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Talk:Zeno machine

Halting Problem
"(The halting problem for Zeno machines cannot be solved using a Zeno machine, however)."

Is this true? Don't all Zeno machines halt, making the halting function trivially f(T, i) = 1 for any Zeno machine T with any input i? --NoizHed 01:06, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * If you accept the logical possibility of Zeno machines, that would seem to be the logical conclusion, yes. But as noted in the article, accepting the possibility of Zeno machines leads to some serious problems: take the turing machine that simply keeps moving left, no matter what symbol it reads. Clearly, this machine will never halt. But according to the Zeno machines enthusiasts, if you take the accelerated version of this machine, then it should stop after some finite amount of time, having taken infinitely many steps. Indeed, all Zeno machines should halt according to their specifications. Personally, that sounds baloney to me. By definition of infinity, taking infinitely many steps means that you will never finish going through those steps, whether you accelerate this or not. Indeed, I would say we have reached a logical contradiction here, just as in Zeno's paradox. Therefore, I declare Zeno machines to be logically impossible (note: not just physically impossible, but logically impossible). —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:07, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Except that the Zeno machine accelerates infinitely. So you're insisting that infinity / infinity = infinity. Nope.

 * Well, that is _one_ answer, depending on how you define division and infinity. Under the simplest definitions, any positive number n, finite or infinite, satisfies the equation n x infinity = infinity. So infinity is a valid answer, but so is 1, or 23.42. So, looked at it that way, the answer isn't "no"--there's not enough information in the problem to provide an answer.

 * But really, there is an answer. The problem doesn't come down to "what's infinity over infinity." The rate of acceleration is proportional to the number of steps. If it takes x steps to halt, it takes 1-1/2^x minutes to halt. The limit of this time as x approaches infinity is 1. So, a Zeno machine always halts.

 * That doesn't prove that a Zeno machine is logically possible--just that any Zeno machines that are logically possible (of which there might be none) halt. That's enough to make the halting functional trivial. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:52, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, so what are you saying?!? You seem to be contradicting yourself. Anyway, in the end you apparently agree that, if the concept of a Zeno machine holds any water, all Zeno machines should halt. But clearly that leads to trouble, as the examples given earlier demonstrate. Pure logic thus derives a contradiction from the possibility of Zeno machines. In other words, Zeno machines are impossible. And no assumptions about infinity / infinity need to be made in order to derive that contradiction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:16, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Think about it this way: We want to read the output of computation from the tape. Suppose we read it from the first cell. In one computation a Zeno machine can write to the cell infinitely many times (e.g. zero and one alternatively). What is the output after computation is "finished"? It may undefined. We only get an output if the first cell stabilises (e.g. the machine keeps writing ones in the first cell from some point). So I think what here is meant by "The halting problem for Zeno machines" is this: Given a Zeno machine Z and input i, does Z with input i give an output? Hope that helps somebody. Czego szukasz (talk) 13:44, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

"(The halting problem for Zeno machines cannot be solved using a Zeno machine, however)."

of course its true it says on the paper. have you actually read the paper you cite? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:40, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Abstract

This paper reviews the Church–Turing Thesis (or rather, theses) with reference to their origin and application and considers some models of “hypercomputation”, concentrating on perhaps the most straight-forward option: Zeno machines (Turing machines with accelerating clock). '''The halting problem is briefly discussed in a general context and the suggestion that it is an inevitable companion of any reasonable computational model is emphasised. It is suggested that claims to have “broken the Turing barrier” could be toned down and that the important and well-founded rôle of Turing computability in the mathematical sciences stands unchallenged.''' —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:45, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

I haven't read the paper, but my guess would be that a ZM is allowed to do \omega steps of computation, and then keep going; if it can do step number \omega, \omega+1, ..., then the halting question seems like it's probably sensible. Maybe someone can check the source and update the main article with a clarification. Joule36e5 (talk) 19:30, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

Computational power
A ZM can solve the TM-halting problem. So can a TM-Oracle, by definition. Does a ZM have equivalent computational power to a TM augmented with a TM-Oracle? Joule36e5 (talk) 19:40, 6 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I suspect it depends on how many limit ordinals the Zeno machine is allowed to reach. If the next limit ordinal is one we’ve decided should be forbidden, then we will just treat it like an ordinary Turing machine from then on (either it halts or it runs forever). Otherwise we let it reset itself (with lim sup) at the next limit ordinal.

 * If it is designed to only “cross infinity” once, it will have the same power as a TM with an TM Oracle. If it can do so twice (i.e, it can reach step ω·2, but not ω·3), it would have the same power as a TM augmented with an oracle for TM’s that are themselves augmented with TM oracles. Thus it would be even more powerful. See Turing jump, which is a closely related topic, as is hyperarithmetical theory.

 * This means that the Zeno machine can keep getting more and more powerful (in terms of Turing jumps), depending on how many limit ordinals it is allowed to access. If you wanted to, you could even let it cross over to ω·ω, by taking the lim sup of the lim sup states it attained at each ω·n (when n was finite). It at least makes sense logically even if it’s hard to visualize (and impossible for a physical machine to do).LonelyBoy2012 (talk) 04:27, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

What is the next step?
A Zeno machine can solve the halting problem for a Turing machine. What can solve the halting problem for a Zeno machine? -32ieww 10:04PM 11/20/2015 NY time 32ieww (talk) 03:04, 21 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zeno machine


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AP European History

Advanced Placement (AP) European History (also known as AP Euro, or APEH), is a course and examination offered by the College Board through the Advanced Placement Program. This course is for high school students who are interested in a first year university level course in European history. The course surveys European history from between 1300-1450 CE to the present, focusing on religious, social, economic, and political themes.

Course
The AP European History course covers historical events and processes across nine different units. Each unit is weighted equally on the exam, approximately 10-15%. The course units and sub-topics are as follows:

 * Unit 1: Renaissance and Exploration (1450 - 1648)
 * Contextualizing Renaissance and Discovery
 * Italian Renaissance
 * Northern Renaissance
 * Printing
 * New Monarchies
 * Technological Advances and the Age of Exploration
 * Rivals on the World Stage
 * Colonial Expansion and the Columbian Exchange
 * The Slave Trade
 * The Commercial Revolution
 * Causation in the Renaissance and Age of Discovery
 * Unit 2: Age of Reformation (1450 - 1648)
 * Contextualizing 16th- and 17th-Century Challenges and Developments
 * Luther and the Protestant Reformation
 * Protestant Reform Continues
 * Wars of Religion
 * The Catholic Reformation
 * 16th-Century Society and Politics
 * Art of the 16th Century: Mannerism and Baroque Art
 * Causation in the Age of Reformation and the Wars of Religion
 * Unit 3: Absolutism and Constitutionalism (1648 - 1815)
 * Contextualizing State Building
 * The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution
 * Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development
 * Economic Development and Mercantilism
 * The Dutch Golden Age
 * Balance of Power
 * Absolutist Approaches to Power
 * Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism
 * Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments (1648 - 1815)
 * Contextualizing the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
 * The Scientific Revolution
 * The Enlightenment
 * 18th-Century Society and Demographics
 * 18th-Century Culture and Arts
 * Enlightened and Other Approaches to Power
 * Causation in the Age of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
 * Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century (1648 - 1815)
 * Contextualizing 18th-Century States
 * The Rise of Global Markets
 * Britain's Acendency
 * The French Revolution
 * The French Revolution's Effects
 * Napoleon's Rise, Dominance, and Defeat
 * The Congress of Vienna
 * Romanticism
 * Continuity and Change in 18th-Century States
 * Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects (1815 - 1914)
 * Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects
 * The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe
 * Second Wave Industrialization and Its Effects
 * Social Effects of Industrialization
 * The Concert of Europe and European Conservatism
 * Reactions and Revolutions
 * Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements
 * 19th-Century Social Reform
 * Institutional Responses and Reform
 * Causation in the Age of Industrialization
 * Unit 7: 19th-Century Perspective and Political Developments (1815 - 1914)
 * Contextualizing 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments
 * Nationalism
 * National Unification and Diplomatic Treaties
 * Darwinism, Social Darwinism
 * The Age of Progress and Modernity
 * New Imperialism: Motivations and Methods
 * Imperialism's Global Effects
 * 19th-Century Culture and Arts
 * Causation in 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Development
 * Unit 8: 20th-Century Global Conflicts (1914 - present)
 * Contextualizing 20th-Century Global Conflicts
 * World War I
 * The Russian Revolution and Its Effects
 * Versailles Conference and Peace Settlement
 * Global Economic Crisis
 * Fascism and Totalitarianism
 * Europe During the Interwar Period
 * World War II
 * The Holocaust
 * 20th-Century Cultural, Intellectual, and Artistic Developments
 * Continuity and Changes in an Age of Global Conflict
 * Unit 9: Cold War and Contemporary Europe
 * Contextualizing Cold War and Contemporary Europe
 * Rebuilding Europe
 * The Cold War
 * Two Super Powers Emerge
 * Postwar Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Atrocities
 * Contemporary Western Democracies
 * The Fall of Communism
 * 20th-Century Feminism
 * Decolonization
 * The European Union
 * Migration and Immigration
 * Technology
 * Globalization
 * 20th- and 21st-Century Culture, Arts, and Demographic Trends
 * Continuity and Change in the 20th and 21st Centuries

Exam
The AP exam for European History is divided into two sections, comprising 55 multiple-choice questions (with four answer choices), three short-answer questions, and two essay responses (one thematic Long Essay Question (LEQ) and one Document Based Question (DBQ)). The multiple-choice and short-answer sections are to be completed in 55 minutes and 40 minutes respectively. The essay section is to be completed in 100 minutes (including the 15-minute reading period). The DBQ is graded out of 7 points and the LEQ is graded out of 6 points. This new structure went into effect beginning Fall 2017. The DBQ is weighted at 25 percent while the FRQ/LEQ is weighted at 15 percent. The Short Answer is weighted 20 percent, with the multiple-choice accounting for the final 40 percent.

Approximately half of the multiple-choice questions cover the period from 1450 to the French Revolution and Napoleonic era, and half cover the period from the French Revolution and Napoleonic era to the present, evenly divided between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. About one-third of the questions focus on cultural and intellectual themes, one-third on political and diplomatic themes, and one-third on social and economic themes. Many questions draw on knowledge of more than one chronological period or theme. Although this is the general trend based on past AP Exams, it is not mandated that the exam follow this format. In recent years and present, the multiple choice portion is Stimulus Based, meaning the students are given an excerpt of a speech or writing, photograph, or painting, to analyze and answer questions and/or give presentations on the given info.

Free Response sections
The Free Response sections of the test offer some choice.
 * Short Answer Question (SAQ): (complete 3 of 4)
 * Two questions spanning 1600-2001 (both mandatory)
 * Choice between questions Q3 (periods 1 and 2) and Q4 (periods 3 and 4)
 * Long Essay Question (LEQ): (complete 1 of 3)
 * Choice between questions Q1 (period 1), Q2 (periods 2 and 3) and Q3 (periods 3 and 4)

Grade distributions
The grade distributions as of 2023 are as follows:

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AP European History


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Talk:Israel national netball team

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title: Talk:Israel national netball team


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2015 Milex Open – Singles

This was the first edition of the tournament.

Damir Džumhur won the title, defeating Renzo Olivo in the final by retirement, 7–5, 3–1.

Seeds
• # 🇩🇴 Víctor Estrella Burgos (withdrew due to right leg injury)

• # 🇪🇸 Albert Montañés (first round)

• # 🇦🇷 Horacio Zeballos (second round)

• # Gastão Elias (semifinals)

• # 🇧🇦 Damir Džumhur (champion)

• # 🇷🇺 Evgeny Donskoy (first round)

• # 🇦🇺 Jason Kubler (first round)

• # 🇦🇹 Gerald Melzer (quarterfinals)

title: 2015 Milex Open – Singles


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Template:Scholarly ethics

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Muthumariamman Temple, Narthamalai

Muthumariamman Temple is situated at Narthamalai in Pudukkottai district in Tamil Nadu, India.

Presiding deity
The Muthumariamman is the presiding deity. As the name of the place is Narthamalai, the Goddess is known as Narthamalai Muthumariamman.

Structure
The temple has a five tier gopura, facing east. After crossing the maha mandapa and the artha mandapa the Garbhagriha can be reached. The deity is found in seated position in a calm and composed manner. She has four hands, each having a Kadgam, Kabaalam, Damarugam and Shakthi Hastam. In the shrine of the presiding deity this temple, a Murugan yendiram made of stone on the right side wall is placed.

Specialities
The presiding deity, Muthumariamman, is having the qualities of Muruga. Devotees in order to fulfil their vows take kavadi and 'alaku kuthukuthal' known as piercing the skin, tongue or cheeks. Narada did penance on this hill. So, this place is also called as Naradagiri Malai, referring to the hill of Narada. This hill is found among nine hills known as Mela Malai, Kottai Malai, Kadambar Malai, Parayar Malai, Uvakkan Malai, Alurutti Malai, Bommadi Malai, Man Malai and Pon Malai. In order to give life to those were killed during the Rama-Ravana fight, Hanuman lifted the Sanjeevi Parvatham and was flying with it over the sky. At that time some part felt down and became these hills. They are in the shape of 'Onkara'.

Festivals
During the second Sunday of Tamil month of Panguni, Poochoriyal sprinkling of flowers, is done. During the third Sunday a 10-day festival festival is held. On the ninth day car festival is conducted. Pujas are held four times daily at Kalasanthi (8.00 a.m.), Uttchikkalam (noon 12.00), Sayaratchai (6.00 p.m.) and arthajamam (8.30 p.m.). On the first day of New year, Vijayadashami, Deepavali and Pongal the processional deity would around the temple. More number of devotees would participate during these festivals. On Tuesdays and Fridays devotees in large numbers visit the temple.

Worship time
The temple is opened for worship from 6.00 to 12.00 noon and 4.00 to 8.00 p.m.

title: Muthumariamman Temple, Narthamalai


text:
User:PyshnyPhilipp/Penal colony "Snowy owl"

"Snowy owl" - is a penal colony for lifelong incarceration. Located in Kharp urban-type settlement in Priuralsky District of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia, on a bank of the Sob river. The capacity of colony is 1014 places, around 450 of them are occupied now.

Kharp was founded in 1961 during Salekhard–Igarka Railway construction. Colony bacame a core of a new settlement. In 2004 it obtained a status of a lifelong incarceration colony.

In 2018 for the first time in history of Post-Soviet Russia, Anvar Masalimov, a prisoner sentenced to a lifelong imprisonment, was released from colony.


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Hebert Conceição

Hebert William Carvalho da Conceição Sousa (born 28 February 1998) is a Brazilian professional boxer. As an amateur, Conceição won a gold medal at the 2020 Olympic Games as well as winning a bronze medal at the 2019 World Championships. Conceição also won a silver medal at the 2019 Pan American Games and a bronze medal at the 2018 South American Games.

Olympics result
Tokyo 2020
 * Round of 16: Defeated Tuohetaerbieke Tanglatihan (China) 3–2
 * Quarter-finals: Defeated Abilkhan Amankul (Kazakhstan) 3–2
 * Semi-finals: Defeated Gleb Bakshi (ROC) 4–1
 * Final: Defeated Oleksandr Khyzhniak (Ukraine) KO

World Championships result
Yekaterinburg 2019
 * Round of 32: Defeated Andrej Mersljakov (Germany) 3–2
 * Round of 16: Defeated Fanat Kakhramonov (Uzbekistan) 3–2
 * Quarter-finals: Defeated Salvatore Cavallaro (Italy) 4–1
 * Semi-final: Defeated by Gleb Bakshi (Russia) 4–1

Pan American Games result
Lima 2019
 * Quarter-finals: Defeated Francisco Verón (Argentina) 3–2
 * Semi-finals: Defeated Troy Isley (United States) 4–1
 * Final: Defeated by Arlen López (Cuba) 5–0

title: Hebert Conceição


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Abdul Rahman (convert)

Abdul Rahman (born 1965) is an Afghan man whose arrest and trial in February 2006 sparked widespread controversy among the international community. Rahman had been arrested by Afghan authorities for apostasy and subsequently threatened with the death penalty. He had converted to Christianity from Islam while providing medical assistance to Afghan refugees in Peshawar, Pakistan. On 26 March 2006, under heavy pressure from foreign governments, the Afghan court returned his case to prosecutors, citing "investigative gaps"; Rahman was released from prison and remanded to his family on the night of 27 March. On 29 March, Abdul Rahman arrived in Italy after being offered asylum by the Italian government. Representatives within the Afghan government and many Afghan citizens continued to call for Rahman's execution, and his wife divorced him shortly after his conversion, leading to an unsuccessful custody battle for their two children.

The case became a cause célèbre internationally, and particularly throughout the Western world. Harsh condemnation came from the United States and the United Kingdom, both of which were the world's leading donors of international aid to Afghanistan at the time. The Afghan government's integrity was called into question, as it had recently been established under the aegis of the War in Afghanistan, shortly after an American-led military coalition overthrew the country's Taliban government.

Early life
Abdul Rahman was born in 1965.

In 1990, while he was working as a staff member for a Catholic non-governmental aid group which was providing medical assistance to Afghan refugees in Peshawar, Pakistan, he learned about Christianity and he was subsequently baptized into the Roman Catholic Church. After his conversion, he adopted the biblical name Joel.

In 1993, he moved to Germany and later, he unsuccessfully sought asylum in Belgium before he was deported to Afghanistan in 2002, after the fall of the Taliban government.

Abdul Rahman's wife divorced him because of his conversion to Catholicism. In the ensuing custody battle over the couple's two daughters, who had been raised by Abdul Rahman's parents during his absence, the mother's family raised the issue of his religion as grounds for their denial of his custody.

When he returned to Afghanistan, he was disowned by his parents, who stated: "Because he has converted from Islam to another religion we don't want him in our house" and "Abdul Rahman wanted to change the ethics of my children and family. He is not going in the right direction. I have thrown him out of my house", while his daughters said that "He behaves badly with us and we were threatened and disgraced by him. He has no job and has never given me a stitch of clothing or a crust of bread. Just his name as a father" and "He said he was my father but he hasn't behaved like a father since he came back to Afghanistan. He threatens us and we are all afraid of him and he doesn't believe in the religion of Islam."

Arrest and trial
In February 2006, members of his family reported him to the police. He was arrested after police discovered that he possessed a Bible. After his arrest, he was unable to find a lawyer in Kabul willing to represent him. Authorities barred attempts by the Associated Press news agency to see him.

Article 130 of the Constitution of Afghanistan enables prosecutors to charge him for apostasy "in accordance with the Hanafi jurisprudence". The text of the article says: "In cases under consideration, the courts shall apply provisions of this Constitution as well as other laws. If there is no provision in the Constitution or other laws about a case, the courts shall, in pursuance of Hanafi jurisprudence, and, within the limits set by this Constitution, rule in a way that attains justice in the best manner."

Prosecutors asked for the death penalty for Abdul Rahman, calling him a "microbe". Prosecutor Abdul Wasi demanded his repentance and called him a traitor: "He should be cut off and removed from the rest of Muslim society and should be killed." The Afghan attorney general was quoted as saying that Abdul Rahman should be hanged.

Abdul Rahman's judicial proceedings, which began on 16 March and became widely known in the international press on 19 March, were overseen by three judges in the public security tribunal of Kabul's primary court. Ansarullah Mawlawizadah, the chief judge in the case, said that Abdul Rahman would be asked to reconsider his conversion: "We will invite him again because the religion of Islam is one of tolerance. We will ask him if he has changed his mind. If so we will forgive him."

Ansarullah Mawlafizada also said "the Prophet Muhammad has said several times that those who convert from Islam should be killed if they refuse to come back, Islam is a religion of peace, tolerance, kindness and integrity. That is why we have told him if he regrets what he did, then we will forgive him".

The judge added more conditions: "If [he] does not repent, you will all be witness to the sort of punishment he will face."

Even though he was facing a possible death sentence, Abdul Rahman held firm to his convictions: "They want to sentence me to death and I accept it ... I am a Christian, which means I believe in the Trinity ... I believe in Jesus Christ."

Efforts by Afghan Christians
While Abdul Rahman was on trial, a number of Afghan Christians worked to bring the attention of the international media towards the suffering of the Afghan Christians and especially Abdul Rahman.

Mental fitness to stand trial
The Afghan Embassy in Washington, D.C. announced on March 22 that the country's judicial system was evaluating Abdul Rahman's mental fitness. Moayuddin Baluch, a religious adviser to President Hamid Karzai confirmed that Abdul Rahman would undergo a psychological examination. Judge Mawlawizadah stated that since Rahman refused to repent then his mental state was being examined. If he was found to be mentally unfit, the case would be dismissed.

An Afghanistan state prosecutor named Sarinwal Zamari said of Abdul Rahman in an interview with the Associated Press on March 22, 2006, "We think he could be mad. He is not a normal person. He doesn't talk like a normal person. Doctors must examine him. If he is mentally unfit, definitely Islam has no claim to punish him. He must be forgiven. The case must be dropped." Other sources said Rahman is "perennially jobless and mentally unbalanced".

Prosecutor Abdul Wasei said he doubted claims regarding Abdul Rahman's mental instability. "I did not see any kind of mental problem in this case", he said. Wasei said that Rahman, when asked about his mental health, insisted that it was fine. "I am O.K., you can prosecute me, I can answer your questions", Wasei said Rahman told him.

Diplomats said that the Afghan government was "desperately searching for a way to drop the case" by declaring Abdul Rahman mentally unfit to stand trial.

The court also raised questions about Rahman's nationality. Rahman had lived abroad, in Germany, Greece and Belgium. If he had acquired dual nationality, it was argued, the status of his case could change.

There were various opinions regarding Abdul Rahman being declared unfit for trial. Critics said that declaring him insane would not solve what they regarded as a constitutional flaw that allows prosecution under Islamic law. An editorial in The Washington Times wrote that declaring him mentally unfit is "a manufactured loophole" which would enable the Afghan government "to back down to avoid a disastrous internal and diplomatic crisis. This solution, such as it is, won't resolve the underlying discrepancy in Afghanistan's constitution." A New York Times editorial echoed these sentiments, saying that declaring Abdul Rahman mentally incompetent was a way for the Afghan government to "avoid the mess" and "that would be a cheap trick because the law would remain on the books."

In France, Marianne magazine stated Western critics of the case might not be satisfied if the Kabul court avoided the death sentence for Abdul Rahman by declaring him insane and unfit for trial. "If he is not tried, he will probably end up in a psychiatric hospital, which for a man of sound mind is sometimes worse than death."

Release
On March 24, 2006, Afghan authorities announced that they were considering releasing Abdul Rahman soon. A special government meeting on his case was held on the following day during which President Hamid Karzai conferred with several Cabinet ministers for a way to free him without angering the country's powerful conservative Muslim clerics who have called for Abdul Rahman's execution. After this meeting an unnamed senior government official said there is a "strong possibility" that Abdul Rahman would be freed on Sunday the 26th. However the prosecutor dismissed any claims that Abdul Rahman was to be released. Later on Sunday the judge made the following statement: "The case, because of some technical as well as legal flaws and shortcomings, has been referred back to the prosecutor's office".

Clerics question President Karzai's authority to order Abdul Rahman's release. Cleric Khoja Ahmad Sediqi, a member of the Supreme Court in Afghanistan, warned against interfering with the courts, saying that "The Qur'an is very clear and the words of our prophet are very clear. There can only be one outcome: death. If Karzai releases him, it will play into the hands of our enemy and there could be an uprising."

On March 28, 2006, the AP reported that Abdul Rahman had been released. The announcement came after the United Nations said he had appealed for asylum outside Afghanistan.

On March 29, 2006, Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi announced that his cabinet had approved Rahman's asylum plea and Rahman had already arrived in Italy.

Government officials
Agence France Presse (AFP) quoted an unidentified Afghan official as saying that President Hamid Karzai has personally interfered in Abdul Rahman's case to secure the convert's release. "The president is personally working to resolve it peacefully. There is a way out of it", said the official. "I believe it'll take one or two days."

Former Afghanistan Foreign Minister Dr. Abdullah said during a press conference with US Under Secretary for Political Affairs R. Nicholas Burns, "I know that it is a very sensitive issue and we know the concerns of the American people. In fact, in our embassy we received hundreds of messages of such kind. As far as I understand the nature of the case has been that the wife of the gentleman has registered a lawsuit against her husband. And then the Government of Afghanistan has nothing to do in it. It's a legal and judicial case. But I hope that through our constitutional process there will be a satisfactory result out of that process." He also stated: "Every time we have a case it is like an alarm. These contradictions [between freedom of religion and sharia] will not go away with one or two cases."

Ansarullah Mawlawizadah announced international pressure will not affect his rulings in the case, saying: "There is no direct pressure on our court so far, but if it happens we will consider it as an interference. We have a constitution and law here. Nobody has the right to put pressure on us." In an interview to AFP, Mawlawizadah confirmed his position: "We have nothing to do with diplomatic issues. We'll do our job independently." He says that he expects to rule in the case in the next several days.

Muslim clerics
After Abdul Rahman's arrest and after the subsequent outrage and criticism of the Afghan government, notable Afghan clerics spoke out against his possible release. Afghan clerics have denounced what they assert is interference with the autonomy of the Afghan courts by other countries as well as by President Hamid Karzai. Maulavi Habibullah told more than a thousand clerics and young people who gathered in Kabul that "Afghanistan does not have any obligation under international laws. The prophet says, when somebody changes religion, he must be killed." Many clerics have spoken out to the media saying that Abdul Rahman should receive the death penalty for apostasy.

Cleric Enayatullah Baligh, speaking at one of Kabul's main mosques said, "We respect all religions but we don't go into the British embassy or the American embassy to see what religion they are following. We won't let anyone interfere with our religion and he should be punished."

Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai, a prominent mujahidin leader and head of the Hizb-i-Iqtadar-i-Islami Afghanistan, and former acting prime minister in the government of Burhanuddin Rabbani before the Taliban came to power in 1996, said, "Regardless of the court decision [whether or not he is hanged], there is unanimous agreement by all religious scholars from the north to the south, the east to the west of Afghanistan, that Abdul Rahman should be executed. There is widespread dissent among the masses against the activities of Christian missionaries. These missions exploit the poverty of Afghan people and they pay them to convert. These activities will only translate into fierce reaction as Afghans do not tolerate anything against their religion. Since Abdul Rahman comes from Panjshir, people of the area are coming down to Kabul to show their dissent against him and demand that the court execute him."

Muslim cleric Abdul Raouf, a member of Afghanistan's main Islamic organization, the Afghan Ulama Council, stated "Rejecting Islam is insulting God. We will not allow God to be humiliated. This man must die." Raouf, who is described by the AP as "moderate", is quoted as saying: "Cut off his head!" and "We will call on the people to pull him into pieces so there's nothing left." Raouf said Abdul Rahman will only survive if he goes into exile. During his sermon at Herati Mosque on March 24, 2006, Raouf told around 150 worshippers that Abdul Rahman deserved death since he had "committed the greatest sin. God's way is the right way, and this man whose name is Abdul Rahman is an apostate."

Mirhossain Nasri, the top cleric at Hossainia Mosque, said "If he is allowed to live in the West, then others will claim to be Christian so they can too", he said. "We must set an example. ... He must be hanged."

Muslim cleric Mohammed Qasim who resides in the northern city of Mazari Sharif, said: "We don't care if the West drops its support for us. God will look after Afghanistan."

Afghan public
The BBC assesses that many members of the Afghan public are vocal in support of Abdul Rahman's execution, though it does not estimate if these are in the majority. "The courts should punish him and he should be put to death", said Kabul dweller Abdul Zahid Paymen. Mohammed Qadir agrees that he must be executed: "According to Islamic law he should be sentenced to death because Christianity is forbidden in our land". Abdul Rahman's neighbor remarked: "there is no way we are going to allow an Afghan to insult us by becoming Christian." Religious intellectual Shahnawaz Farooqui, speaking on Abdul Rahman's conversion, said "he will have to be executed ... If somebody at one point affirms the truth and then rejects it or denies it, it would jeopardize the whole paradigm of truth. This is such a big offense that the penalty can only be death. At the very most, some scholars argue that the person should be given time to rethink, and if he embraces Islam again, he will be forgiven."

Calls for Abdul Rahman's release
A number of Western countries and NGOs condemned his trial as a human rights violation and called for the release of the Afghan convert.

 * 🇦🇺: Australian Prime Minister John Howard said Abdul Rahman's case was "appalling" and that "when [he] saw the report about this [he] felt sick literally. The idea that a person could be punished because of their religious belief and the idea they might be executed is just beyond belief."
 * 🇨🇦: The Canadian government expressed concern, especially as the Canadian Forces had recently taken command of the coalition force in Kandahar province and the government was facing pressure to ensure the mission led to an open, democratic Afghanistan. Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper phoned Hamid Karzai and said in a written statement, "I phoned President Karzai personally yesterday to express our concern. He conveyed to me that we don't have to worry about any such eventual outcome".
 * Statements calling for Rahman's release were also issued by the Muslim Canadian Congress.

 * 🇪🇺: Austrian Foreign Minister Ursula Plassnik, speaking on behalf of the European Union, said, "We will leave no stone unturned to protect the fundamental rights of Abdul Rahman and to save his life" (Austria held the presidency of the Council of the European Union at the time).
 * 🇩🇪: German Chancellor Angela Merkel told reporters she had received assurances from Karzai in a telephone call that Abdul Rahman would not be sentenced to death.
 * 🇬🇧: The council of Church Society, the senior evangelical body of the Church of England, condemned the trial and called on all Christians to express their outrage at the injustice and to do what they could to prevent Abdul Rahman's death. The society also called on the British government to use all its influence in Afghanistan.
 * Amnesty International called for Abdul Rahman's release, saying that he might be a "prisoner of conscience" and that "the charges against him should be dropped and if necessary he should be protected against any abuses within the community."
 * 🇺🇸: On March 22, 2006, Congressman Tom Lantos (D), wrote a letter to Hamid Karzai in which he said, "In a country where soldiers from all faiths, including Christianity, are dying in defense of your government, I find it outrageous that Mr. Rahman is being prosecuted and facing the death penalty for converting to Christianity." Following Lantos's lead a number of government officials protested Abdul Rahman's arrest. Notably, President George W. Bush spoke out against Rahman's arrest, saying, "It is deeply troubling that a country we helped liberate would hold a person to account because they chose a particular religion over another". White House spokesman Scott McClellan said Abdul Rahman's arrest and trial "clearly violates the universal freedoms that democracies around the world hold dear."

 * Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice appealed directly to President Hamid Karzai for a "favorable resolution", though she did not demand that the charges be dropped. Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs R. Nicholas Burns asked for the trial to be conducted with "transparency" and reminded Afghanistan that "people should be free to choose their religion."

 * The U.S. Islamic advocacy group Council on American-Islamic Relations called for Abdul Rahman's immediate release.

 * The Seventh-day Adventist Church urged that Abdul Rahman be released, and allowed to practice his religion freely.

 * The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) wrote in a letter addressed to U.S. President George W. Bush on March 22, 2006 that: "On several previous occasions, the Commission has raised concern that the Afghan constitution's failure to include adequate guarantees of freedom of religion and expression for members of the country's majority Muslim community could lead to unjust criminal accusations of apostasy and blasphemy. With no guarantee of the right to religious freedom for all individuals, together with a judicial system instructed to enforce Islamic principles and Islamic law, the door is open for a harsh, unfair, or even abusive interpretation of religious orthodoxy to be officially imposed".
 * 🇻🇦: Pope Benedict XVI urged the president of Afghanistan to pardon Abdul Rahman. asking "for respect for human rights sanctioned in the preamble of the new Afghan constitution".

Threats to cut off aid to Afghanistan
Germany, which is involved in the UN-mandated International Security Assistance force in Afghanistan and also heads an international effort improving Afghanistan's police force, has suggested that Afghanistan could potentially lose aid or technical support for reconstruction efforts depending on the outcome of Abdul Rahman's case. German Interior Minister Wolfgang Schäuble has stated "I highly support the idea that we make it clear to Afghanistan, in every way possible, that abiding by and protecting human rights, which Afghanistan is obliged to, includes [protecting the] freedom of religion." Schäuble also said, "We contribute a lot to rebuilding Afghanistan and towards its stability, so I truly believe that Afghanistan must realize that we insist upon the freedom of religion. You cannot punish people because they change their religion."

In response to Schäuble's comments, Afghan Economy Minister Amin Farhang said that the government in Kabul cannot stop donor countries from withholding aid or technical support, but consequences of such withdrawals would be worse for Western countries than Afghanistan. Farhang stated: "I think that politicians in the West, including in Germany, reacted very emotionally. It shouldn't be like that. There's a lack of information. And besides, while the situation hasn't been resolved and the final decision hasn't been made yet, they can't threaten to withdraw security forces or foreign aid. That amounts to blackmail." Farhang also said that Kabul is attempting to build democracy after the Taliban was forced from power by US forces in 2001, but that the right to convert from Islam to Christianity is too extreme for a traditional Islamic society such as Afghanistan which upholds the Islamic punishment for apostasy. He also stated: "Afghanistan cannot switch suddenly from one extreme to the other."

title: Abdul Rahman (convert)


text:
French/Grammar/Tenses/Present perfect

The passé composé is a perfect tense, and is therefore composed of an auxiliary verb and a past participle. With most verbs, that auxililary verb is avoir.

Meaning
Verbs in French conjugated in the passé composé can most simply be translated to English as eg "has / have ____ed". While there is a simple past tense in French, it is mostly used in formal narrative writing, so verbs conjugated in the passé composé can also be used to mean the English simple tense.
 * For example, the passé composé form of parler (to speak), [avoir] parlé, literally means has/have spoken, but also means spoke. In French, the passé composé covers "I ate", "I did eat" and "I have eaten" - J'ai mangé.

When to use
You use the passé composé when you want to express that:
 * 1) Something has been completed in the past.
 * 2) Something was done a certain amount of times in the past. (if the something was ongoing, the imparfait should be used)
 * 3) A series of somethings was completed in the past.

Introduction
To conjugate a verb in the passé composé, the auxiliary (or helping) verb, usually avoir, is conjugated in the present indicative and the past participle is then added. It is important to remember that there is only *one* verb in the passé composé. While the past participle looks like a verb, it is not - it functions more like an adjective. This is important to remember because when you negate in the passé composé, you negate the only verb, which is the auxiliary verb (ex. "Je n'ai pas mangé"; "I have not eaten"). This works exactly the same way in English - the only verb is the auxiliary verb, which is also the only thing negated in English ("I have not eaten").

Formation Summary
The compound past is a compound tense- it consists of two verbs, the auxiliary verb ("helper verb") and the past participle of the verb one seeks to use in this tense.

To form the passé composé, you need to take the auxiliary verb - either avoir or être, then conjugate it according to the subject of the sentence, like in the present indicative tense. We then take the past participle of the verb, and stick that on the end. Every verb has one past participle that does not change (there are some exceptions, as one will learn later). To find the past participle, the stem of the infinitive must be determined or the irregularity must be known.

If we want to make the statement negative, for example if we didn't do something in the past, we must always put the negative structure such as ne ... pas around the auxiliary verb, immediately before the past participle. For example, "Je ne peux pas",.

Also, reflexive or pronomial verbs must be conjugated with être under most circumstances. For example, the verb "se réflechir" is conjugated in the first person singular by "Je me suis réflechi(e),".

Auxiliary Verb Formation

 * The auxiliary verb is always either avoir or être.
 * In the passé composé, for example, the auxiliary verb is conjugated in the present indicative.
 * With Avoir: J'ai fini. - I have finished or I finished.
 * With Être: Je suis allé. - I went.

Auxiliary Verb - Avoir
Conjugate avoir in the present indicative.

Auxiliary Verb - Être
Conjugate être in the present indicative.

Past Participle Formation

 * -er verbs - replace -er with é
 * -ir verbs - replace -ir with i
 * -re verbs - replace -re with u
 * irregular verbs - must be memorized

Être + Past Participle

 * Note that for the starred vous form, the S (which is always added for nous and ils/elles) is not added if the vous is simply denoting the singular, formal you.

Past Participle Agreement with Preceding Direct Objects
The past participle must agree with the direct object of a clause in gender and plurality if the direct object goes before the verb.
 * the direct object is masculine singular - no change
 * J'ai fini le jeu. - I have finished the game.
 * Je l'ai fini. - I have finished it.
 * the direct object is feminine singular - add an e to the past participle
 * J'ai fini la tâche. - I have finished the task.
 * Je l'ai finie. - I have finished it.
 * the direct object is masculine plural - add an s to the past participle.
 * J'ai fini les jeux. - I have finished the games.
 * Je les ai finis. - I have finished them.
 * the direct object is feminine plural - add an es to the past participle.
 * J'ai fini les tâches. - I have finished the tasks.
 * Je les ai finies. - I have finished them.

Avoir ou Être?
In most circumstances, the auxiliary verb is avoir. However, with certain verbs, the auxiliary verb is être. This occurs under two different circumstances:

1. Reflexive verbs always take être.
 * This distinguishes them from verbs with preceding objects pronouns.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! colspan=2| Reflexive Verbs vs. Verbs with Preceding Object Pronouns
 * Je me suis parlé.||I spoke to myself.
 * Il ma parlé.'||He spoke to me.
 * }
 * Il ma parlé.'||He spoke to me.
 * }

2. The House of Être: Most verbs form the passé composé with avoir, however there are a small number of verbs that are always conjugated with être. Seventeen special intransitive verbs take être (four of which can also take avoir, as explained below).

 * A useful mnemonic to help you remember these is "DR.MRS.VANDERTRAMPP". Because all of these verbs except mourir, naître and rester are also verbs of movement (but be careful! not all movement verbs take être!), many also find it useful to draw a house with the verbs being acted out ("The House of Être").

2.a. Exceptions Note that there are four verbs above that are followed by a star (sortir, descendre, monter, passer). When a direct object is used with these verbs, the auxiliary verb becomes avoir.

Francés/Gramática/El verbo/Tiempos/Le passé composé

title: French/Grammar/Tenses/Present perfect


text:
Serbo-Croatian stream

Purpose of the Stream
Major: If all units in this stream are completed, it will be the equivalent of a Major

Minor: If all units up to level X in this stream are completed, it will be the equivalent of a Minor

Units in the Stream
...
 * Course code: Unit name

Participants
(imported from Wikibooks)

Serbo-Croatian

 * 1) --Ђорђе Д. Божовић 23:17, 11 November 2005 (UTC) (native speaker. Here's some advice: Knowing Serbo-Croatian language would mean that you know Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian, too, because those are not different languages, but one single language which is called in four different ways. Some small differences really exist between these languages, but Serbo-Croatian covers all the variants, and it is the most of all recommended for learning. See Serbo-Croatian Textbook and Introduction to Serbo-Croatian for further information about these languages and their "differences".)

Serbian

 * 1) --Ђорђе Д. Божовић 23:17, 11 November 2005 (UTC) (native speaker. See Serbian Language Textbook)

Croatian

 * 1) --Ђорђе Д. Божовић 23:17, 11 November 2005 (UTC) (native speaker)
 * 2) --Tomica 19:22, 25 April 2006 (UTC) Native speaker

Bosnian

 * 1) --Ђорђе Д. Божовић 23:17, 11 November 2005 (UTC) (native speaker, but I recommend to others not to start learning Bosnian, but Serbian or Croatian first, because knowing Serbian or Croatian means that you also know Bosnian very well. That's a friendly and teacher's advice. See this page for further information on the Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian languages relation)

Wikibooks
Learning this beautiful South Slavic language would open the whole spectre of opportunities for learning other Slavic languages, such as Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, Slovenian, Czech, etc. The Serbian Wikibook offers an introduction to the language, a grammar of the language, and many lessons and text for reading and practicing Serbian/Serbo-Croatian.

title: Serbo-Croatian stream


text:
User:ProfHerm

I am a Haitian-American inventor in New York City and a member of the faculty at the Polytechnic School of Engineering at New York University. I have been aggregating content on African American innovators since 2009. My goal is to improve the knowledge-base for people researching the economic contributions made by members of the African diaspora. I also research issues related to technology, Brooklyn, and Haiti. --ProfHerm (talk) 20:14, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

title: User:ProfHerm


text:
Lawrence Benjamin Brown

Lawrence Benjamin Brown (August 29, 1893 – December 25, 1972) was an American singer, composer and pianist born in Jacksonville, Florida. He is best known for his arrangements of Negro spirituals, many of which he performed as accompanist for Paul Robeson, performing on piano and singing harmony.

Early life
Lawrence was raised by his father, Clark Benjamin Brown, and his stepmother, Cenia Brown. Lawrence's birth mother died when he was three years old. Clark and his father were formerly enslaved.

Education and early career
Brown's first music teacher was William Riddick, and was sent to study his principal instrument, piano, in Boston, Massachusetts. He worked as an elevator operator to make up for the costs his scholarships did not cover. He made his debut as a concert accompanist for tenor Sydney Woodward, and was later discovered by tenor Roland Hayes, with whom he toured from 1918 to 1923, including a performance at Buckingham Palace in 1921. While in England, he attended Trinity College for advanced training, where he received education in composition from Amanda Aldridge. In addition to piano and vocal arrangements, he performed string arrangements with cellist Beatrice Harrison at Wigmore Hall.

Folk songs and spirituals
Following the publication of some of his arrangements of Negro spirituals in James Weldon Johnson's Book of American Negro Spirituals, Brown published his own Negro Folk Songs in 1930. His arrangements were performed by Paul Robeson in concert in 1925 at the Greenwich Village Theatre, and he continued a professional relationship and friendship with Robeson for the next 40 years accompanying each other in tours of Show Boat, with Brown harmonizing with his tenor voice. They toured internationally, including in Paris, London, Ireland, for the King of Spain and the Prince of Wales.

Recordings with Paul Robeson
Robeson and Brown recorded many of Brown's arrangements on RCA Victor Records, including "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen", "Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child", and "Joe Hill". "Ballad for Americans" was an international success for the team. The two toured together with the USO during World War II. Brown did significant research for Robeson's projects, and actively sought folk music from around the world. He was frequently contacted by conductors seeking obscure folk music. He also had relationships with writers Lloyd Louis Brown and Langston Hughes. His friendship with Robeson and his wife, Eslanda ("Essie") Cardozo Goode Robeson, was challenged when Paul was blacklisted. Brown retired in 1963 after Robeson's career ended.

Personal life
Brown never married, and lived in Harlem for the last 47 years of his life. Saint Martin's Episcopal Church in Harlem honored Brown with a memorial concert in February 1973.

In his 2017 book, Fighting Proud, in the chapter dedicated to Ken Johnson, historian Stephen Bourne lists Brown as one of the many jazz musicians, whose homosexuality "has not been fully acknowledged."

title: Lawrence Benjamin Brown


text:
User:Connorisreal/sandbox

Society3256

Their is not much known about Society3256,therefore I'll be short. Society3256 has in 2020 sent out emails to various people containing a black image with a blue outline and in the middle, words, words saying "We Are Society3256 You Have Been Invited". People who have tried to reply to the invite don't get a response. It is unknown if Society3256 is something sinister or evil, though people who see this cryptic message say they find it disturbing.

title: User:Connorisreal/sandbox


text:
Ruth Elizabeth Rouse

Ruth Elizabeth Rouse (born January 30, 1963, Parish of St. David, Grenada) is a diplomat who served as the Grenadian Permanent Representative to the United Nations, High Commissioner to the UK, and Non-Resident High Commissioner to the Republic of South Africa. In January 2020, she was named Secretary to the Grenada Cabinet.

She earned an MA in diplomatic studies from the University of Westminster in the United Kingdom and a BA in French and Spanish from Carleton University in Canada.

title: Ruth Elizabeth Rouse


text:
Indonesian/prefix me

A form of Indonesian Conjugation

Awalan me- (Prefix me-)
Prefix me- is used to form active verbs. You may combine any nouns, any adjective, numbers, and even verbs themselves to form another verb.

Prefixing any words with me- would require a minor spelling change (inflection) in order to facilitate a smooth transition in pronunciation. The inflection is based solely on the first letter of the original word. This is an example of consonant mutation. See the table below.

Note:
 * Since original Indonesian words have no q, x, and z, the inflection is adapted from the existing ones. The q and x words would follow g rules, z words would follow j words.
 * Other initial letters (l, m, n, r, w, and y) don't have spelling changes.
 * If the word is monosyllabic (only has one syllable), regardless of the first letter of the word, the me- always turns into menge-, then add the word. For example:
 * cat (= paint) → mengecat (= to paint),
 * bor (= boring tool / drill) → mengebor (= to make a hole with drill).

Me- + Kata Kerja (Me- + Verb)
Verbs can be combined with me- prefix. The meaning is exactly the same as the infinitive. The semantics may be different depending on the type of verbs. To refresh our mind -- there are two kinds of verbs in Indonesian:
 * Transitive verbs (verbs that can have objects)
 * Intransitive verbs (verbs that cannot have objects, [almost] equivalent to reflexive verbs)

Me- + Kata Kerja Transitif (Me- + Transitive Verbs)
Transitive verbs can not be used in a sentence in their infinitive forms, except for a few words (e.g. makan (= to eat), minum (= to drink)). So, in order to use it, you must conjugate it with me- or some other prefixes.

Example:
 * Aku memakan roti (= I eat [a slice of] bread)
 * Dia menulis buku (= He/she writes [a] book(s))

Me- + Kata Kerja Intransitif (Me- + Intransitive Verbs)
Unlike transitive verbs, only a few of intransitive verbs can be conjugated with me-. Example:
 * Dia menangis (= He/she cries)

Most intransitive verbs must be used in their infinitive forms (e.g. tidur (= to sleep)) or use other affixes.

Note that, the sense of transitivity is not the same with other languages like Spanish. Here the word tari (= to dance) is considered intransitive.
 * Wati menari (= Wati dances)

Me- + Kata Benda (Me- + Noun)
When me- prefix is combined with a noun, the new word could mean one of the following:

 To put the noun on some other noun cat (= paint) → mengecat (= to paint) e.g. Bapak mengecat tembok (= Father paint the wall). To indicate that the subject turns into the noun (most of the times, figuratively) batu (= stone) → membatu (= to turn to stone) e.g. Dia membatu (= He/she turns to stone [figuratively, to indicate that he/she doesn't move for hours]) kuping (= ear) → menguping (= to turn to ear [i.e. to eavesdrop])  To produce the noun sambal (= chili) → menyambal (= to make chili) Comment: Indonesian rarely use this notion, but Malay do. Indonesian people usually prefer the phrase "membuat sambal" instead. To do work with the noun bajak (= plow) → membajak (= to plow) Note: Membajak can also mean to hijack.

Note: The trickiest part of me- is when it is being combined with noun. Not all nouns can be combined with me- and the meaning is highly dependent on the culture.

Me- + Kata Sifat (Me- + Adjective)
When combined with adjective, the me- prefix indicates the subject changes more into or to turn to the indicated adjective. For example:

 * Besar (= big) → membesar (= to become bigger)
 * Kecil (= small) → mengecil (= to become smaller)
 * Panas (= hot) → memanas (= to become hotter)
 * Panjang (= long) → memanjang (= to become longer)
 * Putih (= white) → memutih (= to turn white)
 * Kuning (= yellow) → menguning (= to turn yellow)

Note: Adjective that describes emotions cannot be combined with me-.

Me- + Kata Bilangan (Me- + Numbers)
The only numbers that can be conjugated with me- are satu (= one) and dua (= two).

 * Satu → menyatu (= to unite)
 * Dua → mendua (= to split into two) Perhatiannya mendua (= His attention is split into two [i.e. not focused]) Hatinya mendua (= His heart is split into two [i.e. not loyal])

Me- + Kata Tempat (Me- + Places)
When combined with places, me- would indicate that the subject is going to the said place.

 * Udara (= air) → mengudara (= to go to the air [for radio/tv program or airplane])
 * Laut (= sea) → melaut (= to go to the sea [for ships/sailors])
 * Darat (= ground/land) → mendarat (= to land [for ships/airplane])
 * Seberang (= across) → menyeberang (= to cross [the street, sea, river])

Me- + Kata Seru (Me- + Expletive)
Note that the expletives doesn't mean swear words here, but rather the words that mimic sounds. For example: "Moo", "Baa", "Quack", etc.

When expletives are combined with me-, it indicates that the subject produces the indicated sound.

 * Aum (= tiger roar) → mengaum (= to roar like tigers)
 * Lenguh (= moo) → melenguh (= to moo like cows)

title: Indonesian/prefix me


text:
cryoprotectant

Noun

 * 1)  Any substance (typically a polyhydric alcohol) that prevents cell damage on freezing

Translations

 * Italian:
 * Portuguese: crioprotetor
 * Russian: криопроте́ктор

title: cryoprotectant


text:
Fatim Badjie

Fatim Badjie (born November 13, 1983) is a Gambian entrepreneur.

Born in Banjul, Badjie is the daughter of Dembo M. Badjie, who served as Gambia's ambassador to Sierra Leone, India and China for a time; she is a member of the Jola tribe, and was educated at the Gambia Senior Secondary School and in Belgium before attending Tennessee State University and receiving a bachelor's degree in communication and later a master's degree from University of Manchester in ICT for development. She was employed at Comium Gambia, a cellphone company, as senior communications officer. In March 2008 she was appointed Minister of Communications, Information and Information Technology, replacing Neneh Macdouall-Gaye in the position. At the time, she was the youngest person ever appointed to the Gambian cabinet. She lost her ministry a year later, but was later named Minister of Health and Social Welfare. She has been a member of Sigma Gamma Rho sorority since 2003. She currently runs a communication and program management consultancy firm called Ace Communications Executive (ACE).

title: Fatim Badjie


text:
User:K.Lip/sandbox

Article Evaluation
The Wikipedia article which is being evaluated here is the flehmen response. Throughout the article everything seemed concise with the topic. However, at the end there is a subheading " Similar responses'; this section did not add anything to the article topic. It was more of a "fun fact" which the article would be fine with or without it being there. The article does a great job at keeping non-biased and giving the reader a lot of different information on the flehming response. It does not persuade the reader into thinking there is only one stimuli to cause this response. The article gives enough details in each section for the reader to get a good general idea of this behaviour. There are some sections which would be nice to have a bit more detail, for example "mammals exhibiting flehmen"; however, finding the resources for this can be challenging which is understandable. When referring to the references some of the links are broken and will give you an error page or a page which is the home page of the website not the original post that this article is referring to. The links of the references that do work can be confirmed that they do support the subject when cited. Some sources also seem more reliable than others (targeted towards one species), but this article does a good job at not making one animal the main topic. It does recognize other species which does this behaviour. Looking at when some of the references are published, majority are within the last 10 years, however there are a few which are over 10 years old which could be outdated by now. It would perhaps be beneficial to check to see if there are any newer findings on this topic which could be added or supplement what is already expressed in the article.

In the talk section one users mentions there are some non-mammals that may exhibit this flehming behaviour. Another user mentions what was mentioned above, if including the " similar response" subheading is necessary. Other users express concern if some pictures are representing what flehming looks like in certain animals.

The article is rated as a c-class on the quality scale and low importance.

Possible article topics
Some possible article topics which is of interest:

Tail wagging by dogs - Which is a stub article that I can make additions to. What I could add to the article:

The important of the tail for when dogs are defensive. How the positioning is important. How wagging behaviour is important for understanding the dogs emotions.Tail wagging is not only important in dogs but in wolfs as well to indicate it is not threatening a dominant male. The speed of the tail wagging and the height of the tail also helps read the feelings of the dog. Adding more pictures to let the reader better understand the tail positioning and the meanings. Give greater detail in the differences of tail wagging.

Body language of dogs- Another stub article. Describing the different poses of dogs which one can read its body language.Position of tail and what may be associated with it. Could add more detail in each given section of how the posture, ear direction and tail indicates the dogs emotions. Also the importance of reading the whole body language and not just a particular section of the dog.

Egg tossing (behaviour)- Can give more examples of which birds do this behaviour as well as those brood parasitic species. Add what the reasoning may be for communal breeding. The benefits of doing egg tossing behaviour and the disadvantages. https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/11/3/334/229784/Evolutionary-routes-to-joint-female-nesting-in

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347208001371?via%3Dihub

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347280800686

Chosen Topic
Egg tossing (behaviour) will be the article I will add information to. This stub article already gives small detail about this behaviour. What could be added to this article are the reasons why some birds do this behaviour, how egg tossing may be prevented in some species, if the males are the ones who will incubate the eggs and not females. What groups this behaviour is usually osbserved in and how this behaviour may affect the amount of offspring that survive. Will also discuss that this is not only a common practice in communal breeding species but in brood parasites and can give some examples.

Bibliography :

Brown, Charles R.; Brown, Mary Bomberger (1988). "The Costs and Benefits of Egg Destruction by Conspecifics in Colonial Cliff Swallows". The Auk. 105(4): 737–748. doi:10.2307/4087387. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4087387.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A874b9f0e42671dde8885412f88d5efcf

Craig, John L. (1980-05-01). "Pair and group breeding behaviour of a communal gallinule, the pukeko, Porphyrio P. Melanotus". Animal Behaviour. 28 (2): 593–603. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80068-6. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347280800686

"Cooperative Breeding". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-02. https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Cooperative_Breeding.html

Koenig, Walter D.; Dickinson, Janis L. (2004-04-22). Ecology and Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds. Cambridge University Press. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>996. https://books.google.ca/books?id=wz93GCISCWMC&pg=PA190&lpg=PA190&dq=egg+tossing+in+birds&source=bl&ots=qeYmd3XUsC&sig=PrroSXbFCtLdD9Do0tnxaNB5CyQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiW47bD9NHWAhXJZCYKHSCeAg8Q6AEIXzAM#v=onepage&q=egg%20tossing%20in%20birds&f=false

Schmaltz, Gregory; Quinn, James S.; Lentz, Cindy (2008-07-01). "Competition and waste in the communally breeding smooth-billed ani: effects of group size on egg-laying behaviour". Animal Behaviour. 76(1): 153–162. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.12.018.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347208001371?via%3Dihub

Vehrencamp, Sandra L. (2000-05-01). "Evolutionary routes to joint-female nesting in birds". Behavioral Ecology. 11 (3): 334–344. ISSN 1045-2249. doi:10.1093/beheco/11.3.334. https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/11/3/334/229784/Evolutionary-routes-to-joint-female-nesting-in

Improving an existing article/draft
Since the article chosen is a stub page everything present is underrepresented. I would like to add a lot more detail on somethings that are already mentioned and add information that is missing: Adding a better definition of what egg tossing behaviour is, giving examples of species that do this that are not brood parasites. Adding examples of the benefits or consequences of a specific specie. Adding why communal breeding does occur and why it may promote egg tossing behaviour. A small section of brood parasitism will be added, but will not be expanded on since there is already a detailed page on wikipedia.

Everything that is present on the article is relevant to the behaviour, it just lacks content. The references that are used in the article are reliable resources allowing this article to be neutral, some though are from the 1990's and hoping to bring some more recent resources to the page. There is no comments on the talk page besides what I have recently added for suggestions. Overall the article is a good base to get started on but needs some additions to complete this topic. Adding some pictures of the behaviour can make the page more attracting to readers.

Egg tossing (behaviour)
Egg tossing or egg destruction is a behaviour observed in some species of birds where one individual removes an egg from the communal nest ; which is related to infanticide. This behaviour is observed in avian species, most commonly the females, who are involved with cooperative breeding or brood parasitism. During co-nesting, before a bird starts laying its own eggs, it tosses out other eggs laid previously by another female. As a result, the last egg-layers may contribute more eggs to the common nest : this increase the chances that newly laid eggs, which are genetically closer to the female, receive a better chance of survival .It was concluded that in some species, egg-tossing is a strategy of clutch coordination: eggs are tossed until all birds in the common nest are ready to proceed with brooding. Preventing early egg-layers from dominating reproduction.

Performing this behaviour will increase the offspring per individual compared to those in single pairs.

Reasons why communal breeding occurs: environmental restrictions, small number of females in the population or vice versa, and reduced resources in the environment.

Species that display this behaviour
Some examples of communal breeders that demonstrate the egg tossing behaviour are: ostriches, grooved-bill anis, acorn woodpeckers, the gray-breasted jay , the guira cuckoo and smoothed-bill anis.

Advantages and disadvantages

Communal breeding, when there are several females in the group have shown that the amount of eggs produced per individual are greater in comparison to single female groups. Reasoning behind this is due to the higher competition between females to have their own eggs be successfully hatched and from the large amount of egg loss.

The acorn woodpecker showed that when in a group of 7-8 individuals, the success rate of reproduction increased, but would decrease is the size of the group increased. Was also observed that when there was two females in the clutch this success would decrease compared to a single female clutch since there is a higher competitive and conflict rate.

In the guira cuckoo up to 7 females share a nest and perform egg tossing behaviour. Eggs that are laid in the early period egg production are more likely to be tossed out of the nest by another female, however this behaviour is observed throughout the period. When the group size increases the egg tossing behaviour does not increase since this behaviour because it is most commonly seen in the early stages of egg laying.

Laying eggs late to prevent their eggs to be tossed can have a negative impact on the offspring. Late egg laying causes later hatching which increases the probability of death. These late chicks will be smaller than their nest mates making it a disadvantage.

Adaptations
In the acorn woodpecker it has been observed that due to the egg destruction behaviour it causes the egg laying to be synchronized between females. This synchronization of egg laying allows for all females to have the same opportunity to have a similar number of eggs in the nest. The larger the communal breeding group is the longer it takes for the synchronization to occur.

Ostriches are usually found in a group of two to seven and there is only one major hen which will incubate the nest with the single male. The female ostriches will lay their eggs at the same time leads to having too many eggs in the nest. The major hen is able to detect which eggs belong to her and will push the other eggs on the perimeter of the nest which is not looked after. This adaption of abandoning these eggs protects the well kept eggs from predation.

Competition varies between species due to their different life history. In the guiro cuckoo it is common for the females to have multiple nests during a breeding season, where as the smooth billed anis, renesting is not commonly seen; causing a higher competition rate to get to the nest.

In the grooved bill anis and in the guira cuckoo, these species will stop tossing eggs once they have started to produce eggs in the nest. This behaviour prevents them from unknowingly toss one of their own eggs out of the nest.

Egg tossing by brood parasites
A slightly different behavior is that of brood parasite birds, such as some species of cuckoos: the cuckoo chick may toss host's eggs and even host's chicks out of the nest.

Another brood parasite that exhibits egg tossing is the cowbird.

Peer Review by mam045
Your article is looking good so far, I look forward to reading the final draft. It's great that you found so many resources on the topic and that they are all from reputable sources. I think that the one of most important part about these articles is organization and how we divide the article up into smaller parts. I like that there is a section on brood parasitism but maybe you could add other sections. For example, reasons for egg tossing, ecological impacts and examples of species that exhibit this behaviour could be possible sub sections. Once you decide on the structure of the article you could incorporate a sentence or two about each of them in the lead section so the reader will know exactly what is to follow. The article seems very neutral which is good, using a lot of resources helps contribute to neutrality. It's also great that you linked words to other wiki articles. This will help the reader to understand egg tossing.

Overall awesome work and I'm excited to read the final draft!

title: User:K.Lip/sandbox


text:
Talk:Wikispecies

Wikispecies
Failed RFV, but linked to by the widely transcluded. (We can always remove that link from and consider the problem solved, but I'd like to get other editors' opinions before doing that.) —RuakhTALK 04:48, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that template should either link to the Wikipedia article on Wikispecies, or an "about" page on Wikispecies, anyway. Dmcdevit·t 05:09, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep. Erm, isn't this linked from [Main Page]?  --Connel MacKenzie 06:16, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I hope not. The main page links to, well, Wikispecies. Even the huge Oxford English Dictionary doesn't define itself or related projects in teh dictionary, though it might talk a lot about itself on its (non-dictionary) website. Self-references should be limited to non-mainspace, or places where they are legitimately needed. Making an exception to CFI is distasteful enough, making an exception for ourselves is just embarassing. Dmcdevit·t 23:35, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I completely disagree. These are linked from all over WMF projects, not just Wiktionary.  The  tag is precisely for this type of entry, that can't reasonably be explained anywhere else.  The deletion seems incredibly unwarranted, as you suggested a MOVE to the Wiktionary namespace, anyhow.  Furthermore, how did this (or any other) fail RFV?  Certainly published news outlets have discussed each of these at length; usenet must have an astonishing volume of references as well.  --Connel MacKenzie 18:46, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, these should be kept. —Stephen 20:48, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm surprised at you Connel. You think there is an attributive sense of "Wikispecies"? Wikipedia has been used as a verb like Google; Wikispecies has not. You honestly think that the Wiktionary definition of Wikispecies is linked from all over WMF? That sounds very optimistic, and rather illogical, too. Dmcdevit·t 05:55, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * While perhaps inconsistent, not illogical; I think you've misread why I think they need to be here. Interproject links quite naturally will link here for definitions of WMF projects, and Wikipedia for long explanations (plus flamewars, statistics, etc.)  Looking at WikiCharts, it seems clear that these are looked up frequently, no matter how obvious they seem to us.  Lastly, the translation links, pronunciation, etymology, derived terms and related terms belong here; they would be more than a little awkward in the Wiktionary: namespace.  --Connel MacKenzie 16:12, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Wikispecies
Needs to meet WT:BRAND, based on the same merits as Talk:Wikisource and Talk:Wikimedia. TeleComNasSprVen 22:37, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wikispecies


text:
Eden Bleazard

Eden Emma Bleazard (1 March 1855 – 13 May 1946) was a visual artist from New Zealand. She won three awards from the Auckland Society of Arts in 1887.

Early life
Bleazard was born in Auckland, New Zealand and the daughter of Robert Bleazard, a merchant. Her sister, Clara Bleazard was also an artist, and growing up they made several trips to Europe together. Bleazard and her sister were pupils of Alfred Sharpe, whose influence can be seen in Eden's early paintings.

Career
A large watercolor made by Bleazard in 1873 of her family house in Mount Eden provided an early indication of her talent as an artist. She exhibited with the Auckland Society of Arts between 1881 and 1897 and won three first awards from the society, including a prize for design in 1887. Her works include Tara Tara Mountain, Whangaroa Harbor (1884).

title: Eden Bleazard


text:
Talk:David Marshall (British politician)

UK/Scottish
I'm sure this is contentious, but would it not be appropriate to call him a UK politician, since he is an MP in the UK parliament, not in the Edinburgh parliament? <IP_ADDRESS> 12:09, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
 * One year later... I agree with the above suggestion. :) It seems this article was moved to its current name for disambiguation reasons, but as far as I'm aware, there is no other British politician by the name of David Marshall who he could be confused with. As the IP above mentions, he is an MP for the Westminster Parliament, not the Scottish Parliament, therefore 'British politician' seems a more accurate description. I will move the page back to its original title. Terraxos (talk) 22:53, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Agree. Also, if this is true, expect heavy editing of this page over the next few days. DWaterson (talk) 23:36, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Talk:Zig (programming language)

Untitled
Hello, Fell free to share the Zig programming language resources in this talk page. Charmk (talk) 13:17, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

SIGCOV and NSOFT
Per WP:SIGCOV and WP:NSOFT, please list all places where Zig has had significant coverage in reliable secondary sources. Please do not include citations to anything published by the Zig developers themselves (including press releases reproduced elsewhere), YouTube videos, blog posts, or any other self published sources. Those are useful for writing articles but do not establish notability. Thanks! --Guy Macon (talk) 14:57, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Personally I didn't found any reference to Zig in things like ACM, Arxive, MIT, ZDNET…Maybe more investigation might help to find more, but the only document that I found and that possibly matches the just recalled criteria is https://jaxenter.com/zig-language-kelley-interview-138517.html Psychoslave (talk) 16:04, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Delete
The of the article is poorly sourced (WP:NOTRELIABLE/WP:BLOG) and bear little WP:NOTABILITY: has little coverage. So far I was able only to find a couple of sources which doesn't seem to be reliable (one is already sourced). I propose to delete this article. Objections? -- AXO NOV  (talk) ⚑ 12:32, 6 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Did you read the previous deletion discussion? —Dexxor (talk) 05:35, 7 May 2021 (UTC)
 * It was closed (and only one opinion actually bears real WP:WEIGHT out there). I think we should reopen it a bit later. I also don't think we should document every new LLVM frontend (with only 3 primary sources for an entire article) either. If removed, I propose to make a brief note of the Zig in respective LLMV article (there is enough sources for that) as a compromise. --  AXO NOV  (talk) ⚑ 20:06, 7 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm objecting as Zig is far more than an LLVM frontend; The current main focus of Zig development is the self hosted compiler (planned for 0.9.0 which is scheduled for approximately 6 months away), which features its own native object-code outputs. Zig also has its own in-progress lld/gnu-compatible linker. LLVM is currently an optional dependency for the Stage 2 compiler and will likely remain that way; The project as a whole does not need LLVM; Some details on "Zig's New Relationship with LLVM" can be found here: https://kristoff.it/blog/zig-new-relationship-llvm/. Calling Zig an LLVM frontend is largely missing the point, it is in equal parts a language and a modern native toolchain. Sobeston (talk) 12:41, 28 May 2021 (UTC)

Bun (JavaScript runtime)
Bun is a JavaScript and TypeScript runtime written in Zig, and is based on the JavaScript core (the Safari engine) instead of V8. This is quite notable and should be listed. -- Ke ya com  (💬 | 🖊) 17:23, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

MOS for Lead
A major lead edit was just completed with the intent that the lead reads like it is part of a encyclopedic article. The previous version was too promotional. Nxavar (talk) 10:23, 7 April 2023 (UTC)

 * The entire article reads like promotional material to me. I think we should add the "this article reads like an ad" template at the top, but I'm not well-versed enough in Wikipedia to know which template that is... Wyverald (talk) 14:43, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

Nuances in Lead
Comparing Zip to Carbon was quite nuanced and for this reason it was removed from lead. Rust was kept as a more similar alternative. Nxavar (talk) 10:34, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Now Go, Rust and Carbon are mentioned as Zig alternatives that are also C++ replacements, with a source for that claim for each language. All come from someone involved in the language evolution as a designer and/or core developer. Two are blog posts, one is a YouTube video. Nxavar (talk) 12:52, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

Creation date
I somehow find it hard to believe that Zig was created in 1939. I couldn't find it anywhere in the source cited, but I don't think Andrew Kelley is a cyborg to work on something for 84 years <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:28, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you for fixing it <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:38, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

0.11 going on 0.12
Today 6 March, the article writes "Since version 0.10 the (new default) ... still an option but will not be in version 0.11." I am not certain about the facts, but I believe this could be simplified as:

The Zig compiler has been self-hosted since version 0.10, i.e., written in the same Zig programming language. The older legacy bootstrapping compiler, written in C++, was no longer an option after version 0.11.

Alexgenaud (talk) 17:00, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

General Purpose or System Programming language.
The opening statement says the language is a general purpose programming language. And then ends by saying it is a system programming language. If it is targeted as a system programming language it should say "but also could be used as a general programming language". If targeted as a general programming language it should say "but is especially suited for systems programming". Wickorama (talk) 01:53, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zig (programming language)


text:
Bremont

Bremont Watch Company Limited is a luxury aviation-themed British watchmaker based in England. Annual production is approximately 10,000 pieces for an approximate annual revenue of £40 million.

History
Bremont was founded by brothers Nick and Giles English. The brothers had gained mechanical experience from their father Dr Euan English. This evolved from clock assembly, and aeroplane and yacht construction. On 4 March 1995 Euan English was killed and Nick was badly injured when their World War II-vintage Harvard aircraft crashed during a training flight for an air show. The crash spurred the brothers to purchase North Weald Flying Services and after working there together they decided to create their own watch company.

In 2021, the company opened the Bremont Manufacturing & Technology Centre, known as "The Wing" outside Henley-on-Thames, a 35,000-square-foot manufacturing facility where it machines components and assembles timepieces. At full capacity, the company expects The Wing can manufacture up to 50,000 watches annually, which would be five times their current output. The company estimates The Wing and the machinery cost more than £25 million ($34 million).

Awards
Since its founding, Bremont have received awards in various fields: Watch Pro ‘Watch Company Of The Year’ 2019; HSBC Global Connections, overall winner, 2013; UK Retail Jewellery Awards, Luxury Watch Brand Of The Year and Store Design Of The Year 2013; Watch Pro ‘Luxury Watch Of The Year’ 2012; Luxury Briefing Awards, ‘Breakthrough Brand’, 2012; UK Jewellery Awards, ‘Watch Brand of the Year Award’, 2011; Walpole British Luxury ‘Best Emerging British Luxury Brand’ 2008.

Military
Bremont has created a number of special-edition watches for serving or former members of the armed forces, based on its commercial models. Purchases of these watches are restricted to people who have flown in the subject aircraft, served in the military units commemorated or, in one case, served on board a particular warship.

Bremont have been a long-time supporter of the armed services through its work with Help for Heroes, The Royal British Legion and official supporter of the UK Team for the Invictus Games. This relationship culminated in the launch of a completely new HMAF range of watches following an agreement which sees Bremont given the license to use signs, symbols, and Heraldic Badges from all three branches of Britain’s Armed Forces.

title: Bremont


text:
Template:Courts and tribunals established in decade category header/doc

Creates a category of the form "Courts and tribunals established in the YYY0s", where YYY0s is a 4-digit decade

e.g.
 * Category:Courts and tribunals established in the 1820s
 * Category:Courts and tribunals established in the 1970s

Usage
No parameters needed


text:
Talk:Tokyo Dome Live in Concert

Tracklisting
As per WikiProject Albums/Album article style guide, This album should be listed as 2 discs in the tracklisting. The primary releases are CD and digital, both of which are organized in two discs with two different lists. See https://itunes.apple.com/album/tokyo-dome-in-concert/id962237585. — DLManiac (talk) 17:44, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tokyo Dome Live in Concert


text:
Woodleaf, North Carolina

Woodleaf is an unincorporated community in Unity Township, Rowan County, North Carolina, United States. The community is located on North Carolina Highway 801, 9.5 mi northwest of Salisbury. Woodleaf has a post office with ZIP code 27054.

History
The Mount Vernon site and St. Andrew's Episcopal Church and Cemetery are located near the Woodleaf community and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Wood Leaf post office was established on September 4, 1855. The first post master was Daniel Wood. The post office name was changed to Woodleaf in 1877.

title: Woodleaf, North Carolina


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/intoleranceagainstchristians.eu

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Additions

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text:
sbrigati

Verb

 * 1) get a move on!, get moving!, come on!
 * 1) get a move on!, get moving!, come on!

title: sbrigati


text:
Talk:Predrag Danilović

External links modified
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I have just modified 3 external links on Predrag Danilović. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Predrag Danilović