text:
Talk:Spanish

Link for Inclusion
There's this really incredible website for learning Spanish called Online Spanish Help that I think should be included in the list of link. It has games and audio pronunciations. It's the best site I've seen out there. adjwilli

Worlds foremost Spanish textbook in the making
Dudes, you realize that this is going to become the most used Spanish textbook for English speakers out there ? This thing is going to put the traditional Spanish textbooks out of business one by one. It can continue to grow and reflect real Spanish use, and uploading the sound files is something that a printed book cannot have. This is SO COOL ! I am confident that we are making history.

Sound file format: MP3 vs Ogg
Oh yeah, one question: does anyone out there know what would be the best format for sound files ? I was just lucky that I had a de-zipper on my machine to unzip the Spanish ones. Is there an open standard format ? A most common, non-M$ one (is Quicktime any better ?) --Karl Wick 14:23 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Karl, what about MP3? That sounds ;-) ok for me.. and I have heard that is popular.. I am not sure about the MP3 licence but probably there are not problems with that. In other hand is a very useful format for learning a language. You can download the file, load it in you MP3 reader and listening the lesson in the undergroung, travelling to work. Wintermute 17:27 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Huh .. MP3 ... sounds great to me, lets see if anyone has any objections to it. --Karl Wick

 * Not really my objection but I hear ogg format is recommended within Wikipedia. Kpjas

 * Ogg ? I am not familiar with it. Is it compatible with "everything" like MP3 ? Karl Wick

 * All modern MP3 playing software on computers should play ogg just fine. If you have an older player then you might need to install a plugin. MP3 is evil and should be avoided. --mav

 * Ah. "Evil". Karl Wick

 * uuuhh.. "Evil".. Evil like.. I don't know.. M$? really? so bad?. Maybe the soft MP3 play ogg but.. what about the hard MP3 players? I have a new one! But is ok. If it is evil there is nothing to do. Wintermute

 * <sarcasm>You're right. It will be horrible that people can't take the speech examples in Spanish onto their non-ogg compatable MP3 players. Such a shame.</sarcasm> LittleDan 14:59, 20 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes - Evil. The owners of the MP3 patents have been trying to force websites that stream or otherwise host MP3 files to pay the patent owners thousands of dollars per website and on top of that a per download charge. Ogg, however, is free and will always be free. We should be supporting free software and free file formats over proprietary software and formats whenever practically possible. Ogg is such a format. --mav

 * Paying thousands of dollars for licensing ? That does sound pretty evil. --Karl Wick

 * ogg is the best choice as the format & codec are patent free. Maybe we should make a special ogg page talking about the format and how to read it on different computers (mac / win32 / linux ...). There could be a guide about converting the ogg encoded sound to other codec for hard mp3 players (ogg to wav then reencode for example).

Hashar 02:14, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Speex could also be interesting, since it is a codec especially for speech. The project is part of the Xiph foundation, and it is completely ridden of patents and nasty licensing issues. Since it is geared towards speech, it can result in much smaller files, which is nice for people with expensive slow connection or for PDA usage. Guaka 23:41, 27 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Here is a revolutionary idea: hows about every soundbite being offered in mp3 (cause everything can read it) and speex (cause it is a freely avaliable, well thought out format, which is quickly becoming the standard for VoIP among other things) btw, ogg is a whole group of different formats (all of which are open-source) and of which speex is but one format (specifcally designed for voice recording). the bellman

It seems like common sense to me to just use WAV format. It's not like a sentence of speech is going to be that big anyway.
 * It would be big for me, with my extremely slow internet. I'd very much prefer the files to be as small as possible -- it might be the difference between me having to wait for a few seconds versus not having to wait at all. And when you add up thousands of downloads from all the different people using the wikibook, then it adds unnecessary network and server load for Wikimedia foundation. Jrtayloriv (talk) 21:27, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Project name, indices, non-zipped sound files

 * I think that the title "Spanish" is too general. Foreign language textbooks usually are aimed at learners at some level
 * it would be nice to have grammatical and themed indices. I was thinking that we should add the name "castellano" because that is the correct name for the Spanish being taught.
 * wouldn't it be better to provide both zipped and directly playable sound samples ?

 * I guess that more advanced learners can easily click through the first lessons.
 * Could be nice, but maybe it's better to have an overview of the entire grammatic and provide links to lessons.
 * Zipping already (lossly) compressed soundfiles doesn't (and shouldn't..) result in much smaller files. It only makes it less convenient to play the files. But it could be nice to provide different qualities, or Ogg and Speex files of the same audio. Guaka 23:48, 27 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * For your first point, the name, I think it is implied (if nothing is stated) that it is for beginners. LittleDan 14:59, 20 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Hi there, Native Spanish speaker over here. Just went to the German wikibook and looks superb. In my humble opinion, there are a number of thing that could be copied from that one. For example... the should be a cover. My personal sugestion for it would be the cover of the "Don Quijote" (400 years of its publication on 2005 I believe). The level divition also helps, and the more the better. Its always more fun to thing that something has been achieved like the first level out of x, than just 3 chapters. Anyway... Ill contribute to the Spanish one as much as i can. (have to find my login and password which at the moment dont remember them) Cheers.

Two comments: 1. this is great, 2. wheres the alphabet ?

 * 1) This is unbelievable. I am so happy to see this project.  I would love to see you language-learning become a subject for a "free" textbook.  I'm so impressed to hear the ogg examples.  Eventually, of course, it would be neat if you all had a bunch of different speakers from different spanish-speaking countries, so students don't become overly familiar with one accent.
 * 2) Shouldn't lesson 1 include the alphabet and how to pronounce the letters? I would think this is the most important lesson.

--Dan Keshet

I agree, pronounciation is important and should be covered very early on. I'll ask my friend Mariela if she can also give a sound recording of the alphabet (of course others are encouraged to do a recording as well, so that we have a lot of variety). Thomas

I disagree, lessons on pronunciation are boring. The pronunciation of spanish is so easy learners can pick it up on their own. -DM

Ideas for new chapters
Fun, social things
 * Parties
 * The beach
 * Dates
 * At a bar
 * Salsa dancing, La Bamba, la discoteca (anthro)

Topics common to richer/more developed cultures
 * At the office
 * At school
 * Transportation, airport, el metro, taxis ..
 * On the phone
 * buying a car
 * business trip, tourist trips
 * food shopping
 * in the kitchen
 * Beauty, barber shop
 * el gimnasio-the gymnasium
 * el cine (movies)
 * weddings (la boda)
 * Technology
 * restaurants
 * boating
 * soccer, sports

Things relatively unique in Latino culture
 * feelings toward the US
 * el quinceanero (Sweet Fifteenth Birthday)
 * Catholic Mass
 * deadbeat dads from the Spaniards to today
 * emotions
 * families
 * at home
 * poverty, Street beggars
 * el tianguis
 * crime
 * spanish-speaking communities in the US
 * discussion of various cultural spots in Latin America
 * restaraunts, taco stands
 * paracaidistas
 * historical events in LatAm history such as the killings in Mexico in '68
 * Historical figures like Che Gueverra, Selena, Pedro Infante, Cantinflas, Fidel Castro, Picasso, la dictablanda, Cortez, los Mayas, Cristobal Colon ... Don Quijote ..
 * Street vendors
 * etc etc ...

Hope this helps! --Karl Wick

Comments about the structure of the lessons
Please, see this comment like a mindstorm comment (Its possible that it doesnt make too much sense).. I would like to know what you (all) think about

I think that a lesson should contain only the matter for one period of study (one hour?, half hour?). There is not reason for limit the number of lessons in a textbook, so, what is a lesson if not a period of study? Maybe in others subjects of study you can split it by concepts but I think that, in languages, would be useful a one-day separation. It seems that for a basic language capabilities you need to know 2000 (more or less) words. 2000/365 = 5,4 words. If you can learn a few of grammar and 5,4 words every day, theorically you can write and read a language in a year (listening and speak is another thing). It seems a good mark to me for only 1 or 1/2 hour day. So, maybe, a lesson should be a few of vocabulary, a concept of grammar and a lot of exercices. Obviously, everybody could advance with the speed that he/she need or want.

Sorry by my english, I am learning..

Wintermute 22:36, 17 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hi, I think you are right with your point that we need a lot of exercises which only cover a small amount of material (for example a maximum of 10 new words or a single grammar concept). So we should definitely try to put an exercise right after new vocabulary/grammar concepts are presented. This way we can even keep the longer - theme oriented - lessons together as a whole (doing one 'lesson' would then maybe require four or five 1/2 hour learning sessions, but as long as each learning session has its own exercise part this should be OK). In either case, I think we should start now to put in some exercises for the lessons 1-3 where we already have enough material to construct useful exercises. -- Thomas

Formatting
I think its a good idea to put everything in Spanish first and then English. This translation helps people see the similarities and differences between Spanish and English.

I also removed some repetitive words like "Lesson" and "Lección" because I think it makes the page simpler and less work to read.

Also I moved the (very cool) flags to the bottom of the page so that people see content first. I'm not sure which way I like it, maybe its better with the flags up top like the were.

Please feel free to undo any changes you hate ;-) -- Karl Wick

About the exercices format:

What should be the exercices format? I propose using a different page for every exercices lesson and another one for the solutions. That would be 3 pages for lesson. It has a few advantages. A student could print the exercices, work in that in paper if she want, and check the solutions when he/she has finished. In this way, the lesson wouldn't be so big and we could enlarge the exercicies without limit.

Another question is.. should be write the exercices like the exercicies in a traditional book?

for instance:

Translate:

house    ______________

what do you think about?

Wintermute 20:44, 25 Aug 2003 (UTC) --- Thanks for bringing that up. We should be starting to work on exercises as soon as possible. I agree that we should have exercises separate from the main lessons (in fact, as our lessons are quite long, there should be one exercise sheet for every 1/2 hour study part of a lesson). I think the solutions can be writtem far more compact (by writing only the missing words or correct answers for multiple choice). So we probably won't need one page for each exercise but just one solution sheet for all exercises (or all exercises of one lesson).

In my opinion we should also try to emphasize collaborative learning in the exercises. So maybe we don't even want to give solutions to each exercise but rather leave some of them open so that students and teachers have to come together to discuss exercises. More importantly I would like to see a lot of exercises that can be done only with partners or in a group. For these exercises we will definitely need to use (voice!) chat. Even though the development of Wiki tools for realtime interaction are discussed as part of the 'Wikiversity' project it will probably take a while until they become available. So to get started with that (which will hopefully be soon) we should just go with available chat tools like irc,icq,aim,yahoo,...) -- Thomas Strohmann

 * No, I think people should still be able to learn spanish by themselves with this book. I think we should have a subpage for group resources, if anyone wants to do that, but it shouldn't make it so that people feel like they have to have a teacher to use the textbook. LittleDan 14:59, 20 Sep 2003 (UTC)

---

Hi guys. I'm new to wiki, but actually I was thinking about starting a similar project to this one for a while. I'm using javascript to allow you to test yourself by hiding either the English or Spanish half of the vocab list, click to reveal, shuffle, there are two stylesheets to make the printed version good for paper, readings are similar to vocab in that you can click to reveal translations, and the content is in XML and parsed to html (or latex) which should make the content useful for people wanting to parse it to other formats. Take a look and let me know if there is any interest in seeing this done. [It's all here.] Click on the reading, click on Practice: Recognition and then words in the vocab list. Print preview should be formatted for printing.

crail

New format looks fine to me
Hello,

I really like the work of Karl and others to put all the headers first in Spanish and then in English. Omitting the 'Lesson' word for all the lessons is definitely reasonable. For where to place the flags I'm not sure either. I think it would be cool if we eventually come up with a cool title plus a nice picture for our book to put it at the very start of the page. This could be the combination 'Aqui se habla espanol' (title) & flags (picture) but maybe we can come up with something more creative ;)

Thomas Strohmann

P.S. I've been away on a conference most of last week, this week I'll have much more time to work on the Wikibook...

Help
Hi, I was wondering if some people here are more familiar with Spanish than I am & are willing to look at some of the lessons we have so far and correct the mistakes that are in there. As the lessons get more advanced I try to make more elaborate examples, but since I'm just learning Spanish I'm not so sure if they are all grammatically correct / stylistically good. So if anyone wants to help out on this issue I would really appreciate it! -- Thomas -- UTC 05:55 Wednesday, October 15, 2003

 * I just downloaded all the lessons and I'm going to check them, but I won't be able to correct them for a while (dial-up connection, expensive telephone bills in the third world). Also I could contribute with some sound files with Guatemalan accent, just tell me what should I record.

(update) I just checked them. Look at the comments here

 * Oaso 13:49, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I've looked at them. Great suggestions Oaso! I'll put in the changes as soon as I can. Thomas Strohmann

Colored Tables
Following the good examples in other Wikibooks, I've starting to put in colored tables. I suggest the following colorcode: yellow for pure vocabulary (single words), blue for grammar tables (e.g. conjugations), and green for examples (whole sentences in dialogs, or sentences illustrating grammar rules). Thomas Strohmann
 * I was just going to suggest the same thing, but with different colors. Current colors look too strong. I think it's better to use pastel colors, like the Wikipedia's front page. If you were wondering, I was going to suggest pale blue for vocabulary, pink for grammar, pale yellow for examples, and gray for exercises.
 * Oaso 15:49, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for the comment Oaso. Lets put together some suggestions on the talk page. Once we've decided on a format we can make it a 'standard' for the book. Thomas Strohmann

 * Current version

 * Alternative 1

 * I edited alternative 1 to show the precise colors I meant. Oaso 20:32, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Grammar
We ought to have a lot more grammar here! Gender! Agreement! Articles! Demonstrative adjectives! Prepositions! Verbs!!! The best way to learn Spanish is to learn the rules, so that you can create just about every sentence in existence. These situation-oriented lessons only allow you to say things appropriate for...well, that situation. If we were to exclusively use that approach, we would have to have an exhaustive list of situations, which would blow up the wiki server. If you learn grammar, you can interact in any situation. --Grammar bug

 * Yeah, thats a good point. --Karl Wick

 * Hi, I stumbled on this project. It's very interesting. I noticed you have past participle in Lesson 9, but kept the present progressive until Lesson 10. The way I learned Spanish, progressive was the first tense learned after present indicative. It's a simple way to vastly increase the number of phrases you can create, and I would suggest addressing it earlier.
 * What you say makes sense .. if you could play around and try to make the changes yourself that would be very helpful. Let me know if I can be of any help to you - Karl Wick

When learning Spanish I tried a lot of books and courses. The only thing that clicked with me was Madrigal's Magic Key, which is a very old text book, but teaches the language by rules and shortcut aids to memory. In fact it teaches grammar, but in a very palatable way.

I find all these "how to order a meal" type lessons OK, and superficially appealing but will never move the learner past the phrasebook stage, and ultimatly they will lose interest, this is not the way to master a language.

Once you have the grammar of Spanish, all the rest is plain sailing, you just have to practice and add to your vocabulary.

I don't have a user name, but I hope this comment helps. I'll look in here from time to time and see if there's anything I can add, but if it does develop into a phrasebook, then I don't think there's much I would contibute.

It would also be helpful to decide how to handle the question of which version of Spanish will be taught. Castillian is the standard, but Latin American is of equal importance. Maybe some method of highlighting the Latin American differences by color code, or a sidebar of important deviations by country would allow the book to be more useful. The alternative would be to create a Castillian main book with a Latin American appendix.

Where's the subjunctive mood? Where's the preterite and the imperfect?? Where's the conditional??

I think this book needs new sections to be added. This book is not at all complete. El subjuntivo es muy importante. TrueDat (discuss • contribs) 05:58, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

-

Wiktionary
Could this be in some way related to Wiktionary ? (Or, maybe it is, but I haven't noticed).

I'm thinking about something like a bilingual dictionary for language learning. The contents itself would probably look more like that of a textbook than that of a dictionary, but the purpose is to have the dictionary browseable / referenceable format.

I'm trying to put similar ideas together at Wiki Language School Flammifer 19:27, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Standards
I think in the long term intrest of this book, we should all consider starting the plans for restructuring this book so it conforms to textbook standards in a Spanish I, II, III, IV format. I know that currently, this will probably be quite unpopular, but in the long term intrest, we should at least consider it, maybe even splitting the book, one for serious education and study, and one for conversational situation reference. I'm just saying we should consider it. That's all.

New design proposal
Could you look at pl:Hiszpański: Lekcja A1 and pl:Hiszpański? Here you can see the proposal of new design for this Wikibook. Sblive 19:16, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Helping...
I'm Spanish but I find it difficult to help in this book. Make a clearer index or a page with things to do. About a wictionary: I think we should have ONE page for all languages. There you could see the word and then translations to all languages with definitions in that language. You could use any language to sort words alphabetically. Please ask for it in meta or in wikipedia!!! Or let's do one book here. I'm Barcelona in catalana wikipedia if you want to talk to me: http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuari_Discussi%C3%B3:Barcelona

 * I'd love to help as well (don't even have a user name yet), but it really seems difficult, besides I'm from Argentina and lots of the lenguage used sounds weird, different latin american countrys have different vocabulary, specially Argentina (and Uruguay I think) were verbs are even conjugated differently. Some examples would be "vos" used instead of "tú", and others like "Sos de México" instead of "Eres de México". Skimming through the pages I've seen many references to Mexico ("You are from Mexico"), so I guess the idea is to mainly use vocabulary from Mexico (that is the spanish that people from the US is more familiar with), is there a standard way to add words used in other countries with a note clarifying it, or it would be too complex and confusing? <IP_ADDRESS> 6 July 2005 13:46 (UTC)

 * You can always make some additional pages (or another course within this textbook) about Spanish used in south America. That would be great! Sblive 13:32, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Mouth Mechanics
I would like to request a section on the mechanics involved in speaking another language. I couldn't nail spanish R's correctly until I did a lot of digging. English produces an "r" without the tongue touching any part of the mouth, like a vowel. The spanish R is pronounced behind the upper teeth. Most try to approximate this by telling one to pronounce it something akin to TH. I am not an expert in the subject, and don't even know Spanish, so I can only ask for at least some links.

Like "TH"?!? I've always heard it described as "rolling" the R. I beleive one rapidly moves the tongue behind the upper teeth. Its easy to overdo, but when starting to learn its probably OK to "roll" the R's in an exagerated way. If unable to do so, I would think a "T" or "D" sound might be better than "TH," which seems more likely to lead to nasty tongue injuries than anything else.

There is some information here: http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/ The stated use is for: It is intended for students of phonetics, linguistics, and foreign language. Maybe he would like to donate it to GFDL and we could hack it up? Although they do not follow words or letter they only give the phonetic alphabet. -Indolering

Opening Paragraph
I'm reading this to learn Spanish, I don't have enough ability to actually contribute to the book in any substantial way. However, I found this initial paragraph absolutely baffling, enough to make me wonder whether I should even bother reading further in the book:

The fundamental norm of Spanish grammar is the sentence, structured as follows:

Subject - Verb - Object

''This is so until the point that, in technical Spanish, you can consider an equivalence between the concept 'Grammar' and the concept of 'a sentence arranged according to the rule Subject-Verb-Object'. At this level, paragraphs, articles, and other sorts of grammatical groups are not considered. So, at this level, Spanish is an impossible language, because if it existed according to its theoretical definition, that is, if Spanish were used correctly according to its technical standard, then all the words from the Spanish dictionary would have been used just for an only eternal sentence, valid for past, present and future. Maybe this sentence is still to come, but, meanwhile, normal Spanish conversations are constituted by groups of sentences.''

Unless somebody can seriously rework and explain what is trying to be expressed here, i'd just as soon see this paragraph removed. The fact that we go Subject Verb Object is enough for me. Doesn't need much explanation, since that is a typical pattern in English, and this book is written in English and therefore assumes English knowledge.

Yikes. That certainly is a difficult paragraph. I have no idea what it's trying to say. I think that whole section needs to be reworked. I'll get on it. Fenoxielo 03:52, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Those paragraphs on grammar need to be moved off the main page. They don't look right sitting in the middle of what is essentially the contents. Any suggestions on where to stick it? Perhaps delete it from the main page and paste it in here until it gets a home? --Zapateria 09:39, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Cover and Contents
Does anyone think that we should change the cover title from "Spanish (Cover)" to just "Spanish" and change "Spanish" to "Spanish:Contents"? This will make it more in-line with other language textbooks. Geoking66 22:46, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Former Page Spanish: Contents
The titles in the "Lecciones" list do not match the content of the lessons. E.g. the second title, "El viajar", takes me to grammar of the noun... <IP_ADDRESS> 19:47, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Originally, the lessons consisted mainly of vocabulary (you will find that lesson 2 has a part for vocabulary that you need for travelling). We started adding grammar topics later and they are harder to put under a specific title. If we find better titles for the lessons we can certainly change them. Thomas Strohmann

I changed it to "De viaje" because it sounds much better. Maybe it should be noted that verbs may work as masculine nouns, but certainly "El viajar" sounds too strange. Sabbut 12:08, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Incorporating verb tenses into the lessons
As I research the language I realize that Spanish has fourteen verb tenses, seven simple and seven compound, as well as a couple extras. We could use that information to work new tenses into the lessons systematically. --Karl Wick

Sound file format
Now I just had a teacher trying to use the site and he could not use the sound files because his hardware was not compatible with the sound file format that we are using. Would it be so wrong to offer the files in one "free" format and one proprietary one ? --Karl Wick

Naming policy
The Spanish book is now 100% naming policy compliant. Check http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AAllpages&from=Spanish&namespace=0. All left non compliant pages are redirects. I also replaced most of all links to these redirect pages. E^(nix) 10:01, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Lesson Setup
I really think the lessons need to be setup in a different way. As it is you get tons of words at once with little to no practice. If there were large chapters broken up into smaller sections with an excercise at the end of each it wouldn't be so overwhelming. For example, the first chapter after doing the alphabet and pronunciations could be over Introductions. It would teach people how to say hello, nice to meet you, and my name is xyz in the first part with an excercise at the end. The next part could be over saying your age and numbers. After that could be a few adjectives and a lesson on noun-adjective agreement. I would be willing to reorganize the current lessons or start a string of alternative lessons if people like this idea, but I don't want to do it if people won't like it. It's just that I think it's quite overwhelming as it is.--Leostrife 21:19, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

suggestions
This is a wiki, it can be non-linear learning (sorry if I make mistakes, I'm Spanish speaker): suggest projects and exercise to USE language. Show words in use, link to images, texts and dialogues. Words couls also be linked to wiktionary for definitions and so on, so translations are not needed here (they always depends on the context). I 'll explain it better:

Imagine we are talking about food (in lesson 6). We can open the section with some pictures to match eith words instead of boring lists. Users can also click on words so they see the defintion in wiktionary. When exercise is finished, they have the basic vocabluary to start using it. They can read some dialogues: "in the shop", "in the restaurant" while they listen to them. Then they will be asked to complete a multuser dialogue. For example, there's a discussion between 2 people arguing about 2 different cooks. Each user adds a line or corrects mistakes, or ask for help in wikiversity page. Because the main point of a wiki is to edit it!.

Can somebody add a numbers lesson?
Can somebody add a numbers lesson, like how to count to 100? thanks
 * Wow. I can't believe we left it out.  Well, I added it here. --Think Fast 20:28, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Exercises for Vocabulary
It might help readers learn the vocabulary if there are exercises for it as well. -- Video Game Fan 01:46, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

User:Celestianpower/Spanish
I have been working extensively on this new Spanish Wikibook. What do you think? Should we merge it with this one? Do you like the name? I'd like some feedback. Regards, Celestianpower 22:40, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Fragmentos para fusionar

 * Las personas — Describing people and opinions about them.
 * La escuela — School, ser versus estar.
 * El tiempo pasado — The past tense- All about the past tense in Spanish: Preterito, Imperfecto, Differences between the two.

These are some random contributions that don't seem to fit into the grand scheme yet. When I need them, they'll be here though! :). Kind regards, Celestianpower 17:51, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Pronouns missing?
I couldn't find anything in here so far about pronouns. The section on regular verb conjugation would be a good place to mention them. Also, some places that describe conjugations have 2 column tables where the first column in "Ingles" and lists only the English pronoun, and the second column is "Espanol" and lists only the conjugated Spanish verb. I think that instead of showing "I" "Soy" it would be better to show "I am" "(Yo) soy".

More audio
Do you think it would be possible to record dialogs an offer more audio?--Juan de Vojníkov (talk) 12:31, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Wiktionary
Why does this book link to the English Wikipedia article about the language, but doesn't link to the English Wiktionary Category:Spanish language, which includes a huge Spanish vocabulary defined in English, as well as appendices on conjugation and other tools? There doesn't even seem to be a template on this site! --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:06, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Archived
I am adding some of the related archived material onto the main contents page; the previous work the previous writers mustn't be put to waste! Some important ones can also be used! Minor User (talk) 09:59, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Translation
I suggest a version to learn medicine Spanish --Mac (talk) 09:56, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Neutral point of view
How neutral. The logo shows the coats of arms of Spain and Mexico. What about the other two thirds of Spanish speakers? Esmito (talk) 14:39, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

I added the Argentinian coat of arms just to show how ridiculous it is to have coats of arms at all. Esmito (talk) 14:47, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Very good (Muy bueno)
I like this wikibook, that's very good. I speak spanish and this book looks great.

¡Gracias al creador de este libro de español! Thanks to the creator of this book in Spanish! --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:22, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

Agree
I want to thank all the contributors of this Wikibook. On 2008 I dived in for my first Spanish class. Our professor was from Madrid and it intimidated me greatly, as she expected us answer her in her language all the time. And then there was this Wikibook. I remember I would get up early every morning to diligently study as much as I could, memorize words, practice verbs. This book helped me immensely as though it were the only book that mattered, largely because it was the only book I could read simply by being connected to the Internet, and could be accessed at any time of the day. This went hand-in-hand with Wiktionary, being the only multilingual dictionary (a mighty vast one too) I could browse through the net. I started editing there too, adding words and learning about others, and it made me realize I liked this: writing, words, languages. This has made a lasting influence on me.

The Spanish language also gave me an opportunity to form relationships with awesome Spanish-speaking people who have touched my life forever, like with the professor I mentioned. This is another story, but my point is that it all started here. This Wikibook had been a catalyst. Changes in life from an online project pitched in upon by people I may never meet! Now learning languages is still an enjoyable hobby for me. And you know what? Despite not studying Linguistics full-on, Wikibooks on many other subjects still help me today.

So, thank you. The gratitude goes deeper than words can express. --Icqgirl (discuss • contribs) 13:57, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

How old is the PDF file?
I was pretty disappointed to find that in the PDF file of the Spanish Wikibook, it has the following answers for the first exercise in the first lesson:

What greeting would you use...
 * 1) At 8:00pm?
 * 2) At 10:00am?
 * 3) At 3:00pm?
 * 4) When you're going to bed?

Answers:

 * 1) Buenas tardes
 * 2) Buenas mañanas
 * 3) Buenos días
 * 4) Buenas noches

Buenas mañanas? Really? And buenos días for 3 PM? I don't really know what else to say. It's a shame because the PDF version is beautifully done and one of the best-formatted free resources available. Is it known when the PDF version will be updated to match the online/live version? I also just noticed that the link to the live version for lesson 1 in the PDF is broken.

What about the printable version? Is it the same text as the online version? I don't know if it takes that version and makes it ready for printing or if it's a separate file like the PDF.

Elsrbest (discuss • contribs) 18:48, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

Actually, I looked twice, and this looks correct. I'm not sure what is wrong with the answers. These responses look correct. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 22:55, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

Photos
I do not understand why do we have photos of various cities of Spain? This is not a book about Spain but the Spanish language, which is spoken in American countries as well. I think a) Photos of Valencia or Córdoba is not fruitful b) Even if there is a good reason, why are we not adding photos of Chichen Itza? acagastya 💭 19:03, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

Please, get help on this project from Wikiversity.
I hope the people on this project will seriously consider the Wikiversity pages, also a resource for people learning Spanish. Their page is a improvement. I hope noticing their contributions will help to improve other people's Spanish. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 22:50, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish


text:
winter storm

Noun

 * 1) A meteorological event in which the dominant varieties of precipitation are forms that only occur at cold temperatures, such as snow or sleet, or a rainstorm in which ground temperatures are cold enough to allow ice to form.

Derived terms

 * Operation Winter Storm

Translations

 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto: vintroŝtormo
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * German:
 * Japanese: 冬の嵐
 * Korean: 겨울 폭풍
 * Swedish:

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: winter storm


text:
Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2012 July 10

Template:Bgc

The result of the discussion was delete Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 03:13, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * bgc

purpose of this template is unclear, and currently, it is being used completely incorrectly in articles. on some other WPs this template is used to set a background colour for promotion/relegation, but here it does something different. I would say redirect it, but the syntax used on other WPs is not the same as our background colour templates (e.g., what colour is R1? ). Frietjes (talk) 20:32, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:Retrieve

The result of the discussion was delete Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 03:07, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Retrieve

old, and probably unused since it links dates. we already have this functionality in citation templates. Frietjes (talk) 20:01, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:Cowsay

The result of the discussion was userfy Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 03:07, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Cowsay

userfy? Frietjes (talk) 19:57, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Tag with humor and document as a talkpage quote template; since it replicates a unix command, can be used to emphasize something in a discussion -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:31, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Templatespace is not a skunkworks for clever MediaWiki hacks. No problem with userfication. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) (talk) 08:27, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:Sky Add-on channel

The result of the discussion was delete Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 03:05, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Sky Add-on channel
 * Sky Movies Package
 * Sky PPV channel
 * Everything Sports Package

WP is not a television guide, poor colour contrast, and better presented as plain text. Frietjes (talk) 19:55, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * note, that if this is deleted, just restore the changes made in this edit. Frietjes (talk) 16:12, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:The Awakening

The result of the discussion was delete Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 03:04, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The Awakening

navigates nothing. Frietjes (talk) 19:55, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete. Only links to main series article; navbox does not appear to be needed.  Gongshow  Talk 13:34, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:SplitCategory

The result of the discussion was Redirect Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 03:04, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * SplitCategory

old and unused and appears basically redundant to very large or another template like it. Frietjes (talk) 19:47, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment This functionality is done via WP:CFD, where you can propose that categories be split (using cfs) -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:14, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Redirect softredirect to cfs -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:14, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:IndentedLegend

The result of the discussion was delete Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 03:55, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * IndentedLegend

old and unused, there are easier ways to indent a legend marker. Frietjes (talk) 19:41, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:Neighborhoods of Tirana

The result of the discussion was delete Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 03:00, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Neighborhoods of Tirana
 * Tirana templates

redundant to the first two sections of Tirana. Frietjes (talk) 18:20, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:Kavajë

The result of the discussion was Withdrawn. See comment. — This, that, and the other (talk) 08:03, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Kavajë

Wikipedia evidently doesn't have much to say about Kavajë. WP:NENAN. Unused. — This, that, and the other (talk) 05:18, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * indifferent, but you should have Template:Lushnjë deleted, since it currently has zero content. Frietjes (talk) 17:18, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * You people think rather worryingly destructively on here. Rather than acknowledge we are a wiki and most places likely have notable landmarks rather than expand and improve you always think we should delete. Wake up!♦ Dr. Blofeld  18:42, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * sometimes it takes a tfd to get articles written. given your activity as a result of this tfd, we should nominate more of these templates. Frietjes (talk) 19:29, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Or you could simply ask me to expand something..♦ Dr. Blofeld  20:36, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * You have a history with creating blank templates, then wondering why they are sent to TfD. it works though, and appears to be the only sure fire way to get the articles written. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:23, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Don't hurry Dr Blofeld - if you don't know, he's one of our most prolific editors helping to counter systemic bias. WP:DEADLINE.
 * I had assumed that the two redlinks originally present in the template would have been non-notable. It seems there are indeed more topics, and once again I find myself unwittingly interfering with Blofeld's article creation work. Sorry. — This, that, and the other (talk) 08:03, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:No spam email

The result of the discussion was redirect Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 02:58, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * No spam email

Inferior to merely using<EMAIL_ADDRESS>It's also almost the exact same thing as Template:No spam, except with the useless ability to make the username of the email small. —Yutsi Talk/  Contributions  ( 偉特 ) 04:19, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Technically, this one actually predates no spam by a month. We certainly don't need both of them, though. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) (talk) 08:20, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * and to make matters worse, Template:NoSpamEmail does not redirect to Template:No spam email. Frietjes (talk) 20:33, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Redirect to no spam; use a bot to replace transclusions with a compatible format for no spam -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:16, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:Javascript in categories

The result of the discussion was no consensus Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 02:39, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Javascript in categories

A boilerplate user talk message that appears to have never been used. It's all very nice, but I think the use case for such a message is minimal. Moreover, with no incoming links, no-one seems to know that it exists! — This, that, and the other (talk) 03:01, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Is it really worth the effort to delete this template? I would have no idea what to tell somebody if this situation existed, this template would certainly be useful if that happened. Ryan Vesey  Review me!  03:06, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete - I can't even comprehend what the template is trying to say, and seeing how it's meant to help out other users, I think that is reason enough for deletion. —Yutsi Talk/  Contributions  ( 偉特 ) 04:35, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Rich Farmbrough, 13:00, 10 July 2012 (UTC).
 * I took multiple passes to comprehend this as well. As a boilerplate notice it is useless, as the vast majority of editors would find it incomprehensible. Not sure it can be edited to fix that. Better simply to leave personal messages in this (hopefully rare) case. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) (talk) 08:21, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There were about half a dozen people with this problem on their .js pages when I wrote the template. I am not really fussed if it is deleted, as the problem is so rare and I could re-write the test, but I am concerned at the specious nature of the reasoning used here, and will expand on that in the hope that it will inform future discussions.
 * The template is tightly targetted at people with (one hopes) either some facility with javascript or at least an awareness of what has been added to their .js pages. Therefore apparent obscurity should not be a deletion issue.
 * More importantly templates such as this are supposed to be subst'ed therefore assuming that it has not been used is a leap of faith. And indeed it has been used.
 * Thumper makes the point, that it is not documented anywhere. This is quite correct and important  (in general, though where it should be documented I'm not sure), however the solution is to documentation, not deletion.

 * Comment. Yes, it was a poor nomination. The template seems to have been used (successfully) at least here and here but if Rich is willing for it to be deleted, then so am I. Thincat (talk) 23:04, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Nothing poor about it; I thought it was unused because I failed to take into account that it was used before being edited. — This, that, and the other (talk) 03:59, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:J.A.P. aeroengines

The result of the discussion was keep for now Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 02:34, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * J.A.P. aeroengines

Completely redlinked navbox. Unused. — This, that, and the other (talk) 02:56, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Greetings This, that and the other; I am working my way through over one hundred aeroengines that are listed on the list of aircraft engines, and some of them are a little hard to find. As an example, one other template that had redlinkes was also nominated for deletion template:Allen Aeroengines it was completed (although only one engine remained when the others proved to be too elusive), but it was deleted none the less. Now, I have to create it all over again. I ask that this template remain active, like all of the redlinked aeroengine templates.  This is no small job, and the templates will be used as I can get to them. Thanks,   Buster40004  Talk  04:03, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That's OK. It is better to create articles first, then make the navbox afterwards, rather than the other way around. Doing so would avoid this sort of discussion. — This, that, and the other (talk) 05:22, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Strong keep per Buster40004. Give him some time. If he doesn't create the majority of the articles within a reasonable time frame, then we can delete it. Otherwise, there's no hurry. It's not like there's a data shortage on the Wikipedia servers.—Yutsi Talk/  Contributions  ( 偉特 ) 04:42, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:East German Post

The result of the discussion was delete Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 03:53, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * East German Post

Template is invalid. See Commons:Commons:WikiProject Public Domain/German stamps review. Not currently used for any files, so can safely be deleted. Stefan2 (talk) 00:12, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete per Commons:Commons:WikiProject Public Domain/German stamps review.—Yutsi Talk/  Contributions  ( 偉特 ) 04:38, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Template:PD-German Empire stamps

The result of the discussion was delete Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 03:53, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * PD-German Empire stamps

Template is invalid. See Commons:Commons:WikiProject Public Domain/German stamps review. Not currently used for any files, so can safely be deleted. Stefan2 (talk) 00:12, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete per Commons:Commons:WikiProject Public Domain/German stamps review.—Yutsi Talk/  Contributions  ( 偉特 ) 04:38, 10 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Terry Wells

Terry Wells (born September 10, 1963), is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher who played for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1990.

Biography
A native of Kankakee, Illinois, Wells attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, and in 1984 he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

Wells was drafted by the Houston Astros in the 8th round of the 1985 Major League Baseball Draft. He had been drafted twice before (by the Cleveland Indians in 1981 and Chicago White Sox in 1984) but did not sign a contract on either occasion.

Wells was best known for being traded on April 1, 1990, by the Astros to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Franklin Stubbs, who had been a member of the Dodgers 1988 World Series team. The trade took place just days prior to the start of the season.

That year, 1990, was the only season in which Wells appeared. He started 5 games for the Dodgers, compiling a 1–2 won-loss record with a high 7.84 earned run average. He was released at the conclusion of the 1990 season and did not sign with another Major League team.

title: Terry Wells


text:
Burundi Pidgin French

Burundi Pidgin French is a stably pidginized form of French spoken in the African nation of Burundi. It is one of several such pidgins in francophone countries. Infinitives tend to be used for all verb forms (e.g. vous savoi for vous savez 'you know'). It is unlikely to ever creolize, as the Rundi language is spoken by the entire Burundian population.

title: Burundi Pidgin French


text:
paalam

Interjection

 * 1) goodbye
 * Paálam na.

Verb

 * 1) to warn or caution

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) one's goodbyes; farewell
 * 2) permission to do something
 * 1) permission to do something

Interjection

 * 1)  goodbye; farewell

Noun

 * 1) notice; announcement

Etymology 2
.

Verb

 * 1)   to get (something) approved

Verb

 * 1)   to notify about; to let be known

title: paalam


text:
Talk:Dave McAleer

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dave McAleer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080927094058/http://www.davemcaleer.com:80/ to http://www.davemcaleer.com/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:33, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave McAleer


text:
1984 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships

The 1984 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor green clay courts at the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts in the United States. The event was part of the Super Series of the 1984 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the 57th edition of the tournament and was held from July 16 through July 22, 1984. Sixth-seeded Aaron Krickstein won the singles title and earned $34,000 first-prize money.

Singles
🇺🇸 Aaron Krickstein defeated 🇦🇷 José Luis Clerc 7–6, 3–6, 6–4
 * It was Krickstein's 1st singles title of the year and the 2nd of his career.

Doubles
🇺🇸 Ken Flach / 🇺🇸 Robert Seguso defeated 🇺🇸 Gary Donnelly / Ernie Fernández 6–4, 6–4

title: 1984 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships


text:
Kaibab Limestone

The Kaibab Limestone is a resistant cliff-forming, Permian geologic formation that crops out across the U.S. states of northern Arizona, southern Utah, east central Nevada and southeast California. It is also known as the Kaibab Formation in Arizona, Nevada, and Utah. The Kaibab Limestone forms the rim of the Grand Canyon. In the Big Maria Mountains, California, the Kaibab Limestone is highly metamorphosed and known as the Kaibab Marble.

Nomenclature

The Kaibab Limestone was named by Darton in 1910 for the Kaibab Plateau, which is on the north side of Grand Canyon in Coconino County, Arizona. In his definition of the Kaibab Limestone formation, no type locality was designated. He also designated the Kaibab Limestone as the upper formation of the Aubrey Group, a now-abandoned stratigraphic unit. In 1921, Bassler and Reeside revised Darton's work and defined the Harrisburg Member of the Kaibab Limestone. In his 1938 monograph on the Toroweap Formation and Kaibab Limestone of northern Arizona, McKee split Darton's original Kaibab Limestone into the currently recognized Kaibab Limestone and Toroweap Formation. He also revised Kaibab Limestone's lower contact and divided it into informal (descending) alpha, beta and gamma members. Later in the 1970s, its upper contact was revised and its areal extent were defined. Also, unsuccessful attempts were made to raise the formation to group rank and divide it into several formations. In 1982, Warren Hamilton renamed it as the Kaibab Marble and determined its areal extent for California. In 1991, Sorauf and Billingsley subdivided the Kaibab Limestone into (ascending) Fossil Mountain Member (new) and Harrisburg Member. They designated the strata comprising McKee's alpha (or upper) member as the Harrisburg Member and the strata comprising McKee's beta (or middle) member as the Fossil Mountain Member. The Fossil Mountain Member was named for Fossil Mountain along the south rim near the Bass Trail. McKee's gamma member is considered to be part of the Fossil Mountain Member. Later research has further redefined the regional extent of the Kaibab Limestone.

Description
The Kaibab Limestone is an assemblage of sedimentary rock types. It consists of a complexity of inter fingering and inter bedded carbonate and siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. In addition, intense post-depositional (diagenetic) changes have produced a more composition variation by the alteration of limestone to dolomite and the silicification of limestone to form chert. In the western Grand Canyon region, the Fossil Mountain Member consists of fossiliferous and cherty limestone with an abundant and diverse normal-marine fossil fauna. Further east in the Coconino Plateau region, the lithology, mineralogy, and fauna of the Fossil Mountain Member changes drastically where it grades laterally into sandy dolomite and dolomite that contains a restricted-marine fossil fauna and subordinate amounts of sandstone. The Harrisburg Member, which forms the uppermost cliffs and receding ledges along both north and south rims of the Grand Canyon, consists of an assemblage of gypsum, dolomite, sandstone, redbeds, chert, and minor limestone.

Contacts
Within the Grand Canyon region, the Kaibab Limestone overlies gypsum and contorted sandstones of the Toroweap Formation. Originally, geologists interpreted the lower contact of the Kaibab Limestone to be an unconformity based on the presence of local intraformational breccias and erosional surfaces. However, additional research has concluded that these local intraformational breccias and erosional surfaces are the result of collapse following the dissolution of evaporite deposits within the upper part of the Toroweap Formation. As a result, this contact is inferred to be conformable or only locally a disconformity. South and east of the Grand Canyon, the evaporites and contorted sandstones (sabkha deposits) of Toroweap Formation interfinger with and are replaced by cross-bedded sandstones of the Coconino Sandstone. As a result, the Kaibab Limestone directly overlies the Coconino Sandstone in the Mogollon Rim region. The Kaibab Limestone directly overlies the White Rim Sandstone in northeastern Arizona and southeastern Utah.

The upper contact of the Kaibab Limestone (Harrisburg Member) with the overlying Moenkopi Formation is an erosional unconformity and disconformity. Within northwestern Arizona, southeastern Nevada, and southwestern Utah this contact is an erosional unconformity that in part consists of paleovalleys, as much as several hundred feet deep, and paleokarst that were eroded into the underlying Kaibab Limestone before the deposition of the Moenkopi Formation. These paleovalleys are often filled with conglomerates and breccias that are known as the Rock Canyon conglomerate. Within the Marble Canyon and eastern Grand Canyon regions and south into Verde Valley, upper contact of the Kaibab Limestone with the Moenkopi Formation is an erosional disconformity. This disconformity exhibits little relief and is identified by marked differences in color, topography, and rock types between tan, ledge-forming, calcareous sandstones and of the Kaibab Limestone and red, slope-forming siltstones of the Moenkopi formation. The unconformity and disconformity are inferred to represent most of Permian time (including the Leonardian) and part of Early Triassic time.

Although the Moenkopi Formation overlies the Kaibab Limestone, its redbeds have been removed almost entirely by erosion because they are less resistant to erosion than the strata of the Kaibab Formation. As a result, the Kaibab Limestone forms the surface of many of the vast plateaus that border the Grand Canyon. Within these plateaus, the uppermost beds of the Kaibab Limestone have also been largely removed by erosion.

Fossils
The Kaibab Limestone contains the abundant fossils of Permian invertebrates and vertebrates. The invertebrate fossils found within the Kaibab Limestone include brachiopods, conodonts, corals, crinoids, echinoid spines, mollusks, hexactinellid and other sponges, trilobites, and burrows of callanassid shrimp. The fossil cephalopods found in the Kaibab Limestone include giant football-sized nautiloids. Fossil shark teeth, which represent a diverse assemblage of chondrichthyans, occur within the Kaibab Limestone of Arizona.

Depositional environments
The complex intercalation of carbonate and clastic sediments within the Kaibab Limestone reflects the deposition of sediments within a gently sloping continental margin during a period of frequent, high-frequency sea level changes. Relatively minor changes in sea level caused major lateral shifts in the position of supratidal, subtidal, and shallow-marine environments during the deposition of the Kaibab Limestone. The shifting sea levels and associated depositional environments brought about a complex interlayering of different types of carbonate and clastic sediments in the strata that comprise the Kaibab Limestone. The gently sloping continental margin on which the Kaibab Limestone accumulated, extended seaward from northern Arizona to southern Nevada, at times exceeding 200 miles (125 km) in width. It is most likely that the high-frequency changes in sea level were caused by glacial sea level oscillations during this time period.

Age
Early paleontological studies of the Kaibab Limestone firmly established its age on the basis of the abundant fossils that it and the underlying Toroweap Formation contain. On the basis of its brachiopod and siliceous sponge faunas, it was initially concluded that it is Leonardian (approximately Kungurian / latest Early Permian) in age. Later research concerning conodonts and associated megafossils obtained from western outcrops of the Fossil Mountain Member indicates that its age extends into the Roadian (latest Early Permian and earliest Middle Permian) age.

Geographic distribution
Geologic Province:
 * Basin and Range province*
 * Black Mesa Basin*
 * Great Basin province*
 * Paradox Basin*
 * Plateau Sedimentary Province*
 * Salton Basin*

Parklands (incomplete list):
 * Capitol Reef National Park – See Geology of the Capitol Reef area
 * Grand Canyon – See Geology of the Grand Canyon area
 * Zion National Park – See Geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area
 * Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument

Other:
 * Blue Diamond Mine on Blue Diamond Hill in Clark County, Nevada

Popular references

 * Blakey, R., and W. Ranney, 2008, Ancient Landscapes of the Colorado Plateau. Grand Canyon Association, Grand Canyon Village, Arizona. 176 pp. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>037
 * Chronic, H., 1983, Roadside Geology of Arizona. 23rd printing. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula Montana. 322 pp. ISBN 978-0-87842-147-3
 * Lucchitta, I., 2001, Hiking Arizona's Geology. Mountaineers's Books, Seattle, Washington. 269 pp. ISBN 0-89886-730-4

title: Kaibab Limestone


text:
Bill Plenderleith

Bill Plenderleith (June 1929 – 15 December 2009) was a British-Kenyan field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

title: Bill Plenderleith


text:
Lowell Wright

Lowell Wright (born August 19, 2003) is a Canadian professional soccer player who most recently played as a forward for Whitecaps FC 2 of the MLS Next Pro.

Early life
Wright was born in Brampton, Ontario to Jamaican parents. At youth level, he played in the Toronto FC Academy, serving as captain of the U-12 team. In 2018, he left the Toronto FC Academy and joined the youth system of Sigma FC. In 2019, he joined the youth system of the Woodbridge Strikers, scoring 42 goals across all competitions for their U-17 side.

Club career
In 2019, Wright joined League1 Ontario side Woodbridge Strikers, scoring one goal in three league appearances and making one appearance in the playoffs.

York United
On July 28, 2020, Wright signed a four-year contract with Canadian Premier League side York9 (later renamed York United), becoming the youngest player to sign for the club (at age sixteen), as well as signing the longest contract in club history. His signing was expediated by the COVID-19 pandemic, as the club was initially planning to sign him to begin in January 2021, however, due to the inability of some foreign players to come to Canada due to travel restrictions, he was signed in July 2020. He made his professional debut for York9 on August 15 against Atlético Ottawa and scored a goal in an eventual 2–2 draw, becoming the youngest goal-scorer in Canadian Premier League history at 16 years, 11 months, and 26 days. He scored his first career brace on September 26, 2021, against Valour FC.

Whitecaps FC 2
In August 2022, he transferred to Whitecaps FC 2 of MLS Next Pro. On September 24, 2023, he scored the first WFC2 hat trick in MLS Next Pro, against the Tacoma Defiance. Wright was released by the club in May 2024, after having scored 7 goals in 18 games.

International career
In April 2022, Wright was called up to the Canadian Under-20 side for two friendly matches against Costa Rica in San José. In June 2022, he was named to the Canadian U-20 team for the 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship. He appeared in all four of the team's games at the tournament, scoring twice.

title: Lowell Wright


text:
Talk:Critics Adult Film Association

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 21:22, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

Critics& → Critics Adult Film Association –
 * When I created this article I put an apostrophe in the title that should not have been there. (I found a photo proving the apostrophe should not be there and corrected this in the body of the article before the article was approved, but forgot to correct the title at that time.) Thus other pages in Wikipedia that would normally link to this one are not correctly linking to it. I tried to fix this myself and somehow got the Talk page to move over, but not the article itself and I don't seem to have the permissions required to fix this. Pumik9 (talk) 20:07, 22 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The form "Critics' Adult Film Association" has the correct use of the genitive apostrophe. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 22:37, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Critics Adult Film Association


text:
Talk:David Cross (musician)

Notability Guidelines
David Cross, from 1972 to 1974, was a significant member of King Crimson (of whom, I imagine, no-one would question the notability), on tour and appearing on several live releases, from 1973 and 1974, and a co-composer on two of their most significant albums (the latter in my opinion of course). Can somebody please help to have this concern about his notability retracted from this page?Geoffpointer (talk) 04:34, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Cross (musician)


text:
Interlingua/Basic Interlingua English Dictionary

(Books on Interlingua)

A

 * a to; at; in
 * ab from, since
 * [ad] to; at (= a)
 * accender to light
 * adjutar to help
 * ager to act, do
 * al contraction of a + le
 * [alco] anything, something (= alique)
 * [alcun] any, some (= alicun)
 * alicubi (-ícubi) anywhere, somewhere
 * alicun any, some
 * alique (ál-) anything, something
 * [alora] then (= tunc)
 * [alsi] (-í) also, too (= etiam)
 * alte high
 * altere (ál-) other
 * amar to like, love
 * ambe both
 * amico friend
 * [an] used to introduce a question; if, whether
 * [ancora] still, yet
 * anglese English
 * anniversario anniversary, birthday
 * anno year
 * [anque] (ánke) also, as well, too (= etiam)
 * ante before (prep.)
 * [antea] previously (= ante)
 * aperir to open
 * apparer to appear
 * appellar to call
 * appertiner to belong
 * apportar to bring
 * apprender to learn
 * apud (á-) by, near
 * arbore (ár-) tree
 * arder to burn
 * argento silver
 * ascoltar to listen to
 * asexual asexual
 * assatis (-sá-) rather
 * assecurar to assure, insure
 * [assi] (-sí) so, thus (= si)
 * attacar attack
 * attender to wait for
 * attinger to attain, reach
 * attraher to attract
 * audir to hear
 * augmentar to increase
 * aure ear
 * auro gold
 * avante before
 * ave bird
 * avion aeroplane

B

 * basse low
 * bastante enough; quite
 * batter to beat, hit
 * belle beautiful
 * ben well
 * ben que although
 * besonio need
 * biber to drink
 * billet ticket
 * bira beer
 * bisexual bisexual
 * bon good
 * boteca shop
 * brachio arm
 * bracio arm; brace
 * breve short
 * bucca mouth
 * bureau office

C

 * cader to fall
 * calide (cá-) hot
 * cambiar to change
 * camera (cá-) room
 * campo field
 * capace able, capable
 * caper o sasir grasp or hold
 * capillos hair
 * capite (cá-) head
 * car dear; expensive
 * casa house
 * caso case
 * cata each, every
 * cata uno each (one)
 * causa cause
 * a causa de because of
 * chassar to hunt
 * celar to hide
 * celo sky, heaven
 * cento hundred
 * cercar to look for
 * certe certain
 * cessar to stop
 * [ci] here (= hic)
 * cinque five
 * circa about
 * [circum] about (= circa)
 * citate city, town
 * clauder to close
 * cognoscer to know
 * colliger gather
 * collo neck
 * comenciar to begin
 * como as; how; like
 * comprar to buy
 * comprender to understand
 * con with
 * contar count
 * continer to contain
 * convenir to suit
 * coperir to cover
 * corde heart
 * corpore (cór-) body
 * cosa thing
 * costar cost
 * creder to believe
 * crescer to grow
 * [cuje] whose
 * currer to run
 * curte short
 * cute skin

D

 * dar to give
 * de from; of
 * deber to have to, must, ought; duty
 * debile (dé-) weak
 * dece ten
 * del contraction of de + le
 * deman tomorrow
 * demandar to ask
 * dente tooth
 * depost afterwards, since
 * derecto right
 * [desde] afterwards, since
 * [detra] behind
 * devenir to become
 * dextere (déks-) right
 * dicer to say, tell
 * die day
 * difficile (-fí-) difficult
 * digito (dí-) finger
 * dimension size
 * disparer to disappear
 * dolor pain
 * dono gift
 * dormir to sleep
 * dubita (dú-) doubt
 * ducer to lead
 * dum while
 * [dunque] therefore
 * duo two
 * dur hard
 * durante during
 * durante que while

E

 * e and
 * ecce here is (are), behold
 * effortiar se to make an effort
 * emer to buy
 * [era] was, were, used to be (= esseva)
 * era era
 * es am, is, are
 * [esque] (éske) used to introduce a question
 * esser to be
 * esseva was, were, used to be
 * estate summer
 * estranie strange
 * estranier foreign
 * etate age
 * etiam (é-) also, as well, too
 * evenir to happen
 * ex from, out of
 * exactemente exactly
 * exopere strike,hunger strike(=exopero de fame), worker strike(=exopero de empleos)
 * expensive expensive
 * exprimer (se) to express (oneself)
 * extra besides, outside

F

 * facer to do, make
 * facie face
 * facile (fá-) easy
 * facto deed, fact
 * familia family
 * fatigate tired
 * favor favor
 * per favor please
 * felice happy
 * femina (fé-) woman
 * ferir hit, wound
 * filia daughter
 * filio son
 * fin end
 * a fin de in order to
 * a fin que in order that
 * in fin in short
 * finir to finish
 * foco fire
 * folio leaf
 * foras outside
 * foris outside
 * forsan (fór-) perhaps
 * forte strong
 * fortiar to force
 * fratre brother
 * frigide (frí-) cold
 * fundar to found
 * fundo bottom

G

 * gai gay (merry)
 * gamba leg
 * gambon ham
 * ganiar to gain, win
 * gauder to be glad
 * gaudio joy, happiness
 * gay gay (homosexual)
 * gelato ice cream
 * german German (adj.)
 * gorga throat
 * grande big, great, large
 * grate grateful
 * gratias thank you

H

 * ha has, have
 * haber to have
 * hastar to hurry
 * heri yesterday
 * hiberno winter
 * hic here
 * hodie today
 * homine (hó-) man
 * homo: short for homosexual, usable as an adjective or a noun
 * homosexual: homosexual
 * hora hour; o'clock
 * humero (hú-) shoulder

I

 * ibi there
 * il it; there
 * il ha there is, are
 * illa she, her
 * illac there
 * illas they, them (fem.)
 * ille he, him
 * illes they, them (masc.)
 * illo it; that
 * illos they, them (neutr.)
 * impedir to hinder
 * imprimer to print
 * in in, into
 * incontrar to meet
 * infante child
 * infra below
 * inseniar to teach
 * insimul (-sí-) together
 * integre (ín-) whole
 * inter among, between
 * interim meanwhile
 * intersexual intersex (adj)
 * intersexualitate intersex (n); intersexuality
 * intertanto meanwhile
 * intra within
 * inviar to send
 * ipse -self
 * iste this, these (adj.)
 * isto this (pron.)

J

 * [ja] already, at once (= jam)
 * jacer to lie
 * jam = already, at once
 * jammais ever
 * jectar to throw
 * jentaculo (-tá-) breakfast
 * jocar to play
 * junger to join
 * juvene (jú-) young
 * juxta next to

L

 * la her, it
 * [la] there (= illac)
 * labio lip
 * lacrima (lá-) tear
 * large broad, wide
 * las them (fem.)
 * lassar to leave, let
 * latere (lá-) side
 * lavar to wash
 * le the; him, it
 * leger to read
 * legier (-jér) light (adj.)
 * lente slow
 * les them (masc.)
 * levar to lift
 * leve left (adj.)
 * libere (lí-) free
 * libro book
 * lingua tongue; language
 * littera (lí-) letter
 * lo it
 * lo que what, which
 * loco place
 * longe long
 * '''[lontan] distant
 * lor their
 * los them (neut.)
 * lumine (lú-) light

M

 * [ma] but (= mais)
 * mais but
 * major greater
 * mal bad; badly
 * malgrado in spite of
 * mancar to lack, be missing
 * mangiar (-jár) to eat
 * maniera manner
 * de maniera que so that
 * mano hand
 * mar sea
 * marita wife
 * marito husband
 * matino morning
 * matre mother
 * me me
 * medie half
 * mediedie (-díe) midday
 * melio better (adv.)
 * melior better (adj.)
 * mense month
 * mente mind
 * mentionar to mention
 * mesme same; -self
 * mesmo even
 * mi my
 * micre tiny
 * minor smaller
 * minus (mí-) less, minus
 * a minus que unless
 * al minus at least
 * mitter to put
 * molle soft
 * moneta coin, money
 * monstrar to show
 * morir to die
 * mover to move
 * multe many, much
 * multo very; very much
 * mundo world

N

 * nam because
 * nascer to be born
 * naso nose
 * natar swim, float
 * [necun] no, none, not any (= nulle)
 * [necuno] nobody (= nemo)
 * nemo nobody
 * nette clean
 * ni neither, nor
 * nihil nothing
 * nimie too many, too much
 * no no
 * nocte night
 * nomine (nó-) name
 * non not
 * il non importa que/tan no matter what/how
 * nondum (nón-) not yet
 * nonne? is it (not)?
 * nonobstante nevertheless
 * nos we, us
 * nostre our
 * nove new; nine
 * de nove again
 * novem (nó-) nine
 * nulle no, none
 * nunc now
 * nunquam (nún-) never

O

 * o either, or
 * oblidar to forget
 * obra work
 * obtener to obtain, to get
 * occurrer to happen
 * octo eight
 * oculo (ó-) eye
 * omne all, every
 * [on] one, you, they, people (= uno)
 * [ora] now (= nunc)
 * osso bone

P

 * pagar to pay
 * pan bread
 * pais (-ís) country
 * parer to appear, seem
 * parlar to speak
 * parola word
 * partir to leave
 * parve small
 * passato past (noun)
 * patata potato
 * patre father
 * pauc few
 * pauco a little
 * paupere (páu-) poor
 * pausa guideline
 * pecia piece
 * pectore (péc-) breast
 * pede foot
 * pejo worse (adv.)
 * pejor worse (adj.)
 * pena difficulty
 * a pena hardly, scarcely
 * pensar to think
 * per by, through
 * perder to lose
 * periculo (-rí-) danger
 * perque (perké) because; why
 * pertiner to belong
 * pesante heavy
 * peter to ask
 * petra stone
 * piranha piranha
 * placer to please; pleasure
 * plen full
 * plure several
 * plus more; plus
 * al plus at the most
 * de plus besides, moreover
 * in plus furthermore
 * poc = pauc
 * poco = pauco
 * pois afterwards; for
 * pois que since, because
 * poner to put
 * populo (pó-) people
 * porta door
 * portar to carry
 * post after, behind
 * postea afterwards
 * postmeridie afternoon
 * poter to be able, can; power
 * povre poor
 * precio price; prize
 * prender to take, hold of, catch or seize
 * presso near (adv.)
 * presso a near (prep.)
 * preste quick, ready
 * presto immediately; quickly
 * preter (pré-) beyond, besides
 * prime first
 * pro for; in order to
 * probar to prove, test
 * prohibir forbid
 * promitter to promise
 * proponer to suggest
 * proprie own
 * proque (proké) because; why
 * protruder to protrude:(protrusion) protrusion
 * proxime (pró-) next
 * puera (pú-) girl
 * puero (pú-) boy
 * pulsar to push

Q

 * [qua] like, as
 * qual what, which
 * qualque (quálke) some
 * quando when
 * quante how many, how much
 * quanto as much as; how much
 * quanto a as for
 * quasi almost
 * quatro four
 * que that; what; than; whom
 * qui who
 * quo where (to...)

R

 * rapide (rá-) quick
 * ration reason
 * [re] about
 * recercar search
 * reciper to receive
 * rege king
 * regina queen
 * regno kingdom
 * regratiar to thank
 * regrettar to regret
 * reguardar to look at
 * remaner to remain, stay
 * repasto meal
 * repeter to repeat
 * responder to answer
 * restaurante restaurant
 * restar to remain, stay
 * retornar to come back
 * retro back; ago
 * revenir to come back
 * ric rich
 * rota wheel

S

 * salutar to say hello to
 * salvo but for
 * san healthy
 * sanguine (sán-) blood
 * saper to know
 * a saper namely
 * sasir o caper grasp or hold
 * satis (sá-) enough; fairly, quite
 * scriber to write
 * se her-, him-, it-, oneself, themselves
 * seculo (sé-) century
 * secundo along; according to
 * secur secure; sure
 * sed but
 * seder to sit
 * seliger choose
 * semper always
 * [sempre] always (= semper)
 * senior Mr., sir
 * seniora Mrs., lady
 * senioretta Miss
 * sentir to feel
 * septe seven
 * septimana week
 * sequer to follow
 * [sera] (-rá) will be (= essera)
 * servitor waiter, servant
 * sex six
 * si yes; if; as; so
 * sia be; whether, or
 * simile (sí-) similar
 * sin without
 * sinistre left
 * sino bosom
 * sol alone, single, sole; sun
 * solmente only
 * solo only; solo; soil, floor
 * [son] are (= es)
 * soror sister
 * sortar sort (= kind, class);
 * de sorta que so that
 * sortir to go out, to come out
 * [sovente] often (= subinde)
 * speculo (spé-) mirror
 * sperar to hope
 * stadio stadium; stage (of development)
 * star to stand
 * stomacho (stó-) stomach
 * stoppar to stop
 * strata street
 * su her, his, its, one's
 * sub under
 * subite (sú-) sudden
 * sud south
 * suggerer suggest
 * super (sú-) above, on, over
 * suppa soup
 * supponer to suppose
 * supra above
 * [sur] above, on, over (= super)

T

 * tabula (tá-) table
 * tacer to be silent
 * tal such
 * [tamen] (tá-) however, yet (= totevia)
 * tante so many, so much
 * tanto as; so; so much
 * in tanto que inasmuch as
 * tarde late
 * tassa cup
 * te you (obj.)
 * tempore (tém-) time; weather
 * terra earth
 * testa head
 * tener to hold, keep
 * timer to be afraid of
 * tirar to pull, to shoot
 * toccar to touch
 * tornar to turn
 * tosto early, soon
 * plus tosto rather
 * tote all, every
 * totevia (-ía) nevertheless
 * toto all, everything
 * non del toto not at all
 * tractar to deal with
 * traducer to translate
 * traher to drag, draw
 * tranquille calm, quiet
 * traino train
 * trans across, beyond
 * transgenere transgender
 * travaliar to work
 * tres three
 * [troppo] too, too much
 * trovar to find
 * tu you; your
 * [tum] then
 * tunc then

U

 * ubi where
 * ubique everywhere
 * ulle any, some
 * ultime (úl-) last
 * ultra beyond; besides
 * un a, an; one
 * unquam (ún-) ever
 * urbe town
 * usar to use
 * usque as far as, until
 * utile (ú-) useful

V

 * va go(es), am/is/are going
 * vacue empty
 * vader to go
 * varie various
 * vender to sell
 * ventre stomach
 * venir to come
 * ver true
 * verso towards
 * vespere (vés-) evening
 * vetere (vé-) old
 * vetule (vé-) old
 * via away; road, way
 * viagiar (-jár) to travel
 * vice time; turn
 * a vices at times
 * in vice de instead of
 * vider to see
 * vino wine
 * visage (-áje) face
 * visitar to visit
 * vista sight, view
 * viste considering
 * vita life
 * vitro glass
 * viver to live
 * voce voice
 * volar to fly
 * voler to want, wish
 * vos you
 * vostre your

W

 * west west

Y

 * [ya] already, at once (= ja, jam)

pl:Interlingua:Słownik


text:
Dancin' With Them That Brung Me

Dancin' With Them That Brung Me is the second solo album by Stacey Earle, following her 1998 release Simple Gearle, both albums released independently through Gearle Records.

Reception
Michael Cusanelli of AllMusic writes "Dancin' With Them That Brung Me is one of those independent gems that the listener must find. It will not hold a premiere position in the record store or on the charts." Ellen Rawson of FemMusic states that "Earle’s first album, Simple Gearle, received adulation and earned her fans. Dancin’ with Them That Brung Me doesn't show a single sign of a sophomore slump." Alex Steininger of InMusicWeTrust writes, "Toe-tappin', emotional country with plenty of feeling and love. I'll give it an A+." Steven Stone of EnjoyTheMusic says, "If Stacey Earle were a painter her work would look like Grandma Moses. It is primitive and graphic with a familiar folksy edge."

Musicians

 * Stacey Earle: Perty songs, vocals, acoustic guitars
 * The Jewels are Mark Stuart, Kyle Mims & Michael Webb
 * Mark Stuart: Acoustic guitars, backing vocals, mandolin
 * Kyle Mims: Drums, percussion gadgets
 * Michael Webb: Accordion, mandolin, organ, bass, vocals
 * Sheryl Crow: Background vocals, harmonium, piano on track 7
 * Mike Bub: Bass on tracks 1, 5 & 6
 * Byron House: Bass on tracks 2, 4, 9 & 12
 * Mike Daly: Lap steel on track 9

Production

 * Produced by: Stacey Earle, Mark Stuart
 * Co-Produced by: Michael Webb
 * Engineered by: Michael Webb, Mike Hopkins, Kevin Brownstein, Brian Scheuble
 * Mixed by: Michael Webb, Stacey Earle, Mark Stuart
 * Mastered by: Randy Kling (Disc Mastering)
 * Pre-production by: Patrick Earle (Duck Tape)

All track information and credits were taken from the CD liner notes.

title: Dancin' With Them That Brung Me


text:
Paul Shepherd (politician)

Paul E. Shepherd (born December 21, 1942) is an American politician and businessman from Idaho. Shepherd is a Republican former member of Idaho House of Representatives for District 7 seat B. His son, Charlie, succeeded in District 7 seat B.

Early life
On December 21, 1942, Shepherd was born in Boise, Idaho. Shepherd graduated from Boise High School.

Education
Shepherd attended Boise Junior College (later accredited as Boise State University).

Career
Shepherd is a former Partner/Manager of Shepherd Sawmill and Log Homes Incorporated.

On November 2, 2004, Shepherd won the election and became a member of Idaho House of Representatives for District 8 seat B. Shepherd defeated Charles D. Cuddy with 50.2% of the votes. On November 7, 2006, as an incumbent, Shepherd won the election and continued serving District 8 seat B. Shepherd defeated Charlene Douglas with 61.39% of the votes. On November 4, 2008, as an incumbent, Shepherd won the election and continued serving District 8 seat B. Shepherd defeated Jim Rehder with 58.9% of the votes. On November 2, 2010, as an incumbent, Shepherd won the election and continued serving District 8 seat B. Shepherd defeated Jerry Lockhart with 70.2% of the votes.

On November 6, 2012, Shepherd won the election and became a member of Idaho House of Representatives for District 7 seat B. Shepherd defeated Nancy M. Lerandeau with 67.3% of the votes. On November 4, 2014, as an incumbent, Shepherd won the election and continued serving District 7 seat B. On November 8, 2016, as an incumbent, Shepherd won the election unopposed and continued serving District 7 seat B. On November 6, 2018, as an incumbent, Shepherd won the election unopposed and continued serving District 7 seat B.

Personal life
Shepherd's wife is Dawn Shepherd. They have nine children. Shepherd and his family live in Riggins, Idaho. Shepherd is a protestant.

title: Paul Shepherd (politician)


text:
User:Unitfortesting/afch-rewrite.js/tpl-preferences.js

/* Uploaded from https://github.com/WPAFC/afch-rewrite, commit: 413aefc7a5d19d887f3d4f7d1dfec1dca6cd56d6 (master) */ //

AFCH v / User-Agent: Automatically open the review panel on AfC submissions  Location of "Review (AFCH)" link  Triangle dropdown next to the "Edit" and "History" links "Tools" section on the lefthand side of the page Log speedy deletion nominations

//


text:
Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Overview of addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement reactions

<< Cycloalkanes | Next >>

The real heart of organic chemistry is the reactions. Everything that you study is geared to prepare you for organic syntheses and other chemical transformations performed in the lab. This chapter gives you the basic tools to begin looking at these reactions.

Some basic reaction types
One way to organize organic reactions places them into a few basic categories:

 * addition reactions
 * elimination reactions
 * substitution reactions
 * rearrangement reactions

Other categories include:
 * Oxidations
 * Reductions
 * Alkylations

Sometimes one reaction can fall into more than one category. These classifications are just a tool and are not rigid.

Addition reaction
Something is added to something else to produce a third thing.

 * A + B → C

Note: the letters A, B and C here represent any atomic, ionic or molecular species which can undergo this type of reaction.

Elimination reaction
Something comes off of a molecule, resulting in two products.

 * A → B + C

Substitution reactions
This involves the exchange of one group for another.

 * AB + CD → AC + BD

Common reaction types include
 * radical reactions and
 * nucleophilic substitutions
 * SN1, Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution
 * SN2, Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution

Rearrangement reactions
A molecule shifts or otherwise rearranges to form a different molecule.

 * A → B

This typically happens when one molecule changes into an isomer of itself.

<< Alkanes | << Cycloalkanes | Overview of reactions | Polar and radical reactions >> | Intro to functional groups >>


text:
User:Niaholic/sandbox

Neha Sharma better Known as Nia Sharma is an Indian television actor, who started her career in the Star Plus show Kaali - Ek Agnipariksha as Anu Nia played a character of Anu Who is Rachna(Protagonist)'s cousin and her best-friend. Anu is one who stands by Rachana and they remain deeply connected through the terror and trauma that Thakral(Villaion) unleashes on Rachana and her family supporting her fight against evil till very end. . She was also seen in V-Players on Channel V and did a cameo in Behenein on Star Plus. Nia Sharma as Maanvi (StarPlus : 2011) Later on she got a role of life called ' Maanvi ' in Star Plus' show 'Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai'. She managed to hog the limelight and got much deserved appreciation for this role/show during its run from 2011-2013. Playing the character of "Maanvi" would always be a feather in her career cap She is the first actress who had guts to show herself bald on screen front of millions of viewers. The members of respected Bollywood family, such asRoshans and Khans could not help, but praise her for her daring step and talent. Nia Sharma as Roshni ( Jamai Raja : Zee TV - 2014 ) Nia is currently playing role of stylish ,sophisticated ,modern age girl Roshni patel who is daughter of recognized jewellery designer Durga Devi Patel.In-spite of holding modern traits Roshni's character is fondly so innocent,naive and loving.She runs NGO for children and gives least importance to materialist wealth in life..The highest yearning of her life is love of mother holding stick dislike toward rich people whom she believes to be heartless !

title: User:Niaholic/sandbox


text:
Catteni Series

The Catteni series (also called the Freedom series) is a tetralogy of science fiction novels by American writer Anne McCaffrey. In this universe, humans are slaves of aliens, the humanoid Catteni. Woven through all four of the books are details of the relationship between Kristin Bjornsen, a former slave, and Zainal, a renegade Catteni.

The Catteni series consists of the following books:
 * Freedom's Landing (1995)
 * Freedom's Choice (1996)
 * Freedom's Challenge (1998)
 * Freedom's Ransom (2002)

Story
The initial story about the Catteni preceded the books by many years. The Thorns of Barevi first appeared in 1970 (and is included in the collection Get Off the Unicorn, 1977). A human female, Kristin Bjornsen, escapes slavery, but unlike others before her, she resourcefully evades capture for months. However, a Catteni gets injured nearby, and helping him betrays her fugitive existence. This story was modified and included as the beginning of the Freedom's Landing novel.

In Freedom's Landing, the Catteni routinely round up human troublemakers and drop them on empty planets – if they survive, the world is suitable for their own people. Kristin is included in such a group, which is dropped on a world they name Botany (after the Australian destination for transportees, Botany Bay). Surprisingly, a Catteni noble, Zainal, is among their group - the same one Kristin helped earlier. While trying to cope with their new situation, they discover the existence of another alien race that is using the planet as a gigantic farm. Kristin is at first the only one to vouch for Zainal but he soon proves his usefulness to the rest of the improvised colony. They steal technology from the mechanisms that are used to farm the planet Botany. She and Zainal fall in love.

In Freedom's Choice, the humans begin to create a real colony, a community that can support itself. They also attempt to contact the aliens farming the planet, hoping to receive information about them, their origins, and possible help against the Catteni. The colonists also learn that the Catteni are not the real enemies: they are being dominated and controlled by another race, the Eosi.

In Freedom's Challenge, having discovered that the Catteni are dominated by another alien species, the Eosi, the colonists lead an effort to rescue the families of some of the dissident Catteni from the Eosi-controlled world Catten and create a rebellion against the Eosi to free not only Catten, but also Earth and every other planet and colony controlled by the Eosi.

Freedom's Ransom deals with the aftermath of the rebellion. Starting on Botany, then to Earth, then to Barevi, Zainal conceives of a complex trade relationship that will benefit the humans, the Catteni, and their other alien allies. Among the things they trade are coffee and dentistry. They need the vast amount of supplies looted from Terra.

Comments
The original short story, "The Thorns of Barevi" (1970), had a rape-fantasy component that was removed when it was reworked into the first novel, Freedom's Landing. McCaffrey wrote:

title: Catteni Series


text:
User:KMiller23/be bold

Being bold''' is important on Wikipedia. '''Being bold is important on Wikipedia. Being bold is important on Wikipedia. Being bold is important on Wikipedia.

title: User:KMiller23/be bold


text:
Australian Paralympic Cycling Team

Cycling has been contested at the Summer Paralympic Games since 1984. Australia first competed at the Seoul Games and won its first cycling medals at the Atlanta Games. Australia was the number one ranked nation at the 1996, 2000 and 2004 Games.

Notable Australian athlete performances:
 * Christopher Scott, a cerebral palsy athlete, has won 10 medals (6 gold, 2 silver, and 2 bronze medals) as a cyclist at four Games 1996 to 2008. He also competed at the 1988 and 1992 in football and athletics.
 * Peter Homann, a cerebral palsy athlete, has won 7 medals (3 gold medals,3 silver medals and 1 bronze medal) at three Games – 1996 to 2004.
 * Kieran Modra, a vision impaired athlete, has won 8 cycling medals (5 gold and 3 bronze medals). He has competed at eight Games, the last six as a cyclist.
 * Lindy Hou, a vision impaired athlete, has won 6 medals (1 gold medal, 3 silver medals and 2 bronze medals) at two Games – 2004 to 2008
 * Carol Cooke, an athlete with multiple sclerosis, has won 4 medals (3 gold and 1 silver) at three Games - 2012 to 2020

Summer Paralympic Games
Australian cycling team members at the Summer Paralympics

1984 Los Angeles
Australia not represented.

1988 Seoul
Australia represented by: Men – Gregory Caines Australia did not win any medals.

1992 Barcelona
Australia represented by: Men – Ronald Anderson, Paul Clohessy, Craig Elliott, Timothy Harris, Paul Lamond (Pilot), Stephen John Smith, Peter Stotzer Women – Prue-Anne Reynalds Officials – Manager - Ken Norris, Craig Jarvis, Joanne Sayers, Rod Stubbs (escorts) Australia did not win any medals.

1996 Atlanta

Australia represented by: Men – Paul Clohessy, Kerry Golding (Pilot), Matthew Gray, Steven Gray (Pilot), Eddie Hollands (Pilot), Peter Homann, Paul Lake, Paul Lamond (Pilot), Gregory Madson, Kieran Modra, Christopher Scott Women – Lyn Lepore, Teresa Poole, Sandra Smith (Pilot) Coaches – Kenneth Norris (Head), David Woodhouse Australia won 5 gold and 5 silver medals and was the number 1 ranked nation.

2000 Sydney
Australia represented in cycling by:

Men – Greg Ball, Paul Clohessy, Matthew Gray, Steven Gray (Pilot), Darren Harry (Pilot), Eddie Hollands (Pilot), Peter Homann, Paul Lake, Mark le Flohic, Kieran Modra, David Murray, Paul O'Neill (Pilot), Daniel Polson, Christopher Scott, Noel Sens, Russell Wolfe (Pilot) Women – Christine Fisher, Lyn Lepore, Kerry Modra (Pilot), Tania Modra (Pilot), Lynette Nixon (Pilot), Sarnya Parker Coaches – Kevin McIntosh (Head), Darryl Benson, Radek Valenta  Officials – Manager - Elsa Lepore, John Beer, Rebecca Tweedy

Australia won 10 gold, 3 silver and 8 bronze medals and was ranked the number 1 nation.

2004 Athens
Australia represented in cycling: Men – Greg Ball, Anthony Biddle, Robert Crowe (Pilot), Peter Brooks, Peter Homann, Mark le Flohic, Kieran Modra, Andrew Panazzolo, Christopher Scott, David Short (Pilot), Kial Stewart (Pilot) Women – Lindy Hou, Lyn Lepore, Janelle Lindsay (Pilot), Kelly McCombie (Pilot), Claire McLean, Jenny MacPherson (Pilot), Toireasa Ryan (Pilot), Janet Shaw Coaches – Kevin McIntosh (Head), Darryl Benson, Andrew Budge Officials – Elsa Lepore (Manager), John Beer, Paul Lamond

Australia won 10 gold, 7 silver and 7 bronze medals and was the number 1 ranked nation. Leading cyclists were Christopher Scott (3 gold), Greg Ball (2 gold) and Kieran Modra (2 gold).

Detailed Australian Results - Track and Road

2008 Beijing
Representing Australia in cycling: Men – Greg Ball, Ben Demery, Michael Gallagher, Steven George (Pilot), Shaun Hopkins (Pilot), Tyson Lawrence (Pilot), Bryce Lindores, Michael Milton, Kieran Modra, Christopher Scott Women – Jane Armstrong, Toireasa Gallagher (Pilot), Lindy Hou, Felicity Johnson, Mel Leckie, Jayme Paris, Katie Parker (Pilot) Coaches – James Victor (Head Coach), Tom Skulander, Paul Martens Officials –  Mark Fulcher (Section Manager), Brett Hidson, Anouska Edwards, Alan Downes, Mark Bullen, Stuart Smith, Murray Lydeamore.

Included on the Australian team was Michael Milton, a four-time gold medalist as a skier in the Winter Paralympics. Mark le Flohic, gold medalist at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Paralympics, was to take part in the Beijing Games but had to pull out due to injury. Le Flohic broke his collar bone during training one week before the Games were to begin.

Australia won 3 gold, 5 silver and 7 bronze medals.

Detailed Australian Results - Track and Road

2012 London
Representing Australia in cycling: Men – Nigel Barley, Michael Gallagher, Bryce Lindores, Kieran Modra, David Nicholas, Stuart Tripp, Sean Finning (pilot for- Bryce Lindores), Scott McPhee (pilot for- Kieran Modra) Women –Jessica Gallagher, Carol Cooke, Simone Kennedy, Alexandra Lisney, Sue Powell, Amanda Reid, Madison Janssen (d) (pilot for Jessica Gallagher) Coaches – Peter Day (Head), Jenni Banks, Paul Martens, Tom Skulander Officials – Section Manager – Murray Lydeamore, Mechanics – Peter Giessauf, Mike Winter, Physiotherapist – Anouska Edwards, Soft tissue therapist – Alan Downes

Australia won six gold, four silver and four bronze medals. Fourteen out of fifteen cyclists won medals. Pilot Mark Jamieson was replaced in the selected team by Sean Finning.

Detailed Australian Results - Track and Road

2016 Rio
Representing Australia in cycling:

Men – Kieran Modra, David Nicholas, Stuart Tripp, Kyle Bridgwood (d), Alistair Donohoe (d), Matthew Formston(d), David Edwards (d) (for pilot Kieran Modra), Nick Yallouris (d) (for pilot Matthew Formston)

Women – Jessica Gallagher, Carol Cooke, Simone Kennedy, Alexandra Lisney, Sue Powell, Amanda Reid, Madison Janssen (d) (pilot for Jessica Gallagher) Coaches - Peter Day (Head), Thomas Skulander, Nick Formosa, Jason Niblett Officials - Team Leader - Murray Lydeamore, Assistant Team Leader - Berthy May, Physiotherapist - Eliza Kwan, Mechanics - Michael Winter, Will Dickeson

Australia won 13 medals including three gold. Carol Cooke won two gold and David Nicholas one gold. Michael Gallagher was originally selected but on 2 September 2016 he was withdrawn from the team due to a positive doping test sample.

Detailed Australian Results - Track and Road

2020 Tokyo
Representing Australia in cycling:

Men – Gordon Allan (d), Grant Allen (d), Alistair Donohoe, Stuart Jones (d), Darren Hicks (d), David Nicholas, Stuart Tripp Women – Carol Cooke, Paige Greco (d), Meg Lemon (d), Emily Petricola (d), Amanda Reid Coaches - David Betts, Nick Formosa, Cameron Jennings Officials - Team Leader - Warren McDonald, Physiotherapist - Keren Faulkner, Performance Support - Jamie Stanley, Mechanics - Michael Winter (track), Martin Millwood (road) Australia won four gold, four silver and five bronze medals. Australia's four gold medals on all the track and were won by three debutants - Paige Greco, Emily Petricola, Darren Hicks and Rio Paralympian Amanda Reid.

Detailed Australian Results - Track and Road

"(d) Paralympic Games debut"

title: Australian Paralympic Cycling Team