text:
gracchiare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to caw
 * 2)  to croak
 * 3)  to chirp
 * 4)  to babble, to chatter
 * 5)  to crackle

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: gracchiare


text:
User:Ghengis Khan

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Montco 22:59, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Ghengis Khan


text:
Hungarian Braille

The braille alphabet used to write Hungarian is based on the international norm for the 27 basic letters of the Latin script. However, the letters for q and z have been replaced, to increase the symmetry of the accented letters of the Hungarian alphabet, which are largely innovative to Hungarian braille.

Alphabet
The Hungarian alphabet is:
 * A 	Á 	B 	C 	Cs 	D 	Dz 	Dzs 	E 	É 	F 	G 	Gy 	H 	I 	Í 	J 	K 	L 	Ly 	M 	N 	Ny 	O 	Ó 	Ö 	Ő 	P 	(Q) 	R 	S 	Sz 	T 	Ty 	U 	Ú 	Ü 	Ű 	V 	(W) 	(X) 	(Y) 	Z 	Zs

The letters that conform to traditional braille are:

The accented vowel letters are derived from their base letters through stretching or reflection as follows. The traditional letter for q (which is not part of the basic Hungarian alphabet) has been reassigned to ö, and an unused pattern has been assigned to ü:

This creates the following symmetrical pattern for the umlauted vowels:

(Ä is not part of the basic Hungarian alphabet.)

The consonant digraphs are derived from their base letters as follows. The traditional letter for z has been replaced, and is used for a parenthesis. As with the accented vowels, the majority of digraphs are created through reflection:

This creates the following pattern among the sibilants:

Punctuation
Unlike English or French Braille, Hungarian Braille has separate opening and closing symbols for both parentheses and quotation marks.

Roman Numerals
the roman numerals use the capital letters of i, v, x, l, c, m

title: Hungarian Braille


text:
User:Ocuinnc

My user name is Ocuinnc, but my real name is Conall O'Cuinn. I do occasionally edit pages when I have something to add, or to correct. For either, I am happy to have others make comments with a view to getting the best possible article.

title: User:Ocuinnc


text:
Talk:C Programming

 * /Q&A Archive/
 * /Q&A Archive/

About

 * Started: 11 August 2003
 * Size: 60,800 words (15 March 2012; determined from the printed version, so probably actually larger)
 * Headings Case: a mixture of title case and sentence case
 * Headings Case: a mixture of title case and sentence case
 * Headings Case: a mixture of title case and sentence case

Programming:C Contributor style guide and discussion
I've trimmed the outline here. Specific details such as if, for statements and so on should go under their parent article. Dysprosia 08:56, 20 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I think lots of work needs to be done in reorganizing the Beginning C section. The variables section needs to be reorganized quite a bit, and I think the compilation page should go away. Thunderbunny 22:53, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Where is the pointer and functions? I suggest we move the content in this cover to Programming:History of C. the fmt of this book is quite different from other books. --Yacht (talk)Q 02:42, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Pointers and relationship to arrays Dysprosia 03:20, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * something about macro definition and substitution? --Yacht (talk)Q 02:52, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * You can use #define for function/macro definitions, but they're rather evil. I'd use #define only for constants. Dysprosia 03:27, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * i meant do we need a separated chapter for that? --Yacht 17:01, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Pages should be limited to the context of the title, for example the "Programming:C" page should be restricted to the language itself: the history of the language is appropriate, the tutorial is not. Anything that isn't universally "the C language" should be relocated to the appropriate page.

Additionally, C programs are not limited to unix environments.

--Eibwen 04:15, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hi there,

Let me start by saying that from what I have seen so far, I like this book very much. So much so, that I recommended it be featured on the front page after some polishing, as an example of what a textbook should look like.

However, there is one thing that seems to be severely lacking to me. In the introduction of this book, it is written: "This book is intended to teach C programming, from beginning to advanced." This would seem to indicate to me that this is a book that teaches you how to program in C. However, from what I have seen so far, this is more like a reference manual for the C language. What's lacking is a C tutorial, something that explains concepts to me by letting me code small programs, and compile and test them. Is this intentional?

I am not a coder myself, I cannot fill in perceived gaps in this manual, I am afraid.--Branko 17:26, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps there should be seperate tutorial and reference books?

I completely agree, and would like to add that some kind of assumptions need to be made about the user's level of programming experience and then standardised throughout the book. I found it difficult to understand what I was expected to know reading this book. Though it supposedly takes you "from beginning to advanced", I found that each chapter appears completely disconnected and independant of every other chapter. While some assume you don't know things that have already been covered, others seem far advanced to any previous chapters (e.g. the libraries section, which utterly confused me after a somewhat pleasent introduction to functions in C).

 * Ok, I think this should be a high priority issue as the book in its present state is half unusable to both beginners and advanced coders. How about divide it to two parts: I Basics (intro to programming languages in general), II Advanced (C-specific topics and other advanced stuff: scopes, idioms, nothing platform-dependent though), III Appendix (C-keywords, precedence tables, ASCII charts etc.)? Epikuros 13:24, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps change history section a bit
I think the history section is slightly misleading, slightly innacurate and slightly inappropriate.

- The advent of the solid state era at Bell Labs is irrelevant to the software research done there. Computing (FotranAlgol etc) was developed on thermionic equipment, and the advent of C was on machines decades later. There is no direct link between the two. More important and germane would be the research done there by Shannon on encoding and information theory around 1950. C could have happened without solid satate, but not without information theory.

- The lineage from Fortran is innacurate. Algol weas created as a reaction to the multiplicity Fortran and all of the other high level languages at the time (there were many). Fortran was the most popular, but this "begat" is misleading. In the letter from the GAMM committee on the higher level lanugage, written after a tour of America in 1957: "We have endeavored from the beginning to avoid the possibility of deviations from existing earlier proposals (Rutishauser 1951, FORTRAN, partly also PACT). Guided by tbe news and reports that Bauer and Bottenbruch have brought back from America, we have decided that our hitherto existing proposals also largely agree structurally with Perlis' IT language and the Remington-Rand Math-Matic. This agreement is most striking with Math-Matic, the most recent of the listed proposals." (cited in Bemer 1969)

This passage is important not only because of its explicit distancing from Fortran as a sole solution, but also of its mention of the many other language systems - including some excellent Eurpoean ones - that existed at the time.

- it is inappropriate in that ignores the rich tradition of programming language research being done at Bell in the period - notable languages are

1955 Wolontis-Bell Interpreter

1955 L3

1958 L2

1959 Bell SAP

1959 Macro SAP

1961 Music

1962 SNOBOL

1962 SCL

1963 ALPAKA

1963 ALPAK

1963 L6

1963 ALTRAN

1964 Process III

1965 OEDIPUS

1966 EPL

1966 ALPAKB

1966 VPRPAK

1966 IBMAP

1966 BEFAP

1967 MULTILANG

1967 GRIN

1967 AMPL

1968 B-LINE

1969 FASE

1970 SWAP

1971 BELL-CODE

All of which were in their way influential on the development of C. In particular, the tradition of macro-languages and macro-extensions to languages at Bell certainly was vital to the style and design of C. (Can you imagine C without the preprocessor?)

Resources added
Added a resources link to the Pelles C page and Open Source page I created - Hope that is appropriate <IP_ADDRESS> 06:17, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Why are thereTWO tables of contents???
I don't understand. In the table of contents at the top of the page, there is a link halfway down to another table of contents with a nested subtree of data. IMO, this adds unneeded complexity. I want to flatten this out and just have one table of contents at the top, like 99% of the other texts on this site.

Any objections? If not, I will make the change next weekend. --Waxmop 15:49, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I Added the {Free,Net,Open,Darwin,DragonFly}BSD information about they have the gcc on there systems.

--Luís Vitório Cargnini 14:19 (-03:00 GMT, -03:00 UTC) March 21, 2005.

A beginner learning C
(moved to C Programming/Simple Input and Output )

merge the cover page and the table of contents?
Someone recently split apart the cover page and the table of contents ( Programming:C and ). I find it reminiscent of "splash screens". Many people recommend *not* using "splash screens".

Do those objections *not* apply to wikibooks, or should we merge the cover page and the table of contents?

 * Hi, I'm the bastard that moved everything around :-). You raise a good point though, I absolutley hate splash screens on most websites. That being said I think the rules are a little different for books. As of right now the cover does suck though. So if we do decide to keep it a nifty graphic or something would be need to be added. But if you really think the pages should be merged than I'm all for it. Just as long as the first page isn't like what it was before I made my changes. That page was disorganized, had two tables of contents, and looked more like a long essay than a well organized online book. --Astone42 13:09, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Naming policy
You might want to consider the WB:NP. You current naming convention is depreciated and has several disadvantages - like it has no navigational links. Also you worthy effort is neiter considered a book nor a section inside a book. See wikistats which implements an exstensive book and section detector.

--Krischik T 07:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Compilers
Just a logical question here--Wouldn't it be better to teach C by standardizing a single compiler across platforms? We can be more in-depth in how things work, for example, if everyone uses GCC (either by means of direct install or MinGW). Blank 14:11, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Allow me to quote the FAQ:

 * Many beginners fail to appreciate that C and C++ are used on a
 * number of platforms, and that what works with a particular compiler
 * is not necessarily going to work with another, even on the same
 * platform. It is important that a learner be clear about the
 * differences between programming in standard C or C++, and
 * programming using platform- and compiler-specific extensions. In
 * the long run, this approach - that of separating the idea of
 * "language" and "platform" - leads to a better understanding of both
 * the language and the platform. It is generally accepted that the
 * sooner this is appreciated by the learner, the better.
 * -- the C FAQ

Does that answer your question?

other wiki that discuss the C programming language
Is there a better place to mention other wiki that discuss the C programming language ? Is " http://wikibooks.org/wiki/C_Programming " the appropriate link to use to get those other wiki to link back to the beginning of this book ?
 * clc-wiki http://clc-wiki.net/ "computers.languages.c"
 * the original wiki http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?CeeIdioms
 * Pelles C
 * Wikipedia: "C programming language"
 * Wikipedia: "C syntax"

-- DavidCary --<IP_ADDRESS> 03:11, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * the Pelles C Wiki
 * A wiki about C programming standards
 * The C Programming Tips and Tricks Wiki.

--DavidCary (discuss • contribs) 06:59, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

String function implementations
Does anyone have any objections to me re-writing some of the string function implementations? Frankly including meaning-less variable names, along with the ternary conditional operator, is not the way to instruct others on C programming or on how the string functions work. AmitDeshwar 08:01, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Program Flow/Control
Why is the Control page called "Program Flow" in the table of contents, but "Control" elsewhere? --Kpengboy 03:15, 4 May 2007 (UTC)Kpengboy

In addition to
Few days ago I started writing C Programming book in Estonian and i would like to link all the pages here. So could someone write "Standard language rules", so that I could verify what i have written and link it here?

It should contain at least:
 * syntax, something like:
 * C has free design
 * Code segment is ended by ";"
 * C differs capitals
 * C needs the code segment to be defined or valuated before use, and also how it differs from
 * recursion
 * linked list data structure
 * Parts of code, where to write them and short description what thy are, something like
 * comments on the written program
 * pragma/include directives
 * define directives
 * structures
 * global variables
 * prototypes
 * main function (with short overview how data is passed & how value differs from reference)
 * other functions
 * Unwritten rules (or links to them, like Element of style)

Exercises, anyone?
I think there should be some exercises at the end of each lesson - so that the reader can practice. # Brandon Johnsonn 12:43, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

I agree with this strongly; the current format of dumping 100 exercises at the end of the first several sections is both overwhelming and, without solutions, of limited use to the student. Inclusion of a few appropriate exercises, well explained with solutions, at the end of each lesson would significantly increase the utility of this book. Meatnordrink (discuss • contribs) 18:23, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Topics
It seems to me that the topics in this ebook are drifting around. Is this book going to teach C programming language or the standard C library? In my experience of teaching C it is best to start as simple as possible and cover the language and include only the bare minimum library calls, like printf, scanf, getc, etc.

I would suggest to start very slow with a general introduction then follow though with more specific topics such as types and variables, operators and expressions, flow control, functions, pointers and arrays, structures, and IO. There is defiantly a need for a book on the standard library, more advanced topics such as macros, error handling, and whatnot, but not in an introductory text.

Remember that people will be reading this book because they don't know C and most likely very little about programming. Jumping into advanced topics like error handling before you even cover what a variable will not get the response you are after.

I have had the most success when topics are covered in this order: introduction, types and variables, operators and expressions, flow control, functions, pointers and arrays, structures, and IO. Topics should be brief and general without getting to deep to avoid overloading the student. All other material should be moved to a new text or placed in an intermediate or advanced section of the book.

What does everyone else think? I can see that this book has been pretty slow so if I don't get any responses within a few days I will restructure the beginning C section and start hacking away... I would rather have some community involvement with this rather then just a me thing. --Karl McClendon 02:37, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree and would like to help if you are still on it -- Nefthy 11:16, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Use of the "source lang" tag
I've seen the use of the

when copied from the on-line or print version, pastes OK into a text editor.

However, if you copy-paste from the PDF file, you get:

How can this be fixed?

--Rickjpelleg (talk) 19:43, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

another freely available C programming book
"The C Book, second edition by Mike Banahan, Declan Brady and Mark Doran, originally published by Addison Wesley in 1991. This version is made freely available." http://publications.gbdirect.co.uk/c_book/

Is there anything we need to do before copying-and-pasting that entire book into this Wikibook? --DavidCary (talk) 02:38, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I had noticed it before but thought that it was somehow problematic since it would involve checking that it was up-to-date and the license gives the impression that a 3rd party is licensing a work that it doesn't hold the rights of "this online version and derived works is copyright Mike Banahan".
 * The license text is a bit convoluted and there wouldn't be any problem if the license was granted directly by Mike Banahan, and "The online version was prepared with the assistance of some Perl scripts written by Mike Banahan..." doesn't directly imply the granting of those rights.
 * You can try to get a clearer statement from the site (it has that content up from sometime now) or from Mike Banahan, I have taken similar steps successfully before.   --Panic (talk) 03:07, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

Yet another book on C
Ever heard of "Think Pyhton"? There's a book with the same structure called "Think C", and because it is published by Green Tea press it's under the GNU Free Document License. It would be great if we could add it here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss • contribs)

 * That is a good idea. I couldn't locate the book on the Green Tea Press website though. Also the publisher or authors would need to grant permission for licensing under CC-BY-SA too. --dark lama  16:12, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Link to that book is on this page. That links to this one, where you can find the download link. --Arny (discuss • contribs) 01:30, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

Great book
Thanks very much for the clear explanation. Good clarity is rare. I've learnt a lot in a very short time!

Completed Status
In comparison to some of the other featured and "completed" books (Ada Programming, Python, Haskell, Scheme in 48 Hours), this one in particular seems to be lacking significantly. It could use a large amount of restructuring, a consistent style across the book, full coverage of topics, exercises, standardizing the experience level of the reader across the book, etc. etc. Not that it isn't a great book so far, but I think it could be much more with some more work. Thoughts on removing the completed tag and beginning a restructure? CharmlessCoin (discuss • contribs) 04:34, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

list of standard library header files

 * Which section of this book is the best for the list of standard library header files?
 * I see a list of standard library header files at C Programming/Reference Tables, C_Programming/Standard_libraries, C Programming/C Reference/List of C functions, and C Programming/C Reference.
 * If, for pedagogical reasons, a student reading through a printed copy of this book really needs that list repeated in various sections,
 * would it be OK if someone made a template for that list?
 * (Templates for text that is repeated in various parts of this book are listed at /Templates).
 * --DavidCary (discuss • contribs) 06:45, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

What you need before you can program
While I think this book should emphasize writing portable C programs that can run on nearly every computer, I see that many computers apparently don't have a C compiler installed, and it is not obvious to the beginners reading this book (our target audience) which C compiler to choose and how to install it.

I think it's a little misleading that the "C Programming/Using a Compiler" page doesn't say anything about using a compiler -- apparently that is covered in "C Programming/A taste of C", "C Programming/Compiling", and later sections of the book.

Would it be more helpful to our target audience to take all the step-by-step operating-system-specific details at "C Programming/What you need before you can learn" and "C Programming/Using a Compiler" pages, and move them to a dedicated page for each operating system? Perhaps
 * "C Programming/What you need before you can program on Linux"
 * "C Programming/What you need before you can program on Mac OS X"
 * "C Programming/What you need before you can program on Windows"
 * "C Programming/What you need before you can program on BSD"

How can we make it obvious to beginners that these operating-system-specific details are completely irrelevant to (portable) C programming, and it's safe to skip over those details? Should we stick those details in an appendix, rather than near the beginning of the book? --DavidCary (discuss • contribs) 16:42, 27 May 2016 (UTC)

merge
My understanding from reading "C Programming/What you need before you can learn" is that this "C Programming" book has a topic of standard C programming and a target audience of beginners who have never programmed before. As far as I can tell, Beginning C, "C Programming", and Fundamentals of C Programming have the same topic and the same target audience, and so should be merged into one book, in accordance with Using Wikibooks/Contributing To An Existing Wikibook.

If they actually have a different topic or a different target audience or both, please edit the books to make that more clear. Otherwise, I suggest merging all these books into the "C Programming" book. --DavidCary (discuss • contribs) 17:11, 27 May 2016 (UTC)

If the content belongs in this book, merge away. 2601:8B:C301:EFF3:28C4:6E8A:E0E6:98F4 (discuss) 01:40, 18 June 2016 (UTC)

I think that the Fundamentals book has useful stuff, but is overal redundant with this C Programming book so I am going to have a run at a merge .. if that goes well i will take a look at "Beginning C". From my first look at it the tutorial style is not so amenable to merging (IMHO). VulcanWikiEdit (discuss • contribs) 17:04, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

E-reader PDF won't download or open correctly
Hello there,

I have been trying to d/l the e-reader version to view on my tablet... but the link will not save correctly or open up in Adobe Reader.

Is this a known issue, or something new?

Thanks,

Monte Memilanuk (discuss • contribs) 01:20, 5 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Personally I can open this book PDF with Firefox. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 06:51, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

Dear Memilanuk,

you have to click on the image in the ebook reader pdf version in order to open the pdf file, it in deed does not open the pdf before you click on the image on the file description page. A possible solution is that we modify our template here, but I am to lazy to do so. Yours --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 17:01, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

Well... hmm. I'm using Google Chrome on my Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4... if I tap on the link (single left click) it tries to open the file in Adobe Acrobat Reader. If I tap & hold (equivalent to right-click) on the link, I get the contextual menu. I select "Save link", which it then tries to do. The resulting file is not recognized by the browser as a PDF, as it offers other programs to try and open it (besides the normal pdf viewers installed on here). If I try opening the file from Adobe Reader, I get an error message as well.

I tried opening the link in a new tab, which I guess is what you were talking about. There is a link there to the e-reader file... but the formatting appears rather... weird. Some pages are rotated one way, some another. The text won't re-flow. And the pages appear to run backwards as well.

Guess I'll stick with the regular version. Memilanuk (discuss • contribs) 05:16, 6 August 2016 (UTC)

Major Restructure
I made a big restructure at reference section, here is its current form:
 * All header files are at the root of the book, because I think name collisions are not possible (all of them are postfixed with .h)
 * The functions are contained within their corresponding header file

Are there any objections? I think this is the simplest structure with minimal name collisions. --Strange quark (discuss • contribs) 10:52, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

New PDF Version
I made a new PDF version. I am eager to hear about any bugs you find in it. Yours Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 21:11, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Your new pdf seems to have duplicated the old TOC structure from the print version, which I updated. --Strange quark (discuss • contribs) 10:35, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Hello, I tried to compile the old source embedded in the C_Programming.pdf file with no success due to deprecated and obsolete packages (from MikTeX). Is there any fix to this?
 * P.s. I'm new to using wikipedia this way, I'm only using it when researching, etc.. Please bear with me.
 * That's all, thank you. <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 09:49, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

What standard of C
What standard of C is this wikibook about? Simulator-master (discuss • contribs) 10:44, 12 January 2021 (UTC)

 * I see that C Programming/Standard library reference has some information about ANSI C (C89), ISO C (C90), ISO C (C94/C95), ISO C (C99), ISO C (C11), and I'm hoping this book continues to be updated to at least mention future versions. (I suspect it doesn't mention C17 merely because C17 doesn't introduce any new language features).
 * I suspect people editing this book will generally test the examples with the default version that comes with their C compiler, which today is usually more-or-less C17 but is expected to switch to more-or-less C23 in a few years.
 * My understanding is most C code in the world, including all the examples in this book, work fine with C99 or later without any special consideration.
 * Simulator-master, What difference does it make? --DavidCary (discuss • contribs) 01:58, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:C Programming


text:
User:Perl~enwikibooks/Ellen Foster/timeline

 * 1) Ellen's mother dies from a self imposed overdose of medication. Ellen's father refuses to take his wife to the hospital making him partly to blame for the death.
 * 2) Ellen is repeatedly sexually and physically abused by her father and his cronies. This forces Ellen to frequently seek refuge in the house of Starletta and her family.
 * 3) Ellen's teacher finds signs of physical abuse on Ellen's arm and she reports this. As a result, Ellen is sent to live with the art teacher Julia and her husband Roy, who are both hippies.
 * 4) Ellen's grandmother sucessfully battles for and gains custody of Ellen in court and Ellen goes to live with this cruel and bitter woman.
 * 5) While Ellen is staying at her grandmother's house, she learns of her father's death but she is not very sad. Her grandmother is angry at this and tells Ellen never to cry again.
 * 6) After Ellen's grandmother dies, Ellen is sent to live with her aunt Nadine, and her cousin Dora who are condescending and rude to Ellen.
 * 7) Ellen arrives at her "new mama's" house where she has good food and positive relationships with the other members of the family.
 * 8) Starletta comes to visit Ellen and Ellen tells Starletta that she loves her and she is sorry that she judged her by her the color of her skin.

These are my predictions for Ellen's future:
 * 1) Ellen graduates high school and goes to college (paid for by her foster parents).
 * 2) At college, Ellen falls in love with a man who is an African American.
 * 3) After Ellen graduates from college, she gets a job as a social worker.
 * 4) She has a child and she names it Starletta.

<< | >>


text:
Talk:Slickstones Quarry, Cromhall

External links modified
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title: Talk:Slickstones Quarry, Cromhall


text:
Mark McAllister

Mark McAllister (born 13 February 1971 in Inverness) is a former professional footballer who played for Inverness Caledonian Thistle in the Scottish League.

Early career
McAllister is the son of former Press and Journal editor Bill McAllister. He began his career playing in the Highland League for Caledonian in 1988 at the age of 17. As a left back, McAllister was known for his forward runs and combative tackling as well as scoring important goals and spent a short spell at Reading under manager Ian Branfoot.

Inverness Caledonian Thistle
In 1994, when Caledonian and Inverness Thistle merged to form Inverness Caledonian Thistle, McAllister was automatically transferred to the new club from Caledonian. Initially he played as a left wing-back before adopting a central defender role under the management of former Soviet Union and Dynamo Kiev player Sergei Baltacha.

McAllister made 138 appearances for Inverness Caledonian and scored 9 goals.

During the club's inaugural season, McAllister made 39 out of a possible 40 appearances and was presented with both the Supporters Player of the Year and the Players' Player of the Year trophies. In the club's second season, under the management of former Manchester United player, Steve Paterson, McAllister became the first Inverness Caledonian Thistle player to achieve 50 first team appearances in the Scottish League

McAllister also holds the accolade of scoring the club's first ever Scottish Cup goal against Queen of the South on 17 December 1994 at Telford Street Park.

Following a spell at Bolton Wanderers, McAllister returned to Inverness Caledonian Thistle to continue his career in Scotland.

In 1996, McAllister relocated to London and continued his playing career with Dulwich Hamlet in the Premier Division of the Isthmian League for 2 seasons, followed by Fisher Athletic for one year in the Southern League Premier Division.

McAllister retired at the end of the 2000 season.

Honours

 * Inverness Cup winners medal 1988-89
 * Scottish Qualifying Cup winners medal 1991-92
 * North of Scotland League Cup winners medal 1993-94

title: Mark McAllister


text:
Talk:Aung Min

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Aung Min. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ministryofinformation.gov.mm/index.php/announcement/751-2012-08-27-12-51-01.html

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 20:38, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aung Min


text:
Boyuk Chay

The Boyuk Chay River is a river in northwest Iran.

The river is at 37°58'0"N and 47°45'0"E between Sarab and Ardabil, near Kalian, has an elevation of 1475meters and flows into Lake Urmia via Aji Chay River.

The area has a cold semi-arid (climate).

title: Boyuk Chay


text:
Python Concepts/Basic data types

Overview
This page serves as a generalized introduction to the variable types present within Python.

Types
Though different languages may handle variable types uniquely, most are quite similar. Python variable types, like the rest of the language, are quite simple. Variable types are determined by the value stored within the variable. Unlike most other languages, keywords like "int", "String", or "bool" are not required in Python, as Python supports type inferencing. The most general compatible variable type is chosen.

There are three main categories of variable types in Python (and every other programming language). They are listed below, ordered by increasing complexity.

Primitive Variables
Primitive variables are the most basic, hence their "primitive" title. They are capable of storing a single value. In Python there are seven primitive variable types, which are listed below.

NoneType
None

Boolean
True, False

int
12

float
12.00

complex
12+34j

(Note that this represents a single value, not an arithmetic operation!)

Strings
"twelve"

In Python, there is no "char" variable type. Instead, characters are represented with a string with a length of one.

Bytes
b"\x12\x34"

Complex Variable
Types are a category for things within Python with which Python will work. Types are
 * integer: Whole numbers from negative infinity to infinity, such as 1, 0, -5, etc.
 * float : Short for "floating point number," any rational number, usually used with decimals such as 2.8 or 3.14159.
 * string : A set of letters, numbers, or other characters.
 * tuple : A list with a fixed number of elements. ie x=(1,2,3) parentheses makes it a tuple.
 * list: A list without a fixed number of elements. ie x=[1,2,3] note the square brackets, a list
 * dictionaries : A type with multiple elements i.e. x = {1: 'a','b': 2,3: 3} where you address the elements with, e.g., a text.

Opening IDLE
First open IDLE and then open a shell. To open the shell look through the menu bar, some have it under windows, and some have their own shell list. Many also have the short-cut F5.

The shell prompts with ">>>" - the following examples are in the shell.

Integers
Integers are numeric values and can be stored, manipulated, and expressed inside variables without quotes.

Type: Notice how it returns the number.

Type:

You can also perform basic math using integers as well. Type:

Strings
Strings are a type. They are the basic unit of text in Python and all the other types except integers may contain strings. it contains the single or sequence of characters. Type the following into the shell:

>>>"I Love Python"

It will return

'I Love Python'

You can also make a variable refer to a string.

Type:

>>>x = "I Love Python"

Now Type:

>>>x

'I Love Python'

Now Type:

>>>print (x)

I Love Python

The print command prints the value that 'x' stands for on the screen. It removes the quotations. Whenever you type something into a type that isn't an integer, syntax (the commands that you give python, such as print), or variable (such as x just was) you need to put it into quotations. You can use  'single'  or  "double" quotations. If you wrote parenthesis outside of the quotations you would have made a tuple (the 'u' sounds like 'touch', not 'tooch') instead of a string. You can also call on a single element in a string.

Type either:

>>>print (x[3])

OR

>>>x[3]

o

Now Type either:

>>>print (x[9])

OR

>>>x[9]

t

As you can see the elements are numbered starting with 0 (due to Python using Ordinals).

Tuples
A tuple is an unchangeable sequence of values. When you typed ('I love Python') you included only one element. Type: When you do this you create a tuple with three elements. You can access these elements individually by typing the variable and then, inside brackets directly to the right of the variable, type the number of the element to which you are referring.

Type: You may think that it is odd that it returned element 2 instead of element 1. Python starts numbering at 0. element 1 = x[0], element 2= x[1], element 3= x[2]. You can also call on the elements in reverse order.

Type: Python returned element 3 and not element 2 because  and are the same:

For numbering in reverse Python begins with -1.

If you used brackets instead of parentheses you would have made a list.

Lists
A list is a changeable sequence of data. A list is contained by square brackets i.e. [1,2,3]

Type:

The above code changes element number 2 in. The last thing we learn is dictionaries.

Dictionaries
Dictionaries contain a key and a value. { } enclose dictionaries (Note, that you can also construct a set with curly brackets)

Type: Now Type: Depending on what IDLE you are using these may be in different order. The reason for the different order is because dictionaries have no order. You cannot type x[0] and be referring to  'key1':'value1' . What you do to refer to a value is type the key.

Type: Now Type: The keys stay the same but the values are changeable. You can also only have one occurrence of a key in a dictionary, but you may have the values all be the same.

Type: Now Type: The first key is overwritten by the second.

Type: Now Type: This example shows that you can create two separate keys with the same value.

data types quiz
{Which is an integer + 38 - pi - .42 - 2.2
 * type=""}

{Which is a dictionary? - {1,2,3} - [1,2,3] - (1,2,3) + {1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 2}
 * type=""}

Or take the:
 * Basic data types quiz

next: Python Operators

title: Python Concepts/Basic data types


text:
Kuopio Football Stadium

Kuopio Football Stadium (Kuopion keskuskenttä), also known as Väre Areena (formerly Savon Sanomat Areena, Magnum Areena) is a multi-use stadium in Kuopio, Finland. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of KuPS and Pallokissat. The stadium holds 5,000 and was built in 2005.

title: Kuopio Football Stadium


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Museum shop

A museum shop or museum store is a gift shop in a museum. Typical offerings include reproductions of works in the museum, picture postcards, books related to the museum's collections, and various kinds of souvenirs. Art museums often include clothing and decorative objects inspired by or copying artwork. Museum shops are often placed near the entrance or the exit. Temporary special exhibitions often have their own gift shops. Museum shops are often important sources of revenue for museums as public funding diminishes, and museum professionals often consider them as important elements of visitor education.

The New York Metropolitan Museum of Art is said to have established the world's first museum shop in 1908. In the United States, museum shops developed after the Second World War. At first, they were often small and not professionally managed. They became important revenue generators in the 1980s.

Museum shops have become an important element of visitors' perceptions of museums. Indeed, some studies show that visitors spend more time at the shop, the café, and so on, than with the exhibits.

Some writers on museums take an anti-commercialization position and criticize shops as undermining the cultural value of the museum.

title: Museum shop


text:
User:Calaterium

fullpagename: Fiddler's Burn, East Kilbride.

Fiddler's Burn (East Kilbride & High Blantyre)a small tributary of the Rotten Calder Water on the eastern border of East Kilbride in South Lanarkshire, Scotland.

The Fiddler's burn in Blantyre Parish was in former times known as the Jenkin's Burn. The burn is little visited due to difficult access and lies at a steep heavily overgrown and sheltered site opposite the Dee of Calder where the former Calderwood Castle once stood. The site is located in Calderglen Country Park in an archaic division once known as Calderwood Glen, wholly in East Kilbride. Upon the 'burn' are two small scenic waterfalls and the remains of three stone footbridges, the lowermost one which is still intact, and at the upper reaches of the burn is a stone-built sluice gate and basin. The uppermost footbridge abbutments on the southern side of the valley are of local vernacular stone-built rubble. The waterway itself is born from a spring which arises a short distance away in the lands of Auchentibber in High Blantyre, also in South Lanarkshire. Upon its descent into Calderwood Glen it has carved a channel through precipitous cliffs on a rocky course until it meets the Rotten Calder Water a short distance below.

The burn may have gained it's name from Tam Wilkie, a fiddler who was once a renowned character of East Kilbride Parish in the 1800's, known for poaching and fishing in Calderwood Glen. The burn forms an archaic boundary between the old lands of Calderside and Calderwood, whilst the neighbouring burn to the north (Craigneith Burn) forms the parish boundary between East Kilbride Parish and High Blantyre Parish.

title: User:Calaterium


text:
Talk:barnstorm

Word history
Where did this word come from? I've also heard it used in reference to itinerant theater troupes that performed one-night engagements in rural areas. Which came first? Morganfitzp 02:04, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:barnstorm


text:
sociológico

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) sociological of or relating to sociology

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) sociological

title: sociológico


text:
Judaa 2

Judaa 2 is a 2014 studio album by Amrinder Gill. The album was composed by Dr Zeus and Bilal Saeed whereas lyrics were penned by Bilal Saeed, Jeet Salala, Bittu Cheema, Happy Raikoti, Alfaaz, Himat Jeet Singh and Charan Likhari. The album is sequel to a 2011 album Judaa by Gill and Zeus. The album was released on digital media on 24 January 2014.

Background
Amrinder Gill started selecting songs for the album in March 2013.

Reception
Song "Mera Deewanapan" topped the Asian Music Chart upon its release. Also, the song remained in the chart for over eight weeks. "Pendu" from the album also entered the chart. "Mera Deewanapan" and "Pendu" were also included in Apple Music 2010s Punjabi essentials playlist.

title: Judaa 2


text:
User:Arsalan78000

Movie haweli is a best way to download movies Hollywood Bollywood tollywood Netflix. This site has been published in 1st August in 2020 but I'm really satisfy for this website please support this website thanks.

title: User:Arsalan78000


text:
User:Arrowslinger1963

Arrowslinger1963 is the common online username of Perry Michael "Mike" Richey born in Anderson South Carolina  on January 15th 1963

title: User:Arrowslinger1963


text:
Talk:The First Cut is the Deepest (Sheryl Crow song)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 22:27, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * Support the name change to conform to policy.JohnnyBGood 01:01, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Support. The world is full of Sheryls, Sheryl Crow is just one of them. RossPatterson 02:11, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.


text:
renomination

Noun

 * 1) The act of renominating, of nominating again.
 * The renomination of the controversial candidate was not received well.

title: renomination


text:
Oz Karahan

Oz Karahan is a Cypriot political activist, columnist and current president of the Union of Cypriots.

Life and political career
Born in Istanbul, in 1990 to a father of Georgian, Armenian, and Turkish descent and a Turkish Cypriot mother, Oz Karahan moved to Famagusta when he was 15 years old. After his studies, he eventually moved to Larnaca, where the Turkish Cypriot part of his family originates from. During his formative years in Istanbul, he took part in the activities of the Turanist movements.

He graduated from Famagusta Namık Kemal High School. From a very young age, he joined and led a youth organization called Linobambaki, which was an active organisation during the 2011 Turkish Cypriot protests against Turkey. After completing his university studies in Anglo-American University, he became politically active in the United States, Sweden and Germany. During this time, was a member of the Communist Party USA in United States, as well as a member of the Communist Party in Sweden.

He was one of the founders of the World Union of Turkish-speaking Cypriots (WUTC), which fought against the Turkish occupation and the social and cultural oppression that Turkish Cypriots face in the occupied areas of Cyprus because of Turkey.

In 2019, he was nominated as an MEP candidate by the Jasmine Movement, and in 2024, he ran as a candidate under the Green Party of Cyprus in the European Parliament elections. He writes in his column “Gavur Imam” for the Avrupa newspaper.

title: Oz Karahan


text:
Petrovka, Klyuchevsky District, Altai Krai

Petrovka (Петровка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Novopoltavsky Selsoviet, Klyuchevsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 132 as of 2013. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Petrovka is located 28 km north of Klyuchi (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novopoltava is the nearest rural locality.


text:
Talk:Kano (city)

Shopping
The section that refers to "Shopping" seems more like an advertisement for a site than something information. I believe it should be removed or replaced with something more informative - IE, a listing of shopping centers. - Matthew D. (<IP_ADDRESS> 05:52, 2 December 2006 (UTC))

Population
You have to update your information.Kano has now taken Lagos,Its the most populous state in Nigeria with a population of over 9 million.check the recent census.
 * Are you sure? Picaroon (Talk) 00:41, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Do endeavour to update most of the information on this page.They are all out dated.for example Kano has population well over 9million but you it is writen 3million.Also in terms of land mass kano is far bigger than lagos but it is reported that Ibadan and Lagos is bigger than Kano.<IP_ADDRESS> 18:52, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Alright, I'll look for the census you speak of. If you have a link, please provide it. Picaroon (t) 19:13, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * A breakdown of the 2006 census data by LGAs has been published here. Though the figures are contested, I would rather trust the National Population Commission than the World Gazetteer. The NPC gives a population of 365.525 for Kano Municipal (including old Kano City). How many of the surrounding LGAs do we want to add to that? According to Mary Tiffen (Profile Of Demographic Change In The Kano-Maradi Region, 1960−2000, p. 12) municipal Kano is composed of three LGAs: Kano Municipal, Dala (418.777 in the 2006 Census) and Nasarawa (596.669). In addition to that she names (p. 7/8) two more LGAs as 'inner districts': Kumbosto (295.979) and Ungogo (369.657) and nine more as 'central districts': Gaya, Wudil, Dawakin Kudu, Dawakin Tofa, Gabasawa, Kura, Gezawa, Minjibir and Brinin Kudu (Jigawa State).
 * I've never been to Kano. According to a feature on Kano in the Daily Sun the city has a population of roughly half a million. Ankimai 18:05, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * First of all, to comment on the first comments in this section, why do people still mix up the state of Kano with the city of Kano? It happens so often that I am beginning to be pretty sure that this is the main reason for all the fuss every time about census results in Nigeria. The authorities say "Kano (...state) has more population than Lagos (...state)", the average guy on the street goes "Nooo, I have been to Kano (...city), Lagos (...city) is much bigger, they're lying!!", without considering the difference between the city and state.

 * Anyway, secondly, City Population and UN Demographic Yearbook 2004, excel-file put the population of Kano city at 2166554 inhabitants at the 1991 census. I am quite sure that this figure is for the continuous urban area, including some complete lga:s and parts of some other lga:s. In 1991, this was 37,29 % of the states total population, which would give about 3,5 million inhabitants if the 2006 census results was calculated by the same rate. So, I think the World Gazetter is just about right, even if this source sometimes isn't the best one as many of their population figures are calculated and not official. --Pjred 11:03, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

It is true that Kano is most populace State in Nigeria. Again the compusion is that there six Local Governments with the metroplitant, namely; Municipal, Dala, Nassarawa, Gwale, Tarauni and Fegge. These local governments were created out of the initial Kano municipal.

Furthermore, Kano State has heighest number of Local Governments, with 44 local governments. Please visit the wesite of the National Population Commission of Nigeria at www.population.gov.ng for further clarifications. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:31, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

World Book has Ibaban as the second largest city with 1,060,000 as of 2004. Maybe if the true population is sorted out someone can add to the article when it passed Ibaban. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:46, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

The New York Times published today that Kano city has a population of over 9 million, an utterly absurd number that they presumably got from this website. I don't know where the 9 million number came from, but according to Nigeria's 2006 census, the eight municipalities that make up Kano's metropolitan area combined have a population somewhat less than 3 million, and as anybody who has ever been to the city can attest 9 million is completely and unequivocally mistaken. The actual central city area isn't big enough even for 1 million, and there are hardly any buildings higher than 2 stories. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:16, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Kano green
Has anyone heard of a color used in Nigeria called "Kano green"--a medium/pastel green that is used to color traditional items? Nothing shows up on the Internet for this. Badagnani 05:40, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Links of use
Saving the following links here for my own use: http://books.google.com/books?id=QS70__aXJJcC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=dalla&source=web&ots=KBkyQjPKAD&sig=LhOXhA7cZ0RedwKYWJRqA-dFVzg#PPA61,M1

http://books.google.com/books?id=HwV2a-lPB70C&pg=PA107&dq=bagauda+kano&as_brr=3&ei=zO9IR_eXLZeUpwK62qHsBg&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=QGDsEuopZgGOTgEMLouwqX8CgQA

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0307-3114%28190801%2F06%2938%3C58%3ATKC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage

--Picaroon (t) 05:31, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Sokoto
The article speak about a fight with Sokoto in XVII century. This is wrong because Sokoto don't exist until next century. I assume that it can mean the kwararafa (instead).--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:14, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Population
The Population of kano city according to the 2006 census was shown to be above 3MILLION people.On the Kano article it is just above 300 000.How true is it.

Earlymen (talk) 05:51,9 September 2010 {UTC}

Education
Kano has been a center of learning and scholarship for many centuries. There should be a section on education stating the various scholars that the city produced, the oldest schools and universities, the relevance of the many Islamic institutions and their contributions in the development of Kano's community. I will start gathering some information on this with facts and sources. Other people with knowledge on this section should also contribute.Auwal87 (talk) 00:46, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

Economy
The "indigo dye "article notes that indigo dyeing was a major industry of Kano and the dye pits are still in use. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:29, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

Timeline of Kano
What is missing from the recently created city timeline article? Please add relevant content. Contributions welcome. Thank you. -- M2545 (talk) 15:21, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

Where do I count the emirs of Kano?
I made some fixes to come up with this:

>death of Alhaji Ado Bayero, the thirtienth emir of Kano Emirate, on Friday, 6 June 2014

HOWEVER, I don't know if "thirtieth" (30th) or "thirteenth" (13th) is intended. Can someone help? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:09, 30 June 2015 (UTC)

Sahel geography
The article says, Kano lies within the sahel, but the link to Sahel and the map there doesn't verify that. Should it be changed to: "within the reach" or "next to"? --Tschips (talk) 13:48, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kano. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080211095115/http://www.afriquenligne.fr/news/daily-news/nigerian-city-of-kano-plans-it-park-2007110410666/ to http://www.afriquenligne.fr/news/daily-news/nigerian-city-of-kano-plans-it-park-2007110410666/

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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Kano (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 21:18, 3 July 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 19 July 2021

The result of the move request was: not moved. Andrewa (talk) 19:57, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

Kano (city) → Kano, Kano – The current title contradicts WP:PLACEDAB, which states that when (disambiguation) tags are required for places in (...) Nigeria, (...) use the name of the state (...) if the place lies within a single such entity. See related discussion at Talk:Kano. 162 etc. (talk) 15:56, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

•    Pinging the editors who participated in Talk:Kano. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:19, 19 July 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose like Cork (city) and Lincoln, England to avoid the tautological disambiguation the present title is far clearer than the proposed one, PLACEDAB also says for Argentina "except province capitals that are named like the province" so it seems reasonable also to apply that for Nigeria.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:25, 19 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The current title is more clear. Agree with Crouch, Swale about adding an exception to PLACEDAB for Nigerian capitals of states with the same name as the state. Vpab15 (talk) 20:35, 19 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose, but not strongly. Kano (city) is clear, and Kano, Kano is rather confusing. --Bduke (talk) 04:49, 20 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. For the same reason we don't have Lincoln, Lincolnshire or Worcester, Worcestershire. It just looks weird. -- Necrothesp (talk) 07:14, 20 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose Kano, Kano is too awkward to consider. User:力 (power~enwiki, π,  ν ) 03:35, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

Sufism in Kano
Sufism among Kano Islamic teachers <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:06, 9 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kano (city)


text:
Howard Hinton (art patron)

Howard Hinton (10 November 1866 – 23 January 1948) was an Australian art patron and benefactor. A thwarted artist due to shortsightedness, he visited many of the great galleries of Europe in his youth. At age 24 he migrated to Australia and quickly associated with leading artists of the Heidelberg School and the bohemian artists' camps around Sydney Harbour in the 1890s. He built a successful career in shipping and, along with a family inheritance, used his moderate wealth to support waves of Australian artists in the first half of the twentieth century. Through extensive donations to the Art Gallery of New South Wales and particularly the Armidale Teachers' College he became one of the greatest benefactors in Australian art history.

Early life
Born in Croydon, Surrey, November 10, 1866 Hinton's early schooling was at Mr Hester's school, Margate, and Mr Southee's school, Ramsgate, before he attended Whitgift Grammar School, South Croydon, until fifth form in 1883. His passion for art developed at an early age. As a youth he took parentally-financed vacations with his brother to some of the great galleries of Europe. He even attended art classes at Continental schools, but acute near-sightedness frustrated any hope of becoming an artist himself.

Howard's father, Thomas, was a commission merchant, a broker trading for marginal returns. Howard was given early experience in this trade which was to be the basis for his future career. As a young man Hinton was rather plump, pink, short-sighted, wearing very thick optical lenses, diffident in manner, shy, and he "only really dropped his guard with his closest friends."

Migration to Australia and business career
Hinton sailed to Australia on board the Torridon departing London in 1890 at the age of twenty three. Through the shipping agent Dangar, Gedye & Co. he gained employment with merchant agents W. & A. McArthur Ltd. in Sydney.

Employed in shipping, Hinton took the opportunity to combine business and travel. He journeyed widely through the Pacific in the 1890s on several vessels. On an 1898 trip he met and stayed with the New Zealand artist Charles Goldie before travelling on to Rarotonga and Tahiti. Then, in 1904, his firm gave him charge of a speculative venture to take a refurbished steamer, the Macquarie, to the Far East carrying wheat, wool, oats and paying passengers to Yokohama during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. When the war ended abruptly Hinton shrewdly used the Macquarie to trade in Asian waters. Sixty-two pages of diary entries and four photographic albums give detailed record of these exotic years: trading, sightseeing and dining between ports in Japan, China, Hong Kong and Vietnam. He finally sold the Macquarie for more than double the firm's required price and returned to Sydney via Manila and German New Guinea in 1906.

When his firm was reconstituted in 1908 as the McArthur Shipping & Agency Co. Ltd., Hinton remained with the company, thus spending his entire working life in Australia with the one business, rising to directorship in 1916 and enjoying moderate wealth. At the age of 61 in 1928 he retired and set out on an extended stay in England and Europe including visits to many art galleries and studios. Though he corresponded frequently he did not return to Australia till 1931.

Lifestyle and involvement with arts
Immediately after migrating to Australia in 1890 Hinton made friends with artists including Julian Ashton, Livingston Hopkins, Tom Roberts, Albert Henry Fullwood, Vic Mann and Arthur Streeton. He was a frequent visitor to and sometime inhabitant of several of the artists' camps set up on the foreshores of Sydney harbour, and began buying paintings. His art purchasing was predominantly based in Sydney, on Sydney exhibitions, galleries and studios.

He boarded with the Sabiel family at Glenmire in Stanley Street in nearby Balmoral for ten years. Following his two years trading in Asia, he returned to Glenmire then lived with the Sabiels at other addresses on Sydney's north shore for most of the next fifteen years. In 1919 Hinton and the Sabiels took rooms for a period in Hazelhurst, an upmarket boarding house in Murdoch Street Cremorne, and in 1920 Hinton became a permanent boarder there, living the life of a bachelor in a serviced room till his death in 1948. Laundry, starched shirts and meals were provided with his board. He ate a traditional breakfast, dressed for a three-course dinner – sometimes with invited guests – and usually took lunch in town, often at the Millions Club in Rowe Street which still exists as The Sydney Club. He frequently wore spats and always carried a walking stick. He was quiet, courteous and self-effacing, but also exceedingly generous, giving paintings to friends and presents to Hazelhurst staff, all of whom he remembered in his will.

Besides diarising his travels, Hinton was an active correspondent and dabbled in occasional verse, both with humour and gentle wit. He was a firm Anglican and a loyalist. At the time of World War I he was twice refused enlistment in the AIF because of his poor eyesight. However, he "gave freely of his money during this war and also in World War II when he divided his funds on the strict basis of a quarter for buying paintings from needy young artists and three quarters for the R.A.A.F. and A.I.F. Comforts Funds." He rarely spoke of his charitable works but examples are known, from helping unemployed youths to buying beds for a youth hostel in Narrabeen, and buying paintings from artists struggling in the Great Depression.

Patron and benefactor of Australian art
From his Sydney base Hinton continued to support artists, for example assisting Elioth Gruner with overseas travel and assisting the widow and family of deceased young artist J J Hilder. He visited artists' studios and was a familiar figure at galleries, openings and showrooms. He used his wealth to acquire their work despite having little display or storage space in his boarding-house room. He famously kept fewer than a dozen cherished works on the walls – and a similar number of Norman Lindsay watercolours and drawings in a metal trunk by his bed – whilst eventually giving in excess of 1,500 works to institutions. Norman Lindsay wrote that Hinton "worked hard at his business career only to acquire money to devote to art, spending nothing on himself", and Leon Gellert wrote that Hinton "never "donated" his gifts. They were transmitted – ever so gently, as though by sleight-of-hand."

By 1935 the Melbourne Age reported glowingly that "Mr. Howard Hinton's benefactions to the National Art Gallery and to the gallery at Armidale now amount in value to approximately £100,000. No man living in Australia during his lifetime has spent so much money among living artists and helped art along in the way it should go as this fine patron, concerning whose art appreciation and assistance to artists, as well as creating a love of fine art among his fellow men, too much cannot be said."

National Art Gallery of New South Wales
Hinton made his first gift of artworks to the Art Gallery of New South Wales (then the National Art Gallery of New South Wales) in 1914. He continued giving to the gallery and was made a trustee in 1919, a position he held till his death in 1948, by which time he had donated 122 pictures including important works by E. Phillips Fox, Elioth Gruner, George Lambert, Roberts and Streeton. During his retirement holiday to England and Europe in 1928 he purchased and forwarded several paintings as further donations to the gallery. However, as these were not Australian works and acquired without consultation, his fellow Trustees decided to defer acceptance. Hinton offered more European works in 1929, but was informed that any such paintings must be approved before being acquired for donation. It is speculated that Hinton fell out with his fellow Trustees over this issue, and that this led to him channeling his future donations towards a different institution – the Armidale Teachers' College – but in fact he continued as a Trustee of the Art Gallery of New South Wales and gave further (Australian) paintings which were accepted.

Armidale Teachers' College
These constrictions on his ability to donate works of his choice to the state gallery, however, did encourage him to look elsewhere. While still in England, he wrote his enquiry to the Minister of Education, David Drummond, who had ministerial responsibility for the gallery. Drummond was the NSW state member for Armidale and asked the Director of Education in New South Wales (NSW), S.H. Smith, to write to Hinton suggesting the recently founded Armidale Teachers' College, the first teachers' college built outside the Sydney metropolitan area to train country teachers for country service, as a destination for his donations. Hinton agreed, and the Principal of the Teachers' College, C.B. Newling, wrote to him in London and "profusely accepted the donation." The first work received, Adrian Stokes' The Lock Gates, was hung in the Teachers' College while Hinton was still abroad. From 1931 paintings began to arrive regularly at the college, including those by the European artists declined by the National Art Gallery of New South Wales. Hinton visited the Armidale institution in 1932 and was feted by students and staff. In 1933 he dispatched six separate crates containing 51 works including landmark paintings such as Tom Roberts' Mosman's Bay. In that year he also presented a Declaration of Trust through the Crown Solicitor to the Armidale Teachers' College, formally stating the terms of his continuing gift. In appreciation of his benefactions, the 1933 student session presented to the college a bronze bust of Hinton by Rayner Hoff. Similarly, the 1935-6 session commissioned a Hinton portrait by Norman Carter.

Hinton's donations were not housed in a single gallery of the teacher's college, but hung and displayed throughout the institution's halls, foyer, common rooms and classrooms, so that the college's young teacher trainees would have daily exposure to fine contemporary art.

Hinton made eight more visits to the Teachers' College in the ensuing years, and formed a close relationship with the first Principal, C.B. Newling, with whom he kept up written correspondence. He also commissioned and gave two themed stained glass windows by Norman Carter to the college – Wisdom in 1935, and Sport in 1937. Following his example, other donors added works to the Howard Hinton Collection.

Hinton clearly derived pleasure from buying and giving art, and articulated his motives in 1947:

"My object was to provide a complete collection illustrating the development of Australian art from 1880 onwards, and my action in making the gift to the Armidale Teachers' College was prompted by my great interest in Australian education ..." His beliefs were in keeping with the view of art as a means of inculcating civilising values.

Hinton has been described by Arthur Streeton and Norman Lindsay as one of Australia's great art benefactors alongside Alfred Felton, David Scott Mitchell and Sir Baldwin Spencer. By the end of his life in 1948 he had donated over a thousand works to the Teachers' College in Armidale representing the work of hundreds of Australian artists including Arthur Streeton, Tom Roberts, Nora Heysen, Hans Heysen, Elioth Gruner, Margaret Preston, William Dobell, Adrian Feint, Ethel Spowers, Roy De Maistre, Thea Proctor, Lloyd Rees, and the Lindsay family. Barry Pearce, former head curator of Australian Art at the Art Gallery of New South Wales described the Hinton donation as including "many magnificent Australian landscapes by a range of major and minor artists ... crowned by such masterpieces as Arthur Streeton's Morning Sketch (aka McMahon's Point Ferry) 1890 and Near Streeton's camp at Sirius Cove, 1892 and, the jewel in the crown, Mosman's Bay, 1894 by Tom Roberts."

A complete list of works donated to both the Art Gallery of New South Wales and the Armidale Teachers' College was published in 1951. The Hinton donations included his valuable collections of art books, memorabilia, historical documents, journals and catalogues, largely incorporated into the NERAM library, and the Howard Hinton Archive.

New England Regional Art Museum (NERAM)
In 1971 the Armidale Teachers' College became a College of Advanced Education and began offering a range of courses beyond teaching. By the 1970s it was evident that the valuable and significant works donated by Hinton required levels of secure housing, curatorship, preservation and environmental management not available within the open doors and corridors of a public college. The Armidale community began a long-term fundraising effort to build a dedicated museum, and with matching grants from the NSW State government the New England Regional Art Museum (NERAM) was formally opened by the Premier of NSW, the Honourable Neville Wran QC, on 26 March 1983.

Hinton Collection
NERAM now houses the Hinton Collection and in February 2018 a permanent exhibition, Hinton: Treasures of Australian art (https://www.hinton.neram.com.au/the-collection), featuring over a hundred and thirty of the most iconic works from the collection, was opened in the museum's East Gallery by former Director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Edmund Capon. Works remain on display for limited periods at a time to avoid damage from extended exposure.

Death
Howard Hinton died of severe pneumonia, heart failure, and the ravages of Parkinson's disease on 23 January 1948. He was cremated with Anglican rites after a funeral service at his church, St James, King Street, Sydney.

Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions

 * Made a Trustee of the Art Gallery of NSW, served 1919–1948.
 * In recognition of his benefactions, in 1927 the gallery's trustees commissioned his portrait by George Lambert.
 * In 1932 he was presented with a gold medal by the Society of Artists, Sydney, for his services to Australian art.
 * The 1933 student session of the Armidale Teachers' College presented to the college a bronze bust of Hinton by Rayner Hoff.
 * The 1935-6 session of the Armidale Teachers' College commissioned a portrait of Hinton by Norman Carter.
 * In 1935 he was awarded an Order of the British Empire.
 * A Memorial Volume to Howard Hinton, Patron of Art was published after his death, praising his benefactions and listing individually the works given to both the Art Gallery of NSW and the Armidale Teachers' College.
 * North Sydney Council established a plaque commemorating the site of Hinton's boarding house residence Hazelhurst as part of its Heritage Plaques Walk 4: Military Road to Cremorne Point.

title: Howard Hinton (art patron)


text:
Talk:Patricia Velásquez

Untitled
Mind blowingly HOT in the Mummy, best scene in the movie is her in body paint! —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:03, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Have you a reliable source for your statement, or is it merely original research? Hmmmmm?
 * Remember that this is not a fan site, but a discussion space for points relating to the WP article. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 22:18, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

Patricia Velásquez had relationships with some men in her life. If you check her wikipedia page in spanish, you can see that she is bisexual. Best Regards

Birthplace?
The Early Life section states that the woman was born in Maracaibo, Venezuela while the little info box states that she was born in Zulia, Venezuela. According to their WP articles, these places are related geographically as Zulia is a state in Venezuela and Maracaibo is it's capital. So, was she born somewhere in the state of Zulia or specifically in Maracaibo? Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 22:30, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

Daughter
Shouldn’t it be noted that the Maya is the daughter of her ex Lauren? The source states that she was the one who gave birth to Maya, not Patricia. Anasaitis (talk) 22:23, 26 June 2018 (UTC)

Prospective boyfriend
You are my dream girl. I would worship you. I build power lines. Call me.<PHONE_NUMBER>. Larry. 😁 2600:1012:B1CE:5F1D:7DFD:3269:46B9:1BD3 (talk) 03:44, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

Proposed Changes

 * Specific text to be added or removed:

Veronica87654321 (talk) 23:00, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Reason for the change: Add information of her philanthropic initiatives, as she is working on those more than acting and modelling these days.
 * References supporting change: https://time.com/collection/davos-2024-ideas-of-the-year/6551978/patricia-velasquez-wayuu-migration-aid/
 * Encoded   Talk 💬 22:09, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patricia Velásquez


text:
Free Alternative

Free Alternative (Alternativa Libera, AL) was a political party in Italy, originally including left-wing, centrist, and right-wing elements. The party was formed in January 2015 by splinters of the Five Star Movement.

History
The party was launched in January 2015 by ten deputies who had left (or had been expelled from) the Five Star Movement (M5S), a populist party which had come first in the 2013 general election, over disagreements with Beppe Grillo's and Gianroberto Casaleggio's leadership. According to AL's leader, Walter Rizzetto, at its foundation, the party counted also on seven senators (possibly including Italy Work in Progress and the X Movement), but the notion was never confirmed by the Senate's website and other news sources. Besides Rizzetto, the other main leader of the party was Massimo Artini.

In April 2015, Gessica Rostellato, one of the party's ten deputies, left in order to join the Democratic Party  and, a few days later, was replaced by Toni Matarrelli, a splinter from Left Ecology Freedom, in the group.

As of mid-July 2015, the party looked divided between its left-wing, led by Artini, whose members had been crescently involved in a dialogue with Giuseppe Civati and were pondering over joining his Possible party, and its right-wing, led by Rizzetto, a conservative liberal, who had been building bridges with Lega Nord and the Brothers of Italy (FdI) instead.

In November 2015 the majority of the party (including six deputies: Artini, Matarrelli, Marco Baldassarre, Eleonora Bechis, Samuele Segoni and Tancredi Turco) joined forces with Possible and formed a joint sub-group within the Mixed Group of the Chamber. This caused the split of four deputies (Rizzetto, Sebastiano Barbanti, Mara Mucci and Aris Prodani). Shortly after, Matarrelli directly joined Possible. Through 2016 Rizzetto would join the Brothers of Italy, Barbanti the Democratic Party, and Mucci the Civics and Innovators (a split from Civic Choice), while Prodani continued to sit as an independent.

In March 2017 AL was established as a full-fledged party, with Artini spokesperson and Claudio Pizzuto president. Contextually, it severed its ties with Possible (which would form a joint group with Italian Left),   while strengthening the ties with the group led by Federico Pizzarotti, mayor of Parma and M5S dissident too. In the 2017 municipal election in Parma Pizzarotti won 34.8% of the vote and his "Effect Parma" list, supported by AL and Possible, 34.6%.

On 15 February 2019 it was announced that the party would merge into Italia in Comune, another party formed by M5S splinters, under the leadership of Federico Pizzarotti.

Leadership

 * Spokesperson: Massimo Artini (2017–2019)
 * President: Claudio Pizzuto (2017–2019)

title: Free Alternative


text:
Index of articles related to Mexican Americans

A Mexican American (mexicano-estadounidenses or mexicanoamericanos) is a resident of the United States who is of Mexican descent. Mexican American-related topics include the following:

0-9

 * 1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry
 * 1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized
 * 1917 Bath riots
 * 1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike
 * 1994 California Proposition 187
 * 2nd Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Infantry
 * 2006 Harris County, Texas hate crime assault
 * 2019 El Paso shooting

A

 * Abolish ICE
 * Alianza Federal de Mercedes
 * Always Running
 * American GI Forum
 * American-Mexican Claims Commission
 * Anti-Mexican sentiment
 * Arizona SB 1070
 * Asco (art collective)
 * August 29th Movement
 * Aztlán

B

 * Balmy Alley
 * Barrioization
 * Battle of Chavez Ravine
 * Beaner
 * Bernal v. Fainter
 * Bisbee Deportation
 * Black-brown unity
 * Blaxican
 * Bless Me, Ultima
 * Bloody Christmas (1951)
 * Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
 * Borderlands Theater
 * Botiller v. Dominguez
 * Bracero program
 * Bracero Selection Process
 * Brown Berets
 * Brown-eyed soul
 * Brown, Not White
 * Burrito

C

 * Caballero
 * California agricultural strikes of 1933
 * California Joint Immigration Committee
 * Californio
 * Caló (Chicano)
 * Cantaloupe strike of 1928
 * Católicos por La Raza
 * Center for Mexican American Studies at Arlington
 * Centro Cultural de la Raza
 * Cesar Chavez Day
 * Cesar Chavez (film)
 * Chicana Rights Project
 * Chicana/o studies
 * Chicano
 * Chicano English
 * Chicana feminism
 * Chicanafuturism
 * Chicanismo
 * Chicana art
 * Chicano art movement
 * Chicano Blowouts
 * Chicano films
 * Chicano literature
 * Chicano Moratorium
 * Chicano Movement
 * Chicano nationalism
 * Chicano poetry
 * Chicano Park
 * Chicano rock
 * Chicano rap
 * Cholo (subculture)
 * Church in the Barrio
 * Colegio César Chávez
 * Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional
 * Community Service Organization
 * Conferencia de Mujeres por la Raza
 * Coyolxauhqui imperative
 * Cuisine of the Southwestern United States
 * Culture Clash (performance troupe)

D

 * Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
 * Delano grape strike
 * Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California
 * Desert Blood
 * Dirty Girls Social Club

E

 * East L.A. walkouts
 * East Los Streetscapers
 * El Congreso de Pueblos de Habla Española
 * El Malcriado
 * El Teatro Campesino
 * Emplumada
 * Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
 * Estrada Courts
 * Estrada Courts murals

F

 * Flores-Figueroa v. United States
 * Frito Bandito
 * From This Wicked Patch of Dust

G

 * Gadsden Purchase
 * Galería de la Raza
 * Gentefied
 * George Lopez (TV series)
 * Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album
 * Greaser Act
 * Greaser (derogatory)
 * Great American Boycott
 * Great Wall of Los Angeles
 * Gregorio Cortez
 * Gringo justice

H

 * Hector P. Garcia
 * Hernandez v. Texas
 * Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
 * Hispanos of New Mexico
 * History of Mexican Americans
 * History of Mexican Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth
 * History of Mexican Americans in Houston
 * History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles
 * History of Mexican Americans in Metro Detroit
 * History of Mexican Americans in Texas
 * History of Mexican Americans in Tucson
 * Huelga schools (Houston)
 * House on Mango Street

I

 * I Am Joaquin
 * Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
 * Indigenous Mexican Americans

J

 * Josefa Segovia
 * Jovita Idar
 * Juan Crow
 * Julian Castro 2020 presidential campaign
 * Justice for Janitors

K

 * Killing of Adam Toledo

L

 * La Matanza (1910–1920)
 * La Prensa
 * La Raza
 * Las Adelitas de Aztlán
 * Las Gorras Blancas
 * League of United Latin American Citizens
 * League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
 * Leal Garcia v. Texas
 * Lemon Grove Incident
 * List of Chicano poets
 * List of Chicano rappers
 * List of Mexican Americans
 * List of Mexican-American communities
 * List of Mexican-American political organizations
 * List of Mexican-American writers
 * List of New Mexico Territory Civil War units
 * Little School of the 400
 * Living Up the Street
 * Los Four
 * Los Seis de Boulder
 * Los Siete de la Raza
 * Lowrider
 * Lowrider bicycle

M

 * Madrigal v. Quilligan
 * Mala Noche
 * MANA, A National Latina Organization
 * Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race
 * March 2006 LAUSD student walkouts
 * MEChA
 * Medellín v. Texas
 * Mendez v. Westminster
 * Mexican Americans
 * Mexican fiestas in the United States
 * Mexicantown, Detroit
 * Mexican American bibliography
 * Mexican-American cuisine
 * Mexican-American Education Council
 * Mexican-American folklore
 * Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund
 * Mexican American Legislative Caucus
 * Mexican-American middle class
 * Mexican American Odyssey
 * Mexican American Political Association
 * Mexican American professionals
 * Mexican American Studies Department Programs, Tucson Unified School District
 * Mexican–American War
 * Mexican American Youth Organization
 * Mexicans in Omaha, Nebraska
 * Mexicans in Chicago
 * Mexican muralism
 * Mexican Repatriation
 * Mexican Texas
 * Mexican WhiteBoy
 * Missionary Catechists of Divine Providence
 * Moment of Silence (poem)
 * Mujeres Muralistas
 * Murder of Gabriel Fernandez
 * Murder of Joe Campos Torres
 * Murder of Santos Rodriguez
 * Murder of Selena
 * Murders of Raul and Brisenia Flores
 * Mutualista

N

 * Nahui Ollin
 * National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies
 * National Mexican-American Anti-Defamation Committee
 * National Museum of Mexican Art
 * Nepantla
 * New Mexican cuisine
 * New Mexico music
 * New tribalism

O

 * Olvera Street
 * Operation Wetback

P

 * Pachucas
 * Pachuco
 * PADRES
 * Paño
 * PCUN
 * Pensamiento Serpentino
 * Perez v. Brownell
 * Perez v. Sharp
 * Pilsen Historic District
 * Pinto (subculture)
 * Plan de Santa Bárbara
 * Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
 * Plan of San Diego
 * Plyler v. Doe
 * Political Association of Spanish-Speaking Organizations
 * Porvenir massacre (1918)
 * Precita Eyes
 * Proposition 187
 * Punjabi Mexican Americans

Q

 * Quinto Sol

R

 * Rain God
 * Rasquachismo
 * Raza Unida Party
 * Reconquista (Mexico)
 * Revolt of the Cockroach People
 * Royal Chicano Air Force

S

 * Salt of the Earth
 * San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
 * San Elizario Salt War
 * Second Ward, Houston
 * Self Help Graphics & Art
 * Sí se puede
 * Shooting of Alex Nieto
 * Shooting of Andy Lopez
 * Skull art
 * Sleepy Lagoon murder
 * Society of Mexican American Engineers and Scientists
 * So Far from God
 * Sonoratown, Los Angeles
 * Southern California drywall strike
 * Spanglish
 * Speedy Gonzales
 * Spiritual activism
 * SVREP

T

 * Teatro Campesino
 * Tejano music
 * Tex-Mex
 * The Moths
 * This Bridge Called My Back
 * Tortilla art
 * Traditionalist Mexican-American Catholic Church
 * Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

U

 * UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center
 * Under the Feet of Jesus
 * United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America
 * United Farm Workers
 * United States v. Brignoni-Ponce

V

 * Vergüenza (social concept)
 * Viva Kennedy Campaign

W

 * Who Would Have Thought It?

X

 * Xicanx

Y

 * ...y no se lo tragó la tierra
 * Youth control complex

Z

 * Zoot suit
 * Zoot Suit Riots


text:
uitvoeren

Verb

 * 1) to execute, carry out; perform
 * 2) to output
 * 3) to export
 * 1) to output
 * 2) to export
 * 1) to export
 * 1) to export
 * 1) to export
 * 1) to export

title: uitvoeren


text:
User:ImJustHereSoIWontGetFined/sandbox

Definition
Negative evidence in language acquisition consists of evidence that demonstrates which grammatical constructions in a language are ungrammatical. Furthermore, Saxton (1997) asserts that negative evidence supplies the " correct adult model" for novice speakers to avoid future grammatical mishaps. Negative evidence corrections, in whatever form they appear, necessarily follow immediately after an incorrect, often ungrammatical, utterance. Note that although parent often understand their children, and these production mistakes aren't usually egregious enough for the parent to not be able to correct it, negative evidence deals with the conventional standards of grammar in a language and the correct model of grammar structures, not communicative ones.

Direct negative evidence differs from indirect negative evidence in that it is is explicitly presented to a language learner (for example, a child might be corrected by a parent) whereas indirect negative evidence is inferred from the absence of ungrammatical utterances in a given language. Though it is generally agreed that there is positive evidence (i.e. evidence that demonstrates grammatical linguistic constructions) in the language input, there is a dearth of direct negative evidence in the general language learner input since most native or veteran speakers produce grammatical as opposed to ungrammatical speech.

"No Negative Evidence" Problem
One of the difficulties surrounding language acquisition is that the language input is not rich enough for children to develop a correct grammar, otherwise referred to as the argument of the poverty of the stimulus. This is a commonly held position by nativists, who believe that there are innate mechanisms which facilitate language learning. The central idea of the poverty of the stimulus argument is that children could have multiple hypotheses about aspects of their grammar which are distinguishable only by direct negative evidence (or by hearing ungrammatical sentences and recognizing those sentences as ungrammatical). Supporters of the poverty of the stimulus argument then assert that because the negative evidence that is needed to learn language by the input alone does not exist, children cannot learn certain aspects of grammar from the input alone, and there must be some aspects of grammar which involve innate mechanisms.

The view that there is "no negative evidence" in the input is held by a number of researchers in the field of language acquisition who assert that if children are to learn language, then they must be able to learn language by solely examining the positive evidence that they do receive from the input since there is not enough negative evidence to be useful for language learning. Some propose that direct negative evidence would be necessary for children to develop a fully formed grammar, so it has also often been argued that children cannot learn a language by only receiving positive evidence, and that therefore there must be innate constraints on their biology which would allow them to learn language.

Examples of Direct Negative Evidence
Implicit negative evidence is a type of corrective feedback in which parental responses to a child's incorrect statements is indicative of the utterance's ungrammaticality. It is argued that there is a shortage of explicit direct negative evidence in the general input of learners. However, others have conducted studies that demonstrate that there is suitable implicit direct negative evidence present in parental responses to their children. There have been a number of studies regarding this type of evidence in which researchers have demonstrated that parents do respond differently when children utter grammatical or ungrammatical utterances.

There are a number of applications of implicit direct negative evidence which parents utilize in responses to ungrammatical - not necessarily incorrect or unintelligible - utterances. Parents intend to correct their children with these corrective techniques. Recasts are one such kind of evidence, in which a parent "expands, deletes, permutes, or otherwise changes [a child's utterance] while maintaining significant overlap in meaning." Sometimes parents recast children's sentences after children produce ungrammatical utterances, and some believe that children use this evidence to correct mistakes in their grammar, even though recasts can also occur after children construct grammatical utterances. One theory for why the children even react to the negative feed back is that they trust the grammar judgements of adults - given adults are older and more experienced with language, their word choice must be credible and that intended meaning children want to convey has to follow the language constraints imposed by those adults .Experiments have been conducted which have demonstrated that children improve in grammatical forms when parents provide them with any type of immediate implicit direct negative evidence, including recasts, which supports some scholars' claims that direct negative evidence does have an assocaible presence in learner's grammar. Similar studies have been conducted demonstrating that when parents recast children's morphological errors, children sometimes attempt to correct their initial errors. Such conclusions have received some as many such studies do not specify which types of utterances qualify as recasts and why children only pay attention to certain kinds of recasts and not others.

Chouinard conducted a follow up study in which she examined how children respond to parental reformulation (a type of negative evidence in which parents correct an ungrammatical utterance of a child), and she found that children are highly attentive to parental responses and that children respond to this kind of implicit correction in predictable ways. It is argued that parents frequently reformulate children's ungrammatical utterances, usually in an effort to clarify the child's meaning, though not all of the reformulations are intended to correct children's speech errors, such as cases where parents expand a child's utterance to seek additional information. Reformulations are in direct contrast to the child-utterance, which contained an error. The correction takes place in the same location as the error, thus providing the child with evidence for where they made an error. It is the presence of the reformulations as well as the high percentage of correct parental speech that allows children to learn. Children tend to directly respond to these reformulations by either affirming the reformulation or disagreeing with their parent if the parent misunderstood the child's intended meaning. As Levine's study demonstrates that children attend to even parental responses which are non-corrective, other researchers have also conducted studies that demonstrate that children do not need feedback which corrects grammatical errors in order to learn.

Arguments Against Implicit Direct Negative Evidence
Though there have been a number of studies that support the hypothesis that children can use the implicit negative evidence that exists in the input, there have also been studies which stand in stark contrast to this hypothesis. Some linguists, such as Gary Marcus, argue that the implicit negative evidence in the input is insufficient for children to learn the correct grammar of their language. Marcus and others, such as Hendriks  and Baker , believe negative evidence is a weak form of evidence because children gradually learn from a limited corpus of correct or incorrect utterances that is grammatical or ungrammatical, which undermines the import of direct negative evidence to begin with. Children do not receive negative reactions for each of their negative utterances. There isn't enough of a correlation between negative evidence from parents to the occurrence of ungrammatical utterances from their children for infant learners to be able to base grammatically on negative evidence, as has been concluded in previous corpus studies.

Positive evidence from a parent can immediately be assumed to be grammatical, yet not every parents will correct every child error and some children may even benefit from fewer constraints, which diminishes the necessity of direct negative evidence. In spite of the inconsistencies of the negative evidence in the input, all children eventually arrive at a correct grammar which supports the fact that the negative evidence cannot account for a child's ability to learn a grammar since not all children receive the same negative evidence. To the contrary, Marcus states that the more positive evidence for irregular forms a child is exposed to the less likely they are to overgeneralize grammatical concepts. He explains this as a function of an inherent mechanism and the child can suppress the grammatical rule in cases where it does not apply. Finally, Marcus argues that a child can easily acquire grammatical rules, but cannot receive direct feedback from a parent in every case to determine where irregularities occur, thus making implicit negative evidence practically useless for a language learner.

title: User:ImJustHereSoIWontGetFined/sandbox


text:
Ozyornoye, Kulundinsky District, Altai Krai

Ozyornoye (Озёрное) is a rural locality (a selo) in Semyonovsky Selsoviet, Kulundinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 12 as of 2013. There is 1 street.

Geography
Ozyornoye is located 32 km southeast of Kulunda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Semyonovka is the nearest rural locality.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Help desk/Archives/2015 February 2

= February 2 =

01:35:44, 2 February 2015 review of submission by KatherineHong
01:35:44, 2 February 2015 review of submission by KatherineHong

My page for Dr. Christine Warnke, a local DC politician and humanitarian was denied and I would like to know what I can do to get it accepted. KatherineHong (talk) 01:35, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

- I don't agree with the declined rationale, but your submission was lacking good references to prove that everything Dr Warnke has done is true, or at least verifiable. I have added a brief mention of a named appointment in The Washington Post and an award from the University of Maryland and passed the submission, but I have also added a blp refimprove tag, which means additional sources for the other information (ideally from newspaper, books or academia) are required. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  15:56, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Request on 14:49:11, 2 February 2015 for assistance on AfC submission by FuturEnergy
Hello. I need to create a Wikipedia page for a European project our company is part of - 'OptiWind'. The content I used for the article was text from the OptiWind main website that described the project, along with information regarding the particpants. I don't believe it should have flagged a copywrite issue?

Can someone provide me with the relevant text that the editors had an issue with?

Has the page I created been deleted or is it available somewhere to edit it if I need to?

Thanks

Stuart

Update: I have found the log that describes the copy-write issue for deletion. It is the fact that I used the text from the OptiWind website in the article. As the text is about the project, and the website is owned by the project does it really infringe copy-write when I am looking to create a Wikipedia page for the project and I am a member of the project that owns the original website?

FuturEnergy (talk) 14:49, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

PAGE''' ]]) 20:35, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia assumes that any text published on the web, unless it specifically states otherwise, is under copyright. If you would like to use text from a website owned by your company, please see WP:Donating copyrighted material. However, even if the copyright issues are resolved, most text written on companies' websites is not appropriate for Wikipedia, as it is often not written in the proper tone and is too promotional sounding. You are much better off trying to write things in your own words. --Ahecht ([[User_talk:Ahecht|'''TALK

17:41:46, 2 February 2015 review of submission by IRighter
After rejection I added a few more references. Are they suitable? I can some more for the applicable artists section on the page if that is where it was deemed not proof worthy.

IRighter (talk) 17:41, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The new references look like press releases. To show notability we need writings from independent reliable sources. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:23, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

18:23:32, 2 February 2015 review of submission by <IP_ADDRESS>
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:23, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

PAGE''' ]]) 20:39, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * What is your question? I cannot find any drafts that you have worked on from the <IP_ADDRESS> IP address. --Ahecht ([[User_talk:Ahecht|'''TALK

21:05:52, 2 February 2015 review of submission by Cappella
Apologies but I appear to have two Logins: one under the user name Efunex - which I wish to delete; the other with the name Cappella - which I wish to keep. I got myself into a tangle trying making the same submission to both. How do I markup a line return, I can't find the symbol for it?

Please reply to REDACTED - please don't post personal emails, use the Talk page system.

Cappella (talk) 21:05, 2 February 2015 (UTC) Cappella (talk) 21:05, 2 February 2015 (UTC) . This is not encouraged, and there will be other ways to format like tables and lists. A good kind of unnumbered list to use starts each line with * Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:31, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If you want to delete the submission, log on with that logon, and add to the pages you created and want gone. Draft:Molly Whittington-Egan looks to be the one. But what I have done is merged the two together, you can see the earlier version at https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Molly_Whittington-Egan&oldid=635437589 . Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:31, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * To put in a blank line put in two carriage returns. But just to start on the next line you can use

21:33:39, 2 February 2015 review of submission by Daytodayebay
Bryncyn in my opinion is notable house in Welsh Countryside and has been mentioned on several notable sources. It will be good to know how many more notable citings are required ? Daytodayebay (talk) 21:33, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * THe decline reason was bad. I hope that you did not copy the text from one of your books.  If you did then rewrite it.  It is is a wrong style for Wikipedia, but I have accepted it. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 22:02, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Hi Graeme, Thanks for accepting this and I wrote this article. Thanks, — Preceding unsigned comment added by Daytodayebay (talk • contribs) 09:25, 4 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Red Armenian Army (militant organization)

The Red Armenian Army (RAA), also known as the Armenian Red Army, was a small militant organization, which organized a single unsuccessful attack against the Turkish Consul General, Kemalettin Demirer, on 1 July 1982 in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The group used a gun in the assassination attempt.

The Armenian Red Army has not claimed any attacks in over two decades and is presumed to be disbanded and inactive.


text:
User:NachoDork~enwikiversity

There are two reasons that I am named NachoDork.

 * I love Nachos.

 * I am a dork.

title: User:NachoDork~enwikiversity


text:
Talk:Nuclear winter/Archive index

Report generated based on a request from Talk:Nuclear winter. It matches the following masks: Talk:Nuclear winter/Archive <#>, Talk:Nuclear winter.

title: Talk:Nuclear winter/Archive index