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Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2012 July 10

= July 10 =

What is an extended structure?
What is the precise meaning of an "extended structure" in chemistry?

I want to understand "the design and construction of extended structures" in the context of adsorbents. Also "extended solids" seems to be a synonym (used in the title of a paper listed there).

From Googling, it seems to be often used in the context of large complex molecules such as DNA and melanin.

Thanks! --Chriswaterguy talk 00:47, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Okay, no takers yet...
 * As far as I can work out (guess, really) it's where a material doesn't have molecules in the usual sense, but a more or less consistent, repeating structure. But that sounds like a crystal: "A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions." That article states that there are crystals with covalent bonds, so it's not that either.
 * Is it a synonym for crystal, but emphasizing the importance of the structural details? With research into adsorbents, the structure is critically important; with rock salt, the internal structure isn't of so much interest for most people dealing with it. (I suspect there's more to it than this, though.) --Chriswaterguy talk 06:58, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * As far as I can see from the use of the term here and here, it refers to the structure above the unit cell level i.e. how the unit cells stack together. It looks like it would be important when there are more than one unit cell type present, since the way unit cells stack together is generally pretty obvious. From my understanding of what a unit cell is, if there are supposedly different unit cells alternating throughout the structure, then the unit cell has been incorrectly identified, and should incorporate both of the other "unit cells" into one which does simply repeat without interuption. It also seems to have a special meaning in biochemistry. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:27, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually, look at the section "Description of crystal structures" here. It basically says that understanding the unit cells as I said above is occasionally insufficient to describe the structure, so then they talk about extended solid-state structures that have multiple unit cell types. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:38, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * In the context of surfaces (which I think is what you're looking at since you mention absorbents) it might mean the structure at the surface according to this paper. I suppose in that sense it's the structure "extended all the way to the edge". Here's yet another paper that defines the term in a completely different way - using it to refer to the structure incorporating charge density. From this FAQ I think it just means any rendition of the structure that shows more than one unit cell, even if they are identical and repeating. So, in summary, it means a lot of things to a lot of people even just within the field of chemistry. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:07, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you, that's very helpful! --Chriswaterguy talk 03:08, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

How do ants detect rain long before it arrives?
Topic says it all. ScienceApe (talk) 02:10, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * They can't. No wait, they can. Or can they? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:21, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Phase IV: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcjBIkS-QC4. μηδείς (talk) 02:34, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The simplest way, I imagine, would be to detect falling barometric pressure, like a barometer does, to predict bad weather. (This could be done with an air sac exposed to the atmosphere, which would shrink when pressure rises, and grow when it falls.  I wonder if they have anything like that.) StuRat (talk) 02:39, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Who says they can? What would you expect them to do? The black ants on my lawn can't. On the few fine days we've had this summer in the UK they build little towers of fine soil among blades of grass in which they place their pupae only for these to be washed out by a sudden shower. I know it's OR but no less reliable than some of the sites cited above. Caesar's Daddy (talk) 07:27, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * It's true that Lasius niger in the UK don't move their colonies before heavy rain but here in Thailand where the rainy season can be a serious problem for ants, it's commonplace to see entire colonies of what I assume are Paratrechina longicornis with multiple queens emigrate hours before heavy rain, often into your house, or at least off the ground. They neatly arrange the larvae and pupae into piles on higher ground or hold onto them all until the rains have finished. Then they leave.  Sean.hoyland  - talk 10:05, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Fascinating, I've never heard of such a behaviour in an ant species that is not generally nomadic by nature. As to the sensory mechanism they use to perceive these oncoming events, I agree it is likely to be barometric in nature, but would not discount some form of hydrometeor perception (specifically, a level of precipitation which is noticeable to the ant well in advance of the rain that we perceive) or even temperature.  I do not think an exposed air sac is likely as it is not consistent with any precursor organ or physiological structure I am familiar with in ants and many animals are believed to have barometric perception without the need for such an external feature.  It's worth noting that barometric pressure would be an inconsistent mechanism for most species of ant to detect rain on the horizon since most drops in pressure do not herald rain, but in a region like Thailand the correspondence is higher than on average, meaning the mechanism would be more dependable for species living in such a context.  Add in the amount of rain involved and it makes sense why these particular ants might have the capability where most others lack it. Snow (talk) 13:00, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The sac wouldn't need to be external, just have access to external air, say via a pore. Could be like the human ear, with a membrane covering a hole. StuRat (talk) 17:10, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

How can air conditioning units be measured in BTUs?
It makes no sense to me. That's a bit like measuring a car's engine in miles. BTU is a unit of energy. Surely when one decides on an air conditioning unit / heat pump one chooses one with a certain power rating, like watts or BTU per hour or something like that. How does BTU hold any meaning? I can state that a one watt air conditioning unit can produce 100,000 BTU (provided you run it for about 30,000 hours - about three and a half years). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:33, 10 July 2012 (UTC) Eon
 * British thermal unit indicates that "BTU" in that context is used as shorthand for "BTU per hour". ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 09:07, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * In the developed world we use kW .. :-) Electron9 (talk) 22:46, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * More is needed to evaluate an air conditioner than kw input. A good air conditioner moves more BTU/h than a poor one, with the same kw consumed. Joules output would be  ok.those in the heating and cooling trade in the US have long used "tons" to describe cooling units.  Edison (talk) 17:03, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * And a car's lifetime, including its engine, is typically measured in miles, at least in the United States. In the same way, aircraft engines are measured in hours of running time. Miles or hours determine the maintenance and replacement intervals. ~Amatulić (talk) 22:58, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

HIV transmission by insect
Are there any proven cases of HIV being transmitted by mosquito bite? Or by any other insect bite? I'm wondering if I'm being told duff information. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:23, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Our article suggests that HIV cannot in theory be transmitted by a mosquito bite, because mosquitoes inject only saliva into their victims, not regurgitated blood, and HIV is not present in the insect's saliva. It suggests one potential transmission route: if a mosquito containing HIV-infected blood were to be swatted against someone's skin, the infected blood could enter the victim's body via a scratch or open wound, but it cites no known examples.  Wikipedia is not itself a reliable source, but the article does cite sources.  The results of a Google search on the question appear to agree that there have been no reliably documented cases of HIV infection via mosquito bite.  -  Ka renjc 08:50, 10 July 2012 (UTC).
 * On any other insect bite it looks less certain to me. Bubonic plague seems to transmit with regurgitated blood from flea into host for example. Simultaneous infection with Bubonic plague (to cause the regurg) and HIV looks technically plausible? --BozMo talk 10:55, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Unlikely, given the prevalence of fleas and not a single documented case of this happening. Mind you diseases which display such a pathology/epidemiology tend to be those which have evolved for a long time to exploit exactly that route of transfer.  Bear in mind also that HIV does not survive for long outside of the human body, even when it's not being attack by the immune system of another host creature.  Also note that flea bites do not usually re-introduce blood when they feed multiple times -- Y. pestis has a particular mechanism for causing the flea to regurgitate the blood during a second feeding, a mechanism HIV does not share.  Snow (talk) 13:17, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * How can you document such a thing? There are probably many HIV infected people who cannot spot the origin of their infection and most of us are mostly not aware when we were beaten up by a mosquito, and even, I dare to say, some people die of AIDS without realizing it what is killed them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Plusanother (talk • contribs) 22:01, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, I wouldn't exactly say that it's outright impossible, just that such a case has never been empirically documented (or even suggested as likely in serious medical literature that I know of, though the potential of the mechanism has been explored nonethless), and that it seem unlikely given what we know about the disease's pathology and the physiology of the two host organisms. Keep in mind that HIV research is a prolific field; if this was happening it's almost certain we'd know about it (and any researcher who proved the existence of the mechanism would be propelled to life-long acclaim). Snow (talk) 00:37, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I strongly doubt it's documentable, because given the social aspects of HIV transmission modes, there are doubtless many people who will strongly deny the usual routes of infection, but who didn't get it by mosquito. The only way we could find out would be to play with a captive population and HIV-fed mosquitoes, and I doubt we've done that even at Diego Garcia, though you never know any more. Wnt (talk) 21:28, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Hmm, mosquito bites can transmit other viral diseases, such as dengue fever and malaria, so I'm wondering why it's so implausible that HIV can't possibly be present in mosquito saliva. ~Amatulić (talk) 23:04, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Dengue fever and malaria are caused by protozoans which actively move into the saliva. μηδείς (talk) 23:42, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Wrong about dengue, which is viral, was thinking of Chagas' disease. μηδείς (talk) 00:43, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There are two layers to answering that question. First there's the proximal explanation of the mechanisms (as referenced above).  But to address the issue more broadly and in terms of pragmatics, there's the explanation that the virus already has a perfectly suitable (and, unfortunately, highly efficient) mechanism for propagating itself. While technically not a living organism (depending on your definition), a virus does have a kind of evolutionary course, and each has adapted to operate in highly specific context.  The balance the HIV virus has struck does not (at present) allow it to survive outside the human body for long, nor to exploit routes of infection which do not involve human-to-human contact.  Developing such traits would likely require significant trade-offs for the disease which, given it's current virulence and tenaciousness, are not necessarily beneficial to it. Snow (talk) 00:48, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * So why is it so easily transmitted through sharing used needles and blood transfusions? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:55, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Those are very intimate routes of transmission protected from exposure to oxygen which rips apart the viral coat of HIV almost immediately. Mosquito saliva also has anti-coagulants and digestive enzymes which destroy the virus. μηδείς (talk) 01:06, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * If HIV is destroyed on contact with oxygen, shouldn't it be destroyed in vivo as your blood passes through the lungs? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:22, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, individual virions are constantly being destroyed by the regular metabolic processes of the body (as well as by the immune system, even in the case of AIDS), but their numbers are such that they can weather these storms, sometimes even laying relatively "dormant" in certain tissues (nervous tissue is particularly susceptible to certain viruses, for example) and then re-amassing themselves as the opportunity presents itself. Snow (talk) 01:34, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * And the transmission of infected blood of one individual into the bloodstream of another tends to be more immediate and consist of markedly larger amounts. On top of all of this, mosquitos rarely need more blood than they can consume in a single feeding; in most cases they use it to drive egg fertilization and engage in such feeding only as necessary (though some more aggressive species do use it as a more consistent means of sustenance). Snow (talk) 01:29, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Large amounts of the virus are actually destroyed in vivo, but the blood is a buffered, supportive environment (ignoring the immune response) and keep in mind that oxygen in the blood is largely bound by hemoglobin. Also, as I said elsewhere, biology is not math, and there are exceptions.  It is entirely possible HIV may have been transmitted by insect bite, just unlikely and impossible to prove after the fact.  Would anyone like to volunteer as a test subject? μηδείς (talk) 01:36, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Is it so unlikely that it's not worth doing an experiment with simian immunodeficiency virus, a couple of chimps and several hundred mosquitos? There's also this link for anyone who's interested. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:14, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There is an infinite difference of scale between the yes-or-no possibility and the almost-zero likelihood of something happening. You pay me enough, I will indeed get a mosquito to infect a chimp with SIV.  But if the prospect of dying of AIDS from a bugbite actually frightens you you might as well go on benzodiazepines to prevent yourself from dying of a meteor strike.  μηδείς (talk) 02:33, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Nah, the word of the CDC is good enough for me. I was just interested in the whys and hows of it all. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:43, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There is no obvious reason why it would be absolutely impossible for someone to get a bit of HIV infected blood from a mosquito or tick into a scratch and catch the disease. Mosquitoes and ticks obviously have large dollops of blood in them, which could include various pathogens. The CDC says that one unit of HIV might get transmitted in 10 million mosquito bites. It isn't clear whether the "1 unit" is enough to cause an infection, but how many millions of mosquito bites take place each year? Maybe a billion in the US, if each person gets bit 3 times. But few of the mosquitoes would have had a previous partial meal on an infected person. Insect-born pathogens were shown to be the cause of numerous diseases of people and animals, but typically in models where the pathogen survives and fluorishes in the mosquito, unlike HIV. West Nile is  transmitted by skeeters who have previously bitten an infected animal, and I would be much more concerned about getting West Nile from a mosquito bite.  There might be a reason for governmental authorities to poo-pooh any possibility of HIV infected blood getting carried to infect a victim who gets bitten by the insect, or who swats a blood-filled insect and it enters the bite or some other scratch, since if the small possibility were shown to exist, people might demand that HIV infected persons have to dwell far away from uninfected persons. Combine a small likelihood of insect transmission, and the societal harm from restricting HIV infected persons to something like leper colonies on a remote island, and you could get unwarranted denials."Trust me, I'm from the Government and I'm here to help you" just does not resonate with credibility for many people.  Edison (talk) 20:30, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * For extremely good reason. The Government, being run by big business, does not help anyone other than its own constituent bourgeoisie. Whoop whoop pull up Bitching Betty 21:15, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * While they might not be always 100% truthful, they are here to help. Edison even pointed out that the only reason for downplaying the truth is to strike a balance between the "likelihood of insect transmission, and the societal harm from restricting HIV infected persons to something like leper colonies on a remote island". If the CDC says it's not worth worrying about, I'm not going to worry about it. But for interests sake I wanted to know just how unlikely it was. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:03, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There probably is a risk of insect being a vector transmission path. The problem is how to scientifically document a transmission mechanism with low probability, long (10y) incubation time, and where the victim may not even beaware of the insect bite in question, nor would any experiment be ethical.  As for the truth factor in authorities, just consider that they have other priorities than yourself!  Take rather a look at the mechanism involved rather than any "we know better" from authorities.  Kitchen knifes and salads is another path.  Heard of any restaurants with guaranteed HIV free staff lately? So: does the blood sucked up by the mosquito present an infection risk (for HIV)?, can it be pushed into a person be smacking it? can viruses migrate from the blood into the saliva? Any data where the number of viable viral particles is measured would be interesting. And can't be THAT hard to establish.  Then probabilities can be calculated. Electron9 (talk) 00:25, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, it's not as if the issuehasn't been studied. (Those are just a few amongst scores that treat the issue that I found in a cursory search). You're quite right that incubation periods often muddle the issue some for any disease, but that doesn't researchers can't determine a given vector as impossible for a given virus based solely on what they do know about the pathophysiology involved. Or even on strong epidemiological evidence;   one of those examples I included in this post points out that if mosquito were capable of transmitting the disease then you wouldn't see as striking a trend on the age-range of new infections -- barring infections by transfusion and mother-to-child, almost all new cases excluded the very young and the very old, for obvious reasons, but if mosquitos were transmitting the disease, their dispersed selection of targets would not allow this to be the case.  Now, this might not be satisfying to those who might argue that it could still have happened just a handful of times, but puttign together statistical evidence (bearing in mind the massive numbers involved) and a number of different findings as regards the pathology of the disease and the physiology of the carriers, it's about as certain as anything gets in medical science.   As to the disease being transmitted by someone prepping a salad, that's obviously unrealistic and if there are indeed kitchens that go out of their way to not hire personnel with HIV, and then are foolish enough to advertise the fact, you can probably expect to see some discrimination lawsuits on the matter in the near future (and the plaintiffs will almost certainly win too, if we're talking about any country in the English speaking west here).  Even if you meant that the HIV-infected individual cut themselves then I still don't see it happening.  First off, consuming anything less than ounces of infected blood is probably not likely to cause infection (unless you had a large open cut in the mouth or somewhere else in the upper digestive tract).  Second, its unlikely a salad with any amount of blood on it is going out to a customer and three -- don't eat your salad if it comes with blood on it! Snow (talk) 09:28, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * What about a HIV positive teppanyaki chef? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:47, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Hah! Well, if your teppanyaki chef is stabbing himself, you're taking your life into your own hands being so close to him regardless. Snow (talk) 12:11, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually, those references you cite have a case of mumble. "Extremely low or nonexistent", "extremely unlikely", aren't actually answers as to whether one case has ever occurred.  They're practical answers for everyday living; still, if you run into someone who claims to have experienced an Immaculate Infection, they deserve to be given the benefit of the doubt.  Because it's biology, and you never really know.  Speaking of which, if a chef serves up his own testicles,  even if properly cooked, what are the odds that a piece of viral RNA or integrated DNA can become transfected into a vulnerable epithelial cell.  Hmmm.... (but then again, he wasn't in one of the risk groups! Wnt (talk) 13:26, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Hard facts would be for each mg of blood sucked up by the mosquito there is N number of infectious viruses. And the same number for the saliva. Then a probability for N number of viruses to cause an infection. No need for transmission experiments, except for letting one mosquito to suck. The rest just lab work (BPL-4?). Electron9 (talk) 22:43, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Things with vanishingly small probability do happen from time to time, like someone a few years ago surviving a rabies infection, or a full term baby delivered healthy from an ectopic pregnancy, or a train derailment recently in Illinois causing  a train and railroad bridge to fall on a couple driving under the bridge in their car, killing them, or someone winning the lottery twice, or a girl getting HIV from a dentist's drill, or a 5 year old girl, Lina Medina, giving birth to a healthy baby. In the case of the OP's question, it would likely take experiments with simians and infected mosquitoes, similar to the experiments proving mosquito transmission of Yellow Fever, but public policy issues as outlined above would likely prevent any researcher getting government funding for such iron clad research, and we are left with probability calculations and poo-poohing by the government. If someone claimed they got HIV from an insect bite, no one would believe them.  It would be like a girl claiming she must had gotten pregnant from sperm in the public swimming pool, or got VD from a toilet seat. Edison (talk) 20:19, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh Japan, what are we ever going to do with you? The best part of that article has got to be the reporter wearing a surgical mask and a dazed expression that seems to say "Where did my life take this turn? I was supposed to be a journalist..." or maybe "Really!? we're doing this now? I've gotta get that work visa." Heh. Snow (talk) 20:41, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Evolution of the four fundamental forces
I seem to recall there was a section in my physics book that gave a timeline of when the four forces evolved. Which came first, and when, etc. Is there any article here that gives a timeline? ScienceApe (talk) 11:44, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Chronology_of_the_universe ? --BozMo talk 12:10, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The "orthodox" sequence is that gravity separated first, followed by the strong force, and finally the weak force separated from the electromagnetic force when the Higgs mechanism gave rest mass to W and Z bosons but not to photons - see this timeline. But as of now only the final one of these three phase transitions is understood in any detail - different sources give different answers about the timing and mechanism of the first two, with varying amounts of speculation. And if you add supersymmetry breaking to the mix, that complicates the picture even more. Gandalf61 (talk) 12:15, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Infant eye glasses
I know that with toddlers who can at least talk, they do vision tests with symbols of things like boats and houses, but I've seen infants barely able to crawl with glasses. How can doctors ascertain the visual acuity of someone who can't tell you what they're seeing because they haven't acquired any language higher than "bbbbb whaa whaa abababa"? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:16, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The glasses could be used to correct a squint: NHS link. Brammers (talk/c) 12:51, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * It is possible to measure the roundness of the eyeball using modern equipment. This will indicate astigmatism, which can bee corrected using glasses. --TammyMoet (talk) 13:53, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * There is an instrument called a “Retinoscope” which we use to shine a light into the toddler’s eye from a distance of about 17 inches. We can interpret the reflection that comes back from the back of the toddlers retina into the pupil area. As we move the instrument from side to side, the reflected light we are watching will move either in the same direction as our instrument or in the opposite direction. This tells us whether we are dealing with nearsightedness or farsightedness. The speed of motion of the reflected light is an indication of how much prescription power will be required. In a seasoned practitioner’s hands we are able to very precisely determine how much and what power is required without asking the toddler a single question. We do the same with adults who can’t communicate or are illiterate or can’t speak the same language, as in third world countries where in some instances on field trips no communication is possible at all. It’s pretty neat. Dr. Dhavid Cooper DriveByWire (talk) 14:18, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The illiterate part doesn't make sense. At the eye doctor, they never actually ask me to read the letters, in any case, they just ask which is clearer.  Now, when I get a driver's license, then I have to read the letters, because there they want proof that I can see clearly, but even there, they could substitute symbols like houses and dogs and ice cream cones.  As far as people who don't speak the language, all they need to communicate is "better" or "worse", which could be a thumbs up and thumbs down. StuRat (talk) 16:55, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Going back over 20 years when I was an adult literacy tutor, I taught a young man who wore bottle-end glasses but who still couldn't see you unless he stood right up close to you. He was more or less unable to read, and over about 18 months we worked on that. One day he walked in to class with new glasses, which were much thinner, and he didn't stand right next to me. What had happened was that he'd finally been able to read the letters and texts the optician had been giving him during his eye test, and the prescription was exactly what he'd needed - for the first time ever. --TammyMoet (talk) 19:01, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * If his eye doctor had simply asked when it looked clearer, rather than ask him to read the letters, the whole problem could have been avoided. It seems that some eye doctors need to be retrained.  I suspect that, to avoid embarrassment, the student had faked being able to read, and, once he guessed the letters correctly, continued to say them that way, even as they got blurrier with stronger lenses.  The eye doctor should also switch the letters used at each increment, if asking people to read them, to avoid such deception. StuRat (talk) 19:10, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Tammy has pulled your leg, Stu. Quite apart from the fact that anybody with even half a brain would sooner or later, and most likely very much sooner, discover for himself whether the prescribed specs were right (if like me, you need a different prescription for reading than for distance, you probably do what I do - if I am reading and want to look at a clock some distance away, I just hold my reading specs a couple of cm forward off my nose - that changes the effective power by about 2 diopters and matches my distance prescription), the optometrist would have had to be a complete moron.  Usually they check by homing in on the correct prescription from different directions.  If you give wrong answers (as naughty children sometimes do) they soon detect it.  Whenever I have had my eyes checked, the optometrist has first used a retinoscope to quickly get a rough idea, then uses the big-E chart to fine-tune.
 * I must correct some misconceptions however. It is not sufficient for the optometrist to ask "which is clearer?"  The preception of what is clearer can differ from that which is best read.  The patient may have the impression that the letters on the chart are their clearest, yet a small change in lens power of cylinder axis may improve his accuracy in reading the letters, particularly if he is getting specs for the first time. Usually what they do is ask "Which is better - first or second? (changes setting, pauses, changes setting back again) second or first?".  then as it gets pretty good, they change to asking "Please read the 2nd last line." or similar. Then they distract you, change setting again, - and what do you know, one of those fine print letters seems to have changed!
 * Also, just because someone you know suddenly rocks up with lenses noticeably thicker or thinner, it DOES NOT necessarily mean they have radically changed prescription. It could be that he/she has changed to lense material of different refractive index.  Spectacle shops these days tend to push the newer high-index lenses for cosmetic reasons, but the high-index materials have poorer colour dispertion.  Wickwack<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:37, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * When you talk about "eye doctors", are they optometrists or opthamologists? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:10, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Presumably an optometrist, if his only vision issue was that he needed glasses. StuRat (talk) 02:15, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Infants are resolute about throwing off eyeglasses that do not help their vision. DriveByWire (talk) 14:20, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm betting an infant would also throw off a pair of glasses frames with no lenses at all just because the plastic is touching their temples. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:57, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * They don't throw off glasses that let them see properly, when they couldn't previously, in my experience. It's kind of amazing to watch, because you'd expect them to not tolerate something on their face like that, but clearly if their vision is bad enough they are just pleased to be able to see properly.
 * Also, Wickwack, opticians aren't always so good at spotting the naughty children. I knew a child who lied on their eye test to get glasses (this soon came out after the novelty wore off). She was a particularly bright child, so maybe she gamed the eye test particularly well? But then I also know a naughty child who deliberately showed up to a school eye test without their (powerful) glasses on, so that the optician got very excited about how this child had slipped through the net, and the child's parents got a very strange letter home. Perhaps I know unusually determined naughty children? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:31, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

 * You can just compare their reactions without needing them to speak. If they ignore a toy, they probably can't see it clearly enough to realise it is something interesting. So you change the lenses until they show interest in the toy, at which point you know they can see it. --Tango (talk) 15:03, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

What's the street value of testogel?
Testogel, which I will not link as it is merely a redirect, is a form of testosterone that comes as sachets of gel, the idea being that someone with low testosterone can apply it to themselves. It is prescription medication meant either for hypogonadism or for FtM transexuals.

However it could also be used by body builders as it is an anabolic steroid. What is the street value of a pack of 30 x 50mg sachets of it? Egg  Centri  c  13:37, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Where are you? Is the purchase you ask about illegal? DriveByWire (talk) 14:26, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm not interested in making any purchase - or indeed making any sale. I am legally prescribed testogel and being on the isle of man it costs me £3.65 a month (as any prescribed drug does). I was just interested in what the street value of it is as I enjoy boasting about that sort of thing in pubs (I am also prescribed another drug that has a much higher street value, incidentally, but that is irrelevant to this question). Egg   Centri  c  17:38, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * You can order steroids legally via US webshops. Count Iblis (talk) 15:29, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It's a bit hard to accurately assign a street value, even for a given location. A crack head that wants it might not be able to pay much of anything, or might offer a stolen stereo, whereas the token party-girl rich lawyer's daughter might pay a few quid, not realising that it can be so easily obtained legally. Oh, and purely out of interest, is yours prescribed for hypogonadism or FtM transexualism? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:02, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * It's just me or do other people also find it funny that the OP is on the Isle of Man? Plusanother (talk) 00:04, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Surely 84,000 dooinneyyn(?) all have to be somewhere. That's not including Moddey Dhoo who can chase a greater number of cats than available tails. DriveByWire (talk) 15:13, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Mick Jagger (a popular singer m'lud) has called for all drugs to be legalised on the Isle of Man. It seems that Narcotics Anonymous meetings are held at St. Joseph's Catholic Church, Douglas, Isle of Man. DriveByWire (talk) 22:29, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Domestic wiring
I formatted this as a new question. DriveByWire (talk) 14:24, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Which wire is used in domestic wiring? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nikhilbdvg (talk • contribs) 14:17, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Depends on the load and the local electrical code. In the U.S. most common is 3-wire 14 gauge for 15 amp circuits. You also see 12 gauge for 20 amp circuits for heavier loads (large appliances, a/c, etc.) Rmhermen (talk) 14:34, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * There are various kinds of domestic wiring. Suggest you read the article.--Shantavira|feed me 15:40, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

'Non-metallic-dry' or NMD is the common wire used for woodframe in Canada. Most only count the insulated conductors though so 14/2 NMD would be 14 guage, (15 amp), black, white and bare ground. 14/3 has a red. Don't use heat trace cable though. I heard about a guy that stole a bunch of wire from work and wondered why is walls got warm and none of his stuff worked very well.--Canoe1967 (talk) 18:29, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Why wasn't there fusion in the early evolution of the universe?
The strong nuclear force existed only a few fractions of a second after the Big Bang, and only a few fractions of a second later protons formed. So what was stopping the universe from undergoing fusion at around this time since presumably the required heat and pressure was present? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:01, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * According to the article, most helium-4 in the universe is thought to trace back to fusion "shortly after the Big Bang". See Big Bang nucleosynthesis.  From 3 to 20 minutes after the Big Bang, protons and neutrons were stable, but fusion was still possible.  Wnt (talk) 16:11, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Too much heat and pressure was present. It's basically the same reason why million-degree-Celsius steam does not condense into ice. Looie496 (talk) 16:13, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Wnt is right. There was fusion during the Big Bang nucleosynthesis. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:57, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, but, as Wnt said, not until around the 3 minute mark. The OP was asking about fractions of a second after time zero.  The answer is that it was simply too hot for fusion then -- if anything fused together for an instant, something would slam into it and break it apart an instant later. Looie496 (talk) 22:58, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It's an interesting question, and I don't really know enough to answer. But my understanding from the article is that first the quark-gluon plasma cooled down, but even then proton-antiproton pairs were being produced spontaneously at 10-6 second, maybe later.  So you don't have the situation where a cooling quark-gluon plasma would spit out intact iron nuclei because they're the most stable degradation product; they'd get hit instantly by antiparticles (indeed, almost always would contain antiparticles...) and be blown apart.  At the latest point, right before the pairs stop being produced, there should only have been enough energy to make single nucleons, not alpha and anti-alpha pairs and such.  After that, Looie's answer applies.  I assume three minutes is when there was too little energy left to knock helium atoms apart, and twenty was when there was too little left to knock them together.  (For comparison, consider how high temperatures favor production of nitrogen oxides, and lower but not too low temperatures resolve them to nitrogen and oxygen in a catalytic converter) Wnt (talk) 13:17, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Electromotive force in an unclosed circuit
Even if an electric circuit is unclosed, the source of voltage continues to work — and the energy that would move the charges in the circuit, had the circuit been closed, is still there.

What resists the emf in an unclosed circuit? Intuitively, the gap in the circuit can be viewed as a resistor with infinite resistance that would imply infinite energy loss, had the current not been zero. But Ohm's and Joule's laws are abstractions. What's their physical sense at the ends of the gap, in terms of individial charge carriers (e.g. electrons)?

And what happens in the circuit, in the immediate vicinity of the gap, in the first moments after it is closed (e.g. by connecting wires or flipping a switch), enabling the flow of current? How do the charges flow and how does the information that the circuit was closed propagate from the gap to the circuit as a whole? - Sikon (talk) 16:53, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Close circuit: electrons bounce back. Open circuit: electrons stop bouncing back. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:16, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The free electrons have nowhere to go, so stay in the wire, until connected to another wire, then they flow into it. The charge in the wire (modeled by the percentage of free electrons) is equal to that of the source, say the battery terminal, so all flow stops. StuRat (talk) 18:25, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * At the level of the electrons, its best to analyse the situation using electric potentials and the "lines of force" along the gradient of the potential. The electric potential at a point is a measure of the energy at that point due to electrons and protons around it attracting and repelling any charge placed there. In a conductor like a metal, if no current is flowing, the potential all over its surface is the same; the electrons which are free to move jostle around so that no point is more crowded than another.
 * When a switch is open, the two metal contacts are at slightly different potentials - one is more crowded with electrons than the other. However, the electrons are bound to the surface of the metal (because of the metal nuclei) and it takes some energy for them to escape -either as free electrons or by jumping onto the air molecules and forming ions. If the voltage (electron overcrowding/shortage) is low enough, no electrons can escape from one surface to another. If the voltage is sufficiently high some of them will break out of their bonds and move between the metal and the air molecules. These air ions will zoom away from the metal surface, gaining speed as they are repelled and smash into more air molecules as they go to the other metal surface. In short order you will have a white hot stream of ions and electrons tearing across the gap. This is a spark.
 * As soon as the gap is closed, electrons from the more crowded side flow into the less crowded metal. (The electric field from these new electrons travels to all corners of the universe at the speed of light. But this field of course dies of as 1/distance-squared with the constant of decay depending on dielectric shielding by things in the way.) These electrons push the electrons around them, who in turn push the electrons around them and so on, letting the electrons at the far end of the wire flow out. In most wires, the electrons are packed so tightly and can move so rapidly that the effect is instantaneous. The time taken for the bunched-electron wave of information to travel down a line can be significant if you turn the switch on and off fast enough- for example in radio transmission.Staticd (talk) 19:01, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * We answered a similar question about Surface charges on an open circuit recently. DriveByWire (talk) 21:45, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

What causes a material to reflect light and why does light travel slower through matter than vacuum?
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:46, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * What causes some materials to reflect light (metals for example)?
 * What causes different materials to have different refractive index (i.e. light waves travel at different speed through it)?

 * The article Refractive index gives a microscopic explanation of the slowing of light. DriveByWire (talk) 21:52, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Light speed is around 186,000 miles per second in a vaccuum, or some such. I wonder, what is the slowest speed that light has ever been measured - and whether it's possible to slow it down even more. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 22:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * See slow light. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:07, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That's a different kind of slowness than the refractive-index aspect. DMacks (talk) 03:09, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Not being a scientist, I didn't totally follow the article, but it basically answered my question. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 05:50, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There is a touching story about a scientist who invented a slow glass through which light takes over a year to pass. He tested panes of the glass in his house and afterwards spent many days in the garden, occasionally looking up and waving. The explanation is that his wife had died the previous year. DriveByWire (talk) 14:33, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That sounds like Light of Other Days by Bob Shaw. Gandalf61 (talk) 14:49, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The reflection in a metal is basically because it conducts electricity. The electromagnetic wave in the light causes electric current to run on the surface of the metal.  An electric field cannot exist parallel to the metal surface, and yet the light wave would normally have one.  The net result of this is another light wave that bounces off in just the right direction for a reflection with the phase altered to cancel out that electric field. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 08:26, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That sounds utterly wrong to me. I'm pretty sure that EMR does not induce a current in metal that it is incident on. This would also imply that all conductive materials are reflective, which they aren't. And what's so special about the visible spectrum in all of this anyway? Why should x-rays not induce a current in metals and reflect throught that mechanism if visible light does? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:26, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Certainly currents are induced (in a perfect conductor, they are only surface currents); see also penetration depth. The visible spectrum is special because at higher frequencies the electric currents induced fail to precisely match the phase of the incident radiation, so absorption results instead; see also plasma frequency.  --Tardis (talk) 13:20, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Specular reflection and Fresnel equations. DriveByWire (talk) 14:40, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * See the article on Plasmons--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:52, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Mysterious behavior of high-speed projectiles
Is it possible that a bullet (gun-shot) fired from a high-velocity rifle (say M-16 etc.) instead of entering the human head, orbit around it, breaking it's move-in-a-straight line rule and enter the skull from back side (opposite side, not available to gunner ) i.e. changing it's course of movement. If yes, then what laws of physics make it possible ? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 21:27, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Unless the gun is actually firing very small, maneuverable rockets, no. What made you ask the question? Someguy1221 (talk) 21:32, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I know it sounds idiotically strange ! I am asking this question because it has happened... — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:38, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * If so then you have already answered your own question "Is it possible....[?]". The article Orbit equation gives the physical laws that govern a gravitational orbit. I think it impossible to satisfy them with practical values for the bullet mass, head mass and bullet tangential velocity. The value of Escape velocity would surely be exceeded. Might the incident have actually been an accident with a Boomerang? DriveByWire (talk) 22:11, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The 5.56 NATO round fired by AR-15 family rifles was known as the tumbler during the Vietnam war due its strange terminal ballistics. After striking flesh the bullet would move in counter-intuitive directions leading to exit wounds where you wouldn't expect them. A vet once told me a story about seeing a dead VC with a single entry wound near his navel, and a single exit wound near his collar bone. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:53, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Intriguing. Do you happen to have a source or remember if they determined the compositional elements of the rounds that caused this uncommon ballistic profile?  I'd be very interested in studying the issue since our current article on the round does not make mention of it (though it does note an unusually high degree of fragmentation for the round's mass and profile).  Was the issue prevalent with regard to the M-16 or particular firing modes? Snow (talk) 00:18, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * No reliable sources, but here is a forum thread that basically confirms the same story my vet friend told me. As the posters note, having the centre of mass towards the rear increasing the chance of tumbling on contact with a medium denser than air. 7.62x39 are even worse. They often start to tumble end over end without impact with anything. You know this is happening when your bullet holes look like this. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:46, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the link (and actually there does seem to be some decent literature linked to there). And yeah, that explanation seems consistent with the yaw and accuracy issues that are noted on our 5.56 NATO article.  I wonder how much the tumbling itself contributes to the fracturing or if they are better characterized as both the result of the round's center of mass. I'll peruse the literature and see if I can't find a way to note this behaviour as a brief mention in the relevant articles.  Thanks again! Snow (talk) 01:03, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I suspect that you are merely confusing the entrance and exit wounds. While, typically, the entrance wound is smaller than the exit would, that's not always the case. StuRat (talk) 22:08, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * That sounds like an element of a conspiracy theory, namely one related to the JFK assassination. Plusanother (talk) 22:07, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * A bullet found on Connally's hospital gurney, and two bullet fragments found in the presidential limousine, were ballistically matched to a 6.5 × 52 mm Italian Carcano M91/38 bolt-action rifle found on the 6th floor of the Texas Book Depository. The M16 fires a different 5.56×45mm cartridge, and there were not many M16's around on November 22, 1963. Obviously the existence of an M16 bullet that can fly backwards in space and time, and leave no trace, is exactly the kind of secret that a conspiracy of the CIA, the KGB, the American Mafia, the Israeli government, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, sitting Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Cuban President Fidel Castro, anti-Castro Cuban exile groups and the Federal Reserve won't reveal. DriveByWire (talk) 22:46, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * You forgot the Rothschild and Rockefeller families and the Bilderberg Group. They are into this too, pushing the ropes from behind the scene. Plusanother (talk) 23:09, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I've talked about gunshot wounds with a lawyer at some length, some time ago, and one point he emphasized rather emphatically is that bullets can behave extremely unusually once inside the human body. It's not weird physics, it's the fact that ammunition does not always have sufficient force to break out of the body at all points, and will hit various hard and soft things inside the body, and can do weird things like follow bones (get shot in the arm, exit wound out the leg, was one example the lawyer had seen). No weird physics there — just chaotic movement and complex systems. So, just a priori, I wouldn't rule it out, though it doesn't seem especially likely. But given enough gunshot wounds... --Mr.98 (talk) 00:23, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * There's also a simple ricochet, where the bullet could bounce off an object behind the target, say a tree, and hit the target from the rear. This could be the entire bullet, or just a fragment, if it shatters when hitting the first object (more likely if it first hit a rock). StuRat (talk) 00:29, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Mystery solved? In all seriousness, OP, this behaviour is inconsistent with the basic physical principals we'd expect to be at work here - as noted by others above, the gravitational influence of the mass of the head upon the bullet would be miniscule compared to its forward velocity of the round -- nor could atmospheric resistance account for such a radical arc in said trajectory. Snow (talk) 01:16, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Weirder yet was the soldier that got shot though his privates during the civil war. The musketball carried on and hit a female civilian in the abdomen and she got pregnant from it. I think they got married after the war when they figured out what happened.--Canoe1967 (talk) 15:50, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Never happened. Someguy1221 (talk) 16:02, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It did happen, it was Dilbert, a robot, a cow, and some aliens, though. μηδείς (talk) 16:34, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * But wasn't Dilbert getting shot at from the rear anyway? --Aspro (talk) 23:03, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I saw a murder trial in which someone killed a man with two shots to the head from a 32 caliber pistol. One round entered under the scalp on the side of the head, and tunneled around from the side of the head to the back of the skull, where it lodged in the neck muscles, but unlike the OPs incident, it did not proceed to break through the skull in the back, but at least it ended up in the right spot to do so if it still had sufficient velocity and tumbled the right way. Edison (talk) 20:18, 11 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Wiring

Keeping your wiring organized is a never-ending struggle. Make sure to make it as easy as possible.

fire safety considerations
types of cable:
 * riser
 * CM, CMG, CMx
 * plenum
 * low-smoke zero halogen

Under Floor Organization
Place your major power lines in properly grounded metal conduit.

Put all under-floor fiber connections in plenum-certified conduit, such as the orange crinkle tube.

If using electrical whips underneath floors, make sure the socket boxes are physically restrained in place and marked with the location on both ends.

Run all conduits and wires square to the floor panels to allow for easier under-floor organization.

When placing electrical power whips underneath the floor, take the time to make sure they are cut very close to length, as extra loops of this cable can take up a lot of space under the floor.

Physically separate power from network cabling as much as possible. You may have only power conduits and cables under the raised floor, and network cabling in overhead cable trays, or vice-versa.

Rack to Rack Connections
Consider whether you want to use network switches and hubs in each rack and connect those to a central location, or use patch panels that go from rack to rack.

Use patch panels and other techniques to minimize how often you have to go into the floor. You should not need to lift floor panels to install a new computer.

Keyboard Video Mouse Switches
Consider using your KVM connections sparingly, using only one or two per rack and moving them when necessary for maintenance.

Buy a high-quality KVM, as quality counts, and go with an on-screen menu that allows you to label the computers.

Make sure your KVM allows for keyboard switching.

Compare against serial terminal servers if you have Unix boxes.

Use true KVM cables. Cables that you zip-tie together are harder to remove later. Also, the video connection that uses screws is shorter than the PS/2 connections, to reduce cable pull out.

Cable Management
Many products for rack cable management.

Velcro zipties are reusable.

Use Ethernet cables of many color and lengths. Consider color coding by length. Use only booted cables as they won't get caught up when being moved around.

Consider putting a unique serial number on both ends of every single cable going into your data center.

Use the shortest power cables possible. Put serial numbers on the power cables and consider using black and beige colored cables to show side-to-side redundancy.

Pre-plan location of power outlets on rack systems.

Planning for Expansion
Plan for extra analog phone jacks during construction, as they are often used for modems on equipment. Consider making them 56K leased-line capable.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Introduction

Introduction to the topic
The design and organization of your company's data center has a direct impact on its day-to-day operations. The following are just some of the considerations involved:

 * Capacity. Your data center's capacity needs to be optimized in order to ensure that it can handle its workload.  In this regard, there are three common approaches to capacity planning:
 * Start with the most economical size then expand it, careful not to increase capacity beyond actual need.
 * Start with the size that best will be able to handle the projected initial capacity, then expand it as need increases.
 * Start the data center with a size that will handle the highest possible load that could conceivably be initially placed on it, and expand vigorously to keep ahead of load.

 * Expandability. The data center should be scaleable so that if you choose to increase capacity, you will be able to do so without having to redesign the entire data center.

 * Uptime. You will need to determine what level availability you will need.  A data center that is designed for 99.99999% availability(3 seconds of outage per year), for example, will require extremely careful planning, as well as a commitment of resources that would not be necessary if you only are aiming for 99.99% availability(52 minutes of outage per year), and yet even a 99.99999% available system may not be adequate for a life safety application, where a fraction of a second of outage could cause a severe risk of harm.  It is important to keep the availability requirement in mind during the planning and design of your data center.

 * Length of outages. Closely related to uptime, you will need to determine the maximum acceptable length of outages.  For an E911 service, for example, 1 second of outage would be 1 second too many; for a business-critical service, you typically will perform a cost-benefit analysis.  Length of outages is typically quantified as mean time to repair.

 * Investment. How is the data center financed?  How much money is available?  How is it best spent?

 * Location. Will the data center be located at your corporate headquarters, or off-site?  Will you rent or own the location?  Will the data center be co-located, for example, in a telephone-company central office or a carrier hotel?  You will need to think about considerations as diverse as the cost of communications network connections, the cost of providing benefits to any employees that may work in the data center, and the legal environment.

The need to deliberately design and organize
To maximize uptime, minimize length of outages, and optimize capacity subject to resource constraints, one should deliberately design and organize the data center. The following considerations merely highlight the importance of careful planning:

 * Large investment. When you consider the costs of network connections, power and utilities, and rented or purchased space--to name only a few things--you can see the cost of starting a data center is more than the cost of computers and network equipment alone.  After you start the data center, there are still the costs of operating it:  the annual operating costs of a data center can easily reach into the tens of millions of dollars.  It is important to optimize the allocation of resources to get the maximum "bang for the buck."

 * Hard to change. Once a data center is up and running, it is very hard to change its design without bringing the entire data center down.

 * Hard to fix. Generally, design problems are expensive to fix after the design has already been implemented.  Thus, if your customers experience a problem that is inherent to the design of your data center, the cost of repair may be prohibitive.


text:
poligono

Noun

 * 1)  polygon plane figure bounded by straight edges
 * 2) buckwheat
 * 3) knotgrass
 * 1) knotgrass

Etymology
From, , , , , , ,.

Noun

 * 1)  polygon
 * 2)  polygonum

Noun

 * 1)  polygon (plane figure bounded by straight edges)
 * 2) (short for poligono di tiro) firing range

title: poligono


text:
Leslie Esdaile Banks

Leslie Ann Esdaile Banks ( Peterson; December 11, 1959 – August 2, 2011) was an American writer under the pen names of Leslie Esdaile, Leslie E. Banks, Leslie Banks, Leslie Esdaile Banks and L. A. Banks. She wrote in various genres, including African-American literature, romance, women's fiction, crime suspense, dark fantasy/horror and non-fiction.

She won several literary awards, including the 2008 Essence Literary Awards Storyteller of the Year.

Biography
Leslie Ann Peterson was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She married Michael Esdaile,; they had one child, a daughter, Helena Esdaile. The couple divorced and she remarried, to Al Banks, in 2000.

She attended University of Pennsylvania Wharton School, where she earned her undergraduate degree and then attended Temple University's School of Communications and Theater, earning her masters in fine arts. Before she began writing full-time, she worked at The Women's Opportunities Resource Center, where she helped develop micro-entrepreneurial career curriculums for women of low income in Philadelphia.

Banks contributed to magazines and newspaper columns, and wrote commercial fiction for five major publishers: St. Martin's Press (NYC), Simon & Schuster (NYC), Kensington Publishing (NYC), BET/Arabesque (NYC), and Genesis Press (MS). She became the New York Times and USA Today bestselling author, received the 2008 ESSENCE Magazine Storyteller of the Year award, as well as the 2009 Romantic Times Booklover's Convention Career Achievement Award for Paranormal Fiction. Books 1 and 2 of The Vampire Huntress Legend Series (Minion and The Awakening, respectively), have been optioned for Hollywood films by GothamBeach Entertainment and Griot Entertainment. Originally a nine-book series, The Vampire Huntress Legend Series has been expanded to twelve (the last being called "The Thirteenth").

In addition, Banks wrote the book series for the network cable series "Soul Food," as well as the novelization of the movie "Scarface."

Illness and death
In June 2011, it was announced on Banks' website that she had been diagnosed with late-stage adrenal cancer. It was revealed that due to the extreme costs of her medical care, her family opened up a charitable fund in her name in one of the local Pennsylvania banks. The literary community also rallied around the ailing author, with several supporters starting a series of auctions where the proceeds went towards Banks' medical care. Authors including P. N. Elrod, Heather Graham and Charlaine Harris donated books and services to raise funds for Banks, as did others in the literary community.

Banks' official website was updated to reflect her death from cancer on August 2, 2011, at the age of 51. She is survived by her daughter, Helena Esdaile.

Romance novels

 * Sundance (1996)
 * Slow Burn (1997)
 * Love Notes (2001)
 * Love Lessons (2001)
 * River of Souls (2001)
 * Love Potions (2002)
 * Still Waters Run Deep (2002)
 * Tomorrow's Promise (2002)
 * Through the Storm (2002)
 * Sister Got Game (2004)
 * Keepin' It Real (2005)
 * Take Me There (2006)
 * Better Than (June 2008)

Romance novellas

 * "Home For The Holidays" in Midnight Clear (et al.) (2000) (*)
 * "Time Enough for Love" in After the Vows (et al.) (2001) (*)
 * "Valentine's Love" in Candlelight and You (et al.) (2003) (*)
 * "Shameless" in Sisterhood of Shopaholics (et al.) (2003) (*)
 * "A 'No Drama' Valentine's" in Valentin's Day Is Killing Me (et al.) (2006) (*)

Alexis Grant
Men of the Delta Force Series
 * Sizzle & Burn
 * Locked at Loaded

Non-fiction

 * How to Write A Romance for The New Market (1999) (*)

Drama, TV adaptation novels

 * Soul Food: For Better, For Worse (October 1, 2002)
 * Soul Food: Through Thick and Thin (March 1, 2003)
 * Soul Food: No Mountain High Enough (September 30, 2003)

Non-fiction

 * "Light at the End of the Tunnel" in Chicken Soup for the African American Soul (2004) (*)

Crime and suspense

 * Betrayal of the Trust (2004)
 * Blind Trust (2005)
 * Shattered Trust (2006)
 * No Trust (final book) (2007)

Crime and suspense

 * Scarface, The Beginning, Volume 1 (2006)
 * Scarface, Point of No Return, Volume 2 (TBD)

The Vampire Huntress Legend Series

 * 1) Minion (trade paperback) (2003) (mass market) (2004)
 * 2) The Awakening (trade paperback) (2004) (mass market) (2004)
 * 3) The Hunted (trade paperback) (2004) (mass market) (2005)
 * 4) The Bitten (trade paperback) (2005) (mass market) (2005)
 * 5) The Forbidden (trade paperback) (2005) (mass market) (2006)
 * 6) The Damned (trade paperback) (2006) (mass market) (2007)
 * 7) The Forsaken (trade paperback) (2006) (mass market) (2007)
 * 8) The Wicked (trade paperback) (2007) (mass market) (2008)
 * 9) The Cursed  (trade paperback) (2007) (mass market) (2008)
 * 10) The Darkness (trade paperback) (2008) (mass market) (2008)
 * 11) The Shadows (trade paperback) (2008) (Book 11) (2009)
 * 12) The Thirteenth (trade paperback) (2009)

NOTE: The Darkness (10), The Shadows (11), and The Thirteenth (12) are called The Armageddon Finale to The Vampire Huntress Legend Series.

=
Vampire Huntress Graphic Novel Books ======

 * 1) The Hidden Darkness #1 (2010)
 * 2) The Hidden Darkness #2 (2010)
 * 3) The Hidden Darkness #3 (2010)
 * 4) The Hidden Darkness #4 (2010)

Neteru Academy

 * 1) Shadow Walker: A Neteru Academy Novel (2010)

Betrayal of the Trust Books

 * 1) Betrayal of the Trust (2004)
 * 2) Blind Trust (2005)
 * 3) Shattered Trust (2006)
 * 4) No Trust (2007)

Crimson Moon novels

 * 1) Bad Blood (2008)
 * 2) Bite The Bullet (2008)
 * 3) Undead on Arrival (2009)
 * 4) Cursed to Death (2009)
 * 5) Never Cry Werewolf (2010)
 * 6) Left for Undead (2010)

Dark Avengers Series

 * 1) Finders Keepers (2008)
 * 2) Loser's Weepers (2008)

The Dark Series

 * 1) Surrender the Dark (2011)
 * 2) Conquer the Dark (2011)

Articles

 * Fiction Factor – Building Characters Through Realism
 * Authors Supporting Authors Positively

Interviews

 * Romance in Color
 * The Sister Circle Book Club
 * WritersNewsWeekly.com Literary Spotlight

Reviews

 * Paranormal romance Reviews
 * The Best Reviews

title: Leslie Esdaile Banks


text:
Eva Regnier

Eva Dorothy Regnier (born 1971) is a decision scientist whose research concerns the interaction between human decision-making and environmental prediction. She is a professor of decision science in the Graduate School of Business and Public Policy of the Naval Postgraduate School.

Education and career
Regnier graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1992 with a bachelor's degree in environmental engineering science. After working from 1993 to 1996 in industry as an environmental engineer, she went to the Georgia Institute of Technology for a master's degree in operations research in 1999 and a Ph.D. in industrial engineering in 2001. Her dissertation, Discounted Cash Flow Methods and Environmental Decisions, was supervised by Craig Tovey.

She joined the Defense Resources Management Institute of the Naval Postgraduate School in 2001, moved to the Graduate School of Business and Public Policy in 2017, and was promoted to full professor in 2019.

Regnier was president of the INFORMS Forum on Women in Operations Research and Management Science for 2011.

Contributions
Regnier has published well-cited works on volatility in energy markets and on decision-making for evacuations based on hurricane predictions. Other topics in her research include correlations between pirate activity and predicted changes in climate and weather. Her work on hurricane evacuation was a finalist for the INFORMS Junior Faculty Forum award, and her work developing a tool to simulate the hurricane decision-making process was a finalist in the INFORMS MSOM Practice Based Research Competition. She received the INFORMS Decision Analysis Society Publication Award for her work on probability forecasting.

title: Eva Regnier


text:
sobri

Etymology 1
.

Adjective

 * 1) sober not given to excessive drinking of alcohol
 * 2) sober moderate; serious

title: sobri


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/reshamfabrics.com

Links

 * reshamfabrics.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 1 additions.


text:
Talk:Lenovo IdeaPad U310

Please do not delete
I am rapidly adding content and sources. Please do not delete this article. Tt121673 (talk)

title: Talk:Lenovo IdeaPad U310


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Talk:Chrysler Airflow

Untitled
Great article, you seem to know what your talking about. randazzo56

No references.

 * It's a great article, but has absolutely no references. Themindset 20:32, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

No Cd-value!!
Lots of talk about aerodynamics; but not a single cd number!!
 * What's a "cd number" in this context? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:43, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Coefficient of drag. Agreed, considering it was supposed to have revolutionary aerodynamics, it would be great to have Cd figures for the various Airflow models. --IanOsgood (talk) 17:10, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Still no drag coefficient figures? Should we be flagging it as citation needed?    Djapa Owen (talk) 00:09, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

Small but significant error?
From the text: "Rumors also persisted that the "new-fangled" body was unsafe, which was mostly true." Should that be ". . . which was mostly untrue."?

Just curious; otherwise an informative and well-written piece of work. --Wiki wrangler 17:05, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

PT Cruiser
should the Chrysler PT Cruiser be mentioned as it is a modurn vehicle with a retro design inspiration by the Airflow? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:36, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think so. I think the PT Crusier was supposed to be inspired by souped-up 1930's Ford Model A's or something like that. DanTD (talk) 11:33, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

Dodge Airflow tanker
No mention of the Dodge Airflow tanker truck that was based on this car? DanTD (talk) 11:31, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

Chrysler Airflow Drivetrain
Why is there no information on the Airflow's engine, transmission and suspension system? Scarlet Eagle —Preceding undated comment added 23:55, 28 July 2011 (UTC).

 * There is now!--Rockclaw1030 (talk) 15:55, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

Limousine version?
Am I reading the article correctly? Were there only two limousine versions of the car built? --RThompson82 (talk) 22:46, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

Airflow being "inspiration" for Porsche
That paragraph should be removed, it is pure urban legend. In fact, he copied heavily from Bela Barényi's designs which date back to 1925.--Dahauns (talk) 15:09, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

Correcting date of next Chrysler unibody
Chrysler's history states the 1960 Valiant (released in '59) was unibody to match the Falcon and Corvair. --JohnbRoberts (talk) 19:08, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chrysler Airflow


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rouse High School

The result was keep. John from Idegon (talk) 17:58, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

Rouse High School

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Article makes no claim of notability. What sources I could find were local routine coverage and mere mentions. Since schools have no innate presumption of notability, the fact that the subject fails GNG indicates deletion. Chris Troutman ( talk ) 21:03, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Schools-related deletion discussions.  Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 21:04, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Texas-related deletion discussions.  Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 21:04, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Keep -- Au contraire. I don't like boring articles, but the guidance is this: "Articles on high schools and secondary schools, with rare exceptions, have been kept when nominated at Articles for Deletion except where they fail verifiability." Rouse exists. There are sixteen articles about other high schools in the county. Fine.  I'll keep my powder dry for a fight I believe in.  I don't believe enough in this one. I'm fine with this direction. Rhadow (talk) 22:18, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I see that you, like many others, have fallen victim to circular reasoning. While I understand the political issues behind deleting articles about schools the community has decided that "Secondary schools are not presumed to be notable simply because they exist." Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 22:41, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep This is a pubic high school in Texas with thousands of students. Back before high schools were routinely kept in AFD because of the presumption of notabiliy (not a claim of inherent notability, like for tiny hamlets or every sports person who played one minute in the major leagues, and not a regurgitation of common outcomes, so forget the "circular reasoning " sophistry) I had occasion to search for reliable sources to support general notability and notability per WP:ORG. In each case for a large US public high school, suitable refs could be found, but not necessarily instantly and without paywall and online. Many large regions of the US have no newspaper available online, and it is not practical to dash to some college library in the state the school is located in to verify that such high schools get significant coverage in the state's major newspapers. Found that the  Austin American-Statesman had coverage of a knife attack on an art teacher in a classroom ( they still will let students use Xacto knives in class.) Then there was a male student charged withraping a female student in a closet in the same art department. A teacher/coach was charged with sexually assaulting a student. As the school added upperclassmen to the initial freshman class, the violleyball program was covered for moving into a more demanding conference or bracket. The program similarly received praise.  That was all the articles I could view in the Austin paper without subscribing. There were several more links to stories abut programs and non-routine occurrences at the school, such as coverage of the arts proram, Will try and check other Texas newspapers when time permits. Edison (talk) 02:15, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I am aware of these mere mentions by local media coverage, as I explained in my nomination. I don't find that coverage enough for GNG. Please be careful with attempted accusations about sophistry, especially when you mispell the term and fail to refute the point. Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 02:24, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: Per Special:PermaLink/767023947, secondary schools are not presumed notable. Any arguments of editors supporting "keep" based only on the fact that this is a secondary school and precedence must be heeded to may/must be discarded as not based in policy as a consequence of the recent broad assessment of consensus.The editors are advised to instead vet whether the afore-discovered covg. is significant enough.
 * Weak keep - Although the coverage is sort of routine, the sources are local and seem to be reliable. Since they are local, they should be able to verify this much better. Also, there are references to a governmental website, and governmental agencies are pretty reliable. These two things combine to make me think that we can verify the information presented, which is the whole point of our notability criteria. RileyBugz 会話 投稿記録  19:38, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep - as a secondary school per longstanding precedent and consensus. 'Circular reasoning' does not change the precedent of a process that has been firmly established through literally thousands of AfD closures over many years. Kudpung กุดผึ้ง (talk) 11:50, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Winged Blades of Godric On leave 03:42, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Question -- if a high school is not inherently notable, then why are railroad stops and tram stations offered a pass on requirements for references? Rhadow (talk) 15:24, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep it is a high school. However badly closed was an RFC about high schools, it remains simply best to keep articles on secondary schools. Even the RFC closure was not clear, anyhow. -- do ncr  am  02:28, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep. Yes, reliable source coverage is evident here of a nature and quantity sufficient to meet Wikipedia's standards.   This is a large public high school in Texas, part of a sizeable and growing school district in the Austin metropolitan area. The school has several thousand students, competes in sports and other interschool activities, and receives coverage in the metropolitan media and other sources, sources of the sort accepted by the RfC and longtime practice as evidence of notability. E.g.    Typical of how U.S. school districts are covered in Wikipedia, we have an article for each of the Leander Independent School District's high schools, including this one; deletion here would simply cut a hole in the current coverage of the school district, a notable governmental entity, without in any way improving the encyclopedia. Whatever the RfC was intended to accomplish with respect to tiny parochial schools and the countless unverifiable commercial education institutions of South Asia, it did not authorize or recommend the removal of articles about large, independently verifiable public high schools like this one. --Arxiloxos (talk) 15:53, 2 October 2017 (UTC)


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Bondarevsky

Bondarevsky, feminine: Bondarevskaya is a Russian surname. Polish equivalent: Bondarewski. Notable people with the surname include:
 * Grigoriy Lvovitch Bondarevsky
 * Igor Bondarevsky

title: Bondarevsky


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Shiupur, Jagdishpur

Shiupur, also spelled Shivpur, is a village in Jagdishpur block of Bhojpur district in Bihar, India. As of 2011, its population was 3,760, in 598 households. It is located northwest of the city of Jagdishpur.

title: Shiupur, Jagdishpur


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Solaristics

Solaristics is the second studio album by Thessalonians, released in May 2005 by Noh Poetry Records. The album comprises recording sessions that were completed between 1992 and 1996.

Reception
Backroad Music called Solaristics "a great lost recording" and noted the lead track "Solaristics" as being a highlight of the sessions. Stefaan Van Ryssen of Leonardo On-Line gave the album a mixed review, stating that composers Kim Cascone and Larry Thrasher have created higher quality work elsewhere but noting that "each piece brings its own atmosphere, ranging from pensive to thoughtful, or from melancholy to gloomy." The critic went on to conclude that the album is an "interesting release for historic reasons but very dated for contemporary ears."

Personnel
Adapted from the Solaristics liner notes.

Thessalonians
 * Kim Cascone – instruments, production
 * Don Falcone – instruments
 * Paul Neyrinck – instruments
 * Larry Thrasher – instruments

Additional credits
 * Karen Anderson – graphic design

title: Solaristics


text:
Talk:Daniel Gil

Mistranslation or missing words
This last sentence seems to be garbled:

> In his last years, the Parkinson disease he suffered avoided him to have cancer in the feet in full control of his faculties. Johnrussell13 (talk) 06:31, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daniel Gil


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Quickie Texture

Textures are laid on top of materials to give them complicated colors and other effects. An object is covered with a material, which might contain several textures: An image texture of stone, a texture to make the stone look bumpy, and a texture to make the stone deform in different ways.

A texture may be an image or a computed function. What the texture does and how it is mapped onto your object is set in the material buttons. Some commonly used texture types are shown on the page Using Textures.

This tutorial uses the file from the Quickie Material tutorial. If you didn't do it before, go back and do it now.

Step 1: Adding Texture to the Material

 * In a Properties window, switch to Texture [[File:Blender255TextureContextButton.png]] context.
 * A default texture, Tex, should already be available and set to Type: None.
 * If not, click one of the Texture Slots (the ones with chequered icons) and click the New button.
 * Set the Type to Clouds.
 * The Texture Preview panel will now reflect this change. However, said change will not be reflected in the 3D view window.
 * You can do a quick render (F12) to see the change. However, you'll have to re-render every time you change a setting to see its effect.
 * Otherwise you can click the Material button in the Texture Preview panel to see the changes to the material. (Click Both to see them side-by-side.)
 * A better, albeit more resource intensive option would be to change the Display Mode to Rendered. (Shift+Z in the 3D view window or Selecting the Display mode from the 3D view Header.Rendered View.png

Step 2: Refining the Texture

 * Once you use one of the ways to preview your work, you'll see Green and Magenta mixed in resembling a polished granite texture.
 * This is the default colour for any generated texture. Now all you have to do is change it to black.
 * But before that scroll down to the Mapping panel and make sure that Coordinates is set to Generated, Global or Object (for best results).
 * Scroll down to the Influence panel, and click on the colour swatch and drag the reticule in the bar to the right all the way down.
 * Now the texture should look more or less like green graniteBlender278aRendered1.png

Step 1: Adding a second Texture to the Material

 * In a Properties window, switch to Texture Blender255TextureContextButton.png context.
 * The Cloud texture you just created will be listed in a slot.
 * To create an additional texture click a second texture slot and then click New button.
 * Change the texture Type to Stucci.
 * Now if you preview this texture you'll only notice a bit of magenta mixed in with the previous texture.

Step 2: Making the texture a Bump-Map
The render result should look like the one on the right.
 * Scroll down to the Mapping panel and make sure the Coordinates is set to Generated, Global or Object for best results.
 * Scroll down to Influence panel uncheck Color and check Normal under Geometry, then set it to 4.
 * If required, set the Method under Bump Mapping to a higher Quality.

Now mess around with the various settings we discussed, Particularly the settings in Clouds/Stucci, Mapping and Influence panels. Also try the whole tutorial (Quickie Material & Quickie Texture) with a sphere and other shapes.

Some Closing words
The downside of bump-mapping, as you may have noticed, is that it only provides an illusion of depth/bumpiness. The edges will still be straight as in the render. For curved surfaces the outline will still look spotless while the centre looks deformed, plus shadows will still render smooth compromising the illusion. An alternative technique is displacement-mapping which actually deforms the mesh as per a texture to produce depth in the mesh, with the downside of creating a higher poly mesh.

With bump-mapping in general, you will get a greater effect on smoothly curved surfaces with high specularity as compared to flat surfaces with low specularity.

title: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Quickie Texture


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Tobago Jazz Festival

The Tobago Jazz Festival     is a music festival held every summer at Plymouth in Trinidad and Tobago which according to the Tourism Minister attracted over 20,000 visitors to Tobago.

History
The Jazz Festival was first held in 2004 but it was postponed in 2009, as the 2008 show costed $50 million, but ticket sales only yielded $17 million. A new company sponsored the 2010 Jazz festival, which saw a line-up including Carlos Santana, Gloria Estefan, Celine Dion, Tina Turner and Neil Diamond

2017 Jazz festival
Notable performers include Grace Jones, Shabba Ranks, and D’Angelo. Additionally, for the first time, a film component was added to the Festival, in collaboration with the T&T Film Festival.

title: Tobago Jazz Festival


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Movie Making Manual/Equipment and software reviews

=Hardware reviews=

Video Cameras

 * http://cnet.com

miniDV, DVCam, DVCpro, DV50

 * Canon XL1-S review

=Software=

There is a large variety of software available, ranging from free solutions such as Windows Movie Maker/iMovie (included with any new PC/Mac), to professional solutions like Adobe Premier Pro (available for Windows and Mac OSX) and Final Cut Pro (Mac OSX only). There is also a number of programs in between: Adobe offers Premier Elements, essentially a stripped down version of Premier Pro, for more basic editing. Apple likewise offers Final Cut Express. If you are building a workstation specifically for editing, you are probably looking at something like Premier Pro. It should be noted that Adobe offers a Production Package that includes a number of titles from the Adobe family, including Premier, AfterEffects, and Photoshop Extended, all of which can be very useful for even more advanced editing than what Premier alone offers.

=Software reviews=

Top 10 Video Editing Software Review http://video-editing-software-review.toptenreviews.com/

/Tools and equipment


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Tilantapara

Tilantapara (also written as Tilandapara) is a village in the Sabang CD block in the Kharagpur subdivision of the Paschim Medinipur district in the state of West Bengal, India.

Location
Tilantapara is located at 22.2252°N, 87.6548°W.

Area overview
Kharagpur subdivision, shown partly in the map alongside, mostly has alluvial soils, except in two CD blocks in the west – Kharagpur I and Keshiary, which mostly have lateritic soils. Around 74% of the total cultivated area is cropped more than once. With a density of population of 787 per km2nearly half of the district’s population resides in this subdivision. 14.33% of the population lives in urban areas and 86.67% lives in the rural areas.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Tilantapara had a total population of 1,593, of which 827 (52%) were males and 766 (48%) were females. There were 155 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Tilantapara was 3237 (91.96% of the population over 6 years).

.*For language details see Sabang (community development block)

Education
Tilantapara U.M.M. High School is a Bengali-medium co-educational institution established in 1965. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has a library with 3,200 books, 3 computers and a playground.

Culture
David J. McCutchion mentions the Janaki Ballava temple as a pancharatna with smooth rekha turrets measuring 30’ square, built in 1810/11. It has a porch on three arches. It has rich terracotta on three sides and stucco on the fourth.

title: Tilantapara


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Sumathi Best Television Sports Program Award

The Sumathi Best Television Sports Program Award is presented annually in Sri Lanka by the Sumathi Group for the best Sri Lankan television sports program.

The award was first given in 2011. Following is a list of the winners since then.


text:
Talk:Dayanara Torres

American vs Puerto Rican
This article referred to her as American. I changed it to Puerto Rican. Someone keeps reverting my changes. I don't think there's even an argument to be made that a Wikipedia entry of someone born in Puerto Rico shouldn't refer to them as Puerto Rican. Puerto Rico competes in Miss Universe as a separate nation. Winning Miss Universe it's what gave her notoriety. Moreover, a look at a sample of Wikipedia entries of people born in Puerto Rico should put the issue to rest. They are all referred to as Puerto Rican. 2601:146:C301:1643:5496:E9AA:F83F:B04 (talk) 02:12, 7 January 2016 (UTC) Danny
 * Yes, that is correct. There's an explanation here too.The Eloquent Peasant (talk) 09:33, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dayanara Torres


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LMBO

LMBO or LmbO may refer to:
 * Leveraged Management Buy-out, a management buyout that is also a leveraged buyout
 * Laughing My Bones Off, an Internet slang expression related to LOL
 * The LMBO group, a French venture capital company that indirectly funded the European e-commerce website Pixmania
 * LmbO, a protein involved in the biosynthesis of Lincomycin
 * Legion Merchandising and Branding Officer, a kind of leader in the 501st Legion, an international Star Wars fan organization
 * Little Memphis Blues Orchestra, a band previously known as the "Taylor Hicks Band"

title: LMBO


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/originhousing.org.uk

Links

 * originhousing.org.uk resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 1 additions.


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List of eponymous streets in Metro Manila

The following is a list of eponymous streets and squares in Metro Manila — that is, streets or roads and plazas named after people — with notes on the link between the road/plaza and the person.


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Surrend

Surrend: Arts in hotspots is the name of a Danish street art group consisting of artist and teacher at the Royal Danish Academy of Art Jan Egesborg and artist and journalist Pia Bertelsen.

The group, which was formed during the funeral of former Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic in the winter of 2006, exists to poke fun at some of the world’s powerful men. It is an independent art group, unaffiliated with either NGO or political party.

Surrend mainly uses the street as its exhibition space and stickers with ironic texts as its main medium of expression. In December 2006 Surrend went beyond its usual medium by placing an advertisement in a small Tehran newspaper with an insulting but hidden message describing the Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad with the acronym "SWINE". The Surrend project is planned to consist of 20 different destinations, culminating with a gallery exhibition in Copenhagen. So far Surrend has been to Serbia, Belarus, Turkey and Poland, Sri Lanka and the Faroe Islands.

title: Surrend


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Philosophy of History/Values, Beliefs, Political Ideas and Institutions

This is the third in the series of Vital Themes; Bradley Commissioner Michael Kammen discusses the importance of the theme “Values, Beliefs, Political Ideas and Institutions.” While examples are drawn from U.S. History, they could have been from World History as well.

Careful study of these concepts is essential for two inseparable reasons: their substantive significance and what they can teach our students about history as a process, that is, a fascinating pattern of change over time. Take, for example, American assumptions about the proper role of government in society. Back when America was first colonized, the Puritans assumed that government had a responsibility to regulate the economy and closely scrutinize the public and private behavior by individuals. Less than two centuries alter, however, Thomas Jefferson developed a notion that was diametrically the opposite – that government is best which governs least – and his understanding gained very wide credence for about 140 years. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal resulted in an ideological revolution and the revived expectation that government should have an activist role – a persuasion that many (but not all) Americans have doubted during the past decade. How and why those important transformations in American political values have occurred over the past 360 years is critical to any informed understanding of political culture in the United States.

The study of these ideas and institutions is also crucial in helping students appreciate certain anomalies in our culture as well as gaps between our ideals and realities. With respect to prevailing orthodoxies about government intervention, for instance, one must note that shrewd Puritan mercahnts invariably invested in those endeavors least regulated at any given moment by colonial government. And during the nineteenth-century age of laissez-faire, railroad entrepreneurs demanded and expected all sorts of favors from government: land grants, tax breaks, other forms of permission and encouragement. Values and realities have often been out of synch; and the historical impact of one acting upon the other provides a dramatics narrative.

For a final example I turn to the famous utterance by James Madison in Federalist paper number 51 (1778): ''Justice is the end of government. It is the end [ultimate goal] of civil society. It ever has been, and ever will be pursued, until it be obtained, or until liberty be lost in the pursuit.'' We traditionally view trial by jury as a vital component of our system of justice. Yet many people believe that the jury system is, in fact, too slow and cumbersome for our litigious society; and that a tribunal of professional judges is more likely to “do justice” than twelve amateurs.

Be that as it may, my own recent experience as a juror in a complex murder trial did much to restore my own faith in the venerable jury system in general. I have reason to believe that I am not alone in undergoing a shift from skepticism to belief. There is great educational potential inherent in that sort of “conversion”: the gap between what we read in books and in the press, and what we experience as participants in the process of government – in this case the administration of justice. Before we ever get to such gaps, however, students must understand how the jury system evolved; how it has worked in the recent decades; how American attitudes towards justice have varied, from Madison’s statement in Federalist 51 to the harsh application of “Judge Lynch” in frontier America.

All of these historical issues, anomalies, and problems provide a rich menu for teachers to offer their students: readings, classroom discussions, simulated situations, and assignments to be explored in th students’ home communities. American values, beliefs, political ideas and institutions are always undergoing change. The best way to comprehend that phenomenon in our own time is to come to grips with it historically.

Examples of episodes form which the theme Values, Beliefs, Political Ideas and Institutions might be drawn in American History Courses:

Pre-Colonial: European and Indian ideas about land ownership; th estory of the House of Burgesses in Virginia.

Revolution and Constitution: James Otis, PAtrick Henry and opposition to the Stamp Actl a biography of Thomas Jefferson with special focus on May-to-August, 1776.

Early 19th Century: Role of 2nd Great Awakening in abolition, temperance, suffrace, public education movements; story of Jackson vs. the Bank of the U.S.

Civil War and Reconstruction: Relationship between the Missouri Compromise, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the beginning of the Republican Party; the political implicaitons of the Battle of Antietam; Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address and the course of Reconstruction.

Late 19th Century: Immigration and E. Lazarus' poem on the State of Liberty; the story of the Oklahoma land rush, story of the Pendleton Act/Civil Service.

20th Century: War with Spain; the story of the Progressive Party; neutrality, isolation, involvement and leadership in foreign affairs from G. Washington to T. Roosevelt to Wilson to FDR; story of th eauto in American society.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carlos Galvan (rapper)

The result was   delete. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 20:32, 11 March 2015 (UTC)

Carlos Galvan (rapper)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

I closed Articles for deletion/Carlos Galvan (rapper) and Swings (rapper) as delete but significant procedural errors have been brought to my attention that merit the articles being undeleted and relisted. I do not have a particular opinion on the merits of the article. Stifle (talk) 10:38, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete. As written, fails Notability (music) and Notability (artists) (no reliable refs showing significant, non-trivial RS coverage). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 11:07, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions.  Everymorning   talk  12:46, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment. You get slightly better search results with .  I don't see any reliable sources, though.  Maybe someone who speaks Korean could check non-English sites? NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 05:06, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Korea-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 13:58, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, N ORTH A MERICA 1000 00:54, 4 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete per above - Can't find any evidence of notability so will have to say Delete. – Davey 2010 Talk 03:41, 4 March 2015 (UTC)


text:
User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea oligophylla

Chusquea  is a species of Chusquea bamboo in the grass family.

Distribution
Chusquea  is endemic to

title: User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea oligophylla