text:
Aziziyeh

Aziziyeh (, also Romanized as ‘Azīzīyeh) is a village in Eshaqabad Rural District, Zeberkhan District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 53, in 15 families.

title: Aziziyeh


text:
Serial Programming/Error Correction Methods

Introduction
There are 3 main types of handling errors:

 * acknowledge or retry (ACK-NAK).

 * "Forward Error Correction" (FEC)

 * Pretend It Never Happened

ACK-NAK
Each packet is checked by the receiver to make sure it is "good".

If it *is* good, the receiver (eventually) tells the sender that it came through OK -- it acknowledges (ACK) the packet.

All versions of ACK-NAK absolutely require Two Way Communication .

How does the receiver know it's good ?
The sender calculates a checksum or CRC for the entire packet (except for the footer), then appends it to the end of the packet (in the footer/trailer).

The typical CRC is 32 bits, often a Fletcher-32  checksum.

Aside: Note that the checksum or CRC are forms of hashing, ie, irreversibly shrinking data. Checksums and CRCs are weaker algorithms than "cryptographically strong" message authentication code algorithms such as MD5 or SHA variants. Cryptographically strong algorithms can detect errors better than checksums or CRCs, but they take more time to calculate.

Whenever the receiver receives a packet, the receiver calculates exactly the same checksum or CRC, then compares it to the one in the footer/trailer. If they match, the entire packet is (almost certainly) good, so the receiver sends an ACK.

When there's even the slightest question that the packet has any sort of error (which could be *either* in the actual data *or* in the header *or* in the checksum bits -- there's no way for the receiver to tell), the receiver discards it completely and (in most cases) pretends it never saw it.

If it's not good, the sender sends it again.

How does the sender know it wasn't good ?
It never got the ACK. (So either the packet was corrupted, *or* the ACK was corrupted -- there's no way for the sender to know).

"Stop-and-wait ARQ"
The simplest version of ACK-NAK is "Stop-and-wait ARQ".

The sender sends a packet, then waits a little for an ACK. As soon as it gets the ACK, it immediately sends the next packet. If the sender doesn't hear the ACK in time, it starts over from the beginning, sending the same packet again, until it does get an ACK.

The receiver waits for a packet. If the packet passes all the error-detection tests perfectly, the receiver transmits an ACK (acknowledgment) to the sender.

Subtleties: If the receiver receives the packet perfectly, but the ACK message is delayed too long, then the transmitter sends another copy of the message (a "communication echo"). Imagine the packet contained the message "deduct $11,000 from Fred's account.". When the receiver gets this second copy of the packet, what should it do? Certainly it should send an ACK (otherwise the transmitter will keep trying to send this packet over and over). Either or both of the following problems could occur:
 * The delayed first ACK could hit the transmitter after it transmits the second copy of the message, so it transmits the next packet. Then the second ACK hits the transmitter, tricking the transmitter into thinking that "next packet" has been successfully received, when it hasn't.
 * When the receiver gets 2 identical consecutive packets saying "deduct $11,000 from Fred's account", are these 2 legitimate independent transactions, and so it should deduct $22,000 from Fred's account? Or is it really just 1 transaction, with a bit of echo, and so should deduct a total of only $11,000 from Fred's account?

Both of these problems can be solved by adding a "sequence number". The transmitter keeps a count of how many independent packets it has transmitted to that receiver, and puts that sequence number in the header of each packet. But when it re-transmits a packet, it re-transmits that same identical packet with that same identical sequence number. Also, the receiver, rather than sending a generic "ACK" message, specifies which particular packet it is responding to by putting its sequence number in the ACK message. When there is a communication echo, the receiver sees the same sequence number, so ACKs that sequence number (again) but then discards and ignores the extra, redundant copy of a packet it already received. When the transmitter is sending a new packet that merely happens to contain the same data, the receiver sees a different sequence number, so it ACKs that new sequence number, and takes another $11,000 out of Fred's account. Poor Fred.

A 1-bit sequence number (alternating 1 - 0 - 1 - 0 for each new packet, and ACK1 ACK0 ACK1 ACK0 in response) is adequate for a stop-and-wait system. But as we will see, other ARQ protocols require a larger sequence number.

Subtleties: Some early protocols had the receiver send a NAK (negative acknowledgment) to the sender whenever a bad packet was received, and the sender would wait indefinitely until it received *either* an ACK *or* a NAK. This is a bad idea. Imagine what happens when (a) a little bit of noise made a bad packet, so the receiver sends the NAK back to the sender, but then (b) a little bit of noise made that NAK unrecognizable. Alternatively, imagine a shared-medium network with 1 sender and 2 receivers. What happens when a little noise messes up the "destination" field of the packet ?

With "Stop-and-wait ARQ", the sender and the receiver only needs to keep 1 packet in memory at a time.

streaming ARQ
The sender sends a packet, then the next packet, then the next, without waiting.

As it sends each packet, it puts a copy of that packet in a "window".

Each packet is consecutively numbered. (The sequence number must be at least large enough to uniquely identify every packet in the window).

... turn-around time ... bouncing off geostationary satellites ...

The receiver occasionally transmits an acknowledgment ("I got all packets up to 8980", "I got all packets up to 8990").

If the receiver is expecting packet number 9007, but it receives a packet with an *earlier* number (that it had already received successfully), it transmits (or possibly re-transmits) a "I got all packets up to 9006" message.

When the sender receives an acknowledgment of any packet in the "window", it deletes that copy.

When the sender's window gets full, it waits a little, then tries re-sending the packets in the window starting with the oldest.

So when the sender suspects an error in some packet, it resend *all* packets starting with the erroneous packet. This guarantees that the receiver will (eventually) receive all packets in order.

Optionally, If the receiver is expecting packet number 9007, but it receives packet number 9008, it may transmit a negative acknowledge (NAK) for 9007, and ignores any higher packet numbers until it gets packet 9007.

When the sender receives a NAK for any packet in the window, it re-starts transmission with that packet (and keeps it in the window).

With "streaming ARQ", the sender needs to keep the entire window of packets in memory at a time. But the receiver still only needs to handle 1 packet at a time, and handles them in consecutive order.

(Some people think of "streaming" as one big packet the size of the window using "stop-and-wait" protocol, divided into smaller "sub-packets").

Selective Repeat ARQ
A selective repeat ARQ system is a kind of streaming ARQ.

But instead of the receiver only handling 1 packet at a time, and discarding all packets higher or lower than the one it is looking for, the receiver tries to keep a copy of all packets it receives in a window of its own, and negotiates with the sender to try to resend *only* the erroneous packets.

FEC
If you have only one-way communication, you are forced to use Forward Error Correction, sometimes called EDAC (Error Detection And Correction).

You transmit the data, then (instead of a CRC) you transmit "check bits" that are calculated from the data.

... NASA space probes ... compact disks ...

The simplest kind is "repeat the message".

If I send the same packet twice, and noise only corrupts one of them, *and* the receiver can tell which one was corrupted, then no data was lost. If I send the same packet 3 times, and noise corrupts any one of them, then the receiver can do "best 2 out of 3". The "check bits" are 2 copies of the data bits. In fact, noise could corrupt a little bit of *all three* of them, and you could still extract all the data -- align the 3 packets next to each other, and do "best 2 out of 3" for every bit. As long as there were only a few bits of noise in each packet, and the noise was in a different place in each packet, all the data can be recovered.

... (put picture here) ...

There are some very clever kinds of FEC (Hamming codes, Reed-Solomon codes) that can correct all kinds of common errors better than "best 2 out of 3", and only require the same number of "check bits" as there are data bits.

Pretend It Never Happened
A sender often streams audio and video live, in real-time.

What should a receiver do when a packet gets mangled ?

If it sends a message back to the sender, asking it to resend that packet, by the time the reply gets back, it's probably several video frames later. It's too late to use that information.

Rather than pausing the entire movie until the request makes a round-trip, it's far less jarring to the audience if the receiver silently accepts some signal degradation while drawing attention away from it. The receiver discards the mangled packet, does its best to guess the data that would have been in the packet, and continues on as if nothing had happened. For example, it might fill a space with nearby pixels' colors. A receiver employing a strategy like this should log how often it had to fill in gaps, so that the user can troubleshoot a connection that isn't capable of consistent exact reproduction.

combination
Even when they have 2-way communication, sometimes people use FEC anyway. That way small amounts of noise can be corrected at the receiver. If a packet is corrupted so badly that FEC cannot fix it, the protocol falls back on ACK-NAK retransmission (or on Pretend It Never Happened).

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Michael Manser

Michael Manser (23 March 1929 – 8 June 2016) was a British architect. He was a president of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and established his own successful architecture practice in 1961.

Education and career
Born in Bristol, Manser studied architecture at Regent Street Polytechnic, now the University of Westminster. Before setting up his own practice Michael Manser Associates in 1961, Manser worked in London and the West Indies for Norman and Dawbarn. He later became the non-executive chairman of the Manser Practice. His son Jonathan is now managing director. His daughter Victoria has her own architectural practice.

Manser was president of the Royal Institute of British Architects 1983-85 and was elected a member of the Royal Academy in November 1994. He was honoured with a CBE in 1993, but declined the honour in 1988 due to the controversy over modern architecture with Prince Charles and an infamous lecture for the 150th anniversary of the RIBA during Manser's presidency of the institute.

In 2001, Architects' Journal inaugurated the annual Manser Medal, named after Michael Manser, to recognise the best completed house in the UK.

Notable buildings

 * Waterlooville Baptist Church, Waterlooville, Hampshire (1967)
 * Capel Manor House, 1970
 * The Quell, Haslemere, Surrey: private house (1985)
 * Hilton Hotel (originally Sterling Hotel), Heathrow Terminal 4, 1990
 * Southampton Airport, 1994
 * British High Commission (Umoja House), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2002

title: Michael Manser


text:
Najma Idrees

Najma Abdullah Idrees (Arabic: نجمة عبدالله إدريس; born 25 December 1952) is a Kuwaiti poet, columnist, and scholar.

Biography
Idrees was born in 1952 in Kuwait, and graduated from Kuwait University in 1976 as an Arabic literature major. She attained her PhD in 1987 from London University's School of Oriental and African Studies in which her dissertation topic was on 'The Concept of Death and its Development in Modern Arabic Poetry' (Arabic: مفهوم الموت وتطوره في الشعر العربي الحديث).

Idrees started writing as a poet and researcher since her early university years, and has published most of her early works on Al-Bayan magazine which is issued by the Kuwaiti Writers Association.

She is a frequent participant in the Cultural Weeks hosted by the National Council for Culture, Arts and Literature which takes place annually in different Arab countries.

Her contributions also include weekly columns for Al-Jarida newspaper, articles for monthly magazines, and open discussions in the local press and radio interviews.

Honors and awards

 * Arab Women Award (Kuwait 2013)
 * State of Kuwait Prize in the field of literature. (2002)

Books

 * My Language Fractures. I Grow (Arabic: تتكسّر لغتي .. أنمو)

title: Najma Idrees


text:
Channel 2 virtual TV stations in Canada

The following television stations operate on virtual channel 2 in Canada:

 * CBFT-DT in Montreal, Quebec
 * CBUT-DT in Vancouver, British Columbia
 * CFAP-DT in Quebec City, Quebec
 * CFGC-DT-2 in North Bay, Ontario
 * CHBC-DT in Kelowna, British Columbia
 * CICT-DT in Calgary, Alberta
 * CJBR-DT in Rimouski, Quebec
 * CKAL-DT-1 in Lethbridge, Alberta
 * CKCK-DT in Regina, Saskatchewan
 * CKCW-DT in Moncton, New Brunswick
 * CKPR-DT in Thunder Bay, Ontario
 * CKRT-DT-1 in Baie-Saint-Paul, Quebec
 * CKRT-DT-2 in Dégelis, Quebec
 * CKSA-DT in Lloydminster, Alberta/Saskatchewan

title: Channel 2 virtual TV stations in Canada


text:
shunpike

Noun

 * 1) A side road or route.
 * 2) * 1988: Joseph Dow's History of Hampton (New Hampshire), ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>, (referring to a bridge built to avoid a turnpike toll)
 * In 1821 the selectmen were petitioned to lay out a new road in Hampton, beginning at Vittum's corner, so called, [junction of Towle Farm Road & Exeter Road] and running to the line of Hampton Falls at the shunpike bridge, so called.

Translations

 * German: mautfreie Strecke (toll-free section)
 * Italian: normale (normal [route])

Verb

 * 1) To travel by side roads so as to avoid the toll roads or turnpikes.

Translations

 * Italian: farsi la normale (to take the normal route)

title: shunpike


text:
opo

Noun

 * 1) The calabash or bottle gourd.

Etymology
+.

Noun

 * 1) winnowing basket

Etymology
From, from.

Etymology
.

Interjection

 * 1)  yes

Usage notes

 * In standard Tagalog, opo is used as an honorific towards elders, superiors, and even strangers, while oho is a slightly less formal honorific that can be used for intimate elders and superiors. However, the difference between the two has blurred in recent decades. In other dialects, there is no difference between the two at all and can be interchanged with one another.

Etymology
From earlier, from.

Noun

 * 1)  horse

Etymology 1
Compare 🇨🇬

Noun

 * 1)  pillar; column
 * 2) pole
 * 3)  orbit
 * 4)  pillar; backbone; nucleus

Etymology 2
Compare 🇨🇬

Noun

 * 1) widow

title: opo


text:
Blast First

Blast First is a sub label of one-time independent record label Mute Records, founded in approximately 1985. It was named after a phrase taken from the first number of the radical Vorticist journal Blast, published by Wyndham Lewis in 1914. Lewis's "Manifesto" begins with the words "BLAST First (from politeness) ENGLAND".

History
The label was founded by Paul Smith to give UK release to albums by Sonic Youth, a US band with which he was then working closely. It went on to feature more hardcore rock bands than the master label of its synthpop-oriented parent company. Before Mute Records was sold to the EMI group, Blast First fit into the company's profile, which included labels such as the Fine Line and the Grey Area.

The labels employees included the sisters Pat and Liz Naylor, and the novelist Alistair Fruish.

The label released a range of alternative music from Butthole Surfers and Labradford through Suicide and Sonic Youth to the William Fairey Band's Acid Brass collection. The latter, a departure for a label noted for its guitar based rock bands, was a covers album of tunes such as A Guy Called Gerald's "Voodoo Ray" and 808 State's "Pacific," all replayed by a brass band. Blast First also organised the Disobey experimental club nights, with Russell Haswell and Bruce Gilbert (aka DJ Beekeeper) of the Post-punk band Wire.

Artists

 * A.C. Temple
 * Acid Brass
 * The Afghan Whigs
 * Band of Susans
 * Beme Seed
 * Big Black
 * Big Stick
 * The Blue Humans
 * Glenn Branca
 * Caspar Brötzmann Massaker
 * Butthole Surfers
 * Common Language
 * Dinosaur Jr.
 * FM Einheit & Caspar Brötzmann
 * Erase Errata
 * Fushitsusha
 * The Charles Gayle Trio
 * Michael Gibbs
 * H.O.D.I.C.A.
 * Keiji Haino
 * Head of David
 * Hovercraft
 * HTRK
 * KaitO
 * Richard H. Kirk
 * Labradford
 * Liars
 * Lunachicks
 * Maxine
 * The Mekons
 * Mother Goose
 * Phill Niblock
 * Pan Sonic
 * Rapeman
 * The Raincoats
 * Rivulets
 * Sonic Youth
 * Ciccone Youth
 * Lee Ranaldo
 * Stretchheads
 * Suicide
 * Sun Ra
 * Jimi Tenor
 * Ed Tomney
 * 2K
 * Ut

Compilation series

 * Sonic Mook Experiment
 * The Devil's Jukebox (Nothing Short Of Total War) – deleted limited edition box set; 3000 UK copies and 1500 US copies were made.

Noted albums
Albums on Blast First that either reached the UK Albums Chart or have become examples of the indie/alternative genre: (Note: Blast First was merely the UK label for these US bands, which were all primarily signed to deals with American labels).
 * Big Black – Songs About Fucking (1987) (BFFP 19)
 * Sonic Youth – Daydream Nation 2xLP (1988) (BFFP 34)
 * Afghan Whigs – Gentlemen (1993) (BFFP 89)
 * Butthole Surfers – Locust Abortion Technician (1987) (BFFP 23)

title: Blast First


text:
GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 3 answer 4

I'm sorry but this is the wrong answer. Remember that each branch has the entire voltage across it.

Applying Ohm's law to the top branch:

I=V/R

=6/4 A

=1.5A

The lower branch has a combined resistance of 4Ω because the two resistirs are in series.

Applying Ohm's law to the bottom branch: I=V/R

=6/(2+2) A

=1.5A

On to the next question>>


text:
Guitar/Lessons

This is the Wikiversity Guitar Lessons unit - part of the Basic Blues & Rock project.

Tuning your guitar
This section has a companion file,  that demonstrates the tuning technique described below.

EADGBE tuning is the "standard" tuning for your basic six-string guitar. We shall start by tuning our A string to A440. (A is the second-thickest string on your guitar.) If you look at the whole string and divide in it half, you will find what is called a harmonic. To play this harmonic, lay your finger lightly on the string at its midpoint (12th fret) and pluck. You can use a pick if you like. Whatever suits you best. You will need a reference or tuning note set to 440 Hz. (440 cycles per second). The harmonic at the midpoint of your A string should vibrate at exactly 220 Hertz (close enough for boogie). If you hear an irritating "wobble", you are either flat (too low) or sharp (too high). Turn the tuning key or peg slowly until the wobble smooths out. If you don't hear a wobble, turn the key to detune the string enough to hear it and pull it back up till its gone. If you still can't hear this phenomenon, you may be tone-deaf and should probably buy an electronic tuner.

You can use for a reference. Alternatively, Audacity generates a nice tone at any frequency you want... Just use Generate > Tone and set it to 440. Or you can buy a tuning fork at your local music store.

Harmonics and string length division
Guitar harmonics are found at even divisions of the string length. The strongest are found on the twelfth fret usually marked by two dots either on the fretboard itself, the edge of the neck facing you, or both. This is the midpoint of the string. Each half of the string supports the other half in sustaining the harmonic tone. This is called the "first overtone" of your fundemental A note, which when played open (no touching of the string) emits a frequency of 110 Hz.. Dividing the string in half doubles the frequency to 220. Dividing the string into quarters produces 440 Hertz and can be found at the fifth fret and again up near the sound hole (or near the pickups on an electric) toward the bridge. This is the "second overtone" and is, like the first one an even harmonic.

It so happens that dividing the A string into three equal parts at the seventh fret produces the same overtone that dividing the E string into four parts does. Hence plucking the fifth fret on the E string allows you to pull it into tune with the seventh fret on the A string you are using as a reference. This is the basis for harmonic tuning.

Some basic patterns
The fifth, seventh and twelfth frets are important positions on the neck of your guitar. Not only are they important in tuning your guitar with itself, they are also useful for learning scales and chords. To continue tuning the guitar, the same pattern we used to tune the E and A strings can be used to tune the D string to the A, then the G string to the D. Just remember that an overtone (or harmonic) produced by lightly touching the fifth fret on one string matches the harmonic produced by lightly touching the seventh fret on the next string up. ("up" in our case refers to pitch; not a physical direction)

That pattern works until you get to the B string (the second thinnest string). For this string you drop back down to the seventh fret of the (low) E string and play the B string open. It should be the same tone. Now hit the harmonic at the seventh fret of the A string (our reference string) and play the high E string open. Again these two tones should match. Now you can try the fifth/seventh pattern to check that the B and high E are still together (the high E is the thinnest string - low E is the thickest). The basic patterns and harmonic overtones you are using to tune your guitar will help you when learning to play it... And nobody will want to play with you if you are out of tune!

Chord Patterns
guitar scheme

Chord patterns can be visualized by guitar scheme, which are either tabs or schemes.

Following picture has example of am - chord tabulature on the third row from the top.

Following picture has example of $$B^o$$ - chord scheme on the top.

Two frets up on the next string
choosing your 1st guitar

title: Guitar/Lessons


text:
Wikipedia:Meetup/Banff, Alberta/ArtAndFeminism 2015

Event information
Please bring a laptop with you!
 * Date: March 7, 2015
 * Time: 11:00 AM - 3:00 PM Mountain Time
 * Location: The Banff Centre Library
 * Host: Suzanne Rackover, Nicole Lovenjak, Karly Mortimer

Register
Sign here to help us learn more about how users interact with Wikipedia! If you sign up, we can observe how your username uses the Wikimedia projects during and after this event. This will help us to better measure the effectiveness of this event and similar programs. This means that your publicly available activity and the information you share with us during this event may be processed by the Wikimedia Foundation, Art+Feminism, and the organizers of the local event, and may be transferred to or from the US and other countries that may not have the same level of privacy regulation that your country does. However, we will not share your information with third parties or publicly unless it's in aggregated or anonymized form.

Register
Please add your Wikipedia username to the appropriate section below (signatures are created by saving four tildes [~] in a row). If you haven't edited Wikipedia before, we will help you register for a new Wikipedia editing account on the day-of.
 * artbrarian (talk) 5:51, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The Interior (Talk) 18:40, 10 February 2015 (UTC) (Won't be there in person, but can drop in for on video chat if possible)
 * ABsCatLib (talk) 16:37, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Justin Seiji Waddell (talk) 18:27, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Kerrilw (talk) 18:33, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Sheri.nault (talk) 19:21, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Christineuh (talk) 19:24, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Trailobjects (talk) 19:25, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Puppha (talk) 19:27, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * possibly.t (talk) 19:27, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

Articles on Canadian women artists and writers to expand or improve
Below is a list of articles that would benefit from edits and expansion during the edit-a-thon. This is a great place to start for new editors.

 * Nicole Markotic
 * Shawna Dempsey and Lorri Millan
 * Joan MacLeod
 * Karen Solie
 * Mary Scott (artist)
 * Rita McKeough
 * Shary Boyle
 * Rebecca Belmore

Canadian women artists and writers without Wikipedia entries

 * Tanya Evanson
 * Cherie Moses
 * Gweneth Lloyd
 * Barbara Spohr
 * Dianne Bos

Suggestions from Art+Feminism
See also: Meetup/ArtAndFeminism/Tasks
 * Suggested Topics from Art+Feminism
 * WikiProject Women artists/Requested articles

Resources for Editing

 * Meetup/ArtAndFeminism/Resources
 * Gender gap resources.

List of Articles Edited

 * List or Wikipedia articles attendees have worked to improve.

 * Nicole Markotic
 * Rita McKeough
 * Shary Boyle
 * Rebecca Belmore

List of Articles Added

 * List or Wikipedia articles attendees added.
 * Gweneth Lloyd
 * Dianne Bos
 * User:ABsCatLib/sandbox - not yet finished.


text:
Amazon HQ2

Amazon HQ2 is Amazon's corporate headquarters in National Landing in Crystal City, Virginia and an expansion of the company's headquarters in Seattle, Washington. Phase I, which has capacity for 14,000 employees, opened in June 2023. Construction on Phase II is delayed and there is no timeline for development.

HQ2 was announced in September 2017, when Amazon submitted request for proposals to governments and economic development organizations asking for tax breaks and other incentives to entice the company. Amazon claimed that it intended to spend $5 billion on construction and that HQ2 would house 50,000 workers when completed. More than 200 cities in Canada, Mexico, and the United States eventually offered tax breaks, expedited construction approvals, promises of infrastructure improvements, new crime-reduction programs, and other incentives. On January 18, 2018, a shortlist of 20 finalists was announced, after which the candidate localities continued to detail or expand their incentive packages.

On November 13, 2018, Amazon announced that HQ2 would be split into two locations, with 25,000 workers at each: National Landing in Arlington County, Virginia, and Long Island City in Queens, New York City. Virginia would provide as much as $750 million in taxpayer subsidies. New York planned to give Amazon tax breaks of at least $1.525 billion, cash grants of $325 million, and other incentives. In February 2019, Amazon cancelled the New York location after strong opposition from local grassroots organizers, residents and politicians. The project has drawn criticism as an example of corporate welfare.

After having touted flowery projections of job growth and economic benefits, Amazon HQ2 fell far short of the project's 2023 job projections.

Background

Amazon was founded in 1994 in Bellevue, Washington, and leased space in the SoDo neighborhood of Seattle. As the company grew, it moved offices around Downtown Seattle, until announcing a move to a purpose-built headquarters campus in the South Lake Union neighborhood, then a light industrial enclave undergoing urban renewal. By October 2017, Amazon occupied 8.1 e6sqft of office space in 33 buildings in Seattle, employing 40,000 white collar workers.

Request for proposal
Amazon's request for proposal outlined several core requirements, as well as optional preferences.

 * Metropolitan areas with a population of over 1 million
 * Within 30 mi of a population center
 * Within 45 minutes of an international airport
 * Proximity to major highways and arterial roads 1-3 miles
 * Access to mass transit routes
 * Up to 8 e6sqft of office space for future expansion

Optional preferences included airports with direct flights to Seattle, New York City, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C., urban locations, and proximity to major universities.

The deadline for Phase I bids was October 19, 2017. A final site was planned to be selected and announced in November 2018, from a shortlist of 20 cities released in January.

Submitted
By October 23, 2017, 238 proposals were submitted and received by Amazon, from cities and regions from 54 states, provinces, districts, and territories, including municipalities in all U.S. states except of Arkansas, Hawaii, Iowa, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming. The Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Saskatchewan also had no regions submit a bid, along with the Yukon Territory.

In early and mid-October, Little Rock, Arkansas and San Antonio, Texas withdrew their submissions. Little Rock, Arkansas, purchased a full-page ad in The Washington Post "breaking up" with Amazon, where they described their decision to not submit a bid, while also touting the city's positive attributes. A few days after the bid deadline, the campaign flew a banner plane over Seattle with the same message.

Predictions on which cities will win
Moody's Analytics determined that Austin, Texas, ranked highest among Amazon's criteria, followed by Atlanta, Philadelphia, and Rochester, New York. The New York Times found Denver to be the best site based on Amazon's criteria, followed closely by Boston and Washington, D.C. Irish gambling site Paddy Power originally listed Atlanta as the odds on favorite to win HQ2, with 2-to-1 odds, but as of January 2018, listed Atlanta and Austin as sharing 3-to-1 odds of winning Amazon HQ2.

Promotional campaigns
Several cities and groups promoted their HQ2 bids by engaging in promotional campaigns and gimmicks, including offers and gifts to Amazon. Sun Corridor, a Tucson, Arizona economic development firm, sent a 21-foot saguaro cactus to Amazon in an attempt to promote the city's bid. The gift was rejected due to the company's corporate gifts policy, instead donating it to the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. The city of Stonecrest, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta, voted to de-annex 345 acre of land for Amazon to establish its own city named Amazon around its headquarters.

Sly James, mayor of Kansas City, Missouri, purchased 1,000 products from Amazon, which he donated to charity. James wrote five-star reviews for each one of them, in which every review mentioned positive attributes of Kansas City. Primanti Brothers, a chain of sandwich shops based in Pittsburgh, offered free sandwiches to Amazon employees if they chose the city as their second headquarters.

The city of Birmingham, Alabama erected several giant Amazon boxes and dash buttons around public areas. The dash buttons sent out pre-generated tweets to lure Amazon to the city. New York City mayor Bill de Blasio announced that major landmarks in the city would be lit in orange to promote the city's campaign for HQ2.

A group from Calgary sprayed messages onto sidewalks in Seattle's South Lake Union neighborhood urging the company to choose the city. During an Ottawa Senators hockey game, fans were encouraged to "make noise" for the city of Ottawa's Amazon bid.

The neighboring American and Canadian cities of Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario submitted a bid together and campaigned the two cities to be the home of the new Amazon campus. With the headquarters being divided across the Canada–United States border, the company could take advantage of tax incentives offered by both Ontario and Michigan. Amazon would also be able to capitalize on the less restrictive Canadian immigration laws and the lower currency exchange of the Canadian dollar.

Criticism and opposition
Steven Strauss, a visiting professor of public policy at Princeton University and an expert on economic development, in an editorial in USA Today suggested that metropolitan areas should be cautious about bidding too generously to win the Amazon bid. He pointed to examples where companies have gone bankrupt or failed to follow up on expansion plans. Strauss also wrote that it was possible that cities could over-pay (the so-called "winner's curse") by providing an overly generous incentive package, which would turn out to be a money-losing proposition for the municipality if all the promised jobs did not materialize.

Conservative and liberal advocacy groups voiced their opposition to various tax breaks promised by cities in hopes of luring Amazon.

In early 2018, New York University Stern School of Business professor Scott Galloway said Amazon was soliciting bids from places that it never intended to move to solely to gain tax breaks. He predicted that HQ2 would be located in either the New York metropolitan area or the Washington metropolitan area; with the decision to create two locations, Galloway ended up predicting both correctly. He repeatedly called the competition a "ruse" and a "con". Galloway said that "the game was over before it started", claiming that the proximity to both Jeff Bezos' home and the United States Capital made the DC area an obvious choice.

Former Seattle Mayor Ed Murray announced that he would begin conversations with Amazon about long-term plans for the city, while the Seattle Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce characterized the announcement as a "wake-up call" to Seattle to improve the city's business climate. Comparisons were made to Boeing's decision to move its corporate headquarters from Seattle to Chicago in 2001, which came as a surprise to Seattle.

Jim Balsillie remarked that he was disappointed in W. Edmund Clark, Kathleen Wynne's czar in charge of the Toronto bid, when in 2017 the latter attempted to sell the buyer on "our competitive advantage... software programmers that cost 34% to 38% less than in the US... that's an edge the government is determined not only to maintain but to sharpen." Balsillie found this strategy to be "misguided... these strategies put our tech workers in a global race to the bottom, competing on cost with the salaries in Poland, Ukraine, and India."

There were concerns that HQ2 would drop a prosperity bomb on the winning communities.

Finalists

On January 18, 2018, Amazon announced its shortlist of 20 finalists for the HQ2 bidding process. The list focuses mainly on the U.S. East Coast and Midwest, with Los Angeles the only selection from the West Coast and Toronto the only one outside of the United States.

 * Atlanta, Georgia (including Stonecrest)
 * Austin, Texas
 * Boston, Massachusetts (Suffolk Downs-East Boston and Somerville)
 * Chicago, Illinois (City Center Campus, Downtown Gateway District, River District, Lincoln Yards, The 78, Burnham Lakefront, Fulton Market District, Illinois Medical District, Schaumburg, Oak Brook)
 * Columbus, Ohio (Franklinton, Ohio State University, Easton)
 * Dallas, Texas
 * Denver, Colorado
 * Indianapolis, Indiana
 * Los Angeles, California
 * Miami, Florida
 * Montgomery County, Maryland
 * Nashville, Tennessee
 * Newark, New Jersey
 * New York City, New York (West Midtown Manhattan, Financial District, Brooklyn Tech Triangle, Long Island City)
 * Northern Virginia (Fairfax and Loudoun counties, including Arlington and Alexandria, in Virginia)
 * Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Schuylkill Yards, uCity Square, Navy Yard)
 * Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Raleigh, North Carolina
 * Toronto, Ontario (including Mississauga, Brampton, York Region, Durham Region, Halton Region, Waterloo Region, Guelph and Hamilton)
 * Washington, D.C. (Anacostia Riverfront, Capitol Hill East, NoMa-Union Station, Shaw-Howard University)

Some of the finalists used their Amazon proposals to attract investments from other multinational corporations.

Amazon representatives began tours of its finalist cities in late February. Bidding cities also signed non-disclosure agreements with Amazon for the duration of the bid process. although the NDA did not prevent disclosure of financial incentives that cities have offered. By May 2018, Amazon representatives had visited the 20 finalist cities. In September 2018, Bezos promised a decision by the end of the year.

On November 4, 2018, The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal reported that several finalists were in advanced talks with Amazon over the HQ2 decision, including the potential choosing of Crystal City in Northern Virginia. Amazon Director of Economic Development Mike Grella wrote on Twitter that the leaker responsible for informing the newspapers was violating a non-disclosure agreement. Grella also criticized media outlets for speculating on the winning bid for HQ2 based on the travel patterns of Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, who owns The Washington Post.

Winning bids
The selections of New York City and Northern Virginia for the HQ2 sites were confirmed on November 13, 2018. In Amazon's announcement, a joint press release was presented by the Northern Virginia bidders that Amazon's HQ2 neighborhood location would officially be renamed "National Landing", which encompasses not only Crystal City but also the nearby areas of Pentagon City and Potomac Yard. Amazon also announced that it would employ 5,000 people at a new Operations Center of Excellence in Nashville, Tennessee.

Long Island City

The subsidies offered to Amazon in New York include performance-based direct incentives of $1.525 billion based on whether the company created 25,000 jobs. This included a refundable tax credit through the state's Excelsior Program of up to $1.2 billion, calculated as a percentage of the salaries Amazon expects to pay employees over the following 10 years. Additionally, the Empire State Development Corporation would give Amazon a cash grant of $325 million based on the occupancy rates of HQ2 buildings over in the following 10 years. Under an agreement with New York City's government, half of the property taxes for the city's HQ2 campus would be waived, and the exempt amount would go to the city's PILOT (payment in lieu of taxes) fund to pay for infrastructure improvements in New York City. Both states proposed that Amazon be given access to a helipad, and the New York state government also promised to upgrade infrastructure in conjunction with HQ2's construction there. Officials estimated that Amazon's move would generate $27 billion in taxes for the city and state.

Amazon was said to have chosen New York City as one of the sites for HQ2 because of the city's highly skilled pool of talent; existing tech, finance, and media industries; and strong university system, including Columbia University and Cornell Tech.

Cancellation of New York portion
After the HQ2 campus in New York City was announced, officials representing parts of Queens, such as U.S. Representative-elect Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Councilman Jimmy Van Bramer, State Senator Michael Gianaris, and Assemblyman Ron Kim, announced their disapproval. Ocasio-Cortez, Van Bramer, and Gianaris all expressed concern that Amazon would receive tax breaks while critical infrastructure, such as the New York City Subway, was deteriorating, and the New York City public school system and New York City Health Department were underfunded. In a Twitter post, Ocasio-Cortez raised further concerns about the affordability of housing in Queens, since housing prices around the HQ2 campus in Queens began rising in anticipation of the campus's construction. Kim and Fordham University professor Zephyr Teachout wrote an opinion piece in The New York Times in which they stated that the city should "not offer incentives and giveaways to an internet giant known for squashing small businesses."

Politico reported that the Long Island City location would be built on land intended for 6,000 homes, including 1,500 affordable housing units. New York State Senate member Michael Gianaris said, "The more we learn about this deal, the worse it gets." However, polls showed that the majority of New York City residents approved of the deal with Amazon.

On February 14, 2019, Amazon announced that it would cancel the planned Long Island City location due to opposition. The company also said that it would continue developing the Crystal City and Nashville locations. Bill de Blasio and Cuomo were "blindsided" by Amazon's decision when informed by Amazon VP Jay Carney. New York governor Andrew Cuomo blamed Democrats in the New York State Senate for the cancellation, and New York City mayor de Blasio said that Amazon "threw away that opportunity," by making the announcement. In response, Ocasio-Cortez stated: "If we were willing to give away $3 billion for this deal, we could invest $3 billion in our district ourselves if we want to. We could hire more teachers, we can fix our subways, we can put a lot of people to work for that money if we wanted to." Activist organizations such as Open New York also argued that, in Amazon's absence, the original plans to build 6,000 homes should be re-adopted.

In the weeks following Amazon's decision, Governor Cuomo phoned multiple Amazon executives and even Jeff Bezos, personally asking them to reconsider and guaranteeing them "support." The Partnership for New York City placed an open letter in The New York Times stating that Cuomo "will take personal responsibility for the project's state approval." The letter is signed by Hakeem Jeffries, Carolyn Maloney, Andrew D. Hamilton, David M. Solomon, David N. Dinkins, and Ajay Banga, among others.

According to an interview with CNBC, Amazon's vice president of public policy Brian Huseman denied that politics rather than logistics were a factor in Amazon choosing to cancel its New York location.

Despite cancelling the Long Island City location, in December 2019, Amazon announced that it had signed a new lease for 335,000 sqft of space in the Hudson Yards neighborhood to accommodate 1,500 employees. The company already had 3,500 tech employees in the New York City area.

In February 2019, Cuomo called the cancellation the "greatest tragedy" he had seen during his tenure as governor of New York.

Northern Virginia

For the location of HQ2, Amazon selected an area in Northern Virginia encompassing parts of the Crystal City and Pentagon City neighborhoods of Arlington County and the Potomac Yard neighborhood in the city of Alexandria which was branded as "National Landing". While redevelopment efforts in the area had already begun as early as 2014, the cross-jurisdictional neighborhood was branded and announced as "National Landing" in 2018 as a part of local economic development plans to bring Amazon HQ2 to the area. The announcement also included plans to build a graduate school satellite university campus of Virginia Tech in the area. The "National Landing" name derives, in part, from the area's proximity to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.

The area includes the Washington Metro station at Crystal City and the newly opened Potomac Yard station. The Virginia Railway Express (VRE) commuter rail system also has a Crystal City station. The Metroway, a bus rapid transit system, runs through the area, with 15 stations covering the area from Arlington's Pentagon City station to Alexandria's Braddock Road station (south of National Landing), with some of this route located in an exclusive bus lane. A pedestrian bridge to connect National Landing to Washington Reagan National Airport and improvements to the existing Metro rail stations are in process.

Virginia offered performance-based incentives which included a workforce cash grant of $550 million for the first 25,000 jobs Amazon created that paid an average salary of $150,000 by 2030. The state offered an additional $200 million for the next 12,850 qualifying jobs created by 2034. Arlington County offered an additional $23 million in cash grants, to be disbursed over 15 years, contingent on Amazon reaching a certain office size and the gradual increased revenue from a tax collected from the county's hotel rooms. The county also offered an estimated $28 million in infrastructure improvements tied to the property taxes of the Pentagon City and Crystal City area. The state's initial offer was close to $1 billion, according to the Virginia Economic Development Partnership. When Amazon told state officials they would get half of the jobs, the group decided to "essentially cut [the incentives] roughly in half."

Amazon's officials initially said it could occupy up to 8 million square feet of office space in Arlington over the course of 15 years. However, company officials told Arlington in May 2019 that Amazon would not promise anything over 4 million square feet.

Phase 1: Metropolitan Park

Amazon moved its first employees into rented office space in the area in June 2019, and in June 2020, there were roughly 1,000 employees the company counted as HQ2 workers.

ZGF Architects led the design team, which included James Corner Field Operations and VIKA Civil Engineering and Site Design, as well as many others. In January 2020, the company, via developer JBG Smith, started construction on two 22-story towers at 1450 S. Eads St, proximate to Metropolitan Park. In September 2020, the company began the $14 million renovation of the park. By March 2023, 8,000 workers had been hired to occupy the first phase of HQ2, which has a total capacity of 14,000 workers.

An independent coffee shop and a pet care company signed leases to occupy space in the new development.

The development also includes a public art installation called "Queen City", which was designed by artist Nekisha Durrett. The installation is located in the middle of Metropolitan Park and pays tribute to a former Black community by the same name that was demolished during the construction of The Pentagon.

Phase 2: PenPlace and The Helix
On February 2, 2021, the company announced a proposed design for the second phase of HQ2, PenPlace, to be developed by JBG Smith. The development includes "The Helix", a 354-foot glass nucleic acid double helix art structure with landscaped terrain that would be opened to the public, similar to "Amazon Spheres" at Doppler in Seattle. Founder Jeff Bezos commented that "The natural beauty of a double helix can be seen throughout our world, from the geometry of our own DNA to the elemental form of galaxies, weather patterns, pine cones, and seashells". The Verge described it as resembling a "glass poop emoji covered in trees."

On November 26, 2021, the FAA completed its evaluation of the proposed building and determined that the structure would not be a hazard to air traffic at nearby Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.

The Arlington County Board approved phase two, including the "Helix" in April 2022.

In March 2023, the company delayed plans to develop the second phase of HQ2.

title: Amazon HQ2


text:
List of Old Abingdonians

Old Abingdonians are former pupils of Abingdon School or, in some cases, Honorary Old Abingdonians who have been awarded the status based on service to the School. The Old Abingdonians also run the Old Abingdonian Club (OA club), an organisation hosted by the school. It was founded in 1743.

Born in the 12th century

 * St Edmund Rich (St Edmund of Abingdon) (c.1174–1240), Archbishop of Canterbury 1233–1240 (may have attended Abingdon)

Born in the 16th century

 * Sir John Bennet (1552–1627), Chancellor of the Diocese of York, Judge and politician
 * William Bennet (1553–1609), MP and founder of the Bennet scholarship
 * John Blacknall (1583–1625), land and mill owner and founder of Blacknall bequest
 * Sir John Mason (1502–1566), diplomat, spy, and Chancellor of Oxford University
 * Robert Payne (1596–1651), English cleric and academic
 * John Roysse (1500–1571), mercer, re-endowed Abingdon School in 1563
 * Sir Thomas Smith, (1556?–1609), Judge and Member of Parliament
 * Christopher Tesdale (1592–1655), member of the Westminster Assembly, of Divines
 * Thomas Tesdale (1547–1610), maltster and benefactor, established the Tesdale Ushership

Born in the 17th century

 * Phanuel Bacon (1699–1783), playwright, poet and author
 * Clement Barksdale (1609–1687), religious author, polymath and Anglican priest
 * Colwell Brickenden (1663–1714), clergyman and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford
 * Colonel James Bringfeild, (1656–1706), equerry to Prince George of Denmark and Aide-de-camp to the Duke of Marlborough
 * Joseph Cox (1697–1753), High Sheriff of Berkshire
 * Thomas Daffy (1617–1680), inventor of Daffy's Elixir
 * Walter Dayrell (1610–1684), Archdeacon of Winchester
 * Walter Harte (1650–1735) Prebendary of Bath and Wells and a principal pillar of the Nonjuring schism cause
 * Sir John Holt (1642–1710), Lord Chief Justice
 * William Hunt (1669–1733), Archdeacon of Bath
 * James Jennings (1670–1739), MP and landowner
 * Henry Langley (1610–1679), nonconformist minister and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford
 * Matthew Panting (1682–1739), Master of Pembroke College, Oxford
 * Sir Edward Turnour (1617–1686), Speaker of the House of Commons

Born in the 18th century

 * William Adams (1706–1789), Master of Pembroke College, Oxford
 * Sir Henry Atkins (1726–1742), 5th Baronet of Clapham
 * Sir Richard Atkins (1728–1756), 6th Baronet of Clapham & High Sheriff
 * Lord James Beauclerk (1709–1787), Bishop of Hereford, 1746–1787
 * Richard Brickenden (1701–1779), Archdeacon of Wiltshire
 * Sir Charles Bagot Chester, 7th Baronet (1724–1755), 7th Baronet of Chicheley
 * John Bush (High Sheriff) (1745–?), High Sheriff of Oxfordshire
 * John Clarke (1732–1781), Provost of Oriel College, Oxford
 * William Wiseman Clarke (1759–1826), High Sheriff of Berkshire
 * Sir Francis Clerke, 7th Baronet (1748–1777), baron, killed at Battles of Saratoga
 * Sir William Clerke, 8th Baronet (1751–1818), baron and clergyman
 * Sir Henry D'Anvers, 4th Baronet (1731–1758), 4th Culworth baronet
 * Sir Michael D'Anvers, 5th Baronet (1738–1776), High Sheriff of Northamptonshire
 * James Dashwood (1715–1779), politician
 * Henry Dawkins (1728–1814), Member of Parliament
 * James Dawkins (1722–1757), antiquary and Jacobite
 * Sir John D'Oyly, 4th Baronet (1702–1773), 4th baronet of Chislehampton
 * William Horton (c.1708–1749), leading military aide and builder of Horton House
 * Daniel Dumaresq (1712–1805), St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, educationalist
 * Thomas Dudley Fosbroke, (1770–1842), antiquary
 * James Gerard (1741–1783), Warden of Wadham College, Oxford
 * Richard Graves (1715–1804), clergyman, writer and translator
 * George William Hall (1770–1843), Master of Pembroke College, Oxford
 * William Hawkins (1722–1801), clergyman, poet and dramatist
 * Sir Thomas Head (1715–1779), High Sheriff of Berkshire
 * Henry Howe (1716–1781), 3rd Baron Chedworth
 * John Howe (1714–1762), 2nd Baron Chedworth
 * William Huddesford (1732–1772), Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum
 * Clement Hue (1779–1861), physician
 * Sir Justinian Isham, 7th Baronet (1740–1818), High Sheriff of Northamptonshire
 * Sir Robert Jenkinson, 5th Baronet (1720–1766), 5th Baronet of Walcot and Hawkesbury
 * George Knapp (1754–1809), British Member of Parliament for Abingdon
 * John Loder (c.1726–1805), clergyman, landowner and founder of the Old Berkshire Hunt
 * Edward Morant, (1730–1791), Member of Parliament
 * Philip Morant (1700–1770), historian
 * John Morton (c. 1716–1780), MP
 * William Newcome (1729–1800), Bishop and Archbishop of Armagh
 * John Nourse (1705–1780), bookseller
 * John Ratcliffe (1700–1775), clergyman and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford
 * George Rowley (1782–1836), Master of University College, Oxford
 * Clement Saxton (1724–1810), High Sheriff of Berkshire
 * William Sergrove (1746–1796), clergyman and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford
 * John Smyth (1744–1809), clergyman and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford
 * Thomas Stock (1750–1803), social reformer, established the first Sunday school in England
 * Major-General John Tombs (1777–1848), British East India Company and Indian Army
 * Henry Leigh Tracy, 8th Viscount Tracy (1732–1797), 8th Viscount Tracy
 * John Tracy (1722–1793), Viscount and Warden of All Souls College
 * William Walker (1704–1761), Principal of New Inn Hall
 * Philip Wenman, 6th Viscount Wenman (1719–1760), politician
 * Thomas Whorwood (1718–1771), High Sheriff of Oxfordshire.

Born in the 19th century

 * Sir William Boxall (1800–1879), painter, director of the National Gallery
 * James Brooks (1825–1901), Gothic Revival architect
 * Sir Michael Bruce (1894–1957), author, traveller and adventurer
 * Nigel Bruce (1895–1953), actor
 * Oswald Couldrey (1882–1958), author and watercolourist
 * Louis Davis (1860–1941), Arts and Crafts stained glass artist
 * Charles Harvey Dixon (1862–1923), politician
 * John William Duncan (1885–1963), Welsh field hockey international
 * Edward Ede (1834–1908), cricketer, Hampshire CCC
 * George Ede (1834–1870), cricketer, captain, Hampshire CCC & Grand National winner 1868
 * Harold Gilman (1876–1919), painter, founder member of the Fitzroy Group
 * Henry Rudge Hayward (1831–1912), Archdeacon of Cheltenham and Cirencester
 * Colonel Lacey Robert Johnson (1858–1915), Canadian Pacific Railway pioneer
 * Thomas Malcolm Layng (1892–1958), Deputy Chaplain-General to the Forces, 1945, and Archdeacon of York
 * Henry Medd (1892–1977), architect and church designer in Delhi
 * John Theobald Milne (1895–1917), English fighter pilot and flying ace
 * Edward Dorrien Newbolt (1843–1889), British Army officer
 * Tracy Philipps (1888–1959), intelligence officer (Arab Bureau), later colonial official and conservationist
 * Arthur Edwin Preston (1853–1942), mayor of Abingdon, Master of Christ’s Hospital
 * Harry Redfern (1861–1950), architect
 * Richard Rice, (1886–1939), 1912 Summer Olympics athlete
 * William Henry Richardson (1836–1909), historian
 * Norman Riches (1883–1975), cricketer, captain, Glamorgan CCC
 * William Collinson Sawyer (1832–1868), Bishop of Grafton and Armidale, New South Wales
 * William Alder Strange (1813–1874), headmaster and author
 * Major-General Sir Henry Tombs VC KCB (1824–1874), Indian Mutiny Victoria Cross
 * Willoughby Weaving (1885–1977), First World War poet
 * Eric Whelpton (1894–1981), author and traveller

Born in the 20th century

 * Roger Ainsworth+ (1951–2019), professor and Master of St Catherine's College, Oxford
 * Sir Clive Alderton KCVO (born 1967), British diplomat and courtier
 * James Allison (born 1968), designer, engineer, and technical director of Mercedes
 * Sir Eric Anderson+ (1936–2020), teacher and educator
 * Jamie Anderson (born 1985), producer
 * Mark Andrews (1959–2020), University boat race rower
 * Phil Baker (born 1975), rowing world championship medallist
 * Michael Bartlett (born 1980), playwright and actor
 * Michael Bateman (1932–2006), journalist and author
 * John Beyer (born 1950), former diplomat
 * Roger Blackmore (born 1941), politician and Lord Mayor of Leicester
 * David Bobin (1945–2017), sports journalist
 * Robin Bourne-Taylor (born 1981), Olympic rower
 * James Bowler (born 1973), civil servant
 * Peter Bradley (born 1953), Labour MP for the Wrekin
 * Mark Bretscher (born 1940), biological scientist, FRS
 * Nick Brodie (born 1986), University boat race cox
 * Theo Brophy-Clews (born 1997), rugby union player
 * Will Carter Keall (born 1997), EHL premier division hockey player
 * Edward Castle, Baron Castle (1907–1979), British journalist and politician
 * Terence Charley (1916–2008), Japanese prisoner of war
 * Sir Paul Robert Virgo Clarke KCVO (born 1953), government official
 * Brigadier Tony Clay OBE, CBE (1930–2015), British Army officer
 * Jamie Cook (born 1992), University boat race rower
 * Oliver Cook (born 1990), international and world champion rower
 * Cecil Davidge (1901–1981), lawyer and academic of Keble College, Oxford
 * Sir Kim Darroch KCMG (born 1954), senior British diplomat
 * Dawson Bros., comedy writers
 * Tim Dawson (born 1988), screenwriter
 * John Dewar, (born 1959), academic and law specialist
 * Thomas Digby (born 1998), world champion rower
 * Sir Chris Dobson (1949–2019), professor and academic, FRS
 * Thomas Dolby (born 1958), musician and producer
 * Jonny Donahoe (born 1983), comedian and writer
 * Nicholas Drake (born 1975), England rugby sevens and London Irish
 * Jon Dunbar (born 1980), international rugby union player
 * Dick Eason (1902–1978), University boat race blue
 * Colonel David Eccles OBE, CBE (born 1957), British Army officer
 * Edward Wilson (Eddie Eyre) (born 1988), actor
 * Anthony Fawcett (born 1948), writer, art critic, and a former personal assistant to John Lennon
 * Alex Fisher (born 1990), professional footballer
 * Andrew Fisher (born 1965), physicist
 * Michael Fortescue (born 1946), professor and academic
 * Sir Andrew Foster (born 1944), British public servant
 * Justin Frishberg (born 1972), Paralympic Games wheelchair rugby player
 * Ben Gannon (born 1975), professional cricketer
 * Alex Greaney (born 1975), University boat race cox
 * Theo Green (born 1973), film composer, Oscar winner
 * John William Greening MBE (1922–2010), benefactor and philanthropist
 * Colin Greenwood (born 1969), member of Radiohead
 * Jonny Greenwood (born 1971), member of Radiohead
 * Magnus Gregory (born 1998), England international canoeist
 * Michael Grigsby (1936–2013), film-maker
 * Bruce Duncan Guimaraens (1935–2002), port wine maker, head of Guimaraens Taylor Fonseca, Oporto
 * Graham Halsey (born 1960), England U-23 and Harlequins rugby player
 * Matthew Harding (1953–1996), businessmen and vice-chairman of Chelsea Football Club
 * Martin Haycock (born 1973), University boat race cox
 * Nick Hayes (born 1982), writer, illustrator, and campaigner
 * Robert Hayward, Baron Hayward OBE (born 1949), Conservative MP for Kingswood
 * Michael Hill (born 1951), English cricketer
 * Sir John Hills, (1954–2020) professor and academic
 * Michael Holding, (born 1958), filmmaker and director
 * Tom Hollander (born 1967), actor
 * Michael Howat (born 1958), English cricketer
 * Martin Hyder (born 1961), actor and writer
 * Adam Janisch (born 1975), English cricketer
 * Philip Johnson (born 1972), lead architect for the London Stadium for the London 2012 Olympic Games
 * Toby Jones (born 1966), actor
 * Eddy Joseph (born 1945), sound engineer
 * Sir Nicholas Kay KCMG (born 1958), British diplomat
 * Tom Kempinski (1938–2023), playwright and actor
 * Joseph Kennedy (born 1981), actor
 * Robin Kermode (born 1958), communication coach and former actor
 * Bryan Kibble (1938–2016), British physicist, inventor of the Kibble balance
 * Martin Landray, physician, epidemiologist and data scientist
 * Nicholas Lemoine, (born 1957) professor and academic
 * Martin Lisemore (1939–1977), television producer
 * Matthew Lodge (born 1968), diplomat
 * Hugh Lunghi (1920–2014), British military interpreter and Foreign Office
 * Ben Macintyre (born 1963), author and journalist
 * Richard McMahon (born 1962), Bailiff of Guernsey
 * Angus McPhail (born 1956), cricketer and warden of Radley College
 * Toby Marlow (born 1994), writer and composer
 * Francis Maude (born 1953), MP for North Warwickshire and Horsham, Chairman of the Conservative Party
 * Ian Middleton (born 1995), university boat race cox
 * David Mitchell (born 1974), comedian and actor
 * Chris Newman (born 1990), field hockey international
 * Felix Newman (born 1993), University boat race rower
 * Air Vice Marshal Steven Nicholl CBE (born 1946), retired Royal Air Force officer
 * Ed O'Brien (born 1968), member of Radiohead
 * Tim Parker (born 1955), former chairman of the National Trust
 * Sir Robert Pasley (born 1965), Pasley baronets and CFO of Cell C
 * Christopher John Pickup OBE, LVO (born 1942), retired British Army officer
 * Nigel Powell (born 1971), musician
 * David Pringuer (born 1972), musician
 * Charlie Quarterman (born 1998), professional cyclist
 * Sir Vivian Ramsey (born 1950), former High Court judge
 * Andrew Robson (born 1964), international bridge player, teacher and columnist
 * Kieran Roche (born 1983), EHL premier division hockey player
 * Toby Roche (born 1988), EHL premier division hockey player
 * Colin Ronan (1920–1995), British author and specialist in the history and philosophy of science
 * Matthew Rossiter (born 1989), international and European champion rower
 * Graham Scott (born 1968), Premier League referee
 * Philip Selway (born 1967), member of Radiohead
 * Sir George Sinclair (1912–2005), colonial administrator and Conservative MP for Dorking
 * Raymond Stross (1916–1988), film producer and director
 * Sir David Tanner CBE (born 1947), British Olympic rowing coach
 * Richard Tauwhare (born 1959), Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands
 * Fin Taylor (born 1990), stand-up comedian
 * Russell Taylor (born 1960), writer, journalist and composer
 * Rob Walker (born 1975), sports commentator and television presenter
 * Timothy Walker (born 1958), botanist and former Horti Praefectus of Oxford Botanic Garden and Harcourt Arboretum
 * Nathaniel Watkins (born 1991), professional cricketer
 * Michael Philip Westwood OBE (born 1944), retired Royal Air Force wing commander
 * George Whittaker (born 1981), rower
 * Richard Wilson (born 1968), CEO of TIGA
 * Brigadier Christopher Winfield CBE (born 1944), retired British Army officer
 * Christopher Wray (1940–2014) actor and businessman
 * Wayne Yip (born 1981), film and TV director
 * Andy Yorke (born 1972), musician
 * Thom Yorke (born 1968), member of Radiohead
 * Kit Young (born 1994), actor

The symbol + denotes Honorary status.

Born in the 21st century

 * Charlie Atkinson (born 2001), rugby player

title: List of Old Abingdonians


text:
хотѣти

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to want
 * 2) * from the Homily against the Bogumils, 1802-1803:
 * "cu"

- вьсꙗ бо ꙗже хотѧще дѣлати и бесѣдовати подобаѥтъ прѣжде помꙑшлꙗти

 * 1) to wish

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to want, wish

title: хотѣти


text:
Background of the 2011 Bahraini uprising

The background of the Bahraini uprising dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century. The Bahraini people have protested sporadically throughout the last decades demanding social, economic and political rights. Demonstrations were present as early as the 1920s and the first municipal election was held in 1926. Ruled by Al Khalifas since 1783, Bahrain was a British protectorate for most of the twentieth century. The National Union Committee (NUC) formed in 1954 was the earliest serious challenge to the status quo. Two year after its formation, NUC leaders were imprisoned and deported by authorities.

In 1971, Bahrain became an independent state and in 1973 the country held its first parliamentary election. However, only two years later, the constitution was suspended and the assembly dissolved by the late Emir. In 1992, 280 society leaders demanded the return of the parliament and constitution, which the government rejected. Two years later a popular uprising erupted. Throughout the uprising large demonstrations and acts of violence occurred. Over forty people were killed, including several detainees while in police custody and at least three policemen. In 1999, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa succeeded his father. He successfully ended the uprising in 2001 after introducing wide range reforms. The following year, opposition associations "felt betrayed" after the government issued a unilateral new constitution. They boycotted the 2002 parliamentary election, however in 2006 one of them, Al Wefaq won a majority. The participation in elections increased the split between opposition associations. Haq Movement was founded and utilized street protests to seek change instead of bringing change within the parliament. The period between 2007 and 2010 saw sporadic protests which were followed by large arrests.

The state of human rights in Bahrain was criticized in the period between 1975 and 2001. Following 2001 reforms, human rights improved significantly. They began deteriorating again in the end of 2007 when torture and repression tactics were being used again. By 2010, torture had become common and Bahrain's human rights record was described as "dismal" by Human Rights Watch. The Shia minority have long complained of what they call systemic discrimination. They accuse the government of naturalizing Sunnis from neighboring countries and gerrymandering electoral districts. Bahrain is relatively poor when compared to its oil-rich Gulf neighbors; its oil has "virtually dried up" and it depends on banking and the tourism sector. Unemployment rate in Bahrain is among the highest in the region. Extreme poverty did not exist in Bahrain where the average daily income is US$12.8, however 11 percent of citizens suffered from relative poverty.

Modern history
The Al Khalifas have ruled Bahrain since 1783 after expelling the Persians. In 1868, Bahrain was captured and dominated by the British. The country was a protectorate "guided" by the British, despite having the Al Khalifas as rulers. In 1923, the British replaced Sheikh Issa bin Ali with his son and introduced a series of administrative reforms. Three years later the British placed the country under the de facto rule of Charles Belgrave who operated as an adviser to the ruler until 1957. Having no legal code, the country's judiciary was run by Belgrave giving him the ability to control any opposition movement.

In the 1950s sectarian clashes occurred when a group of Sunnis including members of the royal family, among them the ruler's brother, attacked a Shia religious ritual and a neighborhood. Although many thought it was a "deliberate provocation to create sectarian divisions", the violence lasted for two years. In 1954, the National Union Committee (NUC) was set up by middle-class Sunnis and Shias. They said Belgrave was "helping foment religious hatred and imprisoning innocent people" and demanded his removal as well as installing a democratic system and a code of law. The NUC is regarded by Bahraini scholar Abdulhadi Khalaf as the "earliest serious and still enduring challenge to ethnic politics in Bahrain". The committee lasted for two years until the British crushed the uprising, imprisoning and deporting its leaders.

In 1965 a month-long uprising broke after hundreds of workers at Bahrain Petroleum Company were laid off. Several general strikes were staged, however the movement was crushed again by the British. In 1966, the British persuaded Bahrain to appoint another "adviser", this time a Colonel called Ian Henderson. The purpose, according to secret British documents was "to give Henderson a free hand to reorganise it [the "Special Branch"] into an efficient, modern covert surveillance 'anti terrorist' organisation". Henderson was then known for his alleged role in ordering torture and assassinations during Kenya's Mau Mau Uprising. Henderson freed all those imprisoned in the 1965 uprising and allowed protest-related militants to return. This move was analyzed later as "building up an intricate system of infiltrators and double agents inside the protest movement".

In 1971 Bahrain became independent from Britain and in 1973 the country held its first parliamentary election. Most of the elected members were independents and leftists who called for reforms such as limiting the spendings of the royal family. Two years later the constitution was suspended and the assembly dissolved by the late Emir, Isa bin Salman al-Khalifa after it rejected the State Security Law. The act also known as "the precautionary law" was proposed by Henderson. It gave police wide arresting powers and allowed individuals to be held in prison without trial or charge for up to three years for mere suspicion "that they might be a threat to the state". An official said the Parliament had "hindered the government" and it would only be restored "[o]nce we feel that we need it, when it is suitable for our society and development".

Starting in August 1975, widespread arrests were conducted including members of the dissolved parliament. The "ruthless system of repression" launched by Henderson lasted for over twenty five years. During this period, opposition demanded the restoration of the parliament and constitution. Repeated allegations of systematic torture, arbitrary arrests of thousands and assassinations made by opposition and human rights activists were denied by Henderson who said he "has never been involved in torture nor has he ever ordered his officers to torture those who have been arrested".

In 1981, the government arrested seventy three individuals and accused them of plotting an Iran sponsored coup d'état. They were held in solitary confinement and allegedly tortured before getting long term sentences. In 1992, a petition signed by 280 society leaders, including some of the dissolved parliament members demanded the restoration of the national assembly. Initially, the government set up a thirty-member appointed "Shura council" assigned with "commenting" on government proposed legislation. Another petition the following month concluded that the newly formed council "does not replace the national assembly as a constitutional and legislative authority". A delegation of six members, half Sunnis and half Shias representing petition organizers met with the Emir who told them Shura council "was all [they] could expect".

1990s uprising
In 1994, an uprising erupted in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces to demand democratic reforms. The uprising described then as the largest in the country's history, included widespread demonstrations and violence. It started in June 1994, when over 1,500 demonstrator organized a sit-in front of Ministry of Labor protesting the increasing rate of unemployment which had reached 15 percent. Riot police dispersed them using tear gas. Similar incidents occurred in August and September. Another petition was launched, this time it was open to all citizens. Organizers said they collected over 20,000 signatures most of whom were Shia.

During the uprising, opposition leaders were arrested and some exiled. Some protesters used Molotov cocktails to attack "police stations, banks and commercial properties". On the other hand, riot police used tear and rubber bullets, sometimes "fired at street level and from helicopters". It was also reported that police used live ammunition on some occasions. Opposition activists accused the government of "deliberately fomenting sectarian hatreds". Over forty people were killed, including several detainees while in police custody allegedly due to torture and at least three policemen.

2000s
Protests and violence continued until February 2001 when the new Emir brought several political reforms to the country. Following intensive contacts and discussions, opposition leaders accepted the National Action Charter of Bahrain proposed by the Emir. The Charter called for "a constitutional monarchy, an independent judiciary and a bicameral legislature made-up of a lower house of elected representatives and an upper house of appointed legislators. The charter also gave equal rights to men and women, with all citizens having equal political rights and being entitled to elections and candidacy according to the law". Over 98 percent of Bahraini people voted in favor of the Charter.

In 2002, the government unilaterally announced a new constitution. Despite promising that the appointed upper house "would be limited to 'advising'", it was given more powers and exercised a "de facto veto" over the elected lower half. The government also gave a controversial general amnesty which included opposition activists as well as alleged torturers. Political parties remained banned, but were allowed to operate as associations. Other than that, most of the reforms were important, including increasing freedom of expression, releasing over 1,300 "political" prisoners, revoking the State Security Law, reforming police and ending torture. The Emir of Bahrain became a King who enjoyed wide executive authorities which include appointing the Prime Minister and his ministers, commanding the army, chairing the Higher Judicial Council, appointing the parliament's upper half and dissolving its elected lower half.

The 2002 parliamentary election was boycotted by four opposition societies including Al Wefaq who "felt betrayed by the king’s unilateral reform" and "pushed for a return to the 1973 constitution". They cited gerrymandering of electoral districts in favor of Sunnis as another reason to boycott the elections. In 2005, following the introduction of the controversial political associations act, the opposition split into those who re-registered under it and those who defied it. Al Wefaq and Wa'ad witnessed major splits and Haq Movement was founded. The split went further after the 2006 parliamentary election, in which both Shia and Sunni Islamists fared well; Al Wefaq won 17 out of 40 seats. Haq Movement had boycotted the elections and instead used street protests to seek change.

In December 2007, protests erupted in a number of Shia villages and a protester died during one. Opposition activists claimed he was suffocated by the excessive amount tear gas while the government said he died of natural causes. Widespread arrests were conducted following the protests and have continued in the next months. In December the following year further arrests were made including three members of Haq Movement. In April 2009, the king "pardoned" 178 detainees.

In the summer of 2010, authorities launched a two-month-long crackdown campaign against opposition activists arresting more than 250 individuals including 23 leading activists, most of them members of Haq Movement and Al Wafa' Islamic party. They were accused of forming a "terrorist network" aiming to overthrow the government. In response, protesters burned tires and clashed with police. However, a month later Al Wefaq opposition party, which was not targeted by the crackdown won a plurality in the parliamentary election. Since then, tensions have increased "dangerously".

Human rights
The period between 1975 and 2001 known as the "State Security Law Era", saw wide range of human rights violations including arbitrary arrests, detention without trial, torture and forced exile. After the Emir Hamad Al Khalifa (now king) succeeded his father Isa Al Khalifa in 1999, he introduced wide reforms and human rights improved significantly. These moves were described by Amnesty International as representing a "historic period of human rights".

Human rights conditions started to decline by 2007 when torture began to be employed again and in 2010 it was described by Human Rights Watch as "dismal".

Torture
During the "State Security Law Era", torture was frequently used by the Bahraini government and resulted in the deaths of several individuals. In 1997, Human Right Watch said it found that "[s]ystematic beating as well as other forms of physical and psychological abuse of detainees are pervasive in Bahrain" and that at least seven individuals had died while in police custody. The government denied these reports calling them "simply not true, and propagandist in nature".

After the Emir Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa succeeded his father Isa Al Khalifa in 1999, reports of torture declined dramatically and conditions of detention improved. However Royal Decree 56 of 2002 gave effective immunity to all those accused of torture during the 1990s uprising and before (including notorious figures such as Ian Henderson and Adel Flaifel. ). Towards the end of 2007 torture began to be employed again and by 2010 had become common again.

Shia grievances
The Shia majority ruled by the Sunni Al khalifa family since the 18th century have long complained of what they call systemic discrimination. They are blocked from serving in top military and political positions and authorities have reportedly imported and naturalized about 70,000 Sunnis from Pakistan and Syria since 1999 in an attempt to increase the Sunni percentage. Shia grievances were sparked further when in 2006 Salah Al Bandar, then an adviser to the Cabinet Affairs Ministry revealed an alleged political conspiracy aiming to marginalize Shia community in all fields of life. In 2010, Al Wefaq the main Shia party won 60% of votes, however it only received 45% of seats due to alleged gerrymandering of electoral districts in favor of Sunnis.

International rankings
After implementing reforms, Bahrain gained high international rankings, however as human rights conditions deteriorated, it lost many of what it had gained in the previous period. Between 2006 and 2011 Bahrain went down 51 ranks on the Democracy Index (Economist Intelligence Unit), moving it from "hybrid regime" and "constitutional monarchy" to "authoritarian regime" and "absolute monarchy". The Freedom in the World index on political freedom classified Bahrain as "Not Free" in 2010-2011. Freedom House "Freedom on the Net" survey classified "Net status" as "Not free". It also noted that more than 1,000 websites were blocked in Bahrain. The Press Freedom Index (Reporters Without Borders) declined significantly. In 2002 Bahrain was ranked #67 and by 2010 it had become #144. The Freedom of the Press classified Bahrain in 2011 as "Not Free".

Economy
Despite its oil-rich Gulf neighbors, Bahrain's oil, discovered in 1932 has "virtually dried up" making it relatively poor compared to countries in its region. In recent decades, Bahrain has moved towards banking and the tourism sector making it one of the most important financial hubs in the region and has since held some of the top international rankings in economic freedom and business friendly countries, making it, as of 2012, the freest economy in the Middle East, according to the 2012 edition of Index of Economic Freedom, published by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal.

Unemployment
Unemployment rate in Bahrain is among the highest in GCC countries. According to a report released by Al Masah Capital in 2011, the total unemployment was 15% and youth unemployment was 20%. Gulf News said total unemployment was as low as 3.7% in 2010. Bahrain state news agency said unemployment was down from 15% in 1998 to 5.4% in 2005, however CIA World Factbook estimated unemployment in 2005 to be 15%.

Poverty
A study done by United Nations Development Programme in 2003 found that extreme poverty did not exist in Bahrain where the average daily income is US$12.8, however 11 percent of citizens suffered from relative poverty. Semi-official studies found that the poverty threshold in the country in 1995 was 308 BHD. Bahrain Centre for Human Rights said that by 2007 it had increased to 400 BHD at least, making half of Bahrainis under the line of poverty. In 2008, the government rejected UN conclusion that 2 percent of Bahrainis lived in "slum-like conditions". Poor families receive monthly financial support. In 2007, CNN produced a documentary titled "Poverty in Bahrain", which was criticized by pro-government newspaper, Gulf Daily News. Al Jazeera produced a similar documentary in 2010.

Foreign relations
Bahrain hosts the United States Naval Support Activity Bahrain, the home of the US Fifth Fleet; the US Department of Defense considers the location critical to its attempts to counter Iranian military power in the region. The Saudi Arabian government and other Gulf region governments strongly support the King of Bahrain. Although government officials and media often accuse the opposition of being influenced by Iran, a government-appointed commission found no evidence supporting the claim. Iran has historically claimed Bahrain as a province, but the claim was dropped after a UN survey in 1970 found that most Bahraini people preferred independence over Iranian control.


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User:7Change.com

Name: Rob Hogenmiller

Education: Graduated K-12 through the Nebraska, USA public school system. Average GPA was around a 3.0

Currently Have The Standing Of A Junior at the University Of Nebraska At Omaha with a GPA around 2.7

Past & Present Experience In These Areas:

Getting To Know God- Study the Bible, Prayer, Attend Assembly (Hear God's Word), Try To Do God's Will Baseball- Little League, High School & 2 Years College, Professional Try Outs

Football- Pick Up Games, Junior High, High School, One Semester College

Motocross- Beginner Class, Intermediate Class, Expert Class, Pro Class

Kart Racing- Began In A Shifter Kart, Local Class, Regional Class, Pro Class

Owned Auto Detailing Business

Worked 2 Years In Car Parts Business

Worked In Fast Food Restaurant

Worked In Telemarketing

Sold Cars For Chrysler

A Father To A Son

Home Study Through The Public Library System

title: User:7Change.com


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User:Garythejoiner/sandbox

Widnes RUFC is a rugby union club based in widnes Cheshire, they currently play the 7th tier of the rugby football union system

title: User:Garythejoiner/sandbox


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Regent Theatre

The Regent Theatre is the name of several theatres in various cities. including:

Australia

 * Regent Theatre, Adelaide
 * Regent Theatre, Ballarat, later Regent Cinemas
 * Regent Theatre, Brisbane
 * Regent Theatre, Melbourne
 * Regent Theatre, Sydney
 * Regent Theatre, Wollongong

Canada

 * Regent Theatre, Oshawa, Ontario
 * Regent Theatre (Picton, Ontario)

New Zealand

 * Regent on Broadway, a large theatre in Palmerston North
 * Regent Theatre, Dunedin, famous for its annual second-hand book sale

United Kingdom

 * Regent Theatre, Ipswich
 * Regent Theatre, Salford (destroyed by fire 1952)
 * Regent Theatre, Stoke-on-Trent

United States

 * Regent Theatre (Arlington, Massachusetts)
 * Regent Theater Complex, Syracuse, New York

title: Regent Theatre


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List of rural localities in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

This is a list of rural localities in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Нижегоро́дская о́бласть, Nizhegorodskaya oblast), also known as Nizhegorod Oblast, is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Nizhny Novgorod. It has a population of 3,310,597 as of the 2010 Census.

Arzamassky District
Rural localities in Arzamassky District:

 * Abramovo

Bolsheboldinsky District
Rural localities in Bolsheboldinsky District:

 * Bolshoye Boldino

Bor
Rural localities in Bor:

 * Pamyat Parizhskoy Kommuny

Buturlinsky District
Rural localities in Buturlinsky District:

 * Yakubovka

Diveyevsky District
Rural localities in Diveyevsky District:

 * Diveyevo

Gaginsky District
Rural localities in Gaginsky District:

 * Gagino

Krasnooktyabrsky District
Rural localities in Krasnooktyabrsky District:

 * Abramovo
 * Urazovka

Kstovsky District
Rural localities in Kstovsky District:

 * Fedyakovo
 * Veliky Vrag

Lyskovsky District
Rural localities in Lyskovsky District:

 * Bakhmut

Pavlovsky District
Rural localities in Pavlovsky District:

 * Ababkovo

Pervomaysk
Rural localities in Pervomaysk urban okrug:

 * Alatyr

Pochinkovsky District
Rural localities in Pochinkovsky District:

 * Pochinki

Sechenovsky District
Rural localities in Sechenovsky District:

 * Sechenovo

Sergachsky District
Rural localities in Sergachsky District:

 * Abaimovo

Shatkovsky District
Rural localities in Shatkovsky District:

 * Krasny Bor

Spassky District
Rural localities in Spassky District:

 * Spasskoye

Vachsky District
Rural localities in Vachsky District:

 * Bolshoye Zagarino
 * Krasno

Vadsky District
Rural localities in Vadsky District:

 * Vad

Volodarsky District
Rural localities in Volodarsky District:

 * Mulino

Vyksa
Rural localities in Vyksa urban okrug:

 * Verkhnyaya Vereya


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Escadrille Spa.78

Escadrille Spa.78 (originally Escadrille N.78) was a French fighter squadron active from December 1916 until the end of World War I on 11 November 1918. It spent most of its existence as a component of a larger Groupe de Combat involved in offensive operations. The squadron was credited with a minimum of 40 confirmed aerial victories during the war.

History
Escadrille N.78 was organized on 12 December 1916 at Saint Etienne-a-Temple, France. It was formed under the guidance of Lieutenant Armand Pinsard. On 17 March 1917, it was one of four squadrons combined into Groupe de Combat 15 in support of IV Armee. In the latter part of 1917, the squadron re-equipped with SPAD fighters, and renamed Escadrille Spa.78.

The squadron would fight as part of the Groupe until the Armistice on 11 November 1918. The Groupe would operate with various French field armies until 10 September 1918. It fought in support of the U.S. First Army until 28 September, when it passed to support of IV Armee. On 23 October 1918, it moved to its final assignment with V Armee.

Escadrille Spa.78 ended World War I credited with destruction of at least 40 German aircraft, with another 40 claims judged probable victories.

Commanding officers

 * Lieutenant Armand Pinsard: 12 December 1916wounded in action 12 July 1917
 * Capitaine Eugene Verdon: 12 July 1917 - 25 September 1917
 * Capitaine Gustave Lagache: 25 September 1917 - war's end

Notable members

 * Lieutenant Armand Pinsard
 * Sous lieutenant Pierre Le Roy de Boiseaumarié, who later co-founded of the Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité (INAO).

Aircraft

 * Various types of Nieuport fighters: 12 December 1916 - late 1917
 * SPAD fighters: Late 1917 - war's end

title: Escadrille Spa.78


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Soubey

Soubey is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

History
Soubey is first mentioned in 1340 as Subeis. In 1369 it was mentioned as Subiez.

Because Soubey is among the few locations in Switzerland with no cell phone reception and few other sources of electromagnetic radiation, it has attracted – to the disapproval of its residents – numerous visitors seeking relief from electromagnetic hypersensitivity.

Geography
Soubey has an area of. Of this area, 5.19 km2 or 38.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 7.65 km2 or 56.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.3 km2 or 2.2% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.31 km2 or 2.3% is either rivers or lakes and 0.04 km2 or 0.3% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.2%. Out of the forested land, 54.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 3.5% is used for growing crops and 24.7% is pastures and 10.1% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Franches-Montagnes district and straddles the Doubs river. It consists of the village of Soubey and the hamlets of Clairbief, Chercenay, Froidevaux and Le Chaufour on the left side of the river as well as the hamlets of Lobschez and Les Moulins on the right side.

The municipalities of Le Bémont, Les Bois, Les Breuleux, La Chaux-des-Breuleux, Les Enfers, Les Genevez, Lajoux, Montfaucon, Muriaux, Le Noirmont, Saignelégier, Saint-Brais and Soubey are considering a merger on at a date in the future into the new municipality of Franches-Montagnes.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is ''Or, a Pike embowed Azure. ''

Demographics
Soubey has a population of. , 4.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 5.5%. Migration accounted for 8.3%, while births and deaths accounted for -4.1%.

Most of the population speaks French (114 or 83.8%) as their first language with the rest speaking German

, the population was 54.2% male and 45.8% female. The population was made up of 81 Swiss men (52.9% of the population) and 2 (1.3%) non-Swiss men. There were 66 Swiss women (43.1%) and 4 (2.6%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 62 or about 45.6% were born in Soubey and lived there in 2000. There were 32 or 23.5% who were born in the same canton, while 31 or 22.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 7 or 5.1% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 55.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 21.3%.

, there were 65 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 60 married individuals, 5 widows or widowers and 6 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 44 private households in the municipality, and an average of 3.0 persons per household. There were 13 households that consist of only one person and 8 households with five or more people. , a total of 42 apartments (30.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 83 apartments (59.3%) were seasonally occupied and 15 apartments (10.7%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 7.14%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 38.39% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (28.57%), the FDP (19.64%) and the SPS (10.71%). In the federal election, a total of 58 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 43.0%.

Economy
, Soubey had an unemployment rate of 1.8%. , there were 42 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 15 businesses involved in this sector. No one was employed in the secondary sector. 24 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 7 businesses in this sector. There were 62 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.9% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 52. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 31, of which 29 were in agriculture and 1 was in forestry or lumber production. There were no jobs in the secondary sector. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 21. In the tertiary sector; 2 or 9.5% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 12 or 57.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, and 1 was a technical professional or scientist.

, there were 5 workers who commuted into the municipality and 8 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 6.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 14.5% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 95 or 69.9% were Roman Catholic, while 28 or 20.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church. 11 (or about 8.09% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1 individuals (or about 0.74% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Soubey about 37 or (27.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 8 or (5.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 8 who completed tertiary schooling, 75.0% were Swiss men, 12.5% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009–10 school year, there were no students attending school in Soubey.

, there were 11 students in Soubey who came from another municipality, while 12 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Soubey


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Ansgar Almquist

Kasper Ansgarius "Ansgar" Almquist (4 February 1889 – 15 June 1973) was a Swedish sculptor, primarily of freestanding figural bronzes.

Early life and education
Born in Säby parish, now part of Tranås Municipality, to sales clerk Gustav Almquist and Augusta Åhman, Almquist was raised in the village of Åsen went to work for a furniture company when he was 14. In 1908 he began studying at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm; he continued in 1909 under the painter Carl Wilhelmson at Valand Academy in Gothenburg, and starting in 1910 in Paris, at the Académie Colarossi under Jean Antoine Injalbert and the École des Beaux-Arts. After the First World War, he returned to Europe in the 1920s on study tours in England, France, Germany and Italy.

Career
Almquist established his studio in Stockholm. He received a number of commissions for public art, including for Stockholm City Hall (four sculptures for the courtyard façade), the Gothenburg Museum of Art, and the Stockholm Concert Hall (staircase sculptures and the lights and columns in the main hall),  and also executed sculptures in wood for the interior of SS Kungsholm of the Holland America Line; Venus is now held by Sjöfartsmuseet Akvariet in Gothenburg. He exhibited frequently with the Swedish Association of Artists, and individually in Tranås in 1930 and in Norrköping in 1944. From 1931 to 1938 he taught at the Högre konstindustriella skolan in Stockholm and from 1945 at its successor, Konstfack.

His life-size bronze Gångaren (Race Walker) was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Personal life and death
Almquist married Sigrid Maria Löfgren in 1916. He died in 1973 in Lidingö (town) on the island of the same name.

Collections
Eriksbergs museum in Tranås exhibits a collection of his sculptures and some of the contents from his studio, and works by him have also been shown at Moderna Museet and Nationalmuseum in Stockholm and at the Norrköping Art Museum and the Gothenburg Museum of Art.

Selected works

 * Gångaren (Race Walker, 1936), Tidaholm
 * Carl Linnaeus (1938), Lund
 * Damen i dammen (1959), Skara

 * Mälarstäderna, Stockholm City Hall
 * Fiskarflickan, Stockholm County Museum

title: Ansgar Almquist


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Jean Marie Ralph Féthière

Jean Marie Ralph Féthière is a Haitian politician. He is a Senator from the north and a member of the ruling PHTK party. On September 23, 2019, while trying to leave Parliament amid a crowd as the government was voting to confirm a new prime minister, Féthière drew a handgun and fired toward the crowd. Dieu-Nalio Chery, a photographer for the Associated Press, suffered injuries to his face from bullet fragments, while a security guard named Leon Leblanc was also injured.

title: Jean Marie Ralph Féthière


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Davide Kovač

Davide Kovač (born 19 November 1999) is a Serbian volleyball player, a member of the Bulgarian club Dobrudja 07 Dobrich.

His father is Slobodan Kovač, a former volleyball player and coach for several years.

title: Davide Kovač