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Talk:Python Programming/Data Types

A page called "Programming:Python features" which was just a list of data types had the following text, which duplicates what's already on this page. Some of it may be useful in this page.

Data Containers

Python has four basic types of data:

String A sequence of alpha numeric characters which is immutable.

e.g. mystring="fourteen and five" (The letters to the left are the name of the string, quotes marks denote a string, and the letters and spaces within the quotes are elements of the string)

Python has a very flexible quoting syntax. Quotes can be either single quotes (tics) or double quotes (regular quotation marks) and either can contain the other as quoted text, as follows:

"Will's foot hurt"

'Ben said, "Would you look at that!"'

A string may also be prefaced with the character 'r' for 'raw', which means that escape characters will be taken as literals.

'This string contains \n a newline'

r'This string contains just a \n slash and an en'

Either quote may also be used tripled to contain any characters, including newlines, as below:

""" Most Python methods and objects

are commented in blocks surrounded by tripled quotes, like this.

"""

List

A sequence of elements, either strings, numbers or other objects.

e.g. mylist=[1,3,"four", Python.class] The square brackets denote a list, and the enclosed items are elements (of various types) within the list. Lists are mutable, i.e. they can be concatenated or added together, with the result being a list.

Dictionary

Dictionaries are arrays which are indexed more flexibly than simply with an integer. A dictionary contains pairs in the form (key, value). The keys in these key-value pairs can be most Python objects, with a few exceptions you don't need to worry about until you've got more of the language behind you. The values can be any Python object, as far as I know. Dictionaries are represented with curly braces - {}

A dictionary is declared like this:

person = {'name':'Phil', 'address':'1234 Blue Lane', 'spouse':anotherPerson}

The values are accessed in a number of ways, but the most common are:

aName = person['name'] (stores the value 'Phil' in aName)

person['shoesize']= 9 (stores the value 9 in the new key 'shoesize')

Tuple

A tuple is a sequence of values much like a list, except that it is immutable, like a string. Tuples are represented by parentheses, like this:

(1,2,3,'a',anObject)

A tuple can be a sequence of length one, but the literal form has a trailing comma so the interpreter can tell what you're doing:

(1,)

Yath 20:27, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Right out?
Maybe somebody should clarify that. I don't think "right out" is a common phrase and it could be confusing.

Example of long integers

 * = $$111111111^2$$
 * = $$30!$$
 * = $$60!$$
 * = $$2^{128}$$

Please make some long integers within these examples! Preceding comment signature by an IP address: 2405:9800:BA30:C21A:BD93:B478:D224:4256 (discuss) 09:34, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Python Programming/Data Types


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Cadwell

Cadwell may refer to:

Surname

 * Albert Cadwell (1900–1944), English footballer
 * Angela Cadwell, retired United States Air Force major general
 * Arthur A. Cadwell (1882–1937), American cinematographer
 * Charles Cadwell, American professor
 * George Cadwell (1773–1826), American politician
 * Jane Cadwell (1915–2000), American swimmer
 * Linda Lee Cadwell (born 1945), widow of Bruce Lee
 * Luman L. Cadwell (1836–1925), American soldier
 * Sidney M. Cadwell (1893–1986), discoverer of anti-oxidants for rubber

Given name

 * Cadwell Turnbull (born 1987), American fiction writer

Places

 * Cadwell Park, motor racing circuit in Lincolnshire, England
 * Cadwell, Georgia
 * Cadwell, Hertfordshire, England

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cadwell


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Sonja Skarstedt

Sonja Skarstedt (October 2, 1960 – July 31, 2009) was a Canadian poet, short story, playwright writer, painter and illustrator. Born in Montreal, Quebec, she was the founder and former editor of the literary magazine Zymergy, 1987-1991, and founder of Empyreal Press, 1990. She graduated from McGill University with a BA in English Literature in 1982. She was married to the artist and comic book illustrator Geof Isherwood.

In 2008, Skarstedt began the first of over thirty short film productions on YouTube's Skarwood Channel.

Skarstedt died July 31, 2009 at the age of 48, 26 months after diagnosis and treatment for ovarian cancer.

Poetry

 * Mythographies — 1990
 * A Demolition Symphony — 1995
 * Beautiful Chaos — 2000
 * In the House of the Sun — 2005

Drama

 * Saint Francis of Esplanade — 2001

Fiction

 * 12 X 93 — 1993 (with Brian Busby & Robert Edison Sandiford)

Anthologies edited

 * Eternal Conversations: Remembering Louis Dudek — 2003 (with Aileen Collins & Michael Gnarowski)

title: Sonja Skarstedt


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Idle Days on the Yann

"Idle Days on the Yann" is a short story by the Irish writer Lord Dunsany. It takes place in the Lands of Dream and follows an Irishman's voyage down a river flanked by fantastical cities. It was published in the short story collections A Dreamer's Tales (1910) and Tales of Three Hemispheres (1919). Sidney Sime illustrated the story with two images.

Dunsany wrote two sequel stories, both published in 1912. H. P. Lovecraft took inspiration from "Idle Days on the Yann" for several of his stories.

Background
Like many of Dunsany's early works, "Idle Days on the Yann" is set in a dreamworld where the descriptions recall Arabia, Greece, North Africa and India. In his autobiography Patches of Sunlight (1938), Dunsany explained the background to this setting as a combination of Biblical readings, an interest in Greco-Roman antiquity, having briefly seen Tangier at the turn of the century, stories about Egypt his father had told him, the impact of Rudyard Kipling's fiction at a young age, and experiences from South Africa during the Second Boer War. "Idle Days on the Yann" in particular was written in anticipation for a trip down the Nile.

Plot summary
At the River Yann, the nameless protagonist embarks on the ship Bird of the River to travel to Bar-Wul-Yann: the Gate of Yann. He says he is from Ireland, and the sailors mock him because no such place exists in the land of dreams. When everybody on board pray to their gods, the protagonist chooses the obscure and abandoned god Sheol Nugganoth. The ship makes stops at the cities Mandaroon, where the citizens sleep to prevent the gods from dying and dreaming to end, and Astahahn, where citizens use ancient rituals to prevent Time from slaying the gods. In Perdóndaris, a merchant buys the captain's cargo of toomarund carpets and smokable tollub. The protagonist is impressed by Perdóndaris, but discovers a huge ivory gate made of one solid piece, and returns to the ship terrified. A couple of days later, they stop at Nen, the last city on the river. Nen is crowded with Wanderers, a strange singing and dancing tribe that descends from the mountains once every seven years. The ship finally reaches the Gate of Yann: two narrow, mountain-high, smooth and pink marble cliffs that the river flows between into the sea. Departing, the protagonist knows he will not meet the captain again, because his fancy is growing weaker.

Reception
W. B. Yeats wrote: "Had I read 'The Fall of Babbulkund' or 'Idle Days on the Yann' when I was a boy, I had perhaps been changed for better or worse, and looked to that first reading as the creation of my world; for when we are young the less circumstantial, the further from common life a book is, the more does it touch our hearts and make us dream. We are idle, unhappy, exorbitant, and like the young Blake admit no city beautiful that is not paved with gold and silver".

Legacy
Dunsany wrote two sequels to the story: "The Shop in Go-by Street" and "The Avenger of Perdóndaris". Both were first published in 1912 and included, together with the original story, in Tales of Three Hemispheres (1919). In the sequels, the same narrator tries to return to the Lands of Dream to revisit the crew of the Bird of the River, but has trouble doing so. The stories further explore Dunsany's conception of poetic imagination as an intermediary between the ordinary world and the lands of myths and dreams, as well as the view that all these worlds are illusions.

The surface plot of H. P. Lovecraft's 1919 short story "The White Ship" is modeled on "Idle Days on the Yann". Unlike Dunsany, Lovecraft made his tale allegorical and included philosophical themes. Lovecraft's "The Cats of Ulthar" (1920) also features a tribe called the Wanderers, with similarities to the one in "Idle Days on the Yann". Further, Robert M. Price has argued that the name of Lovecraft's fictional deity Shub-Niggurath is likely to have been inspired by Sheol Nugganoth in Dunsany's story. Jorge Luis Borges included "Idle Days on the Yann" in his Library of Babel. The influence of this story on The Doom That Came to Sarnath can be seen in the reference to a throne "wrought of one piece of ivory, though no man lives who knows whence so vast a piece could have come", which evokes the gate "carved out of one solid piece" of ivory in Dunsany's story.

title: Idle Days on the Yann


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Voter's Guide

The Wikibooks Voter's Guide is a project designed to educate potential voters on how to vote, as well as the possible benefits and disadvantages of voting in particular ways. Though this is the English Wikibooks project and all Voter's Guides contained herein should be in English, there should be intense cooperation and interlinking to ensure that voters can access a Voter's Guide for their country and in their native language. To this end, the English project should have English language guides to elections in countries like the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, United Kingdom and Jamaica, guides should also be made available in English for any country, even non-Anglophone lands like China, Japan and France.

 * /Australia/
 * /Canada/
 * /New Zealand/
 * /United Kingdom/
 * /United States/

Each Voter's Guide should have several sections (using the US as an example):
 * Brief stuff to be given out at polling stations:
 * Voter's Guide/United States/Candidates/Presidential: Brief information, short enough to be given out at polling stations and read just before voting, on the platforms of the candidates for President of the United States
 * Voter's Guide/United States/Candidates/Congressional: Brief information, short enough to be given out at polling stations and read just before voting, on the platforms of the candidates for Senator or Representative, divided by state (e.g. Voter's Guide/United States/Congressional candidates/Alaska)
 * In-depth info, too long to be portable or easily distributable
 * Voter's Guide/United States/Elections/Congressional: More in depth information on the candidates and issues behind the election; information on how and why (and why not) strategic voting can be harmful or beneficial
 * Voter's Guide/United States/Democratic Party: Information on the platform and history of the Democratic Party (this is an example of one Party Guide)
 * Voter's Guide/United States/George W. Bush: Simple biographical information, followed by long list of positions taken, bills supported/opposed, promises made (with info on if kept) (this is an example of one Candidate Guide)

title: Voter's Guide


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Arundelpet

Arundelpet is a neighborhood in Guntur of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the commercial areas of the city.

title: Arundelpet


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Template:Government agencies established in year category header/doc

Creates a category of the form "Government agencies established in YYYY", where "YYYY" is a 4-digit year

e.g.
 * Category:Government agencies established in 1684
 * Category:Government agencies established in 2009

Usage
No parameters needed


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Cookbook talk:Potato-Chickpea Curry

The origional text of this module was taken from the iA Wiki article Veganism/Recipes, which is considered in the public domain. Any modifications/additions are released under the GFDL.

title: Cookbook talk:Potato-Chickpea Curry


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Talk:Sonny King (artist)

Declined speedy
I've declined the speedy since there was enough in the article to assert some notability via the Emmy win. A search is bringing up some evidence of notability via an exhibition that he held in the mid 2000s about his father's circus, which looks like it was a main focus of a large exhibition at several museums. I didn't do the deepest of searches, but there does seem to be more- it also looks like there was an Emmy win at some point since it was mentioned in the LAT article, but I'm having trouble finding proof of that. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   06:24, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sonny King (artist)


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Project management/Project audit

 * Main Page -->  Practical Arts and Sciences  -->  School of Project Management  -->  Project Management - A course in Project Management based on Mindmaps

title: Project management/Project audit


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Imanaliroso

Imanaliroso (Иманалиросо; ИмангӀалиросу) is a rural locality (a selo) in Artlukhsky Selsoviet, Kazbekovsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 310 as of 2010.

Nationalities
Avars live there.

Geography
Imanaliroso is located 32 km southeast of Dylym (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gertma and Guni are the nearest rural localities.

title: Imanaliroso


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Gene regulation in prokaryotes/The ara operon

Structure of the ara operon
The ara operon contains three structural genes: araB, araA, and araD. These genes code for enzymes used in the catabolism of arabinose. These genes are transcribed from the PBAD promoter. The regulatory gene, araC is close upstream and transcribed divergently from Pc

The regulatory region has RNA polymerase binding sites for both promotors, three binding sites for AraC dimers (araI, araO1, and araO2) and a site for cAMP-CAP binding.

Absence of arabinose
When arabinose is absent, AraC protein binds to araI and araO2. Since these sites are about 200 base pairs apart, the DNA between them is bent into a closed loop by the AraC interaction. AraC thus acts negatively because RNA polymerase is unable to bind to its site in PBAD

Presence of arabinose
When arabinose is present, it binds to AraC and causes a change in conformation. As a result, the AraC complex is broken down and AraC now facilitates RNA polymerase binding to PBAD. AraC is now acting as a positive regulator. Positive control by cAMP-CAP binding is required for activation of the ara operon, like in the lac operon


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evasivo

Etymology
From, passive participle of +.

Adjective

 * 1) evasive

Etymology
From, from the passive participle of.

Adjective

 * 1) evasive directed towards avoidance or escape

Etymology
From, passive participle of , +.

Adjective

 * 1) evasive

title: evasivo


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Talk:James Hildreth

Untitled
Er, why is there an England box when he has never played for England? Surely this should be replaced by a first-class box? Superseve 14:05, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Hildreth


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Cristorhodopina mussardi

Cristorhodopina mussardi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Cristorhodopina. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1966.

title: Cristorhodopina mussardi


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Frederick Steele Blackall Jr.

Frederick Steele Blackall Jr. (November 26, 1896 – July 6, 1963) was an American engineer, and president and chairman of board Taft-Peirce Manufacturing Company, known as 72nd President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1953–54.

Family and education
Blackall was born in 1896 in Roselle, New Jersey to Frederick Steele Blackall and Bertha Gates (Brown) Blackall. His father was an engineer and inventor, who obtained some patents in the early 20th century. After attending the Abbott School in Farmington, Maine and the Phillips Academy, he obtained his obtained his BA in English from Yale University in 1918.

In World War I Blackall enlisted in the United States Navy, where he graduated from Third Reserve Officers' School at the United States Naval Academy in 1918. After the War he returned to college to study engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he obtained his BSc in 1922.

Career and death
After his graduation from MIT in 1922 Blackall started his lifelong career at Taft-Peirce Manufacturing Company as staff officer in charge of the heat-treatment, electroplating, and steel supply departments. There he was "responsible for the reorganisation of the departmental layouts and the institution of radical changes in crude stock control and heating treating methods." Looking back at this period Blackall later admitted: "If one may be said to have any hobby in the field of engineering, mine is the metallurgy and heat-treatment of iron and steel."

In 1923 Blackall was promoted to Assistant to the general manager, responsible for the management of all engineering and production departments. Eventually in 1951, Blackall was named president of the company, and by 1964 he was chairman of the board. In the year 1953-54 he served as president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Blackall lost his life in a plane crash near Matane, Quebec, on the Gaspé Peninsula, July 7, 1963.

Selected publications

 * Blackall, Frederick Steele. Invention and Industry-Cradled in New England!. No. 160. Newcomen Society, American Branch, 1946.
 * Blackall, Frederick Steele. Price Control in the Machine Tool Industry: With a Foreword by Henry Hazlitt. No. 447. American Enterprise Association, 1953.

 * Articles, a selection
 * Blackall Jr, F. S. "The obligation of management to provide leadership." Mechanical Engineering 72.3 (1950): 229–231.
 * Blackall Jr, F. S. "ASME Standards Save Lives and Dollars." Mechanical Engineering 75 (1953): 979–981.

title: Frederick Steele Blackall Jr.


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Organic Chemistry/Alkanes

Alkanes are the simplest organic molecules, consisting solely of singly-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms. Alkanes are used as the basis for naming the majority of organic compounds (their nomenclature). Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2. Although their reactivities are often rather uninteresting, they provide an excellent basis for understanding bonding, conformation, and other important concepts which can be generalized to more "useful" molecules.

=Introduction=

Alkanes are the simplest and the least reactive hydrocarbon species containing only carbons and hydrogens. They are commercially very important, for being the principal constituent of gasoline and lubricating oils and are extensively employed in organic chemistry; though the role of pure alkanes (such as hexanes) is delegated mostly to solvents.

The distinguishing feature of an alkane, making it distinct from other compounds that also exclusively contain carbon and hydrogen, is its lack of unsaturation. That is to say, it contains no double or triple bonds, which are highly reactive in organic chemistry.

Though not totally devoid of reactivity, their lack of reactivity under most laboratory conditions makes them a relatively uninteresting, though very important component of organic chemistry. As you will learn about later, the energy confined within the carbon-carbon bond and the carbon-hydrogen bond is quite high and their rapid oxidation produces a large amount of heat, typically in the form of fire.

As said it is important, not considered very important component in the chemistry.

Introductory Definitions
Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen by definition and usually other elements (e.g. nitrogen and oxygen) as well. (CO2 is not an organic compound because it has no hydrogen).

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only.

Alkanes are hydrocarbons or organic compounds made up of only carbon-carbon single bonds.Hence they are saturated. (as opposed to double and triple bonds). The simplest alkane is methane.

Methane
 On WP: Alkanes Methane, (CH4, one carbon bonded to four hydrogens) is the simplest organic molecule. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP).

This is a flattened, two-dimensional representation of methane that you will see commonly. The true three-dimensional form of methane does not have any 90 degree angles between bonded hydrogens. The bonds point to the four corners of a tetrahedron, forming cos-1(-1/3) ≈ 109.5 degree bond angles.

Ethane
Two carbons singly bonded to each other with six hydrogens is called ethane.

Ethane is the second simplest hydrocarbon molecule. It can be thought of as two methane molecules attached to each other, but with two fewer hydrogen atoms. Note that, if we were simply to create a new bond between the carbon centers of two methane molecules, this would violate the octet rule for the involved atoms.

There are several common methods to draw organic molecules. They are often used interchangeably, although some methods work better for one situation or another. It is important to be familiar with the common methods, as these are the "languages" organic chemists can use to discuss structure with one another.

=Drawing alkanes= When writing out the alkane structures, you can use different levels of the shorthand depending on the needs at hand in hand. For example, pentane can be written out. Its formula is C5H12.

,

or CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3,

or CH3(CH2)3CH3,

or minimized to

Line drawing shorthand
Although non-cyclic alkanes are called straight-chain alkanes they are technically made of linked chains. This is reflected in the line-drawing method. Each ending point and bend in the line represents one carbon atom and each short line represents one single carbon-carbon bond. Every carbon is assumed to be surrounded with a maximum number of hydrogen atoms unless shown otherwise.

Structures drawn without explicitly showing all carbon atoms are often called "skeletal" structures, since they represent the skeleton or the backbone of the molecule. In organic chemistry, carbon is very frequently used, so chemists know that there is a carbon atom at the endpoints of every line that is not specifically labeled.

=Conformations=

Conformers, also called conformational isomers, or rotational isomers,or rotomers are arrangements of the same molecule made transiently different by the rotation in space about one or more single bonds.

Other types of isomer can only be converted from one form to another by breaking bonds, but conformational isomers can be made simply by rotating bonds.

Newman projections
Newman projections are drawings used to represent different positions of parts of molecules relative to each other in space. Remember that single bonds can rotate in space if not impeded. Newman projections represent different positions of rotating molecule parts.

Conformations and energy
Different conformations have different potential energies. The staggered conformation is at a lower potential energy than the eclipsed conformation, and is favored. In ethane, the barrier to rotation is approximately 25 kJ/mol, indicating that each pair of eclipsed hydrogens raises the energy by about 8 kJ/mol. This number also applies to other organic compounds which have hydrogen atoms at similar distances from each other. At very low temperatures all conformations revert to the stabler( due to minimized vibration of atoms at it's mean position), lower energy staggered conformation.

Steric effects
Steric effects have to do with size. Two bulky objects run into each other and invade each others space. If we replace one or more hydrogen atoms on the above Newman projections with a methyl or other group, the potential energy goes up especially for the eclipsed conformations.

Lets look at a Newman projection of butane as it rotates counterclockwise around its axes.

When the larger groups overlap they repel each other more strongly than hydrogen groups do, and the potential energy goes up.

Entropy
Entropy, represented as a ΔS, is a mathematical construct that represents disorder or probability. Natural systems want to find the lowest energy or organization possible, which translates to the highest entropy.

''A note about potential energy: If you are rusty on this, remember the analogy of a big rock pushed to the top of a hill. At the top it has a maximum of potential energy. When you push it and allow it to roll down the hill the potential energy stored in it is transformed into kinetic energy that can be used to generate heat or smash something. ''

Notice that statistically, the ethane molecule has twice as many opportunities to be in the gauche conformation as in the anti conformation. However, because the Gauche configuration brings the methyl groups closer together in space, this generates high energy steric interactions and do not occur without the input of energy. Thus, the butane molecules shown will almost never be found in such unfavorable conformations.

= Preparation of Alkanes =

Wurtz reaction
Wurtz reaction is coupling of haloalkanes using sodium metal in solvent like dry ether  2R-X + 2Na → R-R + 2Na+X−

Mechanism
The reaction consists of a halogen-metal exchange involving the free radical species R• (in a similar fashion to the formation of a Grignard reagent and then the carbon-carbon bond formation in a nucleophilic substitution reaction.)

One electron from the metal is transferred to the halogen to produce a metal halide and an alkyl radical.
 * R-X + M → R• + M+X−

The alkyl radical then accepts an electron from another metal atom to form an alkyl anion and the metal becomes cationic. This intermediate has been isolated in a several cases.
 * R• + M → R−M+

The nucleophilic carbon of the alkyl anion then displaces the halide in an SN2 reaction, forming a new carbon-carbon covalent bond.
 * R−M+ + R-X → R-R + M+X−
 * COREY-HOUSE reactioN
 * [Also called as 'coupling of alkyl halides with organo metallic compounds']
 * It is a better method than wurtz reaction. An alkyl halides and a lithium dialkyl copper are reacted to give a higher hydrocarbon
 * R'-X + R2CuLi>R-R' + R-Cu + LiX
 * (R and R' may be same or different)
 * It

Clemmensen reduction
Clemmensen reduction is a reduction of ketones (or aldehydes) to alkanes using zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid The Clemmensen reduction is particularly effective at reducing aryl-alkyl ketones. With aliphatic or cyclic ketones, zinc metal reduction is much more effective

The substrate must be stable in the strongly acidic conditions of the Clemmensen reduction. Acid sensitive substrates should be reacted in the Wolff-Kishner reduction, which utilizes strongly basic conditions; a further, milder method is the Mozingo reduction. As a result of Clemmensen Reduction, the carbon of the carbonyl group involved is converted from sp2 hybridisation to sp3 hybridisation. The oxygen atom is lost in the form of one molecule of water.

Wolff-Kishner reduction
The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a chemical reaction that fully reduces a ketone (or aldehyde) to an alkane. Condensation of the carbonyl compound with hydrazine forms the hydrazone, and treatment with base induces the reduction of the carbon coupled with oxidation of the hydrazine to gaseous nitrogen, to yield the corresponding alkane.

Mechanism

The mechanism first involves the formation of the hydrazone in a mechanism that is probably analogous to the formation of an imine. Successive deprotonations eventually result in the evolution of nitrogen. The mechanism can be justified by the evolution of nitrogen as the thermodynamic driving force. This reaction is also used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.

Mozingo Reduction
A thioketal is first produced by reaction of the ketone with an appropriate thiol. The product is then hydrogenolyzed to the alkane, using Raney nickel

= Properties of Alkanes =  On WP: Alkane properties Alkanes are not very reactive when compared with other chemical species. This is because the backbone carbon atoms in alkanes have attained their octet of electrons through forming four covalent bonds (the maximum allowed number of bonds under the octet rule; which is why carbon's valence number is 4). These four bonds formed by carbon in alkanes are sigma bonds, which are more stable than other types of bond because of the greater overlap of carbon's atomic orbitals with neighboring atoms' atomic orbitals. To make alkanes react, the input of additional energy is needed; either through heat or radiation.

Gasoline is a mixture of the alkanes and unlike many chemicals, can be stored for long periods and transported without problem. It is only when ignited that it has enough energy to continue reacting. This property makes it difficult for alkanes to be converted into other types of organic molecules. (There are only a few ways to do this). Alkanes are also less dense than water, as one can observe, oil, an alkane, floats on water.

Alkanes are non-polar solvents. Since only C and H atoms are present, alkanes are nonpolar. Alkanes are immiscible in water but freely miscible in other non-polar solvents. Alkanes consisting of weak dipole dipole bonds can not break the strong hydrogen bond between water molecules hence it is not miscible in water. The same character is also shown by alkenes. Because alkanes contain only carbon and hydrogen, combustion produces compounds that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and/or oxygen. Like other hydrocarbons, combustion under most circumstances produces mainly carbon dioxide and water. However, alkanes require more heat to combust and do not release as much heat when they combust as other classes of hydrocarbons. Therefore, combustion of alkanes produces higher concentrations of organic compounds containing oxygen, such as aldehydes and ketones, when combusting at the same temperature as other hydrocarbons.

The general formula for alkanes is CNH2N+2; the simplest possible alkane is therefore methane, CH4. The next simplest is ethane, C2H6; the series continues indefinitely. Each carbon atom in an alkane has sp³ hybridization.

Alkanes are also known as paraffins, or collectively as the paraffin series. These terms are also used for alkanes whose carbon atoms form a single, unbranched chain. Branched-chain alkanes are called isoparaffins.

Methane through Butane are very flammable gases at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Pentane is an extremely flammable liquid boiling at 36 °C and boiling points and melting points steadily increase from there; octadecane is the first alkane which is solid at room temperature. Longer alkanes are waxy solids; candle wax generally has between C20 and C25 chains. As chain length increases ultimately we reach polyethylene, which consists of carbon chains of indefinite length, which is generally a hard white solid.

Chemical properties
Alkanes react only very poorly with ionic or other polar substances. The pKa values of all alkanes are above 50, and so they are practically inert to acids and bases. This inertness is the source of the term paraffins (Latin para + affinis, with the meaning here of "lacking affinity"). In crude oil the alkane molecules have remained chemically unchanged for millions of years.

However redox reactions of alkanes, in particular with oxygen and the halogens, are possible as the carbon atoms are in a strongly reduced condition; in the case of methane, the lowest possible oxidation state for carbon (−4) is reached. Reaction with oxygen leads to combustion without any smoke; with halogens, substitution. In addition, alkanes have been shown to interact with, and bind to, certain transition metal complexes.

Free radicals, molecules with unpaired electrons, play a large role in most reactions of alkanes, such as cracking and reformation where long-chain alkanes are converted into shorter-chain alkanes and straight-chain alkanes into branched-chain isomers.

In highly branched alkanes and cycloalkanes, the bond angles may differ significantly from the optimal value (109.5°) in order to allow the different groups sufficient space. This causes a tension in the molecule, known as steric hinderance, and can substantially increase the reactivity. The same is preferred for alkenes too.

=Introduction to Nomenclature=

Before we can understand reactions in organic chemistry, we must begin with a basic knowledge of naming the compounds. The IUPAC nomenclature is a system on which most organic chemists have agreed to provide guidelines to allow them to learn from each others' works. Nomenclature, in other words, provides a foundation of language for organic chemistry.

The names of all alkanes end with -ane. Whether or not the carbons are linked together end-to-end in a ring (called cyclic alkanes or cycloalkanes) or whether they contain side chains and branches, the name of every carbon-hydrogen chain that lacks any double bonds or functional groups will end with the suffix -ane.

Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains are simply named by the number of carbons in the chain. The first four members of the series (in terms of number of carbon atoms) are named as follows:
 * 1) CH4 = methane = one hydrogen-saturated carbon
 * 2) C2H6 = ethane = two hydrogen-saturated carbons
 * 3) C3H8 = propane = three hydrogen-saturated carbons
 * 4) C4H10 = butane = four hydrogen-saturated carbons

Alkanes with five or more carbon atoms are named by adding the suffix -ane to the appropriate numerical multiplier, except the terminal -a is removed from the basic numerical term. Hence, C5H12 is called pentane, C6H14 is called hexane, C7H16 is called heptane and so forth.

Straight-chain alkanes are sometimes indicated by the prefix n- (for normal) to distinguish them from branched-chain alkanes having the same number of carbon atoms. Although this is not strictly necessary, the usage is still common in cases where there is an important difference in properties between the straight-chain and branched-chain isomers: e.g. n-hexane is a neurotoxin while its branched-chain isomers are not.

Number of hydrogens to carbons
This equation describes the relationship between the number of hydrogen and carbon atoms in alkanes:

 * H = 2C + 2

where "C" and "H" are used to represent the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms present in one molecule. If C = 2, then H = 6.

Many textbooks put this in the following format:

 * CnH2n+2

where "Cn" and "H2n+2" represent the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms present in one molecule. If Cn = 3, then H2n+2 = 2(3) + 2 = 8. (For this formula look to the "n" for the number, the "C" and the "H" letters themselves do not change.)

Progressively longer hydrocarbon chains can be made and are named systematically, depending on the number of carbons in the longest chain.

Naming carbon chains up to twelve

 * methane (1 carbon)
 * ethane (2 carbons)
 * propane (3 carbons)
 * butane (4 carbons)
 * pentane (5 carbons)
 * hexane (6 carbons)
 * heptane (7 carbons)
 * octane (8 carbons)
 * nonane (9 carbons)
 * decane (10 carbons)
 * undecane (11 carbons)
 * dodecane (12 carbons)

The prefixes of the first three are the contribution of a German Chemist, August Wilhelm Hoffman, who also suggested the name quartane for 4 carbons in 1866. However, the but- prefix had already been in use since the 1820s and the name quartane never caught on. He also recommended the endings to use the vowels, a, e, i (or y), o, and u, or -ane, -ene, -ine or -yne, -one, and -une. Again, only the first three caught on for single, double, and triple bonds and -one was already in use for ketones. Pent, hex, hept, oct, and dec all come from the ancient Greek numbers (penta, hex, hepta, octa, deka) and oddly, non, from the Latin novem. For longer-chained alkanes we use the special IUPAC multiplying affixes. For example, pentadecane signifies an alkane with 5+10 = 15 carbon atoms. For chains of length 30, 40, 50, and so on the basic prefix is added to -contane. For example, C57H116 is named as heptapentacontane. When the chain contains 20-29 atoms we have an exception. C20H42 is known as icosane, and then we have, e.g. tetracosane (eliding the "i" when necessary). For the length 100 we have "hecta" but for 200, 300 ... 900 we have "dicta", "tricta", and so on, eliding the "i" on "icta" when necessary; for 1000 we have "kilia" but for 2000 and so on, "dilia", "trilia", and so on, eliding the "i" on "ilia" when necessary.

We then put all of the prefixes together in reverse order. The alkane with 9236 carbon atoms is then hexatridinoniliane.

Isomerism
The atoms in alkanes with more than three carbon atoms can be arranged in many ways, leading to a large number of potential different configurations (isomers). So-called "normal" alkanes have a linear, unbranched configuration, but the n- isomer of any given alkane is only one of potentially hundreds or even possibly millions of configurations for that number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in some sort of chain arrangement. Isomerism is defined as the compound having same moleculer formula the formula which present the different moleculer formula arrangement are called as Isomerism. e.g.- The molecular formula for butane is C4H10.

The number of isomers increases rapidly with the number of carbon atoms in a given alkane molecule; for alkanes with as few as 12 carbon atoms, there are over three hundred and fifty-five possible forms the molecule can take!

 * {| class="wikitable"

! # Carbon Atoms !! # Isomers of Alkane
 * 1
 * 1
 * 2
 * 1
 * 3
 * 1
 * 4
 * 2
 * 5
 * 3
 * 6
 * 5
 * 7
 * 9
 * 8
 * 18
 * 9
 * 35
 * 10
 * 75
 * 11
 * 159
 * 12
 * 355
 * }
 * 9
 * 35
 * 10
 * 75
 * 11
 * 159
 * 12
 * 355
 * }
 * 12
 * 355
 * }

Branched chains
Carbon is able to bond in all four directions and easily forms strong bonds with other carbon atoms. When one carbon is bonded to more than two other carbons it forms a branch.

Above you see a carbon bonded to three and four other carbons.

 * Note: a methane group is called a methyl group when it is bonded to another carbon instead of a fourth hydrogen. –CH3

The common system has naming convention for carbon chains as they relate to branching.

 * n-alkanes are linear
 * iso-alkanes have one branch R2CH—
 * neo-alkanes have two branches R3C—

Note: "R" in organic chemistry is a placeholder that can represent any carbon group.

Constitutional isomers
One of the most important characteristics of carbon is its ability to form several relatively strong bonds per atom. It is for this reason that many scientists believe that carbon is the only element that could be the basis for the many complicated molecules needed to support a living being.

One carbon atom can have attached to it not just the one or two other carbons needed to form a single chain but can bond to up to four other carbons. It is this ability to bond multiply that allows isomerism.

Isomers are two molecules with the same molecular formula but different physical arrangements. Constitutional isomers have their atoms arranged in a different order. A constitutional isomer of butane has a main chain that is forked at the end and one carbon shorter in its main chain than butane.

Naming Alkanes
There are several ways or systems for the nomenclature, or naming, of organic molecules, but just two main ones.

 * 1) The traditional, non-systematic names. Many of these linger on, especially for simpler or more common molecules.
 * 2) The systematic IUPAC (eye-YOU-pack (International Union of Pure And Applied Chemistry)) names.

The IUPAC system is necessary for complicated organic compounds. It gives a series of unified rules for naming a large compound by conceptually dividing it up into smaller, more manageable nameable units.

Many traditional (non-IUPAC) names are still commonly used in industry, especially for simpler and more common chemicals, as the traditional names were already entrenched.

IUPAC naming rules
 On WP: IUPAC naming
 * 1) Find the longest carbon chain, identify the end near which the most substituents are located, and number the carbons sequentially from that end. This will be the parent chain.
 * 2) Consider all other carbon groups as substituents.
 * 3) Alphabetize the substituents.
 * 4) Number the substituents according to the carbon to which they are attached. If numbering can be done in more than one way, use the numbering system that results in the smallest numbers.

Substituents are named like a parent, and replacing the -ane ending with -yl.

Numbering

The above molecule is numbered as follows:

2,3,7-Trimethyloctane

Not 2,6,7-Trimethyloctane. Remember, number so as to give the smallest numbers to the substituents.

Alphabetizing

3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane

Ethyl is listed before methyl for alphabetizing purposes.

Naming branched substituents

3-(1-methylethyl)-2,4-dimethylpentane

The main chain in the drawing is numbered 1-5. The main part of the branched substituent, an ethyl group, is numbered 1' and 2'. The methyl substituent off of the ethyl substituent is not numbered in the drawing.

To name the compound, put the whole branched substituent name in parentheses and then number and alphabetize as if a simple substituent.

Common system
Some prefixes from the common system are accepted in the IUPAC system.

For alphabetization purposes, iso- and neo- are considered part of the name, and alphabetized. Sec- and tert- are not considered an alphabetizable part of the name.

(In the following images, the R- represents any carbon structure.)

Iso-
Iso- can be used for substituents that branch at the second-to-last carbon and end with two methyls. An isobutyl has four carbons total:

Isobutyl

Sec-

Sec- can be used for substituents that branch at the first carbon.

Neo-
Neo- refers to a substituent whose second-to-last carbon of the chain is trisubstituted (has three methyl groups attached to it). A neo-pentyl has five carbons total.

Neopentyl

Tert-

Tert- is short for tertiary and refers to a substituent whose first carbon has three other carbon groups attached to it.

=See also=

 * 1) Cycloalkanes

|| << Foundational concepts | Alkanes | Stereochemistry >>

Chemia_organiczna/Alkany

title: Organic Chemistry/Alkanes


text:
Senator Leonard

Senator Leonard may refer to:

 * Bill Leonard (politician) (born 1947), California State Senate
 * George Leonard (Congressman) (1729–1819), Massachusetts State Senate
 * Jerris Leonard (1931–2006), Wisconsin State Senate
 * Larry Leonard (1934–2002), Illinois State Senate
 * Randy Leonard (born 1952), Oregon State Senate
 * Timothy D. Leonard (born 1940), Oklahoma State Senate

title: Senator Leonard


text:
Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/For Loops

And here is the new typing exercise for this chapter:

and the ever-present output:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

The output looks awfully familiar but the program code looks different. The first line uses the  function. The  function uses two arguments like this. is the first number that is produced. is one larger than the last number. Note that this program could have been done in a shorter way:

Here are some examples to show what happens with the  command:

>>> range(1, 10) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> range(-32, -20) [-32, -31, -30, -29, -28, -27, -26, -25, -24, -23, -22, -21] >>> range(5,21) [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20] >>> range(5) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] >>> range(21, 5) []

The next line  uses the   control structure. A  control structure looks like. is gone through starting with the first element of the list and going to the last. As  goes through each element in a list it puts each into. That allows  to be used in each successive time the   loop is run through. Here is another example (you don't have to type this) to demonstrate:

The output is:

The Current item is: life The Current item is: 42 The Current item is: the universe The Current item is: 6 The Current item is: and The Current item is: 9 The Current item is: everything

Notice how the  loop goes through and sets item to each element in the list. Notice how if you don't want  to go to the next line add a comma at the end of the statement (i.e. if you want to print something else on that line). So, what is  good for? The first use is to go through all the elements of a list and do something with each of them. Here's a quick way to add up all the elements:

with the output simply being:

The sum is: 20

Or you could write a program to find out if there are any duplicates in a list like this program does:

and for good measure:

Duplicate of 7 Found

Okay, so how does it work? Here is a special debugging version to help you understand (you don't need to type this in):

with the output being:

l = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10]       l: [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10] l.sort               l: [0, 1, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10] prev = l[0]            prev: 0 del l[0]               l: [1, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10] if prev == item:       prev: 0         item: 1 prev = item            prev: 1         item: 1 if prev == item:       prev: 1         item: 4 prev = item            prev: 4         item: 4 if prev == item:       prev: 4         item: 5 prev = item            prev: 5         item: 5 if prev == item:       prev: 5         item: 7 prev = item            prev: 7         item: 7 Duplicate of 7 found if prev == item:       prev: 7         item: 7 prev = item            prev: 7         item: 7 if prev == item:       prev: 7         item: 8 prev = item            prev: 8         item: 8 if prev == item:       prev: 8         item: 9 prev = item            prev: 9         item: 9 if prev == item:       prev: 9         item: 10 prev = item            prev: 10        item: 10

The reason I put so many  statements in the code was so that you can see what is happening in each line. (By the way, if you can't figure out why a program is not working, try putting in lots of print statements so you can see what is happening.) First the program starts with a boring old list. Next the program sorts the list. This is so that any duplicates get put next to each other. The program then initializes a (ious) variable. Next the first element of the list is deleted so that the first item is not incorrectly thought to be a duplicate. Next a  loop is gone into. Each item of the list is checked to see if it is the same as the previous. If it is a duplicate was found. The value of  is then changed so that the next time the   loop is run through   is the previous item to the current. Sure enough, the 7 is found to be a duplicate. (Notice how  is used to print a tab.)

The other way to use  loops is to do something a certain number of times. Here is some code to print out the first 9 numbers of the Fibonacci series:

with the surprising output:

1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

Everything that can be done with  loops can also be done with   loops but   loops give an easy way to go through all the elements in a list or to do something a certain number of times.


text:
Cookbook:Soup with Supplì

| Soups | Cuisine of Italy

Soup with supplì is not traditional in Italy, where the preparation stops at the cooking of the supplì (risotto balls), which are a little bigger than eggs.

Ingredients

 * Leftover risotto
 * Eggs, beaten
 * Bread crumbs
 * Clear or brown broth

Procedure

 * 1) Shape the leftover risotto into little balls the size of nuts.
 * 2) Dip the balls into beaten egg, then roll them in bread crumbs.
 * 3) Fry the breaded risotto balls in butter, then drain them from the grease.
 * 4) Serve the risotto balls in hot broth.

title: Cookbook:Soup with Supplì


text:
Wikiversity and Wikibooks services

Wikiversity strives to provide education-related services to Wikimedia sister projects.

Service activities in support of Wikibooks
It is natural for some Wikiversity participants to look to Wikibooks for online textbooks. It is natural for some Wikiversity projects to contribute to the development and improvement of textbooks. This does not mean that the Wikibooks and Wikiversity projects are in competition or in a state of conflict. It simply means that some Wikiversity Learning Projects will lead to improvements in textbooks at Wikibooks and some Wikiversity participants will make use of textbooks at Wikibooks to facilitate the attainment of their educational goals. This synergy is a win-win situation for Wikiversity and Wikibooks. There should be links from Wikiversity to every textbook at Wikibooks and a standing invitation for Wikiversity participants to both use and help improve those textbooks.

An instructor assigned a class of students the task of working on the Human Physiology textbook at Wikibooks. This is an example of "learn by doing". All Wikiversity departments can promote similar improvement drives for Wikibooks.

Linking a Wikibooks textbook module to a Wikiversity project
"Template:Wikiversity" is the name of the template for linking Wikibooks pages to related pages at Wikiversity. Page creation templates used for initializing School, Division, Department and Learning resource pages at Wikiversity include a section for linking directly to relevant resources at Wikibooks.

Aligning Wikibooks and Wikiversity
This section needs some ideas and interlinks between v: and b: complimentary projects. Please add some:
 * Wikiversity places for b:Subject:Class projects can be created
 * Contrast and compare b:Wikibooks:Categories and Categories

title: Wikiversity and Wikibooks services


text:
protyle

Alternative forms

 * protyl

Etymology
From proto- +.

Noun

 * 1)  A hypothetical base substance from which all chemical elements were believed to have been made; subatomic particles.
 * 2) * 1918, E. H. R., Abstract of Curt Schmidt, "The Periodic System and Genesis of the Elements", in Journal of the Chemical Society, vol. 114, part 2, 1918, p. 305–306
 * Two principles are postulated, according to which the elements have probably been evolved: (1) the ontogenic principle, involving the formation of the primary members of the different groups by direct condensation of protyl; (2) the phytogenetic principle, by which the higher members of the groups are developed from the lower by a process of integration.

title: protyle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Perunding PPS

The result was   delete. j⚛e deckertalk 03:49, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Perunding PPS

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

non-notable, only hits via Google are business / address listings Deunanknute (talk) 18:08, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * speedy delete: article is purely promotional. ubiquity (talk) 18:23, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Malaysia-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:48, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Architecture-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:48, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:48, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete Promotional article about a non-notable engineering firm. The article has only two references, one from the company itself, the other a government document that does not seem to mention them. Google search found nothing significant. --MelanieN (talk) 04:46, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
User:Mito Allen

Mito Allen is a writer from Reno Nevada. He also is the host of the podcast UFO UAP SIGHTINGS REPORT which can be found on anchor.fm or most podcast apps

title: User:Mito Allen


text:
Talk:1313 Dead End Drive

Merger Proposal
I think most of the information here is already covered in 13 Dead End Drive and two pages are really not needed.Slimy asparagus (talk) 11:54, 20 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:1313 Dead End Drive


text:
Alden Public Library

Alden Public Library is located in Alden, Iowa, United States. The community's first library association was formed in 1882, and they acquired 225 books. The annual membership fee to use the library was $1. It was discontinued within two years, and Alden's second library association was formed in 1885 by women in the community. In time they were able to build their own building in 1892 and convince the city government to take over its support. Shortly after the city took over they contacted the Carnegie Foundation, who funded the construction of a new building with a $9,000 grant. It was designed by the Des Moines architectural firm of Wetherell & Gage, and shows Beaux Arts styling. The new building was dedicated on August 26, 1914. It is believed to be one of the smallest Carnegie libraries ever built. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

More space for the library became necessary, and plans were made to double its size. A bond issue was passed in 1997, and fundraising included $250,000 from the Dr. Grace O. Doane Foundation. The new addition was dedicated on June 17, 2000, and the library's name now honors Dr. Doane.

title: Alden Public Library


text:
Australian Vocational Education and Training/ICAW2002A Communicate in the workplace

if you're stuck for a photo, search on flickrCC

From the official document:
 * "This unit defines the competency required to provide limited client support through verbal and non-verbal communication and to effectively communicate with colleagues."

Basically, that means ... (translate above into plain english)

You can read more about this unit on the National Training Information Systems Official document for ICAW2002A.

This unit is a pre-requisite for the following qualifications:
 * Cert IV Websites Qualification in Australia

How this unit will help you
After learning and applying the skills required by this unit you'll be able to demonstrate your skills in:

 * translate the above elements and performance criteria into plain english and summarise here...

Ideas for learning the required skills
...

Ideas for demonstrating this unit
The best way to demonstrate these skills is ...

Grading
If you are demonstrating this unit as part of a formal course, you might find that the unit is graded (meaning you can not only demonstrate your competence, but can also gain a credit or distinction). Your facilitator may already have set criteria that your college uses. If not, here are some ideas for possible credit/distinction activities that you can discuss with your facilitator:


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/bolaonline.online

Links

 * bolaonline.online resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is blacklisted by \.online\b on [//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Mediawiki:Spam-blacklist id.wikisource.org]
 * Link is globally blacklisted by \bbolaonline\.online\b
 * Link is blacklisted by \.online\b on [//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Mediawiki:Spam-blacklist id.wikisource.org]
 * Link is globally blacklisted by \bbolaonline\.online\b

Additions

 * Displayed all 1 additions.


text:
User:4Mn Plug

Bio

4Mn Plug, is a rapper from South Carolina, in the genre of hip-hop. His goal is to send a message through his music and lead by example. His message is anything is possible if you believe and you want it enough. You willpower and your want will push you beyond your limits and to achieve success.

About

Name: Ali Pasley

Date Of Birth: July 6th, 2006

Sibling(s): None

Parents: John Pasley (father), Nenita Pasley (mother)

Ali was born and raised in San Diego, California and moved to South Carolina when his grandparents passed away. He began rapping in 2016 when he first started doing YouTube. He was inspired by youtubers that started rapping such as Ricegum, or Jake Paul. He then started making his own music. He never took it seriously until June of 2020 when he dropped his first official song, titled “Pull Up” in 2020. It was only on youtube at the time, then got distributed to all major platforms on June 28th, 2020. He also started his own independent record label in 2020, called Young Hustlers Records. The goal of YHR is to help out younger artists that were in a similar situation as Ali. He is part of the Rap group 4MN, with other artists such as 4Mn Cappo.

title: User:4Mn Plug


text:
cost avoidance

Noun

 * 1)  An expense one has avoided incurring.

Usage notes

 * Commonly used in the field of energy management to describe the energy costs avoided by adopting energy-management initiatives.

title: cost avoidance


text:
Talk:Kaiser-class ocean liner

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kaiser-class ocean liner. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173929/http://www.allatsea.co.za/fourfunnel.htm to http://www.allatsea.co.za/fourfunnel.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:00, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kaiser-class ocean liner


text:
Cricket Captains' Walk

The Cricket Captains' Walk is a collection of specially commissioned bronze busts of Test captains of the Australian men’s national cricket team, arrayed on pedestals on the outside of a rectangular path set in a large public park in Cootamundra, New South Wales. The all-weather path, which starts and ends at Wallendoon Street is wheelchair friendly, and approximately 150 metres around.

History
The Walk was planned and executed by the Cootamundra Shire Council (now Cootamundra–Gundagai Regional Council) with the approval of the Australian Cricket Board (now Cricket Australia). The nearby statue by Valerius (shown below) of Bradman in action was unveiled during the celebrations for "Sir Don"'s 92nd Birthday in August 2000. A minor mystery surrounds the Brian Booth sculpture, similar in style to others by Valerius, but not credited in the official documentation. There is no obvious clue in the plaques, which have remained uniform in style and execution over 30 years. In 2023 the pedestals were relocated to a more formal arrangement with the Bradman statue as a focal point.
 * Stage 1, unveiled on 30 August 1998, comprised the likenesses of Unaarrimin (Johnny Mullagh), Dave Gregory, Bill Murdoch, Arthur Morris,  Richie Benaud, Bobby Simpson, Bill Lawry,  Ian Chappell,  Greg Chappell,  Allan Border and Mark Taylor. Modelling of these busts was performed by Carl Valerius, sculptor and stone mason of Harden–Murrumburrah, perhaps best known for his bronze statues at the Australian Light Horse Memorial in Harden–Murrumburrah, notably the horse "Bill the Bastard", of which the full size version is now installed at Harden-Murrumburrah.
 * Stage 2, comprising the remaining 30 captains, was unveiled by the sculptor Tom Bass on 27 August 2008, the centenary of Bradman's birth barely a kilometre away. Much of this work was performed by Bass and his team. His bust of Bradman was unveiled by the cricketer's grandson, Tom Bradman.
 * Stage 3, unveiled on 12 March 2020, brought the walk up-to-date with the unveiling of three new busts - Shane Watson, Steve Smith and Tim Paine and a plaque for Michael Clarke, who was mid-career when the second tranche of busts was commissioned. All three were made by the Tom Bass sculpture studio.

The busts

 * For a more complete summary of each captaincy, see List of Australia national cricket captains.

title: Cricket Captains' Walk


text:
Exotica (band)

Exotica is a Parisian electropop duo made up of Clara Cometti and Julien Galinier. They met in Paris in 2005 where their respective bands Chateau Marmont and Koko Von Napoo played on the same bill. They have cited 80s Synthesiser music and French electro pop duo Elli et Jacno as influences. In 2016 their cover of Françoise Hardy's 'une miss s'immisce' was included on the soundtrack of Xavier Dolan's film It's Only the End of the World.

Discography

 * Albums
 * La vierge et le lion (2014)

 * EPs
 * Désorbitée (2013)

 * Singles
 * Control Freak (2013)

title: Exotica (band)


text:
Jim Barclay (field hockey)

James Barr Barclay (6 June 1933 – 1 May 1989) was a New Zealand field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics. Barclay died on 1 May 1989, at the age of 55.

title: Jim Barclay (field hockey)


text:
User:Benc~enwikibooks

My primary user page is located on the English Wikipedia: w:User:Benc (talk).

And the Tortoise said unto the Cat: "Verily I ask of thee, please do not poop in my sandbox." — ancient proverb

title: User:Benc~enwikibooks


text:
User:Ran

Current working on:

CJK (East Asian Orthography) Chinese (Chinese) Conworld (Conworlding)

If you need to contact me, find me on Wikipedia

title: User:Ran


text:
Pio (given name)

Pio is a masculine given name. People with the name include:

 * Padre Pio (1887–1968), stigmatic Capuchin friar, Roman Catholic saint born Francesco Forgione
 * Pío Baroja (1872–1956), Spanish writer
 * Pío Cabanillas Gallas (1923–1991), Spanish jurist and politician
 * Pío Collivadino (1865–1949), Argentine painter
 * Pío Corcuera (1921–2011), Argentine footballer
 * Pío del Pilar (1860–1931), Filipino revolutionary general
 * Pio Fedi (1815–1892), Italian sculptor
 * Pio Filippani Ronconi (1920–2010) Italian Waffen-SS soldier and orientalist
 * Pío García-Escudero (born 1952), Spanish architect and politician
 * Pio Joris (1843–1922), Italian painter
 * Pio Laghi (1922–2009), Italian Roman Catholic cardinal
 * Pio Laporte (1878–1930), Canadian politician and physician
 * Pío Leyva (1917–2006), Cuban singer and composer
 * Pio Loterio (died 1591), Roman Catholic prelate and Bishop of Fondi
 * Pio Marchi (1895–?), Italian footballer
 * Pio Marmaï (born 1984), French actor
 * Pío Moa (born 1948), Spanish writer and journalist
 * Pio Panfili (1723–1812), Italian painter and engraver
 * Pio Fabio Paolini (1620–1692), Italian painter
 * Pío Pico (1801–1894), Mexican rancher and politician
 * Pio Gama Pinto (1927–1965), Kenyan journalist and politician
 * Pío del Río Hortega (1882–1945), Spanish neuroscientist
 * Pio Sanquirico (1847–1900), Italian painter
 * Pio Terei, New Zealand actor, singer and comedian
 * Pio Bosco Tikoisuva (born 1947), Fijian former rugby player
 * Pio Tuwai (born 1983), Fiji rugby union player
 * Pío Valenzuela (1869–1956), Filipino revolutionary leader

title: Pio (given name)


text:
Patania silicalis

Patania silicalis, commonly known as the herbivorous pleuroptya moth, is a species of moth in the subfamily Spilomelinae of the family Crambidae. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1854. It is found in Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola and the United States, where it has been recorded from Missouri, Michigan, Ohio and New York, south to Florida.

Description
The wingspan is 24 –. Adults are on wing in summer in North America.

Behaviour and ecology
The larvae feed on Polygonum, Ipomoea batatas, Ipomoea setifera, Merremia umbellata, Rivina humilis, Bougainvillea spectabilis and Boehmeria nivea.

title: Patania silicalis


text:
Pococke Kition inscriptions

The Pococke Kition inscriptions were a group of 31 Phoenician and 2 non-Phoenician inscriptions found in Cyprus and published by Richard Pococke in 1745. In describing Kition (modern Larnaca), Pococke wrote: "the walls seem to have been very strong, and in the foundations there have been found many stones, with inscriptions on them, in an unintelligible character, which I suppose, is the antient [sic] Phoenician..."

The Phoenician inscriptions are known as KAI 33 (CIS I 11), KAI 35 (CIS I 46) and CIS I 57-85. They represent some of the most important finds in Phoenician and Semitic language studies, as they were used by Jean-Jacques Barthélemy in his decipherment of the Phoenician language.

Only one of the inscriptions still survives, in the Ashmolean Museum - all the rest were destroyed in construction work in 1749.

Surviving inscription – KAI 35
The sole surviving inscription is a marble funeral stone, numbered "2" in Pococke's sketch, measuring 12 x 3 x 3 inches; the inscription is in memory of a deceased wife. The inscription was brought to England by a Dr. Porter of Thaxted, and presented to Oxford University by Charles Gray MP in 1751. It was published many times, first by Pococke, and then by John Swinton, Richard Chandler, Jean-Jacques Barthélemy, Wilhelm Gesenius, and Johan David Åkerblad.

Today it resides at the Ashmolean Museum, with accession number AN1974.325.

title: Pococke Kition inscriptions


text:
Talk:Red Rocks Park

Red Rocks Open Space
There is a place somewhat nearby, in Colorado Springs, called Red Rocks Open Space. It features - Get this - red rocks, and is directly across US24 from Garden of the Gods. Red Rocks Open Space is also fairly popular. Should a disambiguation page for Red Rocks and stub be implemented? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tsilb (talk • contribs) 04:34, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Red Rocks (disambiguation) exists, so if you want to add an article on the similarly named Colorado Springs feature, add it and link to it from the disambig page. This is by far the more popular of the two locations, however. --MattWright (talk) 08:34, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red Rocks Park


text:
Trinchesia kanga

Trinchesia kanga is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Trinchesiidae.

Distribution
This species was described from the President's Jetty, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It has been reported from Réunion Island.

Description
The typical adult size of this species is 5 mm. It has been reported to grow to 12 mm.

title: Trinchesia kanga


text:
Geraldine González

Geraldine González Martínez is a Chilean model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universo Chile 2019. González represented Chile in Miss Universe 2019 but was unplaced.

Miss Universo Chile
González competed in the 2018 edition of Miss Universo Chile where she was placed as the second runner-up behind Andrea Díaz. At her second attempt winning the title of Miss Universe Chile, she won the title of Miss Universe Chile 2019 representing Escuella SuperMiss on September 1, 2019 at the Casino Dreams in Punta Arenas, Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena, Chile.

Miss Universe 2019
She represented Chile at the Miss Universe 2019 competition. The event was held at Tyler Perry Studios in Atlanta, Georgia, United States on December 8. Despite being a top favorite for the crown, González failed to enter the Top 20.

title: Geraldine González


text:
Josef Hafellner

Josef Hafellner (1951– ) is an Austrian mycologist and lichenologist. He was awarded the Acharius Medal in 2016 for his lifetime contributions to lichenology. Before his retirement, he was a professor at the Karl-Franzens-Universität in Graz. Hafellner started developing an interest in lichens while he was a student at this institution, studying under Josef Poelt. He earned a master's degree in 1975 and a PhD in 1978, defending a doctoral thesis about the genus Karschia. In 2003, Hafellner received his habilitation. By this time, he had studied with French lichenologist André Bellemère (1927–2014) at Saint-Cloud, where he learned techniques of transmission electron microscopy and how their application in studying asci could be used in lichen systematics. His 1984 work Studien in Richtung einer natürlicheren Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Lecideaceae has been described as "probably the single most influential publication in lichen systematics in the latter half of the 20th century".

His research interests include the classification and taxonomy of lichens and lichenicolous fungi and lichen floristics of the eastern European Alps. He has made about 100,000 scientific collections of specimens, including about 8000 lichenicolous fungi. Hafellner has introduced more than 600 scientific names to science, and as of 2016, authored or co-authored 289 scientific publications.

Eponymy
Hafellner has been honoured by having several taxa named after him, including five genera:
 * Fellhanera Vězda (1986)
 * Fellhaneropsis Sérus. & Coppins (1996)
 * Hafellia Kalb, H.Mayrhofer & Scheid. (1986)
 * Hafellnera Houmeau & Cl.Roux 1984)
 * Henfellra Halıcı, D.Hawksw., Z.Kocakaya & Kocakaya (2016)

The following species are also named after Hafellner: Arthonia pepei Etayo & Pérez-Ort. (2016); Biatora hafellneri Rodr.Flakus & Printzen (2016); Biatoropsis hafellneri Millanes, Diederich, M.Westb. & Wedin (2016); Caloplaca hafellneri S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009); Capronia hafellneri Nograsek (1990); Capronia josefhafellneri Zhurb. & Etayo (2016); Dactylospora hafellneriana Sérus. (1984); Enterographa fellhaneroides Yeshitela, Eb.Fisch., Killmann & Sérus. (2009); Hypotrachyna hafellneri Elix, T.H.Nash & Sipman (2009); Malcolmiella fellhaneroides Lücking (2008); Megalaria hafellneriana Kantvilas (2016); Opegrapha hafellneri E.Zimm., Etayo & F.Berger (2016); Phaeosporobolus fellhanerae R.C.Harris & Lendemer (2009); Schismatomma hafellneri Egea & Torrente (1989); Stigmidium hafellneri Zhurb. (2009); Triblidium hafellneri Magnes (1997); Trichoconis hafellneri U.Braun, Khodos., Darmostuk & Diederich (2016); Xanthoparmelia hafellneri Elix (1999); Xanthoria hafellneri S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2003).

Selected works
A complete listing of Hafellner's 289 scientific publications up to 2016 is given in Grube and colleagues' commemorative article. Hafellner's major works include the following:

title: Josef Hafellner


text:
User:<IP_ADDRESS>/Evaluate an Article

Wiki Evaluation

Megan Carlson

Emily Bruce

9/20/2019

Kate Chopin

In the Wikipedia article about Kate Chopin it seems to have a very thorough background and general knowledge about her. I think the editors have done a very nice job of talking about both her childhood, adulthood, books, short stories, and her writing style. I think that one thing this article could added is how much she is still continuing to influence feminism today and earlier feminist movements. It only talks briefly about how the US finally notice how powerful and accurate of a writer she is about her time period both with women and people of color. However, the article does a great job about talking about how ahead of her time she is and how courageous she was to write the way she did during that time period.

I think this article did a good job of being neutral. They seemed to be able to tell both sides of the story well without losing the goal of the article which was to talk about the life and important work of Kate Chopin. However, this article could maybe talk a little more about what life was like for women during this time period to help people understand the reason she was getting such negative feedback.

This article has a lot of sources and the majority of them seem to be very scholarly. They have a large date range which shows that this article has been updated a lot. All of the sources that I tried work and took me to the correct page. I think that this article is also has correct in-text citations. The article also has a very long history page which also shows how well update this page is. The talk page is not a rude page but their are a lot of complaints that are stated clearly. I think this is probably a good thing this way people can see them and get the problem faster. This article is also part of the Wiki Projects of Art and Entertainment, Feminism, St. Louis, Louisiana, Women’s History, and Women writers.

title: User:146.57.11.102/Evaluate an Article


text:
Pat Heung South (constituency)

Pat Heung South is one of the 31 constituencies in the Yuen Long District of Hong Kong.

The constituency returns one district councillor to the Yuen Long District Council, with an election every four years.

Pat Heung South constituency is loosely based on southern part of Pat Heung with estimated population of 20,545.

title: Pat Heung South (constituency)


text:
User:Kme3957017

Ziyad Alsabha born in 30 April 1990 is an Indian Short film director, Short Film Cinematographer, scriptwriter and actor who works in the Malayalam film industry. Ziyad Alsabha born as Mohammed Ziyad Alsabha Arafath at Androth Island of Lakshadweep group of Islands as 2nd son to P. I. kunhikoya (Father) and Sayeeda Beegum (Mother).

Early and personal life

In 9th August 2011, Ziyad married to Subaida Yoosuf

Career

Ziyad Alsabha began his career in 2012 as an actor in the Video Album YAAR That same year he acted in the Social Satire Bamban He scripted and directed Short films "Selfie", "Nee", "Umma" and "Start Action Dream".

Ziyad Alsabha started his career in the Malayalam film industry with Pampally assisting him in his first directorial venture, Sinjar. He also performed a short role in the film Sinjar.

title: User:Kme3957017


text:
Talk:European History/Renaissance Europe

I added some info on donatello, added his works

Error
This isn't correct: Thus, Italian scholars called for a 'renascence' (most likely from which "Renaissance" is derived, meaning 'rebirth') in European education and culture. The term renaissance means "rebirth in French"

Fixed the error; sorry about any confusion it might have caused. --Ccny930 00:07, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Use of the term Dark Ages
The term "the mega faggot" has been proven to be more the invention of earlier historians who tended to view the middle ages as a period where knowledge was lost in a mist of ignorance and superstition. Its also referred to as "the dark ages" because there were gaps in our knowledge of this period. The loss of knowledge has been proven not to be the case and we're filling in the historical gaps. Admittedley the main thrust of modern thinking came from the Renaissance but to imagine that the Acropolis (such a visible remnant of Classical Greece) or the works of Herodotus or Virgil were not studied is wrong. The Renaissance may actual be an "information" revolution (just as we're now experiencing with the internet) and that knowledge was not lost but simply was not widely available to study. Its not so much that the West was devoid of knowledge and enquiry - more probable that the invention of the printing press allowed for the greater availability of books and this is turn led to more studies of the classics by more people. There are countless other Renaissance inventions like the telescope, modern banking, clocks, new sea routes and much more that made the Renaissance "information highway" a borderless conduit for knowledge.

I'll remove the term when I come across it though if anyone disagrees please feel free to revert my edits.

Sluffs (discuss • contribs) 00:16, 19 September 2012 (UTC)


text:
Conlang/Intermediate/Sounds

All spoken languages use systems of sounds (called a phonology), and most of these aren't anything like English, including, hopefully, the conlang that you'll soon have. This section should help you.

What's in this section?
The parts of this section are:
 * Phones: The difference between phones and phonemes, and between consonants and vowels.
 * Syllables: The units of sound that can be pronounced.
 * Phonotactics: How sounds can be arranged into syllables.
 * Sandhi rules: How morphemes may change their sound because of their neighbors.

title: Conlang/Intermediate/Sounds


text:
Veterinary Medicine/Comparative Anatomy

Comparative Anatomy means to describe anatomy by comparing different species or individuals. Concerning the mammals, much of the anatomy is very similar. Despite totally different outer appearance of the legs, the muscles present there are roughly the same, each tagged by a name from human anatomy. The inner organs tend to be a lot more different. While all animals have a digestive aparatus in the form of a long pipe, only the ruminants (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat) have four rooms (compartments) in the stomach, viz., rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum.

title: Veterinary Medicine/Comparative Anatomy


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/feedoback.com

Links

 * feedoback.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

 * http resolves to [//X X]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 9 additions out of 12 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/feedoback.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\bfeedoback\.com\b          # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/feedoback.com ]] \bhttp\b                    # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/http ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 02:07, 10 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Ragland Hills

The Ragland Hills are a rugged, largely forested series of hills and ravines in Forrest and Perry counties, Mississippi. They formed by water erosion of thick clay, gravel and sand deposits, with the Leaf River and its tributaries responsible for the downcutting. Part of Camp Shelby is in the Ragland Hills.

Many plant community types occur. The mesic beech-magnolia forest of ravines is especially interesting due to its mix of subtropical species including Magnolia grandiflora, Tillandsia usneoides and Sabal minor with northern inland species such as Fagus grandifolia, Arisaema dracontium, A. triphyllum, Medeola virginiana, Phryma leptostachya, Sanguinaria canadensis, Trillium cuneatum, Uvularia perfoliata and U. sessilifolia.

title: Ragland Hills


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The US network TV schedule articles (2nd nomination)

The result was   keep. WP:SNOW The Bushranger One ping only 01:50, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

The US network TV schedule articles (2nd nomination)
AfDs for this article:
 * ( Stats )

 * Delete - The following WP:CRUFTy articles are nominated for deletion because Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information, Wikipedia is not a diary, Wikipedia does not synthesise material to advance a position, Wikipedia is not a blog for television fanatics and (perhaps most importantly) Wikipedia is WP:NOTTVGUIDE. As with bus timetables and weather reports, TV schedules do not belong on Wikipedia. SplashScreen (talk) 22:03, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Nominated articles
and Lists of United States network television schedules. SplashScreen (talk) 22:03, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Deletion discussion

 * Keep Per WP:NOT, "For example, an article on a radio station should not list upcoming events, current promotions, current schedules, etc., although mention of major events, promotions or historically significant program lists and schedules may be acceptable. These are "historically important programming lists and schedules." They are notable as shown by having multiple independent and reliable sources with significant coverage, or at least the prime time schedules are easily found to have significant coverage in books, magazines. They are a useful organizational tool with respect to the articles about the individual programs. No synthesis is needed to produce them. They are historic information, and not an "electronic program guide" someone will use to decide what to watch tonight. It is not realistic to compare a national prime time TV schedule with a weather report for one day, or with a bus schedule. I do not see how they are a "blog" as the nominator asserts, nor are they a "diary." They are not "indiscriminate." The nominator's complaint that they  are "crufty" smacks of WP:IDONTLIKEIT. Edison (talk) 22:29, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Those "historically important programming lists and schedules" are things like Animation Domination, not these indiscriminate lists. "It is not realistic to compare a national prime time TV schedule with a weather report for one day, or with a bus schedule" - why? How is one more notable or important than the other? SplashScreen (talk) 23:30, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment It appears the article creators have not been notified. Ill see if i can. Edinburgh  Wanderer  22:48, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Surely notifying article creators to an AfD of this scale violates WP:CANVASS as it'd swing the result in an extremely disproportionate way? It is, after all, not necessary and only recommended. I'd suggest (for example) only notifying editors who have created 10 or more of these articles. Potentially notifying 100+ editors could seriously distort the outcome of the AfD. SplashScreen (talk) 22:54, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Id say not notifying them when nominating on this scale could be seen as disruptive to prove a point especially when the nomination is sketchy, I'm sure you don't mean it like that. If you feel that way then i would of suggested you only nominated a small amount to test the water but you didn't. Your nominating on an extremely large scale so not notifying them isn't good i suggest you do that at least as a common courtesy. Edinburgh  Wanderer  22:59, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * "The nomination is sketchy" is personal opinion. Why do all of these creators need to be nominated - surely the Wikipedia community can decide whether to keep/delete these articles for themselves without the (most probably) biased influence of the tens of people who created the articles. Why should I have nominated just a few when I feel they ALL foul foul of the policies? Whilst nominating one creator is constructive, nominating loads of them is not and skews the AfD in one direction. SplashScreen (talk) 23:02, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * No it is sketchy other than you having a personal distaste of these articles. I don't care for them eithier but i fully agree with the comments above. They should be notified as even a basic common courtesy. There is a thing of testing the water you will have seen there has already been a discussion previously equally would you have even let one editor know if i hadn't brought this up. Oh and stop posting to my talk page no need to do so as replying here. Edinburgh  Wanderer  23:11, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * You assuming bad faith does not mean that you can WP:CANVASS. SplashScreen (talk) 23:13, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Read that as well as your other polices above which you haven't. Advising creators that you nominated there article for Deletion is not canvasing. You haven't told any of them. Im not Campaigning or anything I'm not telling them what to do posting in a non neutral manor campaigning for votes or anything the like. Im using the standard notification template which you should of done. Lets cover that Spamming: Posting an excessive number of messages to individual users, or to users with no significant connection to the topic at hand. Nope they all have a connection and a reason to be notified now given most are created by the same few that is not an excessive amount either. Campaigning posting a notification of discussion that presents the topic in a non-neutral manner. No not doing that. Vote-stacking no. and finally Stealth canvassing no. Now there is no bad faith on my part either you advise them as the common courtesy that you should have or someone else can if you had nominated a sample at a time then there would be hardly anyone to advise. Edinburgh  Wanderer  23:26, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It would be common courtesy, the same as done for most other articles up for deletion, to notify the creator of an article by a neutrally worded templated message. I would expect such a notification for an article I had created, and so would most active editors. It is clearly not a violation of WP:CANVASS. A stealthy process of AFD'ing these article without any such notifications would likely end up at Deletion Review, if they were in fact deleted, since the article creator might have wished to search for and add reliable sources to answer complaints about a lack of references, or to otherwise improve the article. The encyclopedia benefits when article creators are given that opportunity. Edison (talk) 00:59, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep Essentially for the exact same reason as Edison. Mass nomination and reasoning isn't clear so does feel like it WP:IDONTLIKEIT. Articles are sourced and don't seem to fully meet his points if at all.  Edinburgh   Wanderer  23:11, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * "reasoning isn't clear" - I'm sorry to be rude, but can't you read? SplashScreen (talk) 23:16, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Im not going to reply to you anymore. You are being rude and not following good practice in anyway shape or form. Read Edisons reply and mine other than you don't like it  don't really meet those points adequately.  Edinburgh   Wanderer  23:26, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment - if the articles are so wonderfully sourced, how come some of them have been tagged for 5 years? SplashScreen (talk) 23:16, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment Rather than the rest of us having to click through the 246 or so articles you mass-nominated, please identify the ones "tagged for 5 years" that you are referring to. Then it would be an interesting exercise to look for reliable sources with significant coverage. I do not view simple TV Guide listings of what happens or who guest stars on a particular night as sufficient, and I look for commentary about the schedule as such.  In similar deletion discussions in the past, I have found books, magazine articles, and columns by New York Times TV critics and major news magazines discussing the choices made in setting up schedules (Up against "Ed Sullivan" in its prime? Why didn't the schedulers leave "program x" on Thursday night where it was doing ok against the other networks?) Choices as to what programs are on what night are strategic moves which have greatly influenced viewership, and the schedules, particularly prime time and late night, have gotten multiple instances of significant coverage in years I have investigated. Edison (talk) 01:11, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep for the reasons well-articulated by Edison. --Arxiloxos (talk) 23:33, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep Deleting the network schedule is not a good idea. Everyone here had good reasons why?  <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:40, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep per historical value and, Splash, WP:FANCRUFT is an essay, not a guideline nor a policy, so you cannot nominate articles using that text as your support, since they have no weight on discussions or actions. Cheers. — Hahc 21  23:50, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * WP:ONLYESSAY. SplashScreen (talk) 23:56, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep. Per the comments above. — Tomica   (talk)  23:52, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep and snowball close. all the comments listed above. ApprenticeFan  work 03:29, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep Edison put it alot better (and with a much cooler head) than I could to this textbook example of a "I don't like it" nomination. The fancruft essay is not policy, and certainly doesn't involve basic industry information like a television schedule in the least, and a proper notice to frequent contributors to these articles is certainly not canvassing at all. Finally, no sense WP:BEFORE was followed at all by the nominator.  Nate  • ( chatter ) 04:06, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep The television industry is a big part of American pop cultural history. Looking back at these schedules is helpful in learning about shows, networks, and the industry.  Sure some sources could provide analysis, but the history aspect is what makes this a useful part of Wikipedia.  Some people actually like to read about this topic.  It's quite informative!  --Mtjaws (talk) 05:07, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep per Edison's well-thought reasons. MikeWazowski (talk) 05:20, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of United States of America-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:34, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:34, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:34, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep. As all of these network series are notable, these are indexes of article topics organized by a defining characteristic—the seasons and programming blocks in which they aired. Further, these network schedules are highly notable topics in their own right. Broadcast programming decisions, such as on which day to air a program, what shows lead in and out from a series on the same network, and against which series are a show competing, are a core part of the history of network television and are analyzed extensively in media criticism as a topic in and of itself. Often the very success or failure of a show will hinge upon its time slot; see Friday night death slot, for example, or look at the extensive commentary regarding NBC's decision to replace its traditional 10 pm drama block with the The Jay Leno Show every weeknight. I can't help but read such a nomination as arising from mere WP:IDONTLIKEIT, or perhaps simple ignorance of the topic. postdlf (talk) 18:10, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep Not only have the creators of the articles not been notified but it seems that some of the articles haven't been tagged, e.g. 1953–54 United States network television schedule. I was contemplating closing this myself per WP:SNOW but the logistics of unpicking this mess are beyond my experience.  Warden (talk) 21:53, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Only two of six were advised and that was by me. Apparently that is canvasing!. Some articles were still being tagged over 24 hours after the nomination. Edinburgh  Wanderer  22:09, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Speedy Keep: These are notable topics, with wide usage throughout Wikipedia.  TRLIJC19   (  talk  ) 01:26, 13 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
paragone

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) comparison
 * 2)  a large size of type, standardized as 20 point
 * 1)  a large size of type, standardized as 20 point

title: paragone


text:
Challenge Aero

Challenge Aero is a business aviation airline based in Kyiv, Ukraine established in 2002. It operates charter flights within Ukraine and to neighbouring CIS countries.

Fleet
The Challenge Aero fleet consists of the following aircraft (at February 2016):

 * Beechcraft Premier I
 * Bombardier Learjet 60XR
 * Bombardier Challenger 300
 * Bombardier Challenger 605
 * Bombardier Challenger 850
 * Bombardier Global 5000
 * Bombardier Global Express XRS
 * Cessna Citation Bravo
 * Cessna Citation CJ2+
 * Cessna Citation CJ3
 * Cessna Citation XLS
 * Cessna Citation Sovereign
 * Cessna Citation X
 * Cessna Citation CJ3
 * Falcon 900
 * Falcon 2000
 * Falcon 7X
 * Gulfstream G100
 * Gulfstream G150
 * Gulfstream G200
 * Gulfstream G550
 * Embraer Legacy 600
 * Hawker 850 XP

Helicopters
 * AgustaWestland AW109
 * 2 Bell 430
 * Eurocopter EC120
 * 2 Eurocopter EC135
 * Eurocopter EC155

title: Challenge Aero


text:
Talk:Excellence In Broadcasting Lifetime Achievement Award

Contested deletion
This article should not be speedily deleted for lack of asserted importance because... (I made it) --Tonyboy bautista (talk) 10:02, 20 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
User:Itsdreamdesigner

I tend to improve,correct and create Wikipedia articles. Since, I believe Wikipedia is one of the best source of knowledge and information in this era.

title: User:Itsdreamdesigner


text:
清源

Etymology 1
Compound of.

Etymology 2
Ultimately from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  a former administrative region in China, around the area of modern
 * , a Buddhist temple in
 * 1)  a former administrative region in China, around the area of modern
 * , a Buddhist temple in
 * , a Buddhist temple in

title: 清源


text:
Wikiversity talk:Userboxes

From a quote from Jimmy Wales, re-posted to the Colloquium:

 * "Wikipedia is not a place to assess the morality of a person, their beliefs or their orientation, neither is it the place to advocate for or against a political or religious point of view."

Ok, so that's Wikipedia. And neither would Wikiversity be a place for the latter part (ie advocating particular views). But as for the former part (ie. assessing people's moralities etc), I think this is something that could well have a place in Wikiversity. In particular, with reference to Disclosures, we will need to occasionally determine how someone's 'background' affects their take on a particular topic/discussion/activity. As ridiculous and superfluous as many of the userboxes are on Wikipedia (IMO), they would (mostly) probably do not much harm on Wikiversity, and perhaps be quite beneficial. Thoughts? Cormaggio talk 15:08, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * There is a big difference between having a userbox that says, "religion X rules" or "political party Y kicks ass" and userboxes that say "I participate at the Theology content improvement project" or "Active member of the School of Political Science". Userboxes should be fairly general and "impersonal" and suitable for use by many people. If Wikiversity participants want to describe their personal background and thoughts in more detail they can do so on their user page without making a template. --JWSchmidt 17:08, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Knowledge userboxes
The knowledge userboxes leave out an entire category! What about people who have been professionally trained in a field but who do not work in it professionally? For example, what about a professional photographer who is not a "hobbyist", but neither is an educator, or a professional editor who clearly has professional training in English, but yet lacks any sort of formal teaching credentials (and does not teach)? It seems like the current level 3 should maybe be level 4, and a new level should be introduced that covers non-educator professionals. The Jade Knight 11:24, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, no one is responding. I'm going to go ahead and add a fourth category if no one responds again.  I hope no one hates me for screwing up the whole system…  The Jade Knight 23:32, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Please feel welcome to go ahead and extend the system! --McCormack 04:06, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok. I'll get started.  Eventually, all of the 3 boxes will need to be updated, and all of the 4 userboxes will need to be created.  The idea is 1 = Interested; 2 = Hobbyist (not changing these two); 3 = "Professional"; ie, someone with a degree or who works in a related field; 4 = Educator.  The Jade Knight 06:48, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Great. --McCormack 06:49, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Man. These templates have templates nested within templates within them.  This should at least make it easier to update them all.  Kind of a pain to figure out how to make a new one, though.  (I'm working on it.)  The Jade Knight 06:54, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Hrm. I think I updated what I needed to, but it doesn't seem to have changed any of the other templates.  Is this a caching issue?  The Jade Knight 07:00, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Finally figured it out. There was another template hidden away involving the text.  Tricksy.  The Jade Knight 08:19, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Missing userboxes
What about UK english? There are also some userboxes existing that are missing levels --Unionhawk 00:10, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Userboxes


text:
Tell It to Sweeney

Tell It to Sweeney is a 1927 American silent comedy film directed by Gregory La Cava and written by Monte Brice, Kerry Clarke, George Marion Jr., and Percy Heath. The film stars Chester Conklin, George Bancroft, Jack Luden, Doris Hill, Frank Bond, and William H. Tooker. The film was released on September 24, 1927, by Paramount Pictures.

Cast

 * Chester Conklin as Luke Beamish
 * George Bancroft as Cannonball Casey
 * Jack Luden as Jack Sweeney
 * Doris Hill	as Doris Beamish
 * Frank Bond as Supt. Dugan
 * William H. Tooker as Old Man Sweeney

Preservation
A print of Tell It to Sweeney is in the Gosfilmofond collection in Moscow.

title: Tell It to Sweeney


text:
Ranfjorden

Ranfjorden (in English also the Ranfjord or just Ranfjord; in Norwegian also Ranafjorden, Ranen or Rana) is a fjord in the Helgeland district of Nordland county, Norway. The largest part of the fjord is in the municipality of Rana, but the fjord also passes through the municipalities of Hemnes, Vefsn, Leirfjord, Nesna, and Dønna. The Ranelva river meets the Ranfjord in at the town of Mo i Rana at the innermost part of the fjord. It then flows to the west for about 68 km to where it meets the sea along the border of Dønna and Nesna municipalities.

The inner part of the fjord is lush, forested, and more heavily populated. The western parts of the fjord are narrow with steep sides and that area has few inhabitants. There is a narrow strait that connects to the Sørfjorden and Elsfjorden at the village of Hemnesberget. Two large rivers flow into the fjord: Ranelva and Røssåga. The European route E6 highway follows the part of the southern coast of the fjord on its way to Mo i Rana.

title: Ranfjorden