text:
2004 OFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament

The 2004 OFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament was an association football tournament used two determine the Oceanian participant to compete at the 2004 Summer Olympics. It was held at Govind Park in Ba, Fiji, from March 2–6, 2004. It was the first edition of the OFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament (with previous competitions using FIFA Women's World Cup performances for qualification). Three nations participated.

Tournament
Times listed are UTC+12.

Goalscorers

 * 4 goals
 * 🇦🇺 Kate Gill
 * 🇦🇺 April Mann

 * 3 goals
 * 🇦🇺 Lana Harch

 * 2 goals
 * 🇦🇺 Lisa De Vanna

 * 1 goal
 * 🇦🇺 Gillian Foster
 * 🇦🇺 Selin Kuralay
 * 🇦🇺 Joanne Peters
 * 🇦🇺 Sarah Walsh
 * 🇵🇬 Tokoe Norrie
 * 🇵🇬 Nellie Taman


text:
Filipe Canelas

Filipe Canelas (born 14 October 1966 in Elvas, Portugal) is a Portuguese dressage rider. He competed at the 2014 World Equestrian Games and three European Dressage Championships (in 2013, 2015 and 2021). He competed aboard Der Clou (2013 through 2015), and Fortuna (2021).

His best championships results were achieved at the 2021 European Dressage Championships, where he placed 10th with the Portuguese team and 35th individually.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Filipe Canelas


text:
عيدكم مبارك

Phrase

 * 1) Eid Mubarak; happy Eid (literally, "your Eid is blessed" or "may your Eid be blessed")

title: عيدكم مبارك


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/masoodkhalili.com

Links

 * masoodkhalili.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 3 additions.


text:
Nino Gorissen

Nino Pierre Gorissen (born 31 December 1997) is a Dutch professional basketball player as captain for the Den Helder Suns. He is the shortest player to ever play in the BNXT League being 1.75 m tall. He formerly played for BAL Weert in the now replaced DBL.

Professional career
Gorissen started playing basketball at the age of 6 when he joined the Landslake Lions. He would continue playing there until the age of 15 when he moved to Bolwerk Waterland which was collaborating with the Landslake Lions at the time. He would however return to the Landslake Lions in 2015 where he played in the Promotiedivisie for two years. Afterwards in 2017 Gorissen moved to BAL Weert. He made his Dutch Basketball League (DBL) debut on 8 October 2017 in a 96–80 loss against Aris Leeuwarden scoring 6 points and stealing the ball 3 times. In 2018 he became the shortest person ever to be selected for the DBL All-Rookie Team. On 20 June 2019, Gorissen joined the Den Helder Suns where as of the 2022-2023 season he is still playing.

Junior national team
Gorissen played for the Netherlands during the 2017 FIBA U20 European Championship Division B. They ended up at 10th place.

title: Nino Gorissen


text:
Talk:Organic Chemistry/Overview of Functional Groups

Needs a lot of work this does - formatting? style?

WikiCommons: Upload File Page:. I did not understand what to type in license field for an image I created. (Moadeeb (talk) 18:36, 21 May 2010 (UTC)).

Request for a legend: To somebody who knows exactly how functional groups work: Please Provide a Legend that specifies what the R and what the X represent in the formulas and structures. Thank you.


text:
Muay

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  The sport of Muay Thai.
 * 2) * Countries and Territories of the World (page 659)
 * ”Muay” is also one of the subjects taught in the temples.

title: Muay


text:
Talk:Royal Canadian Marine Search and Rescue

Government agency?
This is described as a volunteer service. How can it be a government service? Ottawahitech (talk) 06:53, 11 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Electronics/LR

LR Circuits
An LR circuit has an inductor and a resistor.

When the circuit is turned on the inductor will initially oppose the flow of electrons and no current will flow. Over time the inductor will stop opposing the current and will act as a short allowing current to flow unhindered.

Once the current is shut off the inductor will oppose the decrease in current. This only happens if there is a resistor to bleed off the current.

title: Electronics/LR


text:
Talk:Timeline of Saint-Louis, Senegal

Year of establishment/construction in Saint-Louis?
-- M2545 (talk) 11:09, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Stade de Linguère (stadium)

title: Talk:Timeline of Saint-Louis, Senegal


text:
Xenomorph (geology)

In geology, a xenomorph or allotriomorph is a mineral that did not develop its otherwise typical external crystal form because of late crystallization between earlier formed crystals. Xenomorphs are typical of matrix minerals in rapidly crystallizing volcanic lavas and shallow igneous intrusions. It is also typical of the interstitial or cementing minerals formed during the diagenesis of sedimentary rocks. The opposite is an idiomorph in which the external form is controlled only by the internal crystal structure.

title: Xenomorph (geology)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bizequity

The result was delete. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 20:01, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Bizequity

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No demonstration of notability. Struggling to find enough independent in-depth coverage in reliable sources - lack of WP:SIGCOV. Fails WP:CORPDEPTH. Run-of-the-mill company. Promotional article, created by a WP:SPA. Edwardx (talk) 10:13, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions.  M assiveYR   ♠  10:32, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Pennsylvania-related deletion discussions.  M assiveYR   ♠  10:32, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Computing-related deletion discussions. ʍaɦʋɛօtʍ (talk) 10:34, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Internet-related deletion discussions. ʍaɦʋɛօtʍ (talk) 10:34, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 16:35, 26 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete No indications of notability, fails GNG. Entirely promotional. References fail WP:CORPDEPTH and/or WP:ORGIND and fail the criteria for establishing notability. -- HighKing ++ 13:08, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete Fails WP:GNG and WP:CORPDEPTH.Pharaoh of the Wizards (talk) 19:38, 3 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
Royal Eagles F.C.

Royal Eagles were a South African football club based in Maritzburg, KwaZulu Natal that played in the National First Division.

They were formed after Shauwn and Sbu Mpisane bought Sivutsa Stars and relocated the club to Durban.

title: Royal Eagles F.C.


text:
astat

Noun

 * 1) astatine (the chemical element)

Noun

 * 1) astatine (element)

Noun

 * 1) astatine chemical element

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  astatine chemical element

Noun

 * 1) estate; rank

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to be on time
 * 2) to have time

Etymology
From, akin to astasi, "astasia".

Noun

 * 1) astatine (the chemical element)

Etymology
From, akin to astasi, "astasia".

Noun

 * 1) astatine (the chemical element)

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) astatine

Noun

 * 1) astatine

Noun

 * 1) astatine

Noun

 * 1) astatine (the chemical element)

title: astat


text:
User:Guruultimate

Guruultimate is just the social media user name for Abhishek Gupta ( The Sheer Man ), Gupta is professionaly trying to become a good lawyer, apart from this Gupta is a Human Analyst, also Gupta has much knowledge about human psychology.

title: User:Guruultimate


text:
Talk:Lulach

Alpin or Moray
He is listed in the article as being the last of the House of Alpin but in the Kings of Scots page he is listed as being in the House of Moray can whoever wrote the article please clear this up? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 21:47, 19 March 2006

 * Removed the offending sentence: Either Lulach wasn't of the line of the "mac Alpin" kings at all (his descent from the eponymous ancestor passed through the female line, his mother being the daughter of a grandson of Cinaed mac Maíl Choluim) or he wasn't the last one (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, and indeed Kings John, Robert I and Robert II, being as much, or as little, "mac Alpins" as Lulach). Angus McLellan (Talk) 22:13, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lulach


text:
Σεμέλη

Etymology

 * From the ancient Greek words, because she was shaking when she saw Zeus coming to her as fire.
 * Otherwise from a, continuing , thus an Earth Goddess. See also 🇨🇬 and , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and.

Proper noun

 * 1) Semele

title: Σεμέλη


text:
User:ArrowStomper

My name is Aaron Brannon and I can be contacted at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
I am currently trying to learn Python and have noticed that the books take about a page to explain something that should take one paragraph. I also do not like the order in which the books are written. I am going to write lessons for Python from the books as I learn, but I'm going to try to put everything in logical order and be much more concise.

I also have an interest in psychology and am going to read the work in those classes, although I don't believe I will be creating any classes there because of my lack of knowledge on the subject and my time being spent writing the Python class.

title: User:ArrowStomper


text:
Talk:Surbana International Consultants Pte Ltd

Speedy Deletion
I support the addition of the tag. Suggest not edit warring over it. K.e.coffman (talk) 01:09, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Except for the page creator, anyone can remove a speedy tag. The next step for those who want the page deleted is to begin an AfD discussion, not edit war over the tag. 331dot (talk) 01:24, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

 * I am concerned that the tag may have not been removed in good faith. Please see a situation where an SD tag was removed by the same editor from an article that went through AfD, was resurrected, and nominated for speedy deletion. Please see the article's Talk page, now in draft status. K.e.coffman (talk) 01:31, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
 * , let it be. I've had enough. I'm taking this to ANI now. I have never seen someone declining a G11 speedy with an A7 reasoning. --Lemongirl942 (talk) 01:33, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I greatly apologize as there seems to be more going on here than met the eye. I will stop my interference 331dot (talk) 01:36, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
 * You could self-revert? :-) K.e.coffman (talk) 01:38, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Aaaaand...Zpeopleheart has declined it again. . --Lemongirl942 (talk) 01:45, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

Official website template
I moved into the infobox. Please let me know if anyone disagrees. K.e.coffman (talk) 19:32, 28 July 2016 (UTC)
 * K.e.coffman, I moved it out and returned it to the previous version which is the correct syntax for infoboxes. e.g. | website = . See Template:Infobox company. I also re-added it to external links. The official website also goes in external links, as standard. Voceditenore (talk) 06:48, 30 July 2016 (UTC)


text:
Learning the abc's

Teaching the abc's can be simple. Using books, flashcards and a good phonics curriculum can help. Make it fun! Kids love learning and will enjoy learning when all the senses are involved.

You can teach a letter a day and then look for things that start with that letter. For example, the letter A. Eat apples for lunch, cut out pictures of ants, anteaters, alligators, or airplanes.

But most of enjoy the learning process!

I agree that making it FUN is imperative for preschoolers. Yet with the pressures of kindergarten requirements rising, the preschooler is now having to learn by rote memorization, and testing as well.

This is not developmentally ready for such.

We, as educators, can make learning the ABC's exciting by hands-on learning. As suggested above cutting an apple talking about the letter A and the sound, yet they are exploring the texture taste and feel of that apple also therefore cementing the moment in their brain.

Creating teachable moments through play is highly suggested. The children do not even know that they are learning their three R's when presented with these type of learning environments. Yet the file this information for later use.

Samples of teachable moments: one; exploration tables wrapped around the letter you are wanting the child to learn. Have objects that start with that letter emphasize the sound when you are listening to the child/children exploring. Engage in their vocabulary have wipe off boards there as well to encourage their own writing. (remember that it may not be ledgeable (scribbles) Shaving cream to practice the shape of the letter. Hands on environments make learning fun and rewarding for the children and the teacher.

MKS of California

Later
After your child has become proficient in the Alphabet would be apt to teach them some vocabulary

title: Learning the abc's


text:
2020 China League One

The 2020 China League One (2020中国足球协会甲级联赛) was the 17th season of the China League One, the second tier of the Chinese football league pyramid, since its establishment in 2004. The season was scheduled to begin on 29 February and end on 1 November, but was postponed following the COVID-19 pandemic in China. On 26 August 2020, Chinese Football Association announced that the season would be resumed on 12 September 2020 and 18 teams would be split into three groups in three locations, Group A in Chengdu, hosted by Chengdu Better City, Group B in Meizhou, hosted by Meizhou Hakka, and Group C in Changzhou, hosted by Kunshan F.C.

In this season, the number of teams are expanded from 16 to 18.

Changchun Yatai won the league for the second time, their first since 2003.

To League One
Teams relegated from 2019 Chinese Super League
 * Beijing Renhe

Teams promoted from 2019 China League Two
 * Shenyang Urban
 * Chengdu Better City
 * Taizhou Yuanda
 * Suzhou Dongwu
 * Jiangxi Liansheng
 * Sichuan Jiuniu
 * Kunshan F.C.

From League One
Teams promoted to 2020 Chinese Super League
 * Qingdao Huanghai
 * Shijiazhuang Ever Bright

Dissolved entries
 * Guangdong South China Tiger
 * Sichuan Longfor
 * Liaoning F.C.
 * Shanghai Shenxin

Name changes

 * Shenyang Urban F.C. changed their name to Liaoning Shenyang Urban F.C. in April 2020.
 * Zhejiang Greentown F.C. changed their name to Zhejiang Energy Greentown F.C. in September 2020.

Foreign players
The policy of foreign players was changed. The number of foreign players clubs can register over the course of the season is limited to four and the number of foreign players allowed on each team at any given time is increased from three to four. A maximum of three foreign players can be registered for each match with a maximum of two can be fielded at any time during the match. In addition, each club can register a Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan player of Chinese descent (excluding goalkeepers), provided that he registered as a professional footballer in one of those three association for the first time, as a native player.
 * Players name in bold indicates the player is registered during the mid-season transfer window.

 * For Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwanese players, if they are non-naturalized and were registered as professional footballers in Hong Kong's, Macau's, or Chinese Taipei's football association for the first time, they are recognized as native players. Otherwise they are recognized as foreign players.

Stadiums

 * Chengdu Longquanyi Football Stadium
 * Chengdu Wenjiang Football Base
 * Shuangliu Sports Centre
 * Dujiangyan Phoenix Stadium (Reserve)

Stadiums

 * Hengbei Football Town Field 9
 * Wuhua County Olympic Sports Centre
 * Wuhua County Stadium

Stadiums

 * Changzhou Institute of Technology Football Field
 * Changzhou Olympic Sports Centre
 * Jiangyin Stadium

Overview

Second leg
''4–4 on aggregate. Heilongjiang Lava Spring won 5–3 on penalties.''

Jiangxi Liansheng won 3–2 on aggregate.

title: 2020 China League One


text:
Charles Hopewell

Charles Hopewell (September 22, 1861 – May 15, 1931) was mayor of Ottawa from 1909 to 1912.

He was born in March Township in 1861. During his term in office, he negotiated grants in lieu of taxes with the federal government. He also served as magistrate after his term as mayor. Hopewell served for many years on the board of the Union Mission, a shelter for homeless men.

He drowned in the Ottawa River in 1931, an apparent suicide. He is buried in Beechwood Cemetery.

Hopewell Avenue & Hopewell Avenue Public School in the city was named in honour of this former mayor.

title: Charles Hopewell


text:
Talk:List of Sony Walkman products

no tape products?
Am I blind, or are there no cassette tape devices listed?--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:04, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

what is the purpose of not including tape devices?
The Walkman range was born with tape products and should include them. If it doesn't because they're antiquated, then it shouldn't include minidiscs or HD walkmen either, since both are obsolete technology, and at that point we might as well delete the whole page altogether. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:37, 17 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree - The list should include them.

 * The only edit summary when the bracketed (but does not..) even says "Seeing as most consider the 'Sony Walkman' as a device for cassette tapes"

 * On that basis, people are not including them, but one could simply edit the page, remove the brackets, and put cassette players/recorders in to it. Chaosdruid (talk) 19:36, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on List of Sony Walkman products. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080501023823/http://www.ecat.sony.co.jp/walkman/product.cfm?PD=29380&KM=NW-A919 to http://www.ecat.sony.co.jp/walkman/product.cfm?PD=29380&KM=NW-A919
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120723222048/http://symphonic.sourceforge.net/page.php?4 to http://symphonic.sourceforge.net/page.php?4
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071028075729/http://www.walkmanvideomp3.com/ to http://www.walkmanvideomp3.com/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:01, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

Walkman Bean article
Propose merge walkman bean wiki page with this one. It seems like it should fall under E-series article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkman_Bean — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:32, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Sony Walkman products


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/File:Eopsaltria australis - Mogo Campground.jpg

Eastern Yellow Robin
Voting period ends on 2 Oct 2019  at 04:07:13 (UTC)
 * Reason:High quality illustration
 * Articles in which this image appears:Eastern yellow robin
 * FP category for this image:Featured pictures/Animals/Birds
 * Creator:JJ Harrison

 * Support as nominator – JJ Harrison (talk) 04:07, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. MER-C 10:37, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. --Gnosis (talk) 15:56, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Very good quality. -- Basile Morin (talk) 01:21, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Adam Cuerden (talk)Has about 6.9% of all FPs 20:07, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Geoffroi  01:01, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support - DreamSparrow  Chat   19:31, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

--Armbrust The Homunculus 04:08, 2 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Matt Hetherington

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Matt Hetherington. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053856/http://www.au.timeout.com/melbourne/theatre/events/8023/gypsy to http://www.au.timeout.com/melbourne/theatre/events/8023/gypsy

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:32, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matt Hetherington


text:
Talk:David Watkin (cinematographer)

LGBT?
I see the "Unsourced Cat" warning was removed. In the edit history it says "alluded to in "camp name" section and explicitly mentioned in his autobiography". Per WP:BLP, that's not enough - a specific citation needs to be included in the article. If someone could add that, it'd be great - I don't have access to his autobiography to do so. Thanks -- SatyrTN (talk | contribs) 21:55, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Reports of his death...
I have not been able to find a single reference regarding his supposed death on Feb 19. Please provide a reference if you add the material again. -- SatyrTN (talk / contribs) 23:07, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I found confirmation at his official site - www.davidwatkin.co.uk - very sad to hear... Girolamo Savonarola (talk) 23:15, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for pointing that out - it wasn't there when I visited the site this morning. Sad indeed. -- SatyrTN (talk / contribs) 23:38, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Watkin (cinematographer)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/September 28, 2019

It seems something of a redundancy to describe Oxley Park Sports as "another local club". It can only merge with that which is other; merger presupposes that they are the same type of entity, i.e. football clubs; and such a merger with a club from another part of the country would make no sense. Kevin McE (talk) 17:22, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I would think "merge with another company" to be more common than "merge with a company" and we do have to allow for those unfamiliar with English soccer.--Wehwalt (talk) 17:27, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Sorry if I wasn't clear: I'm suggesting "merged with Oxley Park Sports", deleting all three words "another local club" as redundant. Kevin McE (talk) 17:45, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

It looks very odd that the blurb describes their journey up and down to Div 1 South in 2014, with no explanation of how they come to be in Div 1 SE in 2019. Not the blurb-writers' fault: it was unexplained in the article until just now. (Got FA status in 2008: I wonder whether it would now) "Geographical re-organisation of the NPL saw them play in Division One East in 2018-2019, and Division One South East in 2019-2020." Kevin McE (talk) 17:45, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I think that I'm going to defer to those more knowledgable on the lower divisions of English football.--Wehwalt (talk) 17:59, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Wow, thanks for the vote of no confidence. I'm going to suggest that I am reasonably knowledgeable on the lower divisions of English football. Kevin McE (talk) 10:19, 27 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Same here. I just created the "Day-after-tomorrow's FA" subsection at WP:ERRORS after discussion at WT:ERRORS ... that will be available for this discussion in less than an hour, if you like. - Dank (push to talk) 23:12, 25 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
French/Grammar/Tenses/Past conditional

Usage of the Past Conditional
Past conditional is used to refer to an event that could have taken place in the past. Eg. "If he had not got hungry, we would have gone further."

Formation of the Past Conditional

 * The past conditional is a compound tense- it consists of two verbs, the auxiliary verb and the past participle one seeks to use in this tense.
 * The auxiliary verb is conjugated as if it were being used in the present conditional.
 * The past participle is placed immediately after the auxiliary verb.
 * A negative structure such as ne ... pas is always placed around the auxiliary verb, not the past participle.

Francés/Gramática/El verbo/Tiempos/Le conditionnel passé

title: French/Grammar/Tenses/Past conditional


text:
Douar an Tan

Etymology
.

Proper noun

 * 1)  island between Chile and Argentina
 * 2)  archipelago between Chile and Argentina

title: Douar an Tan


text:
International Relations/Liberalism

Liberalism
Liberalism seeks to defend and protect individuals' personal, civil, social, and economic rights and freedoms. Often, it is categorized by a laissez-faire style of government. There are two different branches of Liberalism: reform liberalism and classical liberalism.

Classical Liberalism: The key points of classical liberalism are private property, open competition, individual rights and freedoms, self-interest, economic freedom, and rule of law. Remember the acronym POISER.

Reform Liberalism: Reform liberalism is quite similar to classical liberalism; both adopt the belief in private property, open competition for a strong economy, individual rights and freedoms, and rule of law. Reform liberals stray from classical liberals with the notion of equal opportunity (the belief that everybody is entitled to good education and healthcare) and also value collective interest.

History
Classical Liberalism was started in the mid-1700 as a reaction against absolute monarchy, religious persecution, and feudal economical and social constraints.

Reform Liberalism began in the late 1800s. It was a reaction against the effects of unconstrained capitalism and socialist ideas. Some key thinkers of this ideology include J.S. Mill, J. Dewey, J.M. Keynes, and J. Rawls.

Views
Liberalism in general believes that the rational self interest of people will improve society. It also focuses in limited government, individual rights, free trade, and equality. While both branches of liberalism idealizes these values, they have different views on how those should be achieved. Reform liberalism promotes equality of opportunity and the ability to enjoy rights (positive liberty) as a way to encourage democracy. Government policy should be used to create equality. Classical liberalism discourages government intervention and emphasizes free competition (negative liberty).

title: International Relations/Liberalism


text:
foco

Etymology 1
. Perhaps from, but then the /f/ would be totally inexplicable; alternatively, perhaps from a language.

Adjective

 * 1) hollow
 * 2) deep
 * 1) deep

Etymology 2
..

Noun

 * 1) lantern
 * 2) flashlight, torch
 * 1) flashlight, torch

Etymology 1
..

Noun

 * 1)  focus (point at which rays of light converge)
 * 2)  focus (point of a conic at which rays reflected from a curve or surface converge)
 * 3)  focus (convergence of light on the photographic medium)
 * 4)  the source of transmission of a disease
 * 5) focus (concentration of attention)
 * 6) objective; intent
 * 7) headquarters
 * 8)  lamp
 * 1) headquarters
 * 2)  lamp
 * 1)  lamp
 * 1)  lamp

Etymology
. Compare the inherited doublet.

Noun

 * 1) focus place or spot where something is focused
 * 2) spotlight
 * 3)  headlight especially on the front of a motor vehicle
 * 4) light bulb
 * 5)  flashlight, torch battery-powered hand-held light source
 * 1)  flashlight, torch battery-powered hand-held light source
 * 1)  flashlight, torch battery-powered hand-held light source

title: foco


text:
Portal talk:Databases

Can we get this show on the road? CQ 16:43, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Database topics and lessons
Intro to Database was moved to Database Management Systems. An entry level Introduction to Databases was created. An advanced generic course Introduction to SQL is underway.

A generic Topic:Object-relational databases was also started. Product-specific database topics have placeholders or have started departments: Microsoft SQL Server (moved from Introduction to SQL Server), MySQL, PostgreSQL, ... Others such as Microsoft Access, Oracle, etc. may be in order. Instructors and contributors are needed.

Also, Web Design, Java, Perl, PHP, etc. may eventually develop lessons for interfacing with databases through scripts and such. I'm a newbie to databases, but I'm doing what I can. GregMK61 seems to have some interest. Anyone else? CQ 01:10, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

I would help. I can think right now of these lessons we should have (please update or modify):

--Jorge 22:12, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
 * DBMS
 * History
 * Design purposes
 * Redundancy and eventual loss of integrity
 * Physical/logical/view layers separation
 * E/R analysis and diagrams
 * Entities and attributes
 * Multievaluated attributes, identificators
 * Relations
 * 1 to 1, 1 to N, N to N
 * Ternary relations. N-ary
 * Discrimination relation
 * Agregates: Attributes of relations
 * Inheritance
 * The Relational Model
 * Tables and Keys
 * Primary Key
 * Foreign Keys
 * Integrity and transactions
 * Relational Algebra
 * Union and Difference
 * Projection
 * Product
 * Division
 * Join
 * From an E/R diagram
 * Normalization
 * First N.
 * Second N.
 * ... (and Functional Dependency somewhere by there)
 * Relational Calculus (SQL)
 * select, where
 * From an algebraic expresion
 * sort, group
 * Oracle, Access, MySQL

I will take responsibility of entering Relational Calculus and Algebra along with Query Optimization and all. I have already entreda few things about Files and indices. Though the Chapter number should have been somewhere near 9 I have marked it as 2.

What happened?
It seems that this project went dead eight years ago, which is a pity, because we definitely need an open source database textbook.

Is anyone interested in reviving it? I think a good start has been made.

title: Portal talk:Databases


text:
Talk:Dean Moxey

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:19, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dean Moxey


text:
Introduction to graph theory/Lecture 2

Introduction
It is useful, and indeed vital, to have the collection of definitions that were doled out in the last lecture. Nevertheless, in order to get a feel for what these definitions mean, one must actually get one's hands dirty. Today we start investigating the consequences of these definitions. We start by investigating graphs with no cycles.

What is a forest?
A graph is said to be a forest if it contains no cycles (this property is also called being acyclic). A sample forest from the Kevin Bacon Graph is given below. The vertices have been placed in order to give some idea as to the reason for the name forest.

It is time for the second theorem of the course. To reiterate what was said in the first lecture, proofs to the theorems will not be given in the main body of the lecture. Instead, there will be a "roadmap" of the proof, for the student to fill in himself. At the end of each theorem there is a link to a proof page.

Theorem 2: A graph is a forest if and only if for every pair of distinct vertices $$u,v$$, there is at most one $$u,v$$-path.

Proof Roadmap: QED (Full Proof)
 * Suppose you have a graph $$G$$ which is not a forest.
 * What must G contain?
 * Take an example of the thing that is in all non-forest graphs.
 * Choose two vertices from your example, and try to find two paths between them.
 * Suppose you have a graph $$G$$ with two vertices $$u,v$$ with two $$u,v$$-paths.
 * By drawing a picture, allowing your paths to cross over each other many times, attempt to see why this graph cannot be a forest.
 * Now formalise this argument, making certain that what you construct uses no vertex more than once.

If a forest is connected, it is called a tree. This naming may seem a little counterintuitive, but note that forests consist of a collection of trees. If deforestation were to continue to the extent that Sherwood Forest was reduced to having only one plant in it, then the forest may well be renamed Sherwood Tree. The previous theorem has the following easy corollary.

Corollary 3: A graph is a tree if and only if for every pair of distinct vertices $$u,v$$, there is exactly one $$u,v$$-path.

Proof Roadmap: QED (Full Proof)
 * Suppose you have a graph $$G$$ which is not a forest.
 * Use Theorem 2 to show that there is some pair of vertices $$u,v$$ for which there is not exactly one $$u,v$$-path.
 * Suppose you have a graph $$G$$ which is a forest, but is not a tree.
 * What property must $$G$$ fail to have?
 * Looking back at the definition in the previous lecture, if necessary, show that this means that there is some pair of vertices $$u,v$$ for which there is not exactly one $$u,v$$-path.
 * Now suppose you have a graph $$G$$ which is a tree.
 * Use Theorem 2 and the same definition to show that for every pair of vertices $$u,v$$, there is exactly one $$u,v$$-path.

As a tree is such a useful concept, we will give (in the following theorem) two alternative characterisations of trees.

Theorem 4: For a graph $$G$$, the following are equivalent:
 * $$G$$ is a tree
 * $$G$$ is a minimal connected graph, in the sense that the removal of any edge will leave a disconnected graph.
 * $$G$$ is a maximal acyclic graph, in the sense that the addition of any missing edge will create a cycle.

Proof Roadmap QED (Full Proof)
 * Suppose $$G$$ is a tree, and let $$uv$$ be an edge not in $$G$$.
 * Use Corollary 3 to show that adding $$uv$$ to $$G$$ will create a cycle.
 * Suppose $$G$$ is a tree, and let $$uv$$ be an edge of $$G$$.
 * Find two vertices such that the graph $$G-uv$$ can have no path between them.
 * Suppose $$G$$ is a minimal connected graph, but is not a tree.
 * From the definition of a tree, what else does this mean that G is not?
 * Therefore, what must $$G$$ contain?
 * Find an edge you can remove from $$G$$ without disconnecting the graph.
 * Suppose $$G$$ is a maximal acyclic graph, but is not a tree.
 * Since acyclic graphs and forests are the same thing, what property does $$G$$ not have?
 * Using this, show that there are two non-adjacent vertices which can be joined without creating a cycle.

We will need one more theorem about trees here. It is not immediately obvious that all trees have one fewer edge than vertex. The proof, as you shall see, is easy.

Theorem 5: A tree of order $$n$$ has $$n-1$$ edges.

Proof Roadmap QED (Full Proof)
 * Prove this by induction on $$n$$.
 * Prove this first (by experimenting) for $$n=1,2,3$$. Find all trees for these values of $$n$$.
 * Now let $$T$$ be a tree of k vertices, and suppose it is true for all $$n<k$$. Remove an edge from T.
 * By Theorem 4, the new graph cannot be connected. Can it have three or more components?
 * What must each component be?
 * How many vertices are there in total in the components?
 * Therefore, using the induction statement, how many edges must there be?

title: Introduction to graph theory/Lecture 2


text:
User:Indiaflames

Bhatia

Bhatia is a group of people and a caste is a group of people and a caste found in Punjab, Rajasthan, Sindh and Gujarat. The Bhatias primarily live in Northwestern India and Pakistannd in Punjab, Rajasthan, Sindh and Gujarat. The Bhatia's primarily live in Northwestern India and Pakistan Those who migrated to India at the time of 1947 Partition are called Hindu Hindkowans. They lived majorly in and around Bannu District of Northern Province of Khyber Pakhtunwa in Pakistan may be up to Kalat District in Balochistan where a famous Kali Temple is situated of pre Islamic era thought to be made by Hindu Hindkowans of Pakistan After migrating to India they settled in Faridabad, Kanpur and Delhi for safe heavens and called themselves Bannuwals which means natives of Bannu District in Pakistan.

title: User:Indiaflames


text:
Thyra

Etymology
A Latinized form of, from and a second element of debated meaning, probably.

Proper noun
(genitive: Thyras)

 * , a less common spelling of Tyra

Etymology
A Latinized form of, from and a second element of debated meaning.

Proper noun

 * , a less common spelling of Tyra

title: Thyra


text:
Richard Aggiss

Richard John "Dick" Aggiss AM is a former Australia men's national field hockey team coach. Aggiss was Head Coach of the Australia men's national field hockey team from 1981 to 1988 and the inaugural Head Men's Coach of Australian Institute of Sport hockey program from 1984 to 1994. During this period results in major competitions were:
 * 1982: 2nd - Champions Trophy
 * 1983: 3rd - World Cup ; 1st - Champions Trophy
 * 1984: 4th - Los Angeles Olympic Games
 * 1985: 1st - Champions Trophy
 * 1986: 1st - World Cup ; 2nd - Champions Trophy
 * 1987: 3rd - Champions Trophy
 * 1988: 4th - Seoul Olympic Games ; 3rd - Champions Trophy

Aggiss has held several board positions. In 1998, he became a member of Australian Hockey Association (men), remained involved on the Board once the men’s and women’s associations amalgamated in 2000 to become Hockey Australia and served as vice president until 2006. He was a member of the Western Australian Institute of Sport Board from 1994 to 1999.

Recognition

 * 1984 - International Hockey Federation World Coach
 * 1987 - Coach of the Year Australian Sport Awards
 * 1988 - Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for his service to of service to the sport of hockey.
 * 2000 - Australian Sports Medal
 * 2001 - Centenary Medal

title: Richard Aggiss


text:
risuaita

Noun

 * 1) A fence made of brushwood.
 * 2)  hash, pound sign, square # -symbol.
 * 3)  hashtag

title: risuaita


text:
User:Jml03/sandbox

Lil Pump West Philadelphia were he was born and raised, on the playground is where he spent most of his days

title: User:Jml03/sandbox


text:
Mademoiselle Modiste (film)

Mademoiselle Modiste is a 1926 American silent romantic comedy film produced by and starring Corinne Griffith and distributed by First National Pictures. Robert Z. Leonard directed Griffith in a story based on a popular 1905 Victor Herbert operetta on Broadway, Mlle. Modiste, with a libretto by Henry Martyn Blossom, which was similar to the MGM film The Merry Widow. It is now considered a lost film.

The story was refilmed in 1931 as the talkie Kiss Me Again.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, Hiram Bent, impressed with the sales ability of Fifi, opens a fashionable establishment, and exploits her beauty and capabilities to advantage. Cavalry officer Etienne, her fiancé, is shocked by the seeming lack of modesty of Fifi, who is now known as Mademoiselle Modiste, becomes disillusioned and leaves her. Disheartened, Fifi asks Hiram to take her to Deauville, where she meets Etienne. Enraged with jealousy, Etienne challenges Hiram to a duel. Fifi says that Hiram is her husband, but the truth is later revealed. Etienne proposes and Fifi accepts.

Cast

 * Corinne Griffith as Fifi
 * Norman Kerry as Etienne
 * Willard Louis as Hiram Bent
 * Dorothy Cumming as Marianne
 * Rose Dione as Madame Claire
 * Peggy Blake (Undetermined Role)

title: Mademoiselle Modiste (film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Manatsu no Magic

The result was no consensus.  Sandstein  09:06, 10 October 2017 (UTC)

Manatsu no Magic

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

A single that does not appear to meet WP:NSONG or WP:GNG. The sources on the page are limited to mentions of the song (product pages, discographies, etc) rather than actual coverage. It is, however, a Japanese song so notable coverage could exist in Japanese, and Xenobia4 (the article's creator) mentioned that they know of a source, but I remain skeptical.

I originally proposed this for deletion, which was contested by Xenobia4 with "Page follows wikipedia guidelines and has information from various confirmed sources, including charting information, arranged by famed Japanese arrangers and is of a well-known Japanese group". We discussed the notability of this article briefly in the article's talk page, in which Xenobia4 states that "charting on official charts is the main thing to have a wiki article", which I would contest. Sjrct (talk) 16:32, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Music-related deletion discussions. ʍaɦʋɛօtʍ (talk) 16:39, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Japan-related deletion discussions. ʍaɦʋɛօtʍ (talk) 16:39, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * User does not know Japanese and cannot confirm source, whereas a simple translation tool can be used to confirm. I can source to the aforementioned article if need be. However, the article already has substantial information to maintain a Wikipedia article. The sources being in Japanese should not be an issue, given the various wiki articles on Japanese artists. Lead and their releases are issued under an official label (Pony Canyon). The group has been in the public eye and on the charts for 15 years - there is more than enough information to support this. Xenobia4 (talk) 17:19, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * It is not a question of confirming the sources in the article, I was saying that they are insufficient to merit inclusion. Would you mind linking the source you mentioned in the article's talk page? Sjrct (talk) 17:25, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Will do. I will link it later on this evening when I get on my home computer.Xenobia4 (talk) 17:43, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Their debut song is dicussed in this article from earlier this year when they released "Tokyo Fever" (http://ent.smt.docomo.ne.jp/article/289193), this blog from 2012 where people discuss Lead's debut to where they were at the time (http://d.hatena.ne.jp/idols-worship/20120731/1343735649) and here on Dwango, where they talk about Lead's 15th Anniversary as artists (https://news.dwango.jp/2017/07/31/142545/j-pop/). There is more than enough substantial information for "Manatsu no Magic" to warrant a wikipedia article, as do their later singles. Xenobia4 (talk) 23:38, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: no participation

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, L3X1 (distænt write)  22:30, 27 September 2017 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Weak Keep I believe that being in the top 20 on the Oricon weekly chart is sufficient to meet WP:NSONG. However, I can't find a good reference to verify that claim. power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 16:31, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 00:10, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep per power~enwiki. Btw, I've found a source for the chart position: . --Moscow Connection (talk) 03:36, 4 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
1923 Ottawa municipal election

The city of Ottawa, Canada held municipal elections on January 1, 1923, to elect members of the 1923 Ottawa City Council.

Ottawa Board of Control
(4 elected)

Ottawa City Council
(2 elected from each ward)

title: 1923 Ottawa municipal election


text:
Dagmar Ringe

Dagmar Ringe (born February 20, 1942) is an American biochemist, educator, and researcher. She is the Harold and Bernice Davis Professor in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, and holds appointments in the departments of chemistry and biochemistry.

Education
Ringe received the bachelor's degree in chemistry from Barnard College in New York, New York, in 1963. She earned the doctoral degree in chemistry under the direction of George Hein at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1969.

Academic career
Following postdoctoral research appointments at the Fakultat der Universitat Munchen in Munich, Germany and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, she became instructor and senior lecturer in the department of chemistry at MIT. She joined the faculty at Brandeis University in 1990 as Lucille P. Markey Associate Professor, promoted to Lucille P. Markey Professor in 1994. She became the Harold and Bernice Davis Professor in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease at Brandeis University in 2006.

Service to the discipline
Ringe served as co-chair of the Gordon Research Conference on Enzymes, Co-enzymes and Metabolic Pathways in 1994 and was a member of the board of trustees of the Gordon Research Conferences (2000–2006). She was a program officer for the Program in Biophysics, Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Division of Biology at the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 1997, 2000–2001 and 2010–2011 and served as deputy division director, molecular and cellular biosciences, Division of Biology, NSF, from 2012 to 2014. She was an associate editor of the Biophysical Journal (1999–2006) and is an editorial board member of the Protein Journal and Scientific Reports. She served as an advisor for the TV mini-series documentary The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements.

Contributions to science
Ringe has made extensive contributions to understanding the structure and function of enzymes. Her recent work has centered on understanding the functions of proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Lou Gehrig's, and Parkinson's. She co-authored a 2015 study revealing a potential novel approach to the treatment of Parkinson's disease and identified new pathways in Parkinson's. She has also discovered potential new drugs to stop the protein aggregation that leads to Alzheimer's disease.

Honors

 * Biophysical Society Margaret Oakley Dayhoff Award (1985)
 * Guggenheim Fellowship of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1997)
 * Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (since 2005)
 * Abram L. Sachar Medallion from Brandeis University (2006)
 * Alexander von Humboldt Forshingspreis (2006)

Books

 * Reactions and Syntheses in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory, L.F. Tietze and Th. Eichler, translated by Dagmar Ringe, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1989.
 * Primers in Biology: Protein Structure and Function, Gregory A. Petsko and Dagmar Ringe,  New Science Ltd.,  London,  2004
 * Cooperative Stewardship, National Research Council Report, J.J. Wise, Chair, 1999
 * "Bridges to Independence: Fostering the Independence of New Investigators in Biomedical Research." National Research Council Report, 2005
 * Bridging the Sciences, Report of the Interagency Coordinating Committee, Nov 9, 2004, NIH/NIBIB, NSF.
 * Drug Design: Structure- and Ligand-Based Approaches, K.M.Merz, D. Ringe, C.H.Reynolds, eds. Cambridge University Press (2010).

title: Dagmar Ringe


text:
User:Ashu Musik

Ashumusik

Don't Read. Just LISTEN.🎶🎧 Music Composer & Produscer Punjabi Hindi Haryanvi And Rajasthani Music

title: User:Ashu Musik


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Hope4Life Foundation

The result was speedy deleted per CSD G11. Malcolmxl5 (talk) 00:07, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

The Hope4Life Foundation

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

I have found page after page of websites with an address for this location but nothing peer reviewed or otherwise noteworthy. Seems to fail WP:Notability. Keystoner idin (speak) 18:02, 10 July 2012 (UTC)  Keystoner  idin (speak) 18:02, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as pure spam. (So tagged.)  WikiDan61 ChatMe!ReadMe!! 18:11, 10 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Toccata, Adagio and Fugue in C major, BWV 564

Toccata, Adagio, and Fugue in C major (BWV 564) is an organ composition by Johann Sebastian Bach. As is the case with most other organ works by Bach, the autograph score does not survive. The earliest manuscript copies were probably made in 1719–1727. The title of the piece in these copies is given, as expected of organ literature of the time, simply as Toccata in C major (or more precisely, Toccata ped: ex C in one source and Toccata ex C♮ pedaliter, referring to the obbligato pedal part). The piece is an early work, probably composed in the mid-to-late Weimar years, i.e. 1710–1717. It shares some similarities with other toccatas composed around the same time, such as BWV 538, BWV 540, and others: all show the influence of concerto style and form.

Toccata
The work begins with an updated and extended form of the old prelude-type, manual passaggio followed by a pedal solo, and a motivic-contrapuntal section. Bach's extended passaggio which opens BWV 564 may have been inspired by Buttstett's preludes; both the rhetorical rests followed by returns to the tonic and the single pedal notes are part of the older tradition as well. The following pedal solo, however, is unique in organ literature: it is the longest known pedal introduction, reaching far beyond the scope of Bach's models (Buxtehude, Böhm, and others) or his own earlier works (e.g. the pedal solo in BWV 549). The full-voiced section that follows elaborates on motives first introduced in the pedal solo. Various scholars have noted how the construction of this first movement is reminiscent of that of a concerto, if the opening manual and pedal passages are taken as "solos" and the closing contrapuntal section as a "tutti".

Adagio
The second movement is again in two sections, one marked Adagio and another marked Grave. The insertion of a middle slow movement in an organ work was unusual for Bach, although traces of this idea can be found in other works from the same period: for example, a surviving early version of Prelude and Fugue in C Major, BWV 545, contains a slow Trio, which was removed from the final version, but found its way into one of the late organ trio sonatas, BWV 529. The Adagio is a melody made of short phrases, characteristic of early Bach, over what may be seen as a realized continuo part. The music has been compared to Giuseppe Torelli's Concerto in C major Op. 8 No. 1, but in Bach's oeuvre, this Adagio stands alone and has no parallels. The abundance of Neapolitan sixths and quasi-pizzicato pedal suggests Italian influence. The Adagio flows seamlessly into the short Grave section, which, through italiante durezze chromatic progressions, enlarged with several instances of diminished seventh chords suspended over the next chord, leads back to the tonic.

Fugue
The third movement is a four-voice fugue in 6/8. It includes a countersubject typical of permutation fugues, which, unusually, engages in dialogue with the subject. Several features of the fugue suggest that it represented a considerable advance for Bach, especially considering that there are middle entries as far as the mediant and the dominant of the dominant. Somewhat unusually for Bach, the fugue includes very few episodes, the longest being the coda of the piece, which is based on various style brisé figures.

Influence and Transcriptions
BWV 564 influenced a number of composers both during Bach's lifetime and after his death. Bach's pupil Johann Ludwig Krebs imitated the work in his Prelude and Fugue in C major (leaving out, however, the slow movement), while in the 20th century, Ferruccio Busoni published a transcription of BWV 564 for the piano (1900; one of many Bach transcriptions by the same author), and the work influenced Busoni's own Toccata for Piano (1920). The Adagio movement was transcribed for symphony orchestra by Leopold Stokowski, and was performed and recorded between 1927 and 1939 by the Philadelphia Orchestra, which he conducted.

In popular culture

 * The Adagio is played during a satanic ritual scene in the 1934 Karloff/Lugosi film The Black Cat.


text:
分頭

Verb

 * 1)  to divide up; to split up; to divide one's forces
 * 2)  a denomination of less than ten cents

title: 分頭


text:
Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity

The History of Wikiversity began with initial development of the Wikiversity community within the Wikibooks sister project. The fundamental goal for Wikiversity was to broaden the scope of activities within the Wikimedia community to include additional types of learning resources in addition to textbooks. Wikiversity has existed as an independent Wikimedia Foundation project since August 2006. This page describes the history of the Wikiversity project including the very first project proposal that was not approved (2005) and the second proposal that was approved (2006). Today, Wikiversity has tens of thousands of open access and openly editable learning resources and projects.

About
This page describes the historical development of Wikiversity. To learn more about Wikiversity see:

Wikiversity's origins
Wikiversity started developing on Wikibooks. Wikibooks was launched in July 2003. Wikibooks is for free content digital textbooks. However, the Wikibooks' Wikiversity section was proposed for deletion in August 2005. Soon after that, there was a proposal to make Wikiversity an independent Wikimedia Foundation project. In addition to the information on the proposed projects page, the original proposal was described in a mailing list post and on the Wikiversity page of the Wikimedia meta-wiki.

In November 2005, the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees rejected the first Wikiversity project proposal and instructed the Wikiversity community to modify the proposal to "exclude credentials, exclude online-courses". The Board requested that the Wikiversity community "clarify [the] concept of e-learning" that will guide Wikiversity. The modified Wikiversity project proposal that was approved by the Board calls for two major components of Wikiversity:
 * 1) learning resources and
 * 2) learning activities.

The Wikiversity model for e-learning is discussed at the Wikiversity Education Portal and related pages.

Approval by the Wikimedia Foundation
The Special projects committee (SPC) reviewed the modified Wikiversity proposal and adopted resolution 2006-39A (July 31, 2006): "The SPC recommend the creation of a beta Wikiversity project, to be hosted at the domain wikiversity.org, as per its scope, starting in August. The project will be dedicated to collecting free multilingual educational resources, and to supporting communities using those resources to teach and learn together. The beta stage of the project will run for six months, during which guidelines for further potential uses of the site, including collaborative research, will be developed on the beta wiki. These guidelines will be reviewed by the SPC at the end of the beta period."

"New languages can contribute content to beta.wikiversity.org; those with at least 10 active participants can request a separate domain for their language."

The SPC sent resolution 2006-39A to the Board of Trustees. This lead to the Wikiversity launch instructions from the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, followed by discussion on Wikibooks of the project's approval and plans for migration of Wikiversity content from Wikibooks to Wikiversity.

Wikiversity launch
The launch of Wikiversity was announced at Wikimania 2006, 5 years after the launch of Wikipedia in 2001 and 3 years after the launch of Wikibooks: "the idea here is to also host learning communities, so people who are actually trying to learn, actually have a place to come and interact and help each other figure out how to learn things. We're also going to be hosting and fostering research into how these kinds of things can be used more effectively." (source)

The English language Wikiversity website opened on August 15, 2006.

In the early stages of development, Wikiversity had discussion relating to policies, technical issues, and establishing an initial content infrastructure and general layout. The main forum for discussions became the Colloquium - take a look there and feel free to drop a reply to anything which interests you. Your viewpoint on longer term organizational issues is also welcome at Organizing Wikiversity.

Since then
The number and quality of Wikiversity resources and users has steadily increased since 2006 (31,674 learning resources as of 14/3/24). However, Wikiversity is not particularly well understood within the family of Wikimedia Foundation sister projects and it is not well-known or used by teachers, so there remains a lot of room for development.

Some examples of distinctive Wikiversity innovations are:
 * Wikidebates can help people learn a subject in general and/or how to debate
 * WikiJournals publishes a set of open-access, peer-reviewed academic journals with no publishing costs to authors

title: Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity


text:
Lucien Tremblay

Lucien Tremblay (March 25, 1912 – June 4, 1985) was the Chief Justice of Quebec from 1961 to 1977.

Born in Verdun, Quebec, Tremblay was educated at the Université de Montréal. He was professor of civil procedure at the Université de Montréal from 1950 to 1959. From 1961 to 1977 he was Chief Justice of Quebec. He was Chancellor of the Université de Montréal from 1967 to 1970.

He served as acting lieutenant governor of Quebec from September 30 to October 12, 1961 and from February 21 to February 22, 1966.

title: Lucien Tremblay


text:
Systematic Phonics/Blend

Systematic Phonics

Blends or clusters are groups of consonants whose sounds blend together.

They can be composed of two or three consonants and can begin or end a syllable.

Examples include br, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, tr, bl, cl, fl, gl, pl, sl, sm, sn, sp, st, str, sw, sc, sk, scr, squ, spl, spr, thr, tw, rl, ng, nt, nk, lk, mp, lt, nd, and rt.

title: Systematic Phonics/Blend


text:
Talk:Introduction to Programming

Critiques
Hi, I have a number of critiques I'd like to offer about this article.

 * Of course, computers don't understand recipes written on paper. Computers are machines, and at the most basic level, they run on 1's and 0's. If you really wanted to tell a computer directly what to do, you'd have to talk to it in binary, giving it coded sets of 1's and 0's that tell it what instructions to execute.
 * It's not clear what it means to "run on ones and zeroes". A car runs on gasoline, and some people might have an idea of what that really means.  But a complete novice is not going to have a clue what it means to say a computer runs on ones or zeroes.
 * Most people are not going to know what binary is.
 * Most people are not going to know what a "coded set" is.

 * A programming language is a way for a person to write a program without writing directly in binary. A programming language is not a way to do things -- a programming language is a way to express instructions that both a computer and a human can understand.
 * Programming languages are meant to be read by a person, so a computer must either compile or interpret them before they can be executed.
 * You're not defining either of those words, so people are not going to know what compile or interpret mean! Remember, as computer scientists we take our knowledge of computer science of granted.  Beginners are not going to know these teams, and consequently these sentences won't teach them anything.
 * I think it's best to leave out the mechanics of how programming languages are executed by the computer. It's OK if a beginner thinks that the computer actually directly executes Python.  Telling them about compilation and interpretation is just going to confuse them.
 * There are a couple different levels of programming languages. At the most basic level is assembly language. This language is just a direct translation of the binary instructions the computer executes. Every kind of computer has its own assembly language. Here's how to add two numbers in MIPS assembly:
 * Beginners don't need to know about the varieties of programming languages. We should especially stay away from assembly because it does not resemble things they have learned before.  High level languages are OK because most people know what the syntax f(x,y) = x+y means, so we have a common ground by which to explain.
 * You've said There are a couple different levels of programming languages but haven't actually specified what those levels are. Mentioning assembly and high level languages is not defining the levels; you're leaving it to the user to infer that levels are defined by how abstract they are from the hardware.  We don't want to make people infer things when it can be said explicitly.
 * Most people don't program in assembly, because it can be complicated, it takes a long time to write, and it only works on one kind of computer.
 * Yes, so let's not teach it to beginners. Let's not even mention it until introductory courses.
 * High-level languages look more like English with mathematical operations thrown in.
 * What we show below looks nothing like English.
 * These languages require more translation before the computer will understand them,
 * So does every language, but we shouldn't mention that now.
 * The process of translating a program from high-level language to assembly to machine instructions is called either compiling or interpreting, depending on what language you are using.
 * This is factually incorrect. Compilation and interpretation are not conceptually similar.
 * The paragraph following this quotation is far too detailed for a beginner to understand.

I will attempt to rewrite this article. As I have mentioned in other places, I think it would be highly beneficial for the Intro computer science curriculum to use exactly one language, at least until the intermediate level.

A student would not learn Spanish effectively by also being taught German and French concurrently. The fastest way to learn would be to focus on Spanish, then pick up Frech and German later. Similarly, we want to let people focus on as few language concepts as possible while still conveying general programming concepts. Hence, one language.

JustinC 20:54, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

About the merging
I think this resource shouldn't be in the Topic namespace, it should rather be a resource linked to under the Topic:Programming resource. --Devourer09 02:37, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Computer programming
Does anyone have any comments on Computer programming at Wikibooks? Is it good? Is it worth working on? How do we integrate it with Wikiversity? --JWSchmidt 02:38, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It is ambitious. Very general survey with links into all kinds of topics at Wikipedia.  Brief overview I gave it made it look more like a course that should be at Wikiversity than a specific textbook which should be at Wikibooks.  I will check out some more of it when I get back to Java language programming instead of top level design on cisLunarFreighter game.  Maybe a few well placed questions with links to Wikiversity will woo some of the authors there into helping some with exercises and courses here to attract students to their text there.  <IP_ADDRESS> 07:13, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * We need to develop some wisdom about how to divide content between the projects. Calling encyclopedia articles or textbook modules a "course" does not change such content into Wikiversity content. --JWSchmidt 15:03, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that dividing content is partly going to be a function of "best practices". What techniques are effective for enabling learning? How does one combine those techniques into learning projects that are as effective as we can make them? Do we even know or are we making wild speculative guesses? We are probably going to have to engage in a period of experimentation. We may need to recruit guinea pigs. Dmclean 16:40, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "run small experiments, tests, see what works, what doesn't, and be prepared to be flexible and change, and not be too locked into stone about how things should work" .... "host learning communities, so people who are actually trying to learn, actually have a place to come and interact and help each other figure out how to learn things. We're also going to be hosting and fostering research into how these kinds of things can be used more effectively." When the Wikiversity project was under discussion, many people said that there was no need for Wikiversity, that it would just duplicate existing efforts. We need to make sure that we do not prove that those critics were right. --JWSchmidt 16:54, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

I have started slicing this content up into lesson-like things. Also, I have added a couple of references to programming exercises. I have no clue what languages we actually want to recommend so I just threw is a couple. I am sure that Java should be one of the recommended languages because it is free and cross-platform. Since we don't have a policy on this, I guess that folks should feel free to recommend a language for which there is a course in development. Dmclean 21:35, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Introduction to Programming Logic/Lesson 1: Variables
Introduction to Programming Logic/Lesson 1: Variables Should probably be combined into, or linked to/from this article.

 * In Topic_talk:Introduction_to_Programming_Logic I expressed my reservations about that entire course, but I also gave my opinion about how to cover variables. Dmclean 18:10, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Computer Programming vs Computer Science
This is intended to be a course about programming and a course about programming is about something concrete and practical - as opposed to computer science which is not necessarily either. So, I am proposing, and strongly believe that this course should have references to practical exercises in some variety of languages. Opinions? Dmclean 02:16, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I totally agree. My biggest issue with Wikiversity right now is that it feels generally disorganized. I would suggest that each programming language have it's own set of lessons geared towards those who have at least basic knowledge of computer programming (so no need to explain what an if-then statement is, etc.). The more generalized "Computer Programming" lessons can borrow reading and examples from the language specific lessons (e.g. this is what an if-then statement is, here's a Java example, a VB example, and so forth). If you need help, feel free to give me some small assignments on my to-do list.
 * --James Tharpe 15:22, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * P.S. A cool feature would be a "language filter" such as that found on MSDN. Users could pick the language or languages they care to learn from and the content of the lessons would narrow or expand based on these preferences (for example: Show me C# and Ruby, but not VB).

 * My only concern is that the structure and/or content level of the programming language course will be incompatible with what the folks who are truly new to programming will need. Do we alter the language course so that it is reasonably compatible or do we have separate material? Dmclean 19:27, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * If the examples could be seperated from (but included in) the lessons, I think the issue would be solved. So, for example, there could be a Java/if-then syntax and a Delphi/if-then syntax; the Java lesson could include the Java example and the Delphi lesson could include the Delphi example and the Introduction to Programming lesson could include both (I'm not sure how to do "includes" in a Wiki). --James Tharpe 19:44, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you, James, for responding. I have decided to do basically what you suggested. Introduction to Programming has a companion course Introduction to Programming in Java that parallels it and provides Java specific information. I may, at a later date, also work up other, similar courses for other languages that I know, but I'm going to start with Java. Dmclean 21:36, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I look forward to going through it! I've done some Java, but only as a hobby - sticking mostly to Delphi and C# (and VB when I must) professionally. Is there an easy way to copy an entire course? Once it's further along, I'd love to take your Java course and morph it into other languages (C#, VB.NET, Delphi). --James Tharpe 14:46, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

A Plan
I was thinking that the introduction of integers and then boolean expressions would make control structures a little more straightforward - most loops use integer counters and all control structures have a boolean expression in them somewhere. Control structures plus integers would make it possible to do some modest toy problems such as Fibonacci sequences.

Perhaps floating point should be right after that.

Next I think it would be time for structures, objects and arrays.

Then we can look at functions which will lead us to structured and object-oriented programming.

Finally perhaps a bit on strings and libraries in general.

I think that would be enough for a very basic introduction. Combined with an equivalent programming course, that should enable them to work on non-trivial toy programs. Dmclean 15:19, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that's a bit ambitious for the introduction to programming. Maybe it could be re-titled? This section seems to be an overview of general programming concepts, but it is far from complete, as I suppose you both would acknowledge.  I'm willing to write some pieces. One immediate comment, the Variables section that has 3 parts should not be divided as it is currently.  It should be sorted into scalar values, array values, and some form of class-object principle.  This could even be reduced to 2 sections: primitive scalars and arrays of primitive scalars; and class variables and object properties. The "organization of a program is a good thing, an essential element to have.  (comments or "inline documentation" should be mentioned here) and the Scope article is a must as well.  Flow control, as mentioned immediately above, will also be essential.

 * It has been said that this section is to be an introductory section with precise terminology and a correct foundation that is still simple for a completely inexperienced curious reader to understand. Let us adhere to this goal very carefully.  Pnguyen 08:11, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I should have put in my reasoning behind parts of my plan. I think that it is essential to mix up the material a bit so that it doesn't become boring or repetitive. That's part of the reason why I wanted to introduce integer stuff and then boolean stuff and then do control flow and subprograms. Integers and booleans are needed to do control flow. Having control flow makes it possible to do some interesting toy programs - but it also makes it possible to demonstrate cyclomatic complexity and the necessity of subprograms. From there, we can do arrays and structures and this will allow us to make the case for objects.

 * I'm trying to make it possible for someone with absolutely no previous programming experience to ramp up. Yes, that is an ambitious goal but one that should be possible and eminently worthwhile. I think that this goal requires a careful consideration of the order and manner in which material is presented. I certainly am not going to claim infallibility on this point, given my years of experience, degree and tendency to use intuitive rather than logical thought processes.

 * One of the things that I am leery about is the premature introduction about the importance of good program design. Yes, it's important, but is a true neophyte really going to care? I'm not convinced. I would rather see them have a little fun with a bunch of toy programs, get them comfortable with basic concepts, have them try some things and then, when we get to the point where cyclomatic complexity starts to become an issue, then hit them with design principles. Dmclean 14:00, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds good; I'll be reading and help clarify/flesh out the lessons. If you have an writing assignment for me, send email.  Maybe I can work on some of the examples/practical applications?  I realize now that I did not analyze the project as a whole before releasing my initial impressions.  Pnguyen 20:07, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

The two of us appear to have a consensus on an overall plan, but there is so much to do. At the moment, I intend to continue nibbling away at the material. As the course continues to take shape, hopefully our understanding of what is needed will improve, leading us to an elegant solution. Dmclean 16:35, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Added heading for computer science unofficial degree
I added a header and category on this page for thethe Unofficial Computer Science Degree.-- Azotochtli (talk) 19:13, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Introduction to Programming


text:
Cape Arago Lighthouse

The Cape Arago Lighthouse (formerly known as Cape Gregory Lighthouse) is a lighthouse located in Charleston, Oregon. It is located 2.6 mi north of Cape Arago.

History
Starting in the mid-19th century, Coos Bay had become an important shipping point on the west coast of the United States. The amount of shipping at the time warranted the building of a light at the location, and in 1864, funds were given to build the harbor's light. In 1866, the first light was illuminated. This first tower, which housed a fourth-order Fresnel lens, was nothing more than a 25 ft octagonal tower with a skeleton base. This tower, located on the west end of an island, was connected to the keeper's residence via a 1300 ft wooden walkway. However, because of its location on the island, the light was greatly exposed to the elements along the Pacific and soon was in need of repairs. Over the next 35 years, much of the station's infrastructure had to be repaired or replaced. Several improvements were also made during this time, including the installation of a fog signal and a new boathouse.

However, sailor's demands for a better light and the threat of erosion meant the end of the first tower, and in 1909, the second tower was lit. Located higher on the island, the new wooden tower stood 100 ft tall and provided better illumination. Designed by Carl Leick, the new light was similar in design to Mukilteo Light in the state of Washington. Erosion eventually threatened this light as well, and in 1934, the third light was illuminated.

Containing the second light's fourth-order lens, the third tower was made from concrete to better withstand the inclement weather of the area. This light shared a basic design with Point Robinson Light in Washington. It was also at this time that the first tower, which still stood, was finally destroyed. The second light fared better. The tower was soon removed and the building was converted into an office.

In 1966, the light was automated. Eventually, in 1993, the Fresnel lens was replaced with a modern lens. The light remained a beacon into Coos Bay for the next 12 years, until its decommissioning on January 1, 2006. Today, only the third light remains standing, all other buildings having since been demolished. The site is not open to the public, and the entire area is fenced off. In 2012–2013 winter, the original wood bridge accessing the light was eroded away by the sea. The lighthouse is visible between Sunset Bay State Park and Shore Acres State Park, and from Bastendorff Beach County Park.

In 1993, the light was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

title: Cape Arago Lighthouse


text:
Bon Air, White County, Tennessee

Bon Air is an unincorporated community in White County, in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is concentrated along U.S. Route 70 on the Cumberland Plateau between Sparta and Crossville. Bon Air and the adjacent areas of DeRossett and Ravenscroft form a greater community known as "BonDeCroft."

History
An old variant name is Bon Air Springs. A post office called Bon Air Springs was established in 1840, renamed Bon Air in 1857, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1955. The name Bon Air probably refers to "good air".

title: Bon Air, White County, Tennessee


text:
Talk:Halloween III (2018 film)

Draft
I'm not sure who tried to create this article, but there is currently a draft for this. Use that instead - Draft:Untitled Halloween film. We're not going to jump the gun.  Dark Knight  2149  21:06, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Halloween III (2018 film)


text:
Tang Te-chang

Thng Tek-chiong (POJ: Thng Tek-chiong; 6 January 1907 – 13 March 1947), also known as Tokushō Sakai (坂井 德章), was a Taiwanese lawyer of Japanese descent, born in Tainan during Japanese rule. He was killed in the February 28 Incident.

Life
Tekchiong's parents Tokuzo Sakai and Thng Gio̍k married in 1902. At the time, marriages between Japanese and Taiwanese were illegal, and Tekchiong took his maternal surname. Tekchiong's father was a police officer. He died when Tekchiong was eight years old, as a result of attacks on police stations organized by supporters of Û Chheng-hong. The family was not compensated, and Tekchiong grew up poor. He received some financial help from a traditional Han physician named Iûⁿ Choân. He graduated from Tapani Elementary School, but dropped out of Tainan Normal School (now the National University of Tainan), and worked on his family's farm, and then later at a sugar refinery. At that time, he enhanced his knowledge and fighting skills by learning Classic Sinitic language, Four Books and Five Classics, martial arts and Japanese martial arts. In 1927, he passed the formal civil service examination and became a Tainan Prefecture Patrol officer deployed to Tōseki District (東石郡). He married a year later. Tekchiong left law enforcement to pursue legal studies in Japan at the age of 32. He returned to Taiwan in 1943.

February 28 Incident
Thng Tekchiong was elected mayoral candidate by all Tainan senators, leaders of villages citizen organizations, and student representatives in 1947, when the February 28 Incident occurred.

After the 21st Division of National Revolutionary Army (NRA) descended on Tainan, about twenty gendarmes broke into Tekchiong's house on 11 March 1947, to arrest him for the crime of rebellion. During his arrest, Tekchiong burned a list containing the names of people on the Settlement Committee, an action regarded to have saved their lives. Tekchiong was interrogated by NRA soldiers regarding his ancestry, to which Tang reportedly replied, "I was born in Taiwan, I was raised in Taiwan. Am I not Taiwanese?" They insisted he was Japanese and Tekchiong challenged them to question him in the Japanese language. The next day, Tekchiong was hung upside down, tortured and paraded. On 13 March, Tekchiong was shot at Taishō Park (大正公園).

title: Tang Te-chang


text:
Talk:Jonathan Hammond (sport shooter)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jonathan Hammond (sport shooter)


text:
Talk:Overcome by Happiness

Fair use rationale for Image:Overcome by happiness.jpg
Image:Overcome by happiness.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:29, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Overcome by Happiness


text:
List of Formula E champions

Formula E is a single seater motorsport championship that uses only electric cars. The series is promoted and owned by Formula E Holdings and administered by the global governing body of motorsport, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), since its inception in 2014. The Formula E season consists of a series of races, known as ePrix, held usually in city centres, and in a few cases on permanent racing circuits. Points are awarded based on individual race results as well as for earning pole position in qualifying, setting the fastest lap in the group stage, and fastest lap during the race, with the highest tally of points winning the respective championship or trophy. The two main awards in the series are the Drivers' Championship and the Teams' Championship. A driver and team secures the Championship each season when it is no longer mathematically possible for another driver and team to beat them no matter the outcome of the remaining races, although it is not officially awarded until the FIA Prize Giving Ceremony that is held after the season has ended.

out of the eighty-one drivers who started a ePrix, there have been eight Formula E Drivers' Champions. The first Formula E Drivers' Champion was Nelson Piquet Jr. in the 2014–15 season and the current title holder is Jake Dennis in the 2022–23 season. Jean-Éric Vergne holds the record for the most Drivers' Championships, having achieved the title on two occasions, while the other seven Drivers' Champions have won the title just once. It has been won by drivers from Brazil twice between two drivers, followed by France with two championships from a single driver. The Drivers' Championship has been claimed in the final race of the season six times in the nine seasons it has been awarded. Out of the 17 teams that have entered a ePrix, five have won the Teams' Championship. Renault e.Dams holds the record for the highest number of Teams' Championship victories, having won the title on three occasions. German teams have won the title three times between two teams and French squads have earned the accolade three times between one team.

Voestalpine European Races Trophy
The Voestalpine European Races Trophy was a 3D printed trophy presented to the best performing driver over the course of the five-race European leg of the 2018–19 season.

title: List of Formula E champions


text:
Oughtonhead Common

Oughtonhead Common is a 17.4 hectare Local Nature Reserve in the Westmill district of Hitchin, Hertfordshire. It is owned and managed by North Hertfordshire District Council. and home to the Oughtonhead Common nature reserve.

The River Oughton flows along the edge of the site with the Common lying on its floodplain. A layer of sedge and wood peat up to a metre thick underlies the floodplain. The Common supports a wide variety of wildlife habitats. It is grazed by English Longhorn cattle, and there is a football pitch. The Friends of Oughtonhead Common assist with maintaining the site. It is part of the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In 2022, Oughtonhead Common was awarded a Green Flag for the seventh consecutive year.

Oughtonhead Nature Reserve (Wildlife Trust)
On the other side of the River Oughton from the Common is the Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust's Oughtonhead Nature Reserve. The reserve was established in 1982 and comprises 6.2 ha of fen woodland. It is not publicly accessible, but can be viewed across the river from the Common.

The site has a variety of habitats, including wet and dry woodland, the river margin and fen areas. Willow, reed and rush were formerly grown and harvested in the wetter areas, and there was a corn mill at the eastern end. Birds include kingfishers, water rails and woodcock, and there are mammals such as water shrews.

title: Oughtonhead Common


text:
Higher Brothers

Higher Brothers are a Chinese hip hop group from Chengdu consisting of four members: MaSiWei (马思唯 Siwei Ma), KnowKnow (丁震 Zhen Ding), Psy.P (杨俊逸 Junyi Yang), and Melo (谢宇杰 Yujie Xie). The group is known for their songs in Standard Mandarin and Sichuan Dialect, such as "Made in China", "Black Cab" and "WeChat".

Origins
Higher Brothers are part of the much larger rap collective Chengdu Rap House (成都说唱会馆), also known as CDC (an abbreviation of Chengdu City), which was formed in the early 2010s. Melo, who was the earliest of the Higher Brothers to join the Rap House, performed in a cypher video in 2012 alongside original Rap House members such as Fat Shady and Sleepy Cat. Meanwhile, Masiwei began rapping around 2013 and he was called OG Skippy, releasing three solo mixtapes in 2013, 2014, and 2015, and Melo and Psy.P performed as a duo called 天地会 (TianDi Clan, or TDC), releasing a mixtape in 2015.

In 2015, DZknow, who had recently arrived from Nanjing, released a song with Masiwei and Psy.P called "Haier Brothers" (海尔兄弟) after the old logo of the Chinese electronics company Haier, which features a pair of brothers. After the song received a positive reception, the members decided to form a group and name it after the song. Over time, the English form of the name became "Higher Brothers". The group's music is inspired by 50 Cent, A$AP Rocky, Kendrick Lamar, J. Cole and Migos.

The quick cycles of media consumerism in China allowed the Higher Brothers to enter the underground Chinese hip-hop scene and explode in popularity within a matter of months, and their international success would soon follow after signing with multinational label 88rising.

88rising and international success
The Higher Brothers joined 88rising in 2016 and are managed by Sean Miyashiro and Lana Larkin. Larkin also appeared on a few of their tracks. The group first appeared on 88rising's YouTube channel in 2016 with the song "Black Cab". A video published by 88rising shows prominent hip-hop figures like Kyle, Lil' Yachty, Migos, and Playboi Carti reacting extremely positively to Higher Brothers' hit music video "Made in China" skyrocketed their popularity and helped push them into the public eye internationally. The video currently has over 22 million views. The Higher Brothers also appeared in both Adidas Originals and Beats by Dre commercials, and were involved in a photo shoot with Russell Westbrook to promote the opening of a Jordan flagship store in Shanghai.

Due to the success of songs like "Made in China" and "Franklin", the Higher Brothers embarked on a tour through Asia alongside 88rising artists Joji and Rich Brian in late 2017. In 2018 the group embarked on their North American Tour "Journey to the West", named after their EP of the same name which was released in January 2018. The group released their second album Five Stars in 2019, and embarked on their worldwide "Wish You Rich" tour starting May 2019. At the end of 2019 the group announced that each member would release a solo album. DZknow released his album Mr. Enjoy Da Money on December 12, 2019, and also started a street wear brand of the same name. On February 28, 2020, MaSiWei released his solo album Prince Charming, named after the 1999 movie of the same name. Melo's solo album Old Master came out in April 2020 and revolved around the theme of paying homage to old guard rappers. Psy.P released his album PSYLIFE.25 in May 2020, featuring the singles "Chanel", "Tongzilin" and "Bad Habits".

Band members
These are Chinese names; surnames appear first.

 * MaSiWei, b.1993 (马思唯, Mǎ Sīwéi, also known as Ma Shi [马师] lit. "Master Ma", formerly known as OG Skippy), group leader, from Pixian, Chengdu.
 * MaSiWei was into hip-hop from a young age, and cites inspirations such as 50 Cent and his album Get Rich or Die Tryin' (2003). He joined the CDC in 2013.
 * DZknow, b.1996 (丁震, Dīng Zhèn, also known as KnowKnow or simply DZ), from Nanjing.
 * DZknow had several aspirations as an adolescent, most notably wanting to be an astronaut. His hip-hop inspirations came from Usher's song "Yeah!". He became connected to the rest of the group through Weibo, when he purchased a beat from MaSiWei.
 * Psy.P, b.1994 (杨俊逸, Yáng Jùnyì) from Chengdu.
 * Psy P.'s hip-hop interest came from T.I. and Lil' Wayne, both prominent figures in rap around the time he joined the CDC in 2011, before becoming a joint act with Melo.
 * Melo, b.1994 (谢宇杰, Xiè Yǔjié) from Chengdu.
 * Melo had aspirations of being a professional footballer in China before joining the CDC in 2011.

Higher Brothers mixtape
The group released a mixtape in 2016 entitled Higher Brothers Mixtape. It consists of 19 tracks including the "original" versions of two songs also featured on Black Cab - "7/11" and "WeChat". The original version of "7/11" featured a beat that was produced by Deko, while "Wechat" used the beat from Speaker Knockerz's song "Count Up". These beats were most likely changed for the re-released versions due to copyright concerns.

Black Cab
Their debut album Black Cab was released on May 31, 2017. It features collaborations with Keith Ape, Famous Dex, Jay Park and more. The album was named for the unlicensed black cab drivers of the group's native Chengdu. Despite its success, the album is almost entirely in Sichuanese, which made it almost unintelligible for a majority of Chinese listeners. It features songs from the groups pre-88rising days, as well as new songs written after signing with the label. The album contains the Higher Brother's song "Made In China", which Noisey describes as their "most famous track to date". The video for the song went viral, receiving over 15 million views as of March 2019.

Journey to the West EP
Higher Brothers released a new EP on January 17, 2018, during their North American tour with the same name accompanied by other artists from 88rising. There are four tracks in the EP, one of them being "Flo Rida". Originally just a single before the official announcement of the rest of the Journey to the West EP, the song blends both the Chinese and English languages. The song is produced by Florida rapper and producer Smokepurpp and features Ski Mask the Slump God. The EP is named after the popular Chinese novel of the same name.

Five Stars
The group released their second album Five Stars on February 22, 2019. It features collaborations with American rappers, including Soulja Boy, Ski Mask the Slump God, and Denzel Curry.

Impact
The Higher Brothers became part of a wider phenomenon in China that ventured from the traditional ways of past generations. For many in the younger generation in China, the cutthroat housing market and job and marriage markets are extremely competitive and present a lot of obstacles for young Chinese. Higher Brothers are the first Chinese rap group to achieve international recognition, rivaling the overseas popularity of Chinese pop stars like Jackson Wang and Lay Zhang.

The group has been able to circumvent Chinese censorship, believed largely due to the unmet need in cultural product of exportable quality. In an older song, Melo rapped "I don't write political hip-hop. But if any politicians try to shut me up, I'll cut off their heads and lay them at their corpses' feet." This line caused him to be brought into the Chinese public security bureau for questioning, but he was ultimately released.

The Higher Brothers bring energy and crowd involvement into their performances through multilingual integration of their music: speaking to the crowd in mandarin while rapping in English, Mandarin, and Sichuanese. This kind of higher level participation from the crowd was largely unseen in the hip-hop scene during the Higher Brothers' rise, but has since become more prevalent.

title: Higher Brothers


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ESTP

Entertainment
Taylor Bohning/ Youtube star
 * Glenn Beck, Conservative TV host and author
 * Angelina Jolie, actress
 * Robin Thicke, Singer
 * Madonna, singer
 * Meryl Streep, actress
 * Jack Nicholson, actor
 * Kevin Spacey, actor
 * Malcolm X, American civil rights leader
 * Ben Affleck, actor
 * Ryan Seacrest, TV and radio host
 * Mila Kunis, actress
 * Tyler Turk, underwriter
 * Amy Winehouse, singer-songwriter
 * Milla Jovovich, actress and supermodel
 * Judi Dench, actress
 * Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, actor
 * Helen Mirren, actress
 * Glenn Close, actress
 * Jeremy Renner, actor
 * Cary Grant, actor
 * Lucille Ball, actress
 * Sasha Grey, adult film actress
 * Traci Lords, adult film actress
 * James Deen, adult film actor
 * Jenna Marbles, YouTube star

Politicians and Leaders

 * Alexander The Great
 * Winston Churchill, UK Prime Minister
 * John F. Kennedy, US President
 * Theodore Roosevelt, US President
 * George S. Patton, World War II General
 * Douglas MacArthur, US General
 * Bernard Montgomery, UK Field Marshal
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt, US President
 * Andrew Jackson, US President
 * Lyndon B. Johnson, US President
 * David Cameron, UK Prime Minister
 * Camilla Parker Bowles, Duchess of Cornwall
 * Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France
 * Silvio Berlusconi, Prime Minister of Italy and media magnate
 * Donald Trump, US President and businessman

Literature

 * Ernest Hemingway, author (The Sun Also Rises)
 * Stephen R. Covey, author (The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People)
 * Dale Carnegie, author (How to Win Friends & Influence People)
 * Bret Easton Ellis, author (American Psycho)
 * Anna Wintour, Editor of Vogue magazine
 * John Grisham, author (The Firm)
 * Danielle Grey, author (The Promise)
 * Rhonda Byrne, author (The Secret)

Fictional Characters

 * Damon Salvatore (  the vampire diaries  )
 * Dean Winchester (  supernatural  )
 * James 'Bucky' Barnes (Winter soldier) (the Avengers)
 * Lando Calrissian (Star Wars)
 * Merida (Brave)
 * Gimli (Lord of the Rings)
 * Bart Simpson (The Simpsons)
 * Krusty the Clown (The Simpsons)
 * Sunny Corleone (The Godfather)
 * Elle Driver (Kill Bill Vol. 1)
 * Huckleberry Finn (The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)
 * Louie DePalma (Taxi)
 * John Parker (Alien)
 * Will Riker (Star Trek: The Next Generation)
 * Tom Paris (Star Trek: Voyager)
 * Bender (Futurama)
 * Zapp Brannigan (Futurama)
 * Bandit Keith (Yu-Gi-Oh!)
 * Mai Valentine (Yu-Gi-Oh!)
 * Rex Raptor (Yu-Gi-Oh!)
 * Vincent Vega (Pulp Fiction)
 * Gambit (X-Men)
 * Roger Sterling (Madmen)
 * R2-D2 (Star Wars series)
 * Johnny Bravo
 * Tuco (The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly)
 * Rainbow Dash (My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic)
 * Peppermint Patty (Peanuts)
 * Tony Montana (Scarface)
 * Thomas O'Malley (The Aristocats)
 * Snowy (The Adventures of Tintin)
 * Gail (Sin City)
 * Al Lambert (Step By Step)
 * George Oscar "Gob" Bluth (Arrested Development)
 * Sirius Black (Harry Potter series)
 * Sonic the Hedgehog
 * Catalina (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas)
 * Yondu Udonta ("Guardians of the Galaxy vol 1 & 2")
 * Peter Griffin (Family Guy)
 * Edward Elric (  Fullmetal Alchemist & Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood  )
 * Katsuki Bakugo (  My Hero Academia  )
 * Disgust (  Inside Out  )
 * Judy Hopps (  Zootopia  )

Others

 * Peter Schiff, investment broker and financial commentator
 * James Randi, debunker of paranormal claims
 * Epicurus, Greek philosopher
 * L. Ron Hubbard, founder of the Church of Scientology
 * Al Capone, Gangster
 * Anton Szandor LaVey, founder of the Church of Satan and author of The Satanic Bible

ESTPs at work
Spontaneous but organized

ESTPs in relationships
Ben Heath and Charlie Puth

How to deal with an ESTP
ESTP are fickle in love but when made firm to a decision can be quite the romantic

Web links

 * ESTP on Celebritytypes
 * ESTP on TypeLogic
 * ESTP on PersonalityPage and careers
 * ESTP Profiles and Famous ESTPs on TypeTango

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ESTP


text:
rutista

Etymology 1
Onomatopoeic root.

Verb

 * 1) To make a continuous crunchy voice.
 * 2)  To groan, to complain.
 * 3)  To flatulate audibly.

title: rutista