text:
User:Katlcruz/sandbox

Article Evaluation

 * 1) AREA ARTICLE: Berkeley, CA
 * Homelessness section in Berkeley article is one sentence about a stat of homelessness in Berkeley
 * from an unreliable source
 * Listed under demographics
 * Article to draw info from: Iconography and locational conflict from the underside: Free speech, People's Park, and the politics of homelessness in Berkeley, California
 * Cal -> wanting to redefine Southside -> esp. People's Park -> FSM vets came back to fight this
 * Reagan housing that never happened
 * history of the People's Park involvement with homelessness in the Berkeley community
 * 1) SECTOR ARTICLE: Homelessness in the United States-Homeless families
 * EDUCATIONAL ASSIGNMENT
 * EDUCATIONAL ASSIGNMENT

 * It is the smallest article section of the "Definitions and categories" section of the article
 * Stats based with no actual details of the people itself
 * Information seems kind of disconnected (2009)
 * Article to draw info from: Welfare Indignities: Homeless Women, Domestic Violence, and Welfare Reform in San Francisco
 * 1996: Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
 * though the study primarily focuses on homeless women, it touches base on family (specifically the children)
 * children behavioral and physical problems
 * mothers lacked child care services so they'd have to go from work to often pick up their children
 * therefore would leave be fired, couldn't get another job/got another job the same issue would happen with/to their child, get fired again (never ending cycle)
 * interview with a woman from the homeless shelter led to a story of how her children's immunization documents got stolen, so her daughter probably would not be allowed to start school until she has proof that her child has been vaccinated. (docs being stolen in the shelter hurts the women but the children too ex. health records, school records, etc.)
 * women not properly educated in the legislative laws that were implemented on social services
 * ex. just because they were convicted, they thought they wouldn't qualify for that specific service, which caused not only harm to them but their child as well. BUT they did not know that their child could still qualify.

Berkeley, CA Article

 * 1) Iconography and locational conflict from the underside: Free speech, People's Park, and the politics of homelessness in Berkeley, California
 * 2) * DonMitchell
 * 3) * Department of Geography, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
 * 4) * Available online 3 July 2002.
 * 5) * http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/096262989290046V
 * 6) *# SUMMARY SENTENCE: Increasing enrollment also led the university to wanting to redevelop certain places of Berkeley, especially Southside, but more specifically People's Park
 * 7) *# talks about how UC students and the Berkeley fought for the homeless population to keep People's Park as their safe haven since they don't have much. Focuses on South side which is perfect because that's where there is a big visibility of the homeless population (compared to Northside also PE is in South side)
 * 8) How Housing Regulations Cause Homelessness
 * 9) * William Tucker
 * 10) * https://search.proquest.com/docview/1298115966?pq-origsite=gscholar
 * 11) *# SUMMARY SENTENCE: "Though there is a high demand for urban areas to build housing, there is simply not enough room to build these new housing structures. And even when there is and they do build these housing units, they must abide to "rental control" rooms thus making rent extremely high and not affordable housing."
 * 12) *## Berkeley could be considered an urban area to an extent (just being part of the Bay Area in general)
 * 13) *### especially since it is filled with college students
 * 14) *#### we will pay more > families who can barely afford it don't get the housing
 * 15) *#### since they can't afford housing sometimes they seek refuge in a homeless shelter (PE)

Update Scholarly Sources and Summaries for Berkeley, CA article

 * 1) June Gin, , Dorceta E. Taylor, (2010), Movements, neighborhood change, and the media – Newspaper coverage of anti-gentrification activity in the San Francisco Bay Area: 1995–2005, in Dorceta E. Taylor (ed.) Environment and Social Justice: An International Perspective (Research in Social Problems and Public Policy, Volume 18) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.75 - 114 article link: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/S0196-1152%282010%290000018005#
 * 2) * SUMMARY SENTENCE:
 * 3) ** "Berkeley, with the political history of the UC, has been vocal about the housing situation that has not only effected the students, but locals as well. The history to keep People's Park as it is, a place for the homeless population to have some sort of shelter, rather than transformed to more student housing is a prime example of this"

 * 1) Caldararo, Niccolo Leo, The Housing Crisis and Homelessness: An Outline History, and an Example from San Francisco Ethnographic Materials (March 2, 2011). article link:  https://ssrn.com/abstract=1775352  or  http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1775352
 * 2) * SUMMARY SENTENCE
 * 3) ** Mentions the Bay Area homeless crisis, but specifically SF, doesn't really talk about the East Bay (and when it does its Oakland, not Berkeley).
 * 4) *** not using this source

 * 1) Katayama, Devin. “Alameda County’s Homeless Population Climbs Dramatically Over Two Years.” KQED News, 28 June 2017, ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/26/alameda-countys-homeless-population-climbs-dramatically-over-two-years/. article link: https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/26/alameda-countys-homeless-population-climbs-dramatically-over-two-years/
 * 2) * SUMMARY SENTENCE
 * 3) ** "Since 2015, rent in the Alameda county has increased by 25% while ones income has only raised by 5%. This disparity thus contributes to the increase of the homeless population here in Berkeley."
 * 4) ** this is not a scholarly source, so went looking for the city report and gathered stats from there.

 * 1) REPORT: http://everyonehome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BERKELEY_5-Final-1.pdf
 * 2) * Article: CITY OF BERKELEY EVERYONE COUNTS HOMELESS POINT-IN-TIME 2017 COUNT AND SURVEY
 * 3) * Published Summer 2017
 * 4) * Author: The Everyone Home Project
 * 5) ** stats about homeless people (youth, men, women, families) in Berkeley
 * 6) ** where they are seeking refuge
 * 7) ** race/age/gender
 * 8) ** homeless families "90% of homeless families do live in shelters."

 * 1) Don Mitchell (1995) The End of Public Space?People's Park, Definitions of the Public, and Democracy, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 85:1, 108-133 article link: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01797.xa#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMTExL2ouMTQ2Ny04MzA2LjE5OTUudGIwMTc5Ny54YT9uZWVkQWNjZXNzPXRydWVAQEAw
 * 2) * History of People's Park and the homeless
 * 3) ** SUMMARY SENTENCE
 * 4) *** In the words of UC‘s Director of Community Affairs, Milton Fujii: "The park is underutilized. Only a small group of people use the park and they are not the representative of the community" When talking about why he believes and is in support of People's Park should be being demolished from its its current use, a public space for those who are homeless.
 * 5) Steinbach, Alan MD; Swartzberg, John MD; Carbone, Verona. "The Berkeley Suitcase Clinic: Homeless Services by Undergraduate and Medical Student Team." ANNUAL FEATURE: IN PROGRESS: REPORTS OF NEW APPROACHES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION: CURRICULUM: Hot Topics. Academic Medicine: May 2001 - Volume 76 - Issue 5 - p 524. http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Citation/2001/05000/The_Berkeley_Suitcase_Clinic__Homeless_Services_by.58.aspx
 * 6) * talks about more about what services Suitcase provides (in an undergrad and grad level)
 * 7) * "Ten years ago, medical and public health students at the University of California, Berkeley were inspired to provide direct services to the homeless population."
 * 8) ** Suitcase Clinic is my PE
 * 9) ** good to see the history aspect of where it came and why

Update Scholarly Sources and Summaries for Homelessness in the United States Article

 * 1) Rog, Debra J., and John C. Buckner. “Homeless Families and Children.” Toward Understanding Homelessness: The 2007 National Symposium on Homelessness Research , pp. 5–1-5–33.article link: https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/pdf/homeless_symp_07.pdf#page=197
 * 2) * SUMMARY SENTENCE:
 * 3) ** "Studies have shown a strong correlation of homeless families in the United States usually being those with a single female with children, especially minority women. The income of the one and only contributor of the family usually falls below the federal poverty level thus making it hard to be accepted for housing, more specifically the limited affordable housing options. Just as it is a limited market, it is also a very competitive market"
 * 4) ** "The three biggest factors that place to contribute to homeless families have been ethnicity, lack of resources, more specifically funds, and young children/pregnancy"

 * 1) Meadows-Oliver, M. (2003), Mothering in Public: A Meta-Synthesis of Homeless Women With Children Living in Shelters. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 8: 130–136. doi:10.1111/j.1088-145X.2003.00130.x article link:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1088-145X.2003.00130.x/epdf
 * 2) * SUMMARY SENTENCE:
 * 3) ** LIFE IN THE SHELTER: "Often times the women who are in the shelter with their children turn to one another for support. Support to watch over their children, their things (the few they may obtain), and to relate to because they are going through a similar situation -- being homeless with children. They form this type of community among one another as a survival strategy. "

 * 1) Nooe, Roger, and Timothy Page. “Life Experiences and Vulnerabilities of Homeless Women: A Comparison of Women Unaccompanied Versus Accompanied by Minor Children, and Correlates With Children’s Emotional Distress.” Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, vol. 11, no. 3, July 2002. Article link:https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023%2FA%3A1015741613230.pdf
 * 2) * SUMMARY SENTENCE:
 * 3) ** "Though single female lead households with children are prone to likely be more homeless, it does not mean that they are all living in homeless shelters. On the contra, homeless women who have children are more likely, one could even say given more of a break, to live with family or friends for more than a certain time than homeless women without children. It can be said that on a personal and government level, homeless women with children are more of a priority than other homeless groups"

 * 1) Kevin J. Swick (2004) The Dynamics of Families who are Homeless. Implications for Early Childhood Educators, Childhood Education, 80:3, 116-121, DOI: 10.1080/00094056.2004.10522786 article link: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00094056.2004.10522786
 * 2) * SUMMARY SENTENCE:
 * 3) ** "There are many reasons as to way a family becomes or can become homeless, but there seems to be a common theme of three being. First, that the home is in a constant violent nature, thus feeding into another contribution to single female lead households being more prone to homeless. The second factor ties into the first, there could be an experience of sexual abuse, neglection, and/or death of or by a household provider. And thirdly, the reoccurring issue of a mental illness or substance abuse. Each family is different, so each situation is different, but there themes have been seen over and over to take some part in family homelessness."

 * 1) Debra M. Hernandez Jozefowicz-Simbeni, Nathaniel Israel; Services to Homeless Students and Families: The McKinney-Vento Act and Its Implications for School Social Work Practice, Children & Schools, Volume 28, Issue 1, 1 January 2006, Pages 37–44, article link: https://academic.oup.com/cs/article/28/1/37/423786/Services-to-Homeless-Students-and-Families-The
 * 2) * SUMMARY SENTENCE:
 * 3) ** "There are risks that contribute to families becoming homeless and then there are even more risks on the children who families are homeless. Risks such as having a greater chance of having physical and health problems because they might not have access to food of the best nutrition content, behavioral problems due to the fact that it is a coping mechanism for them, lacking social skills and greater chances of insecurity issues due to growing up in an unstable environment, and a greater increase in mental illnesses such as PTSD and trauma from being exposing to an unstable environment at an early age. All of these risks then contribute to an even greater negative risk on how the child preforms in not only their academic, but their personal life as well."

 * 1) C Zlotnick, D Kronstadt, and L Klee “Foster care children and family homelessness.”,  88, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): pp. 1368-1370. article link:http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.88.9.1368
 * 2) * SUMMARY SENTENCE:
 * 3) ** "there is a strong correlation between children who are in foster care to come from families who were/are homeless."
 * 4)  Tenisha L. Powell (2012) The Impact of Being Homeless on Young Children and Their Families, NHSA Dialog, 15:2, 221-228. article link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15240754.2012.665512
 * 5) * According to a study conducted in 2011 by the National Center of Homelessness, statistics unveiled that the United States was ranked the number one within the progressive countries to have the most homeless families
 * 6) * Speaks and goes into depth about the issues that children go through by being in a homeless family (violence, neglect, abuse, lack of quality learning environment, basic roles of parenting and daily living, and social isolation)
 * 7) Grant, Roy et al. “Twenty-Five Years of Child and Family Homelessness: Where Are We Now?” American Journal of Public Health 103.Suppl 2 (2013): e1–e10. PMC. Web. 7 Nov. 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969115/
 * 8) * Although the topic of homeless families emerged during the 1980's due to rates of income inequality, child poverty, and the lack of affordable housing, the issue of homeless families had a rebirth in 2009 after the recession which replicated the same reasons in the 1980's.
 * 9) * "New policies for homeless families must diverge from the social patterning of single men's experience and be informed by the experiences of homeless women and children, so that they address how and when to make services accessible and to ensure that the overall environment is conducive to maintaining them "
 * 10) Gültekin, Laura et al. “Voices From the Street: Exploring the Realities of Family Homelessness.” Journal of family nursing 20.4 (2014): 390–414. PMC. Web. 7 Nov. 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4422334/
 * 11) * Just like children who come from homeless families are at more of a risk of developing behavioral, mental, and physical health problems than their peers. Their mothers are also more at a risk than the general population, to develop mental illnesses

Berkeley, CA -- Homelessness

 * PARAGRAPH 1: "In 2015, an estimated 834-1200 people were homeless in Berkeley. In that same year, rent in Alameda County increased by 25% while the average household income only grew by 5%. This disparity has not only increased the need for more affordable housing in the East Bay, but also contributes to the increase of the homeless population in Berkeley. Berkeley, with the political history of the UC, has always been vocal about the housing situation that has not only effected the students, but locals as well. The history for the fight to leave People's Park as it is, a place for the homeless population to have a space to call their own, rather than destroying it for more student housing is an example of people's fighting efforts to create/maintain space for those who can not fight for themselves. "
 * PARAGRAPH 2: "Even with the high demand to build housing in the Bay Area as a whole, there is not enough room to build these structures, especially in Berkeley. And even when there is and they do create new housing units, these units must abide to "rental control" laws. These laws tend to favor those who can afford and are willing to pay the high rent, thus taking those who are in the lower income level out of the equation. This then creates those who are part of a lower income level to be at a greater risk of becoming homeless because they cannot find affordable housing.

Revised summary paragraph of Berkeley, CA -- Homelessness
In 2015, an estimated 834-1200 people were homeless in Berkeley. In that same year, rent in Alameda County increased by 25% while the average household income only grew by 5%. This disparity not only contributes to the growing homeless population in Berkeley, but also presents an increased need for more affordable housing in the greater East Bay. With the political activism of the UC, Berkeley has historically been vocal about the housing crisis that affects students and locals alike. An example of these efforts to create and maintain space for those who cannot fight for themselves lies in the movement to preserve People's Park as a place for the homeless population to call its own instead of destroying it to make room for more student housing in the area.

The efforts made by the community to create and maintain space for the homeless population in Berkeley did not stop there. With the history of homelessness and lack of affordable housing, there has been masses of organizations opening up with the sole mission to help this vulnerable population with not only housing assistance, but other symptoms that derive from homelessness. These organizations have stemmed from church groups, non-profits, even the UC. One of the many UC Berkeley student run programs that focuses on assisting the homeless is Suitcase Clinic. Suitcase Clinic was created in the late 1980’s by undergraduate and graduate level students who wanted to provide direct services to those who were affected by the broken record of the housing crisis in Berkeley. Services provided by students have altered over the years to cater to the homeless population needs, which have included health education, foot-washing, child care, and a hot meal.

Despite the high demand for housing, there is not enough room to build these structures in the Bay Area and especially in Berkeley. Whatever new units are constructed must abide by "rental control" laws, which tend to favor those who can afford and are willing to pay the high rent. This marginalizes those at a lower income level and increases their risk of becoming homeless due to an inability to access affordable housing.

Homelessness in the United States -- Homeless Families

 * PARAGRAPH 1: "A studied that was focused on risk factors that contributed to family homelessness in the United States showed that the three biggest factors were ethnicity, lack of resources, more specifically funds, and young children/pregnancy. That same study also showed that there was a strong correlation of homeless families usually being those who have a household being ran and financed by a single female, most likely coming from a minority group, and have at least two children. Only having one income and it being a low income, that usually falls below the federal poverty line, makes it exceptionally harder to be accepted for housing, especially the limited affordable housing options. Even though these families are homeless, they do not always take refuge in shelters. Being homeless doesn't necessarily mean that they are out on the streets, on the contra. Homeless women who have children are more likely, one could even say given "more of a break" to live with family or friends for more than a certain time than homeless women without children. It can be said that on a personal and government level, homeless women with children are more of a priority than other homeless groups. There are shelters built and made solely for the purpose to serve this vulnerable group. "
 * PARAGRAPH 2: "If and when a family decides to seek refuge in a shelter, the risks do not stop there. The risks for the children are even greater and are more likely to noticeable. Risks such as having a greater chance of having physical and health problems. Problems such as malnutrition due to the lack of access to food of the best nutrition content, behavioral problems stemming from the fact that it is a coping mechanism for them, lacking social skills and greater chances of insecurity issues due to growing up in an unstable environment, and a greater increase in mental illnesses such as PTSD and trauma from being exposing to an unstable environment at an early age. All of these risks then contribute to an even greater negative risk on how the child preforms in not only their academic, but their personal life as well. "

Revised summary paragraph of Homelessness in the United States -- Homeless Families
The topic of homeless families first emerged in the United States during the 1980’s due to high rates of income equality, child poverty, and the lack of affordable housing. The issue of homeless families came back in 2009 after the Recession, which replicated the same issues from the 80’s. In 2011, the National Center of Homelessness unveiled statistics of a study they operated that ranked the United States number one with the most homeless families among other progressive countries.

Another study discovered the three biggest risk factors that contributed to family homelessness in the United States are ethnicity, lack of resources (specifically funds), and young children/pregnancy. There is also a strong correlation between homeless families and households run and financed by a single female, especially one from a minority group and with at least two children. Single-income families, especially those below the federal poverty line, have a harder time finding housing than other families, especially given the limited affordable housing options. Homeless families do not always take refuge in shelters, but being homeless also does not necessarily mean living on the streets. Homeless women with children are more likely to live with family or friends than those without children, and this group is treated with higher priority by both the government and society. This can be seen through shelters exclusively serving women with children.

There are risks to seeking refuge in shelters, which are heightened and more noticeable for children. Such risks include health problems such as malnutrition from lack of access to food with nutritional content, behavioral problems associated with coping, social insecurity from growing up in an unstable environment, and mental illnesses such as PTSD and trauma. These problems exacerbate the child's risk of under-performing in both academic and personal settings.

Just as children who come from homeless families are at a higher risk of developing behavioral, mental, and physical health problems than their peers, their mothers are also at a higher risk especially in developing mental illnesses. There are many things that contribute to why homeless women are at a higher rate of developing a mental illness compared to the general population, but there has been a reoccurring three among studies focused on this issue. First, there is constant violence in the home that the woman and her children which feeds into the bigger issue of single female lead households being prone to homelessness. The second reason of leaving a violent home is the experience of sexual abuse, neglection, and/or death of main household provider. And thirdly, the the reoccurring issue of mental illness or substance abuse. All these factors not only make women and their children more likely to become homeless, but also place homeless women at a higher risk of developing mental illnesses compared to women in the general population.

Berkeley, CA Article

 * Minor grammar edits in Housing and Zoning Changes
 * Added a sentence about People's Park in Housing and Zoning Changes
 * Deleted "Homeless" under "Demographics" and made it its own section
 * Added 15 sentences under "Homeless in Berkeley" section
 * Hyperlinked "Suitcase Clinic" wiki page into "Homelessness in Berkeley" section
 * Created a "List of Resources" under "Homelessness in Berkeley"
 * Added 10 resources to the "List of Resources"
 * Overall added 5 new citations

Homeless Families in the United States Article

 * Deleted a citation in "Effects of Homelessness" and added the correct citation for that source/sentence
 * Added a citation for "Effects of Homelessness- Childhood Education"
 * Changed title from "Childhood Education" to "The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act"
 * Under "Effects of Homelessness-Health" created "Children's Health" with 3 new sentences
 * Under "Effects of Homelessness-Health" created "Mother's Health" with 6 new sentences
 * Added two citation to "Homeless Families" intro paragraph
 * Under "Homeless Families" created "Homeless women with children" with 6 new sentences
 * Overall added 8 new citations

title: User:Katlcruz/sandbox


text:
File:Grant County mn seal.jpg

Summary
Seal of Grant County, Minnesota

Source: http://www.co.grant.mn.us/photogall/adjusted/images/sealfeathered_jpg.jpg

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Grant County mn seal.jpg


text:
Cookbook:Hominy Grits

| Breakfast | Side dishes | Native American cuisine

Recipe from Effigy Mounds National Monument.

Ingredients

 * 5 cups water
 * 1 cup hominy grits
 * 1 tablespoon butter
 * 1 tablespoon honey, brown sugar, or maple syrup (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Bring water to a rapid boil in a saucepan.
 * 2) Gradually stir in the hominy grits.
 * 3) Reduce heat to low.
 * 4) Stir in the butter.
 * 5) Cook for 20 minutes, or until the water is absorbed.
 * 6) If desired, sweeten with honey, brown sugar, maple syrup, or jelly.
 * 7) Serve while hot.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Grits can also be flavored with cheese, sunny-side up egg, or small bits of ham or sausage.

title: Cookbook:Hominy Grits


text:
Inge Roggeman

Inge Roggeman (born 13 April 1981) is a road cyclist from Belgium. She participated at the 2012 UCI Road World Championships in the Women's team time trial for Sengers Ladies Cycling Team.

title: Inge Roggeman


text:
Talk:High School Mathematics Extensions/Supplementary/Summation Sign

Nice work
Nice work! Thanks bro Xiaodai 03:41, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC) -You're more than welcome :) Lemontea 21:15, 4 Oct 2004 (GMT+8)


text:
mesjid

Noun

 * 1) mosque

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) mosque

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) mosque

title: mesjid


text:
غيور

Etymology
Compare.

Adjective

 * 1) very jealous
 * 2) zealous, ardent, fervid, eager
 * 3) very interested, keen, enthusiastic, very concerned

Noun

 * 1) zealot

title: غيور


text:
Help:How to edit a page

Introduction
The most essential element of all wiki projects is the ability to edit a page. All pages (except protected pages) give participants the ability to modify them. This can be used for anything from a simple spelling change to a complete rewrite.

How to
First, read the whole page to make sure what you are saying hasn’t already been stated. Then, once you're sure, click the "Edit" button at the top of the page, next to the "History" button or at the top of a section you can find also the "Edit" button. Then find the area you want to improve and make changes.

Then you should enter a summary of what you did. For example, if I was fixing a spelling mistake I might type "Fix typo" or "Fix spelling error". Then, if the edit applies to only a word or two, click "This is a minor edit". If you are especially interested in that page click the "watch" button at the top of the page.

Finally, when you are sure of your edit, click "Publish changes".

title: Help:How to edit a page


text:
Astoria Fan

The Astoria Fan is a submarine fan. It has sediment, radiating asymmetrically southward from the mouth of the Astoria Canyon. From Astoria Canyon's mouth, the fan extends about 100 km to its western end, which is the Cascadia Channel. The fan proper ends 160 km south of the canyon mouth, although its depositional basin extends southward another 150 km to the Blanco Fracture Zone.

Astoria Fan is generally asymmetrical. It extends roughly 55 mi west of the mouth of Astoria Canyon, and about 55 mi north, to Willapa Channel. Others trace different dimensions.

Headed west, the fan crosses the continental shelf, trending sinuously down to the base of the continental slope. Near Astoria Canyon, it is at a depth of 2740 m. The fan is approximately 75 mi long. It varies in width from 1.5 mi to 8.3 mi. It has numerous tributaries. The fan extends about 100 km to its western boundary, which is the Cascadia Channel.

Ash from the eruption of Mount Mazama has been found, in Astoria Fan. It may have been cut in the Pleistocene. It appears the Missoula Floods helped carve the fan.

Astoria Fan merges into Astoria Canyon, 9 mi west of the Columbia River mouth. In the past, buried Pleistocene channels appear to have connected the two.

Nearby submarine canyons
All of the following submarine canyons are near, headed north to south:

 * Clayoquot Canyon
 * Father Charles Canyon
 * Loudon Canyon
 * Barkely Canyon
 * Nitinat Canyon
 * Juan de Fuca Canyon
 * Quileute Canyon
 * Quinault Canyon
 * Grays Canyon
 * Guide Canyon
 * Willapa Canyon
 * Astoria Canyon

Local geography

 * Abyssal fan
 * Astoria Canyon
 * Astoria Fan
 * Cascadia Basin
 * Cascadia Channel
 * Cascadia Subduction Zone
 * Grays Canyon
 * Juan de Fuca Canyon
 * Juan de Fuca Plate
 * Juan de Fuca Channel
 * Nitinat Canyon
 * Nitinat Fan
 * Quinault Canyon
 * Quileute Canyon
 * Willapa Canyon

External links and references

 * A map
 * A scientific article
 * Article, from Oregon State University
 * Springer-Verlang article
 * A NOAA article
 * A doctoral thesis on Astoria Fan
 * Some geographic information
 * One youtube

title: Astoria Fan


text:
Southeast Asian Languages/Introduction

The languages of Southeast Asia consist of tongues belonging to more than one language family. Dominant families in the region include the Tai-Kadai (to which the Thai language belongs), Austronesian (such as Bahasa Malaysia and Indonesia as well as most Philippine languages), and Austro-Asiatic (e.g. Khmer and Vietnamese). With that said, cross-linguistic comparisons between these language families show a rather low affinity. In addition, the region is to some extent influenced by other language families due to cultural pressures, immigration, and historical colonization as well.

The division aims to foster a more expanded and careful study of the languages indigenous to Southeast Asia, to aid foreigners to the countries within the region with useful words and phrases to get by, and finally to share with the world community the region's rich and charming literary traditions.

Below is an incomplete list of the various languages used in Southeast Asia. Among these, the official languages are in bold:
 * Brunei: Malay, indigenous Austronesian languages
 * Cambodia: Khmer, Vietnamese, Chamic languages
 * Christmas Island: Malay
 * Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Cocos Malay
 * East Timor: Tetun, Mambae, Makasae, Tukudede, Bunak, Galoli, Kemak, Fataluku, Baikeno, other Austronesian and Papuan languages
 * Indonesia: Indonesian, Acehnese, Batak, Sundanese, Javanese, Sasak, Tetum, "Dayak" languages, Minahasa, Toraja, Buginese, Halmahera, Ambonese, Ceramese, and many Papuan languages
 * Laos: Lao, Hmong, Miao, Mien, Dao, Shan, and other Tibeto-Burman derived languages
 * Malaysia: Malay, various indigenous languages (of the Orang Asli and indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawak)
 * Myanmar: Burmese, Shan dialects, Karen dialects, Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Mon, hilltribe languages
 * Philippines: Filipino, English, Tagalog, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray-Waray, Ilokano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Bicolano, Maranao, Maguindanao, Tausug, Kinaray-a, Chavacano (Spanish-based creole), other Philippine languages and dialects.
 * Singapore: Malay, English, Standard Chinese, Tamil, various Chinese languages
 * Thailand: Thai, Isan, Shan, Lue, Phutai, Khmer, Mon, Mein, Hmong, Karen, Malay
 * Vietnam: Vietnamese, Tay, Muong, Khmer, Nung, Hmong, Tai Dam, Malay, French creole

Back to main page.

title: Southeast Asian Languages/Introduction


text:
Stampede Airport

Stampede Airport is a public use airport located 25 nautical miles (29 mi, 46 km) northeast of the central business district of Kantishna, a community in the Denali Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. The airport is located in the Denali National Park and Preserve and owned by the U.S. National Park Service.

Facilities and aircraft
Stampede Airport has one runway designated 15/33 with a turf surface measuring 1,960 by 40 feet (597 x 12 m). In past years, the airstrip was 4,000 feet long but now about half is grown over with 10+ foot tall trees. For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2005, the airport had 30 aircraft operations, an average of 2 per month: 67% air taxi and 33% general aviation. The National Park Service has restricted this airstrip for commercial landings though it is open to private landings.

title: Stampede Airport


text:
Over Your Dead Body (novel)

Over Your Dead Body is a 2016 horror novel by Dan Wells published by Tor Books. It is the fifth book of six in Wells's John Cleaver series. Set a year after the conclusion of The Devil's Only Friend, the book continues the story of sociopathic teenage protagonist John Wayne Cleaver and his best friend Brooke as they drift around the Midwestern U.S. in search of a network of supernatural killers called "the Withered." Brooke suffers from dissociative identity disorder after surviving demonic possession, and her alternate personalities are key to discovering the other demons. The majority of critics approved of this fifth addition to the series, and the book won the 2016 AML Award for Best Novel. It is followed by the sixth and final novel in the John Cleaver series, Nothing Left to Lose.

Development
For this fifth installment of John's story, Wells continued the character's second arc of learning how to cope with his emotions after discovering them in the first trilogy. He told Deseret News in 2016 that Over Your Dead Body was his most challenging writing experience yet because of the "aimless" feeling he wanted the story of John and Brooke on the road to have. Wells said that writing a "wandering story without the book itself feeling directionless proved even harder, far harder than [he] had expected it to be." He wanted the novel to "take John in a completely new direction again" after the events of The Devil's Only Friend. He also cited Brooke's character as "especially tricky to get right."

Plot summary
John and Brooke are now on their own: hungry, dirty, and hunting down the "Withered" (demons in human form) using Brooke's memories from when she was possessed. They rely on stashes of supplies and money that Agent Potash, one of John's FBI team members, had stored before his death. Wanted by the FBI, the pair have been hitchhiking to different cities and towns for a year. They find a commune where the demon Yashodh is the leader, and John kills him quickly with a gun. They then move on to their next destination – the small town of Dillon, Oklahoma – and when they arrive, a new personality manifests itself through Brooke: Marci, John's former girlfriend who was killed by the demon Nobody. This proves to be extremely difficult for him; he is able to talk to the dead girl he loves, but she is trapped in Brooke's body and often gets replaced by the other personalities. Meanwhile, John struggles with the temptation to kill anyone who gets in their way.

They move on to Dallas, where John notices they are being followed by a black SUV, which they assume is the FBI. A news report then reveals that a gruesome murder just occurred in Dillon, the town John and Brooke just left. They go back and make friends with a teenage boy named Corey (who they suspect is the demon Attina) and two sisters: Brielle and Jessica. The next day, both Jessica and Corey are found dead. John suspects that Attina is reading his mind. Then, Brooke has a suicidal episode, and the police seize her and John; they are sent to a hospital, where FBI Agent Mills shows up. He takes them back to Dillon to try to stop Attina, and when they arrive, they find two more people dead. One was the pedophile police officer who was found with Jessica the night of her murder, and Brielle is presented as the primary suspect; John had even heard her vow to kill the predator if he ever did anything to her sister.

John is frustrated with his inability to figure out Attina, and postulates that he's driving the people in the town crazy enough to kill each other. He immediately tries to get Brooke to safety, but the demon – in the form of a giant monster – captures her. Desperate, John follows his idea that Brielle is Attina. He goes to her house, holding her family at gunpoint to get information, but finds Brielle's body in her room, killed the exact way another Dillon citizen proposed. Finally, he realizes that his theory was backwards: Attina isn't forcing the townspeople to murder, the townspeople's dark desires are driving Attina to action – and John himself started it all with his murderous thoughts. He finds the demon in a farmhouse outside of the town, mirroring Brooke's inclination to kill herself, and helps Attina start the fire that serves as its suicide. Once it is all over, John takes Brooke back to their hometown of Clayton to be with her parents and get the care she needs. She protests and wants to stay with him, asserting that she loves him. John loves both her and Marci, tells her so, and leaves the town still unable to forgive himself for getting both girls involved in his supernatural war in the first place.

Reception
Reviews of Over Your Dead Body were mostly complimentary; the majority of reviewers thought it a worthy addition to Wells's series. A San Francisco Book Review writer approved of the continuation of John's story and called the novel "an intriguingly fabulous mix of serial killer horror, supernatural beings, and dark humor." Alternative Magazine Online 's review echoed similar ideas, saying: "Over Your Dead Body is yet another superb installment in the John Wayne Cleaver series that echoes the delightful eeriness of the earlier books while exploring exciting new territory." Publishers Weekly called the novel a "strong fifth entry" that proved to be "much richer than a simple monster vs. monster story." David Pitt for Booklist wrote: "For fans of the series, the book is a superlative must-read, although newcomers should probably start at the beginning. Still, this one’s very fine indeed."

Awards and nominations

 * 2016 AML Award for Best Novel
 * 2016 Whitney Award finalist for Speculative Fiction
 * 2016 Goodreads Choice Award nominee for Horror

title: Over Your Dead Body (novel)


text:
High Windows

High Windows is a collection of poems by English poet Philip Larkin, and was published in 1974 by Faber and Faber Limited. The paperback version was first published in Britain in 1979. The collection is the last publication of new poetry by Larkin before his death in 1985, and it contains some of his most famous poems, including the title piece, "High Windows", "Dublinesque", and "This Be The Verse". The collection contains themes presented in his earlier collections, though the tone of the poems caused critics to suggest the book is darker and more "socially engaged" than his earlier volumes. It is currently on the AQA AS/A2 level English Literature syllabus.

Poems
The volume contains 24 poems:

Critical reception
Clive James, in As of this writing, describes High Windows as Larkin's bleakest volume of poetry, though he does admit that there are aspects of the poetry that contain the humour found in Larkin's earlier books of poetry. James suggests that Larkin has never liked the idea of a poet "Developing" and that Larkin himself remains the same throughout his career as a poet. High Windows, in James's opinion, shows that Larkin simply strives, with the addition of each poem, to state more clearly the same principles shown by his early works and concludes that "The total impression of High Windows is of despair made beautiful."

title: High Windows


text:
Talk:Boutros Romhein

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:42, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boutros Romhein


text:
Mosesian Center for the Arts

The Dorothy and Charles Mosesian Center for the Arts (formerly Arsenal Center for the Arts) is a nonprofit multidisciplinary arts venue on the Charles River in Watertown, Massachusetts, United States. The 30,000 square foot center, located in an historic 1894 manufacturing shop of the U.S. Army's Watertown Arsenal, houses a 339-seat main stage theater, a 100-seat black box theater, exhibition galleries, art classrooms, and rehearsal studios. Mosesian Arts is located six miles from downtown Boston, borders Brighton and the Charles, and is accessible from surrounding suburbs and MetroWest.

Programming includes professional theater and musical performances, comedy, gallery exhibitions, literary and art discussions, and performing and visual arts classes and workshops for all ages. Watertown Children’s Theatre, Mosesian Arts’ performing arts education program, provides classes and performances for youth and families. The venue also hosts other performing arts companies from throughout the Greater Boston region.

History
Plans for an art center in Watertown had begun as early as the 1970s, but insufficient funds were raised and the project was shelved. The arts center in its current form is the culmination of years of fundraising efforts which began in 1998 with the formation of Watertown Arts on the Charles, or WATCH.

In 1999, a market feasibility study commissioned by WATCH concluded that Watertown would be an ideal location for a multipurpose art center to service Watertown and the surrounding area. The site ultimately chosen for construction of the facility was building 321 of the former Army Materials Technology Laboratory in Watertown, a Superfund site. O'Neill properties, who bought the Watertown Arsenal property from the town for $24 million in 1998, pledged 15000 sqft of space as well as $1 million towards construction costs.

Initially, the group estimated total construction costs to be in the range of $2.5 million to $4 million, however the final cost for the project ended up being in the area of $7.5 million. The funds for the center were raised primarily through community donations including $1 million from the town and a $1 million donation from local entrepreneur Charles Mosesian, for whom the center's main theater is named.

After years of fundraising and construction, the center finally opened in the summer of 2005. In 2013, the Arts Center and longtime performing partner Watertown Children’s Theatre merged the two organizations. In 2016, Arsenal Center for the Arts was renamed The Dorothy and Charles Mosesian Center for the Arts, in recognition of continued support from the Mosesian Family Foundation. The current Executive Director, Darren Farrington, joined the organization in August 2020.

In 2021, a major renovation of the entrance, lobby, and other public and administrative areas was completed with architects and designers at Sasaki. In addition to increasing useable space and improving public health and accessibility, the new lobby connects a modern vision with the building’s military history. Gunmetal finishes, reclaimed wood, and industrial ceilings and floors acknowledge the manufacturing past, and a contemporary and minimalist design places focus on the art on gallery walls.

title: Mosesian Center for the Arts


text:
Vielha e Mijaran

Vielha e Mijaran is a municipality in central Aran, Catalonia. It is the capital and largest municipality of the region, with 5,581 inhabitants as of 2022. It is part of the terçons of Castièro and Marcatosa.

It was created in 1970 by the merger of the municipalities of Arròs e Vila, Betlan, Escunhau, Gausac, Vielha and Vilac as Viella – Mitg-Aran: some of the former municipalities retain some privileges as "decentralised municipal entities" (entitats municipals descentralitzades, EMD), as does the village of Betren. Mijaran literally means "Middle Aran" in Aranese, as the inhabited part of the municipality is situated in the valley of the Garonne (Garona). The Noguera Ribagorçana has its source on the territory of the municipality, on the opposite side of the watershed. The ajuntament (town hall) is in Vielha, spelled Vielha in Occitan and Viella in Catalan and Spanish, which is also the capital of Aran and also the seat of the Conselh Generau d'Aran.

The municipality is linked to France and to the rest of Catalonia (via the Vielha tunnel) by the N-230 road. The C-28 (old name: C-142) road continues up the valley to Naut Aran, and on over the Port de la Bonaigua (2,072 m, 6,798 ft) to the comarca of Pallars Sobirà. This road, the higher stretches of which are impassable in winter, was the only route between the Aran valley and the rest of Spain before the opening of the Vielha tunnel in 1948.

Subdivisions
The municipality is composed of thirteen distinct settlements. Populations are given :
 * Arròs (95)
 * Aubèrt (104), in the EMD of Aubèrt e Betlan
 * Betlan (24), on the left bank of the Garonne
 * Betren (376), on the left bank of the Garonne
 * Casarilh (64), in the EMD of Escunhau e Casarilh, on the left bank of the Garonne
 * Casau (87), inhabited in Roman times
 * Escunhau (89)
 * Gausac (555)
 * Mont (25), on the right bank of the Garonne at the foot of the Es Cròdos range
 * Montcorbau (17), on the right bank of the Garonne
 * Vielha (2,620)
 * Vila (30)
 * Vilac (147)

Politics
{| class="sortable" width="100%"

{| class="sortable" width="100%"

Sister cities

 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Gaudens, France

title: Vielha e Mijaran


text:
floor manager

Noun

 * 1) A manager who works on the shop floor and may directly interact with customers.
 * 2) One who manages the floor of a, , or other gathering of people.
 * 3)  A manager of a  show, responsible for communication between the director and the crew.
 * 1) One who manages the floor of a, , or other gathering of people.
 * 2)  A manager of a  show, responsible for communication between the director and the crew.
 * 1)  A manager of a  show, responsible for communication between the director and the crew.
 * 1)  A manager of a  show, responsible for communication between the director and the crew.
 * 1)  A manager of a  show, responsible for communication between the director and the crew.
 * 1)  A manager of a  show, responsible for communication between the director and the crew.

Related terms

 * floorman
 * floorperson

title: floor manager


text:
Cookbook:Holland Tea Cakes

| Holiday Recipes | Dessert

Holland tea cakes are simple flat cookies. They are easy and quick to make. They are traditionally Christmas cookies but are good for any time. They last for a long time, so if you make too many they can be saved.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (240 g) white granulated sugar
 * 1 stick butter, preferably melted
 * 2 eggs, separated
 * 2 cups (280 g) flour
 * 1–2 teaspoons cinnamon (or to taste)
 * Colored sugar or nuts for topping

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 350°F (180°C).
 * 2) Mix the butter and sugar until completely combined. Mix in the egg yolk, then the flour and cinnamon (preferably by hand, though this all can be done in a mixer if you want).
 * 3) Pour batter into a cookie pan. Use the palm of your hand to spread and smooth it over the whole pan (this is the hardest part).
 * 4) Brush on leftover egg white. Scatter your desired toppings evenly over the batter.
 * 5) Bake in preheated oven until cookies are golden brown (about 20 minutes). Remove, and let cool slightly.
 * 6) Before they get too cool, cut them into small 1-inch (2.5 cm) squares.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Egg substitutes can be used in place of the egg yolk, but you still need egg white for the topping.

title: Cookbook:Holland Tea Cakes


text:
Voorn

Voorn is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Albert Voorn (born 1956), Dutch equestrian
 * Dick Voorn (born 1948), Dutch football manager
 * Jessey Voorn (born 1990), Dutch basketball player
 * Joop Voorn (1932–2021), Dutch composer
 * Joris Voorn (born 1977), Dutch DJ
 * Orlando Voorn, Dutch DJ
 * Vincent Voorn (born 1984), Dutch show jumper

title: Voorn


text:
XOL-1 Switch protein N-terminal domain

In molecular biology, Xol-1 is a protein domain, also named the Switch protein, is essentially a sex-determining protein. This entry focuses on the N-terminal domain of Xol-1. Xol-1, the master switch gene controlling sex-determination system and dosage compensation. This protein is normally expressed in males, where it promotes male development and prevents dosage compensation.

Function
The function of the Xol-1 protein is to act as a primary sex-determining factor that promotes sexual differentiation. It is required for proper sexual differentiation and male viability. High expression during gastrulation triggers male development, while low expression at that time triggers hermaphrodite development. Although related to GHMP kinase, its mode of action remains unclear.

Structure
The protein adopts a secondary structure consisting of five alpha helices and six antiparallel beta sheets. The fold of this family is similar to that found in ribosomal protein S5 domain 2-like. The active site of the enzyme is found at the interface between this domain and the C-terminal GHMP-like domain.

title: XOL-1 Switch protein N-terminal domain


text:
Guide to Social Activity/Masculinity

The current version of this module lists desirable traits in person, and has not much connection to the former title, "masculinity".

Chivalry
Starts with politeness and common courtesy

Reverence and respect for womanhood. (They are half of the human race, and mothers to the other half!)

"Milady, your chariot awaits" as opposed to *HONK! HOOOOOONK!* on the car horn

Dwelling on a girl's good characteristics, rather than bad characteristics. (Think "Man of La Mancha")

Masculinity- The degree or property of being masculine or manly; manliness

E.g. Girls Were Dressing, to the boys wearing sporty clothes or baggy clothing

Protectiveness
Some protection that one person can provide to their partner:
 * financial stability and security
 * honor? safety? (FIXME how?)

Competitiveness
Also related to ambition.

Some persons adore those who become the best they can be.

Physical Strength
Some persons adore those with physical strength who do help instead of bully other people. One can use physical strength to help move furniture and other heavy objects.

Moral Strength
A person that maintains morals has more respect. Furthermore, a person who chooses to be dishonest are often discovered and dumped.

Humility
It is advantageous to be able to admit fault to one who one loves. It is advantageous to be able to say, "I am sorry".

title: Guide to Social Activity/Masculinity


text:
Talk:Huzhu Pagoda

[Untitled]
Chinese and English articles are conflicting. Chinese has extensive citations and states, that the tilt is the casued by the tower's foundation stones being looted (situation keenly preserved by the renovations of 1980ies）. English article is based on a superficial article published in Shanghai Daily, a newspaper that is famed as being an English language exercise for non-professional journalists. I propose a translation from the Chinese. T6nis (talk) 02:56, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Huzhu Pagoda


text:
User:Andypayne

I believe technology and ingenuity can remake how we work together. The future of work, AI, extended reality (AR/VR/MR/XR), creative thinking, and experiments in food & drink -- these keep me busy. I'm currently based in San Francisco, and I'm the CTO of Unmeeting, Inc.

Twitter: @andypayne

title: User:Andypayne


text:
James O'Connor (Louisiana politician)

James O'Connor (April 4, 1870 – January 7, 1941) was an American politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana's 1st congressional district for six terms as a Democrat. He also served in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1900 to 1912.

O'Connor was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on April 4, 1870, and went to law school at Tulane University, graduating in 1900. He was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1900 to 1912 and as assistant city attorney of Orleans Parish from 1918 until 1919, when on June 15, he was elected as a Democrat to the 66th congress of the U.S. House of Representatives. He was reelected to the 67th, 68th, 69th, 70th, and 71st congresses. He lost reelection to Joachim O. Fernández in 1930 and his term ended March 3, 1931. He resumed his law practice and died in Covington, Louisiana on January 7, 1941. He was buried in Metairie Cemetery.

title: James O'Connor (Louisiana politician)


text:
User:Saxum/Duje Balavac

Duje Balavac was a monthly humorous and satirical magazine based in Split, Croatia. Founded by Emanuel Vidović, Ante Katunarić and Virgil Meneghello Dinčić, the magazine was published irregulary from February 1908 until 1912, during which a total of 23 issues were published. The magazine was briefly revived by Katunarić in 1921, featuring new contributing artists, but once again ceased publication in 1923 after publishing only three issues.

title: User:Saxum/Duje Balavac


text:
esophageal ulcer

Noun

 * 1)  A peptic ulcer located at esophagus.

Translations

 * Czech: jícnový vřed

title: esophageal ulcer


text:
CB Valladolid

Club Baloncesto Valladolid, S.A.D. was a professional basketball team based in Valladolid, Castile-León, Spain. CB Valladolid was member of the Asociación de Clubs de Baloncesto (ACB). Famous players that have played for the team include Arvydas Sabonis, Oscar Schmidt, John Williams, Ed O'Bannon and Panagiotis Vasilopoulos.

In 2015, the club was dissolved due to financial problems. It was replaced by the CB Ciudad de Valladolid, immediately created by the former player Mike Hansen.

Sponsorship naming
CB Valladolid has received diverse trade names along its history. These are their denominations along the years:

Home arenas

 * Polideportivo Huerta del Rey (1976–85)
 * Polideportivo Pisuerga (1985–2015)

Head coaches

 * Paco García 2005–2006
 * Javier Imbroda 2006–2008
 * Porfirio Fisac 2008–2012, 2014–2015
 * Luis Casimiro 2011–2012
 * Roberto González 2012–2013
 * Ricard Casas 2013–2014

Trophies

 * 2nd division championships: (2)
 * 1ª División B: (1) 1979
 * LEB Oro: (1) 2009
 * Copa Castilla y León: (8)
 * 2003, 2005, 2006, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011

Individual awards
ACB Slam Dunk Champion
 * Gaylon Nickerson – 1999

ACB Three Point Shootout Champion
 * Oscar Schmidt – 1994

All LEB Oro First Team
 * Mikel Uriz – 2015

title: CB Valladolid


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/howtotopic.net

Links

 * howtotopic.net resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 4 additions.


text:
Talk:EPS

Additional meanings
eps also sometimes stands for epsilon (an arbitrarily small quanity in math) and is the name of a family of endocytic proteins in cell biology : ) —This unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).

 * Well, this is Wikipedia, so you know what to do: be bold! Adding additional accurate information to an article is always welcome.

 * Atlant 21:26, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

== EPS - Eletrcic Propulsion System ==   Magdyno corporation, Canada - a future agreenPower Company http://www.magdyno.com

What are Electric Propulsion System (EPS) Solutions? EPS solutions are highly cost effective brushless DC electric motors, intelligent softgear controllers and energy source (battery), which control energy delivery to deliver maximum efficiency of output and power, prolong the life of the battery and reduce recharge time for Light Electric Vehicle(LEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV).

Who uses EPS Solutions? Light Electric Vehicle (LEV) manufacturers require EPS systems to power their products, which include electric bicycles, wheelchair, golf cart and toy manufacturing applications. Electric car manufacturers This product can be developed for other applications including underwater vehicles and electric boats.

Single vendor Power Train - Magdyno's EPS Magdyno will supply the entire power train of battery, motor, and controller to its customers. The "electric propulsion system (EPS) " or "power train" is the heart of any LEV. Its efficiency and optimization is a critical aspect of overall LEV performance. If the motor draws current from the battery at too fast a rate, it can harm the battery by decreasing the amount of energy stored in a single full charge, or by also decreasing the lifetime of the battery. If the battery supplies too much current at any one time to the motor, it can suddenly or gradually burn out the motor or decrease the motor’s efficiency. A perfectly matched battery and motor can only be achieved through the use of an optimized intelligent controller. The combination of the GreenPower battery with Magdyno’s multiwinding motor and "softgeared" controller will save LEV manufacturers endless hours of selection, testing, and optimizating. Magdyno will do all the engineering work to perfectly match the operating characteristics of all three power train components This will save LEV manufacturers time, effort, energy, and money. Magdyno intends to offer this complete LEV "Power Train" to both its ebike and ecar customers

LEV Battery  Electric bicycles are either power-on-demand, where the motor is activated by a handlebar mounted throttle, or pedelec (from pedal electric), where the electric motor is regulated by pedalling. These can be detected and managed by the intelligent controller with a mechanism such as a crank sensor to detect when the user is pedalling, or a more sophisticated torque sensor. The degree of assistance can usually be controlled to optimize battery life. Range is a key consideration with electric bikes, and is affected by factors such as motor efficiency, battery capacity, efficiency of the driving electronics, aerodynamics, hills, and weight of the bike and rider combined. The combination of motor efficiency, and the efficiency of the driving electronics (such as controller) are key factors to determine how far the LEV can go.

Magdyno Technology as a Revolutionary Innovation in the LEV Industry Ideal batteries are should be as "dual-purpose" batteries for starter and deep cycle applications. The dual-pupose battery design needs compleciated design technology. Magdyno technology solves the problems from both the motor and controller perspective. Magdyno technology is a revolutionary innoviation in the E-bike market bringing together third generation motor and controller technology. We expect that this same technology will also have great potential in Smart E-car markte in the future.

Electric Vehicle Benefits and Advantages Electric Vehicles generate both personal and global benefits. And the benefits are multiplied when other household members use your electric bike Riding a bike, even an electric one, is about waving to your neighbors, talking to people at crosswalks, enjoying your own power, coasting down the hill with a bit of wind in your hair, paying attention to the cracks in the road, sticking your tongue out to taste the spring rain, always being able to find a parking place, feeling like a kid. It's a part of what the new culture is about -- enjoying the moments of life, the getting there as much as the being there, the effort as much as the reward, wholeness as much as efficiency, muscle power as much as turbo power, your community as much as your solace. The economic benefits of electric bicycles are better, in terms of quick payback, than insulating your home. Substituting e-bike trips for car trips saves on purchase price, insurance, and registration fees. Beyond the purchase price, cars cost about $0.10 per mile in fuel and parts. Some families will use an electric bike to augment their car use, while others will find tremendous savings by living with one less car. For some folks, there's no comparison because they don't have a license to drive - and don't need one for an electric bike. The environmental benefits include reduced pollution (CO2, NOX, tire and brake lining fragments) and reduced resource consumption (less material, fuel, and infrastructure). Reduced CO2 emissions is most important because scientific opinion is close to unanimous that global warming is already happening. The average car emits one pound of CO2 for every mile driven. Electric bicycles also allow you to reduce your risk of living in a technology-dependent culture. Automobiles and buses may be stalled by oil embargoes, fallen bridges, and mega-traffic jams. An electric bike, a vehicle light enough to carry short distances over or around obstacles, is nearly immune. At the personal level, an e-bike owner is free of license, registration, and insurance requirements. We also provide a reality check on the "bicycling around cars is dangerous" myth. E-bikes support a simple lifestyle. They're easy to use; just flip a switch to get a gentle, but firm, push. They save time in two ways: 1) For errands up to a mile and on some congested commutes, e-bikes are quicker than the car; 2) Their low cost means you work fewer hours supporting them. The pace of life slows a bit while riding an electric bike. Stress goes down, enjoyment of life goes up. Fun happens! Your health and fitness will likely improve. How can that be with a motor on your bike? Because you will actually be riding that bike more often. It's more fun! Traffic snarls aren't frustrating and stressful. In fact, the worse the jam, the more gratifying the ride. It doesn't just feel like you're "beating the system". In many ways, you are! Despite our culture's belief that bicycling is dangerous, remember that heart disease is almost 1,000 times more dangerous.

Magdyno Corporation www.magdyno.com  -- A Future Greenpower Corporation Technology Company

Portable Alternative Energy and Electric Propulsion System (EPS) for Light Electric Vehicle (LEV) & EV Solutions

title: Talk:EPS


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/veinland.net

Links

 * veinland.net resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 4 additions.


text:
Ecology/Practical Ecology

Practical Vegetation Sampling
Done using the National Vegetation Classification (NVC) survey.

US System

UK System

The National Vegetation Classification is a system of classifying natural habitat types according to the vegetation they contain. Different systems exist in different countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom. A large scientific meeting of ecologists, botanists, and other related professionals in the United Kingdom resulted in the publication of a compendium of five books ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER> by Cambridge University Press which detail the incidence of plant species in 5 major habitat types in the United Kingdom natural environment. They are the first systematic and comprehensive account of the vegetation types of this country. They cover all natural, semi-natural and major artificial habitats in Great Britain (but not Northern Ireland), representing the fruits of fifteen years of research by leading plant ecologists. From the data collated from the books was developed a commercial software product called 'MATCH' which helps to classify vegetation identified into one of the many habitat types found in Great Britain.

title: Ecology/Practical Ecology


text:
User:Travismith/sandbox

I learned about a cool tool called Prezi it is a fun way to do presentations that the borning powerpoint can not do I will defently use it in the futureTravismith (talk) 17:51, 22 July 2012 (UTC)Travis Smith

title: User:Travismith/sandbox


text:
septenary

Etymology
From the, from +  (whence the  suffix ).

Adjective

 * 1) Consisting of or containing seven.
 * 2) Of seventh rank or order.
 * 3) Lasting seven years; continuing seven years.
 * 1) Lasting seven years; continuing seven years.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: седми
 * Catalan: septenari, septenària
 * Russian:

Noun

 * 1) A group of seven things.
 * 2) A period of seven years.
 * 3)  The seven notes of the diatonic scale.
 * 1)  The seven notes of the diatonic scale.

title: septenary


text:
Service econosystem

A service econosystem is an economic organization utilizing financial incentives to optimize the delivery of a service provided in an economic exchange.

The nature of the financial incentives within the service econosystem can be highly complex. In corporate organizations, service econosystems often include equity ownership and stock options.

Information currency is under development to create financial incentives based on information. In this way service econosystems can be implemented using incentives based on information about the services provided, and enable the aggregation of information in market signals that continually reflect the state of market needs.

A wide variety of services can be managed through service econosystems. Traffic insurance can be implemented in part by making each driver a participant in a safe driver service econosystem.

title: Service econosystem


text:
Masllorenç

Masllorenç is a municipality in the comarca of the Baix Penedès in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the slopes of the Miramar range (864 m). A local road links the municipality with El Pla de Santa Maria, and with the A-2 autopista and the T-200 road. Masllorenç became part of the Baix Penedès in the comarcal revision of 1990: previously it formed part of the Alt Camp.

title: Masllorenç


text:
Huron League (MHSAA)

The Huron League is an MHSAA athletic conference located in southern Michigan.

Members
The following schools are currently members:

title: Huron League (MHSAA)


text:
Botany/Microscopy laboratory

Chapter 2. Laboratory Exercises: Microscopy
It is standard in botany courses, at the high-school level and above if not before, to learn the proper use of a microscope, a tool or instrument of considerable importance to most if not all biological disciplines. If you have not done so already, you should now follow the link to the Wikipedia article on microscopes:

 * Read: Optical microscope

If you are not reading this text as part of a formal course, or for whatever reason do not have access to a microscope, you can make good use of a hand-lens or magnifying lens. If you have intentions of doing field botany, you should certainly invest in a hand-lens such as the one shown on the previous page. Although a loupe will work as well (and some loupes are designed to fit in the eye socket), this device is not really intended for field use, and (like the hand lens) is more appropriate for close-up work at the desk or the laboratory bench.

Types of Microscopes
There are two basic kinds of optical microscopes used in class work in botany (there are many other kinds of microscopes used by botanists in research work) widely called compound and stereo. These terms may be a bit confusing, because a stereo microscope is technically a compound microscope (the image is magnified by more than one lens) and you will find that all higher quality optical microscopes have binocular eyepieces, although all do not provide a 3-dimensional (stereo) view of the specimen or target. Preferred are the terms high power and low power; these better specify the use of the two types in the laboratory and not the quality of the instrument.
 * High power microscope – Provides (depending upon lens system) magnifications between about 300X and 1000X. A very small or thin specimen is placed on the stage (usually on a glass slide under a cover slip) and viewed close to the objective lens, typically illuminated by light passing through from below. Used to view cells, tissues, very small organisms such as single-celled algae and bacteria. Attention to sample preparation is necessary to achieve good results.

 * Low power microscope – Provides magnifications typically in the range of 60 to 500X. Specimen is placed on the stage and lighted from above or the side. There is ample room to access and manipulate the specimen while viewing it and for this property, this type is also called a dissecting microscope for its use in plant and small animal dissections. Although most low power microscopes have binocular eyepieces and give a stereo view, some student models do not. Sample preparation is not especially important; what you have is what you will see.

Using the compound (high power) microscope
Assuming you have access to a compound microscope, it is important to familiarize yourself with the instrument and the tools used to prepare objects for viewing, BEFORE YOU JUMP IN AND ATTEMPT TO VIEW SOMETHING. The reason being that you can damage the optics or mechanical systems on a compound microscope if you are not familiar with their proper use. Although the microscope is a simple instrument to operate and you will learn proper use quickly, proceed initially with caution. You should first review the diagram of a typical microscope as shown at Optical microscope and understand where these parts are located on your microscope (which may differ somewhat from the picture shown):
 * eyepiece, objective lens, coarse focus, fine focus, and stage

You will need to become familiar with other features of the microscope as we proceed, but locating each of the above on your microscope is an essential first step.

Exercise 2A
If you are new to using a microscope, an onion tissue mount is a good first exercise for a botany student, and you should follow all of the instructions provided in the laboratory module, preparing the mount as described. Realize that the high power microscope requires light to pass through the specimen in order for you to view it through the eyepiece. The onion tissue both lacks pigments (such as chlorophyll) and is inherently thin. Thus, it provides a readily available source of plant tissue material requiring minimal preparation for viewing of plant cells. This exercise will introduce you to some of the techniques and accessories used with the high power microscope.
 * Read Glass microscope slide and understand glass slide, cover slip, stage clips, and wet mount.
 * For more advanced information: Read Microscopy.
 * Read Cell staining techniques, introduction and sections on iodine and methylene blue.

If you use an iodine solution, you should understand the basics of why it works as a vital stain. Iodine binds to starch, and starch is a storage product made by plant cells from the glucose produced by photosynthesis. The living cells can break the starch polymer down into glucose sugar for use in energy reactions as needed. Onion epidermis cells do not contain a lot of starch, so they do not stain strongly with iodine. Take a small piece of potato and put a drop of iodine solution on it (not under the microscope) and observe the much darker staining reaction. A potato is a food storage organ for the potato plant.

title: Botany/Microscopy laboratory


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Robert J. Johnson (priest)

Robert J. Johnson (died January 1, 1916) was an Irish-born priest who ministered in the Archdiocese of Boston.

Personal life
Johnson was born in Ireland and fluent in Irish. He was friends with Henry Cabot Lodge. Following the Spanish–American War, Johnson spoke out against the atrocities the United States government was committing against the Filipinos.

He died on January 1, 1916, and was buried on January 4 in Lowell, Massachusetts, after a funeral at Gate of Heaven Church in South Boston. There was a large crowd of priests in attendance and the church was not big enough to hold all of the people who wished to attend.

Ministry
Johnson built St. Mary's Church in Dedham, St. Eulalia's at City Point, and Gate of Heaven Church in South Boston. He also served as a curate at S.S. Peter and Paul in South Boston. On July 1, 1898, he was appointed chaplain of the Suffolk County House of Correction. It was said that he "was a perfect treasure-house of theological lore."

St. Mary's Church
Johnson served as past of St. Mary's Church in Dedham, Massachusetts from August 1878 to 1890.

During this decade, Johnson was publicly raising the issue of discrimination against Catholics in the public schools. He served two terms on the Dedham School Committee, from 1884 to 1890. As a member of the School Committee in 1885, he claimed the principal of the Avery School ridiculed Catholic students, and several years later had a lengthy debate with a Protestant minister via letters in the Dedham Standard about the "rank misrepresentation of the Catholic Church" in a history book adopted by the School Committee.

During Johnson's pastorate, the cornerstone of the present St. Mary's church was dedicated on October 17, 1880, by Archbishop John Williams. A crowd of between 4,000 and 5,000 people attended, and special trains were run from Boston and Norwood to accommodate all those who wished to attend. It was one of the largest gatherings in Dedham's history.

The crowd included many of the leading citizens of Dedham as well as 30 priests. The clergy included Father Theodore Metcalf of the Cathedral of the Holy Cross who served as Master of Ceremonies. The footprint of the Gothic church, which Father Johnson said was to be a "cathedral in the wilderness," measures 150' long by 65' wide, and the bell tower is 164' tall.

To serve the Catholics of East Dedham, he built St. Raphael's Church, but it was destroyed by fire a few years later. When he left St. Mary's, the Catholics and Protestants of the town were both sorry to see him go. He had become friends with all, including many of the leading men in town.

Gate of Heaven Church
After leaving St. Mary's, Johnson was pastor of Gate of Heaven Church from 1890 to his death in 1916.

Johnson became pastor on June 1, 1890. He was known as the "second founder" of Gate of Heaven. During his first years at Gate of Heaven, the parish had 10,000 parishioners and 600 girls enrolled in the school. With many societies and programs running, the church was too small to accommodate them. On March 4, 1895, the church caught on fire and the interior was destroyed. On April 10, 1895, services began inside the old church again, but it continued to be too small. Johnson began raising funds for a new church, partly though his personal magnetism. In 1896, the cornerstone was laid for a new church by Archbishop Williams. While construction was ongoing, he opened St. Eulalia's Chapel in City Point on May 6, 1900.

During construction, the stained glass windows were originally to be shipped from London duty-free. After two had been installed, however, the Treasury Department overruled the decision of the local collector and demanded a duty payment for the windows already installed and those yet to be delivered. Eventually Congress passed special legislation exempting the windows from the duty and, as a result of this precedent, all stained glass windows for houses of worship were exempt from duty in the Tariff Act of 1913.

title: Robert J. Johnson (priest)


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Pro Engineer/Surface Tips

Symmetrical Models When creating symmetrical surface models only model half and transform, mirror it. Use insert mode to add features before the mirror feature.

Merging Merge surfaces at the end of the model where possible, the model will be more robust.

Avoid 2 and 3 sided boundary surfaces Avoid using 2 and 3 sided boundary surfaces. Use 4 boundaries to get the best quality surfaces in pro/engineer otherwise downstream features such as solids and offsets may not work correctly. see Surfaces:Avoiding 3 sided boundaries

Do not use boundary surfaces to create flat surfaces Using boundary surfaces to create flat surfaces will not result in perfectly flat surfaces.

Tips for creating datum curves for use with boundary surfaces Avoid 2 projection curves as it is almost impossible to control the tangency conditions at the curve ends. If 2 projections are used try to line up intersections of the sub curves, otherwise the resulting curves will have lots of segments.

Avoid curve intersecting surfaces for the same reason.

Try to use curve, thru points because you can control the tangency of the curve. It is also possible to tweak the curve and pull it into the right shape. Or use a curve from ISDX as a single feature.

When creating curves for the 'same dir' of a boundary surface try to create it with a similar number of segments. This can be achieved by using divide in sketcher.

Build the datum curves with the same tangency conditions as required in the boundary surfaces.

When creating splines (and ISDX curves) use the minimum number of points, this reduces the risks of introducing ripples into the curve. (unless of course you want ripples!)

Use colours Set surfaces to a shiny black as this shows up the shape of reflected highlights. The outline of highlights should be smooth if not the surface is probably not smooth.

title: Pro Engineer/Surface Tips


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HOA

HOA or Hoa may refer to:

Arts

 * Hardwell On Air, a Dutch radio programme
 * House of Anubis, a television drama series
 * Hands of Asclepius, a fictional organization in the video game Trauma Center: Under the Knife 2

Languages

 * ǂHõã language (ISO 639: huc), a Khoisan language of Botswana
 * Hoava language (ISO 639: hoa), an Oceanic language of the Solomon Islands

Law and government

 * Heads of agreement (law)
 * Homeowner association, a private association-like entity
 * House of Assembly, the name of several current and former national and sub-national legislatures

Science and technology

 * Higher-order Ambisonics, a full-sphere surround sound Ambisonics technique
 * Hypertrophic osteopathy, a bone disease secondary to cancer in the lungs

Other uses

 * Hoa people, an Overseas Chinese minority group residing in Vietnam
 * Horn of Africa (HoA), a peninsula in East Africa
 * hoa, a title for Muisca rulers

title: HOA


text:
Koma Shrine

Koma Shrine (高麗神社) is a Shinto shrine located in the city of Hidaka, Saitama. The word "Koma", pronounced in Japanese as "Koryō" is the ancient Japanese name for Korea, specifically the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo, and the main temple kami of this shrine is the deified Prince Go Yak'gwang (高若光), son of the last king of independent Goguryeo.

History
Goguryeo, was a Korean kingdom    located in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of Manchuria. At its peak of power, Goguryeo controlled most of the Korean peninsula, large parts of Manchuria and parts of eastern Inner Mongolia.

Along with Baekje and Silla, Goguryeo was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In the late 6th and early 7th centuries, Goguryeo was often in military conflict with the Sui and Tang dynasties of China. Its relations with Baekje and Silla were complex and alternated between alliances and enmity. In the summer of 666, King Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by a succession struggle among his sons and younger brother. Tang Emperor Gaozong saw this as an opportunity and invaded, conquering the kingdom with the help of Silla by 668 AD. However, there was much resistance to Tang rule. Prince Go Yak-gwang (高若光), son of the last king of Goguryeo, Bojang, sent to Japan in 666 AD to seek military assistance from the Asuka period Emperor Tenji. After the fall of the kingdom, he remained in exile in Japan. In 716 AD he was granted Koma County in Musashi Province, and settled in this location with 1799 Goguryeo refugees, mostly from Suruga Province. This territory included all of present-day Hidaka and Tsurugashima, as well as parts of Hannō, Kawagoe, Iruma and Sayama. The area continued to be ruled by the Koma clan until the end of the Kamakura period.

The shrine is believed to have been founded around this time. It received a stipend of three koku for its upkeep under the Tokugawa shogunate. After the Meiji restoration and the establishment of State Shinto, the shrine was ranked as a prefectural shrine (県社).

Following the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1905, the Koma Shrine was used as a symbol by Japanese government officials, including Governor-General of Korea Jirō Minami, for the assimilation and unification of the Korean and Japanese people. In 1934 the Koma Jinja Hosan-kai was founded in order to preserve and restore the shrine, headed by then-Minister of Colonial Affairs Hideo Kodama.

Koma Shrine maintained cultural relevance after World War II, and it was written about by prominent Japanese authors such as Eiji Yoshikawa and Ango Sakaguchi.

The shrine has more recently been fashioned as a symbol of Japanese-Korean friendship, and is endorsed by the South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Tourism
Approximately 300,000 tourists visit the shrine annually. The shrine is located about 20 minutes on foot from JR East Komagawa Station.

Religious function
The shrine deifies a Prince Go Yak'gwang (高若光) of the Koma clan (later known as Genbu Jakkō (玄武若光)). Yakgwang reportedly introduced the cultivation of silkworms and mulberry, leading to his deification as Koma Myojin following his death.

Its hereditary kannushi are believed to be his descendants. The shrine is currently presided over by Koma Fumiyasu, whom according to the Koma-shi keizu genealogical scroll is a sixty-second generation direct descendant of Jakkō.

Koma clan residence
The Koma clan residence (高麗家住宅) located adjacent to the shrine precincts was built in the Keichō era (1596-1615). It is a thatch roofed irimoya-gabled building and was designated as a National Important Cultural Property in 1976.

title: Koma Shrine


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J. Mallory McCree

Jamal Mallory McCree is an American actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Charlie Price in the ABC thriller Quantico and as Sekou Bah in the Showtime television series Homeland.

Biography
J. Mallory McCree is a native of Detroit, Michigan. After graduating from Rutgers University and earning a bachelor's degree from the Mason Gross School of the Arts, McCree moved to New York. Soon after, he booked roles in New York's premiere off-broadway houses such as Signature Theatre and Playwright's Horizons. After acquiring a strong background in theatre, McCree has broken through to film and television. He guest starred on shows such as Quantico, Law & Order, Blue Bloods, Code Black, Homeland and The Defenders as well as appearing in films such as Cloned, No One Asked Me and From Nowhere.

Personal life
He is engaged to fellow actor Angela Lewis.

title: J. Mallory McCree


text:
John Duffy (writer)

John Duffy (November 5, 1963 – March 3, 2022) was a Canadian political strategist and writer.

Biography
He was a principal at StrategyCorp, a public affairs, communications, and management consulting firm in Toronto and Ottawa. He was best known to the general public for Fights of Our Lives: Elections, Leadership and the Making of Canada, his 2002 book which analyzed five historically important Canadian federal elections. The book won the Shaughnessy Cohen Prize for Political Writing.

Duffy was a former strategist for the Liberal Party of Canada. He served as a policy advisor to Paul Martin, and was involved in the development of the Red Book, the Liberals' platform in the 1993 election. Following his departure from electoral politics, he cofounded StrategyCorp.

He died in Toronto on March 3, 2022, at the age of 58.

title: John Duffy (writer)


text:
Quantum Mechanics/Symmetry and Quantum Mechanics

The idea of symmetry plays a huge role in physics. We have already used symmetry arguments in the theory of relativity -- applying the principle of relativity to obtain the dispersion relation for relativistic matter waves is just such an argument. In this section we begin to explore how symmetry can be used to increase our understanding of quantum mechanics.

Free Particle
The wave function for a free particle of definite momentum, P, and energy, E is given by

 * $$\psi = \exp i(kx-\omega t) = \exp i \frac{Px - Et}{\hbar} $$

For this wave function |ψ|²=1 everywhere, so the probability of finding the particle anywhere in space and time is uniform - just like the particle energy.

This contrasts with the probability distribution which arises if we assume a free particle to have the wave function

 * $$\psi = \sin \frac{Px - Et}{\hbar}

\quad |\psi|^2= \sin^2 \frac{Px - Et}{\hbar}$$

In this case the probability varies with position and time, which is inconsistent with a uniform probability distribution. This solution is less symmetric than the problem.

Symmetry and Definiteness
Quantum mechanics is a probabilistic theory, in the sense that the predictions it makes tell us, for instance, the probability of finding a particle somewhere in space. If we know nothing about a particle's previous history, and if there are no physical constraints that would make it more likely for a particle to be at one point along the axis than any another, then the probability distribution must be P(x)=constant.

This is an example of a symmetry argument. Expressed more formally, it states that if the above conditions apply, then the probability distribution ought to be subject to the condition P(x+d)=P(x) for any constant value of d. This can only be true if P(x) is a constant.

In the language of physics, if there is nothing that gives the particle a higher probability of being at one point rather than another, then the probability is independent of position and the system is invariant under displacement in the direction.

The above argument doesn't suffice for quantum mechanics, since as we have learned, the fundamental quantity describing a particle is not the probability distribution, but the wave function. Thus, the wave function rather than the probability distribution ought to be the quantity which is invariant under displacement.

This condition turns out to be too restrictive, because it implies that ψ is constant but we know that a one-dimensional plane wave, which describes a particle with a uniform probability of being found anywhere along the axis, has the form

 * $$\psi = \exp ikx \,$$

(For simplicity we temporarily ignore the time dependence.) If we make the substitution x→x+d in a plane wave, we get

 * $$\psi = \exp ik(x+d) = \exp ikd \exp ikx \,$$

The wave function is thus technically not invariant under displacement, in that the displaced wave function is multiplied by the factor exp(ikd). However, the probability distribution of the displaced wave function still equals one everywhere, so there is no change in what we observe.

Thus, in determining invariance under displacement, we are allowed to ignore changes in the wave function which consist only of multiplying it by a complex constant with an absolute value of one; i.e one of the form exp(iα) with α real. Such a multiplicative constant is called a phase factor, and α the phase.

It is easy to convince oneself by trial and error or by more sophisticated means that the only form of wave function which satisfies this condition is

 * $$\psi = A \exp ikx \,$$

where A is a (possibly complex) constant. This is just in the form of a complex exponential plane wave with wavenumber k. Thus, not only is the complex exponential wave function invariant under displacements in the manner defined above, it is the only wave function which is invariant to displacements. Furthermore, the phase factor which appears for a displacement d of such a plane wave takes the form exp(ikd), where k is the wavenumber of the plane wave.

As an example, let us see if a wave packet is invariant under displacement. Let's define a wave packet consisting of two plane waves:
 * $$\psi = e^{ik_1 x} + e^{ik_2 x} $$

Making the substitution x→x+d in this case results in
 * $$\begin{matrix}

\psi & = & e^{ik_1 (x+d)} + e^{ik_2 (x+d)} \\ & = & e^{ik_1 d}e^{ik_1 x} + e^{ik_2 d}e^{ik_2 x} \\ & \ne & \left[ e^{ik_1 (x+d)} + e^{ik_2 (x+d)} \right] e^{i\alpha} \end{matrix}$$ no matter what value α has.

The impossibility of writing the displaced wavefunction as the original multiplied by a phase factor lends plausibility to the assertion that a single complex exponential is the only possible form of the wave function that is invariant under displacement.

Notice that the wave packet does not have definite wavenumber, and hence, momentum. In particular, non-zero amplitudes exist for the associated particle to have either momentum $$\hbar k_1$$ or $$\hbar k_2$$. This makes sense from the point of view of the uncertainty principle -- for a single plane wave the uncertainty in position is complete and the uncertainty in momentum is zero. For a wave packet the uncertainty in position is reduced and the uncertainty in the momentum is non-zero.

However, we see that this idea can be carried further: A definite value of momentum must be associated with a completely indefinite probability distribution in position. This corresponds to a wave function which has the form of a complex exponential plane wave.

However, such a plane wave is invariant under a displacement d, except for the multiplicative phase factor, which has no physical consequences since it disappears when the probability distribution is obtained. Thus, we see that invariance under displacement of the wave function and a definite value of the momentum are linked, in that each implies the other:

 * Invariance under displacement ⇔ Definite momentum

We can compare this with classical mechanics, where we saw that if the energy is invariant under displacement then momentum is conserved, and similarly for generalised coordinates.

The above equivalence can also be extended to arbitary coordinates.

In particular, since the time dependence of a complex exponential plane wave is

 * $$e^{-i\omega t} = e^{-i \frac{Et}{\hbar}}$$

we have by analogy with the above argument that
 * Invariance under time shift ⇔ Definite energy

Thus, invariance of the wave function under a displacement in time implies a definite value of the energy of the associated particle.

Another useful instance of this is

 * Invariance under rotation ⇔ Definite angular momentum

since the same connection between rotation and angular momentum holds as in classical mechanics.

In the previous chapter we assumed that the frequency (and hence the energy) was definite and constant for a particle passing through a region of variable potential energy. We now see that this assumption is justified only if the potential energy doesn't change with time. This is because a time-varying potential energy eliminates the possibility of invariance under time shift.

Compatible Variables
We already know that definite values of certain pairs of variables cannot be obtained simultaneously in quantum mechanics. For instance, the indefiniteness of position and momentum are related by the uncertainty principle -- a definite value of position implies an indefinite value of the momentum and vice versa. If definite values of two variables can be simultaneously obtained, then we call these variables compatible. If not, the variables are incompatible.

If the wave function of a particle is invariant under the transformations associated with both variables, then the variables are compatible. For instance, the complex exponential plane wave associated with a free particle is invariant under displacements in both space and time. Since momentum is associated with space displacements and energy with time displacements, the momentum and energy are compatible variables for a free particle.

Compatibility and Conservation
Variables which are compatible with the energy have a special status. The wave function which corresponds to a definite value of such a variable is invariant to displacements in time. Thus, if the wave function is also invariant to some other transformation at a particular time, it is invariant to that transformation for all time. The variable associated with that transformation thus retains its definite value for all time -- i. e., it is conserved.

For example, the complex exponential plane wave implies a definite value of energy, and is thus invariant under time displacements. At time ''t'=0, it is also invariant under displacements, which corresponds to the fact that it represents a particle with a known value of momentum. However, since momentum and energy are compatible for a free particle, the wave function will represent the same value of momentum at all other times.

In other words, if the momentum is definite at t=0, it will be definite at all later times, and furthermore will have the same value. This is how the conservation of momentum (and by extension, the conservation of any other variable compatible with energy) is expressed in quantum mechanics.

We will see later how to describe this in terms of operators.


text:
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title: Talk:Dieter Salomon


text:
User:Zicimwaw/Books/Avant Garde

Avant Garde

 * Avant-garde

 * Visual Art
 * Abstract expressionism
 * Art Nouveau
 * Color field
 * Conceptual art
 * Cubism
 * Cubo-Futurism
 * De Stijl
 * Ego-Futurism
 * Fauvism
 * Impressionism
 * Incoherents
 * Lyrical abstraction
 * Mail art
 * Neue Slowenische Kunst
 * Nonconformist
 * Pop art
 * Post-Impressionism
 * Rayonism
 * Suprematism
 * Vorticism
 * Nouveau réalisme

 * Music
 * Avant-garde music
 * Ars subtilior
 * Avant-garde jazz
 * Avant-garde metal
 * Drone music
 * Experimental music
 * Free jazz
 * Industrial music
 * Krautrock
 * Musique concrète
 * No wave
 * Noise music
 * Post-rock
 * Progressive rock
 * Ambient music
 * Serialism
 * Second Viennese School

 * Literature
 * Acmeist poetry
 * Angry Penguins
 * Asemic writing
 * Cyberpunk
 * Experimental literature
 * Flarf poetry
 * Imaginism
 * Language poets
 * Neoteric
 * Oberiu
 * Oulipo
 * Visual poetry
 * Nouveau roman

 * Cinema and Theater
 * Non-narrative film
 * Dogme 95
 * Drop Art
 * Epic theatre
 * Experimental film
 * Experimental theatre
 * Remodernist film
 * Theatre of the Absurd
 * Theatre of Cruelty

 * General
 * Bauhaus
 * Dada
 * Expressionism
 * Fluxus
 * Futurism
 * Lettrism
 * Modernism
 * Minimalism
 * Postminimalism
 * Neo-minimalism
 * Neo-Dada
 * Neoism
 * Postmodernism
 * Primitivism
 * Russian avant-garde
 * Russian Futurism
 * Russian symbolism
 * Situationist International
 * Social realism
 * Socialist realism
 * Surrealism
 * Symbolism (arts)

 * Other Topics
 * Anti-art
 * Archigram
 * COBRA (avant-garde movement)
 * Constructivism (art)
 * Creacionismo
 * Enfant terrible
 * Land art
 * List of avant-garde artists
 * Molecular gastronomy
 * Neoavanguardia
 * Prakalpana Movement
 * Stridentism
 * Superflat
 * Superstroke
 * Joaquín Torres-García
 * Viennese Actionism

title: User:Zicimwaw/Books/Avant Garde


text:
Michinori Watada

Michinori Watada (born 3 October 1938) is a Japanese field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Michinori Watada


text:
Xiphohathlia lobata

Xiphohathlia lobata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Xiphohathlia. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1961.

title: Xiphohathlia lobata