text:
Jean de Forcade, Seigneur de Biaix

Jean de Forcade (before 1635, in presumably in Boeil, Béarn – 9 November 1684, in Pau, Béarn), was a Fermier des monnaies de Béarn et Navarre (Lessee of the Mints of Béarn and Navarre).

He was a descendant of the noble family of Forcade from Béarn in the Kingdom of Navarre, a Protestant nobleman, but abjured from Protestantism shortly before the end of his life, under intimidation from the policy of harassment of religious minorities through the use of dragonnades, created in 1681, to intimidate Huguenots into converting to Catholicism or to leave France, and under the threat of confiscation of properties of nobles who did not convert.

Jean de Forcade is the founder of the Forcade-Biaix family line, through his 1659 acquisition of the noble fief of Biaix in the city of Pau, and therewith the earliest bearer of the Forcade-Biaix name.

Life and Occupation
The earliest known mention of Jean de Forcade is in relation to the provision of an office as Huissier at the Parliament of Navarre on 5 March 1644. Records for wages and other payments by the Chambre des Comptes show that Jean de Laforcade was still a Huissier at the Parliament of Navarre in 1657,  when he received a reimbursement for the costs of his robe and bonnet for having assisted at the execution of a person condemned to death.

He is next mentioned in 1652 in relation to three mints being in position to strike new coins using mills, when the Chambre des Comptes de Pau (the Court of Finances of Pau) granted a license to mint to Pierre de Peyré, who, in turn, subcontracted the production to: Jean de Gassie, legislator at the Parliament of Navarre, who was committed to the mint in Morlaàs and Jean Verdoyé to the one in Saint-Palais. Verdoyé was also to ensure the interim succession of Richard Lamy at the mint in Pau until the arrival of Jean de Forcade.

Jean de Forcade was received into the Order of Nobility of the Estates of Béarn as Seigneur de Rontignon on 30 August 1658 The fief of Rontignon was originally a part of the Marquisate of Gassion. He was subsequently received into the Order of Nobility of the Estates of Béarn as Seigneur de Biaix on 10 June 1659.

The Chambre des Comptes de Pau renewed the license for the Coin Mint of Navarre and Béarn, for a fee of 11,100 livres on 11 July 1659. The official beneficiary of the license was Daniel d'Arripe, which was, in fact, the d.b.a. used by the three associates: Jean de Gassie, Jeans Daudichon and Jean de Forcade. In practice, it seems that only Jean de Forcade personally exploited one of three mints, namely the one in Saint-Palais. The management of the mints in Pau and Morlaàs was entrusted to Robert Fisson, acting in the quality of a subcontractor or shareholder proxy.

There were numerous problems associated with the minting of coins for Béarn and Navarre, all of which go beyond the scope of this biography. Some were conflicts with the King of France and his rulings on autonomy for the regions, others were with regard to the authorities responsible for the production of coins throughout France, and still others were legal issues related to competitors. King Louis XIV of France subsequently ordered the three mints closed. His Counsel issued a ruling on 17 Mar 1661, ordering the immediate closure of mints in Pau, Morlaàs and Saint-Palais, and the transport of the records of all coins minted at the three mints since the reign of Henry IV by the Attorney General of the Chambre des Comptes de Pau.

The problems, the visits of envoys, the interference of authorities from the Mint of France, and the aforementioned ruling led the three partners to justly conclude that their days were numbered and that the mints in Pau, Morlaàs and Saint-Palais were indeed doomed for closure, or at best be put to auction in Paris. Nevertheless, for political reasons, the Chambre des Comptes de Pau was not predisposed to grant the partners a termination of their lease since it would result in a loss of resources for the province. Considering these circumstances, the partners decided to address themselves to the King's Counsel to obtain the termination of their lease and financial relief. On 22 February 1663, the Counsel issued a final ruling declaring the license to Daniel d'Aripe null and void, retroactively to 30 June 1662, and relieving the partners of the payment of the annual license fee of 11,100 livres, therewith ending the venture.

Jean de Forcade was an active member of the Protestant church in Pau and also held office on the Consistory of Pau, the local Protestant Church Council and the authority of the local church.

The Consistory of Pau was composed of thirteen members, consisting of two pastors, ten elders and a dean. The pastors and the dean were permanent members. The elders were nominated and appointed for terms of four years, and rotated one-third at a time. As a result, a total of about forty persons served on the Consistory of Pau during its existence from 1 January 1668 until 31 July 1681. The list of these elders shows many of the same names that are also found in notarized acts, marriage contracts and parish registers related to Jean de Forcade and his descendants, several of which are families interrelated by marriage. These elders were: d'Angoueix, d'Argausse, two different d'Artiguelouve, d'Auture, de Balagué (Balaguer), de Batsalle, de Bruchelles, de Casaux, de Colomiès, de Day, de Duplaà, d'Espalungue, two different de Forcade, de Gassies, de Guiraudet, de Joët, de Jurque, de Lafitte, de Lalana, de Lamothe, de Lanabère, de Lapuyade, de Larriu, de Lème, de Maria, de Mirassor, de Missou, de Nays, de Païssa, de Péfaur, de Saint-Martin, de Saint-Orenx, de Somolon, de Veguier, de Vidal, de Vignau, and de Vignoles.

He is named in the minutes of the meeting of the Consistory on 7 April 1669, together with Messieurs de Olivier and de Rival, Pastors, de Vignoles, d'Espalungue, de Mirassor, de Bruchelles, de St.-Orenx, de Duplaa and de Larriu, all Elders, and de Lostau, dean. He was relieved of his responsibilities as an elder by the body of the Consistory of Pau on 5 April 1671.

Biaix - The Family Estate
The etymology of the word Biaix has its roots in the Catalan language and means oblique or biais, in the sense of not expressed or done in a direct way or deviates from the expected according to the laws of probability or physics. The only family known to have carried this patronym prior to Jean de Forcade de Biaix was that of Pierre de Biaix, ambassador of the King of Navarre to Paris and to Brussels (1516), secular Parson of Monein and of Pau, secular Abbot of Lucq (abbé laïc de Lucq), elected Bishop of Aire (évèque élu d'Aire) 1523-26, Chancellor of Foix and Béarn, Chancellor of Navarre and ambassador of Navarre to Spain.

The Seigneur of the noble fief of Biaix paid a tax of 4 feus for the period ending 12 January 1549.

Noble Jean de Forcade, Seigneur de Rontignon, purchased the noble fief of Biaix in Pau on 28 February 1659 from Gratian von Turon, Seigneur de Beyrie, for 6,000 Bordeaux livres and was admitted on 10 June 1659 to the Order of Nobility of the States of Béarn as Seigneur de Biaix.

The noble fief of Biaix in the city of Pau and another house located on the outskirts of the city, were simultaneously ennobled on 20 September 1521, by letters of Henry II, King of Navarre, for Pierre de Biaix, then Chancellor of Foix and Béarn.

Although there are references to his son, also named Jean de Forcade de Biaix, as the "Marquis de Biaix", in some Prussian sources published between 1788 and 1837, there is no evidence that either father or son was ever a Marquis. The noble fief of Biaix in the city of Pau was not a "marquisate".

Under intimidation from the policy of harassment of religious minorities through the use of dragonnades, created in 1681, to intimidate Huguenots into converting to Catholicism or to leave France, and under the threat of confiscation of properties of nobles who did not convert, both Jean de Forcade de Biaix and his eldest son, Isaac de Forcade de Biaix, abjured from Protestantism, therewith maintaining possession of Biaix. Following his death in 1684, the property and the right to enter the Order of Nobility of the States of Béarn was passed to Isaac de Forcade de Biaix (Seigneur de Biaix 1684-1737).

In turn, following his death in 1737, the property and the right to enter the Order of Nobility of the States of Béarn was passed to his eldest son, Jean-Jacob de Forcade de Biaix, Seigneur de Biaix (1738 -?), before the Forcade-Biaix line in France is thought to have extinguished.

After various viscitudes of fortune, the second smaller house on the outskirts of Pau, referred to as Biaix du faubourg, in the suburb of la Fontaine, acquired with the main fief on 28 February 1659, was acquired from family de Casaus on 10 May 1710 by Noé Dufau, merchant furbisher, who was received in the Order of Nobility of the States of Béarn on 28 April 1717 as Seigneur de Biaix du faubourg. Noé Dufau died in 1739 and bequeathed it back to his niece and Goddaughter, Jean-Jacob de Forcade de Biaix' daughter, Marie-Jeanne de Forcade, Dame de Biaix, who later married Pierre de Casamajor. This property had a value of 20 livres in the 23 December 1693 estimation of house values by the City of Pau.

Because Biaix was acquired in 1659, any reference to parents or grandparents in this family line with de Biaix as a part of the name are in error.

Parents
Jean de Forcade was the son of Isacq de Forcade (* Before 1601), from Boeil, and Marie de Bordes, from Nay, who married by notarized contract at the Notary Nicolas de Lavie in Nay on 26 March 1624.

Isacq de Forcade, in turn, was the son of Pierre de Forcade, Lawyer, Guardian of Mint of Pau (Garde en la monnaie de Pau) and his wife Marie de Maserolles. Marie de Bordes was the daughter of Pierre de Bordes, Lawyer and Special Prosecutor for the District of Nay, and his wife, Marie de Foron.

There is no document that names the parents of Jean de Forcade, Seigneur de Biaix. There is no birth or baptism record. His parents are not named in his marriage record at the Protestant Temple in Morlaàs on 23 December 1659, nor are they named in his marriage contract made at the Notary Jean d'Agoeuix in Pau on 12 February 1660. The evidence linking him as the son of Isacq de Forcade is nonetheless strong, if not conclusive.

Jean de Forcade, Seigneur de Biaix, assisted at the marriage by notarized contract at the Notary Jean d'Agoeuix in Pau, between Pierre de Bordes, Seigneur de Rontignon, and Damoiselle Marie de Belça on 11 December 1661. In this contract, he is confirmed to be a cousin of Pierre de Bordes.

...11 December 1661: Marriage contract between Noble Pierre de Bordes, Seigneur de Rontignon, and Damoiselle Marie de Belça, daughter of the late Mr. Pierre de Belca, attorney, Counsellor and dean in the court of the Parliament of Navarre, who made out his will on 29 June 1654, and made a codicil ''on 10 May 1660. The Seigneur de Bordes was'' assisted by: Messire Jean Marquis de Gassion counsellor to the King on both his state and private councils, and President of the Court of the Parliament of Navarre, Noble Arnaud de Bordes, Seigneur de la Salle, his brother, Noble Jean de Forcade, Seigneur de Biaix, Noble Henry d'Arrosès, ''Seigneur d'Idernes, his cousins. Demoiselle de'' Belça was assisted by: Noble Pierre de Belça, a lawyer at the Court [of the Parliament of Navarre], and Jean-Louis of Belça, her brothers, Damoiselle Claude de Belça, her sister, Messire Bernard de ''Saint-Martin, Viscount d'Echaux. ...''

Marriage and Children
Jean de Forcade married 23 December 1659 at the Protestant Temple in Morlaàs with Madeleine de Lanne († aft. 1701), daughter of Ramon de Lanne, bourgeois in Pau. The couple had at least 14 children together. Among them, Isaac (1660), Sophie Philippine (1661–1730), Jean who follows (1663), Marie (1662–1732), ) Magdelaine (1668), Abraham (1670), Armand (1671), Marthe (1673–1731)  ), Pierre (1673), Marthe (1676), Paul (1677–1705),  Henri (1678), Jacques (1681) and Anne (1682).

 * Jean de Forcade de Biaix, (* 14 December 1663, Pau in Béarn; † 2 February 1729,  Berlin) who left Béarn and became a Royal Prussian Lieutenant General.   He was the Regimentschef of the 23rd Prussian Infantry Regiment (1716–29), Commandant of the Royal Residence in Berlin  (1722–29) during the reign of King Frederick William I of Prussia, Gouverneur militaire de Berlin (1713–29) and a Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle. He married the Baroness Juliane von Honstedt,   from the noble house of Erdeborn, on 15 April 1697. She was the daughter of Major General Quirin, Erbherr (Allod) von Honstedt,  Herr of Sulzau, Weikenburg and Erdeborn,  and his wife Maria Magdalena Streiff von Löwenstein,  of Falkenau, Diedenhosten and Bacour.

Other family

 * Nicolas de La Forcade, Lawyer, merchant from Bielle, Canton of Laruns, in the Ossau Valley married by notarized contract with Suzanne du Plàa on 25 July 1657. He was assisted by Messieurs Daniel, Ruben, Martin and Pierre de La Forcade, his brothers, by Damoiselle Marie d'Arripes, his mother, David and Daniel d'Arripe, his first cousins, and Pierre du Pont, his brother-in-law. Nicolas de La Forcade, Lawyer, Bourgeois and merchant in Pau married in a second marriage with Marie de Vignau, from Bizanos, daughter of Noble Samson de Vignau and of Marguerite du Pac. Pierre de Laforcade, Notary at the Seneschalty of Oloron, and David d'Arripe were present at the writing of the testament of Henry de Lacroix, a painter from Paris, resident in Oloron for forty years, on 12 July 1663. Nicolas de La Forcade, Lawyer and Bourgeois from Pau, assisted Camille de Vignau at her marriage by notarized contract on 14 July 1682 to Jean d'Abbadie, Lawyer, from Morlaàs, together with, among others, Suzanne and Marie de Bizanos, her full sisters.

title: Jean de Forcade, Seigneur de Biaix


text:
Template:Learning project boilerplate

"ESL Methodolgy"

 * Portal:Foreign_Language_Learning
 * School:Education

Content summary
This project points out empirical research that can lead to more efficient teaching of English as a second language. Also adds some experience of teachers of ESL.

Goals
In this learning project we aim to point out a few common mistakes often occurring in ESL that can be easily corrected. Suggestions based on research and experience are made to help ESL teachers and teachers of Languages in general.

Efficient Teaching of Languages and ESL Methodology
There appears to be a need to improve ESL instruction. In some classes the instruction is inefficient, and sometimes does not meet student needs. Some schools are still using rote memorization and translation from books and are passing over most common needed words. Newer methodologies have proven to be much more efficient especially for basic classes. All too often the school and teacher feel they are doing a good job but the students are still not being well served. With just a little tweaking these classes can be made much more effective and efficient This is based on experience as an ESL teacher in classes where there were often several native languages none of which was English.

ESL at the most beginning level could benefit from the following studies.

W. K.Durr, (27 1973) did a Study of High-Frequency Words in Popular Trade for Juveniles which became the famous Durr list often used by early reading teachers. Durr's research on high frequency words found in children's books found that 188 English words provided 64 percent understanding. With exception of a few animal names and other child centered words most of these words are applicable to basic adult communication.

EW Dolch did a study of common words and found relatively few were very common compared to the entire vocabulary..

Wesley Arnold did a masters degree study involving teaching language, learning and difficulty of languages And came up with percentages for the most common words, and that 600 words give 90% understanding of most human communication based on University Language Research. He also noted reasons behind the failure of Basic English. See Arnold Language Learning Research in bibliography.

Common mistakes made and easily corrected are:

Students being placed in classes above their level.

Teachers can be observed saying English words that the student has no idea of the meaning of and the teacher continues on without clarifying what those words mean. This is almost similar to the foolish scheme of people speaking slowly and loudly assuming that will cause the listener to understand. And then continuing to speak without bothering to see of the listener understands. Just because the teacher understands what is being taught does not mean the student understands it. The above statement is very clear to the student but often not picked up on by the teacher and school.

Advanced words are sometimes being taught before the basic words and concepts are taught and understood.

Words and concepts being taught are not those the student needs.

Work is sometimes assigned above the student's level.

Insufficient practice results in insufficient learning.

To improve ESL instruction at the very beginning level, and for classes with students speaking multiple native languages, consider the following:

Allow at least one native speaker as a guest in the class for each native language present. It is often the case that another family member wants to be with their relative in a class and this should be encouraged because they can be of value in clearing up misunderstandings. I discovered this was especially true when the teacher does not speak the native language of the student. Teachers in urban environments who have ESL classes with multiple languages will find it of great help to allow students to be accompanied by a relative who speaks both the native language and English.

Avoid having potentially hostile opposing groups in the same class. Although most of the time they can put differences aside this can be a source of trouble when an innocent comment is misunderstood and explodes into undesirable behavior. I did not notice that I had two mistrusting groups in one class. Something seemingly very innocent triggered them and let to fights after class. When both groups speak a common language they can easily resolve the problems by talking them out. But when they don't know enough English and do not understand each others language talking is ruled out. Physical action may result instead of talking it out.

With classes for beginners draw objects on the board, use picture flash cards, magazine clippings, or slides to clearly show the noun object, or verb action being taught.

Use gestures, or actually do the action. Demonstrate. Example sitting down, standing up.

Teach what the students need most. Start with: Greetings, introductions. Do you speak English? Speak slower. Asking basic questions such as What is this? Where is the…  Who is that? What are they doing? I found out that most know about money even if they don't know anything else.. It is easy to build on that knowledge.

Teach the most used and most needed words first and in a practical context.

Based on several studies (see bibliography) it has been found that for common human communication, basic understanding can be achieved with around 600 word roots, and adequate understanding of most common communication with around 1000 word roots. We are talking in the ninety percents.

The American Heritage dictionary study concluded that most human communication (in the 90%) involved around 6000 English words. You may see the breakdown of these in Arnold's Language Learning Research page 87. However as far as word concepts if just word roots are counted the number can get down to around 1000. Why word root rather than word? Because if a student learns help they can easily pick up on helps, helper, helping, etc. To gain higher than 90% understanding, research shows takes many more words. This is because it involves learning increasingly more less used technical terms. To achieve 100% understanding of all communication we are looking at at least 500,000 words. But to know that there are lists of the most needed words and that is under 1000 words can be of practical use to the teacher.

Charles K Ogden created Basic English allegedly using just 850 words. Which turned out to not be quite true. And there were many books published in Basic English which were quite readable by English speakers. Unfortunately Basic English is not suitable for ESL as English speakers cannot limit themselves to Basic English and neither should the ESL student. English speakers cannot speak Basic English for long. Anyone who doubts this should try it.

Speakers of English often feel that it is the Easiest Language. Not so. See the empirical research in The Easiest language by Wesley Arnold. English is the most widespread and largest language as far as vocabulary. But English also has its own problems: Terrible spelling, Irregular verbs, terrible pronunciation, a grammar which has at least 1,400 rules with more exceptions than rules, and big time ambiguity. The word set has 266 meanings and the word drunk thousands of synonyms. And Idioms in excess of 8,000. And we won't even touch on slang and jargon here. Despite all of this there are multiple movements to force others to forget their mother languages and learn English.

David Crystal in his book The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language states that languages have major statistical regularities. He quotes the famous linguist George K. Zipf (1902-50) whose best known law shows a constant relationship between the rank of a word in a frequency list and the frequency with which it is used in a text. Zipf stated take any text, count the words, put in decreasing frequency and the first 15 will account for 25 percent of the text, the first 100 words will account for 60 percent of the text, the first 1000 85 percent of the text and the first 4000 will account for 97.5 percent of the text (1987, 87). [Note it has been discovered that Zipf's law is for ethnic languages. With a planned language the number 1000 can be cut down to about half and the number 4000 can be cut by about one quarter.]

It should also be noted that many more advanced concepts can be taught with the basic words. Example for sarcastic one could use making fun of.

For students who know only a few words it is more efficient to teach them the most used 300 words in the most needed context. Teach first the most used common verbs such as: is, have, go, do, walk, drive, sit, the pronouns, the question words what, who, where, how, when, position words, etc. using common everyday situations.

In the free on-line book Language Learning Research Quick Language Learning 2010  (Arnold p 112) presents the results of several word frequency and language studies and lists the most used 1000 and needed concept words along with their ranking overall and in separate studies.

Also Professor Arnold also made a concise self tutor using these words in order of common usage using 42, 5 minute lessons, Using both Basic International Vocabulary and English. ESL teachers are free to use and or adapt those short lessons for their teaching. This is such a valuable resource I will give the website where you may get it for free and as a PDF file. http://easiestlanguage.info/IVandResearch.pdf This may be freely used by all teachers.

A time tested presentation method is for the teacher to say the word, then have the students first repeat after you then practice in each other.

Phrases are better than single words after the meaning of the word is learned.

Ask a question or use words in a phrase. This is a more efficient way for learning.

Words can be printed on the board, and pictures or drawings shown but the emphasis should be on understanding not writing.

Hand-outs with examples can serve as reinforcements particularly if you ask them to take these home and practice with friends.

Hand-outs with drawings or pictures are particularly useful for quicker learning.

Recommend the student practice often and use the new language as much as possible. Immersion works great but the student needs a good portable dictionary to look up words she does not know.

Knowing a little about the student's background and environment can help the teacher to better meet student needs.

Has it been ascertained whether the student able to read any language at present or only in non Latin script such as Chinese? This may influence whether it is better to put more emphasis in showing drawings and pictures as opposed to printing the English word on the board.

Having a vocabulary handout with English to their-native-language has proven to be of great help.

Those of us who have been in a foreign country and not spoken the language and not finding anyone around who speaks English have seen how useful and practical having a pocket dictionary is. Hope to create a list of and upload basic dictionaries for this purpose in Wikibooks.

Readings and other resources
American Heritage Dictionary Word Usage Study   Carrol, J. B. et al. (1971). The American Heritage Word Frequency Book. Boston:

Craig, R. P. (1986). Barron's 1001 Pitfalls in English. New York: Barron's Educational Series Inc.

Dolch E W. Sight Words- The Elementary School Journal, 1936 - JSTOR

Durr, W. K. (27 1973). A computer Study of High-Frequency Words in Popular Trade for Juveniles. Reading Teacher. p. 14.

Laboratory for Research in Instruction, Graduate School of Education. Harvard University. Cambridge: Harvard University Printing Office, p. 202.

Johansson, S. (1989). Frequency Analysis of English Vocabulary and Grammar Vol 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Johns, J. L. (1976). Updating the Dolch Basic Sight Vocabulary. Reading Horizons. 16.2 p. 104.

Makkai, A. Ph.D. (1984). Handbook of Commonly Used American Idioms. New York: Barron's

Makkai, A. Ph.D. (1987). Barron's Dictionary of American Idioms. New York: Barron's

Rutherford, W. (1976). Second Language Teaching. In A Survey of Applied Linguistics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Thorndike, E. L. & Irving G. (1944). The Teacher's Word Book of 30,000 Words. Teachers College, Columbia University.

Thorndike, E. L. (1975). Teachers Word Book of 20,000 Words. New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, Revision Gale Research, Detroit.

Tisljar, Zlatko. (1980). Frekvenc morfemaro De Parolata Esperanto. Zagreb: Internacia Kultura Servo.

Williams, Norman. (1965). “A Language Teaching Experiment”. Canadian Modern Language Review 22, 1: 26-28.

The Easiest Language proven by scientific studies and practice. By professor Wesley E Arnold MA found free at http://easiestlanguage.info/

Language Learning Research Quick Language Learning 2010 Great for teachers and students of languages Also for ESL Teachers and Students with INTERNATIONAL VOCABULARY, QUICK INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING IN MUCH LESS TIME USING INTERNATIONAL WORDS. And The University Research Behind It With 2-Way Dictionary With over 12,000 entries of most used words Giving 6,000 most needed word meanings Which in total give 95-99.9% understanding But around 600 words give 90% understanding of most human communication based on University Language Research. What words are best taught /  learned first In any language to be learned. With Language Research  found free at   http://easiestlanguage.info/

Frekvenc morfemaro De Parolata Esperanto. Zagreb: Internacia Kultura Servo.

Makkai, A Ph.D Dictionary of American Idioms. New York: Barron's. Barron's

Piron, Claude. (1994). Le defi des langues. Paris: Editions l'Harmattan.

Thorndike, E. (1933). Institute of Educational Research Language Learning Report New York: Teachers College Columbia University.

Sherwood, B. (1981). Studies in Language Learning. 3. p. 145-155.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Learning project boilerplate


text:
Theory of Architecture

Introduction
The study of Architecture will not be complete without an exposure to some theory of architecture although many architects shun theory.

Vitruvius probably has made the most relevant remark about theory of architecture:

"Practice and theory are its parents. Practice is the frequent and continued contemplation of the mode of executing any given work, or of the mere operation of the hands, for the conversion of the material in the best and readiest way. Theory is the result of that reasoning which demonstrates and explains that the material wrought has been so converted as to answer the end proposed. Wherefore the mere practical architect is not able to assign sufficient reasons for the forms he adopts; and the theoretic architect also fails, grasping the shadow instead of the substance. He who is theoretic as well as practical, is therefore doubly armed; able not only to prove the propriety of his design, but equally so to carry it into execution."

Architecture is not a purely practical discipline. Every design decision is a thought, something that has to be decided, based on an array of values and factors, that come from several sources. Some of those factors can be easily decoded and given an automatic, appropriate solution, like for example, facts coming from the terrain such as the sun position, which would dictate the best orientation of your building. But some other factors and questions will require you to take decisions based on much less obvious grounds, or even very controversial decisions. For example, making a new building in a very old historic place. Will you claim your modernity strongly? Will you take a humble attitude, and stay discreet in front of the very respectable environment? Probably, if you take one of those two decisions, you will find furious opponents, ready to criticize your work with cruelty. Think about even more complicated and "hot" problems, such as having religious issues involved in your project.

In architecture, everything we do must be carefully thought. There is never one only way to do things, so all the time you will need to weight arguments, and take decisions. The importance of theory of architecture can be compared to the system of Precedent in legal courts: By knowing what other architects already did in similar situations, you are able to take much better decisions.

Criticism
Criticism is the action of emitting a judgement over someone's work. Architecture criticism is a very important tool in theory of architecture, because it is the ground of what can be considered as the "common sense". Very famous buildings are usually criticized by several important critics, and observing this can give us very important clues for building our own opinion.

We should always train to critique architecture. Be aware that this doesn't necessarily mean publicly emitting your (negative) opinion, but simply, trying to build your own opinion over a piece of architecture. Then, if you find your opinion interesting, why not test it against other opinions? The debate resulting from that confrontation is, really, what builds what we can call theory of architecture.

Famous theoricians architects
These are people who are or have been very active in the field of Architecture criticism. Knowing about them and how they see architecture is a key to building your own idea of architecture.

Classical, world-respected critics

 * Kenneth Frampton
 * Manfredo Tafuri
 * Kevin Lynch
 * Robert Venturi

Contemporary architects who write a lot about architecture

 * Rem Koolhaas
 * Thom Mayne
 * Peter Eisenman
 * Daniel Libeskind

Famous architects
Famous architects are usually not famous only by chance, but because many people valued their work. This is not an universal rule (some architects can be famous for other reasons), but most of them made highly significant work. Studying these works and being able to build your opinion about it as well as understanding why they are significant is another key to be able to make, yourself, significant work.

Past architects
needs birth and death dates
 * Alvar Aalto
 * Le Corbusier
 * Antonio Gaudi
 * Louis Kahn
 * Luis Barragán
 * Adolf Loos
 * Ludwig Mies Ven Der Rohe
 * Aldo Rossi
 * Carlo Scarpa
 * James Stirling
 * Christopher Wren
 * Frank Lloyd Wright

Contemporary architects

 * Tadao Ando
 * Gottfried Boehm
 * Mario Botta
 * Santiago Calatrava
 * Peter Eisenman
 * Norman Foster
 * Frank Gehry
 * Michael Graves
 * Zaha Hadid
 * Rem Koolhaas
 * Daniel Libeskind
 * Thom Mayne
 * Richard Meyer
 * Eric Owen Moss
 * Oscar Niemeyer
 * Renzo Piano
 * Richard Rogers
 * Alvaro Siza
 * Ken Yeang

Famous projects
Some specific projects that are generally considered building stones to what is architecture today:
 * the Parthenon, Athens, Greece, 5th century BC, by Phidias

 * the Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, 1929, by Le Corbusier

 * the Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona, Spain, 1929, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

title: Theory of Architecture


text:
Cookbook talk:Ratatouille I

Talk
As Provence went back forth and between Italy and France for a while, basil, the pride of neighboring Liguria, is not at all out of place.

I am sure cucumbers well but they somehow don't ring true in this dish.

n. t.

A number of the recipes in Livre de cuisine include basil. So I have added this as an option although I have never tried it myself. Mike Hayes (talk) 19:55, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Honest Fraise !

I hope that was a mistake. Courgettes pas concombres.

Tu parles français ?

(réponse de fraise): Oui, je parle français, et j'habite en France :) My mother-in-law, who is French, gave me the recipe. She uses cucumbers.

I never used cucumbers though I am from the south, but I guess you are talking of traditional cucumbers, not the type full of water, grown in three days in glasshouses.

Btw, I saw these recipees were on your web site. The design is indicated copyrighted. Are there copyright on these recipees as well ?

Où ça en France ?

User:Anthere

 * Recipes are only copyright if the wording is exactly the same. If you write it in your own words, it is not a copyright infringement. Images are copyright, obviously, but one can find free images of food all over the internet. Mike Hayes (talk) 19:42, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * There are no copyrights on the recipes, and in any case, if you look closely you'll see that I made a few changes (I need to update the recipes on my website as well, but that's another story). They're all recipes I've gathered from friends and family in France. Si tu lis mon "user info", tu sauras tout de suite où j'habite en France :) - fraise

ah, french riviera. Je n avais pas "tilté" :-). No pb for the cp, just wanted to check whether you were aware of the issue. I did not check closely, I just had a peep. User:Anthere

 * Ok, thanks for checking on that! I know it's hard to know just how much a new user is aware of. No worries though, I've read the FAQs and all. (I've moved the other stuff to User talk:Fraise) - fraise

 * Nous sommes voisins alors. I'm not using cumcumber too. Fenkys 14:08, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Page History
* (cur) (last). . 23:13, 22 Feb 2004. . Karen Johnson (transwiking contents) * (cur) (last). . M 02:02, 18 Dec 2003. . Olivier * (cur) (last). . M 03:04, 8 Nov 2003. . Fenkys (link to true provencal ratatouille) * (cur) (last). . 03:37, 12 Jun 2003. . Fraise (Cucumber is also used) * (cur) (last). . 01:48, 12 Jun 2003. . Fraise (Goodness, forgot an ingredient (eggplant)) * (cur) (last). . M 01:45, 12 Jun 2003. . Anthere * (cur) (last). . M 01:33, 12 Jun 2003. . Fraise (Typos!) * (cur) (last). . 01:32, 12 Jun 2003. . Fraise (Added recipe)

title: Cookbook talk:Ratatouille I


text:
User:Ddaveonz/sandbox/Tarawera

Mount Tarawera is a volcano on the North Island of New Zealand. Located 24 kilometres southeast of Rotorua, it consists of a series of rhyolitic lava domes that were fissured down the middle by an explosive basaltic eruption in 1886. This eruption was one of New Zealand's largest historical eruptions, and killed an estimated 120 people. The fissures run for about 17 kilometres northeast-southwest.

The volcano's component domes include Ruawahia Dome (the highest at 1,111 metres), Tarawera Dome and Wahanga Dome. It is surrounded by several lakes, most of which were created or drastically altered by the 1886 eruption. These lakes include Lakes Tarawera, Rotomahana, Rerewhakaaitu, Okataina, Okareka, Tikitapu (Blue Lake) and Rotokakahi (Green Lake). The Tarawera River runs northeastwards across the northern flank of the mountain from Lake Tarawera. In 2000, the mountain was ceded to the Ngati Rangitihi sub-tribe of Te Arawa. In 2002, the new owners and their lessee stopped previously free public access to the mountain. This caused angst among Rotorua residents.

title: User:Ddaveonz/sandbox/Tarawera


text:
common clothes moth

Noun

 * , a winged insect of family, the caterpillar of which is a serious pest which destroys woollen materials.

Translations

 * Estonian: riidekoi
 * Finnish:
 * Navajo: chʼosh ałchozhii
 * Polish:
 * Russian:

title: common clothes moth


text:
quadrimotore

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) having four engines

Noun

 * 1) a four-engined aircraft

title: quadrimotore


text:
Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2

Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2 is a boxing game for the Dreamcast, Nintendo 64, PlayStation, PlayStation 2 (a North American launch title for the system), and Game Boy Advance. It is the sequel to Ready 2 Rumble Boxing.

Gameplay
Gameplay in the game is similar to that of the previous game. The more big hits the player land consecutively, letters that spell out "RUMBLE" appear below the player's side of the screen. Letters also appear when the fighter taunts his opponent. Once the word is formed, powerful combo attacks can be activated that will almost definitely knock the opponent down. This time, however, there are three levels of "RUMBLE", which build up one after the other. If the player successfully lands a combo with his RUMBLE Meter full on the third level (where the letters start smoking), the final blow can launch the opponent clear out of the ring, giving the player an instant victory.

Development

News from Midway's sequel to Ready 2 Rumble Boxing were first made public back in early summer of 1999 and in May 2000 showed off the game at that year's E3 for demonstration. It was here that Midway announced that the game would receive a PlayStation 2 release. In September 2000 the game was previewed for public demonstrating at that year's ECTS. That same month images and screenshots of two of the game's unlockable characters were unveiled: Shaquille O'Neal and Michael Jackson. It was stated that Jackson was motion captured and digitally photographed for his character, and also lent his own voice to his character, albeit at a lower register than his usual speaking voice. Midway released the PlayStation 2 version on October 24 to coincide with the release of the PlayStation 2 three days later. As with the previous game, ring announcer Michael Buffer appears in the game as himself. The game's roster also features then U.S. President Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton, credited respectively only as "Mr. President" and "The First Lady".

Due to hardware restrictions, several characters had to be cut from the Nintendo 64 version, namely Freak E. Deke, Wild "Stubby" Corley, Freedom Brock, G.C. Thunder, Robox Rese-4 and Rumbleman.

Reception
The game received "mixed or average reviews" on all platforms except the PlayStation 2 version, which received "generally favorable reviews", according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Greg Orlando of NextGen said in its February 2001 issue that the same PS2 version "fills its spit bucket with last year's saliva." Five issues later, however, the magazine said that the Game Boy Advance version was "still in the ring, but it's out on its feet." In Japan, Famitsu gave the former console version a score of 31 out of 40.

Alan Maddrell of N64 Magazine gave the Nintendo 64 version a score of 76% and said that "we still have the same problems with the game as we had about a year ago. Sluggish response, annoying collision detection and the overriding averageness of it all. Shame." Edge gave the Dreamcast version a score of seven out of ten and called it "an offbeat, unpretentious treat." Jon Thompson of AllGame gave the same Dreamcast version three stars out of five and said it was "definitely a fighter for people who don't need deep gameplay to have a great time. It looks polished and is extremely easy to pick up and play, and something should be said for such a game. However, if you want a fighter with a bit more teeth to it, this title probably isn't for you." However, J.C. Barnes gave the PlayStation version three-and-a-half stars out of five, saying, "Those who bought the previous Ready 2 Rumble and are expecting a completely new experience will be sorely disappointed -- it's simply a basic roster update for the original. Yet gamers who haven't had a chance to play the first game will want to at least rent the sequel for some mindless but fun arcade-style action." Shawn Nicholls later gave the Game Boy Color version three-and-a-half stars and called it "an easy game to enjoy. While it isn't as challenging as more traditional sports titles, it is entertaining and the length of the Championship mode alone makes it a solid investment for any Game Boy Advance owner."

Da bomb mom of GameZone gave the PlayStation 2 version a perfect ten score and said that it was "one of those rare cases where it crosses so many lines of game genres. Whether you are a sports fan or challenge and skill, this is one game that will deliver on all fronts." Later, however, Michael Lafferty gave the Game Boy Color version 7.5 out of 10 and said that it was "more reflexive than cerebral, but still a lot of fun."

Dan Elekro of GamePro said that the Dreamcast version "isn't a major leap forward from last year's ring rocker, but the championship mode has evolved enough to make it worth considering for a purchase." Four-Eyed Dragon said of the PlayStation 2 version in one review, "If you're craving a nonheavy, nonstrategic PS2 brawler, Ready 2 Rumble should be your first contender: It contains all the right elements for just having a lot of fun." In another GamePro review, Human Tornado called the same PS2 version "a great sequel to what was one of the best Dreamcast games to date. On the PlayStation 2, this arcade boxing game really shines. The wild characters are hilarious, the gameplay is incredibly fun, and the graphics are excellent. Midway scores a KO in Round 2." However, Uncle Dust later said of the Game Boy Advance version, "This mediocre conversion is better than the last Game Boy effort, providing gamers with fairly short-lived button-mashing fun."

The PlayStation 2 version was a nominee for the "Console Fighting" award at the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' 4th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, which ultimately was given to Dead or Alive 2.

title: Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2


text:
Talk:Sitaram Kesri

Untitled
I have made some changes to the article and now I hope that neutrality of the article is restored.Editors, please comment.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:45, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Katrathal
Katrathal is 10 km away from dist. sikar.It is a biggest villege in sikar may be panchayat simiti in future. Its population is also neasr 50000.Most of people are farmer.Only few are poor in this fantastic villege. 99.90% of population is populated. THERE ARE 5 ENGLISH MEDIUM [ 3 CBSE BOARD ] AND 8 HINDI MEDIUM SCHOOLS. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hemant Dorwal (talk • contribs) 15:11, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

Copyedited
PaintedCarpet (talk) 17:53, 25 November 2013 (UTC)

1967 elections
There was an error in the article.Sitaram Kesri won as a candidate of Congress party from Katihar in 1967 Lok Sabha elections and not as a candidate of Jan Sangh. In fact he was never associated with Jan Sangh. Nor S.N.Sinha was the president of Jan Sangh anytime. I have made the change. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Billa-E-Azam (talk • contribs) 14:16, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sitaram Kesri


text:
Constitutional Court of Belarus

The Constitutional Court of Belarus is one of the top-tier courts in the eastern European country. Created in 1994, the Court is run under guidelines that were issued in 1997. The purpose of the court is to render justice in areas where the constitution has come into question, such as a local law contradicting the constitution. There are 12 judges that sit on the bench, with all having degrees in legal studies, as required by Belarusian law. Six of the judges are appointed by the President while the other six are appointed by the Council of the Republic. Regardless of the manner of appointment, the judges sit on the bench for a term of 11 years.

Heads

 * Pyotr Miklashevich (since 2008)

title: Constitutional Court of Belarus


text:
St. John's College of Arts and Science

St. John's College of Arts and Science, is a general degree college located in Ammandivilai, Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu established in 2005. The college is affiliated with Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. This college offers different courses in arts, commerce and science.

Accreditation
The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission.

title: St. John's College of Arts and Science


text:
saw tooth

Adjective

 * 1) Shaped like a saw tooth.
 * 2)  Describing a function or waveform that consists of repeated triangular transitions when graphed.

Noun

 * 1) A cutting bit of a saw.

title: saw tooth


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry/Participants

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: #ffffff; text-align: center;" ! User ( T C ) ! Areas of interest ! Comments ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) Leprof 7272 ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) pharmacology ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) (inactive) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( Talk ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) Lately I've been adding data pages (and adding data to existing data pages) for various common organic solvents: ethanol (data page), methanol (data page), acetic acid (data page), acetone (data page), acetonitrile (data page), diethyl ether (data page), benzene (data page), and many more (the list is growing each day).
 * User:OrganoMetallurgy
 * User:OrganoMetallurgy
 * Physical chemistry, organic chemistry, organometallic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, materials science, biochemistry, secondary metabolites, intermetallics, ceramics, chemical bonds, crystal structures, crystal engineering, radicals, aromaticity, boron chemistry, polymers, and more.
 * I mainly just categorize articles, but plan to eventually start expanding stubs and creating new articles.
 * cfthb
 * cfthb
 * Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Total Synthesis
 * I'm a professor of the above, currently disabled, so I have time of my own! ;-) Been doing original research/teaching for 25 years with about 60 publications (with undergraduates).  I've been doing chemistry since I was 12, and would love to start contributing to this WikiPedia project!
 * the bumbling biochemist
 * the bumbling biochemist
 * biochemistry, structural biology, women in science
 * I am a PhD student and my main Wikipedia focus is writing/editing articles about female scientists, especially biochemists.
 * 99of9
 * 99of9
 * Materials science, Simulation, geometry
 * Adam Lankford
 * Adam Lankford
 * Adam Lankford
 * Chemistry, Dentistry and other things that are good
 * B.S. Chemistry; Dental Student
 * Aeron Valderrama
 * Aeron Valderrama
 * Biochemistry, Bioinorganic Chemistry
 * Hope to add to the articles concerning the different biochemical pathways, gene expression (chemical notion), and everything I could (like on cell notation, among others which are "basic" concepts that needs some articles :))
 * User:Acechem
 * User:Acechem
 * Organic chemistry, Inorganic chemistry Explosives (as they pertain to chemistry)
 * College undergrad fascinated with chemistry. I love most aspects of chemistry (especially if it involves NO2 groups ;) Currently working on BA and hoping to go on and get a master's next.
 * Af648
 * Af648
 * Helping with the templates
 * Alpo666
 * Alpo666
 * Alpo666
 * Organic Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, Flavors and Aromas
 * Undergraduate Chemistry student.
 * Alsimao
 * Alsimao
 * General Chemistry, Spectroscopy, Matrix Isolation, Computational Chemistry, Neurochemistry
 * Matrix-Isolation Spectroscopist & Computational Chemist
 * Anner van Hardenbroek
 * Anner van Hardenbroek
 * Biochemistry, Organic chemistry, Quantum chemistry
 * Antony-22
 * Antony-22
 * Antony-22
 * Nanotechnology, Biomolecular structure
 * Antorjal
 * Antorjal
 * Antorjal
 * Biological chemistry, chemical biology, bioinorganic chemistry
 * Interests include protein-ligand interactions, enzymology, single-molecule studies
 * Antrax
 * Antrax
 * Armadillo1985
 * Armadillo1985
 * Armadillo1985
 * Armadillo1985
 * Organometallic, Transition Metal, Inorganic
 * AstroChemist
 * AstroChemist
 * AstroChemist
 * Environmental Chemistry, Astrophysics, Astrochemistry
 * Studying environmental chemistry. Environmental conservation work in my future. US Navy submarine veteran.
 * AtomicCactus
 * AtomicCactus
 * Natural products chemistry, Organic chemistry, Pharmaceutical chemistry
 * A few months away from B.Sc.(Hons.) in Chemistry / Biopharmaceutical Chemistry :-), working on antimicrobial agent development
 * Atomjockey
 * Atomjockey
 * Organic Synthesis, Medicinal Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry
 * Professional Medicinal Chemist, Ph.D. in organic chemistry / chemical biology
 * Aumnamahashiva
 * Aumnamahashiva
 * General chemistry, polymer chemistry, environmental chemistry, history of chemistry
 * B.Sc. in polymer and textile chemistry
 * Avogadro-I
 * Avogadro-I
 * General chemistry, polymers and regulatory
 * University degree in industrial chemistry
 * Axiosaurus
 * Axiosaurus
 * Inorganic Chemistry particularly main group.
 * Balazs H
 * Balazs H
 * Balazs H
 * Organic chemistry, Biochemistry, General Chemistry, Chemical Kinetics
 * Undergraduate student in Biochemistry.
 * Ben Clough
 * Ben Clough
 * General Chemistry
 * I'm an Undergraduate Chemistry student at Oxford.
 * Barbara
 * Barbara
 * General Chemistry, Toxicity, Safety Data Sheets, NIOSH, OSHA
 * Industrial Hygienist, Safety Engineer, High School Chemistry Instructor, BS Chemistry
 * Ben Mills
 * Ben Mills
 * Organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, chemical education, molecular graphics
 * I'm an undergraduate chemistry student at Cambridge and Bristol.
 * Le Prof
 * Le Prof
 * Organic and Natural products chemistry incl. synthesis; Medicinal Chemistry and Drug discovery, esp. early preclinical; Chemical biology, incl. tool synthesis; mechanistic biological chemistry
 * actively publishing professional chemist with pharma and professorial experience (training, see ); especially enjoy collaborative efforts here with student editors
 * Ben Webber
 * Ben Webber
 * Organic chemistry, biochemistry, molecular graphics. ‘Biochemistry is practically my life!’
 * I'm a secondary student in Ontario, looking to attend McGill, Toronto, or Queen's next year (in that order).
 * Benrr101
 * Benrr101
 * Inorganic chemistry, halogens
 * Goal is to replace all Category:Chemical_images_that_should_be_in_SVG_format images into SVGs!
 * Biochemistry&Love
 * Biochemistry&Love
 * Biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacy practice
 * I think my username says it all. (
 * Biophyschem
 * Biophyschem
 * Physical Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biophysics
 * PhD chemistry graduate student
 * bfesser
 * bfesser
 * bladeofgrass
 * bladeofgrass
 * bladeofgrass
 * bladeofgrass
 * Inorganic Chemistry, Basic Organic Chemistry, Supramolecular chemistry, Gels
 * Ph.D. Student in Supramolecular chemistry
 * BlindManEditing
 * BlindManEditing
 * Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry
 * Undergraduate chemistry student at Truman State University
 * Bluebananna
 * Bluebananna
 * Inorganic Chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Solid State Chemistry, Physical Chemistry
 * Research Fellow at Imperial College London.
 * Borb
 * Borb
 * Brian Duke
 * Brian Duke
 * Brian Duke
 * Brian Duke
 * Computational Chemistry and Quantum chemistry
 * Retired Chemistry Academic at Lancaster University, Bayero University Kano, University of Papua New Guinea and Charles Darwin University
 * Buddhasmom
 * Buddhasmom
 * Everything and Anything.
 * Cacycle
 * Cacycle
 * Cacycle
 * Mike
 * Mike
 * Mike
 * Mike
 * All about atoms
 * Undergraduate Chemistry Student at the University of North Texas
 * Cadmium
 * Cadmium
 * Inorganic chemist
 * CanadianPeninsula
 * CanadianPeninsula
 * CanadianPeninsula
 * Organic and General chemistry
 * chemistry.
 * Causesobad
 * Causesobad
 * Inorganic Chemistry, physical and chemical properties, preparation. Interested in nitrogen compounds.
 * Charles H. Bennett
 * Charles H. Bennett
 * Charles H. Bennett
 * physics, quantum information, thermodynamics of computation, chemistry (especially organic)
 * Research Staff Member, IBM Research Division
 * ChE Fundamentalist
 * ChE Fundamentalist
 * Physical Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
 * Grad student in physical chemistry working on mass transport within nanoporous materials.
 * Chem_tom
 * Chem_tom
 * Inorganic Chemistry
 * MChem student at The University of Hull
 * ChemGardener
 * ChemGardener
 * Chemicalinterest
 * Chemicalinterest
 * Chemicalinterest
 * Chemicalinterest
 * Inorganic chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Amateur chemistry
 * In high school, interested in chemistry, like to discover reactions, ask me if you want help on an article
 * Chemist1828
 * Chemist1828
 * Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry
 * Chiu_frederick
 * Chiu_frederick
 * Chiu_frederick
 * Simple physical and chemical properties of inorganic compounds
 * New user, doesn't really know all the rules. Feel free to give comments and advices
 * Chlorine Trifluoride
 * Chlorine Trifluoride
 * Chris Carss
 * Chris Carss
 * Chris Carss
 * Chris Carss
 * Meteorology
 * I think the article 'Cloud' needs to be reviewed for possible upgrade from C- to B-class.
 * Chris Kalnmals
 * Chris Kalnmals
 * Organic chemistry, organic synthesis, reaction mechanisms
 * I am a chemistry undergraduate student and researcher, and am most interested in organic chemistry - particularly mechanisms and named reactions.
 * Chris Zorozabal
 * Chris Zorozabal
 * Analytical chemistry, Electrochemistry
 * Its good to be here and keep watching how this wikichemists community continues growing.
 * Cmoarl
 * Cmoarl
 * Organic chemistry, Physical chemistry, Biochemistry, Nuclear chemistry, Polymer chemistry
 * Amazed by the world of (mainly organic) chemistry reactions. And the physics/physical chemistry behind it of course.
 * Creeper_jack1
 * Creeper_jack1
 * Organic chemistry, Polymer chemistry
 * I am studying chemistry and love it!
 * Csamurai92
 * Csamurai92
 * Physical chemistry, organic chemistry (especially mechanisms)
 * Dataphiliac
 * Dataphiliac
 * Dataphiliac
 * Dcirovic
 * Dcirovic
 * Dcirovic
 * Dcirovic
 * Drug Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry
 * Deryck Chan
 * Deryck Chan
 * Deryck Chan
 * Dirk Beetstra
 * Dirk Beetstra
 * Dirk Beetstra
 * Dirk Beetstra
 * Inorganic Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, General Chemistry (Formulation of chemistry related subjects)
 * DMacks
 * DMacks
 * DMacks
 * Organic chemistry, some Organometallic chemistry, misc other Chemistry, chemical structures on commons
 * Dogposter
 * Dogposter
 * Dogposter
 * Interested in mainly chemicals
 * Drbogdan
 * Drbogdan
 * Drbogdan
 * Ph.D. Biochemical Pharmacology.
 * Experience in Clinical Chemistry and Chemical Carcinogenesis.
 * DrKees
 * DrKees
 * Ph.D Organic Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry, (enzyme)Catalysis, Biochemistry.
 * Experience in enzyme modification, homogeneous catalysis, catalyst development, green energy research, semantic web. Will update&correct items on wiki.
 * Dr Marmilade
 * Dr Marmilade
 * Organic Chemistry, inorganic Chemistry, Molecular Orbital Theory,Thermochemistry
 * Undergraduate Chemistry student.
 * DrWoozy
 * DrWoozy
 * PhD medicinal chemistry
 * Experience in medicinal chemistry, molecular modeling, natural products.
 * earth8845
 * earth8845
 * Anything chemistry like.
 * ebe123
 * ebe123
 * periodic table
 * Edgar181
 * Edgar181
 * Edgar181
 * Eequor
 * Eequor
 * Eequor
 * Eequor
 * electricRush
 * electricRush
 * electricRush
 * electricRush
 * Periodic table, synthesis
 * Eloc
 * Eloc
 * Eloc
 * Chemistry in general?
 * Currently in Chemistry 20 in Canada, I add stuff I learn in that class to articles. I also adding the states of matter in the chemical formulas.
 * El Mayimbe
 * El Mayimbe
 * Biological, Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
 * B.S. in Biology and in Chemistry. Employed as a chemist and conducted physical chemistry/inorganic chemistry experiments. Currently, a doctoral candidate in Biochemistry.
 * Encyclopedia77
 * Encyclopedia77
 * Elements, compounds
 * Got my own sample of Americium, Californium (only .003 of a gram) Uranium, Radium, Polonium, Cesium-137, and Carbon-57, among other non-radioactive elements. PhD in Chemistry. Account was compromised, so that it would seem I had vandalized chemical element pages.
 * EndersJ
 * EndersJ
 * Ion mobility-mass spec and related fields, bioanalytical chemistry, polymer chemistry
 * PhD grad student
 * Eolaíocht
 * Eolaíocht
 * Inorganic Chemistry, Crystallography and General chemistry
 * Chemist working at Diamond Light Source
 * Ephemeronium
 * Ephemeronium
 * Molecular graphics. Ball-and-stick and space-filling models.
 * Will take requests
 * Eric Berquist
 * Eric Berquist
 * Analytical chemistry, Cheminformatics, Molecular graphics, and General chemistry
 * Working on B.S. in chemistry, 3rd year
 * Eridani
 * Eridani
 * Organic chemistry/ psychadelics/ molecular graphics
 * Undergrad chemistry student
 * Erik Wetterskog
 * Erik Wetterskog
 * Chemistry, materials science, physics.
 * PhD Student in Materials chemistry. I will be working on surface chemistry and inorganic chemistry pages.
 * Ernani.pinto
 * Ernani.pinto
 * Biochemistry, Organic chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Toxicology
 * Currently Toxicologist in the School of Pharmaceutical Science - University of São Paulo.
 * ESnyder2
 * ESnyder2
 * Inorganic and biochemistry. Currently working on organizing various pages on structure.
 * High school chemistry teacher; I'm most interested in making certain the chemistry pages here are good references for my students.
 * EvilxFish
 * EvilxFish
 * Chemistry particularly computational chemistry.
 * PhD student at Manchester university PhD title "Quantum mechanical methods for in silico drug design". Undergrad was in chemistry from the University of Manchester. Looking to make wikipedia a good source for all chemists.
 * Explodo-nerd
 * Explodo-nerd
 * Science and mathematics, particularly chemistry. Explosives are awesome!
 * Currently in high school. I have a laboratory in my basement where most of my work is geared towards explosives, but not all.
 * Fionn Ferreira
 * Fionn Ferreira
 * Organic Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Spectroscopy, Green Chemistry and more.
 * I am an undergraduate Chemistry student with a special interest in the stated topics and Sustainability in general.
 * Flobor
 * Flobor
 * Organic chemistry, metal coordination, catalysis by metal coordination compounds, organic synthesis and strategic design
 * Bachelor of Science in Chemistry, now following a Master of Science in Organic Chemistry
 * Francis thebird
 * Francis thebird
 * General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Synthesis. Looking to add info and fix organic transformations and reactions.
 * Ph. D. Student in Organic Chemistry.
 * Galobtter
 * Galobtter
 * George Moorey
 * George Moorey
 * George Moorey
 * George Moorey
 * Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Microbiology, Chemistry, Pharmacy
 * I am a Biochemist currently working on some Biotech & pharmacy softwares; I am Phd in Chemistry.
 * Gravity
 * Gravity
 * Inorganic Chemistry
 * I love Chemistry!
 * Gino Graziano
 * Gino Graziano
 * Pysical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Structure Drawing
 * Undergraduate student in chemistry.
 * Guitarmankev1
 * Guitarmankev1
 * Chemicals, mainly pertinent to organic chemistry. I am currently taking my first chemistry course in 10th grade, but I also find information via the internet and various books that were originally written for college courses.
 * I can make many skeletal formulas, and will make the occasional improvement to an organic chemical article.
 * H Padleckas
 * H Padleckas
 * chemistry - especially organic, chemical engineering, polymers
 * Handspringgirl97
 * Handspringgirl97
 * Handspringgirl97
 * organic Chemistry, medicinal chemistry, have masters and bachelors in chemistry
 * HappyCamper
 * HappyCamper
 * HappyCamper
 * He to Hecuba
 * Physical chemistry, especially spectroscopy and imaging techniques.
 * High school student - will be reading chemistry at uni from October.
 * Henry Rzepa
 * Physical chemistry, especially spectroscopy and imaging techniques.
 * High school student - will be reading chemistry at uni from October.
 * Henry Rzepa
 * Henry Rzepa
 * Chemical Semantic Web, Organic, mechanistic chemistry, Use of Chemical Semantic Mediawiki
 * Would like to see the article on Mauveine fully marked up semantically as a SPARQL Endpoint?
 * Hwinnian
 * Hwinnian
 * Inorganic Chemistry, Organometallics, Boron Chemistry
 * Ph.D student at Baylor researching metallacarboranes. I enjoy explaining complicated chemistry in laymen's terms.
 * Iggwilv
 * Iggwilv
 * Inorganic Chemistry, Spectroscopy
 * B.Sc. in Chemistry by the University of Victoria, currently doing research on Lanthanide chemistry.
 * Isilanes
 * Isilanes
 * Quantum Chemistry
 * Ph.D. in Chemistry by the University of the Basque Country
 * Itub
 * Itub
 * Computational chemistry, organic chemistry, physical organic chemistry, history of chemistry
 * Sometimes I create short articles, but I spend most of my time adding little details like references, pictures, and data. I'm a post-doctoral researcher at a university.
 * jaeger5432
 * jaeger5432
 * analytical
 * JaGa
 * JaGa
 * JaGa
 * Organic chemistry, Structure drawing
 * I'm a chemical engineer-turned-computer programmer who still loves chemistry. I'm starting with making SVG drawings of needy chemicals, adding data, etc. I also cleaned up this list for the heck of it.
 * Jake
 * Jake
 * Biochemistry, inorganic chemistry
 * Jake200493
 * Jake200493
 * Jake200493
 * Jasonbrotherton
 * Jasonbrotherton
 * Jasonbrotherton
 * Jasonbrotherton
 * Materials Science and Chemistry data pages
 * I am an undergraduate MSE major who wishes he could look up chemical data on Wikipedia!
 * Javanbakht
 * Javanbakht
 * chemistry & biochemistry
 * Ph.D. in chemistry
 * Jayron32
 * Jayron32
 * history of chemistry; organic chemistry; general chemistry
 * recently created an article that was much needed: Timeline of chemistry. Additions are highly welcome. We are working on referencing it and getting it up to Featured status. You can help too!
 * Jep466
 * Jep466
 * Green Chemistry, Non-Covalent Derivatization, Coatings Technologies, Medicinal Chemistry
 * Education and Basic & Applied Research
 * Jeremiah
 * Jeremiah
 * Organic chemistry, Supramolecular Chemistry, Drugs
 * I like to do the meta work. Clean-up, references, beautify... all that jazz. I'm almost a PhD. (Almost)
 * Jesse
 * Jesse
 * Organic chemistry, pharmacology
 * Joanne Slatter
 * Joanne Slatter
 * Joanne Slatter
 * Joe Stephens
 * Joe Stephens
 * Joe Stephens
 * Joe Stephens
 * All of Chemistry, particularly Oraganic and Spectroscopy
 * Taking Chemistry at A-level. Hoping to study Chemistry at Bristol University in September.
 * John Casale
 * John Casale
 * Inorganic chemistry
 * Doing research project on rate of reaction of Al with strong acids.
 * John F
 * John F
 * Biochemistry
 * I am a thirteen year old student interested in biochemistry.
 * jparcon
 * jparcon
 * Biochemistry, Bioinformatics.
 * Undergraduate Chemistry Student.
 * ~K
 * ~K
 * Karl Hahn
 * Karl Hahn
 * Karl Hahn
 * Karl Hahn
 * There are many data pages that need expanding before Wikipedia reaches a point where a user looking for some common particular datum can have a reasonable expectation of finding it here.
 * There are many data pages that need expanding before Wikipedia reaches a point where a user looking for some common particular datum can have a reasonable expectation of finding it here.

I also feel that every important compound, organic and inorganic, that we cover in Wikipedia should have a descriptive chemistry (or equivalent) section that gives at least an outline for preparation, and some characteristic reactions. I have already added this for a few entries. ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C )
 * Katanada
 * Katanada
 * Gas Dynamics, Thermodynamics, Aerodynamics, Propulsion.
 * Aerospace Engineering Undergrad: University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
 * kawaii♥bot
 * kawaii♥bot
 * electrochemistry, toxicology, phosphor, radiochemistry, nanotechnology
 * Hobbyist!
 * Kilo-Lima
 * Kilo-Lima
 * Anything really that I know of. Examples like organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, environmental chemistry and pharmacy.
 * klsyking
 * klsyking
 * klsyking
 * Materials chemistry, crystallography, toxic metals, gelation
 * PhD student in Materials Chemistry
 * Knights who say ni
 * Knights who say ni
 * Physical chemistry,Chemical kinetics
 * I feel that most physical chemistry stuff is incredibly messed up, dull and lacking general info, rigorous info or both, I intend to work hard on some of the articles in these fields (I have already made contributions to some of them) and give them a new face. I would really enjoy some help, specially as supervision and comments, and format...

I'd really like to see the day when articles about chemistry in Wikipedia have the same level as those about biosciences. ( T C )
 * KnowledgeRequire
 * KnowledgeRequire
 * A wide range of interests that includes Chemistry and Biochemistry.

( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( Nihaal The Wikipedian (talk) 10:36, 9 August 2020 (UTC) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C )
 * LHcheM
 * LHcheM
 * Organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry, organometallic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry
 * Freshly graduated secondary school student, therefore although my understanding may not be as deep as others, I am relatively non-specialized and capable of editing various areas. Will study medicine in University but I will keep up my work on Chemistry articles
 * Lhynard
 * Lhynard
 * Bioorganic Chemistry
 * Lizzius
 * Lizzius
 * Lizzius
 * Industrial chemistry, organic chemistry, polymerization
 * Chemical Engineer
 * LouisBB
 * LouisBB
 * Anything interesting
 * Pleased to be useful
 * Lord Shivan
 * Lord Shivan
 * Anything involving Chemistry with all fields.
 * I have little chemistry knowledge, as I am only in upper high school, but I wish to help and participate.
 * LukeSurl
 * LukeSurl
 * Quantum Chemistry, Physical Chemistry
 * I'm an undergraduate studying Theoretical and Physical Chemistry as part of my Natural Sciences degree at Cambridge University. I'm never going to be too far from a book explaining some chemical principle.
 * Lupophilus
 * Lupophilus
 * Organic Chemistry
 * Graduate student working on transition metal catalyzed reactions.
 * Lemonaka
 * Lemonaka
 * Pharmacology
 * Malachirality
 * Malachirality
 * Malachirality
 * Organic chemistry
 * Manishearth
 * Manishearth
 * Manishearth
 * All types of chemistry, especially organic and nomenclature.
 * Marci Pan Gris
 * Marci Pan Gris
 * Marci Pan Gris
 * organic, analytical, heterogeneous catalysis, polymers, Dynamic combinatorial chemistry
 * Now with Wikipedia I can procrastinate on my masters courses and yet still study chemistry at the same time.
 * Marksiqi
 * Marksiqi
 * Markus
 * Markus
 * Markus
 * Markus
 * Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
 * Edited by WvD
 * Martin Hedegaard
 * Martin Hedegaard
 * Physical Chemistry
 * Phycisist with interest in Physical Chemistry, Molecular Physics and spectroscopy hence a big overlap to some chemical subjects
 * Martin Walker
 * Martin Walker
 * Organic synthesis, green chemistry Article assessment
 * Member of Chemicals WikiProject
 * masterleggie
 * masterleggie
 * Physical Chemistry
 * Matt Peteritis
 * Matt Peteritis
 * Matt Peteritis
 * Inorganic Chemistry
 * Matthew E Harbowy
 * Matthew E Harbowy
 * Matthew E Harbowy
 * Mego
 * Mego
 * Mego
 * Mego
 * General chemistry, especially inorganic (organic chemistry still baffles me)
 * Currently taking first chemistry course in high school, but I have access to higher-level (college- and professional-level) textbooks on chemistry, so I can help improve anything. I don't exactly care what the subject is, but I will do whatever needs doing. Chemistry, along with physics, greatly interests me, so I want to help others learn.
 * Memcbr
 * Memcbr
 * Surface science, materials science, heterogeneous catalysis, inorganic chemistry, geochemistry
 * Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering
 * Merenta
 * Merenta
 * Organic chemistry, especially fluorinated heterocycles, natural product chemistry, organic reaction mechanisms
 * David E. Nichols was my major professor many years ago.
 * Michael Malloy
 * Michael Malloy
 * Chemical syntheses, organic chemistry, but not biochem.
 * Does glassware.
 * MichChemGSI
 * MichChemGSI
 * Organic chemistry, polymer chemistry.
 * Graduate Student at the University of Michigan.
 * Midhun M.Z
 * Midhun M.Z
 * Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Polymer Chemistry
 * I'm very interested in Chemistry and I am a Chemistry student
 * Mothball
 * Mothball
 * Polymer Science (specifically synthetic methods) and Nanotechnology.
 * I'm studying for my PhD at the University of Warwick on the synthesis and application of functionalised polymers.
 * Mr. Zee
 * Mr. Zee
 * Pyrotechnics Explosives I am interested in helping expand the depth of pyrotechnic/explosive chemical understanding
 * I want to help expand the pyrotechnical aspect of Wikipedia.
 * Biology, Calculus, Greek Mythology, Trigonometry, Chemistry.
 * I am Graduate in Atomic Physics and I teach Physics, Calculus and Chemistry.
 * MystifiableUnknown
 * I am Graduate in Atomic Physics and I teach Physics, Calculus and Chemistry.
 * MystifiableUnknown
 * MystifiableUnknown
 * Mysteriumen
 * Mysteriumen
 * Mysteriumen
 * Mysteriumen
 * Student of Pharmacy
 * Natalinasmpf
 * Natalinasmpf
 * Natalinasmpf
 * Neal Conroy
 * Neal Conroy
 * Neal Conroy
 * Neal Conroy
 * All.
 * Undergraduate chemistry major.
 * Neilc314
 * Neilc314
 * General Chemistry, Redox Chemistry enthusiast. Favorite letter is K (obviously).
 * Would love to help out the WikiProject Chemistry. Not an expert.
 * neomrbungle
 * neomrbungle
 * Senior in undergraduate chemistry.
 * Neonfuzz
 * Neonfuzz
 * Neonfuzz
 * Physical chemistry, Nuclear chemistry, Theoretical chemistry
 * Bachelor's degree in chemistry, work in an analytical field on clinical samples, looking forward to going back to school for the doctorate.
 * NerdyNSK
 * NerdyNSK
 * General Chemistry, Nutrition-related biochemistry
 * Not a Chemistry expert!
 * Nick C
 * Nick C
 * niklo_sv
 * niklo_sv
 * niklo_sv
 * niklo_sv
 * Organic chemistry especially compounds
 * Nihaal The Wikipedian
 * Nihaal The Wikipedian
 * Nihaal The Wikipedian
 * All fields of chemistry.
 * Chemistry is fun !
 * Nitin
 * Nitin
 * Inorganic chemistry, Basic Organic chemistry
 * I love all things related to chemistry and I'll do whatever I can to improve wikipedia's chemistry pages. I am a student in high school who just finished taking a chemistry class, and I've read a lot of chemistry on my own. I am new to wikipedia though, so please give all the tips you can!
 * Okyea
 * Okyea
 * Organic Chemistry
 * Olin
 * Olin
 * Olin
 * organic chemistry, physical chemistry
 * I have a PhD in physical organic chemistry.
 * OrientalKnight
 * OrientalKnight
 * Polymers, material engineering, physical and chemical properties, preparation.
 * Palaxzorodice--YH
 * Palaxzorodice--YH
 * Palaxzorodice--YH
 * General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, Quantum Chemistry
 * A science student, very interested in chemistry, fascinate about chemical around this world
 * Patrick Kilgore
 * Patrick Kilgore
 * Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry
 * If you need graphics or illustrations, talk to me.
 * Patrick McCarren
 * Patrick McCarren
 * General Chemistry, Computational Chemistry, Organic chemistry, Carbohydrate chemistry
 * New Wiki user, UCLA Graduate Student
 * Peter Murray-Rust
 * Peter Murray-Rust
 * Chemical Semantic Web, InChI, Chemical Markup Language, PubChem, Open Source in chemistry
 * Suggest we add InChIs systematically to all organic molecules and link to PubChem wherever possible. Also I created a Category for Wikipedian chemists - is this useful?
 * Pez2
 * Pez2
 * Biochemistry, enzymology, in particular vitamin K and serine protease biochemistry and enzymology.
 * Physchim62
 * Physchim62
 * Physchim62
 * Pizza1512
 * Pizza1512
 * Pizza1512
 * Pizza1512
 * Chemical Thermodynamics, Chemical Kinetics, Chemical equilibrium, Organic
 * I am an A-level student in this discipline and chemistry is my favourite so all the more reason to join this Wikiproject!
 * Quantockgoblin
 * Quantockgoblin
 * Organic, physical-organic, reactive intermediates (esp. carbenes/stable carbenes), asymmetric catalysis. Lab techniques (esp. Air-sensitive handling).
 * Am experienced in most areas of chemistry
 * Ragesoss
 * Am experienced in most areas of chemistry
 * Ragesoss
 * Ragesoss
 * Ragesoss
 * Ragesoss
 * Organic chemistry, Biochemistry, History of chemistry
 * I'm interested in established Best Practices for chemistry images. I'd like to see SVG files used for organic chemicals.
 * Redwoodking
 * Redwoodking
 * I am interested in organic and inorganic chemistry, as well as the history of chemistry.
 * I am interested in editing the grammar, word usage, and factual content of various articles.
 * Richard Arthur Norton
 * Richard Arthur Norton
 * Rifleman_82
 * Rifleman_82
 * Rifleman_82
 * Rifleman_82
 * Organic chemistry|
 * Robert Skyhawk
 * Robert Skyhawk
 * Robert Skyhawk
 * Experienced with automated (bot) and semi-automated (AWB) work.
 * RockManQ
 * RockManQ
 * RockManQ
 * Mainly creating chemistry compounds requested at article creation
 * I've already created two and would like to make a lot more; there's a huge back log at requested articles. If you want to help, just drop a comment by my page.
 * Materials science, Nanotechnology, Self assembly
 * Rune Welsh
 * Materials science, Nanotechnology, Self assembly
 * Rune Welsh
 * Rune Welsh
 * Rune Welsh
 * Surfaces, heterogeneous catalysis, colloidal chemistry
 * BSc in Chemistry. Also member of Chemicals WikiProject
 * Russoc4
 * Russoc4
 * Ryan Jones
 * Ryan Jones
 * Ryan Jones
 * Ryan Jones
 * Sahehco
 * Sahehco
 * Sahehco
 * Sahehco
 * Medicinal chemistry, Inorganic chemistry
 * M.Sc in Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry ; Founder of Wikiproject of chemistry in Persian Wikipedia
 * salamakajakawaka
 * salamakajakawaka
 * pharmacology, chemistry
 * I am currently working on the IUPAC page.
 * Schuyler Thompson
 * Schuyler Thompson
 * Inorganic chemistry
 * Sean
 * Sean
 * Sean
 * Biochemistry, Organic chemistry, Quantum mechanics, Environmental chemistry
 * Currently studying higher-level Chemistry in the International Baccalaureate program.
 * Sean Dingman
 * Sean Dingman
 * Inorganic chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry,  Physical Chemistry,  Organic Electronics
 * Ph.D. in Materials Chemistry. Interested in helping out with articles and editing when I can.
 * Shanata
 * Shanata
 * Physical organic chemistry, biophysical chemistry, chemical education
 * Shimmin
 * Shimmin
 * Shimmin
 * Shoy
 * Shoy
 * Shoy
 * Shoy
 * Organic and inorganic chemistry, polymers. Chemical engineer by trade.
 * Sidar
 * Sidar
 * Sidar
 * most aspects of organic chemistry, focus: mechanisms
 * Silverweed
 * Silverweed
 * Silverweed

( T C )
 * Simon Alexander Tolhurst
 * Simon Alexander Tolhurst
 * Organic chemistry

( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( Visit My Talk page If You Want To Discuss Any Important Topic With Me. Please Click To See My Contributions To Wikipedia ) 1) Organic Chemistry 2) Inorganic Chemistry 3) Analytical Chemistry 4) Practical Chemistry 5) Atomic Chemistry 6) Biochemistry 7) Green Chemistry 8) Industrial Chemistry 9) Metallurgy 10) Molecular Chemistry ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C )
 * sinrh0816
 * sinrh0816
 * Chemistry, chemistry, and chemistry!
 * Well, I'm 12 years old, and I'm from Korea. I started to love chemistry since when I was 9, and I am very glad to participate in this project. I am not that good at English, but I am translating the English articles about chemistry into Korean.
 * Slartibartfast1992
 * Slartibartfast1992
 * Inorganic Chemistry
 * Slave
 * Slave
 * Slave
 * Organic and Organometallic plus Bio; working on named reactions so far
 * BS, MS, Ph.D, Postdoc
 * Smokefoot
 * Smokefoot
 * inorganic and organometallic plus ligands
 * Srikeit
 * Srikeit
 * Srikeit
 * Organic chemistry especially adding chemical reactions
 * Stephen Billinghurst
 * Stephen Billinghurst
 * Stephen Billinghurst
 * refrigerators, solar photovoltaics, combinatorics, elements, fireworks, demonstrations
 * BA Chem UCSD 1984, aged 56 years. H• H2O 235U Is this thing on? 2209 is prime, is today prime? 4°C.
 * Steve
 * Steve
 * Stone
 * Stone
 * Stone
 * Stone
 * Susanlesch
 * Susanlesch
 * Susanlesch
 * Susanlesch
 * not a chemist, mostly inactive
 * Sushant Nair
 * Sushant Nair
 * Sushant Nair
 * Sushant Nair
 * Sushant Nair
 * I am extremely interested in the following fields:
 * I have made 5 articles on Wikipedia. Ortho-diethynylbenzene dianion, Meta-diethynylbenzene dianion, Para-diethynylbenzene dianion and Lithium monoxide anion . The 5th article has been redirected.
 * Syntheticalconnections
 * Organic Chemistry
 * Swaroop
 * Swaroop
 * Swaroop
 * Swaroop
 * Inorganic Chemistry
 * Tautomers
 * Tautomers
 * Tautomers
 * Organic Chemistry, Natural Product, Total Synthesis, Chemistry Organizations, and where ever chemistry intersects with a topic.
 * PhD in organic total synthesis. I'll add things as I come across them, likely focusing on improving wording or adding information I am aware of that is missing.
 * Ternalloy
 * Ternalloy
 * Solid state chemistry, Materials science, Inorganic chemistry
 * Terri G
 * Terri G
 * Terri G
 * Analytical chemistry, Plant cell wall
 * I'll be looking at analytical chemistry (GC and HPLC) and plant cell wall components and chemistry.

( T C ) ( T C )
 * Thecurran91
 * General cleanup, making articles more accessible to non-experts
 * Thepunlover
 * Thepunlover
 * Thepunlover
 * Analytical, cluster, organoelemental, organic, physical, quantum, nuclear and theoretical chemistry, the elements, theis compounds, crystalography and metalurgy.
 * Template and article creating, cleanup, checking and expanrion.

( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T ) ( T ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C ) ( T C )
 * Theseeker4
 * The elements, metallurgy, chemicals, organic and inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, pretty much everything.
 * Employed as chemist technician in production department of immunoassay company and taking classes toward B.S. in biochemistry and chemical biology.
 * TheSun
 * TheSun
 * General Chemistry, Material Science
 * ThinkOutsideTheTesseract
 * ThinkOutsideTheTesseract
 * ThinkOutsideTheTesseract
 * Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
 * Sophmore AP Chem student in High School, have done some work in inorganic chemistry and many concepts, will be glad to help where I can.
 * Thricecube
 * Thricecube
 * Toby
 * Toby
 * Toby
 * Toby
 * Chemistry, Organic chemistry, computers
 * Tomásdearg92
 * Tomásdearg92
 * Tomásdearg92
 * Seems to be organic and inorganic reactions, as well as characterisation techniques...
 * Final year undergrad student in chemistry.
 * TVO
 * TVO
 * Stereochemistry, Quantum chemistry
 * AP Chemistry student, and as obscure as stereochemistry is I find it fascinating.
 * Tycarter
 * Tycarter
 * Inorganic Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry
 * Chemistry Ph.D. Student (University of Michigan)
 * Tyciol
 * Biochemistry mostly, and drug development for unwanted glycoprotein dissolving
 * Tyrol5
 * Biochemistry, biomedicine
 * Uhjoebilly
 * Organic Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Nanotechnology
 * Working on Diacetylenes and their polymer, Polydiacetylenes (PDAs).
 * UMChemProfessor
 * Uhjoebilly
 * Organic Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Nanotechnology
 * Working on Diacetylenes and their polymer, Polydiacetylenes (PDAs).
 * UMChemProfessor
 * UMChemProfessor
 * UMChemProfessor
 * Organic Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry
 * Assistant Professor (University of Michigan)
 * Vsmith
 * Vsmith
 * WhirlwindChemist
 * WhirlwindChemist
 * WhirlwindChemist
 * WhirlwindChemist
 * Organic chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Supported Catalysis
 * Rhodium catalysed conjugate-addition reactions, Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation, and much more.
 * Wilhelm von Hindenburger
 * Wilhelm von Hindenburger
 * Organic chemistry
 * Mostly just fixing typos, hope to start doing more!
 * Wii Wiki
 * Wii Wiki
 * Periodic Elements, Chemistry
 * Hope to contribute to and nominate articles. Go chemistry!
 * William L. Weaver
 * William L. Weaver
 * Analytical Chemistry, Data acquisition, Data analysis, Laboratory informatics
 * Wim van Dorst
 * Wim van Dorst
 * Wim van Dorst
 * Chlor-alkali compounds such as hydrochloric acid and sodium hypochlorite, history of chemistry, alchemy and chemists
 * Also member of Chemicals wikiproject, also admin task such as article assessment
 * Wolfmankurd
 * Wolfmankurd
 * Organic chemistry
 * I only do A-level chemistry so my interests arnt too specific.
 * xcomradex
 * xcomradex
 * Xenofonos
 * Xenofonos
 * Xenofonos
 * Xenofonos
 * General Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Chromatography, Organic Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry
 * Xiaoming Wang
 * Xiaoming Wang
 * Xiaoming Wang
 * Catalysis, Chemical Engineering, Spectroscopy, Surface Science, Polymers, Materials Chemistry, Chemical Education, Energy&Fuel
 * Yamaka122
 * Yamaka122
 * Yamaka122
 * BioChemistry, Parmachy
 * Intetrested and know some basics mostly do clean-up and references, or I can do template work!
 * Zynwyx
 * Zynwyx
 * Inorganic Chemistry, Biochemistry
 * Yunus
 * Yunus
 * Yunus
 * Toxicology, Chemistry, philosophy and religion
 * Few months away from PhD in veterinary toxicology
 * Zach Reitz
 * Zach Reitz
 * Edon Vitaku
 * Edon Vitaku
 * Edon Vitaku
 * Edon Vitaku
 * Organic Chemistry
 * sandy blade 007
 * sandy blade 007
 * sandy blade 007
 * inorganic and organic chehistry
 * Xenomancer
 * Xenomancer
 * Xenomancer
 * Chemical Engineering, Chemistry
 * Rainbow Shifter
 * Rainbow Shifter
 * Rainbow Shifter
 * Chemistry student
 * Revolution1221
 * Revolution1221
 * Revolution1221
 * Zaryn
 * Zaryn
 * Zaryn
 * Zaryn
 * Undergrad student
 * Arrowsmaster
 * Arrowsmaster
 * Arrowsmaster
 * Organic chemistry, pharmacology, scalable vector graphics - skeletals
 * Member of Polish chemistry Wikiproject, also electrical engineering student
 * AfroThundr3007730
 * AfroThundr3007730
 * General Chemistry
 * Mfernflower
 * Biochemistry
 * I am not a professional by any means - Chemistry just really relaxes me and I love the structures of some natural products.
 * Kr1st1deejay97 ( T C ) || Organic chemistry, biochemistry ||
 * Monochrome Monitor
 * Orgo, nuclear chem, relativistic quantum chemistry
 * DePiep
 * templates and
 * sleepychemist
 * Orgo, nuclear chem, relativistic quantum chemistry
 * DePiep
 * templates and
 * sleepychemist
 * templates and
 * sleepychemist
 * sleepychemist
 * sleepychemist
 * Inorganic chemistry, coordinated compounds, cyanine dyes, and theoretical chemistry.
 * IUPAC Member, CIC Member, ARSC, CChem
 * Chem Sim 2001
 * Chem Sim 2001
 * Organic Chemistry, Technical Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Chemical Process Engineering
 * Undergraduate chemistry student (B.Sc.) at RUB. I improve articles by adding high-quality structural formulas and reaction equations. I focus in the area of Industrial Organic Chemistry!
 * pmblair2
 * pmblair2
 * Biorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, natural products and antibiotics
 * MKL
 * MKL
 * MKL
 * Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry
 * Organic and physical chemistry PhD student.
 * Michael7604
 * Michael7604
 * User:Andyloris
 * User:Andyloris


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Jamaica

| North American cuisines | Caribbean cuisines

 * Jamaican Chicken Fingers with Honey-Mustard Sauce
 * Jamaican Jerk Spice
 * Jamaican Jerk Chicken
 * West Indian Hot Pepper Sauce
 * Jamaican Patty
 * Jamaican Banana Fritters
 * Jamaican Curried Chicken
 * Jamaican Rice and Peas

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Jamaica


text:
User:Toriturner7

Tori Turner is a student at North Carolina State University studying education with a concentration in STEM Education. This Wiki page was created for Educational use only to explore the site.

title: User:Toriturner7


text:
Dámusta saga

Damusta saga ('the saga of Dámusti', also known as Dámusta saga ok Jóns, Saga spekingsins Dámusta i Gricklandi) is a medieval Icelandic romance saga. It is noted for its inventive engagement with Continental romance-writing traditions.

Synopsis
Kalinke and Mitchell summarise the saga thus:

"Dámusti is a pious knight at the court of King Katalaktus of Grikkland. When the king's daughter, Gratiana, marries King Jón of Smáland, Dámusti kills Jón out of jealousy. Gratiana becomes fatally ill. The Virgin Mary appears to the repentant Dámusti, tells him to arm himself and ride to the church where Gratiana lies buried. There Dámusti defeats the giant Alheimr who reveals that he had induced Gratiana's apparent death in order to marry her himself. Alheimr gives Dámusti a potion which will revive Gratiana. Katalaktus forgives Damusti and the knight marries Gratiana. When their son is old enough to rule, Damusti and Gratiana turn to the spiritual life and become hermits."

Manuscripts
Kalinke and Mitchell identified the following manuscripts of the saga:

 * Arnamagnæan Institute, Copenhagen: AM 557, 4° (15th c), vellum, 3 lvs.; AM 588e, 4° (ca. 1700); Rask 32 (late 18th c).
 * Royal Library, Copenhagen: NKS 1144, fol. (18th c), resume; Kall 613, 4° (1751).
 * The British Library, London: Add. 4874, 4° (ca. 1773).
 * National Library, Reykjavik: Lbs 661, 4° (1843-48); JS 27, fol. (ca. 1670); IB 116, 4° (1786-1805); IB 201, 4° (ca. 1821).
 * National Museum, Reykjavik: Ásbúðarsafn: Sögubók (18th c.).
 * Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, Trondheim: *DKNVSB 5b fol. (late 18th c.).
 * University Library, Lund: LUB 14, 4° (mid-18th c).
 * Royal Library, Stockholm: Papp. fol. nr 1 (early 17th c); Papp. fol. nr 66 (1690); Papp. 4:o nr 17 (1671); *Papp. fol. nr 96 (early 18th c), excerpt.
 * Beinecke Library, Yale University: Z 113.85 (19th c). Contains copy of AM 557, 4° and a complete text of the saga based on Rask 32, 4° and Kall 613, 4°.

Editions and translations

 * Tan-Haverhorst, Louisa Fredrika, ed. "Dámusta saga." In Þjalar Jóns saga. Dámustasaga. I. Teksten. Diss. Leiden. (Haarlem: H. D. Tjeenk Willink & Zoon, 1939), pp. 48-108. Based on JS 27 fol.
 * "Dámusta saga." In The Arna-Magnæan Manuscript 557 4to containing inter alia the History of the first Discovery of America, ed. by Dag Strömbäck. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1940. Facsimile of leaves 38r-40v. (Corpus Codicum Islandicorum Medii Aevi, XIII).

title: Dámusta saga


text:
Virtual Woman

Virtual Woman is a software program that has elements of a chatbot, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, a video game, and a virtual human. It claims to be the oldest form of virtual life in existence, as it has been distributed since the late 1980s. Recent releases of the program can update their intelligence by connecting online and downloading newer personalities and histories.

Program play
When Virtual Woman starts, the user is presented with a list of options and then may choose their Virtual Woman's ethnic type, personality, location, clothing, etc. or load a pre-built Virtual Woman from a Digital DNA file. Once the options are determined, the user is presented with a 3-D animated Virtual Woman of their selection and then can engage them in conversation, progressing in a manner similar to that of its predecessor, ELIZA and its successors, the chatbots. In most versions of Virtual Woman, this is done through the keyboard, but some versions also support voice input.

In popular culture
Virtual Woman's current publishing company, CyberPunk Software, claims that over one and a half million copies of Virtual Woman are in existence. Software sales and usage statistics from private companies are difficult to verify. WinSite, an independent Internet shareware distribution site that does publish public download counts, has for some time now listed some version of Virtual Woman in their top three shareware downloads of all time with well over seven hundred thousand downloads.

The Washington Post reported on April 6, 2007 that two bank security guards who had been distracted from their duties by playing Virtual Woman and then tried to cover up the fact that they allowed US$52,000 to be stolen. The bank manager refused to say whether they would be fired, but did say, "I don't think they are getting promoted."

Compadre
The group of beta testers and advisers for Virtual Woman are referred to as Compadre and have their own beta testing site and forum.

Criticisms
As Virtual Woman has developed the ability to conduct longer and more realistic interactions, particularly in recent beta releases, criticism has arisen that this may lead some users to social isolation, or to use the program as a substitute for real human interaction. However, these are criticisms that have been leveled at all video games and at the use of the Internet itself. A company representative, Nancy, indirectly responded to such accusations in an interview with ABC News reporter Mike Martinez in 1998 by stating that Virtual Woman played a valuable role by allowing some form of social interactions for people who may not normally be able to take part in them. She cited a user who wrote to thank them because the program had relieved his boredom and isolation while he was recovering from a crippling accident in the hospital.

Release history

 * Versions of Virtual Woman with rough release dates and PC platforms for which they were designed:
 * Virtual Woman (????) (DOS)
 * Virtual Woman for Windows (1991) (Windows 3.0)
 * Virtual Woman 95 (1995) (Windows 3X, Windows 95)
 * Virtual Woman 98 (1998) (Windows 3X, Windows 95)
 * Virtual Woman 2000 (2000) (Windows 95+)
 * Virtual Woman Millennium (Windows 95, XP)
 * Virtual Woman Net ( Windows XP/Vista specific)

title: Virtual Woman


text:
User:Smithgrrl

Smithgrrl is an avant garde sf writer, poet, sometime performer, and college teacher living in Southern California. She is a published scholar on 18th century literature, women's lit, feminist sf, and the writers Friedrich Schiller and Peter Handke.

title: User:Smithgrrl


text:
Dynasty season 2

Dynasty season 2 may refer to:

 * Dynasty (1981 TV series) season 2
 * Dynasty (2017 TV series) season 2

title: Dynasty season 2


text:
Talk:Nadya Khamitskaya

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Nadya Khamitskaya. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Replaced archive link x with https://web.archive.org/web/20111102180026/http://dans.no/2011/04/26/nadya-khamitskaya-dansende-kjolekunstner/ on http://dans.no/2011/04/26/nadya-khamitskaya-dansende-kjolekunstner/
 * Replaced archive link x with https://web.archive.org/web/20101227192041/http://www.bj0rn.net/wordpress/tag/nadya-khamitskaya/ on http://www.bj0rn.net/wordpress/tag/nadya-khamitskaya/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101127135529/http://www.kjendis.no/2010/02/16/kjendis/oslo_fashion_week/mote/moteuke/10429851/ to http://www.kjendis.no/2010/02/16/kjendis/oslo_fashion_week/mote/moteuke/10429851/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110311080150/http://www.kjendis.no/2011/03/07/kjendis/ski_vm/therese_johaug/nadya_khamitskaya/15707765/ to http://www.kjendis.no/2011/03/07/kjendis/ski_vm/therese_johaug/nadya_khamitskaya/15707765/
 * Replaced archive link x with https://web.archive.org/web/20120106045803/http://minmote.no/index.php/2011/05/nadya-om-dorthes-%E2%80%9Dgullruten%E2%80%9D-kjoler-veldig-sexy/ on http://minmote.no/index.php/2011/05/nadya-om-dorthes-%E2%80%9Dgullruten%E2%80%9D-kjoler-veldig-sexy/
 * Replaced archive link x with https://web.archive.org/web/20130312063542/http://www.dansing.no/grener/sportsdans/Sider/NM-vinnere,EMogVM-medaljer.aspx on http://www.dansing.no/grener/sportsdans/Sider/NM-vinnere,EMogVM-medaljer.aspx

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:24, 11 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nadya Khamitskaya


text:
Cookbook:Cottage Cheese Eggs

 * Breakfast

Ingredients

 * 2 eggs
 * 2 tablespoons cottage cheese (small curd 4% milkfat)
 * 1 teaspoon Mexican seasoning or chili powder

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat a large metal or non-stick skillet over medium heat.
 * 2) Whisk eggs and cottage cheese together in a small bowl; place in skillet.
 * 3) Sprinkle Mexican seasoning on eggs (to taste).
 * 4) As eggs begin to cook, start folding them together, turning as needed, until done cooking.
 * 5) Serve with or on wheat toast.

title: Cookbook:Cottage Cheese Eggs