text:
User:Kingsley Otuo/sandbox

Born on july 20th 2000 to Mr Bright otuo and Divine Ahiaku, king is the second of four children two boys and two girls from the volta part of Ghana. He attended basic school at cecelia international and went on to continue high school at presec boys secondary school, presec,legon, a well noted school for best academic performance in west africa, where he studied the sciences as an elective. King however did not complete his secondary education as dropped out during his second year.

title: User:Kingsley Otuo/sandbox


text:
Talk:Colne

Clean-up
An editor needs to take this in hand, I've tried but a lot more needs to be done. Saga City 22:14, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Someone (alas not me) has done a really blinding edit so I feel the tag is no longer necessary The Sanctuary Sparrow 15:27, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Please note the clean-ups I have now done. Too much of what was there was acceptable for spoken English and, indeed, read as if someone had dictated it. Also, for example, it is neither necessary nor helpful to link to the names of the days of the week unless they are of exceptional meanings to the article. Also Nelson was continually linked to as if earlier editors had never heard of the admiral, let alone the town in New Zealand. Saga City 16:59, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

It's looking really good now-I only took the tag off as I felt the issues in the article itself didn't merit the tag, needing only copyediting etc. I think it was put on earlier than NorthernPeak's edit which added a lot of detail, with only minor style problems. I'm usually wrong about these things though, being a relative n00b :) The Sanctuary Sparrow 08:03, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I've tagged it again for {refimprove} and {expand}. Several sections - History is the worst offender - have insufficient citations at present. I've also reorganised it into sections per WP:UKCITIES; the following sections are currently lacking:
 * Governance
 * Geography
 * Demography
 * Religious sites
 * Public services
 * Notable people
 * I wonder whether anyone feels inspired? (I also removed a lot of material that wan't about Colne itself, but about the surrounding area - particularly Nelson - and tried to tweak things so that the article is more comprehensible to an outsider. But lots still to do to lick this one into shape...) Crac4543 14:52, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Wallace Hartley
Hartley was born in Colne, however his family did move to another nearby town when he was about 5-ish. I wish I could recall the town he actually lived in. Someone from Colne, will know the exact town Hartley moved to. It was in 2001 since Ihave been there, my memory is shot.anyone? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brattysoul (talk • contribs) 18:08, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I've added a cite against his name in the article from here. As for where he might have moved to aged 5, you might like to try the 1881 and 1891 census for the area. He would have been 13 in 1891 so perhaps is still there. The Lancs Family History Society might be able to help: http://www.lfhhs.org.uk/ - as a person of note they might have something on him - give them an email or a bell. Good luck. Acabashi (talk)

Pronunciation
Is it really pronounced /kɒln/ ("colln")? I always thought it was /koʊn/ ("cone"). --  Dr Greg   talk  15:29, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * What about Colne, Cambridgeshire and River Colne, Essex? I thought it was "cown". <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:11, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * We're simple folk at this end of the M65, just say what you see. There is definitely an l in it.--Trappedinburnley (talk) 22:02, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * But is it a long "oh" or a short "o"? --  Dr Greg   talk  00:36, 26 July 2015 (UTC)

 * It's pronounced as it's written. Closer to /kɒln/ ....It has a 'hard c', a short 'o' sound, one 'l' and one 'n'. I pronounced it as the family born and bred there, that I stayed with, said it to me. By the way, I loved it there. The pastoral area was calming and lovely....giving me a true sense of comfort while I was there. As did the people who resided throughout Lancs. BrattySoul 20:56, 30 May 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brattysoul (talk • contribs)
 * I grew up just down the road in Nelson and went to school in Colne; I can confirm that it is indeed pronounced /kɒln/. BigDom (talk) 10:17, 6 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Burnley and Pendle or The Burnley Bus Company
"The local bus company, Burnley & Pendle" may be out of date as Burnley and Pendle buses rebranded to The Burnley Bus Company in 2017Burnley Bus Company 2A02:C7E:289E:5600:7DDA:25E4:CD1:C4D2 (talk) 23:37, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Colne


text:
2020 Formula Regional European Championship

The 2020 Formula Regional European Championship was a multi-event, Formula 3 open-wheel single seater motor racing championship held across Europe. The championship featured a mix of professional and amateur drivers, competing in Formula 3 cars that conformed to the FIA Formula 3 regulations for the championship. This was the second season of the championship.

The season started on 31 July at Misano Circuit and concluded on 6 December at Autodromo Vallelunga, after eight meetings. Gianluca Petecof won the drivers' championship at the last race, while Prema Powerteam defended the teams' title. Although Petecof came out victorious in the championship, he did not amass the highest number of race wins, with four compared to his teammates' Arthur Leclerc and Oliver Rasmussen six victories. Patrik Pasma also won four races, and Pierre-Louis Chovet, Dennis Hauger and Ian Rodríguez all won one race each.

Teams and drivers
All teams and drivers competed with the Tatuus-Alfa Romeo F.3 T-318.

 * Roman Staněk was scheduled to compete for Prema Powerteam, but withdrew prior to the start of the season. His seat was taken by Jamie Chadwick.
 * Brad Benavides was scheduled to compete for DR Formula RP Motorsport, but did not appear in any rounds.
 * David Vidales was scheduled to compete for US Racing, but neither the team nor the driver appeared in any rounds.

Race calendar
The initial calendar was announced on 16 September 2019. After multiple postponements due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a revised calendar was announced on 19 May 2020. On 3 June 2020 it was announced that the season opener at Hungaroring was pushed back 2 weeks. The current version of the amended calendar was published on 11 June 2020 and saw the round at the Hungaroring replaced by a visit to Misano Circuit.

Championship standings
Points were awarded to the top 10 classified finishers in each race. No points were awarded for pole position or fastest lap.

Teams' standings
Only the two highest finishing cars of one team were eligible for points.


text:
giostra

Etymology 1
, derived from.

Noun

 * 1)  joust, jousting knightly contest
 * 2)  skirmish
 * 3) fight
 * 4)  the act of going around
 * 5)  deceit, deception
 * 6) a competition where contestants try to hit a target while speedily passing underneath it
 * 7) merry-go-round, carousel ; ride (at a theme park etc.)
 * 8)  the rides in an amusement park
 * 9)  a chaotic succession
 * 10)  mess confusion of things
 * 1) a competition where contestants try to hit a target while speedily passing underneath it
 * 2) merry-go-round, carousel ; ride (at a theme park etc.)
 * 3)  the rides in an amusement park
 * 4)  a chaotic succession
 * 5)  mess confusion of things
 * 1)  mess confusion of things

title: giostra


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Krystal Weir

Krystal Weir

 * ... that 2012 Olympic sailor Krystal Weir sailed in the 2008 Summer Olympics because she took the place of another sailor who got injured in a mountain biking accident?
 * Reviewed: Dan Coogan

Created/expanded by LauraHale (talk), Frietjes (talk). Nominated by LauraHale (talk) at 06:13, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Hook: Short enough, interesting, cited. (That reference needs to be better formatted)
 * Article: New enough, long enough, referencing is decent (FN 5 should be better formatted). Paraphrasing looks okay, but a couple spots fail verification. The source describes Lex Bertrand in the past tense meaning he isn't her coach anymore.
 * Summary:Symbol question.svg Ref formatting and verifiability. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 13:19, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Think I fixed? --LauraHale (talk) 19:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Symbol confirmed.svg Looks-a good. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 23:43, 13 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Curl

Curl is a language for creating web documents with almost any sort of content, from simple formatted text to complex interactive applets. The goal of Curl is to provide a smoother transition between formatting and programming.

Curl, the programming language, is often confused with cURL. The cURL open source download utility is a completely different and independent project.

History
Curl (programming language) is a web content language from the DARPA project at MIT which resulted in the WWW organization (w3c.org).

Curl was spun off by MIT as a corporation but is now owned by SCSK Corporation with home pages at Curl.com (http://www.curl.com) and at http://www.curlap.com

Features
Curl is a hybrid functional language supporting declarative layout (as in HTML), styling as in CSS, scripting (as in JavaScript/ECMAScript), and is object-oriented (as in C++/Java/Smalltalk but also has multiple inheritance) and yet is also multi-paradigm (classes are optional) and permits anonymous procedures (closures, as in Smalltalk, JavaScript, Ruby and Groovy); it also has macros as in other functional languages. Curl shares the feature of LISP, Scheme and Rebol being homoiconic: Curl can itself be consumed by Curl as structured data or as functions and other declarations.

Without some historical context, Curl might look like an integration of Java, HTML, JavaScript and flash to create a simple language suitable for next generation on line client sided computing.

 * Free for non commercial usage
 * Support for real time ray tracing and quaternion functions
 * Very simple, comparable to text editing HTML, unlike Lisp and 'C' (dependent on skill level of user)
 * Script is compiled on the user/client side
 * Multi-paradigm web-content language with classes, functional programming and declarative features resulting in a language comparable to combined JavaScript+CSS+HTML+Java
 * Fast client-side computing with client-side persistent data
 * Accessible to beginners yet capable of advanced programming and linking to other languages

Curl is named after a pair of curly braces these. . . {}

It is a programming language designed for such things as

 * web applications with a desktop application-style GUI
 * client side (that means your computer) processing
 * occasionally-connected computing
 * asynchronous-http request processing
 * client-side data persistence (such as configuration options and bread-crumbs)

Curl has some similarities with Java and JavaScript but is expression-based like Icon or Rebol. Curl applets can serve as a replacement for HTML web pages. Curl applets can also be embedded. Curl could be viewed as HTML+CSS+JavaScript+Java - but all rolled into one language and combined in a unified environment with a multi-paradigm semantics including the Declarative, Procedural and Object-Oriented.

HTML (the text file web page language which browsers obtain from servers to display most pages on the web) can be comprised of JavaScript, CSS, Flash, scriptlets, XML among other elements. Curl was designed to be one language equivalent to all of the former. It can provide rich Internet application (RIA) with AJAX and live in an SOA (Curl comes with a SOAP API.)

Curl can display as well as Adobe Acrobat PDF (increasingly being used) and of course is dynamic and interactive and is an alternative to ADOBE Flex(FLASH + ActionScript), Microsoft Silverlight or SUN JavaFX.

Curl is a mature web content platform now available as Curl6 (but known internally as Curl7.) Curl is used in both Japan and Korea and announced a re-launch in North America in 2007 but it does require a browser plugin, the SURGE RTE (Runtime Engine) and had license restrictions.

In 2008, internet users may have become more accustomed to web browser plugins than they were in 2001 when Curl Corporation formed.

Curl content requires Curl software in order to be displayed. Just as HTML pages need a browser or PDF files need the Acrobat plug-in, Curl applets need the Curl Surge Plug-in and Runtime Environment. Once you have the plug-in you can load Curl load pages from web servers rather as you would load HTML pages and using the same HTTP protocol (in IE7, running at the WinInet level.)

The nearest equivalents may be Zope, .NET, Java or Javascript.

please add your contributions

Here is how : Help:Editing

Table of contents

 * Examples
 * /Example 1/
 * /Example 2/
 * /Example 3/
 * /Example 4/
 * /Example 5/
 * /Example 6/
 * /Setting up/
 * /Version numbers/
 * /Linux support/
 * /The IDE/
 * /Interviews/
 * /External links/

title: Curl


text:
Talk:Bill Muster

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title: Talk:Bill Muster


text:
Gekko flavimaritus

Gekko flavimaritus is a species of gecko, a lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Thailand.

title: Gekko flavimaritus


text:
Russian Revolution/Glossary

 * Russia: The nation that was under Czarist rule until 1917 and was enveloped into the USSR and declared it self independent in 1991
 * Pogrom: A government policy for or against something, most noticeably the Anti-Jewish pogroms in -

title: Russian Revolution/Glossary


text:
The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Layout Considerations

Entrance Facility
Consider where network and power comes into the building and where it will enter the data center, and how this will affect location of main edge routers, where cross connections will take place, placement of power transformers switches and UPS units. You may have multiple electrical entrance facilities for redundancy.

Space for wiring
Determine use of raised floor and/or overhead cable trays.

Some rack-to-rack cable organization will be necessary.

Rack Layout
It is crucial to lay out your racks, shelving, and stand-alone systems with accuracy of a few inches when considering location over raised floor access ports.

You should have a minimum of three feet between rack front and back to allow for opening of doors.

A 6' rack spacing interval is recommended as floor tiles come in 2'x2'.

The location of the wheels and/or feet at the bottom of a rack are critical to being able to lift floor panels.

Space for other necessities
You may want to have space for a desk with monitor, if you don't have a formal office or NOC on the premise. You will want to have storage units for copious documentation and spare parts, unless you just use an empty rack, and possibly a place to drop old hard drives for secure disposal.

Phones and switches
Place light, power, and fire switches in an easy to reach place. If you have two entrances, have light switches at both entrances especially if main lighting is normally kept off.

Make sure phone is in easy reach of fire suppression cut off switch, NOT the other way around.

Mechanicals
Consider putting "non-computer" assets in separate rooms. You can contain leaks easier, as well as keep service technicians away from servers, increasing security, and reducing the need for supervision.


text:
Brian Farioli

Brian Farioli (born 19 February 1998) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Central Córdoba SdE, on loan from Colón.

Career
Farioli progressed through the youth ranks of Colón, having signed in 2009 from Santa Fe FC. In September 2019, the midfielder was promoted into the first-team squad of the Primera División club; notably being an unused substitute for a Copa Sudamericana semi-final first leg with Atlético Mineiro. Days later, on 22 September, Farioli made his professional debut after coming off the bench to replace Tomás Chancalay in a 3–2 league defeat to Lanús.

Career statistics
.

title: Brian Farioli


text:
pröjsa

Etymology
Borrowed from, from. Related to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. Perhaps a loan from a Slavic language, e.g. . The initial pr- as opposed to pl-, indicates however that it was influenced or borrowed from.

Verb

 * 1)  to pay; to give money in exchange for goods or services

title: pröjsa


text:
Charles F. Daniels

Charles F. Daniels (March 13, 1849 – March 23, 1932), was an American umpire in Major League Baseball. He umpired professionally from 1874 to 1889. He was among the original umpires hired when the National League (NL) was founded in 1876, and was the last active umpire among that group when he retired after the 1889 season. His served in the National Association (1874–75), the National League (1876, 1878–1880, 1887–1888), and the American Association (1883–1885, 1889), as well as the Eastern League and as a referee in college baseball. He is credited as discovering Connie Mack. He called two no-hitters in his career; one was the first no-hitter in major league history, and the other was a perfect game.

Career
Born in Colchester, Connecticut, Daniels began his professional umpire debut on September 7, 1874, in the National Association. He umpired the rest of that season and then the 1875 season. In 1875, he officially umpired 22 games, all but one as the lone arbiter in the field. When the Association dissolved and was replaced by the National League, he was hired on to the new league. That inaugural season he called 45 games, one which was the first major league no-hitter, when George Bradley of St. Louis Brown Stockings blanked the Hartford Dark Blues on July 15, a 2–0 victory. He did not appear in the field on the major league level for the 1877, but did umpire nine games in 1878 and another 46 games in 1879. He umpired just 28 games in 1880, but one notable game on June 17, when John Montgomery Ward threw the second perfect game in Major League history.

Daniels did not umpire any games in for the 1881 or 1882 seasons, but did make his return for the 1883 season for the American Association. When he started, he received from $5 to $10 per game. In his first year with the American Association, Daniels was selected to umpire the deciding game between the St. Louis Browns and the Philadelphia Athletics. His game totals increased significantly in the next few years. He umpired 91 games that season, and stayed with the Association until the 1885 season, when in addition to his Association games, he called two games with the National League. He called a career-high 110 games in 1888 then returned the Association for his last season, umpiring 19 games in 1889. His career totals include 504 games, over the course of his 13 seasons.

Other baseball capacities
The Hartford Club of the Eastern League was out of funds and the league decided that for the team to remain, it had to raise what was owed and that the team hire a new, competent manager. Daniels became the team's new manager for the 1886 season. In a move to keep the team solvent, he sold their two star players, catcher Connie Mack, and pitcher Frank Gilmore.

Post-career
At the time of the 1930 U.S. Census, He was living in a rented home with his brother Robert on Parham Road in Colchester. His occupation is noted as being a farmer. In the early 1930s, he resided with his brother Eugene on an isolated farm near Colchester off the New London-Hartford Road. On March 21, 1932, Charles was found unconscious, lying in the snow on a country road where he had apparently fallen during a snowstorm, suffering from cuts and exposure. He died two days later in Norwich, Connecticut, at the age of 83.

title: Charles F. Daniels


text:
Frank Johnson

Frank Johnson may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Francis Johnson (composer) (1792–1844), known as Frank, American musician and composer
 * Frank Johnson (musician) (c. 1790–1871), American musician
 * Frank Tenney Johnson (1874–1939), painter of the American west
 * Frankie Darro (1917–1976), American actor born Frank Johnson Jr.
 * Frank E. Johnson, American cinematographer, producer and film director
 * Frank Johnson Publications, an Australian comic book publisher

Politics

 * Frank Johnson (politician) (1848–1904), journalist and politician in colonial South Australia
 * Frank Johnson (mayor) (1855–1921), mayor of Adelaide, 1907–1909
 * Frank H. Johnson (1867–?), American politician
 * Frank B. Johnson (politician) (1894–1949), American politician in Minnesota

Sports

 * Frank Johnson (American football) (died 1890), American football coach
 * Frank Johnson (1930s outfielder), American baseball player
 * Frank Johnson (footballer, born 1916) (1916–1979), Australian rules footballer for Geelong
 * Frank Johnson (rugby league) (1922–1993), Australian rugby league player, coach and administrator
 * Frank Johnson (boxer) (1928–1970), English boxer of the 1940s and 1950s
 * Frank Johnson (footballer, born 1932) (1932–2016), Australian rules player and member of the Australian Football Hall of Fame
 * Frank Johnson (footballer, born 1936), Australian rules footballer for South Fremantle, Footscray and Fitzroy
 * Frank Johnson (1960s outfielder) (born 1942), American professional baseball player
 * Frank Johnson (basketball) (born 1958), American professional basketball player and coach

Other

 * Frank W. Johnson (1799–1884), a commander of the Texan Army during the Texas Revolution
 * Frank Johnson Goodnow (1859–1939), American educator and legal scholar
 * Frank Johnson (RAF airman) (1896–1961), British World War I ace
 * Frank Minis Johnson (1918–1999), United States Federal judge
 * Frank Johnson (journalist) (1943–2006), British editor of The Spectator
 * Frank B. Johnson (pathologist), African American chemical pathologist
 * Andrew Johnson Jr. (1852–1879), son of U.S. president, called Frank Johnson

title: Frank Johnson


text:
User:MALIK ZEESHAN MEHDI

MALIK ZEESHAN MEHDI ''Instructor AutoCAD/Computer Govt.Technical Training Centre, Male Bhowana District Chiniot (Pakistan).'' MOBILE NO. +923015897752 +923430894978 +923143144732 EMAIL ADDRESS<EMAIL_ADDRESS>malik_zeeshan65@yahoo.com''

title: User:MALIK ZEESHAN MEHDI


text:
Gjon Simoni

Gjon Simoni, Albanian musicologist and composer, was born in Shkodër on 8 February 1936 into an Albanian family of long cultural tradition and died in Tirana on 2 July 1999. He was active in his city's musical life very early. In 1966 he graduated in composition and history of music from the Tirana State Conservatory. In 1966-1969 he was head of the Music Section in Gjirokastër, in 1969-1980 editor of musical programs at the Albanian Radio-Television, in 1980 head of the Composition Chair at the Academy of Arts in Tirana, in 1993-1994 teacher of music at the School of Music in Karditsa (Greece), in 1996-1997 dean of the Faculty of Music at the Academy of the arts in Tirana, in 1997 teacher of orchestration at the same Academy. He was holder of various prizes and titles. His musical works are being played at various musical events in Albania and abroad. He also dealt with problems of music in the Albanian media and at various conferences and seminars.

Chamber music

 * Three pieces for clarinet quartets (1995)
 * Duet for viola and bass viol (1995)
 * Suite of Korca songs for string quartet (1996)

Orchestral music

 * Suite for string orchestra on motifs from the opera Mrika of Prenk Jakova (1981)
 * "Migjeniana" string suite (1984)
 * Suite from "the Sons of the New Age" ballet (1985)
 * Three motifs from "Migjenian" cycle (1986)
 * "Seasons of Waves," concerto for orchestra (1988)
 * "Little Symphony for strings" (1990)
 * Choral and fugue for string orchestra (1994)
 * Concerto for piano and orchestra in three times (1986)
 * "Migjeniana," ballet (staged first posthumously at the National Theater of Opera and Ballet in 2007)
 * Greek fantasia for piano and orchestra (1994)
 * Suite for strings (1996)
 * Requiem for Mother Teresa (1998)

Instrumental music

 * Variations for flute and orchestra on a popular theme (1975)
 * Romance for flute and orchestra (1976)
 * Festive dance for piano and orchestra (1976)
 * Concerto for violin and orchestra in three times (1988–1989)
 * Quartet for fagotto (1999), played posthumously on 3 July 1999.

Vocal works

 * "Blossom, flowers, blossom," song on a folk motif (1997)
 * Songs on folk motifs of southern Albania (1997)
 * Two songs on folk motifs (1997)
 * "Flowered Doublet," song on folk motif (1993)
 * "De Profundis," cantata in three times for soloist, choir and symphonic orchestra
 * "Ave Maria" (1991)
 * Three variations on folk motifs for soloist and orchestra
 * "Stabat Mater" for soloist and a cappella choir (1995)
 * "Snowflower," song on folk motif
 * "It Was My Fate," song on folk motif

Film music
Source:

Children's films
 * "Squirrel Helps Chum," animated cartoon (1979)
 * "Shoeshine" (1979)
 * "Bear Breaks New Land" (1979)
 * "Bear Seeks Father" (1981)
 * "Little Rabbit" (1982
 * "Gent's Hours," animated cartoon (1986)
 * "Newest of Cities" (1974)

Feature films
 * "Long Year" (1987)
 * "Return of Dead Army" (1989)
 * "Boys and Girls" (1990)
 * "Appassionata" (1984)
 * "Teenagers" (1990)

During the 1986–1999 years he processed about 150 folk songs, orchestrated 300 songs, and made 50 arrangements of vocal and instrumental works of Albanian and world music. Among others, he orchestrated composer Pjetër Gaci's operas "Our Earth" and "Through Mist."

Publications

 * "Orchestration" for students of the Academy of the Arts
 * Textbook for high schools
 * "Symphony of a Life," a biography of Cardinal Mikel Koliqi, published posthumously, Napoli, Italy.

title: Gjon Simoni


text:
third wheel

Noun

 * 1)  An individual or object that serves no useful purpose.
 * 2)  An unwanted third party accompanying two people on a date.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch: het vijfde wiel aan de wagen, vijfde rad aan de wagen
 * Finnish:
 * German: fünftes Rad am Wagen
 * Italian: ultima ruota del carro
 * Polish:
 * Romanian: a cincea roată la căruță
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: тринаесто прасе
 * Roman: trinaesto prase
 * Spanish:

 * Albanian:
 * Armenian:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 電燈膽
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: גלגל שלישי
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: éan corr
 * Italian: terzo incomodo
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:
 * Mongolian:
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Slovak:
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish: sujetavelas, mal tercio , ,  , chaperón,
 * Swedish: tredje hjul
 * Thai:
 * Turkish:
 * Uzbek:
 * Vietnamese: trà xanh,, người thứ ba,
 * Welsh: olwyn sbâr

title: third wheel


text:
User:EmilyBeeYT/Divorce law by country

China
In China, divorce law is the fourth chapter of Marriage Law which has been firstly passed since 1950. The law empowers women since divorce cannot be sought by women before the enactment. Furthermore, the law ensures the freedom of marriage (to marry and to divorce) and prevents others' interference.

Generally speaking, there are two methods to ask for a divorce:

 * 1) If a couple is willing to divorce, they can go to the government office of civil affairs for divorce registration. The agency will issue a divorce certificate when it ensures that both spouses are indeed voluntary and have properly dealt with the children and property issues.
 * 2) If only one of the two spouses requests the divorce, the spouse can accept mediation from the relevant department or sue for a divorce. In most cases, the court would offer mediation before the trial; if the relationship has indeed broken and the mediation is invalid, the court would grant the request. In any of following circumstances, then divorce should also be granted: (1) bigamy (2) domestic violence or abuse, or abandonment of family members (3) long-term gambling, drug, etc (4) separation for more than two years (5) other factors that might break the relationship.

The arrangement of children and property is based on the consent of two parties. However, the relationship between children and parents is not broken down by the divorce, which means both parents have the right and obligation to raise and educate the children.

One special characteristic of divorce in China is the process of mediation. This justice process is influenced by both Western modernism and Chinese tradition. Mediated reconciliation is an important process in Chinese justice systems. Before 1990, courts dealt with 80% of civil cases through mediation instead of adjudication. However, in recent research, it turns out the courts have shifted from mediation to adjudication as handling divorce cases after reforms of the Chinese judiciary in the 1990s, and more effective and systematical approach has been restricted by Marriage Law. Additionally, divorce reform strictly defined domestic violence and expanded forms of matrimonial assets. These substantially protect the property rights of women after divorce and empower women in the family, which is also shown by a less skewed child sex ratio.

title: User:EmilyBeeYT/Divorce law by country


text:
User:Abulubada/IDS 152: Youth and New Media in the Middle East

This course explores the manifold ways in which Arab youth chart the course of social and political change in the Middle East through the use of new media and modern technologies. Discussions focus on the challenges Arab youth face in their 21st-century, globalized environments, and on their engagement with their regimes and societies, particularly in the context of the Arab Spring. Arab youth’s artistic and political expressions of voice and agency are approached as a barometer for the transformations in the region.

Students will collaborate to write a new article in groups, as well as make significant individual contributions to an existing of their choice. Articles will in some way intersect with the broader themes of Arab media and youth culture.


text:
User:Esbjorn

Esbjorn Jorsater. I work as a comic art school teacher in Stockholm, Sweden.

My blog with drawing exercises and samples.

title: User:Esbjorn


text:
高声

Noun

 * 1) a loud voice, a big voice

Noun

 * 1) a loud voice
 * 2) a person with a loud voice

Adjective

 * 1) having a loud voice; big-voiced

Noun

 * 1) a loud voice, a big voice

title: 高声


text:
The Cold War/Study Guide

Greece (1947)
Communist successes in 1947-48 enabled them to move freely over much of mainland Greece, but with extensive reorganization and American material support, the Greek National Army was slowly able to regain control over most of the countryside. Yugoslavia closed its borders to the insurgent forces in 1949, after Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia broke with the Soviet Union.

Berlin (1948-1949)
The Soviet Union blocked Western rail and road access to Berlin from June 24, 1948 - May 1, 1949. This Berlin Blockade was one of the major crises of the Cold War. The crisis abated after the Soviet Union did not act to stop American, British and French airlifts (Berlin Airlift) of food and especially winter fuel for the winter of '48~'49, as well as other provisions to the Western-held sectors of Berlin following the Soviet land blockade.

Study Questions

 * 1) What ended the blockade?
 * 2) The crisis abated after the Soviet Union did not act to stop American, British and French airlifts of food and other provisions to the Western-held sectors of Berlin following the Soviet land blockade.
 * 3) What made West Berlin such an unusual part of the West German state, and what caused this arrangement?
 * 4) In 1945, the victorious Allied Powers reached the Potsdam Agreement on the fate of postwar Europe, calling for the division of a defeated Germany into four occupation zones (thus reaffirming principles laid out earlier by the Yalta Conference), and the similar division of the capital, Berlin, deep within the Soviet occupation zone, into four zones. Thus the French, German, and British sectors of Berlin were deep within the Soviet occupation zones, connected by a narrow land corridor to the maqin Allied occupation zones in Germany, and thus a focal point of tensions corresponding to the breakdown of the U.S-Soviet wartime alliance. (See Origins of the Cold War)
 * 5) Why were the Soviets interested in Germany?
 * 6) The Soviets sought to create a unified but demilitarized Germany under their tutelage, or as Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov told U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes in 1946, a united Germany that could be neutralized after Russia received industrial reparations from Germany. This strategy was a response to a 150-year history of repeated Western assaults on Russia, including World War I and Napoleon's 1812 invasion. Stalin considered it essential to destroy Germany's capacity for another war, which conflicted with the US desire to rebuild Germany as the economic center of a stable Europe. (Stalin assumed that Japan and Germany could menace the Soviet Union once again by the 1960s.)
 * 7) Why was the United States interested in Germany?
 * 8) The United States, however, stressed that postwar reconstruction in Western Europe depended on German economic and industrial recovery. The U.S. stance was that if it could not reunify Germany with Soviet cooperation, the West could develop the western, industrial portions of postwar Germany controlled by France, Britain, and the U.S. and integrate the areas into a new European sphere of democracy.
 * 9) When did the three western sections of Berlin fuse into the capital of West Germany?
 * 10) As outlined in an announcement on March 6, 1948, the London Conference declared support for fusing the three Western-occupied zones in Germany into an independent, federal form of government, and bring the fusion of the three Western zones into the U.S.-led economic reconstruction efforts (See Marshall Plan).

Korean War (1950-1953)
The Korean War was a conflict between communist North and anti-communist South Korea. Both sides sabre-rattled incessantly, threatening military action. However, more importantly, Stalin's interest in an ice-free Pacific seaport for Russia ( Pusan ), was the key motivation for his encouragement of a " blitzkrieg " military reunification of the Korean peninsula. It was also a proxy war between the United States and the Soviet Union. Principal combatants were North and South Korea, the United States, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the People's Republic of China, although many other nations sent troops under the aegis of the United Nations. The Soviet Union also supplied combat advisors and aircraft pilots, as well as arms, for the North Korean and eventually Chinese troops. In U.S. parlance, Korea was officially termed a U.N. police action, not a war.

Study Questions

 * 1) What caused the Korean War?
 * Korea was a Japanese colony from 1905 effectively and 1910 officially, until the end of World War II in 1945. The Allies agreed that Japanese forces north of 38° north latitude (the 38th parallel) would surrender to the Soviet Union and those south of 38° would surrender to the USA. The Allies pledged that Korea would be a unified, independent country under an elected government but failed to specify the details.
 * The United Nations held an election in 1948, but the Soviet Union refused to allow participation in their occupied zone. Instead, they handed over power to the North Korean Communist Party under Kim Il-Sung, the anti-Japanese Korean partisan forces leader, who had been secretly in exile in Moscow for years, being schooled in Stalin-style communist control and doctrine. In contrast, the South democratically elected the nationalist exile Syngman Rhee as its President.

 * 1) Why did China support North Korea?
 * The People's Republic of China's recent victory over American-supported Nationalist Chinese forces, was wary of an American-led victorious war in Korea. Mao Zedong was concerned that it would encourage American intervention in Asia and would destabilize the region. General MacArthur's brilliant and rapid counteroffensive pushed North Korean forces almost to the Chinese border, at which point, China fearing invasion, hurriedly threw a million man army into the fray.

 * 1) Why did the United States support South Korea?
 * American action was taken for a number of reasons. Truman was under severe domestic pressure for being too soft on communism. Especially vocal were those who accused the Democrats of having "lost China." The intervention was also an important implementation of the new Truman Doctrine, which advocated the opposition of communism everywhere it tried to expand.

 * 1) How did the Korean War begin?
 * On June 25, 1950 North Korean forces moved south in force. Using Soviet massive materiel, military strategists and embedded advisors, together with huge reserves of Soviet-trained manpower, their surprise Blitzkrieg-style attack was a crushing success. Within days South Korean forces were in full retreat. Within three weeks, the South Korean forces, and the small number of Americans, mainly combat engineers rebuilding infrastructure, not military trainers, in Korea, were driven into a tiny area in the far Southeastern tip of the peninsula, around the city of Pusan. With the aid of U.N. troops, hastily shipped in, mainly American, American supplies ( war materiel ) and initially sporadic air support, the U.N.-led pitiful ROK forces, almost driven into the sea, managed to stabilize a defensive frontier / holding action, termed the Pusan Perimeter. Although more UN support eventually arrived the situation was perilous, and it looked as though the North would defeat the U.N. and, ultimately militarily reunify the peninsula.

 * 1) Besides the main powers (North and South Korea, China, US and USSR), what other countries participated in the Korean War?
 * Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, South Africa, Turkey, Thailand, Greece, the Netherlands, Ethiopia, Colombia, the Philippines, Belgium, and Luxembourg, all under the aegis of the United Nations.

 * 1) How did South Korea and UN forces recover from the North's rapid expansion and control of all but the tiny southeastern tip of the peninsula?
 * In order to alleviate pressure on the Pusan Perimeter, MacArthur, as UN commander in chief of U.N.'s Korean theater of operations, ordered an invasion at Inchon, far behind the North Korean troops . This was an extremely risky operation, but it was extremely successful. United Nations troops landed at Inchon, faced only mild resistance and quickly moved to recapture Seoul. The North Koreans, finding their supply lines cut, began a rapid retreat northwards and the ROK and UN forces that had been confined in the south moved north and joined up with those that had landed at Inchon.

 * 1) Why did Truman fire General MacArthur?
 * MacArthur meeting with ROC President Chiang Kai-shek in the role of a U.S. diplomat. MacArthur was also wrong at Guam when President Truman asked him specifically about Chinese troop buildup near the Korean border. Furthermore, MacArthur openly criticized the Commander-in-Chief during press conferences, and was rude and flippant when speaking to Truman. Most significantly, he suggested using nuclear weapons to deter China. MacArthur was succeeded by General Matthew Ridgway.

 * 1) Why was Korea significant in the development of the Cold War?
 * The Korean War was the first armed confrontation of the Cold War, and a model for many later conflicts, that of conventional, limited warfare, instead of an all out nuclear war. It also expanded the Cold War frontiers, which to that point had mostly been confined to opposing Russian expansion in Central Europe.

 * 1) What are some famous artistic interpretations of the Korean War?
 * Artist Pablo Picasso's painting Massacre in Korea (1951) depicted violence against civilians during the Korean War. By some account, civilian killings committed by U.S. forces in Shinchun, Hwanghae Province was the motive of the painting. In South Korea, the painting was deemed anti-American, a longtime taboo in the South, that it was prohibited for public display until the 1990s.
 * In the United States, far and away the most famous artistic depiction of the war is the book, movie and television series M*A*S*H, which depicts the misadventures of the staff of a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital as they struggle to keep their sanity through the war's absurdities through ribald humour and hijinks when not treating wounded.

Space Race (1957-1975)
The Space Race was an unofficial competition between the United States and the USSR in space exploration and technology, and especially to the race between the two nations to land a human being on the moon in the second half of the 1960s.

The Soviets beat the Americans in most firsts, but did not manage to beat them to the moon. Technology and especially aerospace technology advanced greatly during this period. In the sense that it was contested during the 1960s, the space race is usually considered to have been ended by the joint Apollo-Soyuz mission in 1975.

Iran (1951-1953)
In 1951, Prime Minister Muhammad Mussadegh, a militant nationalist, forced the parliament to nationalize the British-owned oil industry in Iran. Despite British pressure, including a economic blockade which caused real hardship, the nationalization continued. Mussadegh was briefly forced from power in 1952 but quickly returned and forced the Shah to flee. It was assumed Mussadegh would declare a republic, but a few days later the Shah returned and again forced Mussadegh from office on August 19 with U.S. CIA support. Mussadegh was arrested and a new prime minister was appointed.

Guatemala (1954)
In 1944, Gen. Jorge Ubico's dictatorship was overthrown by the "October Revolutionaries,"a group of dissident military officers, students, and liberal professionals. This started what is sometimes called The Ten Years of Spring, a period of rare free speech and political organizations, land reform, and a perception that great progress could be made in Guatemala. A civilian president, Juan Jose Arevalo, was elected in 1945 and held the presidency until 1951. Social reforms initiated by Arevalo were continued by his successor, Col. Jacobo Arbenz. Arbenz permitted the communist Guatemalan Labor Party to gain legal status in 1952. This greatly upset the American government which, under pressure from CIA Director Allen Dulles, brother of the U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, denounced the communist tendency of Guatemalan government and decided the Arbenz government had to be overthrown. Despite most Guatemalans' attachment to the original ideals of the 1944 uprising, some private sector leaders and the military adhered to the U.S.-imposed ideas about communist threat and started to view Arbenz's policies as a menace. The army refused to defend the Arbenz government when a United States and United Fruit -backed group led by Col. Carlos Castillo Armas invaded the country from Honduras in 1954 and quickly took over the government.

title: The Cold War/Study Guide


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2015 February 4

= February 4 =

Objectivity of law
How can the discipline of law be objective if the legal reasoning of the courts on certain cases is always overruled?

Theoretically speaking, if a legal interpretation is valid, it must remain in force until the law itself is repealed or amended. But, in some jurisdictions, the overruling of earlier decisions is a habit.

Law is said to be whatever the Supreme Court think it is. There seems to be a kernel of truth in this statement given that court decisions, no matter how reasonable they may be, can be overruled. Indeed, there are several accounts where the court’s sudden deviation from its earlier decision is influenced by emotion or politics. We can see this in the manner by which the justices or judges twist the law to absurdity, or the way they reacted when confronted with controversial cases that may tarnish their reputation. The problem is, in most jurisdictions, these decisions become a binding precedent that would inspire faulty interpretations of the law in the future.

Again, how can the discipline of law tolerate these subjectivities while maintaining academic objectivity at the same time?

What do legal scholars say to defend the objectivity of the discipline of law? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:06, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Rule of law, Statutory interpretation and Precedent might be useful starting points. Tevildo (talk) 09:13, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * There's the minor point of laws being changed, new facts being discovered, and mistakes being found in prior reasoning.

 * But you don't seem to be asking for objectivity, you are asking for absolute certainty. An analogous question might be, how can we hold Einstein to be right, when we thought Newton was right, but he was later proved wrong?  The answer is that certainty is contextual, there is no such thing as certainty that isn't the result of the reasoning of some individual in a certain context with a finite understanding of a limited number of facts."“Certain” represents an assessment of the evidence for a conclusion; it is usually contrasted with two other broad types of assessment: “possible” and “probable.” . . . Idea X is “certain” if, in a given context of knowledge, the evidence for X is conclusive. In such a context, all the evidence supports X and there is no evidence to support any alternative . . . .  You cannot challenge a claim to certainty by means of an arbitrary declaration of a counter-possibility, . . . you cannot manufacture possibilities without evidence . . . .  All the main attacks on certainty depend on evading its contextual character . . . .  The alternative is not to feign omniscience, erecting every discovery into an out-of-context absolute, or to embrace skepticism and claim that knowledge is impossible. Both these policies accept omniscience as the standard: the dogmatists pretend to have it, the skeptics bemoan their lack of it. The rational policy is to discard the very notion of omniscience. Knowledge is contextual—it is knowledge, it is valid, contextually. --Leonard Peikoff, The Philosophy of Objectivism lecture series, Lecture 6,"For governments to work, decisions have to be made, and they are made by individual politicians, and enforced by guns.  It's that or anarchy and civil war.  The price is the occasional injustice, assuming there's no overwhelming evil like slavery corrupting the system.  Unfortunately just as people sometimes die from routine surgery, the law is an ass.  In the course of human events, everyone decides for himself. μηδείς (talk) 19:45, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Expressing sympathy at the death of a Muslim
Is it acceptable for me as a non-Muslim to say something like "May Allah the merciful grant his soul eternal peace"? I have noticed that "Allah the merciful" seems to be a standard phrase, is it appropriate in this situation? The deceased is a murder victim so I wish to emphasize the "give him peace" part. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 07:02, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Unless you're saying the whole thing in Arabic, "God" might work better than "Allah". And you should only say it if you mean it. InedibleHulk (talk) 07:28, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Good point, I do not speak Arabic so saying "Allah" might seem pretentious. The widow is a former work colleague, not a close friend, and I only met the deceased briefly on a few occasions. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 07:34, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If you weren't that close, and if the guy's murder had to do with some sinful living, it might not be right to bring the mercy part up. That's sort of personal, invokes thoughts of judgment. But eternal peace is always a nice sentiment. InedibleHulk (talk) 07:41, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * There are countless ways to express sincere, heartfelt condolences without misleading people into thinking you're Muslim, or accidentally offending people who actually are. Just be true to your own religious beliefs and your words will be appreciated.  --Bowlhover (talk) 08:04, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Very true. Roger, your first idea was good and will be appreciated, just say it in English that way: "May God the merciful grant his soul eternal peace", or simply "May God grant his soul eternal peace". Akseli9 (talk) 12:02, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks everyone. (Just for the record, he was killed in his shop by robbers, no "sinful living" involved - except for the verminous scum who did it.) Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 14:34, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * A Muslim friend said that phrase to me when he heard that my father had died - I was rather touched. He used "God" rather than "Allah". Alansplodge (talk) 09:13, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Muslim reburial practices
Sorry, but I've a related question. If a Muslim's burial is disturbed is there any special ceremony that should be done for the reburial so as to show proper respect to the dead? Say, if hypothetically a Muslim was buried in a site and you unearth his bones without realising it at first, how should you go about doing right by him? Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 15 Shevat 5775 08:09, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * According to this, it's OK to dig them up if they're not in sanctified ground, or in a place the landowner doesn't want them. I assume you're not unearthing things without realizing in a cemetery. Just treat it with common courtesy (no puppetry) and give a proper Islamic funeral. InedibleHulk (talk) 20:11, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Well I'd never do puppetry with human remains, a sheep-goat, yes, but never human remains. It's more like you'll be happily, but carefully, digging away in what you think is ancient soil and then start coming upon bones that are exceptionally spongey (and which you've hopefully not licked to determine if they're bone). Swears will be said and then you'll excavate more quickly as you realise the Roman drain you've been excavating (a gold mine of ancient trash) apparently was reused by well-meaning Palestinian villagers at some point in the last few hundred years as a burial spot and is therefore contaminated. Would the washing aspect include human bones though? Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 15 Shevat 5775 22:33, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't see why not. But I don't know. Why are these bones exceptionally spongy? And does a sheep-goat skullpuppet say "Bah" or "Meh"? InedibleHulk (talk) 10:21, 5 February 2015 (UTC) InedibleHulk (talk) 10:19, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Spongy bones means they are not fossilized, thus could be quite recently deceased. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 16:59, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh right, that makes sense. I was thinking "exceptionally" compared to today's bones. Like, maybe they were in exceptionally acidic dirt. InedibleHulk (talk) 01:20, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

tax wedge / tax burden by country
Hi,

1.

I'm interested in the effective official tax wedge or tax burden by country, i.e. list of countries and the value for each one. I can't seem to find any such article on WP.

I'm looking for a chart like this one http://view.samurajdata.se/psview.php?id=9d6f999f&page=1 (the pdf is from http://www.oecd.org/newsroom/36371703.pdf which I put into the top Google query for 'online pdf viewer') but as you can see it's a decade out of date. Where can I find our current data?

2.

By the way, I realize in some countries with very high taxes effectively not all income is reported - otherwise much of the income would not occur at all. (Especially countries with, a high underreporting index.)  But I'm interested in official figures where everything is done as it would be in a highly-reported country. If there is any significant deviation (more than a couple of percentage) then are the official figures inflated vis-a-vis actual practice? I mean, I can imagine a country operating just fine with a 150% tax wedge (you owe the government $1.50 for every $1 you receive from any source) as long as people drastically under-report. How can I understand this distinction?

3.

Also, I just realized that average figures are quite meaningless without knowing income level we're asking about, but I'm not really sure what question I want to ask that would let me understand this. Is it "marginal tax wedge by country" or something, and then I can just see a chart (rather than value) for eachcountry, for where the jumps are as you go from $0 to $mm? I mean I think I can imagine such a chart but don't think I've seen one. If anyone knows what I'm really asking here it's appreciated :). For starters let's find any of our charts at all.

Thanks for any help, especially I think #1 should be a list we have somewhere, I'm sure. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:33, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Not a direct answer to your Q, but those articles you linked to focus on the negative effect on businesses of taxation, but the positive effects must also be considered. If those taxes are used to provide a good infrastructure, a well-educated workforce, police and fire department protection, and health and retirement benefits so your business doesn't have to cover all those expenses, your business will do far better than it would without taxes.  If you look at countries with high taxes (say the Nordic nations)  versus low (say African nations), businesses tend to do better in the higher tax nations. StuRat (talk) 17:01, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I actually wasn't thinking of it in normative ("should") terms at all, just in descriptive ("is") terms. I think your observations are good ones but I wish I could come to some of my own conclusions based on looking at different data. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:07, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. I only felt the need to add that bit because "burden" seems to be a rather loaded word.  I'd ask about "business tax rates" to keep it neutral. StuRat (talk) 21:18, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I meant it as a term of art - okay, wow, I just found what I was looking for by Googling "tax burden" in quotation marks!

 * List of countries by tax rates.

 * As you can see, the article starts "tax burden falls differently on different groups in each country and sub-national unit" with that wikified.

 * So I literally just found what I was looking for based on that term :) Thanks for focusing on it!  By the way, it didn't come up until I googled it as a phrase (in quotation marks). :)  I'm now looking over the list.  <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:14, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Glad you found what you were looking for. I will mark this Q resolved. StuRat (talk) 07:35, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

What is the name of this philosophy?
Consisting of turning everything into joy or pleasure, even frustration, even suffering? It is not Hedonism, it is not Fatalism, I know there is a specific name, what is it please? Akseli9 (talk) 11:52, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Possibly Epicureanism. Paul B (talk) 12:14, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * rose-colored glasses if you're being cynical, or, more generously: optimism. Being constructive.  Positive thinking.  Looking for solutions and enjoyment rather than finding flaws.  Some people like to suffer and love conflict, others love when people work together and help and grow the world.  Both are necessary in the world, and I've given a few words for the one you're asking about.  People should have parts of both aspects in their personality, I feel. It is important to be critical.  it is also important to be constructive and take and share joy and pleasure in accomplishments, even in bad situations.  The only thing that all successful, joyful, happy people have in common is working toward positive visions and solutions, not just reactively (to 'frustration, even suffering.)  That is an easy cycle to get into but it would never break.  This is just my opinion though. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:39, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Pollyanna principle. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 15:03, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Interesting developments and ideas, thanks. The person who asks this, is looking for a name from back the philosophy class we French have during the last year of our secondary school. "Possibly Epicureanism" was a good guess, but sorry, this one doesn't ring a bell? Akseli9 (talk) 15:17, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Eudémonisme? (see also eudaemonism, Philosophy of happiness, Eudaimonia, Augustine of Hippo, ..). ---Sluzzelin talk  15:27, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

None of these exactly fits, but mindfullness is a Buddhist practice where one observes that one is suffering an emotion without being controlled by it. (That's very close to Stoic ethics, which hold that externalities like health and wealth are mere facts (which, while they may be preferable or not) are without moral value, that only that which is under your voluntary control (your judgments and commitment to reason) is truly good.) And Catholicism has redemptive suffering. Epicureanism holds that happiness is the absence of suffering, which is simple to obtain if one has the basic necessities. In extremity an Epicurean can escape unbearable suffering by suicide. Eudaimonism is literally "well-spiritedness", based on balance (nothing in extreme) and magnanimity. μηδείς (talk) 19:27, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Note also that pleasure, joy are long-term happiness are three different things. A mother who has lost a child, and is again expecting, will not feel pleasure when the new baby kicks, but she will feel joy.  A gambler might feel extreme joy at a temporary winning streak, but he won't be said to be a happy person so long as he feels he is out of control. μηδείς (talk) 01:20, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Geoffrey (archbishop of York)
I'm a little confused as to which offices Geoffrey held in the 1170s. I see the article says,

 * 1 - Geoffrey was Archdeacon of Lincoln in the diocese of Lincoln by September 1171.
 * 2 - In 1173 and early 1174 Geoffrey fought a military campaign in northern England = military position?
 * 3 - He also held a prebend, an income from land owned by a cathedral chapter = landlord?
 * 4 - There are some indications that he studied canon law at a school in Northampton = lawyer?
 * 5 - he taught in Paris during the early 1170s = teacher?
 * 6 - He also acted as a papal judge-delegate at that time.
 * 7 - Bishop of Lincoln in July 1175.

Can someone help me to establish exactly which offices (positions) Geoffrey had in the 1170s? Thanks.--Doug Coldwell (talk) 12:46, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Mmm. Yup. All of those and a few others besides. He was a busy youth much in favour with his father, Henry II, by the looks. I think that father-son relationship is the best single explanation for his diverse job portfolio. Neither are any of the combinations all that surprising; large overlaps between church and state and law and and acadamy. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography gives the following:

 * Archdeacon of Lincoln by 1170/71, at say age 19 or 20.
 * also held the prebend of Mapesbury (attached to St Paul's) until 1173 - it's normal for an officer of a cathedral to have a prebend which provides a stipend. I tend to think the Church is the 'landlord'.
 * appointed by Henry II Bishop-elect of Lincoln 1173 - gives up prebend (presumably gets paid for the new post)
 * confirmed as same by pope 1175 (against his better judgement, I tend to think)
 * During all this period - doesn't put much effort into his day-job, and instead is studying & teaching law. Does occasionlly act as a papel-judge delegate, a role which goes with the Archdeacon job.
 * 1173 - war in France, and so not unreasonably Geoff takes up arms for his father, which goes down well with Henry.
 * He is never consecrated as bishop of Lincoln, and spends his time up to 1181 studying. Does not entirely neglect Lincoln, but, you know, not often there.
 * 1181 - seems to be pressure to either get consecrated as bishop, or resign as bishop elect. Resigns.
 * Daddy makes him a Royal Chancellor in 1181, but he seems to be mostly absent from the court, very likely in part moving & shaking on his father's behalf throughout Europe, and studying.
 * 1187 - more war, more soldiering
 * 1189 - Henry I dies, Richard I takes over
 * 1189 - Meets Richard, resigns as chancellor
 * 1189 - Richard makes him made Archbishop of York
 * 1189 - 1208 - Spends 20 or so years getting into & out of ecclesiastical disputes (bringing together all of his talents ;)
 * 1208 - Flees to France, having quarreled once to often, this time with King John.
 * 1208-12 Monk
 * 1212 - dies, presumably exhausted by the above.
 * So in all of that, we have him doing four sequential jobs (archdeacon, bishop-elect, chancellor, archbishop), whilst learning on the job (studies throughout Europe, including teaching), taking time out to fight wars. Acting as a judge or a landlord are incidental features of his roles.
 * --Tagishsimon (talk) 13:44, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * What an outstanding answer. Thanks!--Doug Coldwell (talk) 14:22, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

LEGO's itsy-bitsy little brother
(measured using an digital caliper)
 * https://www.dropbox.com/s/64lpz13xb0luudg/bricks.jpg?dl=0
 * Length: 15.88 mm
 * Width: 7.92 mm
 * Height: 3.06 mm

I found this little 2 x 4 thin brick at a 2nd-hand LEGO seller's place. She was pretty busy selling bricks by weight so she answers no questions.

This 2 x 4 brick is roughly the same size as a 1 x 2 standard LEGO brick but a little thinner. Its color is very close to LEGO's dark gray. However, it is incompatible with the LEGO.

Has anyone ever seen this kind of brick? -- Toytoy (talk) 14:19, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If I'm reading your measurements and understanding the pictures correctly, they look similar in size to Nanoblock  [//www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QXGP837-dU]. Our article notes one distinctive feature compared to Lego is the underside and your image shows a similar underside to the Nanoblock examples in the earlier links (or also our article description). Of course just as there are plenty of generally at least partially compatible Lego clones, I'm sure there are Nanoblock clones, or even similar concepts that may have been invented independently (perhaps less likely once we consider the underside, but the general idea of smaller bricks about half the size of lego for the same number of studs isn't hard to come up with). This mentions one example of a similar brick system [//www.commandercottontail.com/index.php/blog/get_post?id=45] although these look to have the a Lego like underside. So it may be difficult to be certain what your brick is without careful comparison (perhaps from an expert with sufficient experience to notice any oddities), or perhaps even destructive analysis. (I thought I'd seen them before 2008 but according to our article, I guess it must have been something else, perhaps the Microblox as per the other source and/or with remembering when I did see Nanoblock wrong. Anyway since Nanoblock appears to be that new, it's possible it may still have patent protection. But I'm not sure that the underside or any other aspect was sufficiently inventive to be eligible for patent protection, or if the makers of Nanoblock even tried. If they didn't then it's likely clones could appear quite similar. As our Lego clone article attests, patent protection is likely the only legal protection the brick could have against difficult to distinguish blocks, if it doesn't have the brand name or sign.) Nil Einne (talk) 16:27, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Number of presidents
In the timeline of presidents of the US, George Washington is the 1º, Barack Obama is the 44º, and so all the others. In the infoboxes at their articles they are listed as "1st President of the United States", "44th President of the United States", etc. I have a doubt: is that just a manual convention arranged here in Wikipedia and other sites that talk about the timeline, or is there some official regulation in "the real world" about the numbering? Can someone come up with another numbering scheme, such as including Jefferson Davis in the list (president of the Confederate States of America during the civil war), and then counting Obama as the 45th? Cambalachero (talk) 16:51, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The count is official. There have been 43 men that have served as PoTUS, but Grover Cleveland is regarded the 22nd and 24th President because he didn't serve two consecutive terms (he lost his reelection but then won when he ran again the next go-around) and so it can be a bit confusing, but the count is 44 and you can verify this by going to the White House page on Obama where it's the first line that comes up. Jefferson Davis was president of a different political entity and so there's no reason to include him as a US President even if he was President of a country within the geographical United States. I hope this answers your question, but if you were thinking that the List of US Presidents article needs a change, then this isn't the right place for that discussion. This page is. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 15 Shevat 5775 16:57, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * We also had several people with the title of "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" under the Articles of Confederation, which was the unsuccessful first form of US government, prior to the current US government under the US Constitution. History classes tend to skip over that failure. StuRat (talk) 17:13, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Those people were not Chief Executives of the nation as a whole; one of the many weaknesses of the AofC was that it lacked a central executive system outside of the Congress itself. The people who held the title "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" did not wield power as either head-of-state or head-of-government.  They were presiding officers of the Continental Congress, a position more akin to the role of Speaker of the House or perhaps the role of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court within the Supreme Court.  -- Jayron 32 17:45, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * This is why George Bush Sr. and Jr. are often called "Bush 41" and "Bush 43". As regards Davis, the Confederacy is not recognized as a legal entity, and he doesn't figure into the count. The "president" under the Articles of Confederation was not the same office as the president under the Constitution, despite having a similar name. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 17:15, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * True, but the office of the President now is really not the same as it was in Washington's time, either. For example, the President now has the de facto ability to declare war. StuRat (talk) 17:31, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it's better said that the War Powers Act gives the president the de jure ability to begin hostilities, which has so far always de facto resulted in the Congress's unwillingness to challenge or gainsay him. Even John Kerry voted for the war before he voted against it. μηδείς (talk) 19:06, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's like a "blanket pre-declaration" of war, authorized by Congress, but it's not carte blanche for the president. Also note it was passed during the Nixon administration. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 19:12, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * But this does not amount to the office being now a different one to the one Washington occupied. The powers of the office have changed, that's all.  Any office worth its salt will undergo significant evolution in 240 years.  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  20:52, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The "president" under the Articles was more like speaker of the house. The specific authorities granted to the president under the Constitution have evolved, but it's still the same office, i.e. the executive branch. The "president" under the Articles had no independent executive authority. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 17:36, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Right, but this Q was about "Presidents of the US", not "Presidents of the US with independent executive authority". StuRat (talk) 18:55, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Not the same thing, despite using a similar term. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 19:00, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The Q was also ambiguous as to whether the guy wanted to know for his own edification or for changing an article. The latter being a Fringe interpretation at best and original research at worst. If that's the case, of course. Not saying anything against the OP. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 15 Shevat 5775 18:59, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Besides Davis as President of a part of the area of the modern U.S., there were also four Presidents of Texas. Rmhermen (talk) 18:21, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Davis was not a legitimate president of any part of the US. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 19:00, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Nor is or was anyone else. —Tamfang (talk) 06:07, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * ...and California had one. StuRat (talk) 18:53, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * He seems to have been commander not president. Rmhermen (talk) 03:02, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * But only New York once had the national capital and so it wins the Game of States (Philly doesn't count ). Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 15 Shevat 5775 18:59, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I believe the OP should consider that President is an office and may have (has) "slots". So saying someone was the third pitcher in a series of games (let's say each one has 1 pitcher) is ambiguous: there was a first game, a second game, and a third game, and each one had a pitcher.  You could simply be saying, by saying "Who was the third pitcher" - 'who was the pitcher in the third game', or you could say, 'who was the third person to ever pitch'?  It's quite ambiguous.  Ordinarily in ordinary language if you heard 'who was the third pitcher' wouldn't you think, "who was the third person to pitch"?  (in sequence) rather than, out of everyone that has pitched who was the third such person?  (e.g. A pitches, B pitches, A pitches, C pitches, D pitches, wouldn't you think that the answer to 'Who was the third pitcher' would be "A again"? It's quite ambiguous. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:23, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Actually, my question is just for informative purposes, not for changing an article. It has been proposed to use a similar number scheme for the articles about the presidents of Argentina, and before having a clear opinion in the discussion I wanted to know more about the background of the presidents of the US (which already use this system, and are watched by far more users). My idea was to see which things may be similar to the Argentine context, which ones would be different, and organize my ideas from that point; but that part (organizing my ideas) is up to me. I know that most users will have just a superficial knowledge about Argentina at best, so making the question directly may be less useful. And yes, of course that counting Davis as a US president would be fringe, that's precisely the point of the question: if someone can make his own numbering scheme by using a creative interpretation, or if Obama is formally declared to be the 44th president in some formal or legal way. Cambalachero (talk) 21:04, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ah now I see. I meant no offence and you have my sincerest apologies for any offence caused to you. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 15 Shevat 5775 22:36, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No problem. I'm glad that there's people around trying to detect and prevent the inclusion of original research in articles, and if someone tried to actually invoke it (I made that reasoning on the fly, just as a example for the question) I would revert it as well. Cambalachero (talk) 22:50, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Also, I'd caution you against applying the US Presidential numbering system to the heads of state/government of any other country. At least, not without a definite consensus in each case.  I could be wrong, but I think it's only in the USA that someone like Grover Cleveland is counted as both the  22nd and 24th president.  In Westminster-type countries, they're given the ordinal the first time they occupy the office, and that ordinal re-applies no matter how many times they re-occupy it after leaving it and someone else has stepped in.  See List of Prime Ministers of Australia, for ex.  We've had 28 different people in that job, and the current one is counted as Number 28.  Numerous PMs had non-consecutive multiple terms (most recently Kevin Rudd - 2007-10; June-Sept 2013) but we ignore that when numbering them.  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  23:17, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That's how we do it in Canada too - William Lyon Mackenzie King is number 10, despite his three non-consecutive terms. Adam Bishop (talk) 23:51, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * When we use numbers at all, which is pretty rare in practice. It seems from where I sit that Americans are particularly fond of numbering things that way. (Not that there's anything wrong with that.) --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:10, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, a purist may well argue that what the USA counts is not the number of presidents (as the term implies), but the number of non-consecutive presidential terms, which is is quite a different thing. There have also been a swag of consecutive terms, but any of those after the first is ignored.  I have never seen much logic in this system.  I mean, if it's fair enough to call Cleveland the 22nd and 24th president, why wasn't Washington called the 1st and 2nd?  And so on.  Just because there wasn't a gap between Washington's two terms doesn't mean he didn't have to get elected all over again and sworn in all over again etc, just like Cleveland.  That's what a purist may think.  --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  00:26, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Two consecutive terms implies a continuity of an administration. Not so with Cleveland. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 01:38, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Then why not call it the 22nd and 24th administrations, rather than the 22nd and 24th presidents? Obama is into his second administration, and when he departs he will have had exactly the same number as Cleveland. But he gets one ordinal while Cleveland gets two. The world would be a far better place if everybody would just see things my way and act accordingly.  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  05:42, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You would have to ask the historians who came up with the numbering system. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 10:49, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Have them brought to me for questioning. --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  12:18, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Tangent: I seem to remember reading of a king somewhere who abdicated in favor of his son, who had the same name; the son died young, and the crown reverted to the father — perhaps the only time a regnal number ever went backward, except in the Society for Creative Anachronism. —Tamfang (talk) 08:51, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * As I said, I would only use the US context as a starting point for comparison, setting apart which things are similar and which things are not; and thus which conclusions may shared and which ones not. So yes, I take your advise in consideration. Cambalachero (talk) 00:45, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

It's genuinely ambiguous, but we go by terms. President is an office and term, not only a person. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:11, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No; as JackofOz said above, many presidents have had consecutive terms but are counted only once. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:32, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * It's hard to tell when the numbering began, but it's clear the idea was established by the time of the File:Presidential issue-1938.jpg stamp collection. Interestingly enough, they number Cleveland as 22, then skip 23, and then pick up with Harrison as 24. Other than that oddity, the numbering matches the modern convention. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 12:35, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Possibly there were no postage rates then in force that could justify a stamp valued at 23¢? {The poster formerly known as <IP_ADDRESS>} <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:00, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Domestic mail was typically no more than a few cents, so the denominations on these stamps would have been, in part, just a novelty. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 21:52, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The USA system makes sense if you count 'presidencies', which is the same as what Mr Bugs called 'continuities of an administration'. Carter had one.  Obama is finishing his one.  Cleveland had two. Hayttom 04:16, 6 February 2015 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hayttom (talk • contribs)

 * But who says Obama, Clinton et al have had only one presidency? Just because their two terms were continuous doesn't negate their second inauguration, or the fact that they occupied the White House for 8 years rather than 4.  Exactly like Grover Cleveland.  Sorry, but you'll never get me to accept that Cleveland was 2 presidents but Obama is only 1.  We should probably just agree to disagree.  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  18:51, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Disagreeing is certainly acceptable, but the two Clinton or Obama terms are not "exactly like Grover Cleveland". One big distinction: Cleveland's second term followed a different president (Benjamin Harrison) and saw a complete change of administration and cabinet, Clinton and Obama's didn't. The cabinet in Cleveland's second term was also completely different from that of his first term, while the same is not true of either Clinton or Obama's cabinets (though there were changes). The discontinuity is more than just an interruption of one same thing. ---Sluzzelin talk  21:13, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Some presidents have had different vice-presidents for their second terms. Cleveland could have chosen the same Cabinet members the second time round.  Obama and Clinton could have had clean slates for their second terms.  These details change nothing about the number of presidents.  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  21:39, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * So this is actually one of my favorite pieces of evidence that the notion of multiset is natural to humans and not just a piece of mathematical or computer-science trivia. Another one is baseball, where in a particularly good inning for the offense (or more likely, a particularly bad one for the defense), you might have ten or more players come to bat.  But of course there are only nine players (at any one time) on the team, so unless there is a substitution in the middle, the "ten players" map to only nine distinct individuals. --Trovatore (talk) 00:40, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Generating a List of History Majors
To Whom It May Concern:

Is there any way to search Wikipedia to generate a list of the people listed in wikipedia that have majored in history? Is there a way to customize that search to find people of color that majored in history? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:16, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Two issues: 1) 'Majored in' is a specific term, which doesn't apply to a lot of education systems, would need to be expanded to 'studied history at university'. 2) Same issue with 'people of color', that odd term that is completely meaningless, and needs definition. Do you mean black people, Asians, etc, or all non-whites? Need to be more specific! <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:48, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * People self-identify in certain ways using WP:USERBOXes. It's entirely voluntary, someone might identify as anything he likes, so you might get people identifying as black, African-American, African, a history buff, a Historian, or whatever.  It's totally unscientific.  But for any specific user box you can click "what links here" and you will see a list of people who have put that box on their account. μηδείς (talk) 01:09, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You can get this information (a real name) for the price of a sandwich. Offer a sandwich to the first innocent 18 year old in a library who will read up for 4 hours and type a 1-2 page report on what they've found.  link the report and you'll get a username and maybe even a real name.  you can literally follow this, from anywhere in the world, and get a name.  it costs you a sandwich, what's not to like.  if going to the library is too much trouble you can fake it. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:01, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The IP has asked a reasonable question from his perspective, why do we have to anonymous users making critical remarks that are irrelevant--the IP doesn't need to define his terms to be told how the site can be searched--and he has no need of obscure jokes either. μηδείς (talk) 04:38, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, the IP does need their search terms defined, as the currently suggested terms are US specific, thereby limiting the expected results. Now, this can be the intent, but when it is not, other terms will need to be used. Just being helpful! <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:21, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Assuming good faith, your exclamation points look a lot like spears! Unless you're also new here (and I suspect you aren't!) try to be more gentle! μηδείς (talk) 18:39, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia has a List of historians by area of study. And there is the giant category Category:Historians filled with a ton of little categories such as Category:Historians of technology or Category:Indian historians. But I've never seen a biography here with a category that refered to what people studied at university.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:23, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

I have to apologize, I read the question as asking about wikipedia users. If the OP wants to know about people listed in articles he should look at WP:CATEGORY. μηδείς (talk)

The difference between a tribe and a state
A big and powerful society conquers a smaller and weaker one. Both societies apparently have a lot in common, with a small group of powerful rich people ruling over poor masses. Yet often the conquered one is referred to as a "tribe" and regarded as somehow not as advanced as the big one. I can understand calling such a small society that one meets every other member often a tribe. But none of the groups I hear referred to as tribes are like that. What is a tribe anyway and how is it different from a state? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:38, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Generally I'd say a tribe is smaller, although one tribe can span more than one nation, too. StuRat (talk) 23:57, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Scope the article on complex society and social complexity. You're asking a question deeply-rooted in anthropology and one of the many that's earned anthropologists the fun title of "racists with hats". Basically a state has more complex social institutions than a tribe, delineated borders, social hierarchy, all that good stuff. That's my half-baked answer. I have about 15 absolutely impenetrable books that could give you a solid answer on some more specific bits. This is question though is a bone of much contention. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775 00:06, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * This might sound like one of those condescendingly simple solutions, but have you read tribe and state? InedibleHulk (talk) 01:19, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I was worried mine might sound that way whereas I was really just stating my annoyance over certain bits of anthro. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775 01:35, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I think "States" have more fully developed international relations than do "tribes". Bus stop (talk) 01:51, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * What about Japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate, The People's Socialist Republic of Albania, and Ming China? I'm not sure international relations are a good thing to go on as they're dependent on other polities. For a long time in Egyptology, egyptologists treated Egypt (regarded as the pinnacle of Ancient World civilisation by them) as if it were alone in the world and above the people outside of it. Nowadays we're well-aware of their extensive contacts, but these ideas of what makes a tribe, a state, etc. were all invented a long ways back and though they've been refined, they still have the same base elements (which is very ambiguous on my part, yes, but like I said, complex). Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775 02:07, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Sometimes simple is just best. Like you say, the bigger picture is pretty hard for one brain to grasp. Too many cooks. My simplest answer is a tribe is a "savage" state. As that disambiguation page attests, polite society doesn't use that word the same these days, but still gets the gist of it, like with "polite society". When a civilized (or civilised) person sees a tribe, she just sort of knows it's not a state like hers. InedibleHulk (talk) 01:54, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't know about those classifications either as the savagery - barbarism - civilised ladder is kind of out-moded. It was replaced by a five-tier system whose name escapes me right now. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775 02:07, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Probably a bit dated. I sometimes forget if we're supposed to study history thinking like a new age man or the authors. InedibleHulk (talk) 02:11, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * As an archaeologist and historian, I'll say it's best to try and study history attempting to apply as little of our own world today and trying to think more about their situation back then in our interpretations. A lot easier said than done though. In other words, take a stab at historiography, but reconstructing how people thought is next to impossible. It's on yet another scale which deals with difficulty in interpretation and is also five-tier (archaeologists are obsessed with threes and anthropologists and socioligists with fives, I guess). No, I don't think that was it. It only covered what we've seen so far in societal development. I did give that a look over after seeing Interstellar for obvious reasons. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775
 * For the record, Petrie's saying it wasn't the Kardashev scale, which I mentioned before deleting that terrible guess. He's not imagining things. InedibleHulk (talk) 02:35, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ah, sorry about that, but I may very well be imagining things. I am quite mad you know. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775 02:48, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * According to Wikipedia, the Lombards were a tribe, but the Kingdom of the Lombards was an early state. Seems to suggest a state is a geopolitically succesful tribe. InedibleHulk (talk) 02:11, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Tribe did have a different meaning back then. I don't recall if the tribal system of Allies from the Roman Republic was still in effect back then. It can also just mean a group of people sharing extended kinship. One of my best friends is from the Sudairi tribe of Saudi Arabia for instance, and there a tribe is your extended family. They and the AS-Sauds are the two most influential tribes in the state that is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, haha. It's just a whole bunch of forms of complexity that determine which of these tiers a polity is placed on, but even then they're rigid definitions applied in a world where things are rarely so clear. Just ask any archaeologist or anthropologist actually in the field who isn't trying to push an agenda. Such is the problem with theory. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775 02:24, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yeah, blood ties seem to be a part of it. Like a clan. But that word's tricky, too. InedibleHulk (talk) 02:38, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yeah, especially when it's got 7.000 people in it. In my case with clan, I could claim to be part of the MacKinnons, but that's 1/32 of my blood and who knows what reception I'd recieve on the Isle of Skye Wasn't one's demos in Athens meant to be like a tribe?
 * Deme dere? Seems like land to me, not people. Maybe thinking of a phratry, phyle or genos? InedibleHulk (talk) 03:09, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, haha. Apologies as it's been a while. The whole Athenian system was last covered extensively for me in Ian Morris's The Greeks back in undergrad and has mostly been forgotten (even though I've never read a better history book). I think a problem in the US is oftentimes when we think of tribes it conjures up old perceptions of American Indians and the idea that they were 'primitive' (a term that's kind of loaded as it was often based on type of weaponry and religion). I don't know how people in Britain or other European countries react to the word (what pops into their minds). Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775 03:18, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * First I'd even heard of those things, just followed the Wikilinks. "Primitive tribes" means "Jungle Jitters", to my Canuck ears. I mean, automatically. I'm more openminded after I start thinking. InedibleHulk (talk) 03:37, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * A state is a tribe with an army and navy? AndyTheGrump (talk) 02:13, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * And alliance with or tribute from other tribes. Though tribute is etymologically for tribes. InedibleHulk (talk) 02:15, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I think a "tribe" would tend to have a greater degree of cohesiveness than a "State". Bus stop (talk) 02:48, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * For one possible distinction, has there ever been a nomadic State? —Tamfang (talk) 06:10, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The borders of Poland have definitely wandered around quite a bit over the years... AndyTheGrump (talk) 06:14, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * There were some huge nomadic empires, if that's the same to you. InedibleHulk (talk) 07:00, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * 30% of the population of Mongolia is still nomadic or semi-nomadic. --Bowlhover (talk) 09:09, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Khalkha Mongols suggests 78% of Mongolians belong to a subnation called the Thirteen Khalkhas of the Far North, but Google suggests Wikipedia invented that. InedibleHulk (talk) 10:33, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Tribe and state are just words, they don't represent Platonic Ideals with any reality beyond how we use them to communicate in certain contexts, so there's no "one correct answer". I'd suggest that the main attribute of a tribe is that it is viewed as an extended family, with a chief, perhaps.  A state is geographically defined, and has bureaucrats, as well as a chief of chiefs, such as a king.  A tribe will probably have fewer degrees of separation (maybe from 1 to at most 3) whereas a state will have more. μηδείς (talk) 18:49, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I think the main differentiating factor is cultural. I think a tribe tends to have richer culture than does a State. Bus stop (talk) 23:43, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Googling "cultural richness" finds me "a diversity" of definitions. Is your meaning as vague as National Geographic's? They're the top result. InedibleHulk (talk) 00:31, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * One need not focus on the term "rich". Culture is going to be fundamentally different on a tribal level. Is culture going to be more weak in a successful tribe than in a successful State? Will it be more tepid? No, it is going to be vibrant. And rich. Bus stop (talk) 01:25, 6 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Peace studies/Modernity and fundamentalism

''This learning project is brought to you by the Division of Peace Studies. When contributing to this learning project, please adhere to the Peace Studies learning project guidelines and the Peace Studies learning project template.''

Aims and Objectives
Concepts of 'modernity' and 'fundamentalism' are often juxtaposed in a dichotomous relationship because of a supposed a catalyzation of the latter by the former.

Learning Materials

 * Including links to learning materials in wikiversity, wikipedia, and on the internet.

Reading List
Ideally, readings should be available on the internet, and the links made available. Give a brief summary of each reading, and possibly some questions with which to address the text. Readings that are unavailable on the internet should be referenced in the following way:

 * Author, A., Title of Book (Location: Publisher, Year of Publication).

Assignments

 * Edit and improve this learning project.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ancient Egyptian view of soul

The result of the debate was delete. Shanel 01:49, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Ancient Egyptian view of soul
Can anyone tell what this article is about? Unintelligible, possible original research. Delete. F a ng Aili 18:44, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Pretty dreadful outline of material already covered, very well, in Book of the Dead and related articles. Fan1967 18:55, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per the above. Sandstein 19:18, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete substandard and unencyclopedic. Bucketsofg 19:19, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per Fan-1967 --Icarus 20:10, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Original research. The subject is of sufficient interest to warrant a cleaned-up, referenced and cited article, but this is not the one. A sandbox development opportunity for the author, perhaps?   (aeropagitica)   22:18, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect This topic is already cover in Egyptian soul. Seano1 02:51, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Seano. Reyk 06:08, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. No point in redirecting, as the article title is rather contrived - no one is likely to be looking there for the information. Robin Johnson 11:38, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Seano1. And I think somebody could actually just use this term, especially via google - Skysmith 14:35, 22 March 2006 (UTC)


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Ben Slater

Benjamin Thomas Slater (born 26 August 1991) is an English cricketer who plays for Nottinghamshire. Slater is a left-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born at Chesterfield, Derbyshire.

Slater was educated at Netherthorpe School, before studying Sport and Business Management at Leeds Metropolitan University. While attending the university, he was selected to play for Leeds/Bradford MCCU, making his first-class debut in the team's inaugural first-class match against Surrey at The Oval in 2012. He made a second first-class appearance for the team in that same season against Yorkshire at Headingley. He was also a member of Derbyshire's squad for the 2012 season.

In April 2022, in the 2022 County Championship, Slater scored his maiden double century in first-class cricket, with an unbeaten 225 against Durham.

title: Ben Slater


text:
Talk:60 Second Docs

Notability
Passes WP:WEBCRIT. Curb Safe Charmer (talk) 15:23, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:60 Second Docs