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Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Dating Techniques

Having an accurate time scale is a crucial aspect of reconstructing how anatomical and behavioral characteristics of early hominids evolved.

Researchers who are interested in knowing the age of particular hominid fossils and/or artifacts have options that fall into two basic categories:
 * Relative dating methods
 * Chronometric dating methods

Relative dating methods
Relative dating methods allow one to determine if an object is earlier than, later than, or contemporary with some other object. It does not, however, allow one to independently assign an accurate estimation of the age of an object as expressed in years. The most common relative dating method is stratigraphy. Other methods include fluorine dating, nitrogen dating, association with bones of extinct fauna, association with certain pollen profiles, association with geological features such as beaches, terraces and river meanders, and the establishment of cultural seriations. Cultural seriations are based on typologies, in which artifacts that are numerous across a wide variety of sites and over time, like pottery or stone tools. If archaeologists know how pottery styles, glazes, and techniques have changed over time they can date sites based on the ratio of different kinds of pottery. This also works with stone tools which are found abundantly at different sites and across long periods of time.

Principle of stratigraphy
Stratigraphic dating is based on the principle of depositional superposition of layers of sediments called strata. This principle presumes that the oldest layer of a stratigraphic sequence will be on the bottom and the most recent, or youngest, will be on the top. The earliest-known hominids in East Africa are often found in very specific stratigraphic contexts that have implications for their relative dating. These strata are often most visible in canyons or gorges which are good sites to find and identify fossils. Understanding the geologic history of an area and the different strata is important to interpreting and understanding archaeological findings.

Chronometric dating methods
The majority of chronometric dating methods are radiometric, which means they involve measuring the radioactive decay of a certain chemical isotope. They are called chronometric because they allow one to make a very accurate scientific estimate of the date of an object as expressed in years. They do not, however, give "absolute" dates because they merely provide a statistical probability that a given date falls within a certain range of age expressed in years. Chronometric methods include radiocarbon, potassium-argon, fission-track, and thermoluminescence.

The most commonly used chronometic method is radiocarbon analysis. It measures the decay of radioactive carbon (14C) that has been absorbed from the atmosphere by a plant or animal prior to its death. Once the organism dies, the Carbon-14 begins to decay at an extremely predictable rate. Radioactive carbon has a half-life of approximately 5,730 years which means that every 5,730 years, half of the carbon-14 will have decayed. This number is usually written as a range, with plus or minus 40 years (1 standard deviation of error) and the theoretical absolute limit of this method is 80,000 years ago, although the practical limit is close to 50,000 years ago. Because the pool of radioactive carbon in the atmosphere (a result of bombardment of nitrogen by neutrons from cosmic radiation) has not been constant through time, calibration curves based on dendrochronology (tree ring dating) and glacial ice cores, are now used to adjust radiocarbon years to calendrical years.

The development of Atomic Absorption Mass Spectrometry in recent years, a technique that allows one to count the individual atoms of 14C remaining in a sample instead of measuring the radioactive decay of the 14C, has considerably broadened the applicability of radiocarbon dating because it is now possible to date much smaller samples, as small as a grain of rice, for example.

Dendrochronology is another archaeological dating technique in which tree rings are used to date pieces of wood to the exact year in which they were cut down. In areas in which scientists have tree rings sequences that reach back thousands of years, they can examine the patterns of rings in the wood and determine when the wood was cut down. This works better in temperate areas that have more distinct growing seasons (and thus rings) and relatively long-lived tree species to provide a baseline.

Methods of dating in archaeology
Techniques of recovery include:
 * Surveys
 * Excavations

Types of archaeological remains include:
 * Perishable: plant remains, animal bones, wooden artifacts, basketry, and other easily degradable objects
 * Nonperishable materials: stone tools, pottery, rocks used for structures.

Data collection and analysis is oriented to answer questions of subsistence, mobility or settlement patterns, and economy.

Methods in physical anthropology
Data collections based on study of hard tissues (bones and teeth), usually the only remains left of earlier populations, which include:
 * Identification of bones/Which part of skeleton is represented?
 * Measurement of the cranium and other elements of a skeleton. Carefully defined landmarks are established on the cranium, as well as on the long bones, to facilitate standardization of measurements.
 * Superficial examination of bone for any marks (for instance, cutmarks)
 * Further examination using specific techniques:
 * X-ray to identify evidence of disease and trauma in bones
 * DNA extraction to determine genetic affiliations


text:
Ludovic Djé

Ludovic Djé (born 22 July 1977) is a French retired footballer of Ivorian descent, who now works as a manager at Seculand.

Career
Dje started his senior career with AFC Creil. In 2005, he signed for Stockport County in the English Football League Division Three, where he made eleven appearances. After that, he played for English clubs Hayes & Yeading United and East Thurrock United before retiring.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ludovic Djé


text:
Mack B. Stokes

Marion "Mack" Boyd Stokes (December 21, 1911 – November 21, 2012) was an American bishop of the United Methodist Church, elected in 1972. He was born in Wonsan, Korea of missionary parents. He is a graduate of Asbury College (A.B. degree), Duke Divinity School (B.D. degree, 1935), and Boston University (Ph.D. degree). He was a professor of systematic theology and Christian doctrine at Candler School of Theology at Emory University from 1941 until 1972. After retiring as a bishop, Stokes served as associate dean and professor of theology at Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, Oklahoma. He died at the age of 100 in 2012.

Selected writings

 * The Bible in the Wesleyan Heritage, Nashville, Abingdon, 1981.
 * Major United Methodist Beliefs (Revised and Enlarged), Nashville, Abingdon, 1971 (previous editions: 1955 and 1956).

title: Mack B. Stokes


text:
Talk:Smitty (film)

Adding plot info?
Can i add plot info ? i have seen the movie, and maybe i can write a good plot info without giving away the complete title...(i have no further reference...)   Retrorick wikipedia     talk    14:31, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Smitty (film)


text:
Ryan Davis (musician)

Ryan Davis (born Sebastian Waack, January 30, 1983 in Magdeburg) is a German record producer, live act, DJ and graphic designer living in Berlin.

Life
Raised in the 90s-era of East Germany Davis got in contact with the hip-hop and techno scene which both where omnipresent in Germany at the time. The DJ was a central figure in this movement and inspired Davis to become a DJ himself and to create his first own electronic productions. Due to his classical guitar education he already gained foreknowledge for melodic compositions which he then could incorporate in his productions.

Career
To this day the emphasis on melody is a trademark of Davis productions. In 2012 he published his first LP 'Particles of Bliss' on the record label Traumschallplatten. The increasing support of well-known DJs and producers of the electronic scene such as Aphex Twin at the Day & Night Festival 2017, Kiasmos, Dominik Eulberg or Apparat but also from bands like Depeche Mode - who played his music as opening act at the ‘Sound of the Universe‘ tour - emphasizes Davis standing and range in the musical landscape. For approximately 8 years he is touring worldwide and played his songs amongst others in Japan, Africa, Canada, Australia, India, Europe and Russia. Davis sees himself as a nomad who is drawn to labels that are open for his musical visions. Therefore, he is currently working with the British label Anjunadeep. Further releases on avant-garde labels such as Erased Tapes or Injazero show the constant development and diversifification of Davis' spectrum.

Besides his work as an artist Davis runs the record labels Klangwelt Records and Back Home which he formed in 2008 and 2009.

LPs

 * 2012: Particles of Bliss (Traumschallplatten)

Singles & EPs

 * 2018: Home EP (Anjunadeep)
 * 2018: Obsidian (Anjunadeep)
 * 2018: Alow (Anjunadeep)
 * 2018: Ryan Davis & Matthias Meyer - Love Letters From Sicily (Watergate)
 * 2017: Jima (Parquet)
 * 2017: Aeons (Mango Alley)
 * 2017: Ryan Davis & Microtrauma - Traces (Soulful Techno)
 * 2016: Ryan Davis & Microtrauma - Recurrence (Bedrock)
 * 2016: From Within EP (Anjunadeep)
 * 2015: Ryan Davis & Microtrauma - Synthesis EP (Traumschallplatten)
 * 2015: Ryan Davis feat. LMNSKT - Kope/Hadron EP (Klangwelt)
 * 2013: State Of Mind EP (Traumschallplatten)
 * 2013: Ryan Davis & Applescal - Creatures EP (Atomnation & Back Home)
 * 2013: Ryan Davis & Electric Resque - A Walk EP (Traumschallplatten)
 * 2013: Ryan Davis & Bastard Beat - Coincide EP (Back Home)
 * 2013: Ryan Davis & Pan/Tone - Two Armed Bandits EP (Areal)
 * 2012: Ryan Davis & Undo - Destino EP (Factor City)
 * 2012: Satellite (Bedrock)
 * 2012: Windmills EP (Areal)
 * 2011: Light & Shadow EP (Traumschallplatten)
 * 2011: My White Zebra EP (Wunderbar)
 * 2011: Routes of Life EP (Traumschallplatten)
 * 2010: Asteroids EP (Nature Sonoris)
 * 2010: The Wolve EP (IRM)
 * 2010: Fawna EP (Proton)
 * 2010: Cocoon EP
 * 2010: In The Mirrors (Klangwelt)
 * 2010: The Modern Parables EP (Manual)
 * 2009: Perlentaucher EP (IRM)
 * 2009: Orchidee (Manual)
 * 2009: Changing Skies EP (Absolutive)
 * 2009: Pocket Universe EP (Factor City)
 * 2009: Zodiac (Archipel)
 * 2009: Solid City
 * 2009: Posters & Cakes EP (Back Home)
 * 2008: Zyrial Soundfood EP (Manual)
 * 2008: Clouds Passing By EP (Proton)
 * 2008: Wide Open Space (Klanggymnastik)
 * 2007: Neotron EP (Piemont)
 * 2007: Higher (Klanggymnastik)
 * 2007: Seabreeze (Klanggymnastik)
 * 2006: Transformer EP (Klanggymnastik)

Remixes

 * 2018: Re:deep - Fragile (Ryan Davis Reconstruct) / Vordergrundmusik
 * 2018: Lycoriscoris - Stella (Ryan Davis Rethink) / Anjunadeep
 * 2017: Steve Gibbs - Adrift (Ryan Davis Remix) / Injazero
 * 2017: Kyson - You (Ryan Davis Revision) / Anjunadeep
 * 2017: Ryan Davis & Microtrauma - Calendula (Ryan Davis Redesign) / Traumschallplatten
 * 2017: Aparde - Elias (Ryan Davis Re:Imagination) / Lenient Tales
 * 2017: Olafur Arnalds & Nils Frahm - 00:26 (Ryan Davis Rethink) / Erased Tapes
 * 2016: Two People - If We Have Time (Ryan Davis Timeless Edit) / Liberation Music
 * 2016: Revell - Absurdum (Ryan Davis Subconscious Mind Rework) / Clouds Above
 * 2016: Josia Loos & Hey Joe - Scherbenwelt ( Ryan Davis Remix) / Blu Fin
 * 2015: Problem Makers - Lacerta (Ryan Davis Remix) / No Style Is Style
 * 2015: Oovation - Devotion (Ryan Davis Re-Visit) / Univack
 * 2015: Olaf Stuut - Summate (Ryan Davis Rethink) / Morgen.am
 * 2015: Boss Axis - Even Temper (Ryan Davis Rework) / Parquet
 * 2014: Olafur Arnalds - Only The Winds (Ryan Davis´ A Letter From Far Away Variation) / Anjunadeep
 * 2014: Bob Barker - Rondel (Ryan Davis Pandora Reshape) /Catch
 * 2014: Luis Junior - Alibi (Ryan Davis Remix) / Mooseekaa
 * 2014: Darin Epsilon - Shine The Light (Ryan Davis Reconstruct) / Hope
 * 2013: Andrew Bayer - Gaffs Eulogy (Ryan Davis Interpretation) / Anjunadeep
 * 2013: Electric Rescue - The Rave Child (Ryan Davis Cinematic Rebuild) / Bedrock
 * 2012: Micromattic - Uncanny (Ryan Davis Remix) / Absolutive
 * 2011: Dominik Eulberg - Täuschungsblume (Ryan Davis Narciss Render) /Traumschallplatten
 * 2011: Sasha - Cut Me Down (Ryan Davis Twin Break Edit) / Last Night On Earth
 * 2011: Fyed Roton - Araana (Ryan Davis Rough Cut) / Electrogravity
 * 2011: Russian Linesman - I am Narcassist (Ryan Davis Leaves Of Autumn Remix) / Elefant
 * 2011: Pan/Tone - Rescue Me (Ryan Davis Rough Cut) / Areal
 * 2011: Dibby Dougherty & David Young - Tiger Forest (Ryan Davis Rework) / Bedrock
 * 2011: Pig & Dan - Tears Of A Clown (Ryan Davis Interpretation) / Techno Therapy
 * 2011: Microtrauma - Saturation (Ryan Davis Remix) / Traumschallplatten
 * 2011: Espen & Elusive - Albatross Confessions (Ryan Davis Rework) / Mango Alley
 * 2011: Pole Folder - Indigo (Ryan Davis Remix) / Reworck
 * 2011: Mango & Kazusa - Asphalt Lines (Ryan Davis Interpretation)
 * 2011: Espen & Elusive - Albatross Confessions (Ryan Davis Rework) / Mango Alley
 * 2010: Max Cooper - Enveloped (Ryan Davis Reconstruct Remix) / Traumschallplatten
 * 2010: Andre Sobota - Red Dust (Ryan Davis Sub Dub Remix) / Proton
 * 2010: Sinner Dc - Digital Dust (Ryan Davis Epic Mix) / Ai
 * 2009: Groj - Edlothia (Ryan Davis Mix) / Klangwelt
 * 2009: Damabiah - Sur Les Genoux D L´Automne (Ryan Davis Remix) / Natura Sonoris
 * 2009: Electric Rescue - Vetetroi (Ryan Davis From Far Away Re-Edit) / Back Home
 * 2009: Spada - Nuvolette (Alt Fenster & Ryan Davis Waves Of Fate Edit) / Back Home
 * 2008: Moonbeam - Nature (Ryan Davis Firefly Aerobics/ Glowfly Lapdance) / Proton
 * 2008: Spada - Irreversible (Ryan Davis Entedeckungen Fernab Vom Weg Tool) / Back Home

title: Ryan Davis (musician)


text:
-aj

Etymology
Nominal suffix denotes tribal/family name patronyms and toponyms; meaning “descendant/inhabitant of”.

Suffix

 * 1)  descendant of; 's, -s
 * 2)  inhabitant of; -an, -ese
 * 1)  inhabitant of; -an, -ese
 * 1)  inhabitant of; -an, -ese
 * 1)  inhabitant of; -an, -ese
 * 1)  inhabitant of; -an, -ese
 * 1)  inhabitant of; -an, -ese

Usage notes

 * Variants:
 *  is added to back-vowel stems
 *  is added to front-vowel stems

Etymology
From, from , from.

Suffix

 * 1) -age

Etymology
.

title: -aj


text:
Flávio Saretta

Flávio Saretta Filho (born June 28, 1980) is a former professional tennis player from Brazil who turned professional in 1998.

Tennis career
Saretta has won one ATP Tour doubles title, the 2004 Croatia Open Umag with José Acasuso, defeating Czech players Jaroslav Levinský and David Škoch in the final.

In 2004 he competed in the Tennis Olympic Tournament in both the singles and doubles tournaments. He was eliminated by Andy Roddick in the singles tournament round of 64 and, playing together with André Sá, he reached the doubles tournament round of 16, where he was eliminated by Wayne Black and Kevin Ullyett, from Zimbabwe.

He reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on September 15, 2003, when he became the number 44 of the world, capping what would be the best season of his professional career. He had his best results in all 4 of the Grand Slam tournaments, reaching the Round of 16 at Roland Garros. His clay court prowess was also evident when he was successful in defending his crown at the Bermuda Challenger tournament in April.

During the Hamburg Masters in 2006, Saretta scored one of his biggest wins against the Russian former World No. 1 Marat Safin, 5–7, 6–0, 6–4.

Flávio Saretta won the Rio Pan-American Games 2007, after saving 2 match-points at semi and at final against, respectively, Eduardo Schwank and Adrián García. In the end of 2007 Saretta had one of the biggest injuries of his entire career and he is out of the circuit since then.

In 2009, Saretta announced that he will stop playing professionally because he is tired of "fighting against the pain" of his injuries. He had an unsuccessful comeback in 2014, losing all his matches that year in three tournaments played in Brazilian soil.

In 2015 Saretta became a tennis commentator for BandSports, a Brazilian sports cable channel.

title: Flávio Saretta


text:
Dunlop v R

Dunlop v R, [1979] 2 S.C.R. 881 is the leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on participating in a criminal act by aiding and abetting. The Court held that the mere presence of the accused at the scene of a criminal act is not sufficient to convict the person for aiding and abetting a criminal act. There must be something more.

Background
Two teenagers, Dunlop and Sylvester, were members of a motorcycle club. One evening they went to a party held by the club where other members were involved in a gang rape of a teenage girl.

The girl testified at trial that the two teens had participated in the rape. The trial judge directed the jury to find whether the teens had participated enough to have aided or abetted the rape under section 21(1) of the Criminal Code or had a common intention to rape the victim under section 21(2) of the Criminal Code.

Opinion of the Court
Justice Dickson wrote the decision for the majority. He held that the trial judge had erred in instructing the jury to consider the "common intention" provision of the Criminal Code. The sole issue was whether the teens had aided and abetted the commission of the crime. In considering the provision he held that:
 * In the case at bar I have great difficulty in finding any evidence of anything more than mere presence and passive acquiescence. Presence at the commission of an offence can be evidence of aiding and abetting if accompanied by other factors, such as prior knowledge of the principal offender's intention to commit the offence or attendance for the purpose of encouragement. There was no evidence that while the crime was being committed either of the accused rendered aid, assistance or encouragement to the rape of Brenda Ross. There was no evidence of any positive act or omission to facilitate the unlawful purpose.

Accordingly, the two teens were acquitted.

title: Dunlop v R


text:
William H. Dobelle

Dr. Bill Dobelle (October 24, 1941 – October 5, 2004) was a biomedical researcher who developed experimental technologies that restored limited sight to blind patients, and also known for the impact he and his company had on the breathing pacemaker industry with the development of the only FDA approved device for phrenic nerve pacing. He was the former director of the Division of Artificial Organs at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.

Education
Dobelle was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, on October 24, 1941, to orthopedic surgeon Martin Dobelle and Lillian Mendelsohn Dobelle. His younger brother Evan Dobelle is a politician and educator.

With his father, Dobelle designed improvements for the artificial hip when he was 13. He started college at Vanderbilt the following year, though he soon dropped out to pursue other interests. In 1957, he won the South Florida Regional Regional Science fair with an X-ray machine he built the previous year; he then went on to win the National Science Fair with the device. He earned his bachelor's and master's degrees in biophysics at Johns Hopkins University, where he worked on the development of medical tests. He finished his Ph.D. in neurophysiology at the University of Utah.

Career and artificial vision
Dobelle was the CEO of the Dobelle Institute, headquartered in Lisbon, Portugal, which concentrates on artificial vision for the blind.

He was associate director of the Institute of Biological Engineering at the University of Utah from 1969–1975, and persuaded General Instrument to donate a microcircuit laboratory to the school. He later served as director of the Division of Artificial Organs at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. He was a founding fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering. Throughout his career, he worked closely with friend and mentor Willem Johan Kolff, with whom he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003.

In 1983, he bought Avery Laboratories (now Avery Biomedical Devices), where he worked on neurostimulation and the artificial eye. Dobelle led one of several teams of scientists around the world seeking to develop technology for artificial vision. Dobelle's teams developed a brain implant which films the visual field in front of the patient and transmits it to the brain's visual cortex, allowing the patient to see outlines. He received widespread publicity on January 17, 2000, when it was announced that a patient known as "Jerry," blind after a blow to his head 36 years previously, had regained his ability see thanks to the artificial eye Dobelle had spent over 30 years developing. Jerry "sees" by wearing spectacles attached to a miniature camera and an ultrasonic rangefinder. They feed signals to a computer worn on the waistband, which processes the video and distance data, which is then sent by another computer to 68 platinum electrodes implanted in Jerry's brain, on the surface of the visual cortex. He sees a simple display of dots that outline an object. Jerry's vision is the same as a severely shortsighted person—equivalent to 20/400. He is able to read two-inch letters at five feet.

The Dobelle Eye has been tested in several people, allowing individuals who were once completely blind to see the outlines of images in the form of white dots on a black background. In 2002, 38-year-old Jens Naumann, a blind man, was able to use the device to drive a car in the parking lot of the Dobelle Institute. His story was documented in the film Blind Hope. Cheri Robertson, a 41-year-old woman who was also implanted with the system, was profiled in the documentary "Robochick and the Bionic Boy" in 2008.

Portable breathing pacemaker
Dobelle's Avery Biomedical Devices also created the portable breathing pacemaker, which has been used by patients with quadriplegia, central apnea, and other respiratory ailments.

Literature and media

 * Robert Frenay called Dobelle's success "the first meaningful demonstration of artificial vision" in his 2006 work Pulse: The Coming Age of Systems and Machines Inspired by Living Things.
 * Andy Clark mentions the "Dobelle Eye" in Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence (pg. 124, Oxford University Press, 2004).
 * Dobelle is discussed in Ramez Naam's critically acclaimed More Than Human: Embracing the Promise of Biological Enhancement (Published Aug. 2010).
 * Ross Heaven and Simon Buxton discuss Dobelle and his success with patient Jens Naumann in their 2005 book Darkness Visible: Awakening Spiritual Light through Darkness Meditation.
 * W. Andrew Robinson references Dobelle along with others from Johns Hopkins University in The Last Man Who Knew Everything: Thomas Young.
 * A description of Dobelle's artificial eye provided on page 169 of William Lyon's Matters of the Mind (Published in 2001).
 * Dobelle's methods are explained in the Handbook of Neuroprosthetic Methods (Biomedical Engineering) edited by Warren E. Finn and Peter G. LoPresti.
 * Dobelle's successes are discussed in Brian Clegg's Upgrade Me: Our Amazing Journey to Human 2.0 (pages 228-230, Published in 2008).
 * His research is mentioned in The Posthuman Condition: Consciousness Beyond the Brain by Robert Pepperell.
 * Some aspects of Dobelle's methods are challenged in The Prosthetic Impulse: From a Posthuman Present to a Biocultural Future, by Joanne Morra and Journal of Visual Culture editor Marquard Smith (Published: The MIT Press, December 2005).
 * Dobelle is briefly discussed in Victor D. Chase's Shattered Nerves: How Science Is Solving Modern Medicine's Most Perplexing Problem (Pages 200-201, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).
 * Dobelle is profiled in Simon Ings' A Natural History of Seeing: The Art and Science of Vision.
 * In Donald G. Oakley's In Search of the Self, the award-winning former newspaper columnist explains how he was personally impacted by an exchange of letters between himself and Dobelle (Chapter 6). The novel chronicles Oakley's journey to deepen his understanding of the burgeoning field known as consciousness studies,  as well as explores the evolution of society's understanding of the brain.
 * Neurologist Richard Restak explores how Dobelle's design has shaped the future of artificial vision in The New Brain: How the Modern Age is Rewiring Your Mind (Rodale Books, 2004)
 * Dobelle is profiled in Patrick Yearly's They Were Giants 2006 alongside leaders and pioneers in various other fields.
 * Dobelle's early research and final accomplishments in the field of artificial vision are extensively examined throughout the textbook Visual Prosthetics: Physiology, Bioengineering, Rehabilitation (edited by Gislin Dagnelie).
 * Dobelle is profiled by Hugh Darrow in the popular video game Deus Ex: Human Revolution.
 * In Susanne D. Coates' Neural Interfacing: Forging the Human Machine Connection (Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering), she claims "[w]ith the passing of Dobelle in 2004, 30 years of work developing the "Dobelle Artificial Vision System" came to a halt. There are a few groups who continue to experiment with cortical vision implants [51] but no system like Dobelle's is presently available" (40).
 * Profiled in several editions of The Guinness Book of World Records under the heading First Artificial Eye.

title: William H. Dobelle


text:
User:Donald Trung/Sangpyeong Tongbo (상평통보, 常平通寶) expansion (late 2019)

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article Korean mun and is preserved for attribution.

 * https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/919015428
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:25, 1 October 2019 (UTC).

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Numbers, Stars, Suns, and Man
In the year 1742 special characters began appearing on Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins, many of these special characters were used to indicate which furnace had been used to produce them or to which "series" they belonged. The series number may be to the left, right or bottom of the center hole. The furnace designator may be either a numeral or a character from the Thousand Character Classic.

While most of these were Hanja characters, some also had dots, circles, crescents, and horizontal lines which were used to represent things like the stars, the sun, the moon, and men.

Thousand Character Classic
Some Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins contained characters from the Thousand Character Classic (Ch'ŏnjamun) to determine by which furnace they were cast, the Thousand Character Classic was used in the far east for teaching Chinese characters and was a large poem which consisted of 250 phrases with each one of these phrases being only composed 4 Hanja characters. The entire Thousand Character Classic is composed of 1000 Chinese characters and no point is a single character repeated.

From the year 1742 the first 44 characters of the Thousand Character Classic began being used on some Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins to indicate furnace number, while some Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins used Chinese numerals specifically for this purpose, others used this system because of the non-repetitive nature of the Thousand Character Classic it is often used as a numbering system for the numbers 1 to 1000. The characters of the Thousand Character Classic were usually placed at the bottom (often right below the square centre hole) on the reverse side of the Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins.

The Five Elements
Some Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins used the five elements (오행) to indicate furnace numbers or "series" number.

The Ten Celestial Stems
The Ten Celestial Stems (천간) were used as another "numbering" system for Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins for furnace or "series" numbers.

The Twelve Terrestrial Branches
Like how the Ten Celestial Stems are used for numbering Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins, the Twelve Terrestrial Branches (지지, or "Twelve Earthly Branches"), another system used in the traditional Chinese calendar's Sexagenary cycle (육십갑자), was used to indicate furnace or "series" numbers.

Cash coins with the character "☳"
A small number of 2 mun Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins (當二錢, dangijun, "Value Two (Coins)") manufactured by the T'ongyong Naval Office with the Eight Trigrams (팔괘) character on them. The character "☳" ("Thunder") was written on their reverses as well as a number of other Hanja characters.

Miscellaneous characters
There are also a vast number of miscellaneous Hanja characters found on the reverse side of Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins of which their meaning or what they represent is currently not known.

Some of these Chinese characters include:

Struck coinage
During the 1880s and 1890s the Korean government had experimented with several holed machine-struck coin designs, it is unknown if some of these coins entered circulation. During this period the Central Government Mint (典圜局, 전원국) created a machine-struck brass Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coin with a round centre hole.

While it would be in the year 1892 that the over 250 year production of the Sangpyeong Tongbo series of cash coins would come to an end, a decade earlier in 1882 (or Gojong 19), the Korean government had experimented with creating machine-struck coinage based on Western designs and design patterns. The first issues were made from silver and lacked the iconic square centre hole designs of earlier and contemporary Korean coinages.

When Korean opened up its port cities to trade with foreign businessmen, it became apparent that the small denomination Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins were not convenient at all for doing business which require larger transactions to take place, this inspired the creation of a new series of coinage made from silver. All of these coins had the characters "大東" (대동, dae dong, literally translated as "the Great East" which was one of the alternative names of Korea) in their obverse inscriptions. All of these new milled coins were manufactured by the Treasury Department Mint (戶曹局, 호조국), this mint was also responsible for the manufacture of Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins. A major difference being that the "戶" (호) mint mark on the milled coinage was located in the middle of a circle, this circle itself was situated in the centre of the reverse side of the coin and was surrounded by coloured enamel (which was coloured either blue, green, or black). Specimens without the coloured cloisonné are valued at about one half the normal valuations of the coloured Dae Dong coins. There are many types of trial sets of 1, 2, and 3 jeon in existence.

List of Dae Dong coins:

Other than the overal design patterns there are multiple varieties of the 3 jeon (錢, 전) coin, these include variants based on character sizes (large character, medium character, and small character).

These new machine-struck coins did not manage to stabilise the Korean monetary system, this was due to the rising price of silver as well as the high cost of acquiring the machines necessary for their production and the production process itself. It became a huge issue when the yangban nobility started hoarding these coins for export at a profit and their production was stopped as a result in June of the year 1883, only a year after their initial introduction. The same year the Korean government would purchase equipment for the production of milled coinage from the German Empire.

Half a decade later between the years 1886 and 1888 ("開國 497", or Kaeguk 497) the Korean government mint in Seoul (京成典圜局, 경성전환국) began producing a minor number of machine-struck coins denominated in mun (文, 문) and hwan ("warn", "whan" 圜, 환), these coins had coin patterns similar to those of contemporary Japanese coins. In this system the mun was worth $1/undefined$ "warn". They would only be produced in three different denominations, these were the 5 mun (5 文), 10 mun (10 文), and 1 warn (1 圜).

List of machine-struck coins produced by the Korean government mint in Seoul:

Only a total of 1,300 coins of the 1 warn denomination were struck, making them quite rare.

Banknotes
In the year 1900, which was 8 years after the currency had been abolished, the Japanese-owned Keijo Pusan Railway Company issued banknotes denominated in 50, 100, 300, and 500 mun. The Tong Sun Tai Hoa also issued a banknote with the denomination of 10.000 mun.

Dutch part to translate

 * User:Donald Trung/Sangpyeong Tongbo (상평통보, 常平通寶) expansion (late 2019)/Dutch section on non-mint mint marks. ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:13, 28 September 2019 (UTC).

Standard (modern) coin template layout

 * User:Donald Trung/Sangpyeong Tongbo (상평통보, 常平通寶) expansion (late 2019)/Standard (modern) coin template layout. ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:43, 27 September 2019 (UTC).

Early Joseon cash coins

 * User:Donald Trung/Sangpyeong Tongbo (상평통보, 常平通寶) expansion (late 2019)/Early Joseon cash coins. ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:04, 27 September 2019 (UTC).

Korean Qianziwen

 * User:Donald Trung/Sangpyeong Tongbo (상평통보, 常平通寶) expansion (late 2019)/Korean Qianziwen. ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 18:46, 28 September 2019 (UTC).

Standard reference templates

 * October 2019.

 * September 2019.

 * August 2019.

 * July 2019.

 * June 2019.

 * May 2019.

 * April 2019.

 * March 2019.

 * June 2017.

To use

Misc. Charac.
入大工千

文

元天中正生光全吉(完)

입대공천 문 원천중정생광전길(完)

More sources

 * http://contents.history.go.kr/front/eng/tz/view.do?levelId=tz_b25 ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:54, 30 September 2019 (UTC).

 * http://www.koreamint.com/goods/detail.do?gno=10070&cate=1857 ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 07:40, 29 September 2019 (UTC).

 * https://baike.sogou.com/m/v44424178.htm ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:20, 30 September 2019 (UTC).

 * https://books.google.nl/books?id=qhzRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=korean+arrowhead+coin&source=bl&ots=ZiSpO5zTkT&sig=RPrsZL-FobHzwYsTaxQ69JV28iM&hl=en&ei=rgqmTcvyK6LA0QHspPHnCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:09, 29 September 2019 (UTC).

 * http://www.busanddadang.com/joseons-economic-system/?ckattempt=1 ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:54, 30 September 2019 (UTC).


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Talk:Energy and environmental engineering

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Talk:Sinner (film)

Requested move
Sinner (the movie) → Sinner (film) … Rationale: Naming conventions for motion pictures … Please share your opinion at Talk:Sinner (the movie). — Acadiastevens 14:29, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Sinner (film)


text:
Talk:Raid on the Roman Ghetto

Aftermath -- inconsistent percentages?
"In total, a quarter of the Jewish population of Rome–over 2,000 people–was deported, of which only 102 survived the Holocaust."

"...[M]ore than ninety percent of the Jews in Rome avoided arrest and survived the Holocaust,..."

The two percentages quoted can't both be correct. Based on other population figures quoted in the article, e.g., "8,000 Italian Jews were in Rome, one-fifth of all Jews in Italy," the 2,000+ deported from Rome constitute about 5% of the total Italian Jewish population. Perhaps the second quote above should read, "more than ninety percent of the Jews in Italy [emphasis mine] avoided arrest..." But the article doesn't specify or cite how many Jews outside Rome were also deported, so that is just a guess on my part. Kelseymh (talk) 05:41, 16 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Your point is very vaild yet this is what the sources say:
 * ...approximately a quarter of Rome’s Jews were deported while the rest spent eight haunted months in hiding. Only 102 Jews of the 2091 deportees survived the war, ... (Source: The destruction of the Jews of Italy)
 * For every Jew caught by the Germans in Rome, at least 10 escaped and hid, ... (Source: USHMM: Rome)
 * I don't know how to align these two figures either! Turismond (talk) 07:35, 16 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Looking further, even USHMM states that 1,800 of were caught while 10,000 escaped. I have removed the 90%, it just can't be correct. Thanks for pointing that out! Turismond (talk) 07:39, 16 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you! I read through the USHMM article; my guess is that they did conflate "Rome" and "Italy" in their discussion, but I think my guess falls under "original research" :-)  Your solution is probably the best—readers can do the calculation themselves if they want to.

Kelseymh (talk) 03:07, 17 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raid on the Roman Ghetto


text:
Yasak Elma

Yasak Elma (English title: Forbidden Apple) is a Turkish television series created by Medyapım, featuring actors Şevval Sam and Eda Ece. The show was written by Melis Civelek and Zeynep Gür, with Neslihan Yeşilyurt directing the first three seasons, Murat Öztürk taking over for the fourth season, and Ece Erdek Koçoğlu directing the fifth and sixth seasons.

Season 1
Ender, a woman from the high society and wife of successful businessman Halit Argun, hires Yıldız Yılmaz as her husband's personal waitress. Ender later offers money in return for Yıldız to seduce Halit so Ender can get finances after their divorce but Yıldız betrays Ender and exposes her plan. Halit divorces Ender upon learning the truth. She is left without money and begins her struggle to maintain her past position in society. Meanwhile, Yıldız and Halit get married.

Yıldız's sister Zeynep falls for her boss, Alihan Taşdemir.

Season 2
Ender's and Yıldız's enmity and intrigue continue. Yıldız's first husband, Kemal, now well off, returns with a plan to take revenge on Yıldız, because she divorced him on the wedding day as she had been accepted for an acting opportunity. As Kemal was poor, she left him for fame and money. Later, Kemal and Yıldız fall for each other and Kemal asks Yıldız to choose between him and Halit. Yıldız finds it difficult to leave the life she has because of Halit. Kemal marries Zehra Argun, Yıldız's stepdaughter and Halit's daughter from his first wife, which disappoints Yıldız. Later, she successfully sends him away.

Ender's first love Kaya and his sister, Şahika are introduced. Halit is impressed by Şahika and her undeniable beauty and falls for her. Yıldız is pregnant at that time. Halit kicks her out of the house and she starts living in a village.

Ender and Kaya's son Yiğit, of whom Ender and Kaya are both unaware because Kaya never knew of Ender's pregnancy and Ender had given him for adoption when he was born, starts working for Şahika. He pushes Ender into the sea.

Zeynep and Alihan get married and leave for America.

Season 3
Ender and Yıldız become friends against Şahika. Yıldız names her son Halit Çan and divorces Halit. Yıldız experiments with new career options, doing a weather show on TV and starts a project of producing apple puree using her grandmother's recipe. It turns out Şahika is working for Nadir who is Halit's enemy and he also becomes a partner in the company. Then Halit loses all of his money and shares and is forced to live with Sıtkı. Later, Şahika kills Nadi by poisoning him, and during his funeral shows up as his wife and winning all of his fortune. Ender marries Kaya, they also have 23 years old son. The season ends with Halit regaining his fortune and becoming Sahika's partner Holding Argun. Yıldız falls for Kerim, the director in Argun Holding hired by Şahika.

Season 4
Kaya divorces Ender. Halit marries Ender again because thanks to her he knew that Yıldız was cheating on him with Kerim. Halit dies after a scuffle with Yıldız, Ender and Sahika and his funeral is held the next day. Yıldız marries Çağatay, whose father HasanAli becomes a partner in the company. HasanAli kicks Ender and Şahika out of the company and they become poor. During this time they help each other. Later, they join the company back, Şahika marries HasanAli and later is sadly and undeservingly killed by Cansu, a spy hired by Ender and Şahika to live with HasanAli and give them inside information about him. The season ends with a bomb blast in HasanAli's house where he is present along with Ender, Yıldız and Zehra who unfortunately dies with HasanAli.

Season 5
Çağatay cheats on Yıldız with Kumru, a model and their neighbour. Yıldız is disheartened after she learns of this. She starts making her own shampoo and wins an award for it. At the ceremony she publicly disgraces Çağatay and Kumru. She divorces Çağatay and marries Doğan, Kumru's father, this is a paper marriage to teach a lesson to Kumru and Çağatay. Kumru leaves Çağatay on their wedding day when she learns he is with her to take revenge on Doğan for marrying his ex-wife Yıldız. Handan, Doğan's ex-wife returns and manages to win her daughter Kumru's heart and becomes a partner in the company. Later, Çağatay teams up with Ekin, Kumru's husband and Doğan's enemy's son, against Doğan. The season ends with a car accident planned by Doğan to kill Çağatay in which Çağatay dies.

Season 6
Yıldız, upon learning Doğan's involvement in the car accident, complained against him and he was sent to prison. The season starts with a 2-year time lapse. Doğan and Yıldız's daughter Yıldız Su is born while Doğan is still in prison. Later, he is freed and him and Ender team up against Yıldız. Zeynep returns from the United States after divorcing Alihan and being married to someone else. She then marries Engin, Handan's poor turned rich brother. Kumru, Handan and Zeynep fall for doctor Selim, but he loves Kumru, so he stops his relation with Handan, her mom. After everything Kumru went through, Kumru is pretending that her name is Ezgi and lies about being poor because she wanted Selim to love her for being her, not because she’s rich. Doğan discovers his ex-wife Handan's relation with Selim, so he with Handan tries to stop Kumru & Selim's love. Kumru gets pregnant, but misunderstanding Selim's relation with Zeynep, she gets jealous and rejects his love, and she lies to everybody that Caner is the father of their child. Selim fights to regain Kumru but fails; he dies in a conflict with Doğan. Kumru and Caner get married. Doğan and Yıldız resolve their problems and get married.

At the end, Doğan dies while playing with Yıldız Su, Asuman, Emir and Sedai get married, and Kumru has another baby.

Finally, Ender and Yıldız live happily and rich.

title: Yasak Elma


text:
кадити

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) burn incense

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to cense
 * 2) to fumigate

title: кадити


text:
Πόλυβος

Etymology
.

Proper noun

 * 1) a son of King Priam’s counsellor, Antenor, killed in the Trojan War by Neoptolemus
 * 2) an Egyptian
 * 3) the father of the Ithacan nobleman, Eurymachus
 * 4) a suitor of Penelope (the wife of Odysseus)
 * 5) a Phaeacian
 * 1) the father of the Ithacan nobleman, Eurymachus
 * 2) a suitor of Penelope (the wife of Odysseus)
 * 3) a Phaeacian
 * 1) a Phaeacian
 * 1) a Phaeacian
 * 1) a Phaeacian

title: Πόλυβος


text:
Talk:Eighty Eight

Fair use rationale for Image:77s88.jpg
Image:77s88.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:53, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eighty Eight


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jake W. Cameron

The result was   no consensus. No consensus for deletion. Nakon 03:14, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

Jake W. Cameron

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Only claim to fame is being mayor of a town of less than 100k residents. Prod was disputed by creator. OhNo itsJamie Talk 00:47, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment Ohnoitsjamie sought to kill five Bossier City mayor articles in a period of seven minutes on Feb. 10. He moved against Lo Walker at the time .51; against Jake W. Cameron at .47, at Marvin Anding at .49, at Hoffman fuller at .46, and Burgess McCranie at .44. I suppose this means 12:51 a.m. for Mr. Walker but am not sure, maybe 12:51 p.m. How could he read and analyze five revised articles in seven minutes? Billy Hathorn (talk) 19:45, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

 * delete non-notable local politician per WP:POLITICIAN Deunanknute (talk) 01:52, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment approximately an hour after the nominations for deletion by ohnoitsjamie, User:Deunanknute posted the line: delete non-notable local politician per WP:POLITICIAN. Several of those "delete" statements were made in the same minute of time. Billy Hathorn (talk) 19:59, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep - This is a historic figure, not a contemporary candidate on the make who is using Wikipedia as an advertising vehicle — the WP:POLITICIAN high bar is meant to filter out those unelected candidates, not deceased historic figures. An elected mayor of a city of 60,000 and the subject of multiple pieces of substantial media coverage. Passes GNG. Carrite (talk) 12:48, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete the coverage I'm seeing seems pretty normal for a mid-size town mayor. Nwlaw63 (talk) 14:38, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep The notability rules say nothing about mayors or the size of their cities. Portland, Maine, has a population 5,000 larger than Bossier City, but it has 24 mayors all deemed notable with their own Wikipedia articles. There are ten articles on Bossier City mayors, all but two recently submitted.

Bangor, Maine, a city about half the size of Bossier City, has eight mayors on Wikipedia and twelve city council members. Many times city council members are excluded from Wikipedia unless they have held other offices. There are no articles on Bossier City Council members.

Here is a listing of certain cities, followed by population, and number of mayoral Wikipedia articles:
 * Scranton, Pennsylvania, 76,000, 6
 * Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 50,000, 6
 * Burlington, Vermont, 42,000, 6
 * Augusta, Maine, 19,000, 7
 * New London, Connecticut, 28,000, 5
 * Terre Haute, Indiana, 61,000, 4
 * Wasilla, Alaska, 8,000, 5
 * Hoboken, New Jersey, 50,000, 23
 * Juneau, Alaska, 31,000, 18
 * Key West, Florida, 25,000, 8
 * Medford, Oregon, 56,000, 12
 * Norwalk, Connecticut, 85,600, 87
 * East Orange, New Jersey, 64,000, 6
 * Taunton, Massachusetts, 56,000, 13
 * Wilmington, Delaware, 70,000, 10
 * Santa Fe, New Mexico, 70,000, 10
 * Ashland, Kentucky, 22,000, 27
 * Melbourne, Florida, 76,000, 33
 * Fairbanks, Alaska, 32,000, 7
 * Missoula, Montana, 66,000, 16
 * Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 59,000, 41

So Bossier City, Louisiana, 61,000 10 is consistent with the above listing.

Mr. Cameron left office in 1961. There are sources here showing his notability. All these Bossier City mayors should be considered notable, even if more material on them would be desirable though not yet located. Billy Hathorn (talk) 04:42, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * comment - Wikipedia also says notability is not determined by similar articles. See WP:WHATABOUTX.
 * Comment If you look closely at the articles about the mayors from those towns, you'll see that most of them went on to do more notable things (i.e., become a governor or member of congress). OhNo itsJamie  Talk 15:39, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Louisiana-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 18:18, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Businesspeople-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 18:18, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Politicians-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 18:18, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep - WP:POLOUTCOMES notes that "Mayors of cities of at least regional prominence have usually survived AFD, although the article should say more than just 'Jane Doe is the mayor of Cityville'." This referenced article about a mayor of a city of regional prominence does say more than that. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:36, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * comment- is Bossier City, Louisiana regionally prominent? And again, how is this person notable? Deunanknute (talk) 18:55, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Note In Hoboken, New Jersey, smaller than Bossier City, seventeen of 22 mayors with Wikipedia articles served in no higher office; a few had been on the city council before becoming mayors. Five others also held other offices, mostly in the legislature. There is nothing in the Wikipedia rules about mayors and population of their cities. Billy Hathorn (talk) 19:28, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment as noted above, arguments about what already exist on Wikipedia are simply invalid as an argument about this particular article. Arguing based on what has already survived afd is similarly irrelevant. Nwlaw63 (talk) 15:12, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * comment These articles were probably all nominated at the same time for the same reason I've been commenting at the same time; for a group of very similar articles, it's sometimes easier to research them together. Also, please only add comments to the end of a discussion. Deunanknute (talk) 23:04, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete Bossier City is not a significant enough city to grant notability to the mayors. The fact that some other even less major cities have way too many articles on their mayors only shows that wikipedia has not yet managed to consistently apply its guidelines, not that this mayor fits the guidelines. Additionally the guidelines for inclusion of politicians have become more stringent over time.John Pack Lambert (talk) 20:52, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note many of the articles on mayors of Hoboken have been nominated for deletion.John Pack Lambert (talk) 20:53, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Hoboken mayors still on board. Your attempts to remove them have thus far failed to gain hardly any supporters.Billy Hathorn (talk) 16:11, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:22, 18 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Keep. With all respect to the good faith of every participant here, I sense a tendency to equate "city of regional importance" with "city I've heard of". From the standpoint of Wikipedians based in East and West Coast urban centers, or outside the USA, Louisiana occupies little mind space, and "Bossier City" is a ridiculous-sounding name. To those unfamiliar with the region, it doesn't evoke a city larger than (say) Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (which it is).  We should pay attention to the population numbers and avoid jumping to an impressionistic conclusion. Kestenbaum (talk) 21:48, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, N ORTH A MERICA 1000 17:18, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete He is NOT notable per WP:POLITICIAN, since he was not mayor of a city of regional prominence; Bossier City isn't even the parish seat. And population numbers are irrelevant; despite assertions that 50,000 or 100,000 or whatever population makes a mayor automatically notable, no such number has ever achieved consensus. It doesn't matter if some other mayors of some other cities have articles; WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS is not a valid argument. His other offices (police chief, school board member) are likewise non-notable. He also fails WP:GNG since all coverage was routine and local: he completed a master plan, he honored veterans, etc. --MelanieN (talk) 02:32, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * P.S. I would also be OK with Richard Arthur Norton's suggestion (above) of a redirect to the city article (which surprisingly does not have a list of its former mayors, but it could). --MelanieN (talk) 03:06, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment. (1) I've read a great many Wikipedia articles on specific cities, and very, very few of them feature a complete list of past mayors.  (2) It seems a bit disingenuous to complain that Bossier City isn't the parish seat, when it has the same name as the parish and contains the majority of the parish's population.  (3) Cities are typically ranked and classified based on population; I know there's no precise threshold, but the more people a city has, the more important it is.  If someone were to discuss the relative importance of say Phoenix and Tucson, the first thing mentioned would be their populations.  Kestenbaum (talk) 01:48, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Actually, it would be the fact that Phoenix is the state capital. Although it's also true that Phoenix has THREE TIMES the population of Tucson and is the sixth largest city in the U.S. Anyhow, the guideline we use isn't population; it's "regional prominence". A city of 50,000 in Los Angeles County might not be regionally prominent; a city of 20,000 in Alaska might be. --MelanieN (talk) 15:29, 3 March 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Browne's Folly

The Tower
We should certainly mention the tower that gives the site its name. There are quite a few Google Books results for the tower, but nothing I can get easy access to. Does anyone know of any sources detailing who built the tower, when, and why?--Pontificalibus (talk) 11:10, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I added a bit, but it could do with expanding. I presume the tower is listed or has some sort of preservation order upon it...--Pontificalibus (talk) 11:22, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

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Requested move 14 July 2021

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) ASUKITE  19:42, 22 July 2021 (UTC)

Brown's Folly → Browne's Folly – The location is named for the builder of the tower, Wade Browne, and therefore Browne is the correct spelling. Furthermore, Avon Wildlife Trust, the custodians of this location, specify the spelling as Browne's Folly https://www.avonwildlifetrust.org.uk/nature-reserves/brownes-folly Badgerotterfox (talk) 16:39, 14 July 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Weakly support We seem to have a case where neither name is necessarily wrong -- there are plenty of reliable sources using the current spelling. But I'm convinced by the closest we have to an "official" page being the Avon Wildlife Trust, and the evidence of the creator's name being Browne.--Yaksar (let's chat) 15:14, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

Built in 1848 or 1849
There seems to be conflicting information on when the Folly was built. According to historicengland.org.uk it was built in 1848, but the Avon Wildlife Trust say it was commissioned in 1849. Which year should we be using? --Rusentaja (talk) 15:31, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Browne's Folly


text:
User:MargaretRDonald/sandbox/Simoselaps

As Simoselaps incinctus
According to 3. this species was transferred from Vermicella fasciata incincta by Cogger in 1975 (4?) to Simoselaps incinctus.

title: User:MargaretRDonald/sandbox/Simoselaps


text:
Vasilios Pliatsikas

Vasilios Pliatsikas (Βασίλειος Πλιάτσικας; born 14 April 1988) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.

AEK Athens
Pliatsikas began his AEK career in 2005, making his way up from the reserve team, he ended up making 37 league appearances for AEK.

Schalke
On 30 June 2009, Pliatsikas signed a four-year contract with German club Schalke 04 for an undisclosed fee. The beginning of 2010 was not good as Pliatsikas tore his knee ligaments during a training session. This was a major blow as he was beginning to get consistent game time with his club and was in the reckoning for a starting place with his national team. He missed the rest of Schalke's season and also the FIFA World Cup with Greece. After a very difficult year for the defender marred by injury (149 days to be exact), Pliatsikas returned to action.

Loan to Duisburg
On 1 June 2011, it was announced that Pliatsikas will be loaned to MSV Duisburg for the upcoming season. In 2010–11, he could play only one match for Schalke because of his injury problems and so he should gain playing experiences in the 2. Bundesliga. In 2011, he agreed to be loaned from Schalke for a year to the second division MSV Duisburg. "I wanted to play. After the long period of injury, the season in Duisburg was a very good opportunity to stabilize and find myself playfully." Pliatsikas, was meanwhile converted by MSV coach Oliver Reck to a left-wing defender.

He made his debut in the opening game against Karlsruhe on 17 August, being in the starting line-up in Duisburg's 2–3 defeat. After several fouls, he was forced to leave the field with a yellow-red card in the 76th minute. In his fourth league match for Duisburg against St. Pauli, he was sent off with a yellow-red card again.

Metalurh Donetsk
Pliatsikas participated in the preparation of the club in Turkey, leaving a positive impression and convinced the technical staff to offer him a contract. Pliatsikas, who had become free since last summer from Schalke 04, signed a contract until the end of the season 2013/14 with a renewal option for three more years.

Astra Giurgiu
On 23 July 2014, Pliatsikas signed a 2-year contract with Astra Giurgiu. On 25 July 2014, he made his debut with a club in a 2–0 away win against Concordia Chiajna.

Second spell in Metalurh Donetsk
At the end of 2014 he returned to his former club Metalurh Donetsk. He released his contract at the end of 2014–15 season.

Slovan Bratislava
After six months as a free agent, on 26 January 2016, he signed a six months contract with Slovan Bratislava. He made his debut a month later in a 2–0 away win against AS Trenčín.

Return to Greece
Following a troublesome departure from Slovan, Pliatsikas returned to Greece to play for Panionios, with whom he had been training in the previous 3 months. During this six months he played only one game with the club. On 17 June 2017 Platanias announced the signing of Pliatsikas on a two-year contract. On 1 April 2018, due to imminent demotion to Football League experienced defensive midfielder is expected to be released from struggling Platanias, even before the end of 2017–18 Super League. On 4 June 2018, Lamia officially announced the signing of experienced right defender / defensive midfielder, until the summer of 2019.

Greece U19
He was part of the Greek squad that reached the final of the 2007 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship and went on to captain the U19 team the following year which reached the final eight this time round in the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship.

Greece
He made his national team debut on 19 November 2008, coming on as an 87th-minute substitute against Italy in a 1–1 draw.

Greece's manager Otto Rehhagel called Pliatsikas for the three 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Luxembourg, Ukraine and Latvia where he played a pivotal role.

Honours

 * Astra Giurgiu
 * Supercupa României: 2014

 * Schalke 04
 * DFB-Pokal: 2010–11

title: Vasilios Pliatsikas


text:
Well to the Bone

Well To The Bone is a 2002 album by fusion/jazz guitarist Scott Henderson. It is his third solo-album, again returning to his blues-roots. It features a re-recording of the Tribal Tech song "Rituals".

Track listing

 * 1) "Lady P" – 7:14
 * 2) "Hillbilly in the Band" – 5:06
 * 3) "Devil Boy" – 6:41
 * 4) "Lola Fay" – 6:24
 * 5) "Well to the Bone" – 4:50
 * 6) "Ashes" – 6:53
 * 7) "Sultan's Boogie" – 6:30
 * 8) "Dat's Da Way It Go" – 6:54
 * 9) "That Hurts" – 6:16
 * 10) "Rituals" – 8:01

Personnel

 * Scott Henderson - guitars
 * Kirk Covington - drums and vocals
 * John Humphrey - bass guitar
 * Thelma Houston - vocals on "Lola Fay", "Well To The Bone", "Dat's Da Way It Go"
 * Wade Durham - vocals on "Lady P", "Devil Boy", "Dat's Da Way It Go"
 * Scott Kinsey - electronic percussion

title: Well to the Bone


text:
CisLunarFreighter/Personal game data

Object Responsibility
Store the player's current ship, mission, etc. status along with score, cash, other status to allow a player to store and load their game's instantaneous state. Some compromise will be necessary with the MUD or multiplayer considerations.

Collaborators

 * Game Controller
 * Ship
 * Main Menu

title: CisLunarFreighter/Personal game data


text:
Talk:Bernard N. Fields

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title: Talk:Bernard N. Fields


text:
2012 Polish Super Cup

The 2012 Polish Super Cup was held on 12 August 2012 between the 2011–12 Ekstraklasa winners Śląsk Wrocław and the 2011–12 Polish Cup winners Legia Warsaw. Śląsk Wrocław won the match on penalties after the match finished 1–1, winning the trophy for the second time in their history.

title: 2012 Polish Super Cup


text:
Multiplexor

A multiplexor is a device which takes in multiple signals and outputs a single signal. It works as an electronic switch.

The non-select inputs are numbered in binary, so for a multiplexor with two select inputs, the first signal (A) would be labelled 00, the second (B) labelled 01, the third (C) labelled 10 and the forth (D) labelled 11. This means if none of the select input signals is on, the first non-select input signal (A) is copied to the output. If both are on, the fourth (D) is copied across. It is normal to have the inputs labelled up using their binary labels on schematic diagrams as shown below Inputs     X Y              | | |\ | |           |  \ |   Input A -|00  \ Input B -|01  | Input C -|10  |--Output M  Input D -|11  / | /           |/

Rather than continue with the ascii art, i'll represent this in the following way:

Y Z A00 B01 C10 D11        Output M

It can be noted that 2^N non-select signals require N select signals. So 8 non-select signals require 3 select signals. In the diagram below A-H are the non-select inputs with their binary code before them, X,Y and Z are the select inputs and Output M is the multiplexor result. A-H and X-Z each have a value of 0 or 1 fed into them. Depending on the values of X,Y and Z, the value of M changes to the value fed into one of A-H.

X Y Z A000 B001 C010 D011        Output M E100 F101 G110 H111

If X = 0, Y = 1, Z = 0 for example, M = the value fed into C.

Attempt the problem below with all numbers being the values fed into the inputs.

X Y Z     1 0 0 1A 0B 1C 1D        Output M 0E 1F 0G 1H

What value is copied to M?

The correct answer is 0 because E is selected when X=1 Y=0 and Z=0 and the value fed into E is 0.

Now try X=1, Y=1, Z=0 for the diagram above

The answer is 0 again, this time from G.

title: Multiplexor


text:
User:Agent Koopa

CONFIDENTIAL REPORT
Agent Koopa is a new user on Wikipedia, though he has contributed (in small amounts)for a long time before that. He has dubious links to the Uncyclopedia, and more-advertised links to GameFAQs, where he is a member.

He appears trustworthy, but his true intentions are not known. If you visit his talk page, it may be advisable to use caution. (And please scrub a copy of this report from that page! It shouldn't be where he can see it!)

He owns a Nintendo DS, Gamecube, and Nintendo 64, with a smattering of games for each.

It appears he has an fear of question marks at night, when he is tired. They represent the unknown, the irrational, chaos. Everything unexplainable is the question mark, mystery, the void, as well. This reveals much of his personality.

He has recently found that one of his ideas is completely unoriginal, apparently fearing it was the result of subconscious plagiarism. He fears this of his username as well.

More to come.

title: User:Agent Koopa


text:
Darshan Pandya

Darshan Pandya is an Indian actor, known for his portrayals as Aditya Verma in Aapki Antara, Vineet Raizaada in Kya Huaa Tera Vaada and Dr. Aman Malhotra in Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar. He acted as a spy in the movie, Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran. Recently he did a web series "RAAZI" for voot.

Acting career
Darshan has worked on several theatrical shows with renowned theatre personality, Manoj Shah, through his theatre company, Ideas Unlimited. He has also done several voice-overs and Gujarati TV shows. Darshan's first appearance on Indian television as a main lead was with Aapki Antara on Zee TV in 2009 where he played Aditya Verma. Later in 2011, he played the antagonist Devashish Mukherji aka Ashmit Kapoor in Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli. He then went on to play Vineet Raizada in the 2012 show, Kya Huaa Tera Vaada on Sony Entertainment Television. Then He went on and played very humorous character Dr. Aman Malhotra in Balaji Telefilms show, Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar along with Ronit Roy and Pallavi Kulkarni among others on Sony Entertainment. He did a film in 2018 Parmanu for JA entertainment, he played a character of Pakistani agent Sajjan. Recently he did a web series "RAAZI" for Voot.

title: Darshan Pandya


text:
Talk:Grace (Mandy Capristo album)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150801031304/http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Mandy+Capristo&titel=Grace&cat=a to http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Mandy+Capristo&titel=Grace&cat=a
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/5t7fJTm6c?url=http%3A%2F%2Fhitparade.ch%2Fweekchart.asp%3Fcat%3Da to http://hitparade.ch/weekchart.asp?cat=a
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120701193732/http://itunes.apple.com/de/album/grace/id516518221 to https://itunes.apple.com/de/album/grace/id516518221
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140601124528/https://itunes.apple.com/at/album/grace/id516518221 to https://itunes.apple.com/at/album/grace/id516518221

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title: Talk:Grace (Mandy Capristo album)


text:
Talk:M-156 (Michigan highway)/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Status (talk · contribs) 19:22, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I fixed a few grammar issues that I found, but there's just one thing I couldn't figure out what was meant:
 * begins in Morenci at the Ohio state line in with State Route 108 (SR 108) and runs north to M-34 at Clayton. --> in with?
 * Other than that, the article's good to go!
 * Stray word typo removed.  Imzadi 1979  →   23:56, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * All issues have been addressed. I can't believe I just didn't notice that there was an extra random word. Passing the article! Great work! Statυs  (talk) 01:58, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:M-156 (Michigan highway)/GA1


text:
User:DeltaSlaya

Wikipedia does have an user page with this exact name, but it's not worth reading.

 * You can read it if you want, but don't add a request for it.
 * You can search for User:DeltaSlaya in other articles, but you're not going to find anything.
 * You can look for User:DeltaSlaya in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project, but you're still not going to find anything, because I don't have a Wiktionary account.
 * You can look for User:DeltaSlaya in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video, but you're not going to find anything, because I don't have an account there, either.
 * You can look for pages within Wikipedia linking to this article, but you won't find anything interesting.

title: User:DeltaSlaya


text:
Talk:Introduction to Philosophy/Origins of Philosophy

I am taking a new approach on this. The old version of this text was completely incomprehensible and strayed far from what I would consider an introduction. Although this is the first step and there is much to be edited, I would like to continue working in this manner until the end of each part. Afterwards, it would be easier for me to edit. That is, when I have more time to take in each idea and pay more attention to its own attention to the subject. Also, I will be trying to transform these discussion pages into a comprehensive discussion on Philosophy. --Destrogal 21:09, 30 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I love the idea that earth was formed from water by the mind. I think it's a wonderfully literal extension of the idea that one's reality is a product of thier own perception.

I'm sorry but the author of this article just doesn't have a sufficient grasp of English to be writing articles on philosophy. It's too big of a mess to even consider editing it. Someone should start again from scratch. My apologies to the original author.

I was thinking of participating in this project and contributing to it, but I have a question to those who watch this page and this project. This introduction to philosophy is written in part in the first person, and that makes it hard for me to know how to jump in and contribute, because it's someone else's "I". Has there been some agreement about the mode or style of this textbook, in terms of what voice or person it will be written in? It's not even that I'm objecting to an introduction to philosphy being written in the first person, but rather that I can't figure out how to be part of a collective or group that is writing in that mode. In any case, I'd be grateful for any insight you can provide. Jjshapiro (talk) 00:18, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Etymology edit
Hope you don't mind but I edited the section on the origin of the word "philosophy". I don't know if that was right but I felt that keeping the etymological article short would allow the reader to ease into this vast subject. --Sluffs (talk) 01:25, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Love is selfish, crucial, cruel with good intents of care;freedom, trust and honesty Mtyeku Kuhle (discuss • contribs) 20:58, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

Non-Greek Origins of Philosophy
This article should be updated to provide a sourced and balanced view of the Jaeger/Guthrie view of 'Western philosophy starts with Thales' versus the 'The Greeks stood on the shoulders of non-Greek giants' view put forward by scholars such as Kingsley, Christos C Evangeliou and Algis Uzdavinys. As it stands, it is biased in that it does not put forward the views of Classical scholars who acknowledged their debt to other cultures.

The unsigned comment above is valid and the real issue is religion. The Pantheon of deities that Homer describes (excluding local Greek deities) are related to Babylonian deities as well as a whole host of other Eastern deities. Man's first attempt to explain the world he lived in and how he experienced it begins with the old "hey lets worship that big bright object in the sky that gives us warmth" or "that was a great hunt and my wife's really happy about the woolly mammoth steak sandwiches she can make so I will draw a picture of our experiences of the hunt on our cave wall to celebrate" and other such ideas including ancestors, each other, meteorites, eclipses, disease, etc. Also the Greeks themselves framed their experiences accordingly. Plato is not a rational philosopher in the modern agnostic sense and quite often references the pantheon of deities that were worshiped in his time. I don't know the authors mentioned above but any chapter titled "Origins of Philosophy" should start with a brief discussion of religion. Probably this reply is bit late but if no one minds I will try to put something together along those line.

Sluffs (discuss • contribs) 00:57, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

Broken link
Hi, It seems that I can't access the website at the bottom of this chapter. Can anyone confirm this to me please? I am currently translating this wikibook into Thai. -Thas Tayapongsak (discuss • contribs) 17:40, 24 September 2021 (UTC)


text:
Agartala Conspiracy Case

The Agartala Conspiracy Case was a sedition case in Pakistan during the rule of Ayub Khan against Awami League, brought by the government of Pakistan in 1968 against Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the then leader of the Awami League and East Pakistan, and 34 other people.

The case was filed in early 1968 and implicated Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and others in conspiring with India against the stability of Pakistan. The case is officially called State vs. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and others, but is popularly known as Agartala Shoŗojontro Mamla (Agartala conspiracy case) as the main conspiracy was purported to have taken place in the Indian city of Agartala in Tripura state, where Sheikh Mujib's associates met Indian military officials.

On 22 February 2011, one of the accused of the Agartala conspiracy case, Shawkat Ali, told the parliament in Bangladesh that the Agartala conspiracy case was not false and the charges brought against the accused were all true. He also confirmed that Navy Steward Mujibur Rahman, and Educationist Mohammad Ali Reza had indeed gone to Agartala, India to seek Indian support for Bangladesh's independence.

Accused
The government of Pakistan brought charges against 35 political personalities including three eminent civil servants officials under civil law. They included;
 * Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
 * Ahmed Fazlur Rahman CSP
 * Steward Mujibur Rahman
 * Commander Moazzem Hossain
 * Former LS Sultanuddin Ahmad
 * LSCDI Nur Mohammad
 * Flight Sergeant Mahfiz Ullah
 * Corporal Abdus Samad
 * Former Havildar Dalil Uddin
 * Ruhul Quddus CSP
 * Flight Sergeant Md. Fazlul Haq
 * Bibhuti Bhushan Chowdhury (alias Manik Chowdhury)
 * Bidhan Krishna Sen
 * Subedar Abdur Razzaque
 * Former clerk Mujibur Rahman
 * Former Flight Sergeant Md. Abdur Razzaque
 * Sergeant Zahurul Haq
 * A.B. Khurshid
 * Khan Mohammad Shamsur Rahman CSP
 * AKM Shamsul Haque
 * Havildar Azizul Haq
 * Mahfuzul Bari
 * Sergeant Shamsul Haq
 * Shamsul Alam
 * Captain Mohammad Abdul Muttalib
 * Captain Shawkat Ali
 * Captain Khondkar Nazmul Huda
 * Captain A. N. M. Nuruzzaman
 * Sergeant Abdul Jalil
 * Mahbub Uddin Chowdhury
 * Lieutenant M. Rahman
 * Former Subedar Tajul Islam
 * Ali Reza
 * Captain Khurshid Uddeen Ahmed
 * Lieutenant Abdur Rauf

Plot and detection
The plot was conceived by Sheikh Mujib in an attempt to ignite an armed revolution against West Pakistan that would result in the secession. Two of the accused, navy steward Mujibur Rahman and the educator Mohammad Ali Reza, went to Agartala, Tripura, a city in North-Eastern India to seek Indian support for an independent Bangladesh.

The alleged conspiracy was uncovered by Lieutenant Colonel Shamsul Alam, who commanded the East Pakistan Detachment of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). It was during this time that an officer of the East Bengal Regiment, Rauf ur Rahman, who was in league with the conspirators made an attempt on Alam's life. Alam shielded himself from the would-be assassins; for this Alam was awarded the Sitara-e-Basalat, the highest award for bravery in action during peacetime.

In all, 1,500 Bengalis were arrested in connection with the plot in 1967. In January 1968 the Home Department of Pakistan declared that it had detected a scheme to destabilise Pakistan and break the Eastern wing through an armed revolt, and had arrested 8 people. Later on 18 January, the Department implicated Sheikh Mujib as well. He and others were arrested on 9 May 1968 and were subsequently released, only to be arrested later.

At the time of the trial, the existence of a conspiracy between Mujib and India for the secession of East Pakistan was never successfully proven.

Trials
Pakistan decided to try the accused by court-martial since a lot of the accused were military personnel. However, this was overturned in favour of a civil trial to implicate the politicians ahead of the 1970 elections as well as to provide transparency of the trials. Hence, only 35 were finally accused. The accused were then moved from Dacca Central Jail to the secured borders of the Dacca Cantonment.

The penal codes were amended to benefit the prosecution of the accused, and the trial began on 19 June 1968 under a special tribunal. The hearings took place inside a secured chamber within the Dacca Cantonment. The hearing became for Mujib an opportunity to publicise the Awami League demands. The charge sheet of 100 paragraphs were presented before the tribunal, with 227 witnesses and 7 approvers.

The tribunal was headed by 3 judges – the chair, Justice S.A. Rahman was a non-Bengali; the other members M.R. Khan, and Maksum-ul-Hakim were Bengalis. The Pakistani government was represented by the Attorney General T.H. Khan and former Foreign Minister Manzur Quader. Thomas Williams, a British lawyer, along with local attorneys challenged the formation of the tribunal by filing a petition in favour of Sheikh Mujib. The approvers appeared in the witness box and testified that they provided false evidence under the coercion of the State.

Members of the public looked at the case as a conspiracy of the Pakistani government against the political autonomy movement of East Pakistan, especially since the government was keen to prove that Sheikh Mujib was an Indian agent and a separatist. They organised a mass movement and demanded the immediate withdrawal of the case and release of all prisoners. According to the government decision, the final date for the case was 6 February 1969. However, because of the mass upsurge of 1969, the government had to defer the date.

In the morning of 15 February 1969, a Pakistani havildar shot point-blank at Sergeant Zahurul Haq at the door of his jail cell and killed him. The news of the killing led a furious mob to set fire to the State Guest House and other government buildings, where the chief lawyer for the government and the chair of the tribunal resided. They vacated secretly. Some of the case files and evidence had got burnt and damaged as a result of the arson.

In the face of the mass movement, the government withdrew the Agartala Conspiracy Case on 22 February 1969. The accused were released on the following day and the Race course Maidan saw a grand reception of the accused, where Sheikh Mujib was given his famous title of Bangabandhu.

Aftermath
Angry protesters formed an action committee. This popular hostility forced Ayub Khan to withdraw the case and convene a Round Table Conference which Sheikh Mujib triumphantly attended but walked out of when his Six-Point demands were ignored. The case and the resulting uprising was a major factor in the fall of Ayub Khan's government and is also seen as one of the major events leading to Bengali nationalism and the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Sergeant Zahurul Haq was honoured by the naming of a students' residential hall of the University of Dhaka after him.

Confession
In 2010, and on the anniversary of the withdrawal on 22 February 2011, surviving conspirator and Deputy Speaker of the Parliament Shawkat Ali confessed to the parliament at a point of order that the charges read out to them were accurate, stating that they formed a Shangram Parishad (Action Committee) under Sheikh Mujib for the secession of East Pakistan.

Parliamentarian Tofael Ahmed added that had the case not been filed, the plot would have culminated in the secession of East Pakistan without bloodshed, and credited the Deputy Speaker for planning the liberation of the nation.

title: Agartala Conspiracy Case


text:
Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads

The following is the list of squads that took place in the men's field hockey tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

Denmark
The following players represented Denmark:

 * Erling Nielsen
 * Bent Kilde
 * Carsten Bruun
 * Erik Frandsen
 * Hans Glendrup
 * Villy Moll Nielsen
 * Jesper Guldbrandsen
 * Poul Moll Nielsen
 * Flemming Kristiansen
 * Torben Alstrup Jensen
 * Vagn Peitersen
 * Willy Kristoffersen

India
The following players represented India:

 * Shankar Lakshman
 * Prithipal Singh
 * Jaman Lal Sharma
 * Leslie Claudius
 * Charanjit Singh
 * Govind Sawant
 * Joginder Singh (field hockey)
 * John Peter
 * Jaswant Singh
 * Udham Singh
 * Raghbir Singh Bhola
 * Joseph Antic
 * Mohinder Singh

Netherlands
The following players represented the Netherlands:

 * Carel Dekker
 * Eddie Zwier
 * Egbert de Graeff
 * Frans Fiolet
 * Freddie Hooghiemstra
 * Gerard Overdijkink
 * Gerrit de Ruiter
 * Hans Wagener
 * Jaap Leemhuis
 * Jan Willem van Erven Dorens
 * Jan van Gooswilligen
 * Patrick Buteux van der Kamp
 * Theo van Vroonhoven
 * Theo Terlingen
 * Thom van Dijck
 * Wim de Beer

New Zealand
The following players represented New Zealand:

 * Anthony Hayde
 * Bruce Turner
 * Guy McGregor
 * Ian Kerr
 * Jim Barclay
 * John Abrams
 * John Cullen
 * Ross Gillespie
 * Kevin Percy
 * Mervyn McKinnon
 * Murray Mathieson
 * Noel Hobson
 * Phil Bygrave
 * Bill Schaefer

Australia
The following players represented Australia:

 * Barry Malcolm
 * Desmond Spackman
 * Donald Currie
 * Eric Pearce
 * Errol Bill
 * Gordon Pearce
 * Graham Wood
 * John McBryde
 * Julian Pearce
 * Kevin Carton
 * Louis Hailey
 * Mervyn Crossman
 * Mike Craig
 * Philip Pritchard
 * Ray Evans

Japan
The following players represented Japan:

 * Hiroyuki Fujiwara
 * Hisatoshi Yamazaki
 * Ichiro Sado
 * Kenji Iijima
 * Michinori Watada
 * Tadatoshi Abe
 * Teruo Yaguchi
 * Toshiharu Nakamura
 * Tsuneya Yuzaki
 * Hiroshi Kojima
 * Yoshio Kojima
 * Masaru Kanbe
 * Kunio Iwahashi
 * Seiji Kihara

Pakistan
The following players represented Pakistan:

 * Manzoor Hussain Atif
 * Chaudhry Ghulam Rasool
 * Anwar Ahmed Khan
 * Noor Alam
 * Abdul Hamid
 * Habib Ali Kiddie
 * Naseer Bunda
 * Motiullah Khan
 * Lala Abdul Rashid
 * Bashir Ahmed
 * Abdul Waheed Ahmed
 * Mushtaq Ahmed
 * Khursheed Aslam

Poland
The following players represented Poland:

 * Alfons Flinik
 * Czesław Kubiak
 * Henryk Flinik
 * Jan Flinik
 * Jan Górny
 * Kazimierz Dąbrowski
 * Leon Wiśniewski
 * Narcyz Maciaszczyk
 * Roman Micał
 * Ryszard Marzec
 * Władysław Śmigielski
 * Włodzimierz Różański
 * Zdzisław Wojdylak

France
The following players represented France:

 * Albert Vanpoulle
 * Claude Dugardin
 * Claude Leroy
 * Claude Windal
 * Diran Manoukian
 * Gérard Poulain
 * Ido Marang
 * Jacques Bonnet
 * Jacques Mauchien
 * Jean Desmasures
 * Jean-Pierre Windal
 * Maurice Dobigny
 * Philippe Reynaud
 * Pierre Court
 * Roger Bignon
 * Yvan Bia

Italy
The following players represented Italy:

 * Alessandro Vannini
 * Antonio Lenza
 * Antonio Vargiu
 * Bruno Figliola
 * Claudio Candotti
 * Claudio Libotte
 * Enrico Bisio
 * Felice Salis
 * Giampaolo Farci
 * Giampaolo Medda
 * Giovanni Anni
 * Giovanni Mazzalupi
 * Luciano Soli
 * Luigi Farci
 * Quarto Pianesi
 * Sergio Ballesio
 * Tullio Marchiori
 * Ugo Zorco

Kenya
The following players represented Kenya:

 * Saude George
 * Anthony Vaz
 * Avtar Singh Sohal
 * Jagnandan Singh
 * Surjeet Singh Deol
 * Silvester Fernandes
 * Edgar Fernandes
 * Hilary Fernandes
 * Surjeet Singh Panesar
 * Pritam Singh Sandhu
 * Alu Mendonca
 * John Simonian
 * Kirpal Singh Bhardwaj
 * Gursaran Singh Sehmi
 * Egbert Fernandes
 * Krishnan Kumar Aggarwal

United Team of Germany
The following players represented the United Team of Germany:

 * Carsten Keller
 * Christian Büchting
 * Dieter Krause
 * Eberhard Ferstl
 * Günther Ullerich
 * Helmut Nonn
 * Herbert Winters
 * Hugo Budinger
 * Klaus Greinert
 * Klaus Woeller
 * Norbert Schuler
 * Werner Delmes
 * Willi Brendel
 * Wolfgang End
 * Klaus Lauth

Belgium
The following players represented Belgium:

 * André Carbonnelle
 * André Muschs
 * Eddy Carbonnelle
 * Franz Lorette
 * Freddy Rens
 * Guy Debbaudt
 * Guy Huyghens
 * Jacques Rémy
 * Jacques Vanderstappen
 * Jean Dubois
 * Jean-Pierre Marionex
 * Jean-Louis Roersch
 * Michel Muschs
 * Pierre Delbecque
 * Robert Lycke
 * Roger Goossens
 * Yves Bernaert

Great Britain
The following players represented Great Britain:

 * Patrick Austen
 * John Bell
 * Harry Cahill
 * Denys Carnill
 * Peter Croft
 * Howard Davis
 * John Hindle
 * Charles Jones
 * Neil Livingstone
 * Stuart Mayes
 * Derek Miller
 * John Neill
 * Chris Saunders-Griffiths
 * Frederick Scott
 * Ian Taylor

Spain
The following players represented Spain:

 * Pedro Amat
 * Francisco Caballer
 * Juan Ángel Calzado
 * José Colomer
 * Carlos del Coso
 * José Antonio Dinarés
 * Eduardo Dualde
 * Joaquín Dualde
 * Rafael Egusquiza
 * Ignacio Macaya
 * Pedro Murúa
 * Pedro Roig
 * Luis María Usoz
 * Narciso Ventalló

Switzerland
The following players represented Switzerland:

 * Albert Piaget
 * Georges Mathys
 * Gilbert Recordon
 * Hans Straub
 * Heinz Wirz
 * Jean Giubbini
 * Jean Glarner
 * Kurt Locher
 * Kurt von Arx
 * René Wiedmer
 * Roger Zanetti
 * Roland Zaninetti
 * Walther Arber
 * Walther Wirz
 * Werner Hausmann
 * Werner Schmid


text:
家家有本難念的經

Proverb

 * 1) every family has a (sad or unpleasant) story; every family goes through its own problems

title: 家家有本難念的經


text:
Human Access Project

Human Access Project (HAP) is an organization based in Portland, Oregon, whose mission is "transforming Portland's relationship with the Willamette River". The organization's vision is a city in love with its river. HAP was founded by Willie Levenson, whose official title is the organization's Ringleader, is a tireless and effective advocate for swimming in the Willamette River he brings his love of water to his work as an activist for recreational access to the Willamette River in Portland.

HAP spearheaded the creation of the River Hugger Swim Team, Audrey McCall Beach and Poet's Beach,  the opening of the Kevin Duckworth Memorial Dock for swimming, fishing and non-motorized boating, and organizes events such as the Big Float, Mayoral Swim, Duckworth Wednesday's, and the Valentine's Dip.

History and activities
Willie Levenson founded the Human Access Project in 2010.

On July 5, 2013, HAP set a Guinness World Record for the "longest line of swim rings / tubes" with a total of 620 participants.

In 2014, Levenson performed "Our River", a song he wrote with Tom Vandel to promote human access to the Willamette River, for City Council.The recorded song is performed by Lewi Longmire and Anita Lee Elliot.

Site improvements
HAP added a swim ladder to the Portland Fire and Rescue Station 21 Dock “the Firehouse Dock”, effectively creating a new recreational access point to the river. With the addition of a swim ladder the Fire House Dock became launching point of the River Hugger Swim Team.

In 2017, HAP’s activism led to the opening of the city's first officially recognized public swimming beach, in nearly 100 years called Poet's Beach. Additionally, HAP began work to mitigate a harmful cyanobacterial bloom that became a regular occurrence in the summer inside the Ross Island Lagoon, in partnership with Oregon State University. HAP also commissioned a dock swim study by landscape architectural firm M.I.G. to reimagine the Kevin Duckworth Memorial Dock as a non-motorized swimming and fishing dock.

On July 5, 2019, HAP’s activism led to the recognition of Portland’s second official public beach Audrey McCall Beach.

In 2020, HAP’s activism led to converting the use of the Kevin Duckworth Dock from motorized to non-motorized and installation of eight swimming ladders and bicycle parking racks which HAP privately fundraised for. HAP and the landscape architecture firm GreenWorks P.C. Collaborated to develop a concept for a park and ramp design in connection with the proposed Burnside Bridge replacement. On November 21, 2021, Portland City Council voted to further investigate this park and ramp concept by spending $20,000 to do cost analysis and feasibility.

In 2022, HAP and Portland Parks & Recreation collaborated to designate six safer swimming areas on the Willamette River: Audrey McCall Beach, Cathedral Park Beach, Kevin Duckworth Memorial Dock, Poet's Beach, Sellwood Riverfront Park Beach, and Tom McCall Bowl Beach. In 2023, U.S. Senator Jeff Merkley championed $100,00 of funding for HAP for Ross Island Lagoon harmful cybobacteria bloom research through the United States Senate.

Cathedral Park

In 2021, HAP led an effort to remove 25 tons of concrete and rubble from the river's edge of Cathedral Park with help from partners and volunteers. In 2023, HAP partnered with Green Anchors and other organizations to have 200+ volunteers help remove 100 tons of concrete and rock from the south end of Cathedral Park Beach.

Tom McCall Waterfront Park

In 2012, HAP spearheaded a plan to have Portland Parks & Recreation designate an official city beach at the southern end of Tom McCall Waterfront Park, Tom McCall Bowl Beach. HAP also organized several cleanups of Tom McCall Bowl Beach called "Unrock the Bowl", where volunteers picked up riprap rocks from along the river’s edge to the bank where the rock was initially installed for bank protection. HAP’s successful activism resulted the city adding "swim at your own risk" signs to Tom McCall Bowl Beach in 2013. In 2014, HAP paid for larger signs to be created and installed at Tom McCall Bowl Beach and what would become Poet's Beach. In 2023, HAP continued their work from 2012 at Tom McCall Bowl Beach "Unrocking the Bowl", where 100 volunteers lugged 20 tons of riprap rock from the river’s edge to the bank and make trail improvement to two trails that lead to the river.

Events

In 2016, incumbent Portland mayor Ted Wheeler swam his ballot across the Willamette River with the River Hugger Swim Team, and later joined HAP for the first annual Mayoral Swim. As a way to lead by example and demonstrate to the people of Portland that the river is safe for swimming and recreation from a human health perspective, HAP organized an annual Mayoral Swim with Wheeler. The first and second events were held on August 18, 2016, and July 27, 2017, respectively. The event happened again in 2018 and 2019.

In August 2017, HAP organized a solar eclipse viewing party in innertubes on the river launching from the Fire House Dock.

Former
HAP created Big Float in 2011. Over 25,000 participated over the ten years of the event. The intent of the event was to actualize HAP’s organization mission of A City in love with it’s River. The event was described by the organization's Ringleader as "a movement disguised as a party". The organization produced the last event in 2022, and roughly 5,000 people attended.

HAP had its first Valentine's Dip in February 2018. The intent of this event was to show how the water quality of the Willamette River had improved. Combined Sewage Overflows most frequently happened in the Winter/Spring prior to the completion of the Big Pipe. This was an opportunity to show post Big Pipe completion that the public could even swim in the Willamette River in these traditionally unswimmable months. Approximately 100 people took the plunge in the third Valentine's Dip in 2020. The event marked 180 consecutive days of no combined sewage overflows into the river. In 2022, HAP retired the Valentine's Dip to join forces with Special Olympics Oregon when they moved their annual Polar Plunge to the Willamette River from the Columbia River.

River Hugger Swim Team
Established in 2012, the River Hugger Swim Team is an open water "recreational protest swim" bringing attention to the extreme deficit of water edge access in Portland. In 2018, Mayor Ted Wheeler joined nearly 40 “Hugger” swimmers to kick off the HAP's River Hugger Swim Team.

title: Human Access Project