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Uniforms of La Grande Armée

The uniforms of La Grande Armée, the army of Napoleon I, are described in this article.

Infantry of the Line and light infantry

From 1793, the uniforms of the demi-brigade of the line infantry wore the blue "National Uniform" that was to be worn by all soldiers. However, for a long time, line infantry were a mix of the new blue coats worn by the National Guard and the white uniforms of seasoned veterans from the old Royal army. The blue dress was named the "National Uniform" and was worn by all line infantry by 1796. While headgear and details in cut changed, the uniform remained almost completely the same from the beginning of the French Revolution.

The uniform was made of a blue coat, red piped white collar and cuffs, white piped red lapels, blue piped red cuff flaps and shoulder straps, white turnbacks piped red, and brass buttons. Only the brass buttons had the units' identification numbers stamped on them. The lapels were fastened at the upper chest but sloped away below. The hat, a black felt bicorne, was the standard infantry headdress at some of Napoleon's greatest battles. In 1807, the hat was replaced by the shako, which was made of black felt, chevron on the side and visor, a brass diamond shaped plate stamped with the Imperial eagle over the unit's regimental number, white cords, and brass chin scales. Napoleon experimented with a few units by reintroducing white coats with facings of different colours specific to each unit (reminiscent of the old Royal army's coats), but these proved unpopular.

Some units added pompons to the shako as well as plumes. Many units had pompoms with a houpette and the center generally colored white with the company number printed in black or red. The diamond shaped plate with the regimental was most common, but some units had the shape of an eagle or the rising sun.

In 1812, the cut of the coat was changed into a coatee that included short tails, a blue crowned N on the turnbacks, and the lapels fastened down to the waist and cut square. The waistcoat was made higher and was therefore not visible. The black gaiters came up to below the knees. The plate on the shako was now a crowned eagle over a semicircle with the regimental number inscribed on it.

Infantrymen carried the 1777 Charleville musket that had a bayonet with a 406 mm (16 inch) blade. The black leather M. 1801 cartridge box held 35 rounds of ammunition and was carried by a white buff shoulder belt; that for fusiliers had a frog for the bayonet. The cartridge box flap generally had a white linen cover and the forage cap was rolled under the box with red tassel hanging out. The M. 1801 knapsack was made of cow hide with two straps (later three straps) to hold the rolled greatcoat on the top.

The Grenadiers' uniform was almost exactly the same as that of the fusiliers, except for red epaulettes and grenades worn on the turnbacks. They wore a bearskin cap with a brass plate stamped with a flaming grenade on the front, red cords and plume, and a red back patch with a white cross. The epaulettes broadened their shoulders and the tall bearskins made them look even taller. Moustaches were also mandatory. There were several variations that included a blue and red quartered back, white cords and a peak. This variation's headdress was a bicorne with a red pompom.

Voltigeurs wore a yellow-buff collar, green epaulettes with a yellow crescent, and yellow-buff bugle horns on the turnbacks. From 1804, they wore shakos, but some had bicorne hats with green pompoms and a yellow brush. By 1807, all Voltigeurs had a shako which could be plain black, and have a yellow top or bottom band, or have yellow chevrons, green cords, and an all-green plume or a green plume with a yellow tip.

Every regiment had a squad of Sappers who were generally dressed as grenadiers with red epaulettes and a cross axes badge on the upper sleeves, a bearskin cap with red cords and feather but no plate. They were equipped with a long leather apron, white gauntlet gloves, and an axe with a brass mounted handle. It was customary for sappers to grow beards.

Officers wore the same uniform as their men but it was of better quality. Their brass buttons were gilt, they had epaulettes according to their rank, and, on duty, they had a gilt gorget with a silver badge, generally a crowned eagle. Their turnback ornaments were identical to those of other ranks but in gold, while the battalion staff had grenades. Instead of gaiters, they wore black boots. Officers' bicornes had gold cockade loops and sometimes gold tassels at the end. Bearskin caps had gold cords, and a plate and cross on the back patch. Shakos had gilt plates and chin scales, gold bands and sometimes chevrons. Plumes and pompons were colored in the company's color or white if on regimental staff. Drummers had basically the same uniform as their company with tricolor, yellow, or orange lace edgings, red wings edged with lace, and a bass drum with medium blue hoops and white belts.

Carabiniers

The corps of Carabiniers was a group of heavy cavalry originally created by Louis XIV. From 1791 to 1809, their uniforms consisted of a blue coat with a blue piped red collar, red cuffs, lapels and turnbacks with white grenades, red epaulettes with edged white straps, red cuff flaps for the 1st Regiment, blue piped red for the 2nd; pewter buttons, a white waistcoat, buff breeches, high boots, a black bearskin cap, white cords, a red patch with a white cross, a red plume, metal white chin scales from 1809, yellow-buff edged white belts, white gauntlet gloves, blue cloaks, and white sheepskin edged red. They wore white long gaiters for service on foot and blue overalls for undress. Carabiniers were armed with a dragoon musket with a bayonet and sword. The regiments rode black horses while trumpeters rode greys.

Trumpeters wore reversed colors, a red coat with a red collar, silver cuffs edged blue, lapels and turnbacks, silver and blue epaulettes, as well as other items described above.

In 1809, their uniforms were completely modified and saw the introduction of helmets and cuirasses. They wore an all-white uniform with light blue facings and red épaulettes. They wore a brass cuirass and a brass helmet with a red woolen crest named chenille (caterpillar, in French), a sealskin turban, black leather visor and brass chin scales.

Cuirassiers

The Cuirassier's uniform consisted of a blue coat with long tails until 1804, when all Cuirassier regiments began to wear cuirasses and helmets. The helmet was made of polished steel with brass comb, a black mane, a black cow-hide turban, black visor edged with brass, a red plume in a small brass socket on the left side, and brass chin scales. Senior officers had white plumes and gilded brass. The cuirass had front and back plates made of polished steel and had leather straps with brass scales, brass studs and fittings and the cuirass lining was edged with white in all regiments. Cuirassiers were armed with a straight-bladed cavalry sword, carbine and a pistol from 1806.

The uniform of the trumpeters from 1804 consisted of a helmet with a red or white mane, a blue single-breasted coatee with cuffs and a collar edged with silver or white lace, and white lace at buttonholes on the front. Before 1810, the trumpeters of the 1st and 4th trumpeters had a white helmet mane, a red plume, a red coatee, red collar and cuffs edged silver, white turnbacks with red grenades, seven laces on the chests, and red epaulettes. The 6th regiment in circa 1810–1812 wore a white helmet mane and red plume, a blue coatee with orange edged silver cuffs and collar, red epaulettes with a white crescent, and orange laces on the chest. The 7th regiment wore a yellow coatee and the 8th regiment wore an orange one. The 13th regiment, in 1812, wore a white helmet mane, a wine red coatee with five white laces in front. They did not wear the cuirass and were mounted on white and gray horses.

Dragoons
The uniform of the Dragoon consisted of a green coat with turnbacks and lapels of the regimental facing color, and the collar, cuffs, cuff flaps, and piping edging the facings either of the facings color or green depending on the regiment, green shoulder straps piped with the facing color, yet many regiments wore white epaulettes instead, turnbacks with green grenades, pewter buttons, a white waistcoat and breeches, black long boots, a brass helmet with a brass crest, a black helmet mane, a sealskin turban, black leather visor, the plume varied (see below), brass chin scales, a bearskin cap with a red plume, red and white cords, a red back panel with a white cross, red epaulettes for elite companies, a green surtout and green stable jacket, a green forage cap piped the facing color, white lace and grenade, white duck trousers, grey overalls with buttons on the side, white gauntlet gloves, an off-white cloak, and green housing edged white with white number. Sappers wore bearskin caps with red cords, plumes, and a back panel with a white cross, red epaulettes, red crossed axes on the upper sleeves, and a white or buff apron.

From February 1812, the coatee remained the same colour while plumes were no longer issued for helmets. Instead, pompoms coloured red, sky blue, orange, and violet were issued for the first company of each squadron. These same colors were used for the white centre of the second companies. They were armed with a Dragoon musket with a bayonet and a sword.

Officers wore silver buttons and lace, gilded brass on their helmets, a turban of leopard fur (usually an imitation) that often went over the visor, and white plumes for the senior officers.

Trumpeters wore reversed colors, facing sometimes edged with white lace, a coat often single-breasted with white buttonholes in front, no cuff flaps, white epaulettes, and a white of red mane on the helmet. The same dress was used for the Foot Dragoons but with brass drums with blue hoops instead of trumpets. They rode white and grey horses.

Chevau-legers lanciers

The uniform of the light cavalry (or chevau-legers) of the line consisted of a green coat with turnbacks and lapels of the regimental facing color, which could be crimson, red, blue, pink or yellow. The collar and cuffs were of the facings color, the green shoulder straps and the breeches were piped with the facing color. The uniform comprised pewter buttons, black boots, a brass helmet with a brass crest supporting a woolen crest named chenille (caterpillar, in French), a sealskin turban, black leather visor, brass chin scales and red epaulettes for elite companies.

Hussars
The uniform of the Napoleonic hussars included the pelisse: a short fur edged jacket which was often worn slung over one shoulder in the style of a cape, and was fastened with a cord. This garment was extensively adorned with braiding (often gold or silver for officers) and several rows of multiple buttons. Under it was worn the dolman or tunic which was also decorated in braid. On active service the hussar normally wore reinforced breeches which had leather on the inside of the leg to prevent them from wearing due to the extensive riding in the saddle. On the outside of such breeches, running up the outside was a row of buttons, and sometimes a stripe in a different colour. A shako or fur busby was worn as headwear. The colours of dolman, pelisse and breeches varied greatly by regiment, even within the same army. The French hussar of the Napoleonic period was armed with a brass hilted sabre and sometimes with a brace of pistols, although these were often unavailable.

Horse Chasseurs
Horse chasseurs colour scheme:

Foot artillery
The uniform of the Foot artillery gunners of the line was made of a blue coat, red cuffs, red lapels, blue piped red cuff flaps, red épaulettes and brass buttons. Their breeches were blue with black (winter) or white (summer) gaiters. They wore a shako with a red plume.

Horse artillery
The uniform of the Horse artillery of the line was made of a hussar-style blue coat with red braids, red cuffs and brass buttons. They wore blue piped red hussar-style breeches, black hussar boots and a black shako with red cords and plume. Troopers of the Horse Artillery could wear a simplified version that was very similar to that of the Foot.

Line Train
The uniform of the soldiers of the train was made of a light blue-grey coat and buff breeches. The facings were dark blue for the artillery train or brown for the baggage train. Soldiers of the train wore a shako with a light blue-grey or red plume (or pompons). Their buttons and other metallic elements were silver.

Grenadiers of the Old Guard
The uniform of the Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard was very similar to that of the Grenadier of the line : Both were made of a blue coat, red piped white cuffs, white piped red lapels, blue piped red cuff flaps, red epaulettes and brass buttons. The most notable difference was the headgear : Grenadiers of the Guard wore a tall bearskin cap with a brass plate stamped with the Imperial eagle, with white cords and red plume, and a red patch with a golden grenade on the top of the bearskin. Other differences include the blue collar of the Guard Grenadiers (instead of red pipped white collar for Line grenadiers) and longer red turnbacks with gold grenades (instead of white turnbacks piped red with red grenades).

Chasseurs à pied of the Old Guard

The uniform was that of the Grenadiers of the Old Guard, differences being a plate less bearskin, a green and red plume and epaulettes. The lapels had notable differences as well. The embroideries on the turnbacks were a combination of a bugle and a grenade to signify Chasseurs of the Old Guard. The cuffs were of light infantry design.

Fusiliers-Chasseurs of the Middle Guard
The uniform of the Fusiliers-Chasseurs was that of the Chasseurs a pied from the Old Guard. The only change was the headgear, black shako with imperial eagle, white cord and brass chin straps, with tricolor cockade atop and green and red plume.

Marines

Raised from sailors of the French navy who had distinguished themselves, the battalion of Marins wore a distinctive, elaborate uniform resembling that of the hussars. Their officers bore titles of rank derived from their seagoing compatriots, and the overall commander of the marines bore the rank of capitaine de vaisseau. Their duties including manning boats and other watercraft used by the Emperor. The Marines of the Imperial Guard wore blue vest and trousers piped aurore (orange-gold). They had aurore hussar-style braids on their tunic, gold epaulettes and red cuffs. Their shako was black piped aurore with a red plume.

Empress dragoons
The Dragoon Guards wore green coats with white lapels and red turnbacks. They also wore aurore (light orange) aiguillettes and epaulettes. They wore brass helmets with a long black mane, a simulated leopard fur turban and a red plume (white plume for the highest officers). They rode chestnut horses.

The trumpeters wore a light blue tunic with white lappels and crimson turnbacks and collar. The mane on their helmets was white and the plume was light blue. They wore grey horses. They also had a white uniform for parade, consisting of a white coat with light blue lappels and collar lined with gold.

Chasseurs à Cheval de la Garde Impériale
The uniform of the Horse chasseurs of the Guards was very similar to the hussar uniform, comprising pelisse and Busby, but the unvariating color of the dolman and breeches was green with a collar piped of gold. Their pelisses and cuffs were red pipped with gold. The plume of their busby was red-over-green.

It was the Chasseurs that usually provided personal escort to Napoleon, and he often wore the non-Hussar uniform of a colonel of their regiment in recognition of this service.

Mamelukes
The Mamelukes wore the following uniforms:

Before 1804: The only "uniform" part was the green cahouk (hat), white turban, and red saroual (baggy trousers), all to be worn with a loose shirt and a vest. Boots were of yellow, red, or tan soft leather. Weapons consisted of an "Oriental" scimitar, a brace of pistols in a holder decorated with a brass crescent and star, and a dagger.

After 1804: The cahouk became red with a brass crescent and star, and the shirt was closed and had a collar. The main change was the addition of a "regulation" chasseur-style saddle cloth and roll, imperial green in color, piped red, with a red and white fringe. The saddle and harness remained Arabic in style. The undress uniform was as for the Chasseurs-à-Cheval of the Guard, but of a dark blue cloth.

Elite Gendarmes
The Gendarmes d'élite wore a blue coat with red lappels, cuffs and turnbacks. The collar and cuff flaps were red piped blue. They wore buff breeches, waistcoat and gloves. They had white aiguillettes and clover-shaped epaulettes. They wore a tall bearskin cap with a visor, topped by a red round cloth patch nicknamed cul-de-singe ("monkey bottom") with a white grenade embroidered on it. They rode black horses.

The trumpeter wore the same uniform bu with reversed colours. They rode grey horses.

In 1815, crested helmets with black manes (red for trumpeters) were introduced but not completed, so the Gendarmes d'élite fought their last campaign with mixed headgears.

Ranks

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Grande Armée rank !! Modern U.S./U.K./NATO equivalent!!Line Insignia Left/Right Shoulder !!Hussar Insignia* **
 * Marshal of the Empire||Field marshal|| 0MarechalFR-ImpFrArmy.jpg 0MarechalFR-ImpFrArmy.jpg ||
 * Général d'armée, (not a rank, an appointment) || General|| ||
 * Général de corps d'armée, (not a rank, an appointment) || Lieutenant general|| ||
 * Général de division, Lieutenant général (ancien régime rank reintroduced in 1814) || Major General||Gen.CA-ImpFrArmy.jpg Gen.CA-ImpFrArmy.jpg||
 * Général de brigade, Maréchal de camp (equivalent to Major général. ancien régime rank reintroduced in 1814) || Brigadier General||Gen.Div-ImpFrArmy.jpg Gen.Div-ImpFrArmy.jpg ||
 * Adjudant-commandant || Staff Colonel||Epaulette colonel armee Napoléonienne.svg ||
 * Colonel || Colonel||Epaulette colonel armee Napoléonienne.svg || Colonel.png
 * Colonel en second|| Senior lieutenant colonel|| ||
 * Major || Lieutenant Colonel|| || Lieutenant-colonel.png
 * Major en second || Senior Major||Epaulettes major.svg ||Lieutenant-colonel.png
 * Chef de bataillon or Chef d'escadron ||Major||Epaulettes chef de bataillon.svg || Commandant.png
 * Capitaine adjutant-major || Staff Captain || Epaulette capitaine adjudant major.svg ||
 * Capitaine || Captain||Epaulette capitaine.svg||Capitaine.png
 * Lieutenant || First Lieutenant||Leut1-ImpFrArmy.jpg Cavalry: Leut2-ImpFrArmy.jpg ||Lieutenant.png
 * Sous-lieutenant || Second Lieutenant||SousLeut1-ImpFrArmy.jpg Epaulette sous-lieutenant premiere classe armee Napoleonienne.svg  Cavalry: Epaulettes lieutenant seconde classe armee Napoleonienne.svg ||Sous-lieutenant.png
 * colspan=2 | Non-commissioned officers
 * Adjudant sous-officier || Chief Warrant Officer||Epaulette adjudant sous-officier armee Napoleonienne.svg || Major-French-Army.png
 * Adjudant-Chef || Warrant Officer|| ||Adjudant-chef.png
 * Adjudant || Sergeant-Major
 * Sergent-Major or Maréchal des logis Chef || First sergeant ||   || Sergent-chef.png
 * Sergent or Maréchal des Logis || Sergeant ||   || Sergent.png
 * Caporal-Fourrier or Brigadier-Fourrier || Company clerk/supply Sergeant ||  || Caporal-chef.png
 * Caporal or Brigadier (Cavalry, Horse Artillery and Gendarmerie) || Corporal || || Caporal.png
 * Soldat or Cavalier(Cavalry) or Canonnier(Artillery)|| Private or UK equivalent|| ||Première classe.png
 * }
 * Hussar insignia was represented with elaborate curved embroidered chevrons in gold lace on the lower sleeve of the wearer's coat and pelisse extending from the cuff to the elbow of the wearer. Officer's chevrons had the point facing up.  Warrant officers and NCOs were the same, but less elaborate.
 * The Hussar system later became the insignia of French officers from the rank of Colonel to below.
 * Lieutenant || First Lieutenant||Leut1-ImpFrArmy.jpg Cavalry: Leut2-ImpFrArmy.jpg ||Lieutenant.png
 * Sous-lieutenant || Second Lieutenant||SousLeut1-ImpFrArmy.jpg Epaulette sous-lieutenant premiere classe armee Napoleonienne.svg  Cavalry: Epaulettes lieutenant seconde classe armee Napoleonienne.svg ||Sous-lieutenant.png
 * colspan=2 | Non-commissioned officers
 * Adjudant sous-officier || Chief Warrant Officer||Epaulette adjudant sous-officier armee Napoleonienne.svg || Major-French-Army.png
 * Adjudant-Chef || Warrant Officer|| ||Adjudant-chef.png
 * Adjudant || Sergeant-Major
 * Sergent-Major or Maréchal des logis Chef || First sergeant ||   || Sergent-chef.png
 * Sergent or Maréchal des Logis || Sergeant ||   || Sergent.png
 * Caporal-Fourrier or Brigadier-Fourrier || Company clerk/supply Sergeant ||  || Caporal-chef.png
 * Caporal or Brigadier (Cavalry, Horse Artillery and Gendarmerie) || Corporal || || Caporal.png
 * Soldat or Cavalier(Cavalry) or Canonnier(Artillery)|| Private or UK equivalent|| ||Première classe.png
 * }
 * Hussar insignia was represented with elaborate curved embroidered chevrons in gold lace on the lower sleeve of the wearer's coat and pelisse extending from the cuff to the elbow of the wearer. Officer's chevrons had the point facing up.  Warrant officers and NCOs were the same, but less elaborate.
 * The Hussar system later became the insignia of French officers from the rank of Colonel to below.
 * Sergent or Maréchal des Logis || Sergeant ||   || Sergent.png
 * Caporal-Fourrier or Brigadier-Fourrier || Company clerk/supply Sergeant ||  || Caporal-chef.png
 * Caporal or Brigadier (Cavalry, Horse Artillery and Gendarmerie) || Corporal || || Caporal.png
 * Soldat or Cavalier(Cavalry) or Canonnier(Artillery)|| Private or UK equivalent|| ||Première classe.png
 * }
 * Hussar insignia was represented with elaborate curved embroidered chevrons in gold lace on the lower sleeve of the wearer's coat and pelisse extending from the cuff to the elbow of the wearer. Officer's chevrons had the point facing up.  Warrant officers and NCOs were the same, but less elaborate.
 * The Hussar system later became the insignia of French officers from the rank of Colonel to below.
 * }
 * Hussar insignia was represented with elaborate curved embroidered chevrons in gold lace on the lower sleeve of the wearer's coat and pelisse extending from the cuff to the elbow of the wearer. Officer's chevrons had the point facing up.  Warrant officers and NCOs were the same, but less elaborate.
 * The Hussar system later became the insignia of French officers from the rank of Colonel to below.

Officers
High-ranking officers wore customized uniforms with various embellishments in embroideries.

The field officers generally wore a gorget and epaulettes which could be in silver or gold, depending on the corps but according to the buttons. They also wore a plume or a pompon of different colours on their headgear.
 * Colonel: two epaulettes with thick fringes + white plume
 * Colonel en second: two epaulettes with thick fringes and a red stripe in the middile + white plume
 * Major: two epaulettes with thick fringes and silver shoulder straps (or in gold if the buttons were silver) + red and white plume
 * Major en second: two epaulettes with thick fringes and silver shoulder straps (or in gold if the buttons were silver) and a red stripe in the middle + red and white plume
 * Chef de Bataillon (infantry) or Chef de Brigade (cavalry) : the left epaulette with thick fringes and the right epaulette without fringes + red plume
 * Capitaine-adjudant-major: the right epaulette with thin fringes and the left epaulette without fringes + white pompon
 * Capitaine: the left epaulette with thin fringes and the right epaulette without fringes + pompon of the company colour
 * Lieutenant: the left epaulette with thin fringes and the right epaulette without fringes + one red stripe along each stap + pompon of the company colour
 * Sous-lieutenant: the left epaulette with thin fringes and the right epaulette without fringes + two red stripes along each strap + pompon of the company colour

Sous-officiers (non-commissioned officers)
The NCO wore coloured stripes on both lower sleeves if the cuffs were horizontal, or chevrons if the cuffs were pointy. Except for the adjudant, the NCO did not wear epaulettes, except if they were part of an élite régiment.

 * Adjudant: the left epaulette with thin fringes and the right epaulette without fringes + red shoulder straps with two gold (or silver) stripes along each strap
 * Sergent-major (infantry) or Maréchal des logis (cavalry): two gold (or silver) stripes (or chevrons)
 * Sergent (infantry) or Maréchal des logis (cavalry): one gold (or silver) stripe (or chevron)
 * Caporal-fourrier (infantry) or brigadier-fourrier (cavalry): two yellow stripes (or chevrons) + one gold (or siler) stripe on the upper left sleeve
 * Caporal (infantry) or brigadier (cavalry): two yellow stripes (or chevrons)
 * Soldat (infantry) or cavalier (cavalry): No insignia

Galons d'ancienneté
The Galons d'ancienneté ("Veteran's Braid") were long service awards in the form of cloth braid chevrons (nicknamed Brisques', or "Breaks") worn on the upper left sleeve to indicate seniority. Veteran troops that had earned them were nicknamed Briscards ("One Who Has Breaks").
 * 1 Chevron = 10–15 Years service.
 * 2 Chevrons = 15–20 Years service.
 * 3 Chevrons = 20–25 Years of service.

Some soldiers in the Guard were awarded a fourth chevron (more than 30 years of service), but they were very few.

Speciality insignia
Some soldiers wore speciality insignia such as horseshoes for farriers or two crossed axes for sappers

Musicians
In Ancien Régime France, drummers and trumpeters wore the royal livery which consisted of a blue coat with red and white stripes. When France became a republic, musicians wore various types of uniforms to distinguish them from other soldiers depending on each colonel's imagination. The most common way to distinguish them was to reverse the colours of the uniform (if the standard uniform consisted of a green coat and yellow facings, the musician's uniform would be a yellow coat and green facings). From 1812 onwards, Napoleon introduced the Imperial livery which consisted of a green coat with yellow stripes bearing alternatively the letter "N" (for Napoleon) and the Imperial eagle.

title: Uniforms of La Grande Armée


text:
User:Gulrez lala Politician/Sample page

Gulrez lala (born 10 February1989) from ujjain Madhya Pradesh (India). Gulrez lala is a Indian politician he is a secretary of Madhya Pradesh Congress committee and district president Madhya Pradesh Congress committee, Bhopal. He's shifted from Bhopal to heir study, after study Lala join to Indian national Congress party and start he's politically journey. He's father Mr. Nasir lala a business man and he's mother Mumtaz bee a house wife. Gulrez lala belong a politicians family. He's grand father late Mr. rakhman ullah khan was a "sarpanch" continue 35 year and he's uncle (Mama) also Congress leader.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Gulrez lala Politician/Sample page


text:
Tony Spassopoulos

Tony Spassopoulos is a former Australian rules footballer, who played for the Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Career
Spassopoulos played one game for Fitzroy in the 1985 season.

title: Tony Spassopoulos


text:
Central (field hockey team)

The Central women's field hockey team are an amateur sports team based in New Zealand. The team competes annually in the Ford National Hockey League (NHL).

Central have won the NHL a total of 2 times, most recently in 2009.

Team Roster
The following is the Central team roster for the 2017 Ford NHL:

Head coaches: Henry Wong

 * 1) Georgia Barnett (GK)
 * 2) Emily Gaddum
 * 3) Hope Ralph
 * 4) Emma Rainey
 * 5) Michaela Curtis
 * 6) Kayla Whitelock (C)
 * 7) Casey-Mae Waddell
 * 8) Verity Sharland
 * 9) Holly Pearson
 * 10) Hannah Williamson
 * 11) Sheree Horvath
 * 12) Beth Norman
 * 13) Pippa Norman
 * 14) Megan Phillips
 * 15) Tegan Muraahi (GK)
 * 16) Kelsey MacDonald
 * 17) Tinesha Carey
 * 18) Clodagh McCullough

title: Central (field hockey team)


text:
National Football Development Programme of Malaysia

The National Football Development Programme of Malaysia (NFDP Malaysia) (Program Pembangunan Bola Sepak Negara Malaysia) (PPBN); abbrev: NFDP) is a long-term plan to promote and develop the sport nationally. It is intended to have two phases: 2014-2020 and 2021–2030.


text:
Talk:Oak Grove, Kaufman County, Texas

External links modified
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title: Talk:Oak Grove, Kaufman County, Texas


text:
Talk:David Dorfman

Date of birth
The page that you've receive recently is a false profile. If you want proof that his Birthday is February 7th 1993 this link: https://m.facebook.com/david.dorfman.73#!/profile.php?id=100000517664415&tsid=0.5519920182637308&source=typeahead will provide such credible information as he (The actor himself!!!!) confirmed stating and I quote "Its my 18th birthday" on his 2011 timeline. Mellemmellem (talk) 18:29, 6 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I quote from that link:

"√ Verified Official Account I am the real david dorfman. I have a certificate account from facebook. If you don't believe then leave"
 * This is not in any way convincing. There is no blue tick next to his name as there is with other official accounts, there is no independent confirmation that he is the owner of that account. The information is not visible to all (I've commented about this on my talk page). This fails Wikipedia's policy on verifiability. Considering his birthday is the subject of dispute we cannot use poorly sourced information, and this is poorly sourced. -- zzuuzz (talk) 20:31, 6 July 2016 (UTC)

I should explain that this date of birth has been the subject of dispute for a very long time. I am not sure whether any of this is malicious, but it may possibly be down to one or more fake Facebook profiles. After some searching we have been provided with a reference which clearly states the date of birth as 7 February 1993, so we do not have to use Facebook pages, with all their inherent problems. A link to Wikipedia discussions on this topic can be found here. -- zzuuzz (talk) 19:16, 8 July 2016 (UTC)
 * This looks like it's been quite the project! Glad you finally got to the bottom of this dispute!Tmk2130 (talk) 18:20, 15 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Dorfman


text:
Planet Hunters

Planet Hunters is a citizen science project to find exoplanets using human eyes. It does this by having users analyze data from the NASA Kepler space telescope and the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. It was launched by a team led by Debra Fischer at Yale University, as part of the Zooniverse project.

Planet Hunters and Planet Hunters 2.0
The project was launched on December 16, 2010, after the first Data Release of Kepler data as the Planet Hunters Project. 300,000 volunteers participated in the project and the project team published 8 scientific papers. On December 14, 2014, the project was re-launched as Planet Hunters 2.0, with an improved website and considering that the volunteers will look at K2 data. As of November 2018 Planet Hunters had identified 50% of the known planets with an orbital period larger than two years.

Non-Planet Hunters project: Exoplanet Explorers
In 2017 the project Exoplanet Explorers was launched. It was another planet hunting project at Zooniverse and discovered the system K2-138 and the exoplanet K2-288Bb. This project was launched during the television program Stargazing Live and the discovery of the K2-138 system was announced during the program.

Planet Hunters TESS (PHT)
On December 6, 2018, the project Planet Hunters TESS (PHT) was launched and is led by astronomer Nora Eisner. This project uses data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and is currently active (as of March 2023). This project discovered the Saturn-sized exoplanet TOI-813 b and many more.

Until March 2023 PHT discovered 284 exoplanet candidates (e.g. TIC 35021200.01 ), 15 confirmed exoplanets (e.g. TOI-5174 b ) and countless eclipsing binaries. All discovered exoplanet candidates are uploaded to ExoFOP by Nora Eisner or sometimes by another project member (see TOI and CTOI list provided by ExoFOP ).

All exoplanet candidates are manually checked by multiple project members (volunteers and moderators) and need to pass different tests before they are accepted by Nora Eisner and uploaded to ExoFOP. But it is possible that not all PHT planet candidates become real (confirmed) exoplanets. Some of them may be grazing eclipsing binaries.

Planet Hunters: NGTS
On October 19, 2021, the project Planet Hunters: NGTS was launched. It uses a dataset from the Next Generation Transit Survey to find transiting planets. It is the first Planet Hunters project that uses data from a ground-based telescope. The project looks at candidates that were already automatically filtered, similar to the Exoplanet Explorers project. The project found four candidate planets so far. In the pre-print five candidates are presented. This includes a giant planet candidate around TIC-165227846, a mid-M dwarf. This candidate was independently detected by Byrant et al. 2023 and if confirmed could represent the lowest-mass star to host a close-in giant.

Planet hunting
The Planet Hunters project exploits the fact that humans are better at recognising visual patterns than computers. The website displays an image of data collected by the NASA Kepler Space Mission and asks human users (referred to as "Citizen Scientists") to look at the data and see how the brightness of a star changes over time. This brightness data is represented as a graph and referred to as a star's light curve. Such curves are helpful in discovering extrasolar planets due to the brightness of a star decreasing when a planet passes in front of it, as seen from Earth. Periods of reduced brightness can thus provide evidence of planetary transits, but may also be caused by errors in recording, projection, or other phenomena.

Eclipsing binary stars
From time to time, the project will observe eclipsing binary stars. Essentially these are stars that orbit each other. Much as a planet can interrupt the brightness of a star, another star can too. There is a noticeable difference on the light curves. It will appear as a large transit (a large dip) and a smaller transit (a smaller dip).

Multiplanet systems
As of December 2017, there are a total of 621 multiplanet systems, or stars that contains at least two confirmed planets. In a multiplanet system plot, there are many different patterns of transit. Due to the different sizes of planets, the transits dip down to different points.

Stellar flares
Stellar flares are observed when there is an explosion on the surface of a star. This will cause the star's brightness to shoot up considerably, with a steep drop off.

Discoveries
So far, over 12 million observations have been analyzed. Out of those, 34 candidate planets had been found as of July 2012. In October 2012 it was announced that two volunteers from the Planet Hunters initiative had discovered a novel Neptune-like planet which is part of a four star double binary system, orbiting one of the pairs of stars while the other pair of stars orbits at a distance of around 1000 AU. This is the first planet discovered to have a stable orbit in such a complex stellar environment. The system is located 7200 light years away, and the new planet has been designated PH1b, short for Planet Hunters 1 b.

''Yellow indicates a circumbinary planet. Light green indicates planet orbiting around one star in a multiple star system. Light blue indicates host stars with a planetary system consisting of two or more planets. Values for the host stars are acquired via SIMBAD and otherwise are cited. The apparent magnitude represents the V magnitude.''

Community TESS Object of Interest
Planet Hunters TESS (PHT) publishes Community TESS Object of Interest (CTOI) at ExoFOP, which can be promoted into a TESS Object of Interest (TOI). Of the 151 CTOIs submitted by Planet Hunters researchers, 81 were promoted to TOIs (as of September 2022). The following exoplanets first submitted as PHT CTOIs were later researched by other teams (some examples): TOI-1759 b,  TOI-1899 b, TOI-2180 b, TOI-4562 b  and HD 148193 b (TOI-1836).

Variable stars and unusual systems
In September 2013 the project discovered the unusual cataclysmic variable KIC 9406652. In April 2014 the unusually active SU Ursae Majoris-type dwarf nova GALEX J194419.33+491257.0 was discovered. This cataclysmic variable was discovered as a background dwarf nova of KIC 11412044.

In January 2016 unusual dips in KIC 8462852 were announced. The unusual light curve of KIC 8462852 (also known as Boyajian's Star) has engendered speculation that an alien civilization's Dyson sphere is responsible.

In June 2016 the project found 32 likely eclipsing binaries. The work also announced likely exoplanets.

In February 2018 the first transiting exocomets were discovered. The dips were found by one of the authors, a Planet Hunters participant, in a visual search over five months of the complete Q1-Q17 Kepler light curve archive spanning 201250 target stars.

In February 2022 Planet Hunters:TESS announced the discovery of BD+61 2536 (TIC 470710327), a massive hierarchical triple star system. The system is predicted to undergo multiple phases of mass transfer in the future, and likely end up as a double neutron star gravitational wave progenitor or an exotic Thorne-Zytkow object.

title: Planet Hunters


text:
Talk:Zuzana Štefániová

Contested deletion
This article should not be speedily deleted for lack of asserted importance because... (your reason here) --Aciram (talk) 00:31, 7 January 2020 (UTC)

 * She was the first woman printer of her country. She has also her own article on another language version, the article is referenced and there is room for expansion. Perhaps a speedy deletion is to take it a little bit too far. There should at least be some sort of discussion. Perhaps a deletion discussion is at least in order?--Aciram (talk) 00:31, 7 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I've declined the deletion request. Are you able to expand this from the Slovakian article, Aciram? Espresso Addict (talk) 01:00, 7 January 2020 (UTC)
 * No, not at present at least, I'm afraid. But I'm glad there's not time limit on expansion on Wikipedia! --Aciram (talk) 01:11, 7 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zuzana Štefániová


text:
Talk:Black Pantyhose Battalion

Is this real?
None of the sources provided discuss a "black stockings brigade" in any detail, aside from being used in passing as a pejorative term for pro-Gamsakhurdia female demonstrators, as opposed to some sort of Amazonian paramilitary formation, as this article implies. Nor do they provide indication of any such "movement" having any activities past the mid-1990s, again aside from some aging supporters protesting on a few occasions over several years. There is no Georgian name provided, and Google searches only turn up this page (all sources also use the term "black stockings", as opposed to the whimsical and vaguely lewd "pantyhose"). At the very least, this article takes significant liberties with the available source material, if not outright invention. --Varavour (talk) 17:52, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

 * @Varavour nominated for deletion; see Articles for deletion/Black Pantyhose Battalion. Aasim 16:53, 18 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black Pantyhose Battalion


text:
Maluwe Mosque

Maluwe Mosque is a mosque located on the Bole road in the West Gonja District in the Savannah region of Ghana. It was formally in the Northern region. Maluwe is a small village east of Bui National Park.

History
According to an imam of the mosque, it was built by a Muslim missionary from Mali. He built five mud mosques as he passed through the region along the way.

Features
The mosque has huge and bigger parapets than Larabanga mosque. The mosque was built with mud with the Sudanic style and has two towers that are also taller than Bole mosque but does not reach the heights of Banda Nkwanta mosque. It also has two buttresses on the west side which is thicker and boxy.

title: Maluwe Mosque