text:
Wikiversity talk:External links

How about renaming this policy page to External links and having it as an overview of what kind of link additions are ok, and what are spam (rather than a page devoted to just "spam")? Cormaggio talk 21:50, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

I have lengthened this policy from its previous 1.5 lines. I've also created an essay-like commentary on the issue of whether the licencing of external sites should play a role in the policy, which is not itself a part of the proposed policy, reflecting both sides of a short debate on IRC. --McCormack 10:29, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Distinguishing Wikiversity Links from Wikipedia Links
In creating a course I want to:
 * 1) Ensure the student follows all the links to the topics and subjects in this course, and
 * 2) Wikilink many concepts to the relevant Wikipedia page, to allow optional further study by interested students.

The problem I encounter is that these links look the same, i.e. they have the same typographical style, and the student therefore is not guided toward the "follow this link to continue with the course" links as distinguished from the "follow this link if you want to research this topic in more depth in Wikipedia" links.

See: What Matters for an example.

I propose adopting a distinctive typographical style unique to the links that are within the same Wikiversity address space (e.g. within the root address of the course).

Is this a good idea? Is there a better solution? Can this be implemented? Thanks! --Lbeaumont (discuss • contribs) 12:18, 9 February 2013 (UTC)
 * It should be easy enough to just produce a template to do so. Do you have a particular font or font color in mind? --SB_Johnny talk 13:47, 9 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks, perhaps forest green (#228B22) will suggest growth. Can this be done automatically by detecting the absence of a w: prefix in the link?
 * Also, is there some forum for establishing Wikimedia branding and sub-branding guidelines, including graphic treatment? If there were common elements that spanned all wikimedia projects, and distinctive elements that distinguished each project that would be helpful here. (I realize that many well-chosen common elements are in place. What are the sub-elements that distinguish the sub projects?) Thanks! --Lbeaumont (discuss • contribs) 19:40, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Many prefixes besides "w:" would need to be checked to only color wikiversity links. Easier is to check if no prefixes are used:

 * I believe there are no style guidelines that apply to every wikimedia website, rather each wikimedia website defines its own style guidelines, for English language wikimedia websites the style guidelines are typically found at Project:Manual of Style on each project. Wikibooks goes even further with recommending that each book define a style guide of its own. You could define a style guide for What Matters by adding a subpage like What Matters/Style guide. -- dark lama  13:46, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Have you tried using ? Another method might be to include the wikipedia Wikipedia-logo.svg logo next to links, if you want links to be inline. -- dark lama  14:12, 9 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The Wikipedia links are a slightly different color of blue than Wikiversity links. I brought this up earlier, but it was said that consensus may be needed to change the color to green. - Sidelight12 Talk 20:51, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

Can of worms in policy
There are aspects to this policy that could invite custodians to make content decisions. Every provision has some sensibility, but if this becomes policy, the exceptions can be killers. I note these as potential problems for comment here.
 * Good content belongs on Wikiversity, not at the end of a pipe leading from Wikiversity.
 * Often source material is copyrighted and cannot be copied here. It may be linked for study. The goal here is education, not building Wikiversity in itself.

 * Any site that misleads the reader by use of factually inaccurate material or unverifiable research.
 * Sounds like a great idea, however, in practice "misleads" can be in the mind of the beholder. A better approach, if someone wants to link to such a page, would be to explain the link here, and that explanation can include differing points of view, including warnings. We need to avoid the Wikipedian approach of Your Way or My Way, with no compromise possible.

 * Links mainly intended to promote a website.
 * If the web site would be of high interest to someone interested in the subject of the resource where the link is placed, this could be acceptable. "Mainly intended" suggests that we read the mind of the user who places the link.

 * Links to sites with objectionable amounts of advertising.
 * Such as the New York Times? The real question with any link, here, should be utility to the student or participant, for learning and study. Ad support is a model for many organizations. If a site is so ad-laden that it is difficult to use, that's an argument against linking, but it should be a matter for participant consensus, not for policy based argument.

 * Links to sites that require payment or registration to view the relevant content.
 * Such as to a peer-reviewed journal? Yes, if free access is available, such as to legal preprints. However, this page is about "External Links" as a general section. Still a journal on a subject could be linked from a resource here. The link should be placed in context so that users don't waste their time.

 * Links to search engine results pages and aggregated results pages
 * It's clear that the policy is being written with Wikipedia-like articles in mind. There can be times in discussions where links such as tis can be useful.

 * Links to social networking sites (such as MySpace), discussion forums/groups (such as Yahoo! Groups) or USENET.
 * As with many of these, there is a reasonably sound general principle, and the problem is when the general principle is then applied to specific situations which could be exceptions, except someone asserts that "this violates the policy." Policy should be written such that if one follows the policy and adds something permitted by it, one would be reasonably safe. However, it does not follow that a "violation" of policy is a harm. Harm is determined by the specific circumstances involved.

 * Links to blogs and personal web pages, except those written by a recognized authority.
 * The question should always be the utility to the participant in an educational resource. If some scientific or pseduoscientific theory of interest is found on a blog, it may be referenced here for study. There seems to be an assumption in the policy that the "blog or personal web page" is being cited as an authority, rather than as an object of study. So, again, the question is context, not an absolute yes/no.

 * # Links to open wikis, except those with a substantial history of stability and a substantial number of editors.
 * Ditto. Preferably a link should be to a permanent version, so that one is not studying a moving target. Users can always look at the current version. Wikipedia articles, by the way, sometimes have very few editors, and often articles that have been heavily edited may then have, later, practically nobody watching them and content can go south even if it was once good. I'm not quite sure what "stability" means. Wikipedia is not a reliable source, period. Sometimes it's great, sometimes it's mediocre, sometimes it's truly awful.

 * Sites with non-English language content.
 * Once again, the question is one of actual value, and who decides that? What a policy can do is to encourage those who monitor edits for "violations" to enforce the policy without regard for the sensibilities of the participant who has placed the link.

 * On pages with multiple points of view, the number of links dedicated to one point of view should not overwhelm the number dedicated to other equal points of view, nor give undue weight to minority views.
 * Again, this is clearly coming from Wikipedia, where External Links sections should be balanced like that. Entire pages here may have a point of view. We have an overall neutrality policy, but we do that by balancing through *addition*, generally, rather than through exclusion. Again, the draft policy invites outsiders, not participating in the resource, to judge "balance," when even understanding points of view in a field can require expertise.

and just a few more, leaping out at me:
 * The full list of external links on the page is excessively long.
 * Then put the links on a subpage. Or a few specially notable links on the higher level page, with the rest on a linked subpage. The rule should be that every link is considered useful by at least one editor, with good faith being assumed. If there is a problem with a link being to a biased or putatively misleading site, a warning could be placed with editor opinions, signed, if unsigned consensus cannot be obtained.
 * Great site for unbiased information, the Truth! --Editor A
 * Total fringe nonsense, beware, it's misleading! --Editor B

 * The full list of external links on the page lacks balance of perspective or neutrality (some links should be removed to restore balance or neutrality).
 * We restore balance and neutrality by addition here, not by removal. The suggested policy sets up conflict, and we don't need to replicate here the conflict that is common on Wikipedia over these issues.

 * If we are going to have an External Links policy, it will need to be much more carefully drafted. There is an assumption here that those removing links won't be participants in the resource. Hence the advice about not revert warring is warped toward tolerating removal rather than toward keeping links based on assumptions of good faith. Anyone who has worked as a WMF sysop is familiar with massive linkspam, and we need to respect and support the work of those who struggle against it, but we also must not allow the war against spam to take over and take priority over providing the best educational resources we can create.

 * Wikiversity is critically different from Wikipedia, and it's important to celebrate and defend the difference. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 01:34, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I am very interested in this area. I would like to see Wikiversity diverge significantly from Wikipedia in this policy, so that Wikiversity can develop a unique strength in its ability to create rich learning hubs full of useful educational resources. I am experimenting with different ways of doing this, e.g. ECG page. This page needs more development, but you can see two main sections for 1) active learning exercises created or curated on Wikiversity and 2) a curated collection of lots of links to other (non-active learning) resources on Mediawiki and other sites.

 * I highly recommend reading more about the future of curation in education. I think collecting links from all over the internet (including sources varying in quality from excellent/trustworthy to really dodgy sometimes!) can be extremely valuable for education. The more I look, the more wonderful resources I find that are very underused because people simply don't know they are there or can't find them quickly/easily enough. Wikiversity could find a really useful niche in being able to increase access to existing free education resources, as well as better highlighting where there is a lack of resources. Once these sorts of collections are available, Wikiversity users can better target areas of need for new resources, whereas if we try to keep only resources/links internal to Wikiversity there will be more duplication as we would have to start from scratch covering topics that are already well resourced elsewhere. Bron766 (discuss • contribs) 02:16, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

I fully support both perspectives offered here. For me, the most useful approach to Wikiversity content is not simply providing information, but providing resources that show participants how to learn about a given subject for themselves. The use of external links is key to that approach, very similar to what User: Bron766 describes. On the other hand, as a temporary custodian, most of the requests I see for speedy deletion are based on a perceived abuse of external links.

From my perspective, a more streamlined external links policy might be more effective. Practically speaking, external links need to be consistent with Wikiversity's mission for the creation and use of free learning materials and activities. External links need to be to educational content, as defined by the learning project, and free, unless explicitly defined in the learning project as to why the link to non-free content adds educational value and/or perspective. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 16:36, 11 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Dave.
 * I have participated extensively in the global blacklist process and in the wikipedia process. The vast majority of blacklisted links and sites are properly blacklisted. However, the problem arises when users come into conflict over whether or not a link is appropriate for a page. It's often related to POV disputes.
 * The goal of fully free content is one underneath a number of global WMF wiki policies that can come into conflict with the goal of maximizing free education *here.*
 * As I mentioned, peer-reviewed journals are commonly not free, unless one has library access. How one is going to have an academic learning situation without citing non-free content elsewhere is beyond me. Yes, there are steps we can take. It's ironic that, on Wikipedia, links to free content on cold fusion were removed, i.e., to legal pre-print copies hosted by lenr-canr.org, while links to paywall original journals, for the same papers -- same text --, were kept. You would not believe the arguments that were invented. And they would be demolished in one discussion, and that consensus was then ignored elsewhere, and the same participants would raise the same rejected arguments as if there had been no discussion. And when a participant is an administrator, and part of a substantial faction .... Apparently it depends on whose axe is being gored. Quite simply, an inflexible policy will be abused, guaranteed.
 * The "explicit definition" you seek would be supplied in talk page discussions of a link, if a link becomes controversial. If it's not controversial, it should not be policy to remove a paywall link or link to a site that contains advertising, simply on that basis. Wikiversity, especially, has many pages that have been created and that are not being carefully watched. Spam links should be removed, and we are grateful for global sysops who remove them. That work is normally done as the links come in, added by Single Purpose Accounts (SPAs).
 * What you have written about external links is generally true of all Wikiversity content. The use of an external link is a content decision. Qua administrators, we stay away from such decisions, deferring to editorial consensus, and, here, we give individual scholars great freedom to create resources as they see fit. That doesn't mean that we permit spam or misleading text.
 * The danger I see here is that a tight policy will be abused by persons who are not involved with the resource in question, who have no interest in it, and no real knowledge of what would be of benefit to students, who are merely "enforcing the policy." And we get people like that, and they can sometimes gravitate toward being administrators. It's the Iron Law of Bureaucracy, related to the Iron law of oligarchy --Abd (discuss • contribs) 19:38, 11 October 2013

Discussion redux
I wrote this today, not noticing that some of the same was written above.... I am breaking this down into signed sections, so that each aspect of the proposed policy may be considered. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Copyvio

 * Links to sites which violate the copyrights of others.
 * Copyright law has been interpreted by the courts to prohibit such linking when it is done knowingly, with intention to evade copyright. Mere linking to a site which may contain some "copyvio" is not illegal, and it is clearly allowed by global policy. Indeed, the WikiMedia sites contain many copyright violations. If they are found, through a complaint from the copyright owner, they will presumably be removed as such, and OTRS enforces this. The claim that a site contains copyvio has been used in the past to maintain an abusive blacklisting. There was no evidence of actual violation, simply assumptions. For example, lenr-canr.org contains papers uploaded by authors, representing that they have the right to upload the paper. Academic publishers commonly allow such free distribution of author manuscripts, and only restrict the as-published version, with formatting, etc. The bare fact of hosting papers that are also subject to copyright -- in a different version -- was used to claim copyvio.
 * In another incident involving alleged copyvio on lenr-canr.org, there was a publication of an as-published version. I asked the site owner about this. He said that it was uploaded by the author, one of the most senior members of the entire research community, and he was not about to challenge the right of the scientist to upload the paper. Lenr-canr routinely notifies publishers, but publishers also routinely ignore such communications. So is that copyvio? Maybe. But it's not illegal, lenr-canr.org is like Wikipedia, they are immune from being found liable for copyvio if they promptly take a violation down on request.
 * So this section should reflect what must not be done: deliberate attempt to defeat copyright. What is commonly called "copyvio" is only "possible copyvio." We would not host this content. However, absent knowledge of actual copyright violation, we may link to it. This would similarly not damage a re-user of content from here, since, obviously, they would not be knowingly linking to copyvio. To repeat, in the case law, the only time a host was sanctioned, there was blatant and obvious attempt by the host to evade copyright by moving the actual hosting of illegal content off-site and then linking to it.
 * I will look at language to be used. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Spam blacklist

 * Links to sites that match the spam blacklist without being whitelisted.
 * This is not allowed because such links can make it impossible to edit the page. Obviously, these links cannot be added because of the blacklist, unless locally whitelisted. (I.e, a general site might be blacklisted here, and then a specific page might be whitelisted here. There is no global whitelist.) This as policy means that such links, if found, will be removed on sight, or turned into non-link references, which is kinder. Only if the reference is *spam*, or other vandalism, in effect, should they be completely removed.
 * Global blacklistings are done for many reasons, and they do not establish that a site is actually harmful. I have seen a global blacklisting when every single usage of the link was completely legitimate, and the blacklisting only occurred because the user adding the links had an apparent conflict of interest, i.e., his IP was that of the site offices.
 * The policy should make it clear that reference to a blacklisted site is not an offense in itself, the policy, in this section, is only referring to what must be done with blacklisted links, they cannot be allowed to stand as links. If you can actually add a link, it's not blacklisted -- or has been whitelisted. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Links normally to be avoided
This was, as explained, copied from Wikipedia, which has a very different purpose than Wikiversity. So some of these criteria made need different applications here.

Misleading or unverifiable

 * Any site that misleads the reader by use of factually inaccurate material or unverifiable research.
 * This, then, can lead to endless debate over content that is hosted elsewhere. If a site is considered to be misleading, any editor should be allowed to express that view, with the link, and this would only apply, then, to blatantly misleading sites, without possible redeeming value. If that Wikipedia policy were strictly interpreted, it would be prohibited to link to, say, political party sites, or do we think that everything they say is "factually accurate" and "verifiable." I don't think so. Rather, when they are linked, they are clearly identified as factional sites. So I would add to this, unless a warning about this possibility is maintained with the link. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Malware

 * Any site that attempts to surreptitiously install malware on a visitor's computer.
 * This is miscategorized. These links should not be allowed, should be removed or modified on sight. That is, if there is a reason for retaining a reference to the site, it should still be disabled as a link, i.e, instead of having a URL that can be activated with a single click, the http:// from the beginning of the link should be removed, and the rest of the link can be shown. To follow the link, a user must copy and paste it into their browser address bar, this is unlikely to happen by accident, and the mention of the reference should include a specific warning. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Promotional

 * Links mainly intended to promote a website.
 * This is fine, but this criterion should not be used to prevent good-faith linking by an editor in good standing. We also allow established editors -- more than a handful of edits -- to link to their own web site on their user page. Is that "promoting the web site" or "introducing the user." If there is possible redeeming value, such as the second possibility, we should allow the link. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Commercial

 * Links to sites that primarily exist to sell products or services. For example, instead of linking to a commercial bookstore site, use the "ISBN" linking format.
 * Sometimes an editor has the bookstore link handy, and not the other linking format. The kind thing to do is to edit the link, not to remove it. There is another situation that we might want to examine. A professor is recommending a textbook. Can the professor link to sites where an assigned book is sold? Suppose the professor has found one that is much cheaper than the others that might exist. Can the professor point that out?
 * These are questions for discussion, not assertions. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Contain much advertising

 * Links to sites with objectionable amounts of advertising.
 * This is ancient wikicant. I saw it used to remove a link on Wikipedia to the best discussion site on low-carb diets on the internet, the information there was stellar compared to wikipedia. But it was a commercial site, supported by advertising to the market of those interested in low-carb diets. When I was first dealing with high cholesterol, I was grateful for the link in Wikipedia. What is an "objectionable amount"? It's highly subjective. Any user may remove a link if they feel that the link will harm users. So ... this is a criterion for "links normally to be avoided." This is not a strict prohibition. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Sites requiring payment or registration

 * Links to sites that require payment or registration to view the relevant content.
 * This is certainly problematic. If the site is of sufficient value, we may allow such links with disclosure. In this, as in other criteria "normally to be avoided," how the link is presented may make a difference. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Search engine links

 * Links to search engine results pages and aggregated results pages.
 * These can be useful transiently. Basically, a student doing research on some topic might put this up as part of the work. For Wikipedia, it's assumed that links are going to be (1) sources for article text, or (2) external links for futher reading. On the other hand, such links are commonly used on Wikipedia on process pages and article talk pages. Context makes a difference! I would probably dislike such a link on a resource page, but it might be fine on an attached talk page or other context. As an example of a possible usage in mainspace, a student preparing a resource might put the link there transiently. However, I have come to prefer that such preliminary work be done in user space. My preference is not policy, mainspace drafting is still commonly done. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Social networking or discussion groups

 * Links to social networking sites (such as MySpace), discussion forums/groups (such as Yahoo! Groups) or USENET.
 * This one used to drive me nuts. There have been certain on-line discussion fora where experts gathered. Yes, there was also a lot of garbage, but if one wanted to learn about a topic, asking a question there would produce a plethora of responses, some of which were truly knowledgeable, world-class expertise. Linking to such fora, where relevant and with proper disclosure, can definitely be educationally useful. Wikipedia is trying to avoid people being misled by fringe propaganda and the like. If a discussion group is heavily biased, that should be noted with the link, a warning against assuming rectitude. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Blogs or personal web pages

 * Links to blogs and personal web pages, except those written by a recognized authority.
 * Again, these can be useful. This is Wikipedia policy and thinking. We can, on Wikiversity, study topics where all "recognized authorities" have a very different view than those involved in a field. Brick and mortar universities do this, it can be sociological research. Once again, it is quite likely that most sites in this category will not be considered appropriate. My thinking in reviewing the criteria is looking toward avoiding conflict over links. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Open wikis

 * Links to open wikis, except those with a substantial history of stability and a substantial number of editors.
 * These would likely be of transient use, that's the problem with these. Again, what's the utility? These criteria are not absolute, because it is understood that there can be exceptions. Generally, Wikiverity is substantially more tolerant than Wikipedia. However, behind some of our external link practice has been an attempt to drive content creation here rather than elsewhere. My view is that we should look more toward collaboration with other sites. If the other site has an open license like ours, we may generally be able to bring content created there, here, to make our site more complete. Again, how the link is presented could be crucial. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Not relevant

 * Sites that are only indirectly related to the article's subject.
 * This is simply a requirement that content be relevant to the article's subject. A link to a very general site, in an article on a specific subject, rather than to a specific page on the general site relevant to the subject, is disrespectful of users, wasting their time. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Non-English content

 * Sites with non-English language content.
 * This was my occasion for looking at this today. Wikiversity is an English-language site, but like universities in English-speaking countries, we can host materials that are not in English. Among other things, we can study other languages. We used to automatically delete resources not in English. Occasionally, now, we set them up as translation projects, linked from our language studies pages, these can be student projects, both for students of English who are familiar with the source language, and for students of the source language who are facile in English. Again, links to pages not in English should specify the language, so that users do not waste their time. However, if we are studying some topic where important source materials are in another language, it is possible to read them, Google translate does work for basic understanding.
 * The non-English Wikipedias commonly link to English sources. This as a policy for the English Wikipedia was "English-centric," after all, if it's important, it must be in English, right? Anyone who wants to learn a topic must learn English, anyway. Yes? --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Undue weight

 * On pages with multiple points of view, the number of links dedicated to one point of view should not overwhelm the number dedicated to other equal points of view, nor give undue weight to minority views.
 * This has been an endless source of conflict on Wikipedia. There are ways to handle the problem of balance without arbitrarily restricting the number of links. Here, we can simple set up subpages for links. At the higher level, there can be links to a link page for notable points of view, and these subpages are then organized and include links as are appropriate for that point of view. This is really about neutrality. The idea is to avoid an impression of "majority point of view" simply from the number of links. My view is that links should always be explained and, indeed, reviewed, by developers of resources. If we just wanted raw links, we can find them on Google... Rather, what do students and experts on a topic find useful? The categorization of knowledge and resources is crucial to learning. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

General discussion
Darklama just turned the section I covered above, upside down. I like it. I'll still want to review this more thoroughly, but the approach is certainly more cheerful! --Abd (discuss • contribs) 02:40, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

User pages
Does all or some of this apply to user pages in addition to main namespace pages? Is this just a proposed policy, guidelines, or official policy? Michael Ten (discuss • contribs) 02:20, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

 * It applies to all pages. It is technically a proposed policy, but the community has supported it as de facto policy for several years. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 02:44, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:External links


text:
Template talk:USCongDistStateIL

Spelling
There are some discussions about which spelling is correct (just apostrophe, or apostrophe S) at Template talk:USCongDistStateList, since navboxes prefer to link directly to the article rather than through redirects, so the bold feature works for them. --Interiot 17:21, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, this is the third time they've been moved between Illinois' and Illinois's.     Can we settle this sooner or later?  If both forms are acceptable, then we simply need to stop changing them.  If one is obviously more preferable, then let's decide this, here.  If it ends up that Illinios' is preferable, then we need to figure out a way to change this template so it doesn't link to the redirects.

 * I'm not a language expert. Random people on IRC just now who claimed to be a language expert gave mixed answers.  I've found general language advice that both seem to be generally acceptable.

 * The best evidence I've found is that house.gov uses "Illinois' Xth district" almost exclusively. (Illinois's gets 2 ghits.  Illinois' gets... well, not all include the apostrophe, but there's clearly quite a few more than 2 that use apostrophes.  On the other hand, many don't use apostrophe at all).  On the other hand, Illinois's IS used a fair bit generally.   --Interiot 02:05, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, the state's official site appears to use Illinois' exclusively; one way around all this would be to create a separate set of templates (such as Template:USCongDistState2 and Template:Ushr-s; Template:Ushr2 is already taken) for use with Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Massachusetts and Texas, though this would take a little effort and awareness. I think the issue is the redirect more than the grammar - if new templates were created (or someone with more expertise than I have were to tweak the existing ones somehow to allow for variations), I doubt anyone would complain about Illinois' in the absence of redirects. MisfitToys 19:50, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I prefer Illinois's. For two reasons: 1) It keeps our coded templates simplified.  I could make a change to ushr to account for certain states that use s', but it would be even more convoluted than it is now.  2) This grammar rule I like: The singular possessive (at least when written) takes 's regardless of the terminal consanant sound.  Although I insist that there are no grammar laws— anyone can say/write whatever he/she pleases and there is no official board to determine correct grammar— I prefer the notion of simplicity whenever possible.  Does "Rogers' house'" mean both Mr. & Mrs. Roger own the house or is this the house of Mr. Rogers?  Of course, there really is only one possible Illinois here, but like I said, I like to keep this rule simple.  One writes " Foo's " for singular possessive and " Foos' " for plural possessive.—Markles 20:37, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Illinois, Illinois' or Illinois's
Seems like there is still some conflict between the articles. What about 4th congressional district of Illinois instead of Illinois' 4th congressional district? That dodges the issue plus Illinois's looks like the proper possessive vs. Illinois'. See also http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/possessives.htm Dual Freq 19:03, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

27th District
I'm revising the template, as there was never a 27th District (the 27th representative from 1913 to 1943 was always elected on an at-large basis). The page for Illinois' At-large district is currently a redirect to the article for the pre-1818 territorial repreentative; that should be changed as well. MisfitToys 23:00, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Major change
What was the purpose of this major change?—Markles 12:42, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Before, all the links were to Illinois's 1st congressional district, etc., but the articles themselves were at Illinois' 1st congressional district, etc. That meant that, when you were on one of the pages, the template never bolded for the page you were on.  I wanted to put in direct links, and because it was all templated up, I wasn't sure how to do this besides by substing everything. john k (talk) 14:53, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I see now that I failed in my attempt to do this. john k (talk) 14:54, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, they all work now except the at-large and territorial, I think. john k (talk) 15:07, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template talk:USCongDistStateIL


text:
Haripad Assembly constituency

Haripad State assembly constituency is one of the 140 state legislative assembly constituencies in Kerala state in southern India. It is also one of the 7 state legislative assembly constituencies included in the Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency. As of the 2021 assembly elections, the current MLA is Ramesh Chennithala of INC.

Local self governed segments
Haripad Niyamasabha constituency is composed of the following local self governed segments:

Members of Legislative Assembly
The following list contains all members of Kerala legislative assembly who have represented Haripad Niyamasabha Constituency during the period of various assemblies:

Election results
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

2021
There were 1,96,024 registered voters in Haripad Constituency for the 2021 Kerala Niyamasabha Election.

Niyamasabha Election 2016
There were 1,88,651 registered voters in Haripad Constituency for the 2016 Kerala Niyamasabha Election.

Niyamasabha Election 2011
There were 1,71,834 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.

title: Haripad Assembly constituency


text:
Reiss Butterworth

Reiss Butterworth (born 7 December 1998) is an English rugby league footballer who plays as a for the Dewsbury Rams in the RFL Championship, on short-term loan from Hull KR in the Super League.

He is a product of the Bradford Bulls Academy system and played for the Bradford Bulls in Betfred Championship

Background
Butterworth was born in Sharlston, West Yorkshire, England.

Bradford Bulls
2017 - 2017 Season Butterworth featured in 2017 pre-season friendlies against Huddersfield Giants and Keighley Cougars. He then featured in Round 20 and Round 21. Butterwoth also featured in the Championship Shield Game 5 against the Sheffield Eagles. Riess also played in the 2017 Challenge Cup in Round 4.

At the end of the season Butterworth signed a three-year contract extension with the Bulls.

2018 - 2018 Season

Butterworth featured in the pre-season friendlies against Halifax R.L.F.C., Sheffield Eagles and Dewsbury Rams.

He was sent on loan to Batley Bulldogs for a month. Following his loan spell he was sent on loan to Castleford Tigers until the end of the season as part of a swap/loan deal for James Green.

Huddersfield
The young spent most of his time out on loan with Batley Bulldogs, Castleford Tigers and, most recently, York City Knights for whom he scored against Rochdale Hornets in the 2020 Coral Challenge Cup.

Dewsbury Rams
On 28 November 2020, it was announced that Butterworth had signed for Dewsbury Rams

Hull KR
On 17 October 2023, it was reported that he had signed for Hull Kingston Rovers on a one-year deal (with an option to extend for a further 12 months).

London Broncos (loan)
On 7 Mar 2024 it was reported that he had signed for the London Broncos in the Super League on short-term 2-week loan.

Dewsbury Rams (loan)
On 22 May 2024 it was reported that he had signed for Dewsbury Rams in the RFL Championship on short-term loan

Statistics
Statistics do not include pre-season friendlies.

title: Reiss Butterworth


text:
There Is No Game: Wrong Dimension

There Is No Game: Wrong Dimension is a 2020 puzzle adventure video game developed by the French company Draw Me A Pixel and released for Windows and macOS on August 6, 2020, on Android and iOS on December 17, 2020, and on Nintendo Switch on April 14, 2021. It was inspired by creator Pascal Cammisotto's previous 2015 game jam-winning entry There Is No Game, which he developed under the alias KaMiZoTo. It has been considered a sequel or expansion to its predecessor.

Gameplay
The title is primarily a point-and-click puzzle game, similar to Maniac Mansion or the Monkey Island series. It features a hint system, and verbal and non-verbal clues to solve puzzles. It contains English voice acting, and subtitle options in various languages including Cammisotto's native French.

Plot
Upon launching the game, The Game itself, in a voiceover, tries to discourage and actively stop the User from playing, although never explicitly saying why. Once the User works around the barriers set up by Game and launches the program, it opens a dimensional rift and releases a software anomaly who calls itself "Mr Glitch", who declares his intention of doing something to the world — in a running joke, his plan is never actually heard due to external circumstances, such as advertisements and codes.

Game and the User are then transported through various games. First, they go into a classic point-and-click adventure game starring Sherlock Holmes. Next, they go into Legend of the Secret, a top-down adventure game. After completing this, Mr Glitch appears and traps Game and the User by modding Legend of the Secret into a free-to-play incremental game filled with loot boxes. After completing that, Game and the User are transported into the end credits, where Mr Glitch is trapped; upon releasing it, Mr Glitch betrays Game, but accidentally releases GiGi (short for "Global Gameplay"), who was Game's partner and main gameplay component until the developer decided to separate the two — without gameplay, Game was, as the title says, no longer a game. Left with no choice, the User, Game and GiGi go through another portal to pursue Mr Glitch.

The portal leads back to the title screen of the original game, but GiGi is nowhere to be found. Distraught and heartbroken, Game encourages the User to quit the game; when the User refuses, infuriated, he pretends to delete their save file. When the User causes a memory leak, Game and the User go through another portal, leading to a cellphone belonging to the original developer of the game, the Creator (portrayed by Cammisotto). They find GiGi inside, who explains that when the Creator ran out of development money, he decided to shelve Game and repurposed GiGi for a GPS-based mobile game; the removal of GiGi, in turn, caused the creation of Mr Glitch. After making contact with the Creator, GiGi discovers that Mr Glitch has gone out to the world and is causing disruptions in technology across the globe. In an attempt to fix Game, the Creator decides to merge him with GiGi again; with the User's help, they hold off Mr Glitch just long enough that the Creator succeeds, and GiGi and Game become a functional game again.

GiGi suggests that Game let the User finally play, but Game insists that Mr Glitch is still a threat, and offers the User a choice between playing the game or deleting it. If the User chooses to play the game, the game boots up, crashes immediately, and Mr Glitch reappears. If the User chooses to delete the game, Game dramatically acts out being deleted so that the User leaves him alone with GiGi. However, after he receives an urgent message about a "spy," Game soon realizes that the User is still watching them, although unable to interact.

There Is No Game (2015)
There Is No Game is a short 10-15 minute title by French developer Pascal Cammisotto (under alias KaMiZoTo) that won the 2015 Newgrounds Construct Jam competition under the contest theme of 'deception'. Cammisotto wanted to design a video game narrative in which the player was deceived into believing there was no game. The game went viral and caught the attention of popular YouTubers all over the world. By November 11, 2016, the ad-free game had been downloaded 1 million times on Google Play, followed by 2 million downloads on April 19, 2017, and 3 million on August 15, 2017. Cammisotto is from Villeurbanne, France, and began in the video games industry in 1995; one of his earlier projects was as music director for the 1996 title Time Gate: Knight's Chase by Infogrames. He has frequently worked in small-to-medium-sized projects which required resourcefulness under budgetary and time constraints. CoinOp Story is a popular title created by developer. Cammisotto developed There Is No Game entirely on his own using an HTML5 game engine. In 2017, the game was featured as part of the National Videogame Arcade in Nottingham. There Is No Game was added to Steam on April 8, 2020, for free and with achievements. There Is No Game is also available to play on Cool Math Games.

There Is No Game: Wrong Dimension
The game's success led Cammisotto to consider whether this "seed" could grow. The project would be expanded to a full adventure titled There Is No Game: Wrong Dimension with the same core concept and a new plot, developed by Cammisotto and a friend Guillaume Vidal who did the code/tech while Cammisotto focused on the game content. Cammisotto felt that ‘surprise‘ and ‘unexpectedness‘ were the main themes of the game, noting that "the game (really) takes the player hostage...and [they] can't predict what will happen next". He hoped that players would see the "hidden love story" underneath the joke-filled façade. Cammisotto was influenced by The Stanley Parable during the game jam, noting how the player's actions have a direct impact on how the narrator interacts with the player, and also identified British humour, self-referential humour, and video gaming references, plus Japanese culture. He noted that a challenge in engaging players due to the title essentially revealing the plot of the game. Cammisotto decided to self-fund the game to maintain creative control, and he preferred not to work with a publisher to acquire the required funding. For this reason he decided to set up a Kickstarter campaign to crowdfund the required money to complete the project. At the time, 3 out of 6 chapters had been completed, and there was an estimated release date of December 2017—6 chapters plus an exclusive 7th chapter for backers with 3 hours of gameplay.

Unsuccessful Kickstarter campaign
The Kickstarter campaign was set up in 2016. Cammisotto was ultimately unsuccessful, raising €3,317 from 189 backers, just over 10% of the targeted €32,000. The video of the kickstarter only reached 6000 views, which suggests that the failure to kickstart it was due to the lack of exposure of the new game. The title was developed in Unity3D to offer better portability and game performance. The plan was for the game to be available as a digital key on Steam for PC and Macintosh, with additional stretch goals allowing for iOS and Android releases, extra subtitle options, and additional chapters (including the 7th backer chapter being officially added to the release for all players). Upon the campaign failing to reach its goal on December 19, 2016, Cammisotto wrote that he was disappointed that it had an underwhelming response but that he was committed to completing the project. IndieMag suggested that the campaign likely had a lack of visibility to reach the then 4 million players who had tried the jam version. The site noted that despite the campaign's failure, the project would be resumed, though "in pain".

Release
Camissotto continued working on the project. Draw Me A Pixel was founded in 2017 and There Is No Game: Wrong Dimension became its debut title. Some cast members played multiple roles, for example Siddhartha Minhas played the personalification of the Indian language setting, the Russian language setting, as well as the Legend of the Secret announcer.   The project was unaffected by COVID-19—Camissotto's team members were scattered all over France and worked remotely from the beginning. There Is No Game: Wrong Dimension would eventually be published in 2020 under the developer's new name Draw Me A Pixel. The game's Steam page was created on March 20, 2020, the same day a teaser trailer was released. The game's multi-genre soundtrack was composed by Xiaotian Shi. The game was released on Steam for Windows and Mac on August 6, while the App Store version on iOS was first listed on December 2, 2020 and announced to be released on December 17, 2020, and the Google Play version on Android devices was announced to be released on December 18, 2020. The soundtrack was on Steam on August 22, featuring the standout number GiGi's song. The Nintendo Switch version was revealed and released on April 14, 2021, after an Indie World showcase.

Reception
The game was positively received by critics, and has frequently been compared to The Stanley Parable. Jeuxvideo.com commented on their shared philosophy of breaking the fourth wall and offering an impactful experience behind a lighthearted facade. Sohu placed the title in the metafiction genre, along with The Stanley Parable and Undertale, a genre which IndieMag agreed with. Reviewers such as Rock Paper Shotgun also made a comparison with Pony Island due to the player's goal to find the "game behind the game". French newspaper Le Telegramme also referred to the "absurd humor" of Monty Python in their review. JeuxOnline suggested the game was part of a larger trend of game jam entries showcasing novel gameplay ideas, which subsequently are expanded into complete projects, alongside Superhot, Snake Pass, and Goat Simulator.

Reviews were in general reluctant about revealing plot and gameplay information in the hopes of protecting the reader against spoilers. Meristation asserted "telling a single detail about There Is No Game: Wrong Dimension would be doing you a disservice". The game's marketing strategy has been described as "delightful meta nonsense" by Pocket Gamer, in which the developers assert that it is "not really being a game, [or] at least it doesn't wish to be". User reviews often copy this technique when speaking about the game. Tech Nation News argues that "while presented as a non-game, it is more of a meta-game".

Jeuxvideo felt the title would appeal to even those who were resistant to the puzzle genre. Rock Paper Shotgun deemed it "smart and funny and surprising", advising that the game is "very clever and you will laugh a lot". Meristation said the title had "some of the funniest and most original ideas of 2020 so far". Pocket Gamer described it as a "zany" commentary on video games through the medium of video games. Stop Game praised the solid plot, high-quality voice acting, and gameplay trickery, while also highlighting humour related to genre clichés and the state of the gaming industry. MeauGamer wrote that offered an opportunity for gamers to reflect that the video game industry isn't always perfect.

In a negative review which criticised the game's ineffectiveness at humour, Mike Diver of The Lad Bible agreed with his fellow critics in that it succeeded as an "exploration of the quirks and creases of gaming history".

The game was featured on the App Store on iOS devices, which was tweeted out by the Draw Me A Pixel Twitter account on December 17, 2020.

Critical reception of There Is No Game
Escapist Magazine wrote that the game's biggest strength is "the element of surprise", praising the "playful banter" with the narrator, the puzzle design, and the game's humour. IndieMag thought the game was "particularly fun" and comparable to The Stanley Parable's "destruction of the 4th wall" upon its original release, though felt the 2020 version was "longer, more varied and probably crazier" than this title.

title: There Is No Game: Wrong Dimension


text:
Web Design/CSS

Cascading Style Sheets(CSS)

What you'll need to know
Since CSS formats HTML you will need to know some of the basics:

 How to create a HTML file, *.html.  ..., ... ,  ... tags , ... tags

If you haven't had any experience with HTML or would like a refresher check out Build a basic web page.

What is CSS?
  Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language.  With CSS you can change the font, size, color, background, and even position of text.  CSS was developed primarily to separate the formatting and presentation of a site from it's content and structure, the HTML.  CSS can be used three different ways: Inline, Embedded, and External.

 A single External CSS file can be used by many pages on a website, making the process of changing the look of an entire site as simple as editing one file.

 CSS will greatly improve the look and feel of your website and save hours of time…after spending a few hours learning it.

Inline CSS (OK only in certain circumstances)
Inline CSS is the simplest way to format your HTML, it is also universally considered bad form, therefore, you should never, ever use it on a published site unless there are justifiable circumstances.

The main purpose of CSS is to separate the presentation from the structure and content (HTML).

If you choose to use inline CSS you will create a site that is difficult to maintain and lose the benefits of the cascading effect over all your pages.

That being said we will go over its use because beginning the simplest form of CSS, it’s the best way to learn some basics. Let's start with a plain heading tag: Viewing this in web browser will show "Hello World" in black Times New Roman font. What if we want to have the text in red? Well we just add in some inline CSS: Simple, right? You can do this with any CSS styling, let's say we want to have our header centered:

Notice that there is no space between the colon and center, that's because in CSS white spaces (spaces, tabs, and line breaks) do not matter. You can place all of your CSS on one line, though it would be hard to read. Also notice that there is a semicolon between the end of the color property and the beginning of the text property, think of this and placing a comma between a list of items or numbers (1, 2, 3 is not the same as 123). Inline CSS should not really be used for the reasons listed above, but feel free to go through the CSS References (unfinished) and try out some different styles to see what all CSS can do. Also check out the Inline Styles tutorial for more examples.

Embedded CSS (better)
Embedded CSS is a better alternative to inline, here the CSS is separated from the structure and content(HTML), but it's still located in the HTML file. This style of CSS is best for single pages or if you would like to quickly experiment with site wide changes on a small scale. Embedded CSS should be located in the head of the HTML inside of the style tag. You can technically places the style tag in the body of the HTML but this means that the content will load THEN be styled. Meaning it will flicker into the color or font you specified and is generally a sign of bad craftsmanship and should be avoided. So to insert CSS into your HTML all you need in the style tag in the head.

So if we wanted to take our original Hello World header and color is red here all we would need is the same coding:

There are three sections to this CSS code. First the Selector, this tells the browser what HTML element to grab, it can be a tag name, id, or class (we'll go over these later). Here we are telling the browser to grab h1. Second is the Property, this states what part of the grabbed element we will be changing. Here we are stating that we would like to change the color. Lastly is the Value, this tells the browser what we would like to do with part of our grabbed element. Here we tell the browser that we want to change it red. So in simple English we are telling our browser, color h1 red. One more thing to point out is the format that the CSS is written. As mentioned before white spaces don't matter, but readability does. So you can place all three sections and curly braces in one line, but coming back and editing fifty lines of CSS this way will only lead to headaches and frustration. So it's ok for small presentation changes but on the large scale go with this format. The curly braces are also a very important part of the CSS if you forget to close one everything written afterwards will not work. Now lets center our header and give it a thick black, dashed border. It's not as hard as it might sound:

Here we placed line breaks after the semicolons to make the CSS easier to read and edit later. There is no limit to the number of Properties and Values you can edit with a single Selector. So you can add margin, padding, font-weight, font-size, color, background-color, etc. Embedded CSS is a great way to get into the groove of changing the CSS on a small scale and to learn all the things you can do, so check out the CSS Reference (unfinished) and the Embedded CSS.

External CSS (best)
What makes External CSS the best option is that it give you the full power of CSS. You can quickly change the look and feel of an entire site by changing one file and once you have the CSS created adding more pages becomes much easier and faster. So let's start with how to create an external CSS page. Using your text editor create a new file, select Save As…, and save the file into the folder with your HTML using a .css extension. That's it you will want a name that is relevant to the site so it doesn't get mixed up, but for this example we will use 'mystyle.css'. Now that we have a CSS file created let go over the different ways to add it to you HTML page. First we will use the link tag in the head:

The rel section tells the browser the relationship this file has to the HTML, using "stylesheet" indicated that this is the preferred style for this page. The type section lets the browser know that this is a CSS file and if it doesn't support it can ignore it. Neither of these are required but they are considered best practices. The most important part is the href it points to where the file you want to use is located. Just adding files like images to HTML if they are in a director different than the HTML use the backslash; "/css/mystyle.css" Another way to add CSS to your page is with the @import statement inside the style tags.

Now the import may seem like a simpler option when adding CSS, but(depending on who you ask) it can create a slower loading site. The upside is that you can upload several CSS files and the file loaded last overrides the files before it. If your making a simple site that this should not be an issue and either will work for you. There are several sites out there that will help you out to decide which is best for you. With our CSS file added to the HTML we can edit our Hello World header. It's the same as in the Embedded CSS, but with in the "mystyle.css file and without the style tags.

In CSS files the comment is indicated by the opening and closing of the slashes and asterisks as shown above. That is it for External CSS if you would like to see more examples check out the External CSS tutorials and you can practice more Properties found in the CSS Reference (unfinished).

Classes
We mentioned earlier the basic idea of Selectors and I think it's time to go over them in more detail. Let's say you have two paragraphs and you want one to be blue and the other to be gold. Using a simple p Selector we will change both paragraphs to the same color. This is where Selector Classes come in, but first we need to make the classes in the HTML: Here all we have done is added class="" with what ever you would like to name your class. This will be the name in which the CSS will look for in your HTML. Now let's format each of these paragraphs.

In order to find the right class the Selector must first be called followed by a period then the name of the class. You can use the same class name for multiple properties lets say we have two headers on our page: If we were to run this page the way that it is, both headers would be black. That is because we have set the CSS to change only the paragraphs. We remedy this by simply removing the p: This tells the CSS to grab any Property with the given class name and change it's format. So you can change many different elements fonts, colors, and background, etc. by simple giving them the same class.

IDs
IDs are similar to classes in that they can be used to identify properties, but they are unique, so can only be used once in a page. Let's say we wanted to make the ampersand bold, first we add the id. Now we will add the bold styling to the CSS: To identify the id we use the # sign instead of the period. We will have more on classes and how they interact with one another the CSS points system in more the advanced sections.

Selecting Entire Elements
You can also select entire elements by listing the element name in a similar syntax as shown before. This makes all elements have a size of 12px without adding any ID or class to the element. If you want to see more examples check out the CSS Selector Classes.

CSS Tutorials

 * Embedded CSS
 * External CSS
 * Inline Styles
 * CSS Selector Classes

CSS In Action
An example of the power of CSS is illustrated at Zen Garden, where various CSS templates create some very different pages using the same html code – CSS does all the work! Take a look at [http://www.mezzoblue.com/zengarden/alldesigns/]

title: Web Design/CSS


text:
Talk:The Kingdom (comic)

Merge Request
Do it. The title should read The Kingdom (comics). DoctorWorm7 21:34, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Kingdom (comic)


text:
MediaWiki:Prefs-help-email

Why create an account?

E-mail address is optional, but it enables others to contact you through your user or user_talk page without needing to reveal your identity.

title: MediaWiki:Prefs-help-email


text:
User:Iamgildad

EKODI FAVOUR UCHE, known professionally as GILDAD, is a Nigerian singer and songwriter. He began recording music at the age of 15 and managed to release a collaborative album with the STREET BOY, a group he and a couple of his STREET friends Born: 29 JANUARY 2004 (age 16 years)

title: User:Iamgildad


text:
PHP Programming/Classes

Basics
A class is a structure composed by three kinds of items called s, that is:
 * 1) constants;
 * 2) variables called "properties";
 * 3) functions called "methods".

Each of which is declared with a visibility that is either explicit (from "private", "protected" and "public") or implicit (that is, omission of a declaration, only allowed for methods for which the default value is "public").

An object is an instance of a class, in which its class's methods (if any) can be called, and its class's members (if any) can be provided with new values overriding the default ones.

Classes
A simple class can be defined as follows:

However, just because you've created a class doesn't mean you get to use anything in it. A class is an abstract entity. It is a way of saying "here is how to create Html-type objects, and what they do." Before you can do anything with the members of a class, you must make an instance of that class.

That is, you must actually make an "Html" object and work with that.

Objects
Once you have defined a class, you will want to try it out. Objects are instances of a class. Using objects in PHP is as follows

The new concepts in that piece are:

 * The  keyword — Used to make a new instance of an object, in this case an object of the class.
 * The  operator — Used to access a member or method of an instantiated object, in this case, the method

Now, the fact that the representation of a line break is defined within a member of the class allows you to change it. Note that the changes will only concern an instance, not the whole class. Here is an example (note that "
" is an HTML line break and "
" is an XHTML line break):

However, note that it is better to avoid modifying an instance's members: to allow the instance for possible constraint validation, one should instead add to the class (and use while dealing with instances) "get_br" and "set_br" methods to get and set the value of the member while allowing the instance to perform tests and possibly reject the change.

Scope
The scope of an item of a class defines who is allowed either to call it (for methods) or to read / change its value (for properties).

Scope definition is compulsory for properties and facultative for methods where "public" is the default value if nothing is specified.

Public
Public items can be accessed anywhere.

Protected
Protected items defined in a class are accessible to the object that instantiates this class or a subclass of this class.

Private
Private items defined in a class are accessible to the object that instantiates the class.

Constants
They are declared with  (instead of   in procedural programming) and can optionally been followed by a default value:

They can be retrieved by reflexion with:

Properties
Even though declaring class properties as public makes their use easier, it is generally not recommended. Should you decide in future versions of the class to perform any kind of check on a public property, or store it in another additional property for caching purposes, you couldn't, since the rest of the code would still use the public property without any check.

Therefore, one should prefer (except in special cases) not allowing public access to properties, and provide simple "get_foo" and "set_foo" methods to return or overwrite them, leaving open the possibility of adding complexity if required.

They can be retrieved by reflexion with:

Methods
Since the methods provide the actual interface between an object and the rest of the world, it makes sense for almost all of your methods to be in public access.

More precisely, any method intended to be called from the outside should be public. However, methods only meant for internal use and that aren't part of the interface should not be public. A typical example being an object abstracting a connection with a database while providing a cache system. Different public methods should exist to allow interaction with the outside world, but, for example, a method sending a raw SQL request to the database should not be public, as any foreign code calling it would bypass the cache and potentially cause useless load or (worse) loss of data as the database's data may be outdated (if the latent changes have taken place in the cache).

They can be retrieved by reflexion with:

Practical use
The above example doesn't make the case for classes and objects. Why go to the bother of creating all that extra structure just to access functions?

Let's give an example that can show how this sort of thing would be useful:

Some things to note:

 * The statement echo $this->source .= $message ."&lt;br /&gt;"; first changes the value of the private property $source and then prints the changed value. The changed value is saved.
 * A different copy of the $source property exists within each instance of the Html class.
 * The printLn and show functions refer to the same copy of <tt>$source</tt> that was called for their object. (When I call <tt>$elvis</tt>'s <tt>printLn</tt> function, it changes <tt>$elvis</tt>'s <tt>$source</tt> variable and the statement <tt>$elvis->show;</tt> prints the changed value of <tt>$source</tt>).
 * Using standard variables and methods, there would be a greater risk of sending the wrong content to the wrong page. Which could be horribly confusing for my website visitors.

Now we can start to see how we could save some time and trouble using classes and objects. We can now easily manage two potential web pages at once, printing the correct content to each. When done, we can merely call a page's <tt>show</tt> function to send that page's html source to the output stream.

I could add more features to all of the objects just by adding variables and functions to the governing class, and I could add more objects at will just by declaring them. In fact, the more complicated my program gets, the easier everything is to manage using object-oriented programming.

title: PHP Programming/Classes


text:
1953 Iowa State Cyclones football team

The 1953 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Big Seven Conference during the 1953 college football season. In their seventh and final year under head coach Abe Stuber, the Cyclones compiled a 2–7 record (1–5 against conference opponents), finished in last place in the conference, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 211 to 120. They played their home games at Clyde Williams Field in Ames, Iowa.

The team's regular starting lineup on offense consisted of left end Barney Alleman, left tackle Ralph Brown, left guard Bill Wilson, center Jim Rawley, right guard Gean Kowalski, right tackle Jack Lessin, right end Kim Tidd, quarterback Bill Plantan, left halfback Dan Rice, right halfback Dick Cox, and fullback Max Burkett. Jack Lessin and Jim Rawley were the team captains.

The team's statistical leaders included Max Burkett with 342 rushing yards, Bill Plantan with 723 passing yards and 41 points (five touchdowns and 11 extra points), and Gary Lutz with 249 receiving yards. Max Burkett was selected as a first-team all-conference player.

title: 1953 Iowa State Cyclones football team


text:
Alex Mascot Ikwechegh

Alex Ifeanyi Mascot Ikwechegh is a Nigerian politician, businessman and philanthropist. He is the founder of GrossField Group, Alex Ikwechegh foundation and a former Local Government Chairman of Aba North, Abia State, Nigeria.

Early life and education
Ikwechegh is from Igbere, Bende Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. He started his education at Constitution Crescent Primary School, Abia State, before moving to Hope Waddell Training Institution for his secondary education. He then went to University of Calabar where he graduated with a degree in business management.

Career
Ikwechegh started his career as a politician by contesting successfully for the chairmanship of Aba North Local Government, Abia State, Nigeria. At age 28, he became the youngest politically elected chairman of a local government in Nigeria. Ikwechegh started GrossField Group as a construction, real estate, oil and gas company. Later in his career, he started Alex Ikwechegh Foundation providing educational support and relief materials for the less privileged and victims of social, artificial and natural disasters in Nigeria.

Awards and recognition
Ikwechegh received a chieftaincy title as Nkuma Dike Igbo Amaghi by Eze Igbo Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. In 2018, he received Ndigbo Times Merit Award.

Personal life
Ikwechegh was born and raised in Igbere, Abia State, Nigeria. His father was Mascot Ukandu Ikwechegh, a businessman and philanthropist. His mother was Eunice Uzaru Ikwechegh.

title: Alex Mascot Ikwechegh


text:
Ludwig Hoffmann (architect)

Ludwig Ernst Emil Hoffmann (30 July 1852 – 11 November 1932) was a German architect and was one of the most famous architects of Berlin.

Life and career

Ludwig Hoffmann was born in Darmstadt and educated at the Kunstakademie Kassel (Kassel Academy of Art) and the Bauakademie (Academy of Architecture) in Berlin. In 1879, after passing the first state examination, Hoffmann began working for the government of Berlin as a construction foreman under Franz Heinrich Schwechten. His architectural career began in 1880 when he and Peter Dybwad, both unknowns, won the competition to design the Supreme Court building in Leipzig against 118 other entries. In 1895, the year it was completed, he returned to Berlin and that June married Marie Weisbach, a banker's daughter.

In 1896, Hoffmann became Stadtbaurat—director of urban planning and construction—for Berlin. He served for 28 years until 1924 (mandatory retirement age being 72) and is now regarded as the most important holder of the position.

Under his leadership 111 facilities were built, including over 300 buildings. He designed the new administration building for the city of Berlin, now known as the Altes Stadthaus (1902—1911). He designed the Märkisches Museum (1899—1904), the museum of Berlin and the Mark Brandenburg. With Alfred Messel, he designed the built version of the Pergamon Museum on Museum Island (1910—1930). In addition he designed bridges, fountains, public baths, schools of every kind, orphanages, hospital complexes, cemeteries, private villas, and apartment buildings. In his memoirs, he describes the long history of work on the Märchenbrunnen (fountain of fairy tales) for the Volkspark Friedrichshain, the first public park in Berlin. Hoffmann had a significant impact on the urban development of Berlin both through his own designs and as a judge for many architectural competitions, although some of his projects were not constructed due to the outbreak of World War I, many were destroyed in World War II, and others were later demolished. An archive of many of his designs is kept at the Architecture Museum of the Berlin Institute of Technology.

Honors and criticism
In 1906 Ludwig Hoffmann was awarded the title of Privy Councillor and an honorary doctorate from the Technische Universität Darmstadt. In the same year he was elected to membership of the Prussian Academy of Arts. In 1917 he received a second honorary doctorate, from the Vienna University of Technology. Upon his retirement in 1924 he was awarded honorary citizenship of Berlin. A primary school in Friedrichshain (which he built), a hospital in Pankow, a bridge in Moabit, and a street in the Sellerhausen section of Leipzig bear his name.

Hoffmann's work was long out of favor for its historicism, but is now recognized as an important part of the effort to accommodate Berlin's rapid growth prior to World War I. As early as 1956, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe admitted he had been wronged.

title: Ludwig Hoffmann (architect)


text:
Talk:Catrin G. Grosse

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title: Talk:Catrin G. Grosse


text:
Learning Java

People often describe Java by comparing it to C++. In many ways, one could say it is a successor to the older programming languages. Java automatically handles the reclamation of memory (garbage collection) and has various other features that eliminate all classes of bugs. While C++ maintained compatibility with the older C language, Java can be seen as abandoning the C legacy, fully embracing the principles of object-oriented programming.

For people who may not know what object-oriented programming is, object-oriented programming can be seen as a collection of cooperating objects, as opposed to a traditional view in which a program may be seen as a collection of functions, or simply as a list of instructions to the computer. In object-oriented programming, each object is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects. Each object can be viewed as an independent little machine with a distinct role or responsibility.

Prerequisites
You must know at least the basics of how to use a computer, and should be able to start a command line shell.

If you are new to programming then Introduction to Programming is strongly recommended.

If you already know C++ or any other Object-Oriented language, Java should be easy to pick up.

Course Description
This course, as you may guess, should teach you everything you would want to know to become an expert Java programmer. Java is a popular and elegant language that every programmer should have in his or her bag of tricks.

If you are a beginner to programming, Java is a good place to start. If you already are fluent in any other programming languages, Java is a good way to enhance your computer vocabulary.

Note: Since this course is still under construction, you might want to check out some of these other tutorials that are quite good:
 * http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/
 * http://www.javacoffeebreak.com/tutorials/gettingstarted/

Pros and Cons of Java
Pros
 * is an extremely popular language
 * Gaining more and more popularity, lately
 * Has a rich set of standard library classes
 * Has a large base of freely accessible source code
 * Moderately easy to learn. Far easier if you're good with C or C++
 * Java programs are often portable amongst major Operation Systems such as Linux, Windows, and Mac
 * Is often very easy to decompile

Cons
 * Is not as powerful as a language like C, C++, or Assembly in that it cannot easily access low-level functions such as are needed for device driver programming (This functionality is only need in specialised situations)
 * Often runs too slowly on older computers to be as easily usable as a program written in a language like C or C++
 * Requires a rather hefty runtime environment to run: The Java Runtime Environment (~30MB)

The Java Runtime Environment's standard library classes are extensive enough that neophytes can be confused and/or intimidated. On the other hand, they also are a tremendous resource and can save a considerable amount of time.

Tools

 * Intellij IDE -- https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/
 * VSCode -- https://code.visualstudio.com/
 * Eclipse IDE -- http://eclipse.org/
 * BlueJ -- http://bluej.org/ (Particularly aimed at students!)
 * JCreator LE version - http://jcreator.com/ (Another IDE aimed at students)
 * NetBeans IDE Source Editor -- http://www.netbeans.org/

Lessons
We are currently up to the end of Lesson 7: Inheritance. Some other lessons have information too. Note that some lessons are not completely finished and brushed up.

If you are experienced in Java, feel free to write more on these lessons, or create new ones. You can simply add some helpful hints and that will be a great contribution.

Fundamental Language Elements

 * Lesson 1: /Introduction to Java/
 * Lesson 2: /Basic Java Language/
 * Lesson 3: /Decision Structures/
 * Lesson 4: /Objects and Classes/
 * Lesson 5: /Error handling/
 * Lesson 6: /Important Java classes/
 * Fundamentals End: /Programming tips/
 * Exercises: /Fundamental exercises/

Intermediate Java

 * Lesson 7: /Inheritance/
 * Lesson 8: /Error handling II/
 * Lesson 9: /Classes II/
 * Lesson 10: /Swing and AWT/
 * Lesson 11: /Applets/
 * Lesson 12: /File IO/
 * Lesson 13: /Security/
 * Lesson 14: /Networking/
 * Intermediate End: /Clean Code in Java II/
 * Exercises: /Intermediate Exercises/

Advanced-Intermediate Lessons

 * Lesson 15: /Multithreading/
 * Lesson 16: /Networking II/
 * Lesson 17: /Advanced Swing/

Simple Lessons for Everyone

 * Lesson 18: /Deployment/

Textbooks

 * Java Programming

Wikipedia

 * Java (programming language)
 * Free Java implementations
 * Java (software platform)
 * Java virtual machine
 * Java performance
 * Java syntax
 * Java applet
 * Generics in Java
 * Criticism of Java
 * Java Class Library
 * Java (software platform) (Template)

Videos

 * Java in 100 Seconds

title: Learning Java


text:
Hypopyra rufescens

Hypopyra rufescens is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Kenya, Malawi and Zambia.

title: Hypopyra rufescens


text:
Batgirl (film)

Batgirl is an unreleased American superhero film based on the DC Comics character Barbara Gordon / Batgirl. Directed by Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah from a screenplay by Christina Hodson, the film starred Leslie Grace as Batgirl alongside J. K. Simmons, Jacob Scipio, Brendan Fraser, Michael Keaton, and Ivory Aquino. The film was produced by DC Films for the streaming service HBO Max and was intended to be an installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU).

Development of a Batgirl feature film began with Joss Whedon in March 2017, but he left the project a year later. Hodson was hired to write a new script in April 2018, with El Arbi and Fallah hired to direct in May 2021 when the film was confirmed as an HBO Max original. Grace was cast that July, followed by additional castings—including Keaton reprising his role of Bruce Wayne / Batman from Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992)—and filming took place in Glasgow, Scotland, from November 2021 to March 2022.

In August 2022, DC Films and HBO Max parent Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) announced that, while the film had entered post-production, the studio no longer planned to release it as scheduled due to the company's cost-cutting measures and a refocus on theatrical releases.

Cast
A vigilante in Gotham City and the daughter of police commissioner James Gordon. Grace said that "[t]here's not a lot of nuances in her thinking at the beginning of the story" and that she "[vacillates] between the nuances of life and good and bad and black and white and that there so much in between", but that the character would "discover a lot about parts of herself" throughout the story that cause her to change her worldview. The commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department, Barbara's father, and a close ally of Batman. Simmons said the film would explore the character outside of his job as commissioner, showing "much more of a domestic aspect of Jim Gordon" through his relationship with Barbara. A disgruntled veteran who becomes a sociopathic pyromaniac. Fraser said that Carson had an original backstory, rather than being adapted from a previous version of the character.
 * Leslie Grace as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl:
 * J. K. Simmons as James Gordon:
 * Jacob Scipio as Anthony Bressi: A mob boss in Gotham City.
 * Brendan Fraser as Ted Carson / Firefly:
 * Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman: A wealthy socialite from an alternate universe of Gotham City who moonlights as a crimefighting vigilante.
 * Ivory Aquino as Alysia Yeoh: A bartender and Barbara's best friend.

Additionally, Rebecca Front, Corey Johnson, and Ethan Kai were cast in undisclosed roles, with Kai being referred to as a "leading" character. The villain Killer Moth was also expected to appear.

Development
In May 2016, the DC Comics character Barbara Gordon / Batgirl had the potential to appear in a female superhero team-up film starring Margot Robbie as Harley Quinn, which became Birds of Prey (2020). Batgirl was ultimately not included in the film due to the development of a solo film starring the character. Joss Whedon was hired in March 2017 to write, direct, and produce the solo film, which was being overseen by Warner Bros. Pictures president Toby Emmerich and DC Films chairmen Jon Berg and Geoff Johns. Whedon was to begin production on the film in 2018, but left the project in February 2018 after being unable to come up with a story for it. There was also additional scrutiny on Whedon as a male director of a female-focused film, with Warner Bros. and new DC Films president Walter Hamada planning at that point to replace Whedon with a female filmmaker.

Birds of Prey writer Christina Hodson was hired to write a new screenplay for Batgirl in April 2018, and was expected to begin writing the film after completing her work on another DC Extended Universe (DCEU) film, The Flash (2023). In December 2020, Batgirl was listed as a film that could potentially be released exclusively on the streaming service HBO Max, rather than in theaters, as part of Hamada's new plan for the DCEU, and in April 2021 it was included on DC's slate of films that were expected to be released in 2022 or 2023. Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah, who were both longtime fans of the character, were hired to direct the film a month later, when it was confirmed to be planned as an HBO Max original. Kristin Burr was producing the film by that time, and said the directors were bringing an excited energy that would make the film a "fun ride" and show a different side of Gotham City from previous DC projects.

Casting
DC executives began testing actresses for Batgirl in the week of July 19, 2021, with the group reportedly including Isabela Merced, Zoey Deutch, Leslie Grace, and Haley Lu Richardson; Richardson and Grace were considered to be the top contenders. Richardson went through several stages of auditioning, but Grace was cast in the role on July 21. By July 29, J. K. Simmons was in talks to reprise his role as Batgirl's father, Commissioner James Gordon, from Justice League (2017) and its 2021 director's cut. Simmons was confirmed to be reprising his role for the film in October.

Jacob Scipio and Brendan Fraser joined the cast later in October, respectively as the mob boss Anthony Bressi, and as the villain Firefly. Fraser previously voiced Cliff Steele / Robotman in the DC Comics television series Doom Patrol. Though it was initially reported that Fraser would portray the Garfield Lynns iteration, he later clarified in July 2022 that he was playing the Ted Carson iteration, with an original backstory not adapted from existing material. The villain role was originally offered to Sylvester Stallone, who voiced King Shark in the DCEU film The Suicide Squad (2021), but "things just didn't work out".

Also in October, El Arbi and Fallah said the character Batman would appear in the film but declined to confirm if Ben Affleck would reprise his role from previous DCEU projects. In December, Michael Keaton was revealed to be appearing in Batgirl, reprising his role as Batman from the films Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992). Keaton had been expected to first reprise the role for the DCEU in The Flash prior to that film's delay to 2023. Rebecca Front, Corey Johnson, Ethan Kai, and Ivory Aquino also joined the cast, with Aquino playing Alysia Yeoh, who was set to be the first major transgender character in a DC film.

Filming and post-production
Principal photography began in Glasgow, doubling for Gotham City, on November 30, 2021, under the working title Cherry Hill. John Mathieson serves as cinematographer. El Arbi and Fallah had arrived in Glasgow on August 24 to prepare for filming, and scouted locations with production designer Christopher Glass. Glasgow was previously used to depict Gotham City in The Flash as well as the non-DCEU film The Batman (2022). Filming officially wrapped on March 31, 2022.

In April 2022, Arbi and Fallah exited Beverly Hills Cop IV to focus on Batgirl. Following the merger between Warner Bros.' parent company WarnerMedia with Discovery, Inc. to form Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) and the fall in stock prices for Netflix later that month, executives at Warner Bros. were reportedly considering a switch for the film from a streaming release with a budget of around $70 million to a theatrical release with increased budget for post-production and a larger marketing push. The film was in post-production by the time its release was canceled in August 2022, with Martin Walsh serving as editor. It did not have completed visual effects and still required some scenes to be filmed.

Music
Natalie Holt announced in September 2021 that she would compose the score. She reached out to composer Danny Elfman regarding her plans to use the original Batman theme for Keaton's character, of which he approved.

Marketing
El Arbi, Fallah, Hodson, and Grace promoted the film at the virtual DC FanDome event in October 2021, where they discussed their preparation for filming and revealed concept art. Grace revealed a first look at herself in costume as Batgirl in January 2022.

Cancellation
In August 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) announced that it no longer planned to release Batgirl on HBO Max or theatrically,   despite a previously scheduled 2022 release on HBO Max. TheWrap reported that WBD felt the film "simply did not work" and went against the new desire and mandate from CEO David Zaslav to make DC films "big theatrical event films". The Guardian reported that this put Batgirl "among the most expensive canceled cinematic projects ever". The move was widely described as "unprecedented" in Hollywood history for a big-budget film production.

Collider, Rolling Stone, and Reuters reported that test screening responses were negative, which might have been a factor in WBD's decision;  Collider sources described the film as "a huge disappointment [that] looked cheap in comparison to other films". Rolling Stone said that WBD determined that spending an additional $7–9 million during post-production in an effort to bring Batgirl to the level of other theatrical DC films, such as Shazam! Fury of the Gods (2023), would be fruitless. However, Variety reported that studio insiders denied that the film's quality factored into the decision, reaffirming, along with The Hollywood Reporter and Deadline Hollywood, that it was part of the studio's larger cost-cutting measures, given the budget increased from an initial $70 million to $90 million, and the desire for DC films to be theatrical blockbusters. Deadline noted that test screenings showed temporary versions of the visual effects, "which tend to temper audience enthusiasm".

A subsequent Variety report indicated that WBD had concluded that writing off Batgirl for a tax break would be the most "financially sound" way of recouping its costs instead of moving the film to a theatrical release with additional investment, selling it to another distributor, or releasing it on HBO Max. Deadline reported that the filmmakers had been told that WBD specifically wanted to take advantage of a purchase accounting maneuver, related to the WarnerMedia–Discovery merger and related strategy changes, that had to be invoked by mid-August. Hamada was not consulted regarding the decision and only learned about it when Warner Bros. Pictures Group co-chairpersons and CEOs Michael De Luca and Pamela Abdy informed him at a test screening for Black Adam (2022). Hamada was upset and considered resigning, but agreed to stay at least until Black Adam release.

The cast and crew did not learn of the cancellation until after the New York Post broke the story on August 2; El Arbi and Fallah were in Morocco for El Arbi's wedding when they were informed. They released a statement on August 3 that they were "saddened and shocked", but thanked the cast and said they were grateful to have contributed to the DCEU. Film industry figures, including Keaton, Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige, film director Edgar Wright, and filmmaker James Gunn (who eventually became the co-CEO of DC Studios ), reached out to El Arbi and Fallah to express support. Following the announcement of the cancellation, El Arbi and Fallah attempted to log into the Warner Bros. servers to capture some of the footage on their cellphones, but they were unable to. Warner Bros. did set up some secret screenings of the unfinished film on its lot, exclusive to cast and crew who had worked on the film, along with their representatives and company executives.

In January 2023, DC Studios co-CEO Peter Safran said the film was "not releasable" as it "would not have been able to compete in the theatrical marketplace; it was built for the small screen". Though he praised the talents of the actors and crew, he added that had it released, it would have "hurt" the DC brand and those involved.

Future
Prior to the film's cancellation, Grace and Margot Robbie both expressed interest on a crossover between Batgirl and Robbie's Harley Quinn. Grace said in April 2022 that there were discussions between the crew regarding the plot for a Batgirl sequel, but whether a sequel was greenlit would have depended on the film's reception upon release. When WBD announced the film's cancellation, it stated that it hoped to work on other projects with El Arbi, Fallah, and Grace. Deadline reported that Warner Bros. was attempting to renegotiate its deals with the three at that time. After James Gunn and Peter Safran were named to oversee DC Studios, both El Arbi and Fallah told Variety they were open to working with the revamped DC film slate down the road, if asked. Safran also noted Batgirl would "inevitably" be included in DC Studios' DC Universe (DCU) story.

title: Batgirl (film)


text:
Hiroshi Ikeda

Hiroshi Ikeda may refer to:

 * Hiroshi Ikeda (aikidoka), Japanese aikido teacher
 * Hiroshi Ikeda (director), Japanese film director

title: Hiroshi Ikeda


text:
UFC on ESPN: Hermansson vs. Vettori

UFC on ESPN: Hermansson vs. Vettori (also known as UFC on ESPN 19 and UFC Vegas 16) was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on December 5, 2020 at the UFC Apex facility in Enterprise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, United States.

Background
The promotion was targeting a middleweight bout between former UFC Welterweight Championship challenger Darren Till and Jack Hermansson to serve as the event headliner. However, it was revealed on November 6 that Till was forced to withdraw from the planned bout due to an undisclosed injury. He was replaced by Kevin Holland. In turn, Holland was removed from the contest on November 28 after testing positive for COVID-19. Marvin Vettori, who was expected to face former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion Ronaldo Souza a week later at UFC 256, served as his replacement. The UFC also opted to reschedule Holland as Vettori's replacement at UFC 256.

John Allan and Roman Dolidze were originally scheduled to meet at UFC 255 in a light heavyweight bout. They were eventually rescheduled for this event.

A bantamweight bout between Cody Stamann and Merab Dvalishvili was expected to take place at this event. However, it was announced on October 22 that Stamann pulled out due to undisclosed reasons. He was replaced by Raoni Barcelos. The new booking fell through on November 19, as it was revealed that Barcelos was removed from the contest due to a medical suspension related to his latest bout at UFC on ESPN: Santos vs. Teixeira.

A featherweight bout between Gabriel Benítez and Justin Jaynes was initially scheduled for UFC Fight Night: Felder vs. dos Anjos a month earlier, but the pairing was postponed after Benítez tested positive for COVID-19. The matchup was left intact and took place at this event.

Also scheduled for UFC Fight Night: Felder vs. dos Anjos, a bantamweight bout between Louis Smolka and José Alberto Quiñónez was cancelled after Smolka pulled out of their fight as a result of ill-effects from his weight cut on the day of the event. They were then rescheduled for this event.

Maryna Moroz was expected to face Taila Santos in a women's flyweight bout at this event. However, it was announced on November 18 that Moroz had to pull out and Montana De La Rosa would be her replacement. Just hours before the event, the UFC decided to remove the fight after one of De La Rosa's cornermen tested positive for COVID-19. Santos was then rescheduled to face Gillian Robertson two weeks later at UFC Fight Night: Thompson vs. Neal.

A women's bantamweight bout between former UFC Women's Bantamweight Championship challenger Bethe Correia and Wu Yanan was expected to take place at this event. However, due to visa issues, they were rescheduled for UFC Fight Night: Holloway vs. Kattar on January 16, 2021.

At the weigh-ins, former interim UFC Light Heavyweight Championship challenger Ovince Saint Preux weighed in at 207.5 pounds, one and a half pounds over the light heavyweight non-title fight limit. His bout proceeded at a catchweight and he was fined 20% of his individual purse, which went to his opponent Jamahal Hill.

Along with the cancellation of the De La Rosa/Santos bout, two other fights were also removed from the event – a featherweight bout between Nate Landwehr and Movsar Evloev, as well as a flyweight bout between Cody Durden and Jimmy Flick. The former was due to Evloev testing positive for COVID-19. The latter was due to a non-COVID related medical issue with Durden, before being rescheduled for UFC Fight Night: Thompson vs. Neal.

Bonus awards
The following fighters received $50,000 bonuses.
 * Fight of the Night: Marvin Vettori vs. Jack Hermansson
 * Performance of the Night: Gabriel Benítez and Jordan Leavitt

title: UFC on ESPN: Hermansson vs. Vettori