text:
User:RyanJones/InorganicList

This page aims to list well-known inorganic compounds, including organometallic compounds, to stimulate the creation of Wikipedia articles. Note that organic compounds, minerals and chemical elements are not included on this list. There is also an alternative listing related to this page, inorganic compounds by element, presently under construction.

This list is not necessarily complete or up to date – if you see an article that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please update the page accordingly.

Relevant links for chemical compounds are:
 * The CAS Substance Databases, which contains information on about 23 million compounds.
 * Chemfinder is helpful for finding information about a chemical (disable and delete cookies!).
 * ChemIDplus at http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ is a useful non-commercial source for chemical lookups
 * http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/ Material Data Safety Sheets, plus other relevant links.

These (commercial) links may also provide useful information:
 * Sigma Aldrich
 * Acros Organics
 * Lancaster
 * GFS Chemicals, Inc

Please note that whilst most compounds are referred to by their IUPAC systematic names (following IUPAC nomenclature), "traditional" names have also been kept where they are in wide use or of significant historical interest.

See also: inorganic compounds by element, list of compounds, list of organic compounds, organic compound, list of biomolecules, list of minerals, polyatomic ions, list of elements by name, List of alchemical substances.

A

 * Aluminium oxide – Al2O3
 * Aluminium chloride – AlCl3
 * Aluminium hydroxide – Al(OH)3
 * Aluminium monostearate – Al(OH)2C18H35O2
 * Aluminium sulfate – Al2(SO4)3
 * Ammonia – NH3
 * Ammonium bicarbonate – NH4HCO3
 * Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate – (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6
 * Ammonium chloride – NH4Cl
 * Ammonium hydroxide – NH4OH
 * Ammonium nitrate – NH4NO3
 * Ammonium sulfate – (NH4)2SO4
 * Ammoniumtetrathiocyanatodiamminechromate(III) – NH4[Cr(SCN)4(NH3)2]
 * Antimony(III) acetate
 * Antimony hydride – SbH3
 * Antimony pentachloride – SbCl5
 * Antimony pentafluoride – SbF5
 * Antimony trioxide – Sb2O3
 * Arsine – AsH3
 * Arsenic trioxide (Arsenic(III) oxide) – As2O3 easily confused with arsenous acid As(OH)3

B

 * Barium carbonate – BaCO3
 * Barium chloride – BaCl2
 * Barium hydroxide – Ba(OH)2
 * Barium iodide – BaI2
 * Barium nitrate – Ba(NO3)2
 * Barium sulfate – BaSO4
 * Beryllium hydroxide – Be(OH)2
 * Beryllium oxide – BeO
 * Bismuth(III) oxide Bi2O3
 * Bismuth subsalicylate
 * Borane
 * Borax – Na2B4O7·10H2O
 * Boric acid – H3BO3
 * Boron carbide – B4C
 * Boron nitride – BN
 * Boron oxide – B2O3
 * Boron trifluoride – BF3
 * Bromine pentafluoride – BrF5
 * Bromine trifluoride – BrF3
 * n-Butyllithium – C4H9Li
 * sec-Butyllithium
 * tert-Butyllithium

C

 * Cacodylic acid – (CH3)2AsO2H
 * Cadmium chloride – CdCl2
 * Cadmium selenide – CdSe
 * Cadmium sulfate hydrate
 * Caesium bicarbonate
 * Caesium carbonate
 * Caesium chloride – CsCl
 * Caesium fluoride – CsF
 * Calcium carbide – CaC2
 * Calcium carbonate – CaCO3
 * Calcium chloride – CaCl2
 * Calcium fluoride – CaF2
 * Calcium hydride
 * Calcium hydroxide – Ca(OH)2
 * Calcium sulfate (redirect to Gypsum) – CaSO4
 * Carbon dioxide – CO2
 * Carbonic acid – H2CO3
 * Carbonyl fluoride
 * Carboplatin – C6H12N2O4Pt
 * Cerium(III) chloride – CeCl3
 * Cerium(IV) sulfate – Ce(SO4)2
 * Chromic acid – CrO3
 * Chromium(II) acetate – Cr2(OAc)4
 * Chromium(III) chloride – CrCl3
 * Chromium(II) chloride
 * Chromium(III) oxide – Cr2O3
 * Chromium(IV) oxide
 * Chromium(VI) oxide (redirect to Chromic acid) – CrO3
 * Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
 * Copper(II) acetate – Cu2(OAc)4(H2O)2
 * Cobalt(II) chloride – CoCl2
 * Cobalt(II) carbonate – CoCO3
 * Copper(II) carbonate – CuCO3
 * Copper(I) chloride – CuCl
 * Copper(II) chloride – CuCl2
 * Copper(II) nitrate – Cu(NO3)2
 * Copper(I) oxide – Cu2O
 * Copper(II) oxide – CuO
 * Copper(II) sulfate – CuSO4
 * Copper(I) sulfide – Cu2S
 * Copper(II) sulfide – CuS
 * Cyanogen – (CN)2
 * Cyanogen chloride – CNCl
 * Cyanuric chloride – C3H3N3

D

 * Decaborane (redirect to Diborane) – B10H14
 * Diborane – B2H6
 * Dichlorosilane
 * Dimethylmercury – CH3HgCH3
 * Dinitrogen pentoxide – N2O5, nitrosonium nitrate
 * Disilane
 * Dysprosium(III) chloride – DyCl3

E

 * Europium(III) chloride – EuCl3

F

 * Fluorosulfuric acid – FSO2(OH)

G

 * Gadolinium(III) chloride – GdCl3
 * Gallium arsenide – GaAs
 * Gallium(III) chloride – GaCl3
 * Germanium tetrahydride – GeH4
 * Germanium tetrachloride – GeCl4
 * Gold(III) chloride – AuCl3

H

 * Hafnium tetrachloride
 * Hexafluorotitanic acid
 * Hydrazine – N2H4
 * Hydrazoic acid – HN3
 * Hydrobromic acid – HBr
 * Hydrochloric acid – HCl
 * Hydroiodic acid – HI
 * Hydrogen bromide – HBr
 * Hydrogen chloride – HCl
 * Hydrogen fluoride – HF
 * Hydrogen peroxide – H2O2
 * Hydrogen selenide – H2Se
 * Hydrogen sulfide – H2S
 * Hydroxylamine
 * Hypochlorous acid – HClO
 * Hypophosphorous acid – H3PO2

I

 * Indium(I) chloride
 * Indium phosphide – InP
 * Iodic acid – HIO3
 * Iodine heptafluoride – IF7
 * Iodine pentafluoride – IF5
 * Iodine monochloride – ICl
 * Iridium(IV) chloride
 * Iron(II) chloride – FeCl2 including hydrate
 * Iron(III) chloride – FeCl3
 * Iron(II) oxide – FeO
 * Iron(II,III) oxide – Fe3O4
 * Iron(III) oxide – Fe2O3
 * Iron-sulfur cluster
 * Iron(III) thiocyanate

L

 * Lanthanum carbonate
 * Lead(IV) acetate
 * Lead(II) chloride – PbCl2
 * Lead(II) iodide – PbI2
 * Lead(II) nitrate – Pb(NO3)2
 * Lead(II) oxide – PbO
 * Lead(IV) oxide – PbO2
 * Lithium aluminium hydride – LiAlH4
 * Lithium bromide – LiBr
 * Lithium carbonate (redirect to Lithium salt) – Li2CO3
 * Lithium chloride – LiCl
 * Lithium citrate (redirect to Lithium salt) – Li3C6H5O7
 * Lithium diisopropylamide
 * Lithium hydride – LiH
 * Lithium hydroxide – LiOH
 * Lithium nitrate – Li3N
 * Lithium sulfate – Li2SO4

M

 * Magnesium carbonate – MgCO3
 * Magnesium chloride – MgCl2
 * Magnesium oxide – MgO
 * Magnesium phosphate – Mg3(PO4)2
 * Magnesium sulfate – MgSO4
 * Manganese(IV) oxide – MnO2, manganese dioxide
 * Manganese(II) acetate
 * Manganese(II) chloride – MnCl2
 * Manganese(IV) fluoride – MnF4
 * Manganese(II) phosphate
 * Mercury(I) chloride – Hg2Cl2
 * Mercury(II) chloride – HgCl2
 * Mercury fulminate – Hg(ONC)2
 * Mercury(II) selenide – HgSe
 * Mercury(II) sulfide – HgS
 * Mercury(II) telluride – HgTe
 * Metaphosphoric acid
 * Methylmercury – CH3Hg+
 * Methylmercury hydroxide
 * Molybdate orange
 * Molybdenum trioxide – MoO3
 * Molybdenum disulfide – MoS2
 * Molybdenum hexacarbonyl – C6O6Mo
 * Molybdic acid – H2MoO4

N

 * n-Butyllithium – C4H9Li
 * Neodymium(III) chloride – NdCl3
 * Nessler's reagent
 * Nickel(II) chloride – NiCl2 and hexahydrate
 * Nickel(II) hydroxide – Ni(OH)2
 * Nickelocene – Ni(C5H5)2
 * Nickel(II) nitrate
 * Niobium pentachloride – NbCl5
 * Nitric acid – HNO3
 * Nitric oxide – NO
 * Nitrogen dioxide – NO2
 * Nitrosylsulphuric acid – NOHSO4
 * Nitrous oxide – N2O

O

 * Orthophosphoric acid – H3PO4
 * Osmium tetroxide – OsO4, osmium(VIII) oxide
 * Oxybis(tributyltin)
 * Oxygen difluoride – OF2
 * Ozone – O3

P

 * Palladium(II) nitrate
 * Pentaborane
 * Pentasulfide antimony
 * Perchloric acid – HClO4
 * Perchloryl fluoride
 * Persulfuric acid (Caro's acid) – H2SOH4
 * Perxenic acid - H4XeO6
 * Phenylarsine oxide
 * Phenyllithium
 * Phenylmercuric acetate
 * Phenylphosphine
 * Phosgene – COCl2
 * Phosphine – PH3
 * Phosphite – HPO32-
 * Phosphomolybdic acid
 * Phosphoric acid – H3PO4
 * Phosphorus pentabromide – PBr5
 * Phosphorus pentafluoride – PF5
 * Phosphorus tribromide – PBr3
 * Phosphorus trichloride – PCl3
 * Phosphorus trifluoride – PF3
 * Phosphorus triiodide – PI3
 * Phosphotungstic acid
 * Platinum(IV) chloride
 * Platinum(II) chloride
 * Plutonium dioxide (Plutonium(IV) oxide) – PuO2
 * Potash Alum– K2SO4·Al2(SO4)3·24H2O
 * Potassium bromide – KBr
 * Potassium hydrogencarbonate
 * Potassium carbonate – K2CO3
 * Potassium chloride – KCl
 * Potassium citrate – C6H5K3O7 + H2O
 * Potassium hydroxide – KOH
 * Potassium iodide – KI
 * Potassium monopersulfate – K2SO4·KHSO4·2KHSO5
 * Potassium nitrate, KNO3
 * Potassium permanganate – KMnO4
 * Potassium sulfate – K2SO4
 * Praseodymium(III) chloride – PrCl3
 * Prussian blue (Iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)) – Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

R

 * Radium chloride – RaCl2
 * Radon difluoride – RnF2
 * Rhodium(III) chloride – RhCl3 and hydrate
 * Rubidium chloride
 * Rubidium hydroxide – RbOH
 * Rubidium oxide
 * Ruthenium(VIII) oxide

S

 * Samarium(II) iodide – SmI2
 * Samarium(III) chloride – SmCl3
 * Scandium(III) chloride – ScCl3 and hydrate
 * Sec-butyllithium
 * Selenium dioxide – SeO2
 * Silane – SiH4
 * Silica gel
 * Silicic acid
 * Silicochloroform
 * Silicofluoric acid
 * Silicon dioxide – SiO2
 * Silver chloride – AgCl
 * Silver(I) fluoride – AgF
 * Silver(II) fluoride – AgF2
 * Silver iodide – AgI
 * Silver nitrate – AgNO3
 * Soda lime
 * Sodium acetate – NaC2H3O2
 * Sodium bromide – NaBr
 * Sodium carbonate – Na2CO3
 * Sodium chloride – NaCl
 * Sodium chlorate – NaClO3
 * Sodium cyanide – NaCN
 * Sodium hydride – NaH
 * Sodium hydrogen carbonate (Sodium bicarbonate) – NaHCO3
 * Sodium hydroxide – NaOH
 * Sodium iodide – NaI
 * Sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) – NaPFO3
 * Sodium nitrate – NaNO3
 * Sodium nitrite – NaNO2
 * Sodium percarbonate – 2Na2CO3.3H2O2
 * Sodium phosphate; see Trisodium phosphate – Na3PO4
 * Sodium silicate – Na2SiO3
 * Sodium sulfate – Na2SO4
 * Sodium sulfide – Na2S
 * Sodium sulfite – Na2SO3
 * Stannous chloride (tin(II) chloride) – SnCl2
 * Stibine – SbH3
 * Strontium chloride – SrCl2
 * Strontium nitrate – Sr(NO3)2
 * Sulfamic acid – H3NO3S
 * Sulfane – H2S
 * Sulfur dioxide – SO2
 * Sulfurated potash
 * Sulfuric acid – H2SO4
 * Sulfurous acid – H2SO3
 * Sulfuryl chloride – SO2Cl2

T

 * Tantalum carbide – TaC
 * Tantalum(V) oxide – Ta2O5
 * Tellurium dioxide – TeO2
 * Tellurium tetrachloride – TeCl4
 * Terbium(III) chloride
 * Tert-butyllithium
 * Tetraborane(10)
 * Tetrabutyltin
 * Tetrachloroauric acid
 * Tetraethyl lead – (CH3CH2)4Pb
 * Tetraethyl tin
 * Tetrafluorohydrazine
 * Tetramminecopper(II) sulfate – [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
 * Tetraphenyltin
 * Thallium(III) sulfate
 * Thallium(I) fluoride
 * Thallium(III) oxide
 * Thallium(I) carbonate
 * Thionyl chloride – SOCl2
 * Thiophosgene
 * Thiophosphoryl chloride
 * Thorium dioxide – ThO2
 * Thulium(III) chloride
 * Tin(II) chloride – SnCl2
 * Tin(II) fluoride – SnF2
 * Tin(IV) chloride – SnCl4
 * Titanic acid – Ti(OH)4
 * Titanium dioxide – TiO2, titanium(IV) oxide
 * Titanium(IV) chloride – TiCl4
 * Titanocene dichloride
 * Triethylaluminium
 * Trimethyltin chloride
 * Triphenylantimony (triphenylstibine)
 * Tripotassium phosphate – K3PO4
 * Trisodium phosphate – Na3PO4
 * Tungsten carbide – WC
 * Tungsten(VI) Fluoride – WF6
 * Tungstic acid – H2WO4

U

 * Uranium hexafluoride – UF6
 * Uranyl nitrate – UO2(NO3)2
 * Uranyl zinc acetate
 * Triuranium octaoxide (pitchblende or yellowcake) – U3O8

V

 * Vanadium oxytrichloride
 * Vanadyl sulfate
 * Vanadium(V) oxide – V2O5

W

 * Water – H2O

X

 * Xenon difluoride – XeF2
 * Xenon hexafluoroplatinate – Xe[PtF6]
 * Xenon tetrafluoride – XeF4
 * Xenon tetroxide – XeO4

Y

 * Ytterbium(III) chloride – YbCl3
 * Ytterbium(III) oxide – Yb2O3
 * Yttrium fluoride – YF3

Z

 * Zinc chloride – ZnCl2
 * Zinc chromate hydroxide
 * Zinc oxide – ZnO
 * Zirconium(IV) chloride
 * Zirconium(IV) oxide – ZrO2
 * Zirconocene dichloride

title: User:RyanJones/InorganicList


text:
User:Vuara/Regressive Imagery Dictionary

http://www.provalisresearch.com/wordstat/RID.html

Regressive Imagery Dictionary

Download WordStat versions of the RID

English version (created by Colin Martindale) French version (translated by Robert Hogenraad) (translated by Tito Cardoso e Cunha, Brigitte Detry, and Robert Hogenraad) Swedish version (translated by Torsten Norlander, Moira Linnarud, Marika Kjellén-Simes, and Robert Hogenraad) German version (translated by Renate Delphendahl) Latin version (translated by Ron Newbold) Russian version (translated by Leonid Dorfman) - Maybe not available yet!

Installation Instruction

Extract the content of the zip file into the WordStat Dictionary folder (by default: c:\Program files\Provalis Research\Dictionaries). Most versions of the dictionary come in two files, the main .CAT file includes the various categorization of words, while the .EXC dictionary handles exceptions by excluding specific word forms. Set the exclusion dictionary option in WordStat to the RID.EXC and the inclusion dictionary to the RID.CAT file.

Information on WordStat content analysis software or download a trial version, go to the next section.

Dictionary information

Description - The English Regressive Imagery Dictionary (RID) is composed of about 3200 words and roots assigned to 29 categories of primary process cognition, 7 categories of secondary process cognition, and 7 categories of emotions.

The Regressive Imagery Dictionary (Martindale, 1975,1990) is a content analysis coding scheme designed to measure primordial vs. conceptual thinking. Conceptual thought is abstract, logical, reality oriented, and aimed at problem solving. Primordial thought is associative, concrete, and takes little account of reality. It is the type of thinking found in fantasy, reverie, and dreams. A running tally of category occurrences is kept, and final output consists of the categories and the percentage of words in a document that were assigned to each category. This output can then be subjected to statistical analyses. The Regressive Imagery Dictionary contains about 3000 words divided into twenty-nine categories designed to measure primordial content and another set of seven categories designed to measure conceptual thought, the inverse of primordial cognition. These categories were derived from the theoretical and empirical literature on regressive thought (Martindale, 1975, 1990). The rationale behind the dictionary is that psychological processes will be reflected in the content of a text. Thus, for example, the more primordial the thought involved in producing a text, the less abstract and the more drive- and sensation-oriented words it should contain. It should be noted that the view of regressive cognition upon which construction of the dictionary was based is not a narrowly psychoanalytic one but is closer to Werner's (1948) or Goldstein's views (1939). Thus, the construct that the dictionary ultimately measures might as well be called dedifferentiated thinking as regressive or primary process thinking. For these reasons, we use the terms conceptual vs. primordial thought.

The dictionary yields a measure, primordial content, derived by summing the percentage of words in a text that belong to any of the component primordial content categories. Primordial content is the sum of the categories listed under the summary categories Drive, Regressive Cognition, Perceptual Disinhibition, Sensation, and Icarian Imagery in Table 1. Generally, a better measure is obtained by subtracting percentage of words in Conceptual Content from the percentage of words in Primordial Content.

Detailed evidence concerning the reliability and validity of the Regressive Imagery Dictionary is reported elsewhere (Martindale, 1975, 1990). Evidence for the construct validity of primordial vs. conceptual content comes from studies where the measure has behaved as theoretically predicted: Significantly more primordial content has been found in the poetry of poets who exhibit signs of psychopathology than in that of poets who exhibit no such signs (Martindale, 1975). There is also more primordial content in the fantasy stories of creative as opposed to uncreative subjects (Martindale & Dailey, 1996), in psychoanalytic sessions marked by therapeutic "work" as opposed to those marked by resistance and defensiveness (Reynes, Martindale & Dahl, 1984), and in sentences containing verbal tics as opposed to asymptomatic sentences (Martindale, 1977). A cross-cultural study of folktales from forty-five preliterate societies revealed, as predicted from the "primitive mentality" hypothesis of Lévy-Bruhl (1910) and Werner (1948), that amount of primary process content in folktales is negatively related to the degree of sociocultural complexity of the societies that produced them (Martindale, 1976). Martindale and Fischer (1977) found that psilocybin (a drug that has about the same effect as LSD) increases the amount of primordial content in written stories. Marijuana has a similar effect (West et al., 1983). Research has also revealed more primordial content in verbal productions of younger children as compared with older children (West, Martindale, & Sutton-Smith, 1985) and of schizophrenic subjects as compared with control subjects (West & Martindale, 1988). It shows the pattern expected for historical trends in primordial content in Martindale's (1990) theory of literarary evolution. Thus, the Regressive Imagery Dictionary does seem to yield a valid index of primordial or dedifferentiated thought in a variety of contexts in which the measure varies as is theoretically expected.

Factor analyses of the categories based on the above mentioned texts have also yielded evidence for the construct validity of the dictionary. The factor analyses have consistently yielded a first factor accounting for about 30 percent of the variance which loads highly on the primordial categories and in a high negative direction on the conceptual categories.

Selected references

Goldstein, K. (1939). The organism. Boston: Beacon.

Lévy-Bruhl, L. (1910). How natives think. New York: Washington Square Press, 1966.

Martindale, C. (1975). Romantic progression: The psychology of literary history. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere.

Martindale, C. (1976). Primitive mentality and the relationship between art and society. Scientific Aesthetics, 1, 5-18.

Martindale, C. (1977). Syntactic and semantic correlates of verbal tics in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: A quantitative case study. Brain and Language, 4, 231-247.

Martindale, C. (1990). The clockwork muse: The predictability of artistic change. New York: Basic Books.

Martindale, C., & Dailey, A. (1996). Creativity, primary process cognition, and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 409-414.

Martindale, C., & Fischer, R. (1977). The effects of psilocybin on primary process content in language. Confinia Psychiatrica, 20, 195-202.

Reynes, R., Martindale, C., & Dahl, H. (1984). Lexical differences between working and resistance sessions in psychoanalysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 733-737.

Werner, H. (1948). Comparative psychology of mental development. New York: International Universities Press.

West, A. N., & Martindale, C. (1988). Primary process content in paranoid schizophrenic speech. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 149, 547-553.

West, A. N., Martindale, C., Hines, D., & Roth, W. (1983). Marijuana-induced primary process content in the TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 466-467.

West, A. N., Martindale, C., & Sutton-Smith, B. (1985). Age trends in the content of children's spontaneous fantasy narratives. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 111, 389-405.

References for translated versions

Hogenraad, R., & Orianne, E. (1986). Imagery, regressive thinking, and verbal performance in internal monologue. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 5(2), 127-145.

Regressive Imagery Dictionary Categories and Sample Words

CATEGORY SAMPLE WORDS PRIMARY PROCESS Drive Oral Breast, drink, lip Anal Sweat, rot, dirty Sex Lover, kiss, naked Sensation General Sensation Fair, charm, beauty Touch Touch, thick, stroke Taste Sweet, taste, bitter Odor Breath, perfume, scent Sound Hear, voice, sound Vision See, light, look Cold Cold, winter, snow Hard Rock, stone, hard Soft Soft, gentle, tender Defensive Symbolization Passivity Die, lie, bed Voyage Wander, desert, beyond Random Movement Wave, roll, spread Diffusion Shade, shadow, cloud Chaos Wild, crowd, ruin Regressive Cognition Unknown Secret, strange, unknown Timelessness Eternal, forever, immortal Consciousness Alteration Dream, sleep, wake Brink-passage Road, wall, door Narcissism Eye, heart, hand Concreteness At, where, over Icarian Imagery Ascend Rise, fly, throw Height Up, sky, high Descend Fall, drop, sink Depth Down, deep, beneath Fire Sun, fire, flame Water Sea, water, stream SECONDARY PROCESS Abstraction Know, may, thought Social Behavior Say, tell, call Instrumental Behavior Make, find, work Restraint Must, stop, bind Order Simple, measure, array Temporal References When, now, then Moral Imperative Should, right, virtue EMOTIONS Positive Affect Cheerful, enjoy, fun Anxiety Afraid, fear, phobic Sadness Depression, dissatisfied, lonely Affection Affectionate, marriage, sweetheart Aggression Angry, harsh, sarcasm Expressive Behavior Art, dance, sing Glory Admirable, hero, royal

+++

Description

WordStat is a text analysis module specifically designed to study textual information such as responses to open-ended questions, interviews, titles, journal articles, public speeches, electronic communications, etc. WordStat may be used for automatic categorization of text using a dictionary approach or various text mining as well as for manual coding. WordStat can apply existing categorization dictionaries to a new text corpus. It also may be used in the development and validation of new categorization dictionaries or taxonomies. When used in conjunction with manual coding, this module can provide assistance for a more systematic application of coding rules, help uncover differences in word usage between subgroups of individuals, assist in the revision of existing coding using KWIC (Keyword-In-Context) tables, and assess the reliability of coding by the computation of inter-raters agreement statistics.

WordStat includes numerous exploratory data analysis and graphical tools that may be used to explore the relationship between the content of documents and information stored in categorical or numeric variables such as the gender or the age of the respondent, year of publication, etc. Relationships among words or categories as well as document similarity may be identified using hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling analysis. Correspondence analysis and heatmap plots may be used to explore relationship between keywords and different groups of individuals.

View a self-running demo of WordStat (1.5Mb)

WordStat is a module that must be run from either of the following base products:

SimStat -This statistical software provides a wide range of statistical procedures for the analysis of quantitative data. It offers advanced data file management tools such as the ability to merge data files, aggregate cases, perform complex computation of new variables and transformation of existing ones. When used with Simstat, WordStat can analyze textual information stored in any alphanumeric, plain text and rich text memo variable (or field). It includes various tools to explore the relationship between any numeric variable of a data file and the content of alphanumeric ones.

QDA Miner - The text management and qualitative analysis program (release date: summer 2003) allows one to create and edit data files, import documents, and perform manual coding of those documents. Several analysis tools are also available to look at the frequency of manually assigned codes and the relationship between those codes and other categorical or numeric variables. When used with QDA Miner, WordStat can perform content analysis on whole documents or selected segments of those documents tagged with specific user defined codes.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
1983 Tulsa Roughnecks season

The 1983 Tulsa Roughnecks season was the club's sixth season of existence, and their fifth in the North American Soccer League, the top flight of American soccer at that time. The 1983 season was Terry Hennessey's second full NASL season as head coach of the Roughnecks.

On October 1, 1983, Tulsa defeated Toronto 2–0 in Soccer Bowl '83 in Vancouver, becoming first and only professional franchise to win a sports championship title in the state of Oklahoma.

Management and technical staff

 * 🇺🇸 Carl Moore – Co-Owner
 * 🇺🇸 Mike Kimbrel – Co-Owner
 * 🇺🇸 Rick Lowenherz – Co-Owner
 * 🇺🇸 Fred Williams – Co-Owner
 * 🇺🇸 Alex Skotarek – General Manager
 * 🇺🇸 Jim Boeh – Communications Director
 * 🏴 Terry Hennessey – Head Coach
 * 🏴 Steve Earle – Assistant Coach
 * 🇺🇸 Larry Egge – Trainer

Honors
The Roughnecks received two individual honors following the 1983 NASL season.
 * Soccer Bowl Man of the Match: Njego Pesa
 * NASL All-Star, First Team: Barry Wallace

Division standings
W = Wins, L = Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, GD = Goal differential, PTS= point system

6 points for a win in regulation and overtime, 4 point for a shootout win, 0 points for a loss, 1 bonus point for each regulation goal scored, up to three per game. - Qualified for NASL playoffs.

Overall league playoff seeding
Division champions automatically receive top three seeds - Division champions

Season scoring
GP = Games Played, G = Goals (worth 2 points), A = Assists (worth 1 point), Pts = Points

Season goalkeeping
Note: GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; Svs = Saves; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; W = Wins; L = Losses; SO = Shut outs

Playoff scoring
G = Goals (worth 2 points), A = Assists (worth 1 point), Pts = Points

Playoff goalkeeping
Note: GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; Svs = Saves; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; W = Wins; L = Losses; SO = Shut outs

title: 1983 Tulsa Roughnecks season


text:
Talk:Apple & Onion

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:55, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Apple & Onion.jpg

Inappropriate editing of page to reintroduce an error when a comma is places between a "month and "Year" date style.
The table of inappropriate dating styles clearly shows that a comma is misplaced between a "Month" and "Year" date style unless it involves two particular conditions that are both absent from this article. A quick review of the styles in WP will show that the inappropriate "Month""Comma" "Year" style is very much not followed.2605:E000:9149:8300:2506:42B1:2001:39BA (talk) 11:50, 6 January 2019 (UTC)
 * The "on" /"in" correction had been made on 1/5 before it was reverted by another.2605:E000:9149:8300:2506:42B1:2001:39BA (talk) 12:11, 6 January 2019 (UTC)

Why doesn't George Gendi have a wiki?
I just noticed he made this show but doesn't have a wiki page. Joshua Stiltner (talk) 18:28, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

this is strange
is it me or recently are a lot of shows/movies from more than one country just skipping them and going like is a (skips country) it's strange. i discovered it on the gumball page.--Inanimateinsanityfan27 (talk) 01:48, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I couldnt capture it accurately what u said, but as far I can understand, you said that some shows/movies are skippin' some restriction countries, am I right? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:56, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

Apple and onion is cancelled
Guys,I am just only writing in this talk page to tell you that Apple and Onion is officially cancelled according to the tweet from its creator https://twitter.com/GeorgeGendi/status/1492179040131686401 Belrien12 (talk) 16:02, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

 * An unverified Twitter account (such as that one) is not a reliable source, as per WP:V, WP:TWEET, and this similar discussion. Magitroopa (talk) 17:51, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apple & Onion


text:
2010–11 Women's EHF Cup

The 2010–11 Women's EHF Cup was the 30th edition of the competition, taking place from 4 September 2010 to 8 May 2011. Denmark's FC Midtjylland defeated compatriot Team Tvis Holstebro to win its second EHF Cup. It was the second time the final was played by two clubs from the same country.

title: 2010–11 Women's EHF Cup


text:
Torquil

Etymology
Anglicized from, from , from older , from.

Translations

 * Danish: Thorkild, Toke
 * Faroese: Torkil
 * Finnish:
 * Icelandic:
 * Old Norse: Þorkell
 * Scottish Gaelic: Torcall
 * Swedish:

title: Torquil


text:
Japanese Language/Requests

Sound Request
These words:
 * Create an example for pitch accent for Pronunciation of Japanese
 * Nihongo
 * Kanji
 * Hiragana
 * Katakana
 * Romaji
 * Okurigana
 * Joshi
 * Jodōshi
 * Furigana
 * Jouyou Kanji
 * Kana
 * Gojūon
 * Mora
 * Morae
 * On'yomi
 * Kun'yomi
 * ohasan
 * ohaasan

Proofread Request

 * All lessons in Introduction to Japanese

kanji stroke order requests
(From, created by User:Balloonguy)

The following are a list of kanji that need a stroke order diagram. Be sure to follow the protocol and use Jim Breen's WWWJDIC Server or another resource to figure out what the stroke order is. Be sure to use the -jbw.png suffix when saving the diagrams.
 * 椅
 * 鉛
 * 筆
 * 紙
 * 徒
 * 供
 * 猫

It is possible these diagrams are to be found at c:Commons:Stroke Order Project.

title: Japanese Language/Requests


text:
A. J. W. Dawson

A. J. W. Dawson was a Tyneside singer/songwriter and performer in the late 19th and early 20th century.

He wrote and performed a work titled “A Record Run” at a special dinner given by Wilson Worsdell Esq. J.P. M.I.M.E. to the retired officials and engine drivers of the N.E.R. Co., in Gateshead, on 11 February 1910

The song belongs to a surprisingly small group of North East humorous railway songs (remembering that the area was the birthplace of the Railways) and describes a journey from South Shields to Newcastle

A. J. W. Dawson published a six-page chapbook titled “A Record Run”, printed by the Tyne Printing Works Limited, a copy of which is held in the archives of Gateshead Council

title: A. J. W. Dawson


text:
Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval/WikiCleanerBot 20

 * The following discussion is an archived debate. Please do not modify it. To request review of this BRFA, please start a new section at WT:BRFA. The result of the discussion was

WikiCleanerBot 20
Operator:

Time filed: 09:54, Monday, August 17, 2020 (UTC)

Function overview: Fix references before punctuation

Automatic, Supervised, or Manual: Automatic.

Programming language(s): Java (WPCleaner)

Source code available: On GitHub (especially algorithm 61)

Links to relevant discussions (where appropriate): MOS:CITEPUNCT

Edit period(s): Twice a month

Estimated number of pages affected: Maybe around 100k for the first pass as (Reference before punctuation) currently contains 111198 pages. I will probably do the first pass in several runs as it's a big list.

Namespace(s): Main

Exclusion compliant (Yes/No): Yes

Function details: Fix reference before punctuation by moving the reference after the punctuation. Exceptions mentioned in MOS:CITEPUNCT (dashes, parenthesis) will be skipped. If several punctuation are present, it will also be skipped.

Discussion
to see exactly what that would entail and the sort of change it would make. Not keen on having 100,000+ changes for just that, but we'll see.   Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 17:09, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks Headbomb. I've done the 25 edits, which were as expected.
 * Of course, it would run combined with the other approved tasks of my bot, but I'm not sure if there will be a lot of edits combining several fixes.
 * For your concern about the number of pages, edits could be done over a long period (like 10k a month => about a year for running the entire list) or progressively (ramp up). If it's not possible, as a last resort, I can include it only with other edits (like a cosmetic edit), but it would reduce massively the number of errors fixed. --NicoV (Talk on frwiki) 06:35, 1 September 2020 (UTC)
 * While not technically cosmetic, I do share some of Headbomb's concerns about the number of edits, and I appreciate you considering slowing things down a little. 10k edits a month amounts to about 300 edits per day, which isn't an unreasonable number. I think we can start there and if there are no major concerns or issues maybe increase that number as time passes. Primefac (talk) 18:54, 1 September 2020 (UTC)
 * EDIT: Thanks Primefac. I've improved my code to allow to specify a time limit for each bot task, and I set the time limit to 1h for the moment for this specific task (so that one run will yield a maximum of around 300 edits). --NicoV (Talk on frwiki) 08:14, 2 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. To request review of this BRFA, please start a new section at WT:BRFA.


text:
2016 MENA Golf Tour

The 2016 MENA Golf Tour was the sixth season of the MENA Golf Tour.

OWGR inclusion
In April, the Official World Golf Ranking announced that all MENA Golf Tour events would be awarded points, beginning with the Ras Al Khaimah Classic.

Schedule
The following table lists official events during the 2016 season.

Order of Merit
The Order of Merit was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in U.S. dollars. The top three players on the Order of Merit earned status to play on the 2017–18 Sunshine Tour.

title: 2016 MENA Golf Tour


text:
gemein

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1)  mean, nasty, wicked
 * 2)  ordinary, common, average
 * 3)  base, vile, vulgar
 * 4)  having a characteristic in common
 * 1)  having a characteristic in common

Adverb

 * 1)  very; intensely
 * 2)  wicked, beastly, awfully, awful

title: gemein


text:
Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Front matter

Python 3 notice: it's not recommended to learn Python 2 since it has been deprecated and replaced by Python 3. If you're new to Python, start learning Python 3. There's a Python 3 version of this Wikibook.

All example Python source code in this tutorial is granted to the public domain. Therefore, you may modify it and relicense it under any license you please. Since you are expected to learn programming, the GNU Free Documentation License would require you to keep all programs that are derived from the source code in this tutorial under that license. Since the python source code is granted to the public domain, that requirement is waived.

This tutorial was originally written in LaTeX and was available at: http://www.honors.montana.edu/~jjc/easytut/. It was moved here because the other server is going away and it was being read at least ten times a day. This document is available as LaTeX, HTML, PDF, and Postscript. Go to http://jjc.freeshell.org/easytut/ (Also could try http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.honors.montana.edu/~jjc/easytut/ or http://www.geocities.com/jrincayc/easytut.tar.gz ) to see all these forms. There are also versions of this in Korean, Spanish, Italian and Greek in the tar file.

The Non-Programmers' Tutorial For Python is a tutorial designed to be an introduction to the Python programming language. This guide is for someone with no programming experience.

If you have programmed in other languages I recommend using Python Tutorial for Programmers written by Guido van Rossum.

If you have any questions or comments please use the discussion pages or see ../Authors for author contact information. I welcome questions and comments about this tutorial. I will try to answer any questions you have as best I can.

Thanks go to James A. Brown for writing most of the Windows install info. Thanks also to Elizabeth Cogliati for complaining enough : about the original tutorial (that is almost unusable for a non-programmer), for proofreading, and for many ideas and comments on it. Thanks to Joe Oppegaard for writing almost all the exercises. Thanks to everyone I have missed.

Other resources
See also chapter The End for some more comments.
 * Python Home Page
 * Python Documentation
 * Python Tutorial for Programmers
 * LaTeX, PDF, and Postscript, and Zip versions


text:
User:ClareOwen778

Hi there. Clare here. I am a Pizza passionate and I thought I will join the never sleeping army of Wikipedia editors :)

title: User:ClareOwen778


text:
Qoreyshabad

Qoreyshabad (, also Romanized as Qoreyshābād) is a village in Fazl Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 324, in 93 families.

title: Qoreyshabad


text:
Occupational Health

Occupational health deals with issues related to health states and diseases that are results of exposure to different factors in occupations, and work environment. This text will provide a brief overview of the field. The text will include chapters on industrial hygiene, occupational health services, safety training and related issues, occupational illnesses, occupational hygiene, safety audits, safety inspections, risk analysis (including HAZOP hazard and operability studies and fault tree analyses), work permits, preplacement examination protocols, periodic examination of workers, diseases due to specific agents in workplaces, and other issues. One of the encouragingly social impact topics.

Since it will take some time to develop, it will be written in bits and pieces. Please feel free to change as you like.

Contents

 * Industrial Hygiene
 * /Occupational Health Services/
 * /Safety Training/
 * /Occupational Illnesses/ - If and when you are sick at work...
 * /Occupational Hygiene/
 * /Occupational Injury/
 * /Safety Audits/
 * /Safety Inspections/
 * /Risk Analysis/
 * Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
 * Fault Tree Analyses
 * /Work Permits/
 * /Preplacement Examination Protocols/
 * /Diseases Due to Specific Agents in Workplaces/
 * /Other Issues/
 * /Bibliography/
 * /Contributors/

title: Occupational Health


text:
User:Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy)/GLAM

Candidates for DYK at the Cincinnati Art Museum
The idea is to focus on works by well-known painters. These works are more likely to have enough written about them to be considered individually notable.

 * Oskar Kokoschka - Duchess of Montesquiou-Fezensac : I've written on this piece before and could easily DYK an article on it... Problem is it's not PD.
 * Thomas Eakins - Portrait of Archbishop William Henry Elder : I've also written on this piece, so ditto. Great story, too.
 * Frank Duveneck - The Whistling Boy : Signature piece of the collection
 * Grant Wood - Daughters of Revolution : Well known artist, a lot to write about iconographically speaking... Wood is also finally in the public domain, 70 years having elapsed.
 * Ingres - Portrait of Luigi Cherubini : Same as above - well known artist and plenty to write about.
 * Sheeler's The Upstairs, Homer's Sunday Morning in Virginia, Gainsborough's Ann Ford, Miro's Mural for the Terrace Plaza Hotel, or Bingham's Order No. 11 would also be good choices. Sheeler is not PD, however.

Cincinnati Museum Center
Not sure what to do here yet. Are they interested in donating images? Historical photographs of Cincinnati, especially OTR, would be very welcome. Many articles on historical buildings and sites in the city lack images; just look at St. Paulus Kirche, Cincinnati or any of the articles in Category:Churches in Cincinnati or Category:Buildings and structures in Cincinnati.

Cincinnati NRHP sites without photographs and/or articles
Neat idea

Interesting how a lot of sites in OTR (churches, Germania building, etc) aren't listed. I suppose they're all under the umbrella of the historic district...

 * Freeman Grant Cary Pleasant Hill Academy
 * Cote Bonneville
 * Sedamsville Village Historic District (neither)
 * Sedamsville River Road Historic District (photo but no article)
 * First Universalist Church (Cincinnati, Ohio)
 * Hyde Park Methodist Episcopal Church (photo but no article)
 * McKinley School (Cincinnati, Ohio)
 * Procter and Collier-Beau Brummell Building
 * Ben Pitman House
 * Hotel Metropole (Cincinnati, Ohio) (photo but no article)

title: User:Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy)/GLAM


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Snow White (1995 film)

The result was delete. Tone 21:01, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Snow White (1995 film)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No independent reliable sources found during search to establish notability. Tagged for notability for 7 years. Donaldd23 (talk) 12:39, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Film-related deletion discussions. Donaldd23 (talk) 12:39, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Japan-related deletion discussions. Donaldd23 (talk) 12:39, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of United States of America-related deletion discussions. Donaldd23 (talk) 12:39, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Comics and animation-related deletion discussions. Toughpigs (talk) 15:26, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete - appears to be a non-notable (apparently direct to VHS) version of Snow White. For obvious reasons it's hard to track down sources for a specific version of Snow White, but I am confident enough in saying this does not pass NFILM. ‡ Єl Cid of Valencia  talk  12:53, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete no notability here. Balle010 (talk) 15:53, 17 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
File:How strange, innocence re-release cover.jpg

Summary
Re-release art for the explosions in the sky album "How strange, Innocence"

Source: Amazon.com


text:
Cookbook:Sweeteners

| Basic foodstuffs

A sweetener is a food additive which adds the basic taste of sweetness to a food; it may come from a natural source or it may be artificially manufactured.

Sugar

 * table sugar
 * Coconut sugar
 * fructose
 * maltose
 * maple sugar

Liquid sweeteners

 * Agave syrup
 * apple juice concentrate
 * cane syrup (US) aka golden syrup (AUS/NZ) aka light treacle (UK)
 * corn syrup
 * glycerol
 * Gula Jawa
 * honey
 * maple syrup
 * molasses
 * blackstrap (US) = dark treacle (UK & AUS)
 * Simple syrup
 * sorghum aka sorghum molasses aka sorghum syrup
 * stevia

Artificial sweeteners
The list below includes the apparent sweetness of the sweetener, when compared to granulated sugar. This is for the chemical sweetener; commercially available preparations may be less sweet due to binders and fillers like dextrose.

 * acesulfame potassium (also known as Acesulfame-K or Ace-K) - 200x
 * alitame
 * aspartame - 160x (trademarked as Equal and Nutrasweet)
 * cyclamate (calcium cyclamate or sodium cyclamate) - 30x
 * Erythritol
 * glucitol / sorbitol
 * isomalt
 * saccharin (also spelled saccarine, saccarin, or saccharine) - 300x (Sweet'n Low)
 * stevia - 250x (also called Steviosides, or Sweetleaf. Marketed as a 'Dietary Supplement'. Truvia and PureVia are sweeteners partially derived from Stevia. )
 * sucralose (trademarked as Splenda or Splendar) - 600x
 * xylitol - 1x (gram for gram); 1.5x (joule for joule)

title: Cookbook:Sweeteners


text:
Talk:Davidson Ezinwa

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Davidson Ezinwa. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070520070413/http://www.gbrathletics.net/cm99.htm to http://www.gbrathletics.net/cm99.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:08, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Davidson Ezinwa


text:
High School Mathematics Extensions/Supplementary/Basic Counting

Ordered selection (Permutation)
"Suppose there are 10 songs in your music collection and you want to shuffle play them all (i.e. the 10 songs would play in a random order). In how many different ways can the collection be played?" This type of problem is called ordered selection (permutation), as we are selecting the songs from the collection in a certain order. For instace, these selections are considered different:
 * $$\begin{array}{l}

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 \\  7, 3, 10, 4, 9, 5, 1, 8, 2, 6 \\  2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 \end{array}$$

These clearly define different orders or in effect, playlists.

Let's think this step by step. We can pick 10 different songs for the first position (or first song to be played), 9 for the second position (as there is 1 song already picked), 8 for the third (as 2 songs are fixed), and so on and so forth. The total number of ways can be calculated as follows:
 * $$10 \times 9 \times 8 \times 7 \times 6 \times 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1$$

Almost 4 million different playlists!

Now we shall introduce the factorial function, which is a compact way of expressing:
 * $$n! = n \times (n-1) \times ... \times 3 \times 2 \times 1$$

Formally defined by:
 * $$\begin{array}{l}

0! = 1 \\  n! = n \times (n-1)! \end{array}$$ So in our case:
 * $$\begin{array}{l}

10! = 10 \times 9! = 10 \times 9 \times 8! ... \\ 10 \times 9 \times 8 \times 7 \times 6 \times 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1 \end{array}$$

What if we had 30 songs, but still wanted to shuffle just 10 of them? Similar reasoning leads to
 * $$30 \times 29 \times 28 \times 27 \times 26 \times 25 \times 24 \times 23 \times 22 \times 21$$

different ways. This is equivalent to:
 * $$\frac{30!}{20!} = \frac{30!}{(30-10)!}$$

Generally speaking, the number of permutations of m items out of n (for instance, 10 songs out of 30) is:
 * $$\frac{n!}{(n-m)!}$$

The idea behind it is that we cancel out all but the first m factors of the n! product:
 * $$30! = \underbrace{30 \times 29 \times ... \times 22 \times 21}_{\text{First 10 factors}} \times \underbrace{20 \times ... \times 2 \times 1}_{(30-10)! = 20!}$$

When m equals n we say we are counting the number of permutations of n items:
 * $$\frac{n!}{(n-n)!} = \frac{n!}{0!} = n!$$

While solving counting problems, we'll generally use the words items or elements (in this case, our songs) and sets (in this case, the collection or playlists).

1. In how many ways can I arrange my bookshelf (7 books) if I own a trilogy and the 3 books have to be always together, in the same order?

2. In how many ways can I arrange my family (6 members) in a line, with the only rule that my parents have to be in adjacent positions?

Permutation with repetition
"How many different two-digit numbers can be formed with only odd prime digits (i.e. 3, 5, or 7)? Numbers 75, 37, 77, 33, are possible solutions." This is a special case of permutations, the items may be selected more than once. Counting, we see there are 3 possibilities for every position, since digits may be repeated:

 * $$\underbrace{3 \times 3}_{\text{2 positions}} = 3^2$$

9 different numbers.

If we were to select m items out of n, with possible repetition, there would be
 * $$\underbrace{n \times n \times n ... \times n}_{\text{m times}} = n^{m}$$

permutations. 1. How many three-digit numbers can be formed with only prime digits, and odd digits may only be repeated twice?

Circular permutation
"In how many ways can we sit 4 people (Alice, Bob, Charles, and Donald) at a round table?" This is another special case of permutations, the 4 elements are arranged in a circular order, in which the start and end of an arrangement are undefined.

If we simply count
 * $$4!$$

there will be some repetitions. We'll be counting each unique arrangement more than once since layouts like
 * $$\begin{array}{l}

\text{A, B, C, D} \\ \text{D, A, B, C} \\ \text{C, D, A, B} \\ \text{B, C, D, A} \end{array}$$ are considered equivalent. Remember, there is no start in a round table.

If we arbitrarily numbered the chairs, we could obtain all equivalent arrangements by cycling our whole layout. How many times we would cycle? How many chairs/positions are there? 4.

Dividing our first intent by 4 (i.e. dividing in groups of 4 equivalent dispositions):
 * $$\frac{4!}{4} = 3!$$

6 unique dispositions.

Another way of approaching the problem is to forcibly define an arbitrary starting point for the layout, in other words, to fix one element and permute the other 3 left:
 * $$(4 - 1)! = 3! = 6$$

ways to sit four people at a round table.

1. What if there are 7 people, but the table only has 5 chairs?

Unordered selection (Combination)
"Out of the 15 people in the math class, 5 will be chosen to represent the class in a school wide mathematics competition. How many ways are there to choose the 5 students?" This type of problem is called an unordered selection (combination), as the order in which you select the students is not important. For example, these selections are considered equivalent:
 * $$\begin{array}{l}

\text{Joe, Lee, Sue, Violet, Justin} \\ \text{Lee, Joe, Sue, Justin, Violet} \end{array}$$

As seen before, there are
 * $$\frac{15!}{10!} $$

ways to choose the 5 candidates in ordered selection, but there are 5! ordered selections for each different combination (i.e. the same 5 students). This means we are counting each combination 5! times. Consequently, there are
 * $$\frac{15!}{10! \times 5!}$$

ways of choosing 5 students to represent the class.

In general, the number of ways to choose m items out of n items is:
 * $$\frac{n!}{(n-m)! \times m!}$$

We took the formula for permutations of m items out of n, and then divided by m! because each combination was counted as m! ordered selections (m! times).

This formula is denoted by:
 * $${n \choose m} = \frac{n!}{(n-m)! \times m!}$$

Note that $${n \choose m}$$ is often read as n choose m. 1. Try not to use a calculator and think of the problem with groups of 1 student.

2. Again, no calculator and this time there are 1 million students in the class and we want to form groups of 999,999 students.

Combination with repetition
In this particular case of combination problems, elements may be selected more than once. That is, groups can include many samples of the same element.

Knowing which elements are sampled is not enough for defining a selection, we need to know how many times each element is selected (i.e. the amount of samples selected of that element). Both approaches are, essentially, the same, as saying an element was selected 0 times is equivalent to saying it was not sampled.

Now suppose we were to select m elements out of n. Instead of thinking the problem as "choosing" from n elements m times, we should think it as "distributing" the m spots available over the n distinct elements (represented as placing m elements in n sets). Again, both interpretations are equivalent, as the number of times an element was chosen is represented by the number of elements in its corresponding set.

To define a selection, we place in every set as many objects as samples we selected from the element the set represented. We can create a string to identify the selection, for instance by representing each object (sample) with a square and set boundaries with a dash:
 * $$-\underbrace_{\text{First set/element}}-\underbrace_{\text{Second set/element}}-\underbrace_{\text{Third set/element}}-$$

This means three spots were assigned to the first element, two to the second element, and two to the third element. In other words, the selection consists of three elements of the first kind, two elements of the second kind, and two elements of the third kind. The string could represent a random group of five letters formed, solely, with letters A, B, C:
 * $$\text{A, A, A, B, B, C, C}$$

The concatenated strings consist of m squares, and n + 1 dashes. For example, the following represents three elements selected out of five:
 * $$-\underbrace_{\text{First set/element}}-\underbrace{}_{\text{Second set/element}}-\underbrace_{\text{Third set/element}}-\underbrace{}_{\text{Forth set/element}}-\underbrace{}_{\text{Fifth set/element}}-$$

Note that, other than the two dashes that are fixed at the beginning and end of the string, the other n - 1 dashes and m squares can be moved without invalidating the string. There are thus n - 1 + m movable characters among n - 1 + m positions. The number of possible strings equals the number of ways to position m squares among n - 1 + m characters, in other words, the number of ways to choose m positions out of n - 1 + m:
 * $${{n - 1 + m} \choose {m}}$$

Equivalently, we could talk about positioning the n - 1 dashes among the n - 1 + m characters:
 * $${{n - 1 + m} \choose {n - 1}}$$

Since every string exclusively determines one selection or group, clearly the number of strings is equivalent to the number of groups or selections possible.

If we were to pack three fruits for long journey, and you only got bananas, apples, oranges, peaches, and kiwis, there would be
 * $${{5 - 1 + 3} \choose {3}} = {{5 - 1 + 3} \choose {5 - 1}} = 35$$

possible groups to pack.

Binomial coefficient
The binomial coefficient
 * $${n \choose m}$$

expresses the number of unordered groups that can be formed by choosing m elements from a set containing n.

These are some basic and useful properties:
 * The number of ways of choosing m out of n elements equals the number of ways of choosing n - m out of n elements since each group of selected elements has a corresponding group of elements that were not selected. A group of selected elements defines another group of non selected elements.
 * $${n \choose m} = {n \choose {n - m}}$$

 * There is only one way to choose none or all of the elements.
 * $${n \choose 0} = {n \choose n-0} = 1$$

 * There are n ways of choosing 1 or n - 1 elements.
 * $${n \choose 1} = {n \choose {n - 1}} = n$$

 * The difference between
 * $${n \choose m}$$
 * and
 * $${{n + 1} \choose m}$$
 * is that in the first formula we are not counting the groups which include the element added in the second formula. The amount of groups size m which include a particular element from a set with n + 1 elements is
 * $${{(n + 1) - 1} \choose {m - 1}} = {n \choose {m - 1}}$$
 * therefore
 * $${{n + 1} \choose m} = {n \choose m} + {n \choose {m - 1}}$$

 * The difference between
 * $${n \choose {m + 1}}$$
 * and
 * $${n \choose m}$$
 * is that in the first formula we are counting groups with one more element than the ones in the second formula. Every group size m needs one "missing" element of the n - m remaining in order to grow to size m + 1.
 * $${n \choose m} \times (n - m)$$
 * However, we must observe that we are counting every group size m + 1 many times, m + 1 times indeed. This is because the "missing" element can be any of the m + 1 elements in the resulting group, in other words, m + 1 groups size m (when associated with the right element) will form the same group size m + 1. How many groups size m can we formed by removing an element from a group size m + 1?
 * $${{m + 1} \choose 1} = m + 1$$
 * This suggests
 * $${n \choose {m + 1}} = {n \choose m} \times \frac{n - m}{m + 1}$$

Binomial expansion
The binomial expansion describes the algebraic expansion of following expression:
 * $$(a + b)^n$$

Take n = 2 for example, we shall try to expand the expression manually, we get
 * $$(a + b)^2 = (a+b)(a+b) = aa + ab + ba + bb$$

Take n = 3:
 * $$(a + b)^3 = (a+b)(a+b)(a+b) = aaa + aab + aba + abb + baa + bab + bba + bbb$$

We deliberately did not simplify the expression at any point during the expansion. As you can see, the final expanded form has four and eight terms, respectively. These terms are all the possible combinations of a and b in products of two and three factors, respectively.

The number of factors equals the number of binomials (a + b) in the first product, which in turn equals n.

In
 * $$(a + b)^n$$

there are n factors in each term. How many terms are there with only one b? In other words, in how many ways can I place one b among n different positions? Or even better, in how many ways can I pick one position (to place a b) out of n?
 * $${n \choose 1}$$

Similarly we can work out all the coefficients of the other terms:
 * $$(a + b)^3 = {3 \choose 0}a^3 + {3 \choose 1}a^2b + {3 \choose 2}ab^2 + {3 \choose 3}b^3$$

And more generally:
 * $$(a + b)^n = {n \choose 0}a^n + {n \choose 1}a^{n-1}b + {n \choose 2}a^{n-2}b^2 + ... {n \choose n-1}ab^{n-1} + {n \choose n}b^n$$

Or more compactly using the summation operator:
 * $$(a + b)^n = \sum_{i = 0}^n {n \choose i}a^{n-i}b^i$$

Exercises
 {How many different ways can the letters of the word BOOK be arranged? { 12 }
 * type="{}"}

{How many ways are there to choose five diamonds from a deck of cards? { 1287 }
 * type="{}"}

{Joey wants to make himself a sandwich. He will use ham, cheese, salami, tomato, and lettuce but does not like the ham and the salami to be touching each other. He always puts the lettuce on top. In how many ways can Joey arrange the ingredients of his sandwich? { 12 }
 * type="{}"}

{Rachel wants to buy an ice-cream cup. She picks three different flavours from a total of ten but does not like mixing chocolate with vanilla. How many different ice-cream cups can Rachel order? { 112 }
 * type="{}"}

{Joey is still hungry and wants to eat another sandwich. He can use ham, cheese, salami, tomato, and lettuce (there is no need to use them all). He does not want the ham and the salami to be in the same sandwich. How many different sandwiches can Joey make (the order of the ingredients inside the sandwich does not matter)? { 23 }
 * type="{}"}


text:
partus

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  childbirth, parturition: The fact or action of giving birth to a child, as the culmination of pregnancy.

Etymology 1
Perfect passive participle of.

Participle

 * 1) born, given birth to, having been born
 * 2) gained, acquired, secured, won; having been gained, etc.

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) A bearing, bringing forth.
 * 2) A birth, delivery.
 * 3) Young, offspring.
 * 1) Young, offspring.

title: partus


text:
Triatoma

Etymology
Feminine of, from , referring to the segmented antennae (which actually have four segments) of the insect.

Hypernyms

 * ; - subfamily;  - tribe

Hyponyms

 * ,, , , , , , , , , , , , - selected species

title: Triatoma


text:
Talk:EMIS

Other EMIS Disambiguations
EMIS™ - Engine Motor Interface System - NetGain Motors.--Bill1229 (talk) 01:10, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Electrical Mechanical Instrument Services - now part of Intertek - http://www.intertek.com/energy/upstream/emis/ Roly (talk) 13:06, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:EMIS


text:
Forth

The Forth language is a stack-based language designed for rapid interactive programming in limited-resource environments. Forth is interesting because it can be simple and small, yet it allows for remarkably powerful extensions to be written in Forth itself; most fully-fledged Forth systems are implemented partially in Forth. Forth is most often used to write embedded applications.

Forth emphasizes a number of classic computer ideas, such as Many ritual necessities of other languages and required designer syntax falls away.
 * one pass compilation
 * factoring and subroutines
 * interactivity
 * making an application to get a result greater than the sum of its parts.

Forth is an extensible language, giving the user great flexibility to extend it. This is both a pro and a con. As with modeling clay, in the hands of an architect with a clear philosophy it can work wonders, or it can create a hodgepodge. Much Forth programming consists of "adding words to a dictionary" and learning someone's program, the words they have chosen to create, and their significance is often confused with learning the language itself.

Lessons

 * 1) /Introduction/
 * 2) Core ideas of Forth
 * 3) Parsing in Forth, or "What happened to the Compiler"
 * 4) Structuring vs. words that actually do something
 * 5) Basic Syntax
 * 6) Manipulating the Stack
 * 7) Arithmetics
 * 8) Control Structures
 * 9) Handling Files

Appendices

 * Command Reference
 * Forth/PSoC Forth
 * Forth/Propeller Forth

title: Forth


text:
Mercado Adolpho Lisboa

The Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, also called Mercado Municipal or Mercadão (big market), is a marketplace located in Manaus, Brazil. It lies on the shore of the Rio Negro. The market was constructed between 1880 and 1883. The building was based on the Les Halles marketplace of Paris, France. The building's metallic structures were built in Paris and sent to Manaus by ship. It has two completely different facades, one facing the Rio Negro and the other facing the public road. An important historical and architectural building of the city, the Municipal Market also stands out today as a cultural and tourist center. The market is one of the largest open markets in the city of Manaus, offering fresh fruits, spices, fish, souvenirs, traditional indigenous medications and among other products. The building was interdicted in 2006 for restoration works and was delivered after seven years on October 23, 2013.

History
In the nineteenth century, concerns about the hygienic conditions of food marketing created the need to build public markets in several cities, such as Manaus. According to records of the time, the name "Adolpho Lisboa" is the same name of the mayor who administered the city of Manaus in that period. The central pavilion was inaugurated, on July 15, 1883, by the president of the Province, José Paranaguá, at a time when the city of Manaus was experiencing the rubber boom. The market was built in Art Nouveau style, following the characteristics of the old market Les Halles, of Paris, France. Around 1908, an iron pavilion was built for the commercialization, in that time of Amazonian spices, of which it had kerosene lighting and following the same architectural style of the main building. From that time the main building was dated, being a shed of approximately 45 meters of length and 42 meters of width, constructed with iron structure. The structure is supported by 28 columns, being the parapets where these lean, and the two side rooms, in masonry of stone and brick. The side rooms have twenty "boxes", separated from each other, by iron grills each having wooden counters, with marble top. In 1890, two other equally sized side pavilions (sheds) were built, also with iron structures and zinc roofs.

Structure
The market is divided into two pavilions, the first and oldest is made of masonry, the second is composed of iron, the Amazon region at that time had an almost unexplored soil and an insufficient amount of raw material, this motivated the importation almost all materials of the building from Europe, as was the second pavilion which had the entire structure built by Walter Macfarlane of Glasgow. It is said that the structure was designed by Gustave Eiffel, but apparently this is just a legend. The Brazilian National Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage listed on its website Bakus&Brisbit from Belén, Francis Morton Engineers from Liverpool and Walter Macfarlane from Glasgow as the authors of the constructions.

title: Mercado Adolpho Lisboa


text:
Hemidactylus chikhaldaraensis

Hemidactylus chikhaldaraensis, the Chikhaldara brookiish gecko  is a species of gecko. It is endemic to India.

title: Hemidactylus chikhaldaraensis


text:
Branko Skroče

Branko Skroče (born 17 May 1955 in Zadar) is a former Croatian basketball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1980 Summer Olympics.

title: Branko Skroče


text:
Undergraduate education: A systems approach

What are the basic constraints in education:

* time * money

Time: Technology changes but the human life cycle does not.

Money: Money captures the flows of wealth. Educational system needs to be sustainable.

Current model. Stay in school, then work.

Problem: It is becoming economically infeasible to stay out of the workforce until you are "done with your education"

Problem: You are no longer "done with your education." Life is school. School is life.

Problem: Structure of education *inherently* creates a pyramid structure as a large base of students and adjuncts is needed to support a tip consisting of a few faculty.

Scary thought: Is the hierarchical class structure of education manifesting itself in general society.

Educational structures today mimic mass production factory systems. Why are we using an industrial structure in a post-industrial economy.

User Comments
Hi, I'm developing the software at http://infoeng.sf.net to create the system that will better-coordinate undergraduate education.

I'm looking forward to the paper!


text:
Andreas Holmberg

Bengt Andreas Holmberg (born 22 December 1966 in Lund) is a Swedish prelate who is the current Bishop of Stockholm.

Biography
Holmberg was born in 1966 and partly raised in Tanzania. He was ordained priest in 1993 for the Diocese of Stockholm and since 2012 has worked as a diocesan deputy with responsibility for religious services. He was previously a parish priest in Stockholm and a theological teacher in Tanzania. In 2019 he defended his thesis on "The Church in the new landscape," the theology that emerges in the Swedish church congregations working in multi-cultural and multi-religious environments.

Holmberg was elected bishop on 5 March 2019. He was consecrated on 22 September in Uppsala Cathedral by Archbishop Antje Jackelén. Holmberg is the son of the priest Bengt Holmberg.

title: Andreas Holmberg


text:
Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Kannada film)

Bhakta Prahlada is a 1942 Indian Kannada-language film directed by K. Subramanyam. The film stars M. V. Rajamma, Chandramma, A. N. Sheshachar and K. V. Achuta Rao. The film also saw Rajkumar's first appearance in a film. He played a school-going child alongside his brother S. P. Varadappa; their father Singanalluru Puttaswamayya played Akhandasura.

Cast

 * M. V. Rajamma
 * Chandramma
 * A. N. Sheshachar
 * K. V. Achuta Rao
 * Singanalluru Puttaswamayya as Akhandasura
 * Rajkumar
 * S. P. Varadappa

title: Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Kannada film)


text:
Talk:Government Medical College, Haldwani

Government_Medical_College,_Haldwani#Departments
"Animal House" is listed there. I don't understand what that could be. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 13:03, 12 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Sponge theory

So much for a neutral point of view! This is by far the most one sided Wiki article I have ever come across. If Sponge Theory is something that many people beleive is indeed fact (as is stated in the article) then both sides of the argument should be presented. I am no expert in this matter, so I cannot help to improve this article. But somebody certainly needs to improve it. Amazonis 22:30, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Quite. In fact, I had never heard of the "sponge theory" until I read the cited report, and I'm a hydrologist. A Web of Science search came up with no hits for "sponge theory" (in this context). I know what it means, but the article makes a huge leap from the report, which itself is a policy, not science, document. The document simply meant to build a conceptual picture of forest soil hydrology, and called it this. Nevertheless, the meme set down by the FAO report has taken off, and I was takan aback when I saw someone had created this article. There are other "sponge" theories, which are probably more notable than this. What content this offers is best suited to flood. Daniel Collins 23:03, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It would be great to put the other side of the story. A while back I added a direct quote from the FAO report some elements of the "Sponge Theory" hold to try to add some ballance. I know very little on the subject, just being one of those who caught the pro sponge theory meme. I'd love to see more on this very important topic. --Salix alba (talk) 10:25, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * To me, it's more about "completeness" than "balance". The "sponge theory", either way, tells only part of the story about how forests affect flooding, and of consequences of land use change. I am inclined to create a fuller page on deforestation and flooding. How does that fly? Daniel Collins 14:11, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. We than make Sponge theory redirect to that page. --Salix alba (talk) 14:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

proposing redirect to Deforestation
I like Daniel Collins' suggestion to create a fuller page on deforestation and flooding, but in the meantime, I suggest we redirect this page to Deforestation, which already includes some brief comments on deforestation and hydrology. I think this article is fundamentally untenable as an article. Its title is apparently used only by those who argue against the theory, which even these detractors seem to acknowledge is the consensus view among experts. Its content is an unabashedly POV summary of one source's viewpoint. --Allen 00:44, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * That's cool with me. The basics of this article can be added there and, in due course, the theme can be expanded more fully. Alas, I shouldn't do that for a while, because it will be a bit involved. Daniel Collins 01:10, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks; I went ahead and made the redirect. --Allen 01:36, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Ag! Look, I appreciate you guyses efforts. But the article as it was was factual, and the deforestation page info does not reflect the info taken from the article that was cited here. The cited article indicates that it is both true and notable that many foresters have claimed that forests actually give off water in the dry season, and that this is without scientific basis. The deforestation article does not reflect this. Perhaps it should read more as a specific quote from the article, so that people know where it's coming from? I think it's a little POV to shut down information that verifiably brought up a false problem about deforestation.<IP_ADDRESS> 14:39, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, you're exactly right that it should be clear where the information is coming from. That's the basis of WP:NPOV, I think, and in my opinion, that was the primary problem with the text that was here before I redirected.  But since there seems to be only one easily verifiable source for this viewpoint, I think the sponge theory information should go on the Deforestation page, rather than on its own page.  --Allen 01:36, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * When I said the "sponge theory information" just then, what I should have said is "the arguments against the prevailing hydrological perspective, which opponents refer to as 'Sponge Theory'." One of my concerns was that the title "Sponge Theory" was inherently POV, because it seems only opponents use that term (I'm not sure what term proponents use, or if there even is one).  --Allen 01:41, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sponge theory


text:
Talk:Henri Cochet

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Edofedinburgh 01:44, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 03:38, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:3 Musketeers cropped.jpg
Image:3 Musketeers cropped.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:33, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

1922 French considered a slam by the tennis channel
http://www.tennischannel.com/goat/gallery4.aspx

We have ONE POV/OWN editor, Fyunclick, who violates Wikipedia policy by imposing his own anti-French bias, when even major sources such as the Encyclopedia Britannica, World Almanac, ESPN, and the Tennis Channel count pre-1925 French championships as "slam" titles. Ryoung 122 14:17, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Kinda funny... every so often we have this multi-banned editor telling lies and getting a burr under his saddle. Just out of the blue. Fyunck(click) (talk) 19:03, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:51, 9 May 2017 (UTC)

Eileen Benett
The Eileen Benett that he won doubles titles with links to someone I suspect to be the wrong Eileen Benett, as she would have been 9 at the time of their US open win. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:48, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henri Cochet


text:
mortuarium

Etymology
From, neuter form of , from , perfect passive participle of.

Noun

 * A, a morgue.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  A receptacle for the dead; mortuary.

title: mortuarium


text:
uggla

Etymology
From Late Modern Swedish, from , from (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬), from  (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬), diminutive of  (compare 🇨🇬), of imitative origin or a variant of ,  (compare 🇨🇬, Bavarian ), from. Feminine in Late Modern Swedish. Akin to English.

Noun

 * 1) owl

title: uggla


text:
Talk:Jozef Jaklicz

Questionable Citation
I have some concerns about the content of this article. There are no in-text citations and only one source. Upon trying to fix the "2rd [clarification needed]", I set out to research what number belonged there & struggled to find solid sources on the subject's position. I found that the surrounding content is confusingly worded and has questionable reliability.

I don't know much about this topic -- just wanted to fix a typo. Thought I'd flag this for someone better equipped to take on! Jaycutfilms (talk) 15:48, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jozef Jaklicz


text:
Yek Lengeh

Yek Lengeh is a village in Mazul Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 372, in 99 families.

title: Yek Lengeh


text:
Senator Gustafson

Senator Gustafson may refer to:

 * Earl B. Gustafson (1927–2018), Minnesota State Senate
 * James Gustafson (politician) (1938–2014), Minnesota State Senate

title: Senator Gustafson


text:
Tsgabu Grmay

Tsgabu Gebremaryam Grmay (ጽጋቡ ገብረማርያም ግርማይ; born 25 August 1991) is an Ethiopian retired professional road cyclist from Tigray, who last rode for UCI WorldTeam. He is a three time national road race champion, six time national time trial champion, and one time African time trial champion. Tsgabu became the first Ethiopian professional cyclist when he joined in 2012. In 2013 Tsgabu became the first Ethiopian to win an international cycling event when he won the fifth stage of the Tour de Taiwan. He made his UCI World Tour debut at the 2013 Giro di Lombardia.

Biography
Tsgabu grew up near the city of Mekelle, Tigray at an altitude of 2400 metres. He comes from a sporting family, with a father and a brother who competed in local bike races in Ethiopia. As an amateur rider he received training at the African UCI Continental Center in Potchefstroom, South Africa and the World Cycling Centre in Aigle, Switzerland.

2010 season
In November 2010 Tsgabu came sixth at the African Continental Cycling Championships individual time trial in Kigali, Rwanda. He then stayed in Kigali to race the Tour of Rwanda which began five days later. He finished fifth overall.

2011 season
Tsgabu began his season in January 2011 at La Tropicale Amissa Bongo, which he finished in 13th place overall. In February he finished 21st in the Tour of South Africa. In April he came 51st in La Côte Picarde in France and 16th at the Ster ZLM Toer in the Netherlands. He then travelled to Quebec in June to race the Coupe des nations Ville Saguenay which he finished in 18th place overall. In July Tsgabu returned to France for more stage racing. He finished 31st in the Tour Alsace, 42nd in the Mi-Août Bretonne, and 19th in the Tour de l'Avenir. Tsgabu ended the season in Denmark in September representing Ethiopia at the 2011 UCI Road World Championships by participating in the men's under-23 road race which he abandoned.

2012 season
Tsgabu began the 2012 season in April with a 71st place at the Ronde Van Vlaanderen Beloften. He raced two races in the Netherlands and then headed back to Africa for La Tropicale Amissa Bongo in Gabon, which he finished in 11th place. He also came fourth in the young rider classification, 19 seconds behind winner Nikita Stalnov of the. In May Tsgabu finished 19th in the Flèche du Sud, coming fifth in the young rider classification. He was 43rd in the Tour de Gironde.

Following the Ronde van Zeeland Seaports, which he did not finish but was won by his future teammate Reinardt Janse van Rensburg, Tsgabu joined the South African UCI Continental team for the remainder of their 2012 season. In August Tsgabu entered the 2012 Volta a Portugal. He was 17th in the prologue, but finished 82nd overall and 25th in the young rider classification. Tsgabu raced the Kernen Omloop Echt-Susteren as a warm-up for the 2012 UCI Road World Championships in Valkenburg, Netherlands where he was the only Ethiopian competitor. He finished 25th in the men's under-23 time trial and 87th in the men's under-23 road race. Tsgabu ended his season in November by winning silver at the African Continental Championships individual time trial and gold in the men's under-23 individual time trial in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. He finished 38th in the road race.

In October 2012 it was announced that Tsgabu's contract had been extended for the 2013 season, and he became the first Ethiopian professional cyclist when MTN-Qhubeka became a UCI Professional Continental team.

2013 season
Tsgabu's second season at saw the team rise to the second highest level in cycling, becoming the first ever African UCI Professional Continental team. Tsgabu began the 2013 season in January at La Tropicale Amissa Bongo in Gabon, finishing fifth overall and third in the young rider classification as well as coming second in the team classification. He narrowly missed out of a stage victory on the final day, crossing the finishing line in Libreville two seconds behind stage winner Gert Dockx of.

In February Tsgabu participated in the 2013 Tour de Langkawi in Malaysia finishing ninth overall, 2' 58" behind winner Julián Arredondo. MTN-Qhubeka won the team classification by nine minutes before the second placed.

In March 2013 Tsgabu became the first Ethiopian ever to win an international cycling event when he won the fifth stage of the Tour de Taiwan in Taoyuan County ten seconds ahead of Mohammad Saufi Mat Senan. The stage victory propelled him to second place overall, a position he managed to keep for the remaining stages. It also netted him 10 mountain points, which helped him to fourth position overall in the mountains classification.

At the 2013 Giro del Trentino in April Tsgabu finished 21st in the youth classification and 94th overall. In May he finished 73rd in the 2013 Tour of Norway. In July Tsgabu won both the national road race championship and the national time trial championship of Ethiopia in Bahir Dar for the first time. He headed to the United States of America in August, to race the Tour of Elk Grove and the 2013 Tour of Utah. He finished 42nd overall in the first and 27th overall in the second of the two stage races, as well as third in the young rider classification in Utah (15' 32" behind youth classification winner Lachlan Morton). After this he flew to Norway to ride the Tour des Fjords, but was forced to abandon after the fourth stage. Towards the end of August Tsgabu entered four single day races in Italy, receiving modest results in two races and abandoning the two others. At the Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda in September Tsgabu was 24th overall and seventh in the young rider classification.

Tsgabu was the sole representative of Ethiopia at the 2013 UCI Road World Championships in Tuscany. He participated in the men's under-23 time trial, which he finished in 50th place, as well as the men's under-23 road race which he was forced to abandon. Tsgabu was in the last group to cross the finish line in the 2013 Milano–Torino. He made his UCI World Tour debut at the 2013 Il Lombardia, but did not finish the race. Tsgabu ended his season in Europe with three one-day races in Italy during October, abandoning two of them and finishing 78th in the Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli. He then rounded off his season in December at the African Continental Championships, where he finished seventh in the time trial and 28th in the road race.

2014 season
The 2014 season was Tsgabu's third season with and began in February at the 2014 Tour de Langkawi. He aimed for a podium finish but could not repeat the success he had the previous year, and finished 52nd overall. However, did manage to win the team classification for a second consecutive year. Tsgabu did little racing during the spring, and abandoned the Gran Premio Nobili Rubinetterie, the Tour de Picardie, and the 2014 Tour of Norway. At the end of May he participated in the Tour des Fjords, finishing 70th overall and coming in second in the mountains classification only seven points behind winner Amets Txurruka of.

At the Tour de Korea in June he finished 10th overall. Tsgabu abandoned on the second stage of the Route du Sud, and came 58th in the Giro dell'Appennino. At the end of June he won both the road race and the individual time trial at the Ethiopian 2014 national road cycling championships for a second time. In August Tsgabu finished 51st in the 2014 Vuelta a Burgos and 56th at the Tour du Limousin. He was 11th in the young rider classification in Limousin, 11 seconds behind Otto Vergaerde of who came in 10th. Tsgabu finished 65th in the final edition of the Châteauroux Classic. At the Memorial Marco Pantani Tsgabu was part of the initial five man breakaway. They gained four minutes on the peloton but were caught, and he didn't finish the race. Of the six other Italian one day races Tsgabu entered in September and October he only finished the final one, ending his time at MTN-Qhubeka with a second-to-last place in the Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli.

2015 season
Tsgabu left at the end of 2014 and joined the highest level of professional cycling at the Italian UCI ProTeam, becoming the first Ethiopian to ride for them. Joining Lampre meant he would be guaranteed to race at UCI World Tour races during the 2015 season. Tsgabu began the season in January as the team's candidate for the general classification at the 2015 Tour Down Under. He finished 11th overall and fifth in the young rider classification.

In February Tsgabu competed at the African Continental Championships in Wartburg, South Africa. He finished third in the team time trial, and two days later won the individual time trial. Tsgabu was the first Ethiopian to ever win an African Continental Championship. In the road race three days later Tsgabu finished fifth, 2' 35" behind winner and former teammate Louis Meintjes of . Tsgabu rode the 2015 Tirreno–Adriatico in March. He finished 51st overall, and came eighth in the young rider classification only 16 seconds behind Peter Sagan of . He started the 2015 Giro d'Italia in San Lorenzo al Mare, becoming the first Ethiopian rider to compete in a Grand Tour. For the third time in his career, he won the Ethiopian national championship in both road and time trial events. He was named in the start list for the 2015 Vuelta a España.

2016 season
In July 2016 Tsgabu participated in the Tour de France for the team.

Major results
Source:

 * 2010
 * 5th Overall Tour du Rwanda
 * 6th Time trial, African Road Championships

 * 2011
 * 5th Overall Toscana-Terra di Ciclismo

 * 2012
 * African Road Championships
 * 1st Gold medal africa.svg Under-23 time trial
 * 2nd Silver medal africa.svg Time trial

 * 2013 (3 pro wins)
 * National Road Championships
 * 1st Maillot ethiopia.png Time trial
 * 1st Maillot ethiopia.png Road race
 * 2nd Overall Tour de Taiwan
 * 1st Stage 5
 * 5th Overall La Tropicale Amissa Bongo
 * 9th Overall Tour de Langkawi

 * 2014 (2)
 * National Road Championships
 * 1st Maillot ethiopia.png Time trial
 * 1st Maillot ethiopia.png Road race
 * 10th Overall Tour de Korea

 * 2015 (3)
 * African Road Championships
 * 1st Gold medal africa.svg Time trial
 * 3rd Bronze medal africa.svg Team time trial
 * 5th Road race
 * National Road Championships
 * 1st Maillot ethiopia.png Time trial
 * 1st Maillot ethiopia.png Road race
 * 10th Overall Tour of Qinghai Lake

 * 2016
 * African Road Championships
 * 2nd Silver medal africa.svg Time trial
 * 9th Road race

 * 2017 (1)
 * 1st Maillot ethiopia.png Time trial, National Road Championships
 * 5th Overall Tour of Oman

 * 2018 (1)
 * 1st Maillot ethiopia.png Time trial, National Road Championships

 * 2019 (1)
 * 1st Maillot ethiopia.png Time trial, National Road Championships

 * 2021
 * African Road Championships
 * 3rd Bronze medal africa.svg Mixed team relay
 * 5th Time trial
 * 5th Road race

 * 2023 (1)
 * 1st Maillot ethiopia.png Time trial, National Road Championships

title: Tsgabu Grmay


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2020 August 10

= August 10 =

Does a US covid-19 test really cost thousands of dollars?
On reading a news story (which I can't find now, dammit) that said one US state governor was planning on offering "free" covid-19 tests to anyone, I was really surprised that tests were't free. Searching with Google found this article, which says insured people can still pay more than $1000 for a test (double that, or more, in some circumstances). I don't really understand the intricacies of the US healthcare insurance system and what is and isn't covered (nor this "in network" stuff). Does this really mean that an ordinary person in full time employment (e.g. as an office worker, with a mid-range salary) who had a fever and a cough for a few days, and felt they should get a covid test, would be paying $1000 or more (and their employer's health insurance plan would be paying more still, on top of that)? Or am I misunderstanding how the insurance works, and this is the cost their insurer is paying to the testing company, and the employee only pays a small amount, or nothing? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:56, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The US healthcare insurance system isn't really a system but a bunch of companies trying to make as much money as possible because... freedom? Anyway, ignoring the reasons behind it, once you remember that it's not a system but companies focused on keeping their own costs down while keeping their earnings up and nothing else, everything about US healthcare is easy to understand.  Ian.thomson (talk) 23:01, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Oh, and what is the case for someone who is poor and doesn't have any kind of employer's insurance (e.g. an undocumented immigrant) - and who presumably couldn't hope to pay $1000 out of pocket. What options would such a person have? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:02, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The same as someone in a third world country. Wait, no, those countries might get help from Médecins Sans Frontières, and there's a chance their employer will understand that they shouldn't be working while infected with Covid-19. Ian.thomson (talk) 23:05, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * MSF teams are currently responding to the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, working with vulnerable groups in New York. Of course, that is a mere drop in the ocean. --Lambiam 13:37, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Someone in a typical company's group health plan who goes to an in-network provider would typically be responsible for a co-payment of $40 or so, with the insurer covering the rest. The insurer would pay a pre-negotiated and heavily discounted amount to the provider, compared to the ridiculously inflated sticker price of $1000 or whatever.  Yes there are many horror stories of people getting socked with huge bills because they were uninsured or (even though insured) they went to the wrong provider.  That is probably what you saw.  Beyond that, the covid testing situation in the US is beyond dysfunctional, with tests often taking weeks to come back, by which time they are useless.  This article is long and sometimes ranty, but describes the saga pretty well. 2602:24A:DE47:BB20:50DE:F402:42A6:A17D (talk) 23:09, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I've seen news stories showing long lines of people in cars, waiting in a car park queue for several hours for a drive-through test. Are those people getting the test on a free/subsidised basis (hence the queue), or are those people the employed-and-insured? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:17, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I think the long lines affect almost everyone in places where they are happening. But nobody goes into a test expecting or willing to pay $1000.  The people who got those bills were misled or surprised by some kind of screwup, which I hope will get fixed.  According to this, the "retail" price of a test averages around $127. 2602:24A:DE47:BB20:50DE:F402:42A6:A17D (talk) 01:07, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The funniest (or saddest) is that the waiting time for the results may go up to two weeks or more, making it pointless to take the test.

 * "People can still pay more than $1000" is not the same as "It costs more than $1000". The entire U.S. healthcare system's economy is built on the most efficient way to funnel money into the pockets of shareholders of health insurance companies.  They do this by inflating "over the counter" costs of medical care so high that people are forced to buy insurance.  Medical care doesn't actually cost that much, in terms of the actual resources that go into providing the care, it's that the medical insurance companies have extorted the healthcare providers into jacking up their prices they charge to uninsured people, and they do this so that those uninsured people will be forced to buy insurance.  -- Jayron 32 12:13, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * See also Families First Coronavirus Response Act. Perhaps someone could expand on that please? Alansplodge (talk) 18:23, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Thankyou to everyone who has responded. So really, not as bad as I thought, but not really good either. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:15, 11 August 2020 (UTC)