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Herzegovina Affair

Herzegovina Affair (Hercegovačka afera) or Herzegovina Case (Hercegovački slučaj) refers to a conflict between the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina and the Diocese of Mostar-Duvno over the redistribution of parishes in the said diocese. The conflict between the Franciscans and the diocesan clergy started with the restoration of the regular church hierarchy in Bosnia and Herzegovina after its occupation by Austria-Hungary in 1881. The Herzegovina Case presents a problem in the relationship between the Herzegovinian clergy as well as the Catholic faithful.

Bishop Paškal Buconjić
In 1846, the Holy See established the Apostolic Vicariate of Herzegovina, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire, and it was considered to be a mission area. The first vicars were all Franciscans, including Fr. Rafo Barišić, fr. Anđeo Kraljević and fr. Paškal Buconjić. Both Barišić and Kraljević requested from the Pope to introduce secular clergy in Herzegovina, which was finally approved after the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the region, and in 1881, with the papal bull Ex hac augusta the Apostolic Vicariate was elevated to the Diocese of Mostar-Duvno.

The Franciscans of Herzegovina were on bad terms with Bishop Kraljević, claiming he did not give them enough of the collected alms for the construction of the friary in Humac. The conflict between the bishop and the Franciscans reached its peak during Buconjić's tenure because Franciscans controlled all of the parishes in Herzegovina while the bishop, even though a Franciscan himself, wanted to have diocesan clergy at his disposal. An anonymous letter was sent to Emperor Franz Joseph claiming the bishop was giving donations sent to him by Austria-Hungary to the Ottomans and accusing him of being a turkophile. The Franciscan Custody barred itself from this letter.

In February 1877, Kraljević asked the Propaganda to send an apostolic visitor to Herzegovina and accused Buconjić of neglecting the parishes and the Herzegovinian Franciscans of taking the payment for maintenance by force from the believers during the Easter Communion. The Congregation appointed Bishop Kazimir Forlani the apostolic visitor; he arrived in Mostar in February the next year. Forlani finished his report in May 1878; he advised the Bishop to act in agreement with the Franciscans, to record revenues and expenditures, and to help the construction of the friary in Humac. The question of the parishes remained unresolved.

The main issue during Buconjić's episcopate diocese was the division of parishes between the diocesan clergy and the Franciscans, who tried to confirm their dominance in Herzegovina with Rome. Even though the papal bull Ex hac augusta ended the privileges the Franciscans enjoyed in their missionary work, they still wanted to retain all of the parishes in the diocese. The Franciscans were confident that Buconjić, a Franciscan, would not disturb their possession of parishes. In December 1881, however, Custos Zovko wrote to the Order's General about the parishes in Herzegovina. The General asked Zovko about the right of possession of those parishes, to which Zovko replied in February 1882 that the Franciscans had established and controlled those parishes and, therefore, had patronage over them. That December, Zovko again asked the General about the situation with the parishes in Herzegovina; the General responded that Herzegovinian Franciscans have nothing to fear since Buconjić loved the Franciscan Custody. Buconjić confirmed to the General he would not take the parishes from the Franciscans but would retain the newly established parishes for the diocese.

The new Custos, Luka Begić, who was elected in May 1883, became concerned the position of the Franciscans would be endangered, even if only the diocese controlled only the newly established parishes, and insisted even those parishes should belong to the Franciscan Custody. He talked to Buconjić about the issue; Buconjić complied with his concerns and agreed the newly established parishes should belong to the Custody. Begić informed the General about the agreement in July 1883; he received no reply so he wrote again in March 1885, when Buconjić was supposed to visit Rome and settle the issue. That May, the General's deputy Andrea Lupori replied, asking Buconjić to take with him the contract about the parishes he signed and the definitors of the Custody.

The Custody decided Begić should follow Buconjić to Rome with the instruction the Franciscans should retain the parishes west of the Neretva River while the bishop should dispose of those on the eastern bank; in the case this would not be accepted, Begić was instructed to give in "as least as possible". Buconjić and Begić arrived in Rome on 12 May 1885. The Propaganda received Begić's request in June 1885, and they informed the State Secretariat about the issue. Secretary of State Cardinal Luigi Jacobini asked Nuncio Cardinal Serafino Vannutelli in Vienna to ask Buconjić about the parishes the Franciscans were supposed to retain and those that were at his disposal. In December 1885, Vannutelli asked Buconjić whether he agreed with Begić's proposal or to write which parishes the Franciscans should retain and which should be at his disposal. In January 1886, Buconjić informed Vannutelli he would not take the parishes from the Franciscans.

Upon receiving Buconjić's answer, Vannutelli informed Jacobini that the agreement between the Franciscans and Buconjić should not be confirmed and that the parishes should be divided as in Bosnia, where the situation was the same as in Herzegovina. Vannutelli proposed at least one-third of the parishes should be under the disposal of the bishop, but because Buconjić was a Franciscan himself, Vannutelli considered it would be impossible to bring a new solution and that the Herzegovinian Custos should be informed Rome did not want to make any new decrees because there was a harmony between the bishop and the friars. Jacobini accepted Vannutelli's position. Thus, Rome kept the issue unresolved. Friar Lujo Radoš fruitlessly urged the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs in March 1888.

Lupori advised Friar Nikola Šimović to explain the Franciscans' position on the matter to the Nuncio in Vienna and to try to get a confirmation for their proposal. At the end of October 1889, he visited the Nuncio, who told him he would try to resolve the matter in the interest of the Franciscans. After returning to Mostar, Šimović wrote to the Nuncio again, reminding him of Radoš's proposal from 1888. The Nuncio replied in December 1889, promising to support such a proposal. The issue, however, remained unresolved for years.

In 1892, the Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina was elevated to a province. After Begić was elected Provincial in 1898, he tried to broker any deal he could rather than hold the insecure status quo. Buconjić was supposed to visit Rome after Easter in 1899, which Begić saw as an opportunity to resolve the issue of parishes. Custos Rafael Radoš was supposed to join Buconjić in Rome but died in March 1899. In April of that year, Begić wrote to the General of the Order to represent the Franciscan Province in Herzegovina. Buconjić discussed the issue with Begić; both men wanted to preserve the strong Franciscan presence in the Diocese of Mostar-Duvno. Buconjić proposed that 25 parishes should belong to the Franciscans while 12 would be at the bishop's disposal. Buconjić also proposed the establishment of 12 additional parishes that would be at the bishop's disposal.

Pope Leo XIII confirmed the Decisia on 17 July 1899; 14 parishes were designated to the diocesan clergy while others were left to the Franciscans. Buconjić postponed the publication of the pope's decision until 1908; both Buconjić and the Franciscans were unsatisfied with the decision. The beginning of this publication states, "We considered it adequate to present before the eyes of the priests of our dioceses, and especially to the young ones, the copies of the solemn Decisia concerning the parishes established or those ought to be established. This Decisia must remain solid and constant to avoid any dissent or changeability of wishes." He asked the pope for permission to trust certain dioceses to the Franciscans because he lacked the diocesan priests. With time, however, the Deceisa remained neither solid nor constant, and "the dissent and changeability of wishes" were not avoided. The will of Buconjić about the division of the parishes was not respected.

Bishop Alojzije Mišić
After becoming a bishop, Mišić only had 12 diocesan priests at his disposal, while the rest of the clergy was made of the Franciscans. The Balkan Wars and the World War I halted the possibility of educating additional diocesan priests while the number of Franciscans grew. The circumstances demanded the establishment of new parishes, and like his predecessor, Mišić had the authority to appoint the Franciscans to the new parishes with the approval from the general of the Franciscan Order. The Herzegovinian Franciscans used the leverage by letting Mišić know that the Franciscans would not serve the new parishes unless they were legally transferred to them. Mišić cared little about raising the diocesan clergy even though as of 1925, the Propaganda sent him some 2,000 United States dollars monthly for the secular clergy. The money remained unused and perished in banks during the World War II. He also refused to appoint newly ordained secular priests to parishes.

As a bishop, Mišić established 14 new parishes and constructed 21 churches and 24 parish residences. Among the parishes he established are Čapljina (1917), Izbično (1917), Čitluk (1918), Gradac-Blizanci (1918), Tepčići (1918), Jablanica (1919), Grljevići (1919), Kongora (1921), Prisoje (1922), Kruševo (1924), Ledinac (1930), Rašeljke (1934), Crnač (1935) and Šipovača (1939). The first major conflict between the Franciscans and the Diocese occurred in 1917, after the establishment of the Parish of Čapljina. Čapljina was supposed to be handed to the diocesan clergy, but Mišić didn't enact the transfer.

The Herzegovinian Franciscans used Mišić's origin as an uninformed Bosnian outsider to try to change Decisia, the decision from 1899 on the division of parishes between them end the diocesan clergy issued by the Holy See, to their advantage. On 25 April 1922, the Provincial of the Herzegovinian Franciscans Alojzije Bubalo wrote a petition for the pope to give them the parishes that were designated for the diocesan clergy by Decisia. They demanded that all the existing parishes and those that would be established in the Diocese of Mostar-Duvno belong to them, as well as the parish of Neum that belonged to the Diocese of Trebinje-Mrkan. The Franciscans reasoned that their request was justified since there was a lack of the diocesan clergy in the diocese, with only three priests active. However, the main reason for the lack of the secular clergy was insufficient care of the previous bishop, Bucnjić, and the current bishop, Mišić, over raising the secular clergy. At the time, Mišić was supposed to travel to Rome for an ad limina visit with the pope and was accompanied by friar Jerko Boras, custos of the Herzegovinian Franciscans. Boras was supposed to petition the General of the Franciscan Order Bernardino Klumper, who would discuss the issue with the pope. Since Klumper wasn't present then, the petition was given to Callisto Zuccotti, the procurator of the Franciscan Order. Before giving the petition to the pope, Zuccotti invited Mišić, the protector of the Franciscan Order Cardinal Oreste Giorgi, and Boras to discuss the issue. They concluded that Mišić personally should modify and give the petition to the pope.

Mišić modified the petition on 22 May 1922, and presented it as his own. The only difference between the two versions was that in Mišić's version, there's no distinction between the current and the future parishes that ought to be established. The reason for such a change was that the previous version opposed the canon law, which decreed that any newly established parish on the territory of an already existing one belongs to the bishop and not to any religious order. The Congregation on the Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs asked Mišić to give them a list of parishes that would be at the disposal of the bishop. In the end, the Congregation refused to accept the petition and requested that the bishop's consistory should approve it.

Upon the Congregation's refusal to accept the petition, Mišić ignored the whole issue. Only after Bubalo's insistence did Mišić agree to send a petition but ask Bubalo to write it. Bubalo wrote another petition on 20 May 1923. In this petition, Bubalo requested that besides the 25 parishes that belong to the Franciscans according to Decisia, additional 27 parishes be given to them, of which 13 haven't been established yet at the time, while 21 parishes would be reserved for the diocesan clergy (at the time, only 8 such parishes existed). His petition received Mišić's recommendation, with the approval from the bishop's consistory, made of Boras and another diocesan priest Marijan Kelava, on 3 June 1923 and was sent by Bubalo to the procurator of the Franciscan Order in Rome on 12 June 1923. The Congregation ruled by a rescript on 22 June 1923 that the bishop can give the requested parishes to the Franciscans until the Holy See doesn't decree otherwise. This event marked the beginning of the Herzegovina Affair. His manners and incorrect information sent to the Vatican about the situation of the Church in Herzegovina bolstered the dispute.

On 26 April 1924, Bubalo asked for approval from the General Definitory of the Franciscan Order to take over the parishes. The Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life gave power to the General of the Franciscan Order to approve the request of the Herzegovinian Franciscans on 27 May 1924, and the General approved the request on 30 May 1924. Accordingly, on 10 January 1925, Bubalo requested Mišić to enact the rescript from 1923 since the Herzegovinian Franciscans gained the necessary approval from the General Definitory. Mišić enacted the rescript on 15 May 1925 with changes, placing Gabela and Glavatičevo under the Franciscan instead of the diocesan control while putting Prisoje and Dobrič under the diocesan control. Displeased with the change, the Franciscans asked Mišić not to change the rescript. However, Mišić considered this to be a good decision, and the change remained. Perić writes that a possible motive behind the change was Mišić's hope that the Franciscans would refuse the changes so that the whole matter could come before Rome once again. Mišić never publicly published his decree out of fear of the reaction of the diocesan clergy.

Buconjić bought land for a new cathedral church in the Rondo quarter of Mostar, that belonged to the parish of Guvno. The land for the new cathedral was later put under a lien in benefit of the Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina due to debt; at that time, Buconjić was bedridden. Mišić intended to continue the construction and ordered 250 square meters of hewn stone laying for the future cathedral, but never started the construction. The cathedral was never built, and the land was later confiscated by the Yugoslav communist authorities, who constructed House of Culture on its place. The Franciscan intention to take the parish of Guvno for themselves is seen as a possible reason for the delay in construction by Perić.

The joint efforts of Mišić and the Franciscans to change the Vatican's decision became known to the diocesan clergy only in 1937. When the archivist and a diocesan priest Petar Čule found out about the rescript and its enactment, he was assured by Mišić's secretary friar Boris Ilovača that the rescript wasn't enacted, even though he himself logged both the rescript and Mišić's decision on enactment. In 1935, Mišić gave Čule the care over the education of diocesan priests. Their number started to grow, with many Franciscans commenting that there would not be enough parishes for them. In 1937, in the parish of Drinovci, the diocesan clergy became aware of the rescript and its enactment, which led to panic in its ranks as the diocese was almost dissolved. Their worries were brought before Ilovača, who again assured them, falsely claiming that Mišić hadn't confirmed the rescript. Mišić cared little about his own clergy, ordaining only 28 diocesan priests and later limiting the number of Herzegovinian candidates in 1939 at the Seminary in Travnik to only 33, possibly under the influence of the Franciscans.

In 1937, at a general chapter of the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina, the Franciscans asked the bishop to secure a Herzegovinian Franciscan as his successor by appointing him bishop coadjutor. In this letter, they wrote that Herzegovina was "Franciscan for seven centuries, soaked in their sweat and martyr's blood" and that they preserved "Croathood and Catholicism in Herzegovina". They wrote that Mišić was "a great son of the Franciscan Order" and that within him lives the "Franciscan spirit" and that they will not allow this spirit to be diminished or truncated. Unaware of the Franciscans' request, the diocesan priests held their own annual meeting, during which they sent a memorandum to the bishop, asking him about the situation with the parishes. However, Mišić never gave an official response.

In 1939, the diocesan priests, nevertheless, informed the metropolitan archbishop of Vrhbosna Ivan Šarić about the situation with the parishes, and in turn, he informed the apostolic nuncio in Belgrade. Thus, the matter reached Rome once again. In 1940, the issue was discussed before the Propaganda and the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. Cardinal Giuseppe Bruno, who signed the rescript in 1923, stated that the Franciscans' petition was written by stating falsehoods or by concealing the truth, as they requested the parishes that weren't established yet at the time. In 1941, Bruno again wrote on the issue, stating that the 21 parishes supposed to be under the bishop's disposal weren't given to him and that it was not enacted (as he was wrongly informed then). Moreover, Bruno claimed that the rescript of 1923 was void since the Franciscans hadn't gained the necessary permission from the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life to take over the parishes designated for the diocesan clergy. Nevertheless, the rescript wasn't recalled until 1965.

Bishop Petar Čule
The Contract on the Parish of Čapljina was signed only in 1969 between another Bishop Petar Čule and Provincial Fr. Rufin Šičić. However, this contract wasn't enacted either due to the opposition from the parishioners in Čapljina.

In 1968, the parishioners expelled Archbishop of Zagreb Franjo Kuharić and Bishop Petar Čule from Široki Brijeg, and a diocesan priest in Grude was expelled in a trunk of a car.

In 1975, the Holy See issued a new decree Romanis Pontificibus regarding the redistribution of parishes. According to Romanis Pontificibus, one-half of parishes would be controlled by the Franciscans and the other half by the diocesan clergy. The Franciscans opposed the decree, claiming it wasn't written nor signed by the Pope. On 10 July 1976, the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina wrote to the Pope that they "cannot take the responsibility for the consequences that would follow after they accept the decree". The Holy See removed the Provincial Administration, and the Order's Minister-General managed the province in Rome through his designated delegate.

The fierce opposition against the enforcement of Romanis Pontificibus from the Franciscans stalled the enactment of the decree until 1996.

Bishop Pavao Žanić
The Mostar Cathedral of Mary, Mother of the Church was completed in the summer of 1980 and consecrated on 14 September 1980 by Cardinal Franjo Šeper, Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. It was decided to split the parish of SS to create the cathedral parish. Peter and Paul. The Franciscans objected to this as being unfair. Friars Ivica Vego and Ivan Prusina, were chaplains in the parish of SS Peter and Paul in Mostar, who refused to obey the Papal decree Romanis Pontificibus and relocate from the parish. After several warnings, Bishop Žanić suspended their priestly faculties throughout the dioceses under his jurisdiction. (Honorius Pontoglio, General Vicar of the Order of Friars Minor expelled Fr. Ivan Prusina from the Order on 29 January 1982).

Bishop Ratko Perić
On 2 April 1995, Bishop Ratko, along with his secretary, was abducted and beaten by Croat militiamen at a local Franciscan chapel. They were held for eight hours until rescued by UN peacekeepers and the Mayor of Mostar. The abduction was retaliation for Perić's intention to replace the Franciscans with diocesan priests in several parishes as well because of his criticism of the unconfirmed apparitions of Mary, mother of Jesus in Medjugorje. He was released only after the intervention from the Mayor of Mostar and UNPROFOR.

Yet another attempt to enforce Romanis Pontificibus was made by another Bishop Ratko Perić on 12 May 1996. Several parishes were transferred to the diocesan clergy, but the transfer of clergy in Čapljina caused a disturbance. The entry of the diocesan clergy in Čapljina was physically disrupted, and the church doors were walled up. Three Franciscans that remained in Čapljina, despite the Pope's decree, were expelled from the Franciscan Order and their priestly jurisdiction was revoked in 1998.

title: Herzegovina Affair


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piombare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  (+su, contro, or addosso a) to pounce (on); to swoop (down) (on)
 * 2)  to fall precipitously
 * 3)  to arrive unexpectedly; to turn up
 * 4)  to seal
 * 5)  to fill (teeth)
 * 6)  to befall
 * 7)  to drop violently, to throw down
 * 8)  to plunge
 * 1)  to befall
 * 2)  to drop violently, to throw down
 * 3)  to plunge
 * 1)  to drop violently, to throw down
 * 2)  to plunge

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: piombare


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Pray Naked

Pray Naked (a.k.a. The Seventy Sevens) is the title of The 77s' sixth album, released in 1992 on the Brainstorm Artists, Intl label.

This was the band's first album after reforming with members of The Strawmen. Without consulting with the band, Brainstorm (or its parent company, Word Records) altered the packaging and marketing of the album, which was issued without a title (making it the second album by the band entitled simply "The Seventy Sevens") and with the title track's name blacked out in order to avoid offense in the conservative Christian music marketplace of which Brainstorm was a part. However, a short spoken word segment on Side Two still refers to the album as Pray Naked. Most 77s fans still call the record by its intended title, and the band has also been known to "retitle" the CD when signing autographs.

The album was listed at No. 81 in the 2001 book, CCM Presents: The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music. In 2017, the album was reissued on CD and vinyl by Lo-Fidelity Records.

Track listing

 * 1) "Woody"
 * 2) "Smiley Smile"
 * 3) "Phony Eyes"
 * 4) "Kites Without Strings"
 * 5) "Happy Roy"
 * 6) "Deep End"
 * 7) "The Rain Kept Falling In Love"
 * 8) "Holy Hold"
 * 9) "Look"
 * 10) "Nuts For You"
 * 11) "Pray Naked"
 * 12) "Self-Made Trap"

The band

 * Mike Roe on guitars and lead vocals.
 * David Leonhardt on guitars.
 * Mark Harmon on bass guitars and background vocals.
 * Aaron Smith on Drums.

Additional musicians

 * Bongo Bob Smith on percussion
 * Roger Smith on Piano.

title: Pray Naked


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Dadar (disambiguation)

Dadar may also refer to:
 * Dadar, a densely populated locality in Mumbai
 * Dadar railway station, a railway station in Dadar, Mumbai
 * Dadar, Raigad district, a census town situated in Maharashtra, India
 * Dadar (ritual tool), an arrow like tool, associated with Saraha

title: Dadar (disambiguation)


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Meridian Water

Meridian Water is a £6bn, 20-year regeneration programme in Upper Edmonton, in the south-east of the London Borough of Enfield, North London. Led by the council, the project will build 10,000 homes next to the Lee Valley Regional Park.

The development has its own railway station which opened in June 2019, replacing Angel Road, connecting to Stratford and London Liverpool Street to the south, and Stansted and Cambridge to the north.

Current site
The 210-acre site is located in the south of the London Borough of Enfield between Edmonton, Tottenham and Walthamstow. It is currently home to the Ravenside Retail park, and a number of large blue warehouse structures, formerly owned by British Oxygen Company, or BOC Group, for the manufacture of liquified gas storage vessels. These buildings are currently being used for storage, industrial and distribution purposes.

The council has acquired 87 acres (35 hectares) of land at Meridian Water since April 2014. It currently owns 64% of all developable land within the red line boundary of the site and has to date committed £157m to land acquisition.

Current development

The first phase of development called "Meridian One" will create the first 725 homes and retail space built at Willoughby Lane, near the new Meridian Water station, which opened in June 2019. This station is estimated to serve up to four million passengers each year at its peak.

A planning application and development partner are also being progressed for the second phase called "Meridian Two" at Leeside Road, which will create 200 affordable homes. The developer intends these homes for ‘makers and creators’ that will use new workspace on the lower floors. The developer also says that this phase will create a new employment hub for around 900 new jobs at a 2–3-acre site along the North Circular.

title: Meridian Water


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The Cheetah Girls (soundtrack)

The Cheetah Girls is the soundtrack album to the 2003 Walt Disney Pictures movie of the same name. It was released on August 12, 2003 on compact disc and audio cassette by Walt Disney Records. The album was produced by Antonina Armato, Ray Cham, Tim James and executive produced by Debra Martin Chase and Whitney Houston. The album features appearances from Sonic Chaos, Char, and Hope 7.

The album was certified Double Platinum in the United States on June 7, 2005 after selling more than 2 million copies in the US alone. It is one of the biggest selling albums from Walt Disney Records ever, along with the High School Musical soundtrack and the Hannah Montana soundtrack.

Background and release
Although there had been music recorded for The Cheetah Girls film, there were originally no plans to release said music commercially since Disney Channel's previous original films never had soundtracks before. Debra Martin Chase was able to convince Disney to create new contracts for the film's actresses and release the film's music as a soundtrack.

A special edition titled "The Cheetah Girls - Special Edition Soundtrack" was released on June 22, 2004, featuring two brand new remixes of "Cinderella" and "Girl Power" with eight karaoke tracks. The special edition credits the song, "End of the Line", to Hope 7, while the original release credits the song to Christi Mac. The reason for this is that Christi Mac is really the alias of Kristi McClave, the lead singer of Hope 7. McClave sang both this song and "Breakthrough" on the original soundtrack. On December 25, 2006, the original soundtrack was released digitally to the iTunes store in the United Kingdom.

Critical reception
Johnny Loftus from Allmusic reviewed the album stating: "From the Disney Channel comes a TV movie adaptation of Deborah Gregory's Cheetah Girls book series. It's the continuing adventures of a smart, sassy singing group as they make their way in the pop music world with nothing but their wits and musical chops to guide them. Along the way, they live a little, rock a little, and learn a lot". Common Sense Media's review of the album complimented The Cheetah Girls' singing, but called the production "prefabricated" and generally disapproved of the musical presentation.

Chart performance
The album charted at number one on the Billboard Kid Album charts on October 25, 2003. The album spent a total of sixty-five weeks on the chart. The special edition of the album charted at number three on the Billboard Kid Album charts on July 10, 2004.

Song descriptions

 * "Together We Can": The Cheetah Girls perform this song during the opening credits at a kids' birthday party, which goes horribly wrong where Aqua, Dorinda, and Chanel end up tripping each other causing them to be a laughing stock.
 * "Girlfriend": Sung by Char. It is played in the background in the beginning of the movie while Galleria and Chanel are dancing in front of a store.
 * "Cinderella": The Cheetah Girls perform the song for their audition for the talent show. It is this song that makes Jackal Johnson believe they are the next big thing. The music is played on a laptop by Chanel's younger brother.
 * "Breakthrough": Sung by Hope 7. It is played in the background while Chanel goes shopping for new Cheetah Girls dress.
 * "Girl Power": The Cheetah Girls perform this song at Def Duck Records trying to prove to Jackal Johnson they can sing good enough that they don't need the masks and lip-syncing, which is what he wanted them to do. The song samples "All Night Long" by Wild Orchid.
 * "End of the Line" Sung by Christi Mac (of Hope 7). It is played in the movie after the girls have a fight.
 * "C'mon": Sonic Chaos, The Cheetah Girls' rival, performs this song at the talent show.
 * "Cheetah Sisters": The Cheetah Girls began performing this near the end of the movie, as Galleria tries to make up with the girls. The scene changes as they are singing, and they perform this at the talent show, and win. Sonic Chaos perform the music.

title: The Cheetah Girls (soundtrack)


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1907 Kansas Jayhawks football team

The 1907 Kansas Jayhawks football team was an American football that represented the University of Kansas as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1907 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach A. R. Kennedy, the Jayhawks compiled a 5–3 record (1–1 against conference opponents), finished in third place in the MVC, and outscored opponents by a total of 111 to 57. The Jayhawks played home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. Carl Rouse was the team captain.

title: 1907 Kansas Jayhawks football team


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Talk:Biblical Studies/Christianity/Christian Theology

Organization? How do we organize this topic?

Also, is there interest in a WikiCommentary?

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I believe it's imposible to include all of the different ways in which christians see things.

Take just the nature of God, One God or a combination of three? Some christians (me included) don't believe that The Holy Spirit is a person, or they believe that Logos/Jezus/Michael was created by God.

or take the first part of the lord's prayer:

 * Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be Thy Name.
 * What name? Why should it be hallowed?
 * Thy Kingdom come, Thy Will be done, on Earth, as it is in Heaven.
 * What Kingdom? Why would He need a Kingdom? What is His Will for the Earth?

How would anyone be able to write about this without this turning into a editwar? Maybe it would be beter for every one to write their own book and leave it at that? -- Gmlk 21:31, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

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There are the various theologies at the theology page - Christian, Hindu, etc.

I think it is possible to include a discussion - if people add and not 'edit'? if everyone added their own view it would be comprehensive if organized. most times there are not 12 different views on the personality of the holy spirit for example, there is two - yes or no, permitting it to be concise.

Do we split it into Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Methodist, Presbyterian, Liberal/Progressive, Traditional/Conservative, Fundamentalist, Evangelical, Ecumenical, Feminist, Liberation, etc?

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I actually have started a wikicommentary page at wikicommentary.net. Its in a beta stage right now and I haven't completely settled in on a permanent data structure. Go ahead and check it out if you're interested in a wikicommentary. I think it can work. People can write their commentary directly on scripture, simply searching for a passage would retreive all relevant commentary in the database. It would be really cool if the order in which they appear could be randomized also. Anyway I'm just full of ideas right now and they need to be put in place before it will really work. --Stevecrozz 22:38, 13 April 2006 (UTC)


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Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Origin

Beginning of the 20th Century
In 1891, Eugene Dubois discovers remains of hominid fossils (which he will call Pithecanthropus) on the island of Java, in southeast Asia. The two main consequences of this discovery:
 * stimulated research for a "missing link" in our origins
 * oriented research interest toward southeast Asia as possible cradle of humanity

Yet, in South Africa, 1924, Raymond Dart accidentally discovered the remains of child (at Taung) during exploitation of a quarry and publishes them in 1925 as a new species - Australopithecus africanus (which means "African southern ape"). Dart, a British-trained anatomist, was appointed in 1922 professor of anatomy at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. Through this discovery, Dart:
 * documented the ancient age of hominids in Africa and
 * questioned the SE Asian origin of hominids, arguing for a possible African origin.

Nevertheless, Raymond Dart's ideas were not accepted by the scientific community at the time because:
 * major discoveries carried out in Europe (such as Gibraltar, and the Neander Valley in Germany) and Asia (Java) and
 * remains of this species were the only ones found and did not seem to fit in phylogenetic tree of our origins and
 * ultimately considered simply as a fossil ape.

It took almost 20 years before Dart's ideas could be accepted, due to notable new discoveries:
 * in 1938, identification of a second species of Australopithecine, also in South Africa: Paranthropus (Australopithecus) robustus. Robert Broom collected at Kromdraai Cave the remains of a skull and teeth,
 * in 1947, other remains of Australopithecus africanus found at Sterkfontein and Makapansgat, and
 * in 1948, other remains of Paranthropus robustus found at Swartkrans, also by R. Broom.

1950s - 1970s
During the first half of the 20th century, most discoveries essential for paleoanthropology and human evolution were done in South Africa.

After World War II, research centered in East Africa. The couple Mary and Louis Leakey discovered a major site at Olduvai Gorge, in Tanzania:

 * many seasons of excavations at this site - discovery of many layers (called beds), with essential collection of faunal remains and stone tools, and several hominid species identified for the first time there;
 * In 1959, discovery in Bed I of hominid remains (OH5), named Zinjanthropus (Australopithecus) boisei;
 * L. Leakey first considered this hominid as the author of stone tools, until he found (in 1964) other hominid fossils in the same Bed I, which he attributed to different species - Homo habilis (OH7).

Another major discovery of paleoanthropological interest comes from the Omo Valley in Ethiopia:
 * from 1967 to 1976, nine field seasons were carried out;
 * In 1967, discovery of hominid fossils attributed to new species - Australopithecus aethiopicus
 * 217 specimens of hominid fossils attributed to five hominid species: A. afarensis, A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, H. rudolfensis, H. erectus, dated to between 3.3 and 1 Million years ago.

Also in 1967, Richard Leakey starts survey and excavation on the east shore of Lake Turkana (Kenya), at a location called Koobi Fora:
 * research carried out between 1967 and 1975
 * very rich collection of fossils identified, attributed to A. afarensis and A. boisei

In 1972, a French-American expedition led by Donald Johanson and Yves Coppens focuses on a new locality (Hadar region) in the Awash Valley (Ethiopia):
 * research carried out between 1972-1976
 * in 1973, discovery of most complete skeleton to date, named Lucy, attributed (in 1978 only) to A. afarensis
 * more than 300 hominid individuals were recovered
 * discoveries allow for a detailed analysis of locomotion and bipedalism among early hominids

From 1976 to 1979, Mary Leakey carries out research at site of Laetoli, in Tanzania:
 * In 1976, she discovers animal footprints preserved in tuff (volcanic ash), dated to 3.7 million years ago (MYA).
 * In 1978-1979, discovery of site with three series of hominid (australopithecine) footprints, confirming evidence of bipedalism.

South Africa
Four australopithecine foot bones dated at around 3.5 million years were found at Sterkfontein in 1994 by Ronald Clarke:
 * oldest hominid fossils yet found in South Africa
 * They seem to be adapted to bipedalism, but have an intriguing mixture of ape and human features

Since then, eight more foot and leg bones have been found from the same individual, who has been nicknamed "Little Foot".

Eastern Africa
Recent discovery of new A. boisei skull is:
 * one of the most complete known, and the first known with an associated cranium and lower jaw;
 * It also has a surprising amount of variability from other A. boisei skulls, which may have implications for how hominid fossils are classified.

Recent research suggests that the some australopithecines were capable of a precision grip, like that of humans but unlike apes, which would have meant they were capable of making stone tools.

The oldest known stone tools have been found in Ethiopia in sediments dated at between 2.5 million and 2.6 million years old. The makers are unknown, but may be either early Homo or A. garhi

A main question is, how have these species come to exist in the geographical areas so far apart from one another?

Chad
A partial jaw found in Chad (Central Africa) greatly extends the geographical range in which australopithecines are known to have lived. The specimen (nicknamed Abel) has been attributed to a new species - Australopithecus bahrelghazali.

In June 2002, publication of major discovery of earliest hominid known: Sahelanthropus tchadensis (nickname: "Toumai").


text:
Lensky, Altai Krai

Lensky (Ленский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Lukovsky Selsoviet, Pankrushikhinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 217 in 2013. There are two streets.

Geography
Lensky is located 27 km northwest of Pankrushikha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Petrovsky is the nearest rural locality.

title: Lensky, Altai Krai


text:
User:JerryOrr/Users to watch

Anonymous IPs

 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs • [ block log])
 * Notes: last blocked March 2, 2006 for 1 week; sometimes makes useful contributions

 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs • [ block log])
 * Notes: last blocked March 20, 2006 for 1 month

 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs • [ block log])
 * Notes: last blocked March 6, 2006 for 1 week; recommended block on March 23, 2006
 * Block request was denied, stating that user has many valid contributions; keep an eye on this one

 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs • [ block log])
 * Notes: last vandalism on March 3, 2006

 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs • [ block log])
 * Notes: last vandalism on March 22, 2006; test1 warning on March 22, 2006

 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs • [ block log])
 * Notes: last vandalism on April 5, 2006; test4 warning on April 5, 2006

 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs • [ block log])
 * Notes: last vandalism on March 24, 2006; blocked on March 22, 2006 for 2 days; recommended another block on March 24, 2006

 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs • [ block log])
 * Notes: last vandalism on March 22, 2006; test3 warning on March 22, 2006

 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs • [ block log])
 * Notes: last vandalism on March 23, 2006; test4 warning on March 23, 2006

 * <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs • [ block log])
 * Notes: last vandalism on March 23, 2006; test3 warning on March 23, 2006

title: User:JerryOrr/Users to watch


text:
Marquez Pope

Marquez Phillips Pope (born October 29, 1970) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Fresno State Bulldogs and was selected by the San Diego Chargers in the second round of the 1992 NFL draft with the 33rd overall pick. Pope played for five teams in 10 NFL seasons from 1992 to 2001. His best year as a pro came during the 1996 season for the San Francisco 49ers, intercepting 6 passes with 1 touchdown. During his pro career, Pope was known to be among the hardest hitters in the NFL.

Pope is the only National Football League player in history to play on all California teams (San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland). He also inspired the Marquez Pope rule, which states that a fumble recovered by a defensive player will be spotted at the spot of the recovery, not where the player's momentum leads him. This occurred because in 2000, Pope recovered a fumble by Seahawk Ricky Watters, but a rainy field at Husky Stadium in Seattle caused him to slide into his own end zone with the ball, which led to a safety for the Seahawks.

title: Marquez Pope


text:
File:Oota souri.png

Summary
taken directly from Ota Sori's NTV official homepage.

Fair use rationale for Hikari Ota's If I Were Prime Minister... Secretary Tanaka

 * 1) This image illustrates the text next to which it appears, which describes the program in question for which it promotes
 * 2) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to distribute, promote, or market the product in any way;
 * 3) The image is being used in an informative way and should not detract from the program.
 * 4) No free or public domain images have been located for this program.

title: File:Oota souri.png


text:
Talk:Brampton (disambiguation)

International recognition
Please can User:<IP_ADDRESS> explain why he believes England is more encyclopedic that United Kingdom, further broken down into top level NUTS 1 subdivisions (the regions of England)? Yorkshire Phoenix (talk) 11:01, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you could explain why you are on a crusade to abolish the use of the world "England" in the encyclopedia? Morwen - Talk 11:04, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This is an international encyclopedia and the United Kingdom is the name of the state in an international context. I have no problem with the use of "England" in British articles, but this is an international disambiguation page, besides: I have used the word "England" where it appears in the NUTS 1 subdivisions.  Yorkshire Phoenix (talk) 11:07, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Rename pages

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move. Mind matrix  15:46, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Rename: Brampton → Brampton (disambiguation)
 * Rename: Brampton, Ontario → Brampton

I've reviewed the entries in this disambiguation page, and it appears that Brampton, Ontario satisfies the conditions of WP:PRIMARYUSAGE. An internet search for "brampton" returns about 9.3 million hits, whereas excluding links which contain the terms "Ontario" and "Canada" returns 2.5 million hits, some of which are nonetheless related to the Canadian city. (Excluding links to places which have Brampton as only part of their name, such as Brampton Island, results in 2.35 million hits.) None of the other places named Brampton warrant the use of the undisambiguated title (they are all small villages or hamlets, the largest having a population of about 5000), so the only question is whether their historical significance should prevent the Canadian city from using the undisambiguated name. I don't see any evidence suggesting that these other seven locations have such notable history that most readers would tend to associate the term with any of those villages or hamlets.

 * Support as nominator. Mind  matrix  15:06, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. The sheer number of UK villages named Brampton on the dab page further suggests to me even if the Canadian one didn't exist at all, the other Bramptons still wouldn't be able to claim primary usage. That said, though, the move will require a review of the inbound links in the process — while many of them are meant to link to Bill Davis' hometown, a few definitely aren't. Bearcat (talk) 18:42, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. As per nomination, and Bearcat's reasoning in respect of the U.K. villages.  --Skeezix1000 (talk) 21:34, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Support as per nom. --Kmsiever (talk) 13:05, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Comment on the above section
I must admit I was slightly surprised to read the above, since when I've said "Brampton" I've always meant Brampton, Carlisle, Cumbria and only very rarely have I had to "disambiguate" it for my listener(s), and when I have it's been with Brampton, Cambridgeshire. Actually, in the UK I suspect that the Canadian Brampton is barely known, though I do certainly agree that it's by far the most important place bearing that name and so without doubt deserves the undisambiguated article name. Just an observation, really, rather than a request or suggestion. Loganberry (Talk) 17:31, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brampton (disambiguation)


text:
Guillermo Cubillos

Guillermo Cubillos (born 14 January 1995) is a Chilean footballer that currently plays for Primera B de Chile club Barnechea as a defender.

Youth career
Cubillos started his career at Primera División de Chile club O'Higgins. He progressed from the under categories club all the way to the senior team.

O'Higgins
On 1 February 2015, Cubillos debuted against Unión La Calera replacing Damián Lizio at the 90+2' on the 2-1 win at the Estadio El Teniente.

title: Guillermo Cubillos


text:
Talk:Quechua

Untitled
possible image to be added -

The correct name for "Quechua" subject page
I want to change the title of the name of the subject "Quechua", because it does not represent all the quechua speakers. It should call Ayacucho Quechua, because it is. This name offends to Quechua speakers from other parts of the Andes mountains that speak other different languages name also Quechua. Jhon ar qu (discuss • contribs) 19:28, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quechua


text:
User:Cullen328/Sandbox/Cummins

 * Keep The company is notable as shown by this 1978 article from Computer World, this 1997 article from the Daily Herald, this 1995 article form the Boston Globe, this 1979 article form the Chicago Tribune, this 2003 interview in Manufacturing & Technology News, this 2009 article from Vending Times, this 1992 article in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinal and on and on and on.

title: User:Cullen328/Sandbox/Cummins


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joe Adamson

The result was keep. Tone 19:05, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

Joe Adamson

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Not notable. Doesn't meet WP:GNG, WP:BIO, WP:AUTHOR Roller26 (talk) 01:34, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Authors-related deletion discussions. Roller26 (talk) 01:34, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete If his works actually had come to be seen as important, we would have much better sourcing on him.John Pack Lambert (talk) 19:25, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Weak keep per WP:NAUTHOR: (2-page review);  (1-paragraph review); and  (1-paragraph review). Reluctant to rely too heavily on the latter, but they are indexed on JSTOR which to my knowledge is discriminating as to what it indexes. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 20:07, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 20:08, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Visual arts-related deletion discussions. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 20:08, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , JSTOR indexes 12 million articles, I don't think that just 3 articles reviewing your work (2 of which are 1 paragraph based) is enough to be considered notable under WP:AUTHOR criteria. -- Roller26 (talk) 14:25, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: Relisting to allow discussion of possible merger or renaming
 * Weak keep. His Marx Brothers book is very notable, a search will bring up sources for it, but that book does not have an article. If that book had its own article, maybe the article for the author would be unnecessary? Donaldd23 (talk) 14:55, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Vanamonde (Talk) 18:03, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Weak keep as well, especially because of the Marx Brothers book, which Vanity Fair and RogerEbert.com have praised. Caro7200 (talk) 18:22, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Reviews exist for his other books--the Los Angeles Times reviewed the Walter Lantz book, just to mention one, so keeping this article under the Joe Adamson name would seem to be appropriate. Caro7200 (talk) 18:30, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep: Sources pass WP:GNG per comments from ,   puts it over the top for me.    // Timothy ::  talk  13:52, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep as it has been shown in this discussion that his works have been reviewed in reliable sources such as The LA Times and academic journals so that he passes WP:NAUTHOR criteria 4 (c), in my view, Atlantic306 (talk) 21:56, 30 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Cryptography/Common flaws and weaknesses

Cryptography relies on puzzles. A puzzle that can not be solved without more information than the cryptanalyst has or can feasibly acquire is an unsolvable puzzle for the attacker. If the puzzle can be understood in a way that circumvents the secret information the cryptanalyst doesn't have then the puzzle is breakable. Obviously cryptography relies on an implicit form of security through obscurity where there currently exists no likely ways to understand the puzzle that will break it. The increasing complexity and subtlety of the mathematical puzzles used in cryptography creates a situation where neither cryptographers or cryptanalysts can be sure of all facets of the puzzle and security.

Like any puzzle, cryptography algorithms are based on assumptions - if these assumptions are flawed then the underlying puzzle may be flawed.

Secret knowledge assumption - Certain secret knowledge is not available to unauthorised people. Attacks such as packet sniffing, keylogging and meet in the middle attacks try to breach this assumption.

Secret knowledge masks plaintext - The secret knowledge is applied to the plaintext so that the nature of the message is no longer obvious. In general the secret knowledge hides the message in way so that the secret knowledge is required in order rediscover the message. Attacks such as chosen plaintext, brute force and frequency analysis try to breach this assumption


text:
Talk:Diogo Freitas do Amaral

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Diogo de Freitas do Amaral. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050408212102/http://eleicoes.cne.pt:80/cne2005/sel_eleicoes.cfm?m=raster to http://eleicoes.cne.pt/cne2005/sel_eleicoes.cfm?m=raster#assemb

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:38, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diogo Freitas do Amaral


text:
Laval Liberty High School

Laval Liberty High School (LLHS) was an Anglophone senior high school in Laval, Quebec and a part of the Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board (SWLSB). It was formed in 2005 after Western Laval High School was split into two schools, with lower secondary levels forming Laval Junior High School. On July 1, 2015, it merged with Laurier Senior High School to form Laval Senior Academy.

title: Laval Liberty High School


text:
Dhanendra Bahadur Singh

Dhanendra Bahadur Singh was a Nepalese judge who served as 7th Chief Justice of Nepal, in office from 11 December 1985 to 7 August 1991. He was appointed by the then-king of Nepal, Birendra.

Singh was preceded by Nayan Bahadur Khatri and succeeded by Bishwonath Upadhyaya.

title: Dhanendra Bahadur Singh


text:
User:Ipaat

IPAAT is nick name of Anatoly Terentiev, Moscow, Russian Federation.

My articles in Wiki
Pages that I've started/written myself (in alphabetical order)

Alferaki Palace (31 March 2006)

Burlak (25 March 2006)

City bar in Taganrog (2 April 2006)

Depaldo stone stairs (2 April 2006)

Gorky Film Studio (11 May 2006)

Mercado Adolpho Lisboa (20 March 2006)

Podkumok River (30 March 2006)

Tambukan Lake (27 March 2006)

Teza River (27 March 2006)

Yuri's Day (23 March 2006)

My images in Wiki
I’m not a good writer in English; therefore, I usually just upload images to Wikipedia.

 * Images on these pages in upload date order (wait a full image loaded)

Links

 * My main homepage (in Russian, not finished)

ru:User:Ipaat --

title: User:Ipaat


text:
Narrative dialog editing/Follow Dave:Edit the Scene

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" |

Open the disk

 * Looking at the disk index
 * There is a lot of stuff on that small disk. You should already have:

 * Watched the "Start Here" movie.
 * This educational (animated) movie gives you a quick overview of the entire film editing process for a dramatic conversation.
 * Watched the "Sample with Music" movie in the "Watch Me Second folder.
 * This movie seems to break all the rules you just learned. There are gaps between the actor's words which have been filled with narrative music.
 * Studied the other two movies in the "Watch Me Second" folder.
 * The version without music or sound effects is the edited scene before any narrative music or sound effects were added. You will notice huge, ugly pauses in the dialog.  Yet, when the music or sound effects is added, the gaps seem to disappear and the rhythm of the conversation seems to be natural. If you don't understand why this works, email me.
 * Printed the "Follow Dave - Storyboard" pdf file.
 * Reference material for when you begin editing the scene.
 * Skimmed the "Movie Set Tour" pdf file.
 * Fluff to keep the kids happy. Still it might be interesting.
 * Skimmed the "Film Editing Instructions".
 * Step by step instructions with lots of pictures. If you edit the scene, you can try following all the decisions which are explained in the written instructions.
 * Skimmed the "Film Scoring Instructions".
 * More for people who want to create film scores.
 * Print the "Shot List".
 * With only six clips, this is not necessary but it might come in handy.

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 40%; background-color: white; border: 1px solid #777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 100px;" rowspan="1" |
 * }
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" |

Open the clips

 * Looking at the clips
 * Locate the six film dailies clips in the folder called "Clips Ready For Editing". These are:

 * Scene 17, Take 1 - Master Shot
 * Scene 17, Take 2 - Master Shot
 * Scene 17A, Take 2 - Close up
 * Scene 17A, Take 3 - Close up
 * Scene 17B, Take 7 - Reverse Master Shot
 * Scene 17C, Take 1 - Close up

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 40%; background-color: white; border: 1px solid #777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 100px;" rowspan="1" |
 * }
 * style="width: 40%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" |

Open the instructions

 * Print the pdf file
 * There are over 80 pages of colorful instructions which very slowly walk you through the editing of the scene. This is exactly the same instructions that you saw in the animated movie "Start Here" but in a print format which you can more easily follow.  With the printed instructions, more of the logic of editing this scene is explained.

 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #999; border: 1px solid #000; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 100px;" rowspan="1" |
 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #fffff0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

Follow the basic steps

 * Audio first, picture second
 * Remember to select the best clips for each piece of dialog. When the audio is perfect, adjust the video.  This is what you saw in the "Start Here" movie.

 * Send me a copy
 * When you are finished, send me a copy. You will earn points.

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"|

Open Source
All of the documents on the "Follow Dave?" Editing Workshop are distributed with the GNU Open Source Document License.

Share the disk with your friends. Use the frame numbers to compare your edits of the scene.

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The next lesson

 * Once you have finished editing the scene called "Follow Dave?", you are ready for 24 more scenes.
 * Analyzing and editing film dailies for 24 scenes [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]]

 * }


text:
signal phrase

Noun

 * 1) An indication that something is a paraphrase or direct quote.
 * "Smith suggests that..." and "In Smith's words..." are both signal phrases.
 * 1) A phrase that signals a particular meaning or stance.
 * 1) A phrase that signals a particular meaning or stance.

title: signal phrase


text:
Java Programming/Introduction

This page was copied from Introduction to Java.

What is Java?
Java is an object-oriented, cross platform, multi-purpose programming language produced by Sun Microsystems. First released in 1995, it was developed to be a machine independent web technology. It was based on C and C++ syntax to make it easy for programmers from those communities to learn. Since then, it has earned a prominent place in the world of computer programming.

Java has many characteristics that have contributed to its popularity:
 * Platform independence - Many languages are compatible with only one platform. Java was specifically designed so that it would run on any computer, regardless if it was running Windows, Linux, Mac, Unix or any of the other operating systems.
 * Simple and easy to use - Java's creators tried to design it so code could be written efficiently and easily.
 * Multi-functional - Java can produce many applications from command-line programs to applets to Swing windows (basically, sophisticated graphical user interfaces).

Java does have some drawbacks. Since it has automated garbage collection, it can tend to use more memory than other similar languages. There are often implementation differences on different platforms, which have led to Java being described as a "write once, test everywhere" system. Lastly, since it uses an abstract "virtual machine", a generic Java program doesn't have access to the Native API's on a system directly. None of these issues are fatal, but it can mean that Java isn't an appropriate choice for a particular piece of software.

History of Java
See History of Java article section at Wikipedia

The java Platform
One thing that distinguished Java from some other languages is its ability to run the same compiled code across multiple operating systems.

In other languages, the source code (code that is written by the programmer), is compiled by a compiler into an executable file. This file is in machine language, and is intended for a single operating system/processor combination, so the programmer would have to re-compile the program seperately for each new operating system/processor combination.

Java is different in that it does not compile the code directly into machine language code. Compilation creates bytecode out of the source code. Bytecode generally looks something like this: a7 f4 73 5a 1b 92 7d When the code is run by the user, it is processed by something called the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM is essentially an interpreter for the bytecode. It goes through the bytecode and runs it. There are different versions of the JVM that are compatible with each OS and can run the same code. There is virtually no difference for the end-user, but this makes it a lot easier for programmers doing software development.

Installing the Java Development Kit
Before installing the Java Development Kit (JDK), you should probably know what it is. It is distributed by Oracle. It contains the core libraries and compiler required to develop Java. The JDK should not be confused with the JRE (Java Runtime Environment). The JRE is a JVM for running, as opposed to compiling, Java programs.

Downloading and Installing
To download the JDK, go to http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html. Click on "JDK with NetBeans Bundle". Follow the instructions for downloading the JDK installation file. Windows: If you are running Windows, simply run the executable file and follow the installation instructions. Unix, Solaris, or Linux: For Linux and Unix, download the "jdk1 6.0" for Linux systems. Save the downloaded file in any drive. Once you have saved the file, extract it to a place that you can remember, by using Terminal or by double clicking on the file. When you have finished extracting the file, copy the JDK 1.6.0 folder and paste it in the usr/local(To paste to the usr/local directory, you have to be in root) so that every user can use the java files. You can delete the downloaded zip file so that it doesn't take up space on your drive. Macintosh: The latest available JDK is automatically installed by the operating system. Because Java for Macintosh is developed and maintained by Apple, in coordination with Sun, the current version on the Macintosh may not be the current version that is available from Sun.

Note on Editions
The JDK comes in three editions.
 * Java Standard Edition (JSE) – This version is the basic platform for Java. The course will focus on this edition.
 * Java Enterprise Edition (JEE) – This edition is mainly for developing and running distributed multitier architecture Java applications, based largely on modular software components running on an application server. We will not be covering this version in the course.
 * Java Micro Edition (JME) – This edition is primarily for developing programs to run on consumer applicances, such as PDAs and cell phones.

Configuring Variables
Before writing code, it is recommended that you set the Path variable on your system so you can compile your code more easily.

For Windows Users

 * From the Control Panel, double click "System" (System and Maintenance in Vista)
 * For Windows 7 or Vista, click on "System," "Advanced System Settings" on the left, and then on "Environment Variables."
 * For XP and 2000, click on the "Advanced" tab and click on "Environment Variables". And For NT or Windows 10/11, click on the "Environment" tab.
 * Select the Path variable and click "Edit"
 * Add the path to the bin directory of where Java is installed on your hard drive. It should probably be: C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.6.0_20\bin unless you changed it during installation.
 * Click OK

For Linux and UNIX
One way to set your path in Linux/Unix is to add a path export to your bash profile.

"pico ~/.bash_profile" "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/jdk/bin" Note that the path to the java directory "/usr/local/jdk/bin" may be different on your machine.
 * In order to do this, first open your bash profile in a text editor. For example,
 * Then add this line:
 * Restart your shell.

For Macintosh
Apple sets everything up for you. Sit back and relax.

The only drawback is that because Apple handles development and maintenance of Java on the Mac, there is usually a delay from the time that a new version is released by Sun and the time that the new version is released on the Mac. Also, getting the latest version sometimes requires an operating system upgrade.

Oh well, you can't have everything.

Java programming notes for Macintosh - feedback from new Java programmers

"Hello World"
Anytime you learn a computer programming language, it is tradition that the first program you write should be to make your computer say, "Hello World". This is a small feat, but is a good opportunity to make sure that you installed the JDK properly.

The Java compiler reads basic text files. Open up a text editor like Notepad (Don't use a complex program like Word for this). Type this code, remembering that Java is case-sensitive: Save this file as HelloWorld.java. Start your system's command line and navigate to the folder that you saved HelloWorld.java to. Type. This runs the java compiler, javac, and creates a class file, which contains the bytecode for the application. Next type. This runs the class file that was just created by the compiler. Your console should print: Hello World!

Syntax and Comments
As mentioned above, Java is case-sensitive, meaning that if a variable name is "day" it cannot be referred to as "Day" later in the program. In addition, semicolons must end each statement in the code. Programmers also use comments to insert statements into their code that the computer ignores. Comments can be used to help explain code so that other programmers can understand it or the original writer of the code can remember what their code does. Java has several types of comments.

Go to the Wikipedia article for Javadoc for more information on that type of comment.

Congratulations - you finished reading Intro to Java. Now, you can move on to Integer Variables

Inside the Magic
The "Hello World" program has become a de-facto standard with computer programmers for a first program in any language. The main advantage is that it is as simple as a program can get - when considering what it does. Depending upon the language and/or environment though, it may be necessary for some set-up code and/or syntactic glue.

In the program shown above, there are two pieces of syntactic glue.

The first part, public class HelloWorld, and the accompanying matched pair of curly braces, declare a Class construct. At this point, we could try and explain what a class is, but for someone who is genuinely new to programming, the explanation would probably be more of a distraction than a help. For now, we will settle for a simple universal truth - all Java code must be contained inside a Class construct.

The second part, public static void main(String[] args) and the accompanying matched pair of curly braces declare a Method construct. In particular, they declare a special type of method that Java can use as the entry point for a program. A method is a somewhat simpler construct than a class, but for now we will just describe it as a group of runnable code. A main method is required for each and every Java program. (Methods are also known as 'functions' in some other programming languages such as C++.)

title: Java Programming/Introduction


text:
Mikrakh

Mikrakh (Микрах; Миграгъ) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Mikrakhsky Selsoviet, Dokuzparinsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 1,259 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

Nationalities
Lezgins live there.

Geography
Mikrakh is located 8 km southwest of Usukhchay (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kaladzhukh and Kiler are the nearest rural localities.

title: Mikrakh


text:
Wikiversity:Uploading files

This page outlines what you should know about uploading files for use at Wikiversity. Wiki technology originated as a tool for collaborative editing of text. The MediaWiki software used at Wikiversity allows all participants to upload media files. Once uploaded, links to those files can be added to Wikiversity pages, thus allowing the incorporation of still images, sounds, video and other media into Wikiversity learning resources. All media files that support the educational mission of Wikiversity are welcome, but there are important restrictions on the use of media files. If you do not pay attention to these restrictions then it is likely that files you upload to Wikiversity will be deleted. This page describes the types of media files that can be uploaded to Wikiversity and explains how to upload files at Special:Upload.

Please note that most digital media files you might find on the Internet are copyrighted and not appropriate for uploading to Wikiversity. If you did not create the media file or are unable or unwilling to verify its copyright status, do not upload the media file. For hints on how to find images appropriate for uploading, see the finding images tutorial.

Checklist for media file uploading
Below this brief checklist to follow when you upload a media file to Wikiversity using the Special:Upload page. If you do not know the copyright status of a media file or if you do not know that it is available under a "free" license, then do not upload the file. Additional details are in other sections, below, on this page.

 * 1) Licensing. The text contents of the Wikiversity website are licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA 3.0 License and the GNU Free Documentation License. Media files that are uploaded to Wikiversity must be compatible with the copyleft nature of Wikiversity. You must explain the licensing of each uploaded file:
 * 2) use the "Licensing" drop-down menu to indicate a license for each file uploaded at Special:Upload
 * 3) explain which license applies to the newly uploaded media file in the "Summary" field at Special:Upload. If you are familiar with templates, you can use one of the templates at Category:Document copyright tags; see License tags and Help:Template for additional information about templates. These templates can be used:
 * 4) Template:Cc-by-sa-3.0
 * 5) Template:PD
 * 6) Template:Wikiversity-screenshot - screenshots of Wikiversity
 * 7) Template:Software-screenshot - other screenshots
 * 8) Source. In the "Summary" field at Special:Upload, explain where the media file came from, such as: scanning a paper document, or provide the URL, or a name/alias and method of contacting the person who created the media file.
 * 9) copyright status. If someone other than you created the media file that you want to upload, be sure that you provide information about the copyright status of the file.

Licenses
Before you upload a media file, make sure that either:
 * You own the rights to the media file (usually meaning that you created the image yourself).
 * You can prove that the copyright holder has licensed the media file under a free license that is compatible with the GFDL.
 * You can prove that the media file is in the public domain.
 * You believe, and state, a fair use rationale for your use of the media file.

Copyright status
Always note the media file's copyright status and provide specific details about its origin. Use the Summary field on the Special:Upload page to provide this information. The recommended media file summary contains some or all of the following:

Description: The subject of the media file

Source: The copyright holder of the media file or URL of the web page the media file came from

Date: Date the media file was created. The more exact, the better

Location: Where the media file was created. The more exact the better

Author: The media file creator, especially if different from the copyright holder

Permission: Who or what law or policy gives permission to post on Wikipedia with the selected media file license

A convenient way to add this information is to copy this text:

into the "Summary" field at Special:Upload and then add your information after each "=" sign.

User-created media files
Wikipedia encourages users to upload their own images, but all user-created media files must be released under a free license (such as an acceptable Creative Commons license) or be released into the public domain (no license). If you are licensing your own media file, it is often good practice to multi-license your media file under both GFDL and a compatible Creative Commons license.

Free licenses
For a list of possible licenses which are considered "free enough" for Wikimedia projects, see w:Wikipedia:Image copyright tags. Licenses which restrict the use of the media to non-profit or educational purposes only (i.e. noncommercial use only), or are given permission to only appear on Wikiversity, are not free enough and media files licensed in a non-free fashion will be deleted after you upload them (so do not bother to upload such media files). Sources of free images can be found at Free image resources. In short, Wikiversity media files should be as "free" as Wikiversity's text content — both to keep Wikiversity's own legal status secure as well as to allow for as much re-use of Wikiversity content as possible.

Note: feel free to link to learning resources such as materials at other websites that is licensed as "non-commercial re-use only".

Public domain
Under United States copyright law, all images published before January 1, 1923 in the United States are now in the public domain, but this does not apply to images that were created prior to 1923 and published in 1923 or later. The year 1923 has special significance and this date will not roll forward before 2019.

Fair use considerations
Some usage of copyrighted materials without permission of the copyright holder can qualify as fair use in the United States (but not in most other jurisdictions). Improper claims of fair use constitute copyright infringement and are illegal. See also: Avoid copyright paranoia.

The following section of this page serves as the Exemption Doctrine Policy for the English language Wikiversity. For related information, see the Wikimedia Foundation licensing policy. To learn more, see the Fair use learning project.

Exemption Doctrine Policy
Government regulation of copyright in the United States exists to promote "Science and useful Arts". There is a long history of defining special considerations for the use of copyrighted material in educational contexts. The primary goal of this policy is to create a fair use policy that is suited to the education-oriented mission of Wikiversity. Wikiversity permits a limited amount of fair use content under strictly defined circumstances that are deliberately intended to respect United States fair use law. Wikiversity can include "fair use content" if all of the following criteria are met.

 * 1) Copyrighted works can be used at Wikiversity under the fair use doctrine only if such use has an obvious educational value that contributes directly to the Wikiversity mission. Fair use content is used only if its presence can significantly increase understanding of the topic and if its omission would be detrimental to that understanding.
 * 2) Wikiversity content that is used under the fair use doctrine must have no free equivalent. Wikiversity content that is used under the fair use doctrine should, when possible, be replaced with equivalent content that is available under a copyleft license or that exists in the public domain.
 * 3) Wikiversity content that is used under the fair use doctrine must not decrease the market value of any copyrighted works.
 * 4) Requests from copyright holders that copyrighted content be removed from Wikiversity are honored. If copyright holders decide that they do not accept a fair use rationale used at Wikiversity, then the copyrighted material cannot be used at Wikiversity.
 * 5) Wikiversity content that is used under the fair use doctrine is used as little as possible and only in order to attain a specific educational goal. Multiple items are not used if one will suffice. An entire copyrighted work is not used if a portion will suffice. Low- rather than high-resolution/fidelity/sample length is used when possible. Even low-resolution/fidelity or short samples cannot be used under the fair use doctrine at Wikiversity if such use allows for piracy or other re-use that will decrease the market value of the copyrighted work.
 * 6) Wikiversity content that is used under the fair use doctrine must be properly attributed to the copyright holder.
 * 7) Fair use content is only allowed in learning resources in the main Namespace and on media file description pages in the image namespace. If a media file containing copyrighted content is used, the image description page must contain a description of the intended educational use of the media file.
 * 8) Media files containing copyrighted material that do not comply with the intent and spirit of this policy can be deleted by custodians at any time. Text on Wikiversity pages that quotes a copyrighted work and that does not satisfy the spirit of this policy can be removed by any editor at any time.

Note: any "fair use" at Wikiversity must conform to Foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy

Identification of uploaded files with problems
Before deleting a media file that lacks adequate source/copyright/licensing information, concerned Wikiversity participants and Custodians should try to contact (through their talk page) the user who uploaded the media file, telling them of the specific source/copyright/licensing concerns. A good goal is to try to resolve the issue by communication.

Wikiversity may use a bot for leaving a message on user talk pages when users have uploaded a file but no licensing template has been used. The approved message template that the bot will place on the page of the uploaded files is Template:Nld. The message left on user talk pages is generated by Template:Image copyright. This talk page message provides links that help the uploader understand the problem and that helps the uploader and the community fix problems with the uploaded file(s).

Proposed deletion
Following the "Template:Image copyright" message, if the person who uploaded a file fails to describe the source/copyright/licensing of media files uploaded to Wikiversity, and no other user satisfies the requirements of licensing policy, the file may be proposed for deletion, per Deletion policy (using speedy deletion for files with no apparent educational usage, or proposed deletion where files may have a possible educational use). In the event of controversy over deletion, a file may be listed at Requests for Deletion.

The normal delay in proposed deletion shall not apply to any file which clearly violates copyright, where a fair use or permitted use rationale could not reasonably apply; such files may be speedy deleted,

Media file titles and file names
Descriptive file names are useful. A map of Africa could be called "Africa.png", but quite likely more maps of Africa will be useful in Wikipedia, so it is good to be more specific, e.g. "Africa political map.yourinitials.png", or "Africa political map with red borders.png".

Media file formats
See: Wikipedia:Media help and Wikimedia Commons for a general introduction to media file use in WikiMedia projects.

 * Drawings, icons, political maps, flags and other such images are preferably uploaded in SVG format as vector images. Images with large, simple, and continuous blocks of color which are not available as SVG should be in PNG format.
 * Drawings, icons, political maps, flags and other such images claimed as fair use should be in PNG format.
 * Photos and images with photo-like color depth should be in PNG format.
 * Inline animations should be in animated GIF format.
 * Audio should be in ogg/Vorbis format. See w:Wikipedia:Media help (Ogg).
 * Video should be in ogg/Theora format. See w:Wikipedia:Media help (Ogg).
 * Screenshots should be in PNG or PNG format, depending on the photorealism/color depth of the subject.

Occasionally a PDF file is uploaded. Source documents should be uploaded to Wikisource instead.

See also: Wikipedia:Preparing images for upload

Uploaded file size
Uploaded files must be smaller than 20 megabytes. The MediaWiki software Wikiversity uses can resize images automatically, so it is rarely necessary to resize images yourself.

Free and open-source software
These free and open source software packages have been recommended by Wikipedians for use in image and media manipulation:
 * The GIMP — Raster image editor. (Linux, Windows, Mac OS X)
 * Inkscape — SVG vector image editor. (Linux, Windows, Mac OS X)
 * ImageMagick — Image conversion and transformation suite. (Linux, Windows, Mac OS X)
 * GraphicsMagick — A clone of ImageMagick emphasizing consistency of the programming API and end-user command-line options. (Linux, Windows, Mac OS X)
 * Audacity — General purpose sound editor. (Linux, Windows, Mac OS X)

How to upload media files
You can upload a media file by using the Upload file link in the toolbox, which is a link to Special:Upload. On most browsers, you will see a "Browse..." button, which will bring up your operating system's standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the "Destination filename" field next to the button. You can edit the content of the "Destination filename" field and provide a descriptive name for the file.

If JavaScript is not enabled in your user preferences then the destination field is left blank and you must add a file name.

You must also affirm that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. The easiest way to do this is to use Template:information in the "Summary" field as described above and select a license from the drop-down menu. Alternatively, add a license template in the "Summary" field, as described above.

Press the "Upload" button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow Internet connection.

Note: that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the Wikiversity project, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system.

Note: When overwriting an image file with a new version, you must refresh your browser's cache to see the new image.

Note: Only logged in users can upload files. Once a file is uploaded, other pages can include or link to the file. Uploaded files are given the "Image:" prefix by the system, even if they are not images, and each one has an image description page that can be edited to provide additional information about the media file after it is uploaded.

Find previously uploaded images

 * To view or search images previously uploaded directly to English Wikipedia, go to the list of uploaded images.
 * Uploads and deletions are logged on the upload log.

Multiproject upload
Please consider uploading language-neutral content to the Wikimedia Commons.

It is not possible to use a media file uploaded to the Wikiversity project in another project without re-uploading it. If you want to use (or, if it is likely that others would want to do so) the same media file in more than one Wikimedia Foundation project, you can upload it to Wikimedia Commons and it would become immediately accessible from all Wikimedia projects. Note that Commons only accepts free media (public domain or licensed under a free license). If the media file is fair use, you can't upload it to Commons. For more information see: Sharing images across projects.

Text files
Please do not upload plain text (.txt), Microsoft Word (.doc), or text files in other formats. Instead, please start a new page and input the text using standard wiki formatting.

See also:
 * MediaWiki file usage - Technical storage information
 * instructions at Wikimedia Commons; "Some OpenOffice.org formats: SXW (text), SXI (slides), SXC (spreadsheet)" are allowed.

title: Wikiversity:Uploading files


text:
User:Rachel Fitz

Hey Everyone, I am Rachel Anne Fitz from Waynesboro, Pennsylvania and I am 18 years old almost 19 in march 8th 1996. I am single girl right now still until I fine the right person for myself in my life. I am a Christian girl and I go to church every Sunday mornings with my family and I so enjoy it so much. :)

title: User:Rachel Fitz


text:
User:Wikimasterking/sandbox

Notes for your content and suggested changes
Age: Older people may suffer from degeneration of neural pathways involved with bladder function and it can lead to an increased risk of postoperative urinary retention.

Medications: Anticholinergics, medications with anticholinergic properties, alpha-adrenergic agonists, opiates, nonsteroidal antiinflammatories (NSAIDs), calcium-channel blockers and beta-adrenergic agonists, may increase the risk of postoperative urinary retention.

Anesthesia: General anesthetics may cause bladder atony by acting as a smooth muscle relaxant. General anesthesics can directly interfere with autonomic regulation of detrusor tone and predispose people to bladder overdistention and subsequent retention. Spinal anesthesia results in a blockade of the micturition reflex. Spinal anesthesia shows a higher risk of postoperative urinary retention compared to general anesthesia.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Men with benign prostatic hyperplasia are at an increased risk of acute urinary retention.

Surgery related: Operative times longer than 2 hours may lead to an increased risk of postoperative urinary retention 3-fold.

''Thanks for taking the time to re-visit this edit. I know that it takes time to adjust from an academic style of writing to Wikipedia. You have done a nice job collecting this information. I have made some modifications and edits, please work from the above version. You can edit the above text directly. Here are a few comments:'' JenOttawa (talk) 02:52, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I removed "patients" and replaced with "people" (Wikipedia prefers this, as mentioned in your comments above).
 * Can you try to add wiki links to terms? You will need quite a few. Please be sure that they are not already linked earlier in the article subheading.
 * I find a few of your sentences to be a little complex for Wikipedia.
 * It is not necessary to state the # of studies in the meta-analysis, unless it is a controversial topic and you are presenting different viewpoints. I removed this sentence.
 * Please note: be sure to review the Wikistyle guide for medical articles (WP:MEDMOS. This content should not be added as a new heading to the article, it would go under the "causes" section. I would suggest putting it under the "chronic" paragraph. Please make sure that your new heading matches the style (size) of the "chronic" heading.
 * I feel that you do not need separate headings for all these risk factors. I have put the sub-headings on the same line for now.
 * I removed "sex" as a risk factor, as this did not seem clear to me. If you to try to re-word it in the context of benign prostatic hyperplasia, or stating if males or females have a higher/lower risk, this may be a little more clear. I was also unsure why you added it, if you then went on to say that it "has not been strongly elucidated for postoperative urinary retention." Did you mean the mechanism of why it is a risk factor is not known? I removed it for now.

removed primary ref
Hello, I used a review article for describing postoperative urinary retention risk factors and cited that review articles as well as primary resources that review article was using. I removed primary resources and left only the review article in the references.

Add a section called “postoperative urinary retention risk factors” and add the following information:

Postoperative urinary retention risk factors: age, medications, anesthetics, benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms, and surgery related factors, including operating room time, intravenous fluids, and procedure type.

Age:

Older patients can suffer from degeneration of neural pathways involved with bladder function and it can be responsible for the increased risk of postoperative urinary retention. The risk of postoperative urinary retention increases up to 2.11 fold for patients older than 60 years.

Sex:

Another risk factor is sex. It has been shown that sex increases risks for urinary retention not related to surgery given. For men, benign prostatic hyperplasia increases risk, due to the fact that it’s a risk factor for lower urinary tract dysfunction and retention. This association has not been as strongly elucidated for postoperative urinary retention.

Medications:

The following medications are associated with increased risks of postoperative urinary retention: anticholinergics and medications with anticholinergic properties, alpha-adrenergic agonists, opiates (The incidence of opioid precipitated retention in the postoperative setting has been found to be as high as 25%. ), nonsteroidal antiinflammatories (NSAIDs) (up to 2 fold. ), calcium-channel blockers and beta-adrenergic agonists.

Anesthesia:

General anesthetics can cause bladder atony by acting as smooth muscle relaxants. In addition to that, it can directly interfere with autonomic regulation of detrusor tone and predispose patients to bladder overdistention and subsequent retention. On the other hand, spinal anesthesia results in a blockade of the micturition reflex. Overall, spinal anesthesia shows a higher risk of postoperative urinary retention compared to general anesthesia.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia:

Men with benign prostatic hyperplasia are at an increased risk of acute urinary retention. This finding is supported by a meta-analysis of 570 articles. It was established that lower urinary tract symptoms were significantly associated with an increased risk of urinary retention (OR 2.83).

Surgery related:

Operative times longer than 2 hours increased the risk of postoperative urinary retention 3-fold. 17 Longer surgery times increase patients’ risks of urinary retention. A rule of thumb suggests that for operative cases lasting longer than 3 hours, a Foley catheter should be inserted preoperatively. Overall, there is a theory that longer operative times, increased amounts of IV fluids, and higher doses of anesthetics and opiates likely all together increase risks of postoperative urinary retention.

title: User:Wikimasterking/sandbox


text:
Portal:New York City/News

 * 12 February 2024 – 2024 New York City Subway shooting
 * One person is killed and five others are injured in a mass shooting at Mount Eden Avenue station, Highbridge, the Bronx, New York City, United States. (Al Jazeera)

Updated: 6:33, 14 February 2024

title: Portal:New York City/News


text:
sgobbare

Etymology
From, from the sense of "to work to the point of becoming a hunchback."

Verb

 * 1) to slog or slave away work very hard
 * 2) to swot or cram

title: sgobbare


text:
ostessa

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) innkeeper, landlady (proprietor of an osteria)
 * 2) innkeeper's wife

title: ostessa