text:
Talk:Hackintosh

Illegal project?
Why on Earth would someone want to run that inferior desktop anyway? Mind boggles ... —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:45, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Isn't it illegal as per Apple Mac OS X license agreement to run the OS on anything but an Apple computer? "This License allows you to install and use one copy of the Apple Software on a single Apple-labeled computer at a time" - Refer. Nowhere on the article is it mentioned that the project is illegal. -- Artagnon 14:49, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. The project is illegal, but considering there is no sum you could pay Apple for a copy of the latest version of OS X, as long as you buy a number of Apple products as time progresses, the endeavor is relatively moral.  Apple is placing undue restrictions on the consumer.

 * Who the FUCK removed my comment from October 25, 2007?? I'm reposting it, you bitch had better leave it there, whoever you are, or I'll hunt you down and shame you publicly:
 * "Illegal but relatively moral" == bullshit. It's illegal, period.--Contributions/<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:00, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * ? How does that make the statement wrong? It still says it's illegal. mike4ty4 (talk) 06:23, 3 August 2008 (UTC)
 * There's no such thing as 'undue restrictions' - they can restrict what they like, and sell software with whatever terms they like, so long as they're upfront about it (and, some might add, so long as they're not abusing a monopoly position, but it gets a little complex there...) But I agree, so long as you buy a decent number of Apple products, it's relatively moral (some just buy a copy of OS X and then throw it away). Hippo X 16:34, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Depends on where. In the US, it is illegal. However, the restriction is in the EULA, and they are not considered binding in many jurisdictions around the world. -- int19h 11:24, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Note that there are two issues here. It may be against the EULA. Whether the EULA is an enforceable contract varies from country to country and depends on many factors. But even if the EULA is an enforceable contract it doesn't mean that violating is illegal. Apple could sue you perhaps but it wouldn't necessarily be illegal. While the law in a number of countries (US, UK, Australia and NZ at least AFAIK) makes it illegal even for end users to violate copyright (so for example running a pirated copy of OS X or Vista is illegal in these countries) it's unclear whether doing this would fall into such a category. Nil Einne 20:10, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
 * and the next question partially answers the question Nil Einne 20:20, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The legality of running Apple's software on non-Apple hardware has not been decided in a court of law, so anyone claiming anything either way doesn't know what they're talking about. Apple can claim that my first born child belongs to them in their EULA, but that doesn't make it legal. More specifically, their claim that an end-user can only make one backup copy is laughably ridiculous, and would never hold up. My personal opinion is that it's equally ridiculous for Apple to claim they can restrict what hardware I can run my legally-purchased software on, but again, nothing has been decided in the courts. On the other hand, certainly the patched complete distributions of Apple's software is illegal. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nairebis (talk • contribs) 23:35, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

The license says "This License allows you to install and use one copy of the Apple Software on a single Apple-labeled computer at a time." Since the purpose of OSX86 is installing the software on non-"Apple-labeled computers," and the License does not prohibit this action, it seems to me that this project does not violate the license. It also seems to me that such a draconian measure, if it were properly phrased, may be questionably legal under Fair Use and similar laws anyway. -- Adam KatzΔtalk  19:02, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

As many have pointed out before, it allows you to use on an "Apple labeled" computer. Since it was not worded as "Apple manufactured" slapping an apple sticker on the computer would comply with the TOS. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:48, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Or you could gut one the old Mac G4 towers cluttering up your basement, put in an Intel motherboard and CPU, and you'd have an Apple-labeled computer. thx1138 (talk) 18:58, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

(remove indent)As I stated in the article itself on Feb 17, 2006 in a ZDNet article called "DMCA axes sites discussing Mac OS for PCs" Tom Krazit stated "The company used a Trusted Platform Module, or TPM, to tie Mac OS to the systems it distributed to developers after announcing its switch to Intel's chips last year, but hackers have found ways to circumvent that protection, which is illegal under the DMCA." So there you have it. Nothing about Apple's EULA but rather a Federal Law! Amit Singn in the December 2007 MacOS X Internals article ""TPM DRM" In Mac OS X: A Myth That Won't Die" claimed it was actually the System Management Controller (SMC) chip that was used but again bypassing that chip would also be a violation of the DMCA.--BruceGrubb (talk) 08:48, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

IMPORTANT NOTE: Judge Alsup's November 13, 2009 summery verdict against Psystar on DMCA grounds indicates that this project is illegal as the DMCA clearly states "No person shall manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof, that— (A) is primarily designed or produced for the purpose of circumventing a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title;"--BruceGrubb (talk) 06:22, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

If you have the software, you have the software. Apple can't write laws. The threat isn't supported by law, thus being irrelevant. They won't support OS X if you run it on a PC, but OS X is practically indestructible, so you shouldn't care. Jakeraymin13 (talk) 18:44, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

Kernel vs. processor
Has anyone considered comparing the benefits of various kernel versions with certain processors? This is something other sites have failed to do, and would be thoroughly useful for any OSX86 user. It is also of historical value if the judgment of OSX86 depends on how close one can get to approximating a fully functional MacOS setup on other hardware. (i.e. graphics acceleration, power management, sleep modes, multiple cores, 64-bit, NX bit, VT, etc.)

Too many advertisements in External Links.
Actions should be taken. Vincent Pun  talk 11:06, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You take them. We are not here to deal with your suggestions.  Get off the beat. Yesitsnot (talk) 04:53, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

Add a section
Add a section called "Legality of OSx86" —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:05, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Jargon Cleanup
Theres a bit too much jargon parts of it would be hard to understand for any one not completley familiar with this end of technology. For example the article discusses missing SSE3 instructions in early releases, what does that entail? What doesn't work because of missing SSE3 instructions ? that sort of thing. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:51, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

A Spam Block On A User May Be Needed
This user, <IP_ADDRESS>, may need to be blocked. The user repeatedly inserts a link to a practically content-free ad revenue site. The link is disguised with an OSx86 title. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:06, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, its gone on long enough. I'll try to look into contacting the admin folks about it. – ɜɿøɾɪɹℲ ( тɐʟк • ¢ ʘ и†ʀ¡ β s ) 20:28, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I've warned him and if he keeps it up, I'll post it on the admin noticeboard. – ɜɿøɾɪɹℲ ( тɐʟк • ¢ ʘ и†ʀ¡ β s ) 20:37, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

hacker ezine
hackintosh was also the name of a '90s mac/hacker oriented ezine. it was distributed as one of those self reading document apps iirc. it's where the alt.hackintosh newsgroup came from. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:37, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

deadmoo image?
no where does it mention the deadmoo iso image, which is in some places more popular than jas or other install dvds, although it is noted that deadmoo is distributed post-install as a vmware set, and a tiger.img file which is the hard drive image of the installation. (I personally used installed it to my harddrive via the linux dd command after reading other's success of using it). I just feel that it deserves to be mentioned in this article.

and all you mac fanatics out there who don't like your system being reduced to just expensive hardware, deal with it, os x is just proprietary unix anyway. (reference, my own dissecting of OS X on my own pc on top of my computer science major :)) . <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:43, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Hacker alias name dropping
Folks, this is an encyclopedia and it has a reputation to loose. So please let us not (mis-) use it for dropping hacker's alias names. Build up an osx86 fan site, post your community stories there and WP might link to it. Thanks. --Edoe2 (talk) 15:17, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

boot-132
hey wikians,

I think everyone has noticed that this page has become quite aged and stale. I think there is a lot of unnecessary jargon (as already noted) but more importantly a lack of recent developments being discussed. I've just finished up taking the time to write about the recent boot-132 method of installing Leopard and am about to apply my edits.

Best regards!

Mrdoomino (talk) 00:21, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Given Judge Alsup's summery judgment I think this article is effectively dead for the reason I laid out in the intro. Wikipedia frowns on copyright violations and Alsup has upheld Apple's position that its locking of its OS to Apple hardware is protected by the DMCA.  Until the details are thrashed out I think it wise to err on the side of caution.--BruceGrubb (talk) 17:21, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

NighTalon —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:03, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Current Mac clones may not be legal and for the most part are not notable and therefore should not be listed
Given the Apple vs Psystar case ruled that Apple's methods of linking MacOS X to Apple hardware was protected under the DMCA any Mac clone is on very shaky legal ground. Also with the exception of Psystar none of them are that notable.--BruceGrubb (talk) 20:16, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * If the articles exist, I think we should link to the articles there. It is not our job to censor info, and something as simple as mentioning the companies is probably not illegal. We also have an article on ThePirateBay, a website that encourages copyright infringment, and it's OK for us to talk about that. --SF007 (talk) 11:17, 21 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I tried that argument in the Christ Myth Theory page with John Remsburg and it didn't fly. If it didn't fly there then why should what is effectively the same argument fly here espcially as I had references shows that Remsburg was used in the argument? Besides of the three only Psystar was the only truly notable one and they have effectively stopped being a Mac clone maker.  The Bison article is up for deletion and nothing seems to have been mentioned on PearC in nearly a year.--BruceGrubb (talk) 16:01, 25 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with SF007 here. Wikipedia is not censored. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:00, 27 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not about giving free advertisement or violating others copyrights either.  The Bizon Computers article has been deleted for lack of notability, PearC has a "may not meet the general notability guideline" tag and likely will also be soon on the chopping block as well.  If these companies cannot keep their own articles do to lack of notability then why even bother mentioning them other than to make them notable?  Newsflash here: Wikipedia does censor things that are not notable as proven by the removal of the Bizon Computers article.--BruceGrubb (talk) 00:49, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Goatse
This build was used as a way to distribute goatse. There was a hoax that the build was available, but in fact, the materials spread goatse. It was widely spread. Yesitsnot (talk) 04:58, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Which build? Where's the evidence? -- Hoary (talk) 10:34, 27 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I know a guy who knows a guy who got goatse from that. Yesitsnot (talk) 19:26, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Would not matter. Not notable enough for inclusion in this article. Ethelred Cyning (talk) 13:15, 31 December 2011 (UTC)

regarding EFiX module which boot Mac OS X Snow Leopard and Mac OS X 10.5
EFiX is confirmed to use real EFi implementation, but not emulation and is not based on any OSX86 project known till today. Test way i used to confirm this: I booted with EFiX V1.1 under Mac OS X Snow Leopard (10.6) and extracted via terminal so called ioreg "ioreg -lw0 > destination.txt"

Then i booted with seveal hackintosh solutions (Chameleon and other)and extracted also ioreg too, then i boot same OS and same revision of OS of course under Mac Pro and Mac Book Pro.

The Ioreg tables between EFiX and real Mac hardware are almost identical, in my opinion and according to the content of ioreg, which you can easy extract by your own, you will find that sometimes Mac OS X 10.6 booted with help of EFiX show better ioreg-log's than on a real apple hardware. How this guys this do, is not clear to me and for this article not relevant. When you compair ioreg log's finally to any hackintosh, then you will very fast discover that most of values are incorrect, missing, improper or invalid. If you would pay attention to details and structure, then you will see that hackintosh compaired to EFiX or real Mac hardware missing a lot of functionality which can be reached with help of real EFi implementation only and will be not possible to archive with boot132 due its serious limitations. Comparation to Psystars released booting way resulted that they were using strong modified Chameleon, OSX86 project also. Some of bugs are clearly taken direct from Chameleon and Netkas hacking solutions.

Hope helps to clarify about EFiX for this article, but in fact i would contact EFiX developers, ASEM (www.art-studios.net) with questions, they will, so i believe, give by far better explanations to their products... —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:51, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

"Illegal Macintosh cloning"
Does Wikipedia let Apple Inc. write its articles now? The title of this page is a joke and it should be changed back to Hackintosh or OSx86. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:47, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

I'm inclined to agree – this seems to violate NPOV and cloning cloning Mackintoshes is not illegal everywhere. I think "Macintosh Cloning" or "Hackintosh" is less biased. Jonathan Williams (talk) 14:58, 1 September 2015 (UTC)

 * No, Wikipedia provides the technical means to User:Proud User to make such a change (here). I have reverted it. (See also the section below.) -- Hoary (talk) 23:54, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 1 September 2015

The result of the move request was: moved back to the original title, OSx86. Clearly there was a consensus against the move to "Illegal Macintosh cloning". No prejudice against a new discussion with something like Hackintosh as the proposed title. Jenks24 (talk) 09:17, 9 September 2015 (UTC)

Illegal Macintosh cloning → Macintosh Cloning – per Article_titles. Additionally, this is clearly not illegal in all jurisdictions worldwide and there are questions about the enforceability of EULAs. Jonathan Williams (talk) 15:05, 1 September 2015 (UTC)

Explanatory comment: For a few days only, this article was titled "Illegal Macintosh cloning". Jonathan Williams started this "requested move" thread during this period. (The article's current title, "OSx86", is as it was before it became "Illegal Macintosh cloning".) -- Hoary (talk) 01:25, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Support move from 'illegal', but not to 'cloning' 'clone' is too close to 'Starmax' etc. Suggest Hackintosh, or OSX86 or OSX86 computers. These are the names actually used by the people who do or want to know about these things.Pincrete (talk) 18:44, 2 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Clarification, 'Illegal etc' is truly terrible in every way, inaccurate, unhelpful, and judgmental. 'Cloning' is too easily confused with its well established use for a previous generation of licensed, Mac compatibles (which are a seperate subject, it isn't simply the legal/illegal element). Pincrete (talk) 08:55, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

 * support but to OSX86, which is more specific than Macintosh cloning, less slangy than Hackintosh, and otherwise non-judgemental/non-POV. Plus as the name before the recent undiscussed move it should be the default if there is no consensus in this discussion.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 19:08, 2 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Support "OSx86" is too spicific. Not every attemt to run Mac OS on a Windows machine is part of the OSx86 project. Needs a more general name, or even be merged with the already existing article about Macintosh cloning. I wouldn't recomend calling it "Hackintosh" because that name is extremely unencyclopedic and informal.--Proud User (talk) 00:08, 3 September 2015 (UTC)
 * The 1990-ish 'clones' are a different subject, and couldn't really merge. This article, I believe, is specifically about 'OSx86' rather than other ways of running Mac on PC, though virtualisation is mentioned. I think 'OSx86', (rather than OSx86 project), is sufficiently broad. Though if someone could come up with a better title?Pincrete (talk) 08:55, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose this is not about cloning Macintoshes, it is about doing so on the x86 variant using standard PC hardware. There have been many efforts to clone the 68k and PPC Macs, which has nothing to do with the content of this article. And indeed, there were licensed clones at the end of the 68k era under Sculley, before Jobs returned to Apple. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:36, 3 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment Doesn't "OSx86" specifically refer the "The OSx86 Project", or is it a generic name for Hackintoshes? If the former, then I'd prefer "Hackintosh" as the title. I think either are equally "slangy", and without a commonly used formal name I don't think this is a good reason to not use such a word as the title of an article. (Also, while I'm not aware of any m68k or PPC hackintoshes, if there were that would be another good reason to prefer Hackintosh over OSx86.) —Ruud 14:37, 3 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I think that it was the change to Intel processors that made hack-cloning possible, there were of course the legal 'clones' in PPC days, but other than that the only way to run Mac systems on PCs was virtualization software, mostly of what has come to be called OS9.0 or lower.Pincrete (talk) 20:16, 3 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Yeah, while the RS/6000 was at some point intended to run classic Mac OS, this plan was abandoned and I doubt the firmware was compatible enough for anyone to ever get vanilla Mac OS (classic/X) to boot on such a machine. —Ruud 21:27, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Support but to Hackintosh, although a colloquial name this 1) doesn't refer to a particular implementation of running OSX on an non-Apple Intel computer 2) removes the value judgment 3) is not generally used to refer to unauthorized/unauthorized 68k/PPC Macintosh clones. Jonathan Williams (talk) 17:25, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

There may be some confusion with Macintosh Clone, open to better ideas. Jonathan Williams (talk) 15:21, 1 September 2015 (UTC)

 * This should either be merged with Macintosh clone, or be renamed to hackintosh to narrow the scope. Since the current article is mostly about running MacOS in non-Mac hardware, probably the latter. —Ruud 17:00, 2 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I think it should be renamed back to OSX86. I have a blown up Mac Mini whose hard disk still works. If I could put this in another box and run a EFI emulator and boot the drive, I am running seriously unsupported stuff, but I have still paid for OS X and am using it only on one computer at a time, in compliance with the licence. While I'm not a lawyer, there can be legitimate uses for trying to run OS X on non Apple hardware, just as an experiment. This is straightforward "hacking" in its original sense without any real intent to break any laws. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  17:09, 2 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Pings. Jonathan Williams, Pincrete and JohnBlackburne wrote comments above that assumed that the article had a title different from the title that it now has (because at that time it did have a different title). So I'm hereby pinging them in order to encourage them to look again at what they wrote, and to rethink the matter (and perhaps rephrase, or even decide differently) according to the changed circumstances. -- Hoary (talk) 07:06, 3 September 2015 (UTC) .......... PS And ditto for Ruud and User:Ritchie333. -- Hoary (talk) 07:09, 3 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment, very unhelpful to rename mid-discussion, people above (inc me) are responding to completely different proposals.Pincrete (talk) 08:58, 3 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment: I regret that you found very unhelpful my restoration of an article title that had been changed suddenly and unilaterally. Note that I pinged you, together with (I think and hope) every other person who'd commented before the re-renaming, in order to alert you to this second change of title. -- Hoary (talk) 10:11, 3 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't know whose 'fault' this is, I was only commenting that the effect, was to make it unclear what we had responded to. Your restore MAY make this discussion unnec. since 'Illegal' was (I think) the proposer's main concern.Pincrete (talk) 10:54, 3 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Hoary, please don't rename article while a discussion is in progress in the future. Even if a previous rename was "clearly wrong" and "unilateral", that doesn't offset the confusion that is created by moving an article in the middle of a discussion. —Ruud 14:32, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Retitled, twice
On 25 August, User:Proud User retitled this article, from "OSx86" to "Illegal Macintosh cloning", with the summary "More technical terminology". This was unilateral (and immediately followed another edit by Proud User resulting in "Illegal Macintosh cloning refers to collaborative hacking to run the OS X operating system on non-Apple personal computers with x86 architecture on x86-64 processors").

If Proud User wishes to have the article titled "Illegal Macintosh cloning", then he/she should argue for this on this talk page, and get agreement for it on this talk page. (I suspect that this would be a difficult task.) Any further retitling (moving) of this page without first obtaining agreement over the space of at least one week would be merely disruptive and time-wasting. -- Hoary (talk) 23:54, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Illegal Mac cloning existed long before Macs ran on x86s. That title makes no sense, there is a complete lack of any acknowledgement that Macs existed before they ran on x86s in the renames. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:38, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

 * User:<IP_ADDRESS>, you seem to know more about this than me, what (illegal) cloning was done before the change to Intel? Or do you just mean virtualisation like 'Sheepshaver' etc.Pincrete (talk) 20:21, 3 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I am not the IP. Perhaps s/he meant Unitron? ("Although Unitron claimed to have legitimately reverse-engineered the ROMs and hardware ... Apple claimed the ROMs had simply been copied.") --SoledadKabocha (talk) 23:47, 3 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's one, I was also thinking about those add-in cards for various computers that people usually ended up cloning ROM chips to use on instead of ripping it out of a disued Mac. (same as how some early PCs had people cloning IBM BIOS ROMs instead of using third party ones) -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:32, 4 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Thankyou both for the answers. Pincrete (talk) 14:40, 4 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 3 external links on OSx86. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091016095831/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9590_22-146879.html to http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9590_22-146879.html
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090524052648/http://www.digitmemo.com/articles/734/howto-install-efi-patch-and-enable-vanilla-os-x-kernel-in-hackintosh/ to http://www.digitmemo.com/articles/734/howto-install-efi-patch-and-enable-vanilla-os-x-kernel-in-hackintosh/

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Requested move 21 January 2018

The result of the move request was: Moved. (non-admin closure) –Ammarpad (talk) 07:12, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

OSx86 → Hackintosh – OSx86 refers to a specific project while the page itself contains general information about installing macOS on non-Apple hardware. These systems are generally known as Hackintoshes. Ianmcxa (talk) 23:55, 20 January 2018 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:50, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

 * queried move request Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:56, 21 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Support Hackintosh is a more common and more generic term, and the article discusses more than just the OSx86 project. There may be reason to split the article into two articles, but I'm not interested in doing so myself.  As a side-note; this is a sub-page of Macintosh clone. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 02:02, 28 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Support: per WP:COMMONNAME. --Guy Macon (talk) 02:13, 28 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Support - The usage of a specific project violates WP:NPOVTITLE. - User:Axisixa [talk] [contribs] 02:22, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

Comparisons with GUIed Linux
Given that the Apples OS systems were developed out of UNIX, it may be useful to compare why some people prefer to run the apple systems over legal Linux distros. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:38, 19 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, the core of macOS is based on BSD (with Mach at the lower layers). However, UNIXes originally didn't have GUIs, and several window systems were built for it.  X11 eventually became the one used with most UNIXes, but NeXTSTEP was an exception, and that'ss where the macOS GUI, and a lot of its applications, came from.
 * So, while you can run UN*X tools on macOS or Linux with little difference (if any), and the command line interfaces are similar (modulo the differences between terminal emulators - and some commands), the GUI applications are very different, so it's not as if they're interchangeable experiences.
 * So it's pretty much "if you like macOS, but, for whatever reason, don't want to run it on a Mac, you go with a Hackintosh. If you prefer UN*X plus various non-macOS UN*X desktops to macOS, you go with Linux (or BSD or...).  If you just want a UN*X box with a bunch of terminal windows, you'd probably go with Linux (or BSD or...), unless there's something you like about macOS as a UN*X or you just enjoy the challenge of building a Hackintosh." Guy Harris (talk) 20:41, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hackintosh


text:
calendula

Etymology
From, diminutive of. See calends.

Noun

 * 1) Any plant of the genus Calendula, with yellow or orange flowers, often called marigolds.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: měsíček
 * Galician:
 * German: Calendula
 * Greek:
 * Japanese: キンセンカ, 金盞花
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: ,
 * Sicilian: carènnula
 * Swedish:
 * Ukrainian: кале́ндула, нагі́дки

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: calendula


text:
User:Teckid1991

I'm new to java and am learning it in High school this year. I'm also new to editing/creating wikipedia pages. I'm planing on contrubting to the java section of wikiversity. Thats pretty much it :)

title: User:Teckid1991


text:
Doghole River

The Doghole River is a river in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The river is part of the James Bay drainage basin. It flows from Doghole Lake, where the outlet is part of the Mishkeegogamang First Nation Osnaburgh Indian Reserve No. 63B, to the northeast shore of Lake St. Joseph; oddly, the mouth is not on Doghole Bay, adjacent to the east. Lake St. Joseph is the source of the Albany River, which flows to James Bay.

title: Doghole River


text:
Filmmaking Basics/Animated Storyboard/DAZ 3D Figures

Lesson

 * Lesson #009: Selecting the models for the animated version

The pages of this Lesson

 * Title Page
 * Page 1 - DAZ 3D figures → You are here!
 * Page 2 - Poser Figures
 * Page 3 - Koshini and Friends

Current Location

 * Wikiversity (English) $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Humanities $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Art and Design $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Fine Arts $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Film and Television $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Narrative Film Production $$\Leftrightarrow$$  Course #01 - Learning the Basics of Filmmaking $$\Leftrightarrow$$ WikiU Film School - Lesson #009: Selecting the models for the animated version $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Page 1 - DAZ 3D figures

Parental Warning: Possible Nudity.

Who DAZ ?
Zyogote (the father of DAZ 3D) created the models for Poser 3 and Poser 4.

DAZ has a free digital puppet animation program called "DAZ Studio".

DAZ has free figures for DAZ Studio.

Therefore, DAZ is a good place to start our search for digital puppets for the 3D storyboards and the animated movie.

Where DAZ
DAZ has two related website with various levels (mostly designed to confuse people, I think).

Start by looking at the main DAZ website at | www.daz3d.com. Notice the two links to the FREE DAZ Studio and the FREE versions of Michael and Victoria.

Download DAZ Studio
To start, download the DAZ Studio User Manual PDF (3.77 MB).

Then, if you wish and if you have lots of disk space and a very powerful computer, you can download DAZ Studio. Notice that there are both downloads for Hi-Bandwidth and Low-Bandwidth. About 70 MB. Notice that they have had over of 211,000 downloads.


text:
Koonung Creek

Koonung Creek (or Koonung Koonung Creek) is a small tributary of the Yarra River in Melbourne's east. The creek originates in Nunawading near Springvale Road, and flows to join the Yarra at the border between Ivanhoe East, Bulleen and Balwyn North. The place the two waterways meet forms the borders between these suburbs. Bushy Creek (now carried by an underground pipe) is a tributary to the creek, joining near Elgar Park in Mont Albert North. A shared use path follows the course of the creek (and therefore also the Freeway), known as the Koonung Creek Trail.

Melbourne Water rates the condition of the creek as 'Very Poor'. Also according to Melbourne Water, the river is the unhealthiest waterway in Melbourne. Melbourne Water's monitoring station for the creek at Bulleen Road in Bulleen, detected an average E. coli count of 1800, this is nine times the safe swimming level (200). This was the highest level of E. coli measured in all of metropolitan Melbourne's waterways. The poor condition of the creek has been evident from the earliest days of European settlement.

Five species of frog call the creek home, these are the Common Eastern Froglet, the Spotted Marsh Frog, the Striped Marsh Frog, the Eastern or Pobblebonk Frog and the Southern Brown or Ewing's Tree Frog. The Eastern Freeway follows the path of the creek within the band of parkland that adjoins the creek over its entire length.

Geography
The creek's headwaters meet near the borders of Nunawading and Donvale, 21 km east of Melbourne. From here, the creek flows in a roughly westerly direction for around 11 km, before reaching the Yarra River below the Yarra Flats in southern Bulleen. The creek is joined by various gullies and creeks, the most prominent of the tributaries include; St Clems Gully, Bushy Creek and Gawler/Lungren Gully.

Geographic Features

 * Boronia Grove Wetlands
 * Doncaster Hill
 * Other various wetlands & billabongs

Settlements
Approximately 80-90,000 people live in the creek's catchment area. Most settlements are extensions of suburban areas down the Koonung Creek Valley, with Doncaster and Balwyn North being notable exceptions. The settlements located along its course are listed below, from downstream to upstream;
 * Southern Bulleen - 5,000~
 * Balwyn North - 20,000
 * Bellvue
 * Greythorn

 * Doncaster - 18,000
 * Mont Albert North - 5,000
 * Box Hill North - 10,000
 * Kerrimuir

 * Southern Doncaster East - 7,500~
 * Blackburn North - 6,800
 * Southern Donvale - 2,000~
 * Northern Nunawading - 5,000~

Crossings

 * Freeway Golf Course Footbridge
 * Bulleen Road
 * Thompsons Road
 * Eastern Freeway
 * Doncaster Road (creek tunnel)
 * Elgar Park Footbridge
 * Elgar Road
 * Tram Road
 * Wetherby Road
 * Eastern Freeway
 * Boronia Grove Footbridges
 * Blackburn Road (creek tunnel, 1995)
 * Koonung Creek Park Footbridges
 * Springvale Road
 * Eastern Freeway

Other information
Koonung Creek lends its name to many things, including many local streets and roads;
 * Koonung Park, Blackburn North and the Koonung Park Tennis Centre
 * Koonung Road, Blackburn North
 * Koonung Creek Reserve
 * The Koonung Ward in the local government area of the City of Manningham
 * The Koonung Creek Trail
 * Koonung Secondary College
 * Koonung Heights Cricket Club

title: Koonung Creek


text:
Eddie Taubensee

Edward Kenneth Taubensee (born October 31, 1968) is an American former Major League Baseball catcher. Taubensee played for three different ballclubs during his career: the Cleveland Indians (1991, 2001), Houston Astros (1992-1994), and Cincinnati Reds (1994-2000).

He was originally drafted by the Cincinnati Reds in the 6th round of the June draft in 1986. The Oakland Athletics selected him in the Rule 5 Draft on December 3, 1990. He was claimed by the Cleveland Indians on April 4, 1991, and made his major league debut on May 18, 1991, with the Indians. He is well known for being traded along with Willie Blair from the Indians to the Astros in exchange for outfielder Kenny Lofton and infielder Dave Rhode on December 10, 1991, a trade that many consider to be one of the most lopsided moves made in the 1990s, as Lofton went on to have an excellent career, while Taubensee played less than three full seasons with the Astros before he was traded to the Reds On April 19, 1994, for Ross Powell and Marty Lister.

Taubensee had a solid season in 1995 with the Reds, and he had the last postseason hit (an NLCS 8th inning single vs. the Braves) the Reds would have until 2010. Taubensee's best season came in 1999 as a member of Cincinnati Reds, when he surprisingly became one of club's best hitters for a team which was a surprise contender and nearly made the playoffs (ultimately losing an extra regular season game to go to the wildcard game to the New York Mets). He would be traded back to the Indians on November 16, 2000, for Jim Brower and Robert Pugmire and would finish his career there playing his last game on October 8, 2001.

In 2017, Taubensee was named the hitting coach of the Augusta Greenjackets, a Class A affiliate of the San Francisco Giants in the South Atlantic League.

title: Eddie Taubensee


text:
Talk:David Jeffrey

Fair use rationale for Image:Djeffrey.jpg
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title: Talk:David Jeffrey


text:
Talk:Horn trio

Sort
Nice table, can we have it sortable by year and duration? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 21:14, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Done. Also sortable by whatever character comes first in the "publisher" column, which is probably of no use at all, as it is presently written. Sorting by duration is a little interesting, as well, since it is an alphanumeric sort from left to right. Perhaps some leading zeros should be inserted.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 01:42, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Leading zeros added. Timings sort correctly now.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 02:13, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Horn trio


text:
Talk:David Ruffley

Train incident
Of the sources currently available concerning Ruffley's near miss, only one is claiming that it's a suicide: The Sun, which is hardly the most reliable source available. Since this is a fairly serious allegation, our BLP policy applies. I have amended the text & resourced accordingly. --Ibn (talk) 14:18, 19 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The Mail says Suicide Tory felt humiliated by expenses revelations and the Independent aays Tory MP in apparent suicide attempt on rail line Racklever (talk) 06:14, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Presently this is the type of speculative journalism that WP:BLP requires us to keep out of the article, things may change but for the time being it should not be included in the article. Off2riorob (talk) 10:17, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree 100%. Kittybrewster  ☎  10:20, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Neither of the strings "specula*" nor "journali*" appear on WP:BLP; can you cite the specific section to which you refer please? Andy Mabbett (User: Pigsonthewing ); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 18:22, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * It could be libelous to say he attempted suicide. The news sources are drawing a conclusion that he "appears" to have committed suicide without stating facts sufficient to draw that conclusion. Making the bald assertion that he attempted suicide or appears to have attempted suicide could leave the project vulnerable to legal action, which is exactly what BLP exists to protect against. -Rrius (talk) 18:27, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, the mail actually quotes an eyewitness saying he jumped, so "apparent suicide attempt" seems reasonable. Unless he suddenly decided he and the train could occupy the same space at the same time, we're covered. -Rrius (talk) 18:29, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * And they report the Transport Police have rule out an accident. -Rrius (talk) 18:31, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * @Pigsonthewing: the string "gossip" appears on WP:BLP, as does "harm". Are any of the newspapers making the allegation in a position to state it as a fact?  Is the material, to quote the policy, "presented as true".  --Ibn 08:08, 21 June 2010 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk)
 * The only reference in BLP to gossip says: "Avoid repeating gossip. Ask yourself whether the source is reliable; whether the material is being presented as true; and whether, even if true, it is relevant to a disinterested article about the subject.". The sources given above are reliable; the information presented as true; and the information is relevant to a disinterested article about the subject. The only reference to harm (other then in reference to groups) is "the possibility of harm to living subjects must always be considered when exercising editorial judgement.". Given that the term "suicide attempt" is widely used in the press, no harm can be caused by using it here.  Andy Mabbett (User: Pigsonthewing ); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 16:47, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * We are advised to take a conservative approach not a tabloid titillating journalistic sales figures approach. what are the BBC calling it? Do we have a citable comment from the subject that it was a suicide attempt? Are the police treating it as a suicide attempt? Off2riorob (talk) 16:55, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I repeat: can you cite the specific section to which you refer please? Andy Mabbett (User: Pigsonthewing ); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 18:11, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

 * We do have a direct quote from a witness that he jumped and a report that the police have ruled out an accident. Short of suddenly believing you are Superman and can use super-strength to stop the train, there are not a lot of reasons to jump in front of it. Short of having even the slightest bit of evidence he lost his mind, it does appear he attempted to commit suicide from the evidence in the news sources, so passing on their conclusion that it is an apparent suicide would be within the bounds of BLP, especially if we recite the facts and say "which some new sources have referred to as an apparent suicide attempt". I don't care one way or the other whether it is added to the article, but it would not violate BLP to do so. -Rrius (talk) 18:12, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Is the quote from a named witness? -- (Ibn) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:22, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * What difference does the naming of an eyewitness make? -Rrius (talk) 20:29, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * It's the difference between someone standing up for their assessment of the situation, and someone who was made up by the news source.
 * If you're using a Daily Mail quote, then, frankly, it's open to doubt. If you're using the one of the broadsheets, then that's different. (Ibn) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:46, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Andy, we are commenting on content that is not in the article that some users want to add to this section http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ruffley#Train_incident Off2riorob (talk) 20:35, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I know that. I'm waiting for you to answer my question. Andy Mabbett (User: Pigsonthewing ); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 10:33, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

Who here wants to add the disputed content? User Rrius supports adding it and who else? User Rrius you want to add Suicide attempt, would you provide your desired addition and the citations here for discussion ~Off2riorob (talk) 20:36, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, you are quite wrong. Andy wants to add it. I specifically said I don't care whether we add it, but that we are covered from a BLP stance if we do. I said I don't care, but it would be more accurate to say I am ambivalent. On the one hand, it is sourced and noteworthy. On the other hand, personally, it just feels impertinent to say it this early. -Rrius (talk) 20:50, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, I haven't expressed a view one way or the other. I have, though, twice asked Off2riorob to cite the part of BLP which he claims supports his stance; and he has still not done so. I wonder why not? Andy Mabbett (User: Pigsonthewing ); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 10:33, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

So User:Rrius you don't care whether it is added or not but in your opinion there is no problem with adding it? If I am mistaken it is because I have looked at your comments such as .. so "apparent suicide attempt" seems reasonable. and this comment it does appear he attempted to commit suicide from the evidence in the news sources, so passing on their conclusion that it is an apparent suicide would be within the bounds of BLP, if I am mistaken it is through your comments, if you support adding something then please present your desired addition and supporting citations here, thanks. Off2riorob (talk) 20:56, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Rob, I think Rrius's comments were based on his reading of sources. And nothing else.  He's obviously not a scandal-monger. -- (Ibn) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:16, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * No, Rob, I said what I meant. BLP does not bar saying that it was "an apparent suicide attempt". Full stop. However, regardless of the fact that we could put it in, I am uncomfortable with doing so. The reason you are mistaken is because either didn't read or ignored me when I said, "I don't care one way or the other whether it is added to the article, but it would not violate BLP to do so," at 18:12 (UTC) today. -Rrius (talk) 21:58, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * You have always been a person that has supported, I have a citation and I can add whatever I want. This whole discussion is childish, get back to me if you make your mind up. Off2riorob (talk) 22:11, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Childish?—interesting, perhaps ironic, choice of words. You misrepresent my approach to adding verified information as you have done elsewhere, so I guess I shouldn't be surprised. It is clear that noteworthy, verified content should be included unless it is barred by a policy such as BLP or there is some compelling reason not to do; that is the basic idea behind contributing to Wikipedia, not just some silly notion I came up with. In any event, I have made up my mind. I am neutral on whether the information should be added, but I will continue to reject your attempts to hold information to an invented standard that is not reflected in what WP:BLP actually says. The policy makes clear that negative, but verified, information can and should be included in BLPs, but you continually try to read that part out. I've rejected that before, I reject it now, and I'll reject it in the future. -Rrius (talk) 22:26, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Childish yes this is not a school project. I don't know what your are disrupting this talkpage for when you say you don't care if the content is included or not, then what do you want here? Are you here as part of your dislike of me? I would request you don't disrupt BLP articles simply because of your dislike of me. Off2riorob (talk) 22:32, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * No one regards this as a school project and nothing in what I said calls for that bizarre and insulting response on your part.
 * I am not disrupting the talk page in any way shape or form. You have decided to make this about personalities and to engage in a discussion about our very different understandings (to put it neutrally) about BLP.
 * It is asinine to suggest that I can't counter bad arguments against a proposition just because I don't necessarily support it. I want each Wikipedia article to be the best it can be, and part of that is ensuring that decisions are made on the most reasonable basis. When I do take one side or other in a talk page discussion, I will explicitly take exception to on my side if I disagree with them. In any event, allowing your idiosyncratic view of BLP to find its way into the consensus at this article would work against calling an attempted suicide after a suitable interval has passed.
 * I have said before and I say again that I don't dislike you. I respect you as an editor even though I think you are wildly misguided in how you understand WP:BLP. If you don't like me, there's nothing I can do about that, but it doesn't change how I feel about you or whether I object to your personal standards for inclusion of material at articles. -Rrius (talk) 22:59, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * You can say you don't dislike me a hundred thousand times but you clearly do, all I ask is that you don't disrupt BLP articles in an attempt to make your point against me, whatever your point is. I also don't want your respect, please just stop your personal issues against me disrupting at BLP articles, like this one. You don't care either way about the content you are only here to dispute me. Please take me off your watchlist I am tired of your repeated, but rob I have a citation so I can add whatever I like. You have come here to this talkpage and only disputed with my attempt to keep the suicide claims out of the article and you don't even support its inclusion, weird, please stay away from me as much as possible. Off2riorob (talk) 23:26, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I am not disrupting anything, and I am not doing anything just to make a point. I disagree with your position, so I am saying so. And I will always do so. You have a weird interpretation of BLP, and there's nothing I can do about that. I stumbled upon this discussion because I read the news about him and wanted to learn more. If you go back and look, I originally argued against inclusion until I read the Mail article, so please stop acting as though this is anything personal about you.
 * In the end, if you think disagreeing with you is the same thing as not liking you, that is your problem, and there is nothing I can do about that either. -Rrius (talk) 03:51, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

Question
I didn't know what the question was, you are asking what part of BLP applies, present your desired addition and the citations you are supporting it with and I wll be able to comment on it. Off2riorob (talk) 10:43, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

My standards (for the addition of such disputable content) are high as Rrius will tell you, I don't support the addition of tabloid style titillation and speculation. I notice for example the BBC have not once mentioned this was a suicide bid. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/beds_bucks_and_herts/10357834.stm but the standards of journalistic reporting at the BBC are high like mine. The BBC also have the luxury of being sponsored and not having to titillate and dramatize to sell a product, as wikipedia also don't. Off2riorob (talk) 10:50, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

'''But please present your addition and the citations that support it and I will comment on it. If you feel it is policy compliant you are also free to insert it'''. Although I prefer it if you present it here first as there are three editors that have objected to the issue being included unless there were additional details and changes which there have not been. Off2riorob (talk) 10:52, 22 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Racklever's citations are already linked to above. The original edit by an IP contained the unimpeachable assertion that the Sun was reporting at as a suicide attempt; I don't know if there were any facts supporting that, so I don't know if that was worthy of inclusion. The edit also stated that the Times was reporting he jumped. Perhaps that, without characterisation of it as a suicide attempt or attempted suicide attempt, should be in the article if we can find a second source (which I don't think the Mail is; they seem to rely on the Times account). Andy Mabbett has not specified his proposed language.

 * FWIW, assuming that the IP who made the original edit was not one of the two who's spoken in favour of inclusion, so obviously supports it. I, as stated, will not take a position on adding "attempted suicide" or the like for the foreseeable future. By my count that's a dead-even split. -Rrius (talk) 11:23, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * It's not clear who you (Off2riorob) are addressing;, but I suppose it might be me. You have asserted that "this is the type of speculative journalism that WP:BLP requires us to keep out of the article" and "we are advised to take a conservative approach not a tabloid titillating journalistic sales figures approach". Please cite the part(s) of BLP which support those assertions. I don't need to present any hypothetical edit to you, for you to do that. Andy Mabbett (User: Pigsonthewing ); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 14:15, 22 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I am not here to discuss policy with you and that is not what this talkpage is for. I am here to defend this living person from contentious additions, if you have nothing you want to add then we have nothing to discuss here, if you want to discuss policy with me there is always your talkpage. Off2riorob (talk) 20:05, 23 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not asking you to "discuss policy with me", I'm asking you to substantiate the assertions you have made about how people may or may not edit this article. Andy Mabbett (User: Pigsonthewing ); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 21:30, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

Unsubstantiated assertions
Since Off2riorob either will not or cannot substantiate his assertions that "this is the type of speculative journalism that WP:BLP requires us to keep out of the article" and "we are advised to take a conservative approach not a tabloid titillating journalistic sales figures approach" I think we can ignore them; at least with regard to the issue addressed above, which is neither "speculative journalism" nor "a tabloid titillating journalistic sales figures approach". Andy Mabbett (User: Pigsonthewing ); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 14:26, 23 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I am here, what do you want to add to this article? Off2riorob (talk) 20:06, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:David Ruffley


text:
-ia

Etymology
From and, , which form abstract nouns of feminine gender.

Etymology 1
From and, , which form abstract nouns of feminine gender.

Suffix

 * 1) Used in forming names of countries, diseases, flowers, and rarely collections of things (such as militaria, deletia).

Etymology 2
From the endings of corresponding and  plural nouns.

Suffix

 * 1) Used in forming plurals of nouns in  and.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -ness; -ity; -y; -hood
 * 2) ; -ship
 * 3) ; -y;
 * 1) ; -y;
 * 1) ; -y;

Etymology 1
From, from.

Etymology 2
From and,.

Etymology 3
From and.

Suffix

 * 1)  -y forms abstract nouns from Latin or Greek roots

Etymology 4
From, an old *k-lative of.

Etymology 5
See.

Usage notes

 * Used in the same way as the standard : e.g. "high", standard.
 * Commonly associated with both Northern and Southern Ostrobothnian dialects, but also the predominant type in Peräpohja and southeastern (aka "Karelian") dialects.
 * This form was standard until the 19th century, when it was replaced by the current standard.

Etymology 1
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬.

Etymology 2
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Etymology
Borrowed from, , , /, all ultimately from , from ,.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -ia, -y
 * 2) ; -y, -cy,-ness, -ity, -hood
 * 3) ; -y
 * 1) ; -y, -cy,-ness, -ity, -hood
 * 2) ; -y
 * 1) ; -y
 * 1) ; -y
 * 1) ; -y
 * 1) ; -y
 * 1) ; -y

Usage notes

 * Note that the i of the suffix bears the stress.

Etymology 1
From.

Etymology 2
From, ultimately from the same source as above.

Etymology 1
Partially from, and , and so ultimately from. This suffix may also represent a substantivization of the feminine form of.

Suffix

 * affixed to participles:
 * affixed to adjectives:
 * affixed to nouns:
 * affixed to adjectives:
 * affixed to nouns:
 * affixed to adjectives:
 * affixed to nouns:
 * affixed to nouns:
 * affixed to nouns:
 * affixed to nouns:
 * affixed to nouns:
 * affixed to nouns:

Suffix

 * 1) a passive ending

Etymology
and/or. .

Suffix

 * 1) ; -ness; -ity; -y; -hood
 * 2)  ; -y;
 * 3) ; -ship
 * 4) ; -y;
 * 1) ; -ship
 * 2) ; -y;
 * 1) ; -y;
 * 1) ; -y;
 * 1) ; -y;

Etymology 2
, from (first person) and  (third person). Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology 3
Reduced form of, imperfect of.

Suffix

 * , usually applied to place names.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -y
 * 2) ; -y;
 * 1) ; -y;

Suffix

 * 1) for ,

title: -ia


text:
reconquistar

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to reconquer

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to reconquer to conquer again
 * 2) to regain something effortfully

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to reconquer

title: reconquistar


text:
Al Aflaj Governorate

Al-Aflaj Governorate is one of the 22 governorates of Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia, and its base is Layla city. Al-Aflaj is located more than 300 km away from the capital Riyadh, it has a number of agricultural villages on the mountain of Tuwayq (formerly Al-Arida mountain) from its eastern foot to the western edge.

Location
Al-Aflaj is located in Riyadh region with an area of 54,120 square km, a road passes through it that connects Riyadh (Saudi Arabia's Capital) to 'Asir region in the south and the base of Al-Aflaj (Layla city) 300 km away from Riyadh. In the north, there is Hotat Bani Tamim, Al-H̨arīq in the northwest, Al-Kharj in the northeast, Al-Quwaia in the west, As Sulayyil in the south and the eastern area in the east. It's located between 45.20 degree and 23.15 north of the equator, and between the Longitude 45.15 degree and 48.12 Latitude east of Greenwich.

Villages

 * Al-Badie north
 * Al-Badie south
 * Al-Hadar
 * Al-Ahmar
 * Wassit
 * Al-Ghayl
 * Setara
 * Harada
 * Sayh
 * Al-Fuwaydilah
 * Al-Amar
 * Al-Kharfa
 * Al-Rawdah
 * Al-Saghw
 * Al-Niyabah
 * Suwaydan
 * Al-Raziqia
 * Marwan
 * Al-Ajaliya
 * Al-Amar
 * Al-Juwayfa

title: Al Aflaj Governorate


text:
Talk:Dean Beckwith

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title: Talk:Dean Beckwith


text:
Talk:Dave Smith (footballer, born 1933)

profile pic
does anyone know how to put a profile pic in, this guy is my grandfather, and i tried putting a pic in, and couldn't work out how to do it. i know i could easily look it up and work it out, but i thought it might be easier if someone who knew what they were doing, did it instead. i'm also thinking of adding some more stuff to this page as its a bit small, the guy is awesome, and has done a hell of a lot in his life, and deserves a bigger page, but i suppose i feel that way cuz he's my grandfather. lol. but aye, if someone could please either tell me how to do it, and i'll find a decent pic thats no already online, or could do it for me, till i work out how to do it myself, that would be awesome. just cuz there are a few dave smiths on wikipedia associated with football, and it would be easier to tell them apart from the pics, instead of just having to rely on the birthdate, i suppose i could always ask him his middle name, and change his name to include it in the main title, i dont know. wait what am i on about, i know it, its bowman, doi, sorry, late nite, anyway, profile pic, me not know how, me caveman, me not know technologisticals, needs help me does.....ugg :) thanks.D0S81 (talk) 18:42, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Smith (footballer, born 1933)


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean

Countries

 * France
 * Greece
 * Cyprus
 * Israel
 * Italy
 * Malta
 * Turkey
 * Lebanon
 * Serbia
 * Syria
 * Spain
 * Dalmatia (Croatia)
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Egypt

Recipes

 * Shakshouka
 * Hummus
 * Mediterranean Beef Stew
 * Wild Spinach and Lemon Salad
 * Algerian Couscous

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean


text:
Tuure

Etymology
Probably from, , from , borrowed via from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  tower

Proper noun

 * , a castle in, Switzerland.

Etymology
From /, short for  names beginning with.

title: Tuure


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bihanga (disambiguation)

The result was speedy keep. Nomination withdrawn. (non-admin closure) Tracy Von Doom (talk) 11:13, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

Bihanga (disambiguation)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Unneeded per WP:Disambiguation, as there's only one Bihanga here. A or  hatnote at Bihanga and Bihangal would suffice, and we don't add terms to a disambiguation page for which a reference is needed for verification, as is the case with "bird" here. Tracy Von Doom (talk) 06:01, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Disambiguations-related deletion discussions. Tracy Von Doom (talk) 06:01, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep. I've added (and deleted) enough entries to make it a viable dab page. Clarityfiend (talk) 07:46, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Nomination withdrawn - wow, you certainly have. Nice work Clarityfiend, thank you. Next time I'll hunt more carefully before taking a dab to AFD. Tracy Von Doom (talk) 09:30, 21 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Cookbook talk:No-Bake Chocolate Chip Cookie Pie

This recipe was featured on the cookbook page from April 7, 2004 - April 18, 2004. Gentgeen

Please define terms. What are "graham crackers"? PML.

Can we get a picture of this? Sugarpine 02:55, 15 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
Hudson Jet

The Hudson Jet is a compact-sized automobile produced by the Hudson Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan, during the 1953 and 1954 model years. The Jet was the automaker's response to the popular Nash Rambler.

The costs of developing and marketing the Jet, along with the fierce competition from the domestic "Big Three" automakers, ultimately led to Hudson's merger with Nash to establish the American Motors Corporation in 1954.

Background

The U.S. automakers were unsure about the post-World War II economy, and even Chevrolet and Ford made plans to develop economical, small-sized models. The devastation in Europe and Asia contrasted with the pent-up consumer market in the U.S. The Hudson Motor Car Company was one of several independent firms competing with the much larger "Big Three" U.S. automakers (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler) that produced mainly "standard" large-sized models. Their conventional cars were successively getting larger and more expensive.

Sensing opportunities in a market segment not served by the "Big Three", a few independent automakers attempted to make inexpensive compact-sided cars. However, these pre-World War II attempts were unsuccessful because of "awkward styling, anemic performance, and poor distribution". Offering consumers lower prices and economy, Nash launched the compact Rambler in April 1950, and Kaiser rolled out the small Henry J in September 1950. These cars were successful when measured by the expectations of their companies since total sales of the two models exceeded 150,000 units by 1951. This amounted to 3% of the total U.S. market, but the Rambler and Henry J were in a market segment that was ignored by the "Big Three" automakers.

Hudson had limited financial resources, and the relative successes of the Rambler and Henry J compact carss signaled a market segment having an opportunity. Therefore, Hudson's management decided to develop a compact model. This meant not taking the option to refurbish its full-size cars or developing a V8 engine, which was becoming popular. Development of the new Hudson compact car involved numerous compromises between the engineering and design staff, the conservative views of Hudson's president, and even the influence of the top-selling Hudson dealership. The resulting Hudson Jet compact included exclusive engineering that included a roomy, comfortable, and solid welded unibody featuring excellent performance for the era, good fuel economy, and low-cost maintenance.

The Jet was introduced in the middle of the 1953 model year and achieved some success in the now crowded compact segment. However, Hudson could not have foreseen the dramatic decline in overall compact car sales during the 1952 through 1954 period, which included three competitive makes. As a result, they could only produce a little more than 20,000 units for the 1953 model year. It was a car with no real vices, but effectively destroyed the Hudson Motor Car Company. Consequently, the company was forced to merge with Nash-Kelvinator, forming American Motors Corporation (AMC), because of the losses resulting from the Jet project along with the falling sales of Hudson's senior line.

Development
The 1950 Fiat 1400 sedan was the source of inspiration for the new small Hudson car. Early clay models of Hudson's new compact car carried the name "Bee" in keeping with the automaker's Wasp and Hornet models.

From the beginning, Hudson's president, A.E. Barit, who was 63 years old in 1953, hampered the Jet project. He disregarded the suggestions of the company's stylists and other advisors. For example, Barit insisted that the compact-sized Jet offer full-size car amenities. While designers attempted to form a car that was lower, wider, and proportionally sleeker to the dimensions of a small compact auto, Barit would not back away from features such as chair-high seating for passengers and a "tall" greenhouse with a roofline that would allow riders to wear hats while in the car. Barit also decided that the Jet's rear design incorporates a high rear fender and a small round taillight design to imitate the Oldsmobile. The car's design was further changed to accommodate the personal likes of Chicago, Illinois Hudson dealer Jim Moran, whose dealership became the number one sales outlet for Hudson, accounting for about 5% of Hudson's total production. Moran fancied the 1952 Ford's wrap-around rear window and roofline. Consequently, Barit ordered a similar design for the Jet. The final result was that the Jet's styling closely mimicked the larger 1952 Ford in many respects.

The strong unitized Monobuilt bodies for the Jet were produced by the Murray Corporation of America of Detroit. One of the reasons for outsourcing the production of bodies "was that Murray agreed to amortize the tooling costs over the production run, reducing the upfront investment," making the Jet possible because Hudson did not have enough resources to pay for the tooling costs. However, the complicated agreement with Murray included a cost-sharing that increased the prices Hudson had to charge for the Jet. For example, the 1953 base price was $1858 for the Jet while a Ford charged $1,734 for a full-size car and an equivalent Chevrolet was only $1,613.

The new small car was powered by Hudson's new inline L-head 202 CID straight-six engine that produced 104 hp at 4000 rpm and 158 lb.ft of torque at 1600 rpm. The 202 CID engine was a re-engineered version of Hudson's 1932 "3x4.5" 254 CID I8, less two cylinders, de-stroked, and configured for full-pressure lubrication. The new I6 engine featured a forged steel crankshaft and shared with the I8 cast aluminum pistons with iron rings as well as floating connecting rods and solid lifters. It continued the flathead design at a time when the rest of the industry was moving to overhead valves.

Early Studebaker body development mule vehicles suffered damage because the engine produced so much torque. A "Twin-H power" version with two 1-bbl downdraft carburetors, aluminum cylinder head, and 8.0:1 compression ratio producing 114 hp was optional. This was more power than available then from the standard Ford, Chevrolet, or Plymouth engines.

A manual three-speed column-shifted transmission was standard, with an optional overdrive unit featuring a dashboard-mounted control knob. It could be pushed in at any speed, and briefly releasing the accelerator pedal at speeds above 22 mph would automatically engage the overdrive unit. Slowing the car below 18 mph would shift out of overdrive. Pulling the control knob locked out the overdrive and free-wheeling, which was necessary when on steep grades, in heavy traffic, or encountering slippery road conditions. Optional was the four-speed Hydramatic supplied by General Motors, which was the first time Hudson offered a fully automatic transmission in its cars.

1953
The Hudson Jet was unveiled in December 1952 at the Hotel Astor in New York City. Hudson was the only make fully committed to stock car racing, so both the founder of NASCAR, Bill France, Sr., and Hudson driver, Tim Flock, the Grand National champion, participated. For the 1953 model year, the Jet was the only new nameplate among the domestic automakers. In its introductory year, the Jet was available in either Standard or Super-Jet trim levels, with two- and four-door sedan body styles. Unlike the fastback "step-down" bodied Hudson full-size cars, the Jet was designed as a three-box notchback.

When the Jet emerged for its introduction, it competed with the Henry J, Nash Rambler, and Willys Aero. It was shorter than the Henry J and the Willys Aero, as well as the narrowest and tallest of all four giving the Jet "a boxy look". Kiplinger's Personal Finance magazine noted that the Jet has "much to recommend it" including "riding qualities [which] match more expensive models", good visibility, quiet operation, and more power than its competition for "excellent pickup and a high top speed". With its optional "Twin-H power", the Jet had more horsepower than any standard engine in the regular-sized Fords, Chevrolets, and Plymouth lines.

While the 1953 senior Hudsons continued to be based upon the 1948 step-down design, these cars looked sleeker than the smaller, slab-sided Jet models. Unlike the Nash Rambler, which offered premium body styles such as a station wagon, hardtop, and convertible, the Jet was available only in sedan form. Although the Hudson Jet had an advantage by being well-appointed, it was priced higher than base-level full-sized Chevrolet, Ford, and Plymouth sedans.

Standard equipment was at a high level for automobiles in this era. Features included a heater, theft-proof locks, rotary door latches, defroster vents, dual horns, full-wheel covers, an ashtray, and a lighted ignition switch, equipment that was typically extra cost on the competing makes. While the inclusion of a heater as standard may be unusual to present-day car users, even the high-priced Cadillac still counted a passenger compartment heater as an option in 1953, that cost $199.

Total production in the U.S. for the 1953 model year was 21,143.

The tea cup test
Hudson resorted to various marketing ploys to get consumers interested in the Jet, including the "Tea Cup Test". This fuel economy test utilized special kits comprising a glass cylinder, valves, and rubber hoses that Hudson dealers attached to test cars. The glass cylinder was mounted inside the front passenger door, with the hoses feeding into the engine's fuel line. Gasoline equal to the amount held in a teacup was added to the glass cylinder, and a potential customer drove the car. At the same time, a salesperson monitored the cylinder to prove how far a Jet could travel on that small amount of gasoline. Nevertheless, this novel test drive demonstration and advertising campaign failed to convey the Jet's value as an economical car.

1954

For 1954, the Jet received minor trim updates to its two- and four-door sedans. A new luxury model, the Jet-Liner, was added, making the Jet a three-series model line. The Jet-Liner came with chrome trim around the windows and body side, gravel shields, and upgraded color-keyed vinyl interiors featuring foam rubber seat cushions.

A Jet-Liner convertible was built as an experiment because convertibles were available in Hudson's full-sized cars. This sole example was purchased by Hudson's sales manager, Virgil Boyd.

The 1954 model year production of the Jet series in the U.S. was 14,224 units.

American Motors
The estimated $10 to 16 million cost of developing and tooling up for the production of the Jet put Hudson into a precarious position. Without any funds to update the senior Hudson line, Barit convinced the Board that a merger into Nash-Kelvinator represented the best chance of protection for Hudson's stockholders. Barit hoped that the Jet would survive the merger as the resulting new American Motors Corporation focused on the niche market of selling smaller cars.

When the merger was completed, and Barit assumed his seat on AMC's Board of Directors in 1954, the Jet was the first Hudson model to be discontinued. The new company could then focus production and marketing on the more successful compact-sized Nash Rambler. Henceforth, Hudson dealers would have badge-engineered versions of Nash's Rambler and the Metropolitan sub-compact to sell as Hudson products.

Motorsports
The Hudson Jet was fielded in the grueling Carrera Panamericana, described as the world's greatest road race. The 1953 race included Malcolm Eckart finishing in 53rd place, Segurs Chapultepec in 41st, and Enrique Paredes in 42nd out of the 182 cars that started. Francisco Ramirez finished eighth in the Turismo Especial.

In drag racing, an Ike Smith–prepared Hudson Jet with a 170 hp "Twin H" 308 CID I6 Hornet engine ran consistently low-14-second times. The firewall required modification as the larger engine was not available from the factory, but the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) made an exception to its rules for this car.

Legacy
Hudson "gambled" to introduce a new compact car, yet its styling was described as "bland, its engineering was nothing if not conventional, and it was priced higher than a full-sized Chevy, Ford, or Plymouth." Automobile historian Richard M. Langworth has called the Jet "the car that torpedoed Hudson". The new car "was intended to save Hudson, but it only accelerated the proud Detroit automaker's downfall". While there was a negative effect of the Jet on the company's financial condition, it was also a time when market forces, including steel prices and labor costs, as well as the sales war between Ford and Chevrolet, contributed to the demise of the smaller "independent" automakers such as Packard, Studebaker, and Willys.

The Italia conection
The Jet was the platform for a sleek two-passenger coupé named Italia. The sporty Hudson Italia was designed by Frank Spring to be different from the Jet, even though Barit wanted a more conventional automobile. The limited production Italia featured a body built by Carrozzeria Touring of Milano, with the Jet's standard drivetrain including the I6 engine producing 104 hp. The Italia is arguably "one of the most uniquely designed American sports cars produced during the '50s." One prototype four-door sedan was also built by Carrozzeria Touring that was unofficially called "Hornet Italia" although it did not have name badges.

title: Hudson Jet


text:
kobalt

Noun

 * 1) cobalt

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) cobalt

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , originally an derogatory nickname for the 'inferior' ore which contaminated silver finds.

Noun

 * 1) The metallic element and material cobalt
 * 2) The die made from its oxyde
 * 3) Its bluish metallic color shade

Noun

 * 1) cobalt a chemical element

Noun

 * 1)  The metallic element and material cobalt
 * 2) A part of cobalt

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) cobalt chemical element

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  cobalt chemical element

Noun

 * 1) cobalt

Noun

 * 1) cobalt

Noun

 * 1) cobalt

Noun

 * 1) cobalt

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) cobalt (chemical element)

title: kobalt


text:
Talk:Paris Independent School District

Untitled
Suggest the addition of "PISD was integrated racially in 196_."

Suggest the Paris independent school district be added to the list of PISDs. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:13, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paris Independent School District


text:
Talk:Sir Gillemere

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: https://ttte.fandom.com/wiki/Merlin. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Pam D  08:16, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Note re copyvio
Note that an earlier CSD cited Amazon source but that review quotes "the Thomas the Tank Engine website" by which they may mean this Fandom site or somewhere else. But it is clearly someone else's copyright and needs to come out of the edit history. The attempt to rescue the article after CSD did not produce anything more useful than the info already available, properly sourced, at the now target of the redirect. Pam D  08:16, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sir Gillemere


text:
Wikiversity:Suspected copyright violations

Possible copyright violations as detected by Wherebot. You can remove items from this list when you have determined if they are actual copyright violations.

test
 * Semantic prosthetic. Reported at 15:34, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * A fake example of what this will look like, including templates that can be used.


text:
User:Daniel M. Roberts

Daniel Roberts is a freshman at Princeton University. He is interested in mathematics, physics, and foreign language.

Qualifications

 * Native speaker of American English
 * Moderate proficiency in translation of Latin
 * Non-native fluency in Brazilian Portuguese
 * Moderate proficiency in German
 * Thorough understanding of some topics in mathematics including but not limited to high-school math through multivariate calculus
 * Thorough understanding of introductory classical physics

title: User:Daniel M. Roberts


text:
Lindiwe Bebee

Lindiwe Christabola Bebee is a South African politician. She has been serving as a permanent delegate to the National Council of Provinces since May 2019. A member of the African National Congress, she is the whip of the KwaZulu-Natal provincial delegation. From May 2009 to May 2019, Bebee served as a Member of the KwaZulu-Natal Legislature.

Political career
From 2009 to 2019, Bebee served as a Member of the KwaZulu-Natal Legislature for the African National Congress.

Parliamentary career
Bebee was elected to the National Council of Provinces following the 8 May 2019 general election. She was sworn in as an MP on 23 May 2019. Bebee was appointed whip of the KwaZulu-Natal provincial delegation. On 24 June, she was given her committee assignments. She was appointed to the Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence in November 2019.

Committee assignments

 * Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence
 * Select Committee on Appropriations
 * Select Committee on Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, Water and Sanitation and Human Settlements
 * Select Committee on Finance
 * Select Committee on Land Reform, Environment, Mineral Resources and Energy
 * Select Committee on Petitions and Executive Undertakings
 * Select Committee on Public Enterprises and Communication
 * Select Committee on Security and Justice

title: Lindiwe Bebee


text:
User:Rcoasb96/TWA/Earth/2

Shape and structure

Tectonic plates

Surface

Atmosphere

Weather, climate, and water cycle

Orbit and rotation

title: User:Rcoasb96/TWA/Earth/2


text:
Talk:David Miller (philosopher)

expansion
That's what this article needs. May the verve, conciseness, rigor, and substance of Miller's analysis not be lost in translation. NPOV too of course. Thomasmeeks 13:46, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

His contributions to Probability, Logic and Verisimiltude would be a very welcome way of expanding this article. It also seems that one of his contributions to philosophy initiated the concern with the Principal principle, sometimes called Miller's principle. Miller says that the lesson of what he discovered here, the relation between probability and credence, has been misinterpreted. It also forms part of his criticism of Kripke's distinction between rigid and non-rigid-designators. He claims that no such distinction can be made that is not arbitrary or question begging. His contributions to probability are many, but there is an overlooked theory of probability proposed in his Critical Rationalism: A Restatement and Defence which he calls Instantaneous frequencies: it differs from both the propensity and the frequency interpretation, but is not a subjectivist approach to probability. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:59, 15 October 2017 (UTC)

Same Miller?
Is the subject of this article the same David Miller who translated Krivine's 'Introduction to axiomatic set theory'? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:08, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

Yes, that is the same Miller, it is on his list of publications here: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/philosophy/people/associates/miller/opera.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:00, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:David Miller (philosopher)


text:
Stones Bitter

Stones Bitter is a beer manufactured and distributed in the United Kingdom by the North American brewer Molson Coors. It is a bitter with a straw-golden hue. Stones Bitter was first brewed in 1948 by William Stones Ltd at the Cannon Brewery in Sheffield. It was designed for the local steelworkers and became successful in its local area, becoming one of Sheffield's best known products.

The brewing giant Bass Charrington acquired William Stones in 1968, and began to heavily promote the keg variant of Stones Bitter, which eventually became the highest selling bitter in the country. However the keg version was promoted at the expense of the traditional unpasteurised and unfiltered cask conditioned version. In the 1990s, the ABV of Stones was gradually reduced, and, as ale sales declined, Stones reverted from a national into a regional brand. Following the closure of the Cannon Brewery, Stones has been brewed at a number of different breweries. When Bass exited its brewing business, Stones became a Coors brand (later Molson Coors).

Stones was promoted through a series of television advertisements in the 1980s that starred Michael Angelis and Tony Barton. It eventually became the United Kingdom's longest ever running bitter campaign. Stones sponsored the Rugby Football League Championship and its successor the Rugby Super League throughout the 1980s and 1990s.

History
The head brewer Edward "Ted" Collins first produced Stones Bitter at the Cannon Brewery in 1948. It was designed for the steelworkers of Sheffield's Lower Don Valley. The product was formulated as the working classes began to favour bitter over the dark mild style of beer. The beer's straw colour made it reasonably unusual for the time, and its individuality helped it to become an immediate success. By the 1960s its local reputation was "colossal", and it accounted for 80 per cent of William Stones' sales. Stones had such a strong local following that it was described as being "more of a religion than a beer."

From 1979, keg Stones began to be promoted heavily nationwide, and the beer was introduced to the South of England for the first time. The beer was promoted following the withdrawal of the unpopular Brew Ten, which was itself intended to replace Bass's regional ales. Originally the beer would be produced at the Cannon Brewery and then transported to Bass' Hope & Anchor brewery, also in Sheffield, for pasteurisation and kegging, but eventually demand for Stones Bitter became too great for the Cannon alone, and production was also extended to other Bass breweries. In the early 1980s Stones Bitter was produced at Bass' Runcorn brewery, although this ceased after drinkers complained of headaches from the poorly manufactured beer. The Runcorn beer had been brewed at a higher temperature, which increased the amount of hangover-inducing fusel oils in the beer.

Stones Bitter became the highest selling beer for Bass Breweries from 1981, when it overtook Worthington E in sales. Stones was the ninth most popular beer in the United Kingdom in 1989, with two per cent of all beer sales. Demand was such that the Cannon Brewery was paying up to £1.5 million per month in duty by 1991. Cask conditioned Stones won silver in the Bitter category in the CAMRA Champion Beer of Britain in 1991. Stones was the highest selling bitter in the UK by 1992, a million barrel a year brand, described by Bass as "a tremendously important brand with untapped potential". That same year, Bass were criticised for reducing the ABV of Stones from 4.1 per cent to 3.9 per cent ABV in order to reduce the impact of beer duty. The current packaging was introduced in 1994, and evokes Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and blacksmiths, and protector of craftsmen.

In 1997, the Yorkshire Post described the beer as "one of Sheffield's most famous exports", and "a name which carries as much pride as the Made in Sheffield stamp." In 1997, Bass decided to deprioritise Stones in order to concentrate on promoting Worthington as their national ale brand. Stones' ABV was further reduced to 3.8 per cent in August 1998, and then to 3.7 per cent a few months later leading to its derision in the Yorkshire Evening Post. Following the closure of the Cannon Brewery in 1999, canned Stones has been brewed in Burton upon Trent and keg Stones in Tadcaster.

The cask conditioned variant was brewed by Highgate Brewery of Walsall, Thwaites Brewery of Blackburn and finally Everards of Leicester. It was restored to 4.1 per cent ABV and its original recipe in August 2006, with Coors claiming that it would be "like [how] Stones used to taste." The product was discontinued in 2011.

In 2006, Off Licence News identified the canned variant as "continuing a slow but sure decline that has seen its status redefined from national brand to Yorkshire regional over the last decade." As of 2012, Stones Bitter is among the twenty highest selling ales in the United Kingdom, with estimated annual volumes at over 100,000 hectolitres.

Cask conditioned Stones Bitter returned in 2021, brewed under licence by Sheffield brewer TrueNorth.

Recipe and flavour
The recipes for brewery conditioned and cask conditioned Stones differed:

Brewery conditioned Stones is brewed with a blend of hops from America (Columbus and Zeus) and Europe (Magnum and Admiral). The barley variety used is Pearl. The beer comes in kegs and 440ml cans, and is described as having a "fragrant grapefruit-citrus hop aroma, [which] cuts through a characteristically sulphury background with a fruity edge. The unusual salts balance ensures that the bitterness isn’t dry."

Cask conditioned Stones used Challenger hops, and was dry hopped with English Goldings. It was described as having an aroma of hops, sulphur and grapefruit, with a salty, moreish and zesty taste.

Advertising
A major television campaign ran nationally from 1983 until 1991 with the tagline (coined by playwright Peter Whelan): "(Wherever you may wander) there's no taste like Stones". The series initially starred Bernard Hill and Tony Barton, although Hill was replaced by Michael Angelis from 1984 onwards. The advertisements followed the characters of Jeff and Dave as they got into scrapes in various overseas locations, with humorous results. By 1987 it had become the UK's longest running bitter campaign of all time.

From 1993 Stones was only advertised in the north of England. The 1994-96 "Sheffield Gold" campaign was set in a steel foundry: a nod to the city's heritage, although it was filmed in the Czech Republic because Sheffield's own foundries were considered to be too clean and automated for the desired gritty and industrial effect. A spokesman for Bass explained: "We wanted sparks and goggles." It was to be the final major marketing push for Stones, and as of 2012 the only marketing support for the brand is the provision of Stones branded glassware and bar merchandise for regular stockists.

Sponsorships
Stones Bitter sponsored the Rugby Football League Championship from 1986 to 1995, and then its successor the Rugby Super League from 1996–7. A 1986–8 set of poster advertisements with the tagline "Stones, sheer poetry" supported the sponsorship. In 1995 and 1996, Stones sponsored the Doncaster Handicap and the Park Hill Stakes horse racing events. Stones Bitter are also sponsors of the Sheffield Steelers, they have a sponsor on the bottom of their jersey.

It also sponsored midlands sports show Central Sports Special.

title: Stones Bitter


text:
Great Britain and Northern Ireland at the World Athletics Championships

Great Britain and Northern Ireland has participated in all the World Athletics Championships since the events beginning in 1983 as the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The team also took part in the two minor championship events under the same name for non-Olympic disciplines in 1977 and 1980, without winning a medal. The team is 7th on the all time medal table

Mo Farah is the most successful British Athlete in championships history, as well as the most successful distance runner in the history of the championships with six gold and two silver medals split evenly between 5000 metres and 10,000 metres; only Usain Bolt has won more individual gold medals than Farah Jessica Ennis-Hill is the most successful British female athlete with three gold medals in heptathlon. Farah and Christine Ohuruogu, with two gold, a silver and five bronze medals are the most decorated British athletes in championships history with eight medals apiece. Great Britain's most successful event has been Heptathlon with five gold medals, and nine medals. The individual event with most different British gold medalists is the men's 1500 metres, won by three men; Steve Cram in 1983, Jake Wightman in 2022 and Josh Kerr in 2023.

By championships
* : ongoing