text:
Saint Joseph's Church, Vitina

Saint Joseph's Church is a cultural heritage monument in Stubëll e Epërme, Viti, Kosovo.

History and description
Saint Joseph's Church was built of reinforced concrete in 1969 with a façade of well-hewn stone from Stubllavaçë, the same source used for Saint Anthony of Padua’s church in Binač. The façade stones are sloped and tinted gray, and the edifice is topped with a Latin cross inscribed as follows: Martirët tanë 1846–1848 (“Our martyrs 1846–1848”).

The church is triangular, featuring a nave from transept to apse and two side naves with no apse. The apse is pentagonal on the exterior, with two corners facing inward and three facing out. Patterns from older early Christian churches, in which side naves were lower than the main one, are reversed here with the main nave at the lowest level. The naves are divided by square pillars with no arcades, giving the church's ceiling the appearance of a coffin.

The entrance includes an open porch, behind which a small corridor with windows and three doors lead to the chapel. The main entrance is used most often in wedding and communion ceremonies, while the side ones are separated by gender for parishioners, the right for men and the left for women. The three naves where the pews stand each end with one major feature of the church. The main one leads to the chancel, the right to the baptistery, and the left to the pulpit, as in St. Anthony's of Binač. The central altar includes relics and is emblazoned with an engraved "M," which like the cross commemorates the Expulsion of Karadak, an 1846–1848 atrocity in which Catholic Albanians were expelled from four villages by troops of the Ottoman Empire and forced to resettle in Turkey, many dying along the way. Four pilasters symbolize the villages, namely Stublla proper, Binač, Vërnakolla, and Terziaj. An improvised two-part base holds the priest's chair, and others are nearby for deacons and to hold communion wafers. In each of two corners of the altar room lays a slab over four grooved pillars. Above the left slab is a depiction of Our Lady of Lourdes and a worshipper, while above the right slab is a carving of the church's patron Saint Joseph. Two side entrances lead to different rooms, one for the priest and one for attendants, each with entryways to the outside.

The church choir and orchestra sit on the floor opposite the apse. A choir is raised 30 cm above the floor and includes stairs of four different types of wood. Iron stairs lead there from the right entrance of the chapel. The apse walls include notable murals: the front depicts the Last Supper, the right wall Calvary, and the left is used with the right to form a diptych about the Expulsion. 14 framed figures depict the Stations of the Cross. The apse ceiling is engraved with a Latin cross and illuminated by its own windows. Eight windows from all four sides of the naves light up the chapel.

An altarpiece in front of the right nave was taken from Saint Anne's Church in Dunav, Gjilan, which today lacks worshipers. The left nave is fronted by a mural of Jesus. The integrated bell tower has three rows of windows where it rises up. The first row includes two windows on each of the four sides, while the other two rows have each add one more per side. The belfry ends includes several points, the highest of them being the cross. The church lies on a gentle hill with a well-arranged churchyard of trees, greens, and cobblestone walkways.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saint Joseph's Church, Vitina


text:
Talk:Didier Theys

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Didier Theys. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100211113508/http://www.total24hours.com:80/24h/index.html to http://www.total24hours.com/24h/index.html#/en/about24hrs/hall-of-fame/

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:46, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Didier Theys. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100325192432/http://www.motorsportsetc.com:80/champs/sebring.htm to http://www.motorsportsetc.com/champs/sebring.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110724095342/http://thefastline.net/alms/didier-theys-retirement/ to http://thefastline.net/alms/didier-theys-retirement/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:36, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Didier Theys


text:
User:Nford24/Defence commanders

Statistics

 * Ranks
 * Admiral - 3
 * Air Chief Marshal - 3
 * General - 8
 * Vice Admiral - 1
 * Lieutenant General - 1

 * Awards
 * Order of Australia (Military) ribbon.png Order of Australia
 * AC - 11
 * AO - 2
 * Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.png Order of the British Empire
 * KBE - 10
 * OBE - 1
 * Order of the Bath (ribbon).svg Order of the Bath
 * CB - 7
 * Royal Victorian Order UK ribbon.png Royal Victorian Order
 * LVO - 1
 * Dso-ribbon.png Distinguished Service Order
 * DSO - 6
 * UK Distinguished Service Cross BAR.svg Distinguished Service Cross (UK)
 * DSC - 1
 * UK AFC ribbon.svg Air Force Cross
 * AFC - 1
 * Military cross BAR.svg Military Cross
 * MC - 1
 * Air Efficiency Award ribbon.png Air Efficiency Award
 * AE - 1
 * DSC (Australia) ribbon.png Distinguished Service Cross (AUS)
 * DSC - 1
 * DSM (Australia) ribbon.png Distinguished Service Medal (AUS)
 * DSM - 1

Statistics

 * Ranks
 * Vice Admiral - 6
 * Lieutenant General - 4
 * Air Marshal - 3

 * Awards
 * Order of Australia (Military) ribbon.png Order of Australia
 * AC - 6
 * AO - 7
 * United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg Distinguished Flying Cross
 * DFC - 1
 * DSC (Australia) ribbon.png Distinguished Service Cross
 * DSC - 2
 * CSC Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Cross
 * CSC - 2
 * CSM Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Medal
 * CSM - 1

CJOPS

 * Awards
 * Order of Australia (Military) ribbon.png Order of Australia
 * AO - 3
 * AM - 1
 * DSC (Australia) ribbon.png Distinguished Service Cross
 * DSC - 2
 * CSC Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Cross
 * CSC - 1

CCDG

 * Awards
 * Order of Australia (Military) ribbon.png Order of Australia
 * AO - 5
 * AM - 1
 * DSC (Australia) ribbon.png Distinguished Service Cross
 * DSC - 4
 * CSC Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Cross
 * CSC - 1

CBPC

 * Awards
 * Order of Australia (Military) ribbon.png Order of Australia
 * AM - 5
 * CSC Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Cross
 * CSC - 2

COSB

 * Awards
 * Order of Australia (Military) ribbon.png Order of Australia
 * AM - 1
 * DSC (Australia) ribbon.png Distinguished Service Cross
 * DSC - 1
 * CSC & Bar (Australia) ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Cross and Bar
 * CSC and Bar - 1
 * DSM (Australia) ribbon.png Distinguished Service Medal (AUS)
 * DSM - 1

COO

 * Awards
 * Order of Australia (Military) ribbon.png Order of Australia
 * AO - 1
 * AM - 1
 * CSC Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Cross
 * CSC - 2

CN

 * Awards
 * Order of Australia (Military) ribbon.png Order of Australia
 * AC - 4
 * AO - 11
 * UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg Order of St Michael and St George
 * KCMG - 2
 * CMG - 3
 * Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.png Order of the British Empire
 * KBE - 14
 * CBE - 2
 * Order of the Bath (ribbon).svg Order of the Bath
 * KCB - 3
 * CB - 13
 * Royal Victorian Order UK ribbon.png Royal Victorian Order
 * KCVO - 2
 * CVO - 1
 * LVO - 2
 * Dso-ribbon.png Distinguished Service Order
 * DSO - 5
 * UK George Medal ribbon.svg George Medal (UK)
 * GM - 1
 * UK Distinguished Service Cross BAR.svg Distinguished Service Cross (UK)
 * DSC - 2
 * CSC Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Cross
 * CSC - 3
 * CSM Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Medal
 * CSM - 1

CA

 * Awards
 * Order of Australia (Military) ribbon.png Order of Australia
 * AC - 8
 * AO - 4
 * AM - 1
 * UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg Order of St Michael and St George
 * GCMG - 1
 * KCMG - 4
 * CMG - 6
 * Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.png Order of the British Empire
 * KBE - 10
 * CBE - 2
 * OBE - 2
 * MBE - 1
 * Order of the Bath (ribbon).svg Order of the Bath
 * KCB - 4
 * CB - 20
 * Royal Victorian Order UK ribbon.png Royal Victorian Order
 * KCVO - 2
 * CVO -
 * LVO - 1
 * Dso-ribbon.png Distinguished Service Order
 * DSO - 15
 * UK Distinguished Conduct Medal ribbon.svg Distinguished Conduct Medal
 * DCM - 1
 * Military cross BAR.svg Military Cross
 * MC - 2
 * DSC (Australia) ribbon.png Distinguished Service Cross
 * DSC - 2
 * CSC Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Cross
 * CSC - 1
 * CSM Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Medal
 * CSM - 1

CAF

 * Awards
 * Order of Australia (Military) ribbon.png Order of Australia
 * AC - 4
 * AO - 9
 * Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.png Order of the British Empire
 * KBE - 8
 * CBE - 8
 * OBE - 2
 * Order of the Bath (ribbon).svg Order of the Bath
 * KCB - 2
 * CB - 8
 * Dso-ribbon.png Distinguished Service Order
 * DSO - 9
 * UK Distinguished Service Cross BAR.svg Distinguished Service Cross (UK)
 * DSC - 3
 * United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg Distinguished Force Cross
 * DFC - 6
 * UK AFC ribbon.svg Air Force Cross
 * AFC - 7
 * Air Efficiency Award ribbon.png Air Efficiency Award
 * AE - 1
 * CSC Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Cross
 * CSC - 1

COMAUSFLT

 * Awards
 * UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg Victoria Cross
 * VC - 1
 * Order of Australia (Military) ribbon.png Order of Australia
 * AO - 12
 * AM - 7
 * UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg Order of St Michael and St George
 * KCMG - 2
 * CMG - 1
 * Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.png Order of the British Empire
 * CBE - 19
 * OBE - 3
 * Order of the Bath (ribbon).svg Order of the Bath
 * KCB - 1
 * CB - 15
 * Royal Victorian Order UK ribbon.png Royal Victorian Order
 * KCVO - 1
 * CVO - 3
 * LVO - 1
 * MVO - 4
 * Dso-ribbon.png Companion of the Distinguished Service Order
 * DSO - 8
 * UK George Medal ribbon.svg George Medal (UK)
 * GM - 1
 * UK DSC w bar BAR.svg Distinguished Service Cross and Bar (UK)
 * DSC and Bar - 3
 * UK Distinguished Service Cross BAR.svg Distinguished Service Cross (UK)
 * DSC - 7
 * CSC & Bar (Australia) ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Cross and Bar
 * CSC and Bar - 1
 * CSC Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Cross
 * CSC - 3
 * CSM Australia ribbon.png Conspicuous Service Medal
 * CSM - 1

AIRCMDAUS

 * Awards
 * Order of Australia (Military) ribbon.png Order of Australia
 * AO - 6
 * AM - 7
 * Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.png Order of the British Empire
 * CBE - 17
 * OBE -
 * Order of the Bath (ribbon).svg Order of the Bath
 * CB - 10
 * Dso-ribbon.png Companion of the Distinguished Service Order
 * DSO -
 * DSO with Bar.png Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and Bar
 * DSO and Bar - 1
 * United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg Distinguished Force Cross
 * DFC - 5
 * UK AFC ribbon.svg Air Force Cross
 * AFC - 7
 * UK DSC w bar BAR.svg Distinguished Service Cross and Bar (UK)
 * DSC and Bar -
 * UK Distinguished Service Cross BAR.svg Distinguished Service Cross (UK)
 * DSC -
 * DSC (Australia) ribbon.png Distinguished Service Cross (UK)
 * DSC - 1

title: User:Nford24/Defence commanders


text:
Otto Rost

Otto Rost (16 June 1887 – 25 June 1970) was a German sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Otto Rost


text:
Justice Battle

Justice Battle may refer to:

 * Burrill B. Battle (1838–1917), associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court
 * William Horn Battle(1802–1879), associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court

title: Justice Battle


text:
Talk:Kyaikhtisaung Sayadaw/Temp

Early Life
The third of four siblings, the Venerable Kyaikhtisaung Sayadaw Abhidhaja Aggamana Saddham Majotika Bhaddanta Pannadipa was born on Thursday, April 19th, 1928 in Bilin’s Zoke Thoke Sanpya village. His name at birth was Maung Aung Nyein. His father was U San Pe and his mother was Daw Saw Kyin. When he was five years old, he was sent to the Nyaungthaya monastery in Zoke Thoke. There he received a monastic education as per Burmese Buddhist tradition. The abbot of the monastery was Sayadaw U Gandama. At the age of twenty, he set off for Yangon, then called Rangoon. He studied mechanics and began to work for A War Shin, Co. as a driver mechanic.

Marriages
After working for three years as a driver mechanic, Maung Aung Nyein married Daw Hnin Myaing, the daughter of an auto parts shop owner. Together they had one child, a son. They were married for two years before they were forced to divorce due to irreconcilable differences between their families. Their son was only six months old at the time.

At his friends' urging, he married again, this time to Daw Tin Kyi, the sister of one of his intimate friends. Together they had three children. He eventually worked and saved enough to buy his own taxi car and began working as an owner/driver. In his spare time, he worked as a mechanic. It was at this time that he began observing the Buddhist Sabbath and following nine precepts. He provided transport free of charge to monks, the sick, and the elderly.

The First Phase: White-Robed Religious Devotee
Beginning in the summer of 1963, Aung Nyein began to study occult science from Manomaya Saya Khine. He practiced spiritual development at Naungtawgi Pagoda, Shwedagon Pagoda, Shinmahti Pagoda, and Kyaik Kasan Hsantawshin Pagoda. He wore the clothes of a layman and continued this path continuously until 1965. He began to study “manomaya”, a form of mind cultivation. This study is meant to focus on knowledge of the sun, moon and nine zodiac signs. He was said to have gained psychic power at this time and referred to it as his "Sovereign Stage, Master of Sovereign Stage, White Robe Religious Devotee Stage.".

The Second Phase: Mystic
From 1966 to 1968, Aung Nyein kept his hair long, remained barefoot, and wore traditional white clothes to associate himself as a mystic seeker. He studied in ancient and historical pagodas and religious sites around the country. He concentrated on personal spiritual development by observing internal signs, external signs and astrology. He referred to this as his "Lunatic Stage." At this time he did not ask for donations.

The Third Phase: Ascetic
In 1969, Aung Nyein made a decision to continue his practices in the future and arranged for the living of his family. He donned the robes of a hermit and became a recluse. He began to study the way of the Weizza], a type of wizardry consisting of the study of [[alchemy, astrology, mystical signs and meditation. He was said to have gained psychic and supernatural power, including the ability to turn water into medicine. At this time he earned the reputation as Moemakha recluse because it was said that he could keep dry during rain.  This period lasted until 1971.

After the third phase was complete, he was known as the Hermit Naga Weiza Bho Sacca or Recluse Nagavijja Bothitsa.

The Fourth Phase: Meditation
Aung Nyein had spent nine years practicing and gaining proficiency in the aforesaid arts. In 1971, he went back to Zoke Thoke village. On the 1st Waxing Day of Kason 1333 ME, he was fully ordained to monkhood at 7:50 am on Thursday (April 25th, 1971) at Khanda Sima (ordianation hall). He was then named U Pannadipa. His preceptor for ordination was U Indasabha of Naungdawgyi Monastery of Zoke Thoke. His father U San Pe and mother Daw Saw Kyin were present and supported him by providing his four requisites: clothing, food, shelter, and medicine.

He took up residency at Kyaikhtisaung Pagoda. The old pagoda was in disrepair and hidden under heavy growth. He organized his disciples and local villagers to clear the area. Once the area was cleared, he rebuilt and renovated the old pagoda and old laterite hillock.

The Fifth Phase: The Dipa Stage and His Exertions
Soon after becoming a monk, U Pannadipa began to teach the Five Precepts, the Five Great Infinities, and the Five Forbidden Meats. He urged his followers to abstain from beef, pork, buffalo, horse, and elephant meat. This became known by his followers as the "Triple Five" or "5-5-5". He discussed these matters nightly during Dhammapalin (nightly sermons), which lasted from 9:00p, until 2:00am the next morning. These were open talks where he often received and answered questions from his devotees.

For the next forty years, he set about restoring nine sacred pagodas throughout Myanmar, each containing hair from Gautama Buddha. It is said that Buddha himself mentioned this in a prophecy when he gave strands of his hair to hermits and belus during a trip to the area. The claim is that he prophesized that after his hairs would be placed in nine pagodas, then abandoned for 2,500 years. After that, the pagodas would be found and restored. He further said that his teachings would then be observed zealously for another 2,500 years. Since the Kyaikhtisaung Sayadaw started his project 2,515 years after Buddha's death, he is said to be the one to fulfill the prophecy.

Notable Work
The Kyaik Htee Saung Sayadaw went on to improve the areas and villages around the pagoda. Under his care, rural roads and bridges were built and local schools were renovated. He provided free vegetarian meals to those who assisted in the restoration projects, guests from afar, and anyone who was seeking shelter at the pagoda for religious study. He distributes money, prayer books, meditation rosaries, and amulets to seekers who visited him. As a result of his charities, the Thuwunna Bonmi region became a more developed area. .

Umbrella Reapir
In the Tharthanar Era (2515) (Myanmar Era.1333, C.E. 2003), after the Kyaik Htee Saung Sayadaw made a vow to repair the umbrella and add a new bud-like ornament above the vane of the shrine, the umbrella of the pagoda became upright without leaning or twisting.

Stone Inscriptions of U Khanti
On March 3rd, 2011, the Kyaik Htee Saung Sayadaw had 135 of the stone inscriptions made by the Hermit U Khanti brought to the Kyaik Htee Saung compound from Mandalay Hill.

The Dhammazedi Bell
In 2013, Myanmar Tycoon Khin Shwe worked together with the Kyaikhtisaung Sayadaw to try to raise the Dhammazedi Bell from the Yangon River. The bell had been commissioned by King Dhammazedi in 1484 as a gift to the Shwedagon Pagoda of Dagon (Yangon).

Honorary Titles
Ashin Pannadipa was given the title "Agga Maha Saddhammajotikadhaja" by the Myanmar Ministry of Religious Affairs in 1992 in recognition of his service. This title is reserved for those who have contributed outstanding service to the propagation of the Sasana around the world. Later, in 2004, the ministry again conferred the highest honorary religious title of "Abhidhaja Agga Maha Saddhammajotikadhaja."

In May of 2014, when he was eighty-six years old, he was awarded "The Honoraty Doctorate Degree in Bhuddhist Studies" by the Mahachulalongkon Rajavidyalaya University in Thailand.

Resolute Aspirations of Venerable Kyaithisaung Sayadaw

 * 1) May the Suvannabhumi Sasana, the Golden Land of Myanmar, exist extensively, akin to the sun and moon.
 * 2) May human beings all over the world be able to develop and share great loving kindness.
 * 3) May Buddhism of the Golden Land of Myanmar brighten the world like the light of the sun and moon.
 * 4) May the Buddha’s teachings have lasting significance, achieving the fulfillment of 5,000 years.

Death
The Kyaikhtisaung Sayadaw died on July 25, 2015 at the age of 87 at Yangon’s 1000-bed military hospital in Mingalardon Township. Four days prior, he had been admitted due to heart problems and difficulty breathing. The Sayadaw was widely believed to have attained the last stage of Nirvana and was visited daily by many pilgrims before his death in 2015. Upon his Death, the Kyaik Htee Saung Sayadaw was succeeded by the abbot Agga Maha Suddhamma Jotika Dhaja Bhaddanta Nargadipa.

title: Talk:Kyaikhtisaung Sayadaw/Temp


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/IWA East Coast (2nd nomination)

The result was delete. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 20:06, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

IWA East Coast
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Previously deleted article that still doesn't meet WP:GNG. No significant coverage in reliable independent sources. Nikki ♥  311   22:37, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions.  Nikki  ♥  311   22:38, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Wrestling-related deletion discussions.  Nikki  ♥  311   22:38, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of West Virginia-related deletion discussions.  Nikki  ♥  311   22:38, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Lepricavark (talk) 05:15, 26 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete No improvements since last time, fails WP:GNG.LM2000 (talk) 15:58, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete Fails WP:GNG.Pharaoh of the Wizards (talk) 03:44, 3 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
User:KokoBastian

86 To Nowhere is an American rock band that was formed in 2008 in Jamestown, New York. It consists of lead singer Kendall Morris, guitarist Corry Palmisano, bassist [Korey Bastian] and drummer [[Kyle Johnson]. Palmisano, Bastian, and Johnson named the group after I-86 which runs through Southern New York State connecting the home of the instrumentalists to the home of Morris.

Formation (2008)
86 To Nowhere was formed when guitarist Corry Palmisano and drummer Kyle Johnson, who had been in several bands together previously, came together with bass player Korey Bastian in October of 2007. The initial vocalist search involved the tryout of several singers over the next year. While band members were away at college in September 2008, Bastian met Kendall Morris at SUNY Fredonia while studying under Gerardo Brindise of SONY entertainment and Armand Petri, former manager of the Goo Goo Dolls. He auditioned in September 2008 and an instant connection with the musicality and timbre of his voice made his selection an easy decision; the band was complete. The name derives from I-86, an interstate which runs through western New York, the area where they all reside. They are within a few hours from many major cities (Pittsburgh, Rochester, Buffalo, Cleveland, Toronto), but the area lives in the shadows of these major cities and is essentially nowhere.

Current activities and future plans (2012–present)
The instrumental members of 86 To Nowhere live in Jamestown, NY and are writing for the next album. Kendall resides in Buffalo, NY and is focused on creating material both for 86 To Nowhere and his side project, Optic Oppression. They intend to continue touring throughout the summer and focus on the next album in the upcoming winter.

Musical style
86 To Nowhere's music is often noted to contain a wide variety of sound within itself, opening the doors to a large audience. As John Doan put it in his Music Frenzy review of the album, "You may ask 'Why would a band put two versions of the same song on their album?” I thought that initially as well until I heard both versions. It's like picking whether to drive a Mercedes or a Cadillac.  They both kick ass but it's hard to decide on which to drive.'" Their music has been listed under several genres including rock, hard rock, alternative metal, post-grunge, heavy metal, and progressive metal.

86 To Nowhere's music is co-written and arranged by the band and the band's lyrics are written primarily by Morris. The music is heavily guitar driven with a unique drum style that progresses in intricacy throughout each song. The lyrics on the debut album mainly touches on personal life experiences, turning what they can into triumph, and accepting the failures their parents generation. One important focus is not holding on to a fantasy that no longer exists and learning to let go with your head held high.

Image and Message
86 To Nowhere's merchandise contains selection not common for rock bands including thongs, boy-shorts, and condoms. This selection of merchandise, along with the standard t-shirts, posters, stickers, and CD's has allowed the band to connect to its fans on a level that many bands may miss out on.

Band members

 * Kendall Morris – lead vocals
 * Corry Palmisano – lead guitar
 * Korey Bastian – bass
 * Kyle Johnson – drums, percussion

Discography

 * The Price I Pay (2012)

title: User:KokoBastian


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alex Nackman

The result of the debate was keep. Mailer Diablo 02:00, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Alex Nackman
Delete This article appears to have been written by the subject of the article. Sperril 10:09, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. Needs some cleanup, but appears to meet WP:Music. Feezo (Talk) 13:47, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep, bad faith nomination. Vanity alone is not grounds for deletion, article plainly asserts notability under WP:MUSIC criteria (national/international touring), and nominator doesn't challenge accuracy/verifiability of article. Monicasdude 16:05, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment It does seem to be a musician of enough standing as to deserve his entry, but as it stands, it's badly done and does not quote any sources for the very upbeat assertions in the entry. Needs significant cleanup to turn it from a press release to an entry, but that is not enough for deletion, I would think... Evillan 21:29, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep I'll clean up in a minute. Allmusic.com verifies.  Bobby P. Smith Sr. Jr. 23:47, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, cleaned it up some. Bobby P. Smith Sr. Jr. 00:02, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep since meets WP:MUSIC, Monica, please remember WP:AGF. I don't see any evidence of bad faith here. JoshuaZ 04:39, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment. We can disagree about whether there is sufficient evidence of bad faith, but to say there is no evidence at all is not, I think, a reasonable position. Nominator 1) stated an invalid ground for deletion and 2) ignored a clear assertion of notability satisfying WP:MUSIC. Monicasdude 14:16, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It looks to me like nominator simply had a misunderstanding of the rules for vanity articles. If you prefer, replace "any evidence" with "at all strong evidence." Furthermore, such an error probably is under WP:BITE. JoshuaZ 14:41, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * WP:BITE applies to newcomers, not to somebody who first edited about nine months ago. Isn't it also fair to ask you to apply WP:AGF to yourself and consider that some of us might actually check on that point when making a statement here?Monicasdude 15:17, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, I guess we looked at different things. You looked and saw that the user had been around for 9 months, I looked at his contribution list, of which he has a total of 150 or so edits, only about 6 of which are to deletion related pages. So for all intensive purposes Sper is a newcomer IMO. (I think I may need a wikibreak when I'm arguing over the proper application of WP:AGF and WP:BITE ah well...). JoshuaZ 15:24, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm also sorry, but I do still consider myself a newcomer. After reading the relevent links that both of you have posted, I agree with the sentiments of those who voted to keep.  I assure everyone involved that I had no prior knowledge of who Alex Nackman was, and did not act with any bad faith or malice whatsoever.  I do maintain my position that persons who are intimatly involved with a biographical subject should refrain from creating articles about the subject because of the possibility of bias.  I also disagree with the definition of notablility that is used under WP:MUSIC.  That being said, it is an agreed upon policy that I'm now familiar with and will abide by.  I was also unaware that the very act of putting an article up for a vote could be considered bad faith and I promise to use a lighter hand in the future.  Upon reviewing the history of the article, I think that MusicMan5 has done a very good job in updating the article to be more in line of something approaching encyclopedic, but I still think the article reads like an advertisement for the musician.  I have found reviews online that are both supportive of, and critical of the artist and the article falsely indicates that the press is only supportive of Nackman.  In any case, I will not edit the article because of the accusation of bad faith on my part. -- Sperril 04:58, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep I am the author, but not the artist. I used to manage the artist, so I know him well. I certainly wasn't deliberately trying to break any rules. I hope the article can stay. I tried to correct some of the mistakes with citing sources. -MusicMan5
 * Keep. The notability of the subject is clearly established by the article. Carlo 15:19, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep Seems to be notable enough per WP:MUSIC. I see no bad faith in the nomination. --kingboyk 13:16, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. Subject seems important enough. But the article needs significan restructuring. --Soumyasch 13:21, 24 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:David Taylor (snooker player)

Untitled
Swapped old subst'ed infobox for new one and removed newinfobox tag RWardy 17:24, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Taylor (snooker player)


text:
Krasnoarmeysky, Nemetsky natsionalny District, Altai Krai

Krasnoarmeysky (Красноармейский) is a rural locality (a selo) in Nemetsky National District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 224 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Krasnoarmeysky is located 22 km east of Galbshtadt (the district's administrative centre) by road. Alexandrovka is the nearest rural locality.


text:
Pannier Market, South Molton

South Molton Pannier Market is the pannier market for the town of South Molton in Devon, England located behind the town's Grade I listed Guildhall which was constructed between 1739 and 1741.

Originally, goods were sold in the Old Market House in the town which was built to replace the shambles of butchers and other small shops which stood around the Market Square. In 1860 South Molton Town Council made the decision to build a new covered area for stall holders - the Pannier Market. A property next to the Guildhall was bought with the foundation stone being laid in 1863. Over the Market was built a large Assembly Room with an arched ceiling. The Pannier Market was opened in February 1864 by the Mayor of South Molton.

South Molton Market is held here every Thursday and Saturday from 8am to 1pm hosting about 70 local businesses selling a wide range of locally produced, reared and grown foods including fruit and veg, bread, fresh fish and meat, eggs and pasties. Other goods available include flowers, clothing, jewellery, plants, antiques and hand crafts, etc. Sunday events at the market include Salvage Fairs and Flea Markets.

title: Pannier Market, South Molton


text:
Warta, Poland

Warta (דווארט) is a town in Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland, with 3,208 inhabitants (2020). It is situated on the Warta River. It is located in the Sieradz Land.

History
Warta was granted town rights in 1255 by Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia of the Piast dynasty. It was a royal town of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Sieradz County in the Sieradz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province. In the 17th century, there was a sizeable Scottish community in Warta. One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the town in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route. At various times, the 2nd Polish National Cavalry Brigade and 4th Polish Vanguard Regiment were stationed in Warta.

Shortly before World War II about 50 percent of the town's population was Jewish. When the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939, they immediately brutalized the population. Some Poles from Warta were murdered by the Wehrmacht already on September 7, 1939 in the nearby village of Wylazłów. During the German occupation, Jews were kidnapped for forced labor, robbed of their possessions, and in early 1940, forced into a ghetto, leaving behind their furniture and other possessions for locals and Germans to take. In April 1940, the Germans murdered 499 patients of the local psychiatric hospital as part of Aktion T4. The next 82 patients were murdered by in June 1941. In both cases, patients were gassed in a gas van. In spring 1942, several Jews, including the rabbi, were hanged, allegedly for sending bread to Jews who had been sent to forced labor camps. In August 1942, all Jews were rounded up and held in a church for three days with nothing to eat. Some died from hunger and thirst, others were shot there. Afterwards, around 1,000 were sent to the Chełmno extermination camp where they were immediately gassed. Another few hundred were sent to the Łódź Ghetto. The number of pre-war Warta Jewish survivors is unclear; at least 50 and perhaps close to 200. More than 40 registered there after the war, but two by the names of Moshe Szajniak and Meir Rozewald were killed by Eugeniusz "Groźny" Kokolski and his group of militant anti-communists (now regarded among Poland's "Cursed Soldiers") who raided the town after the war ended, and the others left the town.

title: Warta, Poland


text:
User:Lemontea~enwikibooks

Hi, I'm lemontea, a Form 4 student from Hong Kong. My primary interests here are mathematics and may be computer :)

Majorly editing books: High School Extensions

title: User:Lemontea~enwikibooks


text:
The Straits of Messina

The Straits of Messina is a 1989 non-fiction collection of essays, in which author and critic Samuel R. Delany discusses his own novels. The essays are published under his own name, and under the pen name K. Leslie Steiner.

The pieces by K. Leslie Steiner are written as an answer to the question "Wouldn’t it be nice to have someone say all the fine and brilliant things about my work I so desperately would like to hear…?" according to Delany's preface.

The Strait of Messina of the title is a reference to the treacherous waters between Scylla and Charybdis, a metaphor on how difficult it is for an author to write about his own works: "to negotiate the waters between the Scylla of overweening self-importance and the Charybdis of childish self-deprecation."

Contents

 * Preface
 * The Scorpion Garden
 * From 1973, a proposed introduction to the as yet unpublished Hogg.

 * "The Scorpion Garden" Revisited: A Note on the Anti-Pornography of Samuel R. Delany, by K. Leslie Steiner
 * From 1973, an essay discussing Hogg.

 * Of Sex, Objects, Signs, Systems, Sales, SF, and Other Things
 * From 1975, a discussion on the novel Dhalgren.

 * Some Remarks Toward a Reading of Dhalgren, by K. Leslie Steiner
 * From 1975, more discussion on Dhalgren.

 * Trouble on Triton, by K. Leslie Steiner
 * From 1976, a review of Triton

 * Ruins/Foundations; or: The Fall of the Towers Twenty Years After
 * From 1981/1985, a short version of the early chapters in The Motion of Light in Water.

 * The Early Delany
 * Response to a panel given at Madison, Wisconsin, 1981.

 * Tales of Nevèrÿon, by K. Leslie Steiner
 * From 1982, a scathing review of Tales of Nevèrÿon.

 * Return... by K. Leslie Steiner
 * From 1986, a preface published in The Bridge of Lost Desire.

title: The Straits of Messina


text:
Arantxa Chávez

Arantxa Elizabeth Chávez Muñoz (born 30 January 1991) is a Mexican diver. In 2012, she achieved qualification to participate at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the individual 3-metre trampoline event. At the Olympics, she failed to reach the semifinal and was classified 29th. In 2014, however, she was a gold winner, along with Dolores Hernández, in synchronized diving at the Central American Games of the Caribbean in 2014 in Veracruz.

After failing to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics, she considered retirement, before winning 3 medals at the 2017 World University Games. She qualified for the 2020 Summer Olympics. She did not advance to the semifinal and was classified 27th, the last of the field.

title: Arantxa Chávez


text:
Electrical isolation test

In electrical engineering, an electrical isolation test is a direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) resistance test that is performed on sub-systems of an electronic system to verify that a specified level of isolation resistance is met. Isolation testing may also be conducted between one or more electrical circuits of the same subsystem. The test often reveals problems that occurred during assembly, such as defective components, improper component placement, and insulator defects that may cause inadvertent shorting or grounding to chassis, in turn, compromising electrical circuit quality and product safety.

Isolation resistance measurements may be achieved using a high input impedance ohmmeter, digital multimeter (DMM) or current-limited Hipot test instrument. The selected equipment should not over-stress sensitive electronic components comprising the subsystem. The test limits should also consider semiconductor components within the subsystem that may be activated by the potentials imposed by each type of test instrumentation. A minimum acceptable resistance value is usually specified (typically in the mega ohm (MΩ) range per circuit tested). Multiple circuits having a common return may be tested simultaneously, provided the minimum allowable resistance value is based on the number of circuits in parallel.

Five basic isolation test configurations exist:
 * 1) Single Un-referenced End-Circuit – isolation between one input signal and circuit chassis/common ground.
 * 2) Multiple Un-referenced End-Circuits with a single return – isolation between several input signals and circuit chassis/common ground.
 * 3) Subsystem with Isolated Common – isolation between signal input and common ground.
 * 4) Common Chassis Ground – isolation between circuit common and chassis (chassis grounded).
 * 5) Isolated Circuit Common – isolation between circuit common and chassis (chassis floating).

Isolation measurements are made with the assembly or subsystem unpowered and disconnected from any support equipment.

title: Electrical isolation test


text:
Talk:Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel

Fair use rationale for Image:A tragedy in steel.jpg
Image:A tragedy in steel.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:52, 12 February 2008 (UTC)


text:
Chimalapas montane forests

The Chimalapas montane forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in southern Mexico. It includes the montane tropical forests of the Chimalapas region on the boundary of Chiapas and Oaxaca.

Geography
The Chimalapas region is in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the region's mountains form part of the divide between Mexico's Pacific watersheds to the south and Gulf of Mexico watersheds to the north. The montane forests are bounded by the lowland Petén–Veracruz moist forests on the north. The Chiapas Depression dry forests lie to the northeast. The montane forests adjoin the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine–oak forests on the west, and the Central American pine–oak forests to the east. The Southern Pacific dry forests lie to the south between the mountains and the Pacific Ocean.

Climate
The climate of the ecoregion is tropical and humid. The forests have a cooler climate than the surrounding lowlands, and average annual temperatures decrease with elevation.

Flora
The characteristic plant community is montane tropical evergreen moist forest, also known cloud forest.

Fauna
281 species of birds have been recorded in the ecoregion. They include the solitary eagle (Harpyhaliaetus solitarius), great curassow (Crax rubra), highland guan (Penelopina nigra), wood stork (Mycteria americana), keel-billed motmot (Electron carinatum), southern mealy amazon (Amazona farinosa), and chestnut-headed oropendola (Psarocolius wagleri).

Protected areas
A 2017 assessment found 278 km², or 13%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. They include El Cordón del Retén Voluntary Conservation Area (153.29 km²).

Chimalapas Conflict
During 2011, the problem in the Chimalapas between Oaxaca and Chiapas over territory boundaries erupted, after more than 45 years in the dispute over the Chimalapas jungles. These have been confrontations between Zoque Chimalapas Oaxacans and Chiapan settlers established on the Oaxaca-Chiapas border.

The Zoque natives who inhabit the Chimalapas of today, to ratify their ownership of those jungles paid the Spanish crown 25 thousand gold pesos, the same ones that Domingo Pintado delivered in a large morro gourd. That is how the legend and history that happened in the remote year of 1685 tells it when that character bought 360 square leagues for the people of Santa María Chimalapa, Oaxaca.

Chimalapas was given that name after the Spanish conquest in the manner of the old foundational genealogies of so many places whose toponymy was established by naming them for the first time.

These testimonies base the ancestral ownership of the two Oaxacan municipalities located in that microregion of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec: Santa María and San Miguel Chimalapas. Both municipalities have had titles to those lands since March 24, 1687, March 15, 1850 and September 17, 1883. The ownership of the Oaxacan Zoque peoples over that territory was ratified to them with a presidential resolution in 1967, based on their original titles. Due to that antiquity both populations demanded and achieved municipality status. Furthermore, ILO Convention 169, signed by Mexico, recognized the colonial documents as valid.

title: Chimalapas montane forests


text:
EP (The 77s EP)

EP is an EP by American rock band the 77s released in 1999 on the band's own Fools of the World label.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Years Go Down"
 * 2) "Sevens"
 * 3) "Unbalanced"
 * 4) "Blue Sky"
 * 5) "The Best I Have"

Personnel

 * Mike Roe - guitar, lead vocals
 * Mark Harmon - bass guitar, background vocals
 * Bruce Spencer - drums

Production notes

 * Executive Producers: Curt and Debbie Cosenza
 * Engineers: Brad Barth, Jerry Jennings & Ralph Stover
 * Mixed and mastered - Ralph Stover
 * Art direction - Roe/Harmon
 * Art & design - Brian Heydn

title: EP (The 77s EP)


text:
Talk:Boroondara-Carey Eagles FC

Feedback from New Page Review process
I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: I noticed you grouped all your references to a single sentence. It would be better if you spread them all out evenly, or even better, make a longer section for the team's history (see larger football teams for inspiration). Thanks for editing..

–eggofreason(talk · contribs) 22:58, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boroondara-Carey Eagles FC


text:
Black Spur

The Black Spur is a road between the towns of Healesville and Narbethong in Victoria, Australia. It is also known as Black Spur Drive and is part of the Maroondah Highway.

Location
The Black Spur is approximately 60 kilometres northeast of Melbourne on the Maroondah Highway between Healesville and Marysville.

Etymology
Originally known as "The Blacks' Spur", the road gained its name from the route that displaced Aboriginal people from northern Victoria used to take on their way to a settlement at Corranderrk, near Healesville.

History
During the mid-1890s depression, German-born Melbourne photographer John William Lindt closed his studio. As early as 1883 he had been exhibiting pictures of the Blacks' Spur, where he built and moved to a guesthouse, The Hermitage, in gardens set out by his friend Ferdinand von Mueller. The gardens feature New Guinea tree houses from which Lindt made frequent panoramas of his property and surrounding primeval forest of towering, 30-metre mountain ash. The Hermitage contained a 30m x 8m studio, with a wall glazed in ground glass. In it, he photographed guests, of whom he also made outdoor portraits in the bush setting.

In 1913, Lindt collaborated with Nicholas Caire to produce a tourist booklet on the area. Lindt suffered from anti-German sentiment during and after WW1, and had to defend himself when a public meeting was called at the local shire council hall to demand that he be sent to an internment camp. Lindt continued to sell prints from his older glass negatives, and from new photographs he took of his forest home, guests in his gardens, and genre scenes. Some of those prints are accessible on the sites of State Library of Victoria, State Library of New South Wales, National Gallery of Australia, National Library of Australia, and the National Gallery of Victoria.

In 2009, a large section of Black Spur was damaged during the Black Saturday bushfires.

In 2019, Angie Suryadi, a woman from Melbourne was killed on the Black Spur when a large tree fell on her family's car during strong winds. Her four year old son was injured.

Description of road
The road has undergone restoration and improvements in August 2006, and was widened later that same year. It consists of a series of hairpin turns punctuated by short straights. Some corners are prone to dampness due to the ferny rainforest surroundings. The surrounding landscape has tall mountain ash trees and tree ferns, the typical of southeastern Australia's temperate rainforests.

In March 2008, the Victorian State government allocated $547,000 to improve road safety on the Black Spur. Stage 1 of the works involved reducing the speed limit from 100 to 80 km/h in May 2008.

Statistics

 * Length: 30 km
 * Corner Ratio: 80%
 * Corner Speeds: 35–60 km/h
 * Legal Speed Limit: 80 km/h
 * Traffic: 2–5 (cars/min)
 * Bumpiness: Smooth some corrugation
 * Bitumen Grip: Very grippy
 * Special Notes: The rainforest surroundings mean the road is often damp. There is regularly bark on the road in winter and bushfires in the area in summer.

title: Black Spur


text:
Shri Krishna Chaudhary

Shri Krishna Chaudhary is the former Director General of National Disaster Response Force, Director General of Railway Protection Force, Director General of Indo-Tibetan Border Police and an IPS officer of 1979 batch from Bihar cadre.

He also served as a Superintendent of Police in Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) for four years.

title: Shri Krishna Chaudhary


text:
User:Laxfangirl

I am a junior at Clemson University majoring in Food Science. /laxfangirl Here is Laxfangirl's sandbox User:Laxfangirl/sandbox

title: User:Laxfangirl


text:
Python Programming/Interactive mode

Python has two basic modes: script and interactive. The normal mode is the mode where the scripted and finished  files are run in the Python interpreter. Interactive mode is a command line shell which gives immediate feedback for each statement, while running previously fed statements in active memory. As new lines are fed into the interpreter, the fed program is evaluated both in part and in whole.

Interactive mode is a good way to play around and try variations on syntax.

On macOS or linux, open a terminal and simply type "python". On Windows, bring up the command prompt and type "py", or start an interactive Python session by selecting "Python (command line)", "IDLE", or similar program from the task bar / app menu. IDLE is a GUI which includes both an interactive mode and options to edit and run files.

Python should print something like this:

$ python Python 3.0b3 (r30b3:66303, Sep 8 2008, 14:01:02) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>>

(If Python doesn't run, make sure it is installed and your path is set correctly. See Getting Python.)

The >>> is Python's way of telling you that you are in interactive mode. In interactive mode what you type is immediately run. Try typing 1+1 in. Python will respond with 2. Interactive mode allows you to test out and see what Python will do. If you ever feel the need to play with new Python statements, go into interactive mode and try them out.

A sample interactive session:

>>> 5 5 >>> print(5*7) 35 >>> "hello" * 2 'hellohello' >>> "hello".__class__

However, you need to be careful in the interactive environment to avoid confusion. For example, the following is a valid Python script:

If you try to enter this as written in the interactive environment, you might be surprised by the result:

>>> if 1: ...  print("True") ... print("Done") File " ", line 3 print("Done") ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax

What the interpreter is saying is that the indentation of the second print was unexpected. You should have entered a blank line to end the first (i.e., "if") statement, before you started writing the next print statement. For example, you should have entered the statements as though they were written:

Which would have resulted in the following:

>>> if 1: ...  print("True") ... True >>> print("Done") Done >>>

Interactive mode
Instead of Python exiting when the program is finished, you can use the -i flag to start an interactive session. This can be very useful for debugging and prototyping.

python -i hello.py

For i in range(-1,-5,-1): print(i)

title: Python Programming/Interactive mode


text:
-lac

Etymology
From, from , from , from. Related to 🇨🇬.

Akin to 🇨🇬. More at 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1)  (compare Modern 🇨🇬)
 * 2) practice, action or process of
 * 3) act of
 * 4) gift
 * 1) act of
 * 2) gift
 * 1) gift

Descendants

 * (only in wedlock, bridelock)
 * (only in wedlock, bridelock)

Etymology
Compare.

title: -lac


text:
Talk:List of Muslim feminists

Organization of page
I propose we organize the page to match the style at List of feminists. Does that sound good? Smmurphy(Talk) 14:36, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I've hone ahead and switched the layout, merging Muslim feminists from that list and what was here already. Smmurphy(Talk) 16:38, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your work, I'll proceed with adding references and all. JahlilMA (talk) 18:46, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

Rabia of Basra and other female leaders/artists/mystics/etc
Is it important to make a decision about the distinction between Muslim feminists and female Muslim leaders/artists/mystics/etc? For instance, the page for Rabia of Basra has a section on her influence on feminism, while Aisha (wife of Muhammad) doesn't really. But it would definitely be possible to find citations explaining why both of these are influential to modern feminism. Less clear are other pre-contemporary figures in categories such as Category:Female Sufi mystics or Category:Arabic-language women poets/Medieval Arabic female poets who may be inspirations to feminists and who might today be considered or consider themselves feminists, but who are not written about with regards to their work furthering "feminist consciousness". For now, I'll add links to these categories/lists. Smmurphy(Talk) 16:47, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I think there's one distinction between pre-contemporary female Muslim leading figures and modern day Muslim feminists, which is the influence of feminism as a philosophy culminated within the Western discourse since the 19th century. In that regard I think it's better to clarify the distinction on the article as well. Maybe we can name the former differently and create a separate section like "Pre-contemporary Muslims who addressed gender issues" or "Muslim protofeminists" but I don't know the latter term is still valid. Under this title, possibly we may also include certain male scholars who devoted his works for gender issues and left significant influences. JahlilMA (talk) 19:22, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I think in general that sounds good. If individuals from before 1800 are added to this list, careful referencing is a good idea (unfortunately, I was sloppy with referencing when I reformatted). If there is a reliable source about "Pre-contemporary Muslims who addressed gender issues" or "Muslim protofeminists", I'd love to look at it, and I think it could be appropriate to add to this list from those sources. And to extend your suggestion a bit, I think merely influencing feminism doesn't automatically make a figure an appropriate addition to this list. Smmurphy(Talk) 20:39, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Understood, I'll try to look for recent publications regarding Islam and feminism, and see if there are any mentions regarding pre-contemporary Muslims. Yes, I wasn't completely sure about including persons like Al-Sakhawi, but if its not appropriate, then we can exclude them.
 * I have one question though, should we include atheists/ex-Muslims here in the list, like Nawal el Saadawi, Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Taslima Nasrin? Because initially, I was listing persons based on two criteria; 1. feminist, or engaging toward gender equity for female 2. Muslim. Under these criteria, I thought I can include the figures like Meena Keshwar Kamal or Malala Yousefzai, who in my understanding, aren't necessarily proponents of Islamic feminism, i.e., a feminist discourse and practice articulated within an Islamic paradigm, but more of "feminists who happened to be Muslims" (this understanding could be wrong on individual cases). Under these criteria, non-Muslims are not to be included. I was worrying if we limit the scope on Islamic feminism, a substantial number of the list has to be removed. Any thoughts on this? JahlilMA (talk) 11:52, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Excellent point. I think it only makes sense to limit this page to feminists who profess the Islamic faith, as that seems to be the purpose of the page. After all, we cannot simply include any feminist who has an opinion about Islam on this page. I will go ahead and remove the names which you have mentioned if you see any more then please make the necessary edits! (talk)
 * Thanks a lot :) JahlilMA (talk) 16:39, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't think we should impose what being a Muslim feminist means. el Saadawi writes about it (many places, for exampleEl Saadawi, Nawal. "A Postmodern Christian-Muslim Feminist." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 6, no. 3 (2010): 183-187.), basically saying that "Muslim" as an adjective or an identity that is used for a person cannot possibly be pure but is always mixed with other things. I don't know if El Saadawi would today call herself a "Muslim" or a "Muslim feminist", but she would probably resist an attempt to box her in, and so on. Certainly she is described in many sources, including sources professing themselves to be Muslim, as a Muslim feminist. Nasrin is less often described as a "Muslim feminist" and Ali even less so, largely because they are both more strongly associated with atheism or opposition to aspects of Islam. My feeling is that el Saadawi should definitely be included, maybe Nasrin, and probably not Ali. Smmurphy(Talk) 17:35, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Muslim feminists


text:
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association

The Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (JAMDA) is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier twelve times a year as of January 2013 (9 times per year 2000–2012). It is the official journal of the American Medical Directors Association. The journal covers all aspects of long-term care and geriatrics. JAMDA's readership includes internists, family/general practitioners, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, researchers and persons interested in caring for older persons.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
 * Excerpta Medica
 * MEDLINE/PubMed
 * EMBASE
 * Current Contents/Clinical Medicine
 * CINAHL
 * Science Citation Index Expanded

The Journal was placed as the most highly ranked of any of the clinical geriatric journals in 2012 with an impact factor of 5.302 and immediacy index of 1.343. The increase in the number of issues together with the online only publications has led to a major increase in the denominator for calculating the 2013 impact factor, which fell to 4.781 but still gave JAMDA the second highest impact factor of all the clinical geriatric journals. In 2013, JAMDA also had the highest immediacy index of 1.483 among all the clinical geriatric journals. In 2017, the journal's impact factor was 5.325.

History
AMDA was established in 1978 by James Patee and herman Gruber near Hilton Head, Georgia. In 1988 it moved to Washington, DC. It has developed a Certified Medical Director program. It produces JAMDA (first known as the Annals of Long term Care, then renamed the Journal of the American Medical Directors Association in 2000. The first Editor-in-Chief was Dan Osterweil, MD. The 2nd Editor-in-Chief is John E. Morley, MB, BCh, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. The current Editors-in-Chief are Philip Sloane, MD, MPH and Sheryl Zimmerman, PhD, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. The Journal has an international editorial board.

Editors-in-Chief

 * Dan Osterweil (2000-2006)
 * John E. Morley (2007–2017)
 * Philip Sloane and Sheryl Zimmerman (2018–Present)

Article Types JAMDA publishes the following types of articles and editorial content:

 * Editorials
 * Special Articles
 * Updates from the AMDA Meeting
 * Review Articles
 * Original Study Articles
 * Clinical Experience
 * Brief Reports
 * Quality Improvement in Long Term Care
 * Long Term Care Around the Globe
 * Controversies in Long Term Care
 * Case Reports
 * In the Trenches
 * In Touch
 * Letter to the Editor
 * Book Reviews


text:
Talk:Botany

Marshman, what do you think if we classify this page into a textbook instead of a study guide for the sake of listing it on the front page ? Even though it is a study guide format in terms of brevity, it isn't a study guide in the sense of notes relating to another book. How can we classify these different things ? Your comments plz. --Karl Wick
 * I certainly have no problem either way. I see the Study Guide as a way to eventually get to a textbook, and it is a Guide only in the sense that it is meant to guide one through Wikipedia; could, of course supplement any other text books, but is not a guide specific to any other text.  It could be a "Botany text in formation". I would keep the title the same for now, just because the sense of a guide to Wikipedia articles is presently the central concept. But could move it to Science Books and I woill rethink the title - Marsh 00:11, 30 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Need to correct chapter link text
The chapter links on each page show two chapter 12's.
 * You are right, but I can no longer recall how to get to that page. Will take some reasearch to fix. - Marsh 19:08, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Very nice book
I like your book very much! The chapters starting from 7 need to be adjusted (chapter numbers on the pages don`t fit the number of the contents). I fixed some chapter renumbering in chapters 4 and 5. --Andreas Ipp 22:15, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I did add in some chapters, and that required chapter number changes.  I guess I did not catch them all. Really appreciate your attention to such details - marsh 18:34, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

owk thank you Magx makiddof (discuss • contribs) 20:36, 27 April 2022 (UTC)

good sources
Where can we find good public domain sources for references? I am not even a graduate student, so I do not have too much credability in things I say just out of my head, I usually type the term I'm looking for information on with the term ".gov" into google to see if nasa or the FWS have anything to say about it.

http://www.biocrawler.com/ is a biology wiki, but they aren't especially in the habit of having public domain sources.

Of course, wikipedia is a fantastic source. - Lotusduck 02:01, 4 November 2005 (UTC)lotusduck
 * I'm not sure what your question is. Are you looking for sources (references) to back up things that you "know" and want to write about at Wikibooks? Although sources are always a great addition to facts you provide, they are not absolutely necessary.  The quality of your writing is the real test.  If you introduce "facts" that others then question, be prepared to provide outside sources for the information, but those sources can typically be as simple a textbook. You still may lose an "argument", but most of what you contribute is not going to be questioned heavily (but may be edited) unless you are a complete flake 8^) - marsh 04:16, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Botany Introduction Botany merger
This isn't worth merging, just junk it, it doesn't contain any really useful info, and is hopelessly local-POV biased - <IP_ADDRESS> 23:29, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

secret wishes
I have always dreamed that when this book is "finished" a version of it will be frozen (while leaving this version still wiki format) and certified, backed by some university like ordinary textbooks are. Then schools could print this book royalty free instead of going the extra costs of publishers. That frozen version would be the "first edition" and whenever a professor decided that enough new, good changes had occured on this botany wikibook, a new version would be frozen and offered for printing that would be the second printing, similar to new editions of textbooks. In many ways the wiki format is a great learning tool. In other ways it is not. If students were all asked to copy a lab from this wikibook on a large scale, it would have to be 100% reliable 100% of the time. But then that reliability and un-chang-ability would also have negative consequences. I think that some day soon we can have it both ways. We can have the learning benefits of a hard copy and of a wiki for botany. Thank you. <IP_ADDRESS> 15:57, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Why not do it now?

You just need to make a downloadable pdf version with a date and update it as changes occur. There is already an icon for this

Rozzychan 23:39, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Botany


text:
Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Oldowan

The Olduvai Gorge
2 million years ago, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) was a lake. Its shores were inhabited not only by numerous wild animals but also by groups of hominids, including Paranthropus boisei and Homo habilis, as well as the later Homo erectus.

The gorge, therefore, is a great source of Palaeolithic remains as well as a key site providing evidence of human evolutionary development. This is one of the main reasons that drew Louis and Mary Leakey back year after year at Olduvai Gorge.

Certain details of the lives of the creatures who lived at Olduvai have been reconstructed from the hundreds of thousands of bits of material that they left behind: various stones and bones. No one of these things, alone, would mean much, but when all are analyzed and fitted together, patterns begin to emerge.

Among the finds are assemblages of stone tools dated to between 2.2 Myrs and 620,000 years ago. These were found little disturbed from when they were left, together with the bones of now-extinct animals that provided food.

Mary Leakey found that there were two stoneworking traditions at Olduvai. One, the Acheulean industry, appears first in Bed II and lasts until Bed IV. The other, the Oldowan, is older and more primitive, and occurs throughout Bed I, as well as at other African sites in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania.

Meat-eating
Until about 2.5 million years ago, early hominids lived on foods that could be picked or gathered: plants, fruits, invertebrate animals such as ants and termites, and even occasional pieces of meat (perhaps hunted in the same manner as chimpanzees do today).

After 2.5 million years ago, meat seems to become more important in early hominids' diet. Evolving hominids' new interest in meat is of major importance in paleoanthropology.

Out on the savanna, it is hard for a primate with a digestive system like that of humans to satisfy its amino-acid requirements from available plant resources. Moreover, failure to do so has serious consequences: growth depression, malnutrition, and ultimately death. The most readily accessible plant resources would have been the proteins accessible in leaves and legumes, but these are hard for primates like us to digest unless they are cooked. In contrast, animal foods (ants, termites, eggs) not only are easily digestible, but they provide high-quantity proteins that contain all the essential amino acids. All things considered, we should not be surprised if our own ancestors solved their "protein problem" in somewhat the same way that chimps on the savanna do today.

Increased meat consumption on the part of early hominids did more than merely ensure an adequate intake of essential amino acids. Animals that live on plant foods must eat large quantities of vegetation, and obtaining such foods consumes much of their time. Meat eaters, by contrast, have no need to eat so much or so often. Consequently, meat-eating hominids may have had more leisure time available to explore and manipulate their environment, and to lie around and play. Such activities probably were a stimulus to hominid brain development.

The importance of meat eating for early hominid brain development is suggested by the size of their brains:
 * cranial capacity of largely plant-eating   Australopithecus ranged from 310 to 530 cc;
 * cranial capacity of primitive known meat eater, Homo habilis: 580 to 752 cc;
 * Homo erectus possessed a cranial capacity of 775 to 1,225 cc.

Hunters or scavengers?
The archaeological evidence indicates that Oldowan hominids ate meat. They processed the carcasses of large animals, and we assume that they ate the meat they cut from the bones. Meat-eating animals can acquire meat in several different ways:
 * stealing kills made by other animals;
 * by opportunistically exploiting the carcasses	of animals that die naturally;
 * by hunting or capturing prey themselves.

There has been considerable dispute among anthropologists about how early hominids acquired meat. Some have argued that hunting, division of labor, use of home bases and food sharing emerged very early in hominid history. Others think the Oldowan hominids would have been unable to capture large mammals because they were too small and too poorly armed.

Recent zooarchaeological evidence suggests that early hominids (after 2.5 million years ago) may have acquired meat mainly by scavenging, and maybe occasionally by hunting.

If hominids obtained most of their meat from scavenging, we would expect to find cut marks mainly on bones left at kill sites by predators (lions, hyenas). If hominids obtained most of their meat from their own kills, we would expect to find cut marks mainly on large bones, like limb bones. However, at Olduvai Gorge, cut marks appear on both kinds of bones: those usually left by scavengers and those normally monopolized by hunters. The evidence from tool marks on bones indicates that humans sometimes acquired meaty bones before, and sometimes after, other predators had gnawed on them.

Settlement patterns
During decades of work at Olduvai Gorge, Mary and Louis Leakey and their team laid bare numerous ancient hominid sites. Sometimes the sites were simply spots where the bones of one or more hominid species were discovered. Often, however, hominid remains were found in association with concentrations of animal bones, stone tools, and debris.

At one spot, in Bed I, the bones of an elephant lay in close association with more than 200 stone tools. Apparently, the animal was butchered here; there are no indications of any other activity.

At another spot (DK-I Site), on an occupation surface 1.8 million years old, basalt stones were found grouped in small heaps forming a circle. The interior of the circle was practically empty, while numerous tools and food debris littered the ground outside, right up to the edge of the circle.

Principles
Use of specially made stone tools appears to have arisen as result of need for implements to butcher and prepare meat, because hominid teeth were inadequate for the task. Transformation of lump of stone into a "chopper", "knife" or "scraper" is a far cry from what a chimpanzee does when it transforms a stick into a termite probe. The stone tool is quite unlike the lump of stone. Thus, the toolmaker must have in mind an abstract idea of the tool to be made, as well as a specific set of steps that will accomplish the transformation from raw material to finished product. Furthermore, only certain kinds of stone have the flaking properties that will allow the transformation to take place, and the toolmaker must know about these.

Therefore, two main components to remember:
 * Raw material properties
 * Flaking properties

Evidence
The oldest Lower Palaeolithic tools (2.0-1.5 million years ago) found at Olduvai Gorge (Homo habilis) are in the Oldowan tool tradition. Nevertheless, older materials (2.6-2.5 million year ago) have recently been recorded from sites located in Ethiopia (Hadar, Omo, Gona, Bouri - Australopithecus garhi) and Kenya (Lokalalei).

Because of a lack of remarkable differences in the techniques and styles of artifact manufacture for over 1 million years (2.6-1.5 million years ago), a technological stasis was suggested for the Oldowan Industry.

The makers of the earliest stone artifacts travelled some distances to acquire their raw materials, implying greater mobility, long-term planning and foresight not recognized earlier.

Oldowan stone tools consist of all-purpose generalized chopping tools and flakes. Although these artifacts are very crude, it is clear that they have been deliberately modified. The technique of manufacture used was the percussion.

The main intent of Oldowan tool makers was the production of cores and flakes with sharp-edges. These simple but effective Oldowan choppers and flakes made possible the addition of meat to the diet on a regular basis, because people could now butcher meat, skin any animal, and split bones for marrow.

Overall, the hominids responsible for making these stone tools understood the flaking properties of the raw materials available; they selected appropriate cobbles for making artifacts; and they were as competent as later hominids in their knapping abilities.

Finally, the manufacture of stone tools must have played a major role in the evolution of the human brain, first by putting a premium on manual dexterity and fine manipulation over mere power in the use of the hands. This in turn put a premium in the use of the hands.

Early hominid behavior
During the 1970s and 1980s many workers, including Mary Leakey and Glynn Isaac, used an analogy from modern hunter-gatherer cultures to interpret early hominid behavior of the Oldowan period (e.g., the Bed I sites at Olduvai Gorge). They concluded that many of the sites were probably camps, often called "home bases", where group members gathered at the end of the day to prepare and share food, to socialize, to make tools, and to sleep.

The circular concentration of stones at the DK-I site was interpreted as the remains of a shelter or windbreak similar to those still made by some African foraging cultures. Other concentrations of bones and stones were thought to be the remains of living sites originally ringed by thorn hedges for defense against predators. Later, other humanlike elements were added to the mix, and early Homo was described as showing a sexual division of labor [females gathering plant foods and males hunting for meat] and some of the Olduvai occupation levels were interpreted as butchering sites.

Views on the lifestyle of early Homo began to change in the late 1980s, as many scholars became convinced that these hominids had been overly humanized.

Researchers began to show that early Homo shared the Olduvai sites with a variety of large carnivores, thus weakening the idea that these were the safe, social home bases originally envisioned.

Studies of bone accumulations suggested that H. habilis was mainly a scavenger and not a full-fledged hunter. The bed I sites were interpreted as no more than "scavenging stations" where early Homo brought portions of large animal carcasses for consumption.

Another recent suggestion is that the Olduvai Bed I sites mainly represent places where rocks were cached for the handy processing of animal foods obtained nearby. Oldowan toolmakers brought stones from sources several kilometers away and cached them at a number of locations within the group's territory. Stone tools could have been made at the cache sites for use elsewhere, but more frequently portions of carcasses were transported to the toolmaking site for processing.

Summary
Current interpretations of the subsistence, settlement, and tool-use patterns of early hominids of the Oldowan period are more conservative than they have been in the past. Based upon these revised interpretations, the Oldowan toolmakers have recently been dehumanized.

Although much more advanced than advanced apes, they still were probably quite different from modern people with regard to their living arrangements, methods and sexual division of food procurement and the sharing of food.

The label human has to await the appearance of the next representative of the hominid family: Homo erectus.


text:
kalendář

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) calendar system by which time is divided into days, weeks, months, and years

title: kalendář


text:
Cardinals created by John XXIII

Pope John XXIII ((r. 1958 – 1963)) created 52 cardinals in five consistories. Beginning at his first consistory, he expanded the size of the College beyond the limit of seventy established in 1586 and on several occasions announced that further increases should be expected. It rose to 88 in January 1961. He named three additional cardinals in pectore, that is, secretly, but did not reveal their names before his death.

In 1962 he initiated the rule that all cardinals should be bishops. He consecrated the twelve non-bishop members of the College himself in April. He created one cardinal who later became pope, Pope Paul VI. His cardinals included the first from Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, Uruguay, and Venezuela; Rugambwa was the first native of Africa.

John’s creation of cardinals at annual consistories was a marked departure from the periods of several years that his predecessor Pius XII allowed between consistories and a return to the frequency of earlier in the 20th century.

15 December 1958
Pope John announced the names of 23 new cardinals on 17 November 1958, including 13 Italians, ten of whom held offices in the Roman Curia. Though not as international a group as those named by his predecessor Pius XII, it included the first cardinals from Mexico and Uruguay. This would have increased the number of cardinals to 75, breaking the ceiling of 70 members established by Pope Sixtus V in 1586, but it only reached 74 because Cardinal José María Caro Rodríguez of Chile died before the consistory. When he created these cardinals, 18 of the order of cardinal priests and five cardinal deacons, at a secret consistory on 15 December, John said the increase was necessary to staff church offices properly. Church law had to be waived for the new Cardinal Cicognani to join his brother Gaetano Cicognani, a cardinal since 1953, in the College. On 17 December Pope John gave red birettas and assigned titular churches and deaconries to the twenty of the 23 who were present. Cento, Fietta, and Bueno y Monreal received theirs on 12 March 1959.

14 December 1959
Pope John announced the names of eight new cardinals on 16 November 1959, increasing the size of the College to 79, including 31 Italians. On 14 December 1959, John created four cardinal priests and four cardinal deacons, and on 17 December he gave red birettas and titular churches and deaconries to seven of them. He did the same for Marella on 31 March 1960.

28 March 1960
Pope John announced the names of seven new cardinals on 3 March 1960, among them the first Japanese (Doi) and Filipino (Santos) cardinals and the first black cardinal of the modern era (Rugambwa). At the secret consistory on 28 March, he noted the historic significance of their inclusion by addressing them: "Dear and venerable brothers of Tokyo, Manila and Rutabo, please tell your populations that the Pope loves them." He named three additional cardinals in pectore, keeping their identities secret. He created six cardinal priests and one cardinal deacon (Bacci) on that day, and on 31 March gave them all their birettas, six their titles and one his deaconry. Without those not named publicly, this consistory brought the number of cardinals to 85. The Italians numbered 33.

Because Pope John failed to reveal the names of the three cardinals created in pectore before his death, their appointments never took effect.

16 January 1961
On 16 December 1960, Pope John announced the names of four new cardinals, including the first Venezuelan. On 16 January 1961, he created them cardinal priests, and they received their red hats and their titular church assignments on 19 January. Following this consistory there were 88 cardinals, 32 of them Italians.

19 March 1962
Pope John announced the names of ten new cardinals on 17 February 1962. They included an Eastern-rite Catholic, the Syrian-born Coussa, and a new youngest member of the College of Cardinals, Landázuri, aged 48. Pope John created them eight cardinal priests and two cardinal deacons on 19 March and gave eight of them their titles and deaconries on 22 March.· The other two, Panico and Antoniutti, the Apostolic Nuncios to Portugal and Spain, received theirs on 24 May 1962. The consistory on 19 March left the college with 87 cardinals, including thirty Italian, eight French, six Spanish, and five from the United States.

On 19 March Pope John also announced that he would consecrate as bishops the twelve members of the College not yet bishops, including two of the newest cardinals, Browne and Albareda, and a veteran of the Roman Curia Alfredo Ottaviani.

title: Cardinals created by John XXIII


text:
K-World Dream Awards

The K-World Dream Awards, formerly known as the Soribada Best K-Music Awards (abbreviated as SOKA or SOBA), is an awards ceremony presented by the digital music platform Soribada to celebrate the best and brightest of K-pop releases. The first awards ceremony was held in September 2017 and awarded music released between September 2016 and August 2017.

This is the first-ever awards ceremony hosted by Soribada, established in 2000 as Korea's first digital music service. In 2024, the awards ceremony was renamed to the K-World Dream Awards.

Judging criteria
Winners are determined through Soribada's internal data, online and mobile votes from fans across the world, as well as ratings from professional adjudicators and critics.

Special Hallyu Awards
=== Artist of the Year Award ===

Most Wins
The following artists received five or more awards:

title: K-World Dream Awards


text:
User:Shliboss/sandbox

Cash rules everything around shli ; CREAM - Get the money

Hey ' Shliboss! ' Guess who...

title: User:Shliboss/sandbox


text:
School:Strategic Studies/Templates

=Templates for Use in the Strategic Studies School= This is a brief discussion of the organization of the Strategic Studies School that contains Templates for use with each of the different types of pages used here. Templates are not monolithic constructs, but it is encouraged that they be adhered to in spirit in order to maintain a sense of continuity with students of the School.

Degree Program
A Degree Program is a series of Courses designed to grant the student enough understanding of a discipline that they might be awarded a degree. Since Wikiversity is not yet a Degree Granting institution (and may never be), this concept is simply meant as a guide for the amount of learning that should be contained in a Degree Program. Degree Programs are made to stretch over a hypothetical period of four "years." Each "year" a student is expected to take 10 Courses. There are Core and Elective Courses. All Core Courses must be studied in order to complete the Degree Program. Since there are not enough Core Courses to make a full degree, students take Electives to round out the number of Courses they take in each year.

Course
A Course is here defined as a series of Classes on a given subject matter. The standard Course is 30 hours of hypothetical instruction time (not including readings and assignments). In this template, the Course is divided into ten units, each with three (one-hour) Classes. This organization is entirely flexible. Instructors do not need to group Classes into units, but if they notice that Classes within their Course outline share similar themes, this organization is encouraged.

Any course which forms part of the Strategic Studies curriculum should have, at the very top of the page, this template:  This ensures that the course is clearly marked as part of Strategic Studies, as well as providing an easy navigation back to the School's Portal.

Class
A Class is the basic building block of the Course. It contains lecture material, readings, Projects, etc. These are all geared towards the achievement of a learning objective that pertains to the subject of the Course. A Class is hypothetically one hour long, but this is only for the purposes of planning. Since an instructor is free to choose how many Classes are in a Course, he or she may use their 30 hypothetical hours of Course time in any way they see fit.

Project
Projects make up parts of Classes. They are student activities that asisst them in the understanding of the subject matter of a Class. This is a hands-on activity, and - according to the philosophy of Wikiversity - should emphasize "learning by doing." An example might be to research and edit a Wikipedia article, or to build a catapult.

Topic
Topic in the Strategic Studies School contain piles of reference material and links for the purpose of assisting research on a given subject matter. These are exercises in data mining, and should be filled to the brim with useful reference information and commentary to aid students in developing their ideas for Classes and Projects.

title: School:Strategic Studies/Templates


text:
Civ/Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri/Understanding the game

Playing styles
The detailed descriptions of each faction refer to three playing styles: Builder, Hybrid, and Momentum. These will be defined here. But first, it must be recognized that there are as many different approaches to the game as there are players who love the game, but these (often wildly varying) approaches can, in at least a general sense, be grouped into the three basic styles of play. They are basic archetypes rather than full styles. Recognizing them is vitally important in effective planning.

Builder
Builders don't care much for fighting, preferring to cloister themselves off on some small to mid-sized continent, terraform, build infrastructure, and research new technologies. The hallmarks of Builder style play are:
 * 1) Long delays in prototyping new weapons and defensive systems, in favor of constructing infrastructure
 * 2) The preservation of as close to 100% of industrial capacity as possible in order to speed the completion of the aforementioned infrastructure by minimizing support costs
 * 3) Very aesthetically-pleasing empires (let's face it, Builder Empires just look cool!)
 * 4) Strict adherence to industrial caps with regards to ecological damages, that is, Builders spend a lot of time terraforming, and they don't like to see their efforts undone by sudden fungal blooms, so you will seldom find any, and certainly no significant eco-damage in a Builder Empire). For the reason of preservation of Industrial Capacity alone, "Biogenetics" is probably a Builder player's most treasured tech, and many a Builder player will micromanage his or her bases down to the unit level, upgrading any unit which is tying up support costs.

To maximize the strengths of this playstyle, you must head straight to Industrial Automation for the acquisition of Supply Crawlers, and from there move right on into the lifting of your resource restrictions. You live and die by the following five techs: Centauri Ecology, Industrial Automation, Gene Splicing, Ecological Engineering, and Environmental Economics. The goal of the early Builder game is to reach Environmental Economics as quickly as possible and create such a vast economy in terms of total outputs, relative to the opposition, that when the combat techs arrive (and wise Builders will begin pursuing them the moment they get Environmental Economics), their superior economic sub-structure will enable them to out-produce and out-tech everyone else in the game.

Hybrid
The Hybrid's main watch-word is flexibility. He's the guy who wants to be ready for anything that might come up, and while he greatly admires the Builder's stunning efficiency and sterling industry, he also knows that somewhere out there on the map, and maybe closer than he thinks, are people who would like nothing better than to take it all away from him. To that end, the Hybrid player makes some "strategic sacrifices," developing a stout standing army as early as techs permit it, and upgrading and honing them constantly. Often, the Hybrid Player has half (or more) of his army on the prowl, looking for pods, and looking for potential enemies of the state. Yes, he's interested in developing an economy to rival his Builder counterparts, but not at the risk of being blind-sided by some fast-moving attacker.

For Hybrids, the key technologies in the early game are: Centauri Ecology, Industrial Automation, Doctrine: Flexibility, Gene Splicing, and Ecological Engineering. This gives you several of the key advantages of the Builder player, but also gives you more options in terms of exploration and response to incoming threats.

Momentum
Fast and loose! The Momentum player's main goal is to expand with lightening speed, get a horde of small bases (production centers) up and running, and then use them to build a war machine that is second to none, and while he's getting his production centers geared up, his scouts are on the prowl, a sharp eye open for signs of anybody else. The moment he finds someone else, the real show begins, and the Momentum player is banking on the fact that, because he's so active, even if you have a technology edge, he'll be able to probe his way to technological parity and smash you with his relatively large standing force. Bases are seen as little more than barracks, and not much attention is given to infrastructural builds, beyond the absolutely essential (i.e., network nodes, to cash in artifacts found or stolen).

Momentum players will want the biggest bang for their buck, and they'll want it as quickly as possible. For them, the key technologies are: Centauri Ecology, Industrial Automation, Doctrine: Flexibility, Non-Linear Mathematics, and Ecological Engineering. They're willing to work around the mineral restrictions to get a decent army in the field, and many of the factions this group favors come with support bonuses, giving them a relatively large number of "free" troops anyway. A perfect example of this would be Miriam Godwinson's Believers. With their +2 Support rating, each of their bases gets four free units. Figure one former and one garrison, that still leaves her two attackers per base that can go out hunting. Multiplied out over ten or twelve bases, and it's no wonder she's so feared by the Builder crowd!

Putting it together
As you can see, while there are key differences between the various styles of play, there are also some similarities between the three styles. Two techs in particular popped up all three times: Ecological Engineering and Industrial Automation. These may be the most critical techs in the entire game: if you have them and your opponent does not, you are in a vastly superior position.

One final stylistic note to point out is this: Do not make the mistake of believing that Builders never fight and Momentum players never build infrastructure! All players of note will shift and change their strategies based on prevailing game conditions, and because of that, these "styles" mentioned are more archetypes than anything. They point to the tendencies and pre-dispositions of players toward one end of the spectrum or the other. The implication is not that Builders can only build, and Momentum players can only crank out an endless supply of troops. I don't know of anyone who plays that way, and even against an average player, such a strategy would come apart rather quickly. Essentially then, the stylistic approaches speak more to the timing than anything else.

For Builders, the key to the game is the rapid development of infrastructure. They figure that the faster they can develop vast efficiencies, the better off they will be, and those greater efficiencies will enable them to quickly catch up militarily in the midgame.

At the other end of the spectrum, the Momentum gamers recognize how much damage a few early game attackers can do, and seek to maximize that damage against their opponents, forcing their rivals to divert resources to deal with threats to hearth and home, while the Momentum player is free to build infrastructure without such threats.

In the center are the Hybrids, who will strike opportunistically — and divert some portion of their early game resources to be ready to do that — but are unwilling to go full bore in that direction, lest they fall behind in infrastructural development.

The Early Game
The Early Game is the game up until the time all those annoying restrictions are lifted, and before you get the chance to start playing with the more interesting unit types. Specifically then, the techs that provide the boundary to the early game are: Resource-Wise: Gene Splicing, Ecological Engineering, and Environmental Economics. Weapon wise: Lasers (Applied Physics) and Impact (Non-linear Mathematics) will be most prevalent (with Missiles falling at the outer edge of the early game, much as Environmental Economics, developmentally). Defensively, you've got Synthmetal (Industrial Base), and Plasma (High Energy Chemistry) with some interesting variance provided by 3-res and 3-pulse armor, and of course, all units will be powered with the old-style Fission generators (weakest, and most expensive).

Implications of the early game: 1) Stuff is expensive to build. The old generators are not cheap, to put it mildly, and that's bad news for you, because your mineral production is wretched, and while there are ways to improve that, none of them will happen quickly, or without a fair amount of planning on your part. 2) Terrain squares are not very productive. Pre-restriction lifting, you're faced with a limit of 2r (r being whatever resource you're harvesting) in each category, for an absolute maximum of six resources per square (i.e. - Monolith, 2r for each of the three resource-types).

Taken together, that's a pretty punishing two-edged sword. Not only are you having to pay more for your early game units in terms of time to build, but you're also faced with terrain squares that have limited value.

There is some good news though, in the form of special resource squares. These squares are not limited by the early game restrictions, and as such, they should receive your immediate attention. If you find one that's located in an unattractive base-building spot, that's no problem....the moment you get industrial automation, send a supply crawler out that direction and start taking advantage of the resource! (and more about this in particular on the section on Terraforming!)

The Middle Game
The Middle Game is bounded on one side by the lifting of energy restrictions, the acquisition of Missile techs (with Air Power coming soon thereafter), and the discovery of Fusion Power and runs all the way to the acquisition of Habitation Domes and is where the bulk of your game will be played out. Terrain squares get more productive as more terraforming options become available, your formers get a ton of new things to do, and your units (both offensively and defensively) become vastly more dangerous.

The Late Game
The late game is marked roughly by the introduction of the Habitation Dome. Generally, single player games don't last very long once you get here, and few multi-player games ever make it this far, so don't expect to see much of the late game, unless you really enjoy playing single-player mode, and really like to take your time.


text:
Plumbing

Plumbing, from the Latin for lead (plumbum), is the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for potable water systems and the drainage of waste. Plumbing originated during the ancient civilizations such as Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable water, and drainage of wastes. A plumber is someone who installs or repairs piping systems, plumbing fixtures, and equipment such as water heaters. The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed economy due to the need for clean water, and proper collection and transport of wastes.

Plumbing is a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution of potable water and the removal of waterborne wastes. Plumbing is usually distinguished from water and sewage systems, in that a plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems serve a group of buildings or a city. Improvement in plumbing systems was very slow, with virtually no progress made from the time of the Roman system of aqueducts and lead pipes until the 19th century. Eventually, the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems eliminated open sewage ditches and cesspools.

Plumbing equipment, not present in all systems, include, for example, water meters, pumps, expansion tanks, backflow preventers, filters, water softeners, water heaters, heat exchangers, gauges, and control systems.

Plumbing fixtures are the devices installed for the end-users. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, lavatories, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, eyewashes, floor drains, garbage disposers, and hose bibbs.

In addition to the straight pipe or tubing, many fittings are required in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. The piping and plumbing fittings and valves articles discuss them further.

Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead or stone. Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are now made of copper, brass, plastic, steel, or other nontoxic material. Present-day drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead. Special waste systems for acid waste often utilize polyvinylidene difluoride piping or boron silicate glass piping. Lead is not used in modern water-supply piping due to its toxicity.

The 'straight' sections of plumbing systems are of pipe or tube. A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, where tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as 'soldering', 'compression fitting', 'crimping', or for plastics, 'solvent welding'.

Systems
The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:

 * Potable cold and hot water supply
 * Traps, drains, and vents
 * Septic systems
 * Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage
 * Fuel gas piping
 * Medical Gas systems including Vacuum, Air, Medical Air, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Nitrous Oxide, and Carbon Dioxide.
 * Fire stopping is required where mechanical penetrates traverse fire-resistance-rated wall and floor assemblies, or membranes thereof. This work is usually done worldwide by the insulation trade and/or specialty fire stop sub-contractors.

Of increasing interest, for ecological reasons, are gray-water recovery and treatment systems. These systems can consist of rainwater collected from the roofs or other projected areas of the structure being stored in a cistern or special retaining pond. This water can then be treated to reduce the growth of bacteria. The use of reclaimed gray-water is restricted to non-potable uses such as supplies for toilets, urinals, irrigation systems or HVAC.

Plumbing Material

 * Cast iron for plumbing drain and waste lines
 * PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) for plumbing potable water, non-potable water, drain and waste lines
 * Chromed brass for plumbing waste lines
 * Chromed copper for water supply lines
 * Galvanized steel for drain and waste lines as well as water supply lines
 * Copper (rigid and flexible) for plumbing drain and waste as well as water supply lines
 * CPVC (Chlorinated Poly-Vinyl Chloride) for water supply lines
 * PEX (Cross-linked Polyethylene) for water supply lines
 * Black iron for gas pipes

title: Plumbing


text:
Afghanistan at the Deaflympics

Afghanistan competed at the Deaflympics for the first time during the 2017 Summer Deaflympics which was held in Samsun, Turkey. Afghani team sent a five-member delegation for the Deaflympic event held in 2017, which is the only Deaflympic event where Afghanistan took part. The five members were: Ahmad Reshad Azizi (400m), Faiz Ahmad Faizi (Taekwondo -68 kg), Ekilil Khaliqyar (200m), Noori (100m) and Ahman Fawad Sultani (100m). Afghanistan is yet to earn a medal at the Deaflympics.

title: Afghanistan at the Deaflympics


text:
Talk:Farrukhsiyar/Archive 1

Cure
The accompanying source says the Emperor was cured. Some mischievous vandal has inserted the word "from piles". I have removed it. Dhinkachika (talk) 17:32, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Farrukhsiyar/Archive 1