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User:IamBrahman/sandbox

Concept Of God In Hinduism In Hindu Vedic religion there is only one Supreme God. Vedas call it by the name of “Brahman”, “Parabrahma”,”Paramatma”. Hindus worship this Supreme God both in personal & impersonal form. Vedas mostly mention impersonal God Brahman which is only ultimate true reality & original nature of God from metaphysical point of view. While Puranas mention Trimurti which are three personal manifestations of Brahman.

Major God- Major God in Hinduism is Supreme Brahman/Para Brahman/Paramatma which is only one without second. The Trinity (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva) & their avatars are manifestation of only one Supreme Brahman. Even though Trinity & their Avatars have different divine bodies but they have same single atman/soul (innermost core and essence) that is Supreme Brahman. Trinity and their Avatars are no different from each other they are only one but have manifested in different divine bodies. Normal human being consider divine bodies as Supreme God because they wrongly identify divine bodies of trinity and their avatars with spiritual body of Supreme Brahman which reside in divine body

There are mainly four denomination in Hinduism they are: -

1) Vaishnavism- Lord Vishnu is considered as Supreme Brahman. Followers of Vaishnavism worship Vishnu and his ten incarnations. Two most-worshiped incarnations of Vishnu areKrishna & Rama.

2) Shaivism - Shaivas or Shaivites are those who primarily worshipShiva as the Supreme Brahman, both immanent and transcendent

3) Shaktism - Shaktas worship goddess as Mother Shakti. Mother Shakti is considered as Supreme Brahman as well as Prakriti (Maya/energy) of Brahman which is not separate from Brahman itself. In Shaktism the goddess is presented as both the Brahman & Prakriti. These forms may include Durga, Kali, Parvati, Lakshmi, Saraswati.

4) Smartism - Smartas treat all deities as same, & their temples include five deities (Pancopasana) or Panchadevata. It is nonsectarian as it encourages the worship of any personal god along with others such as Ganesha, Shiva, Devi (Shakti), Vishnu, Surya.

Minor gods/Devas in Hinduism and Misconception of 33 crore/330 million gods :-

There is no such concept of 330 million god. There are only 33 Koti/types (Literal meaning of Koti is types) of gods/Devas whose function is to sustain the world. Each living being consist of fraction of this Devas. These Devas are not able to give you Moksha/Nirvana (liberation), freedom from Samsara/cycle of death & birth so these Devas should not be worshiped. These devas are just creation of Supreme Brahman. In Vedic period these devas were only worshiped only to get temporary heaven/Swarg. One who seek liberation & freedom from Samsara/cycle of birth of death they should not worship such Devas. They should be revered by considering presence of Supreme Brahman within them which is in the form of Atman/soul.

Reference:- (“Those who devote themselves to the Devas have only meagre intelligence and obtain (only) fruits that are temporary (invariably subject to destruction). The worshippers of the Devas go the (abode of) the Devas, but my devotees come to me (My eternal spiritual abode).” (Srimad Bhagavad-Gita: 7.23)

“Persons whose conscience is stolen by material desires worship other devas (gods other than Myself) and follow the particular rules and regulations of worship which correspond to the ends they desire, being governed by their own (conditioned) natures.”(Srimad Bhagavad-Gita: 7.20)

With Supreme God’s influence, these thirty three (supporting Devata) sustain the world) (Atharva Veda 10-7-13)

There are only thirty three devas/demigods (brihadaranyaka Upanishad 3:9:2)

Metaphysical concept of God in Hinduism- (is God impersonal or personal?)

Gods general ultimate form is formless pure consciousness (Nirakar Nirguna/without form/Impersonal) but it can manifests into divine form (Sakar Saugna/with form/personal).God has ability to manifest into any kind of form and shape. If some says God cannot have Ability to have form then it is contradictory to his own attributes. Nothing is impossible for God. Being manifested in different forms is ability of the Almighty God. It is very necessary to acknowledge that the Brahman “itself”, “Whatever it is” is in unmanifest state & beyond imagination but as it gets covered in Prakriti (Prikriti is material energy of Brahman e.g. Earth, water, fire, air, ether, mind, & intelligence) it appears to be manifested as personal form. Here at above places the meaning of manifestation is taken in sense to that which appears to have taken form/symbolic and but it is unreal from the standpoint of absolute reality (Empirical reality). Unmanifest absolute Brahman is analogues to the infinite source of unmanifest electric energy while its personal Sakar form is analogues to the lightened bulb. When unmanifest electric energy is supplied to filament enclosed in glass bulb it appears in the form of light. In the same way the unmanifest Brahman when gets covered/embodied in Prakriti it appears to have taken form. The Formless Brahman is analogues to Air and water & its personal form is analogues to balloon filled with air or water. Air and water both are formless but when they are contained in transparent balloon then they appear to have taken form but that does not mean that Air and Water both elements have lost its properties of being formless. In the same way the formless Brahman when it resides and pervades the Body made up of material element within universe it appears to have taken form but in reality it does not lose its formless nature. The God with Form is unified with Formless God which is supreme reality. Vedas mostly describe Nirakar Nirguna Brahman which is formless, omnipresent, eternal consciousness. Vedas mention Supreme God as Brahman (not to be confused with Brahma from Trinity).

“Ekam Sat-Viprah Bahudha Vadanti. “The One Being, the wise diversely speak of.”- (Rig-Veda 1.164.46)

“The source and origin of the gods, ruler of all, May Supreme God, the great seer, who anciently created the golden germ, endow us with clear intellect.” - (Svetasvatara Upanishad III.4)

“Great indeed are the Devas (demigods) who have sprung out of Supreme God.” - (Atharva Veda)

Hinduism is an open-minded discipline. It is a discipline that does not use force on its follower. That is, it does not dictate the follower to act by one step by step recipe it gives, condemning all other recipes. Hinduism describes everything as divine and sacred because God is everywhere and in everyone. Supreme Self has truly created this real world, everything belongs to God but it also pervades everywhere. Hinduism speaks about all-pervasiveness and all-controlling nature of the Supreme Being. The Changing things that appear in the physical and mental world may be realized as divine: the Supreme Self that shines unmixed in everyone and everything, beneath all names and forms and qualities of personality and world. He pervades everywhere — is explained by the use of phrases such as “He is near and also very far” (yaddure yadvantike); “He is within and without” (tadantarasya sarvasya tadu sarvasya bahyatah); “He moves and yet does not move”(taddhavato’nyanatyeti tisthat). These apparently contradictory attributes reveal his achintya shakti — unthinkable nature (which may not be understood under human senses but exists)

“All this that is in front is but Supreme God, the immortal. Supreme God is on the right, as well as on the left; above & below too, is extended Supreme God alone. This world is nothing but Supreme God, the highest.” - (Mundaka Upanishad 2.2.11)

“All this entire universe belongs to God; who lives in it, in every smallest bit of it. It moves; and yet it does not move. God is far beyond the furthest reach of space and time; and yet He is immediate, forever close, and inseparably present here. He is here inside, in everything; yet it is outside all of this. God shines pure, through everything unconstrained by muscled body, unaffected by all ill, untouched by any taint of sin.”- (Isha Upanishad, stanzas 4-8).

Katha Upanishad it is said: “Paramātmā is the same everywhere, in every world, on every level throughout the entire Cosmos. Until you recognize this you will continue to be reborn. Paramātmā remains the same – in past, present and future. It is the same in the heart of an ant or an elephant, in every living being. It is the Cause of everything.” Thus the major difference between the Hindu and the Abrahamic beliefs is while Abrahamic religions speaks relatively partial attributes of the God, Hinduism speaks about complete attributes.

God is experienced in two aspects – as Nirakar and Sakar.

v Nirakar Nirguna is the eternal all-pervading and omnipresent divine consciousness. The Absolute without qualities, is impersonal, without Guna or attributes, Nirakara (formless), Nirvisesha (without special characteristics), immutable and eternal. This “Formless” form of God is called Sat-Chit-Ananda Rupa (Eternal-Truth-Consciousness-Bliss-Form) v Saguna Sakar is the manifestation of God in form. Qualified absolute, came from the Sanskrit Saguna (सगुण) “with qualities” and Brahman (ब्रह्मन्) “the Absolute.” The personal aspect of the Ultimate Reality. This Saguna Brahman is eternal, undecaying and non-differentiated from Nirguna Brahman.

v Verses Describing God as Formless (Nirakar)

“Na tasya pratima asti” “There is no likeness of Him.” [Svetasvatara Upanishad 4:19/ Yajurveda 32:3]

There is no Form of Nirguna Brahma or God as Supreme Consciousness. “His formless form is not to be seen; no one sees Him with the eye.” [Svetasvatara Upanishad 4:20]

His Formless Form can’t be seen. Though He manifests Himself as Sakar Saguna Brahman, but no one can see Him with present eyes or material eyes. To see His Supreme and Original Form one needs spiritual perfection. “No one can understand the transcendental nature of the name, form, quality and pastimes of God through his materially contaminated senses. Only when one becomes spiritually saturated by transcendental service to the Lord are the transcendental name, form, quality and pastimes of the Lord revealed to him.” (Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu 1.2.234).

God says: “You cannot see me with your present eyes. Therefore I give you divine eyes, so that you can behold my mystic opulence”(Bhagavad-Gita 11.8)

“Shudhama papviddham” “He is bodiless (Here Body means the physical structure, including the bones, flesh, and organs which is made from element within universe. Brahman has unique transcendental formless spirit body which is infinite like space) & pure.” (Yajurveda 40:8)

“He (Brahman/Paramatma) does not possess bodily form like that of an ordinary living entity. There is no difference between His body and His soul. He has unique transcendental spiritual/spirit body which is infinite and omnipresent like space. Brahman is omnipresent soul and Soul “itself” is his spiritual body. He is absolute. All His senses are transcendental. Any one of His senses can perform the action of any other sense. Therefore, no one is greater than Him or equal to Him. His potencies are multifarious, and thus His deeds are automatically performed as a natural sequence.” (Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.7-8)

God as Nirakar Nirguna Brahman or Supreme Consciousness is body less and pure. That doesn’t mean His Sakar Saguna form is impure, it is pure too.

v Verses Describing God In Form (Sakar Saguna)

“The Lord of the universe, Lives inside the universe, And without being born, Appears in many forms, And only the wise realize his real form” - (Rig Veda Purusha Suktam 2.3)

Although I (Supreme transcendental Brahman) am unborn, imperishable, unchangeable and God of all living entities I do incarnate (Sambhavami –cause to be born or produced) by using my Maya/Internal energy. (Maya: 1-Vidya -Internal extraordinary energy, wisdom, knowledge 2-Avidya - illusion & ignorance formed under the influence of three (Gunas) modes of nature.)   - (Bhagavad Gita 4:6) Meaning – Even though I am unborn I appear to be born & embodied because of my Prakriti (material energy:-Earth, water, fire, air, ether, mind, and intelligence) of which I am controller & influence of Maya/Illusion. I control both Para (superior infinite energy) & Apara Prakriti (material energy). I never get influenced by three modes of nature. My transcendental infinite/formless space like form never cease to exist when I incarnate. My birth & death in personal form are just empirical reality similar to the mirage or reflection of object in water.

Whenever & wherever there is a decline in Dharma/righteousness & religious practice, O descendant of Bharata, and a predominant rise of irreligion at that time I descend (Sruja-send myself forth/Descend/take visible form) myself (aham-I/Me, atmanam-self). (Bhagavad Gita 4:7)

Though unborn, it appears to be born in diverse ways. (Yajurveda 31.19)

The Lord, takes on manifold form. (It) transformed Himself in accordance with each form; that form of His was for the sake of making Him known. (e.g.:- just like presence of unmanifest electric energy can be perceived by lightened bulb) (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 2.5.19)

“Your form, Supreme God, which is kind, pure, free from fear and evil, with that most loving form, appear to us” (Shvetashvatara Upanishad 3.6)

He has an eternal blissful spiritual body. He is the origin of all. He has no other origin and he is the prime cause of all causes.”(Brahma Samhita 5.1)

There are two forms of Brahman, the material & the immaterial, the mortal and the immortal, the solid and the fluid, sat (being) and tya (that), (i.e. sat-tya, true). (The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 2.3.1)

Therefore it can be understood now that God has two forms Nirakar Nirguna & Sakar Saguna. These two form Characteristics of God like all-powerful, all-knowing, all-merciful, pure, infinite etc. remains same. Just like water has three forms – liquid, solid & vapor, though it appears in different forms but core substance H2O remains same in all forms. In the same way the Brahman/God is only one without second & has ability to manifests in different forms at the same time anywhere on the earth & still remaining present everywhere. Its formless feature is omnipresent & infinite like space and it is able to manifest in number of forms at different places at the same time. God is Supreme Soul which itself is Spiritual body. The God manifests in the form that means it wears or gets covered in body which is made from elements (material body) present within universe.

All Puranas mention that the trinity Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva are Swayabhu (self-existing by its own accord) & have same soul. Their own individual soul in not different from supreme soul Brahman. Their own soul is only one that is Brahman. The Gods in Trinity are in unification (complete absorption of mind and intellect into oneness) with Supreme formless Brahman so they are one. One should have idea about Atman/soul, Brahman/super soul, and divine bodies within which Atman/Brahman is residing to get liberated from Samsara. In case of Trimurti & Avatars their Atman/soul and Brahman/Supreme Soul is same, they are Jivanmukta (free from cycle of death & birth) & are in unification with Brahman (Brahma Bhava/Non duality/Turiya state– state of being in identification with Brahman, Oneness of mind with Brahman). In case of all normal living beings as their Atman/Soul is covered in Pancha Koshas/Five sheaths of ignorance (namely Annamaya kosha, Pranamaya kosha, Manamaya kosha, Vijnanamaya kosha, Anandamaya kosha) which keeps them in ignorance/illusion so they have false ego (mind, thoughts and intellect is attached to perishable body and impermanent material nature) of physical body as individual self which make them feel differentiated from the Atman/Soul & thus they are trapped in Samsara/cycle of death and birth. Spiritually ignorant person identify himself with gross physical body, intellect & thoughts while Personal Gods are in self-realization state and their mind is completely absorbed in their infinite soul (soul is infinite B.G.- 2.24,2.17) which is supreme soul Brahman. When Shree Krishna was using “I” or “Me” while reveling Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna he was referring everything w.r.t. his own Atman/Brahman (soul) by destroying false ego of body as himself and getting his mind completely absorbed in Brahman. Shri Krishna is not physical perishable body but he is his Atman/Brahman (soul) and soul is infinite, spiritual, space like, formless transcendental body(When Shri Krishna was narrating Bhagavad Gita he had become one with Brahman. His mind had got detached from his physical body. His mind had become fully absorbed in infinite Brahman making him omnipresent) Shri Krishna is not his physical body or any illusionary apparition body created by his energy (magic) but he has space like infinite transcendental body, that formless body is his soul. There is no difference between his infinite formless body and his soul because both are one Brahman/soul. Concept of God in Hinduism can be understand by Advaita philosophy, three types of Realities and concept of Five Koshas which covers individual Atman, & Turiya State of Oneness/Non duality.

Reference:- Turiya state is state of Oneness of mind/non duality with Brahman. (Complete absorption of mind and intellect with Brahman. – (The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 5.14.3, Chandogya Upanishad 8.7 - 8.12)

Panch Koshas – Five sheaths of ignorance that covers individual Atman & create ignorance & illusion among normal living entities that their individual self/Soul is different from supreme Soul even when in reality Soul and supreme soul are one (Taittiriya Upanishad 2:1 – 2:10)

Avyaktam vyaktim apannam manyante mam abuddhayah | param bhavam ajananto mamavyayam anuttamam (Bhagavad Gita 7:24) Meaning: - Only Unintelligent think & limit my unmanifest,supreme, incomparable and imperishable existence to personal manifest human like form. What is visible is just an empirical reality. This is because they do not know my transcendental infinite state. Here Shri Krishna says that his personal form is not ultimate reality. His Saguna Brahman is posited as a means to realizing Nirguna Brahman and declare Saguna Brahman to be empirical, pragmatical reality. The unmanifest infinite electric energy cannot be compared with lightened bulb and light in the same way Shri Krishna’s personal form cannot be compared with his inconceivable space like infinite form/impersonal Brahman.

Shri Krishna again declares that those who are attached to the unmanifested, impersonal (formless, infinite, space like, transcendental) aspect of the Krishna, for them spiritual advancement is very troublesome. To make progress in that discipline is always difficult for those who are embodied. Some of Abrahamic religion worship Supreme reality in formless feature so according to Shri Krishna for them spiritual growth is slow and tough. Shri Krishna prefer worship of Supreme reality in his divine personal form. Reference-

When Hindus greet with each other with Namaste its literal meaning is "I bow to the divine in you". Hinduism have unique concept of God and God is considered to be residing in heart of each living being in the form of soul that’s why Hindus bow down in front of Cows and saints not because they are God but because they have presence of essence and divinity as Supreme God Brahman. Abrahamic religions usually try to find God elsewhere or in sky while in Hinduism God is seen in all living beings and each one is treated equally.

Reference: - A true devotee sees Brahman/Supreme soul situated as Atman/soul in all living beings & also in himself equally everywhere. – (Bhagavad Gita 6:29)

Whoever sees (perceive) me everywhere and everything in me, for him I am never lost, nor is he ever lost to Me. – (Bhagavad Gita 6:30)

Such a yogi, who serve me through devotional service by perceiving (knowing that) me as only one situated in all living beings he remains always remains in me in all circumstances. (Bhagavad Gita 6:31)

He is considered perfect yogi who compares his own atman/soul/self and sees it as equal everywhere in every living being both in happiness and distress. (Bhagavad Gita 6:32)

And of all yogis, the one with true full faith who worship me with his inner self abiding in me (Who think of himself in me) he is deemed by me as most devout. (Bhagavad Gita 6:47)

I am the atman/soul/self, established in the hearts of all beings, O Gudakesha. I am the beginning, middle and also the end of all beings. – (Bhagavad Gita 10:20)

Brahman is knowledge, it is the object of knowledge, and He is the goal Of knowledge. He is situated in everyone’s heart. (Bhagavad Gita 13:18)

Yet in this body there is another, a transcendental enjoyer, who is supreme Lord, Super soul, the supreme proprietor who exist as the overseer and permitter. (Bhagavad Gita 13.23)

The one who sees imperishable Super soul in destructible bodies of all living entities as only one he is the one who actually sees (he is the one who truly knows the truth) – (Bhagavad Gita 13.29)

One who sees the Super soul equally present everywhere, in every living beings, does not degrade himself by his mind. Thus he approaches the transcendental destination. – (Bhagavad Gita 13.29)

Parma Atma/super soul which is dwelling in body is inexhaustible due to being eternal and attribute less. Therefore O son of kunti this Super soul neither does anything nor is entangled. (Bhagavad Gita 13:32)

I am seated in the hearts of all living beings, and from me come memory, knowledge, as well as forgetfulness. I alone am to be known by all the Vedas, am the author of the Vedanta, & the knower of the meaning of the Vedas. – (Bhagavad Gita 15:15)

title: User:IamBrahman/sandbox


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User:Mitch.T22/sandbox

Corporate finance is a certain type of financing that works with the capital structure of corporations. This type of financing takes the actions that managers take to enlarge shareholders value through long- and short-term financial planning and the execution of many different strategies. Although it is in principle finance instead of managerial finance, which studies the financial management of all firms, rather than corporations alone, the main concepts in the study of corporate finance are applicable to the financial problems of all kinds of firms. Corporate finance generally involves balancing risk and profitability, while attempting to maximize an entity's assets, net incoming cash flow and the value of its stock, and generically entails three primary areas of capital resource allocation. In the first, "capital budgeting", management must choose which "projects" (if any) to undertake. The discipline of capital budgeting may employ standard business valuation techniques or even extend to real options valuation; see Financial modeling. The second, "sources of capital" relates to how these investments are to be funded: investment capital can be provided through different sources, such as by shareholders, in the form of equity (privately or via an initial public offering), creditors, often in the form of bonds, and the firm's operations (cash flow). Short-term funding or working capital is mostly provided by banks extending a line of credit. The balance between these elements forms the company's capital structure. The third, "the dividend policy", requires management to determine whether any unappropriated profit (excess cash) is to be retained for future investment / operational requirements, or instead to be distributed to shareholders, and if so, in what form. Short term financial management is often termed "working capital management", and relates to cash-, inventory- and debtors management.

Corporate finance also includes within its scope business valuation, stock investing, or investment management. An investment is an acquisition of an asset in the hope that it will maintain or increase its value over time that will in hope give back a higher rate of return when it comes to disbursing dividends. In investment management – in choosing a portfolio – one has to use financial analysis to determine what, how much and when to invest. To do this, a company must:

Identify relevant objectives and constraints: institution or individual goals, time horizon, risk aversion and tax considerations;

Identify the appropriate strategy: active versus passive hedging strategy

Measure the portfolio performance

James Harris Simons American mathematician, hedge fund manager, and philanthropist. He is known as a quantitative investor and in 1982 founded Renaissance Technologies, a private hedge fund based in East Setauket, NY.

Financial management overlaps with the financial function of the accounting profession. However, financial accounting is the reporting of historical financial information, while financial management is concerned with the allocation of capital resources to increase a firm's value to the shareholders and increase their rate of return on the investments.

Financial risk management, an element of corporate finance, is the practice of creating and protecting economic value in a firm by using financial instruments to manage exposure to risk, particularly credit risk and market risk. (Other risk types include foreign exchange, shape, volatility, sector, liquidity, inflation risks, etc.) It focuses on when and how to hedge using financial instruments; in this sense it overlaps with financial engineering. Similar to general risk management, financial risk management requires identifying its sources, measuring it (see: Risk measure#Examples), and formulating plans to address these, and can be qualitative and quantitative. In the banking sector worldwide, the Basel Accords are generally adopted by internationally active banks for tracking, reporting and exposing operational, credit and market risks.[5]

Financial services[edit]

Main article: Financial services

An entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess income to help that excess income produce more income in the future. Though on the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower—a financial intermediary such as a bank—or buy notes or bonds (corporate bonds, government bonds, or mutual bonds) in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary earns the difference for arranging the loan.

A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity.

Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by businesses (corporate finance) and by a wide variety of other organizations such as schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments and methodologies, with consideration to their institutional setting.

Finance is one of the most important aspects of business management and includes analysis related to the use and acquisition of funds for the enterprise.

In corporate finance, a company's capital structure is the total mix of financing methods it uses to raise funds. One method is debt financing, which includes bank loans and bond sales. Another method is equity financing – the sale of stock by a company to investors, the original shareholders (they own a portion of the business) of a share. Ownership of a share gives the shareholder certain contractual rights and powers, which typically include the right to receive declared dividends and to vote the proxy on important matters (e.g., board elections). The owners of both bonds (either government bonds or corporate bonds) and stock (whether its preferred stock or common stock), may be institutional investors – financial institutions such as investment banks and pension funds  or private individuals, called private investors or retail investors.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Mitch.T22/sandbox


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User:Jcoickle

 * user:dnjkirk

Hi There!

Well, my name is James C Oickle. I guess I could be considered an IT professional, but really, I think of myself as more of a Process Professional. When it comes right down to it, every task an organization undertakes is made up of smaller and smaller tasks. When you get to a high enough level of granularity, everything starts to look the same. It is at this point where the field of Business Process Management and Automation realizes its full potential. These smaller tasks can often be formalized into Standard Operating Procedure in order to ensure accuracy and efficiency, and in most cases be automated to reduce delays.

I started writing a book and training course on this subject matter earlier this year. It was an extension to a thesis topic I had presented when I was considering completing my Masters. (Un)Fortunately a really good job opportunity came along, and I put the idea of finishing my Masters on the back burner for awhile.

More information will be available on my website about other services I offer.

Anyways, I really look forward to working with you guys on this project. I think alot of good could be accomplished for a lot of people if this is done right. It is just a matter of doing it right at this point.

I'll update this more when I get a chance.

Regards,

James C Oickle

title: User:Jcoickle


text:
Amália Traïda

Amália Traïda (Amalia Betrayed) is a 2004 Italian black-and-white short film directed by Francesco Vezzoli and starring Lauren Bacall and Sônia Braga.

Plot
The movie is a biopic about Portuguese fadista (fado singer) and actress Amália Rodrigues.

Cast

 * Lauren Bacall as TV Announcer
 * Sônia Braga as Amália Rodrigues

title: Amália Traïda


text:
libration

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) The act of librating.
 * 2)  The apparent wobble or variation in the visible side of the Moon that permanently faces the Earth, allowing observers on Earth to see, over a period of time, slightly more than half of the lunar surface.
 * 3)  A similar rotational or orbital characteristic of some other celestial body.
 * 4)  The oscillation of an angle about a stable equilibrium point.
 * 5)  A vibrational degree of freedom whereby a group of atoms partly rotates back and forth, similar to the Moon's motion.

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Armenian:, ,
 * Finnish:
 * German: Ausschwingen,
 * Russian:

 * Armenian: ,
 * Finnish:, libraatio
 * German:
 * Icelandic: tunglvik
 * Japanese:
 * Korean: 칭동
 * Russian:

 * Armenian: ,
 * Finnish:, libraatio
 * Korean: 칭동
 * Russian:

title: libration


text:
pricket

Etymology
From, , , ; equivalent to. Earlier currency of the Middle English word is apparently implied by surnames and borrowings into Latin and Anglo-Norman.

Noun

 * 1)  A candle.
 * 2) A spike for holding a single candle.
 * 3) A male deer in its second year, whose antlers have not yet branched.
 * 1) A male deer in its second year, whose antlers have not yet branched.

title: pricket


text:
Van der Cammen

van der Cammen is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Ellen van der Cammen (born 1977), Dutch curler
 * Steven van der Cammen (born 1980), Dutch curler, brother of Ellen

title: Van der Cammen


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Tropical Storm Vicente (2018)/archive2

Tropical Storm Vicente (2018)

 * Nominator(s): Noah Talk 12:38, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

This article is about Hurricane Willa's "little brother" which caused some significant damage in the area south of where Willa made landfall. I am nominating this since Dorian's Met has finished and Willa is a co-nom. Hopefully, this can proceed now that my family health emergency is resolved. Noah Talk 12:38, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Source Review by Nikkimaria
Comment - I'm noticing a lot of the same source formatting inconsistencies that were present in the Willa FAC; could you take a run through and fix things before a full source review? Nikkimaria (talk) 23:23, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I fixed everything that immediately stood out. Noah Talk 13:23, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Source review - spotchecks not done
 * The infobox gives a damage figure of $7.05 million for this storm. The text gives that figure as "agricultural losses in the state of Colima from Vicente and Willa" - that's not the same thing.
 * Deleted the parameter from the infobox as there is no value then. Noah Talk 23:46, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Some of the details in the lead don't appear to be cited anywhere - for example, that Colima had torrential rainfall
 * Think this is resolved. Noah Talk 23:46, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Some of the content in the See also section warrants citing
 * Sourced. Noah Talk 00:38, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Be consistent in whether reports include publishers
 * Looks like just one was missing. Noah Talk 23:46, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * FN12: work title doesn't match formatting at source
 * Are you sure? It is listed both in abbreviation and spelled out form at the top of the site. Noah Talk 23:46, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Fn13: work title need not be included
 * I changed publisher to KGTV San Diego which matches up better (I missed that at the bottom the first time) Noah Talk 23:46, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Fn15: date is listed as publisher
 * Fixed for FN 16Noah Talk 23:46, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Fn17: given publisher is a work. Ditto FN19, check for others
 * Think I got them all. Noah Talk 00:31, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * FNs 47, 54, check for others. Nikkimaria (talk) 18:03, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Did several more... that should be it. Noah Talk 15:03, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * What makes Regeneracion a high-quality reliable source? Sinembargo?
 * Regeneracion is the newspaper of Andrés Manuel López Obrador's political party.12 It seems to serve a similar purpose to a press secretary for politics, but it covers regular news as well. They also claim to have over 2.7M followers across various social media platforms. Noah Talk 00:21, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Having a lot of followers doesn't make a source reliable. What are its editorial policies? Nikkimaria (talk) 18:03, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The same source also discusses how they want to make sure information is accessable to all... They state that they are committed to honest and uncensored news, and seek to reform Mexico by reporting on corruption and allowing citizens to formulate their own opinions on topics. Noah Talk 15:03, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately a lot of biased sources use that kind of language. What are the perspectives of other sources on this one? Nikkimaria (talk) 20:59, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Im just going to remove the source as everyone says the government of mexico cant be trusted. I will switch it out for another La Silla Rota article if that is okay with you. Noah Talk 22:19, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Sinembargo lists all of its staff and it has accreditation with several news agencies including AP. Noah Talk 00:21, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * FN36 is incomplete. Nikkimaria (talk) 21:36, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Added NVI Noticias for work title. Noah Talk 00:38, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

Support by Jarodalien

 * Comment: English is not my native language, but I think shorter by the same meaning is better than longer, so how about change "Vicente peaked late on October 20 with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1002 mbar. At its peak, Vicente displayed a sporadic eye feature in its central dense overcast...Vicente weakened into a tropical depression early on October 23 and made landfall near Playa Azul at 13:30 UTC. After moving ashore, Vicente quickly lost organization and dissipated a few hours later." to "Late on October 20, Vicente displayed a sporadic eye feature in its central dense overcast and peaked with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) also a minimum pressure of 1002 mbar...Vicente weakened into a tropical depression early on October 23 and made landfall near Playa Azul at 13:30 UTC, then quickly lost organization and dissipated a few hours later."?--Jarodalien (talk) 08:48, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * That would simply be too much for two sentences. Combining that material would create runon sentences. Noah Talk 10:45, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * How about just the second part?--Jarodalien (talk) 11:04, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It is looked down upon to talk about weakening twice in the same sentence. Noah Talk 11:34, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * support.--Jarodalien (talk) 02:53, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

Support by JavaHurricane
And that is it.  Java Hurricane  15:12, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "Soon after, outflow from the nearby Hurricane Willa caused further weakening. Vicente weakened into a tropical depression early on October 23 and made landfall near Playa Azul at 13:30 UTC. After moving ashore, Vicente quickly lost organization and dissipated a few hours later." I am uncomfortable with this part of the lead. I'd suggest rephrasing to "However, outflow from the nearby Hurricane Willa caused Vicente to weaken into a tropical depression on October 23. After making landfall as a depression near Playa Azul at 13:30 UTC that day, Vicente quickly lost organization and dissipated a few hours later."
 * No need to mention "Tropical Storm Vicente" at the start of the second paragraph. Just "Vicente" would do.
 * I would say that Vicente's precursor vortex was "associated", not "affiliated", with the monsoon trough.
 * The NHC first mentioned that the system had potential for development (missing 'that' in the first line of the second para of the MH).
 * "proximity of a larger disturbance to the west; this disturbance would eventually become Hurricane Willa." Can be simplified to "proximity of a larger disturbance to the west (which later became Hurricane Willa)."
 * Lots of MOS:OVERLINK issues that should be sorted out.
 * "Schools along the coast of Michoacán were canceled to safeguard everyone from the effects of Vicente and Willa." You can't cancel schools, but you can cancel classes or shut schools.
 * Should all be fixed now. Noah Talk 23:00, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

Support by Lee Vilenski
I may end up claiming points towards the wikicup. Hope you don't mind! :P

I'll take a look at this article, and give some comments on how it meets the FA criteria in a little while. If you fancy doing some QPQ, I have a list of items that can be looked at here. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 15:43, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

lede

 * Could we split the lede into three paragraphs? The first is very large. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 15:52, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Split Noah Talk 16:42, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * landfall as a tropical depression in the Mexican state of Michoacán on October 23, 2018, causing deadly mudslides. - could we link some of this, like mudslides and tropical depression. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 15:52, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Linked. Noah Talk 16:42, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The twenty-first named storm - MOS:NUM - 21 Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 15:52, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Noah Talk 16:42, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The single ref in the lede - is it necessary? Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 15:52, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The 21st part would be unsourced otherwise. There has to be a source showing that 21 named storms formed. Noah Talk 16:42, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Is this not something that could be incorporated into the body though? If it's important to state in the lede, surely it's suitable for the prose. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 17:04, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm just relating the storm to the season to introduce the topic. Noah Talk 17:08, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * You link landfall, but it's the second usage in the lede. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 15:52, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Noah Talk 16:42, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Not my area, but do we need to always say " Tropical Storm Vicente", rather than just Vincente? Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 15:52, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * In this case, I said tropical storm vicente when the storm formed and then said vicente thereafter. Noah Talk 16:42, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Plan DN-III-E - perhaps spell this out as it has a propername. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski  (talk • contribs) 15:52, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The DN-III-E is the most common usage of it. I have never seen the propername used in Mexican newspapers. Noah Talk 16:42, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

General

 * We have some redlinks (which is fine), do we have articles on wikidata for them we could link ill. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 15:55, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Added on the ones that were there. Noah Talk 17:02, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The para in Veracruz could be split into two. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 15:55, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Done. Noah Talk 17:02, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I have replied to the comments you left. Let me know if there is anything else. Noah Talk 17:02, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks - I'll do a second pass as soon as I can. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 17:05, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Is there a reason you don't link to Tlacotalpan? Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 21:19, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Same for Tenango del Valle, Tepehuacán de Guerrero and Mineral del Chico Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 21:19, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

That's about it from me. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 21:21, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Should be fixed now. Noah Talk 21:30, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

Coord note
I've added this to the image review list for one. --Ealdgyth (talk) 15:13, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

Image review
 * File:Vicente_2018-10-23_1400Z.png: I see a "noncommercial use" license statement at the source site, but the current tagging is inconsistent with that. Nikkimaria (talk) 15:49, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi, as the creator of the image I see a possible problem with the license on this image. SSEC contains an archive of some public domain raw satellite data. I constructed the image myself using the archive data and out of courtesy cite when I use the service. However, the same raw data can be accessed through NOAA and is in the public domain. If I were to use the NOAA source and produce the exact same image would this eliminate any issues? Supportstorm (talk) 20:49, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * What do you think about this? Noah Talk 21:15, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Would expect so. Nikkimaria (talk) 21:27, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Is that better? Noah Talk 03:20, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Replaced with File:Vicente_2018-10-23_1345Z.png? Source link is dead. Nikkimaria (talk) 12:18, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Should be working now.. likely the original link simply expired or timedout. Noah Talk 17:45, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay, looks good. Nikkimaria (talk) 19:25, 7 September 2020 (UTC)


text:
Chinese (Mandarin)/Planning/Standard Lesson Format

Standard Lesson Outline/Format
I think this was provided by Everlong.

 * Dialogue in Chinese characters - *both* traditional and simplified
 * New vocabulary, with contextual examples
 * Supplementary vocabulary. Several words relevant to the lesson’s text, not necessary at that point, but made available for further exploration.
 * Grammar notes provide complete explanations of new grammar patterns and points of syntax. Sentences follow showing contextual use of the patterns.
 * Phrases and Sentences. Additional examples provide even more practice and reference for study.
 * Dialogue in pinyin Romanization.
 * English translation of Dialogue.
 * Reading comprehension. Like the Phrases and Sentences sections, these readings provide a further review and use of past grammar and vocabulary.

 * Individual Exercises, meant to test and reinforce understanding of the lesson material. Should be done in a combination of pinyin and characters to stress proper tones as well as character learning.
 * Stroke order and character practice sheets. (Outside links to Flash-based stroke order pages provided.)
 * Partner/Group Exercises, activities and prompts for small groups to dynamically participate in conversations, improving speaking and listening comprehension skills.

 * Lesson Test, sample tests covering listening comprehension, grammar, vocabulary, and stroke order.
 * Vocabulary Quiz, sample quizzes testing new vocabulary.


text:
User:MichaelBillington/Rounded corners

This page exists to help users who want rounded corners do so (see relevant discussion)

To add rounded corners to your Wikiversity interface, you need to open up your  file. This is generally located at Special:Mypage/monobook.css. Once you have it open in the edit window, add the following code to it:

#p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a { -moz-border-radius-topleft:0.6em; -moz-border-radius-topright:0.6em; } #content { -moz-border-radius-topleft:0.6em; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft:0.6em; }  .pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright:0.6em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright:0.6em; }

Now, press show preview and make sure that what you see is the look you're after. If you like it, then hit save, otherwise you can cancel the edit. Once the page has saved you need do clear your browser cache, which still has the old copy of the skin in it. To do this in most browsers, use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+F5.

And you should now have rounded corners!

Michael Billington (talk • contribs) 02:53, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User:MichaelBillington/Rounded corners


text:
Benito Raman

Benito Raman (born 7 November 1994) is Belgian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Turkish club Samsunspor.

Youth
At the age of 4 he started playing football at Cercle Melle. He stayed there for six months. In 2001, at a local tournament organised by KFC Semmerzake, Raman was named the best player of the tournament. This caught the attention from Gent.

Gent
After eight years playing in Gent's youth teams, Raman made his debut against Zulte Waregem, replacing Tim Smolders in the 91st minute. In February 2012, Raman chose to stay in Ghent, despite reported interest from Inter Milan, Aston Villa and Hoffenheim.

Standard Liège
On 27 July 2016, Raman signed a four-year deal with Standard Liège.

Fortuna Düsseldorf
On 31 August 2017, Raman was lent to Fortuna Düsseldorf until 2018.

In January 2018, the loan was extended by another season until summer 2019.

In March 2018, Fortuna Düsseldorf announced they had exercised the option to sign Raman permanently on a contract until 2022, for a fee of around €1.5 million.

Schalke 04
On 5 July 2019, Raman joined Schalke 04 on a five-year contract, for a fee of around €6.5 million.

Anderlecht
On 15 July 2021, Anderlecht announced the signing of Raman on a three-year contract, for a fee of €3 million.

Samsunspor
On 1 February 2024, Anderlecht announced Raman's transfer to Samsunspor in Turkey.

International career
Raman was born in Belgium and is of Spanish descent.

He represented Belgium as a youth international at every age group from the under-17's to the under-21's.

On 9 September 2019, Raman made his debut for the senior Belgium national team, coming on as a 90th minute substitute against Scotland in a Euro 2020 qualifier that saw Belgium run out 4–0 winners at Hampden Park.

Honours
Gent
 * Belgian Pro League: 2014–15
 * Belgian Super Cup: 2015

Fortuna Düsseldorf
 * 2. Bundesliga: 2017–18

title: Benito Raman


text:
User:Mr1ncredible

About Me
I live in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia.

My hobbies are:
 * Rock Climbing
 * Gaming
 * Computing
 * Camping
 * Adventuring

Possible Conflicts of Interest

 * I am an employee of the Public Programming Team at Ipswich Libraries

Some Fascinating Facts

 * Malcolm Turnbull is Prime Minister of Australia.
 * Annastacia Palaszcuk is Premier of Queensland.
 * Graham Quirk is Lord Mayor of Brisbane.

title: User:Mr1ncredible


text:
Secret Dealers

Secret Dealers was a factual game show that aired on ITV. From 27 September 2010 to 2 January 2015.

Format
The shows are recorded with members of the public in their homes. Homeowners have to choose between sentimental attachment and money offers for their possessions. Three antiques dealers go into their homes to bid for items they want to buy. Independent valuers put an estimate on how much they think the items are worth. This figure is revealed to the seller and the audience at home. Items are found by the dealers, who make their own valuation and try to purchase them by placing a cash offer on items around the home and give some advice or information on the Antiques. The bids are left in sealed envelopes next to the desired items and the offers are kept secret from fellow dealers until the homeowners opens them. From series three the Dealers would come together with the homeowners to reveal the bids and were now allowed to revise offers by upping their bid when the homeowners sees their offer. The seller then decides whether to accept or decline the deal. If they think it is worth more it will often end in a bidding war to see what dealer will pay the best price and take the item.

The show was revamped for series 3 with dramatic music and new titles with the presenter role dropped and a change in the format. In the first and second series the presenter would be present with the home owner and a choice would be given to accept or decline with the occasional option for the dealers to appear and up there bids. As the presenter role was dropped this part of the show was altered. The dealers would now come face to face with the home owner after the bids are placed. Each of the dealers bids are then revealed for the particular item. The dealers then have a chance to up there price going head to head against each other until the best offer is given. Another notable difference from 3 included several dealers dropped; leaving the eight most popular as chosen by members of the public.

The Dealers

 * Alison Chapman
 * Karen Dalmeny
 * David Ford
 * Tim Hogarth
 * Mike Melody
 * Simon Schneider
 * Christopher Selkirk
 * Mark Stevens

title: Secret Dealers


text:
User:WTDecker/sandbox

You have been trouted for: This is a test of the Trout Slap feature WTDecker (talk) 13:10, 2 November 2017 (UTC) a handy reminder to myself for formatting help

Timeline of Ancient History revision I'm working on

 *  c. 3200 BC: Sumerian cuneiform and Egyptian Hieroglyphic writing systems are developed.
 *  3600 BC: Around this time, the Minoan culture begins.
 * 3200 BC: Newgrange built in Ireland.
 * 3200 BC: Cycladic culture in Greece
 * 3200 BC: Norte Chico civilization begins in Peru
 * 3200 BC: Rise of Proto-Elamite Civilization in Iran
 * 3150 BC:First Dynasty of Egypt, the first series of kings to rule over a unified Egypt
 * 3100 BC: Skara Brae in Scotland
 * c. 3000 BC: Egyptian calendar
 * c. 3000 BC: Stonehenge construction begins. In its first version, it consisted of a circular ditch and bank, with 56 wooden posts.
 * c. 3000 BC: Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in Romania and Ukraine
 * 3000 BC: Jiroft civilization begins in Iran
 * 3000 BC: First known use of papyrus by Egyptians
 * 2800 BC: Kot Diji phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins
 * c.2900 BC Early Dynastic Period begins in Mesopotamia.
 * 2800 BC: Longshan culture in China
 * 2700 BC: Minoan Civilization ancient palace city Knossos reach 80,000 inhabitants
 * 2700 BC: Rise of Elam in Iran
 * 2700 BC: The Epic of Gilgamesh becomes the first written story. However, books and the printing press weren't invented until 1440 AD!
 * 2700 BC: The Old Kingdom begins in Egypt
 * c.2550: Eannatum King of Lagash establishes one of the first recorded empires and erects the Stele of the Vultures
 * 2600 BC: Oldest known surviving literature: Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh, including the Instructions of Shuruppak and the Kesh temple hymn.
 * 2600 BC: Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley civilization (in present-day Pakistan and India) begins
 * 2600 BC: Emergence of Maya culture in the Yucatán Peninsula
 * 2560 BC: King Khufu completes the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Land of Punt in the Horn of Africa first appears in Egyptian records around this time.
 * 2500-1500 BC: Kerma culture in Nubia
 * 2500 BC: The mammoth goes extinct.
 * 2334 or 2270 BC: Akkadian Empire is founded, dating depends upon whether the Middle chronology or the Short chronology is used.
 * 2200-2100 BC: 4.2 kiloyear event: a severe aridification phase, likely connected to a Bond event, which was registered throughout most North Africa, Middle East and continental North America. Related droughts very likely caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt and of the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia.
 * 2200 BC: completion of Stonehenge.
 * c.2135 BC: Gutian dynasty of Sumer established as the Gutians overrun the Akkadian Empire and Sumer
 * 2181 BC: First Intermediate Period of Egypt begins as central authority in the Old Kingdom collapses.
 * 2055 BC: The Middle Kingdom begins in Egypt
 * 2000 BC: Domestication of the horse
 * 1900 BC: Erlitou culture in China
 * 1800 BC: alphabetic writing emerges
 * 1780 BC: Oldest Record of Hammurabi's Code.
 * 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture; The beginning of Poverty Point Civilization in North America
 * 1600 BC: Minoan civilization on Crete is destroyed by the Minoan eruption of Santorini island.
 * 1600 BC: Mycenaean Greece
 * 1600 BC: The beginning of Shang Dynasty in China, evidence of a fully developed Chinese writing system
 * 1600 BC: Beginning of Hittite dominance of the Eastern Mediterranean region
 * c.1650 BC: Second Intermediate Period of Egypt, period of disunion after the Middle Kingdom; Hyksos establish the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
 * c.1550 BC: The New Kingdom begins in Egypt
 * 1500 BC: Composition of the Rigveda is completed
 * c.1400 BC: Oldest known song with notation
 * 1400-400 BC: Olmec civilization flourishes in Pre-Columbian Mexico, during Mesoamerica's Formative period
 * 1200 BC: The Hallstatt culture
 * 1200-1150 BC: Bronze Age collapse in Southwestern Asia and in the Eastern Mediterranean region. This period is also the setting of the Iliad and the Odyssey epic poems (which were composed about four centuries later).
 * c. 1180 BC: Disintegration of Hittite Empire
 * 1100 BC: Use of Iron spreads.
 * 1000 BC: Nok culture in West Africa
 * c. 1000 BC: King David begins his reign as the second King of Israel, after Saul
 * 1046 BC: The Zhou force (led by King Wu of Zhou) overthrow the last king of Shang Dynasty; Zhou Dynasty established in China
 * 890 BC: Approximate date for the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey
 * 970 BC: King Solomon begins his reign as third King of Israel, after David
 * 814 BC: Foundation of Carthage by the Phynician in today known Tunisia
 * 800 BC: Rise of Greek city-states
 * c.785 BC: Rise of the Kingdom of Kush

title: User:WTDecker/sandbox


text:
Talk:Plaid Tongued Devils

comment
Consider using. <IP_ADDRESS> 08:26, 21 March 2006 (UTC)✅--Leahtwosaints (talk) 14:43, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

Plagiarism?
What came first, the chicken or the egg?? I was surfing through and added an infobox. Being on the unreferenced Wikigroup, I planned to add some citations, and then found the wording was exactly the same both on our article, and on this blog:. Suggestions, anyone? --Leahtwosaints (talk) 14:43, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plaid Tongued Devils


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/byzmusic.gr

Links

 * byzmusic.gr resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Users

 * Ttzavaras
 * User is whitelisted: User is in trusted groups sysop, bureaucrat on some wikis
 * Ttzavaras
 * User is whitelisted: User is in trusted groups sysop, bureaucrat on some wikis

Additions

 * Displayed all 12 additions.


text:
Junction 88

Junction 88 is a 1948 American musical film, telling the story of an aspiring songwriter. It was directed by George P. Quigley. The film is part of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture collection. The 16 mm film captured on acetate runs 50 minutes.

J. Augustus Smith and Herbert Junior wrote the songs.

Cast

 * Bob Howard
 * Dewey "Pigmeat" Markham
 * Noble Sissel
 * Wyatt Clark as Buster
 * Marie Cooke a Lolly
 * Gus Smith as Pop
 * Abbie Mitchell as Mom
 * Artie Belle McGinty as Mrs. Jenkins
 * George Wiltshire as Reverend Juniper
 * Herbert Junior as Onnie
 * Alonso Bosan as (Alonzo Bozan) as Charlie
 * Maude Simmons as Lady
 * Al Young as Old Man
 * Augustus Smith Jr. As Chinka Pin

title: Junction 88


text:
User:Bobdoe~enwikibooks

I'm mostly on en:Wikipedia, but I venture here from time to time to add content to some of the books.

See w:user:Bobdoe

My templates

 * User:Bobdoe/SNES screenshot

title: User:Bobdoe~enwikibooks


text:
Radiation Oncology/Rectum

 * Staging
 * Official Guidelines
 * Overview
 * Neoadjuvant Therapy
 * Surgery for Rectal Cancer
 * Adjuvant Therapy
 * Recurrence and Reirradiation
 * Randomized Evidence
 * NSABP Rectal trials
 * Review

title: Radiation Oncology/Rectum


text:
Formula One (disambiguation)

Formula One is the highest class of auto racing sanctioned by the FIA.

Formula One or Formula 1 may also refer to:

Motorsports

 * Formula I, a former category of Formula TT motorcycle racing
 * Formula One Air Racing
 * F1 Powerboat World Championship
 * Formula First, an open-wheel open-cockpit single-seater junior formula championship
 * BriSCA Formula 1, a British Stock Car Association racing formula
 * Australian Formula 1, an Australian motor racing category current from 1970 to 1983
 * British Formula One Championship, a domestic British F1 championship that ran from 1978 to 1982
 * South African Formula One Championship, a F1 championship run in South Africa and Rhodesia from 1960 to 1975

Games

 * Formula 1 (board game), an early 1960s board game from Waddingtons

In video games

 * Formula One (series), developed by Psygnosis/Studio Liverpool for the Sony PlayStation console range
 * Formula 1 (video game)
 * Formula 1 97
 * Formula 1 98
 * Formula One 99
 * Formula One 2000 (video game)
 * Formula One 2001 (video game)
 * Formula One Arcade, 2002
 * Formula One 2002 (video game)
 * Formula One 2003 (video game)
 * Formula One 04
 * Formula One 05
 * Formula One 06
 * Formula One Championship Edition, 2007
 * Formula One (1985 video game), published by CRL for the ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC computers
 * Formula One: Built to Win, a 1990 Nintendo Entertainment System video game
 * Formula One Grand Prix (video game), a 1992 game by MicroProse
 * Formula One World Championship: Beyond the Limit, a 1994 Sega Mega CD game by Sega Sports

Other uses

 * Hotel Formule 1, a budget hotel chain in Europe

title: Formula One (disambiguation)


text:
Wikiversity talk:Forking proposal

Do we need a forking mechanism?
I'm not sure where a fork would be useful. Wouldn't it be better to encourage projects to develop resources that could be shared between them. In the case of two projects history of particle physics and applied particle physics they would just refer to the pages in the other project where appropriate. This can be done either with links or if the text was useful and editable include like  .

If it was decided that their were actual cases where a fork was needed an alternative approach might be to ask that includes such as   also copies the edit history into the new page. This would make creating forks relatively trivial (maybe a bad thing) I'm not sure how much of a rewrite of the wikimedia code would be needed to enable this. Mystictim 00:04, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It's hard to say. It might be just as easy to share, but in some cases it might not be... this would be a helpful tool for when it's not so easy. See Disclosures for some older discussions of how different learning projects might be based on the same materials, yet need to split them off a bit. The subst: might not always be appropriate (in fact it would limit the freedom of the two projects to develop independently if they always needed to "compromise" between the two approaches).

 * This doesn't require any changes to mediawiki software... the tools are already there. --SB_Johnny | talk 12:11, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Forking proposal


text:
Hainania

Hainania is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to:

 * Hainania (fish), a genus of fishes in the family Cyprinidae
 * Hainania (plant), a member of the subfamily Brownlowioideae

title: Hainania


text:
Talk:Russian/Lesson 3

Untitled
Incorrect:
 * Я — студе́нт
 * Ты — не студе́нт

Correct:
 * Я студе́нт (I am student)
 * Ты не студе́нт (he is not student)
 * Этот мальчик — студент (This boy is a student)
 * Моя жизнь — игра (my life is a game)

Exception of a rule: the dash is not put between a pronoun and a verb

I think this lesson is great! But maybe a bit too much! It can and should be spread over many lessons! :) Guaka 19:58, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

I removed reference to 'thou' as the English formal used in Bibles, because 'thou' has never been the formal second person singular; it was the informal with 'ye' being the formal. Eventually, the objective 'you' spread to take over the nominative 'ye' and 'thou' to become nominative itself, and the other forms died out. Therefore, it destroys the entire analogy used, so I removed it.

This Lesson is very iformative. I just want to say thank-you for your help. <IP_ADDRESS> 14:54, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Possesives?
Uhm, do the people writing this book honestly not know Russian?

What do prepositional case possesive pronouns have to do with anything? 1. They're under the topic "verb conjugation, past tense" 2. Have you said anything about normal possesives and if yes then where? How about a link to that place? 3. Oh yeah, and the opposite of "have to" is actually "not have to" "nye dolzhen".

Ladywater 06:27, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

about the articles
<>

It is actually incorrect. "I am the student." implies that speaker says he's the student mentioned before. I guess it should be translated "Я тот студент." (literally, I'm that student) or "Студень - это я". Russian doesn't have articles, but it has different means to convey the meanings for which articles are used in English.

Formal and Informal
'The word "your" also comes in formal and informal: вас (formal) and тебя (informal).'

This is incorrect. Your would be ваш (formal) and твой (informal) (nominative case of possessive pronouns) while вас and тебя are genitive forms of pronouns вы and ты and cannot be translated as yours.

Bogdan

The acronym FYI is used. This may be familiar to an American reader but it is not to this English one. Having looked it up, however, I still cannot make sense of the the sentence in which it is used. Nithsdale (discuss • contribs) 22:34, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

 * "This is incorrect. Your would be ваш (formal) and твой (informal) (nominative case of possessive pronouns) while вас and тебя are genitive forms of pronouns вы and ты and cannot be translated as yours."
 * Agree. Changed. Girabbit85 (discuss • contribs) 10:10, 4 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Agree. Changed. Girabbit85 (discuss • contribs) 10:10, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

Thank you
I just wanted to say thank you to whoever wrote this. It saved me from saying "Я учу русский язык." Cheers, Reading Rambo (discuss • contribs) 00:59, 22 December 2013 (UTC)

Dash characters
Most HTML References Are Wrong

I’ve lost count of all the books, articles, and websites that claim an em dash is “—”—but they’re all wrong. The entire range from  through  are invalid characters, and consequently should not be used.

reference: http://alistapart.com/article/emen

If your seeing &#151 instead of dashes this is why. <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 21:26, 25 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Russian/Lesson 3


text:
List of law firms in Uganda

This is a list of some of the active law firms online in Uganda. It includes firms based in Uganda alone, and regional law firms that have a significant Ugandan practice. All have offices in Kampala.

Uganda-headquartered firms include
This is a list of notable Ugandan-based law firms

 * Bashasha & Co Advocates
 * Bwire, Kalinaki & Co. Advocates
 * Byenkya, Kihika & Company Advocates
 * Katende Ssempebwa & Company Advocates
 * Sebalu & Lule Advocates
 * A.F. Mpanga
 * Kampala Associated Advocates
 * Kateera & Kagumire Advocates
 * Kasirye Byaruhanga and Company Advocates
 * ENSafrica
 * Kigozi Ssempala Mukasa Obonyo Advocates
 * KTA Advocates
 * Ligomarc Advocates
 * Mugwisa webisa & Co. Advocates

International law firms in Uganda
International law firms that have had offices in Uganda include:
 * Bowman Gilfillan
 * DLA Piper
 * Dentons

title: List of law firms in Uganda


text:
Benjamin Franklin International School

Benjamin Franklin International School is an International American school located in Barcelona that provides education from Nursery (3 years old) to Grade 12 (18 years old) to approximately 695 students from over 52 different nationalities. The school is a private, non-profit, co-educational day school with three divisions: Elementary School, Middle School and High School. BFIS offers three diploma programs: American High School Diploma, Spanish Baccalaureate Diploma and International Baccalaureate Diploma (IB Diploma).

BFIS is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and the (International Baccalaureate) and it is recognized in Spain as a Foreign School by the Generalitat de Catalunya and the Spanish Ministry of Education. BFIS is also a member of BISA (Barcelona International Schools Association)

History
BFIS was founded in 1986 by a group of Barcelona parents. The school opened with 150 students and 23 teachers and it was located in Avinguda Pearson (Barcelona). BFIS moved to current address in Martorell i Peña (Barcelona) in 1991. The current building has historic significance, having been used during the Spanish Civil War to treat patients, among them English writer George Orwell.

Divisions

 * Early Childhood: Nursery and Pre-Kindergarten
 * Elementary School: Kindergarten to Grade 5
 * Middle School: Grade 6 to Grade 8
 * High School: Grade 9 to Grade 12 (International Baccalaureate Diploma Program is offered in Grades 11 and 12)

Program

 * the American High School Diploma
 * the International Baccalaureate (IB Diploma) Program
 * the Spanish Baccalaureate certificate

BFIS standards reflect the international benchmarking of Achieve and the US Common Core Standards. The school is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and the Spanish Ministry of Education. English is the instructional language, with language courses offered in Spanish, Catalan and French.

After-School Activities
BFIS offers three different After-School Programs: Arts and Academics: Ceramics, Video-animation, French, Dutch, Chinese, Creative writing, Cinema. Performing Arts: Theater, Musical, Orquestra, Choir, Individual instrument and singing classes, Dance. Sports: Swimming, Tennis, Multi-sports, Fencing, Taekwondo, Soccer, Basketball, Volleyball

Faculty
Teachers: 110
 * US Nationality: 38%
 * Spanish Nationality: 31%
 * International Nationality: 30%

Native Language
 * English: 57%
 * Spanish: 36%
 * Other: 7%

International Community
BFIS community is integrated by approximately one third breakdown among US, Spanish and international families. The students, faculty, and parents represent over 45 nationalities and cultural heritages.

title: Benjamin Franklin International School


text:
Penicillium corylophilum

Penicillium corylophilum is a species of the genus of Penicillium which occurs in damp buildings in United States, Canada and western Europe but it can also be found in a variety of foods and mosquitoes. Penicillium corylophilum produces the alkaloid epoxyagroclavine and citrinin and is a pathogen to mosquitoes.

title: Penicillium corylophilum


text:
Talk:Zartonk (Lebanese daily)

Zartonkdaily.org

 * Why was the official website of the newspaper deleted (zartonkdaily.org)? In addition, zartonk.com does not contain any news. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Beenthere23 (talk • contribs) 10:43, 21 March 2006

 * Of the two links, both of which seem equally official, one is recent, and seems to have quite a bit of content; the other seems to have been abandoned. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Can you add the link www.zartonkdaily.org back? I think that zartonkdaily.org is currently updated and is better to be mentioned. I suggest that we add zartonkdaily.org and mention next to zartonk.com that it is currently being built. Beenthere23 19:56, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Checking again, I'd managed to delete the wrong one... Sorry — I've now got things right I hope. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:31, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zartonk (Lebanese daily)


text:
Minamiaso-Shirakawasuigen Station

Minamiaso-Shirakawasuigen Station (南阿蘇白川水源駅) is a railway station in Minamiaso, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. It is on the Takamori Line, operated by the Minamiaso Railway.

Following the damage from severe earthquakes in April 2016, the entire Takamori Line was shut down. Service was resumed in July of the same year.

History

 * 17 March, 2012 - Station opened for business.
 * 22 July 2012, - Station building completed.
 * 14–16 April 2016, - the Kumamoto earthquakes caused damage to bridges and tunnels on the Takamori line, and operations have since been suspended.
 * 31 July 2016, - Minamiaso-Shirakawasuigen Station resumed operations along with the resumption of operations between Nakamatsu and Takamori.

title: Minamiaso-Shirakawasuigen Station


text:
List of female Islamic scholars

This article is an incomplete list of female scholars of Islam. A traditionally-trained female scholar is referred to as ʿālimah or Shaykha. The inclusion of women in university settings has increased the presence of women scholars. Akram Nadwi authored the largest compilation on female Islamic scholars, titled Al-Wafa bi Asma al-Nisa, spanning over two decades and containing a repository of more than 10,000 entries.

7th century

 * Fatima
 * Aisha
 * Zaynab bint Ali
 * Hafsa bint Umar
 * Umm al-Darda as-Sughra
 * Umm Hakim
 * Al-Shifa' bint Abdullah
 * Hafsa bint Sirin
 * Umm Salama
 * A'isha bint Talha
 * Umm Kulthum bint Abi Bakr
 * Na'ila bint al-Furafisa
 * Umm al-Darda
 * Sakina bint Husayn

8th century

 * Fatima bint Musa
 * Sayyida Nafisa
 * Fatima al-Batayahiyyah
 * Sumayyah bint Khabbat
 * Fatima bint Mundhir
 * Rabia Basri
 * Atika bint Yazid

9th century

 * Fatima al-Fihriya

10th century

 * Amat al-Wahid
 * Lubna of Córdoba

11th century

 * Karima al-Marwaziyya

12th century

 * Fatima al Samaraqandi
 * Taqiyya Umm Ali bint Ghaith ibn Ali al-Armanazi
 * Fakhr-un-Nisa Shuhdah also known as Shaykhah Shuhdah, or Shuhdah al-Baghdadiyyah

13th century

 * Zaynab bint ʿUmar al-Kindī
 * Zaynab bint al-Kamal

14th century

 * Sitt al-Wuzara' al-Tanukhiyyah
 * Sitt al-Qudat
 * Sitt al-'Arab
 * Sitt al-'Ajam

16th century

 * A'isha al-Ba'uniyya

17th century

 * Zinat-un-Nissa, Mughal princess, contributor to the Hanafi lexicon Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.
 * Jahanara Begum

18th century

 * Dada Masiti
 * Fatima al-Fudayliya, also known as al-Shaykha al-Fudayliya.

19th century

 * Nana Asma’u bint Shehu Usman bin Fodiyo
 * Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal

20th century

 * Aisha Abd al-Rahman
 * Zainab al Ghazali
 * Munira al-Qubaysi
 * Maryam Jameelah
 * Lady Amin
 * Hāshimīyah al-Tujjar
 * Iftikhār al-Tujjar
 * Zīnah al-Sādāt Humāyūnī
 * Muhammadi Begum
 * Fatima al-Kabbaj
 * Du Shuzhen
 * Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch
 * Amina al-Sadr
 * Rahmah el Yunusiyah

21st century

 * Asifa Quraishi
 * Asma Afsaruddin
 * Azizah al-Hibri
 * Celene Ibrahim
 * Farhat Hashmi
 * Ingrid Mattson
 * Laleh Bakhtiar
 * Maria Ulfah
 * Merryl Wyn Davies
 * Riffat Hassan
 * Siti Chamamah Soeratno
 * Siti Noordjannah Djohantini
 * Zailan Moris
 * Siti Musdah Mulia
 * Asma Lamrabet
 * Maria Massi Dakake
 * Sachiko Murata
 * Amina Wadud
 * Hidayet Şefkatli Tuksal
 * Fatima Mernissi
 * Nahid Angha
 * Aisha Bewley
 * Amina Inloes
 * Zohreh Sefati
 * Tahera Qutbuddin
 * Mohja Kahf
 * Asma Barlas
 * Mai Yamani
 * Ziba Mir-Hosseini
 * Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons
 * Halima Krausen
 * Aminah McCloud
 * Kecia Ali
 * Mona Abul-Fadl
 * Cemalnur Sargut
 * Claude Addas
 * Marcia Hermansen
 * Sa'diyya Shaikh
 * Zainab Alwani
 * Salwa El-Awa
 * Rebecca Masterton
 * Tahereh Saffarzadeh
 * Olfa Youssef
 * Bahar Davary
 * Rania Awaad
 * Abla al-Kahlawi
 * Aisha Gray Henry
 * Aysha Hidayatullah
 * Debra Majeed
 * Suad Salih
 * Aisha Lemu

title: List of female Islamic scholars


text:
User:Adityaprasad290

https://adityaprasad290.com

Aditya prasad is one of the kolkata top model.He received 4.07 popularity at 2days.He created a supporting group at 2018 named :- namaste india and support everyone .In 2018 He disqualified at final because He break the rule and regulation. In 2019 finally he again one of the top model at low age #2 rank with 4.07m

title: User:Adityaprasad290


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Euronet Pakistan

The result was delete. Malcolmxl5 (talk) 22:06, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

Euronet Pakistan

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No in-depth coverage found. Fails WP:NCORP.  Greenbörg  (talk)  13:01, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Pakistan-related deletion discussions. Mark the trainDiscuss 16:04, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions. Mark the trainDiscuss 16:04, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  MBisanz  talk 02:28, 27 September 2017 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete No indications of notability, written like an advertisement, references fail the criteria for establishing notability. Fails GNG and WP:NCORP. -- HighKing ++ 14:55, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete the article has no content worth keeping even if this were a notable topic. It is not a notable stand-alone topic, it's a sub-division of Euronet Worldwide. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 17:56, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Optakeover (U)(T)(C) 04:51, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete as WP:PROMO, merge / redirect into main article. — fortuna  velut luna  12:35, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete The subject for this article is not notable enough to write about. In addition, the referencs are only interal sources. There are not any external sources on the subject to support this article. More research is needed in order to keep this article. As such, it is recommended to delete this article. Bmbaker88 (talk) 21:51, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete - Very WP:PROMO and not notable. --  Dane talk  20:11, 7 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
Cookbook:Bliny

| Bread | Cuisine of Russia

Blini (singular blin; in Russian, блин[ы]) are small Russian pancakes, typically topped with sour cream, jam or caviar.

Ingredients

 * 4 cups of milk, warmed (80–95°F)
 * 1 tablespoon of white granulated sugar
 * 1 tablespoon of salt
 * 5 teaspoons of butter, melted
 * 1 ounce of yeast
 * 1 egg white
 * 1.3 pounds (5 cups) of wheat flour
 * 5 teaspoons of olive oil

Procedure
Блины
 * 1) Dissolve the yeast in 3 cups of the warm milk. Add ½ tablespoon of sugar, salt, egg yolk, and melted butter.
 * 2) Stir, then add half the flour, and knead the dough.
 * 3) Cover the bowl with the dough with a cloth or towel and leave it in a warm place for 1.5–2 hours, or until the volume of the dough is doubled.
 * 4) Heat the rest of the milk to 122°F, then mix it into the batter along with the rest of flour and sugar. Pour in well-whipped egg white.
 * 5) Knead the dough again and leave it until it rises.
 * 6) Heat an oiled frying pan. With a large ladle pour some batter in the center so it makes a circle.
 * 7) When the bottom of the blin is ready (the edges of the blin should have separated from the pan and be pointing upwards), turn it over.
 * 8) After it is ready, put the blin on a large plate and start making the next one.

title: Cookbook:Bliny


text:
Celestia/Add-Ons

Introduction
This article describes the most common procedures for installing add-ons for the 3D astronomical visualization program "Celestia". It can be downloaded for free from Celestia. Most add-ons designed for this program can be downloaded from the Celestia Motherlode or Forum. This document does NOT describe how to create new add-ons. If you want to make your own add-ons or modify others, you should start by reading Selden Ball's Not-so Brief Introduction to Add-ons For further information, also see the Documentation Page of the Motherlode.

If you are new to Celestia, please read this document from start to finish, since information that is relevant to later sections is covered in earlier ones. If you try to read just the section that you want help with right now, you might miss important information that would help with future problems.

How Celestia determines what to display
The Celestia application itself is a very small part of the package that you initially download. Most of the size of the package is due to the pictures and catalogs of the celestial objects that Celestia draws. When Celestia launches, it reads the data from a folder on your computer called "Celestia" (Windows systems) or "Celestia Resources" (Macs). It then uses that data to determine what to display. By editing a few files in this folder, you can change what Celestia displays on the screen.

The Celestia Resources folder is in different places depending on your operating system.

In Windows, by default it usually is located in C:\Program Files\ and is called "Celestia" (Double-click on My Computer to find it). However, the Celestia installation program will let you specify any directory you want. Windows is very protective of its Program Files directory, making it difficult to modify Celestia's files. Because of this, it's usually a good idea to specify some other directory.

In Mac OS X, the folder is called "CelestiaResources" and it will be where the person who installed the original Celestia program put it. This is usually in /Users/ /Library/Application Support/ or within the Celestia application bundle. To find it inside the bundle, hold down the {Ctrl} key, click on the Celestia icon and select "Show Package Contents" from the menu that appears.

In Linux KDE, the folder can be installed anywhere, although /opt/kde3/share/apps/celestia is the default and most likely place. In Ubuntu the directory is /usr/share/celestia.

Types of add-ons
Add-ons fall roughly into two broad classes: replacement textures and extras. Since their methods of installation are different, we will deal with them differently.

Replacement Textures
If the files you download are nothing more than images, you are dealing with a replacement texture. Celestia supports the following image formats: JPEG, PNG, DDS and BMP. (BMP images should be avoided. Celestia does not implement most of the BMP standard.)

An add-on containing replacement textures is designed to replace a texture that was included with the default distribution of Celestia that you downloaded. There are two ways to install new textures: by replacing the original image file, or by editing the catalog file that points to the texture, so that it points to your new image file instead.

Replacing the image file
Replacing the image file is simple. The tricky part is detailed in the note below about image resolutions.

Open the textures folder in the Celestia resources folder, find the image file that you want to replace, and remember or write down its exact name. Then rename the original file to something else, like -old.jpg. Place the new image file in the same folder as the old one, and re-name it so it matches the original name of the old image (paste the name from the clipboard.) When you relaunch Celestia, you should see the new texture in place of the old one.

Resolutions
Celestia allows you to provide images with the same name but with three different resolutions: low, medium and high. They are kept in the lores, medres and hires folders. You can type the letters "r" and "R" to switch among them. These resolution names are just for your convenience, though. There's otherwise nothing special about the images.

Texture images must be a power-of-two on a side: 512x256, 4096x2048, etc. This restriction is in the design of most 3D graphics cards.

Editing the catalog file to refer to your new Texture
Instead of renaming files as above, you can change the catalog file that directs Celestia to the image file you want to replace. For all default textures, these catalog files are in the folder "data" inside the main Celestia resources folder. They are called "ssc" catalog files, and they end in the 3-letter extension (ssc).

Based on the names of the files, find the one that describes the texture you want to replace. For safekeeping, copy the original catalog file to another name with a different filetype. Then open it with a text editor and scroll down until you see the entry for the object you are trying to improve. The syntax of the catalog file should be understandable. Replace the name of the old texture with the name of your new texture, but don't modify anything else. Save and close the catalog file.

Place your new texture in the medres folder inside the textures folder inside the Celestia Resources folder.

When you launch Celestia, you should see the new texture on the object whose catalog entry you edited.

Extras
Extras are add-ons which usually cause Celestia to display an object that is not present at all in the default distribution. They usually include several files including catalogs, models, textures, and, hopefully, a README that tells you what to do get the object to display properly. If there is a README included, follow its instructions to install the add-on. If there is no README, you will need to sort the add-on's files by their filetypes (the part of the name that is after the dot).

Place the files in the following directories (folders) according their filetypes:

 * .cmod or .3ds or .cms -- Place these models in the models directory.

 * .jpg or .png or .dsc or .bmp -- Place these pictures in the textures/medres directory.

 * .ssc or .stc or .dsc -- Place these catalogs in the add-on's main directory.

 * .xyz -- Place these trajectories in the data directory.

Testing the Add-on
After you have installed the add-on, you'll need to quit and relaunch Celestia. This is because Celestia only reads the data files when it is launched. Any changes you make will not be apparent until you start Celestia again.

If you are installing a new object in Celestia, visit the object by pressing the [Return] or [Enter] key to bring up the target entry prompt. As you begin to type the name of the object you want to visit, Celestia will try to guess what object you want. You can press the TAB key to cycle through Celestia's guesses. When the window displays the name you want, press [Return] (or [Enter]) again. If the object's name does not appear in the target entry window, you probably have not installed it correctly.

The object has now been selected. Press the 'g' key to go to it. Celestia's viewpoint should move toward the object and it should come into view. If the viewpoint changes but an object does not become visible, make sure that rendering for that object is enabled in the Rendering menu. If the proper rendering is enabled, but you still see nothing, it is possible that the object is not defined at the time that Celestia is simulating. This could occur with comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, for example, which crashed into Jupiter during July 1994. Celestia will still take you to a location for objects which no longer exist, but nothing will be displayed. To view the object, set the time to something more appropriate. For Shoemaker-Levy, this would be any date before July 18, 1994.

If you are installing a different texture for an object that already exists in Celestia, it might be defined in an SSC catalog as an AltTexture. To view such an alternate texture, right-click on the object and select the alternate texture from the popup menu. If you still have trouble getting your new add-on to work, you may want to read its ssc, stc or dsc catalog file for clues to how and where the object should appear in Celestia. Even the smallest error can cause Celestia to function incorrectly, so be careful.

Error messages often are shown in Celestia's "console log." Type a tilde (~) to toggle the log on and off. The up- and down-arrow keys can be used to navigate within it.

title: Celestia/Add-Ons


text:
Wiktionary talk:Translations/Multilingual Meta Policy

 * from Wiktionary talk:Translations Rod (A. Smith) 21:58, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 I must say I pretty much agree with everything expressed with Jun-Dai in this Talk Page. In fact, I'm a user of the Spanish wikipedia and I have taken advantage of the lack of official policies there to create several translation pages. Let me explain my line of thinking taking the word weigh from above: This way, one of the key advantages that I perceive is that the bilingual Wiktionary pages (denoted by _(xx-yy)) can be linked between the xx: and yy: Wiktionaries without involving any third language, providing much better oportunity for a user knowing both languages to review/edit the information without getting lost in 3rd, 4th, nth languages.
 * IMHO, there should be an entry for this word (say weigh) with the definition in english only.
 * Then, a different entry like weigh_(en-fr) with all possible translations into french with detailed information for each word (pronunciation, part of speech, gender) and a note of usage when needed.
 * And last, another different entry like lever_(fr-en) with all possible translations into english and the same information as above.

I know if this ever bacame a policy would mean extensive work in this Wiktionary, but I believe that the advantages of this kind of system are worth the effort.


text:
La Guajira Desert

The La Guajira Desert (Wayuu: Woumainkat Wajiira, Spanish: Desierto de La Guajira) is a desert located in northern Colombia and Venezuela, approximately 1100 km north of Bogotá, covering most of the La Guajira Peninsula at the northernmost tip of South America. It is the continent's largest desert north of the equator. Most of the region is within Colombia's La Guajira Department, though a small portion is in the Venezuelan state of Zulia. The area holds immense coal reserves which are exploited in a zone known as El Cerrejón. It is also home to the indigenous Wayuu people. The Wayuu are mostly herders but also master deep-sea divers, known for collecting pearls from the Caribbean Sea.

The peninsula is populated chiefly by xeric scrubland, which is home to a large variety of flora and fauna. The National Natural Park of Macuira, established in 1977, is a tropical oasis located in the La Guajira Desert. The park covers 25000 ha in La Guajira's only mountain chain and ranges in altitude from sea level to 450 m. It has a warm climate that averages about 27 C.

title: La Guajira Desert


text:
User:Kensarah1234/Evaluate an Article

Article Evaluation
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Infanticide in primates
 * I have chosen this article to evaluate because it discusses a topic that I know very little about and did not realize was an act non-human primates did.

Lead

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
 * Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
 * Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

Lead evaluation
The Lead does include an introductory sentence that describes the article in a clear way. The sentence could have included some examples of what exact non-human primates do this behaviour. It also could have mentioned that this behaviour is not common in many non-primates and the reason is unknown. There is a brief description of the main topics that will be discussed, describing several hypothesis about why the non-human primates do this act of killing. The Lead does not include any information that isn't already present in the rest of the article, as it is only 2 sentences long. It is not overly detailed, and could have included more detail to explain the content of the article. It is concise and straight to the point but may be lacking in detail.

Content

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article's content relevant to the topic?
 * Is the content up-to-date?
 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?

Content evaluation
The articles content is relevant to the topic. In the Lead it states that there are 5 hypothesis in total that explain Infanticide, and each of these sections explain them with relevant and coherent information. Majority of the sources that are cited were published in the late 1900's to early 2000's. The most recent article being from 2017, thus much of the information throughout the article is not up-to-date. In the Lead there should be a sentence or two introducing how there are adaptive counter adaptations to infanticide which is discussed towards the end of the article. Within the section called Sexual Selection there is a subsection named Paternal Infanticide which could include some more information and details to clarify this certain behaviour better. Information could include a definition of what this particular infanticide is, examples of non-primates that do not exhibit this, and how they used the DNA analysis that they referred to to conclude that paternal infanticide was not exhibited. Many of the terms that are used have a link attached which is a great addition to help viewers get a better understanding of the article.

Tone and Balance

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article neutral?
 * Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

Tone and balance evaluation
The article is neutral with no apparent, strong bias. It discusses each hypotheses for infanticide in a non-bias and fair manner, stating scientific findings rather than voicing an opinion about them. One viewpoint that could have more representation is the paternal infanticide, but this could be underrepresented due to a lack of information so more research could be done for this part. The article does not attempt to persuade the reader towards a particular belief. There are no sentences that say, "This is wrong" or anything that could be a personal belief. Each piece of information is stated in a professional manner.

Sources and References

 * Guiding questions

 * Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
 * Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
 * Are the sources current?
 * Check a few links. Do they work?

Sources and references evaluation
Not all the facts in the article are backed up by a reliable source, as many of the facts to not have any citations linked to them. An example of this is the first sentence of the sub section Maternal Infanticide in the section Parental Manipulation. This sentence is stating that maternal infanticide has only been found several times, since it is worded as a scientific fact than it should have the direct source cited. There are several other facts that should also be studied that are found throughout the article. Several of the sources linked to articles that could only be read in full by purchase only, but by reading the available abstract and title it did appear to be reliable and reflect the information found in the article. Each article was published by a reputable publication such as Springerlink and Wiley Library. The sources are not current. The most current source was from 2017, with most of them dated in late 1900's. All of the citation links worked except for citation number 13. The doi link does not work as it brings you to an error page, and this citation also includes that this source is inactive as of 2019-08-19. The links that are attached to terms throughout the article do work and provides a good definition.

Organization

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
 * Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors?
 * Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

Organization evaluation
The article is coherent, clear, has a great flow, and is easy to read. There are no evident grammatical or spelling errors. The article is also well organized, with larger sections being broken down into smaller, relevant subsections to further expand the topic. The subsection called Paternal infanticide could be included under the section called Parental Manipulation, rather than Sexual Selection. The main headings are larger than their respective subheadings, making evident what belongs to head heading.

Images and Media

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
 * Are images well-captioned?
 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

Images and media evaluation
There are three images found in the article. The images are of different non-human primate species that are either feeding, perching, or nursing their young. These photos do not offer a direct, enhanced understanding of the topic as these photos are of every day behaviours and not of infanticide. The third photo of the primate feeding their young could be an example of the concealed ovulation that is being discussed in the respective topic, but it is not stated if it is presented in the image. Each image has its source, details of permission, and more details about its origin attached to them. Each image is also laid out in an organized way, being placed beside the topic that is discussing that particular species. This allows viewers to read each topic and have a visual aid to assist them that is in reach.

Checking the talk page

 * Guiding questions

 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?

Talk page evaluation
The talk page is very limited with only one box explaining where it belongs. It belongs to a Behaviour Ecology course at Duke University with the year being 2017. There are no ratings or WikiProjects stated.

Overall impressions

 * Guiding questions

 * What is the article's overall status?
 * What are the article's strengths?
 * How can the article be improved?
 * How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed?

Overall evaluation
The articles overall status would be good but definitely could use some improvement. The strengths include credible sources and links attached to terms that the public may not know. The article could be improved by including any information that is more current and using more images that show any effects of infanticide. I would assess the articles completeness as underdeveloped.

Optional activity

 * Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback

with four tildes — ~

 * Link to feedback:

title: User:Kensarah1234/Evaluate an Article


text:
Talk:Boroline

Comments
Comments awaited about the content of this article. - Sumitro

Killing the tags
I killed the stack of nastygrams at the top of the article: WhatamIdoing (talk) 19:54, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
 * POV: No further information about what might be biased.
 * Notability: We have articles for similarly unimportant American goods, like neosporin.
 * References: I added a reference.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Boroline. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071213235624/http://www.boroline.com:80/boroline.php to http://www.boroline.com/boroline.php

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:17, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boroline