text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mitch Owens

The result was delete.  MBisanz  talk 03:24, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

Mitch Owens

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Fails WP:POLITICIAN. An interim mayor of Gloucester, Ontario (pop. 133K in 2016) who lost the subsequent election to Harry Allen (Gloucester, Ontario politician) (whose article has also been nominated for deletion). Clarityfiend (talk) 08:06, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Politicians-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 09:02, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Ontario-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 09:02, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete Non-notable politician, therefore fails WP:POLITICIAN. Lefcentreright  Talk   10:32, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mayor of a sizeable town. The collection of references justify its inclusion. - SimonP (talk) 16:24, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I do not know how you could consider Gloucester as a "sizeable town" when it is frankly no longer one (it is now a suburb of Ottawa) and even if it was, it would be the tenth largest in the province. Just being a mayor of town, is not enough reason for a Wikipedia article to be created. Mitch Owens is not notable at all. He has received no major news coverage at all. The reference section clearly suggests it. Lefcentreright  Talk   19:30, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep. Gloucester wasn't a town, it was a city, and a city of 100,000 people is very clearly large enough to warrant an article. -- Earl Andrew - talk 05:30, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The city, sure. The interim mayor, not so much. The 100K number does not automatically confer notability. Clarityfiend (talk) 09:06, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Just being an local elected figure is not enough warrant for a Wikipedia article to be created. If you do not believe me, WP:POLITICIAN says so. Lefcentreright  Talk   12:06, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete unless the article sees significant improvement. The idea that a city's population hands its mayors an automatic notability freebie regardless of the article's quality or sourceability was deprecated almost a decade ago now — regardless of a town's or city's size, the notability standard that a mayor has to clear to earn an article in 2019 is the ability to write and source a substantive article that contextualizes and analyzes his importance. But that's not what this article does; it literally just states that he was appointed mayor after his predecessor's death and then was defeated in the first subsequent municipal election, says nothing whatsoever about anything he did in the mayor's chair, and then goes on to list a bunch of minor awards that aren't instant WP:ANYBIO passes. And the referencing isn't solid enough to get him over the bar that mayors actually have to clear, either: five of the nine footnotes are primary sources that are not support for notability at all, two of the four that are real media just go to verifiability of election results and don't speak to the notability of the people named in the election results at all, and the two sources that are actually about Mitch Owens in any non-trivial way aren't enough since it takes a lot more than just two sources to get a mayor over WP:NPOL #2. Mayors are not automatically notable just because you can verify that they existed; they are notable only when you can add enough sources to demonstrate that their mayoralty was important in some substantive way. Bearcat (talk) 15:30, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete the sourcing is inadequate to show notability, and being interim mayor is not a default sign of notability.John Pack Lambert (talk) 22:49, 27 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fails WP:SIGCOV and WP:GNG.4meter4 (talk) 02:49, 29 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Annemarie von Gabain

Nazi
We're not going to mention that she joined the Nazi Party in 1939? Seems like important information to me.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:44, 26 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, very important. But a reliable source is needed to cover it. Egeymi (talk) 13:15, 23 July 2021 (UTC)
 * https://whowaswho-indology.info/2141/gabain-annemarie-von/ Xx236 (talk) 09:37, 15 June 2022 (UTC)
 * https://books.google.no/books?id=KRq4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=Annemarie+von+Gabain+ss&source=bl&ots=gnlWer7_-N&sig=ACfU3U35Cfcv0vHTz-T4s3HcXrNrrPVqyg&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjK0tmilK_4AhUEiv0HHa1-DmYQ6AF6BAgmEAM#v=onepage&q=Annemarie%20von%20Gabain%20ss&f=false Xx236 (talk) 09:41, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

Morhange, France
I have changed to French 'Morhange,', because it is written 'France'. But it was Germany at that that time, so perhaps Mörchingen, Germany?Xx236 (talk) 09:31, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Annemarie von Gabain


text:
Willow Fong

Willow Fong is a Tongan born, former international lawn bowls competitor for Fiji and Australia.

Biography
Fong is originally from Tonga and started bowling in 1974.

Fong won the pairs silver medal with Maraia Lum On at the 1981 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Toronto, Canada and four years later won the pairs silver medal again at the 1985 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Melbourne, Australia. In 1998 she represented Australia at the Commonwealth Games and won a bronze medal in the pairs with Gordana Baric.

She was the joint flag bearer for Fiji at the opening ceremony of the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland.

She has won nine medals at the Asia Pacific Bowls Championships including five gold medals.

She now bowls in Australia for the Merrylands Bowling Club and is the wife of male bowls international Peter Fong.

title: Willow Fong


text:
Gnathodynamometer

A gnathodynamometer (or occlusometer) is an instrument for measuring the force exerted in closing the mouth. This device can measure the bite force of humans in the following three measurements: newtons, (N), pounds, (lb), or kilograms, (kg). The average bite force of a human being is 140 pounds per square inch, (psi). A bimeter gnathodynamometer is one with an adjustable central-bearing point.

As per the inventor's design study, the instrument works well "in measuring maximal bite force and masticatory efficiency of incisor and molar teeth, respectively."

Sharks are baited into biting hard plastic sheets, which are brought to the laboratory. The depth of the indentations shows the force of the bite. The inventor is J. N. Snodgrass.

title: Gnathodynamometer


text:
Reinhard van Zyl

Reinhard van Zyl (born 4 February 1994) is a South African male javelin thrower, who won an individual gold medal at the Youth World Championships.

title: Reinhard van Zyl


text:
United States Government/The U.S. under the Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation accomplished certain things, but without a strict leader, or a government that could really do anything to help they turned out to be a bad thing for the United States. First, they expressly provided that the states were sovereign. (A sovereign state is a state that is both self-governing and independent.) The United States as a Confederation was much like the present-day European Union. Each member was able to make its own laws; the entire Union was merely for the purposes of common defense.

The reason for the independence of the colonies is clear- the colonies were afraid of the power of a central government such as the one in the State of Great Britain.

The Articles provided that a Congress, consisting of two to seven members per state, would hold legislative power. The states, regardless of the number of Congress members representing them, each have one total vote.

The Congress was empowered to settle boundary and other disputes between states. It could also establish courts with jurisdiction over the seas. Also, it could tax the states, even though it did not possess the power to require the collection these taxes by law.

Faults of the Articles
The Congress, overall, was absolutely ineffectual. The Congress had to rely on the states for its funding. Since it could not forcibly collect taxes, the states could grant or withhold money and force Congress to accept their demands.

Because it could not collect taxes, Congress printed paper dollars. This policy, however, absolutely wrecked the economy because of an overabundance of paper dollars, which had lost almost all value.

The several states also printed their own currency. This led to much confusion relating to exchange rates and trade; some states accepted the currency of others, while other states refused to honor bills issued by their counterparts.

Furthermore, the Articles included certain fallacies. For instance, it suggested that the approval of "nine states" was required to make certain laws. However, it made no provision for additional states. Thus, it would appear that the number nine would be in effect even if that number would actually be a minority of states.

Also, the Articles required the approval of all states for certain important decisions such as making Amendments. As the number of 'States" would grow, securing this approval would become more and more difficult.

The Conference at Annapolis
At Annapolis, Maryland, the delegates of the thirteen states were supposed to meet to discuss various changes to the Articles to grant more authority to Congress. However, eight of the states failed to send representatives. Thus, the Conference did not even occur. However, another Conference was called for 1787. This Conference at Philadelphia is what we now know to be the Constitutional Convention.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Inverclyde Radio

The result was   delete. Davewild (talk) 09:27, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Inverclyde Radio

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

I don't see anything that suggests notability as per Notability (web) for this local news site. Of the three sources given, one is the site itself and the other two are about other subjects and only mention Inverclyde Radio in passing. I've done some searching, but I can't find any in-depth coverage in third-party sources. Squinge (talk) 14:32, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Radio-related deletion discussions.  Everymorning   talk  15:31, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * As a brand new user to Wikipedia, I have not had a chance to learn about the system so if this is the wrong way to respond, I do apologise. I did not create the Inverclyde Radio page and only came across it the other day. I have edited elements on the page as I am a Director of Inverclyde Radio. I will have to take time to understand the use of Wikipedia. As a media outlet in its own right, Inverclyde Radio seldom has any articles supporting us in other media. W G Stewart (talk) 15:40, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia. The problem here is one of notability, as explained by Wikipedia's policy at Notability. There are various guidelines regarding all sorts of individual subjects, but the "General notability guideline" as explained there says that "If a topic has received significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject, it is presumed to be suitable for a stand-alone article or list" - and goes on to explain in more detail. If, as you say, Inverclyde Radio seldom has any articles writing about it in other media, then it might unfortunately just not be sufficiently notable for its own Wikipedia article. Squinge (talk) 16:32, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Scotland-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:42, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Websites-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:42, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Comment I have added a few bits of info and some references to the article. I guess the station got more coverage in a former incarnation, as Inverclyde FM. Drchriswilliams (talk) 17:13, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Missvain (talk) 06:00, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete I had wondered that some further information might turn up to indicate notability, but further searching did not reveal the sort of significant coverage need to establish notability by WP:COMPANY as it lacks WP:CORPDEPTH and doesn't have general notability established using the criteria in WP:GNG. Drchriswilliams (talk) 11:29, 15 February 2015 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ginger bashing

The result of the debate was speedy delete as nonsense. Mailer Diablo 01:42, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Ginger bashing
Delete - It is non-encyclopedic and rather dumb. discospinster 23:58, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as patent nonsense. Joe 00:05, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Neologism based on a South Park episode, repeated in a few message boards. 300 Ghits, a lot of which are jokes directed at Ginger Baker, and others reference some webmodel named Ginger. Fan1967 00:09, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete obvious nonsense. Gwernol 00:45, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete patent nonsense, not encyclopedic. Bucketsofg 00:57, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete per above. Lambiam Talk 02:15, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:58, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete patent nonsense MLA 11:26, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete See above Nigelthefish 17:19, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete though jokes about ginger kids didn't start with South Park. ProhibitOnions 20:38, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Note This discussion was blanked by, that IP's only activity. Fan1967 04:15, 21 March 2006 (UTC)


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Talk:Ernston, New Jersey

Naming
@User:Alansohn-- Just curious if you had any concept of the best way to do neighborhood titling. I see that seemingly all New Jersey articles use Neighborhood, New Jersey, but it doesn't make sense to me to title neighborhoods that way. It would make much more sense, imo to do "Neighborhood, City", if we're going to do any disambiguation. In my experience, epople don't think of neighborhoods in the context of the state they're in, but the larger geographical entity. But I'm more interested in getting some consistency in the titling than what it ends up being. The most recent discussion on the MOS talk I had found was from 2009, where there seemed to be little favor for doing "Neighborhood, State", which is why I had moved the article but obviously that's quite a long time ago and not particularly relevant today. Is the standard practice now to do that? Or is it just when the city itself isn't well-known? Or something else? Eddie891 Talk Work 21:42, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

 * (PS: Coming from trying to figure out Category:Neighborhoods in Syracuse, New York, where there is no agreement between "Neighborhood, Syracuse" and "Neighborhood, Syracuse, New York" Eddie891 Talk Work 21:46, 21 November 2023 (UTC))

 * , there are 564 municipalities in the state and well over a thousand unincorporated places, which would include neighborhoods. The broad consensus statewide has been to use the "Place Name, New Jersey" format for all places, incorporated or not, unless disambiguation is needed. So there is only one Sayreville, New Jersey, but there are many places named Washington Township, New Jersey, which is why the articles listed there are all disambiguated with county. There is the place Long Valley, New Jersey, which is in Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey, and I'd be horrified to have to name it Long Valley, Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey, if the format was to use the Place Name followed by the full title of the parent municipality. The system seems to work well by minimizing the size of article titles, as there are few overlaps. Pennsylvania seems to have more duplication of place names and seems to more frequently disambiguate titles, but I've done no detailed analysis of the policy used there. Alansohn (talk) 22:05, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Hm, OK yeah that makes sense. Thanks for the explanation, @Alansohn! Eddie891 Talk Work 22:07, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ernston, New Jersey


text:
Nidda station

Nidda station is a station on the Gießen–Gelnhausen railway in the town of Nidda in the German state of Hesse. It is also at the end of the Beienheim–Schotten railway from Friedberg station. The station is classified by Deutsche Bahn (DB) as a category 4 station.

History
The station was opened on 29 June 1870 with the opening of the end of the second section of the Gießen–Gelnhausen railway (Hungen–Nidda) by the Upper Hessian Railway Company (Oberhessische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft). At the end of November 1870, the line was extended to Gelnhausen. On 1 October 1897, the Beienheim–Schotten railway was opened from Beienheim via Nidda to Schotten. This made Nidda a major railway junction of the Wetterau.

On 29 November 1959, passenger services on the Nidda–Schotten section were abandoned. Freight still operated until February 1960, when it was closed due to lack of demand. Its track was dismantled a few months afterwards.

The station (except the “house” platform, platform 1) was fully modernised in 2008 and 2009. The platforms on tracks 2 and 4 and on tracks 5 and 7 were renewed and raised to a uniform height of 55 centimetres.

Infrastructure
The Nidda station precinct covers a large area. In addition to the numerous parked railcars of the Butzbach-Lich Railway Company (Butzbach-Licher Eisenbahn, BLE), which operated services here until 2005, loading sidings, an engine shed and the industrial sidings of a chemical plant are spread over a large area in the southern part of the precinct.

Entrance building
The entrance building is protected as a monument under the Hessian Heritage Act.

Operations
Services on weekends and public holidays were restored on the Gießen–Gelnhausen line at the timetable change on 14 December 2003.

Operations on the Beienheim–Schotten railway were managed by the Butzbach-Lich Railway Company until the timetable change of 2004/2005. Since the timetable change of 2005/2006, it has been operated by the Hessische Landesbahn (Hessian State Railway, HLB), the parent company of the Butzbach-Lich Railway Company.

Although the station is unstaffed now, there is a lot of traffic when the trains to and from Gelnhausen, Giessen and Friedberg meet and allow mutual transfers. Trains depart from platform 2 towards Giessen, from track 4 towards Gelnhausen and from tracks 5 and 7 towards Friedberg. Track 1 formerly served trains towards Schotten.

Current services
HLB operates trains every hour on the Gießen–Gelnhausen railway between Gießen and Gelnhausen using GTW 2/6 sets. In the morning peak and after lunch an extra service runs to both Gießen and Gelnhausen, and in the evening peak an extra service runs from Gießen.

On the Beienheim–Schotten railway, service runs every hour via Echzell, Reichelsheim and Beienheim to Friedberg. During peak hours there are direct through services to and from Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof. Two of these Stadt-Express (SE) services are operated by DB Regio with a class 218 locomotive hauling refurbished Silberling carriages. One SE service and the Regionalbahn services to and from Friedberg are operated by HLB using GTW 2/6 sets.

Nidda station is served by some regional and city bus routes.

title: Nidda station


text:
Algebra

Welcome to the Wikibook of

Preface
Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations and relations, and the constructions and concepts arising from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures.

You've been asked to buy peanuts for you and your friends at a football game. You've collected $12.50. One bag is $2.75. You want to know how many bags you can buy. This is an algebra problem! Related problems are how much money will be left over, and what should you buy or in what proportions should you return the extra money to your friends.

Algebra helps us to predict things that we don't yet know and to determine the relationships between the things we do. Algebra is a powerful and rich branch of mathematics that is useful in everyday life as well as business, engineering, and other technical fields.

Contents

 * /Cover/
 * /Authors/
 * For Contributors

Preface
Chapter 0: An Introduction to Mathematics

Unit 1: Numbers, Variables and Relationships
How can we use numbers and variables to find out unknown information?

Chapter 1: Elementary Arithmetic Chapter 2: An Introduction to Algebra Chapter 3: Solving Equations Chapter 4: Inequalities

Unit 2: An Introduction To Graphing
Math is a method of solving problems. You take information you know, and by manipulating it using mathematical principles, you can find information you don't know. Functions are the mathematical framework for solving problems. They have parameters, rules, and ways of being solved. This section will introduce you to functions and how to use them.

Chapter 5: The Cartesian Plane Chapter 6: Graphing Linear Functions Chapter 7: Systems and Matrices Chapter 8: Piecewise Functions

Unit 3: Polynomials
Chapter 9: Quadratic Functions Chapter 10: Higher-Degree Polynomials

Unit 4: Other Functions
Chapter 11: Properties of Functions Chapter 12: Exponents and Logarithms Chapter 13: Rational and Radical Functions Chapter 14: Trigonometry

Unit 5: Algebra in Discrete Mathematics
Chapter 15: Sequences and Series Chapter 16: Probability and Statistics

Unit 6: Analytic Geometry
Chapter 17: Conic Sections Chapter 18: Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates Chapter 19: Vectors

Unit 7: Advanced Algebra
Now that you have completed your mathematical journey, you may be wondering where to head over next. This unit provides six optional chapters that can be done in any order you please. The six chapters are meant to be independent from one another, and any of the chapters can be skipped entirely to put more focus on the topics that are of greater interest to you.

Complex Numbers
 * 1) /Complex Numbers/
 * 2) /More about the Quadratic Formula/
 * 3) More about Polynomials.
 * 4) Advanced Polynomials
 * 5) /Algebraic Manipulation/
 * 6) /Polynomial Interpolation/
 * 7) /Symettric Polynomials/
 * 8) /Chebyshev Polynomials/
 * 9) Continued Fractions
 * 10) /Diophantine Equations/
 * 11) Theory of Equations and Inequalities
 * 12) Limits of Functions
 * 13) Group Theory
 * 14) /Symmetries/
 * 15) /Binary Operators/
 * 16) /Groups/
 * 17) Lagrange's Theorem

Resources

 * /Resources/
 * /Bibliography/
 * /Glossary/
 * /Index/

Algebra Algèbre Algebra Wiskunde/Algebra ពិជគណិត 代數

title: Algebra


text:
Safarnama (TV series)

Safarnama is an Indian Hindi-language travel documentary television series produced by Sinashh Films that has aired on Epic TV since August 2020. The show is hosted by television actor Ankit Siwach and is based on his travel journey starting from Mumbai and ending in Ladakh, covering other parts of India in between.

Episodes

 * Episode 01 - Mumbai
 * Episode 02 - Manali, Himachal Pradesh
 * Episode 03 - Kullu
 * Episode 04 - Kullu Part-02
 * Episode 05 - Sarchu and Leh
 * Episode 06 - Leh and Ladakh - 01
 * Episode 07 - Leh and Ladakh - 02
 * Episode 08 - Turtuk and Thang
 * Episode 09 - Kargil

Source:

Production
The show was produced by Sinashh films and Siwach, and was shot on location in the various places shown in the series through a road trip. Siwach relating himself as an avid traveler described the show as a personal journey he wanted highlight for viewers.

Broadcast
It has aired in India on the Epic TV television channel and is also available on its online streaming service Epic ON.

title: Safarnama (TV series)


text:
Talk:New Deal, Texas

Untitled
changed line about staff at schools... —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:07, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Deal, Texas


text:
Talk:Dave Odom

Lamar Odom
Is he related to Lamar?--The Fat Man Who Never Came Back 15:34, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:45, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Odom


text:
Dorothy Page (historian)

Dorothy Pauline Page is a retired New Zealand historian and academic. She specialised in women's history, biography and public history.

Page was appointed as a lecturer in history at the University of Otago in 1969 and was later promoted to associate professor. Page completed a PhD at the university in 1984, with a thesis on disability in nationality of British women (a term referring to the change of nationality of a British woman when she married a foreigner). In 1986 Page and her colleague Barbara Brookes introduced the first university-level women's history paper in New Zealand. She retired from the university in 2000. Page remained active in local history events; she was the president of the Otago Settlers' Association in 2007 and 2008.

In 1993, Page was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal.

Publications

 * Anatomy of a Medical School: A History of Medicine at the University of Otago 1875–2000 (Otago University Press, 2008)
 * Communities of Women: Historical Perspectives, co-edited with Barbara Brookes (Otago University Press, 2002)
 * The National Council of Women: A Centennial History (Bridget Williams Books, 1996)

title: Dorothy Page (historian)


text:
Guala

Guala may refer to:

People

 * Guala Bicchieri (c. 1150 – 1227), Italian diplomat and papal legate in England
 * Sebastiano Guala, Italian church architect active in the years 1640–1680
 * Pier Francesco Guala, also known as Pierfrancesco and Pietro Francesco (1698–1757), Italian Baroque painter
 * Guala da Telgate bishop of Bergamo

Places

 * Gaula River (Sør-Trøndelag)

title: Guala


text:
Treble (musical group)

Treble was a girl group from the Netherlands.

Career
The group started in 1995 when Caroline Hoffman (born 7 March 1975) and sisters Niña (born 26 May 1985) and Djem van Dijk (born 2 July 1987) met during a party, where Caroline was performing with a friend. The parents of the van Dijk sisters asked Caroline to become the music teacher of the two girls. A close-knit group was born, starting with street concerts where they accompanied themselves with acoustic guitar and djembe. Their harmonised and contagious African rhythm soon attracted a lot of attention. Treble is unique for its use of a fictitious language, called "Treble. As they put it, "In order to be able to get emotions across, music does not always require understandable language." The van Dijk sisters were in their early teens when the collaboration with Caroline started, and were therefore better able to pick up foreign languages. Although the girls have been singing in English and occasionally in French, the Treble language still is an integral and important part of their songwriting and performances.

After performing in the Netherlands and traveling abroad, the girls recorded their debut single "Ramaganana" at the end of 2003, which turned out to be the major breakthrough for the trio, reaching the number one slot on the Dutch singles Hit List. To promote the single, Treble hit the streets again. Performing with a placard requesting the listeners purchase their single and bring it to first place, they succeeded. In June 2004, their first album, No Trouble, made its debut. The girls, by then, had a record deal with CNR Music. Backed up by a group of session musicians they show the many different styles Treble has mastered, ranging from ballads to uptempo rock songs. The album is supported by a full theatre tour and several festival appearances. On stage the three girls are accompanied by a three-man live band: Olaf Fase (drums), Emanuel Platino (bass) and Willem Philips (guitar).

Their second album Free came out in April 2006. By then, the group has teamed up with World Sound Management from the US. The American management firm became interested in Treble when the group performed in France during Midem. In true Treble style, the girls weren't invited. They went to France and just hit the streets of Cannes without any planned gigs. The album is recorded in Hawaii and Los Angeles, under the guidance of Keith Olsen. His involvement lead to a much more coherent sound and the inclusion of the Fleetwood Mac song Crystal, which also was produced by Keith Olson in its original form. The band returns to familiar water when they went on a theatre tour (Omne trivium perfectum) and a full festival agenda. Treble will compete in the National Song Festival, which is the national final for the Eurovision Song Contest.

Eurovision Song Contest 2006
On 12 March 2006, an overwhelming victory at the National Song Festival in Amsterdam made Treble the Dutch representatives in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Athens. During a live television show on the Dutch channel NOS, their song "Amambanda" was chosen as the best by 72% of the viewers. After this, Treble went on tour, planning to visit every country that was to send a contestant to Athens. They succeeded in doing so, but were unable to qualify for the final, finishing in 20th place in the semi-final.

After Eurovision
The schedule for Treble after the Eurovision Song Contest was relatively unfruitful. A single "Fly" off the Free album was scheduled as a CD-single, but was later rescheduled to appear only as a download. yet another single "Leave Me Alone" was scheduled for 2006 but later postponed to early 2007.

Djem and Niña van Dijk have both enrolled in the Amsterdam Conservatorium to sharpen their musical skills reducing their participation in Treble. The band eventually split up in March 2010. Each of the girls have decided to make their own solo career in music.

After break-up
Niña van Dijk took part in season 3 of the Voice of Holland in 2012 and was part of Team Marco Borsato but was eliminated after the first live show round (Top 32)

title: Treble (musical group)


text:
Chah Nasar

Chah Nasar (, also Romanized as Chāh Nasar) is a village in Eshqabad Rural District, Miyan Jolgeh District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 975, in 241 families.

title: Chah Nasar


text:
Leopold Endel-Ragis

Leopold Endel-Ragis (1894–1943) was soldier of the Polish Legions in World War I and the Austro-Hungarian Army, and colonel of infantry of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939). He fought in World War I, Polish–Soviet War and the Invasion of Poland, and was a member of the Home Army.

Endel-Ragis (nom de guerre Slaski) was born on November 11, 1894, in Żółkiew, Austrian Galicia (currently Zhovkva, Ukraine). He attended a high school in Lwów, joining the Riflemen's Association Strzelec. In 1912, he completed an officer course there, and before the outbreak of World War I joined Polish Legions commanded by Józef Piłsudski. He served in the 5th Legions Infantry Regiment from August 8, 1914, until October 13, 1917. After the Oath crisis, Endel-Ragis was forced into the Austro-Hungarian army, in which he served from October 15, 1917, until May 10, 1918.

On November 1, 1918, he was named commandant of 4th District of Polish Military Organisation (POW) at Piotrków Trybunalski. On November 22 of the same year, Endel-Ragis was appointed commandant of 2nd POW Battalion, which was on December 10 turned into 26th Infantry Regiment. With this unit, Endel-Ragis served in distinction in the Polish–Soviet War, fighting in Volhynia and other areas.

In the early 1920s, Endel-Ragis attended military courses at Warsaw's Wyższa Szkoła Wojenna: on October 1, 1924, he was named officer of Polish General Staff, serving under Colonel Franciszek Wlad. At the same time, he remained officer at 26th Infantry Regiment. On December 1, 1924, President Stanisław Wojciechowski, upon request of Minister of Military Affairs Stanisław Wojciechowski, promoted Endel-Ragis to the rank of Podpolkovnik (Sub-Colonel).

From February 12, 1925, until April 1, 1927, Endel-Ragis was chief of staff of the 7th Infantry Division, which was located in Częstochowa. He then commanded 8th Legions Infantry Regiment in Lublin, and on December 24, 1929, President Ignacy Mościcki promoted him to Polkovnik (Colonel). On December 1, 1930, Endel-Ragis was appointed chief of staff of the Second Military District in Lublin. In December 1934 he was transferred to the 9th Infantry Division, located at Siedlce, remaining there until March 1939. Endel-Ragis was then named commandant of the 22nd Mountain Infantry Division (Przemyśl), replacing General Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz, who was moved to Bielsko Operational Group of Kraków Army.

According to Polish Polish General Staff planners, 22nd Mountain Infantry Division was to join Łódź Army (General Juliusz Rómmel) as its reserve unit. Due to the destruction of Polish rail lines, caused by the Luftwaffe, the division did not reach its positions in Central Poland. On September 1, 1939, while 22nd Mountain Infantry Division was in the area of Sandomierz en route to Łódź, it was turned back and transported towards Kraków, following the request of General Antoni Szylling (commandant of Kraków Army), who was aware of rapid advance of German armored forces near Częstochowa.

In the night of September 2/3, 22nd Mountain Infantry Division unloaded from trains near Olkusz, and took its defensive positions, awaiting the units of Operational Group Slask (General Jan Jagmin-Sadowski). Soon afterwards, German units of attacked the division, forcing it into retreat. After heavy fighting, Colonel Endel-Ragis with his soldiers reached Staszów, where he faced German 5th Panzer Division. Endel-Ragis then divided the division into smaller units, ordering them to fight their way east. In the night of September 9/10, 1939, Colonel Ragis, convinced that 22nd Mountain Infantry Division was completely destroyed, tried to commit suicide and shot himself in the head. He survived due to efforts of military doctors, both Polish and German, and settled in the area of Kielce, joining the Home Army.

Leopold Endel-Ragis died on February 19, 1943, in Warsaw.

Awards

 * Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari (1921),
 * Cross of Independence,
 * Officer Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta,
 * Cross of Valour (Poland) (three times),
 * Gold Cross of Merit.

title: Leopold Endel-Ragis


text:
Haloblack

haloblack are an American industrial rock group formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The original incarnation consisted solely of Bryan Barton (as Bryan Black) until Bill Morrisette and Damien Ray joined. Their style of industrial rock combined elements of electro, glitch, trip hop and metal music. They have been on tour with other industrial outfits including 16volt, Bile, Chemlab and Cop Shoot Cop and in addition supported Marilyn Manson. The band released three albums: Tension Filter and funkyhell for Fifth Colvmn Records and Throb for Armalyte Industries/The Sick City.

History
haloblack was formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota by Bryan Barton (as Bryan Black). His first release was the cassette HB2 in 1992. Musicians Olivier Grasset and Arianne Schreiber joined to Barton make haloblack into a band and Fifth Colvmn Records signed them in 1994, releasing the band's debut album titled Tension Filter in November. The music was favorably compared to Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails and the compositional depth received praise. The band followed that release in 1995 with the EP titled raw tension e.p.. haloblack moved to a less guitar driven sound for their third and final full-length album funkyhell, released in 1996 for Fifth Colvmn. The album was highly informed by electronica music and lead with the track "Distractor", which had previously appeared on the Fascist Communist Revolutionaries various artists compilation. In 1997 Haloblack has received commissions to score sonic backgrounds for 3D video games.

After the haloblack's second album Barton moved from Minneapolis to London in the late 90s. After being inspired to write again after listening extensively to Maxinquaye by Tricky and other electronic music Barton began working on a third album. The band released Throb on the United Kingdom-based music labels Armalyte Industries and The Sick City. The album was made with collaborative efforts of musicians Kraig Tyler, Charles Levi, Raymond Watts and Olivier Grasset.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Tension Filter (1994, Fifth Colvmn)
 * funkyhell (1996, Fifth Colvmn)
 * Throb (2004, Armalyte Industries/The Sick City)

Extended play
 * HB2 (1992)
 * raw tension e.p. (1995, Fifth Colvmn)

Compilation albums
 * rESONANCE (1992)

title: Haloblack


text:
User:Jakeitchy

Yeah Jakeitchy is one of the craziest things you will ever see. Because you never know what to expect so expect everything and nothing! And Jakeitchy like's to eat..alot..and music if you have good music then your perfect for a Jakeitchy!..more to come!!!

title: User:Jakeitchy


text:
Talk:Dave Bing

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 15:21, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

accomplishments
made a great deal of money and represented the NBA very well —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:09, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

Needs more info and some cleanup
Interesting article. Could use a little more information, for example: pictures at other phases of life; more discussion of his work as mayor; aspects of dealing with the recession and auto industry crunch.

A few included points raise questions.

"While working a construction site, a brick fell four stories onto his head, causing a brain clot." When did this occur? Did his father die?

"The honor was to be presented during the half-time show of the game..." Was it? If not, what happened subsequently?

"Bing volunteered in the Big Brothers Big Sisters program." When? Where? Anything special happen to the kids he mentored? Not quite explicit about the reason for the civil rights award. Was there a citation to go with the award? Apparently there are other kinds of civil rights involvement, as well.

Perhaps the good article at answers.com and references there would be a place to start. Wcmead3 (talk) 17:23, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

Very funny thing! I reread this article, and had some comments to make about it. I was attracted to this comment by ... me!

I'd add that more coverage of Bing's political life would be interesting. He became mayor of Detroit at a time when the Great Recession was forming and at a place that was hard-hit. The power struggle that apparently defeated his efforts must have been remarkable, since one would think that his experience and success with both athletic teamwork and business would make him a nearly ideal person to deal with Detroit's crisis. Wcmead3 (talk) 19:23, 27 October 2018 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dave Bing


text:
Cookbook:Atkins-Friendly Mock Tiramisu

| Atkins Diet Cooking | Dessert

This preparation is loosely inspired by tiramisu, and it contains rich dairy, egg, cocoa, and coffee. However, in order to make it compatible with the Atkins diet, it does not contain refined carbohydrates. As a result, it contains no cake, ladyfingers, or added sugar and is not a true tiramisu.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup sour cream
 * 2 cups cream cheese (not low-fat)
 * 2 eggs
 * 2 tbsp baking cocoa
 * 1 tsp instant espresso powder

Procedure

 * 1) Blend everything together until smooth.
 * 2) Enjoy!

Warnings

 * This recipe contains raw eggs. Please see the module on Eggs for possible health effects.

title: Cookbook:Atkins-Friendly Mock Tiramisu


text:
Botany/Plant cells

<< Contents Page | << Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 | Chapter 3 >>|

Chapter 2. Plant Cells

Introduction
A cell is a very basic structure of all living systems, consisting of protoplasm within a containing cell membrane. Only entities such as viruses— on the boundary between non-living chemicals and living systems—lack cells or basic cell structure. All plants, including very simple plants called algae, and all animals are made up of cells, and these are organized in various ways to create structure and function in an organism. Biologists recognize two basic types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are structurally more simple. They are found only in single-celled and some simple, multicellular organisms (all bacteria and some algae, which all belong to Bacteria and Archaea domains). Eukaryotic cells are found in most algae, all higher plants, fungi, and animals (Eukarya domain). Thus, differences between these two cell types are critical to how an organism is classified, and an important consideration in the evolutionary sequence of life on the planet Earth.

Plant Cell Structure

Nearly all cells are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. As always there are some exceptions, but generally magnification is required to detect a cellular structure. In plants, a good hand-lens or loupe (see photo at right) will sometimes suffice, but in working with cells or observing how cells are organized to form tissues and structures, a high power microscope is used.

 * Read about Cells ~ You may wish to follow some or all links to "Main articles" as these provide detail that may interest you; or you might return to explore further should questions arise later in the course.
 * Read Plant cells and, at minimum, articles at the following links (but ignore, for now, the topic of Plant Cell Types ):
 * Cell Wall
 * Protoplasm and cytoplasm
 * Vacuole
 * Ergastic substances
 * Plastids
 * Chloroplasts

 * Also note that the textbook, Cell Biology, is available at WikiBooks and can be used as a more detailed reference. You should read the Introductory Chapter (all subsections) at this time.

Questions:
 * 1) Can you think of reasons why macroscopic organisms are multicellular? (Macroscopic means large, in the sense of "not microscopic")

Basic Cell Function
You should, by now, have a general appreciation for the complexity of cellular structure. Improvements in microscopy, especially development of the Electron microscope, have revealed that cells are not merely membranous sacks containing fluid of gel-like consistency. The degree of organization of the cytoplasm into organelles and their membranes should have you convinced that much (perhaps most) of what is really going on around you on this planet is occurring at a scale that is simply inaccessible to your eyes. And while you cannot be expected to directly observe chemical reactions at a molecular scale, contemplate that you cannot, even with powerful optics, directly observe most of the structure where these reactions are somehow controlled to produce outcomes favorable to life—indeed, are life. Hopefully, as you acquire knowledge and become a biologist—a botanist—you will learn to recognize the relevant phenomena by their macroscopic expressions (that which you can readily observe with the unaided eye).

To appreciate basic cell function, it is necessary to first list the processes or outcomes that cells must accomplish to further existence. More specialized functions will be discussed under plant cell structure, as our interest must eventually focus on plants. For now, recall that in your reading you have already encountered these several basic abilities of cells:

 * Metabolism involves taking in of raw material to use in building up cell components and breaking down of other molecules to provide energy for various growth processes; byproducts may be released.
 * Protein biosynthesis by transcription of DNA to RNA and then translation to protein, used in growth or released for use elsewhere by the organism.
 * Reproduction by cell division.

Now explore each in turn. Think initially of a single-celled organism with no special abilities, only a "will" to stay alive and perpetuate itself. Remember, the environment will not be kind. The cell must grow and reproduce to counter the tendency of outside forces to breakdown molecular structure and destroy life. Then consider the situation where a cell is part of a multicellular organism, and may be performing more limited and specialized functions.

 * Read Cell metabolism ( Follow links and read at least these articles ):
 * Metabolic pathway ( Links need not be followed )
 * Cell respiration ( Follows all links )

 * Read Protein biosynthesis ( Follow links as necessary to understand process and terminology; Also included is: )
 * Gene expression
 * Read Cell reproduction ( The following links are included: )
 * Mitosis
 * Cell cycle

Questions:
 * 1) Have you been able to discern a relationship between genes and basic cell function? If so, is this also a basic cell function, and where do we list it?

Plant Cell Specializations
We will learn about the cells of algae and other organisms (e.g., bacteria and fungi) traditionally covered within Botany in later chapters on those organisms (Chapters 5 - 7). Here, we concentrate on the cells of plants.

The simplest type of plant cell is called a parenchyma cell and most of the basic metabolic and reproductive processes of the plant occur in these cells. A term for parenchyma cells with chloroplasts, is chlorenchyma cells. Other plant cell types that we shall be considering are:

 * Collenchyma ~ living cells with thickened walls for increased support
 * Sclerenchyma ~ lignified dead cells forming fibers for increased support
 * Epidermal ~ surface covering
 * Cork
 * Xylem tracheid ~ single long (up to 1 mm) thin cells for transporting water and support
 * Xylem vessel ~ cells form individual elements in an even longer (up to 1 meter in extreme cases) tube for transporting water
 * Meristematic cells ~ growth

 * Read Parenchyma cell

Laboratory Exercises for Chapter 2 >> Discussion of questions for Chapter 2 >>>

Energy
How does plant cells get its energy? It gets its energy nutrients. With those nutrients, they gather the energy through sunlight. They use photosynthesis to convert materials into energy for the plants to power its cells.
 * Photosynthesis. Read more here about it.

title: Botany/Plant cells


text:
Cheshmeh Khosrow

Cheshmeh Khosrow or Chashmeh Khosrow or Chashmeh-ye Kosrow may refer to:
 * Cheshmeh Khosrow, Kermanshah
 * Cheshmeh Khosrow, Razavi Khorasan

title: Cheshmeh Khosrow


text:
svelto

Etymology
Past participle of, from , from , perhaps influenced by.

Adjective

 * 1) quick
 * 2) brisk
 * 3) quick-witted
 * 1) brisk
 * 2) quick-witted

title: svelto


text:
Talk:Dave Dobbyn

Influences
Is it reasonable to have a section on influences? Neil Finn, Roy Orbison (see ), ....? —DIV (<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:50, 18 June 2008 (UTC))
 * Yes, please do!

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title: Talk:Dave Dobbyn


text:
Mandkola

Mandkola is a village and Gram panchayat located in Hathin Tehsil of Palwal district, Haryana, India. The Village is situated 14km away from sub-district headquarter Hathin and 15km away from district headquarter Palwal.

title: Mandkola


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/October 31, 2019

Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) is a former astronaut and test pilot who was the command module pilot of Apollo 11 in 1969. The first person to perform more than one spacewalk, he is one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon. Collins joined the U.S. Air Force after graduating from West Point in 1952. He graduated in 1960 from the Air Force Experimental Flight Test Pilot School and was selected for NASA's third group of astronauts in 1963. He made two spacewalks on his first mission on Gemini 10 in 1966. During Apollo 11, he remained in orbit around the Moon in the command module Columbia while his crewmates Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin made the first crewed landing on the surface. After retiring from NASA, Collins became Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and later director of the National Air and Space Museum. Under his guidance, the museum opened on time and within budget for the United States Bicentennial in 1976.


text:
Talk:David Lee (politician)

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title: Talk:David Lee (politician)


text:
German Builder's House

The German Builder's House is a historic house at 315 East Central Street in Siloam Springs, Arkansas. It is a two-story brick I-house, with a side gable roof and a rear wood-frame addition, giving it an overall T shape. A porch with open veranda above spans most of the width of the main facade, with Queen Anne style turned posts and balusters, and a spindled frieze. The house was built c. 1880 by German masons from St. Louis who were working on a nearby school building. It is one of the finest brick I-houses in Benton County.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

title: German Builder's House


text:
Tejinder Singh Rao

Tejinder Singh Rao (15 March 1931 – August 2001), also known as Tajinder Singh Rao, was a Kenyan field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

title: Tejinder Singh Rao


text:
Timeline of Brno

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Brno, Moravia, Czech Republic.

Prior to 20th century

 * 980-1020 - Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady founded.
 * 11th C. - Vratislaus II of Bohemia bestows the town on his younger brother Otto I of Olomouc.
 * early 13th C. - Church of St. James established.
 * mid 13th C. - Špilberk Castle established.
 * 1229 - Brno charter endorsed by Ottocar I of Bohemia.
 * 1243 - City incorporated.
 * 1296 - Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul established.
 * 1343 - in use.
 * 1356 - Church of St. Thomas consecrated.
 * 1428 - Brno unsuccessfully besieged by Hussites.
 * 1451 - 27 July: Jews expelled.
 * 1467 - Brno besieged by forces of George of Bohemia.
 * 1485 - Printing press in operation.
 * 1645 - Brno besieged by forces of Swedish Torstensson.
 * 1655 - Dolní Kounice Synagogue founded.
 * 1742 - Brno besieged by Prussians.
 * 1766 - Cloth factory begins operating.
 * 1777 - Roman Catholic Diocese of Brno established; Mathias Franz Graf von Chorinsky Freiherr von Ledske becomes bishop.
 * 1780's - Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor evicted the friars from St Thomas's Abbey.
 * 1782 - Brno becomes capital of Moravia-Silesia.
 * 1786 - Lužánky park established.
 * 1805 - 2 December: Battle of Austerlitz occurs near Brno; forces of Napoleon headquartered in city.
 * 1818 - Museum Francisceum founded.
 * 1822/30 - Silvio Pellico an Italian writer confined in Špilberk Castle.
 * 1838 - Brno main railway station opened.
 * 1839 - Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway operates to Břeclav.
 * 1843 - Labor unrest.
 * 1848 - October: Labor demonstration.
 * 1849
 * German Technical University in Brno founded.
 * Population: 45,189.
 * 1855 - Synagogue consecrated.
 * 1861 - Natural History Society established.
 * 1864 - Vankovka engineering works built near Brno.
 * 1866 - 13 July: Prussians in power.
 * 1867
 * Czech-language secondary school founded.
 * Red Church construction completed.
 * 1869 - Population: 73,771.
 * 1870's - Brno Philharmonic began its existence at the Besední dům.
 * 1872 - Starobrno Brewery built.
 * 1880 - becomes mayor.
 * 1881 - Organ School founded.
 * 1882 - Deutsches Stadttheater (Mahen Theatre) built.
 * 1891 - opens.
 * 1894 - becomes mayor.
 * 1899 - Imperial Czech Technical University of Franz Joseph founded.
 * 1900 - Population: 108,944.

20th century

 * 1910 - Population: 125,737.
 * 1913 - SK Židenice football club formed.
 * 1918
 * Československá zbrojovka manufactory in business.
 * Moravia becomes part of Czechoslovakia.
 * Brno City Archive Library established.
 * 1919
 * Bohunice and Slatina become part of Brno.
 * Masaryk University and Brno Conservatory founded.
 * 1926 - 18 December: Premiere of Janáček's opera Makropulos Affair.
 * 1928
 * Brno Exhibition Centre opens.
 * Exhibition of Contemporary Culture held.
 * Centrum department store built.
 * 1930
 * Modernist Villa Tugendhat built.
 * Population: 264,925.
 * 1935 - in use.
 * 1939
 * Brno (and whole country) occupied by German Nazis.
 * The Germans established an internment camp for Romani people in the city.
 * 1941 - First Martial Law, 239 people executed in Brno by the Germans, another 1,000 in concentration camps.
 * 1943 - October: The Germans established a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp in the city, and brought the first transport of 251 prisoners, mostly Poles, to the subcamp.
 * 1944 - Internment camp for Romani people dissolved.
 * 1945
 * German Technical University in Brno closed.
 * Subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp dissolved and remaining prisoners evacuated to Austria.
 * Many Germans fled Brno, the rest were later expelled.
 * Liberation of Brno
 * Brno City Theatre established.
 * 1946 - Brno–Tuřany Airport opens.
 * 1947
 * Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts established.
 * Královo Pole indoor arena opens.
 * Population: 133,637 city; 934,437 province.
 * 1953 - Brno Zoo and Stadion Za Lužánkami open.
 * 1955 - Julius Fucik Theatre active.
 * 1956 - Moravian Karst nature reserve established near city.
 * 1961
 * Moravian Gallery in Brno established.
 * Population: 314,235.
 * 1963
 * begins.
 * becomes mayor.
 * 1965 - Janáček Theatre opens.
 * 1974 - Population: 343,860.
 * 1980 - theatre troupe active.
 * 1982 - Starobrno Rondo Aréna opens.
 * 1985 - Dukovany Nuclear Power Station commissioned near city.
 * 1987 - Motorsport Masaryk Circuit opens.
 * 1990
 * Brno becomes a statutory city.
 * City divided into 29 districts.
 * founded.
 * becomes Catholic bishop.
 * 1991 - cultural space founded.
 * 1994 - becomes mayor.
 * 1997 - M-Palace hi-rise built.
 * 1998 - Petr Duchoň becomes mayor.

21st century

 * 2001 - Cinema City Velky Spalicek opens.
 * 2004
 * University of Defence (Czech Republic) established.
 * ProtestFest begins.
 * becomes mayor.
 * 2006 - Roman Onderka becomes mayor.
 * 2009 - September: Catholic pope visits Brno.
 * 2010 - Cinema Mundi International Film Festival begins.
 * 2011
 * Labyrinth under Vegetable Market, Brno (historic site) opens.
 * Population: 385,913.
 * 2012
 * Spielberk Towers built.
 * Brno Ossuary (historic site) opens.
 * 2013 - AZ Tower built.
 * 2014 - becomes mayor.
 * 2015 - June: Anti-immigration demonstration.
 * 2018 - 21 March: launched.
 * since 2020 - coke available for the mayor

in German

 * 1891-1897
 * (includes timeline 1091-1411)
 * (includes timeline 1091-1411)

title: Timeline of Brno


text:
fidi

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to trust

Etymology 1
, from.

Noun

 * 1) faith, belief

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * : the act of redeeming, delivering

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to compensate
 * 2) to pay ransom

Verb

 * 1)  to pull out (plants, by their roots)

Etymology
From, from , alteration of , from.

Yola stresses the last syllable, hence the unstressed Middle English /-dәr/ became Yola /-diː/.

Adverb

 * 1) where

title: fidi


text:
Volleyball at the 2018 Mediterranean Games – Women's team rosters

This article shows the rosters of all participating teams at the women's indoor volleyball tournament at the 2018 Mediterranean Games in Tarragona.

The following is the Greek roster in the 2018 Mediterranean Games.

 * Head coach: Guillermo Naranjo Hernandez

The following is the Italian roster in the 2018 Mediterranean Games.

 * Head coach: Massimo Bellano

The following is the Croatian roster in the 2018 Mediterranean Games.

 * Head coach: Frane Žanić


text:
Wikibooks:Language and literature bookshelf

Linguistics

 * Conlang
 * Linguistics
 * Policy Debate
 * Extemporaneous Speaking
 * Student Congress (Legislative) Debate

Composition and writing

 * Please add short guides to specific genres to Creative Writing.

 * Basic Writing: Process and Practice
 * Business writing
 * Composition
 * Conworld
 * Creative Writing
 * How to write a research paper in History
 * How to write an essay
 * How to Keep a Journal
 * Rhetoric and Composition
 * Professional and Technical Writing: A Rhetorical Guide to Tech Comm
 * Writing Adolescent Fiction

Rhetoric

 * Basic Writing: Process and Practice
 * Rhetoric and Composition
 * Professional and Technical Writing: A Rhetorical Guide to Tech Comm
 * Rhetoric and Writing in the Public Sphere: An Introduction
 * Visual Rhetoric

Regional literature

 * English literature:
 * William Shakespeare
 * Guide to English Literature
 * American literature:
 * American Literature
 * Japanese Literature
 * Genre Literature:
 * Science Fiction Literature

General topics in literature

 * Literary criticism
 * History of Literature

Multiple works and author guides

 * William Shakespeare's Works (with Notes)
 * Plato
 * 19th Century Literature
 * The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus
 * How to Read Young Adult Literature Like a Young Adult Writer

Mythology and folklore

 * Mythology
 * Greek Mythology
 * Indian Mythology

Fiction annotations

 * Technical Companion of Accelerando by Charles Stross
 * Angels and Demons by Dan Brown
 * Annotations of The Complete Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz
 * Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand
 * The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri
 * Lord of the Flies by William Golding
 * Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck
 * The Once and Future King by T. H. White
 * A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens
 * The Wealthy Barber by David Barr Chilton
 * The Grand Inquisitor by Fyodor Dostoevsky
 * The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus by Gaius Valerius Catullus

Nonfiction annotations

 * Constitution of the United States by various authors
 * Annotated laws relating to Conrail by various authors
 * The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People? by Stephen Covey
 * The Voynich Manuscript by various authors

Annotations with source text
Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert


text:
1924 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)

1924 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the 18th water polo championship in Hungary. There were seven teams who played one-round match for the title.

Final list
 * M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G−: Goals got P: Point

2. Class
1. UTE 4, 2. MTK 2, 3. BEAC 0 pont.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amoron

The result was merge to List of Book of Mormon people.  Sandstein  06:27, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

Amoron

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Declined prod 3 years ago. This article is about a very minor figure in the Book of Mormon, whose extent of mention in the book is one passage. There are virtually no sources, independent or not, which one could find on the subject, and thereby fails WP:GNG. Rollidan (talk) 21:10, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. Rollidan (talk) 21:10, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Literature-related deletion discussions. Rollidan (talk) 21:10, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Religion-related deletion discussions. Rollidan (talk) 21:10, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Merge somewhere. Hyperbolick (talk) 22:50, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Redirect to List of Book of Mormon people. Haukur (talk) 10:17, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment - I would support those as well. Rollidan (talk) 19:16, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete there is a total lack of secondary source coverage. The verse mentioned gets at the sume total of his mention, this is not Teancum or Captian Moroni who generate at least some coverage, although I am surprised we have not had much in the way of debates on the political wisdom of Teancum's resorting to assasinating the leaders of the rival army.John Pack Lambert (talk) 06:53, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Merge,I agree that this should be merged to some other related articles. Alex-h (talk) 07:20, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Merge That sounds like a reasonable idea. TechBear | Talk | Contributions 04:28, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Redirect and merge to List of Book of Mormon people.4meter4 (talk) 01:08, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amoron


text:
Talk:Darryl Greenamyer

External links modified
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I have just modified 1 one external link on Darryl Greenamyer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Date of death
According to the first citation, the subject's date of death was 4 October 2018, not the first. Sheltot (talk) 13:37, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Darryl Greenamyer


text:
User:Katangais/sandbox/sandbox

Operation Savannah ( Afrikaans: Operasie Savannah) was a covert invasion carried out by operatives of the South African Defence Force (SADF) in Angola between July 1975 and March 1976. A few months earlier, Angola had gained independence from Portugal following the Carnation Revolution and the subsequent collapse of the Portuguese Empire. When it became clear that elections were not forthcoming and the Soviet-backed People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) intended to rule by force of arms, the country degenerated into civil war. South Africa possessed a common frontier with Angola through South-West Africa, and held considerable economic interest there, including the Calueque hydroelectric dam project near Ruacana Falls. The chaos caused by thousands of Angolan refugees and concern over Soviet and Cuban military assistance to the MPLA led the SADF to undertake direct intervention on behalf of the pro-Western National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Operation Savannah commenced in late 1975 with tacit approval from the United States, Zaire, and several African governments. Four South African combat groups were deployed before Savannah came under heavy international pressure. Cuba responded with nearly 40,000 troops and enough sophisticated weaponry to turn the tide in favour of the MPLA, allowing it to seize Luanda and establish itself as the government of Angola. The Central Intelligence Agency, which had provided clandestine aid, also retracted its support. These developments and a final decision by the Organization of African Unity to recognise the MPLA convinced the SADF it had no alternative but to withdraw. Operation Savannah was abandoned in early 1976.

The strategic failure of Operation Savannah won Cuba a degree of international prestige. The Cuban regime was credited with rescuing another socialist government from certain annihilation and humiliating South Africa, a regional pariah, in the process. Its own unilateral intervention - unlike that of the SADF - escaped criticism from the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity. Savannah also damaged relations between South Africa's defence establishment and the United States. By December 1975, US Congressional investigations into CIA activities abroad were reaching a climax, and the agency disclosed before a Senate committee it was funneling arms to Angola. The Senate responded with the Clark Amendment, which curtailed the CIA's involvement. Despite what reassurances South Africa felt it had received from American intelligence for continued cooperation, the US government rejected its bid for overt support. Three months later, Gerald Ford's administration failed to block Savannah's censure in the United Nations Security Council.

Background
Portugal fought a long and bitter counter-insurgency conflict within its African colonies from the early 1960s to 1974, the date on which Angola began to achieve full independence from Lisbon. In the thirteen years following the Baixa de Cassanje revolt, three major nationalist movements emerged from the fighting between the Portuguese Army and local forces supported to varying degrees by the communist bloc.

The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) recruited from Bakongo refugees in Zaire. Benefiting from particularly favourable political circumstances in Léopoldville, and especially from a common border with Zaire, Angolan political exiles were able to build up a power base among a large expatriate demographic from related families, clans, and tradition. People on both sides of the border spoke mutually intelligible dialects and enjoyed shared ties to the historical Kingdom of Kongo. Though as foreigners skilled Angolans could not take advantage of Mobutu Sese Seko's state employment programme, some found work as middlemen for the absentee owners of various lucrative private ventures. The migrants eventually formed the FNLA with the intention of making a bid for political power upon their envisaged return to Angola.

A largely Ovimbundu guerrilla initiative against the Portuguese in southern Angola from 1964 was spearheaded by Jonas Savimbi and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). It remained handicapped by its geographic remoteness from friendly borders, by the ethnic fragmentation of the highland tribes, and the isolation of peasants on European plantations where they had little opportunity to mobilise.

Against the background of these simultaneous efforts, the rising of the Marxist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in the east and Dembos hills north of Luanda came to hold special significance. Formed as a coalition resistance by the Angolan Communist Party, the organisation's leadership remained predominantly Ambundu and courted public sector workers in Luanda. Although both the MPLA and its rivals had accepted material assistance from the Soviet Union or the People's Republic of China, the former harboured strong anti-imperialist views and was openly critical of the United States and its support for Portugal. This allowed it to win important ground on the diplomatic front, soliciting support from nonaligned governments in Morocco, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, and the United Arab Republic.

The MPLA attempted to move its headquarters from Conakry to Léopoldville in October 1961, renewing efforts to create a common front with the FNLA, then known as the Union of Angolan Peoples (UPA) and its leader Holden Roberto. Roberto turned down the offer. When the MPLA first attempted to insert its own insurgents into Angola, the cadres were ambushed and annihilated by UPA partisans on Roberto's orders—setting a precedent for the bitter factional strife which would later ignite the Angolan Civil War.

South Africa and Angola prior to 1974
South Africa's involvement in Angola dates back to World War I, when the Union Defence Force occupied German South-West Africa (Namibia) under a League of Nations mandate. As German resistance crumbled, an attempted Portuguese expansion into Oukwanyama met with opposition from Ovambo King Mandume Ya Ndemufayo. To prevent his kingdom from being annexed to the Angolan colony Mandume reluctantly negotiated South African protection. A new frontier was demarcated in favour of South-West Africa, splitting the disputed land. This 1,400 kilometre border fostered renewed cooperation between the two colonial administrations, which remained inextricably linked by shared economic and security interests. In 1945, Marcelo Caetano, then Minister of Colonies for Portugal, received South African premier Jan Smuts at a banquet in Lourenco Marques and spoke at length of "the many common problems which concern us in the great drama of adapting Europeans to African soil".

Unlike France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and Spain Portugal displayed no interest in accommodating anti-colonial movements, eventually sparking the Angolan War of Independence. Such pressure made Lisbon more disposed to greater correspondence with other white regimes in Africa subject to similar international difficulties. Multiple affirmations of friendship between South Africa, Portugal, and Rhodesia culminated in the Alcora Exercise of 1970, which saw joint military consultations at the highest level. With most African markets closed to South African trade, export businesses also saw the alliance as an opportunity to cosset new economic partners in Angola and Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique). Following discussions with Pretoria, the Portuguese decided in 1966 to launch the Calueque hydroelectric dam on the Cunene River, which would be part of an irrigation scheme for South-West Africa. South Africa's superior industrial and economic status allowed it to invest in the project while guaranteeing an essential market for Calueque's output. The dam was also expected to strengthen the South-West African economy by providing cheap power from a dependable source in a stable territory. More significantly, however, it also granted South Africa a vital economic stake in Angola, and would ultimately provide the pretext for the invasion of late 1975. After 1963 the South African Defence Force (SADF) involved itself closely in the military affairs of Angola. By this point, South Africa's continued occupation of South-West Africa in defiance of the United Nations was drawing fierce international criticism, and in August 1966 the separatist South-West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) launched a guerrilla insurgency. With SWAPO operating on both sides of the Angolan border, the SADF and the Portuguese security service (PIDE) intensified collaboration. In addition to exchanges of visits with Portuguese military and police personnel, the South African Police was also authorised to undertake punitive campaigns in Angola; a likely pretext being that South-West Africans affiliated with SWAPO's People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) were operating with Angolan partisans. In May 1968, the SADF established a communications centre in Rundu to better coordinate aerial operations on behalf of the police as well as Portuguese ground forces. Additional SADF liaisons were stationed at joint headquarters near Cuito Cuanavale and Menongue.

In keeping with its own anti-guerrilla strategy, the SADF recognised the need to develop a regional cordon sanitaire that included not only support for the defence establishment in Angola, but also closer links with the security forces in Rhodesia and Mozambique. The aim of these policies was to develop a cooperative relationship with potential buffer states that would facilitate the process of resisting, or arresting the decolonisation process then gathering momentum elsewhere in Africa. Notwithstanding the collapse of Portuguese rule, the SADF was aware that PLAN and other potential South African guerrilla movements could be provided with a new outlet for training, material support, and territorial sanctuary under the cover of escalating conflict in Angola.

The Lisbon coup d'etat
Despite being fought in a relatively dispersed and desultory manner, the collective wars in Africa were consuming over 40% of Portugal's national budget by 1974 - an unsustainable burden for Western Europe's poorest nation. Moreover, the Portuguese military had been demoralised by a string of bloody campaigns which left some 12,000 dead and 40,000 wounded. It was fielding 150,000 troops in three war zones, proportionally five times the American commitment to South Vietnam. Civilian dissent to the wars had been smouldering since the late 1960s—one result being that over half the European conscripts failed to report for duty. In 1971 the South African consul in Luanda, an EM Malone, warned his superiors that the demise of Portugal's overseas empire in the face of nationalist aggression was inevitable: an event that might herald the collapse of white minority rule on the African continent as a whole. Malone argued that the Portuguese were overextended, their metropolitan troops unenthusiastic, and Angolan auxiliaries ineffective.

The marked deterioration of Angola's tactical circumstances paralleled a domestic asymmetry which eroded Lisbon's will to retain her empire. In early 1974 two leading Portuguese generals, António de Spínola and Francisco da Costa Gomes, called for a political solution to the colonial conflict. Both were quickly dismissed, but the book Spínola published on the topic became a national sensation. On 25 April 1974 junior military officers across the country seized power during a unexpected coup d'etat. In place of the ousted authoritarian regime they installed a Junta of National Salvation under the leadership of the same men whose outspoken criticism of the African war effort had led to their removal the previous month.

These abrupt developments ushered in a new period of escalating violence and political turmoil throughout the Portuguese territories. Spínola's anticipated decision to disengage from Africa after fifteen years of conflict created a power vacuum which other nations were keen to exploit. By November, over thirty foreign powers would be involved in Angola, supplying military equipment, instructors, or financial assistance to the three rival political factions as they jockeyed for power.

The collapse of the Portuguese Empire permanently altered the political landscape in Southern Africa, invalidating the regional policy of the US. In 1970, the National Security Council had identified the area as nonessential to American strategic interests and expressed no confidence in the ability of local guerrillas to oust Portugal. This encouraged Washington to strengthen its ties to Lisbon while refocusing on Southeast Asia. The Soviet Union was more alarmed by Chinese support for UNITA and the FNLA, as well as the arrival of 100 Chinese military advisers in Angola, which threatened to put the MPLA at a tactical disadvantage and give Beijing important influence in a region Moscow was already cultivating into its sphere.

Of all the parties affected by Angolan independence, South Africa viewed the altered political landscape as an unparalleled catastrophe. Its implications on South African policymaking were certainly the most seismic; the unpopular Afrikaner government now faced the likelihood of another neighbouring state opposed to its controversial racial system, while providing the Soviet regime with an excellent pretext for involving itself both politically and militarily in the region. Events in Angola also elicited a striking response from black South Africans, who concluded that if liberation movements could win self-determination elsewhere, it could also be their own case in the future. An increasing number of radicals believed that by intensifying their own armed struggle, they could force the government, under similar circumstances, to sue for peace and agree to majority rule. In September 1974 for example, the South African Students' Organisation held an illegal rally in solidarity with Mozambique's new FRELIMO rulers. Mozambican independence in June 1975 was also widely celebrated in South Africa.

The so-called "Carnation Revolution" of 25 April 1974 ended Portugal's colonial government, but Angola's three main liberation forces, National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) began competing for dominance in the country. Fighting began in November 1974, starting in the capital city, Luanda, and spreading quickly across all of Angola, which was soon divided among the combatants. The FNLA occupied northern Angola and UNITA the central south, while The MPLA mostly occupied the coastline, the far south-east and, after capturing it in November 1974, Cabinda. Negotiations for independence resulted in the Treaty of Alvor being signed on 15 January 1975, naming the date of official independence as 11 November 1975. The agreement ended the war for independence but marked the escalation of the civil war. Two dissenting groups, the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda and the Eastern Revolt, never signed the accords, as they were excluded from negotiations. The coalition government established by the Treaty of Alvor soon ended as nationalist factions, doubting one another's intentions, tried to control the country by force. Fighting between the three forces resumed in Luanda hardly a day after the transitional government assumed office on 15 January 1975.

The liberation forces sought to seize strategic points, most importantly the capital, by the official day of independence. The MPLA managed to seize Luanda from the FLNA whilst UNITA retreated from the capital. By March 1975, the FNLA was driving towards Luanda from the north, joined by units of the Zairian army which the United States had encouraged Zaire to provide. Between 28 April and early May, 1,200 Zairian troops crossed into northern Angola to assist the FNLA. The FNLA eliminated all remaining MPLA presence in the northern provinces and assumed positions east of Kifangondo on the eastern outskirts of Luanda, from where it continued to encroach on the capital. The situation for the MPLA in Luanda became increasingly precarious.

The MPLA received supplies from the Soviet Union and repeatedly requested 100 officers for military training from Cuba. Until late August, Cuba had a few technical advisors deployed in Angola. By 9 July, the MPLA gained control of the capital, Luanda.

Starting 21 August, Cuba established four training facilities (CIR) with almost 500 men, which were to train about 4,800 FAPLA recruits in three to six months. The mission was expected to be short-term and to last about 6 months. The CIR in Cabinda accounted for 191 instructors, while Benguela, Saurimo (formerly Henrique de Carvalho) and at N'Dalatando (formerly Salazar) had 66 or 67 instructors each. Some were posted in headquarters in Luanda or in other places throughout the country. The training centres were operational by 18–20 October.

Military intervention
South African Defence Force (SADF) involvement in Angola, part of the interrelated South African Border War and Namibian War of Independence, started in 1966 when the South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) commenced an armed struggle for Namibian independence. SWAPO officials founded an armed wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), which operated from bases in Zambia and rural Ovamboland.

With the loss of the Portuguese colonial administration as an ally and the possibility of new regimes sympathetic to SWAPO in Lisbon's former colonies, Pretoria recognised that it would lose a valued cordon sanitaire between South West Africa and the Frontline States. PLAN could seek sanctuary in Angola, and South Africa would be faced with another hostile regime and potentially militarised border to cross in pursuit of Namibian guerrillas.

With both the Soviet Union and the United States arming major factions in the Angolan Civil War, the conflict escalated into a major Cold War battleground. South Africa offered advisory and technical assistance to UNITA, while a number of Cuban combat troops entered the country to fight alongside the Marxist MPLA. Moscow also plied its Angolan clients with heavy weapons. American aid to UNITA and the FNLA was initially undertaken with Operation IA Feature, but this was terminated by the Clark Amendment in October 1976. Aid would not yet return until after the repeal of the Clark Amendment in 1985. China subsequently recalled its military advisers from Zaire, ending its tacit support for the FNLA.

Cuban instructors began training PLAN in Zambia in April 1975, and the movement had 3,000 new recruits by April. Guerrilla activity intensified, election boycotts were staged in Ovamboland, and the Ovambo Chief Minister assassinated. South Africa responded by calling up more reservists and placing existing security forces along the border on standby. Raids into Angola became commonplace after July 15.

Support for UNITA and FNLA
Consequently, with the covert assistance of the United States through the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), it began assisting UNITA and the FNLA in a bid to ensure that a neutral or friendly government in Luanda prevailed. On 14 July 1975, South African Prime Minister Balthazar Vorster approved weapons worth US $14 million to be bought secretly for FNLA and UNITA. of which the first shipments from South Africa arrived in August 1975.

Ruacana-Calueque occupation
On 9 August 1975 a 30-man SADF patrol moved some 50 km into southern Angola and occupied the Ruacana-Calueque hydro-electric complex and other installations on the Cunene River. The scheme was an important strategic asset for Ovamboland, which relied on it for its water supply. The facility had been completed earlier in the year with South African funding. Several hostile incidences with UNITA and SWAPO frightening foreign workers had provided a rationale for the occupation. The defence of the facility in southern Angola also was South Africa's justification for the first permanent deployment of regular SADF units inside Angola. On 22 August 1975 the SADF initiated operation "Sausage II", a major raid against SWAPO in southern Angola and on 4 September 1975, Vorster authorized the provision of limited military training, advice and logistical assistance. In turn FNLA and UNITA would help the South Africans fight SWAPO.

Meanwhile, the MPLA had gained against UNITA in Southern Angola and by mid-October was in control of 12 of Angola's provinces and most cities. UNITA's territory had been shrinking to parts of central Angola, and it became apparent that UNITA did not have any chance of capturing Luanda by independence day, which neither the United States nor South Africa were willing to accept.

The SADF established a training camp near Silva Porto (Kuito) and prepared the defences of Nova Lisboa (Huambo). They assembled the mobile attack unit "Foxbat" to stop approaching FAPLA-units with which it clashed on 5 October, thus saving Nova Lisboa for UNITA.

Task Force Zulu
On 14 October, the South Africans secretly initiated Operation Savannah when Task Force Zulu, the first of several South African columns, crossed from Namibia into Cuando Cubango. The operation provided for elimination of the MPLA from the southern border area, then from south western Angola, from the central region, and finally for the capture of Luanda. According to John Stockwell, a former CIA officer, "there was close liaison between the CIA and the South Africans" and "’high officials’ in Pretoria claimed that their intervention in Angola had been based on an ‘understanding’ with the United States". The intervention was also backed by Zaire and Zambia.

With the liberation forces busy fighting each other, the SADF advanced very quickly. Task Force Foxbat joined the invasion in mid-October. The territory the MPLA had just gained in the south was quickly lost to the South African advances. After South African advisors and antitank weapons helped to stop an MPLA advance on Nova Lisboa (Huambo) in early October, Zulu captured Rocadas (Xangongo) by 20, Sa da Bandeira (Lubango) by 24 and Mocamedes by 28 October.

With the South Africans moving quickly toward Luanda, the Cubans had to terminate the CIR at Salazar only 3 days after it started operating and deployed most of the instructors and Angolan recruits in Luanda. On 2–3 November, 51 Cubans from the CIR Benguela and South Africans had their first direct encounter near Catengue, where FAPLA unsuccessfully tried to stop the Zulu advance. This encounter led Zulu-Commander Breytenbach to conclude that his troops had faced the best organized FAPLA opposition to date.

For the duration of the campaign, Zulu had advanced 3,159 km in thirty-three days and had fought twenty-one battles / skirmishes in addition to sixteen hasty and fourteen deliberate attacks. the Task Force accounted for an estimated 210 MPLA dead, 96 wounded and 50 POWs while it had suffered 5 dead and 41 wounded.

Cuban intervention
After the MPLA debacle at Catengue, the Cubans became very aware of the South African intervention. On 4 November Castro decided to begin an intervention on an unprecedented scale: "Operation Carlota". The same day, a first airplane with 100 heavy weapon specialists, which the MPLA had requested in September, left for Brazzaville, arriving in Luanda on 7 November. On November 9 the first 100 men of a contingent of a 652-strong battalion of elite Special Forces were flown in. The 100 specialists and 88 men of the special forces were dispatched immediately to the nearby front at Kifangondo. They assisted 850 FAPLA, 200 Katangans and one Soviet advisor.

With the help of the Cubans and the Soviet advisor, FAPLA decisively repelled an FNLA-Zairian assault in the Battle of Kifangondo on 8 November. The South African contingent, 52 men commanded by General Ben de Wet Roos, that had provided for the artillery on the northern front, had to be evacuated by ship on 28 November. MPLA-leader Agostinho Neto proclaimed independence and the formation of the People's Republic of Angola on 11 November and became its first President.

South African reinforcements
On 6 and 7 November 1975 Zulu captured the harbour cities of Benguela (terminal of the Benguela railroad) and Lobito. The towns and cities captured by the SADF were given to UNITA. In central Angola, at the same time, combat unit Foxbat had moved 800 km north toward Luanda. By then, the South Africans realised that Luanda could not be captured by independence day on 11 November and the South Africans considered ending the advance and retreating. But on 10 November 1975 Vorster relented to UNITA's urgent request to maintain the military pressure with the objective of capturing as much territory as possible before the impending meeting of the Organization of African Unity. Thus, Zulu and Foxbat continued north with two new battle groups formed further inland (X-Ray and Orange) and "there was little reason to think the FAPLA would be able to stop this expanded force from capturing Luanda within a week." Through November and December 1975, the SADF presence in Angola numbered 2,900 to 3,000 personnel.

After Luanda was secured against the north and with reinforcements from Cuba arriving, Zulu faced stronger resistance advancing on Novo Redondo (Sumbe). First Cuban reinforcements arrived in Porto Amboim, only a few km north of Novo Redondo, quickly destroying three bridges crossing the Queve river, effectively stopping the South African advance along the coast on 13 November 1975. Despite concerted efforts to advance north to Novo Redondo, the SADF was unable to break through FAPLA defences. In a last successful advance a South African task force and UNITA troops captured Luso on the Benguela railway on 11 December which they held until 27 December.

End of South African advance
By mid-December South Africa extended military service and brought in reserves. "An indication of the seriousness of the situation ... is that one of the most extensive military call-ups in South African history is now taking place". By late December, the Cubans had deployed 3,500 to 4,000 troops in Angola, of which 1,000 were securing Cabinda, and eventually the struggle began to favour of the MPLA. Apart from being "bogged down" on the southern front, the South African advance halted, “as all attempts by Battle-Groups Orange and X-Ray to extend the war into the interior had been forced to turn back by destroyed bridges”. In addition, South Africa had to deal with two other major setbacks: the international press criticism of the operation and the associated change of US policies. Following the discovery of SADF troops in Angola, most African and Western backers declined to continue to back the South Africans due to the negative publicity of links with the Apartheid government. The South African leadership felt betrayed with a member of congress saying “When the chips were down there was not a single state prepared to stand with South Africa. Where was America? Where were Zaire, Zambia ... and South Africa's other friends?"

Battle of Quifangondo
On 10 November 1975, the day before Angolan independence, the FNLA attempted against advice to capture Luanda from the MPLA. South African gunners and aircraft assisted the offensive which went horribly wrong for the attackers; they were routed by the FAPLA assisted by Cubans manning superior weaponry that had arrived recently in the country. The South African artillery, antiquated due to the UN embargo, was not any match for the longer-ranged Cuban BM-21 rocket launchers, and therefore could not influence the result of the battle.

Battle of Ebo
The Cuban military, anticipating a South African advance (under the direction of Lieutenant Christopher du Raan) towards the town of Ebo, established positions there at a river crossing to thwart any assault. The defending artillery force, equipped with a BM-21 battery, a 76mm field gun, and several anti-tank units, subsequently destroyed five to six armoured cars, whilst they were bogged down with RPG-7s, on November 25, killing 5 and wounding 11 South African soldiers. A Cessna spotter aircraft was shot down over Ebo the following day. This was the first tangible South African defeat of Operation Savannah.

"Bridge 14"
Following the ambush at Ebo, the South African Battle Group Foxbat began attempting to breach the Nhia River at "Bridge 14", a strategic crossing near the FAPLA headquarters north of Quibala. This ensuing Battle for Bridge 14 accounted for the many fierce actions fought by withdrawing Cuban and Angolan forces from the river inland to "Top Hat", a hill overlooking the southern approach to the bridge. In early December, Foxbat had infiltrated the hill with two artillery observers, who directed fire on FAPLA positions from a battery of BL 5.5-inch Medium Guns. This development forced Cuban commander Raúl Arguelles to call off an intended counter-offensive and order a redeployment via Ebo, instructing his units to withdraw from the Nhia. Unfortunately, his subsequent death in a landmine explosion caused much confusion in some sectors of the defence line, with several of the defending units overlooking Bridge 14 as a result of a series of miscommunications. Meanwhile, South African sappers started repairing the bridge on December 11 despite heavy FAPLA opposition. By morning the situation had worsened with Foxbat advancing in full force. At about 7 AM, the defending troops came under attack. Heavy artillery pounded the northern banks, wiping out several mortar positions and at least one ammunition truck. The Cubans, supported by ZPU-4s and BM-21 Grads, covered the main road with Sagger wire-guided missiles to deter the South African advance. However, a column of twelve Eland-90 armoured cars supported by infantry broke through, skirting the road to confuse the missile teams, who had trained their weapons on the centre of the bridge.

The Elands swiftly engaged the remaining mortars with high-explosive shells, routing their crews. Twenty Cuban advisers were also dispatched when they attempted to overtake a Lieutenant van Vuuren's armoured car in the chaos, possibly mistaking it for an Angolan vehicle. Slowing to let the truck pass, van Vuuren promptly slammed a 90mm round into its rear – killing the occupants.

It was during this engagement that Danny Roxo was claimed to have single-handedly killed twelve FAPLA soldiers while conducting a reconnaissance of the bridge, an action for which he was awarded the Honoris Crux. A number of other South African military personnel were also decorated for bravery at Bridge 14, some posthumously. It is estimated that several hundred Cubans lost their lives during the attack; the SADF suffered 4 dead.

The events at Bridge 14 were subsequently dramatised by South Africa in the 1976 Afrikaans film Brug 14.

Battle of Luso
On December 10, the South African Task Force X-Ray followed the Benguela railway line from Silva Porto (Kuito) east to Luso, which they overran on the 10th December 1975. The South African contingent included an armoured squadron, supporting infantry units, some artillery, engineers, and UNITA irregulars. Their main objective was to seize the Luso airport, which later went on to serve as a supply point until the South Africans finally departed Angola in early January 1976.

Battles involving Battlegroup Zulu in the west
There were numerous unrecorded clashes fought in the southwest between Colonel Jan Breytenbach's SADF battlegroup and scattered MPLA positions during Operation Savannah. Eventually, Breytenbach's men were able to advance three thousand kilometers over Angolan soil in thirty-three days.

On a related note, Battlegroup Zulu later formed the basis of South Africa's famous 32 Battalion.

Ambrizete incident
The South African Navy was not planned to be involved in the hereunto land operation, but after a failed intervention by the South African Army in the Battle of Quifangondo, nevertheless had to hastily extract a number of army personnel by sea from far behind enemy lines in Angola, as well as abandoned guns. Ambrizete north of Luanda at -7.22361°N, 12.85667°W was chosen as the pick-up point for the gunners involved in the defeat at Quifangondo. The frigates SAS President Kruger and SAS President Steyn went to the area, where the latter used inflatable boats and its Westland Wasp helicopter to extract 26 personnel successfully from the beach on 28 November 1975. The replenishment oiler SAS Tafelberg provided logistical support to the frigates, and picked up the guns in Ambriz after they were towed to Zaire, and took them to Walvis Bay.

General Constand Viljoen, who had grave concerns at the time about the safety of both his soldiers and abandoned field guns, called it "the most difficult night ever in my operational career".

The success of this operation was exceptionally fortuitous, given that the South African Navy had been penetrated by the spy Dieter Gerhardt.

Aftermath
South Africa continued to assist UNITA in order to ensure that SWAPO did not establish any bases in southern Angola.

The 49 South African casualties during the conflict were never acknowledged by the SADF, who were operating covertly in the country. These soldiers were listed simply as 'missing' rather than 'killed in action', resulting in a number of Supreme Court cases afterwards to change their status.

South African order of battle
The South Africans deployed a number of Combat Groups during Operation Savannah – initially, only Combat Groups A and B were deployed, with the remaining groups being mobilised and deployed into Angola later in the campaign. There has been much dispute the overall size of Task Force Zulu. Current evidence indicates that the Task Force started with approximately 500 men and grew to a total of 2,900 with the formation of Battle Groups Foxbat, Orange and X-Ray.

Association
The Savannah Association is an association of ex-servicemen of all units who were involved in the operation. They meet annually to commemorate the operation. The insignia of the association is a Trefoil.

Notes and citations

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