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Introduction to Algorithms

This course is a part of The School of Computer engineering.

Introduction
The understanding of algorithms is one of the key differences between a good programmer and a bad one. The use of proper algorithms, and the knowledge on how to build one, leads to efficient and sturdy programs. In this course, students will become familiar with these ideas and develop good programming techniques.

Due to the open nature of Wikiversity you are free to browse through these courses at whatever pace you desire. However, before you begin this course you should consider reviewing the material covered in the prerequisite courses (listed below) to ensure that you are prepared to learn this content.

In each lesson there is an objective at the top of the page, review these points and keep them in mind as you go through the lesson. At the end there is an assignment to test your understanding and further explain the material. Once you have finished the entire course you may move on to another course in the unofficial degree.

(Note: Many of these lessons are stubs, and they need a lot of help. Please excuse the mess - and help out if you can!).

Prerequisites
''Prerequisites are courses it is suggested you understand before you attempt this course. If you're having a hard time understanding the material in this course, make sure you understand these prerequisites first.''
 * Introduction to Programming

Lessons

 * 1) What is an algorithm?
 * 2) Subalgorithms
 * 3) Variables
 * 4) Efficiency
 * 5) Flow Control
 * 6) Common Algorithms

Students
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 * Ali.samva 21:31, 29 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Har,shini 04:52, 04 July 2018
 * <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 16:04, 30 April 2013 (UTC)
 * <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 10:29, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Forbloggerku (discuss • contribs) 22:48, 11 October 2013 (UTC)
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Teachers or Contributors
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title: Introduction to Algorithms


text:
PHP Programming/Beginning with "Hello World!"

This page makes use of Color Code Boxes. Use the [ discussion page] to leave any feedback regarding this new feature.

Return to The Basics.

Simple Hello World
"Hello World." is the first program most beginning programmers will learn to write in any given language. Here is an example of how to print "Hello World!" in PHP.

This is as basic as PHP gets. Three simple lines, the first line identifies that everything beyond the  tag). The second and third lines write a text greeting on the web page. This next example is slightly more complex and uses variables.

Hello World With Variables
This example stores the string "Hello World!" in a variable called $string. The following lines show various ways to display the variable $string to the screen.

The previous example contained two outputs. PHP can output HTML that your browser will format and display. The PHP Output box is the exact PHP output. The HTML Render box is approximately how your browser would display that output. Don't let this confuse you, this is just to let you know that PHP can output HTML. We will cover this much more in depth later.

Variables
Variables are the basis of any programming language: they are "containers" (spaces in memory) that hold data. The data can be changed, thus it is "variable".

If you've had any experience with other programming languages, you know that in some of the languages, you must define the type of data that the variable will hold. Those languages are called statically-typed, because the types of variables must be known before you store something in them. Programming languages such as C++ and Java are statically-typed. PHP, on the other hand, is dynamically-typed, because the type of the variable is linked to the value of the variable. You could define a variable for a string, store a string, and then replace the string with a number. To do the same thing in C++, you would have to cast, or change the type of, the variable, and store it in a different "container".

All variables in PHP follow the format of a dollar sign ($) followed by an identifier i.e. $variable_name. These identifiers are case-sensitive, meaning that capitalization matters, so $wiki is different from $Wiki.

Real world analogy
To compare a variable to real world objects, imagine your computer's memory as a storage shed. A variable would be a box in that storage shed and the contents of the box (such as a cup) would be the data in that variable.

If the box was labeled kitchen stuff and the box's contents were a cup, the PHP code would be:

If I then went into the storage shed, opened the box labeled kitchen stuff, and then replaced the cup with a fork, the new code would be:

Notice the addition of the   in the middle and the   at the end of the code block. The   is the assignment operator, or in our analogy, instructions that came with the box that states "put the cup in the box". The   indicates to stop evaluating the block of code, or in our analogy, finish up with what you are doing and move on to something else.

Also notice the cup was wrapped in single quotes instead of double. Using double quotes would tell the PHP parser that there may be more than just a cup going into the box and to look for additional instructions.

Single quotes tell the PHP parser that it's only a cup and not to look for anything more. In this example the bathroom box that should've had its contents added to the kitchen box has its name added instead. So again, try to visualize and associate the analogy to grasp the concept of variables with the comparison below. Note that this is a real world object comparison and  NOT PHP  code. Computer memory (RAM) = storage shed Variable = a box to hold stuff Variable name = a label on the box such as kitchen stuff Variable data = the contents of the box such as a cup

Notice that you wouldn't name the variable, as the relationship between the variable and the box is represented by the   and how the data is stored in memory. For example, a constant and array can be considered a type of variable when using the box analogy as they all are containers to hold some sort of contents, however, the difference is on how they are defined to handle the contents in the box.

 : a box that can be opened while in the storage shed to exchange the contents in the box.

 : a box that cannot be opened to exchange its contents. Its contents can only be viewed and not exchanged while inside the storage shed.

 : a box that contains one or more additional boxes in the main box. To complicate matters for beginners, each additional box may contain a box as well. In the kitchen stuff box we have two boxes, the clean cup box and the dirty cup box

More on variables, from the PHP manual

The print and echo statements
Print is the key to output. It sends whatever is in the quotes (or parentheses) that follow it to the output device (browser window). A similar function is echo, but print allows the user to check whether or not the print succeeded.

When used with quotation marks, as in:

The quoted text is treated as if it were a string, and thus can be used in conjunction with the concatenation (joining two strings together) operator as well as any function that returns a string value.

The following two examples have the same output.

The dot symbol concatenates two strings. In other programming languages, concatenating a string is done with the plus symbol and the dot symbol is generally used to call functions from classes.

Also, it might be useful to note that under most conditions echo can be used interchangeably with print. print returns a value, so it can be used to test, if the print succeeded, while echo assumes everything worked. Under most conditions there is nothing we can do, if echo fails.

The following examples have the same output again.

We will use echo in most sections of this book, since it is the more commonly used statement.

It should be noted that while echo and print can be called in the same way as functions, they are, in fact, language constructs, and can be called without the brackets. Normal functions (almost all others) must be called with brackets following the function identifier.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Zidyan-Kazmalyar

Zidyan-Kazmalyar (Зидьян-Казмаляр; Зидјан-Газмалар, Zidyan-Qazmalar) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Zidyan-Kazmalyarsky Selsoviet, Derbentsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 978 as of 2010. There are 10 streets.

Geography
Zidyan-Kazmalyar is located 15 km northwest of Derbent (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bilgadi and Chinar are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Azerbaijanis live there.

title: Zidyan-Kazmalyar


text:
Talk:The Colbert Report/Wikiality

Wikipedia featured on Colbert Report!
Hahaha. Colbert is featuring wikipedia on his show. It's airing now. dposse 03:31, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

I wonder if Colbert is a fellow wikipedian...--Automail 03:36, 1 August 2006 (UTC) If he really did just update the oregon article, can't we techinically see his IP adress or wiki account?--Automail 03:38, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

I was watching the CR, and in his opening statement he mentioned he would be doing something about wikipedia, or something. Should the article be edited to mention this? GofG undefinedundefinedundefined Contribs 03:32, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Damn, someone beat me to it :)... GofG undefinedundefinedundefined Contribs 03:32, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Haha! I'm watching that right now. I just couldn't help myself but contribute. Wikipedia is the embodiment of truthiness.--Automail 03:34, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Woot. I wonder what he will say in the future (12 minutes from now.) --mitrebox 03:36, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Probably something hilarious! lol--Automail 03:37, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Orogon is Idaho's Protugal. It's true hes always said that. Always. --mitrebox 03:37, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * We're tonights word!! dposse 03:38, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Who's going to make the elephant article? us wikians? Maybe our reality will be to much for wiki... go minions of colbert!--Automail 03:42, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Has colbert actually tried to change this page like he pretended to on tonight's show? --Jacobking 03:42, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm getting the busy server message thing - think it has something to do with tonight's episode? It'd be cool if he actually edited the page. Stephen, if you're out there, post! Ouuplas 03:44, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Come on Colbert, you ratings monster you! Post! With all us wikipedians going into a frenzy, he must be getting tons of ratings.--Automail 04:00, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I serious doubt that they would do that.. the show is 100% ironic, and sarcastic, although that'd be funny, they probably wouldn't.

 * I'd put my money on an audience member. The edit's timestamp is 7:30 Eastern, and IIRC, the show is taped in NYC, so that might be a little bit late for the comedian or someone working for the show to have done it during taping.  If you were an intrepid audience member with a laptop, WiFi, and some time on your hands, wouldn't you be tempted to slide that edit in? <IP_ADDRESS> 04:41, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Yeah I also keep getting error messages. Since I'm newly registered user, I can't edit the page, but will someone clean up the mess people just made? There are like three different mentions of tonight's show in a row when it should be conglomorated into one entry. haku8645 03:48, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

So, who is going to make an article for Wikiality DidYouLoseASock 03:56, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

I also am having a hard time editing the article. Maybe they are trying to block the editing of that article? Lunchboxisdead 1 August 2006

I think Steven would call Cyde (the user who reverted this article to yesterdays version) anti democratic when it comes to infromation. --mitrebox 04:22, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * hahahahahahaha, Colbert is causing complete chaos on wikipedia! He's a comedic genius. dposse 04:24, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Haha "The Wikimedia Foundation system administrator who locked the database offered this explanation: 'Database server overloaded '" Tanman 04:25, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Congratulations, Stephen Colbert, you single-handedly crippled Wikipedia in a few minutes. I guess the character is going to get a huge ego trip tomorrow.--Gdo01 04:27, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

For those who didn't watch it you can see it here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmHm0rGns4I -- nobody 04:28, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

I think this event should get some notoriety. He did just disable wikipedia for a few minutes.--Gdo01 04:44, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Crippling websites by mentioning them on tv isn't a new thing. Leo Laporte used to do it all the time on his TechTv shows. However, this was on a much larger scale since TechTv was never as main stream as Comedy Central. I bet that Colbert can crash any website that he wants to, just by mentioning it. dposse 05:53, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

So do you think Stephen and the Report dislike this whole site?
I know it'll probably get dismissed as light-hearted ribbing, but I get the feeling something really sticks in Stephens craw about the site, or some of his writers. Like they don't think the good outweighs the bad.
 * I don't really know, stephen's black friend, but I hope he does like some aspects of wiki. I think wikipedia has a great system of checks and balances.--Automail 03:47, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Nah, I just assumed he thought it was the perfect vehicle for the spread of truthy propaganda. A strong enough leader can bend his followers to distort reality. Perfect experiment in controlling the masses!

Yeah, I don't see any mysterious edits in the elephant article about the population tripling yet. But I also got the feeling there may have been more to it than "light-hearted ribbing". I'd like to think though that it was just a warning to users to be careful what they beleive.
 * The edits have appeared and been erased and admins have protected the page to prevent more vandalism
 * But there has been no vandalism. --mitrebox 04:54, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

clearly, this is more than a light hearted ribbing. tell a lie enough times and it becomes the truth. going by the numbers he (Colbert) gave in reference to the american populous' preception of Iraq's WMD's this becomes evident. (yes, i'm going by unverified numbers disseminated by Colbert. yes, i understand the irony.)  paranoid as it may sound, the potential for Orwellian styled tampering (abuse) of this site by this administration or any entity is great.--driprock

Yeah just don't sign your commnets so Bush can't findout who you are. (Crackpot Alert, Crackpot Alert) --mitrebox 04:57, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Now that I think about it it seems like it was an experiment in a few ways. How many times has traditional media mobilized a web based attack on a large scale? Probably a test of Wikipedia's security against such an attack and how truthiness (i.e. we would rather believe that the elephant population has recently tripled than the more likely truth) is countered in a democratic information database. Also he just wants to stir up harmless trouble for fodder on his next show. Hehe.

Y'all, this is not a message board. Let's get back to discussing improving the article.--Cúchullain t/ c 05:52, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Look at the history of the african elephant and elephant page. There obviously have been blantant edits to the site. Stephen Colbert craftfully and skillfully played this out to cause trouble for Wikipedia. This should not be tolerated, as much of a "jester" as Stephen Colbert is. Still, it's a good act, but it has ruined a good portion of tonights servers and content. --John Cho 07:33, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Was one of the names Colbert mentioned as his Jewish Lawyers Jon Stewarts maiden name?
It was a little fast so I only heard it briefly on television, if someone has it on video, check if the last name of one of those lawyers is Stewarts original last name, Leibowitz. Thanks xAXISx 03:56, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, I was taping it for what I thought was going to be a joke interview. The first name of the first lawyer was Leibowitz.

 * Traditionally females (maiden) have maiden names, not guys. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:12, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Wikiality

Sure its currently nn, but its hours old. Give'er a chance. - RoyBoy 800 04:25, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I could see it becoming another truthiness quite easily. Please correct me if I am incorrect, but I am inferring the general definition of 'wikiality' as 'the popular or majority view of a reality becoming the actual reality.' Boy, I'm sure it could be worded much better than that, but not by me at 1:20 in the morning... User:Dragonstrider 06:20, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Possible, but not by far. As the term only affect the wikipedia community at this moment. However, if the edit war is hot enough to get into blogs and media, it might well be significant enough to enter the "truthiness" stardom - sort of self-fulfilling prophecy if you will. --Samic 06:53, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't you dare. -- Cyde↔Weys  13:48, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Semi-protection
This page is not semi-protected as it claims, it has full protection. Since I am neither a anon or new editor I should be able to edit if this page is semi-protected. Either put the right tag on, or unprotect it. Would be nice to have administrators who know what they are doing... --Assawyer 04:29, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

It seems like it's bouncing back and forth between unprotected, semi-protected and fully protected Tanman 04:34, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Seems like Wikipedia is unravelling at the mouse cord... --Assawyer 04:37, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

You could also mention that Colbert inadvertantly caused vandalism on the article on Wikipedia about elephants (I think, after I saw the Report on July 31 2006 the article on elephants had been closed to full public editing due to vandalism, I could definitely be wrong)

Word Segment
Stephen Colbert does the Word segment on every show. There is nothing of imporance on his Word segment which included references to Wikipedia because that is only notable to Wikipedia and no where else and since it would not be put in any other encyclopedia, it should not be put in Wikipedia.

 * The fact that a Word segment is done on every show is an excellent argument for not including every segment in the article. But it is not a good reason why mention of this particular Word should be left out. Wikipedia is not every other encyclopedia and because of its existence in the cyber sphere can provide more information than ordinary encyclopedias.  We can be more colorful than dry, and we shouldn't be afraid to show ourselves being made fun of in an entertainment-related article.  If you ask me, it seems as if for the sole purpose of negating Colbert's criticism, we have rolled ourselves up into a self-important huff to make ourselves look more stuffy, and along with that – we hope – credible. --Omaryak 01:29, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Including a lot of information on it would only make wikipedia look more foolish than Stephen Colbert made it look. <IP_ADDRESS> 04:39, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * But wikipedia is foolish. --mitrebox 04:40, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Opinion(s) noted. Here's another. Wikipedia and Colbert are notable and that specific segment stands a fair chance of becoming notable because of that dynamic. It also falls within the meme of Truthiness, of stating/changing facts you (and your associates) wish to be true. So can be considered an extention of the already mentioned Truthiness. - RoyBoy 800 04:52, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

I think the Wikiality info fits better under Trivia than under Influence on English -  04:41, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia is foolish. The administrators call anything that they don't like "vandalism" and they delete it. Maybe they are doing the right thing in their own Wikiality.

From some editor's page:

WikiDefcon

WikiDefcon 1: Overwhelming degree of vandalism or extremely dangerous incitement. Drastic measures (e.g. database lockdown) recommended. [edit]

Dangerous levels of IP vandalism to Elephant-related articles. Scienceman123 04:30, 1 August 2006 (UTC) Fantastic.

I also don't think the term "Wikiality" belongs in the Influence on the English language section. As the term was only coined today, about 2 hours ago, it is impossible to foresee it's impact on the English language. --OPaul 06:06, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

--

I'd like to have an official vote, to see how people feel.

Should Wikiality be mentioned on the Colbert Page, given the long discussions that have been had

Agree Ariginal

The Colbert Mueseum
In the Colbert Report article i see no mention of his museum. Also i would like to know what happened in the third and final installment. --User:Crazy Chainsaw

title: Talk:The Colbert Report/Wikiality


text:
Portal:Novial

 Novial Language

Welcome to the Novial Language Department of the Schools of Language and Literature and Linguistics.

This section provides resources for learning the international auxiliary language Novial.

 Courses Novial as a Gateway to Language Learning

List of Interested Students - Register your interest here.

 Translation Projects

Translation Projects:

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

Novial/La Verda Koro

Parallel Esperanto and Novial texts of this Esperanto beginner's course. Chapter vocabularies are in Esperanto, Novial and English.

Novial/La Chanson de Roland

Comparison of the parallel Old French and Novial texts of this famous poem (written in 1090) illustrates some similarities between Novial and Old French. Novial/The Little Prince

Resources The Novial classes presently offered are operated through the use of various Wikimedia materials. A list of the materials may be viewed below:

Wikipedia
 * Chefi pagine

Wikibooks
 * Novial Wikibook

Dictionary
 * Novial Lexike

Wikiversity Novial Dictionaries (under construction)
 * Novial Lexike 1930

Templates
 * Template:Novial Lexike

Novial/Sandbox

title: Portal:Novial


text:
Hershey Cemetery

Hershey Cemetery is a cemetery located in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States. It was founded in 1918 and is the site of many notable burials.

History
Hershey, Pennsylvania was established in 1884 and Milton S. Hershey established many of the town's amenities. While many of the local churches had cemeteries, the town of Hershey had no community cemetery until Hershey Cemetery was established in 1918.

Given that Hershey, Pennsylvania had a young population at the time of its establishment there was originally no need for a cemetery. However, by 1916, Milton Hershey saw the need for Hershey to establish a cemetery as his wife Catherine Sweeney Hershey died in 1915. Catherine Sweeney's body was held at Laurel Hill Cemetery until Hershey Cemetery was established.

Milton Hershey donated land that was on Laudermilch Road, one mile north of Hershey, Pennsylvania, that overlooked the Swatara Creek basin to be used as the site of the Hershey Cemetery. The cemetery's design and landscaping was based upon the community cemetery's planned design from 1915. Shrubbery and bushes were placed throughout the cemetery. On July 31, 1923, Hershey transferred the land into a cemetery for $1.00.

Milton Hershey built a marble monument reading "Hershey," which marks the spot of the Hershey family's grave plots. In 2007, on the 150th anniversary of Milton Hershey's birthday, flowers were placed at his gravesite in celebration.

title: Hershey Cemetery


text:
Isabelle Olsson

Isabelle Olsson may refer to:
 * Isabelle Olsson (figure skater) (born 1993), Swedish figure skater
 * Isabelle Olsson (designer), industrial designer responsible for the appearance of Google Glass

title: Isabelle Olsson


text:
Talk:Diana Johnstone

Question!
Hello, Philip Cross! Why are you eager to include Cohen's polemical remark? Just curious. ;D --YeOldeGentleman (talk) 19:53, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Cohen's article is the evidence for the claim made, and he is fairly notable. What's wrong with including it? --BobFromBrockley (talk) 17:24, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I think personal sympathies are my biggest motivation (I'm a Leftist). Well, let's leave it in then, just to be safe and avoid further to-and-fro. Thanks for getting back to me. --YeOldeGentleman (talk) 21:43, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Because Cohen basically wrote a dishonest hit piece (an op-ed), where he blatantly misquoted Johnstone. He has no expertise on the topic at hand, so I fail to see the value of his polemic here. And frankly, as someone who's been a rabid supporter of the Iraq War and a minimizer of the its collossal human impact, he's the last one who should be calling the kettle black. Johnstone may have gotten things wrong, but it does not make every attack on her work right.Guccisamsclub (talk) 21:59, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, this is a BLP, so a claim that the LP cooked up fake and ridiculous numbers in order to deny a genocide must be rock-solid and based on equally rock-solid sources. The Cohen cite falls short, to put it mildly. Guccisamsclub (talk) 22:21, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

 * In fact, plenty of sources online confirm that Johnstone only refers to "199 Serb civilians" [* Corrected.] as being fatalities in Srebrenica. Where does it say in Wikipedia policy that a journalist's work cannot be cited because s/he was badly wrong about the Iraq war? Philip Cross (talk) 06:29, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Have you read the relevant pages in Johnstone's book? She accurately cites 199 as the number unearthed who were forensically identified "blindfolded and bound" by ICTY, i.e. identified as being victims of certain execution. There is no indication that she takes this as the midline estimate of the number killed or executed, which she rightly or wrongly considers to be uncertain and split between Muslims and Serbs, with most victims missing and unidentified. (FWIW I think the research done since makes Johnstone's argument about the numbers much less tenable). But look at how Cohen spins this in his incoherent rant about everyone from Murdoch to Chomky:" "Insofar as Muslims were actually executed" – and Johnstone thought that the Serbs had killed only 199 – "such crimes bear all the signs of spontaneous acts of revenge rather than a project of 'genocide'."(emphasis added). This passage is just quote from a book review interspersed with a disingenuous paraphrase by Cohen. In fact, Johnstone has given no estimate of her own, aside from considering 8,000+ to be an exaggeration. It does not matter what Cohen or anyone else claims she wrote. The authority on what Johnstone wrote is Johnstone's own text. Commentaries on Johnstone are relevant insofar as they offer intrepretation and commentary -- the Cohen cite simply puts inflammatory words in her mouth, in a BLP to boot.
 * And as I've already stated, I do not agree that blogs and Op-Eds are necessarilly reliable sources - they contain all kinds of kinds of opinions from all kinds of people, often -- as in the cases of Cohen and Bloodworth -- people with absolutely no authority on the topic.
 * Cohen's warmongering was not my main gripe. I was simply expressing exasperation at the fact that, of all people, an outspoken apologist for mass murder was being cited as authority on the politics of "genocide denial".
 * The bloodworth is quite simply a lighwight source, with no books or sholarly publications of *any kind* to his name. He and other bloggers might have something to say about Labour Party politics, but not on the history of the Balkans or any other part of the world. In a short article such as this, the Bloodworth cite is simply UNDUE. You will note that I left the Hoare and Villamy quotes in place (despite their aggressive POV), because they are notable in the sense that Bloodworth and Cohen are not. As it stands, the article is lopsided enough and easily be renamed "Criticism of Johnstone and the awful things she's said". Citing Bloodworth and Cohen is simply adding fuel to the fire, for NO reason other than to stoke the flames.Guccisamsclub (talk) 11:37, 17 June 2016 (UTC)
 * BTW, Where did you get "119 Serb civilians" from? It bears no resemblance to the material cited in this article, as far as I can tell. Please provide the citation.Guccisamsclub (talk) 12:01, 17 June 2016 (UTC)
 * The part about "Serb Civilians" and "only refers to" and as "being fatalities" are also wrong. Johnstone's—or more accurately ICTY's—199 refers to both Serb and Bosnian Muslim casualties (civilian or otherwise), and not just any casualties, but victims of execution, and not just any vicims of execution but those found by the ICTY to be blinfolded or bound at time of death. She's simply citing a source. Elsewhere, whe refers to the total dead as being uncrertain, with most people missing and unidentified. Please let me know what you think, so we can resolve the dipute.Guccisamsclub (talk) 21:03, 17 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Warning: Off-Tangent Gucci, the Iraq war was a tragic mistake, not an act of "mass murder." According to the Iraq Body Count project, roughly 10,000 Iraqi civilians were killed by U.S.-led coalition forces during the entire occupation of Iraq, not counting several thousand more killed during the initial invasion. Almost 90%(!) of documented civilian deaths were at the hands of the insurgents (such as al Qaeda in Iraq/Islamic State). Of those small minority of documented civilian deaths caused by coalition forces, the number who were intentionally murdered could be as low as 1%. Finally, according to Iraqi-British author Kanan Makiya, "You —i.e. the U.S.—didn't wreck Iraq a fraction as much as we—i.e. Iraqis—did. The looting, for instance, destroyed orders of magnitude more infrastructure than the war ever did" and "The U.S. has not committed atrocities in Iraq that are even remotely comparable to what Saddam did." Certainly, the true number of violent and excess deaths may be impossible to estimate, but if Saddam's regime had collapsed on its own, it is highly unlikely the end result would have been any more benign.TheTimesAreAChanging (talk) 03:34, 18 June 2016 (UTC)
 * In Crawford, p 11, you'll note that in the graph for 2003-2008, the overwhelming majority of documented civian deaths were caused by "unknown". You can fall back on the ancient principle of blaming "them" not "us", but you shouldn't expect such an assertion to be taken seriously. The argument that coalition forces "intentionally killed" only a few dozen civilians stikes me as methodologically and morally beyond the pale. Most victims of atrocities throughout history have been collateral damage from the point of view of the perpetrators, especially those at the very top. Ignoring for a moment Makyia's assertion that Saddam's was immune to revolution or collapse, the argument that it would have happened anyway is also extremely slippery. Responsibility can only be assigned for what actually happened, not for what might have happened, which is of course another common excuse used by mass-murderers. And from the point of view of end goals (i.e. the moral and political point of view), a genuine revolution against a vicious regime is something quite different from a neo-colonial war of aggression, despite the fact that both would involve chaos and violence. The former is usually defensible, especially since the alternative usually means supporting the reactionary violence of a moth-eaten dictatorship (which the US was always quite fond of doing, despite its r-revolutionary excuses for the Iraq war)  Guccisamsclub (talk) 11:09, 18 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Continued on Gucci's talk page to avoid further derailing of this discussion.TheTimesAreAChanging (talk) 21:20, 18 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diana Johnstone


text:
1982 NCAA Division I baseball rankings

The following polls make up the 1982 NCAA Division I baseball rankings. Baseball America began publishing its poll of the top 20 teams in college baseball in 1981. Collegiate Baseball Newspaper published its first human poll of the top 20 teams in college baseball in 1957, and expanded to rank the top 30 teams in 1961.

Baseball America
''Currently, only the final poll from the 1982 season is available. ''

Collegiate Baseball
''Currently, only the final poll from the 1982 season is available. ''

title: 1982 NCAA Division I baseball rankings


text:
Project management/Introduction

 * Main Page -->  Practical Arts and Sciences  -->  School of Project Management  -->  Project Management - A course in Project Management based on Mindmaps

00 PROJECT MANAGEMENT - An Introduction to what follows
The following Project Management (in short PM) pages headline numbered from 00 (= this page) to 100:

 * Is based on the visual concept of MIND MAPS, a method to visualize information in a brain-user-friendly way
 * Is a work in progress, i.e. sometimes even a referenced page may not exist yet
 * Sometimes shows the same subject from different angles, e.g. the first lessons
 * Originates from personal experience of using PM for some decades
 * Combines ideas of different schools of thought in the area of PM, partially covered in the bibliography (still to come)
 * Transcends occasionally the usual structure of PM to include, among others, ideas covered under the term “soft sciences”
 * Are used in teaching projects at University level and also for post graduate / Master courses
 * Are to be dealt with the way of Supermarket Shopping: Take what is suitable and leave the rest away!

Franz Kies 14:36, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Project management/Introduction


text:
User:Cgcolber/sandbox

Black Belt Jones
Black Belt Jones is a 1974 American Blaxploitation martial arts film directed by Robert Clouse, starring Jim Kelly and Gloria Hendry.Together Clouse, Fred Weintraub, and Paul Heller creators of Enter The Dragon, gave Jim Kelly his first big starring role. Kelly’s character Black Belt Jones, is a local hero who fights the Mafia and a local drug dealer threatening his friend’s karate school.

Plot
The film opens with the Mafia counting their money, a police informant is with them, and the Mob gets rid of him. The next scene, depicts Black Belt Jones protecting ambassadors from a couple of unknown henchmen. The cops later contact Jones to help them take down the Mafia. The Mafia learns that a new civic center will be built, and they buy all of the land for the site of the building—all except for one place: a karate school owned by Pop Byrd, Black Belt Jones' old friend. The Don reaches out to a local drug dealer Pinky, who owes him money and a few favors. Pop Byrd had borrowed money from Pinky, in order to open his school. Pinky had been stealing money from the mafia and was forced to pay them $250,000 or get Pop's building for them. Pinky inflated the debt, with the intent of offering Pop the deal of trading his building in exchange for the debt being cleared. However, things do not go as planned, as Pop is accidentally killed by Pinky's men during an intimidation attempt. Before he dies, he states that he couldn't give them the building to settle his debt, because it did not belong to him, but to someone named Sydney. Pinky then decides to send his men to the karate school, to inform them of Pop's debt (inflated yet again) and attempt the same scheme. However, the thugs are beaten up by Black Belt Jones and the students.

Pop Byrd’s daughter Sydney (Gloria Hendry) returns home as owner of the karate school, she seeks to find out more about her father, and what caused his sudden death. After demanding to know what happened to her father, she is informed of the mafia's activities as well as her father's debt, but says she won't sell the building. Angered, she is determined to punish the people who caused her father's death. Sydney approaches Pinky’s men and ends up in a brawl, being well trained in karate, she defeats them. As retaliation, Pinky kidnaps one of the students (Quincy) and demands for them to turn over the school or give him the money. Together Black Belt Jones and Sydney, alongside some other unexpected characters and the police, steal the Mafia’s money. They then give the money to Pinky, framing him for the heist, while simultaneously rescuing Quincy. Pinky does not hold up his end of the deal, and Jones has to defeat all of his henchmen. The film ends with the Mafia and Pinky in a car chase pursuing Jones and Sydney. They all participate in a long comedy-filled fight scene in a truck yard. Jones, Sydney, and Pop Byrd’s students are victorious. The Mafia and Pinky end up in garbage trucks, escorted by the police.

Background
The Shaw Brothers, a major Hong Knog movie studio, initiated the U.S. Kung Fu film invasion with 1972's Five Fingers of Death and other films depicting realistic and brutal action.

In 1973, Cleopatra Jones connected martial arts in Blaxploitation, with a strong Black female lead, skillfully trained in karate.

As a teenager born in Millersburg, Kentucky and raised in Paris, Kentucky Jim Kelly grew up as an all-around athlete, and had a chance to become a professional football player. He gained his fame in the martial arts community through the 1971 Ed Parkers Internationals. After completing Enter the Dragon, he immediately signed a three film deal with Warner Bros. Black Belt Jones was filmed soon after. Kelly is still arguably most known for his role in Enter the Dragon.

Martial Arts in Blaxploitation
In the 1970’s, Kung Fu films were a staple in Black communities, “it was a downtown genre playing in neighborhoods abandoned by white flight”. Blaxploitation and Kung Fu films were both traditionally low budget and targeted urban people of color demographics. Blaxploitation and Kung Fu films were the few films that had majority POC cast. Some scholars argue this was motivated by racists assumptions of overly violent and simple audiences. Both Blaxploitation and Kung Fu films feature narratives on the triumph of the underdog and/or the ability to recognize humanity in all people. The widely regarded and distributed film The Thirty-Six Chamber of Shaolin, best displayed this narrative through a peasant who achieves his dreams by mastering martial arts, avenging his family, and bringing Kung Fu to his community. In the late 1960’s and throughout the 1970’s movements of African Americans began to seek alternatives to contemporary western morals and ritual; because there was little access to African cultures, Kung Fu films and martial arts helped fill the void. Themes of cultural pride, mental and physical discipline, and community based resistance found in martial arts films, mirrored African American movements and Blaxploitation films in the 1970s.

Race/Black Power
Blaxploitation films of the 1970s embedded values and realities of the Black Power Movement and Black Freedom Movement, and Black Belt Jones is no different. The 1960s and 70s, were full of Black Freedom Movements like SNCC and the Black Panther Party who advocated resistance of oppression for not only black people but third world countries in Asia (Vietnam) and Africa. Activist and sociologists W.E.B. Dubois said “Your bond (between Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Black Americans) is not mere color of skin but the deeper experience of wage slavery and contempt”. The message of SNCC and the Black Panthers “Ten Point Plan” was to create black unity, provide community service, and support black business and organizations.

The first indication of race and Black Power, is Jim Kelly as a Black martial arts heroine. In Black Belt Jones, Jones is fighting for a community based karate school, that opposites local crime and drug syndicates. In the scene where Pinky is introduced, Black Student Union members confront him, “We demand that you stop selling dope out of this s**t house and stop ripping off the Black community”. Pop Byrd’s karate school is a community organization of resistance; Jones, Sydney, and the students use karate as defense against the oppressive Mafia. Jones is respected by the karate school students, and the police detective. Jones, Sydney, and the students are all African American characters, who use physical strength and smarts to beat Pinky and the Don. All of the African American characters wear their hair in Afros, a natural hairstyle viewed as both a political and fashion statement. Although Jones is the main character and the hero, it is the unity of the community that beat Pinky, The Don, and the Mafia.

Reception
Black Belt Jones:Reception

The movie received a mixed to negative reception. Some reviewers critiqued Kelly for trying to be too much like Bruce Lee, and thought the acting was only fair.

Soundtrack
Funk guitarists Dennis Coffey is credited for the film’s soundtrack.

Sequel and more
The film was followed by a sequel, Hot Potato. Jim Kelly was beloved in the martial arts, and Blaxploitation community. He died in 2013.

title: User:Cgcolber/sandbox


text:
Talk:Food Chain (Buffy comic)

Fair use rationale for Image:Food Chain (Buffy Comic).jpg
Image:Food Chain (Buffy Comic).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:15, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Double Cross (Dark Horse Comics panel).JPG
Image:Double Cross (Dark Horse Comics panel).JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:31, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Buffy-Annual 99-Bad Dog.jpg
Image:Buffy-Annual 99-Bad Dog.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:35, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Buffy-Annual 99-Latest Craze.jpg
Image:Buffy-Annual 99-Latest Craze.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:36, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Buffy the Vampire Slayer series-vol 1-(Dark Horse Comics)-12.jpg
Image:Buffy the Vampire Slayer series-vol 1-(Dark Horse Comics)-12.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:16, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Buffy the Vampire Slayer series-vol 1-(Dark Horse Comics)-16.jpg
Image:Buffy the Vampire Slayer series-vol 1-(Dark Horse Comics)-16.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:17, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Buffy the Vampire Slayer series-vol 1-(Dark Horse Comics)-20.jpg
Image:Buffy the Vampire Slayer series-vol 1-(Dark Horse Comics)-20.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:17, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Food Chain (Buffy comic)


text:
File:BuildWall6.jpg

Summary
Illustration for building the wall of the movie set for the WikiU Film School created using FrameForge 3D Studio 2 Demo Version.

title: File:BuildWall6.jpg


text:
User:Raymond XYZ

Hi!

I am a professional freelance technical writer. Many of my assignments involve non-technical subjects. In my spare time, I lead book discussion groups.

I was born in 1945, and I am married to someone who is so incredible that I have to pinch myself to see if I am dreaming. She is a project manager at a U.S. Government agency. We have five children and seven grandchildren, and we live in the suburbs of Washington.

At Wikibooks, I am very interested in initiating and "mother-hening" various glossaries, study guides to great books, and anthologies of essays. Please leave me a note on my talk/discussion page if you would like to work together (tab is at top of this page).

Ray

title: User:Raymond XYZ


text:
Talk:Twenty Years After

Mordaunt's first victim
I doubt I am spoiling anything for anyone, but just in case...SPOILER AHEAD.

Right. The first victim of Mordaunt in Twenty Years After is the executioner who, at the behest of the Musketeers, beheads Milady at the end of The Three Musketeers as punishment for her many crimes (including, as it turns out, one for which the executioner has personal reasons for vengeance as well). In The Three Musketeers, he is said to be able to mete out the death penalty without himself being guilty of murder because in real life he is actually the official executioner of Lille as well.

In Twenty Years After, this same person is said to be the executioner of Bethune, not Lille. Barring the possibility that the executioner changed the town for which he acted as official executioner during the 20 years that separate the timeline of the two books (which I realize is a possibility, albeit a remote one), has anyone ever explained how Dumas (who wrote the two books within a short time span of each other) mixed up the names of the two towns? --Partnerfrance (talk) 17:58, 24 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Twenty Years After


text:
User:OsvaldoGago

OsvaldoGago is a photographer and lives in Lisbon, Portugal.

Besides photography he has an interest for free content and free software (free as in freedom), specially Ubuntu Linux, but also Wikimedia Foundation projects.

In Wikimedia Foundation projects, his contributions are mostly at Wikimedia Commons (with photographs).

title: User:OsvaldoGago


text:
δάσκαλος

Etymology
form of, from.

Noun

 * 1)  teacher
 * 2)  instructor
 * 3) great artist
 * 4)  a person who gives advice

title: δάσκαλος


text:
Talk:Malaloa, American Samoa

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Futiga which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 01:03, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Malaloa, American Samoa


text:
Talk:Mel O'Callaghan

Year of birth
Both the NGV and Art Museum, University of Queensland give O'Callaghan's year of birth as 1975. It seems the 1978 in the article is a typo so I have amended the year of birth to match the references. Oronsay (talk) 21:27, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mel O'Callaghan


text:
User:Phillas De Dj

Vusi Khoza also know as Phillas De Dj born in 1994 October 09 in Nelspraite in Mpumalanga province, grew up in a small township called khuma-location

title: User:Phillas De Dj


text:
Afraid to Love

Afraid to Love is a 1927 American silent comedy film directed by Edward H. Griffith and written by Doris Anderson, Francis de Croisset, Fred de Gresac, Alfred Hustwick and Joseph Jackson. The film stars Florence Vidor, Clive Brook, Norman Trevor, Jocelyn Lee and Arthur Lubin. The film was released on April 9, 1927, by Paramount Pictures.

It is based on the 1902 play The Marriage of Kitty by Cosmo Gordon Lennox, a version of the French play La Passerelle by Francis de Croisset and Fred de Gresac. The play was previously adapted into the 1915 film The Marriage of Kitty.

Synopsis
When Sir Reginald Belsize's uncle dies he leaves him a fortune on condition that he give up his current unsuitable lover Helen and marry someone else within twenty four hours. Helen agrees to this so long as the woman he picks is less attractive than she is. The woman he picks is however beautiful and cultured and he quickly falls in love with her.

Cast

 * Florence Vidor as Katherine Silverton
 * Clive Brook as Sir Reginald Belsize
 * Norman Trevor as John Travers
 * Jocelyn Lee as Helen de Semiano
 * Arthur Lubin as Rafael

Preservation status

 * The film is now lost.

title: Afraid to Love


text:
Nakhl Gardani

Nakhl Gardani or Nakhl Bardari is a Shia religious ritual carried out on the day of Ashura for commemorating the death of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Moḥammad and third Shia Imam. Nakhl is a wooden structure used as a symbolic representation of the Imam's coffin and Nakhl Gardani is the act of carrying the Nakhl from one place to another, resembling an Imam's funeral.

The ritual is carried out in many cities of Iran among them Yazd, Taft, Kashan and Shahroud.

Nakhl
Nakhl (date palm ) is a woody structure similar to a cypress tree in shape, symbolizing Husayn ibn Ali's coffin. Dehkhoda defines Nakhl as "a big, tall bier (coffin) to which are attached daggers, swords, luxurious fabrics, and mirrors." Nakhls are constructed in various sizes, from a simple ones carried by two persons, to huge structures "supported by hundreds of men". According to Parviz Tanavoli, an Iranian sculptor, Nakhl is a freestanding sculpture.

The structure is called Nakhl since it is widely believed that Husayn ibn Ali's body was moved to the shade of a palm tree, after his death, or because his body was carried using a coffin made of branches of palm tree, "the only material available in Karbala" at that time.

Yazd's Nakhl
As a "symbol of social unity for a town, village, or district," many Nakhls and their associated rituals are seen in Yazd Province, located near the Kavir Desert, with every village having its own Nakhl. Nakhl is often referred to as Naql, i.e. "to convey carry and transfer," in Yazd and neighboring towns and villages. Yazd is described as "Iran’s museum of mourning tools" by Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, and is the home to the largest Nakhl, which needs to be carried by "several hundred men". The 8.5 meters high structure, constructed in 1879, stands in Amir Chakhmaq square of Yazd city and is decayed and no longer used because of the safety concerns. In Ashura, Nakhl Gardani is held in different parts of Yazd. The most crowded and beautiful ones is held in Taft city.

Ritual
Nakh-Gardani is the act of carrying Nakhl, sometimes by "several strong men", on the Day of Ashura, as if it is Imam Husyan's coffin. The ritual, historically dating back to pre-Safavids (almost 450 years ago ), is carried out at various places in Iran. People carrying the Nakhl on their shoulders are guided by the people standing on the Nakhl.

The ritual is so common in Iran that in most parts of the country, either people have the Nakhl in their community or at least they know about it.

title: Nakhl Gardani


text:
Talk:Hobbes (Calvin and Hobbes)

quote
somebody should insert this quote into the section "Hobbes' reality" I don't think of Hobbes as a doll that miraculously comes to life whenever Calvin's around. Neither do I think of him as the product of Calvin's imagination. The nature of Hobbes's reality doesn't intrest me, and each story goes out of it's way to avoid resolving the issue

Also if someone familiar with wikiquoting can provide an adequate citation for this quote, I seem to recall it being in the introduction of the C+H 10th anniversary issue written by Bill _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

I agree also. I have borrowed the book in the library and verified this. --Firefoxcub (talk) 22:50, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

I am completing this now. The article also contradicts saying hobbes comes to life when Calvin is around. Thanks - Firefoxcub (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:54, 5 August 2011 (UTC).

Ext link
I've removed the link http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/1449/ because the images there don't appear to work. Have tried in both Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer. Without the images, the site offers very little. -- Oscar The Cat talk 09:58, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

That's strange. They work for me. - Mike   (talk)  23:06, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Try this link. I don't get any calvin gif shown, I just get some geocities cruft on the right. http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/1449/strips.html?cabw1.gif --Oscarthecat[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|]] 09:38, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

== Weiner ! ==

I want to thank those responsible for the current state of the article. Not only is it exhaustive and informative, but its prose is simply marvellous. --Kizor 22:12, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Improvement
Everyone seems to mark this article as good... but it really needs cleanup at the moment I think, does anyone else agree? Seems very un-encyclopedic. <IP_ADDRESS> 03:06, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The article contains well-rounded information, but I think it should be re-organized for structure. Sherwelthlangley 03:45, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

I agree, and especially the last sentence seems very out of place in its section. Diablomarcus 15:35, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

stuffed animal vs. doll
Greetings All, Have inserted stuffed animal to describe Hobbes specifically even though, a couple of lines down, Watterson himself refers to the general idea of "... dolls coming to life". Regs. Technopat 10:37, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Hobbes' species
The article says Hobbes is a Sumatran tiger. Do we actually know this for sure? It should probably be cited. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

No one's said anything so I'm going to remove it. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:11, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 16:42, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Wow
"Though at times Calvin can get his parents to talk to Hobbes, his parents do not see Hobbes as a living creature in the way that Calvin does, and no other character in the strip thinks of Hobbes as a live tiger, either, so panels in strips that have Calvin's parents or any other adults in them, Hobbes is back in his "stuffed animal" form, but if only Calvin is alone in a panel with him, Hobbes comes to life once again." HOLY RUN ON SENTENCE BATMAN!<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:25, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Stuffed Tiger picture?
I think it would be fair use to add a second picture of Hobbes' depiction as a stuffed animal, as they are distinct, equally recognizable, and would better reflect the duality character. This is important because the two versions of Hobbes are central to his character and central to the premise of the comic strip. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:55, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

Hobbes's possessive case
For convenience ('s ?) sake, and for fear of getting pounced out on from dark places in Wikipedia, let me ask before I edit ;-):

I can't see why (Thomas) Hobbes's and (Tiger) Hobbes' spellings differ. But I can feel (whiskers deployed) trouble coming my way at the mere thought of enforcing a consistent "Hobbes's" form across Calvin&Hobbes ('s) many pages.

Apostrophe reads: Many respected authorities recommend that practically all singular nouns, including those ending with a sibilant sound, have possessive forms with an extra s after the apostrophe so that the spelling reflects the underlying pronunciation.

How does Bill Waterson pronounce "Hobbes' (s) possessive case" ? Thierry Le Provost (talk) 17:13, 9 May 2013 (UTC)
 * When in doubt: consult the source! (Hobbes' is the only result). However, see also MOS:POSS for our inhouse styleguide (Be consistent within an article). –Quiddity (talk) 22:39, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

Length issue.
This is incredibly wordy for a page about a fictional character. I feel there are shorter articles for decades-long wars. TibbettsN (talk) 04:24, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hobbes (Calvin and Hobbes)


text:
Talk:Quantum Mechanics/Symmetry and Quantum Mechanics

This article confuses probability, the wave function and Bayesianism. The Copenhagen interpretation lends itself to such mixups. The proper way to go about expressing our ignorance of the state is to use density states, not state vectors. But in that case, the whole line of reasoning in the article falls apart!

 * But the conclusions are correct, which is what really matters Symmetry implies conservation, and vice versa.
 * The argument could easily be made rigorous, in any interpretation, but the machinery needed for full rigor would be inappropriate here, and selecting a interpretation other than the Copenhagen might be a little contentious for an introductry text.
 * What really matters here is making the connection between symmetry and conservation feel plausible, which this chapter does. Carandol


text:
sulin

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) quail
 * 2) toddler, baby learning to walk
 * 1) toddler, baby learning to walk

title: sulin


text:
User:DelaneyElsbeth/About you

I am a college student who drinks way to much coffee and spends more time watching criminal minds than anything else. I am making this Wikipedia account for a class but who knows maybe i'll continue to use it even after this semester is over. So yeah that's basically it not even sure if i did this right.

title: User:DelaneyElsbeth/About you


text:
User:Anmontoya/sandbox

Area article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_Health_System (Alameda Health System)
or

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Hospital_(Oakland,_California) (Highland Hospital)

Both pages could be expanded to include specifics on the finances of each sector -- how much money the health system as well as how much highland hospital specifically is granted vs. spending.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waiting_Room_(2012_film) (The Waiting Room)

The Waiting Room is a documentary made at highland hospital made to reflect the needs of the Oakland community and maybe I can expand this page to include the actual content of the documentary and highlight key points of the documentary that relate to the statistically proven needs of the hospital and the patient population.

Sector article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_net_hospital
Safety Net Hospital

The article describes the typical financial situation of funding and sustainability of safety net hospitals as well as brief mention about the typical type of patient in a safety net hospital.

I believe that there could be expansion on the article in two sections:

1. A deeper discussion/presentation about the statistics of safety net hospital patients: present actual numbers of average incomes, average number of medicaid recipients, how severe/not sever the need is of individuals, etc.

2. The article details estimated projections for how Obamacare was going to affect the number of people covered and how many people were meant to still be uninsured. The numbers presented are a bit outdated and now that Obamacare has been in place for several years, there is more data that details how many people were actually helped and how many are still uninsured.

Area sources:
GATES-WILLIAMS, JAN; SCHEAR, STEVEN; TERVALON, MELANIE (1988). "HEALTH CARE ADMINISTRATION AND THE COUNTY HOSPITAL: COMMUNITY ACTIVISM AS A CATALYST FOR CHANGE". Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration. 10 (3): 297–310. doi:10.2307/25780326

Guralnik, J M; Kaplan, G A (1989-06-01). "Predictors of healthy aging: prospective evidence from the Alameda County study.". American Journal of Public Health. 79 (6): 703–708. ISSN 0090-0036. doi:10.2105/AJPH.79.6.703.

Seeman, Teresa E.; Guralnik, Jack M.; Kaplan, George A.; Knudsen, Lisa; Cohen, Richard. "The Health Consequences of Multiple Morbidity in the Elderly". Journal of Aging and Health. 1 (1): 50–66. doi:10.1177/089826438900100104.

Sector sources:
Sommers, M.D., Ph.D., Benjamin D. (2015). "Health Care Reform's Unfinished Work — Remaining Barriers to Coverage and Access". The New England Journal of Medicine. 373: 2395–2397.

Oberlander, Ph.D., Jonathan (2012). "The Future of Obamacare". New England Journal of Medicine. 367 (23): 2165–2167. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 23171062. doi:10.1056/nejmp1213674.

Anderson, Ron; Cunningham, Peter; Hofmann, Paul; Lerner, Wayne; Seitz, Kevin; McPherson, Bruce (2009). "Protecting the Hospital Safety Net". Inquiry. 46(1): 7–16. doi:10.2307/29773398.

Scholarly sources and summaries - updated
Area Wikipedia page: Alameda Health System

Area sources:
==== SOURCE: Alameda County Medical Center (February 18, 2011). "ALAMEDA COUNTY MEDICAL CENTER DELIVERY SYSTEM REFORM INCENTIVE POOL PROPOSAL FOR THE CALIFORNIA SECTION 1115 WAIVER DEMONSTRATION YEARS SIX - TEN" (PDF). Retrieved 10/10/17. http://www.dhcs.ca.gov/Documents/1_ACMC%20DSRIP%20Proposal.pdf pg. 3-8 ==== This is a document that was put forth by the Alameda Health system in order to describe their proposal for improvements in the upcoming years. In this document there is a lot of background information about the history of the hospital and the process of moving from "disease-focused model of episodic care" to a "to a model of coordinated, pro-active care that helps patients manage their own conditions" - which that along with other detailed information could make detailed additions to the history portion of the Highland Hospital (Oakland, CA) page.

Additionally, this report also includes information about the patient demographics such as race/ethnicity as well as education levels, what federal services they use (Medical/Medicare, etc.), income levels, etc. This information could help fill gaps in the history portion of the website or it could also serve to create a new sub heading titled "patient demographics" or "demographics". etc.

SOURCE: Integrated delivery system
Would want to link this term that is used at the beginning of the page to further clarify what this means - linking internally to another wikipedia page.

==== SOURCE: Kongstvedt, Peter Reid (2001). The Managed Health Care Handbook. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>263. ==== This is a scholarly source that works to define what an integrated health care delivery system is as well as the foundations of the such and what the model of an integrated health system aims to do. The article goes on to discuss the various different forms of integrated health care systems. I could (in addition to linking the above internal wikipedia page) reference this external source to provide more detail to the specific line on the Alameda Health System wikipedia page that refers to the health system as an "integrated pubic health care system".

==== SOURCE:  https://www.acgov.org/health/documents/ballot_measureA.pdf ==== (for some reason couldn't get it to list out but citation included when you click on [1].

These sources discuss the Measure A of Alameda County (the first source if the PDF of the official ordinance of Measure A) - Measure A briefly mentioned in the Wikipedia page but I would want to expand on it. Measure A is designed and implemented to provide additional financial support for many of the medical departments of the alameda health system (emergency medical, hospital inpatient, outpatient, public health, mental health and substance abuse services) and is meant to primarily serve indigent, low-income, and uninsured adults, children, families, seniors and other residents of Alameda County that are traditionally seen as very vulnerable populations and those that are usually at proportionately high rates coming to AHS facilities (as reflected by the first source). I could use this source to expand on Measure A and again on the history of Alameda Health System. Furthermore, the Wikipedia page states that its more to recover from a financial crisis and transfer of power (Alameda county to AHS) that these funds are being allocated to pay debt -- need further research to see intentions behind implementation of Measure A.

SOURCE: "Administration, Indigent Health & Cross-Jurisdictional Programs - Health Care Services Agency - Alameda County's Official Website". www.acgov.org. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
https://www.acgov.org/health/

This website as a whole provides detailed information on the various resources and services that the Alameda Heath System provides to their patients in all sectors of medicine and health. Particularly under the tab titled "Administration, Indigent Health & Cross-Jurisdictional Programs", there is more information on how the Alameda Health System specifically works with the vulnerable populations in the Bay Area with regards to their health. This tab provides further information on measure A as well as more sources/specifics to the list of sources provided in the area. I would want to use this information (and the specifics of certain programs offered) to potentially integrate a section on the Alameda Health System page to what services they offer and what populations are targeted through these programs (giving further insight to the specific needs of the Bay Area Highland General Hospital population and the the response from these health institutions).

Sector Wikipedia page: Safety net hospitals

Sector sources:
==== SOURCE: Sommers, M.D., Ph.D., Benjamin D. (2015). "Health Care Reform's Unfinished Work — Remaining Barriers to Coverage and Access". The New England Journal of Medicine. 373: 2395–2397. ==== This article details the various amounts of work left to do and the large gaps that are still in place after the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The article pays attention to how many Americans, on estimate, will still be left without health care; the increase in individuals that will receive coverage will alleviate health systems (especially safety net hospitals) from some financial burden that they currently must absorb because of the number of uninsured individuals BUT the article also details the financial burden that will still be in place after Obamacare is in full swing. I would like to use this information to expand and cite the paragraph under "Obamacare Cuts and Safety Net Hospitals" and what the expert opinions predicted.

==== SOURCE: Oberlander, Ph.D., Jonathan (2012). "The Future of Obamacare". New England Journal of Medicine. 367 (23): 2165–2167. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 23171062. doi:10.1056/nejmp1213674. ==== I plan to use this article to add to my Sector page (Safety Net Hospitals) under the heading of "Obamacare Cuts and Safety Net Hospitals". Particularly, I tend to use data from the article to speak to more in depth to the number of individuals that will remain uninsured (I already linked and updated the number of how many people in the article itself). There is also a section of the paper that speaks to the political climate focused on whether the ACA was likely to pass and to last (and is compared to the political climate of Massachusetts and the implementation of their health program) -- I then intend to add information about how this political climate ultimately lead to the support of trump in terms of supporting his repeal of Obamacare and his rise to power; I then intend to link the page to the Trump Care wikipedia site which details the new plan.

==== SOURCE: "Obamacare repeal could leave 32 million uninsured and double premiums, report finds - ProQuest". search.proquest.com. Retrieved 2017-10-19 ==== This is a second scholarly source that speaks to the number of individuals that were left uninsured. This article echos the same sentiments that is addressed in the article sited directly above (Oberlander et. al). I could again further use this information to contribute to the AHS (Alameda Health System Article) in the same way as stated in the previous article.

==== SOURCE: Oberlander, Jonathan (2017-01-05). "The End of Obamacare". New England Journal of Medicine. 376(1): 1–3. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 27959711. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1614438. ==== The article (published in 2017) presents a current perspective on Obamacare and it's impending end (whereas the two aforementioned articles speak to a stance on Obamacare from the perspective on the matter circa 2012 and 2016 which was the time periods right before full implementation and full implementation but before the threat of a repeal from Trump, respectively). This article thus speaks to the difficulties that may in attempting to repeal Obamacare (politically and logistically speaking) and also alludes to the difficulty and anxiety that certain stakeholders (such as hospitals and safety net hospitals) are currently facing because of the uncertainty of the direction that this matter will go towards. I plan to use this article to speak to the current uncertainty and the predictions for the ways in which experts think both patients and health care institutions will be affected.

==== SOURCE: "H.R. 1628, Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017". Congressional Budget Office. June 26, 2017. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. ==== This article reports what changes would take place if Obamacare was to repealed and Trumps health care efforts "Better Care reconciliation Act or 2017" was implemented in full; the article quantifies the number of people and assets that would be impacted and saved, speaking from a national budget and hospital administrative point of view. I intend to use this article to speak to how the repeal of Obamacare and the aforementioned increase of the uninsured population will cause a big strain on safety net hospitals in general but also simultaneously decreasing patient care and increasing the overall burden of sickness. I want to make the facts available and present the point of view objectively of course, from the safety net perspective.

Proposed edit 1:
The first sentence of the page describes Alameda Health System as a "integrated public health care system" -- I would link this text to the internal wikipedia page (Integrated delivery system) and I would also site a second source that details integrated health systems in order to further detail the type of system that it is; source:

Proposed edit 2:
I want to add a third subheading to the page (directly under the Locations section titled "Patient demographics")

I aim to include graphs from the Alameda County Pool Proposal that detail the population demographics of the Alameda Health System patient population and then underscore the images with text summaries.

Refer to pg. 4 table (titled Patient Race/Ethnicity ACMC FY 2010 Inpatient Discharges) and

Refer to pg.5 table (titled Patient Demographic Pilot Study Results, 2009)

• Almost a quarter (22%) used the Emergency Room as their primary source of health care.

• Almost half (47%) rated their own health status as poor or fair.

• 56% reported income below the federal poverty level, and another 21% had income between 101% and 200% of the FPL.

• Thirty-eight percent did not graduate from high school, and only 11% had a degree from a four year college or higher.

Paragraph text that I would add: The data indicates both the racial/ethnic racial composition as well as the demographics of the patients that attend highland hospital. From the data, we can see that the majority of patients are African American and Latino, respectively. Additionally, about 40% of the patient population is a recipient of either Medicare or Medicaid.

Proposed edit 3:
I want to create a second sub-heading that describes the purpose of Measure A in Alameda and how it impacts the Alameda Health System

Section title: Measure A and it's impacts on Alameda Health System

Paragraph text: Measure A is designed and implemented to provide additional financial support for many of the medical departments of the alameda health system (emergency medical, hospital inpatient, outpatient, public health, mental health and substance abuse services) and is meant to primarily serve indigent, low-income, and uninsured adults, children, families, seniors and other residents of Alameda County that are traditionally seen as very vulnerable populations and those that are usually at proportionately high rates coming to AHS facilities (as reflected by the first source).

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Proposed edit 1:
Adding to the section titled "Obamacare cuts and safety net hospitals"

I intend to add a sub-heading on this page directly after the heading title "Obamacare cuts and safety net hospitals"

Sub-heading: "Prospects for safety net hospitals under the Trump Administration"

Paragraphs:

Donald Trump was elected into the U.S. presidency in 2017, many of his campaign platforms revolving around making changes to the existing health care system in the United States, particular advocating for the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). Republicans currently also hold the majority in the House and the Senate; experts say that this majority increases the chances that President Trump will be able to repeal Obamacare, or at least parts of the Act. A few of the efforts made towards passing Obamacare and amendments to the function of Obamacare post the passing of the main body of the law, was done so through executive orders; Trump has the power to reverse those executive orders. Tump, however, has publicly expressed that there are several stipulations of Obamacare that he would like to keep for his proposed health care system (American Health Care Act of 2017), such as the stipulations that do not allow for discrimination of patients with preexisting conditions by insurance companies and the ability for individuals to be able to stay on their parents insurance plans until the age of 26. Elimination of mandates for individuals and larger employers to offer insurance coverage or pay penalties and eliminating the Cadillac tax on high-cost private plans are a few of the stipulations/changes that Trump advocates for in his proposed health act.

Paul Ryan, Speaker of the House, advocates for many large-scale tax cuts which would serve to reduce the federal funds that financially supports federal programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, in an effort to decrease the federal deficit that America faces. These potential federal cuts and proposed increased enrollment criteria for federal welfare programs will make it more difficult for Americans to be able to participate and receive aid from federal programs (especially with less money allocated to these programs) and will create an inevitable cost shift on patients; Hypothetically speaking, less money allocated to federal programs and the simultaneous repeals to Obamacare will lead to less patients receiving financial help and qualifying for insurance programs, which means they will have to pay more money out of pocket. It is estimated that there will be 15 million (or more) less individuals insured with "Trumpcare" than with Obamacare. This will directly impact safety net hospitals because that means the number of patients without insurance will increase at safety net hospitals but in turn, safety net hospitals will also be suffering a decrease in financial support from the federal government and will not be able to absorb as many costs for these patients (decreasing the number of patients that can receive help). The aforementioned proposed acts will place financial burdens and operational constraints on both patients and safety net hospitals.

Edits for final contributions on safety net hospital page: Drafting
A safety net hospital is a healthcare entity/organization that has a legal obligation to provide healthcare for individuals regardless of their insurance status and regardless of their ability to pay. Because of this legal mandate to serve all populations, safety net hospitals typically serve a proportionately higher number of uninsured, Medicaid, Medicare, low-income (and other vulnerable) individuals than their private hospital counterpart. Safety net hospitals are not defined by their ownership terms; they can be either publicly or privately owned. The missions of safety net hospitals are rather, to focus and emphasize their devotion to providing the best possible care for those who are barred from health care due to the various possible adverse circumstances. These circumstances mostly revolve around problems with financial payments, insurance plans, or health. As per America’s Health Care Safety Net: Intact But Endangered , safety nets are known for maintaining an open-door policy for their services.

Some safety net hospitals even offer high-cost services like burn, trauma, and neonatal treatments. Some also provide training for medical professionals. The Health and Hospital Corporation in NYC, Cook County Health and Hospital System in Chicago, and Parkland Health & Hospital System in Dallas are three of the country’s largest safety net hospitals.

Definitions from articles:

‘those organizations and programs, in both the public and private sectors, with a legal obligation or a commitment to provide direct health care services to uninsured and underinsured populations.’’

"safety-net providers as those that by legal mandate or stated mission offer care to all patients regardless of ability to pay, and thus have a substantial portion of uninsured, Medicaid, and other vulnerable patients"

Additional sources found:
7. Source gives information on the typical demographics of emergency department hospitals and also details how the demographics of emergency rooms has become an issue (to cite in safety net hospital page)

This source details how policy is having an impact on funding for safety net hospitals and how the issue of constantly decreasing funding places constraints on these institutions (safety net hospital page)

This source describes how safety net hospitals tend to perform at lower levels than non safety net hospitals and tend to rank worse overall in patient experience but details how these institutions are hoping to advocate for policy that could improve these patient experience scores (safety net hospital page)

Another two sources that details how safety net hospitals are ranked lower on patient care quality and experience than non safety net hospitals (safety net hospital page)

This source details how safety net hospitals must rely on payments from SDH in order to compensate for the high volumes of patients in safety net hospitals that have Medicare and Medicaid (and details how this fact makes it difficult for safety net hospitals to be financially sustained). - for safety net hospital page

The Waiting Room (2012 film) - internally link this page that details the demographics and the difficulties that highland hospital of Alameda Health System experiences, particularly their financial burdens and the patient care -- add to the AHS page

This source speaks to a cohort study done with patients from Oakland, CA (Alameda Country) -- speaks to the high mortality rates experienced by these individuals which when viewed under multivariate analysis, shows that environment sometimes has more health effects than individual behaviors more often than not (gives insight to patient population demographics) - for AHS page

The article details how when compared to a non safety net hospital, safety net hospitals do not tend to perform as well in patient experience. I plan to use this information to add citations to the patient care section on the safety net hospital page.

This article detailed the prospects of the number of estimated uninsured individuals under Obamacare. I used this article to cite text already existing on the safety net hospital page.

This article detailed the prospects of the number of estimated uninsured individuals under Obamacare. I used this article to cite text already existing on the safety net hospital page.

This article goes into depth on the demographics of the patient population that is typical of a safety net hospital. The article delves into the issues that patients who are uninsured, low income, working poor and disqualified for public assistance, etc. struggle with, especially those with life threatening diseases. The article also massively highlights how those who seem to suffer the most are uninsured ethnic minorities. - intend to use in intro paragraph of safety net hospital.

This article provides insight on the "financial health" of safety net institutions and why they should be "protected" in order to insure their survival. I plan to use this article to discuss the financial atmosphere of safety net hospitals and issues that they face in financing in the safety net hospital page under the section titled "financing a safety net hospital"

This article details the nature of safety net hospitals; the typical patient population demographics, private versus public nature, and a brief history of the private versus public discourse on vulnerable populations in the transition from public to private. I plan to use this in the introduction of the safety net hospital paragraph.

Safety Net Hospital (Sector):

 * Total of 16 sources added (previously no source citations to support this page)
 * Restructuring of sentences in introduction paragraph
 * Added 2 sentences (replaced 2)
 * Addition of 3 sources here (two of which Prof. Clare shared with me!)
 * Addition of citation to support already existing text
 * Many edits to "Financing of Safety Net Hospitals" section
 * Change of section from "Financial behavior of safety net hospitals" to "Financing a safety net hospital"
 * Addition of 4 sources in this section
 * Added 6 sentences --- a lot of grammatical pruning to existing text
 * Addition of "Prospects for safety net hospitals under the Trump Administration"
 * Addition of paragraph (6 sentences)
 * Addition of 4 sources to support my text
 * Addition of a sentence under the "Patient Experience in Safety Net Hospitals"
 * Addition of 4 sources to support existing and additional text
 * Minor edits to section headings for uniformity purposes

Alameda Health System (Area):

 * Total of 5 sources added (not including internal wikipedia links)

 * Added 2 internal wikipedia links to the introduction sentence (both to integrated health systems)
 * Added an additional sentence and citation for the Measure A description under the history section
 * Creation of the "Patient Demographics" section
 * Creation of 4 pie charts
 * Addition of all text listed (3 sentences)
 * Addition of 1 source from which the information for pie charts was included
 * Addition of two internal wikipedia links to the "See Also" section
 * "The Waiting Room" internal link
 * Highland General Hospital internal link

title: User:Anmontoya/sandbox


text:
Talk:Deepak Verma

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article.-- Jreferee 18:51, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deepak Verma