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High-tech architecture

High-tech architecture, also known as structural expressionism, is a type of late modernist architecture that emerged in the 1970s, incorporating elements of high tech industry and technology into building design. High-tech architecture grew from the modernist style, utilizing new advances in technology and building materials. It emphasizes transparency in design and construction, seeking to communicate the underlying structure and function of a building throughout its interior and exterior. High-tech architecture makes extensive use of aluminium, steel, glass, and to a lesser extent concrete (the technology for which had developed earlier), as these materials were becoming more advanced and available in a wider variety of forms at the time the style was developing – generally, advancements in a trend towards lightness of weight.

High-tech architecture focuses on creating adaptable buildings through choice of materials, internal structural elements, and programmatic design. It seeks to avoid links to the past, and as such eschews building materials commonly used in older styles of architecture. Common elements include hanging or overhanging floors, a lack of internal load-bearing walls, and reconfigurable spaces. Some buildings incorporate prominent, bright colors in an attempt to evoke the sense of a drawing or diagram. High-tech utilizes a focus on factory aesthetics and a large central space serviced by many smaller maintenance areas to evoke a feeling of openness, honesty, and transparency.

Early high-tech buildings were referred to by historian Reyner Banham as "serviced sheds" due to their exposure of mechanical services in addition to the structure. Most of these early examples used exposed structural steel as their material of choice. As hollow structural sections, (developed by Stewarts and Lloyds and known in the UK as Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)) had only become widely available in the early 1970s, high-tech architecture saw much experimentation with this material.

The style's premier practitioners include the following: Sir Michael Hopkins, Bruce Graham, Fazlur Rahman Khan, Minoru Yamasaki, Sir Norman Foster, Sir Richard Rogers, Renzo Piano, and Santiago Calatrava.

Background
High-tech architecture was originally developed in Britain (British High Tech architecture), with many of its most famous early proponents being British. However, the movement has roots in a number of earlier styles and draws inspiration from a number of architects from earlier periods. Many of the ideals communicated through high-tech architecture were derived from the early modernists of the 1920s. The concepts of transparency, honesty in materials, and a fascination with the aesthetics of industry can all be traced to modern architects. High-tech architecture, much like modernism, shares a belief in a "spirit of the age" that should be incorporated and applied throughout each building. The influence of Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, and Mies van de Rohe is extensive throughout many of the principles and designs of high-tech architecture.

Some of the earliest practitioners of high-tech architecture included the British architecture group Archigram, whose members frequently designed advanced futuristic buildings and cities. On the most influential of these was Peter Cook's Plug-in City, a theoretical mega structure designed around the detach-ability and replacement of each of its individual units. The concept of removable and interchangeable elements of buildings would later become a widespread characteristic within the high-tech style. Less direct precursors included Buckminster Fuller and Frei Otto, whose focus on minimizing construction resources generated an emphasis on tensile structures, another important element in many high-tech designs. Louis Kahn's concept of "served" and "servant" spaces, particularly when implemented in the form of service towers, later became a widespread feature of high-tech architecture.

Other projects and designs that contained or inspired elements common across the high-tech style include the Archigram member Mike Webb's concept of bowellism, the Fun Palace by Cedric Price, and the Walking City by Ron Herron, also a member of Archigram. These theoretical designs, along with many others, were circulated widely in British and American architectural circles due to their examination by Reyner Banham. These conceptual plans laid out the ideas and elements that would later go on to be hugely influential in the works of prominent high-tech architects like Norman Foster and Nicholas Grimshaw.

Characteristics
High-tech buildings often incorporate a range of materials reminiscent of industrial production. Steel, aluminium, glass, and concrete are all commonly found in high-tech structures, as these elements evoke a feeling of being mass-produced and widely available. Not all high-tech designs are made to accommodate truly mass-produced materials, but nonetheless seek to convey a sense of factory creation and broad distribution. Tensile structures, cross beams, and exposed support and maintenance elements are all important components found in high-tech designs. A focus on strong, simplistic, and transparent elements all connect high-tech as a style to the principles of engineering. The engineer Anthony Hunt was hugely influential in both the design, choice of materials, and ultimate expression of many of the earliest high-tech buildings in Britain, and as such many of these designs are suffused with a focus on the aesthetics of engineering and construction.

Buildings built in the high-tech style often share a number of characteristic layout elements. These include an open floor plan, a large central area serviced by many smaller maintenance spaces, and repeated elements which either can be or appear to be able to be detached and replaced as needed. Spaces or elements dedicated to service and mechanical components like air conditioners, water processors, and electrical equipment are left exposed and visible to the viewer. Often these spaces are placed in large service towers external to the building, as in the Lloyd's building in London by Richard Rogers. The Lloyd's building also has offices designed to be changed and configured as needed by the shifting and removal of partitions – creating a flexible and adaptable interior environment that can be changed to meet the needs of the building's occupants. This theme of reconfigurable spaces is an important component of high-tech buildings. The HSBC Building in Hong Kong, designed by Norman Foster, is another excellent example of a high-tech building designed to be changed over time according to the needs of its users. Its use of suspended floor panels and the design of its social spaces as individual towers both place emphasis on the new approach to creating and servicing an office building.

The high-tech style is often interpreted as glorifying technology and emphasizing the functional purpose of each element of the building. These designs incorporate elements that obviously display the technical nature of the components within them, creating a sense of honest, open transparency. The Centre Pompidou in Paris, by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, exemplifies the technicality and focus on the exposure of service elements. The externalization of functional components is a key concept of high-tech architecture, though this technique may also be applied to generate an aesthetic of dynamic light and shadow across the facade of a building. Color also plays an important role in the decoration of high-tech buildings, as various colors can be used to represent different service elements or to give the building the appearance of a set of architectural diagrams.

As of 2016, recent Structural Impressionism has two major trends: braced systems and diagrid systems. Both structural systems have the structural support elements visible from the outside, unlike many postmodern architecture buildings where most structural elements are hidden in the interior. The braced systems have strong exterior columns connected by "heavy" cross bracing elements. The diagrid system consists of a lattice of "light" diagonal elements and horizontal rings forming triangles, without vertical columns.

Goals

High-tech architecture attempts to embody a series of ideals that its practitioners felt were reflective of the "spirit of the age". Concerns over adaptability, sustainability, and the changing industrial world drove a shift in the way that many architects around the world approached the challenge of designing buildings. Norman Foster's HSBC Building was specifically designed to be built over a public plaza, so as not to take up more land in space-conscious Hong Kong. Minoru Yamasaki's World Trade Center had centered around a five-acre, raised public plaza, completely devoid of cars, so pedestrians could walk freely through the complex. Additionally, the World Trade Center had led to the construction of a brand new PATH station, serving the rail commuters coming from New Jersey into New York. This approach to building, with the architect having just as much responsibility to the city surrounding their building as the building itself, was a key theme of many structures designed in the high-tech style. The appropriate utilization and distribution of space is often an integral component of high-tech theory, and as such these ideals are often found in concert with practical concerns over habitability and practicality of design.

At the core of many high-tech buildings is the concept of the "omniplatz". This is the idea that a building and the spaces within it should not necessarily be absolutely defined, but rather perform a range of desired functions. As such, a room in a high-tech building could be used as a factory floor, a storage room, or a financial trading center all with minimal re-distribution of structural elements. The external services of a high-tech building, in this understanding of the style, exist solely to make the central space habitable and do not define its function. This can lead to an effect wherein the maintenance elements of a building can be understood and interpreted without issue, but the function of the interior space is difficult to guess. The Lloyd's building is an excellent example of this, wherein its service towers quite clearly communicate their function but the usage of the central atrium is difficult to determine from the exterior.

While the goal of many high-tech buildings is to honestly and transparently communicate their form and function, practical considerations may prevent the absolute expression of this principle. The Centre Pompidou, for example, has several elements that are built up or covered over due to concerns over fire safety and structural soundness. In many cases high-tech buildings exhibit compromises between radical honesty in design and considerations of safety in implementation. High-tech architecture balances art and engineering as its primary themes, and as such incurs trade-offs between the aesthetics of the two disciplines.

High-tech architecture has generated some criticism for its forays into home building and design, an issue it shares in common with Modernism. Many of the houses designed by high-tech architects were never inhabited by anyone other than themselves or their close relatives. Many outside observers found the high-tech style's focus on industry and expression of services to be antithetical to comfort and home living. Norman Foster's housing at Milton Keynes was never particularly popular, and other high-tech designs were seen as uncomfortable or awkward to live in.

High-tech architecture was most commonly employed in the construction of factories, corporate offices, or art galleries, all spaces that could effectively leverage the aesthetic of industry and find good use for the flexible spaces the style created. The application of technological themes throughout high-tech buildings intends to convey an ethos of science and progress. While transparency and honesty of materials is heavily valued, high-tech designs strive to evoke an ever dynamic sense of movement and change. Adaptability, flexibility, and openness are all key aims of the high-tech style. To obviously and creatively display the functional nature of service elements and to clearly communicate the changeable nature of the spaces created inside them are important goals of the vast majority of high-tech buildings.

title: High-tech architecture


text:
Kyösti Salokorpi

Kyösti Salokorpi (born 5 November 1976) is a Finnish songwriter and musician. He owns the production company Le Sound Royal.

Salokorpi has written and produced songs for various Finnish artist such as Jenni Vartiainen, Kristiina Wheeler, Kristiina Brask, Sini Sabotage, Robin and Teflon Brothers.

Salokorpi has cuts in Germany, Japan, South-Korea, Australia, Belgium and Russia. In spring 2012 the song ”Lady Luck”, co-written with Pessi Levonen, was third on Japan's single list.

Salokorpi has played guitar in Scandinavian Music Group and is the vocalist of his own band '’Atlético Kumpula '’. He has performed his own songs with his bands ’’Ihmepoika’’ and ’’ The Teenage Lesbians’’. Salokorpi has also produced Scandinavian Music Group's album "Hölmö rakkaus ylpeä sydän".

Albums

 * 2005: Scandinavian Music Group – Hölmö rakkaus ylpeä sydän (production) Sony BMG
 * 2007: Manna – Sister (production) Suomen musiikki
 * 2008: Scandinavian Music Group – Missä olet Laila? (musician) Sony Music
 * 2009: Scandinavian Music Group – Palatkaa Pariisiin (musician) Sony Music
 * 2009: Leki & The Sweet Mints (BELGIA) – Leki & The Sweet Mints (composition, production)
 * 2011: Scandinavian Music Group – Manner (musician) Sony Music
 * 2012: Kristiina Wheeler – Sirpaleista koottu (production) Universal Music
 * 2012: Atlético Kumpula – Puutarhajuhlat (co-writer, production, vocals) Fullsteam Records
 * 2013: Atlético Kumpula – Pitkä matka kotiin (co-writer, production, vocals) Fullsteam Records
 * 2013: Robin – Boom Kah (co-writer, production) Universal Music
 * 2014: Scandinavian Music Group – Terminal 2 (muusikko) Sony Music

Singles

 * 2006: Annika Eklund – Shanghain valot (lyrics) Warner Music Finland
 * 2007: Kristiina Brask – Nyt mä meen (co-writer) HMC
 * 2008: Mikael Konttinen – Milloin (lyrics) Universal Music
 * 2008: Jenni Vartiainen – Mustaa kahvia (composition, lyrics) Warner Music Finland
 * 2009: Scandinavian Music Group – Näin minä vihellän matkallani (adaptation) Sony Music
 * 2011: Kristiina Wheleer – Ihanaa (production) Universal Music
 * 2012: Atlético Kumpula – Me kuulutaan yhteen (co-writer, production, vocals) Fullsteam Records
 * 2013: Atlético Kumpula – Paperilyhty (co-writer) Fullsteam Records
 * 2013: Atlético Kumpula – Annabella (composition, lyrics, production, vocals) Fullsteam Records
 * 2014: Sini Sabotage – Kaikkihan me ollaan prinsessoi (composition) Universal Music
 * 2014: Teflon Brothers – Maradona (kesä '86) (co-writer) Johanna Kustannus
 * 2014: Suvi Teräsniska – Vain ihminen (co-writer) Universal Music

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kyösti Salokorpi


text:
Percy Marks

Percy Marks (September 9, 1891 − December 27, 1956) was an American writer and college English instructor best known for his best selling 1924 novel, The Plastic Age.

Marks was born in Covelo, California in 1891 to Henry and Sarah Lando Marks. The family moved to Ukiah in 1900, the county seat, because it had better schools. Marks graduated from the University of California in 1912 and obtained a master's degree from Harvard University in 1914. He was a second lieutenant in the United States Army during World War I.

Marks had been teaching English for ten years (at a number of institutions, including Dartmouth College and Brown University) when his first novel was published in 1924, The Plastic Age. The book was the second most popular best-seller for that year, and its portrayal of college life caused a ruckus at the time and was even banned in Boston. Marks left teaching the following year to focus full-time on writing. A movie version of the Plastic Age with a highly changed plot was released the next year starring Clara Bow, and a second version titled Red Lips released in 1928, which was directed by Melville W. Brown. Marks wrote 19 additional books, primarily novels. Late in his career, he took a post teaching English and literature at the University of Connecticut at Waterbury.

Marks married Margaret Ellen Gates in California on December 17, 1927. He moved to New Haven, Connecticut in 1930, and resided there until he died, on December 27, 1956, survived by his wife and daughter Sally Jean Marks. In 1962, Marks' widow (then remarried to Bernard Barton), donated his papers to Yale University where they are held at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

Sally Marks became a scholar of international relations at Rhode Island College.

title: Percy Marks


text:
John Ericson

John Ericson (born Joseph Meibes; September 25, 1926 – May 3, 2020) was a German-born American actor. He was known primarily for his television work, notably as private detective Sam Bolt on the ABC series Honey West (1965–66), and his roles in several MGM films of the 1950s.

Early life
Ericson's parents were Ellen Wilson, a Swedish actress and operatic star, and Carl F. Meibes, who later became president of a New York food extract corporation. The family went to the United States from Belgium when he was three.

Career
Ericson gained early acting experience with stock companies at the Gateway Theatre in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, and Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia. He appeared on Broadway in the original 1951 production of Stalag 17, directed by José Ferrer.

Ericson made a number of films for MGM in quick succession in the 1950s. His first appearance was in Teresa (1951), directed by Fred Zinnemann. He also appeared in Rhapsody, The Student Prince, Green Fire (all in 1954), and in Bad Day at Black Rock (1955). He co-starred with Barbara Stanwyck in Forty Guns (1957). In 1958 he appeared as Sheriff Barney Wiley in the Western Day of the Badman which starred Fred MacMurray.

For the next 30 years, his career continued mostly on television. He appeared in the lead role in "The Peter Bartley Story" of the CBS drama The Millionaire. He appeared with Dorothy Malone in the episode "Mutiny" of CBS's Appointment with Adventure (which aired on January 1, 1956). He made guest appearances in The Restless Gun (1958) and Target: The Corruptors! (1961). Ericson also guest starred twice on Bonanza: he played Vince Dagen in the 1960 episode "Breed of Violence" and he portrayed Wade Hollister in the 1967 episode "Journey to Terror". From 1965 to 1966, he co-starred as the partner of Anne Francis on Honey West. (He and Francis had played brother and sister in Bad Day at Black Rock.) In 1971, he appeared as Jack Bonham on The Men From Shiloh in the episode "The Political".

He played the title role in Pretty Boy Floyd (1960), and his other film appearances included roles in Under Ten Flags (1960), Slave Queen of Babylon (1963), 7 Faces of Dr. Lao (1964), Operation Atlantis (1965), The Money Jungle (1968), The Bamboo Saucer (1968), Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971), Crash! (1976), and The Far Side of Jericho (2006).

Personal life and death
Ericson was engaged to Anne Bancroft in 1951. He married twice and had a son and a daughter from his first marriage to Milly Coury. He was married to his second wife Karen Huston Ericson for 46 years. He died of pneumonia on May 3, 2020, aged 93.

title: John Ericson


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Pratt Ivories

The Pratt Ivories, also known as the Acemhöyük Ivories, are a collection of furniture attachments produced in Anatolia in the early second millennium B.C. They were donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art between 1932 and 1937 by Mr. and Mrs. George D. Pratt. The group represents one of the most important assemblages of furniture fittings from the ancient Near East. In particular, a preserved set of four sphinxes, three lion legs, a falcon, and two recumbent gazelles, comprise the earliest and most complete evidence for a luxury chair or throne from the ancient world. Many of the other pieces in the group likely belonged to a number of small decorative objects.

Acquisition and interpretation
None of the items gifted in these donations were scientifically excavated. Rather, they were purchased on the art market for the Pratt's extensive personal art collection. Mr. and Mrs. George D. Pratt subsequently donated the ivory pieces to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in a series of four donations occurring between 1932 and 1937. The fittings were also accompanied by numerous clay sealings, terracotta objects, plates, and figurines. Two of the ivory sphinxes and a plaque featuring a seated lion were given in the first donation in 1932. At the time, the sphinxes were interpreted as "little ivory stool legs" having been made by a Phoenician or Syrian craftsman for the Assyrian market. This assessment was largely based on their resemblance to pieces uncovered in excavations of the Assyrian capital, Nimrud. This comparison suggests a date of manufacture in the early first millennium B.C.

From 1936 to 1937, following the death of her husband, Mrs. Pratt gave numerous other ivory pieces in three successive groups, eventually contributing sixty-six ivory objects, in addition to the three works donated in 1932. While these were immediately recognized as furniture attachments and fittings, scholars continued to debate the origin and date of their production. By 1936, M.S. Dimand, a curator in the museum, challenged the initial assessment of the works, dating them to the end of the second millennium, around the 13th or 12th century B.C., and assigning their production to an "unknown Aramaean art center in Northern Syria."

Acemhöyük
Approximately three decades later, excavations at Acemhöyük in Turkey provided a conclusive answer to the question of the ivories' date and origin. Led by Nimet Özgüç, digging at the site began in 1962, revealing two monumental buildings dating to the early second millennium B.C. One of these structures, in the south-eastern region of the mound, was termed the Sarikaya palace. It had originally consisted of around fifty rooms before ultimately being destroyed by a large fire. Excavations of its rooms revealed numerous clay bullae, which had been baked by the conflagration. These sealings could be connected to known historical figures, which helped provide a date for the palace in the late 19th and 18th centuries B.C.

In 1965, excavations revealed other important finds. In room NA-OA/46, located in the western area of the palace, a small group of luxury items were uncovered. This group included several ivory objects. One of these was a wing, which matched those seen on the Pratt falcon. It would come to be understood that one of the wings presented on the falcon was in fact a replica produced by the museum, and that the Acemhöyük wing in fact belonged to the piece. Other items found were stylistically comparable to the Pratt ivories, including an ivory lion and panels bearing rosette and guilloche designs. Clay bullae matching those in the Pratt collection were also uncovered. Furthermore, later investigations by Machteld Mellink uncovered a photograph from an antiquities dealer in Antakya, which showed of two of the Pratt sphinxes. Reportedly these came from Aksaray, a town near Acemhöyük where items looted from the site were often brought to be sold. All of this evidence effectively demonstrated that the assemblage originated at this site, having been removed illicitly for sale on the antiquities market. The date and origin of the pieces are now understood to be 19th-18th century B.C. and of Anatolian production.

Form
Although the Pratt ivories cannot be fully understood due to the loss of their archaeological context, Elizabeth Simpson, through in depth analysis of the sphinxes and lion legs determined that the pieces were originally part of what had been a low throne or chair. Her reconstruction of the work, based on close investigation of the ivories' construction, reveals a chair with legs formed from the sphinxes and lion legs. The sphinxes are the lowest element, touching the floor and supporting the weight of the chair. The lion legs rest on top these, facing forward. The front two sphinxes also face forward, while those forming the back legs face outwards to the sides. The rest of the chair, including the frame, seat, backs, and stretchers, would have been made from fine wood. It is likely that the falcon and gazelle panels, among others, decorated the back of the chair, in accordance with examples seen in Egypt from the 18th Dynasty. Other Pratt panels with rosettes and guilloche motifs may have originally been incorporated into the design of the chair, but unfortunately it is impossible to determine their exact arrangement. Sumptuous textile cushions on the seat would have completed the luxurious effect.

Color
Examination of the ivory pieces also revealed traces of gilding and inlay, indicating that the chair was further embellished with gold, silver, and precious or semi-precious stones. Based on this trace evidence, the sphinxes appear to have had dark, inlaid eyes and were decorated with applied gold and (perhaps) silver leaf. The platforms beneath the lion paws also appear to have been gilded. Traces of silver on the falcon suggest that it too was once covered. It is possible that even more extensive areas than those suggested by the remaining traces were once gilded, but that the fire reached temperatures high enough to burn off much the metal. The color of the sphinxes and lion legs are also frequently commented upon in scholarship of the ivories. Variations in color occur among the pieces (gray, pink, orange, and red), resulting in pieces that match in form but not in color. These disparities are the result of varying conditions (i.e. the level of oxygen) in the fire that destroyed the palace. The ivories were covered with an iron-oxide rich clay slip, which reacted to these particular conditions, resulting in the color changes. Why the ivories were covered in this slip is another question. It is possible that the clay was applied to act as a bole, to assist in the application and burnishing of gold leaf. Simpson notes, however, that the slip occurs on the undersides and backs of the pieces, which would not have been gilded. Red ivory is also a decorative form attested to in texts of the period, which scholars have interpreted as meaning that ivory was often stained a reddish color. Perhaps in this case, the slip performed two functions, as a bole for applied gilding, and as a colorant for the exposed areas of ivory.

title: Pratt Ivories


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Big Die-Up

The Big Die-Up (or Great Die-Up) refers to the death of hundreds of thousands of cattle on the Great Plains of the United States during the unusually cold and snowy winters of 1885-86 and 1886-87. Many ranchers were bankrupted as a result and the era of the open range in which cattle roamed unfenced on the plains began its decline.

Background
The near-extinction of the bison by hunters and the defeat of the Comanche, Lakota, Cheyenne and other tribes of Indians after the American Civil War (1861-1865) opened up the last large acreages of land for cattle ranching on the Great Plains from the Canadian border on the north to the Texas panhandle in the south. Northern plains ranches were stocked with cattle from Texas. In 1868, cattle were first driven north from Texas to ranches in Nebraska. In eastern Montana and the western part of the Dakotas settlement of ranches began in the 1870s. In 1876, Charles Goodnight established a ranch in Palo Duro Canyon in Texas (the heart of former Comanche land) and soon the Texas panhandle was dotted with large cattle ranches.

After the Indians were forced onto reservations and their former lands became available to ranchers, the cattle industry boomed from 1880 to 1885. Most of the land was vacant, publicly-owned, and available to whoever chose to occupy it. Prices for beef were high, land was free, and domestic and foreign investors rushed into the business. Investors believed that "no other business is so safe nor so profitable as cattle raising." The land in 1880 was unfenced open range. Cattle drifted with the seasons and sought out good grazing until rounded up by cowboys and herded to railroad terminals from where they were transported to eastern markets. Among the investors was future-president Theodore Roosevelt who established two ranches in western North Dakota in 1883 and 1884.

The Big Die-up impacted both the northern and southern Great Plains. The winter of 1885-1886 was mild on the northern plains but the blizzard of January 1886 was catastrophic for ranchers on the southern plains. The winter of 1886-1887 had a wider impact with the Big Die-up killing hundreds of thousands of cattle and bankrupting many ranchers on both the northern and southern plains.

Texas and the 1886 blizzard
In 1875 the Indian tribes of the southern Great Plains had been relocated to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). The Texas panhandle was open to white settlement and by 1880 ranches had been established throughout the panhandle. The severe winter of 1880-1881 caused many cattle in Kansas, Colorado, and Nebraska to migrate southward in search of shelter and good grazing. They competed with locally-owned cattle, putting pressure on pastures. The Panhandle Stock Raisers Association decided to string drift fences of barbed wire from east to west across the northern edge of each rancher's range to prevent cattle from further north straying into the Panhandle. The longest of the drift fences stretched westward for 200 mi from Higgins across the width of the Panhandle and into New Mexico.

In 1883, With the Texas panhandle already crowded with cattle, ranchers leased 3000000 acre of land in Indian Territory from the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes. Disputes resulted in the threat of violence between Indians and ranchers and in 1885 President Grover Cleveland ordered the ranchers to remove their cattle from Indian territory. This added more than 200,000 cattle to the already over-grazed land in the Texas panhandle and Kansas. "Pastures that could have sustained 'a cow on every 40 acres had one on every 10 acres.'"

Adding to the problems in 1885, prices for cattle fell and autumn was unseasonably dry. In November large wildfires burned grassland from the Arkansas River in Kansas southward to northeastern New Mexico, the Oklahoma panhandle, and the Texas panhandle. The grass that remained was insufficient to sustain the cattle on the range.

On January 1, 1886, a snowstorm dropped up to one foot (.30 m) of snow in western Kansas. On January 6, 1886, the United States Army Signal Corps, the predecessor of the National Weather Service, issued a warning of a cold wave descending onto the southern plains. That morning, Larned, Kansas enjoyed mild temperatures but by midnight the town closed down due to blizzard conditions. In Dodge City the temperature dropped to -16.2 F and Austin, Texas recorded a low of -6.5 F degrees. Heavy winds piled up snow two to three feet (.5 to 1.0 mts) deep in the Texas panhandle and New Mexico, closing roads for up to one month. Galveston Bay on the Gulf of Mexico froze.

Prior to the blizzard, an estimated 2.5 million cattle inhabited the southern plains. The cattle were prevented from migrating to sheltered and more southerly areas by the drift fences and their bodies piled up near the fences, in rivers, and along the railroads. Ranchers in New Mexico cut their fences to allow the cattle to seek shelter in sheltered valleys. Twenty-five percent of the cattle north of the Canadian River where drift fences were present are estimated to have died; south of the river the losses were only one percent. Individual ranchers often lost a larger percentage of their herds. Cowboys were put to work harvesting hides of dead cattle and 400,000 were marketed in Dodge City.

The 1886-1887 winter
The impact of the blizzards in the southern plains in early 1886 was compounded by conditions later that year, especially on the northern plains. The summer and fall were dry and grass was in poor condition for grazing cattle. The first blizzard of winter occurred on November 22 and 23. Cattle had trouble digging through the snow to reach to grass underneath. In late December the weather turned very cold reaching an unofficial temperature of -35 F at Glendive, Montana. Bitterly cold weather returned in late January and a newspaper report said "more snow has fallen this year than any previous year in west Dakota." Bismark, North Dakota reported temperatures of -43 F on February 1 and 12. The winter weather even reached the West Coast, with snowfall of 3.7 inches in downtown San Francisco setting an all-time record on February 5, 1887.

A chinook wind melted the snow in early March and ranchers began to assess the impact of the winter on their cattle. Some estimates were low (to reassure investors) but most ranchers estimated losses of 50 to 90 percent of their herds. Roosevelt's cattle ranches near Medora, Dakota Territory were among those hit hard by that winter. In a letter to his friend Henry Cabot Lodge, Roosevelt remarked "Well, we have had a perfect smashup all through the cattle country of the northwest. The losses are crippling. For the first time I have been utterly unable to enjoy a visit to my ranch. I shall be glad to get home." Many of the ranchers went broke. In Custer County, Montana the tax rolls in 1886 listed 200 ranchers; in 1888 the total was 120. The number of cattle shipped to eastern U.S. markets from Montana in 1887 was only two-thirds that of 1886 even though in 1887 ranchers engaged in panic selling of their remaining cattle in an effort to remain financially viable.

Impact
Despite the losses and the poor condition of the grasslands, the plains recovered quickly -- aided by the reduction in the number of cattle and favorable weather during the remainder of 1887 and 1888. Prices for cattle improved in 1888, but in the words of one historian "the days of the open range never returned." The Big Die-up caused changes in the ways of the cattlemen. Laws increasingly restricted the right of cattlemen to graze on "open" (publicly-owned) lands. The number of small scale ranchers proliferated. They built fences to enclose their herds and improved the quality of their cattle by introducing new breeds and providing them shelter, forage, and water rather than allowing them to roam freely. Ranching after the Big Die-up "became more a business, less a gamble."

title: Big Die-Up


text:
Talk:Elscint

External links modified
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title: Talk:Elscint


text:
Wikibooks:Staying cool when the editing gets hot

When an idea, suggestion or thought is offered to a group and is criticized, changed, or adapted, it's human to feel personally attacked. It hurts--sometimes a lot.

Try to remember, it is the idea or concept which is being criticized, not you personally. Once an idea is offered here, it no longer belongs to you. It belongs to the group to do whatever develops from the discussion. Chances are, you have not, nor shall you ever meet the other participants, yet, through this process, every participant has the opportunity to make meaningful contributions.

Realizing the idea or concept no longer belongs to you, once offered, makes it easier to divorce yourself from the idea and helps you understand the group's criticism or changes have nothing to do with your worth as a human.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/revisezone.com

Links

 * revisezone.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 1 additions out of 1 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/revisezone.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\brevisezone\.com\b         # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/revisezone.com ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 18:41, 17 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
massieren

Etymology 1
, probably from, or from. The Arabic verb was, in French, associated with and perhaps reinforced by unrelated, but direct derivation from this latter is now considered unlikely.

Verb

 * 1)  to massage

Etymology 2
Either directly from or through, eventually from.

Verb

 * 1)  to mass, amass, concentrate, condense

title: massieren


text:
User:Lil Barns Music/sandbox

Lil Barns (born February 10, 2000) is a Ghanaian rapper, songwriter and singer. His full name is Barnabas Ayensu, goes by his stage name "Lil Barns" which is short for "Little Barnabas". He was discovered at age 18 by another talented rapper Ayimbila (leader of The Signature Room Crew) after he had heard some of his freestyles, Lil Barns joined The Signature Room (SIG) crew in 2019.

Lil Barns released his first single Dripping in February 24th,2020 which had great responds from his community, and that motivated him to work even harder. Lil Barns is a very shy guy and can barely do things in public but because he always wanted to do music since his childhood he had to face his fear which led to the creation of his jingle "Shy Baby".

Few months later, Lil Barns dropped his second release, Lullaby on 29th May, which made great impression. Since then he has been dropping songs continuesely.

title: User:Lil Barns Music/sandbox


text:
Rečani

Rečani (Речани) may refer to:

 * Rečani, Zajas, a village in Kičevo Municipality, North Macedonia
 * Rečani, Čelopeci, a village in Kičevo Municipality, North Macedonia
 * Rečani, Kočani, a village in Kočani Municipality, North Macedonia

title: Rečani


text:
Talk:Dastgeer Sahib

Info box
The info box on this page is for settlements and shouldn't really be used here as the article is about a shrine. However, I can't find a proper one for shrines so I will leave it for now, but it should be replaced at some point.Sarahj2107 (talk) 13:38, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dastgeer Sahib


text:
Knights (disambiguation)

Knights is the plural of knight, a social position originating in the Middle Ages.

Knights may also refer to:

Games
Knight (chess), a piece in chess.

Organisations

 * Chivalric orders (and their members):
 * Military orders:
 * Knights Hospitaller, a medieval Catholic military order, still existing with contemporary branches
 * Knights of Columbus, a Catholic men's fraternal organization

People

 * Darryl Knights (born 1988), a professional English footballer
 * David Knights (born 1945), the original bass guitarist in Procol Harum
 * Lionel Charles Knights (1906–1997), an English literary critic
 * Peter Knights (born 1952), a former Australian rules football player and coach

Places

 * Knights, Missouri
 * Knights Valley AVA, California wine region in Sonoma County
 * Left Hand, West Virginia, a community in the United States also known as Knights

Culture

 * The Knights (orchestra), an orchestra in New York City
 * The Knights a satirical play by Aristophanes
 * Knights (film), a 1993 science fiction film directed by Albert Pyun

Sports teams

 * Knights (cricket team), a South African cricket franchise
 * Charlotte Knights, a Triple-A baseball team from Charlotte, North Carolina
 * Franken Knights, an American Football team from Germany
 * Letran Knights, varsity teams of Colegio de San Juan de Letran
 * Letran Knights basketball, basketball team
 * London Knights, an Ontario Hockey League team
 * Newcastle Knights, an Australian rugby league team
 * New York Knights (rugby league), an American rugby league team
 * Shreveport Knights, a professional American football team in 1999
 * UCF Knights, the University of Central Florida sports teams
 * Vegas Golden Knights, an NHL team in Las Vegas
 * York Knights, an English rugby league team

Other

 * Knights Inn, a hotel chain
 * Knights of Bahá'u'lláh, a title for Bahá'ís given by Shoghi Effendi
 * Knights (video game), an arcade game released in 1994
 * "Knights", a song by Crystal Castles from their self-titled debut album

title: Knights (disambiguation)


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Sophie Wong

Sophie Wong

 * ... that Melanie Vallejo did not do much preparation before auditioning for the character of Sophie Wong?
 * Reviewed: Alana Nicholls

Created/expanded by Raintheone (talk). Self nom at 02:15, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Note to reviewer: This article was an userspace draft moved to mainspace on July 8. Chris857 (talk) 02:41, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Symbol confirmed.svg New enough, long enough, good sourcing (the unsourced section, "storylines" is fine without, like the plot of a book. Some references would be better, but aren't necessary.). Hook is referenced. No CP concerns from the couple of references I checked. QPQ satisfied. Some interest in the hook, although I would strongly recommend appending "in Winners & Losers" (or even "in Australian TV series Winners & Losers") to it for context. Otherwise good to go. Grandiose (me, talk, contribs) 14:00, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The source of the hook fact was Melanie Vallejo herself. Is this considered a reliable source? How about: ... that Melanie Vallejo claimed/revealed/admitted in an interview that she had not done much preparation before auditioning for the role of Sophie Wong in the Australian television series Winners & Losers? --PFHLai (talk) 21:52, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Well as I say I'm a fan of adding the series at the end, but I think we can trust Vallejo on her own preparation; per WP:SELFPUB Self-published and questionable sources may be used ... so long as: (1) the material is neither unduly self-serving nor an exceptional claim.... Ultimately I don't mind but I think your alt is a bit long. Grandiose (me, talk, contribs) 21:59, 14 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
User:Rapier57

My name is Guy L. Pace. I use Rapier57 as a Twitter and online handle and have for many years. The handle provides no anonymity, since it is simple to link it to my real name. I am a CISSP and focus my efforts on user education, online safety, personal security and identity protection. My blog is located at www.rapier57.com.

I live in Bothell, WA, and use Wikipedia regularly. I have some contribution to make to my son-in-laws entry, and will do so as I learn how this all works.

title: User:Rapier57


text:
Laurier Senior High School

Laurier Senior High School (LSHS), originally Laval Catholic High School (LCHS), was an Anglophone senior high school in Laval, Quebec. A part of the Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board (SWLSB), it operated the last three secondary grades.

In order to adjust to deconfessionalization, the school was renamed from Laval Catholic High School to Laurier Senior High School on July 1, 2005. At around the same time, its corresponding junior high school in the same building, Sacred Heart Middle School, was renamed to Mother Teresa Junior High School. This name was chosen for the latter because its namesake had visited the building in October 1988.

The original school and its original campus (building) opened in 1969, but originally serving all secondary grades. It was preceded by Chomedey Catholic, which was another building. Within the next twenty years, Sacred Heart Middle School was opened in the same building and from then on, the juniors (students in the first two secondary grades) and the seniors (students in the last three secondary grades) were served separately. The school's attendance boundary was all of Laval. On July 1, 2015, it merged with Laval Liberty High School to form Laval Senior Academy.

Notable alumni

 * Mike Bossy - Hockey player for the New York Islanders and member of the Hockey Hall of Fame.
 * Jeff Kuhner - journalist, radio personality,  educator
 * Thomas Mulcair - Former leader of the New Democratic Party

title: Laurier Senior High School


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Card-Curling

The result of the debate was delete. Mailer Diablo 01:20, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Card-Curling
Promotional vehicle for (the author's?) new game. Tom Harrison Talk 02:30, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete original 'research' Bucketsofg 02:35, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable game -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 02:59, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - Made up game, nn original research. -- light darkness (talk) 03:08, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:NOT, WP:NOR, and WP:NFT. Roy  boy cr ash  fan  [[Image:Flag_of_Texas.svg|30px]] 03:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 04:07, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete OR of nn game.Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 05:43, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn game, WP:NFT, original research. --Ter e nce Ong 14:48, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Oliver Keenan
 * KeepYeah it's like a totally non credible game just like Beer Pong --DragonWR12LB 07:04, 22 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-08-30/Traffic report

 * This traffic report is adapted from the Top 25 Report, prepared with commentary by Igordebraga (July 26 to August 22), Kingsif (July 26 to August 16), Mcrsftdog (July 6 to August 1, August 9 to August 22) and Rebestalic (August 16 to 22)

Give me time and give me space. Give me real don't give me fake. Give me a cure for the COVID-19 pandemic that can't leave soon enough (to the point the view counts for that article are dropping...). And for those who prefer in those troubled quarantined times to move onto another "diseased" subject, tell me your own politik.

(data provided by the provisional Top 1000 report)

Give me heart and give me soul (July 26 to August 1)

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Rank ! Article ! Class ! Views ! Image ! Notes/about
 * 1
 * John Lewis (civil rights leader)
 * 1,507,358
 * John Lewis (cropped).jpg
 * The funerary services befitting such a figure as Congressman Lewis took place this week. After his funeral he lay in state at first in the Alabama State Capitol, and then the United States Capitol rotunda on Monday and Tuesday, the first African-American lawmaker to receive the honor. A second funeral ceremony was held in Atlanta on Thursday, where he was eulogized by former Presidents Clinton, W., and Obama, and he rests in Atlanta's South-View Cemetery. Lewis died on July 17, and now doubles the views his article had last week during a strangely slow period for Wikipedia, appearing on here for three consecutive weeks, unusual for a recent death: more unusual is only hitting #1 in the third week, which he does now thanks to many redirects for his common name.
 * 2
 * Regis Philbin
 * 1,505,819
 * Philbin Bush Ripa.jpg
 * American television has lost enough stars old and young this year to fill out several montages at the upcoming Emmys, but the most prominent is probably Regis, who died last week and now overtakes all the Sushant Singh Rajput-related entries. Whether it be every game show you can think of or the morning talk show named after him for over 20 years, just about every American (and a sizable number of people from around the world) has seen him host despite pulling back due to poor health in the 2010s. This poor health led to his fatal heart attack on July 24.
 * 3
 * Olivia de Havilland
 * 1,448,864
 * De Havilland-Melanie.jpg
 * After Kirk Douglas in February, another centenarian from Hollywood's Golden Age leaves us with the passing of Dame Olivia Mary de Havilland, winner of an Academy Award for To Each His Own (only Luise Rainer, who almost got to her 105 birthday, lived longer among Oscar winners). De Havilland was also involved in classics such as The Adventures of Robin Hood and Gone with the Wind.
 * 4
 * Herman Cain
 * 1,331,901
 * Herman Cain by Gage Skidmore 4.jpg
 * Cain, a businessman who was once considered a front runner for the 2012 Republican nomination, died of COVID-19 complications on Thursday. He was hospitalized on June 1, only 9 days after attending a Trump rally maskless. Cain's death should be seen as a cautionary tale for the anti-mask movements. It won't, but it should.
 * 5
 * Shakuntala Devi
 * 1,097,470
 * A treatise of arithmetic Fleuron T051624-1.png
 * The first Indian figure on the list this week is Devi, author of The World of Homosexuals which, fascinating as it sounds and groundbreaking as it was, is unrelated. Devi was best known as a human calculator (or the human calculator, so was her fame) and her amazing mind earned her an official Guinness World Record... in 1980. She died in 2013, and was only presented with the record this week, despite appearing in the GWR book. She's also the subject of a recent biopic, released Friday on Prime Video.
 * 6
 * Rhea Chakraborty
 * 1,095,924
 * Rhea Chakraborty at Pega Teach For Change event (08) (cropped).jpg
 * Chakraborty was first reported as Sushant Singh Rajput's girlfriend after the latter committed suicide. On the 25th, the deceased's father filed a First Information Report, accusing her (and many others) of theft and abetting suicide for allegedly threatening Singh Rajput by saying he should be declared mentally unwell. She was arrested this past Tuesday.
 * 7
 * Deaths in 2020
 * 921,476
 * Allegory of death; skeleton, c.1600 Wellcome L0014669.jpg
 * No I don't want to battle from beginning to end I don't want a cycle of recycled revenge I don't want to follow Death and All His Friends!
 * 8
 * The Umbrella Academy (TV series)
 * 686,289
 * San Diego Comic-Con 2008- day 3 - Umbrella Academy signing.jpg
 * Netflix released the much-anticipated second season adapting the comics written by musician Gerard Way and drawn by Gabriel Bá (pictured), where the remaining kids of a superpowered "family" time travel to prevent an apocalypse. "Family" being in inverted commas thanks to adoption that allowed for diverse casting: among its popular main cast are a British actor, an Irish actor, a Canadian, a teenager, and one of the original Broadway cast of #14's musical.
 * 9
 * Dil Bechara
 * 664,134
 * Director Mukesh Chhabra's (pictured) take on the teenage cancer of teenage cancer books, The Fault in Our Stars, was released for free streaming on Disney+ Hotstar on July 24, and was reportedly viewed 85 million times in its first 24 hours. It's either still getting hype or has been dragged into the new scandal (#6) about main actor Sushant Singh Rajput's suicide.
 * 10
 * Jacob Elordi
 * 632,000
 * Jacob_Elordi_for_Vanity_Fair_02.jpg
 * This young Australian actor has seen a sudden rise to prominence thanks to his leading roles in two major franchises: TV's Euphoria and the Netflix movies about a kissing booth co-starring Joey King that are getting a lot of coverage at the moment. The second of the films was released this week.
 * }
 * 8
 * The Umbrella Academy (TV series)
 * 686,289
 * San Diego Comic-Con 2008- day 3 - Umbrella Academy signing.jpg
 * Netflix released the much-anticipated second season adapting the comics written by musician Gerard Way and drawn by Gabriel Bá (pictured), where the remaining kids of a superpowered "family" time travel to prevent an apocalypse. "Family" being in inverted commas thanks to adoption that allowed for diverse casting: among its popular main cast are a British actor, an Irish actor, a Canadian, a teenager, and one of the original Broadway cast of #14's musical.
 * 9
 * Dil Bechara
 * 664,134
 * Director Mukesh Chhabra's (pictured) take on the teenage cancer of teenage cancer books, The Fault in Our Stars, was released for free streaming on Disney+ Hotstar on July 24, and was reportedly viewed 85 million times in its first 24 hours. It's either still getting hype or has been dragged into the new scandal (#6) about main actor Sushant Singh Rajput's suicide.
 * 10
 * Jacob Elordi
 * 632,000
 * Jacob_Elordi_for_Vanity_Fair_02.jpg
 * This young Australian actor has seen a sudden rise to prominence thanks to his leading roles in two major franchises: TV's Euphoria and the Netflix movies about a kissing booth co-starring Joey King that are getting a lot of coverage at the moment. The second of the films was released this week.
 * }
 * Jacob Elordi
 * 632,000
 * Jacob_Elordi_for_Vanity_Fair_02.jpg
 * This young Australian actor has seen a sudden rise to prominence thanks to his leading roles in two major franchises: TV's Euphoria and the Netflix movies about a kissing booth co-starring Joey King that are getting a lot of coverage at the moment. The second of the films was released this week.
 * }
 * }

Wounds that heal and cracks that fix (August 2 to 8)

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Rank ! Article ! Class ! Views ! Image ! Notes/about
 * 1
 * Lebanon
 * 1,588,673
 * Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg
 * A small country beset by war and tragedy this week saw its capital city (#6) destroyed (#3) in a big explosion caused by incompetence (#5). Though not nuclear, the size and appearance of the mushroom cloud that resulted in earthquakes in mainland Europe has been likened to some notable bombings.
 * 2
 * The Umbrella Academy (TV series)
 * 1,538,754
 * Ellen Page<PHONE_NUMBER>6).jpg
 * Season 2 of the mystery superhero drama arrived on Netflix. Ellen Page (pictured) stars in it as Vanya, who is doing a hell of a lot better than in season 1. Page is also from Canada, where the show is filmed, and according to co-star Emmy Raver-Lampman she would take other castmembers out to local places while filming.
 * 3
 * 2020 Beirut explosions
 * 1,207,762
 * Damages after 2020 Beirut explosions 1.jpg
 * In the port of Beirut (#6), capital of Lebanon (#1), there was a warehouse that since 2014 housed dangerous chemicals (#5) taken from an abandoned ship. On August 4, a fire broke in said warehouse, leading to a blast that wrecked buildings in a 10 kilometer (6 miles) radius.
 * 4
 * Shakuntala Devi
 * 1,178,421
 * Vidya Balan on the sets of UTV Bindass.jpg
 * The subject of a new film from Amazon Prime, where she's portrayed by Vidya Balan (pictured). While Netflix is going action, Amazon has decided to go... math.
 * 5
 * Ammonium nitrate
 * 1,089,158
 * Ammonium Nitrate.jpg
 * rowspan="2"|Ammonium nitrate is a highly unstable substance that has caused some big explosions, like #14 and #3, the latter of which turned Beirut, capital of #1, into rubble this week.
 * 6
 * Beirut
 * 961,178
 * Ferris wheel and the corniche.jpg
 * 7
 * Deaths in 2020
 * 858,347
 * 226 The Death of Concubine Yang 70.9x59inch 1999small.jpg
 * Will you defeat them Your demons and all the non-believers? The plans that they have made? Because one day, I'll leave you A phantom to lead you in the summer To join The Black Parade
 * 8
 * Rhea Chakraborty
 * 691,270
 * rowspan="2"|Bollywood dance show in Bristol.jpg
 * rowspan="2"|How's this for Bollywood drama: Chakraborty, the girlfriend of the late Sushant Singh Rajput, was originally arrested last week for something related to his suicide, but is now being investigated for money laundering. In a shocking turn of events in this whole suicide scandal, Singh Rajput's best friend and fellow Bollywood star, Sharma, killed himself this week.
 * 9
 * Samir Sharma
 * 665,074
 * 10
 * Wilford Brimley
 * 618,624
 * Wilford Brimley talking (cropped) (2).jpg
 * A moderately famous actor and sometime singer, Brimley is also the person who caused half of North America to pronounce diabetes as "diabeetus" – he was diagnosed with the condition in the 1970s and became a prominent campaigner, but one with a mountain accent. He died on August 1 from what appears to be a diabetes-related kidney problem.
 * }
 * 8
 * Rhea Chakraborty
 * 691,270
 * rowspan="2"|Bollywood dance show in Bristol.jpg
 * rowspan="2"|How's this for Bollywood drama: Chakraborty, the girlfriend of the late Sushant Singh Rajput, was originally arrested last week for something related to his suicide, but is now being investigated for money laundering. In a shocking turn of events in this whole suicide scandal, Singh Rajput's best friend and fellow Bollywood star, Sharma, killed himself this week.
 * 9
 * Samir Sharma
 * 665,074
 * 10
 * Wilford Brimley
 * 618,624
 * Wilford Brimley talking (cropped) (2).jpg
 * A moderately famous actor and sometime singer, Brimley is also the person who caused half of North America to pronounce diabetes as "diabeetus" – he was diagnosed with the condition in the 1970s and became a prominent campaigner, but one with a mountain accent. He died on August 1 from what appears to be a diabetes-related kidney problem.
 * }
 * Wilford Brimley
 * 618,624
 * Wilford Brimley talking (cropped) (2).jpg
 * A moderately famous actor and sometime singer, Brimley is also the person who caused half of North America to pronounce diabetes as "diabeetus" – he was diagnosed with the condition in the 1970s and became a prominent campaigner, but one with a mountain accent. He died on August 1 from what appears to be a diabetes-related kidney problem.
 * }
 * }

Tell me all your politik (August 9 to 15)

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Rank ! Article ! Class ! Views ! Image ! Notes/about
 * 1
 * Kamala Harris
 * 11,843,595
 * Senator Harris official senate portrait.jpg
 * California lawyer and senator who was announced this week as the Democrat VP pick with running-mate #9. She was a popular choice, had a brief presidential campaign last year, and brings the rest of her family to the list. In the days after her selection, birtherism was reborn: though she was definitely born in California, with an American father, she is not white, which is enough to send certain people into discredit mode.
 * 2
 * Shyamala Gopalan
 * 1,851,954
 * rowspan="4"|Maya Harris at Kamala Harris inauguration as Attorney General.jpg Douglas Emhoff<PHONE_NUMBER>8 5323ea6526 h.jpg
 * rowspan="4"|As a result of #1 being chosen as a VP candidate, attention was brought in for the whole family – in order, her mother, her sister (above), her father, and her husband (below).
 * 3
 * Maya Harris
 * 1,644,390
 * 4
 * Donald J. Harris
 * 1,640,562
 * 5
 * Douglas Emhoff
 * 1,427,685
 * 6
 * QAnon
 * 1,370,205
 * Pence posing with QAnon police detail.jpg
 * What would American politics be without a conspiracy theory or two? |Marjorie Taylor Greene, a vocal supporter of Q, won a primary to a safe seat in the United States House of Representatives on Tuesday. Trump twote in support the next morning, leading to a question in a briefing. Trump sidestepped it, without mentioning Q.
 * 7
 * The Umbrella Academy (TV series)
 * 986,180
 * Tom Hopper 2013.jpg
 * Netflix released the second season of this a little while ago, setting the apocalypse in Dallas. The moral of the story seems to be that even when you try really hard, you can still get everything wrong? That, or join a cult.
 * 8
 * Joe Biden
 * 836,439
 * Joe Biden kickoff rally May 2019.jpg
 * While current president Trump has spent a lot of time on this list, the Democrats are presently occupying a lot of the top 10. Biden is Trump's competition as the countdown to November's election continues. He picked a running mate, #1, this week.
 * 9
 * Gunjan Saxena
 * 814,894
 * Janhvi Kapoor graces Lux Golden Rose Awards 2018 (01).jpg
 * An Indian female air force pilot, a movie about her life (where she's played by actress Janhvi Kapoor, pictured) was released August 12 on Netflix.
 * 10
 * Deaths in 2020
 * 813,025
 * [[File:Dood als vredesstichter Der Oberste Friedensstifter (titel op object), NG-505-171.jpg|100px]]
 * They call me The Seeker I've been searching low and high I won't get to get what I'm after Till the day I die
 * }
 * Joe Biden
 * 836,439
 * Joe Biden kickoff rally May 2019.jpg
 * While current president Trump has spent a lot of time on this list, the Democrats are presently occupying a lot of the top 10. Biden is Trump's competition as the countdown to November's election continues. He picked a running mate, #1, this week.
 * 9
 * Gunjan Saxena
 * 814,894
 * Janhvi Kapoor graces Lux Golden Rose Awards 2018 (01).jpg
 * An Indian female air force pilot, a movie about her life (where she's played by actress Janhvi Kapoor, pictured) was released August 12 on Netflix.
 * 10
 * Deaths in 2020
 * 813,025
 * [[File:Dood als vredesstichter Der Oberste Friedensstifter (titel op object), NG-505-171.jpg|100px]]
 * They call me The Seeker I've been searching low and high I won't get to get what I'm after Till the day I die
 * }
 * 813,025
 * [[File:Dood als vredesstichter Der Oberste Friedensstifter (titel op object), NG-505-171.jpg|100px]]
 * They call me The Seeker I've been searching low and high I won't get to get what I'm after Till the day I die
 * }
 * }

And open up your eyes (August 16 to 22)

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Rank ! Article ! Class ! Views ! Image ! Notes/about
 * 1
 * Kamala Harris
 * 2,523,180
 * Kamala_Harris_official_photo_(cropped2).jpg
 * rowspan=2|The 2020 Democratic National Convention was a four day television event taking place from Monday to Thursday, with an average audience of 21.6 million viewers. While the real stars of the show were Biden and Harris, viewers got to see appearances from all of their favorite characters from the Democratic primaries, and even a few teasers for the 2024 arc.
 * 2
 * Joe Biden
 * 1,852,528
 * Joe_Biden_official_portrait_2013.jpg
 * 3
 * QAnon
 * 1,379,518
 * Pence_posing_with_QAnon_police_detail.jpg
 * QAnon stands alone as the only major conspiracy theory that's supportive of the government. Imagine if David Icke thought there were lizards controlling everything and he openly campaigned to become one of them. Imagine somone thinking that the CIA killed Kennedy but also thanking them for it. Bizarre.
 * 4
 * Jill Biden
 * 1,252,629
 * Jill_Biden_official_portrait_2.jpg
 * #2's wife (and potential First Lady) appeared in a pre-taped video at the DNC on Tuesday night, talking about how capable of a president her husband would be.
 * 5
 * Elon Musk
 * 980,785
 * Elon_Musk_Royal_Society.jpg
 * In my skim of the news, Musk is doing something in Texas and has a new brain chip?
 * 6
 * Donald Trump
 * 847,079
 * Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg
 * Is seeking re-election.
 * 7
 * Deaths in 2020
 * 800,303
 * Duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton.jpg
 * And when you're gone, who remembers your name? Who keeps your flame? Who tells your story?
 * 8
 * Beau Biden
 * 775,600
 * BeauBiden-DOJ2013_(cropped).jpg
 * The last night of the DNC featured a tribute to the late son of #2 and Neilia Hunter, who died of brain cancer in 2015.
 * 9
 * Ronald Koeman
 * 767,192
 * Ronald Koeman 2.jpg
 * FC Barcelona isn't what it used to be: when faced with Bayern Munchen in the shortened\empty 2019–20 UEFA Champions League knockout phase, the usually victorious Spanish squad received an 8-2 thumping! Such a humiliation led to the dismissal of their coach, and in comes a Dutchman who was an old idol of the team, Ronald Koeman, most recently manager of his country's national team.
 * 10
 * Betty Broderick
 * 749,527
 * Amanda Peet @ TIFF 04-2.jpg
 * Netflix released season 2 of Dirty John, which tells some of Broderick's story – she, played there by Amanda Peet (pictured), killed her ex-husband and his new wife in 1989, and is still in jail for it.
 * }
 * Beau Biden
 * 775,600
 * BeauBiden-DOJ2013_(cropped).jpg
 * The last night of the DNC featured a tribute to the late son of #2 and Neilia Hunter, who died of brain cancer in 2015.
 * 9
 * Ronald Koeman
 * 767,192
 * Ronald Koeman 2.jpg
 * FC Barcelona isn't what it used to be: when faced with Bayern Munchen in the shortened\empty 2019–20 UEFA Champions League knockout phase, the usually victorious Spanish squad received an 8-2 thumping! Such a humiliation led to the dismissal of their coach, and in comes a Dutchman who was an old idol of the team, Ronald Koeman, most recently manager of his country's national team.
 * 10
 * Betty Broderick
 * 749,527
 * Amanda Peet @ TIFF 04-2.jpg
 * Netflix released season 2 of Dirty John, which tells some of Broderick's story – she, played there by Amanda Peet (pictured), killed her ex-husband and his new wife in 1989, and is still in jail for it.
 * }
 * 749,527
 * Amanda Peet @ TIFF 04-2.jpg
 * Netflix released season 2 of Dirty John, which tells some of Broderick's story – she, played there by Amanda Peet (pictured), killed her ex-husband and his new wife in 1989, and is still in jail for it.
 * }
 * }

Exclusions

 * These lists exclude the Wikipedia main page, non-article pages (such as redlinks), and anomalous entries (such as DDoS attacks or likely automated views). Since mobile view data became available to the Report in October 2014, we exclude articles that have almost no mobile views (5–6% or less) or almost all mobile views (94–95% or more) because they are very likely to be automated views based on our experience and research of the issue. Please feel free to discuss any removal on the Top 25 Report talk page if you wish.


text:
Talk:Mak Chai-kwong

Bias in "Housing allowance scandal"
Extremely heavy bias is evident in the third and fourth paragraphs in the section named "Housing allowance scandal". The second paragraph was also written in the form of speculation or opinion. These clearly violate Wikipedia's three core content policies:

Neutral point of view (NPOV)

Verifiability (V)

No original research (NOR)

Edwardyu236 (talk) 06:25, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mak Chai-kwong


text:
Talk:Mike Clancy

Date of death
Many sources list the date of death as June 15. However, a photo of his gravestone on his memorial at Find a Grave lists his date of death as June 11 (see link at External links). I could not locate a reliable source to confirm the date. I recommend including one in the future if found. Semper Fi! FieldMarine (talk) 13:51, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mike Clancy


text:
Byrd Mock

Byrd Mock (February 23, 1876 – November 17, 1966) was an American writer, journalist, poet, and publisher, who also set numerous records as a golfer.

Born Lucy Byrd Mock in Prairie Grove, Arkansas on February 23, 1876, she attended the Methodist Academy until 1890, when she was admitted to the University of Arkansas as a fourteen-year-old sophomore. In 1893, she spent part of her summer break on a trip overseas to Great Britain, where she learned to play golf. Mock enjoyed the game so much that she purchased a set of golf clubs to bring home. With no golf course in Arkansas at the time, Mock drafted a five-hole layout that included putting greens and fairways. Upon its completion that summer, the seventeen-year-old golfer and a group of friends played the first round of golf in Arkansas. When Mock returned to UA in the fall, she became the first player to represent the school in that sport. She was later confirmed to be Arkansas's first golfer and golf instructor, and the world's first woman to design and build a golf course.

Mock taught at Jessamine College in Kentucky until 1900, when she returned to UA, receiving her MA in 1905. She moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and taught Greek and Latin at Forest Park University for Women. Around 1909, Mock relocated to Seattle, Washington, where she wrote magazine articles about the area's scenic locations, history, and Native American culture, and opened a publishing firm called at the Sign of the Mocking Bird. Mock was living in Los Angeles, California, when the city hosted the 1932 Summer Olympics, which inspired her to write "The Olympic Games: Past, Present, and Future, A Pindaric Ode." In 1936, Avery Brundage, then President of the American Olympic Committee, was presented with a copy of her Olympic Ode, illustrated by the American artist, Charles Sinclair. It became part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Mock married William Lafayette Crittenden in 1911 in Seattle; they had divorced by 1915. She later married Willet E. Dentinger in 1923, they divorced by 1930.

Mock spent the latter part of her career as a reviewing editor in New York City from the mid-1930s until her retirement in 1956, when she moved to Eureka Springs, Arkansas. She died on November 17, 1966, in Fort Smith, Arkansas

title: Byrd Mock


text:
Portal:Mathematics/Learn/Quotes

"A man provided with paper, pencil, and rubber, and subject to strict discipline, is in effect a universal Turing Machine." -Alan Turing

title: Portal:Mathematics/Learn/Quotes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of hospitals in Montreal

The result was keep. Tone 09:03, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

List of hospitals in Montreal

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Borderline, but I don't think this meets WP:LISTN or WP:GNG. There is an alternative of selective merge/redirect to Montreal, where the two main hospitals are already mentioned. Most of these listed are now part of the two super-hospitals in Montreal. WP is not a directory and this does not appear to be a notable topic. Boleyn (talk) 05:59, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions. North America1000 06:07, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Medicine-related deletion discussions. North America1000 06:07, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Quebec-related deletion discussions. North America1000 06:07, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep – Qualifies for an article per WP:NOTDUP relative to Category:Hospitals in Montreal, functioning as a useful navigation aid. I went ahead and pruned the red links and made some othe minor cleanup edits to make the article compatible with WP:NOTDUP. North America1000 06:12, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep This is just a split from the List of hospitals in Canada and so deletion is not appropriate per WP:NEXIST; WP:NOTCLEANUP; &c. Creating pages for discussions like this is counterproductive because it adds to the busywork and clutter rather than reducing it.  See also WP:SOFIXIT. Andrew🐉(talk) 10:25, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Redirect to List of hospitals in Canada, all of these hospitals and some more are actually listed there anyway, making this article a WP:CONTENTFORK. Devonian Wombat (talk) 11:04, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, this article is a content fork. Although I would just merge everything from the hospitals in Canada article and just link the hospitals in Montreal article so it doesn't appear in two places. Ajf773 (talk) 00:51, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * KEEP Perfectly valid list article as it aids in navigation. See WP:WHYN   D r e a m Focus  15:13, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep standard article premise Deathlibrarian (talk) 01:37, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep passes WP:LISTN This list aides our readers. Wm335td (talk) 02:12, 21 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Deonne Bridger

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text:
Introduction to mechanics

Introduction
Mechanics is the study of the motion of objects using equations. This can be achieved by using standard formulae or mathematical techniques such as differentiation or integration.

Definitions
A few definitions need to be discussed.

Speed can be calculated as the absolute value of velocity, ie spd = |u| or spd = |v|
 * $$Displacement$$ - How far an object is from its starting position. This is given the symbol $$s$$
 * $$Distance$$ - How far an object has travelled. This is not usually used in calculations.
 * $$Initial$$ $$Velocity$$ - The starting rate of change of displacement. This is given the symbol $$u$$
 * $$Final$$ $$Velocity$$ - The ending rate of change of displacement. This is given the symbol $$v$$
 * $$Speed$$ - The rate of change of distance. This is not usually used in calculations.*
 * $$Acceleration$$ - The rate of change of velocity. This is given the symbol $$a$$
 * $$Time$$ - How long has elapsed from the start of the event. This is given the symbol $$t$$

Standard Units
The SI units (standard units) of the quantities used in this section are given below:
 * $$Displacement$$ - metres $$(m)$$
 * $$Velocity$$ - metres per second $$(ms^{-1})$$
 * $$Acceleration$$ - metres per second squared$$(ms^{-2})$$
 * $$Time$$ - seconds $$(s)$$

Motion in a straight line with constant velocity
To calculate the displacement moved by an object with constant velocity we use the following formula:

$$s=ut$$ Example: ''A car is travelling at 10ms$$^{-1}$$. How far will it travel in 12s?'' s = 10 x 12 = 120. Thus the car will travel 120m in 12s. Note. This formula is based on a formula shown below.

Newton's equations of motion
In mechanics, the following formulae are VERY important. These are: These can be used to solve any motion question where there is a constant (or assumed to be constant) acceleration. Even if the acceleration is 0. The equation from the above section $$(s=ut)$$ is derived from $$s=ut+0.5at^2$$ with $$a=0$$ and therefore $$s=ut+0$$ etc. To decide which equation to use, look at the data you are given. Write down a list of the quantities given (the s,u,v,a and t values). Then cross out the quantity that is not mentioned in the question. All you have to do now is see which equation has the 4 quantities that you have left in and then solve. Example 1: ''A car is travelling at 10ms$$^{-1}$$ when it starts accelerating at 1.5ms$$^{-2}$$. How far will it travel in 15s?'' s = ?, u = 10, v =, a = 1.5, t = 15  Thus use $$s=ut+0.5at^2$$. s = (10 x 15) + (0.5 x 1.5 x 15²) s = 150 + 168.75 = 318.75 Thus the car will travel 318.75m Example 2: ''A cyclist is initially at rest and then accelerates to 12ms$$^{-1}$$ in 6s. Calculate the acceleration.''  s =, u = 0, v = 12, a = ?, t = 6  Thus use $$v=u+at$$. 12 = 0 + (a x 6) 12 = 6a Thus a = 2 The cyclist is accelerating at 2ms$$^{-2}$$ Example 3: ''A van accelerates at 1.5ms$$^{-2}$$ over a distance of 10m to 20ms$$^{-1}$$. How fast was the van travelling before it started accelerating?'' s = 10, u = ?, v = 20, a = 1.5, t =  Thus use $$v^2=u^2+2as$$. 20² = u² + (2 x 1.5 x 10) 400 = u² + 30 u² = 370 u = $$\sqrt{370}$$ = 19.2 (3sf) The van was travelling at 19.2ms$$^{-1}$$ (3sf) Example 4: ''A lorry can come to a stop from 10ms$$^{-1}$$ in 3 seconds. How far will it travel before it stops?'' s = ?, u = 10, v = 0, a =, t = 3  Thus use $$s=0.5t(u+v)$$. s = (0.5 x 3) x (10 + 0) s = 1.5 x 10 s = 15 The lorry will cover 15m before stopping.
 * $$v=u+at$$
 * $$s=ut+0.5at^2$$
 * $$s=0.5t(u+v)$$
 * $$v^2=u^2+2as$$

Applied force
Whenever a force is applied to an object it accelerates proportionally to the size of the force applied.

ie $$F \alpha\ a$$. and therefore $$F = ka$$ where k is a constant.

Via calculations the constant k, is actually the mass (m) of the object being accelerated therefore: $$F = ma$$.

Example: ''A freighter weighing 100000kg is accelerating at 10ms$$^{-2}$$. What force is required?'' Use $$F=ma$$  F = 100000 x 10  F = 1000000N  ''A force of 1000kN is required. (Where 1kN = 1000N)''

Vector motion
So far we have only really looked at motion in 1 dimension. Some times you need to look at motion in 2 and maybe 3 dimensions. To achieve this, all you have to do is convert the equations of motion into vector equations. Therefore the equations of motion become: Where the underlined quantities are vector quantities none-underlined quantities are scalar. Note: the last equation of motion is missing as this requires a more complex method of solving as it involves vector products. Example: ''A ball is moving with an initial velocity of $$(\underline{i}+3\underline{j}-6\underline{k})$$ms$$^{-1}$$ for 2 seconds. Assume the only acceleration is that of gravity, which can be taken to be 9.8ms$$^{-2}$$. Find the position vector of the ball at time t = 2s. (i, j and k represent the x,y and z axis of the cartesean system)'' $$\underline{s}$$ = ? $$\underline{u}=(\underline{i}+3\underline{j}-6\underline{k})$$  v =  $$\underline{a}=-9.8\underline{j}$$ $$t=2$$ Thus use $$\underline{s}=\underline{u}t+0.5\underline{a}t^2$$ $$\underline{s}=2\underline{i}+6\underline{j}-12\underline{k})-39.2\underline{j}$$ $$\underline{s}=2\underline{i}-33.2\underline{j}-12\underline{k}$$ Thus the ball is at $$(2\underline{i}-33.2\underline{j}-12\underline{k})$$
 * $$\underline{v}=\underline{u}+\underline{a}t$$
 * $$\underline{s}=\underline{u}t+0.5\underline{a}t^2$$
 * $$\underline{s}=0.5t(\underline{u}+\underline{v})$$

To find the distance of the position vector, take the modulus (| a |) of the vector using Pythagoras' theorem.

Mechanics using calculus
More often than not you will be presented with a problem that gives you the displacement/velocity/acceleration as a function rather than just values. To solve these you must use differentiation and integration techniques. Acceleration, velocity and Displacement are related as follows:

And therefore.. Example: ''A car's acceleration describes the function $$a=\frac{4t^3}{3}-\frac{3t^2}{2}+2$$. State the function of the velocity given that the car was at rest before accelerating.'' $$a=\frac{dv}{dt}=\frac{4t^3}{3}-\frac{3t^2}{2}+2$$ Therefore $$v=\int(\frac{4t^3}{3}-\frac{3t^2}{2}+2)dt$$ $$v=\frac{t^4}{3}-\frac{t^3}{2}+2t+C$$ where C is the constant of integration  ''At time t = 0, v = 0. Therefore:'' $$0=0-0+0+C \Rightarrow \ C = 0$$ $$v=\frac{t^4}{3}-\frac{t^3}{2}+2t$$
 * $$Displacement = \int(Velocity)dt$$
 * $$Velocity = \int(Acceleration)dt$$
 * $$Acceleration = \frac{d}{dt}(Velocity)$$
 * $$Velocity = \frac{d}{dt}(Displacement)$$

Questions

 * 1) A ball is rolled 15m in 10s. How fast was it travelling?
 * 2) A Car accelerates from rest to 25ms$$^{-1}$$ while travelling 15m. How long did this take?
 * 3) An athlete accelerates from rest to 10ms$$^{-1}$$ in 1s. State the acceleration.
 * 4) Calculate the acceleration created when a 10kg block has a force of 200N exerted on it.
 * 5) Using the acceleration found above, how fast will a object travelling at 10ms$$^{-1}$$ be travelling after 10 seconds?
 * 6) A rock is thrown with velocity $$\underline{i}-5\underline{j}-\underline{k}$$. Assuming that the only acceleration acting upon the rock is gravity, (9.8ms$$^{-2}$$) state the position vector after 13s and therefore the distance after 13s.
 * 7) An object's path is described by the function $$t^2-16t+64$$. Find the velocity function and therefore the acceleration applied to the object.

Answers

 * 1) 1.5ms$$^{-1}$$
 * 2) 1.2s
 * 3) 10ms$$^{-2}$$
 * 4) 20ms$$^{-2}$$
 * 5) 210ms$$^{-1}$$
 * 6) $$\underline{s}=13\underline{i}-403.1\underline{j}-13\underline{k}$$. And therefore the distance is 403.52m (2dp)
 * 7) $$v=(2t-16)ms^{-1}$$ and therefore $$a=2ms^{-2}$$.

Credits
Written by Richardtebbs 00:21, 23 January 2007 (UTC) Please find any mistakes and update them to keep content accurate.

title: Introduction to mechanics


text:
User:Alex Bakharev/Recall

Since I am open to recall, you can request a review of me and my administrative actions. Here are the following guidelines if you wish to recall me.

 * Six editors in "good standing" must intiate the request. "Good Standing" being defined as two months service to Wikipedia, with more than 1000 edits. Also, any of the editors can not be blocked for more than 48 hours (excepting the blocks administrated by me).
 * Once six or more editors express the wish to review me and my administrative actions, I will open an RfC against myself to allow a consensus to form. However, if twice as many editors in "good standing," verbally disagree with the recall, the entire process is nullified.
 * If there is a simple majority of users in good standing against my retaining adminship, I will rerun in an RfA to get a final consensus. If the consensus of the RfC is for me to retain my adminship, I will not file said RfA.
 * Once the RfA is complete and the closing b'crat closes in favor of stripping the tools from me, I will ask a steward to remove my SysOp privileges. If the closing b'crat finds the RfA to be in favor of retention, I will continue to be a SysOp.

And, that's it: how to recall my adminship in 4 steps.

Thanks for reading abakharev 08:32, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Alex Bakharev/Recall


text:
User:Tammykchao/sandbox

Assignment: Article Evaluation 10/06
Chinatown, San Francisco This article is well organized with multiple subheadings trying to incorporate as much history and information as possible. It has some bias in terms of being the largest Chinatown in America. In the talk page, there are arguments primarily about the size of Chinatown San Francisco versus Chinatown Manhattan.

Assignment: Robert Gober 10/13
I want to add on more about Robert Gober's early life and background, however, it is difficult to find any information on it. I also wanted to add on about how his exhibition 'The Heart is Not a Metaphor' is one the first large-scale exhibition in the US. The Art Story Matthew Marks MoMa Tammykchao (talk) 18:00, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

Assignment: Plague Article - Angel Island (California)
I found a governmental reference regarding preservation and restoration of Angel Island. It gives legislative history of how the H.R. 606 was introduced and passed to appropriate $15 million dollars to the Secretary of Interior for restoration of the island. Prior to that, in 1999, the National Trust and the White House Millennium Council donated $500,000 to preserve the Chinese poems that were carved into the walls. Then in the year 2000 California passed a measure to set aside $15 million specifically for the restoration of Angel Island Immigration Station which the H.R. 606 would later authorize. H.R. 606 was not the first to be proposed. There were other similar legislation that were introduced but had no further action take after those were passed. Introduced in February 2005 and passed in May 2005, H.R. 606 sets congressional findings and authorizes he appropriation of $15 million. Later the National Park Service would disperse the money over 3-4 year span as grants. Before I added anything I checked if it was already mentioned but I didn't see it on this Wiki page, so I went to the other Wiki page [Island Immigration Station] to check if it was there. It's not either. Would it be more accurate to add the information to this page or to the other? Or it is it not relevant information? Tammykchao (talk) 22:50, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

Assignment Plague Article: Angel Island (California) Continued..
In response to Wong Chut King's death, San Francisco quickly quarantined the area to neutralize possible disease-causing agents and searched for persons suspected of having any contact with Wong Chut. If they were suspected of it, they would be sent to isolation facilities. Tammykchao (talk) 05:43, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Prior to the National Quarantine Act of 1893, the plague posed such a threat to the U.S. that Angel island opened as a quarantine station in 1891 to screen Asian passengers and their baggage prior to landing on U.S. soil (Risse).

In response to more deaths, tissue samples were sent to angel island for confirmation of the bacteria that is spreading the suspected plague. At that time, the plague was difficult to diagnose due to other diseases that mask its presence along with fear.

Bacteriologist [|Joseph Kinyoun] who was stationed at Angel Island in 1899, believed that the plague would spread throughout San Francisco's China Town after the bubonic plague bacteria was confirmed from one of the deaths. The samples were discovered by Frank Wilson, an assistant city health officer, and Wilfred Kellog, another bacteriologist. (Risse) Tammykchao (talk) 06:30, 26 November 2017 (UTC)

Even with a vaccine to inoculate and protect the residents of Chinatown, the Chinese believed that the vaccine was experimental and did not want to receive it. City officials tried to explain that it was not particularly aimed at the Chinese and that other San Francisco residents were receiving it too as a preventative measure to ensure that people do not get quarantined and the district burned down (Risse) Tammykchao (talk) 18:01, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

title: User:Tammykchao/sandbox


text:
Oboe d'amore

Oboe d'amore is the alto or mezzosoprano member of the oboe family. A member of the modern oboe family with a soprano/alto range, the range of which sounds from G-sharp below middle C to C-sharp above the treble clef, but is notated a minor third above that. The oboe d'amore was very popular during the Baroque era. Its sound is somewhat gentler than that of the oboe, and its lower notes are dark, full, and rich. The oboe d'amore has almost fallen out of favor today, often being replaced by the oboe and the Cor anglais. They are part of the wider family of the double reeds which includes the following instruments from the smallest to the largest:
 * musette

 * oboe

 * oboe d'amore

 * cor anglais, or the English horn

 * baritone oboe or bass oboe

 * heckelphone

 * bassoon or fagott

 * contrabassoon or contrafagott.

In the baroque time, there were also instruments like oboe da caccia and taille, which are substituted by the english horn in modern performances. In the 18th century, there were also oboes with the same size and the same pitch (A) as the oboe d'amore, but without the pear-shaped bell. These were called just as 'oboe', 'oboe grande' or 'haute-contre'. According to the present knowledge, the oboe d'amore was at the first time used in 1717 by Christoph Graupner in his Cantata Wie wunderbar ist Gottes Güt. The instrument was used by J.S.Bach, G.P.Telemann, the Graun brothers, C.Graupner, G.H.Stölzel, J.M.Böhm, A.Lotti, J.H.Roman and a few others. Possibly the last to write for oboe d'amore in the 18th century was C.D. von Dittersdorf. The oboe d'amore was re-established in the second half of the 19th century and it is used both in presentations of baroque music and in modern compositions. The composers who have used the oboe d'amore after the new rise of the instrument include Debussy, R.Strauss, Ravel, Koechlin, Delius, Henze, Takemitsu and others.

Slightly larger than the oboe, the oboe d'amore has a less assertive and more tranquil and serene tone, and is considered the mezzo-soprano or alto of the oboe family. It is a transposing instrument, sounding a minor third lower than it is notated, i.e. in A. The bell is pear-shaped, similar to that of the larger Cor anglais, and it uses a bocal that is similar to it, although shorter.

Compositions for the Oboe d'amore

 * J.S.Bach: Concerto A major, BWV1055

 * Claude Debussy: Gigues from Images

 * Christos Hatzis: Heirmos

 * G.P.Telemann: Cantata 'Der Herr ist König' and 'Die Donnerode'

 * G.P.Telemann: Concerto for Flute, Oboe d'amore and Viola d'amore

title: Oboe d'amore


text:
Kaladzhukh, Republic of Dagestan

Kaladzhukh (Каладжух; Къалажух) is a rural locality (a selo) in Dokuzparinsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 1,758 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Kaladzhukh is located 9 km south of Usukhchay (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mikrakh and Kiler are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Lezgins live there.

title: Kaladzhukh, Republic of Dagestan


text:
Talk:Year of the Dragon (Modern Talking album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Year of the dragon.jpg
Image:Year of the dragon.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 02:54, 29 August 2007 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Rize–Artvin Airport

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
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title: Talk:Rize–Artvin Airport


text:
User:JCockrum/sandbox

Wikipedia Cheatsheet Works anywhere in the text Description You type You get Italic text italic italic Bold text bold bold Bold and italic text bold & italic bold & italic Link to another Wikipedia page Name of page Text to display Name of page Text to display Link internal heading Name2 Name2 Show an image Caption Size an image
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(option "60px" means 60 pixels wide) Cap Add a page to a category Category:Test

(place at the bottom of a page) Shows "Test" in a bar at bottom when the page is previewed or saved. Signature Sign your contributions when posting to a Talk Page. JCockrum (talk) 20:38, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

(Do not sign in an article, only on talk-pages.) Username (talk) 18:52, 11 July 2012 (UTC) Using Templates Description You type You get Use a template This is an example of a template. For help with templates, see Help:Template. Use This Text Use undefined undefined to change units 29 km 29 kilometres (18 mi) Works only at the beginning of lines Description You type You get Redirect to another page Redirects must be placed at the start of the first line. #REDIRECT Target page Target page Redirect to a section of another page #REDIRECT Target page Target page#anchorName Section headings

A Table of Contents will automatically be generated when four headings are added to an article. ==Level 2==

Level 6
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no indent (normal)

first indent second indent third indent Adding footnote references Cheatsheet for citing a website or publication Referencing for beginners Insert footnotes as references in a page to list at page bottom Hello, World.

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Cookbook:Frying

Frying is the cooking of food in fat. This takes several forms, from deep-frying, where the food is completely immersed in hot oil, to sautéing where food is cooked in a frying pan where there is only a thin coating of oil. Frying is the fastest way to cook, as it is the most efficient way to transfer heat into the food. Despite using liquid oil, frying is considered to be a dry cooking method as water is not used in the cooking process and ideally the cooking oil will not be absorbed by the food, thus no moisture is added by cooking.

Deep-frying
Deep frying involves fully immersing food in hot oil. It is an extremely fast cooking method, and, despite the use of liquid oil, is best classified as a dry cooking method because it does not involve liquid water.

Shallow-frying
Shallow-frying involves partially submerging food in hot oil. Generally, quite a bit less than the bottom third—and occasionally up to half—of the food will be in oil.

Pan-frying
The term "pan-frying" is a somewhat ambiguous term that can refer either to shallow-frying or sautéing over lower heat with less agitation. Check your specific recipe for clarifying details when possible.

Sautéing
Sautéing is cooking food in a small quantity of fat or oil. When sautéing, a very small amount of oil is placed in a shallow pan, and when it is sufficiently hot, the food is put into it. Foods that are to be sautéed are usually sliced thin or cut into small pieces, and they are sometimes turned frequently during the process of cooking. The term "sauté" is derived from the French word for "jumping", used to describe the action of the food in the pan. Generally the minimum possible amount of oil is used, which differentiates it from shallow-frying.

Stir-frying
Stir-frying involves frying food quickly over very high heat in an oiled pan. While stir-frying, you generally stir continually. A special slope-sided pan called a wok is designed for stir-frying. An open flame heat source such as gas works best when using a wok.

Sweating
To sweat is to cook moist foods over low heat in a small amount of fat, usually in a covered pan or pot. Often used to describe the way aromatic vegetables such as onions, carrots and celery are cooked prior to adding other ingredients. The objective in sweating vegetables is to soften them and release the moisture in them, not to brown them. This release of moisture is how the term "sweat" gets its name. It is also known as butter-steam. Frequently the fat is provided by rendering fat from some fatty meat, such as bacon, which also adds additional flavor.

Related techniques

 * Some frying techniques are accompanied by deglazing, which makes use of the browning that occurs.

Kochbuch/ Techniken/ Braten ספר מתכונים/טיגון Kookboek/Braden

title: Cookbook:Frying


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Talk:Jeff Moore (soccer)

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title: Talk:Jeff Moore (soccer)