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User:Ryal1ll/Chamba people

The Chamba people are a significant ethnic group in the north eastern Nigeria. The closest chamba neighbours are the Mumuye, the Fulani and the Jukun and Kutep people. In Cameroon, the successors of Leko and chamba speakers are divided into several states: Bali Nyonga, Bali Kumbat, Bali-Gham, Bali-Gangsin, and Bali-Gashu. The Basari people of Togo and Ghana also go by the name Chamba, but they are ethnically distinct.

Language
The Chamba people, also known as Samba, Tchamba, Tsamba, Daka and Chamba-Ndagan, are an African ethnic group found in the Gongola State of east-central Nigeria and neighboring parts of north Cameroon. They speak two distantly related languages: Chamba Leko, of the Leko–Nimbari languages, and Chamba Daka, of the Dakoid languages, both of which are a Niger-Congo language.

Boyd says that the “Chamba Leko speakers are restricted to the easternmost part of the central area, for the most part on the Cameroon part of the modern border. The remainder of the Chamba are Daka-speaking”. The Chamba speakers still speak various other dialects that are different from place to place. The central area is where the Chamba Daka (Sama Nnakenyare) live. That area is found in North east of Nigeria on the Cameroon border in Adamawa State.[citation needed]

Germany was the original colonial power that annexed the Chambaland, but when Germany lost the First World War, this territory in Africa was divided by the League of Nations between British and France. “Where the majority of the Chamba live, straddles the present border between Nigeria and Cameroon”.

Beliefs
The Chamba people have their own particular religious beliefs. The traditional religion of the Chamba is premised on a creator solar God (Su) and ancestor spirits who live with this creator. The sun god does not interact with living beings, but the ancestor spirits do. The dead (wurumbu) are believed to continue living, but they live below the ground. They follow the same style and sophistication as humans, but they are believed to be wiser and with supernatural power. Special people among the Chamba are believed to be able to interact with these ancestral spirits and they are revered by the Chamba people.

A minority, or about 15%, of the Chamba people adhere to Islam. The Chamba people were one of the targets of Fulani jihads in the 18th and 19th century. They were enslaved, and many migrated south into the mountains. They retaliated by becoming raiding bands who attacked slave and trading caravans.

Society and Culture
The Chamba traditionally live in grassland area, farming cereal staples, and cash crops such as cocoa and coffee. One main crop that the Chamba farm is guinea corn. The Chamba are composed of different clans that can have varying styles of chiefdoms. Some are led by women, men, or both. These clans work based on the collective belief in the "the authoritative masculinity of relatively older men and women."

The Chamba live in villages. Outside of the villages is an uninhabited forest region called the bush. The areas of the bush closest to the village are places that the Chamba collect materials for building fires, making utilitarian objects like baskets and mats, hunting, and gathering. These areas of the bush are accessed both by men and women. The inner bush is considered more dangerous and associated with the male gender.

Cults
One form of Chamba social control is through the use of cults. There are both men's and women's cults that an individual may only gain membership through an initiation process. Cult members are expected to keep the rituals, rites, and practices secret.

Initiation processes are different for each gender's cult. Circumcision is a part of the men's cult initiation, through which the process allows boys into enter into manhood. For women, their marker of transition into womanhood is not through initiation but through marriage. Often, women do not join cults until they are married. For women's cults, sometimes tooth evulsion is part of initiation. However, tooth evulsion is less practiced now and varies by region and particular group.

Art
They are skilled artists known for their pottery, metal work and sculpture.

Masking Traditions
Masks representing the wild are typically composed of a wooden mask and a costume made of long fibers. The complete look is supposed to give the illusion of one complete entity with the mask, costume, and performer becoming a single unit.

One specific type of mask is called a buffalo or bushcow mask. Each clan of the Chamba usually has a bushcow mask.These masks are painted different colors to determine whether the mask is male or female. Some clans will have both a female and male bushcow mask.The features of the mask are composed of both animal and human attributes. The horns of the bushcow mask refer to the "female bushcow ancestor." These masks are supposed to represent the power of the bush. The masks function in conjunction with Chamba events like circumcision, initiation of chiefs, and funerals. These masks are stored in the bush. When they perform for special occasions, the masks leave the bush and enter into the village.

Statues
Chamba statues are figural, usually depicting a male, a female, or both a male and female. The figures usually appear in a single form or a double form in which two figures are attached at to a base.

References[edit]

 * 1) ^ Jump up to: a b
 * 2) ^ Jump up to: a b ;  Richard Fardon, Raiders & refugees: trends in Chamba political development, 1750-1950
 * 3) ^ ; Richard Fardon, Raiders & refugees: trends in Chamba political development, 1750-1950
 * 4) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Chamba Religion
 * 5) ^ RICHARD FARDON (1983), A CHRONOLOGY OF PRE-COLONIAL CHAMBA HISTORY, Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Bd. 29 (1983), pages 67-92
 * 6) ^ Jump up to: a b c
 * 7) ^

title: User:Ryal1ll/Chamba people


text:
Talk:Duke Snider

Hospitalized Newsman from 1955 MVP voting
Does anyone know the name of the newspaperman from Philadelphia mentioned in the article? Randy Kryn (talk) 00:34, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Photograph needed
And, does anyone have a good and usuable photograph of Duke? Randy Kryn (talk) 00:34, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Duke Snider


text:
Son Woo-hyuk

Son Woo Hyuk (born 17 December 1983) is a South Korean actor. He participated in the SBS program Miracle Audition in 2011 and won the audition. He played his first main role in SBS daily drama "Shady mom-in-law".

Education

 * Myungshin High School
 * Sungkyunkwan University Bachelor of French Literature

Broadcast

 * Miracle Audition (SBS, 2011)

Drama

 * All About My Romance (SBS, 2013) as Park Boo San (Support Role)
 * A Tale of Two Sisters (KBS1, 2013)
 * Goddess of Marriage (SBS, 2013)
 * Thrice Married Woman (SBS, 2013)
 * KBS Drama Special: "The Unwelcome Guest" (KBS2, 2013)
 * KBS Drama Special: "The Dirge Singer" (KBS2, 2014)
 * Golden Cross (KBS2, 2014)
 * Two Mothers (KBS2, 2014)
 * Family Secret (tvN, 2014) as Kim Chi Jung (Support Role)
 * Yeah, That's How It Is (SBS, 2016)
 * The Bride of Habaek (tvN, 2017)
 * Should We Kiss First? (SBS, 2018) as Kim Hyung Joon (Support Role)
 * Shady Mom-in-law (SBS, 2019) as Ahn Mansoo (main role)
 * River Where the Moon Rises (KBS, 2021) as Taegam (Support Role)

Movies

 * On the Road to SF (2013)
 * Tuning Fork (2013) – as Priest – cameo
 * The Throne (2015)- as Hong Nak-in
 * Delicious Flight (2015) (main role)
 * The True Colour of Men (2016)
 * Keys to the Heart (2018) – as Eun-Ha's male friend

musicals

 * The Play (2006)
 * Heartbeat (2008)
 * Romantic Muscle (2016) – as O Han Gil

Awards

 * SBS Miracle Audition Winner

title: Son Woo-hyuk


text:
Bistra, Alba

Bistra (Bistrau; Bisztra) is a commune located in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. It has a population of 4,340 as of 2021. It is composed of 35 villages: Aronești, Bălești, Bălești-Cătun, Bârlești, Bistra, Cheleteni, Ciuldești, Crețești, Dâmbureni, Dealu Muntelui, Durăști, Gănești, Gârde, Hodișești, Hudricești, Lipaia, Lunca Largă, Lunca Merilor, Mihăiești, Nămaș, Novăcești, Perjești, Poiana, Poiu, Rătitiș, Runcuri, Sălăgești, Ștefanca, Țărănești, Tolăcești, Tomnatec, Trișorești, Vârși-Rontu, Vârșii Mari, and Vârșii Mici.

The commune is situated in the northwest corner of Alba County. It covers a surface of 138 km2 (about 1.8% of the total area of the county), making it the largest commune in Romania by surface area. Bistra is crossed from West to East for a length of 7 km by the Arieș River. It is surrounded to the SE by the Trascău Mountains, the SW by the Metaliferi Mountains and to the NE by the Gilău Mountains, with Muntele Mare as the highest peak, at 1,826 m.

Natives

 * Petru Pavel Aron (1709–1764), Bishop of Făgăraș and Primate of the Romanian Greek Catholic Church

title: Bistra, Alba


text:
liukas

Etymology
Possibly from through unattested *livukas. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. Related to.

Adjective

 * 1) slippery

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) slippery

title: liukas


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Category:Suspected Wikipedia sockpuppets of Ted Wilkes

Sockpuppets of Ted Wilkes, who is a sockpuppet of hardbanned DW and his numerous sockpuppets. FearÉIREANN \(caint) 18:38, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

See also Category:Wikipedia sockpuppets of Ted Wilkes.


text:
1989 Cornell Big Red football team

The 1989 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1989 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Cornell tied for second-to-last in the Ivy League.

In its first and only season under head coach Jack Fouts, the team compiled a 4–6 record and was outscored 194 to 158. Drew Fraser and Mitch Lee were the team captains.

Cornell's 2–5 conference record earned a three-way tie for fifth in the Ivy League standings. The Big Red was outscored 142 to 114 by Ivy opponents.

Cornell played its home games at Schoellkopf Field in Ithaca, New York.

title: 1989 Cornell Big Red football team


text:
Leonard Marshall

Leonard Allen Marshall Jr. (born October 22, 1961) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive lineman for twelve seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Selected 37th overall in the 1983 NFL Draft, he spent the first ten seasons of his career with the New York Giants where he accumulated 79.5 sacks, ranking him third in team history. He was twice selected to the Pro Bowl and twice named NFL Defensive Lineman of the Year following the 1985 and 1986 seasons. He won two championships with the Giants, recording three and a half sacks in the two Super Bowl games which he played in. Marshall is most famously known for his 1991 hit on Joe Montana that knocked him out of the NFC championship game, after which Montana would not play another regular season game for almost two years. After his time with the Giants, Marshall went on to play a season each for the New York Jets and Washington Redskins before retiring from football at the age of 33. Marshall played college football at Louisiana State University.

Marshall has been active in several business and entrepreneurial activities since retiring. He also has spent time as a football camp instructor, a football head coach,written a couple of books,an Executive in Residence at Seton Hall University, a adjunct professor at Seton Hall University, and a radio broadcaster who made several appearances on The Howard Stern Show for 6 years starting in 1985-1991.In 2013, Marshall was diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative brain disease detected in a growing number of retired NFL players.He has been involved with efforts to spread awareness about the issue and concerns of his fellow teammates and colleagues.Marshall is currently on the board of Carver Bank of Harlem, PikeTx.com, The Concussion Legacy Foundation, CaringKind of New York,and several other non profits. He is also an Outside Advisor at Rockefeller Capital Management of New York City where he works along side Edward Moldaver James Lee and Steve Cohen.

Early life and college career
Marshall was born in Franklin, Louisiana. He was the oldest of seven children, whose father, Leonard Marshall Sr., was a foreman at a shipyard. Initially, Marshall's father did not like the idea of his son playing football, as he thought it was "a stupid game" that would prevent his son from doing more productive things. Later in his life however, Marshall Sr. expressed happiness over his son's success, and even rooted against his beloved Dallas Cowboys when his son's Giants teams played them.

Marshall played college football at Louisiana State University from 1979 to 1982, accumulating 180 tackles and 5 sacks during his four year career. During his senior year, he recorded 53 tackles and 4 sacks and was named the team's defensive Most Valuable Player. Marshall also played a crucial role in LSU's 1982 victory over the University of Alabama, making several key tackles and prompting Hall of Fame coach Bear Bryant to state his regret after the game for not being able to successfully recruit Marshall. The team finished 8–3–1 that year and narrowly lost, 21–20, to the University of Nebraska in the Orange Bowl.

Marshall graduated from Louisiana State University with a degree in Business Administration. He was later inducted into the LSU Hall of Fame in 2008.

Professional career
Marshall was selected 37th overall by the New York Giants in the 1983 NFL Draft. He was the fourth defensive lineman taken that year. At the time, Los Angeles Raiders managing general partner Al Davis described him as the steal of the draft.

During his rookie season with the Giants, Marshall struggled initially with weight problems, drawing the ire of the coaching staff. After trimming down, Marshall made an impact and played strongly against the run but was unable to mount much of a pass rush and finished with only 0.5 sacks on the season. He improved significantly in 1984 however, recording 6.5 sacks. He also made several key tackles to help the Giants preserve a 16–13 win over the Los Angeles Rams during the wild-card round of the playoffs.

Marshall's emergence as a pass rusher continued in 1985 as he racked up 15.5 sacks, earning him a trip to the Pro Bowl and recognition as NFL defensive lineman of the year. Marshall repeated both honors in 1986, teaming up with Hall of Fame linebacker Lawrence Taylor to form a potent pass rush on the right side of the Giants defense. He finished the year with 12 sacks, helping the Giants to a 14–2 record and an appearance in Super Bowl XXI to face off against the Denver Broncos. Marshall recorded two sacks in the Giants' 39–20 victory, earning him his first Super Bowl ring.

Marshall recorded 8 sacks in 10 games played during a strike-shortened 1987 season in which the Giants finished 6–9–1. He compiled another 8 sacks the following year as he split time with fellow defensive end John Washington. During the 1989 season Marshall collected 9.5 sacks, with the Giants losing in the first round of the playoffs that year to the Los Angeles Rams. Marshall later described the season as a lost opportunity as he felt the Giants had the best team in the league that year.

Marshall engaged in a prolonged contract holdout leading up to the 1990 season. He reported late, and after struggling initially to regain his starting job he recovered to finish the year with 4.5 sacks. The Giants went 13–3 during the regular season and advanced to the NFC Championship Game where the two-time defending Super Bowl champion San Francisco 49ers awaited them. In the fourth quarter of the game, Marshall hit 49ers quarterback Joe Montana so hard that he suffered a bruised sternum, bruised stomach, cracked ribs, and a broken hand. Montana was forced to leave the game and would not play another regular season game for almost two years (in December 1992), which ended up being his last game with the 49ers. The collision was later ranked as the third most "devastating hit" in NFL history by Fox Sports Net, and the third most "devastating hit" in sports history by The Best Damn Sports Show Period. It would also turn out to be the moment of Marshall's career that he came to be most well-known for. Marshall finished the game with four tackles, two sacks, and two forced fumbles, and was named NFL defensive player of the week. The Giants won the game 15–13 and advanced to Super Bowl XXV where they faced the Buffalo Bills. Marshall recorded the team's only sack in helping the Giants to a 20–19 victory, earning him his second Super Bowl ring.

Marshall continued to play at a high level in 1991 as he totalled 11 sacks for the year. In 1992, he clashed with new Giants coach Ray Handley however, and the two got into a well-publicized shouting match during halftime of a September game against Dallas. He ended up with four sacks on the year and entered into free agency afterwards. Marshall finished out his career playing a season each for the New York Jets and Washington Redskins.

Marshall retired from football at the age of 33. He later signed a ceremonial contract in 1996 that allowed him to retire as a Giant. Upon signing the contract he stated, "I wanted to retire as a Giant because it's where my career began. They were people who believed in my talents and helped mold me into the man I am today, and I wanted to thank them for that."

Marshall was selected to two Pro Bowls, and finished his career with 83.5 sacks in the regular season, and 7 in the postseason. His total of 79.5 as a Giant ranks him third in team history.

Regular season
GP: games played, GS: games started, Sk: sacks, Tkl: combined tackles, FF: forced fumbles, FR: fumbles recovered, Int: interceptions, Sfty: safeties

Teaching and mentoring
Marshall hosted the Leonard Marshall Football Academy for a number of years, a football camp teaching the game's fundamentals to youth players between the ages 8 of 18.

Marshall served as a professor of Sports Management at Seton Hall's Stillman School of Business from 2004 to 2009.

In 2010, Marshall was named head football coach at Hudson Catholic Regional High School in Jersey City, New Jersey.

Business activities
Marshall was founder of Pro Star Athletic, one of the largest sports licensed apparel companies of the 1990s. He later negotiated sale of the company to International Apparel Manufactures Group of New York in 1999.

Marshall is a partner with the Playbook Franchise Fund, which invests in franchise businesses to provide stable income for high net worth individuals, in particular current and former professional athletes.

Marshall was named Vice President of Philanthropic Development for Seeman Holtz Financial Group in 2007. In 2015, he was named Director of Strategic Initiatives and Brand Ambassador for the publicly traded restaurant chain The Original Soup Man.

Marshall owned and managed The Marshall and Fox Sports Asset Management Group and was CEO and owner of Capital Source Mortgage.

In 2019 Marshall was named brand ambassador and advisory board member for the Apple Rush beverage company.

CTE diagnosis and advocacy
In 2013 Marshall was diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative brain disease linked to repeated head trauma that has afflicted many former football players. Tests for the disease were performed at UCLA using newly developed technology that allowed detection in living patients for the first time. Marshall says he began to notice symptoms such as memory loss, severe headaches, and mood swings in 2006, and that his erratic behavior took a major toll on the personal relationships in his life, including his marriage.

Marshall was part of a class action lawsuit against the NFL that initially resulted in a $765 million settlement, but was later amended to allow for a payout expected to exceed $1 billion. Marshall is involved with efforts to educate the public about concussion and head trauma issues, serving as a speaker for both the Practice Like Pros and Brain Unity Trust organizations. He was featured in the documentary United States of Football examining the subject of concussions in the NFL and youth league football. Marshall also founded the Game Plan Foundation to provide assistance for former athletes suffering from neurological disorders.

In a December 2019 interview, Marshall wondered aloud whether he has been kept out of the Giants' Ring of Honor because of his outspoken advocacy. He said, “I don’t want to believe that, because I think that when you look back on the powers that be and the gentlemen that are running the team now ... I would believe these men have a lot of respect for what I did as a player, both on and off the field, within the community, and the surrounding area, and what I continue to do to support the New York football Giants. I think that yes, I have been a little outspoken about [CTE], because I feel like I have a platform which allows me to do that, and to help my brothers who can’t help themselves.”

Medical cannabis
Marshall uses cannabidiol (CBD), a chemical extract of the cannabis plant, to treat the symptoms of CTE that he suffers from. He credits CBD with significantly improving his quality of life since he first started medicating with it in February 2016.

Marshall has spoken publicly in support of cannabis as an effective treatment option for mitigating the symptoms of head trauma-related health issues. He also says it can serve as a safer alternative to the pain-relieving opioid drugs that many NFL players become addicted to. Marshall has stated that the NFL should make allowances for the use of cannabis products as a medical treatment for players.

Marshall served as a keynote speaker and moderator at the Cannabis World Congress and Business Expo in New York City on June 15–17, 2016.

Other
Marshall hosted a radio show on WFAN in New York. Named The Leonard Marshall Show, it was recorded in Hollywood, Florida near his former residence in Boca Raton. Marshall currently provides pre-game and post-game commentary for Giants games on WFAN. During his time as a player, Marshall was a frequent presence on The Howard Stern Show and he co-hosted NY Football with Dick Lynch.

Marshall is co-author of When the Cheering Stops, a book about the Giants 1990 championship season that was released in 2010.

Marshall received a master's degree in Business Finance from Seton Hall University in 2007.

Marshall is a noted philanthropist who has received several awards in recognition of his charitable work.

Marshall currently resides in Paramus, New Jersey with his wife, Lisa.

General references

 * Mulé, Marty. Game of My Life: LSU: Memorable Moments of Tigers Football, Sports Publishing LLC, 2006 ISBN 1-59670-005-X

title: Leonard Marshall


text:
Organic chemistry/Reductions

Reduction is the loss of oxygen from a molecule or the gaining of one or more electrons. A reduction reaction is seen from the point of view of the molecule being reduced, as when one molecule gets reduced another gets oxidised. The full reaction is known as a Redox reaction.

In the case of Organic Chemistry it is usually the case of the gaining/loss of Oxygen/Hydrogen

In Inorganic Chemistry the term refers to the change in oxidation state of the metal center.

title: Organic chemistry/Reductions


text:
Computer-aided design/Computer Aided Drafting

Introduction
Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) means using the computer, instead of the classical tools (pencil, ink, rulers, paper) to create drawings. There are several advantages to this, for example the drawing can be subdivided in smaller parts, that can be reused or be worked on by several architects, updating the drawing is much faster than with hand-made drawings (where you often needed to redraw the whole drawing), and several tools can help you to check your drawing for errors. Besides this, computer generally allows you to work in real-world units, and does the scaling automatically, so your drawing fits on the printer sheet.

CAD Applications are nowadays complex and very carefully conceived. Therefore most of them are highly expensive software. Among the most used worldwide, are Autocad, Archicad, Inventor, Microstation, Vectorworks or Allplan. Almost all engineering and architecture offices on the planet use one of them, so knowing at least some of them is very important in the professional world, and usually the most important requirement on architecture job offerings.

Those applications are generally used to design whole architecture or engineering projects, often from scratch, and to produce the printed drawings that will be used to discuss the project with involved people such as project partners, authorities and clients, and the execution documents that will be used by the building team to actually build the project. Nowadays, all of them can be used to make 2-dimensional drawings directly (similarly to drawing on a sheet of paper), or to build a 3-dimensional model of your project, from which the software will extract 2D drawings that will be printed on paper.

Since CAD applications are focused on technical drawings, additional pieces of software are often used together, for rendering realistic images of the project. Among the most used in architecture are 3DS Max, Maya, Rhino, V-Ray, or Mental ray. Usually, file transfers between CAD software and rendering software is straightforward.

Besides this, several other types of software, not specifically made for architecture, are often used in conjunction with the ones shown above, for example for modeling more organic geometries, or using specific engineering techniques. Among the application that can sometimes be found in architecture offices, are Cinema 4D, Blender, Lightwave, Form Z, Real3D, SketchUp, XSI, SolidWorks or CATIA. Some offices even use them instead of traditional CAD applications.

Finally, it must be noted that the term CAD is an old concept, born when the first computer drawing systems appeared, and people switched from the drawing table to the computer, but continued to work the same way. Today, more and more, big CAD software manufacturers are switching from "drawing-oriented" solution like the software listed above, to a more "full-featured architecture solution", that allows you not only to design your project, but also to manage the enormous quantity of information (such as materials, prices, uses), that goes in an architecture project. There is even a new term for that, called BIM (Building Information Modeling). Advanced BIM software already exist, such as Revit, Archicad and Microstation (last two were CAD software that evolved and can today be called BIM), and a transitional CAD/BIM application based on Autocad called Architectural Desktop.

Most of the above mentioned applications are professional, expensive applications. Some of them offer a learning version for free or at low cost to architecture students. Some have a free version, that has a couple of features less than the full version, such as SketchUp or Solid Edge, and there exist also several free or low-cost solutions, usually very similar (but very limited) to most well-known software like Autocad. Searching for "free CAD application" on the internet should give you many options. There is also a list of free CAD applications at the bottom of this page. In all the software listed above, only Blender is open-source, but still not much used in architecture. There are also a couple of ongoing projects of open-source CAD programs such as FreeCAD but that have until today not reached a level suitable for production work.

Software-specific Courses
This is a list of learning material specially oriented to architecture.

Rhinoceros

 * Features and Overview
 * Learn
 * Grasshopper
 * Grasshopper Tutorials

AutoCAD

 * Introduction to AutoCAD
 * AutoCAD 2D

SketchUp

 * Getting started: General introduction to sketchup
 * Drawing a room: Tutorial showing how to draw a simple room

Blender

 * Official blender tutorials
 * Architecture modeling tutorial: This is a general introduction to modeling architecture with Blender
 * Precision modeling tutorial: This tutorial focuses on modeling architecture with precision
 * Urban design tutorial: This tutorial shows how to use Blender for doing urban design
 * Tree making tutorial: a tutorial oriented at modeling vegetation with Blender and several other open-source tools

FreeCAD

 * Many FreeCAD tutorials including Architecture, Part Design, Product Design, Drafting, 3D Printing, 3D Modeling and more.

Free CAD programs

 * Sketchup (free limited browser-based version, windows, mac osx): http://sketchup.google.com
 * Blender (opensource, windows, linux, mac osx)): http://www.blender.org
 * Solid Edge 2D (free limited version, windows): http://www.solidedge.eu.com/isapi/pagegen.dll/pages?page=free_2d
 * HyCAD (freeware, windows): http://www.drawease.com/index-en.htm
 * LiteCAD (freeware, windows): http://www.litecad.com
 * QCAD (opensource on linux, shareware on windows): http://www.qcad.org
 * FreeCAD (full version free on windows, mac, linux): https://freecadweb.org/


text:
Talk:Don Wix

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Don Wix. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090523131335/http://www.legis.state.ga.us:80/legis/2009_10/house/bios/wixDon/wixDonBio.htm to http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2009_10/house/bios/wixDon/wixDonBio.htm

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:44, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Wix


text:
User:Riad

Hi, I am a registrar in Gastroenterology and.. at the moment based in London. Should you have any question on the topic feel free to ask.

Promoting peaceful co-existence

title: User:Riad


text:
Paul Feeney

Paul R. Feeney is an American politician from the commonwealth of Massachusetts. He serves in the Massachusetts Senate from the Bristol and Norfolk district.

Feeney graduated from Don Bosco Technical High School. He worked for Verizon as an office technician, and served as the legislative director for the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. He served on the board of selectmen for Foxboro, Massachusetts, from 2007 though 2010. Feeney has also served as chief of staff for Jim Timilty and as labor director for Stephen F. Lynch's campaign for the United States Senate in the 2013 special election. Feeney was state director of Connecticut and Massachusetts for the Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign.

When Timilty resigned in 2017, Feeney ran in the special election to succeed him, defeating Republican Jacob Ventura. Feeney defeated Ventura in the 2018 general election.

Electoral history
In 2020 Feeney went unopposed in the Democratic Primary and the General Election.

title: Paul Feeney


text:
leña

Etymology
13th century. From, from , plural of.

Noun

 * 1) firewood pieces gathered to make fire

Etymology 1
, from, plural of.

Noun

 * 1) firewood, wood pieces of wood gathered to burn as fuel
 * 2) kindling

title: leña


text:
Talk:Claude Combes

External links modified
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title: Talk:Claude Combes


text:
Janina Jeff

Janina M. Jeff (juh-NEE-nuh; born September 10, 1985) is a US-based geneticist and a senior scientist at Illumina. She is specifically interested in identifying genetic variants that explain disease disparities across populations, as well as science communication. She was the first African American to earn a PhD in Human Genetics at Vanderbilt University.

Jeff is the host and executive producer of In Those Genes, a podcast show that links genetics, African American identity, and Black culture. Jeff is a 2020 American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) Advocacy Award winner and won the inaugural Spotify Sound-Up Bootcamp in 2018.

In the podcast, Jeff refers to herself as a geneti-“SIS" and a storyteller. Jeff engages her listeners with personal stories and her scientific knowledge. Growing up, Jeff relates that she "asked big questions, set her own course, connected with her community, and then founded work that fit her."

In her younger years she questioned everything and when she didn't know the answer she saw it as a hindrance and now views it as an opportunity. Jeff discusses the ways in which human genome can provide data ultimately- develops treatments for diseases. She focuses on communities that are underrepresented in genetics research, specifically, African American communities.

Early life and education
Jeff grew up in New Orleans, attended McDonogh 35 Senior High School, and graduated from Spelman College in 2007 with a bachelor's degree in Biology. At Spelman she was a RISE (Research Initiative for Science Enhancement) Scholar. She earned a master's degree in applied statistics in 2011, and a Doctorate in human genetics from Vanderbilt University in 2012. She was the first African-American to graduate from Vanderbilt University with a Ph.D. in Human Genetics. She had her postgraduate training at the Center for Human Genetic Research at Vanderbilt University, and also at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

Research and career
Jeff is a Senior Bioinformatics scientist at Illumina where she develops genomic pipelines used in population screening. Her academic research career has focused on population genetics, with an emphasis on admixed populations and genetic risk factors of common diseases.

In Those Genes Podcast
In Those Genes is a hip-hop inspired podcast. Jeff is the host and executive producer of the podcast, which explores genetics and "the lost identities of African descended Americans through the lens of Black Culture." The lead producer is Sam Ridell, creative director is Chris Diggins, the music and audio engineer is Chad Milner, sociologist is Saida Grundy, and the consultant is Stevan Smith.

In 2018, Jeff won the inaugural Spotify Sound Up Bootcamp which awarded her with $10,000 to start her podcast. Episode 3, "Skinfolk, Kinfolk," was listed by IndieWire] as one of the 50 Best Podcast Episodes of 2020. The episode "Dat Rona," featuring guest medical expert, Ashira Blazer, received the 2020 Radio Impact award in the Third Coast/ Richard H. Driehaus Foundation Competition.

In the podcast, Jeff uses genetics to decode and uncover the lost histories and futures of African-descended Americans. For example, in season 2 of the podcast, the episode "She Get It From Her Moma" explored the origin of long-held beliefs about inheritance within the Black community.

kinkofa Initiative
Jeff is partnered with kinkofa (KIN*koh*fah): go get yo' kin as a way for African Americans to discover their Black family history. The founders, Jourdan Brunson and Tameshia Rudd-Ridge, were inspired by the ancient Adinkra proverb 'sankofa' of the Akan people who reside in present-day Ghana and the Ivory Coast. The term sankofa encourages individuals to learn from their history and heritage in order to move forward.

kinkofa is a digital family history platform designed to African Americans and other peoples of African descent an opportunity to preserve their African history by uncovering, documenting, and preserving their unique origin stories. kinkofa is partnered with other public and private organizations to amplify stories that honor and enhance the public's understanding of African Americans' contributions to history.

kinkofa has other resources, such as the Rememory platform and the Black cemeteries app. Rememory is a free recording platform to manage all family stories in one place. The recordings could be in person or remote, and the historians available assist in helping spark meaningful conversations. Once a family story, trajectory, recipe, or more is recorded, it is saved in a cloud-based database for generations of family members to watch. The Black cemeteries app helps African Americans share historic burial grounds. Such burial grounds have been historically neglected, leaving descendants unable to locate the final resting places of their ancestors. Cemeteries provide essential genealogical information needed to trace family origins, and not preserving them poses a threat.

Awards and honors

 * 2020 American Society of Human Genetics Advocacy Award for her podcast. She is both the first African American and the youngest recipient to receive this honor.
 * 2020 Radio Impact award from the Third Coast / Richard H. Driehaus Foundation Competition
 * 2018 Spotify Sound Up Bootcamp
 * 2006 National Human Genome Research Institute Scholar

Selected recent publications

 * Wenric, S., Jeff, J.M., Joseph, T. et al. Rapid response to the alpha-1 adrenergic agent phenylephrine in the perioperative period is impacted by genomics and ancestry. Pharmacogenomics J 21, 174–189 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41397-020-00194-5
 * Ken Wiley, Laura Findley, Madison Goldrich, Tejinder K Rakhra-Burris, Ana Stevens, Pamela Williams, Carol J Bult, Rex Chisholm, Patricia Deverka, Geoffrey S Ginsburg, Eric D Green, Gail Jarvik, George A Mensah, Erin Ramos, Mary V Relling, Dan M Roden, Robb Rowley, Gil Alterovitz, Samuel Aronson, Lisa Bastarache, James J Cimino, Erin L Crowgey, Guilherme Del Fiol, Robert R Freimuth, Mark A Hoffman, Janina Jeff, Kevin Johnson, Kensaku Kawamoto, Subha Madhavan, Eneida A Mendonca, Lucila Ohno-Machado, Siddharth Pratap, Casey Overby Taylor, Marylyn D Ritchie, Nephi Walton, Chunhua Weng, Teresa Zayas-Cabán, Teri A Manolio, Marc S Williams, A research agenda to support the development and implementation of genomics-based clinical informatics tools and resources, Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, Volume 29, Issue 8, August 2022, Pages 1342–1349, https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac057

Most cited publications

 * Locke AE, Kahali B, Berndt SI, Justice AE, Pers TH, Day FR, Powell C, Vedantam S, Buchkovich ML, Yang J, Croteau-Chonka DC. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature. 2015 Feb;518(7538):197-206. According to Google Scholar, this article has been cited 2914 times
 * Wood AR, Esko T, Yang J, Vedantam S, Pers TH, Gustafsson S, Chu AY, Estrada K, Kutalik Z, Amin N, Buchkovich ML. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. Nature genetics. 2014 Nov;46(11):1173-86. According to Google Scholar, it has been cited 1566 times.
 * Wojcik GL, Graff M, Nishimura KK, Tao R, Haessler J, Gignoux CR, Highland HM, Patel YM, Sorokin EP, Avery CL, Belbin GM. Genetic analyses of diverse populations improves discovery for complex traits. Nature. 2019 Jun;570(7762):514-8. According to Google Scholar, it has been cited 186 times.

title: Janina Jeff


text:
CROW Design Manual for Bicycle Traffic

CROW Design Manual for Bicycle Traffic is a publication on bicycle transportation planning and engineering in the Netherlands. It is published by CROW, a non-profit agency advising Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management formerly Ministry of Transport and Water Management (Netherlands). It is the most influential bicycle traffic planning manual, both worldwide and on cycling in the Netherlands. It was last updated in 2016. It is considered best practice in the Netherlands.

History
First published in the 1970s, it was most recently revised and published including in English, in 2016.

title: CROW Design Manual for Bicycle Traffic


text:
Verlängerung

Noun

 * 1) prolongation; lengthening process of making something longer, in space or duration
 * 2) lengthening process of becoming longer, in space or duration
 * 3)  extra time, overtime

Usage notes

 * Not used of the lengthening of a vowel. For that see.

title: Verlängerung


text:
Cookbook talk:Albanian Meat with Walnuts

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: Poccil 22:02, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * [2003-10-02T05:02:58Z] Dori ( new, needs editing )
 * [2003-10-02T05:18:33Z] Dysprosia ( intro )
 * [2003-12-27T20:33:26Z] Moink ( vfd )


text:
Ayad Mohammed Ali

 Ayad Mohammed Ali  (born 1 July 1956) is an Iraqi former football defender who played for Iraq at the 1977 FIFA World Youth Championship.

Ayad played for the national team in 1978.

title: Ayad Mohammed Ali


text:
User:Eccedentesiastofficielma/sandbox

Eccedentesiast is an English word that has borrowed its existence from three Latin roots:

Ecce - I present to you

Dentes - teeth (denoting smile)

Iast - performer/entertainer

When the Latin roots are combined to form the English word, the meaning of the word reads: I present to you teeth as a performer.

The work of the performer is to entertain - to make people laugh/smile or lift their spirit/mood. As such, this literally word refers to a person who fakes his/

pageofficiel

Eccedentesiast
Eccedentesiast is an English word that has borrowed its existence from three Latin roots:

Ecce - I present to you

Dentes - teeth (denoting smile)

Iast - performer/entertainer

When the Latin roots are combined to form the English word, the meaning of the word reads: I present to you teeth as a performer.

The work of the performer is to entertain - to make people laugh/smile or lift their spirit/mood. As such, this literally word refers to a person who fakes his/

title: User:Eccedentesiastofficielma/sandbox


text:
Hudson Commodore

The Hudson Commodore is an automobile that was produced by the Hudson Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan between 1941 and 1952. During its time in production, the Commodore was the largest and most luxurious Hudson model.

1941
The Commodore Series 12 and Series 14 were the junior models to the Commodore Custom Series 15 and Series 17. The junior models debuted in Hudson's 1941 model line. Commodore Series 12 featured a I6 engine and the Series 14 models came with a I8, with all built on a 121 in wheelbase, while Commodore Customs utilized on the 121 in wheelbase for Series 15 coupes and a 128 in version for Series 17 sedans.

The Commodore was powered by Hudson's 202 CID I6 producing 102 bhp, or by Hudson's 254.4 CID I8 that produced 128 bhp. Prices listed for the Series 12 coupe started at US$1,028 ($0 in dollars ) to the top level Custom Series 17 Sedan at US$1,537 ($0 in  dollars ).

The Commodore series was Hudson's largest model range in its debut year, consisting of sedans, coupes, and convertibles. Hudson used a forward hinged hood that opened from the rear by the windshield with the front end of the hood sliding downward over the grille. Elements of the interior and exterior were styled by Betty Thatcher, "the first woman designer to be employed by a car manufacturer".

1942
For the 1942 model year, the cars received a facelift. This included concealed running boards, modestly enlarged front grilles, and external trim arrangements. Hudson offered an optional "Drive-Master" vacuum-assisted clutch with a servo-operated transmission with three modes: "automatic" shifting and clutching, automated clutching only, or fully manual.

The firm promoted its economy over luxury during the shortened model year that ended in January 1942, as U.S. war production accelerated.

1946
Hudson began postwar automobile production on August 30, 1945. Body styles were trimmed to Sedan, Club Coupe, and Convertible. The designs were based on the 1942 models. There were minor cosmetic changes from the pre-war versions with one exception, the car's grille now had a concave center section.

Hudson automobiles were more fully equipped than competitive makes, and all Hudson models received door armrests, twin air-horns, ashtrays, windshield wipers, stop lights, locking glove box, sealed beam headlights, and deep pile carpeting. Commodore and Commodore Customs added foam rubber seat cushions (Hudson was the first automaker to introduce foam seat cushions), door-step courtesy lights, rear center armrest (sedans), and gold etched lettering on the dashboard panel.

1947
The priority was building cars following the war rather than introducing annual design changes for 1947 since Hudson was in the process of developing a completely new model. Production of the 1947 Hudson Commodore Eight increased to 12,593 from the previous year's 8,193.

1948
Hudson developed a new and radical car design. Production of the 1948 Hudsons began on 12 October 1947. Introduced on 7 December 1947, the Hudson Commodore was one of the first new-design postwar cars made. The 1948 model year inaugurated Hudson's trademarked "Monobuilt" construction or "step-down" automobile. The new cars were designed by Frank Spring and in part by Betty Thatcher, the first female designer to be employed by a car manufacturer. The marketing tagline for the innovative Hudsons was "Now You're Face to Face with Tomorrow."

The cars had a light and strong semi-unit body with a perimeter frame. Because of the encircling frame, passengers stepped down into the vehicles. Hudson's step-down design made the body lower than contemporary cars. It offered passengers the protection of being surrounded by the car's chassis with a lower center of gravity. In addition to the safety of being surrounded by the car's chassis, the step-down also allowed Hudson to achieve weight savings through the unibody construction, making for a well-performing automobile. The "monobuilt" or "step-down design also required less steel for its production.

The cars featured slab-sided bodies with fully integrated fenders. The Brougham and sedans were of a fastback design, while convertibles and coupes were notchbacks. A character line ran from the front to back further lowering the car even more visually, so "the new Hudson looked like a dream car straight from the auto show."

In 1948, Commodores came in one series and were available in either I6 or optional I8 engines. Interiors were upholstered in broadcloth on sedans, and leather on convertibles. Again, Hudson continued to provide numerous standard features that other manufacturers classified as upcharge options. Not only were the 1948 models "truly significant new designs of the early postwar years. The “Step-Down” Hudson was low and sleek, which many consumers really enjoyed." Total Commodore production was 62,474 of which 35,315 were I8 units.

Sir Vival
In response to the increasing number of deaths on highways in the United States after World War II, an innovative concept car was designed and built for safety rather than for style or speed. Using two 1948 Hudsons, Walter Jerome, built a hinged two-section car to minimize impact of collisions. Among its many features are a centrally-positioned, raised 36 in turret-shaped driver compartment providing panoramic visibility, as well as safety equipment that would later become standard on production vehicles such as rubber bumpers, seat belts, and side marker lights. Jerome had purchased the two donor Hudsons from Bellingham Motors, a Hudson dealership in Massachusetts, and was planning to build up to a dozen Sir Vivals per year, but only the prototype was completed and in early-1970s, it went back to Bellingham Motors for storage. With the closing of Bellingham Motors, in 2022 it was sold to Lane Motor Museum which plans to restore it.

1949
For the 1949 model year, the Commodore line was enlarged to include more luxurious Custom models. As a marketing promotion, Hudson had plastic specialists use scaled-down blueprints to develop transparent models of the Commodore Eight sedan to demonstrate and promote the design and construction of the cars.

1950
The most noticeable change to the 1950 model year was the restyled grille featuring a design that superimposed Hudson's signature triangle logo on four horizontal bars. This would become the "Hudson look." The 1950 models included a new split back window and redesigned interiors. A new Custom Commodore convertible model debuted in mid-April 1950.

1951
In 1951, Hudson introduced a new I6 engine and offered General Motors' Hydra-Matic as an optional transmission. The grille was redesigned from a rather rectangular shape to an oval shape, a design that would carry through to 1953. The grille would be redesigned again in 1954, the last year for the famous aerodynamic Hudson body style which was used from 1948 until 1954.

1952
In its final year in 1952, the Commodore was split into the Six Series and Eight Series. The exterior received another trim change, but by the end of 1953, the Step-Down styling was beginning to look outdated. Hudson lacked the resources to keep adding new and exciting changes to keep up with the competition from the other automakers, whose annual redesigns added tailfins and more chrome trim that consumers wanted. Instead of redesigning the aging "set-down" models, company President A. E. Barit pushed ahead with the firm's plan for the Jet compact.

Discontinuation
Beginning in 1953, Hudson would field only the Hudson Hornet and Hudson Wasp line, as well as introduce the entirely new Hudson Jet compact car line.

Following Hudson's merger with Nash to form American Motors Corporation (AMC) in 1954, Hudson's automobile production was switched to AMC's facility in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Following slow sales of the 1955 model year, AMC turned Hudson styling to Richard Arbib, who created a unique look for the Hudson line based on what he termed "V-Line" styling. The new design did not attract customers to Hudson, and production fell even further.

1957 show car
In its final year, the Hudson brand was pared down to a single model, the Hudson Hornet, available in two trim levels, the top-level Custom and the Super. However, during the show car season, AMC prepared a one-off 1957 Hudson Commodore show car identical to the production Hornet, featuring gold exterior trim and unique upholstery.

Station wagon
In 1946, Hudson hired an experienced Army illustrator for instruction manuals and training materials. Don Butler assisted with the final design drawings for the upcoming 1948 Hudsons. However, he also sketched unofficial proposals for Hudson that included a station wagon, a pickup, and a town car. Butler's illustrations were an inspiration to build a Commodore station wagon. A 1948 Hudson Commodore Eight four-door sedan served a donor with another car's roof added for the station wagon's rear section. The woodie was hand-made of ash framing with mahogany veneer panels. The car is a modern realization of an unbuilt postwar design.

Notable owner
Actor Steve McQueen owned four Hudsons that he drove around Los Angeles. His 1950 Hudson Commodore Six Brougham was the only convertible. McQueen upgraded the standard I6 with a 308 CID Twin-H version from a Hudson Hornet.

title: Hudson Commodore


text:
Category:Vario Crew

The individuals in this category are/were "made" members and associates of the Lucchese crime family's Vario Crew.

title: Category:Vario Crew


text:
Talk:George Harris (actor)

Untitled
The formatting and general quality certainly does not match that of the rest of the Wikipedia, but I am unsure of what exactly needs to be done. Hightower 40 19:46, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * First off, take out all the CAPS!!!!Konczewski 19:32, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, I decided to just delete the infodump and leave the basic info. It was all just a cut and paste from another website.  Anyone that really wants to see Mr. Harris' filmography can follow the link to the IMDB. Konczewski 19:39, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on George Harris (actor). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121105052613/http://www.trailblazerstheshow.com/Colour%20corrected%20Trailblazers/Georgesmiling_9634.jpg to http://www.trailblazerstheshow.com/Colour%20corrected%20Trailblazers/Georgesmiling_9634.jpg

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:41, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Harris (actor)


text:
PHP Programming/Why Templating

So what is a template, in the first place? For our purpose, a template is an HTML-like document that defines the presentation of a web page, while a PHP script supplies the content. The separation of content and presentation is at the heart of any GUI paradigm. To see why this is desirable, consider the following hypothetical, yet realistic script. It's a script to retrieve a list of books from the database and display it as a table with alternate colours for each row, or "No books found" if the list is empty.

You will find yourself writing this kind of script very soon. The problems with this script are obvious:

 * This PHP page really is two pages, one for the error message and one for the normal display. Confusing.
 * Even for the normal display part, the PHP script does two things: prepare the data and format it, e.g. alternate colour for each row.
 * Look at how entangled the PHP and HTML codes are. Good indentation becomes practically impossible and that makes the code difficult to read.
 * What if your boss now wants not a table, but a list instead? You will need to alter your PHP code for that.
 * And now your boss wants a fancier error page that needs at least 300 lines of HTML, can you still tell where your first "page" ends and the second starts?
 * You probably need to teach your graphics designer PHP if he wants to do any aesthetic make up to your page.

The list goes on.

title: PHP Programming/Why Templating


text:
User:VZBob/Oath Inc.

Oath Inc. is a fully owned subsidiary of Verizon Communications' Media and Telematics division that serves as the umbrella company of its content subdivisions, including AOL and Yahoo!.

Verizon acquired AOL on June 23, 2015, followed by its acquisition of Yahoo!'s operating business in June 13, 2017. Following the completion of the Yahoo! sale and merger under Oath, AOL and Yahoo! maintain their respective brands.

Tim Armstrong, Oath's CEO, said the new company name was chosen to convey Oath's commitment to the media business.

Operations
Oath Inc. is a subsidiary of Verizon Communications. It is part of Verizon's Media and Telematics division. The company maintains dual headquarters in the former AOL and Yahoo! headquarters in Manhattan, New York, and Sunnyvale, California. Oath has offices elsewhere throughout the United States, in addition to Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, and United Kingdom. Tim Armstrong, AOL's former CEO, was selected as Oath's chief executive. , Oath employees about 12,000 people.

History
Verizon announced a $4.4 billion deal to acquire AOL in May 2015. The deal was an effort by Verizon to expand its technology and media offerings. The deal officially closed a month later.

A year after the completion of the AOL acquisition, Verizon announced a $4.8 billion deal for Yahoo!'s core internet business, looking to invest in internet company's search, news, finance, sports, video, email and Tumblr products. Yahoo! announced in September and December 2016 two major internet security breaches affecting more than a billion customers. As a result, Verizon lowered its offer for Yahoo! by $350 million to $4.48 billion.

Two months before closing the deal for Yahoo!, Verizon announced it would place Yahoo! and AOL under the Oath umbrella. The deal closed on June 13, 2017, and Oath was launched. Upon completion of the deal, Yahoo! CEO Marissa Mayer resigned. Yahoo! operations not acquired in the deal were renamed Altaba, a holding company whose primary assets are its 15.5 percent stake in Alibaba Group and 35.5 percent stake in Yahoo! Japan. After the merger, Oath cut 15 percent of the Yahoo-AOL workforce.

Brands
Following Verizon's 2017 acquisition of Yahoo!, Verizon kept its Yahoo! and AOL brands and combined them into a new subsidiary called Oath, featuring more than 50 media and technology brands under its umbrella. These include:

Content

 * AOL
 * Yahoo!
 * Yahoo! Finance
 * Yahoo! News
 * Yahoo! Sports
 * Yahoo! Fantasy
 * HuffPost
 * TechCrunch
 * Engadget
 * Style Me Pretty
 * Autoblog
 * Polyvore
 * MAKERS
 * Moviefone
 * Ryot
 * BBG Ventures
 * Cambio
 * Rivals.com

Utilities & communication

 * AOL
 * Yahoo! Mail
 * Yahoo! Weather
 * Alto
 * Yahoo! Messenger

Communities

 * # BUILTBYGIRLS
 * Kanvas
 * Flickr
 * Tumblr

Advertising technology and distribution

 * Flurry
 * Yahoo! Gemini
 * Verizon Digital Media Services
 * BrightRoll
 * One by AOL
 * Convertro
 * AelphD

title: User:VZBob/Oath Inc.


text:
Talk:Personal and social education

Merge with Personal and Social Education Framework
PSE Framework is just a stub with less information than its section on this page. Garrepi 18:35, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Personal and social education


text:
Talk:Doug TenNapel

Should this be mentioned?
Should it be mentioned that Doug is big blogger on Big Hollywood, a conservative blogging website?PokeHomsar (talk) 07:35, 25 July 2009 (UTC)
 * yeah, TenNapel's extreme homophobic views should be mentioned. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:20, 19 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't mind the included information, but being Christian is not homophobic. It is you who shows real intolerance - to his beliefs/opinions.
 * Here are a series of facts, to show that I am not taking a side about gay marriage on Wikipedia. 1.) The implication probably isn't that he's homophobic because he's christian. 2) Doug TenNapel has said that he opposes gay marriage, and has made some comparisons that people have found crass, most notably present in this conversation: http://gaygamer.net/2011/05/on_ratfist_doug_tennapel_and_w.html. A complex argument took place, and Wikipedia should strive to cover the proceedings objectively. Minorfixaccount (talk) 03:11, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:05, 5 December 2011 (UTC) Just want to point this out, but gaygamer.net is hardly a reputable source, and the cited article is a second-hand opinion piece. Regardless, it hardly has any business being included in this entry at all. Furthermore, something like that is better suited to being a footnote, after his career. After all, Doug doesn't have a Wikipedia entry because he's known as antihomosexual; he's here because he's a well known artist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:10, 31 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I think it's worth mentioning, but yes, the source is not reliable - it also just quotes an exchange TenNapel had on a comment thread on another site. Also, the way it was worded was poor. TenNapel's comments clearly show he's not for same-sex marriage, but he never says he's against homosexuality or gays. Cleaned it up per WP:BLP. --Jtalledo (talk) 11:31, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

He seems to be very transphobic too, as mentioned at NeoGAF. -- Kazerniel (talk) 16:47, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

His homophobia and transphobia is entirely substantiated even by himself, it is not libelous in any way. Nobody has said it has to do with his christianity. Next time you defend someone's bigotry, please come up with a better excuse than persecution complex. Dragonzeanse (talk) 13:26, 12 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The issue is that I don't think that "has opinions and has been criticised for them" really passes the notability test. If he was an anti LGBT activist sure, but just getting into a twitter fight with a journalist doesn't really count. This is not knmowyourmeme, encyclopediadramatica or rationalwiki. Duckwalk71 (talk) 09:33, 13 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Have removed the reference to the criticisms of his behavior on twitter, as this really does pass the notability test: WP:NOTROUTINE. There is a difference between someone like Tennapel and, for example, Graham Linehan who has made his twitter account a specific space for his gender activism. Duckwalk71 (talk) 15:10, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Could you explain how the essay WP:NOTROUTINE relates in the slightest to this case? PeterTheFourth (talk) 15:41, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Doug's recently claimed that the backlash to his (outspoken) positions has cost him work, so that's probably relevant. Mockingbus (talk) 19:37, 17 March 2020 (UTC)

Category of Dutch descent
Can we find a source for this and add it to the early life section?--Malerooster (talk) 19:48, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Subjective language
Can somebody please explain why my latest edit was reverted and why my corrections are considered edit warring, but removing my edits is not? Anime20XX (talk) 02:57, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Regarding this edit: Among other issues, nowhere do any of the multiple sources say anything about any specific phrase. Articles summarize independent, reliable sources. They do not include original research, and Wikipedia isn't a platform for public relations. You had previously been blocked for edit-warring to remove this sourced content, and these edits are a continuation of that edit war. Grayfell (talk) 20:00, 6 July 2020 (UTC)

There is no evidence that Doug TenNapel misgendered the journalist in question: There are multiple definitions of the word "man" and "woman", and "he" and "she". The terms can be used to refer to a person's psychological gender, and they can also be used to refer to a person's biological gender.

It is very likely that TenNapel was simply referring to the journalist's biological gender: There is no evidence that TenNapel was making any claims regarding the journalist's psychological gender.

It is not appropriate to use Wikipedia as a platform to push any particular viewpoint or use of language. That is why it is important to use objective descriptions rather than subjective ones.

BoiledAlaska (talk) 05:30, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

Hi again,

There is no evidence to suggest that TenNapel was referring to the journalist's psychological gender or gender identity when using the word "man".

The word "man" has several definitions, including:

 * A person who is psychologically male.
 * A person who is biologically male.

Many people (likely including TenNapel) use the term "man" to mean "person who is biologically male". Using the term in this way makes no judgement or assumption about whether the person is psychcologically male or whether or not they identify as a man.

So there is no evidence that any misgendering occurred.

Now, if TenNapel had insisted that the journalist was psychcologically male, or that they identified as a man, then misgendering would have indeed occurred.

It is vital to understand that words have multiple meanings, and that not all people use the word "man" to mean the same thing.

BoiledAlaska (talk) 00:08, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

Particularly, more care needs to be taken to adhere to a neutral point of view in order to avoid Libel. Any accusations against TenNapel must be accompanied by a substantive source that has given TenNapel the right of reply.

I feel there is the possibility here that the editors' personal opinions of TenNapel are affecting their judgement with respect to these two considerations.

BoiledAlaska (talk) 00:19, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

I think the new wording that describes TenNapel referring to the birth-assigned gender of the journalist is a big improvement on the previous assumption that he mis-gendered the journalist.

So although I think it is far more likely that TenNapel was simply referring to the biological gender of the journalist, I can accept "birth-assigned gender" as a proxy for this concept.

BoiledAlaska (talk) 10:31, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

 * You are fundamentally mistaken about the purpose of Wikipedia, and specifically the purpose of this talk page. The goal is to summarize reliable sources, not to extrapolate from those sources. This page is not a platform for providing TenNapel's public relations efforts.
 * Wikipedia is not the place to share original research on the difference between sex (which is based on biology, but is still more complicated than you are describing) and gender (which is a social construct, and is also more complicated than you are describing). Reliable sources have already discussed this in exhaustive depth. Your over-simplification of these topics is at odds with mainstream science, but more importantly, your opinions on these issues are totally irrelevant to this article.
 * Clumsy euphemisms such as "birth assigned gender" are not neutral, and are also not in the formal tone expected of Wikipedia articles. Grayfell (talk) 19:52, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Also, as for libel, this term has legal implications. Wikipedia doesn't allow editors to make legal threats on talk pages. Talk pages are not the proper channel for this. If you don't intend to bring legal action, bringing it up here will only be seen as an attempt to cause a chilling effect, and will also be seen as disruptive. Grayfell (talk) 20:05, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

 * What type of assumption is this? I would say that you have no idea about basic logic or the English language. But out opinions of each others' abilities are irrelevant, and I expect you to keep those sorts of comments to yourself, as I will mine from now on.
 * I *agree* with mainstream science: And I believe TenNapel was referring to the biological gender of the journalist. There is no evidence that TenNapel was making any judgement about any other aspect of the journalist's gender.
 * It is also important not to use clumsy dis-phemisms such as "mis-gendered". I vote that we simply stick with the observed facts, and state that TenNapel referred to the "biological gender" of the journalist.
 * The rest of your comment is completely baseless.
 * In summary, there is no evidence that TenNapel was using the term "he" to refer to anything other than biological gender. No reputable sources have attempted to contact him to clarify his stance. If it turns out that TenNapel was using the word "he" to delineate the person as a man in every sense of the word, I would agree that TenNapel had misidentified the gender of the journalist.
 * BoiledAlaska (talk) 20:54, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I've added some sources where TenNapel has made his replies and position abundantly clear. Regarding @Grayfell's point, "referring to the birth-assigned gender" is definitely awkward, though I think "birth-assigned gender" is not completely wrong (though in retrospect it should really be "birth-assigned sex"); sex assignment is an accepted term and "assigned X at birth" is pretty common in the literature. "Misgendered" strikes me as better (it is also a standard term both in the subject-related literature and beyond; as an example, see this discussion in the UCLA Law Review) and I've defended it, but this seemed like a reasonable temporary stopgap to prevent edit warring while it's discussed.
 * Point of clarification: TenNapel didn't use "he" to refer to anyone; his comment was much more directed and specific than that (see my cites in the article if you'd like, they go into the unpleasant details). All this said, Doug seems pretty dedicated to Angie and his family in general; I doubt that he was sleeping with the journalist and it seems like a pretty big stretch to assume that he had any reason to refer to her "biology" except as a snipe to invalidate her. Mockingbus (talk) 01:35, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * On Wikipedia linking to "Biological gender" redirects to Sex and gender distinction, which doesn't even use the phrase. "Biological gender" is at best an ambiguous phrase and in most contexts is pseudoscientific. Using it here, in this article, is loaded and presumptuous, regardless of who is using it. Again, the difference between sex and gender is discussed comprehensively by reliable sources. Wikipedia has many articles explaining this (Category:Transgender) is just a start). Rehashing this on the talk page for an article about one random guy is not productive. This isn't a forum for discussion of the topic, this is for proposing improvements to the page.
 * TenNapel is not qualified to discuss gender or sexuality at all, and reliable sources are not seeking his opinion on these things. If he holds misconceptions about "biological gender", that's his problem, not Wikipedia's, but this isn't even the place to explain this. TenNapel has said that "transphobia" and "homophobia" are made-up words designed to slander conservatives. The only reason to mention any of this in the article is because he misgendered someone who was critical of a game he made decades earlier. He is not qualified to discuss anyone's "biological gender" other than his own. We can speculate about what he really meant, but this doesn't change that he misgendered someone. He has made it clear this wasn't a mistake. He chose to misgendered a person based on nothing but his own non-expert opinion of another person's identity.
 * Speculation about what his true motives is utterly pointless. Grayfell (talk) 03:18, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I have reverted to something closer to the earlier wording. As far as I can tell, no reliable sources are discussing the journalist's "birth-assigned sex". It is extremely presumptuous to discuss this without a reliable source. Her being trans isn't a license for editors to speculate on her personal history, nor would this even matter in the slightest. For this and other reasons, using this term in the article is not an appropriate compromise. Grayfell (talk) 03:46, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for writing all of that out; the phrasing felt like a bad compromise even in the best case and I wasn't sure how to express why. e: This said, the journalist in question is quite public about her trans status, so that may be relevant-enough to mention as the cause of Doug's comments (without going to the specifics, as you discussed). Mockingbus (talk) 04:59, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * TenNapel is not qualified to discuss gender or sexuality at all, and reliable sources are not seeking his opinion on these things. If he holds misconceptions about "biological gender", that's his problem, not Wikipedia's, but this isn't even the place to explain this. TenNapel has said that "transphobia" and "homophobia" are made-up words designed to slander conservatives. The only reason to mention any of this in the article is because he misgendered someone who was critical of a game he made decades earlier. He is not qualified to discuss anyone's "biological gender" other than his own. We can speculate about what he really meant, but this doesn't change that he misgendered someone. He has made it clear this wasn't a mistake. He chose to misgendered a person based on nothing but his own non-expert opinion of another person's identity.
 * Speculation about what his true motives is utterly pointless. Grayfell (talk) 03:18, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I have reverted to something closer to the earlier wording. As far as I can tell, no reliable sources are discussing the journalist's "birth-assigned sex". It is extremely presumptuous to discuss this without a reliable source. Her being trans isn't a license for editors to speculate on her personal history, nor would this even matter in the slightest. For this and other reasons, using this term in the article is not an appropriate compromise. Grayfell (talk) 03:46, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for writing all of that out; the phrasing felt like a bad compromise even in the best case and I wasn't sure how to express why. e: This said, the journalist in question is quite public about her trans status, so that may be relevant-enough to mention as the cause of Doug's comments (without going to the specifics, as you discussed). Mockingbus (talk) 04:59, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi there,

 * I believe the misunderstanding arises from the fact that TenNapel uses a different definition of the word "he" from the one that you might use. A common usage of the word "he" refers to the biological sex (to use the more specific term) of a person.
 * When used in this sense, the word "he" makes no assumptions about a person's gender identity: It is simply describing a person's biological sex.
 * Without giving TenNapel the right-of-reply to clarify what he meant by using the word "he", there is no evidence that TenNapel was making any reference to the journalist's gender, and therefore it is incorrect to assume he was mis-gendering the journalist.
 * Please keep in mind that TenNapel may not share your opinions on the meaning of any given word, and it is presumptuous to assume that he does: To to so is effectively putting words into his mouth.
 * BoiledAlaska (talk) 01:28, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

 * It is probably important in this instance to provide a source for the specific definition of the word "he" that I describe, if not to prove that it is in common usage, then at least to provide a sound argument.
 * It is not at all rational to assume that TenNapel's use of the word "he" implies anything beyond that. And if a journalist wishes to build a case against TenNapel's character, they must give him the right-of-reply to clarify the meaning of what TenNapel was saying.
 * But proceeding regardless, and assuming TenNapel's use of an ambiguous word happens to match that which supports the case they're making against him is an act of unethical journalism, and thus falls far short of the standard that Wikipedia requires.
 * BoiledAlaska (talk) 01:47, 1 September 2020 (UTC)
 * But proceeding regardless, and assuming TenNapel's use of an ambiguous word happens to match that which supports the case they're making against him is an act of unethical journalism, and thus falls far short of the standard that Wikipedia requires.
 * BoiledAlaska (talk) 01:47, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Per reliable sources, TenNapel knew that the journalist was trans and intentionally used the wrong gender. Further, this is part of a pattern if discriminatory behavior. There is no reason at all for TenNapel to be discussing this journalist's sex, nor is there any reason for you, as a Wikipedia editor, to be discussing her sex. TenNapel is free to use whatever definition he wants, but intentionally using the wrong term for someone is misgendering. TenNapel purposefully referred to Heather as a man. When his fans began calling out TenNapel for misgendering Alexandra, TenNapel doubled down on his stance and defended his comment.[etc.] This is a factual description taken from reliable sources. Wikipedia doesn't care about his opinion on the meanings of words unless reliable sources care about that. They do not care about that, and so neither does this project. He has no specific right of reply on Wikipedia, and his response must still be supported by reliable, independent sources. Context must also be provided by those sources, not editors. Grayfell (talk) 02:15, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

 * That source made no effort to clarify with TenNapel what he meant by the word "He".
 * Again, the problem seems to be that you think that TenNapel should use the same definition of the word "he" as you do. But in this instance, it's clear that TenNapel is using the word "He" in reference to biological sex, and not in reference to any other aspect of gender.
 * Therefore, TenNapel did not mis-gender the journalist: TenNapel simply referred to a different aspect of gender than the one you refer to when you use the word "he".
 * At best, given the multiple definitions of the word "he", TenNapel potentially mis-gendered the journalist. Though in that sense of the word "he", TenNapel would still be mis-gendering the journalist, just in relation to the other definition of the word.
 * BoiledAlaska (talk) 03:53, 1 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've tried to amend the wording such that it describes exactly what TenNapel did (referred to a journalist as "he"), in addition to pointing out why the journalist was offended by it. This wording does so in a way that doesn't make any unfounded accusations against TenNapel based on a selective interpretation on his use of the word "he".
 * BoiledAlaska (talk) 04:09, 1 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I have added a reliable source that describes the events using terminology that excludes "misgendered", instead using terminology that affirms the ambiguity of the word "man": "Journalist" Chris Scullion Doesn't Want Doug TenNapel Involved in Upcoming Earthworm Jim Game - Bounding Into Comics.
 * BoiledAlaska (talk) 04:23, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

Per MOS:GENDERID, articles refer to people by their preferred pronouns. Your edit, which referred to the journalist as "them", is not appropriate in this context. This WP:MOS issue has already been discussed in extensive detail, many time, and you will find that there is very little patience for rehashing this for the billionth time. Do not restore this change again.

There is nothing "potential" about it. Sources are clear, so this is WP:EDITORIALIZING, which is inappropriate. TenNapel has made it very clear that this wasn't a mistake. It was, according to sources and a neutral assessment of the facts, misgendering.

Bounding into comics is not a reliable source. Take it to WP:RSN if you disagree, but again, don't be surprised if patience is thin for this kind of thing. Grayfell (talk) 04:33, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Please don't remove sourced information. Bear in mind that a source that you disagree with is not the same thing as an unreliable source.

 * As I demonstrated before, the word "he" has multiple meanings, and you are assuming that TenNapel shares your preferred definition of the word. This would be clear to you if you would take the time to read the dictionary definitions I quoted above.

 * You seem to be have the mistaken view that because Wikipedia uses certain definitions of words, TenNapel must also use those definitions: But Wikipedia's style guidelines apply only for content written in the encyclopedia.

 * BoiledAlaska (talk) 00:31, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * As I said, the source fails WP:RS for multiple reasons, and you are free to take it to WP:RSN if you disagree. Don't be surprised if it WP:BOOMERANGs back at you, though.
 * I have read your comments, and the dictionary definitions. I assure you, your application of these definitions is not novel or difficult to understand, but it is subjective and easily disputed.
 * More importantly, these sources are not usable for this content. The dictionary entries do not mention TenNapel at all, much less discuss his use of these words. Using sources to indirectly support a point is WP:SYNTH. Likewise, your personal definitions of these words is WP:OR, and is irrelevant to how Wikipedia discusses issues. If you have a reliable source discussing TenNapel's "definition" of these words, propose it here for discussion, but understand that these sources must have a positive reputation for accuracy and fact checking, and must be summarized neutrally in accordance with BLP for both TenNapel, and the journalist he misgendered.
 * Reliable sources are clear that TenNapel intentionally misgendered this journalist. This is the reason sources are discussing the issue, so this is what should be proportionately summarized in the article. Grayfell (talk) 00:51, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * This has nothing to do with WP:SYNTH: I provided a reliable source (though I accept that you disagree with it).
 * Your Wikipedia edit history consists of a long chain of controversial edits and pushing your point of view, but to removed sourced information because it doesn't suit your ideals takes that behaviour a step further into the territory of WP:HOLYWAR.
 * BoiledAlaska (talk) 01:09, 2 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, I edit articles on controversial topics and revert disruptive edits. This is another example of that. Your edit history is a little over a hundred edits, all within the last few months. By all means, take this to a noticeboard if you think my behavior is inappropriate, but as a more experienced editor, consider that I might know what I'm talking about when I say that you're on the wrong path. Regardless, WP:Comment on content, not on the contributor.
 * The dictionary sources are WP:SYNTH because they do not discuss TenNapel. Bounding Into Comics is not a reliable source, since it lacks a positive reputation for accuracy and fact-checking. Therefore, it cannot be used to challenge the fact that TenNapel intentionally used the wrong gender when referring to someone. That person was a professional critic who said some mildly unflattering things about his work decades earlier. These are the facts. Wildly off-topic digressions about "motile gametes" are inappropriate, offensively intrusive, and irrelevant to this topic. Grayfell (talk) 02:06, 2 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Definitely agree that we cannot cite BiC for anything about a WP:BLP or anything remotely controversial. It's essentially a group blog, with no reputation, run by people with culture-war axes to grind about the stuff it covers; rando blogs aren't reliable news sources. --Aquillion (talk) 06:59, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doug TenNapel


text:
sverta

Etymology 1
From, from.

Verb

 * 1) to dye black

Etymology 2
From (whence also 🇨🇬), derived from  (whence Faroese ).

Noun

 * 1) blacking; ink

Etymology 1
From, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to black, to blacken, to color black
 * 2)  to blacken, sully (reputation, etc.)
 * 1)  to blacken, sully (reputation, etc.)

Etymology 2
From (whence also 🇨🇬), derived from  (whence Icelandic ).

Noun

 * 1)  a black colorant, especially shoe polish and ink (in printing)
 * 2)  black smudges, spots, etc.
 * 3)  a black spot (on someone’s reputation)
 * 4)  blackness
 * 5)  One of several species of lichenized fungi in the genus  and related genera within the family.
 * 1)  One of several species of lichenized fungi in the genus  and related genera within the family.

title: sverta


text:
List of Serbian journalists who disappeared in Kosovo

From August 1998 to September 2000, at least seven Serbian journalists disappeared and are believed to have been killed in Kosovo, during and in the aftermath of the Kosovo War (1998–99). The perpetrators are assumed to have been Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) members, but there has been no convictions.
 * Ranko Perenić (born 25 September 1958 in Lipljan) and Đuro Slavuj (born 24 December 1962 in Dvor na Uni) were journalists of RTV Priština who disappeared on August 21, 1998. Earlier that day they had set out for the Zočište Monastery to gather information on the freed Orthodox monks who had been kidnapped by the KLA. They were last seen in Velika Hoča from where they were to drive towards Zočište, but instead they made a wrong turn towards Orahovac, which was under the control of the KLA. The car which they drove, a blue Zastava 128, was never found. They were the first Serbs working for the media that disappeared during the conflict.
 * Ljubomir Knežević (born 25 May 1939 in Ulcinj) was a journalist of Pristina newspaper Jedinstvo and correspondent of Belgrade daily Politika. He disappeared on 6 May 1999 near Vučitrn at the foot of Čičavica. Bekim Shuti "Niku", KLA commander in Shala operational zone, is suspected for his disappearance. Knežević is believed to have been kidnapped by Shuti's unit and taken to their headquarters in the Ošljane village where he was tortured and killed. Police documents mention two possible perpetrators and nine more suspects, but the Kosovo police did not interrogate any of these.
 * Aleksandar Simović (born 1 October 1968 in Prizren) was a journalist and translator who disappeared on 21 August 1999 in Pristina. Part of his remains were found in the Obrinje village near Glogovac. His family has not received any official information on the investigation and defendants in the case.
 * Marjan Melonaši (born 3 July 1976 in Pristina) was a reporter for the Serbian editorial of Radio Kosovo who disappeared on 9 September 2000 in Pristina. According to his family he was last seen entering a taxi outside the office. Only in 2005 the Kosovo police showed interest in the case and entered testimonies into their data base and then closed the case. The police did not investigate his home or his work place. It is likely that the murder was politically motivated.
 * Momir Stokuća (born 2 October 1949 in Belgrade) was a photojournalist who reported to Politika that disappeared on 21 September 1999 in his family home in the Pristina centre Đura Jakšić street 15. His family has not received any official information on the investigation.
 * Milo Buljević, RTS employee in Pristina, was according to eye witness testimonies abducted on 25 June 1999 in Pristina by men wearing KLA uniforms.

The Association of Journalists of Serbia has asked of EULEX, UNMIK, Kosovo Police, the War Crimes Prosecution Office and War Crimes Court to initiate and renew investigations and public campaigns to encourage individuals to speak. The signs calling on information about the cases have been destroyed once set up. , out of 14 cases, the Kosovo Prosecution is investigating seven and three were to be handed over to EULEX.


text:
blomst

Etymology
Older, from , in which -r belongs to the root, cf. also 🇨🇬. Possibly from, cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Related to the older "flower" word in Danish,.

In Danish -r was taken for a plural ending and omitted in the singular, but it is still retained in compounds (which a plural r never is) and in the derived verb.

Noun

 * 1) flower

Etymology
From, from the older (not to be confused with the modern indefinite plural form), from , from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a flower, blossom

title: blomst


text:
User:Abdallah albeltagy/Books/Mehamed The Conquerer

Man and Warrior

 * Ottoman Empire
 * Osman I
 * Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate
 * Ottoman dynasty
 * Constantinople
 * Constantine the Great
 * Roman Empire
 * Byzantine Empire
 * Fall of the Western Roman Empire
 * Western Roman Empire
 * Muslim conquests
 * Istanbul
 * Ottoman Caliphate
 * Mehmed the Conqueror
 * Fall of Constantinople
 * Constantine XI Palaiologos
 * King in the mountain
 * Hagia Sophia
 * Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
 * Latin Empire
 * Decline of the Byzantine Empire
 * Late Middle Ages
 * Sultan Ahmed Mosque
 * Rise of the Ottoman Empire
 * Byzantine–Ottoman Wars
 * List of sieges of Constantinople
 * Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
 * Fatih Mosque, Istanbul
 * Fatih
 * Walls of Constantinople
 * Golden Horn
 * Sea of Marmara
 * Eminönü
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Edirne
 * Murad II
 * Valide sultan
 * Hüma Hatun
 * Amasya
 * Karamanids
 * Anatolia
 * Battle of Varna
 * List of campaigns of Mehmed the Conqueror
 * Bosphorus
 * Emine Gülbahar Hatun
 * Gülşah Hatun
 * Sittişah Hatun
 * Çiçek Hatun
 * Bayezid II
 * Sultan Cem
 * Growth of the Ottoman Empire


text:
Mammet Orazmuhammedow

Mammet Orazmuhammedow (born 20 December 1986) is a Turkmen footballer, who plays as a goalkeeper for FC Altyn Asyr and Turkmenistan. He made his debut for the national team during the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup.

International
Statistics accurate as of match played 17 January 2019

title: Mammet Orazmuhammedow


text:
bazin

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) female, ,
 * 2) female
 * 3) female owner of a pet

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) basin
 * 2) reservoir
 * 3) swimming pool
 * 4)  basin
 * 5)  pelvis

title: bazin


text:
User:Minhaj Ul Islam 1570/sandbox/Andrea Mariana Palmblad

Andrea Mariana Palmblad (28 February 1978 – present) is also known by her artist name Allora Wox. She is a Swedish artist, Producer and Singer-Songwriter, and an Apple Certified Trainer. She is a trained ACT (Apple Certified Trainer). There are 9 ACTs in Europe, of which 3 are in Scandinavia. She is the only woman in the world who is an Apple Certified Trainer in Logic Pro X.

Biography
Name day : July 10th

Zodiac Sign : Pisces (not in reality)

Age : 42 years (and 173 days)

Birthday : February 28 (a Sunday in 193 days)

Date of birth : 1978-02-28

Next anniversary : Turns 50 in 7 years and 193 days (one Monday)

Andrea Palmblad is registered in the municipality of Stockholm at Hornsgatan 67 apartment 1402 in the post office Stockholm. Her home is located in Högalid parish. The number of registered at the address is 1 person, Andrea Palmblad (42 years).

Early life
One of her other names is Dea. She went to Väsby Primary School, Upplands Väsby, Stockholm. Andrea's father abandoned the family when Andrea was an infant. When she was six years old, her mother was so deeply addicted to drugs which led to Social Care split Andrea and her Siblings in different foster families. From that point on, she was largely brought up by her foster parents, Barbro and Lars-Göran Junars. After her mother's death, she got adopted with her foster parents.

Andrea Palmblad started exploring her writing talents by writing poems as early as age 6, and 6 years later she began writing music. She wrote her first English song at the age of 12 and has been writing songs since then. Andrea Palmblad began producing music in 2010, and she has gone on to collaborate with reputable and well-known songwriters, artists, and producers in the music industry. Dan Sundquist, Kim Kärnfalk, Eva Hillered, Jon Strider, Alex Abravanel, Austin Leeds, Joey Busse, Carl England

Education
She went to The Stockholm Institute of Education(Lärarhögskolan i Stockholm) and studied Communication and media(Kommunikation och media) in 2006 and graduated in 2010.

Apple Certified Trainer
She trains and certifies in the music production program Logic Pro X. Later, She will also train and certify students in media-related programs such as Adobe Suite, Pro Tools, and other Apple programs.

Published Work
She has some popular songs on Apple Music, Deezer, Tidal, Chartsinfrance, Sound-cloud, Amazon, Shazam, Napster.

Instrument
She can also play Piano, Flute, Vocals.

Radio Activities
Her talents have given her so much acclamation with local Swedish radio channels with her first single “Siesta in the Sun '' which was released in 2017 taking the first place in the Swedish Community Radio Chart List and London’s Energy Radio. "Lights" and "Lost in the Fire" has also taken the first place in the Swedish Community Radio Chart List.

Conclusion
Andrea Palmblad brings something to the music scene that is so rare in today’s sound. She puts both heart and soul into her work, and this gives them the power to uplift you even in your darkest times and put you in the mood to feel alive again.


text:
Kirada

Kirada (Brahmi: Ki-ra-da, ruled 335-345 CE), is considered by modern scholarship as the first known ruler of the Kidarite Huns in the area of Gandhara in northwestern India, possibly at the same time as another Kidarite ruler named Yosada.

The name of Kirada name appears on numerous coins at the end of the Kushan Empire and the beginning of the rule of the Kidarite Huns in the area of Central and Western Punjab in India, in the period circa 340-345 CE.

The name Ga-ḍa-ha-ra (for the region of Gandhara) appears vertically as a monogram  in the right field of the coins of Kirada, as on some slightly earlier coins signed Samudragupta, or subsequent coins of other early Kidarite rulers named Yasada, Peroz and Kidara. The appearance of the name Samudragupta may suggest some kind of suzerainty at a time in relation with the Gupta Empire.

The coins of Kirada would have followed those in the name of Samudragupta in Gandhara, and it is thought that Kirada was succeeded as Kidarite ruler by another Kidarite Peroz and then the famous Kidara. Altogether they form the first coin issues after the reign of the last Kushan ruler Kipunada.

Kirada also struck in Balkh coins in the name of the last Kushano-Sasanian ruler Varahran I Kushanshah circa CE 340-345, incorporating the Kidarite tamga (Kidarite_Tamga.png) which replaced the nandipada which had been in use before the rise of the Kidarites.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Kirada