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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Yusuf I of Granada/archive1

Yusuf I of Granada

 * Nominator(s): HaEr48 (talk) 16:47, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

This article is about the seventh Sultan of the Nasrid Emirate of Granada, the last Muslim state on the Iberian peninsula (five of the previous Sultans have passed featured article reviews). From the military and geopolitical point of view, during his rule Muslims in the Iberian peninsula suffered various setbacks, including the major defeat at the Battle of Río Salado and the loss of the strategic port of Algeciras. Nevertheless, his rule is seen as the cultural peak of this small emirate: numerous men of learning and culture served at his court and he embarked on construction projects, including new structures in the Alhambra, and a madrasa (educational institution) in the capital. I believe it is ready to be considered for FA. HaEr48 (talk) 16:47, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments Support by Constantine
Will review over the following days. Constantine  ✍  13:15, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Lede
 * After gaining more power is *more* power correct here? WOuld it not be better to say that he gained "effective control of the government" or similar?
 * Done
 * in Castilian territories -> into Castilian territory
 * Done
 * You still want the singular. "into Castilian territory" = "into Castilian lands", where as "into Castilian territories" implies various distinct territories under Castilian control. Here you just want to convey the former.
 * Done

 * but the city fell in March 1344, followed by a ten-year peace treaty with Castile. would recommend ending the sentence after 1344, and then beginning a new one "A ten-year peace treaty with Castile followed".
 * Done
 * I don't see that (?).
 * Done. Huh, I thought I did it. HaEr48 (talk) 05:10, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Alfonso XI broke the treaty and invaded again in 1349 would recommend to put the year first ("In 1349, ...")
 * Done
 * Early life
 * after the victory at the siege of Gibraltar. since there will be another siege of Gibraltar mentioned in the article, I would recommend something like "after repulsing a Castilian siege of Gibraltar", and, to foreshadow events even more, perhaps adding "with help from the Marinid Sultanate of Morocco" or similar.
 * Done
 * there was no mention of why perhaps "the sources are silent as to why"
 * Done
 * Hmmm, looking at Vidal Castro's article, he writes that it was the Banu Abi'l-Ula who proclaimed him emir, and that "Although the Christian sources affirm, on the other hand, that it was the vizier Ridwan who, from the camp of Guadiaro, went in haste to Granada (more than 200 km distant) to proclaim the new sultan, what appears certain is that the act of proclamation (the oath of allegiance) took place in the Muslim camp in the vicinity of Gibraltar". Is there a reason for this omission?
 * I missed reading this version from Vidal Castro. Now added. It resulted in some reorganization of the background content, because now I need to explain the relevant actors and their motives. HaEr48 (talk) 18:55, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * following the report of the Christian chronicles, -> "who follow the reports of the Christian chronicles"

 * Geopolitical history
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 05:10, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Is "Geopolitical history" really the best name? It sounds more like a university course. Why not simply "Reign" or "Foreign policy"?
 * Changed to "Political and military events". Not sure about "reign" - I feel the name overlaps with other sections such as administration.HaEr48 (talk) 18:55, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Fine by me, and better at any rate.

 * Background
 * The emirate was the last Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula, founded by Muhammad I in the 1230s -> Founded by Muhammad I in the 1230s, the Emirate of Granada....
 * Done.
 * I don't see that (?).
 * Ah, now I realized I erased some of my edits in this diff. I suspect opening visual editor in different tabs. Restored now. HaEr48 (talk) 05:10, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * the Muslim Marinid Sultanate in Morocco -> the Muslim Marinid Sultanate across the sea in Morocco
 * Done.
 * I don't see that (?).
 * Same as above. HaEr48 (talk) 05:10, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * relationship as such, and Muhammad I, for instance end the sentence at "as such" and begin a new one
 * Done.
 * the powerful commander Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula -> the powerful Granadan commander Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula, or something to make clear that Uthman was actually his own subject
 * Done: "Granada's powerful commander Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula" HaEr48 (talk) 18:55, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, this wording might be confusing: was he "commander of Granada"? If so, what exactly was that? I'd suggest removing the ambiguity and either simply mention that he was a "Granadan commander" without further details, or give the detail: "Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula, the powerful commander of Granada's Volunteers of the Faith,..."
 * Done. Thanks for the thoroughness. HaEr48 (talk) 05:10, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * He had to yield Ronda, Marbella, and Algeciras in exchange for a military alliance -> In exchange for the Marinid alliance, he had to...}}
 * Done.
 * politically motivated plot by Abu Thabit ibn Uthman and Ibrahim ibn Uthman, prominent members of the Banu Abi al-Ula family -> "politically motivated plot by Uthman's sons Abu Thabit and Ibrahim", and possibly drop the rest, since obviously the sons of Uthman would be prominent members in their own family.
 * My worry is readers don't follow from simply the "ibn Uthman" that they were sons of the Uthman mentioned earlier. HaEr48 (talk) 18:55, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If you mean keeping the "ibn Uthman" bit, then no problem. But now I also suggest Abu Thabit ibn Uthman and Ibrahim ibn Uthman, sons of Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula who died in 1330 and the leaders of the Volunteers of the Faith -> "Abu Thabit ibn Uthman and Ibrahim ibn Uthman. They were the sons of Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula, who died in 1330, and his successors as the leaders of the Volunteers of the Faith"
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 05:10, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * leaders of the North African Volunteers of the Faith, the corps of North Africans strike the first "North African" to avoid redundancy
 * Done.
 * Early peace
 * a four year duration -> "a four-year duration"
 * Done.
 * into the peninsula -> "into the [Iberian] Peninsula" for clarity
 * Probably redundant because the preceding sentence already says "Iberian Peninsula". HaEr48 (talk) 18:55, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, OK.

 * link Alfonso IV of Aragon and Peter IV and add regnal dates
 * Done.
 * Marinid-Granadan war against Castile
 * to fight against Muslims perhaps link here to Reconquista?
 * Done.
 * Granadan-Aragonese, like Marinid-Granadan etc needs endash per MOS:ENDASH
 * Done.
 * add regnal years to Afonso IV of Portugal
 * Done.
 * five miles from Tarifa as with all distances, I recommend using the convert template and adding km as well
 * Done.
 * when Christian reinforcements arrived where these additional to the troop strength mentioned before?
 * The source only says "reinforcements". But to me, the obvious reading is that other parts of the army simply reinforced Afonso's formation, so it was not an addition to the strength mentioned before. HaEr48 (talk) 18:55, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * were routed in the main battle what is the reason for emphasizing the 'main' part? Were there secondary engagements?
 * It's to emphasize that Granada and Portugal only formed the smaller part of their respective armies, and whatever happened to the Marinids and the Castilians were the most important part. Thoughts? HaEr48 (talk) 18:55, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Then "in the main battle against the Castilians"
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 05:10, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * per Vidal Castro, add that the Granadans conquered Carcabuey in 1339
 * Done.
 * Vidal Castro also emphasizes the enormous human cost of the defeat to Granada, as many "wise men, intellectuals and politicians [who] died in the battle, to which they had participated as volunteers".
 * Done.
 * Add that they had joined as volunteers/fought in the battle (e.g., Among the fallen were many intellectuals and officials" or similar), as otherwise it is unclear how intellectuals and officials were lost. The phrasing leaves it open that they died as a consequence of the battle, not during it.
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 05:10, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * After Salado
 * Would recommend 'After Río Salado' for the section name, since in English, if "Río" is left untranslated, the whole must be treated as the name of the battle.
 * Done.
 * bulk of the Marinids "bulk of the Marinid forces/army"
 * Done.
 * Administration
 * replacing his father who died at Salado as above, "who died at Río Salado"
 * Done.
 * Death and legacy
 * A maniac stabbed him given that attributing royal murders to 'madmen' has been a *very* convenient excuse throughout history, I'd refrain from adopting this, or at least phrasing it like this. Say that he was stabbed, that the motive is unknown, and that the murderer was unintelligible, which has led historians to consider him a madman. Whether he truly was, we cannot really know. Vidal Castro even reports a different story, that he was a bastard son of Muhammad IV, and that he had been incited to the act by others.
 * Rephrased that the attribution to a madman was done by Arab historians, and included the alternative motive proposed by Vidal Castro. HaEr48 (talk)
 * the flourishing of the study of medicine is there some work or name of a scholar that can be given as an example?
 * Ibn al-Khatib himself was a physician (in addition to his many disciplines/occupations), and his theory on epidemics has been of interest to historians of medicine. Fernández-Puertas mentioned three other notable doctors during Yusuf's reign along with their deeds. Should I mention them somewhere? They're not directly related to Yusuf's own life, and at this point, I'm a bit worried about adding too much details. HaEr48 (talk) 18:55, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * A reasonable concern, but at least an example is never amiss, as it helps the interested reader. You can add precisely this ("...flourishing of the study of medicine, of which Ibn al-Khatib's theory on epidemics is a good example, continuing to be studied even by modern scholars" or similar), or simply write a brief section with all the names and add it in a footnote if you think they overwhelm the main text.
 * After looking more specifically, Ibn al-Khatib's medical works were produced during the reign of Muhammad V so I'll hold it off for now. Added details on the 3 said scholars npw. HaEr48 (talk) 02:16, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, the section on the medical scholars disrupts the flow a bit, especially with the "describes the reigns of these two sultans" that follows. Recommend moving them to a footnote.
 * Oh, if the footnote is okay then I have no objection whatsoever. Indeed breaking the flow was one of my concern. Moved. HaEr48 (talk) 21:09, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

 * General
 * Vidal Castro's account has some things that are missing. Just a handful from glancing at it:
 * The treatment of his two brothers, Faraj and Ismail
 * Added now, and also his two sisters. HaEr48 (talk) 18:55, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yusuf's appreciation for al-Ghazali and mysticist leanings
 * Done.
 * That all subsequent sultans of the name Yusuf adopted his kunya
 * I saw this but I'm not sure about whether this is special. Looking at the family tree, all rulers of the same given name have the same kunya (e.g. Muhammad = Abu Abdallah, Yusuf = Abu al-Hajjaj, Ismail = Abu al-Walid).
 * Fine by me.

That's it for now. A very well-written article, apart from minor prose issues. The main issue I see and that worries me, just from glancing at Vidal Castro sporadically during my read-through, is that several details are omitted, sometimes rather important ones (e.g. his proclamation, or the alternative version on the origin and motives of his assassin, for example). I strongly recommend re-reading and utilizing him to the fullest as a source, unless there exists a good reason for not doing so (e.g. scholarly consensus against him, but then this is a topic of contention and should be mentioned in the article); otherwise in my view criterion 1b, comprehensiveness, is not satisfied. In view of this, I will wait until all my points are addressed and then do another read-through, checking particularly for comprehensive coverage in Vidal Castro and other sources used in this article. Constantine  ✍  20:31, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for taking a look and for your review. I'll respond to the comprehensiveness issue first - I admit after gathering information from mainly Fernández-Puertas, Harvey, and Arié, I didn't look at Vidal Castro's entry as closely as I should. Since you've found information there that can materially improve the article, I'll go read it again and more closely, add new information as necessary, respond to the other feedback and then ping you again when I'm done. Thank you for bringing this up, and glad to have a reviewer who read Spanish (In one past review I got into trouble for relying too much on non-English sources!). HaEr48 (talk) 00:58, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You are welcome. As I said, the article is a fine piece of work as it stands, and I enjoyed reading it. It was therefore surprising to notice this omission, but I know it can happen that a source can be neglected when writing an article amidst juggling a dozen other sources; that's what these reviews are for, to detect and flag such issues. So take your time, and ping me when you're ready. Constantine  ✍  06:25, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * PS, re 'In one past review I got into trouble for relying too much on non-English sources!' that should not happen, there is absolutely no such requirement. Per WP:NONENG, English sources should be preferred when available and of equal quality and relevance, which of course will not be the case in a great many cases. Constantine  ✍  06:30, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Responded to all of your comments above, and I've milked Vidal Castro for more information, as you suggested. In addition to the specific information you've pointed out above, I've added additional background information, edifices attributed to Yusuf, and other events during his reign. I think it is ready for another review, let me know what you think. HaEr48 (talk) 19:16, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I've gone through the changes, and it looks good, apart from a couple of minor points. Haven't yet had the chance to do a thorough read-through comparison with the references, but will try to do so ASAP. Constantine  ✍  20:46, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * responded to your remaining points. HaEr48 (talk) 02:16, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Looks good, apart from one final, minor, remark. I did a quick read-through and a spotcheck on the sources, can't find anything to complain about. So I am happy to support now. Well done! Constantine  ✍  21:35, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for looking at the article, your very constructive feedback, and your support! HaEr48 (talk) 21:09, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

Image review - pass
All images are appropriately licenced, positioned and captioned.

Consider adding alt text. Gog the Mild (talk) 18:57, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 04:25, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Support from Gog the Mild
Nb. It is my intention to claim points in the WikiCup for this review.

I looked at this for GoCE and assessed it at GAN and it looked pretty good. Let's see how it stacks up for FAC.

I have done a little copy editing on the way, which you will want to check.
 * Those seem correct, and thank you very much. 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "r." for reign is templated except for Muhammad IV.
 * Fixed. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "been the leaders of the Volunteers of the Faith". I realise that it is the lead, but a brief explanation of who these were may avoid confusion in many readers.
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "reluctantly" is PoV and should be attributed (or deleted - you can more easily attribute in the main article).
 * Deleted in the lead and attributed inline in the article body. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * MOS:FOREIGNITALIC requires a template for all foreign words, not just italics. Eg Madrasa Yusufiyya gives Madrasa Yusufiyya.
 * Looking further down at MOS:FOREIGNITALIC, looks like a proper name and names of institutions are not italicized, except when the name itself is being referred to or when provided as a translation for an English name, so I changed it into normal font. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * True, but you need to use the lang template for other foreign words, eg "umm walad", "laqab" etc.
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 17:28, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Link Comares Palace to Comares Palace.
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "the mother of Ismail" This seems a little stilted to me Optional: → 'Ismail's mother'.
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "Dhu al-Hijja" is not in English. Hence needs to be in italics via a lang template.
 * Same as above, this is a proper name. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Upon his accession he took the laqab (honorific or regnal name) al-Mu'ayyad billah ("He who is aided by God"). The founder of the dynasty, Muhammad I, had taken a laqab (al-Ghalib billah, "Victor by the grace of God")" The first laqab is in italics (no template), the second isn't. Is a laqab a proper name or not?
 * It is a proper name. Removed italics to be consistent. HaEr48 (talk) 17:28, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "Master of the Order of Alcántara". Perhaps a note of what the Order of Alcántara was - in addition to the Wikilink? Likewise the Order of Santiago?
 * I tried and can't come up with a clean way to explain inline without distracting the prose too much, so I added a footnote. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * That works fine.

 * "were defeated in Jerez". "in" Jerez, or at Jerez?
 * changed to "at Jerez", but to be honest I don't know the principle at use here. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "in" means actually within the city; "at" means somewhere near but not necessarily within the city. I don't know which but suspect the latter.
 * Yes, I read the source again and confirmed it is the latter. 17:28, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "feigning a plan to attack Málaga" →'feigning an attack against Málaga'.
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "In the following weeks after the fall of Alcalá's". 1) Delete "following"; 2) why the "'s"?
 * 1) Done. 2) Probably remnants of a previous rewording. Deleted the "'s". HaEr48 (talk)
 * "he reluctantly sent 300 jinete cavalry to help the Castilian king". The PoV use of "reluctantly" needs in line attribution to the RS claiming it.
 * Added an inline attribution. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "the Tower of the Captive on the ramparts." link "ramparts".
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Is hammam an English word?
 * Yes according to Oxford, Merriam-Webster, and dictionary.com
 * That's my new thing for today then.

 * Link lunar year.
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Nice additions and improvements since I last looked at it. Just the few picky points above from me for you to consider. Gog the Mild (talk) 21:05, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * As always, thank you for looking and for your review and copyedit. I have responded above. HaEr48 (talk) 04:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Looks good. A couple of actionable responses above, and a further thought below.

 * After the sub-section header "Battle of Río Salado" you have . Why not the same for "Siege of Algeciras" (Siege of Algeciras (1342–44))? And "Siege of Gibraltar and related events" (Fifth Siege of Gibraltar)?
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 17:28, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Gog the Mild (talk) 15:22, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

A quality addition to your series. Supporting. Gog the Mild (talk) 18:07, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your support, and sorry my last round of responses took so long. I was trying to fill the gap pointed out by Constantine above before continuing with the prose changes. HaEr48 (talk) 19:18, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You are most welcome. I suspected that was the case; no worries - Wikipedia isn't going anywhere. Gog the Mild (talk) 20:04, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Funk

 * I'll have a look soon. At first glance, it appears Muhammad I and V are duplinked. FunkMonk (talk) 16:14, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Fixed. HaEr48 (talk) 20:28, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Too bad this image is so small, I couldn't find a larger version, though...
 * Indeed, me neither. HaEr48 (talk) 20:28, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Here's another cool image (the two versions could be spliced together so there would be no watermarks), but since no artist or source is listed, it's difficult to demonstrate if it's in the public domain... FunkMonk (talk) 20:05, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree we need more information on authorship or date. HaEr48 (talk) 05:05, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "his mother, Bahar, an umm walad (freed concubine)" Do we know anything about her background, ethnicity?
 * Not in my current sources. I sent this RX request which I hope will help, but no promises. I will reply again when I have access to that source. HaEr48 (talk) 05:05, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Added that she was from the Christian lands, which is as specific as the source says. Also, found other tidbits about the mother and other women in his life, I added them here, hopefully it helps adding more color to the biography. HaEr48 (talk) 02:14, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Nice! FunkMonk (talk) 07:44, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * More names and terms could maybe be linke din captions?
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 05:05, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You refer to "Castilian chronicles" and "Christian chronicles", are these the same?
 * Yes, changed all to Castilian to avoid confusion. HaEr48 (talk) 05:05, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "Strait to Ceuta the same night. [31]" Unnecessary space before citation.
 * Fixed. HaEr48 (talk) 05:05, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "Yusuf presided over court activities from a wooden folding armchair that is currently preserved in the Museum of the Alhambra and bears the Nasrid coat of arms across its back" Sounds like something that would be fun to show, but I can't find any photos form that museum...
 * If you're curious, this appears to be a duplicate/modeled after the one in the museum, but the picture is copyrighted (not to mention rather ugly). HaEr48 (talk) 02:57, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Interesting, the bags are a, err, nice touch... FunkMonk (talk) 07:44, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "The solemn prayer was then interrupted Yusuf was carried to his royal apartment" Missing a comma or "and" after interrupted?
 * It seems someone just fixed it. HaEr48 (talk) 02:14, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "As Yusuf's nephew" Maybed add "supposed" nephew?
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 02:14, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * thank you for reading and the review. I have responded to all your points above. Let me know if you have other feedback. 02:18, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Support - interesting article. FunkMonk (talk) 07:44, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments by Wehwalt

 * Just a few things.
 * "Abu Nu'aym Ridwan, who was present at Muhammad IV's assassination, rode quickly to the capital," This would be Granada, I assume?
 * Yes, added. HaEr48 (talk) 02:20, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "They signed a new treaty at Fez, in Morocco," Was this within the Marinid Sultanate?
 * Yes, added. HaEr48 (talk) 02:20, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * " Among the fallen were many of Granadan intellectuals and officials.[2]" Possibly "Granadan" should be "Granada's".
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 02:20, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Ceuta is not linked. Neither is Murcia. Or Seville. Or Guadix.
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 02:20, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "Still in the Alhambra, he built the small prayer hall (oratorio) of the Partal Palace, and what is now the Gate of the Seven Floors.[2]" Maybe "Also" instead of "Still". Or cut the introductory phrase and add "in the Alhambra" after "Palace".
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 02:20, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "he was freed a year later but then refused Yusuf's offer to reappoint him, as vizier.[63]" I might cut the comma
 * Done. HaEr48 (talk) 02:20, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Interesting read.--Wehwalt (talk) 21:47, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * thank you for taking a look and for your review :) I have responded above, I hope I addressed them properly. Let me know if you have more feedback. HaEr48 (talk) 02:20, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support looks good.--Wehwalt (talk) 23:54, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

Coord note
Looks like we need a source review? --Ealdgyth (talk) 15:56, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Correct, we still need a formal source review. If I understand correctly might have done references checking and comparison, but nobody has done a full check on formatting, quality of sources, etc. HaEr48 (talk) 16:19, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

Source review - spotchecks not done
 * The second of the three Diccionario Biográfico electrónico refs has different formatting from the other two
 * Updated. HaEr48 (talk) 23:41, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Latham: are you citing the print or the online version? Nikkimaria (talk) 19:10, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The print version. The URL is added to help people who don't have access to the print version. Any problem, ? HaEr48 (talk) 23:41, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Is the content of the version linked the same as the content of the version cited? Nikkimaria (talk) 00:00, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I think so, because the web page says that it is simply the online version of the print work (the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition). I only have access to the opening snippet of the online version, and it is word-for-word identical to the print version. I would be really surprised if they differ except in probably some trivial revisions, but if you feel this is doubtful I can delete the URL. HaEr48 (talk) 00:14, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The reason I bring this up is because the citation is to the "New Edition", while the online version is the "Second Edition" - recently at another FAC an editor asserted that these two are entirely different works. Nikkimaria (talk) 00:20, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I think the assertion there is that Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE (EI3) is different from EI2 = "The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition" = The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition", which is true. But the Second Edition and the New Edition are the same (=EI2). I guess they considered EI2 "New" when it first came out but just "Second Edition" now that EI3 exists. This was confusing to me too, so don't blame me! HaEr48 (talk) 00:29, 7 September 2020 (UTC)


text:
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 * Haylou
 * HiBy
 * infly
 * iEAST
 * Liesheng
 * Musiland
 * NFJ FX-AUDIO
 * OC Studio
 * Onkyo
 * Pioneer
 * ProStereo
 * QCY
 * Questyle Audio
 * Quloos (QLS HiFi)
 * Radius
 * Shanling
 * S.M.S.L
 * TASCAM
 * TEAC
 * TempTec
 * Tecsun
 * TiinLab
 * Topping
 * Tube Fan Audio
 * VMN
 * xDuoo
 * YULONG Audio
 * 1MORE

HWA Certification
On March 27, 2018, Huawei and Savitech announced the Hi-Res Wireless Audio (HWA) Certification. Platinum HWA Certification requires frequency response over 40 kHz, THD+N<-90 dB, SNR>110 dB, and playback using the at least 24bit/96 kHz. Gold HWA Certification requires frequency response over 20 kHz, THD+N<-80 dB, SNR>100 dB, and playback using the at least 24bit/48 kHz.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: LHDC (codec)


text:
Haymo of Faversham

Haymo of Faversham, O.F.M. (d. c. 1243) was an English Franciscan scholar. His scholastic epithet was Inter Aristotelicos Aristotelicissimus (Latin for "Most Aristotelian among the Aristotelians"), referring to his stature among the Scholastics during the Recovery of Aristotle amid the 12th- and 13th-century Renaissance. He acquired fame as a lecturer at the University of Paris and also as a preacher when he entered the Order of Friars Minor, probably in 1224 or 1225. He served as the Minister Provincial for England (1239–1240) and as the Minister General of the Order (1240–c. 1243).

Life
Haymo was born in Faversham, Kent. Thomas of Ecclestone tells us that he entered after having a vision of himself praying in the church in Faversham before the crucifix. A cord was lowered from heaven and he was drawn up to heaven by it. When Haymo saw the Friars Minor he recognised the cord and, after having asked the advice of the Dominican Master General Jordan of Saxony, Haymo and three others entered the Friars Minor at St. Denis, just outside Paris, on Good Friday after having preached the Good Friday sermon.

Shortly after this he was appointed custos at Paris, in which capacity he seems to have attended the general chapter of the order at Assisi in 1230, and was one of the deputies sent by the chapter to Pope Gregory IX to petition for an explanation of certain points in the rule about which there had arisen some discussion in the order. The pope replied with the celebrated Bull "Quo elongati" of 28 September 1230. After this chapter Haymo probably went to England, for from a mention of him in the Patent Rolls Henrici III" he seems to have been at Oxford in 1232, probably as a lecturer in the Franciscan school there. In 1233 he was one of the Friars Minor sent by the Holy See to Constantinople to negotiate for the reunion of the Latin and Greek Churches.

He led a peculiarly active life, for during these years he not only lectured at Oxford, but also at Tours, Bologna, and Padua. He was, moreover, employed by Gregory IX in revising the Breviary of the Roman Curia, and the edition published in 1241 of this Breviary (which afterwards was ordered to be used in all the Roman churches and eventually, with some modification, became the Breviary of the whole Catholic Church) was chiefly the work of Haymo (cf. trans. of Pierre Batiffol, "Hist. of the Roman Breviary", p. 213). In 1239 he took part in the general chapter of the order held at Rome when the notorious Elias of Cortona was deposed from the office of general. From Thomas of Eccleston's account of this chapter it appears that Haymo was one of the chief spokesmen against Elias. He also brought about the degradation of Gregory of Naples, a lieutenant of Elias and a nephew of the pope. After the deposition of Elias, Albert of Pisa, Provincial of England, was elected general, and Haymo succeeded him in the English provincialate. Albert, however died during the first year of his generalate, and Haymo was then elected to the supreme office in the order. According to Luke Wadding, Haymo was elected general in 1239, but this is an evident error. Eccleston expressly says that Haymo, while Provincial of England, gave the habit of the order to Ralph of Maidstone, Bishop of Hereford; but Ralph only resigned his bishopric on 17 December 1239; Haymo, therefore, could not have been elected general of the order until 1240.

While Minister Provincial for England, he reversed the work of the earlier ministers who had kept the order humbly equipped and situated. Instead, he began to enlarge the Order's lands—particularly around Oxford's College of the Franciscans outside the old wall's Watergate—so that the friars would be able to work for their own sustenance instead of depending on charity.

Haymo at once set about rectifying the disorders caused among the friars by Elias. The latter had increased the number of provinces in the order to seventy-two, "after the manner of the seventy-two disciples", says Eccleston, and because he wished to rival the Dominicans, who had divided their order into twelve provinces in honor of the twelve Apostles. Haymo reduced the number of provinces. As Elias had found his chief supporters amongst the lay brothers, whom he had attached to his person by promoting them to high places, Haymo decreed that in future no lay brother should be appointed superior except when there were no priests to fill the office. He also defined the rights of superiors, and set their jurisdiction within definite bounds. Although very zealous for the poverty of the rule, he yet was aware of the disadvantages of depending too much on alms, preferring that the friars live by their own labours. Thus, when Provincial of England, he obtained several larger grounds for the friars, so they could cultivate land. That way, they could supply themselves with food, and not have to beg.

He died at Anagni in Italy c. 1243. On his death-bed, says Eccleston, he was visited by Pope Innocent IV; but Innocent IV was at Anagni only from 25 June until the middle of October 1243, and during the whole of 1244 was resident at Rome. Haymo's epitaph runs:

"Here lies Haymo, highest glory of the English; in his living a brother [friar] of the Minors, in ruling them a father; an eminent lecturer, and rector general in his order." As a schoolman he was styled, in the fashion of the time, Speculum honestatis. Besides his lectures on the Sentences he left a treatise on the ceremonies of the Mass and a book of sermons.
 * Hic jacet Anglorum summum decus, Haymo, Minorum,
 * Vivendo frater, hosque regendo pater:
 * Eximius lector, generalis in ordine rector.

title: Haymo of Faversham


text:
Romano Postema

Romano Ceciel Postema (born 7 February 2002) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Groningen.

Groningen
Postema was born in Groningen, Netherlands, and has stated that he had a passion for football from a young age: "I was always playing football on the street. Before and after school, I was only focused on one thing and that was a ball. My brother and I were always out on the street playing football. It was a fun learning experience," he recalls. He began playing organised football for hometown clubs DIO Groningen and GVAV-Rapiditas before joining FC Groningen's academy in 2013. He signed his first professional contract on 6 March 2019, having made a strong impression in the under-17 league where he managed to net 24 goals in 18 matches under the guidance of coach Paul Matthijs, as well as seven goals in two U17 cup games. Later that year, on 31 August, Postema made his professional debut in a 3–1 Eredivisie loss to Heracles Almelo, coming on as a substitute for Amir Absalem.

Loan to Den Bosch
On 22 May 2020, Postema extended his contract with Groningen until 2024. However, on 6 October 2020, he was loaned out to second-tier Eerste Divisie club FC Den Bosch for the remainder of the 2020–21 season. During a league match against Roda JC on 23 April 2021, Postema scored a hat-trick, strongly contributing to his team's 7–0 victory.

Return to Groningen, loan to Roda JC
Postema returned to Groningen for the 2021–22 season, and on 27 October 2021, he stood out during a KNVB Cup match against Helmond Sport by scoring two goals and helping his team win 4–0. On 12 March 2022, he came off the bench in the 78th minute and made an impressive impact, scoring his first two goals for Groningen and helping the team secure a thrilling 4–3 victory over NEC. He scored six goals in 35 total appearances for the club that season, mainly as a substitute.

At the start of the 2022–23 season, Postema played for Groningen, but on 31 August 2022, he was loaned out to Roda JC in the second tier, until the end of the season. He immediately made an impact for the club, scoring a late equaliser in a 1–1 derby draw against MVV on 4 September 2022. Postema scored six goals and provided two assists in 32 competitive appearances for Roda and returned to recently relegated Groningen at the end of the season.

Breakout season and promotion
After returning to Groningen following his loan spell at Roda JC, Postema immediately established himself as a starter in head coach Dick Lukkien's side. In the first league game upon his return, on 11 August 2024 against Jong Ajax, Postema scored a header to help Groningen to a 4–1 home victory. On 26 January 2024, he scored his first brace in a 4–1 league win over Jong AZ. He then scored consecutive braces on 4 and 8 March, leading Groningen to 4–1 and 3–0 league victories against Den Bosch and MVV, respectively. On 15 March, he scored a hat-trick in Groningen's 4–2 Eredivisie win over De Graafschap. His performances meant that he was voted Player of the Period of Period 4.

Postema finished the season with 20 goals in 40 appearances, including eight goals in five games in March 2024. His contributions were key in securing Groningen's promotion back to the Eredivisie.

International career
Postema was selected for the Netherlands U17 national team's squad for the 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup, but made only one 93rd-minute substitute appearance for Sontje Hansen in the group stage as the Netherlands finished fourth.

Style of play
Postema has been described as a hard-working striker, who during his time with Groningen became a fan favourite. Postema himself has stated that he likes to play with space behind the opponent's defense so that he can be sent through on goal. He is also willing to use any means necessary to win, including diving if it means winning a game. Upon joining Roda JC on loan in 2022, head coach Jurgen Streppel described Postema as a "technically skilled player with a keen sense for scoring goals."

title: Romano Postema


text:
Talk:Delaney Rudd

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title: Talk:Delaney Rudd


text:
1960 Memphis State Tigers football team

The 1960 Memphis State Tigers football team represented Memphis State College (now known as the University of Memphis) as an independent during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In its first year of competition in the University Division and its third season under head coach Billy J. Murphy, the team compiled an 8–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 303 to 85. Wayne Armstrong and Miller Matthews were the team captains. The team played its home games at Crump Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee.

The team's statistical leaders included James Earl Wright with 801 passing yards, James Earl Wright with 574 rushing yards, and Hal Sterling with 169 receiving yards, and James Earl Wright and John Griffin with 30 points scored each.

title: 1960 Memphis State Tigers football team


text:
2019 Upper Austria Ladies Linz

The 2019 Upper Austria Ladies Linz was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 33rd edition of the Linz Open, and part of the WTA International tournaments-category of the 2019 WTA Tour. It was held at the TipsArena Linz in Linz, Austria, from 7 to 13 October 2019.

Prize money
1 Qualifiers prize money is also the Round of 32 prize money
 * per team

Seeds

 * Rankings as of September 30, 2019

Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
 * Kiki Bertens
 * 🇦🇹 Julia Grabher
 * 🇦🇹 Barbara Haas

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
 * 🇯🇵 Misaki Doi
 * 🇩🇪 Anna-Lena Friedsam
 * 🇩🇪 Tamara Korpatsch
 * 🇩🇪 Laura Siegemund
 * 🇷🇸 Nina Stojanović
 * Stefanie Vögele

The following players received entry as lucky losers:
 * 🇧🇪 Ysaline Bonaventure
 * 🇺🇸 Coco Gauff

Withdrawals

 * Before the tournament
 * 🇺🇸 Danielle Collins → replaced by 🇷🇺 Anna Blinkova
 * 🇮🇹 Camila Giorgi → replaced by Jeļena Ostapenko
 * 🇨🇿 Petra Kvitová → replaced by 🇩🇪 Andrea Petkovic
 * 🇺🇸 Jessica Pegula → replaced by 🇰🇿 Elena Rybakina
 * Maria Sakkari → replaced by 🇺🇸 Coco Gauff
 * Anastasija Sevastova → replaced by 🇧🇪 Ysaline Bonaventure
 * 🇨🇿 Markéta Vondroušová → replaced by 🇧🇪 Alison Van Uytvanck

Retirements

 * 🇫🇷 Alizé Cornet (right hip injury)
 * 🇺🇦 Kateryna Kozlova (left lower leg injury)

Seeds

 * 1 Rankings as of September 30, 2019

Other entrants
The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
 * 🇺🇸 Coco Gauff / 🇺🇸 Caty McNally
 * 🇦🇹 Barbara Haas / Xenia Knoll

The following pair received entry as alternates:
 * 🇩🇪 Anna-Lena Friedsam / 🇺🇸 Varvara Lepchenko

Withdrawals

 * Before the tournament
 * 🇧🇪 Kirsten Flipkens (left wrist injury)
 * 🇩🇪 Anna-Lena Friedsam (right shoulder injury)

Singles

 * 🇺🇸 Coco Gauff def. Jeļena Ostapenko, 6–3, 1–6, 6–2

Doubles

 * 🇨🇿 Barbora Krejčíková / 🇨🇿 Kateřina Siniaková def. 🇦🇹 Barbara Haas / Xenia Knoll, 6–4, 6–3

title: 2019 Upper Austria Ladies Linz


text:
Crack Cloud

Crack Cloud are a Canadian musical and multimedia collective currentely based in Calgary, Alberta, formed by drummer and frontman Zach Choy. Alongside the group's core musical members who perform live as a band, a large number of multimedia artists are also associated and operate simultaneously as an in-house production studio within the group, due to the project's strong focus on visual storytelling.

To date, they have released two studio albums, Pain Olympics (2020) and Tough Baby (2022). while their third and upcoming album, Red Mile is set to be released July 26. 2024 via American independent label, Jagjaguwar.

History
Formed in 2015, Crack Cloud started as the solo project of lead vocalist and drummer Zach Choy while he was living in Calgary, Alberta. Soon after, the project moved to Vancouver, British Columbia in 2018, where most of its members met through various addiction recovery and mental health programmes both as participants and as support workers. Choy stated that the purpose of Crack Cloud is a "healing mechanism" The group's logo is also notable as an appropriation of the exclamation mark used by Concerned Children's Advertisers, a series of public service announcements aimed towards children on various topics (drug abuse, peer pressure, exercise, etc.) that were broadcast on Canadian television during 1990s until the mid-2000s.

Crack Cloud released their first self-titled EP, in 2016, followed by another the next year called Anchoring Point in 2017. These two EP's were re-released as a self-titled compilation via Deranged and Tin Angel/Meat Machine Records on June 1, 2018. Following those releases, the group toured internationally and featured at several music festivals including Levitation, End of the Road, and Roskilde which garnered the group considerable exposure between North America, the United Kingdom and Europe respectively.

Crack Cloud released their debut studio album, Pain Olympics, via Meat Machine Records on July 17, 2020, preceded by four singles, The Next Fix, Ouster Stew, Tunnel Vision and Favour Your Fortune, released between May 2019 until October 2020. The record was received favourably, based on the album receiving an average score of 87 from 8 reviews on Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim".

On July 8, 2021, the group were named as the winners of the Hi-Fidelity Award, a prize for Canadian recording artists use of innovation within their music videos at the 2021 Prism Prize.

On May 11, 2022, Crack Cloud announced their second album, Tough Baby, released September 16, 2022 via Meat Machine, with the release of the album's first single, Please Yourself. The album's self-titled second single was released on July 8, 2022. Costly Engineered Illusion, the album's third single was released September 1. 2022.

On May 15, 2024, the group revealed they had signed to American independent label, Jagjaguwar, and announced their third studio album, Red Mile, set to be released July 26. 2024. The announcement was in-tandem with the album's first single, "Blue Kite".

Members
Current
 * Zach Choy – lead vocals, drums, synthesizer, film editor, producer, songwriter, percussion (2015–present)
 * Will Choy – lead guitar, backing vocals (2018–present)
 * Bryce Cloghesy – saxophone, lead guitar, sampler (2017–present)
 * Jesse Atkey – saxophone, sampler, backing vocals (2018–2022; 2024–present)
 * Eve Adams – vocals (2024–present ; associate 2018–2024)
 * Mackenzie Cruse – singer, vocals, graphic design (2024–present ; associate 2018–2024)
 * Aleem Khan – keyboards, synthesizers, bongos, backing vocals (2021–present)
 * Nat Philipps – saxophone (2022–present)
 * Aidan Pontarini – production, creative director, film editor (2023–present)
 * Emma Acs – vocals (2024–present)

Former
 * Patrick Seager – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2016–2017)
 * Jon Reynolds – lead guitar, saxophone, backing vocals (2016–2017)
 * Will Johnson – lead guitar, bass, backing vocals (2016–2017)
 * Henry Hsieh – rhythm guitar (2016–2017)
 * Jon Varley – lead guitar, backing vocals (2017–2019)
 * Noah Varley – bass, saxophone (2017–2019)
 * Kelsie Hjorleifson – bass (2018)
 * Daniel Robertson – keyboards, synthesizers, rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2018–2021)
 * Megan Magdalena – bass, backing vocals (2020–2021)
 * Mohammad "Mo" Ali Sharar – rhythm guitar, bass, keyboards, sampler, backing vocals, production, graphic design, film editor (2016–2022)
 * Garnet Aroynk Muhammad – rhythm guitar, bass, backing vocals (2019–2022)
 * Camryn Sproule – keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals (2022)
 * David Proctor – lead guitar, bass, backing vocals (2022)
 * Mikhail Oreshkov – guitar, bass, backing vocals (2022)
 * Jared Drake – bass, backing vocals (2016–2017; 2023–2024)

Associates
 * Alex Burke – choir, percussion
 * Nicolas Dirksen – engineering, mixing, strings, additional percussion, additional synths
 * Missy Donaldson – singer, vocals
 * Silvia Fioretti – choir, percussion
 * Richard Guy – production
 * Oliver Hamilton – violin
 * Victoria Hamblett – choir, percussion
 * Wei Huang – graphic design, lettering
 * Annalisa Iembo – sound engineer
 * Syd Kemp – choir, percussion, mixing
 * Amy Lowe – graphic design, assistant choreography
 * Jennilee Marigomen – photography
 * Magdalena McLean – violin
 * Sage Aronyk Muhammad – percussion, vocals
 * David Novotny – guitar, lap steel, flute
 * Eris Nyx – artist, activist, community organizer
 * Arthur Sajas – flute, choir, percussion
 * Eden Solomon – dancer, choreography
 * John Paul Stewart – engineering, mixing, processing
 * Joseph Stone – saxophone, percussion
 * Gam Traynor – cello
 * Aga Ujma – harp, vocals
 * Jing Wang – photography, graphic design, assistant choreography

Discography

 * Studio Albums
 * Pain Olympics (2020)
 * Tough Baby (2022)
 * Red Mile (2024)

 * Live Albums
 * Crackin Up: Live In London (2023)

 * EPs
 * Crack Cloud (2016)
 * Anchoring Point (2017)

 * Compilations
 * Crack Cloud (2018)
 * Live Leak (2020)

Prism Prize
The Prism Prize is a national, juried award established to recognize outstanding artistry in the Canadian music video production community. The Hi-Fidelity Award is presented to a recording artist (band or musician) who has used video art to represent their work in a consistently creative and innovative way.

 * 2021
 * Crack Cloud
 * Hi-Fidelity Award
 * Won
 * }
 * }

title: Crack Cloud


text:
Fire alarm system

A fire alarm system is a building system designed to detect, alert occupants, and alert emergency forces of the presence of fire, smoke, carbon monoxide, or other fire-related emergencies. Fire alarm systems are required in most commercial buildings. They may include smoke detectors, heat detectors, and manual fire alarm activation devices (pull stations). All components of a fire alarm system are connected to a fire alarm control panel. Fire alarm control panels are usually found in an electrical or panel room. Fire alarm systems generally use visual and audio signalization to warn the occupants of the building. Some fire alarm systems may also disable elevators, which are unsafe to use during a fire under most circumstances.

Design
Fire alarm systems are designed after fire protection requirements in a location are established, which is usually done by referencing the minimum levels of security mandated by the appropriate model building code, insurance agencies, and other authorities. A fire alarm designer will detail specific components, arrangements, and interfaces necessary to accomplish these requirements. Equipment specifically manufactured for these purposes is selected, and standardized installation methods are anticipated during the design. There are several commonly referenced standards for fire protection requirements, including:

 * ISO 7240-14, the international standard for the design, installation, commissioning, and service of fire detection and fire alarm systems in and around a building. This standard was published in August 2013.
 * NFPA 72, The National Fire Alarm Code, an established and widely used installation standard from the United States. In Canada, the Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada or ULC provides fire system installation standards.

There are national codes in each European country for planning, design, installation, commissioning, use, and maintenance of fire detection systems with additional requirements that are mentioned on TS 54 -14: Across Oceania, the following standards outline the requirements, test methods, and performance criteria for fire detection control and indicating equipment utilised in building fire detection and fire alarm systems:
 * TS 54 -14 is a technical specification (CEN/TS) for fire detection and fire alarm systems (Part 14: Guidelines for planning, design, installation, commissioning, use, and maintenance). Technical Committee CEN/TC72 has prepared this document as part of the EN 54 series of standards. This standard was published in October 2018.
 * Germany, Vds 2095
 * Italy, UNI 9795
 * France, NF S61-936
 * Spain, UNE 23007-14
 * United Kingdom, BS 5839 Part 1
 * Australia AS 1603.4 (superseded), AS 4428.1 (superseded), and AS 7240.2:2018.

Parts
Fire alarm systems are composed of several distinct parts:
 * Fire alarm control panel (FACP), or fire alarm control unit (FACU): This component, the hub of the system, monitors inputs and system integrity, controls outputs, and transmits information.
 * Remote annunciator: a device that connects directly to the panel; the annunciator's main purpose is to allow emergency personnel to view the system status and take command from outside the electrical room the panel is located in. Usually, annunciators are installed by the front door, the door the fire department responds by, or in a fire command center. Annunciators typically have the same commands as those available from the panel's LCD screen, although some annunciators allow for full system control.
 * Primary power supply: Commonly, a commercial power utility supplies a non-switched 120 or 240-volt alternating current source. A dedicated branch circuit is connected to the fire alarm system and its constituents in non-residential applications. "Dedicated branch circuits" should not be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply energy to a single appliance.
 * Secondary (backup) power supplies: Sealed lead-acid storage batteries or other emergency sources, including generators, are used to supply energy during a primary power failure. The batteries can be either inside the bottom of the panel or inside a separate battery box installed near the panel.
 * Initiating devices: These components act as inputs to the fire alarm control unit and are manually or automatically activated. Examples include pull stations, heat detectors, duct detectors, and smoke detectors.
 * Fire alarm notification appliance: This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm system or other stored energy source to inform the proximate persons of the need to take action, usually to evacuate. This is done using a variety of audio and visual means, ranging from pulsing incandescent lights, flashing strobe lights, horns, sirens, chimes, bells, loudspeakers, or a combination of these devices.
 * Building safety interfaces: This interface allows the fire alarm system to control aspects of the built environment, prepare the building for fire, and control the spread of smoke fumes by influencing air movement, lighting, process control, human transport, and availability of exits.

Initiating devices
Initiating devices used to activate a fire alarm system are either manually or automatically actuated devices. Manually actuated devices, also known as fire alarm boxes, manual pull stations, or simply pull stations, break glass stations, and (in Europe) call points, are installed to be readily located (usually near the exits of a floor or building), identified, and operated. They are usually actuated using physical interaction, such as pulling a lever or breaking glass.

Automatically actuated devices can take many forms, and are intended to respond to any number of detectable physical changes associated with fire: convected thermal energy for a heat detector, products of combustion for a smoke detector, radiant energy for a flame detector, combustion gases for a fire gas detector, and operation of sprinklers for a water-flow detector. Automatic initiating devices may use cameras and computer algorithms to analyze and respond to the visible effects of fire and movement in applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection methods.

Notification appliances
Alarms can take many forms, but are most often either motorized bells or wall-mountable sounders or horns. They can also be speaker strobes that sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message for clearer instructions on what to do. Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain frequencies and different tones, either low, medium, or high, depending on the country and manufacturer of the device. Most fire alarm systems in Europe sound like a siren with alternating frequencies. Fire alarm electronic devices are known as horns in the United States and Canada and can be continuous or set to different codes. Fire alarm warning devices can also be set to different volume levels.

Notification appliances utilize audible, visible, tactile, textual or even olfactory stimuli (odorizers) to alert the occupants of the need to evacuate or take action in the event of a fire or other emergency. Evacuation signals may consist of simple appliances that transmit uncoded information, coded appliances that transmit a predetermined pattern, and/or appliances that transmit audible and visible information such as live or prerecorded instructions and illuminated message displays. Some notification appliances are a combination of fire alarm and general emergency notification appliances, allowing both types of emergency notifications from a single device.

Emergency voice alarm communication systems
Some fire alarm systems utilize emergency voice alarm communication systems (EVAC) to provide prerecorded and manual voice messages. Voice alarm systems are typically used in high-rise buildings, arenas, and other large "defend-in-place" occupancies such as hospitals and detention facilities where total evacuation is difficult to achieve. Voice-based systems allow response personnel to conduct orderly evacuation and notify building occupants of changing event circumstances.

Audible textual appliances can be employed as part of a fire alarm system that includes EVAC capabilities. High-reliability speakers notify the occupants of the need for action concerning a fire or other emergency. These speakers are employed in large facilities where general undirected evacuation is impracticable or undesirable. The signals from the speakers are used to direct the occupant's response. The fire alarm system automatically actuates speakers in a fire event. Following a pre-alert tone, selected groups of speakers may transmit one or more prerecorded messages directing the occupants to safety. These messages may be repeated in one or more languages. The system may be controlled from one or more locations within the building, known as "fire warden stations", or from a single location designated as the building's "fire command center". From these control locations, trained personnel activating and speaking into a dedicated microphone can suppress the replay of automated messages to initiate or relay real-time voice instructions.

In highrise buildings, different evacuation messages may be played on each floor, depending on the location of the fire. The floor the fire is on along with ones above it may be told to evacuate while floors much lower may be asked to stand by.

In the United States
In the United States, fire alarm evacuation signals generally consist of a standardized audible tone, with visual notification in all public and common-use areas. Emergency signals are intended to be distinct and understandable to avoid confusion with other signals.

As per NFPA 72, 18.4.2 (2010 Edition), Temporal Code 3 is the standard audible notification in a modern system. It consists of a repeated three-pulse cycle (0.5 s on, 0.5 s off, 0.5 s on, 0.5 s off, 0.5 s on, 1.5 s off). Voice evacuation is the second most common audible notification in modern systems. Legacy systems, typically found in older schools and buildings, have used continuous tones alongside other audible notifications.

In the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, fire alarm evacuation signals generally consist of a two-tone siren with visual notifications in all public and common-use areas. Some fire alarm devices can emit an alert signal, which is generally used in schools for lesson changes, the start of morning break, the end of morning break, the start of lunch break, the end of lunch break, and when the school day is over.

Emergency communication systems
New codes and standards introduced around 2010, especially the new UL Standard 2572, the US Department of Defense's UFC 4-021-01 Design and O&M Mass Notification Systems, and NFPA 72 2010 edition Chapter 24, have led fire alarm system manufacturers to expand their systems voice evacuation capabilities to support new requirements for mass notification. These expanded capabilities include support for multiple types of emergency messaging (i.e., inclement weather emergency, security alerts, amber alerts). The major requirement of a mass notification system is to provide prioritized messaging according to the local facilities' emergency response plan, and the fire alarm system must support the promotion and demotion of notifications based on this emergency response plan. In the United States, emergency communication systems also have requirements for visible notification in coordination with any audible notification activities to meet the needs of the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Mass notification system categories include the following:
 * Tier 1 systems are in-building and provide the highest level of survivability
 * Tier 2 systems are out of the building and provide the middle level of survivability
 * Tier 3 systems are "At Your Side" and provide the lowest level of survivability

Mass notification systems often extend the notification appliances of a standard fire alarm system to include PC-based workstations, text-based digital signage, and a variety of remote notification options including email, text message, RSS feed, or IVR-based telephone text-to-speech messaging.

Residential systems
Residential fire alarm systems are commonplace. Typically, residential fire alarm systems are installed along with security alarm systems. In the United States, a residential fire alarm system is required in buildings where more than 12 smoke detectors are needed. Residential systems generally have fewer parts compared to commercial systems.

False alarms
A poorly designed system may result in erroneous alarms. The repetitive incidence of false alarms could potentially lead individuals to underestimate the significance of fire alarms, thereby posing the risk of severe consequences.

To minimize potential risks, it is important to entrust the installation of alarm systems to certified technicians. Additionally, maintaining a consistent schedule for servicing and testing these systems is crucial for their optimal functionality and reliability. Regular inspections not only contribute to the early detection of malfunctions but also enhance the overall effectiveness of the alarm system, ensuring a prompt and accurate response when needed.

Building safety interfaces
Various equipment may be connected to a fire alarm system to facilitate evacuation or to control a fire, directly or indirectly:

 * Magnetic smoke door holders and retainers are wall-mounted solenoids or electromagnets controlled by a fire alarm system or detection component that magnetically secures spring-loaded self-closing smoke-tight doors in the open position. The device demagnetizes to allow automatic closure of the door on command from the fire control or upon failure of the power source, interconnection, or controlling element. Stored energy in the form of a spring or gravity can then close the door to restrict the passage of smoke from one space to another in order to facilitate evacuation and firefighting efforts. Electromagnetic fire door holders may also be hard-wired into the fire panel, radio-controlled, triggered by radio waves from a central controller connected to a fire panel, or acoustic, which learns the sound of the fire alarm and releases the door upon hearing this exact sound.

 * Duct-mounted smoke detectors may be mounted in such a manner as to sample the airflow through ductwork and other plenums fabricated explicitly for the transport of environmental air into conditioned spaces. As part of the fire alarm system, these detectors may be connected to the fan motor control circuits in order to stop air movement, close dampers and generally prevent the recirculation of toxic smoke and fumes from fire in occupied spaces.

 * Automatic initiating devices associated with elevator operation are used for emergency elevator functions, such as the recall of associated elevator cab(s). The recall will cause the elevator cabs to return to the ground level for use by fire service response teams and to ensure that cabs do not return to the floor of fire incidence, as well as preventing people from becoming trapped in the elevators. Phases of operation include primary recall (typically the ground level), alternate/secondary recall (typically a floor adjacent to the ground level—used when the fire alarm initiation occurred on the primary level), illumination of the "fire hat" indicator when an alarm occurs in the elevator hoistway or associated control room, and in some cases shunt trip (disconnect) of elevator power (generally used where the control room or hoistway is protected by fire sprinklers).

 * Audio public address racks can be interfaced with a fire alarm system by adding a signaling control relay module to either the rack's power supply unit or the main amplifier driving the rack. The purpose of the fire alarm system interface is usually to "mute" the background music in case of an emergency.

British fire alarm system categories
In the United Kingdom, fire alarm systems in non-domestic premises are generally designed and installed in accordance with the guidance given in BS 5839 Part 1. There are many types of fire alarm systems, each suited to different building types and applications. A fire alarm system can vary dramatically in price and complexity, from a single panel with a detector and sounder in a small commercial property to an addressable fire alarm system in a multi-occupancy building.

BS 5839 Part 1 categorizes fire alarm systems as:

 * "M" manual systems (no automatic fire detectors, so the building is fitted with call points and sounders).
 * "L" automatic systems intended for the protection of life.
 * "P" automatic systems intended for the protection of property.

Categories for automatic systems are further subdivided into L1 to L5 and P1 to P2.

Zoning
An important consideration when designing fire alarms is that of individual "zones". The following recommendations are found in BS 5839 Part 1:

The NFPA recommends placing a list for reference near the fire alarm control panel showing the devices contained in each zone.
 * A single zone should not exceed 2000 m2 in floor space.
 * Where addressable systems are in place, two faults should not remove protection from an area greater than 10000 m2.
 * A building may be viewed as a single zone if the floor space is less than 300 m2.
 * Where the floor space exceeds 300 m2 then all zones should be restricted to a single floor level.
 * Stairwells, lift shafts or other vertical shafts (nonstop risers) within a single fire compartment should be considered as one or more separate zones.
 * The maximum distance traveled within a zone to locate the fire should not exceed 60 m.

title: Fire alarm system


text:
Dead End (manga)

Dead End, known in Japan as The End, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Shohei Manabe. It was serialized in Kodansha's Monthly Afternoon magazine from 2001–2002 and published in four volumes.

Plot
Shiro is a construction worker, tired of the usual daily routine of his job; he hopes that something will come to awake him from the monotony of his life, and his wish is answered when a young girl named Lucy, falling naked from the sky, enters his life. They spend together two days, enough for Shiro to fall in love with her; but on the third day, when Shiro comes back home, he can't find her anymore, and instead he finds his friends murdered. After that he meets a stranger who claims to be his friend, and learns that he had his memory voluntarily erased, he knew Lucy from before, and to find a way to solve the puzzle he has to find five old friends, who have had their memory erased just like him. Along with these five friends he must uncover, there are also many others who seek his death and one particular monster who kills in a brutal way.

Publication
Written and illustrated by Shohei Manabe, the series began serialization in Kodansha's Monthly Afternoon magazine in 2001. It completed its serialization in Monthly Afternoon in 2002. Its individual chapters were collected into four tankōbon volumes.

Tokyopop published the manga in English.

Reception
Jarred Pine of Mania liked the story and felt the artwork complemented the story well. Hilary Goldstein of IGN praised the story, which she described as a "slow burn". She also felt that the artwork was realistic. In Manga: The Complete Guide, Jason Thompson wrote the story "has the feel of a dream" and praised the artwork for matching the setting.

title: Dead End (manga)


text:
Talk:David Wiesner

Kim Kahng
Evidently they co-wrote his first book as a writer (first trial or first success?) and have not collaborated again (no trial or no success?).

WorldCat lists no other publications for her. One of its libraries catalogs The loathsome dragon as "retold", perhaps a Chinese folktale?

--P64 (talk) 01:20, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Wiesner


text:
Gibbs Mountain (Massachusetts)

Gibbs Mountain is a small peak located in Marlboro, Massachusetts with an elevation of 499 ft, named after a local homesteader, Micah Gibbs. The summit is located in Callahan State Park and is traversed by the Red Tail Trail and Bay Circuit Trail, as well as the 3.7 mile Gibbs Mountain Loop Trail. The summit is marked by a small pile of rocks in a small clearing.

title: Gibbs Mountain (Massachusetts)


text:
Portal:Chemical engineering

Welcome to the Division of ! ''Part of Engineering and Technology and the School of Engineering Related: School of Chemistry''

Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (in particular chemistry and physics) and mathematics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. As well as producing useful materials, chemical engineering is also concerned with pioneering valuable new materials and techniques; an important form of research and development.

Chemical engineering largely involves the design and maintenance of chemical processes for large-scale manufacture. Chemical engineers in this branch are usually employed under the title of process engineer. The development of the large-scale processes characteristic of industrialized economies is a feat of chemical engineering, not chemistry. Indeed, chemical engineers are responsible for the availability of the modern high-quality materials that are essential for running an industrial economy.

Departments

 * Chemical Process Principles
 * Engineering Thermodynamics
 * Instrumentation and Control Systems
 * Chemical Process Technology
 * Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
 * Process Equipment Design
 * Unit Operations
 * Heat Transfer
 * Mass Transfer
 * Particulate Technology (Particle Mechanics)
 * Fluid Flow(Fluid Mechanics)
 * Nanotechnology
 * Reaction Engineering
 * Transport Phenomena
 * Process Dynamics and Control
 * Chemical Plant Economics and Management

Wikibooks

 * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Engineering
 * Intro to Chemical Engineering Processes

Chemical Engineering Communities

 * www.cheresources.com
 * www.todoquimica.net
 * www.chemicalforums.com
 * www.askache.com
 * www.chemengg.com

Heat Transfer

 * Wolverine Engineering Data Book II, Dr. K.J. Bell and A.C. Mueller
 * Wolverine Engineering Data Book III, Pr. John R. Thome
 * A Heat Transfer Textbook, John H. Lienhard V, Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Open Textbooks

 * The University of Michigan Chemical Engineering Process Dynamics and Controls Open Textbook is a student created open source textbook.

University of Michigan

 * Reaction Engineering Modules from University of Michigan
 * Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering
 * Chemical Process Dynamics and Controls

MIT Open CourseWare

 * http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemical-Engineering/index.htm

ECOSSE
Control:
 * The ECOSSE Control HyperCourse
 * The Virtual Control Laboratory

Modelling & Simulation:
 * Modelling, Simulation and Optimisation

Equipment Design

 * On-Line Application for Engineering Design
 * http://people.clarkson.edu/~wilcox/Design/
 * MATLAB Tutorial Computer Methods in Chemical Engineering
 * Pressure Vessel and System Design

OpenCheESE

 * OpenCheese Home Page
 * OpenCheese User Group

OpSim

 * Open Sim User Group
 * Source Forge OpSim Page
 * OpSim Specs

Sim42

 * Please note that the Sim42 Foundation is no longer active. Virtual Materials Group, INC. now maintains the website
 * DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPEN SOURCE CHEMICAL PROCESS SIMULATOR (PDF)
 * An Open Source Exergy Calculator Tool

OPEN CHEMASIM

 * OPEN CHEMASIM

EMSO

 * Environment for Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization (EMSO)
 * EMSO Model Library (EML)
 * EMSO downloads

ECOSSE
Institution:
 * The Edinburgh Collection of Open Software for Simulation and Education

Tools:
 * WWW Chemical Engineer's Toolkit

Properties:
 * The Molecular Typewriter
 * Pure Component Databank
 * Water Vapour Pressure Calculator
 * Improved Vapour Pressure and Boiling Point Calculator
 * Simple IDEAL Boiling Point Diagram Calculator
 * Approximate LLE calculations
 * Simplified Binary VLLE Calculator
 * Binary Nonideal VLE Calculator
 * Simple IDEAL VLE Calculator
 * Non-Ideal x-y Diagrams
 * Azeotrope Databank
 * Heterogeneous Azeotropes

Operations:
 * Simple IDEAL Shortcut Distillation Procedures
 * Simple IDEAL BINARY Shortcut Distillation Procedures
 * Distillation
 * Ternary Distillation A
 * Ternary Distillation B

Computational Chemical Thermodynamics

 * tdlib'00 GNU Computational Thermodynamics Library
 * tdlib'00 GNU Computational Thermodynamics Library (PDF)
 * THERMODYNAMIC MODELING AND THERMODYNAMIC COMPUTER SCIENCE

Databases

 * Chemical & Physical Properties Library
 * Henry's Law Constants (Solubilities)
 * NIST Chemistry WebBook
 * ChemFinder
 * MatWeb, Your Source for Materials Information
 * CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS
 * Virtual Library: Science: Chemistry: Chemical Databases
 * Chemical & Physical Properties References
 * ChemDAT® The Merck Chemical Databases
 * Extensive list of Properties Databases

Resources

 * Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Data
 * Chemical Engineering Information Exchange

Related news

 * October 17, 2005 - Scientists create resilin in a lab.

Departamento de Ingeniería Química

title: Portal:Chemical engineering


text:
Pozieres, Queensland

Pozieres is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, Pozieres had a population of 208 people.

Geography
Pozieres railway station is an abandoned railway station (-28.5286°N, 151.8856°W) on the now-closed Amiens branch railway of the Southern railway line.

History
Following World War I, Pozieres was one of the Pikedale soldier settlements established in the Granite Belt area of the Darling Downs. As part of this initiative, the Amiens branch railway was constructed west of Cottonvale. The line was not built to convey passengers but rather to transport fruit from the soldiers' orchards to markets in Brisbane and Sydney. The line was opened on 7 June 1920 and it closed on 28 February 1974.

The name Pozieres comes from the Pozieres railway station, named by the Queensland Railways Department in 1920, which in turn was suggested by surveyor George Grant and the Returned Soldiers and Sailors Imperial League of Australia, commemorating the famous World War I Battle of Pozières. The grave accent in Pozières is omitted as Queensland Government policy on place naming restricts names to the "standard alphabet".

A postal receiving office was opened at Pozieres on 1 May 1921, upgraded to a post office about March 1924.

Pozieres State School opened on 16 June 1921.

In November 1921, an Anglican minister, Reverend Alan Thompson, was appointed to the soldier settlement towns but at June 1922, the parishioners were lobbying for a church as services were being held in private homes.

Pozieres Anglican Church Centre opened circa 1929. It is now closed.

Demographics
In the, Pozieres had a population of 145 people.

In the, Pozieres had a population of 208 people.

Education
Pozieres State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 45-47 Pozieres School Road (-28.5248°N, 151.8847°W). In 2016, the school had an enrolment of 7 students with 2 teachers (1 full-time equivalent) and 3 non-teaching staff (1 full-time equivalent). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 8 students with 2 teachers (1 full-time equivalent) and 3 non-teaching staff (1 full-time equivalent).

title: Pozieres, Queensland


text:
Wikiversity:Wikiversity the Movie/Music

Welcome to the Wikiversity the Movie Music Project.

Content summary
Participants make the sound track for Wikiversity the Movie, including original music.

The music can be in any style, but ideally, should have some structure which is relevant to the movie being produced.

Considerations
Music is a medium that can stand alone as a media, or complement others.

Learning materials
Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

You should also read about the Learning model. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.

 * Introduction to GarageBand - a tool for movie sound track production
 * Collaborative audio
 * Wiki Campus Radio - Image:CQ music.ogg

 * Theme music :
 * Instrumental version: [[Image:Wikiwaytheme.ogg]]
 * Vocals: [[Image:Wikiwaythemewithwords.ogg]]

 * Songs
 * "Oops, I did it again"
 * "Tell Me Lies" by Fleetwood Mac
 * "Hanging By A Thread"
 * "Over the Edge" by Zebrahead

 * Other music:
 * Wikiversity the Movie/Wikiversity is a Mighty Fine Ditch
 * Wikiversity the Movie/SLP
 * Salmon Writhing
 * A Cantorial Night Song
 * Absolution
 * Bok Choy to the World
 * ArbCom Song
 * What Kind of Troll Am I?
 * Pony Baloney

Texts

 * http://akamai.www.berkleemusic.com/assets/display/760678/berklee_film_scoring_essentials.pdf

Active participants
Active participants in this Learning Group

title: Wikiversity:Wikiversity the Movie/Music


text:
Talk:Denis MacEoin

Untitled
I have deleted this sentence: "Before this, several university-based academics had questioned the authenticity of the report and the political motives of its authors." The reason is that I can find no comment from any academic other than Dr Marranci, who is mentioned. Dennett p (talk) 21:04, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Promotional style
The information on Beth MacEoin seems to be non-notable (WP:NOTABILITY), unless she is a leading, controversial and publicly strong voice of the fringe science (or pseudo-science) of homeopathy per (WP:UNDUE). As a rare (?) neutral commentor on Bábism and Bahá'í, the info abt Denis MacEoin is prob justifiable. Praetere censeo Carthaginem esse delendam. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 19:51, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Update: NOT (quite) neutral, it appears! Hmm... Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 19:53, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Categories
Isn't he a Northern Irish novelist rather than an English novelist? Headhitter (talk) 23:20, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

WTF???? What in heavens name?
What is this section Controversy over 'The Hijacking of British Islam'' talking about? What does MacEoin have to do with Hijacking of British Islam which is mentioned nowhere else in the article??--BoogaLouie

Reply to BoogaLouie : MacEoin has quite a lot to do with the Hijacking of British Islam - Denis MacEoin is the person that authored that report. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:53, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

I have removed the section about the Hijacking of British Islam. MacEoin was simply the person who wrote the report on the basis of published material supplied to him. He did not commission the report, he did not obtain any of the materials used in it, and he has never been accused of any involvement in a possible forgery. As a matter of fact, all accusations of 'forgery' have been shown to be speculative, have never been raised or proved in court, and it is, therefore, defamatory to link MacEoin to the charge. BoogaLouie has this right. It is defamatory, as are the unproven comments by Seamus Milne.

++++++++++++++++

Dear Mr MacEoin, as has already been pointed out at least once on this TALK page - this is not your blog!!!

please don't vandalise the page just because you object to information contained therein. I have reverted your vandalising edits and will do so again should you continue to vandalise the page. Allegations of forgery are taken DIRECT from published reputable sources. They meet all the criteria necessary to be used on this page - If you are having touble understanding the basic requirements when editing Wikipedia, then perhaps a re-read of an April 2013 comment posted on your own TALK page might be in order? <IP_ADDRESS> 23:39, 05 april 2014

Notability
I've added a tag indicating that the notability of the subject is questionable. The only sources currently on the page are brief mentions, primary sources, and other low-quality citations. It is difficult however to verify whether MacEoin is notability for something, because so many of his own bylined articles show up in search results. We need much more substantial sourcing about MacEoin for something like the prior Controversy section.

I would suggest AfD, but my experiences have been that pages on academics are very difficult to delete. CorporateM (Talk) 17:28, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 13:12, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Death
Apparently Denis MacEoin died of complications due to the coronovirus in May/June 2022. But there appears to be no obituary that I can find even though this information has been independently confirmed by several individuals who knew him personally. This information needs to be amended. Qalandar303 (talk) 11:25, 2 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denis MacEoin


text:
Talk:Ken Segall

Sorry, a little help? There is a notice about excessive or inappropriate links in this article, but I'm having trouble seeing what needs correcting. Pointer would be appreciated!

Mrylander (talk) 17:24, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

To GoingBatty
Hi there. Don't see how I can add any more sources or citations to the Early Life section beyond what's there, as the things I reference are from way long ago. Okay to leave as is? Mrylander (talk) 00:27, 20 August 2020 (UTC) comment added by Mrylander (talk • contribs) 23:34, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:35, 20 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Ken Segall.jpg

Needs photo
of Ken Segall Buckleboy (talk) 17:09, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ken Segall


text:
Marie-Louise Nosch

Marie-Louise Bech Nosch (January 1970 -; née Gregersen) is a Professor in the University of Copenhagen and an expert in the interdisciplinary study of prehistoric textiles. Her main research focus is on the evidence for textile production in Mycenaean Greece provided by the Linear B tablets; she has also published widely on the cross-cultural study of textiles from across the ancient Mediterranean and Near East.

Education and career
Nosch studied history at the Université Nancy II and history and classical philology at the University of Copenhagen. After obtaining her PhD on the Mycenaean textile industry at the University of Salzburg in 2000, supervised by Sigrid Deger-Jalkotzy and Oswald Panagl, she worked for the Austrian Academy of Sciences' Mycenaean Commission and as a Carlsberg postdoctoral researcher at the University of Copenhagen. She became a research professor in 2009 and subsequently a full professor (2017–present) in the SAXO Institute for the study of prehistoric and classical archaeology, ethnology, Classics and history, where she is a member of the National Danish Research Foundation's Centre for Textile Research; from 2005 to 2016 she was Director of this research centre. She has received numerous high-profile awards, including the Iris Foundation Award for Outstanding Mid-Career Scholars (2009), the Humboldt Foundation's Anneliese Maier Award (2013), and Queen Margrethe II's Science Prize (2019), and is a member of the Order des Palmes académiques. She is also a member of the Royal Danish Academy and the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, is the Scandinavian representative on the Comité International Permanent d’Études Mycéniennes and a corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and sits on the Board of Directors of the Velux Foundations. In September 2020 she was elected President of the Royal Danish Academy.

Research
Nosch's main area of expertise is in the study of textile production in Mycenaean Greece, based on archaeological finds, textual evidence from the Linear B tablets, and experimental archaeology; she has published widely on the interpretation of Linear B tablets referring to textiles, the operation of the textile industry, the wider Mycenaean economy, and Mycenaean religion. Nosch has also participated in and directed interdisciplinary research projects on a wide range of aspects of textile production in the classical Greek and Roman worlds, the ancient Near East, and medieval and early modern Europe, and has edited numerous volumes on the cross-cultural study of textiles,  as well as working on the use of textiles as metaphors in literary works.

Mycenaean textiles and economy

 * Marie-Louise Nosch, „Acquisition and Distribution: ta-ra-si-ja in the Mycenaean Textile Industry“ in C. Gillis, Ch. Risberg & B. Sjöberg (eds), Trade and Production in Premonetary Greece. Acquisition and Distribution. Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop, Athens 1996. SIMA Pocket-book 154 (2000), 43–61.
 * Marie-Louise Nosch, „The Women at work in the Linear B Tablets“ in A. Strömberg & L. Larsson Lovén (eds), Gender, Culture and Religion in Antiquity. Proceedings of the second Nordic symposium on women's lives in Antiquity, Helsinki, 20–22 October 2000. SIMA, Pocket-book 166 (2003), 12–26.
 * Marie-Louise Nosch, „Scribe 103 and the Mycenaean Textile Industry at Knossos: The Lc(1) and Od(1) Sets“, Minos 37-38 (2002-2003) [2006], 121–142. With Richard Firth.
 * Marie-Louise Nosch, The Knossos Od Series. An Epigraphical Study, Veröffentlichungen der Mykenische Kommission Band 25, Mykenische Studien 20, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Denkschriften, 347. Band (2007).
 * Marie-Louise Nosch, “Administrative Practices in Mycenaean palace administration and economy” in A. Sacconi, M. del Freo, L. Godart & M. Negri (eds), Colloquium Romanum. Atti del XII Colloquio Internazionale di Micenologia, Roma 20-25 febbraio 2006, Pasiphae. Rivista di Filologia e Antichità egee 2 (2008), 595–604.

Mycenaean religion

 * Marie-Louise Nosch, „Cloth in the Cult“ in R. Hägg & R. Laffineur (eds), Potnia. Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age. 8th International Aegean Conference, University of Göteborg, 12–15 April 2000, Aegaeum 22 (2001), 471–477. With Massimo Perna.
 * Marie-Louise Nosch,”Artemis in the Mediterranean Bronze Age”, in Tobias Fischer-Hansen and Birte Poulsen (eds), From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Animals and People, Danish Studies in Classical Archaeology, ACTA HYPERBOREA 12, Museum Tusculanum Press, Copenhagen (2009), 21-39

Ancient Near Eastern textiles

 * Richard Firth & Marie-Louise Nosch, “Spinning and Weaving Wool in Ur III Administrative Texts” Journal of Cuneiform Studies 64 (2012), 67-84
 * Henriette Koefoed, Marie-Louise Nosch, Eva Andersson Strand (eds.) Textile Production and Consumption in the Ancient Near East, Ancient Textiles Series 12, Oxbow Books, Oxford (2013)

Classical Greek and Roman textiles

 * Marie-Louise Nosch (ed.), Wearing the Cloak. Dressing the Soldier in Roman Times. Ancient Textiles Series 10 (2011) (150 pages)
 * Mary Harlow & Marie-Louise Nosch (eds.), Greek and Roman Textiles and Dress: an interdisciplinary anthology. Ancient Textiles Series 19 (2014). Oxbow Books, Oxford (423 pages)

Experimental archaeology

 * Marie-Louise Nosch, "With a Little Help from my Friends: Investigation Mycenaean Textiles with the help from Scandinavian Experimental Archaeology", in METRON. Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 9th International Aegean Conference / 9e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Yale University, 18–21 April 2002, edited by Karen Polinger Foster and Robert Laffineur, Aegaeum 24 (2003), 197-205 and table XLV. Co-author Eva Andersson.
 * Marie-Louise Nosch, „L’archéologie expérimentale et les tests systématiques d’outils de la production textile”, in F. Blondé (ed.), L'artisanat en Grèce ancienne, filières de production, table ronde, École française d’Athènes, octobre 2007 (2016), 193–209.

Medieval and early modern European textiles

 * Kathrine Vestergård and Marie-Louise B. Nosch (eds), The Medieval Broadcloth: Changing Trends in Fashions, Manufacturing, and Consumption, Ancient Textiles Series 6, Oxbow Books (2009)
 * Fashionable Encounters. Perspectives and Trends in Textiles and Dress in the Early Modern Nordic World. Ancient Textiles Series 14, Oxbow Books, Oxford (2014), edited by Tove Engelhardt Mathiasen, Marie-Louise Nosch, Maj Ringgaard, Kirsten Toftegaard, Mikkel Venborg Pedersen.

Cross-cultural studies of ancient textiles

 * C. Gillis & M.-L. B. Nosch (eds), Ancient Textiles. Production, Craft and Society. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ancient textiles, held at Lund, Sweden and Copenhagen, Denmark on March 19–23, 2003. Ancient Textiles Series 1, Oxbow Books, Oxford (2007).
 * M. Gleba, C. Munkholt, M.-L. Nosch (eds.) Dressing the Past. Ancient Textiles Series 3 (2008).
 * Cécile Michel & Marie-Louise Nosch (eds.), Textile Terminologies in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennia BC, Ancient Textiles Series 8, Oxbow Books, Oxford (2010) 444 pages.
 * Mary Harlow, Cécile Michel & Marie-Louise Nosch (eds.), Prehistoric, Ancient Near Eastern and Aegean Textiles and Dress: an interdisciplinary anthology. Ancient Textiles Series 18. (2014) Oxbow Books, Oxford (320 pages)
 * Marie-Louise Nosch, Zhao Feng and Lotika Varadarajan (eds.) Global Textile Encounters. Ancient Textiles Series 20. Oxbow Books, Oxford – Primus Editor, New Delhi – Donghua University Press, Shanghai (2014). (312 pages)
 * Eva Andersson & Marie-Louise Nosch (eds.) Tools, Textiles and Contexts, Ancient Textiles Series 21, Oxbow (2015) (402 p)
 * Kerstin Dross-Krüpe and M.-L. Nosch (eds.) Textiles. Trade and Theories, from the Ancient Near East to the Mediterranean. Karum – Emporion – Forum. Beiträge zur Wirtschafts-, Rechts- und Sozialgeschichte des östlichen Mittelmeerraums und Altvorderasiens. Band 2. Ugarit-Verlag, Münster (2016)

Textiles in literature

 * G. Fanfani, M. Harlow, M.-L. Nosch (eds) Spinning Fates and the Song of the Loom: the use of textiles, clothing and cloth production as metaphor, symbol and narrative device in Greek and Latin literature.  Ancient Textiles Series 24, Oxbow Books, Oxford (2016). (350 p)

title: Marie-Louise Nosch


text:
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title: тишина