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Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks

This page attempts to define what Wikibooks is, what it is not, and what distinguishes it from other Wikimedia projects. The descriptions on this page are relatively brief. Detailed discussion or debate should happen on the talk page.

What is Wikibooks
Simply, Wikibooks is a collection of open-content textbooks. The site should primarily be used for developing textbooks, textbook-like books, and supporting book-based instructional materials (for example, annotated texts such as on the Works of Shakespeare with aids for reading and study, or extensive book summaries).

Because the word textbook is open to interpretation, this document exists to help clarify which types of content are acceptable for Wikibooks. For example, The Complete Works of Shakespeare might be considered a textbook in an English Literature course, but such a text would be inappropriate for this site.

Wikibooks includes instructional texts
Wikibooks is for textbooks, annotated texts, instructional guides, and manuals. These materials can be used in a traditional classroom, an accredited or respected institution, a home-school environment, as part of a Wikiversity course, or for self-learning. As a general rule, only instructional books are suitable for inclusion. Non-fictional books (as well as fictional ones) that aren't instructional aren't allowed on Wikibooks. Literary elements, such as allegory or fables, that are used as instructional tools can be permitted in some situations.

Wikibooks includes both minor and major book-like projects.

Materials which may not be appropriate for Wikibooks should only be removed in accordance with the deletion policy.

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Although we do not permit verbatim copies of pre-existing works, we do permit annotated texts, which are a kind of text that includes an original text within it and serves as a guide to reading or studying that text. Annotated editions of previously published source texts may only be written if the source text is compatible with the project's license.

As a point of overlap between the two projects, Wikisource also allows the inclusion of annotated texts. If you would like to write a sparsely annotated text or a sparsely critical edition of a text, consider hosting your work more appropriately on Wikisource instead.

Wikibooks includes video game strategy guides
Historically speaking, video game strategy guides and walk-throughs were banned early on at Wikibooks. But following a successful 2021 proposal, it was decided to allow this content in accordance with the strategy guides policy; it has additional rules and guidance, and it should be consulted before creating a video game strategy guide at Wikibooks.

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Wikibooks is not a free wiki host or webspace provider
You may not host your own website, blog, or wiki at Wikibooks. If you are interested in using the wiki technology for a collaborative effort on something else, even if it is just a single page, there are many sites that provide wiki hosting (free or for money). You can also install wiki software on your own server. (See the MediaWiki installation guide for information on doing this.)

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Wikibooks is not a dictionary
Although a dictionary is a book, the needs of a general-purpose dictionary are better served at our sister project, Wiktionary. Also:
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 * 2) Exception: Wikibooks does allow and encourage projects that require supplemental dictionaries or thesauri, such as a glossary. For example, a mathematical textbook might need a glossary of math terms; a foreign language textbook might include an English-to-foreign and foreign-to-English dictionary. For these dictionaries and thesauri to remain, they must be secondary and auxiliary to a main text.

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New Wikimedia projects should be proposed at Meta-Wiki and not developed at Wikibooks.

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It is important to note that content that would typically be considered offensive is usually a violation of one or more of the previously mentioned policies or contains copyrighted content, which is removed from this project without regards to its social value. Random defacement of pages and adding profanity is usually considered an act of vandalism and removed quickly without any formal community discussion taking place. Unfortunately you might just be viewing some page on Wikibooks immediately after this offensive content was added, and although we try very hard to clean up stuff like this as quickly as we can, we do miss some stuff every once in a while.

Pages have "flagged revisions" which have been validated by users to be of at least minimal quality. If set in Special:Preferences for a user, choosing to view only the stable version of pages will often provide a reading experience that is free of vandalism.

Similar pages on other projects

 * What is Wikiversity?
 * What Wikiversity is not
 * What Wikinews is
 * What Wikinews is not
 * What is Wikisource?
 * What Wiktionary is not
 * What Wikipedia is not

de:Hilfe:Was Wikibooks ist es:Wikibooks:Lo que Wikilibros no es fa:ویکی‌نسک:ویکی‌نسک چیست hy:Վիքիգրքեր:Ինչ է Վիքիգրքերը it:Wikibooks:Cosa mettere su Wikibooks ja:Wikibooks:ウィキブックスは何でないか ko:Wikibooks:위키책에서 착각하는 점 ms:Wikibooks:Apa itu Wikibooks nl:Wikibooks:Wat Wikibooks niet is no:Wikibøker:Hva er Wikibøker pl:Wikibooks:Czym jest Wikibooks pt:Wikibooks:O que não somos ru:Викиучебник:Что такое Викиучебник ta:விக்கிநூல்கள்:விக்கிநூல்கள் என்றால் என்ன? th:Wikibooks:วิกิตำราคืออะไร zh:Wikibooks:维基教科书是什么

title: Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks


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Cookbook:Dutch Apple Fritters (Oliebollen)

| Desserts

Oliebollen (literally: oil dumplings) are a type of Dutch apple fritter. They are served at Dutch festivals in the United States, such as the Holland Happening Festival in Oak Harbor, Washington.

Ingredients

 * 2 tbsp sugar
 * 1 cup warm water

 * 2 package active dry yeast
 * 5 eggs
 * 2 cups scalded milk
 * 1 ½ cups warm water
 * ½ cup margarine, softened
 * 10 cups flour
 * 1 cup white granulated sugar
 * 1½ tsp salt
 * 3 Granny Smith apples (optional), diced
 * 3 cups sugar
 * Ground cinnamon to taste
 * 1 cup raisins (optional)
 * Canola oil or shortening for frying

Procedure

 * 1) Dissolve sugar in warm water. Sprinkle yeast on top. Let stand for about 10 minutes.
 * 2) In a large mixing bowl, beat eggs until mixed. Add scalded milk, warm water, yeast mixture, and margarine. Beat well.
 * 3) Add flour, sugar, and salt. Mix well. Add diced apple.
 * 4) Let dough rise in a warm place until doubled in size. A lobster pot works well for this.
 * 5) In a separate bowl, mix the sugar with cinnamon to taste. Set aside.
 * 6) Fill a fryer pot with 4 inches of canola oil or melted shortening. Heat to 375°F (190°C).
 * 7) Scoop large spoonfuls of dough into the hot oil. Dipping the spoons in the hot oil before scooping the dough keeps the spoons from getting too sticky.
 * 8) Fry the oliebollen until golden brown, turning them to ensure even cooking.
 * 9) Remove the oliebollen, and place on paper towels on paper bags.
 * 10) Roll oliebollen in the cinnamon sugar mixture, and serve warm.

Kookboek/Oliebollen

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Djanet Sears

Fair use rationale for Image:Djanetsears.jpg
Image:Djanetsears.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 01:49, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Changed to B rating
I reviewed and gave the article a new B-rating.

title: Talk:Djanet Sears


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Uskovo

Uskovo (Усково) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kytmanovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 56 as of 2013. There is 1 street.

Geography
Uskovo is located 41 km north of Kytmanovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Otradnoye is the nearest rural locality.

title: Uskovo


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Talk:Donald Kingsbury

Untitled
User:Donbury said, "I changed 1948 (entered Canada) to 1956 (began teaching) and Capitalized the word Nuptial. (I am Don Kingsbury, so this is accurate.)" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Donbury (talk • contribs)

 * Cool! The trouble is the the French language article really is at fr:Parade nuptiale (roman). My own French isn't good enough to say whether the title should be Parade nuptiale or Parade Nuptiale, but Amazon.fr also says Parade nuptiale Anyone? —wwoods 06:49, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Donald Kingsbury. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050421081026/http://www.donaldkingsbury.com/ to http://www.donaldkingsbury.com/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:26, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Donald Kingsbury


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Backyard Astronomy

''' Introduction: What is backyard astronomy? '''

"There are more stars in the Universe then there are grains of sand on every beach on Earth"

What is Backyard Astronomy? Well it’s exactly that; buying your first telescope and setting it up for the first time in your backyard. In backyard astronomy, you hardly ever use long math equations or even calculate long impossible numbers (leave that to the professionals). Instead of complicated study of the sights of the universe (geography if you will), backyard astronomy is the pleasant sightseeing or touring of the universe; with a smattering of valuable scientific contribution if you would like.

In this page is solid advice for the beginner who wants to start exploring the universe. I will describe a quick yet meaningful trip towards the infinite and three solid ways to be prepared for them. Just like you wouldn't want to hike the Appalachian Trail before you've done a day hike, you should take an initial tour of the universe with your eyes open, and your mind open for learning on how to search the stellar void; after all the universe is a very big place.

I will then give some solid advice about an initial telescope and a new alternative approach that has been the big buzzword of the hobby for a couple decades now (and revolutionized everything). I give some suggested targets at the end; some of which I am currently studying.

Once you are exploring space, feel free to compare notes and let me know what your seeing. feel free to use the talk page to ask for directions, and for additional resources

Prepare to observe

Every beginner wonders Where do I begin?? The answer seems all too simple. Astronomy is a hobby of looking at distant splendors with a telescope and the unfortunately result for too many people (and worst of all; kids) is the ubiquitous skinny telescope in the closet; never used.

The truth is that for people that neither know what to look for, or how to see, the telescope is a very poor tool for both. So whatever you do, Don't begin with the telescopes, begin with the sky. The sky?

Right, the sky. Your first job is to begin the psychologically hard step of finding the major constellations.

So the first thing you will need is a dark place where you intend to observe, a chart to show you the constellations, and a plan to get your bearings. I would suggest you time your initial observation to coincide with some interesting astronomical sight.

we will discuss each in better detail.

Choose a location

Most people that think about observing celestial objects think of far-away skyscapes in the desert where the man-made lights are eliminated. While this might be useful later on, such a place is a Hard place to get your bearings. More likely (anyway) you live in the town and city and your backyard is a good enough place to learn the constellations. Here's the basics of what you need.

 * you need to keep all (local) bright lights out of your eyes. Turn off the porch light, find some kind of shadow to get the neighbors security light out of your eyes.  Use a red flashlight (or make a flashlight red with cloth), to read charts and make notes.
 * you need a clear sky. Even broken clouds will prevent you from seeing the patterns you need to see to start learning how to recognize constellations.
 * you need a good horizon. You need to be able to observe most of the way to the horizon without trees or buildings.  The North horizon is particularly important.
 * lastly close is a good thing. Close means comfortable, it means you can do it more often (important when your learning new stuff)

Sometimes the backyards isn't the best place. But often a neighborhood park, river, lake shore, or overlook is great. If your nearest place is particularly dark, you will actually work a little harder. Darker skies means more stars, Which will make it tough to see the basic patterns of the bright stars that form the constellations. Take heart, A little difficulty beginning is rewarded later on- When particularly beautiful cosmic sights is in the back yard or around the corner instead of hours away.

A chart (and other equiptment)

So if you were going on a trip, one of the more indispensable items would be a map, and preferably one showing the major intersections. Similarly in the night sky, you need a map as well. Unfortunately the earths' wobble through the season creates some definite changes in the sky over time. What happens then is that the sky rotates around a star in the north called Polaris (or the North star). You will either need a chart that rotates (called a planisphere) or you will have to use the correct chart for the year.

It is important that the chart is oriented correctly in the sky. Often this holding the chart above you as you view it. You might become disoriented and confused if you sit the chart on a table. Remember, It is also very important to Use a red light to view the chart at night. This allows you to read in the dark without spoiling your night vision for looking at the sky.

Another option is to use webpage that shows the position of the stars from your location at a particular time. One example can be found at http://www.fourmilab.ch/yoursky/

Software to run on your computer is also available for this purpose. The free Stellarium (http://www.stellarium.org/) is a great tool. With it you can determine what will be visible when you will be going outside.

A plan
Your goal in Astronomy will determine what you try to identify first. Some good initial projects could include:

 * Identifying the constellations of the Zodiac
 * Identifying the planets
 * Identifying different features on the Moon's surface

When you know what you wish to find, you can more effectively plan your astronomy time. Using a chart, software or a website, determine when the features you wish to identify will be visible.

If you are using a telescope or binoculars, you should practice with them during the day or inside before trying to use them in the dark. If you are unfamiliar with the controls on your telescope, trying to find a planet in the dark will be a frustrating process.

Video

 * Carl Sagan’s Cosmos Series
 * Neil Degrasse Tyson's "Cosmos: A Space Time Oddesy" and "Cosmos: Possible Worlds"
 * BBC’s “The Planets” Series
 * BBC’s “Space” Series
 * Discovery Channel “Understands the Universe”

Books

 * NightWatch: A Practical Guide to Viewing the Universe, Terence Dickinson, 3rd edition
 * The Stars: A New Way to See Them, H.A. Rey, Enlarged World-Wide Edition, Houghton-Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-24830-2

Magazines

 * Astronomy Magazine
 * SkyNews: The Canadian Magazine of Astronomy & Stargazing

Internet

 * Astronomy picture of the Day

Glossary

 * Asteroid
 * Asteroid Belt
 * Astronomy
 * Azimuth
 * Ceres
 * Constellation
 * Dwarf Planet
 * Earth
 * Ecliptic
 * Equatorial Coordinate System
 * Galaxy
 * Globular Cluster
 * Horizon
 * Horizontal Coordinate System
 * Jupiter
 * Latitude
 * Longitude
 * Mars
 * Mercury
 * Moon
 * Nebula
 * Nadir
 * Neptune
 * North Pole
 * Open Cluster
 * Planet
 * Pluto
 * Saturn
 * Solar System
 * South Pole
 * Star
 * Sun
 * Telescope
 * Uranus
 * Venus
 * Zenith

title: Backyard Astronomy


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Cuthonella berghi

Cuthonella berghi is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cuthonellidae.

Distribution
This species was described from a single specimen collected at 550 m depth in the Denmark Strait at 66.7°N, -26.66667°W.

title: Cuthonella berghi


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Talk:Six Feet Under (soundtrack)

Fair use rationale for Image:Six Feet Under (soundtrack).jpg
Image:Six Feet Under (soundtrack).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 19:51, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Six Feet Under (soundtrack)


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Toronto Arrows

Toronto Arrows R.F.C. was a rugby union club based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that played in Major League Rugby. The Arrows team was an independent off-shoot of the Ontario Blues provincial programme and was funded by a group of private investors and supporters. They are currently on hiatus following the 2023 season.

2017–2018: Ontario Arrows
The team was founded as the Ontario Arrows in 2017 with the intent of joining the Major League Rugby (MLR) competition for the 2019 season. The Arrows debuted September 9, 2017, in a match against the Glendale Merlins losing 41–7.

In spring 2018, the Arrows played a six-game exhibition schedule against the Houston SaberCats, Rugby United New York, Utah Warriors, and Boston's Mystic River Rugby Club. The schedule was extended to include games against the Canada Selects. The Arrows' 2018 home opener was a decided victory over the Mystic River Rugby Club.

In July 2018, the Arrows announced that MLR had granted them exclusive rights to negotiate for a franchise in Ontario. In November 2018, MLR announced that the Arrows had joined the league for the 2019 season. At the same time, the Ontario Arrows changed their name to the Toronto Arrows. The ownership group is led by Bill Webb, partner and chief investment officer at Waypoint Investment Partners. The ownership group also includes the former general manager of the Toronto Maple Leafs Brian Burke, Boat Rocker Sports (a division of Boat Rocker Media), Duncan McNaughton, an assistant coach with the Canadian women's team and the Queen's University men, Kevin Reed of AR3 Capital, and John Ferraro of Mass Marketing Inc. As MLR operates as a single entity league, the ownership group purchased an equity stake in the league, at the cost of a few million dollars, and received operating rights to a franchise in the Toronto market.

2019–2021: First MLR seasons
In the 2019 season the team split its home games between Alumni Field of York University and Lamport Stadium in its inaugural 2019 MLR season.

After playing only five matches in 2020, the Arrows ceased play, along with the rest of the league, as the COVID-19 pandemic began. Due to border crossing concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic during the 2021 season, the Arrows temporarily relocated to Marietta, Georgia, to share Rugby ATL's facilities at Lupo Family Field.

2022–2023: Final seasons
For the 2022 season, the Arrows hosted their game against the LA Giltinis at Starlight Stadium in Langford, British Columbia, marking the first MLR regular season game to be held in the province. The remainder of their home games were played at the renovated York Lions Stadium, over 1,000 days after the team's previous home game in Toronto.

On August 30, 2023, the Arrows announced the passing of president and general partner, Bill Webb. Bill Webb's passing resulted in an outpouring of support from across the rugby world, including players, teams, leagues and foundations. On November 27, 2023, it was announced that the Arrows would not compete in the 2024 MLR season.

Broadcasts
For 2019, home games were shown on GameTV. Lincoln Rose and Kit McConnico were the on-air talent.

For 2020, TSN was announced as the Arrows broadcast partner. Following the cancellation of the 2020 Major League Rugby season, TSN produced a 10-episode series, showing 60-minute highlights from chosen Arrows games, called "Arrows in an Hour."

Head coaches

 * 🇨🇦 Chris Silverthorn (2019–2021)
 * 🇦🇺 Peter Smith (2021–2023)
 * 🇦🇺 Stephen Meehan (2023)

Captains

 * Lucas Rumball, Dan Moor (2019) (co-captains)
 * Dan Moor, Lucas Rumball (2020) (co-captains)
 * Lucas Rumball, Ben LeSage (2021) (co-captains)
 * Mike Sheppard (2022)
 * Lucas Rumball, Sam Malcolm (Vice captains)
 * Lucas Rumball (2023)
 * Sam Malcolm, Mike Sheppard (Vice captains)

Team staff
, the members of the team staff are:

 * Peter Smith — Head Coach
 * Rob Howley — Attack Coach
 * Francois Ratier – Defence & Skills Coach
 * Francisco Deformes — Forwards Coach
 * Cory Hector — Arrows Academy Director & Head Coach
 * Alex Lee – Head of Performance
 * Shane Cahill – Assistant Strength & Conditioning Coach
 * Richard Owen – Head Performance Analyst
 * Neil MacDougall – Team Manager
 * Scott Shannon — Head Athletic Therapist
 * Chris Chan – Senior Team Physiotherapist
 * Terri Jones – Academy Athletic Therapist
 * Dr. John Gillis – Head Team Physician
 * Chris Silverthorn – Director of Player Development

Front office

 * Bill Webb – President and General Partner
 * Tim Matthews – Vice President and General Manager
 * Rahul Srinivasan – Chief Commercial Officer
 * Mark Winokur – Co-Founder and Special Advisor

2018 season (exhibition)
All games in the 2018 season were exhibition games and did not count in the league standings.

2020 season
On March 12, 2020, MLR announced the season would go on hiatus immediately for 30 days due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On March 19, 2020, MLR announced that they had cancelled the season and all remaining games for 2020.

2021 season
Due to the Canadian federal government closing the border between the USA and Canada in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Toronto relocated to Marietta, Georgia for the 2021 season. Although intended to be for the start of the season, the ongoing pandemic meant that all of the Arrow's “home” games were played at Lupo Family Field, sharing the ground with Rugby ATL for the season.

title: Toronto Arrows


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Medical biochemistry

Biochemistry for Medicine and Pharmacy

A course of the

Please refer also to the main topic:Biochemistry wiki for Biochemistry for Chemistry and for Biology.

You are invited to improve thoughtfully upon these subjects. Please refer to the Discussion page for proposals, discussion and comments.

Topics and Learning Materials

 * Basics
 * The International System of Units, item
 * Nomenclature of organic chemistry,item,
 * Logarithms
 * Nuclides
 * Radioactive decay
 * gas laws, Gases and Gas Laws
 * Partial pressure and mole fraction
 * Osmosis
 * Diffusion
 * pH (needs a little more)
 * Buffers
 * Biomolecules -- Structures, classification and properties of:
 * Nucleic acids
 * Amino acids
 * Protein
 * Carbohydrate
 * Lipid
 * Laboratory and Analytical Methods
 * Simple (glass) laboratory equipment and how to use it
 * Laboratory safety
 * Size exclusion chromatography
 * UV-VIS Spectrometry
 * IR spectrometry
 * Centrifugation and Ultracentrifugation
 * Electrophoresis
 * Chromatography
 * Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
 * Gamma counting
 * Beta counting
 * Enzyme assays
 * PCR
 * Metabolic pathways
 * Proteins
 * In vivo nucleic acids synthesis
 * Nucleic acid degradation, pyrimidine and purine catabolism
 * Peptide bond
 * In vivo protein synthesis
 * Micronutrients and Vitamins
 * Enzymes
 * Regulation of metabolic pathways
 * Associated: Hemoglobin, gas transportation and Hemoglobinopathies

 * Amino acids
 * Decarboxylation
 * Transamination
 * General amino acid synthesis
 * General amino acid catabolism
 * Special amino acid metabolism
 * Amino acid interconversion
 * Urea cycle, item
 * Gamma-glutamyl cycle
 * Associated: Gout,Maple syrup disease, inborn errors of metabolism
 * Carbohydrates
 * Glycolysis
 * Krebs' cycle
 * Pyruvate decarboxylation
 * The ATP cycle
 * Oxidative phosphorylation
 * Dickens-Horecker cycle
 * Hexose interconversions
 * Neoglucogenesis
 * Glycogenesis
 * Glycogenolysis
 * Cori cycle
 * Carbohydrate regulation mechanism: glucagon and insulin
 * Associated: Diabetes mellitus
 * Lipids
 * fatty acids
 * Essential fatty acids, item, poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); eicosanoids: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclin and leukotrienes.
 * The lipid bilayer, item, and transport across it
 * Lipid peroxidation
 * Acylglycerols
 * Triacylglycerols
 * Sn system
 * Carnitine and membrane transport of fatty acids
 * Fatty acid oxidations
 * Beta oxidation
 * Ketogenesis
 * Lipid synthesis (lipogenesis)
 * Arachidonic acid cascade and the eicosanoids (above)
 * Associated: ...
 * Lipoproteins and cholesterol
 * The serum lipoprotein transport system
 * Cholesterol metabolism, regulation and transport
 * Lipoprotein metabolism
 * Chylomicra and VLDL
 * LDL and HDL
 * Regulation of lipoprotein metabolism
 * History of Biochemistry

Topics in Veterinary Medicine
....

Learning Projects
Biochemistry today
 * The pet food crisis and Non-protein nitrogen as legitimate and illegitimate feed additive.

Essay and Discussion Themes
 * Atherosclerosis
 * 1) Lipoprotein cell recognition mechanisms
 * 2) Scavenger system
 * 3) Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Cytokines.
 * 4) Oxidized lipoproteins
 * Digestion and absorption
 * Plasma buffer systems
 * Kidney
 * Nerve impulse, transmission, neuromuscular junction and modulators.
 * Chemical military agents and antidotes
 * The origin of life on Earth
 * 1) The possible origin of life outside Earth (Astrobiology)
 * Iron, Heme and Hemoglobin metabolism and its errors (item, item, item)
 * Coagulation
 * 1) Voluntary Muscle (item) metabolic peculiarities (item, item, item) and the neuromuscular junction
 * Connective tissue (collagen, elastin, reticulin) and its main anomalies.
 * Nicotine toxicology and addiction, tolerance (item), dopamine and the brain reward pathways

 * Vitalism - Is vitalism dead? Is mechanicism firmly established? Are all life processes, including consciousness, emotions, feelings (sentiments), and the sense of being oneself (Self) chemical and organic processes and functions, as neurologist António Damásio says ? Is there a life force that drives the processes of the emergence of life on Earth, growth, tissue differentiation, morphogenesis and of tissue repair? Something like the egyptians Ka  ? It's true that the controversy between materialism and idealisms has thousands of years and is likely to stay around; but what do you think yourself?

Books
By alphabetical order of the first author's surname.

General Biochemistry

 * Nelson DL, Cox MM. "Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry". Worth Publishers. New York. 2000. ISBN 1-57259-153-6. http://worthpublishers.com/lehninger

 * Osgood M, Ocorr K. "The Absolute, Ultimate Guide to Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Study Guide and Solution Manual". Worth Publishers. New York. 2000. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>677.

 * Biochemistry Wikibook

Medical Biochemistry

 * Cooper GM. The Cell, A Molecular Approach

 * Devlin TM Ed. "Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations". Wiley-Liss. Hoboken. 2006. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>083.

 * Epstein RJ. "Human Molecular Biology: An Introduction to the Basis of Health and Disease". Cambridge University Press. G. Canale & C. S.p.a. 2003. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>815

 * Free Books for Doctors - Biochemistry

 * Murray RK, Granner DK, Rodwell VW et al. "Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry". Lange-McGrawHill. Singapore. 2006. ISBN 007-125300-9.

 * Smith C, Marks A, Liebermann M. "Mark's Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach." Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore. 2005. ISBN 0-7817-2145-8

 * Stryer's. Missing Up-to-date Reference.
 * Stryer's online Biochemistry

Further Resources

 * NCBI Bookshelf

 * The more general Entrez

 * Online Biology Book or

 * Exercises

title: Medical biochemistry


text:
Talk:Ronnie Nasralla

Edited DMN to BMN
The article cited had a typo... Ronnie Nasralla's label was BMN not DMN Clumpyplumpy (talk) 23:08, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ronnie Nasralla


text:
User:TerrySamui

Terry Samui was born in Melbourne, Australia. Terry Samui now lives in Koh Samui, Thailand. Terry Samui is not my real name. Terry Bouris is my real name.

title: User:TerrySamui


text:
safety car

Noun

 * 1)  A vehicle employed to lead the competitors in an auto race for the duration of a few laps, with the intention of restricting their speed while a hazard exists on the circuit.
 * After a car crashed, the safety car was sent out to lead the remaining drivers safely past the site of the accident.

Synonyms

 * abbreviation
 * abbreviation

Translations

 * Finnish: turva-auto

title: safety car


text:
Vradenburg

Vradenburg is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * George Vradenburg (born 1943), American lawyer and philanthropist
 * Trish Vradenburg (1946–2017), American playwright, author, television writer, and advocate, wife of George

title: Vradenburg


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Lilias Armstrong/archive1

Lilias Armstrong
I've listed this article for peer review because I'd like to see it become a featured article after working on it for a while. I'm in particular having trouble with ideas on what to put in the lede to make it longer but without coming off as too repetitive. The lede was the main criticism in the comments for its Good Article application. Any other thoughts are of course welcome too :). Thanks! Umimmak (talk) 09:01, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I'll be glad to take a look at this one over the next several days. --Coemgenus (talk) 21:42, 11 October 2017 (UTC)

 * This is already very good and doesn't need much. One thing I'd suggest is saying "Armstrong" more instead of having so many sentences start with "she". IT just breaks up the monotony a bit.
 * I don't think the lede is repetitive. It's kind of dry, but that's more a problem of subject-matter than of your writing. Trust me, I write a lot of dry stuff--it's hard to spice it up while still maintaining an encyclopedic tone.
 * I have little to add, this is a well-written piece that I think is nearly ready for FAC. I'll make a second pass at it this weekend, but for now I think the pronoun issue is your biggest concern. --Coemgenus (talk) 16:06, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Great thank you so much! I'll work on some of the shes. Umimmak (talk) 17:37, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

 * After the second pass at this, I think you're ready to go. I would definitely support this article at FAC. --Coemgenus (talk) 13:36, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I'll go "close" this peer review since that seems to be the next step in the process Umimmak (talk) 14:13, 17 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
Ruby Programming/Hello world

The classic Hello, world! program is a good way to get started with Ruby.

Hello, world!
Create a text file called  containing the following code:

Now run it at the shell prompt.

$ ruby hello_world.rb Hello, world!

You can also run the short "Hello, world!" program without creating a text file at all. This is called a one-liner.

$ ruby -e "puts 'Hello, world!'" Hello, world!

Option  means evaluate (Ruby code). You can run this code with irb, but the output will look slightly different. will print out " ", but  will also print out the return value of   — which is.

$ irb >> puts "Hello, world!" Hello, world! => nil

Comments
Like Perl, Bash, Python, and C Shell, Ruby uses the hash symbol (also called Pound Sign, number sign) for comments. Everything from the hash to the end of the line is ignored when the program is run by Ruby. For example, here's our  program with comments.

You can append a comment to the end of a line of code, as well. Everything before the hash is treated as normal Ruby code.

You can also comment several lines at a time:

Although block comments can start on the same line as, the   must have its own line. You cannot insert block comments in the middle of a line of code as you can in C, C++, and Java, although you can have non-comment code on the same line as the.

Executable Ruby scripts
Typing the word  each time you run a Ruby script is tedious. To avoid doing this, follow the instructions below.

Unix-like operating systems
In Unix-like operating systems – such as Linux, Mac OS X, and Solaris you will want to mark your Ruby scripts as executable using the  command. This also works with the Cygwin version of Ruby.

$ chmod +x hello_world.rb

You need to do this each time you create a new Ruby script. If you rename a Ruby script, or edit an existing script, you do not need to run " " again.

Next, add a shebang line as the very first line of your Ruby script. The shebang line is read by the shell to determine what program to use to run the script. This line cannot be preceded by any blank lines or any leading spaces. The new  program – with the shebang line – looks like this:

If your  executable is not in the   directory, change the shebang line to point to the correct path. The other common place to find the  executable is.

The shebang line is ignored by Ruby – since the line begins with a hash, Ruby treats the line as a comment. Hence, you can still run the Ruby script on operating systems such as Windows whose shell does not support shebang lines.

Now, you can run your Ruby script without typing in the word. However, for security reasons, Unix-like operating systems do not search the current directory for executables unless it happens to be listed in your PATH environment variable. So you need to do one of the following:

 * 1) Create your Ruby scripts in a directory that is already in your PATH.
 * 2) Add the current directory to your PATH (not recommended).
 * 3) Specify the directory of your script each time you run it.

Most people start with #3. Running an executable Ruby script that is located in the current directory looks like this:

$ ./hello_world.rb

Once you have completed a script, it's common to create a  directory, add this to your PATH, and move your completed script here for running on a day-to-day basis. Then, you can run your script like this:

$ hello_world.rb

Using env
If you do not want to hard-code the path to the  executable, you can use the   command in the shebang line to search for the   executable in your PATH and execute it. This way, you will not need to change the shebang line on all of your Ruby scripts if you move them to a computer with Ruby installed in a different directory.

Windows
If you install the native Windows version of Ruby using the Ruby One-Click Installer, then the installer has setup Windows to automatically recognize your Ruby scripts as executables. Just type the name of the script to run it.

$ hello_world.rb Hello world

If this does not work, or if you installed Ruby in some other way, follow these steps.

 * 1) Log in as an administrator.
 * 2) Run the standard Windows "Command Prompt",.
 * 3) At the command prompt (i.e. shell prompt), run the following Windows commands. When you run , change the command-line arguments to correctly point to where you installed the   executable on your computer.

$ assoc .rb=RubyScript .rb=RubyScript $ ftype RubyScript="c:\ruby\bin\ruby.exe" "%1" %* RubyScript="c:\ruby\bin\ruby.exe" "%1" %*

For more help with these commands, run " " and " ".

title: Ruby Programming/Hello world


text:
promotor

Noun

 * 1)  A full professor of a Dutch, Flemish, South African, or German university who acts as the principal supervisor of a student's doctoral research.

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) promoting

Noun

 * 1) promoter
 * 2) prosecutor

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) supervisor (for a graduation thesis or doctoral research)

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * : a full professor of a university who acts as the principal supervisor of a student's doctoral research.
 * : one who promotes, particularly with respect to entertainment events or goods.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) prosecutor
 * 2)  developer

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) promoter

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) promoting

Noun

 * 1) promoter

title: promotor


text:
Aage Nielsen-Edwin

Aage Nielsen-Edwin (17 July 1898 – 19 October 1985) was a Danish sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was awarded the Eckersberg Medal in 1943.

title: Aage Nielsen-Edwin


text:
Luna Llena (song)

"Luna Llena" (Spanish for: "Full Moon") is the debut single by Cuban-Spanish singer Malu Trevejo, released through In-Tu Linea and Universal Music Latin. The song was originally scheduled for September 8, 2017, but was delayed until September 22, 2017. On November 17, a version of the song was released with Trevejo singing the verses in English, with the chorus retaining its Spanglish mix.

Music video
The music video for Luna Llena was viewed over 33 million times in the first seven weeks after its release on Vevo and YouTube. The video features appearances by Calum Heaslip.

title: Luna Llena (song)


text:
B is the new C

Welcome to B is the new C. This learning project allows Wikiversity participants to explore ways to use wiki technology as a tool to allow them to pursue their personal learning goals.

True or False
We all develop strategies for learning. Some strategies for learning that work in other environments may not work at Wikiversity. How can we best make use of wiki technology and collaborative webppage editing to promote learning by Wikiversity participants?

Reading assignment

 * The Answer is NOT always C.
 * Wikiversity learning model
 * Superstition in the pigeon

Discussion
Discuss wiki editing as a method of learning.

Video
Special Report about Web 2.0 and why you should edit Wikiversity webpages. Ogg Video format --> [[Media:WRSP Web 2.0.ogg|Web 2.0 video]], 9.3 Mb download. (Help with Ogg video file play.)

Discuss the video

 * What is Web 2.0?

title: B is the new C


text:
Wikipedia:Wiki Ed/Louisiana State University/Environmental physiology (Fall 2020)

This course is focused on understanding how individual organisms survive in their environments and how species deal with common problems (respiration, energy acquisition, water balance) using similar, or sometimes very different, tools. This course also explores specialized adaptations to extreme environments from deserts to the deep seas. As one of the main class assignments, I would like students to substantially expand on and edit existing Wikipedia pages on animal physiology to add information relevant to comparative (I.e, non human) species and how these adaptations facilitate survival in their environments.

Week 2
Welcome to your Wikipedia assignment's course timeline. This page guides you through the steps you'll need to complete for your Wikipedia assignment, with links to training modules and your classmates' work spaces.

Your course has been assigned a Wikipedia Expert. You can reach them through the Get Help button at the top of this page.

Resources:

 * Editing Wikipedia, pages 1–5
 * Evaluating Wikipedia

Create an account and join this course page, using the enrollment link your instructor sent you. (Because of Wikipedia's technical restraints, you may receive a message that you cannot create an account. To resolve this, please try again off campus or the next day.)

Begin a blog about your experiences. You can use discussion questions to frame your entries, or reflect on the research and writing process. Create at least one blog entry each week during the Wikipedia assignment.

This week, everyone should have a Wikipedia account.

Week 4
Resource: Editing Wikipedia, page 6

Week 6
Reach out to your Wikipedia Expert if you have questions using the Get Help button at the top of this page.

Resource: Editing Wikipedia, pages 7–9

Ecology

Environmental Sciences

Genes and Proteins

Species

Everyone has begun writing their article drafts.

Week 7
Guiding framework

Every student has finished reviewing their assigned articles, making sure that every article has been reviewed.

Week 8
You probably have some feedback from other students and possibly other Wikipedians. Consider their suggestions, decide whether it makes your work more accurate and complete, and edit your draft to make those changes.

Resources:

 * Editing Wikipedia, pages 12 and 14
 * Reach out to your Wikipedia Expert if you have any questions.

Week 9
Now that you've improved your draft based on others' feedback, it's time to move your work live - to the "mainspace."

Resource: Editing Wikipedia, page 13

Week 10
Now's the time to revisit your text and refine your work. You may do more research and find missing information; rewrite the lead section to represent all major points; reorganize the text to communicate the information better; or add images and other media.

Week 11
Continue to expand and improve your work, and format your article to match Wikipedia's tone and standards. Remember to contact your Wikipedia Expert at any time if you need further help!

Week 12
It's the final week to develop your article.

 * Read Editing Wikipedia page 15 to review a final check-list before completing your assignment.
 * Don't forget that you can ask for help from your Wikipedia Expert at any time!

Week 13
Everyone should have finished all of the work they'll do on Wikipedia, and be ready for grading.


text:
Talk:Chauncey C. Loomis

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Chauncey C. Loomis. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20101210135153/http://berkshiretaconic.org/News/PressReleases/Loomis.shtml to http://berkshiretaconic.org/News/PressReleases/Loomis.shtml

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:58, 6 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Chauncey C. Loomis. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160304205229/http://www.lrb.co.uk/contributors/chauncey-loomis%20reviews to http://www.lrb.co.uk/contributors/chauncey-loomis%20reviews

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:25, 6 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chauncey C. Loomis


text:
The President (mountain)

The President is a mountain peak on The President/Vice-President Massif of the President Range, in eastern British Columbia. It is just north of Emerald Lake in Yoho National Park, near the Alpine Club of Canada's Stanley Mitchell hut.

History
The President was named Shaugnessy in 1904 by Edward Whymper after Thomas Shaugnessy, the president of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In 1907, the mountain was renamed by the Alpine Club of Canada, after it was discovered that the name had already been used on a mountain in the Selkirks.

Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, The President is located in a subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 C with wind chill factors below −30 C.

title: The President (mountain)


text:
Talk:Outdoor Survival/Survival Kit

I erased canned food, because of its weight and bulk. Also the tube tent..if you ever tried to spend the night in one,in the rain, you won't need to ask why...As for the surplus mess kit, they are very heavy, and hard to clean.

I concur on the cans, not so much the tent though i would go for a small bivy style one but its all just preference. A spare mess kit, if it were to consist of a spare cooking pot/mess tin which could be used as a bowl, etc then i would be very much for that however if your suggesting taking two lots of cooking gear then again i concur that it could prove burdensome

---

With great respect, anyone can survive 'in the wild' if they take the entire contents of their house with them... The trick is to survive with only the materials you can find around you as you travel. THAT'S the trick!

title: Talk:Outdoor Survival/Survival Kit


text:
User:Xjayshadesx/sandbox

James-David Christopher Hill(born December 3, 2001) Known Professionally as Jay Shades, Dj Jay Shades and Dj Shades, is an American rapper, Dj, Producer, and Manager to his music group Fuego Gang Entertainment, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hill is an independent artist and has never been signed to any record labels. though, he has worked with artists spanning from all over the US to over seas in the UK including rappers like Royzy Rothschild and other artists from the Big Condo Record Label.

Hill has yet to release a studio album, but has 6 mixtapes along with a number of singles available. His rap career Has started only last year (December of 2016), though his Dj hobby jump started interactions with artists that encouraged him to peruse rap. All of hill's most popular songs are remixes of already well known songs. Though, his career has only just gotten started hill is making big moves; making his music hit higher levels of quality and making it available to a larger audience.

title: User:Xjayshadesx/sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Bryce Canyon (2018)

Bryce Canyon (2018)
Voting period ends on 4 Oct 2019  at 16:28:03 (UTC)
 * Reason:Putting this image forward as a clearly superior image to an existing FP per Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/delist/File:Bryce Canyon Amphitheater Hoodoos Panorama.jpg. Was seen on Commons FPC two months ago, where it was featured unanimously.
 * Articles in which this image appears:Bryce Canyon National Park
 * FP category for this image:Featured pictures/Places/Landscapes
 * Creator:King of Hearts

 * Support as nominator – MER-C 16:28, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per my comments at the delist. —David Eppstein (talk) 16:52, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Adam Cuerden (talk)Has about 6.9% of all FPs 17:12, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support, thanks for the recognition. -- King of ♥   ♦   ♣  ♠ 00:32, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Geoffroi  00:56, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support - DreamSparrow  Chat   19:31, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Charlesjsharp (talk) 13:06, 27 September 2019 (UTC)

--Armbrust The Homunculus 17:15, 4 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
Gun control in Brazil

As of 2005 in Brazil, all firearms are required to be registered with the minimum age for gun ownership being 25. It is generally illegal to carry a gun outside a residence, and a special permit granting the right to do so may be granted to certain groups, such as law enforcement officers and judges. For citizens to legally own a gun, they must have a gun license, which costs R$88,00 and pay a fee every ten years to renew the gun register. The registration can be done online or in person with the Federal Police. Until 2008, unregistered guns could be initially registered at no cost for the gun owner, the subsequent referring fee each decade would then apply. As of the Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration a civilian is only allowed to own 2 firearms.

Statistics
It is estimated that there are around 17 million firearms in Brazil, 9 million of which are unregistered. Some 39,000 people died in 2003 from gun-related injuries nationwide. In 2004, the number was 36,000. Brazil has the second largest arms industry in the Western Hemisphere. Approximately 80% of the weapons manufactured in Brazil are exported, mostly to neighboring countries; many of these weapons are then smuggled back into Brazil. Some firearms in Brazil come from police and military arsenals, having either been "stolen or sold by corrupt soldiers and officers."

History
In 2005, a large majority of Brazil's population voted against banning the sale of guns and ammunition to civilians in a referendum. Executive Order No. 5.123, of 1 July 2004 allowed the Federal Police to confiscate firearms which are not possessed for a valid reason; self-defense was not considered a valid argument.

These measures saw mixed results. Initially, the crime rate dropped, but subsequently rose in later years. 2012 marked the highest rate of gun deaths in 35 years for Brazil, eight years after a ban on carrying handguns in public went into effect, and 2016 saw the worst ever death toll from homicide in Brazil, with 61,619 dead. The death toll rose again in 2017 to 63,880, a 3.7% rise from 2016.

After the relaxation on gun laws in 2019 by President Jair Bolsonaro, the number of deaths registered by homicide was 19% lower compared to 2018 (51,558), while in 2019 the registered number was 41,635 being the lowest number of homicide deaths since 2007. However, according to experts, this drop in the homicide rate was spurred by varying causes—such as individual states' policies, an aging population, and a truce between rival criminal organizations.

Jair Bolsonaro policy
Former President Jair Bolsonaro is strongly in favor of repealing the disarmament law and allowing citizens to own and carry guns for defense. On 15 January 2019, Bolsonaro signed the first decree to facilitate the purchase of guns. The decree increases the valid gun ownership period from five to ten years and allows citizens to own up to four firearms. In order to own firearms, a citizen will have to provide proof of the "existence of a safe or a secure location for storage" of the weapon at home. Requirements for possession such as passing training courses and background checks remain, as does the minimum age requirement of 25 years. The decree does not affect restrictions for gun carry, only for possession. On 7 May 2019, Bolsonaro signed an additional decree which allows for rural gun owners to use their guns on their own property; allowing additional arms imports into Brazil; allowing collectors, sports shooters, and hunters to travel from their homes to shootings ranges with their firearms and ammunition; entitling stabilized military with ten or more years experience to bear firearms; and increasing the right to purchase cartridges a year from 50 to 5000 and to 1000 for restricted weapons.

title: Gun control in Brazil


text:
Talk:Grants and fundraising/Research grant collaboration group

Would the Grants-in-Aid of Research Program be of interest to people on this page?--Rayc 20:04, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Short answer: yes! CQ 20:08, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Suppose a grant was applied for, and money was granted. Suppose we collaboratively wrote a grant application here at Wikiversity. How would this work on a Wiki? One person applies and they use the money and use Wikiversity as a medium for their research and a place for theoretical exploration? How is research distributed and collaboratively conducted when the research extends beyond the world of ideas, theory, math, and statistics? How are research funds distributed? How do we ensure proper use of the money, and see that it is used appropriately? Perhaps we should come up with policies or guidelines for best practices. --Remi 05:49, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Excellent questions. I don't know all that terribly much about grants, so I'll leave the answering to others.  The Jade Knight 11:32, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't either. That's why I'm here. I have a "real life example" of a project that hopes to be funded partially through grants and would like advice and help on how to a) search for grants, b) write a basic grant proposal, c) traverse the application process and d) follow through. -- CQ 20:08, 20 April 2007 (UTC)


text:
Gambas/Assignments

Equal or not equal
In gambas the = sign is used differently than it is in mathematics. It is used to assign a value to a variable.

When the equal sign shows up in the code, you should always think of it as:
 * It is assigned
 * A place in computer memory is reserved for the variable
 * Fill the memory with this value

Then you will not run into illogical conclusions.

The following code is correct in Gambas. Try it out. What is the result?

Translated to natural language this says:

Assign 5 to the variable a Multiply 4 with the old variable a and assign it to the new variable a.

Maybe the first person who started assignment in computers came from Arabia. Perhaps this is why we have to read the line from the right to left.

By the way: the result is 20.

How does this work in a little program: You need one command button to get the program going. The result is shown in the terminal window. A math teacher would not like these equations, but in Gambas (or in basic in general) it is correct. Of course, you could make things clearer by using two different variables. The line is not an assignment. It is a declaration of a variable as a datatype. In this case a is of the datatype integer.

Theory of the assignment
The following code shows you in general the method of assignment: Variable = Expression Assigns the value of an expression to one of the following elements. :
 * A local variable.
 * A function parameter.
 * A global (class) variable.
 * An array slot.
 * An object public variable.
 * An object property.

Example

title: Gambas/Assignments


text:
Paine

Paine may refer to:

Geography

 * Paine, Chile
 * Paine College, a defunct Historically Black college in Augusta, Georgia
 * Paine Field, an airport in Everett, Washington, United States
 * Paine Lake, a lake in Minnesota
 * Paine River, a waterstream located in the Magallanes Region of Chile
 * Torres del Paine, a mountain group in Chilean Patagonia
 * Cordillera del Paine, a mountain group in Chilean Patagonia

Other

 * Paine (surname)
 * Paine (Final Fantasy), a fictional female character in the video game Final Fantasy X-2
 * John Alsop Paine, botanist whose standard author abbreviation is "Paine"
 * John Knowles Paine, an American-born composer
 * Thomas Paine, (1737-1809) activist-philosopher
 * Hurricane Paine, name of several storms in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

title: Paine


text:
Talk:Bryce W. Drennan

Untitled
In my opinion, this article either does not verifiably satisfy the Notability criteria for one of the following guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Academics, Biographies, Organizations and companies, Fiction, Music, Films, Web content, or it may violate the Conflict of interest guideline, or perhaps it is a Copyright violation.

Wikipedia articles must be based on reliable sources to verify any claims of notability. Even though the lack of third-party sources in an article is not grounds for deletion in itself, an article with absolutely no sources (or only external links to unreliable ones, or self-published sources) suggests to some editors that multiple independent reliable sources may not, in fact, exist.

Although I am considering tagging this article for deletion according to the Deletion policy, I am nonetheless willing to assist User:, and other recent contributors to this article, to make some constructive improvements to it … I do not have time to examine this article in depth at the moment, and it may improve over time, in which case this warning was premature.

Please respond on this Discussion page, instead of on my Talk page, in order to avoid fragmenting the conversation.

To better understand why I have used this template, please read Flag templates for deletion warnings … I apologize if some of the expressed possible concerns may not be appropriate in this case.

title: Talk:Bryce W. Drennan


text:
Klęcino railway station

Klęcino is a non-operational PKP railway station in Klęcino (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.

title: Klęcino railway station


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Archive debates/2005 November index by date

The following is an chronological index of decisions made at Categories for deletion.


text:
Auwal Mosque

The Auwal Mosque, alternatively spelled Awwal, Owal or Owwal, is a mosque in the Bo-Kaap neighbourhood of Cape Town, South Africa, recognised as the first mosque established in the country. It was constructed in 1794 during the first British occupation of the Cape on land belonging to Coridon van Ceylon, a Vryezwarten (freed Black Muslim slave). Coridon's daughter, Saartjie van de Kaap, inherited the property that was being used as a warehouse, and donated it for the use as South Africa's first mosque. The mosque was constructed in 1794 with renovations done in 1907 and extensive renovations done in 1936. It is the first mosque to observe public prayers and is where Cape Muslim traditions and the Arabic-Afrikaans language were first taught. It remains a symbol for Muslims of the recognition of Islam and the freedom of slaves to worship.

Qadi Abdussalam, affectionately known as Tuan Guru, was appointed the first imam. Tuan Guru was a religious leader and political prisoner. While in prison, he wrote the entire Quran from memory. This Quran is on display at the Auwal Mosque. Tuan Guru also used the mosque as a madrassah, or "religious" school, where he instructed both children and adults in matters of Islam. After Guru's death, Saartjie van de Kaap's husband, Achmad of Bengal, assumed the position of imam. This position was to be held by members of his family until the last imam from this family, Gasan Achmat, died in 1980. The position has since been filled by many imams, including the likes of Sheikh Salih Abadi. Currently, Moulana Mugammad Carr and Sheikh Ismail Londt are joint imams.

Due to a dispute as to who was to be the next imam of the congregation, a portion of the Auwal congregation split off in 1807 and formed Cape Town's second mosque, the Palm Tree Mosque on Long Street.

title: Auwal Mosque


text:
Human rights in Oman

Oman is an absolute monarchy in which all legislative, executive, and judiciary power ultimately rests in the hands of the hereditary sultan, and in which the system of laws is based firmly on rule by decree. Although a report by the U.S. State Department, based on conditions in 2010, summed up the human rights situation in the country by asserting that the government "generally respected the human rights of its citizens,", several international human-rights groups have described the state of human rights in Oman in highly critical terms. Article 41 of Oman's statute (constitution) criminalizes any criticism of the sultan, stating that "the sultan's person is inviolable and must be respected and his orders must be obeyed".

For example, Freedom House has routinely rated the country "Not Free" and an official of Human Rights Watch, in a December 2012 overview of Oman and "five other smaller Gulf states," stated: "Human rights conditions...are quite poor overall....There is little respect for core civil and political rights such as freedom of expression, assembly and association. Peaceful dissent typically faces harsh repression. The administration of justice is highly personalised, with limited due process protections, especially in political and security-related cases." A 2012 report by Bertelsmann Stiftung declared that while "Oman's legal code theoretically protects civil liberties and personal freedoms, both are regularly ignored by the regime. Oman, therefore, cannot be considered free."

On the other hand, Middle East Concern, in a 2011 report, claimed that Oman's recent human-rights record had been generally good, citing adherence to proper arrest and judicial procedures and acceptable prison conditions, even as it acknowledged the limits on freedom of expression and assembly, academic freedom, and other restrictions.

In reaction to growing public demonstrations by protesters demanding greater freedom and human rights, Oman's already severe constraints on freedom of speech, assembly, and association have been tightened even further since early 2011.

Historical background
Oman, whose population as of 2018 of 4.8 million includes about two million non-citizens, has been an independent sultanate since 1650 and has been governed by the Al Bu Sa'id family since the 18th century. Qaboos bin Said al Said, who attained power by overthrowing his father, ruled from 1970 to 2020 and "followed a path of careful and gradual development and modernization", eliminating many of the "harsh restrictions on various personal freedoms" that were enforced under his father's regime and granting amnesty to many of its opponents.

In 1996, Sultan Qaboos issued a royal decree promulgating the basic law, which is considered to be Oman's constitution. It guaranteed citizens' basic civil rights and established a bicameral legislature, the Council of Oman, consisting of an upper chamber, the State Council (Majlis al-Dawla), the 75 members of which are appointed by the sultan and have only advisory powers, and a lower chamber, the Consultative Council (Majlis al-Shura), which is elected by the people. Both chambers, however, are ultimately advisory in nature, with sole legislative, executive, and judicial power still resting entirely in the hands of the sultan.

Freedom from torture
The practice of torture is widespread in Oman state penal institutions and has become the state's typical reaction to independent political expression. Torture methods in use in Oman include mock execution, beating, hooding, solitary confinement, subjection to extremes of temperature and to constant noise, abuse and humiliation. There have been numerous reports of torture and other inhumane forms of punishment perpetrated by Omani security forces on protesters and detainees. Several prisoners detained in 2012 complained of sleep deprivation, extreme temperatures, and solitary confinement. Omani authorities kept Sultan al-Saadi in solitary confinement, denied him access to his lawyer and family, forced him to wear a black bag over his head whenever he left his cell, including when using the restroom, and told him his family had "forsaken" him and asked for him to be imprisoned.

Abductions and arbitrary arrests
In 2012, armed security forces arrested Sultan al-Saadi, a social media activist. According to reports, authorities detained him at an unknown location for one month for comments he posted online critical of the government. Authorities previously arrested al-Saadi in 2011 for participating in protests and again in 2012 for posting comments online deemed insulting to Sultan Qaboos.

There were more reports of politically motivated disappearances in the country. In May 2012, security forces detained Ismael al-Meqbali, Habiba al-Hinai and Yaqoub al-Kharusi, human rights activists who were visiting striking oil workers. Authorities released al-Hinai and al-Kharusi shortly after their detention but did not inform al-Meqbali's friends and family of his whereabouts for weeks. Authorities pardoned al-Meqbali in March.

In December 2013, a Yemeni national disappeared in Oman after he was arrested at a checkpoint in Dhofar Governorate. Omani authorities refuse to acknowledge his detention. His whereabouts and condition remain unknown.

In January 2014, Omani intelligence agents arrested a Bahraini actor and handed him over to the Bahraini authorities on the same day of his arrest. The actor has been subjected to a forced disappearance, his whereabouts and condition remain unknown.

In August 2014, The Omani writer and human rights defender Mohammed Al-Fazari, the founder and editor-in-chief of the e-magazine Muwatin "Citizen", disappeared after going to the police station in the Al-Qurum district of Muscat. For several months the Omani government denied his detention and refused to disclose information about his whereabouts or condition. On 17 July 2015, Al-Fazari left Oman seeking political asylum in UK after a travel ban was issued against him without providing any reasons and after his official documents including his national ID and passport were confiscated for more than 8 months. There were more reports of politically motivated disappearances in the country.

According to Amnesty International annual report 2016, The authorities continued restricting freedom of expression. Many journalists and activists were arrested under penal code provisions which criminalize insulting the Sultan. In March 2015, Talib al-Saeedi, online activist, was arrested for three weeks without charge. Days after, a court sentenced Saeed al-Daroodi, blogger, to one year in prison and a fine; convicting him of “trying to overthrow the government” and “spreading hate”.

According to a report, on 20 December 2015, poet and television producer Nasser al-Badri was summoned by the Police Special Section and detained for 12 days without charge and without trial. The report added that the Omani Observatory for Human Rights said that al-Badri was detained because of tweets he posted criticising Sultan Qaboos and the state of the country's economy.

National Human Rights Commission of Oman
The National Human Rights Commission, established in 2008, is not independent from the regime. It is chaired by the former deputy inspector general of Police and Customs and its members are appointed by royal decree. In June 2012, one of its members requested that she be relieved of her duties because she disagreed with a statement made by the Commission justifying the arrest of intellectuals and bloggers and the restriction of freedom of expression in the name of respect for “the principles of religion and customs of the country”.

Democratic rights
The Omani government is a monarchy. The sultan is the leader of the country and serves as the country's chief of state and head of government. The monarchy is hereditary and the monarch's cabinet is appointed by him. Citizens of Oman can vote for members of the Parliament. The members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The Consultative Assembly of Oman enjoys legislative and audit powers. The country has universal suffrage for people 21 years of age and older; however, members of the military and security forces are not allowed to vote.

Basic rights
The Basic Law forbids discrimination founded on "gender, origin, color, language, religion, sect, domicile, or social status." Oman's government does not commit arbitrary killings, engineer forced disappearances, or engage in torture or other cruel punishments. Laws against corruption are effectively enforced. The public has no access to official information. Since 2006, citizens of Gulf Cooperation Council countries are permitted to own property in Oman; non-GCC citizens can only own tourist properties.

Although Islam is Oman's state religion, the Basic Law guarantees the "freedom to practice religious rites in accordance with recognized customs...provided that it does not disrupt public order or conflict with accepted standards of behavior." Freedom House declared in 2005 that "Oman is, overall, a religiously tolerant society," noting that while non-Muslims "are able to practice their religious rites freely, they are required to register with the government and may not proselytize or publish religious materials." The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report for 2011 notes that non-Muslim communities in Oman "are allowed to practice their beliefs without interference only on land specifically donated by the sultan for the purpose of collective worship." While "gatherings of a religious nature are not allowed in private homes or in any location other than government-approved houses of worship," Oman's government "has not actively enforced the prohibition".

Freedom of movement within Oman and repatriation are permitted, but it can be difficult to obtain permission to travel abroad or emigrate. Only since 2010 have married women been able to secure passports without their husbands' consent. Citizens require government permission to marry foreigners unless the latter are citizens of Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Permission is not always granted. If a citizen marries a foreigner abroad without approval, the foreign spouse may be denied entry into Oman and any children of the marriage may be denied citizenship of Oman. There is limited freedom of speech and of the press, and self-censorship by journalists and writers is standard practice. Criticizing the sultan is illegal, as are many other kinds of expression, including those that are viewed as offending personal dignity or violating public order. "The penal code prescribes a prison sentence and fine for anyone who publicly blasphemes God or His prophets, commits an affront to religious groups by spoken or written word, or breaches the peace of a lawful religious gathering," according to a U.S. State Department report issued in 2012. The contents of all print media are subject to official pre-publication review. As of 2010, three prominent authors were prohibited from speaking in public. In the same year, officials banned the display of a number of historical and literary works at the Muscat International Book Fair.

Merely mentioning the existence of such restrictions can land Omanis in trouble. In 2009, a web publisher was fined and given a suspended jail sentence for revealing that a supposedly live TV programme was actually pre-recorded to eliminate any criticisms of the government. The country's eight privately owned newspapers generally follow a pro-government line, and the government's many newspapers, magazines, and radio and TV stations are consistently pro-government. Oman's four private radio and TV stations, for which Oman first issued licenses in October 2005, also tend to hew to a pro-government line. Inhabitants of Oman are allowed to watch satellite TV broadcasts from other countries, and this, along with a rapid increase in Internet penetration (from 9% in 2008 to over 40% in 2010) has “allowed the emergence of social, economic and even political debates.”

Oman's government monitors cell-phone conversations, e-mail exchanges, and Internet chat rooms, and restricts free speech on the Internet, blocking access to many websites and posting notices on other sites warning against criticism of the sultan or other officials. In the same way, the government limits the freedom of academics to discuss or write about certain matters, with faculty members engaging in systematic self-censorship. University professors are prohibited from writing about or discussing local politics, and are subject to dismissal if they violate this rule.

To form an association requires a permit, which can take years to obtain; in many cases, the government has denied permits. For an association to accept international funding without government approval is a crime punishable by up to six months in prison. All public cultural events and any kind of public meeting must be approved by the government. Religious gatherings are generally permitted, while political gatherings are illegal, as are political parties. Oman first allowed political posters, banners, and TV and newspaper ads in 2007.

In 2011, under the influence of the Arab Spring, the number of persons publicly demonstrating for political reform and for jobs increased significantly, and in response Oman tightened its already severe limits on free speech, with police employing excessive force, arresting hundreds, and causing deaths and injuries. Sultan Qaboos pardoned 234 people who had committed "crimes of crowding in the streets." The Press and Publications Law was made harsher, with the penalty for the publication of certain types of materials set at up to two years in prison plus a fine. Under the law, the editor-in-chief of the Azzamn newspaper, one of his reporters, and a source working for the Ministry of Justice were sentenced to five months in prison over an article that was deemed insulting to the Minister of Justice.

In the wake of the nationwide demonstrations of 2011, the government promised to institute reforms. Its failure to do so led to further protests, and on May 31, 2012, it began arresting writers and bloggers who had criticized its inaction. On June 11, it took into custody at least 22 persons who publicly protested these arrests. On July 9 and 16, several individuals were found guilty of "defaming the sultan," a charge stemming at least in part from Facebook postings and Twitter tweets. Human Rights Watch criticized these prosecutions. "Like people throughout the region, Omanis are sick and tired of having no say in the governance of their country," said Nadim Houry of HRW. "Rather than listening to legitimate demands and peaceful criticism, Omani authorities are jailing people who speak out."

In 2012, an appeals court affirmed the conviction of 29 human-rights activists on such charges as insulting the sultan and of unlawful assembly, and all but one of them began serving prison sentences. Amnesty International stated its belief "that many, if not all, of those imprisoned are held solely for peacefully exercising their right to freedom of expression or assembly and are therefore prisoners of conscience," and called on Oman to immediately release all of those being "held simply for peacefully exercising their right to freedom of expression or assembly." In September 2012, Freedom House criticized the "escalating efforts by the government to tighten its control online and offline following Arab Spring-inspired unrest," and Front Line Defenders condemned "the ongoing judicial harassment of...human rights defenders and peaceful protesters" and expressed its view that this harassment "is directly related to their legitimate activities in the defense of human rights." Faced with so many restrictions, Omanis have resorted to unconventional methods for expressing their views. Omanis sometimes use donkeys to express their views. Writing about Gulf rulers in 2001, Dale Eickelman observed: "Only in Oman has the occasional donkey… been used as a mobile billboard to express anti-regime sentiments. There is no way in which police can maintain dignity in seizing and destroying a donkey on whose flank a political message has been inscribed." Some people have been arrested for allegedly spreading fake news about the COVID-19 pandemic in Oman.

Internet rights
Oman is engaged in pervasive Internet filtering of social media, substantial filtering of Internet tools, and selective political filtering, with there being no evidence of filtering in the conflict/security area according to a report by the OpenNet Initiative in August 2009.

Oman engages in extensive filtering of pornographic websites, gay and lesbian content, content that is critical of Islam, content about illegal drugs, and anonymizer sites used to circumvent blocking. There is no evidence of technical filtering of political content, but laws and regulations restrict free expression online and encourage self-censorship.

Human Rights Watch reported in June 2012 that according to Omani human-rights activists, the government had been increasingly monitoring their online activity; one of the activists said "that authorities hacked into his email account and deleted all his contacts. Others alleged that authorities hacked the Facebook page of the Omani Group for Human Rights and deleted all the postings."

Domestic workers
The descendants of servant tribes and slaves are victims of widespread discrimination. Oman was one of the last countries to abolish slavery in 1970.

The plight of domestic workers in Oman is a taboo subject. In 2011, the Philippines government determined that out of all the countries in the Middle East, only Oman and Israel qualify as safe for Filipino migrants. In 2012, it was reported that every 6 days, an Indian migrant in Oman commits suicide. There has been a campaign urging authorities to check the migrant suicide rate. In the 2014 Global Slavery Index, Oman is ranked No. 45 due to 26,000 people in slavery.

Marriage
Omani citizens need government permission to marry foreigners. The Ministry of Interior requires Omani citizens to obtain permission to marry foreigners (except nationals of GCC countries); permission is not automatically granted. Citizen marriage to a foreigner abroad without ministry approval may result in denial of entry for the foreign spouse at the border and preclude children from claiming citizenship rights. It also may result in a bar from government employment and a fine of 2,000 rials ($5,200).

Children's rights
There are no reports of child prostitution in Oman. Child labor is not a problem. In 2003, the government raised the minimum age to work from 13 to 15 years of age.

A child born in Oman inherits citizenship from the biological father Primary-school education is free but not compulsory. Oman is not a party to the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction.

Women's rights
Oman is a party to the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and has a government committee that monitors compliance. Although discrimination against women is technically prohibited, with women officially enjoying equality in regard to such matters as employment rights, cultural traditions still reject equality of the sexes, and sharia law continues to enshrine discrimination in practice. (However, the 2012 report by the Bertelsmann Stifting says that “the government passed a law in 2008 stipulating that men’s and women’s legal testimonies should be considered equal.”) Since 2008, women have enjoyed the same property ownership rights as men, and as of 2010, women can marry without parental consent. In accordance with sharia, however, Muslim women cannot marry non-Muslim men, even though Muslim men can marry non-Muslim women.

Rape is punishable by up to 15 years in prison, but for cultural and social reasons, many rapes probably go unreported. Domestic violence complaints are generally handled by authorities. Female genital mutilation is permitted and widely accepted and practiced, although doctors are not allowed to perform the procedure in health-care facilities. Women receive decent medical treatment, including prenatal and postnatal care.

In 2005, Freedom House noted that Oman's women had "made steady progress" over the preceding decade, with women constituting a majority of university students level "despite gender-discriminatory practices in the enrollment process" and making up an "estimated one-third of all civil servants." In 2012, Bertelsmann Stiftung described the status of women in Oman as follows: "Oman has been successful in enhancing the status of women, who – at least in theory – have the same opportunities as men in public and private jobs. Oman's government has a deliberate policy of inclusiveness regarding all segments of the population. In reality, however, women...still face high barriers to participation in formal economic activities."

In 2010, Oman celebrated National Oman Women's Day for the first time.

Minority groups
The descendants of servant tribes and of African slaves who are considered to be of non-Arab blood are the objects of widespread discrimination. Freedom House noted in 2016 that "The 1996 basic law banned discrimination on the basis of sex, religion, ethnicity, and social class. However, Omani law does not protect noncitizens from discrimination." About a quarter of Omani residents "are left without legal protections". In 2003, Human Rights Watch asked Sultan Qaboos to ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families.

Disabled rights
A U.S. State Department report issued in 2012 states that under Omani law "all buildings must have access for disabled individuals," but a 2011 State Department report makes a distinction, noting that while new buildings are required to be made handicapped-accessible, old buildings are not retrofitted. Although a law requires large private employers to give at least 2 percent of jobs to disabled people, this requirement is not consistently enforced. There is no law requiring equal educational opportunities for disabled persons. The Ministry of Social Development is charged with protecting disabled people's rights.

LGBT rights
There is considerable discrimination against LGBT persons, and individuals engaging in homosexual conduct are subject to prosecution and can be imprisoned for up to three years. In 2009, nine persons were prosecuted for sodomy. Any discussion whatsoever of sexual orientation in Oman is taboo, and LGBT content on the Internet is censored.

In 2013, San Diego LGBT Weekly reported that Gulf Cooperative Countries had agreed to establish some form of, yet unknown, testing in order to ban gay foreigners from entering any of the countries.

Rights of refugees and asylum seekers
Oman has a system in place for helping refugees and asylum seekers, but owing to its tight border controls there are few such persons asking for help. Oman is not a party to the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, and does not protect persons from being returned to countries where they are in danger. In 2010 alone, hundreds of individuals from nearby countries who tried to enter Oman illegally were returned to their homelands.

Rights of persons under arrest
According to the United States Department of State as of 2011, Omani law prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, and the government generally observed these prohibitions. The police academy program includes training in human rights. Police do not have to secure a warrant before taking a suspect into custody, but within 24 hours of such an action, the public prosecutor must either make a formal arrest or release the individual, who cannot be held in pretrial detention without a court order. Authorities respected these rights in practice, although foreigners who are suspected of being in Oman illegally are occasionally held without charge until their immigration status can be ascertained. There is a bail system, and defendants can choose their own lawyers or be provided with public defenders if necessary.

In 2016, Human Rights Watch reported that an Omani court sentenced three journalists to prison and ordered the permanent closure of their newspaper over an article that alleged corruption in the judiciary system. The court sentenced two of them to three years in prison and ordered them to pay a fine of 3,000 Omani rials on the charge of "disturbing public order," "misusing the internet," and "publishing details of a civil case". These broad restrictions on reporting appear to violate international standards of freedom of expression, including the right to criticize government officials.

Rights of persons on trial
Oman's courts are not guided by sharia law. Although the judiciary generally acts independently, the sultan has the power to overrule decisions and grant pardons. Defendants are presumed innocent. There are no juries. Defendants enjoy all the usual rights, including the right to present evidence and appeal decisions, although some judges ask that the fathers or husbands of female defendants accompany them to the courtroom.

Rights of prisoners
As a rule, prisons meet international standards. Prisoners are allowed to receive visitors and practice their religion. Prison conditions are monitored, and complaints of abuse are addressed by the national human-rights commission.

Employees' rights
Government employees and domestic workers cannot join unions, but most others can. The government must be notified a month in advance of union meetings. The right to strike is subject to several conditions, one of them being that employers must be informed of planned strikes three weeks in advance. Collective bargaining is allowed. Forced labor is illegal, although some foreigners are apparently engaged in involuntary servitude. Children under 15 are not allowed to work, and there are limits on work by those under 18, although some children work in small family businesses. There is a low minimum wage that does not apply in a number of sectors, and there are various restrictions on working conditions that are not uniformly enforced. Occupational health and safety codes are generally enforced, however.

Freedom of speech and freedom of movement
February 2017, Human Rights Watch released a report about the violation of the right of speech and freedom of movement in Oman. In June 2012, Al-Fazari, the founder and editor-in-chief of Muwatin magazine was arrested by Omani authorities, and held in a solitary confinement. The charges included "gathering with the intent of rioting" and "insulting the Sultan", yet he was freed, then. On August 30, 2014, he was arrested again, held incommunicado for six days, and then released without charges. In spite of being banned from travelling abroad, he left the country seeking asylum in the United Kingdom on July 17. As a result, his brother, Mahmoud Al-Fazari, was arrested and detained for three weeks but then released without charges and his wife, his 3-year-old daughter and his 1-year-old son were prevented from going out to the United Arab Emirates.

title: Human rights in Oman


text:
User:This, that and the other/sandbox/multiple issues

Note: and  have main.

Not included because they add categories and are just badly broken:

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
Tiago Escorza

Tiago-Marti Escorza (born 25 August 1997) is a French footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Swiss Promotion League club Nyon.

title: Tiago Escorza


text:
2005 British Speedway Championship

The 2005 British Speedway Championship was the 45th edition of the British Speedway Championship. The Final took place on 10 July at Oxford Stadium in Oxford, England. The Championship was won by Scott Nicholls, who beat Chris Harris, Joe Screen and Mark Loram in the final heat.

British Final

 * 10 July 2005
 * 🏴 Oxford Stadium, Oxford

Under 21 final
Edward Kennett won the British Speedway Under 21 Championship for the first time. The final was held at Rye House Stadium on 28 April.

title: 2005 British Speedway Championship


text:
User:Alexcookk/sandbox

Pathos: Pathos

"Ethos pathos and logos in Aristotle's Rhetoric: A re-examination."

With this understanding, Aristotle argues for the rhetor to understand the entire situation of goals and audiences to decide which specific emotion the speaker would exhibit or call upon in order to persuade the audience. Aristotle’s theory of pathos has three main foci: the frame of mind the audience is in, the variation of emotion between people, and the influence the rhetor has on the emotions of the audience. Aristotle classifies the third of this trio as the ultimate goal of pathos. Similarly, Aristotle outlines the individual importance of persuasive emotions, as well as the combined effectiveness of these emotions on the audience. Antoine Braet did a re-examination of Aristotle's text and in this he examined the speakers goal of the effect on the audience. Braet explained there are three perspectives of every emotion that a speaker is trying to arouse from the audience: the audiences condition, who the audience is feeling these emotions for and the motive. Moreover, Aristotle pointedly discusses pleasure and pain in relation to the reactions these two emotions cause in an audience member. According to Aristotle, emotions vary from person to person. Therefore, he stresses the importance of understanding specific social situations in order to successfully utilize pathos as a mode of persuasion.

 * How do I reference Braet if he doesn't have a wiki page?
 * Should I just reference Aristotle's Rhetoric, but I feel like there evaluation of it in this reference.
 * Does the plACEMENT MAKE SENSE? sorry for yelling.

Review from Sharon and Lauren

 * The point of the sentence is seen, but the wording may be too congested.
 * To reference Braet, maybe write in a simple sentences just explain who he is and why he's relevant to your topic.
 * The placement of the sentence is fine.

https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/31177376/Higgins_Walker_2012.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DEthos_Logos_Pathos_Strategies_of_persuas.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=<REDACTED_AWS_ACCESS_KEY>%2F20191003%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20191003T024253Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=32bce089b1a9fe595763acbf602e101f25948292dcdf2f55c06b5cb8e5644d6c

 * Pathos is not only appealing to emotions but also to identity, to culture 198
 * This includes underprivileged,
 * Also appeals to partnership 202

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/164133

The contemporary landscape for advertising is highly competitive due to the sheer amount of marketing done by companies. Pathos has become a popular tool to draw consumers in as it targets their emotional side. Studies show that emotion influences people’s information processing and decision-making, making pathos a perfect tool for persuading consumers to buy goods and services. Companies today contain current culture references in their advertisement and often times strive to make the audience feel involved. In this digital age, "designers must go beyond aesthetics and industrial feasibility to integrate the aspect of 'emotional awareness'". In other words, it is not enough to have a pleasant looking advertisement; cooperations are having to use additional design methods to persuade and gain consumers to buy their products. For example, this type of advertising is exemplified in large food brands such as Presidents Choice's "Eat Together" campaign, and Coca-Cola's "Open-happiness" campaign.

 * Does this makes sense? Because I had a hard time fitting it in.
 * Also does if have to do with the paragraph

Peer Review Max and Nana

 * your first sentence is strong, but the end of it is confusing and needs to be reworded
 * fixed spelling :)
 * Maybe move the last sentence because it comes right before an example that does not go with your sentence that much
 * the placement for the first sentence is solid and I do not believe you need to reference Braet

title: User:Alexcookk/sandbox


text:
Talk:Mayfield, Canterbury

Untitled
I'm concerned about the reference to Tom Cruise. I'm sure this spurious rumour of his alleged visit to Mayfield is a falsety, and I think it should be removed. Comments? I feel v. strongly about Mayfield.

Rod

No mate, he was there. I served him at the shop that day, and retrieved his discarded ice cream stick from the rubbish bin.

Jeff

this page reads as original research. the only thing resembling a reference is a link to Ashburton.co.nz, which does not verify the many claims in the article Tanifa (talk) 05:33, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I've added a heap of citations, where i could find them, and marked 3 points as needing citations. Tanifa (talk) 05:54, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I can't find mayfield in stats nz's census data -- needs a reference for that population estimate. Tanifa (talk) 06:02, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Isbn value error
I am getting repeated Isbn value error messages in the references field. The publication referenced is the older edition of the work and does not have an ISBN number rather it has a ZBN reference number within the National Library of NZ database. I cannot work out how to suppress this error message. Some help from a more experienced editor would be of help.

kiwimac (talk) 14:18, 8 July 2013 (UTC)Kiwimac

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Mayfield, Canterbury. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.mayfieldshow.com/About_us.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081201115643/http://www.maf.govt.nz./mafnet/rural-nz/emergency-management/snow/farm-response-to-2006-canterbury-snow/page-05.htm to http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/rural-nz/emergency-management/snow/farm-response-to-2006-canterbury-snow/page-05.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110724192950/http://www.mayfieldschool.co.nz/cms/ to http://www.mayfieldschool.co.nz/cms/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:43, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mayfield, Canterbury


text:
Template:Storyboard Artwork Project:Table of Contents

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" Index
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

The lessons in the Storyboard Artwork Project
The introduction
 * 1. The artwork needed for storyboarding

 * 2. How to create stamps for Tux Paint

 * 3. How to create artwork for storyboarding in Tux Paint using 2D software

 * 4. How to create artwork for storyboarding in Tux Paint using 3D software

 * A. How to create blank storyboard frames for Tux Paint

 * B. How to create background scenery for Tux Paint Storyboards

The completed rubber stamps for Tux Paint

 * Storyboard Artwork Project/Stamps

Contact the project co-ordinator

 * The co-ordinator for this project is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply @undefined.  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|32px]]

 * }


text:
sborrare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to leak, ooze
 * 2)  to boil over
 * 3)  to ejaculate; to cum

title: sborrare