text:
-ne

Etymology
.

Suffix

 * 1)  quickly, soon

Etymology
From, compare 🇨🇬.

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) -al, -ic, -ous;
 * 2) -en;

Inflection
Note that words with suffix decline differently.

Etymology 1
From. Probably related to the essive suffix. Compare 🇨🇬.

Usage notes

 * Relatively rare in spoken Finnish. The idea of comitative is more often expressed with other structures, particularly the postposition.
 * Grammatically comitative is always plural, even if used of a singular object.
 * In nouns the suffix is appended with the appropriate possessive suffix. In Wiktionary the declension tables of Finnish nouns show the comitative with the 3rd person suffix  to form.
 * See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the comitative case is used.

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
Spelled with a hyphen after n, otherwise without a hyphen (but reduced to -e and spelled without a hyphen after -nn in pronouns).
 * Added to nouns (or adjectives modifying a noun) in the presence of the possessive adjective to emphasize the possessor rather than the thing possessed:
 * Added to pronouns (both simple and prepositional) to add emphasis (not to create a reflexive pronoun):
 * Added to synthetic verb forms to add emphasis to the subject:
 * Added to pronouns (both simple and prepositional) to add emphasis (not to create a reflexive pronoun):
 * Added to synthetic verb forms to add emphasis to the subject:
 * Added to synthetic verb forms to add emphasis to the subject:
 * Added to synthetic verb forms to add emphasis to the subject:

Etymology 1
Enclitic form of.

Pronoun

 * 1)  from there; of there,
 * 2) from this; from that; from these; from those,
 * 3) about this; about that; about these; about those
 * 4) of this; of that; of these; of those,
 * 5) for this; for that; for these; for those,
 * 1) about this; about that; about these; about those
 * 2) of this; of that; of these; of those,
 * 3) for this; for that; for these; for those,
 * 1) of this; of that; of these; of those,
 * 2) for this; for that; for these; for those,
 * 1) of this; of that; of these; of those,
 * 2) for this; for that; for these; for those,
 * 1) for this; for that; for these; for those,
 * 1) for this; for that; for these; for those,
 * 1) for this; for that; for these; for those,
 * 1) for this; for that; for these; for those,

Usage notes

 * The enclitic is suffixed either to certain verb forms or to.
 * It can be suffixed to infinitive verb forms. In this case, the final -e of the verb is dropped:
 * If the infinitive form ends in -arre, final -re is dropped:
 * If the infinitive form includes an enclitic personal pronoun, is appended after that. In that case, the -i ending of the personal pronoun changes to -e:
 * If the personal pronoun in question is, an -e- is inserted between the pronoun and :
 * It can also be suffixed to imperative verb forms:
 * If the imperative form includes an enclitic personal pronoun, is appended after that. In that case, the -i ending of the personal pronoun changes to -e:
 * If the personal pronoun in question is, an -e- is inserted between the pronoun and :
 * If has an enclitic personal pronoun suffixed,  is appended after that. In that case, the -i ending of the personal pronoun changes to -e:
 * If the personal pronoun in question is, an -e- is inserted between the pronoun and :
 * If the personal pronoun in question is, an -e- is inserted between the pronoun and :
 * It can also be suffixed to imperative verb forms:
 * If the imperative form includes an enclitic personal pronoun, is appended after that. In that case, the -i ending of the personal pronoun changes to -e:
 * If the personal pronoun in question is, an -e- is inserted between the pronoun and :
 * If has an enclitic personal pronoun suffixed,  is appended after that. In that case, the -i ending of the personal pronoun changes to -e:
 * If the personal pronoun in question is, an -e- is inserted between the pronoun and :
 * If the personal pronoun in question is, an -e- is inserted between the pronoun and :
 * If has an enclitic personal pronoun suffixed,  is appended after that. In that case, the -i ending of the personal pronoun changes to -e:
 * If the personal pronoun in question is, an -e- is inserted between the pronoun and :
 * If has an enclitic personal pronoun suffixed,  is appended after that. In that case, the -i ending of the personal pronoun changes to -e:
 * If the personal pronoun in question is, an -e- is inserted between the pronoun and :
 * If the personal pronoun in question is, an -e- is inserted between the pronoun and :
 * If the personal pronoun in question is, an -e- is inserted between the pronoun and :
 * If the personal pronoun in question is, an -e- is inserted between the pronoun and :

Etymology
From.

Particle

 * 1) or… introduces a question or an alternative
 * 1) or… introduces a question or an alternative
 * 1) or… introduces a question or an alternative
 * 1) or… introduces a question or an alternative
 * 1) or… introduces a question or an alternative
 * 1) or… introduces a question or an alternative

Usage notes

 * A question requiring an answer of "yes" or "no" is formed by adding -ne to the emphatic word:
 * The enclitic -ne is sometimes omitted.
 * When -ne is added to a negative word (such as nōnne) an affirmative answer is expected.
 * The enclitic -ne is sometimes omitted.
 * When -ne is added to a negative word (such as nōnne) an affirmative answer is expected.
 * When -ne is added to a negative word (such as nōnne) an affirmative answer is expected.
 * When -ne is added to a negative word (such as nōnne) an affirmative answer is expected.

Derived terms

 * nōnne
 * anne
 * satine/satin
 * scin

Descendants

 * Sicilian:

Suffix

 * 1) A variant of ; added to adjectives or verbs to form abstract nouns.

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Usage notes
This suffix appears to only have been weakly productive. There are several instances of singulatives suffixed with that are additionally prefixed with, which suggests that  was sometimes considered insufficient to denote singulativity by itself. Beyond Old and Middle Irish the suffix is only found in fossilized forms.

Suffix

 * 1) -selves

Usage notes

 * Added to nouns in the presence of the possessive adjective to emphasize the possessor rather than the thing possessed (NB: Ignores broad/slender rule):
 *  n-athair-ne -- our father
 *  -ne -- our friend
 * Added to prepositional pronouns to add emphasis (not to create a reflexive pronoun):
 * Used with first-person plural (e.g. ).

Usage notes

 * The difference between -ne and is that the former was used for masculine nouns, while the latter was used for feminine, a category lost in modern Swedish, which has merged the two genders into the so-called common gender. Thus, the definite of  would be "stenarne", while the definite of  would be "kvinnorna", the same as the modern form.

Suffix

 * 1) Duoplural number inflection. On nouns in gender III.6, it indicates either collective number or singular noncount (mass) and has corresponding singular agreement marking on verb-forms. (See also:, , .)

Usage notes
This suffix can cause syllable reduction.

Usage notes
This suffix causes any vowel it attaches to to lengthen.

title: -ne


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User:Bradthelad02/TWA/Earth

The Earth is home to millions of species of plants and animals, including humans.

.Earth is a place that's perfect for humans to live and the only planet in solar system that has life.

Science shows that Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago. The organisms that live on Earth have completely changed its air (atmosphere); this is called a biosphere. 71% of Earth's surface is covered in salt water oceans. Earth is the only place in the Solar System where liquid water is known to exist at present. The other 29% is made of rocky land in the shape of continents and islands. Earth interacts with other objects in the Solar System, particularly the Sun and the Moon. The Earth orbits the Sun roughly once every 365.25 days. One spin is called a day and one orbit around the Sun is called a year. This is why there are 365 days in a year, but a leap day added to the calendar once every 4 years.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Bradthelad02/TWA/Earth


text:
File:Memphis NY 1874 Sweet's Atlas map.png

1874 map of Memphis, New York from Sweet's Atlas of Onondaga County


text:
Talk:Learning the vi Editor/Getting acquainted

What about windows versions of vi? Sorry... I said the evil 'w' word didn't I? hehehe

I've used one called 'lemmy' which is quite good. (Not free, but there's a shareware demo) http://www.softwareonline.org/lemmy44.html nojer2 - 19th Feb 2004

 * I did say "If you're running Windows, you can get a version of vi called "elvis"" :) That's what I use, on Windows. But I don't want to put shareware software in otherwise it'll look too much like advertising however. Dysprosia 23:25, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

vim also runs in windows, while we're at it. Also, shouldn't we wait until the end of the page to point them ahead? i.e., put "Basic Tasks" after "Getting Help"?--Silverel 15:17, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)


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Modern Physics/Addition of Velocities

In classical physics, velocities simply add. If an object moves with speed u in one reference frame, which is itself moving at v with respect to a second frame, the object moves at speed u+v in that second frame.

This is inconsistant with relativity because it predicts that if the speed of light is c in the first frame it will be v+c in the second.

We need to find an alternative formula for combining velocities. We can do this with the Lorentz transform.

Because the factor v/c will keep recurring we shall call that ratio β.

We are considering three frames; frame O, frame O' which moves at speed u with respect to frame O, and frame O" which moves at speed v with respect to frame O'.

We want to know the speed of O" with respect to frame O,U which would classically be u+v.

The transforms from O to O' and O' to O" can be written as matrix equations,

\begin{pmatrix} x' \\ ct' \end{pmatrix} = \gamma \begin{pmatrix} 1 & - \beta \\ -\beta & 1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ ct \end{pmatrix} \quad \begin{pmatrix} x \\ t \end{pmatrix} = \gamma' \begin{pmatrix} 1 & - \beta' \\ -\beta' & 1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x' \\ ct' \end{pmatrix} $$

where we are defining the β's and γ's as

 * $$\begin{matrix}

\beta = \frac{u}{c} & \gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2 }} \\ \beta^\prime = \frac{v}{c} & \gamma^\prime = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{\beta^\prime}^2 }} \end{matrix} $$

We can combine these to get the relationship between the O and O" coordinates simply by multiplying the matrices, giving

\begin{pmatrix} x \\ ct \end{pmatrix} = \gamma \gamma^\prime \begin{pmatrix} 1+\beta \beta' & - (\beta + \beta') \\ - (\beta + \beta') & 1+\beta \beta'  \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ ct \end{pmatrix} \quad (1)$$

This should be the same as the Lorentz transform between the two frames,

\begin{pmatrix} x \\ ct \end{pmatrix} = \gamma \begin{pmatrix} 1 & - \beta \\ -\beta'' & 1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ ct \end{pmatrix} \quad (2) \mbox{ where } \begin{matrix} \beta'' & = & \frac{U}{c} \\ \gamma & = & \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{\beta}^2 }} \end{matrix} $$

These two sets of equations do look similar. We can make them look more similar still by taking a factor of 1+ββ' out of the matrix in (1) giving#

\begin{pmatrix} x \\ ct \end{pmatrix} = \gamma \gamma' (1+\beta \beta') \begin{pmatrix} 1 & - \frac{\beta + \beta'}{1+\beta \beta'} \\ - \frac{\beta + \beta'}{1+\beta \beta'} & 1+  \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ ct \end{pmatrix} $$

This will be identical with equation 2 if

 * $$\beta''=\frac{\beta + \beta'}{1+\beta \beta'} \mbox{ (3a)  and }

\gamma'' = \gamma \gamma' (1+\beta \beta') \mbox{ (3b)}$$

Since the two equations must give identical results, we know these conditions must be true.

Writing the β's in terms of the velocities equation 3a becomes

 * $$\frac{U}{c}=\frac{\frac{u}{c} + \frac{v}{c}}{1+\frac{uv}{c^2}}$$

which tells us U in terms of u and v.

A little algebra shows that this implies equation 3b is also true

Multiplying by c we can finally write.

$$U = \frac{u+v}{1+\frac{uv}{c^2}} $$

Notice that if u or v is much smaller than c the denominator is approximately 1, and the velocities approximately add but if either u or v is c then so is U, just as we expected.

title: Modern Physics/Addition of Velocities


text:
User:Dsmooovie/sandbox

Born Dylan J. Choura on 3-20-1994, is a self made entrepreneur from the La County. From Dominguez hospital to the streets of Compton for the first 13 years of his life. He then later relocated to Hemet, California. He then with no parents, nor any family in the area had to make a choice. Against all odds he made the correct choices to invest in his future. Thus the success was created through blood, sweat, and tears!!!

title: User:Dsmooovie/sandbox


text:
Strategic simulations

Part of Strategic Studies

Introduction
The Strategic Simulations page contains a number of games, each one with a particular learning objective.

Complete

 * Mercantilism: A simulation of proxy competition between Superpowers through economics.
 * Cold War: A Mercantilism variant with combat, for the illustration of proxy war in the Cold War Era.

 * Forbidden Kingdom: A simulation of Chinese Communist Party decision making.

Incomplete (help the author complete them!)

 * Liberal Diplomacy (variant of Diplomacy): What would Diplomacy be like if Liberal IR theorists had invented it?

Links to Other Simulations
It is recommended that these links only contain games that are available free and online. This means that the link should include rules, illustrations of pieces, and boards. If it is a computer game, it should at least be shareware, if not freeware.

Diplomacy
Diplomacy is a strategic game that has stood the test of time. It is not only popular amongst gamers, but is used as a project in Strategic Studies classes at some institutions. Play is available online.
 * Diplomacy Archive - Contains lots of information on how to play, variants, rules, maps.
 * Diplomacy (board game) - Wikipedia link.

Dune
Not to be scoffed as a piece of fan paraphernalia, Dune includes a strong Diplomatic component.
 * Dune - This site includes all rules and published variants.
 * Dune (board game) - Wikipedia link.

Lunar Boom Town
Free form learning simulation. Budding venture team members of all ages with a bent towards R&E&D&I (research,exploitation,development,investment) can practice synergistic free form collaboration with and on each other while creating and managing transparent engineering data sets. Data products are expected under a variety of licensing modes. Legal integration and distribution is one of the targeted key skillsets. We are developing the guidelines at Lunar Boom Town. Safe fair play is expected at all times to the extent feasible. Peer enforcement is under development. When in doubt seek assistance via concensus with other participants. Mirwin 14:17, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Active Contributors

 * dnjkirk
 * mirwin

Rule and Strategic Game Development Resources

 * The Journal of Boardgame Design - an intelligent look at game development from a long-time game afficionado.
 * Mike Doyle's Art Play - a look at artistic design in games and their pieces

title: Strategic simulations


text:
Cookbook:Brown Rice with Other Starches and Vegetables (Pandora's Feast)

| Vegan cuisine | Rice

Pandora's feast is a complete vegan meal that can be served several times a week due to the ease with which it can be modified. The meal is easy to prepare in a rice cooker.

Base

 * 1 cup uncooked brown rice
 * 2 cups water

Additions

 * 1 cup soaked and boiled black, pinto, kidney or other beans
 * 1 cup cubed potato
 * 1 cup cubed sweet potato
 * 1 cup cubed squash
 * 1 clove garlic, minced
 * 1 cup cubed beet
 * 1 cup chopped kale

Serving

 * Olive oil, hemp oil, flaxseed oil, or other nutritious oil
 * Nutritional yeast
 * Soy sauce
 * Black sesame seeds

Procedure

 * 1) Add the brown rice and water to a rice cooker.
 * 2) Drain, rinse, and add the beans to the rice cooker.
 * 3) If using, add the garlic to the cooker.
 * 4) If using, add the sweet potato, squash, beet, or potato.
 * 5) If using a fuzzy logic (i.e. programmable) cooker, set the cooker to the brown rice setting and turn it on. If using an on/off cooker, simply turn it on.
 * 6) In about 20–40 minutes, your cooker should finish cooking the rice. When the finished, open the lid, add the kale, close the lid, and wait about another minute or two.
 * 7) Open and serve. Top with oil, yeast, soy sauce and/or sesame seeds, to taste.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If you have "Thai sweet black rice" or "Chinese forbidden black rice", replace about 10% of your brown rice with this, and your finished product will be a lovely purple and will have a different taste.
 * The beans must be either pre-soaked for at least 8 hours and boiled briskly for 20 minutes (preferred) or from a can. It is important to soak and pre-cook dried beans. Dried kidney beans will cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea unless they have been boiled briskly for at least 20 minutes to destroy the very indigestible phytohaemagglutinin that they contain (the slow cooker will not do and can even make things worse). They will then need another 60–90 minutes at a slow simmer to be tender. Tinned kidney beans are quite safe and do not need pre-cooking, as their preparation involves sufficient heat to destroy the toxin.)
 * The cubed vegetables should be 1cm x 1cm for optimal cooking.


text:
London Mutual

London Mutual may refer to:

 * London Mutual Credit Union, a savings and loans co-operative, based in Peckham
 * The Royal London Mutual Insurance Society, trading as Royal London Group

title: London Mutual


text:
Buddhist Studies

Welcome to the Wikiversity Department of Buddhist Studies The Department of Buddhist Studies is part of the School of Theology and is a content development project for learning resources related to Buddhist studies. It is not the intent of this department to preach about Buddhism, but embark on a scholarly studies of Buddhism as a subject. Buddha himself had played a role as an exemplar, guide and teacher for those sentient beings who must tread the path themselves, attain spiritual Awakening, and see truth and reality as they are. Here, we focus on critical examination of both the facts and myths, truths and legends, the implications and the philosophy resulting from the spread of Buddhism.

Embarking on a scholarly studies of Buddhism as a subject, requires an open mind. Buddha himself had played a role as an exemplar, guide and teacher for those sentient beings who must tread the path themselves, attain spiritual Awakening, and see truth and reality as they are. Here, we focus on critical examination of both the facts and myths, truths and legends, the implications and the philosophy resulting from the spread of Buddhism.

Ironically, the most important question in the study of Buddhism is whether or not it is accurate to think of Buddhism as a religion. Buddhism is best approached as a systematic social education. As such, the study of Buddhism is very much both about methodology as well as understanding the historical as well as current context. The rich spiritual tradition cannot be ignored. The main themes of Buddhist thought in its many forms, are identified and discussed. The enormous diversity of the spiritual tradition including its classical eastern manifestations are emphasised. Of interest is the recent growth of Buddhism in the West, and how it responds to contemporary needs.

You can begin the learning process at the coordinating page: Buddhism.

The Department's Vision
The department is not out to write a text book of Buddhist Studies. We focus on writing classes in line with the Vision  behind Wikiversity. This course is not simply a replica of information found elsewhere but a framework for our students to explore the web for resources.

Current authors in this department include: DErnestWachter<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Conversion of Your Credit Hours to Diploma and Degrees
There are currently no plans for the conversion of the accumulated credit hours and grade point average to the appropriate diploma and degrees. Discussion is on-going at this moment (1 July 2005) and a decision is expected to be finalised by end-March 2006. And will be announced in this section.

title: Buddhist Studies


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User:Roadrunner~enwikiversity/Projects

I have a list of questions I don't have time to think about, but here are the questions I am thinking about.

The problem
You are a securities company in Shanghai with the ability to issue and cancel warrants. Given the publicly available information include the current warrant prices, the price of the underlying, and trading volumes, what is the optimal strategy for issuing or canceling warrants.

The approach I'm taking is this.....

The risk-neutral probability distribution of the return on the warrant is an objective function that rational investors cannot disagree about. What rational investors can disagree about is the risk-neutral utility function of a given gain or loss. Combining the objective risk-neutral probabilities with the risk-neutral utility functions, you then have a set of supply and demand curves which should intersect at the equilibrium price of the warrant which should be the price indicated by option theory.

Now you should be able to take all of the observed information from the Shanghai market, calculate the market risk-neutral utility function and from that this gives you supply and demand curves and from those, you ought to be able to figure out how many warrants need to be issued or canceled to pull the market to equlibrium.

Then again maybe this all won't work.....

Other projects
My current projects are:

 * Understanding the behavior of Shanghai warrants
 * Developing an academic ecosystem that will provide a physics education to a wider audience

title: User:Roadrunner~enwikiversity/Projects


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Talk:Palmer, Massachusetts

High school
Need an article on Palmer High School Chris 23:48, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

No yuppification
There is no yuppification in Palmer. YUPPIE is an acronym for Young Urban Profesional. There are no young urban professionals in Palmer (in fact, there are virtually none in Western MA.) It is a working-class town with a smattering of middle-class refugees from Springfield who have moved to the rural areas of the town. Downtown Palmer is a beat-up shell of a town with little to offer save for a CVS.

Palmer was named the winner of the "armpit of Western Mass." award on a local radio show. And for good reason. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:01, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Fire station
hi- as a liflong resident of palmer, massachusetts, i'd like to point out that the village of thorndike does not have its own fire station as the article claims. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:30, 7 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palmer, Massachusetts


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User:Thx811/sandbox3

RAF (Unit) Swanwick
Royal Air Force (Unit) Swanwick or RAF(U) Swanwick is an air traffic control unit of the Royal Air Force based alongside civilian counterparts at NATS Swanwick, Hampshire in England.

The unit provides area air traffic management for military and civil aircraft across the UK flight information region, airspace management and air defence resilience entity.

The air traffic control service for RAF Northolt, located on north west London, is also provided by RAF(U) Swanwick.

History
run by National Air Traffic Services (NATS). Military and civilian Air Traffic Control staff work together to ensure the safe passage of civilian and military aircraft flying over England, Scotland and Wales (and their coastal waters).

The Swanwick site was opened by NATS in 2002. It is home to London Area Control Centre (LACC), which manages civilian en-route air traffic in the London Flight Information Region (covering airspace over England and Wales) and London Terminal Control Centre (LTCC), which manges aircraft flying in and out of London’s airports.

2002 saw civilian area radar units move to Swanwick whilst the military and terminal control centres remained at West Drayton. It wasn’t until 2007 / 2008 that all radar units were located at Swanwick along with the Distress and Diversion Cell.

Due to technological advances, there was no longer a requirement for two military area radar control centres in the United Kingdom.

RAF Prestwick's Distress & Diversion Cell moved to Swanwick in December 2012, centralising all D&D operations in the UK.

RAF Prestwick closed on 6 December 2013, with its operations and thirty personnel were transferred to Swanwick to form a single military area radar unit for the UK.

Distress and Diversion Cell
The Distress and Diversion (D&D) Cell provides assistance to both military and civil aircraft experiencing an emergency. The cell maintains a continuous listening watch on both guard frequencies, 121.5 MHz for civilian aircraft and 243.0 MHz for military aircraft. The cell can activate temporary danger areas to provide protection to search and rescue aircraft at the scene of an emergency.

RAF Northolt air traffic control
The air traffic control service for RAF Northolt, located in north west London, is also provided by RAF(U) Swanwick.

Heritage
The station's motto is Viatores caeli tutare.

Swanwick's gate guardian is former RAF Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR.3 'XW917' which has been present since 2012. The aircraft was last operated by No. 3 Squadron at RAF Wildenrath in Germany, prior to withdrawal from service in the 1980s.

title: User:Thx811/sandbox3


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Dick Purtan

Paul Richard Purtan (born July 11, 1936) is an American radio personality. His last radio job was as the morning radio show host on WOMC serving the Detroit, Michigan, radio market. Purtan was also a disc jockey at WKNR, WXYZ, CKLW, WCZY-FM which became WKQI in 1989 and WOMC from 1996 until his retirement in 2010. Previous to coming to Detroit at WKNR "Keener 13" in 1965, Purtan worked at WOLF in Syracuse, New York and WSAI in Cincinnati; he began his radio career in his hometown of Buffalo, New York at WWOL under the station-mandated name "Guy King" and also worked for a very short time at WBAL in Baltimore (only to be forced to leave the station after his witty, sardonic humor clashed with the station's conservative ownership).

Career
Purtan is well known for his philanthropic work. Each year, Purtan and his "Purtan's People" crew host a radiothon to benefit the Salvation Army's "Bed and Bread" program. Through Purtan's efforts, over $30 million have been donated to the Bed and Bread program. The money has also been used to purchase additional Bed and Bread trucks which make daily deliveries of food to needy people in the Detroit area.

While in Cincinnati, Purtan gathered together $12,500 and promoted and emceed the Beatles in concert.

Purtan had a voice over role in Beverly Hills Cop III. He had a cameo role as a police detective in the 1973 film Detroit 9000.

On the morning of February 13, 2010, Purtan announced his retirement effective March 26, 2010.

He and his late wife, Gail, resided in West Bloomfield. As of 2014, he and one of his six daughters, Jackie, continue to keep up with his audience through his blog every weekday and Facebook. He also started producing a weekly podcast, which can run anywhere between 20 minutes and an hour and have had on various "Purtan People." His daughter Joanne was a newscaster on local WXYZ-TV Channel 7.

After losing his wife, Gail, of 60 years to cancer in 2018, Purtan remarried on June 13, 2020.

Honors

 * In 2004, Purtan was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame.
 * Purtan was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame in the radio division in 2006.

title: Dick Purtan


text:
2017–18 George Washington Colonials men's basketball team

The 2017–18 George Washington Colonials men's basketball team represented George Washington University during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Colonials were led by second-year head coach Maurice Joseph. They played their home games at the Charles E. Smith Center in Washington, D.C. as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They finished the season 15–18, 7–11 in A-10 play to finish in a three-way tie for 10th place. They defeated Fordham in the first round of the A-10 tournament before losing to Saint Louis in the second round.

Previous season
The Colonials finished the 2016–17 season with a record of 20–15, 10–8 in A-10 play to finish in sixth place. They defeated Saint Louis in the second round of the A-10 tournament before losing in the quarterfinals to Richmond. They were invited to the College Basketball Invitational where they defeated Toledo in the first round before losing in the quarterfinals to UIC.

Head coach Mike Lonergan was fired on September 17, 2016, after the school concluded a two-month investigation into alleged emotional abuse against his players. Maurice Joseph was named interim head coach on September 27.

On March 27, 2017, the school removed the interim tag and named Joseph full-time head coach.

Preseason
In a poll of the league's head coaches and select media members at the conference's media day, the Colonials were picked to finish in 11th place in the A-10. Yuta Watanabe was named to the conference's preseason second team.

Schedule and results
!colspan=9 style=|Exhibition

!colspan=12 style=| Non-conference regular season

!colspan=12 style=| Atlantic 10 regular season

!colspan=9 style=|Atlantic 10 tournament


text:
Cookbook:Chickpea Curry (Masaledaar Chole)

| Indian cuisine

Masaladaar chole is a dish of chickpeas in spicy gravy.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup dried chickpeas
 * 2 tbsp cooking oil
 * 1 onion, finely chopped
 * 1 tomato, medium chopped
 * 1 teaspoon chilli powder
 * 1½ teaspoon Madras curry powder
 * ¼ teaspoon garam masala
 * ¼ teaspoon turmeric powder
 * 1 teaspoon garlic paste
 * 1 teaspoon ginger paste
 * Salt to taste
 * Cilantro, for garnishing

Procedure

 * 1) Soak the chickpeas overnight in water.
 * 2) Pressure cook the chickpeas until done (3 whistles).
 * 3) Heat the cooking oil in a pot. Add the onions and sauté until golden brown.
 * 4) Add the turmeric powder, chilli powder, garam masala, and Madras curry powder.
 * 5) Add the tomatoes, ginger, and garlic paste and stir for about 1 minute.
 * 6) Add the boiled chickpeas and some water.
 * 7) Add salt to taste. Cook for about 10 minutes on medium heat.
 * 8) Garnish with cilantro and serve with chapattis or paratha.


text:
Rugby union in Montenegro

Rugby union in Montenegro is a minor but growing sport. The game has only recently been developed in the country since its independence in 2006. The governing body is the Montenegrin Rugby Union which was accepted as a member of Rugby Europe (previously FIRA-AER) at the 2014 convention held in Split, Croatia. It is affiliated with World Rugby since 2024.

History
Traditionally, international rugby matches were played as FR Yugoslavia until 2003, and then as Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006.

In 2011, the Porto Montenegro company started playing organized touch rugby games. Participation numbers grew and the players progressed to rugby sevens. By 2013 there were four rugby clubs in Montenegro. This was started by Beckett Tucker, Oliver Corlette and Malcolm Blaxall and coached by Milos Kucancanin, Rambo Morrison Tavana Faaletino, David Lowe and Marty Lusty A regional league began in 2014 and fixtures were also arranged with other teams around the former Yugoslavian countries.

Rugby has competition from other popular sports such as water polo, association football, handball and mixed martial arts in Montenegro. Due to the small population of the country, the country is often competing against nations who have a larger population and larger player pool. The biggest rivalry in Montenegro is currently between the clubs Podgorica and Nikšić.

An official international sevens squad was named and sent to Greece for the ENC Division B competition in 2014 this was the first time an official national rugby team was sent by Montenegro.

The sport of rugby union really kicked off with the annual European Nation's Cup tournament in 2015 where the first official national side played their first match against Estonia in Bar, Montenegro. This was Montenegro's first stint as an independent nation competing in rugby union and the first time the country played at home. The match ended as a win for Montenegro. The following match was a final against Slovakia and ended in defeat.

Montenegro hosted the ENC 3 competition from the 15th to the 21st of May 2017. It was attended by Bulgaria and Slovakia to make it a three way tournament. The tournament ended with a loss to Slovakia and a win to Bulgaria which are World Rugby ranked opposition.

Montenegro played Turkey and Bulgaria in ENC 3 2018, with one game being at home and one being away. Montenegro lost to Bulgaria at home convincingly and put on a strong showing in Turkey narrowly losing buy a few points. At the sevens Montenegro put on a good showing but were unlucky not to win many games.

In the 2019 season Montenegro failed to take part in the ENC 3 against Turkey and Estonia but did well to secure a 12th place finish (out of 16 teams) at the sevens conference 1 held in Belgrade for 2019 and remain in the conference. Two kids rugby programs were also started in Podgorica and in Tivat. Which is a positive sign for the future that kids will be playing rugby earlier. As well positive news that rugby sevens will be making its debut at the GSSE in 2023 which is a stepping stone forward for smaller nations rugby programs.

Clubs
As of 2022, the following clubs participate actively rugby in Montenegro: • RFC Arsenal Tivat

• RK Mornar Bar

• RK Nikšić

• RK Podgorica

• RK Cetinje

Inactive/defunct clubs
The club's above are currently inactive due to the failure to partake in regular matches this season.
 * RK Budućnost
 * RK Krstaši
 * RK Lovćen

National team
Montenegro's national teams are known as the Wolves (Vukovi). The country's first international rugby sevens matches were played in 2014 at the ENC Division B championship in Greece. The first match was against the favorites Switzerland, with the game ending with a final score of 15-36 to Switzerland. The team managed to win the bowl and get Montenegro's first achievement in rugby sevens. After a poor 2015 season where the team finished second to last the 2016 team had plenty to make up for. With that the team finished in the cup final with Malta and achieved promotion into Conference 1.

The Montenegro national 15-a-side team first played in April 2015 when the country hosted the European Nations Cup Division 3 Competition. On 10 April 2015 The Wolves played the first international match in the country's history, winning a thrilling encounter 29–27 against Estonia in Bar. In the Final Montenegro lost 31–3 against Slovakia in Budva.

Since then the team played in the second leg of that tournament by travelling up to Estonia to play the hosts Estonia. Estonia won, ending Montenegro's hope for promotion. The team defeated Belarus for their biggest ever victory in an international competition

For women's rugby it started off by an invitation to the Rugby Europe Division B tournament after the withdrawal of one of the teams in the tournament. They competed against favourites Denmark for their first match and lost heavily and were unlucky to not get a win in their debut tournament. The women's side got their first win against Bosnia and Herzegovina with the side finishing 12th of 16 teams. This was the first real result for the women's team.

Montenegro Men's XV played a 15's international test against Gibraltar. It was a poor performance from the men's side as they were heavily defeated 55-7. National caps were awarded.

In the 2017 ENC hosted by Montenegro the team lost the first match against Slovakia and won the following against Bulgaria. Each team had a victory and even though Montenegro had scored the most tries and had a better points difference Slovakia had gotten promotion through due to changes in Rugby Europe's tie breaker rules earlier in the year.

Montenegro sevens competed in Rugby Europe rugby sevens conference 1 in 2017 with a poor set of results due to external factors. With losses in all group matches and small margins in their playoff matches to stay in the conference, it ended a disappointing year for rugby in Montenegro.

In the 2018 season the national team played and lost their fixtures against Bulgaria and Turkey respectively.

Currently after the recent re-structuring in rugby europe the national team are playing in the south division 2 conference alongside Serbia, Bosnia and Turkey.

title: Rugby union in Montenegro


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User:Looper5920/Sandbox

Awards

 * Nobunaga24 for his tireless contirbutions to the US Military Task Force.  Presented by Looper5920 20 March 2006
 * Bwmoll3 for his tireless contirbutions to all article relating to the United States Air Force In South Vietnam. Presented by Looper5920 27 July 2006
 * ERcheck for his tireless contirbutions to all articles relating to the United States Military. Presented by Looper5920 27 July 2006
 * Mmx1 for his tireless contirbutions to all articles relating to the United States Marine Corps. Presented by Looper5920 29 July 2006
 * Tony the Marine for his outstanding expansion of 2nd Battalion 9th Marines. You made something awesome out of nothing. Semper Fi.  Presented by Looper5920 4 August 2006
 * Alkivar for his creation of the List of B-26 units. An excellent reference and a fine addition to the encyclopedia .  Presented by Looper5920 26 November 2006

title: User:Looper5920/Sandbox


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Buddhism/Philosophy of Mahayana Buddhist Schools

Philosophy of Mahāyāna Buddhist Schools
A critical study of the origin, expansion and philosophy of Mahayana Buddhist schools are emphasised. Reference to the original sources is done with special attention drawn to the following:
 * Canonical evidence of the causes that led to the emergence of Mahayana;
 * The interpretation of the word Mahayana and the nature of its philosophy
 * Origin and development of Madhyamaka philosophy; concept of Sunyata and its interpretations;
 * Madhyamaka viewpoint of voidness; interdependent origination; Middle path;
 * Samsara and Nirvana;
 * Dialectical method and its adaptation;
 * Nature and realization of unconditioned realities;
 * Rangtong vs. Shentong.

Special attention are paid to the concepts of Trikaya, Bodhicitta, Bodhisattva pranidhana, ideal of Bodhisattva, perfections (paramita) and ten states (dasabhumi); the causes that led to the emergence of Yogacara vignanavada; analysis of Citta matrata and Vignanamatrata; various divisions, nature and function of vignanta and how vignana differs from cittamatrata.

A general knowledge of the basic tenets and nature of Tantrayana which is an offshort of Mahayana is also explored in this module.

Recommended Reading:

 * Prajna Paramita Hrdaya Sastra (with text and notes) - Ed. E. Conze, Buddhist wisdom book, 1958
 * The Central Philosophy of Buddhism - T. R. V. Murti, London, 1955
 * Buddhist Thought in India - E. Conze, London
 * The Yogacara Idealism – A. K. Chaterjee, varanasi, 1975
 * The Bodhisatva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature - Har Dayal, Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi
 * Mahayana Buddhism - Nalinaksha Dutt, Mortilal Banarasidas, Delhi, 1978
 * An introduction to Mahayana Buddhism – W.M. McGovern, Delhi
 * Perfection of Wisdom - R. C. Jamieson, New York, 2000,<PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER>
 * Meditation on Emptiness - Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom PublicationS


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User:Perl~enwikibooks

Q uandu ellu canta lu cuccu Muta pèlu lu singhjari E la gallina faci l'ovu Senza mancu nidicà lu.

About Me
I'm a sysop on wikibooks and meta, and a bureaucrat for Maori.

Alexander Douglas Plank

Alexander Plank

Web Sites
Here are some sites of interest.

Asperger's Syndrome
WrongPlanet.net- Asperger's Syndrome - I run WrongPlanet.net.

Autism Planet - An aggregator of Autism Blogs

Television
tvWiki.tv - The Television Wiki

The Office Discussion Forum (OfficeTalk.org)

title: User:Perl~enwikibooks


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Bridgestone Tower

Bridgestone Tower is an American skyscraper in Nashville, Tennessee located at 200 4th Avenue South. It stands 140 meters (460 ft) and has 30 floors. It was designed by Perkins+Will and was finished in 2017. The building serves as the headquarters of Bridgestone Americas, a subsidiary of Bridgestone, the global tire and rubber manufacturer. Throughout 2017, Bridgestone Americas consolidated many of their business units into a single building, housing nearly 2,000 employees. The tower is nestled between the Country Music Hall of Fame and the Schermerhorn Symphony Center, and is only a few hundred feet from Bridgestone's namesake NHL facility, Bridgestone Arena.

title: Bridgestone Tower


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Cookbook:Chapati

| Pakistani Cuisine | Indian Cuisine | Flatbread | African cuisines | Vegan Cuisine

The chapati, also known as a roti, is the staple flat bread of Northern India and Pakistan. It can be made from many types of grain, but is most commonly made with finely-ground whole wheat flour. Sometimes it is cooked in a little oil.

Ingredients

 * 3 cups whole wheat flour
 * Salt to taste (about 1 teaspoon)
 * Warm water as required (about 1 ½ cups)
 * Ghee (clarified butter; optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Knead together the flour and water, starting with only a slight dribble of water and adding more as you go until the dough becomes smooth but not too sticky.
 * 2) Cover dough, and let rest for at least 5 minutes.
 * 3) Divide dough into balls and roll out into disks, slightly thicker than denim material; sprinkle with flour as you roll.
 * 4) Place a non-oiled pan over moderately high heat and test its surface temperature by holding your hand over it.
 * 5) When very hot, put a chapati on the pan and press it flat with a spatula or dry cloth to make it rise up.
 * 6) Flip and repeat so it becomes lightly browned on both sides.
 * 7) If desired, brush with ghee.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Regional variations abound in the detail of preparing and cooking roti. In most Indian cooking, for example, the roti is finished by toasting it in the open flame of the cooker. The aim of this process is to encourage the roti to puff up. The hot air which builds inside because the water inside the roti begins to turn into steam and cooks the roti inside out. This may also be achieved under a grill, or by using a microwave (try 30 seconds on high power). Universally, however, the aim in rolling is to get the roti to a perfectly round shape (for aesthetics) and to create uniform thickness, which is vital for successful cooking.
 * There are Caribbean-specific variations of roti, one of which uses boiled and ground yellow split peas in its preparation.
 * Chapatis are usually eaten with cooked dal (lentil soup) or vegetable dishes like Indian curry. Pieces of the chapati are used to wrap and lift bites of the other dishes.

title: Cookbook:Chapati


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2019 Karbala bombing

On 20 September, 2019, a bomb exploded on a minibus near Karbala, Iraq, killing 12 civilians and injuring at least five others. The bombing was one of the worst attacks against civilians since the end of the War in Iraq of 2013 to 2017.

Attack
An unidentified man boarded a minibus in the southern Iraqi city of Karbala, disembarking a little later leaving a bag behind. It exploded shortly afterwards, killing 12 and wounding five others. A suspect was later arrested and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility.

title: 2019 Karbala bombing


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technocentrism

Etymology
, coined by Seymour Papert in 1987.

Noun

 * 1) The ideology that advocates the use of technology to try to answer all questions.

title: technocentrism


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User:Dr-now

= Real Name: D.R. Ulm =

The great thing about Wikiversity is students do not need to reinvent the wheel. Whatever a student works on can be added to the curriculum.

I liken what is happening to the Internet to the recurrent neural network, which has properties similar to neurons in the human brain. The Internet is a massive recurrent network of pages and links, with human beings acting as the super-nodes creating and editing content and programs. This is creating a new type of consciousness or at least a new type of society. Let us make it a good one.

Wikiveristy will allow diligent students to work on projects that further the goals of the whole group. Each participant who is an active learner, can excel to whatever aspiration he/she desires.

Here is to the new days fully embracing innovation and invention. I believe if Open Source development is included in the curriculum, then the position and clout of the Wikiveristy School of Computer Science will be strong.

Let us move Wikiversity forward with this attitude as we climb, stumble, and seek.

title: User:Dr-now


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User:Dj B Eazy

Brandon “Dj B Eazy” Lewis was introduced to music as early as his days living in birth place Buffalo, New York. His interest was drawn to Artists & Djs such as Jay Z, Notorious B.I.G, DMX, Nas, Lil Bow Wow, Funk Master Flex, Dj Jazzy Jeff, P Diddy, and Wu Tang Clan to name a few. Coming from a long list of Djs within his family, Eazy soon found interest in the craft in which his father and uncles loved. One christmas he received his first set of equipment, and knew that this was what he wanted to involve himself with for the rest of his life. After moving to Durham, North Carolina, he became heavily involved in musical activities such as Marching Band, which was only beneficial to his musical library. Over years of investing in more equipment, he later decided to establish himself as Dj B Eazy. As time progressed, be began to promote high school events until he felt he was ready to take the stage as the conductor of entertainment to his fellow class mates. Gaining recognition from individuals around the state, the motivation to progress became more relevant. Currently based out of Greensboro, North Carolina, his respect for those who have came before will always remain. Influenced by fellow Carolina Djs such as Dj Kutta, Dj Scholar, Dj Skazz, Dj Skillz, Dj Bro Rabb, Dj Double J, and Dj Paradime. Over these years, his only focus has been to never let anything take his commitment towards the art of authentic Dj’ing away. Currently 20 years old, Dj B Eazy has solidified himself a place in the industry over these years. His style, work ethic, and networking skills has landed him a spot in the nightlife scenery across the U.S. This journey has led him to working with artists and entertainers such as Terrance J, Travis Porter, Team Tokyo, Troop 41, Gucci Mane, Charlie Boy Gang, Verse Simmonds, and many more. Remaining humble, his motivation is knowing that God has nothing but the best in store.

title: User:Dj B Eazy


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Social penetration theory

The social penetration theory (SPT) proposes that as relationships develop, interpersonal communication moves from relatively shallow, non-intimate levels to deeper, more intimate ones. The theory was formulated by psychologists Irwin Altman of the University of Utah and Dalmas Taylor of the University of Delaware in 1973 to understand relationship development between individuals. Altman and Taylor noted that relationships "involve different levels of intimacy of exchange or degree of social penetration". SPT is known as an objective theory as opposed to an interpretive theory, meaning it is based on data drawn from actual experiments and not simply from conclusions based on individuals' specific experiences.

SPT states that the relationship development occurs primarily through self-disclosure—when one intentionally reveals information such as personal motives, desires, feelings, thoughts, and experiences to others. This theory assumes that as people becomes closer with others, positive reinforcement through positive interactions allow people to achieve deeper levels of intimacy. The theory is also guided by the assumptions that relationship development is systematic and predictable. SPT also examines the process of de-penetration, how some relationships regress over time, and eventually end.

Assumptions
SPT is based on four basic assumptions:

 * Relationship development moves from superficial layers to intimate ones. For instance, people tend to present their outer images only, talking about hobbies on a first date. As the relational development progresses, wider and more controversial topics such as political views are included in the dialogues.
 * Interpersonal relationships develop in a generally systematic and predictable manner. This assumption indicates the predictability of relationship development. Although it is impossible to foresee the exact and precise path of relational development, there is a certain trajectory to follow. As Altman and Taylor note, "[p]eople seem to possess very sensitive tuning mechanisms which enable them to program carefully their interpersonal relationships."
 * Relational development can move backward, resulting in de-penetration and dissolution. For example, after prolonged and fierce fights, a couple who originally planned to get married may decide to break up and ultimately become strangers.
 * Self-disclosure is the key to facilitate relationship development, and involves disclosing and sharing personal information to others. It enables individuals to know each other and plays a crucial role in determining how far a relationship can go, as gradual exploration of mutual selves is essential in the process of social penetration.

Self-disclosure
Self-disclosure is a purposeful disclosure of personal information to another person. Disclosure may include sharing both high-risk and low-risk information as well as personal experiences, ideas, attitudes, feelings, values, past facts and life stories, future hopes, dreams, ambitions, and goals. In sharing information about themselves, people make choices about what to share and with whom to share it. Altman and Taylor believe that opening the inner self to the other individual is the main path to reaching intimate relationships.

As for the speed of self-disclosure, Altman and Taylor were convinced that the process of social penetration moves quickly in the beginning stages of a relationship and slows down considerably in the later stages. Those who are able to develop a long-term, positive reward/cost outcome are the same people who are able to share important matches of breadth categories. The early reward/cost assessment has a strong impact on the relationship's reactions, involvement, and expectations in a relationship regarding the future, play a major role in the outcome of the relationship.

Uncertainty reduction theory
The uncertainty reduction theory (URT) is the process that people experience as they begin new relationships. When two strangers meet, they engage by asking each other questions in order to build a stronger relationship. In the context of both URT and SPT, questions are seen as a tool to learn information about the other in order to receive rewards. These rewards are either physical/material rewards, or abstract rewards that supplement the relationship as it develops.

Through this process of asking questions in a new relationship, uncertainty and anxiety can be reduced and lead to a more developed relationship between the two people. Where social penetration theory postulates that new relationships (either romantic or platonic) steadily evolve into deeper conversations and interactions, uncertainty reduction theory postulates that these new relationships can reach that deep level through question and answer processes. Although SPT primarily focuses on the linear trajectory of the relationship as the two parties get a deeper understanding of one another, URT is relevant in that it focuses on each instance when uncertainty may need to be reduced through question asking on a case-by-case basis (e.g. the two people initially meet and questions are asked; later on in the relationship, one party asks the other to meet their parents, and the two engage in URT to reduce the anxiety and uncertainty surrounding the situation).

Disclosure reciprocity
Self-disclosure is reciprocal, especially in the early stages of relationship development. Disclosure reciprocity is an indispensable component in SPT, and is a process where one person reveals personal information of a certain intimacy level, and the other person discloses information of the same level. It is two-way disclosure, or mutual disclosure. Disclosure reciprocity can induce positive and satisfactory feelings and drive forward relational development, because as mutual disclosure takes place between individuals, they might feel a sense of emotional equity. Disclosure reciprocity occurs when the openness of one person is reciprocated with the same degree of the openness from the other person. For instance, if someone was to bring up their experience with an intimate topic such as weight gain or having divorced parents, the person they are talking to could reciprocate by sharing their own experience.

Self-disclosure being reciprocated is also a forming foundation for interpersonal relationships. If self-disclosure is not reciprocated in an interpersonal relationship, it moves the relationship to potentially face a stage of de-penetration or "slow deterioration" (West, 2018). This can happen in a few ways, such as oversharing and undersharing. Oversharing personal information can lead to the end of the relationship, as "[s]ome partners may be ill-equipped and underprepared to know someone so intimately" (West, 2018). Since self-disclosure depends on going back and forth, if one partner does not share in that, it leads to an imbalance in the relationship, and the bond will unlikely progress since the other partner only knows a certain amount. This also causes the partner who shares or discloses not wanting to disclose any further, hindering the interpersonal relationship's progress because "[t]he greater the depth, the more opportunity for a person to feel vulnerable" (West, 2018). Vulnerability leads the partner to believe that there can be an interpersonal relationship as it translates into trust for partners' relationship.

Onion model
SPT uses the onion model, which visualizes self-disclosure as a process of removing layers. The onion denotes various layers of personality. It is sometimes called the "onion theory" of personality. Three major factors influence self-revelation and begin the process of the onion theory: personal characteristics, reward/cost assessments, and the situational context.

Stages
Relationship development is not automatic, but occurs through the skills of partners in revealing or disclosing first their attitudes and later their personalities, inner character, and true selves. This is done in a reciprocal manner. The main factor that acts as a catalyst in the development of relationships is proper self disclosure. Altman and Taylor proposes that there are four major stages in social penetration:

 * 1) The orientation stage: individuals engage in small talk and simple, harmless clichés like, 'Life's like that'. This first stage follows the standards of social desirability and norms of appropriateness. The outer images are presented and peripheral information are exchanged. The most, but least intimate information is given here.
 * 2) The exploratory affective stage: individuals start to reveal the inner self bit by bit, expressing personal attitudes about moderate topics such as government and education. This may not be the whole truth as individuals are not yet comfortable to lay themselves bare. This is the stage of casual friendship, and many relationships do not go past this stage.
 * 3) The affective stage: individuals are getting more comfortable to talk about private and personal matters, and there are some forms of commitment in this stage. Personal idioms, or words and phrases that embody unique meanings between individuals, are used in conversations. Criticism and arguments may arise. A comfortable share of positive and negative reactions occur in this stage. Relationships become more important, meaningful, and enduring to both parties. It is a stage of close friendships and intimate partners.
 * 4) The stable stage: the relationship now reaches a plateau in which some of the deepest personal thoughts, beliefs, and values are shared and each can predict the emotional reactions of the other person. This stage is characterized with complete openness, raw honesty and a high degree of spontaneity. The least, but most intimate information is given here.
 * 5) De-penetration stage (optional): when the relationship starts to break down and costs exceed benefits, there is a withdrawal of disclosure that causes the relationship to end.

De-penetration
De-penetration is a gradual process of layer-by-layer withdrawal that causes relationship and intimacy levels to regress and fade away. According to Altman and Taylor, when de-penetration occurs, "interpersonal exchange should proceed backwards from more to less intimate areas, should decrease in breadth or volume, and, as a result, the total cumulative wedge of exchange should shrink". A warm friendship between two people will deteriorate if they begin to close off areas of their lives that had earlier been opened. Relationships are likely to break down not in an explosive argument but in a gradual cooling off of enjoyment and care. Tolstedt and Stokes note that in the de-penetration process, self-disclosure breadth reduces and self-disclosure depth increases. This is because when an intimate relationship is dissolving, a wide range of judgments, feelings and evaluations, particularly the negative ones, are involved in conversations.

Idiomatic communication in self-disclosure
Within the coming together and falling apart stages of a relationship, partners oftentimes use unique forms of communication, such as nicknames and idioms, to refer to one another. This is known as idiomatic communication, a phenomenon that is reported to occur more often among couples in the coming together stages of a relationship. Couples falling apart reported that idiomatic communication, which can include teasing insults and other personally provocative language, have an adverse effect overall on the relationship.

Breadth and depth
Both depth and breadth are related to the onion model. As the wedge penetrates the layers of the onion, the degree of intimacy and the range of areas in an individual's life that an individual chooses to share increases.

The breadth of penetration is the range of areas in an individual's life being disclosed, or the range of topics discussed. For instance, one segment could be family, a specific romantic relationship, or academic studies. Each of these segments or areas are not always accessed at the same time. One could be completely open about a family relationship while hiding an aspect of a romantic relationship for various reasons such as abuse or disapproval from family or friends. It takes genuine intimacy with all segments to be able to access all areas of breadth at all times.

The depth of penetration is a degree of intimacy; as individuals overcome common anxiety over self-disclosure, intimacy builds. Deeper intimacy facilitates relational trust and encourages further conversation about deeper things than would be discussed in everyday conversation. This deepening occurs in many types of relationships: friendship, familial, peer, and romantic.

It is possible to have depth without breadth and vice versa. For instance, depth without breadth could be where only one area of intimacy is accessed. "A relationship that could be depicted from the onion model would be a summer romance. This would be depth without breadth." On the other hand, breadth without depth would be simple everyday conversations. An example would be when passing by an acquaintance and saying, "Hi, how are you?" without ever really expecting to stop and listen to what this person has to say.

The relationship between breadth and depth can be similar to that used in modern technology. Pennington describes in a study that "... With a click of the mouse to accept them as a 'friend' roommates across the country can learn: relationships status (single, engaged, it's complicated), favorite movies, books, TV shows, religious views, political views, and a whole lot more if someone takes the time to fill out an entire Facebook profile."

Because of social media, the breadth of subjects can be wide, as well as the depth of those using the platforms. Users of these platforms seem to feel obligated to share simple information as was listed by Pennington, but also highly personal information that can now be considered general knowledge. Because of social media platforms and users' willingness to share personal information, the law of reciprocity is replaced by divulging personal information to countless followers and friends without them reciprocating the same level of vulnerability. In cases like this, there is depth without much breadth.

Barriers
Several factors can affect the amount of self-disclosure between partners: gender, race, religion, personality, social status, and ethnic background. For example, American friends tend to discuss intimate topics with each other, whereas Japanese friends are more likely to discuss superficial topics. One might feel less inclined to disclose personal information if doing so would violate their religious beliefs. Being part of a religious minority can also influence how much one feels comfortable in disclosing personal information. In romantic relationships, women are more likely to self-disclose than their male counterparts. Men often refrain from expressing deep emotions out of fear of social stigma. Such barriers can slow the rate of self-disclosure and even prevent relationships from forming. In theory, the more dissimilar two people are, the more difficult or unlikely self-disclosure becomes.

Stranger-on-the-train phenomenon
Most of the time individuals engage in self-disclosure strategically, carefully evaluating what to disclose and what to be reserved, since disclosing too much in the early stage of relationship is generally considered inappropriate, and can end or damage a relationship. In certain contexts, self-disclosure does not follow the pattern. This exception is known as the "stranger-on-the-train" phenomenon, in which individuals rapidly reveal personal information with complete strangers in public spaces. This specific concept can be known as verbal leakage, which is defined by Floyd as "unintentionally telling another person something about yourself". SPT operates under the impression that the self-disclosure given is not only truthful, meaning the speaker believes what is being said to be true, but intentional. Self-disclosure can be defined as "the voluntary sharing of personal history, preferences, attitudes, feelings, values, secrets, etc., with another person". The information given in any relationship, whether acquaintance or a well-established relationship, should be voluntarily shared, otherwise it does not follow the laws of reciprocity and is considered verbal leakage, or the stranger-on-the-train phenomenon. Some researchers argue that revealing our inner self to complete strangers is deemed as "cathartic exercise" or "service of confession", which allows individuals to unload emotions and express deeper thoughts without being haunted by potential unfavorable comments or judgements. This is because people tend to take lightly and dismiss responses from strangers, who do not really matter in their lives. Some researchers suggest that this phenomenon occurs because individuals feel less vulnerable to open up to strangers who they do not expect to see again.

Sexual communication anxiety among couples
The rate of sexual satisfaction in relationships has been observed to relate directly to effective communication between couples. Individuals in a relationship who experience anxiety find it difficult to divulge information regarding their sexuality and desires due to the perceived vulnerabilities in doing so. In a study published by the Archives of Sexual Behavior, socially anxious individuals generally attribute potential judgement or scrutiny as the main instigators for any insecurities in self-disclosing to their romantic partners. This fear of intimacy, and thus a lower level of sexual self-disclosure within a relationship, is predicted to correlate to a decrease in sexual satisfaction.

Social exchange theory
Social exchange theory states that humans weigh each relationship and interaction with another human on a reward–cost scale without realizing it. If the interaction was satisfactory, then that person or relationship is looked upon favorably. When there are positive interactions that produce good reward/cost calculations, the relationship is likely to be more satisfying. If an interaction was unsatisfactory, then the relationship will be evaluated for its costs compared to its rewards or benefits. People try to predict the outcome of an interaction before it takes place. From a scientific standpoint, Altman and Taylor were able to assign letters as mathematical representations of costs and rewards. They also borrowed the concepts from Thibaut and Kelley's in order to describe the relation of costs and rewards of relationships. Thibaut and Kelley's key concepts of relational outcome, relational satisfaction, and relational stability serve as the foundation of Irwin and Taylor's rewards minus costs, comparison level, and comparison level of alternatives.

Interpersonal communication
The value of SPT initially lies in the area of interpersonal communication. Scholars have been using the concepts and onion model to explore the development of counter-sex/romantic relationships, friendships, parent-child relationships, employer-employee relationships, caregiver-patient relationships and beyond. Some of the key findings are described as follows.

Researchers have found that in parent-child relationships, information derived from the child's spontaneous disclosure in daily activities was most closely connected to generating and maintaining their trust in parents, indicating the importance of developing shallow but broad relationships with children through everyday conversation rather than long-lasting profound lectures (Kerr, Stattin & Trost, 1999). Honeycutt used the SPT model and the Attraction Paradigm to analyze happiness between married couples. While the SPT model believes that relationships are grounded on effective communication, the Attraction Paradigm believes that relationships are grounded on having shared interests, personality types, and beliefs. The results showed that having a perceived understanding of each other can lead to happiness between married couples. While research notes that it looks only at perceived understanding and not actual understanding, it shows the importance of relationship development. The more that partners in a relationship interact with each other, the more likely they are to understand each other better. Scholars also use this theory to examine other factors influencing the social penetration process in close friendships. As Mitchell and William (1987) state, ethnicity and sex have an impact on friendships. The survey results indicates that more breadth of topics occurs in penetration process in black friendships than white. Regarding caregiver–patient relationships, developing a social penetrated relationship with institution disclosed breadth and depth information and multiple effective penetration strategies is critical to the benefits of the patients (Yin & Lau, 2005).

Gender-based difference in self-disclosure
Research demonstrates that there are significant gender differences in self-disclosure, particularly emotional self-disclosure, or expressing personal feelings and emotions, such as, "Sometimes, I feel lonely to study abroad and to be away from my family." Emotional self-disclosure is at the core of intimate relationship development, because unlike factual (descriptive) self-disclosure or superficial self-relevant facts, it is more personal and more effective to cultivate intimacy. Emotional self-disclosure makes individuals "transparent" and vulnerable to others. According to previous studies, females are more socially oriented, whereas males are more task-oriented, and thus females are believed to be more socially interdependent than males. In a friendship between females, emotional attachments such as sharing emotions, thoughts, experiences, and supports are fundamental, while friendships between males tend to focus on activities and companionship. Overall, women's friendships are described as more intimate than men's friendships.

In addition, there is a gender difference regarding to topics revealed. Men tend to disclose their strengths, while women disclose their fears more. Both men and women are prone to disclose their emotions to same-sex friends more, but women are prone to reveal more than men to both same-sex as well as cross-sex friends. According to research conducted among Pakistani students, women extensively disclose their feelings, while emotions such as depression, anxiety and fear are more likely being disclosed to male friends, because men are perceived as more capable to deal with such emotions.

Self-disclosure in intercultural relationships
Research reveals that there are multiple obstacles and tensions that occur within intercultural and interracial relationships that do not exist in intracultural and intraracial relationships. These challenges are due to the different norms and ideals a person learns within their racial, ethnic, and national group contexts, meaning an individual will feel more comfortable and understood by those who learned and share the same coordinated meanings.

The first obstacle that may occur is in the initial meeting, since cultural and racial differences can hinder a relationship from forming. If a connection develops, the next obstacle is in self-disclosure. Through self-disclosure, the relationship evolves from the superficial orientation stage to a more intimate, understanding level.

Self-disclosure in the LGBT community
Minority groups have a unique way of creating closeness between each other. For example, lesbian friendships and intimate relationships are reliant on mutual self-disclosure and honesty. Both parties must expose themselves for an authentic and genuine relationship to develop. The problem is that for many lesbians, this process is not always as simple as it may seem. Exposing one's sexual orientation can be a difficult and grueling process and because of this, many lesbians avoid disclosing their true identities to new acquaintances, which leads them to turn to their family members or already existing social support systems, and can strain or reduce those relationships. Because of these difficulties, lesbians will limit who they choose to surround themselves with. Many involve themselves in groups that solely consist of lesbians or solely consist of heterosexual women to avoid their true lesbian identity. It can be difficult for lesbian individuals to open-up about their sexual identities, because of the fear of being rejected or losing special relationships.

A study was done to examine self-disclosure among LGBT youths. Through a series of interviews, one group described their coming out experiences. They told the interviewers about who they chose to disclose their sexual orientation to and whether the disclosure had a positive or negative effect on their relationships. Results showed that more youths disclosed their sexual orientation to their friends than to their parents. A number of participants chose to disclose their sexual orientation to their teachers. Results also showed both positive and negative reactions. Some youth expressed de-penetration in their friendships after coming out, as well as de-penetration in their sibling relationships. Some participants expressed experiencing other reactions beside positive and negative. There were invalidated reactions, where a participant's sexual orientation was dismissed as a “phase”, and neutral reactions, where the recipient of the disclosure informed the participant that they were already aware of their sexual orientation. Some participants expressed having mixed and evolving results. For example, a participant who identified as a transgender man said that his mother was initially fine with his sexual orientation, which at the time was a lesbian, but had a negative reaction when he later came out as transgender. A few participants mentioned that they had initially received negative reactions from friends and family after coming out, but that as time went on, their sexual orientation came to be accepted and the relationships remained intact.

LGBT professionals often feel anxiety about disclosing their sexual orientation to their colleagues. Professionals who chose to disclose their sexual orientation have had mixed reactions in how it has affected their relationship with their colleagues. Some had had positive reactions, strengthening their relationships and their overall job satisfaction, while others have had the opposite experience. They feel that disclosing their sexual orientation hurt their professional relationships and their overall job satisfaction. The atmosphere of one's office can influence their decision to disclose their sexual orientation. If their colleagues are themselves LGBT or if they have voiced support for the LGBT community, the more likely they are to disclose their sexual orientation. If they have little to no colleagues who are openly part of the LGBT community or if there is no vocal support, the less likely they are to come out.

According to a study, LGBT people have different ways of coming out. These varying methods of disclosure include pre-planned, in which someone decides to arrange a conversation; emergent, in which someone decides to come out based on an ongoing conversation; coaxed, in which someone encouraged to come out by someone else; forced, in which someone is coerced to come out; romantic, in which someone comes out by making romantic or sexual advances; or educational, in which someone comes out in order to educate or encourage others, usually in front of an audience.

Patient self-disclosure in psychotherapy
Patient self-disclosure has been a prominent issue in therapy, particularly in psychotherapy. Early studies have shown that patients' self-disclosure is positively related to treatment outcomes. Freud is a pioneer in encouraging his patients to totally open up in psychotherapy. Many early clinical innovations, such as lying on the couch and therapist's silence, are aimed to create an environment, an atmosphere, that allows patients to disclose their deepest self, and free them from concerns facilitating conscious suppression of emotions or memories. Even with such efforts, Barry A. Farber says that in psychotherapy, "full disclosure is more of an ideal than an actuality". Patients are prone to reveal certain topics to the therapists, such as disliked characteristics of themselves, social activities, as well as relationships with friends and significant ones; and tend to avoid discussing certain issues, such as sexual-oriented experiences, immediately experienced negative reactions (e.g. feeling misunderstood or confused) due to conscious inhibition.

In psychotherapy, patients have to deal with the tension between confessional relief and confessional shame all the time. It has been shown that the length of therapy and the strength of the therapeutic alliance (the bond between the patient and the therapist) are two major factors that affect self-disclosure in psychotherapy. As SPT indicates, the longer patients spent time with their therapists, the range of issues being discussed broadens, and more topics are marked with depth. The greater the depth of the discussions, the more likely the patient feels being vulnerable. To strengthen the alliance, cultivating a comfortable atmosphere for self-disclosure and self-discovery is important.

Ethical decision making
Ethical and moral decision making has been the topic of contentious academic debate for some time. According to a study, SPT was found to be one of the most applicable communication theories to explain the way people make their decisions based on their ethical and moral compass. The theory shows strong correlation between self-disclosure and reinforcement patterns, which are shown to have a big impact on one's perceived ethical code. This can be applied to a number of fields including communications, psychology, ethics, philosophy, and sociology.

Patient/therapist self-disclosure
The condition of patients with eating disorders have been shown to improve with therapist self-disclosure. In 2017, a study was conducted surveying 120 participants (95% of which were women). For the purpose of the study, appropriate therapist self-disclosure was defined as sharing positive feelings towards participants in therapy and discussing one's training background.

The results found that 84% of people said their therapist disclosed positive feelings to them while in therapy. The study found that when therapists disclosed positive feelings, it had a positive effect on the patient's eating problems. Eating disorders generally got better with therapist self-disclosure. When the therapist shared self-referent information to the patient it created trust and the patients perceived the therapist as being more "human." Patients with eating disorders saw the therapist disclosure as a strengthening therapeutic relationship. However, personal self-disclosure of the therapist ‒ sexuality, personal values, and negative feelings ‒ was considered inappropriate by patients.

Self-disclosure and individuals with social anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a disorder in which individuals experience overwhelming levels of fear in social situations and interactions. They tend to adopt strategic avoidance of social interactions, which makes it challenging for them to disclose themselves to others and reveal emotions. Self-disclosure is the key to foster intimate relationships, in which individuals can receive needed social support. Close friendships and romantic relationships are two major sources for social supports, which have protective effects and play a crucial role in helping individuals with social phobia to cope with distress. Due to the profound impacts of the anxiety disorder, it has been found that late marriage or staying unmarried is prevalent among individuals with SAD. This is problematic, because being unable to gain needed social supports from intimate ones further confines the social phobic in the loneliness and depression that they have been suffering from. In response to the problem, Sparrevohn and Rapee suggest that improving communication skills, particularly self-disclosure and emotional expression, should be included in future social phobia treatment, so the quality of life of individuals with social phobia can be improved.

Server-patron mutual disclosure in restaurant industry
As social penetration theory suggests, disclosure reciprocity induces positive emotion which is essential for retaining close and enduring relationships. In the service industry, compared with securing new customers, maintaining long-term relationships with existing customers is more cost-effective. Hwang et al. indicates that mutual disclosure is the vital factor for establishing trust between customers and servers. Effective server disclosure, such as sincere advice about menu choices and personal favorite dishes, can elicit reciprocity of information exchange between servers and customers. The received information regarding to the taste and preference of the customers then can be used to provide tailored services, which in turn can positively strengthen customers' trust, commitment and loyalty toward the restaurant.

Hwang et al. suggest that server disclosure is more effective to evoke customer disclosure in female customers, who are more likely to reveal personal information than their male counterparts. In addition, studies have shown that factors such as expertise (e.g. servers' knowledge and experience), customer-oriented attribute (e.g. listening to the concerns from the customers attentively), as well as marital status influence mutual disclosure in the restaurant setting. Expertise is positively correlated to both customer and server disclosure. Server disclosure is only effective in inducing disclosure and positive feelings from unmarried patrons who feel more comfortable to have a conversation with the servers.

Organizational communication
The ideas posited by the theory have been researched and re-examined by scholars when looking at organizational communication. Some scholars explored the arena of company policy making, demonstrating that the effect company policies have on the employees, ranging from slight attitudinal responses (such as dissatisfaction) to radical behavioral reactions (such as conflicts, fights and resignation). In this way, sophisticated implementation of controversial policies is required (Baack, 1991). SPT offers a framework allowing for an explanation of the potential issues.

Self-disclosure in reality TV
Reality television is a genre characterized by real-life situations and very intimate self-disclosure. Self-disclosure on reality shows can be considered to be self-disclosure by media characters, and the relationship between the audience and the media character is parasocial.

In reality shows, self-disclosure is usually delivered as monologue, which is similar real-life self-disclosure and gives the audience the illusion that the messages are directed to them. According to social penetration theory, self-disclosure should follow certain stages, moving from the superficial layers to the central layers gradually. Nonetheless, rapid self-disclosure of intimate layers is a norm in reality TV shows, and unlike interpersonal interactions, viewers prefer early intimate disclosure and such disclosure leads to positive rather than uncomfortable feelings.

Computer-mediated communication
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is another way in which people can develop relationships. Technology is seen as a medium that connects people, who would otherwise be strangers, through shared interests or cultures. The Internet has been thought to broaden the way people communicate and help build relationships by providing a medium in which people can be open-minded and unconventional, and circumvent traditional limitations like time and place. (Yum & Hara, 2005) Before social media and online dating sites, strangers communicated with each other through pen-pal organizations or face-to-face in public locations. With the influx of CMC and the advancement of technology, strangers can decide whether they will invest time in and develop a relationship based on information that is provided in a profile. When someone sees that a person included a similar interest to them in their profile, the uncertainty becomes reduced and the two strangers utilize CMC to connect over their shared interests.

As time has progressed, the stigma around online dating has reduced significantly and more research on SPT and CMC is being done. When engaging in a new relationship through CMC, there are some missing elements and nonverbal cues, which increases the uncertainty in the relationship. With the prominent use of online dating services, relationship development has changed. Before CMC influenced relationships, couples solely relied on face-to-face interactions, nonverbal cues, and first impressions to decide if they would continue to develop the relationship further. The introduction of CMC in romantic relationships has added an element for all parties to consider when beginning their relationships.

Some researchers found that self-disclosure online tends to reassure people that if they are rejected, it is more likely to be by strangers and not family or friends, which reinforces the desire to self-disclose online rather than face-to-face. Not only are people meeting new people to make friends, but many people are meeting and initiating romantic relationships online. (Yum & Hara, 2005) In another study, it was found that "CMC dyads compensated for the limitations of the channel by making their questions more intimate than those who exhibited face-to-face" (Sheldon, 2009).

Celebrities' self-disclosure on social media
On social media, the boundaries between interpersonal and mass communication is blurred, and parasocial interaction (PSI) is adopted strategically by celebrities to enhance liking, intimacy, and credibility from their followers. As Ledbetter and Redd notes, "During PSI, people interact with a media figure, to some extent, as if they were in an actual interpersonal relationships with the target entity." For celebrities, professional self-disclosure (e.g. information about upcoming events) and personal self-disclosure such as emotions and feelings are two primary ways to cultivate illusory intimacy with their followers and to expand their fan bases. Unlike real-life interpersonal relationships, disclosure reciprocity is not expected in parasocial interactions, although through imagined interactions on social medias, followers feel they are connected to the media figures.

Social networking
Self-disclosure has been studied when it comes to face-to-face interactions. There have been surveys conducted about how social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, LinkedIn, hi5, myyearbook, or Friendster affect interactions between human beings. On Facebook, users are able to determine their level and degree of self-disclosure by setting their privacy settings. People achieve breadth by posting about their lives and sharing surface information, and develop intimate relationships with depth by sending private Facebook messages and creating closed groups.

The level of intimacy that one chooses to disclose depends on the type of website they are using to communicate. Disclosing personal information online is a goal-oriented process; if one's goal is to build a relationship with someone, they would likely disclose personal information over instant messaging (IM) and on social media. It is highly unlikely that they would choose to share that information in a website that is used for online shopping. With online shopping, the goal is to make a purchase, so the individual would share only the information needed (i.e. name and address) to make a purchase. When disclosing information over IM and in social media, the individual is much more selective in what they choose to disclose.

"The hyperpersonal perspective suggests that the limited cues in CMC are likely to result in over attribution and exaggerated or idealized perceptions of others and that those who meet and interact via CMC use such limited cues to engage in optimized or selective self-presentation". (Walther, 1996) There is the possibility that someone could mislead another person because there are more opportunities to build a more desirable identity without fear of persecution. If there is no chance of ever meeting the person on the other end of the computer, then there is a high risk of falsifying information and credentials.

Research has been done to see what kinds of people tend to benefit most from online self-disclosure. The "social compensation" or "poor-get-richer" hypothesis (Sheldon, 2009) suggests that those who have poor social networks and social anxiety can benefit by disclosing themselves freely and creating new relationships through the Internet (Sheldon, 2009). However, other research has been performed to observe that extraverts are more likely to disclose information online. This brings in the "rich-get-richer" hypothesis (Sheldon, 2009), which states that "the Internet primarily benefits extraverted individuals... [and] online communication... increases the opportunities for extraverted adolescents to make friends... [the research concluded that] extraverted individuals disclosed more online than introverted" (Sheldon, 2009).

Another study found that while it may be easier for many people to disclose information and dive into their social penetration more quickly online, it also had less favorable outcomes for the closeness individuals may feel when disclosing information online as opposed to in person.

Online dating
Some scholars posit that when initiating a romantic relationship, there are important differences between internet dating sites and other spaces, such as the depth and breadth of the self-disclosed information given before they go further to one-on-one conversation. Studies have shown that in real life, adolescents tend to engage in sexual disclosure according to the level of relationship intimacy, which supports the social penetration model; in cyberspace, men present a stronger willingness and interest to communicate without regarding the current intimacy status or degree. There are also many counter-examples of the theory that exist in romantic relationship development. Some adolescents discuss the most intimate information when they first meet online or have sex without knowing each other thoroughly. Contrary to the path stated by SPT, the relationship would have developed from the core – the highest depth – to the superficial surface of large breadth. In this way, sexual disclosure on the part of adolescents under certain circumstances departs from the perspective of SPT.

Gibbs, Ellison, and Heino conducted a study analyzing self-disclosure in online dating. They found that the desire for an intimate face-to-face relationship could be a decision factor into how much information one chose to disclose in online dating. This might mean presenting an honest depiction of one's self online as opposed to a positive one. Having an honest depiction can potentially prevent dating from occurring, especially if the depiction is seen as negative. This could be beneficial, as it would prevent the formation of a relationship that would likely fail. It could also cause the potential date to self-disclose about themselves in response, adding to the possibility of making a connection.

Some individuals might focus more on having a positive depiction, which may cause them to be more selective in the information they disclose. An individual who presents themselves honestly could argue that disclosing their negative information is necessary as in a long-term relationship, one's partner would eventually learn of their flaws. An individual who presents themselves positively could argue it is more appropriate to wait until the relationship develops before sharing negative information.

In a separate study, Ellison, Heino, and Gibbs analyzed specifically how one chose to present themselves in online dating. They found that most individuals thought of themselves as being honest in how they presented themselves, and that they could not understand why someone would present themselves dishonestly. Most people present an ideal self – what one would like themselves to be as opposed to what they actually are in reality. One could justify this by believing that they could become their ideal self in the future. Some users might present themselves in a way that is not necessarily false, but not fully true either. For example, one could say that they enjoy activities such as scuba diving and hiking, but go several years without partaking in them. This could come across as misleading to a potential date who partakes in these activities regularly. Weight is a common area in which one might present an ideal self as opposed to an honest self. Some users might use older pictures or lie about their weight with the intention of losing it. For some individuals, they might present themselves in a way that is inaccurate but is how they see themselves. This is known as the "foggy mirror" phenomenon.

Blogging and online chatting
With the advent of the Internet, blogs and online chatrooms have become ubiquitous. Generally, those who blog on a professional level do not disclose personal information; they only disclose information relative to the company they work for. However, those who blog on a personal level have also made a career out of their blogging – there are many who are making money for sharing their lives with the world.

According to Jih-Hsin Tang and Cheng-Chung Wang, bloggers tend to have significantly different patterns of self-disclosure for different target audiences. The online survey that asked 1,027 Taiwanese bloggers examined the depth and breath of what bloggers disclosed to the online audience, best friends, and parents, as well as nine topics they discussed. Tang and Wang (2012), based on their research study on the relationship between the social penetration theory and blogging, discovered that "bloggers disclose their thoughts, feelings, and experiences to their best friends in the real world the deepest and widest, rather than to their parents and online audiences. Bloggers seem to express their personal interests and experiences in a wide range of topics online to document their lives or to maintain their online social networks." Dietz-Uhler, Bishop Clark, and Howard studied online chatting, and noted that "once a norm of self-disclosure forms, it is reinforced by statements supportive of self-disclosures but not of non-self disclosures".

Cross-cultural social penetration
Studies have rarely considered the differences that cultural nuances can play in social penetration, particularly when it is between two cultures which are either high context or low context. However, it was found that social penetration theory can be generalized to North American-Japanese dyads, which was further supported when comparing the research to the highest level of intimacy marital communication. The same held to be true when it came to analyzing the level of intimacy between different dyads across the spectrum, but it was found that “the results from the analysis of the dispersion scores revealed that mixed dyads had significantly less agreement than low intimacy dyads on the amount of personalized communication and less, but not significantly less, agreement than low intimacy dyads.” Therefore, conflict came more from differences in intimacy than from differences in cultural contexts. The study also found that opposite-sex dyads were generally more personalized than same-sex dyads, regardless of culture. Perceived difficulty of communication had a high negative correlation, suggesting that as communicative difficulty is reduced, a relationship may grow. The opposite was found to be true.

Criticism
One of the common criticisms of SPT is that it can have a narrow, linear approach to explaining how human beings interact with one another and disclose information. SPT also focuses more on early stages of human connection, and does not take into account the various ways people get close, and how multi-layered and varied closer relationships can be. It does not apply as well to coworkers, neighbors, acquaintances, or other forms of fleeing relationships, and has been criticized for assuming all relationships will follow the same direction. Likewise, the theory is criticized for not being as concise when describing established relationships, such as lifelong friends, family members, or couples that have been married for several decades and would presumably be as intimate as possible. Another concept called into question is the idea of reciprocity and when it is the most impactful. It is assumed that reciprocity is highest in the middle stages of a relationship rather than later on as SPT suggests.

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Social penetration theory


text:
Taylorville, New Zealand

Taylorville is a small town on the banks of the Grey River, It is roughly 10 kilometers from the mouth of the river in Greymouth.

The local Taylorville swimming hole is popular for swimming and dog walking, but West Coast Regional Council advises against swimming in it after heavy rain due to elevated levels of E.coli.

Taylorville is also right next to the historic Brunner Mine site.

Taylorville used to be connected to Wallsend, located on the opposite side of the Grey River, with a suspension bridge for pedestrians providing a connection. The bridge washed away in the 1960s.

Demographics
Dobson and Taylorville are defined by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement and cover 4.19 km2. They had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. Dobson and Taylorville are part of the larger Dobson statistical area.

title: Taylorville, New Zealand


text:
Talk:Dawn Coe-Jones

Not to be confused with...
Not to be confused with Danko Jones? =) - Themightyquill (talk) 14:30, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dawn Coe-Jones


text:
Physical chemistry

Physical chemistry is a domain in physical science which overlaps with chemical science.

Many branches of thought and ideas that were developed by physicists over the centuries have been applied to chemistry and that created new branches of knowledge. Actually there was no difference that this something is chemistry or physics as the knowledge developed; it's just as somebody needing a type of a knowledge and investigating it and finding out something new for example when we tried to understand the way heat is transfered and how much work we can extract from it; it gave rise to the branch of knowledge called thermodynamics and some time later somebody realized that the thermodynamics is universal phenomenon and that it can be applied to chemical systems. So when physics students are taught merely thermodynamics chemistry students are taught chemical thermodynamics which comes under physical chemistry.

The study of rates of reactions also come under physical chemistry and is called chemical kinetics as opposed to kinetics in physics which is about the motion of objects.But the big boost to physical chemistry came in the 20th century when the scope of study went inside the atom and we needed to explain the things that are happening on that scale; now physicist would contest that this is not the realm of chemistry but that of physics. Well in reality this is a field which both the sciences share. As the atomic theory evolved with the introduction of quantum mechanics - which is the single most influential scientific branch of the 20th century.

title: Physical chemistry