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Talk:Kingdom of Kongo

Games in Kongo.
Hi!

I had a question on the Wikipedia reference desk about the section of this article that talks about games played in Kongo - and specifically the game: 'nclaca'. I did a lot of searching around and I can find NO references to this game in books or on the Internet. Since the information was added by an anonymous editor who has never added anything else to Wikipedia - I'm deeply suspicious of this information. Notably, the William Holman Bentley book which supposedly talks about games played in the Kongo makes no mention (according to my search on Google Books) of a game by this name.

I think it's nonsense - so it's gone!

SteveBaker 18:54, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a reasonable action to me.Scott Free 19:59, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
 * On second thought...we might need to put that section back after all. The following section in googlebooks (which I found in all of 30 seconds) seems to back up some parts of the game section.  Check it out...http://books.google.com/books?id=N65pbr2hC4wC&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=bakongo+games&source=web&ots=2HGd7AtRnR&sig=N3ptl4z6oQanWTFJIJ3Byvq2Wjc#PPA102,M1

Scott Free 20:05, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

An Expansion
A note to all those who love and modify this article. I've made a lot of changes in it, some reorganization, particularly to take the general description out of the pre-fifteenth century part and put it in the seventeenth century part, since it is really based on that material. I've also added a few references, but I need to do more (help welcome). I've also expanded a lot the later years, and made smaller changes here and there. Beepsie (not signed in for now)

All the work done on this section was reverted about two hours afer I finished. I would like to reverse this revert, but will wait a few days before doing soBeepsie (talk) 16:13, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

I have reverted the page to its 15 December version to preserve the changes that I made, inadvertently not signed in, on that dayBeepsie (talk) 20:04, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks are due to all editors who work conscientiously and collegially to improve this article using cited sources and prose that conforms to our Manual of Style.

 * It is very dispiriting to editors to have their work simply reverted without adequate explanation and dialogue and this is a breach of civility for which editors may be blocked (even without technically breaching WP:3RR):

 * Reverting is a decision which should be taken seriously.
 * Reverting is used primarily for fighting vandalism, or anything very similar to the effects of vandalism.
 * If you are not sure whether a revert is appropriate, discuss it first rather than immediately reverting or deleting it.
 * If you feel the edit is unsatisfactory, improve it rather than simply reverting or deleting it.
 * Do not simply revert changes that are made as part of a dispute. Be respectful to other editors, their contributions and their points of view.
 * Do not revert good faith edits. In other words, try to consider the editor "on the other end." If what one is attempting is a positive contribution to Wikipedia, a revert of those contributions is inappropriate unless, and only unless, you as an editor possess firm, substantive, and objective proof to the contrary. Mere disagreement is not such proof. See also Assume good faith.
 * Generally there are misconceptions that problematic sections of an article or recent changes are the reasons for reverting or deletion. If they contain valid information, these texts should simply be edited and improved accordingly. Reverting is not a decision which should be taken lightly.
 * There's sometimes trouble determining whether some claim is true or useful, particularly when there are few people "on board" who are knowledgeable about the topic. In such a case, it's a good idea to raise objections on a talk page; if one has some reason to believe that the author of what appears to be biased material will not be induced to change it, editors have sometimes taken the step of transferring the text in question to the talk page itself, thus not deleting it entirely. This action should be taken more or less as a last resort, never as a way of punishing people who have written something biased. See also Neutral point of view/FAQ
 * Do not revert changes simply because someone makes an edit you consider problematic, biased, or inaccurate. Improve the edit, rather than reverting it.  A l i c e  ✉ 23:03, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Beepsie, I reverted you because you reverted my edits... all of them. I know you reverted me because you removed all of the references I had added. Perhaps this was an accident? The organization in your version of the article is not the problem. The problem is that your changes violate a number of stylist rules - improperly capitalizing subsection titles, repeating references with ref names, etc. A number of your references have 20 pages listed for one fact. Is this because they are from JSTOR? In that case, please login and find the specific page you are looking at before inserting the reference. Either that or just use the book without the page number. Another repeated problem is the use of passive voice which should be avoided whenever possible. Jose João (talk) 06:27, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Please do not remove other editor's comments, even if you disagree with them.
 * Please would you also provide a link to a Wikipedia style guideline or policy to support your assertion as to "passive voice" - especially as I know you feel very strongly about this.  A l i c e  ✉ 06:35, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Chunks of coppied text disract from the statement being made, use links and quotes that are specific to the topic from now on. thanks--Hu12 (talk) 07:01, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Disruption
(Edit conflict) You are being silly, again User:Perspicacite (aka Jose João).

Since I can see no mention of "passive voice" whatever in that very long post you just made, would you be kind enough to revert yourself, please? (Update: a sensible editor has now removed your irrelevant comments).

If there is no justification for your assertion about passive voice then just simply say so rather than play silly buggers.  A l i c e  ✉ 06:52, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Edit warring
Knock it off. Avruch talk 18:08, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Map of Kongo
Could someone please make a map of the Kongo, in the standard form of maps on Wikipedia (like )? Because that Map photo that is there is too vague. Thanks

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:18, 7 September 2009 (UTC).<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:18, 7 September 2009 (UTC) Yeah, that'd be great. I was thinking the same thing.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:18, 7 September 2009 (UTC).<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:18, 7 September 2009 (UTC).<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:18, 7 September 2009 (UTC).

This is exactly what i wanted to talk about. i understand that this empire consisted of these provinces but i could not find the land area of Pool region that includes brazziville. heres the information on kingdom of congoes territories i could find. Name...................founded...........Area..(miles).......info

Kongo Kingdom........1395 to 1914......129,400.(1650 AD)

..Angola

....Cabinda,Angola...1885(protectorate)...3,020.5

....Zaire,Angola.....????...............24,935.62..part of Mbundu vassel

....Uige,Angola......????...............36,473.25...part of Mbundu vassel

..Dem.Rep of congo

...Congo Central....????..................33,504.335

....Kinshasa.........1881(leopoldville).....3,847.5

..Rep.Of the Congo

....Brazziville......????.....................?

for my list of kongo kingdom and its territores to be complete i need to know about the province that has braziville. then we can work on a simplified history that goes from exaspansion to decline acording to the data set i have decline seems to go in two parts the 1500 to 1800 perid and 1880's to 1914 period .i need to know when these provinces become part of kongo empire.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:14, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Start date
In the article lead it gives the start date of the kingdom as 1400, but in the infobox it says 1395. Though it seems that there is no exact start date, or even year, these dates should anyways be coordinated into whichever that is most correct. -GabaG (talk) 15:22, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

i think start date was 1395 its reliable casue the africans would have been sure of this year when the portugues got there later in the early 1400's and when they said it began to them the start of the kingdom would have been well known. as for other kingdoms in this period 900 to 1500 there were others in the area of kongo kingsom like Mbundu vassel to the south border and villi vassel to the north border. keep in mind not all of the lands of Africa were occupied by kingdoms and states this seems to have accured recently at the end of the 19th century. it is known that in the period from 1500 to 1800 the Kongo kingdom did go into decline and places in its territory had broken away and become independent such as Luango kingdom which is were Vili vassel had been the Mbundu moved east into the interior and were they were once at become the towns of Ambriz and Luanda .Ambriz was independent but luanda was portugese. the lunda which were a minor tribe in the 900 to 1500 period had become a very large empire in the centuries to follow they subjugated the Chokwe and luena-lovale also the Luba were subjugated. The exspansion of Kongo's neighbor the lunda most have been a interesting story also. id go along with the start date of 1395 for kongo. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:38, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Social Structure Section
I am planning on removing the section labeled "Social Structure" which relates to homosexual practices. The references cited there to not relate to the Kingdom of Kongo, nor to my knowledge were such practices ever reported for the kingdom. The last line, containing a reference to Cadornega's Historia geral is an appropriate reference to West Central Africa (the earlier ones do not even relate to the general region), but applies to the Kimbundu-speaking area, specifically the "kibandas'. James Sweet has written about his in his book Recreating Africa.  It would be appropriate to move that line, and fuller references drawn from Sweet to that location (Kingdom of Ndongo or Kingdom of Matamba).  I will return and make the removal in a few days.  Beepsie (talk) 18:15, 27 June 2010 (UTC)beepsie

 * Yeah that section looked a bit funny to me to.Scott Free (talk) 01:27, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

The Chibadi thing that is being persistently presented in that section has nothing to do with Kongo. Interestingly, it is a copy and paste from another Wikipedia story in a different context. Persistently maintaining a misleading information is vandalism. Anguluma (talk) 01:01, 8 October 2011 (UTC)
 * It's acceptable within Wikipedia to repeat other portions of Wikipedia. Could you or your sockpuppet account provide a link to which Wikipedia article it was originally used from?  Also, you have just shown that you do not know what Wikipedia considers vandalism.  Sourced information intended to expand the article is not vandalism; vandalism consists of changes that are not made in good-faith.  Could you or your sockpuppet account provide any sources showing how that section is misleading?  Ian.thomson (talk) 01:34, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

 * It's also in Kingdom of Mutapa. A quote from the source mentioning Kongo: "Similarly, in 1680, Cardonega noled: "Sodomy is rampant among the people of Angola. They pursue their impudent and filthy practices dressed as women. Their own name for those (of the same sex] who have carnal relations with each other is quimbanda. Some quimbandas are powerful wizards, who are much esteemed by most Angolans" (1680: 86, translation—S.O.M). Clearly, chibadi, chibanda, chibados, jimbandaa, kibamha, and quimbanda are related terms. Given the participation of such individuals in the religious rites of the Kongo kingdom, it may be that the term (and the role) diffused with the expansion of that state." Dougweller (talk) 06:05, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

Social structure
Right now the section describes matrilinial succession and the Chibadi. Undue weight is an issue, so I've gone to Google books to look for more sources.

So far, I've found
 * Encyclopedia of African American History, Volume 1, p.62 By Leslie M. Alexander, Walter C. Rucker

 * Almanac of African peoples & nations, pp.435-437 By Muhammad Zuhdi Yakan

 * The history of Congo, p.27 and onward By Ch. Didier Gondola

There's plenty there to expand on the article instead of trying to censor it.

Ian.thomson (talk) 00:43, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

I feel, as I did in my earlier posting, that the question of chibadi does not belong here. It is not attested in any source that I know of for Kongo, including the manuscript and unpublished sources (most notably the visit of the Inquisition in 1626, where such things would be investigated). The kimbanda (pl. jimbanda) in Kimbundu speaking parts of the region are definitely attested, as the quotation from Cadornega confirms. But this practice was confined to a particular religious group and was not general, and thus should be considered a religious practice not a part of the social structure; and there is ample room for including this language in the articles that deal with the Mbundu. Even there, it should be given its Kimbundu name (kimbanda) and not one drawn from a Southeast African language.

I'm planning on deleting this whole section in a few days, but I want all interested parties to have their say first.Beepsie (talk) 12:01, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm not bothered, and I note that material on the social structure in earlier versions seems to have been deleted. The edit warring and sock puppetry didn't help at all though. Thanks for responding. Dougweller (talk) 12:22, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

Map
I have deleted the map on this page entitled "Kongo in 1711". While it had good aesthetics, it was completely inaccurate, and I have replaced it with a map I drew in 1977 as part of my PhD thesis. I spent a good deal of time on this map, and drew it directly from primary sources, including the travel accounts of Luca da Caltanisetta, Marcellino d'Atri, Bernardo da Gallo and Lorenzo da Lucca. I was also guided by Jean Cuvelier's various maps. I'm quite sure it is accurate both in its topographical detail (I used the Angola Cadastral survey maps at 1:250,000 to draw the underlying geography) and in its historical depictation. Beepsie (talk) 00:24, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

Kongo as a Kingdom vs a Vassal
Hi Cristiano. I am writing about the Kingdom of Kongo article. I'm not sure how much you have researched that particular subject, but I see you insist that it should be portrayed simply as a vassal of Portugal. I disagree, because Kongo didn't become a vassal state of Portugal until way into the 1800s. I see you claim that Portugal dominated Kongo and brought religion, trade and administration. I will grant you that Portugal influenced Kongo in all these things, but it did not bring them to Kongo. All of these things existed there before the Portuguese arrived. Kongo was never formally or informally dominated by the Portuguese. There were never very many Portuguese there and much of what the Kongo royals used from Portugal was simply overlayed on top of Kongo institutions. Lastly, Portugal was in no position to dominate or dictate anything to Kongo until at least the 18th century. Aside from a one or two battles, Portuguese soldiers and their dependents regularly were trounced by Kongo forces. I just don't see Kongo operating as anything other than an independent state until the 1840s. If there is something I missed, please let me know. I want to discuss this and not make it an edit war. I respect your opinion. I will change the status back to kingdom; however, until you can make me believe otherwise. Thanks for your time.

Scott Free (talk) 02:06, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

 * As a side note, even though Portuguese was used in the majority of written text between Kongo and Portugal (which I guess only makes since) it never replaced KiKongo as the official language of the state.Scott Free (talk) 02:09, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Hello Scott,
 * I see your argument, but one cannot diminish the incredibly large fact that the Portuguese influenced the Kongonese kingdom. I just find it that this article doesn't give credit to the great role the Portuguese played in the Kongo. I see your arguement for language, as Portuguese would have been only used by the royal Kongese court and officials. As per stating the vassalage of the state, I find that necessary, because it did in fact occur. This article covers the entire Kongo Kingdom history, and it was a vassalage for a piece, which is quite significant and important, because it was really only a formalization of an already exisant fact. I will spare you the language, which should be included for the fact that it was used by officials and royals, but the vassalage title should stay, no? The reader will then see, after reading the article, that the vassalage came to play later on in the kingdoms history, but I find it to be quite important. I am very happy that we are discussing this amicably. I hope we may find a solution. Thank you, Cristiano Tomás (talk) 03:54, 31 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree Portugal did have a huge influence on Kongo. That is one of the things that makes the kingdom so interesting in my opinion. No where else in the history of Africa did you have a mixing of cultures like in Kongo. John Thornton and Linda Heywood have an excellent book on what they describe as the Atlantic Creole (really Luso-African) culture of the region and how it influenced the Americas via the slave trade. We could do more to highlight the Portuguese influence (I don't think this article mentions enough about Portuguese education in Kongo or introduction of valuable crops that enabled the population to grow so much). The vassalage did occur. I just think it was more a clifnote in the overall history of the state. The fact that Portugal had been trying to get vassalage out of Kongo since the Jaga invasion is important, but it just didn't materialize until Kongo was fractured enough for the nobility to invite teh Portuguese in. I think that by 1850 you couldn't even be a mwenekongo without support from Luanda (Portuguese Angola), but prior to that the Kongo nobility decided how the kingdom ran and who ran it.  If we put the vassalage title at the start of the article, I think it paints a picture of a kingdom that operated simply as a Portuguese satellite state, which it was not. We wouldn't start off the Asante Union article stating it was a vassal of teh British Empire or Imperial Japan stating it was a possession of the United States of America.  Let me know what you think, and thanks for responding.  Scott Free (talk) 04:10, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

publisher/ author/ date origanally made
hello peoples but excuse me i am kind of new to wikipedia and I'm trying to cite it could some one please give the info about whos the orginal author orignal publisher and the orginal published date if that is possible thank you your awesome Killmizz12 (talk) 17:15, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

 * The publisher of what? If you mean this article, the people and editors can be found here. If it's about using this article as a reference see Citing Wikipedia. Sjö (talk) 17:37, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Kingdom of Kongo. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071212184848/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sub/kongo.html to http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sub/kongo.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051109191958/http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Kongo.html to http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Kongo.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051124031433/http://www.inquiceweb.com/dondeKongo.html to http://www.inquiceweb.com/dondeKongo.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:47, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

Kongo religion
Hello, can someone help me? There is a person who states that Bukongo (the Kongo religion) disappeared in 1509, which is false because there were Bakongo who continued to practise Bukongo and till today there are Bakongo who continue to practise Bukongo. Not all Bakongo were practised Catholicism. + Christianity more spread during colonizations (French, Belgian and Portuguese)... Somebody040404 (talk) 02:31, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

Major changes
I have made substantial changes in this page to the history of the foundation of the country to include recent publications by John Thornton, primarily his book A History of West Central Africa to 1850 (Cambridge, 2020). In doing this I have eliminated a number of references and data which I believe has no clear foundation. Thornton also published a revision of his 1977 estimate of Kongo's population which is also inserted. I remain open to suggestions or criticisms of my interpretation of Thornton's work, or otherwise.

User:beepsieBeepsie (talk) 22:24, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

I have continued changes, trying to insert references into the long passages that proceed without any. I have also altered the language and in few places removed citations when the new reference effectively removes the referenced material. In most cases I have added material from Thornton's book or other publications of his, as well as in places more specific and detailed references.

My apologies for anyone who has put material on this page and feels that I have replaced it wrongly or failed to acknowledge earlier citations. Please let me know on the talk page and we can discuss it Beepsie (talk) 22:27, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

Incorrect link
In History section, "makanda" links to a city in the USA. This appears to be incorrect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Milesfoot (talk • contribs) 13:29, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

Could someone please change as I am new to wiki editing. Thank you — Preceding unsigned comment added by Milesfoot (talk • contribs) 13:35, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

This article should be marked as problematic
I read this page with interest- then growing doubt. Large parts of this page have no citation whatsoever— lengthy tracts on history, politics— even the map is self-made. What assurance do we have that what is documented here is true? 2A02:C7C:376D:BA00:7CA7:6007:8374:8406 (talk) 07:10, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kingdom of Kongo


text:
Template talk:WikiversityInterWikiLink

This template automatically inserts the name of the page where the template is included (example to right). The template call should include the page name of the project:

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template talk:WikiversityInterWikiLink


text:
サービス

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) service
 * 2) giving away something or doing something for free, as a gift or free service for someone
 * 3) maintenance
 * 1) maintenance

title: サービス


text:
User:Trevorcallarman

Hello everyone, I'm excited about learning how to improve Wikipedia pages. I use Wikipedia as a means of solving debates I have with friends and family over random facts. Although Wikipedia never seems to agree with me, I'm here to learn how to use the website and possibly improve my chances of being correct at dinner table discussions. Trevorcallarman (talk) 20:45, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

title: User:Trevorcallarman


text:
Norwegian/Lesson 1

Lesson One

Pronunciation Guide
Pronunciation in Norwegian can be quite different from English pronunciation. There are three extra letters: æ, ø, and å (sometimes written "aa"). The letter "æ" is pronounced like the letter "a" in the English word "mad". The letter "ø" is pronounced like the letters "e" and "u" together. The sound is prominent in French words, as in the words "peu" and "deux". The letter "å" is pronounced like "aw". The best way to make this sound is to form one's mouth as if one were going to say the short "o" sound in English, but then making an English "a" sound. There are also other variations in Norwegian pronunciation. The letter "s" becomes a "sh" sound when followed by the letter "l" or when following the letter "r" (i.e. norsk is pronounced "norshk"). The letter "r" is pronounced like the Spanish "r", but is never rolled. The "r" sound in Norsk is produced simply by rapping the tongue against the hard palate once. The letter "g" is pronounced like 'g' in "good", but like 'y' in "yes" before i or j, and silent at the end of some words. The letter "j" is like the English letter "y". The letter "d" is pronounced like the English "d", but is in most cases silent at the end of a syllable or at the end of a word. The letters "q", "w", "z", "x", and "c" are generally only found in foreign words and have no real function in Norsk.

Dialogue One
Arne: God Dag! (Goo dahg)

Bente: God Dag! Hvordan har du det? (Goo dahg! Vor-DAN har deuh deh?)

Arne: Jeg har det bra, takk. Og du? (Yai har deh bra, takk. Aw doo?)

Bente: Bare bra, takk. (Ba-reh bra, takk)

Arne: Hva gjør du? (va yuhr doo?)

Bente: Jeg studerer. (Yai stu-derer.)

Vocabulary
Bare [Ba-re]: Just/Only

Bra [bra]: Good/Fine

Dag [dag]: Day

Det [deh]: It

Du [doo]: You

Gjør [yuhr]: Doing

God [goo]: Good

Har [har]: Have

Hva [va]: What

Hvordan [vor-DAHN]: How

Jeg [yai]: I

Og [aw]: And

Studerer [stu-DARE-er]: Study

Takk [tahk]: Thanks

Phrases
Hva gjør du? - What are you doing?

Hvordan har du det? - How are you? (Literally: How do you have it?)

Jeg har det bra. - I'm fine. (Literally: I have it good)

God Dag: - Good morning (Literally: Good day)

Exercises
Translate the following words/phrases from Norwegian into English.

1 - Jeg har det bra

2 - Du

3 - Hva

4 - God Dag

5 - Takk

Extra Vocabulary
Here are a few more words which will increase your Norwegian vocabulary.

Engelsk [en-GELSK]: English

Norsk [norshk]: Norwegian

Norge [nor-GAH]: Norway

Oslo [Osh-lo]: Oslo (The capital of Norway)

Dialogue Two
You should be able to understand this conversation fairly well now.

Bente: God Dag!

Arne: God Dag! Hva gjør du?

Bente: Jeg studerer.

Arne: Hva studerer du?

Bente: Jeg studerer norsk. Og du? Hva studerer du?

Arne: Jeg studerer engelsk.

Dialogue Three
Emma: Hei! Jeg er norsk.

Bjørn: Hei, jeg er også norsk.

Emma: Hvor bor du?

Bjørn: Jeg bor i Oslo. Hvor bor du?

Emma: Jeg bor i Bergen, men jeg kommer fra Tromsø.

Bjørn: Hvor er Tromsø?

Emma: Tromsø er i Nord-Norge.

Vocabulary
Bergen [BAR-yen]: Bergen, A large city on the western coast of Norway

Bor [boor]: Live/Living

Er [ar]: Is/Am/Are

Fra [fra]: From

Hei [hai]: Hi/Hello

Hvor [voor]: Where

I [ee]: In

Kommer [COME-mer]: Come/Coming

Men [men]: But

Nord [noort]: North

Nord-Norge [noort-nor-gah]: Northern Norway

Også [OH-saw]: Also

Tromsø [TROHM-seuh]: Tromso, a city in far northern Norway.

Phrases
Jeg kommer fra... I come from...

Jeg bor i... I live in...

Hvor kommer du fra? Where do you come from?

Hvor bor du? Where do you live?

Gender
In Norwegian, every noun (a person, place, thing, or idea) has a gender assigned to it. There are three genders in Norwegian - Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. There are very few feminine nouns used in Norwegian, and many people simply treat them as masculine nouns, so in this course, we will combine the masculine and feminine genders into the "common gender".

Below are two nouns - One neuter noun, one common noun.

Vin [veen]: Wine

Øl [euhl]: Beer

Vin is common, and Øl is neuter. Why does this matter? It matters because it affects the way you treat these words. An example is with the Norwegian word for "one", which can either be "en" or "ett".

En vin [en veen]: A wine [en vin]

Ett øl [et euhl]: A beer

Common gender words use "en" for one, while Neuter gender words use "ett" for one. We will cover more on gender later.

Forming Questions
To form a question in Norwegian, invert the verb and noun. For instance...

Du kommer fra: You come from (A statement) Kommer du fra: Do you come from (lit: come you from) (A question)

You can also form a question by adding a question word (what, where, who, etc.). So far, you have learned the words "hvordan", "hva", and "hvor".

Hva lærer du? What are you learning? Hvordan har du det? How are you? Hvor kommer du fra? Where do you come from?

Exercises
Turn the following statements into questions.

1. Du er norsk.

2. Jeg er engelsk.

3. Du bor i Bergen.

4. Du har det bra.

5. Du studerer engelsk i London.

6. Jeg kommer fra Norge.

7. Jeg heter ali.

Extra Vocabulary
(En) Kaffe [KAH-fuh]: Coffee

(En) Fisk [fisk]: Fish

Liker [LEE-care]: Like/Likes

Dialogue Four
You should be able to understand the following dialogue given your current knowledge of Norwegian.

Emma: God Dag! Hvordan har du det?

Bjørn: Bare bra, takk. Og du?

Emma: Jeg har det bra. Hva har du?

Bjørn: Jeg har en fisk.

Emma: Liker du fisk?

Bjørn: Ja, jeg liker fisk. Liker du kjøtt?

Emma: Nei, men jeg liker kaffe.

Bjørn: Jeg liker også kaffe, og jeg liker øl og vin.

Emma: Hvor bor du?

Bjørn: Jeg bor i Oslo. Og du?

Emma: Jeg bor i Tromsø i Nord-Norge.

title: Norwegian/Lesson 1


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Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2019 September 22

Template:Hyderabad Metro color

The result of the discussion was Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡  02:03, 30 September 2019 (UTC) unused after being replaced with module:adjacent stations Frietjes (talk) 15:17, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Hyderabad Metro color
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 * Delete, redundant to Module:Adjacent stations/Hyderabad Metro. BLAIXX 13:12, 27 September 2019 (UTC)

Template:The LGBT studies Barnstar

The result of the discussion was redirect to Template:The LGBT Barnstar. Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 23:33, 2 October 2019 (UTC) Unused template and the topic can fall under Template:The LGBT Barnstar. JudeccaXIII (talk) 03:14, 9 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The LGBT studies Barnstar
 * It's not techinically true this is an [u]nused template. It's been used at least once. This template came about through this and this discussion. It might be worth inviting those few users to the current discussion. I should just write an essay called Barnstars are cheap because that's how I feel about them. –  MJL  ‐Talk‐☖ 18:16, 11 September 2019 (UTC)
 * That one user hasn't edited Wiki since July 31, 2018, and as far as I can tell by the first discussion at WP:WPWPA, Maranjosie did not receive consensus to add to the Awards project. Instead, the editor made his/her own consensus and then went to another project to do the same. I did that once, but that didn't mean I was allowed to insert to the Awards project. The Awards project has a goal to remaster barnstars 1.0 to barnstar 2.0, and we even have a guidline how to do so. I'm basically reiterating "Adding a barnstar to the list". JudeccaXIII (talk) 19:55, 11 September 2019 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Redirect Eh, noone will miss it so I see no harm in deleting it, but in general I agree that barnstars are quite cheap andt think it's kind of a waste even discussing them. I've boldly redirected a few duplicate userboxes with very low usage and noone has complained. I would go the same route with further duplicate barnstars, especially since barnstars are substituted and redirecting shouldn't change any exsisting transclusions. --Trialpears (talk) 21:34, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Primefac (talk) 15:00, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

Template:Islamophobia by country

The result of the discussion was relisted on 2019 October 2. Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 23:32, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Islamophobia_by_country

Template:Venezuela Squad 1990 FIBA World Championship

The result of the discussion was delete. Navbox creep and previous discussions noting regular consensus to delete this type of material arguments make this decision clear. -- Amanda  (aka DQ) 23:09, 4 October 2019 (UTC) Deletion review/Log/2019 September 7 came to the conclusion that the deletion of this template and several related ones linked therein needs to be discussed at TFD rather than simply treated as ancillary to the deletion of Templates for discussion/Log/2019 May 8. This is a procedural nomination; I am myself neutral on the point. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 11:37, 14 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Venezuela Squad 1990 FIBA World Championship
 * Yugoslavia Squad 1950 FIBA World Championship
 * Yugoslavia Squad 1950 FIBA World Championship
 * Turkey Women Basketball Squad 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Turkey Women Basketball Squad 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Puerto Rico Squad 1994 FIBA World Championship
 * Philippines Squad 1959 FIBA World Championship
 * Philippines Squad 1974 FIBA World Championship
 * Philippines Squad 1978 FIBA World Championship
 * Spain Women Basketball Squad 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Russia Women Basketball Squad 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Spain Women Basketball Squad 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Senegal Women Basketball Squad 2016 Summer Olympics
 * New Zealand Women Basketball Squad 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Mali Women Basketball Squad 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Nigeria Women Basketball Squad 2004 Summer Olympics
 * New Zealand Women Basketball Squad 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Latvia Women Basketball Squad 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Korea Women Basketball Squad 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Korea Women Basketball Squad 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Japan Women Basketball Squad 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Korea Squad 1990 FIBA World Championship
 * Japan Women Basketball Squad 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Korea Squad 1994 FIBA World Championship
 * Italy Squad 1990 FIBA World Championship
 * Italy Squad 1986 FIBA World Championship
 * Italy Squad 1978 FIBA World Championship
 * Italy Squad 1970 FIBA World Championship
 * Israel Squad 1954 FIBA World Championship
 * Israel Squad 1986 FIBA World Championship
 * Greece Squad 1986 FIBA World Championship
 * Greece Squad 1990 FIBA World Championship
 * Greece Squad 1994 FIBA World Championship
 * Greece Women Basketball Squad 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Great Britain Women Basketball Squad 2012 Summer Olympics
 * France Squad 1986 FIBA World Championship
 * France Women Basketball Squad 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Czech Republic Women Basketball Squad 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Czech Republic Women Basketball Squad 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Croatia Women Basketball Squad 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Czech Republic Women Basketball Squad 2004 Summer Olympics
 * China Women Basketball Squad 2016 Summer Olympics
 * China Women Basketball Squad 2012 Summer Olympics
 * China Women Basketball Squad 2008 Summer Olympics
 * China Squad 1994 FIBA World Championship
 * China Women Basketball Squad 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Canada Squad 1986 FIBA World Championship
 * Canada Squad 1994 FIBA World Championship
 * Canada Women Basketball Squad 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Canada Women Basketball Squad 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Brazil Women Basketball Squad 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Brazil Women Basketball Squad 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Brazil Women Basketball Squad 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Brazil Women Basketball Squad 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Brazil Squad 1974 FIBA World Championship
 * Brazil Squad 1990 FIBA World Championship
 * Brazil Squad 1994 FIBA World Championship
 * Brazil Squad 1986 FIBA World Championship
 * Australia Squad 1994 FIBA World Championship
 * Belarus Women Basketball Squad 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Belarus Women Basketball Squad 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Australia Women Basketball Squad 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Argentina Squad 1994 FIBA World Championship
 * Australia Squad 1990 FIBA World Championship
 * Australia Squad 1986 FIBA World Championship
 * Australia Squad 1982 FIBA World Championship
 * Argentina Men Basketball Squad 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Angola Women Basketball Squad 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Argentina Men Basketball Squad 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Angola Squad 1986 FIBA World Championship
 * Angola Squad 1994 FIBA World Championship
 * Angola Squad 1990 FIBA World Championship
 * Angola squad 2008 Summer Olympics qualifier
 * Argentina Men Basketball Squad 1996 Summer Olympics
 * Puerto Rico Squad 1990 FIBA World Championship

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete having a navbox on every squad who ever played in a significant competition is excessive and will result in large numbers of navboxes appearing on athlete articles. Nor does playing a few games together do much to tie the players together. It could be justified if the teams achieved something significant but that clearly isn't the case, the Venezuelan team came 11th and didn't make it out of the group stage. Plenty of prior discussions have come to similar conclusions, see here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here.  Hut 8.5  15:52, 14 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete as navbox creep per precedent. we don't need these for non-medal winning squads. Frietjes (talk) 17:45, 14 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep almost all we keep (or should keep) squad infoboxes for significant international tournaments regardless of placing, which for basketball include both (and only) the FIBA World Cup and the Summer Olympics. (See cricket, football, baseball, rugby, et cetera mentioned here.) They're helpful and easily collapsible at the bottom of the page, see Stipe Pletikosa for an example. The Angola qualifier template can be deleted, though. SportingFlyer  T · C  00:59, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment - If we are going to be honest here, if this does get deleted, then why not go and delete the FIFA World Cup templates that didn't get in the top three. So on that front, I will be voting for Keep all except for the Angola qualifier template which can be deleted. HawkAussie (talk) 23:13, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Primefac (talk) 14:25, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete too excessive. Sawol (talk) 09:19, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete all per WP:TCREEP. Teams that do not earn a medal do not need the Wikipedia equivalent of a participation trophy. Also consistent with prior TfDs such as Templates_for_discussion/Log/2016_December_29.—Bagumba (talk) 09:05, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete as template creep per above and per the numerous prior discussions. Plastikspork ―Œ (talk)  23:32, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

Template:South Western Football League

The result of the discussion was relisted on 2019 October 2. Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 23:31, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * South_Western_Football_League

Template:East Cornwall League

The result of the discussion was relisted on 2019 October 2. Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 23:31, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * East_Cornwall_League

Template:Classical music festival

The result of the discussion was delete. — JJMC89  (T·C) 06:39, 29 September 2019 (UTC) Only 3 links. This can all be done with See also links. ...William, is the complaint department really on the roof? 00:36, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Classical music festival

 * Delete without replacement. Categories suffice. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 21:39, 25 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
parting shot

Etymology
Believed to be a variation of, referring to a military maneuver in which Parthian troops retreating on horseback turned back to face the enemy and shot while retreating.

Noun

 * 1)  An insult or barbed comment issued as the speaker departs or the conversation comes to an end.
 * 2) * 22 March 2012, Scott Tobias, AV Club Cabin Boy
 * When news arrives that the school must graduate Nathanial to official “Fancy Lad” status early and put him on the Queen Catherine first class to run the Mayweather in Hawaii, the headmaster dutifully complies, but Nathanial gets in a few parting shots on his way out the door.
 * When news arrives that the school must graduate Nathanial to official “Fancy Lad” status early and put him on the Queen Catherine first class to run the Mayweather in Hawaii, the headmaster dutifully complies, but Nathanial gets in a few parting shots on his way out the door.

Translations

 * Finnish: loppulaukaus, viimeinen sivallus
 * French:

title: parting shot


text:
kada

Noun

 * 1) bat small flying mammal

Etymology
.

Determiner

 * 1) each; every

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) crocodile

Noun

 * 1) maternal uncle mother's brother

Etymology
From 🇨🇬, compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Equivalent to. Despite the external similarity with 🇨🇬, there are a number of formal difficulties. Firstly, the original form (as in Prussian) had a final nasal, and acute accentuation, evidenced in the derivative and dialectal. Secondly, the lack of suggests 🇨🇬 *dʰ rather than *d. However, a genetic connection with Sanskrit is still conceivable. Probably unrelated to 🇨🇬.

Adverb

 * 1)  when
 * 2) at some point, someday
 * 3) back then, at that point
 * 1) back then, at that point
 * 1) back then, at that point
 * 1) back then, at that point

Conjunction

 * 1) when, whenever

Pronoun

 * 1) time suitable time and conditions for a certain purpose

Etymology 1
, a compound of (from ) and, genitive singular of  (compare 🇨🇬), thus originally meaning 'at what time'.

Etymology 2
. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) bathtub

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) cadre

Etymology
, from, from.

Determiner

 * 1) each; every

title: kada


text:
Headington School Oxford Boat Club

Headington School Oxford Boat Club (HSOBC for short) is a rowing club on the River Thames currently based in rented premises at St Edwards School Boathouse on Godstow Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire. It is the rowing club belonging to Headington School.

History
The club was founded in 1991. In June 2019 the club was given planning permission to build their own boat house on a new site called Maddy Moorings, on the High Street near Long Wittenham at coordinates 51.64547°N, -1.21012°W.

National champions
Key
 * W women, +coxed, -coxless, x sculls, J junior, 18 16, 15, 14 age group

title: Headington School Oxford Boat Club


text:
Police Line Area, Hisar

Police Line Area, also known as PLA is a residential and commercial suburb located in Hisar city of Haryana, India. The planning of the area is administered by Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA).

History
Before 1998, PLA served as the residence for the officials and police training academy of Hisar branch of Haryana Police. In 1998, the residential quarters were shifted to New Police Line and the area was transferred to Haryana Urban Development Authority.

Location
PLA lies on National Highway 9. On its south-eastern side lies Central Jail and on the north-eastern side lies Flamingo Tourist Complex. Kaimri village lies on its south-western side and Jawahar Nagar lies on its north-western side. It is part of Municipal Corporation of Hisar, Hisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) and Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency).

Facilities
Plots have been allotted by HUDA for construction of houses in the area. A shopping complex has also been constructed for shopping and other commercial activities. Gymkhana club has been developed for recreational activities and a community centre has been developed for community activities. Adjacent to the Gymkhana Club is Town Park. It was constructed over the shooting range of police training academy. It is spread over an area of 12 acres and was opened for public in 2000. It has an artificial waterfall and a musical fountain.

title: Police Line Area, Hisar


text:
Funkyhell

funkyhell (or sylized as :funkyhell:) is the second studio album by haloblack, released on November 1, 1994, by Fifth Colvmn Records. The album represented the band's musical shift from a guitar dominated syle into a minimalist approach to dark ambient and electronic music composition.

Reception
Aiding & Abetting gave funkyhell a positive review, saying "I love "dirty" electronic music albums" and "Bryan Black (aka Haloblack) has crafted a fine set of experimental industrial tunes. Tom Schulte of AllMusic called the album "an impressionistic headspace, electronica incompatible for the dancefloors of even neo-gothic club nights." Last Sigh Magazine praised the contributions of the guest artists and said "it continues right where Tension Filter left off, the sound remains constant and is just as good if not better than Tension Filter."

More negative in their critique of the album was Option, who was critical of "the relentless 4/4 beats, the cheap arcade video game soundtracks, the pseudo-creepy whispered vocals and the campy banality of heaaawvy lyrics." Sonic Boom criticized the band's lack of musical progression from their previous work and stated "there is zero deviation in the whispered vocal arrangement, all of the percussion loops are extremely stifled, and many of the sounds are reused from track to track."

Personnel
Adapted from the funkyhell liner notes.

haloblack
 * Bryan Barton (as Bryan Black) – vocals, instruments, production, mixing, cover art, recording (1–8)

Additional performers
 * Joel Allard – guitar (3, 5, 6, 8), feedback (2)
 * John "Servo" DeSalvo – drum programming (6), drums (7)
 * Charles Levi – bass guitar (1, 3, 4, 7, 11)
 * Krayge Tyler – guitar (1, 4, 7, 11)
 * Ned Wahl – bass guitar (2, 5, 6, 8)

Production and design
 * Zalman Fishman – executive-production
 * John Golden – recording (1–8), engineering and mixing (2, 3, 5, 6, 8)
 * Dan Hoyt – mixing (1, 4, 7, 11), engineering (1, 4, 7)
 * Martin Thomas – mastering

title: Funkyhell


text:
Aeroport Vnukovo (Moscow Metro)

Aeroport Vnukovo (Аэропорт Внуково ) is a Moscow Metro station, the western terminus of the Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya line. The station serves the Vnukovo International Airport. It is the westernmost station on the Moscow Metro.

On 10 February 2023 Moscow mayor, Sergey Sobyanin approved the name of the station as Aeroport Vnukovo («Аэропорт Внуково»). It was opened on 6 September 2023 as a part of the "Rasskazovka" — "Aeroport Vnukovo" extension along with the Pykhtino metro station.

title: Aeroport Vnukovo (Moscow Metro)


text:
King (T.I. album)

King (stylized as King.), is the fourth studio album by American rapper T.I., released on March 28, 2006, through Grand Hustle Records and Atlantic Records. Recording sessions for the album took one and a half years to complete in late 2005 according to T.I. in an interview with MTV News. Production was handled by several high-profile record producers, including DJ Toomp, Just Blaze, Mannie Fresh, Swizz Beatz, Keith Mack, Travis Barker, The Neptunes, Kevin "Khao" Cates, Nick "Fury" Loftin, and Tony Galvin, among others. The album also serves as the soundtrack to T.I.’s feature film debut, ATL.

The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling over 522,000 copies in its first week of release in the United States, achieving respectable international charting and produced the two hit singles that attained chart success, including US Billboard hit singles "What You Know" and "Why You Wanna". It was certified gold in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), following shipment in excess of 523,408 copies in the United States. The RIAA later certified the album platinum. Upon its release, King received general acclaim from music critics, earning praise for its varied musical style, opulent production quality, and T.I.'s dichotomous lyrical themes, and including the hit single "What You Know" where critics praised DJ Toomp's production for the single. The album also earned T.I. several accolades, including Grammy Award nominations for Best Rap Album, Best Rap Song and Best Rap Solo Performance, winning the latter for "What You Know". The album also appeared at the top of several publications year-end lists of top albums.

Background
King was originally set to be released as a soundtrack to T.I.'s film acting debut, ATL. However, due to recording a sufficient amount of material, he proceeded to prepare it as his fourth album as well. T.I. named the album after his son, Clifford "King" Joseph Harris III.

Recording
T.I. confirmed work on his fourth solo album in a 2005 interview with MTV, where he revealed the title King. On November 4, 2005, while on tour with Young Jeezy, T.I. stated that he had begun recording for the album. In late 2005, T.I. told MTV News that he recorded more than 70 songs for the album. However, T.I. continued to record songs for the album right up to the album's deadline. T.I. was happy with the material, describing the album as being "like Trap Muzik on steroids." T.I. stated that the album would show audiences that "my life is not all that it's cracked up to be". T.I. attempted to recruit Jay-Z for a guest verse, but due to scheduling conflicts, Jay-Z was replaced by Common.

Leaks
After half of the songs of the album leaked on the Internet in early 2006, T.I. used the leaked tracks, plus a few more new songs to make an album titled Gangsta Grillz: The Leak, which came about after several songs from the King recording sessions leaked onto the Internet.

Promo singles
"Front Back" was the first official promotional single to be released from King. The song entered the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart at number 11. It featured Port Arthur's own UGK. It had small attention and has helped promote the album. The song is the remake of UGK's 1994 single "Front,Back,Side to Side" from their album Super Tight. The song was produced by Mannie Fresh. "Ride with Me" was the second official promotional single from the album. The single entered the Hot Ringtones chart at number 21, and it charted at number 78 on the Pop 100 chart. The song was produced by Keith Mack. "Top Back" was the third and final official promotional single from the album. The single entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 29, it charted at number 13 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, it charted at number eight on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, it charted at number 39 on the Pop 100, it charted at number 39 on the Rhythmic Top 40, and at number 27 on the Hot Digital Songs chart. It was produced by Mannie Fresh and released as a single in a remixed version from the album Grand Hustle Presents: In Da Streetz Volume 4. "Top Back" was already getting radio play in its original version before the remix was released. The song was used many times in Making the Band 4 as the contestants did several dances to the instrumental version of this song. The three promotional singles garnered little attention, but helped to promote not only the album, but also ATL.

Singles
"What You Know" was the first official single to be released from King. The single entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number three, it charted at number one on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, it charted at number 1 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, it charted at number ten on the Pop 100 chart, it charted at number two on the Hot Digital Songs chart, it charted at number 13 on the Hot Ringtones chart, it charted at number 42 on the Pop 100 Airplay chart, it charted at number two on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart, and at number 39 on the Top 40 Mainstream chart. The song also serves as the theme song to the 2006 film ATL in which T.I. stars. "What You Know" won for "Best Rap Solo Performance" and was nominated for "Best Rap Song" at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards. What You Know" was performed at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, where its music video was nominated for two awards. VIBE named T.I.'s "What You Know" as the Top Song of 2006. It was also ranked fourth on a similar list by Rolling Stone, and was #1 in Muchmusic's Top HipHop 2006 List. Pitchfork ranked "What You Know" number 3 on their "Top Tracks of 2006" list, while T.I.'s collaboration on Justin Timberlake's song "My Love" was ranked at number 1. The song is one of the most critically acclaimed of 2006 (arguably T.I.'s most critically acclaimed song), and is one of T.I.'s most successful. It has garnered a 5-star rating from Pitchfork. The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, and it also topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. In 2008, it was ranked number 68 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop. The song was listed at number 38 on Pitchfork's top 500 songs of the 2000s. The song is produced by DJ Toomp from Zone Boy Productions, with additional keys by Wonder Arillo. It utilizes an interpolation of Roberta Flack's version of The Impressions's "Gone Away" and of the song "Hey Joe", written by Billy Roberts but popularised by Jimi Hendrix. The track was rumored to be a diss song directed at fellow Dirty South rapper Lil' Flip. The song is also played during the end credits of ATL. The song was a major smash during the spring of 2006. The RIAA certified the single double platinum.

"Why You Wanna" was the second official single from the album. The single entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 29, it charted at number five on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, it charted at number four on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, it charted at number 47 on the Pop 100 chart, it charted at number 39 on the Hot Digital Songs chart, and at number 13 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart. The single attained respectable international charting. In the United Kingdom the single entered the UK Singles Chart at number 22, in Australia the single entered the Australian Singles Chart at number 49, in Belgium the single entered the Belgium (Ultratop Flanders) chart at number 6, and at number 7 on the Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia) chart. In the Netherlands the single entered the Dutch Top 40 at number 43, in the Republic of Ireland the single entered the Irish Singles Chart at number 17, and in Switzerland the single entered the Swiss Music Charts at number 43. The single samples a slowed down keyboard chord from Crystal Waters' "Gypsy Woman (She's Homeless)". The chorus also interpolates Q-Tip's vocals from Got 'Til It's Gone with Janet Jackson and Find a Way with his group A Tribe Called Quest. The song was produced by Kevin "Khao" Cates. The RIAA certified the single gold.

"Live in the Sky" was the third and final official single from the album. The single entered the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at number 57. The single features Jamie Foxx. The song is mainly about T.I.'s deceased family members and friends who have died in violence, drugs, and even tuberculosis. An alternate version exists with varied lyrics, due to the explicit nature of the original track. The alternate version does not also include the third verse. The song was produced by Keith Mack.

Critical reception
King received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 77, based on 18 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". About.com gave it four out of five stars, stating "with his swagger-jacking charm on the microphone, and enough charisma to convince you that he's really running things in his department, he just might be the Jay-Z of the south. King is not only T.I.'s most captivating album so far, it's probably the best thing to come out of the "A-Town" lately. And, as Pimp C explains on one of the album's many skits, a "king" is anyone that handles his business appropriately on the lyrical side of things, and many kings abound in southern rap. With such foraying display of bravado, T.I. has rightfully earned his membership to hip-hop's elite. Royal salute!" Allmusic writer Andy Kellman gave the album a 4.5 out of 5 praising the album's lead single "What You Know", and stating "T.I.'s fourth album isn't the leap forward he's been threatening to make, but it does carry the best set of productions he has been given to work with, and it guarantees that he won't be leaving the singles charts any time soon." Blender Magazine noted on T.I.'s status saying "Before his album sold a surprise half a million copies in its first week of release, T.I. was a Southern star who didn’t quite feel like one: He made up with irresistible hooks what he lacked in personality. Now he’s a national star who doesn’t quite feel like one. A breezily charismatic drug rapper, he’s like Jay-Z without the worldview, Young Jeezy without the gravitas; he still hasn’t distinguished himself as an artist worth exploring past the singles. Thankfully, he’s packed album No. 4 full of singles, which might be just as good. His sonorous, self-assured drawl adds an air of unflustered authority to his alpha brags, and he pours it into unexpected patterns. What he’s best at is craft—woozy refrains and hypnotic rhyme schemes—and his fleet of beats is impeccable, highlighted by the four-minute epic “What You Know,” which laces imperious synths with an intriguing wistfulness. Throughout, producers Just Blaze, Swizz Beatz and DJ Toomp back T.I.’s self-deifying spiels with wild bombast: he’d seem a lot less kingly if it weren’t for his court."

Pitchfork stated "T.I. has always been a great rapper, warm and fluid and confident, his loose elastic voice winding under tracks with force and finesse. Before every other mainstream rapper was talking about drugs, he was doing it with a weary lived-in authority, proudly defiant and sheepishly defensive at the same time, bragging about getting money but lamenting the fact that he only had one way to do it. But great rappers don't always make great albums, and every one of T.I.'s previous full-lengths had a fatal flaw: desperate grabs at radio love, grossly insincere sex-jams, cobbled-together non-cohesion, or all three. Last summer, I thought Young Jeezy's Let's Get It: Thug Motivation 101 (2005) was the album T.I. should've made. Young Jeezy isn't half the rapper that T.I. is, but his album-- stunning in its focus and monolithic swagger and deeply nihilistic in worldview-- had more cinematic sweep than anything his progenitor had ever done." Matt Cibula of PopMatters described the album as a stunning classic saying that "Clifford “T.I.” Harris is one of America's greatest songwriters. I'm not just talking about hip-hop, either—even if you add in all the other genres that people go all gaga over, T.I. strides this narrow world like a colossus. No one is smarter, no one constructs tighter songs, and no one has more ways to score. This is proven over and over again on King. T.I. is the whole package: gritty, smooth, smart, dangerous, introspective, and wise. And while it's pretty early in 2006 to talk about albums of the year, this record says it's time to start talking." Stylus Magazine noted "T.I.’s path to a self-made mythology hinges not just on his ability to trumpet himself, but to make his locale and history vital. King, T.I.’s latest, proves, among other things, that his legacy is tied into his town, and his town, Atlanta, is the true Southern metropolis: primal, spiritual, refined, and delicate at the same time. New Orleans may have the painful religious symbolism, Memphis the working-class spirit, and Houston the expansive, halting sound, but Atlanta is the melting pot of bourgeoisie, aristocracy, and neighborhood hustlers. Lil Wayne may be the chaperone of this coast, but T.I. is the CFO. Song to song production is generally top-shelf. From barn-burning “Top Back” to the slyly tender “Gone,” every chime chimes when it's supposed to, every snare clacks right into place. Individually, Grand Hustle in-house rising star Toomp gobbles up the lion's share of the praise: the cataclysmic “What You Know” and ostentatious “Bankhead” both soar. Mannie Fresh and Just Blaze inlay T.I.’s lines with velveteen strings and swirling drums respectively. King isn’t complacent enough to act like all the wars are fought and all the gods are dead; T.I. sees his legacy and city very much up for grabs. A city, a scene and his legacy are unfinished, and while King won’t be T.I.’s last, or, hopefully, best section of his mosaic, it’s the perfection of his aesthetic thus far."

The New York Times said the album had "Memorable refrains, hard beats, elegant rhymes: this album succeeds mainly by sticking to a simple but effective formula." Entertainment Weekly stated "Though long at 18 tracks, King still [has] plenty of heavyweight hits." The Village Voice's Makkada B. Selah opined that "Anyone disputing T.I.'s claim to the title 'King of the South' has been summarily silenced by the pageant King's release. The self-proclaimed Dick Cheney of rap showcases many styles, each track here is a multi-layered, highly nuanced production." Sputnikmusic's Joe Schmoh noted "T.I. has always been a prime example of an excellent mainstream rapper from the south. He exudes confidence with every single breath he breaths over the microphone, swinging comfortably from snare hit to snare hit like Tarzan of the beats. However, whether it's Ludacris, Rick Ross, or T.I., the problems are all the same. T.I. has no idea at all how to balance an album together. At least he didn’t until he went towards recording King, an album whose title obviously aims towards magnum opus, a record that balances T.I.’s softer side done right with effortless gruff confidence placed on balling records. Basically, King shows T.I. ripping to his full potential. With women, he’s evolved into this sort of country gentlemen, and he shows this over swelling, swollen synthesizers that make his softer side truly something to behold. And yet, it seems like what the real shine still are the bangers. Even the weak tracks sound strong due to T.I.’s superfluous confidence. Normally, records like this just sound like wastes of good beats, but T.I. serves these beats with pure swag and rhythmic ability. He doesn’t even need to rhyme about anything important or relevant, he’s got enough fun punchlines and self-confidence to cover that up. T.I. manages to spend the entire record outshining every single guest, making every beat his own, and even being respectful to the ladies as opposed to misogynistic. Overall, a triumph." The Austin Chronicle's Robert Gabriel stated "Respected from East to West like he was running the Mob," T.I. ascends the throne of rap regality on his fourth LP. Consistent as it is tenacious, King's effortless flow over top-grade beats comes courtesy of Mannie Fresh, Just Blaze, and DJ Toomp, and as the synth-laden 'What You Know' has already made the job of radio programmers that much easier, T.I.'s transcends flash-in-the-pan status with a swagger unmatched in hip-hop. T.I.'s Southern drawl bends pedestrian phrases into irresistible melodies hotter than the summer streets to come."

Accolades
The album appeared on several music critics' and publications' end-of-year albums lists. Pitchfork placed the album at number 147 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s. Spin placed the album at number 14 on its 40 Best Albums list for 2006. Stylus Magazine placed the album at number 14 on its list of their Top 50 Albums of 2006. Paste named it the 81st on its list of their Top 100 Albums of 2006. Sia Michel of The New York Times named it the 9th best album of 2006.

At the 49th Annual Grammy Awards, T.I. was nominated with a total of three nominations, including Grammy Award for Best Rap Album, Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance and Grammy Award for Best Rap Song for the smash hit single "What You Know". He won the Grammy award for Best Rap Solo Performance for "What You Know".

Commercial performance
King debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, selling over 522,000 copies in its first week of release from the promotion of his debut film ATL and the smash single, "What You Know". This became T.I. first number-one debut on the chart and his third top-ten album. In its second week, the album dropped to number three on the chart, selling an additional 185,000 copies. In its third week, slipped to number five on the chart, selling 136,000 copies that week. In its fourth week, remained at number five on the chart, selling 86,000 more copies. On April 25, 2006, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over a million copies in the United States.

King attained respectable international charting. In New Zealand the album entered the New Zealand Albums Chart at number two, in Canada the album entered the Canadian Albums Chart at number 24, in France the album entered the French Albums Chart at number 36, in Japan the album entered the Japanese Albums Chart at number 26, in Switzerland the album entered the Swiss Albums Chart at number 99, and in the United Kingdom the album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 83. In Canada, the Canadian Recording Industry Association certified the album gold for sales of over 50,000 copies in Canada.

Track listing
(NOTE: newer pressings of the album have removed all "skit" sections, including "The Breakup," "Pimp C Skit," and "Phone Call.")

* (co.) Co-producer

Limited edition DVD
A limited edition of King was released, featuring a DVD. The DVD contained:

 * Live concert footage from Houston, Texas.
 * Music Video of Front Back featuring UGK.
 * A special slide show to accompany the audio of Drive Slow (Remix) (featuring Kanye West, Paul Wall, GLC, & T.I.).

Sample credits
"King Back" "Front Back" "What You Know" "I'm Talkin' to You" "Why You Wanna" "Get It" "You Know Who" "Hello" "Drug Related" "Drive Slow (Remix)"
 * Excerpts from "Sting Of The Serpent" written and performed by Ray "Funky Trumpet" Davies
 * Contains a vocal sample from "Front Back Side To Side" performed by UGK
 * "Gone Away" performed by Roberta Flack
 * Contains a replayed bass sample of "I Believe to My Soul" performed by Donny Hathaway
 * "Nobody Knows" performed by SCLC Operation Breadbasket Orchestra and Choir
 * "Gypsy Woman" performed by Crystal Waters
 * Contains re-sung lyrics from "Find a Way" performed by A Tribe Called Quest
 * Also Contains re-sung lyrics "Got 'til It's Gone" by Janet Jackson, Joni Mitchell & Q-Tip
 * Excerpts from "Molla Tutto" written by Enrico Simonetti, Antonio Murri, & Dino Verdi and performed by Loretta Goggi
 * "Fight Back" written & performed by Solomon Burke, off the Cool Breeze OST (blaxploitation movie)
 * "Hello It's Me" performed by The Isley Brothers
 * Excerpts from "Love Me Back" written by Willie Hutch
 * Excerpts From "Wildflower" Performed By Hank Williams

Personnel
Credits for King adapted from Allmusic.

 * Travis Barker - Drums, Producer, Programming
 * Philip Botti - Executive Producer
 * Leslie Brathwaite - Mixing
 * Greg Gigendad Burke - Art Direction, Design
 * Mike Caren - A&R
 * Elliott Carter - Engineer
 * K. Cates - Composer
 * Spencer Chrislu - Authoring
 * Nate Connelly - Assistant Engineer
 * Geoff Countryman Flute
 * Kannon "Caviar" Cross - Producer
 * R. Davies - Composer
 * Kevin "KD" Davis - Mixing
 * K. Dean - Composer
 * David Dieckmann - Authoring
 * Sean Donnelly - Design
 * Mike Epps - Performer
 * Mannie Fresh - Producer
 * John Frye - Mixing
 * Nick Fury - Producer
 * The Chosen One - Producer, composer
 * Tony Galvin - Producer
 * Brian Gardner - Mastering
 * Jason Geter - A&R, Executive Producer, Management
 * GLC - Performer
 * E.J. Gold - Composer

 * Robert Gold - Photo Production
 * C. Harris - Composer
 * L.D. Harris - Composer
 * L. Hutson - Composer
 * Just Blaze - Producer
 * Hannah Kang - A&R
 * Gimel Keaton - Mixing
 * Anthony Kilhoffer - Engineer
 * Christian Lantry - Photography
 * Lil Mack - Producer
 * Dayna D'Mystro Staggs - Producer
 * James Lopez - Marketing
 * Keith Mack - Producer
 * Glen Marchese - Mixing
 * Manny Marroquin - Mixing
 * Mike Mo - Assistant Engineer
 * Dawaun Parker - Keyboards
 * Orlando Rashid - Engineer
 * Richard Reitz - Assistant Engineer, Engineer
 * Tony Rey - Engineer
 * Shorty B. - Bass, Guitar
 * Swizz Beatz - Producer
 * Phil Tan - Mixing
 * Alex Uychocde - Engineer
 * C. Waters - Composer
 * Kanye West - Producer

title: King (T.I. album)


text:
최

Etymology 1
Korean reading of various Chinese characters

Proper noun

 * 1) A common Korean family name, usually romanized as "Choi."

Determiner

 * 1) Finite or limit
 * 최대 - maximum
 * 최소 - minimum

Syllable

 * 1) 催
 * 2) 凗
 * 3) 嗺
 * 4) 嘬
 * 5) 崔
 * 6) 摧
 * 7) 最
 * 8) 榱
 * 9) 漼
 * 10) 璀
 * 11) 磪
 * 12) 縗
 * 13) 衰

title: 최


text:
Talk:Satchel Paige/Archive 1

Dates
Ummmm...we can't show the dates here...2006 maybe?

Templates
Need to change all the ndash templates to mdash templates...

Teams
Paige pitched one season for the St. Louis Stars in the 1920s, which you can verify online at numerous sources (such as http://z.lee28.tripod.com/sbnslegends/id6.html). Unfortunately, I can't locate the exact year right now and don't know how to add teams to the little graphic thing.

Pitch names
Article had "Midnight Creeper" and "Four-Day Rider". I changed to "Midnight Rider" (which was his fastball) and "Four-Day Creeper" (his change-up). That's what they were referred to in the Ken Burns "Baseball" series, and I think that's right, but I'm not 100% sure. Justin Bailey 17:40, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Birth Date
According to the 1910 census of Ward 10 in Mobile, Alabama (microfilm series T624, roll 27, page 283), Leroy Page (son of John whose wife is Lula) was 4 years old. If his birthday really was 7 July and the census accurate, then his birth year would have been 1905.

In 1920, the census pages for the Alabama Reform School for Juvenile Negro Lawbreakers (later called the "Industrial School for Negro Children") include the following note written at the top of the enumerations: "under 16 average 13 yrs no exact record". Leroy Page is listed as 13 years old, for what it's worth. Ardric47 07:15, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Having spent some years researching census records, I can say with confidence that as far as birthdates go, almost ALL censuses must be taken with a grain of salt. It's just as possible that John Page wasn't absolutely certain of his son's age when asked by a census taker, but knew that "young Leroy was born in 1906, and it's now 1910, which makes him four". That census was taken on 21 April 1910, which would have been less than three months from the actual anniversary. While this is only a theory, it is as valid as assuming the census to be absolutely accurate. Couillaud 15:30, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Right. I didn't intend to endorse a conclusion. Ardric47 04:48, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Huuh?
"Paige had a league best 8-10 record" How can the best record be below .500? Clarityfiend 12:26, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Should something related to this be in the article?
William "Plunk" Drake was a negro league baseball player. He was born June 8, 1895. His career spanned from 1914 to the late 1920's. He even played against white competition which was very rare at the time for African Americans. He died October 30, 1977. Taught Satchel Paige his famous Hesitation Pitch.

--<IP_ADDRESS> 01:19, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

It's unconfirmed whether Paige was taught the hesitation pitch by Drake or by "Big Bill" Gatewood. Drake claimed until the end of his life that it was he who taught the pitch to Paige, but there is evidence indicating Gatewood as well. Couillaud 02:38, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Birthdate
Please, please, please don't start yet another edit war. Every source around has Paige's birthdate as July 7, 1906, including his own autobiography. If you can cite sources questioning it, and with valid reasons to question it, fine. But to say that it's absolutely "unknown" is absolutely false. Baseball Bugs 03:41, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * There is nothing in the article that provides a counterclaim to July 7, 1906. Baseball Bugs 03:49, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * This is going to be like the edit war over his birth name of "Page" vs. "Paige". I finally inserted a comment directly into the text to ask people not to keep changing the name before reading the next three paragraphs, and so far the war seems to have quieted down.  Perhaps you need to do the same for his birth date.
 * Jeez, is this like those who keep inserting "allegedly still alive" into Paul McCartney's entry?
 * -- Couillaud 03:54, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Baseball BugsI am not about to start another revert war, you are. I was in the middle of typing this when you engaged in another revert. I am about done with you on all fronts until you show a reasonable amount of responsible behavior.  There is a citation for it (it's that little one next to the dates) and that information is sourced from a very reliable source.   Even if that site is typographically incorrect (as in it should say 1906 instead of 1905), it clearly asserts that his birthdate is unknown.  I have been looking through wikipedia for the criteria on how to effectively format this information, but this explains his birthday is factually unknown.  As i do not have access to his autobiography at this time, I have to go on the resources available.   Most database driven statistic sites are not going to be reliable sources because they do not allow for notations of that sort.  I am actively looking for more information on this (as i am the one who inserted it).  But for someone who has argued for the inclusion of a source on Will Ferrell's page (yes I saw that) and for a citation for "The Georgia Peach", your actions here are inconsistent with your behavior in the past and are taking on a seemingly personal nature.//Tecmobowl 03:57, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Couillaud The damn thing has a source - it's that one next to the birthdate. I am sorry if that sounds condescending, but the citation is right there. //Tecmobowl 03:59, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The "source" is a website that claims his birthdate is "estimated to be" and that statement was lifted into the previous version of the article. But where are they getting that from? All the sources say, unequivocally, July 7, 1906. Paige himself stated that date. What does that website know that Paige didn't know? Baseball Bugs 04:03, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Tecmobowl, having a dispute on the birthdate does NOT mean it is "Unknown". "Unknown" connotes we don't have a clue as to when someone was born or something happened. The best information (from Paige's family, from census records, etc.) is that Paige was born in 1906. There is a dispute in some records indicating 1905. The day and month of his birth is not in dispute at all, and the year is likely 1906, though it MIGHT be 1905. The terminology "unknown" is not appropriate here. -- Couillaud 04:05, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Baseball Bugs You are saying that SatchelPaige.com (his official website) lifted it's biography from wikipedia? I find that hard to believe.  I do agree that there is a typographical error in the year, but the fact remains the same: The birthdate is not known.  Here is the direct quote: "It is estimated that Leroy "Satchel" Paige was born on July 7, 1905."  Here are some other sites that support the claim: about.com article, site 2, and this one.  Are you seriously going to start this type of argument.  If you want to add a sentence early on (or perhaps a citation note by the actual date) that it is often stated as 1906 ... then go ahead.  But you really need to do your homework.  His autobiography, which could be interpreted as extremely biased, is not going to be the best source for this information. //Tecmobowl 04:13, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Couillaud - site 2 this article]], named as site two above, which i used in my research before making the change, states "that Controversy has surrounded the issue Paige's age throughout his career, and his date of birth has been placed as early as December 18, 1899 and as late as July 7, 1906". That's about as unknown as it can be.//Tecmobowl 04:13, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * What is your factual basis, if any, for stating that his autobiography is "extremely biased"? Baseball Bugs 04:27, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Please read what I said. //Tecmobowl 04:35, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The phraseology "it is estimated" was lifted from another site into wikipedia, not the other way around. Meanwhile, although those various sites make broad statements about a possible range of years, I'm not seening where they're getting them from. As Paige said 45 years ago, there are plenty of dates floating around. So what? The only reliable date is 7-7-06. That's what the Hall of Fame says, and it's what various encyclopedias say. I'm sure that this ongoing debate over an already-settled issue is very amusing to Bill and Satch as viewed from their heavenly dugout. Baseball Bugs 04:41, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Tecmobowl, I believe that you are making the mistake of giving equal weight to every claim on his birthdate. 1899 is NOT a possibility, or Leroy Page would have shown up on the 1900 census with his parents John and Lula; he does not.  The Pages had a daughter, Julia, born in May 1900, making another child in July 1900 pretty unlikely as well.  The most common and best-supported date is July 7, 1906, even in the three web articles you cited, and his family celebrated his 100th birthday last year.  1906 might not be the correct date (that IS possible, though unlikely at present), but it is the ACCEPTED date, by the Hall of Fame, by SABR, and by Paige's family, and it is what we should use, unless you have strong evidence to the contrary.  --  Couillaud 04:38, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Baseballbugs I just can't seem to have a logical discussion with you so i'm going to move on. If we are discussing the merits of one date of birth over another, then finding multiple examples are extremely important.
 * Couillaud. That's a great point about the 1899 birthdate; however, there are a couple of things to address.  My point wasn't simply that he could have been born in 1900, but that his birthdate is unknown.  Your logic in that example is spot on (quite seriously it is), but that is technically OR (although I'd just call it common sense hehe).  I looked on the SABR website for a biography page on him and did not find one.  The hall of fame using that date does not necessarily mean that was his birthdate.  It's a good site and often sourced and site, but it doesn't establish that there are not a number of other reasonable sources (the people responsible for his estate that is) which state otherwise.  I think what we're dealing with here is two separate issues..1) What format should we use for relaying this information 2) What do we actually state.  For example, maybe "unknown", is the best word.  Perhaps we should say: (Estimated at July 7, 2006–June 8, 1982)[1][2]. One citation could be used to provide the actual source of that information and the other could be used to further explain the controversy.  Then again, we could keep it referenced as is and also add a section that explains why it is estimated.  I agree with you on the census logic as well.  However, I have no earthly idea on how to check the information.  If there is no birth certificate for him, do they list him as a person that was born that year? //Tecmobowl 04:58, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * But there is a birth certificate—I'm looking at a photo of it opposite page 145 of his autobiography, and it says "July 7, 1906." Of course, birth records aren't always accurate either, but it's better documentation than we have for lots of other old-time baseball players. BRMo 05:09, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Now that's good information, sorry - i don't have his autobiography. So if there is a bc, why was there ever a debate?  I don't know anything about the process of documenting ones birth, so what do we do with this? //Tecmobowl 05:16, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's in there. That's the document Paige talked about in that excerpt, and which Veeck used to justify his claim that Paige was born before 1900, supposedly because records weren't kept until after 1900, or some such. One thing Paige only hints at, and User:Couillaud told me about (as he is apparently an expert on the Negro Leagues), is that Paige himself was every bit the obfuscator that Veeck was. I'm inclined to take his word in the book as being straight, though. It has the ring of truth, and although he still leaves room for some equivocation, he still keeps coming back to the 7-7-06 as being the true record, even disagreeing with his own mother about it. Would it be helpful to scan and upload the picture of that document? I think a fair use claim could easily be made. Baseball Bugs 05:42, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The point being that Paige himself was one source of the debate. He had been pitching for quite a few years, and he gave different answers to different reporters, just like Dizzy Dean supposedly did, if you've heard that one. Baseball Bugs 05:43, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree about Paige being a source of the debate. He was a master at marketing his own myth and seemed to recognize that controversy about his birthdate would contribute. My recollection is that the birth certificate first showed up after he'd been in the majors a couple of years and a newspaper got hold of it. My understanding is that it was a big story at the time. Uncertainty about birthdates affects a lot of old-time players. An example is Connie Marrero, where I handled it by listing the "official" date in the lead accompanied by a footnote saying that there are also other published birthdates. (Btw, my understanding is that MLB's "official" birth and death dates are established by a SABR research committee, which is said to take its responsibilities very seriously.) BRMo 06:00, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I wonder what their take is on the allegation that Christy Mathewson was born in 1878 insted of the established date of 1880. Baseball Bugs 06:12, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * SABR is definitely serious about it, so that would be a reliable source, i just couldn't find anything on their website about it. So perhaps the best way to do this is to say (officially July 7, 1906-June 8,1982)[1] (and do the same in the infobox) and then make the reference a note as it is on the Marrero page. //Tecmobowl 06:17, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * For a comparison, consider Chief Bender, where the generally accepted date is given, along with a footnote explaining alternative dates. Baseball Bugs 06:24, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * For the record, SABR does have biographical information on the website, but it is in the "Members Only" section; if you're not a dues-paying member, it's not available. And for the record, SABR lists Paige's birth date as July 7, 1906, Mobile, AL; they make no notes about any dispute in his birth date, and my experience with SABR is that they're pretty picky on such things.
 * I have problems with the "Officially" designation; as I mentioned near the beginning of this discussion, it sounds dangerously like those people who dispute whether or not Paul McCartney is still alive because of a stupid hoax nearly 40 years ago (and Tecmobowl, before there is a misunderstanding, I am not calling you stupid, only the McCartney hoax). It is entirely possible that there was never a dispute about Paige's age until he started pitching in the AL in 1948, and he and Bill Veeck found fun and profit in obscuring his age.  Can we find a reference seriously disputing his birth date that appeared before 1948?  -- Couillaud 16:23, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Tecmo Banned Indefinitely. FYI--Tecmo has been banned indefinitely for repeated violations of Wiki policy.--Epeefleche 01:30, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Pay Rate
The article states Mr. Paige was given a raise in the Negro Leagues from $50 a week to $200 a month...how is that a raise???

 * That sounds like somebody's idea of a joke... like the Dilbertism that "40 percent of all employee absences occur on Mondays and Fridays". Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 18:34, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Without looking up sources, my guess is that Paige started at $50 per month, not per week. Based on what I know of Negro League salaries in 1923 (when the Negro Leagues were a bit more healthy financially), a top salary for a Negro League star would have been about $300-350 per month(Oscar Charleston, who was an established star, made $300 per month in 1923, and was only paid April through September), and an average player might get $100 to $150.  It seems unlikely that the unproven Paige would command $50/week (which would be about $220/mo) to start.  I'll see what other sources say. --Couillaud 18:40, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

infobox
Trying to create an info box some help would be appreciated

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satchel_Paige&diff=156400538&oldid=156367484 <IP_ADDRESS> 02:04, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

1926?
The partial list of teams on the infobox starts at 1926. If his playing for that team 1926-1927 is cited, there shouldn't be any uncertainty as cited in the lead of the article... TheHYPO (talk) 00:40, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I think the uncertainty is because Chattanooga played in a "minor" Negro league. Birmingham was in the Negro National League, a "major" Negro league. BRMo (talk) 04:54, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

and that is all so i hope you liked it and i want you to do what you like and love ok bye !!!!!!!!!!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:07, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

This makes no sense
This paragraph makes no sense: "Pitching for the semi-pro team named the Down the Bay Boys, Paige got into a jam in the ninth inning of a 1–0 ballgame. Angry at himself, he stomped around the mound, kicking up dirt. The fans started booing him, so he decided that “somebody was going to have to pay for that.” He called in his outfielders and had them squat in the infield. With the fans and his own teammates howling, Paige worked his way out of the jam and made a name for himself."

What does it mean to get into a jam? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:40, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

 * In baseball terms, a pitcher in a jam usually has found himself with runners on base in scoring position (2nd or 3rd base) with the game on the line and with less than two out. The report cited was that he was leading 1-0, and with runners easily able to score on a fly ball, he brought his outfielders in, in effect telling the crowd in advance that he intended to get the opposing team out without allowing the runners to advance.  He did this a number of times in his career, and usually succeeded in these cases.  --Couillaud (talk)

 * He turned the batters into jelly. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 06:43, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Ouch. :-) -- Couillaud (talk) 02:40, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think this originates with Paige, but when he was young and his arm was in good shape, he threw a pretty good fastball, the kind they used to call a "radio ball" - you hear it, but you can't see it. Actually, I think he called it a "bee ball", as it basically hummed as it zipped by the hapless batter. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 02:58, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

He was not the first African-American in the Hall of Fame
That would be Jackie Robinson. I am changing that claim to the far more correct "first player elected from the Negro Leagues." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aquinas06 (talk • contribs) 14:13, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Trivia removed
I've archived the trivia section, removing it from the article, for a couple of reasons. First, of course, Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Also, this article is large enough that a trivia section is completely unnecessary anyway. I've looked up a couple of the items and the were covered in their respective articles, as well.

If anyone needs something from the trivia text, I created an easily accessible archive here: Talk:Satchel Paige/Trivia — Ω (talk) 15:49, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

National Baseball Congress
The statement that Paige was offered $1,000 to play in the 1935 NBC World Series in Wichita is extensively referenced but it "doesn't sound right." Given the climate of the day, it would seem the $1,000 would have gone to team organizer Neil Churchill. Americasroof (talk) 20:34, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I looked over the relevant section of Larry Tye's new biography of Paige. The $1,000 figure for Paige seems reasonable; Tye says, "with $7,000 in purse money at stake in Wichita along with national bragging rights, the Bismark owner [Churchill] did not rely on chance."  He also says that Paige's earnings that summer reached $8,600.  Later that year J.L. Wilkinson paid Paige $500 to pitch one big game for the Monarchs against the Chicago American Giants.  (This was several years before Paige moved full-time to the Monarchs.)  Paige was by far the best paid player in Negro league baseball, presumably because he had huge drawing power as a gate attraction. BRMo (talk) 04:23, 6 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Thank you so much (and for being so prompt)! If possible we should put that it the article.  As it stands, it sounds like he was not getting much money that year.  Thanks again! Americasroof (talk) 18:37, 6 September 2009 (UTC)

Photograph
Anyone have a good photo of Paige in his prime to add to the front of the article? Thanks,Randy Kryn (talk) 22:51, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Satchel Paige/Archive 1


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Pantoic acid

Pantoic acid is the alpha hydroxy acid with the formula HOCH2C(CH3)2CH(OH)CO2H. The compound is almost always encountered in a biological context, as an aqueous solution of its conjugate base pantoate HOCH2C(CH3)2CH(OH)CO2 -. The amide of pantoic acid with β-alanine is pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), a component of coenzyme A.

Biosynthesis
Its biosynthesis proceeds from ketoisovalerate by hydroxymethylation:
 * (CH3)2CHC(O)CO2− + CH2O →  HOCH2(CH3)2CC(O)CO2−

This conversion is catalyzed by ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase, which gives ketopantoate. Ketopantoate is reduced by ketopantoate reductase to pantoate, using NADH as the hydride source.

The amide derived from pantoic acid and GABA is the pharmaceutical drug hopantenic acid.

title: Pantoic acid


text:
User:Asia Imam

I am an unpaid worker for Pak Sarzameen Party and have a conflict of interest with respect to Draft:Iftikhar Randhawa."

title: User:Asia Imam


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Julie Zhuo

The result was speedy keep. Comments suggest that nomination was either frivolous or bad faith. Closing under WP:CSK criterion 3. Kinu t/c 05:25, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

Julie Zhuo

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

There is no independent news for her, very clearly fails Notability and GNG. Niligirinorbert (talk) 18:28, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Businesspeople-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 18:45, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Women-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 18:45, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of China-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 18:45, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Automated comment: This AfD was not correctly transcluded to the log (step 3). I have transcluded it to Articles for deletion/Log/2020 August 15.  —cyberbot I   Talk to my owner :Online 18:55, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Speedy keep Multiple in-depth RS including some already cited in article. I am surprised a "Before" search missed, for example, this profile of Zhuo in the Harvard Business Review. On the other hand, considering that nominator's only three edits to Wikipedia have been devoted to AfD-ing Zhuo's bio, perhaps nominator is too inexperienced to be know how Wikipedia works. HouseOfChange (talk) 20:07, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep per WP:CSK criteria 2–3 and HouseOfChange. Sources in article establish notability. This is an extremely fishy nomination. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 20:24, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. Utterly groundless. Spite nomination after a promotional page created by the nom was deleted. The Big Bad Wolfowitz (aka Hullaballoo). Treated like dirt by many administrators since 2006.  Fight for freedom, stand with Hong Kong! (talk) 20:34, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep - Not sure that OP looked hard enough (if at all). — {Cryptic  Canadian}  21:36, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Science-related deletion discussions. TJMSmith (talk ) 21:44, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Computing-related deletion discussions. TJMSmith (talk) 21:44, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of California-related deletion discussions. TJMSmith (talk) 21:44, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Texas-related deletion discussions. TJMSmith (talk) 21:44, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Authors-related deletion discussions. TJMSmith (talk) 21:46, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Obvious, strong keep - Profiles in Harvard Bus Review and Fortune? Why are we having this discussion? Lady  of  Shalott  01:25, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep as others have said. On a side note, odd to me the nominators first (and only?) ever edits are to create an AfD. -Kj cheetham (talk) 09:24, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep Why was this nominated? by a jealous ex lover? :-) Deathlibrarian (talk) 13:44, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. <b style="color:red">Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User:TkdApe

Pretty new to editing, but looking forward to learning by doing here at Wikiversity! Oh yeah, TkdApe stands for Tae Kwon-Do Ape, concatenating my two favourite things, martial arts and simians. tkd.ape@googlemail.com

title: User:TkdApe


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Portal:Poetry/Selected biography archive/October 2006

Mário Raul de Morais Andrade (October 9, 1893 – February 25, 1945) was a Brazilian poet, novelist, musicologist, art historian and critic, and photographer. One of the founders of Brazilian modernism, he virtually created modern Brazilian poetry with the publication of his Paulicéia Desvairada (Hallucinated City) in 1922. He has had an enormous influence on Brazilian literature in the 20th and 21st centuries, and as a scholar and essayist—he was a pioneer of the field of ethnomusicology—his influence has reached far beyond Brazil.

Andrade was the central figure in the avant-garde movement of São Paulo for twenty years. Trained as a musician and best known as a poet and novelist, Andrade was personally involved in virtually every discipline that was connected with São Paulo modernism, and became Brazil's national polymath.

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