text:
Talk:Technical writing

Thanks Fred
It looks much better now. I tried reverting earlier but for some reason I got error messagesSnoozebob 06:00, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Thanks a lot. It clear my doubts from basic. How i can score to get up unlock level 3 and more Prernasingh1405 (discuss • contribs) 03:29, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

 * The original author intended to have additional levels, but they haven't been active here since 2013. There are no additional levels. I've removed the content suggesting that you can unlock Level 3 and beyond. Enjoy what is already available or add your own ideas. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 15:05, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Reversion to Previous Version
The admirable efforts of Bob Cooper to add "Easy English" versions of this site are appreciated.

However, the main navigation page now looks quite poor. All links to previous versions of the content have been lost or obscured.

I will be reverting to a previous version of the main page, and then will add links to Bob's EE content as a new section.

TWFred 04:34, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Requirements Analysis
Take a look here for some information on requirements analysis.

Assignment:

Write a requirements specification for this technical writing wiki. Remember, "Make it up and be reasonable." Let's put it right here on this page...ready, start!

TWFred 07:25, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Audience personas for Wiki

 * Technical_writing_persona_Joe_Smith
 * Technical_writing_persona_Sandra_Jones
 * Technical_writing_persona_Wing_Lee

Tanya: Let's have our task on the requirements for the training wiki page here: Technical writing Requirements analysis. I think it would be better to have it on a different page.

TWFred 14:58, 30 July 2007 (UTC) changed the page name so it's now Technical_writing_Requirements_analysis.

Technical Writing Exercise 07/08/2007
Go Making a Bad Requirement Good for the exercise

Welcome
We're putting this course together on Wikiversity for a reason...we need your inputs.

As anyone who has followed the endless professional discussions knows, technical writing is such a potentially vast field, (encompassing all possibilities of passing along human understanding if you like), no one technical writer knows the whole field.

When this is combined with a professional skill in writing...endless professional discussion ensues. This makes it not only difficult to define our already obscure profession, but also highly contentious. After years of debate, there is still no international standard for teaching technical writing.

So here's a wiki. Let loose. If you can do better, then get to writing. Ain't no one stopping you.

I'm using this wiki as my ever-evolving text for a real-world company class. By the time the course is done, this wiki should be complete enough to compliment and guide similar courses.

Philosophically, I would like to make this profession open to all who have the talent. There is a great and growing need world-wide for our skills, and by spreading them freely we are helping clever people to find sustainable employment. It should be suitable for advanced English users anywhere, and the tools illustrating the skills should be widely available.

Therefore, illustrations using open source examples are greatly encouraged.

Model projects from open source documentation efforts are also welcome.

I welcome your involvement and assistance. I'm looking forward to following and participating in how this will evolve.

FRED

Tasks
Fred:

Yep, I just reorganized it all, then added a whole bunch of stuff from the other wiki we made. It's a bit of a jumble though within the pages. Can someone help with organizing into Beginning, Intermediate, and Advanced within each course section? Thank you.

Fred's comments:

 * gotta break up this ugly page up/formatting and graphics
 * too long...therefore section/page naming conventions required
 * need to efficiently port and maintain images
 * current structure not satisfactory

Have linked to other tech writing pages. Should generate traffic and improvements. Will invite more "established names" like Hackos to comment/contribute.

(BTW: I've now got a username...TWFred)

Making a link to Business Writing?
Great looking resource you have going here. We have started putting over some of our writing resources. Here's Business writing skills so far (very early stages). Would be great to have your input. We will certainly link to yours as we get further down the track in our efforts to get other writing resources online. --Leighblackall 02:36, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

FRED: Linked. Cannot find Leigh Blackall's email to let him know. Seems an interesting person and someone we'd like to help on our wiki. Anyone know him?

>> "Cannot find Leigh Blackall's email to let him know." Fred... ehh .... User:Leighblackall eMail: leighblackallATgmailDOTcom Skype: leigh_blackall phone: +64(0)21736539 --BartJuniorTW 12:23, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Capitalization Style
Adam: Just a general comment on style. I've noticed a mixture of cap. styles in your headings. Some use sentence style and some title style. You should pick one style and go with it.

Enrollment Methods
We need to determine how to enroll students in the course.

 * Enrolling in the class
 * Require log in
 * Setting up a page
 * Have place to show work in progress
 * Have place to show portfolio of completed work
 * Have method of "proving" you have done the course

moved from the main page:

For those who want to follow this course, we ask that you enroll by creating a page for yourself and completing the exercises in that page.

Technical writing_enrollment_template - this is our exercise template.

Students should NOT name their pages as  http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Technical_writing_your_name . Students are kindly requested to name their pages as  Technical_writing/your_name . You can then link on this page under "Current Students" lower down on this page. Thank you!

A good way to get your user page started is to enter this code in the gallery at the bottom of this page:

Image:MY_PICTURE.JPG|MY_NAME_AGAIN

This will create a picture with a caption in red. Click the caption and it will take you to your new user page, where you can start editing your own page.

Paste the template into your personal page

To insert your picture into your own page, please use this code:

Technical Writing Jobs in Prague with Sun Microsystem
Hi folks, I'm the manager of the Sun Microsystems docs team here in Prague. We're always looking for qualified technical writers. We presently have two intern positions open but things come and go. Who can I contact from this group to chat about employment opportunities with Sun? I'd post links to the job offerings and my contact info but not sure if that breaks etiquette on this list.
 * Please contact first by mail:
 * email - User:TWFred
 * email - User:AlistairReece
 * Thx, Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 16:39, 19 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Why don't we make a page for job listings? The Jade Knight 07:27, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Moved comments
2008 September from Quality

The quality of the technical writing section is less than satisfactory. There are no lesson objectives that I could find, and the content is not well written. In one case, I believe something was added to the content, not properly edited, and it reads like this:

Technical writers prepare documents for different types of users. Typically, there are four basic types of user documents:

Description

Installation

Configuration

User Manual

Systems Reference

That is 5, not 4.

There was absolutely nothing in the content for Technical Writer Level 1 or 2 about data sheets, product briefs, or application notes. Open source help tools were mentioned in passing but DocBook and other valuable open source editors were not mentioned. I think that the people putting up the content are not well informed, and are not really technical writers because the quality of their writing is awful. Perhaps, if there is a section on technical editing, the technical editors there can look over and correct this content. "User Documentation: The user-documentation is written for the end-users. It contains elaborate information on how to use a particular product."

First of all, user documentation, does not need a hyphen. Secondly, of course user documentation is written for users. Elaborate is not a word I would use. There are many reasons this course may face difficulty. For example, a grasp of the English language is important, before contributing something regarding language.

IT... contains. The content included in the lessons describe clarity and conciseness. How about making the above sentence in quotes, a little more clear.

This can be changed to:

"User documentation provides detailed information about a specific product or device."

Many technical writers in this country have faced some challenges in their careers due to the outsourcing to India, China, and Romania. Having people from these countries contributing to this course, as if they were experienced experts, may be offensive to some of the readers.

I actually teach a 100 level Technical Communications course. I have worked as a technical writer for about a decade. Some of the companies I worked with include: ING, Pearson Education, and Microchip Technology. I have an undergraduate degree in Technical Communications, and a Masters in Technology (with 24 credits of graduate level Technical Communications). I think the Technical Writer section could use some improvement. The information here is somewhat correct, but is not entirely accurate. While TWFred, the person writing the content, may be acceptable for a beta version, I think that when you go live, you really should have contributors who are both experienced technical writers, professors of technical writing, and people who are well educated in technical writing. TWFred's profile claims he is a technical writer, but does not indicate where, what companies, and what types of technical writing. I don't see anything about any technical writing courses or degrees. I don't think he's the best qualified individual for this project. Until you get more contributors, I think you should really consider using someone with experience, and a degree, for better quality. aicra --<IP_ADDRESS> 15:44, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Response
Aicra, I couldn't agree more. The Technical Writing course needs your help.

When you suggest "using someone" to write the course, keep in mind that it's all done by volunteers, such as yourself

I welcome and encourage your involvement in improving this course. You've provided me the best feedback yet, and I certainly hope you will follow through and help us in exactly the areas you mention.

Please, yes, edit the content. Everyone welcomes your changes. It's wiki.

 * Change the various glaring errors of grammar, spelling, and organization.
 * Add the sections you suggest.
 * Continue updating and improving the content.

You are certainly far better qualified than me. I don't "own" this content, nor am I the best at what I do. I just happen to be the one who got the ball rolling. Please give it a shove in the right direction. It's a huge topic, and we've only begun. I am eager to see where you take this wikiversity course, and am so glad to have your able assistance.

Get writing!

Best,

TWFred

TWFred 13:33, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

I moved these comments here from the Quality page. I believe the comments pertain to this resource. --CQ 22:29, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Adding Videos
I'm adding videos I've made of my lectures, linking to YouTube.

I've also added videos from others (like CherryLeaf's, which is very good) lecturing on technical writing.

Please, if there is any issue from editors, bots, or nitpickers...let me know. I'm sure if you look at the videos, you'll agree they're quite relevant, appropriate, short, and not overtly commercial.

I urge others who have technical writing lectures to post them too.

Thank you.

TWFred

Teacher page

 * I think there should be a separate one page for the teachers directly linked from this article, and each has the option of linking to their user page. Its nice to see a personal touch to the pages, though there are thousands or millions of instructors on one common subject. This would prevent a lot of overlap. Assignment materials or teaching styles could have a particular teacher's method or own page. The contributions are appreciated by any who read it, and I'm not sure how much Wikiversity's style is different, so its just a suggestion. Sidelight12 Talk 18:24, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Technical writing


text:
suvereeni

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Adjective

 * 1) sovereign country etc.
 * 2) supremely skillful in performance, possessing complete mastery, masterly, adept

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: suvereeni


text:
Wikipedia talk:Community health initiative on English Wikipedia/Editing restrictions

Problems with current method of using editing restrictions
The Anti-harassment tools team can do a better job finding solutions if the problems are well defined. Please add to or elaborate on the existing problems with editing restrictions.

 * 1) Editing restrictions can be easily violated which weakens the validity of sanctions if the edit goes unnoticed, or if noticed can require a time-consuming discussion.
 * 2) Monitoring for violations requires a specific knowledge of the restriction and how to respond.
 * 3) There is no technical barrier that reminds a user of their restrictions, which may lead to lapses in judgement when the temptation is too great.

Discussion of problems with current methods of using editing restrictions

 * I don't deal that much with editing restrictions but my impression from what I've seen at ANI is that the biggest problems tend to be with cases that don't seem to be conducive to any sort of simple software solution. They tend to be cases where the person restricted doesn't feel that the restriction applies to whatever they are editing but others disagree. I mean I guess there are some more minor cases where the violation is disputed but almost no one, and the person claims to have forgotten about the restriction or just doesn't give any real reason, but how common are such cases? Nil Einne (talk) 17:52, 25 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi Nil Einne, At this point there is a lack of information about how well editing restrictions are working. The Anti-harassment tools team is doing some research on AN/I in order to better understand the types of cases brought there. Among other things, we're also looking to see if we can see patterns for why cases brought to AN/I are not resolved. We only have results from experimental/preliminary queries run for March and April 2017 so far. After we run more queries for the whole year, we should be able to give the community more information.
 * One area that we are exploring is improving the User Interaction History tool to make it easier to understand negative user interaction. Right now it is pretty time intensive to look through edits to see a problem. We're interested in understanding if and how improvements to the tool could assist with user conflicts. SPoore (WMF), Community Advocate, Community health initiative (talk) 22:12, 25 September 2017 (UTC)
 * A particular restriction that pops up every now and then, but becoming increasingly common, is page bans, where an editor is restricted from editing or discussing a particular article. Currently there is no technical way to restrict an editor from editing a particular page so it relies heavily on other contributors keeping tabs on the sanctioned editor and reporting violations.
 * In terms of specific restrictions from contributing to a particular sphere, there have been a few editors being restricted from editing in XFD's (MFD, AFD, CFD, etc), template space, as well as other administrative spaces (AN, ANI, AIV, ANEW, RFA). AFD bans, I would say XFD bans (qualitatively, from my observations of AN and ANI) are comparatively more common than the other administrative space restrictions, precisely because it is a forum where sides of a debate naturally form and acrimony can easily spill to other areas. Blackmane (talk) 03:12, 26 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi Blackmane, thanks for highlighting the types of bans and the namespace where they happen. This would definitely need to be taken into consideration when/if we look at tech solutions for user page bans or topic bans. SPoore (WMF), Community Advocate, Community health initiative (talk) 20:33, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't think I'm even going as far as bans; I'm just talking about common or garden blocks. Consider the recent case of The Rambling Man; if you asked the key players in that feud on all sides of the debate "did you feel harassed", the answer would probably be "yes" from all of them. If you then asked them who was doing the harassing, they'd probably point fingers at each other. A more flexible number of options between doing nothing, locking the article to everybody, and blocking the user from everything, would allow more discretion to be used. Sure, we'll have to get policy drawn up at some point, but I would hope most people would be on board for that. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  15:14, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree with the sentiment that we need more nuanced ways of blocking people. It's not just bans, as Ritchie said, the benefit is when someone gets blocked for causing a problem in a particular area and often it makes sense to have a narrowly tailored block to stave off the "but they contribute productively elsewhere!" issue so common to contentious blocks. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 15:34, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Jo-Jo Eumerus and Ritchie333, I understand what you mean and agree that it worth discussing. Using it as a substitute for full protection or a short user block, means that the article could stay open for editing by everyone else and the user could edit in other parts of encyclopedia. So, it might lead to a stabilizing the situation sooner. Less negative escalation, too, if it is not a total site block. SPoore (WMF), Community Advocate, Community health initiative (talk) 15:58, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Scope appears to go beyond harassment
Outside of site bans, there are article bans, topic bans, and interaction bans. The only one of those three that seems relevant to this project's scope is WP:IBAN.

Would you please explain how the wide net you are casting is appropriate, and why this discussion should be about anything other than IBANs? Jytdog (talk) 04:09, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi Jytdog,

 * The short answer is that the Anti-Harassment Tools team is part of a broad initiative to create a more welcoming environment on Wikimedia Foundation wikis. Since most harassment on wiki starts from content disputes, the AHT team identified early detection and improved community intervention in user content disputes as a key aspect of our work.

 * Additionally, it makes the most sense from the start to design a tool like user page block for broad and most inclusive use. This is especially true since it is common for several types of editing restrictions to be used simultaneously to each other on a case.
 * The AHT team encourages questions and input about the work that we are doing. You can talk with us on wiki, by email, or in an one to one interview. Let us know if you have any more questions or thoughts. SPoore (WMF), Community Advocate, Community health initiative (talk) 23:34, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

 * For more information
 * Read about the Anti-Harassment Tools team areas of focus as described in the grant request.

 * Or participate in the research on dispute resolution and harassment which will provide valuable information going forward for our team and the community to make decisions about tools and policy related to content disputes and harassment. SPoore (WMF), Community Advocate, Community health initiative (talk) 23:34, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Hey User:SPoore (WMF). So we are having a bunch of hassle with the Reading Team now. They started using a field from Wikidata called the "description" field to aid in navigation throughout the projects, and they just kind of slipped over and decided it would be great to show that field as the top line in en-WP articles in mobile view and in apps.  We had an RfC in March and got them to take that out of the mobile view and we are now having a bunch of drama about the apps.
 * This arose from the WMF overstepping and moving into content decisions, an area where they have no right to be in the basic deal of this whole movement, which is that the volunteer communities generate content, and the WMF publishes it. They did this out a desire to help everybody, but they have created a whole shitload of problems that they didn't even understand.  Wikidata has no BLP policy, no Verify policy, and there is no way to work out disputes between the en-WP and Wikidata communities which have entirely separate policies, guidelines, and governance.  It just a mess.  Not to mention the underlying governance issue of them overstepping in the first place.  The folks who did this, had no conception of the boundary they were crossing, nor did they give any thought to getting consensus before they implemented it.  They had no head-checking steps in their process to even stop and think about boundaries and consensus in affected communities and the like.
 * I see a similar thing going on here. Just like each editing community governs its own content (with some exceptions like COPYVIO), so too does each manage behavior issues that arise within it (with some exceptions like privacy).
 * I accept that the WMF has an interest in addressing harassment throughout the projects. But you are moving beyond that, and the rationale above is really stretching.
 * Just because you can overstep does not mean you should. The WMF has a lot of power - changing the platform we all work on, changes the experience and the interactions. And in my view by overstepping here this team is perhaps abusing that power. Please keep boundaries in mind and before you implement things, please please get consensus from communities that will be affected. Jytdog (talk) 03:30, 29 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi Jytdog, Here is a summary of why the Anti-Harassment Tools team is working on these features.
 * From 2015 Community Wishlist Survey/Moderation and admin tools#Enhanced per-user / per-article protection / blocking and Phabricator ticket T2674, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is aware that alternative types of remedies are used instead of full site blocks for some types of user misconduct. And over a number years, users have requested new features or improvement to software that would enhance the methods now used to enforce editing restrictions or other types of personal sanctions.
 * Editing restrictions address an user’s disruptive conduct, nothing to do with content decisions. The point of editing restrictions is to manage negative user conduct that has escalated to the point that it is interfering with day-to-day collaborative editing. The decision to enact an editing restriction on an user is done by the English Wikipedia editing community with no involvement from Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimedia Foundation involvement in this is to create tools for the community to use.
 * If we build tools that won’t be used, then we’ve wasted everyone’s time. So AHT team is committed to discussing everything we build with all stakeholders, both on wiki and off wiki. This is the purpose of this discussion page. :-) Additionally the team is available by email or user interview to hear input.
 * I'm off for the weekend, but will happy to answer any other questions on Monday. SPoore (WMF), Community Advocate, Community health initiative (talk) 23:54, 29 September 2017 (UTC)
 * i didn’t need the explanation of what various types of bans are for and you have not addressed the thing i am trying to call your attention to, which is that this is extending the scope of the work the anti-harassment team is doing into other behavior issues (not content issues). If you are going to define the scope of work that the "anti-harassment" team is doing to cover any problematic behavior then the name of the team and project is not appropriate.  Thanks Jytdog (talk) 00:11, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The idea should be that we discuss what to do, and how it is to be implemented here before implementation heads off into any wrong direction. Although a broader input should to be a good idea. Hopefully any negative impact is reduced, as it will be targeting harassment edits. Hopefully any features that are forthcoming for this will be configurable by en.wikipedia community in some form rather than an imposition. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 23:23, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * That's our intention. If we design and build tools in a vaccuum, they may not solve any real problems and would be a waste of our developers' time. Configuration is also in the forefront of our mind — although we're focussing on English Wikipedia (due to its size) we want the tools we build to benefit as many wikis that want them, and no two wikis are the same. — Trevor Bolliger, WMF Product Manager 🗨  23:44, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

I'll repeat what I've said many times. Please build generic tools, not use case oriented features, especially not use cases oriented for English Wikipedia. A very useful tool is allowing a user to be banned from a page, with the option of also banning the user from the associated talk page. The typical additional field for that type of action is duration, and the existing duration field should be used. A form and a log entry are the only visible parts of the design, and the form will be seen by only a tiny percentage of users in a specific group to be determined by the community. Design done for the first iteration. That tool can be used by the community to achieve many different types of things, and it should be left to each community to determine how to implement that tool if at all. Then come back in a year and find what enhancements the community wants. John Vandenberg (chat) 09:07, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * In many cases, building a multi-purpose generic tool is preferential to niche tools for the exact reasons you mentioned, but the risk is building a tool that does many things mediocrely and nothing excellent. The more this discussion progresses I grow more confident about the concept of adapting AbuseFilter to target the actions of specific users. — Trevor Bolliger, WMF Product Manager 🗨  18:49, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

Regex functionality
A quick technical suggestion: page warnings/bans/throttles/whatever should be optionally targetable via regular expressions (perhaps another checkbox on the form: "is this a regular expression?"). For instance, the above-mentioned XFD ban could be implemented in one action through the regex Wikipedia:.*?for\s(deletion|discussion). MER-C 13:22, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your suggestion. :-) Trevor (Anti-harassment Tools Team product manager) is following the discussion here. We bring ideas from these discussions to phabricator and to our team meeting. SPoore (WMF), Community Advocate, Community health initiative (talk) 20:42, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * That's a great idea. I can't comment on the technical feasibility, but that seems to be a clever way of addressing the shortcomings of single page blocking and the difficulty of topic blocks. Do you have any opinions if warnings, blocks, or throttles would be most effective? Our current thinking is just to build page (and now maybe Regex!) blocking. — Trevor Bolliger, WMF Product Manager 🗨  22:06, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * As written, only warnings and throttles are consistent with our current policy -- topic bans usually have the caveat of excluding obvious vandalism, and BLP violations. MER-C 06:31, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, I have highlighted that as an obstacle to using page and topic bans in the Pros and cons section. There would need to be a change in the way that the bans are written because a tech solution would not match the present sanctions. But there are alternative uses, too. Such as using user page block temporarily for several users who are edit warring on an otherwise stable article/policy page. This would be a substitute for temp Full Protections of the page. This case use would also need to be written into policy. There needs to be a community discussion about these potential policy changes. SPoore (WMF), Community Advocate, Community health initiative (talk) 16:27, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

 * These could be implemented using the edit filter functionality. Having the option to restrict the filter to one user; or perhaps one page would avoid the performance and management impact of thousands of edit filters. But it would allow the skills, interfaces and functionality to be reused. It would also allow warnings for good faith restricted people so that they can stop before saving. It would also allow for logging so that banned actions can be observed and not go unnoticed. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 23:12, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * This is a really good idea that we have not yet considered, thanks for suggesting it! I've read over every requested filter and many of them are rejected solely because Edit filter is not a per-user solution. And you're absolutely right about reusing the existing expertise of our Edit filter managers. — Trevor Bolliger, WMF Product Manager 🗨  23:44, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Cluebot
For harassment in general, an AI bot something like cluebot could be used to detect harassment and possibly reverse it. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 23:14, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I broke this suggestion into a new section so it wouldn't get lost in the Regex discussion. There are already some Edit filters in place for easily identifyable ("blatant") harassment, and we've discussed in the past that we could build a new Machine Learning scoring for harassing messages into ORES. Harassment is very contextual, so there are some severe limitations to these automated techniques but I agree they could certainly serve as a defensive layer against blatant harassment. — Trevor Bolliger, WMF Product Manager 🗨  23:44, 3 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
yhteyspäällikkö

Noun

 * 1) An account manager; in an advertising agency, consulting firm etc., a person authorized to manage the business relationship with one or several clients.
 * 2)  An underwriter person working for an insurance company who arranges and authorizes an insurance policy with a broker or insured.

title: yhteyspäällikkö


text:
Mutsuko Nagata

Mutsuko Nagata (永田睦子, born 16 September 1976) is a Japanese former basketball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics.

title: Mutsuko Nagata


text:
Viñales Valley

Viñales Valley (Valle de Viñales) is a karstic depression in Cuba. The valley has an area of 132 km2 and is located in the Sierra de los Órganos mountains (part of Guaniguanico range), just north of Viñales in the Pinar del Río Province.

In 1999, the valley was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as a natural and cultural landscape because of its use of traditional tobacco-growing techniques.

Overview

Tobacco and other crops are cultivated on the bottom of the valley, mostly by traditional agriculture techniques that have been in use for several centuries. These labor-intensive techniques are said to make for higher-quality tobacco than if mechanical methods are used.

The valley is dotted with small farms and villages which have been occupied since the time of the 'conquistadores'. Some vernacular colonial-era architecture is maintained. The culture of the valley has been influenced by a mixture of cultures: indigenous peoples, enslaved black Africans and their free descendants, and Spanish colonizers and later Europeans.

Many caves may be entered from openings in the surrounding hillfaces, including Cueva del Indio and Cueva de José Miguel. The conspicuous limestone mounds rising like islands from the bottom of the valley are called mogotes. They can be up to 300 m tall.

Viñales is a major tourist destination offering mainly hiking and rock climbing. The local climbing scene has started to take off in the early 21st century, with many new routes being discovered. These have stimulated an increase in local tourism.

Geography
The extraordinary geomorphological formations known as mogotes, which are found nowhere else in Cuba, have sometimes not only attained the dimensions of mountains, but formed a variety of unusual shapes. The only comparable geological structures in the world are those found in Southeast Asia, in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, the Thai highlands, Laos, Vietnam, and in the South China Karst region.

In the valley, elevations such as Alturas de Pizarras are formed from a variety of rocks. They have been dated as the oldest existing in the country and also in the Caribbean area.

Conservation
Many endemic plants and animals are specific to this valley. Flora found in the region include Pachira emarginata (syn. Bombax emarginatum), mountain palm (Gaussia princeps), Ekmanianthe actinophylla, and Microcycas calocoma.

Fauna includes bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae, zunzún), Cuban trogon (Priotelus temnurus), Cuban tody (Todus multicolor), Cuban solitaire (Myadestes elisabeth) and Cuban grassquit (Tiaris canorus).

Mural of Prehistory

The valley of Dos Hermanas has what is known as the Mural of Prehistory, a contemporary work. It is painted on a stone of one of the elevations. This mural shows the evolution of life in a natural sense of Cuba.

The Mural of Prehistory is located in the mogote called Pita. It can be found on a perpendicular slope. The rock was washed and drains were made in it to avoid erosion due to the rain. It is 120 meters high and 160 meters in length. The artist was Leovigildo González Morillo, who was Director of Cartography of the Academy of Sciences of Cuba.

In it are represented Guanahatabeye Indians, species of mammals, gigantic animals, and some mollusks.

The Mural includes 12 sections, showing the evolutionary process of men and animals in the Sierra de los Órganos, in its different stages.

title: Viñales Valley


text:
User:Daniel Mietchen/Talks/Wikimania 2012/National Center for Biotechnology Information/Summary

 * NCBI
 * is currently one of the largest platforms for biotechnology information
 * has heaps of free content waiting to be reused
 * does not yet harness the potential of its large user base

 * Wikimedia
 * is currently the largest platform for free knowledge
 * hosts large amounts of biotechnology information and systematically links out to other sources, including NCBI
 * could be considered as a "Global Center for Biotechnology Information"

 * How can we enhance interaction between the two?


text:
amusia

Etymology
From, from , from. The Muses were nine daughters of Zeus and the goddesses of arts and sciences.

Noun

 * 1) The inability to comprehend or respond to music.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 樂盲
 * Danish: amusi
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: ამუზია
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Japanese:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: amusi
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: amusia
 * Russian:

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬), ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) amusia

Noun

 * 1)   the inability to comprehend or respond to music

title: amusia


text:
Subedar Joginder Singh (film)

Subedar Joginder Singh is a 2018 Indian Punjabi-language biographical war film based on the life of Joginder Singh, an Indian soldier who was killed in the 1962 Sino-Indian War and posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra. It is produced by Saga Music and is set to release by 6 April 2018. The film stars Gippy Grewal and Aditi Sharma and is directed by Simerjit Singh who belongs to the same region of Moga where Joginder Singh was born. This movie was a high budget film. The film is authentic to that in the era of 1962.

The movie was shot in Suratgarh or Rajasthan which is nearly 100 km from the Indo-Pakistan border, to give a look of the pre-independence village of Punjab. The additional shooting of the movie took place in October 2017 at the Dras sector in Jammu and Kashmir to give real life experience of the Tawang valley during the 1962 war.

Plot
Film is based upon the life, struggle and valor of a subedar in Indian Army who died while fighting the Chinese in the Sino-Indian War in 1962.

Cast

 * Gippy Grewal as Subedar Joginder Singh
 * Aditi Sharma as Gurdyal Kaur
 * Nirmal Rishi as Joginder Singh's Mother
 * Guggu Gill as Lieutenant Maan Singh
 * Loveleen Kaur Sasan as Bacchan kaur
 * Kulwinder Billa as Ajaib Singh (Sipahi)
 * Roshan Prince as Swaran Singh (Sipahi)
 * Jaggi Singh as Santokh Singh (Naik)
 * Jordan Sandhu as Bant Singh
 * Raghveer Boli as Mahinder Singh
 * Karamjit Anmol as Bawa Singh (Sipahi)
 * Rajvir Jawanda as Bahadur Singh (Sipahi)
 * Harish Verma as Commander
 * Parminder Gill as Mother in law
 * Harpreet Singh as Sepoy
 * Sharan Maan as Bhaag Singh (Sipahi)

Shooting locations
Suratgarh is a small town in Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan and is in the close proximity of Radcliffe Line demarcated between India and Pakistan. Suratgarh is also famous for its Air Force Base Station which provides a strategic advantage to India over neighbouring Pakistan. It was chosen for the shooting the first schedule of the film because of its resemblance with the village of Punjab in undivided India back in 1921 where Joginder Singh lived his childhood and adolescence until he joined the British Indian Army.

Dras, a beauteous town on National Highway 1D or popularly known as Srinagar-Leh Highway came into prominence owing to Pakistani incursions during the Kargil War in the summer of 1999, but it is also the second coldest inhabited place in the world. The second schedule took place terrain of Dras and was wrapped up by the end of October 2017.

title: Subedar Joginder Singh (film)


text:
User:Ghwang3/sandbox

HIV/AIDS ARTIST = Keith Haring

I want to add in the opening paragraph: Haring's work was often heavily political[3] and his simple imagery has become a widely recognized visual language that addresses inextricable issues like AIDs and drug abuse of the 20th century. I wanted to add the last part of the sentence to specify what his work and artistic style addressed.

Early Life

I want to add that he relocated to NYC in 1978 to attend School of Visual Arts (SVA). In 1980, although Haring experimented with performance, video, collage, he found a highly effective medium that allowed him to communicate with the wider audience on an artistic and political level by using the city as his canvas. He is widely known for the drawings he created with white chalk against a black unused advertisement backboard in subway stations. He would create about 50 "subway drawing" a day. I believe his subway drawings were one the most famous contributions he made as an artist and therefore needs to be included especially the significance of why he chose to do it on the blank advertisement boards.

Legacy

He opened up a path for underground cartoonist Matt Groeining's Simpsons through his credibility to street art.I want to include this because most generations (Gen Y, millennials) have grown up watching The Simpsons Series. Although it is an animated cartoon and has subtle satire, there are numerous connections to current events that youth as well as adults can learn from. I believe the show has had some sort of indirect impact on our lives today whether it was intentional or unintentional.

I also want to include something about the Keith Haring Foundation 1989 = fought tirelessly in his work and personal life to end the AIDS epidemic and generated activism - work was featured in more than 100 solo and group exhibitions - 1982 to 2989 to produce more than 50 public artworks in dozens of cities created for charities, hospitals, children day care centers, orphanages. I believe the Kieth Haring Foundation has played a very significant role in the HIV/AIDS movement as well as supporting other non-profit organization. I really appreciate that the foundation supports organizations that provide educational opportunities to underprivileged children and the support of organizations which engage in education, prevention and care with respect to AIDS and HIV infection

Exhibitions

I want to clarify: 1 source. Also in 1978, Haring's first solo exhibition at Pittsburgh Arts and Crafts center. 2 source. First solo exhibition in NY then soho gallery debut with immensely poplar highly one-man exhibition at Tony Zhafrazi gallery.) I believe it is important to get the facts correct and recheck with several sources so that we can share an unbiased, factual information about the artist.

The references I am using for this assignment are:

http://www.theartstory.org/artist-haring-keith.htm

https://deyoung.famsf.org/haring/about/biography

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PLAGUE ARTICLE = Joseph James Kinyoun

I will make minor changes to details such as his nickname, his family members, his early life, and his career as the director of the Hygienic Lab. Background (1860-1919) Early Years Marine-Hospital Service Hygienic Laboratory 1887
 * Joseph James Kinyoun
 * Family moved briefly to Texas and to the Western frontier, settling in Post Oak Township, Missouri in 1866 after his house burned down during the Civil War
 * He got additional training under a "preceptor" and by age 14, was studying algebra, geometry, and the Greek and Roman Classics. He was also speaking French, German, and Spanish
 * He passed up college to study medicine with his GP father at 16-years-old
 * He took a lecture course at St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons (1880-1881), then moved on to Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York (1881-1882)
 * Received MD degree in 1882
 * Practiced medicine for a few months in NYC while taking postgraduate courses in analytical chemistry, toxicology, surgery, and gynecology
 * He became depressed after the loss of his first patient - a little girl who died of (probably) diphtheria
 * Instead of quitting medicine, he taught at Centre View Academy school with his father.
 * Saw medical visits for minor complains ($1 a visit, $10 for delivery)
 * Married Susan Elizabeth Perry (1860-1948), had 5 children together
 * He obtained a microscope and started studying agricultural diseases as anthrax, chicken cholera, and "swine plague", and later human erysipelas and osteomyeltitis
 * Returned to NY as the Carnegie Laboratory's first bacteriology student, specifically to study cholera, the cause of which had just been discovered by Koch
 * MHS Surgeon General John B Hamilton's right hand man was MHS Surgeon Preston Heath Bailhasche, Joe Kinyoun's uncle. Kinyoun stressed his unique bacteriology experience and submitted supporting letters in his MHS application
 * Was placed on the waiting list and took an opening a few months later
 * Entered MHS on October 4, 1886 at Staten Island quarantine station, the most likely port of entry for exportable European infectious diseases
 * ***PICTURE*** Joined MHS in 1886 as an Assistant Surgeon to the Staten Island, New York, quarantine station
 * Received the code name of Abutment
 * Hamilton quickly set up the nation's first federal bacteriology laboratory in a museum room and placed the 26-year-old newcomer in charge of it
 * Kinyoun opened August 27th, 1887 - start of NIH
 * Began as a diagnostic lab supporting MHS quarantine activities again cholera, yellow fever, smallpox, and plague
 * ***PICTURE*** Presumably between 1887-1891, the original Hygienic Laboratory on the first floor of the main building of the rented Marine Hospital, Stapleton, Staten Island, New York
 * Kinyoun's 3 year old daughter Bettie contracted and died of diphtheria, was never able to fully recover so he poured himself into work
 * He moved beyond pure bacteriologic support of quarantine measures, extending his research to other infectious diseases of public health importance.
 * When Koch announced in 1890 that there was a cure for TV, Kinyoun went to Berlin as a visiting scientist and became among the first to conclude based on lab and hospital investigations under Koch's direct supervision that tuberculin was not the hoped cure for tuberculosis.
 * He helped better evaluate treatment efficacy with modification of clinical study methods to introduce standardized examinations of patients
 * He articulated an early concept of two different components of immunity: innate and acquired immunity
 * Hygienic Lab moved to Washington, DC in 1891- he brought reagents, techniques, protocols, and ideas back which made the lab into a modern European style lab strongly oriented towards research with applied public health and clinic applications.
 * 1887 - cholera diagnosis and growth properties in sea water
 * 1888 - microbial disinfection with steam/pressure and later sulfer and formaldehyde
 * 1889 - yellow fever etiology, pandemic influenza, malaria, and lack of efficacy of cobra venom as cholera treatment
 * 1891- proved lack of efficacy of tuberculin treatment, produced rabies vaccine, prepared first pneumococcal vaccine and first pneumococcal immune serum
 * 1893 - helped prepare new federal quarantine regulation
 * 1894 - first american to study newly discovered plague bacillus, studied new diphtheria antitoxin, prepared and test of smallpox immune serum in humans
 * 1895 - warned about plague importation to US, worked on typhoid fever
 * 1896 - studies to distinguished variola from vaccinia, researched malaria, worked on streptococcal vaccine
 * ***PICTURE*** - Hygienic Lab in DC taken in 1899
 * Director of Hygienic Lab (1887-1896)
 * He invented numerous industrial disinfection machines and experimented with temperature and pressure variables in them
 * He set up a public diphtheria laboratory at Georgetown Medical School at great personal expense
 * In 1897 summary of Hygienic LAb first decade, he boldly proposed that instead of merely trying to study and control infectious diseases during epidemics, the federal government should create a lab-supported national and international research enterprise --> NIH
 * 1930 - The name changed to National Institute of Health

But I will mostly add to the San Francisco Quarantine Station and his role during the epidemic

San Francisco Quarantine Station
 * On April 27th, 1899, Wyman transferred Kinyoun to run the 32-building complex of the SF quarantine station
 * Kinyoun had predicted plague’s eventual arrival in the United States as early as 1895, and had begun a plague research program in 1896, which he pursued even more energetically after receiving a strain obtained from China via the U.S. Navy in 1897
 * Events unfolded in SF from 1899 to 1901 - plague ship bound from Honolulu; no plague found on board; started to quarantine all arriving vessel form the four current plague ports - Honolulu, Sydney, Hong Kong, and Kobe, Japan
 * March 6th 1900, plague case confirmed by Kinyoun as the first ever on US soil = Kinyoun advised California to concentrate control efforts on killing rats rather than emphasizing quarantine and isolation

Politics of the San Francisco Plague - By 1884, the Marine Hospital Service (MHS), under John Hamilton, emerged as the primary federal agency responsible for national public health policy. - MHS set up a station on Angel Island in SF bay to serve west coast's largest port. Local political and commercial transportation interests were split over the inspection issue. - Wyman sent Kinyoun, director of MHS's hygienic lab and service's senior bacteriologist, to take over the quarantine inspection station in SF - The morning of Wong Chut King's death, Kellogg brought his slides and tissue samples to the quarantine station's library where Kinyoun confirmed the tentative diagnosis and injected infectious material into guinea pigs, white rat, and a small monkey. AFter 48 hours, animals seem to be fine so he backtracked and stated that his diagnosis was no longer certain - Chinatown property was owned by local white population while Chinese population was abused. All previous outbreaks had been blamed o the Chinese and the fact that plague had been discovered in Chinatown reinforced the anti-Chinese sentiment. Since they couldn't no determine the cause of the plague, the outbreak was known as an Asian disease. - Business interests (Southern Pacific Railroad Company, California Governor Henry Gage and SF major newspapers) denial. The chief target of the campaign was Kinyoun, federal quarantine officer. The State's two major medical journals: one support Kinyoun and argue for public health battle against outbreak (Sacramento Bee) and other supported business interests and political gain (Chronicle, Call and Bulletin). - Kinyoun placed quarantines in Chinatown which prevented all Asians from crossing state border without certificate of health inspection. The social and economic conflict and discrimination that quarantines provoked over the years, Chinese inhabitants who were terrified by the military barricades and threats of compulsory vaccination, fought in the courtroom for discrimination. Governor Gage helped Chinese community bring law suites against Kinyoun for violating their civil rights of due process and equal protection. In 1901, the governor accues Kinyoun of injecting live plague into Chinese corpses in order to create a plague scare. The governor made an agreement that California would help fight the plague and stop attacking Kinyoun if the federal government blocked any further mention of the outbreak and remove Kinyoun. - Although had to aborpt his quarantin in the early summer of 1900 and was ridiculed as a "plauge faker", Kinyoun continued to send telegrams to health officers of neighboring states to urge precautionary action because of the epidemic - Kinyoun was removed and relocated to Seattle.
 * I want to add more about his presence and influence during the Bubonic Plague in SF. During the epidemic, there were inherent conflict between business interests (wishing to suppress news of the epidemic in order to protect trade) and health officials (who require transparent public action in order to control the disease).

Joseph J. Kinyoun, the first director of the Hygienic Laboratory was inexplicably transferred to the quarantine station on Angel Island in San Francisco Bay in 1900. The bacteriologist who had been trained in the laboratories of Pasteur and Koch, confirmed the diagnosis and identified several additional cases of the plague among Chinatown residents. Residents of Chinatown, threatened by a quarantine, hid their plague-sickened and dead compatriots while political officials such as governor Gage and medial denied the existence of plague in San Francisco. They accused Kinyoun for fabricating the existence of the disease. when a quarantine of Chinatown was imposed, a resident brought a suit in federal court alleging that there was no plague in Chinatown, and therefore, the quarantine was illegal. The judge ruled in favor of the claimant because the quarantine violated the 14th Amendment guarantee of equal protection.

The sources I am using for this article are:

"NIH in History". NIH Intramural Research Program. 2012-11-09. Retrieved 2017-10-20.

Morens, David M.; Fauci, Anthony S. (2012-08-31). "The Forgotten Forefather: Joseph James Kinyoun and the Founding of the National Institutes of Health". mBio. 3 (4): e00139–12.

"Dr. Joseph Kinyoun The Indispensable Forgotten Man | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases". www.niaid.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-10-20.

title: User:Ghwang3/sandbox


text:
feith

Etymology
From, , from.

Verb

 * 1) watch
 * 2) watch over; guard

Etymology
Borrowed from (early form of ), from.

Noun

 * 1) faith

Etymology
From, , from.

Verb

 * 1) wait
 * 2) stay, remain

title: feith


text:
User:Nandhinikandhasamy

Hi,

I am Nandhinikandhasamy. Tamil Wikipedia user. here you can find my details.

title: User:Nandhinikandhasamy


text:
antvireo

Noun

 * 1) Any of eight species of birds in the genus.

Derived terms

 * or white-streaked antvireo,
 * or white-streaked antvireo,
 * or white-streaked antvireo,
 * or white-streaked antvireo,
 * or white-streaked antvireo,
 * or white-streaked antvireo,

Translations

 * Catalan: batarà
 * Portuguese: choquinha

title: antvireo


text:
Stardust We Are

Stardust We Are is the third studio album by the progressive rock band The Flower Kings, which was released in 1997. It is the band's first double-CD studio album and includes the epic composition and title track, "Stardust We Are," which has since become one of the band's signature songs.

Track listing
All songs written and composed by Roine Stolt, except where noted.

Credits

 * Roine Stolt – electric & acoustic guitars, lead vocals, keyboards
 * Tomas Bodin – Waldorf synthesizer, Hammond organ, Mellotron, piano, pipe organ, Rhodes piano, Optigan, accordion, effects
 * Michael Stolt – bass guitar
 * Jaime Salazar – drumkit
 * Hasse Bruniusson – percussion
 * Hasse Fröberg – lead and backing vocals

Guests
 * Ulf Wallander – soprano saxophone
 * Håkan Almkvist – sitar, tabla

 * Production
 * Hippiefied Art – book
 * Stefan Bodin – photography
 * Lilian Forsberg – photography
 * Dexter Frank Jr. – engineer, mixing
 * Per Nordin – photography
 * David Palermo – artwork, image design

title: Stardust We Are


text:
Serial Programming/Introduction and OSI Model

Introduction
Welcome to the wonderful world of serial data communications. This is a part of a series of articles that will cover many aspects of serial data communications. We begin with fundamentals and follow a layered approach. By the end of the book, the reader should be able to transfer almost any data over wires between computers. Some forms of wireless communication will also be addressed.

There are so many aspects about this subject that sometimes it is a very hard nut to crack. I'm going to dive down and try to start with the basics and introducing the RS-232 serial data communications standard.

Why Serial Communication?
First of all, the basic standards that will be described here are, from the perspective of computer technology, positively ancient. Some of you reading this could perhaps find your grandparents or even great-grandparents using this protocol when they were in College. At the same time, it is so solid in concept that the reason for abandoning it should always be questioned. Indeed, there have been several other data transmission methods that have been developed since the RS-232 serial data protocol was established, but this workhorse is still widely used and seems to go through a rebirth every once in a while.

Serial communication means transmission of one bit at a time. It could be compared against parallel communication where multiple bits are transmitted in parallel at a time. Parallel communication enable higher speed of communication than serial communication but requires more data wires than serial communication which only requires one data wire.

When all else fails, RS-232 serial communication can be relied upon. When you are trying to get two pieces of computer equipment together, sometimes newer communications methods have hard limitations that can't be worked out due to number of connections, RF interference, distance limitations, being behind physical barriers, in sensitive areas like medical equipment where stray voltages can be a problem, or that you absolutely need to rely upon the data being transmitted. A sister protocol to RS-232, the RS-422 protocol, even allows transmissions for several miles of cable.

Serial data communication is widely implemented. While it is sometimes presumed that a PC can deal with just about any problem you want to throw at it, there are a number of electronic devices that are full of data which needs to be recorded. In part because of the age of this protocol, there are many legacy devices that have RS-232 serial data as the only access to the outside world. But even many of the latest network devices have RS-232 "console" ports to facilitate initial configuration and provide a means of troubleshooting when the network itself is broken. Because the hardware is so widely implemented and available, together with many software tools, it is also relatively cheap to develop equipment and software using this system. Particularly when transmission speed isn't important, but data needs to be sent on a regular basis. RS-232 serial data is a very reasonable solution instead of a more expensive 10BASE-T TCP/IP solution or high-speed fiber optics.

Serial data communication is also versatile. While the usual method of transmission is over copper wires between two fixed points, recently there have been some converters that transmit serial data over fiber optic lines, wireless transmitters, USB devices, and even over TCP/IP networks. What is really surprising here is that all of these transmission methods are totally transparent to the device receiving or transmitting the serial data. It can also be a carrier for TCP/IP, and be used for private networks.

OSI Layered Network Communications Model
While serial data communication is not strictly a network communication protocol, it is still important to understand the layered communications model when dealing with any sort of communications protocols. Often people implementing serial data software have to build multiple layers of this model, even if they are not totally aware of it when they are doing it at the time.

Network Layers:

 * 1) Application
 * 2) Presentation
 * 3) Session
 * 4) Transport
 * 5) Network
 * 6) Data-Link
 * 7) Physical

Often serial data communication does not implement all of these different layers, and even more often these different layers are combined in the same module or even the very same function. This model was originally developed by the International Organization for Standards (ISO) in 1984 to help give a good idea of where different networking structures could be separated and intermingled. The point here is to know that you can separate different parts of communications sub-systems to help with the debugging process, and to move structures from one sub-system to another.

If your software is well written using a model similar to this one, the software subroutines in layers above and below do not have to be rewritten if the module at a particular layer is changed. To achieve this you need to establish strong standards for the interface between the layers, which will be covered in other sections of these articles. For example, a web browser does not need to know if the HTML is being sent over fiber optic cables, wireless transmissions, or even over a serial data cable.

Serial Communication Layers
For serial data communication, I see this layer model as more common:

 * 1) Serial data applications
 * 2) Serial networks
 * 3) Packet challenge/verification
 * 4) Basic serial packets
 * 5) UART processing
 * 6) Raw RS-232 signals

In the case of many serial data applications, not all of these layers are implemented. Often it is just raw packets being transmitted in one direction, but sometimes even just a signal of any kind can indicate some action take place on a computer, regardless of content. It is possible to simply take the logic level of a raw RS-232 signal in your software, but at some point the data does need to be converted and the voltages involved with RS-232 can damage hardware, so this is very seldom done.

Software Examples
I don't want to get into a holy war over programming languages with this series of articles. For the moment, I'm going to be using Turbo Pascal and Delphi as the programming languages, if for no other reason then the fact that I am most comfortable programming in this development environment. If a good C/C++ guru would like to "translate" these routines, I would welcome that, as well as other programming languages where applicable. Serial communication is complicated enough so please avoid esoteric languages like Intercal or Malbolge. A good BASIC implementation would be welcome, as would LISP. I'll try to avoid language-specific features and simply deal with functions in a generic sense, which good programmers should be able to translate to the language of their choice.

These articles are meant to teach you the basics of serial data communication, not to be a functioning serial data driver. Still, all code examples will be checked and sent through an actual compiler before being listed in the articles, and hopefully fully debugged. There is no one single way to accomplish these steps and tasks, so I am going to encourage a hands-on approach to dealing with software and setting up networks.

While I've had quite a bit of experience in dealing with several serial data protocols (on the packet level), I am by no means the topmost expert at this. As I said earlier, I have considerable experience in dealing with communications at many levels, and I'd like to share some of my very hard-won knowledge.

Applications in Education
While I am only a Software Engineer and don't have the "formal" credentials necessary for making an educational textbook, I do believe that there is much that could be taught about computer networking by students experimenting with serial data communication. The audience that I am aiming for with these articles are the High School hackers/computer geeks and undergraduate CS majors. A High School teacher that wanted to tackle a subject like this, or if you wanted to cover a special topic course in a university setting where students could get some very hands-on experience with communications protocols. Every layer of the OSI model could be demonstrated in a manner that students would learn from first-hand experiences why certain rules/systems have been implemented on the Internet, what standards documents mean, and perhaps even participate in creating standards documents.

If you are a professor or High School instructor interested in using this text, I would be particularly interested in adapting this text to better suit your needs, or working with you in covering this subject.

From a professional perspective, this is a topic that is seldom taught at a university, and usually only in passing when they are rushing through a whole bunch of other protocol suites. Software developers are usually introduced to this topic by having their supervisor dump a bunch of specification documents on their desk, a driver disk with API documentation, and perhaps a typically short deadline in order to get something working that should have been working sometime last year. Software developers who really understand serial data communication are worth gold, and often even these developers only learn just enough to get the immediate job done.

I've also found that skills learned from developing serial data communications also translate into other projects and give a deeper understanding of just about any data transmission system. In addition to the other groups I mentioned, I am also aiming for those unfortunate software engineers who are trying to learn just about anything about this very difficult subject and don't know where to begin. Documentation about serial communication is sparse, and sometime contradictory.

This doesn't have to be that complicated of a subject, and it is possible for mere mortals to be able to understand how everything works.

External Links / References

 * Cisco explanation of the OSI model(Page Removed)
 * University of Indiana / Unix Support Group explanation of OSI(Page Removed)
 * ISO catalog of OSI standards(Page Removed)


text:
Mario Moschi

Mario Moschi (6 May 1896 – 26 May 1971) was an Italian sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Mario Moschi


text:
reformoida

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬), ultimately from and adapted with the verbal suffix.

Verb

 * 1)  To reform.

title: reformoida


text:
User:JustinLillich

Me
Sometime writer, everyday student, and average guy.

I'm trying very hard to get back to teaching but can't seem to make people hire me.

My mission is to dump everything I know into this site. I want the world to be filled with all the things that fill me.

Things I will do
1. I will take on several would-be scribes, help them create better prose. 2. I will make an effort not to dislike those who say that "can't write." 3. I will take time from my busy schedule to comment on student work and questions. 4. I will teach those willing to learn about the life of the written word.

Things I won't do
1. I won't write things for you. 2. I won't summarize something for you to pass off as your own thoughts. 3. I won't turn your work back to you and say "it's good." 4. I WON'T LIE TO YOU!

I have to be honest. I don't have patience for those of you who want something for nothing. If you don't know Ulysses, I'm not going to Cliff Note it for you. I read a lot of Ergodic lit. I write some too.

title: User:JustinLillich


text:
Mathias Lundholm

Carl Mathias Lundholm (1785–1860) was a Swedish violinist and conductor. He studied violin in Paris with Pierre Baillot (1771–1842) from 1814 until 1816, and was teacher to both Ole Bull (1810–1880) and Otto Lindblad (1809–1864). From 1820 until 1827, he was principal conductor of Harmonien, which later became known as the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra.

title: Mathias Lundholm


text:
Talk:Healey Mills TMD

Untitled
The trains entrance into the yard are operated by Healey Mills signal box. This is manned 24/7 by a signalman.Michaelduly 02:16, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Healey Mills TMD


text:
Phosphirenium ion

Phosphirenium10x.pdf containing unsaturated three-membered ring phosphorus (V) heterocycles and σ*-aromaticity is believed to be present in such molecules. Many of the salts containing phosphirenium ions have been isolated and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
 * 200x200px]]

Synthesis
The first series of phosphirenium ions were synthesized by reacting alkynes with methyl- or phenylphosphonous dichloride and aluminum trichloride. These reactions may be regarded as formal addition of "RClP+" to alkynes.

[2+1]-cycloaddition reactions between phosphaalkynes and chlorocarbene give phosphirenes, which serve as starting materials for the generation of phosphirenium species.

Treatment of diphenylphosphine oxide with diphenylacetylene affords phosphirenium species. Phosphirenium ions can also be obtained from reaction between phosphiranes and alkynes, where "RClP+" is formally transferred from alkenes to alkynes.

Characterizations
In the literature, 31P NMR spectra of phosphirenium ions show upfield shifts (−57.3 ppm when R1 = R2 = Y1 = CH3, Y2 = Cl). Large coupling constants J are also found in 1H NMR, and are comparable to those found in cyclopropenium ions.

The first phosphirenium ion characterized by X-ray Crystallography has the following structural formula: In the refined crystal structure, average phosphorus–cyclic carbon distance has been found to be 1.731(12) Å, roughly corresponding to a bond order of 1.5. For comparison, typical single- and double-bond P–C distances are 1.86 Å and 1.68 Å, respectively.

Reactivity
Reminiscent of π-ligand exchange in coordination compounds, a phosphirenium ion may undergo alkyne exchange with other alkynes to give a mixture of phospinirenium species in equilibrium. Kinetically, elimination of alkyne from the cation is suggested to be rate-determining step.

In addition, the three-membered ring of phosphirenium ion may be broken. Successive reactions with suitable nucleophile are able to proceed on the electrophilic phosphorus atom. With the presence of an alkyne:

With the presence of water or alcohol:

Electrophilic B(C6F5)3 readily reacts with phosphinylalkynes at room temperature to give phosphirenium-borate zwitterions as intermediates, which then generate carbon-phosphorus σ bond activation products at higher temperature. The products are of interest to material science. Dotted line in product indicates weak interaction between boron and phosphor atoms (see frustrated Lewis pair).

σ*-Aromaticity
Qualitative molecular orbital (MO) diagram of a phophirenium ion can be obtained by linear combination of orbitals from a fragment and a bent RC=CR fragment. A low-lying σ* orbital from the former with ungerade symmetry interacts with both π and π* orbitals of the latter, creating a 2π-Hückel system, analogous to the one in cyclopropenium ion. This effect has been named as σ*-aromaticity. It is noteworthy that unlike the case of cyclopropenium ion, interaction between the filled σ orbital of the fragment and π orbitals also leads to some degree of antiaromatic character. Therefore, net 3-center conjugative effect is a combination of both σ* stabilizing contribution and σ destabilizing contribution.

Electronegativity of each substituent on phosphorus plays a role as more electron-donating ones give greater degrees of antiaromatic sigma destabilization. This has been confirmed by Natural Population Analysis (NPA), where the energy changes of the reactions below were calculated with interactions between the C–C double bond and phosphorus both turned on and off by manipulating Fock matrix elements: Destabilization energies were the differences between corresponding reactions: This series is in accordance with the trend of electronegativity of the ligand atoms.
 * Destabilization energy = energy (1) − energy (2)
 * Destabilization Energy with different Y groups: Y = F > OH > Cl > NH2 > Br > I > CH3 > H

Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis provides possible Lewis structures of a molecule and has been carried out to assess the structure of. Similar to the aromatic cyclopropenium ion, the phosphorus analog shows a resonance between the structure with carbon-carbon double bond (1, 72.02%) and the ones with carbon-phosphorus double bond (3a and 3b, 7.88% combined). In addition, the ring-opening forms 2a and 2b combined also occupy 9.08% weight.

title: Phosphirenium ion


text:
Dean Dugger

Dean Alan Dugger (September 18, 1933 – March 5, 2000) was an American football player.

Dugger was born in Philadelphia in 1933 and attended Stonewall Jackson High School in Charleston, West Virginia.

He attended the Ohio State University and played college football at the end position for the Ohio State Buckeyes football team from 1952 to 1954. He was selected by the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) as a first-team player on its 1954 College Football All-America Team. He was also rated as one of the two best ends in the Midwest, and selected by the Associated Press as a first-team end on the 1954 All-Big Ten Conference football team.

He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles with the 46th pick in the 1955 NFL Draft. He was placed on waivers by the Eagles on September 15.

He was the brother of Jack Dugger.

title: Dean Dugger


text:
Talk:East Cape Girardeau, Illinois

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title: Talk:East Cape Girardeau, Illinois


text:
File:Vasili Mitrokhin.jpg

Summary
Vasili Mitrokhin

Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/09/99/britain_betrayed/453833.stm

Copyright-attributation now identical with pic of Melita Norwood, which is hosted at the same BBC page and article.--Mike18xx 14:51, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

This image cannot be replaced by a free alternative since the photo's subject is a deceased person.

title: File:Vasili Mitrokhin.jpg


text:
User:Easttimor

East Timor Law and Justice Bulletin

First published in 2008, the East Timor Law and Justice Bulletin publishes and distributes news in the English language on legal and political issues in this country. It is the successor to the East Timor Legal Information Service which began in 2004. There is a large archive of information on ETLJB alone and several other related archives and blogs such as the United Nations Police in East Timor security reports during the transition to independence when violence was still too infrequent.

ETLJB is a compilation of information from the Government of East Timor, the Parliament, the Courts and civil society organisations in the law and justice sector in East Timor. ETLJB has had almost 1.8 million page views since it began and is frequently cited in academic opuses such as doctoral theses.

ETLJB seeks to raise global awareness not just about problems in the law and its administration but about East Timor generally, its history, it culture and people. They endured a long and bloody genocide perpetrated by the Indonesian State during the 24 year occupation from 1975-1999 during which almost 200,000 people were murdered, raped, their homes burnt down, dislocated, impoverished, terrorised and massacred.

During these dark days in East Timor, it was the complete disintegration of the rule of law that allowed the murderous rampages. Military law prevailed under which there is no justice; only further injustice. The population was stripped not only of a whole generation but of its dignity as individuals and as a people attacked by foreign domination for the black gold in the Timor Sea and the imperialist propensities of the powerful Javanese in Indonesia who most benefited from the invasion and genocide.

The rule of law must be unwaveringly upheld by an independent judiciary whose security is assured by the executive of the State or autonomous judicial security personnel. There have been a spate of assaults on judges in East Timor. There is widespread corruption in State administration. The people are poor and are entitled to economic security and the protection of their legal rights.

ETLJB seeks to enhance global consciousness of this terrible struggle for independence after the worst genocide in the twentieth century and to seek support for the continued struggle for economic prosperity and justice for past and present crimes.

It is now 18 years since East Timor finally won its just battle for freedom but there is still not enough State financing of judges to minimise the opportunity for problematical behaviour or for the Courts to function efficiently.

title: User:Easttimor


text:
Portal:Life Sciences/Selected picture

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007 was awarded to Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello for their research on RNA interference. RNA interference is a mechanism for control of gene expression inside cells. This diagram shows how an anti-sense RNA (the yellow strand in this diagram) targets destruction of complementary mRNA (orange strand). The active site of the enzyme that cuts the mRNA has the amino acid sequence amino acids Asp-Asp-His (DDH) at the active site.

Medical interventions that activate the RNA interference are being studied as possible future treatments of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases.

title: Portal:Life Sciences/Selected picture


text:
Wikipedia:Userboxes/Location/Americas/Provinces

This gallery includes userbox templates about the states, provinces, and territories of the Americas.


text:
José Enríquez Rosado

José del Carmen Enríquez Rosado (born 16 July 1947) is a Mexican politician from the Party of the Democratic Revolution. He has served as Deputy of the LIV, LVII and LXI Legislatures of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico.

title: José Enríquez Rosado


text:
Aglobi

Aglobi (Аглоби; Әғлаби, Əğlabi; Агълаб; ) is a rural locality (a selo) in Derbentsky District, Republic of Dagestan, in southern Russia.

Geography
Aglobi is located 20 km south of Derbent (the district's administrative centre) by road. Aladash and Rubas are the nearest rural localities.

There are 31 streets.

History
Aglobi is a former Mountain Jews village, first mentioned in 1813. The land on which the village was located belonged to the dynasty of Derbent rulers from the Aglobid family. Over time, Azerbaijanis from the village of Maraga, Tabasaransky region, also began to settle in the village. By the 30s of the 20th centuries, Jews completely left the village. In 1953, residents of the village of Tsiling Kurakhsky district, were resettled to Aglobi.

Population
According to the materials of the All-Union Population Census of 1926 for the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in Aglabi of the Kullar village council of the Derbent district lived: Mountain Jews - 165 people (45 households), Turks (Azerbaijanis) - 69 people (17 households), Lezgins - 12 (2 households).

According to the 2021 census, Aglobi had a population of 1,771.

Lezgins, Azerbaijanis and Tabasarans live there.

Agriculture
The main activity of the population is growing garlic, peppers, and cucumbers for further sale in pickled form in various cities of Russia and the CIS. In a favorable climate, crops are cultivated: pomegranate, persimmon, persimmon-crown, figs, grapes, quince, etc.

Not far from the village there are salt lakes (“duzlahar”), from which the local population extracts table salt for pickling vegetables.

title: Aglobi


text:
Talk:Didier Hernández

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title: Talk:Didier Hernández


text:
Talk:Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Darwinian Thought

For the next draft, the death of the "fixity of species" idea needs to be clarified. Section 1.1 says that LeClerc and Lamark moved beyond it, but the next section gives Darwin the credit for it. (The first Darwin section was very readably put together, by the way.)

It's not really clear why the three Selection bits (Individual, Directional, and Stabilizing) are subsections under "Advantages and Disadvantages".

In Darwin's day, the idea that natural selection could change a chimpanzee into a human... was unthinkable. -- I think this should be revised to avoid mentioning the chimpanzee-human thing. Although you do state "apelike creature" in the next paragraph, there are enough people who will seize on any chance to claim (incorrectly) that scientists think we descended from chimpanzees that it's best just not to give them any opening in the first place.

But only a few endorsed Darwin's view that major changes occur through the accumulation of small variations. -- Should the eye dilemma be mentioned here, or would it be unnecessary detail? (PBS Evolution of the Eye)

Some resources:

Darwiniana and Evolution

Evolutionary Classics

Early Theories of Evolution

Alfred Russel Wallace is gapingly missing from this discussion. --Bedawyn 20:55, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
jollies

Noun

 * 1)  Kicks; satisfaction; entertainment.
 * I don't know if this is how you get your jollies, but it's pretty screwed up.
 * 1)  The Royal Marines.
 * 1)  The Royal Marines.

title: jollies