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User:Jason monroe headquaters/sandbox

Two of Richard Clayderman's popular piano pieces are "Lyphard Melodie" and "A Comme Amour".

Could you please translate the titles into English?

I can figure out the meanings of most of Clayderman's other works, but find these two most confusing, especially by the words "Lyphard" and "Comme".

Thank you for reading and replying! comme amour

A comme lamour

Last Update: 2020-08-04 Usage Frequency: 1 Quality: Excellent

Reference: Anonymous

Comme l’amour.

Comme l’amour.

Last Update: 2018-02-13 Usage Frequency: 1 Quality: Be the first to vote

Reference: Anonymous

A comme

A as ...

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Reference: Anonymous

A comme ...

A comme ...

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Reference: Anonymous

Charmante comme l'amour

Delightful as the love

Last Update: 2018-02-13 Usage Frequency: 1 Quality: Be the first to vote

Reference: Anonymous

Comme l'amour rend bon!

Love gives one a kind of goodness.

Last Update: 2014-07-30 Usage Frequency: 1 Quality: Be the first to vote

Reference: Anonymous

A comme Ankara

Paying the bills, Ankara

Last Update: 2018-02-13 Usage Frequency: 1 Quality: Be the first to vote

Reference: Anonymous

A comme atomique.

A as annihilation.

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A : Comme tu veux

A: Think what you like

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Reference: Anonymous

A comme "abbrustulaturo".

A for "abbrustulaturo" (toaster”).

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Reference: Anonymous Warning: Contains invisible HTML formatting

A comme Afrique - EPA

A for Africa - EPA

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Reference: Anonymous

Elle a comme options :

Elle a comme options :

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Mobile et fluctuant comme l’amour.

as moving and fluttering as love...

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Reference: Anonymous

a Comme déterminé par IVRS

a As determined per IVRS

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Cette dernière a comme ...

This ...

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A comme Afrique - Problématiques

A for Africa - A, B, C...

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Comme l’amour qu’on a trouvé.

Like the love that we have found.

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A comme Afrique - Projet

A for Africa - Project

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A comme Afrique - Partenaires

A for Africa - Partners

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- le troisième sucré comme l’amour.#REDIRECT []

- the third is sweet like love. It means "with love." (roughly).¥♠♣♥♦©¶#ἋΈῠῗῗ

There is no such thing as a piano song... pianos cannot sing, only people can. If you are talking about the Clayderman piece... it is not classical music either. undefinedA few punctuation marks seem to have gone missing: it should be "'A' comme Amour" which is the equivalent of our 'L' is for Love, in the manner of 'A' is for Apple, adjusted for the different letters necessary in each language respectively. ©® All the best,

title: User:Jason monroe headquaters/sandbox


text:
Art History/Glossary

Art Movements
abstract expressionism Movement in painting, originating in New York City in the 1940s. It emphasized spontaneous personal expression, freedom from accepted artistic values, surface qualities of paint, and the act of painting itself. Pollock, de Kooning, Motherwell, and Kline, are important abstract expressionists.

art deco Design style prevalent during the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by a sleek use of straight lines and slender form.

art nouveau A decorative art movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century. Characterized by dense asymmetrical ornamentation in sinuous forms, it is often symbolic and of an erotic nature. Klimt worked in an art nouveau style.

Ash Can School Group of American artists active from 1908 to 1918. It included members of The Eight such as Henri and Davies; Hopper was also part of the Ash Can group. Their work featured scenes of urban realism.

Barbizon School An association of French landscape painters, c. 1840-70, who lived in the village of Barbizon and who painted directly from nature. Theodore Rousseau was a leader; Corot and Millet were also associated with the group.

Baroque A movement in European painting in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, characterized by violent movement, strong emotion, and dramatic lighting and coloring. Bernini, Caravaggio and Rubens were among important baroque artists.

Byzantine A style of the Byzantine Empire and its provinces, c. 330-1450. Appearing mostly in religious mosaics, manuscript illuminations, and panel paintings, it is characterized by rigid, monumental, stylized forms with gold backgrounds.

classicism Referring to the principles of Greek and Roman art of antiquity with the emphasis on harmony, proportion, balance, and simplicity. In a general sense, it refers to art based on accepted standards of beauty.

color field painting A technique in abstract painting developed in the 1950s. It focuses on the lyrical effects of large areas of color, often poured or stained onto the canvas. Newman, Rothko, and Frankenthaler painted in this manner.

conceptual art A movement of the 1960s and 1970s that emphasized the artistic idea over the art object. It attempted to free art from the confines of the gallery and the pedestal.

constructivism A Russian abstract movement founded by Tatlin, Gabo, and Antoine Pevsner, c. 1915. It focused on art for the industrial age. Tatlin believed in art with a utilitarian purpose.

cubism A revolutionary movement begun by Picasso and Braque in the early twentieth century. It employs an analytic vision based on fragmentation and multiple viewpoints.

dadaism A movement, c. 1915-23, that rejected accepted aesthetic standards. It aimed to create antiart and nonart, often employing a sense of the absurd.

The Eight A group of American painters who united out of opposition to academic standards in the early twentieth century. Members of the group were Robert Henri, Arthur Davies, Maurice Prendergast, William James Glackens, Ernest Lawson, Everett Shinn, John Sloan, and George Luks.

excessivism Refers to the contemporary consumer’s urge to go beyond what is needed and beyond one’s means when acquiring material goods. The works, based on excessive tendencies, are a commentary in and of themselves on materialism. The inaugural exhibition of was held in 2015 at the LA Artcore Gallery, Los Angeles, Calif., curated by Kaloust Guedel, author of the Excessivism Manifesto.

expressionism Refers to art that uses emphasis and distortion to communicate emotion. More specifically, it refers to early twentieth century northern European art, especially in Germany c. 1905-25. Artists such as Rouault, Kokoschka, and Schiele painted in this manner.

fauvism From the French word fauve, meaning "wild beast ." A style adopted by artists associated with Matisse, c. 1905-08. They painted in a spontaneous manner, using bold colors.

folk art Works of a culturally homogeneous people without formal training, generally according to regional traditions and involving crafts.

futurism An Italian movement c. 1909-19. It attempted to integrate the dynamism of the machine age into art. Boccioni was a futurist artist.

Gothic A European movement beginning in France. Gothic sculpture emerged c. 1200, Gothic painting later in the thirteenth century. The artworks are characterized by a linear, graceful, elegant style more naturalistic than that which had existed previously in Europe.

impressionism A late-nineteenth-century French school of painting. It focused on transitory visual impressions, often painted directly from nature, with an emphasis on the changing effects of light and color. Monet, Renoir, and Pissarro were important impressionists.

mannerism A style, c. 1520-1600, that arose in reaction to the harmony and proportion of the High Renaissance. It featured elongated, contorted poses, crowded canvases, and harsh lighting and coloring.

minimalism A movement in American painting and sculpture that originated in the late 1950s. It emphasized pure, reduced forms and strict, systematic compositions.

Nabis From the Hebrew word for "prophet." A group of French painters active in the 1890s who worked in a subjective, sometimes mystical style, stressing flat areas of color and pattern. Bonnard and Vuillard were members.

naive art Artwork, usually paintings, characterized by a simplified style, nonscientific perspective, and bold colors. The artists are generally not professionally trained. Henri Rousseau and Grandma Moses worked in this style.

neoclassicism A European style of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Its elegant, balanced works revived the order and harmony of ancient Greek and Roman art. David and Canova are examples of neoclassicists.

op art An abstract movement in Europe and the United States, begun in the mid-1950s, based on the effects of optical patterns. Albers worked in this style.

photorealism A figurative movement that emerged in the United States and Britain in the late 1960s and 1970s. The subject matter, usually everyday scenes, is portrayed in an extremely detailed, exacting style. It is also called superrealism, especially when referring to sculpture.

pointillism A method of painting developed by Seurat and Paul Signac in the 1880s. It used dabs of pure color that were intended to mix in the eyes of viewers rather than on the canvas. It is also called divisionism or neoimpressionism.

pop art A movement that began in Britain and the United States in the 1950s. It used the images and techniques of mass media, advertising, and popular culture, often in an ironic way. Works of Warhol, Lichtenstein, and Oldenburg exemplify this style.

postimpressionism A term coined by British art critic Roger Fry to refer to a group of nineteenth-century painters, including Cézanne, Van Gogh, and Gauguin, who were dissatisfied with the limitations of expressionism. A movement in France that represented both an extension of Impressionism and a rejection of that style's inherent limitations.It has since been used to refer to various reactions against impressionism, such as fauvism nd expressionism.From the 1880s several artists began to develop different principles for the use of color, pattern, form and line, derived from the Impressionist.

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood A group of English painters formed in 1848. These artists attempted to recapture the style of painting preceding Raphael. They rejected industrialized England and focused on painting from nature, producing detailed, colorful works. Rossetti was a founding member.

realism In a general sense, refers to objective representation. More specifically, a nineteenth century movement, especially in France, that rejected idealized academic styles in favor of everyday subjects. Daumier, Millet, and Courbet were realists.

Renaissance Meaning "rebirth" in French. Refers to Europe c. 1400-1600. Renaissance art which began in Italy, stressed the forms of classical antiquity, a realistic representation of space based on scientific perspective, and secular subjects. The works of Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael exemplify the balance and harmony of the High Renaissance (c. 1495-1520).

rococo An eighteenth-century European style, originating in France. In reaction to the grandeur and massiveness of the baroque, rococo employed refined, elegant, highly decorative forms. Fragonard worked in this style.

Romanesque A European style developed in France in the late eleventh century. Its sculpture is ornamental, stylized and complex. Some Romanesque frescoes survive, painted in a monumental, active manner.

romanticism A European movement of the late eighteenth to mid nineteenth century. In reaction to neoclassicism, it focused on emotion over reason, and on spontaneous expression. The subject matter was invested with drama and usually painted energetically in brilliant colors. Delacroix, Gericault, Turner, and Blake were Romantic artists.

suprematism A Russian abstract movement originated by Malevich c. 1913. It was characterized by flat geometric shapes on plain backgrounds and emphasized the spiritual qualities of pure form.

surrealism A movement of the 1920s and 1930s that began in France. It explored the unconscious, often using images from dreams. It used spontaneous techniques and featured unexpected juxtapositions of objects. Magritte, Dali, Miro, and Ernst painted surrealist works.

symbolism A painting movement that flourished in France in the 1880s and 1890s in which subject matter was suggested rather than directly presented. It featured decorative, stylized, and evocative images.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Art History/Glossary


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Electronics/Bipolar Junction Transistors

A bipolar transistor consists of three layers separated by a semi-conductor material. There are two types the NPN and the PNP. Both types perform the same function, however they are different in polarity. A transistor resembles two diodes connected end to end. While you cannot actually make a transistor with two diodes it is a good analogy.

In an NPN transistor, if the base and the emitter are the same voltage it prevents the E-B junction from conducting. It is referred to as Zero Bias and will not let current flow between the emitter and the collector. In order for it to conduct the voltage at the base will have to be greater than that at the emitter. At some point the voltage will be high enough for current to flow from the emitter to the collector. The voltage at which it starts to conduct is called the breakover voltage. When the base voltage(Eв) is positive, it is referred to as forward biased. Likewise if it is negative it is reverse biased. The base voltage is normally reverse biased as long as the voltage is less than the supply voltage. When a transistor is reverse biased, and the voltage reaches such a point that it over comes the reverse bias and the breakover point, an avalanche breakdown occurs. When the collecter current versus(Iс) the base voltage(Eв) curve reaches a point in which it levels off the transistor will then be saturated. The transistor at that point is wide open and conducting at its maximum.

For a PNP transistor is just the opposite. If you substitute positive for negative and negative for positive a PNP will conduct the same as an NPN.


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Talk:friatag

Incorrect link?
"Compound of Frīa and tag" - shouldn't that be "Compound of Frīa and Tag" (with a capital T) as in the German word "Tag" that means "day" in English? I don't see what connection friatag (German Freitag) should have with "tag" (with a lowercase t)

Unfortunatly I don't have any background in ethymology so I won't change it to "Tag", even though it seems to be the ony logical solution to my confusion about the link to tag.

title: Talk:friatag


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ravin

Etymology
From, from , itself from , from , itself from.

Verb

 * 1)  To dine or feast upon plunder or goods seized by violence.

Derived terms

 * ravin down

Noun

 * 1)  Food obtained by violence; plunder; prey; raven.

Adjective

 * 1)  Ravenous.

Etymology
From or, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) ravine

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ravine

Noun

 * 1) woman

Noun

 * 1) a ravine

title: ravin


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Helmut

Helmut is a German name. Variants include Hellmut, Helmuth, and Hellmuth.

From old German, the first element deriving from either heil ("healthy") or hiltja ("battle"), and the second from muot ("spirit, mind, mood").

Helmut may refer to:

A–L

 * Helmut Angula (born 1945), Namibian politician
 * Helmut Ashley (1919–2021), Austrian director and cinematographer
 * Helmut Bakaitis (born 1944), Australian director and actor
 * Helmut Berger (1944–2023), Austrian actor
 * Helmut Dantine (1917–1982), Austrian actor
 * Helmut Deutsch (born 1945), Austrian classical pianist
 * Helmut Ditsch (born 1962), Argentine painter
 * Hellmut Diwald (1924–1993), German historian
 * Helmut Donner (born 1941), Austrian high jumper
 * Helmut Fischer (1926–1997), German actor
 * Hellmut von Gerlach (1866–1935), German journalist
 * Helmut Goebbels (1935–1945), only son of Joseph Goebbels
 * Helmut Graeb, German electrical engineer
 * Helmut Griem (1932–2004), German actor
 * Helmut Gröttrup (1916–1981), German rocket scientist
 * Helmut Haller (1939–2012), German football player
 * Helmut Hasse (1898–1979), German mathematician
 * Hellmut Hattler (born 1952), German musician
 * Helmut Haussmann (born 1943), German academic and politician
 * Helmut Hirsch (1916–1937) German student executed for opposing the Nazi government
 * Helmut Jahn (1940–2021), German-born American architect
 * Helmut Kohl (1930–2017), German politician
 * Helmut Köllen (1950–1977), German musician
 * Helmut Krieger (born 1958), Polish shot putter
 * Helmut Lachenmann (born 1935), German composer
 * Helmut Landsberg (1906–1985), German scientist
 * Helmut Lang (artist) (born 1956), German fashion designer
 * Helmut Lemke (1907–1990), German politician
 * Helmut Lotti (born 1969), Belgian singer

M–Z

 * Helmut Marko (born 1943), Austrian racing driver
 * Helmut Newton (1920–2004), German-born Australian photographer
 * Helmut Norpoth (born 1943), German-born political scientist
 * Helmut Oberlander (1924–2021), Ukrainian former Canadian who was a member of the Einsatzgruppen death squads of Nazi Germany in the occupied Soviet Union during World War II
 * Helmut Rahn (1929–2003), German football player
 * Helmut Rohde (1925-2016), German politician
 * Helmut Schelsky (1912–1984), German sociologist
 * Helmut Schmidt (1918–2015), German politician, chancellor
 * Helmut Schoeck (1922–1993), Austrian sociologist
 * Helmut Schön (1915–1996), German football player and manager
 * Helmut Sick (1910–1991), Brazilian ornithologist
 * Helmut Sonnenfeldt (1926–2012), American foreign policy expert
 * Helmut Vetter (1910–1949), German Nazi SS officer at Auschwitz concentration camp executed for war crimes
 * Helmut Walcha (1907–1991), German organist
 * Helmut Zahn (1916–2004), German chemist
 * Helmut Zilk (1927–2008), Austrian politician
 * Cacau (born 1981), German-Brazilian football player, nicknamed Helmut

Fictional characters

 * Helmut Grokenberger, fictional character in the 1991 film Night on Earth
 * Iron Cross (Helmut Gruler), fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe
 * Baron Helmut Zemo, fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe
 * Helmut Heindenburg, fictional character in 1996 Colombian telenovela Guajira
 * Helmut, fictional character in the video game Road Rash
 * Helmut Kruger, fictional fashion model in the video game Hitman (2016)
 * Baron Helmut Schnitzelnazi, from the comedy skit Key & Peele
 * Helmut Spargle, a character from Futurama

title: Helmut


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Talk:Doron Zeilberger

Aviezri Fraenkel
Friends? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:11, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Controversy
On Hacker News there have been some links to Zeilberger's personal website recently. I forget what exactly, but he's been stirring up controversy over acceptance/rejection of mathematics papers.

Might be worth a mention by someone who knows more. Crasshopper (talk) 02:45, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doron Zeilberger


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Talk:Keak da Sneak

Untitled
Isn't his middle name Kunta Kente? I read that in some mag. Ill try to get back with a source --Carlos 20:46, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

It's Charles Kinte Bowens according to The Source.

If you look at the writting credits on 3x Krazy's Stackin Chips, his name is Charles Willams.

Also Charles Williams in my Bret Harte Junior High year book. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:54, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

Does his birth certificate really say Charles "Kunta Kinte" Bowens, or is kunta kinte a nickname. If it is anickname, it shouldnt be labeled "Birth Name" Jollyjoegiant 03:21, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * According to and article from San Jose Mercury News, his name is Charles Kunta Kinte Bowens. http://www.mercurynews.com/hiphop/ci_5867524?nclick_check=1 -- Rab bethan  21:05, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

From the Bay Area
The opening paragraph should say that he was __born__ in Alabama, and that he is __from__ Oakland, CA. It is a little confusing to say that he is from Alabama, even though he was brought to Oakland at six months. <IP_ADDRESS> 06:31, 18 September 2006 (UTC)Gareth 9-17-06

When was he born
anyone got a source. yee yee

seems like a group of people belive he was born on the 21st of october because a huge amount of people said happy birthday to him on his offical myspace page on that date yee Spanishninjas (talk) 05:34, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Keaksneak.jpg
Image:Keaksneak.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 15:40, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

KEak was born IN Evergreen ALabama —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:32, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

Weapon charge and jail time
around 2017 he talked about going back to jail after an officer found a gun in his car while parked at a northern cali casino. I dont know whether he served the time or not. none of this is mentioned on his page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:16, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

Keak vs Williams
Throughout the article, he's referred to as his stage name, which I'm not sure is proper for this article. This potentially should be changed to his birth name/last name where nesscessary. EndTheWikiEditor (talk) 06:11, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Keak da Sneak


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Talk:C/Data Types and Keywords

Uh, whats the next page ?--<IP_ADDRESS> 00:04, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No idea. --Devourer09 19:04, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Exercises
In the exercise that says: "What data type should I put for the name of a person (not a number)? Can someone give me an answer???PLEASE!

You would use an array of chars, but since it's a bit early to be talking about arrays that question should probably be changed. RunningDroid (talk) 17:15, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:C/Data Types and Keywords


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hygrosensation

Noun

 * 1)  The ability of some animals to detect variation in humidity

Related terms

 * hygrosensory

title: hygrosensation


text:
James Vincent (basketball)

James Vincent is a Nigerian basketball coach of the Nigerian national team, which he coached at the 2017 Women's Afrobasket. The team won Group B of the competition and beat Senegal, 65-48, in the championship game of the knockout stage to win the tournament.

title: James Vincent (basketball)


text:
Template:WikiProject Indonesia/doc

Project banner
The WikiProject Indonesia project banner template should be added (not subst:ed) to the talk page of every article within the scope of the project. While the template does not require any additional parameters, it has a number of optional ones that add various extra features to the banner.

Usage
The full syntax is as follows:

Optional parameters

 * If the article is used in the selected article queue of the Indonesia Portal, the subpage number of its entry.

To avoid needlessly cluttering up talk pages, it is usually appropriate to remove any unused parameters from the template.

title: Template:WikiProject Indonesia/doc


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Comparison of American football and rugby league

A comparison between American football and rugby league is possible because of their shared origins and similar game concepts. Rugby league is arguably the most similar sport to American football after Canadian football: both sports involve the concept of a limited number of downs/tackles and scoring touchdowns/tries takes clear precedence over goal-kicking.

Generally, American football games last much longer than 80-minute rugby league matches. Because the field is reset after each tackle in American football, it is much slower-paced than the more hectic rugby league, in which play stops for only as long as it takes the tackled player to get back to his feet and return the ball to play. Another major difference is that only the player with possession of the ball may be interfered with in rugby league; defending players interfering with any other attacking player (and vice versa) will incur a penalty. Passing in the two sports also differs: while backward passing is common to both sports, in American football players are allowed to throw the ball forward in certain situations whereas in rugby league forward passing is always illegal. Rugby league footballers have to kick the ball or run it forward to advance it downfield. To score a try or touchdown in rugby league, the player has to push the ball directly onto the ground once in the try zone, whereas in American football the player has to simply have possession of the ball as it crosses the plane of the goal-line, or receive a forward pass while in the end zone.

American football requires its players to use a large amount of protective equipment, including helmets, gloves and padding around the body, whereas protective clothing is much more minimal in rugby league, usually amounting to light padding (if any) and soft headgear (hard helmets being illegal). The playing fields of both sports are similar in size with a rugby league playing field being 100 m long while an American football field is 100 yd long.

Origins
Both sports descend from the older game of rugby football, which originated in 19th Century England. British colonists and the British military in Canada brought football to North America. It became popular in American and Canadian universities and prep schools. At the time, association football and rugby football were not as differentiated as they are now and teams would negotiate the rules before playing each game. The sports of American football and Canadian football evolved from these intercollegiate games.

Meanwhile, in England a schism developed in rugby football between those who favoured strict amateurism and those who felt that players should be compensated for time taken off work to play rugby. In 1895, this resulted in the formation of a break-away sport, rugby league, which permitted player payments. At first, the two rugby codes differed only in how they were administered; over time, their playing rules diverged to the point that they are now distinctly different forms of football.

The field

American football is played on a rectangular field 120 yd long by 53 1⁄3 yards (48.8 m) wide. Near each end of the field is a goal line, which are 100 yd apart. A scoring area called an end zone extends 10 yd beyond each goal line. Yard lines cross the field every 5 yd, two rows of hash marks run parallel to the side lines near the middle of the field. At the back of each of the end zones, there are a set of goalposts. American football goalposts were formerly H-shaped and were located on the goal line, but; in 1967, the NFL adopted the current modern offset-fork design, made from extruded steel pipes. The goalposts currently consist of two vertical posts 18.5 feet (5.6 m) apart (24 feet (7.3 m) in high school football) rising from a horizontal crossbar, which is mounted on a single central support post that raises the crossbar to a height of 10 feet (3.0 m), resulting in a two-tined fork shape. The central vertical post is offset from the crossbar toward the rear, placing it as far as possible from the field of play; it is also usually padded to minimize collision-related injuries. In 1974, in the effort to create a safer, unimpeded field of play in the end zone, calculated to produce more passing touchdowns, the NFL relocated the goalposts from the goal line to the end line.

A rugby league field has very similar dimensions, being up to 120 m long and 68 m wide. Lines cross the field marking every 10 m. The goal posts are situated on the goal line and are therefore separated by exactly 100 m. The area beyond each goal post, known as the in-goal area, extends for another 6-11 m. In rugby league, the goal posts are usually H-shaped, each post being 16 m high and 5.5 m apart, with the cross bar being 3 m high. American football "tuning fork" goal posts are allowed in rugby league, provided the posts and cross bar are at the required dimensions. The goal posts are used for other forms of point scoring in rugby league: drop goals or field goals, penalty goals and conversions.

Players
As four replacements in a rugby league team, with only twelve interchanges of players allowed to be made throughout the game (eight in the Australian NRL). If the interchanges are used up and a player becomes injured and cannot continue, the team simply has to play short handed. All players must attack and defend and there is no equivalent of special teams.

Prior to the 1960s, and in arena football (an indoor variant of the American game) from 1988 to 2007, American football did use a one-platoon system in which most players were required to play all facets of the game, severely limiting substitution, much as rugby league (and most other sports) continue to do. Most levels of American football abolished the one-platoon system in the late 1940s and early 1950s, although college football re-implemented it for a short time in the 1950s and 1960s.

Broadly speaking, offensive and defensive linemen in American football correspond to forwards in rugby league and other players are somewhat similar to backs. Basically the job of the forwards in rugby league is to get the ball over the advantage line and give the backs space and a chance to be creative and move the ball around, which will hopefully result in points. However, rugby league footballers are far less specialised than American football players.

Many of the positions have similar names but in practice are very different. A fullback in American football is very different from a fullback in rugby league. However, some of the positions are fairly similar: for instance, the stand-off/five-eighth and halfback carry out a similar role to a quarterback in American football.

Advancing the ball
In American football, the team that's in possession of the ball (the offense) has four "downs", to advance the ball 10 yards towards the end zone. When the offense gains 10 yards, it gets another set of four downs. If the offense fails to gain 10 yards after 4 downs, it loses possession of the ball.

A down ends, and the ball becomes dead, after any of the following:
 * The player with the ball is tackled.
 * A forward pass goes out of bounds or touches the ground before it is caught. This is known as an incomplete pass. The ball is returned to the original "line of scrimmage" for the next down.
 * The ball or the player with the ball goes out of bounds.
 * The player either goes or is forced out of the field (out of bounds)
 * The offense turns the ball over to the defense.
 * A team scores.

This closely resembles the six-tackle rule in rugby league. Originally, tackles were unlimited in rugby league, as they are in the related sport of rugby union. As this could result in long periods with one team in possession of the ball, in 1966 the game's administrators implemented the limited tackle rule from American football. At first, the number of tackles was set at four, as in American football; it was later extended to six to give teams more time to develop attacking play. After six tackles, the team with the ball has to hand over possession to the opposing team. A key difference with American football is that there is no automatic way of earning a new set of tackles in rugby league. Each set is effectively a chance to score, with failure to do so resulting in relinquishing possession. Another major difference is that play stops briefly when the player in possession of the ball is tackled as it resumes as soon as he gets to his feet and returns the ball to play.

Players can advance the ball in two ways in American football:
 * By running with the ball, also known as rushing. One ball-carrier can hand the ball to another; this is known as a handoff.
 * By passing the ball forwards to a teammate. This can only be performed once on a down, and cannot be attempted after the ball crosses the line of scrimmage. The illegal forward pass rule has changed several times, with the current NFL rule being that the passer's entire person must be beyond the line of scrimmage for a forward pass to be illegal. The passer (most often the quarterback but not always so) can therefore straddle the line of scrimmage, or even be mostly beyond it, but still legally pass the ball, regardless of where the ball is in relation to the line of scrimmage.

In rugby league the ball cannot be passed forward, so players can advance the ball by either running with it, or kicking it ahead and chasing it. This concept is preserved in American football; any player may pass the ball backwards, regardless of player position and location of the field. In addition, a ball passed backwards remains live, even if not caught, so long as it remains in play, similar to rugby league.

Following a down, the ball is returned to play within a restricted time limit by a "snap" in American Football. All players line up facing each other at the line of scrimmage. One offensive player, the center, then passes (or "snaps") the ball back between his legs to a teammate, usually the quarterback and play commences.

In rugby league the ball is returned to play following a tackle via the "play the ball", in which the tackled player gets back to his feet and rolls the ball back to a teammate, usually the hooker. The tackled player will usually try to return to the ball to play as quickly as possible before the defensive line can re-form.

Possession may change in different ways in both games:-

 * 1) An automatic handover takes place when the team in possession runs out of downs / tackles.
 * 2) When the ball is kicked to the opposing team. This can be done at any time but it is normal to punt on the last down / tackle.
 * 3) Following an unsuccessful kick at goal.
 * 4) When an opposing player intercepts a pass.
 * 5) In rugby league the opposition are awarded a scrum if the player in possession drops the ball forwards or makes the ball go forwards with any part of his body other than his feet. This is called a knock-on.
 * 6) When the player in possession drops the ball and it is recovered by an opposition player. This is called a fumble in American football and a knock-on in rugby league.
 * 7) In rugby league if the ball goes out of play, the opposition are awarded a scrum the "loose head and feed" of the scrum. Penalties and 40/20 kicks are exceptions to this rule.
 * 8) In American football possession changes hands following a successful score and the team scoring kicks off to the opposition. In contrast, in rugby league the team who conceded the points must kick off to the team who scored.  (In some amateur levels of American football, and in Canadian football, the team who conceded the points has the option of kicking off to the opposition rather than receiving the kickoff, but this option is extremely rarely invoked.)
 * 9) In American football, on a kickoff following a score the kicking team may try an onside kick to attempt to retain possession for themselves. The kicker either dribbles the ball forward or, more popularly, drives the ball into the ground in an attempt to make it bounce high into the air for a teammate to catch.  The ball must travel 10 yards before it is touched by the kicking team, or be first touched by the receiving team.  A similar tactic is used in rugby league, called a short kickoff. A high cross-field kick towards jumping receivers is popular. The kick must travel at least 10 metres forward before being caught. In both codes the tactic is most often attempted by a team that is behind late in a game, but may be tried at other times as a surprise tactic.

In both codes, tactical kicking is an important aspect of play. However, kicking in general play is more common in rugby league. Kicking is far more heavily restricted in American football; the rules currently prohibit a player from kicking the ball after he has crossed the line of scrimmage, whereas a rugby league footballer can kick the ball at any time, from any point on the field. In rugby league, a player can receive a kick (and still maintain possession) if he is behind the kicker at the time of the kick; that feature is not allowed in the American game, except in the onside kick scenario described above.

Passing
In American football, the offense can throw the ball forward once on a play from behind the line of scrimmage. The forward pass is a distinguishing feature of American and Canadian football as it is strictly forbidden in rugby league.

The ball can be thrown sideways or backwards without restriction in both games. In American football this is known as a lateral and is much less common than in rugby league. The lateral is most commonly seen on plays at the very end of the game when a team needing a touchdown with only time on the clock for one more play attempts to avoid being tackled by passing to any teammate behind him that may advance the ball. A common trick play called the hook and ladder combines the two - a short forward pass is thrown, with the player catching the pass immediately throwing a lateral to a trailing teammate who is hopefully unnoticed by defensive players. Laterals are also seen in pitch or pitchout plays, where the quarterback tosses the ball to a back behind him, rather than handing it off.

There is also a minor distinction in what constitutes a forward or backward pass in the two sports. In rugby league (as in rugby union), a pass is considered forward (and thus illegal) if the person catching the ball is ahead of the player throwing it. In American football, a pass is considered forward only if the path of the ball itself has a forward component to it. For instance, the Music City Miracle (a play in which the receiving end of a lateral pass was ahead of the person throwing it, but the path was not forward) was a legal lateral in American football but would have been an illegal forward pass had it been attempted in rugby.

In both codes, if the ball is caught by an opposition player this results in an interception and possession changes hands.

Tackles and blocks
In both games it is permitted to bring down the player in possession of the ball and prevent them making forward progress. Play then restarts from the next down or tackle. In rugby league, it is common for the player in possession to 'off-load' the ball, passing out of the tackle (before forward progress is halted) in order not to use up a tackle and to keep the play alive. This is much less common in American football, where the lateral pass is most commonly used as a desperation strategy when trailing near the end of a game.

In American football, as a tactic within an offensive play, designated offensive position players are assigned to 'block' defensive players, by projecting the front of their body forward into the front or side of the defensive player, in order to impede the ability of the defensive player to tackle the ball carrier. A complicated set of rules, however well-understood by the players, coaches and officials, determines the legality of the block. Illegal blocks, when observed by the officials, are flagged for penalties that vary in their severity, depending upon the particular infraction. Blocks are not permitted in rugby league and would be considered 'obstruction', resulting in a penalty.

Scoring
A touchdown is the American football equivalent of rugby league's try. Despite the names, a try requires the ball to be 'touched down' to the ground, whereas a touchdown doesn't. In American football it is sufficient for the player carrying the ball to cause the ball to enter the end zone (in-goal area) while still in bounds, by carrying it in or holding the ball in or through the imaginary plane of the goal line. In rugby league the ball must be pressed to the ground in the in-goal area. An American football touchdown scores six points and a rugby league try is worth four points.

In both games, following a try / touchdown, there is the opportunity to score additional points by kicking the ball between the posts and over the bar. In American football this is called an extra point or a "point after touchdown" (PAT) in the NFL (worth 1 point); in rugby league it is known as a conversion (worth 2 points). There are two key differences between an extra point and a conversion: conversions cannot be charged down like an extra point attempt and they must be taken from the same position as the try was scored. Hence, it is important to score under the posts rather than in the corner, which makes for a difficult kick. Rugby league has no equivalent to American football's two-point conversion, in which the scoring team chooses not to kick at goal, but attempt a second touchdown from short range.

In American football teams often opt to attempt a field goal (worth 3 points) rather than attempt a touchdown. The rugby league equivalent, also called a field goal, is worth only one point and is much less common. The key difference between a field goal in the two sports is that an American football field goal attempt is normally kicked with a teammate holding the ball, whereas in rugby league the field goal is attempted using a drop-kick.

A similar concept in rugby league is the penalty goal. Following the award of the penalty, the attacking team may opt to kick for goal rather than advance the ball by hand or punting. This scores 2 points in league. The penalty goal is similar to a field goal in American football in that the ball is kicked from the ground and may be held by a teammate (although almost never is), but it cannot be charged down. The nearest equivalent in American football is the rarely used fair catch kick.

American football has one further method of scoring which does not exist in rugby league. If a ball carrier is tackled in their own endzone (in-goal area) with the ball or steps out the back of the end zone with the ball, this results in a safety which scores 2 points for the opposing team. In rugby league this does not result in any points but causes the team in possession to kick the ball back to the opposition from under the posts.

Cross Code Matches
At least one cross-code match between American football and rugby league has been played. On August 1, 2009 the Jacksonville Axemen of the AMNRL played the Jacksonville Knights of the Florida Football Alliance. The first half was played under American football rules, the second half was played under rugby league rules. The score at half-time was Jacksonville Axemen 6 - Jacksonville Knights 27. The final score was Jacksonville Axemen 38 - Jacksonville Knights 27.


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Talk:Hermocrates

Comment by Conford
"Since the dialogue that was to bear his name was never written, we can only guess why Plato chose him. It is curious to reflect that, while Critias is to recount how the prehistoric Athens of nine thousand years ago had repelled the invasion from Atlantis and saved the Mediterranean peoples from slavery, Hermocrates would be remembered by the Athenians as the man who had repulsed their own greatest effort at imperialist expansion."

title: Talk:Hermocrates


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Cookbook:Cheddar Cheese

| Cheese

Cheddar cheese is a firm yellow cheese made from cow's milk.

Production
Unlike with other cheeses, cheddar cheese curds undergo an eponymous process called "cheddaring". In this process, the curds are repeatedly stacked and cut, which forces more whey out of the curds and gives cheddar its drier texture. The curds are then salted, shaped, and pressed before being allowed to mature for a long period.

Characteristics
Because of the process used to make it, cheddar has a dry and crumbly texture. The rind may be natural or waxed, and the color is typically orange to white, depending on the diet of the cow and the addition of any annatto. The flavor of cheddar can range from mild to very sharp, depending on how long the cheese was left to age—longer aging produces a sharper flavor and more crumbly texture. It is also a good melting cheese.

Selection and storage
Cheddar cheese should always be stored in the fridge in paper or plastic to keep it fresh and prevent it from drying out. Because it is such a hard, dense cheese, mold can simply be cut off a block of cheddar as long as you leave a 1-inch (2.5 cm) border, leaving the rest of the cheese to be eaten.

Use
Cheddar has become a popular cheese in cooking, especially in the US and UK, where it can be used in gratins, cheese sauces, pasta, sandwiches, baked goods, and more. It can also be a part of cheese plates, where it is eaten on its own or with fruits—apple and cheddar is one popular combination.

Substitution
Depending on the age, cheddar can be replaced in a few ways. Mild, well-melting cheeses can substitute for mild cheddar, while other well-aged cheeses (e.g. gouda) can replace sharp aged gouda.

title: Cookbook:Cheddar Cheese


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/inhindilanguage.com

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Jayden Seales

Jayden Seales (born 10 September 2001) is a Trinidadian cricketer who is mainly a right-arm fast medium bowler. Seales made his international debut for the West Indies cricket team in June 2021.

Career
He made his Twenty20 debut on 18 August 2020, for the Trinbago Knight Riders in the 2020 Caribbean Premier League, taking one wicket in the match. Prior to his T20 debut, he was named in the West Indies' squad for the 2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He made his first-class debut on 11 December 2020, for the West Indies A against New Zealand A, during the West Indies tour of New Zealand. He made his List A debut on 17 February 2021, for Trinidad and Tobago, in the 2020–21 Super50 Cup.

In March 2021, Cricket West Indies (CWI) named Seales as a developmental player for the first Test match against Sri Lanka. In June 2021, Seales was named in a 17-man provisional squad for the Test series against South Africa. Prior to his selection, Seales had only played in ten professional matches, including just one first-class fixture. On 8 June 2021, CWI named Seales in the squad for the first Test against South Africa. On being named in the squad, Seales said that it was a "a dream come true" and hoped that he would be selected for the match. Seales made his Test debut against South Africa on 6 June 2021. Despite a heavy defeat for the West Indies in the match, Seales took three wickets, including a wicket in the first over he bowled.

In August 2021, in the first match against Pakistan, Seales took his first five-wicket haul in Test cricket, with 5/55 in the second innings. In doing so, he became the youngest cricketer from the West Indies to take a five-wicket haul in Tests, breaking Alf Valentine's record set in 1950.

In November 2021, he was selected to play for the Jaffna Kings following the players' draft for the 2021 Lanka Premier League.

In December 2021, he was named in the West Indies' One Day International (ODI) squad for their series against Ireland. In May 2022, he was named in the West Indies ODI squads for their series against the Netherlands and Pakistan. He made his ODI debut on 4 June 2022, for the West Indies against the Netherlands.

title: Jayden Seales


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General Astronomy/The Sun

The Sun is the star at the center of the solar system, around which Earth, the seven other planets, and numerous other bodies revolve. It is sometimes called Sol (hence the term "solar system"). The Sun has a mean diameter of 1.392 million kilometers, which is 109.1 times the diameter of Earth and 9.7 times the diameter of the largest planet, Jupiter. The Sun's rotation period relative to the distant stars is 25.05 Earth-days at its equator and 34.3 Earth-days at the poles.

Solar Structure and Composition
The sun is composed of extremely hot, gaseous material. Because of the high temperatures, this material exists in a state called plasma, in which electrons have been stripped from their parent nuclei. The Sun's composition is roughly 90% hydrogen and 10% helium, by total numbers of nuclei. Considering mass, about 71 percent of the Sun is hydrogen, and 27 percent helium. The difference is due to the fact that helium nuclei have about 4 times the mass of hydrogen nuclei (protons). There are small percentages of other elements mixed in.

The Sun is made up of a series of layers, which can be thought of as a set of concentric "shells" from the core outward.

At the center of the Sun is its core, a region of some 15 million kelvin (About 27 million degrees F). The core is where the nuclear fusion reactions that power the Sun take place. Primarily, this is the fusing of hydrogen into helium.

Outside the core is a radiative zone, where energy produced in the core travels toward the surface. However, this energy can only travel outward by radiation for a certain distance, which limits its depth. Temperatures here run from about 7 to 2 megakelvins. An interface region above this is thought to be the source of the solar dynamo which powers the Sun's magnetic field.

Outside the radiation zone and interface region is a convection zone. This zone sits between the heated radiation zone and the cooler outer layers of the Sun. The result of this is a series of motions known as convection. Hot material, being less dense, rises upwards toward the surface; material near the surface, once cooled, becomes denser and sinks downwards again. Through this process, heat is gradually transported upward to the solar surface. The base of the convection zone is at about 2 megakelvins, while material at the very top is at roughly 6000 kelvins.

Atop the convection zone lies the photosphere, the visual "surface" of the Sun from our point of view. Material here is at approximately 6000 K. As a result of the convection going on below, polygonal shapes define the walls of the convection cells, called granules appear all across the surface.

Above the photosphere is the chromosphere, a very diffuse, hot layer. Material here rises in temperature from the 6000 K of the photosphere to about 20,000 K. A transition region above the coronasphere has an even more dramatic rise in temperature, up to a megakelvin.

Finally, outside the chromosphere and transition region is the corona, an extremely tenuous (very low-density) gas over a megakelvin. It is thought that the corona is primarily heated by the magnetic processes of the solar cycle.

Solar Cycles
The Sun goes through regular cycles related to the formation and destruction of its magnetic field every 11 years. This process affects features on the surface of the Sun; it is by observing those features that our knowledge of solar cycles has developed over time.

The Sun's magnetic field is created naturally by the movement of the solar plasma. Because this plasma is made up of charged particles, its movement creates electric fields. Where electric fields are generated, magnetic fields are generated perpendicular to them.

The Sun's rotation, however, is not rigid like the Earth's, because the gaseous material is so much more fluid than the Earth's crust. Material at the equator moves more quickly than does material at the poles; this is called differential rotation. Furthermore, the magnetic field lines are embedded within the plasma, and tend to move with its motions. As a result, the magnetic field lines which initially run from pole to pole become more stretched in the middle, with the center of the line outrunning the pole-anchored ends. Eventually, these lines will wrap around the Sun many times.

As magnetic field lines cannot cross one another, they tend to protrude upwards when they come close to one another, forming "loops" that project out of the solar photosphere. It is along these loops that solar prominences are displayed. The more these lines are wrapped around the Sun, the more "tangled" and disrupted the magnetic field becomes. Eventually, the field is so disrupted that it breaks up completely. After this, of course, a new magnetic field starts to form, and the cycle begins again. The complete process takes about 11 years.

The presence of magnetic fields has an effect on the Sun's photosphere. In discussing solar structure and composition, it was mentioned that the process of convection brings heat from the inner regions of the Sun up to the photosphere. This convection tends to occur in fairly localized zones of rising hot and falling cool material known as convection cells. However, if a magnetic loop is present, it will disrupt one of these convection cells, trapping cool material at the Sun's surface. While these regions (about 4500 K) are only cool compared to the photosphere (at about 6000 K), the overall effect is that they appear dark against the solar "surface". As a result, these are known as sunspots.

The presence of sunspots reflects the cycle of the magnetic fields. In fact, it was the progression of sunspot number and position that gave the first evidence of cycle of magnetic field reversals. At the beginning of the magnetic cycle, when the magnetic field is newly forming, only a few sunspots will appear; this is called a solar minimum. Those sunspots that do appear will tend to be at high solar latitudes - that is, closer to the poles and further from the solar equator. As the cycle continues, sunspots will gradually appear in greater numbers and tend to be closer to the solar equator. The peak of this cycle is known as the solar maximum. After the sunspot numbers peak, they will continue to appear with less frequency, and be still closer to the solar equator. As this cycle trails off, the first few sunspots for the next cycle will start to appear at high solar latitudes, and so forth.

Because they are formed by magnetic field lines, sunspots occur in pairs; at the base of either end of the magnetic loop that formed them. Likewise, the sunspots will have opposite magnetic polarity from one another. There are distinct patterns in the polarities of each pair which can be observed during a cycle. For convenience, we will call the spot that appears to be further along in the direction of the Sun's rotation the "leading" spot, and its partner the "trailing" spot.

Sunspot pairs in the northern solar hemisphere will have opposite polarities from those in the southern solar hemisphere. That is, if the leading spot is polarized one way (call it +) and the trailing spot the other (−) in the northern hemisphere, then in the southern hemisphere the leading spot will be (−) and the trailing spot (+). Sunspot pairs in a given hemisphere will tend to all appear with the same polarities during a solar cycle. However, at the end of the cycle, the polarities will "flip": new sunspots in that hemisphere will have polarities opposite from the previous cycle.

The table below shows the sunspot pattern over four 11-year cycles, for pairs of (leading and trailing) sunspots.

Connection between Sunspot Activity and Aurora on Earth

Aurorae are visible effects of the Sun's activity on the Earth's atmosphere. It results from the interaction of the solar wind, a continuous flow of electrically charged particles—a stream of electrons and protons coming from the Sun—with gases in the upper atmosphere of the earth at altitudes above 50 miles. When these charged particles reach the Earth's magnetic field, they become trapped in it. Bouncing back and forth many of these particles travel toward the Earth's magnetic poles. When the charged particles strike atoms and molecules in the atmosphere, the atmospheric atoms become excited or ionized causing them to emit photons. These photons cause the luminous auroras. The aurora seen in the Northern Hemisphere is called Aurora Borealis or the northern lights whereas the aurora seen in the Southern Hemisphere is called the Aurora Australis.

The collisions of the solar wind with Earth’s upper atmosphere produce electrical discharges which energize atoms of oxygen and nitrogen which subsequently release various colors of light. Mostly aurorae are seen green and red as it is emitted from atomic oxygen. Similarly molecular nitrogen and nitrogen ions produce low red and very high blue/violet aurorae. Whereas ionic nitrogen produces blue and green color aurora and neutral nitrogen produces the red and purple color with the rippled edges. Most auroras occur at about 60 to 620 miles above the Earth. Some extend lengthwise across the sky for thousands of miles or kilometers. A diffuse red aurora occurs above 150 miles. An aurora having a pinkish edge will have an altitude of around 50 to 60 miles.

Auroral activity occurs mostly in a belt called auroral zones, around the geomagnetic poles, between 65 and 70 degrees of geomagnetic latitude. An auroral zone is a ring-shaped region of approximately radius 2500 km around either magnetic pole of the Earth. It was hardly ever seen near that pole itself. At any time of day, the distribution of aurora is slightly different. It's center is offset from the magnetic pole by 3-5 degree night-ward of the magnetic pole. As a result, the auroral arcs reach furthest equator-ward around midnight during a major geomagnetic storm. Auroral zones migrate as close to the equator as 45 to 50 degrees latitude. At higher latitudes in spring and fall, a maximum of aurora activity is noticed as the Earth is at at that time is farthest north or south of the Sun’s equator due to which there is greater chance of Earth intercepting enhancements of the solar wind that emanate from the vicinity of sunspots.

Variation of heights of Aurorae with latitude:-
h’χ – h’ο = H logn sec χ.

where χ = earth-magnetic inclination

h’ο = height of luminosity maximum corresponding to χ = 0

H = (kT)/mg

K= Boltzmann’s constant

T= Absolute temperature

m = mass of gas

g = acceleration of gravity

Aurora occur mostly intensely during the peak phase of the 11-year Sunspot Cycle. Auroral activity also peaks near the maximum of the Sunspot Cycle and for the couple subsequent years. Most violent eruptions on the surface of Sun, called Solar Flares, originate in magnetically active regions around visible Sunspot groupings. Solar Flares release Electrons and Protons which increase the number of Solar particles that interact with the Earth's atmosphere, producing extremely bright Auroras. Sharp variations in the Earth’s magnetic field are called Magnetic Storms and are also the result of Sunspots.

The Earth is surrounded by a magnetic field, called the Magnetosphere that forms a barrier to the solar wind. The solar wind pressure strongly compresses the magnetosphere on the sun-side and draws it out into an extremely long tail on the side opposite. Since the charged particles of the solar wind cannot cross the Earth's magnetic field lines, flow around it. This forms a standing shock wave in space upstream of the Earth, called the Bow Shock. Electrons of the solar wind diffuse into Magnetospheric tail and form a reservoir called the Plasma Sheet. The Magnetosphere and the solar wind form an enormous electrical dynamo where large and complicated electrical currents flow. One component of these currents is carried by the Electrons in the Plasma Sheet, which descends down from 300 km to 100 km following spiral paths along magnetic field lines. These particles then collide with the atmospheric gas causing it to glow, which we call Aurora.

title: General Astronomy/The Sun


text:
Online OsiriX Documentation/Opening non-DICOM images and movies

< ^ >

OsiriX supports non-DICOM images and movies. That means you can handle any images or image sequences in OsiriX as if they were DICOM images. In other words, you can then rotate them, zoom in or out, and manipulate the window, level and color look-up table (CLUT).

Once you have imported these images into OsiriX, you can then export them to a file on your disk or to a PACS system in DICOM format. OsiriX will also let you export them in RAW, JPEG, TIFF or Quicktime format or even directly to your e-mail program. A Quicktime movie opened in OsiriX

OsiriX < ^ >

Documentación en línea de OsiriX/Abrir imágenes que no sean DICOM y peliculas OsiriX オンライン解説文書/OsiriX入門 非DICOM画像やムービーを開く


text:
User:Carolina137/sandbox

ESKAPE is an acronym comprising the scientific names of six highly virulent and antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens including: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. This group of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can evade or 'escape' commonly used antibiotics due to their increasing multi-drug resistance (MDR). As a result, throughout the world they are the major cause of life-threatening nosocomial or hospital-acquired infections in immunocompromised and critically ill patients who are most at risk. P. aeruginosa and S. aureus are some of the most ubiquitous pathogens in biofilms found in healthcare. P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, commonly found in the gut flora, soil, and water that can be spread directly or indirectly to patients in healthcare settings. The pathogen can also be spread in other locations through contamination, including surfaces, equipment, and hands. The opportunistic pathogen can cause hospitalized patients to have infections ion the lungs as pneumonia, blood, urinary tract, and in other body regions after surgery. S. aureus is a Gram-positive, cocci, shaped bacterium, residing in the environment and on the skin and nose of many healthy individuals. The bacterium can cause skin and bone infections, pneumonia, and other types of potentially serious infections if entered through the body. S. aureus has also gained resistance to many antibiotic treatments, making healing difficult. Because of natural and unnatural selective pressures and factors, antibiotic resistance in bacteria usually emerges through genetic mutation or acquires antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) through horizontal gene transfer - a genetic exchange process by which antibiotic resistance can spread.

One of the main reasons for the rise in selection of antibiotic resistance (ABR) and MDR which led to the emergence of the ESKAPE bacteria is from the rash overuse of antibiotics not only in healthcare, but also in the animal, and agricultural sector. Other key factors are due to misuse and inadequate adherence to treatment guidelines in antibiotic consumption and usage. Due to these factors, fewer and fewer antibiotic treatments are becoming effective in eradicating ABR and MDR bacterial infections, while at the same time there are now no more new antibiotics being created due to lack of funding.

The ESKAPE pathogens and ABR bacteria in general are an interconnected global health threat and a clear 'One Health' problem, meaning they can spread between and impact the environment, animal, and human sectors. As one of the largest global health challenges, combatting the highly resistant and opportunistic ESKAPE pathogens necessitates a One Health approach. One Health is a transdisciplinary approach that involves addressing health outcomes from a multifaceted and interdisciplinary perspective for humans, animals, and the environmental on a local, national, and global level. Using this framework and mindset is crucial to combat and prevent the spread and development of the ESKAPE pathogens (including the ABR in general) while addressing its importantly related socioeconomic factors, such as inadequate sanitation.

Prevalence
From a global perspective, the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is responsible for about 15.5% of hospital acquired infection cases and there are currently about 0.7 million deaths from drug-resistant disease. Specifically, the opportunistic nosocomial ESKAPE pathogens correspond with the highest risk of mortality which has the majority of its isolates being MDR. Two pathogens within the ESKAPE group, Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter and Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are currently in the top five of the antibiotic resistant bacteria on the CDC’s 2019 urgent threat list, and the other 4 pathogens making up the group are on the serious threat list. In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) created a global priority pathogen list (PPL) of ABR bacteria with the goal to prioritize research and create new effective antibiotic treatments. The global PPL classifies pathogens into 3 categories, critical, high, and medium, and has 4 of the pathogens from the ESKAPE group in the critical priority list and the other 2 pathogens that make up the group in the high priority list.

Characteristics
ESKAPE pathogens are differentiated from other pathogens due to their increased resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as penicillin, vancomycin, carbapenems, and more. This increased resistance, combined with the clinical significance of these bacteria in the medical field, results in a necessity to understand their mechanisms of resistance and combat them with novel antibiotics. Common ways that these bacteria exhibit antibiotic resistance (their mechanisms of resistance) include the production of enzymes that attack the structure of antibiotics (for example, β-lactamases inactivating β-lactam antibiotics), modification of the target site that the antibiotic targets so that it can no longer bind properly, efflux pumps, and biofilm production. Efflux pumps are a feature of the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that allows them to constantly pump out foreign material, including antibiotics, so that the inside of the cell never contains a high enough concentration of the drug to have an effect. Biofilms are a mixture of diverse microbial communities and polymers that protect the bacteria from antibiotic treatment by acting as a physical barrier.

Clinical threats
Due to their heightened resistance to frequently used antibiotics, these pathogens pose an additional threat to the safety of the general population, particularly those who frequently interact with hospital environments, as they most commonly contribute to hospital-acquired infections (HAI). The increased antimicrobial resistance profile of these pathogens varies, however they arise from similar causes. One common cause of antibiotic resistance is due to incorrect dosing. When a sub-therapeutic dose is prescribed, or a patient chooses to use less of their prescribed antibiotic, bacteria are given the opportunity to adapt to the treatment. At lower doses, or when a course of antibiotics is not completed, certain strains of the bacteria develop drug-resistant strains through the process of natural selection. This is due to the random genetic mutations that are constantly occurring in many forms of living organisms, bacteria and humans included. Natural selection supports the persistence of strains of bacteria that have developed a certain mutation that allows them to survive. Some strains are also able to participate in inter-strain horizontal gene transfer, allowing them to pass resistance genes from one pathogen to another. This can be particularly problematic in nosocomial infections, where bacteria are constantly exposed to antibiotics and those benefiting from resistance as a result of random genetic mutations can share this resistance with bacteria in the area that have not yet developed this resistance on their own.

Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium is a Gram-positive sphereically-shaped (coccus) bacteria that tends to occur in pairs or chains, most commonly involved in HAI in immunocompromised patients. It often exhibits a resistance to β-lactam antibiotics including penicillin and other last resort antibiotics. There has also been a rise in vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) strains, including an increase in E. faecium resistance to vancomycin, particularly vancomycin-A. These vancomycin-resistant strains display a profound ability to develop and share their resistance through horizontal gene transfer, as well as code for virulence factors that control phenotypes. These virulence phenotypes range from thicker biofilms to allowing them to grow in a variety of environments including medical devices such as urinary catheters and prosthetic heart valves within the body. The thicker biofilms act as a “mechanical and biochemical shield” that protects the bacteria from the antibiotics and are the most effective protective mechanism that bacteria have against treatment.

title: User:Carolina137/sandbox


text:
Talk:Doug Anthony

Deputy Prime Minister double numbering
He was the 2nd DPM, not the 2nd and 6th. We don't use US Presidential numbering for office-holders in Australia, which is why Prime Ministers who had more than one term separated by a period out of office are given one number only. There's no reason why the practice would differ for Deputy Prime Ministers. I've also raised this issue @ Talk:Deputy Prime Minister of Australia. -- JackofOz (talk) 14:21, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

This page has a zero chance of deletion?
Prodding a Deputy PM... that comes close to one of the most bizarre things i've ever seen on wikipedia. It will not happen. Timeshift (talk) 10:04, 20 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, but he's an Australian Deputy PM. It's not like we're talking someone famous and important like William E. Miller or Jim Stockdale.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:02, 6 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Good God. The article may be unsourced, but that's a bit much. Frickeg (talk) 10:41, 20 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Found some more info at this page: http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/PersonDetail.asp?M=3&B=CP+55 Barrylb (talk) 10:37, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * "A part of RecordSearch is unavailable, or your session has expired, or you have exited RecordSearch and are trying to re-enter it without logging on first. You can login again and, if one of our other machines is available, you will be logged onto it." - you can't directly link to NAA stuff. Timeshift (talk) 11:06, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I've added two sources (while I put in four three are from the same site on the ABC) which should keep the Prod at bay! Bidgee (talk) 12:14, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

I'm a Country Member / "We Remember!"
I found this page (and the page National Party of Australia) trying to track down what is apparently an urban legend or runaway joke about Doug Anthony and the Country Party (now National Party). The joke/legend has now escaped the boundaries of Australia and is told by politics junkies and eternal sophomores throughout the English-speaking world, even people otherwise ignorant of Australian politics, as though it were true, although I can find no evidence that it is. (Admit it, Australians, you've heard about the Texas State Legislator who said, "If English was good enough for Jesus, it's good enough for the people of Texas," so this sort of thing is not uncommon.) General Internet searches turn up nothing useful about the origins of this anecdote. Is it worth mentioning here, perhaps with a link to Urban Legend or Political satire, or to a source if one is known?<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:18, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

 * It's a grand old anecdote, and if it isn't true, it should be. I've heard the riposte attributed to Fred Daly, but I cannot vouch for the veracity of that claim.  --   Jack of Oz    ... speak! ...   09:17, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Versions of that joke go back to the 1960s or earlier, with various real politicians cast in the lead roles. I've seen a version set in the 1960s with a rural backbencher (not Doug Anthony, nor his father) and Gough Whitlam.
 * So the joke is an urban legend, but it could well be based on a real incident. There are a few biographies of Australian politicians which might mention it, all too old to appear on the Internet. The Politician who Laughed by Fred Daly (Australian politician) would be a good place to start. You would probably need access to a major Australian reference library to find a copy.
 * If someone can find a good source for the original incident and/or the urban legend, we should definitely mention it in Wikipedia, but perhaps not in this article. Cheers, CWC 09:38, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

 * This seems to be genuine, with Gough Whitlam and Winton Turnbull as the dramatis personae, backed up here and here. I'm not sure if any of those can really be counted as ultra-reliable sources, but at least they establish that the incident occurred and could point us in the direction of something more concrete. Frickeg (talk) 09:56, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

I always thought Doug Anthony was referring to his father, Larry and said "my father was a country member". What is true (I was there) was that when Whitlam appointed Lionel Murphy to the high court Anthony interjected with "You have made a prostitute of the Law!". Whitlam answered; "I don't know what the honourable member knows of prostitutes but he knows nothing of the law". Porturology (talk) 09:14, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for those links, Frickeg. I've just added a quote from the debate speech (at the whitlamdismissal.com link) to |the Wikiquote page for Gough. Since Wikipedia's article about Gough has a link to his Wikiquote page, the story is now sorta kinda "in Wikipedia". I'm not going to try to add it to Wikipedia's article about Gough myself; does anyone else want to? If we had a WP:RS saying that the story that Gough pulled this trick on Doug Anthony was an urban legend, it would be good to mention that debunking in this article; failing such a RS, I don't think we should mention it here. So I guess we're done here. Thanks everyone. CWC 14:07, 6 August 2010 (UTC)
 * It's actually in Wikipedia already and has been for a while, which is how I found that quote. (I got to that page, I hasten to add, by checking "What links here" after creating Winton Turnbull.) But I agree that adding it to Gough's page - especially as said page is now an FA, is probably not the best idea at this point. Frickeg (talk) 01:03, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Please explain.
‘While Acting Prime Minister in July 1979, he threatened to shut down an industrial strike in Western Australia, stating the issue had to be resolved‘

How does one ‘shut down’ a strike? If an industry had already shut down because the workers were on strike, what did Anthony propose to do? Declare the strike illegal? And if an issue ‘had to be resolved’ isn’t that the reason for the strike in the first place? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:17, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doug Anthony


text:
User:Jollijacktar

Jollijacktar is the pseudonym of Captain Mike Davis-Marks OBE RN, social entrepreneur, leadership coach, author, charitable trustee and President of the Anchorites.

title: User:Jollijacktar


text:
antigene

Noun

 * 1)  An oligonucleotide that attaches to a specific gene and suppresses its action.

Translations

 * Polish:

Noun

 * 1)  antigen

Adjective

 * 1) antigenic

title: antigene


text:
The Life Channel

The Life Channel was a Canadian premium television service featuring programming on lifestyle and health subjects, existing for almost 14 months in the late 1980s. The programming represented some of the earlier efforts of Canada's premium television industry, considering pay-TV movie channels had commenced in 1983. It should not be confused with later Canadian cable channels Life Network (now known as Slice) and CTV Life Channel.

History
The Life Channel was approved for broadcast by the CRTC on 14 March 1985 following licensing hearings on 5 February 1985.

The company was a partnership between Winnipeg, Manitoba doctor John Tyson, who became president of the company, Toronto, Ontario lawyer Michael G. Rinaldo, who became director and secretary, and broadcast company CUC Limited.

On 18 October 1985, The Life Channel began satellite broadcasts to cable companies on a pay-TV basis. The initial broadcasts were available free to cable subscribers as a preview until 1 November 1985. Subscription cost was $5.95 per month, but included free with the other Canadian pay-TV channels at the time, at a cost of $19.95.

Notable programming included Ruth Westheimer's Good Sex! programme which was imported from the American Lifetime network. Domestic programming included a talk show hosted by Shirley Solomon and a medical information show, Doctor On Call, hosted by John Tyson.

As of September 1986, the service attracted relatively small subscriber base of 380,000 compared to 892,000 for TSN, 848,000 for MuchMusic. The Life Channel had increased the wholesale price it charges cable companies from 15 of 55 cents per subscriber, a move which resulted in some cable systems cancelling the service. Faced with financial problems which included a $4 million debt, The Life Channel ceased broadcasts after 30 November 1986. Its licence was revoked by the CRTC on 1 February 1988.

title: The Life Channel


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Language/2012 July 8

= July 8 =

Feminine form of "Archon"?
Hi. If Archon is "the masculine present participle of the verb stem ἀρχ-", then what would be the feminine present participle form? --Kreachure (talk) 03:10, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * [Your user page says that you are from Colombia, so you may be interested to know that the Spanish word femenino corresponds with the English word feminine.
 * Wavelength (talk) 03:34, 8 July 2012 (UTC)]
 * Whoopsie! Fixed, thank you! :) Kreachure (talk) 14:44, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * ἄρχουσα (archousa) —Deor (talk) 03:38, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Ah, you just beat me to the punch! To the OP, bear in mind that the meaning of archon seems to be be a slightly idiomatic extraction from the root form, so don't necessarily expect that archousa would be taken to mean the "lady" in the same way archon roughly translates to "lord"; I'm guessing there is in fact an entirely separate word to denote a woman of equal standing in modern contexts, though this is just speculation on my part. Snow (talk) 03:44, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * At least in Byzantine Greek, the feminine form seems to have been "archontissa". Adam Bishop (talk) 06:50, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Modern Greek dictionary gives αρχοντας and αρχοντισσα as words mainly meaning "nobleman" and "noblewoman". In ancient Greek, αρχουσα would have primarily referred to a female ruler; an all-purpose ancient Greek word for "lady" was ποτνια... AnonMoos (talk) 14:06, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you AnonMoos. You answered all my follow-up questions about usage before I could ask! Thanks everyone. --Kreachure (talk) 14:44, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

Can someone summarize this page?
Here's the Japanese Wikipedia spoiler guideline, and it has changed quite a lot since I last saw it. Apparently, they haven't deleted the spoiler templates yet, although their use is now discouraged. Can someone summarize (in English) the exact contents of the page? Google Translate's translation is incomprehensible. Narutolovehinata5 tccsdnew 03:57, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Do you want a full translation of the "exact contents", or a summary of the contents (which would be somewhat less than the full text)? --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  04:03, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * A summary of the contents. A full translation would probably be too overly detailed for me to comprehend. Narutolovehinata5 tccsdnew 04:08, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry to beat you to it Jack, but if you don't see this in time, I'll be interested to see just how well I managed with the translation. Snow (talk)

 * The field's all yours as far as I'm concerned, Snow. I know about 6 words of Japanese.  I was just keen to establish exactly what the OP was after, because their question seemed to be asking for 2 contradictory things.  --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  07:30, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Now, don't swear by anything in this because my Japanese skills are limited, but this should be generally accurate. Basically it boils down to a description of the purpose of spoiler alerts and then goes on to say that they have been used in the past on the Japanese Wikipedia but that they are by no means required and that readers should always assume that articles on fiction will contain spoilers.  It also note that the use of spoiler alerts is controversial and there is no firm consensus on whether they are appropriate or when they should be used.  It also gives some technical details on how to use spoiler alert templates as well detailing templates which have been discontinued in use.  Snow (talk) 04:39, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

Otaheitian
Hi!!

In a novel by Tasmaian author Richard Flanagan "Wanting" on page 83 at bottom of page this word comes up....'A savage, my dear Wilkie, be he Esquimau (archaic for Eskimo)or an Otaheitian, is someone who succumbs to his passions.Where does this word orginate from?<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:41, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * That's just "Tahitian". If I remember correctly, "o" is a vocative particle in Polynesian languages. When Europeans first encountered them, they heard every proper noun with an o- in front of it. Adam Bishop (talk) 07:44, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Correct, see for example 'ote'a, traditional Tahitian dance.  It's almost certainly a dated transliteration for Tahitian. Snow (talk) 07:48, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * And in fact, the old spellings Otaheiti and Otaheite are redirects to Tahiti. Adam Bishop (talk) 07:50, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Ah, nice catch. Snow (talk) 07:58, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

Why do some people add an "intrusive" /l/ (L) sound when...
..they pronounce the /ej/ or the /aj/ vowel cluster so that it becomes something like /eli/ or /ali/? Examples: —the guy screams "Einstein" but he makes it sound something like "/ajnʃtalin/"— —Nena says "dann singe ich ein Lied für dich" but sounds a bit like "dann singelich ein Lied für dich". --Immerhin (talk) 14:39, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I could hear nothing even remotely resembling the faintest whiff of a shade of a hint of a trace of an "intrusive L" in either case, either at normal speed or slowed down. Sorry. Dominus Vobisdu (talk) 14:57, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * If I stretch my ears wide open and listen extremely closey there might just possibly be "the faintest whiff of a shade of a hint of a trace of" a yod, but definitely not an /l/. Roger (talk) 15:28, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Then you two are in the tiny, marginal, insignificant minority, because most people in the Simpsons video claim they hear something like "quit stalling". --Immerhin (talk) 15:37, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * PS: I have borrowed your "faintest whiff of a shade of a..." thing for my future user page. --Immerhin (talk) 15:55, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The guy in the Simpsons video does say "quit stalling". I don't know where "Einstein" comes from. As for Nena...I don't hear any sort of L there. Adam Bishop (talk) 16:47, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't think that people would easily introduce an additional consonant into a diphthong. I.e. it seems rather unlikely that /ej/ or /aj/ would or could become /eli/ or /ali/. I listened the video from the Simpsons, so that my mind wouldn't be distracted by the subtitles. The first couple of times I hear 'quit stalling', then, as the video slows down, it becomes 'Einstein'. Could it be possible that whoever made that video edited the soundtrack?
 * As for Nena, I can conceive of one way in which /e.i/ becomes /eli/: /e/ and /i/ are both frontal vowels and /l/ is a frontal consonant, so I suspect that in certain contexts (depending on speaker's langugage/accent and the listener's language/accent) and the movements of the tongue in the mouth, it might seem like there is an /l/ between the two vowels that isn't meant to be there. V85 (talk) 17:17, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, I hear "quit stalling" (even when the sub-title clearly says "Einstein") at normal speed, and "Einstein only at the slowest speeds. I am surprised because sub-titles are normally so powerful for me that they can convince me I speak fluently any of the Romance languages. I am also surprised because, in my local pronunciation of these words in English, the two syllable in "Einstein" are an exact rhyme with nothing in common with any sound in "quit stalling". Curious. Bielle (talk) 18:11, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * As V85 said, the video has probably been edited. It doesn't even make sense to say "Einstein" there. The guy interrupts Prof. Frink to tell him to hurry up, before Frink has even said anything. That's the joke. Adam Bishop (talk) 18:14, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * It makes a sort of sense to call any scientist in a white lab coat "Einstein". Maybe it's an American thing, but he seems to be stressing the second syllable of Einstein.  I've never heard anyone do that, ever.  That more than anything tells me it's been edited.  --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  21:30, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

I remember this as "quit stalling." A rather typical joke for the Simpsons. The way he yells Einstalling in the replay in the clip is not said naturally as if he were addressing Frink. One would have said, "What's the plan, Einstein" not "Einstein! What's the plan?" μηδείς (talk) 01:13, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

What's the episode? —Tamfang (talk) 03:50, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Bart's Comet μηδείς (talk) 04:08, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it's been edited (slowed down and then upped in freq to get it back to normal speech), but I don't think it's been faked.
 * Since I was primed to hear "Einstein", I initially heard "Einstein" in all versions, even the first one. Once I figured it was probably "quit stalling", I heard that in all versions, even the slow ones. I suspect the problem is that [l] is effectively a vocoid, and isn't very salient when heard at low speeds. It's still there, just too drawn out to be what we normally rec. as an [l]. So I suspect that the subtitles are in error. Maybe the subtitlers weren't sure what was said (I think I remember not being able to catch this myself, when I saw it on the air), so they slowed it down, and at slow speeds the [l] is hardly noticeable as a consonant? I wonder if at low speeds, other approximants like [j, w, ɹ] also sound like vowels.
 * Dark [l] has two components, and alveolar one (similar to the vowel of -ing), and a velar one (similar to the vowel of stall). So it's easy to hear it as just the transition of the vowels, which gets you the diphthong in stein. Maybe.
 * My sister used to say "I Saul it" for "I saw it". And of course in Braz. Port., sol is [sou]. There can be some odd interferences between [l] and back vowels. — kwami (talk) 04:58, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'd argue that the intonation is definitive in favor of "quit stalling". If he were uttering a vocative at the beginning of a question it would have a rising intonation.  It most definitely does not.  The utterance has a definite intonation of command, not of address. μηδείς (talk) 05:21, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I always thought vocatives were commands. At least I treat them that way: if I say your name, I expect you to look at me – it's no different than hey! or listen! I think the intonation would work for either, which may be why it's so difficult to tell them apart. — kwami (talk) 05:38, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * A command contains a verb. Listen! is a command.  Shut up! and Love me forever! (not necessarily in that order) are also commands.  Hey! or Egbert! or You over there! are just ways of getting someone's attention.  Once you've got their attention, you can issue any commands you like.  If you're lucky, they'll limit their response to Fuck off!.  :)  --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  06:08, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I understand the formal definition. I just doubt that there's much functional difference. The purpose and intonation are the same for me. "Look!" or "Listen!" are often used for no more than getting people's attention too. The imperative is a verb form that expresses a command. But interjections may express commands too, and it seems to me so do vocatives. At least in the sense of commanding attention. I wonder if there's a term that covers all of them? — kwami (talk) 06:27, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * You could analyse it as follows: In a restaurant you call "Waiter!" to get the waiter's attention (I make him male in this example).  The general expectation is that he does not just turn to look at you. Rather, he comes over to you, or if he's busy right now, he signals that he's heard you and will be over very shortly.  Effectively, you've called out "Waiter! Please come here!", but the agreed shorthand "Waiter!" is used.  The long version consisted of an exclamation and a command; the short version drops the command element, but the exclamation remains.  It doesn't mean that the exclamation has become a command; it means that a combined exclamation-command is being represented by an exclamation alone.  --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  08:59, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * We can ignore the semantics of what to call it when you use someone's name or title, again, what is relevant here is that when you call "waiter" you use a rising intonation, whereas if you were to pretend "waiter" were a verb and were to issue the command to someone to waiter: "Waiter!" it would have a flat or slightly falling intonation. You can hear the difference if you call Bob's name to get his attention, or issue the command "bob!" to initiate a bobbing-for-apples contest.  Try saying the word the two ways out loud.  What is relevant in the Simposns clip is that there is no rising intonation as if he were saying Einstein's name to get his attention.  It is clearly uttered with the intonation of a command, and one cannot command someone to Einstein. μηδείς (talk) 18:07, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I have listened to this several times, and I cannot hear anything remotely resembling "quit stalling" (BrE speaker). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:00, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Me neither. The opening syllable starts with a vowel, not a consonant.  --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  19:33, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * What would really be interesting would be to know whether you (pl) understand the point about intonation, and if you do, whether you think it sounds like he is saying Einstein to get Frink's attention, or if it sounds like he's telling him to Einstein. (To me its ounds like "Quit Stalling!", then Einstalling! in the replay, the "Einstein!" when it is slowed down. μηδείς (talk) 22:06, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Did you see my earlier post about stressing the second syllable of Einstein (ine-STINE)? Although that's unique in my experience, I still don't hear anything remotely like "quit stalling".  --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  23:27, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I didn't take that as answering my question directly, which was about intonation, which is technically different from stress, but it does imply we have similar interpretations. μηδείς (talk) 23:31, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually, I did not say I thought he was saying "Einstein". I agree that the intonation and word order are unusual if he is using "Einstein" as a generic (or sarcastic) name for a clever person. To me, the intonation and word order seem more suited to hailing someone who really is named "Einstein". On the other hand, I can't think of any other word(s) it could be. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:42, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "Bob!" (vocative) and "bob!" (for apples) can have the same intonation. There are many vocative intonations, depending on what you're conveying, and one of them is the same as a verbal imperative. — kwami (talk) 23:54, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Sure, but what verbal imperative do you have in mind? (Or, if you are in the "quit stalling" camp, then I agree that the intonation may fit, but I have the small problem of not actually being able to hear the right sounds to form those words, notably starting with the first "k" sound.) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:12, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Augustine
What is the deal with pronouncing this name, in all its various contexts? I had a professor who pronounced it /ɒˈɡʌstɨn/, which I thought was very bizarre, because I had always assumed the saint's name was pronounced like the city, /'ɔːɡəstin/. The cites on the Augustine of Hippo page and this archive entry suggest that the former pronunciation is the more-common one among educated speakers, while using the pronunciation of the city for the saint is erroneous. Is this a fair assessment of the situation? If so, why are the pronunciations of the saint and city divergent, and what about people who aren't Augustine of Hippo? How are their names pronounced? If I named my child Augustine, how would modern speakers expect to pronounce it, knowing he is neither a city nor yet a saint? Thanks! <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:19, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * With the aid of the Help:IPA for English page, I think that here in England we'd be closer to your second, although with a "u" sound in the second syllable. Exactly like the month of August with "in" tacked on the end. Augustine of Canterbury is held in rather higher regard here, as it was he who converted the heathen Saxons and founded the Church of England in AD 597. Alansplodge (talk) 00:55, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * No, I would say that in England the standard pronunciation is like the professor's, saint aw-GUSS-tin. Sussexonian (talk) 06:52, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't think I've ever actually heard anyone use that pron. in the US. MW gives Áugustine first, and Augústine second. For both Hippo & Canterbury. — kwami (talk) 08:25, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I think it's the same for me - Americans and Canadians stress the first syllable, and British people the second syllable. But for Augustine of Hippo and Augustine of Canterbury, I have the feeling that the British way is more correct, and I would correct myself if I said it the "wrong" way. Adam Bishop (talk) 10:09, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Based on a short survey here in Winnipeg (basically, the people sitting in this coffee shop), in Canada it's pronounced August-TEEN, with the stress on the last syllable. --NellieBlyMobile (talk) 14:48, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That sounds more French to me; could it be a slight bit of Quebecois influence that's become standard in Canadian English? Nyttend (talk) 19:46, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That sounds strange...I'm sure they are stressing the first syllable too, but also pronouncing the -EEN ending, which is one of the pronunciations above. (At least, that's how every other Canadian I know would say it.) Adam Bishop (talk) 19:56, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The first two syllables are given about the same weight. Aw-gus-TEEN. Could be a Western thing. --NellieBly (talk) 11:36, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

I'm guessing the more common British pronunciation is due to the adjective august, which is pronounced with the stress on the second syllable. Does the name Augustine mean "awe-inspiring" or "venerable", or simply "like or pertaining to St. Augustine"? — Cheers, Jack Lee  –talk– 20:18, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I believe the Latin name Augustinus was derived from the adjective augustus. Augustine is the English version of Augustinus,
 * That reminds me that I've never been sure whether the August in The Teahouse of the August Moon (film) is pronounced like the month or the venerable adjective. It could reasonably be either.  The article sheds no (moon)light on it.  Maybe if I wait till next month ...  --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  11:02, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * If memory serves, it's the month (although the "venerable" word is often pronounced in the same way by U.S. speakers). Deor (talk) 12:11, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The month, because the Teahouse is named for the August Moon festival. But in the spoof The Teahouse of the August Goon it should be pronounced as "venerable ". Itsmejudith (talk) 12:40, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Funnily enough, according to our article "Mid-Autumn Festival" to which "August Moon" redirects, "[t]he festival is held on the 15th day of the eighth month in the Chinese calendar, which is in September or early October in the Gregorian calendar, close to the autumnal equinox" (emphasis added). It seems that at some stage someone simply assumed that the eighth month of the Chinese calendar equated to August. — Cheers, Jack Lee  –talk– 14:53, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * From such cultural ignorance comes enlightenment. I can now say the name of that movie with confidence, for which I thank you all.  --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  19:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
User:Amywarner20

Chemistry graduate student working in the field of solid state chemistry. Started editing July 2020 with SACNAS and 500 Women Scientists Edit-A-Thon.

-AW

title: User:Amywarner20