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Calculus/Functions

Functions are everywhere, from a simple correlation between distance and time to complex heat waves. This chapter focuses on the fundamentals of functions: the definition, basic concepts, and other defining aspects. It is very concept-heavy, and expect a lot of reading and understanding. However, this is simply a review and an introduction on what is to come in future chapters.

Introduction
Whenever one quantity uniquely determines the value of another quantity, we have a function. That is, the set $$X$$ uniquely determines the set $$Y$$. You can think of a function as a kind of machine. You feed the machine raw materials, and the machine changes the raw materials into a finished product.

Think about dropping a ball from a bridge. At each moment in time, the ball is a height above the ground. The height of the ball is a function of time. It was the job of physicists to come up with a formula for this function. This type of function is called real-valued since the "finished product" is a number (or, more specifically, a real number).

Think about a wind storm. At different places, the wind can be blowing in different directions with different intensities. The direction and intensity of the wind can be thought of as a function of position. This is a function of two real variables (a location is described by two values - an $$x$$ and a $$y$$) which results in a vector (which is something that can be used to hold a direction and an intensity). These functions are studied in multivariable calculus (which is usually studied after a one year college level calculus course). This a vector-valued function of two real variables.

We will be looking at real-valued functions until studying multivariable calculus. Think of a real-valued function as an input-output machine; you give the function an input, and it gives you an output which is a number (more specifically, a real number). For example, the squaring function takes the input 4 and gives the output value 16. The same squaring function takes the input -1 and gives the output value 1.

Notation
Functions are used so much that there is a special notation for them. The notation is somewhat ambiguous, so familiarity with it is important in order to understand the intention of an equation or formula.

Though there are no strict rules for naming a function, it is standard practice to use the letters $$f$$, $$g$$ , and $$h$$ to denote functions, and the variable $$x$$ to denote an independent variable. $$y$$ is used for both dependent and independent variables.

When discussing or working with a function $$f$$, it's important to know not only the function, but also its independent variable $$x$$. Thus, when referring to a function $$f$$, you usually do not write $$f$$, but instead $$f(x)$$. The function is now referred to as "$$f$$ of $$x$$". The name of the function is adjacent to the independent variable (in parentheses). This is useful for indicating the value of the function at a particular value of the independent variable. For instance, if
 * $$f(x)=7x+1$$ ,

and if we want to use the value of $$f$$ for $$x$$ equal to $$2$$, then we would substitute 2 for $$x$$ on both sides of the definition above and write
 * $$f(2)=7(2)+1=14+1=15$$

This notation is more informative than leaving off the independent variable and writing simply '$$f$$', but can be ambiguous since the parentheses next to $$f$$ can be misinterpreted as multiplication, $$2f$$. To make sure nobody is too confused, follow this procedure:

 * 1) Define the function $$f$$ by equating it to some expression.
 * 2) Give a sentence like the following: "At $$x=c$$, the function $$f$$ is..."
 * 3) Evaluate the function.

Description
There are many ways which people describe functions. In the examples above, a verbal description is given (the height of the ball above the earth as a function of time). Here is a list of ways to describe functions. The top three listed approaches to describing functions are the most popular.

 * 1) A function is given a name (such as $$f$$) and a formula for the function is also given. For example, $$f(x)=3x+2$$ describes a function. We refer to the input as the argument of the function (or the independent variable), and to the output as the value of the function at the given argument.
 * 2) A function is described using an equation and two variables. One variable is for the input of the function and one is for the output of the function. The variable for the input is called the independent variable. The variable for the output is called the dependent variable. For example, $$y=3x+2$$ describes a function. The dependent variable appears by itself on the left hand side of equal sign.
 * 3) A verbal description of the function.

When a function is given a name (like in number 1 above), the name of the function is usually a single letter of the alphabet (such as $$f$$ or $$g$$). Some functions whose names are multiple letters (like the sine function $$y=\sin(x)$$)

If we write $$f(x)=3x+2$$, then we know that

 * The function $$f$$ is a function of $$x$$.
 * To evaluate the function at a certain number, replace the $$x$$ with that number.
 * Replacing $$x$$ with that number in the right side of the function will produce the function's output for that certain input.
 * In English, the definition of $$f$$ is interpreted, "Given a number, $$f$$ will return two more than the triple of that number."

How would we know the value of the function $$f$$ at 3? We would have the following three thoughts:

and we would write
 * 1) $$f(3)=3(3)+2$$
 * 2) $$3(3)+2=9+2$$
 * 3) $$9+2=11$$

$$f(3)=3(3)+2=9+2=11$$.

The value of $$f$$ at 3 is 11.

Note that $$f(3)$$ means the value of the dependent variable when $$x$$ takes on the value of 3. So we see that the number 11 is the output of the function when we give the number 3 as the input. People often summarize the work above by writing "the value of $$f$$ at three is eleven", or simply "$$f$$ of three equals eleven".

Basic concepts of functions
The formal definition of a function states that a function is actually a mapping that associates the elements of one set called the domain of the function, $$A$$, with the elements of another set called the range of the function, $$B$$. For each value we select from the domain of the function, there exists exactly one corresponding element in the range of the function. The definition of the function tells us which element in the range corresponds to the element we picked from the domain. An example of how is given below.

In mathematics, it is important to notice any repetition. If something seems to repeat, keep a note of that in the back of your mind somewhere.

Here, notice that $$f(x)=5x+\frac{5x}{2}$$ and $$f(x)=225\frac{1}{2}$$. Because $$f(x)$$ is equal to two different things, it must be the case that the other side of the equal sign to $$f(x)$$ is equal to the other. This property is known as the transitive property and could thus make the following equation below true:
 * $$225\frac{1}{2}=5x+\frac{5x}{2}$$

Next, simplify — make your life easier rather than harder. In this instance, since $$5x+\frac{5x}{2}$$ has $$x$$ as a like-term, and the two terms are fractions added to the other, put it over a common denominator and simplify. Similar, since $$225\frac{1}{2}$$ is a mixed fraction, $$225\frac{1}{2}=225+\frac{1}{2}$$.
 * $$225\frac{1}{2}=5x+\frac{5x}{2}$$
 * $$\Rightarrow\frac{225}{1}+\frac{1}{2}=\frac{5x}{1}+\frac{5x}{2}$$
 * $$\Rightarrow\frac{450}{2}+\frac{1}{2}=\frac{10x}{2}+\frac{5x}{2}$$
 * $$\Rightarrow\frac{451}{2}=\frac{15x}{2}$$

Multiply both sides by the reciprocal of the coefficient of $$x$$, $$\frac{2}{15}$$ from both sides by multiplying by it.
 * $$\frac{2}{15}\cdot\frac{451}{2}=x$$
 * $$\frac{451}{15}=x$$ or $$x=\frac{451}{15}$$.

The value of $$x$$ that makes $$f(x)=225\frac{1}{2}$$ is $$x=\frac{451}{15}$$.$$\blacksquare$$.

Classically, the element picked from the domain is pictured as something that is fed into the function and the corresponding element in the range is pictured as the output. Since we "pick" the element in the domain whose corresponding element in the range we want to find, we have control over what element we pick and hence this element is also known as the "independent variable". The element mapped in the range is beyond our control and is "mapped to" by the function. This element is hence also known as the "dependent variable", for it depends on which independent variable we pick. Since the elementary idea of functions is better understood from the classical viewpoint, we shall use it hereafter. However, it is still important to remember the correct definition of functions at all times.

Basic types of transformation
To make it simple, for the function $$f(x)$$, all of the possible $$x$$ values constitute the domain, and all of the values $$f(x)$$ ($$y$$ on the x-y plane) constitute the range. To put it in more formal terms, a function $$f$$ is a mapping of some element $$a\in A$$, called the domain, to exactly one element $$b\in B$$, called the range, such that $$f:A\to B$$. The image below should help explain the modern definition of a function:
 * 1) A function is considered one-to-one if an element $$a\in A$$ from domain $$A$$ of function $$f$$, leads to exactly one element $$b\in B$$ from range $$B$$ of the function. By definition, since only one element $$b$$ is mapped by function $$f$$ from some element $$a$$, $$f:A\to B$$ implies that there exists only one element $$b$$ from the mapping. Therefore, there exists a one-to-one function because it complies with the definition of a function. This definition is similar to Figure 1.
 * 2) A function is considered many-to-one if some elements $$a_{1},a_{2},\ldots a_{n}\in A$$ from domain $$A$$ of function $$f$$ maps to exactly one element $$b\in B$$ from range $$B$$ of the function. Since some elements $$\left( a_{1},a_{2},\ldots a_{n} \right)\in A$$ must map onto exactly one element $$b\in B$$, $$f:A\to B$$ must be compliant with the definition of a function. Therefore, there exists a many-to-one function.
 * 3) A function is considered one-to-many if exactly one element $$a\in A$$ from domain $$A$$ of function $$f$$ maps to some elements $$\left( b_{1},b_{2},\ldots b_{n} \right)\in B$$ from range $$B$$ of the function. If some element $$a$$ maps onto many distinct elements $$b$$, then $$f:A\to B$$ is non-functional since there exists many distinct elements $$b$$. Given many-to-one is non-compliant to the definition of a function, there exists no function that is one-to-many.

The modern definition describes a function sufficiently such that it helps us determine whether some new type of "function" is indeed one. Now that each case is defined above, you can now prove whether functions are one of these function cases. Here is an example problem:

Notice that the only changing element in the function $$f$$ is $$x$$. To prove a function is one-to-one by applying the definition may be impossible because although two random elements of domain set $$A$$ may not be many-to-one, there may be some elements $$\left( a_{1},a_{2},\ldots a_{n} \right)\in A$$ that may make the function many-to-one. To account for this possibility, we must prove that it is impossible to have some result like that.

Assume there exists two distinct elements $$x_{1}\ne x_2$$ that will result in $$f\left( x_{1} \right) =f\left( x_{2} \right)$$. This would make the function many-to-one. In consequence, $$ax_{1}+b=ax_{2}+b$$

Subtract $$b$$ from both sides of the equation.
 * $$\Rightarrow ax_{1}=ax_{2}$$

Subtract $$ax_{2}$$ from both sides of the equation.
 * $$\Rightarrow ax_{1}-ax_{2}=0$$

Factor $$a$$ from both terms to the left of the equation.
 * $$\Rightarrow a\left( x_{1}-x_{2} \right) =0$$

Multiply $$\frac{1}{a}$$ to both sides of the equation.
 * $$\Rightarrow \left( x_{1}-x_{2} \right) =0$$

Add $$x_{2}$$ to both sides of the equation.
 * $$\Rightarrow x_{1}=x_{2}$$

Notice that $$x_{1}=x_{2}$$. However, this is impossible because $$x_{1}$$ and $$x_{2}$$ are distinct. Ergo, $$f\left( x_{1} \right)\ne f\left( x_{2} \right)$$. No two distinct inputs can give the same output. Therefore, the function must be one-to-one.

Basic concepts
[[File:Domain, Range, Codomain.svg|thumb|230x230px|The domain is all the elements in set $$A$$ that can be mapped to the elements in set $$B$$.

The range is those elements in set $$B$$ which are mapped with the domain.

The codomain is all the elements in set $$B$$.]]There are a few more important ideas to learn from the modern definition of the function, and it comes from knowing the difference between domain, range, and codomain. We already discussed some of these, yet knowing about sets adds a new definition for each of the following ideas. Therefore, let us discuss these based on these new ideas. Let $$A$$ and $$B$$ be a set. If we were to combine these two sets, it would be defined as the cartesian cross product $$A\times B$$. The subset of this product is the function. The below definitions are a little confusing. The best way to interpret these is to draw an image. To the right of these definitions is the image that corresponds to it.

Note that the codomain is not as important as the other two concepts.

Take $$f(x)=\sqrt{1-x^2}$$ for example:Because of the square root, the content in the square root should be strictly not smaller than 0."$1-x^2\geq0$""$\Leftrightarrow -1\leq x\leq 1$"Thus the domain is"$x\in[-1,1]$"

Correspondingly, the range will be"$f(x)\in[0,1]$"

Other types of transformation
There is one more final aspect that needs to be defined. We already have a good idea of what makes a mapping a function (e.g. it cannot be one-to-many). However, three more definitions that you will often hear will be necessary to talk about: injective, surjective, bijective.

 * A function is injective if it is one-to-one.
 * A function is surjective if it is "onto." That is, the mapping $$f:A\to B$$ has $$B$$ as the range of the function, where the codomain and the range of the function are the same.
 * A function is bijective if it is both surjective and injective.

Again, the above definitions are often very confusing. Again, another image is provided to the right of the bullet points. Along with that, another example is also provided. Let us analyze the function $$g(x)=ax^{2}$$. Notice that the only changing element in the function $$g$$ is $$x$$. Let us check to see the conditions of this function.

Is it injective? Let $$g(x)=y$$, and solve for $$x$$. First, divide by $$a$$.
 * $$y=ax^{2}$$
 * $$\Rightarrow \frac{y}{a}=x^{2}$$

Then take the square root of $$x^2$$. By definition, $$\sqrt{x^{2}}=\pm\sqrt{x^{2}}=\pm x$$, so
 * $$\frac{y}{a}=x^{2}$$
 * $$\Rightarrow\pm\sqrt{\frac{y}{a}}=\pm x$$

Notice, however, what we learned from the above manipulation. As a result of solving for $$x$$, we found that there are two solutions for $$x$$. However, this resulted in two different values from $$\frac{y}{a}$$. This means that for some individual $$x$$ that gives $$y$$, there are two different inputs that result in the same value. Because $$f(x_{1})=f(x_{2})$$ when $$x_{1}\ne x_{2}$$, this is by definition non-injective.

Is it surjective? As a natural consequence of what we learned about inputs, let us determine the range of the function. After all, the only way to determine if something is surjective is to see if the range applies to all real numbers. A good way to determine this is by finding a pattern involving our domains. Let us say we input a negative number for the domain: $$f(-x)=a(-x)^{2}=a\cdot(-x)\cdot(-x)=ax^2$$. This seemingly trivial exercise tells us that negative numbers give us non-negative numbers for our range. This is huge information! For $$x\in\mathbb{R}$$, the function always results $$y>0$$ for our range. For the set $$B$$, we have elements in that set that have no mappings from the set $$A$$. As such, $$y\le0$$ is the codomain of set $$B$$. Therefore, this function is non-surjective!

The vertical line test
The vertical line test is a systematic test to find out if an equation involving $$x$$ and $$y$$ can serve as a function (with $$x$$ the independent variable and $$y$$ the dependent variable). Simply graph the equation and draw a vertical line through each point of the $$x$$-axis. If any vertical line ever touches the graph at more than one point, then the equation is not a function; if the line always touches at most one point of the graph, then the equation is a function.

The circle, on the right, is not a function because the vertical line intercepts two points on the graph when $$x=1$$.

The horizontal line and the algebraic 1-1 test
Similarly, the horizontal line test, though does not test if an equation is a function, tests if a function is injective (one-to-one). If any horizontal line ever touches the graph at more than one point, then the function is not one-to-one; if the line always touches at most one point on the graph, then the function is one-to-one.

The algebraic 1-1 test is the non-geometric way to see if a function is one-to-one. The basic concept is that:

Assume there is a function $$f$$. If:"$f(a)=f(b)$, and $a=b$, then"function $$f$$ is one-to-one.

Here is an example: prove that $$f(x)=\frac{1-2x}{1+x}$$ is injective.

Since the notation is the notation for a function, the equation is a function. So we only need to prove that it is injective. Let $$a$$ and $$b$$ be the inputs of the function and that $$f(a)=f(b)$$. Thus,

 * $$\frac{1-2a}{1+a}=\frac{1-2b}{1+b}$$
 * $$\Leftrightarrow(1+b)(1-2a)=(1+a)(1-2b)$$
 * $$\Leftrightarrow1-2a+b-2ab=1-2b+a-2ab$$ $$\Leftrightarrow1-2a+b=1-2b+a$$
 * $$\Leftrightarrow1-2a+3b=1+a$$
 * $$\Leftrightarrow1+3b=1+3a$$
 * $$\Leftrightarrow a=b$$

So, the result is $$a=b$$, proving that the function is injective.

Another example is proving that $$g(x)=x^2$$ is not injective.

Using the same method, one can find that $$a=\pm b$$, which is not $$a=b$$. So, the function is not injective.

Remarks
The following arise as a direct consequence of the definition of functions: Functions are an important foundation of mathematics. This modern interpretation is a result of the hard work of the mathematicians of history. It was not until recently that the definition of the relation was introduced by René Descartes in Geometry (1637). Nearly a century later, the standard notation ($$f(x)=y$$) was first introduced by Leonhard Euler in Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum and Institutiones Calculi Differentialis. The term function was also a new innovation during Euler's time as well, being introduced Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in a 1673 letter "to describe a quantity related to points of a curve, such as a coordinate or curve's slope." Finally, the modern definition of the function being the relation among sets was first introduced in 1908 by Godfrey Harold Hardy where there is a relation between two variables $$x$$ and $$y$$ such that "to some values of $$x$$ at any rate correspond values of $$y$$." For the person that wants to learn more about the history of the function, go to History of functions.
 * 1) By definition, for each "input" a function returns only one "output", corresponding to that input. While the same output may correspond to more than one input, one input cannot correspond to more than one output. This is expressed graphically as the vertical line test: a line drawn parallel to the axis of the dependent variable (normally vertical) will intersect the graph of a function only once. However, a line drawn parallel to the axis of the independent variable (normally horizontal) may intersect the graph of a function as many times as it likes. Equivalently, this has an algebraic (or formula-based) interpretation. We can always say if $$a=b$$, then $$f(a)=f(b)$$ , but if we only know that $$f(a)=f(b)$$ then we can't be sure that $$a=b$$.
 * 2) Each function has a set of values, the function's domain, which it can accept as input. Perhaps this set is all positive real numbers; perhaps it is the set {pork, mutton, beef}. This set must be implicitly/explicitly defined in the definition of the function. You cannot feed the function an element that isn't in the domain, as the function is not defined for that input element.
 * 3) Each function has a set of values, the function's range, which it can output. This may be the set of real numbers. It may be the set of positive integers or even the set {0,1}. This set, too, must be implicitly/explicitly defined in the definition of the function.

Important functions
The functions listed below are essential to calculus. This section only serves as a review and scratches the surface of those functions. If there are any questions about those functions, please review the materials related to those functions before continuing. More about graphing will be explained in Chapter

Polynomials
Polynomial functions are the most common and most convenient functions in the world of calculus. Their frequent appearances and their applications on computer calculations have made them important.

Constant
When $$n=0$$, the polynomial can be rewritten into the following function:"$f(x)=C$, where $C$ is a constant."The graph of this function is a horizontal line passing the point $$(0,C)$$.

Linear
When $$n=1$$, the polynomial can be rewritten into"$f(x)=mx+b$, where $m\text{ and }b$ are constants."The graph of this function is a straight line passing the point $$(0,b)$$ and $$(-\frac{b}{m},0)$$, and the slope of this function is $$m$$.

Quadratic
When $$n=2$$, the polynomial can be rewritten into"$f(x)=ax^2+bx+c$, where $a,b,c$ are constants."The graph of this function is a parabola, like the trajectory of a basketball thrown into the hoop.

If there are questions about the quadratic formula and other basic polynomial concepts, please review the respective chapters in Algebra.

Trigonometric
Trigonometric functions are also very important because it can connect algebra and geometry. Trigonometric functions are explained in detail here due to its importance and difficulty.

Exponential and Logarithmic
Exponential and logarithmic functions have a unique identity when calculating the derivatives, so this is a great time to review those functions.

A special number will be frequently seen in those functions: the Euler's constant, also known as the base of the natural logarithm. Notated as $$e$$, it is defined as $$e=\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{1}{n!}$$.

Signum
The Signum (sign) function is simply defined as{{blockquote|text=$$\mbox{sgn}(x)=\left\{\begin{matrix}-1 & \text{if} & x<0\\0 & \text{if} & x=0 \\ 1 & \text{if} & x>0 \end{matrix} \right.$$}}

Properties of functions
Sometimes, a lot of function manipulations cannot be achieved without some help from basic properties of functions.

Domain and range
This concept is discussed above.

Growth
Although it seems obvious to spot a function increasing or decreasing, without the help of graphing software, we need a mathematical way to spot whether the function is increasing or decreasing, or else our human minds cannot immediately comprehend the huge amount of information.

Assume a function $$f(x)$$ with inputs $$x_1,x_2$$, and that $$x_1\in[a,b]$$, $$x_2\in[a,b]$$, and $$x_2>x_1$$ at all times. If for all $$x_1$$ and $$x_2$$, $$f(x_2)-f(x_1)>0$$, then

$$f(x)$$ is increasing in $$[a,b]$$

If for all $$x_1$$ and $$x_2$$, $$f(x_2)-f(x_1)<0$$, then

$$f(x)$$ is decreasing in $$[a,b]$$ Example: In which intervals is $$f(x)=\frac{1}{1-x^2}$$ increasing?

Firstly, the domain is important. Because the denominator cannot be 0, the domain for this function is

$$x\in(-\infty,-1)\cup(-1,1)\cup(1,\infty)$$

In $$(-\infty,-1)$$, the growth of the function is: Let $$x_1,x_2\in[-\infty,-1]$$ and $$x_2>x_1$$

Thus,"$f(x_2)-f(x_1)=\frac{1}{1-x_2^2}-\frac{1}{1-x_1^2}=\frac{x_2^2-x_1^2}{(1-x_2^2)(1-x_1^2)}$"$$\because$$ both $$x_1,x_2\in[-\infty,-1]$$

$$\therefore$$ $$(1-x_2^2)(1-x_1^2)>0$$

$$\because$$ $$x_2>x_1$$ and $$x_1x_1$$

Thus,"$f(x_2)-f(x_1)=\frac{1}{1-x_2^2}-\frac{1}{1-x_1^2}=\frac{x_2^2-x_1^2}{(1-x_2^2)(1-x_1^2)}$"$$\because$$ both $$x_1,x_2\in[-\infty,-1]$$

$$\therefore$$$$(1-x_2^2)(1-x_1^2)>0$$

However, the sign of $$x_2^2-x_1^2$$ in $$(-1,1)$$ cannot be determined. It can only be determined in $$(-1,0)\text{ and }(0,1)$$. In $$(-1,0)$$

$$\because$$ $$x_2>x_1$$ and $$x_1x_1\text{ and }00$$ As a result,

$$f(x)$$ is decreasing in $$(-1,0)$$ and increasing in $$(0,1)$$. In $$(1,\infty)$$ Let $$x_1,x_2\in[1,\infty]$$ and $$x_2>x_1$$

Thus,"$f(x_2)-f(x_1)=\frac{1}{1-x_2^2}-\frac{1}{1-x_1^2}=\frac{x_2^2-x_1^2}{(1-x_2^2)(1-x_1^2)}$"$$\because$$ both $$x_1,x_2\in[-\infty,-1]$$

$$\therefore$$$$(1-x_2^2)(1-x_1^2)>0$$

$$\because x_2>x_1\text{ and }00$$"So, $f(x_2)-f(x_1)=\frac{x_2^2-x_1^2}{(1-x_2^2)(1-x_1^2)}>0$"$$f(x)$$ is increasing in $$(1,\infty)$$. Therefore, the intervals in which the function is increasing are $$(0,1)\And(1,\infty)$$.

$$\blacksquare$$

After learning derivatives, there will be more ways to determine the growth of a function.

Parity
The properties odd and even are associated with symmetry. While even functions have a symmetry about the $$y$$-axis, odd functions are symmetric about the origin. In mathematical terms: A function is even when $$f(-x)=f(x)$$

A function is odd when $$f(-x)=-f(x)$$ Example: Prove that $$f(x)=\frac{1}{1-x^2}$$ is an even function.

$$\because f(-x)=\frac{1}{1-(-x)^2}=\frac{1}{1-x^2}=f(x)$$

$$\therefore f(x) $$ is an even function

$$\blacksquare $$

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division of functions
For two real-valued functions, we can add the functions, multiply the functions, raised to a power, etc.

If we add the functions $$y=3x+2$$ and $$y=x^2$$, we obtain $$y=x^2+3x+2$$.

If we subtract $$y=3x+2$$ from $$y=x^2$$, we obtain $$y=x^2-(3x+2)$$. We can also write this as $$y=x^2-3x-2$$.

If we multiply the function $$y=3x+2$$ and the function $$y=x^2$$, we obtain $$y=(3x+2)x^2$$. We can also write this as $$y=3x^3+2x^2$$.

If we divide the function $$y=3x+2$$ by the function $$y=x^2$$, we obtain $$y=\frac{3x+2}{x^2}$$.

If a math problem wants you to add two functions $$f$$ and $$g$$, there are two ways that the problem will likely be worded:

 * 1) If you are told that $$f(x)=3x+2$$, that $$g(x)=x^2$$ , that $$h(x)=f(x)+g(x)$$ and asked about $$h$$ , then you are being asked to add two functions. Your answer would be $$h(x)=x^2+3x+2$$.
 * 2) If you are told that $$f(x)=3x+2$$, that $$g(x)=x^2$$ and you are asked about $$f+g$$ , then you are being asked to add two functions. The addition of $$f$$ and $$g$$ is called $$f+g$$ . Your answer would be $$(f+g)(x)=x^2+3x+2$$.

Similar statements can be made for subtraction, multiplication and division.

Let $$f(x)=3x+2$$ and: $$g(x)=x^2$$. Let's add, subtract, multiply and divide.

 * $$\begin{align}

(f+g)(x) &= f(x)+g(x)\\ &= (3x+2)+(x^2)\\ &= x^2+3x+2\, \end{align}$$ ,

 * $$\begin{align}

(f-g)(x) &= f(x)-g(x)\\ &= (3x+2)-(x^2)\\ &= -x^2+3x+2\, \end{align}$$ ,

 * $$\begin{align}

(f\times g)(x) &= f(x)\times g(x)\\ &= (3x+2)\times(x^2)\\ &= 3x^3+2x^2\, \end{align}$$ ,

 * $$\begin{align}

\left(\frac{f}{g}\right)(x) &= \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}\\ &= \frac{3x+2}{x^2}\\ &= \frac{3}{x}+\frac{2}{x^2} \end{align}$$.

Composition of functions
We begin with a fun (and not too complicated) application of composition of functions before we talk about what composition of functions is.

If we drop a ball from a bridge which is 20 meters above the ground, then the height of our ball above the earth is a function of time. The physicists tell us that if we measure time in seconds and distance in meters, then the formula for height in terms of time is $$h=-4.9t^2+20$$. Suppose we are tracking the ball with a camera and always want the ball to be in the center of our picture. Suppose we have $$\theta=f(h)$$ The angle will depend upon the height of the ball above the ground and the height above the ground depends upon time. So the angle will depend upon time. This can be written as $$\theta=f(-4.9t^2+20)$$. We replace $$h$$ with what it is equal to. This is the essence of composition.

Composition of functions is another way to combine functions which is different from addition, subtraction, multiplication or division.

The value of a function $$f$$ depends upon the value of another variable $$x$$ ; however, that variable could be equal to another function $$g$$, so its value depends on the value of a third variable. If this is the case, then the first variable is a function $$h$$ of the third variable; this function ($$h$$) is called the composition of the other two functions ($$f$$ and $$g$$).

Let $$f(x)=3x+2$$ and: $$g(x)=x^2$$. The composition of $$f$$ with $$g$$ is read as either "f composed with g" or "f of g of x."

Let
 * $$h(x)=f(g(x))$$

Then

 * $$\begin{align}

h(x) &= f(g(x))\\ &= f(x^2)\\ &= 3(x^2)+2\\ &= 3x^2+2\, \end{align}$$.

Sometimes a math problem asks you compute $$(f\circ g)(x)$$ when they want you to compute $$f(g(x))$$ ,

Here, $$h$$ is the composition of $$f$$ and $$g$$ and we write $$h=f\circ g$$. Note that composition is not commutative:

 * $$f(g(x))=3x^2+2$$, and

 * $$\begin{align}

g(f(x)) &= g(3x+2)\\ &= (3x+2)^2\\ &= 9x^2+12x+4\,. \end{align}$$

 * so $$f(g(x))\ne g(f(x))$$.

Composition of functions is very common, mainly because functions themselves are common. For instance, squaring and sine are both functions:

 * $$\mbox{square}(x)=x^2$$

 * $$\mbox{sine}(x)=\sin(x)$$

Thus, the expression $$\sin^2(x)$$ is a composition of functions:

 * $$\sin^2(x)$$
 * $$=\mbox{square}(\sin(x))$$
 * $$=\mbox{square}(\mbox{sine}(x))$$
 * }
 * $$=\mbox{square}(\mbox{sine}(x))$$
 * }
 * }

(Note that this is not the same as $$\mbox{sine}(\mbox{square}(x))=\sin(x^2)$$ .) Since the function sine equals $$\tfrac{1}{2}$$ if $$x=\frac{\pi}{6}$$ ,

 * $$\mbox{square}\left(\sin\left(\tfrac{\pi}{6}\right)\right)=\mbox{square}\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\right)$$.

Since the function square equals $$\frac{1}{4}$$ if $$x=\frac{\pi}{6}$$ ,

 * $$\sin^2\left(\tfrac{\pi}{6}\right)=\mbox{square}\left(\sin\left(\tfrac{\pi}{6}\right)\right)=\mbox{square}\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\right)=\frac{1}{4}$$.

Transformations
Transformations are a type of function manipulation that are very common. They consist of multiplying, dividing, adding or subtracting constants to either the input or the output. Multiplying by a constant is called dilation and adding a constant is called translation. Here are a few examples:

 * $$f(2\times x)$$ Dilation
 * $$f(x+2)$$ Translation
 * $$2\times f(x)$$ Dilation
 * $$2+f(x)$$ Translation

Translations and dilations can be either horizontal or vertical. Examples of both vertical and horizontal translations can be seen at right. The red graphs represent functions in their 'original' state, the solid blue graphs have been translated (shifted) horizontally, and the dashed graphs have been translated vertically.

Dilations are demonstrated in a similar fashion. The function
 * $$f(2\times x)$$

has had its input doubled. One way to think about this is that now any change in the input will be doubled. If I add one to $$x$$, I add two to the input of $$f$$, so it will now change twice as quickly. Thus, this is a horizontal dilation by $$\frac{1}{2}$$ because the distance to the $$y$$-axis has been halved. A vertical dilation, such as
 * $$2\times f(x)$$

is slightly more straightforward. In this case, you double the output of the function. The output represents the distance from the $$x$$-axis, so in effect, you have made the graph of the function 'taller'. Here are a few basic examples where $$a$$ is any positive constant:

Inverse functions
We call $$g(x)$$ the inverse function of $$f(x)$$ if, for all $$x$$ :
 * $$g(f(x))=f(g(x))=x$$

A function $$f(x)$$ has an inverse function if and only if $$f(x)$$ is one-to-one. For example, the inverse of $$f(x)=x+2$$ is $$g(x)=x-2$$. The function $$f(x)=\sqrt{1-x^2}$$ has no inverse because it is not injective. Similarly, the inverse functions of trigonometric functions have to undergo transformations and limitations to be considered as valid functions.

Notation
The inverse function of $$f$$ is denoted as $$f^{-1}(x)$$. Thus, $$f^{-1}(x)$$ is defined as the function that follows this rule
 * $$f(f^{-1}(x))=f^{-1}(f(x))=x$$

To determine $$f^{-1}(x)$$ when given a function $$f$$, substitute $$f^{-1}(x)$$ for $$x$$ and substitute $$x$$ for $$f(x)$$. Then solve for $$f^{-1}(x)$$, provided that it is also a function.

Example: Given $$f(x)=2x-7$$, find $$f^{-1}(x)$$.

Substitute $$f^{-1}(x)$$ for $$x$$ and substitute $$x$$ for $$f(x)$$. Then solve for $$f^{-1}(x)$$ :

 * $$f(x)=2x-7$$

 * $$\Leftrightarrow x=2[f^{-1}(x)]-7$$

 * $$\Leftrightarrow x+7=2[f^{-1}(x)]$$

 * $$\Leftrightarrow\frac{x+7}{2}=f^{-1}(x)$$

To check your work, confirm that $$f^{-1}(f(x))=x$$ :"$f^{-1}(f(x))=$$f^{-1}(2x-7)={}$$\frac{(2x-7)+7}{2}=\frac{2x}{2}=x$"If $$f$$ isn't one-to-one, then, as we said before, it doesn't have an inverse. Then this method will fail.

Example: Given $$f(x)=x^2$$, find $$f^{-1}(x)$$.

Substitute $$f^{-1}(x)$$ for $$x$$ and substitute $$x$$ for $$f(x)$$. Then solve for $$f^{-1}(x)$$ :

 * $$f(x)=x^2$$

 * $$x=(f^{-1}(x))^2$$

 * $$f^{-1}(x)=\pm\sqrt{x}$$

Since there are two possibilities for $$f^{-1}(x)$$, it's not a function. Thus $$f(x)=x^2$$ doesn't have an inverse. Of course, we could also have found this out from the graph by applying the Horizontal Line Test. It's useful, though, to have lots of ways to solve a problem, since in a specific case some of them might be very difficult while others might be easy. For example, we might only know an algebraic expression for $$f(x)$$ but not a graph.

=External links=
 * Videos on function and their graphs at Khan Academy

Analyse/Functies

title: Calculus/Functions


text:
Voorting

Voorting is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Adrie Voorting (1931–1961), Dutch cyclist, brother of Gerrit
 * Gerrit Voorting (1923–2015), Dutch cyclist

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Voorting


text:
Purkayastha (surname)

Purkayastha is a Bengali surname which is more prevalent among the Bengali Hindus of Bengal and Assam. The surname is found among Bengali Kayastha, as well as among Bengali Brahmins. "Purkayastha" is actually a title rather than a surname, as "Kayastha" is a term used for "administrator" and "Pur" signifies an administrative unit such as a city, town or a kingdom.

Notable People

 * Debapratim Purkayastha, Indian educator
 * Ian Purkayastha, the founder of Regalis, a New York based luxury foods company
 * Kabindra Purkayastha, former union minister of state of India
 * Surajit Kar Purkayastha, Indian police officer
 * Swarupam Purkayastha, Indian cricketer
 * Swarupam Purkayastha, Indian cricketer

title: Purkayastha (surname)


text:
1991–92 Challenge Cup

The 1992 Challenge Cup was the 91st staging of rugby league's oldest knockout competition, the Challenge Cup. Known as the ;;Silk Cut'' Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons, the final was contested by Wigan and Castleford at Wembley. Wigan won the match 28–12.

title: 1991–92 Challenge Cup


text:
User:Qwerty~enwikiversity

This is my user page. Not much here, is there. Maybe some day if I ever have free time (ha ha) I will add stuff. But probably not too soon.

title: User:Qwerty~enwikiversity


text:
Talk:Dark Eyes (Russian song)

I will be watching this page.

Untitled
What about Django Rheinart ? Do you know him ? D you know his version ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:19, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

For the English translation of the this song, I got the lyrics from the linked site, Russian Music on the Net which has the following question and answer in its FAQ: '''Q: Can I use the lyrics of any of those songs? Who do I contact for that?''' ''A: All Russian lyrics are copyrighted to their authors. You'd have to contact the band to get their permissions. You can usually do that from their official site.'' ''For English translations: you can use without problem any of mines (katya's) if you include a link back to this site. For translations that aren't mine, contact the translator to ask his/her permission first.'' Maaya まあや 01:37, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The original Russian lyrics of this song are in the public domain: author Yevgeniy Pavlovich Grebyonka (1812-1848) died more than 70 years ago. Chaliapin's version, however, is apparently not yet in the public domain: Chaliapin died in 1938, therefore the 70 years post mortem auctoris required by copyright law haven't passed yet - it will be PD in 2009. Gestumblindi 21:05, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

- Edited the year of the Tielman Brothers' version to the correct year 1960. Also added for completions' sake that their version was the first (European) rock and roll version of it. Later to become a staple in European continental instro rock and roll.Jojobaplant (talk) 19:23, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

translation
Frightful - isn't the Russian closer to "passionate"? Anyone with insight let me know, otherwise I'll change it at some point. Frikle 01:37, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You might find this blog post interesting:
 * http://rosekelleher.wordpress.com/2013/02/16/dark-eyes/

 * I don't mean to be rude, but both the "Loose English interpretation" of the original poem, and the metrical version, are so different from the original that I think they're misleading, to the point of doing a disservice to Hrebinka.

 * Rosekelleher (talk) 18:05, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

Requested move
Two weeks ago, I proposed at Talk:Dark Eyes (film) to move this article formerly called Dark Eyes to its present location Dark Eyes (film) and to rename Dark Eyes (song) to Dark Eyes. There were no comments, so I proceeded and moved the film article; please move Dark Eyes (song) to Dark Eyes to finish the change. Gestumblindi 18:05, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The problem has been solved by a different means; Dark Eyes now redirects to the disambiguation page Dark Eye. --Stemonitis 13:57, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

External Link and Source
"Russian Music on the Net", from which the translation was supposedly taken, leads to a "Page not found error". The link should be removed and possibly replaced if the site doesn't reappear. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:21, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Links have been fixed. The site's structure was changed, breaking links to specific pages. Kanhef (talk) 21:38, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

About song's language
The words "Очи чёрные" are in Russian language, not Ukrainian (in that language would be "Очі чорні", I'll correct this in the article), and I doubt if this should be considered an Ukrainian or Russian romance; even if the author was Ukrainian, I personally don't know any Ukrainian version of his poem). --PabloAr (talk) 18:50, 20 November 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by PabloAr (talk • contribs) 18:10, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

 * The original publication by Hrebinka was in Russian, AFAIK (he worked in both languages). Викидим (talk) 04:32, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

Original Melody
The information in the third paragraph is confusing and even obsolete: IMSLP (see footnote 3) has Hermanns „Hommage-Valse, Op.21“ and dates it with reference to „Hofmeister: Musikalisch-literarischer Monatsbericht“ back to 1879. This should be sufficient to explain the origin of the melody. „Rêverie russe“ is another melody. Lahmen Ritter (talk) 20:12, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

 * And how does the story about it being written in Cuba fit in? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:12, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The Cuban story is a joke by the Cuban artist at best. We should just remove it. See the discussion below. Викидим (talk) 06:08, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * You would have to provide a reliable source that confirms it was a joke.--Aristophile (talk) 11:43, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Your statement is not correct. Usually truly ridiculous statements on any subject go unrepudiated, due to the simple fact that nobody cares about jokes or embellishments of someone's achievements. That's why we have a WP:FRINGE guideline: idea that is not broadly supported by scholarship in its field must not be given undue weight in an article about a mainstream idea. All written pieces on the subject say "Hermann", one Cuban musician says "no, it was me as a 12 year old" in an interview. This is clearly WP:UNDUE: Views held by a tiny minority should not be represented except in articles devoted to those views (such as the flat Earth). In this particular case, the only person on the record suggesting Garay as an author is Garay himself, clearly a tiny minority. So, while the statement might (or might not) be OK in the article about Garay himself, it is definitely out of place here. Викидим (talk) 20:03, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

Transliteration
One of the transliterations is kinda crazy for an English wikipedia page. Many of us can read Cyrillic script - but how many of us know (what is essentially) the Czech alphabet! Virtually no one... this is not a commonly used Latin transliteration in the English speaking world.... <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:36, 20 August 2019 (UTC)

Ukrainian Song
How can it be a "Russian Song" when a Ukrainian wrote it? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:44, 14 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Because Yevhen Hrebinka published it in Russian in a Russian newspaper. See also the comment above, . -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 23:44, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

Because Ukraine did not exist until 1917. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:C830:CAB0:CEAF:6F07:6680:18D1 (talk) 09:15, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

Sindo Garay
Sindo Garay's claims should be taken with more than a grain of salt: Early publication reference the Op. 21 as a source of music. The statement in the documentary is essentially a WP:PRIMARY source, so WP:EXTRAORDINARY needs to be applied here, IMHO. Викидим (talk) 07:11, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * did any Russian opera company really tour Cuba in the 19th century?
 * if the publication date of the song (1884) in our article is correct, Garay should have been younger than 17 at the time of writing for the song to come back to Russia and be published.

 * Seeing no objections for more than two weeks, removing the extraordinary claim without reliable sourcing. Викидим (talk) 21:07, 7 July 2023 (UTC)
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4n0zHc4Qjc here's Garay speaking about it himself on film.--Aristophile (talk) 22:58, 7 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I do not see how a one man's statement about himself, at a very old age, in an interview, can be considered an "exceptional source" required by WP:EXTRAORDINARY. After all, the Garay's claim contradicts all written sources and common sense: see above - which Russian opera company could have visited Cuba before 1884? at the time there were no notable private operas in Russia - the Private Opera was set up by Mamontov only in 1885. Викидим (talk) 23:05, 7 July 2023 (UTC)
 * WP:OR, and Garay is not an average man, but one of the most iconic Cuban musicians. This has sufficient weight.--Aristophile (talk) 00:38, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I do not understand you referring to WP:OR: it clearly states that interviews are WP:PRIMARY sources and A primary source may be used on Wikipedia only to make straightforward, descriptive statements of facts that can be verified by any educated person with access to the primary source. The material provided in this interview can be at most summarized along the lines "In an interview with Rebeca Chávez in 2010 Sindo Garay claimed that he wrote the music that was carried back to Russia in the early to mid-1890s by an unnamed Russian opera company (the song was first published in 1884)". Are you OK to change the text as suggested? Викидим (talk) 01:11, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * All our suspicions to the contrary would be OR, unless documented elsewhere. I reworded the para in a reasonable way.--Aristophile (talk) 14:10, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * WP:OR explicitly relates to the articles only ("Articles must not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published material", the emphasis is mine). Common-sense arguments on talk pages are quite OK, and this is how we separate reliable sources from not-so-reliable (that should not be used in encyclopedia). In this case, the writing is very much on the wall: the Valse Hommage can be found on Youtube, and it does not take a musician to recognize the melody. The waltz was published in 1879, when Garay was just 12. So at best Garay had joked, and the interviewer was clueless enough to publish the joke. Our rules do not require us to be equally clueless, so we can either use the already mentioned WP:EXTRAORDINARY (a person boasting about himself is definitely not a great source) or an equally blunt WP:FRINGE:(Statements about the truth of a theory must be based upon independent reliable sources, emphasis is mine, statement of Garay about himself is not independent by any means). In either case, the text about Garay should be removed from this article to maintain WP:DUE: no texts on the subject of this article mention Garay at all. Викидим (talk) 01:59, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Nothing fringe here. What you have is WP:IDONTLIKEIT, plain and simple.--Aristophile (talk) 22:30, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Your statement is not correct. I have provided clear arguments for removal of the text. For convenience, here they are again:
 * Except for Garay himself, nobody even mentions his authorship.
 * All written sources point to Hermann.
 * Due to #1 and #2, the claim of Garay's authorship is truly extraordinary.
 * The melody of the Dark Eyes is unmistakable the same as in Hermann's Op. 21.
 * Op. 21 was published in 1879.
 * Garay was born in 1867. He must have been under 12 when he allegedly composed the melody. He makes no mention of him being that young in his interview.
 * #4, #5, #6 make Garay's statement look highly unreliable.
 * WP:EXTRAORDINARY requires exceptional sources for the oversized claims (Surprising or apparently important claims not covered by multiple mainstream sources is considered a red flag).
 * #3, #7, #8 show a clear violation of WP:EXTRAORDINARY
 * WP:FRINGE declares that for the  idea that departs significantly from the prevailing views ... to be discussed in an article about a mainstream idea, independent reliable sources must discuss the relationship of the two as a serious and substantial matter.
 * Here we have a mainstream article with a fringe claim about authorship that has no independent confirmation. Hence, the violation of WP:UNDUE.
 * Instead of accusing me of disliking something (and, for the record, I have no emotional attachment here. Who and why can I dislike here? I write articles on subjects from magnetism to Bible to navigation on German rivers), please let me know where you disagree with my reasoning as described in the items 1 to 11 above. Викидим (talk) 00:34, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I moved all the relevant parts on the song's composition to its own section. The lede should only give who are commonly accepted to be the authors, i.e. Yevhen Hrebinka and Florian Hermann. An unverified and disputed claim should not be given in the lede, but it may be given in the composition section (whether this particular claim should be removed entirely can be further discussed here). Hzh (talk) 12:09, 7 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I do not see how a primary source (Garay's interview) can clear the threshold of WP:EXTRAORDINARY. In the interviews of very old people a lot of "interesting" facts pop up, generally ignored by serious publications, nobody even bothers to check. Unless there is a clear third-party affirmation (not interview!) that explains the age and other issues outlined by me above, I think that we should dismiss Garay's words altogether. Викидим (talk) 20:57, 8 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I should say that while I was looking into it, I did find a few places that mention Garay's claim, e.g. although it refers back to same interview. I also did see one reference to "Ojos negros" in a book on Garay (but I haven't been able to find it again, it could just be a repeat of the claim), so there are possible non-primary sources.  I take no position on this, so I'll leave it to others to reach a consensus. Hzh (talk) 10:37, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you! I have removed the word "may" from the lead: the second printing of "Dark eyes" music (printed no later than 1897) explicitly credits Hermann (Fuld 2000, p. 417) --Викидим (talk) 17:46, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dark Eyes (Russian song)


text:
User:Dylananglada

About Dylananglada
Dylananglada (me) was born in 1990. He enjoys electronic audio editing and production, and graphic editing.

Articles I have created
Here is a list of articles I have created in the Wikipedia. Please note that this is not a list of the articles that I have contributed to, only ones I have started.

 * Deadmau5
 * WinRoll

title: User:Dylananglada


text:
Wikiversity:Interactive learning resources

One of the main goals of Wikiversity is to provide free and open learning resources to all learning groups. Besides traditional text books, discussion forums, and illustrations, many modes of learning are based on the interaction with a subject. This page is the starting point to explore the already available interactive learning tools, and to add and discuss new ones. Currently, we define as "interactive resources" all pages contained in Wikiversity that let a learner interact with the visible objects on that page and thus explore a topic or concept by changing those objects or by recording their behavior in time and space within that page. This may include a wide range of resources, from browser based simulations and interactive graphics to the manipulation of external objects through the controls provided in the page. Also, projects to define a framework for a set of such interactive resources and the organization and policies regarding their creation and use will be discussed in the pages referenced from here.

This page is also a status report on efforts to create a Rich Learning Resources Platform for Wikiversity.

Conditions at Wikiversity launch
During community discussions prior to the launch of Wikiversity, there was discussion of the need for MediaWiki software improvements that would support a Wikimedia learning-centered sister project. For example, some participants in those discussions suggested that Wikiversity would need software support for tests and quizzes.

Wish list for interactive technologies
Wish list for software modifications to support a Rich Learning Resources Platform at Wikiversity:
 * 1) test/quiz software
 * 2) software support for threaded text-based discussions within Wikiversity
 * 3) tracking software that would allow participants to keep track of which pages in a learning stream have been visited and mastered.
 * 4) sound and video file play on wiki pages
 * 5) Sandbox Server for "learn by doing" projects and streaming audio.
 * 6) more at: Technical needs
 * 7) an amenity to record the manifold audiovisual interaction of teacher(s) and a number of students real-time, simultaneously such as the functionality of WiZiQ

Progress

 * test/quiz extension and templates. Help:Quiz, Test and Quiz
 * Java-based player for OGG files, promise of media file integration by year's end?
 * Wiki Campus Radio experiments
 * Topic:MediaWiki
 * Learning blogs
 * Sandbox Server operational

Proposed interactive learning resource projects
List and discuss proposed interactive learning resource projects.
 * Interactive labs for concepts in Mathematics and the Physical Sciences.
 * Internet Audio and Video labs are planned to create new internet educational media resources as a division of the School of Media Studies. One of the pilot projects studies and experiments with VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol).
 * Self Paced Reading and Grammar Labs

Examples of collaborative video creation

 * gmail experiment, also discussed here
 * TheWeblogProject Open-Source Movie

video archives

 * metavid
 * Internet Archive

Future directions

 * Can Wikiversity participants play a significant role in documenting MediaWiki and providing tutorials?
 * Can Wikiversity be a training center for MediaWiki developers?
 * Can Wikiversity get support for the Sandbox Server from the Wikimedia Foundation or does the Wikiversity community have to "go outside" to get support?

Summary and vision
Discuss how software support fits into the Wikiversity learning model and expectation that and open and free Rich Learning Resources Platform can be assembled for Wikiversity.


text:
Talk:Christian Villanueva

3 homeruns edit
Thanks for citing my edit. I apologize for neglecting it. Rested durrow (talk) 05:05, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christian Villanueva


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Similar2me/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

See below. — Berean Hunter   (talk)  17:12, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments
This is avoiding scrutiny and likely UPE. All accounts are ✅,. — Berean Hunter   (talk)  17:55, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Closing per the above. The SandDoctor  Talk 23:13, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

Overlap on Adani Group and Gautam Adani. Similar edit summary patterns, for example: Special:Diff/921838570 and Special:Diff/961743645. MarioGom (talk) 15:57, 15 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Added Danceofdeath666. Overlap on Pranav Adani. Similar edit summaries: Special:Diff/905456278 and Special:Diff/907793143. Requesting CU for a sleeper check. MarioGom (talk) 16:09, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * .  ~Oshwah~  (talk) (contribs)   18:05, 15 April 2021 (UTC)
 * , could you explain why you think CU is not warranted here? I think there is a very reasonable suspicion that these accounts are related to each other and to the master (666 usernames, identical edit summaries to past socks, Adani promotion), and the last check found a dozen accounts in one go. Blablubbs|talk 18:42, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

 * There's absolutely no question Liberosist666 and Danceofdeath666 are the same person. There's enough overlap and behavioral similarities to Similar2me that I have no problem calling them suspected to the master, but lacking CU confirmation, that's the most I can do. -- RoySmith (talk) 01:27, 17 April 2021 (UTC)


text:
Apotheon

Apotheon is a platform game developed and published by Alientrap for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, and PlayStation 4. The game was released on Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 4 on February 3, 2015 and on OS X and Linux on February 10, 2015. Apotheon is Alientrap's second commercial game and utilizes a unique art style based on ancient Greek pottery, particularly in the black-figure pottery style.

Gameplay

Apotheon is a 2D action game with an art style and heroic narrative based on Ancient Greek mythology. The player controls Nikandreos, a young warrior who, with the help of the goddess Hera, fights against the Olympian gods, using various weapons of the Ancient Greeks.

Plot
In Ancient Greece, the Gods have begun to punish the humans of Earth, resenting their arrogance and defiance among their societies. Zeus, the father of all the Gods, has forced his children to stop giving their gifts of life to the Earth, so that all humans are soon deprived of animals, food, and even daylight. With most of the Earth cast in darkness, man begins to fall prey to the savage destruction of their cities.

Meanwhile, in the Village of Dion, invaders ransack the entire area and lay waste to most of the village. A young warrior named Nikandreos awakens to find his home destroyed and many of the raiders killing Dion's soldiers and citizens. Arming himself and with the help of the surviving soldiers, Nikandreos is able to cast away the invading forces and slay their leader. In the temple, Nikandreos meets face-to-face with Hera, the wife of Zeus, who congratulates him for his victory in saving the village. Hera informs Nikandreos of Zeus' anger with the humans, as well as her hatred for his many affairs with other Gods and mortals. Wanting revenge as well as a way to help Nikandreos save his people, Hera tasks him with slaying Zeus and his siblings so that Nikandreos might bring back their gifts and save humanity. Nikandreos agrees and ascends to Mount Olympus to begin his hunt against the Gods of Greece.

Nikandreos first enters the Agora of Olympus, where he must find and take the gifts from the gods Artemis, Demeter, and Apollo. Heading into the Forest of Artemis, Nikandreos completes many hunts of fantastical creatures until he gains the goddess' attention. After a short dialogue, Artemis attacks Nikandreos and in the fight that follows the two are alternatively turned into deer and hunter. The battle ends with Nikandreos' victory and Artemis' death, and as the goddess of the hunt vanishes into nothingness, Nikandreos takes her magical bow and heads towards Apollo. Nikandreos reaches Apollo and attempts to slay him, but he is knocked unconscious and imprisoned within a cell. With the help of the god Helios, who had also been imprisoned by Apollo, Nikandreos escapes and is able to slay all of Apollo's captains and save Daphne from her own imprisonment as a tree. Nikandreos then slays Apollo and takes his lyre. However, while searching for Demeter, she reveals she cannot give her sheaf, feeling sorrow for the taking of her daughter Persephone. Nikandreos finally descends into the lair of Hades to find Persephone, his wife, who instead of fighting back, willingly gives her seeds to him so that he may bring life back to Earth. In return, Demeter sympathizes with Nikandreos and hands over her sheaf, too. There are also some gods, like Aphrodite and Dionysus, who secretly oppose Zeus' actions and can provide items to aid Nikandreos if he meets them.

While attempting to head back to his village, however, Zeus halts Nikandreos and accuses him of arrogance and attempting to become a god, and thrusts him back to Earth. Nikandreos lands to find Dion in more ruin than before, with the wrath of the Gods now extending to physical aggression on Earth. Hera apologizes for her earlier refusal to help, but warns Nikandreos that Zeus has now tasked the remaining powerful gods Poseidon, Ares, and Athena to bring fury and destroy all of humanity. Heading toward the Acropolis of Olympus, Nikandreos goes to kill each of the final gods, in return becoming more and more powerful by stripping them of their powers. However, upon returning once more to Dion, Nikandreos finds his home and his entire people annihilated and in waste. Hera tells him though that the time to strike Zeus is now, with most of his children and brethren slain and the power now in Nikandreos' hands. In a final single raid on the Fortress of Zeus, Nikandreos boldly ascends to the heavens of Olympus. He finds Hera chained with Zeus knowing her betrayal, leading to a final battle between the man and the god. Nikandreos successfully slays Zeus, gaining the right to power from Zeus' thunderbolt. Hera boasts at her victory and demands that Nikandreos free her. However, Nikandreos is sick of the rule of Gods and Hera's manipulations. At this point the player can choose to leave Hera or to kill her with Zeus' thunderbolt.

Descending back to Earth, Nikandreos finds a giant-sized Zeus bragging and roaring of his own victories as a God, refusing to believe in his own defeat by a mere mortal. With all of the powers of the Gods within him now, however, Nikandreos also grows to the size of a God, and brutally fights and finally kills Zeus. Seeing the Earth in sad ruins, Nikandreos roams the desolate landscape. In finding some clay and rubble, Nikandreos forms a human being and gives it life, signaling the rebirth of humanity and the fall of the Gods. It is left open if Nikandreos will be a loving god himself, or grow disillusioned with his creation like the gods before him.

The name Apotheon means "exalted to the state of godhood", which reflects the deification of Nikandreos, the protagonist, at the end of the game.

Release
In August 2015, Alientrap joined forces with IndieBox, a monthly subscription box service, to produce an exclusive, custom-designed, physical release of Apotheon. This limited, individually-numbered collector's included a flash-drive with a DRM-free copy of the game, the official soundtrack, an instruction manual and Steam key, and several custom-made collectible items. The game was also later released for free for the PlayStation Network subscribers.

Reception
Apotheon received generally favorable reviews from critics, with a score on review aggregator Metacritic of 78/100 and 76/100 for the Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 4 versions respectively. Critics generally praised the game's aesthetic and entertaining combat. Writing for Game Informer, Bryan Vore called Apotheon a "damn fun game and one of my surprise early favorites of 2015". Patrick Hancock of Destructoid felt it "more than backs up its aesthetic prowess with rewarding combat and exploration systems in place". Many reviewers noticed a Metroidvania influence; John-Paul Jones of GameWatcher applauded its "homage to the engrossing Castlevania and Metroid games pioneered back in the 8-bit days". Nicholas Plouffe of Canadian Online Gamers also recommended the game to fans of the Metroidvania genre.

Writing for Hardcore Gamer, Alex Carlson felt the gameplay mechanics were shallow. He concluded "Apotheon is a classic case of style over substance". Philippa Warr of Rock, Paper, Shotgun described Apotheon as "an attractive but shallow game whose more interesting ideas are marred by an unwieldy control system". Other reviewers of the PlayStation 4 version noted crashes and bugs that hampered their experience.

Soundtrack
Push Square has named Apotheon's soundtrack as the 2nd best PlayStation soundtrack of 2015. Paste Magazine placed it in number 3, while Fact Magazine and IGR placed it in number 6.

title: Apotheon


text:
Talk:David Nelson (actor)

Brother
Removed sentence about Ricky Nelson. Ricky has his own wikipage.

Marriages
The IMDB lists the date of his first divorce, and state that he is still married to Yvonne. Nwbeeson 15:57, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Same David Nelson?
Article currently has a line saying that this David Nelson is the same as the David Nelson from New Riders of the Purple Sage - I cannot find confirmation of that. Can anyone confirm? Kali3000 (talk) 00:28, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Pictures
Hi.

How does David Nelson look like today??? I can't find a picture, of David Nelson or his family. Is that possible?

Yours sincerrely

Tina G (from Denmark) —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:01, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110726212811/http://www.kappasigmaucf.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=53 to http://www.kappasigmaucf.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=53

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:17, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Nelson (actor)


text:
Anbarkeh

Anbarkeh (, also Romanized as ‘Anbarkeh) is a village in Belharat Rural District, Miyan Jolgeh District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 331, in 92 families.

title: Anbarkeh


text:
Talk:Curtained hair

I am not in favour of the merging of this article. It already links to the bowlcut page! 'Curtained hair' is a different term, it is more common than 'bowlcut' in many countries, such as England.

Uhh...
Seriously what does curtain haircut have to do with a bowlcut?

David Bowie was the first
In the '70s http://rebloggy.com/post/music-icon-legend-rock-n-roll-david-bowie-1970s-bowie-70s/80171691543 — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:21, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

1987 Cary Elwes
The first one who used this hairstyle was David Bowie, but later you can see Cary Elwes in the film "the princess bride" (87)

https://www.google.com.mx/search?q=the+princess+bride&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=643&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=cChtVKn4N4itogTZ8IFw&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ#tbm=isch&q=cary+elwes+the+princess+bride&revid=205563129 — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:57, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

The Macklemore cut
I don't think it has anything to do with curtained hair, why is it mentioned here in the article?--  Krystaleen  14:49, 8 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I doublechecked and I don't see it either - none of the cites for it said it WAS curtained hair, so I'm calling someone's original research/personal opinion and have boldly deleted. Mabalu (talk) 17:20, 8 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Right, I'm gonna do some more copyedit, thank you!--  Krystaleen  12:55, 9 September 2015 (UTC)

I think the name of this page should be changed to "Undercut". Curtained hair, Hitler Youth haircuts, and Skrillex haircuts are all related, being long on top but cropped at the sides. Curtained hair can be parted either centrally or at the side, and even with heavily pomaded hair the front can still take on the appearance of floppy bangs. Peace and love.

-Ossie. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Osama57 (talk • contribs)

 * I think you should start a new article for Undercut if that's the case. This article is specifically about curtained hair, therefore all these haircuts don't belong here. Maybe after you made the Undercut article we can further discuss if this Curtained hair article should be merged there.--  Krystaleen  05:13, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

"Undercut" already redirects here, and besides, I don't think such an article would be significant enough for a Wikipedia entry. It would be better to group similar types of haircut together, as was previously done with acid wash and stone wash jeans, or with drainpipe jeans and skinny jeans so readers can see the similarities and differences between the various styles. The long Tom Cruise style curtains all the boys wore in the 90s were basically an undercut that had been allowed to grow out. I have a Hitler Youth now and it's basically the same undercut, but with a parting on the side rather than the center — Preceding unsigned comment added by Osama57 (talk • contribs)

 * You can edit the article and write some things. I don't think I understand what you mean, if an article about undercut isn't significant enough for a wikipedia entry then an article about curtained hair is certainly much less significant. The proper recourse then would be a deletion nomination, not cramming unrelated hair style into it.--  Krystaleen  01:20, 12 September 2015 (UTC)

Should "curtain cut" redirect here?
Over at The Art of Manliness, they use the term "Curtain Cut" to refer to this hairstyle (link here: http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/10/17/how-to-get-a-curtain-cutundercut-haircut/). What do you guys think of me making the redirect?

Cameron Nedland (talk) 16:49, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

Yes, definitely.

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:03, 15 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Curtained hair


text:
Talk:Camp Nama

Use of graphic from NYT article
I'm wondering if we can post the graphic of "No Blood No Foul" graphic that accompanies the NYT article? It's the logo for Nama isn't it? Or is that the property of the NYT?--ksgant 08:11, March 21, 2006 (UTC)
 * Good question. I think it's technically public domain since it was created by the government. Same with the note to Gen. Boykin, I think.--csloat 08:48, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Wrote to Eric Schmitt asking for a glance over on the facts and if graphic was a problem to use here, he said no problem. And you're right, it should be public domain.--ksgant 13:29, March 21, 2006 (UTC)
 * Heh, you should ask him about the acronym too.-csloat 19:35, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

"Nasty Ass Military Area"
I haven't deleted this because the NYT article says the name is an acronym for something unpublishable, but this seems a bit unlikely. Can we get confirmation, or a source?--csloat 05:45, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

http://www.belgraviadispatch.com/2006/03/nasty_ass_military_area.html should cover it

Article based on one NYT article
This article seems to based almost entirely on one NYT article. It either needs more sources, (best solution) or it needs to be made clear that it is. <<-armon->> 01:36, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The NYT article itself is based on more than a dozen sources, and no articles have been published since refuting the claims from that article that I am aware of. If you're going to insert weasel words questioning the integrity of the NYT's reporting on this matter, be sure to keep those facts clear in your changes. Thanks. csloat 03:03, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, after re-reading the article, I don't understand your complaint. Nearly every paragraph starts with "the NYT reported" or "according to the NYT article." And that article is the only article in the references. So it already seems resoundingly clear that it is based on one NYT article. There won't be any need for weasel words, methinks (additional articles are always welcome, however). csloat 03:07, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I've added more sources. Hope this helps. csloat 03:21, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

0 to O
I changed the 03 and 06 in the SGT "Perry" block to O3 and O6, as this is the proper notation. If you choose to revert these changes to reflect the actual writing in the article (assuming it is incorrect in the original article), perhaps a "[sic]" should be added to the block. The O is for officer. Enlisted pay grades begin with E for enlisted. Warrant officer pay grades begin with W. To illustrate the concept: 2LT = O1, 1LT = O2, CPT = O3, etc...Mrmb6b02 22:11, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Camp Nama


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chastity, Truth and Kinopanorama

The result of the debate was delete. Shanel 02:11, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Chastity, Truth and Kinopanorama
Vanity page written by the film's producer Girolamo Savonarola 03:49, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity.Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 04:43, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete,non-notable film, vanity -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 04:48, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom, nn. ¡Dustimagic!  ( T / C ) 04:54, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:20, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination. Lankiveil 11:21, 20 March 2006 (UTC).
 * If John Steven Lasher is kept, merge. Otherwise, Delete. Jud e (talk,contribs,email) 12:05, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. --Ter e nce Ong 14:52, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - vanity, non-notable, promo. That Lasher has had to create these articles himself demonstrates the lack of importance and notability. The JPS 16:11, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep I read about this in Popular Science/Popular Mechanics (I'm not sure which.) It's a cool story. --Snafuu 03:51, 22 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Holy Trinity Church, Swyre

Holy Trinity Church is a Church of England church in Swyre, Dorset, England. The oldest part of the church has been dated to the early 15th century, with a partial rebuild and additions later made in the 19th century. The church is a Grade I listed building.

History
A church serving Swyre is known to have existed since the 13th century, with the earliest record of a rector there dating to 1297. The oldest parts of the existing church date to c. 1400, which includes the chancel arch and west tower. The clergyman and county historian John Hutchins was rector at Swyre from 1729 to 1733, and he had the chancel repaired at his own expense during that time.

In 1843–44, the rebuilding of the nave was carried out at the sole expense of the Duke of Bedford and the chancel at the cost of the rector, Rev. John Wickens. The church reopened on 25 August 1844. A vestry and organ chamber was added to the church in 1885 at the sole expense of the rector, Rev. Orlando Spencer Smith.

Architecture
Holy Trinity is built of local stone, with slate-covered roofs. It is made up of a nave, chancel, north porch, west tower and vestry/organ chamber. In the north wall of the nave is a reset doorway which partially dates to the late 14th century. The tower has a plain parapet and contains two bells believed to be of 15th century origin.

Internal features include the Royal Arms of Charles II above the chancel arch. The arch is flanked by two painted panels of late 18th century origin which list the Ten Commandments. On the north wall of the nave is a brass memorial, with shield-of-arms, to John Russell and his wife Elizabeth (Frocksmer), dated 1505, and another to James Russell and his wife Alys (Wise), dated 1509. The west wall has an undated memorial to George Gollope and seven of his children, two sons-in-law and a grandchild, spanning from 1745 to 1787. On the north wall of the chancel is a monument erected to James Napier and family by Sir Robert Napier, dated 1692.

The octagonal font is of 15th century date. The church's organ was installed in 1890. It was built by Alfred Kirkland of London and restored in 1976 by George Osmond & Co of Taunton.

title: Holy Trinity Church, Swyre


text:
Robert Hardy Andrews

Charles Robert Douglas Hardy Andrews (October 19, 1903 – November 11, 1976) was a novelist, screenwriter and radio drama scriptwriter.

Career
Andrews began his career as a reporter for the Chicago Daily News, and edited the newspaper's magazine Midweek. He began writing radio soap operas when the noted producer team of Frank and Anne Hummert were impressed by Three Girls Lost, a work of serial fiction he had written for the Chicago Daily News. Andrews wrote the story in seven days, on a bet, writing 15,000 words per day. Three Girls Lost was later published as a novel, and was the basis for a 1931 movie of the same title, directed by Sidney Lanfield and starring Loretta Young and John Wayne. His novel Windfall: A Novel about Ten Million Dollars was the basis for the 1932 movie If I Had a Million, starring Gary Cooper and Charles Laughton, and Andrews was credited for the story and/or screenplay of 46 other movies over the next 30 years, including Bataan, The Cross of Lorraine, Girls of the Road and Salute to the Marines.

Andrews wrote many of the Hummerts' early radio soap operas, beginning with The Stolen Husband, and including Just Plain Bill, Judy and Jane and Ma Perkins. Andrews also wrote daytime radio serials for children, including Skippy, sponsored by General Mills, which helped make Wheaties cereal a household word. He was a prolific writer, for years averaging over 100,000 words of material per week. In one 20-hour period, he wrote 32,000 words. At his peak, he was writing seven daily radio dramas at the same time. He wrote from noon to midnight, seven days a week, smoking as many as five packs of cigarettes a day and drinking 40 cups of coffee. For Just Plain Bill alone, he wrote 2,600 scripts over a ten-year period. One time a week of air-mailed scripts for Just Plain Bill were lost in a plane crash and he had no copies, so he dictated a new script for a show over the telephone and a stenographer typed it out while the show was on the air, delivering it to the actors page by page.

Television
He was a consultant on the CBS television series The Millionaire, which had the same premise as If I Had a Million. Between 1954 and 1970, he wrote scripts for episodes of eight other television series, including Thriller and Death Valley Days.

Books

 * Windfall: A Novel about Ten Million Dollars (1930)
 * Three Girls Lost (1930)
 * One Girl Found (1930)
 * Burning Gold (1945)
 * Legend of a Lady: The Story of Rita Martin (1949)
 * Great Day in the Morning (1950)
 * A Corner of Chicago (1963)

Radio

 * Just Plain Bill
 * Judy and Jane
 * Ma Perkins
 * Skippy
 * The Stolen Husband
 * Terry and Mary

title: Robert Hardy Andrews


text:
oberoende

Adjective

 * 1) independent

Noun

 * 1) independence
 * 2) the state or quality of being independent
 * 3) sufficient means for a comfortable livelihood

title: oberoende


text:
User:Winwiwil123/be bold

Welcome!
Hello, Winwiwil123, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few links to pages you might find helpful:

 * Introduction and Getting started
 * Contributing to Wikipedia
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page and How to develop articles
 * How to create your first article
 * Simplified Manual of Style

Please remember to sign your messages on talk pages by typing four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or, and a volunteer should respond shortly. Again, welcome! --Winwiwil123 (talk) 09:55, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

ICCH224 Week 01
--Winwiwil123 (talk) 09:55, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User:Winwiwil123/be bold


text:
User:PainProf/common.js

window.kephirUnclutter = { /* configuration */ }; importScript('User:Kephir/gadgets/unclutter.js'); // User:Kephir/gadgets/unclutter

title: User:PainProf/common.js


text:
Persson

Persson (also Person, Pärsson) is the eighth most common Swedish family name. It is a patronymic surname and literally means "son of Per".

People with the surname

 * Åke Persson, Swedish jazz trombonist
 * Erling Persson, founder of Swedish clothing company H&M
 * Essy Persson, Swedish actress
 * Göran Persson, Swedish politician and former Prime Minister (1996–2006)
 * Håkan Persson, Swedish 3D-Artist
 * Halvor Persson (born 1966), Norwegian ski jumper
 * Joakim Persson, retired Swedish footballer
 * Johanna Persson, Swedish female badminton player
 * Jöran Persson, counsellor to King Erik XIV of Sweden
 * Jörgen Persson, Swedish table tennis player
 * Karl-Johan Persson, billionaire CEO and president of Swedish company H&M
 * Kristin Persson, Swedish physicist and chemist
 * Kristina Persson (born 1945), Swedish politician
 * Leif G. W. Persson, Swedish criminologist and writer
 * Marie Persson (born 1967), Swedish curler
 * Markus Persson, Swedish video game developer
 * Miah Persson, Swedish soprano
 * Michael Persson (born 1959), Swedish weightlifter
 * Nahid Persson, Swedish director
 * Nina Persson, Swedish pop singer
 * Örjan Persson, retired Swedish footballer
 * Peter Persson (born 1955), Swedish politician
 * Rickard Persson (born 1959), Swedish politician
 * Sara Persson, Swedish female badminton player
 * Set Persson, Swedish communist politician
 * Stefan Persson (fashion magnate), billionaire owner of Swedish company H&M
 * Stefan Persson (ice hockey), retired professional ice hockey player
 * Stieg Persson, Australian artist
 * Tom Persson, billionaire hier to H&M fortune and filmmaker
 * Torsten Persson, Swedish economist
 * Ulrica Persson, Swedish cross-country skier

Fictional characters

 * Una Persson, a recurring character in many of Michael Moorcock's 'Multiverse' novels.

Other variations

 * Dale-Elizabeth Pehrsson, American academic administrator
 * Magnus Pehrsson, retired Swedish footballer
 * Robert Pehrsson, Swedish musician
 * Cristina Husmark Pehrsson, Swedish politician
 * Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp, former Prime Minister of Sweden
 * Anja Pärson (born 1981), Swedish Olympic skier

title: Persson


text:
Talk:Pat Onstad

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Pat Onstad. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://houston.mlsnet.com/players/bio.jsp?team=t200&player=onstad_p&playerId=ons622937
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110615040612/http://www.dcunited.com/press-release/2010/12/pat-onstad-joins-dc-united-coaching-staff to http://www.dcunited.com/press-release/2010/12/pat-onstad-joins-dc-united-coaching-staff
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110605055336/http://www.canadasoccer.com/players/profile.asp?playerid=22&gender=male&tab=bio to http://www.canadasoccer.com/players/profile.asp?playerid=22&gender=male&tab=bio

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:04, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pat Onstad


text:
User:The Anomebot2

Note: Blocking will stop further edits: the bot will intermittently retry errors for several minutes, but should then automatically shut itself down until restarted manually; please use a ten minute block or longer to be sure of stopping it.

This bot is designed to add standardized machine-readable geodata records to relevant articles in the English-language Wikipedia, using data from GNS, GNIS, OSGB coordinates in UK articles, plaintext geodata scraped from article text, and interwiki-linked geotag data from other-language Wikipedias. -- The Anome 12:13, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Status

 *  125,000+  geotags added to date, based on data from a variety of sources

 *  102,000+  more articles identified as potentially eligible for tagging have been marked using coord missing

 *  61,000+  articles reformatted from old geotag formats to use coord

- The Anome (talk) 14:10, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Update: As of 2009-06-12:
 *  365,800  distinct articles edited -- The Anome (talk) 17:08, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

Recent activities
Currently backfilling a number of corner cases missed by earlier over-cautious heuristics, using:
 * machine parsing of plaintext geodata found in dumps
 * automatched GNS data
 * interwiki-matched machine-readable geodata from other language editions

This is very laborious for the bot, as it requires the re-scanning of large numbers of false positives, and will result in only a few hundred articles being geocoded, but machine time is cheap, the re-scans are necessary in any case, and this will lay the foundations for larger systematic efforts to come later.

-- The Anome (talk) 14:30, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. -- The Anome (talk) 04:29, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Current activity
Finishing adding a large number of coord missing tags. Almost complete. -- The Anome (talk) 23:50, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

To do
Geotags:
 * Standardize existing geotags. "coor title *" is now done, "coor *" pending.
 * Finish adding "coord missing" to all eligible articles.
 * Ancient sites should be templatable as missing, while still blocked from being given coordinates automatically.
 * Go back and use CatScan to find any remaining franchises mis-tagged as "coord missing".
 * Rebuild article state map from log file and other stored data.

Interwiki:
 * In the absence of up-to-date Kolossus data, start using the externallink table API to live-scan non-en: Wikipedia editions for URLs in order to obtain interwiki patterns
 * Use full interwiki data to regenerate fuller tags where only KML data was used for earlier tagging.

Consistency and correctness:
 * Use 1-degree-tile binning to look for outliers
 * Look for misuse of coord tags for offplanet locations: report to WikiProject for fixing

Matching:
 * Hierarchical matching with disambiguation by subnational entities; rejected some time ago because ineffective, but may have become possible with greater navbox systematization in last year
 * Open research topic: Bayesian inference of relative locality from the link graph -- this may be an effective way of handling the above. Use places with known locations as training set.
 * Properly handle undersea features and disputed territories with no applicable recognized country
 * Types of places not yet keyword-matched during graph traversal:
 * Casinos
 * Resorts
 * Historic districts [?]
 * Ports and harbo[u]rs by country
 * Bus and some metro stations

New data sources:
 * Collect lists of country-specific coordinate data
 * Mine geodata from images included in articles (thanks to User:Planemad for the suggestion)

Infoboxes:
 * Scan for unusual/broken parameters in infoboxes.
 * Start work on standardizing infoboxes.

-- The Anome (talk) 13:47, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Forthcoming attractions
With >70,000 data points, I now have enough data to do a spatial analysis of the category tree, and to generate lists of possibly misclassified or mislocated outliers. The cleaned up bounding data could then be used as a Bayesian classifier for future work. -- The Anome 10:14, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The category+link graph may be a better choice for this. -- The Anome (talk) 13:59, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Ambiguity problems
Because of severe name ambiguity problems, -- The Anome (talk) 13:58, 12 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Japanese locations are now filtered out of most machine-matched geodata sets.
 * Recent Canadian data has had similar problems, and is now also filtered from the output of several matching algorithms.
 * Because of numerous bizarrely-formatted disambig pages which confused the matching algorithms, Polish locations are also filtered.

title: User:The Anomebot2


text:
User:Tamana chanchlani

username:Tamana chanchlani

city:ulhasnagar

country:india

Education:bsci.computer science

skills:communication skills

interests:cooking,studying

title: User:Tamana chanchlani