text:
Italian/Grammar/Pronouns

General
Personal pronouns are short words that replace persons or things: he, she, they, it, me, her etc.

Personal pronouns can play various roles. For instance, in the sentence I eat cake, the word 'I' is a subject, but in the sentence That lion wants to eat me, the word 'me' is the object.

Other pronouns (not personal) also replace nouns, with a more specific usage. For instance, this can replace a noun, with a meaning similar to it (or he/she), e.g. in the sentence this is good for you.

More information about pronouns, subjects etc. in English can be found in a different place. Here it is assumed that sufficient knowledge is available.

Subject Personal Pronouns / Pronomi personali soggetto
List of Subject Personal Pronouns:

Singular: io  - I    - Note: no capital letter required tu  - you  - Note: used to address one person egli - he  - Note: not used in common talk lui - he   - Note: colloquial, normally it replaces egli ella - she - Note: not used in common talk lei - she  - Note: colloquial, normally it replaces ella esso - it  - Note: masculine, little used in common speech essa - it  - Note: feminine, little used in common speech lei - you  - Note: special use; sometimes with capital initial

Plural: noi - we voi - you  - Note: used to address two or more people Voi - you  - Note: same as 'voi' with lower case initial, but more formal (compare to 'Lei' in the singular) essi - they - Note: masculine esse - they - Note: feminine loro - they - Note: both masculine and feminine, colloquial, normally it replaces essi and esse Loro - you - Note: special use, very uncommon, capital initial

The pronouns for the 1st person (singular: io, plural: noi) do not need special explanations.

The pronouns for the 2nd person (in English you both singular and plural) have a usage far more varied than in English.

Tu is addressed to one person only (singular) and is related to the older English thou. It is felt to be informal. It is used with members of the same family (e.g. father, mother), with relatives (e.g. uncles), with children, with friends, and, in modern usage, with work colleagues. It is often used with boys and girls, and sometimes it is used with other persons in order to create a friendly atmosphere.

In the other cases (especially with grown-up people that are not friends or relatives) it is replaced by the pronoun lei (sometimes written with a capital letter). This pronoun literally means she and its usage is similar to English sentences including His/Her Majesty.

For the same purpose the pronoun Ella can also be used. This is felt today as obsolete and is used rarely only in writing.

When two or more people are addressed, voi is used both in formal and informal language - that is with relatives, friends and other people. The plural for Lei does exist, it is Loro (capital initial), but it is nowadays little used. Instead of Loro, Voi is used, which is the same as voi but with a capital letter.

The pronouns for the singular 3rd person (in English he/she/it) take into account the gender of the replaced noun, which in Italian can only be masculine or feminine.

When referring to a person, he is translated as egli (proper language, rarely used in speech) or lui (colloquial), she as ella (rare in speech) or lei (colloquial).

For animals or things, it is translated as esso when the noun is masculine (e.g. lago, lake) and as essa when it is feminine (e.g. barca, boat).

Plural also takes into account the gender, so they is translated as essi (masc.) or esse (fem.). In colloquial talk they is usually translated as loro.

It should also be remembered that pronouns are required less often than in English because verb forms change for every person. It's usually better to say Sono felice ([I] am happy) than Io sono felice (I am happy).

Missing subject pronouns
In many languages, including English, French and German, the subject of the verb must be expressed. Pronouns are widely used to avoid repeating nouns for this purpose.

In Italian the subject is often omitted, as the verb can give sufficient information. Personal subject pronouns are far less used than in English. They are used only when there is a need for clarity or a wish to emphasize the pronoun itself.

Examples of missing subjects: Piove. It is raining. No need to mention it. Vengo subito. I come soon. No need to mention I. Dove vai? Where are you going? No need to mention you. Dove andiamo? Where are we going? No need to mention we.

Example of special uses: Credo di sì. I think so. Io credo di sì. I do think so. The pronoun makes the assertion more emphatic.

Object Pronouns
1) In most cases the direct and indirect object pronouns are placed before the verb: Ti vedo. I see you. One exception: loro as an indirect object is placed after the verb. Additionally, a few forms of the verb always have pronouns after them, but then they are postfixed (ie. written onto it as one word). These forms are the infinitive (dropping the final 'e', eg. vederlo), the gerund and the past participle (but only when used alone, not as part of a perfect tense). For example 'I want to see him' is Voglio vederlo and not voglio lo vedere. Note that stress does not change when pronouns are appended, ie.  scri vere =>  scri verlo and not scri ver lo

2) Note that 'Lei' and 'Voi' when indicating formal 'you' are capitalised, regardless of inflection (eg. ''Perché non Le piace questo film?. ''Why don't you like this movie? ). This rule also applies to postfixed 'Lei' and 'Voi', but there they may also occur in lower case (eg. I can see you. ''Posso vederLa. or Posso vederla. '')

3) When two pronouns (or a pronoun and ci (there) or ne (form there/it)) are combined, the order is indirect + direct + ci/ne. You will never encounter all three together, but for example if you have an indirect and a direct object, then the indirect will precede the direct. Additionally the preceding form changes: For example, 'He gives it to us' is Ce lo dà. Glie is affixed to the next word, so 'I give it to him/them' becomes Glielo do.

Another example is the verb andarsene, which means to go away (andare-si-ne, lit. to go (oneself) from the place). It is conjugated me ne vado, te ne vai, se ne và, etc.

As you can see in andarsene the postfixed pronouns are all written as one word. This is the rule for all such combinations, ie. ''Voglio dartelo. ''I want to give it to you. (=dare-ti-lo)

4) The prepositional forms are obligatory after prepositions: Vado da lui stasera. I'm going to his place tonight.

They are also placed after the verb instead of the direct object to emphasize the pronoun (eg. Ho visto te. It is you I saw. - This is somewhat uncommon).

They can replace the indirect object in a similar fashion, which is much more common, but these pronouns require the preposition a when indicating the indirect object (eg. Lo dirò a te prima che lo dica agli altri. I'll tell you before I tell any of the others. - As you can see in this sentence, nouns such as gli altri also need the preposition a)

Possessive Pronouns
Possessives, like articles, must agree with the gender and number of the noun they modify. Hence, mio zio, my uncle, but mia zia, my aunt. So depending on what is being modified, the possessive pronouns are:

 * Masc. sing.: mio, tuo, suo, nostro, vostro, loro
 * Fem. sing.: mia, tua, sua, nostra, vostra, loro
 * Masc. pl.: miei, tuoi, suoi, nostri, vostri, loro
 * Fem. pl.: mie, tue, sue, nostre, vostre, loro

In most cases the possessive adjective must be used with the definite article:

 * Ho perso la mia penna. (I've lost my pen.)
 * Mi piace il mio lavoro. (I like my job.)
 * Hanno rubato la mia automobile! (They've stolen my car!)

The only exception is when the possessive refers to a family member in the singular:

 * Sara è mia sorella (Sarah is my sister.)
 * Questa penna è di mia zia. (This pen is my aunt's.)

But in the plural:

 * Le mie zie sono vecchie (My aunts are old)

However, 'loro' always takes the definite article (also note that 'loro' does not change, for example the female form is 'loro', not 'lora' or something like that):

 * La loro sorella è malata (Their sister is ill)

Personal pronouns can also be used on their own:

 * Questa macchina è la mia. (This car is mine)

To say 'one of my', 'one of your' etc. you use a personal pronoun with the indefinite article:

 * Un mio figlio è malato (One of my sons is ill)

And finally, possessives may be placed behind the noun it refers to in poetical language and specific expressions. If the definite article is used at all, it remains before the noun.

 * (Gli) affari tuoi (Your (own) business)
 * Fatti gli affari tuoi! (Mind you own business!)

Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are just pronouns, like those before this section but they refer to something relative to the context of the sentence or the situation. the pronoun "I" will always refer to myself while the pronoun "she" will always refer to some "her". A Relative pronoun can refer to a person, a thing or a situation. In English these pronouns are who, which, that, whom, where.

 * Pronoun che: this pronoun is used when you use which, who, and that.

 * Pronouns il quale, la quale, i quali, le quali: this pronoun "quale" is like the previous one but it also indicates the gender and number:
 * il quale: masculine singular
 * la quale: feminine singular
 * i quali: masculine plural
 * le quali: feminine plural

 * Pronoun cui: this pronouns introduces indirect objects (this means all those objects that need a preposition before it): “Headphone is the instrument (with) which you can hear music with” this pronoun needs “with” to work.

 * Extra pronouns: chi, colui, colei, coloro, ciò, chiunque, quanto, etc... words that serve the purpose of a pronoun.

Demonstrative Pronouns
There are only two demonstrative pronouns: questo and quello. Pay attention to how these pronouns change in gender and number.

 * questo, questa, questi, queste=this, these
 * quello, quella, quelli, quelle=that, those

'Questo' and related forms always use their full form. 'Quello' uses the full form as described above when on their own (for example, Questo è rotto. This one is broken.), but has a shorter form when used with a noun (Quel problema non si può risolvere. That problem can't be solved.)

The form is dependent on the article you would use with the noun: For example, you would say gli uomini, so you say quegli uomini. These forms are also used when followed by a relative pronoun: Quel che voglio = What I want / The one that I want / That which I want.
 * il => quel
 * lo => quello
 * la => quella
 * l => quell
 * i => quei
 * le => quelle
 * gli => quegli

Italiano/Pronombres

title: Italian/Grammar/Pronouns


text:
electrodynamics

Noun

 * 1)  The phenomena associated with moving electric charges, and their interaction with electric and magnetic fields; the study of these phenomena.

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Macedonian: електродина́мика
 * Malay:, kaji gerak elektrik
 * Manx: lectro-ghleashaghtys
 * Portuguese: eletrodinâmica
 * Russian:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: dagitsigan

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: electrodynamics


text:
Talk:Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule II

Name
The names Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule II and Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule Jr are not synonmyms, they are two distinct, different names. The suffixes II (the second) and Jr (junior) are not interchangable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:25, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

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 * Added tag to http://www.nj.gov/state/darm/guides/pmors040.pdf

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title: Talk:Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule II


text:
Talk:Doug Ireland

Request for Comments
There is an RfC on the question of using "Religion: None" vs. "Religion: None (atheist)" in the infobox on this and other similar pages.

The RfC is at Template talk:Infobox person.

Please help us determine consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 19:38, 23 April 2015 (UTC)

Bizarre section on Iran
As someone who is known chiefly/exclusively as a gay rights activist, Ireland's support for persecuted gays on Iran is perfectly unsurprising and, unless it's any more significant to his life or to Iranian politics than anything else he wrote about in a 60-year career, doesn't even warrant its own section on this page, let alone a rambling denouncement of the subject's views that amounts to "executing gay people isn't so bad because imperialism." It's anyone's guess why this article devotes fully 20% of its space to parroting apologism for the Iranian regime whose "citations" are exclusively to opinion pieces by regime stooges such as Rostam Pourzal. If one of many instances of "a gay rights activist condemning persecution of gays" even rises to the level of significance needed to be mentioned here at all, it needs to be totally rewritten to get rid of the nonsense. Predestiprestidigitation (talk) 04:04, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doug Ireland


text:
Budva Riviera

The Budvanian Riviera (Будванска ривијера) is a 35 km long strip of the Adriatic coast surrounding the town of Budva in western Montenegro. It is part of the Montenegrin Littoral geographical region. It is located roughly along the middle of the Montenegrin coast, and is a center for Montenegrin beach tourism. There are 21 km of beaches which lie along the Budva Riviera.

Settlements
The best known and most popular settlements along the Budva Riviera are:

 * Budva
 * Bečići
 * Miločer
 * Rafailovići
 * Sveti Stefan
 * Petrovac

title: Budva Riviera


text:
User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea pallida

Chusquea pallida  is a species of Chusquea bamboo in the grass family.

Distribution
Chusquea  is endemic to

title: User:Artix Kreiger/Chusquea pallida


text:
National Organisations of Free Trade Unions

The National Organisations of Free Trade Unions (ONSL) is a trade union centre in Burkina Faso. It was founded in 1960, evolving out of the Confédération africaine des syndicats libres (CASL). It was initially named Union nationale des travailleurs de la Haute-Volta (UNTHV), adopting the name Organisation voltaïque des syndicats libres in 1964.

The ONSL is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.


text:
Template:Basic filmmaking:Table of contents:Storyboarding:Pop Quiz

 * What is your first frame? Why? - 2 points
 * What is your second frame for this movie? - 2 points

 * }


text:
Omusha

Omusha (オムシャ), also umusa or umsa, was an Ainu greeting ritual that, like the related uimamu (ウイマム), became a ceremonial—of trade—full of the political symbolism of subservience, to the Matsumae Domain.

Name
The word is understood to derive from the Ainu u (ウ), referring to mutuality, and musa (ムシャ), translated and defined by John Batchelor as "to stroke the head in salutation".

title: Omusha


text:
Japanese/Dialects/Okinawa

History
Todo: write about Okinawa being a linguistic relative of Japanese, ww2-era efforts to get rid of the language, etc...

ウチナーグチ vs 琉球語 vs 沖縄弁
ウチナーグチ (uchinaa guchi) is the term that the people of Okinawa use when referring to their own language. This translates as "Okinawa mouth" or "Okinawa language".

琉球語 (ryuukyuugo) is the word in standard Japanese that refers to the language of Okinawa (the "Ryuukyuu kingdom", which is often spelled "Ryukyu").

沖縄弁 (okinawa-ben) is the word for just the dialect of Okinawa. In other words, the way people from Okinawa speak Japanese.

Todo: expand this some more

Words

 * アラン　(aran) : disagree
 * デイジ (deiji) : serious
 * マアサン (maasan) : delicious
 * メンソーレ (mensoore) : welcome
 * ウチナ (uchina) : Okinawa
 * チュ (chu) : Person
 * 海人: ウミンチュ (uminchu) : Person of the sea
 * チュラ (chura) : pretty
 * ヤナ (yana) : ugly
 * チュラカギ / ヤナカギ (churakagi / yanakagi) : pretty person / ugly person

In the Okinawan dialect, it is possible to have words or names that begin with ん, which you will never see in standard 日本語.
 * んたまぎる

It is also common to use phonemes that are not part of the normal (ひらがな) Japanese language (though you may see them in 外来語), such as とぅ, てぃ, and ぐぁ
 * とぅい (tui) : bird.
 * とぅんふぁ (tunfa) : a weapon used in Okinawan martial arts.
 * やまとぅ (yamatu) : mainland Japan
 * てぃち (tichi) : one thing (counter)
 * いんぐぁ (ingua) : puppy

title: Japanese/Dialects/Okinawa


text:
Talk:John Treasure Jones

Infobox & image use
I would like to add an 'infobox military person' to this page. In this I would like to include the image that is used on the cover of his autobiography Tramp to Queen (without the text). Since he is dead I am identified as the author of the book and the copyright-holder. Would there be any problems / objections or other permissions that need to be obtained ? Richard Tennant (talk) 10:37, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

Further to this message, I have found that the image is already being used on : http://sotonopedia.wikidot.com/page-browse:jones-john-treasure. It states : Powered by Wikidot.com / Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. Please advise. Richard Tennant (talk) 20:56, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Treasure Jones


text:
Talk:Bret Erickson

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bret Erickson


text:
Talk:Robert Gant/Archive 1

Skills
I think the section on 'skills' is unnecessary. If you look at the information any actor's agent supplies about their clients, it always seems to include "dialects, accents, singing" etc. I don't think it adds anything encyclopedic to the article. Cnwb 22:33, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

I'm sorry, Cnwb, but I have to disagree. Since Robert Gant is most well known for his dramatic roles on such television shows as, "Queer as Folk," "Popular," and the comedy series, "Caroline in the City," I have found that people are quite surprised that he has also performed in a few musicals. But, since I'm not an editor on this website, you are free to do as you wish. Abisel

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 03:49, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Gant/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Burrell Ellis

This article is fatuous. This political leader is mostly known for his indictment on corruption charges and removal from office. I came here looking for a summary of that, and it's not there. Defenestrate (talk)-- — Preceding undated comment added 23:12, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Burrell Ellis


text:
Portal:Spanish/Introduction

 Spanish Language Division

Hello and welcome to the Wikiversity Spanish Language Division, part of the Center for Foreign Language Learning and the School of Language and Literature. This division coordinates and focuses studies on Spanish as a second language and for native speakers. Here you can learn Spanish and explore its cultures, as well as teach others.

Spanish (español), also called Castilian (castellano), is a Romance language that originated in northern Spain and it was taken to Africa, the Americas and Asia Pacific between the 15th and 19th centuries. Today, Spanish is an official language of Spain, most Latin American countries and Equatorial Guinea; 21 nations speak it as their primary language. Spanish also is one of the six official languages of the UN; and 400 million people natively speak it, making it the most spoken Romance language, and the second most-spoken language by native speakers (1st Chinese). Additionally, Spanish is the second most-studied language in the world (1st English).

title: Portal:Spanish/Introduction


text:
Talk:Don Gambril

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text:
Faking It

Faking It or Fakin' It may refer to:
 * Faking It (British TV series)
 * Faking It (American TV series)
 * "Faking It" (song), a 2017 song and single by Calvin Harris featuring Kehlani and Lil Yachty
 * "Fakin' It" (Simon & Garfunkel song), 1967
 * "Fakin' It" (K. Michelle song), 2009
 * "Fakin' It" (Arrested Development), the fiftieth episode of the television show Arrested Development
 * Faking It: The Quest for Authenticity in Popular Music

title: Faking It


text:
User:LB22~enwiktionary

Hi, this is the user page for LB22! If you have any quieries, please post them on my talk page. Also, if you wish, you can post stuff on my Wikipedia talk page.

title: User:LB22~enwiktionary


text:
List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 80th Congress by seniority

This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 80th United States Congress listed by seniority.

As an historical article, the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 80th Congress (January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949). Current seats and party affiliations on the List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority will be different for certain members.

Seniority depends on the date on which members were sworn into office. Since many members are sworn in on the same day, subsequent ranking is based on previous congressional service of the individual and then by alphabetical order by the last name of the congressman.

Committee chairmanship in the House is often associated with seniority. However, party leadership is typically not associated with seniority.

Note: The "*" indicates that the representative/delegate may have served one or more non-consecutive terms while in the House of Representatives of the United States Congress.


text:
Gambas/FAQ

Back to Gambas

See http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum=gambas-user

Hotkeys
If you want to use some hotkeys for a project, you might code something like this: Public sub Form_KeyPress If key.code = ... then Something happens

Unfortunately this only works, if the form has no buttons and other controls. If the form has other controls and one of the controls has the focus, then it does not work.

There is no interface in the QT component to globally intercept key events yet, but there is a trick: If you have a menu in your form, its keyboard shortcuts are globally managed. So you can add an hidden menu to your form to solve your problem.

KDE panel applet ?
Is it possible to write a KDE panel applet with Gambas? No, currently it is not possible to do that. KDE panel applets are implemented as shared libraries with specific interfaces.

Listview
How can I add a listview item after an existing one, when there is an item missing:

Wrong: Listview.add("Key","Name",,"Key2") -- Error: Comma missing.

You have to pass NULL as picture argument. You cannot "jump" arguments when you call a function in Gambas.

Listview.add("Key","Name",NULL,"Key2")

Does Gambas support structured data types?
In some versions of basic, it is possible to create structured data types using by using type definitions as follows:

' This will not work in Gambas TYPE rhubarbstructure foo AS STRING * 32 bar AS INTEGER END TYPE

PUBLIC rhubarb AS rhubarbstructure

Currently, Gambas does not support the TYPE keyword. Instead, you can use the STRUCT or STRUCT[] keywords.

Additionally, it is possible to use class definitions for the same effect.

Making the application startup from a main routine
In gambas, to make an application startup from a main routine:

 * Create a new module called MMain
 * In the MMain module, create a public sub called Main as follows:

PUBLIC SUB Main ' This is the start of the program END

 * Right click the MMain module, then select Startup class from the context menu

Obtaining the command line parameters
PUBLIC SUB main ' This reads and displays the command line parameters DIM l AS Integer DIM numparms AS Integer DIM parm AS String numparms = Application.Args.Count FOR l = 0 TO numparms - 1 parm = Application.Args[l] PRINT l; " : "; parm NEXT END SUB

Overview
In gambas, the trick to determining the maximum window size that will fit on the screen is to create a form that is maximized and then query its dimensions from within a Form_Resize event. Note that the form can be invisible during this process, and typically we would use the main modal window (FMain in this example).

Creating the form
From with the project create a form (FMain) with the following properties set:

FMain.Maximized = True FMain.Visible = False   ' The form can be invisible

From within the project view, rightclick the FMain form and select Edit class from the contextmenu. This will display a form class file (FMain.class) as follows:

PUBLIC SUB _new

END

PUBLIC SUB Form_Open

END

We can now add a Form_Resize event to the class file with the necessary code to obtain the screen dimensions as follows:

PUBLIC SUB Form_Resize PRINT "The maximum window size that can be used is "; FMain.Width; " x "; FMain.Height END

title: Gambas/FAQ


text:
Macroeconomics/Radical Economics

=Radical Left Economics Perspective= =Criticisms of other perspectives=
 * The capitalist system is cited as the culprit of unequal wealth distribution
 * Capitalism is built upon the exploitation of workers

Neo-classicals / Neo-conservatives

 * Criticized for not modeling their theories after reality
 * Forced reality to conform to their theories
 * The capitalist system did not become the norm in England because it was popular among the people, but because they were forced off their own land or off the land they used to work on as a peasant to become a wage worker
 * Then claimed how closely "reality" and their theories resemble
 * Using their own theories, they claim and predict how smoothly the system is and will be running

Neo-liberals
=Analysis of the Existing System=
 * Criticized for trying to fix an unfixable system
 * Analogous to "rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic"

The State

 * The state is an organ of class rule
 * It exists to protect the interests of ruling class

title: Macroeconomics/Radical Economics


text:
Topic talk:Permaculture

Department news

 * 13 December 2006 - Department founded! - unsigned

Wikibook: Permaculture Design
I hope this project will help develop the Wikibook on Permaculture Design: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Permaculture_Design Leighblackall (talk) 19:39, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Permaculture ethics
I'm in the camp who keeps the ethics down to 3, and see the fourth one that you have here, Reduce Consumption, as integral to the first 3 - where appropriate. There are people in regions of the world who consume very little relative to the rest of us, and may in fact need to increase consumption to achieve a permaculture. In this way, and others, I see the additional ethic you have added here to be part of Fair Share at least, if not also a part of Earth and People Care. A reduction of consumption is more like a principle, along side Produce No Waste, and is obviously important for those of us living in industrialised population areas. Leighblackall (talk) 20:15, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Topic talk:Permaculture


text:
tongzoenen

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to French kiss to kiss while inserting one’s tongue into one's companion's mouth

title: tongzoenen


text:
Zelyony Lug

Zelyony Lug (Зелёный Луг) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Zelyonolugovskoy Selsoviet, Rodinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 523 as of 2013. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Zelyony Lug is located 16 km south of Rodino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Shatalovka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Zelyony Lug


text:
Nabisipi River Old Forest

The Nabisipi River Old Forest (Forêt ancienne de la Rivière-Nabisipi) is a protected area of old-growth forest in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec, Canada. It is classified as an exceptional forest ecosystem.

Location
The Nabisipi River Old Forest is in the unorganized territory of Aguanish in Minganie Regional County Municipality of the Côte-Nord region. It is 100 km northeast of Havre-Saint-Pierre. It is to the northeast of Lake Watshishou. It is in the watershed of the Watshishou River. It is to the west of the Nabisipi River, from which it takes its name. The ground is covered mainly by undifferentiated glacial till of variable depth.

The forest is administered by Quebecʻs Ministry of Natural Resources, Wildlife and Parks, Forest Environment Directorate. It was designated old-growth forest in 2005, and has IUCN management category III. A map of the ecological regions of Quebec shows the Nabisipi River Old Forest in the east spruce/moss subdomain.

Flora
The Nabisipi River Old Forest contains balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees 200 years old, a remarkable age for this species, and black spruce (Picea mariana) trees up to 270 years old. It has not been seriously affected by natural disturbances such as fire, wind storms or outbreaks of insects, and avoided the hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria) outbreak in the Côte-Nord region in 1998–2001. It has also not been disturbed by forestry or other human activities.

The wet climate has helped produce a long cycle of more than 500 years between fires. This has allowed massive stands of balsam fir to become established and to grow to their high proportion of the forest trees. The mature old-growth forest includes very old, senescent trees and the greatly decomposed debris of tree trunks as large as any now living. Renewal occurs when small gaps are created by the fall of isolated trees or small groups of trees. The spruce and fir are roughly equal in numbers, and there are also some white spruce (Picea glauca) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera).

The understory and regenerating areas contain the same trees as the canopy, as well as shadbush (Amelanchier) and alder (Alnus incana). Herbaceous cover is thin but very diverse, with the most common species being Canadian bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), creeping snowberry (Gaultheria hispidula) and mountain woodsorrel (Oxalis montana). Mosses cover much of the ground, particularly red-stemmed feathermoss (Pleurozium schreberi), knights plume moss (Ptilium crista-castrensis) and glittering woodmoss (Hylocomium splendens). Sphagnum covers the remaining space.

title: Nabisipi River Old Forest


text:
2020 Ypres Rally

The 2020 Rally Belgium (also known as Renties Ypres Rally Belgium 2020) was a motor racing event for rally cars that was scheduled to hold between 20 and 22 November 2020, but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was set to mark the fifty-sixth running of Ypres Rally and was planned to be the seventh round of the 2020 World Rally Championship, World Rally Championship-2 and World Rally Championship-3. It was also going to be the final round of the Junior World Rally Championship. The 2020 event was set to be based in Ypres in West Flanders and was scheduled to be contested over twenty-three special stages. The rally was planned to cover a total competitive distance of 265.69 km.

Schedule changes and event inclusion
Following the cancellation of 2020 Rally Japan, the Ypres Rally of Belgium replaced Rally Japan to hold the seventh round of the championship. This would mark the Ypres Rally run as a WRC event for the first time. The country was set to become the thirty-fourth nation to stage a championship round in the WRC. Unfortunately, the rally was eventually announced to be called off due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Route
The first two days of action would take place in the area around Ypres, while Sunday's final leg would be focused on the iconic Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Stavelot, with the rally-closing Power Stage featuring the famous Eau Rouge-Raidillon section of the track. This meant the Sunday's route would run alongside the 2020 World RX of Benelux of the World Rallycross Championship.

Itinerary
All dates and times are BET (UTC+1).

title: 2020 Ypres Rally


text:
Talk:Sampson-class destroyer

Fair use rationale for Image:Coast guard flag.gif
Image:Coast guard flag.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:29, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sampson-class destroyer


text:
User:Jimmytharpe

Links
jamestharpe.com

artofprogress.com

Special:Contributions/Jimmytharpe

My Wikipedia User Page

My to-do List
--Jimmytharpe 19:06, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Jimmytharpe


text:
Talk:Web Design/XML challenges

I added something fun, and on-topic, at the bottom of XML Challenge 4 --Jawboot 06:06, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Where is "Building a personal RSS Feed, step-by-step"?
Point 2 of XML Challenge 4: Roll your own RSS feed makes reference to "Building a personal RSS Feed, step-by-step" but there does not appear to be a link to this resource. On closer inspection it appears that the resource in question is a sub-section of the article RSS - Really Simple Syndication.

Work through the "Building a personal RSS Feed, step-by-step" section of RSS - Really Simple Syndication to create your own RSS feed for your own site. Try to make sure you've got 3 or 4 items in your feed. They might point to different sections of your site.

== Please use Try it out! - Dan --Dmccreary 04:58, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

== Don't confuse mixed content with invalid XML The example implied that mixed content was invalid. Not true. To be valid you have to have and XML Schema. Mixed content can always be valid XML. --Dmccreary 05:19, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Web Design/XML challenges


text:
Delly Ranx

Delroy Isaac Foster, better known as Delly Ranx (also spelled Delly Ranks ), is a Jamaican dancehall deejay and record producer.

Biography
Born in Kingston, Jamaica, Foster was raised as a Christian, but adopted the Rastafarian faith as a teenager. Ranx first had success in the 1990s with singles such as "No Gal No More Than You", and has released more than 80 singles since 1993.

He released the album Good Profile in 2009. In 2010 he had success with the "Saudi Arabia" rhythm which he produced, on which he had a hit himself with "Toppa Toppa", and also provided the basis for hits by Buju Banton, Wayne Wonder, Gramps Morgan and Sizzla. Other rhythm produced by Ranx have been voiced by Sean Paul and Mavado. In 2011 he released a combination album, Fi Di Dancehall, with American singer Sadiki.

Ranx released his third solo album, The Next Chapter, in July 2012, featuring guest appearances from Bunny Rugs and Buju Banton.

His fourth solo album, Sweet Reggae, was released in 2014.

His fifth solo album, Weed Market, was released in February 2018.

He releases his own productions on his Pure Music Promotions label.

Albums

 * Break Free (2006)
 * Good Profile (2009), Itation Records
 * Fi Di Dancehall (2011), Skinny Bwoy – Delly Ranx and Sadiki
 * The Next Chapter (2012), Pure Music Productions
 * Sweet Reggae (2014)
 * Weed Market (2018), Pure Music Productions

EPs

 * Chapter 3 Epic Dancehall (2014)

title: Delly Ranx


text:
Leonardo Incorvaia

Leonardo Francisco Incorvaia (born 26 June 1992) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a defender for Uruguayan club Cerro.

Club career
Born in Rosario, Argentina, Incorvaia was with Newell's Old Boys, Juan XXIII, Alianza Sport and Ferro Carril Oeste as a youth player. He made his debut with Ferro Carril Oeste in 2014.

With an extensive career around the world, he has played in Malta, Gibraltar, Italy, Ecuador, El Salvador, Bahrain, Paraguay, Chile and Uruguay.

In 2024, he joined Cerro in the Uruguayan Primera División.

title: Leonardo Incorvaia


text:
egyes

Adjective

 * 1) individual, single
 * 2) number one
 * 3)  singular referring to only one thing or person
 * 4)  certain, some
 * 1)  singular referring to only one thing or person
 * 2)  certain, some
 * 1)  certain, some

Noun

 * 1) one digit or figure
 * 2)  the one, the number one a given bus, tram etc. line
 * 3)  first first gear
 * 4)  (grade) F the lowest, i.e. failing grade in a class or course
 * 5)  unit the place value, as opposed to tens or hundreds
 * 6)  singles
 * 7)  some people

title: egyes


text:
Template:es-verb/documentation

Usage
This template is designed for the lemma of all Spanish verbs. Only use this template for the verb's lemma entry (impersonal infinitive). For non-lemma forms, use.

This template should be placed in all Spanish verb sections, immediately following the ===Verb=== section header. It provides the inflection line for the entry. The template also automatically categorizes the entry in Category:Spanish verbs and the appropriate Spanish verb subcategory (e.g. Category:Spanish verbs ending in -ar).

As with other Wiktionary inflection templates, please do not use .

Basic usage
The verb takes exactly the same parameters as. In addition, named parameters can be used to explicitly specify the first-singular present indicative, first-singular preterite indicative and/or past participle.

In general, there are no required parameters. For regular verbs, including verbs with predictable spelling alternations, no parameters are necessary.

If you are not sure of the correct conjugation, specify 1 to indicate this; someone will eventually fix the conjugation.

Parameters
The allowed parameters are as follows:

 * 1
 * Optional argument to specify the conjugation, in the same format as with.

 * pres, pres2, ...
 * Specify an irregular first-person singular present indicative, as an alternative to specifying the conjugation in 1. Normally do not do this; this is only needed for very uncommon verbs that are not handled by . Use pres2 if there is more than one possibility. Use - for defective verbs without this form. Note that predictable spelling or other alternations are handled automatically, e.g. →,  → ,  → ,  →.

 * pres_qual, pres2_qual, ...
 * Specify qualifier text to be placed before a given form. pres_qual is used in conjunction with pres, pres2_qual is used in conjunction with pres2, etc.

 * pret, pret2, ...
 * Specify an irregular first-person singular preterite indicative. Normally do not do this; this is only needed for very uncommon verbs that are not handled by . Use pret2 if there is more than one possibility. Use - for defective verbs without this form. Note that predictable spelling or other alternations are handled automatically, e.g. →,  → ,  → ,  →.

 * pret_qual, pret2_qual, ...
 * Specify qualifier text to be placed before a given form. pret_qual is used in conjunction with pret, pret2_qual is used in conjunction with pret2, etc.

 * part, part2, ...
 * Specify an irregular past participle. Normally do not do this; this is only needed for very uncommon verbs that are not handled by . Use part2 if there is more than one possibility. Use - for defective verbs without this form. Note that predictable alternations are handled automatically, e.g. →.

 * part_qual, part2_qual, ...
 * Specify qualifier text to be placed before a given form. part_qual is used in conjunction with part, part2_qual is used in conjunction with part2, etc. An example where this might be used is, with normal past participle and an alternative past participle  used in Argentina and Uruguay. For this verb, use descripto along with Argentina and Uruguay.

 * head, head2, ...
 * Override the headword. Useful especially to add unpredictable links in multiword expressions (an automatic linking algorithm applies in the absence of this, and links each word).

 * 1
 * Signal that the correct conjugations aren't known. This will not display any inflections, and will place the page in Category:Requests for attention concerning Spanish.

 * 1
 * Disable the autolinking algorithm for text outside of the verb itself, in multiword expressions.

 * 1
 * Disable the autolinking algorithm for the verb. If you use both this and 1, no autolinking will happen, with the result that any links need to be specified using head and non-lemma forms will be linked in their entirety.

 * pagename
 * Override the pagename, for testing purposes and on documentation pages.

title: Template:es-verb/documentation


text:
List of language families

This article is a list of language families. This list only includes primary language families that are accepted by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics; for language families that are not accepted by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics, see the article "List of proposed language families".

Sign language families
The family relationships of sign languages are not well established due to a lagging in linguistic research, and many are isolates (cf. Wittmann 1991).

title: List of language families


text:
Talk:Frank Worrell

Untitled
Several sources say he was the Frank Worrell the first black cricket captain: this article says he was the first to captain the West Indies cricket team for an entire series. Who then did it before him? Or is this an error? --GwydionM 20:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * George Headley captained in one Test of the 1947-48 series against England (http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/18/18357.html) Tintin (talk) 04:32, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

I've upped the WP Cricket importance rating to "high". As the first regularly appointed black West Indian captain, and a highly successful one, he was a major figure in the history of West Indian cricket. JH (talk page) 20:12, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

As things now stand on the page, there is no career - or even life - in Barbados. He appears to have started life in Jamaica. Has something gone missing?<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:35, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Frank Worrell. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:38, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frank Worrell


text:
Statistical mechanics and thermodynamics

(The original course was based on a course summarized by Lior Yosub and Liana Diesendruck. A rewrite is in progress that brings in more detail)

Introduction
The properties of a macroscopic physical system ultimately derives from the properties of its fundamental constituents. Since an exact solution for many particle systems with non-trivial interactions is out of the question, one is forced to resort to statistical methods to make progress. Statistical methods can, of course, only be used when we know the probabilities for finding the system in a particular state. The fundamental postulate of statistical physics is that all accessible states of an isolated system are a priori equally likely. Here "state" means the exact quantum state of the system which thus provides for a full microscopic description of the system. This postulate can be motivated by Liouville's theorem and Boltzmann's H-theorem which we'll discuss later in this course.

A macroscopic property of a system is, in general, obtained from the exact state after a coarse graining. Properties such as the internal energy, temperature, pressure etc. are examples of such macroscopic properties and they all have to be understood as (derived from) coarse grained variables. In principle, however, one can make any arbitrary choice for the macroscopic properties. For any choice, one defines the so-called "macrostate" of the system to be the set of these variables. Thermodynamics is the study of the relations between the macroscopic properties of the system. In thermodynamics, the word "state" is often used for "macrostate". To avoid confusion, it is customary to call the exact physical state of the system the "microstate".

A system is said to be in thermal equilibrium if its macrostate is time independent. A major part of statistical mechanics is the study of systems in or very close to thermal equilibrium. It follows from the fundamental postulate that lacking any information about a system, the most likely macrostate is that state for which the number of microstates that corresponds to it, is maximal. Any initial macrostate should thus evolve to such a macrostate, which is thus the thermal equilibrium state. This conclusion is known as the Second Law of Thermodynamics. In the next section we'll apply the methods of statistical mechanics to isolated systems characterised by their total energy.

The Micro-Canonical Ensemble
Since the total energy of an isolated system is conserved, all accessible microstates have the same energy. The macroscopic variable corresponding to the total energy, $$E,$$ has to be understood as a coarse grained variable corresponding to the total energy of the system. We define this as follows: When $$E$$ is specified, the total energy of the system can be in the range between $$E$$ and $$E + \delta E$$, where $$\delta E$$ is assumed to be small on a macroscopic scale. We'll see later that the value of macroscopic quantities per unit mass or unit volume in the limit of infinite system size do not depend on the choice of $$\delta E$$.

We define the function $$\Omega\left(E\right)$$ to be the number of microstates with energies with an energy in the range between $$E$$ and $$E + \delta E$$. All these states are equally likely in thermal equilibrium. One can then compute macroscopic properties of systems by averaging over all the $$\Omega\left(E\right)$$ states. Put differently, one can imagine the so-called "micro-canonical ensemble " ensemble of of systems with microstates in each of the $$\Omega\left(E\right)$$ states. Averaging over this ensemble yields the macroscopic thermal variables.

Definition of temperature
Now consider two such isolated systems in internal equilibrium, but isolated from each other. They have internal energies of $$E_{1}$$ and $$E_{2}$$. The number of microstates the systems can be in are then $$\Omega_1\left(E_{1}\right)$$ and $$\Omega_{2}\left(E_{2}\right)$$, respectively. Suppose we bring the two systems into contact, such that energy can flow between the two systems. The total internal energy $$E = E_{1} + E_{2}$$ of the combined system will then be conserved. The total number of accessible states the combined system can be in, is clearly given by:

 * $$\Omega\left(E\right)= \sum_{E_{1}}\Omega_{1}\left(E_{1}\right)\Omega_{2}\left(E-E_{1}\right)$$

Here the summation variable $$E_{1}$$ increases by a steps of $$\delta E$$. This then means that the coarse grained internal energy variable $$E$$ for the combined system determines its exact system's energy to be in the range between $$E$$ and $$E + 2\delta E$$. Obviously, the most likely energy distribution over the two systems is such that the product $$\Omega_{1}\left(E_{1}\right)\Omega_{2}\left(E-E_{1}\right)$$ is maximal. When we start with any other energy distribution and bring the two systems into thermal contact, energy will flow until that particular equilibrium state is reached. While there is then still a small probability for the energy distribution to deviate from this equilibrium state, it turns out that this is exceedingly unlikely, because the product of the two omega functions has a very sharp maximum.

We can formally compute the condition for thermal equilibrium between the two subsystems by maximizing the function $$\Omega_{1}\left(E_{1}\right)\Omega_{2}\left(E-E_{1}\right)$$. It is convenient to take the logarithm of this function and equate the derivative of that w.r.t. $$E_{1}$$ to zero. This gives:

 * $$\frac{\mathrm d\log\left[\Omega_{1}\left(E_{1}\right)\right]}{\mathrm dE_{1}} +

\frac{\mathrm d\log\left[\Omega_{2}\left(E-E_{1}\right)\right]}{\mathrm dE_{1}} = 0$$

In the derivative of $$\log\left[\Omega_{2}\left(E-E_{1}\right)\right]$$ we can change variables by putting $$E_{2}=E-E_{1}$$. By the chain rule, we then have:

 * $$\frac{\mathrm d\log\left[\Omega_{1}\left(E_{1}\right)\right]}{\mathrm dE_{1}} = \frac{\mathrm d\log\left[\Omega_{2}\left(E_{2}\right)\right]}{\mathrm dE_{2}}$$

Note that the l.h.s. of the equation only refers to the property of system 1 and the r.h.s only to the properties of system 2. For any arbitrary isolated system with internal energy $$E,$$ we define the so-called temperature parameter $$\beta$$ as:

$$\beta\equiv \frac{\mathrm d\log\left[\Omega\left(E\right)\right]}{\mathrm dE}$$

The condition that two isolated systems in internal thermal equilibrium are also in thermal equilibrium with each other (i.e. that when they are brought into thermal equilibrium no energy will flow between them), is thus that the two temperature parameters of both systems are equal. The thermodynamic temperature $$T$$ is defined by:

 * $$\frac{1}{k T}\equiv\beta$$

where $$k$$ is a arbitrary constant that fixes the temperature scale. If we choose to measure the thermodynamic temperature in Kelvin, then this constant is fixed to be Boltzmann's constant. We'll see later that this definition of thermodynamic temperature implies that energy flow between two systems as a result of thermal contact is from the high temperature system to the low temperature system.

While the Omega function is not accessible at the macroscopic level, the entropy, defined as:

 * $$S = k \log\left[\Omega\left(E\right)\right]\,$$

is a thermodynamic variable that can (indirectly) be determined from the macroscopic thermal properties of the system. From the above definitions, it follows that the temperature $$T$$ can be expressed as:

 * $$\frac{1}{T} = \frac{\mathrm d S}{\mathrm d E}$$

Now, this equation is only valid for isolated systems that don't perform any work. I.e. when the energy is added it goes into the internal thermal energy of the system. In general, we deal with systems that can perform work. In general this can be described by so-called external parameters, such as the volume of the system. The energy change due to the change in the external parameters is called work. Thermal energy that flows into a system that is not due to work is called heat.

The fundamental thermodynamic relation
We will now show that in general, when heat is added to a system so slowly that it remains in internal thermal equilibrium (such slow processes are called quasistatic processes), we have:

 * $$\mathrm dS =\frac{\delta Q}{T}$$

i.e. the change in entropy depends only on the added heat to the system and not on changes in internal energy due to work. Suppose that the system has some external parameter, $$x,$$ that can be changed. In general, the energy eigenstates of the system will depend on $$x$$. According to the adiabatic theorem of quantum mechanics, in the limit of an infinitely slow change of the system's Hamiltonian, the system will stay in the same energy eigenstate and thus change its energy according to the change in energy of the energy eigenstate it is in.

The generalized force, $$X,$$ corresponding to the external variable $$x,$$ is defined such that $$X \,\mathrm dx$$ is the work performed by the system if $$x$$ is increased by an amount $$\mathrm dx\,;$$ E.g., if $$x$$ is the volume, then $$X$$ is the pressure. The generalized force for a system known to be in energy eigenstate $$E_{r}$$ is given by:

 * $$X = -\frac{\mathrm dE_{r}}{\mathrm dx}$$

Since the system can be in any energy eigenstate within an interval of $$\delta E$$, we define the generalized force for the system as the expectation value of the above expression:

 * $$X = -\left\langle\frac{\mathrm dE_{r}}{\mathrm dx}\right\rangle\,$$

To evaluate the average, we partition the $$\Omega\left(E\right)$$ energy eigenstates by counting how many of them have a value for $$\frac{\mathrm dE_{r}}{\mathrm dx}$$ within a range between $$Y$$ and $$Y + \delta Y$$. Calling this number $$\Omega_{Y}\left(E\right)$$, we have:

 * $$\Omega\left(E\right)=\sum_{Y}\Omega_{Y}\left(E\right)\,$$

The average defining the generalized force can now be written:

 * $$X = -\frac{1}{\Omega\left(E\right)}\sum_{Y} Y\Omega_{Y}\left(E\right)\,$$

We can relate this to the derivative of the entropy w.r.t. $$x$$ at constant energy $$E$$ as follows. Suppose we change $$x$$ to $$x + \mathrm dx$$. Then $$\Omega\left(E\right)$$ will change because the energy eigenstates depend on $$x\,,$$ causing energy eigenstates to move into or out of the range between $$E$$ and $$E+\delta E$$. Let's focus again on the energy eigenstates for which $$\frac{\mathrm dE_{r}}{\mathrm dx}$$ lies within the range between $$Y$$ and $$Y + \delta Y$$. Since these energy eigenstates increase in energy by $$Y\; \mathrm dx,$$ all such energy eigenstates that are in the interval ranging from $$E - Y\; \mathrm dx$$ to $$E$$ move from below $$E$$ to above $$E.$$ There are

 * $$N_{Y}\left(E\right)=\frac{\Omega_{Y}\left(E\right)}{\delta E} Y \mathrm dx\,$$

such energy eigenstates. If $$Y dx\leq\delta E$$, all these energy eigenstates will move into the range between $$E$$ and $$E+\delta E$$ and contribute to an increase in $$\Omega$$. The number of energy eigenstates that move from below $$E+\delta E$$ to above $$E+\delta E$$ is, of course, given by $$N_{Y}\left(E+\delta E\right)$$. The difference

 * $$N_{Y}\left(E\right) - N_{Y}\left(E+\delta E\right)\,$$

is thus the net contribution to the increase in $$\Omega$$. Note that if $$Y \;\mathrm dx$$ is larger than $$\delta E$$ there will be the energy eigenstates that move from below $$E$$ to above $$E+\delta E$$. They are counted in both $$N_{Y}\left(E\right)$$ and $$N_{Y}\left(E+\delta E\right)$$, therefore the above expression is also valid in that case.

Expressing the above expression as a derivative w.r.t. $$E$$ and summing over $$Y$$ yields the expression:

 * $$\left(\frac{\partial\Omega}{\partial x}\right)_{E} = -\sum_{Y}Y\left(\frac{\partial\Omega_{Y}}{\partial E}\right)_{x}= \left(\frac{\partial\left(\Omega X\right)}{\partial E}\right)_{x}\,$$

The logarithmic derivative of $$\Omega$$ w.r.t. $$x$$ is thus given by:

 * $$\left(\frac{\partial\log\left(\Omega\right)}{\partial x}\right)_{E} = \beta X +\left(\frac{\partial X}{\partial E}\right)_{x}\,$$

The first term is intensive, i.e. it does not scale with system size. In contrast, the last term scales as the inverse system size and will thus vanishes in the thermodynamic limit. We have thus found that:

 * $$\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial x}\right)_{E} = \frac{X}{T}\,$$

Combining this with

 * $$\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial E}\right)_{x} = \frac{1}{T}\,$$

Gives:

 * $$\mathrm dS = \left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial E}\right)_{x}\mathrm dE+\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial x}\right)_{E}\mathrm dx = \frac{\mathrm dE}{T} + \frac{X}{T} \mathrm dx=\frac{\delta Q}{T}\,$$

The first part of this equation, which can be written as:

 * $$\mathrm dE = T \mathrm dS - X \mathrm dx\,$$ (1)

is called the fundamental thermodynamic relation. It is more general than the equation $$\mathrm dS = \delta Q/T$$, as the former is also valid when the changes in the system are not quasistatic. This is because the internal energy in thermal equilibrium will be completely determined by when $$S$$ and $$X$$ are specified. So, we can consider $$E$$ to be a function of $$S$$ and $$X$$ (we say that $$E$$ is a thermodynamic state function) and we always have:

 * $$\mathrm dE = \left(\frac{\partial E}{\partial S}\right)_{x}\mathrm dS + \left(\frac{\partial E}{\partial x}\right)_{S}\mathrm dx $$

The fact that (1) is valid for quasistatic changes then allows us to conclude that the partial derivatives in the above equation are given by:

 * $$\left(\frac{\partial E}{\partial S}\right)_{x} = T$$

 * $$\left(\frac{\partial E}{\partial x}\right)_{S} = -X$$

The equation (1) is thus always valid, albeit it that for non-quasistatic changes we cannot identify the two terms as heat added and work done by the system any more. Also we don't always have to interpret the infinitesimal changes as a change that actually happens in a system. E.g. one can consider two copies of the same system but with slightly different thermodynamic variables. Then $$\mathrm dE,\, \mathrm dS\, \textrm{and}\, \mathrm dx$$ can refer to the difference in internal energy, entropy, and external parameter between the two systems. These changes will satisfy (1).

Canonical Ensemble
Often, the system we want to study is not isolated, but instead is in thermal contact with an environment at some fixed temperature. Now, for a large system a system kept at some temperature will fix its internal energy with negligible energy fluctuations relative to the total internal energy. So, we could just as well treat such systems using the micro-canonical ensemble. However, it turns out that doing computations in the micro-canonical ensemble is rather inconvenient.

Since a system kept at constant temperature is in thermal contact with an environment, usually called a heat bath, it is no longer true that all microstates of the system are equally likely. We can find the probability to find the system in some microstate as follows. We imagine that the system is kept at constant temperature by a heat bath such that the system plus heat bath is an isolated system. The accessible microstates for this combined system are then all equally likely. Suppose that the combined system has a total energy of E. If the system is in some microstate with energy $$E_{r}$$, then we can express the total number of states the combined system can be in, in terms of the omega function of the heat bath as $$\Omega\left(E-E_{r}\right)$$. Since all states are equally likely, this is proportional to the probability $$P_{r}$$ of finding the system in the microstate with an energy $$E_{r}$$:

 * $$P_{r}= C \Omega\left(E-E_{r}\right)\,$$

for some constant C. Here one has to define the omega function by choosing the energy resolution $$\delta E$$ smaller than the spacing between the energy levels of the system. For the Omega function to be well defined we have to choose $$\delta E$$ to be much larger than the spacing between the energy levels in the heat bath. These conditions can be satisfied because the heat bath will have to consist of far more degrees of freedoms than the system in order to be able to be able to absorb heat from the system and yet stay at (almost) constant temperature. The more degrees of freedom a system has, the smaller the spacing between the energy levels will be.

The above expression for $$P_{r}$$ can be simplified as follows. We can write:

 * $$\log\left(P_{r}\right)=\log(C) + \log\left[\Omega\left(E-E_{r}\right)\right]= K - E_{r}\frac{\mathrm d\log\left[\Omega\left(E\right)\right]}{\mathrm dE} = K -\beta E_{r}\,$$

for some constant $$K$$. Here we have used the definition of the temperature parameter given in the previous section and that in the limit of an ideal heat bath, the higher order terms in the Taylor expansion tend to zero as they involve the change in temperature due to change in the system's energy. It thus follows that:

 * $$P_{r}= \frac{\exp\left(-\beta E_{r}\right)}{Z}$$

where the normalization constant $$Z$$ is the so-called partition function which is given by:

 * $$Z = \sum_{r}\exp\left(-\beta E_{r}\right)$$

The canonical ensemble is a hypothetical ensemble of copies of a system whose microstates are distributed according to $$P_{r}$$.

Computation of thermodynamic variables
The system's thermodynamic variables can be computed by averaging over the probability distribution $$P_{r}$$. It turns out that a knowledge of the partition function suffices to extract all of the system's thermodynamic variables. In this section, we'll derive the equations for the internal energy, generalized forces, and the entropy in terms of $$Z$$.

The internal energy is expectation value of the system's energy. This can be expressed in terms of the partition function in the following way:

 * $$E = \sum_{r}P_{r}E_{r} = \sum_{r}E_{r}\frac{\exp\left(-\beta E_{r}\right)}{Z}= -\frac{1}{Z}\frac{\partial}{\partial\beta}\sum_{r}\exp\left(-\beta E_{r}\right)=-\frac{1}{Z}\frac{\partial Z}{\partial\beta} =-\frac{\partial\log\left(Z\right)}{\partial\beta}\,$$

If the system is in the state r, then the generalized force corresponding to an external variable x is given by

 * $$X_{r} = -\frac{\partial E_{r}}{\partial x}\,$$

The expectation value of this is the thermodynamic generalized force of the system and this can be written as:

 * $$X = \sum_{r}P_{r}X_{r}=\frac{1}{\beta}\frac{\partial \log Z}{\partial x}\,$$

Suppose the system has one external variable x. Then changing the system's temperature parameter by $$d\beta$$ and the external variable by dx will lead to a change in $$\log Z$$:

 * $$\mathrm d\left(\log Z\right)= \frac{\partial\log Z}{\partial\beta}\mathrm d\beta + \frac{\partial\log Z}{\partial x}\mathrm dx = -E\,\mathrm d\beta + \beta X\,\mathrm dx\, $$

If we write $$E\,\mathrm d\beta$$ as:

 * $$E\,\mathrm d\beta = \mathrm d\left(\beta E\right) - \beta\, \mathrm dE\,$$

we get:

 * $$\mathrm d\left(\log Z\right)=-\mathrm d\left(\beta E\right) + \beta\, \mathrm dE+ \beta X \,\mathrm dx\, $$

This means that the change in the internal energy is given by:

 * $$\mathrm dE =\frac{1}{\beta}\mathrm d\left(\log Z+\beta E\right) - X\,\mathrm dx \,$$

In the thermodynamic limit, the fundamental thermodynamic relation should hold:

 * $$\mathrm dE = T\, \mathrm dS - X\, \mathrm dx\,$$

This then implies that the entropy of the system is given by:

 * $$S = k\log Z + \frac{E}{T} + c\,$$

where c is some constant. The value of c can be determined by considering the limit T → 0. In this limit the entropy becomes $$S = k \log \Omega_{0}$$ where $$\Omega_{0}$$ is the ground state degeneracy. The partition function in this limit is $$\Omega_{0}e^{-\beta E_{0}}$$ where $$E_{0}$$ is the ground state energy. We thus see that $$c = 0$$, therefore:

 * $$S = k\log Z + \frac{E}{T} \,$$

The Helmholtz free energy $$F$$ can thus be expressed as:

 * $$F = E - T S = -kT\log\left(Z\right)\,$$

Grand Canonical Ensemble
In this ensemble we attach our system to a heat-particles reservoir in order to fix the temperature and the chemical potential of our system. The chemical potential is defined as $$\mu=\left(\frac{\mathrm dF}{\mathrm dN}\right)_{V,\tau}$$. In previous ensembles we fixed number of particles $$N$$ in the system. Now we let it change, so now we should rectify the expression of the energy and all its derivatives. $$\begin{matrix} &\mathrm dU=\tau \mathrm d\sigma-p\mathrm dV+\mu \mathrm dN \\ &\mathrm dF=-\sigma \mathrm d\tau-p\mathrm dV+\mu \mathrm dN \\ &\mathrm d\sigma=\frac{\mathrm dU}{\tau}+\frac{p}{\tau}\mathrm dV -\frac{\mu}{\tau}\mathrm dN	\end{matrix}$$ We start by defining the probability of a certain state as: $$		P(N,\left\{s_{i}\right\})=\frac{1}{\zeta}e^{\frac{\mu N-\epsilon_{s}}{\tau}} $$

where $$		\zeta=\sum_{N}\sum_{\left\{s\right\}}e^{\frac{\mu N-\epsilon_{s}}{\tau}} $$

Directly from $$\zeta$$, the Grand Partition Function, we shall derive the definition of the Grand Thermodynamical Potential, $$\Omega$$. $$		\Omega=-\tau ln\zeta $$

Another form of $$\Omega$$ is: $$\Omega=F-\mu N$$. The differential form of $$\Omega$$ is: $$               \Omega=-\sigma \mathrm d\tau-p\mathrm dV- N\mathrm d\mu $$

There are other possible ensembles, some of them we shall see in this course.

Gibbs Potential
We should now elaborate a specific characteristic of physical parameters of a thermodynamic system. An extensive parameter is a parameter whose value is proportional to the size of the system (number of particles), an intensive parameter is a parameter that is independent of the system size.

Let's summarize the thermodynamic potential we have seen: We have expressed all of these potentials in a differential form, where the number of elements depends on the number of ways to change the system's energy. Each term involves one extensive parameter and one intensive parameter. The pairs we have encountered so far are $$(\tau,\sigma)$$, ($$p,V$$), ($$\mu,N$$), ($$B,M$$), where the first element of each pair is the intensive parameter and the second is the extensive one. The parameters under differential sign have a special meaning: when they are fixed, this thermo potential tends to minimum/maximum. For example:
 * $$U$$ - Energy
 * $$F$$ - Free Energy
 * $$H$$ - Enthalpy
 * $$\Omega$$ - Grand Potential

$$d\sigma=\frac{dU}{\tau}+\frac{p}{\tau}dV -\frac{\mu}{\tau}dN \Rightarrow \sigma\uparrow \,\textrm{max}$$, when $$U,V,N =\textrm{const}$$. or

$$\mathrm dF=-\sigma \mathrm d\tau-p\mathrm dV+\mu\mathrm dN \Rightarrow F\downarrow\; \textrm{min}$$ when $$\tau,V,N = \textrm{const}.$$

In order to get from one potential to another one we simply need to add the proper pair of parameters to the first potential. For example, let's construct an ensemble where we fix the temperature, the number of particles and the pressure of the system. Like in the previous ensembles we'll look for a matching potential for our new ensemble and we shall see that our matching potential tends to a minimum. $$\begin{matrix} &G(\tau,p,N)=U(V,\sigma,N)+pV-\tau\sigma=H(p,\sigma,N)-\tau\sigma=F(V,\tau,N)+pV \\ &\mathrm dG=-\sigma \mathrm d\tau-Vdp+\mu \mathrm dN \end{matrix}$$ We attach to the system a heat-particle reservoir and will show that Gibbs potential is minimum at $$\tau$$, $$p$$ and $$N$$ - constant.

The total entropy $$\sigma_{R+S}$$ increase since $$R+S$$ is a closed system.

We use Taylor expansion: $$\begin{matrix} &\sigma_{R}(U_{0}-U,V_{0}-V)+\sigma_{S}(U,V)\ \uparrow\, \textrm{max} \\ &\sigma_{R}(U_{0},V_{0})-\frac{\partial \sigma_{R}}{\partial U}|_{U_{0}}\ U-\frac{\partial \sigma_{R}}{\partial V}|_{V_{0}}\ V+\sigma_{S}\ \uparrow\, \textrm{max} \end{matrix}$$ Using Maxwell relations we get: $$\begin{matrix} &\left(\frac{\partial\sigma_{R}}{\partial U}\right)_{N,V}=\frac{1}{\tau}\\ &\left(\frac{\partial\sigma_{R}}{\partial V}\right)_{N,U}=\frac{p}{\tau} \\ &\underbrace{\sigma_{R}(U_{0},V_{0})}_\textrm{constant}-\frac{U}{\tau}-p\frac{V}{\tau}+\sigma_{S}\ \uparrow \,\textrm{max} \end{matrix}$$ Now we multiply by $$-\tau$$, so the expression should tend to minimum: $$		G=U+pV-\tau\sigma\ \downarrow \,\textrm{min} $$ We call this potential Gibbs Free Energy.

Intensive Potentials
All of our potentials so far are extensive quantities. Sometimes we want to characterize the system by an intensive quantity with a meaning of thermodynamic potential. The easiest way define it is to divide the potential by an extensive parameter. If we divide the potential by, for example, N we'll get the potential per particle, which is an intensive size. We shall see now that in the special case of the potential G we'll get: $$		\mu=\left(\frac{\partial G}{\partial N} \right)_{p,\tau}=\frac{G}{N} $$ i.e. $$\mu$$ is Gibbs free energy per particle

We start with the Energy (U): $$		U=(\sigma,V,N)=NU\left(\frac{\sigma}{N},\frac{V}{N},1\right) $$ The above equation simply states that the energy of a system is equal to the number of particles times the energy of one particle.

The same can be done with the Free Energy (F): $$		F(\tau,V,N)=NF\left(\tau,\frac{V}{N},1\right)=Nf_{1}\left(\tau,\frac{V}{N}\right) $$ (The temperature is an intensive quantity so it's the same for every particle) Now we do the same to Gibbs Free Energy: $$		G(\tau,p,N)=NG(\tau,p,1)=Ng_{1}(\tau,p) $$ From the differential form of G we calculate the Chemical Potential: $$		\mu=\left(\frac{\partial G}{\partial N}\right)_{p,\tau}=g_{1}(\tau,p)\ \Rightarrow\ \mu=\frac{G}{N} $$ From here we receive: $$\begin{matrix} &G=F+pV=U+pV-\tau\sigma=\mu N \\ &\Omega=F-\mu N=F-G=-pV \end{matrix}$$

Phase transitions:
(example of liquid-vapor transition)

Consider vessel which contain water vapor with volume $$V$$ and at low pressure so that the gas is an ideal gas. We start decrease the volume so the pressure increases: $$\left(p\approx\frac{1}{V}\right)$$.

In a certain point a small layer of water will appear and from this point, the following decreasing of volume will not change the pressure, it will be constant. So what happens in the system? If we continue to reduce the volume, the water level will rise, but the pressure will remain constant. When all the vapor turn into water, reducing the volume will increase the pressure drastically and the proportion between the pressure and volume will change. In range of constant pressure we observe coexistence of two phases: liquid and gas.

The process we described above is done at a constant temperature. If we raise the temperature, the range of phase separation will shrink. But, if we raise the temperature high enough, we will have only a point of constant pressure. This temperature is called critical temperature, and for a phase transformation process at this temperature we don't have phase separation, we have everytime coexistence of gas and liquid, this named - fluid.

Theory of phase transition
Despite the complicated mathematical description like for example the BCS theory all known phase transitions like superconductivity, superfluidity or ferromagnetism are the result of the competition between the ordering interaction and the thermal fluctuations and they are similar to frequent attempts of falling out of the ping-pong ball in the hemispherical bowl or the box excited for example by the stream of  air with the cooling fan or the vacuum cleaner. After exceeding the certain excitation intensity i.e. for the true case the critical temperature with the sufficiently strong stream of air the ball will stop randomly bounce from the walls of the bowl and it will fall out i.e. its order parameter which is its localization in or outside the bowl will undergo the phase transition. It is therefore the result of strong non-linearity of motion which shows up when the system is randomly excited. The similar mechanism is responsible for "melting" of the ferromagnet i.e. for its total demagnetization with the thermal excitation above the Curie temperature when the interaction with the thermal reservoir is causing that the spin from small oscillations around the parallel direction of other spins starts randomly oscillate averaging to zero and ignoring the other spins around or when the thermal oscillations cause the ionization of Cooper pairs in the superconductor. For the Heisenberg model for example it is the pendular cosine scalar product interaction between the spins and the separatrix between two types of pendular spin motion in the external field which is responsible for the transition between the oscillatory (ordered) phase and the demagnetized or rotational phase with the critical temperature $$k T_c \approx {\sup}_{\phi} J (\cos \phi + 1) = 2 J$$ or the energy between the pendulum up and down, close to its exact value from two dimensional Ising model given implicitly by $$2 \tanh^2(2 J/k T_c)=1$$ or $$k T_c \approx 2.269  J$$. Considering the spin as pendulum with the potential of the interaction with two other spins (with one above in the third dimension) one gets $$k T_c = 4 J$$ close to its numerical value $$k T_c=4.512 J$$ obtained from the numerical Monte Carlo calculations and generally as interacting with one more for extra dimension $$k T_c = 6 J$$ for four dimensions close to numerical $$k T_c = 6.666 J$$ and $$k T_c = 2(d-1) J$$ close to Bethe-Peierls-Weiss theory in $$d$$ dimensions where it is $$k T_c = 2 d J$$ for the very large $$d$$.


text:
block hour

Noun

 * 1)  The time from the moment the door of an aircraft closes at departure of a revenue flight, until the moment the aircraft door opens at the arrival gate following its landing.
 * Some airlines average more than twelve block hours a day from their long-haul aircraft.

Translations

 * French:

title: block hour


text:
Asta

Hypernyms

 * ; - tribe

Hyponyms

 * - type species; - other species

Translations

 * Central Huasteca Nahuatl:
 * Spanish:
 * Wastek:

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Asta is the 37076th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 602 individuals. Asta is most common among White (87.04%) individuals.

Etymology
, a medieval diminutive of (hence Astrid).

Etymology
Short form of Astrid, Anastasia and Augusta.

Usage notes
Matronymics
 * son of Asta: Astuson
 * daughter of Asta: Astudóttir

Etymology
From, sometimes also used as a pet form of or.

Proper noun

 * 1) A city of Liguria on the river Tanarus, now Asti

Proper noun

 * 1)  of  origin

Proper noun

 * 1)  of  origin, also used as a pet form of Augusta

title: Asta


text:
Tarucus kiki

Tarucus kiki, the Kiki's Pierrot, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Burkina Faso, northern Ivory Coast and Nigeria. The habitat consists of savanna.

The larvae feed on Ziziphus species.

title: Tarucus kiki


text:
Portal:Interdisciplinary Studies/Learn/News

Topic:Encyclopedism is new Topic on Wikiversity. Encyclopedism is a particular approach to interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary research. It has a long pedigree going back to Gottfried Liebniz. 31 October 2015


text:
Talk:Alan Pryce-Jones

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title: Talk:Alan Pryce-Jones


text:
MediaWiki talk:Nstab-user

This MediaWiki message determines what shows in the "user page" tab at the top of someone's user page.

Problem with display of user subpages
I was just reading an entry in JWSchmidt's blog, and noticed the caption at the top.
 * 'about jwschmidt/blog/15 february 2007'

This makes for a fairly wide tab, I propose that it be changed to the default (which I believe to be 'User page') --Michael Billington (talk • contribs) 08:53, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

The discussion at Colloquium led me to experiment. I noticed the wide tabs on subpages, but decided to let the experiment continue. --JWSchmidt 20:17, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Nstab-user


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/diymauritius.com

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Discussion
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New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 05:24, 22 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Senator Lea (disambiguation)

Luke Lea (1879–1945) was a U.S. Senator from Tennessee from 1911 to 1917. Senator Lea may also refer to:

 * Benjamin J. Lea (1833–1894), Tennessee State Senate
 * Pryor Lea (1794–1879), Texas State Senate

title: Senator Lea (disambiguation)