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Fundamentals of chemistry

The Fundamentals of Chemistry is an introduction to the Periodic Table, stoichiometry, chemical states, chemical equilibria, acid & base, oxidation & reduction reactions, chemical kinetics, inorganic nomenclature and chemical bonding.

Definition
Chemical Elements are fundamental ingredients of all matter in existence which can be combined in a reaction to create a chemical substance. Each chemical element in the universe has unique properties that distinguish it from all of the other chemical elements. They cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances and are the primary constituents of matter.

Chemical elements are usually notated with the symbol
 * MEZ

Where,
 * E is the element name
 * Z the Atomic Number
 * M the element's mass

For example, Hydrogen is notated by
 * 11H

Periodic Table of Elements
The periodic table groups the elements by properties. For its history, see Wikipedia's History of the Periodic Table. The Periodic Table is available here: Periodic Table on Wikimedia Commons and explanations will be based on this table. Print or order a hard copy of the periodic table for easy access and reference.

In the table, each box contains one element and additional information. For hydrogen, the "1" in the top corner is the atomic number, which deals with how many protons, or positive charges, are in the atom. The "H" is the symbol for Hydrogen. All the elements get a one or two letter symbol (there are a couple of exceptions with undeclared elements). The number at the bottom is the atomic weight or atomic mass. 1.00794 represents how many grams are in each mole (6.022×1023 entities) of hydrogen. The atomic mass is a very important part of chemistry and has many applications throughout.

The elements are organized in rows and columns. There are eighteen groups (or families or columns) on the periodic table. Each one represents how many electrons are attached to the elements and correlate to how many valence electrons are present.

The first two groups (1A and 2A) as well as the six on the very right (3A-8A). These are called representative elements. Group 1A are alkali metals (except Hydrogen which is a non-metal) and Group 2A are alkaline earth metals. Group 3A through 8A have mixed properties, but there are specific patterns.

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that "orbit" around the nucleus of the element. Valence electrons are electrons that are on the very outside of the atom. There are seven periods (or horizontal rows) that describe electron shells.

Chemical compounds
Chemical compounds are pure substances composed of only one type of molecule (two or more atoms held together in a fixed ratio by Chemical bonds). The chemical compound generally has different properties than those of its constituent elements. The name of a chemical compound is usually identical to the name of the molecule that makes up the compound (such as Carbon Dioxide), but some compounds also have "common names" by which the substances are known outside of scientific discussion. For example, sodium bicarbonate is commonly known as "baking soda."

Atomic Model
Also see Dalton. The main points of Dalton's atomic theory are:
 * 1) Elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms.
 * 2) Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties.
 * 3) Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
 * 4) Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds.
 * 5) In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.

Examples
For example, the compound Sodium Chloride (NaCl), is composed of one ion of Chlorine bonded to one ion of Sodium. Sodium, in its natural form, is a solid metal element which is highly reactive and produces a lot of effervescence when reacted with water.
 * $$ NaCl$$

Chlorine, in its natural form, is a non-metal element which is composed of many diatomic molecules of Cl2, and exists as a pale green gas that is toxic if inhaled in large amounts. The compound Sodium Chloride, however, is none other than the simple table salt applied to foods. The reason for the rise of these new properties lies in the type of bonding and the elements that make up the compound. This will be discussed in more detail in later sections.
 * $$Cl_2$$

Chemical Formulas
Chemical formula is used to represent a chemical compound. For example
 * Water is $$H_2O$$
 * Ozone is $$O_3$$
 * Salt is $$NaCl$$

Chemical bonding
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds

For example, the compound Sodium Chloride (NaCl), is composed of one ion of Chlorine bonded to one ion of Sodium. Sodium, in its natural form, is a solid metal element which is highly reactive and produces a lot of effervescence when reacted with water.
 * $$Na + Cl$$ → $$ NaCl$$

Chlorine, in its natural form, is a non-metal element which is composed of many diatomic molecules of Cl2, and exists as a pale green gas that is toxic if inhaled in large amounts. The compound Sodium Chloride, however, is none other than the simple table salt applied to foods. The reason for the rise of these new properties lies in the type of bonding and the elements that make up the compound. This will be discussed in more detail in later sections.
 * $$Cl + Cl$$ → $$Cl_2$$

Types of chemical bonds

 * Oxidation bonding
 * Ionic bonding
 * Covalent bonding

Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction is an interaction between chemical subtances to form new substances. For example, an oxidization of a metal, or a de-oxidization of an oxidized metal.

Chemical Reactions' Types
The oxidization of a metal like copper (Cu) to create oxidized copper can be expressed as chemical equation as shown below:
 * $$Cu + O_2 = CuO_2$$

Ionization describes the interaction between a metal and an acid to form ionized opposite polarity metals.
 * $$Cu + H_2SO_4 = CuSO_4^{-} + 2H^{+2}$$

Chemical equations
Chemical equations are a way of expressing a chemical reaction. They present chemical species with the chemical symbols of the elements that compose them and subscripts which present the actual number of particles of that element, whether they be atoms or ions, which make up the compound. For example, consider the reaction shown below:""On the left side of the arrow, you can see two compounds represented. These are the reactants, the chemical species that rearrange to give the product, the chemical species represented on the right side of the arrow. The first reactant, H2, represents a hydrogen molecule. The subscript '2' shows that there are two atoms of Hydrogen that chemically combine to produce the molecule. Therefore, every molecule of H2 contains two Hydrogen atoms chemically-bonded to each other. The same concept applies to the reacting molecule of O2 to the right of it.

The (g) and (l) or state symbols represent what physical state of chemical species during the reaction. (g) means that the chemical species O2 and H2 both exist as gases before they react, and the subscript (l) means that the chemical species H2O exists as a liquid when it is formed by the reaction.

The coefficients in front of the molecules like H2O and the H2 represent the simplest whole number ratio the substance amount in the reaction mixture. For example, the above equation shows that every molecule of O2 reacts with two molecules of H2 to form two molecules of H2O.

Dimensional analysis
As a more complex example, the concentration of nitrogen oxides (i.e., NOx) in the flue gas from an industrial furnace can be converted to a mass flow rate expressed in grams per hour (i.e., g/h) of \ce{NO}_x by using the following information as shown below:

 * NOx concentration := 10 parts per million by volume = 10 ppmv = 10 volumes/106 volumes
 * NOx molar mass := 46 kg/kgmol (sometimes also expressed as 46 kg/kmol)
 * Flow rate of flue gas := 20 cubic meters per minute = 20 m³/min
 * The flue gas exits the furnace at 0 °C temperature and 101.325 kPa absolute pressure.
 * The molar volume of a gas at 0 °C temperature and 101.325 kPa is 22.414 m³/kgmol.

Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is used to analyze quantitative measurements with relation to reactants and products of a chemical equation. The chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. The reactants of a chemical equation are justified to the left which gives reference to its definition, the substance used or consumed in a chemical reaction. The products of a chemical equation are justified to the right, and is defined as the substance that is yielded or produced in a chemical reaction. In order to completely understand stoichiometric relationships, one must consider the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions, and the law of multiple proportions. Remember that mass or matter is neither created nor destroyed.

Among the properties of elements are states. There are 3 fundamental states of an element: solid, liquid, and a gas. They are indicated by subscript with (s), (l), and (g) respectively and assigned with the appropriate compound or element in the chemical equation. A substance dissolved in water is in indicated by (aq). Plasma can also exist, which is an ionized gas with special properties.

Stoichiometry allows chemists to quantitatively analyze relative relationships between substances in a chemical equation.

Balancing chemical equations
Ethyne (C2H2) is added to oxygen gas (O2) to yield carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). This reaction could be written as follows:

 * Unbalanced equation
 * $$C_2H_2(g) + O_2(g) \to CO_2(g) + H_2O(l)$$

However, the above equation is not balanced.
 * On the left side there are two Carbon atoms (C), two Hydrogen atoms (H) and two Oxygen atoms in total.
 * On the right there is one Carbon atom, three Oxygen atoms, and two Hydrogen atoms.

Note that in order to properly count up the atoms in an equation, it must be noted to count up atoms with respect to the coefficient and subscripts. Careful notice should be made to compounds and polyatomic ions, since these are grouped together in relation.

In order to balance the equation correctly, a number, known as a coefficient must be added to the front of each representation in a chemical equation.

 * Correctly balanced equation
 * $$2C_2H_2(g) + 5O_2(g) \to 4CO_2(g) + 2 H_2O(l)$$

As can be seen, the subscripts were not touched, only whole numbers were added to the front of all the formulas, as needed. The coefficients may be fractions, which are generally used in thermochemistry but for all intents and purposes, whole numbers are generally used.

It would not be correct to balance it by changing the subscript numbers.

 * Incorrectly balanced equation
 * $$C_2H_2(g) + {\color{Red}O_3(g)}\ \to {\color{Red}C_2O_2(g)} + H_2O(l)$$

By changing the subscripts you are changing the chemicals involved in the reaction. In the above, $$O_3$$ is ozone, not normal oxygen, and $$C_2O_2$$ is not a stable compound. A small change in the subscripts and makeup of an individual compound yields a whole different set of properties.

Chemical States
We usually learn that there are four fundamental states of matter,
 * 1) Plasma
 * 2) Gas
 * 3) Liquid
 * 4) Solid

However, physics research suggests other states of matter as well (like the Bose-Einstein condensate), but this is usually taken as a coarse starting point.

Gases are made up of atoms and/or molecules that are freely moving and therefore have no definite shape. They morph uniformly to the shape of the container that they are in. If the container is not sealed, then the gas can move out. Therefore the volume of the gas is reliant on the temperature and/or pressure throughout the gas or environment. This is observed using the ideal gas laws, which are discussed later.

An important piece of information to know is what an aqueous solution is also. Aqueous solutions are not technically chemical states, but they appear often enough when dealing with stoichiometry and chemistry in general that they should be mentioned.

pH
The potential of hydrogen or pH (pronounced ) is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, numerically equal to 7 for neutral solutions, increasing pH with rising alkalinity and decreasing pH with more acidity. The pH scale commonly in use ranges from 0 to 14.

An alkali is sometimes called a "base".

The pH is calculated by

$$pH = - \log [H^+]$$A similar measure, called the pOH is defined as

$$pOH = - \log [OH^-]$$

Their sum is

$$pH + pOH = 14$$

Acids
Characteristics of acids:
 * Aqueous acids can turn blue litmus towards red.
 * React with bases and certain metals to form salts.
 * Arrhenius' definition of acid: Yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.
 * The Lewis definition of an acid: Can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.
 * Brønsted-Lowry acid definition: A species that can lose or "donate" a hydrogen ion
 * Can have a sour taste.
 * Can give one or more than one protons (or simply, H+)
 * Electrolytes, yet usually are not ionic compounds

Bases
Characteristics of bases:
 * Aqueous bases (alkalis) can turn red litmus towards blue.
 * React with acids to form salts.
 * Arrehenius definition of base: produce OH− ions when dissolved in water.
 * Lewis definition of Base: can donate a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond with an acid
 * Brønsted-Lowry base definition: A species that can gain or "accept" a hydrogen ion
 * Can have a bitter taste.
 * Can accept one or more than one protons (or simpler H+)
 * Conduct electricity

The difference between bases and alkalis is that alkalis dissolve in water and are considered basic salts of alkaline metals. An example of a base that is not an alkali is ammonia (NH3).

title: Fundamentals of chemistry


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Ahmadabad, Nishapur

Ahmadabad (, also Romanized as Aḩmadābād) is a village in Darbqazi Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 120, in 28 families.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ahmadabad, Nishapur


text:
User:Coffeeandcrumbs/Selected anniversaries/September 21

Selected anniversaries/September 21: Page ID# 492868

 * September 21: Page ID# 27532
 * Non-bio

 * Quarry
 * Bio<!--

September 20

September 21

September 22

 * view
 * edit
 * history


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December 32

December 32 may refer to:
 * 32 dicembre, a 1988 Italian comedy film by Luciano De Crescenzo
 * December 32, an album by Byul, or its title song
 * 32 Décembre, a volume of The Dormant Beast by Enki Bilal
 * December 32, the date of Hogswatchnight in Hogfather by Terry Pratchett
 * 32nd December Love Error, a 2009 Thai film
 * Official date of LearAvia Lear Fan first flight in 1980

title: December 32


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Cerro Viento metro station

Cerro Viento is a Panama Metro station on Line 2. It was opened on 25 April 2019 as part of the inaugural section of Line 2 between San Miguelito and Nuevo Tocumen. This is an elevated station built above Avenida Domingo Díaz. The station is located between Brisas del Golf and San Antonio. This station provides access to Centro Comercial Los Pueblos with an exit, and to Metromall with a footbridge.

title: Cerro Viento metro station


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Talk:All Night (film)

Image
Very nice write up. I am trying to find a picture from the film to go along with article, but so all I have found is an unprepossessing video cover.
 * Thanks! I know, this article needs a photo. :) I have the film on tape and I'd screencap it if I knew how, I don't alas. Thanks for trying to hunt down a picture! Namaste, Mademoiselle Sabina 04:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Found an ad in a 1922 publication & added it. Deanlaw (talk) 19:38, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:All Night (film)


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Ronald Primrose, Lord Dalmeny

(Archibald) Ronald Primrose, Lord Dalmeny (1 August 1910 – 11 November 1931), was an English-born Scottish cricketer.

Early life and career
Always known by his second forename, Ronald, Primrose was born in London and was styled Lord Dalmeny as the heir apparent of his father Harry Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery. Educated at Eton and New College, Oxford, Primrose played in the Eton v Harrow cricket match at Lord's in 1928.

Like his father, he represented Middlesex and he also played a single match for Oxford University. He played in three first-class matches between 1929 and 1931, as a right-handed batsman and as a right-arm fast-medium bowler. He died in Oxford from blood poisoning in 1931 at the age of 21, predeceasing his father.

title: Ronald Primrose, Lord Dalmeny


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Seagull management

Seagull management is a management style wherein a manager only interacts with employees when suspecting that a problem has arisen. The perception is that such a management style involves hasty decisions about things of which the manager has little understanding, leading to disruption and the disorientation of resources.

The phrase is a figure of speech comparing such a manager to a typical squawking and messy seagull, with one employee characterising seagull managers as those who "flew in, made a lot of noise, dumped on everyone from a great height, then flew out again, leaving others to deal with the consequences".

title: Seagull management


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terahertz

Noun

 * 1) A unit of measurement based on one trillion hertz.
 * 2) One trillion hertz, 1012 Hz.

Synonyms

 * : SI abbreviation

title: terahertz


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Talk:Corsican Constitution

Untitled
See also my notes at Talk:Polish_Constitution_of_May_3%2C_1791.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 03:51, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

women's right to vote
Can anyone provide a source for the statement that the Constitution gave women the right to vote? I don't see it in Dorothy Carrington's 1973 article, "The Corsican Constitution of Pasquale Paoli."

Goustien 23:15, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Needs a rework
I don't have time for every last Corsican article but right off the top of my head I can see a big anachronism. It is not that Paoli was especially influenced by many of these revolutionary philosophes, such as Rousseau, no indeed. That fails to grasp the time vector and the true significance. Paoli thought of these things FIRST and staged the FIRST revolution (except for the English, which was long ago now). He preceded most of them; so; it is not that he was influenced by them. He was not a philosophe, instead the philosophes were Paolists. Most of that revolutionary thinking was not theirs it was his. I note that the article lacks refs. It needs more research with refs with attention to accuracy. You can't just repeat the Internet blats, which are just repeating other blats, you have to check everything out. Otherwise why bother?Dave (talk) 22:58, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

First?
The article currently contains the text "the Corsican Constitution was the first codified national constitution of an independent republic in the modern age"

There is a citation for this, so I haven't removed it or tagged it but the Commonwealth of England had two republican constitutions in the 17th Century: Instrument of Government (1653) and Humble Petition and Advice (1657). Can someone knowledgeable on the subject please review? Kiore (talk) 22:11, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * See Talk:Constitution of May 3, 1791.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 22:21, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clarifying that in the article page Piotr! BTW: That discussion you sent me to was brilliant. It seems anyone can claim their country's constitution was "first", for appropriate values of "first". Kiore (talk) 23:29, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Corsican Constitution


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User:Bsitu/sandbox

label]] test

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Thanks for creating param 1, Bsitu!

Wikipedia editor param 2 just reviewed your page, and wrote this note for you:

"param 3"

To reply, leave a comment on param 3's talk page.

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title: User:Bsitu/sandbox


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West Indies women's cricket team in South Africa in 2004–05

The West Indies women's cricket team toured South Africa in 2004–05, playing three women's One Day Internationals after both teams were eliminated from the 2005 Women's Cricket World Cup.


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Talk:Taipei Representative Office in the United Kingdom

Requested move 5 April 2022

The result of the move request was: Moved  (t · c)  buidhe  03:58, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

Taipei Representative Office in the UK → Taipei Representative Office in the United Kingdom – use of the country's complete name. (not the abbreviation, mind it) Utkarsh555 15:43, 5 April 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. Natg 19 (talk) 01:23, 14 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. We usually try to expand abbreviations. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:39, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:NCA and WP:TITLEFORMAT. The article titles policy says that Abbreviations and acronyms...should be avoided unless the subject is known primarily by its abbreviation and that abbreviation is primarily associated with the subject. (emphasis mine, trimmed) The MoS says that Acronyms should be used in a page name if the subject is known primarily by its abbreviation and that abbreviation is primarily associated with the subject. Given that the section of the MoS for abbreviations says that the full name does not need to be written out in full on first use, nor provided on first use in parentheses after the full name if written out with "UK", I would oppose moving this page. WP:CONSISTENT may also apply, to a weaker scale, with pages such as UK garage. 🐶 EpicPupper (he/him | talk) 03:13, 13 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Consistency would actually be more with United Kingdom, which is used far more in article titles than UK. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:57, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Support. Article titles are almost always spelled out fully. There is no reason for this not to be. Gonnym (talk) 23:16, 14 April 2022 (UTC)


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Boopis

Boopis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Calyceraceae, which includes two species native to Argentina, central Chile, and Uruguay. The taxon formerly included more species. It was found to be highly polyphyletic, and several species were moved to other genera.

Species
Two species are currently accepted:
 * Boopis anthemoides Juss.
 * Boopis breviscapa Phil.

title: Boopis


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reestablishment

Noun

 * 1)  The condition of being reestablished; restoration.
 * 2)  A second or subsequent establishment.

Translations

 * Catalan: restabliment
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Portuguese: restabelecimento
 * Spanish: restablecimiento

 * Catalan: restabliment
 * Galician:
 * Portuguese: restabelecimento
 * Spanish: restablecimiento

title: reestablishment


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Shahr-e Kohneh

Shahr-e Kohneh (, meaning "Old Town") may refer to:
 * Shahr-e Kohneh, Hormozgan
 * Shahr Kohneh, Khuzestan
 * Shahr-e Kohneh, Nishapur, Razavi Khorasan Province
 * Shahr-e Kohneh, Miyan Jolgeh, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province
 * Shahr-e Kohneh, Quchan, Razavi Khorasan Province

title: Shahr-e Kohneh


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Talk:Davida Allen

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Davida Allen. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050620230117/http://art-galleries-schubert.com.au/www/artist_info/Davida_Allen.htm to http://www.art-galleries-schubert.com.au/www/artist_info/Davida_Allen.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051002025808/http://www.binnaburrafilm.com/director.html to http://www.binnaburrafilm.com/director.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080719184903/http://australianart.com.au/artists.php?ID=144 to http://www.australianart.com.au/artists.php?ID=144

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:43, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

DOB
I don't feel we need to give any other age related info than her year of birth. I am removing her DOB and keeping the year in accordance with WP:DOB. We need to take care that we do not expose people's private details on Wikipedia. If the Federal Government have revealed PII against their own rules, it's not for us to go and do it also! - Chris.sherlock (talk) 06:12, 20 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Is this a belated April fools' joke? Are you serious? Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and encyclopedias carry vital dates, and hundreds of thousands of Wikipedia articles do. None of WP:DOB supports your stance. Please restore what you removed. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 12:59, 20 April 2020 (UTC)
 * WP:BLPPRIMARY states that we shouldn’t use public documents when it comes to private information. WP:BLPPUBLIC specifically states that "In the case of public figures, there will be a multitude of reliable published sources, and BLPs should simply document what these sources say." can you point me to these other reliable sources?
 * May I also remind you that just because other articles exist with dates of birth does not mean that this article should also have a DOB. - Chris.sherlock (talk) 17:37, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
 * You don't understand what primary sources are; the NGA isn't. There is no mandate to provide multiple sources; 1 reliable source will do. I'm going to restore her DoB. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 02:40, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Davida Allen


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Computer Programming/Types

Computer Programming Types determine the kinds of values and how they can be used in the given programming environment. In most cases, a programming language defines a set of basic data types, e.g. for numbers, characters or strings. In higher languages, it is often possible to define new data types from the existing ones, for example, to represent a postal address (consisting of strings for street and city and integers for the postal code). When communicating data between different programs and computer systems it is important to either use types that both can recognize, or have a means of translating between them.

Type Definition
A complete definition of a data type consists of up to three things:

 * Physical representation : how is the data stored
 * Operations : what can you do with the data type (the meaning); what can you not do, such as divide by zero or string manipulation; and what happens if you "overflow" the buffers to do actions with results falling "outside" the space allotted
 * Automatic Functions : what activities, outside program control, can change the data (hardware, user, system clock)

Primitive Types
There are a few basic data types seen in some programming languages:

 * Integer : Unlimited in some languages, limited to 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, 48-bit, 64-bit sizes in most languages (C, C++, C#, DDS, Java, RPG) . In some languages (Ada, FORTH, PL/I) size can be freely defined.
 * Ratios : e.g. 2/3, only a few languages have these.
 * Float : Floating point, most languages offer single and double precision (C, C++, C#, DDS, Java, RPG) . In some languages (Ada, PL/I) precision can be freely defined.
 * Decimal : Base 10 (human) fixed point, often used for monetary values. Only a few languages (Ada, PL/I, SQL, COBOL, RPG, DDS) offer fixed point. Precision can usually be freely defined.
 * Hexadecimal : Base 16 available on IBM Systems. Digits are zero through F. Most modern languages don't need a separate Hexadecimal type, they use integers and specialized I/O routines.
 * Packed Decimal : Two digits can fit into same space as one character. Look at definition of character set for ASCII, EBCDIC, or similar conceptual system.  Note letters and special characters are represented by two hexadecimal half bytes so with packed data, two digits can fit in same space as one letter.  Usually one half byte is reserved for numeric sign (plus or minus).
 * Complex : A complex value usually consisting of two Float values. Only a few languages (C99, Fortran) have these. In Object Oriented languages often implemented by a library (C++, Ada).
 * Character : A character, usually of 8, 16 or 32 bit size. Some Characters sets, like UTF-8 are for a variable length.

Composite Types

 * Record  : An assorted combination of primitive types.
 * Variant : Type is determined at runtime.
 * Object  : In Object Oriented languages.
 * Array   : See article Arrays.
 * String  : A sequence of characters. Often implemented as Array of Characters.

Type Attributes

 * Null Support : In addition to data blank or zero, we can have null value, meaning we not yet know what belongs there.
 * DBCS Double Byte Character Set : Some nations and cultures "alphabets" (such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Russian (Cyrillic)) can use graphical characters called ideograms to perform a role similar to the letters A to Z in western nations languages when constructing meanings, except each ideogram carries more meaning than each A to Z letter. Data types are available to store these graphical character sets, which contain more symbols than can be represented by the 256 combinations found in traditional western character sets, thus a double byte character set (DBCS) exists to account for every combination.
 * Some special fonts use a similar system.
 * Some bar coding uses similar concept.

 * Date Time and Duration    :  These are special data types used to support date math, such as calculating number days between two dates.
 * Flags or Indicators       :   They contain value like True / False or Yes / No.  They are often used to recognize use of a keyboard function (which special keys got pressed); printer condition (ready for a new page); file access (we got the record we were looking for, we're now at end-of-file).  These special conditions mean that special actions needed.
 * Variable Length : Width of data is controlled by the content.

Language Specifics

 * Ada Programming/Type System
 * C Programming/Types
 * C++ variables
 * JavaScript/Variables and Types
 * Haskell/Type basics - the language Haskell is often used as a platform for programming language researchers to develop new, advanced type systems. This wikibook could give you insight into what types might look like in the near future for the common programmer.  (Note: see also the advanced section of the Haskell wikibook)

title: Computer Programming/Types


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Bicycles/Degreaser

A degreaser is useful in removing greasy dirt from parts. Traditionally petroleum based products have been used. DO NOT use gasoline. Although it is an effective degreaser, its volatility (i.e. tendency to explode) make it a poor choice for shop work. If you must use a petroleum product, choose naphtha (usually available in hardware stores) or kerosene. A better choice is a modern, biodegradable water based degreaser. Specific blends for bicycle cleaning are available from bike shops and online retailers. You can probably save some money, though, by purchasing degreaser from an auto parts retailer. Whatever you use, after cleaning moving parts with a degreaser, always follow up with lubrication. All residual degreaser should be wiped off the parts before applying lubrication, as it would otherwise dilute the lubricant.

title: Bicycles/Degreaser


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Talk:Lucid Dreaming

Some messages have been moved.

To Talk:Lucid Dreaming: Induction Techniques: LILD vote, LILD discussion, reliability boxes

There is a great description of Lucid Dreaming experience in Feynman's Surely You Are Joking, Mr. Feynman. I took the liberty to make the excerpt temporarily available in my userspace at Wikipedia: Wikipedia:en:User:Paranoid/Feynman. Check it out and may be some facts experiences would be interesting to add in this book.

Naming conventions
I have updated all the pages so they are properly named. The book is in a hierarchial structure now. Don't use colons to name pages, use slashes to name pages. Example:

Improper way: "Lucid Dreaming: Introduction"

Proper way: "Lucid Dreaming/Introduction"

Same goes with sub-pages.

Emanla Eraton 23:40, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

I think you made rather a hash of this. I've just spent about half an hour making an even nastier mess of it, moving over all the Talk content and correcting the links in the main page and Print_version.

What you should have done is just clicked on the "move" tab and left the "Move associated talk page" checkbox ticked. That way a) the talk pages would have come over too, b) you wouldn't have created pages with 10s of K worth of content and one lonesome edit history entry which names you as completely responsible!

I didn't notice this at first and did some editting on the new pages (before I'd registered this username), including some talk sections. That's why I wasn't able to simply move all the talk sections, and why I wasn't so eager to move your pages out of the way and move the old ones the proper way, because I'd have to reapply all my recent edits.

Hope I don't sound too annoyed.

Sourcejedi 20:26, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

This book needs to be marked for fixing the pages for naming.

Conventions
A few conventions I'll post here for now:

 * Don't just write MILD, VILD, LILD or WILD. Say "the -ILD technique". The exception is WBTB (don't ask, just do it!)
 * No other acronym is used.
 * Write "reality check" (no capitals)
 * To add links to a forum, use the format as on the current pages.
 * Please post here before creating a new page (with the exception of reality check pages)
 * Don't use the first person.

Thank you! r3m0t (cont) (talk) 00:46, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)

To do
Stuff to do:

Done:
 * 1) "Food and drink" section will remain a stub for now.. however see below
 * 2) Merged "Grabbing for stuff" and "Looking for stuff" in Lucid Dreaming: Using (Thanks KirbyMeister and KC!)
 * 3) Created "Dissociation" section (Thanks KirbyMeister and KC!)
 * 4) Dream recall improves if you are in the same position in recall and sleep - true? (check with EWLD) -- EWLD says not to move from the position you wake up in since any movement might make dreams harder to remember, but it doesn't say anything about being easier to remember if you move into a position you slept in. Tharenthel 23:48, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Waiting (it's the jobs which are waiting for me to come over and help them ;-) ):
 * 1) Mess with the content and design of the induction comparison table simultaneously some more *uh oh*
 * 2) You can use MILD to say you can control the length of your LDs... how many people use this? Effective?
 * 3) Update yellow boxes with latest topics *my gawd this is such a pain, I have to get rid of them somehow... useful though*
 * 4) Dream formation/function/interpretation theories (currently in Lucid Dreaming: Dream Recall) *** Surely it needs its own page?  I'd like to make mention of Joe Griffin's Expectation Fulfilment Theory of Dreaming, which has a logical place for LDs.   Yahya Abdal-Aziz (talk) 01:43, 9 June 2010 (UTC)
 * 5) Placebo effect problems (see bottom of page)
 * 6) Clear up the food, drink & drugs section
 * 7) Make Lucid Dreaming: Glossary worth using
 * 8) Make examples for the rest of the reality check pages (Light switches and Memory).

Feel free to edit this box. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 01:05, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Acronyms
I think we probably should agree on some acronyms to use and what they stand for... here's what I say: --Tharenthel 23:30, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) DILD - Dream-Initiated Lucid Dream
 * 2) WILD - Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream
 * 3) MILD - Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams or Mnemonically Induced Lucid Dream
 * 4) VILD - Visual Induction of Lucid Dreams or Visually Induced Lucid Dream
 * 5) LILD - Lucid Induction of Lucid Dreams or Lucidly Induced Lucid Dream
 * 6) WBTB - Wake-Back-To-Bed

 * We should not coin any new terms - this is a major barrier between posting on many different sites. I agree with the bottom five (WILD is sometimes taken to mean "Wake Induced Lucid Dream" (although it doesn't make any sense :) )but I'm not so sure about the first one (which is meant to be used to categorise techniques). It will only need to be used in few paragraphs above our excellent techniques table at Lucid Dreaming: Induction Techniques. Is it really worth "teaching" the reader another acronym just for that small section to read smoothly? I think not.
 * If you were expecting us to choose between, eg, Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams and Mnemonically Induced Lucid Dream, I refrain because often the same forums take the same acronym to meanboth those things (although the first use is more useful and the second use is dying out). This is exactly what the "the -ILD technique" method of writing (I didn't want to write technique of writing) is set out to solve. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 06:08, 27 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * By "Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams or Mnemonically Induced Lucid Dream" and the others like that, I actually meant that the acronym would stand for both of them depending on it's context. I probably should have said "and" instead, but anyway...
 * This is something like how I picture some of the techniques I know:
 * DILDs:
 * MILD (remembering to recognize that you're dreaming; not quite the same thing as autosuggestion (that is, EWLD says MILD and autosuggestion are two different things, and describes them as separate (and different) techniques, but I think they both include a bit of autosuggestion) (I'll probably put a draft of a rewritten MILD section on the Talk:Lucid Dreaming: Induction Techniques page sometime))
 * Autosuggestion (the adapted version of MILD described on ld4all.com is a lot like the "Autosuggestion" described in EWLD, especially the part that says it's "important to not *want* it too much")
 * VILD (not completely sure about VILD - you become lucid after the dream starts, but you incubate the dream while awake)
 * Going to sleep thirsty
 * Drinking a lot before sleeping
 * LILD
 * WILDs:
 * Focusing on hypnagogic imagery
 * Counting
 * Most WILD techniques are usually just called WILD like they're one technique, and that makes WILD a few bits ambiguous, which is why I think we should explain WILD and DILD as categorizations and then explain each specific induction technique. If we use WILD (and DILD) like this:
 * WILD - Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream and Wake-Initiation of Lucid Dreams
 * DILD - Dream-Initiated Lucid Dream and Dream-Initiation of Lucid Dreams
 * ...and put a note on the Lucid Dreaming: Induction Techniques page about common usage of "WILD" to refer to any technique that induces WILDs, then it'll still make sense to someone who reads this wikibook when someone says they "used WILD". --Tharenthel 18:46, 27 Apr 2004 (UTC)

New section?
I wonder if it is worth giving a section which gives more background on what dreams are. For example, with that background the reasons why turning on a light may not work or flying very high may not work is clear - both require rapid addition of new detail that hasn't been 'in the pipe-line'.

Such a section could also explain the way that characters in a (normal) dream are often different aspects of oneself. There should be some discussion of what the normal function of dreaming is too, even if perforce it has to be stated conjecturally.

So - should a new section be added, if so what should it be called, or is it tooo far off-topic? (anon)

 * I'm not sure about this. I have been considering an appendix section. It would have instructions for making an alarm-clock-based Novadreamer (the site I found it on has copyright-violating material), and full texts from the ld4all.com forum "as the experts wrote them" (stuff like Pedro's mind model text). It could also explain the reality checks, but I don't think that simple things like "the mind has no external input to base the writing on" is enough. Close your eyes now and imagine the words of your choice. See what I mean?
 * If analysing dreams is not offtopic, neither is the new section. I think it could be lumped into the introduction. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 10:45, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC) P.S. Why can't you fly very high? I've read of people becoming planets so I can't see any problem of scale...

User:Perl
Good work with this module. I never heard of lucid dreaming before, but I am now very interested in Lucid dreaming. Perl 01:10, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

If you fly in dreams does this mean that you are definitely lucid dreaming? Perl 01:37, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Could you tell me where you got that idea from so I can go fix it? You can dream that you are flying without being lucid (I have flyed once in my normal dreams and about five times in my lucid dreams). Lucid dreaming just means that you are aware, to some extent, that you are dreaming. As you probably know already, we usually accept our reality whether we're in a ridiculous dream or just normal life. Changing that, by using reality checks etc, helps you make lucid dreams where everything is more vivid and you can fly more often :D.

 * If you don't think you had a lucid dream, it's very unlikely you did. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 07:09, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Recall fact or myth?
I recently read this in a lucid dreaming book which is commercially sold:

 * You will have the best recall when you are lying in the same position that you were in when you were dreaming.

As far as I know, there is no scientific research about this, and no way I can see to seperate reality from Placebo effect. So - should the wikibook

 * 1) Not mention this at all (along with most things here) due to its uncertainty?
 * 2) Use weasel terms to mention it?
 * 3) State it as fact, giving readers the advantage of a placebo effect they don't even realise?

At the moment, the wikibook is on the second option. Tough, tough... r3m0t (cont) (talk) 23:34, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I had noticed that I could remember a dream as much as I wanted if I stayed immobile, and that the memories of the dream would fade away quickly if I moved, long before I had read anything about dreams or this article. More precisely, I think it's something about the vertebral column, it's like it felt different when I was immobile, and as soon as I moved the strange feeling would disappear, and the memory of the dream would fade away.

 * I'd vote for the second option for the moment, or put something else to show the lack of scientific research on the subject. I do however have a strong feeling that it is true from my personal experiences. (but, then again, it could be true for some people and false for others)

 * I find it strange though that this has never been studied or confirmed. There has been a lot of research in the domain of sleep and dreams, and this looks like a good clue on how dreams and sleeping work. <IP_ADDRESS> 01:09, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

User:Kaycee
Hi all, I went ahead and added some stuff to the book. Feel free to correct grammar and such (I'm not a native English speaker).

KC 16:36, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Welcome! Can I ask you how often you have lucid dreams generally? I'm already "green with envy". Can I also ask which of these looks better, 1 or 2? r3m0t (cont) (talk) 00:56, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Really depends on how much effort I put into it. If I don't think about the subject at all, LDs don't happen very often. If I read or write stuff on LDs, I get them once a week maybe. If I keep a dream diary and do reality checks, I'll go up to 3 or 4 times a week. But I'm too lazy for that .p Don't be too envious, spontaneously having LDs can sometimes alienate a person, or cause dissociative symptoms (ie., Did this thing I remember happen in a dream or in reality?). I'll probably write a page on that sometime soon.
 * KC 14:57, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

"top" links
The ld4all.com "resident usability expert" (BrainHacker) has suggested "top" links at the bottom of every subsection. I'll try to perfect this on this page first. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 08:03, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * All done and very cool. I think I'll leave the top links on this page ;) r3m0t (cont) (talk) 08:49, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Just a quick show of hands - who likes the top links and who feels they get in the way? I'm wondering how good BrainHacker really is ;) r3m0t (cont) (talk) 21:58, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * I think there's just too many of them. KC 20:49, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * On my screen (which uses a normal text size and a resolution of 1280x1024) there are about one per screen, except for long sections like reality checks (I wouldn't want to split them up). Most people have a lower resolution, so they'll have about one every screen, maybe a bit less. Let's not bother adjusting it for now, it isn't very important anyway. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 08:12, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Top links add too much space between sections, but if someone can correct that with CSS, I'd be all right with them. Also, toplinks should be disabled/hidden in the print version. --Siddharth Patil (talk) 18:33, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I added class="noprint" to the Toplink template. It is awaiting approval. --Siddharth Patil (talk) 18:37, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

An interesting and related discussion
There is an interesting and related discussion happening here - "What should new LDers be told". I'm happy to keep the debate swinging along there - that's better than a boring old vote. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 22:42, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

This page
May I suggest that this page not be used as a repository for general information from the entire Wikibook? It makes this page hard to follow. -- Gabriel Beecham 01:43, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * There is very little to actually say about the Lucid dreaming page and I can't see anywhere else to put this... *gazes around*... stuff. Perhaps there should be an "Authors section" or "scratchpad"? r3m0t (cont) (talk) 06:10, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Recent page name changes
I personally don't like the new system on the wikibook with page naming. Some reasons:

 * The preference on Wikipedia not to use colons in titles unless it is really necessary, because it can mess with namespaces
 * Slower to type out (I can use "LD Using" in the search, but I have to write "Lucid Dreaming: Using" in links). Also compare "LD RC Memory" to "Lucid Dreaming: Reality Checks: Memory"
 * "Lucid Dreaming" in the title, but "lucid dreaming" in the text? Seems a bit strange.
 * The mass of redirects which have been left behind.

Can somebody explain why the changes? Until then, I'll be fixing links. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 06:29, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I definitely like the new title style, it's more logical and I think it looks better...
 * We could change the colons to dashes I guess (e.g., "Lucid Dreaming - Reality Checks - Memory"), but I don't think it's really that important. :-/
 * I don't think having to type a bit extra in links is that much of a problem, we only need to do that once for each link anyway.
 * "Lucid Dreaming" would be the title while "lucid dreaming" (or "lucidly dreaming") is used in the text, because the wikibook is "The Lucid Dreaming Wikibook"; it's also "the wikibook on lucid dreaming", but I think the title of the book should be capitalized (though I can see why someone wouldn't).
 * I think the benifits are worth the redirects, and we can always ask an admin to delete them sometime anyway (except for the "Lucid dreaming" and "LD" redirects to "Lucid Dreaming", which we should keep).
 * --Tharenthel 17:41, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Why "Lucid Dreaming: Using" but "Talk:Lucid Dreaming: Using"? Why not "Talk: Lucid Dreaming: Using" or "Talk:Lucid Dreaming:Using"? It's illogical. (hint: the spaces) r3m0t (cont) (talk) 22:17, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * The spaces are a problem, and it might have been better using " - " delimeters instead of ": " (or ":", which I personally think looks ugly), though changing it now will make a lot of redirects. Anyway, "Lucid Dreaming: Appendices: CAT" and "Lucid Dreaming - Appendices - CAT" are both more logical than "LD Appendices CAT" (and it seems to me like a bad idea to use abbreviations too much in chapter titles anyway). --Tharenthel 16:22, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

New appendix
Anyone else think we should make a new appendix for exercises that can help with certain induction techniques? For example, there could be a prospective memory training section for getting a better prospective memory (i.e., remembering future intentions) which helps with MILD, or a will strengthening section to strengthen your will. They could go directly in the book, but I think they'd be easier to access with their own appendix. --Tharenthel 15:59, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Browse buttons?
What about putting somekinda "browse buttons" on the pages? These things would take you through the book in the right order without having to click on the table of contents or anything else. I know it's kinda redundant, but the wikipedia format really isn't the greatest for books. What about "browse talk pages" too? The buttons could be little pictures of arrows or such, to not add any unnecessary text clutter. KC 20:00, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Just looking at the usage statistics shows that these are not necessary. If you look at the front page stat for May - 758 - it is pretty close to all the other sections added up. In other words, the common browsing style is to follow a link from ld4all.com to the front page (I put direct links to pages up occassionally) and then to visit the page you want, read the information you want, and leave. There are probably very few people reading "cover-to-cover".
 * It might be a good idea, though, to add the navigation bar to the bottom. I have to go to school in a bit, so if somebody else were to do it first, that would be handy. (Not the reality check pages, mind!)
 * My problem is, what's with the toplinks? They screwed up. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 06:23, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Unicode characters
So... should we use Unicode characters? I replaced the "--"s with real em dashes (—) and the dashes in ranges (e.g., 45–90) with real en dashes (–) and the straight quotes with curved quotes (“ ”), but I used HTML entities (&mdash;, &ldquo;, etc.) and it makes the code look a bit messy. If we just use the actual Unicode characters in the code, it should look okay, and Wikibooks uses Unicode (unlike the English Wikipedia, which is still using ISO-8859-1 for some reason :- so there shouldn’t be any problems with that. The only problem I can think of is that some unknown number of people might not have Unicode fonts/support (Windows 9x?). :-/ —Tharenthel 19:37, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

"Spicing up"
I was thinking about the old dreamviews site: It had beautiful pictures on the side, from the Myst game.

Wouldn't it be cool if the wikibook could be sort of spiced up with colours, pictures, etc? From Myst, or LOOM, or something.

(Note about LOOM: There were a few versions, some with 16 colours, others with 64, others with 256. I'm obviously thinking of the 256-colour version. The screenshots page I linked to has a variety.)

All ideas appreciated. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 17:35, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I would recommend creating another site and copying this textbook to it. You could then format it however you please. Just remember to display the copyright notice and distribute a copy of the license or a link to it. (Personally, I would wait until the Wikimedia projects have been relicensed to CC-BY-SA 3.0 to do this.) Siddharth Patil (talk) 22:25, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Synopsis
Here's the short synopsis draft. Edit as you like it. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 23:23, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Reworded the first sentence and added a serial comma (sorry, I had to, my eyes were burning just looking at the serial comma–less version). And I think we should keep the last paragraph in the synopsis that's there now, but replace the rest of it with this one. —Tharenthel 00:23, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Synopsis-except-last-paragraph is:

 * This book attempts to teach you the skills that can help you to have lucid dreams — dreams in which you know that you are dreaming. Lucid dreams have been scientifically proven to exist. Being aware that you are dreaming, and still remaining asleep, can give you the ability to control your dreams. Lucid dreaming truly can be a fantastic experience. See the introduction for more details on what lucid dreaming is.

 * First, you will find out a little on what dreaming is from the biological aspect. Then, the book will explain how to improve your dream recall so that you remember more of your dreams. Next, it’ll explain how to become lucid during dreams, and how to stay lucid. It’ll also explain how to keep yourself in the dream and prevent it from “fading”. Finally, there will be some suggestions for what you could do within your lucid dreams.

 * Each section in each chapter has some information, and at the end of some sections, more information is given in question-and-answer form. There are also yellow boxes with links to related threads on lucid dreaming forums, with the last topic on the list being the latest.

The extra detail seems useful to me, although maybe the third paragraph ("Each section...") can be removed. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 07:29, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Were you intending the short synopsis for a sort of cover/splash page that would come before the table of contents page? If you were, I'm definitely against that (unless it gets its own page, like "Lucid Dreaming: Cover" or something), but I think the short synopsis can probably replace most of the one that's there now, or at least the first paragraph (and I think the third paragraph should be removed anyway, though I don't mind the second so much). —Tharenthel 06:04, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * No, the idea was for the featured wikibook area on the front page. Go look at it. Remove the third paragraph? That makes two people, and over here that's a consensus at the moment. ;) I'll do it. --r3m0t (cont) (talk) 07:25, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah. Didn't even think about that. :-) —Tharenthel 21:19, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hi! If your book really wins the voting (which is at the moment highly likely - but the voting is not over yet!), you could also think about providing an appropriate thumbnail picture (uploaded here or at the commons) for the main page. Maybe the perfect picture is already at the commons, so browse around there. Good luck, --Andreas Ipp 15:37, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * This is difficult - lucid dreaming is an abstract thing. There are some nice abstrat pictures here, but they're LD4all forum avatars. Some of these are also good. It's a pity those avatars are so small. The main LD4all site might have larger versions of some of these. pasQuale (site admin) would probably give permission.
 * I thought once maybe images from LOOM could spice up the wikibook a bit. The images are beautiful, the world they show is dreamlike, and they're all wonderfully coloured. The problem is that they are pixellated, they're oddly shaped (if you cut the black part of the screen off), and that if somebody recognises them lucid dreaming would definately not come to mind. The old version of the Dreamviews site used images from Myst, with permission. They were beautiful.
 * Mm, so is this at the commons. However, the book isn't about glaciers.
 * A Google Images search for lucid dreaming turns up nothing.
 * An ideal picture would express some of these things: power (lightning?), freedom (birds in flight?), or general dreaminess. I can't find any nice candidates. I would say my avatar at LD4All but I don't want to make this look like my book, because it isn't anybody's book. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 17:24, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC) PS How about a dreamcatcher? r3m0t (cont) (talk) 17:29, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I think these are very nice options. I found a picture on commons, that might be suitable: commons:Image:Bluesky2.jpg (searching there for clouds). One could take the upper part of the picture. Looking for clouds at Google one even finds more beautiful pictures, but one should check about their copyright status. Just some suggestions in case... (the voting is still open and the result might still change) --Andreas Ipp 17:49, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Follow-up: I guess I more and more like the picture commons:Image:Bluesky2.jpg: Clouds are a symbol for dreaming (especially when combined with a moon at night), but having clouds during daytime means that you are awake - or better aware of your dream... what do you think about that? (the voting is still open and the result might still change) --Andreas Ipp 17:57, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I want to use Image:Test.JPG but it's licensed under Creative Commons nd (that is, no derivatives). I really don't want to use it if I must keep the plane jet in view, but legally I don't think I can crop it! This came as a surprise - usually when I think of Creative Commons I think of sa (Share Alike). Anyway, I'm cropping it anyway and the person was sent an email. I doubt there will be any legal trouble. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 22:25, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Misgivings about this book's approach
I have to say that I believe that this project of yours is a dangerous project.

There's an allusion here. Imagine a technical support person who works for sony, can he give advice over the telephone to a person who has bought a Panasonic DVD player?-

Now this person probably could go into that caller's home, and fix the problem - because he knows enough about DVD players to do the job, if he has the item in front of his face, and in his hands...

But what's going to happen if he tries to give advice over the telephone about equipment he isn't familiar with, is that the quizzical person is going to get himself in deeper and deeper problems from the misguided advice of someone who isn't familiar with the specific machine.

Now you say in your introduction in this book that these techniques of getting to a lucid state during a dream, can lead to very serious side affects - including psychotic episodes during the daytime hours.

I'll tell you my appraisal - a person who says he leads a person into blissful experiences, is not being honest, if he also leads that person towards nightmares....

The secret to lucid dreaming is not esoteric mind control techniques. The secret to lucid dreaming, is for the person to understand how his night time thinking processes work, enough to be able to have some agility with them, as he uses them, at night.

Dreams are another form of thinking which is done in the moment. It is a form of topic exploration technique. Just like during the day, a person at night, will think about positive or negative, or neutral topics... and as that person mulls as topic, he will attract images and patterns in his mind which help him understand that topic.

The mind is a pattern assembler. And during a dream at night, the mind is working with several layers of patterns, piecing these ideas together...

Last night, I was dreaming, and I had a very unusual topic in mind. It was "how does a self in a time of the past interfere with the dreaming process to where the dream becomes a nightmare?" and this is why I was inspired to comment on your "book" here.

In my dream last night, there was a character who changed form a lot - his presence even sometimes took the form of simply an inanimate object intentionally placed out of place in the physical environment which the dream described.

But the one thing about this character who was both mysterious and imposing in his presence, was that he wanted to control my thinking process during the dream. It was similar to some mysterious evil manipulative shady character in a hollywood film who hides behind the scenes - where it's not clear to the audience what his relationship to the plot is.

The experience during this nightmare/meditation last night, I can compare to the experience of when a person isn't eating properly - and he feels these odd rushes through his skin and tissues. And he gets scared, because he isn't seeing where his homeostasis issues are in his physiology.

This is not something written after experimenting with your techniques - I would never be as foolish as to follow your blind advice in this book... I simply want to describe my understanding of the difference between a lucid dream and a nightmare..

All of my nightmares, I have seen have been defined by this common issue I describe here. Like any normal human being I have these types of dreams infrequently over the course of my life.

Therefore I would very strongly advise, that the writers of this book not teach people to use a mind control technique on themselves. Rather, I would advise that they teach people how to understand their own mental processes... and how to make wise decisions about doing things in their minds...

By definition "lucid dreaming" means a person is lucid. He is aware of how his thinking processes are working. And this awareness gives him the agility to control his own thinking processes as he would during the day - except in context with a very different form of mental endeavor.

Your warnings in the introduction to this book are all well and good, but consider that the people who died from heart attacks after being given the pharmaceutical VIOXX and other cox2 inhibitors recently are not helped by an apology. The warnings on pharmaceutical labels are not an excuse for giving a substance which is harmful to people.

Your warnings go so far as to say that people may experience psychotic episodes by following your advice.

If you don't have the understanding to offer advice to another human being, or a concrete enough appraisal of your own mental processes to share your thoughts wisely, then please don't say anything at all. Rainbird 11:03, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Reply
Before replying, I would like to say first that 1) I am not the author of the "Possible dangers of lucid dreaming" section and know nothing about its content, and 2) the "Dissociation" section only realistically and fully applies to those who already have psychological problems. Hundreds of people on the LD4all forum, Dreamviews.com forum, and alt.dreams.lucid USENET group have reported wonderful lucid dreams (using the techniques described on this site) without any such psychotic episodes. There is an Institute which sells courses in lucid dreaming and once selled devices to aid induction of lucid dreams; they have their own forum with hundreds of further reports on how people have had no ill effects. (To join that forum, one has to have given money to the Institute in some way, or to have participated in a study. Therefore, it could be deemed more reliable.)

You say that "The secret to lucid dreaming is not esoteric mind control techniques." Firstly, almost all the techniques given here are documented in Stephan LaBerge's book, and are not "esoteric", having been used by thousands of people, with mixed results. Secondly, there is no "secret" to lucid dreaming: a) it is no secret and b) I would never want to suggest that the methods here are the only ones, or the only possible ones.

You continue, "The secret to lucid dreaming, is for the person to understand how his night time thinking processes work, enough to be able to have some agility with them, as he uses them, at night." I presume you think that you understand how night-time thinking processes work? Would you share information or references? Because quite frankly, nobody does. The exact purpose of dreams, and how they fulfill that purpose, is also unclear (although most researchers in the field agree it is something to do with learning or memory storage).

Nevertheless, you know the "topic" of one of your dreams: "how does a self in a time of the past interfere with the dreaming process to where the dream becomes a nightmare?" To be honest, I have no idea what you mean by this. Were you wondering how past events involving oneself lead to oneself having nightmares?

"there was a character who changed form a lot" - please clarify. Did you feel in the dream that all those forms were connected, or did you later decide it by dream interpretation?

I don't even understand how the dream relates to the rest of your post.

"I would never be as foolish as to follow your blind advice in this book" - please give details. All of it? Even the section on dream recall? What am I (and the other authors) missing which is making us "blind"? (sarcasm begins) You're very kind about the book, and I'm sure you appreciate the effort I and other authors have put into it, and the fact that all this advice is from well-respected authors and dreaming experts. (sarcasm end)

What is the "common issue" which is a recurring theme in your nightmare?

"Therefore I would very strongly advise, that the writers of this book not teach people to use a mind control technique on themselves. Rather, I would advise that they teach people how to understand their own mental processes... and how to make wise decisions about doing things in their minds..." What are these "mind control techniques" you have seen in this book? Are you giving this advice because you (one very individual person) have had certain nightmares throughout your life (as "Therefore" suggests)? How do you know about your own mental processes?

"...a person is lucid. He is aware of how his thinking processes are working. And this awareness gives him the agility to control his own thinking processes as he would during the day - except in context with a very different form of mental endeavor." No, he is not aware of how his thinking processes are working. He is just in a dream. He can move around, fly, create objects, whatever. He is controlling his thinking processes in a way, but it's a very limited way. If lucid dreaming affected/negated the purpose of dreams, I do not think the mind would allow it, or have evolved to make it possible.

About the last section: Yes, I understand that warnings are not much of a substitute for not actually offering advice. However, I am not the one who put the warning there, and many well-respected sites include LD4all.com, Dreamviews.com and the Lucidity Institute have done without it. I am uncertain why the book even has this warning at all.

"or a concrete enough appraisal of your own mental processes to share your thoughts wisely" - I'm afraid my puny 15-year-old brain is unable to understand what exactly you mean here.

As a final note, thank you for your feedback. I'm always happy to see people speaking up their views. Also, I don't know why you removed the timestamp created by ~, but it certainly should be there (to give your words some authorship (and associated credibility) and to give an indication of how fast the discussion was), so I'm putting it back. A space before the "~" code is also useful for readability.

I suspect you will be interested in my reply, so if you haven't replied in a few days, I will try to send an email to you. Because you didn't provide an email address when you created an account, that will not be possible. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 20:05, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comment on Reply
I wrote most of the "Dangers" section of the book. I feel that the warnings need to be there, since I believe that in dreams you are actually dealing with your own subconscious and personality in a very direct way. This gives you the power to create both blissful and nightmarish experiences that to a certain part of your mind seem "real". Not appreciating that fact may, again from my viewpoint, lead you to recklessly mess up your thought processes in a way that will affet your day-time functioning.

About the other comments, I'm with r3m0t here. KC 17:42, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Purpose
This is a wonderful piece of work that could be a very useful book if it were oriented more purposefully. As it stands now, however, it seems to be oriented rather frivolously. Life is a reverent and serious pursuit for high and holy purposes, and going about a subject such as Lucid dreaming without a reverence and appreciation for that purpose is a travesty. Would it be possible for you to research some of the ways that Lucid Dreaming can contribute to personal growth and societal betterment and orient more toward that end? Anon Tom

A good example of such an approach is the following passage from a researcher on out of body experiences (possibly closely related to lucid dreaming). Anon Tom <IP_ADDRESS> 18:35, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

"Astral projection enables us to use the part of our mind that has been dormant or sleeping. We can wake up this part and put it to work. It is called the subconscious, and it can be used to give us the knowledge we need to find out more about ourselves, our purpose on earth, and our relationship with God. I go to the astral realm and communicate with my teachers."

Would such a paradigm shift be possible? Anon Tom <IP_ADDRESS> 18:35, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Reply
I don't see a need for a "paradigm shift". Not everyone shares your view of the world. It's up to each individual themselves what they want to use this information for. KC 22:50, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Navigation links as header AND footer
Just a usability note: When I am finished reading a page, I need to know where to go next. I would suggest having the LDTOC template at the bottom of the page as well as at the top. Either that, or "previous section" and "next section" links. -- Phyzome 23:39, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Proposed name change
I propose renaming all the chapters in this book so that they start with "Lucid Dreaming/" rather than "Lucid Dreaming: ". This would make it consistent with wikibooks' naming convention (see WB:NP). I trust this change would not be controversial, but note it here in advance to allow for comments, Jguk 08:09, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It's fine with me. —Tharenthel (Talk) (Contribs) 07:26, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

I propose this structure of chapters : Before to dream Know your dreams Enter into dream Act in your dreams More about lucid dreaming --Anonymous - 13 November 2006

What to do
I moved a large number of "what-to-do" ideas from Wikipedia to here. --Zoz 18:56, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Translation in french language.
Hello,

I'm very interesting in Lucid dreaming. However, french lucid dreaming community isn't very large.

We need documentation about lucid dreaming but we're not enough in order to redact them.

That's why I ask you if I can translate your book into french.

In waiting your approbation, Nicolas.

 * No reason why not. Wikibooks is absolutely free and its content can be used for any purpose you wish, so long as it's non-commercial. Translation is definitely one of the purposes which we love, since it lets our writings be exposed to a larger audience. Rarr 04:00, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

History of Lucid Dreaming
This book could use way more material – at least a chapter – on the history of lucid dreaming. The Wikipedia article hardly is adequate. Dilaudid 22:59, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

PDF file without GFDL license?
Shouldn't the PDF file have the GFDL license printed inside? I took a quick look at some of the other PDF books and they all include the license. - <IP_ADDRESS> 15:22, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Criticism
Great book guys, I've read it through a couple times (hard copy), and not only is it pretty interesting to read, it presents a fairly balanced take on a fairly controvercial topic. Other than the fact that it's not a very long book, I want to make a few points, from the point of view of a critical Wikipedia editor.

Anybody that has though seriously about lucid dreaming will know about LaBerge and his books, and it's obvious that a lot of the verifiable information in this book is supported by his writings. As a somewhat "trusted leader" for everything lucid, it only makes sense. A sceptic who doubts lucid dreaming (a person who may deny it's value, it's meaning, or it's existance) will interperet that fact in the following ways:
 * 1) Lucid dreaming = LaBerge
 * 2) LaBerge is the pretty much the only big name in lucid dreaming; a standout
 * 3) If LaBerge is wrong, lucid dreaming is a joke

Not to mention that all of LaBerge's books are targeted at a rather non-sceptical population (those eager to believe), not the scientific community. If you've read any of his scientific papers (not the best scientific writer, but nothing I can really criticize), you'll notice how deeply his facts are referenced, because he knows he's dealing with a lot of sceptics, and I think that you (we?) should do a little more of the same on Wikibooks. As it is right now, there's all too much sci-fi stuff in the book, and it doesn't serve well as an introduction to a sceptic. More details should be referenced from different trusted individuals (LaBerge himself seems to trust a good dozen of other scientific writers), and you have a responsibility to document the popular criticism as well, or else the whole thing just starts sounding like a sales pamphlet for LaBerge's books.

If you had a Wikibook on "how to fly to the moon", you'd have to make note of the fact that there's a huge percent of the worlds population that doesn't believe it's ever been done, and some who don't think it's possible. I feel that this book should serve as a world-wide, open-perspective introduction to lucid dreaming, and as it has as of yet been written entirely by dreamers and aspiring dreamers, it really seems to present the phenomenon in a much better light than it really deserves.

This is getting a bit long, I'll try to finish up quickly. I have some suggestions, you may or may not think they're necessary.
 * 1) Split the entire book into two parts: What is lucid dreaming + Lucid dreaming methodology
 * 2) Remove all references to the LD4all forums
 * 3) Take a more scientific approach to listing methods, techniques, etc.

Ok so the first one. I'm glad that this isn't just a how-to book (thank you), but if the notes about techs gets any longer it will be at great risk of becoming one (IMO). I personally think that it's much more important to present the theories, experimental results, and arguments that make up the description of lucid dreaming, than to describe how the LD community prepares for bed. Why? Well let me put it this way. If a large number of LDers started reporting that eating yoghurt before sleeping increased the chances of going lucid by a large percent, you could add that to one of your sections on methology, and it would probably be a warrented addition. The problem is that it's not scientific and it doesn't teach you anything useful about lucid dreaming to know that. If yoghurt really was of such great benefit, someone would probably eventually do a real scientific report on it and show that a certain ingredient of yoghurt (or the smell, or a certain texture that triggers a hormone in your brain, etc.) was the culprit, after which that ingredient could be added to the basic lucid dreaming description, because you would have scientific evidence that a certain ingredient has more than a passing influence on the process; it could be part of an essential cycle related to lucid dreaming. Having done that, there's no real need to include it as part of lucid dreaming "methology", because it will have become a core (referenced) element of the description of lucid dreaming itself.

Number two; you'll probably hate me for this. I know why you've done it, and I don't fully disagree with you for doing it, but nobody is going to insist that LD4all is a good, solid source for anything, and as long as we're all responsible Wikipedians here, I think you should just stick to what is known to be reliable, and what we can trust not to fall victim to symptoms of popularity, desparation, over-enthusiasm, etc. It's an excellent resource for starting lucidians, and it definitely deserves a big mention, but I really don't think it should be used as a source for anything. It only takes a couple clicks before you're bombarded by posts about "verified" telekenisis, alien encounters, and all this new-world stuff that may do well with it's own article/book, but is all too controvercial to risk mixing in with a supposedly verifiable book on lucid dreaming. Use your own judgement.

For my third point, I'm mainly looking at the reality checks section. OK, it's useful, informative, and interesting, but from the POV of a non-believing sceptic, it's complete nonsense. I don't really know how I can explain this from a sceptics point of view without just sounding like I'm starting to cause trouble. Basically, I don't think things like these should be made into a chart. This policy exists en force in Wikipedia as well; charts are easily falsifiable, and it is difficult to make them clear, relevant, and perfectly verifiable at the same time. I just feel this chart could be made into a few paragraphs about how certain actions that work perfectly normally IRL, for some reason don't work as well in dreams, and it really begs for an explanation. I understand that light switches don't work so well in dreams, but it sounds like a silly statement to be made in such a bold way, and I'm sure there are sources out there which outline theories as to why such actions such as walking steadily, clapping your hands, breathing through your hose, and looking at mirrors give unexpected results while you are dreaming. It's also difficult to present this topic in a scientific manner, because each time you say something like "can you fly?" the sceptic laughs and passes the whole thing off as a moronic fantasy. It may be useful to use wording more similar to "are you able to intice your dream character to fly" or "does your subconcious tell you that you are flying", which puts some space between the writing and the fact that it's trying to express, i.e. it doesn't  appear in any way that you are claiming anyone is going to be able to "fly".

I think that's enough for now, I really hope someone reads through this and considers improving this book seriously. It really is an interesting book about a fascinating subject, and there definitely needs to be better organization of the hard facts here (as I said before, there's not only one guy writing the scientific papers here!), better educating the public about the phenomenon. Sweet dreams then. <IP_ADDRESS> 14:36, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * This isn't really "my" book any more, and this is a very late response, but...
 * The first point - about the book taking the POV that LD exists. There are a few reasons why somebody wouldn't believe in LD.
 * They've never experienced it themselves - what am I to do to convince them? :)
 * It doesn't jive with their psycho-stuff about interpreting dreams - what am I to do to convinve them? :)
 * They think that people can't (philosophically speaking) distinguish between an LD and a dream that (in the dream) appears to be an LD. The distinction is important to most LDers because in a false lucid dream, they find that their "chosen activities" in the LD don't really match what they actually wanted to do when they went to sleep.
 * I don't really see the idea of writing a book about how to levitate for people who don't believe in levitation. Similarly for LD.
 * Numbered point one: as long as the non-how-to part remains, it won't become "just a how-to book". Which is good. The balance between sections only reflects how much people are willing to write in each section. Unfortunately, almost nobody does research on LDs, and there is great personal variance between the people who want to have LDs. Also, there is no placebo for eating yoghurt before bedtime (except comparing, say, yoghurt with some fruit) and there's clearly no placebo for reality checks. Everything we have is on a "works-for-somebody" basis.
 * Numbered point two: I was spending time at LD4all, and I liked it - despite the supernatural areas, there are plenty of sceptics, and the LD forums have plenty of people with their feet on the ground, so to speak. (At least when I was there.) Where else am I supposed to link to? Dreamviews? Fine, link to dreamviews. :) The reader is meant to take linked information with a pinch of salt.
 * Numbered point three: 'It's also difficult to present this topic in a scientific manner, because each time you say something like "can you fly?" the sceptic laughs and passes the whole thing off as a moronic fantasy' - it's meant to be the question that somebody asks themselves in the dream. "Can I fly? Yes! I must be in a lucid dream!" as opposed to "Am I able to entice my dream character to fly? What dream character?" (Or worse: "Am I able to entice my dream character to fly? *flaps wings in a crowded train* Apparently not - I guess I must be in real life - hey, why is everybody looking at me funny?"). Of course you'll be "able to fly" - as in feel an experience like you would expect flying to feel like. I don't think anybody would misread it as "lucid dreams can make you able to actually fly in real life". r3m0t [[Special:Contributions/r3m0t|(cont)]] [[User talk:r3m0t|(talk)]] 20:40, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Dead discussion
This whole book's discussion is dead, but if people have questions about Lucid Dreaming, drop a message at erik212's (me) talk page, or e-mail me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-erik212

A cover?
Would it be useful to make a cover for this book? Emanla Eraton 19:10, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * If people like to print the book, yes. r3m0t [[Special:Contributions/r3m0t|(cont)]] [[User talk:r3m0t|(talk)]] 20:40, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Merges required
Lucid Dreaming: Using and Lucid Dreaming/Using. Lucid Dreaming/Induction Techniques and Lucid Dreaming: Induction Techniques. Somebody did a copy-and-paste move, except they left the original version behind. Since then, semi-significant changes were made to both pages. Somebody please fix this. r3m0t [[Special:Contributions/r3m0t|(cont)]] [[User talk:r3m0t|(talk)]] 20:44, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Fixed
I merged the few good changes, since the official articles are edited more than the old one. I also tagged some duplicate articles (glossary, appendix, and links) for deletion, since they are updated in the book.

e-mail me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Its way faster than my checking here. Also, I backed up the old articles (which are marked for deletion) in case they're needed.

P.S. Sourcejedi, was it you that made all the grammatical corrections in the versions on this book?

9/7/07 Erik212

Fixed for good
✅: I merged the appropriate edit histories. The pages that were tagged with were deleted, then recreated as a redirect to the "real" page in question (which is associated with the complete edit history). Just a reminder that copy and paste movements of content are messy to fix - if you need to move a page, then move the page... with the move tab at the top of the page. If there's a page there already, it will block you from moving to that location; ask an admin to help out if that's the case. It's much easier that way than if we have to come along behind merging edit histories.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:26, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Great. Thanks for the effort.  I'm sorry (if) my "fixup" contributed to the mess; as above I blame User:Ksd5 for the initial copy+paste move :-).  I'll remember to find an admin as soon as I come across such problems in future.  Wikipedia's "be bold" definitely doesn't apply to moving pages :-).

Problems
I think this book should have a section on problems such as losing awareness and/or conciousness in WILD and how to overcome them. --<IP_ADDRESS> 06:42, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Lucid Dreaming: The Psuedoscientific New Age Nonsense
I ask you all to look at this site: http://www.skepdic.com/lucdream.html. It disproves Lucid Dreaming as more New Age nonsense, it should be piled into Astrology with junk sciences. It is possible you can dream you are awake when you are not. It is scientifically impossible to have conciousness in sub-concious sleep. Thus this is nonsense. So please remove claims this is scientific!!

 * I looked at the site. Is it the second to last paragraph you're making reference to?
 * "Some skeptics do not believe that there is such a state as lucid dreaming (Malcolm 1959). Skeptics don't deny that sometimes in our dreams we dream that we are aware that we are dreaming. What they deny is that there is special dream state called the 'lucid state.' The lucid dream is therefore not a gateway to "transcendent consciousness" any more than nightmares are."
 * The way I interpret this, they're saying that it might not be that we know we're dreaming, but that we dream we know we're dreaming. Maybe, maybe not. I'm not sure it makes any difference. Either way, it's possible for us to behave exactly as if we know that we're dreaming, whether or not we're just dreaming that we know we're dreaming and we don't actually know we're dreaming (and, really, how does that work? We "think" we know we're dreaming, but we don't actually know we're dreaming?). Two more things: Lucid dreaming is not a science, it's a phenomenon. Neurology is a science, as is psychology. And, I don't know about you, but I'm always conscious during my dreams. Otherwise I wouldn't be able to remember them, would I? If I'm consciously aware of a thought, it's a conscious thought. If a thought is not conscious, I'm not consciously aware of it. I am consciously aware of my dreams (even non-lucid ones) as they're occuring, so, it seems to me, they must be conscious.
 * I understand what he means by "It is possible you can dream you are awake when you are not." I myself have experienced "lucid" dreams which were in fact very restrictive, in which I thought I had full realization of the fact that I was dreaming, but I could hardly control any aspects of my dream as I should have been able to if I were actually fully conscious of this fact. This may support the claim that so called "lucid dreaming" is all an invention of our subconscious, and I believe so, but regardless of this, lucid dreaming is enjoyable when experienced as if truly under the dreamer's control. The possibility that lucid dreaming is an illusion of the subconscious is no reason to dismiss the pursuit of such experiences as nonsense or junk. I identify with the first person's wish to remove whatever semblence of scientific support is present in the wikibook, but at the same time believing in such proof is somewhat necessary to the pursuit of lucid dreaming and if a reader "knows better," good for them. ;) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:35, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm removing the section you added ("Criticism of Lucid Dreaming") because it contains no content except for an unsupported claim ("Lucid dreaming is New Age nonsense masquerading as actual science.") and a link (which, as far as I can tell, doesn't give any support to your claim). I'll add the link to the Further Reading section. If you'd like to add information about particular criticisms of lucid dreaming, then I think the Introduction would be a more appropriate place for it than the front page. Tharenthel (Talk) (Contribs) 04:05, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

The 'Techniques' page and its various color-classifications seem screwy
(cross posted here) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:46, 21 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Why is there even a red classification? If you can't even get anecdotal evidence, what do you have exactly?
 * Why does Green place commercial books at the same level as scientific research? I mean, anyone can publish a book about any crackpot nonsense they want. Why should that be as important a criteria as actual science?
 * And as an aside, is there any actual science behind any of this? I don't mean some insane study published in Medical Hypotheses, I mean actual science.

 * I agree that it can sometimes be inconsistent, that needs to be fixed. In the cases of the commercial books, I believe that it is referring to books published by scientists such as Dr. Stephen LaBerge, and other "experts" in the field. I'm not sure how many people write books that are complete BS about LDing, seeing how it's pretty well established what's true about it. Of course there is actual science. There are many links within the book, and I can provide you the link to the lucidity institutes's page, where you can see two of the books LaBerge has published, as well as a FAQ. Erik212 (talk) 06:23, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Tibetan methods
First of all, I'd like to apologize for messing up the wikibook with my botched rename. The Tibetan Method section should be expanded on. It has been at 25% status for some time now. Emanla Eraton (talk) 19:20, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Things happening because you believe them
I've experienced that what happens in a Lucid Dream are only the things I believe in. For instance, if I try to fly, but I think I'm going to fall, I will actually fall. I think it's an useful thing to know, to let go of your real world beliefs when you're in a Lucid Dream.

I wanted to put this somewhere, but I'm not sure where, and I also don't know whether you think the same. Thanks! Theon144 (discuss • contribs) 17:16, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lucid Dreaming


text:
Talk:Tornado outbreak of April 27–28, 2002

Death totals
I changed the MD number from 3 to 4, and added one to the total in the first paragraph. I've also seen more recent reports which put the MD toll at 5. If anyone wants to debate these numbers, I'd love to have some more sources to look at.

Also, the category pages would need to be updated, but I'm going to let someone from the project pick that up, while I see if there is any objection to my change.

Walt 14:11, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The death chart may be incorrect as there might have (I'm not 100% sure but I kinda remember such) been some non-tornadic deaths. CrazyC83 01:17, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Outbreak the week before
This looks like this might have been an outbreak sequence. On April 21 and 24, just in the Paducah FA (see page here), there were tornadoes, killing 1. The April 21 tornado was an F-3, the April 24 was an F-4 that hit a somewhat urbanized area. Would anyone object to this being moved to say, April 2002 tornado outbreak sequence, along with the addition of any tornadoes that occured earlier? Southern Illinois SKYWARN (talk) 16:02, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Name
I moved "Midwest to Mid-Atlantic United States tornado outbreak of 2002" to "2002 Midwest to Mid-Atlantic United States tornado outbreak" to comply with Naming conventions (events). --Rosiestep (talk) 23:38, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Dead link

 * http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ohx/surveys/ss042802.htm
 * In 2002 Midwest to Mid-Atlantic United States tornado outbreak on 2011-05-25 07:22:36, 404 Not Found
 * In 2002 Midwest to Mid-Atlantic United States tornado outbreak on 2011-06-11 04:32:15, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 04:32, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Rating for 1926 La Plata, Maryland tornado
I found two different pieces of information about this tornado that clearly contradict one another. The information I found while reading La Plata, Maryland is "it was estimated to have been an F3 on the Fujita scale" and this statement is cited. But the information I found while reading 2002 Midwest to Mid-Atlantic United States tornado outbreak is "much of the town had previously been destroyed by an F4 tornado on November 9, 1926" and I don't know which bit of information is more accurate. I would think that the cited statement would be more accurate. There's no reference to any published source verifying that this was an F4 tornado. As far as I'm concerned, the April 28, 2002 event (which has been officially rated F4) is one of only two known F4 tornadoes in Maryland history (the other occurring on June 2, 1998 in Frostburg). I'm considering updating the information in this article so that it's consistent with the information in the La Plata, Maryland article, but first I would like for someone to find a source with accurate information, and maybe I'll make that change, or whoever finds a reference could so long as someone can find the right information. I'm interested to find more information about the November 9, 1926 event.-Kevjgav (talk) 08:17, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

I've found some sources that say this was, in fact, an F4 tornado (one source is http://roofright.com/blog/?p=502) but in the source given in La Plata, Maryland it was rated F3 by Grazulis (the source is "Thomas P. Grazulis-Significant Tornadoes of 1680-1991" or something like that) so it looks like the rating is disputed.--Kevjgav (talk) 10:23, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

Maryland Tornadoes need to be fixed
A few things need to be fixed with the LaPlata tornado. It says that the LaPlata F4 and Dorchester County F3 are separate tornadoes, but NWS Sterling has it as one long tracked tornado, as photos apparently confirmed that the F4 survived crossing the Chesapeake Bay and crossed into Dorchester County, where it re-intensified into an F3. Also, the official death toll for the LaPlata F4 is 3, as 1 of the fatalities was a heart attack indirectly related to the tornado. Can someone fix the page with this information? Gio52903 (talk) 19:12, 10 December 2019 (UTC)


text:
PHP

PHP is a high level, dynamic, interpreted scripting language. Originally it was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995 and stood for Personal Home Page. It began in 1994 as a set of Common Gateway Interface binaries written in the C programming language. The Danish/Greenlandic programmer Rasmus Lerdorf created these Personal Home Page Tools to replace a small set of Perl scripts used to maintain his personal homepage. It augments raw HTML by allowing significant interactivity and increased functionality. It has become popular in recent years as it is easy to begin working with and supported by a good majority of web hosting companies. MediaWiki, the server software for Wikiversity, makes extensive use of PHP.

Prerequisites
Before starting the course, we suggest you go over the following:
 * Introduction to Programming recommended
 * Introduction to Computer Science

Course Description
The course will help you learn PHP by going over material step by step and explaining relevant concepts. Reference materials will be complemented by learning guides, which will expand on the reference by elaborating the how and why of each topic.

Resources

 * Introduction to PHP – A basic outline of PHP.
 * Introduction to PHP/Variables – Extensive guide on variables in PHP
 * Introduction to PHP/Constants – Constants in PHP
 * Responding to HTML forms with PHP – Getting started using PHP with web forms
 * Generating a receipt with PHP – Calculating totals and discounts from your web form.
 * PHP challenges – Building your PHP skills towards storing data in a database.
 * PHP Dates – Working with dates and times
 * PHP databases – Basics behind connectivity and query methods.
 * PHP Debugging – Basics on debugging code

Learning guides

 * Introduction to PHP Learning Guide – Guided tour of the above Introduction to PHP reference, in development

title: PHP