text:
Filmmaking Basics/Animated Storyboard/Poser Figures

 * Lesson
 * Lesson #009: Selecting the models for the animated version

 * The pages of this Lesson…
 * Title Page
 * Page 1 - DAZ 3D figures
 * Page 2 - Poser Figures  → You are here!
 * Page 3 - Koshini and Friends

 * Current Location
 * Wikiversity (English) $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Humanities $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Art and Design $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Fine Arts $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Film and Television $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Narrative Film Production $$\Leftrightarrow$$  Course #01 - Learning the Basics of Filmmaking $$\Leftrightarrow$$ WikiU Film School - Lesson #009: Selecting the models for the animated version $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Page 2 - Poser Figures

Poser vs Poser Figures
Poser was the software that started this industry. Therefore, "Poser figures" is the name that is given to all of these figures... even if they are compatible with the current version of Poser or not. This get confusing so I simply call these figures "Digital Puppets".


text:
Tourism

Tourism is the travel for recreation, leisure, religious, family business purposes, usually of a limited duration. Tourism is commonly associated with trans-national travel, but may also refer to travel to another location within the same country.

Resources

 * /Introduction/
 * /Ecotourism/
 * /Front Office/
 * /International/
 * /Management/
 * /Planning/
 * /Stages/
 * /Travel/

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tourism


text:
Talk:Dean Edwards

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title: Talk:Dean Edwards


text:
piece together

Verb

 * 1) To physically assemble (or reassemble) from fragments or pieces.
 * 2)  To reconstruct an event or goal from incomplete or flawed elements.
 * 1)  To reconstruct an event or goal from incomplete or flawed elements.
 * 1)  To reconstruct an event or goal from incomplete or flawed elements.
 * 1)  To reconstruct an event or goal from incomplete or flawed elements.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish:
 * Finnish: liittää yhteen, ,
 * French: ,
 * German:, , , ,
 * Persian: سر هم کردن
 * Spanish: ,

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish:
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * German:, zusammenklittern, , ,
 * Persian:
 * Spanish:

title: piece together


text:
Talk:David Duckham

Untitled
Pretty stupid opening ... it states "he played all his games [for England] on the left wing" ... and immediately follows on by saying that he played in his early games for England in the centre (which is true!) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:06, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Duckham


text:
Talk:in the hospital

in the hospital
--Connel MacKenzie 08:14, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * keep. Firstly, this is idiomatic for the US.  In the UK, they say "in hospital".  Neither expression is expected from the sum of its parts, since "in the hallway" doesn't mean "admitted as a patient to the hallway".  Think of it this way: If someone told you they were going to be "in the hospital" next week, you wouldn't simply assume they were going to visit someone.  Rather, you would assume they were going to be a patient.  But someone physically present within a hospital is not necessarily "in the hospital".  --EncycloPetey 08:18, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * WTH? "I'll be working in the hospital all next week."  --Connel MacKenzie 18:51, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it has a non-idiomatic sense as well, but so do many English idioms. --EncycloPetey 20:25, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * But how is it idiomatic, at all? --Connel MacKenzie 23:45, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * By the way, not to mix discussions, but would in hospital be an alternative spelling, an alternative form, or a synonym? —RuakhTALK 16:36, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It would be a synonym, followed by the country/countries in which it is used. See what I have recently done to fry (noun) and frying pan. — Paul G 16:40, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't call it idiomatic, even if you can't predict exactly how it'll be expressed. In Scotland you say I'm going to my bed instead of I'm going to bed, or what did you get for your Christmas? instead of what did you get for Christmas?.  These kind of sentence-formation rules aren't really a matter for dictionaries, rather they belong in phrasebooks or a language course.  I'm not saying I want it deleted as such, but it makes me a bit uneasy.  Widsith 16:44, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It's an idiom in that the definite article isn't generally used this way in U.S. English; usually the definite article is only used in a context where the audience can figure out which whatever is being referred to. "In the house" is different from "in a house" in that in the former, the speaker expects the audience to be able to infer what house is being referred to (either from immediate context, or from background knowledge), while in the latter, he does not; "in the hospital", however, is really synonymous with "in a hospital", reflecting the fact that it's an idiom: the goal isn't actually to express the location specifically, but the situation overall. ("Hospital" isn't the only term like this — we can say "in the emergency room" with a similar sense — but it's not a general property of the grammar, as we can't just say "in the intensive care unit" unless the audience already knows which hospital it is, having instead to say "in intensive care" or "in the intensive care unit at <hospital name>".) —RuakhTALK 17:35, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I think you can say in the intensive care unit. Also at the shops, taking the car to the garage, at the police station, in the bank, on the train and hundreds more.  The use of the doesn't seem idiomatic to me at all.  Widsith 17:38, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * But those are examples of a different semantic function than "in the hospital". Your examples are all simply specifying which location.  "on the train" simply means something is located on a specific train without bothering to identify which one.  Saying my mother is "in the hospital" doesn't simply describe her location, but the condition of her health.  I would say the same thing can be seen in an idiom like "My car is in the shop," implies it is being repaired, not that the car is physically at an unspecified shop. Likewise, "My father is on the road most of the year."  This means he travels (probably as part of his job), and not that he is standing in the roadway through some bizarre mental quirk.  Or consider "That's money in the bank," or "You can take that to the bank."  In these idioms there is an implication that something is of value, not simply a description of its physical location. --EncycloPetey 20:21, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I still don't quite agree. The difference is that in the hospital is literally true, whereas on the road is not necessarily so, for example you could say it of someone who was currently in a motel room rather than literally driving on a road.  By contrast, you couldn't use in the hospital to just describe the condition of someone's health if they were at home in bed.  Widsith 19:16, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Delete in the hospital and keep in hospital. The latter is an idiom (listed as such by the OED), the former isn't.  JackLumber 21:41, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * That's because the OED generally has a British bias; you can see it in entries like come, v. B. 3. e., which is marked with a dagger (meaning "obsolete"), but which is used by every American on a daily basis (← that's a slight exaggeration, but still, you get the idea) . This is understandable and acceptable on the OED's part, but I see no reason that we should mimic it. —RuakhTALK 22:50, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Compare also the OED entries for sleet and mason. (Things have changed, however; the OED has now an office in New York City.)  But in the hospital is not an idiom, because USEng always uses an article regardless of context, while BrEng idiomatically omits the definite article in the specific case of a patient being in the hospital. JackLumber 22:56, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The meaning of idiom has little to do with whether its grammar follows normal English patterns such as the inclusion of the definite article. An idiom is "A phrase that cannot be fully understood from the separate meanings of the individual words which form it, but instead must be learned as a whole unit of meaning." The phrase in the hospital is idiomatic because the meaning it carries is not evident from the mere separate meanings of in, the, & hospital.  The presence or absence of the does not change whether or not it is an idiom, becuase "the" does not carry the full weight of the construction. --EncycloPetey 23:15, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The OED has four entries for sleet and three for mason (counting only lowercase ones); can you be more specific? And yes, it's perfectly natural that U.S. English uses an article here, but the choice of article is surprising: the, even though no specific hospital is being specified. (As I think about it, though, I suspect that "in the hospital" is just the sum of "in" and "the hospital", the latter being the idiomatic component; after all, we can also say "we took him to the hospital", "he just got out of the hospital yesterday", "he was admitted to the hospital", etc., all without any context that might identify the hospital.) —RuakhTALK 23:13, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * In all those examples, UK English generally uses either "hospital" or "the hospital" - "we took him to hospital"/"we took him to the hospital", "he just got out of hospital yesterday"/"he just got out of the hospital" (this feels overly precise)/"he just got out the hospital yesterday", "he was admitted to hospital"/"he was admitted to the hospital" (I suspect this is significantly rarer in BE than "..to hospital"). Thryduulf 23:29, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I was mostly focusing on the difference between UK and U.S. usage: note that a nurse is in the hospital (not in hospital) in England too. Sleet as in weather and mason as in worker.  There's no mention of the American meanings. JackLumber 23:20, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I changed my mind. Delete both.  Or else we're gonna need in school, in college, in church,... and delete in bed too while you're at it... JackLumber 23:28, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Why? None of those are idiomatic in the way that in the hospital is. --EncycloPetey 23:34, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * But they are idiomatic in the way that *in hospital* is. JackLumber 23:39, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * No, they aren't. As I said before, omitting "the" does not make an expression idiomatic. There is nothing unexpected in the meaning of any of those terms, only in the use or absence of the definite article.  That doesn't make it idiomatic any more more than "in Spanish", or "in retrospect". --EncycloPetey 23:43, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * They sure are. British English uses in the hospital for everything and everyone except for patients: a patient is in hospital, everybody else is in the hospital.  Therein lies the idiom.  In the U.S., a student is in school, i.e. he is a student.  In Britain, a patient is in hospital. JackLumber 23:48, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The expression in school is not a parallel case because school (unlike hospital) is not limited to the building. A school or church can be an agglomeration of individuals in a way that hospital cannot. --EncycloPetey 23:57, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * That's a bit of a stretch. JackLumber 00:05, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * "The newlyweds are in bed" seems way more idiomatic than "in the hospital." --Connel MacKenzie 23:43, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmm, so in bed might have some idiomatic uses. "I was in bed with two beautiful women." means something very different from "I was in bed with the flu." --EncycloPetey 23:45, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes: precisely, in has different meanings: "stuck lying in" in the former and "lying in" in the latter. —msh210 18:31, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep, "in the hospital" means "in a hospital"? How is a non-native speaker supposed to guess that? If that definition is disputed, take it to RFV. Kappa 16:41, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Compare the lion is a noble animal. How is a non-native speaker supposed to guess that the lion=any lion.  He's not supposed to ‘guess’, he's expected to learn that that's a feature of the language, and not an uncommon one. Widsith 19:13, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep. Both in hospital and in the hospital (which I also hear in UK, BTW) mean that someone is not well and is a patient. The hospital is not specified, so the the is redundent / not definitive. As for at/in school, at/in the shops, at/in work and all the other examples above, the place IS specific. We DO know which school (the one you always go to), which shops (the local ones), which church, which bank, etc. Algrif 17:44, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Not that I care whether the term is deleted or kept, but this argument is not convincing. You don't know which school or which shops.  Obviously you can make a confident guess, but that is not inherent in the definition.  The hospital is no less specific.  The definite article in English does not only introduce specific examples of things.  Consider I love the summer, it's so relaxing.  A specific summer is not indicated.  That is one of the ways the works.  To say I'm in the hospital is just a kind of metonymy.  Widsith 19:13, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm very torn. You're right that the does have other such uses outside of hospital: "I went to the drugstore", "I need to drop by the grocery store", "I need to drive through the ATM", "Even a king needs to go to the bathroom sometimes". The general pattern seems to be places that are identified with actions (though in some cases the action can be a bit less fully specified than in the case of hospital), and always with a verb or preposition of being-at or motion-to; but, there's a complicating factor, in that many such places don't require any article at all (school, work, camp, church, bed, sometimes college), seemingly places that one attends regularly. (In the extreme example, home doesn't even require a preposition.) We should definitely by including this sort of information somehow, but I'm not sure that trying to cover all collocations is the way. I think we might be best off documenting the's behavior at the, and including usage notes at entries like hospital explaining the meaning of these collocations/idioms. —RuakhTALK 21:24, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I think Paul G was threatening to start an appendix (or two) on grammar (which, oddly, we don't have dozens of, already.) This use of "the" seems like a prime candidate for one such page.  About the collocations, I think we should delete...how many -ization words are there in the English language?  This method would suggest six entries, ('x', 'x+ization', 'x+izations', 'in x', 'in the x' and 'the x') for each?  If I set a bot to that task, it might want to play hospital with my CPU until something broke.  --Connel MacKenzie 21:01, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Delete per Ruakh and Connel. If we were to keep in hospital and in the hospital we would also need out of the hospital, out of hospital, to hospital, to the hospital and a zillion other useless entries. If a user (possibly a non-native speakers) wants to know how the word hospital is used, collocation and all, what is s/he supposed to look up? hospital.  A plain, simple usage note s.v. hospital is the solution. JackLumber 19:15, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I do not see any difference here between in the hospital and such prepositional idioms as in the bag. Both have literal and idiomatic functions. This is typical of prepositional idiomatic phrases. Some examples:- The new contract is in the bag. The meaning depends on the conversational context. Where's the contract? and How's the contract? can both be answered with the above phrase. In case 1. the answer is literal. In case 2. the answer is idiomatic.

 * My wife is a doctor. My friend comes to my house and asks Where's your wife, today? or asks How's your wife today?  She's in the hospital. The answer in case one is literal and in case 2 is idiomatic, provoking the response, Oh dear! I hope it's nothing serious! etc. If my wife is not a nurse or medic etc, then the answer to both questions would be taken in the idiomatic sense.  Which hospital? Can I visit? What room number? etc.If the answer to any of the above questions were in hospital, there would be no doubt at all about the idiomatic interpretation that I am saying my wife is not at all well and is under medical care in a hospital, whether her work is hospital related or not. I'm sorry, but it seem to me to be as clear as crystal. All the above expressions are prepositional idiomatic phrases which also have literal senses depending on the conversational context. Algrif 07:48, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The difference is that when something's in the bag, it's not literally in a bag. Whereas when someone's in the hospital, they are literally in the hospital – otherwise you would be able to use it of people who are at ill at home etc.  Widsith 09:18, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The point is just that. Depending the context it can or not be literally in the bag. The meaning changes. The same applies to in (the) hospital. The meaning changes according to context. That is the hallmark of an idiomatic phrase. The meaning changes and is no longer the sum of the parts. in (the) hospital can mean in a private clinic, too. There are several prepositional idiomatic phrases which could be disputed on similar grounds, but the dispute would be incorrect. One example is given above on the road. in bed is another. Algrif 10:34, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No, as I've said I do not agree that in the hospital is ever non-literal. What is your definiton of the phrase?  Currently it is defined as "admitted as a patient to a hospital".  But it also has the meaning "in a hospital for any other reason".  In all cases, the person is literally in a hospital.  On the road is not always literally true (you could be in a motel room, at a distant company office etc).  I personally would never say in the hospital for someone in a private non-hospital clinic, but if others agree with that I suppose it could be narrowly idiomatic.  I will be interested to see how it's defined though.  And even then I think this information is much more useful at hospital, which is what users are likely to look up.  Widsith 08:56, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Just a quick note. prepositional idioms nearly always have this problem precisely because they start with a preposition. Whether the preposition is literal or idiomatic is where the question really lies. Algrif 10:41, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I really think the "the" US/UK issue could be worked out as a usage note at hospital, and that the understanding that a person who is in a hospital is sick is really just a pragmatic assessment rather than idiomatic. However, Algrif hit on something when he said that "in (the) hospital can mean in a private clinic, too." Keep on those grounds alone. DAVilla 22:52, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the vote of confidence. And to add strength to my argument, it is interesting to note that we would normally use at to distinguish the meaning. My wife is at the hospital means she is there doing something other than being ill. Algrif 16:07, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

I think in is the word that has a different meaning in this idiom, not the. In here means "a patient in", with the hospital meaning "some hospital" much as in "Even a king needs to go to the bathroom sometimes". So this entry should either be keeped or be deleted with a new definition included at in. Likewise for in school (for its specific sense of "a student at a school", not the other sense of "currently on school grounds"): in means "a student at" and there should either be an entry for the phrase or be a definition for in. Likewise for car in the shop: in means being worked on by employees of. (Note that the car may be test-driven at the moment outside of the mechanic's shop's grounds, and the speaker may know this fact.) So the entry for in should have this definition, or there should be an entry for in the shop. I prefer all these definitions to be included under in for the following reason (and therefore say delete here): in the shop can be replaced by in the mechanics' shop or in the mechanic's shop; in the hospital can be replaced by in the rehab center or in the rehabilitation center or in rehab; in school can be replaced by in college or in high school or in elementary school; etc. I don't think these are all separate idioms with separate definitions (frankly, I think including all of them would be silly). Rather, they all simply reflect various definitions of in, and that's where the definitions should be added. —msh210 18:41, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Having thought about it more, I realize that in in in the shop, in school, and in the hospital all have similar meanings: "admitted to" or "staying in to be worked on". So this would definitely, then, be a definition of in and nothing more. —msh210 14:45, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * So, if someone is in school, they are "admitted to" the school? A common American cliche phrase is "Stay in school"; surely you don't think that means "stay admitted" or "stay to be worked on"?  If you say there is a body "in the road" is it somehow admitted to the road?  There to be worked on?  The sense you propose is not general.  From the other direction, consider that the phrases in the apartment and in the store have no idiomatic usage whatsoever in English, despite the fact that they are of the same form "in + the + name of building." This usage is therefore not general to the word in, but rather is specific to certain nouns that may follow it. --EncycloPetey 20:39, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't have much time now, but briefly: Of course what I said is not relevant to in the store or in the apartment. In has several meanings besides the one I put forth above. Q.v. But the one I said is also a meaning of it. Even in the road has a different in than the phrases I mentioned. And as far as stay in school goes, yes, it means "stay admitted to school" (i.e., don't drop out). —msh210 14:35, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * We're going round in circles here and always coming back to the question of whether this is a prepositional phrase or not. In my opinion, the fact that the idiomatic sense includes a location does NOT stop it from being an idiomatic prepositional phrase. Compare with at home and tell me what the difference is, please. Algrif 16:04, 5 July 2007 (UTC) Not a good example. Forget it. This is a borderline case, I agree. But it does have an idiomatic sense.Algrif 16:11, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No, I think at home is a very good example. It can mean "present in one's residence" or "at ease".  Likewise, in the hospital has two senses.  If someone says, "Be careful with the chainsaw or you could end up in the hospital," they aren't talking about being present in a hospital or even in a building, they're talking about being injured.  It is idiomatic. --EncycloPetey 08:30, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

If I say that my sister is in high school, you don't know which high school. If I say that my old man is in prison, you don't know which prison. I may sit at _the_ table even if I have 10 tables in my home. Compare Webster's New World College Dictionary, s.v. in preposition:

7. a) being a member of or worker at [in the navy, in business] b) being a student at [she's in college] c) being an inmate of [to be in prison]

It's not just in, though. My sister dropped out of high school. Jack had to go to (the) hospital. JackLumber 19:00, 6 July 2007 (UTC) JackLumber 19:00, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No, in those phrases the idiomatic part (by which I mean "the part which has a meaning other than its usual meaning") is not the preposition alone. In dropped out of high school, dropped out is idiomatic. In had to go to the hospital, there's no idiomatic part (relevant to our discussion; of course, had has an idiomatic meaning here). Rather, you're merely saying he was required to go to the hospital; the fact that he's sick is inferred logically from that, but that's metalinguistic (is that a word?). —msh210 05:13, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't let the verbs fool you! How can you say that "had" has an "idiomatic" meaning here?  Have to is a modal verb, that's all.
 * He went to (the) hospital. He was discharged from (the) hospital. He was admitted to (the) hospital.  He was rushed to (the) hospital.  He was released from (the) hospital.  He got out of prison.  He was sent to prison.  He escaped from prison.  He was released from prison.  It ain't about prepositions---it's about the word hospital.  There's no reason to single out the preposition in. JackLumber 19:25, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * But you see, in each of those examples you've given above, there is an action verb. In the case of "He is in the hospital", the prepositional phrase serves as a predicate modifier, which isn't the case when you have a non-copula like admit, rush, or release.  "He was from the hospital"? "He was to the hospital"?   The phrase in the hospital can function in ways that other preositions can't handle; it is able to do this in part because it is idiomatic in a way that the other expressions with prepositions simply are not. --EncycloPetey 19:37, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * ¿What kind of an argument is that? I can say I am in my room, but I obviously can't say *I was to my room or *I'm going to be from my room; yet "in my room" ain't idiomatic any.  On the other hand, to be out of (the) hospital does make sense.  JackLumber 21:36, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Are you actually reading what you're writing? You act as though each reply is in a vacuum.  You said "There is no reason to single out the preposition "in".  I pointed out that phrases using "in" fuction differently, so there is reason to single it out.  How does your latest reply fit into that line of discussion? --EncycloPetey 22:00, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * ?!? *You* are not reading what I'm writing. You don't have to, however.  I just pointed out that your "reason" to single out the preposition in doesn't make sense.  JackLumber 22:26, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't follow. Insofar as "She's in the hospital" is idiomatic (implying that she's been admitted as a patient), so are "She's been out of the hospital for a few weeks now" (implying that she was released a few weeks earlier — which, by the way, is more unambiguously idiomatic, because you can say this even if she's still doing physical therapy at the hospital), "They took her to the hospital [to be admitted as a patient]", etc. —RuakhTALK 22:32, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The best case I've seen so far for keeping this is that given by EncycloPetey. "Be careful with the chainsaw or you could end up in the hospital." If anyone can demonstrate that this is NOT idiomatic (e.g. = be hurt or injured) then we have here a valid example of idiomatic use. Quotes along these lines will be very easy to find. The rest of the arguments above become superfluous because the idiomatic form is demonstrated. QED. Algrif 14:28, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * But the question is, what exactly is the idiom? "Out of the hospital" has similarly idiomatic uses, as do "to the hospital" and probably many others; so should we have separate entries for each of these, or give this as a sense at "hospital"? —RuakhTALK 17:22, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The idiom is in hospital and in the hospital Meaning To be badly hurt or injured As per the chainsaw example given above. I'm not sure why out of (the) hospital should be idiomatic. Find some examples and we can include it. Why not? Doghouse links to in the doghouse If I can find a good reason for out of the doghouse then I will request inclusion for that, too. Algrif 10:27, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No, in (the) hospital doesn't mean "badly hurt or injured." It means "being given medical care in a hospital or similar institution."  Out of (the) hospital means the  opposite of that; to the hospital means etc.  If you are not careful with the chainsaw, it is likely that you will end up in a hospital, no doubt about it.  In any case, the use of in the hospital in the chainsaw example can be regarded as a figure of speech---surely not an idiom. JackLumber 00:04, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

After reading the Pawley list in the CFI, I would say that in hospital meets the following:- 3. Customary status: Does the use of the phrase imply certain behavior patterns, values, or sequences of activities that are known by society at large? They represent conventionalized knowledge. For example, expected behavior at the front door is different from at the back door (besides their participation in idioms), indicating that these function as cultural units (lexemes) that are more significant than the sum of the parts. Consider go to the mosque, get off work.

7. Single-word synonyms: the only one of its kind ↔ unique. in hospital = injured

11. Inseparability of constituents: Insertion of other material changes the unity or naturalness of a phrasal lexeme. Consider: lead up the garden path. Saying lead up the beautiful garden path shifts it from a figurative to a literal interpretation. In the hospital is NOT the same as in the local hospital. Nor the same as your example where you put in A hospital, thereby changing the idiomatic nature of the phrase.

And in the case of in the hospital 19: Use of definite article on first mention. Algrif 12:31, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, note this news story, which quotes a RAF spokesperson :
 * "We've also assisted in getting medication to people who weren't able to get to hospital. One helicopter has taken a cardiac arrest patient to hospital because the roads were impassable," she said.
 * This could confuse an American, who would expect to a hospital (or the other phrase mentioned in this discussion, to the hospital). — Beobach972 23:56, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

in college, in prison
What's the situation with in college, in prison etc.? --Backinstadiums (talk) 09:16, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

go into hospital
What about the idiomaticity of go into hospital? --Backinstadiums (talk) 11:26, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

Usage note: "at"
in the hospital: receiving medical or surgical treatment, care, or attention at a hospital. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/in+the+hospital The prepostition AT is also used in the definition of in the hospital --Backinstadiums (talk) 11:35, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:in the hospital


text:
User:Andreas 06

Just a brief description of me:

My name is Andreas (therefore my user name ;)) and you can find my main work under de:Benutzer:Andreas_06 in the german Wikipedia.

title: User:Andreas 06


text:
Huemulite

Huemulite is a mineral with formula Na4Mg(V10O28)·24H2O that is yellow to orange in color. It was first discovered in Argentina in 1959 and described in 1966. The mineral is named for the Huemul mine in which it was discovered.

Occurrence and properties
Huemulite is yellowish orange to orange and bright in color. The mineral occurs as thin films, aggregates of fine fibers, botryoidal masses, and interstitial filling in host sandstone. Huemulite has been found in Argentina, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It occurs in association with epsomite, gypsum, hummerite, rossite, and thenardite.

Huemulite is a member of the pascoite group. It melts at 500 C to become a red liquid. Huemulite dissolves readily in cold water to produce an orange-yellow solution with a pH of 5.5 to 6.5.

Formation and synthesis
In Argentina, the mineral formed after mine tunnels were cut through Cu-U deposits in sandstone and conglomerate. The vanadium in huemulite is thought to originate from asphaltic material that occurs in association with the sandstone.

Huemulite can be synthesized by mixing stoichiometric proportions of vanadium pentoxide, magnesium carbonate, and sodium carbonate in cold water in a humid environment. The mixture is heated to dissolve the compounds which react with each other as CO2 is drawn off. The solution is then concentrated, excess vanadic acid is removed by filtration, and allowed to cool and crystallize.

Since huemulite dissolves easily in water, it can be recrystallized by evaporating the mineral solution. When evaporated slowly, the process creates well-formed crystals up to 5 mm and 15 to 25 mg. In a more humid environment, fibrous crystals or acicular radial aggregates are formed.

Both recrystallized and synthetic huemulite have tabular habit.

Structure
Huemulite exhibits the triclinic crystal system with space group P and one formula unit per unit cell. The crystal structure consists of decavanadate anions (V10O28)6− linked by an interstitial complex of isolated [Mg(H2O)6]2+ and an infinite zigzag chain of [Na4(H2O)14]4+. There are a further four isolated H2O groups, two of which are positionally disordered.

History
Huemulite was discovered in the area of Malargüe in Mendoza Province, Argentina. The first specimen was collected in 1959 by V. Angelelli of the Geology Department of CNEA on level -18 of the Agua Botada ore body. The specimen was sent to E. Linares who determined it to be unlike any known mineral. Further specimens were collected in the mine as well as the nearby Huemul and Agua Botada Sur mines. In 1963, a preliminary report on the mineral was presented to the II Argentine Geological Congress. In 1964, the unit cell was measured at Yale University by Linares and H. Winchell and the mineral's chemical and physical properties were checked by C. E. Gordillo and R. O. Toubes. The mineral was named huemulite after the Huemul mine in which it was discovered. On May 19, 1965, the mineral and name were approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names of the IMA. Huemulite was described in 1966 in the journal American Mineralogist by Gordillo, Linares, Toubes, and Winchell.

Synthetic huemulite was deposited by Gordillo in the Museo de Mineralogía of the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. No type specimens were designated by them, however, a type specimen was donated by Linares to the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. Unfortunately, during a 2011 study, the only mineral detected similar to huemulite was lasalite. It was determined that Gordillo et al. most likely used fully hydrated huemulite in chemical analysis and partially dehydrated huemulite in determining the mineral's powder X-ray diffraction.

Analysis
Huemulite in its natural form is too fine-grained for accurate study of its physical and optical properties; however, it can readily be recrystallized after dissolving the mineral in water. As far as can be determined, both recrystallized and synthetic huemulite are identical to natural specimens.

title: Huemulite


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Template:User Earthling3

To use this userbox on your userpage put  , or if you have left Earth you should use

  will also work.

title: Template:User Earthling3


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anirudh Baboo

The result was   delete. postdlf (talk) 02:14, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

Anirudh Baboo

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Was unsure to do a A7 or a XFD-went with this in the end. Seems to be a very unotable director with no info Wgolf (talk) 20:06, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete. Yeah, I was just about to put a PROD it. The subject is a student making a YouTube movie. That is not notable enough for an article even though the local newspaper gave it a quick write-up. --DanielRigal (talk) 20:13, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment Yeah the newspaper part is nice, but almost seems like "local guy has 15 minutes of fame!"-On another note, I found this Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Anirudh Baboo as well as a link to the page that went to another user (possible sockpuppets?) Wgolf (talk) 20:17, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete Fails WP:CREATIVE. Abandoned draft deleted as G13. § FreeRangeFrog croak 01:08, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:54, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:54, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete non-notable and no reliable sources available. Shanata (talk) 03:11, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete : Not at all notable. Proposing for Speedy delete.Athachil (talk) 13:11, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete -It fails FILMMAKER and GNG. Anupmehra  - Let's talk!  21:43, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bahrain-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:53, 11 February 2015 (UTC)


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Moschopsis

Moschopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Calyceraceae, native to the Andes of Chile and Argentina in southern South America. They are compact perennial succulents appearing somewhat like small heads of broccoli or artichokes.

Species
10 species are currently accepted:
 * Moschopsis ameghinoi (Speg.) Dusén
 * Moschopsis angustifolia (Phil.) Pozner & S.Denham
 * Moschopsis caleofuensis (Speg.) Dusén
 * Moschopsis dentata (Phil.) Pozner & S.Denham
 * Moschopsis filifolia (Speg.) Pozner & S.Denham
 * Moschopsis leyboldii Phil.
 * Moschopsis patagonica (Speg.) Pozner & S.Denham
 * Moschopsis rosulata (N.E.Br.) Dusén ex Hicken
 * Moschopsis subandina (Speg.) Dusén
 * Moschopsis trilobata Dusén

title: Moschopsis


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Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Light switches

Presentation
With the "light switches" reality check, you check if light switches work normally.

This is one of the less reliable reality checks, but for some people it works perfectly.

Examples of this reality check working

 * I was in my bedroom but it was dark. I tried to switch on the light, but nothing happened. I kept trying for a minute until I realised I was dreaming.

 * I dreamed I was working on my computer. I decided to quit and go to bed, so I shut off the computer. As I was walking to my room, I couldn't see anything, so I tried to put on the light by pushing the switch, but the switch didn't work. I ignored this and eventually found the way to my bed. In my bed, I thought: "Wait a minute, the light switch didn't work, I must be dreaming!" However, this excitement caused me to wake up.

 * I was dreaming and woke up in my room. I tried to turn on my light switch, but it melted off the wall. It turned into a liquidy substance, like the oily butter you get at most movie theaters.

 * (Note that this is not quite the same, but still similar). I was working on the computer at night, when I had been told to go to sleep. Not wanting to bother my room-mate/parents/spouse, who gets annoyed at me working late, I was working with the lights off. When I heard a noise, I thought it might be them waking up, so I quickly tried turning off my computer monitor. However, the button did not work. Even when I tried unplugging the monitor or forcing the computer to shut off, the monitor would not turn off, so I realized I was dreaming.

 * I just woke from a nightmare-turned-amusement where the light switch didn't work in my bedroom, leaving me immersed in a frightening darkness... but when I opened my bedroom door, looked out into the hallway, and flipped the switch a few more times, it started changing night to day and day to night outside! Well, okay, then! That got my attention.

Examples of this reality check failing

 * I flicked the switch and my light immediately turned on. Luckily though, I always use back up reality checks. So I got lucid anyways. Yay!

 * Half the time when I try this, the dream supplies some mundane reason why the switch didn't work. There's a short. A storm has knocked down the power lines. Wait, when was the last time I paid the electric bill?...

Sueño lúcido/Test de Realidad/Interruptores de luz


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Eggink

Eggink is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Gertie Eggink (born 1980), Dutch sidecarcross rider
 * Herman Eggink (born 1949), Dutch rower
 * Stephanie Eggink (born 1988), American mixed martial artist

title: Eggink


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User:Ilyanep

I'm a user/sysop/bureaucrat on Wikipedia, see my Userpage.

NOTE!!! Use my Wikipedia Talk page, because I won't be checking this one!

title: User:Ilyanep


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User:Sandeepsuthar5174

Minded Film production.【 Minded Group】 @official.

A SANDEEP SUTHAR PRESENTS.

Start on 2016.

Digital cinematic videography and photography house.

Sandeep suthar<PHONE_NUMBER>

title: User:Sandeepsuthar5174


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agoge

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) In ancient Greek music, tempo or pace; rhythmical movement.
 * 2) Melodic motion upward or downward by successive scale-steps: same as ductus in medieval music.
 * 3)  A rigorous training regimen for Spartan men in preparation for army service.

Noun

 * 1) agogics

title: agoge


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Template:Did you know nominations/Scott Rozelle

The result was: promoted by Cwmhiraeth (talk) 05:54, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

Scott Rozelle

 * ... that the American development economist Scott Rozelle at the Freeman Spogli Institute of Stanford University has been doing researches on the society and economics of China for over 30 years and is mostly concerned with rural children's health condition in the country? Source:
 * ALT1:... that, in the American scholar Scott Rozelle's 30-year career as a development economist, he has been mostly concerned with children's health condition in rural China? Source:
 * Comment: Read about the person in the news and took me roughly 2-3 days to complete. I have only got 2 DYK credits so far, but I will still be looking for a QPQ if one is available.
 * Comment: Read about the person in the news and took me roughly 2-3 days to complete. I have only got 2 DYK credits so far, but I will still be looking for a QPQ if one is available.

Moved to mainspace by Kou Dou (talk). Self-nominated at 23:56, 18 September 2017 (UTC).

 * Symbol question.svg QPQ not needed! Moved to main space, in time, long enough, within policy, ALT1 is fine. Copyvio is to be removed. Unlink China, as it is not the main focus (the readers should click on Scott Rozelle instead of clicking on China :)). Fine, source wise. Looks good otherwise. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Adityavagarwal (talk • contribs) 08:02, September 20, 2017 (UTC)
 * thank you for the effort to check them! I have read through the copyvio detection carefully and noticed the many issues here are all about proper nouns, such as names of schools (e.g. the University of California, Berkeley) or institutions (e.g. the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy), which are essentially not replaceable. Other than these, my apologies for the negligence - I have made a few modifications so that wordings should now be more independent from the original text. You are right about ALT1 and the link has been removed. Please let me know what you may think if there is anything else I could do. Kou  Dou 08:58, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Symbol confirmed.svg Thanks Dou, for the fixes! Looks great now. Good to go! Adityavagarwal (talk) 09:24, 20 September 2017 (UTC)


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Paul Smith (racing driver)

Paul Smith (born 29 October 1955) is a British former racing driver.

He competed in the 1980 British Formula One Championship.

Complete British Saloon Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

title: Paul Smith (racing driver)


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User:VCzuprynski

My name is Victoria Czuprynski. I am from Suffolk, Va. I am a biology major with a minor in pre-medicine and medical Spanish at James Madison University. After my Undergraduate studies I plan on going to medical school to become a Cardiologist.

title: User:VCzuprynski


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User:Mr.QXZ

Mr. QXZ
I chose the username Mr. QXZ because of the many characters named Mr. Q or Agent X or Z or whatever. I decided to name myself all of them.

Anyways, I live in a small town just south of the Canadian-U.S. border in #REDIRECT Montana. Our town used to have an oil refinery, and was once very prosperous. After the oil was all used up, people moved away, leaving the parents of our community. Our town has slowly started to become more prominant, including a phone business servicing almost the entire state just a street away from my house. It also has a humble little store whose workforce consists of lazy classmates of mine. Yes, I am only in high school, but I have an amazing imagination. I have imagined an exponential number of different stories and adventures. One of them has been worked into an unprinted comic book, and quite a few have been worked into scripts. I have also written about 8 songs, and have a moderately good singing voice. I have also been trained in Karate, but cancelled that training to develop a new martial art. I haven't given a name to it, but it combines the basic principles of karate and the use of improvization. But, like everything else I think, nobody knows about anything yet. I don't want this to sound like an advertisement, but I need someone who chooses to read this article help me to publicize everything I have created. Only, ONLY, if you can help me, e-mail me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>which an address that I use for security from my real address.

title: User:Mr.QXZ


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Talk:ITA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role

Orphaned references in ITA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of ITA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "indiantelevisionacademy3": From Indian Television Academy Awards:  From CID (Indian TV series):

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 13:31, 26 September 2019 (UTC)


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Cash Luna

Carlos Enrique Luna Arango, popularly known as Cash Luna (born 4 March 1962), is a Guatemalan televangelist and faith healer who is the founder and pastor of the Casa de Dios, one of the largest megachurches in Latin America.

Early life
Cash Luna was born into a Catholic household. His parents divorced when he was young and he grew up with his mother. At age 20, Luna became a born-again Christian. He studied at the Universidad Francisco Marroquín, where he graduated with cum laude honors and holds a bachelor's degree in Information Systems Management.

Casa de Dios
Luna and his wife, Sonia de Luna, founded the Casa de Dios church in Guatemala City in 1994. The church is today one of the largest growing congregations in Guatemala, with a claimed 25,000 in weekly attendance. In April 2013, a massive new church complex was unveiled with an area of 270,000 square meters and the capacity to fit 12,000 worshipers at a time.

Influence and legacy
Luna is well known for his televangelism and presence on social media. His Facebook account had a million and a half fans as of 2015. In addition to his large congregation in Guatemala, Luna has a significant number of followers and fans in Mexico as well among Hispanic Americans in the United States. Luna is well known for his creative methods of preaching, one time riding into church on a motorcycle. He is also considered one of the more influential preachers of the prosperity gospel in Latin America.

In 2013, Luna was presented with an award by the then-Guatemalan President Otto Pérez Molina (PP). Pérez stated that Luna had provided an example of what Guatemalans could achieve through faith and working together. He also applauded Luna's efforts to end violence and drug abuse. During the 2015 Guatemalan general election, Luna was a strong supporter of candidate Jimmy Morales (FCN), who later won the election. Morales, who is a devout evangelical Christian, had strong support from Luna and other evangelical pastors. During his presidency, Morales visited the Casa de Dios on multiple occasions.

False reports of death
In August 2017, rumors started spreading on social media that Luna had died after a prolonged absence. He later rebuked these rumors on his Instagram page, stating that he was "alive and kicking".

Criticism
Luna has been criticized for his faith healing activities and amassed wealth. In June 2014, Luna staged a faith healing event in Villahermosa, Mexico where he claimed that the blind would see, the deaf would hear, and the disabled would walk out of their wheelchairs. Despite initially promoting the event as being free, attendees were charged 500 pesos to the event. Luna ended up making a profit of 15 million pesos from the event (roughly about 1 million USD at the time).

The same event was also highly controversial because of the death of Nancy Hernández Álvarez. Nancy's parents, inhabitants of Chiapas, had brought their disabled daughter to the service in hope that she would be healed. During the service, Nancy was brought up to Luna who proclaimed her healed of her ailments while the crowd applauded what they perceived as a miracle. Shortly afterwards, however, Nancy suffered from a heart attack and died the following day. Luna refused to admit that his healing had not worked, saying that God had created Nancy and it was God who called her back.

In December 2018, Guatemalan authorities ordered an investigation into Luna over alleged links with Marllory Chacon, a convicted drug trafficker. According to accusations listed in a report by Univision, Chacon, who was sentenced to twelve years in prison in 2015 in the U.S., was given money by Luna, who allegedly knew about her drug-related activity. On 5 June 2019, Luna's attorney Charles Harder announced that his client was filling a lawsuit against Univision for what they alleged were false allegations.

title: Cash Luna


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fintantoché

Etymology
From.

Conjunction

 * 1) as long as
 * 2) until

Adverb

 * 1) as long as
 * 2) until

title: fintantoché


text:
Clinical cases/Case 1

<< Back to: Topic:Clinical cases

Case presentation
A 30-year old man comes to the accidents and emergencies department with a presenting complaint of rash on both lower legs. He first noticed the rash two days earlier, but it progressively got worse. The rash itself is not painful but he has felt waxing and waning pains in his knees and ankles. He has also felt some nausea and colicky abdominal pain without vomiting or a change in bowel motions or stool appearance. He has not felt any fever or chills and denies urinary or respiratory problems. There have been no recent illnesses, no weight changes or night sweats.

The man has type 1 diabetes for which he has been on insulin injections since childhood. He has not take any other prescription or over-the-counter drugs and has no known allergies. He's a non-smoker who admits to occasional use of alcohol. He doesn't know details about medical conditions in his family. The patient works as a teller in a bank, is married and lives in the city with his wife and baby daughter.

His vital signs are as follows: temperature 37.1 °C (98.8 °F), pulse 74 bpm, blood pressure 160/90 mmHg, respiratory rate 12/min.

On physical examination, there is a non-blanching rash predominantly on the legs but extending to the lower back. The lesions are dark red and slightly raised. The patient admits to pain on deep palpation in all four quadrants of the abdomen. Bowel sounds are normal and no masses or organomegaly can be felt. There is no redness or swelling of the joints of the lower extremities. The lungs are clear to auscultation and heart sounds are normal. Examination of the head, eyes, ears, nose and throat are normal. No enlarged lymph nodes are palpated. There are no signs of meningeal irritation. A digital rectal examination shows a streak of blood on the finger. Further physical examination is unremarkable.

An electrocardiogram is found to be completely normal.

Laboratory tests are remarkable for leukocytosis (18,000 white blood cells /µl) and raised serum C-reactive protein (180 mg/L) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (75 mm/h). There is also a raised creatinine (1.23 mg/dl,or 107 μmol/l) and glucose (138 g/l, or 7.7 mmol/L). The platelet count is 450,000/µl. Clotting tests are within normal limits. Liver enzymes, thyroid function tests, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase are within normal limits.

Case discussion
{{Dynamic navigation noncentered Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a systemic leukocytoclastic vasculitis characterized by the deposition of IgA immune complexes. It occurs most often in young children but it should be suspected in adults with palpable purpura (especially on the lower extremities and buttocks) and other typical features such as joint, abdominal and renal involvement. HSP seems to run a more severe course in adults. Complications are also different as compared to children, in whom intussusception is more common and renal failure is rarer. In a series of 37 adults with HSP, ten (27%) developed end-stage renal disease. Severe renal involvement at presentation (e.g. strong proteinuria or hypertension) has been suggested as a predictor of subsequent renal impairment. In this case, abdominal symptoms and renal involvement should prompt consideration for the use of intravenous corticosteroids. Given this patient's diabetes, other immunosuppressive drugs might be considered.
 * TITLE= Case discussion
 * CONTENT=Henoch-Schönlein purpura in adults
 * SMALLCONTENT=

Vasculitides typically present with either palpable purpura, simultaneous lung and kidney disease or mononeuritis multiplex. Since HSP is rare in adults, other forms of vasculitis need to be excluded. Hypersensitivity vasculitis presents with fever, lymphadenopathies, arthralgia but without glomerulonephritis, and is usually secondary to infections or medications. Small vessel vasculitis can also be secondary to connective tissue diseases or infections (most commonly hepatitis B and C but also HIV, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and parvovirus B19). Other small vessel vasculitides can be differentiated by their clinical presentation and laboratory tests (as described above).

Suggested activities
Now that you're done, why don't you:
 * Suggest improvements to this learning activity, or edit it yourself.
 * Read more about (and perhaps even improve) Henoch-Schönlein purpura or vasculitis on Wikipedia.
 * }}

title: Clinical cases/Case 1


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Married to Jonas

Married to Jonas is an American reality documentary television series on E! that debuted on August 19, 2012. It primarily focuses on Kevin Jonas, the eldest of the Jonas Brothers and his married life with his wife Danielle Jonas. However, the first season also focused on the 2012 "comeback" of the Jonas Brothers.

In November 2012, E! announced that the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered April 21, 2013. The second season follows the couple as the Jonas Brothers finish their would-be fifth studio album and head back on their final United States tour after three years in hiatus, before the unexpected breakup of the band. Dani also jump-starts her own business endeavors by opening her own business in New Jersey and the Jonas and Deleasa families become closer. The show was cancelled after the end of the second season.

Main

 * Kevin Jonas Jr.
 * Danielle "Dani" Deleasa Jonas

Recurring

 * Kevin Jonas Sr.
 * Denise Jonas
 * Joe Jonas
 * Nick Jonas
 * Frankie Jonas
 * Bucky Deleasa
 * Angela Deleasa
 * Dina Deleasa Gonsar
 * Michael "Mikey" Deleasa
 * Kathleen "Katie" Deleasa
 * Brian Gonsar

title: Married to Jonas


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Yevgeny Gunst

Yevgeny Ottovich Gunst (Евгений Оттович Гунст; May 26 (Julian) / June 7 (Gregorian), 1877–January 30, 1950) was a Russian composer, pianist, music essayist, and pedagogue. He was the brother of architect Anatoly Gunst.

Biography
Gunst was born in Moscow to Otto Karlovich Gunst, a member of the State Council of Imperial Russia, who had German ancestors. He studied law as well as composition, music theory, and piano at the State Conservatory, as well as having private lessons with renowned composers like Reinhold Glière and Alexander Goldenweiser. In 1909, he co-founded the Moscow Chamber Music Theatre with Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others.

In 1920, Gunst had to emigrate to Tallinn (Estonia) before later settling down in Paris. There, he co-founded the Conservatoire Rachmaninoff in 1924 but had to leave in 1931 due to political differences. He founded his own conservatory but soon had to close it as the Great Depression was still ongoing. He worked as an arranger (banking) and copyist in Paris and became a close friend of Francis Poulenc. In 1949, Gunst was about to migrate to the United States, but he died in 1950 in Paris at the age of 72. His estate was found in 2009 in the basement of the University of Basel's Musicological Institute. Apparently, it was left undiscovered for many decades, as Gunst's widow had bestowed her husband's estate on the institute's director, at that time Jacques Handschin, in the 1950s.

title: Yevgeny Gunst


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Abhayamudra

The abhayamudra (अभयमुद्रा) is a mudra (gesture) that is the gesture of reassurance and safety, which dispels fear and accords divine protection and bliss in Hinduism, Buddhism, and other Indian religions. The right hand is held upright, and the palm is facing outwards. This is one of the earliest mudras found depicted on a number of Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, and Sikh images.

Description
The abhayamudra represents protection, peace, benevolence and the dispelling of fear. A form of the Hindu god Shiva, Nataraja, is depicted with the second right hand making the abhayamudra, bestowing protection from both evil and ignorance to those who follow the righteousness of dharma. In Theravada Buddhism, it is usually made with the right hand raised to shoulder height, the arm bent and the palm facing outward with the fingers upright and joined and the left hand hanging down while standing. In Thailand and Laos, this mudra is associated with the Walking Buddha, often shown having both hands making a double abhayamudra that is uniform. The abhayamudra was probably used before the onset of Buddhism as a symbol of good intentions proposing friendship when approaching strangers. In the art of Gandhara, it is present when showing the action of preaching. It was also used in China during the Northern Wei and Sui eras of the 4th and 7th centuries.

The gesture was used by Gautama Buddha to subdue the elephant when attacked by a drunk elephant set off by Devadatta (some says by Ajātasattu), as shown in several frescos and scripts. In Mahayana Buddhism, deities often paired it with another mudra using the other hand.

title: Abhayamudra


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Basic kinematics

This lesson is part of the Department of Physics.

Kinematics is the study of the motion of objects. Basic kinematic problems are approached using Isaac Newton's laws of motion.

Newton's Laws
Newton attempted to explain how objects move using as few assumptions as possible. These assumptions are what we call Newton's Laws today. They are remarkable in that they have stood the test of time for almost all motion except those at the smallest scales (quantum mechanics) and the largest scales (general relativity). Even then, we have mostly just added or modified some assumptions that we had thought reasonable to assume about the nature of the universe, but the three laws have mostly remained. The laws are used to deduce the fundamental equation we will be using to study almost all of classical physics below. The wording of the laws has been altered slightly in order to be less jarring to a modern student. Another translation of the original laws can be found here.

Newton's First Law: The Law of Inertia
Every body remains in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed thereon.

At this point, Newton has not told us what a force is, so this law isn't a description of how bodies move. You may think "Hey, I know what a force is, I force something to move when I push on it." However, that "contact force" is not the only type of force Newton means to deal with. He has basically used this statement to define what a force is: anything that changes the linear motion (including zero motion) of a body. This allows us to include gravity as a force. As a matter of fact, we will see that classical physics successfully describes all forces in terms of fields (similar to the way gravity works). Your pushing on an object is actually a result of electromagnetic field interactions between the particles in your hand and the particles in whatever you're pushing. Your hand never actually comes into direct contact with anything, in the sense of there being no space between your hand and another object.

Newton's Second Law: The Law of Acceleration
The change in quantity of motion is proportional to the magnitude of the force; and is made in the direction of the straight line in which that force is directed.

This law is extremely rich in content, as Newton used devices similar to what we refer to today as Newton's cradle to note that the "quantity of motion" given to the end ball (assuming perfect collisions where all the "motive force" of the ball you lift on one end is transferred to the ball at the other end) is proportional to the final velocity of the ball you initiate. He also noted that different types of balls imparted larger arcs to other balls and thus he came up with the product of mass (a quantity proportional to the object's weight) and velocity as being the "quantity of motion" of an object that should be preserved in perfect collisions. Today, we call this product the momentum of an object and usually denote it as $$ \mathbf{p} = m \mathbf{v} $$ where p and v have both a magnitude and direction, as described by Newton's laws. Manipulating objects that have both magnitude and direction (called vectors) is covered by vector algebra, which will be talked about in a supplementary review guide. Now, if we denote the force vector by $$\vec{F}$$, then Newton's second law tells us that $$\vec{F} = {d \vec{p} \over dt} = \frac{d}{dt}(m\cdot\vec{v}) = m {d \vec{v} \over dt} $$ The $$\frac{d}{dt}$$ is just the ordinary time derivative from calculus. If you have not yet studied calculus, the above can also be written as $$\vec{F} = m\cdot\vec{a}$$ where a is the change in velocity with respect to time, also known as acceleration.

 * Exercise 1: If you know a bit of calculus, prove that if the total force on a system of two particles (or pool balls if you prefer) is zero, then momentum is a constant. Note that this is the case when two pool balls hit each other (assuming idealized circumstances). We say that momentum is conserved.

Newton's Third Law: The Law of Interaction
To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction; or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts. Main point of Newton's third law:                ACTION = REACTION This law is primarily for idealized objects such as spheres and points that act on each other's centers of motion. However, it is the impetus that allowed us to separate mass from weight. In symbolic terms, it states that if one body exerts a force $$\vec{F}_1$$ on another body, then the second body exerts a force $$\vec{F}_2$$ on the first body, and in vector terms $$\vec{F}_1 = -\vec{F}_2$$. Using the equation we derived from the second law, it is not hard to see that the mass can then be measured by defining one mass to be a standard, and using the ratio of accelerations as the mass of the second object.

Vectors
Vectors are Physical Quantities that have both magnitude and direction. Some example of vectors are 'force', 'velocity', 'acceleration', etc.

Free Body Diagrams
Free body diagrams are extremely useful tools when analyzing a physics problem. When approaching a kinematics problem, the first thing you should do is draw a free body diagram. What is a free body diagram? It is a simple sketch that shows all of the forces acting on an object ( a "free body"). When drawing a free body diagram, first you must isolate the object in question. Then, you must identify all of the forces acting on it. Remember, if an object is at rest, the vector sum of all forces must be zero. Newton's laws also tell us that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. If an object is sitting on a table, its weight is pushing down on the table, but the table is also pushing up on it (this force against the weight of an object is called the normal force. It is a very important concept in kinematics). Since both forces are equal and opposite, the object neither falls through the table nor flies up into the air.

The Motion of a Particle
We are now going to apply Newton's laws to an idealized object, a single particle. A particle in classical physics has a very well-defined meaning: it is an object without any spatial dimensions; mathematically it is a single point. We study these simple objects first, and later we consider larger objects as being made up of a lot of particles. We will see that spheres (objects like pool balls) behave a lot like particles (classically) and so do objects that interact along their centers of mass, and thus we will talk about sphere-like objects, simple center-of-mass interactions, and particles freely. We will show that the sentence above is accurate later when we have developed the tools and familiarity with physics to do so.

Now, take a ball and hold it in your hand some distance above the floor. If you stop holding the ball, the ball will fall to the floor. According to Newton's law of inertia, the ball could not have done so unless it was acted upon by a force (inertially, it should have remained where you were holding it). Since you did not force the ball downwards, some other force besides yourself must have acted on the ball. Due to our experience with other objects falling to the ground, we hypothesize that the Earth is exerting a force on your ball. According to Newton's third law, the ball must also exert a force on the Earth of equal magnitude and opposite direction.

Derivation of basic kinematics being written....

title: Basic kinematics


text:
Hugh Courtenay

Hugh Courtenay or Hugh de Courtenay is the name of:
 * Hugh de Courtenay (1251–1292), English nobleman
 * Hugh de Courtenay, 1st/9th Earl of Devon (1276–1340), English nobleman
 * Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon (1303–1377), English nobleman and figure in the Hundred Years' War
 * Hugh Courtenay (died 1348) (1327–1348), English knight
 * Hugh Courtenay (died 1374), English soldier
 * Hugh Courtenay (died 1425) (1358–1425), English member of Parliament and High Sheriff of Devon
 * Hugh de Courtenay, 4th/12th Earl of Devon (1389–1422), English nobleman
 * Hugh Courtenay (died 1471) (1420s–1471), English member of Parliament for Cornwall

 * Hugh Courtenay (MP), Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1653
 * Hugh Courtenay, 18th Earl of Devon (1942–2015), British peer

title: Hugh Courtenay


text:
Talk:David Palmer (squash player)

The article provides a note (number 6) under the "PSA World Tournaments" table stating that "NA" means "Not Available". Fair enough, but what do "NH" and "A" mean? I'm assuming "Not Held" and "Absent", respectively, but this information is not included in the note section.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:11, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Palmer (squash player)


text:
Talk:David Tacey

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:David Tacey


text:
Talk:Angshuman Kar

reasons for deleting and not just removing copyvio
This editor has been blocked for sockpuppetry and I have my doubts about this person's notability. Consider WP:DENY? Dom from Paris (talk) 12:44, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Angshuman Kar


text:
Lucy Flower Technical High School for Girls

Lucy Flower Technical High School for Girls is a historic school building at 3545 W. Fulton Boulevard in the East Garfield Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. It was built in 1927 as a larger home for the school of the same name, which was founded in 1911. Named for Lucy Flower, the school was the only all-female public high school in Chicago. Intended to parallel all-male schools such as Lane Tech and Crane Tech, Flower Tech combined vocational training and home economics in its curriculum. John C. Christensen, the Chicago Board of Education's chief architect, designed the school in the Collegiate Gothic style; inspired by English schools such as the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford, the style was a popular choice for schools at the time.

As the school accepted students from all parts of Chicago rather than a single neighborhood, it was one of the few schools to provide an integrated education. The school changed its name and admission standards in the 1960s, resulting in a perceived decline in its prestige, and the opening of another nearby vocational school hurt its enrollment. The school became coeducational in 1978 and closed in 2004. At the end of its period as a school it was known as the Al Raby School.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 8, 2017. Its foyer has a mural by Edward Millman.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Evil Marriage

The result was delete. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 09:06, 5 October 2019 (UTC)

The Evil Marriage

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

A user who created the page of the evil marriage was block by wikipedia admin for multiple accounts. The film is not even notable and not showing in google news or any other major news outlet. the film producer rana abrar page was deleted twice by wikipedia. According to me the film isn't in reliable sources. پاک آرمی زندہ باد (talk) 18:16, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Automated comment: This AfD was not correctly transcluded to the log (step 3). I have transcluded it to Articles for deletion/Log/2019 September 20.  —cyberbot I   Talk to my owner :Online 18:33, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Film-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 18:54, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Pakistan-related deletion discussions.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by پاک آرمی زندہ باد (talk • contribs) 07:59, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, RL0919 (talk) 22:30, 27 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:TOOSOON. Daask (talk) 01:10, 4 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:TOOSOON.4meter4 (talk) 02:03, 4 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Embassy GolfLinks Business Park (2nd nomination)

The result was delete. Cabayi (talk) 13:06, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Embassy GolfLinks Business Park
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

It is a Straightaway PR/Advertising WP: PROMO. Purely a promotional article. Fails WP:GNG and WP:NBUILDING. Hence, calling for an AfD discussion. - Hatchens (talk) 12:43, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment: The page created by the same ID who has also made the following wiki page;, Embassy TechVillage (Also nominated for the AfD). And, also note, the last massive edit was done by an ID: Similar2me who has been recently indicted and banned for sockpuppetry. -Hatchens (talk) 12:44, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. Hatchens (talk) 12:43, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom. MaysinFourty (talk) 14:59, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom --Devokewater @  20:02, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Geography-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 08:50, 17 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Quenya/Verbs

LESSON 1: Verbs in Present Tense, Plural Formation, Articles

Article
 Textbooks references:
 * Q#R:17 → 1.2.2
 * Q#W:Article

In Quenya there exists only the definite and invariable (both for the singular and the plural) article i. It expresses the concept of definiteness distinguishing entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context, from entities which are not. The lack of the indefinite article is called zero article in linguistics.

 * par "book, a book"
 * i parma "the book"
 * pamar "books (all)"
 * i parymar "the books (some/many)"

It should be remembered that the article is never used before proper names (Anar "sun" and Isil "moon" in Quenya are considered as such). For further restrictions in its usage, and special meanings of the article, see Q#W section on this subject.

 Going in-depth

 * Fauskanger's Lesson 2: 3rd section "the Article"

Plural
 Textbooks references:
 * Q#R:16-17 → 1.2.1
 * Q#W:Plural → Plural

A Quenya noun has four grammatical numbers: singular, dual, plural, partitive plural. As most usual languages, the singular is the "default" form, and the others are obtained by inflecting the singular form.

Formation
In this lesson we will find out how to form plurals, and study their usage. Some notes are provided to complete the information provided in Q#R. Because of the attestation of the plural of mallë, beeing maller, words ending in -lë are usually considered to belong to the first group of nouns (those forming the plural in -r).

The following is a table to help memorizing the formation rules:

 * {| border="2" cellpadding="5" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; line-height: 1.2em; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid;"

!class !description !plural !I !II !III
 * nouns ending in -a, -o, -i, -u, -ië, -lë
 * add -r
 * nouns ending in -ë
 * replace with -i
 * nouns ending in consonants
 * add -i
 * }
 * }

Stem variations and Irregular stems
For a large number of nouns, however, the formation of the plural is not such an automatic process: for example, the plural of rusco is not **ruscor but rusqui. This is a consequence of the evolution from Primitive Quendian. The ending part of a nominative singular noun had been modifyed following lambelë (see Lesson 0) preferences, but this modifications didn't happen to the inflected forms of the nouns, because in these the phoneme(s) modifyed was not final. The most common changes involve:
 * loss of gemined consonants (eg: falas pl. falassi)
 * contraction of the stem (eg: soron pl. sorni)
 * final -m assimilated to an -n (eg: talan pl. talami)
 * final -c assimilated to a -t (eg: oryat pl. oryaci)

For a comprehensive list of those stem variations, please consult Q#W:Stem forms.

However, there are other stem variations which occur when nouns are declined. These modifications could have been a consequence of the development of an ending vowel lately in the evolution process (I-stems and U-stems nouns). Nouns affected by stem variations include many monosyllabic words formed only by one consonant and one vowel (usually long) (2 letter words), and those nouns whose stems are really irregular (Exceptional stems). While translating texts or declining nouns (not only in plural, as we will see in the future) those modifications must be remembered. For this reason a careful reading of the aforementioned chapter in Q#W is highly recommended.

Usage
To help understanding the most supported hypothesis on the usage of the Plural in Quenya, we quote from Letters:178:

 * «The Eldarin languages distinguish in form and use between a "partitive" or "particular" plural, and the "general" or "total" plural.»

Tolkien gave an example with Sindarin words (yrch and orchoth), but the same concept can be applied to Quenya Plural and Partitive Plural; even if it seems that while the old Primitive Quendian plural in -î identify the "particular plural" in Sindarin, in Quenya it carries out the function of the General one.

Distinction among these two plural varieties will be analysed in-depth later. For the moment learners need only know that:
 * If not preceded by the definite article, a plural noun has absolute meaning. It expresses the category formed by all the objects, animals, people, etc... the singular noun is part of.

This concept may be difficult to understand. The following example might help:
 * cirya → one ship.
 * ciryar → all the ships that exist or have existed, the entire category formed by all the ships.
 * i ciryar → many/some ships, more than three, but not all the existing ones.

 Plural: Advanced Level

 * On plural form: Fauskanger's Lesson 2: 1st and 2nd section "Noun" and "Plural form" (Q#F:Lesson1)
 * On plural usage: Fauskanger's Appendices to Quenya Course: first section "What is the function of the Partitive Plural?" (Q#F:Appendices)
 * On Stems variation: Fauskanger's Appendices to Quenya Course: fifth section "Stem Variation" (Q#F:Appendices)

Class of verbs
 Textbooks references:
 * Q#R:17 → 1.2.3
 * Q#W:Verbs

Quenya verbs are usually divided by scholars in 3 main classes, in order to study or develop reconstructions of their conjugations:

 * {| border="2" cellpadding="5" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; line-height: 1.2em; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid;"

!class !name !description !I !basic/primitive !II !A-stems !III !U-stems
 * end in a consonant
 * end in -a (usually -ya, -ta
 * end in -u
 * }
 * }

As U-stems verbs are very few, they are often considered a sort of "limited group of irregular verbs", for this reason we will, accordingly with Q#R, examine their conjugation later.

To note that when talking about verbs, is called stem vowel the vowel which froms part of the primitive root of the verb (being usually the sundóma of the sundocarmë from which the verb is derived).

title: Quenya/Verbs


text:
Waves/Sound Waves

Sound Waves
Sound is a longitudinal compression-expansion wave through matter. The wave speed is
 * $$c = ( \gamma R T_{abs} )^{1/2} $$ (2.11)

where $$\gamma$$ and $$R$$ are constants and $$T_{abs}$$ is the absolute temperature. The absolute temperature is measured in Kelvins and is numerically given by
 * $$T_{abs} = T_C + 273.16^{\circ} $$ (2.12)

where $$T_C$$ is the temperature in Celsius degrees. The angular frequency of sound waves is thus given by
 * $$ \omega = ck = ( \gamma R T_{abs} )^{1/2} k . $$ (2.13)

The speed of sound in air at normal temperatures is about $$340 \mbox{ m} \mbox{ s}^{-1}$$.

title: Waves/Sound Waves


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Allan Barty

The result was   delete. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 00:44, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

Allan Barty

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Doesn't appear to satisfy WP:MUSICBIO. Created by WP:SPA User:Slbarty, suggesting WP:COI. Clarityfiend (talk) 03:06, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions.  Everymorning   talk  03:11, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Scotland-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:43, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- Sam Sing! 11:24, 16 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- Sam Sing! 01:47, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Definitely a conflict of interest. The article almost meets the guidelines set out by WP:BLPPROD, as it is almost completely unsourced, with the exception of a non-notable blogspot blog. BenLinus  1214 talk 03:41, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Googled him. — Jeraphine Gryphon (talk) 10:58, 27 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete - WP:MUSICBIO not satisfied, in my opinion. Neither is WP:GNG. I see alot of links to websites like Discogs and AllMusic, but little sources to satisfy the reliable sources guideline. --ceradon ( talk  •  contribs ) 04:25, 2 March 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:HealthBoards

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title: Talk:HealthBoards


text:
Talk:Dean Del Mastro

problems
this page needs a lot of work. This page contains bias, for example he sold used cars, and the title of VP was just a 'cover'. If one looks up del mastro motors, one would find that it is a small used car dealership in Peterborough ontario - with maybe 5 employees -. By placing VP is overstating his work experience. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thright (talk • contribs) 05:45, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

the section under Robocalls states "This firm has been associated with a seminar promoting voter suppression tactics, tactics borrowed from the U.S. Republican Party." If you read the link that is cited for this information it states that the firm in question (Campaign Research) held a session about getting your voters out to the polls but its principals were not present when attendees discussed these tactics. The statement has no basis in fact and should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mcian (talk • contribs) 17:04, 21 August 2014 (UTC)

“Conscientious Objectors” to “Wars Not Sanctioned by United Nations”
Greetings user <IP_ADDRESS>

You accompanied your speedy deletion of my edit with the word “vandalism.” In our coming discussion, you might find it helpful to first learn more about Wikipedia protocol at these two links:

Criteria for speedy deletion

Vandalism

Here is one quote from the above Wikipedia link:

“Avoid the word "vandal". In particular, the word should not be used in reference to any contributor in good standing or to any edits that can arguably be construed as good-faithed. If the edits in question are made in good faith, they are not vandalism. Instead of calling a person making such edits a "vandal", discuss his or her specific edits with him or her.”Boyd Reimer (talk) 14:34, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
 * For more discussion see Talk:Joe Comuzzi  Boyd Reimer (talk) 13:07, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

additional notes
re: auto dealer - prior to becoming an MP, Del Mastro's dealership was a Suzuki dealership. He sold both new and used cars. It ceased to be a Suzuki dealership during his tenure as an MP, while he had "no direct business dealings" in the company. It is therefore unfair to keep changing his prior profession to "Used car dealer". Further, the article seems to lacking objectivity. I'd offer to clean it up myself, but I'm a card-carrying liberal, and can hardly be classed as objective. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 19:58, 16 July 2014

 * I've reviewed your suggestion, and since a source does confirm he sold new and used cars, the generic "auto dealer" would be more appropriate for the infobox. If you feel that you can't edit this article from an unbiased point of view, you are absolutely correct in staying away. I'll take a look at the parts that are still lacking objectivity. Thanks, Altamel (talk) 20:25, 16 July 2014 (UTC)

Convictions for Electoral Fraud
I think a few changes need to be made to the article in light of Del Mastro's convictions for electoral fraud. The Ontario Court of Justice found Del Mastro overspent his campaign limit in the 2008 election. This will have to be updated in the electoral results section. Does anyone know the amount that was actually spent?
 * http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/dean-del-mastro-found-guilty-in-election-spending-case-1.2818920
 * http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/dean-del-mastro-mps-to-vote-on-suspension-on-wednesday-1.2823628?cmp=rss

--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:36, 5 November 2014 (UTC)
 * The cheque appears to have been for $21,000. I have made this change.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:00, 8 November 2014 (UTC)

Resignation
Is it really appropriate to use the word "former" in the first sentence? Plenty of politicians resign their seats only to continue their political careers. He's banned from serving in the House of Commons and the federal civil service, not politics generally. Ienpw III (talk) 22:09, 5 November 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dean Del Mastro


text:
Cryptography/Brute force attack

A brute force attack against a cipher consists of breaking a cipher by trying all possible keys. Statistically, if the keys were originally chosen randomly, the plaintext will become available after about half of the possible keys are tried. As we discuss in ../Basic Design Principles/, the underlying assumption is, of course, that the cipher is known. Since A. Kerckhoffs first published it, a fundamental maxim of cryptography has been that security must reside only in the key. As Claude E. Shannon said a few decades later, 'the enemy knows the system'. In practice, it has been excellent advice.

As of the year 2002, symmetric ciphers with keys 64 bits or fewer are vulnerable to brute force attacks. DES, a well respected symmetric algorithm which uses 56-bit keys, was broken by an EFF project in the late 1990s. They even wrote a book about their exploit—Cracking DES, O'Reilly and Assoc. The EFF is a non-profit cyberspace civil rights group; many people feel that well-funded organisations like the NSA can successfully attack a symmetric key cipher with a 64-bit key using brute force. This is surely true, as it has been done publicly. Many observers suggest a minimum key length for symmetric key algorithms of 128 bits, and even then it is important to select a secure algorithm. For instance, many algorithms can be reduced in effective keylength until it is computationally feasible to launch a brute force attack. AES is recommended for use until at least 2030.

The situation with regard to asymmetric algorithms is much more complicated and depends on the individual algorithm. Thus the currently breakable key length for the RSA algorithm is at least 768 bits (broken publicly since 2009), but for most elliptic curve asymmetric algorithms, the largest currently breakable key length is believed to be rather shorter, perhaps as little as 128 bits or so. A message encrypted with a 109 bit key by an elliptic curve encryption algorithm was publicly broken by brute force key search in early 2003.

As of 2015, a minimum key length of 224 bits is recommended for elliptic curve algorithms, and 2048 bits for such other asymmetric key algorithms as RSA (asymmetric key algorithms that rely on complex mathematical problems for their security always will need much larger keyspaces as there are short-cuts to cracking them, as opposed to direct brute-force).

Common Brute Force Attacks
The term "brute force attacks" is really an umbrella term for all attacks that exhaustively search through all possible (or likely) combinations, or any derivative thereof.

Dictionary Attack
A dictionary attack is a common password cracking technique, relying largely on the weak passwords selected by average computer users. For instance, if an attacker had somehow accessed the hashed password files through various malicious database manipulations and educated searching on an online store, he would then write a program to hash one at a time all words in a dictionary (of, for example any or all languages and common derivative passwords), and compare these hashes to the real password hashes he had obtained. If the hashes match, he has obtained a password.

Pre-Computation Dictionary Attack
The simple dictionary attack method quickly becomes far too time-consuming with any large number of password hashes, such as an online database would yield. Thus, attackers developed the method of pre-computation. In this attack, the attacker has already hashed his entire suite of dictionaries, and all he need do is compare the hashes. Additionally, his task is made easier by the fact that many users will select the same passwords. To prevent this attack, a database administrator must attach unique 32-bit salts to the users passwords before hashing, thus rendering precompution useless.

The ../Breaking Hash Algorithms/ chapter of this books goes into more detail on attacks that specifically apply to hashed password files.

Responses to Brute Force Attacks
There are a number of ways to mitigate brute force attacks. For example:
 * Changing a key frequently in response to an attempt to try all possible keys would require an attacker to start over assuming he knew the key was changed or finish attempting all possible keys before starting the attack again from the beginning.
 * A system could rely on a time out or lock out of the system after so many attempts at guessing the key. Systems that time out can simply block further access, lock a user account, contact the account owner, or even destroy the clear text information.
 * 2 step verification is a method of requiring a second key to enter the system.  This complicates a brute force attack since the attacker must not only guess one key but then guess a second possibly equally complex key.  The most common implementation of this is to ask for further authentication "What's your first dogs name?".  There is a new trend on the horizon for systems to utilize two step verification through a time based key that is emailed or texted and having access to an account or particular electronic device serves as a secondary key.

The ../Secure Passwords/ chapter of this book goes into more detail on mitigations and other responses that specifically apply to hashed password files.

title: Cryptography/Brute force attack


text:
Talk:Greek ironclad Psara/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Starstriker7 (talk · contribs) 22:27, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

I'll do this review. --Starstriker7(Talk) 22:27, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Criterion 1
I completed a few minor copyedits. If I changed anything significant and for the worse, let me know.
 * "Psara and her sisters saw heavy service with the Greek Navy." - In the lead. I've never heard "heavy service" as a term before. Perhaps this is better phrased as "substantial action"?
 * How about "extensive service"?
 * "She was powered by a pair of steam engines of unknown type" - What does of unknown type mean? Was the type of engine not listed in your sources, or was it listed in your sources as not known?
 * I haven't seen the specific type recorded anywhere.
 * When you say the Great Powers prevented the Greeks from utilizing their superior navy, you left it rather vague. Can you clarify it any further?
 * Should be more clear now.
 * In the service history section, the Turgut Reis and Barbados Hayreddin are listed. You also mention two "outdated ironclad battleships". Are those two Ottoman battleships the same as the two outdated ones? If so, make that more clear.
 * Linked to the two ships in question.
 * "and she remained at large until the end of the war in May 1913." - in the Service history section. Does "she" refer to the Psara or the Hamidiye?
 * Clarified.
 * Can you wikilink "Poros" in the last paragraph of the Service history section?
 * Done.
 * Looks good to me.

Criterion 2

 * Should the information in the infobox be cited?
 * The general practice is, if it's cited in the text, material in the infobox (like the lead section) doesn't need its own citation.

Overall comments
As far as I can tell, the article meets Criteria 3 (comprehensiveness), 4 (neutrality), 5 (stability) and 6 (images). Criterion 2 should also be satisfied save the one tidbit above. All references are cited to offline sources, so I cannot directly verify them. I have read that tertiary sources (encyclopedias) are considered unreliable, but the single citation linked to it is also linked to another source.

Once the grammatical clarifications and infobox issue are resolved, the article should be set to pass. Good work as usual. --Starstriker7(Talk) 22:51, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Wait! One last thing. I noticed that the "Psara" part of the title is not in italics. Unless I'm missing something, I think this should also be fixed. --Starstriker7(Talk) 22:53, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Done. As for the encyclopedia reference, as far as I'm aware, the general policy on tertiary sources is more or less the same as secondary sources, which is that some are better than others, and its up to good editorial judgement when to use them. Since this one is a contemporary record of ships and shipping technology, etc., it should be fine for the very limited purpose I'm using it for (which is simply to support the location of the 1897-1900 reconstruction: La Seyne). Thanks for reviewing the article! Parsecboy (talk) 23:30, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * You're welcome! It looks like everything is in order. I will pass the article momentarily. --Starstriker7(Talk) 05:14, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greek ironclad Psara/GA1