text:
User:Dogface444/sandbox

Nic 707, born Fernando Pablo Miteff (1959 - 2020), was an Argentine-American graffiti artist, comedian, and art collector based in New York City. He is best known as the creator and original curator of the innovative InstaFame Phantom Art Project, a collection of artwork produced by himself and other well-known and emerging artists, designed for and extensively exhibited on New York City's transit system from 2009 to 2020. He is also recognized for his historical relevance within the graffiti community as an early style writer and his founding of the OTB (“Out to Bomb” or “Only the Best”) graffiti crew in the mid-1970s.

Early Life
Fernando was born on November 14th, 1959 as the middle child of Pablo Alexis Miteff, an Argentine professional heavyweight boxer and Elba Diana (née Tommasi). He was born in Argentina during a protracted one year visit to his parent’s homeland after their previous immigration to the U.S. Upon his families return to the U.S., they lived for a short time in Yonkers, New York until finally settling in the Claremont section of The Bronx in New York City, where Nic 707 spent his entire youth.

Early Career as a Graffiti Artist
Nic 707 was attracted to graffiti and it’s emerging culture at the age of 10 after being excited by the exploits of graffiti writers Taki 183 and Checker 170. He began his writing career soon after using the early tag names of Stine 169 and Tuc 2 before adopting the name Nic 707. In the mid-’70s, his tags and pieces became regular sights on the insides and exteriors of the IND and IRT lines of the New York City Transit System. During this period, Nic 707 became well known as a prolific “Style Writer” and founded OTB (“Out to Bomb” or “Only the Best”) graffiti crew, becoming its first President. Over the years, OTB members have included a number of significant and world-renowned graffiti writers such as Noc 167, Ban 2, Pnut 2, Tracy 168, and Cope2.

Nic 707 attended and graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School in The Bronx, which proved to be a competitive proving ground for budding graffiti writers who also benefited from the proximity of the school to one of the city’s primary train yards.

Fernando Pablo Miteff applied for and was granted U.S. citizenship when he was eighteen years of age.

Later Career
After two years of college at SUNY at Binghamton and a tour of service with the U.S. Air Force at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, Fernando returned to New York to work as a limousine driver with his father’s company before an earnest pursuit for a career as a stand-up comedian. In the 1990s through the early 2000s, he would appear frequently at local comedy clubs in Harlem and throughout the city.

Return to Graffiti
In 2006, drawn back to graffiti by his love of the art form, Fernando abandoned his aspirations as a comedian and dedicated himself to re-establishing himself as a graffiti writer and reinvigorating the genre. After a lengthy period of renewing and refreshing his skills, he launched a series of canvases he called his “Future Early Works”, art that represented what he would have painted in the early 1980s if he had continued pursuing graffiti art. He began to frequently paint large scale works on permitted walls throughout the city and became a regular attendee and frequent guest at gallery openings, signings, and art exhibitions. He actively re-engaged with earlier graffiti artists and supported community events while also encouraging the efforts of new and emerging artists from many different genres.

Kilroy
A recurring theme in many of Nic 707's works is the use of a character that he referred to as a "Kilroy." It is a call back to the original character seen in the "Kilroy was here" graffiti that was popular in the later WWII era and beyond. Nic 707’s portrayal takes a radical departure in meaning and substance from the original, ascribing extraterrestrial but benign origins for the character, as well appearing in dozens of different iterations and shapes.

InstaFame Phantom Art
In 2009, Nic 707 launched the InstaFame Phantom Art Project, which was designed to be a transformative approach to the way the public interacted with graffiti while observing its roots and origins. The IFPA Project utilized the concepts of “Mobile Graffiti” and “4th Dimensional Art.” Mobile Graffiti is genre art fashioned in a way to be easily mounted and removed from most surfaces, made from relatively resilient materials, making their exhibition easy to set up and takedown in an entirely non-destructive manner. 4th Dimensional Art exploited the relationship between human memory and circumstance, with the exhibition of the art itself occurring with the immediacy and impact of natural events. Nic 707 vigorously eschewed conventional gallery shows and settings. Instead, he preferred the dynamic nature, challenges, and freedom presented by his frequent public exhibitions held on the trains and buses of the New York City Transit system. The preferred exhibition sites for IFPA events were usually along the IRT and IND subway lines of which over seventy exhibitions were held over the course of eleven years. Later this would extend to the stations themselves and above ground exhibits along surface transit stops as well.

Nic 707 and the InstaFame Phantom Art Project were the subjects of an article in the New York Times print and web editions on March 1st, 2015. The article covered the movement’s exploits and the addition of other artists, which has grown over time to include artists from other parts of the U.S. and the World, including Japan, Great Britain, and Columbia.

To date, dozens of artists other than Nic 707 have participated in InstaFame Phantom Art exhibitions. These include Brian Convrey, Checker 170, Cope2, Cornbread, Crash, D’mon Borkel, Easy, Gear 1, King Bee, Lava 1 and 2, MadC, Michael Cuomo, Praxis, Pulse, SAMO, Skeme, Snake 1, Sonny 107, Taki 183, Thomas Crouch, Tracy 168, and Zimad. The entire InstaFame Phantom Art collection alone numbers over 600 individual pieces, and is accompanied by hundreds of other related artworks including original black and white poster art.

Death
Nic 707 died unexpectedly due to complications from Covid-19 in New York City on April 12, 2020.

title: User:Dogface444/sandbox


text:
PED

Noun

 * 1)  usually an electronic smartphone or other media or game-playing device.
 * 1)  usually an electronic smartphone or other media or game-playing device.
 * 1)  usually an electronic smartphone or other media or game-playing device.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: PED


text:
taxi rank

Noun

 * 1) An area reserved for taxi cabs to await customers.
 * Getting off the train he made his way to the taxi rank.
 * 1)  The system whereby barristers must accept a brief if they are the first available when one comes up.
 * Although she detested her client, the taxi rank system meant she had no choice but to take the case.
 * Although she detested her client, the taxi rank system meant she had no choice but to take the case.
 * Although she detested her client, the taxi rank system meant she had no choice but to take the case.

title: taxi rank


text:
Talk:Bernard Leo Korchinski

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131112235500/http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Elections-Results-by-Electoral-Division.pdf to http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Elections-Results-by-Electoral-Division.pdf

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title: Talk:Bernard Leo Korchinski


text:
User:Amandabelcher/sandbox

The Private Life of Helen of Troy: About the Book
The Private Life of Helen of Troy was published in 1925 by Bobbs Merrill and spent time as a bestseller the following year.

The book was adapted from the Greek legend of Helen of Troy and follows the infamous woman's life after the burning of Troy.

In the beginning, Menelaus -- Helen's husband -- leaves Troy in search of her and plans to kill her for all the trouble her beauty has caused. Instead, the two set out on a week-long voyage back to Sparta. Menelaus questions why his wife ran away from Sparta to begin with, saying that he didn't believe her involvement with Paris was enough. Once at home, Helen talks with Charita and tells her that in the begining, she thought she loved Paris and that is why she ran away with him, but she realized she only loved something he made her think of, and in the end she only felt sorry for him. She goes on to say that she felt sorry for Paris because she could see he was "lost int he madness" just as she was. She tells her that marriage starts with love, but the people in the marriage get lost along the way and calls marraiges fatal errors.

The book follows Helen's family and how she navigates friendships, her marriage, and parenting her children after what many in her life call, 'the scandal.'

Themes
Helen is a progressive woman by American standards in the 1930s, and would certainly be considered radical in ancient Greece. She defends her decision to run away with Paris and even encourages other women in the book to embrace their sexuality. Because of this, many have read the book as a satircal nod to gender politics. There is also a common feminist reading of the book because of Helen's attitude toward marriage and sexuality.

Because the book was published only five years after the 19th Amendment was ratified, it can be argued that a cultural focus on feminism and women's suffrage had an impact on why this book was so well received. Helen, in the book, represented a new kind of woman, who did what she wanted rather than what she was told, and defied male authority, which can be argued perpetuated the book's success.

The Movie
The Private Life of Helen of Troy was adapted into a silent movie in 1927 by Gerald C. Duffy (writer) and directed by Alexander Korda. The film, and Duffy, were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Title Writing in 1929 (the first year the awards were held). However, due to Duffy's death in 1928, he is the first person to have been nominated posthumously.

About the Author
John Erskine was born on October 5, 1879 in New York City. He started his career as a professor at Amherst College in 1903 and then moved on to Columbia University in 1909. Erskine founded the Great Books movement while teaching a General Honors course at Columbia. He published more than 100 books -- including novels, literary criticism, and essays.

Erskine was married three times. Twice Pauline Ives and once to Helen Worden Erskine. He died in 1951 at the age of 71.

There is a street in The Bronx named Erskine Place after the author.

Legend of Helen of Troy
Helen of Troy is an ancient Greek goddess. She was the daughter of Zeus and was married to Menelaus and the two lived in Sparta together. When Menelaus was away, Helen ran off to Troy with Paris, who was the son of Priam, the Trojan king. Legend has it, that when Paris was killed, she married his brother Deiphobus, who she betrayed to her husband Menelaus when he invaded Troy. Following the Trojan War, she and Menelaus returned to Sparta and remained married.

title: User:Amandabelcher/sandbox


text:
Rimma Koshelyova

Rimma Koshelyova (born 1 April 1936) is a Soviet hurdler. She competed in the women's 80 metres hurdles at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Rimma Koshelyova


text: User:ClueBot III/Detailed Indices/User talk:Vanished user 278d8b9e769f74365327e651fab9a44b/Archives/2019/October


text:
Talk:Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant

Untitled
Is there a source for the 1971 spill incident? None of the linked pages talk about it. I've lived in MN my whole life and I've never heard about such an incident (which you think would still be fresh in our collective memory). It seems a little unbelievable w/o a source. <IP_ADDRESS> 23:51, 20 March 2006 (UTC)mrsteele
 * The websites which reference the incident are pretty much all anti-nuclear, which doesn't prove anything, but is a datum. I'll see if I can find anything in the Star-Tribune for that period.--Orange Mike 16:31, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081024163322/https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/news/2008/08-036.iii.html to http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/news/2008/08-036.iii.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081024170317/https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/news/2008/08-035.iii.html to http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/news/2008/08-035.iii.html

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:16, 11 January 2016 (UTC)


text:
Alan H. Schoenfeld

Alan Henry Schoenfeld (born July 9, 1947) is an American mathematics education researcher and designer. He is the Elizabeth and Edward Conner Professor of Education and Affiliated Professor of Mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley.

Education and career
Schoenfeld was raised in New York City, studying at Queens College (BA 1968) before moving to Stanford University in order to research in pure mathematics (MS 1969, Ph.D 1973 on topology and measure theory). During his graduate studies he became increasingly interested in the teaching and learning of mathematics, particularly of non-routine problem solving. He taught at University of California, Davis (1973–5), University of california, Berkeley (1975–78), Hamilton College (1978–81) and the University of Rochester (1981–1985) before moving back to Berkeley where he now works.

Research
Schoenfeld's work ranges widely across thinking, teaching, and learning in mathematics and beyond, with particular interest in methodological issues aimed at improving the effectiveness of educational research. He has written, edited, or co-edited twenty-two books and more than two hundred articles on thinking and learning. He has focused successively on three major areas:

On problem solving. He made an empirical study of how far mathematics undergraduates tackling non-routine problems can use the strategies set out in George Pólya's work How to Solve It The strategies were based on Pólya's reflections on how he solved problems. Schoenfeld's study found that the strategies alone are weak, and need to be strengthened by complementary domain-specific tactics. He also showed the importance of students' monitoring their work on a problem and adjusting their tactical and technical moves accordingly. This work was published as Mathematical Problem Solving (1985).

On models of teaching. Understanding the decisions that teachers make in real time in the classroom then became a focus. From the analysis in great detail of videos of mathematics lessons, he and his collaborators developed a model of teaching emphasising three key dimensions – the teacher's knowledge, goals and the beliefs about mathematics. He later generalized the work to real time decision making by professionals, published as the book How we think (2010).

On improving classrooms. Since the 1990s Schoenfeld has become increasingly focused on the challenges of translating research insights into tools and processes that improve teaching and learning in real world classrooms. Working with the design team at the Shell Centre for Mathematical Education. in Nottingham, he has led projects to develop tools for teaching and assessment, culminating in the Mathematics Assessment Project. Complementing this he developed a theoretical framework, Teaching for Robust Understanding (TRU), a model of classrooms in which productive learning is likely to occur. This identifies five key dimensions: the Mathematics; Cognitive demand; Access; Agency, authority and identity; Formative assessment.

Appointments
These include:

Honorary Professor, University of Nottingham, 1994 – present.

President of the American Educational Research Association (AERA) 1998–2000

Vice President of the National Academy of Education, 2001–2005

Lead author for grades 9–12 of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics' Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, 2000

Senior advisor to the Educational Human Resources Directorate of the National Science Foundation, 2001–2003

Senior content advisor to the U.S. Department of Education's 'What Works Clearinghouse', 2001–2003

A lead author of the mathematics content specifications for the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium, 2010–2012

Founding Executive member of the International Society for Design and Development in Education.

Principal investigator of grants from the US National Science Foundation, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Spencer Foundation, the Sloan foundation, Heising–Simons Foundation and others, totalling more than $45,000,000.

Honors and awards
US National Academy of Education, 1994

Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2001

Laureate, Kappa Delta Pi, 2006

Inaugural Fellow, American Educational Research Association, 2007

Klein Medal for lifetime achievement in research, from the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction, 2011

Distinguished Contributions to Research in Education Award, AERA, 2013

AERA Division G Henry T. Trueba Award for Research Leading to the Transformation of the Social Contexts of Education to The Center for Diversity in Mathematics Education (DiME), for which Schoenfeld was a PI, 2013

Mary P. Dolciani Award, Mathematical Association of America, 2014

Walter Denham Memorial award, California Mathematics Council, 2014

Doctor of Science Honoris Causa, Queens College of the City University of New York, 2018  International Academy of Education, 2021

title: Alan H. Schoenfeld


text:
neoliberalism

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A political ideology or ideological trend based on neoclassical economics that espouses economic liberalism, favouring trade liberalisation, financial deregulation, a small government, privatisation and liberalisation of government businesses, passive antitrust enforcement, accepting greater economic inequality and disfavouring unionisation.
 * 2)  The ideology associated with the New Democrats and the.
 * 1)  The ideology associated with the New Democrats and the.
 * 1)  The ideology associated with the New Democrats and the.
 * 1)  The ideology associated with the New Democrats and the.
 * 1)  The ideology associated with the New Democrats and the.

Translations

 * Afrikaans: neoliberalisme
 * Arabic: نِيُولِيبِرَالِيَّة
 * Catalan: neoliberalisme
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 新自由主義
 * Czech: neoliberalizmus
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: novliberalismo
 * Finnish: neoliberalismi,
 * French:
 * Georgian: ნეოლიბერალიზმი
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:, újliberalizmus
 * Icelandic: nýfrjálshyggja
 * Interlingua: neoliberalismo
 * Italian:
 * Kazakh: жаңа либерализм
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: neoliberalismo
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Vietnamese: chủ nghĩa tự do mới, chủ nghĩa tân tự do

Etymology
. or.

title: neoliberalism


text:
User:S1505383

s1505383
I am a student on the reproductive biology honours course at the the University of Edinburgh

My example citation
I read an interesting article on the BBC news website about the bombardier tax ruling.

My example list

 * burgers
 * sleeping
 * food

title: User:S1505383


text:
Talk:Port of Beaumont

"It claims"
The statement about its relative size etc needs a citation. Also, it needs rewording as per Words_to_avoid. Wardog (talk) 11:29, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Port of Beaumont


text:
urosepsis

Noun

 * 1)  sepsis caused by bacteria from the urinary tract invading the bloodstream

Translations

 * Icelandic: þvaggraftarsótt

title: urosepsis


text:
Kalateh-ye Soltani

Kalateh-ye Soltani (, also Romanized as Kalāteh-ye Solţānī; also known as Kalāteh-ye Solţān) is a village in Zeberkhan Rural District, Zeberkhan District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 129, in 36 families.

title: Kalateh-ye Soltani


text:
off-roader

Alternative forms

 * offroader

Noun

 * 1)  A vehicle that is designed to drive off the road.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto: ajnagrundaj aŭtomobiloj
 * Finnish: maastoajoneuvo
 * French:
 * German: Offroader,
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: vehículo todoterreno
 * Turkish: arazi aracı

title: off-roader


text:
School:Information technology

Welcome to the School of Information Technology! Part of the Engineering and Technology Portal. The School of Information Technology is moderately integrated with the School of Computer Science.

title: School:Information technology


text:
USA-183

USA-183, also known as GPS IIR-14(M), GPS IIRM-1 and GPS SVN-53, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the first of eight Block IIRM satellites to be launched, and the fourteenth of twenty one Block IIR satellites overall. It was built by Lockheed Martin, using the AS-4000 satellite bus.

USA-183 was launched at 03:37:00 UTC on 26 September 2005, atop a Delta II carrier rocket, flight number D313, flying in the 7925-9.5 configuration. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-183 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37FM apogee motor.

By 25 November 2005, USA-183 was in an orbit with a perigee of 20140 km, an apogee of 20222 km, a period of 717.92 minutes, and 55 degrees of inclination to the equator. It is used to broadcast the PRN 17 signal, and operates in slot 4 of plane C of the GPS constellation. The satellite has a mass of 2032 kg, and a design life of 10 years. As of 2019 it remains in service.

title: USA-183


text:
Learning to read

How do children learn to read words?

As adults, we assume there are two routes to reading skill - decoding and sight words, however, children who can decode and recognise sight words are already successful readers. There are many necessary factors contributing to the acquisition of these skills that must already be in place for children to succesfully decode text.

The first step towards reading success is helping students tune into the sounds in words. This is not a instinctual act for children and requires explicit teaching of various concepts, including: rhyme, alliteration and body/coda or onset/rhyme blending. This can be done through singing songs, nursery rhymes, guessing games and silly sentences. The possibilities are endless.

Children also need to develop a sense of phoneme (phonemic/phonological)awareness. Phonemes are the individual sounds in words, and the awareness of this is an auditory skill, not visual. Phonics and phoneme awareness are different concepts. Conversations and shared reading are early ways to encourage this skill. Research shows that 3 elements are present in effective phonemic instruction: 1. explicitly teaching one phoneme at a time; 2. tasks that are designed to make each phoneme memorable; and 3. practice at identifying phonemes in spoken words.

http://www.auburn.edu/~murraba/

This site has an excellent list of lesson plans for teaching phonemic awareness, as well as more information on teaching the 3 elements in more detail.

Once children have an knowledge of a handful of phonemes, and can identify sounds in isolation, they are ready to start blending these sounds orally, and in written form. In Australia, we use a program called "letter pack" to teach blending. This is called a "letterbox lesson" in the USA. The aim of blending is to produce an oral approximation of a word close enough for the child to access a word. Rhyming is a good precursor for blending skills. As with other concepts in reading instruction, children should not be asked to produce answers immediately. The first step is for children to identify an "odd man out" in a series of text. For example: "which word does not belong: cat, mat, sat, flip, hat?" then children can be prompted to produce answers by providing an initial sound. For example: "which would could come next: cat, mat, sat, h-a-a-a?". Once this is mastered, children might be asked to produce a rhyme.

title: Learning to read


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Noctis Night Life

The result of the debate was delete. Shanel 01:35, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Noctis Night Life
Delete; advertisement for a website GregoryWeir 23:44, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --Bugwit grunt / scribbles 23:48, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, doesn't appear to be sufficiently important, influential or original to warrant listing. Average Earthman 00:05, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, advertisement, red link farm. Roy  boy cr ash  fan  [[Image:Flag_of_Texas.svg|30px]] 00:12, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as spamvertisement. And for deficient Latinity: "in Latin, Noctis means Night".  Tsk, tsk, tsk.  Bucketsofg 00:28, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:27, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Postdlf 05:29, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as advertisement -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 08:59, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Per nom, spam Nigelthefish 14:50, 21 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Template:Wiki101

Note: ''See Naming conventions for more information. You may also want to look over Introduction to Wiki and Wiki 101 if you are uncomfortable creating and editing pages.''

title: Template:Wiki101


text:
Peire Autier

Peire Autier, Peire Authié or Pierre Authié (French: Peire Authié) was a Cathar Good Man (leader) in the Languedoc region of southern France. Originally a notary from Ax-les-Thermes, he travelled to Lombardy and Piedmont with his brother, Jacques, in the 1290s and converted to Catharism. During the winter of 1299–1300, he returned to Languedoc to revive the Cathar Church. He was arrested by the inquisitor Geoffroy d'Ablis in August 1309 and burned at the stake for heresy on April 10, 1310.

title: Peire Autier


text:
Monte Carlo Integration

Please see Directions for use for more information.

Learning Project Summary

 * Project code: Monte Carlo Integration
 * School: Computer Science:
 * Department: Scientific Computing

Content summary
A brief introduction to Monte Carlo integration and a few optimization techniques.

Goals
This learning project offers learning activities to Monte Carlo integration. A student should be able to effectively apply Monte Carlo methods to integrate basic functions over set boundaries and apply some level of optimizations to a given problem.

Concepts to learn include: /concepts

Texts
[1] Numerical Mathematics and Computing Chapter 12

Lessons

 * Lesson 1: Introduction to Monte Carlo Integration

Monte Carlo methods use random samplings to approximate probability distributions. This

technique has applications from weather prediction to quantum mechanics.

One use for Monte Carlo methods is in the approximation of integrals. This is done by

choosing some number of random points over the desired interval and summing the function

evaluations at these points. The area of the desired interval is then multiplied by the

average function evaluation from the chosen points.

(1) $$\int_a^b{f(x)} \approx $$ $$ (b-a) * \sum_1^N{f(x_{n})}\over{N} $$

This technique can further be implemented in multiple dimensions where the process becomes

more useful. A rigorous evaluation of this technique finds the error approximately $$1\over\sqrt(N)$$ [1] which means

$$O{({1\over\sqrt{n}})}$$ convergence. This is not very useful in the one dimension case above, as better techniques exist, but

since the error is not bounded by the number of dimensions evaluated, when many dimensional

integrals are evaluated, Monte Carlo methods can become increasingly effective.

The following Matlab script will approximate a triple integral for a given function and

boundary. %F is the vectorized function to be evaluated %bound is a vector representing the x,y,z bounds to the integrals %N is the number of samples to use in the approximation %e.g. MonteCarlo(inline('x.*y.*z'), [0 1 0 1 0 1], 1000) function est = MonteCarlo(F, bound, N)    B = bound; R = rand(3, N); %Set the random samplings to the correct intervals R(1, :) = (B(2)-B(1))*R(1, :)+ B(1); R(2, :) = R(2, :)*(B(4) - B(3)) + B(3); R(3, :) = R(3, :)*(B(6) - B(5)) + B(5); Volume = (B(2)-B(1))*(B(4)-B(3))*(B(6)-B(5)); s = feval(F, R(1,:), R(2,:), R(3,:)); total = sum(s); avgF = total/N; Approx = avgF*Volume; fprintf('Approximation: %f', Approx);

The next step in Monte Carlo integration is to optimize the evaluation to more accurately

and quickly determine the integral. There are numerous techniques for improving on (1). The

following require some pre-existing knowledge about the function being evaluated:

 * Lesson 2: Control Variates

This technique breaks the function being evaluated into pieces in which one or more pieces

have known integral values or are more easily evaluated than the original function. In this

way, the random samplings will be more prevalent with the difficult part of the function

and not be wasted on the already known piece. e.g. let
 * $$f(x) = e^{-x^2} + sin{(x)}$$

over the interval of 0 to $$2\pi$$ then,
 * {|border=0

since sin x is an odd function, its integral is 0 on this interval. By decreasing the variance of the
 * $$\int_0^{2\pi}{f(x)}$$
 * $$\int_0^{2\pi}{e^{-x^2}} + \int_0^{2\pi}{sin{(x)}} $$
 * $$\int_0^{2\pi}{e^{-x^2}} + 0 $$
 * }
 * $$\int_0^{2\pi}{e^{-x^2}} + 0 $$
 * }
 * $$\int_0^{2\pi}{e^{-x^2}} + 0 $$
 * }

function being integrated, the approximated answer will be more accurate [2].

This technique relies on breaking the desired interval into multiple sections and evaluating
 * Lesson 3: Stratified Sampling

the Monte Carlo integration on each section individually. In this way, the more important

sections, i.e. the intervals where f(x) gives its greatest contribution to the integral, are

able to receive more random samplings in approximating their integral values. This will

allow the more important sections to contribute more accurately to the final integral.

e.g. let $$ f(x) = x^3 $$ over the interval [0,1] One can easily show $$\int_0^1{x^3} = .25$$. It can also be seen that $$\int_{.8}^1{x^3} = .1476$$. This shows that the interval of x from .8 to 1 makes up almost 60% of the integral value. Clearly this section is more important than when x is between 0 and .8. It logically follows that a more accurate approximation can be made if more of the samplings are chosen between .8 and 1 than the rest of the interval.

The Monte Carlo method then becomes the following, given that the interval is broken into m sections:

(2)   $$\int_a^b{f(x)} \approx $$ $$ \sum_{i=1}^{m}{Length_i * \sum_{j=1}^{N_i}{f(x_j)}\over{N_i}} $$ where Length_i is the length of the ith section, N_i is the number of random samplings chosen from the ith section.

If the interval lengths and number of samples for each length are chosen correctly,

this method can dramatically decrease the error in approximating the integral.

 * Lesson 4: Importance Sampling

The previous technique showed that using a non-uniform distribution of random points can

lead to better samplings and more accurate approximations of an integral. Importance

sampling is an extension of this technique, but instead of using grids to split the

interval, a distribution function is used for choosing the random points. Now when picking

the sampling points to evaluate the integral, the points must conform to some distribution

function which ideally approximates the desired function.

i.e. given a distribution function p(x) which simulates f(x). Pick N random numbers s.t. the density of the points conforms to p(x)

e.g.  if p(x) is x^2 on the interval [0,1] then more of the sampling points should appear closer to x=1 than x=0. With the non-uniform distribution of random points, the equation approximating the integral

must be revisited. Now, given a distribution of random points with a density of p(x), the

approximation of the integral becomes:

(3)	$$\int_a^b{f(x)} \approx $$$$ (b-a) * \sum_1^N{f(x_{n})\over{p(x_{n})}}\over{N}$$ [2]

Activities
Approximate Pi using Monte Carlo integration and Matlab. [hint: $$x^2 + y^2 = r^2$$ forms a circle]
 * Activity 1.

Extend the given matlab code from the introduction to perform integration on an arbitrary number of dimensions, rather than just three.
 * Activity 2.

Active participants
Active participants in this Learning Group
 * Raynigel 19:00, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Monte Carlo Integration


text:
Park Avenue Plaza

Park Avenue Plaza is an office building at 55 East 52nd Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The 575 ft tall, 44-story building was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) for development company Fisher Brothers and was completed in 1981. Despite its name, the building is not actually on Park Avenue, although it abuts the Racquet and Tennis Club building along the avenue. Rather, the building is in the middle of a city block, with entrances on 52nd and 53rd Streets.

The building has a 15-sided massing, with wide diagonal facades to its northeast and southeast, as well as a deep notch on its east. Park Avenue Plaza's facade is made of blue-green reflective panels of glass. The building has one basement, shallower than in other nearby skyscrapers. The building's lowest ten stories include a lobby, atrium, and mechanical equipment, enabling all the office stories to have windows facing Park Avenue. At the base of the building is an enclosed atrium measuring about 30 ft tall and connecting the two entrances to the building's elevators. Each office story has about 28000 ft2 of rentable area; the entire building covers over a million square feet. The building's design prompted mixed reviews upon its completion.

Fisher Brothers acquired the site in the 1970s and proposed constructing a ground-level atrium in exchange for additional space. Construction commenced in March 1979 following negotiations with the Racquet and Tennis Club, which had threatened to build a hotel above its own building. The building was conceived as a speculative development and 90% of the space had been leased before construction was completed. Fisher Brothers has operated Park Avenue Plaza since the building opened in 1981. First Boston, a major tenant, owned a minority stake in the building until 1987. The Boston-based Rockpoint Group bought a 49% stake in 2010, selling it in 2011 to SOHO China.

Site
Park Avenue Plaza is at 55 East 52nd Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is in the middle of the block bounded by 52nd Street to the south, Madison Avenue to the west, 53rd Street to the north, and Park Avenue to the east. Despite its name, Park Avenue Plaza is not actually situated on Park Avenue, nor does it have a plaza. The tower abuts the Racquet and Tennis Club Building, which actually is on Park Avenue, to the east. The tower's name had been conceived as a way to add prestige to the midblock site. Park Avenue Plaza is assigned its own ZIP Code, 10055; it was one of 41 buildings in Manhattan that had their own ZIP Codes.

Nearby buildings include CBS Studio Building and Omni Berkshire Place to the west; 488 Madison Avenue to the southwest; 345 Park Avenue to the southeast; the Seagram Building to the east; 399 Park Avenue to the northeast; and Lever House to the north. In addition, an entrance to the New York City Subway's Fifth Avenue/53rd Street station (served by the ), is directly across 53rd Street.

Architecture
Park Avenue Plaza was designed by Raul de Armas of the firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). It was built for the development company Fisher Brothers. The structure measures 575 ft tall. To erect a larger building than would have normally been allowed on the site, Fisher Brothers acquired air rights from the Racquet and Tennis Club Building and from the CBS Studio Building.

Form and facade
The building has a 15-sided massing, with wide diagonal chamfers to its northeast and southeast. The building's wide northeastern and southeastern elevations converge at the middle of the block. The narrow eastern elevation contains a central groove facing Park Avenue. According to architectural critic Paul Goldberger, the presence of the groove makes the eastern elevation "appear smaller still". The groove is aligned with the three arches at the center of the Racquet and Tennis Club Building's facade. There are similar grooves on other elevations of the facade, which were intended to reduce the building's perceived scale. Early plans for the building had called for setbacks at two places, matching the heights of neighboring buildings, but SOM's final plans called for a tower without any setbacks.

The base of the tower is the same height as the Racquet and Tennis Club Building's cornice line. The main entrances are through revolving doors on 52nd and 53rd Streets. The facade is made of blue-green reflective panels of glass, alternating with silver mullions. SOM had chosen that color because they had wanted the facade to blend in with those of neighboring buildings, although the color contrasted with the tan-brick facade of the Racquet and Tennis Club Building. At the time of Park Avenue Plaza's completion, Lever House (also designed by SOM) was the only other nearby building with a blue-green glass facade. The facade contained a lightly glazed finish, which reflected heat during the summer.

Features
The building has one basement, shallower than in other nearby skyscrapers, since basement offices were generally not attractive to commercial tenants. This reduced the costs of constructing the foundation. The building's lowest ten stories include a lobby, atrium, and mechanical equipment. The mechanical floors cover 241000 ft2. By placing the mechanical stories near the bottom of the building, this allowed all of the office stories to have windows facing Park Avenue. There is an elevator core at the center of the building with shafts for 21 elevators.

The office stories rise above a set of crossbeams on the ninth floor. The columns on these stories are attached to the crossbeams. Each office story contains 12 corners and covers about 25000 ft2 or 28000 ft2 of area. As an energy-efficiency measure, each story had individual climate controls, rather than a master control for the entire building. The top ten floors are connected by an open stairway, and the top story has a ceiling height of 10.5 ft. In the late 1990s, insurance company Swiss Re redesigned the top six floors of the building, cutting off the open stairway below the 39th floor.

Atrium
At the base of the building is an enclosed atrium measuring about 30 ft tall and connecting 52nd and 53rd Streets. The space was built in exchange for a zoning bonus; its presence contrasted with neighboring buildings that featured a large open plaza. Fisher Brothers intended for the atrium to resemble a shopping arcade, namely Burlington Arcade in London. The middle of the atrium contains stainless-steel columns. There are eight columns with round corner, each measuring 3 ft wide by 6 in thick. The atrium contains two glass walls, which measure a combined 300 ft2 and contain illuminated glass-crystal tubes. There is also a glass reception desk measuring 66 ft long.

The atrium contains a large painting by Frank Stella, a pair of brass sculptures with "organic" motifs by William Crovelli, and a waterfall on the eastern wall. The space contains tables and chairs and was originally planted with small ficus trees. To accommodate the plantings, the atrium had bright lighting with an intensity of about 200 foot-candles. A set of escalators lead up to a mezzanine-level elevator lobby. At the time of its opening, the atrium also had one of Midtown Manhattan's few public restrooms. The atrium contains a public shopping arcade, which was not required as part of the zoning bonus. The storefronts cover 20000 ft2 and originally contained bow windows as well as brass and granite decorations. The space also has green marble walls with dark green glass.

Planning
For several years in the 1970s, Fisher Brothers had been negotiating with the Racquet and Tennis Club to buy the unused air rights above the latter's clubhouse. The firm had already acquired a site behind the clubhouse on 52nd and 53rd Streets, and it had hired SOM to design a 15-sided office building facing Park Avenue. The project was one of several large office buildings proposed in New York City after the mid-1970s recession. The developers planned to name the building "Park Avenue Plaza", though the Manhattan borough president's office had to approve this name. Fisher Brothers wanted to build an entrance to its office building through the clubhouse, but the firm and the club were unable to agree on this aspect of the design. Instead, the developers' lawyer Samuel H. Liddenbaum requested a Park Avenue address from the borough president's office, and he proposed that the building include an enclosed atrium or galleria.

Negotiations between Fisher Brothers and the Racquet and Tennis Club were halted after the New York City Department of City Planning (DCP) announced in 1978 that Fisher Brothers could not only have an address on Park Avenue, but also up to 200000 ft2 of additional office space, if the developers built a 60 ft galleria. The "galleria bonus" would increase the amount of rentable floor area in the new building by 20 percent, raising the floor area ratio from 15 to 18. Fisher Brothers agreed to maintain public restrooms and add a cafe to the galleria. The developers also proposed allocating $100,000 toward the renovation of the Fifth Avenue/53rd Street station. The New York City Planning Commission (CPC) voted 4–2 to approve the galleria bonus in May 1978. Two commissioners had voted against the measure on the grounds that the galleria would provide little "public benefit".

By early 1978, the new building was planned to cost $82 million. That March, the Racquet and Tennis Club informally proposed the construction of a 38-story hotel above its clubhouse, to be designed by Jonathan Morse, a club member. This would have blocked most eastward views from Fisher Brothers' building. In August, the club submitted formal plans for a 35-story luxury hotel. As a result, in November 1978, Fisher Brothers opted not to accept the galleria bonus from the city, and it resumed negotiations with the Racquet and Tennis Club. The firm paid the club $5 million to not build the hotel, instead acquiring the clubhouse's air rights. This provided funding for the club's protection while also allowing Fisher Brothers to obtain the same amount of floor space that it would have received through the zoning bonus. The CPC gave Fisher Brothers permission to reduce the atrium's height in exchange for two additional office floors, the construction of which would pay for the air rights. Morse refused to say if the club had actually planned to act on the hotel proposal. Christopher Gray described the move as "perhaps the biggest game of real estate 'chicken' ever played in New York". The city also approved the proposed "Park Avenue Plaza" name.

Construction
In December 1978, the city government's Industrial and Commercial Incentive Board granted Fisher Brothers a $6.6 million tax abatement to be payable over ten years. The abatement was approved even though commission staff had privately recommended against it. The building was conceived as a speculative development without any anchor tenant in mind. A groundbreaking ceremony for the project was held in March 1979. At the time, 861,000 ft2 of office space had already been leased by insurance company Alexander & Alexander, financial-services firm First Boston, and management consultant McKinsey & Company. Alexander & Alexander ultimately canceled its lease, although First Boston took 16 floors and McKinsey took five floors. Fisher Brothers initially charged rents of 22 to 23 $/ft2, and the first tenants signed leases at these relatively low rates. Fisher Brothers then acquired the adjacent CBS Studio Building to protect westward views from the new tower.

In the first phase of construction, workers poured concrete footings atop the bedrock, embedding steel bolts into the footings. Workers then bolted steel girders to the bolts, using two derricks to bolt the girders together as the superstructure rose. Accounting firm Main Hurdman & Cranstoun leased seven floors in the building in June 1979. By the end of that year, fashion firm Elizabeth Arden, Inc. had also agreed to occupy four floors. Though Park Avenue Plaza was about 10 percent complete at the time, nearly 90 percent of the space had been leased, with 150000 ft2 still available. As the superstructure was being erected, the contractors constructed corrugated steel decks on each story, then poured concrete over each of the corrugated-steel decks. Workers then sprayed a layer of fireproofing onto the superstructure. A group of demonstrators stormed the construction site in 1980, claiming that Fisher Brothers had not hired enough minority workers; one worker was injured during the protests.

1980s and 1990s
The ground-floor atrium had opened by August 1981, and tenants had started to move into the building. The same year, Banque de Paris et des Pays Bas subleased some space from First Boston, and First Boston bought a 22% ownership stake in the tower. That September, Fisher Brothers reportedly negotiated to sell the building to a Middle Eastern investment group. The retail stores in the building's base were still not completed by early 1982. Because the building was about 100 feet west of Park Avenue, the United States Postal Service would not deliver mail addressed solely to "Park Avenue Plaza" unless it was also addressed to 55 East 52nd Street. This prompted Fisher Brothers to apply for a unique ZIP Code for the building, which required that the owners prove that the tenants would receive a high volume of mail. First Boston tasked several employees with estimating the volume of mail it would receive. Park Avenue Plaza ultimately received its own ZIP Code, which allowed the delivery of mail that was addressed solely to "Park Avenue Plaza".

By the mid-1980s, a Newsday writer said the atrium was one of several that was bringing "New York's shoppers in off the streets". The atrium had a cafe and several storefronts. The space also hosted exhibits such as a showcase of sheet music, as well as musical performances. Additionally, a large homeless encampment congregated in the atrium during its operating hours. First Boston sold back its ownership stake in the building to Fisher Brothers in late 1987 for $80 million, in part to raise money for employee bonuses. In exchange, the company agreed to pay higher rent. Park Avenue Plaza continued to attract financial firms, including Tokai Bank, which leased several floors in 1989.

First Boston occupied over a third of the building, paying over 60 $/ft2 until its lease expired in 1996. First Boston decided to move to 11 Madison Avenue, where the trading floors were more than twice as large as the 40000 ft2 trading floors at Park Avenue Plaza. The building's average rental rate was expected to decline following the relocation, making it harder for Fisher Brothers to pay off the $252 million that it still owed on the building's mortgage. Subsequently, Swiss Re leased six floors at the top of the building in late 1996. The next year, the city government gave tax incentives to financial group ING Barings if the company agreed to lease space at Park Avenue Plaza and add jobs during that period.

2000s to present
Insurance company Aon relocated to Park Avenue Plaza in 2002 after the company's old headquarters were destroyed in the September 11 attacks the previous year. Aon moved its employees out of the building in 2006 but continued to sublease 270000 ft2 to other tenants. Another large tenant, ABN AMRO, also moved out around this time. These firms subleased space to companies such as investment management firm BlackRock, financial services company Evercore, and alternative asset management firm Fairfield Greenwich Group. Additionally, Intercontinental Exchange had some space in the building.

The Boston-based Rockpoint Group bought a 49 percent ownership stake in July 2010 for $330 million. The next year, Rockpoint sold its stake for $569.1 million to Chinese investment firm SOHO China, a firm controlled by Chinese real estate magnate Zhang Xin. As a result of these sales, the building's valuation increased from $695 million to $1.19 billion in a single year. In the mid-2010s, Janson Goldstein redesigned the atrium, which was renovated in 2016 for $40 million. The atrium continued to host events such as a design competition for Park Avenue. Fisher Brothers received a $75 million mezzanine loan from New York Life in 2018. At the time, Swiss Re had indicated its intent to move out of the building, as did McKinsey. BlackRock and Aon collectively leased nearly half of the building, but their leases expired in 2023. Concurrently, several other companies expanded their space in the building, including Evercore and General Atlantic.

Fisher Brothers temporarily removed the atrium's seats during the COVID-19 pandemic; the seating areas were restored by 2021. Jennison Associates also leased space at the building in early 2021, with plans to move into the building after BlackRock moved out. Fisher Brothers refinanced Park Avenue Plaza in October 2021 with a $575 million CMBS loan. The financing consisted of a $460 million interest-only loan from Morgan Stanley and a $115 million mezzanine loan, At the time, the building was 99 percent occupied with 11 tenants. Morgan Stanley leased 400,000 ft2 of BlackRock's space in January 2022.

Reception
The photographer Marvin E. Newman took photographs of Park Avenue Plaza while it was under construction. In an 1981 exhibit of Newman's photographs, the Municipal Art Society described the building as "leaping with tyrannical self-confidence out of the middle of the block". After the building opened, Paul Goldberger wrote in 1982 that the building "is an earnest, if tame, example of the genre of the abstract tower that we are seeing more and more of around the country". The AIA Guide to New York City described the building as "a bulky glass prism". Conversely, architectural critic Martin Filler thought the building's facade was "virtually identical to those SOM has been producing for over 30 years", saying the material drew attention to Lever House, which by comparison "seems pathetically shrunken" by Park Avenue Plaza's presence.

Goldberger characterized the atrium in 1982 as "too small and tight in its feeling to be the enclosed public square that it aspires to be, but it is a lot more grandiose than the average lobby". Goldberger changed his stance several years later, saying: "Years of use have mellowed this space, and it has turned into one of the most viable indoor plazas we have." Richard F. Shepard wrote for The New York Times in 1989 that the atrium had a "warmth that almost contradicts its wall-size waterfall and its manicured interior architecture". Jerold Kayden described the atrium as "an elegant, two-story glass-enclosed space". According to Kayden, the space had all the elements of a successful public space because of its chairs and tables, eateries, waterfall, presence of maintenance staff, and "sense of security".

title: Park Avenue Plaza


text:
tinca

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) tench

Etymology
Probably of / origin, from. The fish was thought to be poisonous.

Noun

 * 1)  a small fish, the tench

Noun

 * 1)  feeling, hunch
 * 2)  dedication, resolve, commitment
 * 1)  dedication, resolve, commitment

title: tinca


text:
Cigarette Boats

Cigarette Boats is an EP by American rapper Curren$y and producer Harry Fraud. It was released for online download on July 10, 2012. XXL named it the "2012 EP of the Year."

Track listing

 * All songs produced by Harry Fraud

title: Cigarette Boats


text:
User:DelaneyElsbeth/sandbox

Articles on Mammals that are stubs
camel

african long-fingered bat

Riverine Rabbit

mammal stubs

Articles on Mammals
This is a set of instructions on how to create a good Wikipedia article about mammals.This guide will help point out what is most important when writing an article about this specific topic. It will also compare already existing articles about mammals to get an idea of what one should look like. When it comes to writing a Wikipedia article it is important that it is very organized and includes thing such as a lead section, proper length, main headings, hyperlinks, media, reliable sources, and citations. This will allow the reader to find what they are looking for quickly and let them know what they are reading is trustworthy.

Lead Section
The lead section is the most important part of the article. The lead section should not be too big for the article nor should it be too small. It should present exactly what is being discussed in the rest of the article, to let the reader know if this article is what they are looking for.The lead must contain a neutral point of view to avoid any bias. Overall, the lead section should address the topic, discuss main points, and explain why this information is important. Previous articles on mammals tend to be fairly long, especially popular animals, because of the this the lead sections tend to be near 500 words. Animals that are not as popular have a lower word count so their lead section is around 400 words.The lead section is considered the introduction so it should immediately grab the reader's attention and be a concise overview of the whole article.

Length
Length is crucial when writing a Wikipedia article. The article should not have a bunch of excess information because not all random facts are relevant when it comes to discussing the background of mammals. Due to Wikipedia being an encyclopedia it is important that the article is short and concise to allow the reader quick information efficiently. Articles on popular mammals, such as the guinea pig and gray wolf tend to have a word count between 7,000 and 14,000. Articles on less popular animals such as the royal antelope and okapi tend to have a word count between 1,500 to 3,000 words.

Main Headings
Main headings are essential in Wikipedia articles. They help break up the article into main ideas and allows the reader to find what they are looking for quickly and efficiently. Main heading titles should be a main idea of what is written underneath but should not be too long. Stick to picking a word or short phrase.When writing an article on mammals some important main headings to include are habits, diet, health, behavior, and breeding. Articles on mammals can include many more different headings, but these particular headings are consistently displayed in this type of article. Due to these headings being a constant in these articles, shows that these facts are important and most likely what many readers try to look for when researching an animal.

Hyperlinks
Hyperlinking is also very important. It allows the reader to dig deeper into the information they are reading and to see where the author got their information from instantly. Hyperlinking is also important to show credibility, displaying the source right within the article allows the reader to go directly to the cite where the information was collected from, instead of having to go down to the reference list and taking the time to find it themselves. Linking can include not only wikilinks but also external links and interwiki links. Articles on mammals include a plethora of hyperlinks. Each paragraph, in an article about mammals, includes between 3 to 10 hyperlinks depending on the size of the paragraph. This represents that value hyperlinking has and why it is necessary to include an appropriate amount for this type of article.

Media
Many people are visual learners so throwing in some pictures with useful captions can be a huge asset to an article. The article Gray Wolf has an overabundance of images that the reader can utilize to get a further knowledge of what they are reading. In general, articles on mammals have lots of pictures displaying what the animal looks like and adding even more background information that can be associated with the image. Authors must be careful though to follow the image use policy to ensure that there will be no copyright issues. Overall, though pictures might seem childish they actually are good for catching the readers attention, making the article more interesting, and allowing visual learners to get a better understanding.

Lead Section that was due 9/25
cellar door

For other uses, see User:DelaneyElsbeth/sandbox (disambiguation). In phonaesthetics, the English compound noun cellar door has been cited as an example of a word or phrase which is beautiful purely in terms of its sound (euphony), without regard for semantics (i.e., meaning).[1] It has been variously presented either as merely one beautiful instance of many, or as the most beautiful in the English language; as the author's personal choice, that of an eminent scholar's, or of a foreigner who does not speak the language.[1][2] The original instance of this observation has not been discovered, although it was made as early as 1903.

In phonaesthetics, the English compound noun cellar door has been cited as an example of a word or phrase which is beautiful purely in terms of its sound (euphony), without regard for semantics (i.e., meaning).[1] It has been variously presented either as merely one beautiful instance of many, or as the most beautiful in the English language; as the author's personal choice, that of an eminent scholar's, or of a foreigner who does not speak the language.[1][2] The original instance of this observation has not been discovered, although it was made as early as 1903. In the nineteenth century cellar doors were very common in households but by the mid-twentieth century this feature became a rare thing. Besides that cellar door is used in literature a lot, many english speaking people believe that it is a beautiful phrase. Overall, cellar door has many uses whether it is a feature in a house or used in literature.

title: User:DelaneyElsbeth/sandbox


text:
Shadni

Shadni (Шадни; Шадун) is a rural locality (a selo) in Tsizgarinsky Selsoviet, Dakhadayevsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 300 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Shadni is located 9 km northeast of Urkarakh (the district's administrative centre) by road. Urkarakh and Meusisha are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Laks live there.

title: Shadni


text:
Lansdowne Road railway station

Lansdowne Road railway station (Stáisiún Bhóthar Lansdúin) is a railway station in Dublin, Ireland. The station serves the Ballsbridge and Upper Baggot Street areas of Dublin 4.

Facilities and services
The station has two through platforms, 1 is the northbound platform and platform 2 is for southbound services. These are connected via a subway. Both have separate entrances as there is a level crossing adjacent to the station on Lansdowne Road. There are 2 automated ticket vending machines at each entrance. When there is an event at the stadium, additional access points are opened to allow for crowd control. It has disability access to both platforms.

All DART services serve the station, as do several South Eastern Commuter (Dublin Connolly to Gorey) and a number of services to Drogheda, Dundalk and Maynooth.

History
The station was adjacent to its namesake Lansdowne Road Stadium before the stadium was demolished in 2007 and replaced on-site by the new Aviva Stadium, which the station now serves.

The station opened on 1 July 1870. It was electrified in 1983 with the arrival of DART services.

title: Lansdowne Road railway station


text:
User:News570/sandbox

Barol
 Barol is the name of a place of Koltasuti Union at Ashulia thana of Dhaka City in Bangladesh.It is near to Dhaka EPZ area.Main road sorrounding the area is Madina Sarak More than 5000 thousands people living there.Its coordinates are 23.972517 and 90.254629.

Category:Populated places in Dhaka District

Reference
1.Barol

title: User:News570/sandbox


text:
lavoretto

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a simple piece of work, or one of little importance
 * 2) occasional or temporary work; gig, odd job
 * 3) dishonest, dirty, or disreputable work
 * 1) dishonest, dirty, or disreputable work
 * 1) dishonest, dirty, or disreputable work

title: lavoretto


text:
Talk:Jump the Shark (The X-Files)/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: TBrandley (talk · contribs) 01:53, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Issues:

 * Lede: On Canada, it is on Global network
 * Lede: Link executive producer
 * Lede: critics → television critics
 * Production: Link executive producer
 * Production: Unlink executive producer below per the above
 * Reception: Remove link to United States, and, then, link to Television in the United States instead as per guidelines on Wikipedia
 * External links: Add "TheXFiles.com" episode link

That's all! Great work, and on hold for now. TBrandley 04:23, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I changed all the issues, except the website, because for some reason Archive.org didn't archive this episode's page. Thanks for the review!-- Gen. Quon   (Talk)  05:17, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jump the Shark (The X-Files)/GA1


text:
User:WiKimik

Adding actual work:

structure idea:

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Mathematics/Wikipedia_1.0

 * http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Engineering_bookshelf
 * http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikiversity:School_of_Engineering

 * http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category:Engineering
 * http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category:Engineering_and_Technology

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology_portals
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy

title: User:WiKimik


text:
User:Bolemanoj

Hi I am Manoj Bole. I live in Singapore and am a Marine Engineer by profession. Electronics and computers are my hobby and trying to learn most from it

title: User:Bolemanoj


text:
Talk:Ben Lovett

Ben Lovett Date of Birth
The following page mentions Markus Mumford and Ben Lovett, both members of the band Mumford & Sons, being former students at King's College, London.

The two musicians are known to be the same age (interview source?) and the abovementioned page does not deny this fact; their years of birth are 1987. However on the Wikipedia pages about the artists, Marcus Mumford's article is correct whereas Ben Lovett's date of birth is erroneously May 3, 1978.

Here the link to an article. It does not entirely solve the problem of a perfect reference since there is no year of birth mentioned. Still, Ben Lovett was officially 22 years old in 2009. Consequently he cannot be 34 years old today.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:24, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Ben Lovett. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120308214425/http://www.tribecafilm.com/filmguide/archive/Last_Goodbye.html to http://www.tribecafilm.com/filmguide/archive/Last_Goodbye.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:21, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ben Lovett


text:
tranquillizzato

Etymology
Past participle of.

Adjective

 * 1) calmed
 * 2) reassured
 * 3) tranquilized

title: tranquillizzato


text:
Ruza (inhabited locality)

Ruza (Руза) is the name of several inhabited localities in Moscow Oblast, Russia:

Urban localities

 * Ruza, Ruzsky District, Moscow Oblast, a town in Ruzsky District

Rural localities

 * Ruza, Volokolamsky District, Moscow Oblast, a village in Ostashevskoye Rural Settlement of Volokolamsky District

title: Ruza (inhabited locality)


text:
Talk:Calculus on Euclidean space

The intended content
Would it be correct to say that this article is meant to cover chapters 9 and 10 of Rudin "Principles of Mathematical Analysis" and Spivak "Calculus on Manifolds"? If so, the intended topics would seem to be: Is this missing anything? It seems that there are already pages for each of these topics - all of which could be improved with better expositions and added content. So what exactly is the distinct purpose of this page? Even in terms of summaries, there is already a page for multivariable calculus, which seems to me to be synonymous with calculus on Euclidean space Gumshoe2 (talk) 09:26, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * implicit and inverse function theorem
 * Taylor's theorem in multiple dimensions
 * integration in multiple dimensions
 * smooth embedded submanifolds of Euclidean space
 * integration of differential forms and the change of variable formula for integration
 * Stokes theorem and its relatives

 * From Talk:Differential geometry of surfaces. "I just want to say I started Draft:Calculus on Euclidean space by copying the section on function in 2 variables. I do agree with other editors that some materials added recently by Mathsci are not specific to surfaces and look out of place here. I think that article can be a better place for those materials. -- TakuyaMurata"

 * I replied "Seems like a good idea, if it that content doesn't already exist on wikipedia. The case of $n$ dimensions should also be covered. Taylor series can be given in general, using the usual notations for $$\partial^\alpha$$ and $$\alpha!$$. It's probably worth spelling out the two-dimensional Taylor expansion in detail. (For functions of 2 variables, there is the 1907 book of E. W. Hobson.) So far the draft you've proposed is quite close to the beginning pages of Lars Hörmander's "Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators", Vol.I."

 * I'll add now that I think Fubini's theorem in several variables is another topic. It's used anyway in one of the proofs of symmetry of second derivatives (and versions of the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). Proofs of inverse function theorem are also on wikipedia (I inserted one); the implicit function theorem is a corollary. Most of the proofs have been taken from Hörmander.

 * Calculus is a fairly elementary topic. The other topics are of a different flavour, topics from differential topology (Guillemin & Pollack), way beyond elementary calculus. It's quite unrealistic to write a low level article that combines both elementary calculus and differential topology.

 * As I've written to Taku, his suggestion on calculus was a very idea and the skeleton he suggested is excellent. Mathsci (talk) 13:19, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It seems that the current content in the draft could very easily and naturally be included in other articles. There is, at present, no differential topology. There is also an existing page for Fubini's theorem which could be used (and is probably where some of the material in Symmetry of second derivatives should be put - that page is almost certainly the wrong place to go into the proof of Fubini). Gumshoe2 (talk) 15:39, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * To respond to, I think the key difference is the use of more abstract point view. For example, in multivariable calculus, a tangent vector is introduced in a manner similar to that in one-variable calculus (i.e., as a derivative). But, in differential geometry, a tangent vector is defined in more intrinsic manner; i.e., a derivation on the germ of functions. Such an abstract point of view will be distracting in the "multivariable calculus" article. Also, I don't think a differential form is typically a part of multivariable calculus; at least, textbooks on multivariable calculus I have used to teach (Stewart is one used in my school) do not cover differential forms; in particular, Stokes in terms of differential forms. I suppose it's a matter of the use of the term "multivariable calculus"; for me, "multivariable calculus" has an image of a typical undergraduate calculus in the universities in the united states. For me, those chapters in Rudin's text are *not* part of multivariable calculus. I do agree there will be a lot of overlaps; I don't think that's necessarily bad. It is usually more convenient for the readers if they didn't have to read several separate articles. As I see, Wikipedia can have two types of math articles; a theory-type one and a topic-specific one. Both types of the articles are needed and are useful for the readers. -- Taku (talk) 04:14, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * In my opinion it’d be much easier to justify an article on calculus on manifolds in Euclidean space, as in Spivak’s book. Anyway, it might be helpful to be specific. What’s to be gained from discussing Taylor’s theorem here as opposed to on its own page? Gumshoe2 (talk) 04:26, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I think calculus on manifolds can/should redirect to this article; it seems natural to explain how ordinary calculus (of functions and forms) generalizes to calculus (of functions and forms) on manifolds. The benefit of having an article like this is that the readers need not read separate articles on individual articles and also treatment here will be more concise. It’s like this: it is standard to have an article on modern European history in addition to articles on French history, German history etc. Sure there are overlaps; that’s not necessary bad. Taylor’s theorem will have very detailed discussion (as it should), while the article like this one can focus on connections and relations between different topics; for example, a differential form is (by definition) a skew-multi-linear function on tangent vectors and so it will be convenient for the readers to see both definitions of tangent vectors and differential forms. —- Taku (talk) 22:43, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Sure, I understand the idea. But what would you say about Taylor’s theorem here that you couldn’t easily say on its own page? French history is quite complex; I think Taylor’s theorem isn’t! Gumshoe2 (talk) 23:03, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Taylor's theorem can be fairly nontrivial (follows the link) especially regarding on differentiability and remainder terms. The readers indeed prefer to read a single article instead of being asked to keep following links. In fact, many complains on math articles are that to read an article, you first have to follow the links to know the definitions, notations, statements of theorems etc. It is thus *encouraged* to have some degree of duplications. So I am not sure what is wrong with having a mention of Taylor's theorem here. To be clear, I am not planning to expand the discussion of Taylor expansion we already have here (initially written by Mathsci). Rather I think the current section on functions of two variables is overly detailed and can be simplified. -- Taku (talk) 00:01, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I am also open to omitting the discussion of Taylor's theorem altogether. While I don't think it hurts, I also don't see that's an integral part of the article like this. -- Taku (talk) 00:14, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * As done in Hörmander's book (LPDO I, page 13), there is a precise formula for Taylor's theorem This generalises to n dimensions using the notation $$\alpha!$$ and $$\partial^\alpha$$. Exactly as in the two variable case, it's proved by induction using integration by parts. The standard assumption is Ck.  Hörmander is easy to follow, but the treatment for higher derivatives by the French school of Cartan, Dieudonné, Godement, Lang, et al, is probably too abstract. Even in Dieudonné's 1960 book, he assumes everything is going on in a Banach space. Hörmander does so, but in his case that there is no need. The results on symmetry of second derivatives and inverse function theorem in wikipedia are worked out versions of Hörmander. Showing that the inverse function theorem implies the implicit function theorem is easy (cf Lang, Analysis 1), just consider the mapping $$(x,y)\mapsto (x,F(x,y))$$. Conversely, the implicit function theorem implies the inverse function theorem: just consider $$F(x,y)=f(x) -y$$ (cf Dieudonné's Foundations of Analysis). The book of Krantz & Parks on the implicit function theorem covers the history of this. I hope this helps. Mathsci (talk) 02:12, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It seems that what you say is already present here, even with a proof. Of course I have no problem with the idea of re-mentioning the statement of the theorem somewhere, but I'm confused by what purpose doing so does on this page. I feel the same about inverse function theorem and implicit function theorem, although the expositions on those pages could be strongly improved (for instance neither page seems to clarify that they're essentially identical results, as mathsci says). I don't plan on contributing to this page, just suggesting to consider two things: 1) consider improving or reformatting the individual topic pages so that it's easier to get whatever information one might need out of them (I think this is usually possible); 2) consider if there's any actual use to putting the results together. The current "Function theory in two variables" section is confusingly structured and unpleasant to read. This is because none of (a) mean value theorem, (b) Taylor's theorem, (c) the implicit and inverse function theorems, (d) the symmetry of second derivatives are particularly helpful for understanding one another. I can understand the use of a bulleted list of these results, linking to the individual pages, especially if it's a prelude to talking about calculus on manifolds. I just can't understand the use of the present morass of results on the page. Like I said, I don't plan to contribute to the page, do with it what you like Gumshoe2 (talk) 05:36, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hörmander's book start with "1.1 Review of Differential Calculus." It's pages 5-13. Apart from definitions the only non-trivial results are the inverse function theorem (Theorem 1.1.7) and the symmetry of second derivatives (Theorem 1.1.8). Readers of Hörmander's books will know that he often writes in a very condensed manner. The treatment of the two theorems here are now on wikipedia. (The appendix of Hitchin's notes on the inverse function theorem gives a similar treatment to that of Hörmander.) The equivalence of the inverse function theorem with the implicit function theorem is easy in the standard context. Gumshoe2 should feel free to add wiki content to implicit function theorem. On wikipedia the implicit function theorem is deduced from the inverse function theorem by the trick of Lang.

 * Parenthetic footmote: I noticed that in 2008 I added content about Matthias Günther's 1989 proof of the smooth Nash embedding theorem to wikipedia. Michael E. Taylor gives Günther's proof in section 14 of PDEs III. As Taylor comments, the proof relies on his "ingenious" use of the inverse function theorem for C1 maps in a Banach space (page 90). The proof of the embedding theorem (pages 125-129) is first reduced to an $n$ torus, by using the easy Whitney embedding theorem to embed a manifold in a box and hence an $n$ torus. Instead of Ck norms, Sobolev norms can be used (usual definition with Fourier coefficients). The proof relies on applying the contraction mapping theorem. In this simplified version of the smooth embedding theorem, the proof of Nash-Moser inverse function theorem allows 100 pages to be reduced to about 2 or 3 pages. Mathsci (talk) 08:55, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

The response to : you said "...confused by what purpose doing so does on this page". The point is not to state particular theorems but to give a *general ideal of consequence of differentiability*. This can be done in the form of Taylor's theorem or inverse function theorem, implicit function theorem, etc. By the way, there are also submersion theorem and constant rank theorem. Surely, it's more convenient if the readers didn't have to read all those separate articles. Like you I am not completely happy with the current presentation; I think we should emphasize the fact that "continuous" means approximately a constant function while "differentiable" means approximately a linear function. I mean, the definition of differentiability is precisely that a function approaches a linear function. This type of general idea is what needs to be emphasized; whether or how Taylor's theorem should be mentioned is just not an important question at all. -- Taku (talk) 01:54, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a textbook!
This article is quite long, maybe in the top-1% of the longest math articles on Wikipedia, and contains a half-dozen or more sections with "this section needs expansion" templates. This seems wrong. Skimming what's written here, it seems to be an attempt to create a calculus textbook, hitting on all of the primary topics that one might see in multi-variate calculus. Wikipedia is not a textbook. There are existing wikipedia articles for all of the subtopics. I suggest content here could be (should be) moved to those articles, perhaps into a section that says "Example of what this looks like in Euclidean space". I mean, one of the coolest things about calculus is that it works so nicely in so many abstract spaces, as well as in engineering. For example, the upper-convected time derivative is the "Calculus on Euclidean space" version of the Lie derivative. But we wouldn't want to jam that into this article, any more than material derivative, which is also bog-standard "calculus on Euclidean space". These are central topics in Euclidean space, widely used in material science, yet oddly are absent in this article. By contrast, topics like weak derivatives are hugely important, but they've got approximately NOTHING AT ALL to do with Euclidean space. Weak derivatives aren't even "calculus"; they're a topic in analysis and Banach-space theory. Gauss-Bonnet is a high-importance/top-importance math topic, and its got more or less nothing at all to do with Euclidean space Its also not really "calculus", either; the honest label is to call it a topic in differential topology. This over-long article needs to be split into things that actually are important/central to Euclidean space, and to actual calculus, instead of a catch-all for generic math topics. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:40, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calculus on Euclidean space


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1988 Columbia Lions football team

The 1988 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Columbia ended a five-year losing streak with two wins, and tied for next-to-last in the Ivy League.

In their third and final season under head coach Larry McElreavy, the Lions compiled a 2–8 record and were outscored 303 to 140. John Alex was the team captain.

The Lions' 2–5 conference record tied for sixth in the Ivy League standings. Columbia was outscored 177 to 103 by Ivy opponents.

After losing all of their games in 1984, 1985, 1986 and 1987, Columbia entered the season on a 44-game winless streak, and 41-game loss streak, dating back to the 1983 season. Both were all-time NCAA Division I football records at the time. By registering a victory over Princeton in the fourth week of the 1988 season, Columbia ended the streak at 44 straight losses and 47 games without a win.

Columbia played its homes games at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium in Upper Manhattan, in New York City.

Senior wide receiver Matthew Fox would later go on to a successful acting career.

title: 1988 Columbia Lions football team


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Portal:Latin America/Featured article/Day 11

Cape Horn (Dutch: Kaap Hoorn; Spanish: Cabo de Hornos; named for the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands) is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile. It is widely considered to be the southern tip of South America. Cape Horn is the most southerly of the great capes, and marks the northern boundary of the Drake Passage; for many years it was a major milestone on the clipper route, by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. However, the waters around the cape are particularly hazardous, due to strong winds, large waves, and icebergs; these dangers have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard.

Today, the Panama Canal has greatly reduced the need for cargo ships to travel via the Horn. However, sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting, and a number of recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Vendée Globe, sail around the world via the Horn, and speed records for round-the-world sailing follow the same route.


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Tutta colpa di Freud

Tutta colpa di Freud (Italian for "All Freud’s Fault") is a 2014 Italian comedy film written and directed by Paolo Genovese.

It was a box office hit, grossing over 8 million euros. The theme song "Tutta colpa di Freud" by Daniele Silvestri won the Ciak d'oro for best original song.

Plot
Francesco is a psychologist who loves the theories of Sigmund Freud, who finds himself alone with three daughters: Martha, Sarah, and Emma. Francesco, who is an expert analysis of sex, begins to hate Freud, because it turns out that the daughters have a complicated love life: one is a lesbian, another still loves an old man over thirty years older than her, while the last is closed in on herself.

title: Tutta colpa di Freud


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Post-structuralism

Welcome to the Department of Post-structuralism part of the School of Philosophy. This is the department to explore all things Post-structural. To get you started here is the introduction to the Wikipedia article on the subject.

Post-structuralism is a broad historical description of intellectual developments in Continental Philosophy and Critical Theory originating in France in the 1960s. The prefix "post" refers to the fact that many contributors such as Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Julia Kristeva were highly critical of structuralism. In direct contrast to structuralism's claims of culturally independent meaning, post-structuralists typically view culture as integral to meaning.

Post-structuralism is difficult to define or to sum up. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, by its very nature, post-structuralism rejects definitions that claim to have discovered 'truths' or facts about the world [1] Secondly, very few people have willingly taken the label 'post-structuralist'. Rather, they have been labeled so by others. This means that no-one has ever felt compelled to construct a 'manifesto' of post-structuralism. [2] Thus its exact nature and whether it can be considered a single philosophical movement is debated.

Department news

 * Department founded - 23 November 2006

Learning projects
Wikiversity has adopted the learning by doing model of education. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. To create a learning project simply follow the advice at naming conventions and decide on a descriptive name for each learning project. Then us it to make a link and start writing! We suggest the use of the learning project template. Please see Directions for use for more information. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple departments. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.
 * Michel Foucault reading group

Active participants
Active participants

 * Mystictim 23:49, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Executivezen 21:51, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Post-structuralism


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Cookbook talk:Crème Brûlée I

Page history from Wikipedia article Crème brûlée.

* (cur) (last). . 00:13, 4 Jan 2004. . Gentgeen (transwiking recipe to wikibooks) * (cur) (last). . 19:04, 14 Oct 2003. . <IP_ADDRESS> (Turbinado) * (cur) (last). . M 04:41, 21 Mar 2003. . Looxix (accidentaly -> accidentally ) * (cur) (last). . M 17:49, 10 Feb 2003. . Mintguy (Britian > Britain) * (cur) (last). . 10:20, 4 Feb 2003. . Mintguy (origin) * (cur) (last). . 16:24, 24 Jan 2003. . The Anome (get.. it.. right!) * (cur) (last). . 22:22, 22 Jan 2003. . Maveric149 (#REDIRECT Crème brulée) * (cur) (last). . 22:14, 22 Jan 2003. . JSF

In Great Britian we do not measure sugar in fluid ounces but we weigh it. Should the 9 fluid ounces read just ounces? I'll change it and see if it is left.

Alternative Language Links
... seems all broken as of today 2010-02-27 --eckes

title: Cookbook talk:Crème Brûlée I


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Talk:The Orwell Society

British Literary Awards
Hi User:GrahamHardy - I acknowledge your authority here but can you help me to understand why the Orwell Society (which gives an annual prize for Dystopian Fiction by entry) doesn't qualify for the category British Literary Award? Many thanks in lieu... Guy WF Loftus (talk) 07:00, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I cannot see any mentions of the award in the article, if citations can be found then you can add details of the award. I have (for now) removed the categories as there is no (currently) mention of the award...GrahamHardy (talk) 13:58, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks Graham - an oversight on my part (to be resolved). Guy WF Loftus (talk) 06:34, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Orwell Society


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Category:Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links

Articles with external links including IEP, creating links to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Note that some of these links are used as proper citations like the template implies but it is often used in external links sections. The template may be split in two for the distinct use cases.


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Scindocorax

Scindocorax is an extinct genus of mackerel sharks that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It contains a single valid species, S. novimexicanus, from the Point Lookout Sandstone of New Mexico.

title: Scindocorax


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Valgrind

What is Valgrind?
Valgrind (downloadable here) is a utility for debugging programs for the x86 and x86-64 Linux platforms. It has recently become highly popular as it can be used to easily track down memory management and threading bugs that are hard to track down otherwise.

How to install it
There is a "generic" option, available on most systems, which involves compiling:

user> wget http://valgrind.org/downloads/valgrind-3.8.1.tar.bz2 user> bunzip2 valgrind-3.8.1.tar.bz2 user> tar -xvf valgrind-3.8.1.tar user> cd /valgrind-3.8.1 user> ./configure user> make user> su root root> make install

On most Linux distributions, however, you can use the package management system. For example, in Debian GNU/Linux (and derivatives) simply run: apt-get install valgrind

How to use it
Valgrind can be run simply by prefixing the command line that you run with valgrind

./myprogram -o option

valgrind ./myprogram -o option

This simple test will check that the memory accesses with in the program are correct. Do not be surprised when you get messages about code that you know is not a problem. This program tests every access and some programs are forgiving about existing errors. It is always worth fixing these extra errors because they will be impossible to track down when they do cause a breakage in code.

You may prefer to run valgrind and log to a text file, with the following options: valgrind --leak-check=full --freelist-vol=100000000 --log-file-exactly=log.txt -v ./myprogram

How it works
Valgrind is essentially an x86 machine-code interpreter. In fact it runs as a just-in-time compiler converting the machine code to an internal language, instrumenting that language and then code-generating from that language. Valgrind instruments the code to monitor memory allocation, deallocation, writes and reads, which lets it hold a bit-map of memory state. hence it can report attempts to read data from memory that has never yet been written, or using recently-freed memory. Under Valgrind a program will take something like 2-10 times longer than when run uninstrumented.

Callgrind is a related program that uses the same x86 interpreter technology to instrument the code to log routine calls and generate a file that can be analyzed to show time spent in various routines and the call paths involved.

Programowanie w systemie UNIX/Valgrind

title: Valgrind


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Gogounou

Gogounou is a  town, arrondissement and commune in the Alibori Department of Benin, about 35 kilometres south of Kandi. The commune covers an area of 4910 square kilometres and as of 2013 had a population of 117,793 people.

Geography
Gogounou is located 71 kilometres from Kandi and 628 kilometres from Cotonou. It is bounded to the north by the communes of Kandi and Banikoara, south by Bembéréké and Sinendé, west with Kérou and to east by Ségbana.

Administrative divisions
Gogounou is subdivided into 6 arrondissements; Gogounou, Bagou, Gounarou, Ouara, Sori and Zoungou-Pantrossi. They contain 34 villages and 4 urban districts.

Economy
Most of the population are engaged in agricultural activities followed by trade, transportation and handicrafts. 29 980,00 hectares of land are devoted to agriculture, accounting for 9.96% of the total land area. The main crops grown are maize, cotton, sorghum, and yams.

As of May 2009, Gogounou has five hours of electricity per night from 7 pm until midnight. The two primary sources of water in Gogounou are wells and foot powered pumps. The town of Gogounou has a post office, faxed telephone line service, and four cellular communication services available as of August 2009. These are Bell Benin (BBcom), Global Com (Glo), MTN and Moov. Networks with GSM enabled networks that can provide internet access through mobile devices.

Education
The town of Gogounou has at least two public primary schools, one Catholic private primary school, and one secondary school. The secondary school is known as CEG Gogounou and has 754 male and 626 female students as of January 2010. There are 37 primary schools within the entire commune.

title: Gogounou


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Mid-Bay Bridge

The Mid-Bay Bridge is a 141-span, 3.6 mi, two-lane toll bridge in Okaloosa County in the Florida Panhandle. It connects U.S. Highway 98 in Destin to State Road 20 in Niceville. The bridge generally runs north-south; the approaches to the bridge carry the State Road 293 designation while the bridge itself carries the TOLL 293 shield.

The bridge crosses Choctawhatchee Bay, part of the Intracoastal Waterway. It was constructed in 1992-93, when the Florida Department of Transportation recognized the growing need for a more direct route between the Destin beaches and the mainland for tourists and to assist hurricane evacuation from population centers and resorts on the Gulf of Mexico.

There is one toll plaza at the north end of the bridge. As of 2022, the one way toll for a standard 2-axle vehicle was $4.00 with cash, and $3.00 ($2.00 for frequent customers) with the SunPass electronic toll system.

Spence Parkway
The Spence Parkway is an, 11-mile, limited access, 2-lane, separately tolled highway that connects the north end of the Mid-Bay Bridge with SR 85 immediately north of Niceville, Florida. Interchanges at SR 85, SR 285, Forest Road and SR 20 allow easy access from Interstate 10 to Niceville, Destin, Miramar Beach, and communities East of Niceville along SR 20. The Parkway provides considerably shorter travel times by avoiding 13 traffic signals along the previous route through Niceville on SR 20. Additionally, the hurricane evacuation routes from all of south Okaloosa County and western Walton County have been significantly improved. The Spence Parkway is tolled separately from the Mid-Bay Bridge and utilizes “all electronic open-road tolling” that allows customers to pay tolls without slowing down or stopping. Tolls are collected with SunPass transponders or by using a new TOLL-BY-PLATE program being implemented statewide by Florida's Turnpike Enterprise.

Be sure to not confuse the two tolls, as that will result in an invoice within 30 days of using the TOLL-BY-PLATE to pay this toll by mail, even if Mid-Bay Bridge toll at the bridge was paid. These are 2 tolls that need to be paid separately.

title: Mid-Bay Bridge


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mike Leeder

The result was   delete. Black Kite (talk) 09:51, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

Mike Leeder

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

As there is nothing in google to hint his notability as well that Wikipedia is not a resume, therefore this person is not notable, which explains my nomination for deletion. Donnie Park (talk) 15:43, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep: I did find plenty of references for him in google search. IMBd and this, this, this all on only first page of search. Seems notable enough to me, I don't understand your rational for nomination. The article does need cleanup though. Samar   ( Talk  .  Contributions ) 17:47, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay, I will be happy to pull it but not in this current form. Donnie Park (talk) 19:52, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of China-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:37, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:37, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Well ask for the creator if he/she wishes to clean it up. Otherwise request for help from someone in WikiProject Films. If I find time I will try to fix a few things. Samar   ( Talk  .  Contributions ) 08:05, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, BusterD (talk) 20:49, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete I could not find significant coverage from multiple independent reliable sources.
 * The impactonline mention does not count toward notability as Leeder is a contributor, and so it's not independent.
 * His own web site doesn't count.
 * The IMDB entry is anonymous-submitted, and see both Notability_(films) and Notability_(people). IMDB isn't acceptable to establish the notability for films or actors, and by extension other industry figures as well
 * HK Cinemagic is a fan forum and message board and probably fails WP:SELFPUB, maybe... Like IMDB, the site itself is notable enough for a Wikpedia entry:  Hong Kong Cinemagic, but even so, the site looks comparable to IMDB, and like IMDB, has low standards for inclusion (looks to have over 20,000 entries for people by now) and as such an entry on the site is probably not useful to establish notability toward WP:GNG.
 * The one source that might contribute toward WP:GNG is the interview at fareastfilms. It's in-depth, but the site fareastfilms.com is basically a fan site.  It might contribute to notability within the sub-genre of figures in the Asian film world... someone who does a lot of Wikipedia editing in this area would have to chime in.  And besides, it's the only semi-legit looking source, and we generally require multiple sources to establish notability.
 * Other searching did not turn up any significant coverage from independent reliable sources. Unless there are special notability rules for a figure in this subject area, the individual does not appear to meet WP:GNG.    20:31, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete lots of database entries and some passing references, but no deoth of coverage. Stuartyeates (talk) 09:16, 20 July 2012 (UTC)