text:
User:Williamswalts/sandbox

'''Kenneth G. Engerrand (Attorney, professor, and legal author)

Kenneth G. Engerrand (June 30, 1952 --) practices law as the President of Brown Sims, P.C., has taught law as an adjunct professor at South Texas College of Law and the University of Houston Law School, and is President of the Judge John R. Brown Scholarship Foundation.

'Education and career Born on June 30, 1952, in Atlanta Georgia, Engerrand received a B.A. degree from Florida State University in 1973 and a J.D. degree from the University of Texas Law School in 1976. He began practicing law with the firm of Royston Rayzor in 1976, served as Vice President and General Counsel for the Huthnance companies, and is President of Brown Sims, P.C. at its Houston, Texas, office. He has been an adjunct professor at South Texas College of Law and the University of Houston Law School since 1978, teaching courses in admiralty, environmental, and insurance law. He also serves as the President of the Judge John R. Brown Scholarship Foundation.

Publications Mr. Engerrand has written extensively, and his publications include: Maritime Oilfield Contracts Reconsidered, 41 Hous. J. Int’l Law 241 (2019); Escape from the Labyrinth: Call for the Admiralty Judges of the Supreme Court to Reconsider Seaman Status, 40 Hous. J. Int’l Law 741 (2018); Collateral Source Issues in Maintenance and Cure Cases, 42 Tul. Mar. L.J. 1 (2017); Removal of Admiralty Suits, 41 Tul. Mar. L. J. 1 (2016); Admiralty Jury Trials Reconsidered, 12 Loy. Mar. L.J. 73 (2013); The Relationship Among General Maritime Law, OPA, and OCSLA, 25 U. San. Fran. Mar. L.J. 253 (2013); Vessel Status Reconsidered, 11 Loy. Mar. L.J. 213 (2013); Forum Selection and Arbitration Clauses in Seamen’s Injury Claims, 11 Loy. Mar. L.J. 109 (2012); Indemnity for Gross Negligence in Maritime Oilfield Contracts, 10 Loy. Mar. L.J. 319 (2012); A Tedious Balance: Third-Party Claims under the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, 10 Loy. Mar. L.J. 1 (2011); Jones Act Issues after Norfolk Southern Railway v. Sorrell, 6 Loy. Mar. L. J. 1 (2008); Primer on Maintenance and Cure, 18 U. San. Fran. Mar. L.J. 41 (2005-06); Primer of Remedies on the Outer Continental Shelf, 4 Loy. Mar. L. J. 19 (2005); Medicare Set-Asides and Protecting the Parties’ Interests in Longshore Claims, 3 Loy. Mar. L.J. 11 (2004); The Fleet Rule for Seaman Status: The Peril of Perils, 2 Loy. Mar. L.J. 92 (2003); DOHSA’s Reach: What Are The High Seas Beyond A Marine League From Shore? 1 Loy. Mar. L.J. 1 (2002); Changes in Pursuing and Defending Attorney’s Fees Claims in The Fifth and Ninth Circuits, 14 U. San Fran. Mar. L.J. 155 (2001-02); Recent Developments in Admiralty Law in the United States Supreme Court, The Fifth Circuit, and the Eleventh Circuit, 24 Tul. Mar. L. J. 741 (2000); Recent Developments in Admiralty Law in the United States Supreme Court, The Fifth Circuit, and the Eleventh Circuit, 20 Hous. J. Int’l L. 265 (1998); Removal and Remand of Admiralty Suits, 21 Tulane Mar. L. J. 383 (1997); Recent Developments in Admiralty Law in the United States Supreme Court, The Fifth Circuit, and the Eleventh Circuit, 18 Hous. J. Int'l L. 709 (1996); Seaman Status Reconstructed, 32 S. Tex. L. Rev. 169 (1991); Admiralty Law, 23 Tort & Ins. L.J. 251 (1988); Seaman Status Reconsidered, 24 S. Tex. L.J. 431 (1983); The Continuing Conflict Between Congress & The Supreme Court Over The Standard of Care in Longshore Third Party Actions, 22 S. Tex. L.J. 423 (1981); Troubled Waters for Seaman’s Wrongful Death Actions, 12 J. Mar. Law & Com. 327 (1980), reprinted in 21 S. Tex. L.J. 191 (1980). Mr. Engerrand is author of the casebook, Admiralty Environmental and Insurance Issues © 2018, and the chapter “Concurrent Jurisdiction” in The Longshore Textbook, Seventh Edition. Mr. Engerrand’s publications have been cited and quoted by the United States Supreme Court as well as appellate and district courts from California to New York. Cases Citing Articles Authored by Kenneth G. Engerrand

1.	United States Supreme Court

McDermott Int’l, Inc. v. Wilander, 498 U.S. 337, 343, 346, 353, 111 S.Ct. 807, 811, 813, 817, 112 L.Ed.2d 866, 875, 876, 881 (1991).

2.	 Federal Appellate Courts

Barker v. Hercules Offshore, Inc., 713 F.3d 208, 220, 223 (5th Cir. 2013).

Barrett v. Chevron, U.S.A., Inc., 781 F.2d 1067, 1074 n.12 (5th Cir. 1986) (en banc).

Bunn v. Oldendorff Carriers GMBH & Co., 723 F.3d 454, 462 n.5 (4th Cir. 2013).

Buras v. Commercial Testing & Engineering Co., 736 F.2d 307, 310 n.3, 311 n.4 (5th Cir. 1984).

Craig v. M/V Peacock, 760 F.2d 953, 960 n.3 (9th Cir. 1985).

Grand Isle Shipyard Inc. v. Seacor Marine, LLC, 589 F.3d 778, 786 n.6 (5th Cir. 2009).

Gremillion v. Gulf Coast Catering Co., 904 F.2d 290, 290 n.1 (5th Cir. 1990).

Larry Doiron, Inc. v. Specialty Rental Tools & Supply, L.L.P. (In re Larry Doiron, Inc.), 879 F.3d 568, 573 n.27 (5th Cir. 2018).

Larry Doiron, Inc. v. Specialty Rental Tools & Supply, L.L.P. (In re Larry Doiron, Inc.), 869 F.3d 338, 348 n.10 (5th Cir. 2017).

McBride v. Estis Well Serv., L.L.C, 768 F.3d 382, 386 n.21 (5th Cir. 2014) (en banc).

Molett v. Penrod Drilling Co., 872 F.2d 1221, 1231 (5th Cir. 1989)(Jones, J., dissenting).

Pizzitolo v. Electro-Coal Transfer Corp., 812 F.2d 977, 980 n.1 (5th Cir. 1987).

Sanchez v. Smart Fabricators of Texas, L.L.C., No. 19-20506 (5th Cir. Aug. 14, 2020) (Davis, J. concurring).

Skowronek v. Am. S.S. Co., 505 F.3d 482, 496 (6th Cir. 2007)(Clay, J., dissenting).

U.S. Express Lines, LTD. v. Higgins, 281 F.3d 383, 390 n.2 (3rd Cir. 2002).

Wallace v. Oceaneering International, 727 F.2d 427, 432 (5th Cir. 1984).

3.	 Federal District Courts

Barker v. Hercules Offshore, Inc., Civ. Action H-10-0898, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9400, at *19 (S.D. Tex. Feb. 2, 2011).

Darville v. Tidewater Marine Serv., No. 15-6441, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 48419, at *7 n.33&36 (E.D. La. Apr. 11, 2016).

Evans v. United Arab Shipping Co., 767 F.Supp. 1284, 1288 n.1 (D. N.J. 1991).

Hodges v. Shell Oil Co., No. 97-1573, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12535, at *12 (E.D. La. 1997).

Sala v. Gates Constr. Corp., 868 F.Supp. 474, 476 (E.D. N.Y. 1994).

Waddell v. Edison Chouest Offshore, 93 F.Supp. 3d 714, 723 (S.D. Tex. 2015).

4.	 State Courts.

Pridemore v. Hryniewich, 95 Va. Cir. 488, 454, 2017 Va. Cir. LEXIS 83, **12 (Cir. Ct. Va. 2017).

title: User:Williamswalts/sandbox


text:
krmivo

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) fodder food for animals

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) fodder food for animals

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) fodder food for animals

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: krmivo


text:
Blas Armoa

Blas Esteban Armoa Núñez (born 3 February 2000) is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a winger for Argentine Primera División club Tigre.

Club career
A youth academy product of Sportivo Luqueño, Armoa made his professional debut on 4 April 2017 in Luqueño's 3–2 defeat against Club Libertad. He scored his first goal on 15 April 2017 in his club's 2–1 win against General Díaz.

International career
Armoa is a former Paraguayan youth international. He has played for Paraguay youth national teams at 2017 South American U-17 Championship, 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup and 2019 South American U-20 Championship.

Armoa was also part of under-23 team squad which competed at 2020 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament.

title: Blas Armoa


text:
Mass Media/Newspapers

Newspapers are print media and/or the newsgathering organizations that produce them. Most conventional newspapers are published on a daily or weekly basis, and are meant to inform the general public about recent events, especially public affairs. Besides local, national or international news, papers often carry sports and entertainment features, opinion columns and advertising.

Newspapers may address a general audience, focus on a geographical area, or cover a specialized subject, such as newspapers for a specific profession, industry or interest. Newspapers traditionally are supported by selling advertising space as well as subscription or single-copy sales of the newspapers themselves. Through history, newspapers have sometimes been subsidized by organizations or interest groups, including political parties. Mass-circulation newspapers, such as those evolving in 19th century New York, attempt to appeal to a wider audience (and wider advertising market) than overtly partisan papers.

As the Internet's World Wide Web spread in the 1990s, newspaper companies established Web editions carrying stories from the print edition and, increasing in the next decade, original material. By 2009 this had blurred the distinction between the printed newspaper and the online newspaper. By 2009, some newspapers were shifting from daily print production to daily Web production with weekly printed editions. Some new Web-only publications adopted reporting and writing styles commonly associated with printed newspapers.

Newspaper advertising categories include:
 * "display ads" -- rectangular advertisements, often including images, usually for commercial products and services, or for delivery of issue-oriented or political messages.
 * "classified ads" -- (brief advertisements, often text-only, presented in column form by topic: items for sale, help wanted, personal messages, etc.
 * coupons -- small promotional ads that may be cut or torn out to be redeemed for a discount on a product.

Newspapers are the largest employers of print media.

About 40% of ad revenue for a newspaper comes from classifieds.

National events
National papers include USA Today and the Christian Science Monitor.

Local events
Newspapers are a populace's main source of local news.

Editorials
Editorial pages exist solely to display opinions, usually on political matters. They're kept separate from other areas of the newspaper because the opinions aren't meant to represent the newspaper so much as they are meant as a public forum. An editorial page may consist of political cartoons, letters sent by readers, or a persuasive article.

Examples
UK: Daily Mail, The Times, The Guardian

Italy: Reppublica, Corriere della Sera

France: L'Équipe

There are hundreds of national and regional newspaper but most of them you can only find in it's country or region(state).

title: Mass Media/Newspapers


text:
Talk:David Obua

Birth year
Year of birth is 1977 in the article, and 1984 in the info box. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:05, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

I've changed it back and removed (again) sections of text that say he is "rumoured to be older according to local sources". Including the rumour is fine if you can find and cite the source otherwise it's just badly written opinion Pspeed (talk) 11:13, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Obua. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101021042426/http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/articles/david-obua-hearts_2241487_44444 to http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/articles/david-obua-hearts_2241487_44444

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:23, 23 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Obua


text:
Talk:Bloom Clock/2006 data

Template
It would be good to have a template to replace signatures with a wikilink to the participant's listing on the participants page, or even better one that autolists gdd and daylength. SB_Johnny | talk 14:56, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bloom Clock/2006 data


text:
User:Avinash1289

Avinash Theppala, born on nov8 1991 to MohanReddy Theppala and Aruna Theppala. Born in bellampalli.

title: User:Avinash1289


text:
Talk:The Hierophant

Untitled
I removed the "Examples" section since it was entirely Original Research which Wikipedia does not allow. I left the "mythopoeteic interpretation" section because that may have come from a reputable source but it seems to be something based on personal interpretation like the "Examples" section. - DNewhall

if they were to small
I think the word to should be the word "too".

Unverifiable and unbalanced content
The article is just personal opinions from an occult enthusiast about the nature and meaning of a particular tarot card. No peer reviewed books or journal articles are cited. No references or footnotes are given. When a new statement is added, the source needs to be cited, and the source needs to be verifiable, and reliable. Waite is not an unbiased, factual source on the history or evolution of tarot cards. The work can be cited properly, however: "Waite's opinion in his book The Pictorial Key to the Tarot ... etc" The other sources are definitely of questionable academic weight.

The card in question has a history of over 500 years in European card games in which it is used as trump card (see Tarocchi). The article is unbalanced in that it only features the recent uses of the card for divination. This makes the article biased due to its recentism. Since the article ignores use of the card for game play in Europe and other parts of the world, it offers an anglo-american perspective that raises NPOV issues. There are academic sources and sources from international organizations discussing the history and evolution of the "Pope" card as well as its use in games. Such sources need to be utilized. This card represent the Pope, and its designation as the Heirophant is recent and derives from 17th and 18th century occultists. It has no historical background beyond occult uses. The article does not even address the controversy the card caused with the Vatican and why substitutes for the card were used such as Jupiter and the four Moors. - Parsa 08:20, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It's not the card that's the problem. I'm here to copyedit, and there are major problems.  The other card articles in this series are not quite as unclear and opinionated as this one.  Claiming that the Tarot, through interpretation, leads to Truth is quite a stretch - but beyond mere copyediting.  I'll try and fix the tone where I can.Levalley (talk) 18:37, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

This article should be about the Hierophant - not about Tarot in general.
This paragraph should perhaps be merged into the general article on Tarot:

 * the article on the Hierophant (ancient title) is Hierophant. Though this article should be moved to The Hierophant (Tarot card)Flygongengar (talk) 22:51, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

A. E. Waite was a key figure in the development of modern Tarot interpretations. However, not all interpretations follow his views. Please remember that all Tarot decks used for divination and oracular inquiry, et cetera, are crafted and interpreted through personal experience: stated differently, they afford and furnish various aspects of Truth to those who use Tarot as a method of divination.

Copyediting
The article has several contradictions and is hard to copyedit for clarity. Does the card stand for organized religion or any religion? Animistic religions don't have hierophants or hierarchy, which is why native tarots illustrate the card with Coyote or Shaman. At any rate, either say "organized and non-organized religions," which is therefore "any religion," or be consistent.

I put in fact tags. This article makes many unsupported claims. I toned them down by changing words like "many" to "some," (really, are there that many religions that deny anesthesia for surgery?) Some statements, like "life-denying" I left in, presuming they have some esoteric significance, but otherwise, life-threatening would make more sense. This article may be purposefully ambiguous (it's about a Tarot card), but perhaps that needs to be stated somewhere. I've read quite a bit about Tarot (including all of Dummett's work) and some of this seems opinionated - that needs work. Still, it's a start.Levalley (talk) 19:23, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

A citation is definitely needed for the assertion that children begin to understand those dualisms at the same time - that's counter to what's in the child development literature. "Me and thee" is redundant. Random citation of Freud and Foucault are poorly sourced (which parts of Freud? Which parts of Foucault?  Why those two and not Jung?  Why not modern ego psychology, instead, which is where the term "individuation" is actually developed?)

Which of these meanings of the word athwart was intended? athwart - 5 results a⋅thwart /əˈθwɔrt/ Show Spelled Pronunciation [uh-thwawrt] Show IPA –adverb 1. 	from side to side; crosswise. 2. 	Nautical. a. 	at right angles to the fore-and-aft line; across. b. 	broadside to the wind because of equal and opposite pressures of wind and tide: a ship riding athwart. 3. 	perversely; awry; wrongly. –preposition 4. 	from side to side of; across. 5. 	Nautical. across the direction or course of. 6. 	in opposition to; contrary to.

None of them seems to fit - I believe the writer meant "straddling" or something like that (not at right angles to, nor in opposition to). He has already been described as almost always sitting (on a throne).

There are a number of other problems (doesn't every one die/all paths lead to Death, etc.?) The problems with citations are numerous and some of those are two years old.

It reads grammatically now, I believe, without redundancies, fixed some problems with lack of parallelism and punctuation. Am removing the copyedit banner.--Levalley (talk) 19:36, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Native Tarots? This a strictly a European tradition and so-called "North American" or "Siberian" Tarot decks have got to be very recent (probably 60s or later) modification of a European card deck. I agree with earlier poster that this article needs much less esotericism and much more actual history of a means of playing games of skill and chance that secondarily became a means of divination in some places. And for God's sake, some sourcing! Put up or shut up. There are plenty of sites on the internet for people to share their hobbies. don't try to colonize this one. Better a stub than all this blather. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:04, 26 September 2014 (UTC)

Reference in media
Should this article include a popular reference in media? Heirophant green in jojo's bizzare adventure is named after this card GrandMoff01 (talk) 07:19, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Hierophant


text:
Alex Tyus

Alexander Trent Tyus (born January 8, 1988) is an American-Israeli professional basketball player for Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Basketball Premier League in which he was the 2018 Finals MVP. Having been naturalized as an Israeli citizen, he also represented the senior Israeli national basketball team. Standing at 2.03 meters (6' 8") tall, he is an athletic frontcourt player and good rebounder.

High school career
Tyus played for his first two years of high school for Hazelwood Central High School in St. Louis. He then played for two years for Harmony Prep, leading it to the prep school national championship game in 2006.

College career
Tyus attended the University of Florida, where he played college basketball under head coach Billy Donovan with the Florida Gators from 2007 to 2011, and was a member of two NCAA Tournament teams. He played a key role in the 2010–11 Gators' run to the Elite Eight with a 19-point, 17-rebound effort in the 83–74 overtime win over the BYU Cougars in the NCAA Tournament Sweet 16. As of 2012, his 1,333 career points were 22nd-best in school history.

Maccabi Ashdod (2011–2012)
On June 28, 2011, Tyus started his professional career with the Israeli team Maccabi Ashdod after finishing four years at Florida.

Pallacanestro Cantù (2012–2013)
On July 12, 2012, Tyus signed a contract with the Italian team Pallacanestro Cantù where he played his first EuroLeague season.

Maccabi Tel Aviv (2013–2015)
On July 1, 2013, Tyus signed a two-year contract with Maccabi Tel Aviv. He was named the MVP of the 2013-14 EuroLeague for the month of April. He was one of the key players to help Maccabi advance to the EuroLeague Final Four. Eventually, Maccabi won the EuroLeague championship.

Anadolu Efes (2015–2016)
On July 21, 2015, Tyus signed a one-year contract with the Turkish club Anadolu Efes. In 24 EuroLeague games with Anadolu Efes, he averaged 5.9 points and 3 rebounds.

Galatasaray (2016–2017)
On July 12, 2016, Tyus signed a one-year deal with Galatasaray.

Return to Maccabi (2017–2019)
On June 22, 2017, Tyus returned to Maccabi Tel Aviv for a second stint, signing a two-year contract.

On May 27, 2018, Tyus recorded a season-high 20 points, shooting 10-of-12 from the field, along with five rebounds and two blocks in a 97-85 win over Bnei Herzliya. On June 8, 2018, Tyus earned a spot in the All-Israeli League Second Team. On June 14, 2018, Tyus led Maccabi Tel Aviv to win the 2018 Israeli League Championship after a 95–75 victory over Hapoel Holon. He was subsequently named Finals MVP.

On July 25, 2018, Tyus signed a one-year contract extension with Maccabi. On January 28, 2019, Tyus was named EuroLeague MVP of the Month after averaging 11.2 points, 4.2 rebounds and 1.4 blocks for 14.6 PIR per game, shooting 84 percent from the field in five games played in January. On March 28, 2019, Tyus recorded a EuroLeague career-high 20 points, shooting 9-of-11 from the field, along with six rebounds in a 90–55 win over Gran Canaria. Tyus helped Maccabi win the 2019 Israeli League Championship, winning his second straight Israeli League title in the process.

UNICS Kazan (2019–2020)
On July 13, 2019, Tyus signed a 1+1 contract with UNICS Kazan of the VTB United League. He averaged 10.3 points, 6.1 rebounds and 1.2 blocks per game.

Galatasaray (2020)
On November 4, 2020, Tyus signed with Galatasaray.

Real Madrid (2020–2021)
On December 29, 2020, he signed with Real Madrid of the Liga ACB. On July 1, 2021, Tyus officially parted ways with the Spanish club.

Pınar Karşıyaka (2021–2022)
On November 8, 2021, he has signed with Pınar Karşıyaka of the Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL) and Basketball Champions League (BCL). He played 33 games for the team, 23 starts, and averaged 5.8 points, 1.3 rebounds, and 0.4 assists per game.

ASVEL (2022–2023)
On October 27, 2022, he signed with ASVEL Basket of the LNB Pro A. He played 61 games for the team, 14 starts, and averaged 5.0 points, 4.3 rebounds, and 0.4 assists per game.

Runa Moscow (2023–2024)
In summer 2023, he signed with Runa Moscow of the VTB United League. He played 36 games for the team, seven starts, and averaged 7.8 points, 4.8 rebounds, and 0.8 assists per game.

Hapoel Jerusalem (2024–present)
On April 25, 2024, he signed with Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Basketball Premier League.

National team career
Tyus was a member of the senior Israeli national basketball team at the 2013 EuroBasket tournament.

Personal life
During his college years he was introduced to Judaism by his roommate, and in 2011 Tyus and his then wife, Alli Cecchini (volleyball player of Florida Gators) who has Jewish roots, converted to Judaism together.

On June 10, 2012, Tyus received an Israeli passport.

EuroLeague

 * style="text-align:left;"| 2012–13
 * style="text-align:left;"| Cantù
 * 10 || 0 || 19.8 || .576 || .000 || .481 || 3.7 || .4 || .2 || 1.0 || 8.1 || 9.0
 * style="text-align:left;background:#AFE6BA;"| 2013–14†
 * style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| Maccabi
 * 27 || 2 || 18.1 || style="background:#CFECEC;"|.718* || .000 || .526 || 5.0 || .3 || .3 || 1.0 || 7.7 || 10.9
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2014–15
 * 25 || 5 || 21.1 || .611 || — || .529 || 5.2 || .4 || .4 || 1.4 || 7.2 || 10.5
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2015–16
 * style="text-align:left;"| Anadolu Efes
 * 24 || 8 || 12.6 || .537 || .000 || .446 || 3.0 || .3 || .3 || .3 || 5.9 || 6.3
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2016–17
 * style="text-align:left;"| Galatasaray
 * 30 || 10 || 19.6 || .683 || .000 || .553 || 5.2 || .4 || .6 || 1.1 || 10.0 || 14.3
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2017–18
 * style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| Maccabi
 * 30 || 2 || 19.9 || .617 || — || .491 || 5.0 || .2 || .5 || 1.0 || 8.3 || 10.9
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2018–19
 * 30 || 5 || 18.3 || .664 || — || .625 || 4.1 || .3 || .5 || 1.1 || 7.3 || 10.0
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2020–21
 * style="text-align:left;"| Real Madrid
 * 20 || 7 || 12.0 || .500 || — || .750 || 2.6 || .5 || .4 || .4 || 3.0 || 3.4
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2022–23
 * style="text-align:left;"| ASVEL
 * 25 || 6 || 17.8 || .689 || .000 || .621 || 4.3 || .4 || .5 || .8 || 5.7 || 8.1
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan=2|Career
 * 221 || 45 || 17.8 || .636 || .000 || .534 || 4.4 || .3 || .4 || 1.1 || 7.2 || 9.6
 * style="text-align:left;"| Real Madrid
 * 20 || 7 || 12.0 || .500 || — || .750 || 2.6 || .5 || .4 || .4 || 3.0 || 3.4
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2022–23
 * style="text-align:left;"| ASVEL
 * 25 || 6 || 17.8 || .689 || .000 || .621 || 4.3 || .4 || .5 || .8 || 5.7 || 8.1
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan=2|Career
 * 221 || 45 || 17.8 || .636 || .000 || .534 || 4.4 || .3 || .4 || 1.1 || 7.2 || 9.6
 * 221 || 45 || 17.8 || .636 || .000 || .534 || 4.4 || .3 || .4 || 1.1 || 7.2 || 9.6

title: Alex Tyus


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Paranormal/Peer review/2007

This page is an archive of all WikiProject Paranormal peer reviews for 2007. Please do not modify discussions here.

Bermuda Triangle
Currently, what I am doing is re-writing the current articles involving the Bermuda Triangle. This is to remove some of the juvenile or amateurish writing that is already present, or to include more-detailed, factual info. From the Triangle main page I have also went into the following pages and re-worked about 65% of USS Cyclops; 85% of Flight 19; 100% of Marine Sulphur Queen; 100% of V.A. Fogg (but it could use more info); 85% of Star Tiger and Star Ariel (this involved merging both articles). The ultimate goal is to have a good, sound category that anyone can be comfortable with in researching. I don't mind a peer review at this time, but any help I could get, as far as writing, finding sources, would be appreciated. Carajou 08:11, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, DTGardner 06:50, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Please expand the lead to conform with guidelines at Lead. The article should have an appropriate number of paragraphs as is shown on WP:LEAD, and should adequately summarize the article.[?]
 * Per Wikipedia:Context and Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates), months and days of the week generally should not be linked. Years, decades, and centuries can be linked if they provide context for the article.[?]
 * This article has no or few images. Please see if there are any free use images that fall under the Image use policy and fit under one of the Image copyright tags that can be uploaded. To upload images on Wikipedia, go to Special:Upload; to upload non-fair use images on the Wikimedia Commons, go to commons:special:upload.[?]
 * Per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (numbers), there should be a non-breaking space -  between a number and the unit of measurement. For example, instead of 20 feet , use 20 feet , which when you are editing the page, should look like: 20&nbsp;feet .[?]
 * Per Wikipedia:Context and Build the web, years with full dates should be linked; for example, link January 15, 2006.[?]
 * As per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates), dates shouldn't use th; for example, instead of using January 30th was a great day, use January 30 was a great day.[?]
 * There are a few occurrences of weasel words in this article- please observe WP:AWT. Certain phrases should specify exactly who supports, considers, believes, etc., such a view.
 * allege
 * might be weasel words, and should be provided with proper citations (if they already do, or are not weasel terms, please strike this comment).[?]
 * Please make the spelling of English words consistent with either American or British spelling, depending upon the subject of the article. Examples include: neighbor (A) (British: neighbour), analyze (A) (British: analyse), analyse (B) (American: analyze),  grey (B) (American:  gray), skeptic (A) (British: sceptic), sulfur (A) (British: sulphur).
 * Watch for redundancies that make the article too wordy instead of being crisp and concise. (You may wish to try Tony1's redundancy exercises.)
 * Vague terms of size often are unnecessary and redundant - “some”, “a variety/number/majority of”, “several”, “a few”, “many”, “any”, and “all”. For example, “ All pigs are pink, so we thought of a number of ways to turn them green.”
 * As done in WP:FOOTNOTE, footnotes usually are located right after a punctuation mark (as recommended by the CMS, but not mandatory), such that there is no space in between. For example, the sun is larger than the moon [2]. is usually written as the sun is larger than the moon.[2][?]
 * Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 1a.[?]


text:
Talk:Trimaran Yacht Club of Victoria

Contested deletion Category talk:Yachting races
You should know about this and comment. One of our editors has systematically depopulated it (from this article among many others), and thinks that is a good reason to delete it. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 15:13, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trimaran Yacht Club of Victoria


text:
Electronics/Resistors

Resistor

 * [[Image:Resistors2.jpg|300px]]

A resistor is a block or material that limits the flow of current. The greater the resistance, the lower the current will be, assuming the same voltage imposed on the resistor. The hydraulic analogy of a resistor would be the pipe with water flowing through it. The wider the diameter of a pipe, the higher the water flow through the pipe, assuming the same pressure difference on the terminals of a pipe.

Resistor's Symbol
Resistors have two leads (points of contact) to which the resistor can be connected to an electrical circuit. A symbol for a resistor used in electrical circuit diagrams is shown below.

 * [[Image:Resistor symbol America.svg|60px]]

The endpoints at the left and right sides of the symbol indicate the points of contact for the resistor. The ratio of the voltage to current will always be positive, since a higher voltage on one side of a resistor is a positive voltage, and a current will flow from the positive side to the negative side, resulting in a positive current. If the voltage is reversed, the current is reversed, leading again to a positive resistance.

Resistance
Resistance is a characteristic of Resistor indicates the measurement of current opposition. Resistance has a symbol R measured in Ohm (Ω). The ratio of voltage to current is referred to as Ohm's Law, and is one of the most basic laws that govern electronics.
 * $$R = \frac{V}{I}$$

An ohm is the amount of resistance which passes one ampere of current when a one volt potential is placed across it. (The ohm is actually defined as the resistance which dissipates one watt of power when one ampere of current is passed through it.)
 * $$1 \Omega = \frac{1 \mbox{ V}}{1 \mbox{ A}}$$

Resistance can vary from very small to very large. A superconductor has zero resistance, while something like the input to an op-amp can have a resistance near 1012 Ω, and even higher resistances are possible.

Resistance and Temperature
For most materials, resistance increases with increasing Temperature
 * For Conductor . $$R = R_o (1+nT)$$
 * For Semi Conductor . $$R = R_o e^nT$$

Resistance and Electric Power Loss
Resistance converts Electrical Energy into Heat this causes Electric Energy Loss.
 * $$P_r = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R}$$

NOTE : Resistors which dissipate large amounts of power are cooled so that they are not destroyed, typically with finned heatsinks.

If Electric Energy Supply is Pv and Electric Energy Loss is Pr Then, Electric Energy Delivered is
 * $$P = p_v - P_r$$
 * $$P = VI - I^2 R = I (V - IR)$$
 * $$P = VI - \frac{V^2}{R} = V (I - \frac{V}{R})$$

The ratio of Electric Energy Delivered over Electric Energy Supplied indicates the Efficiency of Electric Power Supply
 * $$n = \frac{P}{P_v} = \frac{V - IR}{V} = \frac{I - \frac{V}{R}}{I} = \frac{P_v Cos \theta}{P_v} $$
 * $$n = Cos\theta$$

Resistor's Labeling (See also Identification)
A manufactured resistor is usually labeled with the nominal value (value to be manufactured to) and sometimes a tolerance. Rectangular resistors will usually contain numbers that indicate a resistance and a multiplier. If there are three or four numbers on the resistor, the first numbers are a resistance value, and the last number refers to the number of zeroes in the multiplier. If there is an R in the value, the R takes the place of the decimal point.

 * Examples
 * 2003 means 200×103 = 200kΩ
 * 600 means 60×100 = 60Ω
 * 2R5 means 2.5Ω
 * R01 means 0.01Ω

Cylindrical resistors (axial) usually have colored bands that indicate a number and a multiplier. Resistance bands are next to each other, with a tolerance band slightly farther away from the resistance bands. Starting from the resistance band side of the resistor, each colour represents a number in the same fashion as the number system shown above.

Colour System

 * {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1" width="60%"

 Clue : B.B.ROY of Great Britain was a Very Good Worker. Additional Colours: A gold band in the multiplier position means 0.1, but means a 5% tolerance in the tolerance position. A silver band in the multiplier position means 0.01, but means 10% in the tolerance position.
 * align="center" | Black || align="center" | Brown
 * align="center" | Red
 * align="center" | Orange || align="center" | Yellow
 * align="center" | Green
 * align="center" | Blue || align="center" | Violet
 * align="center" | Grey || align="center" | White
 * style="background-color:black" |
 * style="background-color:brown" |
 * style="background-color:red" |
 * style="background-color:orange" |
 * style="background-color:yellow" |
 * style="background-color:green" |
 * style="background-color:blue" |
 * style="background-color:violet" |
 * style="background-color:gray" |
 * style="background-color:white" |
 * align="center" | 0 || align="center" | 1
 * align="center" | 2
 * align="center" | 3 || align="center" | 4
 * align="center" | 5
 * align="center" | 6 || align="center" | 7
 * align="center" | 8 || align="center" | 9
 * }
 * align="center" | 6 || align="center" | 7
 * align="center" | 8 || align="center" | 9
 * }

Resistor's Construction
The resistance R of a component is dependent on its physical dimension and can be calculated using:

 * $$ R = {\rho L \over A} \; $$

where
 * ρ is the electrical resistivity (resistance to electricity) of the material,
 * L is the length of the material
 * A is the cross-sectional area of the material.

If you increase ρ or L you increase the resistance of the material, but if you increase A you decrease the resistance of the material.

Resistivity of the Material
Every material has its own resistivity, depending on its physical makeup. Most metals are conductors and have very low resistivity; whereas, insulators such as rubber, wood, and air all have very high resistivity. The inverse of resistivity is conductivity, which is measured in units of Siemens/metre (S/m) or, equivalently. mhos/metre.

In the following chart, it is not immediately obvious how the unit ohm-meter is selected. Considering a solid block of the material to be tested, one can readily see that the resistance of the block will decrease as its cross-sectional area increases (thus widening the conceptual "pipe"), and will increase as the length of the block increases (lengthening the "pipe"). Given a fixed length, the resistance will increase as the cross-sectional area decreases; the resistance, multiplied by the area, will be a constant. If the cross-sectional area is held constant, as the length is increased, the resistance increases in proportion, so the resistance divided by the length is similarly a constant. Thus the bulk resistance of a material is typically measured in ohm meters squared per meter, which simplifies to ohm - meter (Ω-m).

 * {| border="1" cellspacing="0"

! colspan="2" align="left" | Conductors Ω-m (Ohm-meter) 1.59×10-8 1.72×10-8 2.44×10-8 2.83×10-8 5.6×10-8 10×10-8 11×10-8 22×10-8 1.50×10-6 (A nickel-chromium alloy commonly used in heating elements) ~10-6 3.5×10-5 ! colspan="2" align="left" | Semiconductors ~103 ~105 ~106 ! colspan="2" align="left" | Insulators ~1010 1010 to 1014 9×1013 1013 to 1016 ~1014 ~1015 5 to 75×1016 ||
 * Silver
 * Silver
 * Copper
 * Copper
 * Gold
 * Gold
 * Aluminum
 * Aluminum
 * Tungsten
 * Tungsten
 * Iron
 * Iron
 * Platinum
 * Platinum
 * Lead
 * Lead
 * Nichrome
 * Nichrome
 * Graphite
 * Graphite
 * Carbon
 * Carbon
 * Pure Germanium || 0.6
 * Pure Silicon || 640
 * Common purified water
 * Pure Silicon || 640
 * Common purified water
 * Common purified water
 * Ultra-pure water
 * Ultra-pure water
 * Pure Gallium Arsenide
 * Pure Gallium Arsenide
 * Diamond
 * Diamond
 * Glass
 * Glass
 * Mica
 * Mica
 * Rubber
 * Rubber
 * Organic polymers
 * Organic polymers
 * Sulfur
 * Sulfur
 * Quartz (fused)
 * Quartz (fused)
 * Air || very high
 * Air || very high
 * }

Silver, copper, gold, and aluminum are popular materials for wires, due to low resistivity. Silicon and germanium are used as semiconductors. Glass, rubber, quartz crystal, and air are popular dielectrics, due to high resistivity.

Many materials, such as air, have a non-linear resistance curve. Normal undisturbed air has a high resistance, but air with a high enough voltage applied will become ionized and conduct very easily.

The resistivity of a material also depends on its temperature. Normally, the hotter an object is, the more resistance it has. At high temperatures, the resistance is proportional to the absolute temperature. At low temperatures, the formula is more complicated, and what counts as a high or low temperature depends on what the resistor is made from. In some materials the resistivity drops to zero below a certain temperature. This is known as superconductivity, and has many useful applications.

(Some materials, such as silicon, have less resistance at higher temperatures.)

For all resistors, the change in resistance for a small increase in temperature is directly proportional to the change in temperature.

Current passing through a resistor will warm it up. Many components have heat sinks to dissipate that heat. The heatsink keeps the component from melting or setting something on fire.

Length
The length of an object is directly proportional to its resistance. As shown in the diagram below, 1 unit cubed of material has 1 ohm of resistance. However, when 4 units are stacked lengthwise and a connection is made to the front and back sides respectively, the total resistance is 4 ohms. This is because the length of the unit is 4, whereas the cross-sectional area remains 1. However, if you were to make connections on the sides, the exact opposite would be true: the cross-sectional area would be 4 and the length 1, resulting in 0.25 ohms total resistance.

Cross-Sectional Area
Increasing area is the same as having resistors in parallel, so as you increase the area you add more paths for current to take.

The resistance of a material is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. This is shown in the diagram below, where 1 unit cubed has one ohm of resistance. However, if 4 units cubed are stacked on top of each other in the fashion such that there is 4 units squared of cross-sectional area, and the electrical connections are made to the front and back such that the connections are on the largest sides, the resultant resistance would be 0.25 ohms.

Additional note: There are two reasons why a small cross-sectional area tends to raise resistance. One is that the electrons, all having the same negative charge, repel each other. Thus there is resistance to many being forced into a small space. The other reason is that they collide, causing "scattering," and therefore they are diverted from their original directions. (More discussion is on page 27 of "Industrial Electronics," by D. J. Shanefield, Noyes Publications, Boston, 2001.)

Example
For instance, if you wanted to calculate the resistance of a 1 cm high, 1 cm wide, 5 cm deep block of copper, as shown in the diagram below:

You would first need to decide how it's oriented. Suppose you want to use it from front to back (lengthwise), like a piece of wire, with electrical contacts on the front and rear faces. Next you need to find the length, L. As shown, it is 5 cm long (0.05 m). Then, we look up the resistivity of copper on the table, 1.6×10-8 Ω-meters. Lastly, we calculate the cross-sectional area of the conductor, which is 1 cm × 1 cm = 1 cm2 (0.0001 m2). Then, we put it all in the formula, converting cm to m:

$${0.05 \ \mbox{m} \cdot 1.6 \times 10^{-8} \ \Omega \cdot \mbox{m} \over 0.0001 \ \mbox{m}^2} = {0.08 \times 10^{-8} \ \Omega \cdot\mbox{m}^2 \over 0.0001\ \mbox{m}^2}$$

units m2 cancel:

$${0.08 \times 10^{-8}\ \Omega \over 0.0001}$$

Which, after evaluating, gives you a final value of 8.0×10-6 Ω, or 8 microohms, a very small resistance. The method shown above included the units to demonstrate how the units cancel out, but the calculation will work as long as you use consistent units.

 * Internet Hint: Google calculator can do calculations like this for you, automatically converting units. This example can be calculated with this link:

Properties of the material

 * Wirewound: Used for power resistors, since the power per volume ratio is highest. These usually have the lowest noise.

 * Carbon Film: These are easy to produce, but usually have lots of noise because of the properties of the material.

 * Metal Film: These resistors have thermal and voltage noise attributes that are between carbon and wirewound.

 * Ceramic: Useful for high frequency applications.

Resistors in Series

 * [[Image:Resistorsseries.png]]

Resistors in series are equivalent to having one long resistor. If the properties of two resistors are equivalent, except the length, the final resistance will be the sum of the two construction methods:

 * $$R_{EQ} = \frac{\rho L_{EQ}}{A} = \frac{\rho L_1}{A} + \frac{\rho L_2}{A}$$

This means that the resistors add when in series.

 * $$R_{EQ} = R_1 + R_2 + \cdots + R_n \,\!$$

 * Christmas tree lights are usually connected in series, with the unfortunate effect that if one light blows, the others will all go out (This happens because the circuit is not complete, if a circuit is not complete then the current cannot flow, hence the light bulbs all go out). However, most modern Christmas light strings have built in shunt resistors in parallel to the bulb, so that current will flow past the blown light bulb.

Resistors in Parallel

 * [[Image:Resistorsparallel.png]]

In a parallel circuit, current is divided among multiple paths. This means that two resistors in parallel have a lower equivalent resistance than either of the parallel resistors, since both resistors allow current to pass. Two resistors in parallel will be equivalent to a resistor that is twice as wide:

 * $$R_{EQ} = \frac{\rho L}{A_{EQ}} = \frac{\rho L}{A_1} + \frac{\rho L}{A_2}$$

Since conductances (the inverse of resistance) add in parallel, you get the following equation:

 * $$\frac{1}{R_{EQ}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{R_n}$$

For example, two 4 Ω resistors in parallel have an equivalent resistance of only 2 Ω.

To simplify mathematical equations, resistances in parallel can be represented with two vertical lines "||" (as in geometry). For two resistors the parallel formula simplifies to:

 * $$ R_{EQ} = R_1 \| R_2 = {R_1 R_2 \over R_1 + R_2} $$

Combinations of series and parallel

 * [[Image:Resistorscombo.png]]

Resistors in parallel are evaluated as if in a mathematical set of "parentheses." The most basic group of resistors in parallel is evaluated first, then the group in series with the new equivalent resistor, then the next group of resistors in parallel, and so on. For example, the above portion would be evaluated as follows:

 * $$R_{EQ} = (R_1 \| R_2) + R_3 = {R_1R_2 \over R_1 + R_2} +R_3$$

Resistor variations

 * Variable Resistor or Potentiometer
 * Variable resistors are tunable, meaning you can turn a dial or slide a contact and change the resistance. They are used as knobs to control the volume of a stereo, or as a dimmer for a lamp. The term Potentiometer is often abbreviated as 'pot'. It is constructed like a resistor, but has a sliding tap contact. Potentiometers are used as Voltage Dividers. It is rare to find a variable resistor with only two leads.  Most are potentiometers with three leads, even if one is not connected to anything.

 * Rheostat
 * A variation of the potentiostat with a high current rating, which is used to control the amount of power going through a load, such as a motor.

 * Thermistor
 * Temperature-sensitive resistor, in which the resistance decreases as the temperature rises. They are used in fire alarms, so if things get too hot the current rises and trips a switch that sounds an alarm.

 * LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) or Photoresistor
 * A resistor which changes values depending on the amount of light shining on its surface. The resistance decreases as the amount of light increases. They are used in street lamps, so when it gets dark the current decreases and turns on the street lamp.

Applications

 * Voltage division / Attenuation: Sometimes a voltage will be too large to measure, so a means to linearly reduce the voltage is required. Placing two resistors in series to ground will provide a point in the middle to tap.  Resistor RA is placed between the input voltage and the output node, and the resistor RB is placed between the output node and ground.  This creates a voltage divider to lessen the output voltage.  Typically, the resistors are near the value of ~10kΩ.  The Thevenin model of the circuit gives an output  resistance ROUT = RA||RB. A larger output resistance will more likely be affected by the input resistance of the measuring circuit (this is a desired effect in the transistor biasing circuits).  Placement of the voltage divider should be close to the measuring circuit, to minimize noise (in this arrangement, it will be also lessened Rb/(Ra + Rb) times).   The output voltage of the voltage divider is

 * $$V_{output} = \frac{R_B}{R_A + R_B}V_{input}$$

 * Pull-up / Pull-down: If there is nothing to drive a signal node, the node will be left "floating" (for example, such a situation occurs at the trigger input of a car alarm system when the driver has switched off the internal lamp). This may lead to unintended values being measured, or causing side-effects when the voltage is propagated down the remainder of the circuit.  To prevent this, a relatively high value resistor (usually ~10kΩ to ~1MΩ) is placed between the node and ground (pull-down) or a high voltage (pull-up) to bring the voltage of the "floating" node near to the voltage it is being pulled. A resistive voltage divider is another example where the upper resistor "pulls" the output point up toward the input voltage while the lower resistor "pulls" the output point toward the ground. This idea is evolved in the circuit of a resistive voltage summer (for example, the resistors R1 and R2 of an op-amp inverting amplifier) supplied by two voltages (VIN and -VOUT) having opposite polarities. The two voltage sources "pull" the output point in opposite directions; as a result, if R2/R1 = -VOUT/VIN, the point becomes a virtual ground. Placement of a pull-up or pull-down resistor does not have a significant effect on the performance of the circuit, if they have high resistances.
 * Current limiting / Isolation: In order to protect circuits from conditions that may cause too much current in a device, a current limiting resistor is inserted in the middle of the circuit. A digital input to a microcontroller  may benefit from a current limiting resistor.  The inputs to modern microcontrollers have protection circuitry built in that will protect the input from an overvoltage condition, provided that the current is small enough.  For instance, a common microcontroller will be capable of withstanding 20mA.  If there are 12V nets on a circuit board, or in a system, the digital input will benefit from a 350Ω resistor (refer to calculation below).  Usually a slightly larger resistance is used in practice, but too large of a resistor will cause noise, and may prevent the input from being able to read the voltage.  It is good practice to place the resistor as close as possible to the microcontroller input, so that an accidental short on the board will mean that the microcontroller input is likely still protected.

 * $$R = \frac{12V}{20mA} = 600\Omega$$

 * Line termination / Impedance matching: The properties of an electric wave propagating through a conductor (such as a wire) create a reflection, which can be viewed as unwanted noise. A reflection can be eliminated by maximizing the power transfer between the conductor and the termination resistor.  By matching the resistance (more importantly the impedance ), the wave will not cause a reflection.  The voltage of the echo V_r is calculated below in reference to the original signal V_o as a function of the conductor impedance Z_C and the terminator impedance Z_T.  As the name implies, the termination resistor goes at the end of the conductor.

 * $$ V_r = V_o\frac{Z_C - Z_T}{Z_C + Z_T}$$

 * Current sensing: Measurement of a current cannot be done directly. There are three major ways to measure a current: a resistor, a hall sensor, and an inductor.  The hall sensor and inductor use a property of  the magnetic field to sense the current through a nearby conductor.  According to Ohm's law, if a current I flows through a resistor R, a voltage V = R.I appears across the resistor. Therefore, the resistor can act as a passive current-to-voltage converter.  In this arrangement, the resistor should have a very low value (sometimes on the order of ~0.01Ω), so it does not affect the current flow or heat up; however, a smaller value has a lower voltage to read, which means more noise may be introduced.  This contradiction is  solved in the circuit of an active current-to-voltage converter where the resistor may have a significant resistance as an op-amp compensates the "undesired" voltage drop across it (unfortunately, this remedy may be applied only in low-current measurements). The current sense resistor should be placed as close as possible to where the measurement occurs, in order not to disturb the circuit.

 * Filtering: Filtering is discussed later, after an introduction to capacitors and inductors. Filters are best placed close to where measurement takes place.

Specifications
Resistors are available as pre-fabricated, real-world components. The behavior of such components deviates from an ideal resistor in certain ways. Therefore, real-world resistors are not only specified by their resistance, but also by other parameters. In order to select a manufactured resistance, the entire range of specifications should be considered. Usually, exact values do not need to be known, but ranges should be determined.

Nominal Resistance
The nominal resistance is the resistance that can be expected when ordering a resistor. Finding a range for the resistance is necessary, especially when operating on signals. Resistors do not come in all of the values that will be necessary. Sometimes resistor values can be manipulated by shaving off parts of a resistor (in industrial environments this is sometimes done with a LASER to adjust a circuit), or by combining several resistors in series and parallel.

Available resistor values typically come with a resistance value from a so called resistor series. Resistor series are sets of standard, predefined resistance values. The values are actually made up from a geometric sequence within each decade. In every decade there are supposed to be $$n$$ resistance values, with a constant step factor. The standard resistor values within a decade are derived by using the step factor $$i$$

 * $$i = \sqrt[n]{10}; n = 6, 12, 24, 48$$

rounded to a two digit precision. Resistor series are named E$$n$$, according to the used value of $$n$$ in the above formula.

n Values/Decade Step factor i  Series 6            1.47         E6        12             1.21         E12 24            1.10         E24 48            1.05         E48

For example, in the E12 series for $$n = 12$$, the resistance steps in a decade are, after rounding the following 12 values:

1.00, 1.20, 1.50, 1.80, 2.20, 2.70, 3.30, 3.90, 4.70, 5.60, 6.80, and 8.20

and actually available resistors from the E12 series are for example resistors with a nominal value of 120Ω or 4.7kΩ.

Tolerances
A manufactured resistor has a certain tolerance to which the resistance may differ from the nominal value. For example, a 2kΩ resistor may have a tolerance of ±5%, leaving a resistor with a value between 1.9kΩ and 2.1kΩ (i.e. 2kΩ±100Ω). The tolerance must be accounted for when designing circuits. A circuit with an absolute voltage of 5V±0.0V in a voltage divider network with two resistors of 2kΩ±5% will have a resultant voltage of 5V±10% (i.e. 5V±0.1V). The final resistor tolerances are found by taking the derivative of the resistor values, and plugging the absolute deviations into the resulting equation.

The above mentioned E-series which are used to provide standardized nominal resistance values, are also coupled to standardized nominal tolerances. The fewer steps within a decade there are, the larger the allowed tolerance of a resistor from such a series is. More precises resistors, outside of the mentioned E-series are also available, e.g. for high-precision measurement equipment. Common tolerances, colors and key characters used to identify them are for example:

Series Values/Decade  Tolerance  Color Code  Character Code --   E6          6          ±20%       [none]        [none] E12       12          ±10%       silver          K    E24        24           ±5%       gold            J    E48        48           ±2%       red             G     -         -            ±1%       brown           F     -         -            ±0.5%       -             D     -         -            ±0.25%      -             C     -         -            ±0.1%       -             B

Resistor manufacturers can benefit from this standardization. They manufacture resistors first, and afterwards they measure them. If a resistor does not meet the nominal value within the defined tolerance of one E-series, it might still fit into a lower series, and doesn't have to be thrown away, but can be sold as being compliant to that lower E-series standard. Although typically at a lower price.

Series: Resistors that combine in series add the nominal tolerances together.
 * Derivation: $$dR_T = dR_A + dR_B$$

 * Example: For two resistors in series RA = 1.5kΩ±130Ω and RB = 500Ω±25Ω, the tolerance is 130Ω + 25Ω, resulting in a final resistor value RT = 2kΩ±155Ω.

Parallel: Resistors that combine in parallel have a combined tolerance that is slightly more complex.
 * Derivation: $$dR_P = \frac{dR_A R_B^2 + R_A^2 dR_B}{(R_A+R_B)^2}$$

 * Example: For two resistors in parallel RA = 1.5kΩ±130Ω and RB = 500Ω±25Ω.

Power Rating
Because the purpose of a resistor is to dissipate power in the form of heat, the resistor has a rating (in watts) at which the resistor can continue to dissipate before the temperature overwhelms the resistor and causes it to overheat. When a resistor overheats, the material begins to melt away, which will cause the resistance to increase (usually), until the resistor breaks.

Operating Temperature
Related to power rating, the operating temperature is the temperature that the resistor can continue to operate before being destroyed.

Maximum Voltage
In order to avoid sparkovers or material breakdown a certain maximum voltage over a resistor must not be exceeded. The maximum voltage is part of a resistor's specification, and typically a function of the resistor's physical length, distance of the leads, material and coating.

For example, a resistor with a maximum operating voltage of 1kV can have a length in the area of 2", while a 0.3" resistor can operate under up to several tens of volts, probably up to a hundred volts. When working with dangerous voltages it is essential to check the actual specification of a resistor, instead of only trusting it because of the length.

Temperature Coefficient
This parameter refers to the constant in which the resistance changes per degree Celsius (units in C-1). The change in temperature is not linear over the entire range of temperatures, but can usually be thought of as linear around a certain range (usually around room temperature). However, the resistance should be characterized over a large range if the resistor is to be used as a thermistor in those ranges. The simplified linearized formula for the affect on temperature to a resistor is expressed in an equation:

 * $$R = R_0 [1+\alpha(T-T_0)]$$

Capacity and Inductance
Real world resistors not only show the physical property of resistance, but also have a certain capacity and inductance. These properties start to become important, if a resistor is used in some high frequency circuitry. Wire wound resistors, for example, show an inductance which typically make them unusable above 1kHz.

Packaging
Resistors can be packaged in any way possible, but are divided into surface mount, through hole, soldering tag and a few more forms. Surface mount is connected to the same side that the resistor is on. Through hole resistors have leads (wires) that typically go through the circuit board and are soldered to the board on the side opposite the resistor, hence the name. Resistors with leads are also used in point-to-point circuits without circuit boards. Soldering tag resistors have lugs to solder wires or high current connectors onto.

Usual packages for surface mount resistors are rectangular, referenced by a length and a width in mils (thousands of an inch). For instance, an 0805 resistor is a rectangle with length .08" x .05", with contacts (metal that connects to the resistor) on either side. Typical through hole resistors are cylindrical, referenced either by the length (such as 0.300") or by a typical power rating that is common to the length (a 1/4W resistor is typically 0.300"). This length does not include the length of the leads.

Wikibooks

 * Circuit Idea: Passive voltage-to-current converter shows how the bare resistor can act as a simple voltage-to-current converter.

Wikipedia

 * Voltage-to-current converter builds consecutively the passive and active versions of the voltage-to-current converter.
 * Current-to-voltage converter is dedicated to the passive and active versions of the inverse current-to-voltage converter.

Further Readings

 * Resistors in Series and Parallel: Electronics for Beginners

title: Electronics/Resistors


text:
Talk:Charity assessment

Untitled
This article has a great amount of reliable source. Could use some grammer and sentence structure.Jenise79 (talk) 14:28, 3 May 2018 (UTC) jenise79

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Livski1996, BrianJohnNIU, Elliotdavis, HJMeier10, JEB2018, Noah Baker. Peer reviewers: Yasmine.Gali, Greatmargaret, Sirhighsmith, Nataliesarby, Jenise79.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:51, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

USA Charity Assessment
I think there could be more added to the USA portion of this paper. Maybe go into detail about how they report. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nataliesarby (talk • contribs) 15:07, 3 May 2018 (UTC)

 * 18 months later, this whole article is almost entirely USA, with several snippets of Canada and the UK. What about other countries with English-speaking populations?  Also, there are zero links to analogous articles in other-language Wikipedias.  Are there any? (I cannot take this on myself.  For one thing, I know almost nothing about the topic.)  Acwilson9 (talk) 02:38, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Edit request
Information to be added: Recent empirical research suggests overhead ratios may be a poor measure of nonprofit performance. For instance, studies have failed to find any correlation between overhead ratio and cost-effectiveness (how much good is achieved per dollar). Empirical evidence also suggests a focus on nonprofit overhead rates has resulted in a phenomenon described in the research literature as the "nonprofit starvation cycle". For instance, Lecy and Searing analyzed 25 years of nonprofit data and found a general downward trend in reported overhead expenditures over time. Concerns about a fixation on overhead ratios led GuideStar, BBB Wise Giving Alliance and Charity Navigator to write open letters in 2013 and 2014 urging nonprofits and donors to end the use of the overhead ratio as the sole or main indicator of a nonprofit's performance.

Explanation of issue: Currently, the article's critique of the overhead ratio is limited to paraphrasing the opinions of GiveWell's founders, Karnofsky and Hassenfeld. I think the article would be improved by citing the growing body of published empirical research as well as grey literature that suggests the overhead ratio is a flawed measure of nonprofit performance. Doing so would also provide more context as to why the article shifts from discussing overhead to impact-based evaluation. I would suggest adding this new text right after "The United States of America has numerous...", before the subsection on Impact-based evaluation.

I'm a fairly new user, so any feedback would be much welcome! Thanks for your patience with any rookie mistakes; I'm learning as I go.

References supporting change: title: Anatomy of the Nonprofit Starvation Cycle: An Analysis of Falling Overhead Ratios in the Nonprofit Sector. authors: Jesse D. Lecy, Elizabeth A. M. Searing date: March 30, 2014 journal: Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly url: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0899764014527175

title: The Relationship of Nonprofits' Financial Health to Program Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Nonprofit Arts Organizations author: Mirae Kim date: August 11, 2016 journal: Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly url: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0899764016662914

title: Nonprofit Overhead Costs: Breaking the Vicious Cycle of Misleading Reporting, Unrealistic Expectations, and Pressure to Conform authors: William Bedsworth, Ann Goggins Gregory, Don Howard date: April 1, 2008 published: The Bridgespan Group url: https://bridgespan.org/insights/library/pay-what-it-takes/nonprofit-overhead-costs-break-the-vicious-cycle

title: Getting What We Pay For: Low Overhead Limits Nonprofit Effectiveness authors: Kennard Wing, Mark A. Hager date: August 1, 2004 publisher: The Urban Institute url: https://urban.org/research/publication/getting-what-we-pay

Dlewis73 (talk) 16:22, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Reply 02-MAY-2020

 * To expedite your request, it would help if you could provide the following information:
 * 1) Please state each specific desired change and accompanying reference in the form of verbatim statements which can then be added to the article (if approved) by the reviewer.
 * 2) The exact location where the desired claims are to be placed should be given.
 * 3) Exact, verbatim descriptions of any text and/or references to be removed should also be given.
 * 4) Reasons should be provided for each change.
 * In the section of text below titled Sample edit request, the four required items are shown as an example:

 1. Please remove the third sentence from the second paragraph of the Sun section:
 * "The Sun's diameter is estimated to be approximately 25 miles in length."

2. Please add the following claim as the third sentence of the second paragraph of the Sun section:
 * "The Sun's diameter is estimated to be approximately 864,337 miles in length."

3. Using as the reference:

4. Reason for change being made:
 * "The previously given diameter was incorrect."

Regards, Spintendo  17:03, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Kindly open a new edit request at your earliest convenience when ready to proceed with all four items from your request. Thank you!

title: Talk:Charity assessment


text:
Talk:David Mumford

Chinglichai 20:56, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Untitled
Need to add descriptions of contributions of Mumford

1. geometric invariant theory

2. moduli of curves (including the construction of Mumford curves)

3. moduli of abelian varieties (including algebraic theta functions, Mumford's construction  of degenerating abelian varieties, local moduli of abelian  varieties through Cartier theory, Mumford-Tate groups and  Mumford-Tate conjecture)

4. torus embedding and toroidal embedding of locally symmetric varieties

5. vector bundles

6. pathologies

7. classifaction of surfaces

8. zero cycles

Chinglichai 21:11, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Doubt
The text says "Tanzania" but the McTutor article says "Tasmania". — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:13, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I've added a source written by Mumford.  Sean.hoyland  - talk 16:56, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 12:59, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on David Mumford. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131110152102/http://www.dnva.no/c26849/artikkel/vis.html?tid=40116 to http://www.dnva.no/c26849/artikkel/vis.html?tid=40116

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:16, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Mumford. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110726104951/http://www.gisha.org/index.php?intLanguage=2&intSiteSN=137&intItemId=107 to http://www.gisha.org/content.asp?lang_id=en&p_id=5

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:11, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Mumford


text:
User:Euterpia

Hi, I'm Euterpia. I am years old, and have been a Wikipedia since the 13th of march, 2006. I contribute mostly to the french Wikipedia and to Wikidata.

You can find my userpage here

title: User:Euterpia


text:
erroneamente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) erroneously

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) erroneously, mistakenly

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) erroneously, mistakenly

title: erroneamente


text:
Bosnian Girl

Bosnian Girl is a discriminator art work by a visual artist Šejla Kamerić that started in 2003 as a public project consisting of postcards, posters, billboards, that is exhibited either as an intervention into public space or as a black and white photograph in various dimensions. It was done in collaboration with photographer Tarik Samarah.

Description and analysis
Denigrating phrases about Bosnian women are superimposed over a black and white photograph of the artist staring straight at the viewer. Taken from graffiti written by an unknown Dutch soldier in 1994–1995, a member of the Royal Netherlands Army who, as part of the UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-95, were responsible for protecting the Srebrenica safe area. The artist’s gaze is unflinching, direct and challenges not just the words pushed onto her, and all Bosnian women, but invites us to see their new form of identity – where victimhood and prejudice, the past and the future are intertwined in co-existing opposition.

Originally a series of posters publicly displayed on the 2003 anniversary of the Srebenica genocide, this work has become iconic of post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina, a direct confrontation of war crimes committed against women and the prejudices that came during and after it. Part of the multiple permanent exhibitions and museum collections, Bosnian Girl is also on view as part of the permanent exhibition in the Memorial Centre Potočari, Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Selected exhibitions

 * 2003 The Gorges of the Balkans, curated by Rene Block, 30.08. – 23.11.2003, Kunsthalle Fridericianum, Kassel, Germany.
 * 2003 Balkan Konzulat: Sarajevo, curated by Lejla Hodžić, October – November 2003, Rotor Gallery, Graz, Austria.
 * 2004 Others and Dreams, solo show, 18.09.–24.10.2004, Portikus Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
 * 2005 Another Expo – Beyond the Nation-States, curated by Shinya Watanabe, June 2005, Gallery Level1, Kitakyushu, Japan.
 * 2005 Another Expo – Beyond the Nation-States, curated by Shinya Watanabe, September 2005, Gallery White Box, New York, USA.
 * 2007 L‘enfer, C‘est les Autres / ‘Hell is… other people’, 22.07. – 09.09.2007, curated by Nathalie Zonnenberg, Stedelijk Museum Bureau Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
 * 2008 Šejla Kamerić, 22.11.2008 – 25.01.2009, Galerie im Taxispalais, Innsbruck, Austria.
 * 2008 Cutting Realities: Gender Strategies in Art, curated by Walter Seidl, 23.09.-29.11.2008, Austrian Cultural Forum, New York, USA.
 * 2009 Gender Check – Femininity and Masculinity in the Art of Eastern Europe, curated by Bojana Pejić, 13.11.2009 – 14.11.2010, Museum of Modern Art (MUMOK), Vienna, Austria.
 * 2009 Windows upon Oceans – 8. Baltic Biennial of Contemporary Art, Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie, Szczecin, Poland.
 * 2010 A Pair of Left Shoes, curated by Tihomir Milovac, 16.04. –27.05.2010, Museum of Contemporary Art Zagreb, Croatia.
 * 2010 No More Drama, Röda Sten Centre for Contemporary Art and Culture, Göteborg, Sweden.
 * 2011 1395 Days without Red, Museum of contemporary art Belgrade, Serbia.
 * 2012 9th Gwangju Biennale: Round Table, Artistic Co-directors: Sunjung Kim, Mami Kataoka, Carol Yinghua Lu, Nancy Adajania, Wassan AI-Khudhairi, Alia Swastika, 7 September – 11 November 2012, Various venues, Gwangju, South Korea.
 * 2012 Šejla Kamerić – 1395 Days without Red, 30.11.2012 – 20.01.2013, CAC Contemporary Art Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania.
 * 2013 Public Diary, 5th Yebisu International Festival for Art and Alternative Visions, curated by Keiko Okamura, 08. – 28.02. 2013, Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, Tokyo, Japan.
 * 2014 Memory Lane – Contemporary Art Scene from Bosnia and Herzegovina, curated by Pierre Courtin, 07.06. – 26.07. 2014, Galerie du Jour-agnés b., Paris, France.
 * 2015 Remember Lidice, curated by Rene Block, 12.09.2015 – 13.02.2016, Edition Block, Berlin, Germany.
 * 2015 Autonomy of Self. Rejecting violence with the lens in former Ottoman territories, curated by Joy Stacy, 11.09. – 31.10.2015, P21 Gallery, London, UK.
 * 2015 30 Years After, curated by Erzen Shkololli, 04.05. – 04.06.2015, National Gallery of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo.
 * 2015 When the Heart Goes Bing Bam Boom, curated by, curated by Başak Doğa Temür, 11.12. 2015 – 28.02.2016, Arter – Space for Art, Vehbi Koç Foundation, Istanbul
 * 2018 I Really Really Really Really Really, curated by Peter Tomaž Dobrila, 09.11. – 01.12.2018, ACE Kibla, Maribor.

Collections

 * TATE Modern Collection, London
 * Kontakt. The Art Collection of Erste Group and ERSTE Foundation, Vienna
 * Art Collection Telekom, Bonn
 * Vehbi Koç Foundation Contemporary Art Collection (2007+), Istanbul
 * Haubrok Collection, Fahrbereitschaft, Berlin
 * Memorial Center Potočari, Srebrenica

Selected bibliography

 * TOMAŠOVIĆ, Joško. "Šejla Kamerić" in: Andre/Others, Sørlandets Kunstmuseum, 2005, pp. 42-45.
 * HODŽIĆ, Lejla. "Balkan Konsulat. Sarajevo", in: Balkan Konsulat (ed. Makovec, Margarethe and Lederer, Anton), and Revolver, Graz-Frankfurt am Main 2006, pp. 96-111.
 * BLAŽEVIĆ, Dunja. "Šejla Kamerić", in: Vodič kroz izložbu Kontakt Beograd …dela iz kolekcije Erste Bank Grupe, Muzej savremene umetnosti Beograd (20.01.-1.03.2007), (ed. Seidl, Walter and Stellwag-Carion, Cornelia), Kontakt. Umetnička kolekcija Erste Bank Grupe, 2007.
 * BLOCK, Rene and BABIS, Marius (ed.). Die Balkan-Trilogie/The Balkan Trilogy, Kunsthalle Fridericianum, Kassel 2007.
 * HELMS, Elissa. “East and West Kiss. Gender, Orientalism, and Balkanism in Muslim-Majority Bosnia-Herzegovina”, in: Slavic Review, vol. 67, no. 1., 2008, pp. 88-119
 * HUGHS, Jeffrey and TURKOVIC, Dana (ed.). Odavde (from here), Otuda (from there), Webster University, St. Louis 2008
 * MEREWETHER, Charles. "Unerledigte Angelegenheiten: Dream House and Bosnian Girl/Unifinshed Business: Dream House and Bosnian Girl" in: Portikus 2004-2007. Book of a Sleeping Village, Frankfurt am Main – Cologne 2008, pp. 109-119.
 * SEIDL, Walter (ed.). Cutting Realities. Gender Strategies in Art. Works from Kontakt. The Art Collection of Erste Bank Group, Vienna 2008.
 * ĐORĐEVIĆ, Tamara. “Postkolonijalne studije i Balkanizam: Bosnian Girl”, 2009
 * NEUMAYR, Agnes. “Šejla Kamerić: Die Kunst vermag est, Vorurteile Aufzubrechen un das Bewusstsein der Menschen zu verandern”, in: Politik der Gefühle: Susanne K. Langer und Hannah Arendt, Innsbruck University Press, Innsburck 2009, pp. 354-369.
 * PEJIĆ, Bojana (ed.). Gender Check: Femininity and Masculinity in the Art of Eastern Europe, Moderne Kunst Stiftung Ludiwg Wien, Vienna 2009
 * MUKA, Edi. Šejla Kamerić, (ed.) Meral Agish, Galerie Tanja Wagner, Berlin 2011
 * GRŽINIĆ, Marina. “Europe: Gender, Class, Race.”, in: The Scholar & Feminist Online, 10. 3. 2012
 * HELMS, Elissa. “Bosnian Girl’: Nationalism and Innocence through Images of Women”, in: Retracting Images: Visual Culture After Yugoslavia (ed. Šuber, Danilo and Karamanić, Slobodan), 2012, pp. 193 – 222
 * HOŠIĆ, Irfan. Iz/van konteksta. Ogledi i kritike iz umjetnosti, arhitekture i mode, Connectum Sarajevo, 2013
 * HOYOS, Nathalie and SCHUMAHER Rainald (ed.). "Fragile Sense of Hope", Berlin 2014.
 * BALIÇ, İlkay (ed.). Šejla Kamerić. When The Heart Goes Bing Bam Boom, ARTER, Istanbul 2015
 * BLACKWOOD, Jonathan. Introduction to Contemporary Art in BiH, 2010.
 * ĐELILOVIĆ, Asim. Muzej u Egzilu. Bosna i Hercegovina u modernom dobu (drugo dopunjeno izdajanje), Sarajevo 2015.
 * MUKA, Edi (text). Šejla Kamerić. 30 Year After, National Gallery of Kosovo, Prishtina 2015.
 * BUDEN, Boris. "Šejla Kamerić, Bosnian Girl, 2003", in: Kontakt (ed. Eiblmyr, Silvia, Ševčik, Jiří, Schöllhammer, Georg, Stipančić, Branka And Szymczyk, Adam), Vienna 2017, pp. 215-217.
 * GOSLING, Lucinda, ROBINSON Hilary, TOBIN Amy (ed.). The Art of Feminism: Images that Shaped the Fight for Equality, 1857–2017, Chronicle Books LLC, San Francisco, 2018.
 * ČVORO, Uroš. Transitional Aesthetics: Contemporary Art at the Edge of Europe, Bloomsbury Academic, 2018

title: Bosnian Girl


text:
Foundations of Pure Mathematics

Syllabus
This is an introductory undergraduate course aimed at introducing the student to fundamental mathematical concepts such as sets, number systems and proofs.

The following topics will be covered: Sets. Integers, rational numbers, real numbers. Decimal expansions for rationals and reals. Inequalities, complex numbers. Induction; examples and applications.

The practice and language of mathematics
Throughout pre-university level education, mathematics focuses on arithmetic and on manual computation. This leads to the common misconception that mathematics is fundamentally about numbers and calculation. In reality, mathematics is a much vaster field which explores many concepts such as uncertainty, change, space and information, and whose boundaries blur with other subject areas such as philosophy, physics, and economics.

Mathematics is not characterised by the phenomenon (e.g. the stock market) or structure (e.g. a number system) we choose to analyse, but rather by the method with which we analyse them. Central to this method is the concept of a proof.

Proofs
In mathematics a proof is a logical argument used to demonstrate to the reader the validity of a given statement. For example, suppose I wanted to prove to you that there is an infinite number of primes. One approach would be to create a long list of primes: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ... and show you that I can keep going. This would not be considered a mathematical proof. Perhaps I've persuaded you that there are a lot of primes, maybe even an infinite number of them, but it's not certain - after a few hours of listing prime numbers, I might run out! That would serve me right for making long lists of prime numbers.

The other approach would be to come up with a cunning argument that would eliminate any possibility that there were not an infinite number of primes - such as this one, invented by Euclid:

Suppose there are only 100 prime numbers, which we'll list as $$p_1$$, $$p_2$$, $$p_3$$, $$p_4$$, ..., $$p_{100}$$ to indicate the first, the second, the third, ..., up to the 100th prime number. Now consider the number $$N = p_1 \times p_2 \times \cdots \times p_{100} + 1$$. We cannot divide $$N$$ by $$p_1$$, because then we'd have a remainder of 1. The same applies to $$p_2$$ and $$p_3$$ and so on. Therefore, we have two possibilities: In either case, we have found a prime number which is not in our list of 100 prime numbers. This implies that there are at least 101 prime numbers.
 * $$N$$ is a prime number which is not in our list (since it's bigger than all the primes in our list).
 * $$N$$ is not a prime number, but in this case it must be divisible by a prime number. $$N$$ isn't divisible by any of the prime numbers in our list, therefore there must be a prime number which isn't in our list.

Now suppose there are only 101 prime numbers... but then we can repeat the same argument with a list of 101 prime numbers! But suppose there are only 102 prime numbers? And so on.

Hence we conclude there is an infinite number of primes.

Don't worry if at this stage you don't understand every step in the proof - the important thing is to understand that mathematics is not about being 'fairly sure' that something is true (by gathering evidence, like we do in other subjects), it's about coming up with an argument which shows that it must be true. That is the essence of a mathematical proof.

What is a set?
The concept of a set is central to university-level mathematics. Intuitively sets can be thought of as 'collections' of mathematical objects, which we call elements of the set. For example, the set

$$X = \{ 1, 2, 3 \}$$

contains the elements 1, 2 and 3. To say that 1 is an element of X (i.e. that X contains 1) we write

$$1 \in X$$

Similarly, we can write

$$1 \not\in \{ 4, 5 \}$$

to express that 1 is not an element of the set $$\{ 4, 5 \}$$.

Often it is not possible to write every element of a set - for example, the set may be infinite or even just very large. In this case we can write

$$\{ 1, 2, 3, ... \}$$

to describe the set containing all whole numbers from 1 onwards (this is an infinite set). Alternatively, we can write

$$\{ 1, 2, 3, ..., n \}$$

to describe the set of all whole numbers between 1 and $$n$$ inclusive. At other times, it may be desirable to describe a set by the properties of its elements.

$$\{ x : 10 \leq x \leq 100 \}$$

denotes the set containing the numbers 10 to 100. We can read this as 'the set of $$x$$ such that $$x$$ is between 10 and 100'.

Finally, it's important to realise that a set need not only contain numbers, as you might have assumed from reading the above section. A set can contain points on a plane, or geometrical shapes, or people or animals or vegetables. For example we can imagine the following sets:

$$\{ \mbox{points on the plane with a distance less than 1 from the origin} \}$$

$$\{ \mbox{people with brown eyes} \}$$

In fact sets can even contain other sets:

$$Y = \{ \{ 1 \}, \{ 1, 2 \}, \{ 1, 2, 3 \} \}$$

Note that in this last case it is not correct to write $$1 \in Y$$, since in fact $$Y$$ contains a set containing 1. Therefore instead we should write $$\{ 1 \} \in Y$$.

Subsets
We say that a set $$A$$ is a subset of another set $$B$$ if every element of $$A$$ is also an element of $$B$$. For example, the set of people with brown eyes is a subset of the set of all people. Also, the set $$\{ 1, 2 \}$$ is a subset of the set $$\{ 1, 2, 3, ... \}$$. To express this in mathematical notation we write

$$\{ 1, 2 \} \subset \{ 1, 2, 3, ... \}$$

Note that the subset does not need to be a finite set - it is correct to write

$$\{ 2, 4, 6, ... \} \subset \{ 1, 2, 3, ... \}$$

This is because every even number is a whole number.

Number systems
It's a common misconception that mathematics is only about numbers - it would be more accurate to say that mathematics is a method for analysing well-defined generalized structures. However, it's undeniable that 99% of the time these structures are of a numerical nature, so it makes sense to start studying mathematics by understanding the distinction between different types of numbers.

Natural numbers
Positive whole numbers (excluding zero) are known as natural numbers. The set of natural numbers is therefore denoted by the letter N.

$$\mathbb{N} = \{ 1, 2, 3, 4, ... \}$$

Integers
Integer is the correct mathematical term for 'whole number'. This includes all natural numbers, all negative integers and zero. We use the letter Z to denote the set of integers.

$$\mathbb{Z} = \{ ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... \}$$

Rational numbers
The integers are closed under the operations of addition, subtraction and multiplication. By this we mean that if $$a$$ and $$b$$ are both integers, then so is $$a + b$$, $$a - b$$ and $$ab$$ (mathematicians tend to leave out the $$\times$$ sign when writing the product of two numbers, so $$a \times b$$ becomes $$ab$$).

However, if we divide one integer by another, we are not guaranteed that the result is also an integer. For example, dividing 6 by 10 we get the fraction $$\frac 3 5$$. The fractions are known rational numbers and the set of rational numbers is denoted by the letter Q. Using set notation, we can write

$$\mathbb{Q} = \left\{ \frac a b : a \in \mathbb{Z} \mbox{ and } b \in \mathbb{Z} \right\}$$

Note that a rational number $$q \in \mathbb{Q}$$ can have more than one representation as a fraction - for example $$\frac 4 7$$ and $$\frac 8 {14}$$ are the same number.

Real numbers
It is possible to construct numbers which are not rational numbers. For example, $$\sqrt{2} \not\in \mathbb{Q}$$. By this, we mean that it is impossible to represent $$\sqrt{2}$$ as a fraction - there does not exist a pair of integers $$a, b$$ such that $$\sqrt{2} = a/b$$. These numbers (in addition to rational numbers) are known as real numbers.

To come up with a rigorous description of the real numbers requires some higher level maths (in particular, the real numbers can be described as the completion of the rational numbers), however for now we will content ourselves to say that the real numbers are the numbers you can represent with a finite or infinite decimal representations. Some examples of real numbers are and we denote the real numbers with the symbol $$\mathbb{R}$$
 * $$1$$
 * $$0$$
 * $$0.25$$
 * $$3.3333333...$$
 * $$\sqrt{3}$$
 * $$\pi$$

Proof that the square root of two is irrational
Assume that the contrary is true, that is, that $$\sqrt{2}$$ can be expressed as a rational number. If so, then $$\exist p, q \in \mathbb{N}$$ such that $$q$$ and $$p$$ have no common factors and $$\frac{p}{q}\times\frac{p}{q} = 2$$. Then $$p^2 = 2q^2$$, so $$p^2$$ is even, so $$p$$ must be even, say $$p = 2r$$ where $$r \in \mathbb{N}$$. Substituting $$2r$$ in the previous equation, we get $$4r^2 = 2q^2$$, or $$2r^2 = q^2$$. Thus $$q$$ must be even. But if $$p$$ and $$q$$ are both even, then they have 2 as a common factor, which contradicts our assumption. Thus the assumption must be incorrect, and $$\sqrt{2}$$ cannot be expressed as a rational number.

title: Foundations of Pure Mathematics


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/insgrow.com

Links

 * insgrow.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 1 additions out of 2 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/insgrow.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\binsgrow\.com\b            # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/insgrow.com ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 05:05, 8 February 2015 (UTC) Autostale: very old local report (>7 days). No links left in here mentioned edits. Marked stale. . --COIBot (talk) 19:46, 15 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:David Malouf

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on David Malouf. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100305070326/http://www.rslit.org/content/fellows to http://www.rslit.org/content/fellows

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:45, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Malouf. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080721113447/http://www.aussing.com.au/pascall/Pascall%20Judges%20Report%201990.htm to http://www.aussing.com.au/Pascall/Pascall%20Judges%20Report%201990.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:20, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on David Malouf. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071221181737/http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/post/australia/malouf/maloufov.html to http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/post/australia/malouf/maloufov.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071221181737/http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/post/australia/malouf/maloufov.html to http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/post/australia/malouf/maloufov.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071221181737/http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/post/australia/malouf/maloufov.html to http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/post/australia/malouf/maloufov.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071221181737/http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/post/australia/malouf/maloufov.html to http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/post/australia/malouf/maloufov.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:23, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Malouf


text:
Web Design/Developing a Client Project

Once you feel that you're starting to feel more confident with your HTML/CSS skills (see Intermediate HTML and CSS), you might want to flex your muscles and create your first real client project! This will give you a real experience of the web design process - from project conception through to hand-over and beyond!

Module Aim
In this section we'll aim to discover the process of web design through a real client project. Specifically we'll aim to:

 * Determine the needs of our client and their users
 * Define our project.
 * Plan and budget our project.
 * Design the Information Architecture (the way the sites information will be organised) for the site.
 * Design basic visual prototypes for the site
 * Implement the site
 * Conduct user (usability + accessibility) testing

Suggested Activities

 * A scaffolded Web Project - Step out and begin your first project with the help of a bit of scaffolding from some professionals!
 * An introduction to Project Management - Discover the essence of project management: what are we trying to control?
 * Completing the three Adobe tutorial below and applying them to your own client project.
 * Information Architecture Challenges - A chance to practise the process of going from site goals through to site prototype (these might be fun to do in a group!)
 * Validating your websites performance - Plan, test and document the performance of your client website!

Books

 * Web Re-design 2.0 - The best way to learn a professional web-design process is to work with a professional web designer - but failing that, this great book written by professional webdesigners outlining the process that they use (together with the resources they use) is the next best thing!

Online tutorials
 Are not available

 * Adobe have an excellent series stepping you through the information design process:
 * 1) Information Design - From Interview to Content
 * 2) Site Design - Site structure, navigation and usability.
 * 3) Page Design - Layout grids through to prototype.
 * Webmonkey's Info Architecture tutorial - A practical step-by-step guide for researching and documenting your websites information architecture.
 * WebDesignFromScratch's Web Design Process - Ben Hunt share's his own web design process from 10 years of experience in one concise page!

Tools

 * Information Architecture Institute Tools - Bringing new Information Architecture tools to the community so we can learn from each other. Some great free templates and toolkits!

Theory articles

 * What is Information Architecture - "Effective IA must reflect the way people think" - an excellent tutorial with tips, step-by-step guidelines and tools.

Online references

 * The Web Style Guide - The first chapter contains lots of info about the process of Web Design, including Information Architecture and defining your site.
 * WebDesign from Scratch - Lots of information about designing for your users, the tutorials demonstrate the process of putting "together a design that is appealing to use as well as to look at," covering some basic Information Architecture and Usability.

title: Web Design/Developing a Client Project


text:
Cookbook:Butter

| Basic foodstuffs | Dairy | Oil and fat

Butter is a fatty dairy product made by churning fresh cream. It is used as a condiment and for cooking in much the same ways as vegetable oils or lard.

Production
Butter is made by agitating cream, which forces the fat droplets to merge together and separate from the liquid portion. This can be done in many different ways and with a variety of tools. Historically, butter churns were used; today, mechanized churning machines make butter in large batches. If the butter is to be colored or flavored, these ingredients are added to the cream before churning; if the butter is to be cultured, a starter culture is added to sour the cream. Once the butter separates from the cream, it is washed to remove residual buttermilk, salted (if applicable), then kneaded and shaped.

To make homemade butter with simple tools, fill a jar ⅓ full with heavy cream. Shake the jar until a solid mass forms. If the cream becomes too thick to shake easily, add a bit of water. Pour off the liquid and use a spatula or spoon to collect the butter. This soft butter can be served on its own, or mixed with herbs or spices. You can also add flavor by pouring a small measure of flavored liquor in with the cream.

Composition
Butter is very high in—but not 100%—fat. North American commercial butter is typically 80–82% fat, while European butter is fattier and richer at about 82–86%. The remaining composition of butter consists of water and milk proteins in emulsion with the fat. The specific fat profile of butter gives it a lower melting point (93°F / 33°C) than other solid fats like shortening—this causes it to melt in the mouth without leaving an unpleasant coating, but this also makes it harder to create very flaky pastries with butter compared to with shortening. Butter is, though, easy to spread at room temperature, which is excellent for its use as a condiment.

Flavor
The flavor of butter depends largely on the diet of the animal that produced the cream, as well as how the cream is processed. Butter made from fresh cream (called sweet cream butter) has a very mild flavor; cultured butter, which is made from soured cream, has a more complex flavor and characteristic buttery taste of diacetyl from the microbial culture. European butter is more likely to be cultured, while North American butter is more likely to be sweet. Butter also comes either salted or unsalted—the exact salt level varies, so salted butter generally should not be used in cooking in order to allow more flexibility and adjustment.

Appearance
Butter is generally pale yellow, but it can vary from deep yellow to nearly white depending largely on what type of food the animals were eating. For example, butter is typically paler in the winter, when dairy cattle feed on stored hay rather than fresh grass. Annatto may be added to pale butter in order to give it a more golden hue.

Commercially available butter tends to be packaged in blocks; butter in the USA is commonly sold by the pound, divided into four "sticks". It can also be whipped or aerated to lighten it—this should not be used in cooking if measuring by volume.

Selection and storage
Butter is very stable and has a long shelf-life, but it will still go bad after a long period. Because the fat can eventually oxidize and turn rancid in contact with air, butter should be kept wrapped or covered. It can also go sour from bacterial contamination—you will generally be able to tell whether butter has gone bad from its flavor and aroma. It will keep well for months when wrapped and stored in the fridge or freezer. Clarified butter, which has all the water removed, will typically last even longer.

Use
Butter is widely used in cooking and baking for its flavor and texture. It can be used to fry foods, but it is not ideal for high-heat cooking, since the milk proteins it contains give it a low smoke point of about 260°F (127°C). If the flavor of butter is desired for high-heat cooking, it is best to use clarified butter, whose milk proteins have been removed. Butter is also often used as a simple condiment, and it may be spread on bread products or stirred into dishes like pasta before eating. Butter can also be used to thicken and flavor sauces and custards, such as when "mounting" a sauce by emulsifying in small pieces of the fat.

In baking, butter adds tenderness and moisture to baked goods, and the temperature and texture of the butter is often carefully controlled to affect the final texture of the product. If making a flaky or laminated pastry, it is best to use higher-fat European-style butter, which is slightly more workable and less likely to melt into the dough.

Various techniques exist to add additional flavor to butter. For example, browned butter or beurre noisette is made by gently cooking butter until its milk proteins brown, giving the final product a nutty flavor. Compound butters are simply made by incorporating flavorful ingredients such as herbs, anchovies, and sweeteners into soft butter before using or serving.

title: Cookbook:Butter


text:
Agadadash Samedov

Agadadash Samedov (Ağadadaş Abdulqasım oğlu Səmədov) is an Azerbaijani veteran who fought in the Great Patriotic War as a Soviet soldier.

Career
Samedov was born on 10 March 1924 in the Lenkeran District of the Azerbaijan SSR, within the Soviet Union. During World War II, Samedov helped liberate the North Caucasus, Ukraine and other European countries from the Axis powers. In 1942, on Ukrainian territory near Dubno, he remained alone after his squadron had already retreated, defending against the approaching forces. For this feat he received the Order of Glory, 3rd degree. Agadadash Samedov also participated in the Vistula–Oder Offensive and the Battle of Berlin.

On 6 June 1945, Samedov was awarded the Order of Glory (2nd degree) for courage and bravery displayed in the Great Patriotic War.

Honors

 * Order of Glory (2nd and 3rd degree)

Personal life
He has 13 children, 44 grandchildren and 36 great grandchildren.

title: Agadadash Samedov


text:
Glassey

Glassey is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alec Glassey (1887–1970), British Liberal politician
 * Betty Glassey, Papua New Guinea international lawn bowler
 * Bob Glassey (1916–1984), footballer
 * Francis Patrick Glassey, performer
 * Thomas Glassey (1844–1936), Irish-born Australian politician

title: Glassey


text:
User:Patc3

patric colosimo, pat c toronto based film, video and audio artist one half a museum, electro acoustic music group Founding member of xpace co founder of Particle not for profit agency

title: User:Patc3