text:
StopXam

StopXam (СтопХам), also spelled StopHam and known as Stop a Douchebag, is a Russian non-profit organization, headquartered in Moscow and founded in 2010 by members of the youth movement Nashi, which opposes traffic rule violations and arrogance on the road. The mode of operation of the activists is to film offenses and their conversations and confrontations with offenders and subsequently edit and upload the gathered footage to video-sharing websites such as YouTube. One of the popular strategies is to place big stickers with the phrase "I spit on everyone, I park where I want" (Мне плевать на всех, паркуюсь где хочу), attributed to the 'Federal Programme Against Arrogance on Roads', on car windshields of non-cooperative traffic offenders.

The name of the organization derives from the Russian slang term хам (kham), referring to a boor or lout but more abusive; a person who behaves in a crude disgusting way without respect for him/herself or others; the closest English term would be scumbag. The term is a reference to the Biblical Ham.

A number of incidents involving activists of the movement have garnered significant public attention.

On 21 March 2016, by the Moscow City Court's decision the organization was liquidated. However, on 2 September 2016, the Supreme Court of Russia cancelled the decision.

History
The project was founded in 2010 as one of the federal programs of the Nashi youth movement that existed in the NASHI-2.0 project, under the leadership of movement commissar Dmitry Chugunov. In July of the same year, the project was first presented at the Seliger forum and verbally approved by Russian Minister of Internal Affairs Rashid Nurgaliev.

The main goal of the public movement is the fight against traffic violations and neglect of others by its participants: parking in the wrong place, seizing urban land for parking lots, using sidewalks to travel by car, etc. Activists are looking for improperly parked cars that interfere with others, and, if there is a driver in the car, they turn to him with a request to park the car in accordance with traffic rules. In case of refusal or in the absence of a driver, a round sticker with the text "I don't care about anyone, I can park wherever I want" is put onto the windshield of the car on either the passenger's or driver’s side, and occasionally on the side or rear windows. The process, which is often accompanied by insults from drivers and attempts to fight with the activists demanding to stop the offense, is filmed on video media (telephones, cameras), after which the project activists compile videos and upload them to the Internet: on YouTube, VKontakte and on the official website of the movement.

On May 31, 2014, the project manager of StopHam, the commander of the Nashi movement Dmitry Chugunov, in the direction of developing public control, was elected a member of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation of the 5th composition, having received 21,883 votes in Internet voting. Subsequently, the project management was temporarily assigned to his supporter Kirill Bunin, but later on Chugunov returned to the post of direct supervisor.

Meanwhile, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has repeatedly evaluated the actions of StopHam activists. According to this assessment, the actions of the StopHam activists can be regarded as a violation of applicable law and fall under the responsibility stipulated by the articles of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation:

7.17 (destruction or property damage) 19.1 (arbitrariness) 20.1 (hooliganism)

The Minister of Internal Affairs of Karelia Vasily Kukushkin also notes that activists film their actions and post reports on the Internet without the consent of car owners, which "may carry signs of a crime under Article 137 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Violation of privacy ”.

Liquidation of a legal entity
The StopHam civil society organization promoting cultural cooperation in civil society was liquidated on March 21, 2016 by a decision of the Moscow City Court at the request of the Ministry of Justice. During federal state control, the State Department revealed repeated gross violations of the law in terms of reporting in the organization’s activities, after which in 2015 it applied to the Moscow City Court with a statement on the liquidation of the organization and the deletion of information about it from the Register of Legal Entities. On October 12, 2015, the court granted the claims of the State Institution. The decision was not appealed. In this regard, in the manner prescribed by applicable law, information about the organization 03/21/2016 was excluded from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities. On October 12, 2015, the court granted the claims of the State Institution.

Cancellation of liquidation by decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation
On September 2, 2016, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation cancelled the liquidation of StopXam, having satisfied the appeal of representatives of the Law & Wise Law Firm, who insisted that they were not notified of the court session at which the Justice Ministry’s lawsuit on the liquidation was examined. A month later, the Ministry of Justice refused the requirement to liquidate the movement, as the defendant eliminated the violations.

Financing
In 2013, under the presidential grants, StopHam received 4 million rubles for its activities. In 2014, under the presidential grants, StopHam received 6 million rubles for its activities.

Reception
In 2013, Vladimir Putin said to volunteers of the organisation:

"You are doing a very important and good deed - fighting rudeness. Behavior on the roads is part of a person, and I hope very much that you, doing your work, will be at your best and will not be compared to those people who behave ugly in relation to others."

Incidents

 * In April 2012, the project became famous after an incident at the Evropeisky shopping center in Moscow, in which Madina Mingaeva, the wife of Chechnya’s deputy envoy to the President of the Russian Federation, Tamerlan Mingaev, who incorrectly parked his car, and the Mingaev’s son, urgently called by his mother for a showdown, took part. The conflict ended in a brawl, during which Madina and Islam Mingaev tried to force operators to destroy the record, and also threatened them and their families with physical harm. However, the record hit the Internet, and as of April 2014 has been viewed on YouTube more than seven million times. Scandal erupted, criminal case on hooliganism was instituted. On May 5, 2012, Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov officially announced the dismissal of Mingaev in connection with the unacceptable public actions of his wife. However, Kadyrov also condemned the actions of the activists of the movement, calling them “provocative”, and did not comment on the actions of Islam Mingaev.
 * In April 2013, activists blocked the car of a 24-year-old Margaret Arakelyan, consultant to the legal department of the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation, at the moment when the girl was trying to park at a pedestrian crossing on Maroseyka Street. After verbal bickering, Arakelyan directed her car at the activists, almost crushing one of them. After that, the traffic violator got out of the car and rudely announced that she had the right to park the car at the crossing. At the same time, the activists were threatened with troubles if compromising videos were published. Nevertheless, the video was published by news agencies, which entailed the apology of the head of the Central Election Committee of the Russian Federation Vladimir Churov.
 * In July 2013, StopHam activists blocked the Range Rover car on the sidewalk, driven by Tatyana Smoryakova, the acting head of the Maryino District Council. Smoryakova brought down two activists and continued to move in a traffic jam. To the requests of the traffic police officers to stop, Smoryakova refused and laid out the prefecture's pass on the dashboard. Alexander Smoryakov, who arrived at the scene of an accident at the request of his wife, wrote a statement on a minor cyclist standing on the sidewalk and accused him of hitting himself. Arriving parents of this cyclist wrote a counter statement to give false evidence. The traffic police drew up a report on Tatyana Smoryakova on the fact of collision with pedestrians. The prefecture of South-Eastern Administrative Okrug later published an official statement that the prefecture does not issue permits for any right to the privileged movement of personal vehicles, and that issues related to the personal behavior of family members of civil servants are not related to the activities of the prefecture. The day after the conflict, Alexander Smoryakov submitted his resignation from his post as head of the district, which was accepted by Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin.
 * In mid-October 2014, StopHam activists became accomplices in the fight against organized demolition of garages in the Timiryazevsky district of Moscow associated with the construction of a 35-story elite residential complex “DIHANIE”. So, one of the district's Garage Complexes underwent mechanized demolition by people in balaclavas without prior warning. Activists who came to the defense were brutally beaten and injured as a result of the use of pepper spray. Chugunov himself received six injuries and was hospitalized. According to the final data, the Garage Complexes were demolished.
 * On February 10, 2015, seven StopHam activists were brutally beaten and robbed by a group of people who arrived at the crime scene in four cars in St. Petersburg. The incident occurred near the house number 26/1 on Dachny Avenue. As a result of the attack, activists needed medical attention, and three of them - two young people and one girl - were hospitalized with moderate injuries. The attack was filmed on camera by a nearby car. On that fact, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of St. Petersburg opened a criminal case under Part 2 of Article 116 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
 * On February 26, 2016 in Petrozavodsk, as a result of the StopHam raid, one of the drivers on whose car the project sticker was pasted attacked activists with a knife, wounded one in the shoulder, and then fled the scene. The police quickly detained a suspect who, having traveled a short distance, tore the sticker off the windshield with the same knife. On the fact of the attack on the activist, a criminal case was instituted under part 2 of article 115 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: “Intentionally causing minor harm to health from hooligan motives”.

title: StopXam


text:
User:Xenon~enwikiversity

I'm Gerard Boyers from England, and I'm here helping out on Wikiversity.

 * It's probably best to find me over at beta

I own/run two Wikis of my own, TechnicalWiki and Grand Theft Wiki. I enjoy running these sites, and I really love how anybody can get involved. There's something exciting about having everything on the edge, ready to be assimilated by some passing troll. As many of you should know, there's nothing like a good hard night's reverting and (on forums) banning IPs up until 6am. My other sites are: TTPN, VistaSector and MSForums

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Xenon~enwikiversity


text:
roven

Etymology 1
From, from , from , from.

Verb

 * 1)  to rob, steal
 * 2)  to take away in general

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to rob, to plunder, to pillage
 * 2) to rob, to take violently
 * 3) to rob, to take violently the possessions of

title: roven


text:
cataplexy

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  An abrupt loss of muscle tone, sometimes associated with narcolepsy.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 猝倒,
 * Czech: kataplexie
 * Finnish:
 * German: Kataplexie
 * Japanese: 脱力発作, 情動脱力発作
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Ukrainian: катаплексія, рапто́ва сла́бкість

title: cataplexy


text:
Talk:Schriesheim

Untitled
Please check that the fact changed by this diff: is correct, because it comes from a shared IP known to vandalise. Thanks - Tangotango 03:17, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Schriesheim. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20121202234410/http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/SRDB/Tabelle.asp?01515215GE226082 to http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/SRDB/Tabelle.asp?01515215GE226082
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080219235909/http://www.sino.uni-heidelberg.de/students/tjuelch/Andere%20Staedte/Schriesheim/Geschichte.htm to http://www.sino.uni-heidelberg.de/students/tjuelch/Andere%20Staedte/Schriesheim/Geschichte.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:44, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Schriesheim


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Estimated time of arrival

The result was Keep as per unanimous positive consensus and no calls for deletion outside of the nominator. The time for this non-administrative closure has arrived. And Adoil Descended (talk) 00:00, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

Estimated time of arrival

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

This article appears to be more suitable for Wiktionary. Past discussion on the articles talk page did not reveal any clear path to expand this topic to encyclopedic scope. Dfeuer (talk) 00:05, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep - There's a fair bit of potential for this article to expound upon the study of ETAs: methodological insights, computational algorithms, interrelated logistical effects, and various other phenomenology. —  C M B J   02:46, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't all of those relate more to the various contexts in which ETAs appear, rather than ETAs themselves? ETA=ETD+estimated time in transit. ETD might relate to how long it takes a hard disk to spin up, whether a previous flight arrived on time, or how long it takes to manufacture a widget from parts that may or may not be available. Transit time may depend on bus contention, network latency, cargo ship schedules, or storms. I'm not really seeing how ETA really serves to tie these things together. Can you suggest a source that provides such a framework? Dfeuer (talk) 04:33, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Perhaps a better point for me to make: I think having an article on ETA is like having an article on "less than or equal to". Each has a place in one or more encyclopedia articles, but I don't see how either can stand on its own.Dfeuer (talk) 08:05, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * We have less than or equal to, note, as well as ≤. Uncle G (talk) 11:41, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * less than or equal to is a redirect, and ≤ is a disambiguation page, each linking to a substantial topic. Dfeuer (talk) 05:35, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep The nomination seems to suppose that we are required to expand articles to some particular size. That is not our policy.  Enough is as good as a feast and so it is quite common for entries in other encyclopedias to be quite small. Warden (talk) 12:00, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't suppose that, but when I nominated this article for deletion, it contained a definition of a term and a list of ways the term is used. According to WP:NOT, more is needed. Someone has since expanded the article with a giant list of patents having to do with ETA calculation in various contexts. Perhaps I should suggest we instead rename this article to "List of patents on devices for calculating estimated times of arrival", and link to the definition of "estimated time of arrival" in Wiktionary? Dfeuer (talk) 03:48, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Transportation-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 12:06, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep - Seems reasonable to have this common term of usage in the encyclopedia. Someone not knowing what ETA meant would be well served by this article.--MLKLewis (talk) 22:58, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * According to WP:NOT, this is not an acceptable reason. Dfeuer (talk) 03:48, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep - I'm inclusionist. Enough said. Nixdorf (talk) 10:13, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep - Easily passes WP:GNG just with the references already in the article. Needs some work, but that doesn't warrant deletion. - SudoGhost 04:00, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep is a complex concept, not just a dicdef. This article is way too long to appear in a dictionary. A mathematical formula goes into determining this. Even if this article was short, it would still belong in an encyclopedia as a stub. Wiktionary is not a place for short Wikipedia articles. Dew Kane (talk) 23:17, 15 July 2012 (UTC)


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Talk:Introduction to Philosophy

Active Approach
I think this book gives some great background on philosophy, it has good information but lacks any diagrams or pictures and is relativly dull other than that good job Wikilife (talk)

-- Honestly, I am working on this book as I push through my own side-studies of philosophy. Ever more I am finding it harder to put philosophy in a context of a text book. More and more I am seeing that it is something that you have to do and experience. So, while making this I had the wrong premises in mind, and I apologize for this action. I plan on working on the Wikiversity level of Philosophy. I fear that a text book will only fall short on giving a description of philosophy unless to be given set of readings of what philosophy is and reflections on them. I wish to all the best of luck with this book. --Destrogal 18:54, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

I am taking a new approach on this. The old version of this text was completely incomprehensible and strayed far from what I would consider an introduction. Although this is the first step and there is much to be edited, I would like to continue working in this manner until the end of each part. Afterwards, it would be easier for me to edit. That is, when I have more time to take in each idea and pay more attention to its own attention to the subject. Also, I will be trying to transform these discussion pages into a comprehensive discussion on Philosophy.

In addition, I would like to keep many articles and work from them, but there shouldn't have been a simple posed questions: What is philosophy? Why study philosophy? -- These are junk. We should explain the nature of philosophy to begin with. Where it came from, how it is interpreted, who started it, etc. If anyone has an objection, please email me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>--Destrogal 21:09, 30 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Old comments
I agree with the other comments. Also, I think the structure of this book needs to be re-worked. There should be a number of subsections, as each current section is quite large in scope. The arrangement itself could use a little re-arrangement, which I'll gladly get to when I have a chance. The links are fucked, they'll all have to be changed from basic pages (why would there be a wikibooks/philosophy_of_religion ??) to links "within" this book, e.g. wikibooks:introduction_to_philosophy:philosophy_of_religion. Ugh. --Daniel April 29, 2004

Why is there no mention to aesthetics? KIZU 09:14, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The introduction mentions a commitment to logic but there doesn't appear to be a logic section

In the various philosophy courses I've taken, philosophy is typically decomposed into logic, epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, and sometimes political philosophy.

--Matt 15:12, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

I enjoyed it
Is there a way to get a word printout of it?

Alex

 * Glad you enjoyed "Introduction to Philosophy".
 * I am the author of 'Existentialism', 'Ulitiarnism' (ugh), and 'Philosophy of Mind'. (Also 'Pragmatism' but it isn't piped as yet).
 * You can get individual bits and make a Word printout yourself.
 * (Working from MS Word to the Wiki format and vice versa is covered with hidden pitfalls).
 * All you need do is cut and paste the content as well as the editing history.
 * Thank you, EuropracBHIT 02:20, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

'Ulitiarnism' - do you mean 'utilitarianism'?

Well, I've added logic, and also aesthetics, as people seem to be asking for this. I might get round to putting some material under 'logic', but I don't really know much about aesthetics. Perhaps 'logic' should go at the top? But I'm not a pushy person, so won't put it there myself unless given much prompting to do so. --<IP_ADDRESS> 17:20, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC) --publunch 17:21, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I see that 'Introduction to Philosophy' is listed as 'struggling'. I sometimes feel like I'm the only person struggling with it. Please tell me that this isn't true or I'll go and find something else to do. When I start trying to write about things, I begin to realise just how patchy my knowledge is. --publunch 17:02, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

References section
Do we really need a references section? Personally, I feel that it confuses things, since we can cite direcly into the article using endnotes. Besides, the page doesn't seem to be getting filled at all, and serves as more of an embarassment than a section. IMO, it will confuse people, since they'll have to go back and forth between two different pages...I say we scrap it and do everything in the article itself, with a separate ==References== section. -[[User:Frazzydee|Frazzydee|✍]] 03:57, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * well, as the link doesn't go anywhere, I'll remove it. Refs can go in individual chapters I think.  Maybe there is a need for general refs to general works, like the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.  But as the link doesn't go anywhere, I'll remove it or comment it out for now.

--publunch 16:53, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Classification?
Should Existentialism, Buddhism, and Transcendentalism be placed under ethics? They all have ethical components and implications, but they are not all about ethics. I don't know where they belong, but they don't belong under ethics.

 * Perhaps a "Philosophical Positions" section or something similar should be added to capture things like this, as well as things like postmodernism, nihilism, etc.. Not sure what the best way to go about this would be. Should it be it's own section? Does it fit under an "Introduction to Philosophy"?

--moonty 21:46, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Suggestion
Hello! I found your book really interesting but you could simplify your Wikibook. I'm not saying that it isn't OK but you can classify and edit the text a little bit so that it looks easy to understand for you as well as for the user. And one more thing, you can edit the complexity also, so easy naming, classification is available and understanding is easy. --Mastermind 007 13:39, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Page cleanup
There are two pages in particular that I would strongly recommend that interested individuals help out with to try and fix up. I've been going through the orphaned page bin, and I discovered some modules that IMHO are better written than the content that is associated with this Wikibook. At least give it a chance and perhaps merge all of the content together to see what might become of it. See these two pages:

 * Introduction to Philosophy:What is Epistemology
 * Introduction to Philosophy:What is Ethics

make sure you mark the source pages for speedy delete when you are done with them. --Rob Horning 15:21, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

A section about divine command theory
I think that it would not be such a bad idea to include sections about divine command theory and cultural ethical relativism. These are both well-known and respected moral theories. Perhaps a divine command theory section could describe morality from the viewpoints of various religions.

-Strongbad 03:28 UTC

title: Talk:Introduction to Philosophy


text:
Oktyabrsky, Zmeinogorsky District, Altai Krai

Oktyabrsky (Октябрьский) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Oktyabrsky Selsoviet, Zmeinogorsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 745 as of 2013. There are 14 streets.

Geography
Oktyabrsky is located 41 km northwest of Zmeinogorsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Otrada is the nearest rural locality.


text:
Talk:Man on the Clapham omnibus

Bondi tram
I am guessing here, but I would assume that most Australians, noted worldwide for their racy English, would say "The man on the Bondi Tram" not "A hypothetical person on a hypothetical Bondi Tram"? That may be how the court put it but not how it would be in daily use? Just a guess.

Also as a minor point, "Person" may be acceptable here if genuine, but if it was "man" then it should say so. It was definitely for example a man on the Clapham omnnibus, not a woman, or a person. SimonTrew (talk) 03:46, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

 * "The man on the Prospector (train) to Kalgoorlie" is inappropriate as an equivalent term - not just because of lack of citation or its disputable currency. Kalgoorlie has a very specific identity within Western Australia as an ongoing frontier/mining town (with attendant breaks in enforcement of sex work laws), rather distinct from the identity of Clapham as an ordinary commuter suburb representing ordinary people - it would be the equivalent of saying "the single man (commuting) on the flight to Las Vegas". The sentence should be deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wellwaitawhile (talk • contribs) 08:19, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I found nothing with hypothetical in a google search in books or scholars. It might be in the original reference given but I've reverted back to man and given a reference that is at least findable in google books.  --Erp (talk) 01:17, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

 * While we're at it, I wonder if it is worth adding links to everyman, maybe vox populi and (in the Bondi article, which has no talk so not going to bother starting it there) remove or qualify the 380 bus being "also notorious for overcrowding" (there is no mention that the tram was) and it is not anachronistic but archaic-- an anachronism means a word or action set or used in a time before it existed, not vice versa (digital watch in Ben Hur etc). SimonTrew (talk) 02:19, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Over the weekend I canvassed some of my Oz friends none had heard of the hypothetical person on a hypothetical Bondi tram. All had heard of a man on a Bondi tram. I know this is unscentific, perhaps OR, and not citeable (it is hard to prove a negative) but leads me to agree that there is no such thing as the hypotheticak etc etc SimonTrew (talk) 08:08, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

When I was studying law at UTS ten years ago, it wasn't the man on the Bondi tram, but "the man on the train to Richmond". I assume that meant Richmond-bound in Sydney, not the inner-city Melbourne suburb. Whophd (talk) 11:24, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

Eloquent
Is "Eloquent" in the article NPOV? I might find it a completely dull and overblown judgment. I could see a word like "important" or "leading" or something, but this seems rather subjective. SimonTrew (talk) 01:59, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

D. Kelly Weisberg's work
I propose to delete the paragraph "The term was used once by D. Kelly Weisberg in her work Feminist Legal Theory: Foundations". The term is used millions of times by millions of people all the time. I don't think a reference to this person's book is merited (perhaps it's just an attempt at self publicity?) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 16:35, 13 September 2010 (UTC).

Short citations
I propose to reformat the citations so that they take the form of short citations for two reasons. It will make the text easier to read when editing it and it will allow different pages from the same citation to be cited more easily and clearly. -- PBS (talk) 08:27, 17 April 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ Done. -- PBS (talk) 12:52, 20 April 2015 (UTC)

Named bus stop
Where should a link to be put? Jackiespeel (talk) 11:08, 16 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Man on the Clapham omnibus


text:
User:Winwiwil123/sandbox

In chemistry, bond energy (E) or (Mean, Average) bond enthalpy (H) is the measure of bond strength in a chemical bond. IUPAC defines bond energy as the average value of the gas-phase bond dissociation energies (usually at a temperature of 298 K) for all bonds of the same type within the same chemical species. For example, the carbon–hydrogen bond energy in methane H(C–H) is the enthalpy change involved with breaking up one molecule of methane into a carbon atom and four hydrogen radicals, divided by 4. Tabulated bond energies are generally values of bond energies averaged over a number of selected typical chemical species containing that type of bond. Bond energy (E) or (Mean, Average) bond enthalpy (H) should not be confused with bond-dissociation energy. Bond energy is the average of all the bond-dissociation energies in a molecule, and will show a different value for a given bond than the bond-dissociation energy would. This is because the energy required to break a single bond in a specific molecule differs for each bond in that molecule. For example, The H2O molecule is composed of two O-H bonds bonded as H-O-H. The bond energy for H2O is the average of energies required to break the two O-H bonds of the H2O molecule. Although the two bonds are the same, the energy values slightly differ because the first O-H bond is broken from H-OH structure whereas the second bond is broken as .O-H. Since an oxygen atom is more electronegative than a hydrogen atom, breaking O-H bond from water molecule is influenced by the presence or absence of hydrogen atoms on both sides of oxygen atom. Therefore, the average is taken as the bond energy.

Bond energy table Calculation Equation

ΔH = ∑ ΔH(bonds broken) - ∑ ΔH(bonds formed)

This basically means that you add up all the energies of the broken bonds; add up all the energies of the bonds that are reformed and subtract one from the other. Example Find H for the following reaction given the following bond energies:

Bond	 	Bond Energy (kJ/mol) H-H		436 O=O		499 O-H		463 We have to figure out which bonds are broken and which bonds are formed. 2 H-H bonds are broken. 1 O=O bond is broken 2 O-H bonds are formed per water molecule, and there are 2 water molecules formed, therefore 4 O-H bonds are formed Now we can substitute the values given into the equation:

Bond energy–distance correlation
Bond strength (energy) can be directly related to the bond length and bond distance. Therefore, we can use the metallic radius, ionic radius, or covalent radius of each atom in a molecule to determine the bond strength. For example, the covalent radius of boron is estimated at 83.0 pm, but the bond length of B–B in B2Cl4 is 175 pm, a significantly larger value. This would indicate that the bond between the two boron atoms is a rather weak single bond. In another example, the metallic radius of rhenium is 137.5 pm, with a Re–Re bond length of 224 pm in the compound Re2Cl8. From this data, we can conclude that the bond is a very strong bond or a quadruple bond. This method of determination is most useful for covalently bonded compounds.

Factors affecting ionic bond energy
There are several contributing factors but usually the most important is the difference in the electronegativity of the two atoms bonding together.

title: User:Winwiwil123/sandbox


text:
Louis Adams (basketball, born 1996)

Louis Adams Jr. (born 22 February 1996) is an American basketball player for Ostioneros de Guaymas of the Mexican Circuito de Baloncesto de la Costa del Pacífico (CIBACOPA).

Adams attended the University of Wyoming after transferring from Odessa College. He had a 31-point performance against New Mexico as a senior after missing two games with an ankle injury. As a senior, he averaged 9.7 points per game while shooting 42% from the three-point line. On August 10, 2018, he signed with Champagne Châlons-Reims of the French side. He played there during the 2018–19 Pro A season. In March 2020, Adams signed with Ostioneros de Guaymas in Mexico.

title: Louis Adams (basketball, born 1996)


text:
Talk:David Tom

Unsourced
This article is unsourced. There are three "external links", two are off-topic biographies of fictional characters. The third is IMDb. IMDb, useful as it is, is not a reliable source for biographical information. While there is some oversight of user submitted data (such as biographical info) to IMDb, it does not approach the requirements of WP:RS/WP:BLP. - SummerPhD (talk) 16:10, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The article is not unsourced, not by conventional and general usage of term "unsourced". There is at least one source in the article, the IMDB reference.  Ergo, it is not unsourced.  It would indeed be better if the article were sourced better, i.e. by including in-line citations.  And information in the article that is not supported by reliable sources can/should be challenged and removed (removed to Talk page for discussion here on the Talk page, hopefully). --doncram (talk) 19:28, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Just for the record, we have discussed  IMDb before and decided it isn't a reliable source. - SummerPhD (talk) 01:25, 9 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Folks, I added two real references, in the appropriate section. Better to light a candle than to curse the darkness. --GRuban (talk) 20:14, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Tom. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111117034148/http://www.mylifetime.com/lifestyle/entertainment/celebrities/nicholle-tom-and-david-tom to http://www.mylifetime.com/lifestyle/entertainment/celebrities/nicholle-tom-and-david-tom

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:28, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Tom


text:
Grete Kunz (painter)

Grete Kunz (28 March 1909 – 5 June 1991) was a Czech painter. Her work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Grete Kunz (painter)


text:
Joyce Robertson

Joyce Robertson (27 March 1919 – 12 April 2013) was a British psychiatric social worker, child behavioural researcher, childcare pioneer and pacifist, who was most notable for changing attitudes to the societally acceptable, institutionalised care and hospitalisation of young children, that was prevalent. In the late 1940s Robertson worked with Anna Freud first at the Well Baby Clinic and later in the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic. She was later joined by her husband James Robertson. In 1965, both of them moved to the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations to work with John Bowlby on the Young Children in Brief Separation project and the development of attachment theory. This was to research the mental state and psychological development of children who underwent brief separation from their parents. Later in her career, Robertson worked with her husband to produce a series of celebrated documentary films that highlighted the reaction of small children who were separated from their parents. These were shown in hospitals, foster care and state run hospitals. Later she was known for promoting the idea of foster care instead of residential nurseries.

Personal life
Robertson (nee User) came from a large working-class family in London. Robertson left Grammar school in 1933 when she was 14 and enrolled for evening classes at the Workers' Educational Association. In 1939, Joyce met her future husband James Robertson in Birmingham while he was studying the humanities at the Fircroft College of Adult Education and she was studying at the Hillcroft College for working women. During World War II, Joyce and James were conscientious objectors, and during the late 1940's both worked at the Pacifist Service Unit in East London with the victims of the bombing.

Joyce had two daughters, Katherine McGilly (born in1944) and Jean Clelland (born in 1950). She had two grandchildren and three great grandchildren.

Career
In January 1941, while she was a student, Robertson went to work with Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham in Hampstead to look after infants. At the time, Freud and Burlingham were offering shelter to women with families who had been bombed. Knowing that Robertson came from a large family, and as she was the only Briton in the war nurseries, Freud employed her and asked her to research the different methods of childcare, determine what types of practice were in use and write detailed observations on index cards. A few weeks later, James Robertson was employed by Freud as a boilerman, fire watcher and handyman. At that time, James Robertson was courting Joyce Robertson and it was through her that James met Freud.

Freud asked Robertson to care for a baby named Josef, observing Robertson in the mother-child relationship and then discussing the care relationship with her. Freud found that Robertson's hearty nature enabled her to connect with the small baby who responded to the care. Freud then asked Robertson to care for a little boy who was five months old. Over months, Robertson formed a strong attachment to the boy and would take him on walks. These observations of the mother-child relationship and resultant discussions was the start of attachment research that would eventually lead to Attachment theory. Robertson remembered kneeling on the floor with Freud while they reviewed the observation notes that would form the basis of a publication by Robertson and her husband entitled "Reactions of small children to short-term separation of the mother, in light of new observations".

Robertson took time off for the birth of her first daughter in 1944. In the early 1950s she had to take her baby into hospital for treatment. She was devastated to discover she was not able to visit her child, although she knew that the baby needed her. At that time, the rule was no mothers, with hospital visits commonly limited to 30 minutes per week. This experience sparked Robertson's interest in the field of childcare.

She didn't return to work with Freud until 1957, when her second daughter started primary school. She worked initially in the Well Baby Clinic. At the clinic, she started the first parent-toddler group. Joyce understood that the parents would need help in understanding their infant's new development stage, once they moved out of the clinic. Later she moved to the kindergarten of the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic. In 1948, her husband James Robertson joined the Tavistock Clinic to make observations of the behaviour of small children.

In 1952, her husband James made the film A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital and published a paper with John Bowlby. Robertson and Bowlby were planning to abandon the documentary since the child being studied (Laura) did not cry very much. She had been in hospital for eight days, admitted for a hernia operation. In the film the mother is seen leaving the child, assured by the nurse that she would settle down when she leaves. When the mother does leave, Laura reacts violently and her mood changes for the worst. By the end of the stay it appears that Laura is withdrawn and depressed. When her husband and Bowlby showed her the film, it was Joyce who made the critical breakthrough in realising why Laura was not crying, being a desperate attempt by the tiny girl to control her feelings. The film had an enormous impact and it was agreed that mothers should be able to spend the night with their children in hospital.

Early case study
In 1954, Robertson's second daughter, Jean, who at the time was four years old, required a tonsillectomy. Robertson kept a diary of the event, which resulted in a paper entitled A Mother's Observations on the Tonsillectomy of Her Four-Year-Old Daughter. The paper was published in 1956 in the journal The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child and had several pages of comments by Anna Freud. Joyce began the diary six weeks before the visit to the hospital with daily entries that continued until three weeks after the operation, with addenda in the 11th and 20th weeks.

In summarising the paper, Joyce concluded that her presence and responsiveness to questions enabled Jean to cope with the fear of hospitalisation. The kinds words and presence of her mother enabled Jean to retain trust in Joyce and enabled her to go home happy. However, the entries in the diary indicate that even for a three-day hospitalisation and operation that was both successful and remarkably common from a medical perspective, it filled Jean's life for six months.

Introduction
In the early 1960s, her husband James and John Bowlby, both working at the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, began to disagree on the factors involved in separating children from their parents. In 1960, Bowlby published a paper, Grief and Mourning in Infancy and Early Childhood. In the paper Bowlby made what many in the profession considered sweeping generalisations without evidence stating that:

 * acute distress is the usual response of young children (between about six months and three to four years of age) to separation from the mother, regardless of circumstances and quality of substitute care; and, by implication, that there is no distinction between the responses of these infants at different levels of development.

For more than 25 years research had been conducted with direct observational studies into the effects of separation of young children from their mothers, mostly in the form of retrospective or follow-up studies. Many of the studies were performed in a hospital instead of a natural environment like the home or residential care. Anna Freud contributed to the argument with a review of Bowlby's articles. She criticised his approach stating:

 * Neither the Hampstead Nurseries nor hospitals and other residential homes have offered ideal conditions for the study of separation per se. We, as well as Dr Bowlby, used data collected under circumstances where the children had to adapt not only to the loss of the mother but also to the change from family to group life, a transition very difficult to achieve for any young child...

Freud stressed the lack of relevant data in which to draw conclusions:

 * we need to supplement our observations, excluding group or ward conditions.

In a paper entitled Brief separations, psychologist Christoph M. Heinicke and psychiatric social worker Ilse J Westheimer, both colleagues of Bowlby at the clinic, discussed their observations, stating that their data could not determine the influence of institutional factors, including that of multiple caretakers. They speculated that:

if it were possible to contrast a minimal care situation with one involving highly individualized care, then one might get quite different results.

In a paper published in 1961 entitled Maternal deprivation: Toward an empirical and conceptual re-evaluation, the paediatrician and psychologist Leon J. Yarrow conducted a review of the research and concluded that maternal separation had never been studied under pure conditions. Yarrow believed the complicating factors were always present. In Bowlby's book, Attachment and Loss, there is a passing reference to the complexities of the institutional situation, and a disappointing emphasis on the assertion that regardless of age and conditions of care, the young child's response to separation is usually the mourning sequence initiated by acute distress:

''The subjects in the various studies differ, e.g. there is a variance in age, the type of home varies, the type of hospital or clinic they visit varies, the type of care they receive and the length of time they at the away from home. In spite of different backgrounds and expectations of the observers, the findings are remarkable in one aspect. That is once a child is aged six months, they tend to respond to the event of separation from mother in certain typical ways''.

Without citing the evidence regarding the influence of each class of variable, Bowlby asserts that by far the most important variable is the absence of the mother, and dismisses other variables as relatively unimportant.

James and Joyce decided to try to determine the influence of variables on the behaviour of healthy young children during a ten-day separation from the mother. The couple decided to become foster parents to a series of young children by providing 24-hour support and make written and filmed observations of their reactions. James made a proposal to Bowlby, who at the time was director of the Tavistock clinic, for a new project that would look at separation in young children in much greater detail. In 1963, Bowlby assigned £1000 for the new unit and in the same year, Robertson joined her husband at the Tavistock clinic as a research associate to work on a project that would be known as Young Children in Brief Separation.

Young Children in Brief Separation
The Robertsons started their work by conducting a comprehensive research review, similar to the type of review that Yarrow conducted. The purpose of the project was to study the influence of factors such as age, level of maturity and object constancy, previous parent-child relationships and quality of substitute care, on the responses of young children to separation from their mother, seeking to identify optimal substitute care. The subjects were between 1.5 and 2.5 years old, healthy, loved and never previously out of their mothers care. The methods involved non-statistical naturalist observations throughout day while the Robertsons were away, using checklists and tape recordings. During the 1950's, James Robertson had used a 16 mm movie camera to study the reactions of young children who were admitted to hospital for treatment, and he planned to make 20 minute Cinéma vérité recordings every day for later study..

One child was to be observed over a nine-day period while staying in a residential nursery, where staff were professional and kind but could not and would not provide substitute mothering or take note and consideration of individual needs of the child. Four other children were selected to be taken into a workers home to act as a foster home where stress was eliminated and the individual needs of the child were met by one mothering person. The four children that were to be fostered were Kate, Thomas, Jane and Lucy whose mothers were going into hospital for a birth of a second child with no other family member available to care for them. The fifth child, John, whose mother was in the same situation as the other mothers, was admitted to a residential nursery. The ages of the fostered children and single residential child were as follows:

 * {| class="wikitable"

! colspan=5 style="background:LightSteelBlue"|Young Children in Brief Separation children ! style="text-align: left;background:#ccc" | Name ! style="text-align: centre;background:#ccc" | Age ! style="text-align: centre;background:#ccc" | Days in care ! style="text-align: centre;background:#ccc" | Type of care ! style="text-align: centre;background:#ccc" | Year of visit
 * Kate
 * 2 years, 5 months
 * 27
 * Fostered
 * 1967
 * Jane
 * 1 year, 5 months
 * 10
 * Fostered
 * 1968
 * Thomas
 * 2 years, 4 months
 * 10
 * Fostered
 * 1971
 * Lucy
 * 1 year, 9 months
 * 19
 * Fostered
 * 1976
 * John
 * 1 year, 5 months
 * 9
 * Residential nursery
 * 1969
 * }
 * 1 year, 5 months
 * 9
 * Residential nursery
 * 1969
 * }

The children who were selected were healthy and happily attached to their parents and had never been subject to separation before. They were allowed to become familiar with the Robertson home. Joyce Robertson found out everything she could about the children, what their diets were, what their daily routines were and what they liked and disliked. When the children moved into the workers homes, they brought along familiar things, like family photographs, photographs of their mothers and toys. Contact between the children and their family via their father who was allowed to visit on a regular basis and if possible, on a daily basis. John in contrast didn't have a comparable placement procedure, rather he was placed in the residential nursery with their normal placement procedure.

In the case of two and half year old Kate, Joyce spent a month visiting the family before the project began, resulting in Kate forming a strong attachment to Joyce. Gradually Kate started to show signs of anxiety after moving into the apartment of the Robertsons. In one play episode, Kate recreated her own house and stated that she loves her parents and wants to see them, but her play parents [Joyce and James] did not seem to want her. She stated:Throw them in the dustbin and demanded they leave the room, but soon began to cry stating she wanted them back. For Jane the experience was worse. When her father visited she seemed remote, laughing unnaturally and crying when her father tried to leave. When she was out for a walk and recognised her own house in passing, she became distressed. The Robertsons believed that at 17 months Jane was too young to assimilate Joyce or to retain a clear image of her mother. Jane became extraordinary attached to Joyce and remained in the state even when she went home where she had to share her mother with a new baby. Joyce believed that Jane's experience was largely positive, even learning new words. When Jane's mother arrived, she accepted her immediately. Thomas, the oldest of the group, suffered the most. He had trouble accepting Joyce's care. In the film he displays his emotions by mixing both affection and aggression towards Joyce and clearly showing his anxiety at the situation. Thomas also avoided looking at his mother's picture. The Robertsons believed that Thomas's state was one of manageable anxiety. When talking about Lucy, Joyce stated that Lucy signalled that she visit the family, which she did several times. On the last visit, Joyce and the family visit a park where Lucy invents a game of separation and reunion, in which she walks Joyce away, then runs back to her mother, then reverses the games, but at no time does she run back to Joyce.

Findings
The findings from the project which ran from 1965 to 1976 were contrary to much of the published literature. Separation per se did not cause acute stress and despair, but rather anxiety, which could be kept to a minimum allowing development to continue. Data indicated that 1 $1⁄2$-year-olds make a complete transfer to the caretaker, while 2 $1⁄2$-year-olds are more ambivalent. The institutionalised child displayed evidence of trauma and cumulative stresses after six years. Their 1971 paper Young Children in Brief Separation, A Fresh Look was also published in the journal, The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. In the summary section, the Robertsons concluded that Bowlby had overgeneralised James Robertson's earlier findings about how children respond in institutional settings. They concluded by stating:

''Our findings do not support Bowlby's generalisations about the responses of young children to separation from the mother per se, nor do they support his theory on grief and mourning in infancy and early childhood. ... but we continue to share his concern about the potential harm associated with early separation from the mother''.

The Robertsons believed that no matter how good the substitute mother, separation of the child from the mother remains a hazard for a young child due to the discontinuity of the mother-child relationship. Each of the four children were able to form a bond with Joyce, and after the separation, were able to reform that bond with their mother. The Robertsons were convinced that if a substitute mother is provided, the child will reach out and bond with the substitute mother, entering into a relationship that will reduce the stress suffered by the child. They suggested that regular contract with a parent, along with reminders such a photographs of their mother would help the child cope with separation. They also suggested that when a child was placed in an unfamiliar environment, the maintenance of familiar home routines would remind them of their home and family, lessening separation anxiety.

Today, these findings can be found in use in day nurseries and day care centres. UK government policy mandates for childcare provision that regulates the permitted child to staff ratio for childcare providers, to ensure that children receive a sufficient amount of attention and stimulation from their substitute mothers.

Award ceremony
In 1969, the Robertsons attended an awards ceremony to collect an award for their film, JOHN, aged 17 months, for 9 days in a residential nursery. They were told that their film was not going to be shown. However, they decided to take along the film and a projector, on the off-chance that they could show a segment. At the ceremony they insisted on showing 10 minutes of it. Attending the ceremony was Lord Keith Joseph, at the time opposition spokesman on Social Services at the Department of Health and Social Care. He was so struck by the film that he ordered that all key people in his department watch the film. As a result, all the civil servants in the department were also affected. This resulted in an impetus that eventually led to the closure of residential care nurseries in Great Britain.

Retirement
When the Robertsons retired from the Tavistock clinic, they immediately established the Robertson Centre in 1975 as an educational trust, whose remit was to promote understanding of the emotional needs of infants and young children. During their time at the centre, they continued to publish high quality articles, with a focus on adoption and fostering and as well as promoting their films.

Awards
In 2003, Robertson and her husband were awarded the Bowlby-Ainsworth Award for Documenting And Improving The Lives Of Young Children In Difficult Circumstances.

title: Joyce Robertson


text:
Web Design/What is HTML

How many times have you heard the term HTML – or HyperText Markup Language – and pretended that you knew exactly what people were talking about while secretly wondering what it actually means? You might have even used HTML a bit already, but still not feel confident to explain what 'markup' actually is...

Well, the great news is, you've already marked-up documents in your own way ever since primary school! By the time you've finished this brief tutorial, you'll see how marking-up an HTML document is not much harder than formatting a word-processing document!

After working through this activity you'll be able to:

 * Mark-up a simple HTML document with headings (
...
 and
...
) and paragraphs (
...
)
 * Explain what 'mark-up' is in everyday terms and give examples of how we use it every day.
 * Explain why we need to get our hands dirty with mark-up languages rather than letting tools like DreamWeaver do all the work for us.

Why hand-code HTML?
Because learning how to use HTML properly will make you a better web designer! Sure you can create a web page using DreamWeaver and Bluefish or other WYSIWYG editors. In fact, you might be thinking "I can already create web pages and I don't know much HTML at all!" – of course you can! But in a certain sense, you can't, because you don't know the essence of what you're doing.

Creating HTML pages using Adobe DreamWeaver is kind-of like delivering a speech through a translator: although you might know exactly what you want to communicate, you can't always control the end result... Why? Because your thoughts and ideas have been translated by someone else (in this case, Dreamweaver)! In the ideal situation we would translate our thoughts ourselves... but to do so, we need to learn the language (in our case, HTML and CSS). Learning the language might be difficult compared to getting a friend to do the translation on your behalf. But it's much more rewarding to do that yourself, right?

Where have I already used markup?
Ever since we learned how to underline important words or headings in primary school we have been using mark-up! Marking-up a document is simply a way of adding meaning or emphasis to a document without changing the content (ie. without changing the words.) Notice how the words in bold stand out as important – the bold adds meaning without changing the content – it tells us which bits of the sentence are most important. Just like when we were in primary school and we underlined the important words in a comprehension exercise, or when we use a highlighter to highlight the important points in an essay.

Perhaps you can find some other examples of mark-up from everyday life, can't you? I remember one student trying to describe how makeup is actually a form of mark-up – adding emphasis without changing the content!

If you've ever used a word processor then you've already been marking-up text like a pro! All word processors (like Microsoft Word or OpenOffice) use mark-up to format documents!

So, it's about time that we had a go at marking-up a Hyper-Text Mark-up Language (HTML) document!

Marking-up a document for the Internet – HTML
Now that we've mark-up a word-processing document, we're going to mark-up the exact same document but in HTML!

Summary
Congratulations! You've now marked-up an HTML document without using DreamWeaver or FrontPage!

To sum-up, HTML is an acronym that stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. Web designers use HTML to add meaning to the content of a web page, using tags such as, , , and. These tags (or mark-up) help web browsers (and therefore people reading your page) to recognize headings, paragraphs and emphasized text on your page (OK, so it gets a bit more complicated, but that's good enough for now!)

The syntax of HTML isn't very difficult to learn but there are some rules that we'll learn to follow in later activities.

You might want to scroll back up to the top and check that you've learned what we set out to learn, noting whether you feel confident or whether you need to spend some more time going over the details.

You may also want to review some of the concepts we've discussed by reading the htmlDog tutorials on paragraphs and headings. When you're ready (and have had a break!) head back to Build a basic web page and take a look at the next suggested activity!

You can also visit https://www.w3schools.com/html/ for a complete HTML tutorial

title: Web Design/What is HTML


text:
ÿ

Letter

 * 1) Used in old or handwritten texts as a ligature for ĳ: for example, lÿst = lijst (list).

title: ÿ


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ernesto David Hepler

The result of the debate was speedy deleted by User:Rmhermen. — Kimchi.sg | Talk 00:03, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Ernesto David Hepler
Speedy delete, nonsense. nonsense tag removed with comment "Keep this article in honor of all the Daveists out there" in the article. Weregerbil 16:38, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, per Weregerbil.--Blue520 16:45, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete — Not even a decent hoax. — RJH 16:47, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, complete unfunny nonsense. Grand  master  ka  16:49, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Clearly meets WP:CSD as nonsense.  Slowmover 17:27, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete this nonsense per everybody. --Lockley 17:47, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as patent nonsense. May be an attempt to make it into BJAODN, but it's not good enough. Fan1967 18:41, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as per nom and comments above. Gwernol 20:04, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete per nom and above Bucketsofg 20:11, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete: G1, utter garbage. Don't condone its existence with a BJAODN. -- Kinu  t /c  20:45, 20 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:AswathMadhubabu

An ardent Software Development Engineer skilled in full-stack development, front end engineering, cloud technologies like AWS, SQL, and programming languages like Java, C#, Python.

title: User:AswathMadhubabu


text:
Gustavo Romanello

Gustavo Luis Romanello (born 11 September 1972) is an Argentine football manager and former player who played as a forward. He is the current assistant manager of Bolivian club Real Tomayapo.

title: Gustavo Romanello


text:
over a barrel

Prepositional phrase

 * 1)  In a disadvantageous or helpless situation, especially one in which one may be controlled or victimized.

Synonyms

 * See also have someone by the short hairs § Synonyms
 * See also have someone by the short hairs § Synonyms

Translations

 * Dutch:, in de knel
 * Italian: spalle al muro
 * Russian: заста́ть кого́-ли́бо враспло́х
 * Spanish: contra la pared

title: over a barrel


text:
John R. Lewis High School

John R. Lewis High School is a public high school in Springfield, Virginia. It is a part of Fairfax County Public Schools (FCPS) and opened in 1958. The school was originally named Robert E. Lee High School (Lee High School) after Robert E. Lee, the Confederate general, but starting at the beginning of the 2020–2021 school year it was renamed John R. Lewis High School after John Lewis, the recently deceased politician and civil rights leader. The school name changes began shortly after the vote was announced. Lewis High School athletic teams are known as the Lancers.

History
At the time the school opened, the Fairfax County school board was opposing racial integration of its schools, and the name reflected the school board's sentiments.

This school is located on Franconia Road across the street of Springfield Town Center, on the border of Franconia and Springfield. The area had a Springfield address and was in the Franconia district of Virginia.

During a meeting on February 4, 1958, a local historical group suggested a compromise. The Upper Pohick Community League submitted a letter proposing that the school board adopt a policy of naming Fairfax County schools after prominent Virginians instead of by place names and that the Franconia High School be renamed something like "Fitzhugh, Lee, etc."

Fitzhugh Lee was suggested because he was born at the Clermont estate. Clermont Elementary School is about 4 miles away, in Alexandria.

During a meeting on May 6, 1958, Mr. Solomon made a motion that all future new high schools in Fairfax County be named for some prominent American, now deceased. Mr. Solomon qualified it by stating that the "Franconia H.S." is not to be included in this motion, just those under construction, or proposed. Therefore, a place name was needed for this school. Both communities were in the Lee district of Virginia and a compromise was reached on a place name. Mr. Woodson said he was "surprised and disappointed that we have this type of controversy among adults. I don't want the children coming to this school saying I'm from Springfield ... I'm from Franconia ... let's fight. Gangs tend to develop in communities where there is controversy." School Board member Mr. Davis said that "He'd rather name a school Podunk then get into the battle like was over Lee High school." The name J.E.B. Stuart was chosen because he had his headquarters on Munson Hill, the site of the school.

The naming of high schools in order was Lee (for the Lee district, May 1958), J.E.B. Stuart and James Madison (same meeting, on Oct 7, 1958). Thomas Edison, George Marshall, and W.T. Woodson followed in 1960, then Thomas Jefferson in 1962. In addition, nine intermediate schools were named by the same school board in May 1959. Among those school names were John G. Whittier and Henry Thoreau. Fifteen schools were named and only one was for a Confederate general. In 1963, Lee was renamed at the request of the SPTA. That was six years later.

Regarding Fairfax County's reaction to Brown: It was not Fairfax County's choice either before or after 1954. Fairfax County Schools, like most southern schools, were under de jure segregation. After the Brown v. Board of Education decision, Daniel Duke, who authored Education Empire wrote: "Whether local school systems such as Fairfax County left to their own, would have moved forward to implement desegregation in the late '50s will never be known. Richmond removed any possibility of local option." it was recognized in court cases that it was the state who was running the show, not the county. They didn't have a choice. In the Virginia General Assembly: delegates from Northern Virginia openly opposed the Stanley Plans as well as calls for even more radical legislation. Virginia's 10th district was the only congressional district to vote against the Gray Plan.

Following a multi-year campaign by two African-American female teenage students to change the school's name, on June 23, 2020, the school board unanimously voted to rename the school. On July 23, 2020, the Fairfax County School Board announced that the school would be renamed to John R. Lewis High School, after John Lewis, the recently deceased politician and civil rights leader. The name change became effective starting the 2020–2021 school year.

Demographics
In the 2016–2017 school year, Lewis High School's total enrollment was 2,132, with a student body composed of 36.84% Hispanic, 25.41% Asian, 20.07% White, 14.10% Black, and 3.58% other.

Administration
Lewis High School has served the Springfield community since it opened in 1958. Like many schools in Fairfax County, Lewis reflects the increasing diversity of its student body. Student families have origins in 42 countries (mostly Latin American) and speak more than 34 languages.

The integration of technology into the instructional program continues to be a major initiative. The labs are equipped with computers, digital cameras, and scanners for computer graphics and photography classes, and a fully computerized CAD lab is available for technical drawing and engineering classes.

Deirdre Lavery was principal from 2014 to 2019. Alfonso Smith was appointed as principal in January 2020.

Career Center
Lewis High School has a College and Career Center inside the school. It is currently run by Carla McIlnay-Shaw. Its goal is to provide students with college planning services through the use of computer software, videos, catalogs, and visits by college representatives from state and national colleges and universities. Career planning, military options, scholarship, and financial aid information are also available. Throughout the year, many special programs are presented for both parents and students.

International Baccalaureate program
The International Baccalaureate (IB) Program is open to all 11th- and 12th-grade students at Lewis High School and presents a "varied and rigorous" program of studies. IB is a comprehensive, integrated program that places as much value on the process of knowledge (teaching the student to analyze and apply knowledge) as the product (preparing the student for the content and assessments). IB courses present options for students to pursue a mixture of major interests (higher-level courses) and less major interests (standard level courses).

With the IB program offered at Lewis High School, students are provided with an internationally recognized educational program which purports to provide a more rigorous and college-preparatory education. Furthermore, an advantage of taking IB courses in Lewis High School is that students get a chance to receive college credit (although the more common Advanced Placement, or AP, program can also provide college credit.) Getting college credit depends on the score the student gets on their IB exam, usually a 6 or 7, and the guidelines for IB transfer credit the college or university the student chooses to attend has (the same is true of AP classes and exams.)

Honor societies
Students are selected for membership through an application process and sometimes interviews are conducted. Candidates must meet the chapter's requirement for scholarship, service, leadership, and character in order to be selected for membership. Continued participation in service projects is required to retain membership. Members must also maintain the chapter's required cumulative GPA and have a good understanding of the language, or specialty.

Student government
The Student Government Association consists of elected and selected students who represent the entire student body. The objectives of the SGA are to promote school spirit, initiative and unity among the different classes and students, coordinate school activities and to provide a means of communication among administration, faculty, and students. The SGA sponsors Homecoming Dance, Homecoming Elections, Powder Puff Game, Chili Cook-Off, Homecoming Parade, Family Feud, The Senior vs. Faculty Basketball Game, Blizzard Blast, Mr. and Ms. Irresistible, International Night, three pep rallies (Fall, Winter, Spring), class elections and balloting among many other school activities.

Publications
The Lance is Lewis High School's monthly newspaper. A student-run newspaper with a staff of approximately 20, The Lance covers news and events in the school, community, and nation. The Lance won Trophy Class, the highest honor bestowed by the Virginia High School League (VHSL), in 2003–2004 and 2005–2006.

The Shield, Lewis's yearbook, serves as an informational record, memory and historical reference for the students and faculty as well as the Lewis High School's community at-large. The Shield covers academics, sports, student activities and student accomplishments with fairness and accuracy. The content is decided upon by the student staff members enrolled in Photojournalism 1, 2, and 3. Recruiting to become part of the staff typically takes place in early February when course selections are being made for the next year. Students are selected through a process that includes a written application, teacher recommendations, and interviews OR through successful completion of Journalism 1. Lewis's 2006–2007 edition of the yearbook was named a Pacemaker finalist.

The Troubador is a literary magazine by and for the students of John R. Lewis High School, published to promote an interest in the arts by showcasing student art and literature.

Lancer Theatre
The Theatre Department at Lewis High School produces two mainstages a year: a fall play and a spring musical. One of the mainstage shows is selected as the Cappies competition piece. Lancer Theatre Department also usually produces a competition piece in October to perform at the Virginia Theatre Association conference. Lancer Theatre's Thespians, troupe 362 of the International Thespian Society, produces an annual Murder Mystery dinner show in September, a Lancer Idol voice competition in December, theatre parties, fundraising, and other community events. To be part of the Thespian Honors Society one must collect 30 points in theatre, which are obtained by being in shows, seeing productions, and so on. Lancer Theatre also has a Drama Club that is open to all current and alumni Lewis students. Drama Club includes theatre updates, food, fun, games, and theatre sports. Finally, Lewis High School offers theatre classes, including Theatre 1–4, IB Theatre 1–2, and Technical Theatre.

Marching band
The marching band includes members from the top two bands, Wind Ensemble and Symphonic Band. Also referred to as the Marching Lancers, they attend all the varsity home football games and play during the halftime show.

In the 2006 year, The Lewis Marching Lancers achieved a superior rating at the VBODA state marching festival, in Winchester, and later received the title of a "Virginia Honor Band."

Sports
Lewis High School offers an array of sports and sporting clubs, including Football, Basketball, Soccer, Baseball, Tennis, Lacrosse, Track and Field, Swimming, Diving, Wrestling, Golf, Indoor Track, Cross Country, Marching band, Field Hockey, Softball, and Volleyball. Sports are offered at Freshmen, Junior Varsity, and Varsity levels. Lewis's sports compete in Virginia's National District.

Track and field
John R. Lewis High School has a successful Track and Field program. It has produced All-District, All-Region, All-State and All-American athletes. In 2007 the Lewis track team came in third in the AAA Virginia State meet. Track coach Gary Powell was awarded Coach of the Year by The Washington Post in 2007. Many Lewis track team athletes continue on with their Track and Field careers onto the collegiate level, including alumnus Terry Cobb (Class of 1966) and Sean Holston (Class of 2007).

Basketball
The Girls' Varsity Basketball team won the Northern Region title for the 2007–2008 season. The Boys' basketball team had a notable alumni Sirvaliant Brown who attended George Washington University in 2001 and was second in the nation in scoring as a freshman.

Softball
The Lancer softball program has shown considerable improvement over the past 5 years. In 2015 they were ranked as high as #6 in the All-Met rankings and have made regionals the past four years in a row. (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017).

Soccer
Lately, the only spring sport that has made it to regionals twice in the Patriot District.

Golf
Lewis's Tyler Spears from the Class of 2014, won the Patriot District Golf Title in October 2010, 2nd place in October 2012 and won in October 2012. He became the first Lewis golfer to win the Golf title in 13 years.

Overall, the Golf team won second place in the Patriot district Tournament in 2012.

Notable alumni

 * Anne Abernathy, Class of 1971 – "Grandma Luge" has made six appearances in the Winter Olympics and in 2016 Summer Olympics for archery; listed in Guinness Book of Records as first woman over age 50 to compete in the Winter Olympics.
 * Sarah Baker – actress best known for roles in movies such as The Campaign and Mascots and TV shows like Louie and Go On.
 * Melissa Belote – triple gold medalist in 1972 Summer Olympics in swimming.
 * SirValiant Brown – professional basketball player
 * Darren "Venus Brown" Floyd (graduated 1987) – A&R / executive producer of will.i.am, The Black Eyed Peas, Justin Timberlake, Fergie, Macy Gray.
 * Suzanne Marie Collins - murder victim
 * Bill Courtney, Class of 1988 - Bucknell University basketball player, College basketball coach
 * Meghan Cox (2013), former professional soccer player
 * John Engelberger, Class of 1995 – defensive end for Virginia Tech, San Francisco 49ers and Denver Broncos.
 * Sabrina Harman (graduated 1996) – U.S. Army reservist convicted in connection with the 2003–2004 Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal in Baghdad, Iraq.
 * Holly Hellmuth (1989) - former soccer player, made one appearance for the United States women's national team.
 * Christina Tosi, Class of 1999 – chef, author, and television personality on MasterChef.
 * Justin Wilson, Class of 1997 – politician

title: John R. Lewis High School


text:
Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Halohydrins

Halohydrins are formed in addition reactions with alkenes, and either an aqueous solution of a halogen or the corresponding hypohalous acid (eg HOBr or HOCl).

Halohydrin formation uses a cyclic bridged ion as an intermediate. Because of this, the stereochemistry of the reaction process is anti.


text:
Second inauguration of Joko Widodo

The second inauguration of Joko Widodo as president of Indonesia took place on Sunday, 20 October 2019 at the Parliamentary Complex, Jakarta. This ceremony marked the commencement of the second consecutive and final five-year term of Joko Widodo (universally known as Jokowi) as president and first term of Ma'ruf Amin as vice president.

Jokowi-Amin ticket won the 2019 election with 55.5% of the popular vote against their only opponent, Prabowo Subianto-Sandiaga Uno. After Prabowo's dispute was rejected by the Constitutional Court, the General Elections Commission (KPU) declared the ticket as winner.

Inauguration ceremony
The inauguration ceremony was started on 15:30 local time (08:30 UTC), 60 minutes later than scheduled. It was held as a People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) parliamentary session and was led by its speaker Bambang Soesatyo. As the inauguration was held in a Sunday, the assembly decided to push forward the session starting time, which usually held at 10:00 local time. The reasons were to give Christians and Buddhists to attend their respective religious service. It was also intended to not interrupt the weekly car free day held near the venue at the morning to noon with road closures; the car free day event was cancelled anyway.

Unlike the previous inauguration, cultural parades were not held. The event's security involved 31,000 personnel from the Indonesian National Police and the Indonesian National Armed Forces.

Indonesians

 * Iriana, First Lady of Indonesia
 * Mufidah Mi'ad Saad, Second Lady of Indonesia
 * Wury Estu Handayani, Second Lady-designate of Indonesia
 * Megawati Sukarnoputri, 5th president of Indonesia and 8th vice president
 * Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, 6th president of Indonesia
 * Hamzah Haz, 9th vice president of Indonesia
 * Boediono, 11th vice president of Indonesia
 * Hadi Tjahjanto, Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces
 * Tito Karnavian, Chief of the Indonesian National Police
 * Puan Maharani, Speaker of the DPR
 * La Nyalla Mattalitti, Speaker of the DPD
 * Anwar Usman, Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia
 * Akbar Tanjung, 13th speaker of the DPR
 * Agung Laksono, 14th speaker of the DPR
 * Ginandjar Kartasasmita, 1st Speaker of the DPD
 * Irman Gusman, 2nd Speaker of the DPD
 * Oesman Sapta Odang, 4th speaker of the DPD
 * Anies Baswedan, Governor of Jakarta
 * Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, former Governor of Jakarta
 * Prabowo Subianto, losing presidential nominee of 2019 presidential election
 * Sandiaga Uno, losing vice-presidential nominee of 2019 presidential election

Royalty leaders and the representatives

 * 🇧🇳 Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei
 * 🇸🇿 Mswati III, King of Eswatini
 * 🇯🇵 Norihiro Nakayama, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan (as Emperor of Japan's Special Envoy)

Presidents, vice presidents, and the representatives

 * Henry Van Thio, Second Vice-President of Myanmar
 * 🇰🇷 Noh Young-min, Chief of Staff to the President of South Korea (as President of South Korea's Special Envoy)
 * 🇵🇭 Teodoro Locsin Jr., Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines (as President of the Philippines' Special Envoy)
 * 🇸🇷 Soewarto Moestadja, Ministry of Labour (Suriname) (as President of Suriname's Special Envoy)
 * Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, Minister of State for Tolerance of United Arab Emirates (as President of the United Arab Emirates' Special Envoy).
 * 🇺🇸 Elaine Chao, Secretary of Transportation of the United States (as U.S. president's Special Envoy)
 * Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh, Vice President of Vietnam

Prime ministers and deputy prime ministers

 * 🇦🇺 Scott Morrison, Prime Minister of Australia
 * Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia
 * 🇱🇦 Saleumxay Kommasith, Foreign Minister of Laos (as President of Laos' Special Envoy)
 * Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia
 * 🇸🇬 Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore
 * 🇹🇭 Wissanu Krea-ngam, Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand

Morrison's appearance was the fourth consecutive by an Australian prime minister in an Indonesian presidential inauguration, which dates back to 2004, the year of Indonesia's first popularly-elected presidential election.

title: Second inauguration of Joko Widodo


text:
Statue of Henry Campbell-Bannerman

A statue of Henry Campbell-Bannerman by Paul Raphael Montford stands in Stirling, Scotland. Erected in 1913, it depicts Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Liberal Member of Parliament for Stirling Burghs. It is located on Corn Exchange Road and is close to Stirling railway station. Historic Environment Scotland notes the statue as a listed building.

title: Statue of Henry Campbell-Bannerman


text:
Bla Bla Bla (Gigi D'Agostino song)

"Bla Bla Bla" is a song written and recorded by Italian DJ Gigi D'Agostino. It was released in May 1999 as the third single from the album L'Amour Toujours. It reached number 3 in Austria and number 15 in France.

The vocal samples are from the line "I've been thinking 'bout what you have done to me", from Stretch's 1975 single "Why Did You Do It".

Music video
The song also featured a popular music video, which was directed by Andreas Hykade and Ged Haney at Studio Film Bilder GmbH, in the style of Italian animated series La Linea. The music video shows a boy with a floating head and no arms walking toward what appears to be a shark that multiplies itself and can change direction. This style was also used in "The Riddle", another song by Gigi D'Agostino, originally by British singer Nik Kershaw.

title: Bla Bla Bla (Gigi D'Agostino song)


text:
Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Reactions with organometallic reagents

Organometallic compounds are organic substances which contain bonds between carbon to metallic elements. Common metals found in organometallic compounds are Na, K, Li, Mg, and B.

Formation of organometalic reagents: R-X + 2M -> R-M +MX

 * 1) Organolithium, organosodium and organopotassium
 * 2) Organo-magnesium: Grignard reagents RMgX
 * 3) Transition-metal organometallics
 * 4) organo-molybdenum and tungsten: metathesis catalysts
 * 5) organo-titanium: Tebbe's reagent
 * 6) organo-iron: Collman's reagent

(This is obviously in very early draft form...)


text:
Introduction to Strategic Studies/Cold War

part of Strategic Studies

Summary
An introduction to the causes and effects of the bipolar struggle between the USSR and the USA.

Introduction
This will introduce you to the issue and the questions to be posed in the class.

Required Readings

 * Wikipedia: Cold War

Optional Readings
Please read two articles from the following list by different authors, minimum, before beginning this class lecture:

Project
Briefly introduce the project(s) and how they fit with the learning material. Give any tips on the projects that need to be stated prior to opening the project (especially if the contents are supposed to be a bit of a surprise) Cold War Project

Denouement
This will detail what has been learned and encourage you to add feedback to this page from your own experiences from the project.


text:
Talk:Deirdre Clune

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title: Talk:Deirdre Clune


text:
Ivan Franko Park (Lviv)

Ivan Franko Park (Парк імені Івана Франка), formerly known as Kościuszko Park and the Jesuit Gardens, is a park in Lviv, Ukraine. It is the oldest park in the country.

History
In the 16th century, the land of the park was the property of the Szolc-Wolfowicz family and Antonio Massari, a Venetian consul. They passed the property to a Jesuit order. The park's former name Jesuit Gardens derived from that history. The monastic residents built a brewery and an inn with the elegance of Italian refinery. During a siege by Moscow's army in 1655, a rampart wall was built around the property. By the end of the 18th century, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, following his policy of confiscating monastic holdings, ordered the establishment of a municipal park in Lviv. In 1799, restaurateur Johann Höcht leased the park and opened a French resort on the site. It was redesigned by horticulturist Karl Bauer as a landscaped park in 1855.

Location
The Ivan Franko Park (Lviv, Ukraine) is located on a hillside of the Lviv Heights between Lystopadovoho Chynu and Krushelnytskoi Streets. It is near Lviv University, which is also named after Ivan Franko. The park fills a parallelogram between Marshalkovska, Mitskevych, Mateyko and Krashevsky Streets (presently, Universitetska, Lystopadovoho Chynu, Mateyko, and Krushelnytskoi). A large statue of Ivan Franko towers over the park.

Ecosystem
The park contains maples, oaks, linden, chestnut, and other trees of varying ages.

title: Ivan Franko Park (Lviv)


text:
Electronics/Electrolysis

Electrolysis involves an electric field and the motion of electrons through a liquid.

GCSE Science/Electricity

Electrolysis is the decomposition of certain types of substance using electricity.The types of substance that can be split are ionic substances.This just means that they are made of charged ions rather than neutral atoms.{Remember that an ion is just an atom that has either a positive or negative charge}. An example of an ionic substance is common table salt sodium chloride. The sodium atom has a positive charge, the chlorine atom has a negtive charge. It is usually written as Na+Cl-.

Q1) Check in a periodic table, what is the symbol for sodium Na or Cl?

As you may already know if you've studied the Metals module, a salt is any substance made by combining an acid with an alkali. Acids, alkalis, and therefore all salts are ionic.

Q2) Which of the following substances can be broken up by electrcity Sodium chloride, iron sulphate, copper nitrate?

Basic Experimental Setup
Most ionic compounds are not liquid at room temperature. This is a problem because the ions need to be able to move for the electric current to be able to flow. This can be achieved by melting. Look at the electrical setup shown on the right. The electrodes are just tqwo carbon rods connected to a battery. The one connected to the positive electrode is called the anode. The one connected to the negative electrode is called the cathode.

Consider for example the compound lead bromide. This compound is a solid at room temperature but can be molten over a Bunsen flame. So what you would do is put some lead bromide into a beaker. Put the beaker on a tripod over a bunsen flame. Melt the lead bromide, then put in the electrodes and turn the power supply on at a setting of say 2V. What you would see happening is the anode, is a silvery coating of pure lead forming, and bromine forming at the cathode. The current would continue to flow until all the lead bromide was turned into lead and bromine.

Q3) It takes energy to split uo a compound like lead bromide. Where does this energy come from ?  Q4) Predict what products you would get at the anode and cathode if copper chloride was the electrolyte.

What happens at the anode
The anode is the positive electrode. It attracts negatively charged ions, because unlike charges attract. The bromine ions move through the melt until they reach the anode. Once they get there, they give up their two extra electrons to become bromine atoms.

Br2- --> Br + 2e-

The electrons flow up the anode to the positive terminal of the battery.

What happens at the cathode
The cathode is the negative electrode. It attracts the positively charged ions. Metal ions are always positive and so the lead ions flow through the melt until they get to the cathode. Once they get there they take two electrons each from the cathode. The electrons flow down the cathode from the negatively terminal of the battery and onto the lead ions.

Pb2+ + 2e- --> Pb

Q5) Solid ionic substances do not conduct electricity and are not split up by it. Why do you think that is?

Quantity calculations (higher tier only)

In the experiment with lead bromide, you saw that lead was deposited at the cathode. If you actually do the experiment you will see that the lead coats the cathode. In this section we will look at how much metal will coat a cathode in a given time.

A scientist performed the following experiment.
 * A copper cathode was carefully cleaned and accurately weighed.
 * It was placed along with an abnode into a solution of copper sulphate.
 * It was connected via a ammeter to a variable power supply.
 * A current was left to run for a given time then the cathode was removed and weighed again.

His results were:

You can see from the results that the total amount of copper deposited depends on both the current and the time it flows. This is because the number of copper atoms that can be made from ions depends on the total amount of charge that flows. The unit of charge is the coulomb.

One coulomb is the amount of charge when one Amp flows for one second (see GCSE Science/Measuring electricity

Q6)Look at the results table above. How much copper is deposited when 1A flows for 3000 seconds?

Q7)How much copper do you predict would be doposited if 1A were to flow for 6000 seconds.

Q8)What about if 2A were to flow for 12000 seconds ?

Electrolysis of Aqueos solutions (Advanced)
Before studying this section check with your teacher to see if you need to.

Earlier on in this module you've learned that ions must be able to move in order for electrolysis to work. If the ions are held rigid {such as in a solid}, they can't move and no electricity will flow. We've looked at how the freeing up of ions can occur by melting the electrolyte. Another way to achieve this is by dissolving th electrolyte in water. The trouble with this method is, there will be more than one type of ion present.

water partially splits up into ions {this is why it's such a good solvent for ionic compounds}. It splits into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.

H2O --> H+ +OH-

So at the cathode there will be two ions present. The Metal ion and the hydrogen ion from the water. Which element is actually produced at the cathode depends on how reactive the metal is. If the metal is very reactive, such as potassium, or sodium, then hydrogen will be produced. If the metal is unreactive such as silver, the metal will be produced.{I hope you learned your displacement reactions in lower school}. To work out which ion wins, the metal or the hydrogen, compare their reactivities in a the reactivity series. The one that is most reactive, will not be produced at the cathode.

A similar situation occurs at the anode. Hydroxide ions {from the water} are usually discharged at the anode ultimately producing oxygen.

OH- --> OH + e-

4OH --> 2H2O + O2.

This is true for most things but if the ions are bromine, chlorine, or fluorine {i.e. a halogen} then the halogen will be produced. {You are unlikely to need to remember this, only understand it}

Q9) Sodium chloride is dissolved in water and subjected to electrolysis. Explain what you see at each of the electrodes.

Answers | <>

title: Electronics/Electrolysis


text:
Hanging bowl

Hanging bowls are a distinctive type of artefact of the period between the end of Roman rule in Britain in c. 410 AD and the emergence of the Christian Anglo-Saxon kingdoms during the 7th century, continuing rather later. The surviving examples have mostly been found in Anglo-Saxon graves, but there is general agreement that they reflect Celtic traditions of decoration, albeit sometimes combined with Anglo-Saxon influences.

The bowls are usually of thin beaten bronze, between 15–30 cm (6-12 inches) in diameter, and dished or cauldron-shaped in profile. Typically they have three decorated plates ('escutcheons') applied externally just below the rim to support hooks with rings, by which they were suspended. The ornament of these plates is often very sophisticated, and in many cases includes beautiful coloured enamel work, commonly in champlevé and using spiral motifs. Although their designs and manufacture are thought to proceed from Celtic technique, they are principally found in eastern Britain, and especially in the areas which received Anglo-Saxon acculturation which employed grave goods in burial practices in contrast to Christian practice. Their production is also evidenced in Pictish and Irish contexts, but they seem almost completely absent from the Brittonic areas of Wales, Devon and Cornwall.

Three were found in the famous Sutton Hoo ship-burial, as well as one in another mound at the site. Rupert Bruce-Mitford's corpus gives the following breakdown of the locations in modern terms of the 174 finds he includes (many are just one or more elements of a bowl):
 * England 117, Scotland 7, Ireland 17
 * Norway 26, Sweden 2, Denmark 1,
 * Germany 2, Belgium 1, Netherlands 1

Function
The bowls are enigmatic because their intended function is not certainly known. Many have finely-worked escutcheons set centrally within, which makes it unlikely that they could have contained opaque or sticky material such as lamp-fat. The theory that they were used as maritime compasses, with a magnetic pin floated on water within the bowl, is discounted because many have an iron band around the rim which would render this unworkable. Another opinion is that they were used for the Roman custom of mixing wine and water for service at table. Some bowls are too small to make this explanation workable if serving a group were intended. However, in ritual Christian or other meals it would be possible for a group to dip bread into such a wine-bowl in imitation of the Last Supper.

Part of the puzzle lies in whether the bowls were normally suspended by threads from a central fulcrum (like a lamp), or from hooks on a tripod with tall wooden legs. There is some support for the latter view, because the nearest formal parallel for such bowls from antique contexts is in depictions of the Oracular Cortina, a three-hooked bowl suspended within a tripod, over which the priestess sat when pronouncing oracles. Certainly if water were contained in the bowls it is more likely to have been for ritual or liturgical purposes than for general consumption owing to the limited capacity. This would therefore be 'special' water, perhaps consecrated for baptism or aspersion, or (in other religious circumstances) derived from a sacred source or spring. 'Tripods' are also mentioned as prizes for warriors in early literature, including the early Welsh.

Motifs
Some bowls have clearly Christian motifs on their escutcheons. The spiral ornament developed through the 6th to 7th century invention of the 'trumpet-spiral' pattern, which was afterwards adopted from these enamels and incorporated into the repertoire of the famous painted Gospel-books such as the Book of Durrow or the Lindisfarne Gospels. This painted decoration was certainly intended for meditative contemplation and as a devotional work. From the very mixed cultures and beliefs of the inhabitants of Britain during the Dark Ages, the art, and perhaps some part of the function of these bowls became absorbed into the Celto-Saxon ornamental language of Christian Britain. Among the finest examples is the large bowl from the Sutton Hoo ship-burial (near Woodbridge, Suffolk), which has an enameled fish sculpture set to swivel on a pin within the bowl.

Silver bowls
There are two known silver bowls, both smaller than most bronze examples at about 6 in across. These are the now lost Witham bowl, found in Lincolnshire in the 19th century and now known only from good quality drawings, and a bowl from the St Ninian's Isle Treasure. The Witham bowl, which included a standing animal figure in the centre of the bowl, animal heads on the escutcheons, and a good deal of other decoration, was last seen, in good condition, at an exhibition in 1868. Despite being recognised as important at the time, it then disappeared. Rupert Bruce-Mitford dates it to roughly 800.

Influence on church plate
The distinctive shape of the two most famous early Irish chalices, the Ardagh Chalice and the Derrynaflan Chalice has been described as an adaptation of the hanging bowl form for a different use, although others see them as using shapes derived from Byzantine metalwork.

title: Hanging bowl


text:
divining rod

Noun

 * 1) Rod used for dowsing, a technique of divination used to locate subterranean sources of water, metal, other mineral resources or even various other things through magic, or according to many believers a natural phenomenon.

Translations

 * Czech:
 * Danish: ønskekvist
 * Dutch:, wichelstok
 * Esperanto: rabdo
 * Faroese: spákvistur
 * Finnish:
 * French:, , baguette divinatoire
 * German:
 * Greek: ράβδος υδροσκόπου
 * Hungarian:
 * Latin: virgula divina, virgula divinatoria
 * Occitan: devinet, bròca de devinaire
 * Swedish:
 * Volapük: vaälatuigül

title: divining rod