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Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Hands

Presentation
With the hands reality check, you check if your hands are normal. Look at your hand or both hands and focus on them. Count the fingers in your head or out loud. They may have the wrong number of fingers, the number may change while you try to count them, the fingers can be deformed and keep on changing when you look at them. Your hands can be the wrong colour, or have other abnormalities.

As well as doing this regularly, you could also do it every time you notice somebody using their hands. You could also mark your own hands to remind you to do this reality check (or another), for example by writing something in your palm, the back of your hand, or wrist (see also Reading).

Examples of this reality check working

 * I counted my fingers and realized I had the right amount, but knew I was dreaming so I asked to see this other persons hand next to me. He had 6 fingers then I knew for sure I was dreaming

 * I counted my fingers. It looked as though I had the right amount, but as I actually counted them, I discovered that I had seven the first count, and six the next.

 * I noticed something strange so I counted my fingers. I counted them several times because the number I counted kept changing between five and six. Eventually I was certain that I saw six fingers, and I realized I was dreaming.

 * I remembered to do a reality check. So I looked at my hands and realized that they're actually claws!

 * My fingers appeared jumbled up as if I had no bones

 * Spiders and ants were crawling across my hand in a continuous line.

 * My fingers appear floating off the palm of my hand

 * I looked at my hand, and it looked like I had two or three extra fingers. When I counted them, each one disappeared when I pointed to it.

 * My hand seemed fuzzy, gray, and partially translucent. Something seemed to be wrong with them. When I pressed my fingers into my left palm, I could feel them pushing through like my hand was clay.

 * When I looked at my hands, one was normal but the other hand had several fingers growing off my other fingers making it appear mutated. Immediately I knew I was dreaming.

 * I looked at my hands and they moved too slowly when I curled them.

 * I looked at my hands and each hand had six fingers and when I went to fold my fingers into my palm the sixth fingers hurt like hell and I realized I was dreaming.

 * I tried looking at my hands, and the fingers appeared blurry, and I couldn't count them.

 * I checked my hand for a reality check, when it suddenly burst into flames and I woke up as planned - I was using the check to wake up.

 * I checked my hand for extra fingers when I suddenly fell through the world into a Minecraft-ish void and also woke up.

 * This is how I know this is true: I was having my usual dream in which I am a Panda in Animal Crossing. I looked at my hands and they weren’t Panda hands! Once I knew I was dreaming, I made Tom Nook pay off my mortgage for free.

 * I looked down at my hands after realizing I may be dreaming and I noticed that my fingers were mangled and some were translucent. I proceeded to jump around the room I was in like Spider-Man. I remember a few snippets of that dream. I was in a large kitchen with appliances fit for a giant. I think I was traveling through a place similar to the Infinity Train, which makes sense considering I had been rewatching the show.
 * I looked at my left hand, and it was missing a finger.
 * I looked at my hand and saw 4 fingers, and my hand was very blurry. I slapped my hand to wake up because I knew I was dreaming. I started biting my lip and then thought I woke up, but I was still stuck in this house with killers. Finally, I woke up for real. My lip was bleeding.

Examples of this reality check failing

 * I tried counting my fingers, but my vision was all fuzzy. Everything kept on jumping. It was like trying to count things that kept on moving. I gave up and continued nonlucidly.

 * When I looked at my hand I noticed I appeared to have six fingers, but I assumed it was because the extra finger was surgically added.

 * I once had four fingers, but was so amused by it that I forgot it while laughing about it.

 * I failed to notice the positions of my right hand's fingers had been flipped (I.e. pinky where thumb should be), and even though I did see a new finger next to my pinky I failed to become lucid.

 * When I was looking at my hands, some bombs exploded behind me, I got the Minecraft You died! screen. When I touched Respawn I was flying about a blown-up building staring at my extremely long fingered right hand, and they were mangled in all sorts of disturbing positions. After about 15 seconds of this I woke up.

 * The fingers flickering in and out of existence scared me so much that I had to quit reality checking and look away.

 * One time I was dreaming about France. I found a time door that led to my first grade playground, but instead of slides and swings, there was a jungle gym shaped like the Eiffel Tower. I realized I was dreaming. When I went to count my fingers, I noticed I was carrying a piece of French bread (which had not been in my hand before). My fingers looked blurry, and I noticed they smelled like cheese.

 * When I counted my fingers in my dreams it was always six, but in the dream I had last night it suddenly became five. My hands felt normal and when I later counted them again it was still five. For a moment i feared I wasn't actually dreaming until I realised that if it was real it would be kind of odd for me to be in a futuristic space building with Dylan O´ Brien.

 * I developed this habit of checking my hands because I really wanted to try lucid dreaming. I knew that in dreams, hands would look all weird and wonky and funky. In my dream, I looked at my hand and noticed I was missing two fingers. I got over excited that I immediately woke up. (I also read that extreme emotions will wake you up. So that's why)

 * I tried to count my fingers and kept counting between 5-7, but my hand looked like it had 5 so I kept recounting. I eventually gave up because I had just gotten into a car crash and thought that my vision might’ve been affected. I kept on dreaming normally and never noticed.

Sueño lúcido/Test de Realidad/Manos

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Hands


text:
Paul Ysebaert

Paul Robert Ysebaert (born May 15, 1966) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. During his fourteen years playing career, he played 11 years in the National Hockey League as a left wing for the New Jersey Devils, Detroit Red Wings, Winnipeg Jets, Chicago Blackhawks, and Tampa Bay Lightning. Ysebaert accumulated a total of 336 points in 532 games during his career.

Playing career
Ysebaert was one of the more popular players in Detroit during the early 1990s after arriving in a trade from the New Jersey Devils. Earning the nickname "Rocket Man" from the fans, he enjoyed his best season in 1991–92, with 35 goals and 40 assists. The same year he became the first Red Wing to win the NHL Plus-Minus Award. Ysebaert was dealt to the Winnipeg Jets before the 1993–94 season for former University of Michigan defenceman Aaron Ward. Ysebaert served as the first captain of the Tampa Bay Lightning, from 1995 to 1997. After one season in Europe, Ysebaert retired in 2000, citing injuries.

title: Paul Ysebaert


text:
User:Ch Mubeen saleem

ch Mubeen saleem is the son of Ch Muhammad Saleem .He Get his early education from Kashmir public school barnala.He passed Matric from Faran Institute  of Education College Barnala bhimber  Ajk  .After that he passed  I.com from Garrison Science College Barnala bhimber Ajk. Now he want to become a professional Lawyer.

title: User:Ch Mubeen saleem


text:
The Sydney Front

Sydney Front was an Australian performance group formed in 1986 particularly known for integrating the audience into their productions. They combining elements of performance art and experimental theatre in their work. In 1999 John McCallum, theatre critic in The Australian newspaper wrote,'The Sydney Front is still Australia's most influential contemporary performance company, although they disbanded in 1993.

The core of the group were performers John Baylis, Andrea Eloise, Clare Grant, Nigel Kellaway and Chris Ryan. Kellaway had been the first Australian to train with Japanese director Tadashi Suzuki. Premiering many of their works at the Performance Space, Sydney, they toured the UK, Europe and Hong Kong.

Their work The Pornography of Performance became a cause célèbre when it was performed at London's Riverside Studios. Along with the work of the Wooster Group and Forced Entertainment, Sydney Front were cited as Anglophonic examples of postdramatic theatre in the English edition of Hans-Thies Lehmann's Postdramatic Theatre, 2006. The group briefly reformed in 2004 to perform at the 21st birthday event for the Performance Space in Sydney.

A two DVD set and streaming program, Staging the Audience: The Sydney Front documenting The Sydney Front's work was released by Artfilms in 2012.

Major works

 * Waltz, 70 minute theatre work, Sydney, 1987.
 * John Laws/Sade, 80 minute theatre work, Sydney, 1987.
 * The Pornography of Performance, 100 minute performance work, Adelaide, Sydney, 1988; Denmark, Amsterdam, Salzburg, Düsseldorf, London, 1989.
 * The Burnt Wedding, 60 minute street performance, Brisbane, 1988; Sydney & European tour, 1989.
 * Photocopies of God, 60 minute theatre work, Sydney, 1989.
 * The Nuremberg Recital, 60 minute solo theatre work by Nigel Kellaway, Sydney & Perth, 1989.
 * Prescripts, 30 minute theatre work, Sydney 1990.
 * Woman in the Wall, 50 minutes solo theatre work by Clare Grant, Sydney & Auckland 1990.
 * Don Juan, 85 minute theatre work, Sydney 1991.
 * First and Last Warning, theatre work, Sydney, 1992.
 * Techno/Dumb/Show, video work by John Gillies and The Sydney Front, 1991.
 * Passion, theatre work, Sydney, 1993

title: The Sydney Front


text:
Central Elections Committee

The Israeli Central Elections Committee (ועדת הבחירות המרכזית, Va'adet HaBehirot HaMerkazit) is the body charged under the Knesset Elections Law of 1969 to carry out the elections for the upcoming Knesset. The committee is composed of Knesset members (and delegates) representing various parliamentary groups and is chaired by a Supreme Court Justice (currently Noam Sohlberg). Tasks for the committee include the authorization of party lists running for the Knesset, election financing, and publication and appeals of election results.

1985 amendments
In 1985, the Knesset approved a law which, for the first time, allowed the committee to disqualify a party list on the grounds of its ideological platform. The law allowed the committee to bar parties from elections that negate the existence of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state, made incitements to racism, or supported the armed struggle of an enemy state or terrorist organization against the state of Israel. The first provision, dealing with the existence of Israel as a Jewish state, has been the most controversial since it is possible that parties favoring a one-state solution could be banned under it.

1988 party bans
The committee decided to ban the Progressive List for Peace (PLP) and the Kach Party in 1988. The former was banned for allegedly negating the existence of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state; the latter party was banned because of incitements to racism. The Supreme Court of Israel sustained the ban against Kach, but overturned the ban on the PLP reasoning that it was impossible to determine that "the real, central and active purpose [of the list] is to bring about the elimination of the State of Israel as the state of the Jewish people".

2003 party ban controversy
In 2003, Likud MK Michael Eitan initiated a move to ban the Ta'al Party from participating in that year's Knesset elections. MK Michael Kleiner, the leader of the right-wing Herut Party, initiated a similar move against the Balad Party, arguing that Balad was "a cover-up for illegal activity" and that it "supports terror organizations, identifies with the enemy and acts against Israel as a Jewish and democratic state".

The Central Elections Committee proceeded to vote by a one-vote majority to disqualify Balad and Ta'al lists from the elections. Supreme Court Justice Michael Cheshin, who chaired the committee, voted against the ban, stating that there was insufficient evidence to sustain the claims against the parties and individuals within those parties, but also said that Balad's leader Azmi Bishara's past expressions of support of the militant pro-Iranian Hezbollah in Lebanon had angered him.

The bans were appealed to the Israeli Supreme Court, where the Court unanimously overturned the bans on the Ta'al list and party leader Ahmad Tibi. The Court also overturned the ban on Balad and party leader Azmi Bishara by a 7-4 majority.

2009 party bans
On 12 January 2009 the Committee voted to ban two Arab political parties, Balad and the United Arab List—Ta'al, from participating in the February elections. The vote to ban Balad from the elections passed 26–3 with one abstention; that to disqualify UAL—Ta'al passed 21–3 with eight abstentions.

The measure was proposed by the Yisrael Beiteinu party, the leader of which, Avigdor Liberman, accused Ahmad Tibi of being part of a fifth column. Lieberman stated that "The next step is to declare Balad illegal because it's a terror organisation that seeks to hurt Israel."

Jamal Zahalka, chairman of Balad, warned that the decision would lead to a deeper crisis between Israel's Jewish and Arab citizens.

On 21 January 2009, the Supreme Court overturned the ban.

title: Central Elections Committee


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Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2015-02-04/Gallery

What a pleasant new column! It would be great if you continue to highlight new themes, especially when their are associated topics on Wikipedia that could use improvement! Keep it up, Sadads (talk) 22:50, 8 February 2015 (UTC)


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Wikiversity talk:Scope

Time frames
In thinking about how to launch Wikiversity, it is important to talk about a timeline for the development of the project. My expectation is that the project will start small and grow larger. It will not be possible to do everything right at the start. We should think critically about the types of activities and subgoals that should be emphasized in order to support the launch of the project. Some major and ultimate goals for the project might need to be approached incrementally with the expectation that "obvious" goals such as constructing conventional online courses will require a wiki support system that will encourage multiple editors to contibute to a course's development in a distributed fashion over an extended period of time.

It has been natural for all of us to leap to the logical conclusion: that it would possible to construct conventional online courses within a wiki. However, we need to put some thought into the practicalities of attracting and supporting Wikiversity editors who will do the hard work of editing the Wikiversity pages so as to construct such courses. Also, we need to face the reality that the easily imagined goal of constructing Wikiversity courses is in competition with many other activities that potential Wikiversity editors can be involved in. I think the past history of Wikiversity (within the Wikibooks project) demonstrates that it is not enough to just start the Wikiversity project and expect that editors will automatically show up and put functioning courses on line. Also, I think that almost all wiki courses will never really fit the "conventional" mode. The natural mode of operations for any wiki is dependent on distributed processes to an extent that is not compatible with conventional online courses that have specific times of existence, designated instructors and a group of students forced to march in lock-step.

All that said, I think the dream of constructing conventional online courses within Wikiversity is fine, but the Board is correct to state that it is not wise to try to launch the project by simply imagining that by setting up a new wiki space then Wikiversity editors will suddenly show up and put courses online. That is not how wiki works. There might be a few people who are only looking for free server space so that they can put some training session online TODAY, but for the most part it is unreasonable to expect that there is an army of people just waiting to put free courses online in wiki format as soon as the doors open.

It is not constructive to view the Board's stated requirements for the contents of an approvable Wikiversity project proposal as a roadblock to goals that are widely held by members of the community who voted in favor of the Wikiversity project. It is not an "us vs them" situation. It is not a question of should there by Wikiversity courses or not. The Board cannot prevent the community from making online courses. However, in my view, the requirements for the project proposal that have been imposed by the Board are based on a realistic assessment of how the wiki interface works and communities of wiki editors grow, interact and die. The requirements for the Wikiversity project proposal that have been established by the Board are not based on arbitrary decisions that should provoke outrage and contempt within the Wikiversity community. If members of the community fail to try to recognize the good intentions of the Board and the wisdom of the imposed restrictions, then the project will never be approved by the Board.

To those members of the community who have responded with outrage to the Board's Wikiversity project proposal requirements, I can suggest a first step towards possible reconciliation. I suspect that it is possible to construct a wiki learning environment that optimally takes advantage of the wiki user interface. There are some goals and projects that make sense for the launch of Wikiversity because they take into account the realities of the wiki interface and how communities of wiki editors grow and function. At the same time, there are some concievable goals for Wikiversity that would actually damage the project if they were adopted as immediate goals for the project launch. I suggest that our first natural impulse, to imagine re-creating conventional courses in wiki format, is easier to imagine than to make happen. I encourage the members of the Wikiversity community to be open to un-conventional learning opportunities that are "natural fits" for the wiki user interface. In my view, if we develop these "wiki-natural" learning-oriented projects at the launch of Wikiversity, then the project will get a good start in life and be able to move on to the most ambitious goals. If the community eventually finds a way (and a need) to put online a bunch of conventional courses, the Board will never be able to stop it. For those who view conventional courses as the only concievable content for Wikiversity, I ask that you remain open to other types of learning opportunities that are made possible by the wiki interface and will be the best way to launch Wikiversity. Please be open to various learning projects that are natural for the wiki interface and will tap into existing pools of wiki editors. Starting Wikiversity with an emphasis on such wiki-oriented learning projects is not saying no to the future possibility of conventional courses. It is saying yes to a viable project that will be approved by the Board. We should all be able to live with courses as a long-term goal that will come into focus after a strong launch of the project. --JWSurf 17:57, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * John, I fully agree with this assessment (with the caveat that the board obviously can stop courses developing if they like, but with the strong feeling that they wouldn't if courses developed in the way that you envisage). As I understand WiseWoman to see them, "full courses" are simply full course materials - in this case there is absolutely no controversy. The controversy begins in whether Wikiversity is itself used as a place of learning. Now, I believe that Wikiversity should be this "place of learning", and I believe that it could include online courses, but I agree that they do not need to be our initial goal. I agree that wiki-based learning projects could be designed around the materials that Wikiversity hosts, and I believe that they can be mediated through study groups, learning communities and portals, which we have already discussed. I think that this needs to be better explained on Learning, so that people who are obviously motivated to share their knowledge can do so, without feeling frustrated. Cormaggio @ 09:36, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Methinks we need to define the term "online course", as there are many things this could actually be. I'll get right on it, even if I don't have time :) --WiseWoman 20:39, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * This section of the proposal is too conciliatory to other projects. For example: Wikibooks has a clique of regulars who wish the Wikibooks to be printer ready and who frown upon links to external materials.   It is no large stretch of imagination to foresee that this will often make these books less useful to online students than they could be.  It is likely in this situation that rather than wasting time debating with Wikibooks regulars learning groups or even individual student will fork the book if it is a useful starting point and start adding links to other online material to improve its effectiveness on Wikiversity learning trails and to Wikiversity students.  It would reduce future strife and controversy if it was understood in the approved project proposal that Wikiversity will tend to its knitting and other WMF sponsored projects can tend to theirs.  Nevertheless, the project is fine as written if it gets a permanment URL activated.   Opponents to Wikiversity never seem to account for its total lack of visibility, advertising, stability, etc. when claiming it has not prospered so far therefore it will never prosper.  Allow me to assist you WiseWoman with a prototype definition"

 * A Wikiversity Online Course is a location in the Wikiversity URL/namespace where more than one student has agreed to work together via some documented and evolving procedures to study material (information, data, and documented knowledge interlinked with the rest of the internet as well as using traditional references to offline material) of interest; while improving that available body of free material available in humanity's knowledge commons (see GNU FDL and the stated mission of WFM used when soliciting public funds for operation) for future students, groups or asynchronous mobs or individual students, and other useful purposes at the sole discretion of the user as per the GNU FDL.  <IP_ADDRESS> 06:55, 3 August 2006 (UTC)  lazyquasar

"What Wikiversity is not"
I, and some of the other users (such as those at Creation of Free Online University) disagree strongly with this section (as it was added by WiseWoman) and feel than there should be nothing preventing Wikiversity to offer pseudo-traditional courses (as the excellent Hitler's Germany course currently underway), and that accredation is not only desirable, but a real long-term possibility. The Jade Knight 03:14, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

The scope of Wikiversity
Wikiversity is two things. It is the framework for creating and using learning materials and it is the actual learning materials. Therefore, the success or failure of Wikiversity will be judged on these two items alone. Only these will define the scope of Wikiversity.

 * The structure - Functional and fantasy
 * The structure of Wikiversity is still very rough and the eventual direction is not clear. Initially a general structure was need and that is being developed now.  However, the trend is to develop an imaginary university (fantasy) rather than a real one (functional).  While half the structural development is to flesh out the categories where the lessons and materials will go, too much distraction is being created by developing imaginary lessons which are just useless stubs that hinder, not help the attraction of authors to Wikiversity.

 * An equally important part of the structure of Wikiversity is the software. While designed for efficient use at Wikipedia, the design of the software is awkward and limiting for authors at Wikiversity to use.  These deficiencies are not being address and new authors are finding the wikiversity environment extremely awkward to develop in.  Therefore, Wikiversity has not been attracting authors who complete and maintain lessons.

 * The ultimate measure
 * The final measure of the success and failure of Wikiversity will be the lessons and learning materials that are developed. Wikiversity will eventually bend to fit the lessons that are completed, ready for use, and staffed by willing coordinators.  Only when lessons are actually finished will we know what the true scope of Wikiversity is. Robert Elliott 15:13, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

"useless stubs that hinder, not help the attraction of authors to Wikiversity" <-- A wiki is a website for collaborative authoring of webpages. A stubby page might hinder some "authors" who are not familiar with online collaboration. For "authors" who respect the fact that Wikiversity is a place for collaboration, a stub page is an invitation to collaborative editing. A Wikiversity stub page was probably started by a student who wishes that there were learning resources at Wikiversity about a particular topic.

"new authors are finding the wikiversity environment extremely awkward to develop in" <-- Wikipedia has a large number of resources for helping editors learn how to contribute (Editing Wikipedia). The Wikiversity help pages need work and Wikiversity should have better development of resources such as Wiki 101 that would help participants "learn the ropes" for wiki editing.

"lessons that are completed" <-- this is just one part of the Wikiversity mission. "..... the idea here is to also host learning communities, so people who are actually trying to learn, actually have a place to come and interact and help each other figure out how to learn things. We're also going to be hosting and fostering research into how these kinds of things can be used more effectively." (source)Most Wikiversity editors are students who are not going to wait for someone else to produce "complete lessons". Does Wikiversity have "staff" or does it have participants? --JWSchmidt 17:11, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Scope


text:
convocato

Adjective

 * 1) convened, summoned

Noun

 * 1)  a player summoned to play for the national side

title: convocato


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User:SuggestBot/Interviews/User-41

As part of our current research study we would like to know a bit more about you and your involvement on Wikipedia and your use of SuggestBot. Your participation is voluntary, meaning you are free to not answer any questions or withdraw at any time. You can find more information about the study and contact information in the consent information sheet. To respond you can edit this page and write the answers below the questions like it was a talk page. If you wish to submit your answers in private you can email us directly.

If you have questions about any part of this, feel free to let us know. I (User:Nettrom) am the researcher responsible for the project and I’ve got this page on my watchlist so I can respond fairly quickly. I might also stop by to ask some follow-up questions, e.g. to clarify if there was something I could not understand. Regards, Nettrom (talk) 18:06, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * 1) Articles you are interested in.
 * 2) How do you decide which articles to work on?
 * 3) Are there certain features of Wikipedia that help you make these decisions, e.g. recent changes, community portal, WikiProjects, etc?
 * 4) What kind of things to do on Wikipedia do you find most interesting?
 * 5) How much time (in hours per week) do you generally spend on Wikipedia?
 * 6) When SuggestBot has posted suggestions to you, what do you do with them?
 * 7) What makes a specific suggestion from SuggestBot good or bad for you?
 * 8) Do you have suggestions for how to improve SuggestBot? It could be specific types of articles or work you would like to see added, things that need to be improved, or anything else for that matter. Let us know what we should work on!

title: User:SuggestBot/Interviews/User-41


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Nice & Slow (album)

Nice & Slow is the fourth studio album of keyboardist Brian Culbertson released in 2001 on Atlantic Records. The album reached No. 1 on the Billboard Contemporary Jazz Albums chart and No. 2 on the Billboard Top Jazz Albums chart.

Overview
Artists such as Dave Koz, Jeff Lorber, Kirk Whalum, Kenny Lattimore and Herb Alpert appear on the album.

title: Nice & Slow (album)


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User:Ravi12346

My name is Ravi Fernando. My specialty is math. I'm currently a sophomore in high school, but am taking Linear Algebra at the local university. If you have any questions, please see my talk page.

title: User:Ravi12346


text:
Karfunkel

Karfunkel is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Aaron Karfunkel (died 1816), Bohemian rabbi
 * George Karfunkel (born 1948/49), American businessman

title: Karfunkel


text:
Banque du Liban

Banque du Liban (مصرف لبنان; English: Bank of Lebanon) is the central bank of Lebanon. It was established on August 1, 1963, and became fully operational on April 1, 1964. In 2023, Wassim Mansouri stepped up as interim governor of the Banque du Liban after Lebanon failed to name a successor to Riad Salameh, whose term finished in July 2023.

One of the main responsibilities of the bank is issuing Lebanon's currency, the Lebanese Pound. Other responsibilities include maintaining monetary stability, regulation of money transfers, and maintaining the soundness of the banking sector. Banking is a very important part of Lebanon's economy with over 100 different banks, which makes the role of BdL particularly important. It currently owns 99.37% of the shares of Lebanon's national carrier, Middle East Airlines. The BdL is also the dominant shareholder of the Intra Investment Company (IIC), which in turn owns 53% of Casino du Liban, making it the only central bank worldwide to rule over a Las Vegas–style gambling casino.

Besides the main branch in Beirut, it has branches in Aley, Baalbeck, Bikfaya, Jounieh, Nabatiye, Sidon, Tripoli, Tyre, and Zahlé.

Background
Ottoman domination of Lebanon, which lasted for more than four centuries, was brought to an end on October 6, 1918, with the entry of the Levant Marine Division into Beirut. The paper money issued by the Turkish Treasury, with a forced exchange rate, suffered the same fate.

In order to normalize economic life in the occupied territories and cover the expenses of the allied forces, British authorities imposed the banknotes of the National Bank of Egypt, the Egyptian currency having been, since October 30, 1916, closely linked to sterling and entirely covered by securities issued in sterling.

In accordance with the convention signed between the French and the British governments on September 15, 1919, a new occupying authority started to rule Lebanon. French troops replaced the British, under the command of General Gouraud, who was appointed on October 12, 1919, as "High-Commissioner of the French Republic in Syria and Cilicia, and Commander-in-Chief of the Levant Army". Consequently, the use of the Egyptian currency, suitable for the British Treasury, became inappropriate. To obtain Egyptian pounds, France, being the sole occupying power, had to offer increasing amounts of francs.

During World War I, the French franc had maintained its status thanks to advances from the British and American treasuries. However, in 1919, the French franc registered a drop because of the British government's decision to stop these advances, thus breaking the alliance between the franc, sterling and the dollar, and also because of the United States Government's decision to suspend its regulating role of the associated change rates. In order to replace the Egyptian pound, the French government decided, by Decree N° 129 issued by the High Commissioner on March 13, 1920, to endow Syria with a national currency.

On September 1, 1920, the representative of France proclaimed Great Lebanon. In 1920, the Banque de Syrie et Liban ("Bank of Syria and of Lebanon"), which had been created for that purpose by the French-controlled Ottoman Bank, was granted the concession of issuing the Syrian–Lebanese currency, which became legal tender on May 1, 1920. Banknotes issued by this bank were reimbursable to the bearer or at sight by checks drawn on Paris, at the rate of FF 20 for £S 1.

As a consequence, an independent, currency-issuing department was established at the Banque de Syrie et Liban. It was responsible for putting in circulation and withdrawing banknotes. Issuances were made either on behalf of the Treasury in Paris or on behalf of the Bank itself.

Concerning commercial operations, the Issuing Department was to provide the Banque de Syrie with banknotes only in exchange of foreign currencies or foreign securities, which constituted, together with the credits granted by the Treasury in Paris, the coverage of the currency in circulation. The Banque de Syrie et du Liban's Issuing Department would later form the basis for the establishment of the Banque du Liban.

Role and function
The Banque du Liban was established by the Code of Money and Credit promulgated on 1 August 1963, by decree no. 13513. It started to operate effectively on 1 April 1964. BDL is a legal public entity enjoying financial and administrative autonomy. It is not subject to the administrative and management rules and controls applicable to the public sector. Its capital is totally appropriated by the State.

Monetary policy
A favorable environment has characterized the Lebanese economy in 2003. Lebanon is maintaining its commitment to exchange rate stability and to the soundness of its banking sector, in addition to implementing an ambitious fiscal adjustment program.

Confidence was boosted by the successful outcome of the Paris II conference, held in November 2002 with the participation of a number of countries and international organizations. An aggregate amount of US$4.3 billion was pledged in 15-year loans at reduced rates to support the government's economic reform plan for lowering the servicing cost of public debt, which accumulated over the years due to costly reconstruction efforts.

These developments led to a significant drop in TBs' interest rates, followed by a cut in commercial banks' average deposit and lending rates in Lebanese pound (LBP) and in foreign currencies. In parallel, USD holdings were being converted on a wide scale into LBP holdings. Moreover, the BOP performance, which started to improve in May 2002, remained on the same trend, with cumulative surpluses exceeding $2 billion at end-April 2003, while BDL assets in foreign currencies stood at more than $10 billion, excluding gold.

In the last few months, a strong demand emerged on Lebanese government paper in local and foreign currencies, due to increased confidence, reinforced in April by the Government's ability to pay from the Treasury a maturing $500 million Eurobond issue, without resorting to rollover as in the past. This was accompanied by a positive assessment by the IMF and major international rating agencies, which considered that Lebanon is on the right track in trying to end its economic and financial difficulties, and that its performance in coping with the aftermath of the war in Iraq is the best in the region.

In the banking sector, equity capital continued to increase, reaching $3.5 billion at end-April, and pushing the average capital adequacy ratio to 18%. Despite their modest growth, private sector loans attained 100% of GDP, a unique performance in itself. Deposits grew at an annual 11% rate, reaching $47 billion at end-April - more than double the GDP - with a dollarization rate dropping to 68%, from a 74% peak in May 2002. This excellent performance was buttressed by the BDL's efforts to strengthen prudential supervision, paving the way for compliance with Basel II requirements by a sound banking sector, ready to better manage operational risks, and to improve transparency and good governance.

The government's commitment to decelerate the growth of public debt and to reduce its servicing cost was reflected in the conservative budgets of 2002 and 2003. Coupled with measures to achieve the highest possible proceeds from privatization and securitization, this strategy will be pursued over the medium term, expectedly leading to a public finance recovery.

The government has recently launched an ambitious 5-year economic reform program in hopes to cut the country's debt. The outcome of the reform program will largely be dependent on Banque du Liban.

Governing body
The Banque du Liban is managed by the Governor, who is assisted by four vice governors as well as by the Central Council. By convention, the Governor of the Banque du Liban is always a Maronite Christian.

The Governor is the legal representative of the Banque du Liban and has extensive authority over the management of the bank. He is entrusted with the enforcement of the Code of Money and Credit and the implementation of the Central Council's resolutions. Upon the proposal of the Minister of Finance, the Governor is appointed by decree sanctioned by the Council of Ministers, for a renewable six-year term. After the consultation with the governor and upon the proposal of the Minister of Finance, the vice governors are appointed by decree sanctioned by the Council of Ministers for a renewable five-year term. They assist the Governor in managing the bank, carrying out functions specified by the Governor. In addition, they assume their duties as members of the Central Council.

Governors
List of governors of the Banque du Liban:

The Central Council
The Central Council sets the monetary and credit policies of the Bank, including money supply, and discount and lending rates. It discusses and decides, among other things, on issues concerning the banking and financial sectors, the establishment of clearinghouses, the issuing of currency and loan requests by public sector entities. The Council decides also on the rules and procedures that govern the staff and operations of the Bank, and on its annual budget and accounts. The members of the Central Council are:
 * The Governor, as chairman.
 * The four vice governors.
 * The Director General of the Ministry of Finance, ex officio but strictly as member of the council.
 * The Director General of the Ministry of Economy and Trade, ex officio but strictly as a member of the council.

Capital Market Authority
The management of the Capital Markets Authority (CMA) is entrusted to a board formed of seven members and chaired by the Governor of Banque du Liban, the central bank of Lebanon. The board is composed of three full-time executive board members who are experts in capital markets, banking and financial affairs, and three part-time members representing ministries and other authorities directly involved in the work of the CMA: The Director General of the Ministry of Finance, the Director General of the Ministry of Economy and Trade and the Chairman of the Banking Control Commission.

The CMA Board has extensive powers that aim to enhance investor protection and promote investment in the financial markets. It has the power to establish general regulations concerning the establishment and management of stock exchanges, as well as regulations concerning the establishment and functioning of financial intermediation institutions which manage investment funds and collective investment schemes for the public. The CMA board is entrusted by Law 161/2011 to set the code of conduct for stock exchange institutions and their employees, as well as financial service providers and their employees. The CMA board has the power to regulate governance-related issues, such as the obligations of financial instrument issuers to publish and disclose to the public price-sensitive information. In the same context, the CMA board has the power to license the establishment and functioning of financial intermediation institutions, approve securitization activities, ratify (or cancel previous ratification of) the decisions taken by the administration of each stock exchange concerning the registration of securities and financial instruments; and approve the regulations set by the administrations of stock exchanges concerning the transactions undertaken on such stock exchanges.

Moreover, the CMA Board is mandated by law to issue consultations and opinion on draft laws and decrees related to the work and development of the capital markets in Lebanon.

The Special Investigation Commission
The Special Investigation Commission (SIC) is a multi-function financial intelligence unit (FIU) with judicial status. It is the centerpiece of Lebanon's anti-money laundering (AML) and combating the financing of terrorism (CFT) regime, a platform for international cooperation and plays a vital role in safeguarding concerned sectors from illicit proceeds. The SIC's tasks include receiving and analyzing suspicious transaction reports (STRs), conducting financial investigations, lifting banking secrecy, freezing accounts and/or transactions and forwarding them to concerned judicial authorities. With respect to terrorism and the financing of terrorism, the SIC is also empowered to prevent the use of movable or immovable assets. In addition to sharing ML/TF intelligence with counterparts and coordinating with foreign/local competent authorities on requests of assistance (ROAs), the SIC also proposes AML/CFT regulations and issues new regulations and recommendations to concerned parties. AML/CFT supervision via compliance examinations at banks and other reporting entities to ensure proper implementation of prevailing regulations is also among its tasks. The SIC is managed by the Governor Mr. Riad Salamé and assisted by the president of the Banking Control Commission, a professional appointed by the Council of Ministers and the judge appointed to the Higher Banking Commission.

The Higher Banking Commission
The Higher Banking Commission was established at Banque du Liban in 1967, pursuant to Article 10 of Law No 28/67. It is composed of:
 * The Governor of the Banque du Liban, as Chairman
 * A vice-governor selected by the Central Council of the Banque du Liban
 * The Director General of the Ministry of Finance
 * A high-ranking judge, with a ten-year experience at least, approved by the Higher Judicial Council and appointed by decree;
 * A member of the Banking Control Commission, nominated by the Association of Banks in Lebanon
 * The chairman of the National Deposit Guarantee Institution (NDGI)

Investment policy for startups
Aug. 22, 2013, Central Bank of Lebanon issued the new investment policy called "Circular No. 331". This aim to support Lebanon's knowledge economy by providing support to the thriving startup ecosystem. With this audacious move, Lebanon's Central Bank hopes to increase the country's GDP, decrease unemployment and position Lebanon as the tech hub of the Middle East.

The outcomes of the circular have however fallen short of the expectations. Many Lebanon's observers pointed that the initiative lacked transparency: There has been no clear indication of the number of start-up funded, jobs created and money spent. The initiative was unable to overcome a major hurdle of the Lebanese economy: banks' extremely risk-averse and conservative attitude towards investment.

Circular No. 331 encourages commercial banks to invest in start-ups. The BDL will guarantee up to 75% of the value of these commercial bank investments in the capital of start-ups that meet the determined criteria. Here are some of the start-ups that are innovative Lebanese companies working in the knowledge economy sector and have contributed to creating jobs.

 * MEVP - is a Middle East-focused venture capital firm that invests in the early and growth stages of innovative companies run by talented entrepreneurs Walid Hanna and Walid Mansour primarily, but not exclusively, in the Middle East Region with a focus on the GCC and Levant markets.
 * Berytech - a Lebanese tech focused business development center, has recently announced a $50 million investment fund, the Berytech Fund II. Berytech incubator is led by chairman Maroun Chammas.
 * Leap Ventures - is a growth stage Venture Capital firm in the Middle East and North Africa, based out of Beirut and Dubai. Leap Ventures looks to make investments in innovation & technology startups from the MENA region that have reached the series B stage: startups that have established a market presence and are seeking to dramatically accelerate their global market penetration and commercialization. Leap Ventures is led by founding partners Henri Asselly and Hala Fadel.
 * Presella - an event management technology startup with the primary focus on a paperless e-ticketing platform for the MENA region. The platform is supported by a Last minute ticket mobile application and an in-event door management application. APPS Currently in closed Beta in Dubai & Beirut.
 * My ME - is a socially-responsible, personal travel planning service that helps guests design and implement trips to the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean based on their own travel dates, travel preferences, and personal style. My Middle East - prepares personalized travel plans to Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, and Croatia (and soon other destinations).
 * Kashida - is the first registered company in the world to transform the Arabic letterform into evocative, functional 3D design pieces. They offer contemporary home décor accents, furniture, corporate gifts and event souvenirs to create a more personalized living/work space for our B2B and B2C clients.
 * Egnyt Technology incubator managed by Samir Chreim. Egnyt recently opened 2,500-sqft business incubator in Beirut that is meant for enterprises focusing on technology.

According to the circular, the total participation of any bank in start-ups may not exceed 3% of the bank's capital, provided the participation of any bank in a single start-up does not exceed 10% of the aforementioned 3%. Thus, commercial banks must invest in at least 10 start-ups if they want to benefit from all the facilities provided to them by BDL.

The startup accelerator UK Lebanon Tech Hub is a startup initiative between Banque du Liban and the UK government.

Allegations of misconduct
In November 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that the United States and other Western countries demanded a forensic audit of the Banque du Liban (BDL), as it was accused of money laundering, corruption and links to Hezbollah.

In 2023, it was reported that the forensic audit—which had been a key demand of the international community and the International Monetary Fund—revealed years of misconduct by the bank's former governor Riad Salameh and $111 million in "illegitimate commissions". The audit covered the 2015–2020 period.

Among other things, the audit report details BDL's practice of financial engineering, which, starting in 2015, it used to allow local banks to attract dollar deposits from abroad and then have the lenders deposit the dollars at BDL. The local lenders were given interest rates higher than international market rates in return. According to the audit, the central bank disguised losses equal to $76 billion through the engineering. Salameh said the bank's central council had found financial engineering to be the "best response to a deteriorating balance of payment" and that he had not "intervened" in decision-making on engineering. BDL has said the operations are legal.

On August 10, 2023, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada imposed sanctions on Salameh and a handful of his close relatives and associates due to corruption allegations. Meanwhile, France, Germany, and Luxembourg were investigating Salameh and several close associates over alleged financial crimes, including illicit enrichment and money laundering of $330 million. France and Germany issued Interpol notices for Salameh in May 2023; however, Lebanon does not hand over its citizens to foreign countries.

title: Banque du Liban


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/Introverting-Extroverting Feeling pattern

A way to quickly narrow down the possibilities of what a person's personality type is the method of Introverting / Extraverting Feeling analysis.

Some types tend to Extravert emotion and the others tend to Introvert emotion. All of the types that end in FJ or TP tend to Extravert Feeling, while all of the types that end in FP or TJ tend to Introvert Feeling.

Extraverted Feeling (and Introverted Thinking)
 * ../ESTP/
 * ../ESFJ/
 * ../ENTP/
 * ../ENFJ/
 * ../ISTP/
 * ../ISFJ/
 * ../INTP/
 * ../INFJ/

Introverted Feeling (and Extraverted Thinking)

 * ../ESTJ/
 * ../ESFP/
 * ../ENTJ/
 * ../ENFP/
 * ../ISTJ/
 * ../ISFP/
 * ../INTJ/
 * ../INFP/


text:
Warfaze

Warfaze is a Bangladeshi heavy metal band formed on 6 June 1984 in Dhaka by Ibrahim Ahmed Kamal, Meer, Helal, Naimul, and Bapi. They are one of the earliest heavy metal bands in Bangladesh. The band had numerous line-up changes since 1984 and since its inception, the band has released seven studio albums, one compilation album, and several singles. They have experimented with numerous sub-genres of rock and heavy metal over the years.

1984–2024
The first lineup of Warfaze in 1984 consisted of Bapi on vocals, Meer and Naimul on guitars, Kamal on bass, and Helal on drums. This initial line-up underwent the first of many changes with Helal, Meer, and Bapi having to leave the band for personal reasons. By that time Kamal met Tipu in early 1986 and Tipu joined Warfaze as the drummer and co-founder. The band was far from breaking through to the mainstream music scene in Bangladesh and heavy metal music was not very popular in the country back then.

In 1986, Kamal took up lead guitar duties and they took in Babna Karim as the bassist, and Reshad as the vocalist. This second lineup had to be discontinued when Naimul moved to the US. At that time, there were three other Dhaka-based metal bands: Rockstrata, In Dhaka, and Aces. Mashuk Rahman from In Dhaka and Fuad from Aces volunteered to help Warfaze as guest members (guitarist). The band opened a keyboard position and then Russell Ali joined. In 1988, Reshad had left the band for some personal reason and his place was filled by Sunjoy. Kamal had made arrangements for further education in the US by 1991.

At the time, Warfaze was mostly a cover band, covering bands such as Deep Purple, Whitesnake, Dokken, Iron Maiden or Guns N' Roses. However, inspired by Maqsud, former vocalist of Feedback, the band performed their own Bangla songs at a concert arranged by BAMBA at the University of Dhaka on 26 April 1992. The band at first decided to make a mixed album, but as it turned out Warfaze had enough songs to be able to release a solo album. The band went on to release their self-titled album, Warfaze, on 21 June 1991. The album featured songs like "Boshe Achi Eka" and "Ekti Chele". At the time, Bangladeshi music listeners were still new to metal and any lyrics other than those inspired by romanticism or patriotism were rare. It took several months for the album to gain popularity but it later succeeded.

The album was followed up by a concert on 7 January 1992 at RAOWA Club. The next album, Obak Bhalobasha, was released by Sargam in 1994. Warfaze's sound was developed in this album, featuring songs with heavier tones.

"Obak Bhalobasha," the title track from the album was a big hit. This song was composed with soft melodic structures in a progressive way and is one of the earliest progressive rock songs in the history of Bangladesh. It was sung by Babna Karim (Warfaze's bassist), instead of their lead singer, Sunjoy. "Obak Bhalobasha" is one of the fewest hit songs recorded by the band which weren't sung by their lead singers. It is also one of the longest tracks recorded by Warfaze, spanning 8 minutes and 37 seconds. The song later got re-released on season 3 episode 3 of Coke Studio Bangla as part of Warfaze's Ruby Jubilee in 2024.

After completing the album, Russel Ali left the band to start a music career in the United States later that year.

1996–1998
The band released the album Jibondhara in December 1996, with Sunjoy on vocals, Kamal on guitars, Babna on bass and vocals, Tipu on drums and guest keyboardist, Fuad played together on the same album. Ruchi joined as a guest backup vocalist. During the same period, Iqbal Asif Jewel joined as a guitarist and second vocalist from another rock band, Legend. Babna had to leave for his career and study in the U.S.A. and therefore he was replaced by Saidus Sumon who played for the Oshamajik album on 1 April 1998. After completing Oshamajik, Sunjoy left to pursue his career in 1999. Around the same time, Sumon left the band to pursue a career both as a solo artist with his band Aurthohin.

Then Biju joined as a bassist, replacing Sumon. Iqbal Asif Jewel left the band to join Miles as well as Fuad Ibne Rabbi, who left for his career.

2001–2003
The band underwent many changes in line-up over the next eight years. Their guitarist Balam, replaced Iqbal Asif Jewel. From 1999, Mizan replaced Sunjoy on vocals, Shams on keyboard and Biju on bass. Tipu and Kamal held their previous positions. This line-up released the album Alo আলো (Light) in 2001. However, 2002 marked changes in the line-up once again with Mizan leaving the band for personal reasons and Kamal leaving the band for his personal and family issues. Kamal later joined Sumon's band Aurthohin in 2006. With Mizan's departure from the band, Balam took up vocal & guitar duties. Sazzad was recruited from Metal Maze as the lead guitarist replacing Kamal. Biju left the band to pursue higher education in Canada. All the while, throughout all these drastic changes, Tipu solely held the band together. Cézanne was then recruited as the bassist of the emerging progressive metal band Artcell. Later on, Balam departed to pursue a solo career as a commercial pop artist. Kamal rejoined the band in 2007. The band recruited Oni Hasan from the band Vibe right after. This resulted in a major change in their tone and sound, with neoclassical metal influences especially in live performances.

2009
Following the release of a compilation album titled Poth Chola (sponsored by Nokia) which includes re-recorded versions of their songs along with a couple of new singles titled "Tomake" and "Omanush," the band began touring extensively. With a new and stable lineup since 2007 that had stayed together for almost more than 5 years then, the band went on to celebrate their silver jubilee at a gala concert, which featured performances from both past and present members of Warfaze at the Winter Garden, Hotel Sheraton, Dhaka. Tipu announced that a live concert recording album was planned, along with a new studio album which later came out in 2012 titled Shotto.

The band continued to experiment with their sound with the release of a fusion album entitled Somorpon, merging elements of heavy metal with traditional Bangladeshi folk music as a tribute to Hason Raja, Lalon, and Baul Shah Abdul Karim working with Sumon's band Aurthohin and solo artist Habib Wahid. Warfaze tributed the songs of Lalon, Aurthohin tributed the songs of Hason Raja and Habib Wahid tributed the songs of Baul Shah Abdul Karim.

2012-Present
Shotto was released on 21 October 2012 featuring the same line-up as in Poth Chola. The album was a huge commercial success with hit tracks like "Purnota" and "Rupkotha." The album also included an unreleased single from the early 2000s called "Protikkha." Later on Oni Hasan took a break for his studies in the United Kingdom and Kamal went through a series of surgeries and was recovering from them. With their absence, the band asked Faisal (from Metal Maze), Samir (from Powersurge), and Shrapnel Method to perform as guest members on live shows. With Oni playing lead guitar, the bands tone and sound significantly changed with Kamal's shredding and Oni's heavy groove metal riffs. He used to perform jaw-dropping dive bombs, whammy pedal uses, melodic fast arpeggiated solos with sweep picking.

At midnight on 13 February 2013, Warfaze performed at the Projonmo Chattar to show their support for the Shahbag protest in Dhaka, Bangladesh, in demand of capital punishment for Abdul Quader Mollah and all the other accused war criminals of the 1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh. It also marked the return of Kamal with his solos. In late 2014, Oni Hasan left the band to pursue higher education. Warfaze performed their mega reunion Legacy Concert on 30 January 2015 to celebrate 30 years of music-making. The legacy concert took place at Gulnaksha Hall, International Convention City in Bashundhara Residential Area (ICCB), Dhaka. The celebration has brought together four of its past members – Babna Karim, Sunjoy, Balam, and Romel Ali along with their current line-up on stage. On 7 April 2016, the band announced that Mizan had left the band on their Facebook page. Later they announced Palash Noor as their new vocalist.

Currently, they are working on their upcoming compilation album 'Pothchola-2' which will include re-recorded versions of their songs like 'Alo' and 'Hariye Tomake.'

Musical style and influences
The band has been consistently cited as an inspiration by most active heavy metal artists today in Bangladesh as one of the first bands to introduce metal to the people in their country. The band used to play cover versions of bands like Iron Maiden, Deep Purple, Whitesnake, Scorpions, Guns N' Roses and Dokken, etc. in their early years. Throughout their career, the band has experimented with multiple genres of rock and metal music

Discography
Studio albums
 * Warfaze (Sargam, 1991)
 * Obak Bhalobasha (Surprising Love) (Sargam, 1994)
 * Jibondhara (Lifestyle) (Soundtek, 1996)
 * অসামাজিক (Antisocial) (G-Series, 1998)
 * আলো (Light) (Soundtek, 2000)
 * মহারাজ (Your Majesty) (Ektaar Music, 2003)
 * পথচলা (Walking Paths) (G-Series, 2009)
 * সত্য (Truth) (Deadline Music, 2012)

Compilation albums
 * Best Collection – 4 in 1(1999)

Mixed albums
 * Dhun – 6 Band Mixed Album (ধুন) (1997)
 * Hit! Run! Out! (1998)
 * 6 Band "99" (1999)
 * Tribute Album – Somorpon (সমর্পণ) (2011)

Members
Present members
 * Sheikh Monirul Alam Tipu – drums, percussion, band leader (1985–present)
 * Ibrahim Ahmed Kamal – lead guitar (1985-2003, 2007-present); bass (1984-1985)
 * Palash Noor – vocals (2016-present)
 * Samir Hafiz – lead guitar (2015-present)
 * Soumen Das – rhythm guitar (2018-present)
 * Naim Haque Roger – bass guitar (2003-present)
 * Shams Mansoor Ghani – keyboard (1999-present)

Past members
 * Sunjoy – vocals (1990–1998)
 * Babna Karim – bass, vocals (1986–1996)
 * Balam – vocals, guitar (1999–2007)
 * Mizan Rahman – vocals (1999–2002, 2007-2016)
 * Iqbal Asif Jewel – guitar, vocals (1997–1999)
 * Sazzad Arefeen – guitar (2001–2007)
 * Oni Hasan – guitar (2007-2014)
 * Saidus Salehin Khaled Sumon – bass guitar, vocals (1997–1998)
 * Biju – bass guitar (1999-2002)
 * Saef Al Nazi Cézanne – bass guitar (2002–2003)
 * Russel Ali – keyboard, guitar (1990–1994)
 * Romel Ali – keyboard
 * Fuad Ibne Rabbi – keyboard, guitar (1994–1999)
 * Helal – drums, (1984–1985)
 * Bapi – vocals (1984–1985)
 * Meer – guitar (1984–1985)
 * Naimul – lead guitar (1984–1988)
 * Reshad – vocals (1985–1990)

title: Warfaze


text:
User:Vuara/Hopi brief history

The Hopi are a tribe of about ten thousand people located in a fairly isolated geographic area in northeast Arizona. Descendants of the ancient Hisatsinom, their culture can be traced back over two millennium, making it one of the oldest known in North America. They settled in the land of the Four Corners area long before the Navajo, the Apache, the Spanish or the Europeans who now call themselves Americans.

About a thousand years ago, the Hopi occupied a vast territory stretching from the Grand Canyon to Toko'navi (what is now called Navajo Mountain), toward the Lukachukai Mountains near the Arizona and New Mexico border, and south to the Mongollon Rim. Hopi clan markings can be seen throughout this entire area in the form of petroglyphs, etched figures and symbols in the rock cliffs and stones.

Here they developed a system of farming, called dry farming, and were able to grow a variety of vegetables which included several types of corn. They had an understanding of natural cycles and they incorporated these into their daily religious rituals. Unlike other "warrior" tribes, the Hopi were a peaceful people and had good relations with all of their neighbors, including several Native people in Mexico, with whom they shared trade and ideas.

Within fifty years of being "discovered" by the Spanish, the Hopi were to face the first of many cultural challenges in the form of Christianity. Limited contact with the Spanish missionaries was at first beneficial since it brought the horse, sheep, burros and cattle. Several new vegetables and fruits were also introduced to their agriculture. Along with these "gifts" was the persistent attempt to convert the Hopi from their spiritual beliefs, and subsequent contact with the Spanish was marked by severely harsh and brutal treatment- all in the name of the Christian god.

Along with other "gifts" from the Spanish, the Hopi people suffered from a previously unknown disease, smallpox, which plummeted their population from about 10,000 to a mere 3,000. Also, the Navajo, who entered the region about the 13th century, made frequent raids and attempts to secure Hopi land during the early part of the 19th century.

In 1882, president Chester A. Arthur designated a small rectangular area in northeast Arizona as the Hopi reservation. This area included the present day three mesas that comprise the Hopi homeland. The wording of this agreement, however, allowed any other Indians which the Secretary of the Interior permitted to live in this reservation area also. This opened the way for successive waves of Navajo infringement on Hopi land.

Several subsequent treaties and actions of the United States government have further encouraged intrusion on Hopi land and ways of life. This intrusion has created a current threat to the Hopi, as we will discuss further during our stay.

"Here in Arizona, we trace our history back two millennium. We emerged here over 100 generations ago, making us one of the oldest cultures in North America." --The Hopi

As we pointed out in our brief history, the Hopi once occupied the land stretching from the Grand Canyon to Toko' navi (what is now called Navajo Mountain), toward the Lukachukai borderlands, south to the Mogollan Rim. Their ancestral ruins and clan markings clearly distinguish their traditional homeland boundaries.

In 1882 a rectangular tract of land was designated as the Hopi Reservation. Since that time, the Hopi have had a continual struggle to maintain the land granted to them. As you can see by the map (not an exact rendering), the once rectangular portion of land originally set aside as the Hopi Reservation has been gradually diminished by the Navajo, who have tried to claim everything outside the portion marked Section Six as their own. These lands contain ancient sacred sites still used in traditional ceremonies by the Hopi, who have strong ties to this ancestral land.

The effort to keep control of their homelands has been a difficult, ongoing struggle for the Hopi, a small group whose religious beliefs and daily lifestyle are firmly meshed, keeping them from extensive contact with the modern world. Their desire to handle their problems in traditional ways has put them at a disadvantage to the Navajo, people who quickly adapt to changes and are not hesitant to take advantage of partnerships with the "outside world." Therefore, the Hopi have been receiving what definitely appears to be the "short end of the stick."

During their effort to keep control of their ancient lands, the Hopi have witnessed the destruction of mesas containing sites which they consider sacred or sanctified ground. These mesas have been destroyed for the production of amalgam, used in the making of asphalt highways. Ironically, despite their outrage and pleas for preservation of these important and historic sites, construction companies under contract to the state of Arizona are using this material to pave Route 264, which passes through the center of the Hopi Reservation.

In addition to the assaults on their land, the Hopi have also become the target of fortune seekers who have raided ancient sites and stolen sacred items used in religious ceremonies. Ceremonial masks and other items used in spiritual practice have been sold in the "art market" and have fallen into the hands of collectors or museums. To the Hopi, these items are living entities and their absence can hinder or even prevent sacred rites from taking place. Some items have been recovered in cooperation with the FBI under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, but the tracking and recovery of the items takes years, during which their absence seriously affects the spiritual health of the Hopi people.

Hopi village life revolves around their religious calendar which divides the year based on the visits of the Kachinas. These Ancestral Spirits arrive after the winter solstice and leave at the peak of summer. During their stay, colorful ceremonial dances take place in the village plazas for the benefit of all people, plants, animal and spirit life. Upon their departure, carved images of the Kachinas are given as spiritual gifts. The Katsinam, who perform the public dances, are sacred to the Hopi people, as are the carved Kachinas which have been ceremonially sanctified.

Only the Hopi and their pueblo relatives have esoteric manifestations called Kachinas within their culture, but it has become the practice of non-Hopi Indians, as well as Caucasian craftspersons, to try to "cash in" on the tribe's religious practices by creating imitation kachina dolls. Over 70% of the Hopi people earn a part of their income from the creation of arts and crafts such as kachinas, baskets, pottery and jewelry. An individual Hopi doll carver makes less than 50 high quality kachinas per year meant for sale to the public, yet over 100,000 imitation kachina dolls are placed into the stream of the Indian art market. Highways are scattered with signs advertising "authentic kachinas."

The activities described thus far are enough to keep the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office staff busy year 'round. Operating with a very small staff and antiquated equipment, the office has its hands full trying to handle the legal aspects of all the above-mentioned situations, which need to be handled quickly when they arise. Most old documentation is hand written in quill pen and quite fragile. This documentation needs to be put into electronic format so that it can be easily accessed and printed when needed. The office is lacking state-of-technology computer equipment, modems, scanners, printers and faxes which could make their huge task much easier. (We ask our readers who have connections to computer equipment to pitch in here and help this office get some badly needed equipment.)

Other concerns of the Cultural Preservation team center around insuring the continuance of Hopi cultural heritage which has suffered, not only from the examples mentioned, but from the influences of modern society as well. Television has caused a lack of interest in Hopi practices and encouraged a desire to become involved in the outside world, as well as a trend of disrespect for the Elders. The impact of modern education and economics have also put a strain on the Hopi style of life. According to the Public Relations Office of the Hopi Tribe, "when a man has a full-time job there is little time left over to tend his fields and take part in the yearlong religious ceremonies."

Prior to the construction of Jr./Sr. high school facilities on the reservation, students attended off-reservation schools, border town public schools or the boarding schools of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Hopi language was never taught in these schools, nor were the children allowed to speak in their native tongue. Violating this rule met with severe punishment. As a result, a whole generation has fallen off from learning the language or being able to teach it to their children. Since the language has no written form and was traditionally taught by the grandmother, introducing it into the school system will be a complicated task.

Some of the ancient Hopi language has already been lost. Ceremonial songs contain some words which are no longer understood by older Hopi, but are still sung by tradition. If no attempt is made to revive the language in Hopi youth, the refined concepts and religious traditions that are the very foundation of Hopi identity will eventually be lost.

Several years ago a team of linguists approached the Hopi with an offer to prepare a dictionary of their language. Many were happy to cooperate with this effort, believing that it would help preserve and sustain their culture. When the dictionary was completed it was put on sale in the public market, and profits given to the universities and foundations that started the project. Complaints from the Hopi netted them 24 copies and instructions to purchase more copies if they were needed. "They have even sold our language," remarked one of our hosts.

The Hopi are the true owners of their cultural heritage. They are now beginning to fight back by investing in lawyers who are securing proprietary rights to their language, art and cultural practices. One concerned Hopi stated, "In the old days our people would circle around the invading enemy and they would shoot bullets at us from the wagons. I see our job now is to be inside those wagons and to be loading blanks in the enemy's guns."

This is the daily struggle of the Hopi against constant infringements on their basic rights to practice their religion, maintain their lands and secure their way of life. Some members have educated themselves in the ways of the outside world and are seeking to correct the wrongs that have taken place. This in itself has caused some division with those who prefer to deal with the outside world in the old, traditional ways- to ignore it. But these moves may be necessary to save an endangered culture.

If Vice President Gore can commit our tax funds to place a modern computer per student in our school systems by the year 2000, then certainly one or two concerned businesses should be able to provide this ancient culture with the tools they need to insure their future existence. We ask our readers to support this effort by furnishing the computer equipment necessary. If you can be of help, contact the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office at P.O. Box 67, Second Mesa, Arizona, 86043, or e-mail us at ViewZone.

We were surprised and honored to learn that we would be allowed to enter one of the Hopi's ancient sacred sites. Join us for our next upload and witness an historic first as we are allowed to photograph, for the first time ever, some of the ancient rock inscriptions still visible in this sacred place.

title: User:Vuara/Hopi brief history


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Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Functional groups in reactions

<< Redox reactions | Drawing reactions >>

Functional groups in reactions make your life easier as an organic chemist because they draw your attention right to where the action is. Any time a reaction is going to occur, you can be almost certain that it is going to take place at a functional group.

There are many functional groups of interest to organic chemists. Here are a few:

1. Halides

These groups are all made up of a single atom in Group 17 of the Periodic Table, which is known as the halogen group, bonded to a carbon atom. They include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Astatine is also a halogen, but it is rarely discussed because it is not readily found in nature and is radioactive. Their electronegativities vary from fluorine with 4.0 to iodine with 2.5, which is approximately the same value that carbon has. Each of these atoms are able to form a single bond with a carbon atom, replacing hydrogen in alkanes and adding across multiple bonds in alkenes and alkyne. Of the four, fluorine is the most reactive and iodine is the least. Because of their intermediate reactivity, chlorine and bromine are often more useful in many reactions.

2. Carbonyl

This group consists of an oxygen atom doubly bonded to a carbon atom. Carbonyl groups are important because the oxygen atom, with an electronegativity of 3.5, shifts electron density away from the rest of the molecule and towards itself. Carbonyls are a key ingredient in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides.

3. Hydroxyl

This group consists of a hydrogen atom singly bonded to an oxygen atom. The electronegativity difference between hydrogen, which has an electronegatity of 2.1, and oxygen, 3.5, pulls electrons away from the hydrogen and makes it somewhat acidic. This acidic character varies depending on the composition of the rest of the molecule. Hydroxyl groups are found in alcohols, phenols, enols, and carboxylic acids.

<< Redox reactions | Functional groups in reactions | Drawing reactions >>


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James More Molyneux

James More Molyneux (c. 1723–1759), was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1754 and 1759.

Molyneux was the son of Sir More Molyneux of Loseley Park and his wife Cassandra Cornwallis, daughter of Thomas Cornwallis of Abermarlais, Carmarthenshire. He matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford on 27 September 1742, aged 19. He married Margaret Sherard, daughter of Robert Sherard of Carcolston, Nottinghamshire on 11 October 1753.

The Molyneux family had inherited the manor of Haslemere which gave them a strong interest in the borough and the right to appoint the returning officer. They had not exercised their interest for many years, but perhaps Molyneux's marriage allowed him to revive it at the 1754 general election. He was returned then as Member of Parliament for Haslemere.

Molyneux predeceased his father and died without issue on 24 June 1759. His brother Thomas stepped into his seat at Haslemere. The Loseley estate passed to his brother on the death of their father in 1760.

A daughter, Henrietta, married Ross Lowis Mangles, VC.

title: James More Molyneux


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Incremental backup

An incremental backup is one in which successive copies of the data contain only the portion that has changed since the preceding backup copy was made. When a full recovery is needed, the restoration process would need the last full backup plus all the incremental backups until the point of restoration. Incremental backups are often desirable as they reduce storage space usage, and are quicker to perform than differential backups.

Incremental
The most basic form of incremental backup consists of identifying, recording and thus, preserving only those files that have changed since the last backup. Since changes are typically low, incremental backups are much smaller and quicker than full backups. For instance, following a full backup on Friday, a Monday backup will contain only those files that changed since Friday. A Tuesday backup contains only those files that changed since Monday, and so on. A full restoration of data will naturally be slower, since all increments must be restored. Should any one of the copies created fail, including the first (full), restoration will be incomplete.

A Unix example would be: The use of rsync's --link-dest option is what makes this command an example of incremental backup.

Multilevel incremental
A more sophisticated incremental backup scheme involves multiple numbered backup levels. A full backup is level 0. A level n backup will back up everything that has changed since the most recent level n-1 backup. Suppose for instance that a level 0 backup was taken on a Sunday. A level 1 backup taken on Monday would include only changes made since Sunday. A level 2 backup taken on Tuesday would include only changes made since Monday. A level 3 backup taken on Wednesday would include only changes made since Tuesday. If a level 2 backup was taken on Thursday, it would include all changes made since Monday because Monday was the most recent level n-1 backup.

Reverse incremental
An incremental backup of the changes made between two instances of a mirror can be forward or reverse.

If the oldest version of the mirror is treated as the base and the newest version as the revised version, the incremental produced is a forward incremental.

If the newest version of the mirror is treated as the base and the oldest version as the revised / changed version, the incremental produced is a reverse incremental.

In making backups using reverse incremental backups, each time a reverse incremental backup is taken, it is applied (in reverse) to the previous full (synthetic) backup, thus the current full (synthetic) backup is always a backup of the most recent state of the system. This is in contrast to forward incremental backups where the current full backup is a backup of the oldest version of the system, and to get a backup of the most recent state of the system, all of the forward incremental backups have to be applied to that oldest version successively.

By applying a reverse incremental to a mirror, the result will be a previous version of the mirror. This gives a means to revert to any previous version of the mirror.

In other words, after the initial full backup, each successive incremental backup applies the changes to the previous full, creating a new synthetic full backup every time, while maintaining the ability to revert to previous versions.

The main advantage of this type of backup is a more efficient recovery process, since the most recent version of the data (which is the most frequently restored version) is a (synthetic) full backup, and no incrementals need to be applied to it during its restoration. Reverse incremental backup works for both tapes and disks, but in practice tends to work better with disks.

Companies using the reverse incremental backup method include Intronis and Zetta.net.

Incremental forever
This style is similar to the synthetic backup concept. After an initial full backup, only the incremental backups are sent to a centralized backup system. This server keeps track of all the increments and sends the proper data back to the client during restores. This can be implemented by sending each incremental directly to tape as it is taken and then refactoring the tapes as necessary. If enough disk space is available, an online mirror can be maintained along with previous incremental changes so that the current or older versions of the systems being backed up can be restored. This is a suitable method in the case of banking systems.

In modern cloud architectures, or disk to disk backup scenarios, this is much simpler. Data is broken into chunks and placed on a cloud storage system. Metadata about the chunks is stored in a persistent system, which allows the system to assemble a point in time backup from these chunks at restore time. There is no need to refactor tape.

Block-level incremental
This method backs up only the blocks within the file that changed. This requires a higher level of integration between the sender and receiver.

Byte-level incremental
These backup technologies are similar to the "block-level incremental" backup method; however, the byte (or binary) incremental backup method is based on a binary variation of the files compared to the previous backup: while the block-based technologies work with heavy changing units (blocks of 8K, 4K or 1K), the byte-based technologies work with the minimum unit, saving space when reflecting a change on a file. Another important difference is that they work independently on the file system. At the moment, these are the technologies that achieve the highest relative compression of the data, turning into a great advantage for the security copies carried out through the Internet.

Synthetic full backup
A synthetic backup is an alternative method of creating full backups. Instead of reading and backing up data directly from the disk, it will synthesize the data from the previous full backup (either a regular full backup for the first backup, or the previous synthetic full backup) and the periodic incremental backups. As only the incremental backups read data from the disk, these are the only files that need to be transferred during offsite replication. This greatly reduces the bandwidth needed for offsite replication. Synthetic backup does not always work with the same efficiency. The rate of data uploaded from the target machine to data, synchronized on the storage, varies depending on the disk fragmentation.

Differential
A differential backup is a cumulative backup of all changes made since the last full or normal backup, i.e., the differences since the last full backup. The advantage to this is the quicker recovery time, requiring only a full backup and the last differential backup to restore the system. The disadvantage is that for each day elapsed since the last full backup, more data needs to be backed up, especially if a significant proportion of the data has changed.

Forward incremental-forever
A forward incremental-forever backup allows the synthetic operation to create a new full backup, which is limited to the size of the incremental file, instead of the complete size of a full backup file as it would happen in a “forward mode with synthetic fulls”. The overall consumed I/O is the same as the reversed incremental, but during the duration of the backup activity only 1 write I/O is used and the snapshot of the VM is opened for less time than the reversed incremental; the remaining 2 I/O are used to update the full backup file.

title: Incremental backup


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South Brisbane (disambiguation)

South Brisbane may refer to:

 * South Brisbane, Queensland, a suburb in Brisbane, Australia
 * South Brisbane Cemetery, a cemetery in Brisbane
 * South Brisbane Dry Dock, a dry dock in Brisbane
 * South Brisbane Library, a heritage-listed former library in South Brisbane
 * South Brisbane Football Club, football club in Brisbane
 * South Brisbane railway station, a railway station in South Brisbane
 * South Brisbane Reach of the Brisbane River
 * South Brisbane Town Hall, a former town hall
 * City of South Brisbane, a former local government area in Queensland
 * Electoral district of South Brisbane, an electoral district of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
 * Electoral district of Town of South Brisbane, a former electoral district of the Queensland Legislative Assembly

title: South Brisbane (disambiguation)


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World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji

World’s Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji is a television series documenting a long-range multi-day expedition race in which teams race non-stop with little to no sleep over mountains, jungles, and oceans. The series is a revival of the Eco-Challenge series first broadcast from 1995 to 2002. The race took place in Fiji in September 2019, and the television series documenting the race hosted by Bear Grylls premiered on Amazon Prime Video on August 14, 2020.

The race was contested by 66 teams of four from around the world. The race encompassed trekking by foot and traveling in various non-motorized forms of transportation, including paddling and sailing in an outrigger, paddleboarding, mountain biking, and whitewater rafting, requiring skills such as rappelling, climbing, and canyoneering. No modern technology can be used in navigation, and only a map and compass were provided. Expedition problem-solving skills were required to meet any challenges the teams may encounter along the way. All members of a team must complete the race; should any team member quit or cannot complete the race, the entire team would be eliminated.

The race was won by Team New Zealand, who also won the previous race held 17 years prior. The winning team received a $100,000 cash prize.

Race course and overview
The race course covered more than 671 km to be completed within eleven days with 66 teams from 30 countries participating in the race. There were 31 checkpoints along the way split into 5 legs. Each of the first 4 legs finished at a camp where the team must rest for a mandatory 90 minutes. Teams must recover a medallion in each leg, and they must also finish each leg within a specified cut-off time or they will be eliminated. The five stages of the race course were: An early lead was taken by Team Bend Racing, but one member of the team suffered from heat exhaustion and the team dropped to the back of the pack to allow him to recover. Team New Zealand, consisting of team captain Nathan Fa’avae, Sophie Hart, Stuart Lynch, Chris Forne and Mark Rayward, then dominated the entire course. Other early leaders included Team Out There, Team France Expenature, Team Summit, Team Canada Adventure, Team Estonian Ace, Team Thunderbolt, and Team Tiki Tour, but along the way, navigational errors caused some of them to fall behind. The racers faced unexpected obstacles along the way, and heavy tropical storm forced the temporary suspension of the race for eight hours when water level rose to dangerous level in the canyon, although Team Estonian Ace was already trapped in the canyon. Parts of the course proved challenging for many teams and some, such as Team Summit, suffered from hypothermia after being immersed in the cold water for a long period in the mountain water. A number of teams were eliminated after failing to reach the camp before the cut-off time at each stage, the first to be eliminated this way was Team Unbroken. Others dropped out due to injury such as Team Onyx and Team Curl, or through illness caused by infections, while some dropped out through exhaustion due to the difficulty of the course.
 * 1) Ocean leg – From the starting point at the Draubuta Village on the main island of Viti Levu, teams moved down the Wainibokasi River on a camakau outrigger, and paddled or sailed over the sea for 65 km. They reached the first checkpoint on the island of Leleuvia, then moved on to Ovalau, where they looped around the interior of the island for 20 km by foot before paddling back to the main island, along the way a team member had to dive down to the sea floor to retrieve a medallion. They moved up the Waidalici River in Verata for 30 km on a stand-up paddleboard, before traveling on mountain bike for a 56 km ride to Camp 1 at Naivucini Village, the end of the leg. Teams must reach the camp at 4pm on the third day.
 * 2) Jungle leg – This leg covered almost 100 km in three sections. First the teams traveled 12 km through the Waiga Canyon where they may collect a medallion, then they paddled down 45 km the Wainimala River on a self-made bamboo bilibili raft. In the last section the teams traveled on mountain bikes for 40 km to Camp 2. They must reach Camp 2 at Waivaka village on day 5. Upper Navua Ramsar Site, Fiji.jpg]]
 * 3) River leg – This leg started with 63 km of biking, followed by 30 km of white water rafting on the Navua River, ending with 50 km of jungle trekking. For safety reason, no team can tackle white water rafting during the night, and teams must stay at the check point until dawn before they can proceed to the river to raft. They can collect a medallion from the chief of Namuamua Village after the rafting section. For the jungle-hiking, teams may enlist help from the locals as guides or porters. This leg ended at Camp 3 at Lutu Village. BureNavala2.jpg village, the camp for the Highland leg]]
 * 4) Highland leg – The teams first trekked through the jungle to the base of Vuwa Falls, and climbed 1,000 feet (300m) up the falls to collect a medallion. They then swam for 9 km in a series of cold pools above the fall. This was followed by a paddleboarding section for 16 km in over Monasavu lake before they trekked for 50 km in the highland to reach the fourth and last camp at Navala Village.
 * 5) Island leg – The last leg started with a 77 km mountain bike ride, during which the teams needed to a rappel 60 m down the Qalivuda Falls where they picked up their last medallion. After mountain biking, they transitioned to a stand-up paddleboard 12 km down the Sabeto River to reach the ocean. From the Lomolomo Beach they changed to an outrigger for a 45 km journey to their finishing line on Mana Island.

The closing stages were contested between Team New Zealand, Team Canada Adventure and Team Gippsland Adventure from Australia. Although at some checkpoints the time differences between the leading and chasing teams were only minutes, Team New Zealand held on to their leading position throughout. Team New Zealand suffered a capsize of their outrigger requiring rescue in the last leg of the race; the organizers allowed them to continue the race after ferrying them to a nearby island and provided them with a new canoe. They managed to finish first, beating off challenges from the other two teams by over one-and-a-half hours.

Teams
Each race team is composed of four competitors led by a team captain (TC), including at least one member of the opposite sex, with one additional team assistant crew member (TAC) who help their team when they reach the camp. Each team races under a single country's flag. All teams must pass assessment tests on the various physical skills required on the course, and team members are required to work together under extreme stress and fatigue to finish the race. Listed below are the 66 competing teams:

Argentina

 * 1) Team Outlab Argentina : Alejandro Eugenio Kuryluk (TC), Ignacio Raigoso, Silvina Bedecarras, Leonardo Yozzi, Fabian Cordiviola (TAC)
 * 2) Team Tierra Viva : Guri Aznarez (TC), Veronica Astete, Juan Diego Lotz, Soledad Ermosilla, Dr. Marcelo Parada (TAC)

Australia

 * 1) Team 2nd Chance : Deanna Blegg (TC), Maria Plyashechko, Sergey Kurov, Darren Clarke, Gavin Allen (TAC)
 * 2) Team Aussie Rescue : Samantha Gash (TC), Morgan Coull, Mark Wales, Jarrod Mitchell, Joshua Lynott (TAC)
 * 3) Team Gippsland Adventure : Rob Preston (TC), Kathryn Preston, Tim Boote, Aaron Prince, Patrick Howlett (TAC)
 * 4) Team Mad Mayrs : Tyson Mayr (TC), Elijah Mayr, Nick Mayr, Courtney Home, Chris Dixon (TAC)
 * 5) Team Scouts Australia : Myall Quint (TC), Marni Williams, Bernard Cronan, Benjamin (Ben) Warner, Brett Johnson (TAC)
 * 6) Team Thunderbolt AR : Dave Schloss (TC), Bernadette Dornom, Elizabeth Dornom, Leo Theoharis, Jan Leverton (TAC)

Belgium

 * 1) Team To-Get-Ther : Ludo Kaethoven (TC), Debby Urkens, Katrien Aerts, Jurgen Frtizz De Grauwe, Roger Urkens (TAC)

Brazil

 * 1) Team Atenah Brasil : Shubi-Silvia Guimares (TC), Karina Bacha Lefevre, Nora Audre, Jose Caputo, Jose Pupo (TAC)
 * 2) Team Vidaraid Adventure : Marco Amselem Rossini (TC), Urtzi Iglesias, Guilherme Pahl, Camila Nicolau, Aritz Bilbao Guerrero (TAC)

Canada

 * 1) Team Atlas : Alexandre Provost (TC), Karine Corbell, Lars Bukkehave, Mark Sky, Tessa Jennison (TAC)
 * 2) Team Canada Adventure : Bob Miller (TC), Ryan Atkins, Scott Ford, Rea Kolbl, Wayne Leek (TAC)
 * 3) Team Peak Pursuit : Benjamin Kwiatkowski (TC), Thomas Hardy, Elora Van Jarrett, Jasper Edge, Laure Lejeune (TAC)
 * 4) Team True North : Alex Mann (TC), Rebecca Mann, Philip Roadley, Logan Roadley, Jason Gillespie (TAC)

Colombia

 * 1) Team Colombia : Jorge Diego Llano (TC), Jenny Sanin, Felix Vargas, Xavi Rodriguez Verdes, Jaroslav Najman (TAC)

Costa Rica

 * 1) Team Costa Rica : Eduardo Baldioceda (TC), Sergio Sanchez, Gerhard Linner, Veronica Bravo, Eric Cano (TAC)

Czech Republic

 * 1) Team Czech : Jan Cisar (TC), Pavel Paloncy, Tereza Rudolfova, Jan Obuskevic, Libor Kriz (TAC)

Ecuador

 * 1) Team Epic Ecuador : Amber Laree de Freire (TC), Oswaldo (Ossy) Freire, Diana Artete, Pablo Sandoval, Paul Guerra (TAC)

Estonia

 * 1) Team Estonian ACE : Silver Eensaar (TC), Timmo Tammemae, Reeda Tuula-Fjodorov, Rain Eensaar, Arthur Raichmann (TAC)

Fiji

 * 1) Team Namako : Alivate Logavatu (TC), Petero Manoa, Eroni Takape, Kim Beckinsale, Courtney Nicole Kruse (TAC)
 * 2) Team Tabu Soro : Uri Kurop (TC), Adam Wade, William Simpson, Anna Cowley, Semiti Tuitoga (TAC)

France

 * 1) Team France Expenature : Romy “Romulad” Viale (TC), Daphne Derouch, Calais Jean Baptiste, Benjamin Midena, Philippe Marchegay (TAC)

Guatemala

 * 1) Team Hombres D’Maiz : Netzer Quan (TC), Andres Duarte, Gabriela Molina, Sebastian Lancho, Leopoldo Bolanos (TAC)

India

 * 1) Team Khukuri Warriors : Tashi Malik (TC), Nungshi Malik, Brandon Fisher, Praveen Singh Rangar, Col VS Malik (TAC)

Ireland

 * 1) Team Ireland AR : Rob Heffernan (TC), Jason Black, Mark Lattanzi, Rachel Nolan, Ivan Park (TAC)

Israel

 * 1) Team Israel : Elad Benjamin (TC), Daniel Keren, Ben Enosh, Linur Krigel Tsarfati, Amit Weiner (TAC)

Italy

 * 1) Team Freemind Italia : Marco Ponteri (TC), Clelia Ponteri, Beppe Scotti, Telemaco Murgia, Tiziano Murgia (TAC)

Japan

 * 1) Team East Wind : Masato Tanaka (TC), Machiko Nishii, Koki Yasuda, Akira Yonemoto, Masayuki Takahata (TAC)

Mexico

 * 1) Team Teenek Mexico : Jorge Mendiola (TC), Ulises Gonzalez, Tomas Perez, Kathryn Morland, Fransico Mendiola (TAC)
 * 2) Team Tollocan Mexico : Alejandro Carretero (TC), Yara Borbon, Fernando Villicana, Jorge Pavon, Adolfo Vela (TAC)

Netherlands

 * 1) Team Checkpoint Hunters : Tom Oude Nijhuis (TC), Nienke Veenman, Wouter Neven, Rene Wolkorte, Tim Teutelink (TAC)

New Zealand

 * 1) Team New Zealand : Nathan Fa’avae (TC), Sophie Hart, Stuart Lynch, Chris Forne, Mark Rayward (TAC)
 * 2) Team Tiki Tour : Tom Lucas (TC), Micheal Kelly, Joanna Williams, George Lucas, Jeremy Warnock (TAC)

Russia

 * 1) Team Science Winning : Eduard Khalilov (TC), Evgeniya Khalilov, Viktor Sherstiuk, Valeriy Cherkasov, Vyacheslav Obrazstov (TAC)

Spain

 * 1) Team Meridianoraid Spain : Antonio de la Rosa Suarez (TC), Jesus Bermejo, Pablo Samper, Lucia Funes Mendez, Luis Cabrera (TAC)
 * 2) Team Summit : Emma Roca (TC), Jukka Pinola, Fran Lopez Costoya, Albert Roca Velazquez, David Rovira Roqueta (TAC)

South Africa

 * 1) Team Cyanosis : Clinton Mackintosh (TC), Nicholas Mulder, Sarah Fairmaid Clarke, Darren Barry, Steven Burnett (TAC)

Sweden

 * 1) Team Swedeforce : John Karlsson (TC), Malin Hjalmarsson, Emil Dahlqvist, Oskar Svärd, Johan Lilja (TAC)

Turkey

 * 1) Team Turk : Serdar KIlic (TC), Kenan Saran, Mike Saran, Eliska Hudcova, Andac Guven (TAC)

United Arab Emirates

 * 1) Team Eco DXB : Emma Taylor (TC), Khalifa Algharfi, Ali Monguno, Ivana Kolaric, Peter Langley (TAC)

United Kingdom

 * 1) Team UK Adventurers : Kevin Stephens (TC), Joseph Selby, Nathalie Long, Tim Stephens, Gill Watson (TAC)

United States

 * 1) Team Able Abels : Dan Abel (TC), Ashley Abel, Lauren Abel, Fletcher Hammel, Allison Abel (TAC)
 * 2) Team AR Georgia : Thomas Ambrose (TC), Katie Ferrington, Jeff Leininger, Hunter Leininger, Jeni Mcneal (TAC)
 * 3) Team Bend Racing : Jason Magness (TC), Melissa Coombes, Stephen Thomas, Daniel Staudigel, Darren Steinbach (TAC)
 * 4) Team Bones Adventure : Roy Malone (TC), Mari Chandlar, Charles Triponez, Jen Segger, David Egbert (TAC)
 * 5) Team Canyoneros : HIen Nguyen (TC), Greg Watson, Nathan Whitaker, Lena Mcknight, Steven Geer (TAC)
 * 6) Team Checkpoint Zero : Shane Hagerman (TC), Christopher Von Ins, Peter Jolles, Michele Hobson, Micheal Seroczynski (TAC)
 * 7) Team Curl : Jennifer Hemmen (TC), Justin Smith, Brett Gravlin, Steven Lenhart, Jeff Failers (TAC)
 * 8) Team Eagle Scouts : Eric Lillistorm (TC), Matthew Moniz, Katie Hancock, Corey Mullins, Charley Walton (TAC)
 * 9) Team Endure : Travis Macy (TC), Mark Macy, Danelle Ballengee, Shane Sigle, Andrew Speers (TAC)
 * 10) Team Flying J : Dianette Wells (TC), Guy LaRocque, Harald Zundel, Blain Reeves, Brian Johnson (TAC)
 * 11) Team Iron Cowboy : Sonja Wieck (TC), James Lawrence, Shaun Christian, Aaron Hopkinson, Joe Morton (TAC)
 * 12) Team Nika : Jeffery Bates (TC), Kara Haun, Ashley Andrews, John Bender, Keria Galan (TAC)
 * 13) Team Onyx : Clifton Lyles (TC), Corree Aussem-Woltering, Samantha Scipio, Chirss Smith, Mikayla Lyless (TAC)
 * 14) Team Out There : Mike Kloser (TC), Josiah Middaugh, Gretchen Reeves, Gordon Townsend, Neil Jones (TAC)
 * 15) Team Peak Traverse : Ryan Opray (TC), Tim Cannard, Mikayla Wingle, Daniel Bussius, Stephen Morrow (TAC)
 * 16) Team Regulators : Steven Bell (TC), Joshua Watkins, Heather Gustafson, Crista Jorgensen, Jason Hull (TAC)
 * 17) Team Stray Dogs : Marshall Ulrich (TC), Adrian Crane, Bob Haugh, Nancy Bristow, Heather Ulrich (TAC)
 * 18) Team Strong Machine: Cliff White (TC), Kate White, Starker White, Michael Garrison, John McInnes (TAC)
 * 19) Team Sundance Kids : Chase McMillian (TC), Scott Ward, Sylvia Greer, Aaron Smith, Jason Serman (TAC)
 * 20) Team Super Fighters : Heather Flebb (TC), Cary Flebbe, Sean Martin, Micheal Nicolaides, Danny Trudeau (TAC)
 * 21) Team Unbroken : Hal Riley (TC), Gretchen Evans, Dr. Anne Bailey, Keith Mitchell Knoop, Cale Yarborough (TAC)
 * 22) Team US Military : Joshua Forester (TC), Caitlin Thorn, Jesse Tubb, Jesse Spangler, Kevin Howser (TAC)

Uruguay

 * 1) Team Chips Adventure : Nicolas Davyt (TC), Luis Enrique Gomez, David Vega, Alejandra Isabella, Ernesto Parra (TAC)
 * 2) Team Uruguay Natural : Ruben Mandure (TC), Fredrica Frontini, Gonzalo Smaldone, Thiago Bonini, Laura Moratorio (TAC)

Teams that did not finish
The following 22 teams failed to finish for a variety of reasons: • Team Able Abels (USA)

• Team Ireland AR (Ireland)

• Team Israel (Israel)

• Team Freemind Italia (Italy)

• Team East Wind (Japan)

• Team Tollocan Mexico (Mexico)

• Team Atenah Brasil (Brazil)

• Team Outlab Argentina (Argentina)

• Team Curl (USA)

• Team Endure (USA)

• Team Flying J (USA)

• Team Nika (USA)

• Team Onyx (USA)

• Team Eco DXB (UAE)

• Team Ecuador (Ecuador)

• Team Science Winning (Russia)

• Team Turk (Turkey)

• Team Chips Adventure (Uruguay)

• Team Peak Traverse (USA)

• Team Stray Dogs (USA)

• Team Strong Machine (USA)

• Team Unbroken (USA)


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User:Peeled.lime

I am just an early college student trying to get through her life. I hope to help improve Wikipedia in any way possible :)

title: User:Peeled.lime