text:
User:Robert.Field

Robert Field is an Engineer at Oracle Corporation (formerly Sun Microsystems). He was the Specification Lead for JSR-163 which defined the Java Virtual Machine Tool Interface (JVMTI) and java.lang.instrument. He lead the specification and development of these interfaces. Previously, he lead the creation of the Java Platform Debugger Architecture, was Specification Lead for JSR-45 (Debugging Support for Other Languages),invented doclets, and designed the doclet API (see Javadoc). He was Lead of the JavaFX Script compiler and runtime project. He was the primary engineer on the compiler and runtime for the Lambda project which added lambda expressions (see Lambda calculus) to the Java (programming language) in JDK8. He is currently designing and implementing a Read–eval–print loop for the Java Programming Language.

title: User:Robert.Field


text:
Secret in Their Eyes

Secret in Their Eyes is a 2015 thriller film written and directed by Billy Ray and a remake of the 2009 Argentine film of the same name, both based on the novel La pregunta de sus ojos by Eduardo Sacheri. A co-production between the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Spain, the film stars Chiwetel Ejiofor, Nicole Kidman, and Julia Roberts, with Dean Norris, Michael Kelly, Joe Cole, and Alfred Molina in supporting roles.

The film was released by STXfilms on November 20, 2015. It received a mixed reception from critics, who praised its performances but compared it unfavorably to the original.

Plot
In 2002, shortly after 9/11, Ray Kasten, a counterterrorism agent for the FBI, and his friend Jessica "Jess" Cobb, an investigator for the Los Angeles district attorney's office, meet new ADA Claire Sloan. Jess and Ray receive a call about an unknown female body found in a dumpster near a local mosque, which Ray has been investigating for possible terrorist links. At the crime scene, both are devastated to discover that the victim is Jess's 18-year-old daughter, Carolyn, whose body has been bleached inside and out to destroy DNA evidence of both rape and murder.

Ray, who was supposed to meet Carolyn to plan a surprise party for Jess but was late due to work conflicts, feels responsible for her death, while Jess feels the increasing need to move out of the city. While helping Jess pack, Ray notices pictures from a picnic thrown for law enforcement in which a young man is seen staring at Carolyn. Ray scans the photo and matches it to Anzor Marzin, who is an informant in the terrorism probe. DA Martin Morales is reluctant to go after Marzin, fearing it would compromise the terrorism investigation. Officer Reggie Siefert brings in a suspect named Aban Ghazala, who Ray realizes is not the killer.

Ray forces Siefert to admit that he set up Ghazala as a patsy to protect Marzin. Ray and Detective Bumpy Willis track down and arrest Marzin at Dodger Stadium. Claire argues with Ray over his methods while taunting Marzin by claiming he wasn’t capable of the crime, provoking him to expose himself, confess to the crime, and attack Claire. Ray beats Marzin, which leads to Morales ordering Marzin released. As Marzin gloats, an enraged Ray suggests they kill him before he gets away, but Jess refuses to go that route, saying death would be too easy on him. After his release, the police find Marzin's van, but Siefert burns it to destroy the evidence against Marzin.

Thirteen years later, Ray, now head of security for the New York Mets, returns to Los Angeles and reunites with Claire, now the DA, while Jess, who has been asocial since the loss of her daughter, is Claire's top investigator. Ray has found a man named Clay Beckwith, who he believes is Marzin living under an alias. The investigation eventually leads to a shootout with Beckwith in which Siefert is killed. Beckwith and his men are arrested, but Jess insists that Beckwith is not Marzin.

When Ray and Claire pay a visit to Jess's isolated farmhouse, she confesses that she found and killed Marzin thirteen years previously, shortly after Ray left Los Angeles. Later, Ray follows Jess into her barn and discovers that Marzin is actually alive, having been imprisoned in a cage for over a decade. Marzin begs Ray to ask Jess to talk to him. Ray pulls out his gun and leaves it with Jess as he goes outside and starts digging a grave. Ray hears Jess shooting Marzin. The two meet each other with a sense of relief while Claire officially closes Carolyn's case.

Cast

 * Chiwetel Ejiofor as Raymond "Ray" Kasten
 * Nicole Kidman as Claire Sloan
 * Julia Roberts as Jessica "Jess" Cobb
 * Dean Norris as Bumpy Willis
 * Michael Kelly as Reginald "Reg" Siefert
 * Alfred Molina as Martín Morales
 * Zoe Graham as Carolyn Cobb
 * Lyndon Smith as Kit
 * Joe Cole as Anzor Marzin / Clay Beckwith
 * Don Harvey as Fierro
 * Mark Famiglietti as Duty Sergeant Jacobs
 * Ross Partridge as Ellis

Production
On January 20, 2015, STX Entertainment acquired the US rights to the film. STX also produced the film.

Filming
Principal photography began on January 26, 2015, in Los Angeles. On January 27, filming took place at Santa Anita Park.

Release
STX had initially scheduled the film for release on October 23, 2015, but in July 2015, the film was moved back to its eventual November 20, 2015 release date.

The film's first trailer was released on June 30, 2015.

Home media
Secret in Their Eyes was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on February 23, 2016, by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.

Box office
Secret in Their Eyes grossed $20.2 million in North America and $12 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $32.2 million, against a budget of $19.5 million.

In North America, the film opened alongside The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 and The Night Before on November 20, 2015. In its opening weekend, it was projected to gross $7–9 million from 2,392 theaters. The film made $170,000 from its early Thursday night screenings and $2.3 million on its first day. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $6.7 million, finishing fifth at the box office.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on  reviews, with an average rating of. The site's critical consensus reads, "Secret in Their Eyes wastes its incredible cast on a remake that fails to improve upon—or even make a compelling case for its own existence in addition to—the remarkable original." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 45 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Writer Manuel Betancour of Remezcla said the film "offers a textbook example of what often gets lost in translation when foreign films are remade for American audiences."

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Secret in Their Eyes


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/kaznau.kz

Links

 * ingenerfac.kaznau.kz resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

 * kaznau.kz resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

 * kaznau.kz. resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

 * lesfac.kaznau.kz resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

 * t3.kaznau.kz resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Users

 * Andreykor
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group sysop on some wikis
 * GanS NIS
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group sysop on some wikis
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group sysop on some wikis

Additions

 * Displayed all 10 additions.


text:
Talk:Akureyri Botanical Garden

I translated this from de.wikipedia, thus it should be acceptable. I hope some patriotic Icelander will add extra material. Arrecife (talk) 01:38, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Akureyri Botanical Garden


text:
File:Toys in the Attic Playbill cover.jpg

Rationale for use in [Toys in the Attic (play)

 * 1) For an article about a play, the original Playbill cover is arguably one of the most important images that could be included.
 * 2) The image of the Playbill cover is being used as the primary means of visual identification of the premiere production of the play.
 * 3) No free or public domain images have been located for this play.
 * 4) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover (copies made from it will be of inferior quality).
 * 5) The cover is to suggest something of the play's genre and style.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only, and its use is not believed to detract from the original play in any way.
 * 7) The cover is used on various websites, and its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 8) The cover's use on Wikipedia is entirely encyclopedic in nature


text:
tváa

Etymology
From, from.

Verb
(archaic)

 * 1)  to wash, to lave
 * 2) * (proverb) ilt er svart skinn hvítt at tváa
 * it's bad to white wash a black skin

title: tváa


text:
Talk:G.A.M.E. (Gettin' American Money Eazy)

Untitled
With the best of luck going to The Game; does anybody have any info about who else is on the G.A.M.E. album beside him? I did some research and it seems that Bigga Figga JT had installed some unknowns. Here's what I have so far:

Gettin' American Money Easy (w/ Young Noble of Outlawz)

Curtains (w/ San Quinn)

That's Presidents (w/ Telly Mac, his main lyrics gone missing)

Get Live (w/ JT the Bigga Figga)

On another note: JT couldn't wait for The Game to die like Pac, can he? :P

--Tyrenol 00:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:G.a.m.e..jpg
Image:G.a.m.e..jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 11:05, 4 June 2007 (UTC)


text:
George Hoole Mitchell

George Hoole Mitchell FRS FRSE FGS CBE (1902-1976) was a British geologist. He won the Geological Society of London's Bigsby Medal in 1947. He was Assistant Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain from 1959 to 1967.

Life
He was born in Liverpool on 31 December 1902, the son of George Richard Mitchell, a pewterer (1874-1965), and his wife Emma France, daughter of Hoole France. He was educated at Liverpool Collegiate School. He studied Science at the University of Liverpool graduating BSc in 1924 and gaining an MSc in 1925. He gained a doctorate (PhD) in 1927.

He joined the British Geological Survey in 1929 and rose to the level of Assistant Director.

In 1953 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1955 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Archibald Gordon MacGregor, Sir Edward Battersby Bailey, Murray Macgregor, James Phemister and John Knox. He served as the Society's Vice President 1964 to 1967. He was President of the Yorkshire Geological Society 1954 to 1956 and of the Edinburgh Geological Society 1961 to 1963.

In 1967 he was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II.

He died in hospital in Greenock on 11 March 1976.

Family
In 1930 he married Vera Margaret Richardson.

Publications

 * Geology of the Country around Wakefield (1940)
 * ''Geology of the Country around Barnsley (1947)
 * Edinburgh Geology (1960)
 * The Lake District (1970)

title: George Hoole Mitchell


text:
Talk:Alexandra Hagan

Dead links : So many online articles written before an Olympics announcing for example "Alex Hagan selected in 2012 in the VIII....." are dead by 2016. I will delete these dead-links now. It's also problematic (in terms of citations) that sites such as an Aust Olympic Committee are dynamic. An article in 2012 about the upcoming Olympics won't be on the site after 2012; lists of the participating Olympians in 2012 becomes a much shorter list of just medallists once the games are over. Again these need to be de-linked. Luckily for Alex (and this article)right about now there are similar articles about her selection in 2016. Go girls, go Alex !- Sticks  66  05:00, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alexandra Hagan


text:
Essakane

 Essakane is a rural commune and village of the Cercle of Goundam in the Tombouctou Region of Mali. The commune includes around 16 small settlements. The small village of Essakane is around 70 kilometers west of the town of Timbuktu. The commune includes Lake Faguibine and two depressions, Lake Kamango and Lake Gouber, which fill with water in years when the annual flood of the Niger River is particularly extensive.

Between 2001 and 2009 Essakane was the site of an annual music festival held in January called the Festival au Désert (Festival in the Desert). Because of the difficulty of guaranteeing the security of foreign tourists, in 2010 and 2011 the Malian Government moved the festival to the outskirts of Timbuktu. The festival showcases the music of the local Tuareg people, as well as musicians from other nearby nations such as Mauritania and Niger.

title: Essakane


text:
User:HayleySandford

I work in the communications team at Aviva plc: www.aviva.com

This account will be used to openly suggest changes to our Wikipedia article or articles about our Board members, using the Discussion page, whilst acknowledging our interest in the subject.

title: User:HayleySandford


text:
Rajesh Verma

Rajesh Verma may refer to:

 * Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician) (born 1960), Indian politician
 * Rajesh Verma (cricketer) (1981–2022), Indian cricketer
 * Rajesh Verma (Khagaria politician) (born 1992), Indian politician

title: Rajesh Verma


text:
User:Dante

I am administrator of Portuguese Wikibooks and editor of Commons, Portuguese Wikipedia and Portuguese Wiktionary. Menssage me preferentially in Wikibooks.

title: User:Dante


text:
User:Jnestorius/Counties of Ireland

Historical development
"After the Bruce invasion a new wave of liberty creation" [Otway-Ruthven p174]
 * 1 Dublin county before 1190s [Otway-Ruthven p173]
 * Dublin county of the city 1548 >  county borough 1898 > city 2001
 * Dun Laoghaire Rathdown electoral County 1985 > administrative county 1993
 * Dublin Fingal electoral County 1985 > Fingal administrative county 1993
 * Bublin Belgard electoral County 1985 > South Dublin administrative county 1993
 * Meath 1172 Hugh de Lacy [Otway-Ruthven p181] liberty; 1210-15 king [Otway-Ruthven p174]; 1215 I guess liberty again
 * first division 1241 "The lands of Margaret did not obtain liberty rights, whereas Geoffrey and Matilda were granted liberty rights in 1254, along with the castle of Trim which the king had previously retained"
 * Kells liberty / "lands of de Verdon"[Otway-Ruthven p174], suppressed by Robert Ufford a few years after 1276, subsumed into Dublin by 1280 [Prestwich p202] > Meath county 1297 [Prestwich p210] became a shire 1297 [Otway-Ruthven p174]; Merged with Trim 1330 [Hand p124]
 * Trim liberty 1254, 1297; only liberty to enjoy 4 reserved pleas [Prestwich p202] seized 1293-1302 [Prestwich p211]
 * 11 Meath alone by 1460
 * 12 Westmeath 1542
 * Waterford and Cork joint sheriff by 1207-8 [Otway-Ruthven p173]
 * 2 Waterford county by 1297
 * Waterford county of the city 1574 >  county borough 1898 > city 2001
 * 3 Cork by 1297
 * county of Youghal 1606 (stillborn; fn.1
 * Cork county of the city 1608 > county borough 1898 > city 2001
 * East and West ridings for quarter sessions 1823
 * Munster c.1210 Tipp & Lim separate court 1235, sheriff 1251-4 [Otway-Ruthven p173]
 * 4 Tipperary county by 1254, 1297 > liberty in 1328 [Otway-Ruthven p175] ,1460 > county in 1716
 * Cross Tipperary > extinguished 1621/1716
 * North Tipperary riding 1838, county 2001
 * South Tipperary riding 1838, county 2001
 * 5 Limerick by 1254, 1297, nominal by 1460
 * Limerick county of the city 1609 > county borough 1898 > city 2001
 * Leinster liberty c.1172 [Otway-Ruthven p181] > split by 1297 apparently these liberties were prev "counties" of the undiv lib of Leinster [Otway-Ruthven p185-6]
 * 7 Kildare [c.1278 confiscated by Robert Ufford from Agnes de Vescy Prestwich p202] liberty in 1297, became a shire 1297 [Otway-Ruthven p174] > confiscated from William de Vescy ?by 1314? [Prestwich p203] liberty 1317, county 1345 [Otway-Ruthven p174]
 * 8 Kilkenny liberty in 1297 [Prestwich p204, seized temp 1297-1303] ,1460 > county
 * Kilkenny county of the city 1610 > 1898
 * 9 Wexford liberty in 1297,1460 [Prestwich p203-4 seized from de Valence c.1280, c.1302] > county
 * Ferns liberty 1578-1590
 * 10 Carlow liberty in 1297 [Prestwich p203: seized 1284-5, 1299, 1301; ext 1306-12] > reverted crown & county 1306 [Otway-Ruthven p174] liberty 1312 but "much in the king's hand" in 14C [Otway-Ruthven p174]
 * Ulster liberty de Courcy some later date than 1172 [Otway-Ruthven p181]; liberty 1205 de Lacy the younger [Otway-Ruthven p182] king 1210-27 [Otway-Ruthven p174] liberty in [1226],1297,1460
 * 13 Uriel/Louth county by 1233, prob 1227 [Otway-Ruthven p174;], 1297 > liberty John de Bermingham 1318, lapsed 1328 [Otway-Ruthven p174]; Roger Mortimer lib 1331 just [Otway-Ruthven p175] county in 1460
 * Drogheda county of the town 1412 > 1898
 * bailiwicks 1226, counties 1297, 1333 "It would seem that this [1226] account did not include Coleraine and the Twescard (Tuaisceart), or the northern part of the present county of Antrim":
 * Antrim "The "County of Antrim" probably included the whole district between the Twescard and the Co. of Carrickfergus."
 * Carrickfergus excepting the vill "The county of Carrickfergus, with which we commence, comprised approximately the present baronies of Upper Glenarm, Carrickfergus, Upper and Lower Belfast, and Upper and Lower Massereene."
 * Carrickfergus vill [?> county of the town 1326?]
 * Ladcathel [Lecale] 1226 > Down(patrick) 1297, 1333
 * Newtown(ards) [county 1297, 1333]
 * del Art [Ards] 1226 [bailiwick; was it a subdiv of Newtown in both 1226 and 1297, or merged into it between 1226 and 1297?]
 * Blathewyc 1226 [ui Blaithmaic now the baronies of Lower Castlereagh and Lower Ards] same query as Ards
 * Twescard [lords of Galloway in John de Courcy's time] > Coulrath Coleraine 1297, 1333
 * replaced (if not previously extinct) 1570:
 * 14 Antrim
 * Belfast county borough 1898
 * 15 Down 1570
 * Carrickfergus county of town ["by 1326", presumably bailiwick] > 1898
 * 6 Kerry by 1233 [Otway-Ruthven p173], 1297; liberty 1329 "till the ruin of the Desmonds in the 16C" [Otway-Ruthven p175]
 * Desmond liberty 1571-1606
 * Connacht by 1247 [Otway-Ruthven p173], 1297
 * 27 Roscommon separate by 1292 [Otway-Ruthven p173], 1297, gone by 1460, back 1570
 * 28 Galway 1570
 * Galway town 16?? > 1898; 1985 county borough > city 2001
 * East and West ridings for quarter sessions 18??
 * 29 Sligo 1570
 * 30 Mayo 1570 "when Mayo was constituted a County and divided into Baronies, which was first done (on paper) by Sir Edward Pytton, President of Connaught, on the 27th August 1570, Sir Henry Sydney being then Lord Deputy of Ireland."
 * 31 Leitrim 1570
 * 18 Thomond "short-lived liberty" [Prestwich p202] 1276 > Clare 1570
 * 16 King's 1556 > Offaly 192x?
 * 17 Queen's 1556 > Laois 192x?
 * 19 Longford 1570
 * 20 Armagh 1571-?
 * 21 Cavan 1579-83
 * 22 Donegal 1585
 * 23 Monaghan 1587
 * 24 Fermanagh 1588
 * 25 Tyrone 1591
 * 26 Coleraine 1603 > Londonderry 1613
 * Londonderry county borough 1898
 * 32 Wicklow 1606

liberties excluded as crossland only churchland at time of grant, not later additions [no word on reductions] [Otway-Ruthven p183]. Orig subject to tax, hence rep in parliament, unlike Eng palatines [p184]

Crosslands
[Otway-Ruthven p175]
 * to 1297: all administered by Dublin sheriff
 * 1297: new county of Meath includes lib Trim crosslands; all Ulster crosslands get own sheriff
 * "By reign Edw3" -- each lib' crosslands has sheriff

title: User:Jnestorius/Counties of Ireland


text:
Keith Kahn-Harris

Keith Kahn-Harris is a sociologist and music critic. He is an honorary research fellow and senior lecturer at Birkbeck College and an associate fellow of the Institute for Jewish Policy Research and a lecturer at Leo Baeck College.

He has published academic and non-academic articles on Judaism, music scenes, heavy metal music, transgression, Israel, communities, dialogue, religion, ethnicity, political discourse, and denial.

Academic positions

 * 2008–09: Research Associate at the Centre for Urban and Community Research, Goldsmiths, University of London, working on project funded by the Economic and Social Research Council "Contemporary Anglo-Jewry and Leadership: Coping with Multiculturalism" (with Ben Gidley).
 * 2007–08: Research Associate at the Centre for Urban and Community Research, Goldsmiths, working on two projects funded by the Rothschild Foundation Europe: "A Mapping Study of Efforts to Combat Antisemitism, Racism and Xenophobia at the Local, Communal and Grassroots Levels in Europe" (with Roger Hewitt) and "From Security to Insecurity?: Jewish Communal Leadership in Changing Times" (with Ben Gidley).
 * 2005: Postdoctoral Fellow at the Advanced Cultural Studies Institute of Sweden, Campus Norrköping of Linköping University.
 * 2001–02: "Jerusalem Fellow" at the Mandel School for Advanced Educational Leadership in Jerusalem.

Books written

 * The Babel Message: A Love Letter to Language Icon Books, 2021
 * Strange Hate: Anti-semitism, racism, and the Limits of Diversity Repeater books, 2019
 * Review, by Howard Cooper The Jewish Chronicle, 18 June 2020
 * Denial: The Unspeakable Truth, Notting Hill Editions, 2018
 * Uncivil War: The Israel Conflict in the Jewish Community, David Paul Books, 2014
 * Review by C Schindler, Jewish Journal of Sociology 56 (2014) 127–128.
 * All that Matters: Judaism, Hodder Education, 2012
 * (co-written with Ben Gidley), Turbulent Times: The British Jewish Community Today Continuum 2010
 * Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge Berg 2007
 * Review:

Books edited

 * (co-edited with Dougald Hine) Despatches from the Invisible Revolution New Public Thinking 2012
 * (co-edited with Andy Bennett) After subculture: Critical studies in contemporary youth culture  	Basingstoke Palgrave 2004

Refereed articles in scholarly journals

 * "Religious Popular Music: Between the Instrumental, Transcendent and Transgressive" in Temenos: Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion, 48/1, 87–106 2012
 * (With Ben Gidley) "Contemporary Anglo-Jewish and Community Leadership: Coping with Multiculturalism", British Journal of Sociology 63/1 2012
 * "Creating Jewish Rap: From Parody to Syncretism" in transversal – Zeitschrift für Jüdische Studien 1 2009 21–38
 * "The 'Failure' of Youth Culture: Music, Politics and Reflexivity in the Black Metal Scene" in European Journal of Cultural Studies, 7/1 2004, pp 95–111
 * Roots'?: The Relationship Between the Global and the Local Within the Global Extreme Metal Scene" in Popular Music 19/1, 2000, pp 13–30

Journal special issues

 * (Co-edited with Titus Hjelm and Mark LeVine) "Heavy Metal: Controversies and Countercultures" Popular Music History 6: 1/2, April/August 2012
 * (Co-edited with Karl Spracklen and Andy R. Brown) "Metal Studies: Cultural Research in the Heavy Metal Scene" Journal for Cultural Research 15: 3, July 2011

Personal life
He is married to Rabbi Deborah Kahn-Harris, with whom he has two children.

title: Keith Kahn-Harris


text:
Whittwood Town Center

Whittwood Town Center (formerly Whitwood Shopping Center or Whitwood Center) is a 65-acre open-air shopping center in Whittier, Southeast Los Angeles County, California, located on the southwest corner of Whittier Boulevard and Santa Gertrudes Avenue.

The shopping center has a gross leasable area of 841,936 square feet and is close to Interstate 605, Interstate 5, and the Pomona Freeway. Anchor stores include CVS Pharmacy, JCPenney, Sears, Kohl's, PetSmart, and Target.

History
Whittwood was built in the 1961 as a competitor to The Quad at Whittier. It had three anchor tenants: JCPenney on the east, The Broadway on the west, and in between, Myers Whittwood, owned by Boston Stores and rebranded "Boston Stores" in 1976.

Sav-On was located across the northeast mall entrance from JCPenney.

Desmond's opened a 20000 sqft store in October 1962, its twelfth and the third that it opened in 1962.

Whittwood was originally an open-air mall, which was initially a success.

In the late 1970s, it was renovated and transformed into an enclosed mall. Mervyn's was added as a fourth anchor in the 1980s near The Broadway, giving the mall an "L" shape and adding additional small stores between The Broadway and Mervyn's. A food court was added near the entrance in the center of the mall on its southern side. Also in the 1980s, Mimi's Cafe was added as a standalone building in the northern part of the mall's massive parking lot. This would be the first of many standalone restaurants that would be added to the northern parking lot. Black Angus followed in the 1990s, and the rest of the single-occupant restaurant buildings in the north lot were added after the 2004 renovation. The exterior was remodeled in the late 1980s to lure businesses from The Quad, which had recently closed after being damaged by the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake. Krikorian Theatres opened a 10-screen Premium movie theater complex on the back lot, which was later sold to Regal Cinemas. The theater closed in the mid-1990s. Boston Store closed down in the 1990s and wasn't replaced by a new anchor. In 1996, Federated Department Stores bought out The Broadway and decided not to convert the Whittwood store to a Macy's for unknown reasons. It was closed and sold to Sears, which moved in by November of that year.

The mall closed in 2004, with the three separate anchors remaining open. Mervyn's went out of business at the end of 2008 and was replaced by Kohl's in 2009. The only shop open left in the central mall building was Sav-On, now replaced by CVS Pharmacy. Not long after, the entire enclosed building that had connected the three remaining anchors was demolished, returning the JCPenney and Sears buildings to standalone buildings and making the Kohl's building a standalone building for the first time ever (when it was constructed, it was connected to the mall). CVS Pharmacy (the former Sav-On) moved to a new location in one of the many smaller newly built buildings within the mall property.

The mall was replaced by a new town center containing big box retailers, and new condos were built where the former theater was.

Transit Access
There is a bus terminal on the property served by LA Metro route 120, Montebello Bus Lines route 10, Foothill Transit route 285, and Sunshine Shuttle routes A and B.   The bus terminal is located to the west of Sears.

title: Whittwood Town Center


text:
Braytown, Tennessee

Braytown is an unincorporated community in Anderson County, in the U.S. state of Tennessee.

History
The community was named for the Bray family, who settled there in the early 19th century or earlier.

title: Braytown, Tennessee


text:
Basics of computer architecture

This is a lesson from the course Introduction to Computer Science, which is a part of The School of Computer Science.

Instructions for this lesson
Read the text and try to understand it. If something is not clear, follow the links for explanation.

Objective
Understanding how your computer works is a gateway to understanding what you can do with your computer. You must thoroughly understand the main components inside your computer and how they work together. After the course Introduction to Computers, you should be familiar with a computer's basic components.

Be able to answer these questions:
 * What would happen if a computer didn't have a hard drive (HDD)?

Contents
see also Computer Architecture Lab At the heart of any computer, modern or early, is a circuit called an ALU, or Arithmetic Logic Unit. It's comprised of a few simple operations which can be done very quickly. This, along with a small amount of memory running at processor speed called registers, make up what is known as the CPU, or Central Processing Unit.

A CPU isn't very useful unless there is some way to communicate to it, and receive information back from it. The communication process the computer employs is usually known as a Bus. The Bus is the input/output, or I/O gateway, for the CPU. The primary area with which the CPU communicates within its system memory in is commonly known as RAM, or Random Access Memory. Depending on the platform, the CPU may communicate with other parts of the system directly, or indirectly through its memory.

The "word" size of a platform is the native amount of bits that can be moved over the bus that is internal to the CPU.* Early computers varied on bit sizes, but most modern computers work in multiples of 8 bits, commonly known as a Byte. The first general purpose CPU on a chip, built by Intel, was the 8080 built in 1974. The 8080 used an 8 bit word, meaning it would communicate over the bus 1 byte at a time. In contrast, the 80386, built in 1985, has a 32 bit (4 byte) word, and the IA64, built in 2001 is a 64 bit (8 byte) word.

 * Note that a few companies considered the "word" size to be number of bits transferred at one time over the CPU<=>RAM bus. Technically, knowing the actual "word" size inside the CPU can be quite important for people developing system level software, such as device drivers.

Questions for self-test
The CPU, RAM, and other components all work together to run computer software.

An important piece of software for the computer is called the kernel.

The kernel helps the CPU, RAM, hard drive, and other devices all talk to each other. We will go over how the kernel actually works in more detail in a later course. When we use our computers, everything we do (instructions, commands, programs, applications) goes through the kernel. Knowing what the kernel does gives a solid foundation for many other computer science ideas.

title: Basics of computer architecture


text:
Perl/Perl.org

Perl.org is perhaps the best starting point for learning about Perl. It calls itself The Perl Directory.

What's there?
Perl.org answers the question, What is Perl?:
 * Perl is a stable, cross platform programming language. It is used for mission critical projects in the public and private sectors and is widely used to program web applications of all needs. See learn.perl.org

The Perl Directory

 * 1) About Perl – You can learn about Perl's history, success stories, and where to get downloads
 * 2) CPAN – the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network and "source for all things Perl" is the main repository for Perl modules, scripts, binaries, ports, source code, documentation and a host of other goods.
 * 3) Perl Core Development – Links to dev.perl.org sites about Perl 5, Perl 6, Parrot, Pugs, and others new developments, bug reporting and fixing and so forth.
 * 4) Application Programming – Links to CPAN's exhaustive module list, dbi.perl.org for database programming and to perl.apache.org, where an embedded perl interpreter called mod_perl is provided for the Apache web server.
 * 5) Events and Conferences – YAPC.org (Yet Another Perl Conference), The O'Rielly Perl Conference, local meetings, Summer of Code, etc. Perl people like to congregate.
 * 6) Online Documentation – Links to the all-important perl manual pages at perldoc.perl.org. Also to FAQs, mailing list archives and other documentation.
 * 7) Books and Articles – Links to the Perl Review, Perl.com, PerlCast, reviews, library and where to find the famous "Camel Book", "Llama book" and others.
 * 8) The Perl Community – Links to Perl Mongers, Perl Monks, Mailing lists, Planet Perl, use Perl and the rest of the big and friendly Perl community.
 * 9) The Perl Foundation – The umbrella organization for various Perl projects (as the Wikimedia Foundation is to Wikiversity)

title: Perl/Perl.org


text:
Talk:David Wrench (singer)

External links modified
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title: Talk:David Wrench (singer)


text:
ruskettua

Verb

 * 1)  to tan, suntan obtain a suntan

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to become brown

title: ruskettua


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Clodmuse/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

All SPA's promoting + trying to stop the deletion of Hariram Suthakaran Devokewater @ 12:36, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * ✅. : sock reblocked indefinitely, master blocked for 1 week. . Closing. Mz7 (talk) 05:24, 15 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner for Northamptonshire (Fire and Rescue Authority) Order 2018

The Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner for Northamptonshire (Fire and Rescue Authority) Order 2018 is a statutory instrument to transfer responsibility for the governance of the fire and rescue services in Northamptonshire from Northamptonshire County Council (NCC) to the Police and Crime Commissioner (PCC).

The proposal order was submitted by then Secretary of State, Sajid Javid in accordance with the Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 which allows a proposal if it is in the interest of economy, efficiency, effectiveness and does not have an adverse effect on public safety.

The order came into force on 1 January 2019 and the Police and Crime Commissioner is now known as the Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner (PFCC).


text:
Qusay Munir

Qusay Muneer Abboodi Al-Hussein (قصي منير عبودي الحسين, born 12 April 1981 in Iraq) is a former footballer and currently head coach of Al-Diwaniya. Prior to his managerial career Muneer was an acclaimed central midfielder with more than 80 caps for the Iraqi National Team, winning the 2007 Asian Cup. Muneer was a well recognised player in the middle east, having played for clubs in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

Career
Qusay Muneer has been one of the revelations after the war, the former attacker turned midfield enforcer had been on the fringes of the Olympic team before the war until Adnan Hamad gave him a chance and handed the 22-year-old player his debut against Syria, Qusay replied with a goal in a convincing 3–1 victory, and has since earned himself a regular place in midfield despite getting himself sent-off only few minutes after scoring the equaliser against Fajr Sepasi F.C. at the 2003 Emir Abdullah Al-Faisal in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Qusay later scored the all-important fourth goal in the 4–1 win over North Korea in Amman; which gave Iraq a place in the last round of the Olympic qualifiers. Shortly after his goal; Qusay was handed his first international call-up by Bernd Stange and took part in Iraq's tour of Australia in Perth and Albany, and came on as a substitute in the first 20 minutes after an injury to Haitham Khadim.

Before his inclusion in the Olympic team, Qusay had been playing as a centre forward for Al-Sinaa, in the Iraqi first division, netting six times, and scoring twice more in the Iraqi Cup during the 2002/2003 season before the league was suspended due to the outbreak of war. In March 2003, he moved to the Air Force Club, Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, at the end of the war and was praised for his impressive performances in the Iraqi league and the AFC Champions League. Qusay played a short term in Saudi Arabia for Al-Hazem then went to Qatar for Al-Khor before he suffered a serious injury in 2006 cost him 1 year of his professional career, he recovered in 2007 and signed for Arbil FC and in the same year he won the Iraqi League, Qusay called for the 2007 Asian Cup campaign and was part of the Asian Cup champions squad, after the Asian Cup Qusay signed for 1-year contract with the Emirati Club Al-Sharjah.

Managerial career
Qusay Muneer started working towards becoming a football coach shortly after retiring, he obtained his s level C coaching certificate from the AFC in November 2016. He got his first job as a manager when he was appointed by Iraqi second division side Al Diwaniyah in March 2017. Qusay impressed in his first stint and finished the season undefeated, winning the Iraqi Division one title and qualifying to the Iraqi Premier League. He resigned shortly after winning promotion due to "infighting within the management" He is Currently the head coach of Al-Sinaa

International goals

 * Scores and results list Iraq's goal tally first.

Player
Erbil
 * Iraqi Premier League: 2006–07

Qatar SC
 * Qatar Crown Prince Cup: 2009
 * GCC Champions League runner-up: 2009–10

Iraq
 * Asian Cup: 2007
 * West Asian Games: 2005

Manager
Al-Diwaniya
 * Iraq Division One: 2016–17

title: Qusay Munir


text:
Pteroplius acuminatus

Pteroplius acuminatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Pteroplius. It was described by Audinet-Serville in 1835.

title: Pteroplius acuminatus


text:
Talk:David Zucker

Youtube citations
Anybody have a problem with these? --Tom 16:10, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Citation
I don't know how to add citations, so where the "citation needed" is for the fact that Scary Movie 5 is due out in 2008: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0795461/ (Internet Movie Database). —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:03, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Unfortunatly, imdb is not a reliable source. - Mdsummermsw (talk) 12:10, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 18 March 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

– The film director's page is receiving more page views by almost an order of magnitude. Disambiguated without discussion in 2011. |David_Zucker_(politician)|David_Zucker_(ice_hockey)|David_W._Zucker page views Schierbecker (talk) 07:34, 18 March 2020 (UTC)
 * David Zucker (director) → David Zucker
 * David Zucker → David Zucker (disambiguation)

 * Support, clear primary topic. —Xezbeth (talk) 08:07, 18 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 14:35, 18 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Surely you can't be serious...?  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 08:14, 19 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nom and |David_Zucker_(politician)|David_Zucker_(ice_hockey)|David_W._Zucker|David_Zucker_(filmmaker) long-term page views. And don't call me "Shirley". -- Netoholic @ 10:44, 19 March 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:David Zucker


text:
Portal:Film and television

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Topic: Film and Television
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

Topic:Film and Television

 * 23 September, 2006 - Department/Topic founded! - This is the department of Film and Television

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Narrative Motion Picture & Episodic TV Drama Production
 * style="width:30%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;" rowspan="2"|

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

Filmmaking
 * style="width:70%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid LightBlue; background-color:AliceBlue;" |

To get started learning about filmmaking, read the descriptions of the different courses described here.
 * Filmmaking
 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |
 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

Narrative Motion Picture & Episodic TV Drama Production
 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid LightBlue; background-color:AliceBlue;" |

Narrative Motion Picture & Episodic TV Drama Production
Projects aimed at developing skills for producing narrative motion pictures and television dramas. This includes filming dramatic scenes with a single camera (motion picture reversal film, positive projection film, analog video, or digital video) using a separate audio recording device for recording the scripted dialog. Narrative Film Productions are always edited with non-linear technology (either as pieces of film or as digital video inside of a computer) which allows for the compression or expansion of time. Note: Single camera means one or more independent cameras filming separately; not synced cameras as in television studio cameras connected to a switcher in a control booth. (See Television Studio Production below for filming with synced cameras using a switcher.) Narrative Film Production also refers the filmmaking technology (development, pre-production, production, and post production) of narrative television commercials.

Historically, Narrative Film Production includes all narrative motion pictures created after the development of talking pictures ranging from  Citizen Kane to  GhostBusters including all of the  Muppets motion pictures as well as narrative television dramas ranging from  Buffy, the Vampire Slayer to  The Shield (shot with 16mm Arriflex SRIII film cameras using Steadicam) and Scrubs (which is edited with Final Cut Pro.)

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"  Documentary Production
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

Documentary Production

 * Projects aimed at developing skills for producing documentary motion pictures. This includes all fact-based recording (either on film or video) and includes event video such as weddings and funerals.

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"  Narrative Television Studio Production
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

Narrative Television Studio Production

 * Projects aimed at developing skills for producing multi-camera television programs with scripted dailog. This includes filming in a studio with one or more (usually, three or more) cameras (either film or video) connected in sync to a switcher and edited linearly, which does not allow for the compression of time.  Most television production is edited live during the filming of the production.  This includes programs such as sitcoms, school plays, and kids shows which are narrative dramas.  Historically, this included programs such as  Playhouse 90 and the television production of Bus Stop 1982.

 * This is a stub.

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"  Documentary Television Studio Production
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

Documentary Television Studio Production

 * Projects aimed at developing skills for producing multi-camera television programs with scripted dialog or non-scripted dialog. This includes filming in a studio with one or more (usually, three or more) cameras (either film or video) connected in sync to a switcher and edited linearly, often in real time using switchers.  This includes programs such as cooking shows, infomercials, and live newscasts.  Historically, this has included Walter Cronkite's broadcast of man walking on the moon and  Julia Child's The French Chef. All of the pre-production, production, and post-production methods of Narrative Television Production and Documentary Television Production are identical therefore, it is difficult catorigize shows such as  The Cid Ceaser's Hour, Howdy Doody Show and the The Muppet Show which can be in either catagory.

 * This is a stub

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"  Corporate Video & Multimedia Production
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

Corporate Video & Multimedia Production

 * Projects which combine television studio production, documentary production, animation and multimedia and are mostly edited with non-linear editing software on personal computers. This is concidered "quick and dirty" video and includes most training videos.

 * This is a stub.

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Narrative 2D Animated Motion Pictures and Television Dramas
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

Narrative 2D Animated Motion Pictures and Television Dramas

 * Projects aimed at developing skills for producing narrative motion pictures and television dramas using hand drawn animation. Historically, this includes Disney's  Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Shrek.

 * This is a stub.

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"  Narrative 3D Animated Motion Pictures and Television Dramas
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

Narrative 3D Animated Motion Pictures and Television Dramas

 * Projects aimed at developing skills for producing narrative motion pictures and television dramas using 3D character animation. This is similar to all of the pre-production, production and post-production steps of Narrative Film Production except the order of the steps is different.  This includes the production of non-realistic, realistic and low-budget animated programs as represented by Aero-Troopers: The Nemeclous Crusade,  Polar Express, and The Adventures Of Montu Miah.

 * This is a stub.

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Getting started in filmmaking
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

Where to start

 * Most people start with either basic filmmaking (pre-production) or film scoring for musicians.

 * }

title: Portal:Film and television


text:
Gladsome, Humour & Blue

Gladsome, Humour & Blue is the second album from Martin Stephenson and the Daintees.

Track listing
All songs written and composed by Martin Stephenson.
 * 1) "There Comes A Time" - 04:08
 * 2) "Slaughterman" - 04:01
 * 3) "The Wait" - 03:51
 * 4) "I Can See" - 05:08
 * 5) "The Old Church is Still Standing" - 02:53
 * 6) "Even The Night" - 03:43
 * 7) "Wholly Humble Heart" - 05:20
 * 8) "Me and Mathew" - 03:49
 * 9) "Nancy" - 03:46
 * 10) "Goodbye John" - 03:46
 * 11) "I Pray" - 06:13

Personnel

 * Martin Stephenson – lead vocals, guitars
 * Anthony Dunn – bass
 * Paul Smith – drums
 * Gary Dunn - lead guitar
 * Mickey Watson - keyboards, saxophone
 * Sherryl Parker - backing vocals
 * Sheila Parker - backing vocals
 * Pandit Dinesh - percussion
 * Anne Stephenson - violin
 * Virginia Astley - flute, backing vocals

title: Gladsome, Humour & Blue


text:
Portal:Mathematical Analysis

This is a subdivision of the Division of Pure Mathematics

Subdivision news

 * Monday, August 21, 2006 - Subdivision founded!

Departments
Analysis is a very broad area of research.

 * Calculus
 * Portal:Real analysis
 * Complex Analysis
 * Ordinary Differential Equations
 * Partial Differential Equations
 * Differential Geometry
 * Functional Analysis
 * Measure Theory
 * Stochastic Analysis

fr:Département:Analyse Математический анализ

title: Portal:Mathematical Analysis


text:
Grantuly

Grantuly (sometimes Grantully) is a heritage-listed house at 67 Elimatta Drive, Ashgrove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is listed on the Brisbane Heritage Register.

History
The house was constructed in 1899 as the home for John Killough Stewart, the son of clothing merchant Alexander Stewart, who built the nearby house Glen Lyon in 1876.

Grantuly was sold to F. J. Moore, who sold it to Roman Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane James Duhig in 1924. In 1925, Duhig gave the house to the Sisters of Charity to use as their convent as they established St Finbarr's School in the nearby Ashgrove shopping centre. In 1928, the school expanded to include a secondary school called Grantuly College. In 1941, the secondary school was renamed Mt St Michael's College to reflect the need for a "warrior angel" to protect the school during World War II.

Present day
In 2015, Grantuly is the administration centre of Mt St Michael's College.

Heritage listing
Grantuly is listed on the Brisbane Heritage Register, as it:
 * provides evidence of the development of the rural residential nature of Ashgrove around the turn of the century
 * for the important role it has played in the lives of generations of students who have attended school there since the 1920s.
 * for its association with the Stewart family who owned a large estate in Ashgrove from the mid-nineteenth century.

title: Grantuly


text:
Talk:City farm

Comments
I've thrown this up as a start at an article. The main reference source for information is the Federation of City Farms & Community Gardens website plus my own general knowledge. The sections 'Purpose and Aims' and 'History' need expanding considerably. Also, this has been written from a strictly UK perspective, as I'm not sure to what extent the 'city farm' movement translates precisely to other countries, so a more international perspective would be useful too. e.g. some sort of link to the US-focused urban agriculture article, even though this movement appears to have slightly different scale and objectives from city farms in the UK. Mazzy 15:14, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Considering the local news and suchlike that's been going on this week regarding Los Angeles' South Central Farm, I think this is definitely a relevant topic. However, I'm not sure I could find an appropriate place to link through right now, especially considering the topic's controversial nature. I am inviting someone with softer words than I have at my hands to find a parallel with the UK's City Farms, and the USA's Urban Gardens.

Infinity squared 01:25, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

My first thought was also the South Central Farmers, but most "city farms" in the US are community gardens, without animals. This was true of South Central. There is another community garden nearby, in Long Beach, that you can see from Google Maps. There are residences that have chickens or sheep in residential areas, but I haven't seen them open to the public, and my impression is that the neighbors regard them as leftovers from former times, prior to the zoning laws. MartinGugino 03:42, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 05:54, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Merge with Urban Agriculture?
It seems this article could be merged with urban agriculture. Unless this becomes a list of specific urban farms or a specific type of urban farm called a city farm which may or may not be its own type of space. It seems from the comments above that this is indeed a distinct type of space in the UK, in which case many of my edits should be reverted. Red 00 (talk) 05:01, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:City farm


text:
сторона

Etymology
., a borrowing from old Church Slavonic.

Noun

 * 1) side, hand, party
 * 2) direction, quarter
 * 3) place, region, country
 * 4) distance
 * 1) direction, quarter
 * 2) place, region, country
 * 3) distance
 * 1) place, region, country
 * 2) distance
 * 1) distance
 * 1) distance

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) side
 * 2) party, side
 * 3) country, land

title: сторона


text:
Introduction to Calculus/Differentiation

Resources
Wikibooks entry for Differentiation

Prelude
Arithmetic is about what you can do with numbers. Algebra is about what you can do with variables. Calculus is about what you can do with functions. Just as in arithmetic there are things you can do to a number to give another number, such as square it or add it to another number, in calculus there are two basic operations that given a function yield new and intimately related functions. The first of these operations is called differentiation, and the new function is called the derivative of the original function.

This set of notes deals with the fundamentals of differentiation. For information about the second functional operator of calculus, visit Integration by Substitution after completing this unit.

Before we dive in, we will warm up with an excursion into the mathematical workings of interest in banking.

Compound Interest
Let us suppose that we deposit an amount $$A_0$$ in the bank on New Year's Day, and furthermore that every year on the year the amount is augmented by a rate $$r$$ times the present amount. Then the amount $$A$$ in the bank on any given New Year's Day, $$t$$ years after the first is given by the expression

 * $$A=A_0(1+r)^t\,\!$$.

Unfortunately, if we withdraw the money three days before the New Year, we don't get any of the interest payment for that year. A fairer system would involve calculating interest $$n$$ times a year at the rate $$r/n$$. In fact this gives us a slightly different value even if we take our money out on a New Year's Day, because every time we calculate interest, we receive interest on our previous interest. The amount $$A$$ we receive with this improved system is given by the expression

 * $$A=A_0\left(1+\frac{r}{n}\right)^{nt}.$$

With this flexible system, we could set $$n$$ to $$12$$ to compound every month, or to $$365$$ to compound every day or to about $$31536000$$ to compound every second. But why stop there? Why not compound the interest every moment? What is really meant by that is this: as we increase $$n$$ does the value for $$A$$ get ever greater with $$n$$ or does it approach some reasonable quantity? If the latter is the case, then it is meaningful to ask, "What does $$A$$ approach?" As we can see from the following table with sample values, this is in fact the case.

! colspan="2" | $$A_0=1$$, $$r=.025$$, $$t=1$$
 * $$n$$
 * $$A$$
 * 1
 * 1.02500
 * 12
 * 1.02529
 * 365
 * 1.02531
 * 31536000
 * 1.02532
 * 100000000
 * 1.02532
 * 31536000
 * 1.02532
 * 100000000
 * 1.02532
 * 1.02532
 * }

As we can see, as $$n$$ goes off toward infinity, $$A$$ approaches a finite value. Taking this to heart, we may come to our final system in which we define $$A$$ as follows:

 * $$A=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}A_0\left(1+\frac{r}{n}\right)^{nt}.$$

Thus we set $$A$$ now not to $$A_0\left(1+\frac{r}{n}\right)^{nt}$$ evaluated for some large $$n$$, but rather to the limit of that value as $$n$$ approaches infinity. This is the formula for continually compounded interest. To clean up this formula, note that neither $$A_0$$ nor $$t$$ "interfere" in any way with the evaluation of the limit, and may consequently be moved outside of the limit without affecting the value of the expression:

 * $$A=A_0B^t\,\!$$,

where

 * $$B=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left(1+\frac{r}{n}\right)^n.$$

We can see from the form of the expression that $$A$$ increases exponentially with $$t$$ much as it did in our very first equation. The difference is that the original base $$(1+r)$$ has been replaced with the base $$B$$ which we have yet to simplify.

Take a moment to step back and do the following exercises:
 * 1) Without looking back, see if you can write down the expressions that represent
 * 2) *yearly interest
 * 3) *semiannual interest
 * 4) *monthly interest
 * 5) *interest $$n$$ times a year
 * 6) *continually compounded interest
 * 7) Think about how much money you have. Figure out how long you would have to leave your money in a bank that compounds interest monthly before you became a millionaire, with a yearly interest rate of
 * 8) *.02 (common for a savings account)
 * 9) *.07 (average gain in the US stock market over a reasonably long period).

Finding the Base
In order to shed some light on the expression whose value we call $$B$$, we shall make use of the following expansion, known as the Binomial Theorem:
 * $$(a + b)^n = a^n + na^{n-1}b + \frac{n(n-1)}{2}a^{n-2}b^2 + \dots + \frac{n(n-1)(n-2)\dots(n-(k-1))}{k!}a^{n-k}b^k + \dots + nab^{n-1} + b^n.$$

By applying it to our limit, we get

 * $$B=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left(1+\frac{r}{n}\right)^n = \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left(1+n\left(\frac{r}{n}\right)+\frac{n(n-1)}{2}\left(\frac{r}{n}\right)^2

+\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3!}\left(\frac{r}{n}\right)^3 + \dots\right) =1+r+\frac{r^2}{2}+\frac{r^3}{3!}+\frac{r^4}{4!}+\dots$$.

This last step may seem mystifying at first. What happened to the limit? And where did all of the $$n$$'s go? In fact it was the evaluation of the limit that allowed us to remove the $$n$$'s. More exactly, as $$n\rightarrow\infty$$, so too $$n(n-1)\rightarrow n^2$$, $$n(n-1)(n-2)\rightarrow n^3$$, etc., so that the top left and bottom right of each term cancel to produce the last expression.

Take a moment to look over the following exercises. Take the time to follow the trains of thought that are newest to you.

The Birth of e
Now comes a real surprise. As it turns out, the infinite polynomial above is in fact exponential in $$r$$. That is, $$B = 1+r+\frac{r^2}{2}+\frac{r^3}{3!}+\frac{r^4}{4!}+\dots = b^r$$, for some $$b$$. In order to show this far-from-obvious fact, I offer the following.

 * $$1+r+\frac{r^2}{2}+\frac{r^3}{3!}+\frac{r^4}{4!}+\dots = \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\bigg(1+nr\bigg(\frac{1}{n}\bigg)+\frac{nr(nr-1)}{2}\bigg(\frac{1}{n}\bigg)^2

+\frac{nr(nr-1)(nr-2)}{3!}\bigg(\frac{1}{n}\bigg)^3 + \dots \bigg)$$

 * $$ = \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\bigg(1+\frac{1}{n}\bigg)^{nr} = \Bigg(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\bigg(1+\frac{1}{n}\bigg)^n\Bigg)^r = \bigg(1+1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3!}+\frac{1}{4!}+\dots \bigg)^r$$

To this last infinite series of numbers, define the quantity to be $$e$$:

 * $$e=1+1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3!}+\frac{1}{4!}+\dots$$.

$$e$$, an irrational (and in fact transcendental) number, has the approximate value 2.71828, which you may easily verify on a standard pocket or graphing calculator.

There are a few things to think about.
 * 1) The first line in the preceding derivation was motivated by my knowledge of the outcome.
 * 2) Convince yourself that the two expressions are in fact equal to one another.
 * 3) *Evaluate the term $$\frac{nr(nr-1)(nr-2)}{3!}\bigg(\frac{1}{n}\bigg)^3$$ for $$r=.02$$ and $$n=10000$$. How does that compare to $$\frac{r^3}{3!}$$? How about with $$n=10000000$$?
 * 4) Now that you have convinced yourself that I may do it, ask yourself why I would do it.
 * 5) *Using the reverse Binomial Theorem, do you understand how it leads to the next expression?
 * 6) Is the equation $$1+r+\frac{r^2}{2}+\frac{r^3}{3!}+\frac{r^4}{4!}+\dots = \bigg(1+1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3!}+\frac{1}{4!}+\dots\bigg)^r$$ something that one would predict merely from the rules of exponents or distribution?
 * 7) What makes certain seemingly uninteresting numbers so profoundly central to mathematics, such as $$0$$, $$1$$, $$\pi$$, and $$e$$?

Back to the Start
From here, everything cascades back to our original goal, namely to find a usable formula for continually compounded interest. $$B = e^r \rightarrow A=A_0(e^r)^t \rightarrow A=A_0e^{rt}$$. And there she is.

Take a moment to do the following exercises.
 * 1) Think about how much money you have. How long will it take to become millionaire if you leave the money in a bank with yearly interest of .025
 * 2) *that compounds interest yearly?
 * 3) *that compounds interest continually?
 * 4) Seeing as the values with and without continually compounded interest are very close to one another, what does that tell you about the two equations used?
 * 5) *Both formulas are of the form $$A=A_0($$_____$$)^t$$. Compare the various values that we have put in this blank, especially the in the equations for yearly and continually compounded interest.
 * 6) *How close in value is $$(1+r)$$ to $$e^r$$? Does that surprise you?
 * 7) *Now look at the infinite series version of the function $$e^r$$. Does it still surprise you that $$(1+r)$$ and $$e^r$$ are so close in value?

Commentary
The formula itself, however, is quite forgettable. In fact, as you may have guessed, the importance of compounded interest pales in comparison to the importance of the ideas we stumbled upon on the way, namely limits and $$e$$. It is these two things that beg for us to go further into the heart of the life and being of functions. That wish is called calculus. And it all starts rather innocently with the derivative…

Notion of secant & slope
Imagine a straight line plotted on square graph paper. For the sake of our discussion, suppose this line goes off your sheet of paper on both sides, and keeps going forever. What can you say about this line? Take your page and look at it. A line might be flat, parallel to the bottom of the page. It might be vertical, parallel to the sides of the page. Or it might lie somewhere between these two extremes, not as flat as the first, and not as steep as the second.

The first thing to understand about 'slope' is that it is a measure of steepness. We often measure slope as a ratio. If you drive 30 kilometers in the timespan of one hour, we say your speed is the ratio of distance over time: 30 kilometers per hour. Similarly, the slope is the change in vertical distance over the change in horizontal distance.

How steep is a horizontal line? Draw a horizontal line, and then place one finger on one end of the line. Take another finger and slowly move it along the line. As you change the horizontal distance (as you move your finger from side to side), you will notice that the vertical distance does not change at all- you don't have to move your finger up or down. The change in vertical distance is always 0, regardless of the change in horizontal distance. So the slope is 0/x where x is the change in horizontal distance (you can choose whatever number you want for this), meaning the slope is 0.

Our flat, horizontal line has a slope of zero - nothing happens to the y's whatever you do to the x's, think of cycling in parts of the Netherlands for example.

A line at 45 degrees to the horizontal (half way between vertical (90 degrees) and horizontal (0 degrees)) has a slope of 1 (this would be a brutal hill for cycling, and very tough on foot). As you increase the horizontal distance by one unit, you also increase the vertical distance by one unit. This makes the slope 1/1=1.

Our vertical line is incredibly steep (and much harder to cycle on). The slope is undefined, and as our line gets closer and closer to vertical, the slope gets bigger and bigger without limit.

The second part of slope captures the idea of direction. Look at your line again. As it goes from left to right, does it go up the page, or down the page? If it was a road going up a hill, would it be hard to follow on a bicycle (going up), or very easy (going down)? This is expressed by saying that a line has a positive slope if, as it goes across, it also goes up, (or as the y's increase, the x's also increase). A line has a negative slope if it goes down as it goes across (or as the y's increase, the x's decrease). As a cyclist, you want a negative slope, unless you're in training.

Definition
Given a function $$y = f(x)$$, we define the derivative $$f'(x)$$ to be

 * $$f'(x)=\lim_{h\rightarrow 0}{\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}}$$.

This definition is motivated by the proportion $$\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}=\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}$$, which for any h defines the slope of a line, when f is linear. Because of the nature of the calculation, the derivative can be figuratively thought of as the ratio between an infinitesimal dy and an infinitesimal dx and is often written $$\frac{dy}{dx}$$. Both functional notation $$\left ( f'(x) \right )$$ and infinitesimal or Leibniz notation $$\left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )$$ have their virtues. In operator theory, the derivative of a function $$f$$ is sometimes written as $$D_x f \,\!$$.

 * 1) Using the definition above, what is $$\frac{d(x^2)}{dx}$$?
 * 2) *Note that this is a short way of asking, if $$f(x)=x^2$$, what is $$f'(x)$$? One may also ask, what is $$[x^2]'$$?
 * 3) If you have trouble remembering the definition of the derivative, it's much more important to know what it means, that is, why it's defined how it is. Remember it like this:
 * 4) *$$f'(x)=\frac{dy}{dx}=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}=\lim_{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{(x+\Delta x) - x}$$.
 * 5) *From this we get the definition as stated above, $$f'(x)=\lim_{h\rightarrow 0}{\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}}$$.
 * 6) What kinds of functions have derivatives? What would a function need to have, for it not to have a derivative at some point?

Properties
The derivative satisfies a number of fundamental properties

Linearity
An operator $$L$$ is called linear if $$L(f(x)+g(x))=L(f(x)) +L(g(x))$$ and $$L(kf(x))=kL(f(x))$$ for any constant $$k$$. To show that differentiation is a linear operator, we must show that $$[f(x)+g(x)]'=f'(x)+g'(x)$$ and $$[kf(x)]'=kf'(x)$$ for any constant $$k$$.

 * $$[f(x)+g(x)]'=\lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{(f(x+h)+g(x+h))-(f(x)+g(x))}{h}$$

 * $$=\lim_{h\rightarrow 0}(\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}+\frac{g(x+h)-g(x)}{h})=\lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h} + \lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{g(x+h)-g(x)}{h}=f'(x)+g'(x)$$.

In other words, the differential operator (e.g., $$\frac{d}{dx}$$) distributes over addition.

 * $$[kf(x)]'=\lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{kf(x+h)-kf(x)}{h}=k\lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}=kf'(x)$$.

In other words, addition before and after doing differentiation are equivalent.

Fundamental Rules of Differentiation
Along with linearity, which is so simple that one hardly thinks of it as a rule, the following are essential to finding the derivative of arbitrary functions.

The Product Rule
It may be shown that for functions f and g, $$[f(x)g(x)]'=f(x)g'(x) + f'(x)g(x)$$. Like the other two rules, this one is not a new axiom: it is directly provable from the definition of the derivative.

$$[f(x)g(x)]' = \lim_{h\rightarrow 0} \frac{f(x+h)g(x+h) - f(x)g(x)}{h} = \lim_{h\rightarrow 0} \frac{f(x+h)g(x+h) - f(x+h)g(x) + f(x+h)g(x) - f(x)g(x)}{h}$$

$$= \lim_{h\rightarrow 0} \left( f(x+h)\frac{g(x+h)-g(x)}{h} + g(x)\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h} \right)$$

$$ = f(x)\left( \lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{g(x+h)-g(x)}{h} \right) + g(x) \left( \lim_{h\rightarrow 0} \frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h} \right) = f(x)g'(x) + g(x)f'(x)$$.

Chain Rule
If a function f(x) can be written as a compound function f(g(x)), one can obtain its derivative using the chain rule. The chain rule states that the derivative of f(x) will equal the derivative of f(g) with respect to g, multiplied by the derivative of g(x) with respect to x. In mathematical terms: $$[ \, f(g(x)) \, ]'=f'(g(x))g'(x).$$ This is commonly written as $$\textstyle \frac{df}{dx} = \frac{df}{dg}\frac{dg}{dx}$$, or more explicitly $$\tfrac{d}{dx}f(x) = \tfrac{d}{dg}f(g(x)) \, \tfrac{d}{dx} g(x).$$

The proof makes use of an alternate but patently equivalent definition of the derivative: $$f'(x) = \lim_{p\rightarrow x}\tfrac{f(p)-f(x)}{p-x}$$. The first step is to write the derivative of the compound function in this form; one then manipulates it and obtains the chain rule.

$$ \begin{align} \left[f(g(x))\right]' & = \lim_{p\rightarrow x}\frac{f(g(p))-f(g(x))}{p-x} \\ & = \lim_{p\rightarrow x} \frac{f(g(p))-f(g(x))}{g(p)-g(x)} \; \frac{g(p)-g(x)}{p-x} \\ & = \lim_{g(p)\rightarrow g(x)} \frac{f(g(p))-f(g(x))}{g(p)-g(x)} \; \lim_{p\rightarrow x} \frac{g(p)-g(x)}{p-x} \\ & = f'(g(x)) g'(x). \end{align} $$

In the third step, the first limit changes from p→x to g(p)→g(x). This is valid because if g is continuous at x, which it must be to have a derivative at x, then of course as p approaches x the value of g(p) approaches that of g(x).

Differentiating a nested function occurs very frequently, which makes this rule very useful.

The Power Rule
We may now readily show the relation $$\frac{d(x^n)}{dx} = n x^{n-1}$$ as follows:

$$\frac{d(x^n)}{dx} = \lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{(x+h)^{n}-x^n}{h} = \lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{(x^n+nx^{n-1}h+\frac{n(n-1)}{2}x^{n-2}h^2+\cdots)-x^n}{h}$$

$$= \lim_{h\rightarrow 0}(nx^{n-1}+\frac{n(n-1)}{2}x^{n-2}h+\cdots)=nx^{n-1}+0=nx^{n-1}.$$

While this derivation assumes that $$n$$ is an positive integer, it turns out that the same rule holds for all real $$n$$. For example, $$\frac{d}{dx}\left[\frac{1}{x}\right]=\frac{d(x^{-1})}{dx}=(-1)x^{-2}=-\frac{1}{x^2}$$.

Take a moment to do the following exercises.
 * 1) Using the $$x^n$$ rule and linearity, find the derivatives of the following:
 * 2) $$x^{14} + 8$$
 * 3) $$3x^2+x^5$$
 * 4) $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}$$
 * 5) What functions have the following derivatives?
 * 6) $$3x^2$$
 * 7) $$15x^{14} + 2x$$
 * 8) $$x^2$$

Exponentials and logarithms
Exponentials and logarithms involve a special number denoted e.

Differentiating ex
Now, recall that

$$e^x = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} + \cdots.$$

Using the three basic rules established above we can differentiate any polynomial, even one of infinite degree:

$$\frac{d}{dx}e^x = 0 + 1 + \frac{2x}{2} + \frac{3x^2}{3!} + \frac{4x^3}{4!} + \cdots = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \cdots = e^x.$$

$$e^x$$ is the remarkable function that is its own derivative. In other words, $$e^x$$ is an eigenfunction of the differential operator. Which means that the application of the differential operator on $$e^x$$ has the same effect as multiplication by a real number. For example, these concepts are useful in quantum mechanics.

Differentiating ln(x)
The natural logarithm is the function such that if $$e^y=x$$ then $$y=\ln(x)$$; in other words, it is the inverse function of $$e^x$$. We will make use of the chain rule (marked by the brace) in order to find its derivative:

$$y=\ln(x) \rightarrow x=e^y \rightarrow \frac{dx}{dx}=\frac{d(e^y)}{dx} \rightarrow 1=\underbrace{\frac{d(e^y)}{dy}\frac{dy}{dx}}=e^y\frac{dy}{dx}=e^{\ln(x)}\frac{dy}{dx}=x\frac{dy}{dx} \rightarrow \frac{1}{x}=\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{d(\ln(x))}{dx}.$$

This conclusion, that the derivative of $$\ln(x)$$ is $$\frac{1}{x}$$, is remarkable: it ties together two seemingly unrelated functions. Be careful, this derivative has definite values only when x > 0! (Examine the $$ln(x)$$ to understand why.)

Exponentials
Supppose we have the function

 * $$y = 3^x \,\!$$

To differentiate this, we rewrite this as
 * $$y = 3^x = \left ( e^{\ln 3} \right )^x = e^{x \ln 3}$$

Since $$\ln 3$$ is a constant,

 * $$\frac{dy}{dx} = e^{x \ln 3} \cdot \ln 3 = 3^x \ln 3.$$

In other words, for a constant a, we have

 * $$\frac{dy}{dx} = a^x \ln a $$ whenever $$y = a^x \,\!$$

This re-enforces the special place that $$e$$ has in calculus - it is the unique number for which the constant $$\ln a$$ is precisely equal to one.

Logarithms
Let us differentiate the function
 * $$y = \log_a x\!$$

We already know how to differentiate $$\ln x\!$$, so let's change it into another form with the base e.
 * $$y = \log_a x = \frac{1}{\ln a} \cdot \ln x.$$

Because $$\frac {1}{\ln a}$$ is a constant,
 * $$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{\ln a} \cdot \ln' x = \frac{1}{x\ln a}.$$

In conclusion, for any constant a, the derivative of $$\log_a x\!$$ is $$\frac{1}{x\ln a}$$

Implicit Differentiation
Let's suppose that

 * $$y(x) = \frac{x^3 + x^2 + 1}{2x^5 -x^4 +2} $$

One could find $$\frac{dy}{dx}$$ with the quotient rule, but for more complicated functions, it may be better to use what is called "implicit differentiation".

In this case, we take the logarithm of both sides, to obtain

 * $$\ln y = \ln \left ( \frac{x^3 + x^2 + 1}{2x^5 -x^4 +2} \right )

= \ln \left( x^3 + x^2 + 1 \right ) - \ln \left( 2x^5 -x^4 +2 \right )$$

or, in other words, just simply
 * $$\ln y = \ln \left( x^3 + x^2 + 1 \right ) - \ln \left( 2x^5 -x^4 +2 \right )$$

Differentiating the left and right hand side, we get

 * $$\frac{1}{y} \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3x^2+2x}{x^3 + x^2 + 1} - \frac{10x^4 - 4x^3}{2x^5 -x^4 +2 }$$

Now, multiply both sides by y, which we know is just $$y(x) = \frac{x^3 + x^2 + 1}{2x^5 -x^4 +2} $$ to obtain the answer:

 * $${dy \over dx} =  \frac{x^3 + x^2 + 1}{2x^5 -x^4 +2} \left ( \frac{3x^2+2x}{x^3 + x^2 + 1} - \frac{10x^4 - 4x^3}{2x^5 -x^4 +2 } \right )$$

which of course can be simplified further. You should verify that this result agrees with the quotient rule. Differentials of logarithms of functions occur frequently in places like statistical mechanics.

General exponentials and logarithms
Consider the function

 * $$y(x) = u(x)^{v(x)} = e^{v(x) \ln u(x)} \,\!$$

It can be immediately seen that

 * $$y'(x) = u^v \left ( \frac{v}{u} \frac{du}{dx} + \ln u \frac{dv}{dx} \right )

= v u^{v-1} \frac{du}{dx} + u^v \ln u \frac{dv}{dx} $$

Compare this result to the chain rule and power rule results. The first term results in treating v constant. The second term results in treating u constant.

Trigonometric functions
Consider the function $$f(x) = \sin x$$. To find the derivative of $$f(x)$$, we use the definition of the derivative, as well as some trigonometric identities and the linearity of the limit operator.
 * $$\lim_{h \to 0} \dfrac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \dfrac{\sin(x+h) - \sin x}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0}\dfrac{\cos x\sin h + \sin x \cos h - \sin x}{h}$$

 * $$=\lim_{h \to 0} \cos x \dfrac{\sin h}{h} - \sin x \dfrac{1 - \cos h}{h} = \cos x\left[\lim_{h \to 0} \dfrac{\sin h}{h}\right] - \sin x \left[\lim_{h \to 0}\dfrac{1 - \cos h}{h}\right],$$

and since $$\lim_{h \to 0}\dfrac{1 - \cos h}{h} = 0$$ and $$\lim_{h \to 0} \dfrac{\sin h}{h}=1$$, the above expression simplifies to $$\cos x\!$$.

Thus, the derivative of $$\sin x\!$$ is $$\cos x\!$$.

We perform the same process to find the derivatives of the other trigonometric functions (try to derive them on your own as an exercise). Since these derivatives come up quite often, it would behoove (advantageous to) you to memorize them.

$$\dfrac{d}{dx}\sin x = \cos x$$

$$\dfrac{d}{dx}\cos x = -\sin x$$

$$\dfrac{d}{dx}\tan x = \sec^2 x$$

$$\dfrac{d}{dx}\sec x = \sec x \tan x$$

$$\dfrac{d}{dx}\csc x = -\csc x \cot x$$

$$\dfrac{d}{dx}\cot x = -\csc^2 x$$

Hyperbolic functions
The rules for differentiation involving hyperbolic functions behave very much like their trigonometric counterparts, with the notable difference being in the sign of the derivative. Here,

$$\textrm{sinh}(x) = \frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} $$

$$\cosh(x) = \frac{e^{x} + e^{-x}}{2} $$

so it can be seen that

$$\frac{d}{dx} \sinh(x) = \cosh(x) $$

and $$\frac{d}{dx} \cosh(x) = \sinh(x) $$


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Talk:1640 in literature

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Israel Music Institute

The Israel Music Institute (IMI) is a non-profit organization supported by the Israel Ministry of Education and Culture. The institute was established in 1961 by the Public Committee for Arts and Culture, with the aim of publishing and promoting Israeli art music at home and abroad. IMI also serves as the Israel Music Information Center- a member of the International Association of Music Information Centers (IAMIC), maintaining reciprocal ties with some 40 member countries.

Since its establishment, IMI has acquired the rights to more than 3800 compositions by some 250 Israeli composers. The IMI catalogue contains a great variety of music: orchestral, choral, chamber and educational, as well as a plethora of articles and a number of musicological works. Both on its own label and in cooperation with several other non-profit musical institutions in Israel, IMI is active in producing CDs of Israeli art music, which it sees as an important tool for promoting Israeli composers’ works.

History
The IMI was established in 1961 by the Israel Council for Culture and Arts, an adjunct of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, with the aim of publishing and promoting Israeli concert music by all means available. The first chairman of the board of trustees was the late Eliezer Peri, and the first Director and editor in chief was William (Willy) Elias, who served in this role from 1961 to 1989. Despite having no prior experience in music publishing (Elias had been a banker and a singer in Rinat choir) he was able to build sound foundations for the prominent publishing house in Israel. He made a point of producing highly professional scores, thus raising significantly local music publishing standards common at that time. He also initiated an IMI bulletin, concerts, listening events and composers' forums as part of IMI activities.

Since 2006, production of the Israel music festival became the IMI's main focus, as the flagship event in the Israeli concert music scene. IMI's goal was to achieve synergy between the institute's activities, in publishing as well as recording, and the festival's production.

In 2019, Ohad Gabay was appointed director, with Evgeny Oslon as editor in chief. Gabay and Olson expanded the institute's collaborations with various festivals and competitions (such as TARF- the Tel Aviv recorder festival, The Israeli Conservatory's composition competition, the Ben-Haim competition and others). They also emphasized digitation of archival materials, signing of young composers and expansion of the IMI's catalogue, as well as optimizing publishing processes. In 2022, attorney Oron Schwartz was appointed chair of the board.

As the major publishing house for Israeli music, IMI has held a significant role in the development of the contemporary music scene. The international availability of some 3800 Israeli scores, the growing collection of Israeli CDs, and the existence, in the past, of IMI News, and today- the IMI website, have created the scene of local contemporary music no less than they reflect it.

Publishing house
The Israel Music Institute is the first publicly owned music publishing house in Israel and the most influential one on the local scene. It is devoted primarily to the publication of Israeli art music, but also publishes books and booklets on Israeli music and composers, and formerly, a periodical- IMI News. It is the only local publishing house represented internationally by some ten leading European and US publishers, among them: Theodore Presser Co. (USA, Canada & Mexico), Albersen & Co B.V. (The Netherlands), Peermusic classical (Germany, Austria & Switzerland), EME (France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Spain & Portugal), Engström & Södring Musikverlag AS (Denmark), and Český hudební fond, o. p. s. (Czechia, Slovakia & Hungary).

Since its establishment, IMI has acquired the rights to more than 3800 compositions by some 250 Israeli composers. IMI publishes compositions by virtually all important contemporary classical Israeli composers working in Israel since 1920. The Institute's catalogue encompasses orchestral music, chamber music, solo instrumental music and vocal music (ranging from solo song to choral and choral-orchestral music), electronic music, several operas and ballet scores, and music for educational purposes.

CD label
The IMI produces CDs both on its own label and in cooperation with several other non-profit musical institutions in Israel, as well as markets CDs of Israeli art music produced by other labels.

The institute made its first steps in the field of music production during the 70s, with the production of several records (LPs) and even a first tape cassette. In 1990, the institute was invited to join and run an existing project- music in Israel (MII). The collaborating organizations were The Jerusalem Music Center, Kol Israel (The Voice of Israel radio station), Acum (Association for composers, writers and publishers), and the Ministry of Education and Culture. The MII produced 26 CDs. It was active for 7 years, after which the institute continued to issue CDs independently. It has produced 61 CDs so far.

Collaborations and yearly events
IMI collaborates with major orchestras, choirs, chamber ensembles and musical education institutions in Israel, as well as with numerous musical bodies around the world. As Israel's leading music publishing house, it is involved with virtually all musical events which include commissions from Israeli composers, performances of Israeli music and premieres, including major events such as the Paul Ben-Haim Competition- Young Artists Play Israeli Music (organized by Jeunesses Musicales Israel); the Arthur Rubinstein International Piano Master Competition; The International Harp Contest in Israel; and the Zimriya- the World Assembly of Choirs in Israel. It also collaborates with TARF festival for recorder music, the Israeli conservatory's composition competition, and the Israel Contemporary Players’ concert series (in Tel-Aviv and Jerusalem), among others. The institute supplies scores for concerts held at the Jerusalem Music Centre which include Israeli premieres and supports Meitar contemporary music ensemble. Between 2006 and 2018, IMI produced the Israel Music Festival, an annual festival of Israeli music held in Jerusalem and other cities in Israel. The Institute also exhibits its various publications at different musical events in Israel and abroad.

Past events which IMI has been involved with (during the late 90s and early 2000s) are the Biennial events for Contemporary Music at Tel-Aviv Museum of Art, the contemporary music concert series by the Musica Nova Consort (at the Tel-Aviv Museum of Art), and the yearly Classical Music Festival in the Upper Galilee. During the 90s, the institute, in collaboration with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, produced two composition competitions for orchestral works. The project had two main goals: to encourage composition of quality symphonic works, and to increase public awareness of the institute and its activities. The jury was international, and during the finals, three works were played by the orchestra in front of a live audience and broadcast live.

Information center
Not long after the IMI was established, the Israel Council for Culture and Arts, an adjunct of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, decided it should also function as an information center, IMIC- the Israel Music Information Center. As such, it is a member of IAMIC, the International Association of Music Information Centers. In the beginning, it provided information on all things musical happening in Israel (not just Israeli music), but once the composers’ association founded the Israel Music Center (IMC) and a battle over funds began, the IMIC’s functions were expanded to encompass those of worldwide MICs, and it also became a publisher. Thus, the institute actually comprises two different publishing companies: IMI and IMIC, although today, IMIC is no longer active, and most of its publications are included in the general IMI catalogue.

Between 1990 and 2009, IMI published a comprehensive bulletin, IMI News. In addition to documenting the Institute’s own activities, the journal encompassed the entire concert music scene in Israel, as well as performances of Israeli music across the globe. Today, IMI’s website provides access to the Institute’s catalogues (including the possibility of ordering scores, books and recordings) and is currently being updated to also provide information regarding all Israeli music performances and composers. At IMI’s Listening Center, a collection of some 2700 scores by over 250 composers is available for perusal and the archive of recorded music holds some 1600 items. The institute is currently in the process of creating a central library for Israeli music, which aims to make music by all Israeli composers available to musicians for perusal and consultation, both in scores and (where possible) in recordings.

title: Israel Music Institute


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User:Abdallah albeltagy/Books/Sleep Mysteries

Charging our bodies

 * Sleep
 * Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
 * Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
 * Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
 * Circadian clock
 * Circadian rhythm
 * Sleep architecture
 * Sleep disorder
 * Delayed sleep phase disorder
 * Advanced sleep phase disorder
 * Shift work sleep disorder
 * Insomnia
 * Hypnotic
 * Sleep induction
 * Caffeine
 * Acetylcholine
 * Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
 * Slow-wave sleep
 * Sleep deprivation
 * Narcolepsy
 * Theta rhythm
 * Alpha wave
 * Delta wave
 * Rapid eye movement sleep


text:
Nashwaak, New Brunswick

Nashwaak is a rural community in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. It was formed through the 2023 New Brunswick local governance reforms.

History
Nashwaak was incorporated on January 1, 2023. It encompasses the former village of Stanley, as well as portions of the local service districts of Stanley, Saint Marys, Estey's Bridge, and Douglas.

Notable people

 * Matthew Wuest: Sports reporter and founder of CapGeek

title: Nashwaak, New Brunswick


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Wikiversity talk:About

Merger with Welcome, newcomers

 * Already duplicates much of content on that page.
 * The larger page already has FAQ-like sections.
 * The larger page is most similar to this one, of all the available introductions.
 * This page is rather old and needs deleting if not merging.
 * This isn't really an "about" page anyway. it's a FAQ.
 * --McCormack 13:23, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Getting a degree/job
Hi I am really new to Wiki. I am very much interested in Wikiversity. I read somethin regarding getting a degree/job. Can someone please enumerate on this. kind regards Arunkumaran Varadharajan
 * The above was copied to Help desk. --JWSchmidt 10:47, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

FAQ
It has been suggested that the current page be turned into a FAQ (frequently asked questions) page. --JWSchmidt 23:45, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Bold
How about bolding the questions? Jimp 01:15, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Go for it. --JWSchmidt 01:22, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Done—also indented the answers. Jimp 01:42, 18 June 2007 (UTC) ... With it formatted like this I don't think we really need the Q:s and A:s. Jimp 01:45, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:About


text:
2019 World Wrestling Championships – Men's freestyle 61 kg

The men's freestyle 61 kilograms is a competition featured at the 2019 World Wrestling Championships, and was held in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan on 21 and 22 September.

This freestyle wrestling competition consists of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists face off for gold and silver medals. Each wrestler who loses to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage, culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.

Results

 * Legend
 * F — Won by fall


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Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Hospital

Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Hospital (โรงพยาบาลพระนครศรีอยุธยา) is the main hospital of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, Thailand and is classified under the Ministry of Public Health as a regional hospital. It is an affiliated hospital of the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University and Phramongkutklao College of Medicine.

History
After the death of King Chulalongkorn in 1910, the local authorities and citizens funded for a hospital in memory of King Chulalongkorn and this was known as "Panchamathirachuthit Hospital". In 1939, the Ministry of Public Health planned for the construction of a new hospital and construction started the following year, initially with one OPD building. Most patients came by water transport, and thus in 1942, a canal was dug from the Chao Phraya River surrounding Ayutthaya's old town to the hospital.

In 1990, the hospital had a major renovation led by then Minister of Public Health, Boonpan Kaewattana under Chuan Leekpai's cabinet. The hospital was flooded in October 1995 which significantly damaged hospital property. Aid such as water pumps were provided by King Bhumibol Adulyadej and King Vajiralongkorn (then crown prince) to reduce the effects of the flood.

title: Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Hospital


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Cookbook:Marshmallow Rice Squares I

| Dessert

This recipe for quick marshmallow rice squares is super-simple and requires little knowledge of cooking!

Ingredients

 * 1 cup mini marshmallows
 * 1 cup puffed cereal (e.g. Rice Krispies)

Procedure

 * 1) Combine marshmallows and cereal in microwaveable bowl.
 * 2) Microwave for 1–2 minutes, depending on your machine's power.
 * 3) Stir to coat the cereal with marshmallow. Press into a buttered baking pan or dish.
 * 4) Cut it into squares and allow it to cool and set.

title: Cookbook:Marshmallow Rice Squares I


text:
User:Rayc/Unipages

www.uni-pages.com

Directory for student needs whilst at university; helps you buy, sell, request anything for the student life. It also helps you find jobs related to your course, and accommodation in the same area as your university! So much easier to use than other unrelated sites!

Computer engingeering course pages

 *

All online courses

 * Connecticut College
 * Fairfield University
 * Quinnipiac University
 * Sacred Heart University
 * Saint Joseph College
 * Central Connecticut State University
 * Charter Oak State College
 * University of Connecticut
 * Eastern Connecticut State University
 * Southern Connecticut State University

University Wikis

 * Connecticut College

title: User:Rayc/Unipages


text:
resequencing

Noun

 * 1) Arrangement in a new sequence; reordering.
 * 2)  The sequencing of part of an individual's genome in order to detect sequence differences between the individual and the standard genome of the species.

title: resequencing


text:
Sopa Intasen

Sopa Intasen is a paralympic athlete from Thailand competing mainly in category T53 sprint events.

Biography
Sopa has competed in four Paralympics winning four medals. He competed in the 2000 Summer Paralympics in the 200m and 400m as well as winning a silver medal in the 100m and as part of the Thai 4 × 400 m relay team won a second silver and won a gold medal as part of the 4 × 400 m relay team. His future Paralympics proved unsuccessful in that in the next two games he was unable to win any further medals despite competing in a total of seven events.

title: Sopa Intasen


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Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Editing tips and tricks

Page protection
In a few cases, where an administrator has protected a page, the link labeled "" is replaced by the text "" (or equivalents in the language of the project). In that case the page cannot be edited. Protection of an image page includes protection of the image itself.

Edit conflicts
If someone else makes an edit while you are making yours, the result is an edit conflict. Many conflicts can be automatically resolved by the Wiki. If it can't be resolved, however, you will need to resolve it yourself. The Wiki gives you two text boxes, where the top one is the other person's edit and the bottom one is your edit. Merge your edits into the top edit box, which is the only one that will be saved.

Reverting
The edit link of a page showing an old version leads to an edit page with the old wikitext. This is a useful way to restore the old version of a page. However, the edit link of a diff page gives the current wikitext, even if the diff page shows an old version below the table of differences.

Undo
Custodians can also revert edits other than the last one. On diff pages, an "undo" link should appear next to the "edit" link on the right-hand revision. Note: if a more recent edit has changed the part of the page where you are trying to undo an older edit, the attempted undo action may not work.

Error messages
If you get an error message upon saving a page, you can't tell whether the actual save has failed or just the confirmation. You can go back and save again, and the second save will have no effect, or you can check "My contributions" to see whether the edit went through.

Sidenote: "My contributions" is accessed a link in the users menu. The user menu usually resides at the top of the page of users who are logged in.

Checking spelling and editing in your favorite editor
You may find it more convenient to copy and paste the text first into your favorite text editor, edit and spell check it there, and then paste it back into your web browser to preview. This way, you can also keep a local backup copy of the pages you have edited. It also allows you to make changes offline.

If you edit this way, it's best to leave the editing page open after you copy from it, using the same edit box to submit your changes, so that the usual edit conflict mechanism can deal with it. If you return to the editing page later, please make sure that nobody else has edited the page in the meantime. If someone has, you'll need to merge their edits into yours by using the diff feature in the page history.

Composition of the edit page
The editing page consists of these sections:

 * The edit toolbar (optional)
 * If you do not see the tool bar on edit pages, click your "my preferences" link, click the "edit" preferences tab, click the check box next to show edit tool bar, save your preferences (make sure you have javascript active in your web browser's preferences).
 * The editing text box
 * The edit summary box
 * Save/Preview/Cancel links
 * A list of templates used on the page
 * A preview, if you have requested one. Your preferences may place the preview at the top of the page instead.

Position-independent wikitext
No matter where you put these things in the wikitext, the resulting page is displayed the same way:
 * Interlanguage links
 * Categories
 * The magic words and . See Help:Section.