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Parliament of Romania

The Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României) is the national bicameral legislature of Romania, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaților) and the Senate (Senat). It meets at the Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest, the capital of the country.

Prior to the modification of the Constitution in 2003, the two houses had identical attributes. A text of a law had to be approved by both houses. If the text differed, a special commission (comisie de mediere) was formed by deputies and senators, that "negotiated" between the two houses the form of the future law. The report of this commission had to be approved in a joint session of the Parliament.

After the 2003 referendum, a law still has to be approved by both houses, but each house has designated matters it gets to deliberate before the other, in capacity of "deciding chamber" (cameră decizională). If that first chamber adopts a law proposal (relating to its competences), it is passed on to the other one, which can approve or reject. If it makes amendments, the bill is sent back to the deciding chamber, the decision of which is final.

In 2009, a referendum was held to consult the population about turning the parliament into a unicameral body and reducing the number of representatives to 300. Although the referendum passed, the results are not binding, a referendum explicitly mentioning the modification of the constitution being required to achieve this.

History
The parliamentary history of Romania starts in May 1831 in Wallachia, where a constitutional document was adopted, more specifically Regulamentul Organic ("The Organic Statute" or "The Organic Regulation"); less than a year later, in January 1832, this same statute was implemented in Moldavia as well. The organic regulation laid the foundations for the parliamentary institution in the Romanian Principalities.

The Paris Convention of 19 August 1858 and, especially, Statutul Dezvoltător ("The Expanding Statute") of that convention (which introduced a bicameral parliament, by founding Corpul Ponderator, later renamed Senat), adopted on the initiative of prince (Domnitor) Alexandru Ioan Cuza, by means of a plebiscite (i.e. referendum) in 1864, perfected and enlarged the principle of national representation. Under the political regime established by the Paris Convention, the legislative power faced an obvious process of modernization, and the legislative power as National Representation, which operated in accordance with the organization and operation mode of parliaments in Western Europe at that time.

The historical process of formation of the Parliament of Romania in the modern age strongly boosted the affirmation of national sovereignty, subsequently leading to the Union of the two Romanian Principalities (i.e. Wallachia and Moldavia) in 1859. Under the dome of the Romanian Parliament, on 9 May 1877, the Declaration of Independence of Romania was read, and, in 1920, the documents of union with Transylvania and Bessarabia under the Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920) were read, the formal beginning of Greater Romania, the enlarged interwar Kingdom of Romania (which also included the entire historical region of Bukovina as per the Treaty of Saint-German-en-Laye from 1919).

In February 1938, amid the rather chaotic European political atmosphere which eventually led to World War II, King Carol II, who always tended to favour his own personal rule over parliamentary democracy, imposed a rule of authoritarian monarchy. Under the royal dictatorship, the parliament became merely a decorative body, deprived of its main attributes.

Carol II abdicated in September 1940, and the succeeding National Legionary State suspended the parliament. The National Legionary State as such lasted less than five months, but it was succeeded by Ion Antonescu's military dictatorship, and the parliament still remained suspended. After 23 August 1944, under the pressure of Soviet and other communist forces, the parliament was re-organized as a single legislative body, the Assembly of Deputies, changed under the 1948 constitution, into the Great National Assembly, a merely formal body, totally subordinate to the power of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR).

The Romanian Revolution of December 1989 opened the road for Romanians to restore authentic pluralistic representative democracy, respecting human rights, and observing the separation of powers and the rulers' responsibility before representative bodies. Thanks to the documents issued by the provisional revolutionary power, Romania returned to a bicameral parliamentary system, represented politically as such both by the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. All these stipulations can be found in the country's new Constitution, approved by referendum in 1991.

During more than a decade of post-communist transition, the Chamber of Deputies and Senate debated and adopted numerous laws and regulations aimed at reforming the entire society on a democratic basis, guaranteeing respect of fundamental human rights, promoting reform and privatization, consolidating free market economic institutions and those of a state ruled by law, which led to Romania's integration into such notable international institutions as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 2004 and the European Union (EU) three years later in 2007.

List of presidents of the Houses
Last election of the President of the Chamber of Deputies: November 2021

The 1866, 1923, and 1938 Constitution of Romania state that the assembly presidents are elected at the beginning of each session. This tradition was kept in the early years of the People's Republic. In modern times, both presidents of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate are elected for the entire duration of that house's term. Under special circumstances the presidents of the houses can be revoked.

The political stance of the presidents of the assembly prior to the development of a modern party system is shown by:

The political stance of the presidents of the assembly after the development of a modern party system is shown by:

Functioning
Prior to the modifications of the Constitution in 2003, the two houses had identical attributes. A text of a law had to be approved by both houses. If the text differed, a special commission (comisie de mediere) was formed by deputies and senators, that "negotiated" between the two houses the form of the future law. The report of this commission had to be approved in a joint session of the Parliament. This French procedure proved to be extremely long and inefficient with respect to the expectations of the Romanians towards democracy.

After the 2003 referendum, a law still has to be approved by both houses, but in some matters one is "superior" to the other, being called "decision chamber" ("cameră decizională"). This eliminates the process of "negotiation" between the two houses, and keeps the Senate as the upper house and the Chamber as the lower house.

Committees
Committees of the Chamber of Deputies (15):

– The committee for legal affairs, appointments, discipline, immunities and validations; – Committee on Budget, finance, banking and capital market; – The commission for economy, industry and services; – Committee on Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development; – The Committee on Foreign Affairs; – Committee on public administration, the territory and environmental protection; – The commission for defense, public order and national security; – Commission for work, family and social protection; – Committee for Education, Science, Youth and Sports; – Committee on Public Health; – Committee for culture, art and media information in the table; – Commission on Human Rights, religious and minority; – The Committee on Equal Opportunities; – Commission for privatization and management of state assets; – Committee on research abuses, corruption and petitions.

Committees of the Senate (14):

– Committee for Economic Policy, Reform, and Privatization; – Committee for Budget, Finance, and, Banks, Committee for Industries and Services, Committee for Agriculture, Forestry, Food Industry and Specific Services; – Committee for Human Rights, Cults and National Minorities Issues; – Committee for Public Administration Territorial Planning and Ecological Balance; – Committee for Labour and Social Protection, Committee for Health and Family; – Committee for Education, Science, Youth, and Sport; – Committee for Culture, Arts, Mass Information Means; – Committee for Legal Matters, Discipline, and Immunities; – Committee for Defense Public Order, and National Security; – Committee for Foreign Policy; – Committee for the Investigation of Abuses, Corrupt Practices, and for Petitions; – Committee for Standing Orders; – Committee for information technologies and communications; – Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men.

Joint committees :

Standing committees:

– The Committee on European Affairs; – The former Committee for European Integration; – The Joint Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for the exercise of parliamentary control over the activity of the Romanian Intelligent Service; – The Joint Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for the exercise of parliamentary control over the activity of the Foreign Intelligent Service; – The Parliamentary Committee for the control of the implementation of the Law no.42/1990 for honoring the martyr heroes and granting rights to their successors, to the persons wounded in, and to the fighters for the victory of the Revolution of December 1990; – The Joint Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for the statute of the Senator and Deputy, and organizing and functioning of the joint sessions of the Chambers; – The Joint Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for the relation with UNESCO.

Special committees:

– The Joint Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for the elaboration of the legislative proposal regarding the election of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, of the President of Romania, of the authorities of the public local administration, financing of the elections campaign, and the election of the members of the European Parliament; – The Joint Special Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for the control of the budget execution of the Court of Accounts during the year 2003; – The Joint Special Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for establishing the antenna times for the election of the Romanian Members of the European Parliament; – The Joint Special Standing Committee of Parliament for the antenna times for the national referendum regarding the introduction of the uninominal election of the members of the Parliament of Romania.

Inquiry committees:

– The parliamentary inquiry committee for investigations and clarifying the status of the bank accounts of Nicolae Ceaușescu; – The parliamentary inquiry committee for investigations and clarifying the activity of ICE Dunărea; – The parliamentary inquiry committee for investigations regarding interception of communications; – The parliamentary inquiry committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate regarding the Bordei Park; – The parliamentary inquiry committee for investigations and clarifying the spending way of the money obtained as a 2% quota from the privatization value, destined to the building of social housing, as established by the article 44, 2nd paragraph of the Law 10/2001 regarding the judiciary regime of the buildings abusively acquired by the state in the period 6 March 1945 – 22 December 1989, republished.

2020–2024
! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | Election seating ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Lost ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Won ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | Present seating ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! align=left colspan=2|Total ! 136 ! 100 ! colspan=2 | — ! 136 ! 100
 * style="text-align:left;" | Social Democratic Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 47
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 34.55%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 46
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 33.82%
 * style="text-align:left;" | National Liberal Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 41
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 30.14%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 37
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 27.20%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Save Romania Union
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 25
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 18.38%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 22
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 16.17%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Alliance for the Union of Romanians
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 14
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10.29%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 12
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 8.82%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.61%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.61%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Force of the Right
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2.20%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Social Liberal Humanist Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.73%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Romanian Nationhood Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.73%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3.67%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.73%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3.67%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3.67%
 * }

! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | Election seating ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Lost ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Won ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | Present seating ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! align=left colspan=2|Total ! 330 ! 100 ! colspan=2 | — ! 330 ! 100
 * style="text-align:left;" | Social Democratic Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 110
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 33.33%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 104
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 31.51%
 * style="text-align:left;" | National Liberal Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 93
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 28.18%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 16
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 80
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 24.24%
 * ! style="background-color: #00AAE7" |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Save Romania Union
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 55
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 16.66%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 44
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 13.33%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Alliance for the Union of Romanians
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 33
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10.00%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 24
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7.27%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 21
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.36%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 20
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.06%
 * ! style="background-color: #000000" |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Parties of ethnic minorities
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 18
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.45%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 18
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.45%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Force of the Right
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 17
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 16
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4.84%
 * ! style="background-color: #c40075" |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Renewing Romania's European Project
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3.03%
 * ! style="background-color: #0066B6" |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Social Liberal Humanist Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1.21%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Romanian Nationhood Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1.21%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | The Right Alternative
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.90%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Alliance for the Homeland
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.30%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Association of Italians of Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.30%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 13
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 14
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.30%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.30%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Association of Italians of Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.30%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 13
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 14
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.30%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 14
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.30%
 * }

2016–2020
! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | Election seating ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Lost ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Won ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | End seating ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! align=left colspan=2|Total ! 136 ! 100 ! colspan=2 | — ! 136 ! 100
 * style="text-align:left;" | Social Democratic Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 67
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 49.26%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 59
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 43.38%
 * style="text-align:left;" | National Liberal Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 30
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 22.05%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 26
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 19.11%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Save Romania Union
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 13
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9.55%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 13
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9.55%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.61%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.61%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.61%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.14%
 * style="text-align:left;" | People's Movement Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 8
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.88%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3.67%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Humanist Power Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1.47%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11.02%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Humanist Power Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1.47%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11.02%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11.02%
 * }

! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | Election seating ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Lost ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Won ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | End seating ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! align=left colspan=2|Total ! 329 ! 100 ! colspan=2 | — ! 329 ! 100
 * style="text-align:left;" | Social Democratic Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 154
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 46.8%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 65
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 28
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 117
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 35.56%
 * style="text-align:left;" | National Liberal Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 69
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 20.97%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 66
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 20.06%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Save Romania Union
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 30
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9.11%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 25
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7.59%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 21
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.38%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 20
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.07%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 20
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.07%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 14
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4.26%
 * style="text-align:left;" | People's Movement Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 18
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.47%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4.55%
 * ! style="background-color: #000000" |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Parties of ethnic minorities
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 17
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.17%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 17
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.17%
 * ! style="background-color: |
 * style="text-align:left;" | PRO Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 21
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 21
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.38%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Humanist Power Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2.12%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 38
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 27
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10.94%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Humanist Power Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2.12%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 38
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 27
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10.94%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 38
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 27
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10.94%
 * }

2004–2008
The figures in the table below denote only the seats in the Chamber of Deputies:

2000–2004
The figures in the table below denote only the seats in the Chamber of Deputies:

1996–2000
The figures in the table below denote only the seats in the Chamber of Deputies:

1992–1996
The figures in the table below denote only the seats in the Chamber of Deputies:

1990–1992
The figures in the table below denote only the seats in the Chamber of Deputies:

title: Parliament of Romania


text:
legítimo

Etymology
Borrowed from (compare 🇨🇬). , and probably.

Adjective

 * 1) legitimate
 * 2) rightful
 * 3) legal, lawful
 * 1) legal, lawful

Etymology
(compare 🇨🇬). Probably a.

Adjective

 * 1) legitimate, rightful, lawful
 * 2) real, true
 * 3) aboveboard
 * 4)  legit
 * 1) aboveboard
 * 2)  legit

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: legítimo


text:
Talk:Grants and fundraising/Wikiversity nonprofit corporation

Regarding distributed wiki technology. A nonprofit dedicated to developing professional wiki educators is an interesting concept. I have envisioned a nonprofit to promote distributed grid like techologies in support of large free wiki type projects and specifically Wikiversity. The idea would be to slow or limit the growth in requirements of the centralized server farm. As serious students and organizations join the Wikiversity effort they would bring donated computer assets with them to handle the increasing processing, bandwidth and hard drive space. There would be a centralized organizational seed but much/most demand growth would be filled by arriving computer assets owned by the wiki participants. Is there room enough in the charter proposed to include this type of technical research and development or is it better to have a specialized charter focused on education and deal with infrastructure technology via another dedicated nonprofit centered around the computer scientists and software hackers? Which would make it easier to support writing grants and achieving funding I wonder? Mirwin 10:16, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * So how much money do you need to invest to file the paperwork for a NPC?--Rayc 01:42, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * This website provides a cost estimate. --JWSchmidt 02:10, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess we are a ways away from that then.--Rayc 02:15, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Internet Media
I think an Internet Media Group NPC is do-able on a shoestring budget. I am persistantly working toward building my own Topic:Audio Engineering workstation and music studio via a low-budget open source & free software audio platform a la Internet Audio. I'm hoping to learn how to implement this through Wikiversity and will cheerfully licence my musical content through the Creative Commons and submit it to Wikiversity-aware repositories. Please note my Open Letter idea at Internet Audio. CQ 03:42, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Notes on Non-profit
It will cost you about $500 to start up a non-profit and the forms are rather simple to fill out. The question that you need to ask is whether or not you want to be a non-profit or a for-profit. These are merely tax categories.

Roadrunner 18:44, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Public Media NPCs
These projects are in development at the Media Policy Center, a California non-profit 501c3 organization established in 2003. Its mission is to "explore issues of social welfare, public policy, education, the environment, and healthcare". The essential components of all productions will be television broadcasts, Web sites, national community outreach, coordinated marketing and after-market curricula publications.

I thought this might provide some ideas. See Edens Lost and Found for an example of their work. CQ 04:40, 12 January 2007 (UTC)


text:
Z Event

The Z Event is a francophone charity project created by Adrien Nougaret and Alexandre Dachary (respectively known under the pseudonyms ZeratoR and Dach) whose goal is to bring together French streamers to collect donations that will support a charity. It is hosted on the Twitch streaming platform.

The first edition took place in 2016 under the name Project Avengers. The event is in the benefit, successively, of Save the Children, the French Red Cross, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Pasteur Institute, Amnesty International, Action Against Hunger and four distinct associations acting in the environmental protection during the 2022 edition.

It has raised more money than any other French video gaming event. During the 2021 stream, Z Event raised €10 million Euros ($11.7 million), a world record. In total, between 2016 and 2022, these events raised more than 31.2 million euros or close to 34.6 million dollars.

Format

The Z Event is an annual charity marathon organized since 2016 and taking place over three days. It brings together French-speaking streamers with the aim of collecting donations for a charity.

The event physically takes place in the Hérault department, more precisely at the Sud de France Arena in Montpellier, and is broadcast on the streaming site Twitch. All the creators present broadcast a video stream in succession, the content of which is mostly dedicated to video games, but also to discussions or physical events such as challenges, contests, quizzes or karaoke.

In order to encourage donations, the streamers present each define "donation goals", i.e. a list of donation objectives. For each goal they reach, they commit to a specific action, usually requested by their audience or fun to watch. In addition to the donations made, merchandise (mostly t-shirts) is sold to benefit the chosen charity.

Avengers Project (2016)
The French branch of the "Avengers Project" took place from March 4 to 6, 2016, on the call of Bachir Boumaaza. Its charitable program "Gaming for Good" aims to collect donations for the NGO Save the Children during the drought in Ethiopia.

ZeratoR brought together 16 streamers and friends at his home for 34 hours of live, raising €170,770.

Z Event 2017
The Z Event took place from September 8 to 10, 2017, to collect donations for the French Red Cross during Hurricane Irma in the West Indies.

This time, 30 streamers meet in a garage set up for the occasion. The event raised a total of €451,851.

He was congratulated by the President of the French Republic, then Emmanuel Macron, on Twitter.

Z Event 2018
The Z Event took place from November 9 to 11, 2018, to collect donations for the Médecins Sans Frontières association.

In total, 37 streamers participate in this charity event organized in a room made available by the Occitania region. In 53 hours, the event brings in a total of €1,094,731. The sum raised was essentially used to reconstruct fully a destroyed hospital in Yemen.

During this edition, the event is broadcast live on NRJ radio

Z Event 2019
Following the 2018 edition, organizers received over 400 requests from non-governmental organizations. After examining the latter, the Pasteur Institute was chosen. The 2019 edition of the Z Event took place from September 20 to 22, 2019, in Montpellier. In total, 55 Francophone streamers were gathered in a room made available by the Metropole of Montpellier for a total event duration of 54 hours. Squeezie, Gotaga, Antoine Daniel and Joueur du Grenier participated in the event.

On the second day, Riot Games made a donation of €20,000, Webedia €25,000, then the American streamer Ninja  €26,000. A total of €3,510,682 were raised by the end of the event, breaking the record for the largest amount of money collected at a charity event on the live streaming platform Twitch. On his Twitter account, the President of the French Republic Emmanuel Macron congratulated the initiative.

Some Internet users regret, among other things, the low number of women within the Z Event. ' The Madmoizelle website, in its coverage of the event, highlights a "positive trend," noting that the 2019 edition features slightly more women compared to previous ones.

Z Event 2020
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the organization of a 2020 edition was initially uncertain. Indeed, ZeratoR said on April 29, 2020, live, at the time in full containment in France, that it may not be possible given the atmosphere of the time. On August 31, 2020, during a live performance where he returned to the Z LAN 2020, a few weeks before the event's regular run (usually between September and November), he announced that "until the 2020 edition is announced, there will be none". Despite this, on October 4, 2020, the event was announced to be held from 16 to 18 October 2020 in Montpellier, the beneficiary of which will be Amnesty International France.

In order to limit the risk of COVID-19 propagation, ZeratoR announced at the same time a strict protocol. The 85 participants (including streamers and team members) had to pass a PCR test, and those who would be tested positive could not participate. The organizers therefore invited all participants to isolate themselves at home until October 16. The event took place for the first time in a hotel, that participants were not able to leave during the event.

The store sold over 120,000 T-shirts, and more than 132,000 donators of 1 euro registered during the event. On the Twitter account of the Presidency of the Republic, Emmanuel Macron congratulated the initiative, as for the previous editions. The event, marked in particular by the presence of on October 17, raised €5,724,377 in 55 hours. ' '

Z Event 2021
Announced on 14 October 2021, the 2021 edition was held from 29 to 31 October 2021, to the benefit of Action contre la faim.

A concert in support of the humanitarian organization, featuring performances by the musician and the streamer LittleBigWhale, the group L.E.J, as well as the rapper Fianso, was played on October 28, in La Grande-Motte, in front of an audience of nearly 400 people. Its online broadcast was followed by more than 100 000 spectators.

An hour after the beginning of the event, almost €500,000 had already been collected, and the collected funds were raised to €2,000,000 in 24 hours. The largest amount of donations was given during the last hours of the event: on 31 October 2021, at noon, €3,000,000 had been raised — then €4,500,000 at, and up to €9,500,000 right before midnight, including goodies sales.

In total, more than 500,000 donations were made during the caritative marathon, and 172,000 T-shirts were sold, raising nearly €2,700,000. Z Event 2021 collected in total more than €10,000,000 (US$11,600,000) in favour of Action contre la faim. ZeratoR's end stream was followed by 720,000 people simultaneously, and 's stream peaked at 453,000 viewers when the young streamer invited the Mexican actress Andrea Pedrero, making it a record in France, and being the 3rd most watched stream ever. Inoxtag, however, sparks controversy for making remarks deemed misogynistic during his live performance while engaging in conversation with an actress who is not fluent in French. ' Simultaneously, publicly condemned the streamer, and as a result, she faced a surge of harassment in the hours following her statement. ' ' Specialized media outlets such as Madmoizelle and Gamekult subsequently raised questions about the event organizers' response to the controversy, criticizing it as both sluggish and insufficient. They also denounced certain recurring activities within the Z Event that they perceive as sexist. '

Z Event 2022
The 2022 edition was publicly announced on July 4, 2022, and will take place from 9 to 11 September 2022, initially dedicated to the GoodPlanet Foundation.

As in the previous edition, a concert is planned to be held the day before the launch of the event. It will include performances by PV Nova, the streamer LittleBigWhale, French Fuse, Berywam, Bigflo & Oli and Soprano at the Zenith of Montpellier.

Several criticisms emerged on social networks when the event was announced. They mainly target the absence of some streamers who participated in the previous editions, as well as the choice of the GoodPlanet Foundation as beneficiary association, this one facing many accusations of greenwashing especially around its financing.

Five days after the announcement, negative reactions online prompted the Z Event to cancel its partnership with the GoodPlanet Foundation. ZeratoR then announced that the money raised during the event would be divided equally among five associations, chosen by public vote from a shortlist of 22 organizations. The five associations finally chosen as beneficiaries are Sea Shepherd France,, WWF France, and.

During the event, some participants such as Antoine Daniel and Angle Droit virulently expressed their anger towards the President of the Republic Emmanuel Macron. The latter having shared a video message on Twitter expressing support for the Z Event and announcing upcoming esports events in France, faced accusations of political recuperation. Critics pointed out the perceived contradiction, highlighting the government's alleged inaction in addressing global warming, which, according to them, necessitates organizing charity events like the Z Event to address pressing issues. '

This edition is notable for the introduction of a platform similar to Place, enabling internet users to make donations and contribute to filling a virtual canvas, as well as, on September 10, by the presence of the artist Worakls and Alain Chabat, ' the latter co-hosting a live quiz which brought together 200,000 simultaneous spectators.

Nearly 350,000 viewers simultaneously tuned in to witness the final hours of the 2022 edition, resulting in a total donation amount of 10,182,126 euros for the beneficiary associations.

title: Z Event


text:
Cookbook:Veal with Lima Beans

Veal with large lima beans (mish qingjji me barbunja) is an Albanian dish.

Ingredients

 * 1½ lb veal shoulder, cut into 1-inch cubes
 * 1 ounce butter
 * 1 large onion, grated
 * Salt and pepper, to taste
 * 1 can (8 ounces) diced tomatoes
 * 1 ½ lb of large lima beans

Procedure

 * 1) Wash the meat thoroughly with cold water, drain, and place in a pot together with butter and onions. Stir-fry over medium-high heat for a few minutes.
 * 2) Add enough water to cover the meat. Add salt, pepper, and 2–3 tablespoons of the tomatoes. Cover the pot and let the meat boil.
 * 3) In the meantime, cut the ends off the lima beans and clean them well (you also cut them in half if you desire). Add the beans to the meat after it has been boiling for several minutes. Also add water until everything in the pot is covered.
 * 4) When the beans are done boiling, add the rest of the tomatoes. Then let the stew boil for a few more minutes so that the liquid can thicken.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Please note that tomatoes should not be added all at once in the beginning since they don't allow the lima beans to boil at the right pace. If you would rather use fresh tomatoes, when you add the beans, add whole tomatoes instead of cut ones.

title: Cookbook:Veal with Lima Beans


text:
Talk:Dick Miller

acting ability
There is no discussion of Miller's acting ability. If you've seen Bucket of Blood, you know how good he is. Surely some reliable critic has written about him. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 14:57, 29 January 2016 (UTC)

The Flash
No mention of him playing Fosnight in the Flash TV series with John Wesley Shipp. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:58, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dick Miller


text:
Kylie Wheeler

Kylie Wheeler (born 17 January 1980 in Subiaco) is an Australian retired heptathlete.

Wheeler is a six-times Australia national champion in heptathlon in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. Wheeler also won a silver medal in the Athletics at the 2002 Commonwealth Games and 2006 Commonwealth Games and won the event also at the 2003 Summer Universiade.

She announced her retirement from the sport in order to follow other commitments and interests outside athletics in May 2009. She is now Head Athletics Coach at Guildford Grammar.

title: Kylie Wheeler


text:
Allen David Broussard Catfish Creek Preserve State Park

Allen David Broussard Catfish Creek Preserve is a Florida State Park, located about ten miles east of Dundee, off US 27. This region is part of the Atlantic coastal plain.

Wildlife
This state park is home to cougars, wood storks, foxes, deer, Florida scrub jays, salamanders, bald eagles, gopher tortoises, bobcats, coyotes, Florida scrub lizards, coral snakes and American alligators

Access
There is no entrance charge. Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays).

References and external links

 * Allen David Broussard Catfish Creek Preserve State Park at Florida State Parks


text:
paskal

Noun

 * 1)  pascal (unit of measure)

Etymology
Eponym for Blaise Pascal.

Noun

 * 1) pascal

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) pascal

Etymology
Eponym for Blaise Pascal.

Noun

 * 1) pascal (SI unit of pressure and stress)

title: paskal


text:
Talk:Emet mine

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Emet mine. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120417164808/http://www.economy.gov.tr/upload/sectoralreports/Mining.pdf to http://www.economy.gov.tr/upload/sectoralreports/Mining.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:10, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emet mine


text:
User:Squirrel678

I work for the Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen Foundation. I will declare my conflict of interest on the Talk page of any article for which I propose any edits I make regarding the Foundation or Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen.Squirrel678 (talk) 17:07, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User:Squirrel678


text:
Gaga

Gaga, ga-ga, GAGA and other variants, may also refer to:

Culture and society

 * Gaga (game), an Israeli form of dodgeball
 * Gaga (god), a minor Babylonian deity
 * Gaga (dance vocabulary), a movement language and pedagogy used in some Israeli contemporary dance
 * Gagá, the name used in the Dominican Republic for a type of Haitian music otherwise known as Rara
 * Gaga (film), a 2022 Taiwanese film
 * Giọng ải giọng ai (subtitled Hidden Voices), a Vietnamese television program; part of the I Can See Your Voice franchise
 * "Radio Ga Ga", a 1984 song by Queen
 * Gaga, a dialect of the Franco-Provençal language spoken in the region around Saint-Étienne, France

People

 * Lady Gaga (born 1986 as Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta), American singer, songwriter, and actress
 * Gaga Chkhetiani (born 1983), Georgian footballer currently playing in Israel

Other uses

 * GAGA, an influential paper by Serre on algebraic geometry and analytic geometry
 * Gaga (plant), a genus of fern named for Lady Gaga
 * Gaga, Central African Republic, a village in Central African Republic
 * Gaga (company), publisher of the video game Dark Seed

title: Gaga


text:
sgèimheach

Adjective

 * 1) beautiful, elegant, fair

Declension
First declension; forms of the positive degree:

Comparative/superlative: sgèimhiche

title: sgèimheach


text:
drop back

Verb

 * 1)  Of a quarterback or other player in the backfield, to take a number of steps back from the line of scrimmage immediately after the snap or hike of the ball, to avoid defenders.
 * The Tiger quarterback is dropping back to pass.
 * 1) To move to a lower (or slower) position in a race or competition; to slow down so as to meet up with someone behind oneself

Noun

 * 1)  The act by a player in the backfield of dropping back from the line of scrimmage after the hike of the ball.
 * With his ankle injury his drop back is not pretty.

title: drop back


text:
Template:Mad Max:Sound of joy:GarageBand with symphony orchestra:Pop Quiz 1:TOC

 * Which bell is the most joyful? - 2 points
 * Which pitch is the most joyful? - 2 points

 * }


text:
User:Ramalik2/sandbox

I want to test this stuff. Lat us have ref. 1 . Now make a special refrence Let us now make ref. 3 After it we want a reference now let us return to a special ref. Check it now in preview.

title: User:Ramalik2/sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2006 Snow storm in Portugal

The result was Keep. Yank sox  19:35, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

2006 Snow storm in Portugal and 2006 European cold wave
Given possible problems with the term coldwave, and the fact these articles seem to describe fairly normal weather, they are a product of recentism and don't appear to have ongoing encyclopedic value. Delete --Peta 03:31, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete on the former; Delete on the latter: These events are quite trivial in the grand scheme of things, but the former is less trivial than the latter I've seen worse. --  tariq abjotu  (joturner) 03:59, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as WP is not a newspaper. Yeah, it's not paper, but it's also not a newspaper.  Tychocat 08:27, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. I don't see the problem mentioned by the nom. Both articles could function nicely within a more expansive article on 2006 weather patterns. --JJay 12:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete according to Tychocat. 2003 European heat wave produced a major political and public health catastrophe. These don't measure up. Gazpacho 02:43, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep, but delete the Portugal article. I have improved the article, so hopefully another weather event entry can be kept similar to the heat wave article. smr 09:35, 13 August 2006 (UTC)smrgeog
 * Very strong keep. This was not normal weather...and of course it's a product of recentism. Why should we delete recent articles just because a similar cold wave 40 years ago would not have gotten an article? Honestly, it's outrageous that this should be considered for deletion at all. This killed, what 100+ people over there? And produced record cold and record snowfall in areas that don't normally see snowfall. If a similar event occurred in the United States, nobody would be freaking out over the inclusion of this article. This was a huge event in Europe; did anybody notice how much news coverage it got? However, I think that the snowstorm in Portugal article should be merged into 2006 European cold wave. If a fishspinner hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean can have an article, certainly this can as well. This is no less worthy of an article than the 2006 North American heat wave (which killed a similar number of people and has no more "political consequences" than this did). bob rulz 05:20, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * !!!KEEP!!!  I work for a weather data company and this is assuredly a memorable weather event.  Definitely worth documentation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)


text:
Talk:Linux Guide/Archive 2

OK, I'm a Linux nOOb myself but gonna try to contribute here as much as possible but I only can while i'm at work so I don't know if the boss man is gonna like that much... Dhuss 18:37, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

in the distro dependent section are you meaning to have it sectioned something like

 * RedHat
 * Information
 * Tips
 * Is it right for you
 * SuSe
 * Information
 * Tips
 * Is it right for you
 * etc...

or someway else?

 * Surely:

 * RedHet
 * Advantages
 * Disadvantages
 * Mandrake
 * Advantages
 * Disadvantages

r3m0t (cont) (talk) 08:15, 19 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Merge with linuxquestions.org?
Rather than have useful Linux documentation spread across multiple wikis, I wonder whether it wouldn't be better to merge this content with http://wiki.linuxquestions.org? They are using a Creative Commons license, so it can't be moved over wholesale unless all the contributors up to a certain version agree. But wholesale copying may not be the best approach anyway. -- Beland 22:24, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Say 'no' to: "Merge with linuxquestions.org?"
I'm inclined to disagree. While I applaud what LQ is doing, I don't see the flexibility there that I do here. For instance, if I thought that another entry should be added under "Linux Sections" I don't think I could add it. I just don't see a way to do that. Here, however, the structure of the document is more completely within our control and such needs can be addressed.

Links to LQ and other sites should certainly be included, but such homogenization is probably not the answer we are looking for.

- DanR, a.k.a. NewBee Tue Sep 20 2005

Problem with Open Source definition
I have a small problem with how Open Source is defined. “Being an open source program means that (if you wanted to) you could view the source code of the operating system and change it to suit your needs.”

Open Source does not mean GNU’s definition of Free Software. Both Free Software and Open Source are not the same thing as the article leads one to think. Websites for example are Open Source. We can all look at the source code and study it to a certain extent. Looking at a website source code does not mean that I can change the source code of the website, nor does it mean that I can copy it and use it for my own doings. As with the website source code example, we see that Open Source doesn’t mean that it is equivalent to Free Software. I know that Open Source is commonly used interchangeably with Free Software but in truth this is a very bad practice. At least I feel it is. Open Source refers to the source code of a application being open for others to see it, but it gives no rights to the user who is looking at it apart from viewing the source code. Free Software gives explicit rights to the user, one of them being the right to view and study the source code. Free Software is a license and Open Source is not.

I think this something that new comers should be clear about when dealing with conversations about Open Source and Free Software. Any one agrees? --Zoohouse 15:09, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Merge with Linux Guide/Installing Linux
I wouldn't think that you should merge these two. This is (or hopefully will be) in my opinion a good guide for people who are computer-orientated but have never used linux. So I'm against. But certainly an interesting idea. Friendly.demon 20:24, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

I do not think this should be merged with installing Linux. I am a newbie and I have come hunting here via a Google search "linux for newbies". Many newbies will be like me, someone else installed it for them and now they are tryng to learn things themselves. So far the documentation I have found is absolutely woeful, it assumes so much knowledge. User delta_tango, sorry I can't register forany more Wikis, I'm losing track. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 2006-06-02.

As a beginner to Linux, one of the major issues I face is the general lack of material, (that I can find) that covers this very area. There seems to be lots of more technical material that is targeted at user who knows something about Linux but not for individuals who are trying to convert from "other operating systems" to Linux. I have attempted to read the other document that you wish to combine this one with but, in my opinion they are targeted at totally different audiences. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Beardman (talk • contribs) 2006-10-13.

Keep separate. I think it's valuable to have a "brief, introduction to Linux" type of title that is separate from others like "installing," "configuring," etc. — David Spalding ta!k y@wp / Contribs 17:14, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * There's zero reason to have separate books for this. I hope to merge much of the linux documentation into one book in the future. — Mike.lifeguard | talk 19:26, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

Changes suggested
I think since this is Linux for Newbies, we should change the current layout of material: --Tweenk 11:18, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Discussion of runlevels should go. This is relevant only for distro hackers.
 * More focus should be put on GUI applications and using them. The current terminal section is OK, but the regular user will only use it as a last resort.
 * Some security information. Some people will panic and try to install an antivirus on Linux until we explain it's usually not necessary.
 * The section about useful applications at it currently is is harmful, because considering that only the scary console based apt-get way of installing packages is presented, people will try to download them from the websites and install them manually instead of using the package manager.
 * Pipes are used in the commands though they are not explained.
 * I think there could be a simple guide to installing Linux from a Live CD or from the text installer. The current Installing Linux chapter in the Linux Guide relies heavily on terminal. Another option would be to change the Guide.
 * Text should be split into chapters for easier reading - there's currently quite a lot of it.
 * We definitely need an explanation about the X Server, because I have found some people that think that Linux is "built on top of a command line" like Windows 95. Also explain to people that the desktop environment is only a collection of programs, not a part of the kernel like in NT-based systems and can be changed easily.
 * I would opt for more focus on explaining the differences between Windows and Linux, because this is the reality.

Don't Merge Installation with Usage
I am definitely a Newbie and also being considered elderly have some difficulty in recalling specifics of commands that i previously enter:(.

I have two OLPC XO computers and they have Linux on them. I don't care how it got there. It is available through the Terminal. The same for the Macintosh that i have. So I don't need an extensive chapter on installing Linux here. Installing Linux would, i think, have to do with acquiring and installing some distribution like UBUNTU, FEDORA, BSD, into a computer usually, but not always, through terminal commands or a GUI. Linux for Newbies should concentrate on The Command Line entries to a Terminal that is already there.

What i am most interested in is how to use the commands(or as some call them "programs within the Shell" to accomplish some result. There are a lot of manuals that take the encyclopedic approach to commands, as does the Terminal command man and help and --. That's not helpful when you have a specific goal in mind. Kind of like a teacher handing you a dictionary and telling you to write an essay on "How to Start a Car"(and you don't know what a Car is).

Some important things that require step by step sequences of commands (forget about these characters like ; that say execute commands in sequence and also scripting for now. I would be happy to enter them one at a time, wait for completion, then enter the next one)

1. Listing what is in my computer, and what is running: la and ps commands do that but have several different variations (arguments) that produce different outputs. And of course you have to interpret what the output means.

2. Not running output off the screen and being unable to scroll back: |less following command that produces a listing. Remember that :q gets you out.

3. Finding my way: The concept of PATH is very hard to grasp when you are used to pointing and clicking icons or items on a menu or a folder listing. Here is where some of that tricky punctuation comes into play:. ..  /  ~ come to mind.

4. When there is a storage device such as a USB (or SD) drive (stick, floppy, or HD) connected to the computer what commands will transfer programs or data onto them or from them. How would you run an application or print data from them?

5. The commands wget yum and rpm tar are involved in obtaining applications from the internet and perhaps installing them. Most instructions from a given web site tell you to use these commands (or worse make you have to decide on several alternatives) and they apparently work and the result goes somewhere (that pesky PATH again). But then the user is in "left field" as to what then to actually get them to run on the target computer. See 6.

6. A clear cut set of commands to install Flash Player and Java. These for some reason never are included in distributions and attempts to load them and have them work with a previously loaded browser become very iffy.

7. Getting out of situations: A lot of descriptions tell you in great detail how to do a set of operations, but don't say what to do to get out. For example if you use | less the end of the list is a big black square. Type :Q and you are out. Up and Down arrows scroll you up and down hopefully.

I have rambled on perhaps to excess and exposed some ignorance. A lot of the basic names for things escapes me. However, I hope I make the point that "Linux for Newbies" cannot be all encompassing. Stick to Terminal Commands with this one.

Regards: (BTW this is my first "EDIT" since registering. I did learn enough through observation to see that == on either side will make Title-size text)

title: Talk:Linux Guide/Archive 2


text:
Cryptography/One time pads

A One Time Pad (OTP) is the only potentially unbreakable encryption method. Plain text encrypted using an OTP cannot be retrieved without the encrypting key. However, there are several key conditions that must be met by the user of a one time pad cipher, or the cipher can be compromised.

 * The key must be random and generated by a non-deterministic, non-repeatable process. Any key generated by an algorithm will not work. The security of the OTP relies on the randomness of the key. Unfortunately, the randomness of a key cannot be proved.
 * The key must never be reused. Use of the same key to encrypt different messages, no matter how trivially small, compromises the cipher.
 * The key must not fall in the hands of the enemy. This may seem obvious, but it points to the weakness of system in that you must be able to transmit large amounts of data to the reader of the pad. Typically, one time pad cipher keys are sent via diplomatic pouch.

A typical one time pad system works like this: Generate a long fresh new random key. XOR the plaintext with the key to create the ciphertext. To decrypt the ciphertext, XOR it with the original key. The system as presented is thus a symmetric and reciprocal cipher. Other functions (e.g., addition modulo n) could be used to combine the key and the plaintext to yield the ciphertext, although the resulting system may not be a reciprocal cipher.

If the key is random and never re-used, an OTP is provably unbreakable. Any ciphertext can be decrypted to any message of the same length by using the appropriate key. Thus, the actual original message cannot be determined from ciphertext alone, as all possible plaintexts are equally likely. This is the only cryptosystem for which such a proof is known.

The OTP is extremely simple to implement.

However, there are limitations. Re-use the key and the system becomes extremely weak; it can be broken with pencil and paper. Try to build a "one-time-pad" using some algorithm to generate the keys and you don't have a one-time-pad, you have a stream cipher. There are some very secure stream ciphers, but people who do not know one from a one-time pad are probably not able to design one. It is unfortunately fairly common to see weak stream ciphers advertised as unbreakable one-time pads.

Also, even if you have a well-implemented OTP system and your key is kept secure, consider an attacker who knows the plaintext of part of a message. He can then recover that part of the key and use it to encrypt a message of his own. If he can deliver that instead of yours, you are in deep trouble.

Example
First, an OTP is selected for the plaintext:

Preshared Random Bits =<PHONE_NUMBER>10101011101<PHONE_NUMBER>011110101001110100011 Plain text =<PHONE_NUMBER>01010010100 Length(Plain Text) = 21 Key(21) =<PHONE_NUMBER>10101011101

The example indicates that the plaintext is not always the same length as the key material. This can be handled by methods such as: Such signaling systems (and possibly the plaintext encoding method) must be designed so that these terminators are not mistaken for plaintext. For this example, therefore, it is assumed the plaintext already contains endpoint/length signaling.
 * appending a terminator to the plaintext before encryption, and terminating the cyphertext with random bits.
 * prepending the length and a preamble terminator to the plaintext, and terminating with random bits.

For increasingly long plaintext/key pair lengths, the cross-correlation gets closer to zero.

Encryption
Key(21)   =<PHONE_NUMBER>10101011101 Plaintext =<PHONE_NUMBER>01010010100 $$\oplus$$bitwise   ||||||||||||||||||||| cyphertext =<PHONE_NUMBER>11111001001

For increasingly long plaintext/cyphertext pair lengths, the cross-correlation also gets closer to zero.

Decryption
Preshared Random Bits =<PHONE_NUMBER>10101011101<PHONE_NUMBER>011110101001110100011 cyphertext =<PHONE_NUMBER>11111001001 $$\oplus$$bitwise   ||||||||||||||||||||| Plain text =<PHONE_NUMBER>01010010100

An astute reader might observe that the decryptor needs to know the length of the plaintext in actual practice. This is done by decrypting the cyphertext as a bitstream (i.e. xor each bit as it is read), and observing the stream until the end-of-plaintext ruleset is satisfied by the signals prepended/appended to the plaintext.

Making one-time pads by hand

One-time pads were originally made without the use of a computer and this is still possible today. The process can be tedious, but if done correctly and the pad used only once, the result is unbreakable.

There are two components needed to make a one-time pad: a way to generate letters at random and a way to record two copies of the result. The traditional way to do the latter was to use a typewriter and carbon paper. The carbon paper and typewriter ribbon would then be destroyed since it is often possible to recover the pad data from them. As typewriters have become scarce, it is also acceptable to hand write the letters neatly in groups of five on two part carbonless copy paper sheets, which can be purchased at office supply stores. Each sheet can given a serial number or some other unique marking.

Historically, the key material for manual one-time pads was distributed as a pad of many small pages of paper. Each small page typically had a series of 5-digit groups, each digit randomly selected from 0 to 9.

A one-time pad set consists of two identical pads. Some writers refer to the two as "two identical originals", to emphasize that no copies should ever be made of the key material.

Traditionally two-way communication requires two pad sets (a total of 4 pads): One person gets the "IN" pad of one set, and the "OUT" pad of the other set.

Each small page typically contains 50 groups of 5 random decimal digits 0...9, enough for one normal message, and a unique "page number" of five digits.

A conversion table is used to convert the letters of the plaintext message to numbers, and the numbers of the decoded message back to letters. Perhaps the simplest conversion table is A=01, B=02, ... Z=26, but historically some sort of straddling checkerboard was usually used, such as CT-37c, CT-37w, CT-46, etc.

The key material for a one-time pad was sometimes written as 50 groups of 5 random letters A...Z. One-time pads where the keys are written as letters are sometimes called letter one-time pad (LOP) or one-time letter pad (OTLP).

The key material for cryptographic machines, including one-time pad systems, was often punched in a binary code on long, narrow paper tape—a "one time tape" OTT.

letter tiles
The simplest way to generate random letters in the Roman alphabet is to obtain 26 identical objects with a different letter of the alphabet marked on each object. Tiles from the game Scrabble can be used, as long as only one of each letter is selected. Kits for making name charm bracelets are another possibility. One can also write the letters on 26 otherwise identical coins with a marking pen. The objects are placed in a box or cup and shaken vigorously, then one object is withdrawn and its letter is recorded. The object is returned to the box and the process is repeated.

10-sided dice
Another way to make one time pads is to use ten-sided dice. One can generate random number groups by rolling several ten-sided dice at a time and recording a group of decimal digits—one decimal digit from each die—for each roll. This method will generate random code groups much faster than using Scrabble tiles. The plaintext message is converted into numeric values with A =01, B =02 and so on. The resulting numeric values are encrypted by adding digits from the one time pads using non-carrying addition. One can then either transmit the numeric groups as is, or use the straddling checkerboard to convert the numbers back into letters and transmit that result.

6-sided dice
Another way to make one time pads is to use 6-sided dice.

It is possible to generate random decimal digits (to make a traditional decimal one-time pad) using 6-sided dice.

If the message is converted into two digit base-6 numbers, then ordinary six-sided dice can be used to generate the random digits in a one time pad. Digits in the pad would be added modulo-6 to the digits in the plaintext message (again without carry), and subtracted modulo 6 from the ciphertext to decrypt. For example:

Using this table, "Wikipedia" would convert to 52 30 32 30 41 22 21 30 14. If the pad digits were 42 26 21 35 32 34 22 62 43, the ciphertext would be 34 50 53 05 13 50 43 32 51. (Note that 6 = 0 modulo 6).

Key Exchange
In order to use this algorithm, each party must possess the same random key. This typically involves meeting the other party in person or using a trusted courier. Other methods are sometime proposed, such as or both users to have identical devices that generate the same semi-random numbers, however these methods are essentially stream ciphers and are not covered by the security proof of one time pads.

title: Cryptography/One time pads


text:
Talk:Dina Carroll

Read like an advert!
This reads to much like an advert for Wiki. WillE 11:14, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Seconded Boils (talk) 21:12, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dina Carroll Album.jpg
Image:Dina Carroll Album.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:00, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dina Carroll


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Daniel Elliott

The result was delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:48, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Daniel Elliott
Completely non-notable. Almost definitely vanity. The one claim to notability is a gaming tournament consisting of 16 people with no ciation or verifiability. Note: I had listed this article for speedy delete but changed it since it makes a claim to notability, however remote it is. Konman72 11:07, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom - Google's hardly heard of the tournament he won, making it unlikely to be notable. With that in mind, a winner of said tournament is even less notable. BigHaz 11:13, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. wikipediatrix 11:39, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Pure vanity by NN individual. (See creator's editing history ). Wikipedia is not a free host, blog, webspace provider or social networking site. --IslaySolomon 12:11, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, per nom. Oy.  -- Merope 13:40, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, and Mr. Elliott needs to get a job. NawlinWiki 14:19, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, per WP:VAIN Ohconfucius 03:53, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, per I am Thelliott, Nothing to do with me WP:Not me Dboi22 19:36, 14 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
suova

Etymology 1
From, borrowed from either (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬) or less likely from  (compare 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) haystack

title: suova


text:
2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, all secondary education examinations due to be held in 2020 were cancelled. As a result, an alternative method had to be designed and implemented at short notice to determine the qualification grades to be awarded to students for that year. A standardisation algorithm was produced in June 2020 by the regulator Ofqual in England, Qualifications Wales in Wales, Scottish Qualifications Authority in Scotland, and CCEA in Northern Ireland. The algorithm was designed to combat grade inflation, and was to be used to moderate the existing but unpublished centre-assessed grades for A-Level and GCSE students. After the A-Level grades were issued, and after criticism, Ofqual, with the support of HM Government, withdrew these grades. It issued all students the Centre Assessed Grades (CAGs), which had been produced by teachers as part of the process. The same ruling was applied to the awarding of GCSE grades, just a few days before they were issued: CAG-based grades were the ones released on results day.

A similar controversy erupted in Scotland, after the Scottish Qualifications Authority marked down as many as 75,000 predicted grades to "maintain credibility", and later agreed to upgrade the results and issue new exam certificates. The Scottish Government apologised for the controversy, with Nicola Sturgeon, the First Minister of Scotland saying of the situation that the Scottish Government "did not get it right".

Background
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, students sit General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and A-Level exams, typically at ages 16 and 18 respectively. Similar but equivalent international versions of these qualifications are offered by UK exam boards.

On 18 March 2020, the government decided to cancel all examinations in England due to the COVID-19 pandemic, although the regulator, Ofqual, had advised that holding exams in a socially distanced manner was the best option. The same cancellation decision was taken by the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Ireland devolved governments. The governments announced that, in their place, grades were to be based on teacher predictions which would be moderated to prevent grade inflation. Overseas exams provided by CIE were cancelled on 23 March 2020, and grades were issued on the same basis as in England.

Secretary of State for Education Gavin Williamson stated that his "priority now is to ensure no young person faces a barrier when it comes to moving on to the next stage of their lives – whether that's further or higher education, an apprenticeship or a job" and that he had "asked exam boards to work closely with the teachers who know their pupils best to ensure their hard work and dedication is rewarded and fairly recognised." Students unhappy with their calculated grades would be able to appeal through their school, or sit exams in the autumn.

For homeschooled students, or those retaking exams, Ofqual stated they may not receive a grade, and would have to sit exams in 2021 because of a "lack of any credible alternatives identified". It was estimated that over 20,000 students would be affected, and would be unable to move on to college or university.

Standardisation algorithm
A grades standardisation algorithm was produced by Ofqual, the regulator of qualifications, exams and tests in England. It was designed to combat grade inflation, and was to be used to standardise or moderate the teacher-predicted grades for A Level and GCSE qualifications.

A-Level results
The A-Level grades were announced in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on 13 August 2020. Nearly 36% were one grade lower than teachers' predictions and 3% were down two grades. By comparison, 79% of university entrants in 2019 did not achieve their predicted grades.

Reaction
The release of results resulted in a public outcry. Particular criticism was made of the disparate effect the grading algorithm had in downgrading the results of those who attended state schools, and upgrading the results of pupils at privately funded independent schools and thus disadvantaging pupils of a lower socio-economic background, in part due to the algorithm's behaviour around small cohort sizes, and resulting in private schools seeing a bigger yearly increase in the proportion of students getting As and A*s than others.

Students and teachers felt deprived and upset following the controversial algorithm calculation and protested against it, with many demanding Prime Minister Boris Johnson and his government take immediate action. In response to the public outcry, on 15 August, Gavin Williamson said that the grading system is here to stay, and there will be "no U-turn, no change". Williamson criticised Scottish ministers for their u-turn the week prior, stating that awarding unmoderated grades would be "unwise", cause "rampant grade inflation". Instead, he suggested that schools appeal swiftly on behalf of affected students, to ensure any errors could be amended. Boris Johnson stated that the results are "robust and dependable".

Legal action, in the form of judicial review, was initiated by multiple students and legal advocacy organisations such as the Good Law Project.

A-Level results revised
On 17 August, Ofqual and Secretary of State for Education Gavin Williamson agreed that grades would be reissued using unmoderated teacher predictions. As a result, there was an annual increase by more than 10 percentage points in the number of top grades awarded (from 25.2% to an estimated 37.7%), the biggest increase for at least 20 years.

The initial algorithm 'upgraded' students, leading 100,000 to secure their firm university choices, which filled courses at top universities. The switch to teacher-assessed grades meant that a further 15,000, who at first missed their firm offers, then met their grade requirements. This caused a capacity issue that meant that some oversubscribed universities, such as Durham University, had to offer incentives for students to defer their place to the following academic year. Incentives from Durham included money and a guarantee of accommodation choice.

GCSE results
On 20 August 2020 the GCSE results were released. After the problems arising from the use of the grade algorithm for A-Levels, it was decided that GCSE grades awarded to each student would be the higher of the teacher predicted result or algorithm standardised result for each subject they took.

Vocational and technical qualifications (BTEC) results
A further 200,000 students who had taken the level one and two vocational qualifications were told on 19 August 2020, hours before results day, that they would not receive them on time. About 250,000 level-three grades, which had already been awarded, were also reassessed; these vocational equivalents to A-Levels had been given a result at the same time as the A-Levels were released. The examining board, Pearson Edexcel, withdrew them when the controversy broke, and has re-marked them upwards and is issuing a revised certificate, on a rolling basis, in the week beginning 24 August.

Aftermath
On 25 August 2020, Sally Collier resigned from the position of chief regulator of Ofqual following the grading controversy. Three days later, Permanent Secretary Jonathan Slater, the most senior civil servant at the Department for Education (DfE), stood down. Subsequently, the government was accused of scapegoating civil servants and avoiding accountability.

On 1 September, the question of blame was reopened by The Guardian. In a report OCR, one of the exam boards, told Williamson that the algorithm was producing some rogue results. But Williamson and the DfE were told by Ofqual that the appeals procedure would correct the few rogue results. OCR informed them that this was more than a few results and that patterns could be observed, such as students with better results than a low-performing group the year before.

On 2 September, Ofqual's chair Roger Taylor appeared before the Education Select Committee of the House of Commons during their inquiry into the impact of COVID-19 on education and children's services. He apologised to students, parents and teachers, and stated that the Secretary of State made the decisions to cancel examinations and to abruptly withdraw the procedure to challenge calculated A-level grades.

Scottish Highers
On 4 August 2020, secondary school students in Scotland received their Higher grades. Having also been unable to take their exams because of the pandemic, their grades were estimated by teachers, but the body awarding the qualifications was reported to have downgraded around a quarter of the marks awarded in order to "maintain credibility". Following criticism of the system from teachers and students, on 10 August, First Minister Nicola Sturgeon apologised for the controversy, saying the Scottish Government "did not get it right". The following day, on 11 August, the Scottish Government agreed to upgrade thousands of exam results, and accept teachers' estimates of pupils' results. On 18 August, the Scottish Qualifications Authority announced that 75,000 new exam certificates would be issued.


text:
caspase

Etymology
Short for cysteine-aspartic acid protease.

Noun

 * 1)  Any of several intracellular proteolytic enzymes that mediate apoptosis and pyroptosis.

title: caspase