text:
Talk:Michael Sweet (programmer)

Untitled
he is the programmer of CUPS, and CUPS was used in many Linux distributions, so I think he comply with a standard below: "The person made a widely recognized contribution that is part of the enduring historical record in their specific field". so I think this article need not deletion.

External links modified (January 2018)
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:54, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Sweet (programmer)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Caribbean/Saint Martin work group/Article alerts/Archive 1

RfC

 * 08 Sep 2017 – Hurricane Irma RfC by Prokaryotes was closed; discussion

CfD

 * 29 Mar 2019 – Category:Buildings and structures in Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy CfDed by Marcocapelle was closed; discussion
 * 21 Sep 2019 – Category:Natural disasters in Sint Maarten CfDed by The Nth User was closed; discussion
 * 21 Mar 2020 – Category:Medical outbreaks in the Collectivity of Saint Martin CfDed by JJMC89 was closed; discussion
 * 25 May 2020 – Category:Medical outbreaks in the Collectivity of Saint Martin CfDed by BrownHairedGirl was closed; discussion
 * 28 Jan 2021 – Category:Air Saint Martin CfDed by Place Clichy was closed; discussion
 * 28 Jan 2021 – Category:Defunct airlines of Saint Martin CfDed by Place Clichy was closed; discussion
 * 28 Jan 2021 – Category:Airlines of Saint Martin CfDed by Place Clichy was closed; discussion
 * 29 Jan 2021 – Category:Tourist attractions in Sint Maarten CfDed by Place Clichy was closed; discussion
 * 03 Feb 2021 – Category:Transport buildings and structures in Sint Maarten CfDed by Place Clichy was closed; discussion
 * 03 Feb 2021 – Category:Transport infrastructure in Sint Maarten CfDed by Place Clichy was closed; discussion
 * 03 Feb 2021 – Category:Infrastructure in Sint Maarten CfDed by Place Clichy was closed; discussion
 * 20 Mar 2021 – Category:Collectivity of Saint Martin-related lists CfDed by 1234qwer1234qwer4 was closed; discussion
 * 21 Oct 2021 – Category:People from the Collectivity of Saint Martin CfDed by TSventon was closed; discussion
 * 03 Feb 2023 – Category:Saint Martinois of Guadeloupean descent CfDed by Place Clichy was closed; discussion
 * 30 Jan 2024 – Category:1995 in the Collectivity of Saint Martin CfDed by Marcocapelle was closed; discussion
 * 12 Feb 2024 – Category:1965 in the Collectivity of Saint Martin CfDed by Aidan721 was closed; discussion
 * 08 May 2024 – Category:Saint Martinois people by ethnic or national origin CfDed by Marcocapelle was closed; discussion

RM

 * 10 May 2020 – List of territorial entities where French is an official language move request to List of countries and territories where French is an official language by Shhhhwwww!! was no consensus by Red Slash on 05 Jun 2020; discussion
 * 05 Jul 2020 – Saint Martin move request to Saint Martin (island) by JFG was closed; discussion
 * 19 Feb 2022 – Collectivity of Saint Martin move request to Saint Martin (France) by Interstellarity was not moved; discussion
 * 19 Feb 2022 – France–Netherlands border move request to Saint Martin–Sint Maarten border by Interstellarity was moved to Saint Martin–Sint Maarten border by Adumbrativus on 27 Feb 2022; discussion
 * 23 Sep 2023 – Saint Martin national football team move request to Saint Martin men's national football team by MaterialWorks was no consensus; discussion

GAN

 * 08 Jan 2021 – Hurricane Irma GA nominated by Cyclone Corona was closed; discussion

AfD

 * 20 Feb 2022 – Index of the Collectivity of Saint Martin–related articles AfDed by LaundryPizza03 was closed as no consensus by Explicit on 27 Feb 2022; discussion
 * 26 Aug 2022 – Emmanuel Richardson AfDed by Sportsfan 1234 was closed as [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Emmanuel_Richardson delete] by Liz on 02 Sep 2022; discussion
 * 19 Dec 2022 – Ylaire Joachim AfDed by JTtheOG was closed as [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ylaire_Joachim delete] by Liz on 26 Dec 2022; discussion
 * 19 Dec 2022 – Brice Noubon AfDed by JTtheOG was closed as [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Brice_Noubon delete] by Liz on 26 Dec 2022; discussion
 * 25 Feb 2023 – List of airports in Saint Martin (island) AfDed by Gidonb was closed as merge by Randykitty on 04 Mar 2023; discussion
 * 19 Jun 2023 – Laurent Samer AfDed by JTtheOG was closed as [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Laurent_Samer delete] by Liz on 26 Jun 2023; discussion
 * 19 Jun 2023 – Danilo Cocks AfDed by JTtheOG was closed as [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Danilo_Cocks delete] by Liz on 26 Jun 2023; discussion

AFC

 * 05 Oct 2022 – Draft:St. Martin Unity Flag submitted for AfC by Onel5969 was declined by Bkissin on 03 Jan 2023
 * 09 Oct 2023 – Draft:St. Martin Unity Flag submitted for AfC by JulioOrtega was declined by Vanderwaalforces on 07 Nov 2023

PROD

 * 21 Feb 2023 – Lycée des Îles du Nord PRODed by Ganesha811 was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Lyc%c3%a9e_des_%c3%8eles_du_Nord deleted]

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Topology/Basic Concepts Set Theory

This chapter concisely describes the basic set theory concepts used throughout this book—not as a comprehensive guide, but as a list of material the reader should be familiar with and the related notation. Readers desiring a more in-depth understanding of set theory should read the Set Theory Wikibook.

Basic Definitions
The empty set is denoted by symbol $$\varnothing$$. A finite set consisting of elements $$x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n$$ is denoted $$\{x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n\}$$. Set theorists commonly, albeit sloppily, do not distinguish strictly between a singleton set $$\{x\}$$ and its single element $$x$$.

For a more in depth understanding of how elements of sets relate to each other, we must first define a few terms. Let A and B denote two sets. Note that $$\left|P(A)\right|=2^{\left|A\right|}$$.
 * The union of A and B, denoted $$A\bigcup{B}$$, is the set of all x that belong to either A or B (or both).
 * The intersection of A and B, denoted $$A\bigcap{B}$$, is the set of all x that belong to both A and B.
 * The difference of A and B, denoted $$A\backslash B$$ or $$A-B$$, is the set of all $$x\in A$$ such that $$x\notin B$$.
 * In contexts where there is a set containing "everything," usually denoted U, the complement of A, denoted $$A^c$$, is $$U\backslash A$$.
 * The symmetric difference of A and B, denoted $$A\Delta B$$, is defined by $$A\Delta B=(A\backslash B)\bigcup{(B\backslash A)}$$.
 * A is a subset of B, denoted $$A\subseteq B$$, if and only if every element in $$A$$ also belongs to $$B$$. In other words, when $$\forall x\in A:x\in B$$. A key property of these sets is that $$A=B$$ if and only if $$A\subseteq B$$ and $$B\subseteq A$$.
 * A is a proper subset of B, denoted $$A\subsetneq B$$, if and only if $$A\subseteq B$$ and $$A \ne B$$. (We do not use the notation $$A\subset B$$, as the meaning is not always consistent.)
 * The cardinality of A, denoted $$\left|A\right|$$, is the number of elements in A.
 * Examples:
 * $$\left|\left\{1,2,3,4,5\right\}\right|=5$$
 * $$\left|\varnothing\right|=0$$
 * $$\left|\left\{\varnothing\right\}\right|=1$$
 * The power set of A, denoted $$P(A)$$, is the set of all subsets of A.
 * Examples:
 * $$P(\varnothing)=\left\{\varnothing\right\}$$
 * $$P(\left\{x\right\})=\left\{\varnothing,\left\{x\right\}\right\}$$
 * $$P(\left\{x,y\right\})=\left\{\varnothing,\left\{x\right\},\left\{y\right\},\left\{x,y\right\}\right\}$$

Ordered n-tuples are denoted $$(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)$$. For two ordered sets $$X=(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)$$ and $$Y=(y_1,y_2,\ldots,y_n)$$, we have $$X=Y$$ if and only if $$\forall i \in \mathbb{N}, 1 \le i \le n:x_i = y_i$$.

N-tuples can be defined in terms of sets. For example, the ordered pair $$\langle x,y\rangle$$ was defined by Kazimierz Kuratowski as $$\left(x,y\right):=\left\{\{x\},\{x,y\}\right\}$$. Now n-tuples are defined as
 * $$(x_1, x_2,\ldots, x_n)\ :=\ \{\langle 1,x_1\rangle ,\langle 2,x_2 \rangle ,\ldots,\langle n,x_n\rangle \}.$$

We now can use this notion of ordered pairs to discuss the Cartesian Product of two sets. The Cartesian Product of A and B, denoted $$A\otimes B$$, is the set of all possible ordered pairs where the first element comes from A and the second from B; that is,
 * $$A\otimes B=\left\{ (a,b)~\left| ~a\in A,~b\in B \right. \right\}$$.

Now that we have defined Cartesian Products, we can turn to the notions of binary relations and functions. We say a set R is a binary relation from A to B if $$R\subseteq A\otimes B$$. If $$(x,y)\in R$$, it is customary to write xRy. If R is a relation, then the set of all x which are in relation R with some y is called the domain of R, denoted domR. The set of all y such that, for some x, x is in relation R with y is called the range of R, denoted ranR. A binary relation F is called a function if every element x in its domain has exactly one element y in its range such that xFy. Also, if F is a function, the typical notation is $$F(x)=y$$ instead of xFy.

There are a few special types of functions we should discuss. A function $$F:A\to B$$ is said to be onto a set B, or a surjective function from A to B, if ran$$F=B$$. A function F is said to be one-to-one or injective if $$a_{1}\in \text{dom }F,~a_{2}\in \text{dom }F,\text{ and}~a_{1}\ne a_{2}$$ implies $$F(a_{1})\ne F(a_{2})$$. A function that is both injective and surjective is called bijective.

Exercises
If you can successfully answer the following problems, you are ready to study topology! Please take the time to solve these problems.

 * 1) Prove that the empty set is a subset of every set.
 * 2) Consider the set $$A_n=(-n,n)$$ for each n in the set of natural numbers. Does the union over all $$A_n$$ (for n in the set of natural numbers) equal $$\mathbb R$$ (the set of all real numbers)? Justify your answer.
 * 3) Using $$A_n$$ from above, prove that no finite subset of $$A_n$$ has the property that the union of this finite subset equals $$\mathbb R$$. Once you study topology, you will see that this constitutes a proof that $$\mathbb R$$ is not compact.

title: Topology/Basic Concepts Set Theory


text:
Bloom Clock/How bloom clocks are used

Bloom clocks are often kept by gardeners and students in the fields of agriculture and horticulture as a way of getting to know the order and season in which plants come into flower. Aside from a learning tool (or even just a way of appreciating nature), bloom clocks can have some practical benefits as well.

For garden designers and landscape architects, bloom clocks are useful in coming up with good combinations of plants for a long bloom season and color combinations that are good to the eyes.

For horticulturists and agriculturists, having bloom time data serves a number of purposes, including:
 * 1) Ensuring that there is a constant supply of nectar-producing plants, which in turn helps to ensure a constant supply of pollinating insects which are necessary for crop production.
 * 2) As phenological indicators. For example, weed seeds often germinate when the Forsythias bloom, or certain pests might emerge when other flowers bloom.

title: Bloom Clock/How bloom clocks are used


text:
Radiation Oncology/Contraindications

Contraindications to Radiation Therapy

Collagen vascular diseases
It is a commonly held notion that collagen vascular diseases--such as lupus, scleroderma, Sjogren's, etc.--are an absolute contraindication to radiotherapy since the effects on normal tissue would be greater, and even severe.

Collagen vascular diseases include: rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Raynaud's, lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's, polymyositis.

Several studies, however, claim that it is safe to give high dose radiation in these patients:
 * Mayo Clinic; 2012 (1980-2005) PMID 22340665 -- "Acute and late toxicities of radiotherapy for patients with discoid lupus erythematosus: a retrospective case-control study." (Patel AB, Radiat Oncol. 2012 Feb 16;7:22. doi: 10.1186/1748-717X-7-22.)
 * Retrospective review and matched case control. 12 patients with discoid lupus erythematosus, 15 RT courses. Median F/U 2.6 years (0 - 15 years)
 * Acute toxicity: 67% any grade, 13% grade 3+. Acute dermatological toxicity 53%.
 * Late toxicity: 58% any grade, 23% grade 3+. Late dermatological toxicity 42% grade 1-2, no grade 3+. No difference between DLE and control treatments
 * Conclusion: Findings do not suggest increased risk of toxicity to skin or other organs in patients with DLE

 * Mayo Clinic, 2008 PMID 18164848 -- "Systemic lupus erythematosus, radiotherapy, and the risk of acute and chronic toxicity: the Mayo Clinic Experience." (Pinn ME, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jun 1;71(2):498-506. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.10.014. Epub 2007 Dec 31.)
 * Retrospective. 21 patients with SLE, 34 courses of EBRT and 1 prostate implant. Discoid lupus excluded. Median F/U 5.6 years
 * Outcome: 5- year chronic toxicity grade 1+ was 45%; 10-year was 56%. 5-year grade 3+ was 28%; 10-year was 40%. Toxicity correlated with SLE renal involvement, absence of photosensitivity, absence of arthritis, and presence of malar rash
 * Conclusion: Risk of toxicity was moderate but not prohibitive of the use of RT. More advanced SLE may be at increased risk for chronic toxicity

 * Review; 2007 PMID 18035210 -- "Radiotherapy in setting of collagen vascular disease." (Wo J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Dec 1;69(5):1347-53.)
 * Published results remain controversial
 * Close involvement of rheumatologists. Consider initiating NSAID prior to treatment

 * Yale; 2001 PMID 11769860 — "Breast-conserving therapy in the setting of collagen vascular disease." (Chen AM, Cancer J. 2001 Nov-Dec;7(6):480-91.)
 * 36 pts (17-RA, 4-SD, 4-Raynaud, 5-Lupus, 2-Sjogren, 4-polymyositis). Median total dose 64 Gy.
 * Matched to control patients. Median f/u 12.5 yrs. No significant difference in acute complications (14% vs 8%). A significant difference was noted for late complications (17% vs 3%). When analyzed by specific disease, the difference disappeared in all but the scleroderma group.
 * Conclusion:Higher incidence of complications for scleroderma but not other collagen vascular diseases.

 * U.Pittsburgh; 1998 PMID 9499258 — "Radiotherapy for malignancies associated with lupus: case reports of acute and late reactions." (Rakfal SM, Am J Clin Oncol. 1998 Feb;21(1):54-7.)
 * 6 pts with Lupus (5-SLE, 1-discoid) treated with RT (4-breast, 1-Hodgkin's, 1-thymoma). With f/u of 7-121 months, none of the patients had severe acute or late skin or subcutaneous complications.
 * Conclusion: No severe acute or late reactions in patients with Lupus after radiotherapy

 * Iowa; 1993 PMID 8490925 -- "Acute and late reactions to radiation therapy in patients with collagen vascular diseases." (Ross JG, Cancer. 1993 Jun 1;71(11):3744-52.)
 * 61 pts with CVD (39-RA, 13-Lupus, 4-scleroderma, 4-dermatomyositis, 1-polymyositis). Matched to control patients.
 * No significant difference in acute (11% vs 7%) or late (10% vs 7%) complications. 3 pts with CVD had fatal complications vs none in the control group. RA was associated with a slight increase in late complications; SLE was associated with a slight increase in acute reactions. No significant acute or late reactions were noted in patients with scleroderma, dermato- or poly-myositis.
 * Conclusion: there was no increase in complications for patients with CVD

Inherited Hypersensitivity Syndromes

 * Some patients with these syndromes may exhibit abnormally severe normal tissue reactions
 * Ataxia-Telangiectasia is the most striking example
 * RT doses may need to be adjusted accordingly

 * Ataxia-Telangiectasia: profound sensitivity
 * Ataxia-Telangiectasia-Like Disorder
 * Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome
 * Fanconi Anemia
 * Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome / Gorlin Syndrome: marked skin sensitivity
 * Cockayne Syndrome: slight hypersensitivity
 * Down's Syndrome
 * Gardner's Syndrome
 * Usher's Syndrome

title: Radiation Oncology/Contraindications


text:
Talk:Third Battle of the Isonzo

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 8 January 2019 and 28 March 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sunnysideup373. Peer reviewers: Jasmair, Nignaco.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:18, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Page Additions Made
Hello Wikipedia, I've made some additions to this page, mostly expansions and some minor editing of battle end date and numbers of arms and forces. As I am working on this page as part of a class, I would love some feedback on the changes I've made, and any other changes I could make. Thank you! Sunnysideup373 (talk) 02:50, 18 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Third Battle of the Isonzo


text:
User:Zer0dept/sandbox

Zer0dept
Zerodept stylized as Zer0dept, is a Wikipedia user.

Sig Style
Code:

Result: Zer0dept

title: User:Zer0dept/sandbox


text:
strategie

Noun

 * 1) strategy

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) strategy

Adverb

 * 1) strategically

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) strategy

title: strategie


text:
Ramnarain Ruia College

Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College is a college affiliated to the University of Mumbai, in Matunga, Mumbai, India. It was established in June 1937. The University of Mumbai granted autonomous status to Ramnarain Ruia College in year 2017. It comprises the Ramnarain Ruia College of Arts and Science which includes B. Voc course in Pharma analytical sciences under granted permission by UGC and the Ramnivas Ruia Junior College of Arts and Science. The college has been awarded a five star rating by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) of India. Also, the NAAC accorded it the A+ Grade and a CGPA of 3.70 out of 4, which is the highest in the state. The college was given the 'Potential for Excellence' status in 2010-11. Additionally, in 2014, Ruia College was adjudged a 'College of Excellence' by the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, and is the first College in the country to have received this status. Ruia college won the award for the best college given by University of Mumbai for the year 2006. It has been winning the trophy in the youth festival organized by Mumbai University for the last six consecutive years.

Academics
With its varied experience and diligence, the Ruia faculty was in a position to innovate and experiment soon after the college started functioning. Considerable emphasis was placed on development of the instructional program and evaluation procedures. Under several programs, such as COSIP (College Science Improvement Program) and COHSSIP (College Human and Social Science Improvement Program), Ruia has successfully implemented several innovative and experimental academic programs that won wide acclaim.

The senior college library has a large reading hall which accommodates about 400 students and the reading hall in junior college building accommodates about 200 students. Special facilities to borrow books and exam papers are available in these reading halls. The Open Shelf Library is an important unit of the library for Graduate students, with about 30,000 books readily available to students. The sub-sections are well categorized and meticulously laid out, and book selection is such as to be of great use to students specializing in different subjects. The college also provides instructional material on audio and videocassettes to the students through the audio-visual center and AV library.

The Information Technology Center is a fully equipped IT center, with 60 computers for students and 9 specially for staff members, offers a variety of courses very useful to the students and faculty. The Electronics Laboratory is a very well-equipped electronics lab, with multiple power supplies and a den containing all the necessary components for the students, it is well known throughout the state as one of the best electronic labs.

The Postgraduate Study and Research Center is the only Center of its kind to be established in a college in Mumbai, it provides comfortable accommodation, books, periodicals and bound copies of learned journals to postgraduate and research students. It is housed in the Ruia college library, which has a large collection of about 1,50,000 books, several of which are rare and not available elsewhere.

Another feature that distinguishes the college from others in the state is the Marathi Medium Unit. This unit of the college was launched to tackle a problem faced by several students coming from state board and university students: inability to understand what they are taught in English (medium of instruction) as they have done their schooling in Marathi.

Co-curricular activities
The Vidyarthi Pratinidhi Mandal (VPM) was founded to enable students of the college to be in close touch with the teacher and members of the management, the VPM was constituted as a student body in 1969. It has been highly successful in encouraging in student participation in a variety of co-curricular activities.

Numbering about 20, there are different Co-curricular Associations which enable students with varied interests to participate in intra- and inter-college activities and beyond, to tap their potential to the maximum. Ruia also has an excellent auditorium that can accommodate about 400 students. Another well-equipped 150-seat auditorium, with video projection facilities, has also been set up recently.

The Ruiaite (college magazine) has been published annually since 1937, earning for itself a reputation far beyond the aspirations of most other college magazines. It has won several prestigious awards over the years. The Gymkhana is fully equipped with badminton court, shooting range and highly sophisticated exercising equipment, made available for use by the students and faculty of the college.

Various annual inter-collegiate festivals are organized which have a special place in the students' hearts. "Utsav" and "Aarohan" being two such festivals. Apart from those two, various departments have their own festivals, collectively recognized as 'Samanvay'. These provide great opportunities for students to network, showcase their talent and learn from the experience.

Support for disadvantaged students
The Students Mutual Aid Fund (SMAF) was started in 1948 with the intention of helping out those deserving students who required financial assistance. It now extends benefits to the economically disadvantaged students through lunch coupons, paying fees and issuing sets of books on loan. It arranges exhibitions and other programmes to augment its funds.

There is also a Cell for Visually-Challenged Students (known as SVC by the Ruiates) in which the college has provided excellent facilities for the visually challenged - Robotron to read for the students, computer to translate as well as give printouts of Braille into English and a computer to talk to these students are great assets.

Undergraduate degree courses

 * Bachelor of Science (BSc) (Statistics, Biochemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biotechnology, Botany, Zoology, Life Science, Microbiology, Computer Science, Bio-analytical sciences)
 * Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) (Economics, Political Science, Philosophy, English Literature, Sanskrit Literature, Hindi Literature, French Literature, Marathi Literature, Psychology, Mathematics & History)
 * Bachelor of Mass Media (B.M.M.)

Postgraduate courses

 * Master of Science (MSc) (Zoology, Botany, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Life Sciences, Biotechnology, Microbiology, Bioanalytical Sciences, Computer Science & Information Technology, Herbal Sciences and Physics)
 * Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Chemistry, Physics, Botany, Zoology, Life Science and History

Diploma courses

 * Diploma in Information Technology
 * Diploma in Bioinformatics
 * Diploma in Travel and Tourism
 * Diploma in Community Radio and Community Media Technology
 * Post Graduate Diploma in Industrial Analytical Chemistry.
 * Post Graduate Diploma in Public Relations and Communication
 * Post Graduate Diploma in Business Journalism

Certification courses
and more
 * Certificate in Soft Skills and Personality Development
 * Certificate in Entrepreneurship Development Skills
 * Certificate in Heritage of Mumbai
 * Certificate in Pharmacovigilance
 * Certificate in Introductory Bioanalysis
 * Certificate in Child Psychology
 * Certificate in Food Science & Quality Control
 * Certificate in Films -a language of Politics
 * Certificate in Web Development Fundamentals
 * Certificate in Aquascaping and  Interiorscaping
 * Certificate in Organic Gardening

Notable alumni
Some of the notable alumni of the college include: • Bharati Achrekar – actress

• Sonali Bendre – Actress and Model

• Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande – Indian Classical Singer

• Swati Chitnis – Indian Classical Singer

• Dilip Chitre – Poet, Critic, Painter and filmmaker

• Lord Meghnad Desai – Economist and politician from Labour Party of the UK

• H. L. Gokhale – a former Judge at the Supreme Court of India, Former Chief Justice of the Madras High Court & Allahabad High Court

• Narendra Jadhav – Economist, Social Scientist, Writer and Educationist; Member, Planning Commission; Former Member of National Advisory Council; Vice-Chancellor of University of Pune

• Manohar Joshi – 13th Speaker of the Lok Sabha; 12th Chief Minister of Maharashtra; Former Mayor of Mumbai

• Spruha Joshi, actress

• Nissim Kanekar, astrophysicist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate

• Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan – Former Chairman, Indian Space Research Organisation; Member, Planning Commission; Former Member of Parliament

• Isha Koppikar – actress and Model

• Raju Kulkarni – Former Indian Cricketer

• Ila Arab Mehta, Gujarati novelist

• Nandu M. Natekar – former National Badminton Champion and the First Indian to win a title abroad, in 1956

• Dilip Walse-Patil – Politician, Former Speaker of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly and Former Minister of Finance, Government of Maharashtra

• Medha Patkar – Social Activist and Reformer; National Convener of National Alliance of People's Movements (NAPM); Founder Member of the Narmada Bachao Andolan

• Beena Pillai, N-Bios laureate

• Dilip Prabhavalkar – actor

• Nishikant Kamat - Director, Writer, Actor

• Lalchand Rajput – Former Indian Cricketer

• Kranti Redkar – actress, director

• Shruti Sadolikar – Indian Classical Singer

• Prachi – Indian Visa Officer

• Smita Talwalkar – actress, Producer, Director

• Sulekha Talwalkar – actress

• Shilpa Tulaskar – actress

• Pandit Vidyadhar Vyas – Indian Classical Vocalist

• Ajit Wadekar – Former International Cricket Player

• Nikhil Wagle, Journalist

• Sanjay Narvekar, actor

• Hruta Durgule– actress

• Vaidehi Parashurami - Film Actress

title: Ramnarain Ruia College


text:
White Ribbon Day

White Ribbon Day may refer to:

 * "White Ribbon Day" (song), the 1997 and first single released by rock band Delirious?
 * 6 December, the Canadian National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women
 * 25 November, UN designated International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women

title: White Ribbon Day


text:
User:Andrew Guarino/Choose an Article

Article Selection
Please list articles that you're considering for your Wikipedia assignment below. Begin to critique these articles and find relevant sources.

Option 1

 * Article title
 * Roman technology

 * Article Evaluation
 * There's much that can be done to improve the wording and tone of this article, and that's what I'm good at. Roman history is a topic that interests me, and the article itself is about how technology was used by and shaped Roman civilization. It's an article that'll be easy to improve, one that I'm passionate about, and is directly relevant to the topic of the course. I've already done an in-depth evaluation, so I have a good idea of what needs to be done and where I might begin.

 * Sources
 * This topic is well-researched with a lot of good sources to choose from. I've found this author, John Peter Oleson, who seems to be a notable and distinguished expert in this exact field. His works will be a good place to start, such as Building for Eternity. The History and Technology of Roman Concrete Engineering in the Sea, or Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology. He's also contributed to GREEK AND ROMAN TECHNOLOGY: A SOURCEBOOK Annotated Translations of Greek and Latin Texts and Documents, which I've obtained a copy of. It has translations from the likes of Vitruvius and diagrams including this one that's used on the Vitruvius page.
 * I'll also be able to refer to the dedicated pages for the technologies mentioned like "Watermill," and pages like "List of ancient watermills," which has a long list of sources that might be relevant to my article.

Option 2

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 3

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 4

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 5

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

title: User:Andrew Guarino/Choose an Article


text:
History of Serial Communications

= Early serial communications methods =

Smoke signals
A smoke signal is a form of visual communication used over a long distance, developed both in the Americas and in China. By covering a fire with a blanket and quickly removing it, a puff of smoke can be generated. With some training, the sizes, shapes, and timing of these puffs can be controlled. Puffs may be observed from long distance, apparent to anyone within its visual range. With this in mind, signaling stations were often created to maximise the viewable distance. Stone bowls used by Native Americans and the towers of the Great Wall of China are examples of signaling stations.

As the signals were visible to all, unless they had a secretly understood significance they would be conveying the information alike to friend and enemy. There were, however, certain more or less recognized abstract smoke signals, of which the following are a few. One puff meant attention. Two puffs meant all's well. Three puffs of smoke, or three fires in a row, signifies danger, trouble, or a call for help.

Current loop
There are two types of current loops, analog and digital. An example of analog current loop is 4-20 mA ("four to twenty milliamp current loop") where 4 mA represents 0% and 20 mA represents 100%. In a digital current loop, an absence of current represents high, and the presence of current represents low.

A communications current loop, as used in teletype/Baudot codes was 0-20mA/0-50mA on/off. Cryptographic teletype current loop ( the red side ) was/is 0-80uA due to electromagnetic snooping capabilities circa 1966 timeframe( TEMPEST program ).

The 4-20mA current loop is not a communications current loop but a process control standard for chemical/industrial sensors and actuators. The 4-20mA is analog and linear or square-root(rate of flow). The minimum 4mA is to get the low end above the noise level possible in an industrial enviroment. 4-20mA standard was developed so that the sourcing current had enough power to drive electromechanical devices at the receiving end of the current loop.

The first digital communications serial links required the sending unit to provide all the (current)loop power. The receiving devices were all electro-mechanical with the output a mechanical motion.

Morse code

On the sea voyage home in 1832, Samuel F.B. Morse encountered Charles Thomas Jackson of Boston who was well schooled in electromagnetism. Witnessing various experiments with Jackson's electromagnet, Morse developed the concept of a single wire telegraph. He was devising his telegraph code even before the ship docked. In time the Morse code would become the primary language of telegraphy in the world.

William Cooke and Professor Charles Wheatstone reached the stage of launching a commercial telegraph prior to Morse, despite starting later. In England, Cooke became fascinated by electrical telegraph in 1836, four years after Morse, but with greater financial resources. Cooke built a small electrical telegraph within three weeks. Wheatstone also was experimenting with telegraphy and (most importantly) understood that a single large battery would not carry a telegraphic signal over long distances, and that numerous small batteries were far more successful and efficient in this task (Wheatstone was building on the primary research of Joseph Henry, an American physicist). Cooke and Wheatstone formed a partnership and patented the electrical telegraph in May 1837, and within a short time had provided the Great Western Railway with a 13 km stretch of telegraph. However, Cooke and Wheatstone's multiple wire signaling method would be overtaken by Morse's superior code within a few years.

Morse encountered the problem of getting a telegraphic signal to carry over more than a few hundred yards of wire. His breakthrough came from the insights of Professor Leonard Gale, who taught chemistry at New York University (a personal friend of Joseph Henry). With Gale's help, Morse soon was able to send a message through ten miles (16 km) of wire. This was the great breakthrough Morse had been seeking.

Morse and Gale were soon joined by a young enthusiastic man, Alfred Vail, who had excellent skills, insights and money. Morse's telegraph now began to be developed very rapidly.

In 1838 a trip to Washington, D.C. failed to attract federal sponsorship for a telegraph line. Morse then traveled to Europe seeking both sponsorship and patents, but in London discovered Cooke and Wheatstone had already established priority. Morse would need the financial backing of Maine congressman Francis Ornand Jonathan Smith.

In 1839, from Paris, Morse published the first American description of daguerreotype photography by Louis Daguerre.

Morse made one last trip to Washington, D.C., in December 1842, stringing "wires between two committee rooms in the Capitol, and sent messages back and forth -- and, for some reason, this time some people believed him, and a bill was finally proposed allocating $30,000 towards building an experimental line".³

The general public was highly skeptical, and there were also a great many skeptics in Congress. A thirty eight-mile (61km) line was constructed between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore. The most convincing demonstration was when the results of the Whig National Convention at Baltimore in the spring of 1844 reached Washington via telegraph prior to the arrival of the first train. On 24 May, 1844 the line (which ran along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad between the Capitol and Baltimore) was officially opened as Morse sent his famous words "What hath God wrought" along the wire.

In May 1845 the Magnetic Telegraph Company was formed in order to radiate telegraph lines from New York City towards Philadelphia, Boston, Buffalo, New York and the Mississippi.4

Morse also at one time adopted Wheatstone and Carl August von Steinheil's idea of broadcasting an electrical telegraph signal through a body of water or down steel railroad tracks or anything conductive. He went to great lengths to win a lawsuit for the right to be called "inventor of the telegraph", and promoted himself as being an inventor, but Alfred played an important role in the invention of the Morse Code, which was based on earlier codes for the electromagnetic telegraph.

Samuel Morse received a patent for the telegraph in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace (the present Beylerbeyi Palace was built in 1861-1865 on the same location) in Istanbul, which was issued by Sultan Abdülmecid who personally tested the new invention 5

The Morse telegraphic apparatus was officially adopted as the standard for European telegraphy in 1851. Britain (with its British Empire) remained the only notable part of the world where other forms of electrical telegraph were in widespread use (they continued to use the needle telegraph invention of Cooke and Wheatstone).

ASCII code
Work on ASCII began in 1960. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963,[1] a major revision in 1967, and the most recent update in 1986. It currently defines codes for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing, mostly obsolete control characters that affect how text is processed, and 95 are printable characters. (stub)

The non-printing ASCII codes were needed to actuate the teletype's mechanical mechanisms:

 * line-feed, carrage-return, upper-lower case, etc.

The ASCII codes were re-coded to Baudot codes used by the mechanical teletype.

The teletype was the only standard I/O device until about 1970. From 1970 on, the teletype was the most economic hobby I/O due to the military surplus of teletypes.

= The development of RS-232 = (stub)

= The development of EIA-485 (RS-485) =

RS-485, also known as TIA-485(-A) or EIA-485, is a standard defining the electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers for use in serial communications systems. Electrical signaling is balanced, and multipoint systems are supported. The standard is jointly published by the Telecommunications Industry Association and Electronic Industries Alliance (TIA/EIA). Digital communications networks implementing the standard can be used effectively over long distances and in electrically noisy environments. Multiple receivers may be connected to such a network in a linear, multidrop bus. These characteristics make RS-485 useful in industrial control systems and similar applications.

The EIA once labeled all its standards with the prefix "RS" (Recommended Standard), but the EIA-TIA officially replaced "RS" with "EIA/TIA" to help identify the origin of its standards. The EIA has officially disbanded and the standard is now maintained by the TIA as TIA-485, but engineers and applications guides continue to use the RS-485 designation.[6] The initial edition of EIA RS-485 was dated April 1983.[7]

For More information wiki RS-485

The development of the CAN bus
The controller area network (CAN) is a serial bus protocol designed to allow devices to communicate within a vehicle without a host computer.

Robert Bosch GmbH started development of CAN in 1983 and officially released CAN at the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) congress in Detroit, Michigan in 1986.

CAN bus is one of the protocols used in the two most common on-board diagnostics standards: OBD-II -- mandatory for all cars and light tricks sold in the US since 1996 -- and EOBD -- mandatory for all diesel and petrol vehicles sold in the European Union since 2004.

The CAN protocol is also used in aircraft (CANaerospace, ARINC 825, etc.), in automated industrial systems (SafetyBUS p, CAN Kingdom, CANopen, etc.), in home automation (Very Simple Control Protocol), etc.

= The development of IEEE 1394 (FireWire) =

= The development of MIDI =

(stub)

= The development of Universal Serial Bus (USB) =

(stub)

= The development of Serial ATA (SATA) =

(stub)

= Recent developments = (stub)

= Frontiers = (stub)

= References =

title: History of Serial Communications


text:
European History/Religious Wars in Europe

During the period of 1524 until 1648, Europe was plagued by wars of religion. It is important to recognize, however, that while religion was given as the reason for war, there were many other reasons as well. These included land, money and economics, political power, natural resources, and more.

These wars included the Peasants' War of 1525 in the Holy Roman Empire, the Schmalkaldic War of the 1540s through 1555, an ongoing fight between the Holy Roman Empire and the Turks, the Hussite rebellion, and missionaries and conquistadors versus Native Americans.

Warfare
Religious fighting and warfare spread with Protestantism. The radical new doctrine in Germany brought other simmering social tensions to a boil; peasant revolts flared in 1525, resulting in chaos and bloodshed across Austria, Switzerland and southern Germany. Wealthy landowners were the target of downtrodden rebels demanding social equality and sharing of wealth in common. Armies loyal to ruling princes suppressed the revolt, and the leaders were executed. Martin Luther, chief initiator of the Reformation, turned against the rebels and defended the authorities' moves to put them down.

Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 declared the Prince's religion to be the official religion of a region or country (cuius regio, eius religio). This resulted in the acceptance of toleration of Lutheranism in Germany by Catholics. When a new ruler of a different religion took power, large groups had to convert religions. Most people found this to be realistic, and the process did not end until 1648.

In northern Europe (north Germany, Netherlands, and France), the middle class tended to be Protestant, which corresponded with their work ethic and philosophy. Peasants readily converted religions in order to obtain jobs.

Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
With the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559, Spain and France agreed to stop fighting with each other in order to unite against their common Protestant threat, particularly Calvinism, which was considered more of a threat than Lutheranism.

French War of Religion
In France, religious civil war took place from 1562 to 1598 between Catholics and Protestants. The crown usually supported the Catholics but occasionally shifted sides, while the nobility was divided among the two camps. The three leading families in the nation competed for control of France. These families were the Valois family, which was currently in power and was Catholic, the Bourbon family, which consisted of Huguenots (French Protestants), and the Guise family, who was also Catholic. Ultimately, the Bourbon family won the war, but its leader Henry of Navarre was unable to be crowned because the strongly Catholic city of Paris shut itself down. Henry put Paris under a year of siege before finally deciding to convert to Catholicism himself in 1593. The civil war in France was ended by the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which reaffirmed that Catholicism was the official religion in France, but also granted a significant degree of religious and political freedom to Protestants.

Henry IV could be described as a politique, or one who cares more about his nation's peace and prosperity than he does the enforcement of religious toleration.

Spanish Conflict with the Dutch
In 1566, on the Assumption of the Virgin day, a group of Calvinists in the Netherlands stormed Catholic churches, destroying statutes and relics in a town just outside of Antwerp. Dutch Calvinists resented the Catholic religion and their conflicts with the religion, as well as Spanish King Philip II's deep devoutness and close-mindedness toward other religions. The high nobility pleaded with him for more tolerance but some of them were put to death for their insolence. One of the underlying reasons was that Philip wanted to establish an absolute monarchy in the Netherlands and the religious issue gave him a way to put pressure on the parliament. William of Orange escaped to Germany from where he tried to incite a rebellion from 1568 onwards but with little success at first. In 1570 the coastal regions got hit by a weather-related disaster, the All Saints flood that left many regions devastated and the Spanish authorities showed little compassion. William of Orange, then encouraged Sea Beggars, or pirates, to invade the ports of the coast. In 1572 the small town of Brielle was taken by what were no more than outlaws, greeted enthusiastically by the population. The town declared itself for the prince of Orange and this example was followed by a number of other towns in the relatively inaccessible provinces of Holland and Zeeland. Philip sent Spanish troops in response. They took Naarden and Haarlem and inflicted horrible suffering on the population. Other towns proved far harder to take and this caused Philip to run out of money. In what became known as the Spanish Fury, in November of 1576, Philip's unpaid mercenary armies attacked the city of Antwerp killing 7,000 in 11 days. Antwerp was by far the richest city at the time and the influential merchants got the parliament to convene and raise money to pay off the marauding mercenaries. By doing so the parliament basically took over control from the king in far Madrid and this was the last thing the king wanted. He sent more troops with an ultimatum to the parliament to surrender or else and appointed the Duke of Parma as the new governor of the Netherlands. In 1579, the southern ten provinces of the Netherlands, which were Catholic, signed the Union of Arras, expressing loyalty to Philip. During that same year, William of Orange united seven northern states in the Union of Utrecht, which formed the Dutch Republic that openly opposed Philip and Spain. In 1581, the Spanish army was sent to retake the United Provinces of the Netherlands, or the Dutch Republic, who had just declared their independence.

On July 10, 1584, William of Orange was assassinated, and after his death, the Duke of Parma made progress in his reconquest, capturing significant portions of the Dutch Republic. However, England, under the leadership of Elizabeth I, assisted the Dutch with troops and horses, and as a result Spain was never able to regain control of the north. Spain finally recognized Dutch independence in 1648.

The Spanish Armada

Catholic Philip II of Spain desired to remove Elizabeth I of England from the throne after her rise to power following "Bloody" Mary Tudor's fall to illness. Philip was primarily angry over Elizabeth's actions against English Catholics, but he was also upset as a result of attacks by English privateers upon Spanish vessels, Elizabeth's assisting enemies of Spain such as the Netherlands, and the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots.

Philip devised a plan to invade England. The four components of this plan were to bring a large army into the Netherlands under the lead of the Duke of Parma and get them prepared to invade England. In addition, the Duke of Medina-Sardonia would prepare a large fleet with extra men, and equip the men to join up with the Duke of Parma's army. Then, Spain would use its fleet to win control of the English Channel and protect the Duke of Parma's invading force as it crossed. Finally, the troops would invade England and force Elizabeth to agree to Spain's demands: to allow English Catholics to worship in the way that they wanted, to stop assisting Protestant Dutch rebels in the Spanish Netherlands, and to pay reparations for the cost of the invasion as well as English damage to Spanish ships. Philip did not, however, have any intent to conquer England - he simply desired Elizabeth to cede to Spain's demands. Although on 29 July 1587, Pope Sixtus V had granted Papal authority to overthrow Elizabeth, who had been declared a heretic by Pope Pius V, and place whomever he chose on the throne of England.

Initial Problems with the Plan
There were a number of problems with Philip's plan. First, the Duke of Medina-Sardonia was appointed leader of the operation. He had no naval experience and was fatalistic. Moreover, the Duke of Parma refused to cooperate, as he wanted to be the commander. As a result, he did not assemble enough vessels. In addition, during the preparations, Sir Francis Drake of England raided the city of Cadiz and sank 30 Spanish vessels and burnt barrel staves, resulting in the food for the armada becoming spoiled. Finally, the invasion consisted of 131 ships, resulting in difficult communications.

The Attack
The Armada arrived in late July of 1588, and was spotted immediately by English lookouts. At this time, the Duke of Parma still needed a few more days to prepare the troops. On July 20, Admiral Howard of England devised a plan using fireships, or ships filled with combustibles, to attack the Spanish fleet. These attacks resulted in the Spanish fleet cutting its anchors. On July 29, the major confrontation took place, called the Battle of Gravelines. The Spanish tactics were outdated - they were to sail in close, fire one volley at the English ships, and then proceed to board the English vessels. However, the English navy had devised new tactics, using smaller, more maneuverable ships with longer range, movable cannons. But this new tactic was not decisive, because little damage was done to ships in formation. On the other hand all attempts to leave the formation led to immediate destruction by combined fire of the English ships. When the English fleet was able to scatter the Spanish formation with burners, the Armada decided to retreat. This, coupled with the so-called "Protestant Wind" that blew the Spanish ships through the English Channel, resulted in the Spanish defeat. On May 28, 1588, the Armada had set sail with 131 ships and 30,000 men. 67 ships and around 10,000 men returned. Many ships sank along the Irish coast, about 5000 men died from starvation and others were executed in Ireland by English authorities.

Results of the Spanish Armada
The Spanish fleet was able to recover from this defeat in numbers, but morale was shattered. The events marked the rise of English naval power. In addition, they resulted in Dutch independence since Spain could not defeat England. The events were thus a blow to the Counter-Reformation, leading to an overall decline in the Counter-Reformation's effects.

The Decline of Spain
It is a common misconception that the failure of the armada resulted in the decline of Spain.

After the failed invasion of England, Spain soon began to enter a period of decline. This occurred for a number of reasons. The Counter-Reformation had drained considerable Spanish resources. Moreover, many of the resources of the Spanish colonies had been exhausted. Additionally, only one-third of Spain's population actually worked - one-third of the population belonged to the clergy and another one-third belonged to lower nobility - and there was no middle class in Spain, and a small higher class. Finally, inbreeding caused inept leadership in the monarchy.

The Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was sparked by the Defenestration of Prague, at which Protestants threw Catholic ambassadors out of a window in the city of Prague. The Thirty Years' War had started as a war along religious frontlines, but the role of religion greatly diminished later. The Catholic French funded the Protestant Dutch, Protestant Princes in the Holy Roman Empire, as well as other non-Catholic nations such as Sweden, Denmark, and the Ottoman Empire, since all of these nations were fighting the Habsburgs. France, led by Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister for Louis XIII, desired to reduce the power of Austria by funding Austria's enemies. The war was essentially a fight between the two powers to determine which would become the main power in Europe. Although a high member of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, Richelieu can be described as a politique, as he put national interest ahead of his religion. Indeed, Richelieu openly funded Protestant groups in his fight against the Habsburgs.

Precursors to the War
The Schmalkaldic Wars and the Peace of Augsburg started in the 1540s and ended in 1555 created a number of issues for Charles V of Habsburg. The debate over what religion German states could adopt had not been resolved, as the Peace of Augsburg provided for the states' princes to adopt either Catholicism or Lutheranism, but not Calvinism. The issue of the German princes' power and sovereignty was also at bay, as the princes increasingly desired more power. Finally, the princes had been seizing Church land, angering Charles V.

Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)
Protestant Bohemians rebelled for religious freedom and independence from Habsburg rule. The Defenestration of Prague, in which rebels threw two of the Holy Roman Emperor's, Ferdinand II, Catholic officials from a castle window, initiated the war in 1618. After ruthless retaliation by Ferdinand, Bohemia was completely converted to Catholicism and defeated.

Danish Phase (1625-1630)
King Christian of Denmark supported north German Protestants. Catholic general Albert Wallenstein was hired to defeat Protestant forces and restore Catholic land lost. As a result of Austrian victories, Ferdinand II issues the Edict of Restitution in 1629, ordering that no longer could Protestants seize and secularize Catholic land. In the Siege of Madgeburg, Wallenstein's mercenary force, out of control, massacred the entire town of Madgeburg, including both Protestants and Catholics. Again, Austria is victorious, and Denmark is relatively easily defeated.

Swedish Phase (1630-1635)
Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus, devout Lutheran, came to Germany's aid. Austria ultimately defeated Sweden, and it looked like peace was likely. The Edict of Restitution was thus withdrawn.

French/International Phase (1635-1648)
Though a Catholic state, France had felt threatened by the strengthened Habsburg Empire, and joined the war in 1635 on the side of the Protestants, thus ending the strictly religious character of the war. A combined French/Swedish alliance triumphed over Habsburg forces, while the Dutch, also allied to France, finally won their formal independence from Spain. In 1648, with all sides exhausted, a final series of peace treaties were prepared.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Treaty of Westphalia ended the last major religious war in Europe. The settlement would serve as a model for resolving conflict among warring European nations, as it represented the first time a diplomatic congress addressed and resolved a dispute. This was the first time that all parties were brought together at once rather than two or three at a time.

Beneficiaries of the Treaty of Westphalia

 * France, now the dominant power in Europe, surpassing Spain and Austria. France also got Alsace-Loraine and wins the Thirty Years' War, stopping German unity.
 * Dutch and the House of Orange. Spain and the Holy Roman Empire finally recognized their independence, and for the next 60 years, were the leaders in trade, shipping, and a major economic powerhouse in Europe.
 * Swiss. They earned independence from the Holy Roman Empire.
 * Sweden. They now controlled the Baltic Sea and became the most powerful nation in the north.
 * Prussia and the Hohenzollerns. This marked the start of Prussia's rise as a great military power.
 * German princes. The princes now won sovereignty and could select Calvinism for their states.
 * Protestants. The Peace of Westphalia marked the end of the Counter-Reformation and Calvinism was now tolerated.

Losers at Westphalia

 * Spain and the Spanish Habsburgs. The Spanish lost colonies and territorial possessions, resulting in a loss in income.
 * The Holy Roman Empire, Austria, and the Austrian Habsburg. 1648 marked the definite end of the Holy Roman emperor's power over the Holy Roman Empire, as the princes are now sovereign.
 * Catholicism. The Peace of Westphalia marked the end of the enforced Counter-Reformation and thus the end of the church's supremacy and papal authority.
 * German Unity. Germany was kept disunited and was divided into hundreds of individual, sovereign states governed by princes.

Historia de Europa/Las guerras de religión Lịch sử châu Âu/Chiến tranh tôn giáo


text:
barbecue stopper

Noun

 * 1)  A topic of conversation which is controversial and of contemporary significance. Hence, a social gaffe.

title: barbecue stopper


text:
Talk:Dominic Sandbrook

Wilson
Surely one important point that no reviewer mentions is that this is the first post death of Falkender All previous books memoirs faced legal onslaught from her I suspect more to come Talk to Haines and Donoghue <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:05, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

POV editing
There are far too many cherry picked quotes in this article to make it seem balanced. Every single authored work is a quasi masterpiece based on the quotes used by favourable journalists. Balance this against the serious accusation that he has been caught out for "apparent plagiarism" (is that a sort of Schroedinger's Cat offence of blatant copying but apparently not blatantly copying? He either did or he didn't, so why the verbal obfuscation?). The article smells of paid editing or someone who either has a conflict of interest or no sense of NPOV. I'd never heard of this person until someone passed me an article he wrote about himself in the UK's worst tabloid (which incidentally was entirely self-congratulating). Note the precedence then on this person. I strongly advise that this article be shredded of all the rose tinted quotes about his published works and get back to hard facts. When an article is this pro subject and uber positive, it stinks of WP:NPOV, WP:OPINION and even WP:OR (because it's all spin to promote the subject). It needs a rewrite because this person is obviously no star if they are plagiarising other writer's work.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:24, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Agreed, balance is needed in the article. However, the accusations appear to have been retracted fairly quickly and were not recorded. Dominic Sandbrook is still academically recognized and his academic work on 20th century British history is widely respected and influential. The article’s treatment of “apparent plagiarism” is in fact justified. JEBELLES (talk) 20:34, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dominic Sandbrook


text:
User:Soma89

Hello!
My name is Sofia. I was born on may 26 1989. I live in a small town near Eichstätt. Eichstätt has around 13,000 inhabitants (including a lot of university students) and is the city where I go to school. I visit advanced level courses in French and English what I'm very happy with... :) In summer 2008 I'll finish school and plan to study abroad in order to get to know people of another nationality and feel another country's flair.

What I'm interested in:

 * communication
 * different cultures, customs & people
 * languages
 * travelling
 * my friends
 * going out
 * aerobic
 * photographing
 * great films
 * and a lot more!

For further information please see my user page in the German wikiversity.

title: User:Soma89


text:
Monetary Economics/Preface

Preface
Monetary economics is the study of the money market in an economy - the market which, in most macroeconomic models, is represented by the supply of savings available to meet the demand for investment. In the basic macroeconomic models, this market is assumed to clear, by means of an equilibrium interest rate. However, in most countries residing in the real world, the interest rate is managed by the central bank, simply because the money market tends not to clear on its own. The ability to set the interest rate has become a powerful economic management tool in the arsenal of finance ministers throughout the world today, but there are some instances where countries have voluntarily given it up.

This document will attempt to define the nebulous item often labelled as 'money' by economists. It will then set out the factors affecting the demand and supply of money in an economy, and explore the reasons why the money market does not clear. This document will then move on to monetary policy and global monetary economic history - the practice and ramifications of 'real world' monetary economics.

title: Monetary Economics/Preface


text:
User:Michael Anon/Vandalism

__NOINDEX__ This page contains material I regularly use to deal with unconstructive edits.

Finding

 * Recent article changes by unregistered users
 * Recent article changes by new users

Generic notice
== July 2024 == ~ {{subst:Shared IP advice}}

Other useful templates
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Finding

 * Use of Example.jpg in the Article namespace
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title: User:Michael Anon/Vandalism


text:
Chineasy

Chineasy is an internet startup founded with the mission of teaching Chinese. It was created by entrepreneur Shaolan Hsueh, and the teams operate from the UK and Taiwan. The approach is to learn Chinese characters with the help of illustrations to help memorize Chinese characters better. The 2014 book Chineasy: The New Way to Read Chinese contains about 400 characters. It was based on her 2013 TED talk and funded via a crowdfunding campaign through Kickstarter.

While the book introduces common Chinese characters, it does not teach pronunciation or grammar, and thus does not teach how to read or use the language, although it does use voice recordings for the users to mimic.

Chineasy's first app, Chineasy, launched in 2018, makes it fun and easy to learn Chinese words on-the-go through flashcards and quizzes. The app is awarded as Editor's Choice and has reached number 2 in the UK and number 6 in the US Apple App Store's education category. It was featured on the new Apple Watch App Store during the keynote address at the 2019 Worldwide Developers Conference in San Jose. The Chineasy app is a 2022 Apple Design Awards finalist for Delight & Fun.

Set of characters
Chineasy teaches sometimes traditional and sometimes simplified forms. Hsueh argued that traditional and simplified forms of Chinese still share a great number of characters, and in real life – just as in the case of British English and American English – you will come across both forms. Where they differ, she shows the other version as well. Chineseasy Everyday teaches over 400 of the most used and useful Chinese characters, phrases and sentences. In addition to learning characters the learner will also experience many stories that explain Chinese customs and culture.

Reception
Chineasy has been widely featured in the press, including the Financial Times, the Wall Street Journal, Time magazine, and National Public Radio. It won Wallpaper’s 2014 Design Award. Hsueh's book uses illustrations and storytelling. Characters are illustrated by various illustrators including Noma Bar.

According to the sinologist and linguist Victor H. Mair “anyone who deceives him/herself into thinking that using Chineasy is a magic bullet for learning Chinese will simply be wasting his/her time.” He wrote:
 * “First of all, if you employ Ms. Hsueh’s methods, you won’t learn any real Chinese language. You won’t know the sound of a single Chinese word. You won’t even know the sound of a single Chinese character. You won’t learn anything about Chinese grammar or syntax. You won’t be able to speak or write a single Chinese sentence. If you doggedly persist, you might learn to recognize a hundred or so individual characters, but you wouldn’t know how to pronounce them or use them in any meaningful context.
 * What is worse, you will be subjected to a lot of assertions that are wrong.”

title: Chineasy


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Emmanuel College

Emmanuel College
Voting period ends on 20 Feb 2015  at 22:25:41 (UTC)
 * Reason:High quality panorama image and high EV.
 * Articles in which this image appears:Emmanuel College, Cambridge
 * FP category for this image:Featured pictures/Places/Architecture
 * Creator:Diliff

 * Support as nominator – Armbrust The Homunculus 22:25, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support. Thanks Armbrust, it was an image that I did eventually intend to nominate myself, so you saved me the trouble. :-) Ðiliff    «»  (Talk)  23:38, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support - Great photo. CorinneSD (talk) 00:05, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support - Great photo indeed. Hafspajen (talk) 04:42, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support --Jobas (talk) 14:49, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support - very nice...--Godot13 (talk) 08:01, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support --Blacknclick (talk) 16:32, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support as I did at Commons. Daniel Case (talk) 06:22, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

-- — Crisco 1492 (talk) 00:42, 21 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tremont House, California

The result was delete. Tone 08:22, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Tremont House, California

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Waystation, yes: settlement, not that I can document. I find a good number of mentions of the place which all refer to it as a roadhouse and make clear that it was a single establishment (of a number such distributed along the trails) and nothing like a town. Note that there was a hotel in Folsom also named the Tremont House. Mangoe (talk) 04:48, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Geography-related deletion discussions.  Megan Barris   (Lets talk📧)  07:06, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of California-related deletion discussions.  Megan Barris   (Lets talk📧)  07:06, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete as per nomination. References don't exist for this place as a community or township. --Whiteguru (talk) 08:01, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete Not in GNIS. No post office, though Tremont Valley, Calaveras had a PO.  Newspapers.com has trivial coverage, .  Google Books is a bit better, though the coverage is only in passing: , ,  and others. Cxbrx (talk) 01:36, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable community. ɴᴋᴏɴ21  ❯❯❯  talk  06:15, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete Appears to be simply that, a house. ~ EDDY  ( talk / contribs )~ 14:12, 21 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Proginet

External links modified
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title: Talk:Proginet


text:
Jesus' true relatives

The saying of Jesus concerning his true relatives is found in the Canonical gospels Mark, Matthew, and Luke. It shows that, for Jesus, whoever does the will of God is like his family.

In the Bible
From : There came then his brethren and his mother, and, standing without, sent unto him, calling him. And the multitude sat about him, and they said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren without seek for thee. And he answered them, saying, Who is my mother, or my brethren? And he looked round about on them which sat about him, and said, Behold my mother and my brethren! For whosoever shall do the will of God, the same is my brother, and my sister, and mother.

From : While he yet talked to the people, behold, his mother and his brethren stood without, desiring to speak with him. Then one said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren stand without, desiring to speak with thee. But he answered and said unto him that told him, Who is my mother? and who are my brethren? And he stretched forth his hand toward his disciples, and said, Behold my mother and my brethren! For whosoever shall do the will of my Father which is in heaven, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother. From Then came to him his mother and his brethren, and could not come at him for the press.

And it was told him by certain which said, Thy mother and thy brethren stand without, desiring to see thee.

And he answered and said unto them, My mother and my brethren are these which hear the word of God, and do it.

Apocryphal version
A re-organized version also appears in the Gospel of Thomas (Patterson-Meyer Translation): 99 The disciples said to him, "Your brothers and your mother are standing outside." He said to them, "Those here who do what my Father wants are my brothers and my mother. They are the ones who will enter my Father's kingdom." 100 They showed Jesus a gold coin and said to him, "The Roman emperor's people demand taxes from us." He said to them, "Give the emperor what belongs to the emperor, give God what belongs to God, and give me what is mine." 101 "Whoever does not hate [father] and mother as I do cannot be my [disciple], and whoever does [not] love [father and] mother as I do cannot be my [disciple]. For my mother [...], but my true [mother] gave me life."

Verse 100 (Caesar's Coin) is similar to Mark 12:13-17 and Luke 20.22-26. Verse 101 (Love Jesus/God more than your family) is similar to and.

title: Jesus' true relatives


text:
Rosina Schnorr

Rosina Schnorr (7 October 1618 – November 11, 1679), was a German business person.

She was married to the merchant Hans Veit Schnorr, who managed the textile coloring factory in Niederpfannenstiel and Auernhammer. After the death of her spouse in 1664, she took over his business. She also expanded in to the mining industry. She was active as a philanthropist, and founded an orphanage in Schneeberg. Schnorr is regarded to be a notable example of a female business person in the 17th century. In 2013, she was commemorated in the city of Aue in Germany.

title: Rosina Schnorr


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/OBJECTIVE: Christian Ministries

The result of the debate was keep. Johnleemk | Talk 15:43, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

OBJECTIVE: Christian Ministries
This page fails WP:WEB, which states that a site is notable if "the content itself has been the subject of multiple non-trivial published works whose source is independent of the site itself; the website or content has won a well known and independent award, either from a publication or organisation; or the content is distributed via a site which is both well known and independent of the creators, either through an online newspaper or magazine, an online publisher, or an online broadcaster." OBJECTIVE: Christian Ministries does none of these things. Its biggest claim to notability appears to be a brief traffic spike due to a YTMND page about it a couple weeks ago. Its Alexa rank is in the neighborhood of 250,000. Delete. JDoorj a m    Talk 21:40, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:WEB. If we can find that this topic has gotten significant coverage in reputable sources, I may reconsider.  We don't need to document the internet as it happens- the Net itself does this.  Wikipedia is not google.  Friday (talk) 22:32, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment: if we can find significant coverage in truly reputable sources, I will, of course, withdraw the nom. JDoorj a m    Talk 23:52, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per Friday Bucketsofg 22:51, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment on the talk page is mention that this site was the home to the (briefly) famous "OS X/Darwin is evil" article, which was featured on slashdot (the ./ story links to an old host, so is 404) and elsewhere, and still gets mentioned every so often. Not sure if that tips the scales for anybody. I say keep, but I'm a fan of the site, so not very objective. Staecker 00:42, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep per Staecker, also note that there are many usenet posts by people who don't realize that its a joke and are either shocked that its real or are actual fundamentalists posting stuff from it. JoshuaZ 04:53, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Is there a good source that cites that? Simply googling it and posting the results would violoate WP:NOR; did a reliable source ever document this confusion? JDoorj a m     Talk 05:32, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Not that I am aware of, but that's an issue for verifiability, so it wouldn't be able to go in the page. However, it valid as evidence of notability. JoshuaZ 05:35, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The slashdot story itself was posted by somebody who believed it to be a non-hoax. Many user comments showed further confusion. Staecker 13:46, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic --Doc ask?  09:53, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete The article doesn't provide much of a claim to notability, and what's there isn't externally sourced. Xoloz 13:11, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It's an encyclopedic topic in my view, except for apparently low notability. Alexa may be all wonky because of the name changes of the site... it may be higher than it looks. I couldn't find many inbound links via a search on Google though so I'm thinking not MUCH higher. Unless further notability information is offered in which case I'll try to come back and change my sentiment, Delete + +Lar: t/c 13:18, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is such a well done hoax site that we should be cognizant of the likelyhood of people coming here to verify its status as a hoax or real.  I get over 20,000 hits on Google (search term: "Objective Ministries" OR "Objective Christian Ministries" OR "ObjectiveMinistries" OR "Objective 4Kidz"), with only a few false positives.  Even if it doesn't strictly meet WP:WEB, I think we should make an exception here because Wikipedia is not paper and the site is close enough to notability under WP:WEB that other considerations should be taken into account.  Powers 13:35, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep I recall perusing this site a year or so ago; might have been mentioned in the same context as Landover Baptist. Web notability is probably hard to verify via Google because of name changes.  OhNo itsJamie Talk 23:27, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep I for one wanted more information about this site, and since it is such an elaborate hoax plus it has gone through several name changes, it's not an easy task. This site has been also been discussed at The Mac Observer.Bjorneven 00:52, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable hoax site. Agree that the general slipperiness of the site makes verifiability difficult, but also agree with the fact that the poker-facedness of the site makes it a likely Wikipedia target. (Incidentally, if anyone can find a valid source for the fact that it's a Zapatatopi side project as asserted on the talk page, it belongs in the article.) Haikupoet 04:06, 23 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Langlonyamba Keishangbam

Langlonyamba Singh Meitan Keishangbam (born 6 December 1997) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut on 28 September 2019, for Manipur in the 2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his first-class debut on 9 December 2019, for Manipur in the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy. He made his Twenty20 debut on 11 January 2021, for Manipur in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.

title: Langlonyamba Keishangbam


text:
Nucleus raphe magnus

The nucleus raphe magnus (termed the nucleus raphes magnus by Terminologia Anatomica and some publications ) is one of the seven raphe nuclei. It is situated in the pons in the brainstem, just rostral to the nucleus raphe obscurus.

The NRM receives afferent stimuli from the enkephalinergic neurons of the periaqueductal gray; the serotonergic neurons of the NRM then bilaterally project efferents to the enkephalinergic and dynorphin-containing interneurons of the substantia gelatinosa of the posterior grey column of the spinal cord. This neural path thus mediates pain perception through pre-synaptic inhibition of first-order afferent (sensory) neurons.

Afferents
It receives afferents from the spinal cord and cerebellum.

It receives descending afferents from the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG), the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, parvocellular reticular nucleus and the prelimbic, infralimbic, medial and lateral precentral cortices. It is one of the afferent targets of the ascending reticular activating system.

Efferents
It projects efferents to the posterior grey column (to modulate pain).

Neurophysiology and function
The nucleus raphe magnus seems to participate in the endogenous analgesia system. Mounting evidence suggests that the nucleus raphe magnus plays an important role in homeostatic regulation. Its afferents from the spinal cord and cerebellum suggest it may be a part of the motor system.

Pain modulation
The main function of the nucleus raphe magnus is pain mediation. The nucleus raphe magnus releases serotonin when stimulated. It sends projections to the enkephalin-releasing interneurons of the posterior grey column to directly inhibit pain.

The periaqueductal gray (PAG), an area of the brain involved in mediating analgesia, sends efferent stimuli to the nucleus raphe magnus when stimulated by opioids (endogenous or otherwise); electrical stimulation of the PAG as well as administration of opioid agonists to the PAG or nucleus raphe magnus produces analgesia; the antinociceptic effects of electrical stimulation of the PAG can be blocked by administering naloxone (an opiate antagonist) to the nucleus raphe magnus. Similarly, afferent fibres from the spinothalamic tract synapse at the periaqueductal grey matter which in turn projects to the nucleus raphe magnus, which when stimulated directly inhibits pain fibers in the posterior grey column, alleviating pain. All of this seems to indicate that the nucleus raphe magnus is part of the endogenous opiate system, and acts to inhibit pain in the spinal cord.

title: Nucleus raphe magnus


text:
2001 EAP Under-19 Cricket Trophy

The 2001 EAP Under-19 Cricket Trophy was a cricket tournament held in Fiji from 19–25 August 2001, during the 2001 international season. All matches were held in Nadi.

Papua New Guinea won the tournament by defeating Hong Kong in the final, thus qualifying for the 2002 Under-19 World Cup in New Zealand. Two PNG players, Frank Joseph and Greg Baeau, led the tournament in runs and wickets, respectively. The only century at the tournament was scored by a Fijian, Colin Rika.

The tournament, featuring only three teams, was organised by ICC East Asia-Pacific (EAP), and was the inaugural edition of the EAP Under-19 Trophy. Previously, EAP teams had had to qualify via the Youth Asia Cup, an Asian Cricket Council (ACC) tournament. For the next two World Cups, in 2004 and 2006, the EAP organised joint qualification tournaments with the African Cricket Association, held in 2003 and 2005. Separate qualifying tournaments have been held since then.

Teams and qualification
Hong Kong, an Asian Cricket Council (ACC) member, participated in the tournament for the first and only time.

Round-robin
Full fixtures: Cricket Archive

Most runs
The top five run scorers are included in this table, ranked by runs scored and then by batting average.

Source: CricketArchive

Most wickets
The top five wicket takers are listed in this table, ranked by wickets taken and then by bowling average. Source: CricketArchive

title: 2001 EAP Under-19 Cricket Trophy


text:
Ove Ramel

Ove Ramel (1637 – 29 January 1685) was a Danish landowner and administrator.

Biography
Ramel (also written Offue Rommel and Rammel) was the son of Privy Counsellor Henrik Ramel (1601–1653) and Margrethe Skeel (died 1671 or later). He attended Sorø Academy in 1653–1656 and then went abroad to continue his education enrolling at the University of Orléans in 1659. After Denmark's loss of Scania/Skåne to Sweden in 1660, Ramel was naturalized after swearing his loyalty to the Swedish king.

Ramel married Mette Rosenkrantz (12 March 1646 – 25 January 1730), daughter of Erik Rosenkrantz of Rosenholm (1612–1681) and Margrethe Skeel ( 1626–1647). He was the owner of Bäckaskog and Ugerup in Scania and Lergrav in Jutland. As the guardian of Kjeld Kristoffer Barnekow, he was also responsible for the management of his estates Vittskövle and Rosendal.

During the Scanian War 1675-79, he went back into Danish service in 1676, as soon as the war reached Scania. Ramel served first as a commissary at Kristianstad and then became district governor (amtmand) of the county of Helsingborg - a post that he kept until the end of the war. He worked hard to rebuild the city and to introduce sanitary measures that would decrease the diseases that had come with the war. His Scanian estates were confiscated and presented to Field Marshall Conrad Marderfelt. Negotiations for the return of his estates and his appointment to landshøvding of Blekinge and Ramel and four other Danish noblemen were in 1678 executed in effigie in the central square 'Stortorget' in Malmö. The doll that represented Ramel was impaled and exhibited by the city gates so as to warn others from fighting the Swedes. The other three dolls portrayed Knud, Tage and Holger Thott and were 'only' decapitated, but these gentlemen were not known to have taken up arms against the Swedes. Knud Thott, however, was district governor of the county (amt) of Landskrona and worked hard to oppose them so the Swedes must have had evidence that Ramel had taken arms against them, else his image would not have been impaled.

During the war, Ramel served first as General War Commissioner in Kristianstad and from 1677 as county governor of Helsingborg. He played an important role in the small war and in the organisation of resistance groups (snaphaner). He was reported to be popular among the commoners and he also dined with the common soldiers and made friends with lower-ranking officers. Ramel settled in Denmark where he was granted the title of etatsråd.

He was, by marriage, the proprietor of Lergrav. In 1551 he ceded Lergrav to his sister, Anna, the widow of chancellor Peder Reedtz, in exchange for Basnæs on Zealand. In 1682, he also acquired Borreby Castle.

Ramel died on 29 January 1685 at Borreby and was buried at Sorø Abbey Church. Borreby had to be sold as a result of his financial situation. The king granted his widow a pension of 500 daler as compensation for the loss of their Scanian holdings. She sold Basnæs in 1685.

title: Ove Ramel


text:
unitize

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) To manage as a unit.
 * 2) To convert, package, or organize into one or more units.
 * 3) * a. 1893, Henry Ward Beecher, The Original Plymouth Pulpit: Sermons of Henry Ward Beecher in Plymouth, page 303
 * At any rate the general exterior is the same. And though we may attach shades of difference to them, and they may work themselves out in the final result, there are enough points of agreement to make men cohere; to unitize them.
 * At any rate the general exterior is the same. And though we may attach shades of difference to them, and they may work themselves out in the final result, there are enough points of agreement to make men cohere; to unitize them.

title: unitize


text:
Five Kings House

Five Kings House (formerly Thames House) is an office building in the City of London on the corner of Upper Thames Street and Queen Street Place, postcode EC4R 1QS. It is Grade II listed, Number:1358918.

It was built in 1911 by Thomas Collcutt and Stanley Hamp for Liebig's Extract of Meat Company.

The façade contains architectural sculptures by Richard Garbe. The figures representing Abundance over the central entrance are by Frank Lynn Jenkins.

Over the corner doorway is a canopy decorated with reclining figures, a skull on a pediment and a tablet with cherubs.

Those over the grand entrance on the corner with Upper Thames Street represent Mercury and a female figure by George Duncan MacDougald (1880-1945). Above this is a relief of Pegasus with two male figures and capitals with an owl and eagle.

The central Queen Street doorway has crouched figures in a canopy and cherubs above.

The former doorway to the south has figures in lead. The upper pediment has naked reclining figures with a child above. The winged keystone is decorated with fruit and eagles. The doorway has an Atlas keystone with an owl motif above. In the spandrels are reliefs of two naked female figures. A bronze sailing ship is in front of the oculus, supported on cartouche with the inscription "THAMES HOUSE".

title: Five Kings House


text:
Oh Jong-hyuk

Oh Jong-hyuk (born February 16, 1983) is a South Korean singer and member of South Korean boy band Click-B.

Personal life
Oh was educated at Dankook University High School, and graduated from Kyonggi University.

Oh began his mandatory military service in 2011. He served as an active duty officer after his six weeks of basic military training at the Pohang Marine Corps Training Center. He was discharged in 2013.

In September 2013, it was revealed that Oh had been dating T-ara member Soyeon for the past three years. After six years of dating, the relationship came to an end in 2016.

In April 2021, Oh announced that he would marry on April 12, 2021, to his non-celebrity girlfriend. As planned, Oh will get married from May 2020, which has to be postponed because of COVID-19. On December 2, 2021, Oh announced through his social media that his wife is pregnant. On July 7, 2022, his wife gave birth to their first child, a daughter.

Career
In 1999, Oh debuted as a member of the group Click-B. He later debuted as a soloist in September 2006 with the album Issue under the stage name OJ.

Oh was a cast member in the variety show Law of the Jungle in 2013 and 2014, and appeared in MBC's King of Mask Singer in 2015, under the alias "Lonely Man Leon"

In August 2021, Oh signed with Bless Ent following the expiration of his contract with the former agency.

Studio albums

 * OJ Issue (2006)
 * He's Story Vol. 2 'Cry' (2009)

EPs

 * OK, I'm Ready (2008)
 * Heartbreak (2009)

Singles

 * Love is Like That (사랑이 그래요) (2007)
 * OJ (2010)
 * Run To You, Fly With Cloud (2011)
 * Time Is... (시간은...) (2011)
 * Love Fades (시들어) feat. Kim Ji-sook (2016)

title: Oh Jong-hyuk


text:
1998–99 Pepsi Cup

The 1998–99 Pepsi Cup was a One Day International cricket tournament held in India in March – April 1999. It was a tri-nation series between the India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Pakistan defeated India in the final to win the tournament.

title: 1998–99 Pepsi Cup


text:
Statistics/Testing Data/z-tests

The Null Hypothesis should be an assumption concerning the value of the population mean. The data should consist of a single sample of quantitative data from the population.

Requirements
The sample should be drawn from a population from which the Standard Deviation (or Variance) is known. Also, the measured variable (typically listed as $$x-\bar x$$ is the sample statistic) should have a Normal Distribution.

Note that if the distribution of the variable in the population is non-normal (or unknown), the z-test can still be used for approximate results, provided the sample size is sufficiently large. Historically, sample sizes of at least 30 have been considered sufficiently large; reality is (of course) much more complicated, but this rule of thumb is still in use in many textbooks.

If the population Standard Deviation is unknown, then a z-test is typically not appropriate. However, when the sample size is large, the sample standard deviation can be used as an estimate of the population standard deviation, and a z-test can provide approximate results.

Definitions of Terms

 * $$\mu_0$$ = Population Mean

 * $$\sigma$$ = Population Standard Deviation

 * $$\bar x$$ = Sample Mean

 * $$n$$ = Sample Population

Procedure

 * The Null Hypothesis:

This is a statement of no change or no effect; often, we are looking for evidence that this statement is no longer true.

 * H0 : μ = μ0

 * The Alternate Hypothesis:

This is a statement of inequality; we are looking for evidence that this statement is true.

 * H1 : μ < μ0 or

 * H1 : μ > μ0 or

 * H1 : μ ≠ μ0

 * The Test Statistic:

 * $$z=\frac{\bar x -\mu _0}{\sigma / \sqrt{n}}$$

 * The Significance (p-value)

Calculate the probability of observing a value of z (from a Standard Normal Distribution) using the Alternate Hypothesis to indicate the direction in which the area under the Probability Density Function is to be calculated. This is the Attained Significance, or p-value.

Note that some (older) methods first chose a Level Of Significance, which was then translated into a value of z. This made more sense (and was easier!) in the days before computers and graphics calculators.

 * Decision

The Attained Significance represents the probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme, or more extreme, than ours - if the null hypothesis is true.

If the Attained Significance (p-value) is sufficiently low, then this indicates that our test statistic is unusual (rare) - we usually take this as evidence that the null hypothesis is in error. In this case, we reject the null hypothesis.

If the p-value is large, then this indicates that the test statistic is usual (common) - we take this as a lack of evidence against the null hypothesis. In this case, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

It is common to use 5% as the dividing line between the common and the unusual; again, reality is more complicated. Sometimes a lower level of uncertainty must be chosen should the consequences of error results in a decision that can injure or kill people or do great economic harm. We would more likely tolerate a drug that kills 5% of patients with a terminal cancer but cures 95% of all patients, but we would hardly tolerate a cosmetic that disfigures 5% of those who use it.

Are The Kids Above Average?
Scores on a certain test of mathematical aptitude have mean μ = 50 and standard deviation σ = 10. An amateur researcher believes that the students in his area are brighter than average, and wants to test his theory.

The researcher has obtained a random sample of 45 scores for students in his area. The mean score for this sample is 52.

Does the researcher have evidence to support his belief?

The null hypothesis is that there is no difference, and that the students in his area are no different than those in the general population; thus,

 * H0 : μ = 50

(where μ represents the mean score for students in his area)

He is looking for evidence that the students in his area are above average; thus, the alternate hypothesis is

 * H1 : μ > 50

Since the hypothesis concerns a single population mean, a z-test is indicated. The sample size is fairly large (greater than 30), and the standard deviation is known, so a z-test is appropriate.

 * $$z=\frac{\bar x -\mu _0}{\sigma / \sqrt{n}} =\frac{52-50}{10/ \sqrt{45}}=1.3416$$

We now find the area under the Normal Distribution to the right of z = 1.3416 (to the right, since the alternate hypothesis is to the right). This can be done with a table of values, or software- I get a value of 0.0899.

If the null hypothesis is true (and these students are no better than the general population), then the probability of obtaining a sample mean of 52 or higher is 8.99%. This occurs fairly frequently (using the 5% rule), so it does not seem unusual. I fail to reject the null hypothesis (at the 5% level).

It appears that the evidence does not support the researcher's belief.

Is The Machine Working Correctly?
Sue is in charge of Quality Control at a bottling facility. Currently, she is checking the operation of a machine that is supposed to deliver 355 mL of liquid into an aluminum can. If the machine delivers too little, then the local Regulatory Agency may fine the company. If the machine delivers too much, then the company may lose money. For these reasons, Sue is looking for any evidence that the amount delivered by the machine is different from 355 mL.

During her investigation, Sue obtains a random sample of 10 cans, and measures the following volumes:

 * 355.02 355.47 353.01 355.93 356.66 355.98 353.74 354.96 353.81 355.79

The machine's specifications claim that the amount of liquid delivered varies according to a normal distribution, with mean μ = 355 mL and standard deviation σ = 0.05 mL.

Do the data suggest that the machine is operating correctly?

The null hypothesis is that the machine is operating according to its specifications; thus

 * H0 : μ = 355

(where μ is the mean volume delivered by the machine)

Sue is looking for evidence of any difference; thus, the alternate hypothesis is

 * H1 : μ ≠ 355

Since the hypothesis concerns a single population mean, a z-test is indicated. The population follows a normal distribution, and the standard deviation is known, so a z-test is appropriate.

In order to calculate the test statistic (z), we must first find the sample mean from the data. Use a calculator or computer to find that $$\bar x = 355.037$$.

 * $$z=\frac{\bar x -\mu _0}{\sigma / \sqrt{n}} =\frac{355.037-355}{0.05/ \sqrt{10}}=2.34$$

The calculation of the p-value will be a little different. If we only find the area under the normal curve above z = 2.34, then we have found the probability of obtaining a sample mean of 355.037 or higher—what about the probability of obtaining a low value?

In the case that the alternate hypothesis uses ≠, the p-value is found by doubling the tail area—in this case, we double the area above z = 2.34.

The area above z = 2.34 is 0.0096; thus, the p-value for this test is 0.0192.

If the machine is delivering 355 mL, then the probability of obtaining a sample mean this far (0.037 mL) or farther from 355 mL is 0.0096, or 0.96%. This is pretty rare; I'll reject the null hypothesis.

It appears that the machine is not working correctly.

N.B.: since the alternate hypothesis is ≠, we cannot conclude that the machine is delivering more than 355 mL—we can only say that the amount is different from 355 mL.

title: Statistics/Testing Data/z-tests


text:
Talk:The Gay Place

DYK Nomination
I guess the fact nothing is showing up here anymore is that the nomination was accepted, and moved from the nomination page to the backlog queue.--ubiquity (talk) 16:40, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

Image caption
"Governor Arthur Fenstemaker (Jackie Gleason) and legislator Roy Sherwood (Paul Newman) share a drink in an imaginary scene from the unmade film of The Gay Place." Uh, if it's imaginary and unmade, how do we have a photo of it? Pumpkin Sky  talk  02:38, 22 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Fake image from a fake movie. Needs to be deleted. Pumpkin Sky  talk  02:40, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

"One of the best American political novels ever written"
I restored the sentence in the introduction on critical response to the book, removed by Zaldax (talk | contribs). This opinion is widely held, well-cited, establishes notability on what might be an obscure topic to some, and summarizes more detailed content found later in the article. According to WP:POV, "it is appropriate to note how an artist or a work has been received by prominent experts and the general public." --ubiquity (talk) 09:17, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

This is a very strong statement, though, and seeing as how this book isn't a household name I think this statement really needs more than one source. I deleted it as POV because it's easy to find a single source praising something; that's really the sort of thing that needs more than one source to back it up. If this is done, than I've no problem with it. Cheers, Zaldax (talk) 13:09, 13 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually, looking at the source, I noticed it comes from University of Texas Press, aka the publisher. Yeah, that's definitely gonna need another source.... Zaldax (talk) 13:12, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

I have lots of other sources, please give me a few days to find them. --ubiquity (talk) 07:55, 15 August 2012 (UTC)
 * It didn't take me as long as I thought it would. I added seven sources, each asserting that it is one of the best political novels ever written; please let me know if you think it needs more. --ubiquity (talk) 08:30, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Gay Place


text:
Talk:Columbus High School (Waterloo, Iowa)

Assess
Needs more lengthy topics - see below, refs essential see ref tag, pics nice.... have a go! Victuallers 19:27, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Page Improvements
Might be worth including some inforamtion about what sports and clubs are offered, and how the school remains fiscally sound (donations, fund-raisers, the Columbus Auction) and anything unique about the school (Fr. Brunken's clocks, etc).


text:
Talk:Brian Malone

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title: Talk:Brian Malone


text:
зеркало

Noun

 * 1) mirror

Etymology
, from (whence 🇨🇬) + a suffix originating in. Probably a calque of.

Noun

 * 1) mirror, looking glass

title: зеркало


text:
Elongatoserixia flavosuturalis

Elongatoserixia flavosuturalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Elongatoserixia. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1982.

title: Elongatoserixia flavosuturalis