text:
Lucy Wallace Porter

Lucy Wallace Porter (January 23, 1876 – September 19, 1962), also known as Lucy Bryant Wallace, was an American photographer. In 1912 she married the Harvard medievalist, Arthur Kingsley Porter (1883–1933). His published works included Romanesque Sculpture of the Pilgrimage Roads and Spanish Romanesque Sculpture. He is known to have been an innovative “scholar-photographer” though later critical studies have shown that Porter was the principal photographer who accompanied him on his travels from 1919 onwards.

Kathryn Brush (University of Western Ontario, Canada) has researched Porter's contribution to her husband's work and concluded by recognising her as a major photographer in her own right. Brush writes that following their marriage, Wallace Porter went on to produce 'more than two-thirds of the photographs published in his distinguished Romanesque Sculpture of the Pilgrimage Roads.

Upon her death, her estate was bequeathed to Harvard University.

Early life
Porter was born and raised in Ansonia, Connecticut, the daughter of Thomas Wallace and Ellen Bryant. Her father and uncle co-owned Wallace & Sons, a large factory that produced copper wires for electronics.

Education
She studied art history, music, and the sciences at Miss Porter's Young Ladies' School in Farmington, Connecticut. She then enrolled in Yale's School of Music within one of the first classes to admit women in 1895–1896.

Early career
After leaving school, Porter went through two years (1897–1899) of specialised study at the Chicago Kindergarten College, an industry that was then considered to be very modern and progressive in America. After beginning her career in New York City schools, in 1906 she resumed her studies in Columbia's Teachers College which was then 'one of America's most forward-looking institutions of its type'. During these years, she specialised in art, history, and literature.

Photographic practice
In 1912 she married the Harvard medievalist, Arthur Kingsley Porter (1883–1933). Porter does not appear to have any formal training in large-format photography. Rather, it was immediately after her wedding (when the couple sailed for Europe) when she began to experiment with the medium. During this period, Kingsley Porter taught Wallace Porter how to operate a large-format view camera equipped with glass plate negatives. Kathryn Brush (University of Western Ontario, Canada) has researched Porter's contribution to her husband's work. According to Brush, the lessons were accompanied by the manual Fotografia per i dilettanti (Photography for Amateurs) by Giovanni Muffone.

As Brush writes, 'the caliber of the "student's" photographs quickly exceeded those of her more experienced husband'. Her photography demonstrated a 'superior command of lighting, exposure, and composition', with subject matter encompassing a diverse range of church features. Kingsley Porter, noting Porter's talents, published 26 of her photographs in his volume of Lombard Architecture that was published by Yale University Press in 1915. During their travels in 1918 and 1919 in France, where Kingsley Porter was commissioned to document damaged medieval churches, Porter continued to develop her photographic acumen. Kingsley Porter even acknowledged that Porter's skills were far superior to his in a letter to his brother on May 12, 1919:

"Photographs have gone better than before – Lucy runs the cameras exclusively now, and does much better with them than I ever did. She has the large camera, with 8×10 or 5×7 plates, and also a smaller one, which we can carry by hand, which takes 4×5 plates. We are able now to procure all the plates we need, so the photographs are going well. I trust that nothing breaks or gives out, for it is almost impossible to get repairs made."

Porter's contribution to her husband's publications would continue to have a significant impact on his career. Brush notes that she helped him to 'judge, compare, and envision links among sculptors and sculptures all over Europe, especially in the regions of present-day France, Spain, and Italy'. Porter was the principal photographer who accompanied him on his travels from 1919 onwards. Kingsley Porter's published works included Romanesque Sculpture of the Pilgrimage Roads (1923) and Spanish Romanesque Sculpture (1928). He is known to have been an innovative “scholar-photographer”. Brush writes that following their marriage, Porter went on to produce 'more than two-thirds of the photographs published in Romanesque Sculpture of the Pilgrimage Roads'. Brush concluded by recognising her as a major photographer in her own right.

Style
Scholars studying Porter's photographs have noted the direct, front-on view which aligned with the expectations of modern art scholars more than the perspectives of medieval viewers:

"In almost all cases, Lucy Porter's photographs proclaim their modernity by representing eleventh- and twelfth-century sculpture separated from its architectural contexts [...] Lucy's post-war photography among the ruins of northern France made her well versed in this modernist practice. Despite the constraints imposed upon her, much of her work from the first half of the 1920s displayed considerable creativity and imagination. She produced a number of images that are striking in their design, artistic quality, and expressiveness, including her now 'classic' photograph of the Old Testament prophet Jeremiah carved on the trumeau at Moissac."

Collections
In 1949 Porter donated the collection of photographs taken by the couple on their journeys to Europe to Harvard University's Fogg Art Museum. The collection is now held at Harvard's Arthur Kingsley Porter Teaching and Research Collection, Special Collections, Fine Arts Library. By the late 1970s the majority of the Porters' photographic history had been destroyed as a result of the 'deteriorating and highly flammable cellulose nitrate negatives'. Before their removal, 35 mm negatives were made at the Library. Dumbarton Oaks, Harvard's research center in Washington, D.C., had also made 2000 prints of photographs featuring Byzantine objects from the original nitrate negatives.

In the late 1980s, an exchange between the Getty Museum and Harvard's visual collections also resulted in some 2000 new prints from the Porters' Collection being made for the Getty.

Photographs attributed to Porter are also to be found in the Conway Library's collection of architectural photographs at the Courtauld Institute of Art, London. This collection is currently (2020) being digitised as part of the Courtauld Connects project.

Exhibitions
An exhibition titled Camera Woman Along the Medieval Pilgrimage Roads: The Early 20th-Century Photography of Lucy Wallace Porter was held at Harvard University from August to November 2018. It described Porter as 'one of the most influential women photographers in the field of art history during the twentieth century'. The exhibition was curated by Kathryn Brush (University of Western Ontario) and Joanna Bloom (Photographic Resources Librarian, Harvard Fine Arts Library).

Death and legacy
Porter died on September 19, 1962, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, US. Upon her death, her estate was bequeathed to Harvard.

title: Lucy Wallace Porter


text:
User:Anthonysj74

hello i would just like to find out if anybody has any information about anyone who fought at the battle of hastings with the surname st.john and what happened to themduring or after the battle. i heard there was knights called st.john who fought on the english side and did very well. Any info would be welcomed.

regards, Anthonysj74.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Anthonysj74


text:
рентгеноэлектрокардиографический

Adjective

 * 1) X-ray electrocardiographic

Usage notes
Often cited as the longest word in Russian, although is longer.

title: рентгеноэлектрокардиографический


text:
Talk:Brian Holton (translator)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Brian Holton (translator). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:29, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brian Holton (translator)


text:
terriculament

Noun

 * 1)  A source of unnecessary or uncontrollable fear.
 * , (1832 publication):
 * [M]any times such terriculaments may proceed from natural causes, and all other senses may be deluded.
 * [M]any times such terriculaments may proceed from natural causes, and all other senses may be deluded.

title: terriculament


text:
World Music Conference

The World Music Conference is a prominent annual music conference organised by the British Carnatic Choir in the Midlands UK. It is organized in partnership with the Consul General of India in Birmingham, West Midlands Combined Authority and a host of premier partners.

The three-day event aims to bring together artistes, scholars and music professionals, spanning diverse cultures from across the world to promote a sense of peace and harmony. It specifically focuses on themes such as music and mental health  and on children and young people in a bid to inspire and encourage them to consider a career in music.

The first and second conference was held in November 2017 and hosted by the University of Wolverhampton. The free event is believed to be the only one of its kind to be held in the UK. The third conference held in November 2019 was hosted by Aston University.The fourth annual conference is a virtual two day conference, organised by British Carnatic Choir, in partnership with Consulate General of India in Birmingham, West Midlands Combined Authority and hosted by Birmingham City University.The fifth annual World Music Conference is supported by UNESCO-UK.The conference is in partnership with Birmingham City University, Royal Birmingham Conservatoire as Education partners

title: World Music Conference


text:
Talk:EverythingCU.com

Advertising Page
This is an advertising page for a consulting company. The claim of 4,400 members is misleading. This organization sells stuff to credit unions and has registered credit unions on their site, but is really just another non-notable sales organization.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:01, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Jan 2008
Nominated for deletion: see Articles for deletion/EverythingCU.com <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:08, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Well I can't figure out how to recommend this gets looked at again. It still needs to be removed. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:11, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I donno either, btu I agree its a mess. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:56, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:EverythingCU.com


text:
Energy in Rwanda

Energy use in Rwanda is undergoing rapid change at the beginning of the 21st century.

Network
The extent of grid electricity is limited and mainly concentrated near Kigali. Most of the country uses firewood as its main energy source. Rwanda is planning to expand from 276 MW of grid power in 2022 to 556 MW in 2024 and may import some additional electricity from neighboring countries. In addition, it is installing small solar units throughout the country to ensure that households located in off-grid areas have access to electricity, or to help deal with power outages. Currently, the government plans to bring electricity access to 100% of the population by 2024, as opposed to 74.5% in 2022.

In July 2023 it was announced that Saudi Arabia would provide a soft loan of $20 million to fund an electricity project in Rwanda set to benefit 60,000 people.

Generation
With its limited electrical infrastructure, Rwanda has a very high degree of renewable energy usage. Most of the country's electricity comes from hydropower. Electrical production accounted for 4% of energy use in the country in 2014,

Hydroelectricity
53% of electricity is generated by hydropower. At the end of 2018, Rwanda's grid-connected power plants supplied 221.1MW.

Gas fired generation
KivuWatt project is an energy project to extract natural gas dissolved in Lake Kivu and use the extracted gas to generate electricity. In 2016, the operational 25 MW power plant is able to provide enough energy for 45,000 people in Rwanda. The ongoing expansion project is expected to add 26 MW of generating capacity in its first phase, and eventually scale up to 100 MW in the coming years.

Utility scale solar
The first utility-scale solar farm in Sub-Saharan Africa outside of South Africa is the 8.5 MW plant at Agahozo-Shalom Youth Village (Liquidnet Family High School), in the Rwamagana District, Eastern Province of Rwanda. It leased 20 hectare of land from the village which is a charity to house and educate Rwandan genocide victims. The plant uses 28,360 photovoltaic panels and produces 6% of total electrical supply of the country. The project was built with U.S., Israeli, Dutch, Norwegian, Finnish and UK funding and expertise.

Micro scale solar
The use of off-grid solar power has increased as solar panel prices have fallen and many areas do not expect grid connections in the near future. Solar power produces over 2% of electricity in the country. The country is in the midst of a rapid expansion of its electrical grid and many new plants are proposed or under construction.

Biomass
Biomass is the most important energy source utilized through firewood and agricultural waste for cooking. In 2014, this represented 85% of Rwanda's energy use. Peat from peat marshes in southwestern Rwanda will power two electrical plants. The first 15 MW plant is expected online in 2015 with the second, a 80 MW plant, expected in 2017.

Other energy sources
Petroleum, mainly for transportation, represented 11% of Rwanda's power in 2014. Although Rwanda is thought to have crude oil and natural gas reserves near Lake Kivu, as of 2014, there was no production of these resources and demand was met by imports. The Kenya–Uganda–Rwanda Petroleum Products Pipeline would transport oil between these countries if it is built.

title: Energy in Rwanda


text:
User:Javier Carro/Transformational Grammar

About this wikibook
This page is a stub of what pretends to be a future module dealing with the rules governing the Grammar according to Transformational theories. We may also add the new theories of the Minimalist Program.

As long as this module is a stub, I would prefer to keep it under my user page. But I encourage you to modify, contribute and discuss whatever you consider necessary. And if you want to contribute but you don't like the book to be under my user-page, we may consider moving it.

I am a Spanish native speaker, but I have studied this theory applied only to English language. I'd like to study the transformational principles applied to Spanish language, and then, I'd begin a Spanish wikibook about this topic.

I'd be very grateful to those English speaking wikicontributors who may check my mistakes. Thank you :)

The problem of the branching representation
I just discovered that we can use branching nodes to represent the examples, have a look here, we may also use the box [ ] symbology and/or pictures created by us and uploaded to Commons.

What is the transformational grammar?
The transformational grammar is a mathematically powerful grammar based on the theory of language described by Noam Chomsky. More information in Transformational grammar.

Categorial information
The syntactic category of a word determines its distribution in the syntactic structure.

Word level categories
A adjective

ADV adverb

D determiner

N noun

P preposition

V verb

Phrasal level categories
AP adjectival phrase

(ADVP adverbial phrase) Its existence is discussed.

DP determiner phrase (According to Santorini and Kroch)

NP noun phrase

PP prepositional phrase

VP verbal phrase

IP inflectional phrase

CP complementizer phrase

Constituency tests

 * Preposing: only phrasal constituents may undergo preposing.

1.a.*People at Wikimedia Embassy we have a list with. b. At meta:Wikimedia Embassy we have a list with people. (''Example taken from )

Constituency vs. adjunct tests

Phrase markers

 * Hierarchic structure

In the transformational grammar, it is proposed that the constituents of a clause are hierarchically structured.

 * Branch
 * Node and branching node

The node is the point where two (or more) branches are connected.

 * Dominance
 * Exhaustive dominance
 * Immediate dominance
 * Precedence
 * Immediately precedence
 * C-command: (see also coindexing)
 * A c-command B iff (if and only if) the node that immediately dominates A also dominates B and neither A dominates B, nor B dominates A.

Phrase structure rules
''(More information about this topic in Wikipedia's article Phrase_structure_rules) XP → (W) X(') (Y)

Phrase structure in a NP

 * Determiner rule:

N '' → D N' (According to Radford (2003))

 * Adjunct rule:

N'→ N' PP

 * Complement rule

N' → N PP

Argument structure and Theta-role
The arguments are participants selected by the predicate. Each argument receives a theta role assigned by the predicate and, each theta role needs to be assigned to one and only one argument.

Theta or semantic roles

 * 1) Theme
 * 2) Agent
 * 3) Cause
 * 4) Locative
 * 5) Source
 * 6) Goal
 * 7) Experiencer
 * 8) Benefactive
 * 9) Instrument
 * 10) Manner
 * 11) Reason
 * 12) Time

X' theory
(Initially extracted from X-bar theory).

X-bar theory is a component of linguistic theory which attempts to identify syntactic features common to all languages. The theory claims that there are certain structural similarities among all phrasal categories of all languages. The letter X is used to signify an arbitrary lexical category for the head of the phrase (instead of, for example, N for noun or V for verb) in order to allow a generic description.

X-bar theory adds additional levels of hierarchy to more traditional phrase structure rules using the phrasal constituent called an X-bar.

The head, X, is said to combine with a complement to form an X-bar, and an adjunct is said to combine with an X-bar to form another X-bar. Finally, an X-bar is said to combine with a specifier to form the top level of the phrase, the X Phrase (or XP). [In this way, complements are distinguished from adjuncts by the fact that a complement has an X as a sister, whereas an adjunct has X-bar as a sister.]

These rules can be formalized as follows:
 * XP --> (specifier), X-bar  An X Phrase consists of an optional specifier and an X-bar, in either order.
 * (X-bar --> X-bar, adjunct)  An X-bar may consist of an X-bar and an adjunct, in either order.
 * X-bar --> X, (complement...)  An X-bar consists of an X and any number of complements, in either order.

Note, the adjuct rule is itself optional.

Subcategorization frame
The subcategorization frame shows the constituents selected or subcategorized by a lexical item. The number of constituents subcategorized depends on the valency of the lexical item. For example, the verb "give" is trivalent (or three place predicate). Thus, it is associated with three arguments.

The three Wise Men give many presents to the children. The three Wise Men give the children many presents.

give: [___ NP PP(to)] [___ NP NP] (see Dative shift)

Selectional restrictions
Predicates impose certain semantic restrictions to the arguments selected. For example, in 1. the predicate "overtake" may select the NP "a cyclist" as an argument, but it cannot select the NP "a smile" :

1. a. The car driver overtook a cyclist. b.*The car driver overtook a smile.

Transformations

 * Structure-Preserving Hypothesis

The transformations are structure-preserving. Thus, when a constituent moves to a new position, the constituent must keep the same category as it was.

NP raising
The NP raises to SpecIP position to cover subject requirements and to obtain a compatible case.

V-I or I-V movement
There are two significant and different hypotheses used to explain the process of inflectional affixation in English verbs. While Chomsky suggested that the inflectional element lowers to V position, also called affix lowering, others have suggested that the V rises to I position.

NICE properties
NICE is an acronym used to distinguish the main verbs from the auxiliary and modal verbs.

[IP I(i) do [NEGP not [VP t(i) scream]]]. (Do support in order to fulfill the VI movement requirement when lexical, because lexical verb scream cannot undergo VI movement). *[IP I(i) scream(j) [NEGP not [VP t(i) t(j)]]]. The ungrammaticality of this example shows that lexical verbs cannot undergo V-I movement and they need do-support, as it is shown in the previous grammatical example.
 * Negation

[CP Do(i)[IP you(j) t(i)[VPt(j) scream]]]? (I-C movement)
 * Inversion (in interrogative sentence formation).

 * C
 * Ellipsis

Only verbs in the inflectional domain may undergo these properties. That is why we cannot apply them to lexical verbs, because the lexical verbs stay always in the lexical domain. When a V-I movement is needed, then it undergoes do insertion.

I-C movement
I-C, Inflectional to Complementizer domain movement takes place in:
 * Semiindirect speech
 * Direct questions (see the example above in Inversion, of NICE properties).
 * Subordinate clauses.

Inflectional phrase (IP)
Modal verbs are generated in the functional domain, as it is proved in the next examples:
 * Modal verbs and auxiliary verbs.

 * Negation: (the particle of negation, in English, may only occur between the IP and the VP.

1 a. The wikipedians should not despise other users. b.*The wikipedians not should despise other users.
 * Sentential adverbs: (sentential adverbs are those adverbs which, according to Radford, are immediately dominated by the Sentence node.

2 a. [IP The wikipedians(i) necessarily should [VP (i) respect other users]]. b. *[IP The wikipedians(i) should [VP (i) respect necessarily other users]].

Modal verbs may co-occur in the same clause with one or more auxiliary verbs:

3 a. The wikipedians should have respected other users. b. The wikipedians should have been respected by other users.

However, modal verbs may not co-occur in the same clause with other modal verbs, as it is shown in an ungrammatical sentence like:

4 *The wikipedians must should respect other users.

Wh- movement

 * Wh- base generation

1 a. [CP What(h) do(i) [IP you(j) t(i)[VP t(j) like ____(what)t(k)?]]]

The Complex NP is a Noun Phrases whose head is modified by a relative clause or by a Noun Complement Clause. Wh- movement out of a Complex NP leads to ungrammaticality, because there is no way to extract an element out of a Complex NP. That is the reason why Complex NPs are called islands.
 * Complex NP constraint.

In the same way, no constituent can undergo extraction from a subordinate clause whose CP by a WH- word.
 * Wh-island constraint

 * Head Movement constraint
 * Adjacency and the Boundary theory

Glosary of terms

 * A adverb
 * AP adverbial phrase
 * Complement-adjunct tests.
 * Constituency rules.
 * Constituency tests.
 * DP Determiner phrase
 * NP Noun phrase
 * PP Prepositional phrase
 * VP Verbal phrase

Useful links
Transformational grammar

External linguistic sites
(Be aware that this dictionary is protected under restrictive copyrights, so its content is incompatible with our free lycense GFDL.
 * Lexicon of linguistics Created by Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS (Copyright © 1996-2001)

 * The Syntax of Natural Language
 * Santorini, Beatrice, and Anthony Kroch. 2000.
 * The syntax of natural language: An online introduction using the Trees program.
 * © 2000 Beatrice Santorini and Anthony Kroch
 * (A 21 de diciembre de 2004),última modificación conocida: 4 de febrero del 2004.

 * Descripción:Libro de acceso libre en internet de sintaxis de la lengua inglesa desde una perspectiva de la Gramática Transformacional. Idioma: inglés

 * Une brève introduction aux concepts de la syntaxe générative
 * Descripción:Desarrollado por - Yves Roberge de la Universidad de Toronto con la colaboración de Henriette Gezundhajt. Idioma: francés.

Hemeroteca

Asociaciones, centros de investigación y recursos
 * http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~kathol/120/Docs/ Berkeley University.


text:
File:Vernon god little cover.jpg

Summary
Cover of Vernon God Little, book by D. B. C. Pierre. Scanned in by myself.

title: File:Vernon god little cover.jpg


text:
sfiducia

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) distrust
 * 2)  vote of no confidence
 * 1)  vote of no confidence

title: sfiducia


text:
komeet

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) comet

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) comet
 * 2)  A rising star, an up-and-coming thing or person, a raging fashion etc.

Noun

 * 1)  comet

Noun

 * 1) comet

title: komeet


text:
Josef Swickard

Josef Swickard (26 June 1866 – 1 March 1940) was a Prussian-born German stage and screen character actor, who had toured with stock companies in Europe, South Africa, and South America.

Career
Swickard emigrated to the United States from the German Empire in 1882. He was a stage actor for several years before entering films with D.W. Griffith in 1912 and by 1914 was playing supporting roles for Mack Sennett. He appeared in Charles Chaplin's Laughing Gas and Caught in a Cabaret. He remained with Sennett until 1917, when he settled into his prolific career of playing mostly aristocratic characters.

Modern audiences are perhaps most familiar with his role of Marcelo Desnoyers, the well-intentioned but impractical French upper class father in Rex Ingram's 1921 film The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. His career in sound films was somewhat limited and he played in low-budget and action serial type films. He played the villainous Prime Minister Kruel in the 1925 film version of The Wizard of Oz.

Family life and death
Born in the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 to Peter Schwecherath and Geniveve Steffens, Swickard was the brother of actor Charles Swickard. After arriving in the United States in November 1882, Schwecherath changed his name to Swickard and married a Scottish woman named Queeny in 1896. In 1902, Swickard applied for citizenship in the Eastern District of New York under the name Joseph P. Schwickerath. Records also show Swickard submitted a petition for naturalization in Los Angeles, California in February 1936 under the name of Peter Joseph Schwickerath. Sometime around 1928 Swickard married Broadway actress Margaret Campbell. The union was short-lived and the couple divorced on January 15, 1929. Swickard's last known residence was the Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles where he lived after his divorce from Campbell. Tragedy befell his ex-wife on June 27, 1939 when she was brutally murdered. Her son, Campbell McDonald, was the initial suspect. He was also suspected of having bludgeoned to death a Russian dancer, Anya Sosoyeva, as well as having assaulted the young actress Delia Bogard, who survived.LA police eventually arrested DeWitt Clinton Cook, who confessed and was sent to San Quentin, where he died in the gas chamber in 1941. Swickard died in 1940 from natural causes. He was falsely rumored to have jumped from the Hollywood sign.

The Evening Independent June 29, 1939. Nearly seven months to-the-day after his ex-wife's murder, Swickard died on February 29, 1940. He was 73.

Despite rumors that Swickard committed suicide by jumping from the Hollywood sign, his death was from natural causes. Swickard was buried under a simple headstone at Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

title: Josef Swickard


text:
Talk:Westbound Records

Untitled
Is a record label which still maintains an official web site considered defunct? Steelbeard1 11:56, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Just looked up Westbound Records. It is NOT defunct. Here is the info: Westbound Records Inc Phone:<PHONE_NUMBER> 18500 W 10 Mile Rd Southfield MI 48075-2662 USA Steelbeard1 12:09, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Westbound Records


text:
Talk:Doug Brien

Fucking Doug Brien
Sniffen said that after the playoffs, is it encyclopedic?
 * No.  Zappa  O  Mati   03:07, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Doug Brien.jpg
Image:Doug Brien.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 08:06, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:48, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Doug Brien. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110915231705/http://www.kicking.com:80/vkick.asp to http://www.kicking.com/vkick.asp

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:23, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doug Brien


text:
Talk:Chris Judge Smith

I believe this man truly deserves a page in Wiki of his own, so I started one, based largely on information I learned from Van der Graaf Generator - The Book (2005) and from the biographical note on his own web site.--Mark in wiki 11:09, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chris Judge Smith


text:
Eclipse (dog)

Eclipse was a Seattle dog that took herself to a Seattle dog park via King County Metro bus beginning in 2015.

The first time the dog took the bus alone was an accident when she boarded without her owner, who caught up with her on the next bus. He decided to let her ride to the park without him afterwards. Eclipse was required to pay her bus fare like any dog on Metro Transit not held in the lap, and had an ORCA card tied to her collar for payment.

The dog is the subject of a 2016 book, and a rap music video.

On October 15, 2022, Eclipse died at the age of 10. Two days before, she was diagnosed with cancer.

title: Eclipse (dog)


text:
Monarchos

Monarchos (February 9, 1998 – October 22, 2016) was a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 2001 Kentucky Derby in the second fastest winning time and overall third fastest time in the race's history.

Background
Monarchos was sired by Maria's Mon– from whom he inherited his gray coat– out of the mare Regal Band. He was bred by Jim Squires, who wrote an account of this "rags to riches" horse entitled "Horse of a Different Colour". As a two-year-old in training, he was purchased for $170,000 by John C. Oxley on the advice of the colt's trainer, John Ward.

Racing career
Monarchos raced twice as a two-year-old, finishing eighth at Keeneland Racetrack on October 7, and third at Churchill Downs on November 24.

He made a winning three-year-old debut when taking a minor race at Gulfstream Park in January 2001 and followed up with a win in an allowance race in February. He established himself as a contender for the Kentucky Derby with his run in the Florida Derby in March. Ridden by Jorge Chavez, he won by four and a half lengths from Outofthebox and Invisible Ink. Chavez was impressed by the performance, saying that "when I asked him, he just exploded." Bill Nack, writing in Sports Illustrated, was equally enthusiastic, calling the win "electrifying" and drawing comparisons with other famous grays such as Spectacular Bid and Holy Bull.

In his final race before the Derby, Monarchos finished second to Congaree in the Wood Memorial Stakes. However, Ward described the race as "a perfect prep". At Churchill Downs on 5 May, Monarchos was the 10.5/1 fourth choice in the betting for the Derby. After being bumped at the start, he made steady progress on the outside and turned into the straight in sixth place. Chavez sent the gray colt to the lead a furlong from the finish, and Monarchos pulled clear to win by almost five lengths from Invisible Ink, with Congaree third and the favored Point Given fifth.

Monarchos' winning time was 1:59.97 for $1 1/4$ miles, becoming only the third horse in Derby history to finish the race in under 2 minutes, joining 1973 Triple Crown winner Secretariat, who ran 1:59 $2/5$, and his runner up, Sham, who ran 1:59 $4/5$ (at that time, the Derby was timed to the fifth of a second rather than to the hundredth of a second). As of 2022, no horse since Monarchos has broken the 2-minute barrier at the Derby.

In the Preakness Stakes, Monarchos was outrun in the early stages and finished sixth of the eleven runners behind Point Given. In the Belmont Stakes, he finished third, more than thirteen lengths behind the winner, Point Given. Some time after the race, it was discovered that Monarchos had sustained a hairline fracture to his right knee, which ruled him out for the rest of the season.

Monarchos was scheduled to return as a four-year-old with the Donn Handicap as his first target, but, after running third in a prep race, he injured a tendon in training in January 2002 and was retired.

Stud career
Monarchos was retired to Claiborne Farm, where his initial stud fee was $25,000. His most successful foals are Informed Decision, a winner of the Breeders' Cup Filly and Mare Sprint and a multiple graded stakes winner of $2.2 million, and Win Willy, winner of the Rebel Stakes and one-time Kentucky Derby contender, winner of over $1 million. Other stakes winners include Japanese stakes winner Mr. Monarchos ($775k), multiple stakes winner Stormin Monarcho ($487k), multiple stakes winner Bingham, stakes winners Riley's Monarch and Stones River, Aces Star (Champion 2yo colt in Scandinavia) and others.

Monarchos stood at Nuckols Farm in Midway, Kentucky, at a fee of $2,000 for 2016.

In April 2011, Monarchos underwent surgery for colic at the Hagyard Equine Medical Institute.

On October 22, 2016, Monarchos died after undergoing surgery to repair a ruptured intestine. He went into surgery after showing signs of internal distress the night before. He was 18 years old at the time of his death.

title: Monarchos


text:
Gareis

Gareis is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Jennifer Gareis (born 1970), American actress
 * Franz Gareis (1775–1803), German painter
 * Martin Gareis (1891–1976), German general during World War II
 * Roland Gareis (born 1948), Austrian economist
 * Karl von Gareis (1844–1923), German legal scholar

title: Gareis


text:
Prolog/Rules

This section deals with rules, a general way to state when a predicate is true.

Rules
So far we haven't really been doing any programming, just defining objects and their properties. The first step to programming in prolog is the use of rules. With rules we state that a predicate is true, provided that other predicates are true. A rule looks like this:

a :- b, c, d.

This says that a is true, if b, c and d are true. If we have the following database,

a :- b, c, d. b. c. d :- e. e.

, and we were to ask Prolog if a is true, ?- a. Prolog would take the query (or goal) a and from that generate the sub-goals b, c and d. It can see that b and c are true, directly, as they are stated as facts, but d is only true if e is true, which leads to another sub-goal, e. Since e is also a fact, prolog will answer yes.

Rules with Variables
We can use predicates with terms as well.

car(corvette) :- haswheels(corvette), haswindows(corvette).

states that a corvette is a car if it has wheels and windows. This isn't a very useful statement, as we could also simply state that a corvette is a car with car(corvette).

We can however use variables in rules. This way we can state, for instance that anything is a car provided that it has wheels and windows:

car(A) :- haswheels(A), haswindows(A). haswheels(corvette). haswindows(corvette).

The first line states that for car(A) to be true, haswheels(A) and haswindows(A) need to be true. If prolog is asked whether a corvette is a car with

?- car(corvette).

it will bind A to corvette, and get the sub-goals haswheels(corvette) and haswindows(corvette). If it can prove both these goals (which it can), then car(corvette) must be true. When using variables in a program it's important to note that a variable doesn't mean anything beyond the sentence it's in. If two sentences use the variable A, it's not the same variable. For example:

bird(A) :- hasfeathers(A). dog(A) :- barks(A).

The A in the first line simply shows that the term of the predicate bird needs to be the same as the term of the predicate hasfeathers, it has nothing to do with the A in the second line.

Now we can return to our original program and add some rules. human(david). human(john). human(suzie). human(eliza). man(david). man(john). woman(suzie). woman(eliza). parent(david, john). parent(john, eliza). parent(suzie, eliza). father(X,Y) :- parent(X,Y), man(X). mother(X,Y) :- parent(X,Y), woman(X).

We can ask prolog who is the father of eliza: ?- father(X, eliza). X = john ; No

Or to list all fathers in the database and their respective children:

?- father(Father, Child). Father = david Child = john ; Father = john Child = eliza ; No

Examples
?- mother(Mother,Child). Mother = suzie Child = eliza ; No

Exercises
If you've used any other programming language, you may be familiar with recursion, which refers to a function calling itself. Prolog is particularly well suited for recursion, although in our case, it will be a predicate referring to itself, rather than a function. Go to the next section to see how and why this is done.

Prolog/Regras

title: Prolog/Rules


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/southpacifictravel.com.vn

Links

 * http resolves to [//X X]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

 * southpacifictravel.com.vn resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Users

 * COIBot
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group bot on some wikis

Additions

 * Displayed all 8 additions.


text:
User:MrSamuelOlsson

About Me
Originally from the Höganäs, Sweden now living in London, United Kingdom. Tech & Art lover and passionate about art archives and public works and iOS apps.

title: User:MrSamuelOlsson


text:
Arrays, strings and records

Course Navigation

To understand this section, let's study this step by step.
There are two parts that you may consider while programming. The first part is how the computer calculates or treats your data. The second part is how the user is viewing the result of it. Here we will discuss how the data is treated in the background. This is the part that a programmer must study, because this determines everything that the user will see, and how they will see it.

Variable
Computers can only handle binary patterns (i.e. numbers), but a variable has a type which determines how the binary patterns/number are treated and viewed. For example, an integer variable would be viewed as a plain whole number, a real/float variable's binary pattern will be decoded to the appropriate real number using appropriate encoding (such as IEEE 754), a character variable would be viewed as the letter of the alphabet that corresponds to the number according to a certain encoding (such as ASCII or utf-8). A computer uses many tricks to represent strings and other complex data as numbers, the details of which is determined by the particular architecture of the computer and the level of abstraction that the programming language uses.

Null (variably called Nil, None, Nothing)
Null (or its many synonyms) is a special value assigned to variables that have not been assigned any value (a bit of circular logic here, but you get the point).

Bit, Byte, and Word
Bit is a single binary digit, it may be 0 or 1. Byte is 8-digit binary number, it can represent numbers from 0 to 255. Word depends on the architecture of the CPU, it is the largest chunk of data that the CPU can process natively, common Word sizes are 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit.

Arrays, Strings, and Records
An array is internally represented as a contiguous block of memory reserved to contain multiple variables of the same type. A string is an array of bytes, it is usually used to hold human readable messages because a byte corresponds well to the de facto standard encoding (ASCII), but string is not limited to characters, it can contain any arbitrary binary data.

The Difference Between Array and Variable
A variable is a container for a single number. A variable can be thought of as a box, the number of items in the box determines the value of the box, and the type of items in the box must be uniform.

An array is a collection of such boxes aligned together. The analogy is a medicine box that is specially designed so that it can only hold a specific type of medicine. Each partition in the box can contain any number of medicine (as long as the capacity permits), but you can only put in the medicine that the box is designed for. In an array, we use "index" to address each partition, an index is a number that uniquely identifies each partition in the medicine box. So we'd say, "the second partition" to identify the partition that holds the medicine for Tuesday (assuming the left-most partition is Monday). In many programming languages, arrays are 0-indexed, meaning that the first item in the array is accessed as the "0"th index of the array, while the final element of the array is held in the (array size - 1)th index. For example, in an array of 8 variables, you would access the first variable in the array at index 0, and the 8th element of the array at index 7.

The Difference Between Array and String
Have you ever wondered how computers store words and sentences like this paragraph inside themselves? I've said earlier that computers can only handle and operate on binary patterns (i.e. numbers), so how could it store something other than numbers? The answer is encoding. Encoding is a standard that specifies how a binary pattern would be treated and viewed, for example in ASCII encoding the letter 'A' is encoded as the number 65 (binary pattern 01000001), 'B' as number 66 (01000010), and so on. ASCII encoding defines 26 upper case letters ('ABC'), 26 lower case letters ('abc'), 10 number digits ('123'), several whitespace characters (space, tabs, newline), some special characters (#!@$;), and some obsolete control characters from the age of teletypes.

Now, back to the topic of "difference between array and string", what is the difference between them? Well, a string is a special case of an array- it is an array of single bytes. A string can thus contain any arbitrary binary data. One of the most common usage of strings is to hold words and sentences, this is because the de facto standard ASCII encoding fits nicely into a single byte.

 * Next Lesson
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 * Course Home Page

title: Arrays, strings and records


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DJ Rahat

The result was   no consensus. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:38, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

VDJ Rahat

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Reason: No significant works. No significant coverage except trivial mentions in the included sources. fails WP:GNG Rahat (Talk * Contributions) 17:58, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. Rahat (Talk * Contributions) 17:59, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. Rahat (Talk * Contributions) 18:00, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bangladesh-related deletion discussions. Rahat (Talk * Contributions) 18:00, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment - the current title is a result of an accidental page move that should be reverted if the article is to be kept; it's "DJ Rahat", not "VDJ Rahat". Huon (talk) 18:42, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment - yes. I am agree with Huon. The article can be considered to be keep. The person seems to be a real musician in his country and for changing the name someone can't find the exact thing in any mentioned source. So I think we can keep this article for further improvement with the old original name "DJ Rahat". Shaharia.azam (talk) 20:42, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Automated comment: This AfD was not correctly transcluded to the log (step 3). I have transcluded it to Articles for deletion/Log/2015 February 10.  —cyberbot I   Talk to my owner :Online 17:23, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Weak delete name issue aside, the coverage is pretty weak otherwise, at least in English language sources. More sourcing and/or chart positions would be helpful to establish notability, otherwise I would lean toward delete weakly, as there is some coverage, I'm just not sure it rises to meet the standards. Gigs (talk) 19:34, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Weak keep. I moved the page to DJ Rahat. DJ Rahat is a popular artist with several major albums. Despite this, he is not covered much in (English) traditional media; but there are some in Bengali. –  nafSadh did say 20:25, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- Sam Sing! 18:33, 16 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 11:33, 17 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center

Penn State School of Medicine
I'm not sure that the Penn State School of Medicine is called the Milton Hershey Medical Center. https://med.psu.edu/ Rather, a close reading of the article seems to indicate that the Hershey Foundation gave the money to establish a medical center with the School of Medicine part of the medical campus. But apparently on the Penn State website the actual school is shown as the Penn State College of Medicine. A medical center affiliated with a medical school does train interns and residents, but they are still separate facilities. I don't believe Penn State School of Medicine should redirect here. Bodding (talk) 01:44, 3 April 2020 (UTC)


text:
User:Donner60/General and Miscellaneous History Library

This page includes books in my personal library on miscellaneous, mainly United States, history topics and various general history and biography books or series of books, including surveys or overviews of time periods. See also User:Donner60/Ancient, Medieval and Miscellaneous History Library for those categories. The Miscellaneous History on that page is mainly European history. A few books do not, or do not entirely, include military history. This list is still incomplete as of the last additions.

General History and Biography

 * Bauer, Susan Wise. The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2007. ISBN 978-0-393-05974-8.
 * Bauer, Susan Wise. The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2010. ISBN 978-0-393-05975-5.
 * Bauer, Susan Wise. The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2013. ISBN 978-0-393-05976-2.
 * Bauer, Susan Wise. The Story of Western Science: From the Writings of Aristotle to the Big Bang Theory. New York: W. W. Norton, 2015. ISBN 978-0-393-24326-0.
 * Boorstin, Daniel J. The Americans: The Colonial Experience. New York: Vintage Books, a division of Random House, 1958. ISBN 978-0-394-70513-2.
 * Boorstin, Daniel J. The Americans: The Democratic Experience. New York: Random House, 1973. ISBN 978-0-394-48724-3.
 * Boorstin, Daniel J. The Americans: The National Experience. New York: History Book Club, by arrangement with Random House, 2002. ISBN 978-0-9653693-0-5.
 * Boorstin, Daniel J. The Creators: A History of Heroes of the Imagination. New York: Random House, 1992. ISBN 978-0-394-54395-6.
 * Boorstin, Daniel J. The Discoverers: A History of Man's Search to Know His World and Himself. New York: Random House, 1983. ISBN 978-0-394-40229-1.
 * Brusatte, Steve. The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs: A New History of Their Lost World. New York: William Morrow, 2018. ISBN 978-0-06-249043-8.
 * Bryan, Jr., Charles F. (author). Imperfect Past: History in a New Light. Manakin-Sabot, VA: Dementi Milestone Publishing, Inc., 2015. ISBN 978-0-9909613-4-5.
 * Durant, Will. The Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the Greater Philosophers. 2d Edition, 19th Printing. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961..
 * Durant, Will. Our Oriental Heritage being a history of civilization in Egypt and the Near East to the death of Alexander, and in India, China and Japan from the beginnings to our own day by Will Durant. The Story of Civilization I. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954. ISBN 978-0-671-54800-1.
 * Durant, Will. The Life of Greece. The Story of Civilization II. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954. ISBN 978-0-671-41800-7.
 * Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. The Story of Civilization III. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954. ISBN 978-0-671-11500-5.
 * Durant, Will. The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization from Constantine to Dante -- A.D. 325-1300. The Story of Civilization IV. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1950. ISBN 978-0-9650007-5-8.
 * Durant, Will. The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization V. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953. ISBN 978-0-671-61600-7.
 * Durant, Will. The Reformation. The Story of Civilization VI. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1957. ISBN 978-0-671-61050-0.
 * Durant, Will and Ariel Durant. The Age of Reason Begins. The Story of Civilization VII. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961. ISBN 978-0-671-01320-2.
 * Durant, Will and Ariel Durant. The Age of Louis XIV. The Story of Civilization VIII. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963. ISBN 978-0-671-01215-1.
 * Durant, Will and Ariel Durant. The Age of Voltaire. The Story of Civilization IX. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965. ISBN 978-0-671-01325-7.
 * Durant, Will and Ariel Durant. Rousseau and Revolution. The Story of Civilization X. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967. ISBN 978-0-671-63058-4.
 * Durant, Will and Ariel Durant. The Age of Napoleon. The Story of Civilization XI. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975. ISBN 978-0-671-21988-8.
 * Durant, Will and Ariel Durant. The Lessons of History. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968. ISBN 978-0-671-41333-0.
 * Garraty, John A. and Peter Gay, eds. The Columbia History of the World. New York: Dorset Press by arrangement with Harper & Row, 1981. ISBN 978-0-88029-004-3. Originally published New York: Harper & Row, 1972.
 * Schonberg, Harold C. The Lives of the Great Composers. Revised edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1981. ISBN 978-0-393-01302-3
 * Wilson, Ben. Heyday: The 1850s and the Dawn of the Global Age. New York: Basic Books, 2016. ISBN 978-0-465-06425-0.

Shakespeare

 * Bevington, David, ed., and Joseph Papp (foreword). The Compete Works of William Shakespeare, Volume I. New York: Bantam Books, 1988..
 * Bevington, David, ed., and Joseph Papp (foreword). The Compete Works of William Shakespeare, Volume II. New York: Bantam Books, 1988..
 * Bevington, David, ed., and Joseph Papp (foreword). The Compete Works of William Shakespeare, Volume III. New York: Bantam Books, 1988..
 * Bevington, David, ed., and Joseph Papp (foreword). The Compete Works of William Shakespeare, Volume IV. New York: Bantam Books, 1988..
 * Bevington, David, ed., and Joseph Papp (foreword). The Compete Works of William Shakespeare, Volume V. New York: Bantam Books, 1988..
 * Bevington, David, ed., and Joseph Papp (foreword). The Compete Works of William Shakespeare, Volume VI. New York: Bantam Books, 1988..
 * Asimov, Isaac. Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare: A Guide to Understanding and Enjoying the Works of Shakespeare. New York: Avenel Books, 1970. ISBN 978-0-517-26825-4.
 * David Crystal and Ben Crystal. Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary & Language Companion. United Kingdom: Penguin Books, 2004. ISBN 978-0-14-029117-9.
 * Dobson, Michael and Stanley Wells, eds. The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-280614-7.
 * Papp, Joseph and Elizabeth Kirkland. Shakespeare ALIVE!. New York: Bantam Books, 1988. ISBN 978-0-553-27081-5.
 * Saccio, Peter. Shakespeare's English Kings: History, Chronicle and Drama, second ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-512319-7.

 * Authorship: Showing author advocated for if not obvious in title.
 * Allen, Ron. Who Were Shake-Speare: The Ultimate Who-Dun-It! San Diego. CA: Silverado, 1998. ISBN 978-1-891083-00-6. (Argues for mainly Stratford, Oxford collaboration, with a few others}}.
 * Anderson, Mark. Shakespeare by Another Name: The Life of Edward de Vere, Earl of Oxford, Who Was Shakespeare. New York: Gotham Books, 2005. ISBN 978-1-59240-103-1.
 * Beauclerk, Charles. aka Charles Vere. Shakespeare's Lost Kingdom: The True History of Shakespeare and Elizabeth. New York: Grove Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8021-1940-7. (Oxford "Price Tudor" theory.)
 * Brazil, Robert Sean. Edward de Vere and the Shakespeare Printers. Seattle, WA: Cortical Output, LLC, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4679-5155-5.
 * Bryson, Bill. Shakespeare: The World as Stage. New York: Atlas Books, Harper Perennial, 2997. ISBN 978-0-06-074022-1. (Stratford)
 * Chiljan, Katherine. Shakespeare Suppressed: The Uncensored Truth about Shakespeare and His Works. San Francisco, CA: Faire Editions, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9829405-4-9. (Oxford)
 * Dawkins, Peter. The Shakespeare Enigma: Unravelling the Story of the Two Poets. London: Polair Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-9545389-4-1. (Bacon)
 * Edmondson, Paul and Stanley Wells. Shakespeare beyond Doubt: Evidence, Argument, Controversy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-1-107-60328-8. (Stratford)
 * Ellis, David. The Truth About William Shakespeare: Fact, Fiction and Modern Biographies. Edinburgh: University Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-7486-4667-8. (Stratford, but argues not enough known for a biography)
 * Farina, William. De Vere as Shakespeare: An Oxfordian Reading of the Canon. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2006. ISBN 978-0-7864-2383-5.
 * Feldman, Sabrina. The Apocryphal William Shakespeare: Book One of A 'Third Way' Shakespeare Authorship Scenario. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing, LLC, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4575-0721-2. (Book Two argues for Thomas Sackville.)
 * Greenblatt, Stephen. Will of the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. ISBN 978-0-393-32737-3. (Stratford)
 * Honigmann, E. A. J. Shakespeare: the "lost years" . Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1985. ISBN 978-0-389-20549-4. (Stratford)
 * Hope, Warren and Kim Holston. The Shakespeare Controversy: An Analysis of the Authorship Theories, second ed. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2009. ISBN 978-0-7864-3917-1.
 * James, Brenda and William D. Rubinstein. The Truth Will Out: Unmasking the Real Shakespeare. New York: Regan, an imprint of HarperCollins, 2006 ISBN 978-0-06-114648-0. (Argues for Sir Henry Neville.)
 * Jimenez, Ramon. Shakespeare's Apprenticeship: Identifying the Real Playright's Earliest Works. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2018. ISBN 978-1-4766-3331-2.
 * Leahy, William (professor), ed. My Shakespeare: The Authorship Controversy. Brighton: EER Edward Everett Root, 2018. ISBN 978-1-911454-54-0.
 * McCarthy, Dennis. North of Shakespeare: The True Story of the Secret Genius Who Wrote the World's Greatest Body of Literature. Dennis McCarthy, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4637-0366-0. (Argues for Sir Thomas North wrote; Stratford adapted)
 * Matus, Irvin Leigh. Shakespeare, In Fact. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 2012. ISBN 978-0-486-49027-4. (Stratford)
 * Michell, John. Who Wrote Shakespeare. London: Thames and Hudson, Ltd., 1999. ISBN 978-0-500-28113-0. "The best overview yet of the authorship controversy" - Washington Post.
 * Ogburn Charlton. The Mysterious William Shakespeare: The Myth and the Reality, second ed. McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1992. ISBN 978-0-939009-67-1. Autographed by Charles Vere.
 * Pointon, A. J. The Man Who Was Never Shakespeare: The Theft of William Shakspere's Identity. Tunbridge Wells, Kent: Parapress, 2011. ISBN 978-1-898594-88-8.
 * Price, Diana. Shakespeare's Unorthodox Biography: New Evidence of an Authorship Problem, revised ed. United States: www.shakespeare-authorship.com, 2012. ISBN 978-0-9860326-0-8. First published Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001.
 * Roe, Richard Paul. The Shakespeare Guide to Italy: Retracing the Bard's Unknown Travels. New York: Harper Perennial, 2011. ISBN 978-0-06-207426-3.
 * Shapiro, James. Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare? US edition: Simon & Schuster, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4165-4162-2. (Stratford)
 * Shahan, John M. and Alexander Waugh, eds. Shakespeare Beyond Doubt?: Exposing an Industry in Denial. Claremont, CA: Shakespeare Authorship Coalition, Tamarac, FL: Llumina Press, 2013. ISBN 978-1-62550-033-5.
 * Schoenbaum, S. Shakespeare's Lives, new ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-19-818618-2. (Stratford)
 * Steinburg, Steven. I Come to Bury Shakspere. (Revised 2013.) Charleston, SC: Steven Steinburg, April 2013. ISBN 978-1-4840-7320-9. (Oxford)
 * Wells, Stanley Shakespeare For All Time. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-19-516093-2. (Stratford)
 * Whalen, Richard F. Shakespeare: Who Was He?: The Oxford Challenge to the Bard. Westport, CT; London: Praeger, 1994. ISBN 978-0-275-94850-4.
 * Whittemore, Hank. 100 Reasons Shake-speare was the Earl of Oxford. Somerville, MA: Forever Press, 2016. ISBN 978-0-9835027-7-7.
 * Whittemore, Hank. Shakespeare's Son and His Sonnets. Groton, MA: Martin and Lawrence Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9820732-1-6.
 * Wildenthal, Bryan H. Early Shakespeare Authorship Doubts. San Diego: Zindabad Press, 2019. ISBN 978-1-73271-661-2.
 * Williams, Robin P. Sweet Swan of Avon: Did a Woman Write Shakespeare? Berkeley, CA: William Circle Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-321-42640-6. {Argues for Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke)
 * Zenner, Peter. The Shakespeare Invention: The Life and Deaths of Christopher Marlowe. Bakewell, Derbyshire, England: Country Books, 1999. ISBN 978-1-898941-32-3.

Language; Literature; Pseudonyms; Essays

 * "Amicus Curiae" (pseud.) Fuller, Edmund, ed., and Roscoe Pound (introduction). Law in Action: An Anthology of the Law in Literature. New York: Bonanza Books, 1967..
 * Botkin, B. A., ed. A Treasury of American Folklore. New York: Bonanza Books, 1983. ISBN 978-0-517-42057-7.
 * Botkin, B. A. and Alvin F. Harlow, eds. A Treasury of Railroad Folklore. New York: Bonanza Books, 1989. ISBN 978-0-517-16868-4. Originally published 1953.
 * Botkin, B. A., ed. A Treasury of Southern Folklore. New York: Bonanza Books, 1980. ISBN 978-0-517-33647-2.
 * Bryson, Bill. Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words: A Writer's Guide to Getting It Right. New York: Broadway Books, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7679-1043-9. Criticized on Amazon as obsolete, among other things.
 * Bryson, Bill. The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1990. ISBN 978-0-380-71543-5. Criticized on Amazon as full of inaccuracies and errors, among other things.
 * Colum, Padraic. A Treasury of Irish Folklore. Second revised edition. New York: Bonanza Books, 1967. ISBN 978-0-517-42046-1.
 * Fowler, Alastair. Literary Names: Personal Names in English Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-959222-7.
 * Jenkyns, Richard (professor). Classical Literature: An Epic Journey from Homer to Virgil and Beyond. New York: Basic Books, 2016. ISBN 978-0-465-09797-5. Originally published United Kingdom: Penguin Book Group, 2015.
 * Mencken, H. L. The American Language: An Inquiry Into the Development of English in the United States. Fourth Edition. 22nd Printing. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980. ISBN 978-0-394-40075-4.
 * Mencken, H. L. The American Language: An Inquiry Into the Development of English in the United States. Supplement One. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977. ISBN 978-0-394-40076-1.
 * Mencken, H. L. The American Language: An Inquiry Into the Development of English in the United States. Supplement Two. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978. ISBN 978-0-394-40077-8.
 * Mullan, John. Anonymity: A Secret History of English Literature. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-691-13941-8.
 * O'Conner, Patricia T. and Stuart Kellerman. Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptrions of the English Language. New York: Random House Trade Paperback, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8129-7810-0.

General Histories; Reference Works
Some have text about the American Civil War era
 * Ambrose, Stephen E. Nothing Like It In the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad. New York: Simon & Shuster, 2000. ISBN 978-0-684-84609-5.
 * Ball, Jr., Don. America's Colorful Railroads. New York: Bonanza Books, 1980. ISBN 978-0-517-30488-4.
 * Ball, Jr., Don and Rogers E. M. Whitaker ("E. M. Frimbo") Decade of the Trains: the 1940s. Boston: Little, Brown and Company (New York Graphic Society), 1977. ISBN 978-0-8212-0759-8.
 * Bryant, Jr., Keith L. History of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska, 1974. First edition reprinted by Bison Books, 1982. ISBN 978-0-8032-6066-5.
 * Bryant, Jr., Keith L. and Fred W. Frailey. History of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska, 2020. ISBN 978-1-4962-1410-2. New edition; first edition published by MacMillan, 1974.
 * Chant, Christopher. The History of North American Steam. New York: Chartwell Books, Inc., 2013. Reprint of 2012 edition, originally published 2004 by UK:Regency House Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7858-2933-1.
 * Cooper, Elizabeth Ownley. Norfolk Southern in Hampton Roads. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2021. ISBN 978-1-4671-0673-3.
 * Clarke, Thomas Curtis, et al. The American Railway: Its Construction, Development, Management and Appliances. New York: Bramhall House, 1888..
 * Davis, Burke. The Southern Railway: Road of the Innovators. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-8078-1636-3. Chapter on American Civil War.
 * Dixon, Jr., Thomas W. Appalachian Coal Mines & Railroads. Lynchburg, VA: TLC Publishing, Inc., 1994. ISBN 978-1-883089-08-5.
 * Dixon, Jr., Thomas W. Virginia Railroads Volume 2: Chesapeake and Ohio. Forest, VA: TLC Publishing, Inc., 2011. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>516.
 * DeFeo, Todd. Western & Atlantic Railroad. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4671-0339-8.
 * Dolzall, Gary W. and Stephen F. Dolzall. Monon: The Hoosier Line. Glendale, CA: Interurban Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0-916374-78-5.
 * Dorin, Patrick C. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway: George Washington's Railroad. Seattle, WA: Superior Publishing Co., 1981. ISBN 978-0-87564-537-7.
 * Drury, George H. The Historical Guide to North American Railroads: Histories, figures, and features of more than 160 railroads abandoned or merged since 1930. Milwaukee, WI: Kalmbach Books, 1985. ISBN 978-0-89024-072-4.
 * Edson, William D. Railroad Names: A Directory of Common Carrier Railroads Operating in the United States 1826-1997. 4th edition. Potomac, MD: William D. Edson, 1999. ISBN 978-0-9632913-2-5.
 * Esposito, Christopher F. Norfolk Southern: A Rich Railroad Heritage. South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing by arrangement with Fonthill Media, Stroud, England, 2023. ISBN 978-1-63499-472-9.
 * Fitzsimmons, Bernard. 150 Years of North American Railroads. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1982. ISBN 978-0-89009-534-8.
 * George, Michael. Southern Railway's Murphy Branch. Collegedale, TN: The College Press, 1995..
 * Grant, H. Roger. The Cornbelt Route: A History of the Chicago Great Western Railroad Company. DeKalb, IL: Nothern Illinois University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-87580-095-0.
 * Grant, H. Roger. The Louisville, Cincinnati, & Charleston Railroad: Dreams of Linking North and South. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-253-01181-7.
 * Grant, H. Roger. Northwestern: A History of the Chicago & North Western Railway System. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-87580-214-5.
 * Grant, H. Roger. Follow the Flag: A History of the Wabash Railroad Company. Ithaca, NY: Northern Illinois University Press, and imprint of Cornell University Press, 2009. First paperback printing, 2019. ISBN 978-1-5017-4777-9.
 * Griffin, Jr., William E. Seaboard Coast Line & Family Lines Railroad, 1967-1986, a CSX Predecessor. Forest, VA: T:C Publishing, Inc., 2004. ISBN 978-0-9766201-0-5.
 * Guillaudeu, David A. Washington & Old Dominion Railroad. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pulishing, 2013. ISBN 978-0-7385-9792-8.
 * Hampton, Taylor. The Nickel Plate Road: the history of a great railroad. Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Co., 1947.
 * Harncourt, Paul. Biography of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, revised edition. Denver, CO: Outskirts Press, Inc., 2005. ISBN 978-1-59800-172-3. Notable Civil War chapters.
 * Harris, Chris. BC Rail: British Columbia's Great Train Adventure. 108 Mile Ranch, BC: Country Light Publications, 1993. ISBN 978-0-930914-45-5.
 * Harrison, Fairfax. A History of the Legal Development of the Railroad System of Southern Railway Company. Washington, DC: Publisher not Identified, 1901. . Parts I-III in one bound hardcover volume; Parts IV-V in a second. Online citation: A history of the legal development of the railroad system of Southern Railway Company.
 * Harrison, Fairfax. Supplement to the Legal History of Lines of Railroad of Southern Railway Company. Washington, DC: Publisher not Identified, 1921. . Note in Second Supplement states compiled and published by Guy E. Mauldin, then Assistant Secretary.
 * Hayes, Derek. Historical Atlas of the North American Railroad. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, Ltd., 2010. ISBN 978-0-520-26616-2.
 * Herr, Kincaid A. The Louisville and Nashville Railroad, 1850-1963. Lexington, KY: The University of Kentucky Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8131-9318-2. Originally published 2000.
 * Hoffman, Glenn (historian); Bussard, Richard E. ed. Building a Great Railroad: A History of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company. United States: CSX Corporation, 1998..
 * Holbrook, Stewart H. The Story of American Railroads. New York: Bonanza Books, 1947..
 * Huxtable, Nils and Thomas R. Schultz (author). Steam Spirit: Norfolk Southern Corporation. West Vancouver, BC: Steamscenes, 1985. ISBN 978-0-9691409-1-7.
 * Hyde, John B. Second Supplement to Legal History of Lines of Railroad of Southern Railway Company. Washington, DC: Publisher not Identified, 1958. Title not found on WorldCat web site.
 * Jensen, Oliver. The American Heritage History of Railroads in America. New York: American Heritage Publishing Company, Inc., 1975. ISBN 978-0-07-032526-5.
 * Jones, Robert C. A History of Georgia Railroads. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4671-3777-5. Some text on American Civil War.
 * Keates, Beth Anne and Kenneth C. Springirth. Burlington Northern Santa Fe: Railway Heritage. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing by arrangement with Fonthill Media, Stroud, England, 2023. ISBN 978-1-63499-448-4.
 * Lewis, Edward A. (author). American Shortline Railway Guide. 3rd ed. Milwaukee, WI: Kalmback Publishing Co., 1986. ISBN 978-0-89024-073-1.
 * Lewis, Robert G. Handbook of American Railroads. 1st edition. New York: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation, 1951..
 * Lind, Alan R. From the Lakes to the Gulf: The Illinois Central Railroad Story. Park Forest, IL: Transport History Press, 1993.
 * Loy, Sallie, Dick Hillman and C. Pat Cates. The Southern Railway. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pulishing, 2013. ISBN 978-0-7385-1641-7.
 * Martin, Albro. Railroads Triumphant: The Growth, Rejection and Rebirth of a Vital American Force. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-19-503853-8.
 * Martin, Cy. Gold Rush Narrow Gauge: The Story of the White Pass and Yukon Route. Corona Del Mar, CA: Trans-Anglo Books, 1974. ISBN 978-0-87046-026-5.
 * Masterson, V. V.; 1987 foreward by Donovan L. Hofsommer. The KATY Railroad and the Last Frontier. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1952. University of Oklahome Press, 1978, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8262-0668-8.
 * Middleton, William D., George M. Smerk and Roberta L. Diehl, eds. Encyclopedia of North American Railroads. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34916-3.
 * Porterfield, James D. Dining by Rail: The History and Recipes of America's Golden Age of Railway Cuisine. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1998. ISBN 978-0-312-18711-8.
 * Prince, Richard E. Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway: History and Steam Locomotives. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 1967. Reprinted in 2001. ISBN 978-0-253-33927-0. Originally Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad during the Civil War. The Tennessee Line, the Lookout Mountain Route, the Dixie Line. Absorbed by L&N in 1957.
 * Prince, Richard E. Norfolk & Western Railway: Pocahontas Coal Carrier. Millard, NE: R. E. Prince, 1980. ISBN 978-0-9600088-9-6.
 * Prince, Richard E. Southern Railway System: Steam Locomotives and Boats. Green River, WY: Richard E. Prince, 1970. ISBN 978-0-9600088-4-1.
 * Reid, H., pen name of Harold A. Reid. The Virginian Railway. Milwaukee, WI, Kalmbach Books, 1961. ISBN 978-0-89024-558-3.
 * Reevy, Tony. O. Winston Link: Life Along the Line. New York: Abrams, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4197-0372-0.
 * Runte, Alfred. Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks. Fourth Edition, Revised. Boulder, CO: Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1998. ISBN 978-1-879373-74-7.
 * Signor, John R. Donner Pass: Southern Pacific's Sierra Crossing. San Marino, CA: Golden West Books, 1985. ISBN 978-0-87095-094-0.
 * Solomon, Brian and Michael W. Blaszak, John Gruber, Chris Guss. Chicago: America's Railroad Capital, The Illustrated History, 1836 to Today. Minneapolis, MN: Voyaguer Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-7603-4603-7.
 * Solomon, Brian and Patrick Yough. Coal Trains: The History of Railroading and Coal in the United States. Minneapolis, MN: Voyaguer Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-7603-3359-4.
 * Solomon, Brian. Conrail and Its Predecessors: From Storied Bankruptcies to Unexpected Profit. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Media, 2020. ISBN 978-1-62700-728-3
 * Solomon, Brian. North American Railroads: The Illustrated Encyclopedia. Minneapolis MN: Voyager Press, 2021. ISBN 978-0-7603-4117-9.
 * Solomon, Brian. Union Pacific and Its Predecessors. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Media, 2023. ISBN 978-162700-926-3.
 * Springirth, Kenneth C. CSX Transportation: Railroad Heritage. South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing by arrangement with Fonthill Media, Stroud, England, 2021. ISBN 978-1-63499-345-6
 * Striplin, E. F. Pat. The Norfolk & Western: A History. Roanoke, VA: Norfolk & Western Railway Company, 1981..
 * Stover, John F. History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1987. ISBN 978-1-55753-066-0.
 * Thomas, William G.. Lawyering for the Railroad: Business, Law and Power in the New South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-8071-2367-6.
 * Toth, Chris R. Norfolk Southern Diesel Locomotives. Lynchburg, VA: TLC Publishing, 1995. ISBN 978-1-883089-14-6.
 * Traser, Donald R. Virginia Railway Depots. Richmond, VA: Old Dominion Chapter, National Railway Historical Society, 1998..
 * Trelease, Donald. North Carolina Railroad 1849~1879. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-8078-1941-8. 4 chapters on the American Civil War.
 * Vance, Jr., James E. The North American Railroad: Its Origins, Evolution and Geography. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8018-4573-4.
 * Treese, Lorett. Railroads of Pennsylvania. 2nd Ed. Mechanicsburg, PA, Stackpole Books, 2012. ISBN 978-0-8117-0011-5.
 * Wilson, Jeff. The Railroading Handbook: Facts, figures, history and operations of North American Railroads. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Media, 2022. ISBN 978-162700-920-1.
 * Wilson, Jeff and Rehberg, Randy, eds. The Historical Guide to North American Railroads. 3rd edition. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Media, 2022. ISBN 978-0-89024-970-3.
 * Wolfe, Ed (historian). The Interstate Railroad: History of an Appalachian Coal Railroad.. 1st edition. Silver Springs, MD: Old Line Graphics, 1994. ISBN 978-1-879314-10-8.
 * Wolfe, Ed (historian). The Interstate Railroad: Memories of an Appalachian Short Line. Marceline, MO: Walsworth Publishing Company, 2003. ISBN 978-0-9720692-1-2.
 * Wolmar, Christian. The Great Railroad Revolution: The History of Trains in America. New York: Public Affairs, a member of the Perseus Book Group, 2012. ISBN 978-1-61039-179-5.
 * Yenne, Bill. The History of the Southern Pacific. New York: Bonanza Books, 1985. Bison Books Corp., Greenwhich, CT. Distributed by Crown Pulishers. ISBN 978-0-517-46084-9.

American Civil War Railroads
Entirely or mainly about American Civil War Rairoads; some general histories above often have a chapter or chapters about the American Civil War period
 * Abdill, George B. Civil War Railroads: Pictorial Story of the Iron Horse, 1861 thru 1865. New York: Bonanza Books, 1966. . First published Seattle, WA: Superior Publishing Co., 1961.
 * Alexander, Edwin P. Civil War Railroads & Models. New York: The Fairfax Press, 1989. Originally published New York: C. N. Potter, 1977. ISBN 978-0-517-66557-2.
 * Black, III, Robert C. The Railroads of the Confederacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1952..
 * Bonds, Russell S. Stealing the General: The Great Locomotive Chase and the First Medal of Honor. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, LLC, 2008. ISBN 978-1-59416-078-3.
 * Burke, James C. The Wilmington and Weldon Railroad in the Civil War. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2013. ISBN 978-0-7864-7154-6.
 * Clark, Jr., John E. Railroads in the Civil War: The Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001 ISBN 978-0-8071-3015-5.
 * DeFeo, Todd. Western and Atlantic Railroad. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4671-0339-8. Some text.
 * Green, Jr., Walter R. The Nashville and Decatur in the Civil War: History of an Embattled Railroad. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2022. ISBN 978-1-4766-8852-7.
 * Hess, Earl J. Civil War Logistics: A Study of Military Transportation. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 2017. ISBN 978-0-8071-6750-2.
 * Johnston, II, Angus James. Virginia Railroads in the Civil War. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1961..
 * Leavy, Michael. Railroads of the Civil War. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, LLC, 2010. ISBN 978-1-59416-119-3.
 * Lee, Dan. The L&N Railroad in the Civil War: A Vital North-South Line and the Struggle to Control It. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company Inc., Publishers, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7864-6157-8.
 * Lee, Dan. The Mobile & Ohio Railroad in the Civil War: The Struggle for Control of the Nation's Longest Railway. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2022. ISBN 978-1-4766-8972-2.
 * Mingus, Sr., Scott L. Soldiers, Spies & Steam: A History of the Northern Central Railway During the Civil War. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016. ISBN 978-1-5234-2823-6.
 * Mingus, Sr., Scott L. and Robert L. Williams. This Trying Hour: The Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad in the Civil War. Middletown, Delaware: publisher not identified (self-published?), 2017. ISBN 978-1-5449-6059-3.
 * Mingus, Sr., Scott L. and Cooper H. Wingert. Targeted Tracks: The Cumberland Valley Railroad in the Civil War, 1861-1865. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie LLC, 2019. ISBN 978-1-61121-461-1.
 * Mingus, Sr., Scott L. and Robert L. Williams. The Western Maryland Railroad and Its Civil War Legacy. York, PA: Scott Mingus Enterprises, 2022. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>893.
 * Noe, Kenneth W. Southwest Virginia's Railroad: Modernization and the Section Crisis in the Civil War Era. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8173-5064-2. Originally published Urbana, IL: The University of Illinois Press, 2003.
 * Pickenpaugh, Roger. Rescue by Rail: Troop Transfer and the Civil War in the West, 1863. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-8032-3720-9.
 * Stone, Jr., H. David. Vital Rails: The Charleston and Savannah Railroad and the Civil War in Coastal South Carolina. Columbia, SC: the University of South Carolina Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-57003-716-0.
 * Summers, Festus P. The Baltimore and Ohio in the Civil War. Gettysburg, PA: Stan Clark Military Books, 1939, new material 1992. ISBN 978-1-879664-13-5.
 * Taylor, George Rogers and Irene D. Neu. The American Railroad Network, 1861-1890. Urbana, IL and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003. Originally published: Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956. ISBN 978-0-252-07114-0.
 * Thomas, William G. The Iron Way: Railroads, the Civil War and the Making of Modern America. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-300-14107-8.
 * Toomey, Daniel Carroll. The War Came by Train: the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad during the Civil War. Baltimore: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum, 2013. ISBN 978-1-886248-01-4.
 * Turner, George Edgar. Victory Road the Rails: The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-8032-9423-3. First published by Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1953.
 * Weber, Thomas. The Northern Railroads in the Civil War, 1861–1865. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999, Originally published: New York: King's Crown Press, 1952. ISBN 978-0-253-33549-4.
 * Williams, Robert L. (author); forward by Scott L. Mingus, Sr. The Baltimore & Potomac Railroad: A Pictorial History. revised edition. York, PA: Scott Mingus Enterprises, 2023. ISBN 9-798391-752370.

Official Railway Guide
By date: Eight more to be added.
 * Allen, W. F., ed. The Official Railway Guide of the Railways and Steamship and Navigation Lines of the United States, Porto Rico, Canada, Mexico and Cuba.''. February 1901. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1901. 2001 reprint edition.
 * Sweeny, L. F., ed. The Official Railway Guide of the Railways and Steamship and Navigation Lines of the United States, Porto Rico, Canada, Mexico and Cuba.. June 1961. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1961..
 * Laidlaw, R. J., ed. The Official Railway Guide of the Railways and Steamship and Navigation Lines of the United States, Porto Rico, Canada, Mexico and Cuba... October 1968. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1968..
 * Laidlaw, Robert J., ed. The Official Railway Guide: North American Freight Service Edition. March/April 1976. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1976..
 * Woods, John W. ed. The Official Railway Guide: North American Freight Service Edition. Sept./Oct. 1978. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1978..
 * Woods, John W. ed. The Official Railway Guide: North American Freight Service Edition. March/April 1979. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1979..
 * Tudor, Marie A. ed. The Official Railway Guide: North American Freight Service Edition. March/April 1980. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1980..
 * Laidlaw, Robert J., ed. The Official Railway Guide: North American Freight Service Edition. Sept/Oct 1980. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1980..
 * Laidlaw, Robert J., ed. The Official Railway Guide: North American Freight Service Edition. Sept/Oct 1981. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1981..
 * Laidlaw, Robert J., ed. The Official Railway Guide: North American Freight Service Edition. Jan/Feb 1982. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1982..
 * Laidlaw, Robert J., ed. The Official Railway Guide: North American Freight Service Edition. March/April 1982. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1982..
 * Feeney, James, ed. The Official Railway Guide: North American Freight Service Edition. March/April 1983. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1983..
 * Laidlaw, Robert J., ed. The Official Railway Guide: North American Freight Service Edition. May/June 1983. New York: National Railway Publication Company, 1983..
 * Krall, Natalie, ed. The Official Railway Guide: Freight Service Edition. May/June 2003. East Windsor NJ: Commonwealth Business Media, Inc., 2003.

Religion; Religious History

 * Fox, Robin Lane. The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. ISBN 978-0-394-57398-4.
 * Holland, Tom. Dominion: How the Christian Revolution Remade the World. New York: Basic Books, 2021. ISBN 978-1-5416-7559-9. First published in United Kingdom by Little, Brown, 2019.
 * Kung, Hans. The Catholic Church: A Short History. New York: Modern Library, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8129-6762-3.
 * McManners, John, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-19-822928-5.
 * Pagels, Elaine. Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas. New York: Vintage Books, 2004. ISBN 978-0-375-70316-4.
 * Pagels, Elaine. The Gnostic Gospels. New York: Random House, 1979. ISBN 978-0-394-50278-6.
 * Parrinder, Geoffrey. World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present. New York: Facts on File, 1983. ISBN 978-0-87196-129-7.
 * Pelikan, Jaroslav, ed. The World Treasury of Modern Religious Thought. Boston: Little Brown, 1990. ISBN 978-0-316-69770-5.
 * Robinson, James M., ed. The Nag Hammadi Library. Revised Edition. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988. ISBN 978-90-04-08856-6.
 * Woods, Jr., Thomas E. How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2005. ISBN 978-0-89526-038-3.

United States "Old West"

 * Brands, H. W. Dreams of El Dorado: A History of the American West. New York: Basic Books, 2020. ISBN 978-1-5416-7254-3. Hardcover first edition 2019.
 * Drago, Harry Sinclair. Outlaws on Horseback: The Organized Bands of Bank and Train Robbers Who Terrorized the Middle West for Half a Century. New York: Bramhall House, 1964..
 * Guinn, Jeff. The Last Gunfight: The Real Story of the Shootout a the O.K. Corral - And How It Change the American West. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4391-5425-0.
 * Holloway, W. L. Wildlife on the Plains and the Horrors of Indian Warfare. New York: Arno Press, 1969. . Originally Published by St. Louis: Continental Publishing Co., 1891.
 * Horan, James D. Desperate Men: Revelations from the Sealed Pinkerton Files. New York: Bonanza Books, 1969..
 * Horan, James D. The Pinkertons: The Detective Dynasty That Made History. New York, Bonanza Books, 1967..
 * Hutton, Paul Andrew. The Custer Reader. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-8032-2351-6. (includes American Civil War years))
 * Kelly, Charles. The Outlaw Trail: The Story of Butch Cassidy and the Wild Bunch. New York: The Devin-Adair Company, 1959..
 * Lawliss, Chuck. Ghost Towns, Gamblers and Gold. New York: Gallery Books, 1985. ISBN 978-0-8317-3903-4.
 * Sonnichsen, C. L. Roy Bean: Law West of the Pecos. Old Greenwich, CT: The Devin-Adair Company, 1943..
 * Triplett, Frank, author, Snell, Joseph, ed. The Life Times and Treacherous Death of Jesse James. New York: Promontory Press, 1970. ISBN 978-0-88394-001-3.
 * Viola, Herman J. Exploring the West. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1987. ISBN 978-0-8109-0889-5.
 * Warner, Matt and Murray E. King. The Last of the Bandit Riders. New York: Bonanza Books, 1960..
 * Wellman, Paul I. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. New York: Bonanza Books, 1961..

Geography, (History), Photos; Including Alaska, Yukon, Virginia

 * Bendavid-Val, Leah. National Geographic: The Photographs. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1994. ISBN 978-0-87044-987-1.
 * Clews, Stephen, ed. The Essential Roman Baths. London: Scala Publishers Ltd., 2006. ISBN 978-1-85759-466-9.
 * Green, Matthew. Shadowlands: A Journey Through Lost Britain. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2022. ISBN 978-1-324-06449-7.
 * O'Leary, John, Ted Smart and David Gibbon. Ireland: Its Beauty and Splendor. New York: Crescent Books, 1979. ISBN 978-0-517-31156-1.
 * Peel, J. H. B. England in coulour. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1969. ISBN 978-0-7134-0017-5.
 * Reader's Digest Scenic Wonders of America. New York: Reader's Digest Association, 1981. ISBN 978-0-89577-009-7.
 * Reader's Digest Scenic Wonders of America: America's Spectacular Wilderness Heritage. New Revised Edition. Pleasantville, New York/Montreal: Reader's Digest Association, 1997. ISBN 978-0-89577-941-0.
 * Russell, Franklin. The Mountains of America: From Alaska to the Great Smokies. New York: Bonanza Books, 1960. ISBN 978-0-517-36250-1.
 * Simpson, Norman T. Country Inns and Back Roads: North America, 1978. Stockbridge, MA: The Berkshire Traveller Press, 1978. ISBN 978-0-912944-47-0.

Alaska and Yukon
 * Berton, Pierre. The Klondike Quest: A Photographic Essay, 1897-1899. Boston/Toronto: An Atlantic Monthly Press Book, Little, Brown and Company, 1983. ISBN 978-0-316-09218-0.
 * Brown, Dale (writer). Alaska. The World's Wild Places/Time-Life Books. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books, 1972. ISBN 978-0-7054-0095-4.
 * Buskirk, Steve. Mount McKinley: The Story Behind the Scenery. Las Vegas: KC Publications, 1978. ISBN 978-0-916122-23-2.
 * Davis, Deering, Stephen P. Dorsey and Ralph Cole Hall. Alexandria Houses 1750-1830. New York: Bonanza Books, 1966..
 * Rowell, Galen with text by John McPhee. Alaska: Images of the Country. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1981. ISBN 978-0-87156-290-6.
 * Kaiper, Dan and Nan Kaiper. Tlingit: Their Art Culture and Legends. Seattle: Hancock House, 1978. ISBN 978-0-88839-010-3.
 * McGinnis, Joe. Going to Extremes: Joe McGinnis Shows Us the Alaska He Experienced - Preposterous, Glorious, Grasping, and About Ten Sizes Bigger Than Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980. ISBN 978-0-394-51172-6.
 * Seveck, Chester Asakak and Frank H. Whaley (writer). Longest Reindeer Herder: A true life story of an Alaskan Eskimo covering the period from 1890 to 1973. [Place of publication not identified]: Rainbow Ventures, 1980. . autographed by Chester Seveck, Kotzebue, Alaska, 1980.
 * Sidney, Angela, Rachel Dawson; Kitty Smith; Julie Cruikshank; Suzannah B McCallum; Council for Yukon Indians. My Stories Are My Wealth. Whitehorse, Yukon Terr.: Council For Yukon Indians, 1977. Printed by Willow Printers.
 * Stock, Dennis with essays by Claus M. Naske, William Hunt, Lael Morgan. Alaska. New York: Harrison House/Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1983. ISBN 978-0-517-40415-7.
 * Thrasher, Barbara Paulding. Alaska & The Yukon: The Last Frontier. Greenwich, CT: Long Meadow Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-681-29933-7.
 * Wickersham, James/ Old Yukon: Tales - Trails - Trials. Washington, DC: Washington Law Book Co., 1938..

Canadian Rockies
 * Brybycin, George and Dorothy Dickson (environmentalist). Banff National Park. Calgary: GB Publishing, 1985. ISBN 978-0-919029-04-0.
 * Brybycin, George and Dorothy Dickson (environmentalist). Jasper National Park. Calgary: GB Publishing, 1981. ISBN 978-0-919029-05-7.
 * Byron Harmon Photos. Rocky Mountain Skylines: A Guide Book to the Canadian Rockies. Banff, Alberta: Altitude Publishing, 1981. ISBN 978-0-919381-10-0.
 * Checkland, Rick; John D. Root; Johanna E. Jacks; Judith T. Johnson. Rocky Mountain Landmarks: A Visitor's Guide to Banff and Jasper Parks. Edmonton: Hosford Publishing, Ltd., 1982. ISBN 978-0-919019-06-5.
 * Kucera, Richard E. Probing the Athabasca Glacier: Case History of a Glacier in the Columbia Icefield, Jasper National Park. Vancouver, BC: Department of Geological Sciences, University of British Columbis, 1978..

Norfolk
 * Fahlman, Betsy. A Tricentennial Celebration: Norfolk 1682-1982. Norfolk: The Chrysler Museum, 1982. ISBN 978-0-940744-36-3.
 * Parramore, Thomas C. with Peter C. Stewart, Peter C. and Tommy L. Bogger. Norfolk: The First Four Centuries. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8139-1557-9. (Also in Colonial era bibliography: First 101 pages are colonial era through American Revolution.)
 * Wertenbaker, Thomas J. Second edition edited by Marvin W. Schlegel (author). Norfolk: Historic Southern Port. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1962..

Virginia Beach (and Princess Anne County)
 * Castleberry, Amy Hayes. Virginia Beach Then & Now. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7385-6649-8.
 * Mansfield, Stephen S. Princess Anne County and Virginia Beach: A Pictorial History. Norfolk/Virginia Beach: The Donning Company, 1989. ISBN 978-0-89865-743-2.
 * The Virginia Beach Public Library (multiple writers). The Beach: A History of Virginia Beach, Virginia. Revised Edition. Virginia Beach: The Virginia Beach Public Library, 1996. ISBN 978-0-9653325-0-7.
 * The Virginia Beach Public Library (multiple writers). The Beach: A History of Virginia Beach, Virginia. 3rd Edition. Virginia Beach: The Virginia Beach Public Library, 2006. ISBN 978-0-9779570-0-2.
 * Yarsinke, Amy Waters. Lost Virginia Beach. Charleston, London: The History Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1-60949-204-5.

Virginia and West Virginia: Other Local
 * Geddes, Jean. Fairfax County Historical Highlights from 1607. Fairfax, VA: Denlinger's 1967..
 * Heatwole, Henry. Guide to the Shenandoah National Park and Skyline Drive. Fourth edition. Luray, VA: Shenandoah Natural History Association. 1988. ISBN 978-0-931606-14-4.
 * Kagey, Deedie. When Past is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County. Marceline, MO: Walsworth Press, Inc., 1988..
 * Netherton, Nan and Donald Sweig, Janice Artemel, Patricia Hickin and Patrick Reed. Fairfax County, Virginia: A History. Fairfax, VA: Fairfax County Board of Supervisors, 1978. ISBN 978-0-9601630-1-4. (Also in Colonial era bibliography: First 117 pages are colonial era through American Revolution.)
 * Niemeyer, Lucian (photographer) and Julia Davis. Shenandoah: Daughter of the Stars. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8071-1966-2.
 * Olcott, William. The Greenbriar Heritage: White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. [Philadelphia, Pa.?]: Arndt, Preston, Chapin, Lamb and Keen, [1967?]..
 * Pollock, George Freeman; Stuart E. Brown, Jr., ed. Skyland: The Heart of the Shenandoah National Park. Virginia: Chesapeake Book Company, 1960..
 * Reber, James Q. (photographer) and James V. Murfin. Harpers Ferry. Chevy Chase, MD: James R. Reber Photo Publications, 1975. ISBN 978-0-9600892-1-5.
 * Templeman, Eleanor Lee and Nan Netherton. Northern Virginia Heritage. Arlington, VA: Eleanor Lee Templeman, 1971..
 * White, Clare. Roanoke, 1740-1982. Roanoke, VA: Roanoke Valley Historical Society (Hickory Printing), 1982..

Virginia, West Virginia, Mid-Atlantic and Carolinas
 * Allen, Richard Sanders. Cover Bridges of the Middle Atlantic States. New York: Bonanza Books, 1959. ISBN 978-0-517-12876-3.
 * Colbert, Judy and Ed Colbert. Virginia Off the Beaten Path: A Guide to Unique Places. Charlotte, NC: The East Woods Press, 1986. ISBN 978-0-88742-067-2.
 * Dabney, Virginius. Virginia: The New Dominion: A history from 1607 to the present. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1971. ISBN 978-0-8139-1015-4. (Also listed in Colonial era bibliography: 1607-1800 to page 184.)
 * Fraser, Jr., Walter J. Charleston! Charleston!: The History of a Southern City. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-87249-797-9.
 * Friddell, Guy and Wolfgang Roth (photographer). The Virginia Way. Offenburg, Germany: Burda, 1973..
 * Lawrence, Susannah and Barbara Gross. The Audubon Society Field Guide to the Natural Places of the Mid-Atlantic States: Inland. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984. ISBN 978-0-394-72280-1. (New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, Washington, DC)
 * Rosen, Robert N. A Short History of Charleston. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997. ISBN 978-1-57003-197-7.
 * Rubin, Jr., Louis D. Virginia: A History. (A Bicentennial History). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1977. ISBN 978-0-393-05630-3.
 * Wright, Renee. Virginia Beach, Richmond & Tidewater Virginia, A Great Destination, Includes Willamsburg, Norfolk and Jamestown. Explorer's Guides. Woodstock, VT: The Countryman Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-58157-106-6.

Blue Ridge Parkway
 * Bertsch, Werner J., Jim Doane, et al. 'The Blue Ridge Parkway, Virginia and North Carolina, A Pictorial Guide. Charlotte, NC: Aerial Photography Services, Inc., 1991. ISBN 978-0-936672-07-6.
 * Jolley, Harley E. and William A. Bake. 'Blue Ridge Parkway: The First 50 Years. Boone, NC: Appalachian Consortium Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-913239-37-7.
 * Joseph, Catherine, Jerry Burns, et al. 'Four Seasons of Splendor Along the Blue Ridge Parkway. Charlotte, NC: Aerial Photography Services, Inc., 1987. ISBN 978-0-936672-74-8.

Other U.S. States, Cities, Places
 * Condon, George E. (author). Yesterday's Cleveland. Miami: E. A. Seemann Publishing, Inc., 1976. ISBN 978-0-912458-73-1.

Beer

 * Ogle, Maureen. Ambitious Brew: The Story of American Beer. Orlando, FL: A Harvest Book, Harcourt, Inc., 2007. ISBN 978-0-15-603359-6.
 * Oliver, Garrett, ed. The Oxford Companion to Beer. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-536713-3.
 * Webb, Tim and Stephen Beaumont. The World Atlas of Beer: The Essential Guide to the Beers of the World. New York: Sterling Epicure, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4027-8961-8. First published in Great Britain by London: Mitchell Beazley, 2012.


text:
General Relativity/The Tensor Product

<General Relativity

If $$\mathbf{T}$$ and $$\mathbf{S}$$ are tensors of rank $$n$$ and $$m$$, then there exists a tensor $$\mathbf{T} \otimes \mathbf{S}$$ of rank $$n+m$$. The components of the new tensor (pronounced "T tensor S") are obtained by multiplying the components of the old tensors. In other words, if $$\mathbf{T} = T^{\alpha}_{\ \beta} $$ and $$\mathbf{S}=S_{\mu \nu}, $$then $$\mathbf{T} \otimes \mathbf{S} = T^{\alpha}_{\ \beta} S_{\mu \nu}$$.

For example, if T and S are two contravariant, one-rank tensors, then their tensor product is a two-rank, contravariant tensor.

More to come...

title: General Relativity/The Tensor Product


text:
aakkosto

Noun

 * 1) alphabet an ordered set of letters used in a language
 * 2)  alphabet non-empty finite set of symbols accepted by a given language

title: aakkosto