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Bricker Amendment

The Bricker Amendment is the collective name of a number of slightly different proposed amendments to the United States Constitution considered by the United States Senate in the 1950s. None of these amendments ever passed Congress. Each of them would require explicit congressional approval, especially for executive agreements that did not require the Senate's two-thirds approval for treaty. They are named for their sponsor, conservative Republican Senator John W. Bricker of Ohio, who distrusted the exclusive powers of the president to involve the United States beyond the wishes of Congress.

American entry into World War II led to a new sense of internationalism opposed by many conservatives. Frank E. Holman, president of the American Bar Association (ABA), called attention to federal court decisions, notably Missouri v. Holland, which he claimed could give international treaties and agreements precedence over the United States Constitution and could be used by foreigners to threaten American liberties. Bricker was influenced by the ABA's work and first introduced a proposed constitutional amendment in 1951. With substantial popular support and the election of a Republican president and Congress in the elections of 1952, together with support from many Southern Democrats, Bricker's plan seemed destined to pass Congress by the necessary two-thirds vote and be sent to the individual states for ratification by three-fourths of the state legislatures.

The best-known version of the Bricker Amendment, considered by the Senate in 1953–54, declared that no treaty could be made by the United States that conflicted with the Constitution; treaties could not be self-executing without the passage of separate enabling legislation through Congress; and treaties could not give Congress legislative powers beyond those specified in the Constitution. It also limited the president's power to enter into executive agreements with foreign powers.

Bricker's proposal attracted broad bipartisan support and was a focal point of intra-party conflict between the Eisenhower administration, which represented the more internationalist liberal Republican element, and the Old Right faction of conservative Republican senators, based in isolationist Midwestern strongholds. Despite the initial support, the Bricker Amendment was blocked through the intervention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Senate Minority Leader Lyndon Johnson. It failed in the Senate by a single vote in 1954, and was never voted on by the House.

Three years later the Supreme Court of the United States explicitly ruled in Reid v. Covert that the Bill of Rights cannot be abrogated by agreements with foreign powers. Nevertheless, Bricker's ideas still have supporters, and new versions of his amendment have been reintroduced in Congress periodically.

Fears return after World War II
The attack on Pearl Harbor temporarily silenced American non-interventionism; the America First Committee disbanded within days. However, in the final days of World War II, non-interventionism began its resurgence— non-interventionists had spoken against ratification of the United Nations Charter but were unsuccessful in preventing the United States from becoming a founding member of the United Nations. Suspicions of the UN and its associated international organizations were fanned by conservatives, most notably by Frank E. Holman, an attorney from Seattle, Washington, in what has been called a "crusade".

Holman, a Utah native and Rhodes scholar, was elected president of the American Bar Association in 1947 and dedicated his term as president to warning Americans of the dangers of "treaty law." While Article II of the United Nations Charter stated "Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state," an international analogue to the Tenth Amendment, Holman saw the work of the UN on the proposed Genocide Convention and Universal Declaration of Human Rights and numerous proposals of the International Labour Organization, a body created under the League of Nations, as being far outside the UN's powers and an invasion against American liberties.

Holman argued that the Genocide Convention would subject Americans to the jurisdiction of foreign courts with unfamiliar procedures and without the protections afforded under the Bill of Rights. He said the Convention's language was sweeping and vague and offered a scenario where a white motorist who struck and killed a black child could be extradited to The Hague on genocide charges. Holman's critics claimed the language was no more sweeping or vague than the state and federal statutes that American courts interpreted every day. Duane Tananbaum, the leading historian of the Bricker Amendment, wrote "most of ABA's objections to the Genocide Convention had no basis whatsoever in reality" and his example of a car accident becoming an international incident was not possible. Eisenhower's Attorney General Herbert Brownell called this scenario "outlandish".

But Holman's hypothetical especially alarmed Southern Democrats who had gone to great lengths to obstruct federal action targeted at ending the Jim Crow system of racial segregation in the American South. They feared that, if ratified, the Genocide Convention could be used in conjunction with the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause to pass a federal civil rights law (despite the conservative view that such a law would go beyond the enumerated powers of Article I, Section 8).

President Eisenhower's aide Arthur Larson said Holman's warnings were part of "all kinds of preposterous and legally lunatic scares [that] were raised," including "that the International Court would take over our tariff and immigration controls, and then our education, post offices, military and welfare activities." In Holman's own book advancing the Bricker Amendment he wrote the UN Charter meant the federal government could: "control and regulate all education, including public and parochial schools, it could control and regulate all matters affecting civil rights, marriage, divorce, etc; it could control all our sources of production of foods and the products of the farms and factories;... it could regiment labor and conditions of employment."

Legal background
The United States Constitution, effective in 1789, gave the federal government power over foreign affairs and restricted the individual States' authority in this realm. Article I, section ten provides, "no State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation" and that "no State shall, without the Consent of the Congress . . . enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State or with a foreign Power." The federal government's primacy was made clear in the Supremacy Clause of Article VI, which declares, "This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the Supreme Law of the land; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding." While executive agreements were not mentioned in the Constitution, Congress authorized them for delivery of the mail as early as 1792.

Early precedents
Constitutional scholars note that the supremacy clause was designed to protect the only significant treaty into which the infant United States had entered: the Treaty of Paris of 1783, which ended the Revolutionary War and under which Great Britain recognized the thirteen former colonies as thirteen independent and fully sovereign states. Nonetheless, its wording ignited fear of the potential abuse of the treaty power from the beginning. For example, the North Carolina ratifying convention that approved the Constitution did so with a reservation asking for a constitutional amendment that "No treaties which shall be directly opposed to the existing laws of the United States in Congress assembled shall be valid until such laws shall be repealed, or made conformable to such treaty; nor shall any treaty be valid which is contradictory to the Constitution of the United States."

Early legal precedents striking down State laws that conflicted with federally negotiated international treaties arose from the peace treaty with Britain, but subsequent treaties were found to trump city ordinances, state laws on escheat of land owned by foreigners and, in the 20th Century, state laws regarding tort claims. Subsequently, in a case involving a treaty concluded with the Cherokee Indians, the Supreme Court declared "It need hardly be said that a treaty cannot change the Constitution or be held valid if it be in violation of that instrument. This results from the nature and fundamental principles of our government. The effect of treaties and acts of Congress, when in conflict, is not settled by the Constitution. But the question is not involved in any doubt as to its proper solution. A treaty may supersede a prior act of Congress, and an act of Congress may supersede a prior treaty."

Likewise, in a case regarding ownership of land by foreign nationals, the court wrote, "The treaty power, as expressed in the constitution, is in terms unlimited, except by those restraints which are found in that instrument against the action of the government, or of its departments, and those arising from the nature of the government itself, and of that of the states. It would not be contended that it extends so far as to authorize what the constitution forbids, or a change in the character of the government, or in that of one of the states, or a cession of any portion of the territory of the latter, without its consent. But, with these exceptions, it is not perceived that there is any limit to the questions which can be adjusted touching any matter which is properly the subject of negotiation with a foreign country."

Justice Horace Gray, in the Supreme Court's opinion in the 1898 citizenship case United States v. Wong Kim Ark, wrote "that statutes enacted by Congress, as well as treaties made by the President and Senate, must yield to the paramount and supreme law of the Constitution."

Missouri v. Holland
The precedent most often cited by critics of "treaty law" was Missouri v. Holland. Congress had attempted to protect migratory birds by statute, but federal and state courts declared the law unconstitutional. The United States subsequently negotiated and ratified a treaty with Canada to achieve the same purpose, Congress then passed the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 to enforce it. In Missouri v. Holland, the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the new law. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, writing for the court, declared: "Acts of Congress are the supreme law of the land only when made in pursuance of the Constitution, while treaties are declared to be so when made under the authority of the United States. It is open to question whether the authority of the United States means more than the formal acts prescribed to make the convention. We do not mean to imply that there are no qualifications to the treaty-making power; but they must be ascertained in a different way. It is obvious that there may be matters of the sharpest exigency for the national well being that an act of Congress could not deal with but that a treaty followed by such an act could, and it is not lightly to be assumed that, in matters requiring national action, 'a power which must belong to and somewhere reside in every civilized government' is not to be found."

Proponents of the Bricker Amendment said this language made it essential to add to the Constitution explicit limitations on the treaty-making power. Raymond Moley wrote in 1953 that Holland meant "the protection of an international duck takes precedence over the constitutional protections of American citizens". In response, legal scholars such as Professor Edward Samuel Corwin of Princeton University said the language of the Constitution regarding treaties—"under the authority of the United States"—was misunderstood by Holmes, and was written to protect the 1783 peace treaty with Britain; this became "in part the source of Senator Bricker's agitation". Professor Zechariah Chafee of Harvard Law School wrote, "the Framers never talked about having treaties on the same level as the Constitution. What they did want was to make sure a state could no longer flout any lawful action taken by the nation". Chafee claimed that the word "Supreme", as used in Article VI, simply meant "supreme over the states".

Belmont and Pink

Two additional cases frequently cited by proponents of the Amendment were both related to the Roosevelt Administration's recognition of the Soviet government in 1933. In the course of recognizing the USSR, letters were exchanged with the Soviet Union's foreign minister, Maxim Litvinov, to settle claims between the two countries, in an agreement neither sent to the Senate nor ratified by it. In United States v. Belmont the constitutionality of executive agreements was tested in the Supreme Court. Justice George Sutherland, writing for the majority, upheld the power of the president, finding: "That the negotiations, acceptance of the assignment and agreements and understandings in respect thereof were within the competence of the President may not be doubted. Governmental power over external affairs is not distributed, but is vested exclusively in the national government. And in respect of what was done here, the Executive had authority to speak as the sole organ of that government. The assignment and the agreements in connection therewith did not, as in the case of treaties, as that term is used in the treaty making clause of the Constitution (article 2, 2), require the advice and consent of the Senate."

A second case from the Litvinov Agreement, United States v. Pink, also went to the Supreme Court. In Pink, the New York State superintendent of insurance was ordered to turn over assets belonging to a Russian insurance company pursuant to the Litvinov assignment. The United States sued New York to claim the money held by the Insurance Superintendent, and lost in lower courts. However, the Supreme Court held New York was interfering with the President's exclusive power over foreign affairs, independent of any language in the Constitution, a doctrine it enunciated in United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. and ordered New York to pay the money to the federal government. The court declared that "the Fifth Amendment does not stand in the way of giving full force and effect to the Litvinov Assignment" and "The powers of the President in the conduct of foreign relations included the power, without consent of the Senate, to determine the public policy of the United States with respect to the Russian nationalization decrees. What government is to be regarded here as representative of a foreign sovereign state is a political rather than a judicial question, and is to be determined by the political department of the government. That authority is not limited to a determination of the government to be recognized. It includes the power to determine the policy which is to govern the question of recognition. Objections to the underlying policy as well as objections to recognition are to be addressed to the political department and not to the courts."

Rulings during Congressional debate
Unlike in Pink and Belmont, an executive agreement on potato imports from Canada, litigated in United States v. Guy W. Capps, Inc., another oft cited case, the courts declared an agreement unenforceable. In Capps the courts found that the agreement, which directly contradicted a statute passed by Congress, could not be enforced.

But the dissent of Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (commonly referred to as the "steel seizure case") alarmed conservatives. President Harry S. Truman had nationalized the American steel industry to prevent a strike he claimed would interfere with the prosecution of the Korean War. Though the United States Supreme Court found this illegal, Vinson's defense of this sweeping exercise of executive authority was used to justify the Bricker Amendment. Those warning of "treaty law" claimed that in the future, Americans could be endangered with the use of the executive powers Vinson supported.

State precedents
Some state courts issued rulings in the 1940s and 1950s that relied on the United Nations Charter, much to the alarm of Holman and others. In Fujii v. California, a California law restricting the ownership of land by aliens was ruled by a state appeals court to be a violation of the UN Charter. In Fujii, the court declared "The Charter has become 'the supreme Law of the Land... any Thing in the Constitution of Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.' The position of this country in the family of nations forbids trafficking innocuous generalities but demands that every State in the Union accept and act upon the Charter according to its plain language and its unmistakable purpose and intent."

However, the California Supreme Court overruled, declaring that while the Charter was "entitled to respectful consideration by the courts and Legislatures of every member nation," it was "not intended to supersede existing domestic legislation." Similarly, a New York trial court refused to consider the UN Charter in an effort to strike down racially restrictive covenants in housing, declaring "these treaties have nothing to do with domestic matters," citing Article 2, Section 7 of the Charter.

In another covenant case, the Michigan Supreme Court discounted efforts to use the Charter, saying "these pronouncements are merely indicative of a desirable social trend and an objective devoutly to be desired by all well-thinking peoples." These words were quoted with approval by the Iowa Supreme Court in overturning a lower court decision that relied on the Charter, noting the Charter's principles "do not have the force or effect of superseding our laws."

Internationalization and the United Nations
Following the Second World War, various treaties were proposed under the aegis of the United Nations, in the spirit of collective security and internationalism that followed the global conflict of the preceding years. In particular, the Genocide Convention, which made a crime of "causing serious mental harm" to "a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group" and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which contained sweeping language about health care, employment, vacations, and other subjects outside the traditional scope of treaties, were considered problematic by non-interventionists and advocates of limited government.

Historian Stephen Ambrose described the suspicions of Americans: "Southern leaders feared that the U.N. commitment to human rights would imperil segregation; the American Medical Association feared it would bring about socialized medicine." It was, the American Bar Association declared, "one of the greatest constitutional crises the country has ever faced."

Conservatives were worried that these treaties could be used to expand the power of the federal government at the expense of the people and the states. In a speech to the American Bar Association's regional meeting at Louisville, Kentucky, on April 11, 1952, John Foster Dulles, an American delegate to the United Nations, said, "Treaties make international law and they also make domestic law. Under our Constitution, treaties become the Supreme Law of the Land. They are indeed more supreme than ordinary laws, for Congressional laws are invalid if they do not conform to the Constitution, whereas treaty laws can override the Constitution." Dulles said the power to make treaties "is an extraordinary power liable to abuse."

Senator Everett Dirksen, a Republican of Illinois, declared, "we are in a new era of international organizations. They are grinding out treaties like so many eager beavers which will have effects on the rights of American citizens." Eisenhower's Attorney General Herbert Brownell admitted executive agreements "had sometimes been abused in the past." Frank E. Holman wrote Secretary of State George Marshall in November 1948 regarding the dangers of the Human Rights Declaration, receiving the dismissive reply that the agreement was "merely declaratory in character" and had no legal effect. The conservative ABA called for a Constitutional amendment to address what they perceived to be a potential abuse of executive power. Holman described the threat: "More or less coincident with the organization of the United Nations a new form of internationalism arose which undertook to enlarge the historical concept of international law and treaties to have them include and deal with the domestic affairs and internal laws of independent nations."

Senator Bricker thought the "one world" movement advocated by those such as Wendell Willkie, Roosevelt's Republican challenger in the 1940 election, would attempt to use treaties to undermine American liberties. Conservatives cited as evidence the statement of John P. Humphrey, the first director of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights: "What the United Nations is trying to do is revolutionary in character. Human rights are largely a matter of [the] relationship between the State and individuals, and therefore a matter which has been traditionally regarded as being within the domestic jurisdiction of states. What is now being proposed is, in effect, the creation of some super national supervision of this relationship."

Frank E. Holman testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that the Bricker Amendment was needed "to eliminate the risk that through 'treaty law' our basic American rights may be bargained away in attempts to show our good neighborliness and to indicate to the rest of the world our spirit of brotherhood." W.L. McGrath, president of the Williamson Heater Company in Cincinnati, Ohio, told the Senate that the International Labour Organization, to which he had been an American delegate, was "seeking to set itself up as a sort of international legislature to formulate socialistic laws which it hopes, by the vehicle of treaty ratification, can essentially be imposed upon most of the countries of the world."

Congress considers the proposal
Republican Senator John W. Bricker, an attorney, had served as governor of Ohio and was Thomas E. Dewey's running mate in the 1944 campaign before winning a Senate seat in the 1946 Republican landslide. Author Robert Caro declared Senator Bricker to be "a fervent admirer" of Senators Robert A. Taft of Ohio, "whom he had three times backed for the presidential nomination," and Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, "whom he would support to the last," and stated that Bricker was "a fervent hater of foreign aid, the United Nations, and all those he lumped with Eleanor Roosevelt under the contemptuous designation of 'One Worlders'. He was the embodiment of the GOP's "Old Guard," borne out by his voting record:  Americans for Democratic Action gave him a "zero" rating in 1949.  However, Bricker was not a doctrinaire non-interventionist; he had voted in favor of the Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty.

President Eisenhower disagreed about the necessity of the Amendment, writing in his diary in April 1953, "Senator Bricker wants to amend the Constitution . . . By and large the logic of the case is all against Senator Bricker, but he has gotten almost psychopathic on the subject, and a great many lawyers have taken his side of the case. This fact does not impress me very much.  Lawyers have been trained to take either side of any case and make the most intelligent and impassioned defense of their adopted viewpoint."

Historians describe the Bricker Amendment as "the high water mark of the non-interventionist surge in the 1950s" and "the embodiment of the Old Guard's rage at what it viewed as twenty years of presidential usurpation of Congress's constitutional powers" which "grew out of sentiment both anti-Democrat and anti-presidential." Bricker's pressing the issue, wrote Time just before the climactic vote, was "a time-bomb threat to both G.O.P. unity and White House-Congressional accord." Senator Bricker warned "the constitutional power of Congress to determine American foreign policy is at stake."

82nd Congress
In the 82nd Congress, Senator Bricker introduced the first version of his amendment, S.J. Res. 102, drafted by Bricker and his staff. The American Bar Association was still studying the issue of how to prevent an abuse of "treaty law" when Bricker introduced his resolution on July 17, 1951, without the ABA's involvement, but the Senator wanted to begin immediate debate on an issue he considered vital. Bricker was not trying to reverse the Yalta Agreement, in contrast to the goals of some of his conservative colleagues; he was worried most about what might be done by the United Nations or under an executive agreement. A second proposal, S.J. Res 130, was introduced by Bricker on February 7, 1952, with fifty-eight co-sponsors, including every Republican except Eugene Millikin of Colorado.

President Harry S. Truman was adamantly opposed to limitations on executive power and ordered every executive branch agency to report on how the Bricker Amendment would affect its work and to offer this information to the Judiciary Committee. Consequently, in its hearings, the Committee heard from representatives of the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Labor, and the Post Office, along with the Bureau of Internal Revenue, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. Duane Tananbaum wrote the hearings "provided the amendment's supporters with a wider forum for their argument that a constitutional amendment was needed" and gave opponents a chance to debate the issue.

Bricker's amendment was raised as an issue in his 1952 re-election campaign. Toledo mayor Michael DiSalle railed that the amendment was "an unwarranted interference with the provisions of the Constitution," but Bricker was easily elected to a second term.

83rd Congress: Consideration by the new Republican majority
Bricker introduced his proposal, S.J. Res 1, on the first day of the 83rd Congress and soon had sixty-three co-sponsors on a resolution much closer to the language of the amendment proposed by the American Bar Association. This time, every Republican senator, including Millikin, was a co-sponsor, as were eighteen Democrats. Including Bricker, this totaled exactly the sixty-four votes that comprised two-thirds of the full Senate, the number necessary to approve a constitutional amendment. Companion measures were introduced in the United States House of Representatives, but no action was taken on them; the focus was on the Senate.

The Eisenhower Administration was caught by surprise as Sherman Adams, Eisenhower's Chief of Staff, thought an agreement had been reached with Bricker to delay introduction of his amendment until after the Administration had studied the issue. "Bricker hoped to force the new administration's hand," wrote Duane Tananbaum. George E. Reedy, aide to Senate minority leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, said popular support for the measure made it "apparent from the start that it could not be defeated on a straight-out vote. No one could vote against the Bricker Amendment with impunity and very few could vote against it and survive at all . . . There was no hope of stopping it through direct opposition." Johnson told his aide Bobby Baker it was "the worst bill I can think of" and "it will be the bane of every president we elect."

Eisenhower privately disparaged Bricker's motives, suggesting Bricker's push for the Amendment was driven by "his one hope of achieving at least a faint immortality in American history," and considered the Amendment entirely unnecessary, telling Stephen Ambrose it was "an addition to the Constitution that said you could not violate the Constitution."

Eisenhower seeks delay
Eisenhower publicly stated his opposition in his press conference of March 26, 1953: "The Bricker Amendment, as analyzed for me by the Secretary of State, would, as I understand it, in certain ways restrict the authority that the President must have, if he is to conduct the foreign affairs of this Nation effectively. . . .  I do believe that there are certain features that would work to the disadvantage of our country, particularly in making it impossible for the President to work with the flexibility that he needs in this highly complicated and difficult situation." Eisenhower's phrasing, "as analyzed for me by the Secretary of State," led Bricker and other conservatives to blame Dulles for misleading Eisenhower, and raised their suspicion that the Secretary of State was a tool of Eastern internationalist interests.

Eisenhower sent Attorney General Herbert Brownell to meet with Bricker to try to delay consideration of the resolution while the administration studied it; Bricker refused, noting his original proposal was introduced over a year earlier in the previous session of Congress. Bricker was willing, however, to compromise on the language of an amendment, unlike Frank Holman, who was intent on a particular wording. However, the administration, particularly Dulles, irritated Bricker by refusing to offer an alternative to his resolution. Eisenhower privately continued to disparage the Amendment with strong language, calling it "a stupid blind violation of the Constitution by stupid, blind non-interventionists" and stating "if it is true that when you die the name of the things that bothered you the most are engraved on your skull, I'm sure I'll have there the mud and dirt of France during the invasion and the name of Senator Bricker."

Republican infighting
Sherman Adams wrote "Eisenhower thus found himself caught in a crossfire between the Republican conservatives and the State Department" and stated President Eisenhower thought the Bricker Amendment was a refusal of the United States "to accept the leadership of world democracy that had been thrust upon it." In 1954, Eisenhower wrote Senate majority leader William F. Knowland of California stating, "Adoption of the Bricker Amendment in its present form by the Senate would be notice to our friends as well as our enemies abroad that our country intends to withdraw from its leadership in world affairs."

Despite the Amendment's popularity and large number of sponsors, Majority Leader Taft stalled the bill itself in the Judiciary Committee at the behest of President Eisenhower. However, on June 10, ill health led Taft to resign as Majority Leader, and five days later, the Judiciary Committee reported the measure to the full Senate. No action was taken before the session adjourned in August; debate would begin in January 1954.

The long delay allowed opposition to mobilize. Erwin Griswold, dean of the Harvard Law School, and Owen Roberts, retired Justice of the United States Supreme Court, organized the Committee for the Defense of the Constitution. They were joined by such prominent Americans as attorney John W. Davis, former Attorney General William D. Mitchell, former Secretary of War Kenneth C. Royall, former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Governor Adlai Stevenson, former President Harry S. Truman, Judge John J. Parker, Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter, Denver Post publisher Palmer Hoyt, the Reverend Harry Emerson Fosdick, socialist Norman Thomas, and General Lucius D. Clay. The Committee claimed the Amendment would give Congress too much power and make the United States' system to approve treaties "the most cumbersome in the world."

Roberts dismissed the Amendment, declaring "we must decide whether we are to stand on the silly shibboleth of national security," a statement supporters of the Amendment eagerly seized upon. The Committee was joined in opposing the Amendment by the League of Women Voters, the American Association for the United Nations, and the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, one of the few bar associations to oppose the Amendment.

Conservatives Clarence Manion, former dean of the University of Notre Dame Law School, and newspaper publisher Frank Gannett formed organizations to support the Amendment while a wide spectrum of groups entered the debate. Supporting the Bricker Amendment were the National Association of Attorneys General, the American Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, the Marine Corps League, National Sojourners, the Catholic War Veterans, the Kiwanis, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the National Grange, the American Farm Bureau Federation, the Daughters of the American Revolution, The Colonial Dames of America, the National Association of Evangelicals, the American Medical Association, the General Federation of Women's Clubs, and the Association of American Physicians and Surgeons. In opposition were Americans for Democratic Action, the American Jewish Congress, the American Federation of Labor, B'nai B'rith, the United World Federalists, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the American Association of University Women: groups that Holman characterized as "eastern seaboard internationalists."

Eisenhower aided by Democrats
Faced with essentially united opposition from his own Party's Senate caucus, Eisenhower needed the help of Democrats to defeat the Amendment. Caro summarized the problem: "Defeating the amendment and thereby preserving the power of the presidency—his first objective—could not be accomplished even if he united his party's liberal and moderate senators against it; there simply were not enough of them.  He would have to turn conservative Senators against it too, conservatives who were at the moment wholeheartedly for it—and not just Democratic conservatives but at least a few members of the Republican Old Guard." President Eisenhower continued his opposition. In January, he claimed that the Bricker Amendment would fatally weaken the bargaining position of the United States because the states would be involved in foreign policy, recalling the divisions under the Articles of Confederation.

Before the Second Session of the 83rd Congress convened, the Amendment "went through a complex and incomprehensible series of changes as various Senators struggled to find a precise wording that would satisfy both the President and Bricker." In fact, President Eisenhower himself in January 1954 said that nobody understood the Bricker Amendment, but his position "was clear; he opposed any amendment that would reduce the President's power to conduct foreign policy." In his opposition to the Amendment, Eisenhower obtained the help of Senate Minority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, who persuaded Senator Walter F. George of Georgia to sponsor his own proposal in order to sap support from Senator Bricker's. The George Substitute introduced on January 27, 1954, especially infuriated Bricker since George also wanted limits on treaties.

George warned in the Senate, "I do not want a president of the U.S. to conclude an executive agreement which will make it unlawful for me to kill a cat in the back alley of my lot at night and I do not want the President of the U.S. to make a treaty with India which would preclude me from butchering a cow in my own pasture." Senator George was ideal as an opponent as he was a hero to conservatives of both parties for his opposition to the New Deal and his survival of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's unsuccessful effort to purge him when he sought re-election in 1938. "Democrats and Republicans alike respected him and recognized his influence."

Eisenhower worked to prevent a vote, telling Republican Senators that he agreed that President Roosevelt had done things he would not have done, but that the Amendment would not have prevented the Yalta Agreement. By the time the Senate finally voted on the Bricker Amendment on February 26, thirteen of the nineteen Democrats who had co-sponsored it had withdrawn their support, at the urging of Senators Johnson and George. The original version of S.J. Res. 1 failed 42–50. By a 61-30 vote, the Senate agreed to substitute George's language for Bricker's— if only ninety-one senators voted, sixty-one was the necessary two-thirds vote for final approval.

Senator Herbert H. Lehman of New York said in the debate "what we are doing is one of the most dangerous and inexcusable things that any great legislative body can do." However, Johnson had planned carefully and had several votes in reserve. When revised Amendments came to a vote, with Vice President Richard Nixon presiding over the Senate, Senator Harley M. Kilgore of West Virginia arrived to cast the deciding vote of "nay." The measure was defeated 60-31. In the final count, thirty-two Republicans voted for the revised Bricker Amendment and fourteen voted against.

Senator Bricker was embittered by the defeat. "By the mid-1950s," wrote the Senator's biographer, "Bricker had become alienated from the mainstream of his own party... fulminating on the far right of the political spectrum." Decades after his defeat he was still furious. "Ike did it!" he said. "He killed my amendment."

Aftermath
Eisenhower made defeating the amendment a high priority. However, to secure enough Republican votes, he had to abandon American support for the UN human rights initiative. This episode proved to be the last hurrah for the isolationist Republicans, as the younger conservatives increasingly turned to an internationalism based on aggressive anti-communism, typified by Senator Barry Goldwater.

Senator Bricker introduced another proposal later in the 83rd Congress and proposed similar constitutional amendments in the 84th and 85th Congresses. While hearings were held in the 84th and 85th Congresses, the full Senate took no action and the idea of amending the Constitution was never again seriously considered. In part, this was because the Supreme Court issued rulings that undercut arguments for it, notably in Reid v. Covert.

The Supreme Court in 1957 declared that the United States could not abrogate the rights guaranteed to citizens in the Bill of Rights through international agreements. Reid v. Covert and Kinsella v. Krueger concerned the prosecution of two servicemen's wives who killed their husbands abroad and were, under the status of forces agreements in place, tried and convicted in American courts-martial. The court found the Congress had no constitutional authority to subject servicemen's dependents to the Uniform Code of Military Justice and overturned the convictions. Justice Hugo Black's opinion for the court declared: "There is nothing in [the Constitution] which intimates that treaties and laws enacted pursuant to [it] do not have to comply with the provisions of the Constitution. Nor is there anything in the debates which accompanied the drafting and ratification of the Constitution which even suggests such a result. These debates as well as the history that surrounds the adoption of the treaty provision in Article VI make it clear that the reason treaties were not limited to those made in "pursuance" of the Constitution was so that agreements made by the United States under the Articles of Confederation, including the important peace treaties which concluded the Revolutionary War, would remain in effect. It would be manifestly contrary to the objectives of those who created the Constitution, as well as those who were responsible for the Bill of Rights—let alone alien to our entire constitutional history and tradition—to construe Article VI as permitting the United States to exercise power under an international agreement without observing constitutional prohibitions. In effect, such construction would permit amendment of that document in a manner not sanctioned by Article V. The prohibitions of the Constitution were designed to apply to all branches of the National Government and they cannot be nullified by the Executive or by the Executive and the Senate combined."

In Seery v. United States (1955) the government argued that an executive agreement allowed it to confiscate property in Austria owned by an American citizen without compensation. But this was rejected, the Court of Claims writing "we think that there can be no doubt that an executive agreement, not being a transaction which is even mentioned in the Constitution, cannot impair constitutional rights."

The United States ultimately ratified the UN's Genocide Convention in 1986. The Convention was signed with reservations, which prevented the law being enacted if it contradicted the Constitution. Several states expressed concern that this would undermine the provisions of the convention.

The Bricker Amendment is occasionally revived in Congress. For example, in 1997, Representative Helen Chenoweth (R–Idaho) offered her version of the Bricker Amendment in the 105th Congress.

Table of cases

 * Asakura v. City of Seattle, 265 U.S. 332 (1924).
 * Botiller v. Dominguez, 130 U.S. 238 (1889).
 * The Cherokee Tobacco, 78 U.S. (11 Wall.) 616 (1870).
 * The Chinese Exclusion Case (Chae Chan Ping v. United States), 130 U.S. 581 (1889).
 * Chirac v. Chirac's Lessee, 15 U.S. (2 Wheat.) 259 (1817).
 * De Geofroy v. Riggs, 133 U.S. 258 (1890)
 * Doe v. Braden, 57 U.S. (16 How.) 635 (1835).
 * Fairfax's Devisee v. Hunter's Lessee, 11 U.S. (7 Cran.) 603 (1813).
 * Foster v. Nielson, 27 U.S. (2 Pet.) 253 (1829).
 * Fujii v. State, 217 P.2d 481 (Cal. App. 2d 1950), rehearing denied 218 P.2d 596 (Cal. App. 2d 1950), reversed 242 P.2d 617 (1952).
 * Garcia v. Pan American Airways, 269 App. Div. 287, 55 N.Y.S. 2d 317 (1945), affirmed 295 N.Y. 852, 67 N.E. 2d 257.
 * Hauenstein v. Lynham, 100 U.S. 483 (1879).
 * Higginson v. Mein, 8 U.S. (4 Cran.) 415 (1808).
 * Hopkirk v. Bell, 7 U.S. (3 Cran.) 454 (1806).
 * Kemp v. Rubin, 69 N.Y.S.2d 680 (Sup. Ct. Queens 1947).
 * Kinsella v. Krueger, 351 U.S. 470 (1956), reversed on rehearing, 354 U.S. 1 (1957).
 * Lee v. Pan American Airways, 89 N.Y.S. 2d 888, 300 N.Y. 761, 89 N.E. 2d 258 (1949), cert. denied 339 U.S. 920 (1950).
 * Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) 603 (1816)
 * Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920).
 * Orr v. Hodgson, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 453 (1819).
 * Reid v. Covert, 351 U.S. 487 (1956), reversed on rehearing, 354 U.S. 1 (1957).
 * Rice v. Sioux City Memorial Park Cemetery, 245 Iowa 147, 60 N.W.2d 110 (1954), cert dismissed as improvidently granted, 349 U.S. 70 (1955)
 * Seery v. United States, 127 F. Supp. 601 (Ct. Claims 1955).
 * Sipes v. McGhee, 316 Mich. 615 (1947).
 * Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts v. New Haven, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 464 (1823).
 * Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts v. Town of Pawlet, 29 U.S. 480 (1830).
 * State v. McCullagh, 153 Pac. 557 (Kan. 557).
 * State v. Sawyer, 94 Atl. 886 (Maine 1915).
 * Terrace v. Thompson, 263 U.S. 197 (1923).
 * United States v. Belmont, 301 U.S. 324 (1937)
 * United States v. Guy W. Capps, Inc., 100 F.Supp. 30 (E.D. Va. 1952), affirmed 204 F.2d. 655 (4th 1953), affirmed 348 U.S. 296 (1955)
 * United States v. McCullagh. 221 Fed 288 (D Kan. 1915).
 * United States v. Pink, 315 U.S. 203 (1942)
 * United States v. Shauver, 214 Fed 154 (E.D Ark. 1914).
 * United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898)
 * Ware v. Hylton, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 199 (1796).
 * Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 569 (1952).

Table of statutes, treaties, and international agreements

 * An Act Concerning Aliens. Act of June 25, 1798, ch. 58, 1 Stat. 570.
 * An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes against the United States. Act of July 14, 1798, ch. 74, 1 Stat. 596.
 * An Act Respecting Alien Enemies. Act of July 6, 1798, ch. 66, 1 Stat. 577.
 * An Act to Establish a Uniform Rule of Naturalization. Act of June 18, 1798, ch. 54, 1 Stat. 566.
 * An Act to Establish the Post-Office and Post Roads Within the United States. Act of February 20, 1792. ch. 7.  1 Stat. 232.
 * Administrative Agreement Under Article III of the Security Treaty Between the United States of America and Japan. Agreement of February 28, 1952.  3 UST 3343.  TIAS 2492.
 * Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds of August 16, 1916, T.S. No. 628, 39 Stat. 1702.
 * Definitive Treaty of Peace Between the United States of America and His Britannic Majesty. Treaty of September 3, 1783.  8 Stat. 80.
 * Executive Agreement Between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Respecting Jurisdiction Over Criminal Offenses Committed by Armed Forces of July 27, 1942. 57 Stat. 1193, E.A.S. 355.  Enacted in Britain as United States of America (Victory Forces Act) 1942, 5&6 Geo. 6, c. 31.
 * Genocide Convention Implementation Act of 1987, also known as the Proxmire Act, Pub. L. 100–606, Act of November 4, 1988, 102 Stat. 3045, codified as et seq.
 * Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Act of July 3, 1918, ch. 148, 40 Stat. 755, 18 U.S.C.§703.
 * Neutrality Act of 1935. Act of August 31, 1935, ch. 837, 49 Stat. 1081.
 * Neutrality Act of 1936. Act of February 18, 1936, ch. 106, 49 Stat. 1153.
 * Neutrality Act of 1937. Act of May 1, 1937, ch. 146, 50 Stat. 121.
 * The United Nations Charter. 59 Stat. 1031, T.S. 993.

title: Bricker Amendment


text:
National Sholokhov Museum-Reserve

The National Sholokhov Museum-Reserve (Музей Шолохова) is a museum complex in Rostov oblast, Russia which commemorates the life and work of author Mikhail Sholokhov. The main exhibits are located in an apartment where he lived in stanitsa of Vyoshenskaya, and in a house in which he worked on portions of his novel And Quiet Flows the Don. The museum complex was founded in 1984. Its collections comprise over 70,000 items. The collections occupy a complex of five historic buildings in Vyoshenskaya, Karginskaya, Kruzhilinskaya, Rostov-on-Don: khutors, villa of architect N. Sokolov, exhibition center, memorial and historical complex.

Description

Sholokhov's letters, writings, documents, autographs and things are exhibited in the museum. Dwellings with household plots are conserved also. The Sholokhov Museum consists of:
 * Manor house in khutor of Kruzhilinsky, where the writer was born. He lived here with parents before 1910. The manor consists of orchard, yard, dolly-shop, banya and stable;
 * house in stanitsa of Karginskaya, where Sholokhov produced Azur steppe and most of the Don stories. The building became a museum in 1972. The architecture of the building is common to villages of the Upper Don of the early 20th century;
 * house in stanitsa of Vyoshenskaya, where the writer worked on the third volume of And Quiet Flows the Don and Newground under plough;
 * house, where Sholokhov's family was living between 1949 and 1984. At this period author produced Fate of a Man, They fought for the  homeland and the second volume of Newground under plough.
 * "Sholokhov-Centre", in the Martyn Brothers House, Rostov-on-Don. Exhibition space and centre for cultural and educational projects. Hosts lectures, museum classes, creative meetings, and theme nights.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: National Sholokhov Museum-Reserve


text:
Yinka Ayefele

Olayinka Joel Ayefele MON is a Nigerian music producer, gospel singer, radio presenter, and founder of Fresh and Blast FM network of radio stations across south-western Nigeria.

Early life
Ayefele was born in Ipoti-Ekiti, a town in Ekiti State in southwestern Nigeria.

Education
He attended Our Saviours Anglican Primary School in Ipoti-Ekiti for his primary and secondary education before he later proceeded to Ondo State College of Arts and Science in Ikare Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Career
Ayefele worked briefly as journalist and broadcaster at the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria, Ibadan, where he also produced jingles and musical works on radio. He began his music career in 1997 after he was involved in an automobile accident which damaged his spinal cord and made him reliant on a wheelchair. While in the hospital where he spent about 9 months, his friend, Kola Olootu, visited and advised him to put some songs together. This suggestion resulted in the release of his debut album titled, Bitter Experience in 1998 which brought him into limelight. The release of Bitter Experience was followed by the release of Sweet Experience. Other albums released by the gospel musician are Something Else, Divine Intervention and Life after death, released in honor of Gbenga Adeboye, a Nigerian radio presenter, musician and comedian. The title Bitter Experience reflected his ordeal and Sweet Experience was the sweetness after a "Bitter Experience". Ayefele's music has been published by different outfits, including API Music (Alloy Production International) 1998 - 2009, Galaxy Music (2008–2018), and Role Model Entertainment (2019 till date).

Awards and honours
Ayefele has received over 200 awards. Among other awards are:
 * Member of the Order of the Niger awarded by Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (2011)
 * Ekiti cultural ambassador award

Radio station
Yinka Ayefele owns a network of radio stations across southwestern Nigeria called Fresh FM. The Ibadan arm of the network was established in 2015 and licensed by the Nigerian National Broadcasting Commission on 30 April 2015. Other arms of Ayefele's radio stations have, at different times since then, been opened in Abeokuta, Ado Ekiti, Akure, Osogbo and Lagos.

Ayefele's Music House, which also houses the Fresh FM radio station and a studio, was on 19 August 2018 demolished by the Oyo State Government. The reason the government gave for the demolition was that the property's location contravened the stipulations by the town planning authority. This sparked outrage from fans and sympathizers.

Discography

 * Bitter Experience (1998)
 * Sweet Experience (1999)
 * Something Else (2000)
 * Divine Intervention (2001)
 * Fun Fair (2002)
 * Life after Death (2003)
 * Aspiration (2004)
 * Fulfilment (2005)
 * New Dawn (2005)
 * Next Level (2006)
 * Gratitude (2007)
 * Absolute Praise (2008)
 * Transformation (2009)
 * Everlasting Grace (2010)
 * Prayer Point (2011)
 * Goodness Of God (2012)
 * Comforter (2013)
 * Overcomer (2014)
 * Upliftment (2015)
 * Fresh Glory (2016)
 * Living Testimony (2017)
 * Favour (2018)
 * Beyond The Limits (2019)
 * Ekundayo (Exhilaration) (2020)
 * Manifestation (2021)
 * So Far So Good (2022)
 * Consolation (2023)

title: Yinka Ayefele


text:
lyödä ritariksi

Verb

 * 1) to knight to confer a knighthood upon

Conjugation
See ; is not inflected.

title: lyödä ritariksi


text:
Talk:Duaner Sánchez

External links modified
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I have just modified 1 one external link on Duaner Sánchez. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:09, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duaner Sánchez


text:
Murder of Cherish Perrywinkle

Cherish Lily Perrywinkle (December 24, 2004 – June 22, 2013) was an 8-year-old girl from Jacksonville, Florida who was abducted from a Walmart on June 21, 2013. She was seen on CCTV cameras leaving the store with a man named Donald James Smith (born September 4, 1956) who was later convicted of her murder and sentenced to death.

Life and murder
Cherish Lily Perrywinkle was born in Jacksonville, Florida on Christmas Eve of 2004 to Rayne Perrywinkle and Billy Jarreau, who were never married and had custody battles.

On June 21, 2013, around 8 pm, Rayne, Cherish, and her two younger sisters went shopping when they first met Donald Smith at a Dollar General, where he offered to buy them clothes they could not afford with a $150 Walmart gift card. The Perrywinkles then got into his white van and went with him to Walmart, where they shopped for the next 2 hours. At 10:30 pm, Smith offered to get them cheeseburgers at the store's McDonald's and Cherish followed him. However, surveillance footage shows that they walked out of the store instead, which was the last time Cherish was seen alive. About half an hour later, Rayne called the police to report that her daughter had been abducted; an Amber alert was issued five hours later. The next morning, Cherish's body was found in a creek behind Highlands Baptist Church. It is believed that Smith had bound her in the back of his van, where she was sexually assaulted and strangled to death.

Smith's arrest
Police immediately identified Smith as the abductor, with his van being one of the main focuses. Around 9 am the next day, officers saw his van on the interstate and cornered him before he surrendered and was promptly arrested. Smith was known to police as a local sex offender with a long criminal history including numerous offenses against minors. He had been released from jail only three weeks before Cherish's murder.

Trial
Smith's trial began in February 2018. He was found guilty of first-degree murder and sexual battery and was sentenced to death in May 2018. The jurors were in tears after witnessing crime scene photos of the murder as the defense tried to suppress the images. Julie Schlax, the defense attorney, urged the jurors to focus on the law and not their raw emotions.

In April 2021, the Supreme Court of Florida upheld Smith’s conviction and death sentence.

title: Murder of Cherish Perrywinkle


text:
User:CQ/2007/W21/4

24 May 2007 - I started Generating dynamic content with MediaWiki to talk about these sort of pages.

title: User:CQ/2007/W21/4


text:
User:Rumbywilson/Article evaluation

Article Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_loafing#Meta-analysis_study_and_the_Collective_Effort_Model_.28CEM.29

Does the article lead (aka lede) provide a clear overview of the main article content?
Yes, the article is descriptive in its analysis of social loafing concept.

Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
The article is able to provide extensive background over social loafing (including history, experiments performed, real life examples). It then proceeded to outline the different ways to reduce social loafing. Even though it was extensive I though that it could have been reduced and turned into a reference to another article

Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
This article is neutral, and draws on several research papers (29 different references) to establish it's position.

Are there viewpoints that are over-represented, or under-represented?
The articles refers to enough articles so that most viewpoints could be expanded upon. Articles/concepts that we have read about in class were highlighted upon and giving a fair viewpoint. Even though some were more represented then others, I thought overall the article had good coverage over the social loafing concepts

Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
Yes the sources are reliable, the sources are associated with high regarded researchers in this field. Also, it has reliable citation to back up the facts stated.

Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
The information is up to date and refers to articles we have also read about. The last time it was revised was about three years ago.

Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
Yes the links worked and I was able to verify the numerous facts stated in the article.

Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
Most of the talk page talks about the restructuring of the article and debates of different article. Some of it is based on previous students saying which changes they want to make to the page and some are people adding in different articles for opinions on whether its relevant to add in the article.

How is the article rated? Here is a link to a tool that shows the automatically-assessed quality of a Wikipedia article revision: http://<IP_ADDRESS>:8000/ArticleQuality
Revision ID is: 626842195. However, when inputting that into link it just gives an error at top of URL saying #nogo.

How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
This article greatly expands about what we have talked about in class. A large portion of our class/quiz was specifically focused on the article we read regarding the Collective Model Effort. However, it differs since it offers extensive background knowledge of it's origins and gives real life examples. It also expands upon the remedies to social loafing

title: User:Rumbywilson/Article evaluation


text:
Web Development

Table of Contents

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) /The history of the Internet/
 * 3) /Why do people develop web pages?/
 * 4) /What is web development?/
 * 5) The Concept
 * 6) /Getting from vague idea to hammered-out concept/
 * 7) /Pre-design testing and other useful techniques/
 * 8) /The rationale of concepts: being careful/
 * 9) Resources
 * 10) /What's needed to develop a website?/
 * 11) /Setting up a reasonable web development budget/
 * 12) /Finding investors, advertisers, and supporters/
 * 13) /Making connections and selling your concept/
 * 14) The Image
 * 15) /The importance of a website's unified theme/
 * 16) /The design phase and the one-second test/
 * 17) /Compliance and audience reach/
 * 18) The Backend
 * 19) /What is a backend?/
 * 20) /To db or not to db?/
 * 21) /Choosing the right programming language/
 * 22) /Good coding procedures and adherence to standards/
 * 23) Gaining users
 * 24) /Finding your target audience/
 * 25) /Enticing advertisers/
 * 26) /Search engine optimization/
 * 27) /The common misconception: visits vs. hits/
 * 28) /Staying updated: why people come back/
 * 29) Adding a Forum
 * 30) The Follow-through
 * 31) /Updating a live website/
 * 32) /Providing support/
 * 33) /Continued dedication/
 * 34) Closing Shop
 * 35) /Life after death: selling your website/
 * 36) /An alternative to closing: going open-source/

Case Studies

 * 1) /PTM Training/

Développement web

title: Web Development


text:
Talk:Sea fog

4434
— Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:35, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sea fog


text:
User:Zafarcreation/Template:User page/doc

Usage
This template may be placed on pages in user space in order to differentiate them from pages containing encyclopedic content. It is recommended that it be included via  so that it will be displayed even on mirror sites that don't use this template.

Parameters

 * yes – shows the Wikipedia logo on the left (default hidden)
 * right - shows the Wikipedia logo on the right (default hidden)
 * yes – prevents external search engines from indexing the page (default no)
 * yes - makes the container's border rounded (default no)
 * 15px - changes the border radius, if  is also set (default 15px)
 * 1 - the size of the border (default 1)
 * #ffc9c9 - the color of the border (default #ffc9c9)
 * #fffff3 - changes the background color (default #fffff3)
 * #fffff3 - changes the background color (default #fffff3)


text:
Talk:Nanotechnology

this is a good website but there should be more pictures to explain howw it works--<IP_ADDRESS> 16:25, 23 May 2007 (UTC)Ciara ṬĤÂñķ ȲØŪ
 * I agree. On another note... New process makes nanofibers in complex shapes and unlimited lengths - --Remi 19:39, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * nanotech based chicken feed... --Remi 01:15, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nanotechnology


text:
File talk:Stamp girl 5.png

Copyright issues
On this page: Storyboard Artwork Project/Stamps it says that these images are not for public distribution. However, if they are here at Wikiversity, the images should be distributable or actually marked as copyrighted, but used under "fair use". However, the actual image is licensed on the site, here, as GFDL and marked as public domain and on the rubber stamps for storyboarding page it is labeled as not for public use.

These images need to be clarified. --Remi 23:42, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

title: File talk:Stamp girl 5.png


text:
Talk:The Bachelor (franchise)

This is about the franchise, and at least the Finnish version is not mentioned at all. The template apparently only has the ones with an article, and Finnish does not. I wonder how many others are missing from this so-called "franchise" article? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:41, 18 August 2021 (UTC)

Cody Frye
Does he sing the intro song? 2600:1702:28A0:19E0:15E4:186C:1DB7:198B (talk) 02:12, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Bachelor (franchise)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SMA Negeri 1 Banjar Agung

The result was delete. Tone 07:39, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

SMA Negeri 1 Banjar Agung

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Article about a secondary school that does not meet WP:GNG or WP:NSCHOOL / (WP:ORG). Subject lacks WP:SIGCOV that address the subject directly and in-depth. There is basic WP:ROUTINE coverage.  // Timothy ::  talk  02:44, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Schools-related deletion discussions.   // Timothy ::  talk  02:44, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Indonesia-related deletion discussions.   // Timothy ::  talk  02:44, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete: While people are happy of their schools, I do not think this serves anything but to show that the school exists. Completely lacks notability. Aasim 05:00, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom Spiderone  07:15, 19 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
undercoating

Noun

 * 1) A coat of paint or other material applied onto a surface before that of a topcoat; an undercoat

title: undercoating


text:
User:El Maniac/sandbox/The Spectator List

Back to Brexit
23 May, 2020

Enter the Dragon
30 May, 2020

Our Duty to Hong Kong
6 June, 2020

In Defence of Liberalism
13 June, 2020

School's Out
20 June, 2020

Thin Blue Line
27 June, 2020

Mission Impossible
4 July, 2020

Magic Money
11 July, 2020

The Lost Boys
18 July, 2020

Putin's Plan
25 July, 2020


text:
Canadian History/First Settlers

‹ Back to the Introduction

The Coming of the First Settlers As there are no written records maintained from the era prior to the coming of Europeans to North America, there is no exact information on how the people now referred to as First Nations came to the continent. There have been theories proposed to explain the coming of the people, with one being generally accepted as the most plausible; the Landbridge Theory.

During the most recent of the Ice Ages large portions of the northern hemisphere were coated in ice. This ice covered much of what is now Canada. As all of this ice was formed the water levels around the world lowered, causing land masses previously inaccessible to become available. One such landmass was located where the Bering Strait is today: Beringia which formed a link between what is now Siberia and Alaska. This newly formed landmass is estimated to have been 1000 kilometres wide and 90 kilometres long (the modern distance between the two continents).

With the increasing cold, plant life in the northern lands was dwindling and causing an exodus of wildlife. Animals began roaming farther in search for sustenance. As the people of the time were dependent on both, they were forced to follow or die. Those that moved across Beringia were a nomadic people which followed their prey into the previously untapped lands which now include Alberta and parts of the Yukon and British Columbia. This migration of people happened some time between 100,000 and 30,000 years ago.

About 17,000 years ago the temperatures in North America began to increase once more, and the ice, which is thought to have been upwards of 3 kilometres thick in locations over the Rocky Mountains and Hudson's Bay, began to melt off. With the receding of the ice at the end of this time, the scars in the land carved by the coming of the glaciers and their movement were filled with the water produced by the melting. This is used to explain the creation of what is now the Great Lakes of Ontario and the myriad of other small bodies of water through Canada.

Beringia, the Bering Strait landbridge, ceased to exist approximately 10,000 years ago with the rising of water levels.

A secondary theory that is accepted to a lesser degree is the Watercraft Theory, which states that Asian people could have created rafts in order to travel on the ice-free Pacific Ocean into what is now California.

The reason that these two theories are accepted over theories of Africans moving to South America and then into North America is the links between Asian and North American species and the physical resemblances between Asians and Native Americans. All three of these theories of American infusion have since been correlated via genetic sampling, as well as archaeological evidence. Genetically, Native North Americans are almost entirely Asian in origin, while Native South Americans are largely African in origin. The archaeological evidence is illustrated by technological jumps reached by the North American tribes and nations via the Pacific at various times.

Forward to the Land Prior to the Europeans ›

title: Canadian History/First Settlers


text:
Talk:Spin (Darren Hayes album)

Track Information
I feel this section is rather subjective in nature and doesn't adhere to normal Wikipedia article standards. Does anyone else agree? Sunhawk 23:06, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spin (Darren Hayes album)


text:
Recorder/Lesson 2

In order to encourage versatility, rather than relating the fingering patterns to specific notes, they are related to intervals on the musical scale. If you learn to relate the fingering patterns to the intervals rather than to specific notes, you should have less difficulty switching between different recorders.

Before playing the two songs presented below, have a go at writing out fingering charts for the notes represented below on both a C instrument, and an F instrument, giving the note name for each fingering pattern. As a suggestion, use O for an open tone hole, and X for a closed tone hole.

Compare your charts with the answer given (Recorder Exercise 1a). If you made a mistake, spend a few minutes working out why. Be sure you understand what was wrong, or ask for help. Recorder Method

Fingering chart

In this lesson you will learn some of the finger patterns for both right, and left hands. Students using a "C" instrument should be able to play [[media:BAG_and_FEDv2.pdf|BAG and FED; two first songs]] without difficulty. Learning recorder

Students using an "F" instrument should play BAG as is, but should make a transposed copy of FED, as an exercise. Transpose FED up by a fifth, then check your work by referring to Recorder Exercise 1b.

Using the fingerings above, practice the two simple first songs presented in [[media:BAG_and_FEDv2.pdf|BAG and FED; two first songs]]. If you are uncertain whether you are playing these songs correctly, you can listen to MIDI renderings of these songs by clicking on [[media:BAG.MID|BAG]] and [[media:FED.MID|FED]]

Pay attention to the sound you are making. Aim not only for the correct fingering, but for correct duration of each note, and to make a pleasant sound.

When you make a mistake, play the song again, more slowly so that you play without mistakes. Once you can play the song at a slow  tempo without mistakes, increase the tempo a little. Continue to practice the song without mistakes before increasing the tempo, and increase the tempo until it "feels" right.

Finger technique
Technique is the term used by musicians to describe the physical activities that make up playing music. Good technique means not straining muscles and joints, and finishing one note in a position that is comfortably ready to play the next note.

As you practice the songs in this first exercise, take time to consider the position of your fingers as you open the holes for each note to speak. Your fingers should remain close to the holes but not so close that the note starts to change. A rough guide would be that your finger should not rise more than one finger's width above the hole. While it may not seem important at this stage, when you begin to learn more complex music, and to play faster, you will find it much easier to move a short distance.

Over the hills and far away
In English-speaking countries, there usually comes a time when someone who is learning an instrument is asked if they can play "Over the hills and far away", somebody's idea of a joke! Well, here is the song. It isn't hard now that you have learned all the notes needed to play it.

It is presented in [[media:OTHAFA-soprano.pdf | soprano]] and [[media:OTHAFA-alto.pdf | alto]] versions. Students learning the soprano recorder may like to try naming the notes in the alto version, as an exercise. There will be times when you may need to read notes below the typical range of the treble clef (leger lines) and sometimes the fundamental (lowest note) of the alto may be written on the bass clef.

Back to Recorder: 1st lesson

Recorder: 3rd lesson

title: Recorder/Lesson 2


text:
Talk:Athletics at the 2006 South American Games – Results

External links modified
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text:
medikament

Etymology
Possibly from German. Slavic cognates include Polish and Russian.

Noun

 * 1) drug, medicine, pharmaceutical

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) medicine (substance)
 * 2) a medicament

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) medicine (substance)
 * 2) a medicament

title: medikament


text:
Portal:U.S. roads/Selected picture/September 2019

New Mexico State Road 124 (old U.S. Route 66) westbound past exit 104 of Interstate 40 in Cibola County.

Recently selected: Puerto Rico Highway 511* Interstate 70 in Utah* Maryland Route 36

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
File talk:CDC-Gathany-Aedes-albopictus-1.jpg

This image also appears on Getty's website and they are not known for licensing their content as CC or public domain, see http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/asian-tiger-mosquito-feeding-on-human-host-high-res-stock-photography/89001543 somebody please check / verify this before the lawyers are calling Wikipedia ... SybilleY (talk) 20:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Deen

Deen may refer to:

People

 * Deen (singer), singer from Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Deen Castronovo, American musician
 * James Deen, American pornographic actor
 * Paula Deen, American chef and TV personality

Other uses

 * Dīn (also Deen), an Arabic word and Qur'anic term (دين) meaning "religion".
 * Deen (band), a Japanese band
 * Deen (album)
 * Studio Deen, a Japanese animation studio
 * River Deen (Dinin, Dinan), Ireland

title: Deen


text:
User:Kaiti~enwikiversity/German lessons

User:Kaiti/German and English false friends <-- Can someone please help me get this into wikiformatting? I only know the HTML codes...

title: User:Kaiti~enwikiversity/German lessons


text:
Talk:Don Winslow

NYT article
I noticed the New York Times led off their article with a shot at ours. We can't have that! :-) Expanded a bit, with sources. I notice later this article used to be longer, and better written than I made it, but it was mostly a direct crib from Powell's which we can't have that either. --GRuban (talk) 04:15, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Erotic fiction?
Does he write erotic fiction? I just came across (not literally) a novel by a Don Winslow called Slave Girls of Rome. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:10, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * No he doesn't. As far as I know, the erotic novels (there are more than just this slave thing) are some kind of community projects that are made available under Don's name - beats me as to why ... — Preceding unsigned comment added by MB D (talk • contribs) 22:07, 18 June 2015 (UTC)

Other source material
In this article, the author opens up about how he works. Worth reading even if none of the details end up in the article. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:15, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

2016 book?
Is there a new book due shortly? In Germany, a book called 'Germany' is to be relased on March 1st, 2016, but I cannot find any mention of an original (English) version of this either on Don's website or on amazon.com. Any information someone? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:02, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

City on Fire
title will be released on September 21, 2021 Wikipietime (talk) 19:07, 14 June 2021 (UTC)

controversies
i created a new section titled 'controversies' based on current events and with proper citation, it was undone by an unregistered editor whose explanation was that it was right wing propaganda. i resent that accusation. everything i wrote was true and verifiable. and i am far from right wing. even if i were, however, so what? is there anyone who can give me a good reason for not including a controversies sud section? WirmerFlagge (talk) 17:59, 13 February 2022 (UTC)

 * which edit? Cassidy McGurk (talk) 18:13, 23 April 2022 (UTC)

| style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; " | in "Work" section needs to be deleted

 * style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; " |  in "Work" section needs to be deleted <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:46, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Winslow


text:
Narayanpur, Jagdishpur

Narayanpur is a village in Jagdishpur block of Bhojpur district in Bihar, India. As of 2011, its population was 2,125, in 333 households.

title: Narayanpur, Jagdishpur


text:
The Throne of Fire (film)

The Throne of Fire (Il trono di fuoco) is a 1983 Italian film directed by Franco Prosperi, starring Sabrina Siani and Pietro Torrisi. The film is among the peplums of the 1980s to feature a woman as the central character, along with Red Sonja, Hundra and Barbarian Queen.

Production
Parts of Throne of Fire were shot at Bracciano in Rome with interiors shot at De Paolis Studios and Elios studios in Rome. The film reuses the village raid sequence from the 1982 film Barbarian Master.

Release
The Throne of Fire was released on 17 June 1983 in Italy and on 5 June 1986 in the United States.

Reception
In his overview of 1980s action films, Daniel R. Budnik described the film as a "Conan rip-off from Italy" that was closer to "peplum from the late 1950s" and had a similar "meandering feel" that the films of that era had.

title: The Throne of Fire (film)


text:
Ruth Baldwin (socialite)

Catherine Ruth Baldwin (17 February 1905 – 31 August 1937) was an American-born English socialite, part of the Bright Young Things crowd. She was the first important lover of American heiress Joe Carstairs.

Biography
Catherine Ruth Baldwin was born on 17 February 1905 in England. In the 1920s in London, she was known for her use of heroin, cocaine and alcohol. It has been said that she turned the kitchen of the house where she lived with Joe Carstairs into a bar. Carstairs' friends later said, "She was wild. She was such fun. Ruth was really wild." She said to Carstairs, "The world is one's oyster if taken at will." Her circle of friends included painter Edward Burra and society portrait photographers Barbara Ker-Seymer and Olivia Wyndham, the last possibly her lover as well.

When Carstairs purchased her first motorboat, Baldwin gave her a Steiff doll; Carstairs named it Lord Tod Wadley. She became exceptionally attached to this doll, keeping it with her until her death. She had clothes made for it in Savile Row and had its name placed with her own on the name plaque on the door of her London apartment at 5 Mulberry Walk ("Marion Barbara Carstairs and Lord Tod Wadley").

Nina Hamnett took a portrait of Baldwin in Paris.

Baldwin died of a suspected overdose at a Chelsea party at the home of Gwen Farrar on 31 August 1937, while her friends, among them Dolly Wilde, listened to a boxing match in the next room. A photograph of her appeared on The Times on 2 September 1937 announcing her death. She had short hair and a mannish tie, probably alluding to the fact she was lesbian; the article also said she was sharing a house with Carstairs.

Carstairs crossed the Atlantic from Whale Cay aboard the French liner Normandie, the most expensive ship in the world, and took Baldwin's ashes along with her to Whale Cay, where she built a church to house them. When she sold Whale Cay, she removed the ashes. When Carstairs died in Naples, Florida, in 1993 at the age of 93, Lord Tod Wadley was cremated with her. Their ashes and those of Ruth Baldwin were buried in Oakland Cemetery in Sag Harbor, New York.

title: Ruth Baldwin (socialite)


text:
Katrineholms VK

Katrineholms VK is a volleyball club in Katrineholm, Sweden, established on 30 March 1977 as a breakout out of KFUM Katrineholm's volleyball section. The club won the Swedish women's national championship in 2010, 2011 and 2013

title: Katrineholms VK


text:
Talk:Dries van Agt

No kids
I guess no kids then :o

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13073255/The-saddest-deaths-growing-trend-couples-dying-euthanasia-clinics-former-Dutch-PM-passes-away-hand-hand-wife.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:42, 12 February 2024 (UTC)

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I just wonder if there should be a reference added due to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Dutch_train_hijacking ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sctwa (talk • contribs) 17:42, 23 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dries van Agt


text:
Metro Area Express

The Metro Area Express (MAX) is an express bus service with bus rapid transit characteristics run by the Kansas City Area Transportation Authority in Kansas City, Missouri, United States.

Its first line, on Main Street, was first operated on July 24, 2005; the second line, on Troost Avenue, opened on January 1, 2011; and the third line, on Prospect Avenue, opened on December 9, 2019.

MAX operates traditional bus service and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT).

MAX features dedicated lanes and special traffic signalization.

Main Street MAX (MMAX)
The Main Street MAX mostly runs along Main Street in Kansas City, Missouri. The line was inaugurated on July 24, 2005. It runs from City Market in Downtown Kansas City, MO to the Waldo neighborhood. It is slated to be replaced in the future by an extension of the KC Streetcar.

Troost Avenue MAX (TMAX)
The Troost Avenue MAX runs mostly on Troost Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri. The line launched on January 1, 2011. It runs from Barney Allis Plaza located in Downtown Kansas City Missouri to 3-Trails Transit Center in Ruskin Heights, with two of every three runs short turning at 75th Street.

Prospect Avenue MAX (PMAX)
The Prospect Avenue MAX runs mostly on Prospect Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri. The line runs from Barney Allis Plaza in Downtown KCMO to 75th and Prospect with a possible extension to Bannister and Drury. Cerner is redeveloping the old Bannister Mall site into an office park. The line began service on December 9, 2019.

title: Metro Area Express


text:
Runnymede Theatre

The Runnymede Theatre is a historic building located in Bloor West Village, an affluent west end Toronto neighbourhood. The building has operated as a vaudeville theatre, a movie theatre, a bingo hall, and a Chapters bookstore. The building is now a Shoppers Drug Mart.

History
Commonly known as the "Runny", the Runnymede was built by the Capitol (later Famous Players) as an atmospheric vaudeville theatre, the first of this type in Toronto. It officially opened in June 1927. The building was designed by Alfred Chapman, father of Chris Chapman, an accomplished Toronto filmmaker. Known for its music and stage shows, the large 1400-seat theatre, branded "Canada's Theatre Beautiful", quickly became popular and brought prestige to the west end of the city. As an atmospheric theatre, the interior of the Runnymede was designed to transport its guests to an exotic place. The painted blue sky ceiling was adorned with clouds, where a complex lighting system projected an array of stars and airplanes. The walls were decorated with a mural, which produced an illusion of being in a courtyard.

The building discontinued to be used for plays and live entertainment with the gradual death of vaudeville, and was subsequently converted to a movie theatre in the late 1930s. In the early 1970s, the building became a bingo hall in order to capitalize on bingo's popularity. In 1980, the building reopened as a movie theatre again, featuring two screens. In 1990, the building was designated as a heritage property under the Ontario Heritage Act. The movie theatre closed in February 1999 and You've Got Mail was the last film that was shown. Later that year, the building reopened as a Chapters bookstore, which closed in February 2014. In April 2015, the building reopened as a Shoppers Drug Mart.

title: Runnymede Theatre


text:
Ampelomyia

Ampelomyia is a genus of gall midges in the tribe Asphondyliini. It consists of the following four species, all of which form galls on grape plants:

 * A. conicocoricis Elsayed & Tokuda, 2019
 * A. viticola (Osten Sacken)
 * A. vitiscoryloides (Packard)
 * A. vitispomum (Osten Sacken)

title: Ampelomyia


text:
Athous curtus

Athous curtus is a species of click beetle of the family Elateridae endemic to the Western Caucasus.

Description
The body is oval shaped and is 9 mm long and 3 mm wide. The species is yellowish-brown in colour with tight top and bottom and golden hair. Its head is almost flat and is punctured. The distance between the body and the head is 5-1 long. The tips of the rear angle of the prothorax and its sensor are short. The prothorax itself is cushion-like, almost square shaped and is punctured just like the head. The margins are almost parallel and are located at the rear angle. The angles themselves are short and rounded closer to the eye. The species' prothorax is dense and punctured just like its pronotum, while its scutellum is almost oval-shaped and is long and wide. Its elytron is also oval, stretched, and is 2.6 times the length of the pronotum, while the middle of the elytra is 2 times longer and wider. The species' longitudinal strips are deep with points that look like strips and are wider than the strips. Its convex is almost flat and is densely punctured while the covering of the hind legs is narrow.

title: Athous curtus


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Finn Mikkelsen

The result was delete. -- RoySmith (talk) 00:13, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

Finn Mikkelsen

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Notability concerns. The only reference is the World Curling Federation database, and I can't find any coverage of this person. power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 05:31, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Sportspeople-related deletion discussions. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 05:31, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Denmark-related deletion discussions. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 05:31, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * As per WP:NCURLING: "...A curler is presumed notable if he or she ... 2) Has participated at the World Curling Championships..." Finn Mikkelsen has participated at the 2002 World Wheelchair Curling Championship. Yes, I can't found other sources for today. -- Alexey Gustow (talk) 05:50, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete the curling notability criteria are clearly junk. If we cannot find 3rd party coverage of someone being in a competition, than claiming it is a sign of default notability is clearly wrong, and explains why Wikipedia is burdened down by so many article that are permastubs.John Pack Lambert (talk) 19:17, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ,, , - what you can say? (about Parakev Arsenov too) -- Alexey Gustow (talk) 19:37, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Comment: WP:NCURLING does not mention wheelchair curling at all, so there is no need to denegrate it. Wheelchair curling does not get the same coverage as regular curling, so if you want to make the case that this article should be deleted, then you can start there. -- Earl Andrew - talk 20:23, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment: Notability mentions that just because a subject is presumed notable, it may not warrant an article if it hasn't received significant coverage in reliable sources. I'm all for increasing our depth of information on curling on Wikipedia, but as Earl mentioned, sometimes there isn't the same coverage. Allthegoldmedals (talk) 21:43, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment: I agree with the above comments. The wheelchair championships don't get nearly as much coverage as the men's and women's do so they are going to be less notable and have less sources about them. I love expanding the articles on curling but for this particular one I think there needs to be more than one source for it to be justifiable. TracyFleuryFan (talk) 02:47, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Eddie891 Talk Work 12:37, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete I'm not seeing the significant independent coverage required to meet WP:GNG nor do I see any evidence that he meets any SNG. Papaursa (talk) 22:52, 2 September 2020 (UTC)


text:
Bulbostylis turbinata

Bulbostylis turbinata is a flowering plant in the sedge family, Cyperaceae that is native to Western Australia.

The annual grass-like plant has an erect and spreading habit and typically grows to a height of 5 to 15 cm. It blooms between February and April producing brown flowers.

It is found in rock-holes and along creeks and rivers and on low-lying flats throughout a large area of the Pilbara, Mid West and Goldfields-Esperance regions where it grows in sandy-loamy-clay soils.

title: Bulbostylis turbinata


text:
Talk:Dragan Primorac

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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.nacional.hr/en/clanak/50342/minister-primorac-to-resign-and-is-leaving-both-the-government-and-politics
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121018035757/http://www.jutarnji.hr/template/article/article-print.jsp?id=178711 to http://www.jutarnji.hr/template/article/article-print.jsp?id=178711
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121018035757/http://www.jutarnji.hr/template/article/article-print.jsp?id=178711 to http://www.jutarnji.hr/template/article/article-print.jsp?id=178711
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110720012035/http://www.newhaven.edu/news-events/unh/107157.pdf to http://www.newhaven.edu/news-events/unh/107157.pdf
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.izbori-hrvatska.com/primorac-dragan

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title: Talk:Dragan Primorac


text:
Glimetoto Festival

Glimetoto Festival is an annual festival celebrated by the chiefs and people of Adaklu Traditional Area in the Volta Region of Ghana. It comprises Kpeve, Klikor, and Tsohor. It is usually celebrated in the month of November.

Celebrations
During the festival, there is a grand durbar of chiefs where most settlements are held. They also show the bravery of their ancestors in the form of war songs, drums and dances.

Significance
The festival is celebrated to commemorate the exodus of the people of Adaklu from Notsie in Togoland to their current place of abode.

title: Glimetoto Festival


text:
Instructional design/Interpersonal behaviors/Introduction/Assessment

Interpersonal Domain Introduction Assessment
Personal Assessment of What You Learned In This Unit

Print this page and write your answers in the space provided. Once you have completed the two sets of questions click on the link in the Answers section to see how you did.

Briefly answer each question by printing the page and writing your answers

'''The following are skills that may or may not fit into the interpersonal domain. Identify each skill that falls into the interpersonal domain by answering the question with Yes; if the skill does not belong in the interpersonal domain answer No'''

Answers
View the answer sheet

Back to Introduction: What is the Interpersonal Domain?


text:
Adobe Photoshop/Lasso Tool

The Lasso tools work in a way very similar to the Marquee Tool, the difference being that the Lasso tool allows you to select free-form shapes.

The Tool
When you enter into the higher level photoshopping techniques you will often need a more detailed selection edge. For these situations the Lasso tool is better suited for performing selections. First, click on the Lasso tool and scroll over your canvas. Then click and hold the mouse, and trace the area that you wish to select. That area will become selected when you let go of the mouse. In almost all ways other than shape the Lasso tool is identical to the Marquee tool. Variations include the Polygonal Lasso tool, which you use by selecting points and the area between these points will make up the selection edge, and the Magnetic Lasso tool, which is a sort of "AI" assisted Lasso tool.

title: Adobe Photoshop/Lasso Tool


text:
Lynne DiSanto

Lynne DiSanto, also known as Lyndi Meyers, is an American politician from Box Elder, South Dakota, a former Republican member of the South Dakota state senate and former member of the South Dakota House of Representatives representing District 35, and the former Republican majority whip in the state House. In 2014 and 2016, she received the highest total of votes in her district, which elected two Republicans to the state House of Representatives, and also was elected as a Donald Trump delegate to the 2016 presidential convention.

September 5, 2019, Lynne DiSanto legally changed her name to Lyndi DiSanto, separated from her husband Mark DiSanto, resigned from the South Dakota legislature, and moved to Montana. Currently, she is going by the name Lyndi Meyer and has returned to working in real estate under Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Floberg Real Estate in the Billings, Montana area. She has also been known by the names Lyn DiSanto, Lynne Hix-DiSanto, and Lynne Hix.

2018 State Senate election
In 2018, DiSanto was elected to the state senate by defeating Democrat Pat Cromwell with 4,323 (62%) votes to 2,650 (38%) votes.

Controversy

 * 1) 1 On September 7, 2017, DiSanto shared a graphic via a Facebook post showing two stick figures mowed down by a large sport utility vehicle and another fleeing from the attack, accompanied by an "All Lives Splatter" meme, which she described as "a movement we can all support". The graphic added, "Nobody cares about your protest. Keep your ass off the road". The meme was fashioned after the "All Lives Matter" slogan. The post was shared 26 days after 19 protesters were injured and Heather Heyer was murdered in a vehicular attack on August 12, in Charlottesville, Virginia, during a white supremacist "Unite the Right" rally and counter protest there.

After information about DiSanto's post emerged in news media twelve days later, on September 19, she deleted the post and locked her Facebook account. DiSanto subsequently apologized for a lack of judgment:

"I am sorry if people took offense to it and perceived my message in any way insinuating support or condoning people being hit by cars,” DiSanto told The Rapid City Journal. “I perceived it differently. I perceived it as encouraging people to stay out of the street.”

Following the news and heavy criticism of DiSanto's post, Keller Williams Realty Black Hills announced that it had ended its association with DiSanto. The Working Against Violence group announced the cancellation of DiSanto's keynote address at its annual Power of Purple Domestic Violence Awareness event. House Majority Leader Lee Qualm stated that DiSanto's position as House Majority Whip would not be affected by this incident.

 * 1) 2 DiSanto involved herself with a number of missing persons cases and created a Facebook page called Lyn Seeks Truth. The Facebook page is currently not active, however it was accompanied by a YouTube Channel and a website that retained the spelling Lynne for the title. Lynne faced heavy criticism for her speculations and behavior surrounding the Serenity Dennard case, specifically. DiSanto was served a no-trespass order from the police department after she made threatening comments to a constituent, and she was reprimanded for recording an interview with Serenity's biological mother against the correctional facility's guidelines. Her actions originally resulted in DiSanto being banned from the prison, but this was later reconsidered.

Personal life
DiSanto was born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

She attended Chadron State College from 1996-2000 for a BBA in marketing and from 2000-2002 for a MA in counseling psychology.

Prior to her election, she owned a modeling agency/school in Rapid City, South Dakota by the name of "Fierce Modeling". The modeling agency was featured on the reality TV show Remodeled. She also owned Fast-Teks On-Site Computer Services of the Black Hills.

title: Lynne DiSanto


text:
Talk:Charles Augustus Tulk

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title: Talk:Charles Augustus Tulk