text:
2020 Western & Southern Open – Women's singles

Victoria Azarenka won the women's singles tennis title at the 2020 Cincinnati Masters via walkover, after Naomi Osaka withdrew from the final with a hamstring injury. It was Azarenka's first singles title since the 2016 Miami Open, and her first since giving birth to her son Leo in December 2016.

Madison Keys was the defending champion, but lost in the second round to Ons Jabeur.

Seeds
The top eight seeds received a bye into the second round. • 🇨🇿 Karolína Plíšková (second round)

• 🇺🇸 Sofia Kenin (second round)

• 🇺🇸 Serena Williams (third round)

• 🇯🇵 Naomi Osaka (final, withdrew)

• 🇧🇾 Aryna Sabalenka (third round)

• 🇨🇿 Petra Kvitová (second round)

• 🇺🇸 Madison Keys (second round)

• 🇬🇧 Johanna Konta (semifinals)

• 🇰🇿 Elena Rybakina (first round)

• 🇨🇿 Markéta Vondroušová (first round)

• 🇺🇸 Alison Riske (first round)

• 🇪🇪 Anett Kontaveit (quarterfinals)

• Maria Sakkari (quarterfinals)

• 🇧🇪 Elise Mertens (semifinals)

• Donna Vekić (first round)

• 🇺🇦 Dayana Yastremska (third round)

Seeds
• # Jil Teichmann (qualified)

• # 🇷🇺 Anna Blinkova (first round)

• # 🇺🇸 Lauren Davis (first round)

• # 🇰🇿 Zarina Diyas (first round)

• # 🇩🇪 Laura Siegemund (qualified)

• # 🇷🇺 Daria Kasatkina (qualifying competition, lucky loser)

• # Arantxa Rus (qualified)

• # 🇯🇵 Nao Hibino (first round)

• # 🇺🇸 Taylor Townsend (first round)

• # 🇷🇴 Sorana Cîrstea (qualifying competition)

• # 🇯🇵 Misaki Doi (first round)

• # 🇧🇪 Kirsten Flipkens (qualified)

• # 🇺🇸 Madison Brengle (first round)

• # 🇺🇸 Jessica Pegula (qualified)

• # 🇸🇰 Viktória Kužmová (qualifying competition)

• # 🇷🇴 Patricia Maria Țig (first round)

• # 🇷🇸 Nina Stojanović (qualifying competition)

• # 🇺🇸 Christina McHale (qualified)

• # Monica Puig (first round)

• # 🇲🇪 Danka Kovinić (first round)

• # 🇪🇸 Paula Badosa (qualifying competition)

• # 🇺🇸 Shelby Rogers (qualifying competition)

• # 🇮🇹 Jasmine Paolini (first round)

• # 🇺🇸 Kristie Ahn (qualifying competition)

Qualifiers
• # Jil Teichmann

• # 🇨🇦 Leylah Fernandez

• # 🇺🇸 Jessica Pegula

• # 🇺🇸 Ann Li

• # 🇩🇪 Laura Siegemund

• # 🇺🇸 Christina McHale

• # Arantxa Rus

• # 🇺🇸 Catherine Bellis

• # 🇷🇺 Vera Zvonareva

• # 🇷🇺 Anna Kalinskaya

• # 🇫🇷 Océane Dodin

• # 🇧🇪 Kirsten Flipkens

Lucky loser

 * 1) 🇷🇺 Daria Kasatkina


text:
Matrinchã

Matrinchã is a municipality in west-central Goiás state, Brazil.

Location

 * Statistical microregion: Rio Vermelho Microregion
 * Distance to the state capital: 261 km.
 * Distance to regional center (Goiás Velho): 106 km.
 * Highway connections: GO-070 / Goianira / Inhumas / Itaberaí / BR-070 / Goiás / Itapirapuã / GO-070 / Águas de São João.

Neighboring municipalities: Araguapaz, Faina, Aruanã Itapirapuã,  and Britânia. Matrinchã was a district of Aruanã until it got municipal status in 1987.

Geography and climate
The main rivers are the Rio Vermelho, which has beaches, tropical vegetation, and a great variety of animals and fish; Rio do Peixe, and Rio Ferreira.

The climate is classified as semi-humid tropical, with a minimum temperature of 15 °C, an average of 30 °C, and a maximum of 40 °C.

Political information
In January 2005 the mayor was Natalino Lucas and the vice-mayor was João Batista Costa. There were 9 members on the city council and the number of eligible voters was 3,627 in 2007.

Demographic information
In 2007 the population density was 3.76 inhabitants/km2. The population has grown steadily since 1991, a year after the municipality was created. In 1991 there were 3,869 inhabitants. The growth rate from 1991 to 2000 was 1.74.%. Most of the population is urban with 2,993 living in the urban area and 1,332 living in the rural area in 2007.

Economy
The economy is based on cattle raising but most inhabitants are employed in services, public employment, and small transformation industries. In 2007 there were 4 industrial units and 49 retail units. There was one dairy—C.R. Indústria e Comércio de Laticínios Ltda—and a branch of the Banco do Brasil S.A.

In 2006 there were 116,000 cattle. Poultry and swine numbers were modest. The main agricultural products were pineapple, cotton, rice, beans, manioc, corn, hearts of palm, soybeans, and tomato. No agricultural crop exceeded 1,000 planted hectares in 2006.

Health and education
In 2007 there was 1 hospital with 18 beds and 2 walk-in public health clinics. The infant mortality rate was 28.53 in 2000.

The school system had 5 schools, 32 classrooms, 63 teachers, and 1,434 students in 2005. There were no institutions of higher education. The adult literacy rate was 82.4% in 2000.

 * MHDI: 0.710
 * State ranking: 197 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
 * National ranking: 2,830 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Matrinchã


text:
User:WoodJack212/sandbox

= Geisha (coffee) = Geisha coffee, sometimes referred to as Gesha coffee, is a type of coffee that originated in the village of Gesha, Ethiopia. It is widely known for its unique flavor profile of floral and sweet notes, its high selling price, and elusive prestige as its demand increases over the years.

Contents

 * 1History
 * 2Growing and Processing
 * 3Preparation
 * 4Flavor Profile
 * 5Sales & Auction prices
 * 6References
 * 7External links

History
Coffee production in Ethiopia dates back dozens of centuries. The Geisha variety of Coffea arabica was identified in the 1930s, in the mountainous Gesha region of southwestern Ethiopia. After seeds were collected in 1936 by a British consul, the coffee was planted in Tanzania and Costa Rica. From there, cultivation spread to Panama in the 1960s, including the famed Boquete region.

Growing and Processing
Gesha Coffee begins with a thoughtful process of picking the ripest cherries. Producers prefer hand-picked cherries which increases the labor costs. The riper the cherry the sweeter the coffee. The cherries then go through quality inspection. Some producers have the technology to put their cherries into a machine that deciphers the quality of the cherries. Smaller producers have workers sort through the picked cherries by hand. The cherries are processed either by means of wet or dry methods. After those methods are complete, the producers end with a Gesha coffee bean.

Preparation
The preparation of Gesha Coffee starts with the grinding process. This process is vital to making the coffee the correct way. The temperature of the water plays a key role as to whether the coffee will taste bitter or not. Also you must use filter water. The last step is to basically learn to take your time when brewing this specific type of coffee.

Flavor Profile
The flavor profile of Geisha coffee is one aspect that contributes to its renown. Geisha is known for its sweet flavor and aroma of floral notes, jasmine, chocolate, honey, and even black tea. This unique flavor is also one of the contributing factors for Geisha’s high price tag, and prestige.

Sales & Auction prices
The Best of Panama Coffee Competition has a long standing reputation for having high dollar coffee at auction which is where geisha asserted itself as one of the worlds highest costing coffees. This occurred in 2004 when Hacienda La Esmeralda entered the coffee into the competition where it was found to be a distinctly unusual taste before being purchased at auction for a record price of twenty-one dollars a pound. This was just the beginning for geisha coffee, as fifteen years later at the same Best of Panama Competition and Auction, geisha sold for an astounding $1,029 a pound (unroasted)[6]. Earning the nickname “Elida Natural Geisha 1029,” this geisha was produced on the Lamastus Family Estates[6]. A hundred pounds of geisha coffee sold for over a hundred thousand dollars, out valuing the next closest coffee by eighty thousand dollars. It is definitely fair to say that geisha is the most valuable coffee in the world[7].

title: User:WoodJack212/sandbox


text:
Government Polytechnic College, Ambala

Government Polytechnic College, Ambala is a co-educational institution of higher learning located in the town of Ambala in the Ambala region of Haryana. The institute was established in 1929, by the government of India. It was re-established in 1958 is affiliated with the Haryana State Board of Technical Education (HSBTE), Panchkula and approved by All India Council of Technical Education, New Delhi (AICTE) and the Department of Technical Education, Government of Haryana (DTE). It is one of the best in North India. Diploma holders from this institute serve in various government organizations and institutions all over India.

History
Govt Polytechnic, Ambala is situated in the heart of Ambala City. The Polytechnic institute began as Government/ Industrial School in 1929 later it was developed to Metal Works Institute in 1933 was recognized in 1948 & was thereafter known as Government Technical Institute. In 1958, the Institution was renamed as Government Polytechnic.

Location
It is situated on Ambala City-Chandigarh road at a distance of 1 km from the bus stand, and 8.1 km from the Ambala Cantonment railway junction. The institution is spread over a land area of 24.6 acres.

Departments

 * Architecture
 * Auto Engineering
 * Applied Science
 * Civil Engineering
 * Computer Engineering
 * Electrical Engineering
 * Electronics and Communication Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Plastic Engineering
 * Training and Placement Cell
 * Workshop

Academic programs
Government Polytechnic College, Ambala awards undergraduate diploma in various engineering fields in a three-year engineering programme. The college also provides the classes of Govt. Polytechnic, Umri in architecture.

CEGO scheme
The following courses are running under CEGO Scheme:

title: Government Polytechnic College, Ambala


text:
Online OsiriX Documentation/Using the 4-D viewer

< ^ >

OsiriX supports a 4D viewer. You can load multiple series of a study that is acquired dynamically. For example, multiphase reconstructed series from a cardiac CT can be loaded for a CINE mode review. Simply select all series in the “Local Database” window and then click “4D viewer”. All series will be loaded into the same window. You can navigate and review in a ‘dynamic’ fashion by using the “4D player” function from the toolbar.

Select multiple series and then click on the “4D viewer” icon.

The “4D player” function from the toolbar

The “4D player” function is also available in MPR reconstruction windows.

OsiriX < ^ >

Documentación en línea de OsiriX/Utilizar el visualizador 4-D OsiriX オンライン解説文書/OsiriX入門 4Dビューアを使用する


text:
immunotoxicity

Noun

 * 1) The toxic effect of an immunotoxin on the immune system

Translations

 * Irish: tocsaineacht imdhíonachta

title: immunotoxicity


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/nyc.org.ng

Links

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 * nyc.org.ng resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
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Additions

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text:
Talk:David Glover

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Glover. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110615111356/http://www.gen.cam.ac.uk/research/glover.html to http://www.gen.cam.ac.uk/research/glover.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:11, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Glover


text:
User:BuzzWeiser196/sandbox

Dividend discount model
Article lacks citations.

Bodie textbook:
 * 8th edition: my library
 * 10th edition: *

Template: Citation needed tag
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_needed

Humphries
Map: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Humphreys,+Unity+Township,+PA+15601/@40.2470141,-79.4778156,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x8834d15a6e8ff7ab:0x5248b32c83fd95f6!8m2!3d40.2470146!4d-79.4778156!16s%2Fm%2F04bm4dj?entry=ttu

https://www.coalcampusa.com/westpa/connellsville/humphreys/humphreys.htm (esp. photo from Humphries Historical Society)

Westmoreland History Industrial Sites: p. 404

Humphries Historical Society

Take photo(s)

=Normal distribution== " Chapter 6" of Introductory Statistics (Illowsky and Dean) downloaded from OpenStax.org.

"Symmetrical, single-peaked and bell-shaped... describes many human traits...one example is IQ. In the population, the mean is 100 and the standard deviation is 15 or 16, depending on the size of the population."

"If a dataset follows a normal distribution, then about 68% of the observations will fall within (one standard deviation??) of the mean."

"Many things closely follow a Normal Distribution:
 * heights of people
 * size of things produced by machines
 * errors in measurements
 * blood pressure"

" the data in a sample, which in their own way are all individual estimates of some true population parameter (some good, some bad) often miss hitting their target exactly, and instead just fall somewhere nearby."

"independent, randomly generated variables.... Its familiar bell-shaped curve statistical reports, from survey analysis and quality control to resource allocation....The graph of the normal distribution is characterized by two parameters: the mean, or average, which is the maximum of the graph and about which the graph is always symmetric; and the standard deviation, which determines the amount of dispersion away from the mean. A small standard deviation (compared with the mean) produces a steep graph, whereas a large standard deviation (again compared with the mean) produces a flat graph. The probability of a random variable falling within any given range of values is equal to the proportion of the area enclosed under the function’s graph between the given values and above the x-axis."

Spark Spread
Spark spread ($/MWh) = power price ($/MWh) – [natural gas price ($/mmBtu) * heat rate (mmBtu/MWh)]

A limitation of the spark spread calculation is that it does not take into consideration other costs associated with the generation of electricity, such as pipeline costs or fuel-related finance charges, and other variable costs (like operations and maintenance costs), taxes, or fixed expenses. In that sense, a spark spread is an indicator of market conditions, but it is not necessarily an exact measure of profitability for any one specific generator. source: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=9911

It was possible from 1996 to 2002 to hedge or sell such a spread on Nymex by shorting electric power and buying the fuel used for generation – fuel oil, natural gas, or coal. http://dahl.mines.edu/tech1504.pdf

AET
Applied Extrusion emerges from Chapter 11 Published: March 8, 2005. By Jennifer Inez Ward https://www.marketwatch.com/story/applied-extrusion-emerges-from-chapter-11. SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) -- Applied Extrusion Technologies aetcq said Tuesday afternoon that it has emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Through its plan of reorganization, it has gone private and holders of common stock will receive 15.6 cents a share. Chief Executive and Chairman Amin Khoury has also retired. The New Castle, Del.-based company also announced that it has closed its $125 million exit financing with GE Commercial Finance GE

August 02, 2004 02:00 AM AET set for Chapter 11, restructuring. RHODA MIE. https://www.plasticsnews.com/article/20040802/NEWS/308029999/aet-set-for-chapter-11-restructuring.

Dec. 2, 2004 APPLIED EXTRUSION FILES FOR BANKRUPTCY PROTECTION https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/02/business/company-news-applied-extrusion-files-for-bankruptcy-protection.html

Verifiability
"A source "directly supports" a given piece of material if the information is present explicitly in the source so that using this source to support the material is not a violation of Wikipedia:No original research. The location of any citation—including whether one is present in the article at all—is unrelated to whether a source directly supports the material. For questions about where and how to place citations, see Wikipedia:Citing sources, Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section § Citations, etc."

Resources
This user has access to the following sources:
 * The New York Times
 * The Economist
 * * The Journal of Finance
 * Finance reference books and textbooks (see "Finance" below)
 * Associated Press Stylebook

 * Academia.edu
 * Document Cloud:
 * 1) external link
 * 2) Wikilink
 * England:
 * 1) Historic England (aerial photos, historic buildings) https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/archive/collections/aerial-photos/
 * 2) Nostalgia Central
 * Film:
 * 1) American Film Institute Catalog. https://aficatalog.afi.com/
 * Finance:
 * 1) Bodie, Cane and Marcus. Essentials of Investments.
 * 2) Christensen, Fabozzi and LoFaso, Anthony. The Handbook of Fixed Income Securities.
 * 3) Fabozzi, Frank J. Bond Markets, Analysis and Strategies.
 * 4) Ellison: The Theory of Interest.
 * 5) Fisher, Irving. The Rate of Interest.
 * 6) Herzfeld, Thomas. ''Herzfeld's Guide to Closed-End Funds."
 * 7) Huxley and Burns. Asset Dedication.
 * 8) Liebowitz And Homer. Inside the Yield Book.
 * 9) Martinelli, Lionel, Priaulet, Phillippe and Priaulet, Stephane. Fixed Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies.
 * 10) Melicher and Welshans. Finance: Introduction to Markets, Institutions and Management.
 * 11) Graham, Smart and Megginson. Corporate Finance.
 * 12) Nikbakht and Groppelli. Finance.
 * 13) Ross, Westerfield and Jordan. Fundamentals of Corporate Finance.
 * 14) Thau, Annette. The Bond Book.
 * Literature:
 * 1) The Robbins Library Projects at the University of Rochester: Camelot, Chaucer, Crusades, Robin Hood, Cinderella, Middle English, more. https://d.lib.rochester.edu https://d.lib.rochester.edu/robin-hood
 * 2) Rhead, Louis. Bold Robin Hood and his Outlaw Band. 1912. Harper. https://archive.org/details/boldrobinhoodhis00rheaiala/mode/2up
 * National:
 * 1) Census Bureau: Quick Facts (towns of 5,000 or more population) https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221
 * 2) Census Bureau: explore data. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=United%20States&table=DP05&tid=ACSDP1Y2017.DP05&g=0100000US&lastDisplayedRow=29&vintage=2017&layer=state&cid=DP05_0001E
 * 3) Mine Database: https://minesdatabase.com/mines/view/3608329
 * 4) USPS Postal History: https://about.usps.com/who/profile/history/
 * 5) USPS Post Office Finder: https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm or https://about.usps.com/who/profile/history/postmaster-finder.htm
 * Religion:
 * 1) Sefaria: Jewish texts online https://www.sefaria.org/texts
 * State and local:
 * 1) Bituminous Coal Fields of Pennsylvania. (1928). United States: (n.p.).  https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bituminous_Coal_Fields_of_Pennsylvania/IdkWtAEACAAJ?hl=en
 * 2) Boucher, John Newton. The History of Westmoreland County. 1906. Lewis Publishing Company.  https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_Westmoreland_County_Pennsylva.html?id=quEKAAAAYAAJ
 * 3) Boucher, John Newton. Old and New Westmoreland. 1918. The American Historical Society, Inc. New York. https://books.google.com/books?id=dc8wAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=boucher,+john+newton&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj62_el7sfgAhUyVt8KHUbCDc8Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=boucher%2C%20john%20newton&f=false
 * 4) Busch, Clarence M. Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania. 1896.  http://www.usgwarchives.net/pa/1pa/1picts/frontierforts/ff30.html
 * 5)  Ellis, Franklin. History of Fayette County, Pennsylvania: with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men. https://archive.org/details/historyoffayette00elli
 * 6)  Incorporation Dates for Pennsylvania Municipalities: http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/rg/di/IncorporationDatesForMunicipalities/pdfs/westmoreland.pdf
 * 7) Mine Map Atlas, Penn State. https://www.minemaps.psu.edu
 * 8) Mine subsidence: Pennsylvania Dept. of Environmental Protection. Find out if your house is sitting on top of abandoned mine. https://www.dep.pa.gov/Citizens/MSI/Pages/default.aspx
 * 9) Muller, Edward and Carlisle, Ronald. Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania: An Inventory of Historic Engineering and Industrial Sites. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 1994. https://gis.penndot.gov/CRGISAttachments/Survey/1994-H001-129.pdf Searchable version available at https://archive.org.
 * 10) Pennsylvania: a guide to the Keystone State. Writers Program of the Works Progress Administration. 1940. PDF, Penn State Libraries
 * 11) Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission: Research Online. County and municipal records, incorporation dates for municipalities, old maps and more.  https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Archives/Research-Online/Pages/default.aspx
 * 12) Pennsylvania Mines and Mining: Penn State University Libraries. https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/c.php?g=332704&p=2236157%20Pennsylvania#s-lg-box-6807023
 * 13) The Wikipedia Library. https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/?markasread=238421642&markasreadwiki=enwiki

Seventeen by Tarkington
In a 1923 journal article, Edith Franklin Wyatt (name) was generally favorable to the novel, praising Tarkington as "markedly competent in the characterization of age", citing his "remarkable genius in this direction as evinced in Seventeen and other tales of his." cite https://www.jstor.org/stable/25112847

Theoretical Fair Value of a Bond

 * $$\begin{align}

TFV &= \begin{matrix} \left(\frac{C}{1+i}+\frac{C}{(1+i)^2}+ ... +\frac{C}{(1+i)^N}\right) + \frac{M}{(1+i)^N} \end{matrix}\\ &= \begin{matrix} \left(\sum_{n=1}^N\frac{C}{(1+i)^n}\right) + \frac{M}{(1+i)^N} \end{matrix}\\ &= \begin{matrix} C\left(\frac{1-(1+i)^{-N}}{i}\right)+M(1+i)^{-N} \end{matrix} \end{align}$$
 * where:
 * $$F =$$ par value
 * $$i_F =$$ contractual interest rate
 * $$C = F * i_F =$$ coupon payment (periodic interest payment)
 * $$N =$$ number of payments
 * $$i =$$ market interest rate, or required yield, or observed / appropriate yield to maturity (see below)
 * $$M =$$ value at maturity, usually equals par value
 * $$TFV =$$ theoretical fair value

10 Yr Table
PPG Industries Inc.

Tarkington
Zinoman NYT

Claremont Review of Books

In a 1923 journal article, Edith Franklin Wyatt (name) was generally favorable to the novel, praising Tarkington as "markedly competent in the characterization of age", citing his "remarkable genius in this direction as evinced in Seventeen and other tales of his." cite https://www.jstor.org/stable/25112847

Adding a reference list
Add section at end with header References and

Using a named source more than once
Link: Footnotes: using a named source more than once

Citing multiple pages from the same source
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citing_multiple_pages_of_the_same_source

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Example: Plumville, Pennsylvania first time a source is cited: The north branch of Plum Creek passes through Plumville. second time the same source is cited: Telephone service arrived around 1890.

Shortened footnotes
Link: Template: Shortened Footnote Link: Shortened Footnotes

In its default mode sfn generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters:

with

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Citation needed
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Dead Link in Citation
Past the following into the reference citation at the end just before

Unacceptable sources
IMDB is user-generated/self-published and not an acceptable source to cite. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Questionable_and_self-published_sources

MySpace is not verifiable (author cannot be determined) and not acceptable source to cite. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#What_counts_as_a_reliable_source

Improvements needed
Greetings Wikipedians! I commend all the contributors for their efforts. But sadly, this article lacks inline citations to reliable, verifiable sources. There are no citations - none at all - in the following sections: This violates Wikipedia's policy on verifiability (set forth here: Wikipedia policy on verifiability), which states: "Even if you are sure something is true, it must be verifiable before you can add it....The burden to demonstrate verifiability lies with the editor who adds or restores material, and it is satisfied by providing an inline citation to a reliable source that directly supports the contribution." I hope someone will step forward to remedy this problem. Readers who come to this article seeking knowledge need some way to verify that what they are reading is accurate and accepted by authorities in the field. Unsourced material is subject to being removed. My modest qualifications for this subject, such as they are, are set forth in my user profile. Cordially,
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 * cell 1 || cell 2 || cell 3
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 * cell 7 || cell 8 || cell 9
 * cell 7 || cell 8 || cell 9

Create User Subpage
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Free High School Textbooks
Physics (inc. electricity)

Closed-end fund
Writing in the 1990s, several authorities observed that while closed-end funds sometimes trade at a premium, in then-recent years they had typically traded at a discount to their net asset value, and that the size of the discounts tended to vary considerably over time. (need reference)

In 2015, Forbes observed that it is not uncommon for closed-end funds at a discount to net asset value. https://www.forbes.com/sites/aberdeen/2015/08/12/why-closed-end-funds-can-trade-at-a-discount/?sh=508a483560d1

For calendar year 2022, the weekly financial newspaper Barron's reported that the closed-end fund sector as measured by the Herzfeld Average traded at a discount to net asset value during most of calendar year 2022. The average measures 15 closed-end funds that invest primarily in U.S. equiiies.

Thomas Herzfeld, an investment adviser specializing in closed-end funds, believed that the appeal of these investments lay in the opportunity to buy them assets when discounts were large, and sell them when the discount narrowed.

In a 1991 paper professors Lee, Schleifer and Thaler identified three frequently-cited reasons for the discount:
 * the perception that fund management expenses are too high, and that the potential exists for management underperformance;
 * the net asset value does not reflect the exposure to future capital gains taxes on unrealized appreciation;
 * if a fund holds restricted securities or "letter" stock, those assets tend to be overvalued in the net asset value calculation.

The authors cast doubt on these popular beliefs and proposed another reason for the discount: that closed-end funds attract individual investors who follow certain trading models, incorrectly believe that they have little-known information about the pricing of the funds, and/or have unrealistic expectations.

Other reasons for the discount have been said to include: (cite Herzfeld):
 * that stockbrokers prefer not to recommend closed-end funds to their clients, because brokers earn higher sales commissions by steering customers to other investments; and
 * the perception that closed-end funds provide lower yields than direct investment in the securities held.

"closed‐end fund prices systematically deviate from fundamental values. In this respect, fundamental value is measured by net asset value (NAV),...Typically closed‐end funds begin trading at a premium, but within a few months begin to trade persistently at a discount." https://academic.oup.com/book/27607/chapter-abstract/197670594?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Derivatives (energy)
Potential sources:
 * "Energy Trading and Hedging." Tom Seng. 2019.

From http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph240/noordeh2/
 * "Derivatives and Risk Management in the Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Electricity Industries," US Energy Information Administration, October 2002.
 * D. Berryrieser, "Crude Oil Futures," Physics 240, Stanford University, Fall 2011.
 * S. J. Deng and S. S. Oren, "Electricity Derivatives and Risk Management," Energy 31, 940 (2006).
 * D. Tokic, "Rational Destabilizing Speculation, Positive Feedback Trading, and the Oil Bubble of 2008," Energy Policy 39, 2051 (2011).

The Drifters
NY Times review was less than positive, stating that Michener "...is not investigating the states of mind of those suffering from existential anxiety, of those fundamentally alienated from the world. He is setting down the log of a number of people who think they may be able to solve some problems by postponing consideration of them. ...those interested in knowing how a sympathetic member of the older generation views some of the shenanigans of the younger will find “The Drifters” a tolerable interlude, especially as it is spiced with travelogue evocations of foreign climes."

God
‘God,’ says Karen Armstrong, is ‘a symbol of indescribable transcendence,’ ‘pointing beyond itself to an ineffable reality.’ This reality should not be thought of as a thing or person. We must not anthropomorphize God or make of him an idol, in the way the religious fundamentalists and literalists do. They too have misunderstood the meaning of the term. Rather, says Armstrong, ‘God’ is a symbol pointing us in the direction of something essentially unknowable, and certainly unknowable in a rational, intellectual way. Armstrong is an apophaticist, insisting that ‘the ultimate cannot be adequately expressed in any theoretical system, however august, because it lies beyond the reach of words and concepts.’ (source: https://spectrummagazine.org/node/2002/www.popmatters.com/pm/review/108939-the-case-for-god-by-karen-armstrong)
 * ineffable: too great or extreme to be expressed or described in words.
 * transcendant: beyond or above the range of normal or merely physical human experience.

Cosmological argument: "claims that the existence of God can be inferred from facts concerning causation, explanation, change, motion, contingency, dependency, or finitude with respect to the universe or some totality of objects. A cosmological argument can also sometimes be referred to as an argument from universal causation, an argument from first cause, the causal argument, or prime mover argument."

Prime mover: "a concept advanced by Aristotle as a primary cause (or first uncaused cause) or "mover" of all the motion in the universe.The unmoved mover moves other things, but is not itself moved by any prior action."

Inverted yield curve
"One interpretation of this signal is that markets expect monetary policy to ease as the Federal Reserve responds to an upcoming deterioration in economic conditions... Why should a negative term spread predict a recession? The expectations hypothesis posits that long-term interest rates are determined by expected future short-term rates. Because short-term rates are governed by monetary policy, investors should expect declines as a phase of monetary tightening transitions to monetary easing. As expected future short-term rates fall below current short-term rates, the yield curve inverts." https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/epr/08v14n1/0807rose.html

"If anticipate recession and lower interest rates, they try to lock in long-term yields, which drives down log-term interest rates.... Some argue that shape of yield curve contains implicit forecast of future interest rates..." [Thau p. 87]

"The inverted yield curve shows that investors aren’t sure of the long-term profitability of a company’s or government’s ability to pay a debt in a certain fixed time, may be demanding more money for short-term bonds, or are willing to accept lower rates for long-term bonds, out of concern for what’s coming in the future." [Forbes, Dec. 20, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonytellez/2022/12/20/what-to-know-about-the-yield-curve-and-why-it-may-predict-a-recession/?sh=7ef7356d6f7d

"Investors' willingness to accept a lower yield for a lengthier maturity implies that they expect declining long-term interest rates....The corollary is the the Federal Reserve will begin to ease monetary policy."

King Rat
No sources cited.

Kiskiminetas Township
Mine opening, Roaring Run Trail

Miscellaneous
Problem of the creator of God User:BuzzWeiser196/subpage

Monroe GA
{{US Census population https://data.census.gov/profile?g=1600000US1352192
 * 1930=
 * 1940=
 * 1950=
 * 1960=
 * 1970=
 * 1980=
 * 1990=
 * 2000=
 * 2010=
 * 2020= 14,928

23,020 https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?searchType=web&cssp=SERP&q=Monroe%20CCD,%20Walton%20County,%20Georgia
 * footnote=U.S. Decennial Census

Music
Cliff Richard - Move It

Nevada: Energy Choice
/thenevadaindependent.com/article/how-energy-choice-went-from-a-slam-dunk-to-an-airball
 * http://energy.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/energynvgov/content/Programs/TaskForces/2017/Agenda%20Item%206%20-%20Ballot%20Initiative(2).pdf
 * https:/

O'Hara
In the top 10 fiction works per Hacket/Burke: 1949 - A Rage to Live 1955 - Ten North Frederick 1958 - From the Terrace 1960 - Ourselves to Know, Sermons and Soda Water 1963 - Elizabeth Appleton

Ordinary and extraordinary care
Legal aspects:
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care
 * https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/due_care
 * http://jec.unm.edu/education/online-training/torts-tutorial/duty-of-care-intent-or-negligence

Bio-ethics:
 * https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/taking_care/glossary.html

Power Marketing

 * https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/power-marketing
 * http://www.allgov.com/departments/department-of-energy/power-marketing-administrations?agencyid=7424
 * https://content.next.westlaw.com/6-521-0014?__lrTS=20201108082533036&transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true

Population distribution
The population distribution by age was as follows: 21.8% under 18 years old; 5.9% between 18 to 24 years old, 22.3% between 25 to 44 years old, 30.4% from 45 to 64 years old, and 19.6% 65 years of age or older.

Reception
The book was a commercial success. It was the best-selling work of fiction in America for the year xxxx, according to Publishers Weekly.

Helen MacInnes: Message From Malaga
The book was a commercial success. It was one of the ten best-selling works of fiction in the United States for the year 1971 according to Publishers Weekly. Reviewed in:
 * NY Times 16 Sept 1971
 * Charlotte Observer 23 Sept 1971 (see Newspapers.com clippings)
 * Calgary Herald 19 Nov 1971 (see Newspapers.com clippings)
 * Kirkus Reviews 22 Sept 1971. https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/helen-macinnes-2/message-from-malaga/

Also mentioned in:
 * Miami Herald 3 March 1974 in feature story about MacInnes
 * NY Times 26 Nov 2014 in her obituary

Reinvestment Risk
Reinvestment risk' is one of the main genres of financial risk. The term describes the risk that cash flows earned from an business or investment must be invested at a lower rate of return than the funds that generated them. This can occur if the cash flows from the investment are somehow stopped and a new investment of equal attractiveness cannot be found. It is also a risk inherent in fixed income securities and loans.

Fixed income securities
When an investor buys a bond or other fixed income security, he or she faces the risk that interest rates could decrease thereafter. In that case, it may be necessary to reinvest interest payments and/or principal at a lower rate of interest than expected when the bond was purchased. Should that occur, the investor could earn an investment return less than the yield to maturity calculated when the bond was acquired.

It could also occur if a fixed income security is called prior to scheduled maturity or a loan is repaid earlier than expected.

Consequences
Pension funds are also subject to reinvestment risk especially with the short-term nature of cash investments there is always the risk that future proceeds will have to be reinvested at a lower interest rate.

Saxman
family web site: https://sites.rootsweb.com/~saxman/saxman/index.htm includes obituary: https://sites.rootsweb.com/~saxman/saxman/obitmathias.htm Westmoreland coal strike wiki article: references Latrobe Bulletin 1954 story

Mulkearn, Lois and Pugh, Edwin V. A Traveler's Guide to Historic Western Pennsylvania. 1954. University of Pittsburgh Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=lNYpcxnoSXsC

Pittsburgh Leader. The Book of Prominent Pennsylvanians: A Standard Reference. Leader Publishing Company. 1913. https://books.google.com/books?id=K-QDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=Latrobe-Connellsville+Coal+%26+Coke+Company&source=bl&ots=5SbYwwESBi&sig=ACfU3U2SFbwO7R9bkOTbktZ_kne_sVnI9w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiK-5bi8oroAhV0ZTUKHVbaAIQQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false

Smith, Helene and Swetnam, George. A Guidebook to Historic Western Pennsylvania. 1991. https://books.google.com/books?id=seU_PgAACAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions

Muller, Edward K. and Carlisle, Ronald C. (1994). WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA: An Inventory of Historic Engineering and Industrial Sites. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. pp. 106–107. https://archive.org/stream/westmorelandcoun00mull/westmorelandcoun00mull_djvu.txt https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/CRGIS_Attachments/Survey/1994-H001-129.pdf

Pennsylvania State University Libraries. Pennsylvania Mines and Mining. Information and resources about Pennsylvania mining and mineral resources. http://guides.libraries.psu.edu/c.php?g=332704&p=2236157

U.S.Census Bureau. Income and Poverty Estimates. https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/saipe/#/?map_geoSelector=aa_c

Washlaski, Raymond A. Virtual Museum of Coal Mining in Western Pennsylvania. https://web.archive.org/web/20150906163659/http://patheoldminer.rootsweb.ancestry.com/

Washlaski, Raymond A. ''DERRY TWP. MINES: HISTORY OF THE COAL MINES & COKE WORKS OF DERRY TOWNSHIP, WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, U.S.A.'' https://www.academia.edu/37966601/DERRY_TWP._MINES._History_of_the_Coal_Mines_and_Coke_Works_of_Derry_Township_Westmoreland_County_Pennsylvania_U.S.A._Including_an_Index_to_the_Coal_Mines_and_Coal_Companies_of_Derry_Township_Westmoreland_County_Pennsylvania_U.S.A._

Credit ratings
Fitch: BBB- https://www.fitchratings.com/research/corporate-finance/fitch-affirms-plains-all-american-at-bbb-outlook-stable-12-04-2022

Moodys: Baa3 https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-upgrades-Plains-All-Americans-notes-to-Baa3--PR_458051

earnings history: 10-k, 2021: https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1070423/000107042322000006/paa-20211231.htm Diluted net income atrib to Plains All American Pipeline LP: p. 75 (millions) 2021 593 2020 (2,590) 2019 2,171

Utility Regulation

 * downloaded:
 * 1) https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/uploadedFiles/CPUC_Public_Website/Content/About_Us/Organization/Divisions/Policy_and_Planning/PPD_Work/PPD_Work_Products_(2014_forward)/PPD-An-Introduction-to-Utility-Cost-of-Capital.pdf
 * 2) https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w0866/w0866.pdf
 * Links search: "Public Utility capital structure"
 * 1) https://pubs.naruc.org/pub.cfm?id=C88C1A83-A25F-8A31-C71C-F8522E1E90B8
 * 2) https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2654&context=wmlr

DRAFT: Capital structure is an important issue in setting rates charged to customers by regulated utilities in the United States. Ratemaking practice in the U.S. holds that a utility's rates should be set at a level that assures that the company can provide reliable service at reasonable cost. The cost of capital is among the costs a utility must be allowed to recover, and depends on the company's capital structure. The utility company is free to choose its own capital structure, but regulators determine the capital structure and cost of capital used to set rates paid by customers.

ARTICLE: Bruce M. Louiselle Jean E. Heilman. The Case for the Use of an Appropriate Capital Structure in Utility Ratemaking: The General Rule Versus Minnesota. William Mitchell Law Review 1982. Mitchell Hamline School of Law. https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2654&context=wmlr "It is a fundamental principle of public utility regulation that regulatory commissions have the responsibility of assuring that the utilities provide reliable service at reasonable cost. Since the cost of capital forms a part of the total cost that a utility must be allowed to recover, and the cost of capital depends among other things on the capital structure, it is incumbent upon the commission to choose the capital structure that produces a reasonable cost of capital. This is not to say that the actual capital structure can- not produce reasonable results; it can. If it can be shown, however, that the actual capital structure (or the one proposed by the com- pany) is imprudent and unreasonable, the commission must reject it and base the fair overall rate of return on a reasonable, albeit hypothetical, capital structure."

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Wikiproject PA
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G. K. Chesterton
The Back of the World; The troubling genius of G. K. Chesterton. By Adam Gopnik. June 30, 2008 https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/07/07/the-back-of-the-world .......

mardi gras
In 1875, the Louisiana Legislature declared Mardi Gras a legal holiday in the state of Louisiana, United States. The holiday is observed on the day before Ash Wednesday (also known as Fat Tuesday). Establishment of the state holiday made it possible for people to celebrate Mardi Gras legally. However, critics maintain that it also facilitated antisocial behavior which occurs during the festival, such drunkenness, drug abuse and violence against individuals and businesses. Laws against concealing one's identity with a mask are suspended for the day. Hence, individuals may hide their faces with masks and costumes, which may lead to increased criminal activity during the festival period.

WWII chronology
1 Sept 1939 - Germany invades Poland

December 7, 1941 - Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

11 December 1941 - Germany declares war on U.S.

8 Nov 1942 - Allies land in N. Africa

3 Sept 1943 - Allies invade Italian mainland

June 6, 1944 - Allies land in Normandy

March 1945 - Allies cross the Rhine

30 April, 1945 - Allies capture Reichstag

7 May, 1945 - Germany surrenders

August 1945 - US uses atomic bombs

2 September 1945 - Japan signs surrender documents

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Yield curve
In finance, the yield curve is a graph which depicts the relationship between the yields on a selected class of debt instruments - such as bonds - of similar credit quality and successively increasing maturities.

Typically, the graph's horizontal or x-axis is a time line of months or years, with the shortest maturity on the left and progressively longer time periods on the right. The vertical or y-axis depicts the annualized yield to maturity.

Investors use the relationships depicted in yield curves to make decisions on how to price debt securities traded in public markets, and to set yields on all other sectors of the debt market, including bank loans and mortgages.

A standard measure of its slope is the difference between two- and ten-year interest rates. The wider the gap is, the steeper the slope.

(Caption))Difference ("spread") between yield on 10-year U.S. Treasury notes compared to 2-year Treasury notes.

Yield to maturity, redemption yield

 * Financial Analysts Journal: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4478054
 * Moneyweek: https://moneyweek.com/glossary/redemption-yield
 * IG (UK trading company): https://www.ig.com/uk/investments/support/glossary-investment-terms/redemption-yield-definition

List of Closed-End Fund Articles in The Journal of Finance

 * Managerial Ability, Compensation and the Closed-End Fund Discount. Jonathan B. Berk and Richard Stanton. April 2007.
 * Noise Trading in Small Markets. Frederic Palomino. September 1996.
 * An Investor Expectations Stock Price Predictive Model Using Closed-End Fund Premiums. Martin E. Zweig. March 1993.
 * Investor Sentiment and the Closed‐End Fund Puzzle. Charles M.C. Lee, Andrei Shleifer and Richard H. Thaler. March 1991.
 * Closed‐End Fund Shares' Abnormal Returns and the Information Content of Discounts and Premiums. Greggory A. Brauer. March 1988.

Tax return

 * Donald Trump
 * Failure to file tax returns: Al Capone

title: User:BuzzWeiser196/sandbox


text:
School:Economics/Game Theory/Games

In collaboration with The School of Game Design and Board Game Studies =Introduction= These are the games used in Game Theory

=The Games= From Wikipedia: List of games in game theory.

title: School:Economics/Game Theory/Games


text:
Let Me In (The Osmonds song)

"Let Me In" is a song written by Alan Osmond, Merrill Osmond, and Wayne Osmond and performed by The Osmonds. It was featured on their 1973 album, The Plan. The song was produced by Alan Osmond.

Background
It broke from the group's string of harder rock-sounding hits through the early 1970s and began a string in which the band began playing up their image as teen idols and began releasing love ballads as singles. As with other songs on The Plan, "Let Me In" carries a dual message of secular and Mormon/Christian themes, both as a straightforward love song and as a plea to God for redemption from the singer's past abandonment of Him and a request to return to His love (akin to the parable of the prodigal son). The song marked the return of the formula of Merrill and Donny Osmond alternating on lead vocals, the formula the band had used while Donny was a boy soprano; by this point, Donny's voice had lowered to the tenor/baritone range he would have in adulthood. Merrill sang on the verses, with Donny (aided by Alan and Wayne in unison) singing the chorus.

Chart performance
In 1973, "Let Me In" reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart, #36 on the Billboard chart, No. 4 on the U.S. easy listening chart, No. 5 on Canadian adult contemporary chart, and #15 on the Canadian pop chart.

Other versions

 * Irish boy band OTT released a version of the song as a single in 1996 that reached No. 2 in Ireland. A reissue in 1997 reached No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart.

title: Let Me In (The Osmonds song)


text:
Wikijunior:Solar System/How the Solar System was born

Our solar system is part of an entity called our universe. There were many attempts made in the past to explain how our solar system and universe came into existence as we observe it today. Most scientists use the  Big Bang Theory, though some people have other theories.

Big Bang Theory
This theory is based around the idea that an enormous explosion occurred about 13.7 billion years ago. That is 13,700,000,000 years ago. This is three times the age of Earth! The Big Bang was not a usual explosion in space because space and time themselves were made in the explosion. This explosion caused the formation of the matter and energy in the universe. At first, the universe was very hot. The planets, stars and all other heavenly bodies formed starting some time after the Big Bang after the universe had cooled down.

The universe had been expanding and cooling since the Big Bang. Most galaxies are moving further away from our Milky Way galaxy. The exceptions are the few galaxies that are close enough to the Milky Way for gravity to overcome the universe's expansion.

Scientists can still see the faint light from when the universe was hot. Over time, the universe's expansion stretched out the light, turning it into weak microwave light. Scientists can detect this microwave light.

Solar System Formation
The solar system formed out of a big cloud of gas and dust about 4.6 billion years ago.

Stars and solar systems that are very similar to the Sun are now forming in the Eagle Nebula (also known as M16). While this is not a picture of our own sun, it can give you an idea of what our solar system looked like billions of years ago. These gas clouds that you see in this image were formed from earlier stars that exploded and left stuff behind.

Small finger-like parts of these clouds, especially at the "top" of the first column on the left, are the new stars that are forming. Astronomers who have been watching these stars form have seen changes happen in just a few years, which is a very rapid change for the life of a star. Over many millions and billions of years, these stars and any planets formed with them will look like our Solar System today.

What astronomers think happened after this initial period when the Sun was created from these huge gas clouds, there were many small and large rocks that gradually came together because of gravity and formed the planets, moons, asteroids, and comets that we know about today. Many of the craters which can be found on the Moon were made when these rocks came crashing on to the surface.

While the number of small rocks and other stuff from the early history of the solar system is now less than what it was like right after the Sun formed, the space between the planets still has many of these rocks, and they continue to form craters and even come into the Earth's atmosphere. When you see these rocks at night, they are known as either Shooting Stars or Meteorites. By watching these items come to the Earth, you are directly witnessing the process that created the Earth in the first place.


text:
Canadian History/Introduction

‹ Back to the Preface

An Introduction to Canada

Canada is a land of vast distances and rich natural resources. Canada was founded in 1867 and retains ties to the United Kingdom through the Commonwealth agreement. Canada has strong historic ties with both France and the United Kingdom and has traditionally supported and sided with these nations during international conflicts. Recently however, Canada tends to side with the United States of America when international issues arise. Such a relationship with the United States results from the strong economic ties between these two neighboring nations.

Major social and political issues within the nation include funding of the armed forces, taxation levels, healthcare and education funding and the relationship between the province of Quebec, known nationwide for its uneasy political relationship with the federal government.

Forward to the First Settlers ›

title: Canadian History/Introduction


text:
Juárez Cartel

The Juárez Cartel (Spanish: Cártel de Juárez), also known as the Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Organization, is a Mexican drug cartel based in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, across the Mexico—U.S. border from El Paso, Texas. The cartel is one of several drug trafficking organizations that have been known to decapitate their rivals, mutilate their corpses and dump them in public places to instill fear not only in the general public but also in local law enforcement and their rivals, the Sinaloa Cartel. Its current known leader is Juan Pablo Ledezma. The Juárez Cartel has an armed wing known as La Línea, a Juárez street gang that usually performs the executions and is now the cartel’s most powerful and leading faction. It also uses the Barrio Azteca gang to attack its enemies.

The Juárez Cartel was the dominant player in the center of the country, controlling a large percentage of the cocaine traffic from Mexico into the United States. The death of Amado Carrillo Fuentes in 1997 was the beginning of the decline of the Juárez cartel, as Carrillo relied on ties to Mexico's top-ranking drug interdiction officer, division general Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo.

History
The cartel was founded around the 1970s. When leader Pablo Acosta Villarreal was killed in April 1987 during a cross-border raid by Mexican Federal Police helicopters in the Rio Grande village of Santa Elena, Chihuahua, Rafael Aguilar Guajardo took his place along with Amado Carrillo Fuentes, nephew of Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo.

Guajardo was eventually betrayed and murdered in 1993 by Amado, who became the leader of Juarez. Amado brought his brothers into the business. After Amado died in 1997 following complications from plastic surgery, a brief turf war erupted over the control of the cartel, with Amado's brother, Vicente Carrillo Fuentes, becoming leader after defeating the Muñoz Talavera brothers.

Vicente Carrillo Fuentes then formed a partnership with Juan José Esparragoza Moreno, his brother Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes, his nephew Vicente Carrillo Leyva, Ricardo Garcia Urquiza, and formed an alliance with other drug lords such as Ismael "Mayo" Zambada in Sinaloa and Baja California, the Beltrán Leyva brothers in Monterrey, and Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán in Nayarit, Sinaloa, and Tamaulipas.

When Vicente took control of the cartel, the organization was in flux. The death of Amado created a large power vacuum in the Mexican underworld. The Carrillo Fuentes brothers became the most powerful organization during the 1990s while Vicente was able to avoid direct conflict and increase the strength of the Juárez Cartel. The relationship between the Carrillo Fuentes clan and the other members of the organization grew unstable towards the end of the 1990s and into the 2000s. During the 1990s and early 2000s, drug lords from contiguous Mexican states forged an alliance that became known as 'The Golden Triangle Alliance' or 'La Alianza Triángulo de Oro' because of its three-state area of influence: Chihuahua, south of the U.S. state of Texas, Durango and Sinaloa. However, this alliance was broken after the Sinaloa Cartel drug lord, Guzmán, refused to pay the Juarez Cartel for the right to use some smuggling routes into the U.S.

In 2001, after Guzmán escaped from prison, many Juárez Cartel members defected to Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel. In 2004, Vicente's brother was killed, allegedly by order of Guzmán. Vicente retaliated by assassinating Guzmán's brother in prison. This ignited a turf war between the two cartels, which was more or less put on hold from 2005 to 2006 because of the Sinaloa Cartel's war against the Gulf Cartel.

After the organization collapsed, some elements of it were incorporated into the Sinaloa Cartel, which absorbed much of the Juárez Cartel's former territory. The Juárez Cartel has been able to either corrupt or intimidate high-ranking officials in order to obtain information on law enforcement operatives and acquire protection from the police and judicial systems.

The Juárez cartel has been found to operate in 21 Mexican states. Its principal bases are Culiacán, Monterrey, Ciudad Juárez, Ojinaga, Mexico City, Guadalajara, Cuernavaca and Cancún. Members of the cartel were implicated in the serial murder site in Ciudad Juárez that was discovered in 2004 and has been dubbed the House of Death. Since 2007, the Juárez Cartel has been locked in a vicious battle with its former partner, the Sinaloa Cartel, for control of Juárez. The fighting between them has left thousands dead in Chihuahua. The Juárez Cartel relies on two enforcement gangs to exercise control over both sides of the border: La Linea, a group of corrupt (current and former) Chihuahua police officers, is prevalent on the Mexican side, while the Barrio Azteca street gang operates in Mexico and in Texan cities such as El Paso, Dallas, and Houston, as well as in New Mexico and Arizona. On July 15, 2010, the Juárez Cartel escalated violence to a new level by using a car bomb to target federal police officers.

In September 2011 banners were displayed, publicizing the return of the extinct cartel. They were signed by Cesar "El Gato" Carrillo Leyva, who appears to be the son or a close relative of the late drug lord Amado Carrillo Fuentes.

Prior to 2012, the Juárez Cartel controlled one of the primary transportation routes for billions of dollars worth of illegal drug shipments annually entering the United States from Mexico. Since then, however, control of these areas has shifted to the Sinaloa Cartel. On September 1, 2013, the Mexican forces arrested Alberto Carrillo Fuentes, alias Betty la Fea ("Ugly Betty"), in the western state of Nayarit. He had taken the leadership of the organization in 2013 after his brother Vicente Carrillo Fuentes (fugitive until his arrest in October 2014) retired following a reported illness.

The Mexican government has auctioned off the villa of the late drug lord Amado Carrillo Fuentes.

The Mexico City home sold for more than $2m (£1.6m) with the proceeds going to Mexico's public health service and its fight against coronavirus.

Current alliances
Since March 2010, it is alleged that the major cartels have aligned into two loosely allied factions, one integrated by the Juárez Cartel, the Tijuana Cartel, Los Zetas, and the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel; the other faction integrated by the Gulf Cartel, the Sinaloa Cartel and the now disbanded La Familia Cartel. In 2019, it was revealed that notorious Mexican drug lord Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman put a bounty on Juarez Cartel leader Juan Pablo Ledezma for ending the Juarez Cartel's alliance with his Sinaloa Cartel.

Decline
By 2018, the Juárez Cartel's power declined in its home region of Ciudad Juárez In June 2020, it was reported that La Línea was the Juárez Cartel's most powerful faction in Ciudad Juárez. However, Los Salazar, a powerful cell of the Sinaloa Cartel, had by this point managed to build a significant presence in Ciudad Juárez as well. The Jalisco New Generation Cartel also made its presence in Ciudad Juárez with its New Juarez Cartel, though it failed to deter the hold which La Linea and Los Salazar had over the Ciudad Juárez drug trafficking market as well.

Media portrayal
A fictional Juárez Cartel was featured battling a fictional Tijuana Cartel headed by a character named Obregon in the 2000 film Traffic.

A fictionalized version of the Juárez Cartel plays a major role in the AMC television series Breaking Bad (2008–2013) and its prequel Better Call Saul (2015–2022).

The origins of the Juárez Cartel and its former leaders have also been portrayed in the drama web series Narcos: Mexico (2018–2021).

The Australian ABC documentary La Frontera (2010) described the social impact of the cartel in the region.

A fictional Juarez Cartel appears in Tom Clancy's novel Against All Enemies (2011). It is secretly led by Mexican billionaire Jorge Rojas, who derived the name from its original founder Enrique Juarez. Juarez had established a pharmaceutical company in which Rojas is an investor. Rojas later arranged to produce black-market versions of pharmaceutical drugs, turning in more profit. After Juarez objected to the production, Rojas later had him killed in a skiing "accident" which allowed him to take over the company and turn it into a full-fledged drug cartel that made him one of the richest men in the world.

In the FX series The Bridge, the Juárez Cartel are the main antagonists of the series. In this series, the Juárez Cartel is led by Fausto Galvan (played by Ramón Franco), a powerful, violent and brutal Mexican drug kingpin, who does not arouse suspicion, has a store called El Rey Storage. In The Bridge, the main sicario of the Juárez Cartel is Hector Valdez (played by Arturo Del Puerto), known for his brutality against the targets of the Juarez Cartel.

title: Juárez Cartel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shoutoku Brewery

The result was delete. Closing as a soft deletion.  Malinaccier ( talk ) 00:28, 6 October 2017 (UTC)

Shoutoku Brewery

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non-notable company. I failed to locate any significant coverage of reliable sources that are independent of the topic. Fails WP:GNG and WP:CORP. The claim of long establishment since 1645 has not been verified. — Za  wl  16:15, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Japan-related deletion discussions. Mark the trainDiscuss 17:26, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions. Mark the trainDiscuss 17:26, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Food and drink-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 04:36, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, —  Za  wl  16:04, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Wine-related deletion discussions. Shawn in Montreal (talk) 16:31, 5 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Alice in Chains (album)/Archive 1

Fair use rationale for Image:Alice in Chains (album).jpg
Image:Alice in Chains (album).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 18:56, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Dubious claim
From the article: cover art featuring a three-legged dog (Jerry Cantrell's dog Sunshine)1 1. FYI: Alice in Chains Evolvor.com (August 10, 2007). Retrieved on 10-05-08. The cited website is user-generated content and is no more reliable than Wikipedia. If it's true, we need a better source for it, but sounds like tape-traders' band folklore to me. -- C. A. Russell ( talk ) 18:27, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

I don't think this is in any way true, except for possibly the name of the dog. From what I have read over the years, the dog was one that terrorized Sean Kinney on his childhood paper route. However, I cannot find anyway to verify this claim either. But for what its worth, and being a huge Alice in Chains fan, I have never heard that the dog was Jerry Cantrell's. -- Lifeinchains (talk) 16:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

over now
someone please fix the chart, because "over now" did chart —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:01, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 10:03, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Afvc1z83aoyv1

"Sludge metal"
Can any provide a reliable source connecting this album with the genre of sludge metal? If there isn't, it probably shouldn't be in the article. Sergecross73  msg me   13:12, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

I hope you can read,so just go through the ninth para of the interview.http://guitarinternational.com/2010/08/20/jerry-cantrell-why-is-this-man-smiling/ Metalvayne (talk) 17:16, 7 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Can you read? Searched for "sludge" in that article, only thing that came up was “I used a Peavey 5150 head on “Sludge Factory”. "Sludge Factory" is the name of the song on this album, no mention of the genre. HrZ (talk) 12:22, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

I'm now sure of the fact that,you can't read & probably weak in math too,I said ninth para,"Cantrell had no difficulties in making a suitably snakelike sludgy Alice in Chains album." How did you miss that man?I'd advice you to contact an eye specialist immediately & thank you for enlightening me with the fact that "Sludge Factory" is a song off the album. Metalvayne (talk) 18:14, 7 April 2012 (UTC)
 * At no point does he call the album "sludge metal". He calls it "sludgy". That's not a genre. Also, it's usually best to get a third party account of the genre. Do you know how many emo bands claim theyre not emo? Or the same with nu-metal bands, because the label got unpopular. If we went by first party accounts, some genres would pretty much cease to exist.
 * Anyways, keep looking for sources, this one will not do. Sergecross73   msg me   16:46, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

Sorry for being a bit rude,I was kind of high at that moment.I don't know about emo bands,as I don't listen to them & I don't consider it to be a genre at all,more like a 'term' or 'trend'.Anyway,chuck the emo thing,it's totally out of the subject.Any AIC fan would notice the strong sludge/stoner/doom influence on their music & yes,I'll keep looking for sources. Metalvayne (talk) 13:10, 8 April, 2012 (UTC)
 * Go ahead and keep looking for sources, as long as Wikipedia isn't disrupted and Wikipedians aren't insulted during the process. Backtable Speak to meconcerning my deeds. 01:29, 9 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I find it hard to believe these influences are that "strong", if it's taking you so much effort to find just one reliable source that supports it, but if you can find one, then I suppose it could be included...  Sergecross73   msg me   14:10, 9 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I second this statement. Backtable Speak to meconcerning my deeds. 21:50, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

sorry this is a heavy metal album okay
just because it was recorded in seattle in the 90s doesn't make it grunge, it's a heavy metal/alt metal album, and it's not like aic were part of the grunge scene or anything.

how many times do i have to repeat this? morons. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:49, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

Please maintain civility and yes,I second that,it's a heavy metal album with strong sludge/doom influence,I'v tried to add it too but a couple of users are very much stubborn & insisting on to find a strong source. Metalvayne (talk) 22:38, 13 April 2012 (UTC)
 * There's a very big difference between using the terms "grunge" and "sludge".

 * It's been weeks and Metalvayne has failed to provide a single reliable source calling them "sludge".
 * It takes mere seconds to find sources making reference as grunge as a genre. For instance, all three reviews in the review box in the article at least reference the band being part of grunge, if not the album itself. Sergecross73   msg me   03:05, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Sean Kinney & Cantrell both have stated in several interviews that,they are not comfortable with the grunge label & what the eff is grunge? things like that,even if you read this interview,Jerry has never uttered the 'grunge' word to describe their music,he said AIC is a blend of metal,blues & good old classic rock,with a touch of punk rock. http://www.guitarworld.com/1996-guitar-world-interview-jerry-cantrell-alice-chains-discusses-songwriting-and-bands-new-self-titled-album?page=0,2 Metalvayne (talk) 11:42, 16 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's what happens when bands of a similar sound get popular during a big musical movement like grunge. They get lumped in. The Smashing Pumpkins's Billy Corgan argues they're not part of the grunge movement either, even though they're widely recognized as one of the biggest bands of the genre. If we went by what he said, we'd call's their music "American Gothic", and that's not even a recognized genre.
 * Bands commonly say they're not part of a movement for various reasons, whether to make themselves seem more original, or because they don't want to be associated with the genre when there's a backlash and the label is no longer popular. We don't want to go strictly by what band members say, because in short, they're biased. It's their legacy we're talking about. Sure, we can make note of the fact that they resented the label or what not, that is important, but what we ultimately want to go by is what impartial, reliable, third party sources say on the matter. Sergecross73   msg me   13:33, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Layne Staley's guitar contributions
I noticed here in the credits that Layne was only listed as having played rhythm guitar on "Head Creeps." In the liner notes to the album, he is credited as having supplied "vocals, guitar," and in most cases, if a band member only plays an instrument outside their usual duty on only one or two tracks, it will make note of that, which it does not on this album. There is an interview with Jerry Cantrell from around the time of this record where he breaks it down track-by-track and refers to Layne's guitar contributions on several songs, notably "Brush Away" and "Again," a tune which he re-wrote Cantrell's own riff. I can't find the article right away, but it is out there, I've seen it fairly recently. Besides, if you listen closely to a lot of the songs on here, you can definitely tell there are two different guitar players on a lot of the songs. Jerry does the majority of the guitar parts, but there are a lot of noisy, metallic riffs that aren't his and some noodly stuff in the jams that has to be Layne. I've only gotten really into this album (after owning it since '98) in the past year or so, but from a close listen, I can tell you that Layne plays guitar on at least half of the album. It's harder to tell on "Dirt" because the stuff he plays on the few tracks he does play on are closer to Jerry's sound, as one can assume that he probably picked up a lot of his guitar skills from Jerry, but by this point, the loud, clangorous sound was probably Layne's definite sound on guitar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:47, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

Jar of Flies
Shouldn't Jar of Flies be listed as the last album since it came out in between Dirt and Alice in Chains? Shaneymike (talk) 19:36, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
 * No. Read WP:ALBUM formatting rules. The Real Libs-speak politely 19:48, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Relevant section is WikiProject Albums, which says nothing about precluding Jar of Flies. The intent of the section is to keep live releases, compilations, and singles from junking up the chronology; EPs are fair game, and I'd say especially so in this case since the EP isn't just a rough approximation of a forthcoming album (e.g., Loudest Love), that is, assuming that's your reasoning.

 * Also note that EP is an antiquated term that arose from the physical limitations of the vinyl medium. Trying to assert that a record is in an entirely separate subclass based on that limitation alone is flawed. (For that matter, Jar of Flies doesn't even qualify for the EP designation by UK music charting, because it's both over 25 minutes in length and has more than 4 tracks. Apparently the RIAA doesn't care to make these distinctions, so that's the only metric I can apply.) I'll likely be re-adding these soon. -- C. A. Russell ( talk ) 18:40, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Done. -- C. A. Russell ( talk ) 20:24, 11 October 2009 (UTC)
 * The article must be global. If it isn't an EP everywhere then your proposal holds water. My only suggestion would have been courtesy to wait for at least 3 people to agree with you before implementing. Its done now so democracy be dashed. The Real Libs-speak politely 11:57, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
 * It's an EP in neither the UK nor the US. It's not an EP in the UK because the charting qualifications explicitly rule it out. It's not in the "EP subclass" in the US because nothing that I can gather, e.g., from the RIAA, supports the notion that there even is such a thing.
 * The comment was here for a full six months with nary a reply. Additionally, the state the infoboxes were in meant that if you clicked the next in the series of albums link from, e.g., the Jar of Flies article, and clicked the previous in the series link from the Alice in Chains album article, then you would be at the Dirt article, not back here. That's broken. -- C. A. Russell ( talk ) 19:44, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * But what about this? "For some artists it may be more appropriate to include all album types in one chain" Shaneymike (talk) 13:50, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Hmm interesting arguments. Personally I think that SAP and Jar of Flies are both studio EP's that should be listed with their main albums. When talking about their main work these two are always included with few exceptions. They're not bonus material like song EP's, but actual studio material. --Mrmoustache14 (talk) 01:29, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

Doom metal
Excerpts from allmusic which is considered a reliable source according to the wikipedia,

''Inspired largely by the lumbering dirges and stoned, paranoid darkness of Black Sabbath, doom metal is one of the very few heavy metal subgenres to prize feel and mood more than flashy technique (though the latter can certainly be present). Even more indebted to Sabbath than most metal, doom metal is extremely slow, sludgy, and creepy, feeling so heavy it can barely move; its deliberate pace and murky guitars are meant to evoke (what else?) a sense of impending doom. The movement began to take shape in the mid-'80s, as underground bands like the SST label's Saint Vitus, the critically acclaimed Trouble, and Sweden's Candlemass attracted cult audiences for their out-of-fashion, Sabbath-dominated sounds. Trouble and Cathedral helped bring doom metal to a wider (though not mainstream) metal audience during the early '90s, and doom's monolithic darkness quickly made it appealing to a variety of tastes. Doom metal was one of the formative influences on the retro-obsessed stoner metal movement of the '90s, and it was not uncommon for bands to find favor in both camps. Another dominant strain of '90s doom metal -- pioneered by British bands like Paradise Lost, My Dying Bride, and Anathema -- fused Sabbath heaviness with the sounds and sensibilities of goth-metal, plus occasional touches of death metal; the results were sorrowful, gloomy epics. The '90s also birthed a unique doom metal scene centered in New Orleans; the sound of bands like Crowbar and Eyehategod was often described as "sludge metal" because of their heavy debt to early Seattle grunge bands like the Melvins and Soundgarden. Several doom metal bands incorporated progressive tendencies, though this approach was much less widespread.''

 * Decibel magazine's one of the recent issues which covers a detailed overview of doom metal and 100 best doom metal albums of all time

 * One of the recent phenomenons in doom metal Pallbearer. Both of their albums have been frequently featured on popular zines like Pitchfork and Spin and have been included in AOTY list as well.

 * YOB's and Electric Wizard's latest outputs have been included in Rolling Stone's 2014 metal AOTY list and above all YOB made it to the overall 50 best albums of 2014 list by the same publication.

 * Alice in Chains have been cited as doom metal from time to time by various music journalists and for this album by Canadian connoiseur Martin Popoff.

 * Above all doom metal has a quite elaborate page on wikipedia itself so I don't see why the user Tarc would go by his delusional impulses to revert a sourced addition of a well established subgenre.

Considering his past edits it's quite a habit of the user to deny relatively semi-obscure genres but this time it's a sourced addition and now with reasonings. I urge to come up with his own. Thanks. --Whiskydemon (talk) 08:28, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

 * It's not a genre, like sludge metal and all those other retarded buzzwords. Has been discussed time and time again. Tarc (talk) 13:20, 10 May 2015 (UTC)
 * So that's your reasoning contrasting to my six valid points? "It's not a genre...It's not a genre...Not..not..not...bleh blah bla...". Come up with something more sensible and less juvenile. Thanks. --Whiskydemon (talk) 15:06, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

 * It has been discussed ad nauseam, such as this discussion over at the main AiC page, which discussed doom/sludge along with metal. In fact, re-reading that discussion jogs the memory a bit; long time no see, my dear Metalvaye.  A "new" account, registered on March 23rd, right to edit-warring about genres in alt/metal articles?  The IP "<IP_ADDRESS>" is most certainly you as well.  So, I think we're done here, as your block is imminent. Tarc (talk) 15:29, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Alice in Chains (album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090114030948/http://www.billboard.com:80/bbcom/esearch/searchResult.jsp?exp=y&Ntt=Alice+in+Chains&Ntk=Keyword&an=bbcom&nor=10&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial&N=37+4294122920 to http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/searchResult.jsp?exp=y&Ntt=Alice+in+Chains&Ntk=Keyword&an=bbcom&nor=10&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial&N=37+4294122920

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:10, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:18, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alice in Chains (album)/Archive 1


text:
Japanese/Pitch accent

Japanese uses pitch accent, where every mora can either be pronounced with a high or low pitch. Not all dictionaries will indicate this, but pitch accent is certainly important, because it can make the difference between different words.

For example, using bold for high pitches:

いま (今) - "now"

いま (居間) - "living room"

Pitch is, however, to some extent a characteristic of regional accents, so a Kanto speaker may be using the opposite pitches to a Kansai speaker. Where pitch is taught, it will be standard Japanese (essentially the Tokyo dialect). Pitchless Japanese is easily understood by native speakers and incorrect pitch will at most sound somewhat odd. Studying pitch, therefore, isn't essential to the learning Japanese and is perhaps best picked up by conversing with native speakers.

Linguists, however, tend to classify Japanese as having a falling pitch following what is considered the stressed vowel.

Mora Counting
A common misconception is that moras in Japanese are the same as syllables in English. Moras differ from syllables because of how they are counted.

Consonant-Vowel Combinations written as Digraphs count as 1 mora. These are cases where you have き、ぎ、し、じ、ち、に、ひ、び、ぴ、み、り combined with や、ゆ、and よ to form Digraphs like きゃ, しゅ, ちょ, etc.

So, the ちゅ in 中国[ちゅうごく] accounts for 1 mora. The whole word is 4 moras.

A vowel combination counts as 2 moras. Combinations like おう、えい are 2 moras. This also includes a vowel being written or said twice, like おお、いい, etc.

Ex. the せい in the word 人生[じんせい] or the おう in だろう would count as 2 moras.

The mora ん counts as 1 mora

Ex. The ん in 先生[せんせい] is the 2nd mora in the word, and the whole word has 4 moras.

The small tsu (っ) which doubles a consonant adds 1 mora.

Ex. the word 学校(がっこう) has 4 moras.

There is a unique set of mora known as "special mora" (特殊拍) which consist of small tsu "っ", the kana "ん" and long vowel symbol  "ー",  the last high pitch can not occur on any of these "special mora".

This is all important information to know when reading pitch accent, and counting Japanese moras.

Pitch classification
When dictionaries give pitch accent, they'll usually indicate it with a number. The number tells you the mora where the last high pitch is. To figure out the pitch pattern, put a low onto the first mora (unless the last high pitch is on that mora), put high pitches onto all the mora that follows, until you hit the last high pitch. After that, put low pitches.

Even more helpful dictionaries will do all of this work for you, by telling you exactly where all the pitches rise or fall.

So, to give some examples.

Notice how ともだち (0) and おとうと (4) look as though they have the same pitch pattern despite the different numbers. The difference is based on the grammatical pattern like -は added afterward. Therefore, the continuation of both pitch pattern becomes ともだちは and おとうとは.

title: Japanese/Pitch accent


text:
1999 British Speedway Championship

The 1999 British Speedway Championship was the 39th edition of the British Speedway Championship. The Final took place on 23 May at Brandon in Coventry, England. The Championship was won by Mark Loram, with Joe Screen in second place and Chris Louis winning a run-off with Scott Nicholls for third.

Final

 * 23 May 1999
 * 🏴 Brandon Stadium, Coventry

British Under 21 final
Scott Nicholls won the British Speedway Under 21 Championship for the second consecutive season. The final was held at East of England Showground on 28 April, after initially being postponed on 23 April.

title: 1999 British Speedway Championship


text:
String Theory

=Contents=
 * Introduction
 * Supersymmetry
 * Two-Dimensional Conformal Field Theory
 * String Quantization
 * The Free String
 * String Interactions
 * String Field Theory Compactifications
 * Orbifolds and Orientifolds
 * T-Duality
 * T-Duality
 * M-theory

=Notation= The metric has signature $$(+,-,-,-,...)$$.

Greek letters from the middle of the alphabet $$(\mu,\nu,...)$$ denote coordinates in spacetime. Roman letters taken from the beginning of the alphabet $$(a,b,...)$$ denote coordinates on the worldsheet.

The metric is denoted $$g_{\mu \nu}$$. In the case where there is a metric of spacetime and a metric of the worldsheet, the worldsheet metric is denoted $$h_{a b}$$

A lower-case $$d$$ is the number of dimensions. An upper-class $$D$$ represents the number of spacial dimensions.

=The Free String=

The Heterotic String Theories
=String Interactions=

=String Field Theory=

=Compactification=

=Orbifolds and Orientifolds=

=T-Duality=

=D-branes=

=M-Theory=

title: String Theory


text:
Category talk:1970s gang films

Untitled
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film) --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:54, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Category talk:1970s gang films


text:
Wikijunior:South America/Uruguay

Part of Wikijunior South America project

Uruguay is a country in the southeast of South America and at the Atlantic coast.

Early in Uruguay's history, Brazil tried to annex Uruguay. Instead, Uruguay became an independent country.

title: Wikijunior:South America/Uruguay


text:
User:George8211/logs/CSD log

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If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the preferences panel, and nominate this page for speedy deletion under CSD U1.

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 * User:Chaneh: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 20:38, 20 February 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Upaher: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 12:34, 21 February 2015 (UTC)
 * User talk:VIMLVRMA: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 12:53, 21 February 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Maininjurylawyer: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 18:20, 21 February 2015 (UTC)
 * User:CGASGPT/sandbox: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 21:10, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Palms Coast: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 12:14, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Palms Coast: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 12:19, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Gad Cohen: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 22:51, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Template:FULLPAGENAME=Red Digital: CSD G2 (db-test); notified 16:30, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Brutus the lizard king: multiple criteria (A11, G3); notified 16:35, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Mahadinet2: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 17:08, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ganesh Shankar Pateriya: CSD G7 (db-author) 17:28, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Romsey Refurbishment: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 18:30, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Crazykittyzz: CSD A7 (db-person); notified 20:40, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * LEE CHRISTIE: CSD A7 (db-person); notified 21:56, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * CUSTOM TACO: CSD G3 (db-vandalism); notified 22:30, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Ninja Division Publishing: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 22:58, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * SkylarAJ: CSD A7 (db-web); notified 00:35, 26 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Draft:Harry Feachen aka. (poonslayer69): CSD G3 (db-vandalism); notified 21:54, 26 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ed Hrivnak: CSD G12 (db-copyvio); notified 23:10, 26 February 2015 (UTC)

 * User:Kingjamed88: CSD G10 (db-attack); notified 20:55, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * User:George8211/huggle.css: db-reason; notified 20:59, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Noel.flynn.foundation: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 22:19, 6 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Beam and sophia: CSD A7 (db-person); notified 15:33, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Beam and sophia: CSD G7 (db-author) 15:36, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Islam and muslims: CSD A10 (db-a10); notified 20:34, 8 March 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Smifffyedits/sandbox: CSD G10 (db-attack); notified 19:15, 10 March 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Accidentsatwork/sandbox: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 20:11, 13 March 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Panlinfootwear/sandbox: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 20:52, 13 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Raymond lindsay maccalla: CSD A7 (db-person); notified 21:03, 13 March 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Accidentsatwork/sandbox: db-reason; notified 09:46, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Medicalnegligenceclaims/sandbox: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 10:00, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
 * The Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce: CSD G12 (db-copyvio); notified 19:48, 23 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Irfan afzal: CSD A7 (db-person); notified 17:59, 30 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Woodruff &The Snibble of Azimuth: CSD G3 (db-vandalism); notified 18:12, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

 * User:Shainaloos: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 13:28, 6 April 2015 (UTC)
 * User:InScentsOnline/sandbox: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 18:58, 7 April 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Thestillgamer57: db-reason; notified 21:10, 8 April 2015 (UTC)
 * BillNyeism: CSD A7 (db-corp); notified 14:12, 10 April 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Lakshman Sruthi Orchestra: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 14:13, 10 April 2015 (UTC)
 * User:SoftBuild: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 13:28, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Tenderjo: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 15:14, 5 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Clemson barry: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 19:00, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
 * BANG BANG ROMEO: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 19:12, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Beedco/sandbox: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 19:50, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Ahdia: CSD U2 (db-nouser) 17:57, 13 July 2015 (UTC)
 * The Keeney Manufacturing Company: multiple criteria (G11, G12); notified 18:00, 13 July 2015 (UTC)
 * RE/MAX Crossroads Realty Inc., Toronto real estate brokerage: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 18:00, 13 July 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Umituz: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 19:25, 20 July 2015 (UTC)
 * User:FaustonFashion: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 15:51, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Bad Candy Model Agency: multiple criteria (G11, G12); notified 15:58, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Duite: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 16:31, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Duite.du: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 16:36, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Techword: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 09:30, 22 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Jeet Singh Negi: multiple criteria (A7, G11); notified 09:35, 22 July 2015 (UTC)
 * The Petya Karakoleva Award: CSD G12 (db-copyvio); notified 09:40, 22 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Vinoth sankar: CSD G7 (db-author) 10:22, 22 July 2015 (UTC)
 * File:QueenAnneslogo.jpg: DI CSD F5 (di-orphaned fair use); notified 14:54, 22 July 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Ney ney changa: CSD U5 (db-notwebhost); notified 18:43, 23 July 2015 (UTC)
 * User talk:MinecraftBuildTeamInfo/sandbox: CSD U5 (db-notwebhost); notified 18:35, 24 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Jon ainge: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 18:42, 24 July 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Winbiztech Corp: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 18:56, 24 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Category:Sirisara: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 19:25, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Category:Sirisara Films: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 19:25, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Carlobae: CSD A7 (db-person); notified 20:52, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Piezonis: multiple criteria (G11, G12); notified 21:00, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * NIJESH PP: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 11:29, 26 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Discovery Adventures Andaman Moganshan Park: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 15:01, 27 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Americold: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 16:21, 27 July 2015 (UTC)
 * User:KSConsultantsChd/sandbox: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 17:03, 27 July 2015 (UTC)

 * User:Harstehssmith: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 16:13, 3 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Cahra kincel: CSD U5 (db-notwebhost); notified 17:27, 3 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User:PowerDirectMarketing: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 20:30, 3 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Imhabash: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 10:07, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User:The Jerry Garcia Foundation/sandbox: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 10:28, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User talk:Gomezmary694: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 10:50, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
 * MCGilly Pro: multiple criteria (A7, G11); notified 12:12, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Recordmoran: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 15:02, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Newsslap: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 17:27, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Good Story Productions: CSD G4 (db-repost); notified 19:50, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User:SOM SHARMA, LUKE V, AND BRIAN NOLLER SUCKS: CSD G10 (db-attack); notified 19:52, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia:Dominic Durden: db-reason; notified 20:51, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
 * AOMEI OneKey Recovery: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 09:41, 6 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Spice Mobiles: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 10:34, 6 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Create page now: CSD G6 (db-g6) 15:29, 6 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User talk:Dzaleka Refugee: CSD U5 (db-notwebhost); notified 15:54, 6 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Nick Ruff: CSD A3 (db-nocontent); notified 17:31, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Talk:David Turner willock: CSD G10 (db-attack); notified 18:17, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Tonynewsom/sandbox: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 18:48, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Difference between sdtv and hdtv: CSD G12 (db-copyvio); notified 18:52, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Pranav shah: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 14:16, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Lee fenech: CSD A7 (db-person); notified 14:43, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Saringvietnam: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 16:51, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User:HeadiosGroup/sandbox: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 16:52, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Talk:Tectrick: CSD G8 (db-talk) 15:30, 10 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User:<IP_ADDRESS>/Aayush Rimal / Satim Adhikari / Prizam Koirala: CSD G6 (db-g6) 15:32, 10 August 2015 (UTC)
 * SSA on Inaccurate Death Master File and Failure to Correct Existing Deficiencies: CSD G3 (db-vandalism); notified 10:44, 11 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Draft talk:GlamDoc Infomedia Pvt Ltd: db-reason; notified 19:40, 11 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve: CSD G12 (db-copyvio); notified 20:50, 12 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Niagara framework: multiple criteria (G11, G12); notified 20:54, 12 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Endsight: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 20:57, 12 August 2015 (UTC)
 * War of Omens: CSD A7 (db-web); notified 20:59, 12 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Niall McCann: CSD G12 (db-copyvio); notified 21:01, 12 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Mustafa afridi: multiple criteria (A3, A7); notified 21:05, 12 August 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Scott Lemons: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 18:31, 16 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Background free pictures for increasing the product exposure: CSD G11 (db-spam); notified 18:38, 17 August 2015 (UTC)

April 2016

 * User:Umé designs: CSD G11 (db-spamuser); notified 19:16, 1 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Minecraft greek addition: CSD A7 (db-web); notified 19:41, 1 April 2016 (UTC)

December 2016

 * New York Underwear Assassin: CSD A11 (db-madeup); notified 17:10, 5 December 2016 (UTC)

title: User:George8211/logs/CSD log


text:
Technology in the classroom

Technology can be used in many different ways in the classroom. There are also many types of technologies - encompassing computers (and general and/or specialised software), internet-enabled activities, video, audio, etc.

What are the various technologies that can be used?

 * Video - use videos to discuss a television programme in class; make your own video about your subject; get learners to make their own videos. See Educational Videos
 * Audio - create listening activities for a language lesson; record your own radio programme in a podcast.
 * Computer games
 * Blogs - blogs can be used to share ideas between a linked community of learners, as well as the wider world.
 * Wikis - use wikis to collaborate, brainstorm and refine ideas. Wikiversity is a wiki! See Learning to learn a wiki way

What can technologies enable us to do?

 * Technologies can help to engage learners through different kinds of stimuli - as well as in allowing learners to get actively involved in their own learning. The provision of different stimuli can be especially beneficial for younger learners, but these points, particularly that of "active involvement", can apply to any learner in any context.
 * Technology can help make the material more interesting if it helps learners to relate the material to their everyday lives (eg. through discussing global events as presented on television).
 * Through the use, analysis and possibly creation of media (ie writing in a blog, producing a video), we are facilitating learners to become more media literate.

How can I integrate technologies into my class?
We are hoping to build a comprehensive web of pages that will be of help to teachers with this very question. We are still in process of developing these materials, but, for now, see Topic:Education and Technology and its links.

What are the limitations of technologies?
Perhaps we can make a separate page here detailing the particular challenges that specific technologies bring, and what strategies educators have used to deal with these...?

Perhaps at Challenges to using technology in the classroom (?)

title: Technology in the classroom