text:
Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Primates/Modern

The Classification System
In order to understand the exact place of humanity among the animals, it is helpful to describe the system used by biologists to classify living things. The basic system was devised by 18th-century Swedish naturalist Carl von Linné.

The purpose of the Linnean system was simply to create order in the great mass of confusing biological data that had accumulated by that time. Von Linné classified living things on the basis of overall similarities into small groups or species. On the basis of homologies, groups of like species are organized into larger, more inclusive groups, called genera.

Through careful comparison and analysis, von Linné and those who have come after him have been able to classify specific animals into a series of larger and more inclusive groups up to the largest and most inclusive of all, the animal kingdom.

The Primate Order
Primates are only one of several mammalian orders, such as rodents, carnivores, and ungulates.

As such, primates share a number of features with other mammals:
 * mammals are intelligent animals
 * in most species, the young are born live, the egg being retained within the womb of the female until it achieves an advanced state of growth
 * once born, the young are nourished by their mothers
 * mammals have a constant body temperature, an efficient respiratory system featuring a separation between the nasal and mouth cavities, an efficient four-chambered heart that prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, among other characteristics
 * the skeleton of most mammals is simplified compared to that of most reptiles, in that it has fewer bones. For example, the lower jaw consists of a single bone, rather than several.

Species
In modern evolutionary biology, the term species is usually defined as a population or group of organisms that look more or less alike and that is potentially capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. Practically speaking, individuals are usually assigned to a species based on their appearance, but it is their ability to interbreed that ultimately validates (or invalidates) the assignment. Thus, no matter how similar two populations may look, if they are incapable of interbreeding, they must be assigned to different species.

Populations within a species that are quite capable of interbreeding but may not regularly do so are called subspecies. Evolutionary theory suggests that species evolve from these populations or subspecies through the accumulation of differences in the gene pools of the separated groups.

Primate Characteristics
Although living primates are a varied group of animals, they do have a number of features in common. These features are displayed in varying degrees by the different kinds of primates: in some they are barely detectable, while in others they are greatly elaborated.

All are useful in one way or another to arboreal (or tree-dwelling) animals, although they are not essential to life in trees.

Primate Sense Organs
The primates' adaptation to their way of life in the trees coincided with changes in the form and function of their sensory apparatus: the senses of sight and touch became highly developed, and the sense of smell declined.

Catching insects in trees, as the early primates did and as many still do, demands quickness of movement and the ability to land in the right place without falling. Thus, they had to be adept at judging depth, direction, distance and the relationship of objects in space.

Primates' sense of touch also became highly developed as a result of arboreal living. An effective feeling and grasping mechanism was useful to them in grabbing their insect prey, and by preventing them from falling and tumbling while moving through the trees.

The Primate Brain
By far the most outstanding characteristic in primate evolution has been the enlargement of the brain among members of the order. Primate brains tend to be large, heavy in proportion to body weight, and very complex.

Reasons for this important change in brain size are many:
 * Prior to 65 Myrs ago, mammals seem to have been nocturnal in their habits; after 65 million years ago, primates began to carry out their activities in the daylight hours. As a consequence, the sense of vision took on greater importance, and so visual acuity was favored by natural selection.
 * another hypothesis involves the use of the hand as a tactile organ to replace the teeth and jaws. The hands assumed some of the grasping, tearing and dividing functions of the snout, again requiring development of the brain centers for more complete coordination.
 * The enlarged cortex not only provided the primates with a greater degree of efficiency in the daily struggle for survival but also gave them the basis for more sophisticated cerebration or thought. The ability to think probably played a decisive role in the evolution of the primates from which human beings emerged.

Primate Teeth
Although they have added other things than insects to their diets, primates have retained less specialized teeth than other mammals.

The evolutionary trend for primate dentition has generally been toward economy, with fewer, smaller, more efficient teeth doing more work.
 * Our own 32 teeth are fewer in number than those of some, and more generalized than most, primates.

Primate Skeleton
A number of factors are responsible for the shape of the primate skull as compared with those of most other mammals: changes in dentition, changes in the sensory organs of sight and smell, and increase in brain size. As a result, primates have more a humanlike face than other mammals.

The upper body is shaped such as to allow greater maneuverability of the arms, permitting them to swing sideways and outward from the trunk of the body.

The structural characteristics of the primate foot and hand make grasping possible; the digits are extremely flexible, the big toe is fully opposable to the other digits in most species, and the thumb is opposable to the other digits to varying degrees. The flexible, unspecialized primate hand was to prove a valuable asset for future evolution of this group. It allowed early hominines to manufacture and utilize tools and thus embark on the new and unique evolutionary pathway that led to the revolutionary ability to adapt through culture.

Prosimians
The most primitive of the primates are represented by the various prosimians, including the lemurs and the lorises, which are more similar anatomically to earlier mammalian ancestors than are other primates (monkeys, apes, humans). They tend to exhibit certain more ancestral features, such as a more pronounced reliance on olfaction (sense of smell). Their greater olfactory capabilities are reflected in the presence of a moist, fleshy pad at the end of the nose and in a relatively long snout.

Lemurs and lorises represent the same general adaptive level. Both groups exhibit good grasping and climbing abilities and a fairly well developed visual apparatus, although their vision is not completely stereoscopic, and color vision may not be as well developed as in anthropoids.

Lemurs
At present, lemurs are found only on the island of Madagascar and adjacent islands off the east coast of Africa.

As the only natural nonhuman primates on this island, they diversified into numerous and varied ecological niches without competition from monkeys and apes. Thus, the 52 surviving species on Madagascar represent an evolutionary pattern that has vanished elsewhere.

Lemurs range in size from 5 inches to a little over two feet. While the larger lemurs are diurnal and exploit a wide variety of dietary items (leaves, fruits, buds, bark), the smaller forms (mouse and dwarf lemurs) are nocturnal and insectivorous.

Lemurs display considerable variation regarding numerous other aspects of behavior. While many are primarily arboreal, others (e.g. ring-tailed lemur) are more terrestrial. Some arboreal species are quadrupeds, and others are vertical clingers and leapers.

Lorises
Lorises are similar in appearance to lemurs, but were able to survive in mainland areas by adopting a nocturnal activity pattern at a time when most other prosimians became extinct. Thus, they were (and are still) able to avoid competition with more recently evolved primates (diurnal monkeys).

There are five loris species, all of which are found in tropical forest and woodland habitats of India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Africa.

Locomotion in lorises is a slow, cautious climbing form of quadrupedalism, and flexible hip joints permit suspension by hind limbs while the hands are used in feeding. Some lorises are almost entirely insectivorous; others supplement their diet with various combinations of fruits, leaves, gums, etc.

Tarsiers
There are seven recognized species, all restricted to island areas in Southeast Asia. They inhabit a wide range of forest types, from tropical forest to backyard gardens.

They are nocturnal insectivores, leaping onto prey from lower branches and shrubs. They appear to form stable pair bonds, and the basic tarsier social unit is a mated pair and their young offspring.

Tarsiers present a complex blend of characteristics not seen in other primates. They are unique in that their enormous eyes, which dominate much of the face, are immobile within their sockets. To compensate for this inability to move the eyes, tarsiers are able to rotate their heads 180º, like owls.

Simians
Although there is much variation among simians (also called anthropoids), there are certain features that, when taken together, distinguish them as a group from prosimians (and other mammals)
 * generally larger body size
 * larger brain
 * reduced reliance on the sense of smell
 * increased reliance on vision, with forward-facing eyes placed at the front of the face
 * greater degree of color vision
 * back of eye socket formed by a bony plate
 * blood supply to brain different from that of prosimians
 * fusion of two sides of mandible at midline to form one bone
 * less specialized dentition
 * differences with regard to female internal reproductive anatomy
 * longer gestation and maturation periods
 * increased parental care
 * more mutual grooming

Monkeys
Approximately 70 percent of all primates (about 240 species) are monkeys, although it is frequently impossible to give precise numbers of species because the taxonomic status of some primates remains in doubt and there are constantly new discoveries.

Monkeys are divided into two groups (New World and Old World) separated by geographical area as well as by several million years of separate evolutionary history.

New World monkeys exhibit a wide range of size, diet, and ecological adaptation. In size, they vary from tiny marmosets and tamarins to the 9 kg howler monkey. Almost all are exclusively arboreal; most are diurnal. Although confined to trees, New World monkeys can be found in a wide range of arboreal environments throughout most forested areas in Southern Mexico and Central and South America. One of the characteristics distinguishing New World monkeys from Old World is the shape of their nose: they have broad noses with outward-facing nostrils.

Old World monkeys display much more morphological and behavioral diversity than New World monkeys. Except for humans, they are the most widely distributed of all living primates. They are found throughout sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, ranging from tropical jungle habitats to semiarid desert and even to seasonally snow-covered areas in northern Japan. Most are quadrupedal and primarily arboreal.

Apes and humans
This group is made up of several families:
 * Hylobatidae (gibbons and siamangs)
 * Hominidae (humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans)

They differ from monkeys in numerous ways:
 * generally larger body size, except for gibbons and siamangs
 * absence of a tail
 * shortened trunk
 * differences in position and musculature of the shoulder joint (adapted for suspensory locomotion)
 * more complex behavior
 * more complex brain and enhanced cognitive abilities
 * increased period of infant development and dependency.

Orangutans
Found today only in heavily forested areas on the Indonesian islands of Borneo and Sumatra, orangutans are slow, cautious climbers whose locomotor behavior can best be described as "four-handed", a tendency to use all four limbs for grasping and support. Although they are almost completely arboreal, they do sometimes travel quadrupedally on ground. They are very large animals with pronounced sexual dimorphism: males weigh over 90 kg while females are usually less than 45 kg.

Gorillas
The largest of all living primates, gorillas are today confined to forested areas of western and equatorial Africa. There are four generally recognized subspecies: Western Lowland Gorilla, Cross River Gorilla, Eastern Lowland Gorilla, and Mountain Gorilla. Gorillas exhibit strong sexual dimorphism. Because of their weight, adult gorillas, especially males, are primarily terrestrial and adopt a semiquadrupedal (knuckle-walking) posture on the ground. All gorillas are almost exclusively vegetarian.

Common Chimpanzees
The best-known of all nonhuman primates, Common Chimpanzees are found in equatorial Africa. In many ways, they are structurally similar to gorillas, with corresponding limb proportions and upper body shape, because of their similar locomotion when on the ground (quadrupedal knuckle-walking). However, chimps spend more time in trees; when on the ground, they frequently walk bipedally for short distances when carrying food or other objects.

They are highly excitable, active and noisy. Common Chimpanzee social behavior is complex, and individuals form lifelong attachments with friends and relatives. They live in large, fluid communities of as many as 50 individuals or more. At the core of a community is a group of bonded males. They act as a group to defend their territory and are highly intolerant of unfamiliar chimps, especially nongroup males.

Bonobos
Found only in an area south of the Zaire River in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Bonobos (also called Pygmy Chimpanzees) have a strong resemblance to Common Chimpanzees, but are somewhat smaller. Yet they exhibit several anatomical and behavioral differences. Physically, they have a more linear body build, longer legs relative to the arms, a relatively smaller head, and a dark face from birth. Bonobos are more arboreal than Common Chimpanzees, and they appear to be less excitable and aggressive.

Like Common Chimpanzees, Bonobos live in geographically based, fluid communities, and they exploit many of the same foods, including occasional meat derived from killing small mammals. But they are not centered around a group of closely bonded males. Instead, male-female bonding is more important than in Common Chimpanzees.


text:
Talk:213 (group)

Untitled
The article implies that a tape of a Warren G song from 1994 gave Snoop Dogg his big break, however right in the same article it explains that "The Chronic" had already come out two years earlier. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)

Not a band
This is not a band, they don't play instruments. This is a group. I'm moving it to 213 (group).--Tasc0 03:15, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Years active
They did how ever form in 1990, that does not mean there record label career started there career in 1990, it was 1992 when all of them was signed to a label, and also they never did split up. Mcanmoocanu 14:03, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Can I see any source saying they officially formed in 1990? I don't think they started the group in that year, Snoop Dogg did not even release his debut album at then. Tasc0 It's a zero! 03:20, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay then, if it is not known then there does not need to be an infobox. Mcanmoocanu
 * If you continue with your disruptive edits I'll report you. Tasc0 It's a zero! 22:25, 3 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Your pissin me off just leave it on 1992 dammit. Mcanmoocanu
 * I am not. We discussed this already. Get a proper source. Tasc0 It's a zero! 02:21, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * There is no source. So please can it stay at 1992 and not 1990. please. Mcanmoocanu (I dont know what the time is)

WikiProject assessments
I have added and assessed the WikiProject Crime banner and assessed for the WikiProject Organized crime banner primarily on the basis of one of this group's musical genres being described as gangsta rap as well as the article being assigned to the Gangsta rap groups and Crips categories. Aside from their art, there is no indication this group of people have been directly involved in any sort of crime or criminal organization. Apart from the genre of music-making and categories, there is nothing in the article content to indicate why this article should be of interest to these assigned WikiProjects. If you are aware of additional sources of information not included in the article that further support these WikiProject assignments, please identify those source(s) and add that additional information to the article. If you disagree with this assessment for these WikiProjects, please explain your disagreement and justify why these WikiProjects should be removed, if you do remove them. - Cameron Dewe (talk) 08:16, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:213 (group)


text:
Talk:The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire

Absence of reviews
I've removed the "citation needed" tag from the following statement, along with the cited source which does not support that statement: "GamePro and Game Players gave it only brief reviews, while other gaming publications such as Electronic Gaming Monthly, GameSpot and Next Generation gave it no coverage at all beyond early previews." I thought this would be obvious, but the chance of there being a source which states a negative like this is virtually 0%. If you don't believe me when I say that these publications never reviewed The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire or otherwise gave it any coverage in the 32X's final months, then just remove the statement; I won't try to stop you. WP:No original research says that original research should be removed, not tagged. Martin IIIa (talk) 14:44, 31 July 2022 (UTC)


text:
Category talk:Physical activity and dexterity toys

There are no references for the term 'flow arts' and the meaning of this term. I cannot find mention of this term in any sources. I will remove this term from all articles that use it unless an editor can come up with a reference in a reasonable time. As per Wikipedia rules including such terms without references is original research. Another problem with the category that 'flow arts' redirects to is that to includes the term 'flow arts' making the link a loop with no explanation. Robynthehode (talk) 07:33, 13 February 2014 (UTC)


text:
Bourgeois & Maurice

Bourgeois & Maurice are a cabaret act based in London, described by Time Out London as 'neo cabaret'. The duo, formed in 2007, consists of Liv Morris and George Heyworth.

Shows
Their first full-length show Social Work premiered at Soho Theatre in 2009 and subsequently toured the UK, winning an Argus Angel Award in Brighton. In August 2009 they took Social Work to Edinburgh Fringe Festival, receiving excellent reviews.

In 2010 they won Time Out London's Alternative Eurovision title. They failed to hold their title in 2011 but returned in 2014, representing Russia, where they once again won the Alternative Eurovision title with their song 'Goodbye Europe'.

Their next full show was Shedding Skin, which showed at Manchester's Queer Up North Festival and Soho Theatre in London during July 2010. Initially vague about the relationship to each other in early performances, the duo's second show, Shedding Skin, expanded on the characters' backstories, claiming that Georgeois Bourgeois and Maurice Maurice are siblings who killed their parents in a freak accident during the Great Storm of 1987.

This was followed quickly followed by Can't Dance at Sadler's Wells in Islington, London in December 2010. Can't Dance used video contributions from choreographers Lil' Tim and the BalletBoyz and performance artist David Hoyle.

The duo performed at the Glasgay! Festival in 2011. In December 2011 they released a parody of the John Lewis Christmas advert through Time Out.

Bourgeois & Maurice won the Best Music-Based Act title at the 2012 London Cabaret Awards.

August 2012 they returned to the Fringe with their new show Sugartits. Then toured with another show We Started A Band with two extra members on drums and guitar.

They toured Sugartits around the UK as well as playing Adelaide Cabaret Festival in the summer of 2013, followed by a two-week run at Soho Theatre in September.

In 2014 the duo announced they were working on a full length musical.

The duo were commissioned to produce their first full length musical Insane Animals which was performed at HOME in late February and early March 2020. The production completed its sold out run before theatres were closed due to coronavirus. To celebrate pride in 2020 the duo and the cast released "Gay for You" from the production on YouTube. Later in 2020 the duo and the cast came back together to record the soundtrack to Insane Animals which was released in March 2021. The duo hope to bring Insane Animals back to theatres as soon as COVID 19 allows.

Music
The duo have released four studio albums: Musical Couture in March 2009, Shedding Skin in January 2011, The Third in March 2013 and How to Save the World Without Really Trying in 2017.

Musical Couture – 2009

 * 1) "Cyber Lament"
 * 2) "I Can't Live in London"
 * 3) "Little Pins"
 * 4) "What Would You Do?"
 * 5) "Ritalin"
 * 6) "Girls in Neon"
 * 7) "Valerie"
 * 8) "All The Boys"
 * 9) "Don't Go To Art School"
 * 10) "Addicted"
 * 11) "Celebrity"
 * 12) "Dull People"
 * 13) "If You Don't Know What To Do With Your Life"
 * 14) "Forget You"

Shedding Skin – 2010

 * 1) "C.H.A.O.S"
 * 2) "As Far As I Can See"
 * 3) "Retro"
 * 4) "Maurice's Happy Song"
 * 5) "The Lady Ballad"
 * 6) "Satanic Organic"
 * 7) "Lizard Men"
 * 8) "Out Outfit You"
 * 9) "Black Rope"
 * 10) "Take Me Away"
 * 11) "Life"

The Third – 2013

 * 1) "Started A Band"
 * 2) "Apocalypso"
 * 3) "C.H.A.O.S" (The Third Version)
 * 4) "Tax Me"
 * 5) "Goodbye Europe"
 * 6) "Song for a Friend"
 * 7) "We Want Love"
 * 8) "Social Networks" (Make Me Feel Shit Sometimes)
 * 9) "The Lizard Men" (The Third Version)
 * 10) "Ritalin" (The Third Version)
 * 11) "Privacy's For Paedos"
 * 12) "Tolerance"
 * 13) "Forget You" (The Third Version)

title: Bourgeois & Maurice


text:
Makhan Shah Labana

Makhan Shah Lubana (also written as Lobana; 7 July 1619 – 1674) was a devout Sikh and a rich trader of the Lobana tribe, who discovered the ninth Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Tegh Bahadar in Bakala, Punjab on 16 April 1664 A.D. (8 Visakh 1721 Bikrami). He is also noted for his other contributions like preaching Sikhism in West Punjab and abroad, punishing Dhir Mal and his masand Shihan for the attack and initial settlement of Guru Tegh Bahadur at Anandpur Sahib.

Birth and early life
In 1619, he was born to Bhai Dasa Labana, who was a devout Sikh of Guru Hargobind. There are different views of different scholars regarding his birthplace. Giani Gian Singh believes that he was born in Tanda, probably in Kashmir, but Col. Gurbachan Singh refutes this claim. Also, there many places with name Tanda in India like Mansura Tanda in Rajasthan, Khed Tanda; Basti Tanda; Sankpur Tanda; Chikvadi Tanda in Madhya Pradesh; Naka Tanda in Maharashtra; Anapur Tanda Andhara Yera; Goda Tanda in Karnataka, Tanda in Kashmir and in Punjab there are multiple villages. Scholars like Max Arthur Macauliffe, GS Chabra, Sukha Singh believe that he was a native of Kathiawar in Gujarat.

Following is commentary from Bhatt Vahis regarding the background of Makhan Shah:
 * Makhan Shah, son of Bhai Dasa, grandson of Binai, maternal grandson of Beheru.
 * The cavalcade of Bhai Makhan Shah who was the Sikh of Guru, was going to Kashmir. The Satguru joined him there. After the pilgrimage of Mutton Martand along with Bhai Dasa and Bhai Aru Ram, he reached the place of Bhai Makhan Shah at Mota Tanda. Bhai Dasa, father of Bhai Makhan Shah breathed his last there.

He learned Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic and other languages, but his mother tongue was Labanki. Makhan Shah was married, according to Rajput customs, to Sital Devi (also known as Suljai). She was the daughter of Naik Puroshotam Das, belonging to the Sandlas clan of Naik Rajputs. They had a son who they named Bhai Lal Das. It is believed Lal Das took was baptized by Guru Gobind Singh and named Naik Jawahar Singh who was martyred in the Battle of Chamkaur. Bhai Lakhi Shah Banjara had family and business relationships with Bhai Makhan Shah Labana (1619-1674), who was an international trader, and used to trade in most of the world. He had a fleet of ships and was dealing through marines. Bhai Lakhi Shah Vanjara, who was based in Delhi, use to coordinate the business activities at Delhi, of Bhai Makhan Shah Labana. (reference found in book Mahal Sikh Bhai Makhan Shah Labana 1940, written by Baba Harnam Singh and Diwan Singh Mehram page 27).

Profession
He continued his ancestral profession of merchant trading. Makhan was a merchant who used to bring valuable merchandise by land and sea and sell it wholesale in parts of Gujarat and Punjab in Mughal India, and abroad up to the Mediterranean. He traded spices, Bengali silk, and Kashmir shawls. In India he used camels, oxen, and horses, often pulling carts. He crossed beyond Egypt and sailed the Mediterranean with his goods, trading as far as Portugal.

title: Makhan Shah Labana


text:
User:Misha Wolf/Emily Kark

Emily Kark (born Emily Jaspan; 15 February 1913 – 8 January 2006) was a medical doctor and Senior Lecturer in social medicine and public health. She and her husband, Sidney Kark, led the development of what became known as community oriented primary care (COPC). This began in the early 1940s when they established a community health centre in Pholela, an impoverished area in the province of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Their work was later used as a model to shape community health centres in many countries.

Legacy
See Charles Darwin for example.

Selected publications
List the works organized by date of publication. See Charles Darwin for example.

title: User:Misha Wolf/Emily Kark


text:
Virginia Fabella

Virginia Fabella, M. M. is a Filipina theologian and Maryknoll sister, known for her works in Asian feminist theology and postcolonial theology.

Biography
Fabella was born in Manila, Philippines. After graduating from the Assumption Convent in Manila and receiving a BS from Mt. St. Vincent College in New York, Fabella joined the Maryknoll Sisters in 1952. She would later receive an MA in Religious Studies from the Maryknoll Seminary in 1980, a Certificate in Pastoral Studies from Union Theological in Chicago in 1988, and a DMin in Women’s Studies from San Francisco Theological Seminary in 1993. Her doctoral dissertation was entitled "The Development of Women's Theological Consciousness within the Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians."

In the 1970s, Fabella was the program coordinator for the Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians, later serving as its Asia Coordinator.

Theology
Fabella is perhaps best known for her authored and edited works on Asian feminist theology and postcolonial theology. In terms of Christology, Fabella has voiced that the maleness of Jesus is not a problem for Asian women, because by being male, "Jesus could more repudiate more effectively the male definition of humanity and show the way to a right and just male–female relationship."

title: Virginia Fabella


text:
User:Ado thetechy

Ado thetechy is a school student on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. He lives at home with his father and two brothers. His interests include computing, mathematics and graphic design.

title: User:Ado thetechy


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/meuforum.net

Links

 * meuforum.net resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 1 additions.


text:
Saudi gazelle

The Saudi gazelle (Gazella saudiya) is a Gazella species that was once native to the Arabian Peninsula. It was declared extinct in the wild in 1996, as it was last observed in the wild in 1970. The Saudi gazelle was officially declared extinct on the IUCN Red List in 2008.

Taxonomy
Gazella gazella saudiya was the scientific name proposed by Douglas Carruthers and Ernst Schwarz in 1939. They described the skull and head skin of a male gazelle specimen collected at an elevation of 3500 ft near Dhlam in Saudi Arabia. Terence Morrison-Scott recognised it as a distinct species Gazella saudiya in 1939. Colin Groves examined horn shapes and sizes of zoological specimens of gazelles and recognised the Saudi gazelle as a subspecies of the Dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas saudiya in 1969.

Phylogenetic analysis of museum samples of the Saudi gazelle revealed that it is distinct from and a sister taxon of the Dorcas gazelle.

Distribution and habitat
The Saudi gazelle once lived in gravel and sandy plains with acacias of the northern and western Arabian Peninsula from Kuwait to Yemen, with most of the records coming from western Saudi Arabia. It was found singly or in groups up to 20.

Decline and extinction
The subspecies had always been rare and declining due to excessive hunting; it had not been seen for a few decades, and was declared to be extinct in the wild in 1980. Recent genetic analysis of all reported specimens of G. d. saudiya in captive collections has shown these represent different species or hybrids. Despite frequent surveys attempting to find pure Saudi gazelles in the wild and privately owned, no evidence of surviving individuals has been found. In 2008, the Saudi gazelle was officially declared extinct on the IUCN Red List.

title: Saudi gazelle


text:
Talk:Orderly

the
the article stated that orderlies are phased out in favor of PAs. while a few of their tasks may overlap, PAs also do a tremendous amount of assessment and diagnostic work. their work is not routine at all, and involves risks for the patient in a similar fashion to what physicians do. ---bob 09:21, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

In most Australian hospitals, I believe the equivalent of a Health Care Assistant/Certified Nursing Assistant/Patient Care Assistant is what is called an AIN (Assistant in Nursing). AINs perform virtually none of the roles an orderly does. In hospitals that do not have orderlies there are typically no AINs either and the nurses complete the duties of both Orderly and AIN. Implicit is that registered and enrolled nurses usually do the work of an AIN as part of their job in any case. AINs in many cases are trainee Registered nurses.

Operations assistants and orderlies in general are required to have CPR training (like the HCA), although they are not required to play any part in patient obs. etc...

--Chaz 13:17, 20 April 2008 (GMT +10)

Why Australia Centric?
Why is this article Australia Centric? I believe this term is used on other English speaking countries and probably some commonwealth countries as well.

There is no need for the para "The Operating Suites at St George Hospital, Sydney, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney employ OAs to assist in the daily operation of the suite.", reference to Spotless or Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide.

Charles evesson (talk) 13:21, 26 June 2011 (UTC) - I only have information on orderlys in Australia, operations assistants being a common specialist orderly in the Australian hospital system. Would be happy to add to this section if someone directs me to info about other countries.

Just a quick note. In the US, orderlies have been phased out of health care facilities in recent years and their function are now replaced by gender neutral terms such as Patient Care Assistant and/or Certified Nursing Assistant. In the U.S. "Orderly" is seen mostly in outdated fiction and old court cases as well as some government job descriptions in need of updating. The term remains common in Canada and other countries. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nicci U. Arenn (talk • contribs) 06:52, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orderly


text:
Pabradė

Pabradė (Podbrodzie; פּאָדבראָדז Podbrodz) is a city in Lithuania, in Švenčionys district municipality, on Žeimena river, 38 km south-west of Švenčionys.

Pabradė is a busy place as the Vilnius–Daugavpils railway is close to the city. It was quite a small settlement until the 19th century, when the Warsaw – Saint Petersburg Railway was built in 1862.

Pabradė Training Area, a major military facility, is located near the town.

History
About 850 Jews lived in the town in 1939, comprising one third of the total population. After June 1941, at the very beginning of the occupation, about a dozen Jews were executed. In the middle of July, Lithuanian policemen arrested about 60 Jews and shot them behind the mill. On September 1, the rest of the Jewish population was moved into a ghetto that was established on two streets, previously inhabited by Christians. The ghetto was open, so many of its residents escaped at the end of the month, after rumors about the forthcoming Aktion had spread. Over 100 Jews who were interred in the ghetto or who were recaptured were escorted to the military training camp in Švenčionėliai and shot on October 8–10, along with thousands of other Jews assembled there. Policemen continued searching for Jewish escapees, gathered them in groups and shot them on the outskirts of town.

Population
In 2011, the city's population was composed of Poles - 44.73% (2681), Lithuanians – 26.81% (1607), Russians - 18.45% (1106), Belarusians - 5.27% (316), Ukrainians - 1.17% (70), others - 3.57% (214).

title: Pabradė


text:
Biomechanics

Biomechanics can be simply the application of mechanical engineering in biology. Just as mechanics deals with solids and liquids, biomechanics deals with solid and liquid substances. The solids here are bones, muscles etc and fluids are blood and other liquids in the body. Solid biomechanics deals with orthopaedic, arthroscopic and related fields whereas fluid biomechanics deals with the effect of liquids.

Biomechanics helps in understanding the role of mechanical forces in the body and developing implants or other devices to make diagonising easy.

title: Biomechanics


text:
Talk:Del Unser

Untitled
Del Unser went to St Teresa High School in Decatur, Il. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:57, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Del Unser


text:
Prolog/Introduction

This section covers the installation of a prolog compiler, loading your first program, and querying it. It then explains how to use facts and variables in your programs and queries.

Getting Started
Before anything can be done, a prolog compiler and a text editor need to be installed on your system. A text editor will allow you to write your prolog programs and the prolog compiler (also known as the interpreter) will allow you to execute them.

Prolog Compilers

The following prolog implementations are free (at least for personal or educational use, be sure to read the terms). Simply download one and install it according to the instructions on the website:

 * B-Prolog
 * http://www.picat-lang.org/bprolog/
 * A Prolog compiler for standard Prolog with extended features such as tabling and constraint solving. Supports many platforms.

 * SWI Prolog (recommended for use with this book)
 * https://www.swi-prolog.org/
 * A small and robust open-source implementation that is compliant with both Prolog standards (ISO and Edinburgh) and has many extra libraries and built-in predicates. There's even a separate toolkit for creating windows and graphics, called XPCE. Supports many platforms.
 * GNU Prolog
 * http://www.gprolog.org/ (was: http://pauillac.inria.fr/~diaz/gnu-prolog/ )
 * A relatively new open source implementation. Has support for Constraint Logic Programming, an extension of prolog.
 * Visual Prolog
 * http://www.visual-prolog.com/
 * A complete development environment for an Object-Oriented extension of Prolog. Includes compiler, linker, text editor, graphical dialog editors, build system, debugger, large library, and much more

The following implementations aren't free:
 * SICSTUS Prolog
 * http://www.sics.se/
 * Probably the most well known professional prolog implementation and development suite. ISO-compliant, many libraries and support for constraint logic programming. Free for evaluation.
 * Quintus Prolog
 * http://www.sics.se/quintus/
 * An especially robust and dependable implementation intended for commercial use and research projects by the same company that makes SICSTUS. Free for evaluation.

Text Editors

The programs that you will write are simple text files, to be read and written with any text editor. Some prolog implementations come with their own editor, but for those that don't here's a list of text editors. These provide the basic function that are useful for writing prolog programs, such as indentation, bracket matching and some can even be adjusted to highlight the syntax of your prolog code.

 * Crimson Editor
 * http://www.crimsoneditor.com/
 * A free text-editor for windows with many features.
 * GNU Emacs
 * http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs.html
 * A free, open-source implementation of unix' classic text editor. May be difficult to understand, has lots of features.
 * Vim
 * http://www.vim.org/
 * A free, open-source implementation of Emacs' long-standing rival.
 * Textpad
 * http://www.textpad.com/
 * A windows text-editor with many features. Free for evaluation.
 * Eclipse Prolog Plugin
 * http://eclipse.ime.usp.br/projetos/grad/plugin-prolog/index.html
 * A free plugin for Eclipse.

First Steps
Once you've installed your prolog implementation, it's time to write the first program and load it into the interpreter (mainly to see if everything works). Fire up your text editor and create a text file with just the following line in it:

human(john).

Be precise, capitalization is important in prolog, as is the period. This will be your program (also known as the database or the knowledge base). Give it a nice name like prolog1.pl and save it. ''Note: The extension pl isn't officially associated with prolog and can cause conflicts if you're also programming in Perl, which uses .pl as well. If this is a problem you can use pro or pr or anything you like just as well.'' Now start your prolog interpreter. Most prolog interpreters will show you a window with some startup information and then the line

?-

with a cursor behind it. There is usually a menu for loading files into the interpreter. If there isn't, you can type the following to load your file:

consult('FILEPATH').

And press enter. Once again, be precise, no capitals and remember the dot. Replace FILEPATH with the name and directory of your file. For instance if your file is located in C:\My Documents\Prolog\prolog1.pl then use consult('c:/my documents/prolog/prolog1.pl'). or the shorthand ['c:/my documents/prolog/prolog1.pl'].

Note that the slashes are the other way around, since the backslash (\) has special meaning in Prolog (and most other languages). If you are using a UNIX based system such as Linux, the commands may look something like this

consult('/home/yourName/prolog/prolog1.pl'). ['/home/yourName/prolog/prolog1.pl'].

Your interpreter will now hopefully tell you that the file is loaded correctly. If it doesn't, consult the help file or manual of your implementations on how to consult files.

Also, you can tell prolog interpreter to load file automatically, if running it with the key, like this : prolog -s /home/yourName/prolog/prolog1.pl

After some information you will see

?-

To see if everything is working, type

human(john).

(don't forget the period) and press Enter. Prolog will answer with

true.

Type

human(Who).

, press Enter and Prolog will answer

Who = john.

To exit prolog, type

halt.

Syntax, Facts and Queries
The line human(john). in the previous example was a prolog sentence in the form of a predicate. This type of sentence is called a fact. Predicates consist of one word of one or more characters, all lowercase, possibly followed by a number of terms. The following are examples of valid predicates:

human(john) father(david, john) abc(def,ghi,jkl,m) tree p(a ,f ,d)

The terms (the 'words' within parentheses) can take many forms, but for now we will stick to constants. These are words, again all lowercase. The first character of both a predicate and a constant needs to be a letter. Using predicates we can add facts to a program:

human(john). human(suzie). human(eliza). man(david). man(john). woman(suzie). woman(eliza). parent(david, john). parent(john, eliza). parent(suzie, eliza).

Note the period '.' behind each line to show that the line is over. This is very important, if you forget it, your interpreter will not understand the program. You should also be aware that the names chosen for the predicates and terms do not actually mean anything to the prolog interpreter. They're just chosen to show what meaning you have for the program. We could easily replace the word human with the word spaceship everywhere and the interpreter wouldn't know the difference.

If we load the above program into the interpreter we can run a query on it. If you type human(john).

Prolog will answer

true.

and if you type woman(john).

Prolog will answer

false.

This also seems fairly obvious, but it's important to see it the right way. If you ask Prolog, it means you are asking Prolog if this statement is true. Clearly Prolog can't see from the statement whether it's true, so it consults your file. It checks all the lines in the program to see if anyone matches the statement and answers Yes if it finds one. If it doesn't, it answers. Note that if you ask

?- human(david).

Prolog will answer, because we have not added that fact to the database. This is important: if Prolog can't prove something from the program, it will consider it not true. This is known as the closed world assumption.

Variables
We'll update the program with human(david), so that all people in the database are human, and either a man or a woman

human(david). human(john). human(suzie). human(eliza). man(david). man(john). woman(suzie). woman(eliza). parent(david, john). parent(john, eliza). parent(suzie, eliza).

What we have now is still not a very expressive language. We can gain a lot more expressiveness by using variables in our query. A variable is a word, just like terms and predicates, with the exception that it starts with an uppercase letter and can have both upper and lowercase characters after that. Consider the following query

human(A).

Now, the term of the predicate is a variable. Prolog will try to bind a term to the variable. In other words, you are asking Prolog what A needs to be for human(A) to be true.

?- human(A).

Prolog will answer

A = david ;

Which is true, because the database contains the line human(david). If you press enter, Prolog will answer Yes and give you back your cursor. If you press semicolon  Prolog will show you the rest of the possibilities

A = john ; A = suzie ; A = eliza.

After eliza, there are no further possibilities. If you query Prolog with more than one variable it will show you all instantiations of the variables for which the query is true: ?- parent(Parent, Child).

Parent = david Child = john ;

Parent = john Child = eliza ;

Parent = suzie Child = eliza ;

No

When prolog is asked a query with a variable it will check all lines of the program, and attempt to unify each predicate with the query. This means that it will check if the query matches the predicate when the variables are instantiated a certain way. It can unify human(A) with human(john) by making A john, but it can't unify man(A) with human(john), because the predicates don't match.

If we want to make it even more difficult for prolog we can use two predicates in our query, for instance: ?- human(A), parent(B,A). Now we are asking prolog for a human A who has a parent B. The comma means and, indicating that both predicates need to be true, for the query to be true. To check this query, prolog will first find an instantiation to make the first predicate true--say it make A equal to john--and then it will try to make the second predicate true--with A equal to john. If it has found two instantiations for A and B that make both predicates true, it will return them to you. You can press Enter to end the program, or a semi-colon to see more options.

Prolog may make a choice for A, to satisfy the first predicate that doesn't work with the second. Say it chooses A = suzie to satisfy human(A); no choice for B will satisfy parent(B, suzie), so prolog will give up its choice of suzie for A, and try another name. This is called backtracking.

In the example above, prolog will first find human(david) in the program and unify A with david. To make the second predicate true, it needs to find an instantiation for parent(B, david). It can't find any, so it will look for a new instantiation of human(A). It tries the next option: A = john. Now it needs to instantiate parent(B, john). It finds B = david in the line parent(david, john) and reports back to you A = john B = david

If you press semicolon it will try to find a new instantiation for the second predicate. If that fails it will try to find a new instantiation for the first predicate and so forth until it runs out of options.

There is one special variable, called the anonymous variable, for which the underscore (_) character is used. When you use this character in a query, you basically say that you don't care how this variable is instantiated, i.e. you don't care which term it's bound to, as long as it's bound to something. If you ask Prolog ?- parent(A, _). Prolog will answer

A = david; A = john; A = suzie;

It will not tell you how it instantiates _. However if you ask Prolog ?- abc(_,_,_). This will not be true by default, Prolog needs to find an instantiation for all three anonymous variables in the database, such as abc(d,e,f). Since the predicate abc isn't in the database at all, the query fails. You can use the anonymous variable in your database as well. Placing

human(_).

in your database will mean that any term, whether it already exists or not, is human. So the queries ?- human(mark). and ?- human(orange).

would be true with the above fact in the database. Here the anonymous variable is used to state a property of all objects, instead of just one. If we want to state that a specific group of objects has a certain property, we need rules. The next section deals with this.

Examples
The following program describes the public transport systems of some cities: transport(dresden, tram). transport(amsterdam, tram). transport(amsterdam, subway). transport(new_york, subway).

We can ask prolog if there is a city which has both a tram system and a subway: ?- transport(A, subway), transport(A, tram). A = amsterdam ; fail.

Exercises
(x) Find a Family Tree somewhere, or make one up (a real one will make it easier to check your answers). Implement part of the tree (around ten people) in a prolog program using the predicates woman/1, man/1, parent/2. The number behind the predicate describes how many arguments the predicate takes. So parent/2 describes a predicate like parent(john, mary).

You can peruse w:Category:Family_trees for a suitable family tree.

Write prolog queries for the following commands and questions. Don't worry if some people are returned more than once. We'll discover how to deal with this later on.

 * 1) List the women in the database
 * 2) List the children in the database
 * 3) List all combinations of a father and his son.
 * 4) which women have both a father and a son in the database?

Can you think of a way to display those women that do not have a father listed in the database? Can you describe what you would need to write such a query?

The answers to select excercises can be found here: Prolog/Introduction/Answers

title: Prolog/Introduction


text:
U.S. Route 15 in Virginia

U.S. Route 15 (US 15) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Walterboro, South Carolina, to Painted Post, New York. In Virginia, the U.S. Highway runs 230.37 mi from the North Carolina state line near Clarksville north to the Maryland state line at the Potomac River near Lucketts. US 15 is a major north–south highway through the Piedmont of Virginia, connecting Clarksville and Farmville in Southside with Culpeper, Warrenton, and Leesburg in Northern Virginia.

Clarksville to Farmville
US 15 enters Mecklenburg County at the North Carolina state line several miles south of Clarksville. The U.S. Highway continues south toward Oxford and the Research Triangle. US 15 heads north as two-lane undivided National Highway, which parallels the Virginia Southern Railroad north across the Grassy Creek branch of Kerr Lake. The U.S. Highway expands to a four-lane divided highway in an industrial area adjacent to Marks Municipal Airport. US 15 passes through a partial cloverleaf interchange with the US 58 bypass, then becomes an undivided highway on entering the town of Clarksville as College Street and crossing over the rail line. The U.S. Highway turns east onto Virginia Avenue, which also carries US 58 Business (US 58 Bus.) and State Route 49 (SR 49).

After passing through the Clarksville Historic District, US 15, US 58 Bus., and SR 49 leave the town of Clarksville by crossing the John H. Kerr Reservoir, an impoundment of the Roanoke River that is also known as Buggs Island Lake, on the Phillip Saint Julian Wilson Bridge and a causeway. The bridge, which contains lights underneath used for nighttime fishing, includes a brief passage through Halifax County due to the thalwegs of the Roanoke and Dan rivers, which were used to set the county boundaries, converging just south of Clarksville. At the east end of the causeway, access to US 58 is provided at a four-way intersection. Ramps to US 58 west and US 58 east form the southern and eastern legs of the intersection, which mainline US 58 avoids via a pair of flyover ramps just east of its bridge over the reservoir. US 15 and SR 49 turn north, cross over the Virginia Southern rail line, and parallel the eastern shore of the lake until the two highways split at the hamlet of Dortch Store.

US 15 heads north, crossing the Bluestone Creek arm of the reservoir and entering Charlotte County, where the road becomes Barnesville Highway. The U.S. Highway intersects SR 92 (Jeb Stuart Highway) at Barnes Junction and US 360 (Kings Highway) at Wylliesburg. The two U.S. Highways continue north along US 360's four-lane divided highway, which intersects SR 47 (Craftons Gate Highway) at Crafton Gate. South of Keysville, US 15 and US 360 meet the southern end of US 15 Bus. and US 360 Bus. (Old Kings Highway); the sets of highways meet again at a partial interchange where the U.S. Highways also cross over the Virginia Southern Railroad. US 15 and US 360 meet SR 40 (Lunenburg County Highway) at a diamond interchange just east of the town of Keysville. The U.S. Highways pass under the rail line and diverge immediately to the north at a partial cloverleaf interchange; the divided highway continues as US 360 while US 15 exits onto two-lane undivided Farmville Highway, which meets the northern end of the business routes, which are named 4 Locust Highway.

US 15 enters Prince Edward County as Farmville Road and crosses over Norfolk Southern Railway's Blue Ridge District west of the hamlet of Briery. The U.S. Highway passes through the hamlets of Redd Shop and Worsham before reaching Kingsville, where the highway intersects SR 133. SR 133 heads west to the community of Hampden Sydney and its namesake college. US 15 veers northeast and meets US 460 (Prince Edward Highway) at a diamond interchange. US 15 joins US 460 west on the four-lane freeway while US 15 Bus. heads toward the town of Farmville, home of Longwood University. US 15 and US 460 cross over Little Buffalo Creek, Buffalo Creek, and the High Bridge Trail, a rail trail on what was formerly a Norfolk Southern Railway line. The U.S. Highways diverge at a trumpet interchange west of Farmville. US 15 exits onto Sheppards Road and has a brief concurrency with US 460 Bus. north to the northern end of US 15 Bus. (Third Street).

Farmville to Culpeper
US 15 crosses the Appomattox River into Buckingham County, where the road's name changes to James Madison Highway. The highway passes to the west of Willis Mountain before reaching US 60 (James Anderson Highway) at Sprouses Corner. US 15 meets the southern end of SR 20 (Constitution Route) then passes through the town of Dillwyn as Oak and Main streets. The U.S. Highway parallels the Buckingham Branch Railroad out of town and passes through the community of Alpha, where the highway passes by Buffards Mountain and veers away from the railroad. After passing through Arvonia, the highway crosses the James River at New Canton on the John H. Cocke Memorial Bridge. The bridge passes over the Buckingham Branch Railroad on the south side of the river just south of its bridge across the river to join CSX Transportation's Rivanna Subdivision, which parallels the north bank of the river through the hamlet of Bremo Bluff.

US 15 continues north through the Fluvanna County communities of Weber City and Fork Union. The U.S. Highway becomes concurrent with SR 6 (River Road) adjacent to Fork Union Military Academy. The two highways diverge at Dixie, from which US 15 passes through Carysbrook. The highway meets the eastern end of SR 53 (Thomas Jefferson Parkway) just south of the U.S. Highway's crossing of the Rivanna River into Palmyra. US 15 passes through Wildwood and Hunters before intersecting US 250 (Three Notch Road) at Zion Crossroads at the Fluvanna–Louisa county line. The U.S. Highway expands to a four-lane divided highway at US 250 that continues north through its diverging diamond interchange (DDI) with Interstate 64 (I-64). US 15 continues north along the edge of Green Springs National Historic Landmark District to its intersection with SR 22 (Louisa Road) at Boswells Tavern. The U.S. Highway meets US 33 (Spotswood Trail) just south of Gordonsville. The two highways run together north onto Orange County and the town of Gordonsville, where the highways parallel CSX Transportation's Piedmont Subdivision along Martinsburg Avenue. US 15 and US 33 veer onto Main Street and pass the Exchange Hotel at their underpass of the Washington Subdivision, the Charlottesville–Orange rail line owned by the Buckingham Branch Railroad. US 15 leaves Main Street at the Gordonsville Roundabout; US 33 and SR 231 head northwest as Main Street, SR 231 heads southwest along Gordon Avenue toward Cismont, and US 15 heads northeast along Gordon Avenue, which becomes James Madison Highway at the town limit.

North of Gordonsville, US 15 expands to a four-lane divided highway that parallels the Washington Subdivision and the eastern flank of the Southwest Mountains and passes Gordonsville Municipal Airport. The U.S. Highway becomes an undivided highway and passes the historic home Mayhurst at the southern limit of the town of Orange, where the highway becomes Caroline Street. US 15 meets SR 20 (Berry Hill Road) and runs concurrently with the state highway as a two-lane street under Norfolk Southern Railway's Washington District. SR 20 continues north on Caroline Street while the US 15 veers northeast onto four-lane Madison Road, which intersects SR 20 Bus. (Main Street) before leaving Orange as a two-lane road. US 15 crosses the Rapidan River into Madison County and meets the eastern end of SR 230 (Orange Road) at Madison Mills. The U.S. Highway passes through Five Forks, home of Woodberry Forest School. North of Locust Dale, US 15 crosses the Robinson River and its tributary Crooked Run; at the latter stream, the U.S. Highway enters Culpeper County. The highway passes to the west of Cedar Mountain and meets the southern end of SR 299 (Madison Road) before reaching a diamond interchange with US 29 (James Monroe Highway), where US 15 Bus. continues north into the town of Culpeper.

Culpeper to Maryland
US 15 and US 29 run concurrently as a four-lane divided highway around the east side of Culpeper, where the highways cross over the Washington District rail line and meet US 522 and SR 3 (Germanna Highway) at a diamond interchange. US 15 and US 29 pass under the rail line and meet the northern end of US 15 Bus. and US 29 Bus. at a partial cloverleaf interchange. The highways parallel the Washington District through Brandy Station and by Culpeper Regional Airport to the town of Remington, where the road crosses the Rappahannock River into Fauquier County. US 15 and US 29 pass to the north of the town, which is directly served by US 15 Bus. and US 29 Bus. (James Madison Street). Immediately north of the northern junction with the business routes, US 15 and US 29 meet the southern end of SR 28 (Catlett Road), which follows the rail line toward Manassas.

US 15 and US 29 become concurrent with US 17, which heads southeast as Marsh Road toward Fredericksburg, at Opal on their way to Warrenton. South of the town, US 15 Bus./US 17 Bus./US 29 Bus. splits northwest and their respective U.S. Highways bypass the town on a freeway to the east. US 15, US 17, and US 29 have a diamond interchange with SR 643 (Meetze Road/Lee Street) before reaching a directional interchange where US 17 diverges from the other U.S. Highways toward Winchester and US 15 and US 29 receive their business routes. US 15 and US 29 head northeast as Lee Highway, which passes through New Baltimore and intersects SR 215 (Vint Hill Road) just west of Buckland, where the highways enter Prince William County cross Broad Run. Just east of the county line, US 29 continues east as Lee Highway toward Washington while US 15 turns north onto two-lane James Madison Highway.

US 15 continues north through Haymarket, where the highway expands to a four-lane divided highway immediately south of its intersection with SR 55 (John Marshall Highway). The U.S. Highway passes through a diamond interchange with I-66 and runs through a suburban area between Catharpin to the east and the Bull Run Mountains to the west. At Woolsey, US 15 meets the northern end of SR 234 (Sudley Road) and reduces to two lanes. North of Bull Run, where the road enters Loudoun County, the highway passes through a pair of roundabouts at Gilberts Corner. US 15 meets US 50 (John Mosby Highway) at the second roundabout. The U.S. Highway runs along the east flank of the Bull Run Mountains as it passes James Monroe's estate of Oak Hill just south of the Little River and Oatlands Historic House & Gardens in the community of Oatlands at its crossing of Goose Creek.

At Virts Corner east of Hogback Mountain, US 15 enters the town of Leesburg as South King Street. At SR 7 (Leesburg Bypass), US 15 Bus. continues straight into the downtown area while US 15 joins the eastern side of the four-lane divided bypass. US 15 and SR 7 meet the western end of SR 267 (Dulles Greenway) at a trumpet interchange before the two highways diverge at a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 7 Bus. (Harry Byrd Highway) that contains a flyover ramp for westbound SR 7. US 15 reduces to two lanes shortly before it meets the northern end of US 15 Bus. (North King Street) west of Ball's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery. Just north of the business route, the highway intersects SR 655 (Whites Ferry Road), which serves White's Ferry, the last remaining ferry crossing of the Potomac River that connects Leesburg with Poolesville, Maryland. US 15 passes by the historic homes Rockland and Temple Hall and through the community of Lucketts, which is home to the historic Lucketts School. North of Lucketts, the U.S. Highway veers to the west and runs along the eastern flank of Furnace Mountain. The road meets SR 672, which provides access to Lovettsville, before crossing the Potomac River on the Point of Rocks Bridge, a camelback truss bridge, into the Maryland village of Point of Rocks.

History
US 15 generally follows the Old Carolina Road, which connected North Carolina (at what was then North Carolina Highway 75, or NC 75) with Frederick, Maryland, through Virginia. It was added to the state highway system in 1918 as State Route 2 (SR 2) and renumbered State Route 32 (SR 32) in the 1923 state highway renumbering. In 1926, US 15 was designated along the whole of SR 32. The SR 32 designation was dropped in the 1933 state highway renumbering and was immediately reused on another route south of Petersburg. The number was again reused on its current alignment in the early 1940s to match NC 32.

From June 2013 to February 2014, the Virginia Department of Transportation converted the existing interchange between US 15 and I-64, in Zion Crossroads, to a DDI, the first in the state, with final construction completed by mid-April 2014. A similar interchange between US 15 and I-66 was completed in January 2017.

title: U.S. Route 15 in Virginia


text:
User:Email4shopping/Books/SO

Fossil - SO div A 2015

 * Fossil
 * Trace fossil
 * Index fossil
 * List of fossil sites
 * Lagerstätte
 * List of transitional fossils
 * List of human evolution fossils

title: User:Email4shopping/Books/SO


text:
Talk:Bertrand Vac

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Bertrand Vac. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110706202348/http://www.uneq.qc.ca/nouvelles-communiques/l-union-des-ecrivaines-et-des-ecrivains-quebecois-a-le-regret-de-vous-informer-du-deces-de-monsieur-bertrand-vac-survenu-le-vendredi-23-juillet-2010./ to http://www.uneq.qc.ca/nouvelles-communiques/l-union-des-ecrivaines-et-des-ecrivains-quebecois-a-le-regret-de-vous-informer-du-deces-de-monsieur-bertrand-vac-survenu-le-vendredi-23-juillet-2010./
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110706202348/http://www.uneq.qc.ca/nouvelles-communiques/l-union-des-ecrivaines-et-des-ecrivains-quebecois-a-le-regret-de-vous-informer-du-deces-de-monsieur-bertrand-vac-survenu-le-vendredi-23-juillet-2010./ to http://www.uneq.qc.ca/nouvelles-communiques/l-union-des-ecrivaines-et-des-ecrivains-quebecois-a-le-regret-de-vous-informer-du-deces-de-monsieur-bertrand-vac-survenu-le-vendredi-23-juillet-2010./
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081119093559/http://www.quebec-amerique.com/00_AUTEUR/HTML_100/177b.html to http://www.quebec-amerique.com/00_AUTEUR/HTML_100/177b.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070824033230/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com:80/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=Q1ARTQ0001927 to http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=Q1ARTQ0001927

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:22, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bertrand Vac


text:
Mahone

Mahone is a surname.

Mahone or Mahones in plural may refer to:

Places

 * Mahone Bay, bay on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia, town located on the northwest shore of Mahone Bay
 * Mahone, West Virginia, unincorporated community in Ritchie County, West Virginia, United States

People

 * Austin Mahone (born 1996), American pop singer and songwriter
 * Ernest Mahone (born 1961), American pediatric neuropsychologist and director
 * Gildo Mahones (born 1929), American jazz pianist
 * Michele Mahone (born 1971), American television entertainment reporter and standup comedian
 * Otelia Butler Mahone (1835–1911), American nurse during the American Civil War and the wife of Confederate Major General William Mahone
 * Robert B. Mahone (1858–1914), Consul of the United States at Nuevo Laredo, Mexico
 * William Mahone (1826–1895), American civil engineer, railroad executive, soldier and politician
 * William T. Mahone Jr. also known as Master Willie Mahone, (1856–1927), American businessman and government official

Music

 * The Family Mahone, a folk rock band from Manchester, England

Others

 * Pogue Mahone, a Gaelic term meaning "kiss my ass" and the name of the seventh album by The Pogues
 * Alexander Mahone, a fictional character from the television show Prison Break.

Sports

 * CF Sporting Mahonés, Spanish football team based in Mahón, Menorca, in the autonomous community of Balearic Islands
 * Estadi Mahonés, football stadium in Mahón, Menorca, Spain, in the autonomous community of Balearic Islands

Music

 * Gildo Mahones (born 1929), American jazz pianist
 * The Mahones, Irish-born Canadian Irish punk band

title: Mahone


text:
Gore: Ultimate Soldier

Gore: Ultimate Soldier, also known as simply Gore, is a first-person shooter video game for Microsoft Windows, released on June 5, 2002. It was published by DreamCatcher Interactive and developed by 4D Rulers.

Gameplay
The player's ability to move quickly and jump high is affected by the stamina system. Stamina is usually lost when running or jumping, but being injured by weapons also does a toll on it. How much stamina is lost is affected by several factors, such as the player class being used or the weapon currently being held. Smaller classes can move quicker and regenerate stamina faster, but they cannot run with heavy weapons or they will tire quickly. Larger classes, although much slower and bigger targets, can move with heavier weapons with more endurance. Players show signs of fatigue by decreased movement speed and heavy breathing, which clearly indicates to enemies nearby where that player is and his lack of stamina. If a player's stamina goes below zero, he will black out completely and fall to the ground unconscious for a short period of time. Certain weapons such as gas grenades are designed to do only stamina damage, as opposed to health. Stamina can only be regained by resting, obtaining a stamina powerup, or by being healed by the Light Infantry class's health grenades.

Instead of protecting the entire player universally, Gore's armor only protects specific areas of the body and must be destroyed before damage can be done again to the person in that area. The individual armor pickups consist of head armor, body armor, and right and left thigh leg armor which come together. There is also a gas mask which provides more protection than the regular head armor and also prevents the player from taking stamina damage from gas grenades.

There are five classes on each team: Light Infantry, Medium Infantry, Heavy Infantry, Snipers, and Mechanized Infantry, as well as the VIP class used only in Tactical modes. However, instead of each team having mirrored skills and appearances, each class has their own distinctive characteristics, including different abilities and weapons completely different from those of the team.

All health, stamina, weapon, and ammo pickups, either as part of the map's item layout or weapons dropped by slain players, can be shot and destroyed. The resulting explosion will damage anyone nearby.

Gore places the camera from which the player views directly on the character model, thus giving true perspective from the player's point of view such as emulating the arch of the back when looking up and down. This perspective creates many new tactics for battle, for example allowing players to accurately judge which parts of their body are exposed. This also lets players to see their own feet.

Multiplayer game types

 * Deathmatch – players fight in a free-for-all battle to gain the most kills.
 * Team Deathmatch – team-based variant of deathmatch.
 * Capture the Flag – each team must defend their flag while trying to steal and capture the enemy flag. If a team steals the enemy flag but has also had their flag stolen, they cannot score until their flag has been recovered.
 * Tactical – each team spawns with a set amount of weapons and ammo in their own base and must eliminate all other players on the other team. If a player dies, he must wait until the beginning of the next round before he can respawn. The round ends when all the players on one team have been killed or an objective in the current mode of Tactical has been completed. There are four modes of Tactical.
 * Extermination – the most common Tactical mode, each team must simply kill all other players on the opposing team.
 * Assault – one team starts with a target in their base which they must prevent from being destroyed. The opposing team spawns with a bomb satchel which, when planted and detonated, is capable of destroying the target in one large blast. However, the bomb satchel has a 30-second timer, which all players in the map are capable of hearing when armed, and the player with the detonator, which emits a loud ringing noise that easily draws attention, cannot switch to a regular weapon or the timer will stop. The target can also be destroyed by normal weapons, but this is mostly an impractical method as it is strong enough to withstand a great amount of damage.
 * Escape and Infiltration – one team starts with a VIP who must be escorted to a designated location within the map. If the VIP is killed, his team loses. The VIP class is very weak, spawning with no armor and incapable of using any weapons aside from the pistol. He also cannot be healed above 100 health points like all other classes.
 * Co-operative – players join together as a team to play through an entire single-player campaign against the enemy AI. This mode was added in the 1.48 patch.
 * Duel – two players fight in a 1-on-1 deathmatch while the others in the server wait and observe from a queue. When the round is over, the loser of the duel is sent to the end of the queue and the next player in line joins to play the winner. This mode was coded in by Gore player and programmer Red Daly and was subsequently included with the 1.50 patch.

Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameSpot highlighted the exploding power-ups and their anti-camping effect on gameplay, but otherwise rated it as an average old-school shooter. The game was also praised by Greek magazine PC Master in 2003 which called it a "great old school shooter".

Gore sold 60,000 copies according to 4D Rulers' website.

Special Edition
On July 4, 2008, Gore: Special Edition was released to the public for free. The special edition includes graphical and gameplay tweaks.

title: Gore: Ultimate Soldier


text:
User:Dlpeterson1961/sandbox

Please reference and verify. this google result says hops were used in asia as far back as 10,000 yrs. ago ? Hops: The Bitter Herb www.greydragon.org/library/hops.html

title: User:Dlpeterson1961/sandbox


text:
Geometric topology (object)

In mathematics, the geometric topology is a topology one can put on the set H of hyperbolic 3-manifolds of finite volume.

Use
Convergence in this topology is a crucial ingredient of hyperbolic Dehn surgery, a fundamental tool in the theory of hyperbolic 3-manifolds.

Definition
The following is a definition due to Troels Jorgensen:

 * A sequence $$\{M_i\}$$ in H converges to M in H if there are

 * a sequence of positive real numbers $$\epsilon_i$$ converging to 0, and
 * a sequence of $$(1+\epsilon_i)$$-bi-Lipschitz diffeomorphisms $$\phi_i: M_{i, [\epsilon_i, \infty)} \rightarrow M_{[\epsilon_i, \infty)},$$

 * where the domains and ranges of the maps are the $$\epsilon_i$$-thick parts of either the $$M_i$$'s or M.

Alternate definition
There is an alternate definition due to Mikhail Gromov. Gromov's topology utilizes the Gromov-Hausdorff metric and is defined on pointed hyperbolic 3-manifolds. One essentially considers better and better bi-Lipschitz homeomorphisms on larger and larger balls. This results in the same notion of convergence as above as the thick part is always connected; thus, a large ball will eventually encompass all of the thick part.

On framed manifolds
As a further refinement, Gromov's metric can also be defined on framed hyperbolic 3-manifolds. This gives nothing new but this space can be explicitly identified with torsion-free Kleinian groups with the Chabauty topology.

title: Geometric topology (object)


text:
Wake Up (Rage Against the Machine song)

"Wake Up" is a song by American rock band Rage Against the Machine. It is the seventh track from their self-titled debut album. While never released as a single, it remains a staple of their live shows and is usually played as the last song before the encore; the spoken word portion of the song, using a real memo from J. Edgar Hoover, is often replaced with a speech addressing contemporary issues, given by frontman Zack de la Rocha. It appears in the 1999 film The Matrix to punctuate the final scene, which has increased its exposure and cultural cachet.

Composition
The lyrics discuss racism within the American government and the counter-intelligence programs of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); a spoken portion of the song is taken from an actual FBI memo in which its director J. Edgar Hoover suggests targets for the suppression of the black nationalist movement. The song also makes references to prominent African-American figures targeted by the government such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr., and goes as far as saying that the government arranged their assassinations.

The closing lines to the song are:

These lyrics refer to a speech made by Martin Luther King Jr., which paraphrases part of a well-known Bible verse, "whatever a man sows, this he will also reap" (Galatians 6:7). The speech was delivered at the end of the Selma to Montgomery March on the steps of the State Capitol Building in Montgomery, Alabama. The final lines in that speech read "How Long? Not long, because 'you shall reap what you sow'."

"Wake Up" is one of many songs by Rage Against the Machine that is played in drop D tuning on the guitar and bass.

Political speeches
In live performances, the band's frontman Zack de la Rocha often makes speeches about current issues in place of the segment where he reads the J. Edgar Hoover memo aloud. At the 2007 Coachella Festival, de la Rocha used this segment of the song to allege that the United States would start wars in other countries to suit its own purposes, citing a statement by Noam Chomsky regarding the Nuremberg Trials:

"A good friend of ours said that if the same laws were applied to U.S. presidents as were applied to the Nazis after World War II […] every single one of them, every last rich white one of them from Truman on, would have been hung to death and shot—and this current administration is no exception. They should be hung, and tried, and shot. As any war criminal should be. But the challenges that we face, they go way beyond administrations, way beyond elections, way beyond every four years of pulling levers, way beyond that. Because this whole rotten system has become so vicious and cruel that in order to sustain itself, it needs to destroy entire countries and profit from their reconstruction in order to survive—and that's not a system that changes every four years, it's a system that we have to break down, generation after generation after generation after generation after generation…Wake up." The event led to a media furor. A clip of his speech found its way to the Fox News Channel program Hannity & Colmes. An on-screen headline read, "Rock group 'Rage Against the Machine' says Bush admin should be shot." Ann Coulter (a guest on the show) quipped, "They're losers, their fans are losers, and there's a lot of violence coming from the left wing." Then Alan Colmes reminded Coulter when she said about former President Bill Clinton that "The only issue is whether to impeach or assassinate."

In response, during the band's performance at the Rock the Bells festival in New York City on July 28, de la Rocha doubled down on his remarks at Coachella, claiming the show had deliberately misrepresented his words:

"A couple of months ago, those fascist motherfuckers at the Fox News Network attempted to pin this band into a corner by suggesting that we said that the president should be assassinated. Nah, what we said was that he should be brought to trial as a war criminal and hung and shot. THAT'S what we said. And we don't back away from the position because the real assassinator is Bush and Cheney and the whole administration for the lives they have destroyed here and in Iraq. They're the ones. And what they refused to air which was far more provocative in my mind and in the minds of my bandmates is this: this system has become so brutal and vicious and cruel that it needs to start wars and profit from the destruction around the world in order to survive as a world power. THAT's what we said. And we refuse not to stand up, we refuse to back down from that position not only for the poor kids who are being left out in the desert to die, but for the Iraqi youth, the Iraqi people, their families and their friends, and their youth who are standing up and resisting the U.S. occupation every day. And if we truly want to end this fucking miserable war, we have to stand up with the same force that the Iraqi youth are standing up with every day, and bring these motherfuckers to their knees. Wake up…"

On other occasions, de la Rocha has used this segment of the song to denounce the United States' handling of Hurricane Katrina, condemn globalism, urge solidarity among the lower classes against the wealthy elite, and express support for protesters in response to the Great Recession.

In other media

 * The song was used in the end credits of the 1999 blockbuster hit The Matrix and was also featured on its soundtrack. It is one of many songs in the soundtrack which fades-out rather than stops.
 * An orchestral cover of the song by musician Sebastian Bohm was featured in the trailer for the fourth installment of the franchise, The Matrix Resurrections. Another cover, performed by Brass Against, is featured over the film's end credits, mirroring its use in the original film.
 * The song is included on the soundtrack to the 2001 BMX video game Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX 2.
 * The song appears in the debut episode of the ABC television series Dirty Sexy Money, first broadcast in 2007.
 * The song is used as the entrance song for New York Yankees closer Aroldis Chapman.

title: Wake Up (Rage Against the Machine song)


text:
Uchida Kakichi

Uchida Kakichi (内田 嘉吉, 	18 November 1866 – 3 January 1933) was the 9th Governor-General of Taiwan from 6 September 1923 to September 1924. Prior to assuming the office of Governor-General, Uchida also served as Chief of Home Affairs under Governors-General Sakuma Samata and Ando Sadami, the second highest position in the colonial government.

title: Uchida Kakichi


text:
aprirsi

Verb

 * 1) to open
 * 2) to open up
 * 3) to get off one's chest
 * 1) to get off one's chest

title: aprirsi


text:
Talk:French ironclad Flandre/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Harrias (talk · contribs) 07:33, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

I'll take a look at this shortly. Harrias talk 07:33, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

References
 * 1975b lists "F.P.D.S." as the publisher, but 1975a does not: I'm not fussed which format you use, but be consistent.

Images
 * File:French Provence Class Ironclad 1863.jpg needs a US PD tag.
 * File:Das französische Ostseegeschwader auf seiner Rückreise vor Helgoland 26 September 1870 Illustrirte Zeitung vom 5 November 1870 Von links GUYENNE THETIS FLANDRE OCÈAN SURVEILLANTE.jpg needs correct details adding: the image clearly isn't from "17 June 2015": if it was, then the PD tags are incorrect. I am unsure as to what "Verschiedene" means for both Source and Author, but again, I doubt they should be the same.
 * It means various; entirely unsuitable for an image on Commons.

Prose
 * Ironclad is linked twice in the lead, Chase gun is linked twice in the Armament and protection section.
 * "..one of ten Provence-class ironclad armored frigates built.." Can we avoid this WP:SEAOFBLUE?
 * "Together with the ironclad Magenta, the ship visited Plymouth, England, on 17–19 July." Is it worth expanding that this was for the Exhibition of the Royal Agricultural Society?
 * Dammit, I couldn't figure out why they were there for the life of me, but not being able to access this link might explain why not.
 * "The Austrian screw frigate Frederick, Capt. Whiplinger, which has been at Plymouth in consequence of the Exhbition of the Royal Agricultural Society, was under orders on Saturday to leave the Sound of Cherbourg. The French ship of war Magenta, Capt. Lebris, the frigate La Flandre, Capt. Bachine, and the gunboat Ariel, Commander Poirier d'Hauterive, which have also been at Plymouth during the last week in consequence of the Exhibition, left the Sound by the Eastern Channel on Saturday evening for Cherbourg." –
 * Added with my thanks.
 * Some information here about some gun trials she was involved in?
 * If you can give me enough info to find these links some other way, I'll be happy to add the info.
 * The citation is: This is quite a long piece which needs a bit of unpicking. If you send me an email, I can reply with a PDF copy of the article?  Harrias  talk 07:42, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Email sent. I'll hold off adding this material until I see what exactly it covers.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 11:47, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Many thanks. It was very handy as I'm going to work on the articles for the other warships very soon.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 14:08, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, I get my Times access through Gale at the Wikipedia Library: . Not sure if it would work for you? Harrias  talk 09:53, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "In January 1867, Flandre collided with the British merchantman Brutus in the Atlantic Ocean. Brutus sank with the loss of ten of her fourteen crew." Do we know if there was any diplomatic fall out from this?
 * None that I know of.

Overall, another tidy piece of work with little to fault. Harrias talk 07:58, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for looking this over.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 13:49, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, all done. See if my changes are satisfactory.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 14:08, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * All looks good to me now, passing. Harrias  talk 09:53, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:French ironclad Flandre/GA1


text:
Geometry for Elementary School/Copying a triangle

In this chapter, we will show how to copy a triangle $$\triangle ABC $$ to other triangle $$\triangle CDE $$. The construction is an excellent example of the reduction technique – solving a problem by solution to a previously solved problem.

The construction

 * 1) Construct a triangle from the sides of $$\triangle ABC $$ : $$\overline{AB}$$, $$\overline{AC}$$, $$\overline{BC}$$ and get $$\triangle CDE $$.

Claim
The triangles $$\triangle ABC $$ and $$\triangle CDE $$ are congruent.

Proof

 * 1) $$\overline{AB}$$, $$\overline{AC}$$, $$\overline{BC}$$ are sides of the  triangle  $$\triangle ABC $$ and therefore obey the triangle inequality.
 * 2) Therefore one can build a triangle whose sides equal these segments.
 * 3) The sides of the triangle $$\triangle ABC $$  and $$\triangle CDE $$ are equal.
 * 4) Due to ../The Side-Side-Side congruence theorem/ the triangles $$\triangle ABC$$ and $$\triangle CDE$$ congruence.

Geometria per scuola elementare/Copia di un triangolo