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Systems And Tools Educational Model

Note: The development of this concept has moved to the Effective Education Project. This page is being left for archive purposes.

Introduction
In the education world there is much discussion and debate over standards. Most of the debate has centered around whether standards should exist, how they should be implemented, and what they should be for existing content areas. But thus far it seems that one of the most important questions has not been asked: What should be taught?

There are several educational theories that discuss this topic. Some of the suggested aims of education are to help students with socialization, improve society, improve morals and ethics, make students good citizens, prepare students for jobs and careers, and give students a well rounded liberal education. All of these aims have merit, but none of these aims, or even the conjunction of these aims attempt to give a full theoretical structure to what should be learned for the whole of the human experience.

The Systems and Tools Educational Model (STEM) attempts to put what can be learned within the whole of human experience into a logical framework that can be used to decide what should be taught. STEM is an overarching framework that should be able to fit all the current aims within it, and all the current content areas. It should be able to continue to fit the needs of humans into the future, as the basic principles can be expanded and applied to new situations. In this sense it is a "deductive" model with some basic premises that everything else can be built from. The model can also be viewed as an extension of systems thinking.

There are two things that should be noted. First, like any mental model, there may be equally valid ways of viewing the world. But none to-date are believed to be as comprehensive as STEM. Also, the debate of what should be taught ultimately boils down to values. This model postulates certain values, but it is possible to utilize much of the theory while holding different values, and thus getting different results. Further, there are some values that this system does not postulate, and depending upon what people believe, this will impact the results of what should be taught. It is hoped that this model will be strong enough that it still can be used for differing values, and that by having an overarching view, it helps people understand their values better.

Also, while this mental model is theoretical, it is critical for it to be a success that it can be applied to the real world, and in its application, it benefits learners. It is the aim of the authors that this model will allow for changes in current educational systems, or possibly the creation of entirely new educational systems.

Definitions
In order to understand and apply the Systems and Tools Educational Model it is important to understand several terms used:

 * System - Every thing in the universe can be viewed as a system or part of a system (or often both). Further, any idea or intellectual concept can also be viewed as a system or part of a system.  A system is basically taking any object, and seeing that it is composed of pieces, and that these pieces have a relationship with each other, and in most systems, interact with each other.   For example, the human body is a system of organs that all interact with each other.  We live in a political system where we interact with laws, and people acting within the system.  Mathematics sometimes can be viewed as a pure system of logic. What the components are of a system, and how they interact varies widely, but the ability to view nearly everything as a system is universal.

 * Tool - A tool is a system or part of a system that people can use to affect a system that they are involved with. While tools may be physical, often they may be intellectual. For example, while math can be viewed as a purely logical system, it also can be a tool to allow a person to exist within the economical and financial system.  And money, from the economical system, can be used to buy food which in turn is a tool to help a person to stay alive, and hence help their biological system.

 * Paradigm - The term paradigm, mental model, theory, and theoretical knowledge will be used synonymously. A paradigm is the mental "picture" someone has about how something work, or what something is.

 * Accuracy - One of the central measurements of a paradigm (theory) is how accurate it is, which can be determined through experimentation. Depending upon how accurate peoples mental models are will determine how well they can predict the outcome of their actions within a specific system.  For example if someone had an inaccurate paradigm about how a heart-attack works, that person may be afraid that it could be contagious.  Sometimes more than one mental model may be able to accurately predict things.

 * Applied Academics - Applied Academics is the concept that theoretical knowledge (mental models) should support practical applications. STEM, for the most part, is an applied academic model that teaches theory (tools) so that a student can apply the theory to practical situations and by understanding the underlying principles be able to accomplish more. One critical piece is that theories should be accurate and appropriate to the action being taken.

Broad Overview of Concept
The Systems and Tools Educational Model is primarily focused on the question of "What should people learn?" and from this derive the answer to "What should education attempt to teach?" The questions of "How do we teach?" that most educational philosophies address may partially be derived from this philosophy, but in general is independent from the focus of the Systems and Tools Educational Model, and thus other educational philosophies may be used in conjunction with this philosophy. Also, while this philosophy attempts to form a comprehensive view of what would be useful for an individual to learn, it is also possible to use subsets of the philosophy in practice.

The core of the philosophy is the model that humans interact within a variety of systems (and further these systems often interact with each other), and that humans have various tools both mental and physical that they can use to influence these systems. The basis of the philosophy is that human should learn about these systems, and learn the tools that will empower them to change these systems. As a mental model this will be able to be understood as a matrix. With systems in one dimension, and tools within the other, and each cell containing if and how a tool can be used to influence a system.

The philosophy has several levels, being a continuum from the theoretical level to the practical applied level.

The general levels of the philosophy are:
 * Broad Overview of Concept
 * Rules to Derive System and Tool Categories of the Philosophy
 * The System and Tool Categories Derived from the Rules
 * Guidelines for determining the Specific Systems and Tools Someone Should Learn
 * The Specific Systems and Tools that Someone Should Learn

Rules to Derive System and Tool Categories of the Model
The following are mental rules, criteria and constraints that should be used when coming up with system and tool categories. These rules exist to make the categories and ultimately the content areas as universal as possible so they may be applied to what any specific individual should learn based upon that specific individual.

Categories must be able to be used with and relevant to every human including:

1. All nationalities, nations, societies and cultures. It should be equally valid for United States learners as well as Iraqi learners, Russian learners, Mexican learners, Japanese learners etc.

2. All IQ and ability levels of students, including students with conditions such as Down Syndrome, autism, etc.

3. All historical time periods. While the categories are for today, they should theoretically been relevant for any period of time since the dawning of humanity, and hopefully be relevant to learners in the future.

4. All roles humans may act within, from CEO to Tribal Hunter to Mother to Politician, etc.

System Categories
The following are some of the categories of systems that can be derived from the generalized rules.

Body’s Health System(s) and Life Systems Every human has a body, and their body works as a system. The better a learner knows how their body works, the better they can do things to help improve the functionality of their body, and keep themselves healthy, improving and extending their lives. Further understanding life systems (biology) in general, humans can help improve the lives of others.

Systems of the Physical World We exist within a physical world, which can be described by physics and chemistry. Gravity happens, and chemical reactions happen on a regular basis. The better we can understand and predict what will happen, the more control we have over our physical realities.

Personal Processes & Systems Every human has habits, routines, and tasks that they perform on a regular basis. By being able to better understand these processes humans can engineer parts of their lives to work better for them.

Belief Systems One can make the argument that what an individual believes, and what their mental models (paradigms) of the world is, is a system in and of itself. And thus these systems too can be understood. Traditionally these system might be called philosophy, theology, etc.

Social Systems Every human interacts with other humans and has different types of relationship with other humans such as parent, child, lover, spouse, friend, co-worker, etc. These relationships affect the person dramatically, and understanding the social structure, norms, and culture that a person lives within allows them to better operate within their social systems, and to possibly help improve their social systems.

Economic System(s) Every human exists within an economic system of trade. Most exist within a monetary system that uses some form of currency such as the dollar, and most also will perform some type of task as a job to earn money and use this money to buy things they want. By understanding the economic system they exist within the learner will be able to better operate within that system.

Technological Systems Human beings have invented technology from the dawning of humanity. From creating a bow and arrow, to creating a computer, humans have devised our own systems that we can use as tools. The better we can learn how to use these technological tools, the better we can use the tools, and the more we learn about how and why the technology works, the better we can fix or improve the technology.

Business Processes & Systems Any organization of humans will have processes that perform the actions of that organization. These systems can potentially be optimized or improved to help the organization better accomplish its goals.

Legal & Political system(s) Every human exists within a legal and political system, whether that be a well defined system such as a democracy or republic, or a system based upon dictatorship, there is a method that laws are created, and there are laws that must be followed, or consequences will happen to an individual. The better someone understands the system they exist within, and what systems can exist, the better that person will be able to operate within their system, and possibly help improve a system.

Ecosystem Every human lives within a larger system of life. This larger system impacts each of us, from the ability to get food & water to how our actions impact our environment which then comes back to impact ourselves.

Artistic Systems and Intangibles While a conscious understanding of our world, and skills to be able to interact with our world is critical. Humankind has always created art, from cave paintings and folk songs to computer graphics and architecture. While the human value may be difficult to define, it is recognized that since art is so important across all categories of human beings, that it should be addressed in education. It is also recognized that there are many parts to art that can not be articulated into a cause and effect or other academic manner. But as a whole we will still classify it as a system, although this philosophy does not dictate that the artistic systems should be attempted to be completely defined.

Tool Categories
The following are some of the categories of tools that humans can apply to the various systems they participate in. These are broad categories of tools, and how much a tool will be useful varies from system to system.

Ethics Every human has faced ethical choices. The choices that the person makes can often have large ramifications on others and themselves. Thinking about ethics and coming up with a personal code of ethics gives people a tool to help them make their decisions in life.

Physical Tools Every technological system that can be operated, is generally a tool in and of itself, and requires physical skill, such as typing on a keyboard for a computer, or driving for a motor vehicle. Further, for those who wish to become technicians or developers (engineers) of technological system, then other tools are required to either fix technology, or to fabricate technology.

To create art one must have proficiency in the tool of that form of art, be it a musical instrument, paint brush, or their hands for a sculpture.

Communication This includes language skills, graphic design, speech, art and every other task of communicating. For every human in every age of existence has needed to be able to communicate to survive and to thrive. Improvements in a person’s ability to communicate, both by sharing ideas and by receiving ideas, will inevitably help improve that person’s life.

Learning While it is important to be able to receive information through communication, there are other methods of learning as well. Also, there are mental tools that exist to help people to retain both knowledge and skills.

Logic & Decision Making This includes deductive and inductive (scientific) reasoning abilities. By having better logical skills any human will be able to better interpret what they learn and create more accurate paradigms that will allow them to more accurately determine the results that will occur from their actions (or inactions).

Mathematical Mental Tools (Numbers) This includes any numbering system, arithmetic, and other mathematical concepts that will give the learner relevant tools that can be used to help the person use and interact with the systems they are part of.

Systems Thinking Every human is part of and interacts with a variety of systems. Most systems can be modeled using common methodologies, such as event/signal flow, mathematics, etc. It must also be understood that all systems humans exist within or interact with, each also affect each other as well as that human. Understanding history can potentially help a person better understand any particular system, and sometimes a broad view is needed to see all the systems together.

Knowledge and Understanding of Events Many events are currently happening (news) that affect humans, and many events have happened (history) that have affected humans. Without awareness of these events a person is not able to know what might affect them. But awareness alone is not enough. The learner must have the other tools listed here, along with accurate mental models so that the learner can understand how and why an event happened, and possibly be able to change future events.

Systems And Tools Matrix
One way to envision how STEM works is to view the systems and tools in a 2 dimensional matrix. Each tool can be used in the different systems (although not every tool is appropriate for every system). By using this basic matrix a person can see an overview of what someone should learn for each tool and system that the tool works with. Here is an example of this 2-D matrix:

While this matrix can give a basic visual for the systems and tools, reality is more complex with more overlaps than this matrix can show. This is because many tools can be used to work with other tools, and many systems contain elements that can be tools for other systems. For instance a technological tool of a computer spreadsheet can assist with mathematical tools to help a person work within an Economic system, and the money earned in this Economic system is then a tool that can be used in most of the other systems. So in reality each system or tool adds another dimension to the matrix. Since visualizing anything beyond 3 dimensions is generally difficult for people, and 3 dimensions itself is often a stretch, the 2 dimensional model is a good working model.

The challenge of using this model to help with instruction, that while the model is 2 dimensional in its simplest form (and multi-dimensional in its more complex form), the transmission and receiving of information is generally linear (one dimensional). Although it is quite possible, if not alway practical, to jump around to any point.

As an example. A traditional school's class, usually teaches a subject in a linear manner. Given that this educational philosophy and model has it so every person should learn both about the systems they interact with, and tools to empower them within these systems, a classes approach could either be to teach about one of the systems, and make sure all relevant tools are included, or teach the relevant tools, and show how they can be used in each system, or both can be done, to give overlap to each topic and come from a different point of view.

At this point in the creation of this educational philosophy, there is not a recommended approach.

Levels of Learning
There are four strata of understanding for any particular system or tool:

 * Awareness - A person has an awareness of a system or a tool, and some understanding of what the system or tool does, and some of the basic components

 * User - A person has skill in being able to utilize a tool or exist within a particular system

 * Technician - A person can fix basic problems within a system using tools

 * Developer - A person can utilize systems and tools to create new systems or subsystems.

Guidelines for determining the Specific Systems and Tools Someone Should Learn
Being an attempt to create a universal paradigm, it is important to be able to pull this to an individual basis. While there are stricter rules for deciding what should be a universal category or tool included in the philosophy (paradigm), what an individual should learn is a more subjective issue, and hence only guidelines are given for determining this. But the following is an attempt to list several factors about what someone should learn.

 * Learning should start first with the self and move to the larger world. It is easier to get "buy in" from people when they can directly relate what they are learning to themselves.  Also, when teaching younger children, their minds may not yet have developed to a point where they can conceptualize the entire universe that we live within. It is important that while learning starts with the individual, that it expands to their immediate social system, and then to their local geographic region, then to their state or province, then to their nation, to human kind, to all living kind, to our solar system, our galaxy, and then our universe.  It is recognized that all of these are of importance, and as a human race, it is each individuals responsibility to understand the systems of the human condition and be able to use their tools to help humanity and this planet (and possibly even beyond).

 * Learning should be developmentally appropriate. Children develop at different speeds, but statistically our understanding of psychology and neurology and other educational theories give some guidelines about what a person can comprehend at different ages.

 * Learning should be appropriate for the relevance that the knowledge and skills have to the persons life. This goes along with developmental appropriateness, but it should not hinder a person from entering areas that could become relevant to a person after they have learned a set of knowledge and skills. But in the case where knowledge and skills are not immediately relevant, tools must be taught that can help make the initial knowledge and skills be able to become relevant to the person's life.

 * Learning should be ability appropriate. It is recognized that everyone has strengths and weaknesses, and that those who may be considered mentally or physically disabled in one area, often have greater strengths in another. But inherent non-changeable disabilities need to be recognized, and learning should be of a level that is appropriate for the specific abilities people have.  This philosophy also includes strengths individuals may have, and learning should increase to a level of someone's greater ability.

 * Learning should be legally appropriate. Especially when teaching about belief systems, if this philosophy is to be used in a United States Public School, such as a charter school, it is important to not break the separation of church and state OR the freedom of religion of the children and the rights of their parents to teach a religion they choose.

 * Learning should be appropriate for someones interest. This is the most subjective guideline.  An individual may not realize that they have interest in something until someone or some event sparks a passion in that person.  So as a general guideline, all systems and tools should be taught in the beginning, and as a person develops an interest in specific systems and or tools, that will guide what they specialize in during their later education.

 * Learning should be fun and enjoyable. It is believed (and we hope to test this hypothesis) that when people are enjoying themselves through the learning process, that they will retain the knowledge and skills more, and will continue to participate in their learning more.  Enjoyment and interest also often go hand in hand.

 * Learning should be societally and culturally appropriate. This should not be interpreted that controversial ideas should not be taught, or ideas that are outside of societal acceptance should not be taught. Societies can not change and grow without people learning about alternatives to what currently exists.  This guideline more has to with making sure things are taught that are relevant to the society.  For instance in early 21st Century America, it is important that everyone learns how to drive a car and operate a computer.

 * There are other intangible factors that create value, and hence affect what and individual should learn. For instance, art may be of great value to some individuals, even though they may not get financial reward, or other benefit except internal joy.  These intangible factors must be recognized even if they can’t fully be defined.

Comparison to Current California Primary and Secondary Education Standards
The following matrix is an attempt to correlate the traditional "subject areas" of the California educational system, based upon their content standards, into places where these subjects could fit within the Systems and Tools framework. This chart only shows those areas that have published content standards, and thus other subjects such as foreign languages, etc may be taught in many school systems, but there currently are no uniform content standards for California.

While many of the squares can be filled by current educational standards, as can be seen by the grid, where things fit is a mix-match of squares, and some are not filled at all. Following the philosophy set out in this document could give more consistency to how all of education works with each other. Also, many of the squares that are filled are not taught to everyone, and those that are taught, may only brush over some topics.

Comparison to the SCANS Competencies
The Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS) was formed to determine what schools should teach in order to prepare students for work in the 21st century. They created a list of 5 competencies and 3 foundations.

Specific Curriculum
While it is hoped that the Systems and Tools Educational Philosophy will be used in many curriculums and possibly be used throughout an entire educational system. It is recognized that this is an extremely large endeavor, and so instead a small group of curriculums will initially be created to demonstrate how this Educational Philosophy can be applied. This initial project is called the Public Pupil Pizza Project.

title: Systems And Tools Educational Model


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Johanna André

Johanna André (30 June 1861 –23 June 1926) was a German soprano in opera and concert and a voice teacher. A long-term member of the Braunschweig Court Theatre, she appeared at major German opera houses, especially in dramatic roles such as Beethoven's Fidelio, and Wagner's Senta, Isolde and Brünnhilde. She took part in the world premiere of Wagner's Parsifal at the Bayreuth Festival.

Life
Born in Bad Doberan, André was the daughter of the grand ducal court opera singer Anton André, who was a popular member of the Schwerin Court Theatre. After voice training in Berlin, she made her stage debut there as Ännchen in Weber's Der Freischütz at the Kroll Opera in 1875. She then performed at the court theatre in Darmstadt and from 1876 at the Stadttheater Bremen. In 1877, she was engaged by Franz Abt for the court theatre in Braunschweig, where she remained until she retired from the stage in 1906. She became known for dramatic roles by Wagner, including Senta in Der fliegende Holländer, Isolde in Tristan und Isolde, and Brünnhilde in Der Ring des Nibelungen. Other leading roles included Donna Anna in Mozart's Don Giovanni and Pamina in Die Zauberflöte, the title role in Beethoven's Fidelio, and Agathe in Der Freischütz. On 27 November 1887, she took part in the world premiere of Der wilde Jäger by August Schulz in Braunschweig.

André sang these roles also as a guest at the Hannover and Kassel court operas, at the Oper Frankfurt and the Oper Leipzig. In 1882, she was invited to participate at the world premiere of Parsifal at the second Bayreuth Festival as one of the Flower Maidens, repeated the two following years.

André was also active as a concert singer and as a singing teacher in Braunschweig, where she died at the age of 64.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Johanna André


text:
Cookbook:Egg Rice

| Cuisine of India

Ingredients

 * 2 cups (250 g/8.8 oz) uncooked rice
 * 1 small (a little bit bigger than a golf ball) onion, chopped
 * 2 medium-sized green chile peppers, chopped
 * 1 teaspoon ginger paste
 * 1 teaspoon garlic paste
 * ¼ teaspoon spice blend (the blend ratio should be like ½ stick of cinnamon : 3 cardamon pods : 6 cloves)
 * 1 teaspoon salt
 * 2 eggs, beaten

Procedure

 * 1) Cook rice and keep it aside.
 * 2) Sweat onions and green chilies in a pan together over medium heat.
 * 3) Add ginger and garlic pastes.
 * 4) Add rice, and mix everything well.
 * 5) Add salt and spice powder.
 * 6) Stir in the beaten eggs.
 * 7) Cook until everything is mixed well.

title: Cookbook:Egg Rice


text:
Toward a theory of corporate governance in China's socialist market economy

Comments appreciated:

NOT FOR CITATION

Corporate Governance in China: An Austrian Perspective

Introduction
There is widespread interest in corporate governance both in the context of the economy of the People's Republic of China and in a global context. This interest is due to a convergence of historical factors. Within the PRC, the effort at restructuring the corporate and financial systems which occupied the Chinese economy during the 1990's, has removed the worst performing companies and produced state-owned enterprises which are mostly profitable (*** cite Goldman report ****). With this phase of economic reform complete, the focus has now turned to making Chinese corporations world class global corporations incorporating the most modern management techniques (*** need to go through State Council report and cite invivdual goals****).

This desire to improve efficency comes at a time in which corporate governance has received increase prominence globally. During the early 2000's, the United States underwent a series of scandals including those of Enron and Worldcomm  (**** cite ****) which greatly increased interest in issues of corporate governance, particularly management accountability to shareholders and institutional efforts insuring corporate responsibility (**** cite *****). This has led to passage of laws such as Sarbanes-Oxley. (*** need to put Sarbanes in more context of corporate goverance ****)

This interest in corporate governance has created healthy debate and dialogue over the role of the corporation, the relationship between the state and the corporation, and what institutions and measures are needed to improve corporate governance. (*** The post-structuralist in me wants to deconstruct the idea of improving corporate governance. A meta-analysis of the role of the corporation would be useful here ****)  In undertaking this discussion, it would be useful to think deeply about the concepts that we are using. For example what constitutes "good corporate governance" or "bad corporate governance"? What is the reason why corporate governance is "good" or "bad" or does this concept even make sense.

To focus this debate, it is useful to create normative models of corporate governance. These models should be consistent with our observed experience, yet provide guidelines for what policies to undertake. Difference between models can be discussed in order to further debate in which future public policy should be. In this paper we propose a model of corporate governance that is based on the concept within Austrian economics of the economic calculation problem. We argue that the notion of economic calculation gives rise to a normative model of corporate governance, and that this model produces results similar to that produced by traditional models in Western economies, but creates some unique outcomes when applied to the socialist market economy of the People's Republic of China.

Corporate governance models
One major difficulty in discussing corporate governance is that there is disagreement as to what the goals of corporate governance are, and what the role of the corporation is in an economy. Corporate governance models can broadly be classified into two groups. (** harvard paper**) The agency model of corporate governance sees the corporation as consisting of managers who act as agents of the shareholders. This definition is associated largely with Anglo-American views of market economies in which there is an active control market for ownership and in which flexibility for corporate forms is encouraged. The stakeholder model of corporate governance, sees the corporation not merely as an agent for the shareholders to maximize profit, but also as an entity with responsibilities to other stakeholders, including the employees and society as a whole. This model of corporate governance is more associated with Germany and Japan, in which corporate forms are more strongly limited, and there is not an active model for control.

Within these two models, the focus of literature in corporate governance Ukraine has been focused on the interactions between several groups. Beale and Means focuses on the interaction between the owners of the corporation and the corporate managers, while La Porte focuses on the interaction between the dominant shareholders and the minority shareholders.

Papers discussing corporate governance must make assertions about the role of the corporation within a wider economy. However, in discussing different corporate models, one must not fall into the trap of automatically asserting these items.

In resolving these differences between different corporate governance models there are a number of alternatives.

The standard model of corporate governance in the West is basied on an "agency model" in which the goal of corporate governance is to have management act according to the will of the investors. (*** look at Roe's paper. This is overly simplified ***)

In 2000, Hansmann and Krankman argued for the "End of History in Corporate Law" and the premise that corporate law would converge on a Anglo-American model of shareholder value maximization. Where this to be the case, a standard definition of corporate governance used with Anglo-American corporations would be applicable. However Hansmann and Krankman's paper was written before the advent of the Enron and Worldcomm scandals which called into question the Anglo-American value of shareholder value maximization. (Suchan 2004)

The existence of multiple stable models of corporate behavior is significant because if there are two different models of corporate behavior in developed economies, the future evolution of the Chinese economy is no longer determined but could evolve in the direction of the Anglo-American model, the German model, or to something that does not resemble any current known corporate model. We believe that this is the case, and the path dependence of the future evolution of the Chinese economy is not predetermined opens the question of how one should evaluate the paths that China could take.

In particular, the agency model is problematic when extended to China's socialist market economy. The Berle and Means approach in which the definition of good corporate governance is to cause management to obey the will of the shareholders leads to incoherence if the dominant or only shareholder is the state. Taken to it's logically conclusion a Berle and Hall definition of corporate governance would imply that the solution to Chinese corporate governance is reimposition of central planning, a conclusion which most would find absurd.

An alternative definition of agency theory would include the interactions between dominant shareholders and minority shareholders, or would eschew agency theory altogether to create a sociological description of the corporation in terms of the interaction between various stakeholders (Aguliera). Although this approach is useful in undertaking comparative studies of corporate governance and for seeing how the corporation interactions with its surrounding environment, a sociological approach has the drawback that it is descriptive rather than normative. While these theories provide a view of how a corporation does work in a given social context, they provide little guidance in understanding how a corporation *should* work, and what changes in the sem ocial or legal environment are desirable.

(***fix****) One could attempt to resolve the question by using empirical data, however this approach has associated problems in that this empirical data makes implicit normative assumptions that can be challenged. For example, data that indicates that coorelates state ownership with shareholder value, often contains the implicit assumption that maximizing shareholder value is the goal of the corporation. Leaving aside the problem of data quality, this notion can be challenged on two grounds. First the notion that the goal of the corporation is to maximize shareholder value is itself a normative judgment which is not universially shared. Second, using internal metrics leads to self-inconsistency. If the markets and the corporate mechanisms are not mature and are unreliable, determining what should be done based on those metrics should also be unrealiable

(***fix****)

Another problem is choosing between the opposing differences in corporate governance. Although the economy of the PRC economy is often modeled as a transitional economy between central planning and market economics, the PRC economy is a hybrid in another sense in that the model for corporations also includes difference between German/Japanese corporate models and Anglo-American models for securities and banking. The PRC is based on a German civil law model and like the corporate law of Germany, the structure of the corporation is fixed by law. However like Anglo-American model, there is no centralized ownership by the banking system.

The hybrid nature of the PRC legal and economic system is the result of both historical and political factors. The historical factors involve the time at which China adopted a legal system and a corporate system. China adopted its legal infrastructure in the 1930's at a time in which the dominant models were Germany and Japan, which had adopted a German based legal system. The crucial decisions regarding corporate restructuring were done in the early 1990's when the United States had just succeeded in winning the Cold War and in which the Japanese model of corporate ownership had come under doubt due to the collapse of the real estate bubble.

In addition to these historical factors, there may be political factors at work in explain the choices made by the PRC government. A flexible corporate law, such as those found in the state of Delaware, requires a skilled and powerful judiciary in order to interpret that law in addition to a need for a substantial body of case law. The lack of pre-existing case law in addition to the lack of desire to create a powerful and independent judiciary capable of creating such a set of laws, may explain the attractiveness of the German model of corporate to the Communist Party of China in that detailed rigid legislation reduces the scope and power of the judiciary.

At the same time, the desire to prevent alternate centers of economic power leads to American models of securities and banking. The suspicion of concentrations of independent economic power which could potentially control or challenge the Party's rule, we argue coincidentally corresponds to American mistrust of concentrations of economic power and suspicion of economic elites controlling the government (Roe, 1994). We argue that this is why the Communist Party has chosen to adopt elements of American economic law such as the Glass-Stegall separation of commercial and securities as well as the prohibition of bank ownership of industry found in the Bank Holding Act of 1956. By adopting an economic model in which capital allocations decisions are made by Adam Smith's "invisible hand" rather than by a identifiable person, the Party removes the possibility of a group of people attempting to control or displace the Party through economic means.

We argue that the Western "agency concept" of corporate governance is a consequence of a broader definition of corporate governance, which is to set up the corporate institution so that it responds rationally to economic signals. We further argue that in the context of Western economies, our definition of corporate governance reduces to the agency concept of corporate governance, but it does not do so within the context of PRC listed corporations. Finally, we use our definition of corporate governance to suggest avenues for future development in PRC Corporate law.

The economic calculation problem
We begin with the question of what were China's difficulties during the pre-reform period. Before 1978, the economy of the People's Republic of China was organized along a model of socialist central planning with the problems associated with these systems. The basic problem with central planning was first explain my Austrian economists such as Ludwig von Mises as the economic calculation problem.

The role of the corporation in market economies
Although Austrian economics has a well developed theory explaining the failure of socialist central planning, a theory of the firm is less established. (Klein) Building on recent work which explains the existence of Korean congolmerates, we propose a theory of the firm based on information principles. With small groups of individuals, the amount of information uncertainty is minimized, and planning is possible. At the level of a national economy, the amount of information processing needed to undertake planning makes it impossible. Therefore at some size between that of the individual and a national economy, there is a transition between planning and the market. This makes it possible to speak of the market consistent of "planning units" of different sizes, and we propose that these planning units correspond to corporations in a market economy.

This theory of the firm is similar to that of Coase (1937) which views the firm as transition between management costs and the transaction costs associated with a market. However, unlike Coase, we view the transition as necessary not because of transaction costs, but because of the necessity of economic planning at small scales, and the impossibility of economic planning at large scales.

Between the planned firm and the unplanned market there is an interface at which pricing signals from the decentralized market are transmitted to the centralized firm. We argue that whether this transmission of signals works correctly is dependent on the institutional characteristics of the corporation. The fact that transmission of market signals depends on the institutional characteristics forms the basis for our definition of corporate governance.

Corporate goverance defined
We define corporate governance as establishing mechanisms by which the units of planning with in a market economy response in a economically rational manner to market signals. (Bergof 1995) This definition contrasts with the definitions of corporate governance which define corporate governance as structuring a corporation such that management carries out the will of the shareholders or those that view governance as actors within an institutional framework (Aguilera)

Rationality defined
We define the term rationality as stating that given a set of corporate goals, the corporation will implement policies that will maximize profit within those set of goals, and that the corporation will also act in a manner that does not threaten its long term viability. By choosing this definition of rationality, we are deliberately avoiding the question of what goals the corporation should seek, and therefore avoiding the debates on the corporate social responsibility.

Although these two definitions are different, we argue that in an established market economy such as those in the United States or Britain that these two definitions are consistent with each other. In these economies, large corporations have already institutionally set up such that having management interact with the shareholders in a proper way will cause the firm to act in an economically rational manner.

Compared with agency definition
The advantage of the market signal definition of corporate governance over the agency definition is that it expands corporate governance to include the identities of the shareholders as well as includes the supporting market institutions within the definition of corproate governance. It also expands the remedies involved improving corporate governance to include not only legal remedies, but also those that involve interactions between the shareholders. The problem of overdilution of share power can be solved by combining shareholders into institutional investors, whereas the problem of overconcentration of share power can solved by splitting up the shareholders.

Why corporations exist
The corporation serves as a unit of planning within the context of a market economy. Profits and losses from the corporation can be measured and the net contribution or drain that the corporation has on the economy can be measured. Without additions capital inputs, a corporation which is unprofitable will eventually run out of cash and cease operations. If it is considered socially desirable for the corporation to continue to exist, the amount of social resourced need for the corporation to continue can be measured and decisions can be made accordingly.

With this framework, we see why converting state-owned-enterprises into corporations is useful even in the absence of changes in management. A badly managed corporatized SOE will drain cash and require infusions of cash for it to continue economic activities, and those cash infusions can be measured and rationed. By contrast in a classical centrally planned economy, economic activities which destroy value can be maintained indefinitely. The corporation creates effectively a firewall to insure that economically destructive activities will destroy the corporation before it destroys the entire economy.

The problem of the dominant shareholder
Dominant shareholders can leverage corporate control to undermine market mechanisms.

It is important to note that the objections to dominant shareholders exist regardless of the identity of shareholder is the state actor or is a private actor.

They do not may not exist when the dominant shareholder is merely a shell for diversified owners.

State actors and dominant shareholders
The objections to dominant shareholders for large industrial companies may seem to preclude any form of state ownership. However, this assumes that the state is a unified, monolithic body. While this assumption make hold in some cases such as the Soviet Union or pre-reform China, the view of the state as a unified, monolithic body is questionable within current institutions of the People's Republic of China.

Chinese economic reform has been characterized by decentralization of economic power from the center to the provinces and to localities. This decentralization has led some to characterise the Chinese system as de-facto federalism (cite Qian). Disputes between center and local officials and between provinces are very common (citation). Although the Communist Party maintains a coordinating role, and the center maintains a tight control over the military which is the ultimate guarantor of national unity, these two controls do not create a single unified actor.

This creates the potential for a model of diversified state ownership.

Diversifying ownership in SOE's
The varied number of state actors in the China's socialist market economy allows for a novel way to resolve the problem of the dominant shareholder, by dividing state owned shares among different state actors, and by combining those actors with private actors to insure a diverse set of interests in the corporate governing boards. While these actors may have very different and contradictory interests, they are joined by the desire to see the corporation act in an economically rational manner.

The role of the state
Within our framework, we see that the state can serve three different and conflicting roles:

 * the state as shareholder - in which it transmits market signals to the firm
 * the state as referee - in which it maintains the institutions of the market and adjudicates disputes
 * the state as corrector - in which the state intervenes in the market to correct some failure such as mispricing of externalities or to provide public goods.

In most western economies the state has served the latter two roles as referee and as corrector. However, the idea of the state as a shareholder which is one of many actors transmits market signals has largely not been explored in Western economies, and we argue that this is due to the path dependence of economic development. In the West, large corporations began as private enterprises, and the theoretical justifications for nationalization and state ownership were based on the premise that markets were unable to allocate goods in a socially equitable manner. Hence the idea of state ownership in Western economies has been to view state-owners as anti-thetetical to the market rather than consistent with it.

By contrast the historically development of China has been different. At the start of the reform period, the entire Chinese industrial infrastructure was state-owned, with non-state actors only appearing later. The Chinese state has in addition taken an active role in forming and providing capital to Chinese industry since the Song Dynasty (cite Hills Knownton). As such, arguments that the state should continue to play a role in managing state owned enterprises need not be premised on the idea that the market is inherently bad or that in in an idealized economy, that the state ownership is inherently better than non-state ownership, or even that state actors are better being shareholders than non-state actors. All that is necessary is to point out that China has started out with an environment in which large sectors of the economy are state-owned and that having an efficient environment is not incompatible with the state continuing to act as a shareholder.

In debating this issue, one can see the literature that argues that state owned enterprises are less performant than non-state enterprises. However, this literature is deficient in a number of ways. The first is that is that comparisions between the state sector and non-state sector do not correct for differences in the type of industry, the location of the firm, and the fact that state-owned enterprises were responsible for health and welfare benefits that were not available to non-state. In addition, aggregate comparisons do not distinguish between different types of SOE's, putting small SOE's and large SOE's in the same category despite their different characteristics (see Guo). Finally is that a comparison that shows that state-owned enterprises are not as performant as non-state owned enterprises does not illustrate that non-state owned enterprises are *inherently* incapable of being run as well as private industry. However, despite the fact that Western economies do not formally view the state as shareholder, there are Western institutions in which states do act as shareholders to maximize profits. Examples of these are the state pension funds of California and Michigan or the large endowment funds of public universities (UT Austin). In some cases, these state entities acting

Paradoxes
Our model resolves certain paradoxical elements of Chinese economic reform. The first is involves reconciling the desire to separate ownership from management with the opposition to management buy outs. The separation of ownership from management is intended to prevent non-market signals from interfering with the management of corporation, while a management buyout completely removes market discipline from the operation of the corporation.

Our model also provides a guide that explains why a middle way between the dominant shareholder and the non-dispersed share holder model may be desirable in the Chinese market, but unnecessary in the American market. The goal of corporate governance is to allow for market signals to control the behavior of management. This is not done when there is either one signal shareholder that, short of bankruptcy, can avoid market discipline, nor is this the case when ownership is too widely dispersed unless countervailing mechanisms can be put into practice.

Finally our model may explain the paradox explored by Allen and Jian of how China has such extraordinary growth in the absence of traditional measures of corporate governance. One should note that in the areas of the Chinese economy with especially large economic growth are areas in which the planning constraint is not very highly developed and in which market signals can be translated very quickly into implementation.

China is not a transitional economy
Based on our theoretical framework we argue that China should not be seen as an economy transitioning between socialist and capitalist forms of economy (cite Huang), nor do agree those that would argue that China is in a "trapped transition" (cite Pei). Those views of the Chinese economy assume that that there is a natural progression between a Russian style centrally planned economy and Anglo-American economy to which all economies should naturally converge.

We dispute this picture on two points. First we argue that the People's Republic China has already made the crucial transition between a system in which resources were administratively allocated and one in which resources are allocated by a pricing system. Although there remain some commodities whose price is fixed by the state (namely energy products) most prices are fixed by the market, and this has been the case since the end of the dual pricing system in 1993. As Mainland China has a functional pricing system, we argue that the basic infrastructure needed to solve the economic calculation problem now exists.

Given that the People's Republic of China is a socialist market economy, the question is how do firms behave within this environment. In contrast to those that speak of the "End of the History of Corporate Law" and believe that the world will covergence to an permissive system of corporate law similar to that of Delaware, the fact that corporations have so many different variations across the world, and the fact that the reasons for those variations have to do with accidents of history, lead us to doubt that the economic structure of the Mainland Chinese economy will naturally converge to the Delaware model or any other model.

Comment: Agree that China is not a transition economy. However, it is also incorrect to describe it as a market economy. Major companies remain under the control of government, as do key inputs (energy, resources, capital), which fundamentally distorts pricing. Key long term strategic decisions are out of the hands of the companies which can therefore only effectively control short-term pricing (though collusion is common, again weaking the competitive market assumption). Strategic decisions reflect the compromise solutions of the ruling party, as expressed through items such as industrial policies. Market transactions are more akin to corner vegetable markets than true market-based supply/demand equations, while major decisions reflect government policy objectives. The best label remains "socialist market economy" - China has no other expressed or implicit goal.

Corporate law with Chinese characteristics
Based on the above discussion, we make the following recommendations for the development of law within the People's Republic of China.

Unify corporate law
Clarke argues for a division of law between non-state and state enterprises so that state enterprises. (*** check to see if Clarke actually argues this ***)

We argue that any effort to create a division of law is outweighed by its disadvantages. First by having different corporate laws implies a difference between *state-owned* firms and *non-state owned* firms. This division is undesirable because both state-owned firms and non-state owned firms exist in a single economy with a single market mechanism responsible for the performance of both state-owned and non-state owned firms. Having a legal distinction between the firms makes it easier for the state to impose regulations that benefit either state firms or non-state firms, and this means that the question of economic efficiency would be resolved by political means rather than through the market.

We believe that having a unified corporate law would allow for increased diversity of ownership which would allow each company to have a combination of state and non-state actors acting as owners.

Finally we note the difference between the role of corporations in the English common law and the German civil law tradition from which Chinese corporate law is described. In the common law tradition, the corporate firm is regarded as a natural person whose will comes from the combination of wills from the principles founding the corporation. By contrast the German conception of the corporations is much less flexible and allows creation of corporation only within certain corporate forms. (*** cite ***)

Encourage diversity of ownership
Early Chinese reform was characterized by a "dual track" system (should be able to cite Stiglitz) which divided the economy into a market driven economy and a centrally planned one. By dividing the Chinese economy into these two forms, this dual system allowed the market economy to grow without creating any losers and political opposition in the centrally planned economy.

At this point except for a few commodities, resources are allocated according to the market rather than according to state plan. With the unification of the economy in market forms, we argue that it is now necessary to have standardized corporate forms to allow unification and diversification of ownership. In contrast to Clarke, we do not believe it to be desirable to maintain a split between state-owned and privately-owned corporation, but rather we believe that it is desirable to have a unified corporate law that does not distinguish between state forms and non-state forms.

Diversify state holdings
In contrast to approaches which attempt to solve the problem of the dominant shareholder by legal efforts that protect the minority shareholders, we believe that a better approach would be to diversify state holdings by stock swaps so that there are several unconnected state actors amoung the owners of a corporation. In combination with institutional investors among the non-state shareholders, these formulation should provide effective oversight to insure that market signals are transmitted to the management without distributing share ownership among too many actors.

(Compare and contrast with TSP model of Sujian Guo)

Conclusions
We have proposed a definition of corporate governance which is consistent with the agency definition of corporate goverance in Western economies, but which is expandable to include the special case of the socialist market economy of the People's Republic of China.

In addition this definition leads to some areas of further research. What is the optimum structure of shareholding which will lead to the best transmission of market signals.

References needed
Need a summary of Chinese industrial history - maybe Zelin or Goetzman

Need a summary of Calpers shareholder activism


text:
RNA World

Welcome to the RNA World Learning Project. This learning project allows Wikiversity participants to explore the so-called "RNA world hypothesis". The phrase RNA World is used in biology when exploring the idea that RNA molecules may have served as genetic molecules and enzymes before DNA and proteins.

The first specific genetic role discovered for RNA in cells was as mRNA intermediates between DNA genes and the proteins specified by genes. However, it also became evident that RNA can carry genetic instructions in RNA viruses such as Tobacco mosaic virus. Later it was realized that RNA molecules can function as enzymes, raising the prospect that life forms with only RNA but no DNA and protein might be possible.

RNA Silencing
RNA silencing is a cellular phenomenon in which short, double-stranded RNA "triggers" can prevent the expression of specific genes. RNA Silencing is also known as "RNA-mediated interference" (abbreviated RNAi). RNA interference is now recognized as a widespread, if not ubiquitous in eukaryotic organisms. The phenomenon of RNAi has caused great excitement as an experimental technique for selectively blocking gene expression with potential medical uses. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2006 was awarded to Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello for their research on RNA interference. (Wikiversity article about this Nobel Prize)

In some organisms the RNA molecules that target the RNA silencing process can be amplified. In plants, protozoa, fungi, and some animals such as nematode wormsthere is an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that generates base pair-complementary strands of RNA using an existing strand of RNA as a template. Such amplification of the RNA silencing process is important for protecting many eukaryotes from RNA viruses. Such a role for RNA interference was first found in plants, but has also been found in some animals.

Paula Salgado and her colleagues have studied the structure of one such polymerase, called QDE-1. The structure of QDE-1 is similar to the structure of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Paula Salgado et al suggested that a QDE-1-like polymerase may have been a very early protein polymerase, even pre-dating eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. If so, QDE-1 and RNAi might have their origins near the time of transition from the RNA World to the DNA-dominated world of cellular life.

When a gene is transcribed and translated to generate a protein, the process begins with a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Like QDE-1, DNA-dependent RNA polymerases generate strands of RNA—the difference is that they use a DNA template to do it. The RNA they generate is called messenger RNA and is in turn used as the template for building a protein out of amino acids. The structures of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases have been described previously, so Salgado et al could compare them with their new structure of QDE-1.

What they found was a remarkable similarity (Figure 3, below). Both DNA-dependent RNA polymerases and QDE-1 have an active catalytic site—the working core of the enzyme—that is formed by two distinctive structural domains called double-psi β-barrels. This strong structural resemblance between QDE-1 and the DNA-dependent RNA polymerases points towards an evolutionary link between the two types of RNA polymerase.

An influential theory on the origin of life proposes that RNA molecules were the first self-replicating molecules, forming a kind of precellular life in an "RNA world" (Figure 1, above). Initially, RNA molecules would have had to act as enzymes as well as genetic information so that they could replicate, but it is likely that an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase would have been one of the earliest protein-based enzymes to evolve.

Activities
This section provides activities for further study.

Your questions
List any questions you have about the RNA World hypothesis: nature of dna and rna

Discussions
Read The Structure of an RNAi Polymerase Links RNA Silencing and Transcription by Paula S Salgado, et al. Discuss the implications of their results for the idea that the mechanisms of RNA-mediated gene expression silencing can suggest features of the ancient RNA-based proto-metabolism of Earth.

Other Sources

 * RNA world hypothesis - Wikipedia article
 * Did DNA Come From Viruses? by Carl Zimmer
 * The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells by Eugene V. Koonin, Tatiana G. Senkevich and Valerian V. Dolja.
 * On the origin of the translation system and the genetic code in the RNA world by means of natural selection, exaptation, and subfunctionalization by Yuri I. Wolf and Eugene V. Koonin.
 * On the origin of the translation system and the genetic code in the RNA world by means of natural selection, exaptation, and subfunctionalization by Yuri I. Wolf and Eugene V. Koonin.

Related projects

 * Life origins
 * The concept of irreducible complexity
 * Develop Wikibooks content related to the RNA world hypothesis.

title: RNA World


text:
Irish moss

Etymology
From its frequency on the Irish coast.

Noun

 * 1) A species of edible seaweed,.
 * 2) * 1865,, Cape Cod, Chapter I. "The Shipwreck", page 13.
 * At Jerusalem village the inhabitants were collecting in haste, before a thunder-shower now approaching, the Irish moss which they had spread to dry.
 * 1) , a less commonly gathered seaweed.
 * , a genus of seaweeds, cultivated and eaten in Asian cuisines.
 * 1)  (angel's tears), a plant in the nettle family.
 * 2)  (syns. ),, a terrestrial plant with needle-like leaves.

Translations

 * Catalan: molsa d'Irlanda
 * Czech: irský mech
 * Galician:
 * German: Knorpeltang, Irisch Moos
 * Irish: carraigín
 * Korean: 카라긴
 * Manx: carrickeen
 * Maori: rehia
 * Russian: ирла́ндский мох, жемчу́жный мох
 * Scottish Gaelic: cairgein, cairgean, carraigean, màthair an duilisg
 * Spanish: musgo de Irlanda
 * Welsh: gwymon melys

title: Irish moss


text:
Armour/Making Basic Armour

This is the beginning of a tutorial on how to make leather armour and chainmail.

=Chain mail=

 * Chain mail can be made out of just about any wire, 16 gauge and above. This includes plastic coated wire for inlays, although this it is not recommended for "period" armour.
 * If the armour will be used in SCA combat forged or riveted links will hold up better. Links made of aluminium will not hold up to combat use. Forged/Welded links are not required for SCA use SCA Armour Standards
 * If it is to be for purely decorative purposes, like for greeting guests at a medieval dinner party, it can be made of butted links of aluminium, to reduce the weight to about two to five pounds.

Materials

 * Aluminium - good for decorative purposes.
 * Stainless Steel
 * Galvanized Steel

Gauges

 * 12
 * 14
 * 16
 * 18

Torso
Make some thick rings (see below for instructions). Then, rivet them together (vertically), and then test it on your own body.

Making Rings
Rings are made by following these steps: Take a length of wire of whatever metal is being used. Wind it around a dowel rod of the diameter desired. Take wire cutters and cut out each individual ring. Some people cut several rings at a time, but I find that that tends to warp the rings too much.

Some people use a special apparatus to wind the rings. This is made as follows: A wooden platform with two beams going up on opposite sides. Each beam has a circular hole at the top, in which the dowel rod is placed. The dowel rod has a small hole of the wire's gauge drilled into it on the inside; on the outside it has a lever. To use: place the end of wire through the hole on the inside part of the dowel, and crank the lever so that the wire winds itself around the rod.

Note: Galvanized steel will stain your skin if worn for long periods. It is recommended that you de-galvanize these rings if they will be in contact with skin. To do this, soak the rings overnight in hydrogen peroxide (available at drug stores). Afterwards, they will have lost some of their metallic luster, but they will be safer to wear.

Putting rings together
There are countless patterns that can be used for the placement of rings, such as 4 in 1, 6 in 1, etc. They are thus named for the number of links that are connected inside each individual ring. In a 4 in 1, each ring has four other rings connected to it. Some other patterns include Byzantine and Dragonscale.

=Leather armour=
 * Leather for armour must be boiled before use. The longer it is boiled, the thicker and smaller it becomes. However, the longer a piece of leather is boiled, the more brittle it becomes.
 * To make armour-grade leather vambraces, put a thick towel around your arm and mold the boiled leather around it.

Metal:
 * Depending on the gauge (thickness) and temper (hardness) many pieces of armour may be made entirely with cold work (no forge required). Generally this is true for 12 gauge and smaller mild steel.
 * True period metal armour was hardened using a forge. This allowed the metal to be thinner/lighter than much modern reenactor armour.
 * Most metal armour sold today is mostly or entirely cold worked, with the exception of the welds used in some pieces.

title: Armour/Making Basic Armour


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/misslovely.in

Links

 * misslovely.in resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * COIBot domainredlist search for link misslovely.in gives:
 * misslovely.in (Automonitor: reported to en:MediaWiki talk:Spam-blacklist (diff))
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 2 additions.


text:
Talk:S. M. M. Muszhaaraff

Change of title
Muszhaaraff Muthunabeen is not the official name to represent the this Politician as all the web references from official sources indicate that the official name as S. M. M. Muszharaff. It's better that we change the Title as S. M. M. Muszhaaraff instead of Muszhaaraff Muthunabeen.

Official Facebook Page of S. M. M. Muszhaaraff MPTharique (talk) 04:30, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:S. M. M. Muszhaaraff


text:
Talk:Kharkiv Governorate

Kharkiv Governorate ?
Is there a source, that a Kharkiv Governorate was created in 1918 ? It seems doubtful, that an entity of such name was founded then, rather old Kharkov Governorate persisted (the turmoil caused by Civil War, or territory loss since 1917 notwithstanding). --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:14, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I thought the same thing, I proposed it be merged into the other page. HappyWith (talk) 02:08, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kharkiv Governorate


text:
User:Scott Gregory Beach

Thank you for visiting my user page. Scott Gregory Beach (talk) 21:32, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

title: User:Scott Gregory Beach


text:
Talk:First Battle of the Isonzo

External links modified
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title: Talk:First Battle of the Isonzo


text:
Egon

Etymology
From.

Related terms

 * (cognates from Old Norse) ,

Etymology
From.

Etymology
Variant of, diminutive of Germanic compound names beginning with the element Egin-, from *agi "awe", later merged with "sharp point". Popular during the first half of the 20th century.

Etymology
From.

title: Egon


text:
Sourashtra College, Madurai

Sourashtra College, Madurai, is a general degree college located in Pasumalai, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu. It was established in the year 1967. The college is affiliated with Madurai Kamaraj University. This college offers different courses in arts, commerce and science.

Science

 * Physics
 * Chemistry
 * Mathematics
 * Computer Application
 * Maths
 * English
 * Computer science

Arts and Commerce

 * Tamil
 * English
 * Economics
 * Commerce
 * Maths

Transportation
The only public bus to reach the college directly is by 9A. A local bus runs between Anna bus stand and vilachery. Or you have to reach the Mannar Thirumalai Naicker College bus stop from there you can easy access the local bus to Arappalayam Bus Terminus and Mattuthavani Bus Terminus And the only bus to access the munichalai and Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam area's is to take the 31A bus which runs between Thirunagar to Anuppanadi.

Accreditation
The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

title: Sourashtra College, Madurai


text:
User:Meodipt/2014 talk archive

PCPr/Phencyclamine
Hi, I was hoping you could help me. When I was a Wikipedian n00b I moved PCPr to Phencyclamine via cut & paste. Now I am attempting to merge the page histories, but I cannot move Phencyclamine to PCPr (via the move function) because the page already exists.

I either need the help of an administrator or I need you to move it for me, and either of us could undo my cut edits on PCPr. I felt it was a good edit because the page for PCP is a disambig page which easily leads to Phencyclidine... granted the name "Phencyclamine" leaves out the propyl chain, but it's kind of like "psilacetin" for 4-acetcyloxy-n,n-dimethyltryptamine.

Anyway, your help would be much appreciated (and any input too- I really don't care whether the new or old name is kept, but I think the new name is appropriate...I dunno, Phencyclopropanamine isn't bad either). Thanks!
 * (Psychonaut25 - 13375p34k / C0n7r1b5 12:03 AM EST, 06 February 2014 (UTC))

 * Hi Psychonaut25. Are people actually using "phencyclamine" as a common name for PCPr? I can see a few "unofficial" sources online using this name, but confusingly some people are using the same name to refer to the primary amine (i.e. 1-phenyl-1-aminocyclohexane) which is much less potent, so I see a lot of potential for confusion here. The accepted practice on Wikipedia for these pages is generally to leave the page as the code number until any street "common names" have come into really widespread use and been reported by citable sources, as these street names for designer drugs often don't end up getting adopted in the long term. Anyway I don't have admin privileges on here (they were offered to me once, but you have to commit to a certain amount of anti-vandalism work which I don't really have time for) so if you need help with a page move you might have to ask one of the admins who is active in this area. Cheers Meodipt (talk) 21:38, 12 February 2014 (UTC)

Tenapanor
I noticed that you set-up the Tenapanor page recently. That's good, i'm impressed that you were doing that in your need. I wondered if you knew anything about JNJ-28583867, another tetrahydroisoquinoline design.Deass (talk) 20:08, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Deass (talk • contribs) 15:23, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of CYP-LAD

The article CYP-LAD has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unsourced for 6 years and I cannot find any coverage in reliable sources to show WP:GNG is met.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. SmartSE (talk) 20:59, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Sure, delete it if there are still no references. I added it because it was being sold as an RC back in 2006, by the same suppliers who originally released the bromo-dragonfly into the wild, but it looks like CYP-LAD never attracted enough attention to show up in drug seizures or be referenced in the forensic literature. Ironically with the recent upsurge in ergoline derivatives being sold as RCs (AL-LAD, LSB, LSP and LSZ for instance) it may well be that CYP-LAD could make a reappearance, but if it does so then it will be no great burden to re-create a page for it at that stage. Meodipt (talk) 03:52, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Its a bit of a shame actually, now that I check it looks like CYP-LAD is the only structurally novel ergoline ever sold as an RC, all of the analogues sold more recently are known compounds that had been described in the literature. But as you say, no references, so wiki protocol dictates that it be deleted. Meodipt (talk) 01:49, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Proposed Image Deletion
See commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Cefbuperazone.png about commons:File:Cefbuperazone.png - one you created in 2008 and was moved to commons in 2011. Ron h jones (Talk) 18:17, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Looks like the structure was incorrect, go ahead and delete it... Meodipt (talk) 12:52, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for October 6
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Ropinirole Synthesis
I corrected the synthesis like you said. I bought Dan's book 6 and that was how he did it with the primary amine. I knew it was wrong but thought maybe it was still an interesting compound but I could not access the full journal article w/o Athens password.--Lukashenk0 (talk) 20:39, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

Also, he said i-Pr and not n-Pr. Don't worry, i'll correct all of it.--Lukashenk0 (talk) 20:43, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

Discussion at :c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Menitrazepam.png
You are invited to join the discussion at c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Menitrazepam.png. Thanks. Ron h jones (Talk) 20:10, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

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title: User:Meodipt/2014 talk archive


text:
Atibie, Ghana

Atibie is a small town in the Kwahu South District in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The Odweanoma Mountain is located along the Atibie road.

Institutions

 * Atibie Nursing and Midwifery Training College
 * Atibie Hospital

title: Atibie, Ghana


text:
User:Nitrobot~enwikiversity

This bot is to be an automated account operated by User:Student Galaxy its task is to welcome new users to wikiversity using templates detecting a change in the blocklog, detect page move vandalism by picking up certain words, and it will send an automated message to set custodians with the user name or Ip.

Note: This bot will be out of order until it is appealed.

title: User:Nitrobot~enwikiversity


text:
User:WarnerBrothersInco

Joshua Briere

https://postmediaottawacitizen2-files-wordpress-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w1000/s/postmediaottawacitizen2.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/joshua-briere-family-photo.jpeg?w=302&quality=80

Canadian Ottawa, Ontario Born: December 7, 1989 Died: October 22, 2016

Musician. Father, Son, Brother.

title: User:WarnerBrothersInco


text:
St Paul's Church, Broadoak

St Paul's Church is a Church of England church in Broadoak, Dorset, England. It was designed by Thomas Talbot Bury and built in 1865–66. The church has been a Grade II listed building since 1984.

History
St Paul's was built as a chapel of ease to the parish church of St John the Baptist in Symondsbury. It was the second chapel of ease to be built in the parish, following St Peter's at Eype, which opened in 1865. Owing to the many outlying settlements and neighbourhoods which were a considerable distance from St John's, the rector of the parish, Rev. Henry Rawlinson, sought to improve church accommodation in the parish. The area of Broakoak was approximately three miles from the parish church, with the nearest church being at Salwayash.

Plans for the church were drawn up by Thomas Talbot Bury of London and a plot of land purchased by Rev. Rawlinson from the trustees of the Bridport Charity. In addition to Broadoak, the church was sited to serve the hamlets of Henwood, Mowerbury, Dinhay, Atram and Hogboar. In addition to donations and subscriptions, a grant of £20 was also received by the Salisbury Diocesan Church Building Society towards its construction.

The foundation stone was laid by Mrs. Sarah Anne Rawlinson, wife of the rector, on 23 March 1865, in the presence of a large number of local clergy and residents. The stone was to have been laid by Mrs. Fooks of Mowerbury, but illness prevented her attendance, and her chosen replacement, Miss Legg of Allington was also unable to attend due to the death of a relative. Mr. William Gibbs of Bradpole was hired as the builder, with Mr. Richard Cornick of Bridport as the contractor, and Mr. W. K. Brown of Bridport handling the plumbing, glazing and woodwork. The completed church was consecrated on 25 April 1866 by the Bishop of Salisbury, the Right Rev. Walter Kerr Hamilton.

Architecture
St Paul's is built of local red sandstone sourced from Stoke Knapp, near Beaminster, with Hamstone used for the quoins and dressings, and slate on the roof. It was designed in the Early English style to accommodate 120 persons, and is made up of a nave and chancel. The west end contains the entrance, an oak door with ornamental ironwork, and a bell turret with a decorated cross finial. The arched braces of the open roof rest on corbels of Hamstone, and the chancel arch is also of the same material. The pulpit, lectern and reading desk are of oak, and the open seats of stained deal.

The north and south sides of the building each have four lancet windows, filled with tinted cathedral glass. The east end has a three-lancet window, with three small circular windows above, and a single lancet window on each side of the chancel. The west end has a two-lancet window with circular and trefoil windows above. The east and west windows, and those on either side of the chancel, were gifted and painted by Mrs. Rawlinson.

title: St Paul's Church, Broadoak


text:
Bioinformatics/Glossary

There are a number of existing Wikipedia articles on bioinformatics and computational biology; the article on biostatistics is also helpful.

There is some disagreement on the proper uses of the following terms. The meanings intended by the author are summarized below:

 * Bio- : Etymology: From the Ancient Greek βίος (bios), “‘life’”.

 * Bioinformatics : The science of the treatment of biological information, especially large quantities of biological information.

 * Biological System : A group of organs or organelles that work together to perform a certain task. (see [| Wikipedia Biological System])

 * Biological Systems : A group of biological systems that work together producing an organism ie a living being, ie life

 * Biostatistics : The sub-discipline of Bioinformatics concerned with probability and hypothesis validation on biological data. The term Biostatistics predates "Bioinformatics" considerably.

 * Computational Biology : Computationally-intensive methods to treat biological information. Generally this implies treatment of large amounts of data, but not always.

 * Control System : A device or set of devices to manage, command, direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or systems.

 * Control Systems of Biological Systems : A group of factors working to keep a group of organs balanced and still flexible enough to respond to hostile and variable environments

 * Functional Genomics : The study of functional information derived from entire proteomes; alternatively, high-throughput study of protein functions in general.

 * Genome : All the genes derived from one organism make up a single genome.

 * Genomics : The study of information derived from entire genomes; alternatively, high throughput study of genes in general.

 * Informatics : The science of information, the practice of information processing, and the engineering of information systems.

 * Organism : Any living system (such as animal, plant, fungus, or micro-organism). In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole

 * Proteome : All the proteins coded for by the sequences of a single genome, including their structures and functions, make a single proteome.

 * Structural Genomics : The study of structural information derived from entire proteomes; alternatively, high-throughput study of protein structures in general.

title: Bioinformatics/Glossary


text:
Template:Attached KML/Minnesota State Highway 324

   Minnesota State Highway 324.kml   ff0000ff 5 		    ff0000ff 5 		    normal #line-1267FF-50  <Pair> highlight <styleUrl>#line-1267FF-5</styleUrl> </Pair> </StyleMap> <Placemark> Minnesota State Highway 324 <styleUrl>#line-1267FF-51</styleUrl> <ExtendedData> </ExtendedData> <LineString> 1 				-92.98479,45.82193,0 -92.98455000000001,45.8219,0 -92.98384,45.82181,0 -92.98360999999999,45.82177999999999,0 -92.98264000000003,45.82165,0 -92.98213,45.82158,0 -92.98162000000001,45.82149999999999,0 -92.98157999999999,45.82149000000001,0 -92.98139999999999,45.82145,0 -92.98118,45.8214,0 -92.98102,45.82135,0 -92.98090000000001,45.82132,0 -92.98075,45.82126,0 -92.98059000000002,45.8212,0 -92.98045000000001,45.82113,0 -92.98031999999999,45.82104,0 -92.98018,45.82096,0 -92.97995,45.82083000000001,0 -92.9795,45.82056,0 -92.97895,45.82022000000001,0 -92.97846,45.81994,0 -92.9783,45.81985,0 -92.97803999999999,45.81971000000002,0 -92.97781000000001,45.81959,0 -92.97759000000002,45.81949,0 -92.97741000000001,45.81942,0 -92.9772,45.81934,0 -92.97699000000002,45.81929,0 -92.97676,45.81923,0 -92.97658000000001,45.81925,0 -92.97646,45.81923,0 -92.97636,45.81921,0 -92.97626,45.8192,0 -92.97609,45.81918,0 -92.97604,45.81918,0 -92.97592,45.81918,0 -92.97553000000001,45.81918,0 -92.97467000000002,45.81917,0 -92.97393999999999,45.81917,0 -92.97320000000002,45.81917,0 -92.97181999999999,45.81915,0 -92.9704,45.81913999999999,0 		</LineString> </Placemark> </Document>


text:
Calculus/Summation notation

Summation notation allows an expression that contains a sum to be expressed in a simple, compact manner. The uppercase Greek letter sigma, Σ, is used to denote the sum of a set of numbers.

 * Example
 * $$\sum_{i=3}^7 i^2=3^2+4^2+5^2+6^2+7^2$$

 Let $$f$$ be a function and $$M,N$$ are integers with $$N<M$$. Then
 * $$\sum_{i=N}^M f(i)=f(N)+f(N+1)+f(N+2)+\cdots+f(M)$$.

We say $$N$$ is the lower limit and $$M$$ is the upper limit of the sum.

We can replace the letter $$i$$ with any other variable. For this reason $$i$$ is referred to as a dummy variable. So...
 * $$\sum_{i=1}^4 i=\sum_{j=1}^4 j=\sum_{\alpha=1}^4 \alpha=1+2+3+4$$

Conventionally we use the letters $$i$$, $$j$$ , $$k$$ , $$m$$ for dummy variables.

 * Example
 * $$\sum_{i=1}^5 i=1+2+3+4+5$$

Here, the dummy variable is $$i$$, the lower limit of summation is 1, and the upper limit is 5.

 * Example

Sometimes, you will see summation signs with no dummy variable specified, e.g.,

 * $$\sum_1^4 i^3=100$$

In such cases the correct dummy variable should be clear from the context.

You may also see cases where the limits are unspecified. Here too, they must be deduced from the context.

Common summations
$$\sum_{i=1}^n c=c+c+\cdots+c=nc\ ,\ c\in\R$$

$$\sum_{i=1}^n i=1+2+3+\cdots+n=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}$$

$$\sum_{i=1}^n i^2=1^2+2^2+3^2+\cdots+n^2=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}$$

$$\sum_{i=1}^n i^3=1^3+2^3+3^3+\cdots+n^3=\left(\sum_{i=1}^n i\right)^2=\left(\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\right)^2$$

$$\sum_{i=1}^\infty a_i = \lim_{t \to \infty} \left[\sum_{i=1}^t a_i\right]$$

title: Calculus/Summation notation


text:
Canadian Tort Law

This text is intended to provide an overview of the current law of torts, and its relevant jurisprudence and history.

Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * /Trespass to person/
 * /Trespass to property/
 * /Negligence/
 * /Strict liability/
 * /Defamation/
 * /Nuisance/
 * Extra-contractual obligation (Quebec)
 * Appendix I - case summaries

title: Canadian Tort Law


text:
User:Mariacrojas-pineda/Radical feminism

User:Mariacrojas-pineda/Radical feminism

Self-incrimination[edit]
On 6 June 1971 the title of the Stern (magazine) showed 28 German actresses and jounalists confessing “We Had an Abortion!” wir haben abgetrieben! unleashing a campaign against the abortion ban. The journalist Alice Schwarzer had organized this following the French example Manifeste_des_343.

Later in 1974, Alice Schwarzer persuaded 329 doctors to admit in Der Spiegel publicly to having performed abortions and she found a woman willing to terminate her pregnancy on camera with vacuum aspiration, thereby promoting this method and show it on the German television news magazine Panorama. This was a new tactic: The ostentatious, publicly documented violation of a law that millions of women had broken thus far, only in secret and under undignified circumstances. Broadcasting freedom came under fire as never before.

—


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Tehkikaat episodes

The result was delete. Rlendog (talk) 16:25, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

List of Tehkikaat episodes

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

Abandoned article, probably started by some fan in 2009. Gives no encyclopedic information. §§AnimeshKulkarni (talk) 13:47, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions.  Anbu121  ( talk me ) 15:45, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions.  Anbu121  ( talk me ) 20:11, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions.  Anbu121  ( talk me ) 20:11, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom. -- ɑηsuмaη  ʈ ᶏ ɭ Ϟ  10:20, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, — Crisco 1492 (talk) 03:04, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete or (if kept) merge and redirect to Tehkikaat. Stuartyeates (talk) 00:44, 21 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Introduction to geological engineering

Welcome to Introduction to Geological Engineering

Geological engineering is the engineering science of applying engineering principles to the study of geological materials as part of the engineering design of facilities including roads, tunnels, and mines especially as related to minerals and mineral products. Some see it as a merging of the disciplines of geology and engineering and material science, but, while it includes aspects of all, it has several specializations unique to the field.

Geological engineers are particularly prized in the field of mining, including the fields of mine development, exploration, and operation. Geological engineers conduct slope stability analysis, and design remediations for unstable slopes including landslides for mining concerns and civil engineering projects. They are involved in both civil and mining tunneling projects. Some geological engineers choose to specialize instead on geotechnical or environmental aspects of the field.

Geologic Hazards and Adverse Geologic Conditions
Typical geologic hazards or other adverse conditions evaluated by an engineering geologist include:

 * fault rupture on seismically active faults ;
 * seismic and earthquake hazards (ground shaking, liquefaction, lurching,lateral spreading, tsunami and seiche events);
 * landslide, mudflow, rock fall and avalanche hazards ;
 * unstable slopes and slope stability;
 * erosion;
 * slaking and heave of geologic formations;
 * ground subsidence (such as due to ground water withdrawal, sinkhole collapse, cave collapse, decomposition of organic soils, and tectonic movement);
 * volcanic hazards (volcanic eruptions, hot springs, pyroclastic flows, debris flows, debris avalanche, gas emissions, volcanic earthquakes);
 * non-rippable or marginally rippable rock requiring heavy ripping or blasting;
 * weak and collapsible soils;
 * shallow ground water/seepage; and
 * other types of geologic constraints.

An engineering geologist or geophysicist may be called upon to evaluate the excavatability (i.e. rippability) of earth (rock) materials to assess the need for pre-blasting during earthwork construction, as well as associated impacts due to vibration during blasting on projects.

Methods and Reporting
The methods used by engineering geologists in their studies include
 * geologic field mapping of geologic structures, geologic formations, soil units and hazards;
 * the review of geologic literature, geologic maps, geotechnical reports, engineering plans, environmental reports, stereoscopic aerial photographs, remote sensing data, Global Positioning System (GPS) data, topographic maps and satellite imagery;
 * the excavation, sampling and logging of earth/rock materials in drilled borings, backhoe test pits and trenches, fault trenching, and bulldozer pits;
 * geophysical surveys (such as seismic refraction traverses, resistivity surveys, ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, magnetometer surveys, electromagnetic surveys, high-resolution sub-bottom profiling, and other geophysical methods); and
 * other methods.

The field work is typically culminated in analysis of the data and the preparation of an engineering geologic report, geotechnical report, fault hazard or seismic hazard report, geophysical report, ground water resource report or hydrogeologic report. The engineering geologic report is often prepared in conjunction with a geotechnical report, but commonly provide geotechnical analysis and design recommendations independent of a geotechnical report. An engineering geologic report describes the objectives, methodology, references cited, tests performed, findings and recommendations for development. Engineering geologists also provide geologic data on topograpic maps, aerial photographs, geologic maps, Geographic Information System (GIS) maps, or other map bases.

title: Introduction to geological engineering


text:
Talk:List of tallest buildings in Dhaka

questionable data about city center's height (City Center height  is more than  2 x Janata bank Height)
RiSHisOm (talk) 18:46, 1 February 2014 (UTC)as per data provided in this page City Center Dhaka's height(171m) is more than twice of neighboring Janata Bank Bhaban's height (76m),but photographs like these http://www.panoramio.com/photo/59499190 and http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/medium/50813175.jpg contradicts this fact.''In second photograph anyone can see that  the height of the City Centre is not double of  the height of the janata bank(brown building). ''

notes about photograph--

1 .distance between Janta Bank Bhaban (76m) and City Center Dhaka(171m) is only 50 m (check Google earth) so optical illusion is out of question here.

2. brown building = Janata Bank Bhaban, Green Glass   = City Center Dhaka RiSHisOm (talk) 18:46, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of tallest buildings in Dhaka


text:
MIT Energy Initiative

This is a list of pages relating to the MIT Energy Initiative.

If you are interested in participating in the MIT Energy Initiative please contact the http://ilp-www.mit.edu/ - MIT Industrial Liason Program or join one of the chapters of the http://enterpriseforum.mit.edu/

You do not have to be affilated with MIT to join or participate in MIT Enterprise Forum activities, and MIT encourages non-MIT entrepreneurs to be involved in the Enterprise Forum.

Users
User:Roadrunner - I am an MIT alumnus who is interesting in the idea of making MIT the world's first "open source university". Because of this, I am active in trying to link together the MIT and the Wikiversity communities.

|MIT Energy Research Council

Events
|MIT Energy Initiative Forum in Houston, Texas

see MIT Energy Initiative Forum Notes

title: MIT Energy Initiative


text:
Shade 45

Shade 45 is American rapper Eminem's hip-hop station on Sirius XM Radio channel 45 and Dish Network channel 6045.

History
Eminem established his channel, Shade 45, that plays uncut hip hop. Eminem also established a new morning show, Sway in the Morning with Sway Calloway, a lively morning show that airs at 8:00 a.m., Monday–Friday.

Eminem promoted the station in a 2004 mock national convention (the "Shady National Convention") at the Roseland Ballroom in New York City, in which Donald Trump endorsed him. On his album Revival (2017), Eminem expressed his regret at having collaborated with Trump, rapping, "wish I would have spit on it before I went to shake his hand at the event".

Core artists

 * Eminem
 * Kanye West
 * Dr. Dre
 * Drake
 * 50 Cent
 * Kendrick Lamar
 * Travis Scott
 * Action Bronson
 * Wiz Khalifa
 * Big Sean
 * Tech N9ne
 * Schoolboy Q
 * yelawolf

title: Shade 45


text:
User:April Follies

I am an old user of/contributor to WikiPedia, and now WikiBooks. I had in the past tried to work on my own Wiki-based textbook, but a lack of time on my part, and too few contributors to carry it forward while I was absent, left it languishing. I'm hoping that the WikiBooks project can bring new vitality to it, and that, conversely, the material started there can add some helpful work to WikiBooks project.

title: User:April Follies