text:
Oskaloosa City Park and Band Stand

The Oskaloosa City Park and Band Stand is a nationally recognized historic district located in Oskaloosa, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The listing includes one contributing site and five contributing objects. The town square, which is the site, was part of the original town plat in 1844. Landscaping projects were undertaken in the 1860s, 1911 and 1970–1971. In addition to the landscaping the sidewalks and curbing were installed in 1911. The bandstand in the center was designed by Des Moines architect Frank E. Wetherell, an Oskaloosa native, and built in 1912. The 29 ft high octagonal structure is composed of concrete, iron and steel.

In addition to the bandstand, the other historic objects include the Spanish–American War torpedo (c. 1900); Chief Mahaska sculpture by Fry (1909); Gold Star Mothers' rose bed (c. 1920); and the Women's Relief Corps memorial (1920). It was included in the Oskaloosa City Square Commercial Historic District, which surrounds it, in 1986.

title: Oskaloosa City Park and Band Stand


text:
TIFF/EP

Tag Image File Format/Electronic Photography (TIFF/EP) is a digital image file format standard – ISO 12234-2, titled "Electronic still-picture imaging – Removable memory – Part 2: TIFF/EP image data format". This is different from the Tag Image File Format, which is a standard administered by Adobe currently called "TIFF, Revision 6.0 Final – June 3, 1992".

The TIFF/EP standard is based on a subset of the Adobe TIFF standard, and a subset of the  JEITA Exif standard, with some differences and extensions.

One of the uses of TIFF/EP is as a raw image format. A characteristic of most digital cameras (but excluding those using the Foveon X3 sensor or similar, hence especially Sigma cameras) is that they use a color filter array (CFA). Software processing a raw image format for such a camera needs information about the configuration of the color filter array, so that the raw image can identify separate data from the individual sites of the sensor. Ideally this information is held within the raw image file itself, and TIFF/EP uses the tags that begin "CFA", CFARepeatPatternDim and CFAPattern, which are only relevant for raw images.

This standard has not been adopted by most camera manufacturers – Exif/DCF is the current industry standard file organisation system which uses the Exchangeable image file format. However, TIFF/EP provided a basis for the raw image formats of a number of cameras. One example is Nikon's NEF raw file format, which uses the tag TIFF/EPStandardID (with value <IP_ADDRESS>). Adobe's DNG (Digital Negative) raw file format was based on TIFF/EP, and the DNG specification states "DNG... is compatible with the TIFF-EP standard". Several cameras use DNG as their raw file format, so in that limited sense they use TIFF/EP too.

New Tags
The following new tags are defined in the TIFF/EP standard, all to be placed in the first TIFF Image File Directory (IFD)

Differences from TIFF and Exif
There are no major departures by the TIFF/EP standard from the TIFF standard, except that many of the TIFF tags are ignored.

The TIFF/EP standard does however have a few notable differences from the Exif standards:

 * All tags used by TIFF/EP which are defined by the Exif standard to reside within the Exif Sub-IFD now reside directly under the first (main) TIFF IFD.
 * The Exif IFD Sub-IFD, Interoperability Sub-IFD and the MakerNote Tag have all been omitted.
 * Unlike the TIFF 6.0 standard, the TIFF/EP standard defines a method of dealing with thumbnail images. This however is different from the method that is used in the Exif standard.
 * Several tags defined by the Exif standard have been re-defined in the TIFF/EP standard – see table below.

Compression
Images in TIFF/EP files may be stored in uncompressed form, or using JPEG baseline DCT-based lossy compression. TIFF/EP also allows usage of other compression methods, but TIFF/EP readers are not required to decompress these images. All TIFF/EP readers shall support the DCT (lossy) baseline version of the TIFF/JPEG compression method described in TIFF 6.0 Technical note #2. The JPEG compression is indicated using a value of 000716 in the Compression tag-field as a binary value.

There may be more than one image (subfile) in a TIFF 6.0 file. Each subfile is defined by Image File Directory (IFD). If an image compression method is used in TIFF/EP, an uncompressed Baseline TIFF-readable "thumbnail" image (with a reduced-resolution) should also be stored in the 0th IFD of TIFF/EP, to allow the images to be viewed and identified using a Baseline TIFF 6.0 reader. (Note: JPEG compression is not required for Baseline TIFF 6.0 readers.)

TIFF/EP files may optionally use lossless JPEG compression and other JPEG compressions, but TIFF/EP readers are not required to decompress these images. If the lossless JPEG compression is used, the recommended form is lossless sequential DPCM using Huffman coding. TIFF/EP files may also optionally support vendor unique compression, but TIFF/EP readers are only required to open the uncompressed "thumbnail" image that may be present in IFD0. Proprietary compression methods can be used by obtaining a private compression tag value from the TIFF administrator (Adobe).

TIFF/EP complies with the TIFF 6.0 specification. The reason is to maintain compatibility with existing TIFF readers, and to make the adoption of TIFF/EP as easy as possible.

The TIFF Tag 259 (010316) stores the information about the Compression method. Its use is mandatory in TIFF/EP. There is no default value in TIFF/EP, but the tag value shall equal "000116" for the thumbnail IFD. The following is a list of defined TIFF/EP compression schemes:

Timeline for development and revision
Dates limited to publicly available sources:

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: TIFF/EP


text:
Naresh Balyan

Naresh Balyan is an Indian politician and a member of the Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi in India. He represents the Uttam Nagar constituency of New Delhi and is a member of the Aam Aadmi Party political party.

Early life and education
Naresh Balyan was born in Delhi. He attended the Haryana Shakti Senior Secondary School.

Political career
Naresh Balyan has been a MLA for one term. He represented the Uttam Nagar constituency and is a member of the Aam Aadmi Party political party.

On 21 Sep 2015, Balyan complained to police that a fake letter containing his forged signature was spread in the social media. In the letter, it alleges that Balyan bought onions from the government at Rs 26 per kg and sold them at Rs 30 per kg. Balyan said that the language used in the fabricated letter made no sense, moreover the government does not provide onions to the MLAs for sale.

He has served as the DDC Chairman - South Delhi and was a councillor since 2012. No work was done and the aam aadmi party claims everyone else is responsible. He is a member of the Delhi Jal Board. He is an aam aadmi worth over 56cr according to his disclosures in the electoral forms

Member of Legislative Assembly
In 2015 he was elected as the MLA representing Uttam Nagar in the Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi. He was re-elected to the Delhi Legislative Assembly in 2020.

 * Committee assignments of Delhi Legislative Assembly
 * Chairman - Unauthorised Colony Committee, New Delhi

Member of Legislative Assembly (2020 - present)
Since 2020, he is an elected member of the 7th Delhi Assembly.

 * Committee assignments of Delhi Legislative Assembly
 * Member (2022-2023), Public Accounts Committee

title: Naresh Balyan


text:
Bankstown Central

Bankstown Central (previously known as Centro Bankstown and Bankstown Square) is a shopping centre in the suburb of Bankstown in South Western Sydney.

Transport
The Bankstown line offers frequent services to Bankstown station which is a short walk from the centre.

Bankstown Central has bus connections to Greater Western Sydney, Inner West, St George, Sutherland Shire, as well as local surrounding suburbs. It is served by Transit Systems and U-Go Mobility. The majority of its bus services are operated from the bus interchange at the eastern end of The Mall.

Bankstown Central also has multi-level car parks with 3,174 spaces.

History
Bankstown Square opened on 21 September 1966 by Lady Cutler, the wife of the then NSW governor Roden Cutler. The centre was developed and owned by Lendlease and was at the time Australia's largest shopping centre, and remained for many years the flagship property in Lendlease's portfolio. It was also one of Sydney's first major shopping centres. Bankstown Central featured David Jones, Big W department store, Woolworths, Nock & Kirby and 100 stores. The development of the shopping centre was a moment of significance in the development of Bankstown as a satellite centre of south-western Sydney. Not only did it bring major retailers such as David Jones, the premium department store, to the area for the first time, it also became a centre of community and governmental service provision for south-western Sydney.

The centre was located adjacent the Waltons store which opened in 1961 and was taken over by Venture and Norman Ross in 1987 until its closure in 1993. The space vacated by Venture and Norman Ross became World 4 Kids in 1993 and operated until its closure in 2002. The World 4 Kids Space was replaced by JB Hi-Fi, Roni's and 7 other stores on the ground level and Target on the upper level.

In 2002, the centre was owned 50-50 by the General Property Trust (GPT) and the Government Superannuation Office (GSO). In October 2002, GPT divested its 50% interest in Bankstown Square to Centro Properties Group for $176 million, the remaining 50% share was sold to another Centro vehicle in 2003. The shopping centre was renamed "Centro Bankstown".

Centro Bankstown has undergone a two-stage major "redevelopment program" which was completed in mid-2008.

In July 2006, the stage 1 extension to the complex to a block of land opposite Lady Cutler Avenue was completed adding 26,000 m2 of retail space and bringing the total gross leasable area to 66,500 m2. It features a new Woolworths, the largest Big W in NSW, as well as 28 additional speciality stores. Franklins moved to the old Woolworths premises in December 2006, and a new mall featuring twenty new stores opened in November 2007 where it was once located. The new mall connects the Grand Market fresh food area with the food court. During this development some stores closed down including JB Hi-Fi and Tandy Electronics, while others relocated including Best & Less to the old space vacated by JB-Hi-Fi.

In July 2007 David Jones closed down after the 40-year lease of the store was up because the area did not fit their demographics, making the store unprofitable and therefore stage 2 of redevelopment had commenced. Myer opened on 17 May 2008, on the site of the old David Jones store. This is similar to the swap that happened at Westfield Eastgardens and Westfield Burwood, the latter in a reverse direction with David Jones replaced a Myer store. The Bankstown Myer store stocks more than the old David Jones store and is the largest store at Bankstown at 10,150m². Stage 2 development also added new stores including National Australia Bank branch located next to the RTA (now Service NSW).

Centro Properties Group was restructured in 2011 due to financial difficulty and accounting irregularities. The successor entity, Federation Limited, rebranded the centre to "Bankstown Central" in 2013.

Target decided not to renew their lease and closed their Bankstown store in January 2022, Supa IGA also permanently left the centre the same time.

Future
Vicinity Centres is planning A$2 billion redevelopment of Bankstown Central as part of the 2050 Bankstown vision. The redevelopment includes building apartments, office buildings and a hotel over the shopping centre and creating an additional 300,000 square metres of new space. The new space will create a new 'Eat Street' with cafes and restaurants, landscaped open space and a new repositioned bus interchange in The Mall. The first stage, known as 'Bankstown Exchange', is expected to be delivered from 2025.

Tenants
Bankstown Central has 85,840m² of floor space. The major retailers include Myer, Big W, Kmart, Woolworths, JB Hi-Fi, Rebel and Funland. Coles opened in late 2022, replacing the space that Supa IGA vacated from.

Incident
On 29 April 2016, a shooting incident occurred on a rooftop carpark of Bankstown Central just before midday. One person was shot dead and two others were injured. The shooting was a targeted and payback attack and the incident could be connected with a fatal shooting in Condell Park earlier in April. The carpark was closed after the incident and the centre continued trading as normal.

title: Bankstown Central


text:
Lillibridge, Florida

Lillibridge is an unincorporated community in southeastern Hillsborough County, Florida, United States, three miles east of Florida State Road 39, near Lithia.

History
Lillibridge was founded in the 1880s by Morton Lillibridge. Because there was no bridge over the Alafia River, the community was very isolated. A trip to Tampa took three days by oxcart, provided the water was low enough to cross Alderman's Ford. In 1905, the Seaboard Railroad built a line that stopped in Lillibridge until about 1916, at which time the Lillibridge post office shut down. In the early 20th century, phosphate became a huge local business, with Prairie Pebble Phosphate Company and the Coronet Phosphate Company operating mines in the area, some of which still exist today as part of the Mosaic Companies. The population has declined to the point that the identity of the community is more or less unknown to residents today.

Education
Lillibridge is served by Hillsborough County Schools. Students are zoned for Pinecrest Elementary, Turkey Creek Middle School and Durant High School.

title: Lillibridge, Florida


text:
CH Caldes

Club Hoquei Caldes, also known as Recam Làser Caldes for sponsorship reasons, is a Spanish sports club based in Caldes de Montbui, in the autonomous community of Catalonia. Founded in 1961, the club currently plays in the OK Liga.

History
In 2015, Caldes achieved promotion to OK Liga, the second in a row. In its first season, the club ended in the fifth position, and consequently qualified for the first time to the CERS Cup.

In debut season, Caldes reached the semifinals where it was eliminated by Italian team CGC Viareggio.

title: CH Caldes


text:
Dioon argenteum

Dioon argenteum is a species of cycad native to northern Oaxaca, Mexico. It is one of a number of Mexican cycads described by Tim Gregory, S. Salas-Morales, and Jeff Chemnick, including Dioon planifolium.

title: Dioon argenteum


text:
Portal:Media/Related portals

Learning resources related to media are also at these other portals: Education · Engineering and Technology · Learning Materials · Learning Projects · Social Sciences · New Media Arts

title: Portal:Media/Related portals


text:
World History/Resources

This page contains links, helpful hints, and other such odds and ends which benefit the reader and developer alike. Feel free to add productive information, links, etc. here.

History

 * HistoryForUs Main Site

http://www.historyguide.org/ The History Guide contains the complete content of three undergraduate courses in European history which will certainly be of use to those of you studying such topics at the college level or in A.P. European history classes. The History Guide contains ninety lectures in European history from ancient Sumer to the fall of Soviet-style communism in 1989. In essence, what is presented here is an online textbook in western civilization, with special reference to the western intellectual tradition.

http://www.intute.ac.uk/history/ Welcome to Intute: History, brought to you by a national team of subject specialists from universities across the UK. We find and review the very best web resources to help you with your studies and research.

Other

 * Paint.Net-A link to a useful program for creating maps. For Windows Computers.

 * The GIMP -Another free Image Editor. For Windows, Mac, and Linux

 * Wikipedia-Wikipedia
 * Research Resources- Good list of Sources
 * Wikipedia's list of public domain resources can be useful

 * Main Page-Wikimedia Commons. Tons of pictures for use.

title: World History/Resources


text:
Amy Lyford

Amy Lyford (born 1963) is an American professor of art history. She is on the faculty of Occidental College in Los Angeles, California. A specialist in Modern Art, Lyford is the author of two books: Surrealist Masculinities: Gender Anxiety and the Aesthetics of Post-World War I Reconstruction in France (University of California Press, 2007) and Isamu Noguchi’s Modernism: Negotiating Race, Labor, and Nation, 1930-1950 (UC Press, 2013).

Background
She earned her Ph.D. in the History of Art from University of California, Berkeley, Masters Degree from Boston University, and Bachelor of Arts from Pomona College. In 1993-1994, Lyford was a Fulbright Scholar in France. She was hired at Occidental College in 1999 and now holds the title of Arthur G. Coons Professor in the History of Ideas, and is on the faculty of the Art and Art History Department. She served as Associate Dean of the College 2014-2016.

Career and awards
Lyford's work includes essays on contemporary photographers Gilles Peress and John Divola; and she is completing a book manuscript about the American surrealist artist Dorothea Tanning (1910-2012). Her work has also looked closely at Isamu Noguchi. She was an interviewee for a video documentary segment on Noguchi for “Masters of Modern Design: the Japanese American Experience” (2019) produced by the Japanese American National Museum and KCET Artbound (2018/19).

In the summer of 2001 and the full academic year of 2005–2006, Lyford was awarded fellowships to support her research from the National Endowment for the Humanities. At Occidental, Lyford was awarded the prestigious Graham L. Sterling Memorial Award, established in 1972 to recognize a faculty member with a distinguished record of teaching, service and professional achievement. At the time, she was the only faculty member to receive the honor as an Associate Professor.

Lyford won the Charles C. Eldredge Prize in 2015 from the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Lyford has been awarded an International Research Travel Grant through the Terra Foundation for American Art. The grant funded research in Europe on Surrealist artist Dorothea Tanning, and the intersection of Tanning’s paintings and sculptures with her less widely known and studied prints, drawings, costume designs, fashion advertisements and artists’s books.

In 2016, Lyford led efforts to procure an $800,000 grant to fund the College’s new Arts and Urban Experience Initiative and to found the College’s Oxy Arts program.

In 2019, Lyford was presented with the Janosik-Sterling Award. Created in 1993 to honor the memory of Politics Professor Robert Janosik, the award honors the faculty member who has made an extraordinary contribution to the College community.

In addition to her scholarly work, Lyford is a public scholar who has led guided tours sponsored by the Japanese American National Museum and has been quoted in The New Yorker.

Selected works

 * "Acts of Memory: Gilles Peress’s Telex: Iran, Then and Now," Journal of Visual Culture 2016 Acts of Memory: Gilles Peress’s Telex: Iran, Then and Now
 * “Advertising Surrealist Masculinities: André Kertész in Paris,” in Surrealism, Politics, Culture, Ray Spiteri and Donald LaCoss, eds. (Ashgate Press, 2003), 73-90.
 * “The Aesthetics of Dismemberment: Surrealism and the Musée du Val-de-Grâce in 1917,” Cultural Critique 46 (Fall 2000): 45-79.
 * Isamu Noguchi’s Modernism: Negotiating Race, Labor, and Nation: 1930-1950. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013. (Paperback 2018)
 * “Le numéro Barbette: Photography and the Politics of Embodiment in interwar Paris,” in The Modern Woman Revisited, Whitney Chadwick and Tirza True Latimer, eds. (Rutgers University Press, 2003), 223-235.
 * “Lee Miller’s Photographic Impersonations, 1930-1945,” History of Photography 18 (Autumn 1994): 230-241.
 * “Noguchi, Sculptural Abstraction, and the Politics of Japanese American Internment,” The Art Bulletin LXXXV (March 2003):137-151.
 * “Photojournalism, Mass Media and the Politics of Spectacle,” with Carol Payne, Visual Resources XXI, n.2 (June 2005): 119-129.
 * “Picasso, Surrealism, Hysteria,” in Änne Söll and Gerald Schroeder, eds. Der Mann in der Krise?: Visualisierungen von Männlichkeit im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert (Cologne, Weimar, Vienna: Böhlau-Verlag, 2015), 76-96.
 * “Refashioning Surrealism: The Early Art of Dorothea Tanning,” in Dorothea Tanning: Beyond the Esplanade, Exhibition Catalogue, Frey/Norris Gallery, San Francisco, CA. 2010.
 * Surrealist Masculinities: Gender Anxiety and the Aesthetics of Post-World War I Reconstruction. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
 * “Teaching Feminist Art: a survey,” Documents (Winter 2000).

title: Amy Lyford


text:
1977 Kansas Jayhawks football team

The 1977 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Eight Conference during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. In their third season under head coach Bud Moore, the Jayhawks compiled a 4–6–1 record (2–4–1 against conference opponents), finished in sixth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 269 to 131. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.

The team's statistical leaders included Brian Bethke with 384 passing yards, Norris Banks with 655 rushing yards, and David Verser with 220 receiving yards. Tom Fitch, Tom Dinkel, and John Masacarello were the team captains.

title: 1977 Kansas Jayhawks football team


text:
User:Mpvijayakumar/sandbox

An Experienced front end developer who have completed bachelor degree in Anna University in the year of 2010. He completed school studies in Sri Ramakrishna Mission Higher Secondary school at Panagal Park well being he is a professional java developer who have done Sun Certificate in Java Program which is affiliated by Oracle university. He started distance eduction in Madras universtity to know about human relation behaviour between Managemant and employees coursed named of "Human Resources Management". He is a good in front end web developer and his frame work for Boostrap and Angular Js. He had so many Projects for the Clients http://onwheeltech.com http://cctvbiometricschennaiuvp.in http://azurefoods.in http://ddvpromoters.com http://krishnatailors.com/krishna http://perfectintercontinental.com ..etc.

title: User:Mpvijayakumar/sandbox


text:
Astronaut: The Last Push

Astronaut: The Last Push (also known as The Last Push) is a 2012 American science fiction film directed by Eric Hayden in his feature directorial debut. It stars Khary Payton, in his first starring role, Lance Henriksen, and Brian Baumgartner.

When a catastrophic accident cuts the first crewed mission to Jupiter's moons short, Michael Forrest, the sole remaining astronaut, must endure the three year return trip alone.

Plot
The film opens with a montage of footage which include greetings from Earth and an interview of the sponsor of the mission. Astronauts Nathan Miller and Michael Forrest are onboard Life One, a spacecraft built by Moffit Industries. They are supposed to be in hibernation for 6 years until they reach Europa, taking a route around Venus, sling-shotting around Earth to gain speed to get to Europa. Midway through the first leg of their journey, Life One's proximity sensors sound; the ship is impacted and Michael Forrest is awakened. Michael escapes and seals the damaged hibernation and re-entry capsule with Nathan still inside. The habitation module Michael escapes to is leaking oxygen and is quickly repaired. Michael then makes contact with mission control. Aside from damage to the hibernation and re-entry capsule, along with engine control, the ship is intact.

Michael struggles to stay sane in the solitude while attempting to make repairs to Life One in order to fire the engines after swinging around Venus. Without the engines firing, Life One would stay in orbit around Venus. Mission control and Michael keep in regular contact, with Michael giving regular status reports on himself, and mission control giving encouragement and help in repairing the ship. Michael grows more frustrated over time as the repairs prove ineffective during engine tests. During one of the engine tests, the ship suffers a complete power failure. Michael desperately attempts to restore power but slowly loses hope as time progresses, the repairs fail to restore power, and the ship becomes cold. After a hallucination of his fellow astronaut jolts him awake, he makes one final effort to repair the ship which proves successful.

As the ship rounds Venus, Michael dons his space suit and re-enters the damaged hibernation capsule for the first time since the accident. He looks out of the window in awe at the sight of Venus' atmosphere below him. After passing Venus, he successfully ignites the engines and is two years away from Earth. On arriving at Earth he only has to reignite the engines to slow the ship down for a re-entry, but chooses not to. He instead chooses to slingshot past Earth per the original mission, and go to Europa, stating "Someone's supposed to go, Someone's supposed to see this". The film closes with him addressing Earth, as he ejects the hibernation capsule (along with Nathan) sending it to Earth, then reigniting the engines to take him to Europa.

Cast

 * Khary Payton as Michael Forrest
 * Lance Henriksen as Walter Moffitt
 * Brian Baumgartner as Bob Jansen
 * James Madio as Nathan Miller
 * Alec Gillis as Charlie
 * Tom Woodruff Jr. a Control Technician
 * Laurent Meurette as Mountain Biker 1
 * Pascal Lamontagne as Mountain Biker 2

Reception
Starburst Magazine said, "Director, Hayden, delivers some interesting moments and musings on human motivation, space exploration and one man’s psychological excursion but if you are a fan of this type of sci-fi you may have seen it all before." It gave the film a 6/10 rating.

Awards
Payton won the "Best Actor Award" at the 2012 Independent Filmmakers Showcase.

title: Astronaut: The Last Push


text:
Miesmuschel

Etymology
First attested in the 18th century. The first syllable is of uncertain origin.

Noun

 * 1) a type of edible mussel common to the North Sea- the blue mussel,.

title: Miesmuschel


text:
User:Sfleming777

Alpine Technology Corporation

 * Alpine Technology Corporation had its roots in the 70's as its founder, Mick Baker, had a global vision to develop a software application that would revolutionize how Waste Industry Professionals ran their business and routes. The story about Alpine Technology is less about a company and more about an idea. An idea that was well ahead of the software development market when it began. An idea that landed in an unlikely industry...the waste management industry.

History

 * The[|The Waste Industry] has been around ever since the first dump was created in Athens around 400 B.C. Since that time, the industry has grown by leaps and bounds.  For example, in 2010 in the U.S. alone, Americans generated over 250 million tons of residential garbage!   As long as the population continues to grow, waste professionals will be in demand.  However, when you think of this traditional industry you do not think of technological advancement.  Yet when you look at what applications are now being used to help waste professionals run their office and routes more efficiently, productively and profitably, you would be amazed.  Alpine Technology was formed over 30 years ago to move those technological advancements along.

 * In Roseburg, Oregon Mick Baker saw a need in the waste industry and knew he could make an invaluable contribution. His vision was to provide stable software applications that would do more than just match the competition in their feature-rich solutions, but would give them tools to customize their application to meet their unique business needs.  RAMS (Route Accounts Management System) was born.  To most the ability to “customize” an application is not such a big deal, but to RAMS it meant something completely different.  Most software companies typically boast on their ability to provide a broad selection of features that an end user can choose from to “customize” their experience.  We all have grown to expect such features.  However, with RAMS it is more than just offering a host of features to choose from (which they also provide).  With their empowerment tools they allow their customers the ability to actually create code that truly customizes the application to meet their operational needs.

A New Era For Business Intelligent Software

 * RAMS was born out of the conviction that the customer understands their business model better than anyone else. As a result, to limit the customer to specific feature sets is, in essence, telling the customer how they should run their own business.  [|Software business tools] should exist to free the customers up to run their business more efficiently and productively.  This freedom should be felt by both small and large business alike. Typically such tools are only available to larger companies; however the trends in software development are favoring small companies .  The scalability and customization capabilities of RAMS allows even small to mid-sized customers (which represents a large portion of the privately-owned sector in the waste industry) to be competitive with their larger counterparts.  Companies that do not have the technological infrastructure can now move it to the "cloud" and can operate like some of its larger competitors. This new era of customizable, scalable, affordable and comprehensive tools are the future.

International

 * With substantial roots already in the growing U.S. waste industry, RAMS-Pro began to make headway in other international markets, including [|London, England] and [|Sydney, Australia]. Presently, some of Alpine's largest waste haulers are in these markets and continue to see growth there. The Australian market, for example, is a 11 billion dollar industry, has over $2,400 businesses serving the waste industry,and generates over 46 million tons of waste.  It continues to grow 10% annually.

Important Dates

 * Started in Roseburg, Oregon in 1978
 * 1978 introduced high speed customer access
 * 1982 introduced the first Report Writer to industry
 * 1984 Relocated to Colorado; International distribution began
 * 2000 Visual RAMS-Pro – 7th major release
 * 2005 Visual On-Route
 * 2008 Visual RAMS-Pro Enterprise – 8th major release
 * 4 Development offices in 3 countries
 * 7 Distributors in three countries and in 7 languages
 * 26 Associates & Employees

title: User:Sfleming777


text:
European History/Challenges to Spiritual Authority

During this period of European history, the Catholic Church, which had become rich and powerful, came under scrutiny. For over a thousand years the Christian religion had bound European states together despite differences in language and customs. Its all-pervading power affected everyone from king to commoner. One of the main Christian tenets is that wealth should be used to alleviate suffering and poverty and that the monetary funds of the church are there specifically for that reason. The central authority of the church had been in Rome for over a thousand years and this concentration of power and money led many to question whether this tenet was being met. In many respects, the northern European countries felt as though the Papal power was now a Papal business. However it must be noted that the Catholic church has always been the dominant institution in southern European countries and in that respect the Reformation can be described as the rise of a uniquely northern European form of Christianity. Whether its aim was to return the church to Christ's message or simply a politically motivated and regional response to the concentration of Papal wealth and power is still a question that divides people.

Accusations Of Corruption
The purchase of church offices (benefices) and the holding of multiple offices (pluralism) had become common during this period. As was the selling of indulgences, or forgiveness from God. To some Christians this was proof that the church had become corrupt. Popes and bishops were accused of being preoccupied with acquiring wealth rather than tending to ecclesiastical matters. The legal exemptions from taxes and criminal charges that they enjoyed led many to believe that they could exploit their position for their own benefit. Clergy were accused of ignoring the church's message on priestly celibacy and poverty therefore weakening the church's moral authority. These accusations eventually turned into a "protest" against Papal power and clerical abuses.

Reactions to Church Corruption
These allegations of abuse of authority led some to call for a change. Some clergy and monarchs resented the tithes (a proportion of the sum collected by the church) that they paid to the central Catholic Church in Italy. The Catholic Church had become a major landowner all over Europe and this ownership of extensive areas of land by religious orders, churches, monasteries and cathedrals had not gone unnoticed. With land comes political power, and for any king or lord whose own clergy deferred to a foreign authority the issue was now political rather than religious. The issue also arose about the use of the Latin Bible. It was standard practice for masses to be conducted in Latin though by this period Latin had achieved the archaic nature of a dead language. Though Latin was still the language of scholarly publications, its use in the mass was questioned on evangelist grounds. Christ's message would be better served using the language of the congregation. The invention of the printing press, the decline in Latin and the need to allow the congregation to hear mass in the vernacular led to a break with Christian tradition. John Wycliff initiated the first English translation of the Bible and this is cited by many as the precursor to the Protestant Reformation.

Key Persons of the Reformation
From 1521 to 1555, Protestantism spread across Europe. The Reformation started as a religious movement, but became political, and as a result had economic and social impacts.

Martin Luther (1486-1546)
Although there were some minor individual outbreaks such as that of John Wycliffe, a young German monk, called Martin Luther was the first to force the issue of the immorality of Church corruption. Disillusioned with the Church, Luther questioned the idea of good works for salvation, including prayers, fasting, and particularly indulgences.

95 Theses
In 1517, Luther posted his 95 Theses, though it is debated whether these were nailed to Wittenburg's All Saint's Church, known as Schlosskirche, meaning Castle Church, or his church door. These theses attacked the ideas of salvation through works, the sale of indulgences, and the collection of wealth by the papacy. He formally requested a public debate to settle the issue.

Excommunication
Pope Leo X demanded that Luther stop preaching, which Luther refused. He was excommunicated because he did not recant his statements and allegations about indulgences and immoral salvation. He said only scripture can show what the pope has done is ok. He was excommunicated in 1520 and burned the announcement in front of a cheering crowd.

Diet of Worms
Luther was demanded by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles to appear before the Diet of Worms in 1521; Luther did not back down from his stance, and was declared a heretic. The Edicts of Worms declared Luther an outlaw and heretic, giving anyone permission to kill Luther without recourse. Due to Luther's popularity in Germany, this could not be enforced.

Lutheranism
Lutheranism stresses education for all, including females. According to Lutheran doctrine, marriage is important, and gender roles should be enforced: women belong in the home and should control the economy, while men should control the household. Clergy can marry.

Salvation is attained by faith alone, instead of through works. Religious authority is found in the Bible instead of from the Pope; each man can be his own priest. Religious services are held in vernacular instead of Latin. Only two sacraments are followed: Baptism, and the Lord's Supper. Lutheranism teaches neither "transubstantiation" (the Roman Catholic view that the wine and bread change into the body and blood of Christ) nor "consubstantiation" (the view that the body and blood mingle with the bread and wine to become a third substance), but instead teaches that the Lord's Supper is the true body and blood of Jesus Christ, "in, with and under the bread and wine," given to believers to eat and drink. The benefits of receiving the sacrament come not from the physical eating and drinking, but from Jesus' spoken promise and assurance. In this sense, the sacrament is a proclamation of the Gospel. It is God's Word that makes the Lord's Supper a sacrament, and Luther taught that this means of grace is to be received in faith.

Justification by Faith
Chief among Luther's doctrines is Justification by Faith. In it, he attacks the Church's view that good works can get a Christian into heaven. For Luther, because humans are inherently flawed, they can only rely on God's grace to get to heaven, not their own works. Therefore only faith in the grace of God was necessary (and sufficient) to obtain entry to heaven.

The Bible as Supreme Authority
Luther said, "... when the Word accompanies the water, Baptism is valid, even though faith be lacking."

Luther challenged the role of the Pope as the supreme temporal authority for interpreting God's will. For Luther, the Bible was the supreme authority of God. As an extension of this philosophy, Luther believed that all Christians should be able to interpret the Scripture (in effect, acting as their own priest). This led Luther to place a heavy emphasis on universal literacy among Christians so that they could read the Bible and attain salvation (a doctrinal point which, along with the advent of the printing press barely more than half a century earlier, led to profound implications for Western society). It also led to Luther's translation of the Bible into German, which he did while in hiding from the wrath of the Holy Roman Emperor. This edition of the Bible became massively popular and made Luther's dialect of German the standard to this day. It also had the intended effect of moving Protestant liturgy into the vernacular.

The Sacraments
The Catholic Church at the time of Luther had seven sacraments (with little change today):

 * Baptism—The dousing of infants with water to induct them into the church.
 * The Eucharist (Holy Communion) -- Taking bread and wine in remembrance of the Last Supper.
 * Matrimony—Marriage.
 * Holy Orders—Becoming a priest.
 * Penance—Making contrition for your sins.
 * Confirmation—a kind of coming-of-age rite in which young people are indoctrinated to the church's teachings.
 * Last Rites of Extreme Unction (Last Rites) -- At that time an anointing with oil to heal the sick, now more commonly a death rite.

Luther considered all but two of those to be unnecessary, and out of the two he accepted (Baptism and Holy Communion) he considered only baptism to be doctrinally sound. The present Roman Catholic view of the Holy Communion (transubstantiation) developed in the scholastic period. According to this understanding of the Eucharist, Roman Catholic priests were primarily responsible for the bread and wine of the Eucharist becoming the body and blood of Christ. Luther did not believe that the bread and wine changed into the flesh and blood of Christ, but rather that the flesh and blood of Christ was invisibly present "in, with, and under" the bread and wine in the ritual. This "Real Presence" is caused by God and not by a priest thus undercutting the Catholic authority over the sacrament.

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531), Zwinglianism
Zwinglianism originated in Switzerland, introduced by Ulrich Zwingli. Zwinglism believed in the two sacraments of baptism and communion. The religion advocated most of the key Protestant beliefs. It believed that the Church is the ultimate authority, and it rejected rituals such as fasting and the elaborate ceremonies of Catholicism. Finally, it advocated reform through education.

John Calvin (1504-1564), Calvinism
John Calvin founded Calvinism in Geneva, Switzerland; Calvinism later spread to Germany. Calvin was the leading reformer of the second generation of the Reformation, succeeding Martin Luther at the forefront of theological debate and discussion. His most important work was Institutes of the Christian Religion, published in 1541 at the age of 26. At the time, it had a tremendous impact, and many considered Calvin to be a Protestant equivalent of Thomas Aquinas. In it, Calvin outlined the central premises of the religious doctrine which was to bear his name.

Predestination
Foremost among these is Calvin's assertion of Double Predestination (often simply referred to as predestination). Single predestination was the doctrine held by most orthodox theologians, including Luther. It said, in essence, that the elect were predestined for heaven. However, they pointed out that those who went to hell went there on their own free will. Calvin objected to this, saying that because all mankind was born in sin, and God had chosen a specific few to go to Heaven through His grace, he must have also chosen an elect who are doomed to damnation. This assertion is based on the commonly accepted view of God as: Omnipotent, Omniscient, Omnipresent, and All-Loving. From these premises, Calvin concluded that not only is there an elect destined for Heaven, but also an elect destined for Hell, and that no one could know with certainty their destination.

The Sacraments
Like Martin Luther, Calvin believed that there were only two sacraments in the church: the Eucharist (Holy Communion) and Baptism. With regard to the Eucharist (Holy Communion), Calvin tried to eke out a middle path between the positions which had led to the schism of the Marburg Colloquy. While Luther insisted that the body and blood of Christ were made materially present in the bread and wine of the communion, and Zwingli insisted that the communion was merely a symbol of communion, Calvin said that participating in The Eucharist raised the heart and mind of the believer to feast with Christ in heaven. Calvin's view never took root within the Reformation and it was eventually overshadowed by Luther's and Zwingli's views.

Huguenots
French Calvinists that were persecuted because of their religion. The Edict of Nantes gave them the freedom of worship, however during the reign of Louis XIV, the Edict of Fountainbleu was passed. The Edict of Fountainbleu revoked the rights given to the Huguenots.

Chart of Key Religions
The below chart offers a simple summary of key details of the major Protestant religions that came to formation, as well as Catholicism.

The Counter-Reformation
The Catholics began their reform movement, which gained momentum in Italy during the 1530s and 1540s. The Catholic Church worked to reform, reaffirm their key beliefs, and then defend their ideology. It is important to recognize that they changed nothing about their core beliefs.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Pope Paul III and Charles V Hapsburg of Austria convened a general church council at Trent that met sporadically between 1545 and 1563. The Council reasserted the supremacy of clerics over the laity. It did, however, establish seminaries in each diocese to train priests. They reformed indulgences, though the process was continued. They did, however, eliminate pluralism, nepotism, simony, and other similar problems from the church. They reaffirmed their belief of transubstantiation that during the Eucharist, the bread and wine become Christ's body. The Council showed that the schism between Protestants and Catholics had become so severe that all hopes of reconciliation were gone.

Catholic Attempts to Re-convert Protestants and Extend the Faith
The Catholic Church used Baroque art to show dramatic biblical scenes and large canvasses. This art was primarily spectator-oriented and was used to make religion more enjoyable to the lay person. In Spain and Rome, Inquisitions, or institutions within the Roman Catholic Church charged with the eradication of heresy, were used to root out heretics. In addition, the Church established the Index of Prohibited Books, which banned books they considered heretical. Finally, the Church sent missionaries around the globe to spread its beliefs and faith.

Jesuits
The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits as it was known (founded on August 15, 1534 in France), was a new religious order that arose as a result of the Counter-Reformation. It was founded by former Spanish soldier and priest, St. Ignatius of Loyola (1491–1556), to convert Protestants and non-Christians to Catholicism and add lands to Christendom. The Jesuits vigorously defended the papal authority and the authority of the Catholic Church, thus their title as the "footmen of the Pope".

Missionaries
Missionaries visited other distant nations to spread the ideals of Catholicism.

Major Figures
The three most Catholic nations in Europe at the time were the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and France. Important leaders of the Counter-Reformation included:

 * Paul III, the pope that called together the Council of Trent
 * Charles V Hapsburg, leader of Austria and the most vigorous defender of the Catholic Church at the time in Europe
 * Philip II Hapsburg, leader of Spain and Catholic son of Charles V; he married Mary Tudor of England
 * "Bloody" Mary Tudor, Catholic daughter of Henry VIII Tudor, she married Philip II
 * Catherine de Medici of Florence, regent of France
 * Ferdinand II

Prominent Protestant opponents of the Counter-Reformation included:

 * Elizabeth Tudor, the leader of England and half-sister of Mary Tudor
 * William of Orange, the leader of the Netherlands
 * Protestant Princes in the Holy Roman Empire and France
 * Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

The Spanish Reconquista of 1492
As a response to the reformation and in an attempt to preserve Catholicism in Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella forcibly expelled Jews and Muslims. Jews who either voluntarily or forced became Christians became known as conversos. Some of them were crypto-Jews who kept practicing Judaism. Eventually all Jews were forced to leave Spain in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. Their converso descendants became victims of the Spanish Inquisition.

Religious Qualms in England
In 1547, 10 year old Edward VI, son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, took the throne. He was cold, serious, and cruel, and although he was incredibly intelligent and exceptionally capable for his age, he was represented by a regent who controlled the nation. From 1547 until 1549, the regent was Edward Seymour. From 1549 to 1553, the regent was John Dudley. Before Edward's death in 1553, he signed a will leaving the throne to Lady Jane Grey out of fear that his sister Mary would convert England back to Catholicism.

Lady Jane Grey ruled for nine days, but she and Dudley were soon arrested because Mary Tudor began to gain support since she was the rightful heir to the throne upon Edward's death.

"Bloody" Mary Tudor thus took the throne in 1553 and ruled until 1558. She was proud, stubborn, vain, vulnerable to flattery, but most of all, she was highly Catholic. In 1554, she converted England back to Catholicism and burnt hundreds of Protestants at the stake, thus earning her nickname "Bloody" Mary. She married Philip II of Spain. However, as a result of her illness from ovarian cancer, she was forced to recognize her Protestant sister Elizabeth as the heir.

Historia de Europa/Las reformas religiosas Lịch sử châu Âu/Phong trào cải cách tôn giáo


text:
offrirsi

Verb

 * 1) to offer, to volunteer
 * 2) to arise, to present itself
 * 1) to arise, to present itself

Conjugation
Including lesser-used forms:

title: offrirsi


text:
Talk:Soft intellectual property

Untitled
Many IP professors disfavor the term "soft IP" Ericgoldman (talk) 00:39, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Soft intellectual property


text:
User:Eastlaw/Enticement of a minor to engage in sexual activity

Enticement of a minor to engage in sexual activity is a Class B felony under U.S. federal law pursuant to, if the mail, by Internet, or any other means that the courts regard as interstate commerce is used. There is a mandatory minimum sentence of 5 years and a maximum of 30. Pursuant to, the base offense level is 28, but there is a cross-reference to providing that it shall be punished as criminal sexual abuse if the resulting offense level would be higher. Steep enhancements (of at least 8 levels) apply if the offense involved a minor who had not attained the age of 12 years. There is also a two-level enhancement if the offense involved a computer. Project Safe Childhood and similar initiatives have conducted police stings in which local police officers pose as minors online and seek to have people attempt to entice them into sex. The offenders are then arrested, sometimes by Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials.


text:
Introduction to Abstract Algebra/Lecture 1

Introduction to the Course
The study of abstract algebra has numerous applications to fields outside of mathematics, such as chemistry and in particular, physics. The primary objective of this introductory course in Abstract Algebra is to aquaint you with studying Group Theory. Groups are one of the most fundamental algebraic structures.

There are other fundamental structures, such as fields and rings. Those will be covered in a future course in algebra. For now, we'll start off with a brief review of set theory. For this, I'll assume you've already seen some logical symbols. Problem set exercises will be assigned following the lecture.

Elements
We'll start off with some set theory. A set is simply a collection of objects; be it a set of books, the complete 'set' of Star Wars movies, a set of baseball cards, whatever. So let's suppose $$A$$ is a set. We say $$a \in  A$$ when the element $$a$$ belongs to $$A$$. We say $$a \notin A$$ when $$a$$ does not belong to $$A$$.

A few very important characteristics about sets:

 * The elements of a set are unique. That means the set $$\left\{1, 2, 3\right\}$$ and $$\left\{1, 2, 3, 3\right\}$$ describe the exact same set.
 * A set has no order. That means the set $$\left\{1, 2, 3\right\}$$ and $$\left\{2, 3, 1\right\}$$ describe the exact same set.

Okay? Lets move on.

Subsets
Definition: Let $$A$$, $$B$$ be sets. We say A is a subset of B, and write $$A \subseteq B$$, if and only if $$ a \in A \Rightarrow a \in B$$.

This means that every element in A is also contained in B. Now we'll see what it means for two sets to be equal.

Definition: Let $$A$$, $$B$$ be sets. Then we say $$A$$ and $$B$$ are equal, and write $$A=B$$, if and only if $$A \subseteq B$$ and $$B \subseteq A$$.

We see here that two sets are equal if every element in A is contained in B and every element in B is contained in A. This definition of set equality invokes some interesting results:

Example: Let $$A = \left\{1,2,3\right\}$$. Then, $$A \subseteq A$$, i.e. $$A$$ is a subset of $$A$$. (Try reason it using our definition of subsets above).

As seen in the above example, a set is necessarily a subset of itself, which does not correspond to our conventional meaning of the word subset that implies a "smaller" set. We therefore invent a new definition for our conventional meaning of subsets.

Definition: Let $$A$$, $$B$$ be sets. We say that $$A$$ is a strict subset of $$B$$, and write $$A \subset B$$, if and only if $$A \subseteq B$$ and $$A \neq B$$.

Now for some set operations.

Set operations
Here are some basic set operations:

 * 1) $$A \cup B = \left\{x \mid x \in A \text{ or } x \in B \right\}$$. This is called the set union.
 * 2) $$A \cap B = \left\{x \mid x \in A \text{ and } x \in B\right\}$$. This is called the set intersection.
 * 3) $$A \setminus B = \left\{x \mid x \in A \text{ and } x \notin B\right\}$$. This is called the set difference.
 * 4) $$A \times B = \left\{(a,b) \mid a \in A \text{ and } b \in B\right\}$$. This is called the Cartesian product.

If you need further review on sets and their operations, please refer to Wikibooks textbook on Set Theory. We now turn our attention to a big concept in all of mathematics, relations. Relations will play a large part in our study of Algebra later on.

Equivalence Relations
Definition: A binary relation on a set, A, is a subset, R, of A x A.  Alternatively, we can say that a subset of A x A is a relation on A.

Here is some notation. Notation: a ~ b if $$(a,b) \in R$$. In other words, a is related to b if both a and b belong to R.

Here is a simple example. Let's say that we have a set of students in a classroom. Then two students are related if they sit in the same row of seats.

Definition: A relation ~ is called an equivalence relation if the following hold:

1): a ~ a $$\forall a \in A$$. This is called reflexivity. 2): If a ~ b $$\Rightarrow$$ b ~ a.  This is called symmetry. 3): If a ~ b and b ~ c, $$\Rightarrow$$ a ~ c. This is called transitivity.

Lets go back to our previous example of students in a classroom. Lets say we have a set of students in a classroom. Then a student is related to his/herself. If student a and student b are sitting in the same row, then student b and student a are in the same row. Finally, if student a and student b are sitting in the same row, and student b and student c are in the same row, then student a and student c are in the same row. Therefore, it is an equivalence relation. Lets look at another example.

Example: Let $$(a,b) \in \mathbb{Z}$$. Show a ~ b if 2 | (a - b). That is, 2 divides (a-b).

Therefore, ~ is an equivalence relation.
 * 1) If a ~ a, then 2 | (a - a).  So ~ is reflexive.
 * 2) If a ~ b $$\Rightarrow$$ 2 | (a - b), then 2 | (b - a) $$\Rightarrow$$ b ~ a.  So ~ is symmetric.
 * 3) If a ~ b and b ~ c, $$\Rightarrow$$ 2 | (a - b) and 2 | (b - c). $$\Rightarrow$$ 2 | [(a - b) + (b - c)].  That is, 2 | (a - c).  $$\Rightarrow$$ a ~ c. So ~ is transitive.

Now we look at another important idea, the equivalence class.

Equivalence Classes
Definition: Let ~ be an equivalence relation on a set A and let $$a \in A$$. Then the equivalence class of a is defined to be: cl(a) = {$$b \in A |$$ a ~ b}.

Going back to our previous example, there is an equivalence relation if two students are in the same row. Then the equivalence class is that row of students.

Example: If a ~ b with 2 | (a - b), what is the equivalence class of zero?

Well, cl(0) = {$$b \in A |$$ 0 ~ b} = $$cl(a) =$$ {$$b \in A |$$ 2 | (0 - b)} = $$cl(a) =$$ {$$b \in A |$$ 2 | b} = $$2 \mathbb{Z}$$ (the set of all even numbers.) So cl(0) = $$2 \mathbb{Z}$$. What then is cl(1)? Going through the same steps, cl(1) = $$2 \mathbb{Z} + 1$$

Next Time
That's all for this lecture. Next time we'll tie up the loose ends in set theory and begin our discussion on mappings. Please see the associated problem set for exercises.


text:
Decamethylsilicocene

Decamethylsilicocene, (C5Me5)2Si, is a group 14 sandwich compound. It is an example of a main-group cyclopentadienyl complex; these molecules are related to metallocenes but contain p-block elements as the central atom. It is a colorless, air sensitive solid that sublimes under vacuum.

Synthesis
The first synthesis of decamethylsilicocene was reported by Jutzi and coworkers in 1986. It involved reduction of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)silicon(IV) dichloride with two equivalents of sodium naphthalenide to generate decamethylsilicocene, naphthalene, and sodium chloride. Generation of the sterically crowded bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)silicon(IV) dichloride required several steps, beginning with double deprotonation of (C5Me4H)2SiCl2 using tert-butyllithium, followed by treatment of the resultant (C5Me4Li)2SiCl2 with methyl iodide.

Decamethylsilicocene is soluble in aprotic solvents such as hexane, benzene, and chlorinated solvents. Molecular weight determinations show that decamethylsilicocene exists as a monomer in benzene. The 1H NMR spectrum shows one sharp signal and the 13C-{1H} shows two signals one for the ring carbons and one for the methyl group carbons, consistent with the proposed averaged five-fold symmetric structure in solution and η5 coordination of the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl groups.

A recent synthesis directly forms decamethylsilicocene through salt metathesis from an N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized silylene. This synthetic route avoids the synthesis of the bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)silicon(IV) dichloride starting material. In this synthesis, the NHC-stabilized silylene (NHC\dC[N\s(C6H3–2,6–iPr2)CH]2) was treated with the potassium salt of decamethylcyclopentadiene at -30 C, followed by extraction of decamethylsilicocene into hexane at -60 C to remove the NHC and KCl byproducts.

Structure and bonding
The x-ray crystallographically determined structure of decamethylsilicocene contains two isomers in a 2:1 ratio. The major isomer adopts a Cs geometry reminiscent of a bent metallocene, with the cyclopentadienyl planes forming an angle of about 25° and the methyl groups staggered. In this isomer, the lone pair on silicon is described as stereochemically active and the distance from the silicon atom to each Cp* centroid is 2.12 Å. The minor isomer adopts a D5d geometry, the same as decamethylferrocene, with the cyclopentadienyl rings parallel to one another and the methyl groups staggered. The distance from the silicon atom to each Cp* centroid is 2.11 Å. The presence of two isomers is thought to be due to packing effects.

Computational studies carried out on the parent silicocene, (C5H5)2Si, reveal a very small (~4 kJ/mol) energetic change upon distorting the molecule from the D5d geometry to either a C2v (bent, hydrogen atoms eclipsed) or Cs (bent, hydrogen atoms staggered) geometry. A qualitative molecular orbital diagram predicts that the HOMO would have silicon(3s)-cyclopentadienyl antibonding character and the LUMO would have silicon(3p)-cyclopentadienyl antibonding character. NBO calculations are consistent with the predictions from a qualitative molecular orbital diagram, showing antibonding character between the silicon and the cyclopentadienyl ligands in both the HOMO and the LUMO. Calculated NBO valence orbital occupation numbers suggest that significant bonding occurs between the cyclopentadienyl ligands and the silicon 3s, 3px and 3py orbitals.

In comparison, the carbocene congener, silicon is calculated to bond more strongly to the cyclopentadienyl ligands due to the greater radial extension of the 3p orbitals compared to 2p orbitals. Additionally, the energetic separation between the 3s and 3p orbitals is greater than for the 2s and 2p orbitals, leading to less sp mizing which decreases the favorability of distortion to a silylene geometry in which each cyclopentadienyl ligand is bound η1 to the silicon atom. Atoms in molecules (AIM) calculations are consistent with this view. A plot of the Laplacian of the electron density between the central silicon atom and one cyclopentadienyl carbon shows less localization of the charge towards the central atom as compared to equivalent calculations for carbocene.

Reactivity
Decamethylsilicocene reacts with aldehydes and ketones to give products with a silicon (IV) central atom and a carbon-carbon bond formed between two equivalents of the aldehyde or ketone. The two resultant alkoxides are coordinated to the silicon atom to form a five-membered ring. The coordination of the cyclopentadienyl ring changes from η5 to η1 over the course of these reactions

Similar changes in the hapticity of the pentamethylcyclopentadientyl rings occur when decamethylsilicocene reacts with carbon-nitrogen triples bonds. With organic cyanates and thiocyanates, carbon-carbon bond formation occurs and the resultant organic fragment is coordinated to the silicon atom through two anionic nitrogens. Decamethylsilicocene reacts with inorganic cyanides such as BrCN and through oxidative addition to form a silicon (IV) product with a cyanide ligand along with either a Br or Me3Si ligand.

Decamethylsilicocene can be protonated using strong acids such as Brookhart's acid. Upon protonation, one equivalent of pentamethylcyclopentadiene is eliminated to produce the pentamethylcyclopentadienylsilicon(II) cation with a.

The pentamethylcyclopentadienylsilicon(II) cation reacts with a variety of cyclopentadienyl salts to produce substituted silicocenes. Silicocene derivatives synthesized this way include (Me5C5)((i-Pr)5C5)Si, ((Me5C5)(1,3,4-Me3H2C5)Si and (Me5C5)(H5C5)Si. The latter compound is stable at -50 C but begins to decompose at -30 C. Additionally, the pentamethylcyclopentadienylsilicon(II) cation can react with metal precursors to generate complexes with metal-silicon multiple bonds.

title: Decamethylsilicocene


text:
Talk:Racism/History

I am not myself a historian. If you are, please consider contributing here. Nannus 13:52, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Just a note: This doesn't really belong in the Department of European History, particularly as it is a global topic.  A course on "The History of Racism in Europe" should be cross-listed here and in European History, however.  If you don't have any objections, I'll make the relevant changes.  The Jade Knight 18:53, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi. I agree that this really belongs a level up. A specialized subsection on the origin and development of racism in Europe should be referenced from the European history section. However, in the times of slavetade and colonialism, European racism contributed a lot to the destruction of other parts of the world, so at least the Western type of racism has some world wide relevance.Nannus 23:59, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
 * One more thought about this: nothing forces us to build a strict hierarchy. In a physical university, you have to put everything into just one place, but here we have a hypertext medium. Something may be linked from European History, African History, Chinese History etc. at the same time if it contains stuff relevant for all of them. That is the reason why I did not call this a "Department", but an "Institute", meaning that it is not a subdivision of any of the Departments or Schools it is linked from. Maybe this should be indicated more clearly on the pages where it is referenced. One additional advantage of linking it from many pages is that it might get some attention. Nannus 20:58, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
 * If every single project that has something to do with European History was linked to from the European Department page, we wouldn't need a History School page, because 90%+ of everything would be in the European Department page (and it would eventually get quite cluttered). Individual materials relevant to European History should be listed there.  This Institute, however, doesn't really belong there—it just belongs under History.  European racism certainly affected the world, but not necessarily to a greater degree than Middle Eastern (semitic) racism—it factored significantly into Islam, and the Old Testament/Tanakh is rife with it (and it is arguably this which much European racism is founded on).  Ultimately, global topics like this belong directly in the School of History, not under its subdepartments.  If you want attention, I recommend posting on the talk page of various Departments, asking if contributors there would be willing/able to create projects related to your Institute.  The Jade Knight 08:50, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Proposed Move
It has been proposed that this Department be moved to simply History of Racism, as it does not appear to have enough content to warrant Topic space. Any objections? The Jade Knight (d'viser) 03:56, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Racism/History


text:
Ibrahim Hijazi

Ibrahim Hijazi (ابراهيم حجازي; אבראהים חג'אזי, born 22 July 1977) is an Israeli Arab politician who briefly served as a member of the Knesset for the Joint List in 2017.

Background
Hijazi was born in Nazareth. He studied at the University of Haifa, completing a bachelor's degree in psychology and went on to earn a master's degree in educational psychology at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. He also gained a Certificate in Organizational Development from Bar-Ilan University.

A member of the Southern Branch of the Islamic Movement and the United Arab List, Hijazi was placed sixteenth on the list of the Joint List (an alliance of predominantly Arab parties) for the 2015 Knesset elections. Although the alliance won only 13 seats, Hijazi entered the Knesset on 20 September 2017 as a replacement for Osama Saadi as part of a rotation agreement between the parties in the alliance. However, he resigned from the Knesset in October 2017 and was replaced by Youssef Atauna on 25 October.

title: Ibrahim Hijazi


text:
B. B. McKinney

Baylus Benjamin McKinney or B. B. McKinney (July 22, 1886 – September 7, 1952), was an American singer, song writer, teacher, and music editor.

Biography
McKinney was a native of rural Heflin in south Webster Parish in northwestern Louisiana. He was an alumnus of Louisiana College in Pineville, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas, and the Siegel-Myers School of Music and the Bush Conservatory of Music, both in Chicago, Illinois.

McKinney wrote the words and music to 149 hymns and gospel songs. His most famous are "The Nail Scarred Hand" (1924), "Let Others See Jesus in You" (1924), "Satisfied with Jesus" (1926), "Speak to My Heart" (1927), "'Neath the Old Olive Trees" (1934), "Breathe on Me" (1937), and "Wherever He Leads I'll Go" (1937). He was also the editor of the widely-used Broadman Hymnal (1940, Nashville).

B.B. McKinney Chapel (which was demolished in 2003-2004 for the construction of the new R.A. Young Tabernacle) was on the grounds of Falls Creek Baptist Encampment in Davis, Oklahoma, it was named in his honor. He was posthumously inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1982.

title: B. B. McKinney


text:
Claude Windal

Claude Windal (born 2 November 1939 in Dinard) is a French field hockey player. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics.

title: Claude Windal


text:
User:Perl~enwikibooks/Ellen Foster/themes

Themes

 * Adversity in early childhood is the most prevalent theme in the novel. Ellen is faced with many problems including, but not limited to, the death of her mother and the sexual abuse of Ellen by her father.
 * Self-identity is another theme present in the novel. Ellen changes her name to Foster because she has no real identity since she is moved around from foster home to foster home.
 * Another theme is self-reliance and responsibility. Ellen is forced to fend for herself from an early age. It is amazing how she is able to handle so much responsibility. Despite the many impediments she faces, she continues to cope.

Ellen’s healing process
To heal, Ellen should continue to create art. When Ellen creates art, it calms her and enables her to think more clearly. In addition, spending time with her friends and her new family is vital to Ellen's recovery. Because Ellen likes to learn, it would be wise for her to seek knowledge by doing things such as reading books and attending classes.

<< | >>


text:
Template:SBTDS:Thumbnail Storyboard:Mukesh Tiwari

Thumbnail Storyboard by Mukesh Tiwari Mumbai, India

(1)
Looking at poster.

Dolly in

Boy: "That was a great movie..."

(2)
Cut to

Boy (continued):"but I do not understand one thing."

(3)
Cut to the Old Person looking towards the camera

Old Person: What's that?

(4)
Cut to

Boy: "How can anyone be seduced by the Dark Side?"

(5)
Cut to

The old person thinks for a while.

Old Person: "What computer do you have at home?"

(6)

Boy (eagerly): "A Macintosh!"

(7)

Old Person: "But what computer does your father use at work?"

(8)

The boy thinks for a moment.

Boy (amazed and excited): "Seduced by the Dark Side!"

(9)

The Old Person smiles.

(10)

Old Person and the Young Person walk toward home together.

The End


text:
User:Amedhat666/sandbox

Winkmhttps://www.instagram.com/winkmagazine/?hl=enagazineis an instagram page'' Wink Magazine is an established art magazine created in 13/12/2016. The magazine was Created to empower artist and to share there art and creativity with the world.Wink magazine has 261 thousand followers and counting.The magazine first issue was debuted in June of 2017. The magazine have alot of potential to one of the big art magazine on social media with alot of promising projects in the near future. Magazine Website

title: User:Amedhat666/sandbox


text:
Teruo Yaguchi

Teruo Yaguchi (born 15 December 1935) is a Japanese field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Teruo Yaguchi


text:
Lucky Jim (2003 film)

Lucky Jim is a 2003 British television comedy film directed by Robin Sheppard and starring Stephen Tompkinson, Robert Hardy and Keeley Hawes. It is an adaptation of the 1954 novel Lucky Jim by Kingsley Amis.

Cast

 * Stephen Tompkinson as Jim Dixon
 * Robert Hardy as Professor Neddy Welch
 * David Ryall as Stanley
 * Helen McCrory as Margaret Peel
 * Anthony Calf as Cecil Goldsmith
 * Hugh Parker as Alfred Beesley
 * Robert Wilfort as Evan Johns
 * Tim Wylton as Mr. Wilson
 * Ursula Jones as Mrs. Cutler
 * Penelope Wilton as Celia Welch
 * Stephen Mangan as Bertrand Welch
 * Keeley Hawes as Christine Callaghan
 * Hermione Norris as Carol Goldsmith
 * Anthony Smee as Mr. Pringle
 * Denis Lawson as Julius Gore-Urqhart
 * Ian Lindsay as Bus Conductor
 * Dorian Lough as Taxi Driver
 * Rick Warden as Mr. Catchpole

title: Lucky Jim (2003 film)


text:
Nicolai Jacob Marstrand

Nicolai Jacob Marstrand (5 August 1770 – 12 July 1829) was a Danish mechanician and inventor. He was the father of painter Wilhelm Marstrand.

Early life and education
Marstrand was born on 5 August 1776 in Østerdalen, Norway, the son of manager (bergskriver) of Inset Copperworks Even Nicolai Marstrand (1723–85) and Magdalene Elisabeth Schnitler (1730–1802). The family moved to Trondheim when his father died in 1785. He graduated from Trondheim Cathedral School in 1789.

Career
Aged c. 20, Marstrand moved to Denmark, where he initially worked odd jobs, including a private tutor and a road works assistant, before being employed as an assistant under colonel Eilert Tscherning at Frederick's Works. He was later promoted to the position of mechanical consultant to the government, and relocated to the capital Copenhagen in 1806. The following year he was sent to England but due to the outbreak of war he was suspected of espionage and had to flee the country.

Back in Copenhagen, he was granted a royal privilege as a baker after inventing a kneading machine, opening a bakery in Silkegade in 1810. He also established a mechanical workshop, constructing spinning machines and various musical instruments, especially harps. He invented an oil press in 1812 and in 1813 was granted a monopoly on a horse mill. In 1827, he invented a machine for copying of sculptures.

Marstrand was from 1808 also inspector of the workshops at the Royal Institute for the Deaf and Mute. In 1813, he was appointed as manager of the workshops at Forbedringshuset.

Personal life
Marstrand married Petra Ottilia Smith (28 February 1778 – 15 November 1847), a daughter of provost Troels S. (1744–1823) and Anna Agnete Plum (1752–1805), on 26 September 1804 in Holbæk. Five of their seven children survived childhood: Naval officer Osvald J. Marstrand, plantation owner Otto Marstrand, baker and politician Troels Marstrand, painter Wilhelm Marstrand and toolmaker Theodor Marstrand.

Marstrand's home was a meeting place for many notable artists and writers of the time. Once a week, he hosted a quartet in which he played the violin and the painter C. W. Eckersberg played cello.

In 1809, he was awarded Dannebrogordenens Hæderstegn. In 1811 he was appointed as Kommerceråd. He died on 12 July 1829 and is buried in Assistens Cemetery.

title: Nicolai Jacob Marstrand


text:
skyhook

Noun

 * 1) A hook imagined to be suspended in midair.
 * 2) An overhead winch.
 * 3) A helicopter that lifts and transports heavy objects suspended by a heavy cable.
 * 4)  A proposed momentum-exchange tether for launching payloads into low Earth orbit by hooking them to the end of a cable that reaches down from an orbiting station into the upper atmosphere.
 * 5)  A CB radio antenna.
 * 6)  A form of the overhead smash in which the eastern grip is used to hit the ball farther behind the body than usually possible.
 * 7)  A small hook for gripping small and slippery protrusions.
 * 8)  A device covering the rider's boot and sometimes screwed to the board, to facilitate jumping and enhance stability.
 * 1)  A CB radio antenna.
 * 2)  A form of the overhead smash in which the eastern grip is used to hit the ball farther behind the body than usually possible.
 * 3)  A small hook for gripping small and slippery protrusions.
 * 4)  A device covering the rider's boot and sometimes screwed to the board, to facilitate jumping and enhance stability.
 * 1)  A device covering the rider's boot and sometimes screwed to the board, to facilitate jumping and enhance stability.
 * 1)  A device covering the rider's boot and sometimes screwed to the board, to facilitate jumping and enhance stability.

Translations

 * Finnish: avaruuskoukku
 * German: Skyhook

 * Finnish: raskas kuljetushelikopteri
 * German: Skyhook

title: skyhook


text:
Portal:Science/Participate/Things You Can Do

 * Add your name to the Participants list below.
 * Participate in one or more of the avaliable Discussions.
 * Improve a page from the existing Categories and then add it to the Featured Resource list (after consensus by the community of Portal:Science).
 * Find related images at Wikimedia Commons and add them to the Featured Picture list.
 * Create a new lesson or course to help others learn about.


text:
Canton of Le Ribéral

The Canton of Le Ribéral is a French canton of Pyrénées-Orientales department, in Occitania. At the French canton re-organisation which came into effect in March 2015, the canton was created including five communes from the canton of Saint-Estève, one from the canton of Millas and one from the canton of Rivesaltes.

Composition

 * Baho
 * Baixas
 * Calce
 * Peyrestortes
 * Pézilla-la-Rivière
 * Saint-Estève
 * Villeneuve-la-Rivière

title: Canton of Le Ribéral


text:
User:Yasharth Tiwari(manu)

Yasharth Tiwari (born march 03, 1999), also known for manu Yasharth is a btech student. He is an engineer from CSE branch. He is assumed to be get placed in google YASHARTH TIWARI

Born PILIBHIT MARCH 03, 1999 AMETHI, UTTAR PRADESH, India Citizenship - INDIAN Alma mater-UNITED Institute of Technology ALLAHABAD SCHOOLINH 10+2*KNICE

title: User:Yasharth Tiwari(manu)


text:
Mark Hazzard: Merc

Mark Hazzard: Merc is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics under their New Universe imprint. The series ran for twelve issues in 1986 and 1987, plus one annual.

Publication history
Mark Hazzard: Merc is one of four New Universe titles created by Archie Goodwin. The initial writer for the series was Peter David, but he left after only four issues and was succeeded for the rest of the run by Doug Murray. Whereas David's run dealt with Mark Hazzard's struggles between his family and his military background, Murray focused almost entirely on Mark Hazzard's mercenary career. Though Mark Hazzard: Merc never secured a stable art team, nearly half the issues were penciled by Gray Morrow.

With the series due to be cancelled, Murray had the title character killed in Mark Hazzard: Merc Annual #1, which was published before the final issue (#12) of the regular series. As such, issue #12 was retitled simply Merc on the cover, and featured a cast of Mark Hazzard's associates in the starring role. Of the four New Universe titles that were cancelled at the end of the imprint's first year (the others being Codename: Spitfire, Kickers, Inc., and Nightmask), Mark Hazzard: Merc was the only one to publish an annual.

An eight-page special was printed in February 2006 as a backup story in Amazing Fantasy #18 as part of an Untold Tales of the New Universe event, which was created to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the New Universe and to serve as a preamble for Warren Ellis' newuniversal re-imagining. The story was a Mark Hazzard adventure set at an unspecified time during the first half dozen issues of Mark Hazzard: Merc.

Fictional character biography
Mark Hazzard's father was a career soldier who was very demanding of Mark; although Mark was generally very successful academically and as a football player, his father was perpetually disappointed in him for not being "the best". In high school, Mark met and fell in love with his future wife, Joan. After graduating from high school, he went to West Point, where he was a cadet officer. Fed up with his father - notably his disapproval of Joan - Mark dropped out, got married, and enlisted in the United States Army. Hazzard spent three tours in Vietnam, discovering something at which he was among the best: combat. While "in country", Hazzard met his future accomplices Louis "Treetop" Barrington and Sgt. Major Peel. Returning home, Mark and Joan produced a son, Scott, but Hazzard couldn't find work. Mark finally became a mercenary, then a mercenary commander. Under Hazzard's leadership, his mercenary crew tended to be more scrupulous than most in its choice of clients. Mark was happy, but his wife wasn't; she gave him an ultimatum, to choose between his life as a merc or their marriage.

After their divorce, Joan married a lawyer named Gordon. Convinced that Joan and Scott both still loved Hazzard more than him, Gordon arranged for Hazzard to be captured in Iraq. Hazzard was rescued by his merc crew, and then investigated his betrayal. Tracking it back to Gordon, Hazzard strangled him but not before Gordon was able to inflict a fatal injury on Hazzard. Taken to a hospital, Hazzard was removed from life support at Scott's request; Scott believed his father would prefer it that way.

Mark's Shop

 * Louis "Treetop" Barrington - pilot during the Vietnam War.
 * The Doc - South Vietnamese army field medic, after the war she moved to America.
 * Lincoln "Stryker" Griffin - former Navy SEAL, during the Vietnam War, now used his skills with Mark Hazzard.
 * Sgt. Major Peel - a man who found himself in mercenary work after the Vietnam War. He hired Mark Hazzard to help teach Afghanistan insurgents to fight in 1980's.
 * The Priestess - a fourteen years old runaway whose life was saved by Mark Hazzard.
 * Ritter - ex-Air Force who now used his skills for personal profit.
 * Mal Rossi - Mark Hazzard's oldest and best friends, a New Zealander who could not deal with "regular" life, became alcoholic and lecherous, but was saved by Mark, who gave him a regular paying job using his combat skills.

Writers

 * Peter David - Mark Hazzard: Merc #1-4 (November 1986-February 1987)
 * Doug Murray - Mark Hazzard: Merc #5-12 (March 1987-October 1987); Mark Hazzard: Merc Annual #1 (1987)
 * Tony Lee - Mark Hazzard: Merc Amazing Fantasy #18 (February 2006)

Pencilers

 * Gray Morrow - Mark Hazzard: Merc #1-2, 8, 10-11 (November 1986-December 1986, June 1987, August 1987-September 1987)
 * Alan Kupperberg - Mark Hazzard: Merc #3-4 (January 1987-February 1987)
 * Mark Beachum - Mark Hazzard: Merc #5 (March 1987)
 * Vincent Giarranno - Mark Hazzard: Merc #6, 12 (April 1987, October 1987)
 * Val Mayerik - Mark Hazzard: Merc #7 (May 1987)
 * Andy Kubert - Mark Hazzard: Merc #9 (July 1987)
 * Vincent Waller - Mark Hazzard: Merc Annual #1 (1987)
 * Leonard Kirk - Mark Hazzard: Merc Amazing Fantasy #18 (February 2006)

title: Mark Hazzard: Merc


text:
viooltje

Noun

 * , little violin
 * 1)   The common appellation, regardless of size, for any violet, an ornamental fragrant plant genus (including the pansy)

title: viooltje


text:
Selecting a university

Selecting a university that fits you can be a difficult decision. Fortunately, there are resources out there which can help you out.

United States of America

 * The College Blue Book - comprehensive listing of all North American universities, and the programs which are offered.

Australia

 * The Universities Admission Centre (UAC) is the main point of contact in applying for entry to an Australian university whether you are a local or an international student. It offers the UAC guide yearly, which contains general information about the programs, fees and past entry scores for participating universities across Australia. A course search is also available online. Visit the website here.

New South Wales
 * University of Sydney
 * University of New South Wales
 * University of Western Sydney
 * University of Wollongong
 * University of Newcastle
 * Charles Sturt University

Australian Capital Territory
 * Charles Sturt University
 * University of Canberra

Estonia

 * Estonian Academy of Arts
 * Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre
 * Estonian University of Life Sciences
 * Tallinn University
 * Tallinn University of Technology
 * University of Tartu

Finland

 * Aalto University
 * Åbo Akademi University
 * Hanken School of Economics
 * Lappeenranta University of Technology
 * Tampere University of Technology
 * University of the Arts Helsinki
 * University of Eastern Finland
 * University of Helsinki
 * University of Jyväskylä
 * University of Oulu
 * University of Tampere
 * University of Turku

Latvia

 * Daugavpils University
 * Latvia University of Agriculture
 * Riga Stradiņš University
 * Riga Technical University
 * University of Latvia
 * University of Liepāja

Lithuania

 * Klaipėda University
 * Kaunas University of Technology
 * Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences
 * Lithuanian University of Health Sciences
 * Mykolas Romeris University
 * Šiauliai University
 * Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
 * Vilnius University
 * Vytautas Magnus University

title: Selecting a university


text:
Talk:Thomas Warren Long

Additional sources
A little googling shows Long in this, this (NB a primary source, to be used with care), this, page 6 of this (good content, dodgy source, but specifies its own source, which is obscure [I don't see it in Worldcat] but surely can be found [it's described here). At which point I started to tire of going through Google, but I could have continued. So what's now a mere stub could be developed. Go for it, ! -- Hoary (talk) 07:04, 1 August 2020 (UTC) (Reposted here from AfC comment made on draftpage)

1832 or 1839
, in this edit changed his date of birth from "1832 or 1839" to January 10 1839, but this was done in the first sentence only; the second paragraph still contains the "born in Jacksonville in 1832" sentence. This needs to be corrected. The 1832 date is supported by a Tampa Bay source while the 1839 date is supported by the Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867–1924 book published by University of Alabama Press. So, there is a discrepancy in the sources. The book seems more reliable since Tampa Bay only mentions the subject in passing. I'm not familiar with the subject area so I'll leave the correction to someone who's better at this stuff. TryKid [dubious – discuss] 01:52, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Warren Long


text:
Talk:Derivatives

The word derivative has several meanings.--<IP_ADDRESS> 23:36, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derivatives


text:
Hedi Zaiem

Hedi Zaiem (الهادي زعيم), (born December 8, 1976, in Ras Jebel Bizerte), is a Tunisian media personality who came to prominence as a host on Radio Mosaïque FM and El Hiwar El Tounsi.

Biography
It was at the age of 19 that he landed his first radio job as a host on his first radio show "Melomane", broadcast every Saturday evening (1999–2003).

After graduating from high school, Hedi Zaiem dreamed of obtaining a degree in journalism, but instead of realizing his dream, he changed direction and chose to continue his studies in law and political science.

Radio career
Starting in 2004 Hedi worked as an external collaborator on Mosaïque FM, this ended in November 2019.

Television career
Zaiem hosted the show "Fekret Sami Fehri" on El Hiwar El Tounsi. He presented the show 90 ′ on El Hiwar El Tounsi.

title: Hedi Zaiem


text:
Introductory algorithm quiz questions

These questions are best used in the context of a group game, such as a quiz show, where people are divided into small groups and questions are divided into 3 rounds. If you want to mix up questions, you might also want to check out the HTML exam questions and the CSS exam questions. You can of course use them just on your own too, as a self-check of your understanding!

Beginner

 * Describe a variable
 * Identify three things you need to be careful of when naming a variable.
 * Name two tools you can use to describe the solution to a problem (ie to describe an algorithm),
 * True or false: Computers are dumb. (Explain why/why not)
 * Fill in the blanks: the three most useful tools to solve a problem are Sequence, ........., ......... . (Explain what each one means in plain old English.)
 * Identify and draw three symbols used when creating flowcharts.

Intermediate

 * Draw a picture of an Array
 * Objects and events

title: Introductory algorithm quiz questions


text:
Talk:Spanish/Spanish One/Assignments

I've started adding vocabulary and an assignment: to practice the vocab using flashcards on quisition.com. I'm not tied to quisition, so if any of you know of a better flashcard site, or if we could coordinate the salón de clase flashcards with the individual vocab lessons, we could link to that instead. It would be especially helpful to have flashcards with sound so that students could hear the correct pronunciation and practice it.Fturnertl 20:12, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Ooh, that should be part of the Topic:Audio Engineering learning project! I'll tell them you are looking for sound samples.--Rayc 20:38, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Rayc. Also, I removed the link to quisition and will spend some time working on converting the Salon de Clase flashcards.

title: Talk:Spanish/Spanish One/Assignments


text:
Computer Architecture Lab/Winter2006/HoeftPirkWeirHuang/InstructionSetII/More

VHDL-Source for NORISK-Chip (hardware-programmer, CPU)

Features

 * 32-bit Harvard processor architecture
 * Dual-ported Instruction Memory
 * Word addresses
 * Memory Mapped IO
 * On Chip-Memory programmer
 * 16 general purpose registers
 * 16-bit instructions
 * Instruction preprocessing
 * 3-stage piplining
 * 1 cycle relative conditional branches
 * 1 cycle absolute jumps

Three Operands
The 8-bit immediate values are unsigned, 11-bit branch values are signed.

Two Operands
All 4-bit immediate values are unsigned.

Pipelining
The NORISK Processor implements three-stage pipelining:
 * Instruction fetching and simple branch logic
 * Decoding
 * Execution and Memory Access

Macro Assembler
The macro assembler was written using flex and yacc. The goal was to produce an intuitive assembler. It allows C-style usage of assembly operations.

C/C++, Flex, Yacc-Sources for assembler and instruction set simulator. Assembler-Sources for example assembly programs.

Data memory initialization
word identifier[size] word identifier[]=word1,word2,word3,... word identifier[size]=word1,word2,word3,... word identifier[]="string" word identifier[size]="string"
 * Zero initialized 32bit words:
 * User initialized 32bit words: (size determined by assembler)
 * User initialized 32bit words: (size determined by programmer)
 * String:
 * String: (size determined by programmer)

Data transfer
rXX = rYY rXX = rYY[disp] rXX[disp] = rYY Displacement values above zero are not possible with the current NORISK instruction-set. rXX = immediate Immediate values can be numeric (0x for hexadecimal), labels or storage variables.
 * Register-Register:
 * Register-Memory and Memory-Register
 * Register-Immediate

Arithmetic Operations
rXX is source and destination
 * Possible operations are &,|,^,<<,>>, R> (rotate right), >A> (arithmetic shift right)
 * Syntax 1: rXX = rYY op rZZ
 * Syntax 2: rXX op=rZZ
 * For some operations (depending on the instruction set) immediate values instead of rZZ are possible.

Control flow
This type of conditions produce a CMP operation before the branch.
 * Labels: identifier followed by :
 * Branch: goto label
 * Conditional branch: goto label if condition
 * Flag conditions: carry, !carry, zero, !zero
 * Compare conditions: rXX {< or <= or > or >= or == or !=} {rYY or immediate}
 * Relative call: rcall label. Saves next PC in register 15 and performs a relative jump.
 * Return: return

Example program: bubble-sort
word test[]={20,20,21,19,15,1,10,12,6,7,3,100, 99,98,97}

r5 = sizeof(test) r5 = r5+r0 ; calculate end

outer_loop: r1 = test ; memory address of 1st operand r2 = test ; memory address of 2nd operand r2 += 1 r6 = 0 ; flag if sort is completed

inner_loop: r3 = r1[0] ; load operands r4 = r2[0]

goto next if r3 <= r4 ; decide whether it is necessary to swap them r2[0] = r3 ; swap elements r1[0] = r4 r6 += 1   ; set not-done flag

next: r1 += 1 r2 += 1 ; next index goto inner_loop if r2 < r5 ; repeat if end not reached goto outer_loop if r6 != 0 ; repeat if sort not finished

r0 = 0x80000000 ; IO-address for leds r1 = 0xF r0[0] = r1 ; illuminate four leds

infinite: goto infinite ; loop forever

Call Parameters
ass prgm_file bin_out [bin_data_out]
 * prgm_file is the source code file
 * bin_out is the binary code output
 * bin_data_out is the binary data output. If this parameter is omitted, a default value (based on the bin_out parameter) is used.

Call Parameters
iss prgmmem datamem [datamem_out]
 * prgmmem is the filename of assembly program code output
 * datamem is the filename of assembly data output
 * datamem_out is optional. If specified the contents of the data memory after quit are written to that file.

During Operation

 * Enter executes next instruction
 * Sometimes IO input is requested (prompt: [IO@ address]:) the value specified is returned for this load operation. 0x for hexadecimal is allowed.
 * q stops execution and writes data file

On chip-memory programmer
Visual C++ Source for Programmer using a serial com port.

Console operation
Sends input from keys to the serial interface and displays received data.
 * programmer com_port_number con

Read memory
Reads first number_of_words words of program or data memory and writes file.
 * programmer com_port_number read {prgm|data} file number_of_words

Write specific memory
Writes a maximum of max_number_of_words words of program or data memory from file. If max_number_of_words is omitted it writes the whole file.
 * programmer com_port_number write {prgm|data} file [max_number_of_words]

Write whole program
Writes basename.mif to program memory and basename_data.mif to data memory.
 * programmer com_port_number writeall basename