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Left Alive

Left Alive (レフト・アライブ) is a 2019 action-adventure stealth game developed by Ilinx and published by Square Enix. It was released in February and March 2019 for the PlayStation 4 and Windows platforms. It was announced at a press conference by Sony Interactive Entertainment before the 2017 Tokyo Game Show. Set in the universe of the Front Mission series of videogames, the story follows several individuals trying to survive amidst a surprise invasion of their country, while both helping civilians to safety and attempting to stop destruction and damage wrought by Wanzers, a form of combat mecha.

Originally conceived as a strategy game, it gained more action elements as development proceeded and ultimately became the first survival game in the Front Mission series. Developers conceived character ideas before the game's planning began, and many changes to their appearances and ages occurred as the story solidified. Left Alive received generally unfavorable reviews from critics. While many praised the graphics, story, and music, reviewers criticized the game's controls, artificial intelligence, game physics, and voice acting.

Gameplay
Left Alive is a primarily stealth-based third-person shooter, with survival game elements as well. Players spend most of their time trying to evade enemies and create improvised weapons when stealth fails or is not an option. Activities include guiding survivors to safe houses, crafting weapons, and planning the takedown of wanzers. Players can search the bodies of other players who died in the same area. They also occasionally have the opportunity to take control of Wanzers and do significant damage to their enemies.

During interactions with civilians and other NPCs, there will be dialogue choices that the player can choose. Koshka, a Rutherian command and control AI, guides players and warns them when enemies come close. Weapon crafting includes creating improvised explosive devices, traps, and different kinds of explosives from scrounged materials. Players guide survivors to the safe houses by issuing commands on the map screen.

Plot
The story takes place in the Front Mission series during a conflict between two Eastern European countries, Ruthenia and Garmoniya, formerly Ukraine. The game breaks the story into fourteen chapters and three characters individual stories. Players begin as Mikhail, a Ruthenian Wanzer pilot who must survive the loss of his Wanzer and fellow soldiers. The next character is Olga, a police captain and former soldier of the Garmoniyan Army before the city she lives in became part of Ruthenia. The last character is Leonid, a former Novo Slava rebel leader accused of murder. The plot begins with a surprise invasion by Garmoniya into the Ruthenian city of Novo Slava on the border between the two countries, the same city where Olga works. Koshka, the Ruthenia military's logistics and communications AI system, supports all three protagonists. After enemy forces kill Mikhail's unit, he meets Patrick Lemaire, an agent of the Unified Continental States (UCS), posing as a journalist. Mikhail then recruits him into investigating a conspiracy involving an advanced prototype Wanzer and a virus known as MODS, both of which were secretly being developed in Ruthenia by rogue officials. Patrick explains that the actual reason is because Garmoniya is secretly acting on behalf of the Republic of Zaftra and its secret ruling body Semargl to obtain the virus and the wanzer.

As the invasion begins, Olga encounters a young orphan named Julia, whom she pursues to save her from a human trafficking ring run by the Garmoniyan military. Olga discovers Julia is a survivor of a Semargl research project which infected victims with the MODS virus. Leonid is framed for the assassination of Novo Slava's liberator and national hero, Ruslan Izmailov, and forced to escape during the invasion. He learns that Ruslan is still alive and is a deep cover Semargl agent. Seeking revenge, Leonid pursues Ruslan and kills him. However, Olga later witnesses an inexplicably alive Ruslan appear and capture Julia on behalf of Semargl.

The three protagonists meet up and head downtown to reach a rescue helicopter sent by Patrick. Olga goes off to rescue Julia, while Mikhail hijacks an unattended Wanzer to create a distraction. On his way to the rescue helicopter, Leonid encounters Ruslan, now revealed to be a cyborg. After a final confrontation, Leonid destroys Ruslan, and the three protagonists are picked up by Patrick's rescue helicopter as an international peacekeeping force arrives to take control of Novo Slava.

If all thirty civilians and four major supporting characters the protagonists encounter through the game survive, a secret ending will play. It shows Ruslan revealing to Leonid during their final confrontation that Semargl possesses a computer system called M3, which can predict the future. M3 predicted that human overpopulation would lead to humanity's decline, leading Semargl to use the MODS virus as a means of population control. An after-credits scene shows Koshka uploading all data acquired from the invasion of Novo Slava to M3 before "proceeding with the next phase".

Development
Left Alive was developed by Japanese developer Ilinx and produced by Square Enix. Toshifumi Nabeshima directed the title, previously having directed some of the games in the Armored Core franchise. Shinji Hashimoto, who helped produce entries in both Front Mission and Square Enix's Final Fantasy series, served as producer for Left Alive. Yoji Shinkawa, known for his work on the Metal Gear series, created the game's promotional art. In addition to overseeing the design of some of the models, Shinkawa did character designs of the three main protagonists and one of the Wanzer mecha models. He drew concept art of some of the other characters. Artist Takayuki Yanase, who worked on Xenoblade Chronicles X, also contributed to Wanzer designs. When development began, the development team initially conceived the title as a strategy game, but it became more of an action title under Toshifumi Nabeshima's influence. Nabeshima initially thought that the game would revolve around mech robots fighting each other due to the title's Front Mission roots. However, when he learned that players would control people and fight against wanzers, Front Mission's term for mechs, he considered giving them a guard suit or power suit. Later on in development, the game took a very different turn toward a survival mechanic.

For the game's artwork, Nabeshima had the design team make sure he remained faithful to the Front Mission aesthetic. He also created a character with the inspiration he found through the artwork of the original Front Mission artist Yoshitaka Amano, who is also one of his favorite artists. Artist Yoji Shinkawa drew the three main characters based on a simple profile and then began submitting rough sketches of Leonid's character for consideration since that was a character type he was very familiar with. He then designed the characters, continuously checking to see that he was maintaining a balance between them. He also did sketches for the game's other key characters and also designed one of the wanzers. The mechs did not have to look like traditional "Zenith-type" wanzers from Front Mission, just "powerful/formidable", so Shinkawa designed purely from his imagination. Shinkawa advised on the 3D graphics and how they looked in motion. Shinkawa notes that he adjusted designs with developer feedback for each character about three to four times. There was much discussion about the direction of Mikhail's character, with him first conceived as middle-aged but then young and handsome, necessitating a redesign. His personality began as conceited, like one who had an affluent childhood, but as his dialogue made him more "honest and earnest", his design changed again.

Before story development, Yoji Shinkawa already had some characters who existed in the Front Mission series in development. In developing the game, the team discussed prioritizing a sense of reality for the story. This decision led them to set the game in the present world, but all the countries names are changed. The designers also decided that a very realistic plot that would still feel like Front Mission would involve several characters dealing with "evil conspiracies" caused by nations plotting against each other. Composer Hidenori Iwasaki worked on the music, drawing from his experiences as the composer for some of the music in previous Front Mission games. Orchestrator Jordan Seigel and audio engineer Shinnosuke Miyazawa also helped record the soundtrack at Abbey Road Studios in London.

Release
In September 2017 at the Tokyo Game Show, the game was announced with an intended release year of 2018. In September 2018, Square Enix communicated a Japanese release date of February 28, 2019. The following month, Square Enix stated that they would release the game outside of Japan on March 5, 2019. People who pre-ordered the game received five desktop wallpapers, a downloadable content pack, and a sample soundtrack. A special edition called the "Mech Edition" was also released that included everything in the pre-ordered version, along with an action figure of a Wanzer designed by Yanase and an official artbook. As part of promotions, Square Enix collaborated with Japanese rock band Man with a Mission to release a song called "Left Alive" on the Japanese release date of February 28.

On the day the game was released worldwide, Square Enix launched a free downloadable content pack for Left Alive. This "World of Tanks Collaboration" pack contained only in-game advertising for World of Tanks.

Reception
Left Alive received "generally unfavorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, approximately 17,622 physical units for PlayStation 4 were sold during its launch week, becoming the number five selling game of any format.

DM Schmeyer of IGN called the game a "failure on every level", with poor controls and game balances issues cited along with technical glitches. Jason Faulkner of Game Revolution praised the setting and plot but noted a wildly changing enemy intelligence that would either never miss or ignore the player completely. James Swinbanks of GameSpot praised the opening and some of the character dialogue but explained that the lack of story set up initially leads to significant plot revelations having no emotional impact. Dan Roemer of Destructoid praised the game's soundtrack and art direction but highlighted the low-resolution graphical textures that gave the game a "drab" look. He also noted "laughable" enemy physics, where killed enemies' bodies would jump in the air whenever they died, and described the voice acting as "varied", ranging from decent to sounding like the actors "gave up" after one take.

Heather Alexandra of Kotaku loved the idea of urban warfare, including searching for improvised weapons to take on war mechs, and said the game "drips with style and mood", but felt the game's "stiff" and "sluggish" controls made it impossibly hard to play.

title: Left Alive


text:
Bon Air, Tennessee

Bon Air, Tennessee may refer to:

 * Bon Air, Sumner County, Tennessee
 * Bon Air, White County, Tennessee

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bon Air, Tennessee


text:
Rhodnius prolixus

Rhodnius prolixus is the principal triatomine vector of the Chagas parasite due to both its sylvatic and domestic populations in northern South America as well as to its exclusively domestic populations in Central America. It has a wide range of ecotopes, mainly savanna and foothills with an altitude of between 500 and 1500 m above sea level and temperatures of 16 to 28 C. Sylvatic R. prolixus, as virtually all Rhodnius spp., is primarily associated with palm tree habitats and has a wide range of hosts including birds, rodents, marsupials, sloths, and reptiles.

The insect was used by Sir Vincent Wigglesworth for the detection of insect hormones. It has been implicated in the transmission of transposons between it and some of its vertebrate hosts, squirrel monkeys and opossums.

Rhodnius prolixus is also known as the kissing bug (like other triatomine bugs) because it tends to feed on the area around victims' mouths.

History
Rhodnius prolixus established itself throughout Central America after specimens that originated in Venezuela accidentally escaped from a San Salvadoran research laboratory in 1915. It colonized houses and invaded neighboring countries, probably through accidental carriage by travelers.

Life cycle
The insect has five larval stages, with a moult between each. Each larval stage consumes a single large meal of blood, which triggers the moulting process, 12–15 days later. Wigglesworth demonstrated that the moult is started by prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) secreted into the blood in response to hormone release by neurosecretory cells in the brain. Further it was demonstrated that the corpora allata secrete the juvenile hormone which prevents the premature development into an adult. The removal of the head during any larval stage causes early development into an adult, whereas the implantation of a juvenile head during the fifth larval stage results in a giant sixth stage larva.

The adult secretes compounds into the wound during feeding, including lipocalins. These lipocalins were demonstrated to serve various functions including sequestering amines – especially serotonin – to prevent vasoconstriction (and possibly coagulation) in the host by Andersen et al. 2003. The male reproductive system of R. prolixus contains four accessory glands, three which are responsible for producing the spermathecae and one which is responsible for the movement of spermatozoa from the spermatophore into the female. Once mating occurs, the sperm move through the reproductive system of the female through peristatic waves. The female then stores the sperm until fertilization.

As disease vector
Chagas disease is caused by the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Infection with Chagas disease occurs after Rhodnius releases protozoans in its feces immediately following a blood meal. The parasite enters the victim through the bite wound after the human host scratches the bite. Infection may also occur via blood transfusion and ingestion of food contaminated with kissing bug feces.

title: Rhodnius prolixus


text:
Bob Finley (Missionary)

Robert "Bob" Finley (1922 – March 22, 2019) was an American missionary to Korea, Japan and China, who founded International Students and Christian Aid Mission. He was an early pioneer and champion of what became known as indigenous or native missions, advocating that missionaries nearest to those who need the gospel are the most effective.

Early life
Finley was born in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1922 and attended the University of Virginia. While a student there he became involved in evangelism on campus and founded a large student ministry. In his senior year he became the national inter-collegiate boxing champion. His fame as a Christian athlete drew large crowds to Youth for Christ rallies where he served alongside Billy Graham as a field evangelist for the new ministry.

After World War II, Bob went to the Far East to hold large evangelistic meetings with Youth for Christ, and was personally supported by Billy Graham. While serving in Korea, China and Japan, Bob caught a vision for supporting native evangelists which he observed to be far more effective than foreigners.

Career
In 1953, Bob founded International Students, for the purpose of reaching college students from other countries who were coming to the United States for studying. He believed that by reaching these elite students, the gospel could be advanced in almost every country. As part of this strategy, Bob formed a division called Christian AID (Assisting Indigenous Developments), to help finance the ministry work of returning students to their country. By 1970 this division had grown to such an extent that it was spun off into a separate organization. Both ministries have grown considerably and become household names in evangelical Christian circles.

title: Bob Finley (Missionary)


text:
北邙山

Proper noun

 * 1)  Mount Mang; Mang Mountain (north of Luoyang, where there are many cemeteries)

title: 北邙山


text:
Bab Mansur al-'Alj

Bab Mansur al-'Alj or Bab Mansour (also variously spelled as Bab Mansour al-'Ilj, Bab Mansour al-Eulj, Bab el-Mansour, Bab Mansur, etc.) is a monumental gate in the city of Meknes, Morocco. Located on the south side of Place el-Hedim (el-Hedim Square) in the old city, it was originally the main ceremonial entrance to the Kasbah (royal citadel) of Sultan Moulay Isma'il, built in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Today it is one of the most famous and admired landmarks in the city.

History
Begun in the later years of Moulay Isma'il's reign, the gate was finished in 1732 by his son Moulay Abdallah. The gate's purpose was more ceremonial than defensive, aiming to impress visitors. Its name comes from the architect and designer of the gate, Mansour al-'Alj (the "Victorious Apostate"), a former Christian slave who converted to Islam. Another ornate gate, Bab Jama' en-Nouar, also stands a short distance to the southwest along the same wall. It has similar decoration to the larger Bab Mansour and is believed to also date from the time of Moulay Isma'il.

In the early 19th century, Sultan Moulay Abd ar-Rahman added a loggia-type structure just outside the gate on the right (southwest side), which is no longer present today. The structure served as a meeting place for military and high-ranking officials, as well as the tribunal of the city's governor, and for holding various military or religious ceremonies. Today the gate is usually closed but its interior is sometimes open to host exhibits.

Architecture
The overall design of the gate is based on Almohad prototypes (such as Bab Agnaou and the gate of the Kasbah of the Udayas), with a large horseshoe-arch opening and flanking bastions, but also presents significant new features. In particular, the flanking square bastions or towers are supported on four thick squat columns at the corners with horseshoe arches between them, creating a hollow loggia at the base of the towers. Further out to the sides, flanking the bastions, are massive marble columns supporting large projecting pilasters above. The columns, with ornate composite order capitals, are of ancient Roman origin, probably from the nearby site of Volubilis. Inside, the gate's passage is bent, turning 90 degrees twice, and bridges the distance between the double walls of the Kasbah, granting access to Place Lalla Aouda beyond.

Almost the entire facade of the gate, including the flanking bastions, is covered in heavy decoration. This consists of a repeating darj-wa-ktaf motif (stylized lozenge-like pattern in Moroccan architecture) which frames the main archway of the gate and fills the spaces above the columns of the flanking bastions. The empty or negative spaces within this motif are entirely filled with colourful polychrome zellij (mosaic tilework), another feature which was new to Moroccan monumental gateways. The spandrels of the arches are filled with arabesque-painted tiles. At the very top of the gate, above the other decoration and running along its entire length, is an elaborate Arabic inscription painted on tiles which describes the construction of the gate, which in turn was topped by small "saw-tooth" merlons.

title: Bab Mansur al-'Alj


text:
Talk:Whac-A-Mole

Whac-A-Mole
I'm not sure on this one at all - I'll let everyone else dicuss whether to keep or delete this one. --Keene 11:00, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I want to say that I've seen this used as a description of someone popping up out of a hole recently, but I couldn't say where and I couldn't say with certainty it was spelled this way. --EncycloPetey 16:03, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I see one generic quotation and one out-of-context for this uncommon spelling on Google Books. I wish there were some sort of RFQ process or something, but that would be foolish until the contestation of CFI is settled. The spelling whack-a-mole has attributive uses, modifying the head of a noun clause. DAVilla 18:49, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Right, but now that consensus seems to be that the referent should point to Wikipedia, we probably should not keep Whac-A-Mole, right? --Connel MacKenzie 21:34, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, of course. The entry for whack-a-mole is a completely different spelling, which was just a reply to EncycloPetey's comment. Being lowercase etc., that entry barely supports the one in question, Whac-A-Mole, which might, however, be worthy of inclusion on its own merits. The first line of my comment above translates to "I'm not sure, possibly yes." DAVilla 15:12, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whac-A-Mole


text:
Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/Log/2006 August 12

Template:MySpace-porn

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the template below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deletion. ЯyanG e rbil10 (The people rejoice!) 01:55, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Eh, no useful reasons for this? --Doc 21:16, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * We have a category for MySpace celebrities, we have a template for MySpace accounts. Thus, this is seperating the porn stars from the actual celebrities, keeping the main cat sain. --  Zanimum 21:20, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * keep Zanimum's reasoning seems reasonable to me.--Kchase T 21:26, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep Categorization of the myspace links is useful with so many celebrities using myspace as their official websites. If you don't believe that specific individual artists/actors are noteworthy enough to be on Wikipedia, then those individual articles for deletion. -- Bovineone 22:10, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Why do we have any of these? And if myspace porn stars aren't celebrities what on earth are they doing on wikipedia? --Doc 21:28, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe the intention of such templates is to quickly add cats and not to clutter up "what links here" for myspace, imdb, etc.--Kchase T 21:31, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Last I checked we don't exactly promote the use of myspace external links - WP:EL, a style guide, specifically states "Blogs, social networking sites (such as MySpace) and forums should generally not be linked to unless mandated by the article itself.". This template seems to needlessly promote the use of myspace pages for possibly non-notable porn stars. If anything, I feel myspace links are harmful to the encyclopedia 96% of the time (don't ask how I achieved that figure) with the exceptions of them being used as official sites for organizations (which could potentially mean such an organization is non notable to begin with). Cowman109 Talk 21:33, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Note that EL is currently debating this rule. If they're non-notable, is it not a template that will help you identify articles to AfD? --  Zanimum 16:05, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete, any myspace template for EL links should be STRONGLY discouraged. Myspace and EL should only be a special case, not the norm. -- Ned Scott 09:50, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Note that EL is currently debating this rule, and general consensus seems to be in favour of known official MySpaces, as they are often more up to date than official sites. --  Zanimum 16:04, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment If this template is deleted, then the related Category:Pornography celebrities with Myspace accounts category (and possibly others, such as Category:Music celebrities with Myspace accounts and Template:MySpace-music would need to be deleted too). -- Bovineone 10:05, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * An excellent idea, I fully support this. -- Ned Scott 10:05, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete let's not encourage even more MySpace linking for the love of God - Gl e n 12:40, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * "For the love of God" is not a reason, please explain why you think MySpace links are undesirable. --  Zanimum 16:04, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete, augh. Why are we spamming links for the blog entries of non-notable porn actors? that's not three strikes, that's more like three outs. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 14:37, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * If they're non-notable, why aren't you AfDing the porn performers? --  Zanimum 16:04, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete as above, such links should be rare if ever so no need for a template which just encourages them. --pgk( talk ) 16:50, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment The delete folks are making some good points here, but with that provision of WP:EL currently in flux, it seems at least premature to delete it now. In any case, having a template hardly encourages myspace linking when most people would just link to the page w/o the template anyway. Also, as was recently pointed out to me, not all myspace bands or people are non-notable. Whether such links are helpful is debatable, and is being debated.--Kchase T 17:36, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. It should be noted that pornography is in violation of the MySpace ToS, so that MySpace might get around to deleting all the entries in these categories.  So, it's not only not encyclopedic, it's ephemeral.  — Arthur Rubin |  (talk) 20:49, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. One, we already have MySpace.  Two, Arthur Rubin points out that MySpace actively patrols for an deletes porn, so it's not like there's a distinction in what the user's going to see.  Three, this is akin to a disclaimer.  Wikipedia probably should have disclaimers, but right now it doesn't, and we have to enforce that policy. --M @ r ē ino 22:47, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete the template is utterly redundant with the already existing one. As it is stated, MySpace should not be treated as a primary or secondary source, unless under extreme circumstances. -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. Think out loud — WP:PORN BIO? 03:56, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

Template:Internet Explorer 8

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the template below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was it's a joke template; I've moved it to the creator's userspace as User:Gamextheory/IE 8. — freak([ talk]) 15:10, Aug. 13, 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete: IE7's final release is not even available yet.. there isn't such a thing as IE8.. -- PASSIVE (Talk|E-Mail) 22:42, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete: Per above. — G a ry Kirk | talk! 14:35, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

Template:University of Chicago

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the template below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was that at the time ofclosing, the template had already been redirected. ЯyanG e rbil10 (The people rejoice!) 01:57, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Duplicate of Template:UChicago -- Trödel 15:35, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect Template:UChicago to this template. jareha (comments) 23:27, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect per jareha. —dima /sb.tk/ 17:16, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

Template:Distressing

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the template below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was the damsel didn't get rescued :( — freak([ talk]) 14:44, Aug. 13, 2006 (UTC)

Translation: this sort of template is a reincarnation of the sort of "This content may offend some users!" template that gets made and remade every so often, and the consensus has been overwhelmingly not to do this sort of thing. We already have General disclaimer, so we don't need this. If you'd like to change this state of affairs, bring it up on the Village Pump or Wikipedia talk:No disclaimer templates. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 14:49, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

WP:NOT censored, and the use of this is pretty much inherently POV. Mango juice talk 14:29, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep - It's use actually supports WP:NOT. It is much the same as a spoiler warning.  It allows controversial material to be posted without edit wars and without censoring.  It protects inofrmation that would otherwise be deleted by people with a POV.--Tbeatty 18:02, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Spoiler warnings are not about controversial material, morals, or dead babies. They are not the same, using that rational will get you nowhere. It "allows" nothing, because controversial material is always allowed, regardless of edit wars. -- Ned Scott 09:53, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete The correct remedy here is to move that tiny disclaimer link at the bottom (per default) up above all articles. This template is not really censorship (I don't agree with Ned on that), but it's a clear breach of the No disclaimer templates guideline, which allows spoilers. --GunnarRene 14:23, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete: per GunnaRene. — G a ry Kirk | talk! 14:38, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete no,no,no,no --Doc 14:42, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

Template:Indefblocked-vandalism

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the template below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy keep per bad faith nom by a sockpuppet. -- King of ♥   ♦   ♣   ♠  05:03, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

This template is unnecessary and disorganizes categories for blocked vandal accounts (i.e. Category:Wikipedia users indefinitely blocked in August 2006) - if only the template indefblock was used, it would make things flow better for this situation. --How dare you? 02:21, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep The idea of this template is so that someone could go to the userpage in an investigation, and know why the vandal was blocked without having to go to the block log. Putting a dated category in this template should be childs play if you need it, by the way. Instead, I think that Indefblockeduser should be deleted or modified to require a reason, instead. If no reason is given, it should be made to intentionally look ugly like Db does when no reason is given for speedy deletion. Jesse Viviano 16:41, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep and note the nominator is a sockpuppet account of a long term vandal, confirmed by checkuser and now blocked. --pgk( talk ) 16:48, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

Template:4 Comics

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the template below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deletion. ЯyanG e rbil10 (The people rejoice!) 02:00, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

This template is part of an elaborate hoax staged by<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and Bret John. Danny Lilithborne 01:17, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom and Articles for deletion/4 Comics. --GunnarRene 14:34, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
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Template:Rock 'n' Roll Racing

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the template below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deletion. ЯyanG e rbil10 (The people rejoice!) 02:02, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

This template is part of an elaborate hoax staged by<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and Bret John. Danny Lilithborne 01:19, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Contains links to characters without a chance of having their own articles. --GunnarRene 14:31, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
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Template:The Swordsmen
<div class="boilerplate vfd" style="background-color: #e3f9df; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the template below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deletion. ЯyanG e rbil10 (The people rejoice!) 02:03, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

This template is part of an elaborate hoax staged by<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and Bret John. Danny Lilithborne 01:19, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete. "Elaborate" is too flattering a term. :-) What a waste of energy! I cannot believe that this guy has not been blocked already... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Pascal.Tesson (talk • contribs).
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Harrogate Pullman

The Harrogate Pullman was a named passenger train operating in the United Kingdom.

History
The Harrogate Pullman was introduced into service by the London and North Eastern Railway and began operating in 1923 between London King’s Cross and Newcastle, via Harrogate and Ripon.

It comprised 12 new specially-built Pullman cars costing £70,000 for the service. The supplement to travel on the service was 10s 1st class and 6s 3rd class.

In 1928 it was renamed the West Riding Pullman which in 1935 became the Yorkshire Pullman.

In 1928 it became Queen of Scots.

title: Harrogate Pullman


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General Biology/Getting Started/Introduction

The word biology means, "the science of life", from the Greek  bios, life, and  logos, word or knowledge. Therefore, Biology is the science of Living Things. That is why Biology is sometimes known as Life Science.

The science has been divided into many subdisciplines, such as botany, bacteriology, anatomy, zoology, histology, mycology, embryology, parasitology, genetics, molecular biology, systematics, immunology, microbiology, physiology, cell biology, cytology, ecology, and virology. Other branches of science include or are comprised in part of biology studies, including paleontology, taxonomy, evolution, phycology, helimentology, protozoology, entomology, biochemistry, biophysics, biomathematics, bio engineering, bio climatology and anthropology.

Characteristics of life
Not all scientists agree on the definition of just what makes up life. Various characteristics describe most living things. However, with most of the characteristics listed below we can think of one or more examples that would seem to break the rule, with something nonliving being classified as living or something living classified as nonliving. Therefore we are careful not to be too dogmatic in our attempt to explain which things are living or nonliving.

 * Living things are composed of matter structured in an orderly way where simple molecules are ordered together into much larger macromolecules.

An easy way to remember this is GRIMNERD C All organisms; - Grow, Respire, Interact, Move, Need Nutrients, Excrete (Waste), Reproduce,Death, Cells (Made of)

 * Living things are sensitive, meaning they are able to  respond to stimuli.
 * Living things are able to grow, develop, and reproduce.
 * Living things are able to adapt over time by the process of natural selection.
 * All known living things use the hereditary molecule, DNA.
 * Internal functions are coordinated and regulated so that the internal environment of a living thing is relatively constant, referred to as homeostasis.

Living things are organized in the microscopic level from atoms up to cells. Atoms are arranged into molecules, then into macromolecules, which make up organelles, which work together to form cells. Beyond this, cells are organized in higher levels to form entire multicellular organisms. Cells together form tissues, which make up organs, which are part of organ systems, which work together to form an entire organism. Of course, beyond this, organisms form populations which make up parts of an ecosystem. All of the Earth's ecosystems together form the diverse environment that is the earth.

Example:-

sub atoms, atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community, eco systems, biosphere

Emergent property is viewed in the biological organization of life, ranging from the subatomic level to the entire biosphere. Emergent properties are not unique to life, but biological systems are far more complex, making the emergent properties of life difficult to study.

Systems biology is a biology-based inter-disciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach.

Biologists study properties of life, with reductionist approach and holistic approach.

Nature of science
Science is a methodology for learning about the world. It involves the application of knowledge.

The scientific method deals with systematic investigation, reproducible results, the formation and testing of hypotheses, and reasoning.

Reasoning can be broken down into two categories, induction (specific data is used to develop a generalized observation or conclusion) and deduction (general information leads to specific conclusion). Most reasoning in science is done through induction.

Science as we now know it arose as a discipline in the 17th century.

Scientific method
The scientific method is not a step by step, linear process. It is an intuitive process, a methodology for learning about the world through the application of knowledge. Scientists must be able to have an "imaginative preconception" of what the truth is. Scientists will often observe and then hypothesize the reason why a phenomenon occurred. They use all of their knowledge and a bit of imagination, all in an attempt to uncover something that might be true. A typical scientific investigation might go like so:

 * You observe that a room appears dark, and you ponder why the room is dark. In an attempt to find explanations to this curiosity, your mind unravels several different hypotheses.  One hypothesis might state that the lights are turned off.  Another hunch might be that the room's lightbulb has burnt out.  Worst yet, you could be going blind.  To discover the truth, you experiment.  You feel your way around the room and find a light switch and turn it on.  No light.  You repeat the experiment, flicking the switch back and forth.  Still nothing.  That means your initial hypothesis, the room is dark because the lights are off, has been rejected.  You devise more experiments to test your hypotheses, utilizing a flashlight to prove that you are indeed not blind.  In order to accept your last remaining hypothesis as the truth,  you could predict that changing the light bulb will fix the problem.  If all your predictions succeed, the original hypothesis is valid and is accepted.  In some cases, however, your predictions will not occur, in which you'll have to start over.  Perhaps the power is off.

Scientists first make observations that raise a particular question. In order to explain the observed phenomenon, they develop a number of possible explanations, or hypotheses. This is the inductive part of science, observing and constructing plausible arguments for why an event occurred. Experiments are then used to eliminate one or more of the possible hypotheses until one hypothesis remains. Using deduction, scientists use the principles of their hypothesis to make predictions, and then test to make sure that their predictions are confirmed. After many trials (repeatability) and all predictions have been confirmed, the hypothesis then may become a theory.

Quick Definitions

 * Observation - Quantitative and qualitative measurements of the world.
 * Inference - Deriving new knowledge based upon old knowledge.
 * Hypotheses - A suggested explanation.
 * Rejected Hypothesis - An explanation that has been ruled out through experimentation.
 * Accepted Hypothesis - An explanation that has not been ruled out through excessive experimentation and makes verifiable predictions that are true.
 * Experiment - A test that is used to rule out a hypothesis or validate something already known.
 * Scientific Method - The process of scientific investigation.
 * Theory - A widely accepted hypothesis that stands the test of time. Often tested, and usually never rejected.

The scientific method is based primarily on the testing of hypotheses by experimentation. This involves a control, or subject that does not undergo the process in question. A scientist will also seek to limit variables to one or another very small number, single or minimum number of variables. The procedure is to form a hypothesis or prediction about what you believe or expect to see and then do everything you can to violate that, or falsify the hypotheses. Although this may seem unintuitive, the process serves to establish more firmly what is and what is not true.

A founding principle in science is a lack of absolute truth: the accepted explanation is the most likely and is the basis for further hypotheses as well as for falsification. All knowledge has its relative uncertainty.

Theories are hypotheses which have withstood repeated attempts at falsification. Common theories include evolution by natural selection and the idea that all organisms consist of cells. The scientific community asserts that much more evidence supports these two ideas than contradicts them.

Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin is most remembered today for his contribution of the theory of evolution through natural selection.

The seeds of this theory were planted in Darwin's mind through observations made on a five-year voyage through the New World on a ship called the Beagle. There, he studied fossils and the geological record, geographic distribution of organisms, the uniqueness and relatedness of island life forms, and the affinity of island forms to mainland forms.

Upon his return to England, Darwin pondered over his observations and concluded that evolution must occur through natural selection. He declined, however, to publish his work because of its controversial nature. However, when another scientist, Wallace, reached similar conclusions, Darwin was convinced to publish his observations in 1859. His hypothesis revolutionized biology and has yet to be falsified by empirical data collected by mainstream scientists.

After Darwin
Since Darwin's day, scientists have amassed a more complete fossil record, including microorganisms and chemical fossils. These fossils have supported and added subtleties to Darwin's theories. However, the age of the Earth is now held to be much older than Darwin thought. Researchers have also uncovered some of the preliminary mysteries of the mechanism of heredity as carried out through genetics and DNA, areas unknown to Darwin. Another growing area is comparative anatomy including homology and analogy.

Today we can see a bit of evolutionary history in the development  of embryos, as certain (although not all) aspects of development recapitulate evolutionary history.

The molecular biology study of slowly mutating genes reveal considerable evolutionary history consistent with fossil and anatomical record.

Challenges to Darwin

Darwin and his theories have been challenged many times in the last 150 years. The challenges have been primarily religious based on a perceived conflict with the preconceived notion of creationism. Many of those who challenge Darwin have been adherents to the young earth hypothesis that says that the Earth is only some 6000 years old and that all species were individually created by a god. Some of the proponents of these theories have suggested that chemical and physical laws that exist today were different or nonexistent in earlier ages. However, for the most part, these theories are either not scientifically testable and fall outside the area of attention of the field of biology, or have been disproved by one or more fields of science.


text:
awm

Translations

 * Danish:, ahme
 * Dutch:
 * Flemish: aem
 * French:
 * German: ,
 * Swedish:

Verb

 * 1)  to exist

title: awm


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Samandar Rzayev

Samandar Rzayev (Səməndər Mənsim oğlu Rzayev, 2 January 1945 — 27 March 1986) was an Azerbaijani actor. He was awarded the title Honored Artist of the Azerbaijan SSR (1974), and Laureate of the State Prize of the Azerbaijan SSR (1980).

Biography
Samandar Rzayev was born on 2 January 1945 in Agsu. He worked in a drama club in Agsu District. In 1964-1968 he studied at the faculty of drama and film acting of the Azerbaijan State Theater Institute named after Mirzaagha Aliyev. Adil Isgandarov, Mehdi Mammadov and Rza Tahmasib were his teachers. In 1968, while S.Rzayev was studying in the last year of the institute, he was admitted to the troupe of the Azerbaijan State Academic National Drama Theatre with the invitation of the chief director Tofig Kazimov. His first role was Horatio in William Shakespeare's Hamlet tragedy.

The actor died on 27 March 1986.

Awards

 * Honored Artist of the Azerbaijan SSR — 1 June 1974
 * State Prize of the Azerbaijan SSR — 1980

Filmography

 * Birthday
 * Babamizin Babasinin Babasi
 * Babek
 * Bagh Movsumu
 * Bayin Oghurlanmasi
 * Dali Kur
 * Evlari Kondalan Yar
 * Nesimi

title: Samandar Rzayev


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Transbabel Multilingual Schema

The Transbabel Multilingual Schema was developed at META by a host of MediaWiki Developers, Wikipedia Administrators, Wikimedia Staff and a universe of users from all walks of life. The schema is time-honored, user-friendly, well-developed and accepted world-wide in the sphere of Wikimedia and its sister projects. Wikiversity is next in line to benefit from this system.

Multilingualism at Wikiversity
We have adapted the meta Tranlator's Templates and are working on an adaptation of the Transbabel Multilingual Schema here at Templates See Template:Translators and below for more background and some direction. As with all Wikimedia projects, this one will be consensus-driven, open to all, and flexible to a fault.

We would like to extend a hearty invitation especially to those who are learning English as a second language and let them know that we are interested in establishing Interlingual dialog. We see this as an opportunity to build community across language barriers as a multilingual academic discourse community. Transbabel at Meta has shown us the way!

Meta resources
Meta has a cornucopia of resources for translators!

Multilingualism:
 * Translators
 * Translation process
 * Interlingual coordination
 * m:Meta:Conventions for multilingualism

m:Category:Multilingualism
 * m:Category:Transbabel
 * m:Category:Translator's Templates

Basic English
Simple English Wikipedia

What about Simple English Wikiversity? Let's talk!

title: Transbabel Multilingual Schema


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Farkhak

Farkhak is a village in Fazl Rural District of the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. The village is situated next to Baghrud, one of the biggest campgrounds in the country.

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,434 in 405 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,644 people in 468 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,469 people in 440 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.

title: Farkhak


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Talk:Dee Caffari

Untitled
Nicely advertised CV <_< —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:48, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 13:07, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dee Caffari


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Annandale-Little Pond-Howe Bay

Annandale-Little Pond-Howe Bay is a rural municipality located in Kings County, Prince Edward Island. It was incorporated in 1975.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Annandale – Little Pond – Howe Bay had a population of $223$ living in $92$ of its $169$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $207$. With a land area of 31.87 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Annandale-Little Pond-Howe Bay


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Guitar/Anatomy of a Guitar

This chapter presents an overview of the different parts most commonly found on the three main types of guitar.

Overview of Components

Body
The body of a guitar consists of a treble or upper bout (the half of the guitar closest to the neck), the bass or lower bout (the wider half of the guitar), and the waist bout (the narrow section between the treble and bass bouts).

The body is one of the most important factors in shaping the overall tone of a guitar. It provides the resonance that shapes the tonal qualities. It determines the volume of acoustic guitars and affects the sustain of electric guitars.

Resonance is affected by:
 * the types of wood used
 * whether the body is made from layered woods (ply) or single pieces
 * whether the body is hollow or solid
 * the shape and size of the body

The woods listed below are used in the construction of both acoustic and electric guitars.

Tone wood

 * Agathis (also known as Commercial Grade Mahogany or Poor Man's Mahogany) is a tropical pine commonly found throughout south-east Asia. It is a plantation-wood used mainly for building cabinets. Agathis is cheap and usually used in the construction of budget guitars. Its tone is similar to mahogany but more bland sounding with a less complex response.

 * Alder is a lightweight wood that provides a clean balanced tonal response and good resonance. Its soft and tight porous structure is similar to basswood but with a bolder hard grain pattern that adds to the stiffness making it more robust. Alder has a medium light tan color and provides a balanced tone across the frequency range with a slight upper mid-range producing a clean sound. Its resonance provides a good dynamic range.

 * Ash has an open grain pattern which requires a lot of lacquer to seal and this can have a marked affect on the length of the sustain. Ash is typically used in mid-range priced guitars. Ash offers two varieties for guitar construction and they differ in tone:

 * (1) Northern hard ash (also known as Baseball Bat Ash) is hard, heavy and dense. This gives it a bright tone and long sustain.
 * (2) Swamp Ash (also known as Southern Soft Ash) comes from swamps in the Southern USA. Swamp Ash grows underwater which makes the wood lightweight and porous. Many Fender guitars from the 1950s were built with Swamp Ash.  It has hard grain lines between its softer layers and a creamy light tan color with bold darker grain patterns. Its tonal qualities are a balance between brightness, warmth and dynamic range with clear bell-like highs, slightly scooped mids and strong lows. Swamp Ash has good resonance across the whole frequency spectrum and therefore can sound quite complex.
 * (2) Swamp Ash (also known as Southern Soft Ash) comes from swamps in the Southern USA. Swamp Ash grows underwater which makes the wood lightweight and porous. Many Fender guitars from the 1950s were built with Swamp Ash.  It has hard grain lines between its softer layers and a creamy light tan color with bold darker grain patterns. Its tonal qualities are a balance between brightness, warmth and dynamic range with clear bell-like highs, slightly scooped mids and strong lows. Swamp Ash has good resonance across the whole frequency spectrum and therefore can sound quite complex.

 * Basswood is a lightweight (lighter than Alder) close-grained wood with a consistent and tight grain pattern. Its very soft with light colors that range from almost white to medium tan. It requires a hard finish, such as polyester, for protection and good engineering to allow the screws and screw-holes to hold the parts. The installation of a tremolo system on such a softwood also means the body needs to be thicker to prevent cracking. Tonally, basswood has a warm soft tone which attenuates both the high and extreme low frequencies. It also creates a pronounced midrange fundamental frequency response and a reduced smoother high-end response. The tonal response compared with other softwoods such as ash and alder is less complex with a narrower dynamic range. Basswood doesn't excel in clean sounds though when coupled with distortion and overdriven amplifier produces a metal-lead sound much favoured by some rock guitarists. It is used in the construction of budget guitars and expensive guitars.

 * Cedar became popular in the mid-twentieth century after master luthier Jose Ramirez III of Madrid pioneered the use of red cedar as a substitute for the increasingly scarce European spruce. It is now considered one of the world's premier tone woods.

 * Mahogany is a highly dense, heavy wood with a fine, open grain and large pores. The color is reddish brown. Tonally, it provides good low frequencies, a compressed mid-range and smooth sounding highs. Overall, its tone is mellow, soft and warm with a full and thick quality. Its density provides excellent sustain and also makes it less susceptible to dents and scratches. Its density and weight have led some manufacturers to experiment with a thinner body as seen on the Ibanez S series.

 * Nato (also known as Eastern Mahogany) is a native wood from the Caribbean and South America. Nato is not a mahogany though its appearance and tonal similarities to mahogany has led to it being used on guitars as a mahogany substitute. It is also a commercial grade wood used in cabinet building. It has a bright tone with pronounced midrange but lacks in sensitivity and punch compared with mahogany. Nato is used by the manufacturer B.C. Rich for their Assassin range.

 * Maple is used for the backs and sides of more expensive acoustics like the J200 series by Gibson. Though not generally used as a table for flat-topped instruments; it is the wood of choice for arched top guitars, mandolins, and the violin family of instruments. Its usually white in color with tight pores and thin grain lines. There are two main types of American maple:

 * (1) Eastern Hard Maple (also known as Hard Rock Maple or Sugar Maple and usually associated with maple syrup) is an excellent tonewood. As named, it is very hard and dense with a medium weight which makes it difficult to work and therefore it is usually reserved for necks. When used for the body, it provides a bright sound with very strong highs and upper mid-range but quieter bass frequencies. Overall, hard maple has a very long sustain. Eastern hard maple can exhibit a figure (grain pattern) called the bird's eye whose aesthetic appeal has led to it being used for guitar tops and backs usually bookmatched.
 * (2) Western Soft Maple (also known as Big Leaf Maple) is much lighter in weight than Hard Maple. It has a bright tone with good bite and attack though not as brittle as hard maple. Its tonal qualities produce singing highs with a tight low-end. This kind of maple is often seen with a figure called flame or curl and less commonly a figure called quilt.
 * Rosewood is used for the backs and sides of acoustics and also for fingerboards. It possesses an extremely high density which makes for an acoustically reflective tone wood. Its color is dark brown with reddish, purple or orange streaks running through it. There are many varieties of rosewood that are suitable for guitar construction.
 * Rosewood is used for the backs and sides of acoustics and also for fingerboards. It possesses an extremely high density which makes for an acoustically reflective tone wood. Its color is dark brown with reddish, purple or orange streaks running through it. There are many varieties of rosewood that are suitable for guitar construction.
 * Rosewood is used for the backs and sides of acoustics and also for fingerboards. It possesses an extremely high density which makes for an acoustically reflective tone wood. Its color is dark brown with reddish, purple or orange streaks running through it. There are many varieties of rosewood that are suitable for guitar construction.

 * Poplar is a wood used by manufacturers of budget guitars most notably Danelectro who use masonite (top and back) glued to a poplar frame (sides). Its a closed grain wood with a greyish-green color and similar to alder in weight and tone. Due to the resurgence of interest in budget guitars from the 1950s onwards some modern reissues that use poplar are relatively expensive.

 * European Spruce is a premium tonewood used in the design of many stringed instruments including the violin, viola and lute. Increasing scarcity has resulted in the use of substitutes such as the North American species of spruce and red cedar.

 * Walnut is a medium hard wood with a strong grain pattern. Its body has a constant density. Walnut is harder, heavier and more dense than mahogany and therefore closer to maple. Tonally, it is warmer than maple with a solid low-end. The mid-range is relatively complex and the high-end is smooth and bright. Due to its density it provides good sustain.

Body top
Some electric guitars have an extra top added to the body to blend the tonal qualities of different types of wood together. Maple with figuring is a popular top and produces a pronounced look and tone (adds brightness). Body tops are not used on acoustics since the layering of two pieces of wood for the table would inhibit the resonance and dull the tone.

Bridge
The bridge is found on the lower bout of the body and forms one one end of the vibrating length of the strings, the other end being the nut, which is located at the end of the fretboard. On most electric guitars, the height of the bridge is adjustable by screws, allowing the guitars action – distance that the strings sit above the frets – to be raised or lowered. On most electrics, the horizontal position of the bridge saddles is also screw-adjustable, allowing the guitar's intonation to be set by the user. These adjustments are discussed further in the Adjusting the Guitar section.

Depending on the guitar, the strings may terminate at the bridge or just pass over it.

The bridge of an acoustic consists of two parts: a saddle and the tie block. Saddles are either a piece of plastic or polished bone. Acoustic guitar saddles are made with a smooth top edge (no notches) and the base of the saddle is seated in a groove cut into the tie block. The wood tie block of a classical guitar is glued to the lower bout and acts as a string terminator. A classical guitar string is pushed through the hole in the tie block and the string is then brought back under itself three or four times and pulled tight to form a knot. Once the saddle is seated in the groove of the tie block the tension of the strings clamp it.

Steel string acoustics also have a saddle and tie block though due to the strings having terminating end balls there is no need to knot. The ball end of the string is thrust into a vertical hole in the tie block and secured with a pin. The position and height of the saddle and tie block on acoustics are set by the manufacturer, and usually do not require user adjustment. Adjustments to the height of the acoustic saddle are possible by shaving (lowering) the saddle though this job is best left to a luthier since if too much is taken off, a new saddle will required unless one resorts to the temporizing measure of shims.

The design of bridges varies between manufacturers and the above generic descriptions may not apply to some guitars.

Fretboard and Frets
The fretboard is a piece of wood that is glued to the front of the neck. These are commonly made of rosewood though other hard woods such as ebony may also be used. Embedded in the fretboard are a number of metal frets (fret-wire) usually numbering twenty one to twenty-four. Strings are pressed down behind a fret which changes the length that is left free to vibrate thereby producing a different note. A simple demonstration is to be found on the twelfth fret. On all guitars this is the fret that divides the string exactly in half and produces a note an octave higher than the open note. Any open string that maintains its original tension and is halved produces its octave. This applies to all stringed instruments including the piano and violin.

There are a variety of fret designs. Jumbo frets are higher and wider than normal frets and require less fretboard contact to sound a clear note. Medium frets are closer to the board and must be firmly in contact with the fretboard to sound a clear note. Some guitarist prefer jumbo frets due to the ease with which you can bend strings and the faster play offered by less fretboard contact. As with many design elements of the guitar this is a subjective area that is more personal preference rather than advantage. Good technique is not dependent on fret size

The first fret is the one nearest the nut. Some manufacturers place a zero fret immediately after the nut and the strings sit on the zero fret. This brings the sound of the open strings nearer to the quality of a fretted note.

A fretboard may have decorative inlays at the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 12th frets which serve as markers for the positions of the guitar. Fretboard inlays can be highly decorative or simple shapes and on expensive guitars may be made from exotic material like mother of pearl or abalone.

Head
The headstock lies at the end of the guitar's neck. The purpose of the headstock is to support the tuners, which terminates the strings of the instrument. The tuners are attached to tuning pegs and this allows the guitarist to lower or raise the pitch of the string. A secondary purpose of the headstock is identification and many guitar manufacturers choose to use a distinctive headstock shape often in combination with the name of the model and a trademark logo. On some guitars the model name and trademark logo may be created using inlaid materials though decals are also commonly used.

Neck
The neck can be a single piece of wood or several pieces glued together and cut to shape. The fretboard is a separate piece of wood that is attached to the neck. Necks can be glued to the body (set neck) or bolted on. Set necks are usually found on acoustic guitars and many other instruments including the violin, lute and cello. The bolt-on neck is a design feature more commonly associated with electric guitars. Most necks are wood though alternative materials such as carbon fibre composites have been used.

Nuts
All strings pass through a nut at the headstock end of the fretboard. Its function is to maintain correct string spacing and alignment so that the strings feed into their respective tuning pegs. On acoustic guitars the nut and saddle are usually made of the same material. Electric guitars commonly use plastic or synthetic nuts though sometimes metal is used. As tremolo bars can cause tuning problems, guitars equipped with them usually have some manner of locking nut, where the strings are clamped down.

Tip: Some guitarists lubricate the nut grooves so that the strings move more smoothly. You can do this at home with a soft graphite pencil. There's no need for excessive marking with the pencil just a few swipes through the groove should deposit enough graphite.

Pick Guard
Guitars, in common with all wood instruments, are prone to dents, scratches and wear. A pick guard (also known as a scratch plate) protects the body of the guitar at the point of most contact. Some electric guitars have raised pick guards so your pick is directed out and away from the pots and strings. Pick guards sometimes need replacing due to wear or damage. In the case of an expensive or rare guitar, which may have a tortoise shell pick guard, the guitar will have to be sent to an experienced luthier.

Sound Hole
Sound holes are found on all acoustics. Their purpose is to allow the air pressure to stay equalized so that the soundboard can vibrate. Archtop guitars have f-shaped sound holes - a design feature they share with the violin, viola, cello and double bass. Round sound holes usually have a decorated edge based on a geometrical design known as a rosette. On modern guitars these decorations are machine-made though some luthiers of expensive guitars still use the traditional method of laying by hand small pieces of exotic material like mother of pearl.

Truss Rod
Steel-strung guitars, whether acoustic or electric, have a metal truss rod that runs the length of the neck under the fretboard. Strengthening the neck with a truss rod counteracts the tension exerted by the strings and allows the curvature of the neck to be adjusted. Classical guitars do not require a truss rod due to the lower tension of nylon strings. Some less expensive steel-string acoustics do not have a truss rod. Adjusting the truss rod can have a marked impact on the tuning and playability of a guitar.

Truss rod adjustments should be performed with great care as it is possible to damage the neck or the truss rod. Overtightening is especially to be avoided because if the truss rod snaps or its threads strip, a very involved repair job will be necessitated. For this reason, the truss rod nut should only be tightened one quarter turn at a time. It should then be left alone for a day so the neck has time to assume the new shape. If further adjustment is necessary, repeat the process – a quarter turn, max. If one is not mechanically inclined, truss rod adjustment should be deferred to someone who is, including perhaps a guitar repair-person.

Tuning Pegs
The strings are tensioned by means of tuning pegs, also known as tuners, tuning machines, or machine heads. A high gear ratio gives smoother, easier tuning but is not essential. A guitar can be tuned successfully even with fairly cheap tuners. Most guitar tuning problems originate in other areas, especially string sticking in the nut slots, and dirty or worn strings.

Due to the tension of the strings and the constant turning of the pegs the screws that secure the tuners to the headstock may loosen. It is recommended that you check that they are screwed in tightly though avoid over-tightening which may cause alignment problems or damage the screw head or the wood.

Pickup

A pickup is a magnet wrapped in a coil of wire. When a string is plucked the vibration of the string causes the magnetic flux to vary, inducing a voltage in the coil. This is then amplified and played through a speaker.

Humbucking pickups use two coils having opposite polarity, placed in magnetic fields of opposite direction. The result is that the signal from the strings is doubled, while electromagnetic noise from other sources is cancelled. Thus humbucking pickups, or "humbuckers", have less hum and other objectionable noise pickup than single-coil pickups. However, having two coils in series, their inductance is generally higher, which decreases their high-frequency response so they sound less bright than single-coils. Humbuckers are also less able to reproduce very high harmonic frequencies of the string because their magnetic field is less localised than the field of a single coil pickup.

Active pickups are pickups with a built in preamplifier. This can reduce noise pickup and reduce signal losses in the guitar cord. Against these advantages must be weighed cost and the fact that a power source must be provided for the preamplifier. The power source can be a 9 volt battery on the guitar, or "phantom power" piped in via the guitar cord.

Passive single coils are the standard pickup for Fender Stratocasters. They have a bright and twangy clean sound but traditionally have a relatively low output voltge. They are susceptible to noise pickup from transformers – including the transformer in your amp –, neon signs, and other AC electrical equipment. This may or may not be a critical problem, depending on your physical location, and on whether you use a clean sound or a sound with a lot of amplifier compression/distortion which will make electromagnetic noise pickup more noticeable and more of a problem. Some single coils, such as the P-90, are larger than regular single coils, and thus warmer than a standard single coil. However they still retain more of a single coil sound and still can pick-up background hum. Another single coil design is the Lipstick, commonly found on Danelectro Guitars, where the entire pickup is placed in a metal enclosure with a small gap left between the two metal halves. Lipstick pickups tend to be bright sounding and the metal case results in some reduction of hum. Active single-coils can have higher output and enhanced sensitivity.

Humbuckers provide a warm and fat sound. They typically have a higher output voltage than single-coils which suits them to overdriving an amplifier so as to create a heavy sound with lots of sustain and distortion. Some humbuckers allow coil tap (using only one of the coils) or parallel connection which provides a sound similar to a single coil.

Pickups of every type are found in all genres of music, although single-coils, with their bright, twangy sound are often associated with country; and humbuckers producing thick, warm sounds with the rhythm playing in rock. In heavy metal music, humbuckers are the norm because of the necessity of having a low-noise pickup when the amplifier gain is so high.

Pickup Arrangements
There are many different arrangements for pickups. The most basic is a single pickup near the bridge.

 * S + S - the original Telecaster design uses two single coils. Telecasters have a percussive twang with lots of treble. Even when using thick single coils, as found on the Fender Jazzmaster and Gibson Les Paul P90, the tone is more emphasized on the treble side.

 * S + S + S - three single coils are standard on Fender Stratocasters and Stratocaster copies.
 * H + S + S - used on Stratocasters which are often called Fat Strats to distinguish them from the standard three single coil Stratocaster. The pick-up at the bridge is replaced by a humbucker. A favourite with guitarists who want the clean tone of single coils and the hum-free fat tone of a humbucker.
 * H + H - the standard configuration for the Gibson Les Paul. Also known as the Double Fat Strat configuration when mounted on a Stratocaster body.

 * H + S + H - found on the Steve Vai signature model by Ibanez and a favourite pickup arrangement for metal guitarists. Stratocasters using this configuration are called Super Strats.

 * H + H + H - the standard pickup arrangement for the Gibson Firebird VII, SG Custom and Les Paul

Pickup Selector
Every electric guitar, except those with a single pickup, has a pickup selector. Guitars with two pickups have a three-way switch which allows the guitarist to select either the neck pickup or the bridge pickup. When the switch is in the middle position both pickups are used.

On guitars with three pickups there is usually a five way switch. The positions are:

 * neck pickup
 * neck-middle
 * middle pickup
 * middle-bridge
 * bridge pickup

Tremolo Bar
A tremolo bar alters the pitch of the strings. Pushing down on the bar lowers the pitch of the strings and pulling up raises the pitch. Rapidly pushing and releasing will produce a modulation in pitch called vibrato. Vibrato is often confused with tremolo, a volume modulation effect found on amplifiers, hence the misnomer tremolo bar. Originally used just for vibrato; the modern improvements in guitar design, amplifiers and effects has allowed guitarists to create a new palette of tremolo bar sound effects like the popular dive bomb.

There are four kinds of tremolo:

 * Bigsby tremolo - fitted at the bottom end of the body and with a limited pitch bend on both up and down. These distinctive looking tremolos are normally found on archtop guitars. Because of its limited range, it holds its tuning and is more stable than other non-locking tremolos that allow wider pitch bends.

 * Vintage synchronized tremolo - (sometimes called the strat-type tremolo) can only down bend. This type of tremolo is more stable than the floating bridge tremolo though still prone to tuning problems.

 * Floating bridge tremolo - this design allows wide bends of a tone or more in either direction though this greatly affects tuning stability. Poorly designed floating bridges on cheap guitars should be avoided since the flexibility of the design demands the highest quality in construction and components to ensure tuning stability.

 * Floyd Rose locking tremolo - this design locks the strings therefore ensuring that the original tension of the strings are not affected by the tremolo bar and the strings return to their original tension after use. The locking tremolo makes changing strings and tuning slightly more complicated though once in tune the locking tremolo maintains tuning stability far better than non-locking designs. You still need to check your tuning every time you play since tuning is affected by other factors, such as moving from a cold room to a hot room, and the locking tremolo does not negate these factors.

Pots
Almost all electric guitars have at least two pots (potentiometers) to control the volume and tone. The usual tone control circuit uses the inductance of the pickup's coil in conjunction with an additional capacitor to reduce high frequencies when the pot is turned counterclockwise. Near the minimum position (at about 2 or 3 out of 10) there is usually a noticeable midrange peak or nasality resulting from the capacitor and inductor resonating with each other. This is a distinctive sound not easily achieved with the tone controls of the amplifier alone. A Fender Stratocaster will typically have one master volume pot and two tone pots for the neck pickup and middle pickup.

Electric Guitar Necks
This section describes the different methods used for attaching the neck to an electric guitar:

Bolt-on neck - the neck is attached to the body with bolts which are held by a mounting plate for increased stability. The mounting plate can make accessing the higher frets difficult so some manufacturers, notably Ibanez, use a hidden plate. The bolt-on neck is a standard design used by Fender.

Set neck - the neck is attached to the body with adhesive. This is the method used on acoustics and rarely is it used for mass-produced electrics. Electric guitars that feature a set neck have to be built to a high standard since once glued on the neck is permanent and cannot be adjusted. Set necks are commonly found on more costly electric guitars. Gibson and Epiphone use set necks which is claimed to have these advantages over a bolt-on neck:

 * warmer tone
 * more sustain
 * better access to higher frets

Thru-body neck - the neck extends the entire length of the body. The strings, fretboard, pickups and bridge are all mounted on the thru-body neck. The ears or wings (the bouts) are attached or glued to the central stick. The wings may be book-matched in order to give a symmetrical appearance.

The thru-body neck is usually found on high-end guitars since the design is not favoured by mass-production manufacturers. It is more common on basses than guitars. The thru-body neck allows easier access to the higher frets because there is no heel and is considered by some guitarists to offer greater sustain.

גיטרה/הכרת מבנה הגיטרה

title: Guitar/Anatomy of a Guitar


text:
Web Design/Pen and Paper HTML activities

Spot the Error
With each of the following snippets of HTML, see if you can spot the error: A paragraph of text that is really important A paragraph of text that is really important

A paragraph of text with a list:  Point 1 Point 2


text:
kultivoida

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬), ultimately from and adapted with the verbal suffix.

Verb

 * 1)  To cultivate to nurture, tend an interest etc..

title: kultivoida


text:
List of Old Shirburnians

Sherborne is a British full boarding Public School located in the town of Sherborne in north-west Dorset.

This list comprises predominantly 20th-century notable Old Shirburnians organised by profession.

Academia

 * Alan Turing, mathematician, instrumental figure at Bletchley Park, father of Artificial Intelligence and the first modern computer.
 * Alfred North Whitehead, mathematician and philosopher
 * F. Sherwood Taylor chemist, Curator of the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford and Director of the Science Museum
 * Francis John Lys, Provost of Worcester College, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford
 * Harold Temperley, historian and former Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge
 * John Newsom-Davis, FRCP FRS, FMedSci, neurologist
 * Michael McCrum, former Headmaster of Eton College, former Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University until 2004.
 * Richard Atkinson, prehistorian and archeologist
 * Timothy Garton Ash, historian and author
 * Sir Colin Lucas, former Master of Balliol College and Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University until 2001.
 * Sir Derman Christopherson FRS FREng, former Vice-Chancellor of Durham University and Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge
 * Sir Malcolm Pasley Bt, literary scholar
 * The Right Honourable The Lord Thomas of Swynnerton, historian

Entertainment and the arts

 * Hugh Bonneville, actor, for example Downton Abbey
 * Christopher Bowerbank, architect and raconteur
 * Clive Carey, baritone singer and composer
 * Charles Collingwood, actor
 * Charlie Cox, actor
 * Sir Richard Eyre CBE, film and theatre director, artistic director of the National Theatre 1988–97
 * Phil Harvey, manager and creative director of rock band Coldplay.
 * Sir Michael Hopkins CBE, architect
 * Jeremy Irons, actor, for example Brideshead Revisited and The Mission
 * Rupert Maas English painting specialist & gallery owner
 * Chris Martin, lead singer of rock band Coldplay
 * Ian Messiter, creator of Just a Minute
 * John Le Mesurier, actor, for example in Dad's Army
 * Herbert Arnould Olivier, artist
 * Lance Percival, actor
 * Jon Pertwee, actor
 * Jonathan Powell, Controller of BBC One (1987–1992)
 * Albert Reginald Powys, architect and longtime Secretary of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
 * James Purefoy, actor
 * Roland Young, actor

Military

 * Admiral Sir Horace Law RN, Commander in Chief Naval Home Command 1971-2
 * Admiral Sir James Perowne, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe 1998–2002
 * Brigadier Hugh Bellamy, commander of 6th Airlanding Brigade during the Rhine Crossing and Operation Varsity, the famous airborne assault.
 * Captain Keith Muspratt, World War One flying ace
 * Field Marshal Sir Claud Jacob, WW1 Commander
 * Flight Lieutenant Carl Raymond Davis RAF, Battle of Britain flying ace
 * General Sir Charles Monro Bt, Commander in Chief India 1916–1920, Governor of Gibraltar 1923–1928
 * General Sir Jeremy Blacker, Master-General of the Ordnance 1991–1995
 * General Sir John Wilsey, Commander in Chief Land Command 1995–1996
 * General Sir Nicholas Parker, former Commander in Chief Land Command and former Deputy Commander of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan
 * Lieutenant Colonel Reginald Applin, developer of machine gun tactics and Conservative MP.
 * Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Spicer, CEO of Aegis Defence Services
 * Lieutenant General David Leakey, retired, former Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod 2010-18
 * Lieutenant General Sir Martin Garrod RM, former Commandant General Royal Marines 1987–90
 * Lieutenant General Sir Steuart Pringle Bt, RM, former Commandant General Royal Marines until 1984
 * Major General Julian Thompson, Commander of Royal Marines (3 Commando Brigade) in the Falklands War
 * Major General Patrick Cordingley, Commander Desert Rats (and overall British Commander) in the Gulf War
 * Major General Sir Iain Mackay-Dick, former Major-General Commanding the Household Division and General Officer Commanding London District
 * Major General Sir Roy Redgrave, former Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong
 * Major General Rupert Jones, Deputy Commander Operation Inherent Resolve 2016-17

Intelligence

 * Sir Christopher Curwen, British Intelligence Officer & former Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6).
 * Sir David Spedding, former Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6)

Diplomacy and colonial administration

 * Sir Alan Campbell, diplomat
 * Sir Brian Barder KCMG, former UK High Commissioner to Australia
 * Sir Donald MacGillivray, last British High Commissioner in Malaya
 * Sir Hugh Norman-Walker, colonial administrator
 * Sir John Weston, former UK Permanent Representative to the United Nations
 * Sir Timothy Daunt, former UK Ambassador to Turkey and current Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man
 * The Right Honourable Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe and former Governor-General of New Zealand.

Clergymen

 * The Most Reverend Edwin Curtis, former Archbishop of the Indian Ocean
 * The Reverend Rico Tice, priest and writer
 * The Right Reverend and Right Honourable David Sheppard, Baron Sheppard of Liverpool, well-known former Bishop of Liverpool and England cricketer
 * The Right Reverend Forbes Horan, former Bishop of Tewkesbury
 * The Right Reverend Geoffrey Lunt, former Bishop of Ripon
 * The Right Reverend Henry Henn, former Bishop of Burnley
 * The Right Reverend Henry Whitehead DD, former Bishop of Madras
 * The Right Reverend Neville Lovett CBE, DD, former Bishop of Salisbury
 * The Right Reverend Paul Barber, former Bishop of Brixworth
 * The Right Reverend Peter Mumford former Bishop of Truro 1981-9
 * The Right Reverend Piers Holt Wilson, former Bishop of Moray, Ross and Caithness 1943–52
 * The Venerable Arthur William Upcott DD, MA, eminent priest and educationalist, and Archdeacon of Hastings 1920–22.
 * The Very Reverend Benjamin Lewers, former Provost of Derby Cathedral
 * The Very Reverend Frank Bennett, former Dean of Chester and eminent Anglican scholar
 * The Reverend David Payne

Broadcasting

 * Tom Bradby, TV journalist and ITV News Political Editor
 * Alistair Bunkall, TV journalist and Sky News Defence Correspondent
 * Simon McCoy, TV journalist and BBC News news presenter
 * Nick Thorpe, TV, radio and print journalist, and BBC News Central Europe Correspondent (1996–); formerly BBC Budapest Correspondent

Politics

 * The Right Honourable William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury KG PC, 18th Century politician
 * The Right Honourable Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton CH PC DL, Secretary of State for the Colonies 1954-9
 * Charles Beauclerk, Earl of Burford, peer
 * The Right Honourable Sir Christopher Chataway, long-distance runner and Education Minister 1962–4.
 * The Right Honourable Thomas Buchanan, Under-Secretary of State for India 1908-9
 * Robert Key. Former Member of Parliament.
 * Stanley Johnson, politician, writer, farmer and father of Boris Johnson
 * Peter Oborne, journalist, author and political commentator
 * Aidan Hartley, Kenya-born journalist, author and film-maker
 * Michael Marsham, 7th Earl of Romney (1910-2004), hereditary peer who served in the House of Lords.
 * Srettha Thavisin Prime Minister of Thailand (2023-Present)

Writers and poets

 * Alec Waugh, author
 * Anthony Lane, film critic
 * Arthur Waugh, author, critic and publisher
 * Cecil Day-Lewis CBE, poet
 * David Cornwell, (a.k.a. John le Carré), writer, for example of Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy
 * John Cowper Powys, author, lecturer and philosopher
 * Jon Stock, journalist and author
 * Robert McCrum, writer and editor
 * Tim Heald, journalist and author
 * Warren Chetham-Strode MC, author and playwright

Sport

 * James Adams, cricketer
 * John Bain (1854–1929), England footballer and 1877 FA Cup Finalist
 * Peter Donald, cricketer
 * David Fursdon, cricketer and current Lord-Lieutenant of Devon
 * Mervin Glennie, cricketer
 * Ted Glover, cricketer
 * Nick Greenstock, former England Rugby Union centre
 * George Hargrave, cricketer
 * Will Homer, rugby union
 * Tom James, rugby union
 * Robin Kreyer, cricketer
 * Sir Francis Lacey, cricketer and Secretary of the MCC
 * Jeremy Quinlan, cricketer
 * Justin Ricketts, cricketer
 * Robert Rydon, cricketer
 * Ollie Sale, cricketer
 * Sir Hugh Vincent, rugby player (Wales)
 * Algernon Whiting, cricketer

Other

 * Sir Nathaniel Highmore GBE KCB, Government barrister and civil servant
 * Sir Alastair Pilkington, director of the Bank of England
 * Sir Thomas Villiers, businessman and politician prominent in Ceylon
 * Sir Geoffrey Briggs, Chief Justice of Brunei and of Hong Kong, 1973-9
 * Lieutenant Commander Peter Twiss first person to exceed 1000 miles per hour
 * Charles Palmer CIE, engineer and survivor of the siege of Lucknow
 * King Mswati III, king of Swaziland. Attended Sherborne International College
 * His Highness Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar. Attended Sherborne International College
 * Ronald Cunningham, (a.k.a. The Great Omani), escapologist
 * Nigel Dempster, journalist
 * Franklin Adin Simmonds FRCS, orthopaedic surgeon
 * John Insall, American, orthopaedic surgeon
 * Frederick Slessor, railway engineer
 * Tengku Hassanal Ibrahim, regent and crown prince of Pahang, Malaysia

Victoria Cross holders
Five Old Shirburnians have been awarded the Victoria Cross, to whom a memorial plaque was commissioned, the unveiling of which took place in the School Chapel on 19 September 2004.

VC won in the Crimean War, when he was a lieutenant in the Naval Brigade. Raby was the first man to actually receive the medal, with Queen Victoria pinning it onto him in the first investiture. VC won in the Second Afghan War, when he was a captain in the Bengal Staff Corps, Indian Army VC won in the First World War, when he was a temporary lieutenant colonel in the Sherwood Foresters VC won in the First World War, when he was a captain in the Royal Marine Light Infantry VC granted posthumously and he was gazetted captain; won in the Second World War, as a lieutenant in the Parachute Regiment
 * Rear Admiral Henry James Raby VC CB.
 * Brigadier General Sir Arthur George Hammond VC, KCB DSO
 * Major General Charles Edward Hudson VC, CB, DSO & Bar MC
 * Major Edward Bamford VC, DSO,
 * Captain John Hollington Grayburn VC,

title: List of Old Shirburnians


text:
Talk:Derrick Dockery

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 15:24, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:43, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derrick Dockery


text:
Introduction to psychology

Welcome to Introduction to Psychology which provides learning resources that can be used to introduce learners to psychology.

Objectives
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
 * Describe the scientific methods utilized in the study of human behavior;
 * Appreciate the diversity of the field of psychology and the dynamic nature of its continuing development and growth;
 * Understand the influence of biology, learning histories, situations, cognition, personality, and cultural factors, in the shaping and development of human behavior;
 * Understand the concepts, histories, methods of investigation, and theories of the different subfields of psychology;
 * Appreciate the importance of psychological principles as they apply to everyday life.

Outline

 * 1) Introduction to psychology as a science
 * 2) Research methods in psychology
 * 3) Biological basis of behavior
 * 4) Sensation and perception
 * 5) States of consciousness
 * 6) Human development
 * 7) Learning
 * 8) Memory
 * 9) Language and cognition
 * 10) Motivation and emotion
 * 11) Personality
 * 12) Intelligence
 * 13) Psychological disorders
 * 14) Psychotherapy and intervention
 * 15) Social psychology
 * 16) Media and communications psychology

Textbooks
Introductory psychology textbooks tend to cover a similar range of topics. It is recommended that this course use Introduction to Psychology (Wikibooks), as well as other online resources.

OpenStax has a free online introductory psychology textbook: Psychology 2e

Other

 * Saul Kassin's 'Psychology'.
 * Psychology by Alan J. Fridlund, Daniel Reisberg, Henry Gleitman. This textbook has been used for Stanford, Penn, MIT, and Harvard Introduction to Psychology courses.
 * Bernard J. Luskin, Casting the Net Over Global Learning, New Developments in Workforce Training and Online Psychologies, Griffin Publishing Group, 2002.

Lectures

 * /Questions and comments/

 * Chapter 1: Definition and History - Key words - Questions
 * Chapter 2: Research Methods - Key words
 * Chapter 3: Biological foundations - Key words
 * Lecture four: Developmental Psychology (briefly)
 * Lecture five: Sensation and Perception
 * Lecture six: Consciousness
 * Lecture seven: Learning
 * Lecture eight: Retention and Forgetting
 * Lecture nine: Cognitive Processes
 * Lecture ten: Motivation and Emotion
 * Lecture eleven: Psychological Testing and Individual Differences
 * Lecture twelve: Personality Principles
 * Lecture thirteen: Abnormal Personality Patterns
 * Lecture fourteen: Therapies
 * Lecture fifteen: Social Psychology

Related areas

 * School:Anthropology
 * Artificial consciousness
 * Topic:Artificial intelligence
 * Cognitive science
 * School:Biology
 * School:Economics
 * School:Education
 * Ethology

 * Human sexuality
 * Linguistics
 * Topic:Marketing
 * School:Medicine
 * Neuroscience
 * Topic:Psychiatry
 * Psychophysics
 * Philosophy of mind
 * Philosophy of psychology

 * Political science
 * Psychology of art
 * Relationship education
 * School:Social work
 * Topic:Sociobiology
 * School:Sociology
 * Topic:Statistics

Related topics

 * Aristotle, On the Soul
 * Tabula rasa
 * Empiricism
 * Rationalism
 * Scientific method
 * Evolution
 * Moral value
 * Systems theory
 * Complex systems
 * Game theory
 * Discourse analysis
 * Multilevel model
 * Structural equation modeling
 * Howard Gardner's Nine Types of Intelligence
 * Szaszian studies

Learning about Psychology

 * Dictionary of Psychology
 * Encyclopedia of Psychology
 * Learn Psychology Glossary
 * Simply Psychology
 * AQA A Psychology Resources

History of Psychology

 * The Archives of the History of American Psychology
 * A Century of Psychology (APA)
 * Classics in the History of Psychology

Other

 * Psychology Wiki
 * PsychWiki - Wiki for psychology researchers (theory, findings, research methods, funding sources, and more)
 * Find a Therapist - Psychology Today
 * AmoebaWeb Psychology Directory

title: Introduction to psychology


text:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware County, Pennsylvania

This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware County, Pennsylvania.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 98 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Seven sites are further designated as National Historic Landmarks. Another property was once listed but has been removed.

Current listings

 * }

Former listing

 * }


text:
1992 in Macau

Events from the year 1992 in Portuguese Macau.

Incumbents

 * President Mário Soares
 * Governor - Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira

title: 1992 in Macau


text:
Talk:Little Things (poem)

Moving from article to talkpage
"I have a an old card this poem is printed on inside a border. The illustration is a girl and a dog on a beach staring out to sea.

It is printed in green lettering and says No. 51 on lower left side. On the back is hand written "Presented by Charles Lewis Aug.27 1857."

For this printing, the third and fourth verse are as follows:" "Thus our little errors Lead the soul away From the path of virtue Off in sin to stray

Little deeds of kindness Little words of love Make our Earth an Eden Like the heaven above"

This was added by 2600:8804:6100:12A0:9C4B:2B0D:8319:A225 to the article on 20:52, September 7, 2018. As there was no citation, I moved it here. --Rosiestep (talk) 03:54, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Little Things (poem)


text:
Chandan

Chandan may refer to:
 * Chandan, is a surname used by Hindus in India
 * Chandana, the Sanskrit name for Indian sandalwood (Santalum album)
 * Chandan (film), a 1958 film
 * Chandan Yatra, an Indian festival

 * Chandan, son of Panna Dai, 16th century nursemaid who let him be murdered to save the life of the heir to the throne of Mewar
 * Chandan Brahma, Indian politician
 * Chandan Dass, Indian singer
 * Chandan Kumar, Indian actor
 * Chandan Channakeshava, Indian entrepreneur
 * Chandan Prabhakar, Indian comedian
 * Chandan Shetty, Indian composer
 * Chandan Dass, Indian ghazal singer

title: Chandan


text:
vestiture

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  The hairs of plants, invertebrates and other non-mammalian organisms, taken as a whole.
 * 2)  Investiture (of a person with a specific role, powers etc.).
 * 3)  Clothes, clothing.
 * 1)  Clothes, clothing.

title: vestiture


text:
Talk:Derek Collins

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Derek Collins. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071214214210/http://www.maltafootball.com/archive/news/2001-08.shtml to http://www.maltafootball.com/archive/news/2001-08.shtml

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:41, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derek Collins


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Circus metal (4th nomination)

The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE. Harr o 5 02:11, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Circus metal (4th nomination)
Article has been strongly deleted three times by AFD, and has been recreated by the members of a Yahoo Chat Group, who have admitted to coining the term to advertise their favourite bands and yahoo group. This is in Violation of WP:BOT, especially after recreating the article after it has been strongly deleted three times by AFD. Ley Shade 19:39, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Strong delete per nom Bucketsofg 20:09, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete and protect per nom. Joe 20:39, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as reposted material. -- Vary | Talk 21:11, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * speedy Delete as complete and utter bollocks. Spearhead 22:12, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete and deletedpage as per previous AfD discussions.  (aeropagitica)   22:27, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, repost of previously deleted material. Protect to high heaven afterwards. Lord Bob 22:46, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:27, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete per G4. — RJH 16:15, 21 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:ZoFreX/My ToDo

My task list

 * Finally find the truth behind the news at Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe
 * Take a photo of Woodland Court (and then learn how to open license it!)
 * Check the facts in retro video game articles
 * Find some sources for The Game (game) - if not, do some research myself (in which case I won't edit the article myself, of course).
 * Clean up The Rex
 * Farbrausch could be a lot better

title: User:ZoFreX/My ToDo


text:
Ad Astral Aviation

Ad Astral Aviation was a charter airline and former advanced flight school based at Perth Airport, Western Australia from 1986 to 2016. The company's name originated from the Latin phrase and common Air Force term 'ad astra' which means "to the stars".

Operations
Ad Astral operated from the Perth Flight Centre in the general aviation precinct at Perth Airport. The charter airline branch of the company operated across Western Australia on mining contract flights as well as some occasional interstate ad hoc charters.

In late 2016, Ad Astral was acquired by Adelaide based charter airline Rossair in a deal to help both companies capture more of the growing tourism market in both South Australia and Western Australia.

Fleet
Current fleet:
 * Beechcraft 1900C – 2
 * Beechcraft 1900D – 2
 * Beechcraft 76 Duchess – 1

title: Ad Astral Aviation


text:
antifona

Etymology
From, from , from , from +.

Noun

 * 1)  antiphon, antiphony
 * 2) anthem

Noun

 * 1) antiphony

title: antifona


text:
Zhavoronkovo

Zhavoronkovo (Жаворонково) is a rural locality (a selo) in Biysk, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 113 as of 2013. There are 13 streets.

Geography
Zhavoronkovo is located 38 km west of Biysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Savinovo is the nearest rural locality.

title: Zhavoronkovo