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Joshua 2

Joshua 2 is the second chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition, the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter focuses on the spies sent by Joshua to Jericho and their encounter with Rahab, a part of a section comprising Joshua 1:1–5:12 about the entry to the land of Canaan.

Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 24 verses.

Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including XJoshua (XJosh, X1; 50 BCE) with extant verses 4–5. and 4Q48 (4QJosh$b$; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 11–12.

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; $$ \mathfrak{G}$$B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; $$ \mathfrak{G}$$A; 5th century). Fragments of the Septuagint Greek text containing this chapter is found in manuscripts such as Washington Manuscript I (5th century CE), and a reduced version of the Septuagint text is found in the illustrated Joshua Roll.

Analysis
The narrative of Israelites entering the land of Canaan comprises verses 1:1 to 5:12 of the Book of Joshua and has the following outline:

 * A. Preparations for Entering the Land (1:1–18)
 * 1. Directives to Joshua (1:1–9)
 * 2. Directives to the Leaders (1:10–11)
 * 3. Discussions with the Eastern Tribes (1:12–18)
 * B. Rahab and the Spies in Jericho (2:1–24)
 * 1. Directives to the Spies (2:1a)
 * 2. Deceiving the King of Jericho (2:1b–7)
 * 3. The Oath with Rahab (2:8–21)
 * 4. The Report to Joshua (2:22–24)
 * C. Crossing the Jordan (3:1–4:24)
 * 1. Initial Preparations for Crossing (3:1–6)
 * 2. Directives for Crossing (3:7–13)
 * 3. A Miraculous Crossing: Part 1 (3:14–17)
 * 4. Twelve-Stone Memorial: Part 1 (4:1–10a)
 * 5. A Miraculous Crossing: Part 2 (4:10b–18)
 * 6. Twelve-Stone Memorial: Part 2 (4:19–24)
 * D. Circumcision and Passover (5:1–12)
 * 1. Canaanite Fear (5:1)
 * 2. Circumcision (5:2–9)
 * 3. Passover (5:10–12)

Rahab welcomes the spies (2:1–7)
The narrative in this chapter seems to be an interruption, but actually provides a background material for the stories of the crossing of the Jordan River and the Battle of Jericho. The sending out of spies follows Moses's example (Numbers 13, Deuteronomy 1:21–23; cf. Joshua 7:2–3), but unlike the earlier mission, which had resulted in failure to take the promised land because of fear (Numbers 13–14), this time the spies encouraged the people to march forward (verse 24; contrast Numbers 13:31–33). Rahab becomes the center of the narrative, being the only named person in the whole story, and practically in control of the whole actions in the narrative: she provides the spies information, protection and advice for their safety, whereas the spies, the king of Jericho and his officers were as passive objects.

Verse 1

 * And Joshua the son of Nun sent out of Shittim two men to spy secretly, saying, Go view the land, even Jericho. And they went, and came into an harlot's house, named Rahab, and lodged there.

 * "Shittim": identified as modern "Tell el-Ḥammām", on the eastern bank of Jordan river, opposite Jericho. Here it is written in the same short form as in Numbers 25:1, not in the longer form as in Numbers 33:49.

The promise to Rahab (2:8–24)
Rahab's confessions of faith (verses 8–11) encouraged the spies of God's promise (cf. Exodus 23:27; Numbers 22:3), as she reminds them of the victories in Transjordan as evidence that they will succeed in Canaan (Deuteronomy 3:21-2), and therefore she demands the life of herself and her family to be 'dealt kindly' (Hebrew: hesed; verse 12) with the expected loyalty in a covenant relationship (cf. 1 Samuel 20:8). The spies agrees, swearing on their own lives to guarantee those of Rahab and family (verse 14,19), provided she does not 'tell this business of ours' (verses 14, 20), in spite of the Holy War concept which demands the killing of every people in Jericho (Deuteronomy 2:32–37; 7:1–5; 20:16–18).

Verse 14

 * And the men said to her, “Our life for yours even to death! If you do not tell this business of ours, then when the gives us the land we will deal kindly and faithfully with you.”

 * "Business of ours" refers mainly to the activities of the spies, not the imminent conquest, as the latter is a common knowledge among all Canaanites (verses 9–11).

title: Joshua 2


text:
Talk:Bronwen Watson

World Champion
Isn't she a World Champion? The article should spell that out loud & clear instead of burying it in amongst all the other gumpfh.- Sticks  66  14:15, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bronwen Watson


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Talk:IBM

All the information on this page is about a company. As stated here we are deleting company entries. <IP_ADDRESS> 19:11, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * No longer applicable: the entry now has other material in it. Equinox ◑ 17:51, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

RFV discussion: July 2014
Rfv-sense: intercontinental ballistic missile

Tagged but not listed. — Ungoliant (falai) 17:47, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Cited. Equinox ◑ 17:50, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

IBM = "I've been moved"
This is a very common joke expansion of the company name, relating to how they shift their employees around. I'm not sure it belongs in Wiktionary, but we do have e.g. FIAT for "fix it again Tony" (a joke about the car's reliability). Equinox ◑ 14:59, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:IBM


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Statistics/Introduction/Why

Imagine reading a book for the first few chapters and then becoming able to get a sense of what the ending will be like - this is one of the great reasons to learn statistics. With the appropriate tools and solid grounding in statistics, one can use a limited sample (e.g. read the first five chapters of Pride & Prejudice) to make intelligent and accurate statements about the population (e.g. predict the ending of Pride & Prejudice). This is what knowing statistics and statistical tools can do for you.

In today's information-overloaded age, statistics is one of the most useful subjects anyone can learn. Newspapers are filled with statistical data, and anyone who is ignorant of statistics is at risk of being seriously misled about important real-life decisions such as what to eat, who is leading the polls, how dangerous smoking is, etc. Knowing a little about statistics will help one to make more informed decisions about these and other important questions. Furthermore, statistics are often used by politicians, advertisers, and others to twist the truth for their own gain. For example, a company selling the cat food brand "Cato" (a fictitious name here), may claim quite truthfully in their advertisements that eight out of ten cat owners said that their cats preferred Cato brand cat food to "the other leading brand" cat food. What they may not mention is that the cat owners questioned were those they found in a supermarket buying Cato.

“The best thing about being a statistician is that you get to play in everyone else’s backyard.” John Tukey, Princeton University

More seriously, those proceeding to higher education will learn that statistics is the most powerful tool available for assessing the significance of experimental data, and for drawing the right conclusions from the vast amounts of data faced by engineers, scientists, sociologists, and other professionals in most spheres of learning. There is no study with scientific, clinical, social, health, environmental or political goals that does not rely on statistical methodologies. The basic reason for that is that variation is ubiquitous in nature and probability and statistics are the fields that allow us to study, understand, model, embrace and interpret variation.

See Also UCLA Brochure on Why Study Probability & Statistics

title: Statistics/Introduction/Why


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Chiara Bazzoni

Chiara Bazzoni (Arezzo, 5 July 1984) is an Italian sprinter (400 m). She was a component of the national relay team that holds the two Italian records (outdoor and indoor) on 4x400 m relay.

Biography
She has 9 caps in national team from 2006.

National records

 * 4x400 metres relay: 3:25.71 (🇪🇸 Barcelona, 1 August 2010) - with Maria Enrica Spacca, Marta Milani, Libania Grenot
 * 4x400 metres relay indoor: 3:31.99 (🇵🇱 Sopot, 8 March 2014) - with Maria Enrica Spacca, Marta Milani, Elena Maria Bonfanti
 * 4x400 metres relay indoor: 3:31.55 (🇬🇧 Birmingham, 4 March 2018) - current holder with Ayomide Folorunso, Raphaela Lukudo, Maria Enrica Spacca

National titles
She has won the individual national championship 4 times.
 * 1 win in the 400 metres (2013)
 * 2 wins in the 400 metres indoor (2013, 2014, 2015)

title: Chiara Bazzoni


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Lennart

Etymology
From and.

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Etymology
From and. A newer variant of the German.

Etymology
From a equivalent of modern German  and English Leonard. First recorded as a given name in Sweden in 1549.

Related terms

 * (surname)

title: Lennart


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João de Faria

Carlos de Faria (born 31 August 1912, date of death unknown) was a Brazilian sports shooter. He competed in the 50 m rifle event at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

title: João de Faria


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Ferris-Haggarty Mine Site

The Ferris-Haggerty Mine Site was one of the richest components of the Grand Encampment Mining District in Carbon County, Wyoming. The site was first exploited by Ed Haggerty, a prospector from Whitehaven, England, in 1897 when he established the Rudefeha Mine that would later be known as the Ferris-Haggerty Mine on a rich deposit of copper ore. Haggerty was backed by George Ferris and other investors, of whom all but Ferris dropped out. The partners sold an interest to Willis George Emerson, who raised investment funding for improvements to the mine. These facilities included an engineering feat of its day by developing a 16 mi aerial tramway to carry high grade copper mined at the Ferris-Haggerty Mine (FHM) over the Continental Divide to the smelter in Encampment. The tramway was longest aerial tramway the world had ever seen. The mine was eventually acquired by the North American Copper Company for $1,000,000 Million. By 1904 the mine had produced $1.4 million in copper ore, and was sold to the Penn-Wyoming Copper Company. However, even with copper prices peaking in 1907, the company had difficulty making a profit from the remote mine site. The company was over-capitalized and under-insured and was suffered devastating fires at the mine site in March 1906 and May 1907 which halted production. Business disputes and a fall in copper prices prevented re-opening of the mine even after it was rebuilt. Machinery was salvaged after a foreclosure in 1913. A total of 23 million pounds of copper ore was extracted from the mine during its life.

The George Ferris Mansion in Rawlins, Wyoming was built with Ferris' proceeds from the mine, though George Ferris was killed in a carriage accident near the mine in 1900.

The Ferris-Haggerty Mine Site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 2, 1973.

The Ferris-Haggarty Mine was purchased outright by Ferris-Haggarty Mining Corporation, a Colorado corporation, 24 April 2015. FHMC has plans underway and in process to place this very rich mineral property back into production in the very near future. Current in-ground asset valuation for its in-situ reserves and down dip potential resources are estimated at more than US$9 billion.

title: Ferris-Haggarty Mine Site


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2019 World Athletics Championships – Men's triple jump

The men's triple jump at the 2019 World Athletics Championships was held at the Khalifa International Stadium in Doha from 27 to 29 September 2019.

Summary
On the second jump of the competition, Will Claye took the lead with a 17.61m. Two jumpers later, Cristian Nápoles went 17.36m, then Pedro Pablo Pichardo, now jumping for Portugal, jumped 17.49m. That held through the round. In the second round, Claye improved to 17.72m and Nápoles improved to 17.38m before Hugues Fabrice Zango bounded into contention with a 17.46m African record. After two rounds, defending everything Christian Taylor had not landed a legal jump. Faced with do or die, Taylor made 17.42m to be allowed to continue in the competition. After Claye improved to 17.74m and Pichardo improved to 17.62m, Taylor's fourth attempt of 17.86m put him into the lead. In the fifth round, Zango improved the African record to 17.56m but still wasn't on the podium, while Taylor produced the capper. The only one to improve in the final round was Zango, his third African record of the competition was yet another 10 cm improvement to 17.66 to snatch the bronze medal.

Since 2011 the triple jump story remains virtually the same, Taylor in first, his former University of Florida teammate, Claye slightly behind.

Records
Before the competition records were as follows:

The following records were set at the competition:

Qualification standard
The standard to qualify automatically for entry was 16.95 m.

Schedule
The event schedule, in local time (UTC+3), was as follows:

Qualification
Qualification: Qualifying Performance 17.10 (Q) or at least 12 best performers (q) advanced to the final.

Final
The final was started on 29 September at 21:46.


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User:Pelagic/sandbox/j/2019/09/21

Saturday 21 September 2019

Gender notes
Funcrunch makes a distinction between man/woman (gender) versus male/female (sex) at wikidata:User talk:Kaldari/Sex or gender. Kaldari responds that most languages don't have seaparte groups of words to make that distinction. Also see wikidata:Wikidata:Project_chat.

To create when I'm feeling brave: Incubator/Gender. Either as an essay on gender issues or a statement of where I stand or maybe two separate pages.

Referrer data
Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)/RfC:_Wikimedia_referrer_policy (2017) Some excellent points on both sides. seems a good compromise to me. See also W3 TR

title: User:Pelagic/sandbox/j/2019/09/21


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Ember attack

An ember attack is when, during a bushfire, embers (also known as firebrands) such as burning twigs, bark fragments, moss or leaves become temporarily airborne and are carried by winds in a cluster.

Fuel characteristics that make plentiful and efficient firebrands are not definitely known. The material needs to be light enough to be carried aloft in updrafts, yet capable of burning for several minutes while being carried forward by the upper winds. Decayed punky material, charcoal, bark, clumps of dry duff, and dry moss are efficient firebrands. Eucalyptus bark is generally considered the most dangerous source in Australia. This led to the definition of a categorical classification (Bark Hazard) used to evaluate the potential threat of ember attack. The Stringybark species of Eucalypt is particularly notorious for contributing large flaming sections of bark that due to their size, weight and shape, can be carried up to several kilometres away. The movements of embers from a bushfire are the primary cause of spot fires, which contribute to the continued spread of a bushfire.

Fire spotting due to embers
Ember attack can ignite additional fires ahead of the main fire front. This process is called fire spotting and occurs predominantly with two distinct spatial patters:
 * Short distance spotting, where the concentration of spot fires decreases with increasing distance from the ember source. This pattern is generally associated with embers falling from the convective plume due to its turbulence
 * Long distance spotting, where fire spotting occurs in distinct and isolated groups at varying distance from the fire front. This is generally associated with the collapse of the pyrocumulus generated by intense fires

The likelihood of ignition caused by embers is a function of several environmental variables and ember characteristics, including:
 * Ambient temperature
 * Relative humidity
 * Receiving fuel moisture content
 * Wind intensity
 * Ember material, including its density
 * Ember geometry, including shape, aspect ratio, surface area

Effect on firefighting
Ember attacks have the potential to start small fires ahead of the main fire trapping firefighters between the two fires. They can also lodge themselves within firefighting equipment, clothing and vehicles.

In late 2019, a fire truck caught fire in an ember attack in the Currowan bushfire in New South Wales, Australia. Fortunately, the fire team made it out alive. Ember attacks are particularly dangerous to an individual's exposed skin and face.

Effect on property
Embers account for 75-80% of total property loss in Australia

Direct ignition of structures due to ember is possible, for example:
 * due to embers entering the property through gaps, vents, windows and doors. This can land to highly combustible material (for example carpet) and start the structural fire
 * due to embers landing in gaps within combustible material, for example between the decking boards spacing and on top of deck bearers

However, the majority of property loss happens due to secondary ignitions, for example:
 * ignition of garden furniture, house mats, fire wood piles
 * ignition of garden litter, for example within roof gutters or under the house
 * ignition of other structures like sheds, wood fences, cars. This is often referred as consequential fire

Embers commonly cause house loss up to 500 meters from the fire front, and in exceptional circumstances up to kilometers In Australia, evaporative air conditioners are known to ignite from ember attack. Ember attack causes the filter pads from evaporative AC to ignite, and the fire spreads through the roof space destroying the home. Ember guards (also known as ash screens) are recommended to protect air conditioners from ember attack.

title: Ember attack


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Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Argentina)

The National Weather Service (Servicio Meteorológico Nacional) is an Argentine government agency under the Ministry of Defense that is tasked with observing, understanding, and predicting the weather and climate in Argentina and its surrounding waters. It provides weather forecasts, radar images, ozone, temperature and rainfall graphs, and satellite images. The purpose of these tasks is to contribute to protection of its inhabitants, sustainable economic development and to provide representation of Argentina to international meteorological organizations.

Founded on 4 October 1872 by Federal law Nº559 during the presidency of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, the organisation was the first meteorological organisation in South America and the third one in the world, after Hungary and the United States which were created in 1870 and 1871 respectively. It became a member of the World Meteorological Organization on 2 January 1951. Throughout its history, the organisation was dependent under different government ministries until in 2007 when it is currently under the Ministry of Defense.

History
The organisation was founded on 4 October 1872 by Federal law Nº559 during the presidency of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento under the name (Oficina Meteorológica Argentina) or OMA for short with Dr. Benjamin Apthorp Gould as its first director. This made it the first meteorological organisation in South America and the third one in the world, after Hungary and the United States which were created in 1870 and 1871 respectively. The OMA was under the Ministry of Justice, Cult and Public Instruction (Ministerio de Justicia, Culto e Instrucción Pública). The first national network of meteorological stations and geomagnetic observations was established in 1873. Later on that year from 2 September to 16 September, the OMA attended the International Meteorological Congress in Vienna, Austria-Hungary. The International Meteorological Congress in 1873 agreed for the establishment of the International Meteorological Organization. The first solar radiation observations were made in 1874 in Córdoba. In 1875, Argentina made the first international exchange of meteorological data with neighbouring Chile.

In 1898, Federal law Nº3727 was passed by the Argentine National Congress which transferred the OMA to Ministry of Agriculture (Ministerio de Agricultura de la Nación). In June 1924, the OMA was renamed to (Dirección Meteorológica) until September 1927 when it was changed to (Dirección de Meteorología). Law Nº12252 was passed on 28 September 1935 kept the organisation still under the agriculture ministry but it was renamed to (Dirección de Meteorología, Geofísica e Hidrología). The current name of the organization, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) was created on 5 May 1945 when Decree Nº10131 was passed, placing SMN under the Secretary of Aeronautics (Secretaría de Aeronáutica). This was later reinforced by law when the Argentine Congress passed Law Nº12945 on 29 January 1947 that officially established the name and creation of it.

On 9 March 1950, SMN was transferred to the Ministerio de Asuntos Técnicos de la Nación according to Decree Nº5197 until in 22 June 1954 when Decree Nº12248 reverted SMN to being back under the Ministry of Agriculture, under the new name (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Nación). SMN became a member of the World Meteorological Organization on 2 January 1951. From 7 May 1957 until October 1966, SMN was under the Ministry of Aeronuatics (Ministerio de Aeronáutica de la Nación). Later on, during the coup by Juan Carlos Onganía, SMN was directly under the Argentine Air Force for 40 years until 1 January 2007 when Decree Nº1689 finally transferred it back into civilian hands. Finally, Decree Nº1432 in 2007 made the organisation a decentralised one that was under the Ministry of Defense, giving it the ability to have its own control over its finances, its own legal status, and ability to act in both the private and public fields.

Weather stations
Currently, SMN has 125 weather stations that extended across both Argentina and Antarctica. They also include a network of observatories that measure atmospheric parameters in addition to the meteorological parameters such as ultraviolet radiation, solar radiation, and ozone levels.

The first weather station in Antarctica was in 1904 when an observatory that both measured meteorological and geomagnetic parameters was open on Orcadas Base on Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands (Orcadas del Sur). Currently, SMN maintains 6 synoptic weather stations in Antarctica on the Antarctic bases operated by Argentina (Carlini Base, San Martín Base, Belgrano II Base, Esperanza Base, Marambio Base, and Orcadas Base).

Prevenir project and how AI is part of it
The Prevenir project in Argentina, a collaborative effort between Argentine and Japanese entities, utilizes AI and other methodologies to develop an early warning system for urban floods. Focused initially on vulnerable areas in Buenos Aires and Córdoba, it pioneers advanced forecasting techniques in the region.

Led by researchers like Juan Jose Ruiz, Prevenir's approach resembles Google's tool on a smaller scale, with a focus on precipitation dynamics. Despite less extensive data availability compared to international counterparts, Argentine models leverage radar-provided information for future precipitation system predictions.

Apart from enhancing flood forecasts and alerts, Prevenir aims to expand observation networks and raise public awareness about risk prevention. Leveraging high-performance supercomputers like Clementina XXI and Fugaku, the project marks a significant step towards more effective disaster management in Argentina and potentially worldwide.

Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre
There are 9 Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAAC for short) around the world that are responsible for monitoring volcanic ash to provide critical information and maintain aviation safety. SMN is responsible for the Buenos Aires VAAC, which covers all areas from longitudes 90 o W to 10oW and latitudes 10oS to 90oS. VAACs are designated regional meteorological centres that are tasked with observing the movement of volcanic ash into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions. The functions and responsibilities of the Buenos Aires VAAC are listed below:

 * Examine data from geostationary and polar orbit satellites to detect the existence and extent of any volcanic ash in the atmosphere.
 * Create computer simulations to model the trajectory of volcanic ash to predict the movement of ash clouds when the volcanic ash has been detected.
 * Issue advisory information with respect to the extent and forecasted movement of volcanic ash clouds to Meteorological Watch Offices (MWO), Area control centres, and Flight information service centres that are service Flight information regions affected by the volcanic ash.
 * Issue advisory information with respect to the extent and forecasted movement of volcanic ash clouds to other VAACs under their areas that they cover.
 * Issue advisory information with respect to the extent and forecasted movement of volcanic ash clouds to World Area Forecast Centres (WAFC), the relevant regional forecast centres, and international data banks OPMET.
 * Issue advisory information to meteorological offices, area control centres, flight information regions, and other VAACs when necessary every 6 hours at a minimum until no more volcanic ash clouds can be detected based on satellite data or when no more new notices about volcanic eruptions or when the VAAC does not receive any more new information regarding volcanic ash clouds in the area.


text:
allettare

Etymology 1
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to attract, to entice

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to confine in bed

title: allettare


text:
Missouri Athletic Club Building

The Missouri Athletic Club's Downtown Clubhouse is a historic building having Renaissance Revival architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

The Missouri Athletic Club has two clubhouses. The Downtown Clubhouse is located at 405 Washington Avenue, at the corner of Fourth Street, adjacent to the entrance to the Eads Bridge on the Missouri side. Designed by William B. Ittner, the clubhouse contains two restaurants, a ballroom, a barber shop, numerous private meeting rooms, a reading room, a billiard parlor, a rooftop deck, more than 75 guest rooms, and full-service athletic facilities. The athletic facilities include weight training, a pro shop, whirlpools, tanning beds, wet and dry saunas, trainers, pros, a masseuse, squash courts, racquetball courts, and handball courts.

title: Missouri Athletic Club Building


text:
Mikhail Boguslavsky

Mikhail Solomonovich Boguslavsky (Russia: Михаил Соломонович Богуславский) (1 May 1886 – 1 February 1937) was Russian revolutionary and politician, who was tried and executed as a former supporter of Leon Trotsky.

Biography
The son of a poor Jewish tailor from a village in Poltava province, Ukraine, he left school at the age of 12 to work in a printing house in Kiev, and then Kharkiv. He was arrested for the first time in 1904, in Kharkov, for organising a printers' union. In 1905 he joined the Jewish Socialist Party. Repeatedly arrested. He conducted party work in Kharkov, Nikolaev and Kremenchuk. He joined the Bolsheviks in March 1917, after the February Revolution, and was one of the leading figures in bringing communist rule to Ukraine he joined the RSDLP (b) after the October Revolution, as secretary of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian soviets, and a member of the board People's Commissariat of Finance, and as a leader of red Guard detachments. In 1920-21, he was chairman of the Printers' union. From 1922, he was a member of the Moscow City soviet. In 1924, after the death of Lenin, he was appointed chairman of the 'small council' of People's Commissars of the Russian federal republic.

In October 1923, Boguslavsky signed The Declaration of 46, and from then supported Trotsky and the left opposition, against the regime of Joseph Stalin. He was expelled from the communist party of the Soviet Union at its Fifteenth Congress, in December 1927, and deported to Novosibirsk, where he was appointed a member of the Siberian Planning Commission. In November 1929, he signed a collective letter renouncing the opposition. His party membership was reinstated in 1930. In 1932, he was appointed head of a mining equipment plant in Novosibirsk.

Boguslavsky was arrested on 5 August 1936, just before the start of the great Moscow show trials, and after just nine days in the hands of his interrogators, began to confess to trumped up charges of sabotage and terrorism. In January 1937, he appeared at the second Moscow show trial, alongside Yuri Pyatakov, Karl Radek and 14 others, and was sentenced to death on 30 January. He was shot two days later. In September 1987, the entire trial was dismissed as a fabrication, and Boguslavsky was rehabilitated.

Family
Boguslavsky's brothers, Reuben and Lev, were shot, respectively, in 1937 and 1938. His son, Adolf Mikhailovich, was shot on 13 July 1937. His second wife, Tatyana Hanina, was sentenced in 1938 to eight years in the labour camps. His daughter from the first marriage, Rebekka, was arrested in December 1937, and also sentenced to eight years. She was released in 1945.

title: Mikhail Boguslavsky


text:
MAM-2201

MAM-2201 (4'-methyl-AM-2201, 5"-fluoro-JWH-122) is a drug that presumably acts as a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors. It had never previously been reported in the scientific or patent literature, and was first identified by laboratories in the Netherlands and Germany in June 2011 as an ingredient in synthetic cannabis smoking blends.   Like RCS-4 and AB-001, MAM-2201 thus appears to be a novel compound invented by "research chemical" suppliers specifically for grey-market recreational use. Structurally, MAM-2201 is a hybrid of two known cannabinoid compounds JWH-122 and AM-2201, both of which had previously been used as active ingredients in synthetic cannabis blends before being banned in many countries.

A study of MAM-2201 in rats showed that it causes neurofunctional disruptions. A later study demonstrated that MAM-2201 bound to and activated human CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors and substituted for THC in THC drug discrimination in mice.

Legal status
In the United States, all CB1 receptor agonists of the 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole class such as MAM-2201 are Schedule I Controlled Substances.

MAM-2201 has been banned by being added to the temporary class drug schedule in New Zealand, effective from 13 July 2012.

As of October 2015 MAM-2201 is a controlled substance in China.

title: MAM-2201


text:
avustaja

Etymology
From -

Noun

 * 1) assistant, aide, auxiliary
 * 2) sidekick
 * 3)  aide, aide-de-camp, adjutant officer who acts as assistant to a more senior one
 * 4) attendant one who attends
 * 5) second
 * 6) paralegal, legal assistant lawyer's assistant
 * 7)  crew
 * 1) second
 * 2) paralegal, legal assistant lawyer's assistant
 * 3)  crew
 * 1)  crew
 * 1)  crew

title: avustaja


text:
Miss Earth Spain

Miss Earth Spain is a national beauty pageant in Spain and has been held since 2019. It is responsible for selecting the country's representatives to the Miss Earth international pageant. The main winner is being sent to Miss Earth which is an annual international beauty pageant promoting environmental awareness.

History
The Miss Earth franchise was being handled by Miss Spain before 2011. The Runner-up of Miss España or sometimes the 2nd Runner-up or Top 5 represents her country at Miss Earth.

In 2011, the official candidate will be selected by the Miss Tierra Spain pageant.

Starting in 2017, the Miss Earth Spain will be determined through one of the winners of the national pageant Showstars Spain headed by Julio Cesar Battaglia.

Miss Earth Spain
Declared as Winner
 * Color key

Ended as runner-up

Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists

title: Miss Earth Spain


text:
Ala-Archa Nature Park

The Ala-Archa Nature Park (Ала-Арча кыргыз мамлекеттик жаратылыш паркы, Государственный природный национальный парк Ала-Арча) is an alpine national park in the Tian Shan mountains of Kyrgyzstan, located approximately 35 km south of the capital city of Bishkek. Established in 1976, it currently covers 16,485 hectares.

Name
The nature park is named after the river Ala-Archa which flows through it. In Kyrgyz, the archa, which gives the river and the park its name, is a bright or many-colored juniper which the Kyrgyz people have traditionally held in special esteem, using smoke from its burning wood to chase away evil spirits. However, the archa is not supposed to be planted near the home, because it is believed gradually to sap the energy from human beings living close-by.

Geography
The park covers about 165 square kilometers, and its altitude ranges from about 1,500 meters at the entrance to a maximum of 4,895 meters at Semenov-Tian-Shansky Peak, the highest peak in the Kyrgyz Ala-Too Range of the Tian Shan. There are more than 20 small and large glaciers and some 50 mountain peaks within the park. The total area of the glaciers in the park is 53.6 km2.

Two smaller rivers, the Adygene and the Ak-Sai, originate from these glaciers' melting waters. The Adygene gorge is a wooded valley with waterfalls, springs and abundant trout.

The park includes the gorge of the river Ala-Archa and the mountains surrounding it.

Mountains
Mountain climbing is a popular activity within the park, which offers several peaks in the 4000m class:
 * Semenov-Tian-Shansky Peak (4895m)
 * Korona Peak (4860m)
 * Free Korea Peak (4740m)

Biosphere
A small reservoir on the Kargay-Bulak river was built to study the Amu Darya trout. Other wildlife includes the very rare snow leopard (in Kyrgyz: "ilbirs") on the alpine meadows and snowfields above 2,500 m elevation, wild goats, roe deer and marmots.

A park camera photographed a snow leopard for the first time in May 2017.

Many plants can be found in the park, including the Crocus alatavicus.

Tourism
The park is a destination point for weekend picnickers, hikers, horse trekkers, skiers as well as mountain climbers looking for ice, rock and mixed routes. The park is open year round, although the most popular season is late summer and early fall. Every May 1, hundreds of people camp out in the valley and climb Mount Komsomolets for the Alpinada festival.

There is a nominal fee for entering the park. Past the gate, the road continues 12 km to a small collection of buildings, including one newly renovated lodge. At the end of the road, up a trail to the left (East), lies the Ak-Sai Glacier, where remains of a Soviet climbing base indicate the high quality mountaineering within the park. The Soviet climbing base (Ratsek Hut) has been recently improved and is acting as a base for rock climbers. The region's most famous peaks rise from the Ak-Sai glacier, including Korona Peak (4860m) and Free Korea Peak (4740m). To the west of Ala Archa Valley is a trail to the Adygene valley where a climbers' cemetery is located. A third main trail continues down the center of the Ala-Archa valley for 10 km to an old, now abandoned, ski area and numerous other 4000m peaks.

In December 2016, a map of every country's most popular tourist site published by TripAdvisor indicated that the Ala Archa Gorge was the most popular destination in Kyrgyzstan.

title: Ala-Archa Nature Park


text:
Talk:Hibbertopterus/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Starsandwhales (talk · contribs) 23:10, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

Hello there, I'll be reviewing this article. It'll take around a week or so, because it's very verbose and uses terms I'm not totally familiar with. starsandwhales (talk) 23:10, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Some of the images are reconstructions that are own works of . I'm counting that as OR unless these reconstructions were also published in some paper or article.
 * Well, reconstructions by wikipedia users are commonplace on article about extinct animals so I don't think it's normal to count them as OR, I'll ask at the relevant wikiproject but I haven't seen this complaint come up before. Ichthyovenator (talk) 09:08, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I've added references on Commons matching the depictions in the article, as per what I was told by editors at Wikiproject Palaeontology. Ichthyovenator (talk) 20:11, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Ok. starsandwhales (talk) 22:05, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * There are a lot of sentences that are unclear or somewhat confusing. Is there any way to rephrase these so it's easier for the average reader, such as defining certain words? starsandwhales (talk)
 * ex.
 * It used its specialised forward-facing appendages, equipped with several spines, to rake through the substrate of the environments in which it lived in search for small invertebrates to eat, which it could then push towards its mouth.
 * As such, Hibbertopterus would have used a hexapodal gait.
 * In 1831, Scottish naturalist John Scouler described the remains, consisting of a massive and unusual prosoma and several tergites, of a large and strange arthropod discovered in deposits in Scotland of Lower Carboniferous age, but did not assign a name to the fossils.
 * The three fragmentary genera were suggested to by synonyms of each other by American paleontologist James Lamsdell in 2010, which would have meant the oldest name, Dunsopterus, taking priority and subsuming both Cyrtoctenus and Vernonopterus.
 * I've explained and linked some of the words in the sentences you brought up. I'm not sure if that's enough but it is a bit inherently difficult since the animal in question here is quite obscure and virtually only written about academically. Ichthyovenator (talk) 09:23, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

 * MoS says that citations go right before periods (occasionally commas). Basically the citation is given at the end of the phrase or sentence. starsandwhales (talk) 22:05, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I'd need some specific examples of where this is violated. I know in some cases that citations pop up in the middle of the text here but for the most part that should be when a specific study is referenced, e.g. "a 2018 survey[8]". Ichthyovenator (talk) 09:23, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Double check for duplicate links starsandwhales (talk) 22:05, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Unless one counts the lead section that should be all duplicate links gone. There are some duplicate links remaining in the "table of species" but I think that should be fine since the order of things in it can be rearranged and it's just linking specific time periods. Ichthyovenator (talk) 09:23, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

Everything looks good! starsandwhales (talk) 16:51, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hibbertopterus/GA1


text:
Miss Exotic World Pageant

The Miss Exotic World Pageant (officially, the Miss Exotic World Pageant and Striptease Reunion) is an annual neo-burlesque pageant and convention, and is the annual showcase event (and fundraiser for) the Burlesque Hall of Fame (formerly the Exotic World burlesque museum). The pageant, sometimes referred to as the "Miss America of Burlesque", attracts former burlesque queens from past decades, as well as current participants of the neo-burlesque scene. The pageant consists of burlesque performances spanning a weekend, culminating with the competition to crown a single performer as Miss Exotic World. Because of the significance of the Exotic World Burlesque Museum to the burlesque community, winning the pageant is considered a top honor for a burlesque performer.

Artists such as Josh Ellingson, Mister Reusch and Mitch O’Connell have designed posters for the event.

1990 to 2004
The pageant grew out an annual event held by Jennie Lee (dancer) and the Exotic Dancers' League (EDL), first held in 1958 and then annually through 1989. Awards were given out starting in 1962 to performers and promoters who furthered burlesque and showed it in a positive light. After Lee's death in 1990, the pageant was created and took place at the Exotic World Museum's grounds in Helendale, California from 1991 through 2005 before relocating to Las Vegas. Exotic World Museum curator Dixie Evans initiated the Miss Exotic World pageant in 1990 as a way to draw people to the museum. She garnered attention by sending out a press release claiming that "Lili St. Cyr, Tempest Storm, Blaze Starr and 30 other alumni of burlesque will all be invited to attend this reunion." While technically true, none of those invitees attended that year. However, the release garnered press attention for the pageant, which was successful enough to become an annual event, held on the first Saturday in June each year, close to the traditional time of year of the EDL's previous annual events.

1996's Rio Savant was the first black winner of the pageant, and would remain the only black winner for 20 years.

2005
In 2005, the pageant significantly expanded to mark its 15th year, as well as to accelerate the museum's fundraising efforts. Where originally the pageant had been a one-day event, it grew and was expanded to last a weekend after its first decade. The new format featured an entire evening dedicated to the "legends" – the mostly sexagenarian and septuagenarian women of burlesque's "golden age" of the 1950s and 1960s. Other new changes to the pageant included the expansion of financial sponsors; a glossy souvenir program; a celebrity master of ceremonies (El Vez); expanded seating (and shade areas); and a professional entertainment stage with sound and lighting as an improvement upon the aging wooden stage that had been used in previous years.

Some of the most significant changes by 2005 were changes to the pageant application and judging process; changes that had been initiated in 2001. The pageant had expanded from having only one "Miss Exotic World" category to now include other new categories such as Best Debut. Additionally, the application process was tightened up, with the evaluation method standardized to further ensure professionalism and fairness.

2006 to present
In 2006, the pageant took place in a new location, Las Vegas, in the wake of certain events that greatly affected the museum's operational ability. (Specifically, the state of disrepair of the property, and the death of property owner Charles Arroyo.) With the museum's impending move to Las Vegas, the pageant was held there, based at the Celebrity Theater in downtown Las Vegas. The pageant, up to that point held on the first Saturday in June, was instead held over Memorial Day weekend in late May, 2006. The pageant consisted of four evenings' worth of events and featured dual hosts Margaret Cho and El Vez. Since 2006, the pageant has made Las Vegas its permanent home. In 2016, Poison Ivory became the second black winner in the pageant's history, 20 years after Rio Savant. In 2023, the "Best Boylesque" category was abolished and the solo categories were opened to performers of all genders, with the M_ Exotic World winner choosing Miss, Mr., Mx., or any other title they feel best reflects their identity.

title: Miss Exotic World Pageant


text:
convegno

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) meeting
 * 2) meeting place
 * 3)  agreement, pact
 * 1)  agreement, pact

title: convegno


text:
Cookbook:Keralan Vegetable Stew

| Indian Cuisine | Vegan

This coconut-flavoured vegetable stew is a famous dish of the South Indian coastal state of Kerala. It is often served with appam (rice pancakes). Though frequently made with chicken, this recipe is for the purely vegetable version of the stew.

Ingredients

 * ½ coconut, freshly grated
 * 1½ cups boiled vegetables (carrots, green beans, potatoes, peas, etc.)
 * 2 Tbsp oil
 * 1 onion, diced
 * 1 very small piece of ginger, chopped
 * 2–5 green chillies (as desired), split lengthwise
 * 10 curry leaves
 * 4 cloves
 * 2 small pieces cinnamon
 * 2 pods green cardamom
 * 1 Tbsp vinegar
 * 1 Tbsp flour or rice flour or cornstarch
 * 1 pinch of salt
 * 1 tsp ground black pepper
 * 1 tsp mustard seed
 * 1 shallot

Procedure

 * 1) Pour ¾ cup of water into the grated coconut. Squeeze out the milk through a strainer. Set aside; this is first milk.
 * 2) Pour ½ cup of water into the same coconut and squeeze out the second milk. Keep this aside as well.
 * 3) In a large pan, heat oil and add the cloves, cinnamon, and cardamom.
 * 4) Add the chopped onion, ginger, chillies and curry leaves. Fry until the onion is slightly browned.
 * 5) Add the boiled vegetables and stir for 1 minute.
 * 6) Pour in the second milk and boil for about 5–7 minutes.
 * 7) Add salt. Dissolve the maida/rice flour in a little water and add it to the sauce.
 * 8) When it boils again, add the first milk.
 * 9) Remove from the flame when it starts to boil once more.
 * 10) Season with the pepper, mustard, and shallot.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You can use cornflour instead of rice/maida flour to thicken the sauce.

title: Cookbook:Keralan Vegetable Stew


text:
vasa vasorum

Etymology
From the, plural of + , the genitive plural of. Meaning "vessels of the vessels."

Noun

 * 1)  The capillaries that supply blood to vessels larger than 1 mm. They supply blood to the adventitia and middle tunicae.

Usage notes
Singular forms include "vasa vasis" and "vas vasis".

Translations

 * Finnish: suonenseinämäsuonet

title: vasa vasorum


text:
Ronald Ian Cheffins

The Honourable Ronald Ian Cheffins (born in 1930; PhD; retired) is a professor emeritus of political science and law and the University of Victoria. He was the first lawyer to be appointed directly to the British Columbia court of appeal in 1985. He held the seat until resigning 2 years later in 1987 to return to legal and scholarly practice after finding judicial work too "uncongenial". In 1991 he served as the Vice-chair on the Law Reform Commission of British Columbia. He is an expert on the Canadian Constitution and has advised five past lieutenants-governor. He is a weekly Friday guest on CFAX 1070's Adam Stirling show, where he discusses both local and world politics.

20th century
In 1953, Cheffins was appointed as a Special Commissioner for taking Affidavits within the province of British Columbia by Lieutenant-Governor Clarence Wallace. In 1955, Cheffins graduated from the University of British Columbia with a Bachelor of Laws, before continuing his studies at the university.

Publications
Cheffins authored The Royal Prerogative and the Office of the Lieutenant Governor in 2000, a paper which has been used as a reference in multiple additional papers and books.

title: Ronald Ian Cheffins


text:
Filmmaking Basics/List of lessons

List of Lesson in WikiU Film School Course # 01 - Basic filmmaking at Wikiversity
2

 * {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="450px"

 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 2 - Watching how real scenes are broken down and filmed in Hollywood.
 * }

 * {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="350px"

 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 3 - Analyzing the movie George Lucas in Love
 * }

 * {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="350px"

 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 4 - The Basic Filmmaking Process
 * }
 * }

3

4

5

6

 * {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="350px"

 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 2 - The software
 * }

 * {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="350px"

 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 3 - The hardware
 * }

 * {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="350px"

 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 4 - The room
 * }

 * {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="350px"

 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 5 - The recording session procedure
 * }
 * }

7

8

9

10

 * {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="350px"

 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 2 - Building our movie set inside FrameForge
 * }

 * {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="350px"

 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 3 - Sample 3D Storyboard from FrameForge
 * }

 * {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="350px"

 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 4 - Sample 3D Storyboard from FrameForge
 * }

 * }

11

 * }

12

13

14

15

16

 * Reference materials: the  Storyboard Worksheet • the  Original Story · the Script Outline · all the Storyboard Frames · the [[Media:SBTDS Script Ciprian2.pdf|Formatted Script]] · a Floor Plan.

 * }

Old List of Lesson in WikiU Film School Course # 01 - Basic filmmaking at Wikiversity
→Click here for shortcut to lessons←

Lesson 1. Formatting the Script
↔

WikiU Film School → Lesson #001 - Formatting the Script
 * This is the first lesson of the Course #01 - Learning the Basics of Filmmaking. You are given a very simple story for a short movie (60 seconds) called Seduced by the Dark Side!.  Your first step is to format this script.  People in Hollywood expect a movie script in a specific format.  If you cannot format your script properly, you will be ignored. Being ignored in Hollywood is not good!

 * Also, this lesson is an introduction to the script typing and formatting program called Final Draft.  This program is available in a FREE demo version which is fully working for short scripts... including saving and printing (with watermarks) short scripts.  This program comes with a tutorial to show you all the features of Final Draft.  Download the free demo version and take a look.

 * The pages of this lesson…
 * Title Page - About this lesson & a brief look at our immediate plans and goals → Start Here to begin the WikiU Film School.
 * Page 1 - The story for Seduced by the Dark Side!
 * Page 2 - Analyze the story for Seduced by the Dark Side!
 * Page 3 - Learning Final Draft
 * Page 4 - Typing the script

Lesson 2. Study the Way Movies are Filmed in Hollywood

WikiU Film School → Lesson #002- Understanding how movies are made → Under Construction
 * This Lesson can be described as "Watching Movies" and Lesson #3 can be described as "Making Decisions".
 * In this lesson, we watch movies (edited and unedited) to study the filmmaking process and to get ideas.

Watching movies is a tough job... but someone has to do it. It might as well be you!!!!

 * The pages of this lesson…
 * Title Page - Very short introduction
 * Page 1 - The Basic Filmmaking Process
 * Page 2 - Analyzing the movie George Lucas in Love
 * Page 3 - Watching how real scenes are broken down and filmed in Hollywood.

Lesson 3. Decide How the Movie will be Made ↔ Script Breakdown

WikiU Film School → Lesson #003: Planning the Movie  → Under Construction
 * To plan a movie, you need to decide how the movie will be filmed and such mundane tasks as the aspect ratio, the frame size and the lenses.

 * The pages of this lesson…
 * Title Page - About this lesson
 * Page 1 - Overall   → Start here!
 * Page 2 - Filming
 * Page 3 - Animation
 * Page 4 - Aspect Ratio & Frame Size

Lesson 4. The Most Important Step - Drawing the thumbnail storyboards
WikiU Film School → Lesson #004: Creating the Thumbnail Storyboards
 * The most important steps is storyboarding. And the simplest storyboards of all is thumbnail storyboards.  You make all the important decisions for the movie when you create the thumbnail storyboards so this is the most challenging lesson of our course.

 * Lesson #004 - The Thumbnail Storyboards
 * Page 1. Lesson summary with links to require reading.
 * Page 2. What are thumbnail storyboards?
 * Page 3. Example storyboards for our movie.
 * Page 4. What software do I need for thumbnail storyboards?.
 * Page 5. Pre-Visualization for thumbnail storyboards.
 * Page 6. How to draw thumbnail storyboards with ArtRage 2.
 * Page 7. How to draw thumbnail storyboards with Photoshop.
 * Page 8. Using the library of storyboard frames.
 * Reference materials: the  Storyboard Outline • the  Original Story · all the Storyboard Frames · the [[Media:SBTDS Script Ciprian2.pdf|Formatted Script]] · a Floor Plan.

Special Note: The first ten students who complete a good set of totally original thumbnail storyboards will received a free copy of the '''"Follow Dave?" Editing Workshop''' CD from the Star Movie Shop which hopefully works on both the Macintosh and Windows. The '''"Follow Dave?" Editing Workshop''' CD is a good introduction to film editing for narrative motion pictures with scripted dialog.

Lesson 5. Creating the Temp Score

WikiU Film School →Creating the music (rough) → Under Construction
 * To calculate the timing for this movie, you must first create the narrative music for this motion picture.

 * The pages of this lesson…
 * Lesson #005: Music - Creating the temp track - This is a simple introduction to film scoring.
 * Page 1 - What is Narrative Film Music
 * Page 2 - What tools to we need for film scoring
 * Page 3 - Creating a film score for Seduced by the Dark Side!

Lesson 6. Recording the Dialog

WikiU Film School → Recording the dialog for the animatic → Under Construction
 * We are going to create an animatic from the 3D storyboards. This is a movie created from the still artwork. To do this, we need voices of the characters in the animatic.  This is only very rough, not necessarily the voices needed for production.

 * The pages of this lesson…
 * The Title Page
 * Page 1 - The Software
 * Page 2 - The Hardware
 * Page 3 - The Room
 * Page 4 - Self Recording

Lesson 7. Editing the Animatic

WikiU Film School → Editing the animatic → Under Construction
 * To create an animatic from the 3D storyboards, we need to edit it like a slide show.

-
 * The pages of this lesson…
 * The title page
 * Page 1 - Editing For Audio

Lesson 8. The Camera Lens creates the Mood - All about Camera Lenses

.

WikiU Film School → All about Lenses → Under Construction
 * Using a program like DAZ Studio which is free, you can learn how the selection of the lens for a shot will effect the mood of the shot.

 * The pages of this lesson…
 * Lenses •Introduction to All about lenses.
 * Lenses •Learning how focal length creates mood.
 * Lenses • Learning how depth of field focuses attention.
 * Lenses •Learning about lenses using FrameForge 3D Studio 2
 * Lenses •Learning about lenses using DAZ Studio

Look at the three pictures to the right above. Can you see the difference? More importantly, can you feel the difference between the two outer images? The first image is filmed with a 24 mm lens (a very wide angle lens which makes things look cold but bold), the second is filmed with a 50 mm lens which has no distortion, and the third was filmed with a 200 mm lens (a strong telephoto lens used for dramatic portraits which makes things seem warm and close.) Note: The focal lengths of the lenses are based on 35 mm still camera lenses.

Lesson 9. 3D Human Models, 3D Costumes, and Movie Set for the Animated Version of Our Movie

WikiU Film School → Selecting the models for the animated version → Under Construction
 * We have to select the models for the animated version of this movie.

 * The pages of this Lesson…
 * Title Page
 * Page 1 - DAZ 3D figures
 * Page 2 - Poser Figures
 * Page 3 - Koshini and Friends

Lesson 10. Creating 3D Storyboards

WikiU Film School → Creating a 3D Storyboard → Under Construction
 * Using FrameForce 3D Studio 2 demo version, you can create very useful 3D storyboard artwork.

 * The pages of this lesson are…
 * Introduction to FrameForge 3D Studio 2 Demo
 * Building our movie set inside FrameForge
 * Creating the frames of the storyboard with FrameForge
 * Sample 3D Storyboard Created with FrameForge

Lesson 11. Movie Props - The Star Wars Poster

 * Making the props - The Star Wars poster - The movie set has a poster from Star Wars. We will not use a real Star Wars poster for two reasons.  One is the problem with rights.  The other problem is a detailed posters will be too hard to view.  We need a very simple poster that looks like a Star Wars poster but is not.
 * The pages of this Lesson…
 * Introduction and assignment

Lesson 12. Marketing campaign to potential distributors

 * Creating the marketing campaign to potential distributors - As early as this seems, we need to start worrying how we will find the right distributor. To do this, we must plan ahead.  This is an informational lesson with no assignment other than giving me suggestions.
 * The pages of this Lesson…
 * Introduction
 * Desperately seeking Sue Scott

 * Selecting the lighting for the movie set for the animated version - We have to light the movie set inside the computer. → Next Year

 * Character animation for the animated movie - We have to animate the characters for the animated version of the movie. → Next Year

 * Editing the animated movie - We have edit the animated version of the movie.  → Next Year

 * Designing and creating the sounds for the ambiance - We have to decide what sounds are needed for the ambiance for this movie. → Next Year

 * Designing and creating the sounds for the Foley - We have to record the Foley sounds for the ambiance for this animated movie. → Next Year

 * Recording the musical sounds for the movie - We have to create the musical sounds for this movie. → Next Year

 * Creating the matte paintings for the movie - live action - We have to create the matte paintings for the live action movie. → Next Year

 * Compositing the matte painting - live action - We have to combine the matte paintings for the live action movie with the actual filming of the movie. → Next Year

Live Action

 * Budgeting For Live Action - Breaking down the script into actual live action expenses. → Next Year

 * Financing the Live Action - Financing the live action version of this movie]] - We have to determine how much money we need and then we have to find it. → Next Year

 * Constructing the Movie Set - Planning and constructing the movie set for a live action shoot]] - We have to build a movie set. → Next Year

 * Lighting the Movie Set - Selecting the lights for the movie set for a live action shoot]] - We have to light the movie set. → Next Year

 * Hiring the Crew - Selecting the crew for a live action shoot]] - We have to find a crew for this movie. → Next Year

 * Casting the Actors - We have to audition and select the cast. → Next Year

 * Casting the Actors - Finally we film the live action version. → Next Year

 * Edit the movie - We have edit either the live action or the animated version of the movie. In both cases, this is done the same way.  → Next Year

 * Designing and creating the sounds for the ambiance - We have to decide what sounds are needed for the ambiance for this movie. → Next Year

 * Designing and creating the sounds for the Foley - We have to record the Foley sounds for the ambiance for this movie.
 * If you don't know who Jack Foley was, go to this wonderful website at www.marblehead.net/Foley/jack.html

 * Re-record the dialog - We have to replace the dialog for this movie using ADR. → Next Year

 * Recording the musical sounds for the movie - We have to create the musical sounds for this movie. → Next Year

 * Creating the matte paintings for the movie - live action - We have to create the matte paintings for the live action movie. → Next Year

 * Compositing the matte painting - live action - We have to combine the matte paintings for the live action movie with the actual filming of the movie. → Next Year

Distribution/Exhibition

 * Creating the titles - We have to create the titles and credits for both the animated and the movie. → Next Year

 * Prepare the movie's elements for distribution - Creating the titles]] - We have to prepare the movie for distribution. → Next Year

 * Creating the foreign dubs - We have to create the foreign dubs for this movie. → Next Year

 * Authoring the disk - We have to create layout and design of the DVD-Video release. → Next Year

 * Creating the posters, etc. - We have to create the posters, jacket, and slicks for this movie. → Next Year

 * Accounting - We have to account for the finances of the movie. → Next Year

Reference materials

 * Reference materials for Seduced by the Dark Side! that you might need.
 * All the thumbnail storyboard frames. A copy of all the thumbnail storyboard fremes.
 * The storyboard worksheet. The is the worksheet for doing the storyboard.
 * The original story of "Seduced by the Dark Side!".  The original story that is the basis of our movie.
 * The A short and simple outline of the script. This is a trimmed down version of the worksheet.
 * The [[Media:SBTDS Script Ciprian2.pdf|formatted script]]. The is the best formatted script (pdf).
 * A possible floor plan for the movie set.

WikiU Film School Activities

 * Our First Annual Meeting will be at Macworld Expo, January 2007.

Your Teachers at the Wiki Film School

 * Instructor: Robert Elliott. To email me,  Click Here.

title: Filmmaking Basics/List of lessons


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2019 September 15

= September 15 =

Why do they pick those Iowa caucus dates?
Why isn't it the same week or month every year? Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 14:33, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

 * It's not held every year. And the caucus/primary calendar is the result of a lot of jostling back and forth between the states and parties.  Various states which want to have more influence on the process often move their primaries earlier.  Iowa is guaranteed to be the earliest delegate-selection event, and New Hampshire to be the first primary election, so they have to be earlier than any other state's primary.  Then every so often, people complain that the nomination process is becoming ridiculously long and/or early, so everything is pushed back... AnonMoos (talk) 17:15, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

What's the name of fallacy where you over-include a person's argument?
Take this Bible verse for example on 'homosexuality' --> "If a man lies with a male as with a woman, [...]." And then Christians view that as the Bible condemns homosexuality. Well guess what, the Bible didn't say "when a woman lies with another woman" only man-on-man. And the definition of homosexuality goes both genders. So the Bible only specifically condemns man-on-man homosexuality and not woman-on-woman. So when a Christian argues the Bible condemns "homosexuality" they actually inflate the definition to include woman-on-woman. What would you call this kind of fallacy, where someone takes your argument to include another argument? Not calling this a strawman argument where they change your argument (completely), but they added on your argument to include something else. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:35, 15 September 2019 (UTC).

 * Faulty generalization may be the answer. --Cookatoo.ergo.ZooM (talk) 14:47, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

 * It is a matter of making assumptions. Assumptions can be defensible or indefensible. In my opinion you can't say that the example you have given constitutes a "fallacy". A supporting argument may render the assertion not a fallacy at all. Or the supporting argument can be weak and the extension of males to include females in the referred-to prohibition can concluded to be indefensible. Bus stop (talk) 15:01, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Not to mention the assumption that men only sin with a male if they do it lying down.--Shantavira|feed me 15:10, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

 * "If a man lies with a man as with a woman" always confused me. Is this assuming that men and women have oral and anal sex ? That doesn't seem likely, as sex was supposed to be only for reproductive purposes in the Bible. SinisterLefty (talk) 16:02, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

 * What Talmud say yo? Though that's only Scripture if you're orthodox. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 16:30, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The you may have no fun, have sex only for reproductive purpose always seemed a stretch to me. After all, There is a whole book in the Bible dedicated to life pleasures, women included (just ask Solomon). Methink the correct interpretation would be "have fun with sex, all the more so when reproduction ensue". Gem fr (talk) 18:19, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Good point. The Bible actually is the opinions of many different authors, all cobbled together and claimed to be the word of God, which of course is nonsense, because God wouldn't constantly change his mind about everything, unless God is a woman. :-) SinisterLefty (talk) 19:55, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Some Jewish Rabbis have come to the conclusion that the Hebrew Bible does not prohibit lesbian sex. Christians are not quite in the same position because of the New Testament verse Romans 1:26. The overall fallacy is probably Faulty generalization... AnonMoos (talk) 17:09, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Oops, didn't notice that the fallacy was already named above... AnonMoos (talk) 17:19, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

We have articles on a number of non-procreative / non-penetrative sexual Biblical activities: --Cookatoo.ergo.ZooM (talk) 17:00, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Genesis, method of abiogenesis unknown > expelled from Paradise
 * Onan, coitus interuptus > executed by God
 * most likely, quite a few more.
 * Forunatley (or not), Homo Sapiens survives while whilst God † is extinct.
 * God is not dead, He's just not feeling very well. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 17:37, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

Anyways, I still think the answer is some type of strawman fallacy. If the strawman fallacy is "I argued A, he changed my argument to B," my above example is "I argued A, he changed my argument to A and B, but I did not say B." <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:24, 15 September 2019 (UTC).
 * No, a strawman is a (false) argument to (claim to) destroy another argument. No such thing here. Gem fr (talk) 18:36, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * How does what you say contradict what I say? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:39, 15 September 2019 (UTC).
 * I don't see the argument to be destroyed, nor the strawman argument destroyed instead. Unless you make the initial claim "woman-on-woman is Bible-OK", in which case the conter-argument "look at {this verse, which actually only mention man-on-man}, it is not" would indeed be a strawman, but that is not the way you asked, is it? Gem fr (talk) 00:47, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Okay wow, we're not even on the same page here. I said my definition of a strawman is "I argued A, he changed my argument to B (and therefore argued against B)." Is that not what a straw man is? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:40, 16 September 2019 (UTC).
 * see Straw man. Your definition seems close enough to the more usual "I argued A, he argued against easily defeated B as if A=B then claimed to have destroyed A" (for instance because B is exaggerated A, so winning against B do not mean you defeated A). Now, what I don't see is how this relates to the question you asked, which was "they have a text about men, and they claim it applies to men and women alike, this is a fallacy, what is the name of it?". My answer (for what it is worth) was: this looks like inference (or, better yet, inductive reasoning), it may or may not be a fallacy depending on the matter (for instance : men are mortel, men are human beings, so human beings -- women included -- are mortal. This is valid) . I can add: a strawman would be "they quote a verse where men only are mentioned, so women are exempted"; that would be a strawman if (if! I don't know if they do!) they actually quoted not only this verse, but something more that that you fail to acknowledge (some other verse, some context that imply a broader meaning, ...)Gem fr (talk) 02:42, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Nope, I was only referencing just that 1 Bible verse. I find it highly unlikely another part of the Bible condemns women-on-women homosexuality, so for my purposes I'm only arguing from just that 1 verse. Obviously, this is not so much a fallacy problem, but a communication problem. If I were writing a summary-pamphlet on the Bible, I would be precise to say "the Bible condemns male-on-male homosexuality" and not "homosexuality." And most simpletons won't raise their hand and say "Hey wait a minute, what about woman-on-woman homosexuality?" I guess if this is or isn't a fallacy, it doesn't have a name. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:31, 16 September 2019 (UTC).
 * Sounds fair. Now, @AnonMoos quoted Romans 1:26, and "you must not follow the practices of the land of Egypt" could be conveying the same sort of meaning as greek love (or not, I don't know). Anyway, to argue that a practice is allowed from a statement a similar practice is forbidden is argumentum a contrario, which is sometimes legit (eg: you shall not have sex with under 18 girls-> so you may if she is 18+), sometimes not (you shall not kill->so having someone else do the deed is OK) Gem fr (talk) 09:55, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Gem fr, you still haven't answered my definition of a strawman in the example format I used. I said a strawman was "where I argued A, and the person changed my argument to B, and argued against B." You said a whole lot of mumble jumble. So when I said "how does what you say contradict what I said?" you still answered it in mumble jumble rather than by example. What would be your version of "I argued A, person instead argued against B?" <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:57, 17 September 2019 (UTC).
 * I did not, and still don't, understand what you meant by the person changed my argument to B, hence I just redirected you to our article. If your argument A really imply B, then, it is perfectly legit to argue against B as a way to argue against A. (I can provide example, but so you do, too). If B has no link to A, this is a fallacy, but not a strawman (eg: A:"Bible forbids homosexuality" B:"The moon is giant cheese"). Only if B as some link to A, but not enough (so that proving B is false do not prove A false), is the argument a strawman fallacy (eg A:"skydiving is safe enough" B:"jumping out of a plane, just like that, is safe enough") Gem fr (talk) 00:06, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * In order to argue against B, they had to change your argument to B, no? Or is it 1 of the "I said A, he argued against B, and I'm scratching my head, was he replying to me, or saying something unrelated? Do I have to point out that B wasn't my argument" type of thing. Imo, straw man might as well be a category class of arguments, with so many different types of straw mans. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:38, 18 September 2019 (UTC).
 * I'll go for "I said A, he argued against B, and I'm scratching my head..." And it makes sense to consider that strawman is actually a category, depending on the way A relates to B, however, I don't think it really matters. We distinguish things when it is actually useful to do so, to have a typology of different strawman doesn't seem o be such case. Gem fr (talk) 13:48, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

 * You may check inference. This is pretty common, including in matter of law. This may or may not be a fallacy, depending on the matter and the context, and would be decided by scholars.
 * As for the specifics of homosexuality as the Bible see it, it looks like scholars are divided, and some indeed concluded that god don't care about woman-on-woman, but surely not just because only men are mentioned as active in the chapter. Gem fr (talk) 18:36, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Consider this from the point of an Aristotelian syllogism or a fairly simple Boolean / Venn diagram.
 * However, it seems you just want to prove your point despite evidence to the contrary. If logics does not help, you may need a rabbi specialising in lesbian readings of the Torah.
 * --Cookatoo.ergo.ZooM (talk) 20:27, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * When the Bible (or any law book, for what it matters) ever was a "fairly simple Boolean / Venn diagram", to be viewed as just another Aristotelian syllogism? I certainly am the sophist enough to say "Oh look, the verse says I should not approach the woman, and I did not: SHE did the approaching. So I am not guilty", but this would be pure bad faith and strawman (aka: fallacy) and I know it, and so do you, I guess. I don't know, nor care, what this ancient law actually say, anyway; I understand that some people do care, in which case, the way to resolve this, is just to ask scholars, NOT to claim to be one and to use obviously irrelevant formal logic. Gem fr (talk) 00:47, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * LOL - I guess we could make a diagram-map as to what books of the Bible Christians interpret literally and what parts interpret as non-literally. Imo the book of Revelations they interpret non-literally. Some books like Genesis depends on the denomination. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:37, 16 September 2019 (UTC).

 * Interpreting much of the Bible literally, including Genesis, requires denying the evidence from multiple branches of science. For example, the 6 "days" in which God supposedly created the universe must be stretched out to over 14 billion years, with some days being far longer than others. Then there's the problem of the Bible contradicting itself, although I suppose you can massacre your enemies, as in the OT, then turn the other cheek, as in the NT. :-) SinisterLefty (talk) 15:08, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Yeah trivial stuff. But I am curious to know if any other books besides Revelations that Christians don't interpret literally? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:38, 16 September 2019 (UTC).
 * You can't generalize about what Christians do or don't do. Literalists consider the Bible to be totally true and science to be wrong. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 15:49, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * See Liberal Christianity: "The word liberal in liberal Christianity originally denoted a characteristic willingness to interpret scripture according to modern philosophic perspectives and modern scientific assumptions, while attempting to achieve the Enlightenment ideal of objective point of view, without preconceived notions of the authority of scripture or the correctness of Church dogma". I imagine that most mainstream Christians view the Bible through this lens to a greater or lesser extent, in Europe at least. Biblical literalism is a feature of American evangelical Protestantism. This article gives the previous pope's view, which is not literalist, and he was considered to be deeply conservative. See also Faith & Science by the current Archbishop of Canterbury: "Creationist science is a particular variety of questionable science pretending to defend theology". Alansplodge (talk) 17:14, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Baseball Bugs, of course I can (by the denomination). My point is all Christians do not interpret Revelations literally, but some interpret Genesis literally, some don't. I was asking where else in the Bible besides Revelations do no Christians interpret literally. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:57, 17 September 2019 (UTC).
 * You're saying no Christians interpret Revelation literally. That's incorrect. (And it's Revelation, not Revelations.) ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 06:21, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Looks like not Christians also interpret Revelation literally; The way Chinese Social Credit System works seems so much like something inspired by Revelation 13:15/17... Gem fr (talk) 00:24, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

I'm going to side with faulty generalization as being the best descriptor here. It's definitely some type of inductive fallacy. Essentially, Person X believes A. Person Y believes that A implies B, and therefore argues that X must also believe B. This is like an inversion of appeal to motive (the fact you made that argument implies...). X→A, Y→(A and B), X, therefore B. See also the association fallacy. Someguy1221 (talk) 04:53, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

Baseball Bugs, I sure hope you don't take offense to this. My opinion doesn't matter what you think. But I think you're an ass hole. (Which could be good for women's perspective.). Twice I said Christians don't interpret Revelations literally and twice you said they do, but you haven't listed an example of a denomination that does. Of course, I didn't ask you "what denomination." It was a test to see if you're a nice guy or not. You can tell a lot about someone who makes the "No you're wrong" argument, but not show why they're wrong. I called you out an ass hole, but I included the reason why I thought so. So by that, I gave the benefit of a doubt, stuff that people like you, don't. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:46, 22 September 2019 (UTC).

US prosections by FBI
Watching "Mindhunter" when the FBI wanted to search and then charge Wayne Bertram Williams they had to convince the state District Attorney to issue a warrant at each stage. Being British I might have this wrong but I thought that the FBI could make a federal prosecution without permission from the state. What can and what can't the FBI do without state permission? - Q Chris (talk) 18:33, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

 * There are many things that are illegal under one or more state laws but that are legal under federal law, so only state authorities can prosecute those things. What I don't know is why the FBI would be investigating them.  One possibility is there was an activity that crossed state lines that was illegal in the state law of one or more of the states involved.  E.g. tobacco-growing states like South Carolina have low taxes on cigarette sales, but New York has very high taxes on them, so there is a steady "industry" of people buying cigarettes in SC and selling them illicitly in NY.  That breaks NY law (but maybe not federal), yet it is interstate (which could mean FBI attention).  This is just a guess though. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:18, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation is a law enforcement agency. From the article: "Information obtained through an FBI investigation is presented to the appropriate U.S. Attorney or Department of Justice official, who decides if prosecution or other action is warranted."  Not sure about how they work with the attorney's in each state, perhaps it depends on the crime, or perhaps the TV writer took some liberties.  RudolfRed (talk) 22:34, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The crime of kidnapping is investigated by the FBI, but prosecuted under state law. Kidnapping  The FBI website at  describes other crimes the FBI will investigate, but some of which would also be tried at the state level.  RudolfRed (talk) 23:11, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks, that explains it. -- Q Chris (talk) 07:46, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * There are also services the FBI will perform under contract for various state and local agencies; for example their crime lab may perform various forensic science tests that other agencies may not be able to perform for lack of equipment or expertise. The FBI does aid in state crime investigations in many ways, often under the invitation of local authorities, who may be investigating crimes that have both state-level and federal-level potential for prosecution, and the FBI and local agencies would collaborate and coordinate their investigations so evidence is shared among agencies.  The FBI has various internal departments for coordinating such investigations, including the Office of Partner Engagement.  -- Jayron 32 16:01, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

Ashburnham Place & John Bickersteth
Was the Rev. John Bickersteth who inherited Ashburnham Place in 1953 the same John Bickersteth who became Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1975? Thanks, DuncanHill (talk) 19:55, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Certainly sounds likely, based on his age, and interest in religion in both cases. SinisterLefty (talk) 20:22, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * That's not really the kind of answer DuncanHill was looking for. He could have figured that out for himself. We deal in sources and references here. --Viennese Waltz 10:50, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * So is Viennese Waltz too incompetent and/or lazy to prevent "no deal"?  Here is a picture of the Rev. Bickersteth .   Here is a picture of the Rt Rev. John Bickersteth .   The Rev. Bickersteth married Marlis (née Kindlimann) and they had three children.   Marlis died (after her husband) in 2012.   The Rt Rev. John Bickersteth died in 2018. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:37, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Play nicely please. The Ashburnham chap was John David Bickersteth (1926-1991) according to the National Archives. The bishop (article linked above) was John Monier Bickersteth (1921-2018). Alansplodge (talk) 16:39, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The obituary to which I linked doesn't give a date of death but it is datelined 28 February 2018.  Our article John Bickersteth gives his age at death as 96. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:24, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * John David Bickersteth was the grandson of Lady Margaret Ashburnham,, who was the daughter of Bertram Ashburnham, 4th Earl of Ashburnham. So John David inherited Ashburnham Place from Lady Catherine Ashburnham, who was his second cousin, since they shared a common great grandfather, the 4th Earl.  Alansplodge (talk) 17:45, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I have tweaked the article to clarify things a little. Alansplodge (talk) 18:57, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

European Surrealism of the 12th and 13th Centuries
In Mark Wagner (artist)'s blog, I read:
 * Some years ago, while kicking around the shelves of the school art library, I stumbled on a book titled "European Surrealism of the 12th and 13th Centuries." This struck me as odd because in art class, I'd just learned that Andre' Breton invented Surrealism in the 1920s. But here was page after page of evidence to the contrary: sculptures and manuscript illuminations indulging unmistakable flights of fancy. All this hundreds of years before Breton.

I can't find a book with such a title. Probably Wagner misremembers the title, or it is a chapter or a paper in some book. I could ask Wagner, but I can also ask you. Can you find the book?

--Error (talk) 23:05, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The article about Proto-Surrealism doesn't go beyond the 15th century.
 * Wagner graduated in University of Wisconsin, Madison so we can probably discard the catalog of Surrealists before Surrealism which happened in 2013 and doesn't seem to go beyond the late Middle Ages.
 * The [physical_facet~true]=yes UWisc catalog] doesn't seem to have the exact title, and looking for the subjects of Surrealism and Middle Ages doesn't work as well.
 * Endless enigma : eight centuries of fantastic art mentions the 12th century but is published in 2019.
 * There is whimsy in Medieval marginalia. Maybe you have read about miniatures of sword-wielding rabbits.

 * The art movement is of the early twentieth century. But one can say one senses a surrealistic sensibility in anything. I guess this is original research. This brings to mind a discussion as to whether Nazca Lines can be considered Land art.I just noticed/remembered—it actually got into the article: "The Earth art of the 1960s were sometimes reminiscent the much older land works, Stonehenge, the Pyramids, Native American mounds, the Nazca Lines in Peru, Carnac stones and Native American burial grounds, and often evoked the spirituality of such archeological sites." Bus stop (talk) 23:32, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

 * It is not rare for people to name a thing, and at the same time claim to have found it existing a long time before, just without someone to care to name it. For instance Hieronymus Bosch has been claimed to be surrealist and is included in Category:Dutch_surrealist_artists . Somehow Giuseppe Arcimboldo is not in the category, despite being mentioned in text. Gem fr (talk) 01:10, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Tate says surrealism is a "twentieth-century literary, philosophical and artistic movement that explored the workings of the mind, championing the irrational, the poetic and the revolutionary". MoMA says surrealism "was an artistic, intellectual, and literary movement led by poet André Breton from 1924 through World War II." Bus stop (talk) 01:58, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

 * The problem here is the difference between a name and a descriptor. There is a 20th century art movement called Surrealism (a formal name) which applies only to artists that worked in that tradition, people like Dali and Magritte and the like.  There is also, unrelated to the formally-named art movement called "Surrealism" (capital S) a general concept of "surrealism", that is art which has the general characteristic of being "surreal" (little-s).  Artists like Bosch are undoubtedly "surreal" (little-s), but as he worked outside of the context of "Surrealism" (big-S), his works are not part of that movement.  -- Jayron 32 12:24, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

 * If by "surreal" we mean "of or relating to Surrealism", we do not find surreal works prior to the 20th century. The Garden of Earthly Delights has nothing to do with The Persistence of Memory. Bus stop (talk) 18:28, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * This is not for us to say. And the matter (art) is not of the kind where a consensus among specialist (art critics) is expected. So I am not that surprised we may be somewhat inconsistent. I have no problem imagining that a art piece is surrealist (because, when you enjoy it, you think it is, because it fulfills the condition admitted for a piece to be so) while its author is not (because lived before, or even long before, the movement). Not that a problem. Gem fr (talk) 23:26, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Impossible, Gem fr, impossible. Saying it is so won't make it so. Surrealism is said to be an outgrowth of Dadaism, which itself is unprecedented. Do you see drooping watch-pieces prior to The Persistence of Memory? Bus stop (talk) 01:01, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

 * No, but having melted timepieces can't be an absolute requirement, can it ? There is plenty of equally bizarre imagery in the centuries before. Even the (written) imagery in the Book of Revelation is quite bizarre. SinisterLefty (talk) 01:07, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

 * "Bizarre" isn't the hallmark of Surrealism. True, melted time-pieces are not a requirement. Long cast shadows, emptiness of human beings, remnants of architecture of a long bygone era. These are some of the hallmarks of Surrealism. Do you see them prior to the 20th century? Which painting prior to the 20th century would you call Proto-Surrealism? Bus stop (talk) 01:29, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Anyway, you seem able to define if a piece of art is surrealist or not. Such definition just cannot depend on the living period of the author, that you may sometimes not be able to know. Gem fr (talk) 11:20, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Can you point to a painting—on or off Wikipedia—that was made prior to the 20th century that you feel bears the hallmarks of surrealism? Bus stop (talk) 11:52, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Again, there is art that meets the definition of the plain-English word surreal. See here to learn what it means.  However, there is a formally defined art movement called "Surrealism" that is defined in a historical context.  Not all art that a person could describe as surreal is defined by art historians and critics and the like as part of the art movement called "Surrealism".  Being a part of an art movement has only partially to do with the physical qualities of the art, it ALSO has to do with the cultural, social, and historical context in which the art was created.  People like Hieronymous Bosch may have painted art that was, of a kind, surreal, but they did not work within the cultural, social and historical context that would classify them as part of the Surrealist movement.  -- Jayron 32 12:11, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Jayron32—couldn't a person meaningfully speak about the Pop art sensibilities embodied in the painting called The Garden of Earthly Delights? Bus stop (talk) 12:28, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * One could say that there were elements similar to those elements that were present in the Pop Art movement. One could not say that this means that Bosch was a member of the Pop Art movement, or that his work was a Pop Art painting.  Those are different things.  Likewise, one could say that Bosch's painting had elements that were also present in the later paintings of the Surrealist Movement.  That does not mean that Bosch was a member of that movement, or that his painting was a Surrealist painting.  -- Jayron 32 12:32, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * "Likewise, one could say that Bosch's painting had elements that were also present in the later paintings of the Surrealist Movement." No, Bosch's painting did not contain "elements" that were also present in the later paintings of the Surrealist Movement. But if you think so, then please name those "elements". Bus stop (talk) 12:52, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I never said that it contained those elements. I was noting that from an argument point of view, it would be a valid argument to use adjectives such as "surreal" to describe the Bosch painting.  Even if one were to make those arguments, it would not, however, make his painting part of the Surrealist movement.  His work may or may not contain such elements.  I was noting only that even if they did, it would never be appropriate to describe it as part of the Surrealist movement.  That was my point.  If you say it didn't, that's fine too.  I was not arguing that it actually did, merely that it could, and it wouldn't make any difference to the argument at hand.  -- Jayron 32 13:25, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * And, Bus stop, not only could one say, but people have actually said and written it, that Bosch's elements of hybridising things and organisms (stuff that doesn't combine in "reality", at least until very recently, nor is part of existing traditional mythological chimeric combinations) and Bosch's elements of play with sizes and proportions are similar to the surrealists' cadavres exquisites, see also exquisite corpse. ---Sluzzelin talk  13:44, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Sluzzelin—do you have a source supporting that "Bosch's elements of hybridising things and organisms [...] are similar to the surrealists'"? Bus stop (talk) 14:13, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia has an article titled Proto-Surrealism that has sourced paragraphs that discuss such things. This article at Medium.com, This paper here also discusses it.  This article here notes the direct influence Dali drew from Bosch's work.  This article here notes "Bosch anticipates many of the strategies and symbols used in 20th century Surrealism, particularly the art of Salvador Dali" and goes on to give specific elements of his work that do so.  This book here discusses how Bosch's work pre-figured the Surrealists.  -- Jayron 32 14:26, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * A quick perusal of your sources turns up this: "However, the creepy images Bosch painted are not surrealist in the modern sense." You are also saying "This article here notes the direct influence Dali drew from Bosch's work." That is irrelevant. Who cares if Dali drew influence from Bosch's work? I thought we were discussing whether or not Bosch's work bore any of the hallmarks of surrealism. Bus stop (talk) 14:36, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * No, I was discussing that he wasn't a Surrealist regardless of whether or not his work did contain elements in common with the later Surrealist movement. I did not, am not, and never will make any statement about whether or not his work did or did not contain those elements.  I never have said that, I will continue to never say that.  I will however, continue to reiterate that even if it did (allowing for both the possibilities that it does or does not) his work should not be classified as part of a 20th century art movement.  -- Jayron 32 17:31, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Can you just stop asking me? I am no art critic, and even if I were, I am not supposed to do original research. As I already wrote upstairs, Hieronymus Bosch has been claimed to be surrealist and is included in Category:Dutch_surrealist_artists . Was it right to do so? I dunno, I am not competent in the field to say even 2 cents about that. I just suppose that contributors who did that, knew what they were doing. Gem fr (talk) 23:37, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Proto-Surrealism illustrates the concept of Verifiability, not truth. I'm not an art critic either. There is nothing accomplished whatsoever by blurring an intellectual boundary such as that which delineates the period of 1917 to 1945 during which time it is said that Surrealism was an art movement. In fact it shows contempt for the intellectual definition of that art movement to say that we see it here, there, and everywhere. Bus stop (talk) 01:47, 18 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Pierre Delbecque

Pierre Delbecque (born 17 April 1930) is a Belgian former field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Pierre Delbecque


text:
South Brunswick Public Schools

The South Brunswick Public Schools are a comprehensive community public school district, serving students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from South Brunswick in Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprising 10 schools, had an enrollment of 8,071 students and 676.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1.

The district has grown substantially in recent decades, with district enrollment more than doubling in the two decades from 1991 and high school enrollment doubling to nearly 2,000 in the decade prior to 2001 and increasing by another 1,000 in the subsequent decade. However, its enrollment has recently declined the past couple of years, from 8,623 students in the 2018-19 school year down to 8,280 last school year.

The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.

Awards and recognition
Five of the district's schools have received the National Blue Ribbon Award of Excellence from the United States Department of Education, the highest honor that an American school can achieve: South Brunswick High School (1990–91), Greenbrook School (1991–92), Crossroads Middle School (1992–93), Cambridge Elementary School (1996–97), Constable Elementary School (2000–01).

Five of South Brunswick's schools have been named as a "Star School" by the New Jersey Department of Education, the highest honor that a New Jersey school can achieve:
 * Cambridge Elementary School in the 1993-94 school year,
 * Dayton Elementary School in the 1993-94 school year,
 * Indian Fields Elementary School in the 1993-94 school year,
 * Monmouth Junction Elementary School in the 1998-99 school year, and
 * South Brunswick High School in the 2000-01 school year

Indian Fields School was recognized by Governor Jim McGreevey in 2003 as one of 25 schools selected statewide for the First Annual Governor's School of Excellence award.

SBHS was one of 433 schools to be recognized by the CollegeBoard on their 7th Annual AP District Honor Roll. SBHS is also home to the award-winning Viking Marching Band, which swept the 2013 New Jersey state championship to win its seventh state title.

Schools
Schools in the district (with 2021-22 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) are:
 * Elementary schools
 * Brooks Crossing Elementary School with 564 students in grades K-5
 * Jaime Maccarone, principal
 * Brunswick Acres Elementary School with 449 students in grades K-5
 * Stacey Ta, principal
 * Cambridge Elementary School with 458 students in grades PreK-5
 * Christi Pemberton, principal
 * Constable Elementary School with 494 students in grades K-5
 * Cristina Vildostegui-Cerra, principal
 * Greenbrook Elementary School with 338 students in grades K-5
 * Jodi Mahoney, principal
 * Indian Fields Elementary School with 560 students in grades K-5
 * Peter Rattien, principal
 * Monmouth Junction Elementary School with 323 students in grades PreK-5
 * Shaun Ruymen, principal
 * Middle schools
 * Crossroads Middle School North with 894 students in grades 6-8
 * Kimberly Bynoe, principal
 * Crossroads Middle School South with 1,016 students in grades 6-8
 * Bonnie Capes, principal
 * High school
 * South Brunswick High School with 2,863 students in grades 9-12
 * Peter Varela, principal

Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
 * Scott Feder, superintendent
 * David E. Pawlowski, business administrator / board secretary

Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district.

title: South Brunswick Public Schools