text:
Soil Science

Soil Science
Soil Science encompasses many aspects of soils study such as the disciplines of soil physics, soil chemistry, soil classification, soil microbiology, etc. One of these studies is pedology. Pedology is the study of soils in a three dimensional context in their natural setting across the landscape in terms of origins, morphology (forms), classifications, characteristics or attributes, profile or cross-section, surface and internal water relations, geology, plant ecology, etc. and interpretations for use and management.

Most soils develop from weathered mineral geologic materials and usually include some organic materials in their upper part. This is called the O horizon, and it is composed of organic material, generally not considered topsoil, but leaf litter and muck. The rock that the mineral part of the soil originates from is called the parent material. Through the further influence of the soil-forming processes of additions, removals, transfers and transformations the nature of the parent materials are altered to the extent that they become soils. The soil-forming processes are controlled by the soil forming factors of parent material, climate, living organisms, relief, and time. Thus the similarity or contrast of soils from place to place reflects the similarity or contrasts of the soil-forming processes and factors.

The primary convention for naming soils is to select a named geographic feature in the vicinity where the soil was first recognized and identified as a new soil, e.g: the Dunkirk soil series for the village of Dunkirk near Lake Erie, NY. All soils found to have closely similar attributes are classified as Dunkirk wherever they are found. That distribution can be more localized or it can be somewhat more extensive.

The description of the soil usually identifies attributes such as pH (degree of alkalinity or acidity), maturity (stage of pedogenic development), texture, consistence, color, gravel content and type, drainage class, and other soil features.

The United States and other nations have soil maps that show the soils in relation to one another as they occur across the landscape. On these maps each soil is characteristically related to a unique landscape position. Thus, the pattern of distribution and the location and extent of the soil type can be comprehended. Soil maps are a prime requisite for many users who need site information to make informed decisions on many aspects of use and management. Comparison of soil resources and their respective suitabilities and/or limitations can also be used to evaluate alternate sites for intended uses.

In the United States the Cooperative Soil Survey has more than a hundred year history. The various surveys were published with text and maps as soft covered books. Now they are published through the internet Web Soil Survey at: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/

Soil Equations
The Bulk Density of a soil is its dry mass divided by the total original volume of the soil. The porosity of a soil is the volume of its pores divided by the total volume of the soil. The particle density of a soil is the mass of its solids divided by the volume of its solids.

Soil Water
Field Capacity When a soil has drained freely for several days after rain or irrigation, the water content is the field capacity of the soil.

The field capacity is a measure of the soils ability to store water. A sandy soil freely drains and the field capacity is low. A clayey soil holds water and has a high field capacity. A clayey soil can store more water than a sandy soil.

Soil structure effects the field capacity. A structureless clay with no large pores has a very high field capacity. A well structured clay with large pores will drain freely and has a lower field capacity.

Organic matter can absorb water and increases field capacity.

The field capacity of a soil is mainly determined by the pore size distribution. Small pores hold water by capillary forces. Large pores freely drain and do not hold water at field capacity.

Wilting Point When a soil is dry and plants suffer from permanent wilting because they are unable to absorb water, the moisture content is the wilting point of the soil.

When the moisture content is above the wilting point, plants can absorb water from the soil. Below the wilting point, water is tightly adsorbed to clay particles and is unavailable to plants.

Sandy soils have very low wilting points while clays have high wilting points. A clay contains a significant amount of water unavailable to plants.

Available Water The amount of water stored by a soil that can be absorbed by a plant is the available water and is equal to the water held at the field capacity minus the wilting point.

The available water is the water stored by a soil and is useful to plants. Texture, structure and organic matter have an effect on the available water. Clayey soils generally have a higher available water than sandy soils. A well developed structure can increase the available water. Organic matter absorbs water and increases the available water.

The available water stored in a soil is often measured as mm of water. Farmers prefer to sow a crop when there is sufficient water stored in the soil to ensure good plant growth. If the amount of stored water is low, the farmer needs to pray for rain. The amount of water available to plants also depends on the depth of the plant roots.

Soluble salts in soils reduces the availability of water to plants. Salt increases the osmotic pressure of water. High salt content in soils will kill plants.

Soil Water Infiltration
It is well known that urban development increases flooding. In urban areas the coefficient of runoff increases, and the time of concentration decreases. The coefficient of runoff in undisturbed areas can be as low as 0.1, while in inner city suburbs, coefficient of runoff can be as high as 0.9.

During rainfall a high value of coefficient of runoff occurs when most rainfall flows over the land and little water is absorbed by soils. When all the rain flows over the surface and no rain infiltrates into the soil the coefficient of runoff equals 1. If a high volume of water enters the soil the coefficient of runoff is small and approaches 0.

The main source of fresh water is rainfall runoff, which is widely used to meet human needs. Runoff is a vital part of long term water supply and renews water resources be they rivers, lakes or reservoirs. Plants need water to grow and evapotranspiration by plants returns water from the soil into the atmosphere.

Rate of water infiltration The rate at which water enters the soil during rain or irrigation is the infiltration rate.

When rain first enters a dry soil, infiltration is rapid, then decreases as it continues to rain. During the early stages of rainfall, water fills up the dry pores. When the pores are filled with water and the soil is saturated, infiltration slows down until it reaches a constant value.

When it has stopped raining, the surface soil will be saturated with water. Free water in a saturated soil will drain under gravity. After about 2 3 days, free water will have percolated downwards and the soil moisture will reach an equilibrium. When the free water has drained downwards, the moisture is at 'field capacity'.

At field capacity, soil water is held in the soil by several forces. The major part of the water is held by capillary forces. Some water is adsorbed onto the surfaces of soil particles, especially clay particles and organic matter.

Capillary water is the main supply of water to plants. Capillary water may be removed by transpiration by plants and evaporation. If the top soil is dry and the underlying soil is wet, water can move upwards by capillary action.

Above the water table there is a capillary fringe. Water moves upwards from the water table by Capillary forces. In some. soils, especially clays which contain many fine pores, the capillary fringe can be up to one metre above the water table.

During rain the infiltration rate slows down as the soil becomes wet.

Infiltration rates vary greatly between different soils, and typical values are, 100mm/hour during the first hour of rain, decreasing to 10mm/hr after six hours of rain.

Peds are small aggregates (1 2mrn ) found in many soils. Pedal soils have a good structure and water flows easily through these soils. Apedal soils have a poor structure and apedal clayey soils have poor water infiltration. Sandy soils generally have high water infiltration and clayey soils have low infiltration rates.

If the intensity of rainfall is constant, and infiltration decreases at a typical rate, there is no runoff during the early stages of the rain event. When the infiltration rate is slower than the rainfall intensity, runoff is expected to occur.

Infiltration rate is controlled by the soil layer which has the lowest hydraulic conductivity. Often the top soil is a loam and has a high hydraulic conductivity. A clayey subsoil with a low hydraulic conductivity will act as a throttle, slowing down the final infiltration rate.

In the field, infiltration can be directly measured using a ring infiltrometer. A circular tube is forced into the soil, which is ponded with water. At specific time intervals, rate of water flow into the soil is recorded. To reduce variability, the rings need to be fairly large, generally rings should be bigger than 112 meter in diameter. Often a double ring infiltrometer is used to reduce errors from lateral water movement. Variability in these experiments is often high, so it is advisable to carry out a number of replicates.

It is common in many soils for the infiltration rate to decrease by a factor of ten, after six hours of rain. A steady state equilibrium is usually reached before six hours. Infiltration rates vary greatly between different soils, and typical values are, 10Omm/hour during the first hour of rain, decreasing to 1 mm/hr after six hours of rain.

title: Soil Science


text:
neurochemistry

Noun

 * 1)  The branch of neuroscience concerned with the chemistry of the nervous system

Translations

 * Catalan: neuroquímica
 * Finnish: neurokemia

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: neurochemistry


text:
User:<IP_ADDRESS>/sandbox

Snowboarding https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding

This article has some strengths and weaknesses that I noticed right off the bat. Some of the weaknesses that were quickly apparent were several paragraphs and sentences that seemed to state facts, but provided no citation. Many other editors endorsed my view because they added the “citation needed” comment at the end of some of the content. A number of the sources cited also seemed to be weak. A few sources point to articles written on sites I’ve never heard of, or to blog sites where the expertise of the writer of the article is not made clear. This left a sense of some uncertainty about the trustworthiness of some of the contributors. The last thing I think could help strengthen the article would be to include the names of the more famous snowboarders, such as the people who broke records or won competitions. Shaun White is a huge name in the snowboarding world and I only saw his name in reference to a movie in this article.

On the other hand, this article has many strengths in my opinion. Other than the few questionable sources, this article also has some strong sources, such as the International Olympics website, several studies conducted by reputable research journals, and a few well-known news outlets. Another strength is the fact that the article is well focused on just snowboarding, and snowboarding- related topics. It does not go off topic and bring other snow sports such as skiing or snowmobiling into the article’s focus. The sources are all very neutral, even, surprisingly, the source about the feud between snowboarders and skiers. The article did not try to persuade the reader to have a particular opinion about snowboarding. In fact, it gives a lot of information people might not think of when they consider starting to snowboard, such as injuries common to snowboarding, and potential hazards of the sport like avalanches, tree wells (which are basically like sand traps at the base of trees, but snow), and the ways you can help reduce risk of injury, such as wearing padding, and getting proper training. I checked several of the linked sources and all of them worked, although some of the sources looked very old. I was also very happy with the layout and amount of information in each section of the article. The article, like many, started with a basic definition, then moved to the history, which I wanted to see, and on to other things that are important like the styles of snowboarding and media. I feel the sections on snowboarding styles and the sport-related injuries were probably a little longer than the other sections, but that is mainly because there is more to write about on those topics. I liked the use of images at key points in the article to help understand what was being talked about.

While going through this article again, I noticed a description that could be made more clear with a word change, and image, and a reference to another wiki article. This will be one change I try to make under the "Freeriding" section of the "Styles" section. Another weakness I think I can help with is one of the citations that is missing. After doing some research, I have found an article to back up one of the claims made in this article that needed citation.

Freeriding
Freeriding communicates the concept of dynamically altering various snowboarding styles in a fluid motion, allowing for a spontaneous ride on naturally rugged terrain. See also Backcountry snowboarding.

History
In February of 1968, Poppen organized the first snurfing competition at a Michigan ski resort that attracted enthusiasts from all over the country. One of those early pioneers was Tom Sims, a devotee of skateboarding (a sport born in the 1950s when kids attached roller skate wheels to small boards that they steered by shifting their weight). As an eighth grader in Haddonfield, New Jersey, in the 1960s, Sims crafted a snowboard in his school shop class by gluing carpet to the top of a piece of wood and attaching aluminum sheeting to the bottom. He produced commercial snowboards in the mid-70s. Articles about his invention in such mainstream magazines as Newsweek helped publicize the young sport.

title: User:73.128.1.11/sandbox


text:
Talk:Digger Phelps

Comments
The last part of this article seems to range from the biased to the ridiculous. One paragraph is simply an opinionated rant about Phelps' lack of knowledge. It should be cleaned up and rewritten.Sbarbour324 03:43, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

It is hard to not mention that Phelps is very biased towards certain teams and has a blatant hatred of others no matter how good or bad these certain teams are. He also continues to reference old facts such as how the Wisconsin Badgers play a very slow, strong defensive style and have a lot of trouble scoring points. This is an old fact - the Badgers played like that under Dick Bennett. Bo Ryan has been the head coach for six seasons.

Does anyone have a pic of this guy? He's all over ESPN. Bobby kaz 22:25, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 22:53, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Copyright violation
Content copied from the Digger Phelps Myspace page was removed, as it is not permitted per GDFL. -- btphelps (talk) (contribs) 03:24, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I moved the information on Digger Phelps (the band) to a new article -- btphelps (talk) (contribs) 03:45, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Move Digger Phelps article
Would it be appropriate to move this article to Digger Phelps (basketball coach)? This might serve to keep the distinction between Digger Phelps (the band) more clear. -- btphelps (talk) (contribs) 03:45, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Digger Phelps. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Digger Phelps. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100217084256/http://www.espnmediazone3.com/us/2009/11/phelps_digger/ to http://www.espnmediazone3.com/us/2009/11/phelps_digger/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:00, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Digger Phelps


text:
User:Rapuru Mahesh

Rapuru Mahesh. He done MBA from Sri Krishnadevaray University Campus Father's name Nagaiah farmers and mother's name Rama namma housewife.

title: User:Rapuru Mahesh


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Courtney Thomas

The result was speedy deleted. ➨  ЯEDVERS  14:20, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Courtney Thomas
Was speedy'd as spam. Speedy was contested by the author, but the objection (see Talk:Courtney Thomas) seems to prove the charges. The author is "manager of this artist", and wants to "get this artist off the ground". Staecker 12:34, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete per A7. Authors aren't the ones who are supposed to remove the db tag, but rather an administrator who looks over the page and the response given by the author. Otherwise the speedy deletion system wouldn't work. --Porqin 12:51, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete From the article: "A recent graduate of the Belmont school of music, Courtney-Thomas is working on his first album which is not yet titled." Nuff said, NN. Lurker  haver 12:53, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete musician with no album or other claims to notability whatsoever. Andrew Lenahan -  St ar bli nd  13:46, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, retagged, doesn't come close to asserting that it meets WP:MUSIC. NawlinWiki 14:16, 11 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Introduction to Psychology/Introduction

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior, cognition, and emotion.

Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including relating to individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness.

Psychology differs from the other social sciences — anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology — in that psychology seeks to explain the mental processes and behavior of individuals. Whereas biology and neuroscience study the biological or neural processes and how they relate to the mental effects they subjectively produce, psychology is primarily concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behavior on a systemic level. The subfield of neuropsychology studies the actual neural processes while biological psychology studies the biological bases of behavior and mental states.

Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of behavior, mind and thought and the subconscious neurological bases of behavior. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. It is largely concerned with humans, although the behavior and mental processes of animals can also be part of psychology research, either as a subject in its own right (e.g. animal cognition and ethology), or somewhat more controversially, as a way of gaining an insight into human psychology by means of comparison (including comparative psychology). Psychology is commonly defined as the science of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology does not necessarily refer to the brain or nervous system and can be framed purely in terms of phenomenological or information processing theories of mind. Increasingly, though, an understanding of brain function is being included in psychological theory and practice, particularly in areas such as artificial intelligence, neuropsychology, and cognitive neuroscience.

Psychology describes and attempts to explain consciousness, behavior and social interaction. Empirical psychology is primarily devoted to describing human experience and behavior as it actually occurs. In the past 20 years or so psychology has begun to examine the relationship between consciousness and the brain or nervous system. It is still not clear in what ways these interact: does consciousness determine brain states or do brain states determine consciousness - or are both going on in various ways? Perhaps to understand this you need to know the definition of "consciousness" and "brain state" - or is consciousness some sort of complicated 'illusion' which bears no direct relationship to neural processes? The late 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study, because in that year German scientist Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzig, Germany.

Wundt combined philosophical introspection with techniques and laboratory apparatuses brought over from his physiological studies with Helmholtz, as well as many of his own design. This experimental introspection was in contrast to what had been called psychology until then, a branch of philosophy where people introspected themselves.

Introspection is the direct observation or rumination of one's own heart, mind and/or soul and its processes, as opposed to extrospection, the observation of things external to one's self.

Psychologist

Early Systems of Psychology
Wundt's form of psychology is called structuralism. It is in a class called systematic interpretations because It attempted to explain all behavior with reference to one systematic position. Some other systems of psychology are functionalism, behaviorism, gestalt psychology, and psychodynamic psychology.

Functionalism is concerned with the reason for behavior and not the structure of the brain. It allowed the study of new subjects including children and animals.

Behaviorism is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior can be studied and explained scientifically without recourse to internal mental states. Psychologists that use behaviorism are concerned mainly with muscular movements and glandular secretions.

Gestalt Psychology is a theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies. It has a particular interest in perceptual problems and how they can be interpreted. A Gestaltist believes that the whole is greater than or different than the sum of all of the parts. Trying to break up behavior into separate parts is simplistic because everything affects everything else.

Psychodynamic psychology was first practiced by Sigmund Freud, although he didn't intend it to be a system.

Perspectives
While the use of one system to solve all problems has been abandoned by most psychologists, these early systems were important in the development of new systems and ideas. There are eight major perspectives that psychologists usually take, although many use an eclectic approach instead of confining themselves to just one.

The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious drives and the resolution of conflicts, the behaviorial emphasizes the acquisition and alteration of observable responses, and the humanistic approaches attempt to achieve maximum human potential as set in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

The biological perspective is the scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental states, very closely related to neuroscience.

Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain certain mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language as evolved adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural or sexual selection.

Cognitive psychology accepts the use of the scientific method, but rejects introspection as a valid method of investigation. It should be noted that Herbert Simon and Allen Newell identified the 'thinking-aloud' protocol, in which investigators view a subject engaged in introspection, and who speaks his thoughts aloud, thus allowing study of his introspection.

Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others (Allport, 1985).

Wundt argued that "we learn little about our minds from casual, haphazard self-observation...It is essential that observations be made by trained observers under carefully specified conditions for the purpose of answering a well-defined question."

Many scientists threw away the idea of introspection as part of psychology because the observation of stimulation was speculative without an empirical approach. However the case, an opposite to introspection called extrospection has been created with a relation to Psychophysics. Psychophysics is the branch of psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their perception.

The important distinction is that Wundt took this method into the experimental arena and thus into the newly formed psychological field. Other important early contributors to the field of psychology include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in studies on memory), the Russian Ivan Pavlov (who discovered the learning process of classical conditioning), and the Austrian Sigmund Freud.

The mid-20th century saw a rejection of Freud's theories among many psychologists as being too unscientific, as well as a reaction against Edward Titchener's abstract approach to the mind.

Edward B. Titchener (1876-1927) was an Englishman and a student of Wilhelm Wundt before becoming a professor of psychology at Cornell University. He would put his own spin on Wundt's psychology of consciousness after he emigrated to the United States.

At the turn of 19th century the founding father of experimental psychology Wilhelm Wundt tried to experimentally confirm his hypothesis that conscious mental life can be broken down into fundamental elements which then form more complex mental structures. Wundt's structuralism was quickly abandoned because it could not be tested in the same way as behavior, until now, when the brain-scanning technology can identify, for example, specialized brain cells that respond exclusively to basic lines and shapes and are then combined in subsequent brain areas where more complex visual structures are formed. This line of research in modern psychology is called cognitive psychology rather than structuralism because Wundt's term never ceased to be associated with the problem of observability.

The majority of mainstream psychology is based on a framework derived from cognitive psychology, although the popularity of this paradigm does not exclude others, which are often applied as necessary. Psychologists specialising in certain areas, however, may use the dominant cognitive psychology only on rare occasions.

Cognitive psychology is the psychological science which studies cognition, the mental processes that are hypothesised to underlie behavior. This covers a broad range of research domains, examining questions about the workings of memory, attention, perception, knowledge representation, reasoning, creativity and problem solving.

Cognitive psychology is radically different from previous psychological approaches in two key ways.
 * It accepts the use of the scientific method, and generally rejects Introspection as a valid method of investigation, unlike phenomenological methods such as Freudian psychology.
 * It posits the existence of internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and motivations) unlike behaviourist psychology.

Regardless of the perspective adopted there are hundreds of specialties that psychologists practice. These specialties can usually be grouped into general fields.

 * Clinical and Counseling Psychology: Over half of all psychologists work in this field. Clinical psychologists are more likely to treat or conduct research into the causes of abnormal behaviors, while counseling psychologists more often work with mild social or emotional problems.  Typically people seeking the help of a counselor are not classified as abnormal or mentally ill.
 * Educational and School Psychology: Educational psychologists are concerned with the use of psychology to increase the effectiveness of the learning experience, including facilities, curriculum, teaching techniques, and student problems. A school psychologist works in a school environment to evaluate the structure and effectiveness of the learning environment. A school psychologist assesses, counsels or guides students who have academic,behavioral,emotional,and/ or guidance needs. A school psychologist consults with teachers, staff, and parents to help students adjust and learn most effectively in their learning environment.
 * Industrial/Organizational Psychology (also known as I/O psychology, work psychology, occupational psychology, or personnel psychology) is the study of the behavior of people in the workplace. Industrial and organizational psychology applies psychological knowledge and methods to aid workers and organizations. I/O psychologists who work for an organization are most likely to work in the HR (human resources) department.
 * Consumer Psychology:Consumer behaviour is the study of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they buy.
 * Engineering Psychology: See link
 * Forensic Psychology: Forensic psychology is the application of psychological principles and knowledge to various legal activities involving child custody disputes, child abuse of an emotional, physical and sexual nature, assessing one's personal capacity to manage one's affairs, matters of competency to stand trial, criminal responsibility & personal injury and advising judges in matters relating to sentencing regarding various mitigants and the actuarial assessment of future risk.
 * Sport Psychology: Sport psychology is a specialization within psychology that seeks to understand psychological/mental factors that affect performance in sports, physical activity and exercise and apply these to enhance individual and team performance.
 * Environmental Psychology: Environmental psychology is an interdisciplinary field focused on the interplay between humans and their surroundings. Areas of study include pollution effects, recycling efforts, and the study of stress generated by different physical settings.

Early environment
The first use of the term "psychology" is often attributed to the German scholastic philosopher Rudolf Goeckel (Latinized Rudolph Goclenius), published in 1590.[1] More than six decades earlier, however, the Croatian humanist Marko Marulić used the term in the title of a work which was subsequently lost.[2] This, of course, may not have been the very first usage, but it is the earliest documented use at present.

The term did not fall into popular usage until the German idealist philosopher, Christian Wolff (1679-1754) used it in his Psychologia empirica and Psychologia rationalis (1732-1734). This distinction between empirical and rational psychology was picked up in Diderot's Encyclopedie and was popularized in France by Maine de Biran.

The root of the word psychology (psyche) is very roughly equivalent to "soul" in Greek, and (ology) equivalent to "study". Psychology came to be considered a study of the soul (in a religious sense of this term) much later, in Christian times. Psychology as a medical discipline can be seen in Thomas Willis' reference to psychology (the "Doctrine of the Soul") in terms of brain function, as part of his 1672 anatomical treatise "De Anima Brutorum" ("Two Discourses on the Souls of Brutes"). Until about the end of the 19th century, psychology was regarded as a branch of philosophy.

Early modern era
In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), known as "the father of psychology", founded a laboratory for the study of psychology at Leipzig University in Germany. The American philosopher William James published his seminal book, Principles of Psychology, in 1890, laying the foundations for many of the questions that psychologists would focus on for years to come. Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909), a pioneer in the experimental study of memory at the University of Berlin; and the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), who investigated the learning process now referred to as classical conditioning.

Meanwhile, during the 1890s, the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud, who was trained as a neurologist and had no formal training in experimental psychology, had developed a method of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis. Freud's understanding of the mind was largely based on interpretive methods and introspection, and was focused in particular on resolving mental distress and psychopathology. Freud's theories became very well-known, largely because they tackled subjects such as sexuality and repression as general aspects of psychological development. These were largely considered taboo subjects at the time, and Freud provided a catalyst for them to be openly discussed in polite society. Although Freud's theories are only of limited interest in modern academic psychology departments, his application of psychology to clinical work has been very influential.

Partly in reaction to the subjective and introspective nature of Freudian psychology, and its focus on the recollection of childhood experiences, during the early decades of the 20th century behaviorism gained popularity as a guiding psychological theory. Championed by psychologists such as John B. Watson and Edward Thorndike (and later, B.F. Skinner), behaviorism was grounded in studies of animal behavior. Behaviorists argued that psychology should be a science of behavior, not the mind, and rejected the idea that internal mental states such as beliefs, desires, or goals could be studied scientifically. In his paper "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (1913), Watson argued that psychology "is a purely objective [emphasis added] experimental branch of natural science," that "introspection forms no essential part of its methods", and that "the behaviorist recognizes no dividing line between man and brute."

Behaviorism reigned as the dominant model in psychology through the first half of the 20th century, largely due to the creation of conditioning theories as scientific models of human behavior, and their successful application in the workplace and in fields such as advertising.

Modern era
However, it became increasingly clear that although behaviorism had made some important discoveries, it was deficient as a guiding theory of human behavior. Noam Chomsky's review of Skinner's book Verbal Behavior (that aimed to explain language acquisition in a behaviorist framework) is considered one of the major factors in the ending of behaviorism's reign. Chomsky demonstrated that language could not purely be learned from conditioning, as people could produce sentences unique in structure and meaning that couldn't possibly be generated solely through experience of natural language, implying that there must be internal states of mind that behaviorism rejected as illusory. Similarly, work by Albert Bandura showed that children could learn by social observation, without any change in overt behavior, and so must be accounted for by internal representations.

Humanistic psychology emerged in the 1950s and has continued as a reaction to positivist and scientific approaches to the mind. It stresses a phenomenological view of human experience and seeks to understand human beings and their behavior by conducting qualitative research. The humanistic approach has its roots in existentialist and phenomenological philosophy and many humanist psychologists completely reject a scientific approach, arguing that trying to turn human experience into measurements strips it of all meaning and relevance to lived existence.

Some of the founding theorists behind this school of thought were Abraham Maslow who formulated a hierarchy of human needs, Carl Rogers who created and developed client-centered therapy, and Fritz Perls who helped create and develop Gestalt therapy.

The rise of computer technology also promoted the metaphor of mental function as information processing. This, combined with a scientific approach to studying the mind, as well as a belief in internal mental states, led to the rise of cognitivism as the dominant model of the mind.

Links between brain and nervous system function were also becoming common, partly due to the experimental work of people such as Charles Sherrington and Donald Hebb, and partly due to studies of people with brain injury (see cognitive neuropsychology). With the development of technologies for accurately measuring brain function, neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience have become some of the most active areas in contemporary psychology. With the increasing involvement of other disciplines (such as philosophy, computer science and neuroscience) in the quest to understand the mind, the umbrella discipline of cognitive science has been created as a means of focusing such efforts in a constructive way.

Next chapter >>

title: Introduction to Psychology/Introduction


text:
Ivanovka, Kuryinsky District, Altai Krai

Ivanovka (Ивановка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Ivanovsky Selsoviet, Kuryinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 796 as of 2013. There are 17 streets.

Geography
Ivanovka is located 20 km west of Kurya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kuznetsovo is the nearest rural locality.


text:
User:GoodStuff

The GoodStuff
The GoodStuff is a South African software developer. He wants to be a hacker when he grows up one day.

He speaks far more computer languages (Basic,Logo,Pascal,C,C++,Java,Python,C#) than human ones, (Afrikaans,English) and he finds it difficult to spot the differences between American and British English. He would like to learn Russian and Lojban but is currently concentrating on learning Japanese which alternately delights, frustrates and bemuses him.

The GoodStuff's love for good food and cooking has gained him a few extra kilograms which he hopes to lose one of these days. He loves most types of Japanese and Chinese cooking, but specialises in vegetarian cooking due to a three and a half year vegetarian period. He's eminently bribable with some good sushi. He also likes cats, bats, and gadgets. He also likes women, but they don't ever seem to like him back with the same zeal.

The GoodStuff has a name in common with Carl Gustav Jung,Carl Gustaf XVI, Gustav Klimt, Gustav Kirchhoff, and Gustave Eiffel. He is justifiably proud of his username which is a homophone and not just the invention of an overdeveloped ego.

That's all for now... Check regularly for expansions and updates.

GoodStuff 09:28, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User:GoodStuff


text:
Talk:Hydroelectricity in Turkey

Another source
a bit more at https://www.academia.edu/download/84085082/43_Water_Energy_and_Environment_in_Eurasia.pdf#page=100 if anyone likes to read and add Chidgk1 (talk) 19:35, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

Generation stats
I could link to https://webim.teias.gov.tr/file/f5298e9d-e6ba-46a2-9894-bf62de67147d?download

but I am not sure if that url will change in future. Also linking to the webpage seems more polite to the reader.

I suspect the % of consumption will be almost the same, but that would be very difficult to measure I guess. Chidgk1 (talk) 05:17, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

 * The file linked above requires special software (e.g. Excel spreadsheet) to read. I don't see where that spreadsheet shows 56 TWH for 2021, nor do I get 17% by dividing relevant numbers by total. How did you achieve the numbers you show in the article? Linking to the website will allow readers/editors to more easily update the numbers themselves; but if you're quoting figures for a particular year, linking to the actual document you're working off of is also desirable. Since there is a 2022 report out, it might be desirable to update the article according to the new figures. Dhtwiki (talk) 08:43, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Ah thanks I see what might be the problem - the tab has only been labelled in Turkish - so I have added an English translation to show which tab to go to and also which cell to divide by which Chidgk1 (talk) 09:01, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I see; it exists on a different spreadsheet that has to be accessed by pressing a different tab. Would it be possible to link to that spreadsheet more directly? Dhtwiki (talk) 23:42, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I have added the name of the spreadsheet but sorry I don't know a way to link to the tab Chidgk1 (talk) 09:40, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hydroelectricity in Turkey


text:
telecentre

Noun

 * 1) A place where members of the public may access personal computers (and other digital equipment) and the Internet, in order to acquire or improve skills.

title: telecentre


text:
John D. Willard

John Dwight Willard (November 4, 1799 Lancaster, Coös County, New Hampshire – October 9, 1864 Troy, Rensselaer County, New York) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
He was the son of Rev. Joseph Willard (1761–1827) and Olive (Haven) Willard (ca. 1760–1843). He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1819. Afterwards he spent two years in Savannah, Georgia, to improve his failing health. Then he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1826, and commenced practice in Troy. In 1829, he married Laura Barnes, and they had two sons. In 1831, he succeeded Orville L. Holley as editor of the Troy Sentinel.

He was an associate judge of the Rensselaer County Court from 1834 to 1840.

He was a Freemason and served as Grand Master in the Grand Lodge of New York from 1846 to 1849.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (12th D.) in 1858 and 1859.

title: John D. Willard


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Blakk Soul (2nd nomination)

The result was   delete. postdlf (talk) 03:22, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Blakk Soul
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No notability established. Sources mostly go to iTunes or music track listings. seicer |  talk  |  contribs  04:51, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Notability has been established as more credible references have been added. XXL links, All Music, linked wikipedia pages, etc. --2601:8:9000:EB3:C174:B6CA:CD4:11F2 (talk) 09:47, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Washington-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 18:47, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 18:47, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Missvain (talk) 05:37, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete-Non notable singer. Wgolf (talk) 21:20, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete-Non notable singer. Also more than likely written by subject of the article (it amazes me how many people use their real names/close to their real names as their UNs...) Aaekia (talk) 20:05, 22 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Conlang/Intermediate/Irregularities

If you look at any natural language you will quickly find that its grammar is not completely regular. Almost any language will have some words that don't fit in to the usual pattern. Adding irregularities to your conlang is a must if you want it to feel more 'naturalistic'.

Types of irregularities
Despite their name, most kinds of irregularities can be classed into groups.

Sound change
''You should be familiar with sound changes from previous chapters (History and Common sound changes). This section aims to show how well-chosen sound changes can affect the regularity of a conlang.''

This is probably the most common cause of irregularities. Sound changes cause irregularities by changing a word differently depending on what form it is in. For example, if you have a noun ono and its plural is formed by suffixing a t to the end then you have a perfectly regular relationship.

ono > onot

However, if you make a sound change rule which states that o becomes u at the end of a word, then the relationship is no longer so obvious because the o changes into a u in the singular but doesn't in the plural because the o is no longer at the end of the word.

onu > onot

Using the right sound changes for your conlang is a good way of adding irregularity to it.

Suppletion
Suppletion is a slightly rarer phenomenon so if you decide to use it in your conlang then you should do so sparingly. But, of course, before you can use it, you need to know what it is:

Suppletion is when a completely separate word replaces one part of a paradigm. For example, the English word went is completely unrelated (etymologically speaking) to go. Went is actually the past tense of a mostly forgotten verb wend which means more or less the same thing as go. Because the verbs came to mean roughly the same thing, most people stopped using wend and used go instead. However, the past tense of wend survived and was used as the past tense of go.

Thus instead of the paradigm go/goes, is going, "goed" (ging), has/have gone, we now have go/goes, is going, went, has/have gone. Suppletion also affected the English verb to be (am/is/are, am/is/are being, was/were, has/have been).

title: Conlang/Intermediate/Irregularities


text:
User:Rogerhc/nav idea

Custom per user navigation portlet
Anyone done this?

Any ideas how to simply do it?

Purpose
To allow users to bookmark site pages they often visit. So they can create quick and deep navigation for their specific topic of interest within a wide but deep focus wiki such as Wikiversity.org.

Description

 * Custom nav to appear in left sidebar below the Search box but above the Toolbox.
 * Customized per logged-in user, such as how only user Foo can edit User:Foo/monobook.css, maybe at User:Foo/nav.
 * Parsed like a normal wiki page instead of like MediaWiki:Sidebar because normal users don't want to learn non-standard markup.
 * Other users could use Foo's custom nav portlet by transcluding it into their own User:Name/nav by typing there.
 * Interest groups could collaboratively create and maintain group specific custom nav portlets, eg Template:nav_English_as_a_second_language, to transclude into their interest group pages and or individual User:Name/nav with.

Current alternatives
Currently in standard MediaWiki a user Foo can put "bookmarks" in
 * 1) browser bookmarks
 * 2) Links in User:Foo page or subpages thereof
 * 3) Links in page Whatever for benefit of everyone
 * 4) Category:Whatever page by labeling the page
 * 5) Links in Template:Whatever

However, standard browser bookmarks are too messy as we all know and 2, 3, 4 and 5 are not as convenient to click as left sidebar would be.

Deep wide wiki's such as Wikiversity.org and other deep wide Open Educational Resources wiki's are a nuisance to navigate.

A *custom per user navigation portlet* could be an enormous practical benefit to wiki's that have not just wide but also *deep* topics, such as Wikiversity. Wikipedia only goes wide, not deep, and is manageable because each encyclopedia page has a unique, language defined, term or phrase that defines it as encyclopedic -- going deeper is not an encyclopedia's mission but is the mission of many other wikis.

Has anyone tried this?

Ideas how to simply write it in PHP as a MediaWiki extension?

title: User:Rogerhc/nav idea


text:
User:Dw2675/sandbox

Introduction
Free refill is a phrase often used by restaurants for the refilling of a customer’s beverage, at no extra charge, after the original purchased amount has been consumed. Most commonly the beverages eligible for free refills are coffee and fountain soft-drinks. This practice is almost universal in restaurants in the United States, but extremely rare in the UK and rest of Europe.

Early
Although no one can trace the exact roots of the “free refill”, but there are a few historical references. According to the book The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World’s Most Popular Drug, around the 1890's if you ask a European visitor what in his opinion is the most noteworthy feature of American cafes, he is most likely to say, "they refill your cup without charge, without asking!” This book also contains another historical reference, it refers to the American roots of free refill. It states, “perhaps, the endless refill is symbolic of America’s special affection for coffee and its culture of largesse and informality as well.”

Modern
In, 1988 Taco Bell launched their “value initiative” which included drive thru windows, reduced prices, and free refills. As a major soda owned Taco Bell this was strategically done to increase revenue and the soda companies brand awareness. Now free refills are offered in most American restaurants.

Marketing
Free refills are seen as a good way to attract customers to an establishment, especially one whose beverages are not their primary source of income. Due to the extremely low cost of fountain soft drinks, often offering a profit margin of 80-82%, establishments tend to offer free refills as a sales gimmick. Coffee produces a similar high profit margin, allowing establishments to include coffee in free refill offers. Most of these establishments have fast customer turnover, thus customers rarely consume enough beverage to make the offering unprofitable. Some establishments, who make their primary income with beverage sales, only offer free refills to members of rewards programs.

United States
In certain areas of the United States, like Massachusetts and New York, politicians have proposed banning free refills and drinks over a certain size in recent years. The Mayor of New York, Michael Bloomberg (2002-2013), so far has gone the farthest in this matter pushing a ban on sugary drinks over 16 ounces. Bloomberg had several reasons for enacting this ban stated in the ban. According to New York City officials, American’s now consume 200-300 more calories a day then they did 30 years ago, sugary drinks being the leader in this increase. Now over 35% of adults and 17% of youth are considered obese in America. Susan Kansagra who is the head of the chronic-disease prevention and tobacco-control unit of the Health Department was quoted in saying that in New York obesity accounts for 5,800 deaths a year including, 1,700 from diabetes. The reasons are similarly tailored to other cities that are trying to get bans against large sugary drinks and free refills. The Mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts, Henrietta Davis (2012-2013), tried to do something similar to this ban believing that there are too many temptations in life and large sugary drinks are not a needed temptation. Still, the ban has yet to make headway in Massachusetts. In New York the ban against large soft drinks got dismissed by the New York Supreme Court because it “violated the state principle of separation of powers.”

France
The French government is another critic on free refills, with some French politicians and health experts trying everything possible to keep the American “drink as much as you want” mentality out of France. Two global fast food chains have recently started offering free refills at their French locations and have been receiving a lot of backlash about it. Serge Hercberg, the Nation Nutrition and Health Programme, was recently quoted saying “It is in total contradiction with public health recommendations,” working to promote healthy eating her stance is, “I oppose all marketing practices that encourage people to consume excessive quantities of unhealthy products.” France is trying to deal with the problem of obesity, as the average Frenchman has gained 3 kg since 1997.

title: User:Dw2675/sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Belker

The result was delete. Yunshui 雲 水 10:39, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Belker

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Extremely minor, non-notable fictional creature. There are no non-primary sources being used in the article, and I have been unable to locate anything else. Rorshacma (talk) 06:09, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Games-related deletion discussions. Rorshacma (talk) 06:09, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Fictional elements-related deletion discussions.  CASSIOPEIA(talk) 10:48, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Could be redirected to the same place where Belkar currently redirects to, as it is a possible misspelling. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:45, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge to List of Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition monsters. BOZ (talk) 12:09, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete or Redirect the current page is pretty much WP:NOT. It is a possible misspelling of Belkar, so, inasmuch as that target is borderline notable, it is a viable redirect target. Rockphed (talk) 17:45, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. List of Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition monsters is at AFD, so the merge suggestion has little weight. FoxyGrampa75 (talk) 02:16, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Science fiction-related deletion discussions. Necrothesp (talk) 10:39, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Belker


text:
Jhonny Quiñónez

Jhonny Raúl Quiñónez Ruiz (born 11 June 1998) is an Ecuadorian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Club Atlético Independiente.

Club career
On 30 August 2019, Quiñónez signed with Willem II from Ecuador. On 15 September 2019, Quiñónez made his professional debut with Willem II in a 4–1 Eredivisie loss to Heracles.

International career
He made his debut for the Ecuador national football team on 13 October 2019 in a friendly against Argentina.

title: Jhonny Quiñónez


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Calamba Doctors' Hospital

The result was redirect to List of hospitals in the Philippines. – Joe (talk) 07:42, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

Calamba Doctors' Hospital
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

This hospital doesn't seem to be notable enough for an article. Since all the sources in the article are either primary, dead links, or basic business directories. I couldn't find any in-depth reliable secondary sources about it in a WP:BEFORE either. There doesn't even seem to be the usual WP:routine Covid-19 coverage a lot of hospitals are getting right now. Not that it would be usable for notability if there was any though. So, there's nothing that seems to pass either WP:GNG or WP:NORG about this hospital. As an alternative to deletion it could be redirected to List_of_hospitals_in_the_Philippines per prior consensus, but I'll leave it up to others to decide. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Adamant1 (talk • contribs)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Health and fitness-related deletion discussions.  Megan Barris   (Lets talk📧)  09:50, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions.  Megan Barris   (Lets talk📧)  09:50, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Philippines-related deletion discussions.  Megan Barris   (Lets talk📧)  09:50, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Geography-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 03:01, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Architecture-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 03:01, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Redirect to List of hospitals in the Philippines: Barely found anything about the hospital aside from having the country's largest renewable energy system. ASTIG😎  (ICE T • ICE CUBE) 15:30, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 16:04, 25 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
szabadság

Noun

 * 1) liberty, freedom the state of being free, of not being imprisoned or enslaved
 * 2) holiday, vacation a stretch of leisure time away from work or duty and devoted to rest or pleasure
 * 3)  liberty a breach of social convention
 * 1)  liberty a breach of social convention

title: szabadság


text:
1962 Michigan Auditor General election

The 1962 Michigan Auditor General election was held on November 6, 1962. Incumbent Democrat Billie S. Farnum defeated Republican nominee L. William Seidman who got 50.32% of the vote.

This was the last Michigan Auditor General election, because with the ratification of the 1963 Michigan Constitution, the State Auditor General became an appointed position, rather than an elected one.

Candidates
Major party candidates
 * Billie S. Farnum, Democratic
 * L. William Seidman, Republican

Other candidates
 * Albert Mills, Socialist Labor

title: 1962 Michigan Auditor General election


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/pembinachippewa.org

Links

 * pembinachippewa.org resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 1 additions out of 1 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/pembinachippewa.org

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\bpembinachippewa\.org\b    # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/pembinachippewa.org ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. No links left in here mentioned edits. Marked stale. --COIBot (talk) 08:25, 18 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines

Biological vs. Geological
From looking at the SSSI citation sheets and in particular the english nature map it appears that the mines have been designated an SSSI because of the biology (bats) rather than the geology. How do others understand the english nature information? Suicidalhamster 12:03, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Just seen that in the Avon list of SSSIs this site is classifed as Biological so will change it here also. Suicidalhamster 12:09, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

GA review
This is how the article, as of September 24, 2006, compares against the six good article criteria:

''1. It is well written. In this respect:''
 * (a) it has compelling prose, and is readily comprehensible to non-specialist readers;
 * Well, perhaps something is wrong with me rather than with the article, but I found it hard to make out what the author meant in a few sentences, like "No mine abandonment plans of - either the tunnels or the caverns, known as voids - were made prior..." or "During the access and emergency works Oxford Archaeology has produced large scale plans of visible areas and substantial photography has been carried out as the modern roadways allowed access." Perhaps the former is just an example of more sophisticated British grammar which I, as a non-native speaker, cannot understand, but then the article should be accessible to everybody. In the last paragraph suddenly some mysterious "we" appear. And what do the traffic lights have to do with the mine?
 * The first paragraph of last section is written so that is not immediately apparent how it relates to the subject - it seems copied from somewhere, or simply written by somebody who was so familiar with the topic that he or she did not realize more focus on the mine is needed.

 * (b) it follows a logical structure, introducing the topic and then grouping together its coverage of related aspects; where appropriate, it contains a succinct lead section summarising the topic, and the remaining text is organised into a system of hierarchical sections (particularly for longer articles);
 * Structuring is OK with me, but the lead has several flaws. First of all, I am not sure whether it actually summarizes all of the important points of the sections below. I believe it is not the best solution to link to Combe Down and Bathampton from the name of the mine, without explaining what they are. I would say anything (including a mine) can date from one century at a time.

 * (c) it follows the Wikipedia Manual of Style including the list guideline:
 * I am not an expert on that, and there are other, more important issues here, so excuse me for not reviewing the article thoroughly for that.

 * (d) necessary technical terms or jargon are briefly explained in the article itself, or an active link is provided.
 * What was the 1872 Mining Act? Why isn't quarry linked to? Why is aquifer not linked to when the term is introduced for the first time, but then suddenly is in the latter part of the article? Derelict Land Act 1982 is a red link, and I guess even mentioning it is thus rather pointless, as it doesn't help most readers to gain any more understanding of the issue.

''2. It is factually accurate and verifiable. In this respect:''
 * (a) it provides references to any and all sources used for its material;
 * Discussed below.
 * (b) the citation of its sources using inline citations is required;
 * There are quite many inline citations in the article, though I think that the author is not entirely familiar with how cite.php works, and therefore a number of identical refs were generated for some sources. Moreover, all of the links lead to the top-level pages, which often do not contain the actual information that is referenced, e.g. the last reference (no. 15 at the moment of writing this review) did not contain the purported information on the numbers of people and properties mentioned in the last paragraph. Also, the BANES page says that the mines were worked in the 18th and 19th century mainly, which is in contradiction to what the article says. Excuse me for not checking all of the facts now, but I would recommend running a more detailed errand here before resubmitting for GA.

 * (c) sources should be selected in accordance with the guidelines for reliable sources;
 * I think those are OK in principle, but the Oxford Archeology page seems irrelevant at all - perhaps the link went awry or something.

 * (d) it contains no elements of original research.
 * With so many references, the (rather crude) sentence on Ralph Allen goes unreferenced and seems added later on.

''3. It is broad in its coverage. In this respect :''
 * (a) it addresses all major aspects of the topic (this requirement is slightly weaker than the "comprehensiveness" required by WP:FAC, and allows shorter articles and broad overviews of large topics to be listed);
 * I got the feeling that the article is somewhat too superficial when describing the current merits of the mine as a scientific and environmental interest site and such. There is no explanation of how the mine's position over the aquifier affects anything. The second paragraph of the last section seems taken out from somewhere and is providing quite a lot of detailed information without explaining what the project actually consists in. Moreover, is that all that can be said about the bat lair? What actually did Smith do about the site and why is it important?

 * (b) it stays focused on the main topic without going into unnecessary details (no non-notable trivia).
 * I'd say it's rather the lack of detail that is a problem here, save for the abovementioned last paragraph.

''4. It follows the neutral point of view policy. In this respect:''
 * (a) viewpoints are represented fairly and without bias;
 * I haven't actually noticed any significant viewpoint in the article, so I guess it is not a problem here.
 * (b) all significant points of view are fairly presented, but not asserted, particularly where there are or have been conflicting views on the topic.
 * As above.

''5. It is stable, i.e. it does not change significantly from day to day and is not the subject of ongoing edit wars. This does not apply to vandalism and protection or semi-protection as a result of vandalism, or proposals to split/merge the article content.''
 * No edit conflicts evident in the article's short history, no apparent vandalism. I believe the article's problem is rather the lack of activity about it!

''6. It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic. In this respect:''
 * (a) the images are tagged and have succinct and descriptive captions;
 * The images are OK in principle, though the map appears strangely cropped in the infobox (so that the location is barely visible).
 * (b) a lack of images does not in itself prevent an article from achieving Good Article status.
 * Not a problem concerning the GA nomination per se, but I was wondering whether it would really be that hard to obtain photos of the actual mine?

In view of all that, I have to fail the nomination. Overall, the article is clearly undeveloped, currently consisting of patches of information, failing on complying with important encyclopedic criteria and, apparently, not comprising the entirety of information that could be gathered at this level of detail. I believe it is still quite far away from the stage at which it could be considered a good GA nominee.

I hope, however, that it will be developed further, as it might be a pretty interesting article. I would try to look at similar, more developed articles as examples - at least one of the Avon SSSIs, the Avon Gorge, is currently listed as a Good Article. Bravada, talk - 21:58, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilinformation/areainformation/combedownstonemines/default.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081021013704/http://www.opsi.gov.uk:80/SI/si2002/20022053.htm to http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si2002/20022053.htm

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External links modified
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External links modified
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text:
Talk:Fujiyoshida

Coordinates are corupt. I don't kow how to fix.--al95521 07:31, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160205180944/http://www.clair.or.jp/cgi-bin/simai/e/03.cgi?p=19&n=Yamanashi%20Prefecture to http://www.clair.or.jp/cgi-bin/simai/e/03.cgi?p=19&n=Yamanashi%20Prefecture

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:42, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 23 June 2020

The result of the move request was: moved as proposed. (closed by non-admin page mover) Mdaniels5757 (talk) 02:38, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi → Fujiyoshida – No need for prefectural disambiguation. A search through Special:PrefixIndex/Fujiyoshida only yields one mainspace page (Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi), excluding the italicized redirect which is "Fujiyoshida." Japanese equivalent only has their own plainname "ja:富士吉田市." This RM is in accordance to the general consensus at "Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles/Archive_27," which agrees that uniquely-named Japanese cities do not meed provincial disambiguation. Unlike the discussion for Philippine municipalities (which is still technically open depsite general consensus because there's no obvious finality and closure), this requested move for Japan's Fujiyoshida is backed by finality and closure of the general consensus. The consensus' interpretation of "When disambiguation is required:" is that whenever disambiguation is needed (e.g. if the name is not unique), not compulsory. JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.) 09:39, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this subsection with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Support per Columbia Encyclopedia. See also WP:TITLE: "Other encyclopedias are among the sources that may be helpful in deciding what titles are in an encyclopedic register, as well as what names are most frequently used." Allan Rice (talk) 10:43, 23 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PRECISE and MOS:JPPLACE (it says "When disambiguation is required").  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 21:09, 25 June 2020 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Fujiyoshida


text:
Economics/Production econosystem

A production econosystem a system of economic incentives for continually optimizing the process of producing an economic good.

In the creation of the information necessary for the productive effort, a repository linked with an information currency marketplace serves to coordinate the activities of the individuals engaged in the productive effort.

In the course of the physical activities necessary for the production of the final good (such as a jet aircraft), information-based financial instruments enable the aggregation of information perceived as relevant to the success of meeting customer demands. The information currency-based econosystem allows for the utilization of diverse forms of relevant information to guide the overall productive process.

The customer-driven nature of markets means that the information currency market reflects customer needs and demands. As such, the continuous quantitative signals provided by the IC market will effectively align the productive process with market demands and increase the likelihood of a successful productive process.

title: Economics/Production econosystem


text:
Talk:Materials Science and Engineering/Cancer Treatment and Materials Science

"This is an example of a nanovector that is highly selective" <-- In what sense is the "vector" selective? --JWSchmidt 20:57, 6 January 2007 (UTC)


text:
Solveig

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Etymology
From +. Made popular by the heroine of Henrik Ibsen's  (1867).

Usage notes

 * The most common given name of women born in Norway in the 1920s.

Etymology
Borrowed from.

title: Solveig


text:
Intelligence Intensification/Visualization

What is visualization? Put simply it's the act of holding an image or several images in your mind with clarity. That's all it is.

Doing it is just as simple.

Try this. Take a common object - pencil, pen, etc. - something that is interesting to your eyes and you feel comfortable with.

Hold it in your hands. Focus on it and nothing else. Rotate it slowly so you can see all sides of it.

Now close your eyes. Try to picture yourself rotating the object in your mind. Do your best to recall as many details as possible. Open your eyes if you're unsure about something in particular. Try to build the object in front of your eyes while they're closed.

It'll take time but not as long as you think. The important part is to do this every day in some small way. Like a muscle this ability will grow stronger the more you use it.

Once you've done one object - try for a second one. Two at once, then three, then four, etc. Try re-building the room you're in in your mind. Re-organize the furniture in your mind so the room has all the same parts but is completely different.

Don't be troubled if you can't visualize exactly right down to the scratches on the wooden coffee table. That will come with time and practice. Just keep working at it.

After you're comfortable with visualizing objects, rooms, whatnot, then you can move on to visualizing goals for yourself.

Start with a little bit of motion in your mental scenes. Put yourself into those scenes.

Again, little by little change the scene you're visualizing to what you want.

Visualize yourself learning something you always wanted to. Or getting a new job that pays more or has more perks. Visualize yourself on vacation - a good anti-stress method by the way.

Focusing on these goals using visualization will make them far more real to you and much easier to work towards.

Another exercise for increasing your visualization skills is through art. Drawing, painting, sculpting and other forms of art are all ways of creating links between your initial perceptions of things, and how well you can recreate those perceptions. For example: Try to sketch an object without looking at it. When you have gotten as far as you can, try to reconcile the drawing with the original image. How much of what you drew was merely what you expected to see instead of what you actually saw?

A good drawing exercise for training your perceptions is to try to copy another drawing upside-down. Take a dollar bill and turn it upside down. Then try to copy it (not tracing, just copying it line for line). This exercise helps you to become an accurate scribe of what you see, instead of merely what you think you see.

The goal is to develop your ability to record specific visual information. In many cases it is better to amalgamate information instead of remembering every detail. These exercises will help you develop the ability to choose how your brain will store information.


text:
Women's Premier League (Solomon Islands)

The Women's Premier League, also known as the Solrais Women's Premier League due to sponsorship reasons with local rice distributor Solrais, is the top-flight women's football league in the Solomon Islands.

History
The Solomon Islands Football Federation launched the inaugural season of the Women's Premier League in August 2020 with local rice distributor Solrais as the league's title sponsor amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. This the first women's competition of its kind organized by the country's federation which plans a women's national team to regularly compete in competitions in Oceania by 2023 when the league is projected to be on its third season. The first season which is planned to be held until November 2020 was pioneered by eight teams; Koloale FC, Solright FC, Frigates United, RSIPF, Haura FC, Marist FC, Naha FC and Renbel Ibis.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/donallunny.com

Links

 * donallunny.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 4 additions.


text:
umpimähkäinen

Adjective

 * 1) haphazard, random
 * 2) indiscriminate
 * 3) promiscuous made without careful choice; indiscriminate

title: umpimähkäinen


text:
User:Souldrifter02

 * Webmaster of the City of Elmira
 * Designed the Historical Entrance Sign into the City of Elmira
 * Presented Seminar for local government officials on the topic of Implementing E-Government Solutions
 * Designed Websites for:
 * City of Elmira
 * Town of Big Flats
 * Village of Horseheads
 * Elmira Downtown Development
 * Graduate of Elmira College Class of 2002
 * Member of EC Naturals
 * Student Activities Board Technical Chair
 * Orientation Leader
 * Secretary of the Student Association
 * Academic Computing Consultant
 * Graduate of Gouverneur High School Class of 1998
 * Member of the Select Choir
 * Member of the "Gouverneur 10"
 * Performed in several musicals
 * Yearbook Staff
 * Degree in Computer Information Systems
 * Former Employee of Kinney Drugs Store #1
 * Cashier
 * One-Hour Photo Technician
 * Former Counselor at 4-H Camp Overlook
 * Archery Instructor
 * Kitchen Staff

title: User:Souldrifter02


text:
Christopher Rouse (composer)

Christopher Chapman Rouse III (February 15, 1949 – September 21, 2019) was an American composer. Though he wrote for various ensembles, Rouse is primarily known for his orchestral compositions, including a Requiem, a dozen concertos, and six symphonies. His work received numerous accolades, including the Kennedy Center Friedheim Award, the Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition, and the Pulitzer Prize for Music. He also served as the composer-in-residence for the New York Philharmonic from 2012 to 2015.

Biography
Rouse was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Christopher Rouse Jr., a salesman at Pitney Bowes, and Margorie or Margery Rouse, a radiology secretary. He studied with Richard Hoffmann at Oberlin Conservatory of Music, graduating in 1971. He later completed graduate degrees under Karel Husa at Cornell University in 1977. In between, Rouse studied privately with George Crumb.

Early recognition came from the BMI Foundation's BMI Student Composer Awards in 1972 and 1973. Rouse taught at the University of Michigan from 1978 to 1981, where he was also a Junior Fellow in the university's Society of Fellows and at the Eastman School of Music from 1981 to 2002. Beginning in 1997, he taught at the Juilliard School.

Rouse's Symphony No. 1 was awarded the Kennedy Center Friedheim Award in 1988, and his Trombone Concerto was awarded the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for Music. In 2002, Rouse was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Also in that year, he won a Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition for his Concert de Gaudí. In 2009, Rouse was named Musical America's Composer of the Year and the New York Philharmonic's Composer-in-Residence in 2012. Rouse also served as Composer-in-Residence with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra (1985–88), the Tanglewood Music Festival (1997), the Helsinki Biennale (1997), the Pacific Music Festival (1998), and the Aspen Music Festival (annually since 2000).

His notable students included Kamran Ince, Marc Mellits, Michael Torke, Lawrence Wilde, Nico Muhly, Robert Paterson, Jeff Beal, Jude Vaclavik, Kevin Puts, D. J. Sparr, and Joseph Lukasik.

Rouse died on September 21, 2019, from complications of renal cancer in Towson, Maryland at the age of 70.

Personal life
Rouse was married twice, first to Ann (née Jensen) in 1983 and then to Natasha (née Miller) in 2016. Rouse had four children: Angela, Jillian, Alexandra, and Adrian.

Music
Rouse was a neoromantic composer. Some of his works were predominantly atonal (Gorgon, Concerto for Orchestra) while others are clearly tonal (Karolju, Rapture, Supplica). Most often he sought to integrate tonal and non-tonal harmonic worlds, as in his concerti for flute, oboe, and guitar. All of his music was composed, in his words, "to convey a sense of expressive urgency." Rouse was praised for his orchestration, particularly with percussion. He often quoted other composers' works (e.g., his Symphony No. 1, composed in 1986, incorporates quotations of Bruckner and Shostakovich).

Rouse's oldest extant works are two brief pieces for percussion ensemble, both inspired by mythological subjects: Ogoun Badagris (1976, Haitian) and Ku-Ka-Ilimoku (1978, Polynesian); a later percussion score inspired by rock drumming, Bonham was composed in 1988.

The death of Leonard Bernstein in 1990 was the first in a series of deaths that made a profound impression on Rouse, and his Trombone Concerto (1991) became the first score of his so-called "Death Cycle," a group of pieces that all served as reactions to these deaths. These scores memorialized William Schuman (Violoncello Concerto—1992), the James Bulger murder (Flute Concerto—1993), the composer Stephen Albert (Symphony No. 2—1994), and Rouse's mother (Envoi—1995). After Envoi he purposely set out to compose scores that were more "light infused", works intended to take on a less dark cast; pieces from this second half of the 1990s include Compline (1996), Kabir Padavali (1997), the Concert de Gaudí (1999), Seeing (1998), and Rapture (2000).

Beginning in 2000, Rouse created works of varying moods, from his thorny Clarinet Concerto (2001) to his rock-infused The Nevill Feast (2003) to his romantic Oboe Concerto (2004). The most significant piece from these years was his ninety-minute Requiem, composed over 2001 and 2002. Rouse himself referred to the Requiem as his best composition. Major compositions of more recent vintage included his Concerto for Orchestra (2008), Odna Zhizn (2009), Symphony No. 3 (2011), Symphony No. 4 (2013), Thunderstuck (2013), Heimdall's Trumpet (a trumpet concerto—2012),  Organ Concerto (2014), Symphony No. 5 (2015), Bassoon Concerto (2017), and Berceuse Infinie (2017).

In late 2006, Rouse composed the wind ensemble piece Wolf Rounds, which premiered in Carnegie Hall March 29, 2007.

Legacy
Excerpts from Symphonies 1, 2 and 4, and Concerto per corde were used as the soundtrack to William Friedkin's 2017 film The Devil and Father Amorth.

Orchestra

 * Gorgon (1984)
 * commissioned by the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra, who premièred the work under David Zinman (to whom the work is dedicated) on November 15, 1984.
 * Phantasmata (1981/85)
 * commissioned by the Saint Louis Symphony with the assistance of a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts; premièred by the Saint Louis Symphony under Leonard Slatkin at Powell Symphony Hall, St. Louis, Missouri, on October 25, 1986.
 * Phaethon (1986)
 * commissioned by the Philadelphia Orchestra, who premièred the work under Riccardo Muti at the Philadelphia Academy of Music, Pennsylvania on 98 January 1987.
 * Symphony No. 1 (1986, awarded the Kennedy Center Friedheim Award in 1988)
 * commissioned by the Baltimore Symphony (for whom Rouse served as composer-in-residence 1986–88), who gave the work's première under David Zinman at Meyerhoff Symphony Hall, Baltimore, Maryland on January 21, 1988.
 * Iscariot (chamber orchestra, 1989)
 * co-commissioned by the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra and the New Jersey Symphony. Premièred by the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra under John Adams at the Ordway Theater, Saint Paul, Minnesota on October 27, 1989.
 * Concerto per Corde (string orchestra, 1990)
 * commissioned by Absolut Vodka; premièred by the American Symphony Orchestra under Catherine Comet at Avery Fisher Hall, New York City on November 28, 1990.
 * Symphony No. 2 (1994)
 * commissioned by the Houston Symphony, who premièred the work under Christoph Eschenbach (to whom the work is dedicated) at Jones Hall, Houston, Texas on March 4, 1995.
 * Envoi (1995)
 * dedicated to the memory of Rouse's mother. Commissioned by the Atlanta Symphony, who premièred the work under Yoel Levi at Atlanta Symphony Hall on May 9, 1996.
 * Rapture (2000)
 * commissioned by the Pittsburgh Symphony, who premièred the work under Mariss Jansons (to whom the work is dedicated) at Heinz Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on May 5, 2000.
 * The Nevill Feast (2003)
 * commissioned by the Boston Pops Orchestra, who premièred the work under Keith Lockhart on May 7, 2003.
 * Friandises (ballet, 2005)
 * jointly commissioned by New York City Ballet and the Juilliard School. Premièred by the New York City Ballet at the New York State Theater in Lincoln Center, NY on February 10, 2006.
 * Concerto for Orchestra (2007–08)
 * commissioned by the Cabrillo Music Festival; premièred by the Cabrillo Festival Orchestra under Marin Alsop (to whom the work is dedicated) at the Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium in Santa Cruz, California on August 1, 2008.
 * Odna Zhizn (2009)
 * commissioned by the New York Philharmonic, who premièred the work under Alan Gilbert at Avery Fisher Hall, New York City on February 10, 2010.
 * Symphony No. 3 (2010–11)
 * commissioned by the Stockholm Philharmonic, the Singapore Symphony, the Baltimore Symphony, and the Saint Louis Symphony, who gave the work's world première under David Robertson at Powell Symphony Hall, St. Louis, Missouri, on May 5, 2011.
 * Prospero's Rooms (2012)
 * commissioned by the New York Philharmonic; premiered on April 17, 2013, by the New York Philharmonic under Alan Gilbert in Avery Fisher Hall, New York
 * Symphony No. 4 (2013)
 * commissioned by the New York Philharmonic; premiered by the New York Philharmonic under Alan Gilbert on June 5, 2014, in Avery Fisher Hall, New York
 * Supplica (2013)
 * commissioned by the Pittsburgh and Pacific Symphony Orchestras; premièred April 4, 2014 by the Pittsburgh Symphony under Juraj Valcuha in Heinz Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Thunderstuck (2013)
 * commissioned by the New York Philharmonic; premièred by the New York Philharmonic under Alan Gilbert on October 9, 2014, in Avery Fisher Hall, New York
 * Symphony No. 5 (2015)
 * commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, the Nashville Symphony, and the Aspen Music Festival; premièred by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra under Jaap van Zweden on February 9, 2017.
 * Berceuse Infinie (2016)
 * commissioned by the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra; premièred by it under Marin Alsop on November 30, 2017.
 * Symphony No. 6 (2019)
 * commissioned by the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra; premièred posthumously by it under Louis Langrée at Music Hall, Cincinnati, on 18 October 2019.

Orchestra with soloist

 * Violin Concerto (1991)
 * commissioned by the Aspen Music Festival for violinist Cho-Liang Lin (to whom the work is dedicated), who premièred the work with the Aspen Festival Orchestra under Leonard Slatkin in Aspen, Colorado on July 12, 1992.
 * Trombone Concerto (1991, awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1993)
 * commissioned by the New York Philharmonic for its principal trombonist, Joseph Alessi; the work was premièred by those forces under Leonard Slatkin at Avery Fisher Hall, New York City, on December 30, 1992.
 * Violoncello Concerto (1992–93)
 * commissioned by Betty Freeman; premièred by Yo-Yo Ma with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under David Zinman at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles, CA on January 26, 1994.
 * Flute Concerto (1993)
 * premièred by Carol Wincenc and the Detroit Symphony under Hans Vonk at Detroit Orchestra Hall, Michigan on October 27, 1994.
 * Der gerettete Alberich (Percussion Concerto, 1997)
 * co-commissioned by the London Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Baltimore Symphony; premièred by Evelyn Glennie (to whom the work is dedicated) with the Cleveland Orchestra under Christoph von Dohnanyi
 * Seeing (Piano Concerto, 1998)
 * commissioned by Lillian Barbash for Emanuel Ax and the New York Philharmonic, who gave the work's première under Leonard Slatkin at Avery Fisher Hall, New York City on May 6, 1999.
 * Concert de Gaudí (Guitar Concerto, 1999; guitarist Sharon Isbin's recording with the Gulbenkian Orchestra won a GRAMMY Award in 2002 for Best Classical Contemporary Composition, and a 2002 Echo Klassik Award for Best Concert Recording.)
 * co-commissioned by the Norddeutscher Rundfunk Orchester and the Dallas Symphony; written for guitarist Sharon Isbin, who gave the work's première with the Norddeutscher Rundfunk Orchester under Christoph Eschenbach in Hamburg on January 2, 2000, and the US premiere with the Dallas Symphony on March 2, 2000.
 * Clarinet Concerto (2000)
 * commissioned by the Chicago Symphony with funding provided by the American Institute for Music; premièred by Larry Combs with the Chicago Symphony under Christoph Eschenbach at Symphony Center, Chicago, Illinois on May 17, 2001. The work is dedicated to fellow composer Augusta Read Thomas.
 * Oboe Concerto (2004)
 * commissioned by the Minnesota Orchestra in 2004; premièred by Basil Reeve with the Minnesota Orchestra under Osmo Vänskä at Orchestra Hall, Minneapolis, Minnesota on February 5, 2009.
 * Heimdall's Trumpet (Trumpet Concerto, 2012)
 * commissioned by the Chicago Symphony; world première given by Christopher Martin and the Chicago Symphony under Jaap van Zweden at Symphony Center, Chicago on December 20, 2012.
 * Organ Concerto (2014)
 * commissioned by the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and the National Symphony Orchestra; world première given by Paul Jacobs and the Philadelphia Orchestra under Yannick Nézet-Séguin on November 17, 2016.
 * Bassoon Concerto (2017)
 * commissioned by the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, the St. Louis Symphony, the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, and the Lausanne Chamber Orchestra; première given by Andrew Cuneo and St. Louis Symphony under Cristian Măcelaru on November 16, 2018.

Voice and orchestra

 * Karolju (1990), for S.A.T.B. chorus & orchestra
 * commissioned by the Baltimore Symphony with support from the Barlow Endowment and the Guggenheim Foundation; premièred by the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra & Chorus conducted by David Zinman on November 7, 1991. The work is dedicated to the composer's daughter, Alexandra.
 * Kabir Padavali ("Kabir Songbook", 1997–98), for soprano solo & orchestra
 * 28-minute work, written for soprano Dawn Upshaw and commissioned by the Minnesota Orchestra, who premièred the work with Upshaw under David Zinman in Minneapolis on January 6, 1999. The piece is dedicated to the composer's son, Adrian.
 * Requiem (2001–02), for baritone solo, children's choir, S.A.T.B. chorus & large orchestra
 * 90-minute work, commissioned by Soli Deo Gloria; premièred by the Los Angeles Master Chorale & Orchestra with the Los Angeles Children's Chorus and baritone soloist Sanford Sylvan under Grant Gershon at the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, California on March 25, 2007.

Wind ensemble

 * Wolf Rounds (2007)
 * commissioned by the Frost Wind Ensemble of the University of Miami, who gave the work's première conducted by Gary Green (to whom the work is dedicated) at Carnegie Hall, New York City on March 29, 2007.
 * Thor (1981); withdrawn

Chamber music

 * Ogoun Badagris (percussion ensemble, 1976)
 * Quattro Madrigali (eight-voice choir, 1976)
 * Ku-Ka-Ilimoku (percussion ensemble, 1978)
 * Rotae Passionis (mixed ensemble, 1982)
 * String Quartet No. 1 (1982)
 * Lares Hercii (violin and harpsichord, 1983)
 * Artemis (brass quintet, 1988)
 * Bonham (percussion ensemble, 1988)
 * String Quartet No. 2 (1988)
 * Compline (flute, clarinet, harp and string quartet, 1996)
 * Rapturedux (cello ensemble, 2001)
 * String Quartet No. 3 (2009)

Solo works

 * Little Gorgon (piano, 1986)
 * Ricordanza (cello, 1995)
 * Valentine (flute, 1996)
 * Mime (snare drum, 1997)

title: Christopher Rouse (composer)


text:
Patania suisharyella

Patania suisharyella is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Strand in 1918. It is found in Taiwan.

title: Patania suisharyella