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User:Swalk22/sandbox

Homologous Desensitization (intro from article)
Homologous desensitization occurs when a receptor decreases its response to an agonist at high concentration. It is the process whereby, after prolonged agonist exposure, the receptor is uncoupled from its signaling cascade and thus the biological effect of receptor activation is attenuated. Homologous desensitization should not be confused with heterologous desensitisation, which is a different process whereby receptor stimulation results in desensitization of other, usually non active, receptors on the same cell. They are sometimes denoted as agonist-dependent and agonist-independent desensitization respectively. While heterologous desensitization occurs rapidly at low concentration, homologous desensization shows a dose dependent response and usually begins at significantly higher concentrations than its counterpart.

Homologous desensitization serves as a mechanism for Tachyphylaxis and helps organisms to maintain homeostasis. The process of homologous desensitization has been extensively studied utilizing G protein–coupled receptor s (GPCRs), thus, they are the focus of this article. While the different mechanisms for desensitization are still being characterized, there are currently 3 known mechanisms: uncoupling of receptors to associated G proteins, endocytosis, and degredatation/downregulation of receptor expression. The degredation and downregulation of receptors is often also associated with drug tolerance since it has a longer onset, from hours to days. It has been shown that these mechanisms can happen independent of one another, but that they usually do influence each other in some way. This has lead to an issue in characterizing each mechanism individually, since the mechanisms might be very different in vivo from the in vitro experiments. In addition to the in vivo complications, studies show that the same receptor expressed in different cell types will be desensitized by different mechanisms.

Mechanisms
In general for GPCRs, each mechanism for homologous desensitization will begin by receptor phosphorylation by an associated G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK). GRKs selectively stimulate activated receptors such that no heterogeneous desensitization comes from this pathway. This phosphorylation then acts to recruit other proteins, such as Arrestin s, that help achieve one or more of the following mechanisms.

Receptor Uncoupling (maybe call phosphorylation... I just feel its miselading. Thoughts?)
Receptor uncoupling/phosphorylation is the most rapid form of desensitization that happens within a cell as its effects are seen within seconds to minutes of agonist application. Since the ß2 adrenergic receptor was the first to have its desensitization studied and characterized, it will serve as the example for this discussion. The mechanism of desensitization involves the action of a specific GRK, denoted ßARK, and also ß-arrestins. The ß-arrestins show high affinity for receptors that are both phosphorylated and activated, but are still able to bind non-phosphorylated receptors with a lower affinity. Additionally, ß-arrestins are better at inactivating ßARK phosphorylated receptors rather than PKA phosphorylated receptors, which suggests that the arrestins preferentially mediate homologous desensitization.

Keep what was previously there, change the mechanism to a mechanism.

Endocytosis/Sequestration (I could add tyrosine kinase receptors here, which have a more concrete mechanism)
In contrast to the mechanism presented above, endocytosis does not happen in one clear pathway. GCPR endocytosis has shown to be either dependent or independent of arrestin activity, depending on the cell type used in the experiment; however, the former is more common. Furthermore, the same receptor expressed in two distinct cell types can be endocytosed in two mechanism due to differences in GRK and arrestin expression: through Clathrin-coated vesicles and caveolae. In general, receptor sequestration preferentially affects receptors that are both activated and phosphorylated, but the phosphorylation is not always a necessary component to endocytosis. After being sequestered, the affected receptors can either be degraded by lysosomes or reinserted into the plasma membrane, which is called recycling.

Post-translational modification also affect receptor endocytosis. For example, different glycosylations on the exterior N terminus of dopmine receptors D2 and D3 were associated with specific endocytic pathways. Additionally, palmitoylation, which primarily helps with receptor localization to the membrane, can also affect endocytosis. It is required for the endcytosis of TRH and D3 receptors, it is inhibitory for LH and V1A receptors, and it has shown to have no affect on adrenergic receptors (specifically ß2 and α1).

Notes about additional references

 * 1) "G-protein-coupled receptor regulation: role of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins"
 * 2) * phosphorylation most rapid. Used in neurons especially at synapses.
 * 3) * Once again, some receptors neeed GRK's and others don't. olfactory and visual are sensitive to GRK mutations.
 * 4) * GRKs normally receive modifications, upon stimulation, that signal translocation to the cell membrane. (for GRK 1-3, GRKs 4-6 are usually close to membrane w/o agonist). (I could choose to make a table w/ the GRK's but that should go on the GRK page...)
 * 5) ** Arrestins associate after GRKs 1-3, but GRKs 4-6 still unknown (at this time since old review paper). Make sure to provide a link to arrestins! (lots of info on that pg)
 * 6) * Although GRK's are able to phosphorylae many sites, thought that only the initial is necessary for the signal.
 * 7) * Unkown how arrestins associate/move towards the membrane. Arrestins prefer activated, but also bind phosphorylated receptors, even if not active.
 * 8) ** Divergent sequences at N and C termini. C terminal domain thought to give specificity.
 * 9) * endocytosis happens via clathrin and caveolae.
 * 10) "Regulatory Mechanisms that modulate signalling by G-protein Coupled receptors"
 * 11) * have 3 intracellular loops + C terminal tail.
 * 12) * ßARKs highly expressed in post-synaptic neurons. suggests importance of function, physiologically.
 * 13) * Arrestins can bind non-phosphorylated channels, but with lower affinity.
 * 14) * Article also talks about non GPCRs, specifically receptors that are cleaved when they're activated. They are endocytosed and cannot be recycled (ofc)
 * 15) ** mentions specific domains for endocytosis. I don't think this is relevant for the wiki article
 * 16) * arrestins usually act w/ dynamin to form the clathrin mediated pits for endocytosis. Although overexpression can rescue internalization in dynamin- systems.
 * 17) * down regulation - long term. could maybe write another section about this.

References for possible topics

 * 1) "Rate of Homologous desensitization and Internalization of the GLP-1 Receptor."
 * 2) "Desensitization of the human 5-HT4 receptor in isolated atria of transgenic mice"
 * 3) "Multifactorial Regulation of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Endocytosis"
 * 4) "Evolving Concepts in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Endocytosis: The Role in Receptor Desensitization and Signaling" - actually a reveiw article about the subject
 * 5) For powerpointpresentation (this has the figure I used).

title: User:Swalk22/sandbox


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Talk:Agene process

Untitled
Med Hypotheses. 1998 Dec;51(6):477-81.

Did consumption of flour bleached by the agene process contribute to the incidence of neurological disease?

Shaw CA1, Bains JS.

Author information

Abstract

The present report proposes the hypothesis that increased levels of neurodegenerative disorders in humans may have arisen due to inclusion in the diet of methionine sulfoximine (MSO), a byproduct of the bleaching of flour by nitrogen trichloride. This method of bleaching, the 'agene process' was in use from early in the century and continued until at least 1949/1950. Estimates indicate that, at least in the UK, as much as 80% of all flour during this period was produced by this process. MSO acts directly to inhibit the production of two crucial molecules, glutathione (GSH) and glutamine. Decreases in GSH, a key antioxidant and free radical scavenger, diminish the body's antioxidant defenses and may lead to increased oxidative stress. Decreases in glutamine synthesis may act to increase free glutamate and give rise to increased levels of ammonia. Cells in the nervous system are particularly sensitive to a decline in either GSH or glutamine. The combined effects of decreases in these molecules, particularly with long-term exposure to MSO in bleached flour, may have had quite drastic effects on neuronal health and survival. The present hypothesis may provide clues to the etiology of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), suggesting that such disorders may arise in part due to toxic actions of some compounds in processed human foods.

Discussion at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Medicine
FYI for interested parties: there is a discussion at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Medicine about whether this article makes poorly sourced medical statements. Mamyles (talk) 16:36, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Agene process


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Template:Cathelp

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To add above note to a category's explanation text, click that category's edit tab and typing into the category explanation text.

It looks odd as rendered in this Template page but it does look right when rendered in a Category.

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Talk:Slough Cricket Club

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:07, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * U17 Winner Team.jpg

title: Talk:Slough Cricket Club


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Wikipedia:Media copyright questions/Archive/2015/February

Photo question
I have received a message about a photo on a page which I am building in my sandbox. I put in an explanation of why I felt it was ok to use the photo but have been told I need to put in a tag.

I was given a scan of the photo by the widower of the woman to whom Käthe Schuftan gave her photo. He knew I might be using it for publication, for example in the Halliday Review magazine which I edit (http://www.eugenehalliday.net/?page_id=123). I could ask him for further permission to put it on Wikipedia, if necessary. All parties, including Ms Schuftan, are or were friends of my family.

I am not sure which tag to use, please can you help me? Many thanks Hephzi (talk) 10:24, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

The message I received was - License tagging for File:Käthe Schuftan.jpeg

Thanks for uploading File:Käthe Schuftan.jpeg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information.

To add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click "Edit this page" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia. For help in choosing the correct tag, or for any other questions, leave a message on Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 19:05, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Hephzibah Yohannan (talk • contribs) 11:24, 31 January 2015

 * Simply you did not add a copyright tag to the image and we need to know under what licence the image is bring released. From the file page I see that you were given the image but that does not verify it is freely licenced, so you need to get the current copyright holder, who may be an heir, to verify their permission by following the procedure found at WP:CONSENT and the OTRS team will handle it. Make sure they give the name of the image, as you gave above, because it might have been deleted by the time an OTRS ticket is provided and they would then restore it. You also need to add a fully completed information template to the image. Good luck. ww2censor (talk) 12:34, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Do you know if the person who gave me the passport photo would be the copyright holder? He is alive. Both the subject of the photo and the person to whom she gave it, have died many years ago. On the other hand, I have managed to make contact with a distant relative of the subject of the photo. It appears to be a passport photo, so there isn't a way to contact the person who took it, in 1945. Hephzi (talk)

 * That could be a problem because at that time passport photos were usually taken by photo studios and they, or their heirs, would be the copyright holder though this does not really look like a passport photo. You will likely never find out who that was. Because Käthe Schuftan has been dead for almost 60 years we can occasionally use such images under the non-free policy. As a non-free media image you need to add a fully completed Non-free use rationale as well as the tag . Click on the template links to see how to use them. ww2censor (talk) 11:26, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

Topicon attribution
Template:Administrator topicon uses an image (File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg) that is released under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license, which means that it may be used only if the author is properly attributed. The author is Commons:User:ANGELUS. Yet, the image is not linked to its info page, which means that the author is not attributed in any way. So, using this template represents a copyright violation. How should we solve this problem? Vanjagenije (talk) 20:04, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't think we need to worry about that, I would say that there is no creative difference between that and File:Admin mop.PNG which had all rights assigned to the Wikimedia foundation. So there is no need to attribute. Perhaps an alt text that links to the description page is in order. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:16, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I think that we should either add alt text or use different image that does not need attribution. Vanjagenije (talk) 22:33, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

File:Tingqua - The studio of Tingqua - Google Art Project.jpg
I am not sure why this says "Do not move to Commons". I believe this is, because the artist died in 1870. Or is there an issue with ? (For the record, it was already copied at File:Shop of Tingqua, the painter.jpg.)  Anon 126   (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 01:57, 30 January 2015 (UTC)
 * It is not a copy. Note the language difference of the words on the ceiling. J e e  02:35, 30 January 2015 (UTC)
 * So Derivative work? --geageaTalk 03:05, 30 January 2015 (UTC)
 * IMO a set, the artist created a picture of his shop and a very similar picture of his studio, and I'd like to have the complete set on commons, if possible (cf. now commons vs. never commons.) –Be..anyone (talk) 05:53, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

I've transfered this image to Commons. If there is a problem, please let me know. Anon 126  (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 04:57, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Application icon on the Wikipedia
ConEmu application gets new icon recently. I've uploaded new logo, but it was marked to deletion due to "evidence of permission". The application was released under BSD license and I've updated Licensing section of File:ConEmu icon.png. Am I need to do something else? And is it possible to delete erroneous versions of this file? Second and third versions were uploaded by mistake. Maximus7792 (talk) 00:21, 28 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I have deleted the old revisions. The link you provided supports BSD New license. I am not sure that is suitable or not. But fair use is OK. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:09, 28 January 2015 (UTC)

 * For the record, the BSD licenses are considered free (and are accepted on Wikimedia Commons). But I can't seem to find this icon at the source. Maximus7792, at what path/location is this icon?  Anon 126   (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 20:17, 29 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Anon126, that is the project logo (upper-left corner of the project page). The icon itself is located here.Maximus7792 (talk) 08:20, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Google map Image
Google map Image: What would be the copyright tag for it? Ejaz92 (talk) 13:25, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Non-admin comment: Google maps are non-free content, and as such may not be used in Wikipedia. See their license here: www.google.com/intl/en_rs/help/terms_maps.html. Vanjagenije (talk) 15:44, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * And unless its something unique about how Google presents it, these would also fail WP:NFCC as we recommended the CC-compatible OpenStreetMaps for mapping purposes. --M ASEM (t) 15:49, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * In other words, you should use OpenStreetMap instead of Google Maps, because their free license is compatible with Wikipedia. Their license is here: www.openstreetmap.org/copyright. When uploaded to Wikimedia Commons, it may be tagged with Commons:Template:ODbL OpenStreetMap. (All free files should be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons, not to Wikipedia. Those files may then be used in Wikipedia articles without restrictions.) Vanjagenije (talk) 16:03, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Thanks for the guidance Ejaz92 (talk) 18:43, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Someone gave me a photo to use: what's all this about copyright?
A friend gave me a photo she took of someone I am writing about, and they both agree for that photo to be used in Wikipedia: as simple as that! What can I do to get round all this obscure copyrighting stuff I am being asked about? Thanks! Esaridak (talk) 11:36, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, first of all, free images should not be uploaded to Wikipedia, but to Wikimedia Commons. Commons is Wikipedia's sister project dedicated to hosting images and other files. Those images may be then used in Wikipedia. Wikimedia Commons is here: commons.wikimedia.org. You should ask your friend to send an e-mail to the OTRS team (permissions-commons@wikimedia.org). In that e-mail she should write that she agrees to release the photo under a free license. There is a pre-composed form that may be copied from here: WP:CONSENT. So, your friend just needs to copy the text of the message from WP:CONSENT, fill the form, attach the photo, and send it to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>It's not too complicated. After that, you don't need to wait for the answer, you may immediately upload the photo to Commons and tag it with OTRS pending. Vanjagenije (talk) 15:54, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

 * It might not be quite clear but the image must be freely licenced by your friend, which means it can be used by anyone for anything, even commercial or derivative use, not just use in Wikipedia. Good luck. ww2censor (talk) 16:30, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * And it might be simpler for your friend to upload the image herself. Then she can grant permission and license at that time, and not worry about OTRS. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 00:00, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Permission for an existing photograph of Murdoch Mitchison
I would like to add a picture of the late John Murdoch Mitchison to his wiki page. Specifically, this is the image am hoping to add.

https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqSearch=RefNo=='IM%2FGA%2FJGRS%2F8108'&dsqCmd=Show.tcl

I contacted the Royal Society and was told that the copyright is held by the estate of Godfrey Argent Studio, but that they could seek permission to use it if I could tell them "the rights clearance I require". Can someone tell me what I need to do in order to be able to add this image of Murdoch to his page? Do I need some statement from the estate or is there a label such as non-free content that applies in this case? Thank you.

Hoffmacs (talk) 10:26, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You need the copyright holder to give a permission to release the image under a free license. You can find an example of such a permission here: WP:CONSENT. I am not sure if that photo might be used as non-free content. WP:NFCCP tells that a non-free file may be used only if there is "no free equivalent available". Since this person died just a few years ago, a free equivalent may be easily available. Vanjagenije (talk) 12:48, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Copyright verification
New to Wikipedia editing: For the Wikipedia article 'Joseph Fleck', I have scanned images from 'The Life and Art of Joseph Fleck' by Joseph A. Fleck Jr., ISBN 0-9760045-8-5. Upon my fathers passing, I inherited the copyright. How do I covey this? Thanks!Jafleckiii (talk) 16:46, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You will still have to grant a free license. When you upload to commons you can add one of these templates:    or

Copyright status of republications of material in the public domain
I'd like to upload a copy of a cartoon which was first published in a US newspaper before 1923 (and so is in the public domain). Do I have to make my copy from the original publication or may I take a scan from a later book (not in the public domain) which reproduced the cartoon? Meters (talk) 03:35, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If you are sure that the cartoon was published before 1923, and that the reproduction is true and accurate, then you can scan the reproduction. Be sure that later captions, borders or other additions are cropped out. Cullen328  Let's discuss it  03:51, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Perfect. Thank you. Meters (talk) 03:52, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Image from an ordinary web
1).What should I with a photo got from a web does not direct about its licensing.....?

Like: http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSZ5BhQVx7uqQ3IKXou-uGqCCjTvU3Iq19qIXqLFymDmk3tRIabuSqJNr9T

2).And what should be the tag for images taken from

http://imagizer.imageshack.com/img537/903/8SfjsC.jpg

Ejaz92 (talk) 18:43, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Unless there is no specific free licence we cannot use these images. For what it matters, the latter one seems to be a screenshot from a non-free video . De728631 (talk) 18:52, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Oak Hill Industrial Academy / Elliott Academy
I am writing an article about the Choctaw Freedmen's school at Oak Hill/Elliott Academy. There are some great pictures in a book carried on Open Library. I searched Commons and find none of these images. How does one determine if they are covered by copyright? https://archive.org/stream/choctawfreedme00flic#page/n13/mode/2up SusunW (talk) 15:49, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * By the year of publication of the images. See C:Template:PD-1923. -- Asclepias (talk) 18:54, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but that page may as well have been written in a language I do not speak. I am not a programmer and those codes mean nothing to me. The page has no instructions for uploading an image or answering the question about copyright. I am just a lowly writer, not a lawyer, not a computer expert. Photograph copyright regulation is way outside the scope of writing an article about a school. Maybe I misunderstood the reason for this page, as I am a fairly new editor. I thought you all were here to determine if an image is usable or not. I am aware that the original images were published prior to 1923, but I still don't know whether or not the copyright was renewed and thus effects their use now. If this page does not perform that function, can you explain what the function of the page is? Thanks :) SusunW (talk) 19:26, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi, SusunW, sorry for the rather cryptic response. I am not a lawyer, but my understanding is that, under U.S. copyright law, anything published before 1923 is in the public domain, regardless of renewal status. The page that Asclepias linked is a bit of code that provides a standardized message to indicate that.
 * To upload the the image to Commons, go to the Upload Wizard and follow the instructions. When you are asked to indicate copyright information, choose This file is not my own work. After that, choose The copyright has definitely expired in the USA and then First published in the United States before 1923.
 * Please reply if you have any more questions.  Anon 126   (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 19:37, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, I really didn't expect that something would seem unclear in the statement "This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1923." It did seem direct and clear, and better than referring to some lengthy and complex explanation. At the same time, the link provided links directly to the exact copyright tag you will need for this situation if you decide to upload those images to Commons, so you won't be puzzled about which tag to use or have to look through C:Commons:Copyright tags. I'm guessing it's probably the expression "public domain" that puzzled you. Because that expression is commonly used, we sometimes forget that some users may not have heard it. Sorry about that, then. Basically, "public domain" means no copyright. When it is said that a work is "in the public domain", it means that the work is not covered by copyright. For more details about that notion, you can click the blue link "public domain". About the other question in your second comment: it would not matter if the copyright was renewed. Works published before 1923 are in the public domain (not covered by copyright) in the United States. For a general overview of the copyright rules, you can see C:Commons:Copyright rules by territory. If you need help with the process of uploading files, you can see the tutorial C:Commons:First steps and ask questions on the C:Commons:Help desk.  -- Asclepias (talk) 22:22, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks to you both. It isn't the public domain part that puzzles me, it is that every link on Wiki warns over and over again that most materials aren't useable and that copyrights can be extended. I have no idea how I would know whether or not an extension had been obtained. However, in reading both replies, it would seem that the photos can be uploaded to Commons. I suppose that if at some point it is determined that someone has indeed extended the copyrights the images will just be withdrawn by someone. Appreciate the help. SusunW (talk) 04:54, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * To be clear and succinct,, it is not legally possible to extend the copyright on something published in the U.S. before 1923. Such works are always in the public domain. Cullen328  Let's discuss it  21:18, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You have totally made my day. :) I have another Native American Boarding School that has photos that were published in 1917 but the source from whence I obtained the link claimed they had a copyright on them. Very happy with your answer. SusunW (talk) 05:06, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

File:Facebook user page (2014).jpg Fair use
Couple of questions about the fair use statues of (cross posted from the image's talk page)

I notice the FU rationale and copyright tag discuss the screenshot. Do we know what the copyright statuses of the images within the screenshot (e.g. profile photo, cover photo) are? Also the profile photo probably constitutes an FU image of a living person? GoddersUK (talk) 05:20, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The images within the screenshot really look de minimis at the non-free low resolution but the screenshots (there is a second one in the article) do have critical commentary about their design, so don't seem questionable under our non-free content policy. We could of course blur any areas where individual privacy might possibly be an issue without destroying the basic image. ww2censor (talk) 11:13, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Are solutions to exercises of a mathematics book a derived work?
Hello. May I publish the solutions of a significant part of the exercises of a mathematics book as a stand-alone work (not a derivate) and hence chose to publish it under a free license?. As far as I know, mathematic theorems have never been under the restriction of Copyright (but the wording of a specific formulation may be), but I'm not sure if there would be problems because the compilation of solutions would be specifically related to the book from which the exercises came. Thanks. Mario Castelán Castro (talk) 03:23, 10 February 2015 (UTC).
 * If you restated the problem, then it would be a derivative work. But otherwise it would be a new work with its own copyright. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 04:37, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Old photo
I have a photo taken of a person who lived 1832-1904 which is estimated to have been taken in the 1870s. I was hoping to attach it to the page on this person.

I do not know who took the photo so it seems I cannot get it uploaded to Wikimedia even though, from my other reading, it seems to be well outside copyright given it was taken ~140 years ago.

Is there any way around this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Westedit (talk • contribs) 04:18, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

 * If according to your edit history, you are talking about an image for the John McIntyre (politician) article, then I presume the image is Australian. According to this commons entry Australian images published or created prior to 1955 are in the public domain. Do you know if it was published or not? You should upload it on the commons and use the tag PD-Australia but you must also add a US copyright tag PD-US-unpublished if it was not published and PD-1923 if it was published. Good luck. ww2censor (talk) 09:05, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

The entry form for files needs fixing to allow selecting a license.
The submission form license field proposes zero license options, thus should be corrected. The files I summitted indicate the status in the description, thus the license info is present. If someone wants to fix the format, fine. Since they are in en.wikipedia.org temporarily until decided by group for wikimedia commons, it is really not worth my spending over an hour on it. (there are some 30 files.) André437 (talk) 13:00, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

Question from an AfC issue
Hi. I try to help out on the AfC page, and as part of the review process I use earwig to check for copyvio issues. A question came up regarding the use of a press release, which is supposedly not copyrighted material. You can see the question HERE. I've looked for an answer, but can't find one specific to this particular issue. Any suggestions? Onel5969 (talk) 13:24, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Public availability is not the same as public domain. Although the writers of a press release may allow others to copy it, this permission likely does not extend to modifying it or using it outside a journalistic context.  Anon 126   (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 20:00, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

Book cover
File:The_history_of_white_people_bookcover.jpg looks too simple for copyright to me - just wanted to check with others. Thanks! ~ Super  Hamster  Talk Contribs 04:52, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree. Being a US published book it easily passes PD-simple. ww2censor (talk) 10:19, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

FUR for two images
Hi folks. I'm currently reviewing Tomorrow's Modern Boxes for GA, and there are two images in the article (File:Thom Yorke - Tomorrow's Modern Boxes album artwork.jpg and File:Thom Yorke - Brain in a Bottle music video.png) which state that they need a FUR. Are these images OK for use in a GA article, or can somebody review the FUR please? I'm no expert on this kind of thing. Thanks in advance :) — sparklism hey! 19:42, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * the album cover is normally okay (per WP:NFCI) but I would recommend using Non-free use rationale album cover for the rationale (not the license) since that gives more rationale to keep. The music video one you probably need to give more reason in the rational as to why the image is necessary to use - is the shot from the video critically discussed, or something visually unique about it, etc? That might be something you'll be challenged at GA to provide more for. --M ASEM  (t) 20:43, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks Masem - very helpful! — sparklism hey! 21:12, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Montrose covers
Hi, could you transfer these 2 covers on Commons (File:Montrose-PaperMoney.jpg and File:Montrose-mean.jpg)? These files seems to consist of simple text and don't meet the threshold of originality.Tenebroso (talk) 21:18, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Image of text from t-shirt
At my request, for intended use on my user page, uploaded File:Defective Person ;-).jpg, which is Kobnach's own work depicting this t-shirt, which is in turn of course derived from free Wikipedia content. In my judgement the graphics are not original enough to be copyrighted; is the wording sufficiently creative to make the image impermissible? If so, I'll delete the file. Yngvadottir (talk) 03:36, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The text and appearance this is derived from probably has a CC-BY-SA license anyway. And anyway there is no significant creative contribution to the changes, so it could stay.  See if you can find a box with the same warnings, and say the shirt is a derivative of that! Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:04, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That was my thinking, thanks :-) Yngvadottir (talk) 01:51, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Need Help with picture rights
Hi I represent this company and I uploaded this picture File:Open Loop New York hop on hop off tour bus 2014.jpg

i'd like to change the licensing to copyrighted, for non commercial use. Help! I need to submit proof by Feb 15th.

Thank you Doug — Preceding unsigned comment added by Douggeenyc (talk • contribs) 18:29, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Hello, Douggeenyc. We cannot accept permission for noncommercial use only. While this site is not-for-profit, part of our mission is about freedom, including commercial freedom. We accept copyrighted material in limited cases, but they do not apply here.
 * Please do consider allowing commercial use, if you would. You (or your company) will still receive credit for the photo.
 * Anon 124 (+2)  (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 22:02, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Thank you Anon124, ok how can I make it for commercial use? Thanks for your help!

 * Hi again, Douggeenyc. To do that, go to this page and find the form letter to send by e-mail. (Please follow the large link at the top or the link to Wikimedia Commons.)
 * The e-mail should be sent from an address that ends in, or one that is listed as an official contact address on the website or social media.
 * (Please sign your messages with the four tildes ~ at the end. This is also required for notifying me.)
 * Anon 124 (+2)  (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 17:55, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Done, I emailed it, thanks for your help Douggeenyc (talk) 20:45, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

Hi again, the photo was taken down, automatically perhaps even though I emailed the form before the deadline. How can I get it back up? Perhaps the admins have yet to read the email? Douggeenyc (talk) 21:27, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi, Douggeenyc. The process is not automatic, but the time limits are observed. Yes, most likely the e-mail has not been read; there is a backlog. The photo can be restored when the e-mail is received in its turn. Anon 124 (+2)   (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 20:23, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Logo copyright
Is a logo copyrighted? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Noraresearchsupport (talk • contribs) 11:07, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Many logos are copyrighted, but those that consist only of text and simple shapes may not be. More information about this issue is at Threshold of originality (on Wikimedia Commons). Anon 124 (+2)   (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 20:26, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Assuming that you are refrerring to File:Science and Technology Policy Research (logo).jpg, you need to realise that the UK has a very low threshold of originality, so the ligature style U & S combo may well be considered copyright. If it was a US logo it would for sure be PD-textlogo. The fair-use rationale looks fine as it is but needs to be reduced in size so I'll tag it for reduction. ww2censor (talk) 17:45, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Image upload
Is this Wikipedia Commons image appropriate for upload? How to I cite it? I used the correct format for entering a thumbnail.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cumae_acropolis_seen_from_lower_city_AvL.JPG — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alchavers21 (talk • contribs) 22:49, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If you are referring to the image you added to Battle of Cumae, it's fine but you should not force the image size per WP:IMGSIZE and "right" is the default so is unnecessary extra code. ww2censor (talk) 00:33, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Screenshot of a table from a journal article
Hi. I have a question. I would like to use a screenshot of a table in this academic journal article on this article talk page to help editors understand what the source is saying. Is that possible? I don't want to use the screenshot in an article, if that makes any difference. Cordless Larry (talk) 18:26, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * First of all, I'd say that tables can always be reproduced without having to take a screenshot. I.e. you can add a coded table to any Wikipedia page. As to the copyright situation, to my knowledge simple tables aren't original enough to be copyrighted even if the source paper as such is protected. But to be on the safe side you should just use a small excerpt on properly quote the source. De728631 (talk) 18:58, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * For reasons that are quite specific to the debate going on on the talk page, I would prefer to use a screenshot rather than reproducing it by making a table here in Wikipedia, so that it appears exactly as in the source. What licence would I need to give the file if that is allowed? Cordless Larry (talk) 19:45, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You should use both PD-ineligible and PD-USonly and upload the file here at Wikipedia. According to the University of Michigan tables and charts of data are in fact not copyrightable in the US but the publisher Taylor & Francis is based in the United Kingdom where copyright law is a bit stricter. That's why we should keep the file locally at the US-based Wikipedia server and not at Commons. De728631 (talk) 21:29, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks, De728631. That's brilliant. I've uploaded it using those licences. Cordless Larry (talk) 23:00, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The chart and paper are copyrighted. Taylor and Francis indicates as much on its website ("We are the owner or the licensee of all copyright, trademarks, design rights, database rights, confidential information, or any other intellectual property rights (together the "Intellectual Property") in the Site, the content and the Materials. The Materials are protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws and treaties around the world. All such rights are reserved." ). Middayexpress (talk) 16:08, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * As De728631 notes, "charts of data are in fact not copyrightable in the US". Further advice would be appreciated on this though. Cordless Larry (talk) 16:44, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That makes no difference. Charts like this are deleted all the time for violating copyright. The deletion template explains that "this file may meet Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion as this file is copied from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13613324.2014.946493#.VNjZqWNVK1E, which does not have a license compatible with Wikipedia". Tandonline is the actual copyright holder, and it clearly indicates that the "materials are protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws and treaties around the world", and that "all such rights are reserved" . Middayexpress (talk) 16:51, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * PD-USonly is there for a reason and has so far been used extensively for content that is copyrighted elsewhere (especially in the UK) but would not be copyrightable in the United States. Please see also the disclaimer that states specifically that the work is copyrighted in the source country. So again, in such cases we'll have to distinguish between US copyright law and the local situation in the country of origin. Likewise, the UK does not allow for full fair use but we do that all the time at Wikipedia with the servers being based in Florida. De728631 (talk) 18:15, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Hmm. Well, the image has just been deleted by RHaworth. Cordless Larry (talk) 18:18, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

That's why I just asked him to weigh in. De728631 (talk) 18:23, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Great - many thanks. Cordless Larry (talk) 18:26, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Easiest thing is to upload it to your own website and link to it from the talk page. — RHaworth (talk · contribs) 22:44, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's a possibility, but it would be better for it to appear on the talk page without editors having to leave Wikipedia. Cordless Larry (talk) 07:51, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm still wondering why you deleted the file. Unless it contained copyrightable text the situation should have been quite obvious given the licence templates. De728631 (talk) 20:46, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Can I formally request that the deletion decision be reviewed? Cordless Larry (talk) 20:36, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You can do so at: Deletion review but read the "Purpose" section and as it advises, you should firstly discuss it with the deleting admin. ww2censor (talk) 22:36, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. RHaworth, can I request that you reconsider your decision to delete the image, in light of De728631's comments about the use of PD-USonly? Cordless Larry (talk) 17:25, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I can summon up no interest in this topic at all. If you can find another admin willing to restore, I shall take no action. — RHaworth (talk · contribs) 17:30, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. De728631, are you willing and able to do this? Cordless Larry (talk) 16:16, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Restored - but I change the license to PD-text. Taylor and Francis cannot own any claim on the numbers as they are clearly marked as from the UK Gov - Department for Education. I agree there is probably just about enough "sweat of the brow" to maybe make it copyright over here, therefore the PD-USonly is good. Ron h jones (Talk) 22:31, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Many thanks Ron. Much appreciated. Cordless Larry (talk) 00:18, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, thanks a lot, Ron. De728631 (talk) 01:10, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Giving copyright
How Do You Give Copyright to images? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Metalworker14 (talk • contribs) 22:53, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi, Metalworker14. I'm guessing you're referring to tagging images with their copyright status. A list of tags is here. In your case, you should check out the "copyrighted non-free/fair use" tags. Go to the page, and add the code that applies by editing the image page.
 * If you want to make the process easier in the future, you can use the File Upload Wizard.
 * Anon 126  (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 17:07, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

copyright of image Queen'sBeasts1953 copy1.jpg
The original photograph of the above image was made in 1953 by Studio Swain, Glasgow, a company that went out of business and can no longer be contacted. The family of Alison Geissler, the artist who made the engraving, and who placed the order for the photograph, possesses several prints of it, but not the original negative. In their opinion this image is an important example of Alison Geissler's work. Under these conditions, is there an acceptable way of including it in the entry https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Geissler ? Thanks for your help and advice.Kreutzbruder (talk) 17:02, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * In this case we would need the heir that owns copyright on the engraving and photo to send written permission of a release under a free license using the procedure in WP:PERMIT. You said cc-by-3.0 was the license so the heir should include that in their email. We can assume that they own copyright on the photo as well as a work for hire. Is it still possible to take photos of the work?  If not and a free license is not forthcoming, then it may be able to be used under fair use.  The text will have to have commentary on the work, and  fair use rationale prepared for the image. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 19:48, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

Thanks Graeme Bartlett! Your explanation was very helpful. The first solution looks by far the best.Kreutzbruder (talk) 15:10, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Willard Libby
I don't understand whether the tags on File:Willard Libby.jpg would allow me to use it in radiocarbon dating, which I'm planning to take to FAC. It looks like it's under copyright, so I assume I have to put in a FUR, like any other copyrighted file. I asked another editor who knows more than I do about images and they said they thought the image meets PD-URAA, but suggested I ask here and at commons. Any advice? Thanks. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 13:33, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
 * This has been answered on commons; it appears too little is known about the original publication to allow this to be treated as PD. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 16:39, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Salvador Alvarado
I am working on an English presentation on Salvador Alvarado. Only one of the images on his Spanish page is in commons, but is there something that must be done so that the other images are available for the English language Wikipedia? Or do I just upload the photo again as I would for fair use, since he is dead? I hardly understand the rules for US copyright, much less the ones for Mexico. Thank you for your help. The images are here SusunW (talk) 16:45, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The Spanish Wikipedia has disabled local uploads, so all images that appear there are on Commons. So, they can be used here on the English Wikipedia without any extra work.  Anon 126   (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 17:00, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yay! Thank you! SusunW (talk) 22:45, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Person who took the photos wants me to upload them
I have two photos sent to me by a popular music group on Wikipedia, taken by a photographer they hired. I thought I had proper permissions, and uploaded them, but they were taken down. Since then, the photographer himself has emailed me asking why the photos are not on Wikipedia. What do I need to do to "officially" have permission to upload the photos. The artist and the photographer all want the photos here, but for some reason, they were removed. Chas (talk) 16:35, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

 * This is easy when you know how. Upload images to our sister project Wikimedia Commons, then they will be available to all our projects. See : in order that  we know we have the photographers permission and there will then be no more issues. Just takes an e-mail from photographer to us. See:Email templates Any more questions, then come back here.--Aspro (talk) 19:54, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Dan the Man might be able to help also, as he has done a OTRS successfully. It appears in the info box for his image under  Permission File:Danprestup.jpg.  --Aspro (talk) 20:12, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Logo copyright
Hi! I recently uploaded File:Bohol Wisdom School logo.png but I was not able to include a fair use rationale or a copyright tag, and it was already deleted. I need some assistance with the fair use rationale and copyright tag. Thank you! — MG (talk) 06:29, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Symbol question.svg Question: It is not deleted, and the rationale seems fine. Was there another problem you had?  Anon 124 (+2)   (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 20:33, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Symbol question.svg Question: It is not deleted, and the rationale seems fine. Was there another problem you had?  Anon 124 (+2)   (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 20:33, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi, Anon124! Thank you for your response. I mistakenly uploaded this on Commons, which I had previously used for the article. I realized my mistake only after the file has been uploaded. As of now, I guess the file has been okay, awaiting for a robot to resize its resolution. — MG (talk) 02:57, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

Hi, I've been blocked on wikimedia because of copyright violation. I was oblivious about it: all images that are available on internet are not free. Would you kindly unblock me?? I want to upload a poster (which is availabe on google image)...how can I do that without violating copyright?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Suman420 (talk • contribs) 13:50, 26 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I would suggest you read and become familiar with  Free_content & Copyrights. Then you should know how to upload images to Wikipedia without violating copyright. Then you will be able to explain why you consider 'this' poster is OK.  Then  we can  reconsider the block.--Aspro (talk) 19:45, 26 February 2015 (UTC)

Placement of attribution and license statment
Hello: If a book contains several articles from Wikipedia, should the attribution and license statement be placed as a footnote at the beginning of each wiki article, or should all attribution/license statements be placed in a separate section at the end of the book? Prsaucer1958 (talk) 20:06, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Either should be fine; the license Wikipedia uses allows flexibility in this regard. However, you may want to check with a copyright lawyer to be sure. Anon 124 (+2)   (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 17:46, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

Is a work for hire authorization to use anywhere the same as relinquishing copyright?
I'm looking at which apparently was taken by a professional photographer and then uploaded by the subject of the photo. Is the justification presented by the uploader "author photo - hired John to take this picture, i have been authorized to use it anywhere i want to" the same thing as John Geiger, Inc. "waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law"? --Noren (talk) 20:08, 27 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No, the authorisation for one person to use a work for hire anywhere does not equal to the photographer waiving all rights. The main concern here is that this sort of licence only applies to one specific person while others may not use the image at all. In fact this photo appears to be unfree. De728631 (talk) 20:21, 27 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Portal:Learning Projectsnew/WikiProjects

Research-related content development projects:
 * Exobiology
 * Institute of Construction
 * Internet Audio and Video
 * Introduction to International Relations
 * Linux Desktop


text:
Toto XIV

Toto XIV is the thirteenth studio album by the American rock band Toto (though the band's fourteenth album overall, when one counts Toto XX). Toto released the album on March 20, 2015. It is the band's first studio album since Falling in Between in 2006.

The album marks the return of Joseph Williams on lead vocals and Steve Porcaro on keyboards and vocals, as well as the only album marking the return of its original bassist David Hungate (since Toto IV in 1982) before he left the band in September and the only album with drummer Keith Carlock. It is also the first studio album since 1982's Toto IV not to feature longtime bassist Mike Porcaro, who had been inactive since 2007 due to ALS and died shortly before the album's release.

Background
Their final contractual obligation with Frontier Records, Toto made the record understanding that it likely would not make pop radio. With the return of Steve Porcaro and David Hungate, David Paich found the sessions to be "very cyclical", which was further helped by the location of their studio: it was located just a half mile away from where they recorded their eponymous debut. One song, "Chinatown", was actually written for the first album, but never fully developed until the Toto XIV recording sessions. The name was explained by band member Steve Lukather in December 2014: the band counted albums "with unreleased or new music only", so the album Toto XX (1998) was counted because it contained previously unreleased songs, making Toto XIV the 14th album.

Reception
AllMusic's review of XIV described the album's title as a reference to their platinum-selling 1982 album Toto IV, but said that it "doesn't share much with that Yacht Rock classic. Despite the McCartney-esque shimmer of "The Little Things" (not to mention the passing allusions to "99" on "Chinatown"), tunes take a backseat to bombast on Toto XIV, with this Steve Lukather-led incarnation accentuating intricate instrumental interplay." The review also described a "furious first half, containing such plainly evident socio-political protests as "Holy War," "Running Out of Time," "Unknown Soldier," and "21st Century Blues"". It concludes that the band is "not living in the past, nor are they denying it: they're accepting all their indulgences, all the intricacies that come with their virtuosity, and making a record that reflects what these veteran rockers have seen and learned in their 40 years in the business."

Personnel
Credits taken from album’s liner notes.

Toto
 * Steve Lukather – guitars (tracks 1-11), lead vocals (tracks 3, 4, 6, 8, 11), background vocals (tracks 1-3, 5, 6, 8-11), bass guitar (tracks 5, 6, 11)
 * Joseph Williams – lead vocals (tracks 1-3, 5, 8, 10, 11), background vocals (tracks 1-11), keyboards (track 11), hand drumming on leather bench (track 2), additional keyboards (track 5)
 * David Paich – piano (tracks 1, 3, 4, 9-11), keyboards (tracks 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11), organ (tracks 3, 4, 11), lead vocals (tracks 8, 9, 11), background vocals (track 2), upright bass (track 9)
 * Steve Porcaro – synthesizers (tracks 1-5, 8-12), keyboards (track 7), lead vocals (tracks 7, 12), samples (track 12)
 * Keith Carlock – drums (tracks 1-11), background vocals (track 2)
 * David Hungate – bass guitar (tracks 3, 4, 7, 8)

Additional musicians
 * Tal Wilkenfeld – bass guitar (tracks 9, 10)
 * Leland Sklar – bass guitar (track 2)
 * Tim Lefebvre – bass guitar (track 1)
 * Lenny Castro – percussion (tracks 2, 3, 5-10)
 * Martin Tillman – cello (tracks 6, 7, 11)
 * CJ Vanston – additional synthesizers (tracks 1, 2, 4-6, 10, 11), additional keyboards (track 3), synthesizers (track 4), background vocals (track 2), end vamp piano (track 4)
 * Michael McDonald – background vocals (track 6, 8, 10)
 * Amy Keys – background vocals (tracks 4, 6, 8, 10)
 * Mabvuto Carpenter – background vocals (tracks 5, 11)
 * Jamie Savko – background vocals (tracks 1, 2, 11)
 * Emma Williams – background vocals (track 2)
 * Tom Scott – saxophones (tracks 4, 8), horn arrangement (track 4)

Technical personnel:
 * Produced by: CJ Vanston, David Paich, Steve Lukather, Joseph Williams (except for tracks 7 & 12, produced by Steve Porcaro and CJ Vaston)
 * Engineered by: CJ Vanston, Csaba Petrocz, Joseph Williams, Stefan Nordin
 * Assistant engineers: Steve Genewick, Chandler Harod:
 * Mixed by: CJ Vanston at The Treehouse, North Hollywood, CA
 * Mastered by: Peter Doell at Universal Mastering, Los Angeles, CA

Other:

 * Photography: Heather Porcaro
 * Art Direction: Thunderwing
 * Cover Art: Fred Kim
 * Production Management: JoAnn Tominaga
 * Business Management: Ron Remis and Trish Field
 * Legal Affairs: Gary Gilbert at Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP
 * Public Relations: Steve Karas and Keith Hagen

Year-end charts
The single "Burn" reached as high as number 7 on the World Modern Rock Top 30 Singles Chart, where it appeared for 20 consecutive weeks.

title: Toto XIV


text:
Thabo Motang

Thabo Motang (born 20 November 1967) is a Motswana football coach and former player currently managing Township Rollers in the Botswana Premier League. Often regarded as one of the best Botswana goalkeepers of all time, he played for several teams including Township Rollers, where he became one of their longest serving players, BMC and Mahalapye United Hotpurs.

Motang began his career with Township Rollers as a twenty year old in 1987. Staying twelve years with the Gaborone-based outfit, in which he became one of their longest serving players, Motang won two league titles and three FA Cups. He then moved to Lobatse-based BMC, helping them gain promotion to the top flight in his last season. He joined Mahalapye United Hotspurs in 2004 as a player-manager and finally retired from playing altogether in 2006.

Early life
Motang was born in the Borolong area of Goodhope but was raised up in Selebi-Phikwe. He began playing football at primary school, functioning primarily as a defensive midfielder. After a game in which Mmoloki Sechele scored from the centre line Motang angrily took over as goalkeeper and never relinquished the role.

Township Rollers
Motang debuted for Rollers in 1987 aged 20. Although Rollers at the time had experienced goalkeepers like Sam Sono, Kabelo Otukile and Mchuu Manyelela, Motang quickly asserted himself as the number one choice. He stayed twelve years at the club, outlasting younger keepers such as Lesego Moeng and becoming a firm fan favourite.

Botswana Meat Commission
In 1999 Motang moved to BMC, then plying their trade in the second division of Botswana football. Although he played a starring role in helping the team earn promotion to the top league twice, he eventually subsided and became a backup for Reuben Mosweu.

Mahalapye United Hotspurs
After announcing his professional retirement in 2004 Motang resurfaced at Mahalpye-based Hotspurs as a player-manager. Primarily the coach, he was also the third-choice goalkeeper and goalkeeper coach. He officially retired from active playing in 2006 and took over full-time as the goalkeeper coach.

International career
Motang first came to prominence in 1984 while still playing secondary school football. He was selected for various youth tournaments which he played with Botswana U20. He made his senior debut in a 2–1 win against Zambia in 1988. During his playing career Botswana never qualified for any major tournaments. He was criticised by fans in 1992 after seemingly blaming his teammate Mooketsi Mading for a 6–0 defeat against Ivory Coast.

Managerial career
Motang began coaching while playing for Mahalapye United Hotspurs from 2004 to 2006. In 2006 he took over full-time as the goalkeeper coach. Two years later he moved to his former club Township Rollers and was soon applauded as the best goalkeeper coach in Botswana after contributing significantly to the development of Kabelo Dambe. In 2014, after helping Rollers win two league titles and a cup, Motang landed in hot water after taking the club to court over unpaid wages, leading to him being given an unpaid suspension. Eventually the two parted ways, with Motang being appointed Extension Gunners assistant manager, though he acted as the manager following the departure of Odirile Matlhaku. Motang stayed with the Peleng giants for only one season before joining Gaborone United ahead of the 2015–16 season. However, in January of the same season he returned to Township Rollers as goalkeeper coach and joint assistant manager. He remained in that post until he was announced as the new head coach on 4 July 2022 following the departure of French-born manager Romain Folz.

Club

 * Township Rollers
 * Botswana Premier League:2
 * 1987, 1995

 * Botswana FA Cup:3
 * 1993, 1994, 1996

 * Botswana Meat Commission
 * Botswana First Division South:1
 * 2001-02

title: Thabo Motang


text:
Bordelais Correctional Facility

The Bordelais Correctional Facility is the only prison in Saint Lucia. It is located near the town of Dennery. Built in 2003, it has a capacity of 500 inmates.

The prison housed 525 prisoners as of June 2017. In 2017, the prison population rate was approximately 279 prisoners per 100,000 citizens. Only about 2.5% of the prisoners were female, less than 1% were juveniles, and 3.0% were foreign. Almost half of the inmates are on remand or pre-trial detention. The literacy rate in Bordelais is only five percent.

Human Rights in Bordelais
Prisoners in Bordelais are allowed to have contact and visitation with their families. They are provided with educational programs and technical training. They are allowed to participate in re recreational activities. The prison contains a farm that provides the majority of the prison kitchen's vegetables and herbs.

Although it is prohibited by the Saint Lucian constitution, prisoners and suspects have reported physical abuse by the police and prison officers. The abuse occurred during arrest or once the prisoners had arrived to the detention center. Between July 2015 and July 2016, over 100 complaints were filed against the police by civilians. The main complaint was abuse of authority. Progress on the complaints was not well monitored due to limited resources in the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions.

Education in Bordelais
Education in the prison, although provided, could be improved. The largest problem noted is that officers in the prison were not properly trained or fully staffed. Officers were also upset that the prisoners were being provided with free education when training for the officers was so expensive. The prison is also overfilled, and the lack of space prevents proper education.

title: Bordelais Correctional Facility


text:
Talk:Denis Vaughan

Assessment comment
Substituted at 13:12, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Denis Vaughan


text:
Wikibooks talk:Mathematics bookshelf

help
I'd like to help out, especially in the "applied math" section, which I note is pretty sparse.

I'm familiar with lots of different topics (PhD 2006), and am particularly interested in broader organization of different classes in a logical order. This was discussed farther down the page as well, I think, but for example "general math" and "higher math" don't seem like particularly informative categories when "general math" contains differential topology.

So, anyway, I want to contribute my class notes as I develop them in the coming years, but I'm particularly interested in thinking on a higher level. Now, the main bookshelf pages are not editable, so what do I have to do to join in such discussions? Are there Administrators of this bookshelf with whom I could talk? --Scott.norris 16:55, 16 Dec 2007 (UTC-5)

What should I do if want to join this project and make my contributions? Ahmad Abdullah

To what extent should these books be written in LaTeX? If people feel that they should in general be in LaTeX, then I will start working on doing that. --ComplexZeta 02:26, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * They are written using the Wiki formatting system, which does incorporate use of TeX, so there is no need. Dysprosia 03:08, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

General style guide?
Is there a general style guide for constructing math books? Of not, I believe there should be one! Not just general rules, but a collection of templates, specific rules, (like new terms should be in italics) and such. Colors, how to name things, and such. Paxinum 20:10, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Halmos wrote a wonderful essay on how to write mathematics. I wish I could dig it up right now. It could serve as an excellent basis for a style guide.

We need a dependency tree!
Most math courses build on prerequisite knowledge. Calculus requires algebra and trig. Trig requires geometry. We need a dependency tree so interested readers can find where to start. --Waxmop 16:17, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * If one approaches things through Wikiversity, there should be one, it's in the works. See School of Mathematics. Dysprosia 22:33, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * If your going to write a math wiki-book, remember to keep copious amountws of backlinks to previous concepts that need to be known.

math category tag – Category:Mathematics
So, should all these books be tagged with ? --DavidCary 19:57, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

RenderPNG
I created a template that notifies the user that certain pages simply look better when the math formulas look better rendered as PNG. The template could probably use a little work, i am pretty bad with the html color codes after all. This template also links to a category Category:RenderPNG, so that we can keep track of pages that use alot of formulas (and look better in PNG). --Whiteknight T C E 18:32, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Catalogue for High School
Hi! As a high school math teacher, it would be awesome if it were easy to reference which pages were high school appropriate...could i create a high school page? That links to stuff i found at wikiversity, and here, etc.... JamieJones 15:59, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Pages of lists, in general, are not appropriate on wikibooks. However, it would be possible to create a template that lables certain pages as being "Highschool Appropriate", and a category to lump all those pages together, under a single heading. If you would like to start setting that project up, leave me a message on my talk page, and I will help you out with the details. --Whiteknight (talk) (current) 14:08, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Book of Theorems and Proof Sketches
What would be the thought on compiling important pure mathematical results, and compiling them in a book organized by field? Proof sketches or complete proofs could be given for all. The book would assume knowledge of the particular fields, while the field would be largely independent. The fields could be done in a largely sequential manner, where beginning results are proved first, and other results are proven from things previously proven. Robert Carr 00:34, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * See The Book of Mathematical Proofs. Cheers--Shahab 06:56, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

On 5/12/06
I reorganized the bookshelf into mathamatical catagories for easier reference. Basejumper123 02:02, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Reorganizing/Refactoring "Algebra"
The "algebra" section contains a number of different books, many of which are currently sharing or duplicating material between themselves. Also, some of the booknames don't correspond to any specific body of information, such as Intermediate Algebra, or Algebra I - A Verbose Approach. I would like to propose a merger and a reorganization of this section as follows:

The remaining books will be:

 * Algebra I in Simple English (unchanged)
 * Algebra (incorporating Algebra I - A Verbose Approach and Intermediate Algebra)
 * Linear Algebra
 * Abstract algebra (Incorporating Discrete mathematics, and possibly moved to Abstract Algebra)

Also, I would like to separate out the material so that it goes more or less in a chronological order: Algebra → Linear Algebra → Abstract Algebra. This means that we will no longer be cross-linking chapters, and there will be no more redundant information in these books. Here is my proposed listing of topics for each book, (not in a particular order):

 * Algebra
 * Arithmetic review
 * Polynomials, Quadratic Equation, etc
 * Factoring Polynomials, Solving for X
 * Functions, Equalities, Inequalities, Function combinations
 * Conic Sections and Graphing
 * Exponentials, Radicals, and Logarithms
 * Linear Algebra
 * Systems of Equations
 * Matrices, Vectors
 * Matrix Operations (addition, multiplication, transpose, determinant)
 * Cramer's Rule
 * Submatrices (minors, adjoint, etc)
 * Matrix Inverses
 * Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors
 * Linear Transformations
 * Vector Spaces (lead in to Abstract Algebra...)
 * Abstract Algebra
 * Sets and Compositions
 * Semigroups, Groups, Abelian Groups
 * Rings, fields and modules
 * Isomorphisms, Homomorphisms
 * Modules, Algebras

This layout will make things flow better, will make the organization nicer, will reduce duplicate material and cross-links, etc. If nobody objects to this change, I would like to get to work on it soon. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 16:52, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * That is great! Paxinum 19:59, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Standardized Problems and Solutions
Hey all. I just found a great template that I think we should standardize and use for all questions and solutions. The template looks like this:

|{| class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: left; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em;" |- ! style="background-color: #B4CDCD;" | |- | style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white;" | |}

Just disregard the first |; I put that in so that I could put lines around the text. In any event, it looks like a great way to present problems. Here's one I made:

(NOTE: To see the way it actually looks on the page, follow this link to my talk page and look at "Template Example": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Robinson0120)

http://www.december.com/html/spec/color.html has a number of hexadecimal colors to choose from for the question and answer background, too.

So, what does everybody think? Robinson0120 03:14, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it is a great idea, how does it work when printing on paper? I like the last one the most, the rendered math have white background, and it looks bad on the coloured background. Nice idea anyway! Paxinum 19:59, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Algebra 2
This book needs help. I would delete it if I could, but it should at least be given a chance and besides, I have the Pilingual Primer deletion to put up with. Please, someone, help! Laleena (talk) 23:12, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Reorganize Bookshelf
I think instead of having general advanced and special as catagories there should be just Algebra, Calculus, Geometry, and Statistics, and any other type of math. Then inside each category make a book for each school year. For example grade 3 Geometry could include identifying polygons, and grade 10 Geometry could include Trigonometry. I think it would be easier to reference that way, and even if the curriculums are different they can go through in order and see where they're at. Also I think that there should be separate text books and work books. So there would be "Geometry gr. 3 Textbook", and "Geometry gr. 3 Workbook". The text book would just strictly explain concepts and maybe have some examples. I feel the way books are organized right now is confusing and inefficient and if anyone has any suggestions to modify my system they are welcome. Mason L. (talk) 04:15, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Priorities list
I think that it would be a good idea to have an ordered list of wikibooks, ordered according to which books are more or less important to improve first.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:51, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I'll go out on a limb here and make a list of what books I think should be prioritized. The ones that I'll list as 'high' priority are books that will be useful to the most wide audience as well as having enough content already established as to make contributing a Herculean task. The 'medium' priority books are books that I feel will be used by a narrower population or need enough work done that it might be intimidating to try and take one of them on. All of the other books I would personally mark as 'low priority' as I feel the core books for a typical math education should be established first. So, here's my list (feel free to provide input/criticism!):
 * High priority
 * Linear Algebra
 * Trigonometry
 * Calculus
 * Statistics
 * Medium priority
 * Arithmetic
 * Geometry
 * Number Theory
 * Set Theory
 * Mathematical Proof
 * Abstract Algebra
 * Skyc (talk) 22:07, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

IW-link
Because IP is not allowed to edit the bookpage, please add sv:Matematik to the iw-list. //<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:15, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Geometry Shelf
I feel that some books (Algebraic Geometry,Crystallography,Topology,Combinatorial Topology and Differential Geometry) that are currently in the geometry shelf under 'basic math' definitely belong to higher mathematics. Should I move them?

SPat (talk) 03:58, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

SPat (talk) 01:41, 5 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, the first half of the book Topology, titled Point-Set Topology is quite developed whereas the second half titled Algebraic Topology is sparse. Does it make sense to split the book?
 * They are quite developed because I developed them - well, most of the basic stuff. I just didn't bother to develop the second half yet. I do not think this is best because, well, they can be developed later.--A (talk) 08:23, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Re:
I have made some changes to the arrangement of the shelf, the biggest being shifting certain books from the "basic" geometry section to a new one titled "Geometry and Topology". Also, I've moved the section "differential equations" to higher math.

SPat (talk) 13:27, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Polish book
Check this: pl:Matematyka_dla_liceum. Why can't you make a book like this, all liceum (secondary school, high school) stuff in one place. Is there something similar on En.Wikibooks? Well, waiting for your opinion. Translate is here: google translate --Lethern (talk) 09:41, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Advanced Mathematics
In mathematics, a topic called advanced mathematics is being developed in the Persian book wiki and is about to be completed In my opinion, this ebook is very good if it is created. HEJJWJDEJDNSGWTG (discuss • contribs) 19:06, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Mathematics bookshelf


text:
Talk:Dave Sexton

Birthday?
The Times newspaper gives his birthday as 4th April 1930 (in its list of birthdays for 4th April 2007), but the article says 6th April. Bencherlite 07:28, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Dave Sexton
What on earth is the bit about free tickets for 'On the buses' doing in this article? Alfranklin7 (talk) 23:38, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I've removed it. It was unsourced trivia, added in this edit.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 07:21, 12 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Sexton


text:
Danny Saida

Dan "Danny" Saida (דן "דני" סיידא, born 26 April 1959) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Shas in 2017, and again between 2018 and 2019.

Background
Saida was placed fourteenth on the Shas list for the 2015 Knesset elections, but failed to become a Knesset member when Shas won seven seats. When Shas MK Yigal Guetta resigned after publicly revealing that he had attended a same-sex wedding, the next-in-line candidates Rafael Bernez and Boaz Biton both resigned from the list, allowing Saida to enter the Knesset on 19 September 2017 as a replacement for Guetta. However, Shas' Meshulam Nahari had resigned as a Deputy Minister on 18 September, allowing him to re-enter the Knesset (he had previously resigned under the Norwegian Law that allows ministers to resign their seats, but retake them if they lose their portfolio, and had himself been replaced by Guetta), meaning that Saida was only an MK for one day, three hours and 35 minutes.

However, in February 2018, fellow Shas MK Yitzhak Cohen resigned from the Knesset under the Norwegian Law, with Saida nominated as his replacement. He re-entered the Knesset on 22 February.

On 20 February 2019, Saida announced that he was retiring from politics and would not contest the April Knesset elections.

title: Danny Saida


text:
Technivorm

Technivorm is a family-owned Dutch manufacturer founded by Gerard-Clement Smit in Amerongen, The Netherlands. It produces Moccamaster, a drip coffee maker designed in 1968 and first released in 1969. In 2017, the 10-millionth Moccamaster was sold. As of 2019, Technivorm and Moccamaster have approximately 200 employees.

All Moccamaster coffee machines are made in Amerongen, The Netherlands.

Moccamaster
The Moccamaster KBG 741 AO has 137 parts. This includes a water reservoir that drips into a heater located in the base, and when the water reaches the boiling point of 100 C, it bubbles up through a tube in the center of the reservoir. This delivers the hot water to a cone-shaped coffee grind holder, which drips into a carafe at 92 to 96 C, considered an optimal temperature range. In premium models while the coffee enters the carafe, it passes through a destratification tube. The tube delivers the liquid coffee to the bottom of the carafe, so that weaker coffee (what is dripped through the beans at the end) is distributed evenly with the stronger coffee (that is pumped through the coffee first).

The visual design of the Moccamaster is distinct and is sold through the store at the Museum of Modern Art's Design Store in New York City. In media, Good Morning America listed it as the number-one desired wedding gift among staff members polled. The Specialty Coffee Association includes several Moccamaster models in its Certified Home Brewer Program.

A Consumer Reports review determined that the coffee taste is high-quality, yet the process of brewing it is complex and does not justify its high-ticket price. Other reviews mention that the Moccamaster's plastic parts are not durable, while other reviews refer to the machine as "the holy grail of coffee makers."

title: Technivorm


text:
Rezept

Etymology
From earlier, , from , thus cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  recipe
 * 2)  medical prescription

title: Rezept


text:
-arna

Etymology
. Usually corresponds to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 (or ). Almost always corresponds to 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) Suffix for definite plural for nouns of the second declension (common gender)

title: -arna


text:
Run chart

A run chart, also known as a run-sequence plot is a graph that displays observed data in a time sequence. Often, the data displayed represent some aspect of the output or performance of a manufacturing or other business process. It is therefore a form of line chart.

Overview
Run sequence plots are an easy way to graphically summarize a univariate data set. A common assumption of univariate data sets is that they behave like: With run sequence plots, shifts in location and scale are typically quite evident. Also, outliers can easily be detected.
 * random drawings;
 * from a fixed distribution;
 * with a common location; and
 * with a common scale.

Examples could include measurements of the fill level of bottles filled at a bottling plant or the water temperature of a dish-washing machine each time it is run. Time is generally represented on the horizontal (x) axis and the property under observation on the vertical (y) axis. Often, some measure of central tendency (mean or median) of the data is indicated by a horizontal reference line.

Run charts are analyzed to find anomalies in data that suggest shifts in a process over time or special factors that may be influencing the variability of a process. Typical factors considered include unusually long "runs" of data points above or below the average line, the total number of such runs in the data set, and unusually long series of consecutive increases or decreases.

Run charts are similar in some regards to the control charts used in statistical process control, but do not show the control limits of the process. They are therefore simpler to produce, but do not allow for the full range of analytic techniques supported by control charts.

title: Run chart


text:
Adolfo de la Garza Malacara

Adolfo de la Garza Malacara (born 1 October 1975) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party. In 2012 he served as Deputy of the LXI Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Nuevo León.

title: Adolfo de la Garza Malacara


text:
Paul Eidelberg

Paul Eidelberg (born 1928) is an American-Israeli political scientist, author and lecturer, and is the founder and president of The Foundation for Constitutional Democracy, with offices in Jerusalem. He is also president of the Yamin Yisrael Party.

Early career
Eidelberg served in the United States Air Force where he held the rank of first lieutenant. He received his doctoral degree at the University of Chicago where he studied under Leo Strauss. He designed the electronic equipment for the first brain scanner at the Argonne Cancer Research Hospital.

Academic career
Before immigrating to Israel in 1976, Eidelberg wrote a trilogy on America’s founding fathers: The Philosophy of the American Constitution (ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>), On the Silence of the Declaration of Independence (ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>), and a Discourse on Statesmanship (ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>).

In 1976 he joined the faculty of Bar-Ilan University, and holds adjunct positions at Otago University in New Zealand and The University of Georgia.

He has written several books on the Arab-Israel conflict and on Judaism. Demophrenia (ISBN 093345127X) analyses the mentality of Israel’s ruling elites. Jewish Statesmanship: Lest Israel Fall (ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>), which has been translated into Hebrew and Russian, discusses what he sees as the flaws inherent in Israel’s system of governance and how they may be remedied. His work, A Jewish Philosophy of History (ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>), investigates the world-historical events leading to the rebirth of Israel in 1948.

Policy and politics
Eidelberg is on the Advisory Council of the Ariel Center for Policy Research, which has published many of his policy papers. In addition to writing more than 1,000 articles for newspapers and scholarly journals in the U.S. and Israel, he is a weekly guest on The Tamar Yonah Show on Arutz Sheva radio.

In 2003, Eidelberg's Yamin Yisrael ran with Herut – The National Movement for the Knesset elections of that year. The joint list fell 8,000 votes short of the electoral threshold. After the elections Herut and Yamin Yisrael parted ways.

In 2005, Yamin Yisrael merged with the Jewish National Front. Eidelberg stood number seven on the JNF's list for the Israeli Knesset for the 2006 election. The party did not pass Israel's electoral threshold. Yamin Yisrael and the JNF have since parted ways due to political and ideological differences.

Eidelberg has a weekly column in the Jewish Press, a leading American Orthodox Jewish newspaper.

Published works
Eidelberg has published numerous papers and articles. Some of his published books include:

 * The fixation of Israel's elites on "land for peace" : five interpretations, Shaare Tikvah : Ariel Center for Policy Research, 2007. ISBN 965-7165-76-8
 * On the silence of the Declaration of independence, Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, 1976. ISBN 978-0-87023-216-9
 * Our culture 'left' or 'right' : litterateurs confront nihilism (with Will Morrisey), E. Mellen Press, 1992, Lewiston, N.Y., 1992. ISBN 978-0-7734-9171-7
 * Jewish statesmanship : lest Israel fall'', University Press of America, Lanham, Md. 2002 ISBN 978-0-7618-2380-3
 * A Jewish philosophy of history : Israel's degradation and redemption Lightcatcher Books, 2007 Springdale, Ark. ISBN 978-0-9719388-9-2
 * A discourse on statesmanship; the design and transformation of the American polity. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1974 ISBN 978-0-252-00428-5
 * Judaic man : toward a reconstruction of Western civilization, Caslon Co., Middletown, NJ, 1996. ISBN 978-0-391-03970-4
 * Jerusalem vs. Athens : in quest of a general theory of existence University Press of America, Lanham, Md. 1983 ISBN 978-0-8191-3489-9
 * Beyond the secular mind : a Jewish response to the problems of modernity Greenwood Press, New York, 1989 ISBN 978-0-313-26663-8

title: Paul Eidelberg


text:
Talk:Hiroshima Prefecture

External links modified
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PPjll[pFIO;JGS;LKJ;LBJO;IEAHRUTGIJRFOEKGIJBDUGJDFKORT5H4WTIJEGRKFE
NGKGNGK 2A02:C7C:D4E8:6000:3C5E:C59D:BDCE:3832 (talk) 14:17, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hiroshima Prefecture


text:
Jung Soon-won

Jung Soon-Won (born 12 October 1973) is a Korean former wrestler who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.

title: Jung Soon-won


text:
Nandom

Nandom is the capital town of the Nandom Municipal of the Upper West Region of Ghana.

Nandom town and the multiple villages that surround it to the north, south, east, and west are inhabited by Dagara people. The Dagara of the Nandom municipal area and the Dagaaba to the south of Nandom are the same ethnic group, though they speak two different dialects of the same language. The people of Nandom speak the Lobr dialect, and the Dagaaba to the south speak Ngmere (or Central Dàgááre). People in Nandom use the label 'Dagara' for the language, and the people and southern speakers us the label 'Dagaaba' for the people and Dagaare for the language. These are, however, different pronunciations of the same language rather than names of the two dialects, as many people have taken them to be. The two dialects of the language are mutually intelligible.

Nandom used to be part of the Lawra-Nandom District. It became a district by itself in 2012 and in 2020 it became a municipal, called the Nandom Municipal, with a parliamentary representative in the Parliament of Ghana in the capital city of Accra. Nandom town is 8 km east of the Volta River which is the natural border between Ghana and neighbouring Burkina Faso. There is a road running west of Nandom to the River Volta ending at the village of Dabagteng. 16 km north of Nandom is a town called Hamile where there is a formal border between Ghana and Burkina Faso with customs and immigration offices. Many of the towns and villages across the border in southern Burkina Faso also speak the same dialect as the Dagara of Nandom. Other dialects such as Wiile and Ule are, also spoken in Burkina Faso.

The Catholic Basilica in Nandom is built of stone and used to be the largest Christian church in West Africa. Christian missionary activities in the area were introduced by the Catholic Missionaries of Africa (also called the White Fathers) in the 1930s. The Catholic church was built of stone through labour provided by the native people themselves.

In the middle of the town resides most of the members of the Muslim community. The majority of Muslims are from other parts of Ghana or neighboring Burkina Faso. Most of them are Mossi people from Burkina Faso who settled in the town several decades ago.

Nandom is the home of Nandom Senior High School, a Catholic school established by the FIC Brothers. The town is also home to the Nandom Technical School, also established by the FIC Brothers. St. Anne's Vocational School for girls was established by the Catholic church. There are also elementary schools: St. Andrew School, and St. Paul School. Most of the villages in the area have their own primary and/or middle schools.

title: Nandom


text:
Theory of mediation

The theory of mediation, which is the principal referent of the research group of the Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Language Research (L.I.R.L.), is a theoretic model developed at Rennes (France) since the 1960s by Professor Jean Gagnepain, linguist and epistemologist. This model, whose principles Jean Gagnepain has methodically set forth in his three volume study On Meaning (Du Vouloir Dire), covers the whole field of the human sciences. One essential feature of the theory is that it seeks to find a kind of experimental verification of its theorems in the clinic of psychopathology. For this reason, the theory presents itself as a "clinical anthropology".

The theoretic model developed by Gagnepain and his research group at Rennes has inspired the work of professors and researchers in a number of European countries and in the United States in a wide variety of disciplinary fields, among them linguistics, literature, psychology, art history, archeology, psychoanalysis, theology. Its aim is deliberately trans-disciplinary - or, as Gagnepain humorously puts it, the theory of mediation cultivates "in-discipline".

A theory of culture
This model, originally developed with respect to language, today takes for its object the entirety of what is called "the cultural", that is, the dimension that specifies human beings and distinguishes them from other living species. In other words, "the cultural" constitutes the specific order of reality in which only human beings participate. It is the cultural order that permits human beings, while remaining natural beings, to constantly transcend their natural being in abstracting themselves from it.

The theory of mediation understands the cultural order - more simply, culture - not as the totality of the essential works of a society, nor as the general state of a given civilization, but as the ensemble of properly human capacities which, absent pathological conditions, all human beings share regardless of their historical epoch or geographical setting. For the theory of mediation, culture and reason - the "rationality" which philosophers have discussed for centuries - are identical. The human sciences, understood as the theory of mediation understands them, take up in their own distinctive fashion the questions which philosophy has treated only speculatively.

A clinical anthropology
Gagnepain's work shows, on the basis of what the clinic forces us to recognize, that human reason is diffracted. In other words, rationality in human beings has several different forms which the clinic requires us to dissociate. Reason is logical, to be sure, but it is equally and just as fundamentally technical, ethnical, and ethical. There is no hierarchy among these different "planes" or "levels" of rationality that constitute psychic life.

On each of these planes or levels, human being mediate their relations to the world and others (thus the term "mediation"). Unlike the other animals, human beings are not limited to what their immediate physiological capacities allow them to grasp. They can stand back from, or take a distance from, their natural insertion in the world and can elaborate those cultural mediations that are constitutive of a properly human reality.

In Kantian terms, it is a question of passing from a description of an already constituted reason to an explanation of a constituting reason. It is a question, therefore, of accounting for that in human beings which, without their knowing it, makes them capable of posing the world - and of posing it not only in one way, by knowing it, as the traditional analysis holds, but in four different ways on the basis of four different capacities.

To be sure, human beings manifest the world in and across the words they speak : with them, they designate the world and explain it to themselves. In so doing, they realize their logical capacity. Human beings also manifest the world in and across their tools : with them, they fabricate the world and, in doing so, they realize their technical capacity. Human beings likewise manifest the world in originating their histories and societies, realizations not of their logical or their technical capacities but of their ethnic capacity. Finally, human beings manifest the world in the norms and regulations to which they submit their desires. Here is it question of their ethical capacity.

The possible autonomisation of the four planes (or levels or modes) of our rationality is revealed by the clinic. Although "normally" the four modes of our rationality function together in such a way that it is hardly possible to distinguish them, pathologically it does become possible to distinguish them, as, for example, when one mode of rationality ceases to function in an afflicted person whereas the others continue to do so. Each plane of rationality has its specific pathology. The pathology specific to the logical plane is aphasia; the pathology specific to the technical plane is atechnia ; the pathology specific to the ethnical plane is psychosis (and perversion) ; the pathology specific to the ethical plane is neurosis (and psychopathic conditions).

In other words, pathology dissociates what normally cannot be distinguished and puts into evidence processes otherwise unseen. In this way, as Freud recognized, pathology provides a veritable analysis, that is, a breakdown, of the human psyche. Gagnepain therefore makes it a methodological rule "to admit or to impute to a system only those dissociations that are pathologically verifiable."

Bibliography and Resources

 * Gagnepain Jean (1990). Du Vouloir Dire I, Bruxelles, De Boeck. (in French)
 * Gagnepain Jean (1991). Du Vouloir Dire II, Bruxelles, De Boeck. (in French)
 * Gagnepain Jean (1994). Introductory Lessons to the Theory of Mediation (in french), Louvain, Peeters. A new corrected edition can be downloaded, under a new title, from the website of the Jean Gagnepain Institute : Eight Introductory Lessons on the Theory of Mediation (in french) (This numeric edition is now the reference edition).
 * Le Débat 2006/3 (n° 140). has published a special issue on the theory of mediation (in French).
 * Acts of the First International Colloquium of Clinical Anthropology, Anthropo-logiques 2 Louvain-La-Neuve, Peeters, 1989. (in French).
 * Brackelaire Jean-Luc (1995). La personne et la société. Principes et changements de l'identité et de la responsabilité, Bruxelles, De Boeck. (in French)
 * Dartiguenave Jean-Yves (2010). Pour une sociologie du travail social, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes. ISBN 978-2-7535-1168-2 (in French)
 * Dartiguenave Jean-Yves et Garnier Jean-François (2008). Un savoir de référence pour le travail social, Toulouse, Érès. ISBN 978-2-7492-0883-1 (in French)
 * Ewens Thomas (1997). « The Human Sciences in Question: Lonergan and Gagnepain », Method. Journal of Lonergan Studies, Volume 15, Number 1, Spring 1997. Available on LonerganResource
 * Ewens Thomas (1994). « Rethinking the Question of Quality in Arts », Arts Education Policy Review, Volume 96, Issue 2.
 * Ewens Thomas (1993). « Gramarye: or the Theory of Mediation and the Idea of the University », in Ed Block Jr. (Ed.), Ideas for the University: Proceedings of Marquette University's Mission Seminar and Conference, Milwaukee (WI), Marquette University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8746-2002-3
 * Ewens Thomas (1992). « Human Sciences and Art Education: The Theory of Mediation », Design For Arts in Education, Volume 93, Issue 6 (now Arts Education Policy Review). (Print),  (Online)
 * Guyard Hubert (2009). La plainte douloureuse, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes. ISBN 978-2-7535-0969-6 (in French).
 * Le Bot Jean-Michel (2013), The Social Bond and the Person. Toward a Clinical Sociology, English translation of a condensed and slightly modified version of a book first published in French under the title Le lien social et la personne. Pour une sociologie clinique, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2010. ISBN 978-2-7535-1210-8.
 * Le Bot, J.-M., De Guibert, C., Beaud, L. and Gaborieau P. (2012). Clinical Anthropology and Animal Language, English translation of a paper first published in Études Rurales, 2012/1, n° 189, p. 75-90. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00763708
 * Le Gall Didier (1998). Des apraxies aux atechnies, Bruxelles, De Boeck (in French).
 * Meurant Laurence (2008). Le regard en langue des signes – Anaphore en langue des signes française de Belgique (LSFB) : morphologie, syntaxe, énonciation, Presses universitaires de Namur et Presses universitaires de Rennes. ISBN 978-2-87037-588-4 (in French).
 * Osiurak, F., Jarry, C., & Le Gall, D. (2011). Re-examining the gesture engram hypothesis. New perspectives on apraxia of tool use. Neuropsychologia, Volume 49, Issue 3, p. 299-312. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.041
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title: Theory of mediation