text:
Talk:How to Write a Program

21st December 2004 (Winter/Summer Solstice)
 * Three jewels:
 * Sequence
 * Selection
 * Repetition

Test cases
I have had a list of common test cases transwikied from Wikipedia because I thought it could be put to good use in this or a similar book. The list can be found at Transwiki:Common Test Cases. It needs a little cleanup, of course, but is in pretty good shape. Hopefully, someone for familiar with this book than me can put it to good use. Thanks --ThaddeusB (talk) 00:33, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

The Style Leaves a Lot to Be Desired - what should I do about it?
Hi all!

I learned about this book, from a link someone placed on the my Optimizing Code for Speed wikibook. Now I agree that reading a good introduction on how to write a program should come before you start optimizing a working code senselessly. (I should note that I haven't encouraged such unwise behaviour in my article, just possibly not stressed it enough.)

In any case, I feel the style of this wikibook and its tone leaves a lot to be desired. It's very unofficial, quite condescending not NPOVish (= Neutral Point Of View) enough (I admit that wikibooks need not be as NPOVish as the wikipedia and may be somewhat biased, but it's still an important partial factor). As a result requiring it as a pre-requisite to mine may leave a bad impression.

But naturally I should not complain if I don't volunteer to fix it myself, and I do. However, I'm not sure my modifications will be accepted by the originators of this wikibook, and so kindly ask for their permission, to fix the style and correct the manuscript. From my wiki-ing experience, I know that sometimes documents that I've started were taken to completely different directions that I've neither intended nor found desirable, which I didn't appreciate, due to a certain feeling of propriety. (Which I hope was not territoriality.). So I'm asking here whether it would be OK.

Shlomif (talk) 11:32, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

I find even the premise of the book a little skewed. According to the book title this is a book about learning how to program, but the contents assume familiarity with languages, so the topic is not how to use the languages to program, but about how to program in an industrial environment where you have Requirements Papers and such like already generated for you.

If we are going to discuss production programming, then shouldn't we cover more than just the basics such as refactoring, and perhaps cover disciplines like Top-Down, Extreme Programming, Agile Programming, etc. techniques? Should we accept the premise that language is not important to the book, or should we discuss the relative usefulness of a number of programming languages in order to give the programmer a background in modern languages other than the ones they learned at school, or should we discuss the use of Structured English, and Flow Charts as tools to organize the program. Perhaps a section on UML might be in order? How about a chapter on profiling and how to use it to determine where in the program you want to optimize?

Should we limit ourselves to just programming techniques or should we include Patterns, and links to the rich information sources that have been developed in relation to that discipline? I think that books that have to be used as pre-requisites for other books, should be held to a higher standard than this book seems to be.--Graeme E. Smith (talk) 15:09, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Dear Shlomif,
 * I totally agree with practically everything you have said.
 * In particular, a good introduction on how to write a program should come before learning a bunch of optimization tricks.
 * I also agree that this particular wikibook is not yet a particularly good introduction.
 * Is there some other wikibook that would make a better introduction?

 * We have many Wikibooks about specific programming languages -- Python, Lua Functional Programming, etc.
 * I've been assuming, based on the title, that this wikibook "How to Write a Program" is intended to discuss the sorts of things that are important for every programmer to know, but are not specific to any one programming language -- and so get very little notice in those books about some particular programming language. Things like version control, automated testing, colored syntax highlighting, pair programming, handling bug reports, estimating time to fix a bug, estimating time to add a new feature, how to divvy up parts of a program among a bunch of programmers, etc.
 * Some teachers try to teach these things before getting to the language-specific stuff, but it seems that these things make more sense to students after they've learned to write a few small programs in some specific language.
 * shouldn't we cover more than just the basics such as refactoring, and perhaps cover disciplines like Top-Down, Extreme Programming, Agile Programming, etc. techniques? Yes, that is a great idea.
 * Should we ... discuss the relative usefulness of a number of programming languages...? While such a comparison would be really useful, I think this book should stick to non-language specific stuff -- perhaps the Computer Programming book or Programming Languages book is a better place for those comparisons.
 * How about a chapter on profiling Also an extremely useful technique, but -- perhaps the Optimizing Code for Speed book is a better place for that chapter.
 * I want everyone to feel free to make any and every kind of improvement to this book.
 * As long as you Wiki: AlmostNeverDeleteHumor.
 * --DavidCary (talk) 03:30, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, I've started the rework of this book when I've ran into a little Browser-related Yak-shaving and now I'm back. However, in the meantime, I've concluded something else. I had written an essay titled "What Makes Software High-Quality?" (written in DocBook/XML and under CC-by - possibly wikibooking material) which contains four sections: an Introduction, a list of parameters of software quality, a list of ways to achieve software quality, and finally an evaluation of the quality of various Freecell solvers (the latter due to a quote that prompted the discussion in the first place in the introduction and my role as the primary author of a Freecell solver).
 * Now, while the section of the parameters of software quality was supposed to be as comprehensive as possible (and I would appreciate anything you believe is an omission), the other main section about ways of quality did not aim to be comprehensive, but rather give a taste of what people find useful. That's because it's
 * A huge subject. How to write quality software has been the subject of many books, and countless of articles, papers, essays, blog posts, mailing list posts and conversations.
 * A controversial subject. People don't seem to agree on what exactly is the right way to do things.
 * It doesn't appear to be absolutely necessary for one's success (or alternatively to ensure one's success). In the Joel Test, Joel Spolsky says that «Of course, these are not the only factors that determine success or failure: in particular, if you have a great software team working on a product that nobody wants, well, people aren't going to want it. And it's possible to imagine a team of "gunslingers" that doesn't do any of this stuff that still manages to produce incredible software that changes the world.». The plentyoffish.com creator taught himself .NET programming and became a millionaire a year later simply because he had the idea to create a completely-ad-supported web-site, and was the first to market it, but its code probably had left a lot to be desired. And on the other hand, thousands of well-managed projects, products, companies and teams fail each year, and many great web-sites (like my own Perl-Begin appear to be) still destined for obscurity.
 * Back to the topic, if we are going to write a "How to Write a Program" or "How to write Quality Software" or whatever you want to call it wikibook, then we'll have a huge and controversial task ahead of us. Do we cover what we think are the right measures for achieving quality? Do we cover all possible ways to achieve quality and discuss the various opinions about them? In which context do we discuss this: open-source software, commercial software, in-house software, embedded software, games; GUI software, command-line software, libraries and APIs, web-based software, terminal software, client/server; by freelancers, by businesses, out-sourcing, off-shore outsourcing, in-house development, for fun, for profit, etc. etc?
 * It's not an easy question, and I'm not sure we can start tackling it starting from "How to Write a Program" excuse for a wikibook. There are other much more commendable efforts in regards to FOSS development:
 * ESR's the "Cathedral and the Bazaar" and some other writings by him. (Open Publication License)
 * Karl Fogel's Producing Open Source Software - a comprehensive and good book about the topic (CC-by).
 * And naturally, there are many more books and resources about that for non-FOSS development. We should also ask ourselves if we want to add another resource. I think it would be more worthwhile to tackle particular aspects of achieving software quality at a time: speed and efficiency, modular code, readable code, skimmable code, automated tests, tact and social engineering, publicity, picking up a good name, writing comments (or not - some people think code should be self-documenting) bug tracking/triaging/fixing, and other aspects.
 * I think that unless we're planning on tackling that huge problem by writing a definitive resource, then I can safely remove the recommendation to read this book from Optimizing Code for Speed. I guess I can add some text to the introduction explaining the context and risk of optimisation and pointing to relevant resources about measuring and achieving software quality.
 * Would it be agreeable? Shlomif (talk) 23:22, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

 * possibly wikibooking material
 * Thank you for writing that essay.
 * if we are going to write a ... wikibook, then we'll have a huge and controversial task ahead of us.
 * Yes. This is also true for many (most? all?) wikibooks. Have you seen the C++ Programming controversy? :-(
 * In which context do we discuss this: open-source software, commercial software, in-house software, embedded software, games; GUI software, command-line software, libraries and APIs, web-based software, terminal software, client/server; by freelancers, by businesses, out-sourcing, off-shore outsourcing, in-house development, for fun, for profit, etc. etc?
 * Contexts where "Use version control, automated testing, and colored syntax highlighting" is good advice. That's all of them, right?
 * I think there's room for a small book that discusses these and similar widely-applicable programming tips, that we suggest people read just before the "optimization" book.
 * I don't think we should make a huge, definitive book on software quality a prerequisite to the "optimization" book.
 * There are other much more commendable efforts
 * I don't understand. I agree that the current version of wikibook, like the current version of every other wikibook, is inferior to some other work. But I hope that future versions rapidly improve and surpass other static works.
 * I'm not sure we can start tackling it starting from "How to Write a Program" excuse for a wikibook.
 * If you are suggesting starting from scratch, then I suspect you haven't actually read the links you mentioned.
 * One of them says "it's almost always easier to start from a good partial solution than from nothing at all." -- Eric Steven Raymond
 * --DavidCary (talk) 03:06, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:How to Write a Program


text:
Category:Delaware Valley

Articles and categories related to the Delaware Valley region of the United States, including southeastern Pennsylvania and Philadelphia, South Jersey, and parts of northern Delaware and northern Maryland

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Delaware Valley


text:
Talk:Geometry for Elementary School/Why are the constructions not correct?

Aside from the awkward grammar, this page should be merged with whatever it refers to...

How about not having this under "Geometry for elementary school". Come on, this is advanced stuff.

 * I agree, and half of it is written in first person. I also don't remember getting into this in elementary school... NinjaSkitch (talk) 03:53, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

"I must admit that I never could copy the segment accurately"
is it ok? "i must admit.."?

"I must admit that I never could copy the segment accurately"
is it ok? "i must admit.."?


text:
User:Attrition

Attrition, known outside of the internet as Andrew Runciman is a student currently residing in Tennessee. His contributions to Wikipedia have been limited, but reading Wikipedia is an activity that consumes a vast portion of his generally limited free time.

Background
This has become too much work to keep updated. Just go to my website instead.

Random Facts

 * Andrew's favorite color is orange, and his lucky number is 25.
 * Andrew is a horse in a human disguise.

title: User:Attrition


text:
User:Undead Ashamon/sandbox

Jacob Mark Looser (born April 6, 1992), better known by his stage name Abztrakt, is an American rapper hailing from Salt Lake City, Utah, He has yet to be signed to any record label. He is rising to fame after releasing his first mixtape, A Matter of Time (2011). He is currently working on his next as yet unnamed mixtape and hopes to release by the end of 2012.

Early life
Jacob Mark Looser was born in April 6, 1992, in Salt Lake City to Mark Looser and Colleen Rodriguez. He is currently living in Murray, UT and is attending Salt Lake Community College majoring in General Studies

Musical career
Abztrakt first discovered his talent at a party

Mixtapes

 * A Matter of Time (2011)
 * Unnamed (coming 2012)

title: User:Undead Ashamon/sandbox


text:
User:Pasuhi/Books/misc

 * ABU Robocon
 * Adventist Robotics League
 * Alternative energy
 * Alternative fuel vehicle
 * Amalgam (chemistry)
 * Amorphous solid
 * Ancient literature
 * Angioplasty
 * Apport (paranormal)
 * Armwrestling Match of EAP Robotic Arm Against Human
 * ArtBots
 * Artificial gravity
 * Artificial intelligence
 * Astral projection
 * Augmented reality
 * Aura (paranormal)
 * Automatic writing
 * Automotive design
 * Bacteria
 * Batmobile
 * BEST Robotics
 * Bharati Krishna Tirtha's Vedic mathematics
 * Bilocation
 * Biodegradation
 * Biomass
 * Biomaterial
 * Botball
 * Caltrop
 * Camber thrust
 * Car body style
 * Carburetor
 * Case study
 * Chemosynthesis
 * Clairvoyance
 * Collegiate Aerial Robotics Demonstration
 * Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence
 * Composite material
 * Compressed air car
 * Coronary artery disease
 * Coronary disease
 * Cost of electricity by source
 * Coupe de France de robotique
 * Cyclonic separation
 * Death-warning
 * Defcon Robot Contest
 * Divination
 * Dowsing
 * Duke Annual Robo-Climb Competition
 * Electroluminescence
 * Empirical research
 * Energy development
 * Energy medicine
 * Epicyclic gearing
 * EUREKA Prometheus Project
 * European Land-Robot Trial
 * EyeTap
 * Faith healing
 * Ferrocerium
 * FIRST Championship
 * FIRST Lego League Open Championships
 * FIRST Robotics Competition
 * FIRST Tech Challenge
 * Flywheel energy storage
 * Future car technologies
 * Gasification
 * Genetic engineering
 * Genetically modified bacteria
 * Geostationary orbit
 * Google driverless car
 * Google Lunar X Prize
 * Gross domestic product
 * Head-mounted display
 * Heart failure
 * History of India
 * Human Development Index
 * Hydrogen vehicle
 * Image scanner
 * Incineration
 * Inconel
 * Innovation
 * Intelligence quotient
 * Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition
 * International Aerial Robotics Competition
 * Invar
 * IranOpen
 * James Dyson
 * Jerry Sanders Creative Design Competition
 * Kardashev scale
 * Light
 * Liquid-liquid extraction
 * List of elements
 * List of emerging technologies
 * List of psychic abilities
 * List of renewable energy organizations
 * List of scientific journals
 * List of software for nanostructures modeling
 * Low Earth orbit
 * Maurya Empire
 * Mediumship
 * Michelin PAX System
 * Micromouse
 * Microphyte
 * Monel
 * Monocoque
 * Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge
 * Myocardial infarction
 * Nanotechnology
 * National Engineering Robotics Contest
 * National Robotics Challenge
 * Neuroregeneration
 * Nichrome
 * Nickel titanium
 * Nimonic
 * Optical fiber
 * Planck units
 * Plasma gasification
 * Plastic
 * Polyethylene
 * Polyhydroxyalkanoates
 * Polymer
 * Polymer degradation
 * Polystyrene
 * Polyvinyl chloride
 * Precognition
 * Primary research
 * Psychic surgery
 * Psychokinesis
 * Psychometry (paranormal)
 * Quantitative research
 * Remote viewing
 * Rescue Robots
 * Research and development
 * Retrocognition

 * Robotics
 * Robo One
 * Robocon India
 * Robofest
 * RoboGames
 * Robomagellan
 * RoboRocks
 * Robot
 * Robot competition
 * Robotix (competition)
 * Student Robotics
 * Rotordynamics
 * Run-flat tire
 * Scientific journal
 * Scrying
 * Sensory integration
 * Sirohi district
 * Slip (vehicle dynamics)
 * Steel
 * Stent
 * Sumer Is Icumen In
 * Sun
 * Superalloy
 * Synthetic biodegradable polymer
 * Techno Games
 * Telepathy
 * The All-Earth Ecobot Challenge
 * Thermal power station
 * Titanium alloy
 * Toyota Technology Challenge
 * Transvection (flying)
 * UAV Outback Challenge
 * University Rover Challenge
 * User:Gjagboru
 * Vertical axis wind turbine
 * VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge
 * World Robot Olympiad

title: User:Pasuhi/Books/misc


text:
Talk:aequam memento rebus in arduis servare mentem

RFV discussion
Creator of the entry marked it both "English" and "Latin". (1) Is there any evidence that this can be called "English"? (2) Is this a Latin idiom, or just a maxim/quote/piece of advice? --EncycloPetey 19:06, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It looks like the creator didn't mean to say that this term is English, only that "Remember to keep a clear head in difficult times." is the English translation of it. —RuakhTALK 02:25, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

English RFV failed, removed. Latin RFV passed, as it's an oft-quoted-without-translation line from Horace, so I think we can count it under "usage in a well-known work". (I realize that doesn't really make sense for a sum-of-parts phrase, but I think it's something we can expect people to look up. But, listing on RFD in case anyone disagrees.) —Ruakh TALK 03:18, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

aequam memento rebus in arduis servare mentem
I marked this RFV-passed because it appears in a well-known work (Horace's Odes), but it is sum-of-parts. (Personally, I do think we should include it — it's widely quoted — but wanted to make sure other editors agree.) —Ruakh TALK 03:36, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep. —Stephen 19:50, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd prefer to keep it - it is in the nature of a proverb. Cheers! bd2412 T 19:53, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Partial usage
I see a request for usage, but all I can supply is a partial usage. From the English translation of Heda Margolius Kovály's Under a Cruel Star: "... he considered it most important to maintain equanimity rebus in arduis." (p7 in this copy) - BalthCat 18:36, 8 March 2010 (UTC)


text:
User:Mariaviola

I gave the user name Mariaviola as Viola is my middle name. It was also my surname before I was married. The name Viola is Italian, my Grandfather was Italian and I am proud of my heritage so I wanted to keep my surname and just added my husband's name to it when I got married, so became Maria Viola Craig.

title: User:Mariaviola


text:
User:JWSchmidt/Blog/12 February 2007

Round corners  Soon after the launch of Wikiversity User:Sebmol put some code into the Monobook.css file that allows some browsers to make rounded corners for the buttons and other features of the wiki interface. A few days later there was a complaint and then the rounded corners code was shut off. Months later the code for rounded corners was again switched on. More than a month went by and then another complaint was made. See the discussion at MediaWiki talk:Monobook.css.

There seem to be several points of view with respect to the rounded corners.
 * "I like the rounded corners, lets keep them"
 * "I think they are ugly, get rid of them"
 * ""The code is valid XHTML 1.0 Transitional but not valid CSS. We should only use W3C-validated code."

My understanding of the World Wide Web Consortium is that it functions as a way to generate standards that can guide the creation of software such as web browsers. The purpose of these standards is to prevent problems that would arise from multiple incompatible methods of coding that might arise without a central set of standards. In the case of rounded corners, some browsers can use non-standard CSS that will generate the rounded corners. Some browsers do not use this non-standard CSS and they simply display the corners as right angles. In other words, the CSS for rounded corners does not cause any problems, it is simply a type of code that is not part of the W3C standards.

It has been suggested during the discussion that there is a way to make rounded corners while remaining within the W3C specifications (rounded corners, rounded tabs). Hopefully someone can figure out a way to provide an acceptable (to all) option for those who want to use round corners.

title: User:JWSchmidt/Blog/12 February 2007


text:
Luigi Velluti

Luigi Velluti (6 December 1908 – 11 September 1985) was an Italian sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Luigi Velluti


text:
Numerical Methods/Errors Introduction

When using numerical methods or algorithms and computing with finite precision, errors of approximation or rounding and truncation are introduced. It is important to have a notion of their nature and their order. A newly developed method is worthless without an error analysis. Neither does it make sense to use methods which introduce errors with magnitudes larger than the effects to be measured or simulated. On the other hand, using a method with very high accuracy might be computationally too expensive to justify the gain in accuracy.

Accuracy and Precision
Measurements and calculations can be characterized with regard to their accuracy and precision. Accuracy refers to how closely a value agrees with the true value. Precision refers to how closely values agree with each other. The following figures illustrate the difference between accuracy and precision. In the first figure, the given values (black dots) are more accurate; whereas in the second figure, the given values are more precise. The term error represents the imprecision and inaccuracy of a numerical computation.

Absolute Error
Absolute Error is the magnitude of the difference between the true value x and the approximate value xa. Therefore absolute error=[x-xa] The error between two values is defined as

 * $$ \epsilon_{abs}= \left \| x - xa \right \| \quad, $$

where $$x$$ denotes the exact value and $$xa$$ denotes the approximation.

Relative Error
The relative error of $$\tilde{x}$$ is the absolute error relative to the exact value. Look at it this way: if your measurement has an error of ± 1 inch, this seems to be a huge error when you try to measure something which is 3 in. long. However, when measuring distances on the order of miles, this error is mostly negligible. The definition of the relative error is

 * $$ \epsilon_{rel} = \frac{\left \| \tilde{x} - x \right \|}{\left \| x \right \|} \quad . $$

Sources of Error
In a numerical computation, error may arise because of the following reasons:
 * Truncation error

 * Roundoff error

Truncation Error
The word 'Truncate' means 'to shorten'. Truncation error refers to an error in a method, which occurs because some number/series of steps (finite or infinite) is truncated (shortened) to a fewer number. Such errors are essentially algorithmic errors and we can predict the extent of the error that will occur in the method. For instance, if we approximate the sine function by the first two non-zero term of its Taylor series, as in $$\sin(x) \approx x - \tfrac16 x^3$$ for small $$x$$, the resulting error is a truncation error. It is present even with infinite-precision arithmetic, because it is caused by truncation of the infinite Taylor series to form the algorithm.

Roundoff Error
Roundoff error occurs because of the computing device's inability to deal with certain numbers. Such numbers need to be rounded off to some near approximation which is dependent on the word size used to represent numbers of the device.

title: Numerical Methods/Errors Introduction


text:
Talk:Doris Dörrie

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:17, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doris Dörrie


text:
Kira Makarova

Kira S. Makarova (Кира Макарова) is an American evolutionary biologist known for her research on the biology of CRISPR and Cas9. She is a staff scientist at the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Early life and education
Makarova grew up in Narva, then part of the Soviet Union and later in Estonia, and competed at the national level in the Soviet Biology Olympiad. After completing high school she tried unsuccessfully for several years to enter Moscow State University. She instead entered the Moscow Medical Institute, but after marrying and having a child she moved to Novosibirsk State University to be closer to her husband's family. There, the shortages of laboratory supplies led her to work in computational biology. She completed a master's degree in 1991, and in 1996 completed a doctorate at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. Her work at the institute involved the design of synthetic oligonucleotides and, separately, the use of oligopeptide frequency data to classify proteins.

Later career and research
When Makarova's husband moved to the US to work with Eugene Koonin in the National Center for Biotechnology Information, Koonin found Makarova a position as research fellow at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, studying Deinococcus radiodurans, a bacterium that can survive several different extreme conditions. In 2001, Koonin hired Makarova to join him at NCBI. At the center, beginning in 2006, Makarova and her co-workers investigated the CRISPR-Cas9 system and its biological function as a bacterial immune system. Interest in the system heightened after other researchers subsequently used it to perform genome editing.

Makarova's ongoing research involves comparative genomics, and the genetics and protein functions of archaea. She is the maintainer of a database of archaeal proteins and their relations.

Notable publications

 * – Cited by
 * – Cited by

title: Kira Makarova


text:
Josef Bauer (artist)

Josef Bauer (12 January 1934 – 3 March 2022) was an Austrian artist.

Life and work
Bauer was born in Wels, Austria, on 12 January 1934. After his studies of painting in the school of arts in Linz, the main artistic style of his works became the so-called tactile poetry. In 1994 Bauer was awarded the cultural award of Linz and one year later the cultural award of Upper Austria for fine arts.

Bauer died on 3 March 2022, at the age of 88.

Exhibitions (extract)

 * 2005 Galerie Eder, "Die 70er Jahre", Linz
 * 2002 Galerie Atrium, "Bilder, Objekte Installationen", Kremsmünster
 * 1998 Galerie MAERZ, "Hinzufügungen", Linz
 * 1994 Bielefelder Kunstverein
 * 1992 OÖ. Landesgalerie, Linz
 * 1990 Studio allerArt, [Dorn]
 * 1986 Galerie Flutlicht, Vienna
 * 1985 Stadtgalerie Bielefeld
 * 1979 Kunstmuseum Hannover
 * 1978 Galerie Nächst St. Stephan, Vienna
 * Galerie Festetics, Salzburg
 * 1974 Neue Galerie am Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz
 * 1970 Galerie im Griechenbeisl, Vienna
 * 1968 Schloß Parz bei Grieskirchen
 * Galerie im Griechenbeisl, Vienna

title: Josef Bauer (artist)


text:
Velia Abdel-Huda

Princess Velia Osman-Oglu, born as Velia Abdel-Huda, and more commonly referred to as Princess Lulie (26 January 1916 – 29 November 2012) was a British art historian and socialite. She was also notable for being the first Muslim woman to study at the University of Oxford.

Early life
Abdel-Huda was born in Cairo, Egypt into a family of Turkish diplomats in exile, with long experience of service to the Ottoman Empire. Her grandfather was an adviser and astrologer to the last Ottoman Sultan and her father, Tawfik Abu Al-Huda, became Prime Minister of Transjordan.

She was educated at Lady Margaret Hall where she studied modern History and graduated in 1939. Consequently, Abdel-Huda was the first Muslim woman to study at the University of Oxford.

During the Second World War she was recruited by the British Information Services and was posted to Cairo and then Palestine where she was engaged with the Palestinian cause and began a lifelong friendship with Freya Stark. Abdel-Huda remained fervently pro-Palestinian freedom throughout her life, and considered the Palestinian people betrayed by the British.

Once the war was over, she studied Art History at the Courtauld Institute under Anthony Blunt, and resided in Chelsea, London.

Personal life
In 1963 Abdel-Huda married her cousin, Prince Osman-Oglu. She also had a thirty-year relationship with the British MP Sir John Foster.

She was known for her sparkling dinner parties and her flamboyant personality.

Abdel-Huda died on 29 November 2012 in London, aged 96.

title: Velia Abdel-Huda


text:
201st Tactical Fighter Squadron (JASDF)

The 201st Tactical Fighter Squadron (第201飛行隊 (dai-ni-hyaku-ichi-hikoutai)) is a squadron of the 2nd Air Wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) based at Chitose Air Base, in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. It is equipped with Mitsubishi F-15J/DJ and Kawasaki T-4 aircraft.

History
The squadron was formed at Chitose Air Base at Hokkaido in March 1963 as part of the 2nd Air Wing. Initially the squadron was responsible for training and interception duties, but later it focused exclusively on interception.

The squadron was disbanded in 1974, when it was replaced by the 302nd Tactical Fighter Squadron equipped with the McDonnell Douglas F-4EJ. Until the 1980s JASDF fighter squadron numbers were linked to the type of aircraft they operated. The 200-series squadrons were F-104 squadrons and the 300-squadrons were F-4EJ squadrons.

With the intensification of the Cold War in the 1980s the squadron was re-formed and equipped with F-15s.

Tail markings
During the squadron's F-104 era the tail marking was a "201". After the squadron was re-formed with the F-15 the tail marking became a brown bear. Brown bears are common in Hokkaido.

Fighter aircraft

 * Lockheed F-104J/DJ Starfighter (1963–1974)
 * Mitsubishi F-15J (1986–present)

Liaison aircraft

 * Lockheed T-33A (1963–1974) (1986–1994)
 * Kawasaki T-4 (1992–present)

In popular culture
The squadron appeared in the 1990 film Best Guy.

title: 201st Tactical Fighter Squadron (JASDF)


text:
Dayana Martinez

Dayana Martinez is a Venezuelan épée fencer. She has competed in three FIE world championships: 2010 Paris, France, 2013 Budapest, Hungary, and 2014 Kazan, Russia. She earned her first individual world gold medal in 2014, in women's épée, at the satellite tournament held in Kocaeli, Turkey.

Family of Fencers
Fencing is a family sport for Dayana, she competes alongside her sister, two-time olympian Maria Martinez and cousins, 2012 Men's Épée Olympic Champion Ruben Limardo and his younger brother, 2008 olympian Francisco Limardo.

Education
Dayana attended university in the United States, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in Latin American Studies from Brigham Young University in 2013.

title: Dayana Martinez


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/top100gry.prv.pl

Links

 * top100gry.prv.pl resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 1 additions.


text:
Lacera violacea

Lacera violacea is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found on the New Hebrides and Vanuatu.

title: Lacera violacea


text:
General Biology/Authors

The majority of the modules making up this book are based on notes very generously donated by Paul Doerder, Ph.D. and Ralph Gibson, Ph.D. both currently of the Cleveland State University.

The book was initiated by Karl Wick, who donated many of his own class notes for other modules, and who is fleshing out the outline format of Dr. Doerder's notes into text.

Users
Alsocal

Darren Hess MD/PhD recent grad, enjoys teaching, hopes to help work up the Nervous System Tissue section.

title: General Biology/Authors


text:
User:Artur Nowak

I used to live in Katowice, Poland, now I live in Wiesbaden, Germany. My main objective is to start the Reaktor Book. I'm using Reaktor since late 2002 still learning... with pleasure!

title: User:Artur Nowak


text:
User:Ichthyovenator/Marduk

Marduk, later often known simply as Bêl , was the patron deity of the city of Babylon.

wip
Marduk was the patron deity of the city Babylon, the history of the deity being intimately tied to the history of the city itself. As Babylon's power grew and diminished through the centuries, so did the position of Marduk relative to the other gods of Mesopotamia.

By the end of the 2nd millennium BC, Marduk had become the foremost deity of Babylon, and was commonly referred to as just Bêl, meaning "lord".

He was likely worshipped as early as the Early Dynastic Period, but references to Marduk before the time of the Old Babylonian Empire are few in number and inconclusive, probably reflecting the more or less then insignificant position of Babylon and its god in Mesopotamia.

The rise of Marduk first began as the Old Babylonian Empire conquered Mesopotamia under Hammurabi in the 18th century BC. As Babylon ruled Mesopotamia, its god was elevated to a position of sovereignty among the other gods. The prologue of the Code of Hammurabi offers a theological explanation for Marduk's rise:

As Marduk's importance increased, he absorbed the identities of several other deities. One of the first deities to lose its identity to Marduk was Asalluhi, the god of the village Ku'ar and a god of exorcism and incantations. Asalluhi was understood to be the son of Enki (Ea), the god of magic, wisdom and underground waters and third in rank after the gods An (Anu) and Enlil. Asalluhi had probably been fully syncretized with Marduk by the end of Hammurabi's reign, which made Marduk into the son of one of the most important Mesopotamian gods.

By the end of the Middle Babylonian period, Marduk had amassed fifty names, all originally different deities now considered to simply be aspects of the Babylonian god.

Marduk became increasingly popular with the Mesopotamian populace as time went on. In the late Old Babylonian period, Marduk was the second-most referenced god in personal names, beaten only by Sîn.

title: User:Ichthyovenator/Marduk


text:
Tawi

Tawi may refer to:

 * Tawi River, India
 * Tawi (Legislative Assembly constituency), Mizoram, India
 * Tawi Sli (1912–1987), second chief minister of Sarawak, Malaysia
 * Tawi-Tawi Province, Philippines
 * Tawitawi Island, Philippines

title: Tawi


text:
Talk:Donald Crews

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Donald Crews. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120402092433/http://www.ninacrews.com/about.html to http://www.ninacrews.com/about.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:35, 12 September 2017 (UTC)

New Section Suggestion
Perhaps it would be useful to have a section about Crews' awards, as the "Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal" is mentioned in the lead section but not elsewhere in the body of the article. Jray111 (talk) 15:11, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Donald Crews


text:
Kshetri Irabot Singh

Kshetri Irabot Singh was an Indian politician, from Kakching, Manipur. He was born on 8 April 1938. Irabot obtained a M.A. (Political Science) degree from Gauhati University, after which he worked as a teacher. He joined the Communist Party of India in 1965, and would become a member of its Manipur State Council and Manipur State Executive.

He was elected to the Manipur Legislative Assembly from the Kakching constituency in the 1974 election. Irabot retained the Kakching seat in the 1980 elections. He lost the Kakching seat in the 1984 election, finishing in second place. He contested the Kakching seat in the 1990 election, finishing in second place.

title: Kshetri Irabot Singh


text:
Slumber

Slumber is another word for sleep.

Slumber may also refer to:
 * laziness, indolence or inaction
 * Slumber (dog), prize winning Old English Sheepdog
 * Slumber (band) at Okeechobee Music & Arts Festival
 * "Slumber", award-winning single by Christian Rock band Needtobreathe
 * "Slumber", signature single of Malaysian band OAG (band)
 * "Slumber", song by Die Monster Die from the album Withdrawal Method
 * "Slumber", song by Elvin Jones from the album Genesis
 * "Slumber", song by Bad Religion from album Punk Rock Songs
 * Slumber (film), a horror film released in 2017
 * Slumber Tsogwane (born 1959), Botswanan politician

title: Slumber


text:
Fronting (sound change)

In phonology, fronting is a sound change in which a vowel or consonant becomes fronted, advanced or pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract than some reference point. The opposite situation, in which a sound becomes pronounced farther to the back of the vocal tract, is called backing or retraction. Fronting may be triggered by a nearby sound, in which case it is a form of assimilation, or may occur on its own.

Assimilation
In i-mutation and Germanic umlaut, a back vowel is fronted under the influence of or  in a following syllable. This is assimilation.

Vowel shifts
In the Attic and Ionic dialects of Ancient Greek, Proto-Greek close back were fronted to. This change occurred in all cases and was not triggered by a nearby front consonant or vowel. Similarly in French and Occitan, this sound change also occurred.

In Old English and Old Frisian, the back vowels were fronted to  in certain cases. For more information, see First a-fronting and Second a-fronting.

In many dialects of English, the vowel is fronted to  or, a sound change that is sometimes called -fronting. The same sound change occurred in many dialects of Norwegian and Standard Swedish but not in Danish.

Fronting can also take place as part of a chain shift. For example, in the Northern Cities Shift, the raising of left room in the low-front area of the vowel space for  to expand. Thus, words like cot and father are often pronounced with a low-front vowel.

title: Fronting (sound change)


text:
2017 KNSB Dutch Sprint Championships

The 2017 KNSB Dutch Sprint Championships in speed skating were held in Heerenveen at the Thialf ice skating rink from 21 January to 22 January 2017. The tournament was part of the 2016–2017 speed skating season. Ronald Mulder and Ireen Wüst won the sprint titles. The sprint championships were held at the same time as the 2017 KNSB Dutch Allround Championships.

Women's sprint
Source:

title: 2017 KNSB Dutch Sprint Championships


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spilulu

The result was delete. Salvio 12:03, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

Spilulu

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Sources cited are youtube links and unreliable blogs and websites. A websearch doesn't find anything concrete. Fails GNG, WP:NSINGER - hako9 (talk) 14:34, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. - hako9 (talk) 14:34, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Africa-related deletion discussions. - hako9 (talk) 14:34, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete Yes, the sourcing in the article is trash. But the Google results aren't any better. Same old junk sites like Facebook, Apple Music, SoundCloud, etc, etc. No evidence of notability. GhostDestroyer100 (talk) 18:43, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete and Salt any possible derivation of his name. An article on this guy was already deleted at Articles for deletion/Dj Spilulu, and at one time there was also an article under his given name Christian Mbolela (the page was moved in the middle of that first AfD, I think). In this version, most of the sources are YouTube videos that he probably uploaded himself just like anyone else could. Sources that are not YouTube are mostly unreliable promotional sites that reprint press releases. He has self-promoted on dozens of sites that allow beginners to do so; at least he is thorough, but Wikipedia is not one of those sites. ---  DOOMSDAYER 520 (Talk|Contribs) 22:03, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spilulu


text:
Category talk:Toy cars and trucks

Toy cars

Toy cars are men't to be played and ran on smooth, hard surfaces. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Loony8date (talk • contribs) 22:05, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Toy cars and trucks


text:
Craven Laboratories

Craven Laboratories was an American research company based in Austin, Texas.

History
Craven Laboratories was the first chemical testing lab charged in the United States following the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration's Good Laboratory Practices regulations.

Investigation
The Environmental Protection Agency announced on March 1, 1991, that it was investigating Craven Laboratories for "allegedly falsifying test data used by chemical firms to win EPA approval of pesticides." The investigation was coordinated by the EPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, DOJ Environmental Crimes Division, and the United States Attorney.

Indictments
In 1991, a federal grand jury indicted the laboratory's owner, Don Allen Craven, with felony counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, making false statements, concealment of material facts, and obstructing EPA proceedings. The head of the Quality Assurance Unit was also charged, as were several lab technicians.

Scope
At least 48 chemicals were approved on the basis of Craven's fraudulent research, 28 of which remained on the market in New Zealand as of 1993. In total, the FDA reported that Craven performed safety analysis for 262 companies.

Aftermath
Following the conclusion of the EPA's investigation, the Department of Justice announced on February 25, 1994, that the president of Craven Laboratories and fourteen of its former employees were adjudged guilty for the falsification of research data.

Monsanto has stated the Craven Labs investigation was started by the EPA after a pesticide industry task force discovered irregularities, that the studies had been repeated, and that Roundup's EPA certification does not now use any studies from Craven Labs.

Legal cases
Following Craven Laboratory's investigation, 11 multinational corporations filed suit against Craven for losses secondary to its misconduct.

title: Craven Laboratories


text:
Talk:Midland Railway – Butterley

Advert
Added this tag as it reads like an advert... "Also in the former Butterley goods yard is the Trust's Carriage and Wagon department where our rolling stock is maintained" <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:50, 10 February 2008 (UTC)
 * moved to article
 * An explanation to that may be that the article appears (by a recent edit summary) to be maintained by members of staff of the Midland Railway. I will look into this further, as it may be a serious WP:COI.
 *  BG  7   15:44, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced...
The article requires references or else it may be deleted. It does not matter who updates it - how do any other users know you are who you say you are? I could say that I was Jimbo Wales, our founder, but that doesn't mean I am...

Further removal of tags will result in consequences.

 BG  7   15:41, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Quite right, wikipedia articles need to be referenced from reliable sources see No original research and Attribution. Richerman (talk) 16:58, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

debate?
Don't understand this debate ... if we have Midland railway staff then presumably they know where their information comes from. If no references are supplied then it would appear to prove the lack of a reliable source and authorship. Note the opening sentence of the article is a tautology (ie it says A=A because A is a type of A. It needs an explanation/definition of what the article/list is about. Hope this article grows ... Victuallers (talk) 12:56, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

I think it says 'there are some objects contained within A, which itself is contained within B", where B is the Midland Railway Centre. Maybe it needs another article, starting with 'The Midland Railway Centre contains the Midland Railway, Butterley, the National Forklift Truck Museum and the Golden Valley Railway.' Except that it might encourage somebody to write a list of forklift trucks.Ning-ning (talk) 13:45, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

The Midland Railway Centre website's History section states that the Midland Railway Trust started and expanded the Centre, which does in fact contain the entire MR(B) from Pye Bridge to Ironville, and other attractions including a farm and a country park. So the redirect from MRC to MR(B) should be replaced by an article on the MRC. Ning-ning (talk) 14:53, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

This article should be renamed Midland Railway - Butterley and the two other pages Midland Railway, Butterley and Midland Railway Centre made into redirects. Altyelecy (talk) 1849, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Improving the article
This article certainly needs improvement and expansion. At present it is little more than a list of preserved locomotives and rolling stock. Some historical context would be useful: the history of the line prior to closure, developments leading up to its reopening, and expansion since the early days of the Midland Railway Centre. An indication of published future plans and aspirations would also be helpful. Perhaps looking at other heritage railway articles would be a guide, including Ecclesbourne Valley Railway, a line not far away, which has an article which is far from perfect, but certainly more comprehensive than this one. Skinsmoke (talk) 14:19, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Midland Railway – Butterley. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040928223955/http://www.mrt-railcargroup.co.uk/ to http://www.mrt-railcargroup.co.uk/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081026122858/http://www.freewebs.com/alfretonmrs/ to http://www.freewebs.com/alfretonmrs
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110522051636/http://www.bayviewcaravans.co.uk/Heanor_Model_Railway_Club.htm to http://www.bayviewcaravans.co.uk/heanor_model_railway_club.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070105144106/http://www.midland-railway-signalmen.org.uk/ to http://www.midland-railway-signalmen.org.uk/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:19, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Midland Railway – Butterley


text:
Qach Kanlu

Qach Kanlu (, also Romanized as Qāch Kānlū) is a village in Dowlatkhaneh Rural District, Bajgiran District, Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,076, in 257 families.

title: Qach Kanlu


text:
User:Lamalamp/sandbox

What is thunder?

In 2019 it was scientifically proven that thunder is simply the sky making noises. This was proven by the very clever R Noctor.

title: User:Lamalamp/sandbox


text:
Talk:Donnie Henderson

ranked 39th against the run
this article claims that 2005 the NYJ were ranked 39th against the run while playing in a 32 team league. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:05, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Rich source of references
This seems to be a WP:RS list of links to news articles: http://www.nydailynews.com/topics/Donnie+Henderson --Alvestrand (talk) 13:47, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 13:39, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Donnie Henderson


text:
User:Val0243/sandbox

Carlos Manuel Valdes III (born December 19, 1990), better known by his stage name Say Solos, is an Latin American singer and record producer. Raised in Woodbridge,Virginia by his Cuban father and Puerto Rican mother, Say Solos was influenced by music and dance early. Say Solos began uploading his music onto SoundCloud in 2015 with a collective known as One$ide. He released his debut project, an extended play (EP) entitled NO A.C., in 2018. Since then he has been featured on notable music platforms, such as NPR's radio station WAMU 88.5, Elevator , Indy HHR , Hustle and Grynd , etc. On May 8, 2019, Say Solos released his second EP Three Tune Kid.

title: User:Val0243/sandbox


text:
User:Mstults

My name is Matt Stults. I have recently graduated from the University of Iowa with a BFA in art, emphasis in drawing and digital media. I am currently pursuing a degree in Computer Science.

title: User:Mstults


text:
User:DanMan17

Daniel Quilter(Born 13th December 1995) is a Former self-proclaimed gangster and former amateur boxer who lives in Lincolnshire. Daniel was born and raised in Chatham, Kent in 1995, He spent all of his education life in Chatham and was part of the wayfield west mob, a large gang who organized legal bare knuckle fighting and gambling. He made friends with a lad called Luke who he met while fighting him for a bet and later helped each other fight their enemies and ran a shop selling tobacco and alcohol but forced to shut down. Daniel left the mob and decided to move to Lincolnshire to escape he's trouble ways.

Daniel life in Lincolnshire got better by the minute, he went to college, found a nice part time job as a bartender assistant and met a girl called Shannon. He will complete his college course at the end of June 2018.

AMATEUR BOXING Fights won: 6 Fights lost: 3 KOs: 4 KO'd: 3

title: User:DanMan17


text:
Martti Lintulahti

Martti Ilmari Lintulahti (1917–1982) was a Finnish diplomat and Master of Political Science. He was a Chargé d'Affaires to Iraq from 1969 to 1973 and Ambassador from 1973 to 1975, as well as an Ambassador to Brazil from 1975 to 1982 and a negotiating officer in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in 1982.

title: Martti Lintulahti


text:
East and West Yorkshire Union Railway

The East and West Yorkshire Union Railway was promoted in 1883 to connect the Hull and Barnsley Railway at Drax with Leeds. The company was unable to raise the money it needed to build the line, and it substantially reduced its scope to connecting collieries around Rothwell with the existing main line network nearby. This was successful, with trains running from 1890, but the company decided it would find a way to connect to Leeds and operate a much truncated passenger service, from Rothwell. It sponsored the South Leeds Junction Railway to make a connection from Rothwell to the Midland Railway at Stourton; the SLJR was soon re-absorbed by the E&WYUR. The passenger service started on 4 January 1904 but it was a disastrous failure, and it was soon withdrawn from 1 October 1904.

The E&WYUR continued as a successful mineral railway, being taken into the London and North Eastern Railway at the grouping of the railways in 1923. The network closed in 1966 as the collieries had ceased operation.

Background
In the last quarter of the nineteenth century there was a considerable upsurge in the coal industry in Yorkshire. At the same time there was dissatisfaction with the facilities provided by the established railway companies, and indeed with their charges. From the railways' point of view, huge capital investment in rolling stock and in infrastructure was being called for at a time when money was limited.

The Hull and Barnsley Railway (H&BR) was authorised by Act of 26 August 1880 with the principal object of providing a direct link for mineral traffic from West Yorkshire coalfields to the Port of Hull; the project was partly motivated by resentment at the monopoly of the North Eastern Railway in serving Hull. The Parliamentary Bill for the H&BR had asked for wide-ranging running powers over existing railways to Sheffield, Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield, Halifax, Manchester and Liverpool, but these had all been struck out when the Act received the Royal Assent. The line was a considerable engineering project at this time, and as work progressed, it became obvious that the company was unable to raise the money it needed, and in fact it never completed its network.

E&WYUR promoted
The H&BR thought it essential to get access to Leeds for passenger traffic from Hull, and it encouraged promotion of a line from Drax, on its own main line, to Ardsley on the Great Northern Railway. The line was to cross the Midland Railway at Woodlesford and make a connection there, and also connect a colliery network at Rothwell, four miles south-east of Leeds. At Ardsley, it was hoped, running powers over the Great Northern Railway would be granted to Leeds and Bradford. The Woodlesford connection would allow for an alternative route to Leeds. Rothwell was the focus of a group of collieries owned by Henry Charlesworth of J & J Charlesworth & Co Limited; high quality stone was quarried locally as well. The Charlesworth group of collieries had connections to railways, but there was considerable attraction for them in a new direct railway to Hull docks.

The result was the Parliamentary authorisation on 2 August 1883 of the East and West Yorkshire Union Railway. The hoped-for running powers over the Midland Railway and the Great Northern Railway were refused. The main line from Drax was an ambitious project of about 30 miles of railway across difficult terrain. The E&WYUR soon found that raising the considerable capital sum for its main line was impossible, and in 1886 it got an abandonment Act. The intended line to Drax was to be abandoned, but short branch lines to Lofthouse (near Ardsley) on the GNR and Woodlesford on the Midland Railway were added (or modified), so that the proposed network was about nine miles in extent including siding complexes. Running powers from Lofthouse to Leeds Central over the GNR were requested—passenger operation was still contemplated on the abbreviated system—but these were refused.

Opening of a limited network
By November 1890 the line was nearly ready at the Ardsley end, so that some coal could come from the Rothwell collieries over the E&WYUR onto the GNR. However, there was a dispute with the GNR over the junction, and it was only resolved when the GNR were given running powers on the E&WYUR. On 19 May 1891 the line was fully open as far as Rothwell. Robin Hood Colliery was a collection point for other collieries, and GNR engines worked to and from that point; the colliery engines moved the wagons beyond that point. Considerable volumes of coal were now brought to the GNR for onward transit.

Continuously short of money for construction purposes, the E&WYUR approached the GNR in February 1892, asking it to take it over. The GNR board was willing to consider this, but was cautious about the financial commitment it would be making, and referred the matter to a sub-committee. The issue became complicated: at this time Hunslet had become a major industrial and commercial growth area, and business interests put forward a new line to the north of the E&WYUR, from Beeston to Hunslet; this group approached the GNR for support. At the same time the E&WYUR proposed an extension of its own line to Hunslet, which was to be called the South Leeds Junction Railway. The GNR considered its position on these conflicting proposals, and decided that the line from Beeston would be better, being more direct and involving less property demolition. That line became the Hunslet Railway, opened in 1899 by the Great Northern Railway. In May 1892, takeover negotiations between the GNR and the E&WYUR broke down, as the E&WYUR wanted 4% on its share capital, a demand the GNR would not meet. The Beeston to Hunslet scheme proceeded separately, and had no further connection with the E&WYUR.

Situation in 1900
An article in Railway Magazine in August 1900 describes some contemporary features:

"The situation of the railway made it a rather costly line to construct, the capital expenditure being up to the present time about £250,000... The Capital expenditure includes the many yards and sidings, the extent of which nearly equals the mileage of the railway. The principal traffic... is coal and stone. The traffic is derived from seven collieries and a number of quarries working the well known Robin Hood stone, which is sent all over England for window sills and stone work of that description... The railway is in a very flourishing condition financially, having paid 1 per cent dividend on its ordinary stock for several years past..."

South Leeds Junction Railway
The E&WYUR proposal for the South Leeds Junction Railway was authorised on 24 August 1893, but in a much-modified form: it was to be a two-mile line from Rothwell to sidings at Stourton, two miles west of Woodlesford, alongside the Midland Railway line. This connected in more collieries, and it opened on 6 April 1895. Considerable volumes of coal came to the GNR off the line. The South Leeds Junction Railway was worked by the E&WYUR, and it was acquired by the E&WYUR company by an the  (59 & 60 Vict. c. xlii) of 2 July 1896.

Branches
A further branch was authorised on 14 December 1897 from Robin Hood to Royds Green Lower; it was authorised under the Light Railways Act 1896 (59 & 60 Vict. c. 48), only the second line to be treated in this way. A third branch was the Thorpe Branch, which was built in 1899. The final result was a railway that had numerous small branches serving collieries in a small area. A short extension was opened on 1 November 1903 from Stourton to Stourton Junction on the Midland Railway, providing a running line connection.

Passenger trains
Workmen's services were operated on a branch from Robin Hood to Royds Green Lower, sanctioned by the light railway order, and opened by 1898.

A light railway order made on 7 June 1901 permitted the company to operate its main line as a light railway and build a new branch alongside the Pontefract-Leeds road as far as the tramway terminus at Thwaite Gate (at this stage not making a junction with the Midland Railway). The intention was to operate a passenger service in connection with the trams, but this scheme was abandoned when work started on a conventional street tramway linking Wakefield and Leeds via Stourton, with a branch to Robin Hood. Undaunted, the E&WYUR decided to compete firectly with the trams and on 4 January 1904 introduced a passenger service between Robin Hood and Leeds Wellington station. It was a disastrous failure, losing £200 per month; Sunday services were withdrawn in August 1904, and the entire service was withdrawn from 1 October of the same year, only six weeks after the opening of the rival tram route.

Suggitt remarks: "The provision... of a separate passenger service on the E&WYUR made little sense. Horse drawn wagonettes already ran to Leeds and a scheme for electric trams to Wakefield had been approved in 1902. [To enable passenger operation,] a junction with the Midland main line at Stourton had to be built, the SLJR section of track doubled, modern signalling installed, and platforms built at the three stations of Robin Hood, Rothwell and Stourton."

Operating methods
The E&WYUR had an unusual operating system: no block working was used, and only the Royds Green Lower Branch used a staff and ticket method. All train movements had to be made on a siding basis, driving at sight. Proper signalling had to be provided for the passenger service. The 1900 Railway Magazine article includes the observation that "Although the railway is worked as a single line, a large portion of it is already doubled".

The residual E&WUYR
The E&WYUR had been constructed as a domestic Charlesworth network, and only limited attempts had been made to document land ownership. In a number of cases E&WYUR lines were built on Charlesworth property; the company had purchased land from Charlesworths in 1899, but Charlesworths retained certain reservations. For some time this did not matter, but the LNER later found that it was a problematic issue.

The E&WYUR remained independent until the Grouping of the railways in 1923, when it was taken over by the London and North Eastern Railway.

After 1923
The E&WYUR lines were all closed by 3 October 1966, the line east of Rothwell had been dormant since February 1962.

Station list

 * Robin Hood
 * Rothwell
 * Stourton

Current Condition
A video series has been made in 2020 of walks along the old tracks describing the history and current status of the lines, stations and pits it served.

title: East and West Yorkshire Union Railway


text:
Wikipedia:Academy/Odisha

Academys
Note: Members are also encouraged to participate in any of our descendant WikiProjects that might interest you.

You can also add Academy to the category or subcategories of Odisha Wikipedians by inserting one of the relevant templates on your Academy name.

title: Wikipedia:Academy/Odisha


text:
Drunk or Dead

Drunk or Dead is a first-person shooter video game for virtual reality by 4 I Lab. Initially released in January, 2017.

Plot
The game takes place during apocalypse caused by a virus that turns all sober people into zombies. The virus has only one weakness — it is unstable toward alcohol and infects only those organisms which have no blood alcohol content.

The player starts in a room that keeps a great amount of different of alcoholic beverages and weapons — a Wild West bar.

Gameplay
The game's main objective is to keep the levels of alcohol in the player character's system as high as possible without getting poisoned. Any bite received from a zombie lowers the amount of alcohol in their system. The higher the levels of alcohol, the more health points the player has, but drinking too much will add a woozy effect and make the character sway around. The lower the amount of alcohol, the less health points, however, the player see more clearly, thus making it easier to aim.

Development
The game was created in 36 hours, during a Christmas non-stop hackathon by 4 I Lab studio. The game was published on Steam on January 10, 2017, with HTC Vive support. On April 5, 2017, support for the Oculus Rift and Touch controllers was added.

Reception
The game was positively reviewed by Rock, Paper, Shotgun, UploadVR and pocketgamer.co.uk.

title: Drunk or Dead


text:
Cookbook:Allspice

Allspice, also called Jamaica pepper and sometimes pimento, is the unripe berry of the Pimienta dioica tree. It is dried and used as a seasoning in various cuisines. Its name comes from its flavor, which is reminiscent of many spices.

Characteristics
Allspice berries are small, round, and brown when dried—similar in appearance to peppercorns. Their flavor profile comes largely from eugenol, which give similarity to cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Most of the flavor is in the seed husk.

Use
Allspice is the primary spice in Jamaican jerk spice. It goes well with other spices containing eugenol (cinnamon and nutmeg), cineole (cardamom), phellandrene (pepper and star anise), and linalool (coriander).

title: Cookbook:Allspice


text:
Talk:Don Rees

"was"?
This article begins thus:
 * Dr. Donald "Don" Rees (B.Sc. Ph.D. D.I.C. A.R.C.S.) was
 * Dr. Donald "Don" Rees (B.Sc. Ph.D. D.I.C. A.R.C.S.) was

Yet he is reported, not very conspicuously, to be a living person. The article should begin like this:
 * Dr. Donald "Don" Rees (B.Sc. Ph.D. D.I.C. A.R.C.S.) is
 * Dr. Donald "Don" Rees (B.Sc. Ph.D. D.I.C. A.R.C.S.) is

Next issue: I just did some edits on the article titled Rees factor semigroup. That article begins with this:
 * In mathematics, in semigroup theory, a Rees factor semigroup (also called Rees quotient semigroup or just Rees factor) is a certain semigroup constructed using a semigroup and an ideal of the semigroup.
 * In mathematics, in semigroup theory, a Rees factor semigroup (also called Rees quotient semigroup or just Rees factor) is a certain semigroup constructed using a semigroup and an ideal of the semigroup.

Obviously it should say:
 * In mathematics, in semigroup theory, a Rees factor semigroup (also called Rees quotient semigroup or just Rees factor), named after ?????? Rees, is a certain semigroup constructed using a semigroup and an ideal of the semigroup.
 * In mathematics, in semigroup theory, a Rees factor semigroup (also called Rees quotient semigroup or just Rees factor), named after ?????? Rees, is a certain semigroup constructed using a semigroup and an ideal of the semigroup.

So here's the question: is this the right article to link to? Michael Hardy (talk) 01:55, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

yep, "was"!
In response to your first issue: he is no longer Warden of Hugh Stewart Hall, as he retired in 2004. It would hardly be accurate to say that he still is. Perhaps it would be better phrased "is a former warden of Hugh Stewart Hall", but I don't think it reads as well.

In response to your second issue: I doubt it - in 2004 when he retired, he was presumably 65 (there had been plans to retire in 1999, at 60, I believe) which would suggest he was born around 1939. The article on Rees factor semigroups state that they were introduced by D. Rees in 1940, so unless he was a very talented baby, I suspect it was someone else. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:12, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Rees


text:
Structural Research

THE STRUCTURAL RESEARCH FOR ART

Structural Research is a Science and an Art. It is a tool for modern Creators and the world of Design. It can also be used in Literature and Music. It is a way of getting new ideas and inspirations,at Art schools and workshops,allowing architect[[s,painters graphic designers,interior designers,industrial designers,better work out their projects,developing original creativity,while basing their designs on natural,biological elements or even other works created by other creators.

This is not a new way to produce design or art,but the systematic approach of getting it to work is.

Structural Research is not an artistic goal,in itself,rather a] catalyst of ideas and imagination,that can be used to suit all human creativness.

Principles of Structural Research

Structural Research is based on a principle:

Since nature made things that can hold coherent together,from the beauty point of view,as well as function,construction and details,all for visual presence and utility,why modern creators will not make designs that behave in the same way?

For that several technics are possible:
 * To copy nature and its elements.
 * To study the natural objects in their details.
 * To peel and dissect the elements of nature, as systematic way to seek hidden secrets that builds the internal and external architecture.
 * To seek the Structure of chosen objects from nature and their composition,by taking into account the repetitive units,patterns, geometrical construction and shapes, discovering the algorithms hidden inside and outside the natural elements, in order to study the resistance of forms, overall architecture and the structure of fibers which are giving strength and overall beauty.

Structural Research in Architecture

 * Gaudi and the beginning of bio Architecture
 * The Rose window of Gothic Cathedrals is a good example of how nature structures are used in architecture.Even the columns of gothic cathedrals are a research on the structure of trees.The whole gothic cathedral is a forest with light openings.

Structural Research in Literature

 * Structural Analysis in Literature.
 * Structures in Literature

Structural Research in Music

 * Musicology
 * Vivaldi,The Four Seasons

Structural Research in Science and Engineering

 * Structural analysis
 * Engineering

Teaching Fine Arts

 * Projects for two years the First (6 to 8) courses:

-Study of Natural elements and making designs out of them:

-Shells for example, and their structures and Patterns,will give birth to a Mural design.

 * Reaserch to:

-Identify structural and aesthetic elements of music

-Identify structural and aesthetic elements of dance

-Identify structural and aesthetic elements of visual arts,paintings,sculptures,

-Identify structural and aesthetic elements of theater

Principles of the audiovisual language and the main structural elements of the cinematic work. Discussion of the relationship between film, television and other arts/media. Film screenings.
 * Film And Television

Universities teaching Structural Research
External links

Literature:

 * Structure in Literature
 * Structure in Literature

Art,Design,Architecture: Recherche Structurale
 * Modern University,Germany
 * A Structural Research site
 * Gaudi,Architect and Designer,(1852-1926)

Music:

 * Musicology

title: Structural Research


text:
Thornhill power station

The Thornhill power station generated and supplied electricity to the town of Dewsbury and the wider regional area from 1902 to 1982, and again from 1998. The first generating station on the site was owned and operated by the Yorkshire Electric Power Company. Following nationalisation of the British electricity supply industry in 1948 Thornhill power station was operated by a succession of state owned bodies. The power station was redeveloped with new plant in 1915, 1925, 1932–37 and 1950–54. The coal-fired steam station was decommissioned in 1982, and was subsequently demolished. A gas turbine power station on the site was commissioned in 1998.

History
The Yorkshire Electric Power Company was established under the provisions of Yorkshire Electric Power Act 1901 (1 Edw. 7 c. cxvi). A power station was built at Thornhill (53°40'38"N 1°39'17"W) on a site adjacent to the River Calder. The river provided water for cooling and condensing steam. It was also adjacent to a railway line which facilitated the delivery of coal via the power station’s sidings. The station first generated electricity in 1902, and had a generating capacity of 4.5 MW. As demand for electricity increased so new plant was installed. In 1915 two 6 MW generating machines were added together with a new boiler house. Then in 1925 two 12.5 MW turbo-alternators were commissioned together with a third boiler house. Further boilers and two 30 MW turbo-alternators were commissioned in 1932–37. The final configuration of the steam station was achieved in 1950-54 with the addition of eight boilers and three 45 MW turbo-alternator sets. At the end of its operational life in 1982 Thornhill power station had a declared generating capacity of 135 MW.

The Yorkshire Electric Power Company also owned Barugh power station, Ferrybridge ‘A’ power station and Mexborough power station.

Equipment specification
When it was first commissioned in 1902 the plant at Thornhill comprised:

 * 4 × Babcock & Wilcox coal-fired water tube boilers, operating at 150 psi and 466 °F (10.3 bar and 241 °C), these fed steam to:
 * 3 × 1.5 MW British Thomson-Houston vertical turbo-alternators, generating current at 11 kV, 50 Hz.

The plant in 1923 comprised:

 * Boilers delivering a total of 447,000 lb/h (56.3 kg/s) of steam to:
 * Turbo-alternators:
 * 3 × 1,500 kW British Thomson-Houston turbo-alternators (installed 1902),
 * 1 × 3,000 kW turbo-alternator,
 * 2 × 6,000 kW British Thomson-Houston turbo-alternators (installed 1915).

New plant was installed in 1932–37, this comprised:

 * 8 × Stirling 90,000 lb/h (11.33 kg/s) boilers operating at 450 psi and 780 °F (31.0 bar and 416 °C). With Bailey furnaces with International Combustion chain grate stokers, these supplied steam to:
 * 2 × 30 MW English Electric turbo-alternators generating at 10.5 kV.

Under the British Electricity Authority new plant was installed in 1950–1954, this comprised:

 * 8 × Mitchell 200,000 lb/h (25.2 kg/s) boilers operating at 450 psi and 885 °F (31.0 bar and 471 °C), with TG stokers, these supplied steam to:
 * 3 × 45 MW English Electric turbo-alternators generating at 10.5 kV,

The plant installed in 1932–37 and 1950–54 represents the final configuration of Thornhill power station.

The total steam raising capability was 2,320,000 lb/h (292.3 kg/s).

The total installed generating capacity was 195 MW, and the output capacity was 186 MW.

Condensing water was drawn from the River Calder. There were two concrete cooling towers each with a capacity of 3 million gallons per hour (3.79 m3/s).

Thornhill 132 kV substation, north of the power station site, is a major connecting site with 132kV lines to/from Wakefield, Huddersfield, Birkenshaw, Elland and Norristhorpe.

Operating data 1921–23
The operating data for the period 1921–23 is shown in the table: The data shows that there was considerable growth in demand and use of electricity.

Under the terms of the Electricity (Supply) Act 1926 (16-17 Geo. 5 c. 51) the Central Electricity Board (CEB) was established in 1926. The CEB identified high efficiency ‘selected’ power stations that would supply electricity most effectively; Thornhill was designated a selected station. The CEB also constructed the national grid (1927–33) to connect power stations within a region, there is a 132 kV substation at Thornhill.

Operating data 1946
Thornhill power station operating data, 1946 is given below.

The British electricity supply industry was nationalised in 1948 under the provisions of the Electricity Act 1947 (10-11 Geo. 6 c. 54). The Yorkshire Electric Power Company was abolished, ownership of Thornhill power station was vested in the British Electricity Authority, and subsequently the Central Electricity Authority and the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB). At the same time the electricity distribution and sales responsibilities of the Yorkshire Electric Power Company were transferred to the Yorkshire Electricity Board (YEB).

Operating data 1954–82
Operating data for the period 1954–82 is shown in the table:

Thornhill steam power station was decommissioned on 1 November 1982. It was subsequently demolished.

Gas turbine station
Thornhill combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power station was commissioned in 1998. It is owned and operated by E.ON UK Cogeneration Limited. It comprises a single natural gas fired gas turbine with an associated heat recovery boiler, a single steam turbine, an electrical generator and a steam condensing and cooling system. The latter uses water from the River Calder in a once through cooling system which discharges back to the river. The exhaust gases are discharged to atmosphere through 30 m tall stack.

The station has a net thermal input of 106 MWth and provides an electrical output of 50 MWe in combined mode. It can also operate as an open cycle gas turbine (OCGT).

title: Thornhill power station


text:
User:Wikia89/sandbox

CharmUp P-1.
CharmUp (P-1.) is an airing English-language anime to be produced by United States-based television network Jaryuu Studios, Japan. One-One television & Jaryuu Studios will air P-1. during 2012 season. As with most of its other animes, the network will broadcast English subtitles as closed captions on CC9.

title: User:Wikia89/sandbox


text:
kerkhof

Etymology
From, from. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) churchyard, cemetery

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) churchyard, a Christian cemetery

title: kerkhof


text:
Sandpit Hole and Bishop's Lot

Sandpit Hole and Bishop's Lot is a 1.8 hectare geological Site of Special Scientific Interest near Ebbor Gorge in Somerset, notified in 1987.

This site consists of two of the largest isolated depressions, known as dolines, occurring in the Mendip limestone area, and both appear to have been formed by the limestones being dissolved by subterranean waters and the overlying rocks then collapsing into them.

title: Sandpit Hole and Bishop's Lot


text:
Wirths

Wirths is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Carl Wirths (1897–1955), German politician
 * Eduard Wirths (1909–1945), Nazi German SS doctor at Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II
 * Günter Wirths (1911–2005), German chemist
 * Harold J. Wirths, politician, Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development (2010–present).
 * Wallace R. Wirths (1921–2002), former Westinghouse executive, author, newspaper columnist and radio commentator, and benefactor of Upsala College

title: Wirths


text:
Besh Aghaj

Besh Aghaj (, also Romanized as Besh Āghāj; also known as Besh Āqāj and Bīsh Āghāch) is a village in Dughayi Rural District, in the Central District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 351, in 97 families.

title: Besh Aghaj


text:
Talk:Caleb Evans (geologist)

Requested move 30 October 2022

The result of the move request was: moved. Per consensus. And create dab at the base title. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 13:38, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

Caleb Evans → Caleb Evans (geologist) – no clear WP:PRIMARYTOPIC Joeykai (talk) 12:26, 30 October 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support, create DAB at base name.--Ortizesp (talk) 23:59, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. No clear primary topic for this name — the safest bet (by far) is to create a disambiguation page at the basename. Paintspot Infez (talk) 16:38, 31 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Strong support the quarterback has 797 views compared with only 15[|Caleb_Evans_(quarterback)] for the geologist.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:46, 31 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination, Ortizesp, Paintspot Infez and Crouch, Swale and support creation of a Caleb Evans disambiguation page that would list Caleb Evans (geologist) as well as Caleb Evans (quarterback). —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 23:46, 3 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caleb Evans (geologist)


text:
läkemedel

Noun

 * 1) a medicine
 * 2) a drug, a pharmaceutical, a remedy, medication, etc.
 * 1) a drug, a pharmaceutical, a remedy, medication, etc.

Usage notes
Compare, which leans heavily toward illegal recreational drugs in Swedish.

title: läkemedel


text:
Talk:Chris Corbeil

External links modified
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I have just modified 1 one external link on Chris Corbeil. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120609061341/http://www.nll.com/roster_players/666952 to http://www.nll.com/roster_players/666952

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:04, 23 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chris Corbeil


text:
Abdullah Al-Hamdan

Abdullah Abdulrahman Al-Hamdan (عبد الله عبد الرحمن الحمدان; born 13 September 1999) is a Saudi Arabian football player who plays as a forward for Saudi Pro League club Al-Hilal and the Saudi Arabia national team. He is the son of former Al-Shabab goalkeeper and former Hetten manager, Abdulrahman Al-Hamdan.

Al-Hamdan made his debut for the Saudi national team in a friendly against Mali on 5 September 2019.

Career
Al-Hamdan is an academy graduate of Al-Shabab. In 2018, as part of a deal between the Saudi Arabian Football Federation and La Liga, Al-Hamdan joined Spanish club Sporting Gijón's U19 squad on a six-month loan. He returned to Al-Shabab following the conclusion of the 2017–18 season.

On 2 January 2019, Al-Hamdan made his debut with the first team in the King Cup match against Al-Sahel coming off the bench in the 61st minute to replace Khalid Kaabi. Al-Hamdan made his league debut in the match against Al-Wehda on 15 February 2019. He made his first start for the club in the final match of the 2018–19 season against Al-Hilal. On 23 September 2019, Al-Hamdan scored his first goal for the club in the Arab Club Champions Cup match against Algerian club JS Saoura, he also assisted Danilo Asprilla's goal to put Al-Shabab 3–1 ahead. Four days later, Al-Hamdan scored his first league goal in the 2–1 loss against Al-Ittihad. He ended his second season at the club scoring 5 goals in 22 appearances in all competitions.

On 7 November 2020, Al-Hamdan came off the bench in the 94th minute and assisted Turki Al-Ammar's third goal in the 3–1 away win against Al-Fateh. On 23 November 2020, Al-Hamdan made his first start of the season and assisted Cristian Guanca's equalizer in the 2–2 draw against Al-Ahli. On 27 November 2020, Al-Hamdan came off the bench and assisted Turki Al-Ammar's winner in the 2–1 win against Damac. On 2 December 2020, he assisted Cristian Guanca's equalizer in the 2–2 draw against Al-Ittihad in the first leg of the Arab Club Champions Cup semi-finals. On 26 December 2020, Al-Hamdan started the league match against Al-Batin and assisted two goals. On 14 January 2021, Al-Hamdan scored his first goal of the season in the 3–0 away win against Al-Ain, he also assisted Cristian Guanca's opener. On 19 January 2021, he assisted Fábio Martins's equalizer in the 1–1 draw against Al-Faisaly. On 25 January 2021, Al-Hamdan scored once and assisted once in the 4–2 away win against Al-Wehda. On 6 February 2021, Al-Hamdan made his final appearance for Al-Shabab in the 4–1 home win against Al-Raed. He left the pitch in tears while being replaced by Odion Ighalo in the 84th minute. He made 51 appearances for Al-Shabab in all competitions and scored 7 goals and recorded 12 assists.

On 6 February 2021, Al-Hamdan joined Al-Hilal on a five-year contract for a reported fee of SAR3 million.

International

 * Scores and results list Saudi Arabia's goal tally first.

Club
Al-Hilal
 * Saudi Pro League: 2020–21, 2021–22, 2023–24
 * AFC Champions League: 2021
 * King Cup: 2022–23, 2023–24
 * Saudi Super Cup: 2021, 2023

International
Saudi Arabia U20
 * AFC U-19 Championship: 2018

Individual

 * Saudi Pro League Young Player of the Month: January 2021

title: Abdullah Al-Hamdan


text:
halon

Noun

 * 1)  A hydrocarbon (more precisely haloalkane) in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogens

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, 哈龍
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German: Halogenwasserstoff, Halogenkohlenwasserstoff
 * Russian: ,
 * Thai:
 * Vietnamese: halon

Noun

 * 1) swallow

Noun

 * 1) shadow

Etymology
From. Cognate to Middle Dutch halen.

Verb

 * 1) to call, appoint
 * 2) to fetch, get

Etymology
.

title: halon