellenton. Populist Democrats ended hopes of supporting fusion with the Republicans, and the Straightouts became the dominant force within the Democratic Party.

August convention
The Democrats reconvened in Columbia for the nominating convention held on August 15 through August 17. Since the Republicans had yet to meet, the candidacy of Governor Chamberlain was uncertain, which also undermined the Fusionists. Straightouts had been rallied by the assertion of white supremacy by white paramilitary groups of Red Shirts, who killed seven blacks in Hamburg, five of them murdered outright while held as prisoner by whites. One white died in the confrontation. The first test of Straightout strength in the Democratic Party was the election of the president of the convention. By a vote of 80 to 66, the Straightout candidate was elected and after a secret session, the nomination process began.

Matthew Butler nominated Wade Hampton for the post of governor and the delegates unanimously approved the nomination by acclamation. Wade Hampton, although a supporter of the Straightouts, had a moderate reputation that enabled him to unite the two factions of the party and attract some black voters. The Democrats recruited blacks to the Red Shirts paramilitary groups and presented them prominently in public parade.

The Democratic platform that emerged from the convention was vague and noncommittal to specifics. Pledges were made to restore order, reform the government, and lower taxes, but no specific policies were formulated. The Straightouts knew that only a consensus of general ideas would unite the party and enable election of Democrats to statewide offices.

Republican conventions
A group of prominent South Carolina Republicans, notably Senator John J. Patterson and Robert B. Elliott, organized an opposition to Governor Chamberlain prior to the state convention. The group was upset by the reforms enacted by the Governor, especially the removal of corrupt Republicans from positions and replacing them with Democrats. The goal was to weaken Governor Chamberlain enough so that he would be removed from the ticket in November or forced to make favorable concessions.

April convention
The Republicans gathered in Columbia from April 12 to April 14 for the state convention to nominate 14 delegates to the National Republican Convention in Cincinnati. Those in opposition of Governor Chamberlain first succeeded in winning control of the temporary chairmanship for the convention when their candidate defeated the Governor by a vote of 80 to 40.

Having achieved effective control of the convention, the opposition to Governor Chamberlain proceeded to select delegates to the national convention with the purpose of excluding the governor from the delegation. However, the convention descended into chaos between those in support of the governor and those in opposition. An inkstand was thrown at the head of a delegate and a chair was raised above Governor Chamberlain with the intention of striking him.

Governor Chamberlain responded with a powerful diatribe of those opposing him by accusing them of siding with the Ku Klux Klan. He then reaffirmed his loyalty to the Republican Party and its platform and explained that his actions in office were meant to serve the Party. Most delegates were convinced of the Governor's sincerity, and he was elected as a delegate-at-large to the national convention by a vote of 89 to 32.

September convention
Worried by his support among Republicans, Governor Chamberlain canvassed several counties of the state. Accompanied by Republicans held in low esteem by the white community, the meetings were often disrupted by Democrats. However, the growing strength and militancy of the Democrats served the purpose of reducing the opposition to Chamberlain within the Republican Party.

When the Republicans met for the nominating convention in Columbia on September 13 through September 15, Governor Chamberlain was renominated with little difficulty. However, those opposed to Chamberlain sought to compensate for their defeat by adding themselves to the ticket. Robert B. Elliott became the nominee for attorney general and Thomas C. Dunn the nominee for comptroller general.

Both had been very vocal in their opposition to Chamberlain and Elliott was notorious for corruption and his belief of black supremacy. After the election, Chamberlain regretted the inclusion of Elliott on the ticket and thought that Elliott's removal should have been the condition for his acceptance as nominee for governor.

The platform adopted by the Republicans contained many specific and innovative proposals that were to be effected either as amendments to the state constitution or through legislative action:
 * Ban government funds from being given to religious organizations.
 * A permanent tax to support public schools.
 * Tort reform.
 * Repeal of the agriculture lien law.
 * Use of convict labor.
 * Require cattle owners to fence their land.

The results of the convention for the Republicans were mixed; on one hand, the party emerged united from their convention for the first time since 1868, but it came with a heavy price as the more moderate black and white members of the party switched to support Hampton and the Democrats.

Democratic campaign
Historian Richard Zuczek writes: "the 1876 gubernatorial campaign in the Palmetto State was really a military operation, complete with armies, commanders, and bloodshed. Indeed, South Carolina might be a classic case of insurgency, with an attempt to overthrow, by terrorism and violence, a standing government."

The Democratic strategy for the election was twofold; Wade Hampton was to attract moderate voters by appearing as a senior statesman. His chief lieutenant, Martin Gary, was to implement the Mississippi Plan in South Carolina. Known as the Shotgun Policy in South Carolina, the Mississippi Plan called for the bribery or intimidation of black voters. Financial enticements were given to blacks who supported the Democrats, and violence was waged on others in order to convince them to join a Democratic club for protection.

The first step of the Democratic campaign was to set up clubs to organize its members; the more militant Democrats were organized into the rifle clubs whereas the red shirt clubs were arranged to intimidate black voters through violence and intimidation. By election day, the Democrats had enrolled almost every white man not associated with the Republican party into a club and set up several clubs for blacks.

Supporters of the Democratic Party often wore red shirts in response to an apocryphal story about Oliver Morton's waving the bloody shirt in Congress that was caused by KKK violence to maintain support in the North for Reconstruction of the South. They would often parade through towns on horseback such as to give an impression of greater numbers and shouted "Hurrah for Hampton" as their slogan. These demonstrations served several purposes for the Democrats: they brought together whites, frightened black and white Republicans.

Another important aspect of the Mississippi Plan put into effect was the disruption of Republican meetings and the demanding of equal time. The campaign device was called "dividing time" and it proved to be one of the more useful techniques employed by the Democrats in the campaign for three reasons: the strong show of force intimidated the black voters; it terrified Republican candidates and disgraced them in front of the blacks; and because most black voters were illiterate, it was the only possible way for the Democrats to reach them with their arguments since the newspapers were useless as they could not be read. The violence toward Republicans had gotten so bad that the state Democratic committee had to warn its members that the purpose was to attract black voters and not to terrorize them.

An unofficial policy employed by the whites, yet equally effective as the others, was "preference, not proscription." Basically, blacks who espoused support for the Democrats were given a certificate that allowed for them to have priority in employment and trade. The device was not used on the farms because the contracts lasted until January, but it instead wreaked havoc among the black artisans in the urban areas. The state Democratic committee never endorsed the tactic, and Hampton urged its ending after the end of the campaign.

Poole argues that in waging its campaign Democrats portrayed the Lost Cause motif through "Hampton Days" celebrations shouting "Hampton or Hell!". They staged the contest between Hampton and governor Chamberlain as a religious struggle between good and evil, and calling for "redemption." Indeed, throughout the South the conservatives who overthrew Reconstruction were often called "Redeemers", echoing Christian theology.

Ronald F. King, used modern statistical techniques on the election returns and concludes: "Application of social science methodology to the gubernatorial election of 1876 in South Carolina confirms charges of fraud raised by Republicans at the time of the election.... [the result] was the product of massive voter fraud and intimidation of black voters."

Democratic black vote
Democrats recognized the black majority in the state and realized that the only way for them to win the election was through violent suppression of black voters or intimidating black voters to vote Democratic. This was a tricky problem for the party because they were known for upholding slavery and introducing the black codes. Furthermore, it angered many blacks that a former slave trader, Joe Crews, was elected as a Republican to the General Assembly.

Those blacks enticed to join and vote for the Democratic Party were attracted to the paternalistic, moderate appeal of Wade Hampton. While the vast majority of violence targeted Black Republicans, some black Democrats often faced ostracism from the black community: the daughter of a black Democrat was whipped at school for her father's support of Hampton.

Republican campaign
The entirety of the Republican campaign for the general election in November was based on maintaining the black vote. There was little campaigning by Republican candidates and one of Governor Chamberlain's newspapers, Columbia Daily Union-Herald, noted that "Public meetings are not necessary to arouse the Republicans, nor to inform them. On the day of election nine-tenths of them could be directed to cast their ballots at one poll, if necessary."

Election results
The general election was held on November 7, 1876, and there were few instances of disturbance. At each polling place, there were federal supervisors from both the Democratic and Republican parties. Federal troops were also stationed at the county seats to preserve the peace at the polling places if needed, but they were never called upon.

As the results were coming in on Wednesday morning, it appeared that Chamberlain would win, but Hampton had taken a very narrow lead by Thursday. Hampton claimed victory with slightly more than an 1100-vote margin statewide. Chamberlain and the Republicans disputed the victory, based on widespread fraud and intimidation by Democrats. In Aiken County, where the Hamburg Massacre had occurred, Republican votes dropped to less than 100, but "Democratic votes quadrupled." The total vote in Edgefield exceeded the total voting age population by more than 2,000 and Republican votes were suppressed. In Laurens County, the votes also exceeded the total number of registered voters.

When the Republican-dominated Board of State Canvassars met after the election to certify the results, they did not certify the election results from Edgefield and Laurens counties. They were ordered by the state supreme court to certify all the results. But, effectively, the results from those counties were thrown out. The state supreme court held the board members in contempt of court and placed them in the Richland County jail. A federal judge annulled the order of the state supreme court and issued a writ of habeas corpus in favor of the board members.

In the morning of November 28, prior to the convening of the General Assembly, Chamberlain ordered two companies of federal troops under the command of General Thomas H. Ruger to the State House. This action was approved by President Ulysses S. Grant on November 26 in order to prevent a violent takeover by the Democrats and to block admission by Democratic members from the disputed Edgefield and Laurens counties.

The Democrats left the General Assembly en masse to set up a rival legislature at Carolina Hall, complete with representatives who had been excluded by the Republicans. In control of the government and backed by the support of federal troops, the Republicans discarded the election returns from Edgefield and Laurens counties for the gubernatorial race and declared Chamberlain elected for a second term on December 5.

The Democrats derided the installation of Chamberlain as governor by the Republicans and on December 14, they declared Hampton Governor of South Carolina. They included returns from Edgefield and Laurens counties in their tally, which meant out of 184,943 registered voters in 1875, only 555 voters did not cast a ballot in the election. The results as declared by the Democrats held up to be the official results of the election when Hampton became the sole governor on April 11, 1877.

Dual governors
Hampton quickly organized his government and made a request to South Carolinians to refuse to pay taxes to the Chamberlain government. To support the Hampton government, each taxpayer was asked to contribute just 10% of what his tax bill had been the previous year. South Carolinians, both white and black, paid taxes to the Hampton government and refused to pay taxes to the Chamberlain government, thereby denying the Chamberlain government its last legitimacy and authority apart from the U.S. Army.

After the resolution 1876 presidential election in favor of Rutherford B. Hayes, both Chamberlain and Hampton traveled to Washington to discuss with the new president regarding the situation in South Carolina. President Hayes realized that only a massive reintroduction of federal troops would enable Chamberlain to continue as governor and thus ordered on April 3, 1877, for the removal of federal troops from South Carolina. The departure of Federal troops on April 10 caused Governor Chamberlain and the Republican-led government to concede the election to Wade Hampton. A day later on April 11, Hampton became the sole and official governor of the state of South Carolina.

1872

 * November – Wade Hampton called for the redemption of the state after hearing of the election of Franklin J. Moses Jr. for governor.

1876

 * January 6 – Meeting of the Democratic State Committee to reorganize and agree to prepare for the Democratic convention in May.
 * April 12–April 14 – Republicans held a state convention in Columbia to elect delegates to the National Convention in Cincinnati.
 * May 4–May 5 – Democrats held a state convention in Columbia to elect delegates to the National Convention in St. Louis.
 * July 8 – In the Hamburg Massacre in Aiken County, following arguments over a black National Guard parade on Independence Day, white paramilitary groups came to the black-majority town, where they killed 6 blacks, 4 while held as prisoners. One white died in an exchange of gunfire at the armory.
 * August 15–August 17 – Democratic convention in Columbia adopted a platform and selected Wade Hampton as their nominee for governor in the general election.
 * September 6 – Following a Democratic meeting in Charleston with a black speaker, a white fired above a black crowd, attracting more black Republicans, and a fight ensued, quickly increasing in size. In the riot, black Republicans injured 12 whites; the one white death is attributed to a mistaken shot by a white man.
 * September 13–September 15 – Republican nominating convention met in Columbia and selected Governor Chamberlain as their nominee for governor in the general election.
 * September 16–September 19 – Extended acts of violence at Ellenton in Aiken County, where 500-600 white paramilitary came from Columbia County, Georgia; 1 white is killed and 40-100 blacks.
 * October 4 – Governor Chamberlain signed a document stating that he had no effective control of state government and was entirely dependent upon Federal troops. He threatened to use the soldiers to bring economic damage to the state if he was not elected Governor of South Carolina.
 * October 7 – Governor Chamberlain institutes martial law in Barnwell and Edgefield counties; he ordered the rifle clubs to disperse and forbids any unorganized militias.
 * October 16 – At a "joint discussion meeting" near Cainhoy, organized by Republicans and Democrats in black-majority Charleston County, whites find hidden black arms and kill 1 black man. Black Republicans go to their hidden arms (rifles and shotguns) and attack the white men, who were armed with pistols as they retreated to their steamboat. Republicans killed 6 whites and injured 16. It was the only such incident in which more whites than blacks were killed.
 * October 17
 * President Ulysses S. Grant placed the Federal troops in South Carolina under the command of Governor Chamberlain.
 * A party of black militia ambushed 6 white men leaving a Democratic meeting in Edgefield, killing 1 and wounding another.
 * October 23 – A black mob laid siege to the town of Mt. Pleasant for the night, forcing the white citizens into a single house. The mob left in the morning threatening to return and kill everyone in the town.
 * November 7 – Election day.
 * November 8 – Black Republicans attacked whites on Broad Street in Charleston when somebody yelled incorrectly that white Republican leader Edmund W.M. Mackey had been killed. In the altercation, 1 white was killed and 12 were wounded; 1 black was killed and 11 were wounded.
 * November 22 – State Board of Canvassers throws out the results from Edgefield and Laurens counties.
 * November 28 – Governor Chamberlain orders Federal troops to occupy the State House to prevent the recently elected Democrats in the House of Representatives from taking power. The Democratic members left the State House and organized at Carolina Hall.
 * November 30 – The Democratic legislators returned to the State House and assumed leadership of the House of Representatives. However, the Republican members threatened violence and the Democratic members left the chamber.
 * December 3 – The Republican House of Representatives planned to eject the Democratic members from Edgefield and Laurens counties through the use of force by the black "Hunkidori Club" in Charleston. The plot was discovered by the Democrats and more than 5,000 white men from all over South Carolina assembled in Columbia to prevent the removal of the members.
 * December 4 – The Democrats adjourned and left the State House, returning to Carolina Hall in order to prevent bloodshed.
 * December 5 – Republican led General Assembly elects Chamberlain as governor.
 * December 6 – South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that the Democrat, William H. Wallace, was the legally elected Speaker of the House. The commander of the Federal troops in the State House declared that he would ignore the decision of the Supreme Court and exclude the Democratic members from the House.
 * December 7 – Governor Chamberlain inaugurated as the Governor of South Carolina for a second term.
 * December 14 – The Democratic legislators tabulated the votes and declared Wade Hampton Governor of South Carolina by 1100 votes. He took the oath of office for governor and was inaugurated on the same day.
 * December 20 – Governor Chamberlain issues a pardon for Peter Smith at the State penitentiary. The South Carolina Supreme Court ruled on appeal that Governor Chamberlain was not the legally elected Governor of South Carolina and therefore not entitled to the powers of the office.
 * December 22 – The Republican led General Assembly adjourned.
 * December 29 – Senator John Brown Gordon of Georgia proposed a resolution in the US Senate to declare Wade Hampton III as the lawful Governor of South Carolina.

1877

 * January 17 – Senator John J. Patterson of South Carolina replied to the resolution of Senator Gordon by submitting papers that Governor Chamberlain was the legally elected Governor of South Carolina.
 * February 9 – Governor Hampton issues a pardon for Tilda Norris, but the superintendent of the state penitentiary refuses to recognize Hampton as governor and does not release her.
 * February 20 – President Grant orders for there to be no parades of the rifle clubs in honor of George Washington's birthday on February 22.
 * March 7 – The South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that Wade Hampton III was the legally elected governor of South Carolina and was entitled to the powers of the office. After the ruling, Tilda Norris was released.
 * March 31 – Hampton and Chamberlain meet with President Rutherford B. Hayes to discuss the situation in South Carolina.
 * April 3 – President Hayes orders the removal of Federal troops from South Carolina.
 * April 10 – Federal troops leave the State House and return to their barracks.
 * April 11 – At noon, Wade Hampton becomes the sole and official Governor of South Carolina.


text:
Template talk:Honey-based alcoholic drinks

Red links
, since when is that a rule? There are heaps of templates (e.g. Template:Farmer-surname) with red links in them.. --Turaids (talk) 20:38, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * It's not a hard-and-fast rule, but it is good practice to avoid red links to navboxes. Per the Red link guideline, "red links may be used on navigation templates with links to existing articles, but they cannot be excessive. Editors who add excessive red links to navboxes are expected to actively work on building those articles, or they may be removed from the template." The essay Write the article first explains further why adding red links to navboxes is generally not a good idea: "creating red links in purely navigational features of Wikipedia, like navigation templates (...), directly interferes with the actual function of these features, which is to help readers navigate the already existing Wikipedia resources relevant to the topic." — Kpalion(talk) 21:58, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I hope you're also going through the surname templates then (for a start) or I'll have no choice but to wonder why I'm getting the special treatment. There's nothing more discrediting than inconsistent enforcement.. –Turaids (talk) 08:06, 23 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Nothing personal. This template happens to be on my watchlist, that's all. — Kpalion(talk) 09:35, 23 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I know, but with such nit-picking, it certainly doesn't help your authority. –Turaids (talk) 22:10, 23 January 2018 (UTC)


text:
Online OsiriX Documentation/Forward a Crash Report to the Developers

One hopes that OsiriX will never crash. However, if it ever does, you can be very helpful to the developers by forwarding a crash report to them.

To do this, go to the Utilities folder which is located in your Applications folder.

There you will find an application named Console. Double-click on this application to run it. You should now see a window that looks something like this:

If you don't see the side pane on the left listing all of the available logs, click on the Logs icon to toggle this list on.

Now click on the little triangle next to ~/Library/Logs. This should toggle a sublist of the logs in this category. Your screen should now look something like this:

Now click on the little triangle next to CrashReporter. This will toggle a sub-sublist of the crash reports from various applications. You may see something like this:

Now scroll down through this list until you see an option titled OsiriX.crash.log. Click on this and you will now see a lot of text appear in the right sided pane of the Console application window, such as shown below.

This, at long last, is your crash log for OsiriX. Drag your cursor over this text and copy it. Then paste it into an e-mail message to one of the OsiriX developers.


text:
Jacqui Gordon

Jacqui Gordon (born 1962, Melbourne) credited also Jacqui Lockhead, is an Australian actress. She appeared in television dramas, including Prisoner as Susie Driscoll, Cop Shop, Homicide, Matlock Police, Division 4, The Sullivans, The Flying Doctors and Neighbours as Kerry O'Donnell.

She toured the United Kingdom in a stage play version of Prisoner in 1990.

title: Jacqui Gordon


text:
Neophrida porphyrea

Neophrida porphyrea is a species of snout moth in the genus Neophrida. It was described by Whalley in 1964, and is known from French Guiana.

title: Neophrida porphyrea


text:
Talk:Janet Browne

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title: Talk:Janet Browne


text:
Wikiversity:Threaded discussions with NavFrames with subst with depth/20070520031604

testing C
NavHead This revision =<PHONE_NUMBER>1617
 * Comment:

--Hillgentleman|Talk 03:16, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
 * reply[]


text:
Data Structures/Tradeoffs

It is important to fully understand the problem you need to solve before choosing a data structure because each structure is optimized for a particular job. Hash tables, for example, favor fast lookup times over memory usage while arrays are compact and inflexible. Other structures, such as stacks, are optimized to enforce rigid rules on how data is added, removed and accessed throughout the program execution. A good understanding of data structures is fundamental because it gives us the tools for thinking about a program's behavior in a structured way.

[TODO:] Use asymptotic behaviour to decide, most importantly seeing how the structure will be used: an infrequent operation does not need to be fast if it means everything else will be much faster

[TODO:] Can use a table like this one to compare the asymptotic behaviour of every structure for every operation on it.

* singly-linked lists can push to the back in O(1) with the modification that you keep a pointer to the last node

 * Please correct any errors

[TODO:] Can also add a table that specifies the best structure for some specific need e.g. For queues, double linked. For stacks, single linked. For sets, hash tables. etc...

[TODO:] Could also contain table with space complexity information (there is a significative cost in using hashtables or lists implemented via arrays, for example).

title: Data Structures/Tradeoffs


text:
Talk:Dhammalok Mahasthavir

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:36, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dhammalok Mahasthavir


text:
Sardar (Sherpa)

A Sardar or Sirdar is a Sherpa mountain guide who manages all the other Sherpas in a climbing expedition or trekking group; Sirdar is the most common spelling used in the majority of English-language mountaineering literature. The Sirdar is typically the most experienced guide and can usually speak English fluently. The Sirdar's responsibilities include:

 * assigning responsibilities to the other guides
 * hiring and paying local porters
 * purchasing local food during the trek/expedition
 * making the final decision regarding route choices
 * handling other trip logistics such as dealing with government officials or police.

The normal progression to Sirdar usually involves starting as a porter, working their way up to being a kitchen assistant, on to an assistant guide and then finally to Sirdar. Sirdars do not normally carry loads but will do so on occasion such as carrying the pack of a client who is having difficulties from altitude sickness. The appellation is sometimes qualified with expeditions having an overall Sirdar but with other individuals in subsidiary roles such as base-camp sirdar and ice-fall sirdar.

title: Sardar (Sherpa)


text:
Talk:Introduction to Philosophy/Logic/Truth and Validity

I mentioned reductionism on the main page. 'Is such reductionism healthy?' might be a good topic for a student essay, but probably not for a student doing their first course in logic.

--<IP_ADDRESS> 11:44, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

When learning logic, it took me a long time to grasp the difference between $$\vdash$$ and →, and I still haven't worked out how best to explain this. Anyone care to offer a succinct statement of their differences, and how they are related? --publunch 12:00, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

conclusion 'follows from' premises. What does 'follows from' mean? Well, we could reduce this to something syntactic, that one is making moves permitted by the formal language game, but this is side-stepping the issue. Or it could could describe that eureka feeling when you see that q really is a consequence of p - 'follows from' here is a psychological event. But this doesn't seem to be enough. It is as if one needs to have a doctrine Clear and Distinct Ideas that the psychological 'eureka' is not a deception.

--publunch 11:41, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The reductionist program of reducing reason to rules of inference - Well, cool enough. But these rules have been distilled from our experience of the big world out there. Our rules aren't necessarily god the creator of the world, rather the world is creator of our rules.

--publunch 12:48, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

'intuitively obvious' - I think there is a conversation between Achilles and a tortoise somewhere in Hofstadter and Dennett's Godel Escher Bach. The tortoise in this conversation refuses to take even the most basic rule of inference as being intuitively obvious. It is a rather long conversation. This is a mildly entertaining little piece and I can recommend it to anyone who can lay their hands on the book. Indeed the whole book is entertaining. I'll try to find the full bibliographic details, then I'll put in a proper reference to it in the main text and then delete this note.

--publunch 10:06, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)


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Factors of the Seven

Factors of the Seven is the second studio album released by GRITS, in 1998.

Critical reception
Awarding the album a ten from Cross Rhythms, Mike Rimmer writes, "No danger of that here with this top notch performance. You've got to respect GRITS for pulling no punches and putting together an album destined to make an impact! Outstanding!" Patrick Anderson, giving the album a three and a half star review for Jesus Freak Hideout, states, "The sophomore effort indeed was an improvement of a record that seemed almost unheard of." Rating the album a ten at Rap Reviews, E1 Surround says, "18 tracks of melted butta."

Track listing

 * 1) "This Is..." – 0:43
 * 2) "People Noticin' Me" (featuring Count Bass D) – 4:20
 * 3) "Mirage" (featuring Joy Danielle Kimmey of Out Of Eden) – 4:04
 * 4) "U.S. Open" (featuring Knowdaverbs) – 4:35
 * 5) "What Be Goin' Down" – 3:34
 * 6) "Blacks & Whites" – 1:35
 * 7) "Alcohol Plagiarism" – 3:51
 * 8) "Comin' Home" – 4:29
 * 9) "Ain't Sayin' Nothin'" – 3:39
 * 10) "Why" – 4:07
 * 11) "On My Own" (featuring Joy Danielle Kimmey) – 3:58
 * 12) "Hopes & Dreams" (featuring Joy Danille Kimmey and Knowdaverbs) – 4:39
 * 13) "Gospel Rap; Parables" (featuring LPG and Knowdaverbs) – 4:45
 * 14) "Life After Mental" – 4:19
 * 15) "Labels" – 0:35
 * 16) "Ghetto Love" – 4:22
 * 17) "Blame It On You" – 5:22
 * 18) "Fragmentation" – 5:45

title: Factors of the Seven


text:
Bank of New Zealand Centenary Series 1994–95

The 1994–95 New Zealand Centenary Tournament was a quadrangular ODI cricket tournament held in February, 1995 to mark the centenary of the establishment of the New Zealand Cricket Council in Christchurch on December 27, 1894. It featured the national cricket teams of South Africa, India, Australia and the hosts New Zealand. The tournament was won by Australia, who defeated the hosts in the final.

Matches
Using the round robin format, each team played the others once. Australia defeated South Africa in the tournament opener and lost only one match in the whole tournament. Similarly, New Zealand succeeded in its opening match against India and lost only to Australia including in the final.


text:
William Irving (British politician)

William Charles John Irving (1 April 1892 – 15 March 1967) was a British Labour Co-operative politician.

After the 1945 general election, Robert Morrison, the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Tottenham North was elevated to the peerage as Baron Morrison. Irving was selected as the Labour candidate for the resulting by-election, which he won with a majority of 5,522 over the Conservative Party candidate, Petre Crowder.

A member of Middlesex County Council from 1937 to 1958, he was chairman of the council for 1948–49.

When the Tottenham North constituency was abolished for the 1950 general election, Irving was returned for the new Wood Green constituency, and held the seat until his retirement at the 1955 general election.

title: William Irving (British politician)


text:
Talk:David McFaull

External links modified
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title: Talk:David McFaull


text:
N. Lessingham Bailey

Newman Lessingham Bailey was the Chief Justice of the Gold Coast Colony from 1882 until 1886. He took the office after Sir James Marshall in 1882 and was succeeded by H. W. Macleod in 1886.

title: N. Lessingham Bailey


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User:Razzjazz70

Hello! Thank you for visiting my user page. My name is Cami and I am a high school student who attends Everett Community College through the running start program. I am passionate about music. I have been playing the flute for about six years. I enjoy playing music as well as listening to music. Whenever I listen to music, I appreciate something unique and I love a clever lyric. Besides all things music, I find myself baking, writing, and I am also interested in photography and psychology/neuroscience. I hope to pursue a career along these lines.

I can see myself adding to natural disaster pages on Wikipedia. Natural disasters have interested me from a young age. I may add to an underdeveloped geography page/local transport page as well. I would love to edit an article about a musician or a renowned figure I care about, too. Articles of specific events seem good to fact check or to add missing information. I hope to add additional beneficial facts to Wikipedia. Any of these pages would be a pleasure to progress.

Article evaluation
Over the past few years, I have been watching the television series American Idol. Some years I emerge myself into it more than others. I indeed did watch this past season, and am familiar with the finalists. I searched the internet to see the information available of a few of the season two finalists. I visited the Laine Hardy page on Wikipedia, and found three aspects of it worth commenting on: its lack of content, its biased citations, and its failure to cite all facts with a reliable source.

Content
I find that Laine’s page has a sufficient amount of information regarding his American Idol journey and a little bit about his music career, but I presume that a section regarding his local musical influences, and his passion for the outdoors of Louisiana would be a good improvement. Laine’s genre has been called “swamp pop,” which originates from south Louisiana. More information about the swamp pop bands he'd hear at the bars he'd play at or his local music lessons could help further embellish the information the page already has on his music career. As I researched a bit more on Laine, I came across a series on his youtube account talking about his life and journey on the show. This series does a pretty good job at keeping neutral and I think it brings up some points that would be good for this Wikipedia page. For example, he said he got a four wheeler at age four, and later in the series, he mentions how he would practice singing by driving it into the woods to seclude himself. Mentioning aspects of his life like these show his character outside of the show and how it is so intermingled with his music career. This article should mention more of his home state and the things he'd do there since it is so embedded into his personality.

Biased citations
Laine’s Wikipedia page does indeed have a fair amount of citations, but as I followed a few of them, I discovered a few which are biased. Three of the listed sources are from a website called “Taste of Country,” which lends itself to country artists and is thus a bit biased. Source 13 is also by “Taste of Country.” Initially, you may think this article is neutral because the title is simply “Laine Hardy Wins ‘American Idol,’” which is a fact and not an opinion. It is not blatantly biased, but subtly biased, often from certain language. The article definitely mentions his win, but for a bulk of it, it talks about the finale show and then goes on to mention other country artists. It is biased and thus not reliable because it clearly favors country, not to mention how it doesn't stick to its topic.

Cited facts with reliable sources
This Wikipedia page does site nearly every fact, which is great. The only fact that needs to be cited is the sentence about his parents’ occupations. That would improve this article too, making sure all facts are cited. However, I followed a citation and it made me concerned. I followed the fact that he was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and it leads to source one, where the article is primarily about his feelings of winning American Idol. I found the fact about Baton Rouge once in the article, and there is no citation for the fact in that article. Furthermore, it wasn't really a point in the article, but more of a fact jumbled into a sentence. It was used as a descriptor of Laine Hardy instead of being a well-developed section in the article. Another problem I found about reliability was in the “Early Life” section of the page. It talks about how he learned the guitar at a young age and had a band with his brothers and cousins that would play at several gigs. However, the source for this lengthy fact only backs up the part that he has a band with his relatives. It does not give any information about his early pursuit of the guitar, or the multiple bars and restaurant gigs. The article mentions one gig, not multiple. Thus, this sentence is not supported as it should be. There should be a better source to cite these facts, that most likely are true, but hard to trust as of right now.

Summary
I think this Wikipedia page is okay, but could definitely be made better. To outsiders, this page looks fairly solid but it seems less sufficient when you look into it. Especially as the winner of the season, this page needs more information. I think his hometown, Livingston, is a good place to start, because it lends itself to his music career very nicely. After that, citations are the main concern. The page would overall be more reliable and trustworthy if the citations were as unbiased as possible and truly supported the fact it claims to.

title: User:Razzjazz70


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List of 2007 box office number-one films in Australia

This is a list of films which placed number-one at the box office in Australia during 2007. Amounts are in Australian dollars. Also included are the positions at the box office other films opened at. Quite a number of these are films from the previous year due to normal Australian film distribution delays. The number a film opens at does not necessarily denote its highest placement at the box office, but is intended as an indication and a guide to what theatrically released films opened and when.