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User:JWSchmidt/Blog/3 March 2007

Free media files  User:Chrismo made a comment in (Help with ogg audio play) that finally got me to read some of the Creative Commons licenses. Chrismo mentioned the idea that there is flexibility in how to re-license content that is originally licensed under Creative Commons licenses. Previously, I had only read the summary pages such as this. I have long held the view that the intent of free content licenses is to allow content creators to make their work available for re-use and I have never been much impressed with claims that different licenses with the same intent are not compatible. The "share alike" concept includes the idea that content might be placed under one copyleft license and then later placed under a "similar license" if the intent of the new license is the same. As far as I can tell, the GFDL and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license have the same intent.

CC to GFDL  I am particularly impressed by statements such as, "The above applies to the Work as incorporated in a Collective Work, but this does not require the Collective Work apart from the Work itself to be made subject to the terms of this License." (see) I understand this to mean that something like can be placed under the GFDL, even if parts of the collective/derivative work were originally under a Creative Commons license.

GFDL to CC  It is the intention of the GFDL that "derivative works of the document must themselves be free" to re-use (see). The GFDL was crafted before the Creative Commons licenses, so it does not have much to say about other copyleft licenses. However, the text of the GFDL does talk about GFDL material that is combined with other content and it says, "the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document". I understand this to mean that something like can be placed into a derivative work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license, even if parts of the collective/derivative work were originally under the GFDL.

Promote Progress  Ultimately, copyright law is supposed to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts. If someone asserts that they want their content made available for re-use, that is the important thing. As I read the terms of the copyleft licenses, anything, including legal mumbo-jumbo that stands in the way of progress for content sharing and creation, has no legal authority to block the intent of the licenses, the copyright holder's intent that the content be available to be shared. All the legal mumbo-jumbo is in the licenses as tools to be used against anyone who tries to put limits on re-use of the content.

Many people want their work to be attributed to them. In the internet, where many people use pseudonyms, a chain of hypertext links back to the original source of content and mention of the "name" of the copyright holder seems the conventional way to give attribution. When there many "authors", just the link to the source is often provided. This same method (hypertext linking) is used to associate media files with the text of copyleft licenses.

I also find this language of interest: "If You create a Collective Work, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Collective Work any reference to such Licensor or the Original Author, as requested." (see) I guess it is possible that I could make a derivative work that is so offensive to an original content creator that a demand would be made to not mention the offended copyright holder in an attribution statement. Placing attribution statements on a wiki makes it easy for offended contributors to keep their "name" from being associated with a derivative work.

Related licensing issue
June 4. There is a three-month-old thread about the Creative Commons 3.0 versions of CC licenses at Wikimedia Commons (also see this Creative Commons 3.0 email thread). Is the Creative Commons licenses version 3.0 Attribution-ShareAlike license not a "free license"? There are many statements being made about what is and is not "free" (see also). The version 3.0 Creative Commons licenses contain statements about moral rights. "Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author's moral rights". I do not see how any license could claim to restrict an author's moral rights. The license also says "Your fair dealing and other rights are in no way affected by the above." Fair dealing provides one example of sets of rules in particular countries that influence how works can by copied and re-used and "moral rights" are another. The basic idea is that various countries have rules for how an author's work can and cannot be used by others. I accept the idea that a free content license aims to promote copying and re-use, so such a license should not add any restrictions that are not already found in law. Does the Creative Commons 3.0 language add new restrictions on copying, re-use or modification of works that are not already found in law?

A. "Except as otherwise agreed in writing by the Licensor or as may be otherwise permitted by applicable law, if You Reproduce, Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work either by itself or as part of any Adaptations or Collections, You must not distort, mutilate, modify or take other derogatory action in relation to the Work which would be prejudicial to the Original Author's honor or reputation. Licensor agrees that in those jurisdictions (e.g. Japan), in which any exercise of the right granted in Section 3(b) of this License (the right to make Adaptations) would be deemed to be a distortion, mutilation, modification or other derogatory action prejudicial to the Original Author's honor and reputation, the Licensor will waive or not assert, as appropriate, this Section, to the fullest extent permitted by the applicable national law, to enable You to reasonably exercise Your right under Section 3(b) of this License (right to make Adaptations) but not otherwise. (source)

The claim has been made that this CC version 3.0 language creates a new "contract" that adds new restrictions. The counter claim is that this language only makes explicit what was implicit previously: that no license protects people from laws (laws about copyright, "fair dealing", "moral rights", etc) that already exist. The free content definition says that a "free license" must protect, B "The freedom to distribute derivative works: In order to give everyone the ability to improve upon a work, the license must not limit the freedom to distribute a modified version (or, for physical works, a work somehow derived from the original), regardless of the intent and purpose of such modifications." It is interesting that this explicitly states that the intent of this "essential freedom" is that derivative works "improve upon a work". At the same time, it says modifications should be allowed, "regardless of the intent and purpose of such modifications". However, it seems clear that some modifications of a work could be produced with the intent of doing harm. Laws that protect "moral rights" seem designed to prevent harm, and it is hard to see why anyone would want to interpret a free license as license to do harm. In short, a "free license" cannot really be about giving license to modify a work in any conceivable way. The license cannot give people the right to do what breaks the law.

In A, above, it is talking about situations where you "Reproduce, Distribute or Publicly Perform" a work. As far as I can tell (based on this), it is not clear how moral rights should apply to a situation where an author has explicitly granted the right to modify their work. Is a modified work a new work or is a modified work always just a reproduction, distribution or performance of the original work? I think there is a distinction between distributing a mutilated copy and creating a new work. In B, the discussion is about "derivative works", which is not really the same issue as reproducing, distributing or performing and existing work. Freedom to "redistribute copies" is part of the definition of a free license, but that definition says nothing about situations where the copies are used in a way that damages the original author. The definition of free licenses has an associated page for Permissible restrictions and it is is hard to see why there is not an explicit statement saying that a free license cannot free people from existing laws that govern how creative works are used by others. The existing free content definition seems incomplete and self-contradictory, but it is being used in an attempt to define certain licenses as being non-free.

Continuing discussion at Some thoughts on CC 3.0. Jimbo suggests that the version 3.0 licenses, "explicitly acknowledge that they say nothing at all about moral rights". And he added that "licenses which take note of local laws that can not be affected by a license" cannot make such licenses less free than licenses which ignore the matter of existing laws.

title: User:JWSchmidt/Blog/3 March 2007


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Ron Previte

Ronald Previte (October 9, 1943 – August 21, 2017) was an American corrupt police officer for the Philadelphia Police Department and a member of and an informant against the Philadelphia crime family of the Italian-American Mafia.

Previte was born in 1943 in Philadelphia to Sicilian-American parents but was raised in Hammonton, New Jersey, and attended Hammonton High School. Previte joined with the United States Air Force,and when he returned, he joined the Philadelphia Police Department. During his time in the police force, Previte extorted traffic violators, shook down restaurant owners, stripped impounded cars, stole from crime scenes and solicited payoffs from bookies and mobsters. Previte was forced to resign from the police force in 1979. By 1981, he began working as a security officer for the Tropicana Casino & Resort Atlantic City and was soon operating as an associate of the Philadelphia crime family, swiping cash and chips from the casino, stealing trucks of furniture and bar supplies out of the casino warehouse, robbing money from guests, and running prostitutes and poker games out of unoccupied suites.

Previte was arrested for theft in 1985, but the charges were dropped after he agreed to work with New Jersey State Police. In 1992, Previte became an informant for the Federal Bureau of Investigation for which he was paid $750,000 between 1992 and 2002. By 1993, Previte was a big earner for the Philadelphia crime family, became a made man, and also became the personal driver for boss John Stanfa. Previte wore a wire for more than two-and-a-half years, recording more than 400 hours of conversations, also testifying during mob trials, which helped convict over 50 mobsters, including Joey Merlino and Ralph Natale. Following the trials, Previte turned down offers for witness relocation, and lived under an assumed name in Hammonton.

Previte is the subject of the 2004 book The Last Gangster by George Anastasia.

Previte died in a Galloway Township, New Jersey hospital on August 21, 2017, of a heart attack, aged 73.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ron Previte


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Leucostoma edentatum

Leucostoma edentatum is a Asian species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

Distribution
Croatia, Italy, Israel.

title: Leucostoma edentatum


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nasone

Etymology
From, suffixed with for the first sense and  in the other senses.

Noun

 * 1)  ; a big nose
 * 2)   a person with a large nose
 * 3)  a cast iron cylindric water fountain with a hooked faucet found mainly in Rome
 * 1)  a cast iron cylindric water fountain with a hooked faucet found mainly in Rome
 * 1)  a cast iron cylindric water fountain with a hooked faucet found mainly in Rome

title: nasone


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Haaswood Store

The Haaswood Store, at 62011 Louisiana Highway 1091 in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, near Pearl River, Louisiana, was built in 1930. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

The store was in operation into the 1960s. The building is a one-and-one-half-story store at an intersection in the unincorporated community of Haaswood, Louisiana. It is built with wood frame and cast concrete blocks.

title: Haaswood Store


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Frances O'Grady, Baroness O'Grady of Upper Holloway

Frances Lorraine Maria O'Grady, Baroness O'Grady of Upper Holloway (born 9 November 1959), is a British former trade unionist leader, who served as the General Secretary of the British Trades Union Congress (TUC) from 2013 to 2022, being the first woman to hold the position. After O'Grady presented her resignation in 2022, Paul Nowak was selected to succeed her; he took up the post on 29 December 2022. O'Grady sits as a life peer in the House of Lords.

Early life and family
O'Grady was born in Oxford, one of five siblings in a family of Irish descent, and was brought up in the Roman Catholic faith. Her father was a shop steward at the Leyland car plant in Cowley. She was educated at Milham Ford School, a grammar school which became comprehensive during her time there. At Manchester University, she earned a BA Hons in politics and modern history. She received a Diploma in Industrial Relations and Trade Union Studies at Middlesex Polytechnic.

Career
O'Grady worked for the Transport and General Workers' Union, where she opposed the abolition of the Agricultural Wages Board, and campaigned for a minimum wage. She became TUC Campaigns Secretary in 1994 and founded the TUC Organising Academy in 1997, a scheme aimed at supporting a younger and more representative group of workers to become labour movement organisers.

She became head of the TUC's organisation department in 1999, and was then elected as Deputy General Secretary in 2003.

She led on the establishment of the union learning organisation unionlearn, which came into being in 2006. Unionlearn works with employers, unions and government to help around 220,000 workers per year to improve basic skills and access lifelong learning.

She became TUC General Secretary in January 2013, succeeding Brendan Barber.

In 2013, in line with the TUC, she was among those who gave their support to the People's Assembly in a letter published by The Guardian newspaper. ' She has been a member of the Resolution Foundation's Commission on Living Standards, as well as serving on the TUC's Commission on Vulnerable Employment, the Low Pay Commission and the High Pay Commission. She has campaigned prominently during the referendum on EU membership, as the TUC registered for the remain side, particularly citing concerns around the impact on workers' rights and jobs in export led industries.

O'Grady has led a protest outside Bestway, Britain's largest family owned business. In February 2013 she was, as a result of her efforts, assessed as the 11th most powerful woman in Britain by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4.

She was appointed as a Non-Executive Director of Bank of England in June 2019. In April 2022, O'Grady announced that she would leave her post as TUC's general secretary at the end of the year. She was succeeded by Paul Nowak in January 2023.

It was announced on 14 October 2022, that as part of the 2022 Special Honours, O'Grady would receive a life peerage, sitting for the Labour Party. On 9 December 2022, she was created Baroness O'Grady of Upper Holloway, of Wood Farm in the City of Oxford.

Personal life
O'Grady has two adult children, whom she raised as a working single parent, and currently lives in London.


text:
Voser

Voser is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Kay Voser (born 1987), Swiss footballer
 * Peter Voser (born 1958), Swiss businessman

title: Voser


text:
chim

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  bird

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) chyme

Etymology 1
From, from ; cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. Munda cognates include 🇨🇬.

Etymology 2
From etymology 1. For some parallels, compare, and , 🇨🇬. See also,.

Noun

 * 1)  penis, cock; dick

Verb

 * 1) to hate, be angry at, be incensed

title: chim


text:
Wikijunior:South America/Argentina

Argentina is the second largest country in South America and the eighth largest in the world. It is located between the Andes mountains on one side and the Atlantic Ocean on the other. Argentina and Chile occupy the most southern part of all South America. The country also borders Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. Its capital city is Buenos Aires, inside the estuary of Rio de la Plata (Silver River).

What are Argentina's national symbols?

Argentina's official language is Spanish and its national bird is the Hornero. The National Holiday is Revolution Day, which is on May 25th.

The Plains of Pampas
The Pampa (meaning 'plain' in the Native American Quechua language) is a fertile plain around Buenos Aires in Argentina. It is made up of most of Buenos Aires, La Pampa and Santa Fe provinces and also has parts of Córdoba province as well. Parts of the plain extend into the countries of Uruguay and Brazil.

Plants are very simple in this area. They are mostly grasses and low plants, often growing quickly if water is close. Only these small plants grow, as many fires happen on the plain, destroying any other larger plants. Because of these low plants, much of the area is used for feeding cattle or for growing soybeans.

This kind of plain is also called a prairie in North America, a steppe in Europe and Asia, and a veld in South Africa.

The Plateau of Patagonia
A marvelous book about Patagonia is titled "IN PATAGONIA" by Bruce Chatwin which tells the story of Chatwin's journey through the entire length of the region during the 1970s.

What important events have happened in Argentina?
The word Argentina means silver in Latin. The country was named after silver because, when shipwrecked Spaniards washed up on Argentina's shore, the indigenous Americans brought them gifts made out of silver.

The rule of Spain
Before the European invasion of the Americas, Argentina was rather sparsely populated. Different Native American tribes lived in small villages, and Argentina bordered the Inca empire, but large parts of the country had few inhabitants. The Spanish arrived in 1502 on a voyage of Amerigo Vespucci, the mapmaker that America was named after. Buenos Aires became a Spanish colony in 1580, and was originally a part of greater Peru. It became an important port after 1776 (with the foundation of the "Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata"), exporting leather and other goods.

Spain lost control of the region when France defeated Spain in the Napoleonic Wars, and the colonists there became somewhat independent. They even prevented several attempted British takeovers in the early 1800s. On July 9, 1816, Argentina officially declared its independence.

Independence
Unfortunately, the new country's first leaders started a civil war that would last several decades. This resulted in a period of anarchy until Juan Manuel de Rosas unified most of the country under the rule of Buenos Aires. He was a tyrant who killed his opponents and anyone who disagreed with him. He attempted to take over Paraguay and Uruguay, and generally developed bad relations with his neighbors. He was overthrown in 1852 with the support of Uruguay and Brazil, and Argentina got its first constitution.

At this time, most people considered "Argentinians" were ethnically Spanish, with Native Americans still thought of as a menace. The country's economy was based on raising animals. Soon Great Britain became more and more involved with Argentina's economy and politics, and Argentina moved towards being a modern country.

The Modern World
In the late 1800s, new farming techniques helped improve the lives of Argentinians, and investment by Britain and others helped provide economic wealth. Immigrants came to Argentina from all over Europe, and better roads and railroads were built. The War of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay was bloody and expensive, but Argentina soon recovered and gained new prosperity, mainly due to trade with Europe. Buenos Aires became known as the Paris of the Americas.

What are Argentina's people like?
About 41.45 million people live in Argentina. They have backgrounds from many other countries and origins. Almost 88 % of the population comes from Italian or Spanish roots, and Argentinians come from many other countries as well. Fifty six percent of the Argentinians have native roots (different kinds of hybridization); only 2 or 3 % of Argentinians are Pure Native American.

In Argentina, you can often find the influences of many different cultures. Pizza and pasta from Italy are very popular here, but so is native maize and pumpkin. Many Jewish sweets and German dishes are also thought of as part of Argentinian food. Tango originated in Buenos Aires and Montevideo (Uruguay), and is very popular throughout Argentina, though many different musical styles are enjoyed. Argentina is more of a melting pot of various cultures than any other South American country.

Despite all this, nearly everyone in Argentina speaks Spanish, the official language, and most Argentinians are Roman Catholic. About 1 million people a year convert to different religions however.

What sports are popular in Argentina?
Although its national sport is Pato Pato, Soccer remains the most popular sport in Argentina. The Argentine Soccer team has won three World Cups, Lionel Messi and Diego Armando Maradona, two of its players, are famous all over the world. Other popular sports include Tennis, Rugby, Polo, Basketball and Boxing.

Who are some famous people from Argentina?
Messi and Di Maria. Wikichicos/América del Sur/Argentina

title: Wikijunior:South America/Argentina


text:
Edmund William Cole

Colonel Edmund William Cole (July 19, 1827 – May 25, 1899) was an American Confederate veteran and businessman. He was the president of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, and the founder of the American National Bank.

Early life
Edmund William Cole was born on July 19, 1827, in Giles County, Tennessee. He grew up on a farm.

Career
Cole moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1845, where he worked as a store clerk and later as a bookkeeper in the post office. In 1857, he was appointed as the superintendent of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad by its founder, Vernon K. Stevenson.

During the American Civil War of 1861–1865, Cole served as a colonel in the Confederate States Army. General Samuel Jones described Cole as "active and zealous" during the war.

Cole was appointed as the president of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad in 1868. Cole acquired four more lines and renamed it the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway in 1873. According to historian Jesse C. Burt, Jr., "His grandiose scheme for uniting disparate pieces of rail properties into a solid and well-managed enterprise was probably the first large rail consolidation to be attempted in the South." When August Belmont purchased it from Stevenson in 1880, Cole resigned, and he was succeeded as president by James D. Porter.

Cole co-founded the American National Bank in 1883. He also invested in real estate in Downtown Nashville and coal mines in Sheffield, Alabama. He was also an investor in the Sheffield Hotel, where he banned the sale of whisky.

Philanthropy
In 1885, Cole founded the Randall Cole School, and he hired Dr W. C. Kilvington as superintendent. In 1887, Cole donated it to the state of Tennessee, and it was renamed the Tennessee Industrial School. In 1894, it moved into the Anna Russell Cole Auditorium, named for Cole's second wife.

Cole served as the treasurer of the board of trust of Vanderbilt University. In 1892, he donated $5,000 to endow the annual Cole Lecture, "for the defense and advocacy of the Christian religion."

Cole made a donation to the Bruce family shortly after the Lynching of Ephraim Grizzard in 1892.

Personal life, death and legacy
Cole was married twice. His first wife, Louisa McGavock, died in 1869; her funeral ceremony was conducted by reverends John Berry McFerrin and Robert A. Young. They lived at 182 Church Street. His second wife, Anna Russell, was a native of Augusta, Georgia, whose father had served as the first Democratic mayor of Augusta after the Civil War. Their wedding, conducted by Bishop Holland Nimmons McTyeire, was attended by Confederate veterans Bushrod Johnson and Edmund Kirby Smith. The Coles first resided at Terrace Place, a three-story townhouse on Church Street in Nashville, until they moved into Colemere, a mansion designed for them by Confederate veteran and architect William Crawford Smith. They had a son, Whitefoord Russell Cole, who became a prominent businessman. Cole was a member of the Democratic Party, and he attended the McKendree United Methodist Church.

Cole died of heart disease on May 25, 1899, at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City. His funeral was held at the McKendree United Methodist Church in Nashville. After his death, his widow hired sculptor George Julian Zolnay to design his bust; it was installed in Kirkland Hall, the administration building of Vanderbilt University. When Kirkland Hall burned down in 1905, it was replaced with a marble bust alongside his widow's portrait by Willie Betty Newman.

title: Edmund William Cole


text:
Justin Lock

Justin Lock is an American meteorologist for the Charleston, South Carolina TV Station, WCSC-TV. He first started at KHAS-TV in Hastings, Nebraska. Then he made his way to Charleston to WCIV-TV as an anchor on Lowcountry Live. After that, he was in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on CN8 The Comcast Network. He then went to the WGCL-TV in Atlanta, Georgia, and boosted their morning show, Better Mornings Atlanta, while he was a Weather/Traffic anchor. He now is in Charleston at WCSC-TV.

Lock graduated from Ohio State University in 2001 with a Bachelor of Science degree in meteorology. He has chased tornadoes in Nebraska, lived through several landfalling hurricanes in Charleston, South Carolina, and forecasted countless nor'easters in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Lock began his career in 2001 doing morning weather in Hastings, Nebraska, on KHAS-TV with other stints in Charleston on WWCIV-TV and Philadelphia on CN8.

In June 2011 Lock won his first Emmy Award for best On-Air Meteorologist in the Southeastern United States.

Lock is also a member of the American Meteorological Society and has earned the Certified Broadcast Meteorologist seal (CBM), the highest certification in his field.

Lock resides in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, with his wife and newborn son and his two dogs.

title: Justin Lock


text:
User:JWSchmidt/Blog/2 February 2007

Portals  I'm done with my efforts to clean the portals (master list). I started my cleaning efforts with the goal of identifying learning resources that could be featured on the main page. After my review of the contents of the main namespace, I'm thinking that the way to start having featured content on the main page is to feature content development projects.

Main Page  Originally I was thinking along these lines:

The main page now uses: Browse our schools and subject areas: Humanities · Physical Sciences · Life Sciences · Practical Arts and Sciences · Mathematics · Engineering and Technology · Interdisciplinary Studies · Social Sciences · Education · Media · Professions · Other portals

Featured content  Maybe there should be a list of the seven most visited content development projects from this counter. One item from the list could be included on the main page each day of the week. In January, the top seven content development projects (by page visits) were:
 * School:Mathematics - > 100 edits since August 15 2005
 * School:Computer Science / Topic:Computer Programming - > 350 edits since August 15 2005
 * School:Language and Literature / Topic:Foreign Language Learning - box format - > 250 edits since August 15 2005
 * Topic:Master of Business Administration - 100 edits since August 15 2005
 * School:Physics and Astronomy - > 50 edits since August 15 2005
 * School:Medicine - > 50 edits since August 15 2005
 * School:Electronic Engineering - > 50 edits since August 15 2005

title: User:JWSchmidt/Blog/2 February 2007


text:
Drowning with Land in Sight

Drowning with Land in Sight is the seventh studio album by American rock band The 77s. It was released in 1994 on Myrrh Records. The music, their heaviest up to that point, ranged from the opening note-for-note Led Zeppelin cover to the straightforward Rolling Stones homage "Cold Cold Night" to Roy Orbison-influenced ballads "Film at 11", "The Jig Is Up", and "Alone Together". The lyrics primarily reflected the stress of singer Michael Roe's divorce, except for "Dave's Blues", about guitarist David Leonhardt's illness with cancer. At the record label's insistence, the final track was written and added to provide a more upbeat conclusion. Also, a vulgarity in "Dave's Blues" was backward masked into unintelligibility.

Track listing

 * 1) "Nobody's Fault but Mine"
 * 2) "Snowblind"
 * 3) "Snake"
 * 4) "Indian Winter"
 * 5) "Film at 11"
 * 6) "Mezzo"
 * 7) "Cold Cold Night"
 * 8) "Dave's Blues"
 * 9) "Sounds O' Autumn"
 * 10) "The Jig Is Up"
 * 11) "Alone Together"
 * 12) "For Crying Out Loud"

Personnel
The band
 * Mike Roe on guitars and lead vocals.
 * David Leonhardt on guitars.
 * Mark Harmon on bass guitars and background vocals.
 * Aaron Smith on Drums.

Production notes
 * Gene Eugene – executive producer
 * Ojo Taylor – executive producer

title: Drowning with Land in Sight


text:
Surgical Procedures/Amputation

Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. Amputation is a blind and final method in surgery to save the patient's life.

Types
Types of amputation include:
 * leg
 * amputation of digits(Ray)
 * partial foot amputation (transmetatarsal)
 * ankle disarticulation (Syme)
 * below-knee amputation (transtibial)
 * knee-bearing amputation
 * above knee amputation (transfemoral)
 * hip disarticulation
 * arm
 * amputation of digits(Ray)
 * metacarpal amputation
 * wrist disarticulation
 * forearm amputation (transradial)
 * elbow disarticulation
 * above-elbow amputation (transhumeral)
 * shoulder disarticulation and forequarter amputation

Hemicorporectomy is the most radical amputation. Genital modification and mutilation often involves amputating tissue, although it is usually not a result of injury or disease.

As a rule, amputations through the bone diaphysis are preferred to preserve joint function, but in oncological surgery, disarticulation is favored. (Edited by Dr. Avadh Sahi)

Epidemiology
110,000 a year in the USA ; of those 100,000 are lower limb amputations for peripheral arterial occlusive disease.

Method
A tourniquet is used in orthopaedics to limit bleeding but not in vascular surgery (where the limb is already under perfused because of arterial disease). The muscles are transected, any bleeding vessel is ligated and finally the bone is sawed through. Skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump, except in amputations for gangrene when the stump is left open and allowed to heal by secondary intention.

Complications
Some amputees experience the phenomenon of phantom limbs; they feel body parts that are no longer there. These limbs can itch, ache, and feel as if they are moving. Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence.

Autoamputation
In some rare cases when a person has become trapped (on account of getting a limb stuck) in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated his own limb: In 2003, 27-year old Aron Ralston amputated his forearm using his pocketknife and breaking and tearing the two bones, after the arm got stuck under a boulder when hiking in Utah. A month later, an Australian coal miner amputated his own arm with a Stanley knife after it became trapped when the front-end loader he was driving overturned three kilometers underground.

title: Surgical Procedures/Amputation


text:
Patania emmetris

Patania emmetris is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Turner in 1915. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from the Northern Territory.

title: Patania emmetris


text:
Siua Maile

Siua Pututau Maile (born 18 February 1997) is a Tongan professional rugby union player who plays as a hooker for United Rugby Championship club Benetton and the Tonga national team.

Early life
Siua grew up in Tonga since his birth and moved to New Zealand in 2013 to pursue a rugby scholarship at Timaru Boys' High School and later became a roofer in Christchurch. Siua is married to Mele Vuka Maile and has three son’s VaiTo Maile, Siosiua Maile, Tevita Maile.

Club career
He played for Manawatu from 2020 to 2022 and for Hurricanes in Super Rugby in 2022.

International career
He made his international debut for Tonga against New Zealand in a World Cup warm-up match on 7 September 2019. He represented also Tonga for the 2019 Rugby World Cup which was held in Japan for the first time and also marks his first World Cup appearance. Prior to his World Cup call, he served as a roofer in Christchurch. He made his debut World Cup match appearance in a Pool C match against England on 22 September 2019.

title: Siua Maile


text:
Hisham Kharma

Hisham Kharma (هشام خرما) is an Egyptian musician.

or The End,  and for his soundtrack for Egypt: Land of Civilization documentary that was premiered during the Pharaohs' Golden Parade and starring Khaled El Nabawy.

Early life and education
Kharma was born and raised in Cairo. He has started playing piano at the age of 9. Kharma obtained his BS in Computer science from the American University in Cairo and his postgraduate studies in art direction at Miami Ad School.

Biography
Kharma started working in the field of advertising after graduation as a creative director, his first work was Ahl Masr Hospital for burns ad, after this work he was granted the title of Humanity Burn Free ambassador, for the initiative of the Ahl Masr for burns and for composing the music of Shoof B'albak.

In 2010, Kharma released his first official album, The First Voyage produced by Virgin Megastores, and followed by his second album released under Sony Music Entertainment records, where he was chosen to represent Egypt at one of Sony Music albums of the musical series, Arabesque with Yanni and Can Atilla. In November 2016, released his third album, AlyaQeen, Consisting of 13 music pieces and took about 3 years preparing for its release. Kharma’s fourth album, Kun Released in 2019, and featured 10 pieces of music.

In 2020, for the first time, Kharma composed the soundtrack for The End, the first Egyptian Sci-fi television drama series. That year, he composed the soundtrack for Mako, an Egyptian film adapted from the accident of the passenger ship, Salem Express that sank in the Red Sea in 1991.

In 2018, Kharma collaborated with Egyptian composer Omar Khairat, honoring the memory of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and his moving memorial at 57357 Hospital. In the same year, Kharma composed the soundtrack for the opening and activities of the World Youth Forum held in Sharm El-Sheikh. Kharma collaborated with Tanvi Shah in a recording work titled Born Free.

Albums

 * 2010, First Voyage
 * 2012, Arabesque
 * 2016, AlyaQeen
 * 2019, Kun

title: Hisham Kharma


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1942 Kansas Jayhawks football team

The 1942 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Six Conference during the 1942 college football season. In their fourth and final season under head coach Gwinn Henry, the Jayhawks compiled a 2–8 record (1–4 against conference opponents), tied for fifth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 248 to 77. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.

The team's statistical leaders included Ray Evans with 293 rushing yards and 1,117 passing yards, Otto Schnellbacher with 366 receiving yards, and Ed Lindquist with 24 points scored (four touchdowns). No team captain was elected in 1942. Two players on the team would later become more well-known for accomplishments other than their playing careers. End Bob Dole would later go on to a lengthy political career and quarterback Bud Adams would later become a businessman and NFL owner.

Kansas was ranked at No. 131 (out of 590 college and military teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System for 1942.

title: 1942 Kansas Jayhawks football team


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Hemidactylus varadgirii

Hemidactylus varadgirii, also commonly known as Giri's brookiish gecko and the Amboli brookiish gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to India. It was discovered by herpetologist Varad Giri in the Indian village of Amboli, and was named in his honour.

Taxonomy
H. varadgirii belongs to the H. brookii species group, to which the adjective "brookiish" in the common names refers.

title: Hemidactylus varadgirii


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ATM usage fees

ATM usage fees are the fees that many banks and interbank networks charge for the use of their automated teller machines (ATMs). In some cases, these fees are assessed solely for non-members of the bank; in other cases, they apply to all users. There is usually a higher fee for use of White-label ATMs rather than bank owned ATMs.

Two types of consumer charges exist: the surcharge and the foreign fee. The surcharge fee may be imposed by the ATM owner (the bank or Independent ATM deployer) and will be charged to the consumer using the machine. The foreign fee or transaction fee is a fee charged by the card issuer (financial institution, stored value provider) to the consumer for conducting a transaction outside of their network of machines in the case of a financial institution.

Australia
A number of ATM networks are operated in Australia, the largest are: Commonwealth Bank / Bankwest network with 3,400 machines, Westpac / St George Bank / BankSA / Bank of Melbourne with 2,800 machines, ANZ with 2,300 machines, the rediATM network with 1,800 machines, and National Australia Bank with 900 machines, The ATMs of CommBank, Westpac, ANZ, NAB and others are free to use. ING Australia, which does not operate its own ATMs nor have a branch network, reimburses any ATM fees of customers who deposit A$1,000 per month as part of a loyalty program. Australians made more than 250 million ATM withdrawals from banks other than their own in 2016.

In September 2017, the "Big Four" banks announced they would be abolishing non-customer ATM usage fees. The Commonwealth Bank was the first to make the announcement, shortly followed by the three other major banks; ANZ, NAB and Westpac. The rediATM network charges up to A$2.50 for domestic cards and A$5.00 for international cards.

Brazil
In Brazil, banks such as Caixa Econômica Federal, Banco do Brasil, Banco Bradesco, Banco Itaú and Banco Santander operate their own nationwide ATM networks. These ATMs can be found in many locations such as the bank branch itself, kiosks spread throughout a city or even supermarkets, gas stations, shopping malls and post offices, making it very convenient for the customer to make withdrawals and check balances without incurring any fees. There are also no denial fees (i.e. when trying to withdrawal more money than what's available in an account) as Brazilian businesses cannot charge for services not rendered. However, fees are assessed if there is excessive usage of the ATMs (i.e. one makes more withdrawals than what's allowed by their monthly maintenance fee). Fees and limits can be checked at the Brazilian Banking Federation (Febraban) website.

Brazilian banks have several partnerships in place in order to extend their coverage:

 * Correspondente bancário (banking agent) - a partnership with an establishment, who then use a small wireless ATM (much like a wireless EFTPOS) to process transactions for the bank, such as payments, deposits, and withdrawals. Use of a banking agent normally does not generate any fees. However, fees are assessed if there is excessive usage of the ATMs (i.e. one makes more operations than what's allowed by their monthly maintenance fee).

 * Interbank network - there are ATM interbank networks such as Banco24Horas that not generate charges fees for use. However, fees are assessed if there is excessive usage of the ATMs (i.e. one makes more operations than what's allowed by their monthly maintenance fee).

 * Cash withdrawal with a Visa debit card - Brazilian acquirer Cielo (formerly known as VisaNet) offers Visa debit card holders an option to withdrawal a small amount of cash (up to R$100, approx. US$30) when paying for merchandise at any Visa-accepting store. Store owners then hand over the money to the customer at the checkout. While the purchase itself generates fees for the business (like any other credit or debit card transaction), the money withdrawal does not, and is reimbursed in full.

Canada
A short description of the fee structure one experiences while using Canadian ATMs can be found at the Interac website, while the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada maintains a chart of the fees typically charged for use of ATMs in Canada.

There are two main ATM networks in Canada:

 * Interac ATMs - Most Canadian financial institutions are members of Interac, a multi-bank ATM network founded by RBC, CIBC, Scotiabank, TD, and Desjardins Group in 1984. Before the presence of white-label ATMs, most Canadian customers were only charged the standard Interac network transaction fee when a customer was using an ATM not provided by the bank that held their account. As the Interac network was opened up to more independent sales organizations (ISOs) and the potential for additional revenue from service fees were made available, most banks elected to impose the service fee in addition to the revenue that was generated from the Interac fee.

 * The Exchange is a multi-bank ATM network. It originated in the northwestern United States before expanding to Canada in 1983. As of 2017, many Canadian credit unions, along with The Alterna Bank, Alterna Savings, Canadian Western Bank, Citibank, HSBC Bank Canada, Manulife Bank of Canada, First Nations Bank of Canada and National Bank provide surcharge-free ATM access to members of other participating financial institutions through the network.

Colombia
Fees and withdrawal amounts differ by network (i.e. Mastercard or Visa) and by the issuing card. Davividenda gets the most reports for having zero fees for withdrawals. BBVA has low withdrawal limits.

United States
Prior to 1988, there was no surcharging of cardholders by ATM owners in the U.S. In 1988 Valley Bank of Nevada began surcharging "foreign cardholders" (meaning holders of ATM cards not issued by Valley Bank) for withdrawals at Valley Bank ATMs located in/near Las Vegas casinos. Eventually, various regional ATM networks, and ultimately the national networks, Plus and Cirrus, permitted ATM surcharging.

Before 1996, foreign ATM fees averaged $1.01 USD nationally, according to a 2001 report from the US-based State Public Interest Research Group.

As banks and third parties realized the profit potential, they raised the fees. ATM fees now commonly reach $3.00, and can be as high as $6.00, or even higher in cash-intensive places like bars and casinos. In cases where fees are paid both to the bank (for using a "foreign" ATM) and the ATM owner (the so-called "surcharge") total withdrawal fees could potentially reach $11. Independent sales organizations ("ISO"s) are the driving force in ATM deployment in the U.S. today representing over 60% of the 396,000 ATMs nationwide. Some have expressed concerns that the U.S. market is becoming too saturated, spreading the resulting fee pool too thin, which may result in a future net decrease in the number of machines. Other media reports indicate that growth in ATM usage has decreased, possibly in relation to the amount of fees imposed by banks.

According to Bank Call Reports, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America and Wells Fargo earned more than $1.1 billion in 2016 from ATM fees. The average fee for using an out-of-network ATM has reached $4.57 in 2016 and this is the 10th straight year of increases, according to Bankrate. By 2019, the average total out-of-network ATM fees had increased to $4.72.

A new charge that has come into the marketplace is the "Denial Fee", where a customer is charged a fee for attempting to withdraw more money than they are either allowed through their daily withdrawal limit or by having insufficient funds in their account.

Bangladesh
There are multiple ATM networks in Bangladesh. Dutch-Bangla Bank has the largest ATM network and also the most member banks. Dutch-Bangla Bank customers are charged BDT 200 yearly as ATM network charge if one has any debit card of the bank.

Dutch-Bangla Bank has separate agreements with local and international banks whereby Dutch-Bangla Bank charges BDT 10 (US$0.092) per transaction to member banks. Due to this low amount, member banks often add an extra amount as profit margin.

Hong Kong
There are three ATM networks in Hong Kong: ETC (HSBC and Hang Seng Bank only), JETCO (all remaining banks) and ÆON. ATM use is free of charge when the card is issued by its respective network. Otherwise, HKD$15–30 is paid for service charge for out-of-network cards.

India
In 2014, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India's central bank and financial regulator, issued a directive on request from large ATM network and card-issuing banks which expressed concern about the growing cost of ATM network operations, large cash outflows, and other problems. In fact, customers of same bank withdrawing more than 5 times in month were sought to be charged. Present directive reduces Free transaction per month from as five to three with revised charges of INR 20 plus taxes levied per transaction as ATM transaction fee.

The number of ATMs, which stood at a little over 27,000 as at end-March 2007, has increased to over 160,000 across the country by end-March 2014. During the same period, POS infrastructure has increased from 330,000 to 1,065,000 terminals. Meanwhile, White Label ATMs (WLAs) have also been introduced in the country with the objective of increasing the ATM density and also building the rural and semi-urban ATM infrastructure.

In 2007, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the country's central bank, had issued a directive to all commercial banks to freeze ATM charges and, with effect from 1 April 2009, abolish ATM service charges altogether. Since 2009, customers of any licensed bank are able to use the ATMs of other banks without paying a service charge. Earlier, banks charged between ₹ 10 and ₹ 35 per reciprocal transaction. A person holding card of other banks can withdraw amount from other bank ATMs but the number of transactions is limited to 5; i.e., on the 6th transaction the person is charged up to ₹ 21.

However, banks can still surcharge for items such as credit card ATM cash advances and at foreign ATMs. In addition, RBI imposes significant foreign exchange restrictions on the use of Indian debit VISA/Mastercard abroad. For example, Indian debit VISA cards are routinely marked "Valid in India and Nepal only" due to the country's restrictive foreign exchange reserve policy.

Indonesia
In Indonesia, banks generally do not charge a fee for ATM usage. However, when an ATM card is used outside the home ATM network, service charge will apply.

Iran
The Shetab Banking System is an electronic banking clearance and automated payments system used in Iran. The system was introduced in 2002 with the intention of creating a uniform backbone for the Iranian banking system to handle ATM, POS and other card-based transactions. There are no charges for money withdrawal in this network. Transferring money between two accounts in a same bank is mostly free (for some banks may incur a small charge of IRR 250) but between different banks costs from 5,000 to 39,600 (for amounts of 10,000 to 150,000,000) for instant transactions, IRR 2,000 to 25,000 for "Paya" transactions, and checking the account balance costs IRR 1,200 for other banks' cards. Other services are currently free.

Japan
In Japan, usually any ATM offers free withdrawal for its respective account holders. Business weekday from morning to late evening means a free transaction (withdrawal, deposit, balance statements, sometimes bank transfers). Beyond this time limit or even on weekends / public holidays, the ATM charges fees to make a transaction.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, ATM usage is free of charge but users may be required to pay a fee when used outside the home network and banks charge a fee of RM 8 to RM 24 annually for a normal savings account.

Under Malaysia's Basic Saving Account scheme the fee is waived but the customer is limited to only eight free cash withdrawals, after that, banks will charge a fee of RM0.50 to RM1 for every withdrawal until the following month.

Also, under the Malaysian Electronic Payment System (MEPS), users can withdraw cash from participating banks for a fee of RM 1 per withdraw. Users can also transfer their fund to another bank via IBFT (Instant Bank Fund Transfer) at a fee of RM 0.30 to RM 0.50 or via IBG (inter-bank giro) at RM 0.10. Another program called HOUSe by locally incorporated foreign banks in Malaysia also have their own network for cash withdrawals from participating banks. Users of local banks are also considered MEPS users by default and users of locally incorporated foreign banks are considered HOUSe users. MEPS users attempting to withdraw cash from HOUSe networks are subjected to a fee of RM 4 and vice versa. Some banks allow cross-border cash withdrawals, but may charge a fee of up to RM 24 per withdrawal, depending on the kind of ATM network users choose.

Pakistan
In Pakistan, banks usually charge a fee of PKR 23.44 (equivalent to 8.3 cents USD) for each non-user's ATM cash withdrawal. These fees are levied chiefly to offset banks' own costs at par only, without any profit margin whatsoever.

There are two ATM networks operational in the country, 1LINK hosted by a consortium of banks, and MNET. All Pakistani banks are members of 1LINK switch as per the mandate of the State Bank of Pakistan, the country's central bank. Some banks, absorb the costs entirely, and offer their customers totally free withdrawals at all ATMs countrywide, including Azad Kashmir.

ATM charges for cash withdrawal from other Bank ATMs (possibly tax exclusive):

 * Allied Bank Limited: Rs.23.44.
 * Bank Alfalah Limited: Rs.23.44 with some account types exempt (domestic), international: Rs. 300 or 3% of withdrawal amount, whichever is higher.
 * Bank Al-Habib Limited: Rs. 23.44 (domestic), international: Rs. 200 or 2% of withdrawal amount, whichever is higher.
 * Habib Bank Limited: Rs. 23.44 with Work Account and Freedom Account exempt, was ~16.5 by end-2019.
 * Habib Metropolitan Bank Limited: Rs. 23.44 (domestic), 3% (international).
 * JS Bank Limited: Rs. 23.44 (domestic), international: Rs. 1,000 or 4% of withdrawal amount, whichever is higher.
 * MCB Bank Limited: Rs. 23.44 (domestic), international: 2%.
 * Meezan Bank: Rs.23.44.
 * Standard Chartered: Rs. 23.44 (1-Link), Rs. 15 (MNET), 8% (international).
 * United Bank Limited: Rs.23.44 (domestic), international: 0 (Pay Pak), 4.5% (Pay Pak/UPI and all other cards).

Philippines
In the Philippines, there is a ₱200 charge from local banks when using an international ATM card, in addition to the originating bank's charges. HSBC Bank is the only bank in the Philippines without a ₱200 fee for oversea bank cards.

Banks currently charge a flat fee per withdrawal transaction for customers who use an ATM card in other bank's ATMs.

Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka banks usually charge a fee of LKR 5.00 (US$) for the users of the bank (which provides the ATM) and LKR 15.00 (US$) to LKR 60.00 (US$) per non user's bank withdrawal of cash from the machine. Most ATMs are connected to the national LankaPay interbank network. If the user used their credit card to withdraw money, banks will charge from LKR 300.00 (US$) to LKR 900.00 (US$) per transaction.

Thailand
In Thailand, there is no fee for domestic same-bank same-province transaction. However, customers usually pay an ATM annual fee of ฿200, plus a one-off card fee of ฿100 and convenience fee for withdrawal or balance inquiry at other bank ATM or at a province other than the province where the account is opened. On 23 September 2010, the Bank of Thailand (BOT) announced an ATM fee ceiling framework which came into full effect one year later. Most of the banks will allow customer to have four withdrawal or balance inquiry transactions for free provided that the ATM is located in the same province with the account, then charges up to ฿10 per transaction for interbank same-province ATM usage. Inter-provincial fund transfer or withdrawal fees are capped at ฿20 per transaction as a result of BOT 2010 reform.

However, banks are now pushing for high annual fee card by combining personal assurance (PA) into their cards. The annual fee of PA card can be more than three times for the ordinary card (typically ฿200 for a debit card). Many customers are often told that basic cards have run out of stock and they can only choose the PA card. In some cases, customers not willing to subscribe to ATM service and pay the card fees are not allowed to open an account.

For a foreign card, the ATM service fee is ฿150 (Aeon Bank), and ฿220 for all other banks. Cash withdrawals in the bank office ("cash advance") typically do not have any fees on top of what the issuer bank may charge.

Austria
Cash withdrawals are free for any owner of an Austrian Maestro card at a bank. Some independent ATMs – 67 out of 8,500 as of 2016 – charge a small fee (€1.95 in 2016). By law, a warning is given when a fee is charged.

In July 2016 it was discussed if a law should forbid these fees or the fee must be displayed clearly during the transaction.

Very few, small banks charge an extra fee when one of their own customers uses a different bank's ATM.

Finland
Cash withdrawals are free for any owner of a Finnish bank card or Visa Electron cards on ATM brand "Otto." which is the largest ATM network in Finland. There are smaller rivals which have fees. "Otto." ATMs accept also Visa, MasterCard, American Express and Diners Club credit cards. They also belong to Maestro, Cirrus and Plus networks. Fees depend on card issuer. Some banks do charge fees after a given number of withdrawals within a month.

Germany
German banks generally charge fees for withdrawals at another bank's ATM, both within the national Girocard debit card/ATM scheme as well as when using a debit card's Maestro or V-Pay facility abroad.

Fees for withdrawals within the Girocard scheme are all implemented as surcharges (direktes Kundenentgelt) which go from €1.95 up to €5.00 or higher and must be displayed to the customer before the money is given out. All ATMs are connected to the national Girocard interbank network. The ATM owners do usually join one of the ATM groups that mutually lower or waive fees, so that customers can withdraw free of charge. The most extensive network of ATMs belongs to the savings banks associations ("Sparkassen") with 24,600 ATMS. Most of the private banks are either member of the Cash Group (7,000 ATMs owned by the major banks) or Cash Pool (2,500 ATMs owned by smaller banks) – they are usually found in city centers. The credit unions ("Volksbanken" and "Raiffeisenbanken") provide around 18,000 ATMs and are associated in the BankCard ServiceNetz, very often in smaller towns and villages, but less frequently available in the big cities. Fees for withdrawing money in the Maestro scheme (outside of Germany, but also at some ATMs at airports in Germany) or with a credit card are charged by the customer's bank and are not displayed during the transaction.

Some German banks such as Deutsche Kreditbank, ING-DiBa and Consorsbank have started issuing complementary Visa cards for cash withdrawals to their customers, in addition to the traditional Girocard. Those issuing banks will absorb the interbank fee that they are obliged to pay to the ATM operator under Visa regulations. Although the cards use the Visa credit card protocols, the funds are taken directly from a linked bank account just as with debit cards, and there are no cash advance fees. As surcharges for cash withdrawals by credit card are uncommon in Germany, almost any ATM in Germany can be used for free cash withdrawals with such a Visa card.

Some banks like the ING-DiBa have started requiring their customers to withdraw at least €50 on their own and partner ATMs. This regulation was put in place because banks pay a fixed amount for a withdrawal from an ATM unattached to the amount the customer withdraws. An exception where the regulation does not kick in is if the customer's balance is below the €50 threshold, then they can get as little money as possible.

Ireland
Section 149 of the Consumer Credit Act, 1995 requires a credit institution to notify the Central Bank of Ireland of every proposal to increase a previously notified charge or to impose any charge in relation to the provision of a service to a customer that has not been previously notified to the Central Bank. Not all ATMs are operated by credit institutions. Third party charges are not subject to this notification process. The government imposes a 12 cent stamp duty fee per ATM withdraw in the Republic on debit/ATM cards charged at the end of a calendar year, capped at €2.50 for cards that have only been used at ATMs and €5.00 for cards used at ATMs and point-of-sale.

Netherlands
Cash withdrawals are usually free for an owner of a Dutch debit card, both within the Netherlands and in the rest of the European Union. Cash withdrawals from another bank in the Netherlands are limited to a maximum of once a day and a lower limit per transaction. The one transaction per day limit generally does not apply to withdrawals outside the country. Up to €2,300 may be withdrawn per cashpoint.

Norway
No ATM normally surcharges. However, most major card issuers will levy cash-advance fees unless the client pays a higher annual fee for the card. Some cards have no ATM fees, but these are the exception – like Skandiabanken (Sbanken) Visa and Gebyrfri Visa, both smaller foreign-based banks.

Poland
There are few but extensive independent ATM operators in Poland (e.g. Euronet, ITCARD owner of Planet Cash ATM network, eCard, Global Cash) as well as smaller bank-owned networks. Fees depend on inter-bank agreements and are explicitly stated in card contract. Typically withdrawals from own and allied networks are free while from competitor's machines are subject to a percentage (3-4%) with constant minimum fee, e.g. 5 PLN (~$1.4). In 2013 ATM fee for using other domestic machine was decreased to 1.2/1.3 PLN per transaction. Premium accounts often come without any withdrawal fees, albeit at higher recurring cost. As of 2010 many banks offer optional contracts on "free" withdrawals from any ATM at flat monthly fee, usually priced similar to one withdrawal. The maximum amount that can be withdrawn in one operation is usually 30 or 40 notes (~US$1,000), varying with the type of machine, ATM management system and banknote denominations used.

Portugal
All Multibanco withdrawals and payments in Portugal are free. Recent European Union directives allowed merchants and banks to charge the customers for transactions, but the government approved a law that forbids charging any kind of fees.

Spain
There are significant variation in charges applied. A card issued by a Spanish bank will normally expect to incur a fee up to €1 on each ATM withdrawal, where the transaction is conducted on an ATM operated and owned by the customer's own bank.

However, outside this situation, there is anecdotal evidence of significantly higher charges being applied where third-party owner/operated ATMs are used, including those operated/owned by other Spanish banks. These may be in reported but unverified cases to be as high as 5% of the value withdrawn.

An effort is currently being made to research, identify and quantify the structure and nature of what, from this anecdotal evidence, appear in some cases to be excessive charges. The case is complicated because the fees can originate from the ATM operator, or/and the customers own bank, for as "processing fees".

Sweden
In Sweden, most banks issue debit cards for an annual or monthly fee which includes free withdrawals in Sweden and within the eurozone. However, customers are subject to a fee if using a cash machine elsewhere. Some cards from some banks are, however, subject to fees also when used in the eurozone and some Swedish cash machines. Most of these cards are issued by savings banks.

Switzerland
Fees are not usually charged for withdrawals at a banks' own ATMs, but may be at those of other banks. For example, UBS do not charge for withdrawals at other banks whereas Credit Suisse charge 2 CHF per withdrawal. Sometimes, banks provide the cardholder with 10, 12 or 24 free withdrawals, especially if the bank is a small one, with few ATMs. Most Swiss banks hand out Maestro cards to their customers, in most cases for an annual fee of around 40 CHF, so that any ATM can be used.

United Kingdom
During the 1980s the number of banks and building societies charging issuer fees (i.e. charging fees to their own customers when they used another operator's cash machines) gradually increased. However, in 1990 Barclays announced they were introducing an acquirer fee for all non-Barclays cardholders at their cash machines. This would result in "double charging", where the customer was charged by both their card issuer and the machine operator. Public reaction against this proposal was very strong and a campaign launched by Nationwide Building Society and the UK tabloid newspapers resulted in issuer fees being removed altogether.

Interchange fees remained. These are paid by the card issuer to the cash machine operator to cover the cost of the transaction. Their cost is absorbed by the card issuer and not directly passed on to the end customer.

In 1999 the UK cash machine network LINK opened membership to so-called independent cash machine operators (IADs); organizations which do not issue cards. IADs initially focused on the pay-to-use market, where the customer covers the cost of the transaction directly and this, coupled with a low-cost business model, meant that the number of pay-to-use cash machines rose rapidly, peaking in 2007 at just over 27,000 cash machines.

Most of these machines are in low footfall locations such as convenience shops, garages, nightclubs and pubs. The fee charged in 2005 was usually between £1.00 and £1.50, but occasionally they have been known to charge up to £5 and £10.

Rules regarding signage on pay-to-use machines were introduced in 2005 and enhanced in 2006 and since 2007 the number of pay-to-use cash machines has fallen. By the end of 2010 there were around 21,000 cash machines.

The large numbers of free-to-use cash machines and the low average number of transactions at pay-to-use cash machines means that 97% of cash withdrawals in the UK remain free of charge. As of 2016, there were about 54,000 free to use cash machines, of which 23,600 were provided by independent suppliers, and 16,000 cash machines that charge for withdrawals.

title: ATM usage fees


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Nick Foot

Nick Foot is an Australian rules football Umpire currently officiating in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Umpiring career
Foot began umpiring as a 13-year-old.

In 2010, Nick won the AFL/Australian Sports Commission All Australian Umpire. As the winner of this award he travelled with the Australian Under 18 squad to officiate their games in Italy, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The highlight of the trip was the game against the European Under 18 team. Nick also attended the ANZAC Day service at Gallipoli, Turkey.

In 2010, after the trip, Nick realised that he needed to work harder to continue on track to the AFL. He started to increase his training regime. To make the AFL panel, his coach needed to video the game and send it to Melbourne, where the AFL umpiring department would decide if he was good enough to make the cut.

He followed up his 2009 grand final appearance with appointments to the 2010 and 2011 Tasmanian State League grand finals. He spent 2011 as an AFL rookie umpire, officiating in matches in the NAB Cup. In 2012 he was elevated to the full AFL list.

title: Nick Foot


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Northern Arizona University/Philosophy of Law/Discussion of Online Texts/Week 6

Joelenne Revak CQ #3 Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada

My question comes from the discussion in class on 2/20/07 on the readings of the case for Missouri ex. rel. Gaines v. Canada. The 14th Amendment was brought up with the clause that states “no state can make any laws that abridge the privileges or immunities of the citizens.” At the time of the case, the clause of protection was also added to the 14th amendment. The argument in class was on the concept that higher education is a privilege that should be granted to all citizens. My question is on the statement in the actual case that Gaines was unqualified to attend a school because he was black. If qualifications are an educational standard, how does the issue of race be created in the first place? I agree with the rulings of the court that separate schools do not provide equal protection under law, as separate neighborhoods for different gangs do not provide protection but promote violence. Just as gated communities keep people of a different social status out, separate schools kept the prestigious in society only an option for white citizens. It seems redundant to find Congress drafting the clause of protection in the 14th Amendment and yet it need not apply to the states. Especially years after the McCullough V. Maryland that established more power to the Federal Government. It is heartbreaking to learn the extent that people will try to bend the law to adhere to their own fears, when the law was established in part to eliminate fears and threats on society. The privilege of higher education is something I agree should be an option for all citizens, but what do you say on an international level? In Canada and some European Countries college is a free service provided by the government. Those countries seem to see education as not only a privilege but necessary to better their society. What is our country saying about education and our society if it is an option that should create a sufficient debt to anyone who attends?

Cassondra Taylor Critical Question #3

Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada

In holding that "If a State furnishes higher education to white residents, it is bound to furnish substantially equal advantages to negro residents, though not necessarily in the same schools." Here the idea of separate but equal is established, and held to be constitutional.

In finding that states may operate educational institutions under the premise of separate but equal as long as they are providing such institutions within their own states or jurisdiction, Missouri ex rel. Gaines set up a situation that upheld segregation and discrimination for years to follow, given the history of segregation and the history of its demise, was such a finding constitutional, practical, and worthwhile?

It may be that finding any other way would have left the states in chaos, and that by upholding the practice of segregation the court was in fact maintaining the peace and protecting the welfare of the citizens, however, is that the function of the court? Should they have pressed forward demanding equal and integrated schooling? Should they have done more to root out the socioeconomic/racial stratification that led to isolated schools in isolated neighborhoods?

[Karlie Knudtsen  CQ 4: Roe v Wade

Critical Question #4: Roe v Wade

In delivering the Supreme Court’s decision, Justice Blackmun discusses various sources of abortion law: common law’s understanding of when a fetus becomes “formed” (7), actual contract in light of the Hippocratic Oath (6) and various practices of professional associations (9-11), historical evidence (6, 12-13, throughout) to establish practices constructing the growth of abortion laws, and original purpose as establishing a reasonable connection between the means of abortive practices and the ends of protecting human life. It is my opinion that these sources of law are outlined for the purpose of understanding the constitutionality of states’ rights and enforcement of their abortion laws.

The state’s right of police power to make and enforce laws to protect public health is a central issue in this case. Justice Blackmun brings this issue up repeatedly, stating that “any interest of the state in protecting the woman from an inherently hazardous procedure. . . has largely disappeared” (12), “high mortality rates at illegal abortion mills strengthens rather than weakens the states interest in regulating the conditions under which abortions are performed” (12), and “at some point the state interests as to protection of health, medical standards, and prenatal life, become dominant” (14). It thus appears that the central focus of the case is not abortion, per se, but the extent to which states can use police power and the constitutionality of its usance in regulating abortion laws.

Section VIII asserts “the detriment that the State would impose upon the pregnant woman by denying this choice altogether is apparent. . . [therefore] a State may properly assert important interests in safeguarding health, in maintaining medical standards, and in protecting potential life” (13). This passage seeks to elucidate what the state’s police powers entail. However, it is not apparent by the Constitution that the courts have the power to do this. Justice White dissents to the courts judgment, stating “I find nothing in the language or history of the Constitution to support the Court's judgment” (Wikipedia.com). Furthermore, in class discussion leads me to understand that states retain the right to make laws, as they have always had, for the fitting together of legitimate means to ends. Clearly a proper end is the protection of public health as well as the protection of life, as stated in the Constitution, as long as protection thereof does not conflict with Constitutional rights and laws. This leads me to wonder if the courts attempt to enumerate state’s rights of police power impinges on territory reserved for state law enforcement alone given that the Constitution never defines personhood (15).]


text:
Film editing/Understanding "L-Cuts"

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #ffffaa; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" |  Editing a conversation means creating "L-Cuts"   Learning the theory of "L-Cuts" - The most important lesson in film editing
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #fffff0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #fffff0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

Lesson summary

 * Two disks
 * The Star Movie Shop created two DVD-Video disks about "L-Cuts". These disks are called "Hearing Voices" and "Fireworks Display".  Even though the Star Movie Shop is no longer open to the public, your instructor can still loan you these disks if you promise to return each disk in one month.

 * "Hearing Voices"
 * This DVD-Video/Data disk is a simple introduction to "L-Cuts" and cut-away (insert) short. This disk is more entertaining.

 * "Fireworks Display"
 * This DVD-Video/Data disk explains completely the uses of "L-Cuts". The disk shows you examples of the four different ways that "L-Cuts" can be used to enhance the telling of the story.  This disk is more theoretical.

 * Execellent homework
 * These disks are good for studying at home. If your school has these disks, take them home and study them carefully.  Many of the effects are only a few frames long.  Therefore, you need time to understand what is happening.

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"|

The theory of "L-Cuts"

 * Sound edit vs. picture edit
 * An "L-Cut" is where the audio and the picture are edited at differently. This physical difference is the "L-Cut" because it look like an "L" in the timeline.

 * But realize that "L-Cuts" are much more than just separate edits of audio and video. "L-Cuts" change the mood of the scene.

 * Always in sync
 * You need to understand one thing about "L-Cuts". Even though the picture and the audio tracks are edited separately, the audio remains in perfect sync with the picture.  If you do not do "L-Cuts" correctly, you can create a mess if you are not careful.

 * Do it the easy way
 * Creating an "L-Cut" can be extremely difficult. That is why the lessons of the Star Movie Shop show you a very easy procedure for editing a conversation which automatically creates "L-Cuts" without any effort.  Very easy!

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The next page

 * The next page tells more about L-Cuts.
 * What are "L-Cuts"? [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]]

Contact your instructor

 * Your instructor for this class is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply  Click Here. [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * }

title: Film editing/Understanding "L-Cuts"


text:
Portal:European History/Tasks

Welcome to the European History Department's Task page! This one of a series of task pages linked to the School of History Task Page. This page is designed as a simple place where our Projects can list things that they need help on, so that you can dig in and get involved contributing to Wikiversity. If any of the following sound like things you'd be interested in doing, jump right in!

History of Ireland through Song

 * We currently need contributors to improve our outline of Irish History. If you think you can do this, or can help, go ahead and get started or post on the project talk page.
 * We're trying to develop a comprehensive list of songs (preferably in English or Irish Gaelic) that deal with aspects of Irish History. If you know of any songs that talk about something that happened in Ireland's past, go ahead and add it to our list.

Courses to be revitalised
These are courses which have been shelved:
 * Hitler's Germany (last active: 2009)
 * Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) (last active: 2008)
 * Trench Warfare (last active: 2007)

Requested Courses/Projects
''These are topics that have been requested and are considered high priority for the Department. Please start or expand these projects if you are familiar with the topic area!''

 * Britain
 * 1) Great Britain - 15th Century
 * 2) Great Britain - 16th Century
 * 3) Great Britain - 20th Century
 * 4) History Of Farming In Great Britain
 * 5) History of Wales
 * 6) History Of Scotland
 * 7) History of Northern Ireland
 * 8) History of England

 * European History (General)
 * 1) Ancient Europe (see also the School of Classics)
 * 2) The Absolute Monarchies
 * 3) The Second World War
 * 4) European Union

 * France
 * 1) History of France
 * 2) French Revolution
 * 3) Important French People

 * Greece
 * 1) Magna Graecia (Greater Greece)

 * Ireland
 * 1) History of Ireland (See the History of Ireland through Song)
 * 2) History of Northern Ireland
 * 3) History of Irish Folklore

 * Italy
 * 1) History of Italy
 * 2) Italy In The World Wars
 * 3) Military History of Italy
 * 4) War of The League of Cognac
 * 5) Magna Graecia (Greater Greece)

 * Russia & the Soviet Union (USSR)
 * 1) History of Russia
 * 2) History of the USSR

 * Netherlands
 * 1) Amsterdam's Colonial Trade in the 17th Century

title: Portal:European History/Tasks


text:
Lookin' at Monk!

Lookin' at Monk! is an album by saxophonists Johnny Griffin and Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis featuring compositions associated with Thelonious Monk recorded in 1961 and released on the Jazzland label.

Reception
The AllMusic review by Rick Anderson stated: "this was only the second all-Monk program anyone had recorded and several of these numbers had yet to attain standard status. The playing is uniformly inventive and witty (both required attributes when approaching this repertoire), and Mance is particularly to be commended for maintaining a graceful and elegant attack and not trying to praise Monk by imitation".

Track listing
All compositions by Thelonious Monk, except as indicated.
 * 1) "In Walked Bud" - 4:34
 * 2) "Well, You Needn't" - 5:31
 * 3) "Ruby, My Dear" - 4:39
 * 4) "Rhythm-A-Ning" - 3:53
 * 5) "Epistrophy" (Kenny Clarke, Monk) - 8:36
 * 6) "'Round Midnight" - 5:25
 * 7) "Stickball (I Mean You)" (Coleman Hawkins, Monk) - 5:52

Personnel

 * Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Johnny Griffin - tenor saxophone
 * Junior Mance - piano
 * Larry Gales - bass
 * Ben Riley - drums

title: Lookin' at Monk!


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Indonesia

| Southeast Asian cuisines

Indonesian cuisine features a mixture of Chinese, Indian and European influences. Being an archipelago with hundreds of different ethnic groups, Indonesian cuisine is extremely rich in variety, with regional cooking techniques and ingredients.

Vegetarian (Sayuran)
 * Gado-gado Indonesian salad with peanut sauce
 * Rujak Fruit salad
 * Sayur Asem Vegetable soup with tamarind
 * Sambal Telor Boiled egg in Hot Chili Sauce
 * Tempeh Fermented soybean cake
 * Tempe Mendoan

Rice (Nasi/Nasi Putih (white rice))
 * Nasi Goreng Fried rice
 * Nasi Gurih Aromatic rice
 * Nasi Kuning Yellow rice
 * Nasi Uduk Coconut-milk rice
 * Tapai Fermented rice (also peuyeum, fermented cassava)

Poultry (Ayam) For authentic Indonesian dishes, use free range chicken if available
 * Ayam Goreng Kuning Fried chicken with yellow ginger
 * Ayam Goreng Mentega Stir fried chicken with Worcestershire sauce
 * Kare Ayam Chicken Curry
 * Opor Ayam Chicken in coconut milk soup
 * Sate Ayam BBQ Chicken with bamboo skewers and peanut sauce
 * Soto Ayam Spicy chicken soup

Beef (Daging sapi)
 * Rendang Spiced beef
 * Empal Gepuk Fried beef steak
 * Sop Buntut Oxtail soup

Goat (Kambing) Lamb (Domba) may also be used in these recipes
 * Gulai Kambing Spicy goat soup
 * Sate Kambing BBQ Goat with bamboo skewers

Pork (Daging babi)
 * Babi Kecap Pork in Sweet Soy Sauce

Fish and Seafood (Ikan dan Hidangan Laut)
 * Pepes Ikan Fish in Indonesian spices
 * Kepiting Saus Tiram Crab in oyster sauce

Side dishes (Lauk-pauk)
 * Serundeng Grated Coconut with Whole Peanuts
 * Acar Campur Mixed Pickled Vegetables
 * Sambal Ikan Teri Spicy small Anchovies with Peanuts
 * Saus Kacang Peanut sauce

Desserts and Cookies (Hidangan penutup dan kue-kue)
 * Klepon Indonesian Glutinous Rice Balls filled with palm sugar coated with grated coconut
 * Lapis Legit Indonesian Layer Cake
 * Nastar pineapple Cookie
 * Bubur Candil Indonesian Glutinous Rice Balls Sweet Soup

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Indonesia


text:
Talk:Marina Hyde

Reference five
[which alludes to Hyde's interactions with Piers Morgan]

currently yields an impressively complete 4O4 with no archive.org rescue possible. This should be fixed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by LaFolleCycliste (talk • contribs) 19:12, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

Second child
She was on maternity leave between September 2012 and February 2013 and made reference on Twitter in September to a medical procedure that saved her baby's life. If anyone can find reference to this second child now being safe and well we could fill in the number of children box and remove some untidy ambiguity regarding her number of children that I just edited into this article. Hopefully the peerage site referenced with respect to the first child will be updated. --Persus-9 (talk) 09:35, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

Untitled
Her celebrity column is called Lost in Showbiz, it appears every Friday... Perhaps you could also allude to her writing style which is notably dry to say the least... for instance look at the comments on just about any of her articles... Random article

Also last year (2006) one of her articles appeared in a published Guardian yearbook as it was one of the top reader voted articles of the year... It was this article (scroll down). Here is the book

Love the woman - disappointed to see her ancestry though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:55, 16 August 2010 (UTC)
 * That's such a British thing to say. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:32, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

Name
Should there be an explanation as to why she is Marina Hyde? Her husband is called Clifton and it's not her maiden name. A nom de plume? A first unmentioned husband?--The Totter 02:05, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

Her LIS column of 28.04.2016 says it was because her "real name" was too long to fit across a single column at the Sun, "where I started out". <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:39, 29 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I suspect she's worried about sounding posh and privileged, especially at the Graun. --Ef80 (talk) 15:21, 31 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's protective camouflage. Today she filed a column sneering at men who went to 'minor public schools'. Haileybury doesn't meet her standards, apparently. The men in question, Boris Johnson supporters, may be dodgy, but that's a ridiculously snobbish point to make, and she can only get away with it by pretending she isn't originally Miss Dudley-Williams, from a grand titled family -- Downe House and Christ Church, actually, don't you know -- and isn't presently Mrs Clifton, married to a grand panjandrum at the BBC. People who use false names, other than actors and novelists whose trade is fantasy and who use stage names and pen names for well-understood reasons, are usually up to something. (Incidentally, no one is invited to believe that my real name is that of a Tibetan character appearing in the Modesty Blaise comic strip 'The Black Pearl', published in the Evening Standard from 12 December 1966 to 22 April 1967, whereas people are very much invited to believe that Marina Hyde is Marina Hyde and not in fact Marina Clifton nee Dudley-Williams, with all that that implies.) Khamba Tendal (talk) 18:26, 21 June 2019 (UTC)
 * She's done the same when wading into this recent Laurence Fox thing- calling Harrow, of all places, a "minor public school" when it's obvious to anyone that it comes a close second to Eton in terms of status... clearly she has some strange ideas, or just wants to try and score some kind of cheap point by attacking the egos of what she (hilariously enough, given her own background) considers people (let's be honest, "men") who need taking down a peg. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:38, 24 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I think she's attempting to appear waspishly witty like a sort of woke Dorothy Parker, but she actually comes across as a sneering snob. --Ef80 (talk) 11:09, 15 February 2020 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 23:10, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Phillip Cross
Please note that Philip Cross is attempted to edit this page despite being banned from doing so topic ban <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:27, 26 February 2020 (UTC)

 * No political content as such in this article (except for a passing comment using the 'p' word which is not determined by a nation), the passage deleted by the IP user applies to an award to Hyde for her sports coverage. The Geoffrey Boycott knighthood issue is possibly borderline, given the context, but it is not included. His knighthood would have been contentious if it had been in the New Year or Birthday honours. Philip Cross (talk) 11:47, 26 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Marina Hyde comes under the criteria of pages you are banned from editing. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:36, 26 February 2020 (UTC)
 * That is the subject of a current ongoing dispute as I mention on your talk page, IP <IP_ADDRESS>. I recommend you read it, and comment if you wish. Philip Cross (talk) 12:42, 26 February 2020 (UTC)
 * The dispute was concluded and the resolution was that you are not allowed to edit pages like this. I quote:

 * "This is a straightforward violation per WP:BROADLY. A topic ban is "broadly construed" by default, and straightforwardly prohibits making any edit, or editing any page, relating to the subject. The fact that the edits in question are purely uncontentious copyedits is not an exemption, though it is something that can be taken into account in terms of discretionarily sanctioning a violation. The user did violate their topic ban, yes, though given the nature of the edits, they probably warrant a warning as opposed to a block. If minor copyedits in violation of the topic ban continue, though, the topic ban should be enforced. BROADLY is policy, period, and the user should know better. ~Swarm~ {sting} 01:48, 18 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Agree with the admin comment above. Philips has clearly violated the topic ban per WP:BROADLY.--SharʿabSalam▼ (talk) 02:02, 18 February 2020 (UTC)"

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:46, 26 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I looked over the material myself before reinstating. As it is adequately sourced, I reinstated it and thereby took ownership of the edit myself. I've also reinstated a bit that Phillip Cross self-reverted. IP, you are at 3RR, any further reverts will likely lead to a block. Mr rnddude (talk) 13:36, 26 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Correct me if I'm wrong, but on the WP:EW it states that "Reverting actions performed by banned users in violation of their ban, and sockpuppets of banned or blocked users" is exempt from the edit-warring policy. It is not correct to say they're at 3RR as their reverting Philip Cross' edits would not count towards 3RR as it's covered under the exemption. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:59, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * This page is not on my watchlist. I've answered your question at my usertalk. Mr rnddude (talk) 04:54, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * you have not responded to my criticism adequately, therefore this is still adequate <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:53, 15 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marina Hyde


text:
Talk:Hurricane Chantal (1989)

Todo
Longer intro, and impact should be expanded greatly. Ways to improve the impact would be to have one paragraph describing meteorological statistics (highest recorded wind, highest rainfall amount, beach erosion, if any), and another describing the damage (number of houses damaged or destroyed, any other specifics that should be mentioned, damage total, and death total for the area). If possible, there should be a Mid-West section for the impact, as the storm apparently caused heavy rainfall in Michigan and Illinois. The numerous typos and grammar needs to be fixed, and there should be a 2005 USD estimate somewhee on the page. Overall, it's not very good right now, but the use of inline sources and the rainfall pic results in a start classification. Hurricanehink 16:17, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, content is decent but the article quality is pretty low.—jdorje (talk) 17:19, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Bot report : Found duplicate references !
In the last revision I edited, I found duplicate named references, i.e. references sharing the same name, but not having the same content. Please check them, as I am not able to fix them automatically :) DumZiBoT (talk) 22:33, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "The Thunderbolt.com" :
 *
 * The Thunderbolt
 * The Thunderbolt

title: Talk:Hurricane Chantal (1989)


text:
Gan International Airport

Gan International Airport (GIA) is an international airport located on the island of Gan in Addu Atoll (sometimes known as Seenu Atoll) in the island nation of the Maldives. As of June 2024, it is one of five international airports in the Maldives.

History
First built by the Royal Navy (RN) for its Fleet Air Arm (FAA), it was subsequently transferred to the Royal Air Force (RAF), becoming Royal Air Force Station Gan or RAF Gan. It was a British military airbase until 1976, used as a staging post for RAF aircraft flying to the Far East during World War II. The first aircraft, an RAF Westland Walrus biplane, landed on the crushed coral runway of Gan on 8 February 1943.

In 1976, the RAF left Gan, having no further need for its facilities, and handed it over to the Maldives government. The island and airfield was left to fall into disrepair for many years. Funding was subsequently found to develop the island, and RAF Gan became a civilian domestic airport.

Current use
Gan Airport (in its civilian incarnation) was originally run by the Government of Maldives (GoM), with technical assistance from Maldives Airports Company Limited (MACL) until January 2010. In June 2009, a public enterprise by the name of Gan Airport Company Limited (GACL) was established by President Mohamed Nasheed as part of GoM's privatization policy. GACL took over management of Gan Airport in January 2010.

To promote tourism and other economic activity in the south Maldives, a venture was formed early in 2012 to further develop and expand Gan Airport to international airport standards. A joint venture was formed by GACL, MACL, and State Trading Organization Plc (STO). Renaming to Gan International Airport (GIA), the venture, Addu International Airport Private Limited (AIA), owns and manages Gan International Airport. STO sold all of its shares of the airport in February 2020. , 70% of AIA is held by the government of Maldives, and 30% by KASA Holdings Private Limited.

In 2023, Renaatus Projects Pvt Ltd signed a contract with AIA to expand the airport to include bigger passenger terminals, fire station, parking lots, cargo facilities, restaurants and duty-free shops, control tower.

Facilities
Gan International Airport is capable of accommodating ICAO code 4E aircraft. The airport lies at an elevation of 6 ft above mean sea level. It has one paved runway designated 10/28, with a concrete surface, previously measuring 2651 by in 2010. During the National Development Plan of the early 1980s, Gan runway was subsequently upgraded and extended in length by 980 m to 3600 by.

Airlines and destinations
, the following airlines offer regularly scheduled services:

Statistics
, the only foreign operator to Gan is SriLankan Airlines using Airbus A320 aircraft.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 12 March 2019, a Maldivian Bombardier Dash 8 Q300 suffered a landing gear malfunction, due to which the plane circled around the airport for one hour. The aircraft landed safely, but the landing gear was not fully retracted. This was the first incident to occur at Gan International Airport.

title: Gan International Airport


text:
Oscar Bardi de Fourtou

Marie François Oscar Bardi de Fourtou (3 January 1836 – 6 December 1897) was a French politician. Born into a bourgeois family, he served as Minister of Transport from 7 December 1872 to 18 May 1873. He also served as Minister of Interior and Minister of Public Instruction, in which he "carried out aggressively conservative policies by dismissing certain liberal professors and re-establishing censorship."

Biography
There he proved a useful adherent to Thiers, who made him minister of public works in December 1872. He was minister of religion in the cabinet of May 18–24, 1873, being the only member of the Right included by Thiers in that short-lived ministry. As minister of education, religion and the fine arts in the reconstructed cabinet of the duc de Broglie he had used his administrative powers to further clerical ends, and as minister of the interior in de Broglie's cabinet in 1877 he resumed the administrative methods of the Second French Empire. With a well-known Bonapartist, Baron R. C. F. Reille, as his secretary, he replaced republican functionaries by Bonapartist partisans, reserving a few places for the Legitimists. In the general elections of that year he used the whole weight of officialdom to secure a majority for the Right, to support a clerical and reactionary programme.

He accompanied Marshal MacMahon in his tour through southern France, and the presidential manifesto of September, stating that the president would rely solely on the Senate should the elections prove unfavourable, was generally attributed to Fourtou. In spite of these efforts the cabinet fell, and a commission was appointed to inquire into their unconstitutional abuse of power. Fourtou was unseated in consequence of the revelations made in the report of the commission. In the Chamber of Deputies Gambetta gave the lie direct to Fourtou's allegation that the republican party opposed every republican principle that was not antiquated.

In November 1878, Fourtou participated in the most laughable duel ever fought with Léon Gambetta at Plessis-Picquet. Both duelers were accompanied by their seconds and surgeons. A thick French November fog consumed the field so much that it obscured a hand held to a face. The duel required thirty-five paces between the two men. Besides the fog, Fourtou is reported to have said "Monsieur Gambetta has but one eye, and I am short-sighted; so the game will be about even." It was rendered additionally even with the dense fog. The danger of the duel no longer fell to the duelists, but the spectators and doctors. Miraculously the two bullets that were exchanged missed all persons in attendance. With Fourtou and Gambetta's honor satisfied, the two parties went home.

A duel was fought in consequence, but neither party was injured. He was re-elected to the chamber in 1879 and entered the Senate the next year. Failing to secure re-election to the Senate in 1885 he again entered the popular chamber as Legitimist candidate in 1889, but he took no further active part in politics. He died in Paris in 1897 of tuberculosis.

His works include Histoire de Louis XVI (1840); Histoire de Saint Pie V (1845); Mme Swetchine, sa vie et ses œuvres (2 vols., 1859); La Question italienne (1860); De la centre-revolution (1876); and Mémoires d'un royaliste (2 vols., 1888).

title: Oscar Bardi de Fourtou


text:
Talk:Dmitri Lipskerov

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title: Talk:Dmitri Lipskerov