text:
A16 (restaurant)

A16 is an Italian restaurant in California. There are two locations: the original location in San Francisco and a second location in Oakland. The restaurant's cuisine focuses on the Italian region of Campania. In 2014, the restaurant was named to the Top 100 Restaurants in San Francisco list by Michael Bauer of the San Francisco Chronicle.

Description
The original A16 in San Francisco is located in the Marina District. The Oakland location is in the Rockridge neighborhood. The San Francisco restaurant's dining room is long and narrow. In the middle of the restaurant is an open kitchen. There is bar seating in the front and patio seating in the back.

The Oakland location was designed by Cass Calder Smith of CCS Architecture. The space is described as "rustic-industrial". There entrance has large glass windows. The bar is made of thick marble. The exposed brick walls are an original component of the building architecture and wooden beams are visible on the ceiling. The ocean-themed artwork is by Kelly Tunstall. This location seats 85 and 125 including a private dining room.

Menu
A16's menu focuses on the cuisine of Campania, Italy. A16 is well known for its wood-fired pizza. Other dishes include braised octopus, fettuccine made with black pepper served with pig's trotters, sirloin steak and goat chop. Main courses come with a side dish of the diners choice, including cannellini beans or broccoli with calabrian chiles and colatura di alici. For dessert, the restaurant serves a chocolate tart with sea salt. The menu offers many local ingredients from the San Francisco Bay Area, including coffee from Blue Bottle Coffee Company. The San Francisco location offers three-course lunch meals for $20. During lunch time, the kitchen staff can be seen processing meat for dinner service, including pig, rabbit, goat, chicken, and duck.

The wine list is maintained by owner and sommelier, Shelley Lindgren. It lists over 1,500 bottles of wine and focuses on Southern Italian wine.

History
A16 was founded in February 2004 by Shelley Lindgren, a sommelier turned restaurateur, Victoria Libin, a tech lawyer, and Christophe Hille the founding chef. The restaurant is named after the Autostrada A16 in Italy. Christophe Hille was the founding chef, followed by Nate Appleman. Christophe Hille earned three stars by the San Francisco Chronicle in the opening review. Nate Appleman was awarded the James Beard Foundation Award forRising Star Chef Award in 2009 and then quit A16 to move to New York. After he left, Liza Shaw became executive chef. A16 opened a restaurant in Tokyo Japan in 2009 in partnership with Giraud Restaurants Limited at the Marunouchi Park Building. The menu was tailored to be financially cost effective (i.e. they removed fennel from the menu due to how expensive it was at the time) and the kitchen staff had to modify their habits to meet the kitchen provided by Mitsubishi, which included a gas pizza oven instead of a wood oven. In 2012, Christopher Thompson became Executive Chef. In 2013, Lindgren and Libin opened a second location in Oakland. This second location has a full liquor license, unlike the original. Thompson moved to the Rockridge location and left in 2014. That year, Rocky Maselli became executive chef at both locations. Rocky Masselli left in 2017 and Nicolette Manescalchi became the chef. Victoria Libin left the restaurants in 2014 and Shelley Lindgren became the sole managing partner.

The restaurant is popular as a lunch spot for food and wine industry workers, including Robert Finigan, who frequented the restaurant prior to his death.

Reception
In 2014, Zagat rated A16 a 24. Michael Bauer of the San Francisco Chronicle has named A12 one of his favorite restaurants in San Francisco. In 2013 he gave it a three star review. Bauer has listed A16 in his annual Top 100 Restaurants in San Francisco list seven times. Over the years, Bauer has expressed concern about the quality of the original A16 suffering due to the opening of the new Oakland restaurant, and a frequent overturn of executive chefs. However, Bauer frequently reviews the restaurant and often states that the restaurant has not suffered despite these challenges and changes. Bauer and Zagat both noted that A16 is a loud restaurant. Zagat described it as having an "off putting noise."

The restaurant is well known for its wine list, which is maintained by owner Shelley Lindgren. The wine list was named one of the top three in the country by Lettie Teague in 2010. It was also nominated for a James Beard Award.

title: A16 (restaurant)


text:
Talk:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre

Theater vs. Theatre
Hi, I went ahead and changed it back to the American english "theater". At the beginning I changed the first sentence to Odessa Opera Theatre, so that people searching for this term will find this page.

Does anyone know the wikipolicy on this? All I found was this: Manual_of_Style_(spelling)

I did find this though: Lamest_edit_wars. With three British/American English edit wars.

I am an American, and respectively, this statment is not correct: theater is a term that is rarely used inside USA let alone outside Odessaukrain 16:42, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Here is an interesting guideline: Here--Riurik (discuss) 20:55, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know. Go figure. Thanks for the link : ) Odessaukrain 14:00, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Close edition of this page
Pls close possibility to edit this page 2A02:8109:2740:1FEC:1956:9471:7618:3E0E (talk) 07:15, 10 July 2022 (UTC)

Spelling of Odesa in name
@<IP_ADDRESS>, Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre does not singularly use either the Ukrainian- or Russian-language version; text on its pages uses the Russian-language form, while its English-language logo uses the Ukrainian-language form (see here). I don't think that one version can be singularly used in this case, but I feel that the version fitting the currently-accepted spelling of Odesa should be used (while at the same time noting that the Russian spelling is used as well).

Mupper-san (talk) 22:03, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre


text:
pleuvoir comme vache qui pisse

Etymology
lit. 'to rain like a pissing cow'.

Verb

 * 1)  to rain like a cow pissing on a flat rock, to piss it down

Conjugation

 * see

title: pleuvoir comme vache qui pisse


text:
Hulodes gravata

Hulodes gravata is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Seram) and New Guinea.

Subspecies

 * Hulodes gravata gravata
 * Hulodes gravata seranensis Prout, 1932 (Seram)

title: Hulodes gravata


text:
Building Act 1984

The Building Act 1984 (c. 55) is a United Kingdom statute consolidating previous legislation concerning the construction process, and the design and specifications for buildings and their component parts, and related matters, in England and Wales. The Welsh Government may make its own building regulations for Wales under this Act.

This Building Act 1984 does not extend to Scotland or Northern Ireland, which both have similar but differing legislation.

The Building Act 1984 permits detailed regulations to be made by the UK Secretary of State and/or the Welsh Ministers (of the Senedd). The building regulations made under the Building Act 1984 have been periodically updated, rewritten or consolidated, with the latest and current version being the Building (Amendment) Regulations 2016 (SI 2016/490).

More minor amendments have been issued, for example in 2019 and 2020 in respect of enhanced fire safety measures. (Building Regulation 7(2) placed a ban on the use of combustible materials in external walls, of high-risk buildings – over (six floors) 18 metres high).

Following the Grenfell Tower Fire of 2017, in which 72 people died in a 24-floor block of flats (without sprinklers and combustible external wall materials had been recently added to the block – for improved energy-efficiency and other building management reasons), an independent review into Building Regulations and fire safety was commissioned by the UK Government and chaired by Dame Judith Hackitt. The review's report was published on 17 May 2018.

The UK Government surveyed 1,200 recently erected "high-rise" buildings and it was found that far too many were in fact not compliant with the pre-2017 fire safety requirements of the English building regulations. The government has now ordered many of these "dangerous" higher-risk buildings to be "remediated".

The government has asked many more 'older' high-rise building owners to examine their stock for safety risks. Some 12,000 blocks have now been reviewed.

Local housing authorities and regional fire authorities have been instructed to ensure remediation of recently erected blocks is carried out as quickly as possible.

Power to make regulations
S.1 Power to make building regulations

The Secretary of State (or The Welsh Assembly) may for any purposes of :
 * (a) securing the health, safety, welfare and convenience of persons regards buildings
 * (b) conserving fuel and power
 * (c) preventing waste, undue consumption, or contamination of water
 * (d) protecting or enhancing the environment
 * (e) facilitating sustainable development or
 * (f) preventing and detecting crime

make building regulations in respect of:
 * (a) the design and construction of buildings
 * (b) the demolition of buildings
 * (c) services, fittings and equipment provided in or in connection with buildings.

The powers to make building regulations have been amended and extended in their scope by two recent Acts of Parliament; the Sustainable and Secure Buildings Act 2004 and the Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006. The latter Act also alters and extends the enforcement powers of local building control authorities, in England and Wales. The Building Act 1984 is to be greatly altered in both its scope and its enforcement powers, by the forthcoming "Building Safety Act 2021".

The legal obligation to ensure controlled building work does comply with the requirements of the building regulations will to be shared between more defined "individual dutyholders". Enforcement powers will be available for use by a building control authority for up to ten years after any offence.

New legislation
On 20 July 2020, a new draft "Building Safety Act" was published, for public consultation, and the Building Safety Bill was introduced into the House of Commons on 5 July 2021. This was enacted into statute law on 28 April 2022 and will greatly alter the scope and remit of the existing legislation.

The bill defines "higher-risk" (high-rise) as those blocks of flats "with 6 floors or more" or those blocks of flats "over 18m high", whichever occurs first.

The new law (Act) heavily amends and extending the Building Act 1984 and for example, abolishes "approved inspectors", creates a single state register for all building control inspectors (with 'legal duties' now being at the individual and personal level of professional and legal responsibility), creates a new national Building Safety Regulator (BSR).

The Act creates several new criminal offences – including one of impersonating a registered building control inspector.

The Act creates new building control authorities – initially at the district or unitary local authority level.

The Act confirms the new national Building Safety Regulator will be a building control authority for all "higher-risk" buildings. (Residential buildings with two or more flats over 18 metres high).

The national regulator will be the sole building control authority for 'higher-risk' (high-rise) buildings. All existing and under construction, "higher-risk" (high-rise – over 18m high) buildings are to be transferred to the "National Building Safety Regulator" jurisdiction.

All "higher-risk" buildings will have to register with the BSR and prove (over the whole-lifetime of the building) that they are still safe to use and occupy and monitor the "higher-risk" building's fire and structural safe features and systems, to keep this safety case registered with the national regulator (for England). Periodic re-registration (with the BSR) will be required for all high-risk buildings.

The new law will also alter the Architect Registration Board's operational rules to require all 'architects' to undertake annual CPD and competency training for the whole of the "practising career".

Developers, designers and contractors will no longer be able to choose their "regulator".

The national regulator will also have powers to test and/or ban any building material or building product, which it knows is "unsafe" or "non-compliant" with the "requirements of the Building Regulations". The national regulator will also have powers to require all claims made about the performance or nature of a building product or material to be truthful and supported by 'up-to-date' scientific testing.

The devolved Welsh Government has welcomed the draft Building Safety Bill, and will legislate for it to apply (with some Welsh amendments) to future building work within the nation of Wales.

Scotland
Scotland has its own Building (Scotland) Act 2003 and its own Building (Procedures) (Scotland) Regulations 2004.

title: Building Act 1984


text:
Talk:Gopinath Chandran

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Gobinath Chandran. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120317063234/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist/17956/1/gopinath.html to http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist/17956/1/gopinath.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:04, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

Article title
The article is titled Gobinath Chandran, but the subject of the article appears to be called Gopinath Chandran (note the 'p' vice 'b' in the first name. This article should be moved to correct the title. – <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:17, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Article was moved today (27 July 2021) to Gopinath Chandran. Gobinath Chandran is now a redirect back to this article. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:52, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gopinath Chandran


text:
User:Geo432/sandbox

Greetings Rotarians, This is my first bulletin as your President. I would like to thank all of you were able to come to this week’s meeting to hear my vision for the club during the next twelve months. With all of your help, I am sure we will have a fun successful year that improves our community and our planet. If you weren’t able to make this week’s meeting but would like to learn about the club’s goals for the year, please let me know.

For those of you who may have missed it, here is a link to our District’s Newsletter: http://windsorrotary.com/Data/districtnewsletter/rotarynewsletter.pdf There is a picture of David Bonomi and I presenting the check for the water project in Guatemala. There is also a signup sheet for the District Golf tournament on August 6th.

As a reminder, any commitments you may have signed up for will be listed at the bottom of these bulletins.

This Week’s Business Announcements and Events:

1.We still need folks to sign up for Sergeant-At-Arms duties. Please contact Rosemarie Goyette to sign up<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
2.Our club will be selling this year’s Rotary Theme pin as a fundraiser for our general fund. The pins will be $5.00 and the proceeds will help offset our budget for club supplies.

3.Rick Martin will no longer be the attendance monitor. George Condon will know handle all attendance matters. You can e-mail him at george@teamnss or fax him at<PHONE_NUMBER>. We thank Rick for his many years of service as attendance monitor.

4.The board voted to increase the first raffle amount to $10 if the club was successful in selling 6 advertising spots on our website for the upcoming year. 7 Rotarians stepped forward so we were successful. Thank you to:

 * Applied Software Technologies (Steve Swanda)

 * Jane Barrientos, Fine Artist
 * Jane Barrientos, Fine Artist

 * Law Offices of Dennis Powers
 * Law Offices of Dennis Powers

 * Northeast Security Solutions (George Condon)
 * Northeast Security Solutions (George Condon)

 * Northwestern Mutual (David Bonomi)
 * Northwestern Mutual (David Bonomi)

 * Precision Communications, Inc. (Stella Kalamarakis)
 * Precision Communications, Inc. (Stella Kalamarakis)

 * West Springfield Federal Credit Union (Diane Murphy)

5.Our dues bills will be coming out in the next couple of weeks. The board voted to keep the amount the same this year even though both the District dues and the International dues were raised. We will offset the increased fees through other means this year. The dues bills will be due in 30 days from when they get handed out. A $35 late will be added to non paid bills after 60 days.

6.The Pawtucket Red Sox are hosting a Rotary Night on Tuesday, August 14 at 6:30pm. General Admission tickets are only $6 each. If any of you would like to attend, please let me know so I can get you our club banner for the opening ceremonies.

7.If you are planning on attending the Tanglewood Trip on Sunday, July 29, please get your money to Jane Barrientos this week. Tickets will be $40 per person. If we don’t sell enough tickets to fill the bus, we may need to drop the provided transportation. Please see Jane for more details.

8.If you are planning on going to the Patriots Game on September 16, please give me a headcount for your party as soon as possible. I would love to fill the bus with our own club but there is a strong possibility we will need to open this event up to other clubs in our area. Even if you can’t get me the money yet, please give me a head count. Thank you.

9.We had our first reading this week for 2 new proposed members.

 * Dan O’Brien Classification: Police Officer Sponsors: Marco Amato/ Bill Shepard

 * Jeannie Miller Classification: Medical Marketing Sponsor: Simon Brighenti
 * Jeannie Miller Classification: Medical Marketing Sponsor: Simon Brighenti

Per our club bylaws, please see me if there are any concerns.

10.We congratulated Bill Wagner this week for obtaining the next level of Paul Harris Fellow. He is now a PHF +1. We also thanked him for his continued generous support of the Taste of the Valley with a plaque.

title: User:Geo432/sandbox


text:
Leonard Harper (producer)

Leonard Harper (April 9, 1899, Birmingham, Alabama – February 4, 1943, Harlem, New York) was a producer, stager, and choreographer in New York City during the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s and 1930s.

Harper's works spanned the worlds of vaudeville, cabaret, burlesque and Broadway musical comedy. As a dancer, choreographer and studio owner, he coached many of the country's leading performers, including Ruby Keeler, Fred Astaire and Adele Astaire, and the Marx Brothers. He produced floor shows and theatrical revues both uptown in Harlem and downtown on Broadway's Great White Way. He co-directed and staged the ensemble segments of The Exile and the short film Darktown Revue with Oscar Micheaux. Harper staged for Broadway Hot Chocolates at the Hudson Theatre and was the premiere producer who opened up the Cotton Club. He also produced Lindy Hop revues and an act called Harper's Lindy Hoppers at the Savoy Ballroom, as detailed in his biography Rhythm For Sale.

Early life
Harper was born in 1899 in Birmingham, Alabama, to William Harper, a performer, and his wife. Harper started dancing as a child to attract a crowd on a medicine show wagon, traveling with the show throughout the South. In 1915, he first toured in New York City, and quickly moved to Chicago.

There he began choreographing and performing dance acts with Osceola Blanks of the Blanks Sisters, who became the first black act for the Shubert Brothers.

He married Osceola Blanks in 1923.

Return to New York
Harper and Osceola Blanks performed in his first big revue, Plantation Days, when it opened at the Lafayette Theatre in Harlem in 1922–23. He began producing floor shows in Harlem and New York thereafter.

From 1923 to 1924, Harper offered the Duke Ellington Orchestra the house band position at the speakeasies Connie's Inn in Harlem and the Kentucky Club in Times Square. He was producing shows there and the Duke Ellington orchestra played as the house band at the Kentucky Club for the next four years. At the suggestion of drummer Sonny Greer, Ellington and his wife Edna, along with their son Mercer Ellington, stayed in one of Harper's Harlem apartment bedrooms in the early 1920s.

By 1925, Harper owned a Times Square dance studio where black dancers taught their dances to white performers. As a nightclub and Broadway producer, Harper counted Billie Holiday, Ethel Waters, Duke Ellington, Bill Robinson, Harold "Stumpy" Cromer of Stump and Stumpy and Count Basie among his colleagues. He introduced Louis Armstrong and Cab Calloway to New York show business, and worked with Mae West, Josephine Baker, Lena Horne, Fats Waller and Eubie Blake.

Harper was part of the transition team when the Deluxe Cabaret was turned into the Cotton Club, producing two of its first revues during its opening. His biggest milestone on the Great White Way was his staging of the Broadway hit Hot Chocolates, which established the classic Broadway show tunes "Black and Blue" and "Ain't Misbehavin'". Harper was one of the leading figures who transformed Harlem into a cultural center during the 1920s. His nightclub productions took place at Connie's Inn, the Lafayette Theatre, the new Apollo Theatre, and other theatres in New York.

He had a daughter, Jean Harper, out of wedlock with Fannie Pennington.

Harper died in Harlem, New York, on February 4, 1943, and Adam Clayton Powell Jr. conducted his funeral at the Abyssinian Baptist Church.

== Legacy == A Harlem street was co-named after Harper on October 10, 2015, because of the efforts of his grandson, Grant Harper Reid. "Leonard Harper Way" is located on 7th Avenue (also known as Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Blvd.) and 132nd Street.

Harper was named a 2015 NAACP History Maker.

Leonard Harper's Congressional Record

The late Leonard Harper is one of this year's 2022 inductees into the ATDF Tap Dance Hall of Fame, the only Tap Dance Hall of Fame focused exclusively on 20th and 21st century professional tap dancers.

title: Leonard Harper (producer)


text:
Vieirinha

Adelino André Vieira de Freitas (born 24 January 1986), known as Vieirinha, is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a winger or a full-back for Super League Greece club PAOK.

Ambidextrous, he started playing for Porto, but spent most of his professional career with PAOK and Wolfsburg. With the first club, for whom he appeared in 329 competitive matches, he won the 2018–19 and 2023–24 Super League Greece championships and three Greek Cups.

Vieirinha made his debut with the Portugal national team in 2013, and was part of the squads at the 2014 World Cup and Euro 2016, winning the latter tournament.

Porto
Formed in the youth ranks of local Vitória SC, Guimarães-born Vieirinha caught the interest of FC Porto and eventually finished his football grooming there. After a six-month loan at Segunda Liga's F.C. Marco he joined the first team in the 2006–07 season, being given a four-year professional contract.

Vieirinha played his first official game for Porto on 11 August 2006, in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira against Vitória de Setúbal, coming on as a substitute in the 70th minute and scoring the game's last goal in the 89th, in a 3–0 final result.

Alongside teammates Diogo Valente and Paulo Machado, Vieirinha was loaned to Primeira Liga promotees Leixões S.C. for 2007–08. All proved instrumental as the Matosinhos side retained their league status at the end of the campaign.

PAOK
Vieirinha then returned to Porto, being immediately loaned to PAOK FC of Greece, which had expressed interest in the player as his compatriot Fernando Santos was at the club's helm at the time; a season-long loan was eventually arranged, as the player teamed up with compatriot Sérgio Conceição. After only a few games, he picked up a serious injury (torn ankle ligament) in a derby against Aris Thessaloniki FC, caused by Vitolo, a player who would join PAOK the following year.

In mid-July 2009, PAOK came to terms with Porto to make the move permanent for roughly €1 million, following Vieirinha's wish to continue playing under coach Santos. He renewed his link late in the year until June 2013, with a €15 million buyout clause.

On 4 November 2010, diminutive Vieirinha scored with his head in a 1–0 home win against Villarreal CF in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League. He was also named the Super League's most valuable player, the second individual accolade in a row whilst at the Toumba Stadium, and his team finished in third position and qualified for the Europa League.

Despite considerable transfer market speculation owing to his increased potential, Vieirinha started 2011–12 in the same place, helping the side progress to the Europa League group phase. He played 126 matches in all competitions, scoring 28 goals and making 21 assists.

VfL Wolfsburg
With a short statement on 3 January 2012, PAOK announced the club had come to terms regarding the transfer of Vieirinha to German side VfL Wolfsburg; the player signed until June 2015, for approximately €4 million. He made his Bundesliga debut on the 21st, playing 45 minutes in a 1–0 home victory over 1. FC Köln.

Vieirinha scored his first official goal for the Wolves on 9 March 2013, contributing to a 5–2 away rout of SC Freiburg with a volley from outside the box. In September, during a DFB-Pokal game against VfR Aalen, he ruptured his knee ligaments, going on to be sidelined until April of the following year.

Vierinha played at right-back as Wolfsburg won its first domestic cup on 30 May 2015, with a 3–1 win over Borussia Dortmund, and featured in the same position on 1 August as they conquered the DFL-Supercup against FC Bayern Munich in a penalty shootout. On 8 December, again as a winger, he was one of three players on target for the hosts as they defeated Manchester United 3–2 in the last round of the UEFA Champions League's group stage and progressed at the expense of their adversary.

Return to Greece
On 31 August 2017, PAOK announced the signing of Vierinha on a €1 million fee. He scored his first goal in his second spell on 20 November, netting from a penalty in a 2–1 home win against Atromitos FC.

On 12 May 2018, a free kick from captain Vieirinha helped the club overcome AEK Athens F.C. in the final of the Greek Cup at the Olympic Stadium, a 2–0 victory to help renew the supremacy in that tournament. For his display, he was named the Player of the match.

Vieirinha suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury against Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C. on 14 April 2019, going on to be sidelined for approximately six months. In spite of this, he still took the field in the 89th minute of the final league fixture with Levadiakos F.C. the following weekend, as the side were crowned champions for the first time since 1985 and third overall.

On 5 March 2021, aged 35, Vieirinha renewed his contract until the summer of 2022. On 22 May, he scored the first goal from the spot as PAOK won 2–1 against league winners Olympiacos in the domestic cup final.

On 24 February 2022, Vieirinha scored in a 2–1 home victory over FC Midtjylland in the knockout round play-offs of the UEFA Europa Conference League, helping his team reach the round of 16 in Europe for the first time in 48 years after a penalty shootout. In June, he agreed to a one-year extension.

International career
Vieirinha featured for every youth level of the Portugal national team, from under-16 to under-21, earning a total of 83 caps and scoring 28 goals in the process. In November 2011 he received his first callup to the main squad, replacing the injured Danny for the UEFA Euro 2012 playoffs against Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Vieirinha finally made his debut for Portugal on 22 March 2013, playing the last 30 minutes in a 3–3 draw in Israel for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. On 19 May of the following year he was named in the final 23-man squad for the finals in Brazil and, on 11 June, scored his only international goal, netting his team's fourth in a 5–1 friendly win over the Republic of Ireland in the United States four minutes after replacing Silvestre Varela. He featured once in the final stages, playing 21 minutes in the 2–1 group stage defeat of Ghana as Portugal went out on goal difference.

On 17 November 2015, Vieirinha captained the side for the only time in a 2–0 friendly victory away to Luxembourg. At Euro 2016, under former PAOK boss Santos, he was the first choice right-back during the group stage but lost his place to Southampton's Cédric Soares in the knockout phase.

Honours
Porto
 * Primeira Liga: 2006–07
 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2006

Wolfsburg
 * DFB-Pokal: 2014–15
 * DFL-Supercup: 2015

PAOK
 * Super League Greece: 2018–19, 2023–24
 * Greek Football Cup: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21

Portugal
 * UEFA European Championship: 2016
 * UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2003

Individual
 * Super League Greece Best Foreign Player: 2010–11, 2018–19
 * Greek Football Cup Final MVP: 2017–18
 * Super League Greece Team of the Season: 2017–18, 2018–19
 * PAOK MVP of the Season: 2010–11, 2017–18, 2018–19
 * Bundesliga Team of the Year: 2014–15

Orders
 * POR_Ordem_do_Merito_Comendador_BAR.svg Commander of the Order of Merit

title: Vieirinha


text:
George Forrest (soccer)

George Forrest (July 21, 1904 – May 22, 1986) was a Scottish football (soccer) player who played for the Canada men's national soccer team.

Career
Forrest began his career with Scotland with Heart of Midlothian and Alloa Athletic. After spending a year in Canada with Toronto Ulster United, in 1924 he signed with Bethlehem Steel of the American Soccer League. He played two seasons with Bethlehem, but was released following the 1925–26 season. He returned to Canada where he briefly played again for Ulster. In September 1926, Bethlehem brought him back into the team for a third season. He then played for several clubs in England and Scotland over the next eight years.

Forrest played for Canada in their 1924 tour of Australia and New Zealand: In six games against Australia, Forrest scored twice as the Canadians split the series at two wins a piece. He played in Canada's first official match on June 7, 1924, against Australia, where he also scored Canada's second-ever goal. A week later Canada drew with New Zealand 1–1 in Auckland.

title: George Forrest (soccer)


text:
aparatura

Etymology
Perhaps from. .

Noun

 * 1) apparatus

Noun

 * 1) set of instruments
 * 2)  apparatus

title: aparatura


text:
Cookbook:Kale

Kale is a very bitter open-headed member of the cabbage family. It can be cooked in combination with Collard greens or with other milder ingredients to soften its harsh flavour. It can also be substituted for spinach in most dishes.

Kale must be kept cold to avoid bitterness and wilting. Choose smaller leaves because they will be less strongly flavoured, and use them quickly as the bitterness will intensify rapidly after picking. If the leaves are very small and tender, the stems can also be used, but they become woody and tough as the plant grows, so they may need to be removed before cooking.

Further Reading
 * http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/1,1523,127,00.html

title: Cookbook:Kale


text:
File:By2 Love and Love.jpg

Summary
By2, Ocean Butterflies Music

Purpose: To identify he subject of the article Love and Love (By2 album)

title: File:By2 Love and Love.jpg


text:
Gone (Red album)

Gone is the sixth studio album by American Christian rock band Red. It was released on October 27, 2017 through Essential Records. It was produced by Rob Graves. A 17-track digital deluxe edition is also available.

Recording
In a March 2017 interview, guitarist Anthony Armstrong revealed the band, bassist and twin brother Randy Armstrong and singer Michael Barnes, were in the early stages of recording their sixth studio album. The sessions took place in the northeast US state of Maine, which is where their longtime producer Rob Graves lives and where their previous release, Of Beauty and Rage (2015), was also recorded. The location of the studio, surrounded by woods with wildlife, had a positive effect on the group and they agreed to return to record Gone with just Graves and themselves. By March 2017, the album's title had already been agreed upon by the band. Red took a break from recording in March 2017 to continue with the second half of their tour to commemorate the tenth anniversary of their debut album, End of Silence (2006).

Musically, Anthony noted that Gone continues the style of Red's previous albums as its approach is "alive and well", but wanted to avoid playing "the same four chords" as compared to other contemporary rock bands. Randy approached the album like the band was making its last, a thought he also had with each previous release which prompted him to give the fans "something heavy", yet makes people think about big questions in life. Red albums are known to address darker themes in their music, such as the struggles humans face in life. Gone includes the band's second recorded cover in the form of "Unstoppable" by Australian musician Sia.

Release
Gone was released on October 27, 2017. A digital pre-order became available on September 22, which included a digital download of "Still Alive", the radio single. Those who pre-order will have access to a second download on October 13, "Gone". A digital-only deluxe edition of the album includes 17 tracks. Limited edition packages were made available via the band's PledgeMusic site.

Critical reception
Gone was met with mixed to positive reviews from critics and fans. According to the aggregate website Album of The Year, the album holds a user rating score of 61 out of 100, based on 26 reviews.

In a review for Jesus Freak Hideout, David Craft gave the album three stars out of five. He thought that while Gone remains "exceptionally listenable", it would leave a number of Red fans "frustratingly disappointed" due to their incorporation of more electronic music elements to their arrangements and the scarcity of memorable song hooks and melodies.

Personnel
Red
 * Michael Barnes – lead vocals
 * Anthony Armstrong – guitars, programming
 * Randy Armstrong – bass, backing vocals

Additional musicians
 * Joe Rickard – drums, programming, drum editing

Additional personnel
 * Tom Baker – mastering
 * Jeremy Cowart – band photography
 * Rob Graves – producer, engineering, programming, string engineering
 * Igor Khoroshev – programming, string arrangements
 * Jason McArthur – executive producer
 * Alex Niceforo – programming
 * Oscar Nilsson – drum engineering
 * Tim Parker – art direction, design
 * Paul Pavao – mixing
 * Jason Root – A&R
 * Justin Spotswood – engineering

title: Gone (Red album)


text:
Pierre-Frédéric Dorian

Pierre-Frédéric Dorian (24 January 1814 in Montbéliard, Doubs – 14 April 1873 in Paris) was a French master blacksmith and radical Republican leader. He served as minister of public works from 4 September 1870 – 19 February 1871. He was the grandfather of Pauline Ménard-Dorian.

title: Pierre-Frédéric Dorian


text:
Goldmeister

Goldmeister is a German duo that combines music from the 1920s with hip hop from the 1990s.

History
Chris Dunker and Philipp Ohleyer had already played together for five years as part of the band Phoenix West before the two founded Goldmeister in 2016. The name is based on the two majors influences on the band: swing music from the Golden Twenties in Germany and Grandmaster Flash, one of the pioneers of hip hop. Their music combines Oldtime Jazz, Dixieland, Chicago Jazz, and swing with lounge and party-jazz of the 1960s. Their music is based on hip hop from the 1990s and 2000s, including Fettes Brot, Culcha Candela, Xavier Naidoo, Peter Fox and Jan Delay.

Their first single, Sie ist weg, (a cover of Die Fantastischen Vier) was released on April 6, 2018. On June 22, 2018 their debut album Alles Gold was released by Universal Music. The album reached #30 in the German album charts.

Discography

 * 2018: Sie ist weg (Single, Universal Music)
 * 2018: Alles Gold (Album, Universal Music)

title: Goldmeister


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Katarina Johnson-Thompson

Katarina Johnson-Thompson

 * ... that 2012 British Olympic heptathlete Katarina Johnson-Thompson missed most of the 2010 season with jumper's knee?
 * Reviewed: Halil Zorba
 * Comment: Another one for use during the Olympics

Created/expanded by Basement12 (talk). Self nom at 16:29, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol confirmed.svg New enough and long enough. QPQ done.  Article fully supported by inline citations. Article is neutral enough.  No images to check. Plagiarism spotcheck  No cause for concerns. Hooked fact found in article and supported by inline citations which support hooked fact.  Good to go. --LauraHale (talk) 20:56, 13 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Animal Behavior/Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning, sometimes called instrumental conditioning or instrumental learning, was first extensively studied by Edward L. Thorndike (1874–1949). Thorndike's most famous work investigated the behavior of cats trying to escape from various home-made puzzle boxes. When first constrained in the boxes the cats took a long time to escape from each. With experience however, ineffective responses occurred less frequently and successful responses occurred more quickly enabling the cats to escape in less and less time over successive trials (Wikipedia).

B.F. Skinner (1904–1990) extended the theories proposed by Thorndike about 40 years after Thorndike published his works. Skinner's ideas of animals operating on the environment led him to analyze how behavior is affected by its consequences. The contraption that became known as the Skinner box measured whether a task was completed and how long it took for the task to be completed. The Skinner box consisted of a bar that, when pressed, triggered the release of a food pellet. Skinner believed that rewarding an animal when an appropriate action occurred would increase the likelihood that the behavior would be repeated. When a rat accidentally tapped on the bar, a food pellet was released, and Skinner observed the amount of time it took the rat to find the pellet. As the rat learned that a pellet released each time he happened to step on the bar, the rat learned to press the bar and to immediately find the food. This training became known as operant conditioning (Alcock).

Today Skinners operant conditioning is still used to train animals. All animals that are part of Sea World programs have been trained using positive reinforcement operant conditioning. When an animal performs a desired behavior the trainer will reward the animal to encourage the action to be performed when signaled for at a later time. Positive reinforcers are stimuli that strengthen a response if they follow that response (How Animals). Negative reinforcers can also be used to encourage a certain behavior. It is important to distinguish the difference between negative reinforcement and the punishment theory. Negative reinforcement is simply the removal of an unpleasant stimulant or pain (Bernstein). For example: a person who uses an alarm that plays a pleasant song may oftentimes hit the snooze or linger in bed. To condition himself to get out of bed as soon as the alarm goes off the person may switch the alarm sound to something obnoxiously loud and unpleasant. To remove the unpleasant stimulant the person will immediately get out of bed and turn the alarm off. Knowing how to remove the unpleasant sound increases the likelihood that the person will get out of bed immediately after the alarm plays. The Punishment theory, on the other hand, introduces an aversive stimulus to reduce the likelihood of a certain behavior.

Operant conditioning is seen in the learning behavior of many animals, including humans. Oftentimes it goes completely unnoticed, but it can also be used as a deliberate tool in training. As young children explore their world and learn how to eliminate unpleasant stimuli and satisfy desires through proper behavior, they are learning through operant conditioning.

See also Thorndike's Law of Effect

title: Animal Behavior/Operant Conditioning


text:
Pseudorhodopis inermis

Pseudorhodopis inermis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Pseudorhodopis. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1940.

title: Pseudorhodopis inermis


text:
Talk:Bruce Golden

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Bruce Golden. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120215021020/http://www.sfreader.com/fiction_main.asp to http://www.sfreader.com/fiction_main.asp

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:08, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Bruce Golden. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130430165731/http://www.sfreader.com/interview012.asp to http://www.sfreader.com/interview012.asp

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:48, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Bruce Golden. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201629/http://www.thepedestalmagazine.com/gallery.php?item=8046 to http://www.thepedestalmagazine.com/gallery.php?item=8046

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:47, 26 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bruce Golden


text:
Army of the classical Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman army was the military structure established by Mehmed II, during his reorganization of the state and the military. This was the major reorganization following Orhan's standing army of janissaries that were paid by salary rather than booty or fiefs. This army was the force during the rise of the Ottoman Empire. The organization was twofold, central (Kapıkulu) and peripheral (Eyalet). This army was forced to disband by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 in what is known as Auspicious Incident, which followed a century-long reform effort.

The Ottomans were one of the first states to maintain a standing army in Europe since the Roman Empire. The force originated in the 14th century.

Janissaries
The Janissaries were elite infantry units created by Sultan Murad I. They formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards and became a famed force in 1383. They were units that formed the infantry contingents of the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, recruited through the process of devshirme. For all practical purposes, Janissaries belonged to the Sultan, carrying the title kapıkulu (Subject of the gate) indicating their collective bond with the Sultan. Janissaries were taught to consider the corps as their home and family, and the Sultan as their de facto father. The janissary corps was significant in a number of ways. The janissaries wore uniforms, were paid in cash as regular soldiers, and marched to distinctive music, by the mehter. The Janissaries were a formidable military unit in the early centuries, but as Western Europe modernized its military organization and technology, the Janissaries became a reactionary force that resisted all change. Steadily the Ottoman military power became outdated, but when the Janissaries felt their privileges were being threatened, or outsiders wanted to modernize them, or they might be superseded by their cavalry rivals, they rose in rebellion.

Yaya
The history of Yaya goes to the early Ottoman military forces consisted of irregular nomadic cavalry and volunteer light infantry. These units were efficient against local Byzantine feudal lords but were unable to capture fortified castles by direct assault. Established by Sultan Orhan during Alaeddin Pasha's reorganization the military in the mid 1320s.

Yaya and Musellem over time lost their original martial qualities.

Cavalry
The Six Divisions of Cavalry, also known as the Kapıkulu Süvarileri ("Household Cavalry of Gate Slaves"), was a corps of elite cavalry soldiers in the army of the Ottoman Empire. There were not really six, but four, divisions in the corps. Two of the six were sub-divisions.

Silahdars
The Silahdars (From Persian, translated roughly as "men at arms") were a bodyguard division for the Sultan, under the command of the Silahdar Agha.

Silahdars were chosen from the best warriors. Any Ottoman soldier who committed a significant deed on the battlefield could be promoted to the Silahdar division, although normally members of other mounted units, like Timarli Sipahis or one of the other less prestigious of the four divisions of Kapikulu Sipahis, were promoted this way. Infantry soldiers had to enlist as serdengecti (literally means giver of his head) and survive suicide missions to join the Silahdar division. If a janissary ever became a silahdar, other members of the division with cavalry backgrounds despised him and former comrade janissaries considered him a traitor, but because the position and wealth of a silahdar was so attractive, janissaries and other soldiers still enlisted for suicide missions.

Sipahi
(Persian: "soldier") Sipahi refers to all freeborn heavy cavalry other than akıncıs and tribal horsemen in the Ottoman army. The word was used almost synonymously with cavalry.

Akıncı
Akıncı were irregular light cavalry, scout divisions and advance troops. They were one of the first divisions to face the opposing military and were known for their prowess in battle. Unpaid they lived and operated as raiders on the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire, subsisting totally on plunder.

The Akıncıs continued to serve until 1595 when after a major rout in Wallachia they were dissolved by Grand Vezir Koca Sinan Paşa.

Artillery
In this section, the artillery corps (Topçu Ocağı: literally the hearth of artillerymen), the armorer corps (Cebeci Ocağı: literally the hearth of armourers), the artillery wagoners (Top Arabacıları Ocağı: literally the hearth of artillery wagoners), the bombardiers (Humbaracı Ocağı: literally the hearth of bombardiers), the miners (Lağımcı Ocağı: literally the hearth of miners).

Topçu
The Topçu Ocağı (artillery corps) was responsible for the use of artillery pieces. It is not clear when artillery was first used by the Ottoman Army. Although some argue that the Ottomans used cannons in the Battles of Kosovo (1389) and Nicopolis (1396), it is certain that artillery was routinely used by the 1420s. However the other argument states that field guns entered service shortly after the Battle of Varna (1444) and more certainly used in the Second Battle of Kosovo (1448). Specialist 'topçu' or artillery units were formed mainly of Christians; units such as tayfa-i efreciye. In the siege of Baghdad where the Ottomans retook the city from the Persians (1638), gunners of European descent served on the lines.

Cebeci
Exact foundation date of the Cebeci is not known, but it was in the 15th century. Their commander was called Cebecibaşı. The unit was small and selected, numbering no more than 625 men in 1574. The Cebeci unit was in charge of maintenance and keeping the weaponry. They were also responsible in transporting weapons to where they were needed. During peace times, they kept the weaponry in arsenals (cephane).

Humbaracı
The Humbaracı Ocağı (Bombardiers) were in charge of manufacturing, transporting, and using cannons (humbara). Humbaraci Corps arose in the 16th century after an artillery commander Mustafa had cast the first bronze cannon. In the 18th century they became the most disciplined unit of the Ottoman Army. In 1826 during the Auspicious Incident Humbaracis supported the government.

Support units
The Ottoman armies were distinguished from their contemporaries in the West not by numerical predominance of its military forces but by the thoroughness of the administrative backup and general support that maintained them in the field. The auxiliary support system also set the Classical Army apart from their contemporaries. The janissaries waged war as one part of a well-organized military machine. The Ottoman army had a corps to prepare the road, a corps to pitch the tents ahead, a corps to bake the bread. The cebeci corps carried and distributed weapons and ammunition. The janissary corps had its own internal medical auxiliaries: Muslim and Jewish surgeons who would travel with the corps during campaigns and had organized methods of moving the wounded and the sick to traveling hospitals behind the lines.

Military band
Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military marching band in the world. Though they are often known by the Persian-derived word mehter in the West, that word, properly speaking, refers only to a single musician in the band.

Paramilitary units
Ottomans have forces organized as a group supplementing but not directly incorporated in a regular military.

Derbendjis
Dervendjis were the most important and largest Ottoman military auxiliary constabulary units usually responsible for guarding important roads, bridges, fords or mountain passes. Usually, the population of an entire village near some important pass would be assigned with derbendci status in exchange for tax exemptions. By rehabilitating the Derbendcis, the Ottomans released conventional military units from routine internal duties, such as guarding and repairing roads, bridges.

Organization
The units were organized in twofold system. The Sultan's units that is called Kapi Kulu and provincial units.

Kapi Kulu (Sultan's)
The title "kapikulu" (Subject of the gate) indicating their collective bond with the Sultan.

Kapikulu was commanded and paid by some important land-holders who gained power and became a sort of noble class. The mercenaries became a tool for their rise to predominance over the sultan, who simply could not afford to hire so many mercenaries that they would outnumber his nobles'. Therefore, in the middle of the 14th century, Murad I built his own personal slave army called the kapikulu. The new force was based on the sultan's right to a fifth of the war booty, which he interpreted to include captives taken in battle. The captive slaves were converted to Islam and trained in the sultan's personal service.

Kapi Kulu Units are : Infantry (Janissary, Yaya) Cavalry (Silahtar, Sipahi) Artillery (Topçu, Cebeci, Humbaracı) Non-Combatant (Military band)

Kazasker
A kazasker was a chief judge over the cases involving soldiers. Two kazaskers were appointed. They were named based on the region of their jurisdiction. They were called Rumeli Kazaskeri and Anadolu Kazaskeri. They were subordinated to the Şeyhülislam. The capital Istanbul did not have any kazasker. Kazaskers attended the meetings at the Imperial Council.

Provincial (Eyalet)
Through the timariot system (see conscription) Empire had "timariot Sipahi" throughout the Empire.

Provincial units are: Timariot Sipahi, Akıncı, Derbendcis

Flags
Military flags occupied an important position. Ottoman flags separated by divisions (such as types of fields—tripes, quarters, etc.), colors and charges (emblems, inscriptions, lettering), and the colors of charges and their propositions. There were many Ottoman flags, each with specific meaning. Contrary to Latin script, Ottoman flags (in Arabic script inscriptions are always read from right to left), are described from the opposite point of view—that is, with the flag fluttering to the left. Ottoman flags come in various shapes and are of different proportions, however they are predominantly rectangular and in some triangular. The Ottoman form of the fly is substantial, and it is descate. The Ottoman (most are) rectangular flags have a triangular fly, and usually have a border.

Flags exhibited a determined state ideology to Ottomans. Ottoman military flags were to the highest standards. Some of the best traits of Asian flags were used by the Ottoman military in combination and often with elaboration. Arab flags influenced the Turks in a fundamental way, but pre-Muslim Turkish tradition was also important, as were influences from Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Persia. The flags in general is a product of Asia, so is Ottoman flags, but in this period European influences cannot be ignored when looking at Ottoman military flag design.

As the flags were/are part of signaling system, it is important to analyze every part. The nomadic Mongols, close neighbors of the Turkish tribes, had from antiquity used totemic standards that were a kind of metal, wood, and animal hair, which Ottoman military continued on their flag pools (tug). The Mongols applied these materials to the typical cloth flag (cloth flag is Chinese origin), their emblems and symbols. The nomadic signs, with horse—and yaktail standards, were adopted by the Chinese, and, vice versa, which makes hard to state the source some of these signs used in Ottoman flags. These signs carried over with the subsequent migrations of the Mongols and the Turks. For the same period, very little is known about old Iranian flags (signs). Traces of ancient Mesopotamian culture, charged with typical motifs of mythical, astral, and magic origin could be in them. There are Persian flags in miniature paintings. These flags are usually small, come in various shapes and colors, and bear Koranic inscriptions. A French traveler Jean Chardin left some descriptions of the Safavid flags and according to him they differed from Ottoman flags of the same period. Arab flags were of basic importance to followers Islam, including Ottoman Military. The first caliphs tried to maintain an original simplicity in their signs, appropriate to an ascetic and fighting religion, but soon, under Persian influence, the style evolved into one using more representative and pompous images. Like in Arabic flags, sophisticated abstract decoration, and lines of Koranic inscriptions were found on Ottoman military flags.

In the Ottoman military the loss of military signs (flags, etc.) in battle was considered a disaster. Some of the signs (flags) were deliberately thrown off into the enemy's direction which signaled for attack and/or recapture.

The hierarchy
Military flags were not all equal. There was an order of importance. Every larger detachment of the army was honored with a flag (sancak). Smaller units had banners called bayrak, with various emblems used mainly as recognition signals. In battle they were carried in the front lines. During rest trusted into the ground placed front of the tent or on top.

Sancak-I Serif
The Sacred Standard of Muhammad (Sancak-ı Şerif, literally translates as the Noble Banner) is said to be the banner of Muhammad himself or at least to originate from his era. The banner was first used in a battle against the Austrian Habsburgs in 1593 and again for a war in Hungary in 1594. After Mehmed III took the banner and won the Siege of Eger in 1596, the banner became a victory symbol for the Ottoman forces. Sancak-I Serif arouses great interest and emotion. Yet, misunderstanding and confusion surround it, as in the belief, for instance, that it was captured by Christians at the Battle of' Vienna on September 12, 1683.

The deceleration of war included the Sancak-i Serif. Sancak-i Serif is used as a gathering point for the military units. The banner was occasionally carried into battles to encourage troops and ensure victory. The banner would be taken out of its box by the Sultan and affixed to a staff. He would carry it from the Chamber of the Holy Relics to the Throne Room while officials called out "God is great". After this, the banner was carried from the Throne Room to the Gate of Felicity and placed there. The grand vizier would receive the banner from the sultan in a ceremony in the Throne Room. While the grand vizier and the şeyhülislâm stood in attendance, the sultan would kiss the Holy Banner and entrust it to his grand vizier with the words: "I entrust the Sacred Standard to you and you to God. May He be your helper (a better translation: "May He become your Defender and Supporter" )!"

Sultan's Flag
Sultan's Flag is second in the hierarchy. Sultan flags were private to Sultan and were ranked according to their owners' names, titles, and authority. Their Turkish names were Alem-i padisahi (Padisah's standard), alem-i Osmani (Ottoman standard), or liwãj-i Sultani (sultan's standard). Seven such flags attributed to the Sultan, which this number corresponded to the number of iklims (climates or spheres of the earth) that were to be subdued by the victorious armies of Islam.

Sanjaks of Pashas
These are flags of the high-ranking officials and dignitaries. Viziers, beylerbeys, and sancakbeys. They were partially imitation of the flag of the Sultan, as a sign to be part of the Sultan's people. Grand Vizers used green, lower Viziers crimson, and Beylerbeys used red in their flag."

Tactical Flags
These were in many, but not lasted to our time. There are multiple of them, up to 162 count of signals. We know that right wing of the army marked with red banners and left wing with yellow. We also know that they are tactical importance to hide the exact number of soldiers.

Cavalry, infantry, and artillery had their own flags.

This were symbol of military junta of Ottoman Empire to kill Mehmed VI.

Tugh
The Ottoman armies used the horse-tail standard or tugh rather than flags.

Devshirme
In order to man the force, Murad II developed the devşirme system of recruiting youths in the form of taxes from Christians in the empire. Murad used the strength of the kapikulus and played them off against the nobility, forcing them to pay taxes or land so that the treasury could obtain the money it needed to maintain the Kapikulu army. The janissaries comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops and bodyguard. The first janissary units comprised war captives and slaves. After the 1380s Sultan Mehmed I filled their ranks with the results of taxation in human form called devshirme: the Sultan's men conscripted a number of non-Muslim, usually Christian, boys—at first at random, later, by strict selection—to be trained. Initially they favored Greeks, Albanians (who also supplied many gendarmes), usually selecting about one in five boys of ages seven to fourteen but the numbers could be changed to correspond with the need for soldiers. Next the devshirme was extended to also include Serbs, Bosnians and other Balkan countries, later especially Ukraine and southern Russia.

The Janissaries started accepting enrollment from outside the devshirme system first during the reign of Sultan Murad III and completely stopped enrolling devshirme in the 17th century. After this period, volunteers were enrolled.

Timar
A timariot or 'Timarli Sipahi' served the Empire and in return was granted a fief called a timar. The timariots had to assemble with the army when at war, and had to take care of the land entrusted to him in times of peace. When at war, the timariot had to bring his own equipment and in addition a number of armed retainers (cebelu).

Azap
Apart from the janissaries, in 1389 the Ottoman army introduced a system of conscription: when needed, every town and village were obliged to provide a fully equipped conscript at the recruiting office created by the order of the Sultan. This new force of irregular infantrymen was called the azabs and they were used in many ways: to build roads and bridges for the army, to support the supplies for the front-line, and sometimes they were even used as cannon fodder to slow down enemy advance. The Başıbozuk, who were also called Delibaş ("crazy head"), were a branch of the azabs and were especially recruited among the homeless and criminals. They were fierce, undisciplined, and specialized in close combat.

During the last quarter of the 16th century, the Azabs disappeared from the Ottoman documentary record.

Sekban
The Ottomans increased the use of Sekban (temporary infantry recruits) soldiers in the 17th century. They had a wartime strength of between 4,000 and 10,000 men.

Ranks
There were two levels of grouping, these were regiment and
 * Çorbacı was a commander of an "orta" (Regiment), approximately corresponding to the rank of colonel.
 * Boluk-bashi was a commander of a "bölük" (Company), equivalent with the rank of captain.

As a term Aghas were used for all level of commanders and all branches. It corresponds to a modern definition of an officer, which is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority. This is like "azap agha" for the commanders of azaps, "besli agha" for the commanders of besli, "janissary agha" for the commanders of janissary. This is also true for instance the "bölük agha", and the "ocak agha", the commanders of a "bölük" and an "ocak" (troops) respectively.

Training
Acemi (rookie) boys would be gathered to be trained at the Enderun acemi oğlan school in the capital city. At the school, young cadets would be selected for their talents in different areas to train as engineers, artisans, riflemen, clerics, archers, artillery, etc.

Redif
Reserve units known as the formed in the early-19th century.

Tophane-i Amire
Sultan Mehmed II erected many cannon-foundries in Istanbul, the most famous of which is the Tophane foundry which produced bronze cannons for siege warfare. It made large bombards which had a diameter of 60 to 100 cm and in 1562 alone it cast a total of 1012 guns weighing all together 481 tonnes.

The ammunition used by the bronze bombards were stone balls, 1 meter in diameter and weighed 400 kg. The transportation of just two bombards proved to be a logistically challenging task. They were dragged to the Fall of Constantinople by 70 oxen and 1000 men. The casting of these bombards are described by Kritoboulos 1467. He describes the clay mould and the core which was strengthened by iron, wood, earth and stone. 45 tonnes of copper and tin are said to be placed in two furnaces constructed out of large stone blocks, laid with cement and covered by fire bricks and smeared in clay. Logs of wood along with charcoal are placed inside the furnace and all the holes except the tapping channels are closed. Then bellows are put to work until the metal inside is in a fluid state. The liquid bronze is then poured into the clay mould where it is then chiseled and polished.

Tersâne-i Âmire
Tersâne-i Âmire was the Imperial shipyard, on the Golden Horn. The shipyard was founded on the Golden Horn in 1453, after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, and initially called the Galata Shipyard. In the 16th century it became known as the Tersâne-i Âmire and was greatly expanded, with 140 docks and a perimeter wall to keep prying eyes away from naval secrets; it took over from the main shipyard at Gallipoli. From this time on, the Tersâne-i Âmire was at the heart of shipbuilding and naval governance in the Ottoman Empire. However, the shipyard suffered ups and downs with the rest of the empire. There were reforms and expansions after the Battle of Lepanto in 1571; in 1601 the shipyard had 3524 employees but this steadily fell to 726 in 1700; during this period an increasing amount of work was done by other shipyards. By the reign of Abdulmejid I (r. 1839–1861), the Tersane-i Amire had fallen into neglect and underinvestment; Abdülmecid started a massive investment programme which modernised not just the Tersane-i Amire but also shipyards in Izmit and Gemlik.

Weapons
The weapons of the army.

Artillery
One of the greatest advancements in Ottoman fire arms came in the reign of Beyazid II who improved the design of field artillery pieces and many other firearms ranging from muskets to 'tufeks'. To add to this the 16th century brought the latest technical advancements in gun making to the Ottomans; in the form of Jews fleeing from the Spanish Inquisition.

Ottoman artillery was famous for the size of its cannon, and their number; from the highly mobile anti-personnel Abus gun to the massive Great Turkish Bombard. These bombards were a product of specialised study in the production of 'giant guns' known literally as castle smashers 'kale-kob'. Although such weapons being primarily used in sieges; where they were cast on site due to the logistical difficulties attributed to transport them there, they were used as late as 1809 massive stone-firing guns were used with some effect against British ships during the Dardanelles Operation, throwing 1000-pound marble with a range of 1 mile. Accuracy was achieved by using wadded shots wrapped in sheepskin with ready-measured stacks of powder. Unlike the European powder, the Ottoman powder is thought to be better for upon firing; it produced white smoke rather than black smoke.

The most famous battle in which these bronze 'bombards' were used is at the siege of Constantinople in 1453. The bombards weighed 19 tons, took 200 men and sixty oxen to emplace, and could fire just seven times a day. The Fall of Constantinople was perhaps "the first event of supreme importance whose result was determined by the use of artillery", when the huge bronze cannons of Mehmed II breached the city's walls, ending the Byzantine Empire, according to Sir Charles Oman.

The most commonly used gun is known as a battering gun (darbzen). This gun fired 0.15–2.5 kg shots in weight. These guns were used more in fortresses as the emphasis was given to small to medium-calibre guns. Small-calibre bronze pieces were also used on galleons and river boats; they weighed between 3.7 and 8.6 kg. However, most riverboats had an armoury of cast-iron guns which fired 500 g shots; on average they weighed between 20 and 40 kg. The 'balyemez' was a medium-weight, long-range cannon which fired shots weighing 31–74 kg. 'Şahalaz' was light cannon, mainly used on riverboats, and was a cast-iron cannon firing 500 g shots. 'Şayha' was a gun of various sizes used predominantly on riverboats mainly in the Danube. It weighed between 31 and 74 kg. The 16th and 17th centuries gave rise to other types of cannons which the Ottomans used, such as the'Saçma topu' (grapeshot) and the 'Ağaç topu' (petard).

17th Century
A typical Ottoman army in 17th century might be composed of 50,000 timariots and 20,000 kapikulu. The Ottoman military was modest for an empire whose population probably exceeded 20,000,000 by the end of the 17th century.

Special: Artillery
Although the payroll registry records were not good at keeping up with the number of gunners because the comrades of those deceased collected the money on their behalf, the table below gives us a clear view of the trends.

title: Army of the classical Ottoman Empire


text:
Animal Behavior/The Monarch Butterfly

Antipredator Adaptations used by the Monarch Butterfly
The relationship between prey and predators continually changes. Most monarch butterflies do not live very long.

That is why they are endangered. One way monarch butterflies increase their fitness is by forming huge groups of up to ten million. As their group size increases, the probability that any one monarch butterfly will be captured decreases. Moreover, the butterflies located in the center of a large group are more likely to survive than those on the outside (Pike, 1999). This is known as the “dilution effect (Alcock, 2001).”

Monarch butterflies that choose to migrate to closed-area overwintering sites are less likely to be attacked by a predator. Also, by reacting as a group to the movement of a predator, monarch butterflies are better able to scare away predators (Pike, 1999). This “mass startle effect” is thought to stun the predators and provide time for the butterfly to escape (true shock and awe indeed).

The aforementioned are collective ways in which the butterfly behaves in order to elude a predator. There are, however, certain individual inherent features that the monarch butterflies possess that increase their probability of avoiding a predator.

Monarch butterflies contain chemicals that are toxic to many predators. Evidently, this makes other similar but harmless species envious. In Batesian mimicry, a palatable species attempts to mimic an unpalatable species in an attempt to increase its own fitness. The monarch butterfly species is one that some Batesian mimics model themselves after perhaps because the monarch butterflies are so successful at avoiding predators (Mappes, 1997). The Batesian mimics, although they are not harmful to predators, experience increased fitness because they model a potentially harmful species such as the monarch butterfly. The viceroy butterfly (Limenitis archippus) is one such butterfly that models itself after the monarch (Pike, 1999).

Although monarch butterflies do not gain an increase in fitness as models of Batesian mimics, they do benefit from Müllerian mimicry. In Müllerian mimicry, two unrelated, toxic species converge on a similar morphology. If more than one unpalatable species has a similar morphological trait, then the predators may more easily recognize a Müllerian mimic as potentially harmful. This saves both the mimics and the predators time and energy.

Lastly, monarch butterflies display aposematism or warning coloration. This warning coloration is meant to be very conspicuous (Alcock, 2001). Monarch butterflies make themselves conspicuous by having bright orange areas on its wings. Predators quickly learn that prey containing these bright colors are potentially harmful. For example, when a blue jay consumes a monarch butterfly, it vomits shortly after. From that point on, the blue jay associates features of the monarch butterfly, such as its bright colors, as unpalatable (Alcock, 2001). Because of their morphological features, Batesian mimics, Müllerian mimics, and many other aposematic species all gain from the monarch’s unpalatability.

title: Animal Behavior/The Monarch Butterfly


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Accretion theory

The result of the debate was redirect; if there's disagreement in the future, feel free to reverse the redirect. Johnleemk | Talk 15:57, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Accretion_theory
My understanding is the theory is called the "nebular theory" or the "solar nebula theory" and is already covered on the article solar nebula. This Accretion_theory article is barely a start anyway. It should be deleted, and all references to this article should be directed at the existing solar nebula article. Can some other people with astronomy backgrounds concur? Myrrhlin 04:59, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect article to Solar nebula. However I do not know a lot about astronomy, so I'm not very sure -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 05:05, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect to either Accretion disc or Solar nebula, as both appear to be relevant.  (aeropagitica)   06:45, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm borderline on this because the solar nebula article is specific to our solar system. Accretion disc is a part of the Accretion thoery, but I don't think it's the whole story. It's possible that protoplanetary disc may be closer. But "accretion theory" is the valid over-arching name, so I'm favoring keep. — RJH 16:51, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * (I'm new to this process-- I hope it's appropriate for me to respond in this fashion!) Can you give a reference to your statement: 'accretion theory is the valid over-arching name?'  My original objection is precisely that that term is -not- the 'valid over-arching name'.  Furthermore, the nebular hypothesis and theory referred specifically to our own solar system historically because there was only one solar system known-- that does not mean planetary scientists think it is not applicable to other systems, it simply means they only recently began to test it and think about revising it.  an article about the solar nebula theory can't be written with complete generality to other solar systems, because there is no consensus yet in the scientific community how to improve the model.  we are still very early into this process! — Myrrhlin 15:16, 24 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Portofino (apartment building)

The result was delete. - Mailer Diablo 11:35, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Portofino (apartment building)
A seventeen-story apartment building that is not even finished yet. It will be virtually indistinguishable from thousands of other apartment buildings when it is finished, and it is certainly unimportant now. This article is part of a series on buildings in Windsor, Ontario, one of which has already been deleted (see Articles for deletion/Solidarity Towers). Indrian 18:34, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * delete-non notable building Akradecki 19:07, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. I think more than one has been deleted, but the others were so non-notable that I've forgotten them. - Yomangani talk 22:22, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge into "urban renewal" or "high-rise buildings" section in Windsor, Ontario article?  User:Raccoon Fox • Talk • Stalk''' 16:24, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vegaswikian 17:31, 14 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Kunai, Bhojpur

Kunai is a village in Jagdishpur block of Bhojpur district in Bihar, India. As of 2011, its population was 1,407, in 252 households.

title: Kunai, Bhojpur


text:
Krasnaya Dubrava

Krasnaya Dubrava (Красная Дубрава) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Rogozikhinsky Selsoviet, Pavlovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 257 as of 2013. There are six streets.

Geography
Krasnaya Dubrava is located 12 km southwest of Pavlovsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rogozikha is the nearest rural locality.

title: Krasnaya Dubrava


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Finnish studies in Greifswald

The result was   delete. j⚛e deckertalk 03:28, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Finnish studies in Greifswald

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Asmall section of one department, not separately notable  DGG ( talk ) 00:18, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete Reads like a promotional brochure for a non-notable department of a school. § FreeRangeFrog croak 01:09, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Schools-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 03:22, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Germany-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 03:22, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Finland-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 03:22, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete. Too promotional; fails notability guidelines. APerson (talk!) 19:15, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment. There are additional sources in the German language version. However, as far as I can tell from review of their titles / author(s), these are probably not independent of the topic. FeatherPluma (talk) 19:32, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * delete overly promotional and only primary sources provided. LibStar (talk) 14:31, 15 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Robotics/Physical Construction/The Platform

Most robots need a framework of some sort to which the builder attaches the various components and subsystems that make the robot function. This framework is known as the platform.

A good platform has a few requirements:
 * It has to be light. Don't use steel unless you really need the extra strength. Plexiglass (or any other hard plastic) with an aluminum framework for strength can be sufficiently strong for most purposes. Don't forget about wood. Wood is strong, flexible and light.
 * It has to be easy to add new parts to it. By using one size of PCB you can drill holes ahead of time. And you'll be able to stack PCBs. If you're familiar with Meccano sets you know the advantage of using one standard hole size and spacing. Picking one for your robot can make adding parts very easy and fast, of course this is less efficient with space.
 * It has to be easy to remove parts of it: Make sure you can access any of its parts without having to take most of the robot apart. Especially batteries should be accessible.
 * It has to be in balance. The weight of the robot should be mostly within the figure formed by connecting the wheels of the robot (A triangle for 3 wheeled robots, a rectangle for 4 wheeled robots). Placing significant weight outside this figure makes it more easy for the robot to tip over. The center of gravity should also be as low as possible, otherwise the robot could tip over when turning too fast.
 * It has to have a size that's practical: Don't make it too small or you end up with insufficient space for all the features you had in mind. Don't make it too large either or you end up with a robot that can't maneuver without bumping in furniture and people. Or worse: can't get through a door post.
 * Avoid putting the wheels directly on the motors' axles. Use an axle and connect the motor to it with gears. For small robots this isn't important, but larger would displace the axle inside the motor and damage it.


text:
Green Car of the Year

The Green Car of the Year is a Car of the Year award from the Green Car Journal. The winner is selected by an 11-member panel comprising automotive and environmental experts. Invited jurors have included Mario Andretti; Carroll Shelby, Jay Leno, Carl Pope (Sierra Club), Christopher Flavin (Worldwatch Institute), Jonathan Lash (World Resources Institute) and Jean-Michel Cousteau (Ocean Futures Society).

A separate Green Truck of the Year award was launched in 2015.

In early October 2015, the 2009 and 2010 awards were rescinded as a result of the Volkswagen emissions scandal.

Winners

 * 2006 — Mercury Mariner Hybrid
 * 2007 — Toyota Camry Hybrid
 * 2008 — Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
 * 2009 — Volkswagen Jetta Clean Diesel  (Rescinded due to Volkswagen emissions scandal) )
 * The other four finalists were the BMW 335d, the Ford Fusion Hybrid, Saturn Vue 2 Mode Hybrid, and the Smart Fortwo. In 2015, VW admitted their diesel line from 2009-2015 was designed to correctly limit nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions only during static testing. )
 * 2010 — Audi A3 TDI Clean Diesel  (Rescinded due to Volkswagen emissions scandal) )
 * The other finalists were the Honda Insight, the Mercury Milan Hybrid, the Toyota Prius and the clean diesel VW Golf TDI. Like the 2009 Volkswagen Jetta, the winning 2010 Audi and the 2010 VW Golf were diesel vehicles that Volkswagen admitted in 2015 were designed to limit NOx emissions only when being emission tested.
 * 2011 — Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid.
 * The other finalists were the Nissan Leaf battery electric car, the hybrid electric versions of the Hyundai Sonata and the Lincoln MKZ, and the gasoline-powered Ford Fiesta, which achieves 40 mpgus in highway driving.
 * 2012 — Honda Civic GX natural gas vehicle.
 * The other finalists were the Ford Focus Electric and Mitsubishi i battery electric cars, Toyota Prius v hybrid electric car, and the Volkswagen Passat TDI clean diesel. (See 2009 and 2010 listings regarding clean diesel.)
 * 2013 — Ford Fusion second generation line-up, including the EcoBoost gasoline engine option, and the Fusion hybrid and plug-in variants.
 * The other finalists were the Ford C-Max hybrid and plug-in hybrid, Dodge Dart Aero, Toyota Prius c hybrid electric car, and the Mazda CX-5.
 * 2014 — Honda Accord ninth generation line-up, including gasoline, hybrid, and plug-in hybrid variants.
 * The other finalists were the BMW 328d, Audi A6 TDI, Toyota Corolla, and the Mazda3.

 * 2015 — BMW i3
 * The other finalists were the Audi A3 TDI,, Chevrolet Impala Bi-Fuel, third generation Honda Fit, and seventh-generation Volkswagen Golf line-up.

 * 2016 — Second generation Chevrolet Volt
 * The other finalists were the Audi A3 e-tron, the fourth generation Toyota Prius, the 2016 Hyundai Sonata, and the 2016 Honda Civic. The Chevrolet Volt became the first model to be awarded Green Car Of The Year more than once.

 * 2017 — Chevrolet Bolt EV
 * The other finalists were the Toyota Prius Prime, the Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid, the Kia Optima (including hybrid and plug-in hybrid models) and the BMW 330e iPerformance.

 * 2018 — Honda Clarity group of vehicles

 * 2019 — Honda Insight

 * 2020 — Toyota Corolla

 * 2021 — Ford Mustang Mach-E

 * 2022 — Audi Q4 e-tron

 * 2023 — Toyota Crown

 * 2024 — Toyota Prius PHEV

title: Green Car of the Year


text:
Wikijunior talk:Solar System/Pluto

Early comments
Sources that I used: -- Bobdoe 18:46, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Pluto (planet) and Charon (moon) -- General data
 * -- Weight data
 * -- Image placed on Wikicommons from here.

The images of Pluto/Charon are notably lame. Can we find an artist's conception of the system? -- Netoholic 18:18, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

How about this: Lanthanum-138 (discuss • contribs) 12:22, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

==

Headline text
hello big ==
 * Lame according to what standards? Some might find images of the real thing more interesting. That image allowed the size of Pluto and Charon to be determined more precisely. We could always add an artist's conception to the page under the other image and label it as such.--StarryTG 11:46, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * In all honesty, I just went and found the first decent NASA image I could find. If someone wants to find a better one, more power to them. -- Bobdoe (Silence) 22:43, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Source for reference: Kaldari 21:32, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Is Pluto a Planet? NPOV Questions here
I'm concerned about the neutral point-of-view aspect here by even having the discussion of wheither Pluto should be considered a major planet (grouped with the other big eight) or considered a minor planet...essentially an asteroid.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has "ruled" on this issue and simply said that Pluto will remain a planet.

I guess that I'm arguing that this whole question is a pandora's box of problems, and it might be better to simply steer clear by removing this discussion altogether. Remember, this is a kids book, and coverage of the controversy is not necessary. If we stick to known facts and don't go onto the fringe of leading theories or arguements that cause flame wars in astronomy chat circles, we will be much safer here.

I would suggest that the whole topic of what does it mean to be a planet, a moon, asteroid, etc. could be one of the "other articles" that discuss general issues regarding the solar system, especially if you want to group Pluto with other Kuiper Belt objects.

From my (non-neutral) POV, I think Pluto should remain called a planet for many reasons, including those mentioned in the main Wikipedia article about Pluto. Also, by even raising this issue it seems as though this Wikibook is making a political statement about the status of Pluto. If we question its status as a planet, why are we even writing a module about it? Again, avoid, avoid, avoid.

Rob Horning 12:09, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I pretty much agree. It's one of those legacy decisions that doesn't always make sense in hindsight. But if you ask the person on the street "what is the furthest planet from the Sun", they will usually answer Pluto (or else they have no clue.) — RJHall 19:37, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Here's a news story saying that astronomers are going to meet this week to decide whether Pluto is a planet: http://today.reuters.com/news/ArticleNews.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2006-08-13T165540Z_01_L10356763_RTRUKOC_0_US-SCIENCE-PLUTO.xml --Gray Porpoise 18:22, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * With a large number of planets being discovered now outside of our Solar System, not to mention some esoteric object that are now being found that are not quite stars but more Jupiter sized objects that are independent of stars (they have recently been observed, so this isn't theoretical anymore), the whole definition of planets is certainly coming to a major front now. Personally, I prefer the classification schema that relies on physical characteristics such as the presence or absence of an atmosphere, spherical nature of the object due to gravity, and other similar physcial features that can be measured in order to define a planet.  That it might make Titan a planet as well as the Earth's moon, Ceres, and Vesta, but demote Phobos and Deimos from even being called moons to merely captured asteroids is certainly something to consider.  Even with these more scientifically derived definitions of planets, Pluto is right on the edge of consideration.  --Rob Horning 07:25, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

They've ruled, and decided that Pluto, Xena/Persephone/2003 UB313, and Ceres are "Dwarf planets". I noticed that someone has updated Pluto to suit, and I've added a bit to the tenth planet section. Can anyone recall the date of the decision? Phil Culmer

Charon
The statement that Some astronomers believe that Pluto and its moon Charon are actually a "double planet", because Charon does not orbit around Pluto is not quite accurate. Perhaps the author meant to indicate that the center of mass of the Pluto-Charon system does not lie within Pluto? I'm not certain. But the current statement is sure to be confusing. — <IP_ADDRESS> 19:33, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Discovery
"was accidentally discovered..." Sources for this? According to Google (http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/pluto_worldbook.html), it was not accidentally discovered, in fact, Clyde Tombaugh was looking for the planet.

"In 1929, Clyde W. Tombaugh, an assistant at the Lowell Observatory, used predictions made by Lowell and other astronomers and photographed the sky with a more powerful, wide-angle telescope. In 1930, Tombaugh found Pluto's image on three photographs."

Somewhere I read that he used a projector that switched between two photos of the sky rapidly and looked for objects that moved (since a planet would move over time)...I can't find a source for this, so it may be completely bogus...but it's been a long time, I probably don't remember correctly. <IP_ADDRESS> 22:41, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I remeber reading / hearing that somewhere too. --Bjwebb 12:20, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The story that I seem to recall about the whole thing is that Perceval Lowell did some calculations on the outer planets that suggested some other planetary bodies might be found further from the Sun than Neptune. Just as Neptune was discovered using this method (doing some massive 3-body calculations and other heavy math... without computers mind you) Lowell then suggested a region of the sky to being a search for the "ninth planet".  Clyde Tombaugh then started to search that region of the sky and "discovered" Pluto. Years later more modern astronomers using the original base data that Lowell had for doing the original calculations were then fed into a computer for more precise and accurate calculations, and in particular based on the now known mass of Pluto there doesn't seem to be any basis for the prediction of the location of Pluto.  That is why it was called a "chance" discovery, even though it was based originally on a scientific hypothesis.  With the orbit of Pluto being so far out of the plane of the ecliptic, it seems even more remote that Pluto would have ever been discovered except by a chance discovery. One thing though to refute all this speculation is the fact that the apparent magnitude of Pluto was just brighter than the minimum capabilities of the telescopes that Tombaugh was using for the Pluto discovery, and that Tombaugh was a very through researcher who "flipped" through hundreds of sky survey photo plates before he finally found a set that seemed to indicate "movement", which in fact was Pluto.  While perhaps not specifically looking for a planet, other astronomical objects including comets and asteroids could have been discovered and indeed were discovered using similiar methods.  This gives incredible credit to the capabilities of Tombaugh and his skill in the use of telescopes.  It has been said that many of the Kuiper Belt objects would have likely been discovered by Tombaugh except for the fact that his telescope just didn't distinguish objects that are that dim as seen from the Earth.  --Rob Horning 21:36, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Further note: See http://www.planetary.org/pluto_75/plutodiscovery1_180205.html for more details about the discovery, including pictures of the telescope that Tombaugh used and the actual photographs used for the discovery of Pluto.  --Rob Horning 22:32, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

10th Planet
In the tenth planet it says the object is "thought to be bigger than Pluto" but also "70% the size of Pluto". Something is wrong! --Bjwebb 15:11, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

 * So I went to Google, typed "ub313 site:nasa.gov", and hit return. Then I fixed the paragraph, and put in my references (news releases).  If you are reading this book, PLEASE HELP.  User:Danny has asked us to finish it up quickly.  Fact checking is DEFINITELY one of the things we need done.  Please |See the page for more on how to help. --SV Resolution 17:05, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Missing section!
pluto is missing its Who discovered it? section. Rachel 20:24, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Who is it named after.?
Can I hack the mythology section down? I think it's too wordy. This is about planets not mythology.--Gbleem 19:04, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Strangely, "hacking the sections down" is not on the proofreading plan, simply because I did not know where to put it in the proofreading plan, unless it belonged under "reorganization", which is not a very well-defined topic. Perhaps it would be considerate to discuss it with Shanel, since she has done all the proofreading work so far on this module.  I am sure there is a way to improve the section, which seems to be much heavier on Proserpina than on Pluto.
 * It may actually be that all of these "who is it named after" sections ought to be so short they all belong in the cool facts boxes.
 * --SV Resolution 19:24, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Volume and km 2
Doesn't go together. I figured that out, when translating his wikijunior into german. de:Benutzer:ThePacker

Needs an update
What did New horizons add to understanding of this remote world?ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 02:00, 22 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm a bit late, but I updated the images for Pluto and Charon at least. Much better visually, though I don't know much of substance regarding what was found. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 07:06, 9 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Solar System/Pluto


text:
Grand Mosque of Akşehir

Akşehir Grand Mosque (Akşehir Ulucami) is a historical mosque in Akşehir, Turkey.

Location
The mosque is in Akşehir ilçe (district) of Konya Province at 38.35611°N, 31.41167°W on Dudukadın Street. It faces Akşehir Museum.

History
The exact date of construction is not known, though according to the inscription on the minaret base, it must be in 1213 or earlier. The commissioner of the minaret was Ebu Said İbrahim. This date coincides with the reign of Kaykaus I (r. 1211–1220) in the Sultanate of Rum. During the reign of Kayqubad I (r. 1220–1237) of Seljuıks the mosque was enlarged. The ceramic-tiled mihrab was added later, probably in the 15th century, while both the water fountain on the north wall and the shadirvan in the yard were added in the 19th century during the Ottoman Empire. According to the inscription of the fountain it was commissioned by Yaralı Yusuf of Cihanbeyli in 1811.

The building
The rectangular ground area of the mosque including the yard and excluding the minaret is about 1200 m2. The ground area of the minaret located at the north east is 4.8 m2. Cut stone and rubble stone was used in the construction of the mosque.

title: Grand Mosque of Akşehir


text:
Blaža Knežević

Blaža Knežević (Блажа Кнежевић; born 1968) is a politician in Serbia. He has served in the National Assembly of Serbia since 2016 as a member of the Serbian Progressive Party.

Early life and career
Knežević was born in Šabac, then part of the Socialist Republic of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He is an economist by training.

Political career
Knežević began his political career at the municipal level, serving at one time as leader of the Progressive group on the Šabac municipal council. In 2015, he urged that the council meet with a village representative from Mrđenovac who was conducting a hunger strike in protest against a decision to call new local elections.

Knežević received the ninety-first position on the Progressive Party's Aleksandar Vučić – Serbia Is Winning electoral list in the 2016 parliamentary election and was elected when the list won 131 mandates. He is currently a member of the parliamentary committee on the diaspora and Serbs in the region and a member of the parliamentary friendship groups for Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Japan, Kazakhstan, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Russia, and Slovenia.

title: Blaža Knežević