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Metabolomics/Nutrition

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Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolomics
Metabolomics has been widely adopted in pharmacology and toxicology but is relatively new in human nutrition. The ultimate goal, to understand the effects of exogenous compounds on human metabolic regulation, is similar in all 3 fields. However, the application of metabolomics to nutritional research will be met with unique challenges. Little is known of the extent to which changes in the nutrient content of the human diet elicit changes in metabolic profiles. Moreover, the metabolomic signal from nutrients absorbed from the diet must compete with the myriad of nonnutrient signals that are absorbed, metabolized, and secreted in both urine and saliva. The large-bowel microflora also produces significant metabolic signals that can contribute to and alter the metabolome of biofluids in human nutrition. Notwithstanding these possible confounding effects, every reason exists to be optimistic about the potential of metabolomics for the assessment of various biofluids in nutrition research. This potential lies both in metabolic profiling through the use of pattern-recognition statistics on assigned and unassigned metabolite signals and in the collection of comprehensive data sets of identified metabolites; both objectives have the potential to distinguish between different dietary treatments, which would not have been targeted with conventional techniques. The latter objective sets out a well-recognized challenge to modern biology: the development of libraries of small molecules to aid in metabolite identification. The purpose of the present review was to highlight some early challenges that need to be addressed if metabolomics is to realize its great potential in human nutrition.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 82, No. 3, 497-503, September 2005 © 2005 American Society for Clinical Nutrition

What is Metabolomics?
Metabolomics is newly developing field studying the products and effects of the metabolism on the pathological and physiological states within biological samples. Metabolomics offers the possibility of discovering the reasons and causes of certain phenotypes. Another discovery from Metabolomics is the discovery of biomarkers, which reveal changes in health and disease, and can reflect dietary habits. Metabolomics is essential in the study of how specific diets interact with the human body, one of the most important aspects of nutrition.

Koulman, A., and D. A. Volmer. "Perspectives for metabolomics in human nutrition: an overview." Nutrition Bulletin 33.4 (2008)

Small molecule metabolites, the end product of cellular processes, are the most accurate marker of the responses of biological systems resulting from changes either genetic or environmental. There are approximately 2,900 biochemicals (metabolites) that are the key to cellular phenotypes.

Milburn, Michael. "Using Metabolic Profiling Technology to Advance Cell Culture Development." BioPharm International June 2009, p.28-34

Limitations of Metabolomics
Metabolic profiling has been conducted for over 50 years, which has provided a lot of very helpful information but currently there is not enough data nor a standard way to collect and record data for the study of metabolomics to really be helpful now. Metabolomics has the potential to discover early warning signs of certain diseases as well as determine the effects of certain foods and drugs on the body. This potential could be much greater if more data is collected and recorded accurately and precisely into a database. By recording the effects of age, gender, race, ethnicity, body composition, health, dietary intake, physical activity, stress, and many more factors, people would be able to better interpret their new metabolomic data and advance the general metabolomic knowledge. Without this there is no baseline or control group with which to compare data which greatly hinders proper research and theory creation.

Walsh, M. C. and A. Nugent, L. Brennan and M. J. Gibney. "Understanding the metabolome – challenges for metabolomics." UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Ireland. The British Nutrition Foundation. The Nutrition Bulletin, December 2008. URL: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6&hid=109&sid=bd42c8d7-0cb2-4f8b-954e-d93dc1b131df%40sessionmgr111

Future Of Metabolomics
The future of Metabolomics seems to be coming ever clearer in the wake of increasing scientific innovation in the area of the genome. Through the use and study of various aspects of the genome there has been great scientific improvement which has laid the groundwork for more relevant innovations. Such innovations would include proteome (the study of entire protein complements of cells tissues or fluid compartments), and the metabolome (the study of entire metabolite complements in cells, tissues or fluids) which will support modern nutrition (1). With these scientific leaps in genomic research, Metabolomics, lead by Nutrition, has the potential to reduce disease in both individuals and entire populations. This is all made possible by several innovative and relatively new technologies such as the gene array which performs global gene expression analysis (1). This is just one of the many feats of engineering which have made it possible for us to quantify and understand the human gene and how it relates to Nutrition. J. B. German, M. A. (2002). Metabolomics and Individual Metabolic Assessment: The Next Great Challenge for Nutrition. The Journal Of Nutrition, URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/132/9/2486#BIBL.

Nutrition, Metabolomics, and Disease
Dysregulation at the level of primary metabolic organs and tissues form the foundation of many diseases. Some primary tissues of current interest include adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, the intestine and liver. The metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and obesity may all be understood as ecological phenomena where metabolism is the primary intermediary between diet and health outcomes. The assessment of essential nutrient status and a comprehensive understanding of metabolic response (e.g. metabolic phenotype) to ecological risk factors is necessary for the identification of effective disease prevention strategies as well as interventions in the clinical treatment of metabolic disease.

Nutrition and Oral Disease
The below is not medical advice, and is not (as prohibited by government regulation) designed to treat, or prevent any illnesses. The information is currently under review for quality and accuracy.

Nutrition plays a key role in the prevention of many oral diseases, dental caries, dental erosion, developmental defects, oral mucosal diseases and periodontal disease. Poor nutrition can lead to a breakdown in tooth enamel and an increase in oral mucosal. The consumption of soft drinks, which are heavy with acid, has been shown to lead to significant dental erosion. A balanced diet and proper nutrition are essential to the maintaining of a healthy oral system, as well as the rest of the body. Bacteria can also cause periodontal disease, gum disease, and erosion. Chewing antibiotics is one way to prevent periodontal disease.

Periodontal disease, an oral infectious disease involving inflammation and loss of bone and supporting tissues, progresses more rapidly in undernourished developing populations around the world. Many local and systematic factors influence the severity and longevity of progression of the common yet preventable disease.

Malnutrition however exacerbates the severity of oral infections, which are contributing factors to other life-threatening diseases. Deficiencies in vitamin C lead to scurvy, while deficiencies in vitamin A, D and other protein-energy components are associated with enamel hyplosia and salivary gland atrophy. Antioxidant intake in foods, such as pomegranate seeds, green or black teas, have been used as buffers of reactive oxygen species that lead to tooth decay. Antioxidants are found in high fruit and vegetable diets and have been determined to contain anti carcinogenic properties. Diet plays an important role in the dynamic equilibrium of dimineralization-remineralization of the tooth surface. Therefore, food's form, frequency of sugar and alcohol intake, and combination of vital nutrients and minerals play an important role in maintaining a healthy oral system.

Moynihan, Paula J. "The role of diet and nutrition in the etiology and prevention of oral diseases." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83.9 (2005)

Position of the American Dietetic Association: Liberalization of the Diet Prescription Improves Quality of Life for Older Adults in Long-Term Care Journal of the American Dietetic Association - December 2005 (Vol. 105, Issue 12, Pages 1955-1965, DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2005.10.004)

Rugg-gunn A. Nutrition, diet and oral health. Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh [serial online]. December 2001;46(6):320. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed June 3, 2010.

Nutrition and Celiac disease
Celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory small intestinal disorder that can lead to severe villous atrophy, malabsorption, and malignancy. It is triggered by the gluten proteins of wheat, barley, and rye. All patients express the antigen presenting molecules human leukocyte antigen-DQ2 (HLA-DQ2) and/or HLA-DQ8, which bind gluten peptides and thus activate destructive intestinal T cells. Patients with untreated CD have circulating IgA autoantibodies to the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTG), a component of endomysium. Testing for serum IgA tTG has a high predictive value. Therapy of CD is a lifelong gluten-free diet. Counseling by an expert dietitian and association with a celiac support group are important in helping the patient embark on a healthy gluten-free diet. Current research focuses on non-dietary therapies and treatment of refractory (diet-unresponsive) CD.

Kelly, Ciaran P., Dennis, Melinda D., Schuppan, Detlef. “Celiac Disease: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Nutritional Management”. Nutrition in Clinical Care (April 2005).

There is an estimated prevalence of 1% in North America. Typically symptoms become present in early childhood and consist of abdominal cramps, diarrhea, malabsorption and nutrient deficiencies. A link has been found with giving infant cereal, which contains gluten, too young and developing Celiac disease. Parents are advised to wait until 4-6 months of age before giving babies infant cereal. In a study of over 1500 children 51 developed the disease and those who were exposed to infant cereal before 3 months were at 5 times more likely to develop the disease.

Belanger, Jeanette E.; Wooltorton, Eric; "Is the timing of infant cereal introduction a risk factor for celiac disease autoimmunity?" Canadian Medical Association Journal p.1374, November 22, 2005

Nutrition and Childhood Obesity
The rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is alarming, particularly in light of its many medical and psychosocial consequences.Due to the multifactorial etiology of overweight and obesity, action is needed concurrently at many levels. Physicians should screen for overweight and obesity regularly in order to address the problem at an early stage. One promising approach is to introduce healthy eating habits, focusing on portion control and a diet rich innon-starchy vegetables, fruits, and legumes, and sufficient in moderate-glycemic index/load foods, protein, healthy types of fat, and reduced-fat dairy foods. In addition, it is important to decrease sedentary behaviors and increase physical activity. The earlier a healthy lifestyle is introduced into a child's life, the more likely it is to become a way of life. Parents have a major role to play in controlling what their young child eats and in reinforcing healthy eating at an early age, serving as role models themselves. Interventions that include the whole family in the process are likely to have the most success in the prevention and treatment of childhood overweight and obesity.

Philippas, Niki G, Lo, Clifford W. “Childhood Obesity: Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment”. Nutrition in Clinical Care. (April 2005).

Nutrition and the link between Childhood Obesity and Severe Adult Obesity
Childhood obesity not only affects the health and nutrition of a child’s life, but also puts them at a higher risk of having severe adult obesity. In a study done by Ilonna and Alfred Rimm where they conducted a questionnaire completed by 73,532 women, they found that a large portion of severely obese women were also obese children. The data found from their study also suggests that the risk of an overweight child developing severe adult obesity is significantly greater than that of non-obese children. Since adult obesity can be linked to so many health problems and adult diseases, this study shows the importance of weight control through childhood.

Rimm, Ilonna J., and Alfred A. Rimm, PHD. "Association between Juvenile Onset Obesity and Severe Adult Obesity in 73,532 Women." Public Health Briefs66.5 (1976): 479-81. Print.

Obesity and the Link to Malignant Cancer
Not only does being obese contribute to things like cardiovascular disease and diabetes, research has shown that it can also be linked to an increased risk of cancer. Researchers estimate that excess weight may account for 14 percent of cancer death in men and 20 percent of cancer deaths in women. As far as preventable risk factors for cancer go, only smoking rates higher. There is a major connection between cancer and insulin, which happens to be one of the main hormones that responds to obesity. The more obese the individual, then typically the more insulin they will have in their system. Also, concentrations of hormones that cause inflammation may rise with fat concentrations, which also may set cancer in motion Any of these fluctuations in hormone levels could work together to initiate carcinogenesis.

Nutrition Health Review: The Consumer's Medical Journal; 2009, Issue 100, p8-8, 1/2p

Maternal Influence on Nutrition
Adequate nutrition and balance of vitamins has a huge effect on human growth before we are even born. During pregnancy, it is important for mother’s to maintain proper balances of vitamins and minerals in order to support the long term develop and health of the metabolism in her child. A recent study published in The New England Journal of Medicine indicated the importance of Vitamin A, for example. The article notes that “vitamin A deficiency in a mother during pregnancy could have lasting adverse effects on the lung health of her offspring” by not providing the child with the support it is needs to build healthy alveoli of the lungs (West et. Al 2010). Properly developed lungs, help contribute to the overall health of an infant. Other research has also determined the importance of micronutrients in a mother’s diet that help support a healthy baby. Mother’s who maintained diets high in micronutrients and vitamins found in green leafy vegetables, fruit and milk tended to have larger and healthier babies. The study also notes that mother’s who had high levels of glucose; insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides during pregnancy increased the chances that their child would develop higher insulin resistance, which is one of the main causes of diabetes (Yajnik 2006).

Checklye W, West KP Jr, Wise RA, Baldwin MR, Wu L, LeClerg SC, Christian P, Katz J, Tielsch JM, Khatry S, Sommer A. 2010. Mineral Vitamin A Supplementation and Lung Function in Offspring. New England Journal of Medicine. 13:362(19): 1784-94.

Yajnik, Chittarani. 2006. Nutritional Control of Fetal Growth. Nutrition Reviews. 64(5): 49-51.

Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy
Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones. Nearly 80 percent of the iodine in the body is found in the thyroid gland, most of it is the thyroid hormones. The amount of iodide, a form of iodine, in drinking water generally depends on the iodine content of local soil. Some 10 percent of the world population is at risk of developing iodine deficiency because they live at high altitudes where the drinking water is low in iodide. To counteract low iodine levels iodide is sometimes added to commercial table salt.

In iodine deficiency, the thyroid gland attempts to capture more iodide for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and enlarges. The iodide level in the blood and urine is very low. A pregnant woman who is deficient in iodine may have a baby whose brain is improperly developed because of iodine deficiency. This condition is called cretinism (Beers: 1999). Cretinism is marked by irreversible mental and growth retardation (Tatsumi: 1992).

The Merck Manual, 17th ed. Mark H. Beers, MD, Robert Berkow, MD, eds. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Labs, 1999.

Ke-ita Tatsumi1, Kiyoshi Miyai1, Tsugunori Notomi1, Kyoko Kaibe1, Nobuyuki Amino1, Yuji Mizuno2 & Hitoshi Kohno.3 “Cretinism with combined hormone deficiency caused by a mutation In the PIT1 gene” Nature Genetics 1, 56–58 (1992) doi: 10.1038/ng0492-56

Nutrient specific sections
The are many types of vitamins classified by the materials in which they will dissolve, two of which are: Fat Soluble and Water Soluble. Others are Calcium, Fish Oil, Flax Seed, Iron, Vitamin K, Vitamin E, and Vitamin D.

Calcium
Calcium is mineral that is the most likely to be deficient in the human diet. 99% of the calcium in the human body is stored in the bones and teeth. It is the most supportive element in bones and teeth and makes up 70% of bone weight and accounts for bone strength. The last 1% floats in the bloodstream and performs a variety of functions throughout the body. It also helps in contracting muscles and regulating the contractions of the heart. It also plays a key role in the transmission of nerve impulses and in blood clotting. It is also involved in the stimulation of contractions during childbirth as well as milk production. In order for the body to absorb calcium, there needs to be Vitamin D in the blood. Vitamin D is a key ingredient that enables calcium to pass from the digestive system into the bones or blood. Even though everyone knows that calcium is important in a healthy adult diet, some people still don’t get enough and end up being deficient. Calcium deficiency causes the bones to weaken and thin out and can even cause them to be brittle. It also causes osteoporosis which means that the bones have developed tiny holes and increases risk of fracture. Osteoporosis seems to affect women more often than men. So, for the average adult, ingest 1000mg of calcium and you will continue to grow up big and strong.

References: http://www.thedietchannel.com/What-You-Should-Know-About-Calcium-Deficiency.htm; http://www.vitamins-nutrition.org/vitamins/calcium.html

At the other end of the spectrum, a study was done by Taru K Pilvi et al. to investigate energy restriction and its effect on weight loss. As a further investigation, this study also aimed to explain "whether the [weight-loss] effect of energy restriction can be further enhanced by modification of dietary protein source and calcium." They found that the increased levels of dairy protein and calcium had a "significant effect on hepatic lipid changes." The mice of this study that were fed a diet with increased levels of whey protein and calcium exhibited a reduction in "the relative level of potentially diabetogenic ceramides and diacylglycerols to the level observed in lean animals." Another study showed similar effects of increased dairy in the diet of obese subjects. This study done by Zemel MB et al. showed a direct association between increased dietary calcium and lipid utilization. Both of these studies concluded that increased calcium consumption during energy restriction results in augmented weight loss in obese individuals.

References:

Taru K Pilvi et al. 2008. Metabolomic changes in fatty liver can be modified by dietary protein and calcium during energy restriction, World J Gastroenterol, 14(28): 4462–4472.

Zemel MB et al. 2005. Dairy augmentation of total and central fat loss in obese subjects, International journal of obesity, 29(4):391-397.

Fat Soluble Vitamins
Fat soluble vitamins can be very important to some people more than others for many reasons. The American Society for Nutrition claims that, "fat-soluble vitamins are needed for maintaining optimal function of innate and adaptive immune cells." In that case, fat soluble vitamins can help improve immune response to tumors. However, that is not the only thing that fat soluble vitamins can help improve. There are a variety of fat soluble vitamins that can improve health. The beneficial effects can vary considering that they can improve different aspects of the human body. Fat-soluble vitamins -- vitamins A, D, E and K -- dissolve in fat before they are absorbed in the blood stream to carry out their functions. Excesses of these vitamins are stored in the liver. Because they are stored, they are not needed every day in the diet.

 * /Vitamin A/
 * /Vitamin K/

Fish Oil
Fish oil is found in omega 3 and is part of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. It a natural oil usually produced from the body of cold-water fish. The generic name is vitamin A and the brand names are A-25, A/Fish Oil, Aquasol A which comes in a capsule form with soft gel liquid inside. It is known as the marine oils and is essential fatty acids that are found in fish. There are two main ingredients to fish oil. One is the 20 carbon eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The other is the 22-carbon docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The average fish oil supplement is 20 EPA and 10 DHA for a total of 30 omega-3, which may help to keep block triglycerides in check and help protect against atherosclerosis. Studies have found that fish oil may help prevent Crohn's disease, high blood pressure, high triglycerides and rheumatoid arthritis. Fish oil is also good for the brain because the brain is one of the largest consumers of DHA. It can be known as brain food.

Reference: http://www.nutrasanus.com/fish-oil.html, http://vvv.com/healthnews/fishoils.html

In one Australian study, fish oil supplements taken by women during pregnancy were associated with improved hand-eye coordination of their children. It is also suggested that high doses of fish oil are beneficial in the last weeks of pregnancy and further research is being done to determine the ways in which it is.

Reference: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/02/health/nutrition/02nutr.html?scp=3&sq=fish+oil+supplements&st=nyt

Populations that consume large amounts of fish have been associated with reduced incidences of breast cancer. LIke it has been said, fish oil is high in omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), and research is being done to determine whether it is that aspect of fish that seems to contribute to protection against breast cancer.

Reference: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/12g6398b?query=fish%20oil

Flax Seed
According to health experts, the seed of the blue-flowering flax plant that can be easily found on Canadian and Mesopotamian soil, is packed with disease-fighting nutrients and fiber. It is also loaded with two fatty acids that are necessary for our bodies: omega-3s and lingans, which also work as natural antioxidants. The omega-3s in the flax seed help remove toxins from the human body, as well as helping with the prevention of heart disease and inflammation. The lignans aid with the prevention of cancers and provides 700 times the amount of fiber that can be found in legumes or whole grains. This fiber is also great for fighting bad cholesterol and type 2 diabetes. Omega-3 and lignan are essential to every membrane and cell in the human body, making them extremely beneficial. Flax seed has the ability to fix radical oxygen atoms. Radical oxygen molecules can cause molecular damage to DNA, shortening and damaging it. They are associated with the deterioration of the body often associated with aging.

Flax seed also has notable effects on the menstrual cycle. It prolonges the fertile stage of the menstrual cycle, the luteal phase. It also helps regulate the release of an ovum. Women that regularly consume flax seed are more likely to release an egg for every menstrual cycle they have than women who have a low fiber diet withno flax seed supplements. Two phytochemicals in flax seed are linked to changes in the female hormonal cycle associated with these changes in the menstrual cycle. They are absorbed in the intestines and affect the ratios of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone during different times in the menstrual cycle. A study at Duke University found that men scheduled for prostate cancer surgery who began eating two teaspoons of flaxseed oil daily, showed that within 30 days the flax seed halted tumor growth and many of the cancer cells had self-destructed. Although all parts of the flax seed including the seed, oil, or both would benefit our diets, shopping for flaxseed can prove difficult as there are so many processed variations of the plant, each of which with its own care instructions. Be sure to read the back of all packaging’s to make sure you choose the best one for you.

Reference: Rubin, Tina. "The Flax of Life." Better Nutrition Apr. 2010: 54. Print.

Prasad, Kailash. "Hydroxyl radical-scavenging property of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) isolated from flax-seed ." Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Mar. 1997: 168. Print.

WR Phipps, MC Martini. "Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1993: 77. Print.

Iron
Iron is split into two categories. HEME iron can be obtained only from meat, fish and poultry and is an easier type of iron for the body to break down and use as a nutrient. NON-HEME iron can be obtained from fruits, vegetables, beans, nuts and grains and is more difficult for the body to absorb. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for males aged 19 to 50 is 8mg/day. Females in the same age range are suggested to consume 18mg of iron per day. Iron deficiency is the number one nutritional disorder in the world. It can be caused by a low dietary intake of iron or the inability to absorb the iron consumed. Also, excessive blood loss is another factor. Women are at a higher risk for iron deficiency because of the consistent menstrual blood loss experienced during their menstrual cycle. To help fight iron deficiency many breakfast cereals are iron-fortified shown on the nutrition label.

Reference: http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/iron.asp#h4 http://www.mckinley.illinois.edu/Handouts/dietary_sources_iron.html

Iron is both an essential nutrient and a potential toxicant to cells, requiring a highly sophisticated and complex set of regulatory approaches to meet the demands of cells as well as to prevent excess accumulation. For humans, iron plays a central role in oxygen transport and the synthesis of haemoglobin, myoglobin, and some important enzymes to energy production. Many studies have demonstrated that iron deficiency may impair the performance of athletes, so normal iron status in athletes is especially important. Exercise alone may not lead to a true iron deficiency, but probably results from dietary choices, inadequate iron intake, and menstruation. Iron deficiency affects particularly pregnant women, young children, and adolescents. Iron is a micro-nutrient and is required for regulation of brain neurotransmitters by altering the pathway enzymatic system. Studies have shown that iron deficiency in infants can negatively impact neurological development necessary later in life. It is thought that early iron deficiency can possibly impair the development and function of the hippocampus in the brain, which plays an important role in developing and retaining long-term memories. Iron deficiency in infants might also impair the dopamine system. It is possible that those adolescents who were exposed to chronic and sever iron deficiency in their infant stages may exhibit deficits on tests in things like Spatial Working Memory, Rapid VIsual Information Processing, Pattern Recognition Memory, and Spatial Recognition Memory.

Reference: Qian, Zhong Ming. "Nitric Oxide and Changes of Iron Metabolism in Exercise". Cambridge Journals.

Agarwal, Kailash N. "Iron and the Brain: Neurotransmitter receptors and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy". British Journal of Nutrition.

Lukowski, Angela F. "Iron deficiency in infancy and neurocognitive functioning at 19 years: evidence of long-term deficits in executive function and recognition memory."

Vitamin K and Vitamin E Interactions
As noted above each vitamin is necessary "for maintaining optimal function of innate and adaptive immune cells" yet it is important to remember that each vitamin also interacts with the others. Interestingly, some studies have indicated that Vitamin E may decrease Vitamin K's addition to the immune system. Though the connection has not been proven, preliminary clinical trials have reflected that Vitamin K's metabolism is slowed with an excess of Vitamin E. One hypothesis is that Vitamin K and E compete for the enzyme. So far only rats have been tested, though it has been observed with statistical significance that when an excess of Vitamin E is present there are far fewer MK-4's (the metabolized Vitamin K).

Vitamin A is a vitamin that is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of a specific metabolite, the light-absorbing molecule retinal. This molecule is necessary for both scotopic and color vision. Vitamin A also functions in a very different role, as an irreversibly oxidized form of retinoic acid, which is an important hormone-like growth factor for epithelial and other cells. Vitamin A can be found in two principal forms in foods: Retinol which is the form of vitamin A absorbed when eating animal food sources. The carotenes alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, gamma-carotene; and the xanthophyll beta-cryptoxanthin (all ofwhich contain beta-ionone rings), function as vitamin A in herbivores and omnivore animals. The discovery of vitamin A may have stemmed from research dating back to 1906, indicating that factors other than carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were necessary to keep cattle healthy. Adequate supply of Vitamin A is especially important for pregnant and breastfeeding women, since deficiencies cannot be compensated by postnatal supplementation. However, excess Vitamin A, especially through vitamin supplementation, can cause birth defects and should not exceed recommended daily values. Since vitamin A is fat-soluble, disposing of any excesses taken in through diet is much harder than with water-soluble vitamins B and C, thus vitamin A toxicity may result. This can lead to nausea, jaundice, irritability, anorexia vomiting, blurry vision, headaches, hairloss, muscle and abdominal pain and weakness, drowsiness, and altered mental status. Toxic effects of vitamin A have been shown to significantly affect developing fetuses. Therapeutic doses used for acne treatment have been shown to disrupt cephalic neural cell activity. The fetus is particularly sensitive to vitamin A toxicity during the period of organogenesis.

Reference: Traber, Maret G. (2008). "Vitamin K Interactions a 50-year Problem." Nutrition Reviews, 66(11):624-629, doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00123.x.

Vitamin D
Vitamin D is sometimes known as the “sun-shine vitamin” due to it's ability to fight off infections. It is also important for bone health. It can protect against osteoporosis, arthritis and other bone problems. In the study of Osteoporotic fractures in men study, researchers found that low vitamin D levels were connected to a greater possibility for arthritis, whereas men with higher vitamin D levels had reduced chances of developing arthritis. With a sufficient intake of Vitamin D, it is possible to build a defense against arthritis, as the vitamin D helps to regulate the development and maintenance of bone and cartilage.

Vitamin D has been recently found to have many additional health benefits outside of bone health. People with sufficient vitamin D levels have been found to have increased testosterone and muscle mass. Gaining your vitamin D solely through sunshine is generally not enough to maintain a healthy level.

Vitamin D supplements are widely recommended for people who live in environments that don’t receive an adequate amount of sunshine. Vitamin D is one of the body’s essential vitamins and a 2010 study by Japanese researchers suggest there might be a link between vitamin D and flu prevention. Although more studies will be necessary to make a conclusive link, there was an 8% decrease in flu diagnoses among children who received the recommended 700-1000 IU a day as compared to those receiving a placebo. A lack of Vitamin D has been known to be a leading cause of rickets; soft and weak bones. Low levels of vitamin D have also been related to heart disease and some forms of cancer. This vitamin can be attained through direct sunlight or food fortified with vitamin D. Individuals with darker skin require more sunlight exposure to take in as much vitamin D as a fair-skinned person.

Vitamin D is one of many important body essential vitamins that help balance the body. It is known to be an immune system regulator. Researchers states that, “the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], has been shown to inhibit the development of autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).” In total reverse of proper Vitamin D intake and low counts of Vitamin D receptors, it can result in accelerated inflammatory bowel disease. Dietary calcium can help trigger the effects of Vitamin D on the immune system because it has its own independent effects on inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment of mice on low-calcium diets can improve the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease.

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids, the two major physiologically relevant forms of which are vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D2 or D3 or both. Vitamin D is produced in the skin of vertebrates after exposure to ultraviolet B light, and occurs naturally in a small range of foods. In some countries staples such as milk, flour and margarine are artificially fortified with vitamin D, and it is also available as a supplement in pill form. Vitamin D is carried in the bloodstream to the liver, where it is converted into the prohormone calcidiol. Circulating calcidiol may then be converted into calcitriol, the biologically active form of vitamin D, either in the kidneys or by monocyte-macrophages in the immune system. When synthesized by monocyte-macrophages, calcitriol acts locally as a cytokine, defending the body against microbial invaders. When synthesized in the kidneys, calcitriol circulates as a hormone, regulating, among other things, the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream, promoting the healthy mineralization, growth and remodeling of bone, and the prevention of hypocalcemic tetany. Vitamin D insufficiency can result in thin, brittle, or misshapen bones, while sufficiency prevents rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, and, together with calcium, helps to protect older adults from osteoporosis. Vitamin D also modulates neuromuscular function, reduces inflammation, and influences the action of many genes that regulate the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of cells. Important that Washington citizens try to find time to get out in the sun and get there vitamin D. there are a vast array of consequences for the human body that does no obtain enough vitamin D. So get out there and get your sunshine.

There was a study done about the correlation between milk consumption and prostate cancer. The study, although far from having definite answers seemed to find a pattern in the decreased rates of prostate cancer in men who take in lots of vitamin D. The vitamin D seems to have some sort of preventative effect on prostate cancer. It was certainly found that men who take in less vitamin D have a greater chance of getting and dying from prostate cancer. The study did find that the calcium in milk decreases the production of vitamin D3 which in turn cancels out the beneficial effects of the vitamin. In other words vitamin D from milk, although still good for you, does not have to preventative effect on prostate cancer as a healthy does of pure vitamin D does. Givens, D. I. and R. Morgan and P. C. Elwood. "Relationship between milk consumption and prostate cancer: a short review." Animal Science Research Group, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK; Department of Primary Care and Public Health Centre for Health Sciences Research, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK. December 2008 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6&hid=109&sid=c363fced-4af5-4cc1-8834-e7cbab5d40a6%40sessionmgr113

Brown, Jordana, Weir, Kirsten,

 * /Vitamin E/

Water Soluble Vitamins
B-complex vitamins and vitamin C are water-soluble vitamins that are not stored in the body and must be replaced each day.These vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during food storage and preparation.The B-complex group is found in a variety of foods: cereal grains, meat, poultry, eggs, fish, milk, legumes and fresh vegetables. Citrus fruits are good sources of vitamin C. The use of megadoses of vitamins is not recommended and in some cases can have undesirable results. In 2010, Canadian researches studied 238 people with chronic kidney disease, challenging earlier studies that had suggested B vitamins could protect the kidneys because they lower blood levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that is linked to a higher risk of kidney damage. Yet after three years of studies it was found that those who got the high-dose B vitamins had a greater decrease in kidney function that those who received the placebo. Vitamins are essential nutrients found in foods. The requirements are small but they perform specific and vital functions essential for maintaining health. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored; they are eliminated in urine. We need a continuous supply of them in our diets. The water-soluble vitamins are the B-complex group and vitamin C.

Water-soluble vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during food storage or preparation. Proper storage and preparation of food can minimize vitamin loss. To reduce vitamin loss, refrigerate fresh produce, keep milk and grains away from strong light, and use the cooking water from vegetables to prepare soups

 * /Vitamin C/
 * /Folate/
 * /Dietary fiber/

title: Metabolomics/Nutrition


text:
Talk:Aniruddh Dave

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:07, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
 * ANIRUDDH DAVE.jpg

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Aniruddh Dave


text:
Enfield West (UK Parliament constituency)

Enfield West was a constituency which returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was created for the 1950 general election and abolished for the February 1974 general election.

Boundaries
The Urban District of Potters Bar, and the Urban District of Enfield wards of South West and West.

Potters Bar Urban District (comprising that town, South Mimms and North Mimms, namely the western half of the seat) became part of Hertfordshire in 1965 however no change was made then to Westminster representation. The other district's wards having also been Middlesex became parts of Greater London, under the same Act passed in 1963 following a Royal Commission.


text:
Khabirov

Khabirov (Bashkir or Tatar: Хәбиров; Russian: Хабиров) is a Tatar and Bashkir masculine surname; its feminine counterpart is Khabirova. The surname may refer to
 * Radiy Khabirov (born 1964), Russian politician
 * Svetlana Khabirova (born 1978), Russian weightlifter

title: Khabirov


text:
Ghana Senior High School (Tamale)

Ghana Senior High School (Ghanasco) is a co-educational second cycle institution located in Tamale, Northern Region of Ghana.

History
Ghanasco was originally called Ghana College. The school was established in 1960 by the Government of Ghana, under Kwame Nkrumah, as one of the Ghana Education Trust Schools. It has a student population of about 2,800. It is the second largest school in the northern region after Tamale Senior High School (Tamasco). The first headmaster of the school was Kenneth Luther Purser, a Jamaican. Master Abu Kassim Tahidu from Kwame Danso in the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana was the first senior prefect.

Key areas
The administration block, the old dining hall, the new larger dining hall/ jams hall, the arts/ PTA block, the science block, the science laboratories including home economics laboratory, the mosque, Nkrumah house, Gbewaa house, Cabral/Gbanzaba house, Dakpema and purser house are boys dormitories. The girls dormitories include; indice 1, indice 2 house, annex 1, annex 2 house and Lordina house, the headmaster's bungalow and the teachers' bungalows. The Ghanasco dam is used by surrounding communities including Kukuo and students of Ghana Senior High School.

Courses Offered
The institution provides five main academic programs.

 * General Arts
 * General science
 * Business
 * Home economics
 * Agricultural science

Achievements
In 2019, the school beat Armed Forces Senior High School and New Juaben Senior High School in the Ghana National Science and Maths Quiz, which qualified them to the quarter-finals in 2019.

In June 1970, a historic feat was chalked by the school when Mr. Lalaji, a mathematics teacher and his science students invented a rocket. On 22 June 1970, the rocket was launched in the school with the Minister of Education Mr. William Offori-Attah in attendance.

In June 2024, Ghana Senior High School, Tamale (GHANASCO) beat their rivals, Tamale Senior High School (TAMASCO), and St. Francis Xavier school to win the Northern Regional Zonal Championship of the National Science and Math Quiz competetion.

Notable alumni
See also, Category:Ghana Senior High School (Tamale) alumni
 * Abdulai Abanga
 * Joseph Bawa Akamba
 * Yakubu Alhassan
 * Alhassan Andani
 * Moses Asaga
 * Dr. Ibrahim Mohammed Awal
 * Hassan Ayariga
 * Mahama Ayariga
 * Kwame Ayew
 * Nayon Bilijo
 * Sulley Gariba
 * Abdul-Samed Muhamed Gunu
 * John Jinapor
 * John Dramani Mahama
 * Lordina Mahama
 * Ibrahim Murtala Mohammed
 * Abedi Pele
 * Alhassan Suhuyini
 * Prof Nafiu (Dean of Students- School of Allied Health Sciences, UDS)

title: Ghana Senior High School (Tamale)


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Talk:Facilitating Online

=July 2009 new version= Just a quick note - I want to run the next course here on Wikiversity. I have run it twice on Wikieducator, and I'm curious if there is a different experience over here. This page is a work in progress and should be finished in the next few days... ready to run 27 July
 * Sounds like a great idea, Leigh - I'll be really curious to hear about the pros and cons you run across. Sincerely, James - -- Jtneill - Talk - c 08:09, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

=Start= This is an initiative of Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand to create materials in an open and collaborative space for staff development purposes. This topic is based on resources originally created by TANZ (Tertiary Accord of New Zealand.)

=decontextualise= Facilitating online is about more than simply facilitating learning. The original content used in this page made the mistake in my view of focusing on facilitating online learning - at the expense of appreciation of the scope of usefulness and application of facilitation skills. I don't think this resource would be any less useful to an online learning context if it were to widen its intent to include all forms of online facilitation. The potential would then be that techniques used in other forms may become evidently useful to the ideas of learning facilitation and visa versa. --Leighblackall 08:13, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * further to this, I think we all know at least 5 teachers who talk the talk of facilitation, but walk the walk of teacher. I think by making as fewer references to the specifics of education in this entry as possible, we convey the message of facilitation more clearly. No it is not teaching with a different hat on - it is in fact an entirely different practice that more often than not, a teacher is perhaps not suited to (power dynamics, prior knowledge, topic expertise and authority might have too greater impact on successful facilitation).--Leighblackall 06:46, 19 January 2007 (UTC)
 * This is interesting, Leigh - perhaps this link might be useful? Howard Rheingold on hosting online conversations. There are tons of other links/texts on online facilitation, of course.. Cormaggio beep 15:54, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Leigh I'm back to the beginning of this course- the distinction between facilitation and teaching for me is a false one and I must confess I don't know why you labour it. An eeucator uses both sets of skills-sometimes the power is held by the educator, sometimes it is with the members of the group. The skilled and wise educator knows and is able to work with congruence to the moment.People who hold power to themselves are false to the educational endeavour.research into secondary school teachingh would suggest that the person who is most confident in their subject discipline is most able to facilitate, as they are less likely to lose the thread of purpose. Willie--Williec 08:04, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the link Cormaggio - that is a help, many points I would like to simply copy and paste - but for the global "all rights reserved" statement on it :( Perhaps its enough to quote and link.--Leighblackall 05:19, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Are you talking about motivating the online conversation, when you draw the distinction between teacher and facilitator? Historybuff 23:54, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

 * not sure what you mean exactly there Historybuff (that is if you're talking to me and not Cormaggio) - but the distinction between teacher and facilitator could be used as a conversation point - though I would have hoped it was not a point of contention. To me there are clear differences. I imagine a teacher as knowing something that I would like to learn. A facilitator might not know the something, but can help me to learn it anyway - and that may be in simply pointing me to a teacher, or reading, or other information; then negotiating some form of communication or social interaction to help me and others cement or test new knowledge.--Leighblackall 05:19, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Leighblackall - My comment was for you. I'm interested in distance learning, and in paticular real time vs asych communications. I think that many people try to take the classroom and put it online by proxy, through other technologies.

 * Facilitation, as opposed to teacher/student interaction, will be important as a tool for WV. I'm sure we will have some teachers here and there, but students and just learners can benefit a great deal from interactions -- I find if I can explain something, I really understand it.

 * This isn't my prime field -- I'm a computer person, but learning and using these types of tools is how Wikiversity will develop and flourish. Historybuff 14:34, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi again Historybuff - I just posted about this issue to my blog, where I'm gradually trying to tease this issue out some more. If you come across any material that talks about this same issue, please let me know. In the meantime, I think at the very least the distinction between teaching and facilitating is a topic well worth discussing. But personally I hope it will become generally accepted that teaching is very different and at times counter productive to facilitation. PS, sorry it has taken me a while to get back to this - I'm not very good at communicating through the mediawiki communication channels. --Leighblackall 01:34, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

An eclectic example
Leigh, I think you should know about a unique example of an online community called Whole Wheat Radio. It's an interesting mix of independent music, wiki technology, informal facilitation, and international ad hoc networking. I've never seen anything like it! • CQ 03:30, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Facilitating Online


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Walter Deane

Walter Deane (April 23, 1848 – July 30, 1930) was an American amateur botanist and ornithologist. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard College in 1870. He was a founding member of the New England Botanical Club and served as its president from 1908 to 1911. From 1897 to 1907 he was curator of William Brewster's ornithological museum, and prepared Brewster's Birds of the Cambridge Region. Deane is commemorated in the plant genus Deanea Coulter & Rose.

title: Walter Deane


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Socialist Republican Party (Ireland)

The Socialist Republican Party was an Irish republican political party in Northern Ireland. It was founded in 1944 by a coalition of former Nationalist Party members, former Irish Republican Army (IRA) members and Protestant trade unionists around Victor Halley, all based in West Belfast.

The party produced a newspaper, Northern Star, edited by Vincent MacDowell (father of former Green MEP Nuala Ahern) who would go on to be active at various times in the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, the Green Party for which he was elected a councillor and the Irish Labour Party.

In the 1945 Northern Ireland general election, the party won 5,497 votes and Harry Diamond took the Belfast Falls seat. He held the seat in 1949, with no other candidate contesting it. A couple of months later, the group joined the Irish Labour Party. Diamond later stood for Parliament under a variety of labels before forming the Republican Labour Party.

title: Socialist Republican Party (Ireland)


text:
Bilingual comparative texts

Simple Fluency examples:
 * German to English
 * Spanish to English
 * French to English

Simple Fluency Examples:
 * English to German
 * English to Spanish
 * English to French

Intermediate Fluency Examples:
 * English to Deutsch
 * English to Español
 * English to Français

title: Bilingual comparative texts


text:
Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/History of organic chemistry/Synthesis of urea

<< Vital force theory | Organic vs inorganic chemistry >>


text:
Eicochrysops fontainei

Eicochrysops fontainei is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

title: Eicochrysops fontainei


text:
User:Zjohn4/sandbox

Infinity is the debut album released by the Japanese band Vivid. This was released in two different versions: a limited CD+DVD edition, and a regular CD only edition. It is the band's first studio album and first album after going major with EPIC Records. The regular edition came with an extra track, "EVER".

Track listing
Category:2012 albums

title: User:Zjohn4/sandbox


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Jocelyn Salter

Vice Admiral Jocelyn Stuart Cambridge Salter DSO & Bar OBE (24 November 1901 – 27 May 1989) was a Royal Navy officer who became Flag Officer, Malta.

Naval career
Salter joined the Royal Navy in 1915 and served in the First World War. He also served in the Second World War becoming commanding officer of the destroyer HMS Duncan in January 1940, commanding officer of the destroyer HMS Foresight in January 1941 and deputy director of Training and Staff Duties at the Admiralty in August 1942. He went on to be commanding officer of the destroyer HMS Mackay in June 1944 and commanding officer of the destroyer HMS Eglington in November 1944.

After the War Salter became commanding officer of the RN Air Station at Sembawang in December 1945, Captain of HMNB Rosyth in March 1948 and commanding officer of the cruiser HMS Jamaica in March 1950. After that he became Flag Officer, Malta in September 1952 and Admiral Superintendent, HMNB Portsmouth in October 1954.

title: Jocelyn Salter


text:
Amer Al-Sadeq

Amer Al-Sadeq (عامر الصادق, aamer al-sadeq, ) is one of the founders and a representative of the Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union, an organization that emerged during the 2011 Syrian revolution to coordinate the actions of groups and individual activists opposed to the president Bashar al-Assad and his government. Al-Sadeq appeared often in the media, giving interviews and public statements expressing the demands and viewpoints of the revolution in both Arabic and English.

2011 Syrian revolution
Al-Sadeq participated in the peaceful protests demanding an end to Assad family rule in Syria. He was one of many young people at the time working to spread information about the situation in Syria online. As a dissident, he managed through a network of supporters working within the government to leak a number of vital documents proving that the government had involved its military judicial system to liquidate activists and detainees inside security branches.

Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union
The Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union (SRCU) was one of many organizations which emerged in 2011 to coordinate the opposition activities being carried out by a large number of disparate groups. SRCU's network brings together coordination groups and other activists who belong to different Syrian cities and areas. The organization's stated ways of working include protest, humanitarian support and social journalism in furtherance of their political goal.

Founding role
As the head of the founding committee, al-Sadeq established the organization with a number of other representatives from coordination groups. He co-wrote the constitutional statement of the organization and participated in forming its attitude and direction.

As spokesperson
Al-Sadeq was also a spokesperson for the group from 2011. In this role, he:
 * Declared the SRCU's attitude regarding the call for dialogue claimed by the Syrian government while the government forces where still inside Syrian cities and detainees were still no released.
 * Talked for the first time ever about the Syrian Field Military Court which start executing death sentences since the beginning of 2012 on activists and defected military people including the most famous Lieutenant colonel Al-Harmoush.

Reported dismissal from the Union
In September 2012 it was that Al-Sadeq had been dismissed from the SRCU. However, this claim was disputed in a Facebook post.

title: Amer Al-Sadeq


text:
asteroide

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  asteroid

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  asteroid

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  asteroid

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) asteroid

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  asteroid

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  asteroid

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  an asteroid

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  an asteroid

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  asteroid
 * 2)  asteroid any member of the taxonomic class Asteroidea

Adjective

 * 1)  starlike, star-shaped
 * 2)  Of, or pertaining to, the class Asteroidea
 * 1)  Of, or pertaining to, the class Asteroidea

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  asteroid

Adjective

 * 1) starlike, star-shaped

title: asteroide


text:
User:SoEul/Tiger's Quest

Tiger's Quest is the second book in the Tiger's Curse Series. It continues the adventures of Kelsey on a quest, but this time, not with Ren, but with his bad boy brother, Kishan.

title: User:SoEul/Tiger's Quest


text:
Statistics/Summary/Averages/Geometric Mean

Statistics | Mean

Geometric Mean
The Geometric Mean is calculated by taking the nth root of the product of a set of data. $$\tilde{x}=\sqrt[n\;]{\prod_{i=1}^n x_i}$$

For example, if the set of data was:

1,2,3,4,5

The geometric mean would be calculated: $$\sqrt[5]{ 1 \times 2 \times 3 \times 4 \times 5} = \sqrt[5]{120} = 2.61$$

Of course, with large n this can be difficult to calculate. Taking advantage of two properties of the logarithm:

$$ \log(a\cdot b) = \log(a) + \log(b) $$

$$ \log( a^n ) = n \cdot \log( a ) $$

We find that by taking the logarithmic transformation of the geometric mean, we get:

$$\log\left(\sqrt[n]{ x_1 \times x_2 \times x_3 \cdots x_n}\right) =  \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n\log(x_i) $$

Which leads us to the equation for the geometric mean:

$$\tilde{x}= \exp \left( \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n\log(x_i) \right)$$

When to use the geometric mean
The arithmetic mean is relevant at any time several quantities add together to produce a total. The arithmetic mean answers the question, "if all the quantities had the same value, what would that value have to be in order to achieve the same total?"

In the same way, the geometric mean is relevant any time several quantities multiply together to produce a product. The geometric mean answers the question, "if all the quantities had the same value, what would that value have to be in order to achieve the same product?"

For example, suppose you have an investment which returns 10% the first year, 50% the second year, and 30% the third year. What is its average rate of return? It is not the arithmetic mean, because what these numbers mean is that on the first year your investment was multiplied (not added to) by 1.10, on the second year it was multiplied by 1.50, and the third year it was multiplied by 1.30. The relevant quantity is the geometric mean of these three numbers. Written by Hafiz G m

It is known that the geometric mean is always less than or equal to the arithmetic mean (equality holding only when A=B). The proof of this is quite short and follows from the fact that $$(\sqrt A-\sqrt B)^2$$ is always a non-negative number. This inequality can be surprisingly powerful though and comes up from time to time in the proofs of theorems in calculus. Source.

<< Mean, Median and Mode | Statistics


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User:Bpragathi

My names Pragathi Balasubramanian and I'm based in Seattle, Washington. I work in the tech industry and work to improve representation of BIPOC on Wikipedia.

title: User:Bpragathi


text:
Khazar, Republic of Dagestan

Khazar (Хазар; Хәзәр, Xəzər) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Khazarsky Selsoviet, Derbentsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 4,809 as of 2010. There are 34 streets.

Geography
Khazar is located 10 km south of Derbent (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nizhny Dzhalgan and Arablinskoye are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Azerbaijanis, Aghuls, Lezgins, Tabasarans, Rutuls, Dargins and Russians live there.

title: Khazar, Republic of Dagestan


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Quenya

A course of the Department of Tolkien languages.

Unit Summary

 * Course code: ALE-U-QUE1
 * Suggested prerequisites:
 * Time investment:
 * Assessment suggestions:
 * Faculty: Humanities
 * School: Language and Literature
 * Department: Tolkien languages
 * Stream: Elvish stream
 * Level:

Course Contents and Goals
This course will provide you with a complete knowledge of Quenya, the best-known of the languages invented by Tolkien, as it was conceived in the last years of Tolkien's life. This language is more or less the version devised in the Lord of the Rings (see the problem of the canon).

The aims of the course are to:

 * Learn Phonology, Grammar and Syntax of the (last) Quenya as we can infer from the Corpus.
 * Knowledge of this aspect will also seek to make learners understand how we arrived at this form of Quenya and which "rules" are explicitly provided by Tolkien himself, or have been inferred.
 * Provide learners with introductory notions of
 * "Non-Fictional" development of Quenya (from the Qenya of 1915 to the Quenya of 1973)
 * "Fictional" development of Quenya (from Primitive Quendian)
 * Quenya Corpus

Learning materials
The following are principal learning devices used in this course, to which every lesson refers. Other materials may be required from time-to-time and their links will be provided in each lesson.

Textbooks for this course

Pre-Course
Before starting the regular lesson, it is required for learners to acquire some concepts that will frequently appear throughout this course along with instructions on how to read and write a Quenya text. Lesson 0 is a must for every learner, while in the Advanced Level section, materials are present that we suggest learners to read, but are not essential to Quenya acquisition and understanding. Especially, we suggest reading the section on how the concept of canon can be applied to Tolkien's Legendarium and Languages.

 * Lesson 0: Sundocarmi and Lambelë.
 * Theory of Sundocarmi - Phonology - Phonetics - Stress.

 Pre-Course: Advanced Level In addition we suggest learners read (and possibly apprend) the following documents before starting the regular lessons. For any questions, please refer to Lesson 0 talk

 * The concept of literary canon applied to Middle-earth
 * Fauskanger's Introduction to Quenya studies (Q#F:Introduction).
 * Why study Quenya? - The question of copyright - What is Quenya like? - The sources - A word of warning regarding parts of the corpus - Spelling conventions.

Lessons

 * 1) Lesson 1 To be finished...
 * 2) Lesson 2

Assignments
Translation assignment 1 Translate 3 well known kids songs ( eg. Old mc donald, Mary had a little lamb) into quenya.

Resources
Additional helpful readings include:
 * Quenya - a Wikibook on Quenya, covering grammar extensively.
 * Wikijunior Quenya - a Wikijunior page on Quenya.

Resources on the web:
 * Ardalambion (by Helge Kåre Fauskanger): The Tongues of Arda, Lessons, etc.
 * Quenya Course, with downloadable lessons and a study into Tolkien's inspirations and sources
 * Wordlists — the best and most up-to-date wordlists available online.
 * Some modern names in Quenya (Now We Have All Got Elvish Names)
 * Gwaith-i-phethdain Fellowship of the Wordsmiths. Quenya info also beyond Tolkien
 * Vinyar Tengwar
 * Download Vinyar Tengwar 43, with Tolkien's Quenya translation of the Lord's Prayer
 * Parma Eldalamberon
 * Lambengolmor-List Subscribe to recent developments in the study of Tolkien's languages
 * Quettie Conversional Quenya by Lisa Star
 * Parma Tyelpelassiva - The book of silver leaves
 * Ardhon Ellammath List of Quenya sound files

 * Are High Elves Finno-Ugric?
 * Quenya's relation to Finnish
 * English-Quenya Dictionary
 * Generator for Quenya typographical filler text
 * very detailed Quenya-English and English-Quenya dictionaries Also provides grammar

 * La Montagne du Destin French site that contains some information about quenya
 * "Quenya" in Enciclopedia Libre en Español
 * "Ambarenya.net" German Quenya Lexicon, including Phrasebook
 * Lambe órello óren Croatian site with Quenya Grammar Summary, texts, and sound files.
 * Lambi eldaron Slovak site about Quenya and Sindarin
 * Google in Quenya (unofficial)

Active participants
Active participants in this Learning Group

Tutors
 * Elistirtalk

Students
 * Hillgentleman 17:13, 22 October 2006 (UTC) I do not know any. I would like to know the lines of the Lay of Leithiens.  Am I in the wrong classroom?  Should I go to Noldor?
 * User:Namenamenamenamename I dunno, this looks interesting. If anything happens with it let me know.

title: Quenya


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John R. Adler

The result was Nomination withdrawn - reason for nomination no longer exists. Nouniquenames (talk) 04:22, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

John R. Adler

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

BLP with no citations. PRODed - contested with "This article has many sources - they are misplaced into External links" External links are: 1 press release, youtube, and primary sources Nouniquenames (talk) 05:18, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 *  Delete  Keep Completely unreferenced puffery. Would have tagged for db-promo except there's some SPA guarding it. EEng (talk) 05:51, 11 July 2012 (UTC) Meets PROF #5
 * Hi, who is the SPA "guarding" the article? I could not identify who you are speaking of from the history. thanks - KillerChihuahua ?!? 12:09, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete The article reads a bit like a self-promotional piece on John Adler but I see no reliable sources for his notability. The first weblink really doesn't mention him and the Accuray webpage doesn't either. Both can't be considered a reliable source anyway. Its hard to believe this article has been here since 2006 The article's creator made a few edits on Adler and a few topics in late 2006 and then left wikipedia...forever. --Artene50 (talk) 08:34, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup, removing puffery,; notable per WP:PROF #5, as well as as made a minor contribution to medical equipment; founder of a company which also meets notability requirements, the article of which is also a puff piece requiring cleanup. However, puffery is to be rephrased and cleaned up, it is not a reason for deletion. KillerChihuahua ?!? 12:07, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Medicine-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 12:14, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 12:14, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Businesspeople-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 12:15, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep This guy is obviously notable, both as former holder of an endowed professorship (when I went to verify that I found that he is now emeritus and so noted in the article) and as the inventor of a really significant piece of medical equipment, the CyberKnife. In addition, his highly-cited publication record confirms him as meeting WP:ACADEMIC. I found no puffery in the article; it has apparently been cleaned up since nomination. I put in some references (mostly self-referential, but adequate to verify claims) in place of the external links. --MelanieN (talk) 15:54, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep per MelanieN's reference's. --Artene50 (talk) 20:41, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Clear Keep. h-index around 40 passes WP:Prof easily. Thanks to MelanieN for saving this article. A bizarrely mistaken nomination. Xxanthippe (talk) 00:22, 13 July 2012 (UTC).
 * Article has improved significantly. Original deletion rationale no longer seems to apply.  I will gladly withdraw the nomination.  --Nouniquenames (talk) 04:19, 13 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Electron dot structures

<< Bonding | Resonance >>

Electron Dot Structures
 On WP: Lewis structures Electron dot structures, also called Lewis structures, give a representation of the valence electrons surrounding an atom.

Each valence electron is represented by one dot, thus, a lone atom of hydrogen would be drawn as an H with one dot, whereas a lone atom of Helium would be drawn as an He with two dots, and so forth.

Representing two atoms joined by a covalent bond is done by drawing the atomic symbols near to each other, and drawing a single line to represent a shared pair of electrons. It is important to note: a single valence electron is represented by a dot, whereas a pair of electrons is represented by a line.

The covalent compound hydrogen fluoride, for example, would be represented by the symbol H joined to the symbol F by a single line, with three pairs (six more dots) surrounding the symbol F. The line represents the two electrons shared by both hydrogen and fluorine, whereas the six paired dots represent fluorine's remaining six valence electrons.

Dot structures are useful in illustrating simple covalent molecules, but the limitations of dot structures become obvious when diagramming even relatively simple organic molecules. The dot structures have no ability to represent the actual physical orientation of molecules, and they become overly cumbersome when more than three or four atoms are represented.

Lewis dot structures are useful for introducing the idea of covalence and bonding in small molecules, but other model types have much more capability to communicate chemistry concepts.

Drawing electron dot structures
Some examples of electron dot structures for a few commonly encountered molecules from inorganic chemistry.

A note about Gilbert N. Lewis
 On WP: Gilbert N. Lewisyo Lewis was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts as the son of a Dartmouth-graduated lawyer/broker. He attended the University of Nebraska at age 14, then three years later transferred to Harvard. After showing an initial interest in Economics, Gilbert Newton Lewis earned first a B.A. in Chemistry, and then a Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1899.

For a few years after obtaining his doctorate, Lewis worked and studied both in the United States and abroad (including Germany and the Philippines) and he was even a professor at M.I.T. from 1907 until 1911. He then went on to U.C. Berkeley in order to be Dean of the College of Chemistry in 1912.

In 1916 Dr. Lewis formulated the idea that a covalent bond consisted of a shared pair of electrons. His ideas on chemical bonding were expanded upon by Irving Langmuir and became the inspiration for the studies on the nature of the chemical bond by Linus Pauling.

In 1923, he formulated the electron-pair theory of acid-base reactions. In the so-called Lewis theory of acids and bases, a "Lewis acid" is an electron-pair acceptor and a "Lewis base" is an electron-pair donor.

In 1926, he coined the term "photon" for the smallest unit of radiant energy.

Lewis was also the first to produce a pure sample of deuterium oxide (heavy water) in 1933. By accelerating deuterons (deuterium nuclei) in Ernest O. Lawrence's cyclotron, he was able to study many of the properties of atomic nuclei.

During his career he published on many other subjects, and he died at age 70 of a heart attack while working in his laboratory in Berkeley. He had one daughter and two sons; both of his sons became chemistry professors themselves.

Formal Charge
 On WP: Formal charge

The formal charge of an atom is the charge that it would have if every bond were 100% covalent (non-polar). Formal charges are computed by using a set of rules and are useful for accounting for the electrons when writing a reaction mechanism, but they don't have any intrinsic physical meaning. They may also be used for qualitative comparisons between different resonance structures (see below) of the same molecule, and often have the same sign as the partial charge of the atom, but there are exceptions.

The formal charge of an atom is computed as the difference between the number of valence electrons that a neutral atom would have and the number of electrons that "belong" to it in the Lewis structure when one counts lone pair electrons as belonging fully to the atom, while electrons in covalent bonds are split equally between the atoms involved in the bond. The total of the formal charges on an ion should be equal to the charge on the ion, and the total of the formal charges on a neutral molecule should be equal to zero.

For example, in the hydronium ion, H3O+, the oxygen atom has 5 electrons for the purpose of computing the formal charge—2 from one lone pair, and 3 from the covalent bonds with the hydrogen atoms. The other 3 electrons in the covalent bonds are counted as belonging to the hydrogen atoms (one each). A neutral oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons (due to its position in group 16 of the periodic table); therefore the formal charge on the oxygen atom is 6 – 5 = +1. A neutral hydrogen atom has one electron. Since each of the hydrogen atoms in the hydronium atom has one electron from a covalent bond, the formal charge on the hydrogen atoms is zero. The sum of the formal charges is +1, which matches the total charge of the ion.

 * Formal Charge: number of valence electrons for an atom - (number of lone pair electrons + number electrons in bonds/2)
 * $$FC = N_{valence} - \left( N_{lone pairs} + \frac{N_{electrons}}{2} \right)$$

In chemistry, a formal charge (FC) on an atom in a molecule is defined as:

 * FC = number of valence electrons of the atom - ( number of lone pair electrons on this atom + total number of electrons participating in covalent bonds with this atom / 2).
 * $$FC = N_{valence} - \left( N_{lone pairs} + \frac{N_{participating electrons}}{2} \right)$$

When determining the correct Lewis structure (or predominant resonance structure) for a molecule, the structure is chosen such that the formal charge on each of the atoms is minimized.

Examples

 * carbon in methane : $$FC = 4 - \left( 0 + \frac{8}{2} \right) = 0$$
 * Nitrogen in $$NO_2^{-}$$ : $$FC = 5 - \left( 2 + \frac{6}{2} \right) = 0$$
 * double bonded oxygen in $$NO_2^{-}$$ : $$FC = 6 - \left( 4 + \frac{4}{2} \right) = 0$$
 * single bonded oxygen in $$NO_2^{-}$$ : $$FC = 6 - \left( 6 + \frac{2}{2} \right) = -1$$

<< Foundational concepts | << Bonding | Electron dot structures | Resonance >> | Alkanes >>


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Cookbook:Carrot

A carrot is a root vegetable.

Characteristics
Carrots are long and tapered in shape, with a bunch of feathery greens at the top. Modern carrots are typically orange in color, though purple, red, yellow, white, and variegated varieties all exist. Their flesh is dense, hard, and crisp, and it has high sweetness for a vegetable. The younger the carrot, the smaller it is and the more tender its flesh and skin are—however, note that commercial "baby carrots" available washed in supermarkets are actually regular carrots that have been mechanically shaped into stubs. Older carrots benefit from peeling as the skin gets a lot more fibrous and hairy with age, but the skin is still technically edible.

Interestingly, carrots have a peculiar feature where if they are held at 50°C (122°F) for half an hour, the flesh sticks together better and doesn't get as mushy when cooked later at higher temperature.

Selection and storage
When choosing carrots, go for those that have a nice color and firm, crisp flesh. If you can see their tops, you want them to look fresh. Keep carrots in a cool place such as a root cellar or refrigerated—they will keep for about one month in the fridge.

Use
Carrots are often eaten raw, whole or shaved into salads for color, and are often cooked in soups and stews. Together with onion and celery, carrots are one of the primary vegetables used in a mirepoix. They are particularly well-suited to roasting, which concentrates their sweetness. The greens are not often eaten, but they are technically edible. The sweetness of carrot flesh has led to their use in a variety of sweet preparations, such as carrot cake.

Substitution
Parsnips make an overall acceptable substitute for carrots, though they lack the classic pigmentation and are not as sweet. If you're looking for another sweet, orange vegetable, to roast or use in a puréed soup, butternut squash and orange sweet potato work well.

title: Cookbook:Carrot


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Wilbert J. Le Melle

Wilbert John Le Melle (November 11, 1931 – January 11, 2003) was an American diplomat, author and academician. He served as an Ambassador of The United States to the Republic of Kenya and to the Republic of Seychelles from 1977 to 1980. He was also a president of Mercy College (New York) and of the Phelps Stokes Fund.

Biography
Born on November 11, 1931, in New Iberia, Louisiana, he was one of eight children born to Therese and Eloi LeMelle. Initially studying to become a priest, he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1955 and a Master of Arts in 1956 from Notre Dame Seminary. He left the seminary at age 24 and then earned a Ph.D. in political science/international relations in 1963 from the University of Denver. He served in the United States Army from 1957 to 1959.

He was an assistant professor in of history and philosophy at Grambling State University between 1956 and 1961. Between 1963 until 1965 he worked in the Department of Government at Boston University as an assistant professor and research associate in the African Studies Program. In February 1965 he started work at the Ford Foundation, as a program officer for West Africa. He spent the next nine years living in various parts of Africa with his family while his job location changed, places like Kenya, Maghreb, Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. In 1977, president Jimmy Carter asked Le Melle to serve as Ambassador of the United States to the Republic of Kenya and the Seychelles.

From 1981 to 1985, he served as vice-chancellor of the State University of New York. In 1985, he was appointed as president of Mercy College, now Mercy University, in New York From 1990 to 2000, he served as President of the Phelps Stokes Fund.

title: Wilbert J. Le Melle


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User:Omegatron/monobook.css

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title: User:Omegatron/monobook.css


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User:Pendu Mania

Youtuber Ankit(Born 4 September 2003),Known Professionally As Pendu Mania,Is An Musical Artist And Indian Youtube Personality From Haryana India,Started His Career On Youtube In The Year 2017 As a Song Remixer And Now He Is Best Known For His Mixes On Youtube With A Label Pendu Mania And On Spotify,JioSaavn And Many More,His Hair And Eye Colour Is Black,He Came Into Limelight By His Adhiya Song Mix. Hobies:-Listening To Songs He Believe In Hardwork And Passion To Achieve Success

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title: User:Pendu Mania


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Viola

The viola is rather similar to the violin, but the body of the instrument is slightly larger and the tone is more mellow. While the viola may not appear in the limelight as often as the violin, it plays an important but subtle part in any musical ensemble, countering the melodies with its richer, deeper harmonies.

Classical Periods
Violas endured a long period of near-muteness during the Baroque period (1600-1750). Composers felt that the instrument was awkward and clumsy. During the 1800's, however, classical musicians such as Berlioz recognised the muscial value violas offered orchestras and composed many viola solos.

Rudiments
Good posture is as important for the viola as it is for the violin. The bow is held in the right hand, the viola in the left. The fingers should be curled gently over the top of the neck of the instrument.

Strings of the Viola
The strings of the viola are tuned to perfect fifths - from highest to lowest, A, D, G and C, which are an octave higher than the strings on the cello.

Fingering

 * 1) First finger - index finger
 * 2) Second finger - middle finger
 * 3) Third finger - ring finger
 * 4) Fourth finger - little finger

Positions
The first basic three notes upon a single string, using the first, second and third fingers make up first position, e.g. E, F#, and G on the D string. If the hand moves up one note, so that the first finger is now on F#, this is called second position, and so on. Positions aid the violist in reaching higher notes upon the string, or using vibrato on what usually would have to be an open string. There are eight positions in total.

Bowing
The bow should be drawn so that it is approximately parallel to the bridge. Beginner violists should practise bowing clear, resonant notes - making sure that they are not bowing two notes at the same time. Violists need to bow more firmly than violinists, given the thickness of the strings.

Practice Techniques
Beginner violists should remember that solid improvement is easily achievable with regular practice. Twenty minutes a day, five days a week, is a good way to start. Remember, these sessions need to be lengthened with the difficulty of the playing standard.

Links

 * Viola on Wikipedia

This page was requested at Requests

title: Viola


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Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Inde française - Franco Tamil

 __NOINDEX__

The result of the discussion was: no consensus to delete, however a redirect or a merge into another project might be better. Should be discussed with user. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 15:04, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Inde française - Franco Tamil

Pseudo-project created out of process by a new user. – Train2104 (t • c) 23:01, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The WkikProject creation process is not mandatory. Try again for a deletion reason or see WP:SK#1. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 23:10, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

Hello, I am a Intern in Wikimedia France and created a project on FrancoTamils. this is not a pseudo project anymore, i am working on ground. Just saved unexpectedly with improper informations. thnks for the notice and will be corrected soon. so kindly review before deletion. i'm working on this project ! thnk u :) --Jayreborn (talk) 08:43, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep no reason for deletion provided in the nom. VQuakr (talk) 22:21, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Redirect to WikiProject Puducherry. If I understand correctly, the scope of this project overlaps significantly with the Puducherry WikiProject, because after French India was ceded to India, most of it was incorporated into the union territory now known as Puducherry. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 03:32, 23 September 2017 (UTC)


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User:EssexStables/sandbox/Labour for Proportional Representation - Labour4PR

Labour for Proportional Representation (Labour4PR) is the official Twitter feed of the UK-based Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform (LCER).


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hexen

Etymology
See.

Verb

 * 1) to perform witchcraft, cast a spell/spells
 * 2) to work miracles

Verb

 * 1) to do witchcraft
 * 2) to perform magic

title: hexen


text:
Topic talk:Linux desktop

Shell scripting seems something best left for a topic on it's own right. I'd suggest that this topic keep more focus on just using the Linux Desktop; in this sense it's aimed at people possibly migrating from Windows who have already installed Linux and are now faced with a desktop straight out of the box per-se. BrentSimpson 09:35, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

I'm less interested in creating just a resource on How to Use Linux -- that might be better for something like wikibooks. What I'm interested in is giving a gentle introduction to how to use the Gnome desktop to do things that a user might have already done on Windows, to present a case for Open Source and Gnu/Linux systems in education, and to provide pointers to other resources that are out there to help educators and students get more from using Linux and open source apps for education. BrentSimpson 20:48, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Topic talk:Linux desktop


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Top-rated United States television programs of 2005–06

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 2005–06 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
Ricardo Grimau

Ricardo Grimau (born 11 November 1906) was an Argentine sports shooter. He competed in the 300 m rifle event at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

title: Ricardo Grimau


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User:Moskvax~enwikiversity/monobook.js

/* This function is used to include scripts from other Wikipedia pages in mine. I got it from User:Quarl/monobook.js. */

function winc(s) { s = s.replace(/^\[\[/, ).replace(/\]\]$/, ); document.write(''); }

/* Included functions */

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tabs = document.getElementById("p-cactions");  // Find the top tab list tabs.parentNode.removeChild(tabs);   // Remove the tab list from the side column content.insertBefore(tabs,content.firstChild);   // Place tab list at the beginning of the content column });

title: User:Moskvax~enwikiversity/monobook.js


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USA-199

USA-199, also known as GPS IIR-18(M), GPS IIRM-5 and GPS SVN-57, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the fifth of eight Block IIRM satellites to be launched, and the eighteenth of twenty one Block IIR satellites overall. It was built by Lockheed Martin, using the AS-4000 satellite bus.

USA-199 was launched at 20:04:00 UTC on 20 December 2007, atop a Delta II carrier rocket, flight number D331, flying in the 7925-9.5 configuration. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-199 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37FM apogee motor.

By 15 February 2008, USA-199 was in an orbit with a perigee of 20082 km, an apogee of 20283 km, a period of 717.98 minutes, and 54.9 degrees of inclination to the equator. It is used to broadcast the PRN 29 signal, and operates in slot 1 of plane C of the GPS constellation. The satellite has a design life of 10 years and a mass of 2032 kg. As of 2012 it remains in service.

title: USA-199


text:
Puzzles/Geometric Puzzles

 * Connecting Stars
 * Connecting Utilities
 * Halving the Window
 * Matchsticks
 * Rectangle and Circle
 * Rubber Band

title: Puzzles/Geometric Puzzles


text:
Talk:Lindisfarne (band)/Archive 1

Lindisfarne template?
I'm thinking of creating a template for the band, but I'd like to get some input first. With this article, the discography, three former members, four albums and a single to link I reckon there's enough content to justify it. Alzarian16 (talk) 09:33, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

LINDISFARNE in capital letters (shouting)? Inline links instead of referencing?
Hi. I would not dream of intruding into an article I have never edited before, without first bringing up salient points here first. In case you wondered why I'm not making the changes.

Can I ask why LINDISFARNE, of whichever vintage you like, but specifically here "Ray Jackson's Mk 3", are suddenly referred to in CAPITAL (shouting) letters, when they have never, in their long existence, been tagged in that way? And why there are inline hyperlinks accompanying these newer blocks of text, instead of the proper referencing format to the appropriate section which exists? My other observations is that the newest three paragraphs of the main body of the article have been added by someone (I have not looked at who added them) who is very Ray-Jackson-centric, I have to say that.

From my fairly independent viewpoint then, a very tidy and well-presented article is currently blighted by a sore thumb which sticks out a mile as soon as you enter the last furlong of the piece. My instincts are to go ahead and tidy it up myself, but I would rather someone who loves this article from a historical stance actually did that. Can I just say that I will wait a decent period of time, and return at a later time to see if my input is needed. Good editing to you, whoever takes it up. Ref (chew) (do) 08:58, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

Lindisfarne active/inactive 2013-present
Inconsistencies have arisen on this page following the formation of Ray Jackson's version of the group there have been some inconsistencies on this page. I have moved the current members of the band back to the current members section and listed the band as active. If, however, other users disagree with this and consider Lindisfarne to be disbanded, certain alterations need to be done correctly. In addition to the obvious (changing the wording where appropriate, i.e. "are" to "were"), these changes need to be made:

a) "Ray Jackson's Lindisfarne" will need to be removed from "alias" to "associated acts" in the infobox. If the reformed Lindisfarne is not the same band then it most certainly is an associated act according to Wikipedia guidelines. See Template:Infobox musical artist for details.

b) "2013-present" will need to be removed from the "years active" section of the infobox.

c) ALL members of Ray Jackson's band, with the exceptions of Steve Daggert (never an official member) and Paul Thompson (never a member at all) will need to be listed in the "former members" section of the infobox in the order of which they joined the band. The correct order would be: Ray Jackson, Rod Clements, Ray Laidlaw, Simon Cowe, Alan Hull, Charlie Harcourt, Kenny Craddock, Tommy Duffy, Paul Nichols, Marty Craggs, Steve Cunningham, Ian Thomson, Dave Hull-Denholm, and Billy Mitchell.

d) The same applies to the other members' section further down the page. The "Current members (as "Ray Jackson's Lindisfarne")" category should not exist.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:21, 2 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lindisfarne (band)/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Lojban

In regards to vocabulary
I believe that we should not only give words and definitions, but demonstrate these words in a conversational context. For example, in the food and beverages unit, in addition to the basic vocabulary aspect, we could also provide commonly used phrases such as "I would like to book a reservation at your restaurant", "Enjoy your meal", "What would you like to order?" etc. It's the only way people will learn how to actually apply Lojban to conversational speaking.

Secondly, I believe that we should add more units to the textbook. I suggest the topics Celebrations, Shopping, Medical (doctor and veterinary), Entertainment and Interests, Relationships (family, friends, fiancees), School, Work, etc. What is your opinion? fe'o --Jboprelinomu 13:07, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree. The wikibook like it is now is quite unreadable, which doesn't aid in learning the language (or ANY language for that matter). JorisvS

Colors and similar aren't distinct enough to serve as module titles. --mav

Cool ! A Lojban textbook ! Keep up the good work man and dont let the naysayers get you down. --Karl Wick 03:21 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Would it be better to add the Lojban draft textbook (http://lojban.org/publications/draft_textbook.html ) to Wikibooks and work with it instead of starting from scratch?

This is legal only if the link you gave is in the public domain or under the GFDL or GFDL-compatible license. I couldn't find anything saying so. The language definition is in the public domain. --Ellmist 05:32, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Lojban For Beginners
Could we just copy this over? It's under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License. That means it's OK to use, right? - Talkie Toaster 17:52, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't know but the above link is b0rken, so here is a link to the web archive.org https://web.archive.org/web/20080229021233/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/lojbanbrochure/lessons/book1.html  Jawitkien (discuss • contribs) 18:22, 9 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lojban


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Waves/Diffraction Grating

Diffraction Gratings
Since the angular spacing $$\Delta \theta$$ of interference peaks in the two slit case depends on the wavelength of the incident wave, the two slit system can be used as a crude device to distinguish between the wavelengths of different components of a non-sinusoidal wave impingent on the slits. However, if more slits are added, maintaining a uniform spacing $$d$$ between slits, we obtain a more sophisticated device for distinguishing beam components. This is called a diffraction grating.

Figures 2.17-2.19 show the amplitude and intensity of the diffraction pattern for gratings with 2, 4, and 16 slits respectively. Notice how the interference peaks remain in the same place but increase in sharpness as the number of slits increases.

The width of the peaks is actually related to the overall width of the grating, $$w = nd$$, where $$n$$ is the number of slits. Thinking of this width as the dimension of large single slit, the single slit equation, $$\alpha_{max} = \lambda /(2w)$$, tells us the angular width of the peaks.

Whereas the angular width of the interference peaks is governed by the single slit equation, their angular positions are governed by the two slit equation. Let us assume for simplicity that $$\vert \theta \vert << 1$$ so that we can make the small angle approximation to the two slit equation, $$m \lambda = d \sin \theta \approx d \theta$$, and ask the following question: How different do two wavelengths have to be in order that the interference peaks from the two waves not overlap? In order for the peaks to be distinguishable, they should be separated in $$\theta $$ by an angle $$\Delta \theta = m \Delta \lambda /d$$, which is greater than the angular width of each peak, $$\alpha_{max}$$:
 * $$ \Delta \theta > \alpha_{max} . $$ (3.24)

Substituting in the above expressions for $$\Delta \theta$$ and $$\alpha_{max}$$ and solving for $$\Delta \lambda$$, we get $$\Delta \lambda > \lambda /(2mn)$$, where $$n = w/d$$ is the number of slits in the diffraction grating. Thus, the fractional difference between wavelengths which can be distinguished by a diffraction grating depends solely on the interference order $$m$$ and the number of slits $$n$$ in the grating:
 * $$ \frac{\Delta \lambda}{\lambda} > \frac{1}{2mn} . $$ (3.25)

More information about diffraction and diffractive optics

title: Waves/Diffraction Grating


text:
Talk:Discrete mathematics/Number theory

Number theory is not a part of discrete mathematics. Automorphic forms, and analytic number theory are as continuous as you can imagine.

Nor is it anything to do with Computer programming. JeremyBoden 00:25, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Discrete mathematics/Number theory


text:
User:ArjunGireesh Mahadevapuramillam/sandbox

ArjunGireesh Namboothiri (Mahadevannamboothiri) from mahadevapuramillam ,Puthiyakavu

[Writer 1]


text:
имѧ

Alternative forms

 * Glagolitic:

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) name

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) name
 * 2)  noun

title: имѧ