text:
Template talk:Infobox organization/Wikidata

Can't get this Template to work
If I include this template on Naturschutzbund_Deutschland somehow only Chair Person is visible. The Wikidata-Entry is well-tended. --Newt713 (talk) 10:59, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The Wikidata item needs more references. If you use  you'll see it retrieves much more, but most of those statements are unreferenced/only referenced to Wikipedia. Thanks. Mike Peel (talk) 15:08, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thank you! --Newt713 (talk) 15:32, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

Lists for Budget, Members, Employees...
A lot of fields are designed as lists, even though this does not make sense. I.e. the field for employees lists the amount of employees for the last unlimited years if they are listed in Wikidata. --Newt713 (talk) 12:50, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Fixed it. Infobox is now showing the preferred rank, or, if not existing the last entry by point in time (P585). --Newt713 (talk) 15:47, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Bug for official websites in multiple languages
See e.g. High National Election Commission: instead of the script picking out just the English version of the website, instead I see: in the rendered infobox. Boud (talk) 22:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I played around at Template:Infobox organization/Wikidata/sandbox and Template:Infobox organization/Wikidata/testcases while modifying d:Q84364211 appropriately. It seems to me that getValueByLang does not choose a most-preferred language for a property among a priority list of those that are known, it only chooses the property if that exists with a single preferred language. For example, if no website is labelled as being available in English, then no website at all will be selected. This forces multilingual users to make extra efforts to find out if the subject has a website in a familiar language.
 * So I chose a hack for this particular case: ignore the hnec.ly/en website (deprecate it on wikidata), and pretend that hnec.ly is automatically in both en and ar. So the reader who clicks and then doesn't realise that s/he has to select en specifically will think that there's an error. It would be better if we could take the reader directly to hnec.ly/en if such as site exists (as in this case). Boud (talk) 23:20, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

 * This i18n bug remains active. Boud (talk) 01:11, 17 November 2020 (UTC)

Affiliations?
The original Template:Infobox organization has an 'affiliations' field, but this Wikidata version does not import such a field from Wikidata. It seems like P1416 (affiliation) should be a good fit for this. An example of this issue appears on the page WinRed, where I've been playing with the template. Jlevi (talk) 19:29, 28 June 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ I added the affiliations like in the mother Infobox. It should work with WinRed now. --Newt713 (talk) 20:39, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

unsupported parameters
I love this template but had to revert my edit on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Railroad as it as it reported it didn't know how to handle parameters that are in the main template: "tax_id", "website", "leader_name", "status", "leader_title" and "founded" Back ache (talk) 11:15, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I added tax_id. status should work as well. The other parameters are already there (except for leader title), but using different names website = url, founded = established, leader = ceo, director or chairperson. But I included website, founded and leader_name as optional replacements even though they will prompt a short warning. Best --Newt713 (talk) 20:44, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Date format
Does this implementation need special programming to read the article's stated date format? E.g., The 19th displays dmy in the infobox despite the article being tagged as mdy. czar 01:17, 28 March 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ By default it is using dmy. I'm not sure it can read the article's stated date format, but I included an optional parameter dateformat. You can see the usage on The 19th. Best --Newt713 (talk) 21:16, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Only current data
Is it possible to restrict the shown data only to up to date data. Like chairpersons. I only what to show the ones still living/running with no end date. --Newt713 (talk) 15:32, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

alt property gives warning but still works
I receive a warning when previewing a page if I use the alt property However the field still populates the alt image properly. TheBooleanOne (talk) 14:37, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

infobox organization/Wikidata ... |url=?
How can I get {{infobox organization/Wikidata ... to display the URL?

After some guessing in Pregnancy Justice, I found that {{infobox organization/Wikidata ... | noicon=on would display, "Website [// ]". That seems better than an error message, but it's still not what I wanted:

Suggestion? Thanks, DavidMCEddy (talk) 11:10, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

Problems with infobox/Wikidata
As of 2023-06-12 the infobox for this article does NOT specify the year with Revenue, while the article for Pregnancy Justice does. I cannot see what to change to fix this. ???

See the two example infoboxes. The first is mislabeled, claiming it's for Cross-Lines, when the numbers are actually from the Wikidata entry for Pregnancy Justice. Evidently, the MediaWiki software takes the name from the current article, NOT from Wikidata.

How can I fix this?

Thanks, DavidMCEddy (talk) 14:51, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I found how to get the infobox to display the year: Each entry in the Wikidata item for "Cross-Lines Community Outreach" for "Total Revenue" has options to add both a "qualifier" and a "reference".  Enter a date for "Point in time" as a "qualifier", NOT as something as a "reference".
 * The problem with mislabeling the infobox still remains.
 * Another problem is that I cannot get it to properly display the URL. Both Wikidata entries include "official website", but I don't know how to make it display.  I believe it can be done: I just don't know how.
 * Also, the first of these two infoboxes displays more information than the second, e.g., "Legal status", "Headquarters" and "Country" that are not displayed in the second example, even though the required data seems to be available for the second.
 * The second infobox includes "Established", which is not present in the first. That's probably because the Wikidata item for the second has "Inception", not present in the first.
 * I'd be pleased if someone could help me with these problems. Thanks, DavidMCEddy (talk) 13:21, 18 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I have fixed the problem with the title. I will look at the website field shortly. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 07:13, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The issue with the website was the syntax on you were using. This parameter is to manually define the website, but obviously "on" is not a valid website so the template was a bit confused. If you leave off this parameter then it will look at in Wikidata and display it automatically. The reason that no website is displayed in the Pregnancy Justice infobox is that you have the on setting. There is no source for the website on Wikidata so this field is omitted. You can eithewr add a reference on Wikidata or you can change the onlysourced setting — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 07:29, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Wow. That's great. I think I now know what to fix.  Thanks very much.  DavidMCEddy (talk) 12:07, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * No problem. Let me know if you need any other help. Did you get the year display working? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:33, 19 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Bommidoddi

Bommidoddi is a village in Chittoor district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Palamaner mandal.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bommidoddi


text:
User:Erkan Yilmaz

June 29, 2024

 * {| class="prettytable"

! !inside Wikiversity !the outside world
 * What's currently causing process load in the air between my ears?
 * WIKI-Blog
 * microblog * blog in my wiki
 * PLE (diary)
 * PLE
 * trial and error * more * publications
 * email
 * e-mail
 * }
 * email
 * e-mail
 * }
 * }

monthly view stats of:

careful, below pages could be considered dangerous: continue only if you're courageous (today)

It is about the P (P stands for people and not: pages or process) Which hands do you think is best (for Wikiversity) ? Did you realize already that Wikiversity is not Wikipedia ? Do you see already in what ways WV is different to WP, WB, WS, ...? In what ways it is same? How can I help you increase your happiness level ? Why is everyone here at Wikiversity ?

Wikiversity is (also) about learning (?)
I see Wikiversity as a learning platform/environment. (see 2nd part here: idea, di"versity")
 * Question: what can NOT be considered learning ?
 * Imagine: participants after being 7 years at Wikiversity (and forget their "actions" from begin - agf)

Comment at Wikimania 2006: "... to make some interesting things happen that haven't happened yet online, even though people have been dreaming about them ..."

Learning goals - share yours!!

Some Wikiversity statistics

 * all WV: Edits per day
 * all WV: Article count
 * WV: all

Other Wikiversities
earliest known written evidence (please update with source, if you find earlier data):

 * {| class="prettytable"

!Wikiversity !date !where ?
 * en.WV
 * 2003 August
 * Wikibooks
 * de.WV
 * 2004 September
 * meta
 * it.WV
 * 2004 November
 * Wikibooks (meta 2006 September)
 * es.WV
 * 2004 November
 * Wikibooks
 * fr.WV
 * 2005 January
 * Wikibooks (request on 2006 August)
 * beta
 * 2006 August
 * betawikiversity
 * el.WV
 * 2007 July
 * meta
 * cs.WV
 * tbd
 * pt.WV
 * tbd
 * ja.WV
 * tbd
 * fi.WV
 * tbd
 * ru.WV
 * tbd
 * }
 * pt.WV
 * tbd
 * ja.WV
 * tbd
 * fi.WV
 * tbd
 * ru.WV
 * tbd
 * }
 * fi.WV
 * tbd
 * ru.WV
 * tbd
 * }
 * tbd
 * }
 * }

About me
I currently work in the IT industry, heavily involved in quality management. The first wiki article I wrote, was a lot of work. I thought at the beginning it would take just 30 minutes. I prepared everything in notepad, but there are plenty of things to consider when writing a wiki article. I also found out about neutral point of view, I realized, what I wrote unconsciously in the article. So, lots of work at first, but now with time I get faster (like a cheetah). :-)

Do you think you can not change something in the world? It is so simple, just remember: if you help someone, this can cause a chain reaction. If everyone, who gets help, helps 3 other people we can change something in the world.

just an example: Muhammad Yunus had a small, easy idea, which helped to change the world. Confucius (450BC): "Tell Me and I Will Forget; Show Me and I May Remember; Involve Me and I Will Understand."

We can do the same. What is wrong being part of this movement NOW ? Just do it!

for newcomers

 * Guided tour
 * Introduction to Wikiversity
 * How to use wiki technology as a free learner
 * Video: Image:Editing tutorial-large.ogg

teaching

 * School and university projects
 * Assistant teacher course
 * Pre-tertiary portal

you wanna stay here longer ?

 * Category:Wikiversity administration
 * Category:Wikiversity policy
 * WikiCharts
 * orphan pages
 * w:de:Wikipedia:Chat/FAQ
 * The GFDL and you
 * Extension of the week
 * Category:Advanced Wikiversity

ToDo

 * Ways of learning
 * Userboxes
 * Help:Resources by type
 * Category:Resources by type

 * Albanian sea port history
 * Ethical Management of the English Language Wikipedia/Moulton, JWSchmidt's investigation

 * structure quizzes
 * Social psychology (psychology)/Participants
 * Technical needs
 * Special:Import
 * Special:PrefixIndex
 * Import
 * b:Category:Wikiversity pages slated for removal
 * Category:Pages moved from Wikibooks
 * Category:Pages needing cleanup after Import
 * Category:Protected pages
 * when users just copy and paste

 * language pages regarding this
 * 7, 8, |10
 * , 2, 3
 * account creation

cs:Uživatel:Erkan Yilmaz de:Benutzer:Erkan Yilmaz el:Χρήστης:Erkan Yilmaz es:Usuario:Erkan Yilmaz fi:Käyttäjä:Erkan Yilmaz fr:Utilisateur:Erkan Yilmaz it:Utente:Erkan Yilmaz ja:利用者:Erkan Yilmaz pt:Utilizador:Erkan Yilmaz ru:Участник:Erkan Yilmaz

title: User:Erkan Yilmaz


text:
List of protected heritage sites in Cerfontaine, Belgium

This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Cerfontaine, Belgium. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.

 * }


text:
Fifty Shades Freed (film)

Fifty Shades Freed is a 2018 American erotic romantic drama film directed by James Foley and written by Niall Leonard, based on E. L. James's 2012 novel of the same name. Produced by Perfect World Pictures, Michael De Luca Productions, and Trigger Street Productions, and distributed by Universal Pictures, it is the third and final installment in the Fifty Shades film series, following Fifty Shades of Grey (2015) and Fifty Shades Darker (2017). The film stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey, respectively, and follows the couple as they marry, and must deal with Ana's former boss Jack Hyde (Eric Johnson), who begins to stalk them.

Following the first film's premiere in February 2015, development on the sequels promptly began. By November 2015, Foley and Leonard were respectively hired to direct and write both sequels, which would be shot back-to-back in 2016. Principal photography on Fifty Shades Freed began simultaneously with Darker in February 2016, in Paris and Vancouver, and ended in July 2016. Composer Danny Elfman, who had scored the previous films, returned to compose the score for the final film.

Fifty Shades Freed premiered in Paris on February 6, 2018, and was released in the United States by Universal Pictures on February 9, including a limited IMAX release. It was a box office success, grossing over $370 million worldwide against a production budget of $55 million, but the lowest-grossing film of the trilogy. Like its two predecessors, Fifty Shades Freed received negative reviews, with criticism for its screenplay and acting.

Plot
Newlyweds Christian and Anastasia are forced to cut their honeymoon short and return home after receiving news of a break-in at his corporate headquarters. Jack Hyde, Ana's former boss who was fired for sexual assault, stole some computer files.

Christian surprises Ana with a new house and has hired architect Gia Matteo to rebuild it for her. Ana is annoyed when she openly flirts with Grey. So, she later threatens to fire Gia if she keeps it up, forcing her to stop.

When Christian is away on a business trip, Ana disregards his wishes that she stay at home, and meets her friend, Kate Kavanagh, for a drink. Kate is dating Christian's older brother Elliot and fears he may be having an affair with Gia, his business associate. Jack Hyde attempts to kidnap Ana when she gets home. Ana's new security team subdues him, and he is arrested.

After arguing with Christian about her night out with Kate, Ana berates him for being controlling and possessive, demanding more freedom. He later surprises her with a trip to Aspen, bringing along Kate, Elliot, Mia, and José. Elliot proposes to Kate, who accepts. It is revealed that Gia was only helping him choose the ring.

The newlyweds continue with their sexual experimentation, but it becomes complicated when Ana announces she is pregnant. Christian is disturbed, as he had other plans for their early years together. He leaves, going on a night-long drunken bender. After he returns, Ana discovers that Christian had texted and met his ex-lover, and former BDSM dominant, Elena Lincoln, who had groomed him as a minor. Angry, she locks herself in the playroom for the night. He searches for Ana in the morning and they continue arguing, with Ana telling Christian how important the baby is to her.

Shortly after, Hyde is released on a $500,000 bond and phones Ana, demanding a ransom of $5 million in cash in two hours. He threatens to kill Mia, Christian's abducted sister, if his demands are not met. Ana must not tell anyone and bring the money alone. She takes a checkbook and revolver from Christian's desk and goes to the bank to withdraw the money.

The suspicious bank manager calls Christian. He thinks Ana is leaving him but then notices Mia's unknown whereabouts and Ana's sudden large cash withdrawal coincide with Hyde's recent release. Hyde instructs Ana to get into a car parked nearby and hand over her phone to the driver. She tricks Hyde by taking the bank manager's phone and slipping hers into the bag of money. She exits the back entrance to discover that the driver and Jack's accomplice is her co-worker, Liz.

At the drop-off site, a psychotic and vengeful Hyde attacks her, kicking her abdomen. Liz tries to stop him as Ana pulls out the revolver and shoots him in the leg. Christian and his security team, who tracked Ana's phone, arrive with the police who apprehend Hyde and Liz. Ana blacks out as she hears Christian's voice.

She wakes up three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side. Though angry at her recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood, he realizes how important their baby is to her, and they reconcile. Christian's adoptive mother, Grace, assures him that Ana will not leave him. She returns home the next day.

Christian's private investigator, Welch, has left a report showing that Christian and Hyde had shared the same foster family, though Christian seems to have no memory of this. Hyde was envious of Christian being adopted by the wealthy Grey family instead of him. Hyde also blackmailed Liz with a sex tape into being his accomplice.

Christian and Ana find out where his birth mother is buried. They visit her grave, and he lays flowers on it. Ana reflects on her whole journey with Christian and how they fell in love. Ana then goes to the red room and invites Christian to join her, where Christian delivers the dialogue "You're topping from the bottom, Mrs. Grey. But I can live with that."

The final scene is years later with Ana and Christian at their house by the lake with their son, Teddy. Ana is already pregnant with their second child.

Cast

 * Dakota Johnson as Anastasia "Ana" Grey, Christian's wife and Teddy's mother.
 * Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey, Ana's husband and Teddy's father
 * Eric Johnson as Jack Hyde, Ana's former boss and stalker.
 * Eloise Mumford as Katherine "Kate" Kavanagh, Ana's best friend and Elliot Grey's fiancée.
 * Rita Ora as Mia Grey, the adoptive daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey, and younger sister of Christian and Elliot Grey.
 * Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey, older brother of Christian and Mia Grey, and Kate's fiancé.
 * Victor Rasuk as José Rodriguez, one of Anastasia's friends.
 * Max Martini as Jason Taylor, Christian's bodyguard.
 * Jennifer Ehle as Carla May Wilks, Anastasia's mother.
 * Kim Basinger as Elena Lincoln, Christian's former dominant. (Unrated Version only)
 * Marcia Gay Harden as Grace Trevelyan-Grey, Christian's adoptive mother.
 * Bruce Altman as Jerry Roach.
 * Arielle Kebbel as Gia Matteo, the architect recommended by Elliot Grey to design Anastasia and Christian's future home.
 * Callum Keith Rennie as Ray, Anastasia's former stepfather.
 * Robinne Lee as Ros Bailey, Christian's second in command.
 * Brant Daugherty as Luke Sawyer, Ana's bodyguard.
 * Amy Price-Francis as Liz Morgan, Jack's accomplice.
 * Tyler Hoechlin as Boyce Fox, a popular author whose books are published by SIP.
 * Ashleigh LaThrop as Hannah, Ana's co-worker and friend.
 * Fay Masterson as Gail Jones, Christian's housekeeper.
 * Hiro Kanagawa as Detective Clark.

Production
Universal Pictures and Focus Features secured the rights to the trilogy in March 2012. The films were produced by Michael De Luca Productions. At a fan screening of the first film in New York City on February 6, 2015, director Sam Taylor-Johnson confirmed that the book sequels Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would also be adapted, with the first sequel then set to be released in 2016. After the announcement, Taylor-Johnson told Digital Spy that "It's not my decision [to return], and I haven't been privy to any of the discussions." On November 12, 2015, TheWrap reported that James Foley would direct both sequels, which would be shot back-to-back in 2016, with Niall Leonard writing the script and Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti returning to produce, along with E. L. James and Marcus Viscidi. Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan were also set to return in the lead roles. On February 8, 2016, Arielle Kebbel was cast in the film to play Gia Matteo, a beautiful architect who is hired by Christian to build his home, and on February 12, 2016, Eric Johnson was cast as Jack Hyde, Ana's boss at SIP and stalker. On February 20, 2016, Brant Daugherty signed on to play Sawyer, the personal bodyguard for Anastasia.

Filming
In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would be shot back-to-back, with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016. Filming took place in Paris and Vancouver from February 9, 2016, to July 12, 2016, under the working title "Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3".

Music
The lead single from the film's soundtrack, "For You", performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne, was released on January 5, 2018. The soundtrack's track list was released on January 8, 2018, including artists Julia Michaels, Sia, Jessie J, Black Atlass, Ellie Goulding, Hailee Steinfeld, Dua Lipa, Rita Ora, Liam Payne and Miike Snow on the 22-song album.

The soundtrack debuted at #5 on Billboard 200 chart with 58,000 equivalent album units.

Release
Fifty Shades Freed was released to theatres on February 9, 2018. The film had a digital release on April 24, 2018, with a Blu-ray Disc, DVD and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray release following on May 8, 2018.

Box office
Fifty Shades Freed grossed $100.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $270.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $371.2 million, against a production budget of $55 million.

In the United States and Canada, Fifty Shades Freed was released alongside Peter Rabbit and The 15:17 to Paris, and was projected to gross $37–40 million from 3,768 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $5.6 million from Thursday night previews, down 2% from the $5.7 million taken in by Fifty Shades Darker the previous year. It ended up making $38.6 million over the weekend, the lowest of the trilogy, but enough to take first place at the box office. The film grossed $10.8 million on Valentine's Day, the third-highest total for when the holiday fell on a weekday, behind The Vow ($11.6 million in 2012) and Darker ($11 million), and bringing its five-day gross to $56.1 million. In its second weekend the film only made $17.3 million, a 55.1% drop.

Worldwide, the film was expected to make $80–90 million from 57 countries, including France, Germany, the UK, Australia, Brazil, Mexico and Japan, for a worldwide debut of $113–130 million in its first three days. It ended up grossing $98.1 million from overseas for a global debut of $136.9 million.

Critical response
The film garnered overwhelmingly negative reviews by critics. On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of, based on reviews, and an average rating of. The website's critical consensus reads, "Fifty Shades Freed brings its titillating trilogy to a clumsy conclusion, making for a film franchise that adds up to a distinctly dissatisfying ménage à trois." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100, based on 43 critics, meaning "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by Darker, while PostTrak reported that 56% of women (who made up 81% of the opening weekend audience) gave the film a "definite recommend".

Writing for Variety, Guy Lodge was critical of the film, saying "Indeed, a sex-free, PG-13 version of Freed could be cut without shedding a second of narrative coherence, such as it is; one could ask what the point of that would be, though similar queries might be leveled at the film as it stands." Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film zero out of four, stating "With this last entry, we have officially hit the bottom of the barrel. Whips, chains, butt plugs and nipple clips are nothing compared to the sheer torture of watching this movie." Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film one out of five stars, and wrote "This is a film in which one of the more emotionally detailed performances is given by a product-placement Audi."

Jeannette Catsoulis, writing for The New York Times, found the film to be significantly inferior to Kim Basinger's 9½ Weeks, stating: "Layering a damp-squib thriller subplot beneath what appears to be an ad campaign for the one-percent lifestyle, the returning director and screenwriter test the newly married couple with an inconvenient pregnancy and an unconvincing car chase. There's an out-of-left-field abduction and a marital tiff over email addresses; but these narrative fragments, lazily tossed together alongside a neglected supporting cast, are no more than a flimsy causeway connecting bonking sessions."

Conversely, IndieWire reviewer Manuela Lazic gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Finally, the Fifty Shades phenomenon has yielded a disarming comedy that makes this ridiculous material fun to watch."

title: Fifty Shades Freed (film)


text:
Broad Oak, Cumbria

 Broad Oak is a hamlet in Cumbria, England. It is located along the A595 road, 14.4 mi by road south of Egremont.

title: Broad Oak, Cumbria


text:
Law of Northern Ireland

The law of Northern Ireland is the legal system of statute and common law operating in Northern Ireland since the partition of Ireland established Northern Ireland as a distinct jurisdiction in 1921. Before 1921, Northern Ireland was part of the same legal system as the rest of Ireland.

For the purposes of private international law, the United Kingdom is divided into three distinct legal jurisdictions: England and Wales; Northern Ireland and Scotland.

Northern Ireland is a common law jurisdiction. Although its common law is similar to that in England and Wales, and partially derives from the same sources, there are some important differences in law and procedure. Northern Irish law has its roots in Irish common law before the partition of Ireland in 1921 and the Acts of Union in 1801. Following the formation of the Irish Free State (which later became the Republic of Ireland), Northern Ireland became its own devolved legal jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.

History of the law of Northern Ireland
The sources of Northern Irish law reflect Irish history and the various parliaments whose law affected the region down through the ages.

The Brehon laws
The Brehon Laws were a relatively sophisticated early Irish legal system, the practice of which was only finally wiped out during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. The Brehon laws were a civil legal system only – there was no criminal law. Acts that would today be considered criminal were then dealt with in a similar manner to tort law today. A perpetrator would have to compensate the victim, rather than having a punishment, such as imprisonment, imposed upon him.

Common law
Ireland was the subject of the first extension of England's common law legal system outside England. While in England the creation of the common law was largely the result of the assimilation of existing customary law, in Ireland the common law was imported from England, gradually supplanting the customary law of the Irish.

Legislation
The current statute law of Northern Ireland comprises those Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that apply to Northern Ireland and Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, as well as statutory instruments made by departments of the Northern Ireland Executive and the UK Government, Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland passed between 1921 and 1972, Acts of the Parliament of Ireland made before the Act of Union 1800, and Acts of the Parliament of England, and of the Parliament of Great Britain, extended to Ireland under Poynings' Law between 1494 and 1782.

The Northern Ireland Parliament was prorogued in 1972; from then until the establishment of the Northern Ireland Assembly following the Good Friday Agreement, the primary method of making legislation for Northern Ireland was by means of orders in council under the Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972. A number of important legislative measures were adopted using the order in council procedure: this included the Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1988 restricting the right to silence, the Fair Employment and Treatment Order (Northern Ireland) 1998 on religious and political discrimination.

Definition
The expression "Northern Ireland legislation" is defined by statute. The Northern Ireland Act 1998 establishes the legislative competence of the Northern Ireland Assembly. It creates a distinction between excepted matters, reserved matters and other matters (which are transferred i.e. they fall within the NI Assembly's competence). The Northern Ireland Act 1998 functions as a constitution for Northern Ireland.

Section 24(5) of the Interpretation Act 1978 now reads:

"In this section "Northern Ireland legislation" means—(a) Acts of the Parliament of Ireland;

(b) Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland;

(c) Orders in Council under section 1(3) of the Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972;

(d) Measures of the Northern Ireland Assembly established under section 1 of the Northern Ireland Assembly Act 1973;

(e) Orders in Council under Schedule 1 to the Northern Ireland Act 1974;

(f) Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly; and

(g) Orders in Council under section 85 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998."

Paragraphs (d) to (g) were substituted by paragraph 3 of Schedule 13 to the Northern Ireland Act 1998.

Until 2 December 1999, paragraph 7(2) of Schedule 2 to the Northern Ireland Act 1982 provided that Orders in Council under section 38(1)(b) of the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 were Northern Ireland legislation for the purposes of section 24 of the Interpretation Act 1978.

Section 5 of the Interpretation Act 1978 provides that in any Act, unless the contrary intention appears, the expression "Northern Ireland legislation" is to be construed according to Schedule 1 of that Act, which contains the following paragraph:

"'Northern Ireland legislation' has the meaning assigned by section 24(5) of this Act. [1 January 1979]"

The preceding paragraph applies, so far as applicable, to Acts passed on or after 1 January 1979.

Primary legislation
Primary Legislation is made by the legislative branch of government. In Northern Ireland this includes the Parliament of the United Kingdom (hereafter "Westminster") and the Northern Ireland Assembly ("the Assembly"). Legislation created by the Parliament of Northern Ireland, which operated from 1921 to 1972, is still in effect.

Westminster may still legislate on any Northern Ireland matter. In contrast the Assembly cannot legislate on "Excepted" matters nor "Reserved" matters. The Assembly may legislate on devolved ("Transferred") matters and then Westminster plays no part in the enactment of such legislation.

 * Excepted matters remain the remit of Westminster and were those that were of imperial or national concern for example: the armed forces, external trade or weights & measures.
 * Reserved matters were to be the remit of the proposed, but never operational, Council of Ireland, are now the remit of the Privy Council and may be transferred to the Assembly at a later date. Examples include the post office, criminal justice and administration of the courts.

Acts of the Northern Ireland Parliament are distinguished from Westminster Acts by the position of the phrase "Northern Ireland" inside their title.

The Privy Council legislates on Reserved matters through Orders in Council. Technically speaking these are secondary, or delegated legislation, and they are therefore given UK Statutory Instrument numbers. Orders in Council are however used as primary legislation.

Secondary legislation
All secondary legislation is derived from primary legislation. Parliament cannot amend secondary legislation, but may reject or approve it. Secondary legislation is drafted by a branch of government:

 * A parent Act can give power to a government department or agency to issue more detailed laws.
 * The Privy Council of the United Kingdom can enact secondary legislation as "Orders in Council". The Privy Council of Northern Ireland was created in 1922, but became dormant in 1972 with the reinstatement of direct rule. Its advisory powers were then handed over to the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, who is head of the Northern Ireland Office.

Secondary legislation is called a statutory instrument when drafted by a Westminster department and a statutory rule when drafted by an Assembly department. Previously statutory rules were titled "statutory rules and orders".

Legal publications
In 1979, there was a severe shortage of textbooks and of works of authority, such as annotated statutes, law reports and rules of court, because the potential readership of any legal work, no matter how general, was so small that publication was not commercially viable. The only periodical dealing with the law of Northern Ireland was the Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly (NILQ), a peer-reviewed quarterly journal published since 1936, published at the School of Law at Queen's University Belfast.

According to the Bodleian Library at Oxford University: "There are two main series of law reports for Northern Ireland: the Northern Ireland Law Reports (NI), which began in 1925; and the Northern Ireland Judgments Bulletin (NIJB), previously known as the Blue Books, which was first published in 1970".

The Northern Ireland Statutes Revised are printed editions of NI statutes, revised.

Legal education
Both of Northern Ireland's universities offer a range of undergraduate and postgraduate law degrees:
 * The School of Law at Queen's University of Belfast
 * Ulster University School of Law

There are specialist research centres in the two universities:
 * Human Rights Centre at Queen's University Belfast
 * Institute for Criminology and Criminal Justice at Queen's University Belfast
 * Transitional Justice Institute at Ulster University

Professional legal education is offered by the Institute of Professional Legal Studies at Queen's University Belfast and the Graduate School for Professional Legal Education at Ulster University.

Offences against the person

 * Child destruction

Abortion
The 1967 Abortion Act does not apply in Northern Ireland. This situation led the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission to take judicial proceedings which led to a decision in 2015 that Northern Ireland's abortion regime violated Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights as it failed to allow for termination in cases of fatal foetal abnormality or when pregnancy was due to a sexual offence.

Abortion was decriminalised in Northern Ireland when the relevant sections of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 were repealed in October 2019. The Abortion (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2020 commenced on 31 March 2020, authorising abortions to be carried out by a "registered medical professional".

Fatal offences
As to the mens rea for murder, see section 8 of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966.

The following partial defences reduce murder to manslaughter:
 * loss of control
 * diminished responsibility
 * suicide pact

See also section 6 of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966. The common law defence of provocation was abolished and section 7 of that Act repealed by section 56 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009.

The Infanticide Act (Northern Ireland) 1939 provides a partial defence which reduces murder to infanticide.

The penalty for murder is provided by section 1(1) of the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973.

Sexual offences
The Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 reformed the law of sex crime in Northern Ireland similarly to how the Sexual Offences Act 2003 did in England and Wales.

Forgery, personation and cheating

 * Forgery is covered by the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981.
 * The common law offence of cheating, except in relation to the public revenue, was abolished by section 30(1) of the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969.

Offences against the State or Crown or Government and political offences
Several of these areas of law, such as treason, defence and foreign relations, are reserved or excepted matters, meaning only Westminster has the power to legislate for them.
 * High treason
 * Misprision of treason
 * Compounding treason
 * Treason felony
 * Attempting to injure or alarm the Sovereign, contrary to section 2 of the Treason Act 1842
 * Offences under the Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989
 * Offences under the Incitement to Disaffection Act 1934
 * Causing disaffection among police officers, contrary to section 68 of the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998
 * Incitement to sedition or disaffection or promoting industrial unrest, contrary to section 3 of the Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919
 * Offences relating to terrorism
 * Offences under section 1 of the Unlawful Drilling Act 1819
 * Piracy iure gentium
 * Piracy with violence, contrary to the Piracy Act 1837
 * Offences under the Slave Trade Act 1824
 * Offences under the Foreign Enlistment Act 1870
 * Offences under the Immigration Act 1971
 * Coinage offences under Part II of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981
 * Offences relating to public stores under the Public Stores Act 1875
 * Offences against postal and electronic communication services
 * Misconduct in public office
 * Refusal to execute public office
 * Cheating the public revenue
 * Offences under the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979
 * Tax evasion and money laundering offences

Abolished offences

 * Sedition
 * Seditious libel

Offences against religion and public worship

 * Blasphemy
 * Blasphemous libel

The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 abolished the offence of blasphemy in England and Wales; this measure did not extend to Northern Ireland.

Public order offences

 * Prevention of Incitement to Hatred Act 1970 (Northern Ireland)
 * Riot
 * Affray
 * Offences under the Public Order (Northern Ireland) Order 1987. These include Northern Ireland's incitement to hatred laws. In 2013 the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission reported, in 'Racist Hate Crime: Human Rights and the Criminal Justice System in Northern Ireland', that authorities were uncertain about the scope of this legislation.
 * Justice Act (NI) 2011 proscribes sectarian or indecent chanting at regulated matches.

Offences against public morals and public policy

 * Bigamy

Participatory offences
Participatory offences include aiding, abetting, counselling, or procuring the act of some crime or conspiracy. It also includes being an accomplice to criminal behaviour.

Defences to crime

 * Marital coercion

Criminal justice
Due to the history of political violence in Northern Ireland, there have been distinctive developments in Northern Irish criminal law and anti-terrorism procedures. These date to the Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922, commonly called the Special Powers Act. Following the outbreak of violence in the 1960s and 1970s, the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973 introduced juryless Diplock courts to try terrorism related offences.

The Terrorism Act 2000 retains special provisions for Northern Ireland in respect of anti-terrorism law, and retains the possibility to try certain offences without a jury.

Civil law
The Defamation Act 2013 does not apply in Northern Ireland. This protections which this Act provides for free expression (e.g. the public interest defence in section 4) do not therefore apply in Northern Ireland.

Northern Irish courts have issued a small number of super-injunctions.

Discrimination law
The Government of Ireland Act 1920 prohibited religious discrimination in legislation. In 1976 the UK Parliament passed the Fair Employment (Northern Ireland) Act which prohibited religious and political discrimination in employment. The Fair Employment (Northern Ireland) Act 1989 creates a system to monitor the religious composition of the workforce so as to promote fair participation.

In 1998 the Northern Ireland Act 1998 introduced a statutory duty on designated public authorities to promote equality of opportunity on a number of grounds.

While in some aspects Northern Ireland's equality law has been in advance of developments elsewhere, there are also examples where it is not as progressive. Racial discrimination in Northern Ireland was only prohibited in 1997. The Equality Act 2010 does not apply in Northern Ireland; this means that Northern Ireland's equality legislation is split across a large number of Acts and Orders.

title: Law of Northern Ireland


text:
Rinaldo Capuzzi

Rinaldo Capuzzi (12 July 1904 – 1 March 1990) was an Italian sports shooter. He competed in the 50 m rifle event at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

title: Rinaldo Capuzzi


text:
User:Ritchie333/Pont Abraham

Pont Abraham is a road junction and motorway service area in Carmarthenshire, Wales. It is the western end of the M4 motorway, and connects with the A48 to West Wales and the A483 to Mid Wales. It was built in 1977 as part of the M4 contract to bypass Pontarddulais. As part of the project, the A48 to Carmarthen and the A40 to St Clears were both improved, providing substantially better access to the area. The services opened on 5 May that year.

The junction is one of the most dangerous in Wales. From 2010 to 2015, there were 27 accidents with 45 injuries.

title: User:Ritchie333/Pont Abraham


text:
Talk:Today Just Got Better

Discussion of article
I have started a discussion regarding this article on the Canadian Wikipedians' notice board. Comments are welcome. isaacl (talk) 19:46, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Today Just Got Better


text:
User:Jaylimmo/Torbal

Torbal, formerly known as The Torsion Balance Company, is a leading manufacturer of analytical balances. Based in Clifton, New Jersey, Torbal offers a wide range of analytical balances specifically for pharmacy and laboratory environments, along with industrial scales, moisture analyzers and pill counters.

Company History
The Torsion Balance Company was founded in the late nineteenth century. The technology which made the company unique was the use of taut bands in the classic Roberval suspension. This eliminated the effect of side and end loads, and is still in use in almost all scales and balances today. The company progressed and grew, primarily through sales in the pharmaceutical, medical, analytical and laboratory markets.

It acquired the Christian Becker Company, a leading maker of analytical balances, in 1915.

During World War II, the Torsion Balance Company devoted much of its manufacturing and technical expertise to devices used in the war effort.

In 1975, the Torsion Balance Company was acquired by Vertex Industries, a manufacturer of bar code and mag-stripe reading equipment.

Vertex sold Torbal to Fulcrum, Inc. in the year 2000. At that time, the company’s emphasis shifted from the pharmacy market. While still offering compounding scales, a full line of laboratory and analytical balances were also introduced.

title: User:Jaylimmo/Torbal


text:
Talk:Denny Doherty

Death
Today Denny Doherty died at the age of 66 on January 19, 2007. He was said to have suffered an illness in his kidney, after having surgery a few months ago. AlexTN

Denny's first wife Linda Woodward knew him in Greenwich Village before he hit the big time. http://www.thevillager.com/villager_4/ghostsvisit.html

She presented him with a daughter, Jessica Doherty Woods, on July 5, 1969. http://www.angelfire.com/ma2/mamasandpapas/dates.html She died of cancer in 2002.

Doherty had three grandchildren, Danielle, Megan and Christopher http://www.shelbyconnect.com/articles/2007/02/07/news/news3.txt

Megan Elizabeth Woods as born on January 8, 2000. http://www.angelfire.com/ma2/mamasandpapas/dates.html

Linda was a songwriter, and wrote or co-wrote 6 songs on Denny's first solo album, "Whatcha Gonna Do?", while she and Denny were living in the "barrio" of East LA in the early seventies.

The story: http://musesmuse.com/columnistsgreylogs/archives/00000448.html

Her credits: http://www.answers.com/topic/watcha-gonna-do She also supplied choral and back-up vocals on the album. The album had a limited release in Canada and England and was re-released recently on CD.

Here is a sample of her colaboration with Denny:

"I’ll sing my yesterdays to you,

those memories will stay with you.

All your tears will fall behind,

leave them for the love you’ll find.

In this peaceful house enjoying gentle company

I don’t explain my mind she understands me well and shares her dreams with me.

Thinking of tomorrow I can’t help but feel with certainty

that you will find within yourself the happiness you want to be.

I can’t bring these things to you,

that’s something only you can do.

All your tears will fall behind,

leave them for the love you’ll find."

(from “Gathering the Words” by Denny Doherty and Linda Woodward)

There may be enough material for Linda Woodard to merit a Wikipedia entry of her own. Wives of famous men do not always get the credit they deserve. Their contributions seem to be merged and overshadowed.

<IP_ADDRESS> 02:29, 7 February 2007 (UTC)Vicki Rempel at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>

 * Well, you're certainly welcome to write the article yourself (tip: include a mention of her in the article with a wikilink, click on it to start the new article). Include the URLs you have above as references. — Frecklefoot | Talk 16:51, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

I will consider that... I am working full time, a part time student, mother of 3, a volunteer and hobbyist, all while making it possible for MY spouse to get rich and famous, or so I hope! <IP_ADDRESS> 04:43, 8 February 2007 (UTC)VR

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Denny Doherty. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090416035109/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/1997/10/24/1997-10-24_papa_s_brand-new_bag__kids__.html to http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/1997/10/24/1997-10-24_papa_s_brand-new_bag__kids__.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:47, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denny Doherty


text:
Category:User ja-3

List of users who can contribute with an advanced level of Japanese.

 * ja-N : User whose mother tongue is Japanese.
 * ja-3 : User can contribute with an advanced level of Japanese.
 * ja-2 : User can contribute with an intermediate level of Japaneses.
 * ja-1 : User can contribute with a basic level of Japanese.

title: Category:User ja-3


text:
Reprise Theatre Company

The Reprise Theatre Company was a theater company founded by Marcia Seligson in 1997, in Los Angeles, California. Reprise Theatre Company was the resident company at the Freud Playhouse and Wadsworth, staging revival productions.

History
Marcia Seligson served as Founder and Producing Artistic Director from 1997 - 2006. From 1998 - 2001 Ronn Goswick served as the managing director. He left in 2002 when she was joined by Producing Director, Jim Gardia, who stayed with the company in that role until 2008, with a brief stint as Producing Artistic Director during the 2006-07 Season. Danny Feldman took on the role of managing director in 2006 and served in that position until he left in 2010. Jason Alexander became artistic director of the company in 2007. He was joined by Susan Dietz in the role of Producing Director in 2008 until she left in 2010.

Gilles Chiasson joined the company as Producing Director in 2010. Christine Bernardi Weil assumed the role of managing director that same year, both partnering with Jason Alexander to run the company.

After years of well-received performances, the company was forced to cancel several productions in 2011 due to budgetary concerns. In February 2012, the Board announced a production hiatus, citing dwindling ticket sales. In June 2013, a letter to subscribers announced they were ceasing operations due to what the Los Angeles Times reported was difficulty obtaining "sustained funding".

== Seasons ==

2011-2012 season

 * Cabaret

2010-2011 season

 * They're Playing Our Song
 * Gigi
 * Kiss Me, Kate

Special events

 * An Evening With Liz Callaway
 * A Party With Marty
 * An Evening with Sutton Foster
 * Betty Buckley in Broadway By Request
 * Barry Manilow In Concert
 * Barbara Cook In Concert
 * Ray Romano Live

2010 season

 * Carousel
 * A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum
 * How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying
 * Two by Two

Special Events

 * Jerry Seinfeld Live!
 * Audra McDonald in Concert
 * An Intimate Evening with Marvin Hamlisch

Richard Rodgers Celebration

 * Soul of Rodgers
 * Rodgers & Asia
 * South Pacific Film Screening
 * Rodgers & Hart & Hammerstein
 * A Grand Night For Dancing
 * Nothin' Like A Dame
 * The Sweetest Sounds

2008-09 season

 * Once on This Island
 * I Love My Wife
 * Man of La Mancha
 * The Fantasticks

Special Events

 * Ben Vereen: Up Close & Musical
 * An Evening With Kristin Chenoweth
 * Brian Stokes Mitchell Sings Broadway
 * Broadway Under The Stars

2007-08 season

 * On Your Toes
 * Damn Yankees
 * The Odd Couple
 * Li'l Abner
 * Flora the Red Menace

Special Events

 * Patti LuPone: Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda
 * Carol Burnett in Conversation

2006-07 season

 * My One and Only
 * Sunday in the Park with George
 * No Strings

2005-06 season

 * On the Town
 * City of Angels
 * Zorba

2004-05 season

 * Brigadoon
 * Pippin
 * Applause

2003-04 season

 * Babes in Arms
 * Kismet
 * Company

2002-03 season

 * Anything Goes
 * On the Twentieth Century
 * She Loves Me

2001-02 season

 * 1776
 * The Most Happy Fella
 * Gentlemen Prefer Blondes

2000-01 season

 * Call Me Madam
 * Mack and Mabel
 * Strike Up the Band
 * Hair

1999 season

 * Bells Are Ringing
 * The Boys from Syracuse
 * Fiorello!

1998 season

 * The Pajama Game
 * The Threepenny Opera
 * Of Thee I Sing

1997 season

 * Promises, Promises
 * Finian's Rainbow
 * Wonderful Town

title: Reprise Theatre Company


text:
Ri Yong-suk

Ri Yong-suk (, 17 April 1916 – November 2021) was a North Korean politician and revolutionary. A veteran of the anti-Japanese struggle, Ri had close relations with all three generations of the Kim dynasty. During WWII, she was with Kim Il Sung in the Soviet 88th Separate Rifle Brigade. During the Korean War, she took care of Kim Jong Il, eldest son and future heir of Kim Il Sung. Under Kim Jong Un, she was portrayed as a link between the original guerrilla generation and the current leadership. Ri was elected to the Supreme People's Assembly in 1998 and 2003.

Early life and Kim family
Ri Yong-suk was born on 17 April 1916. Ri fought as a guerrilla during the anti-Japanese struggle. During World War II, she was a member of the Soviet 88th Separate Rifle Brigade, to which Kim Il Sung was also attached. According to Kim, in his 1992 autobiography With the Century, Ri was married to An Yong:

"Before departure, I saw to it that An Yong met his wife. Ri Yong Suk, An Yong's wife, was in Camp North. She had married him, the night school teacher of her village, on the advice of her parents and fought together with him in Choe Yong Gon's unit. After her husband had gone to the Soviet Union to learn radio operation, she had not heard from him. How eagerly he must have wanted to see her, as he had heard she was in Camp North! So I told him to meet his wife. In the heart of a man who goes on a difficult mission there must be no clouds. After seeing her he seemed to have been further encouraged; he was all smiles."

Kim also wrote that Ri was trained as a radio operator. Speaking of her guerrilla days, she remembered both Kim's wife Kim Jong-suk and the birth of their son Kim Jong Il. Ri "recollected that Kim Jong Suk provided noble tradition of devotedly defending the leader and gave birth to General Secretary Kim Jong Il in the days of hard-fought anti-Japanese struggle, thus guaranteeing the brilliant future of Korea", and that:

"Kim Jong Il was born in a log-cabin in the deep forest of Mt. Paektu, with no address, and grew up with sounds of gunfire of the anti-Japanese war as a lullaby. We women guerrillas felt very sorry we could not obtain new clothes for him who was born as the Shining Star of Korea. We had to make clothes for him by shortening military uniforms, and patched bits of cloth into a quilt for him."

In reality, Kim Jong Il was born in a military camp in the Soviet Union.

During the Korean War, Ri took care of Kim Jong Il. The two met often throughout Kim's life and career. Kim had even been seen embracing Ri, although he was known to rarely physically express affection. North Korean propaganda put effort in showing Ri in close terms with Kim Jong Un. The message is that Ri passed down lived guerrilla experience to Kim Jong Un.

In 2016, she was noted as being one of the few remaining female guerrilla (Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army) leaders.

Political career
After the liberation of Korea, she became the chairwoman of the management committee of a cooperative farm in Yonsan County in North Hwanghae Province.

Ri was elected to the Supreme People's Assembly in 1998 and 2003.

Later life and death
She was awarded the Jubilee Medal "70 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" on 6 May 2015 by Vladimir Putin and Jubilee Medal "75 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" on 6 May 2020.

Ri was on the funeral committees of Kim Chol-man, Ri Ul-sol, and Hwang Sun-hui.

She was awarded the Order of Kim Il Sung, Order of Kim Jong Il, and Hero of Labor, and also received a birthday spread sent from Kim Jong Un on the occasion of her 105th birthday.

Ri died in November 2021, at the age of 105. Kim Jong Un visited her grave later that same month at the Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery in Mount Taesong on 15 November to lay a wreath.

title: Ri Yong-suk


text:
User:Nargisaslami/sandbox

The long-term effects of alcohol (also known formerly as ethanol) consumption range from cardioprotective health benefits for low to moderate alcohol consumption in industrialized societies with higher rates of cardiovascular disease to severe detrimental effects in cases of chronic alcohol abuse. Health effects associated with alcohol intake in large amounts include an increased risk of alcoholism, malnutrition, chronic pancreatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and cancer. In addition, damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur from chronic alcohol abuse. The long-term use of alcohol is capable of damaging nearly every organ and system in the body. The developing adolescent brain is particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of alcohol. In addition, the developing fetal brain is also vulnerable, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) may result if pregnant mothers consume alcohol.

The inverse relation in Western cultures between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease has been known for over 100 years. Many physicians do not promote alcohol consumption, however, given the many health concerns associated with it, some suggest that alcohol should be regarded as a recreational drug, and promote exercise and good nutrition to combat cardiovascular disease. Others have argued that the benefits of moderate alcohol consumption may be outweighed by other increased risks, including those of injuries, violence, fetal damage, liver disease, and certain forms of cancer.

Withdrawal effects and dependence are also almost identical. Alcohol at moderate levels has some positive and negative effects on health. The negative effects include increased risk of liver diseases, oropharyngeal cancer, esophageal cancer and pancreatitis. Conversely moderate intake of alcohol may have some beneficial effects on gastritis and cholelithiasis. Of the total number of deaths and diseases caused by alcohol, most happen to the majority of the population who are moderate drinkers, rather than the heavy drinker minority. Chronic alcohol misuse and abuse has serious effects on physical and mental health. Chronic excess alcohol intake, or alcohol dependence, can lead to a wide range of neuropsychiatric or neurological impairment, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, and malignant neoplasms. The psychiatric disorders which are associated with alcoholism include major depression, dysthymia, mania, hypomania, panic disorder, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders, schizophrenia, suicide, neurologic deficits (e.g. impairments of working memory, emotions, executive functions, visuospatial abilities and gait and balance) and brain damage. Alcohol dependence is associated with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and ischemic stroke, cancer of the respiratory system, and also cancers of the digestive system, liver, breast and ovaries. Heavy drinking is associated with liver disease, such as cirrhosis. Excessive alcohol consumption can have a negative impact on aging.

Recent studies have focused on understanding the mechanisms by which moderate alcohol consumption confers cardiovascular benefit.

Maximum quantity recommended
Different countries recommend different maximum quantities. For most countries, the maximum quantity for men is 140 g–210 g per week. For women, the range is 84 g–140 g per week. Most countries recommend total abstinence during pregnancy and lactation.

Alcohol-related death

Over-consumption of alcohol causes many deaths worldwide. The overall mortality from alcohol use was found to be similar to that of the effect of physical inactivity. A review in 2009 found that "the net effect of alcohol consumption on health is detrimental, with an estimated 3.8% of all global deaths and 4.6% of global disability-adjusted life-years attributable to alcohol."

Extensive research of Western cultures has consistently shown increased survival associated with light to moderate alcohol consumption. A 23-year prospective study of 12,000 male British physicians aged 48–78, found that overall mortality was significantly lower in current drinkers compared to non-drinkers even after correction for ex-drinkers. This benefit was strongest for ischemic heart disease, but was also noted for other vascular disease and respiratory disease. Death rate amongst current drinkers was higher for 'alcohol augmentable' disease such as liver disease and oral cancers, but these deaths were much less common than cardiovascular and respiratory deaths. The lowest mortality rate was found for consumption of 8 to 14 'units' per week. In the UK a unit is defined as 10ml or 8g of pure alcohol. Higher consumption increased overall mortality rate, but not above that of non-drinkers. Other studies have found age-dependent mortality risks of low-to-moderate alcohol use: an increased risk for individuals aged 16–34 (due to increased risk of cancers, accidents, liver disease, and other factors), but a decreased risk for individuals ages 55+ (due to lower incidence of ischemic heart disease).

This is consistent with other research that found a J-curve dependency between alcohol consumption and total mortality among middle aged and older men. While the mortality rates of ex-drinkers and heavy drinkers are significantly elevated, the all-cause mortality rates may be 15-18% lower among moderate drinkers. Although the definition of a drink varies between studies and countries, this meta-analysis found that low levels of alcohol intake, defined as 1-2 drinks per day for women and 2-4 drinks per day for men, was associated with lower mortality than abstainers. This claim was challenged by another study that found that in certain low quality studies occasional drinkers or ex-drinkers were included as abstainers, resulting in the increased mortality in that group. However, the J-curve for total and CHD mortality was reconfirmed by studies that took the mentioned confounders into account. There seems to be little discussion of what proportion of individuals classified as abstainers are those already at greater risk of mortality due to chronic conditions and do not or cannot consume alcohol for reasons of health or harmful interactions with medication.

The observed decrease in mortality of light-to-moderate drinkers compared to never drinkers might be partially explained by superior health and social status of the drinking group; however, the protective effect of alcohol in light to moderate drinkers remains significant even after adjusting for these confounders. Additionally, confounders such as underreporting of alcohol intake might lead to the underestimation of how much mortality is reduced in light-to-moderate drinkers.

A 2010 study confirmed the beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on mortality. Subjects were grouped into abstainers, light, moderate, and heavy drinkers. The order of mortality rates from lowest to highest were moderate, light, heavy, and abstainers. The increased risk for abstainers was twice the mortality rate as for moderate drinkers. This study specifically sought to control for confounding factors including the problem of ex-drinkers considered as non-drinkers. According to another study, drinkers with heavy drinking occasions (six or more drinks at a time) have a 57% higher all-cause mortality than drinkers without heavy drinking occasions.

Mortality is lowest among young abstainers and highest among young heavy drinkers.

In contrast to studies of Western cultures, research in other cultures has yielded some opposite findings. The landmark INTERHEART Study has revealed that alcohol consumption in South Asians was not protective against CAD in sharp contrast to other populations who benefit from it. In fact Asian Indians who consume alcohol had a 60% higher risk of heart attack which was greater with local spirits (80%) than branded spirits (50%). The harm was observed in alcohol users classified as occasional as well as regular light, moderate, and heavy consumers.

Another large study of 4465 subjects in India also confirmed the possible harm of alcohol consumption on coronary risk in men. Compared to lifetime abstainers, alcohol users had higher blood sugar (2 mg/dl), blood pressure (2 mm Hg) levels, and the HDL-C levels (2 mg/dl) and significantly higher tobacco use (63% vs. 21%).

Many countries collect statistics on alcohol-related deaths. While some categories relate to short-term effects, such as accidents, many relate to long-term effects of alcohol.

Russia
One study claims that "excessive alcohol consumption in Russia, particularly by men, has in recent years caused more than half of all the deaths at ages 15-54 years." However, there are some difficulties with this study. For instance the same study also found a protective effect of heavy drinking on breast cancer mortality. This contradicts the well established scientific view that alcohol increases breast cancer risk. On this account in further correspondence it was advised that "careful interpretation of mortality statistics in relation to alcohol use is needed, taking into account other relevant risk factors, incidence, and survival."

The authors replied that "whether or not the apparent shortfall in breast cancer mortality among heavy drinkers is real, it accounts for only about 0·1% of adult deaths in Russia. Careful interpretation of it is therefore of little relevance to the findings for alcohol and overall mortality".

United Kingdom
A governmental report from Britain has found that "There were 8,724 alcohol-related deaths in 2007, lower than 2006, but more than double the 4,144 recorded in 1991. The alcohol-related death rate was 13.3 per 100,000 population in 2007, compared with 6.9 per 100,000 population in 1991." In Scotland, the NHS estimate that in 2003 one in every 20 deaths could be attributed to alcohol. A 2009 report noted that the death rate from alcohol-related disease was 9,000, a number three times that of 25 years previously.

A UK report came to the result that the effects of low-to-moderate alcohol consumption on mortality are age-dependent. Low-to-moderate alcohol use increases the risk of death for individuals aged 16–34 (due to increased risk of cancers, accidents, liver disease, and other factors), but decreases the risk of death for individuals ages 55+ (due to decreased risk of ischemic heart disease).

A study in the United Kingdom found that alcohol causes about 4% of cancer cases in the UK (12,500 cases per year).

United States
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report, "From 2001–2005, there were approximately 79,000 deaths annually attributable to excessive alcohol use. In fact, excessive alcohol use is the 3rd leading lifestyle-related cause of death for people in the United States each year." A 1993 study estimated US deaths through alcohol at 100,000.

Another Centers for Disease Control report from 2001 estimated that medium and high consumption of alcohol led to 75,754 deaths in the United States in 2001. Low consumption of alcohol had some beneficial effects, so a net 59,180 deaths were attributed to alcohol.

Longevity
In 2016, a meta-analysis of 87 studies investigating alcohol use and mortality risk was conducted. The studies analyzed had shown the largest mortality risk reduction in moderate drinkers, but these studies did not correct for confounding variables common with certain abstainers, such as previous alcoholism, and chronic health issues. After adjusting these studies for abstainer biases, no reduction in mortality risk was found for low-volume drinkers. However, there have been individual studies that show abstainers and heavy drinkers have an increased mortality of about 50% over moderate drinkers after adjustment for confounding factors.

Some animal studies have found increased longevity with exposure to various alcohols. The roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans has been used as a model for aging and age-related diseases. The lifespan of these worms has been shown to double when fed 0.005% ethanol, but does not markedly increase at higher concentrations. Supplementing starved cultures with n-propanol and n-butanol also extended lifespan.

Cardiovascular system
A meta-analysis of 34 studies found a reduced risk of mortality from coronary heart disease in men who drank 2 - 4 drinks per day and women who drank 1 - 2 drinks per day. Alcohol has been found to have anticoagulant properties. Thrombosis is lower among moderate drinkers than abstainers. A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that alcohol consumption in moderation decreases serum levels of fibrinogen, a protein that promotes clot formation, while it increases levels of tissue type plasminogen activator, an enzyme that helps dissolve clots. These changes were estimated to reduce coronary heart disease risk by about 24%. Another meta-analysis in 2011 found favorable changes in HDL cholesterol, adiponectin, and fibrinogen associated with moderate alcohol consumption.

Also, serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation and predictor of CHD (coronary heart disease) risk, are lower in moderate drinkers than in those who abstain from alcohol, suggesting that alcohol consumption in moderation might have anti-inflammatory effects.

Despite epidemiological evidence, many have cautioned against recommendations for the use of alcohol for health benefits. A physician from the World Health Organisation labeled such alcohol promotion as "ridiculous and dangerous". One reviewer has noted, "Despite the wealth of observational data, it is not absolutely clear that alcohol reduces cardiovascular risk, because no randomized controlled trials have been performed. Alcohol should never be recommended to patients to reduce cardiovascular risk as a substitute for the well-proven alternatives of appropriate diet, exercise, and drugs." It has been argued that the health benefits from alcohol are at best debatable and may have been exaggerated by the alcohol industry. Some investigators hold that alcohol should be regarded as a recreational drug with potentially serious adverse effects on health and should not be promoted for cardio-protection.

Nevertheless, a large prospective non-randomized study has shown that moderate alcohol intake in individuals already at low risk based on body mass index, physical activity, smoking, and diet, yields further improvement in cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, a multicenter randomized diet study published in 2013 found that a Mediterranean-diet, which included an encouragement to daily wine consumption in habitual drinkers, led to a dramatic reduction in cardiovascular events.

Peripheral arterial disease
A prospective study published in 1997 found "moderate alcohol consumption appears to decrease the risk of PAD in apparently healthy men." In a large population-based study, moderate alcohol consumption was inversely associated with peripheral arterial disease in women but not in men. But when confounding by smoking was considered, the benefit extended to men. The study concluded "an inverse association between alcohol consumption and peripheral arterial disease was found in nonsmoking men and women."

Intermittent claudication
A study found that moderate consumption of alcohol had a protective effect against intermittent claudication. The lowest risk was seen in men who drank 1 to 2 drinks per day and in women who drank half to 1 drink per day.

Heart attack and stroke
Drinking in moderation has been found to help those who have suffered a heart attack survive it. However, excessive alcohol consumption leads to an increased risk of heart failure. A review of the literature found that half a drink of alcohol offered the best level of protection. However, they noted that at present there have been no randomised trials to confirm the evidence which suggests a protective role of low doses of alcohol against heart attacks. However, moderate alcohol consumption is associated with hypertension. There is an increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and stroke if 3 or more standard drinks of alcohol are taken per day.

Cardiomyopathy
Large amount of alcohol over the long term can lead to alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy presents in a manner clinically identical to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, involving hypertrophy of the musculature of the heart that can lead to congestive heart failure.

Hematologic diseases
Alcoholics may have anemia from several causes; they may also develop thrombocytopenia from direct toxic effect on megakaryocytes, or from hypersplenism.

Atrial fibrillation
Alcohol consumption increases the risk of atrial fibrillation, a type of abnormal heart rhythm. This remains true even at moderate levels of consumption.

Nervous system

Chronic heavy alcohol consumption impairs brain development, causes alcohol dementia, brain shrinkage, physical dependence, alcoholic polyneuropathy (also known as 'alcohol leg'), increases neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders and causes distortion of the brain chemistry. At present, due to poor study design and methodology, the literature is inconclusive on whether moderate alcohol consumption increases the risk of dementia or decreases it. Evidence for a protective effect of low to moderate alcohol consumption on age-related cognitive decline and dementia has been suggested by some research; however, other research has not found a protective effect of low to moderate alcohol consumption. Some evidence suggests that low to moderate alcohol consumption may speed up brain volume loss. Chronic consumption of alcohol may result in increased plasma levels of the toxic amino acid homocysteine; which may explain alcohol withdrawal seizures, alcohol-induced brain atrophy and alcohol-related cognitive disturbances. Alcohol's impact on the nervous system can also include disruptions of memory and learning (see Effects of alcohol on memory), such as resulting in a blackout phenomenon.

Strokes
Epidemiological studies of middle-aged populations generally find the relationship between alcohol intake and the risk of stroke to be either U- or J-shaped. There may be very different effects of alcohol based on the type of stroke studied. The predominant form of stroke in Western cultures is ischemic, whereas non-western cultures have more hemorrhagic stroke. In contrast to the beneficial effect of alcohol on ischemic stroke, consumption of more than 2 drinks per day increases the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. The National Stroke Association estimates this higher amount of alcohol increases stroke risk by 50%. "For stroke, the observed relationship between alcohol consumption and risk in a given population depends on the proportion of strokes that are hemorrhagic. Light-to-moderate alcohol intake is associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke which is likely to be, in part, causal. Hemorrhagic stroke, on the other hand, displays a loglinear relationship with alcohol intake."

Brain
Alcohol abuse is associated with widespread and significant brain lesions. Alcohol related brain damage is not only due to the direct toxic effects of alcohol; alcohol withdrawal, nutritional deficiency, electrolyte disturbances, and liver damage are also believed to contribute to alcohol-related brain damage.

Cognition and dementia
Excessive alcohol intake is associated with impaired prospective memory. This impaired cognitive ability leads to increased failure to carry out an intended task at a later date, for example, forgetting to lock the door or to post a letter on time. The higher the volume of alcohol consumed and the longer consumed, the more severe the impairments. One of the organs most sensitive to the toxic effects of chronic alcohol consumption is the brain. In the United States approximately 20% of admissions to mental health facilities are related to alcohol-related cognitive impairment, most notably alcohol-related dementia. Chronic excessive alcohol intake is also associated with serious cognitive decline and a range of neuropsychiatric complications. The elderly are the most sensitive to the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain. There is some inconclusive evidence that small amounts of alcohol taken in earlier adult life is protective in later life against cognitive decline and dementia. However, a study concluded, "Our findings suggest that, despite previous suggestions, moderate alcohol consumption does not protect older people from cognitive decline."

There is tentative evidence that drinking a small amount of alcohol may decrease the risk of Alzheimer's disease latter in life.

Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome is a manifestation of thiamine deficiency, usually as a secondary effect of alcohol abuse. The syndrome is a combined manifestation of two eponymous disorders, Korsakoff's Psychosis and Wernicke's encephalopathy, named after Drs. Sergei Korsakoff and Carl Wernicke. Wernicke's encephalopathy is the acute presentation of the syndrome and is characterised by a confusional state while Korsakoff's psychosis main symptoms are amnesia and executive dysfunction. Banana bags, a bag of intravenous fluids containing vitamins and minerals, can be used to mitigate these outcomes.

Essential tremor
Essential tremors—or, in the case of essential tremors on a background of family history of essential tremors, familial tremors—can be temporarily relieved in up to two-thirds of patients by drinking small amounts of alcohol.

Ethanol is known to activate aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) and inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, which are both implicated in essential tremor pathology and could underlie the ameliorative effects. Additionally, the effects of ethanol have been studied in different animal essential tremor models. (For more details on this topic, see Essential tremor.)

Sleep
Chronic use of alcohol used to induce sleep can lead to insomnia: frequent moving between sleep stages occurs, with awakenings due to headaches and diaphoresis. Stopping chronic alcohol abuse can also lead to profound disturbances of sleep with vivid dreams. Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with NREM stage 3 and 4 sleep as well as suppression of REM sleep and REM sleep fragmentation. During withdrawal REM sleep is typically exaggerated as part of a rebound effect.

Mental health effects
High rates of major depressive disorder occur in heavy drinkers and those who abuse alcohol. Whether it is more true that major depressive disorder causes self-medicating alcohol abuse, or the increased incidence of the disorder in alcohol abusers is caused by the drinking, is not known though some evidence suggests drinking causes the disorder. Alcohol misuse is associated with a number of mental health disorders and alcoholics have a very high suicide rate. A study of people hospitalised for suicide attempts found that those who were alcoholics were 75 times more likely to go on to successfully commit suicide than non-alcoholic suicide attempters. In the general alcoholic population the increased risk of suicide compared to the general public is 5-20 times greater. About 15 percent of alcoholics commit suicide. Abuse of other drugs is also associated with an increased risk of suicide. About 33 percent of suicides in the under 35s are due to alcohol or other substance misuse.

Social skills are significantly impaired in people suffering from alcoholism due to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the brain, especially the prefrontal cortex area of the brain. The social skills that are impaired by alcohol abuse include impairments in perceiving facial emotions, prosody perception problems and theory of mind deficits; the ability to understand humour is also impaired in alcohol abusers.

Studies have shown that alcohol dependence relates directly to cravings and irritability. Another study has shown that alcohol use is a significant predisposing factor towards antisocial behavior in children. Depression, anxiety and panic disorder are disorders commonly reported by alcohol dependent people. Alcoholism is associated with dampened activation in brain networks responsible for emotional processing (e.g. the amygdala and hippocampus). Evidence that the mental health disorders are often induced by alcohol misuse via distortion of brain neurochemistry is indicated by the improvement or disappearance of symptoms that occurs after prolonged abstinence, although problems may worsen in early withdrawal and recovery periods. Psychosis is secondary to several alcohol-related conditions including acute intoxication and withdrawal after significant exposure. Chronic alcohol misuse can cause psychotic type symptoms to develop, more so than with other drugs of abuse. Alcohol abuse has been shown to cause an 800% increased risk of psychotic disorders in men and a 300% increased risk of psychotic disorders in women which are not related to pre-existing psychiatric disorders. This is significantly higher than the increased risk of psychotic disorders seen from cannabis use making alcohol abuse a very significant cause of psychotic disorders. Approximately 3 percent of people who are alcohol dependent experience psychosis during acute intoxication or withdrawal. Alcohol-related psychosis may manifest itself through a kindling mechanism. The mechanism of alcohol-related psychosis is due to distortions to neuronal membranes, gene expression, as well as thiamin deficiency. It is possible in some cases that alcohol abuse via a kindling mechanism can cause the development of a chronic substance-induced psychotic disorder, i.e. schizophrenia. The effects of an alcohol-related psychosis include an increased risk of depression and suicide as well as psychosocial impairments. However, moderate wine drinking has been shown to lower the risk for depression.

While alcohol initially helps social phobia or panic symptoms, with longer term alcohol misuse can often worsen social phobia symptoms and can cause panic disorder to develop or worsen, during alcohol intoxication and especially during the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. This effect is not unique to alcohol but can also occur with long-term use of drugs which have a similar mechanism of action to alcohol such as the benzodiazepines, which are sometimes prescribed as tranquillizers to people with alcohol problems. Approximately half of patients attending mental health services for conditions including anxiety disorders such as panic disorder or social phobia suffer from alcohol or benzodiazepine dependence. It was noted that every individual has an individual sensitivity level to alcohol or sedative hypnotic drugs and what one person can tolerate without ill health another will suffer very ill health and that even moderate drinking can cause rebound anxiety syndromes and sleep disorders. A person who is suffering the toxic effects of alcohol will not benefit from other therapies or medications as they do not address the root cause of the symptoms.

Addiction to alcohol, as with any drug of abuse tested so far, has been correlated with an enduring reduction in the expression of GLT1 (EAAT2) in the nucleus accumbens and is implicated in the drug-seeking behavior expressed nearly universally across all documented addiction syndromes. This long-term dysregulation of glutamate transmission is associated with an increase in vulnerability to both relapse-events after re-exposure to drug-use triggers as well as an overall increase in the likelihood of developing addiction to other reinforcing drugs. Drugs which help to re-stabilize the glutamate system such as N-acetylcysteine have been proposed for the treatment of addiction to cocaine, nicotine, and alcohol.

Digestive system and weight gain
The impact of alcohol on weight-gain is contentious: some studies find no effect, others find decreased or increased effect on weight gain.

Alcohol use increases the risk of chronic gastritis (stomach inflammation); it is one cause of cirrhosis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis in both its chronic and acute forms.

Metabolic syndrome
A study concluded, "Mild to moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, with a favorable influence on lipids, waist circumference, and fasting insulin. This association was strongest among whites and among beer and wine drinkers." This is also true for Asians. A J-curve association between alcohol intake and metabolic syndrome was found: "The results of the present study suggest that the metabolic syndrome is negatively associated with light alcohol consumption (1–15 g alcohol/d) in Korean adults". However, "odds ratios for the metabolic syndrome and its components tended to increase with increasing alcohol consumption." '''

Gallbladder effects
Research has found that drinking reduces the risk of developing gallstones. Compared with alcohol abstainers, the relative risk of gallstone disease, controlling for age, sex, education, smoking, and body mass index, is 0.83 for occasional and regular moderate drinkers (< 25 ml of ethanol per day), 0.67 for intermediate drinkers (25-50 ml per day), and 0.58 for heavy drinkers. This inverse association was consistent across strata of age, sex, and body mass index." Frequency of drinking also appears to be a factor. "An increase in frequency of alcohol consumption also was related to decreased risk. Combining the reports of quantity and frequency of alcohol intake, a consumption pattern that reflected frequent intake (5-7 days/week) of any given amount of alcohol was associated with a decreased risk, as compared with nondrinkers. In contrast, infrequent alcohol intake (1-2 days/week) showed no significant association with risk."

A large self-reported study published in 1998 found no correlation between gallbladder disease and multiple factors including smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, and coffee consumption. A retrospective study from 1997 found vitamin C (ascorbic acid) supplement use in drinkers was associated with a lower prevalence of gallbladder disease, but this association was not seen in non-drinkers.

Liver disease
Alcoholic liver disease is a major public health problem. For example, in the United States up to two million people have alcohol-related liver disorders. Chronic alcohol abuse can cause fatty liver, cirrhosis and alcoholic hepatitis. Treatment options are limited and consist of most importantly discontinuing alcohol consumption. In cases of severe liver disease, the only treatment option may be a liver transplant from alcohol abstinent donors. Research is being conducted into the effectiveness of anti-TNFs. Certain complementary medications, e.g., milk thistle and silymarin, appear to offer some benefit. Alcohol is a leading cause of liver cancer in the Western world, accounting for 32-45% of hepatic cancers. Up to half a million people in the United States develop alcohol-related liver cancer. Moderate alcohol consumption also increases the risk of liver disease.

Pancreatitis
Alcohol abuse is a leading cause of both acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. Alcoholic pancreatitis can result in severe abdominal pain and may progress to pancreatic cancer. Chronic pancreatitis often results in intestinal malabsorption, and can result in diabetes.

Respiratory system
Chronic alcohol ingestion can impair multiple critical cellular functions in the lungs. These cellular impairments can lead to increased susceptibility to serious complications from lung disease. Recent research cites alcoholic lung disease as comparable to liver disease in alcohol-related mortality. Alcoholics have a higher risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and experience higher rates of mortality from ARDS when compared to non-alcoholics. Despite these effects, a large prospective study has shown a protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on respiratory mortality.

Kidney stones
Research indicates that drinking alcohol is associated with a lower risk of developing kidney stones. One study concludes, "Since beer seemed to be protective against kidney stones, the physiologic effects of other substances besides ethanol, especially those of hops, should also be examined." "...consumption of coffee, alcohol, and vitamin C supplements were negatively associated with stones." "After mutually adjusting for the intake of other beverages, the risk of stone formation decreased by the following amount for each 240-ml (8-oz) serving consumed daily: caffeinated coffee, 10%; decaffeinated coffee, 10%; tea, 14%; beer, 21%; and wine, 39%." "...stone formation decreased by the following amount for each 240-mL (8-oz) serving consumed daily: 10% for caffeinated coffee, 9% for decaffeinated coffee, 8% for tea, and 59% for wine." (CI data excised from last two quotes.).

Sexual dysfunction
Long term excessive intake of alcohol can lead to damage to the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system resulting in loss of sexual desire and impotence in men. This is caused by reduction of testosterone from ethanol-induced testicular atrophy, resulting in increased feminisation of males and is a clinical feature of alcohol abusing males who have cirrhosis of the liver.

Hormonal Imbalance
Excessive alcohol intake can result in hyperoestrogenisation. It has been speculated that alcohol beverages may contain estrogen like compounds. In men, high levels of estrogen can lead to testicular failure and the development of feminine traits including development of male breasts, called gynecomastia. In women, increased levels of estrogen due to excessive alcohol intake have been related to an increased risk of breast cancer.

Diabetes mellitus
A meta-analysis found with data from 477,200 individuals determined the dose-response relationships by sex and end point using lifetime abstainers as the reference group. The search revealed 20 cohort studies that met our inclusion criteria. A U-shaped relationship was found for both sexes. Compared with lifetime abstainers, the relative risk (RR) for type 2 diabetes among men was most protective when consuming 22 g/day alcohol (RR 0.87 [95% CI 0.76–1.00]) and became deleterious at just over 60 g/day alcohol (1.01 [0.71–1.44]). Among women, consumption of 24 g/day alcohol was most protective (0.60 [0.52–0.69]) and became deleterious at about 50 g/day alcohol (1.02 [0.83–1.26]).

Because former drinkers may be inspired to abstain due to health concerns, they may actually be at increased risk of developing diabetes, known as the sick-quitter effect. Moreover, the balance of risk of alcohol consumption on other diseases and health outcomes, even at moderate levels of consumption, may outweigh the positive benefits with regard to diabetes.

Additionally, the way in which alcohol is consumed (i.e., with meals or bingeing on weekends) affects various health outcomes. Thus, it may be the case that the risk of diabetes associated with heavy alcohol consumption is due to consumption mainly on the weekend as opposed to the same amount spread over a week. In the United Kingdom "advice on weekly consumption is avoided".

Also, a twenty-year twin study from Finland has shown that moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. However, binge drinking and high alcohol consumption was found to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. A study in mice has suggested a beneficial effect of alcohol in promoting insulin sensitivity.

Rheumatoid arthritis
Regular consumption of alcohol is associated with an increased risk of gouty arthritis and a decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Two recent studies report that the more alcohol consumed, the lower the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. Among those who drank regularly, the one-quarter who drank the most were up to 50% less likely to develop the disease compared to the half who drank the least.

The researchers noted that moderate alcohol consumption also reduces the risk of other inflammatory processes such as cardiovascualar disease. Some of the biological mechanisms by which ethanol reduces the risk of destructive arthritis and prevents the loss of bone mineral density (BMD), which is part of the disease process.

A study concluded, "Alcohol either protects from RA or, subjects with RA curtail their drinking after the manifestation of RA". Another study found, "Postmenopausal women who averaged more than 14 alcoholic drinks per week had a reduced risk of rheumatoid arthritis..."

Osteoporosis
Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. "...Alcohol consumption significantly decreased the likelihood [of osteoporosis]." "Moderate alcohol intake was associated with higher BMD in postmenopausal elderly women." "Social drinking is associated with higher bone mineral density in men and women [over 45]." However, alcohol abuse is associated with bone loss.

Skin
Chronic excessive alcohol abuse is associated with a wide range of skin disorders including urticaria, porphyria cutanea tarda, flushing, cutaneous stigmata of cirrhosis, psoriasis, pruritus, seborrheic dermatitis and rosacea.

A 2010 study concluded, "Nonlight beer intake is associated with an increased risk of developing psoriasis among women. Other alcoholic beverages did not increase the risk of psoriasis in this study."

Bacterial infection
There is a protective effect of alcohol consumption against active infection with H. pylori In contrast, alcohol intake (comparing those who drink > 30g of alcohol per day to non-drinkers) is not associated with higher risk of duodenal ulcer. Excessive alcohol consumption seen in alcoholics is a known risk factor for pneumonia.

Common cold
A study on the common cold found that "Greater numbers of alcoholic drinks (up to three or four per day) were associated with decreased risk for developing colds because drinking was associated with decreased illness following infection. However, the benefits of drinking occurred only among nonsmokers. [...] Although alcohol consumption did not influence risk of clinical illness for smokers, moderate alcohol consumption was associated with decreased risk for nonsmokers."

Another study concluded, "Findings suggest that wine intake, especially red wine, may have a protective effect against common cold. Beer, spirits, and total alcohol intakes do not seem to affect the incidence of common cold."

Cancer
In 1988 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer) of the World Health Organization classified alcohol as a Group 1 carcinogen, stating "There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages in humans.... Alcoholic beverages are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1)." The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services’ National Toxicology Program in 2000 listed alcohol as a known carcinogen.

It was estimated in 2006 that "3.6% of all cancer cases worldwide are related to alcohol drinking, resulting in 3.5% of all cancer deaths." A European study from 2011 found that one in 10 of all cancers in men and one in 33 in women were caused by past or current alcohol intake. The World Cancer Research Fund panel report Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective finds the evidence "convincing" that alcoholic drinks increase the risk of the following cancers: mouth, pharynx and larynx, oesophagus, colorectum (men), breast (pre- and postmenopause).

Acetaldehyde, a metabolic product of alcohol, is suspected to promote cancer. Typically the liver eliminates 99% of acetaldehyde produced. However, liver disease and certain genetic enzyme deficiencies result in high acetaldehyde levels. Heavy drinkers who are exposed to high acetaldehyde levels due to a genetic defect in alcohol dehydrogenase have been found to be at greater risk of developing cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract and liver. A review in 2007 found "convincing evidence that acetaldehyde... is responsible for the carcinogenic effect of ethanol... owing to its multiple mutagenic effects on DNA." Acetaldehyde can react with DNA to create DNA adducts including the Cr-Pdg adduct. This Cr-PdG adduct "is likely to play a central role in the mechanism of alcoholic beverage related carcinogenesis." Some have pointed out that even moderate levels of alcohol consumption are associated with an increased risk of certain forms of cancer.

Alcohol's effect on the fetus
Fetal alcohol syndrome or FAS is a birth defect that occurs in the offspring of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy. Drinking heavily or during the early stages of prenatal development has been conclusively linked to FAS; moderate consumption is associated with fetal damage. Alcohol crosses the placental barrier and can stunt fetal growth or weight, create distinctive facial stigmata, damaged neurons and brain structures, and cause other physical, mental, or behavioural problems. Fetal alcohol exposure is the leading known cause of intellectual disability in the Western world. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is associated with brain insulin and insulin-like growth factor resistance.

title: User:Nargisaslami/sandbox