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Draft:Archive/2024/Reality Cybernetics

Any evidence-based reality construction acts as system since it maintains an inter-subjectively differentiated validity of stable communicative acts (terms). With terms human acting becomes ‘synchronized’ so far, that system-relevant sources of energy are optimally exploited, means evident for almost all human individuals as “things”. All the “term-thing entities” realize the request for consciousness that orients any kind of action and maintained at a synergetic expenditure. The energy comes from humans and is of biological origin. It uses tensions, which develop from anthropologic discrepancies, in order to construct a World of Things. But the latter enables humans as the world of acting to exploit energies which are necessary for the preservation of its biological integrity and are won usually from so-called materials. Social administrations maintain names, which are also terms. Their value-relevance becomes particularly visible, if for instance a road designation must be changed. The money considers however only one part of the energies, which are used up to maintain and if necessary renew a designation. Most important resource of an information society, the attention, is in as much energy intended as it demands memory resources of intra- and inter-subjective networks. Thus a relation between energy and information, when the purpose first is, consists to that extent to keep the physical or social integrity upright in the anthropogenic world. The units of the social integrity are terms, which - more than only words - are highly differenced complexes, which constitute anthropomorphic reality construction almost like the cells an organism. (by Leon R. Tsvasman)

title: Draft:Archive/2024/Reality Cybernetics


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Talk:Goldmeister

Feedback from New Page Review process
I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: WP:NMUSIC says that "Musicians or ensembles ... may be notable if they meet at least one of the following criteria. ... Has had a single or album on any country's national music chart." The only demonstration of notability this article has is the claim of the album at #30 in the chart, for which there is no source, so it is important to source that statement..

Lopifalko (talk) 05:31, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi ,
 * I translated this article from the German Wikipedia and didn’t include their source for the chart because it was broken (the url didn’t work anymore). I just added the correct source so it should be good now. Gbear605 (talk) 05:46, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks. And I've added your source to the German article. -Lopifalko (talk) 06:05, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Goldmeister


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Brent Vieselmeyer

Brent Vieselmeyer (born September 29, 1975) is an American football coach. He played college football as a linebacker for the University of Redlands and Concordia University Wisconsin, and has served as an assistant coach in the National Football League (NFL), along with various coaching roles in high school and college football.

Early career
Vieselmeyer began his career as a high school coach. From 1999 through 2006, he was the defensive coordinator for Orange Lutheran High School. He left after the 2006 season to start the football program for Valor Christian High School, where he first met Jack Del Rio, then-defensive coordinator for the Denver Broncos. Vieselmeyer’s program at Valor Christian accumulated a 55-12 win-loss record during his 6 seasons as their head coach.

Houston Baptist University
Vieselmeyer was hired as co-defensive coordinator in 2013 by Houston Baptist University for their program’s inaugural season. After a developmental 2013 season of exhibition-only play, Houston Baptist went 2-9 in the 2014 season with Vieselmeyer as co-DC.

Oakland Raiders
In 2015, Vieselmeyer was hired as the assistant linebackers coach of the Oakland Raiders, part of new head coach Jack Del Rio’s staff. He was promoted to safeties coach for the 2017 season. Following Del Rio being fired at the end of the 2017 season, he was not retained by new head coach Jon Gruden.

Return to college and high school coaching
After leaving the Raiders, Vieselmyer spent the 2018 season as an offensive analyst for Kansas Jayhawks football team. He then returned to his previous career as a high school football coach, spending the 2019 season as the head coach for Santa Margarita Catholic High School.

Washington Football Team / Commanders
In January 2020, Vieselmeyer was hired as the new assistant defensive backs and nickel coach for the Washington Football Team, then known as the Redskins. This reunited him with Jack Del Rio, who was hired as the defensive coordinator under new head coach Ron Rivera.

In February 2023, Vieselmeyer was promoted to defensive backs coach, replacing Chris Harris, who left for a position with the Tennessee Titans.

Along with Del Rio, Vieselmeyer was fired following a 45-10 loss to the Dallas Cowboys on Thanksgiving, in which the team had allowed the most points in the NFL by that point in the season.

title: Brent Vieselmeyer


text:
Channel 2 TV stations in Canada

The following television stations broadcast on digital or analog channel 2 in Canada:

 * CFCN-TV-16 in Oyen, Alberta
 * CFJC-TV-19 in Pritchard, British Columbia
 * CFRN-TV-5 in Lac La Biche, Alberta
 * CHBX-TV in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
 * CIII-TV-2 in Bancroft, Ontario
 * CJCH-TV-5 in Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia
 * CKBQ-TV in Melfort, Saskatchewan
 * CKND-TV-2 in Minnedosa, Manitoba
 * CKPG-TV in Prince George, British Columbia
 * CKPR-DT in Thunder Bay, Ontario
 * CKSA-DT in Lloydminster, Alberta/Saskatchewan

The following television stations, which are no longer licensed, formerly broadcast on channel 2 in Canada:

title: Channel 2 TV stations in Canada


text:
Šeduva

Šeduva is a town in the Radviliškis district municipality, Lithuania. It is located 18 km east of Radviliškis.

Šeduva was an agricultural town dealing in cereals, flax and linseed, pigs and geese and horses, at the site of a royal estate and beside a road from Kaunas to Riga. The population from the fifteenth century was Catholic and Jewish. Until then, Lithuania had been the last pagan kingdom in Europe and allowed freedom of worship and toleration of Jews and other religions. The first Catholic shrine of Šeduva, the Church of the Invention of the Holy Cross, was built and the parish founded between 1512 and 1529. The present brick church Cross was built in Šeduva in 1643 with a donation from bishop Jurgis Tiškevičius of Vilnius. During the 18th century the bell tower was added to the structure, with further renovations and extensions in 1905. Baroque and renaissance architectural styles characterise both the exterior and interior of the church. It has a cruciform plan with an apse, low sacristy and five altars.

During the 15th century the region was redefined as the Voivodeship of Trakai and Vilnius. Later it became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until the Union of Lublin in 1569 created the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The Šeduva coat of arms were granted on June 25, 1654, by John II Casimir Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania and at the same time the city was granted burger rights at the request of Maria Ludvika, Queen of Poland. She descended from the Princes of Gonzaga, from Mantua in Italy. The arms of the family showed a black eagle. The small breastshield shows the French fleur-de-lis, because the Gonzaga family was related to the French Royal family. The eagle was made white in reference to the white eagle of Poland. 1792 Stanislaw II August Poniatowski, the last royal proprietor of Šeduva, concluded an agreement with the town's citizens, giving them rights to be excused from labour on the estate for a fee. In 1795, the year of a terrible fire in Šeduva, Lithuania became part of Russia when Poland was partitioned. From 1798, Baron Theodore von Ropp did not acknowledge the rights of Šeduva citizens and required of the citizens to perform labour in the town's manor. The citizens petitioned for their rights  to the Russian Senate. In 1812, the Senate passed the decision to recognise the former charters of Šeduva.

Between 1696 and 1762, a Jesuit mission, connected with their college at Pašiaušė, was active in the town, operating a lower school with 96 pupils up until 1828. After an insurrection in 1863 (the January Uprising), all parish schools in Šeduva were closed and replaced by public Russian language schools. In the same year a Russian Orthodox Church, designed by the architect Ustinas Golinevicius, was built and in 1866 a wooden Synagogue was added near the central market square.

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and Communist Russia in August 1939 and the German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty a month later placed Lithuania under  Soviet control. By June 1940 the Soviets had set up a pro-Soviet government and stationed many Red Army troops in Lithuania as part of the Mutual Assistance Pact between the countries. President Antanas Smetona was forced to leave as 15 Red Army divisions came in.

The pro-Soviet puppet government was controlled by Vladimir Dekanozov and Justas Paleckis, and Lithuania was made part of the  Soviet Union. A Sovietisation programme began immediately. Land, banks and large businesses were nationalised. All religious, cultural, and political organizations were abolished except the Communist party. 17,000 people were deported to Siberia, where many would perish.

During the years of Lithuanian anti-Soviet partisan resistance (1944–1953) in Šeduva and neighbouring districts Lithuanian Žalioji rinktinė (The Green Squad), belonging to partisans' Algimantas military district was active.

Industry
Šeduva is famous for sheep farming, Lithuanian Black-headed sheep are grown. The state enterprise Šeduvos avininkystė is responsible for the preservation of the genetic stock of Lithuanian Black-Headed sheep.

The Lost Shtetl Museum
The Lost Shtetl Museum – a privately funded museum of the history of Jewish towns (shtetls) that is going to open in 2025, located in Šeduva. Its aim is to tell the history of the Jews of Šeduva before the Second World War and to present the traditions, businesses and cultural phenomena that are characteristic of other Lithuanian shtetls of that time. With the estimated floor space of 2.7 thousand square meters, the museum's building is designed by Finnish architect Rainer Mahlamäki while the interior of permanent exhibition is overseen by the Ralph Appelbaum Associates.

The Holocaust in Šeduva
The German army invaded Lithuania on 22 June 1941, taking Shadova - Šeduva a few days later as part of Operation Barbarossa. At first the Lithuanian population considered the Nazis to be liberators saving them from the Red Army. Five hundred years of Jewish life in Shadova - Šeduva ended in just two days of slaughter. Shadova's Jews attempted to flee east to Russia but were badly treated by Lithuanian nationalists and most returned to their homes. The German forces entered Shadova - Šeduva on 25 June 1941 and were received with flowers by many locals. By the beginning of July, Jews had to wear the yellow Star of David. Jews who had participated in the Soviet  rule were immediately arrested and executed. Jews were taken to dismantle the remnants of the munitions factory in Linkaičiai, and were then accused of stealing and  executed. Others were forced into labour gangs. They were set to work cleaning the streets and at the warehouses of the rail station. All the work was guarded by armed Lithuanian militia. Next all the Jews of Shadova - Šeduva had to gather in the market place with no more than a small package each, and to hand over the keys to their houses to the police. Under guard, they were escorted at night to the village of Pavartyčiai, five kilometres north-west of Shadova - Šeduva, where they were crowded into two unfinished Soviet barracks surrounded with barbed wire. The Jews were ordered to hand over all their valuables and cash. Some were shot in the next few days.

On 25 August 1941 the remaining Jews of Shadova - Šeduva were loaded on trucks and taken to Liaudiškiai, ten kilometres south-west of the town where the Rollcommando Hamann of Einsatzcommando 3 and Lithuanian collaborators of the 3rd company of the Tautinio Darbo Apsaugos Batalionas were waiting for them. Over the coming two days the entire Jewish community of Shadova was shot and buried in two pre-prepared mass graves. One site was located 400 meters north of the Shadova - Šeduva road and a second 900 meters north west of the same road, close to a path in the forest. The lists of mass graves in the book The Popular Massacres of Lithuania, Part II, include the following: Liaudiskiai forest about 10 km southwest of Šeduva, one site 400 meters north of the Šeduva road and a second site 900 meters northwest of the same road, close to a path in the forest. The Jäger report concludes that Einsatzcommando 3 registered the murder in Šeduva on the 25 and 26 August 1941 of 230 Jewish men, 275 Jewish women and 159 Jewish children, a total of 664 people.

To remember the lost community, in 2013–2015, Šeduva Jewish Memorial Fund, restored the old Šeduva Jewish cemetery, properly marked killing sites around the town and erected memorials in each site.

title: Šeduva


text:
Talk:Buck's Rock

Recent Changes
Just went through and edited a bunch of the article to make it neater. Most of the stuff I did was only within specific paragraphs - there's a lot that could be done in terms of reorganizing whole sections in order to make it less sloppy.

Also, I tried to make the "Naming" section sound better, but I don't think I was too successful. Somebody else should take a stab at it at some point. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:45, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Important! Notable Alums & Staff
I'm glad to see so much activity on the notables list! There's a lot of great information that's been provided, but it's time to differentiate between alum/staff and notable alum/staff. So I'd like to propose a criteria for adding names to those two lists. Whenever you post a name please also reply to this with the staff member/alum's NAME and the following information:

 * Musicians & Singers: must have at least two professional albums completed and available to the public (or one extremely successful and publicly known), and who performed or performed regularly in professional venues. Please cite references to the availability of the album (i.e amazon) and a link to a review of the musician's album or show from a third party.

 * Painters & Sculptors: must have shown at at least two (2) professional galleries, or have work prominently displayed in public by legal means (commissioned public artwork, movie posters, album covers). Please provide links to third party gallery sites or third party sites discussing the artwork.

 * Actors, Directors, Producers, or Screenwriters: must have appeared in publicity relating to an on or off-Broadway show, a syndicated radio show, professional (of national or international public interest) film, or television show. Please provide one (1) link to an IBDB, IMDB, or other reputable listing site, and one (1) link to publicity material.

 * Authors & Poets: Must be twice (2) published beyond magazine, journal, internet, ebook, or zine format. Provide (2) links to retailer of author's material.

 * Comedians: must appear (or appeared) regularly on stage or television. Please link to at least one (1) long-running show at a professional venue or (1) television/film review.

 * Other: could include potters, craftsmen, DJs, personalities, etc. Use your discretion when posting; this is especially important for fine artists. Two (2) third party links to awards & accolades, notable shows, reviews, essays, or similar should be provided to show notability, which should exist on a national or international scale rather than a local scale. People of such notability that they already have a real Wikipedia article published need not be verified!

Notable Alum & Staff List: Edit me!
Please help to maintain the credibility of this article by verifying the notable alums and staff members. Those in BOLD have been verified and are up on the main article. This article does not exist to promote individual endeavors, so please don't add yourself if you don't meet "notable" criteria.

NOTE ON EDITING: When editing the main article, please make sure to do the following: BOLD the names of those who do not have wiki articles. Otherwise, link to those articles. Don't link to those without articles. Please list the occupation and notable works (i.e films) that person was involved with. If a person was both a staff and camper, put them under the category they were there longest for. Roger Bailey was a staff member longer than he was a camper. ALSO, take care to make additions in alphabetical order and not to delete the end of the table!

 * Musicians & Singers

 * Travis Bacon (son of Kevin Bacon) -
 * Don Von Conrad -
 * Dave Golden -
 * Rebecca Hart -
 * Paul Lansky -
 * Paul Prestopino -
 * Joshua Rifkin -
 * Jeffrey Paul Bobrick -
 * Kiyomi McClosky, Adrianne Llody, Laura Petracci -
 * Dayna River -
 * Will Vunderink -
 * Winnie Winston -
 * Rick Lee -
 * Leonard Rivlin -
 * Henry Sapoznik -
 * Roy Bookbinder -
 * Janet Margolin'''- —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:26, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Painters & Sculptors

 * Rick Price -
 * James Dupree -

 * Actors, Directors, Producers, or Screenwriters

 * Topher Grace -
 * David Iserson -
 * Marc Forby -
 * David Miner -
 * Mona Weiss -
 * Janet Margolin -
 * Kerri Green -
 * Jason Zimbler -
 * Ernie Johns -

 * Authors & Poets

 * Karyn Seroussi -
 * Erica Jong -
 * Nicholas Delbanco -
 * Richard Carlin -

 * Comedians

 * Louis Pearlman -
 * Becky Drysdale -

 * Other

 * Ben Cohen, co-founder, Ben & Jerry's.
 * David Denby, film critic
 * Billy Mann, music producer
 * Fred Yockers, Clown/theater teacher
 * Rick Winston, movie theater impressario
 * Lisa Alcott, Health care professional; banjoist
 * William "Bill" Campbell, potter -
 * Michael O'Shea -
 * Roger Bailey, dj -
 * Patrick Ehlen, psychologist -

To Do list:

 * Dates - Ernst Birthdate, Ilse birth/death, year transferred from the Simons > Bergers > Simons > Danzigs > Morrises, if they have passed away, when. If these people had children, who, and were they involved in the camp. Make a subsection about when the gong was created.

 * Images - If we could also get some photos up of old yearbooks -- one per decade -- that would be good to flesh out the article -- as well as the official logo, and some from the Work Camp days.

 * Trivia - trivia about the camp would be good, times it has been noted in the media or in movies/television ... is the Everwood "Buck's Rock" related or a coincidence? Any awards or special notices?

 * Some mention of where the name came from would be nice, too. I'd always heard that there was an actual rock that was the basis for the name.Bobzchemist 00:37, 12 March 2007 (UTC) (done sept 9, 2007 by samkusnetz)

 * Actually, typing up the orientation booklet would be a copyright violation. Even if rewrtitten or paraphrased, it's way too much information for an encyclopedia article.  If the orientation booklet is on the website for the camp, maybe just make a reference to in the external links section?  The daily schedule is too much as well, maybe just a summary? -- ArglebargleIV 02:33, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Somebody should dig up the "Break Neck Work Camp" quote from Fear of Flying (novel). Glasser 20:25, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Lou and Sybil Simon have 3 children: David, Danny and Kira. Danny Simon ran Buck's Rock in 1988 and 1989, and possible 1 or t2 years after that. Sybil Simon died in October 1988 and had a funeral attended by a huger number of campers and staff. As co-director of the camp she had an uncanny ability to remember ALL the campers names. Campers would often play a game to test her knowledge of campers names. I disagree that there was an instability of ownership after the Jochnowitz's left. There was however an instability of directors that began with Sybil's illness ended with the Morris' purchase and directorship. VermontR (talk) 20:33, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Deletions
Please stop deleting content from this page, otherwise we'll have to request it be locked. UnderPressure 00:50, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

My recent changes
I've done some copyediting and proofreading on the article. I then followed with a reformat of the camp listing -- it's not such a visual block in the article anymore. -- ArglebargleIV 03:19, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Notability?
Is Roger really notable? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:38, 19 February 2011 (UTC).

Fleen
One of the listed shops, along with familiar activities like glassblowing, ceramics, sculpture, and a recording studio, is "Fleen". Web search produced nothing useful… except a page on the camp's own website. The content of this page gives little reason for confidence in its existence as anything but an in-joke;

 * Some of the fantastic activities you can try out are paiting, the process by which one creates triple sided tape; Skyhook construction, in which you make skyhooks (skyhooks are the hooks that hold up the sky); and eating strawberry ice cream, the process by which one eats strawberry ice cream. All of these activities are monitored by left handed monkeys which is why you may find many left handed monkey wrenches scattered about the shop.
 * It can be difficult to find the location of the Fleen Shop as it is set back away from the other workshops and studios. So far, two entrances to this amazing shop have been discovered although more are rumored to exist. The first and most well known way to get to the Fleen Shop is to jump backwards through the gong three times. The second route is through the secret passageway located behind the large Beatles wall hanging in the dining hall. After much thought we realized that there must be a door behind the wall hanging although every time we've attempted to use this entrance we've endured minor injuries. Perhaps this entrance is only available to counselors or only on every second Wednesday...
 * And you thought glass blowing was a once in a lifetime opportunity!!!

Heck, I'll just link the word to that page. -- Thnidu (talk) 04:18, 16 June 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buck's Rock


text:
Talk:Promotion and relegation

Comment
What is the best promotion record? or the worse relegation record? it the football (England) system. Although it it theoretically possible to move up 36 divisions to the premier league, has any team made it up significantly? I am sure some football pundits would know this, and it would make a good addition to the article. Just a thought. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:00, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Relegation
It is worth noting that relegation does exist in a limited sense in some college sports in North America. The Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (EIVA) -- www.eiva.cc -- does this. The Tait division (highest level) last place team gets relegated and the top team of the Sweeney and Hay Divisions (of equal standing) gets promoted.

The following statement has been removed from the text. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:51, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Additionally, I've seen a quasi-promotion and relegation (albeit extremely limited) system at the high school level. In suburban Detroit, the three largest conferences (Oakland Activities, MEGA and Macomb Area conferences) will realign divisions every few years based on both enrollment and success, as does the OK Conference in western Michigan, to better ensure competitive balance. I'm sure the same thing happens elsewhere in America.<IP_ADDRESS> 04:13, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Explanation of reasons for disparity
The explanation of the reasons why North America doesn't have promotions and relegations seems self-contradictory. It initially says that it's mostly due to "geographic disparities," but then goes on to provide an explanation having to do with the differing development of baseball and English football in the latter half of the 19th century, which doesn't mention geography at all. Rather, the idea seems to be that in the US, there was no national governing body, so owners got to form a cartel, while in England, the governing body remained strong, and was able to gain support for its elite league by using promotion and relegation. (And I'm not sure why geography works, anyway - Brazil is huge, and has promotion and relegation. Plus, if you look at baseball up to 1950 or so, baseball teams were only located in the northeastern quarter of the United States, with Washington the southernmost location and St. Louis the westernmost.) At any rate, if we want to say it has to do with geography, this ought to be explained. john k 12:06, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

I believe the Non-relegation systems section got far too long. It should state that such systems exist, name a few, and give perhaps a couple of reasons for it to be that way. Historical comparisons not only looks like an original research, is completelly out of place in here and belongs perhaps to Sports in the United States. Mariano (t/c) 13:31, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Historical discussion is perfectly appropriate if it is not original research - that is to say, if it has been written about outside wikipedia. And, I think, this is exactly the article which should try to discuss the issue of why some places have promotion and relegation and others don't. john k 22:41, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, it is documented in several sources. It would take a bit of work to clean up and cite. I'm wondering if the whole thing wouldn't be more appropriate in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NA) article. Also, geography does come into play - the National Association was an open shop - clubs simply paid a small fee to join and play a minimum number of games against league competition, without any limit on outside play. So, a team from, say, New York, would fall behind in the standings. Rather than travel all the way to Chicago (a huge distance back in those days), they would simply concede the pennant race, not make the long trip to Chicago but instead schedule games against close-by teams not in the NA. Needless to say, this was bad for business. The National League was formed in 1876 by owners (who by this time had seized all the business power in professional baseball) who for the sake of business set up a much stronger structure. To make long road trips more economical, there were initially four teams along the eastern seaboard and four teams further west.<IP_ADDRESS> 05:45, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * play locally rather than travel - this tale of 1876 may be true but I doubt it. Has anyone researched it - the local games played in New York(ballpark in Brooklyn) and Philadelphia rather than travel? We know that they didn't play a string of games against each other; indeed, neither of those two home and home series was played to its championship season quota (five decisions).
 * I suspect that after fifteen years at the center of the competitive baseball, measured by number or strength of teams, sudden on-field weakness had eroded the market for local games. And I wonder whether the Mutual and Athletic players received their final paychecks. (Note to descendants of club officers: the devil made me write that.) --P64 18:46, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

" ... North America, where teams are not relegated, owing to the lack of comprehensive governing bodies covering all playing levels in all four major North American professional team sports." There is no evidence presented to support this conclusion. Occam's razor might suggest some different reason: the economic model favored by the financial interests in American professional sport. Simply, tradition. In fact, there are second-division leagues under the same overall governing bodies in some of the major American Sports, yet there is no relegation system.

 * I see no support, in this article or elsewhere, for the claim (which I have removed from the article for lack of citations) that lack of an overall governing body for sports in North America is the reason for the lack of a relegation system. If there is a causal relationship there, I believe it runs the other way around: There is no need for an overall governing body for sports in North America because a relegation and promotion system is not desirable in North America. North America consists of three very large countries with widely dispersed populations, as opposed to Europe, which consists of many small countries with dense populations. A relegation and promotion system in North America would leave many people without a top-level team anywhere near them geographically. In Europe, if your favored team is relegated, at the very least it's not THAT far to another top-league team. I think that, brimming under the surface here, is an assumption that one system is inherently better than the other. That is not the case. It appears likely that North America has the best system for its geography and demographics, and Europe has the best system for its geography and demographics. If anyone has evidence that there is another cause for the difference, please provide citation. I note the comment that Brazil has promotion and relegation, and that it is a large country, which I concede. But in Brazil the national sport is association football, so it's unsurprising that its system, regardless of geography, is influenced by football norms. Formal play of baseball took root in the United States at almost exactly the same time that formal play of football took root in England, so it is unsurprising that each developed according to its own tendencies, taking into account both the natures of the respective games and the geographies of the respective nations. Simply put, most Americans who are not association football fans have never heard of the idea of promotion and relegation at all, and the absence of such a system can be put down not to a nefarious plan to avoid it but the lack of any good reason to have it. Ultimately, however, this is an encyclopedia, and there is no need to provide a historical reason for a subjective difference between two equally valid systems unless such a historical explanation can be clearly substantiated. Without more evidence, I think it would be enough to drastically shorten up the "differences" section of this article to merely describe the differences between the systems rather than speculate about why some people like vanilla better than chocolate. CoramVobis 00:47, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Let me quote for emphasis. With ellipses I have abstracted from the interpretation that the difference is a matter of taste, so the quotation may be unfriendly. But this seems to me the big point for Wikipedia. How widely to people endorse it? --P64 18:18, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Ultimately, however, this is an encyclopedia, and there is no need to provide a historical reason ... unless such a historical explanation can be clearly substantiated. Without more evidence, I think it would be enough to drastically shorten up the "differences" section of this article to merely describe the differences ..." --CoramVobis
 * It is the narture of the franchise system that prevents relegation. Unlike the club system of Europe which is built on decades of formation and growth of a team; in the USA a major league team can be created and be in place in a matter of as short a time as three years, with most of this development taking place in the boardroom. There it requires a super rich businessman or consortium who want to bring a sport to a certain city. the owner essentially needs to do four things. 1. Prove to the league he/she can afford to run a team. 2. Supply a stadium in the vacinity of major league standard. 3. Show that the city governors are behind the idea, usually proved by item 2. And finally and most importantly 4. prove there is a large enough tv audience market in the area. Having achieved all four the owner can have a team created from nothing in the space of a season. Fans flock in because they are fans of the sport and the city. i.e. a guy says I like football and live in Birmingham therefore I will go and watch should Birmingham get a team. This format also creates the system where, say for example the tv market drops off or a poll shows that the people of Birmingham are more into baseball than football. The owner simply shops around until he discovers that Las vegas hasn't got a team, has a good tv market, a willing government who are eager to pump millions into a stadium and recent poll there showed they like football. In the space of a season the Birmingham team become the Las vegas team and few people bat an eyelid. Essentially if a team was relegated the owner would simply pull the plug on the team. Or more likely take legal action against the league. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Captainbeecher (talk • contribs) 10:04, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * (I have twice highlighted "Brazil" for readability. P64)
 * About Brazil: precisely because of the country's huge size, there was no national football championship until the 1960s, and no official championship until 1971. Not all seasons of the Brazilian championship had promotion and relegation, and in some that did have the rule, it was not used (it's a really, really long story). And you can even argue that there was no really national championship until Copa do Brasil was created in 1991 (it's another rather long story). Copa do Brasil has no promotion and relegation rule (as far as I know, no cup competition does). So Brazil can't be compared to the US or Europe. Moving from football to brazil's second most popular sport, there is no promotion and relegation in either the men's and women's leagues, because there is no second division. But the US format isn't followed either - the concept of franchises is completely foreign here, and I had never heard of it until very recently. Teams are organized by social activities clubs and sponsored by a local, national or some multinational businesses(for the big teams - Minas Tênis Clube women's team is sponsored by Fiat, and Unilever had its own team - Rexona - until a couple years ago). The same system is followed, as far as I know, for most other sports, such as basketball. So there is actually a third system unrelated to two discussed in the article. It's possible that there are still more variations for sports in other countries.--Macgreco 23:35, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

"Most" sports leagues?
I question the first sentence of this article, which says that most of the world's sports leagues, with the exception of North American pro leagues, use P&R. For one, it's not just pro leagues that lack P&R in North America; it's almost all leagues at all levels. Secondly, considering the size and wealth of the United States, there might be as many sports leagues in the U.S. as there are in Europe. Finally, as discussed at professional sports league organization, not all leagues outside of North America have P&R. -- Mwalcoff 01:46, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

article Structure and Scope
Overnight I have re-sectioned and rephrased the entire article. And improved the explanation or argument by introducing some new material. None of this makes it more wikipedic. (For example, all but the first clause, nine words, of this long sentence is original to me overnight: The NL's dominance of baseball was challenged several times but only by entire leagues, after its first few years; five new leagues after 1882 all tried with eight clubs, the established norm, a prohibitively high threshold for a new venture. There isn't much peer-reviewed historical writing on baseball and I am not in a position myself where I must publish this or perish.)

I agree, the article sprawls. At the same time, I agree with its insight(?) that "Promotion and relegation" should not wait for this sort of historical account to grow within articles on baseball's NApbbp and NLpbbc. The open question, to me, is where historical accounts fit in the set of articles that now includes at least {Professional sports league organization, Major professional sports league, Promotion and relegation}.

I agree, it presents original research. --or unresearched conventional wisdom, in some combination, who can say? While rephrasing the newly-distinct baseball section, I have not put it in the past tense, which would obscure its theorizing nature. (The NL baseball system "would permit the owners ... and give them ... those would guarantee ...") --P64 17:06, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

what is needed? more FA history
Beside documentation, the article needs more on the developmjent of the system within the FA. (maybe supported by other promotion/relegation examples but there seems to be 'pedian consensus that the FA is crucial) In other words, this article doesn't need less history, it needs more history with shift of spotlight on P&R rather than the supposed North American alternative.

For example, this is woefully short on details regarding annual election of lowest members vs automatic relegation. (In rephrasing thoroughly, I had to guess the meaning of the final paragraph.) Annual election of n lowest members is a version of annual election, specified by designating that the N-n highest members have a votes. That isn't promotion and relegation system, so the historical part of this article needs more, probably needs more both on the election era and on the transition. Since this is straight history of English football, which remains a major sport today, I presume that numerous authors have covered it.

On the period prior to football league, the basic criteria for membership and for FA Cup participation should be noted. For example, was it necessary to constitute a club(?) formally? Had Parliament defined clubs throughout its jurisdiction? --P64 19:06, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't agree; the article is on promotion and relegation in general, not only in the UK. Such content should be place in the FA article, or a new subarticle, not here. It is already too biased as it is. The hole non relegation systems section is as long as the rest of the article, and the part on USA history seams off-topic to me. Mariano (t/c) 07:45, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

ICT
Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. have never been relegated BobbyAFC 10:45, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

The Football League link
In the section on "Early football leagues in England" (near the end of the article), there is the statement "When the Football League was founded in 1888" with "the Football League" being linked to the article on the current Football League, encompassing only the Championship to League 2. In my opinion, this is a different football league to the one that was created in 1888. Should this link be replaced or removed? Squidgyegg 15:11, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Derry City
The stuff about Derry City is self-promotional rubbish. There was neither relegation nor promotion during their time (1929-1971) in the Irish Football League. It should be deleted straight away. RedsIndependent 04:10, 16 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I have removed the statement below from the text of the article...
 * Uniquely, Derry City, a Northern Ireland club from a city on the border with the Republic of Ireland, have avoided relegation in both countries. From 1929 to 1972, they remained in the top flight of the North's league system, the Irish Football League. Due to safety concerns surrounding The Troubles, Derry City were forced to leave that league. In 1985, they joined the Republic's league system, the Football League of Ireland, at the second level, earned promotion to the top flight in 1987, and remained in the top level until the league was replaced by the new FAI League of Ireland in 2007. Derry City were chosen to play in the new FAI Premier Division, maintaining their record of never being relegated.
 * This statement is both misleading and false. While it is true that Derry have never been relegated there is more to it than that. The Northern Irish League did not operate relegation as it was a single league entity between 1929-72. It did however remove the membership of its bottom placed team every year who then had to apply for re-election against other hopefuls from outside the league. Derry faced re-election on several occasions in their history, effectively being removed, demoted, relegated {however you wish to put it}out of the league and then readmitted only by the voting of the chairmen of the other teams. Had there been a lower division Derry would have instead been relegated rather than asked to apply for re-election. By contrast Linfield played for over a century in the same league without ever facing re-election or, since it was introduced, relegation. Derry in effect have only played with the threat of relegation since 1987 {20 years} which can be bettered by at least forty other top flight European clubs. comment added by Captainbeecher (talk

"Capitalist" as a perjorative
In the section on early baseball, the author wrote: The capitalist founders of the new League judged that in order to prosper, they must make baseball's highest level of competition a "closed shop" with a strict limit on the number of teams, each member having exclusive local rights.

I think "capitalist" is being used as a perjorative here, and is unnecessary. It doesn't add anything to the article, but it sure did catch my attention enough to make me sign up for an account. Mattvsmith 05:19, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

I agree. I am removing the word "capitalist" for just this reason. The sentence that it appears in works just as well, if not better, without it. eksortso (talk) 05:45, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

Soccer heavy
Its very soccer heavy, seriously poor in terms of refs and poorly laid out. Murry1975 (talk) 06:12, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

Rapid and Austria Wien never relegated
Rapid and Austria Wien never relegated ( always in the Austrian first level since 1911 )        <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:54, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Effects of Relegation & Promotion
I was hoping the article would discuss more explicitly the effects of relegation and promotion have on clubs. For example, is being relegated seen as an embarrassment and disgrace, or just how the game is played and it doesn't really matter? Is it better to be the top of a lower division, then near the bottom of the top division? Do sponsors tend to drop out of relegated clubs, and start backing promoted ones? What impact does relegation have on the clubs finances, morale, fans, support, staff, and so on?

Ouizardus (talk) 16:59, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

Europe Super League
The article does go into a lot of notice on leagues not having P&R. There should be a little more emphasis on what P&R does and where it does exist.

However, I think there should be a mention that the new Women's Super League, also does not have relegation/promotion, despite there being a league system below, as was the original plan for the English Premiership. Lee Vilenski(talk) 13:22, 1 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Promotion and relegation


text:
Thambi Naidoo

Govindasamy Krishnasamy Thambi Naidoo (1875 –1933) was a South African civil rights activist. He was an early collaborator of Mahatma Gandhi leading many protests in then South Africa against racial discrimination targeted at the Indian community.

He was a member and later a chairperson of the Tamil Benefit Society. Four generations of the Naidoo family starting with him devoted themselves to civil rights activism, including anti-apartheid protests, and were known as Congress Naidoos.

Early life
Naidoo was born in 1875 in Mauritius as the youngest son into a family of Tamil migrants from Mattur (in present day Thanjavur district), in then Madras Presidency of British India. His father was a fertilizer contractor. Naidoo migrated to Kimberley (then part of the Cape Colony), along with his brother and sister, when he was 14, in 1889. He moved to Johannesburg in 1892 where he became an agricultural produce wholesaler.

Early years (1889 –1905)
Naidoo's first foray into activism was in protest of the Law 3 of 1885, which imposed segregation on Indians in the Transvaal province, restricting their movements. He led a protest march to the Johannesburg Municipal Council, and was a part of the delegation to meet president Paul Kruger with a petition against the law.

Naidoo was one of the founding members of the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) in 1893, with H. O. Ally. The establishment was a precursor to the Natal Indian Congress which Gandhi founded in 1894.

Collaboration with Gandhi (1906 –1913)
From 1906 to 1913, he collaborated with Gandhi in the South African Indian communities as they struggled against pre-Apartheid racial repression by the local white and the colonial British authorities in Durban. Naidoo was an executive member of the Transvaal British Indian Association of which Gandhi was the secretary. He was known as one Gandhi's top lieutenants in the country. Naidoo collaborated with Gandhi, as the latter firmed up his political actions against Jan Smuts, the then South African prime minister. In 1907, he participated in the picketing at the registration offices, and was among the first to be arrested. Later that year, he boycotted the mandatory registration and was forced outside of Transvaal, and was arrested in January of 1908 along with Gandhi. Thambi was also by Gandhi's side when Gandhi organized his Satyagraha movement in Transvaal, and later during the strike of 1913 in protest against the £3 tax on indentured laborers.

He was elected the chairperson of the Johannesburg based Tamil Benefit Society in 2012.

After Gandhi's return to India (1914 –1933)
Naidoo continued to lead the Indian community in South Africa after Gandhi's return to India in 1914. He was elected as the president of the TIC in 1932. He led protests against some of the discriminatory legislations of the period including the Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure Act and the Licences (Control) Ordinance. He voiced his dissent against the South African Indian Congress deciding to participate in the Colonisation Enquiry Committee, an initiative that the ruling government had set up to find ways for the Indian community to emigrate from South Africa into countries like Borneo.

In 1933, he led the movement to remove untouchability at the Melrose Hindu Temple.

Personal life
Naidoo was married to Veeramal (née Pillay), the sister of a close friend. The couple had seven children including Roy Naidoo. His wife and children all lead various passive resistance movements protesting discrimination against the Indian community. His children grew up in the Tolstoy Farm, which Gandhi had opened for families of civil activists. Four of his sons including Roy were sent to India along with Gandhi, and studied under poet, Nobel laureate, and Indian independence activist Rabindranath Tagore. They continued to remain associated with anti-apartheid movements from within South Africa and outside in exile. The family, four generations starting with Naidoo, were known as Congress Naidoos. Naidoo had no formal education but spoke English, Tamil, Telugu, Hindustani, Creole, and Zulu.

Naidoo died on October 31, 1933, in Johannesburg.

An exhibition detailing Naidoo's family's activism titled Resistance in their Blood:The Naidoo-Pillay Family: Pacifists, Protestors, Prisoners, Patriots, was part of the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg.

title: Thambi Naidoo


text:
C++/Simple Math

Simple C++ Math
Math in C++ is very simple. Keep in mind that C++ mathematical operations follow a particular order much the same as high school math. For example, multiplication and division take precedence over addition and subtraction. The order in which these operations are evaluated can be changed using parentheses.

C++ math library
The C++ math library is actually C's math library. It is easy to use and is accessed by including cmath.

Math functions
Now that we have the C math library let's use some neat functions.

Trigonometry
Note: Trigonometric functions in cmath use RADIANS.

title: C++/Simple Math


text:
User:Silkcitysc/sandbox

Silk City SC

Silk City SC, founded in 2017, is an amateur soccer club from Manchester, Connecticut. They currently play in the Connecticut Soccer League. The 2017-2018 season will be the first in the team's history and is currently underway.

Squad:

1. Nolan #79 2. Alex H #2 3. Arnold #3

title: User:Silkcitysc/sandbox


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User:Seeklearn66/sandbox

= Rudolph Fischer = Rudolph Fischer was a German America boy captured by the Comanche in July 1865. Rudolph Fischer would spend twelve years with his adopted Comanche family. Rudolph chose to return to the Comanche after only a brief time back in the community he was born in. He was never able to assimilate into his pre-Indian life. Rudolph Fischer lived the rest of his life in Apache, Oklahoma Territory where he farmed and raised a family.

Early Life
Rudolph Fischer was born January 12, 1852. Rudolph grew up on a 110 acre farm that his parents Gottlieb and Sophia Fischer purchased in 1851. The farm was located in a German American Community in Gillespie County Texas. . Rudolph's parents immigrated to Texas from Germany following the promises of land and protection from The Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas.  Early contact with the Comanches was relatively peaceful. This was due to the peace council between the German settlers headed by John Meusebach and several native chiefs to include Ketumsee. . However, by 1850, violence did break out between the German settlers and the Native Indians. Life on the farm itself was difficult. Rudolph and his family, worked hard yet the farm still struggled to make ends meet. . By the time Rudolph was thirteen he would be tasked with herding cattle in remote areas of the isolated farm. Rudolph was a healthy teen with fair skin, curly black hair and dark eyes.

Capture
Rudolph Fischer was abducted by the Kwahadi Comanche on July 29th 1865, he was taken while searching for stray cattle. Despite the dangers of heading out alone, Rudolph would head out after the animals. The struggling family could not afford to lose even one. Rudolph walked alone, hie was barefoot in a pair of buckskin pants and a stripped shirt according to reports of the time. Rudolph knew the threat of abduction and understood not to fight. This probably saved his life. A scouting party was sent but was unable to find Rudolph. His father Gottlieb Fischer even wrote to the the President, Andrew Jackson, requesting aide in retrieving his son. While living among the Natives, Rudolph Fischer received a Comanche name, Asewaynah (Gray Blanket).

Life with Comanches
Rudolph Fischer was captured by Naahsueca but was adopted and raised by Black Crow. He would spend his time learning to hunt, ride, the the art of combat and weapon making with the other young Comanche boys. Banc Babb another captive noted Rudolph seemed completely assimilated when she met him in 1866. Rudolph Fischer became an accomplished warrior. Rudolph Fischer participated in raids and even became a commander of his own squad of Comanche warriors. . Marcus Goldbaum, a trader, would meet Rudolph twice during his captivity. The first meeting in April 1866 Goldbaum reports the possibility of rescue was discussed. . The second meeting, in the fall of 1870, Goldbaum indicated that Rudolph Fischer refused to consider leaving the tribe. Rudolph Fischer would become an enemy of the Buffalo hunters. Rudolph Fischer was the right hand man of Quanah Parker and with him raided the Buffalo Hunters at Adobe Wall June,1874. This raid would end in Indian defeat and surrender to Colonel Mackenzie at Fort Sill. Quanah and his followers, including Rudolph Fischer would be relocated to a reservation. Although Rudolph Fischer would marry into the Comanche tribe it is unclear if he was married at the time of capture.

Return and Readjustment to Fredericksburg
In 1877 Rudolph Fischer was noticed by officials at Ft Sill and questioned. Rudolph would remember the name Fischer and the city of Austin. In a effort to locate family, an add was placed in the Austin paper. On September 12, Gottlieb Fischer set out to retrieve his reluctant son. Rudolph Fischer stayed with his white family only several months, leaving them in May of 1878. Rudolph took the opportunity to return to his Indian family while on a job herding horses to the Nebraska Territory. Rudolph left the group at Fort Concho and returned to the reservation.

Return to the Comanche
Rudolph Fischer lived out his years farming and raising cattle near Apache in Oklahoma Territory. Converting to Catholicism, Rudolph would give up one of his wives. This split was amiable and Kahchacha would remarry. Rudolph believed in education and his children would go to catholic boarding schools. Rudolph Fischer was described as prosperous and a good citizen. .  He would visit Fredericksburg in 1900 to settle Gottlieb Fischer's estate and again in 1939 to attend a funeral.

Legacy
Rudolph Fischer is considered to be the captive with the longest time with the Indians in the post Civil War Texas era. .  A marker in the gardens of the MarktPlatz of Fredericksburg Texas lists Rudolph Fischer among other Indian captives. The marker commemorates the friendship between the Comanche Nation and the residence of Gillespie County. . Rudolph Fischer is also listed as Among the most formidable "White Indians" on the Texas State Historical Association West.

Source Material

 * Connections. (n.d.). Retrieved October 09, 2020, from https://gw.geneanet.org/boydorville?lang=en
 * Zesch, Scott. The Captured. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2005
 * Michno, Gregory and Susan J. A Fate Worse Than Death Indian Captivities in the West, 1830-1885. Caxton Printers Ltd, 2009.
 * “Indian Captives.” Accessed October 10, 2020. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries
 * Heard, Joseph Norman, "The Assimilation of Captives on the American Frontier in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries." (1977). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3157. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3157
 * “Rudolph Fischer (1852-1941) - Find A Grave...” Accessed October 10, 2020. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/86226021/rudolph-fischer.

title: User:Seeklearn66/sandbox


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Schenectady station

Schenectady station is an Amtrak intercity train station in Schenectady, New York. The station, constructed in 2018 is owned by the Capital District Transportation Authority which also owns Albany–Rensselaer station and Saratoga Springs station.

Schenectady is served by five Amtrak routes. The Lake Shore Limited operates one train in each direction daily between Chicago and Boston/New York City (via two sections east of Albany), while the Empire Service operates three trains in each direction between Niagara Falls and New York City, the Maple Leaf serves the station with one train in each direction between Toronto and New York City as does the Ethan Allen Express between New York City and Burlington, Vermont and the Adirondack between New York City and Montreal.

Original station
The current station is the third to be built on the site. The original Schenectady Union Station was constructed in 1908 by the New York Central Railroad and the Hudson River Railroad after the railroad grade was raised throughout the city and was in service until it was closed in 1969 by Penn Central due to low ridership and the cost of heating and maintaining the large station. It was replaced with Colonie-Schenectady near NY-155 several miles to the east in Colonie. The Colonie-Schenectady station was a small building with a parking lot. Penn Central then sold the union station building to the city in December 1970 for $20,000. For a brief time there was talk of the station being renovated into an opera house for the Schenectady Light Opera Company but nothing came of the proposal. After its closure, the Union Station was sold by Penn Central to the city of Schenectady in 1970 for $20,000. The Union Station was demolished by the city in 1971 to make way for a parking lot.

First Amtrak station
After the takeover of passenger trains by Amtrak, talks began about moving the Schenectady stop from Colonie back to its original location.

In 1978, train service returned to Schenectady and work began on a new station. In 1979, the new Schenectady station was completed on the site of the former Union Station. It was of a standard design. It was built under the railroad tracks with an elevator and staircase leading to a railway platform between the two tracks and was made possible through a partnership among Amtrak, the State of New York and the City of Schenectady. The state funded the rehabilitation of the tracks at $3.9 million, while Amtrak paid two-thirds of the $881,000 cost of the depot with the state covering the rest. The city donated the land. Passengers were able to board at the new station beginning in October 1978, though no customer service agents were present until July 29, 1979, and the station did not fully open until August 8. The new station decimated ridership at Colonie-Schenectady, which was closed on September 9, 1979 to allow trains to operate at full speed between Albany and Schenectady. By the early 2000s the station was showing its age and plans were made to demolish it and replace it with a new station. The 1979 station was closed and demolished in 2017 in preparation for construction of the current station.

Current station
The replacement structure is known as the Schenectady Intermodal Station was constructed on the site of the former station. It serves both Amtrak and local transit service. The Capital District Transportation Authority (CDTA) received a US $4.2 million grant for the construction of the planned structure in October 2010.

By 2014, funding from federal and state sources for the new station had reached $15 million and the CDTA had largely completed design work for a four-story station building, though by 2015 it had been scaled down to two stories. Track construction was planned to begin in the spring of 2014, but was delayed until fall, with station construction to go out to bid in 2014 for completion in 2017. In August 2015, the Metroplex Development Authority sold Amtrak 2400 sqft of parking lot that was intended to allow for construction of a temporary station to begin immediately, followed by the demolition of the 1979 building and construction of the replacement station.

In late March 2016, NYSDOT announced it would seek a second round of bids for building the new station, after the only bid from the first round was $24.9 million, far more than the budgeted $14.6 million. The decision delayed the estimated opening of the new facility to 2018. NYSDOT then paid a contractor $900,000 to redesign the station to reduce costs. In July 2016, NYSDOT announced that it would divide the project into two contracts for rebidding. Demolition of the existing station, along with repairs to the viaduct, was bid in February 2017. Three bids were received, with the low bid within budget at $5.4 million. The 1979 station was closed and demolished in July 2017. In the interim, a temporary stairwell and platform with a shelter were erected at a parking lot north of the station site to serve as a temporary station. Construction of the replacement station had been bid in Fall 2017 for completion at the end of 2018. The station has two floors with a golden dome topped with a weather vane shaped like New York state and large arched windows and expanded seating. The inside features images of the Erie Canal and the former American Locomotive Company train yard and include other memorabilia to illustrate the city's history. The facility also includes retail space, charging stations and digital display boards to provide information. It is accessible compliant. The station was expected to open in November 2018 but opened two weeks ahead of schedule on October 17, 2018.

The construction of the new Schenectady station was part of upgrades being made to the Empire Corridor and was built shortly after new stations were completed in Niagara Falls and Rochester.

In March 2020, Adirondack and Ethan Allen Express service at the station was suspended indefinitely, with trains being truncated to Albany–Rensselaer station as part of a round of service reductions in response to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Ethan Allen service resumed on July 19, 2021, and full restoration of Adirondack service to Montreal resumed on April 4, 2023.

Station layout
The station has one low-level island platform. An additional track exists east of Track 2, which does not serve the station nor carry revenue passenger service.

title: Schenectady station


text:
Talk:Itzhak Perlman

3-string legend
Hi! I just wanted to know if someone can confirm this anecdote taken from an ophthalmologic book from Dr. Fernando Pellegrino: On November 18, 1994 Perlman gave a concert in the Lincoln Center in New York. Just at the beggining one of his violin´s strings broke, and instead of standing up and pick a new string (which would have took him severeal minutes due to his reduced mobility), he asked the band to start again and he continued the concert playing only with three strings (presumably re-composing parts of the piece in order to fit the three stringed violin). This may be quite exaggerated and the fact that the book from wich was taken is about a subject so distant to Music or even History makes me reticent to post it in the main article. Best Regards --Javier Jelovcan 18:18, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

-It's not totally implausible, although I can't vouch for the validity of the story. Paganini is rumored to have, on some occasions, filed his strings down near the bridge, so that during a concert, when hit hard enough, they would break. He would systematically break the top three strings and continue playing the entire piece on the G string. Perlman isn't, of course, as skilled as Paganini, but I have no doubt that he is skilled enough to play with only one string gone. Of course, it does depend on what pieces he was playing. Any piece that required him to go reasonably high on the E string (assuming that's the one that was broken) would have been technically impossible to perform without that string. It's possible to play very high pitches on the A string, but not the extent the E can offer.

 * Sorry Javier, the story is almost certainly an urban legend: See this article on Snopes.com Kla'quot Sound 18:17, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I confirmed through a personal friend of Perlman that this story is not true. I have no doubt that Perlman can pull off such stunt if he wants to, though. Fred Hsu 18:41, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

So Sad
Somebody should really write more about one of the greatest violinist that ever lived. ZACK 22:21, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

"Official Myspace's page"
I really have my doubts that it's his MySpace page. Info on the MySpace page says: Køn: Female Status: Single Alder: 108 Tegn: Capricorn

By: NEW YORK Region: New York Land: US

Peacock and weasel
The lead has the following: "He is widely considered as one of the preeminent violin virtuosos of 20th century." I have no doubt this is true. Howver, that sentence contains both weasel words ("widely considered") and peacock terms (preeminent, virtuosos). Can someone fix it? SlowJog (talk) 21:40, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Not that I question Perlman's preeminence, but there should be a source or documentation for such a declaration. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:10, 14 July 2009 (UTC)Kolef88<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:10, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Indeed. Also, according to the guidelines in the "peacock terms" article, instead of simply *telling*, it should *show* why he is preeminent. SlowJog (talk) 13:46, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

His pre-eminence is irrefutable to those with ears to hear and eyes to see. I would suggest that anyone who has any doubt should watch him play and LISTEN very, very carefully. If you need someone else to verify what is obvious, you have missed the point entirely. Triptet (talk) 02:18, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

 * No doubt Perlman is one of the greatest living violinists, but the article has to be encyclopedic, and claims of "greatness" have no place here.--Karljoos (talk) 12:45, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Unless, of course, we have reliable sources that we reference.--Peter cohen (talk) 20:55, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

 * No, even when referenced.--Karljoos (talk) 01:22, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

Israeli and American
Lives in USA, and is also Israeli. Such is considered also in Dictionnaire des interpretes by Alan Paris, Robert Laffont, Paris, 1995.

 * Living in the States does not make him American. Nationality is a legal status and he had to become, legally, American to be one, and since he is an immigrant in the States (he wasn't born there) a source is needed to call him American, Israeli or Israeli-American. Also, he wasn't born in Israel, because in 1945 Israel did not exist then (it was the British Mandate of Palestine). I don't know his nationality and that's why I put back the citation needed - tag on his nationality in the intro.--Karljoos (talk) 01:28, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The territory of 'Israel' has existed since at least 1200 B.C. - political shenanigans aside. Just as 'Armenia' has existed when it was part of another political state.  Stating he was born in Israel is just fine and correct. 'Poland' is another such historical land that always "exists" even when partitioned by three claimant states in the past.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:26, 14 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, he was born in what was to become Israel, but I agree that we need a source for the claim that he is Israeli American. — Air plane  man — 02:31, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

His picture is featured on the Israel-Americans article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:18, 8 June 2010 (UTC)
 * So? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:25, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

Cleaning up references
I notice a few bad practices in the references: links to articles through university proxy, dead links. Anyhow, I'll search for a few fixes. Now I just have to apply these changes. Btw, anyone have a WP policy article about links to those kind of library access articles? Nfette (talk) 07:31, 30 September 2014 (UTC)
 * About the violins. They have their own wiki articles, maybe don't need the external reference here. But the address has changed, looks like due to a change of site ownership. current link 1 to http://tarisio.com/cozio-archive/browse-the-archive/owners/?Entity_ID=4732 accessed 2014-09-30.
 * current link 2 to "Israeli Violin Prodigy Admits He Likes Jazz:   But Doesn't Play It, Says Lad, 13, Who Overcame Polio to Become Noted Artist", Los Angeles Times, 1958-11-29, page B1. Abstract accessed 2014-09-30.
 * current link 3 to Tully Potter. "Perlman, Itzhak." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/21349 accessed 2014-09-30.
 * current link 4 is page not found. However, there is another on this site: http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/who-was-itzhak-perlman-what-did-he-contribute-468875 but that refers back here (circular reference) and clearly not a primary source about his study with Galamian. This looks like a good substitute: "Galamian - A Great Violin Teacher", New York Times, 1981-04-26, Arts section. http://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/26/arts/galamian-a-great-violin-teacher.html accessed 2014-09-30.
 * current link 11 to SAND, B.L., 2000. The Perlman Music Program: Toby's Project Grows and Grows. Cincinnati, OH: Record Guide Productions, 05, International Index to Music Periodicals Full Text. Access-restricted article accessed 2014-09-30.
 * current link 12 Zaustinsky, Julia. "Perlmans' Proteges: The Perlman Music Program." Strings 15, no. 1 (07, 2000): 48-53. Access-restricted article accessed 2014-09-30.
 * current link 13 Welp, Steven. "Perlman Student Stirling Trent." Strings 15, no. 1 (07, 2000): 52. Access-restricted article accessed 2014-09-30.

Main Picture
Main picture is 30 years old...perhaps a more recent one would be better? --(Moshe) מֹשֶׁה 05:53, 21 November 2014 (UTC)

Is it better for biographies to have a "recent" picture, or a good picture of the person during their prime? If the former, then presumably every biography would eventually have a photo of the person in their old age. Kzirkel (talk) 17:55, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

Very weak introduction
Having one sentence as the introduction leaves the article incomplete. I would add some more general information about him in the intro. I tried to update it but was refused. He deserves better. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:10, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Public Musicology
— Assignment last updated by Anacasb (talk) 14:27, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Itzhak Perlman


text:
Sustainable (song)

"Sustainable" (サステナブル, Sasutenaburu) is the 56th single by Japanese idol group AKB48. It was released in Japan by King Records on September 18, 2019, in seven versions. It debuted at number one on the Oricon Singles Chart and Billboard Japan Hot 100, with over 1.6 million copies sold in Japan in its first week, making it the highest weekly sales of the year. It was the best-selling single of 2019 in Japan. The lead performer for the main track is Moeka Yahagi, and this is also her last single as well.

This single is released in four physical different version, Type A, Type B, Type C and Theater Edition.

Commercial performance
"Sustainable" is the 43rd consecutive single by AKB48 to debut at number one. It is AKB48's first single of the Reiwa period and first release in six months.

"Sustainable"
(19 members, Moeka Yahagi center)
 * Team A: Mion Mukaichi, Yui Yokoyama
 * Team K: Tomu Muto, Moeka Yahagi( Center/Last Single)
 * Team B: Yuki Kashiwagi
 * Team 4: Nana Okada, Yuiri Murayama
 * Team 8: Rin Okabe, Yui Oguri, Narumi Kuranoo, Nagisa Sakaguchi
 * SKE48 Team S: Jurina Matsui
 * Team E: Akari Suda
 * NMB48 Team N: Akari Yoshida
 * Team M: Miru Shiroma
 * HKT48 Team H: Miku Tanaka
 * NGT48 1st Generation: Hinata Homma
 * STU48: Chiho Ishida, Yumiko Takino

"Sukida Sukida Sukida"

 * Team 8's song. (16 members, Yui Oguri center)
 * Team 8: Hatsuka Utada, Nao Ota, Momoka Onishi, Rin Okabe, Yui Oguri(Center), Erina Oda, Narumi Kuranoo, Yurina Gyoten, Nagisa Sakaguchi, Akari Sato, Nanami Sato, Miu Shitao, Serika Nagano, Yui Yokoyama, Nanase Yoshikawa, Airi Rissen

"Seishun Da Capo"

 * AKB48 Coupling Senbatsu. (16 members, Nanami Asai center)
 * Team A: Rena Kato, Kurumi Suzuki, Manaka Taguchi, Erii Chiba, Rei Nishikawa, Ayaka Maeda, Suzuha Yamane
 * Team K: Haruka Komiyama
 * Team B: Saho Iwatate, Satone Kubo, Yukari Sasaki, Megu Tanniguchi, Yui Hiwatashi, Seina Fukuoka
 * Team 4: Nanami Asai(Center), Kaori Inagaki

"Monica, Yoake Da"

 * 48 Group NEXT12. (12 members, Mizuki Yamauchi & Cocona Umeyama centers)
 * Team B: Maho Omori
 * Team 4; Mizuki Yamauchi(Center)
 * SKE48 Team E: Kaho Sato, Oka Suenaga
 * NMB48 Team BII: Cocona Umeyama(Center), Ayaka Yamamoto
 * HKT48 Team KIV: Hirona Unjo
 * Team TII: Hinata Matsumoto
 * NGT48 1st Generation: Moeka Takakura
 * Kenkyuusei: Saaya Kawagoe
 * STU48: Mitsuki Imamura, Hina Iwata

"Nagareboshi ni Nani wo Negaeba Ii no Darou"

 * Soukantoku to Captains. (5 members, Mion Mukaichi center)
 * Team A: Mion Mukaichi (Center)
 * Team K: Haruka Komiyama
 * Team B: Saho Iwatate
 * Team 4: Yuiri Murayama
 * Team 8: Rin Okabe

title: Sustainable (song)


text:
List of automatic delegates at the 2020 Democratic National Convention

This list tracks the presumed support (based on endorsements) for given United States presidential candidates among the 775 unpledged delegates (commonly known as superdelegates, and referred to in the 2020 election cycle as "automatic delegates" ) who were eligible to cast a vote at the 2020 Democratic National Convention, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The convention was postponed to August 17–20, 2020, due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic in the United States. The 8 unpledged delegates from Democrats Abroad carried half-votes at the convention, yielding a forecast total of 771 votes. Unpledged delegates represented about 16% of the overall convention votes (4,754 delegates, 4,750 votes), though reforms severely restricted their ability to vote on a first ballot, and came from several categories of prominent Democratic Party members:

 * 26 distinguished party leaders (DPL), consisting of former Democratic presidents and vice-presidents, former Democratic house speakers and minority leaders, former Democratic senate leaders, and former DNC chairs
 * 236 Democratic members of the United States House of Representatives (including non-voting delegates from Washington, D.C., and territories)
 * 48 Democratic members of the United States Senate (including D.C. shadow senators) and Bernie Sanders, an Independent who caucuses with the Democratic Party
 * 28 Democratic governors (including territorial governors and the Mayor of the District of Columbia).
 * 439 other elected members (with 435 votes) from the Democratic National Committee (including the chair of the DNC, as well as the chairs and vice-chairs of each state's Democratic Party)

Automatic delegates are "unpledged" in the sense that they themselves decide which candidate to support. (In other words, they are not allocated according to voter preferences as the majority of delegates are.) Pledged delegates can change their vote if no candidate is elected on the first ballot and can even vote for a different candidate on the first ballot if they are "released" by the candidate they are pledged to. Automatic delegates, on the other hand, can change their vote purely of their own volition. With the exception of the eight DNC members from the Democrats Abroad, who each receive a half-vote, all automatic delegates are entitled to one vote (including when a sitting official or distinguished party leader is also a DNC member). Throughout this list, those who qualify under multiple categories are considered as DPLs first, then as sitting officials, and then as DNC members (for example, a sitting senator who is also a DNC member is listed as a senator).

The list below is based on the most recent information on how unpledged delegates have endorsed candidates in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. Data is sourced from FiveThirtyEight's endorsement tracker where more recent data is not available.

Totals by group
* = candidates who withdrew or suspended their campaigns

Note: Democrats Abroad automatic delegates are assigned half-votes; each of them accounts for $1/2$ rather than 1 in the table above.

List


text:
Emoia kordoana

Emoia kordoana, also known as Meyer's emo skink, is a species of skink. It is found in New Guinea, the Admiralty Islands, the Bismarck Archipelago, and Sulawesi.

title: Emoia kordoana


text:
Innwa Bank

Innwa Bank Limited (အင်းဝဘဏ်လီမိတက်) is a private commercial bank in Burma (Myanmar). Innwa Bank was founded by the Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC) in 1997, a major conglomerate owned by serving and retired military officers of the Tatmadaw, affiliated with the Myanmar Ministry of Defence. The bank serves as a financial vehicle for MEC's subsidiaries and affiliates. Innwa Bank is wholly owned by MEC, which is in turn, owned by the government. Military authorities control the bank's management.

In November 2022, Distributed Denial of Secrets published leaked documents from Innwa Bank. The leaks showed that major international banks, including ANZ, continued to do business with Myanmar's military after the coup. The leak resulted in increased scrutiny of major banks.

title: Innwa Bank


text:
User:TPORITPS

Hi, I'm TPORITPS but you can call me T.P. I've a few degrees in Theology and Philosophy and like to to engage in a dialectical approach when trying to engage and learn with others. I'm pretty convinced an open mind is a great space to start with. I'm looking forward to a deeper engagement with the Wiki universe and its denizens.

title: User:TPORITPS


text:
Jasper van Heertum

Jasper van Heertum (born 10 November 1997) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Bulgarian First League club Botev Plovdiv.

Career
Van Heertum made his fully professional Belgian First Division B debut for Lommel United on 8 October 2016 in a game against Tubize.

title: Jasper van Heertum


text:
User:Saehee0908

Hello everyone, my name is Sae Hui Lee. I am a psychology student at the University of Nevada Las Vegas and will be graduating in 2014.

title: User:Saehee0908


text:
Talk:Jilani

This article should not be deleted since it is an expression often occuring in the articles such as :Abdul Qadir al-Jilani.

Imranal 12:19, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jilani


text:
Talk:志

Traditional version
Can the traditional version be explained? It doesn't seem to be widely used in traditional Chinese, so it's very confusing. How/when is the traditional version used? <IP_ADDRESS> 08:35, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

 * 誌 (traditional) has a root meaning of "to write" or "to record." It is used in compounds such as:
 * 雜誌 (magazine, simplified 杂志)
 * 標誌 (symbol; sign mark, simplified 标志)
 * 日誌 (journal, simplified 日志)

 * 志 (simplified and traditional) has a root meaning of "aspiration" or "ambition." It is used in such compounds as:
 * 同志 (comrade)
 * 意志 (will; purpose)
 * 有志竟成 (Where there's a will, there's a way.)

 * Hope this helps. -- A-cai 13:03, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Thank you very much. Can this please be explained in the article itself? <IP_ADDRESS> 23:31, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Can the above please be added to the entry itself? It doesn't state that 志 may also be traditional, causing confusion. <IP_ADDRESS> 18:17, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I’ve added the etymological information and to the two articles, together with the above compounds (under “Mandarin”); hope it’s clear now!
 * —Nils von Barth (nbarth) (talk) 08:43, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:志


text:
závěr

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) conclusion
 * 2)  cadence (chord progression which concludes a piece of music, section or musical phrases within it)
 * 1)  cadence (chord progression which concludes a piece of music, section or musical phrases within it)
 * 1)  cadence (chord progression which concludes a piece of music, section or musical phrases within it)

title: závěr


text:
General Astronomy/Kepler's Laws

Johannes Kepler was a mathematician who attempted to derive a set of fundamental principles which would explain the motions of the planets. He believed in the heliocentric view of the solar system proposed by Copernicus, and he also possessed a rich set of observations of the planets made by Tycho Brahe.

After twenty years of painstaking attempts and various discarded ideas based on geometry, he finally arrived at a mathematical model of orbital motions based on the ellipse. Kepler summarized his findings in the form of three laws of planetary motion, frequently referred to as Kepler's First, Second and Third Laws, respectively:

 * Kepler's First Law, also known as The Law of Ellipses — The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus.
 * Kepler's Second Law, or The Law of Equal Areas in Equal Time — The line between a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas in the plane of the planet's orbit over equal times.
 * Kepler's Third Law, or The Law of Harmony — The time required for a planet to orbit the sun, called its period, is proportional to half the long axis of the ellipse raised to the 3/2 power. The constant of proportionality is the same for all the planets. It is often called the Law of Harmony because it shows a harmonic relation between distances and periods.

At that time he developed these laws, there was not yet a developed theory of gravity capable of explaining why the planets moved as they were observed to. Later, Isaac Newton, using his universal inverse-square law theory of gravity, was able to show how Kepler's Laws fit into a scientific theory of celestial mechanics.

Elliptical orbits
An ellipse is a shape formed by taking a diagonal slice through a cone. It is essentially the shape of a circle viewed at an angle.

An ellipse can be drawn by taking a piece of paper, two push-pins, a loop of string, and a pencil. The two pins are pushed through the paper into a suitable surface, providing the two foci for the ellipse. They should be closer together than the loop is long. The loop of string is placed around the base of these pins, leaving some slack. The pencil is now placed so that the pins and the loop form a triangle with a slight tension on the string.

Now try to draw a shape by moving the pencil about the pins while keeping the string taunt. The result should be an ellipse. The shape of the ellipse can be varied either by moving the pins closer together or further apart. This shape, according to Kepler, defines the path that a planet takes when it orbits the Sun.

Kepler's Second Law says in brief that an object speeds up as it gets closer to the Sun and slows down as it moves further away. Where the distance from the Sun to the orbital path is longer, only a smaller arc needs to be traversed to sweep out an area that requires a wider arc near the Sun.

As the planet moves closer to the Sun along its orbit the gravitational force works to increase the velocity. In contrast, as the planet is moving further away, the gravity of the Sun gradually decelerates the body and it is slowed down.

A line that divides an ellipse in half and passes through the widest part of the ellipse is called the major axis. A line perpendicular to this axis and dividing the ellipse in half is called the minor axis. Half the length of the major axis is called the semi-major axis, and is represented by $$a$$. The period required for a planet to complete one full orbit is represented by $$P$$. The relationship between the period P and the length of the semimajor axis $$a$$ is known as Kepler's Third Law, and can be represented as follows:

where the symbol ∝ means "proportional to", and implies that there is a direct mathematical relationship between the period squared and the length of the semi-major axis cubed.

The Second and Third Laws provide a basis for calculating the period of any planet orbiting the Sun, as well as determining where the planet will be located along the orbital path.

Eccentricity and Orbital Paths
The ratio of the distance of a focus from the center of an ellipse to the semi-major axis is called the eccentricity of the orbit. When the two foci of the ellipse are on top of each other, the eccentricity is exactly 0.0 and the shape is a circle. As the eccentricity increases, the orbiting planet moves much further away than at the closest approach. The orbital eccentricities for planets in our Solar system vary from as much as 0.21 for Mercury down to 0.0068 for Venus.

The scientific name for the point of closest approach is the periapsis, while the most distance separation is the apoapsis. In the case of planets orbiting the Sun, these are called the perihelion and aphelion, respectively. (The -helion suffix comes from the Greek name for the Sun deity, Helios. This word is also the source of the name for the element Helium.)

Perhaps the most counter-intuitive aspect of the Third Law is that for any two identical bodies orbiting the Sun with the same semi-major axis, the orbital period is the same. This is true even if one is orbiting in a perfect circle and the other has an orbit that is highly elliptical (has a relatively high eccentricity). The elliptical shape will fit entirely within the circle except at two points (the ends of the major axis, at which the two curves will be tangent), so it is actually a shorter orbital path. However the aphelion of the ellipse will be located further from the Sun, so the planet will spend more time traversing the distant section of the orbit. The shorter orbit and the slower traverse of the aphelion compensate for each other, resulting in an identical period with the circular orbit.

Some Examples Using Kepler's Third Law
Originally, Kepler's Third Law was used to describe the motions of the planets around the Sun. As it turns out, it also works very well with regards to other two-body orbital systems like the orbits of moons around Jupiter, or the orbits of binary stars about the center of mass of their system. In all of these cases the period of the orbit squared is proportional to the length of the semi-major axis cubed, with the differences between the orbital systems reflected in the constant of proportionality.

In this section we will consider the special case of the planets going around the Sun. If we choose to measure the length of the semi-major axis of an orbit in astronomical units (abbreviated AU, where 1 AU is the distance from the Earth to the Sun) and we measure the orbital period in years (abbreviated as $$y$$), then we can express Kepler's Third Law as

where $$P$$ is measured in years and $$a$$ is measured in astronomical units. What follows are a few example of how to use this equation.

Mars' Orbital Period
Repeated measurements of Mars' orbit have determined that the semi-major axis of its orbit has a length of 1.52 AU. How long does it take for Mars to orbit the Sun once?

Solution: In this question, we are being asked for the orbital period $$P$$ of Mars. We know from reading the question that the length of the semi-major axis $$a$$ is 1.52 AU. Solving Kepler's Third Law for the period gives us

 * $$P=\left(\frac{y}{\sqrt{AU^3}}\right)\sqrt{a^3}=\left(\frac{y}{\sqrt{AU^3}}\right)\sqrt{(1.52AU)^3}=1.87y$$

which tells us that it takes 1.87 years for Mars to go around the Sun once.

An Unknown Asteroid's Orbital Semi-Major Axis
An amateur astronomer spends several months tracking an asteroid and is able to determine that it takes approximately 3/4 of a year for it to orbit once around the Sun. What is the semi-major axis of this asteroid's orbit?

Solution: Reading the question tells us that the orbital period of the asteroid is 3/4 of a year, or 0.75 $$y$$. We are expected to find the length of the semi-major axis $$a$$, so we need to solve Kepler's Third Law for that. Doing so gives us

 * $$a=\left(\frac{AU}{\sqrt[3]{y^2}}\right)\sqrt[3]{P^2}=\left(\frac{AU}{\sqrt[3]{y^2}}\right)\sqrt[3]{(0.75 y)^2}=0.83AU$$

which means that is has a semi-major axis somewhere between that of Venus' orbit and Earth's orbit.

title: General Astronomy/Kepler's Laws


text:
Bonastre

Bonastre is a municipality in the comarca of the Baix Penedès in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the west of the comarca in the Quadrell range. Bonastre became part of the Baix Penedès in the comarcal revision of 1990: previously it formed part of the Tarragonès.

In 1178, Bernat de Papiol, who was lord of the place, donated it to the Monastery of St Cugat. In 1382, King Pedro IV took possession of Bonastre for the crown although the monastery continued to govern the village until the 17th century.

During the Trienio Liberal Bonastre supported the royalists. In 1822, the town was attacked by a party of militia and was left deserted as its inhabitants fled to the surrounding mountains. However, the militia were attacked by royalist troops when they left Bonastre and routed.

The 19th-century parish church is dedicated to St Magdalene. It was built on the site of an ancient Romanesque temple which was destroyed in 1849. It consists of a single building covered by a cylindrical vault, with small interconnecting chapels at the side. The baptistry and sanctuary stand out. It was the work of a modernistic architect Josep Maria Jujol. Another notable building is a 19th-century house known as “can Fontanilles”. It has some interesting graphics on its façade, which include the arms of Bonastre and Catalonia

The main festival at Bonastre takes place in July under the feast of St Magdalena.

A local road links the village with Roda de Barà.

Demography
The village's economic base is agriculture, in the cultivation of vines, almonds, and olives.

title: Bonastre