text:
, five or six categories maximum.
 * It would be nice to have some browser page, that makes it easy to get from "actors" to "italian actors" or "actors born in 1950".
 * It would be nice if this functionality was available from the category list at the bottom of each page; for example, we could add a checkbox to each cat, and an intersect button that, if clicked, shows the intersection of all 'checked' cats.
 * Thoughts please?  > R a d i a n t <  10:20, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, I've written this script as a possible addition to MediaWiki. It currently uses Specialpages but it would not be problematic to rewrite it using the Category routines, to create a namespace.  > R a d i a n t <  16:08, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * There may be a difference in performance of intersection of A and B and the intersection of B and A, especially if one is much larger than the other. --Salix alba (talk) 16:13, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * And it might interesting to look at the current query code for categories, which limit the search to 200 hits at a time. I assume running a "null" result intersection query against a very large category (like Category:Living people intersected with Category:Ancient Greeks) would have roughly the same database impact as the unlimited category search used to have.  The unlimited category searches presumably had other problems as well, but I suspect Tim might have some insight here. -- Rick Block (talk) 20:13, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * And it might interesting to look at the current query code for categories, which limit the search to 200 hits at a time. I assume running a "null" result intersection query against a very large category (like Category:Living people intersected with Category:Ancient Greeks) would have roughly the same database impact as the unlimited category search used to have.  The unlimited category searches presumably had other problems as well, but I suspect Tim might have some insight here. -- Rick Block (talk) 20:13, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * And it might interesting to look at the current query code for categories, which limit the search to 200 hits at a time. I assume running a "null" result intersection query against a very large category (like Category:Living people intersected with Category:Ancient Greeks) would have roughly the same database impact as the unlimited category search used to have.  The unlimited category searches presumably had other problems as well, but I suspect Tim might have some insight here. -- Rick Block (talk) 20:13, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks like Tim's insight might have to wait a bit. See User:Tim Starling/Get Well Soon. :-( Carcharoth 22:14, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I spoke to Brion yesterday and he likes the idea. The main problem seems to be server load: if two huge (>10000) categories are intersected but have no actual matches, that would be problematic. Suggestions on how to alleviate this would be appreciated.  > R a d i a n t <  22:27, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Without prebuilding indices in the database for any conceivable intersection search, I don't think there is a simple solution. A ∩ B for large sets A and B that have no intersection requires reading all elements of A and all elements of B (even if A and B are just indices).  The only alternatives I can think of are:
 * run such queries in a non-blocking manner at a lower priority than other work going on in the database (but it looks like MySQL doesn't support this, see )
 * slough them off to a different physical server (which would likely need to have its own copy of the category database)
 * expand the query into multiple queries that could be run in series to obtain the result (for example run 26 queries restricting the intersection by first character of the category name).
 * None of these are particularly easy, and #2 even requires throwing hardware at the problem. -- Rick Block (talk) 01:43, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Is it possible to prebuild indicies for intersection categories on a daily basis, or the first time an intersection is requested each 24 hours, or whenever the servers have low loads? This would  mean that the information would not be totally current, but that is better than non-existant. -- Samuel Wantman 08:57, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
 * You're basically asking for (number of categories) squared tables to be built every 24 hours (and that's only for two way intersections) which doesn't seem feasible. Also, the vast majority of those category intersections will never be requested.  Perhaps, since real-time intersections of categories with a low number of entries (less than 200?) wouldn't be a load on the server, you could limit the tables built to just the intersections of large categories.  Or maybe something like creating a daily list of categories that don't intersect would be useful as that information could be stored in one simple list for all such intersections.  --JeffW 15:57, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I figured it might be possible to cut off the query after a second or so, or to cache a list of queries that are known not to yield results so that they need not be recalculated (of course this cache should be timestamped).  > R a d i a n t <  16:54, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

From the discussions on wikitech-l and some personal experimentation, I think the issues are exactly 1) almost entirely technical - how to actually get the pages at the intersection at one or more categories and 2) demonstrated in the worst case by those very large categories mentioned (Category:Living_people for example). There are a few differnent ways to implement using existing tables, but so far it looks like, in the worst cases, these all take at least several seconds to complete. So, that means either new tables (likely with millions and millions of records - it's not exponential, but it is big) or perhaps a way to identify unreasonable queries or cut them off as Radiant mentioned. I'm going to try a few more experiments... --Aerik 00:06, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Anime and Manga case
I find this proposal the right approach to solve supercategorization and long discussions about where and how put an article. On italian Wikipedia, I have made a simple SVG that can be useful to explain the differences in this two categorization approaches in Anime and Manga case ( read the discussion), where genres are the same for both and things like shounen anime and shounen manga are redundant, confusing and create an huge amount of subcategories. Since I've put that SVG in Public Domain, you can copy and modify it without restriction (using an SVG editor like Inkscape) to represent other supercategorization cases. --Dzag 10:03, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Also check out Faceted classification
Much of what you (and I) are looking for is described as Faceted classification, which is fundamentally about intersections of semantically orthogonal facets.

Of course, we could have lots of arguments about what constitutes a "proper" facet as well as whether a "faceted approach" should include multiple picks from the same facet. -- PhilMurray46 16:44, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

DynamicPageList
I see it mentioned a few times on this page. Is there a reason why DynamicPageList or DynamicPageList2 are not turned on in en-wikipedia? It seems like it would be very useful. Carcharoth 10:41, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Maybe DynamicPageList could be of some help. I put a lot of effort in improving it over the last weeks. Some of the features discussed here are already available, others could be added I think. You may want to have a look at the DPL demo website. -- Algorithmix 13:49, 18 February 2007

Temporary flat category solution?
I like the proposal at Category_intersection. I was vaguely aware of this, and there is currently a way to rather kludgingly do this in a manual and non-updateable way. See what I did at Category:Earthquakes, Category:School massacres and Category:Anti-communists. What I want is category union. Intersection seems to talk about category A AND category B, when I am also interested in category A OR category B, with tweaks to allow simple union to a specified depth (ie. specify a depth of 3 go down three levels into the subcats, and unify and list all the articles in the subcats and the original parent category), as opposed to, say, unifying two unrelated categories. What I really want is feedback on whether the linking to page history that I did is acceptable, and whether such lists of all articles in a set of categories are useful. Carcharoth 10:53, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Some test code for intersections implmented in a fulltext index
I have a page up for testing some code which does category intersections using a boolean search on a MySQL fulltext index of a table containing all the categories for each page. My database is copied from November and only has the tables I needed to test this code.

http://aerik.com/wikintersections.php

I know the interface is no good, but I am trying to collect statistics about query performance. Please take a look and run some intersection queries. Thanks, --Aerik 18:37, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Looks good. Would you be able to comment on the above two sections as well? I would dearly love to unify any number of categories I selected and create alphabetical indices for large numbers of fragmented categories. Would your system do that as well as intersection (ie. would it do OR as well as AND)? Carcharoth 11:48, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

I've put some links at the top of Category:Unassessed Tolkien articles. Unfortunately, those intersections are only helpful if you are using current data, but that is an example of the reasons why category intersection would be very helpful. Carcharoth 16:20, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Just to try some worst case queries, I intersected category:Living people with category:album covers (no intersection, query took 4.8575 seconds) and category:Living people with category:Disambiguation (one intersection, query took 7.2953 seconds). I don't know if these are elapsed or CPU times (seem to be elapsed).  My understanding is that in at least some cases MySQL processes queries serially, so while one of these is running other queries would wait.  Running some more tests, specifically intersecting category:Unassessed_Tolkien_articles with category:Top-importance_Tolkien_articles at the same time as one of the long running queries, it appears reads involving different specific database records are not serialized (and, with this interface there's no way to try simultaneous writes, so I have no idea how writes would interact with these long running reads).  The smaller intersection finished quite quickly when starting it during a long query, but repeating the same long running query while one is already active seems to slow down both (implying multiple reads using the same index record are processed concurrently).  Intersecting category:Living people with category:Living people (!) takes 15 seconds or so of elapsed time, but the query result says 0.0045 seconds.  I think the bottom line is that with read-only access it seems to not be too bad but we should have considerably more benchmarking involving simultaneous read and write operations before imagining we might be able to deploy anything like this to the live en database server(s).  It seems like it might be worth getting a MySQL performance expert to comment about this. -- Rick Block (talk) 18:02, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comments. Over here someone asked when Category Intersection is likely to happen. I said it was anyone's guess, really, but if anyone here can say something more informative, that would be great. Carcharoth 12:51, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Hi, as an update, I'd call the result of the tests so far, "mixed". Yes, the "Query completed " time is elapsed time that I calculate using a microtime right before the query is passed to MySQL and getting it again right the result set is returned. This is always for a statement limited to 30 records. Rick, thanks for your in-depth observations and tests. I'm going to go ahead and create a lucene index (I need to go educate myself about lucene) of the same data so we can play with that and make some comparisons. Carcharoth, I think we're maybe a couple of months away from having a working solution, but I will likely need a more senior developer's help to integrate the agreed upon solution into the main body of code as efficiently as possible... so there is always the question of politics/bureaucracy... --Aerik 18:20, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Great. Thanks for the update. Let us know what is happening and if we can do anything to help, like run more tests. I'll try and keep an eye on this page. Carcharoth 23:29, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Carcharoth, thank you! More tests would be great!  I'll post more as soon as I have any data/updates.  --Aerik 19:57, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

I had to change hosts and upgraded to a VPS (too cheap for a dedicated server) an in the process deleted some stuff I shouldn't have. To make a long story short, I'm working on a new download (from Apr 7, I believe) and I am also playing with Zend_Search_Lucene and *trying* to create a Lucene index. I hope to put up a new MySQL fulltext index in a day or two, and the Lucene index in maybe a couple of weeks (still working on technical problems and even after that it's going to take days to index everything - I'm planning to go ahead and index through all the namespaces to really see what the performance is like).--Aerik 16:28, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

If this is implemented it would make it a lot easier to
look for octogenarians, for example. Just search for an intersection between category:living people and category:1918 births until category:1927 births. --Wirosableng 20:33, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes I agree, I think we should start a voting process for this proposal and if the majority agrees, the developers could begin the work. --Drgerard 17:06, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

This proposal would wreck the utility of the categories for browsing articles
This system misunderstands what categories primarily for, which is browsing, not searching. If implemented people might now and again find it useful as a search function, but they would miss out on all the detailed connections that one comes across serendipitiously with the current detailed system. Therefore it should be abandoned. Casperonline 15:26, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it would make it easier to browse, which was part of the inspiration for writing the proposal. All the current categories would still exist in some form, and many more would be possible using intersections.  Every topic would have fully populated categories and you could navigate to fully populated sub-topics or intersections.  Of the three ways we mocked this up, the first would look almost identical to what we already have, so why is the serendipity lost? -- Sam uel Wan t man 09:03, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * After a lot of problems in WP Films categorization and taking in consideration all views presented, I also think this system would help rather than wreck browsing. Actually it doesn't wreck at all the browsing of articles, it just involves having the primary category additionally populated, offering multiple possibilities, whereas our present conventions limit them. I was also scarred when I first learned about it, but as problems continue to accumulate unanswered, I start seeing its huge merits. Hoverfish Talk 14:22, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree as well it would help browsing. For example, recently I was browsing Category:FA-Class biography (arts and entertainment) articles. But I didn't just want them all, I specifically wanted the subset that were also BLPs. Many subcategories are so large that browsing them may not be of interest. However browsing a subset may very well be. Nil Einne (talk) 19:13, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

So what's going on?
I am interested in doing what I can (as a non-dev) to help push this along. Please tell me that at least one person is still tinkering around in the background... :) Girolamo Savonarola 04:50, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm still watching the talk page. Well, sort of. If you want to get people interested in this again, the best thing to do is get a developer interested, and then get a group of people developing the proposals and putting them into workable formats for wider discussion and, well, in a format that developers can work on. Carcharoth 15:59, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay, fair enough. Where can I hunt for a dev? :) Girolamo Savonarola 17:42, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I too, keep an eye on this page, and also scan the Wikitech mailing list. I put a copy of this proposal in Jimmy Wales hands last year, I e-mailed the tech list, e-mailed developers that seemed interested.  The problem, it turns out, is not getting people interested.  Pretty much everyone I've ever talked to about this thinks it should happen.  The problem is technical.  It involves creating a system that will be able to handle category intersections without bringing the entire site to its knees.  Devoloper Gmaxwell, is working on this using Lucene, and in an e-mail to wikitech on September 9th said:
 * I have a new search system running externally right now which is much more powerful, for example it is able to apply category intersections, fuzzy title matches, text regular expressions, page link constraints and geographic filtering. Most of the functionality is fast enough to make available to everyone.
 * If you'd like to be a beta-tester please let me know.
 * I e-mailed him and offered my help in trying to coordinate efforts between the developers and the people who had been discussing the user interface here. I got no response. -- ☑ Sam uelWantman 20:26, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * That sounds like an external system. Did he give any indication of how it would be integrated to work in the system? I'd try e-mailing him again, or dropping a note off on his talk page. It sounds promising. Did he try it out on the very largest categories? Carcharoth 23:04, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, I watch this page as well. I think the most promising approach involves using a database for category searches that would allow these searches to be run at a lower priority than other work, although AFAICT MySQL does not currently support this (browser timeouts are another problem, but I think there are potential solutions for this issue).  I would think the MySQL folks would be interested in working with the MediaWiki development team to come up with a solution - it would make a great entry on their case studies promo page.  Has anyone approached the MySQL folks?  -- Rick Block (talk) 00:40, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * How about a well-advertised, open competition to see which system or approach can come up with the goods? Or does that sort of thing not really work any more? Carcharoth 00:44, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know if it's official, but it's at least an unofficial policy of the board to use free software. An open competition restricted to open source databases might work, but I suspect winning a competition of this nature might be more valuable as advertising to a commercial vendor.  MySQL exists in both commercial and free forms (same code).  I'm not sure how many others are like this.  Asking MySQL if they'd work with the development team on this doesn't seem like it could hurt, and since we use MySQL now seems like the easiest approach.  For them to list Wikipedia as a case study would probably require the board's approval.  -- Rick Block (talk) 04:26, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Is "American film directors" a good example?
"American film directors" can be interpreted as "Film directors who are American" or as "Directors of films first published in America". Is this important? --Damian Yerrick (talk | stalk) 22:33, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The former is the only correct interpretation. UnitedStatesian (talk) 22:35, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Semantic MediaWiki extension
I am excited by the potential of this extension. I understand this fancy features load servers, complicate wikipedia editing, but these will take wikipedia to the next level. This feature is very scalable. We could initially only give it a limited scope, say dates or birth dates; why have category: 1976 births when just as easily we could have semantic data: "birth::27 may 1976" meaning the semantic tag which goes beyond generic category info - it understands the birthday in question is 27 may 1976. This could be applied to lots of things, and i feel it will (after an adjustment period) enhance and even simplify the categorization element of wikipedia. Chendy (talk) 14:38, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Indeed, SMW does category intersection, and it lets you do much more precise querying than nebulous things like "Child actors". with no changes to wiki markup will find the intersection of those two categories and their subcategories (to a configurable subcategory depth). Then if you've gone on to annotate with properties like  Date of birth::2004-05-27 , you can ask for and that will display all actors 16 years old or less, ordered by date of birth, together with any other categories they've been assigned. -- Skierpage (talk) 05:14, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I certainly think we should be working towards implementing SMW somehow on Wikipedia. It would be useful for categorization and much more besides. In fact I would like to see an SMW database developed somehow outside any specific language version of Wikipedia (something like commons), to enable the sharing of key information between Wikipedias. (People might like to check out my partially-formed idea at User:Kotniski/wdb, which I wrote before I discovered SMW - I believe SMW would be a perfect way to implement something like this.)--Kotniski (talk) 07:45, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

When can we get ?
I would like to use it now. People are creating manual intersection categories all over the place. Perhaps the overhead of the dynamic processing will be offset by dramatically reducing the number of manual intersction categories. . . ? Pee Tern (talk) 00:23, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

PS: They are also creating (non encylcopedic) intersection list articles all over the place. Pee Tern (talk) 00:27, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I would also be curious to know what exactly is going on. It seems that every few months there's a clamor, we're given a quick update and told it should be around shortly, and then suddenly...nothing for months. At the very least, it would be nice to have some regular biweekly or monthly updates as to the progress being made. This would also increase involvement with this page and (hopefully) editorial advocacy for prioritizing this development work. Thanks, Girolamo Savonarola (talk) 06:06, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I am thinking of just starting to create semantically primitive categories anyway, and try to get some momentum up. For example, instead of (actually as well as for the being) having a category for law enforcement agency the article would have three semantic primitive categories, law, enforcement, and organisation . . . Pee Tern (talk) 21:22, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Initial implementation option
Rather than trying to go for the whole solution immediately, perhaps we go for in stage 1 only binary intersections, with a not and groupby clause. In stage 2 we go for nested binaries. . . Pee Tern (talk) 21:53, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Alternative syntax
The syntax proposed to date seems to introduce another way of "linking" to information in Wikipedia. I would like to propose that we use the existing syntax as follows:

Pee Tern (talk) 21:53, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

 * This is basically creating a 2-level namespace where "Intersection" is a qualifier within the category namespace. I don't actually know the code, but I'd expect that creating "intersection" as a namespace would be a whole lot easier and cleaner.  Note that the main problem is (and has always been) the potential performance hit of a sparse intersection between two very large categories.  It can take multiple CPU seconds (!) to figure out which members of category A are also in category B (worst case is two very large categories with very little intersection).  Allowing individual users to invoke operations that make the DB server(s) consume multiple CPU seconds at wikipedia.org is simply not acceptable (invites a denial of service attack).  -- Rick Block (talk) 05:20, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I guess I am not to hung up on the exact syntax. The currently suggested one seems to be going too far away from what a category looks like and I think if set logic on categories is going to be successful then it needs to look like and feel like a cagegory all the time.

 * Yep. Performance could be an issue.  Perhaps category set logic is only routinely processed by bots at certain times and they can check for malsetups and the only people who can dynamically reevaluate a specific category set logic expression are fully fledged administrators . . . ?

Pee Tern (talk) 10:01, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

A non-wikipedia example
It seems important to note that this idea is important beyond the particular wiki implementation that we call wikipedia, and would be incredibly useful to anyone using the underlying software. A case in point is a project that I'm working on now. We are using MediaWiki to organize and categorize all of the projects that my organization is working on. We want to browse by multiple categories, and also by the interersection of those categories. Example: show me all the present projects. show me all the future projects. Show me all the projects in the IT department. Show me all the past IT department projects. We chose a wiki over a formal database since it was so easy to use and flexible; it would be really wonderful if it could also provide more powerful reporting functions. Consider this a vote in favor of devising a scheme for allowing for union and intersection functions that will make browsing much more powerful. -- mike roy, kenyon college, gambier, OH, USA —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:54, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The main branch of MediaWiki development is typically focused on the needs of wikipedia.org, however (as you note) MediaWiki is actually separate from Wikipedia and there are extensions that can be deployed on sites other than wikipedia.org. I think category intersection isn't being pursued by the developers basically because of potential performance impacts at wikipedia.org (I think several of the suggestions here could clearly be implemented).  If I ever end up with a significant amount of time to devote to this (not likely in the short term), I may actually implement one of these.  I'd invite anyone with development skills to consider implementing one of these suggestions. -- Rick Block (talk) 05:37, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I know zip about the "backend"s of wiki*, either from technical perspective or a protocol perspective. If no one gets to this in the next few months, I might have some time after midyear to do a bit more than just muse about it.  Where would I start?  Pee Tern (talk) 10:08, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Start at the MediaWiki homepage, http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki (it's written in PHP, with an SQL database backend). -- Rick Block (talk) 14:48, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Category Union
I posted this to the Wikitech list...

With the advent of __HIDDENCAT__, I've been wondering about using hidden categories to create indexes. My initial hope with Wikipedia was that we could reorganize categories so that categories could function as broad indexes of single attributes such as "People", "Films", "Bridges", etc... and hide all the intersection categories of parents. Later, if and when category intersection was implemented, all the hidden categories would no longer be needed. However, implementing major changes seems to be near impossible in a project as large and set in its ways as Wikipedia. There is just too much resistance to change. If category intersection was implemented there would be an technical compelling reason to make the change, but short of that upgrade, it seems like a very difficult -- if not impossible -- sell.

It really bothers me (and others, especially librarians), that Wikipedia is not indexed. You cannot find a master index of People, places, books, films, etc... To find anything you have to know in advance, where it is subcategorized. This only works if you know where to browse, and it is your desire to only browse in a small well-defined place. One of the big joys of libraries is the ability of finding things you didn't know about in broad swaths of knowledge. This ability is often lacking in Wikipedia because of categories being constantly broken into smaller pieces. For example, If I want to browse through the bridges in Europe, I have to look at a category for each country separately, and in some countries (like the UK) I have look at one for each county. It is just too difficult and time consuming a task to be a pleasurable leisurely browse.

So I've been thinking of alternative approaches. One possibility is to use hidden categories to create index categories. For instance, Category:Index-Films could contain all films, Category:Index-People could contain all people, etc... However, this would be difficult to maintain because the categories would be hidden, and it would take a tremendous amount of work to populate these categories. It seems crazy to have people doing all the mindless busywork necessary to create categories like these. That is why we have computers.

This is where developers come in...

I'm wondering about creating a new namespace, called (you guessed it) INDEX. Any category of people could be put in an index by adding Index:People on the category page. The "People" INDEX page, into which the category get put, would have links to all the articles and subcategories from the categories in the INDEX. The contents of the subcategories of those categories would NOT be added automatically. Each would have to be manually added to the index if appropriate. Just like a category there would be text that could be edited for each INDEX page. So in essence, an INDEX is a way to do category unions. This would be much, much easier than trying to create and maintain these indexes manually using categories.

It would be great if an INDEX page could be viewed two different ways (and easily switched). The first way would look similar to current categories, showing a category tree at the top, and all the articles below arranged alphabetically. It would also be great to see categories viewed hierarchically, like an index in a book. So the categories would be listed alphabetically and then all the subcategories and articles in the categories would be listed together alphabetically and indented. The categories could be differentiated by either making them bold, italic, or by labeling them as categories. If the subcategories have also been included in the index, their contents would also appear indented in one more level (this could be closed at first and opened using a "+, the same way category trees look. Users might also be able to set the default number of levels that appear -- perhaps two?).

I don't think there is any need to be able to add anything but categories to an INDEX. Adding anything else would probably make it harder to maintain the INDEX, and would probably confuse newbies. Of course, you should be able to create a link to an index page by typing Index of people.

If you think this idea has merit and is a possibility, would it be difficult to implement? It has long been my understanding that category unions would be much less server intensive than category intersections. Perhaps each INDEX display process could be done dynamically?

Thanks, -- ☑ Sam uelWantman 08:38, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * From the initial response from Symetrical, it looks like this has mySQL limitation problems as well... -- ☑ Sam uelWantman 08:38, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Property categories and other thoughts

 * I've noticed an occasional convention on English wikipedia that Category:Cities (plural) is for things that are cities, while Category:City (singular) is for stuff about the topic "City". -- Skierpage (talk) 05:18, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Database memory X Server performance/ Wait time Trade-off
I've read most of the project page about the category intersection project; but I see it lacks a mid-term for the project. It was listed an example that included 'American People' then 'Film Directors'. I've noticed this could be a bit overwhelming to do 'on the fly' as the page mentioned; as both categories are relatively large, being 'American People' especially huge. This kind of approach maximizes memory use for the category pages, as it would spare 1 category as you would just 'request' a fusion of categories while navigating. But maybe wouldnt this case be a little extremist? A more convienient solution, imo, would be to keep the biggest intersective categories (saving performance), while having small categories only to be possible to be subject of intersection. Like this we would, over a transition time, keep categories as they are. No changes; no massive relocating in Wikipedia's core structure and lots of work for users; instead, just one possibility: intersect (possibly like a system mentioned on proj page) two or more categories from request. BUT (and heres the change), you may only intersect categories with under X articles. Like this we would keep major intersections (they could work as normal intersections, only they would be alredy stored in the DB), while removing smaller unnecessary ones (many were removed lacking notability, which wouldnt happen anymore). Let me list one example. Someone is looking for some real-time strategy game. But he is looking for platform ones, especifically PS2. Also, he wants the ones released in 2006.

So, acording to what was proposed at project page, we should have this: '' Real-time Strategy games - PS2 games - Games realeased in 2006

You may notice that all categories are huge, so for the server to make such an intersection would take time; server load. Now look at my proposal:

'' Real-time strategy games - Ps2 games released in 2006 (1) OR

'' Real-time strategy games - Ps2 games - US Platform Games realeased in 2006(2)

Notice that categories mentioned in suggestion 1 alredy exist, and they have both medium sizes. So here intersection comes as a very useful and not much server-expensive feature, excluding the necessity of categories of uncertain notability (ps2 real-time strat games of 2006, in the example), while keeping most categories we have now with a gradual detetion of the alredy existant lesser intersections. (And by doing so decreasing a bit database memory use, while having ocasionally-used intersection tool.) Frequent intersections could be saved as a category by the server, but they would still be seen as a regular intersection.

Feel free to add anything as you please; or to disagree. --Almighty11 (talk) 02:20, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The main benefit of category intersection is that it allow users to intersect categories in ways that just are not possible in the current system. For example, intersecting Disasters, Events in China, and Events in 1935, or Films from 1963 and Comedy films. -- ☑ Sam uelWantman 19:51, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Forget about performance. Category intersection is a fast operation. There's a sort-based algorithm where you can do category intersection in 'n log(n)' operations or better, where n is the number of articles in the biggest category. This is what google does all the time, when you type in a search term, you're searching for the intersection of those search terms.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 23:36, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Redundancy and hidden categories
First, I'd like to know how this proposal relates to Wikipedia talk:Categorization. I think the hidden categories is a tremendously hideous idea, though the intersection is very interesting.

Second, the example listed is redundant. The example shown is that Lawrence Fischburne's categories would be Categories: 1961 births | American people | People of African descent | Actors | Child actors | Film actors | Television actors | Living people | People from Georgia (US State) | People from Augusta, Georgia | Tony Award winners However, this is redundant. All People from Augusta, Georgia are consecquetially People from Georgia (US State), and all Child actors are consequentially Actors. Surely you can easily see the redundancy. Often I will remove redundant categories such as these from articles, and I refuse to include a main category when an article is already in its subcategory. I like the checkbox format to intersect cateogries, but there must be a way to do it wothout putting an article in both a subcategory and the main category. Reywas92 Talk 19:05, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * First: This proposal predates the hidden category proposal.  There is widespread support for implementing some sort of category intersection by both developers and long-time editors.  The reason it hasn't happened yet is technical, involving managing the server load that will result.  Once implemented, intersection categories will most likely be deleted because they will be able to be created dynamically.  If the hidden category proposal were implemented, the result would look very similar to this category intersection proposal.

 * Second: It is the removal of "redundant" categories that is one of the biggest problems with the current categorization system. I think you are thinking of categories as a way of classifying articles, so any additional categorization in the same taxonomy would be redundant.  However, classifying articles is just one of the functions of categories, and in my view, not the most important one.  Categories help users browse through similar articles.  When you remove a redundant categorization, you make it much harder to browse through similar articles. To use your example of child actors, when you remove the redundancy of including them in the parent category, you make the parent much less useful because a large portion of the members will be missing.  This case is the reason why we have WP:SUBCAT -- a guideline NOT to remove the redundancy which I hope you will read.  Just because smaller subunits are created does not mean that the parent category is no longer useful for browsing, or that the children will be more useful than the parents.

 * Category intersection requires some of these redundancies, and their necessity is described in the proposal. To be redundant, a category must be fully described by the intersection of two other categories.  In the case of "Child actors", what two categories would you intersect to have a result that only includes children actors?  You could not intersect "Children" and "Actors" (this would result in people who are currently children and actors, but not former children actors), you could not intersect "Children performers" and "Actors" (this would mistakenly include children that were other types of performers who became actors later in life).  See the problem? -- ☑ Sam uelWantman 19:30, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * In most instances, I still don't think both the parent and child categories should be listed, but fine. About hidden categories again, if this is implemented, then then Hidden cats for normal categories won't need to be, right?  I like how it hides maintenance categories, but the rest must be shown.  I didn't read everything, but Interesection seems simpler than hidden categories.   Reywas92 Talk  20:13, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Problem with redundancy and better proposal
The more I think about this, the more I don't like it. Above, you say that in many cases redundancy of categories would be necessary (Child actors and Actors) to allow for better intersection selections. Although in a few cases (which I disagree with) it may be preferred to have both the child and parent categories, it can really get out of hand.

For example, Warren Buffett. If Laurence Fishburne should be in both Child actors and Actors and in both People from Augusta, Georgia and People from Georgia (US State), then what about a little further. For the most possible intersections available on one article, shouldn't Warren Buffett be categorized in People from Omaha, Nebraska, People from Harrison County, Iowa, People from Iowa, American people, North American people, AND People? If the redundancy of two lower-level cats is advocated, why not all of them? North American people DOES apply to Warren Buffet, and someone may want to intersect that. What about listing him in 1930 births, 1930s births, 20th century births, AND Births of the last 123 years? They all apply, and someone may want to intersect them, but that's just too much redundancy on the article.

Here's a better idea: Rather than having checkboxes on every pages next to every category with an intersection button, why not have a special page with the tool? It could be Special:Category intersection, and it would simply have spaces for the categories to be intersected. It is much simpler than effecting every page, and is is surely no harder to implement. Reywas92 Talk 20:23, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * What I'd really like to see is some well defined hierarchies that are integrated into how we do category intersection. So for example, if as you say -- Warren Buffett can be categorized in People from Omaha, Nebraska, People from Harrison County, Iowa, People from Iowa, American people, North American people, and People -- Perhaps only one of these categories is displayed on his page (probably People from Omaha) but there'd be a pull down list that would have all the other layers of the hierarchy.  Currently, hierarchy, intersection, and related attributes are all combined into the categorization system and all look the same -- they are all subcategories. -- ☑ Sam uelWantman 23:40, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I actually like the pull-down idea, though only if it was small. My biggest problem is big categories.  Some say that large categories are okay and make searchability easier, but when there are more than 200 members, it gets rediculous.  Also, as some categories are sub-cats of many others, which one would go in the box?  Many categories are not for articles, anyway.   Reywas92 Talk  23:47, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Category diffusion overview
I made a simple overview of diffusion in some high level categories at Wikipedia talk:Categorization a few days ago. Then I found this proposal which more clearly explains the benefits I was trying to express, and goes further in helping the user browse articles. Therefore I added a link from Village pump (policy) to this Wikipedia talk:Category intersection, as I believe the more editors read it the more may understand what categories can be used for ("Categories help users browse through similar articles."). -84user (talk) 03:31, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Proof of concept implementation
I hope this is not dead yet, I just created a proof of concept implementation at This actually does both, Category intersection and Link intersection, plus it allows specifying unions of categories and/or links prior to intersecting. Feedback welcome! --Dschwen 19:58, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * http://toolserver.org/~dschwen/intersection
 * It works for me. I like it. It is even more up to date than the Wikimedia search (which takes time before it sees newly categorised articles). Let us hope the social barriers are not too high. (I mean the required changes in the mindsets of editors) -84user (talk) 14:01, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I also did an implementation on my wiki (wikidweb.com), where there are links on every article that go to a special page showing either pages at that intersection, or "related categories". It's rough still, but a start.  Roan (I think it was Roan) as some code for the current Mediawiki version that I intend to start working into something similar, and seeing how it's received. --Aerik (talk) 07:19, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * This does not work for finding "Talk:..." pages. I.e. B-class... | Unknown-importance... Tavatar (talk) 18:01, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

I like how Danbooru does tag intersections
If anyone's seen it on imageboards hosted on the Danbooru CMS, looking on a gallery of images/content filed under at least one tag shows a list (on the lower left side) of other tags which are found on those images; each "related tag" then comes with links to add or subtract such tags to narrow down the number of images.

I don't know if Danbooru-like category intersection lists, which are potentially large, can fit within category pages on MediaWiki sites like this, but finding a way to narrow such intersection lists to fit within the side of any category page could help with exposing the benefits of category intersections to a much wider audience.

Furthermore, like Danbooru's tags and tag intersections, I think that web feeds of recent changes to articles linked to the intersections should be provided for. At least, I think that such would be a suitable complement. --Toussaint (talk) 19:06, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

intersection sequences of sortable category groups
I would really like to be able to harness the power of categories to search for something like atheism activists born from 1940 to 1985. For this we'd need to have a new class of category, something like OrderedCategory which could handle and sort a category of categories based on dates for starters but also anything else that can be sorted/ordered. A flippant example: find me all the South Park episodes from season 3 to season 12. Basically it is one big enormous intersection of categories that would rely on sorted indexes in the underlying database to execute in a reasonable amount of time. Any thoughts on this? I couldn't find mention of the concept anywhere else yet. Donama (talk) 12:26, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

Categories added by templates
I'm not sure if I'm doing something wrong or if this feature isn't able to find articles that have categories added through templates, such as the stub-templates. An example is incategory:"1995 films" incategory:"Film stubs" should find for instance Sahara (1995 film) but doesn't. If I'm doing something wrong please let me know, and if this type of search isn't possible (yet) then perhaps it should state so on the Project page. GameOn (talk) 18:23, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

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title: Wikipedia talk:Category intersection/Archive 1


text:
Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Epistemology

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Epistemology Introduction
The Greek word episteme is the root of the English word Epistemology. This philosophical term is commonly associated with the inquiry for truth and knowledge. Greek philosophers seeded the study, and from this cultivation of thought stems the growth of many sciences. The meaning of the word has three distinctions. First, epistemology can be the quest for true and scientific knowledge as opposed to opinion or belief. Secondly, reality is an organized body of thought. Lastly, sometimes referred to as the “first philosophy” epistemology is the understanding of the divine. Restated, epistemology has three focuses, a practical application, an applied science, and a theological approach. As stated the roots of epistemology are in Greece. Therefore, a better understanding of the fertility of the subject requires a brief historical account of the conditions in which the Greek philosophers lived. The first groups of philosophers are referred to as the Pre-Socratics. They include the Milesians, Ionians, Eleatics, Atomists, and Sophists. Important to this historical analysis is how the categorical grouping changes from geographical to ideological. The change is overlain by the conditions in society enabling Athens to become the center of reflection, instruction, wisdom, and government. The first philosophers were residents of prosperous cities; the fact they traveled allows for speculation that they were well off enough to do so. Apart from trying to improve methods in farming and other occupations, these men were in economic positions that afforded time for reflective thought. Their reflections about nature produced conceptual questions, laying the foundations for philosophy in a non-empirical study of existence, knowledge, and value. Important to their conclusions about nature is the fact they were based upon non-scientific methods of observation. However, speculation of these men’s lives is chiefly based on a few primary documents written by the philosophers themselves, but more on secondary sources, oral traditions, and the known historical events.

Historical Background
The peninsula of Greece, or Hellas, is located on the Aegean Sea. Ecologically the climate is very favorable for human habitation, but the land is rocky and very hard to work. Nevertheless, agriculture became widespread and early civilizations flourished. The three civilizations of the Bronze Age were the Minoan, Cycladic, and Helladic. These civilizations became the first high civilizations on the European continent; they developed great palaces and the writing known as Linear A and Linear B. On the island of Crete, the Mycenaeans rose to supremacy, and consequently the Aegeans are referred to as Mycenaeans. The significance of the Mycenaean culture was in its likeness to Homeric culture, as evidenced by the armor, weapons, and imagery found at the palace at Knossos. The 1600-1450 B.C. community, shown by grave artifacts, engaged in trade among Greece, Crete, and Troy. However upon invasion and various natural disasters the Mycenaeans plummeted into a dark age around 1450 B.C. This led to population shift to the Ionian Isles (215 Britannia). This collapse of civilization is still not completely explained. It has been speculated that Knossus and the other cities were overwhelmed by a volcanic eruption from the sea. The collapse, however, noted in Egyptian records, was compounded by drought, climate change, harvest failure, epidemic and civil unrest. The Dorians, a nomadic people, invaded around the end of the Dark Ages, 900 B.C. In the 5th century A.D., an early Greek historian, Thucydides, writes about the Trojan Wars. Thus, written history contains a 400-year gap consisting of a compilation of oral traditions claiming that the Dorian invasion was the war between Troy and Sparta, resulting in a return of Hercules' descendants. The Dorians were traditional enemies of the Ionians. (For further reading Britannia Macropedia) During the Archaic period (900B.C.) tensions created by war, economies, and religion influenced society. Trade expanded, the first Olympic Games began in 776 B.C., and gathering communities or Synoikismos developed in geographically secured regions atop alluvial plains surrounded by impassable mountains. Thucydides speculated that sanctuaries to the gods became monumentalized as early as the 8th century BC. In any case by 6th century, cultural figures such as Lycurgus, author of the Spartan constitution, and Solon of Athens, demonstrate a society that had moved beyond subsistence and was ordered enough for viable trade and economic stratification. The diversity of economics gave rise to tyrants as well during the 6th century. Thus the first laws attempting to structure society were the Draconian Laws of 621BC. These laws were harsh and savage. By 594 BC, the laws were replaced by Solon, the poet and statesman; his Laws were more forgiving of society and allowed the liberty of self-expression. Paramount to the birth of western philosophy were the conditions of the times. The cultivation of epistemology, as we will see, was a process of civilization's boom and bust cycles. During times of economic stability, conditions were prosperous enough to develop thought.

The Foundational Philosophers
Miletus, a Greek colonial port city, is home to Thales (624-545 B.C.). He is recognized as the first philosopher since the written and oral records of western philosophy can be traced to him. A summary of Thales contribution to philosophy suggested that all things are full of the Gods, but that by some nature or principle all things come into being. He evidences this by the magnet because it moves iron it must possess a soul. The arche or prime mover for Thales was water because the “seeds of everything have a moist nature.” Aristotle frames this in Metaphysics, “the first philosophers…of the nature of matter were the only principles of all things; that of which all things consist…the element and the principle of things, and therefore they think nothing is either generated or destroyed” (Metaphysics 983, 5-10) Although his argument is based on observation of the natural world, Thales plants the seed that develops into the quest for knowledge, scientific and divine. The concept that everything comes from an arche and thus returns to an arche is monism or belief in one substance. Next was Anaximander (610-540 B.C.) writes On Nature, of which only a few parts survive. “they give justice and reparation to one another for their injustice in accordance with the arrangement of things.” 19 Collectively his contribution was the universe originated from the apeiron or the boundless. Therefore the arche, or ultimate underlying substance, must be something other than the four elements of earth, fire, water, and air as if anyone was limitless it would destroy the other. Anaximander is laying the foundation for theology and the quest to identify the divine. Interestingly enough the next of the philosophers, the Ionian, Pythagoras was not even a mathematician. Rather he focuses on a doctrine of metempsychosis or belief that the soul is immortal. He believed the ordering of the natural world was in accordance with mathematic relationships and harmony. His teaching promoted a strict way of life including a strict vegetarian diet since his ideology incorporated that each human and animal soul is reborn. His successor Heraclitus agreed with the Milesians on the cyclic nature of stuff, but claimed the arche was fire and that the flux in nature allowed the contraries of hot and cold to change each element into each other. This applies to ideas as well for instance without strife there is no justice or without war there is no king. “on must realize that war is shared and “Conflict is Justice, and that all things come to pass (and are ordained?) in accordance with conflict.”(Longman) This harmony of conflict sustains the world under a law of process and opposition. Logos, or proportion as used in the common language of the Greeks, was the standard for all things. However, he also uses it in a more technical term in which logos is an underlying organizational principle of the universe…this principle, though is hidden and perceptible only to the intelligence.”(Peters) Therefore, Heraclitus is particularly important to the establishment of logos as a foundation in Stoicism, Christianity and epistemology because only through the journey to knowledge is the divine revealed. The Eleatic, Parmenides, 5th century physician, conceptualized the on or being is neither changeable nor divisible and cannot be created or destroyed. Further, he alludes to the dualistic nature of the cosmos in his Opinions. In this discussion he states the difference between that which is and that which cannot be as me on, or nonbeing. In epistemology it is only the being that can be named or identified. Therefore, there can be only one original being and everything else is illusory. Thus, everything is actual or perceived, likewise either true or false. His conclusions about being are highly contested by Plato. Anaxagoras (500-428 B.C.), a Milesian, moves, during the consolidation of intellectuals and power, to Athens. He concluded that nothing can come into being or perished. All things are ultimate realities of the four elements, taking the shape of the dominant element and creation was a mixture of elements stirred by nous, or father of all substances. Everything is as it is perceived, no fissure between appearances and reality. Most importantly he believes the mind does not mix with things because it is too fine, this separation constructs a foundation for mind and body dualism. Empedocles rejects monism. He claims rather forces love and strife coupled with the four elements is the motivation for existence. There exist divine gods that are immortal and powerful but they do not influence being. In conclusion, these pre-Socratic philosophers deposit the origin of uncertainty that develop into the study of epistemology. The pre-Socratics believed all things to be made of matter; in that only through reason of sense perceptions can knowledge be found. Heraclitus fostered this hypothesis, but subsequent philosophers moved towards a concept that everything was in flux.

The Germination of Epistemology
The next set of contemporaries impact the world of inquiry. They develop styles of writing and rhetoric that challenge the beliefs and authorities in civil society.

Democritus, the Atomist wrote over fifty works that were destroyed by Christians in the 4th century A.D. Democritus expanded the Parmenidean concept of the atomon, or an indestructible, indivisible material of one true substance into a complex mixture of atoms that collide and adhere to each. Democritus and Leucippus hypothesized that there exists either a void of non-being or spatially full of being. In other words, nothing happens randomly rather it is structured by three differences in atoms and their attraction to each other. This is shape being rhythm, order being contact, and mode being position. These constructs are known by senses. Size and shape of the perceptible world is only perceived by senses and are thus named out of convention, or nomos.

This concept of nomos gives foundation to the Sophists’ argument between convention and nature. Sophia meaning wisdom was what the Sophist sought. Chrysippus believed the four virtues--temperance, courage, justice, and wisdom--were naturally occurring and not a convention. Virtue or arete was the means by which happiness was to be found. Protagoras, the most famous of the Sophists, stressed while keeping the appearance of virtue, one may use four types of speech (wishing, asking, answering, and commanding) in the power of persuasion. Unfortunately, this approach was misconstrued as a means for financial gain and helped to discredit the moral objective of the Sophist. Protagoras states, “man is the measure of all things”; by this he analyzes everything humans perceive makes the only reality like Plato's cave, in accordance with sense perception and convention. The Sophist contribution was to engage the question of justice, or dike, dikaiosyne, in an ethical or moral debate. Hence, the Sophist may be considered the first to raise the epistemological question how much of what we think we know about nature is objective and how much is human convention.

The greatest influence on Plato will be Socrates. Wisdom is the cardinal virtue. In practice the Socratic Method is based on conceptualizing that understanding your knowledge is limited. This understanding creates the ground for an endless search for knowledge and in turn brings people to self realization. In the Phaedo (96b), Socrates distinctions two types of knowledge, opinions and truths. In this quest for knowledge, Justice is the underlying faculty for all subsequent exploration.

Plato in his quest for justice inadvertently structures the path to truth and knowledge. His main goal was ethics, but from this search develops epistemology. Plato’s first argument in epistemology is made between true belief and knowledge. “You argue that a man cannot inquire either about that which he knows, or about that which he does not know; for if he knows, he has no need to inquire; and if not, he cannot; for he does not know the very subject about which he is to inquire.”(Meno 80e) Plato uses a theory of recollection (anamnesis) to build on Pythagorean theory of rebirth. He poses knowledge is innate in “then it must, surely have been before we began to see and hear and use the other senses that we got knowledge of the equal itself, of what it is, if we were going to refer to the equals from our sense-perceptions.” (Phaedo 75b-76) In other words, these innate ideas Plato refers to are ideas that found their way in a mind without the mind needing to experience anything. Furthermore, he argues that not everything is known through the senses, “Well, but we ourselves are part body and part soul…then soul is more similar than body to the invisible, whereas body is more similar to that which is seen.” (Phaedo 79b) Another discussion between the opinion and truth, “so wouldn’t we be right to describe the difference between their mental states by saying that while this person has knowledge, the other one has beliefs?” (Republic 476d)

Philosophers have argued for and against the existence and/or possibility of innate ideas for ages. Those that reject innate ideas are most commonly empiricists; rationalists are the most common adherents. For an idea to be innate, it had to exist forever or be “implanted” somehow after the birth of a mind. Gottfried Leibniz held an extreme position on innate ideas, arguing that they were the only ideas in existence. This belief stemmed from his belief that simple substances (out of which everything is made) cannot be influenced by the environment; they have “no windows” through which they could be influenced by neighboring substances. Since minds are made of simple substances (which he called monads), they also can not be influenced by the environment; they cannot “experience” anything from the outside. This means that all the ideas that a mind has are innate. Leibniz argued that innate ideas (which may be more accurately called "perceptions" in Leibniz's terms) existed from the beginning of time, when God set them in motion. We can perceive things going on outside us only because God designed us to have accurate ideas about things going on in the universe at the same time that those things are actually going on. This connection between the ideas/perceptions of our minds and what's actually going on outside us is made possible by the pre-established harmony between them, which God set up in the beginning.

In his allegory of the cave, Plato explains “The point is that once you become acclimatized, you’ll see infinitely better than the others there; your experience of genuine right, morality, and goodness will enable you to identify every one of the images and recognize what it is an image of.” Moral leadership is discussed here. For Plato, justice and civic morality was his goal. To explain he uses the Diagram of the Line. What grounds Plato’s forms is ethics by the eide this was a reality beyond human sensibility that was beyond the flux of the cosmos. In the Timaeus he constructs that the world had a creator “In virtue of this reasoning when he framed the universe, he fashioned reason within soul and soul within body, to the end that the work he accomplished might be by nature as excellent and perfect as possible…that this world came to be, by the god’s providence, in very truth a living creature with soul and reason.” (Timaeus 30B-C) “The soul, then, as being immortal, and having been born again many times, and having seen all things that exist, whether in this world or in the world below, has knowledge of them all; and it is no wonder that she should be able to call to remembrance all that she ever knew about virtue and about everything” (Meno 81c) Soul is the bridge between the two realms of being and becoming. Below diagrams the connections to civil society as Plato tries to create in the Republic. Three faculties the Tripartite:
 * Soul-faculties
 * Polis-classes
 * Ethics-values
 * Leaders-wisdom-rational
 * Warriors-courage-spiritual
 * Artisans-self discipline-appetitive

Together they make justice or utilitarianism as the goal to maximize happiness. Consequently, the foundations to feudalism are diagrammed in The Great Chain which represents a moral order. Plato’s dialectic style of writing differs from rhetoric, as the approach is to enlighten, rather than persuasive. For him the end product or telos is the structuring of an ethical city of virtue, Plato conceived a hierarchal structure in which the nous or intellect was the supreme reality or form. The above arguments of how we come to know what we know are the historical birth to epistemology.

The Branching of Epistemology
Aristotle was a student of Plato for twenty years. He became the teacher of Alexander the Great, whose conquest introduces many new ideologies in Greece. Aristotle establishes his school the Lyceum in Athens where the focus is on biological studies. In that he becomes the father of categorical logic, in which science classifies stuff into taxonomies. This process requires rigorous and disciplined study to place things where they belong. Therefore, Aristotle disregards Plato’s Forms for Essences. His observation of natural things suggest that they perform the function and have the potential to change and thus only by intellect can one distinguish between reality and things of convention or belief. Consequently, he concludes that something’s are self evident. He observes through language man reflects the world in terms of subjects and predicates. The problem is self-awareness by accident or indispensable and key to understanding. For Aristotle reason was the way to self- knowledge, movement was caused by a first principle and thus our capacity to actuate. Aristotle bridges the gap between potentiality and actuality through nature. As with other sciences he treats knowledge as an organized body of thought in which it has its own taxonomy. In Metaphysics 1025b-1026a, he first divides Episteme into three groups. The first two are praktike, or action, as in how we make a choice, poietike or techne, meaning an applied science, or practical application of skill. The last, theoretike is again divided into three categories, mathematike, physike, and theologike. These will inquire on the divine, nature, and mathematical sciences. Consequently, it is Aristotle that broadens the branches of epistemology.

Change in direction of Epistemology
Following the death of Alexander the Great, society is thrust into a power vacuum. Three philosophies, Epicureanism, Stoicism, and Skepticism try to cope with the civil despair. Their individual goals are similar to the above philosophers in that happiness is the ultimate goal. Although virtue is still the foundation for hedonism, from hedone the Greek word meaning pleasure, the conceptualization was a misinterpretation of the philosophy and later will cause persecution and perversion of the term. Consequently, individual happiness takes precedent over community, western civilization to reverts to rampant superstition, chaos and religious fundamentalism.

Epistemology after the Middle Ages
John Locke (England 1632-1704) is to be equally credited and blamed with the idea that the issues of theory of knowledge of first philosophy, must come first in philosophy, although this became clear with Descartes Cartesian method. Basically “unless we are clear about our capacities for gaining knowledge, we are likely to waste our time in controversies over matters that are beyond our grasp and end in confusion.” Locke’s goal was not lofty it was simply to clear out some of the garbage (misconceptions and absurdities) that had accumulated on the grounds of philosophy. To this end he set about discerning how our minds work, and from where the contense of our mind comes for the purpose of mitigating disputes weather religious or political. In short, how do we think and from where do our ideas come. To quote Locke himself “It is ambitious enough to be employed as an underlabourer in clearing the ground a little, and removing some of the rubbish which lies in the way to knowledge.” It is clear from these quotations (as well as from his works) that he had a conservative opinion of the capacities of human understanding, and that there are some things that we are incapable of understanding.

Kant says
A Priori Concepts: Most empiricists argue that concepts are derived from sensory stimulant and thus there can be no concept without the corresponding sensory stimulus, and it is through this stimulus that the meanings  of the concepts are given to the observer. Kant argued that this was absurd, because he argued that through the experience itself the concept could be conveyed; the grounds for understanding the concept are in the experience itself. The mere sensation of something can not contain concepts, the concepts can not be formed until the sensation is transformed into "mental action." In the concept lies the understanding of said concept ... it is like once you put the concept into thoughts then it becomes understood correctly.

Transcendental idealism: In his Critique of Practical Reason Kant says, "all objects that can be given to us can be conceptualized in two ways: on the one hand, as appearances; on the other hand, and things themselves." This means that we have knowledge of appearances, not how things are in themselves. Kant also says that these categories can be applied to "phenomena" but not to "noumena."

Phenomena and Noumena: Kant says that "phenomena" are objects that are possible experience; essentially the stuff we can experience, the world around us. "Noumena" are objects that are knowable through thought alone, and it therefore doesn't make sense to describe them as experiences. Keep in mind that Kant also say that Noumena are to be used only negatively, this means that it is there only to designate the limit of knowledge. Break it down like this ... Phenomena are the world of the sense, and the noumena are the world of our understanding.

Conclusion
Epistemology grew out of a social concern relative to the environment and conflict surrounding communities, although Greece was at its high culture, structure within society allowed the liberty of thought. The root of epistemology is in the minutest aspects of our very existence. The very genesis of how reality is constructed, has given rise to conventions for expressing our origin and the forms in which we give name to. Thus sprouts a critical reflection regarding the source and essence of the body superimposing with our natural surroundings. This process of potentiality to actuality births the metaphysical root of epistemology. Clearly the Pre-Socratics planted these questions, but it was Plato, schooled by Socrates civic virtue, that turns his quest to establish a moral society into a theological concept. Since Plato’s epistemology evolved from the exploration of the apparent, imagined, and the recalled. Thus the character of awareness and how we acquire knowledge say without experience, prior, as opposed through the senses, posterior, expands the subject of epistemology.

In turn, his student, Aristotle, lays the foundations for epistemology as a model discipline that will incorporate the practical application of science and the work ethic required for thought to be based in the real as opposed to the belief. Altogether, the goal of early philosophy was to seek a virtuous society that could live harmoniously for the ultimate tranquility of each individual within a community.

Questions

 * 1) Why is the historical setting important to the development of epistemology?
 * 2) What contribution does Heraclitus make to epistemology?
 * 3) Why is sense perception a controversial subject relative to the concepts of epistemology?
 * 4) How does Parmenides poem influence the division with in the question of knowledge?
 * 5) How do Plato’s Diagram of the Line and The Allegory of the Cave demonstrate the difference between opinion and truth?
 * 6) What bridges the two realms of being and becoming as described in the above scenarios?
 * 7) How is the arche interpreted by the Pre-Socratics, Sophist, and Plato?

John Locke: Main Works (Publication Dates)
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

Treatises on Government (1690)

Thoughts on Education (1693)

Letter Concerning Toleration (1689)

Greek Vocabulary
(Familiarize with these terms as used then.)

Aisthesis, Anamnesis, Apeiron, Arche, Arete, Doxa, Eide, Episteme, Logos, Nous, Praktike, Psyche, Rhoe, Skepsis, Sophia, Techne, Telos, Theoretike

Epistemology Related Terms
First Philosophy: Epistemology

Epistemology: from ancient Greek “episteme” or “Knowledge,” a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, how it is acquired, and whether true knowledge is possible.

Experience: Sensation and Reflection

Sensation: Knowledge about external stuff based on our senses

Reflection: Perceiving, thinking, doubting, believing, reasoning, knowing, willing etc.

Substance: Something we know not what

Modes: Accidents or incidental properties

Power: Disposition to affect other things

Links
http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/mirror/classics.mit.edu/Plato/phaedo.html

http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/mirror/classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/metaphysics.html

http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/mirror/classics.mit.edu/Plato/meno.html

http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.html http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.html http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.html

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/resolveform

http://radicalacademy.com/phillocke.htm

http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/lock.htm

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/


text:
Talk:Derek Boateng

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title: Talk:Derek Boateng


text:
Clear Creek (Little Colorado River tributary)

Clear Creek drains the Mogollon Rim area of the state of Arizona. It flows through the Navajo Nation to Clear Creek Reservoir in Winslow, Arizona, and then to its confluence with the Little Colorado River. East Clear Creek is a tributary.

Dammed in the 1930s, the reservoir and canyon afford various recreational opportunities, including fishing, swimming, boating, cliff diving, and rock climbing.


text:
Adg

Adg (, also Romanized as Adk) is a village in Fazl Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 457, in 134 families.

title: Adg


text:
Nenad Zivkovic (footballer, born 2002)

Nenad Zivkovic (born 19 March 2002) is a Swiss footballer who plays as a forward for Luzern U21 in the Swiss 1. Liga.

Club career
Zivkovic made his professional debut with Luzern in a 2–1 Swiss Super League win over FC Zürich on 31 July 2020.

title: Nenad Zivkovic (footballer, born 2002)


text:
Salix acmophylla

Salix acmophylla, also known as brook willow, is a willow native to central Asia, the Middle East and Egypt.

title: Salix acmophylla


text:
Talk:Dev Virahsawmy

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:07, 28 May 2020 (UTC)
 * 1970 MMM Dev Virahsawmy.png

title: Talk:Dev Virahsawmy


text:
Storyboard Artwork Project/ArtRage2

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #ffffa0; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" | Using ArtRage 2 to draw thumbnail storyboards

 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="4" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="4" |

Storyboarding with ArtRage2 Free

A simple but challenging program

 * Simply wonderful
 * ArtRage Free is a wonderful program. The free version is absolutely free, fully working, and extremely easy to use.  I highly recommend that you download this program.

 * Simple
 * It takes only 2 seconds to understand how to paint using this program since it one of the easiest programs to learn.

 * Fun
 * While the free version does not have as many features as the full version, it is great fun to use. That is because it simulates real artist tools.

 * Skill required
 * Yet, the program is challenging. When you want to draw thumbnail storyboards, it can take you a long time to figure out how to get your storyboards to look good… or even just acceptable.  Specially if you are not a skilled artist.

 * The tutorial
 * To help you get started specially if you are not a skilled artist, I have created this tutorial to help get you started.

 * NEW
 * Start by creating a NEW page. When the dialog box comes up, select a frame size of 640 by 360 pixels.  Because of the way that ArtRage2 works, it is easier to draw on a large page than a small page.

 * Night time background
 * Then select a background color for the storyboard frame. Our movie takes place at night so, to give a night feel to the storyboards, I want a slightly blue background.

 * The set of tools
 * Here is the pallet for the art tools of ArtRage 2. When you get the free version, some of the tools are disabled.  The disabled tools are usually the more advanced tools.  All of the basic tools work in the free version.

 * Chalk
 * To begin, I select the chalk tool and set it as large as possible which is 100%. Note: This size of the piece of chalk stays fixed while I draw.  When I set the chalk tool to 100%, it stays at 100% the entire time that I use the tool.  When I press down harder on my pen tablet, the amount of chalk added increases but the diameter of the chalk always remains the same.

.

Using the color picker, I select a color for the face of the character.

 * Color Picker
 * The color picker is simple. You select the basic shade on the left and then adjust the brightness in the tiny verticle bar on the right.  The shade that you pick appears in the lower right corner of the tool.

.

 * Begin drawing
 * I begin to draw the face by adding chalk for the face. I use circular motion to increase the face until the blob of chalk reaches the correct size.

.

 * Create the face
 * Quickly, I get a nice round face. The size of the face depends on how I think the shot should be composed.

.

Next I select black.

.

Then I go all around the face to get an outline.

.

Next, I create the eyes so to get white, I click in the white part of the bar at the right.

.

I use the crayon which is set to 20% wide.

.

I paint the eyes white.

.

 * Black detail
 * Then I select the felt tip brush which is about 30% in size and draw the eyes and the body.

.

I switch to black.

.

And I paint the center of the eyes.

.

Then I draw the body. Now everything is done but the hair.

.

Then I select brown.

.

I use the crayon which is set to 20% wide.

.

Finally the figure is finished.

.

 * SAVE and EXPORT
 * I must save the painting. Also I must export the painting as a JPEG files.  This is not automatic with ArtRage 2.

The Unformatted Movie Script "Seduced by the Dark Side!"
 * style="width: 40%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 400px;" |

EXTERIOR - The local movie theater - NIGHT

(1) The Young Person and Old Person stand looking at the movie poster outside the theater.

The "Dancing Fairies" music begins to play. Slowly dolly in as music builds. A smile begins to form on the young persons face. Cut to the poster and dolly in slowly. The "Dancing Fairies" music morphs into the Star Wars theme.

(2) Young Person: "That was a great movie..." Cut to a side view as the Star Wars music begins to fade to street noise.

(3) Young Person (contined): "but I do not understand one thing." The young person;s head turns to the older person.

(4) Old Person: "What's that?" Wide angle shot to show emotional distance between the two characters.

(5) Young Person: "How can anyone be seduced by the Dark Side?" Immediately a dark cord plays.

(6) The old person thinks for a while. Old Person: "Humm!" Thinking very slowly. Music: The music starts with "thinking music" and then morphs into to "fairie music". Finally, the music comes to a sharp halt.

(7a) Old Person: "What computer do you..."

(7b) Old Person(off camera): "... have at home?" Cut in mid sentence to see the young person's anticipation.

(8) Young Person (eagerly): "A Macintosh!" The young person's face lights up with excitement.

(9) Old Person: "But what computer does your father use at work?" Military music for thoughts of father.

(10) The young person thinks for a moment. Young Person: "Humm!" Music: The music starts as thinking music and shifts to fairy music and then ends with the Star Wars theme.

(11) Young Person (amazed and excited): "Seduced by the Dark Side!" Full Star Wars theme

(12) The Old Person smiles. Old Person: "Ahh!" The face lights with a knowing smile as the fairy music starts again.

(13) Old Person and the Young Person walk toward home together. Lock the camera for a matte painting.

The camera remains locked. When the matte painting is added, the shot will look like this:

(14) Fade to Black.

 * The End

 * style="width: 60%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 200px;" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 200px;" |

Using a mouse?
Using my wireless mouse instead of my Wacom table, my storyboard artwork looks like this.

The image quality is not too bad but it sure feels uncomfortable when drawing.

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 200px;" |
 * style="width: 40%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 200px;" |

The Secret Tool of ArtRage 2

 * Undo
 * One tool not mentioned enough in ArtRage2 is the Undo command. Keep your fingers ready to undo at all times.  There is even multiple levels of undo.  This command will rescue you more times than you can imaging.  Try it.

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: Yellow; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 200px;" |
 * style="width: 40%; background-color: Yellow; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 200px;" |

It is free!

 * Download today
 * Download ArtRage 2 Free today. Try it.  If you really like it, try doing the lesson where you must draw the poster for Star Wars.  ArtRage is the ideal tool for this.  And the poster is a wonderful excuse for you to relaz and draw for an hour or two.

 * }

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: White; border: 1px solid White; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: pink; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 400px;" |

The Finished Drawing

 * Size Reduction
 * Finally, I use another program to reduce the size to 160 by 90 pixels. In my case, I took the JPEG picture which I exported from ArtRage 2 Free and imported it into iPhoto.  Inside iPhoto, I simply exported the picture with the image size of 160 by 90 pixels in the JPEG format.  This gives me a very simple thumbnail storyboard frame which takes very little memory on the WikiU Film School website.

 * Talent helps
 * As you can see, I don't have much artistic talent. But I have enough to show you how I want to film my movie.  Also, more importantly, this rough storyboard shows me if my series of shots will work together.  Look at the final thumbnail storyboard to the right.

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The next lesson

 * Once you have quickly created your thumbnail storyboards, you can begin the course on 3D Storyboarding. [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]]

 * }

title: Storyboard Artwork Project/ArtRage2


text:
Category:Presumed GFDL images

This category lists pages that have been tagged with GFDL-presumed, meaning that a contributor in good faith believes the orginal uploader of this media intended to release it under the GFDL license. The category is for legacy images and should not be useed for images uploaded after November 2006. __NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Presumed GFDL images


text:
Tedis Ukraine

Tedis Ukraine (Тедіс-Україна), earlier Metropolis Ukraine (Мегаполіс-Україна), is the Ukrainian largest tobacco and related products distributor. In 2013-2015, it was de facto monopoly on Ukrainian tobacco market with 99% share of it; in 2020, its share decreased to less than 75%.

History
Metropolis Ukraine was founded in 2010 as a subsidiary of the Russian company Megapolis, owned by Russian businessman Igor Kesaev, after he purchased two largest tobacco companies of West Ukraine. In 2010, Metropolis Ukraine controlled 50% of the Ukrainian tobacco market.

In 2012-2013, international tobacco companies Philip Morris International, Japan Tobacco International, Imperial Tobacco and British American Tobacco switched from independent distribution in Ukraine to the distribution via Megapolis-Ukraine. These four companies produce 90% of cigarettes in Ukraine. Megapolis Ukraine purchased main other tobacco distributors of Ukraine and became de facto monopoly that controls more than 99% of the Ukrainian tobacco market.

In 2014, after annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Russian companies in Ukraine, including Metropolis Ukraine, faced problems. In 2015, Kesaev's representatives announced that he had quit Ukrainian business. At the end of 2015, a part of Megapolis Ukraine was sold to Boris Kaufman, a businessman from Odesa.

In 2016, there was a scandal with Metropolis Ukraine, because Degtyaryov Plant, also owned by Kesaev, allegedly supplied weapons to the separatists in the War in Donbass. The warehouses of Megapolis Ukraine in six cities were blocked by activists. The company management claimed that Russian shareholders withdrew from it. After the scandal, the company changed its name to Tedis Ukraine.

Anti-Monopoly litigation
In 2017, Anti-Monopoly Committee of Ukraine (AMC) accused Tedis Ukraine of monopolizing the Ukrainian tobacco market. Tax evasion and terrorist financing have also been claimed. According to Prosecutor General of Ukraine Yuriy Lutsenko, in 2015—2017 there were 2.5 billion hryvnias that were transferred from Ukraine into Russia through several companies, including Tedis Ukraine, and “some of them were used to fund the terrorist organizations LPR and DPR."

In 2017, Tedis Ukraine was fined 300 million hryvnias after the court proceedings initiated by AMC, and in 2019 it was fined 3,4 billion hryvnias more. AMC announced its intention to forcefully split the company, but in December 2019 AMC lost the court with the company.

On February 2, 2021, the Supreme Court of Ukraine satisfied the claim of Tedis Ukraine and canceled the decision of the AMC in 2019 on the fine of Tedis Ukraine in the amount of ₴3.4 billion.

Description
Tedis Ukraine is the Ukrainian distributor of international companies Philip Morris International, Japan Tobacco International, Imperial Tobacco and British American Tobacco, which make 99% of their sales in Ukraine through Tedis Ukraine. The purchased tobacco products are resold to 40-50 wholesale companies and 80,000 retail companies.

As of 2020, Tedis Ukraine had 35 regional branches with 2,500 employees. In 2016 it paid 9 billion hryvnias in taxes, becoming one of the five largest taxpayers of Ukraine. In 2013, Megapolis Ukraine's revenue was 27.5 billion hryvnia, and it ranked fifth in the Forbes Ukraine 200 largest companies of Ukraine.

As of 2017, among the owners of Tedis Ukraine were Boris Kaufman (47.22%), as well as British citizens Richard Duxbury (23.51%) and Richard Dorian Fenhalls.

title: Tedis Ukraine


text:
Victor Jovica

Victor Jovica (born November 26, 1945) is a Croatian-born Puerto Rican semi-retired professional wrestler, and promoter. Along with Carlos Colón, he is the co-founder and promoter of Capitol Sports Promotions, now known as the World Wrestling Council (WWC), which, since the 1970s, has been one of the dominant promotions on the island of Puerto Rico.

Professional wrestling career
Jovica made his professional wrestling debut in 1971, working primarily in the Canadian Stampede Wrestling promotion. By 1974 he had relocated to Puerto Rico where he, along with Carlos Colón and Víctor Quiñones, founded Capitol Sports Promotions (later renamed World Wrestling Council; WWC). In December 1976, Jovica and tag team partner Hercules Ayala won the NWA North American Tag Team Championship (Puerto Rico/WWC version) from Heigo Hamaguchi and Gordon Nelson. They held it for 21 days before losing it to Los Super Médicos (Super Médico I and Super Médico II). In November 1977, Jovica won the North American tag Team Championship for a second time, this time teaming up with Carlos Colón to defeat The Wild Samoans (Afa and Sika). Just over a month later they team were defeated by the Hollywood Blonds ("Dynamite" Jack Evans and "Pretty Boy" Larry Sharpe. On February 8, 1983, Jovica appeared to have defeated Ric Flair to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, being announced as the champion after the match. Three days later the NWA Championship commission announced that the title change had been over turned as they declared that Jovica has his feet on the rope during the pin and thus Jovica was never officially a champion. This was a common tactic used in the days when the NWA champion was a traveling champion, allowing the local contender to look good, send the fans home happy and then allow the recognized champion to continue to tour. By the 1990s Jovica wrestled less and less, focusing on the promotional aspects of wrestling instead, appearing as part of storylines, especially a long running feud over control of the WWC.

Championships and accomplishments

 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time, unrecognized)
 * World Wrestling Council
 * Trinidad and Tobago Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Gama Singh
 * WWC North American Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Hercules Ayala (1) and Carlos Colón (1)

title: Victor Jovica


text:
Real Vicenza VS

Real Vicenza V.S. is an Italian football club based in Vicenza, Veneto region. The club concentrated in youth football since the 2015–16 season.

Foundation
The club was founded in 2010 after the merger of the teams Leodari Sole, Cavazzale and Real Vicenza-Laghetto.

Serie D
At the end of the 2011–12 season, the team was promoted from Eccellenza Veneto/A to Serie D after playoffs.

Lega Pro
After only one season in the Girone C of the Serie D league, ended in fifth place, Real Vicenza opted to apply for repechage to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione, the bottom level of Italian professional football, to fill any potential vacancies. The application was accepted on 5 August 2013, and Real Vicenza was successfully admitted into Lega Pro Seconda Divisione, with only one tier behind the historical main local club Vicenza (who were relegated to Lega Pro Prima Divisione on the same season). In the 2013–14 season, a transitional one from a two-tier to a single-tier Lega Pro system, Real Vicenza managed to ensure a place for the inaugural season of the unified third division, the 2014–15 Lega Pro.

The club voluntarily withdrew from the Lega Pro by the end of the season, citing the lack of fanbase and support from the city of Vicenza as the main reasons, becoming a youth-only football team ever since.

Colours and badge
The team's colours are white and red.

Honours

 * Coppa Italia Veneto:
 * Winner (1): 2011–12

title: Real Vicenza VS


text:
double space

Verb

 * 1)  To format (a document) so that every other line is left blank, leaving sufficient whitespace for annotation (e.g. a teacher's corrections).

title: double space


text:
Bukit Kayu Hitam

Bukit Kayu Hitam is a small town in Kubang Pasu District, Kedah, Malaysia. It is situated near the Malaysia–Thailand border and the main and busiest road border crossing between Malaysia and Thailand is located here. On the Thai side of the border is the village of Ban Danok, where the Sadao checkpoint is located.

Transportation
Bukit Kayu Hitam is the northern end of the North–South Expressway and Malaysia Federal Route 1 which runs the entire length of Peninsula Malaysia from Johor Bahru, Johor in the south where the border crossing to Singapore is located. The road is connected to Thailand's Route 4 or Phetkasem Road which goes all the way to Bangkok.

Bukit Kayu Hitam is 476 km north of Kuala Lumpur and 48 km north of Alor Setar, the capital of Kedah. The nearest town is Changlun about 8 km to the south.

Border crossing
The Bukit Kayu Hitam customs, immigration, quarantine and security (ICQS) checkpoint lies about 800m south of the actual border. The Thai ICQS checkpoint is located immediately north of the border in the town of Danok.

The new checkpoint complex is an expansion of the older complex and was fully opened on 1 November 2017. The new complex has enhanced facilities both light and heavy vehicles such as drive-through immigration and customs lanes. New facilities for heavy or cargo vehicles include double security inspection lanes and enforcement application including cargo scanning machines, weighbridge, cold room and quarantine facilities for livestock and plants. The renovation was carried out by construction company Northern Gateway Infrastructure Sdn Bhd at a cost of RM425 million.

The checkpoint operates daily between 6.00 am and 12.00 midnight (5.00 am and 11.00 pm Thai Standard Time) for light vehicles. Since 18 June 2019, the checkpoint has been operating 24 hours for cargo vehicles on a three-month trial.

Midway between the Malaysia and Thai checkpoint is the duty-free shopping complex called The Zon Duty Free Complex. People from Malaysia are allowed to pass through the ICQS checkpoint to reach the duty-free shopping complex without going through immigration formalities. However, they are not allowed to purchase anything duty-free items and any items found will be subjected to tax. The Black Forest Golf dan Country Club is located behind the duty-free shopping centre.

There is also an army post between the duty-free shopping complex and actual border where passports and other travel documents may be checked.

title: Bukit Kayu Hitam


text:
Talk:European Research Infrastructure Consortium

Citation of EMMRI project: The citation (currently [4]) to the EMMRI project as "high-level school" or in direct reference to ERIC is misleading. EMMRI is a Coordination and Support Action funded under the Horizon 2020 Research Infrastructures programme. It's aim is to establish an international "executive master" programme for the management of research infrastructures _in general_, not only dedicated towards ERIC consortia (see http://emmri.unimib.it/en/). Please review the citation accordingly. - MH