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Tabla

Introduction
Welcome to the Tabla pages. Somebody who knows more than I do about the Tabla can write this intro.

The Tabla
The Tabla is actually a set of two drums, the Tabla and the Bayan (or Dugga). The Bayan is placed on the left under the left hand, and the Tabla goes under the right hand. The drums should touch each other, and this point between the drums should be on your body's centreline. Sit in half-lotus position. While this may be uncomfortable at first, the player will find that this position actually keeps the back straighter than plain crossed legs. It means you can play longer and with less back pain... though your foot may fall asleep.

Each drum sits on a cloth ring to keep it stable. The Bayan should be more or less flat, with its head parallel to the ground. The Tabla should be tilted slightly forward, so it is easier for your hand to rest while playing.

Diagrams for ease in learning
I've put together a couple diagrams of the drum heads to better show where given notes are placed.

PLEASE: if you know Devnagari, correct these charts!

And here are some hand placement diagrams for the specific hand positions.

title: Tabla


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Alejandro Foglia

Alejandro José Foglia Costa (born 30 January 1984, in Montevideo) is a Uruguayan sailor in the Laser and Finn classes.

He competed in four Summer Olympics for his native South American country: 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016, and in two Pan American Games: 2007 and 2011.

He was named Uruguay's flagbearer for the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Results

 * Olympic Games
 * 2004: 34th
 * 2008: 17th
 * 2012: 8th
 * 2016: 19th

 * Pan American Games
 * 2007: ?
 * 2011: 4th

 * ISAF Sailing World Championships
 * 2007: 18th
 * 2011: 52nd

Personal life
He is brother of Andrea Foglia another Uruguayan sailor

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alejandro Foglia


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Template:Lts/

[ links] talk [ view]

 * Template Lts:meaning 'List Template Short' — displays (short list of) links for template as shown above, Lts is like '', but without some of it's problems on some browsers.

This Template is a self-reference and so is part of the Wikipedia project rather than the encyclopaedic content.

 * Similar/See also:  — links analysis tool for category discussions.

title: Template:Lts/


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Cookbook talk:Sunchoke

* (cur) (last). . m 02:09, 19 Mar 2004. . Robbot (Andre Engels - Robot-assisted disambiguation: French) * (cur) (last). . 10:55, 10 Feb 2004. . WormRunner (filling out article somewhat) * (cur) (last). . 19:27, 9 Feb 2004. . Seglea (taxobox and update taxonomic info) * (cur) (last). . 12:51, 9 Feb 2004. . Rmhermen * (cur) (last). . m 12:28, 9 Feb 2004. . Infrogmation * (cur) (last). . 11:56, 9 Feb 2004. . Jwrosenzweig (copyedit) * (cur) (last). . 11:54, 9 Feb 2004. . Kathy T (story of the name, classification, freshness)
 * (cur) (last) . . 01:31, 20 Mar 2004 . . <IP_ADDRESS> (+de +fr)

title: Cookbook talk:Sunchoke


text:
microcentrifuge

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A centrifuge used in laboratories to separate materials from small samples (especially of biological material).

Verb

 * 1)  To centrifuge in such a device.

title: microcentrifuge


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Menduh Kızılkula

The result was   delete. Missvain (talk) 07:36, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

Menduh Kızılkula

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Another unotable person who has been deleted before. Wgolf (talk) 22:53, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Turkey-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:08, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Wrestling-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:08, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:08, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:08, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sportspeople-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:08, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Delete Fails GNG since it lacks good independent coverage and no achievements to show he meets any other notability standards. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:38, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Missvain (talk) 07:36, 14 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
The Art of Computer Programming/Algorithms/Exercises

Answers for Exercises for Section 1.1
This page is part of The Art of Computer Programming

Section 1.1 Exercises

1. [10] The text showed how to interchange the values of variables m and n, using the replacement notation, by setting t ← m, m ← n, n ← t. Show how the values of four variables (a, b, c, d) can be rearranged to (b, c, d, a) by a sequence of replacements. In other words, the new value of a is the original value of b, etc. Try to use the minimum number of replacements.

My solution:

temp ← a a ← b  b ← c  c ← d  d ← temp

Knuth’s solution: Same

2. [15] Prove that m is always greater than n at the beginning of step E1, except possibly the first time this step occurs.

My solution: The first time this step occurs n and m are the input values, so there it is possible that m is greater than n. After the first time this step occurs, m will be the value of n, and n will be the value of r (the remainder of m divided by n). Since the remainder of m divided by n will always be less than n, m (which is the previous value of n) is always greater than n (which is the remainder r).

Knuth’s Solution: Basically the same. After the first time, the values of the variables m and n are the previous values of n and r, respectively; and n > r.

3. [20] Change Algorithm E (for the sake of efficiency) so that all trivial replacement operations such as set m to n are avoided. Write this new algorithm in the style of Algorithm E, and call it Algorithm F.

My Solution: Here is my thinking on this one: In algorithm E, the value of m is not needed after finding the remainder of m divided by n. So instead of saving the remainder (step 1) in variable r, it can overwrite the value of m. Step 2 then had to be changed since 1) the remainder is now stored in variable m, and 2) the answer if the remainder is zero, is in variable n. The reduction (step E3) was replaced with steps F3 and F4 that reverse the division and save the remainder in variable n (with the corresponding changes in checking if the remainder is zero.) Then we can go back to step F1 since the remainder is now back in n.

Algorithm F (Euclid’s algorithm with no trivial replacements) Given two positive integers m and n, find their greatest common divisor, that is, the largest integer that evenly divides both m and n.

F1. [Find remainder] Divide m by n and let m be the remainder. (0 ≤ m ≤ n) F2. [Is it zero?] If m = 0, the algorithm terminates; n is the answer. F3. [Find remainder] Divide n by m and let n be the remainder. (0 ≤ n ≤ m) F4. [Is it zero?] If n = 0, the algorithm terminates; m is the answer, else go back to step F1.

Knuth’s solution: Same, just worded differently. Algorithm F (Euclid’s algorithm) Given two positive integers m and n, find their greatest common divisor.

F1. [Remainder m / n] Divide m by n and let m be the remainder. F2. [Is it zero?] If m = 0, the algorithm terminates with answer n. F3. [Remainder n / m] Divide n by m and let n be the remainder. F4. [Is it zero?] If n = 0, the algorithm terminates with answer m, otherwise go back to step F1.

4. [16] What is the greatest common divisor of 2166 and 6099?

Solution using the initial definition of algorithm E: m = 2166, n = 6099, r = 2166 m = 6099, n = 2166, r = 1767 m = 2166, n = 1767, r = 399 m = 1767, n = 399, r = 171 m = 399, n = 171, r = 57 m = 171, n = 57, r = 0 Answer is 57

5. [12] Show that the “Procedure for Reading This Set of Books” that appears in the preface actually fails to be a genuine algorithm on three of out five counts! Also mention some differences in format between it and Algorithm E.

My Solution: It does not meet the guidelines for finiteness, definiteness, and effectiveness. Some of the differences between it and Algorithm E is that algorithm E terminates, it only used mathematical steps, and the result of performing the algorithm is clearly defined.

The algorithm is not finite since it never terminates so it does not satisfy the finiteness. The algorithm has steps that are not precisely defined. For example, how does one determine if the subject of the chapter is interesting (step 5), how tired do you have to be before you should sleep (step 14). Since it has zero inputs, it satisfies the input condition. The output is specified in step 12 – work exercises so it satisfies the output condition. I am guessing that this algorithm is not effective – for example, step 9 asks if you are mathematically inclined, but there is no effective operation given to determine this.

Knuth’s solution: Not finite nor definite nor effective, perhaps no output; in format, no letter is give before step numbers, no summary phrase appears, and there is no “|”.

Analysis: I got the first part right at least. But I did not even answer the correct question in the second part – I missed the “difference in format” part of the question.

6. [20] What is T5, the average number of times step E1 is performed when n = 5?

My solution: Using my solution to exercise 2 above, n will decrease by at least on each time through step E1, and the remainder of m divided by n will be at most 4. So the most times that E1 will be executed is 5 times and the average number of times step E1 is performed is 5 / 2 or 2.5

Knuth’s solution: Trying Algorithm E with n = 5 and m = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, we find that step E1 is executed 2, 3, 4, 3, 1 times, respectively. So the average is 2.6 - T5.

Analysis: Note to self: Answers to questions that Knuth pose need to be preciously figured out, the answer is exact not just about. Oh well. Now I have to figure out Knuth’s solution.

m = 1, n = 5, r = 1 m = 5, n = 1, r = 0 answer is 1 and E1 was executed 2 times

m = 2, n = 5, r = 2 m = 5, n = 2, r = 1 m = 2, n = 1, r = 0 answer is 1 and E1 was executed 3 times

m = 3, n = 5, r = 3 m = 5, n = 3, r = 2 m = 3, n = 2, r = 1 m = 2, n = 1, r = 0 answer is 1 and E1 was executed 4 times

m = 4, n = 5, r = 4 m = 5, n = 4, r = 1 m = 4, n = 1, r = 0 answer is 1 and E1 was executed 3 times

m = 5, n = 5, r = 0 answer is 5 and E1 was executed 1 time

Average = (2 + 3 + 4 + 3 +1) / 5 = 13 / 5 = 2.6

7. [M21] Suppose that m is known and n is allowed to range over all positive integers; let Um be the average number of times that step E1 is executed in Algorithm E. Show that Um is well defined. Is Um in any way related to Tm?

My Solution: No clue. In order to figure out the M questions, I think that I will 1) try to figure it out, but do not spend a lot of time on it, 2) if I have no clue; I am going straight to Knuth’s solution and then spend the time trying to understand it. Maybe this is a cop out, but I think I will see how this method goes.

Knuth’s solution: In all but a finite number of cases, n > m. And when n > m, the first iteration of Algorithm E merely exchanges these numbers, so Um = Tm + 1.

Analysis: My first question is about the finite number. This is because m is known and there are only m values that are less than or equal to m, so there are in fact, a finite number of cases, n > m. Now, when n > m, the remainder of m divided by n will always be m since m is divisible by n zero times. So the first step of E1 will swap m and n when n > m.

I did not see the difference right away between Um and Tm, but here is what I get: Um is the average number of times step E1 is performed when m is fixed and n varies. Tm, is the average number of times step E1 is performed when n is fixed and m varies.

So when m is fixed and n > m, a swap is made between n and m and now n is fixed so Um = Tm + 1, but if m is fixed and m > n than there is no swap and Um = Tm. I guess Knuth opted not to include this since there are only a finite number of cases when this occurs.


text:
monotone function

Noun

 * 1)  A function f : X→R (where X is a subset of R, possibly a discrete set) that either never decreases or never increases as its independent variable increases; that is, either x ≤ y implies f(x) ≤ f(y) or x ≤ y implies f(y) ≤ f(x).
 * 2)  A function f : X→Y (where X and Y are posets with partial order "≤") with either: (1) the property that x ≤ y implies f(x) ≤ f(y), or (2) the property that x ≤ y implies f(y) ≤ f(x).
 * 3)  A Boolean function with the property that switching any one input variable from 0 to 1 results either in no change in output or a change from 0 to 1.
 * 1)  A function f : X→Y (where X and Y are posets with partial order "≤") with either: (1) the property that x ≤ y implies f(x) ≤ f(y), or (2) the property that x ≤ y implies f(y) ≤ f(x).
 * 2)  A Boolean function with the property that switching any one input variable from 0 to 1 results either in no change in output or a change from 0 to 1.
 * 1)  A function f : X→Y (where X and Y are posets with partial order "≤") with either: (1) the property that x ≤ y implies f(x) ≤ f(y), or (2) the property that x ≤ y implies f(y) ≤ f(x).
 * 2)  A Boolean function with the property that switching any one input variable from 0 to 1 results either in no change in output or a change from 0 to 1.

Usage notes

 * The order theory definition avoids reference to the concepts and, making it somewhat more generally applicable. Strictly speaking, the partial orders for X and Y need not be related (the notation "≤" is conventional). This case encompasses the possibility that X and Y are multidimensional spaces (e.g. Rn) and f is a mapping between them.
 * In the Boolean algebra case, there is implicit in the definition an intuitively natural partial order "≤" (see  on Wikipedia) such that, given two input tuples a = (a1, a2,... an) and b = (b1, b2,... bn), a ≤ b means that b can be obtained from a via a series of (zero or more) steps each switching an input from 0 to 1. With this partial order in mind, (only) property (1) of the order theory definition applies.

Synonyms

 * function

Hyponyms

 * ,, , nondecreasing function
 * ,, , increasing function
 * ,, , nonincreasing function
 * ,, , decreasing function
 * ,, , nonincreasing function
 * ,, , decreasing function
 * ,, , decreasing function

Translations

 * German: monotone Funktion
 * Serbo-Croatian: monotona funkcija
 * Turkish: monoton fonksiyon

 * German: monotone Funktion
 * Serbo-Croatian: monotona funkcija
 * Turkish: monoton fonksiyon

title: monotone function


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User:Macintoshiba/sandbox

Solar drain back system
A solar drain back system is a type of solar water heating system where the system is protected against freezing or overheating by draining the water from the collectors and above roof piping into a drain back vessel. A big advantage of these types of systems is that they are low maintenance since the collector loop fluid usually is tap water which doesn't degrade. (Although sometimes a little bit of Propylene Glycol is added for extra safety).

The main disadvantage of a drain back system is that the system must drain completely. If due to a mistake the system cannot drain completely than either the collector and/or above roof piping will (eventually) start leaking due to frost damage. So typically a drain back system either operates with minimal maintenance for many years or it break's in the first winter it experiences.

Moreover the collector and collector loop piping needs a slight slope so as to ensure all the water can be drained. Usually this slope needs to be somewhere between 1 to 3 cm/m. Although a slope of 0.5 cm/m may be possible, this however makes the installation very difficult. For example great care most be taken to ensure that above roof piping doesn't sag. Also the collector inlet(s) need to be high enough above the roof so as to ensure that the cold (and hot) collector piping has enough height to slope down and enter the roof.

Operation
Overheating and frost protection is provided by simply shutting off the pomp. The water in the collector and piping than simply drains back to the drain back vessel. The collectors can reach a maximum stagnation temperature of typically around 200°C-250°C depending on the collector type and location. The pump at startup first runs at full power since it needs to push the water up to the highest point. If the collectors are at a high temperature than collector will be quenched, and it's temperature drops rapidly from stagnation temperature to boiling water temperature of around 100°C and some high temperature steam will be produced. When the highest point is reached the water falls down and acts like a pulley. The pumping power can therefore be reduce to a lower power setting. The pump continues to run as long as as sufficient heat can be gained. When to pump shuts down the water drains from the collectors and piping and the system is in rest.

Pressurized drain back system
Pressurized drain back systems usually employ harp flat plate collectors or evacuated heat pipe tubes. However any type of collector can be used as long as the collector can be fully drained, is rated for the working pressure and the collector doesn't break when it's quenched from the stagnation temperature to the cold water inlet temperature. Sometimes a small restriction is placed before each collector so as to ensure that the flow over all the collectors is equally distributed. Since the system is a closed system, corrosion is usually not a big problem. Besides a pressure relief valve, sometimes also the installation of a vacuum breaker is required.

Non pressurized drain back system
The majority of installed solar systems in China however employ all glass evacuated tube collectors. These types of collector are both very cheap and efficient. Obviously these type of collectors cannot resist a lot of pressure (typically about maximum 0,2 to 0,5 bar over pressure) so the system has to be a non pressure system and is open to the atmosphere. Most systems in China are therefore simple non pressure thermosyphon systems. Recently pressure less drain back systems have been installed using these type of collectors. Combining the advantages of a drain back system and the all glass evacuated tube collectors. The system use the vertical type all glass evacuated tube. The water in the piping will drain, but the water in the evacuated tubes remains. The water in the evacuated tubes however will not freeze due to thermal inertia. Although the temperature may drop during the night. During the day even a little bit of sun will raise the temperature above freezing and melt the ice. Only for the North of China this is no longer the case and Glycol based systems are installed instead.

It's important to note that all glass evacuated tube collectors (usually) will break when they are quenched from it's stagnation temperature to the cold inlet water temperature. Therefore the tubes need to be filled with water all the time.

title: User:Macintoshiba/sandbox


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Visual Basic/API Use

The Windows API is a rich set of functions for accomplishing common tasks. There are several thousand of these functions, and all are documented on Microsoft's website, MSDN.

Declaring API functions
API functions are stored in DLL files ("Dynamic Link Libraries"; Sometimes called libraries or libs). For your program to use functions from a library, they must first be declared. Declaring a function uses the following syntax:

Declare Function (function name) Lib (library) (arguments)

To declare a function, you must first know what library it is in, and then any arguments it accepts. Happily, these are very easy to discover, often by either going to the link above (MSDN) or googling.

Example
Here, we will use a simple function, called beep to demonstrate how to use API functions. First, we must declare it, the beep function is declared as follows:

Private Declare Function Beep Lib "kernel32" (ByVal dwFreq As Long, ByVal dwDuration As Long) As Long

Once a function is declared, it can be used as if it were a built-in function of Visual Basic. To use the beep function, you must provide a frequency (in hertz), and a duration (in milliseconds). The following line would beep for 1 second at 440 hertz:

Beep 440, 1000

Here's an example of something very strange you can do with Beep API + a For Loop: Option Explicit

Private Declare Function Beep Lib "kernel32" (ByVal dwFreq As Long, ByVal dwDuration As Long) As Long

Private Sub Form_Paint Dim i As Integer For i = 1 To 2600 DoEvents Beep i, 3 ' "Techno rain": Beep Rnd * 20000, 5 ' "Life as a computer in hollywood": Beep Rnd * 20000, 15 ' "YAY! I beat a game from the 70s!": Beep Rnd * 2000, 20 ' "Scary part of a game from the 70s": Beep Rnd * 2000, 200 Next i   DoEvents Beep 200, 500 End Sub

Finding documentation on the functions
There are literally thousands of Windows API functions out there, and guessing the code to declare one is difficult. A list of all functions, their uses, and the code to declare them can be found at the following URL on Microsoft's website:
 * http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/winprog/winprog/windows_api_start_page.asp

You can also find API functions from the AllAPI Network, which has a collection of every function and it's use in VB6 as well as VB.NET, along with examples and related functions. This website is also home to a VB6 extension called ApiViewer, which is a massive extension to the outdated program that comes with VB6.
 * http://allapi.mentalis.org/apilist/apilist.php

title: Visual Basic/API Use


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weinerlich

Etymology
+

Adjective

 * 1) tearful, weepy, about to - or with a tendency to shed tears

title: weinerlich


text:
Cookbook:Anzac Biscuits I

| Cuisine of Australia | Cuisine of New Zealand

ANZAC biscuits have long had an association with the Australia/New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) troops sent to Gallipoli during WWI. The biscuit appears to be a variant of the Scottish oat cake, said to be from the Scottish-influenced city of Dunedin. The recipe was created to ensure the biscuits would keep well during naval transportation to loved ones who were fighting abroad. The finished biscuits are quite chewy and crisp, and have a long shelf-life.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups plain (non-self raising) flour
 * 1 cup white or brown sugar
 * 2 cups rolled or instant oats
 * 1 cup desiccated coconut flakes
 * 4 tablespoons golden syrup, corn syrup, or honey
 * 225 grams butter or margarine
 * 1 teaspoon baking soda
 * 2 tablespoons of water

Procedure

 * 1) Mix the flour, sugar, oats, and coconut in a bowl.
 * 2) Melt the syrup and butter in a saucepan. Add the baking soda and water to the syrup mix.
 * 3) Mix the wet and dry ingredients, adding water if necessary.
 * 4) Separate and roll the mixture into small balls, and flatten them on oven trays.
 * 5) Bake at 150°C (300°F) for about 20 minutes or until golden brown.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Using brown sugar instead of white sugar gives more colour and flavour.
 * You can replace coconut with more syrup and oats.
 * Don't omit the baking soda and water. They give the biscuits crispness and colour.
 * See https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/anzac/biscuit/recipe for the official ANZAC recipe.

title: Cookbook:Anzac Biscuits I


text:
Talk:SailGP

Photos of SailGP
It would be great to have some photos of SailGP. If anyone has taken pictures and is able to make them available on Wikimedia, that would be fantastic.Mozzie (talk) 02:00, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I have photographs I took at the New York event on my blog, but I’d have to learn how uploading to Wikimedia works.
 * That would be fantastic. You need to get a wikipedia account. Signup is straightforward. Then go to wikimedia and file upload is straightforward. You will need to release the rights to any photos that you publish. Also sign off on your messages with four tiddles (~) which puts your name, or in this case your ip address like this --> Mozzie (talk) 22:54, 6 October 2019 (UTC).

I have uploaded several photographs of the US F-50, I can also upload photos of several F-50s underway racing. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_SailGP_Team_F-50_at_North_Cove_Marina,_2019_01.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_SailGP_Team_F-50_at_North_Cove_Marina,_2019_02.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_SailGP_Team_F-50_at_North_Cove_Marina,_2019_03.jpg BaikonurJedi (talk) 07:45, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:SailGP


text:
User:Moswento/United Reformed Church, Tiverton

St Peter United Reformed Church Known as Tiverton Congregational Church

History
Tiverton United Reformed Church was established as a Congregationalist chapel in 1660. It was built on the site of an ancient chapel dedicated to St Peter. This chapel was constructed in brick with a capacity of around 500 people. The building was extended in 1699. It was known as Steps Meeting House, in reference to some nearby steps. The founding pastor was Theophilus Polwheile, a non-conformist minister. Polwheile faced opposition from various authorities, including the Mayor of Tiverton, who placed him under police supervision as well as sometimes interrupting his sermons.

For much of the 18th century, the church was under the leadership of Rev John Follett, who remained minister for 51 years. In 1774, the church started the first Sunday School in Devon.

The present building was constructed in 1831, following an appeal started by Rev William Harvey Hendebourck after his appointment in 1830. The new church opened on Hendebourck's birthday on 18 April 1832. Several other related buildings were constructed in the 19th century, including a Sunday School building (1838), a parsonage and Elmore Chapel. Hendebourck eventually left the church, moving to Canada.

With the national union of the Presbyterian Church of England and the Congregational Church in England and Wales in the 1970s, the church became a United Reformed Church. The church closed in April 2012, when the congregation merged with Tiverton Methodist Church to form Tiverton United Church. The building remains under the ownership of the South West Synod of the United Reformed Church, although its future use is uncertain.


text:
Hugh Burkhardt

Hugh Burkhardt (4 April 1935 – 3 February 2024) was a British theoretical physicist and educational designer. He was Director of The Shell Centre for Mathematical Education at the University of Nottingham, UK from 1976 to 1992 and is the creator of ISDDE, the International Society for Design and Development in Education.

Life and career
Burkhardt had a bachelor's degree in Theoretical Physics from the University of Oxford, and PhD in Mathematical Physics from the University of Birmingham. He joined the Shell Centre in Nottingham in 1976 as Director and Professor of Mathematical Education, serving until 1992. Since then he has led a series of international education design projects including Balanced Assessment and MARS (the Mathematics Assessment Resource Service) in the US, with visiting appointments at UC Berkeley and at Michigan State University. He is Emeritus Professor of Mathematical Education at the University of Nottingham. In 2005 Burkhardt recognised a need for an international organisation which focused on the design and development process that is used to produce educational materials, and so set up ISDDE.

Burkhardt died on 3 February 2024, at the age of 88.

Publications
Burkhardt published articles, papers and book chapters on mathematics education, in particular mathematical modelling, educational design (what Burkhardt terms "engineering research") and education policy.

Awards
Burkhardt, along with colleague at the Shell Centre Malcolm Swan, were the first recipients of the Emma Castelnuovo Award for Excellence in the Practice of Mathematics Education, awarded by the International Commission on Mathematical instruction (ICMI). In 2013 he won the ISDDE Prize for Excellence in Educational Design (affectionately known as the Eddie) for 'his leadership of the Shell Centre for Mathematical Education, his contributions to a large number of its influential products, and the development of its engineering research methodology.'

title: Hugh Burkhardt


text:
Talk:Kevin Hanson

move to Kevin Hanson (basketball coach) or Kevin Hanson (basketball)?
The article implies that he is much more noted as a coach than a player. The introduction does not even mention he ever was a player. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:04, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kevin Hanson


text:
Talk:American Baptist College

Copyright violation?
This article seems to include copyrighted material. Specifically, the history section seems to have been lifted verbatim from here. Kaldari 22:35, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I have removed the material in question. Kaldari 22:40, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

All Colleges of the world ?
Can all religious Colleges,... (catholic, evangelical, islamic, ...) have their own page on Wiki ?GLGerman 12:31, 20 August 2006 (UTC)GLGerman
 * Why not? --<IP_ADDRESS> 11:46, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:American Baptist College


text:
Carl von Clausewitz

Part of the Strategic Studies curriculum

Wikimedia Articles

 * Carl von Clausewitz - Wikipedia entry.
 * Carl von Clausewitz, On War, 1873.

Primary Texts

 * Clausewitz, Carl von. Col. J. J. Graham, translator. Vom Kriege. On War, Complete eBook posted on Clausewitz Homepage.
 * Clausewitz, Carl von., Ed. & Translated by Peter Paret & Daniel Moran, Two Letters on Strategy. Ft. Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1984 (Also available in PDF format).
 * Bassford, Christopher. Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Full text on-line here.

Commentaries and Articles

 * The Clausewitz Homepage (http://www.clausewitz.com) - Excellent website maintained by Pr. Christopher Bassford of the National War College. Contains texts from & on C. von Clausewitz, exhaustive bibliographies on Clausewitz in english, german, french...
 * Gerhard Muhm, "German Tactics in the Italian Campaign", (tr. from "La tattica tedesca nella campagna d'Italia", in Linea gotica avamposto dei Balcani, a cura di Amedeo Montemaggi. Roma: Edizioni Civitas, 1993) http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/gerhardmuhm2.htm

Primary Texts

 * Clausewitz, Carl Von, tr. Graham, JJ (2004) On War (New York: Barnes and Noble) ISBN 0-7607-5597-3 - Oldest English translation
 * Clausewitz, Carl Von, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. On War, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1976, rev.1984, ISBN 0-691-05657-9 - Modern translation

For a note on the differences in the translations, see this topic's discussion page.

Commentaries and Articles

 * Aron, Raymond, translated by Christine Booker and Norman Stone, Clausewitz: Philosopher of War. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983.
 * Handel, Michael I. (ed.), Clausewitz and Modern Strategy. London: Frank Cass, 1986. ISBN 0-7146-4053-0
 * Handel, Michael I., Masters of War. Classical Strategic Thought. London: Routledge, 2001 (third ed.; 1992, 1996). ISBN 071468132-6
 * Heuser, Beatrice, Reading Clausewitz. London: Pimlico, 2002. ISBN 0-7126-6484-X
 * Nooy, Gert de, The Clausewitzian Dictum and The Future of Western Military Strategy. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1997. ISBN 90-411-0455-0
 * Paret, Peter. Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
 * Rothfels, Hans “Clausewitz” pages 93-113 from The Makers of Modern Strategy edited by Edward Mead Earle, Gordon A. Craig & Felix Gilbert, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1943.
 * Smith, Hugh, On Clausewitz: A Study of Military and Political Ideas. London: Palgrave, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-3587-4

Biographical Works

 * Parkinson, Roger. Clausewitz: A Biography. New York: Stein and Day, 1971.

title: Carl von Clausewitz


text:
registrazione

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) registration
 * 2) entry
 * 3) check-in
 * 4) reporting
 * 5) recording
 * 6) adjustment

title: registrazione


text:
Talk:reactor scram

I don't think the control rods in a nuclear reactor are made of lead. Aren't they cadmium? RJFJR 18:36, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It depends on the reactor. The definition should just say control rod. Cynewulf 18:40, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed: control rod instead of lead rod. I'd considered that and now I have enough confidence to be bold.  (Sorry about the lack of boldness).  RJFJR 13:14, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:reactor scram


text:
volej

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) volley a shot in which the ball is played before it hits the ground

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) volley shot in which the ball is played before it bounces

title: volej


text:
John Cruickshank (mathematician)

John Cruickshank (5 July 1787 – 19 November 1875) was a Scottish mathematician.

Life
He was born at Barnhills farm near Rothiemay on 5 July 1787, the son of James Cruickshank (d.1794), a weaver living on the farm. In 1794, on the death of his father, the family moved to be with an aunt at Knowehead farm in Marnoch. His early years were spent as a shepherd boy and he had little education.

From 1803 he studied at Marischal College in Aberdeen and was a Gray bursar. He graduated MA in 1809. In 1814 he did a years Divinity study, supporting himself by working as a private tutor at Haddo House. He then began lecturing in mathematics at Aberdeen.

In 1817 he succeeded Prof Robert Hamilton as Professor of Mathematics.

In 1823 he reduced the students' Christmas vacation from three days to one to improve performance. It is unlikely that this was popular.

Cruickshank also acted as a university administrator and fund-raiser, both with great success. He organised building work in 1821 and was university librarian from 1844 to 1860. In the outside world he was involved in banking and finance and was one of the earliest in Britain to advocate decimalization of currency (on the French basis).

He retired in 1860 but continued to work as a school inspector and to do charitable works.

He died on 19 November 1875 and is buried in the churchyard of the Kirk of St Nicholas. The large tomb lies on the main path from Union Street to the church, close to the entrance.

Family
In 1818 he married Janet Mitchell (1789–1879).

In 1898 his daughter Anne Hamilton Cruickshank (1820–1911) set up a fund in memory of her brother Alexander (1819–1897), and this fund was used to maintain the Botanical Gardens. She also erected a stained glass window in the library of Marischal College in memory of her father. This window was removed in 1970 and placed in storage.

A second son, John Forbes Cruickshank (1823–1842) died young.

Memorials
A stained glass window to Cruickshank by Douglas Strachan, which was formerly in the central window over the entrance to Marischal College is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, Dundee.

title: John Cruickshank (mathematician)


text:
Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2006 August 11

What wikipedia is not → What Wikipedia is not
The nominated redirect was deleted. — freak([ talk]) 14:03, Aug. 14, 2006 (UTC) Cross-namespace redirect. --Mr. L e fty Talk to me! 05:45, 12 August 2006 (UTC) 'The above is preserved as the archive of an RfD nomination. Please do not modify it.'
 * Delete hasn;t this been deleted recently? Maybe someone with AWB should fix all the links that point to the page to stop recreation. Viridae Talk 06:48, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment: This page was deleted on 8 Aug 2006 by user:Cyde with no comment.  Looking at the log page for that day and for the prior week, it does not appear to have ever been nominated for deletion at RFD.  The redirect was recreated almost immediately and redeleted by the same user twice, the second time with the comment Cross-namespace redirect, see WP:ASR and the third time with the comment CSD G4.  Since the only deletions appear to be speedy-deletions, CSD case G4 may not apply.  As a contested speedy-deletion, I am restoring the page and re-opening this discussion.  Rossami (talk) 06:27, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. Cross-namespace redirects serve their purpose.  The fact that the temporary deletion of this page created 207 broken links (according to a comment in the edit history) is strong evidence that many users find this redirect useful.  This particular redirect meets "keep" criteria 2 and 4 above.  Rossami (talk) 06:27, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Broken links can be fixed, and this is a cross-namespace. Clear precedent that all of these ought to go.  Main namespace shouldn't self-reference Wikipedia without good reason (like Wikipedia). --Kevin_b_er 06:36, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as a cross-namespace redirect. We need a bot to fix all incoming links, please. -- ADNghiem501 06:46, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep, can't possibly be confused with encyclopedic content and obviously directs the reader to the right point. And as with all cross-space redirects, it should not be deleted before it is orphaned. Kusma (討論) 08:10, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - people should learn to use the correct link, or one of the shortcuts. We have a Wikipedia namespace for good reasons. I'm in the process of fixing all the incoming links anyway. — sjorford++ 11:25, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete cross namespace redirect. Viridae Talk 12:41, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

567-4582 → telephone number
The nominated redirect was already deleted by somebody else. — freak([ talk]) 16:02, Aug. 13, 2006 (UTC) Random phone number. How many of the redirects are we going to have? Voortle 03:55, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete for oobvious reasons. As a matter of interest, can someone confirm thats actually a phone number for somewhere? (not suggesting you call it) Viridae Talk 06:46, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I have no doubt that it is a phone number somewhere. Voortle 12:09, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

'The above is preserved as the archive of an RfD nomination. Please do not modify it.'
 * Delete. There is no signficance in that number, especially since it is just redirecting somewhere. Also this user's only contribution. Figgie123 21:35, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Snake/Video game → Snake (video game)
The nominated redirect was Deleted, ancient historical versions don't matter so much. -- Cyde Weys 13:32, 21 August 2006 (UTC) Extremely old-school article formation that has since been replaced by the naming convention of using parentheses. No incoming links, highly unlikely to be searched. Hbdragon88 21:04, 11 August 2006 (UTC) 'The above is preserved as the archive of an RfD nomination. Please do not modify it.'
 * Delete per nom. Viridae Talk 06:47, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep: does no harm. This redirect has existed since 2003; it is possible that its deletion will break links in old, historical, versions of some other articles. --Mathew5000 07:47, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

User:Cswrye/Proposed guideline for Wikipedian categories → Proposed guideline for Wikipedian categories
The nominated redirect was Deleted (db-author). -- JLaTondre 00:14, 12 August 2006 (UTC) This is a redirect from a subpage of my own user page to a Wikipedia project page. I used it to write a proposal before I made it public. --Cswrye 00:41, 11 August 2006 (UTC) 'The above is preserved as the archive of an RfD nomination. Please do not modify it.'

Template:WikiProjectsWikifyTasks → Template:WikiProjectWikifyTasks
The nominated redirect was deleted. —Misza 13 T C 14:09, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

This article was moved due to a typo in the name, so the original is left as a redirect with no real purpose The Talking Sock talk contribs 02:01, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy-delete as an author-mistake. User is the only editor prior to the pagemove.  Rossami (talk) 06:12, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

'The above is preserved as the archive of an RfD nomination. Please do not modify it.'

Ⱦ → Question mark
The nominated redirect was deleted. The unicode guides indicate that this character is not really the question mark it appears to be, as evidenced by the URL encoding "%C8%BE". Note that a real question mark is merely "%3F". — freak([ talk]) 14:05, Aug. 14, 2006 (UTC) Ⱦ (U+023E) is “Latin Capital Letter T With Diagonal Stroke”. Even in my computer it shows as a question mark (it means no glyph), but actually it is a letter.--Hello World! 15:34, 11 August 2006 (UTC) 'The above is preserved as the archive of an RfD nomination. Please do not modify it.'
 * Keep:This redirect makes perfect sense to me - am I missing something here? --Hetar 21:00, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It looks like a question mark only because your computer does not have a font that displays the letter.--Hello World! 03:26, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * LOL. — freak([ talk]) 16:05, Aug. 13, 2006 (UTC)
 * I've found that this letter can be displayed using Code2000.--Hello World! 16:08, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Dang that took awhile.  It is indeed supposed to look like a T, but with a / through it, though why I don't have a font that supports it is beyond me.  In any case, delete it as its not a proper redirect.  Kevin_b_er 06:51, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Mathew5000 07:51, 14 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Ndcroos/Ownership types

In computer science, ownership types are a way to address faults arising from object aliasing. An ownership type system enforces two kinds of restrictions to the object graph topological restriction encapsulation heap object-oriented programs

type theory

Object ownership

Ownership context is a region of the heap. Other names are ownership domains, contexts, boxes and regions.

borrowing

Immutability

Formal
object calculus

separation logic

title: User:Ndcroos/Ownership types


text:
Isaac Asante

Isaac Asante (born 21 August 2002) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Belgian Division 2 club Jong KV Mechelen.

Club career
Asante made his professional debut for OH Leuven on 15 August 2020 in a 1–1 draw against Genk. In July 2022, Asante was sent to the OH Leuven under-23 side in the Belgian third tier for the season. He scored his first goal for the under-23 in a 1–1 match against KSK Heist on 10 September.

Personal life
Born in Accra, Ghana, Asante moved to Belgium with his family at a young age.

title: Isaac Asante


text:
What is science?

Welcome to the "What is science?" learning project. Participants in this project explore science and the relationship of science to other aspects of human life.

General features of science
Science is concerned with knowledge that can be objectively verified. Objective verification of knowledge is a social process by which observations and ideas are explained in sufficient detail so that others can verify them. Science depends on careful observation of the world, often aided by contrived experiments and mathematical models that artificially simplify the behavior of complex systems. The results from many special purpose experiments and models can then be combined in order to understand the full complexity of real world phenomena. Thus, science depends on information received by the senses, but subjective experience is constantly tempered by skepticism and systematic doubt.

Scientists continually look for new ways to test what we think we know and understand. Scientific ideas are always tentative and are often modified and updated as needed when new observations become possible and new ways are found to combine old observations and ideas. Arguments from authority carry no weight in science. Repeated, independent verification of scientific results by means of multiple methods is the basis upon which scientific objectivity is built.

New sciences arise when new phenomena are discovered or new methods for scientific investigation become available. Some fields of study exist as protosciences with their investigators hoping to observe certain types of phenomena. For example, astrobiologists have not observed life in other star systems, but are attempting to find evidence to support the idea that life might exist beyond Earth and outside of the Solar System. It is not unusual for scientists to make predictions and then spend many years attempting to verify those predictions. As long as scientific methods are used and unverifiable claims are not made, such protoscience can exist as an important part of how scientific knowledge is extended to new domains.

In some cases, entire existing academic disciplines attempt to adopt scientific methods and make a transition towards greater scientific objectivity for that field. In contrast, pseudoscience is characterized by attempts to champion unverified claims as scientific without bothering to follow the scientific method.

/Scientific revolutions/

 * In addition to the "quantum revolution", what are some examples of "scientific revolutions" which resulted in major changes in scientific understanding?

/Protoscience/

 * What are some currently active protosciences or alleged protosciences? (Exobiology - searching for data)

/Pseudoscience/

 * Discuss this list of pseudosciences and alleged pseudosciences.

/Essays/

 * Essays relating to the Demarcation problem.

title: What is science?


text:
User:Chrrngt4

Hello, I'm a librarian based in Memphis. I am interested in articles about TV, serial killers, and books. I try to edit where I can.

title: User:Chrrngt4


text:
Computer Architecture Lab/Winter2006/PolzerJahn/ThreeMicroDiscussion

Abstract
This document was written for the lecture LU Computer Architecture at the Vienna University of Technology. The aim of this document is to compare three different processor architectures regarding their instruction set and their design.

We have chosen the following three architectures:
 * Intel 8bit micro processor platform (Representative: 8088)
 * Atmel Atmega 8bit micro controller family (Representative: Atmega128)
 * Motorola 68k family (Representative: 68008)

8088, 68008
Those two processors are based on the von Neumann architecture. This architecture uses a common program and data memory. The advantage is that fewer pins are needed on the package with the disadvantage of the so called von Neumann bottleneck.

The problem is that there can be a conflict while accessing the memory. This happens if the processor wants to access the data memory while loading an instruction.

Further on both processors are members of the CISC family. Their philosophy is to support multiple versions of each instruction. Each version uses different operands (registers, intermediates or memory).

This results in a big dispersion of the instructions execution time.

Atmega128
This processor is based on the Harvard architecture. The advantage of this architecture is that there are dedicated program and data memories. Because of this the bottleneck of the von Neumann architecture is avoided.

The Atmega128 is member of the RISC processor family. This family is also known as load/store architecture. The base idea of it is that there are only a few versions of each instruction. Normally the instructions can only applied on registers. Additional there is a load and a store instruction to read and write the register values to the memory.

Because of this architecture the spreading of the instructions execution time is smaller than the one of CISC processors. Further on each instruction has a very short execution time (normally one clock cycle). But there are much more instructions needed to produce the same result as a CISC processor.

A RISC processor normally has a lot of data registers. They are needed because of the instruction's operand limitations.

8088
The Intel 8088 is based on the 8086 as a low-cost-chip, like Celeron today. The prefetch queue was reduced to 4 instead of 6 bytes. It was introduced 1979 and used in the original IBM PC.

The length of an instruction is between one and four bytes long. The first byte contains the operation code and flags. The following bytes contain the operands (register, memory address (different addressing schemes)).

The instructions are sorted to the following groups:
 * Arithmetic
 * Logic
 * String manipulation
 * Control (Comparison and jumps)
 * Processor control (e.g. clearing the flags)

For further details take a look at home.comcast.net/~fbui/intel.html

Atmega128
The length of an instruction is 16 or 32 bit. The first 16 bit contain the opcode and the operands. If a memory location is used literally then the second 16 bits are used as well.

The instructions are sorted to the following groups:
 * Arithmetic
 * Logic & Bit manipulation
 * Transfer
 * Control (Comparison and jumps)

For further details take a look at the Atmel Homepage

68008
The 68008 belongs to the 68k family of Motorola. It is narrowed to the 68000 with a smaller address-bus and data-bus. See the details in the summary-table. The instructions are divided into operations and address modes. Almost all address modes are available for almost all instructions. The minimal instruction size is 16bit. A lot of instructions need extra words to be appended for addresses, address-mode bits, etc. So an instruction consist of at least one word, but some have as many as 11 words. The first word is called "simple effective address operation word" which specifies the length of the instruction, the effective addressing mode, and the operation to be performed. The other words are called "brief and full extension words" which are specifying the instruction and operands.

 * SINGLE EFFECTIVE ADDRESS OPERATION WORD (ONE WORD, SPECIFIES OPERATION AND MODES)
 * SPECIAL OPERAND SPECIFIERS (IF ANY, ONE OR TWO WORDS)
 * IMMEDIATE OPERAND OR SOURCE EFFECTIVE ADDRESS EXTENSION (IF ANY, ONE TO SIX WORDS)
 * DESTINATION EFFECTIVE ADDRESS EXTENSION (IF ANY, ONE TO SIX WORDS)

The 68008 provides 14 different address modes and instructions are sorted to the following groups:
 * Arithmetic
 * Logic & Bit manipulation
 * Multiprocessing control
 * Flow of control

For further details take a look at the Freescale Homepage


text:
User:Mauricio Perez Gonzalez/Choose an Article

Article Selection
Please list articles that you're considering for your Wikipedia assignment below. Begin to critique these articles and find relevant sources.

Option 1

 * Article title
 * African cuisine

 * Article Evaluation
 * A very well written article, covers every region of Africa and their unique cuisine. Is very easy to read and understand, in addition of the pictures that are paired with the sections to give the reader a visual representation of the food. Solid from top to bottom including up-to-date sources, but I would like to add a section that would talk about the history of food in Africa. Even though the article breaks the continent into regions, I think the article misses whats the history behind each region cuisine.

 * Sources
 * https://quatr.us/african-history/african-food-history.htm
 * https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/9780896802728_intro.pdf

Option 2

 * Article title
 * Cuisine of the Southern United States

 * Article Evaluation
 * The article is well written, has abundant information, and the information is up-to-date, but has some areas where it could be improved. Is easy understand and read, doesn't use a lot of complicated words. One of the additions that could be made will be creating a section to talk about the food of each state dishes more in depth, and provide more images of the dishes. Also, there could be added how the Southern cuisine has transcended way farther than just states in south and how popular the cuisine is in the whole country.

 * Sources
 * https://aaregistry.org/story/soul-food-a-brief-history/#targetText=“Soul%20Food”%20a%20brief%20history,of%20the%20Southern%20United%20States.&targetText=The%20style%20of%20cooking%20originated%20during%20American%20slavery.
 * https://www.britannica.com/topic/soul-food-cuisine

https://www.wideopeneats.com/most-popular-cuisine-map/

 * Article title 3
 * Food power

 * Article Evaluation
 * The article is all over the place, doesn't have a particular order. This makes the text hard to read, and understand. Has a lot of area that could be improved, such as the structure and order in which the information is presented. An addition that could be make is putting the general concept of food power on a side and on the other side how powerful some countries are because of the food they produce. Another big improvement that could be made in this article is how food benefits the economy and gives advantages to some countries over others.

 * Sources
 * https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/11/05/images-top-food-exporting-countries-in-the-world/
 * https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0712/top-agricultural-producing-countries.aspx
 * https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/december/economic-impact-locally-produced-food
 * https://arrowquip.com/blog/animal-science/top-benefits-buying-locally-grown-food
 * http://www.wphna.org/htdocs/downloadsmay2012/Harriet%20Friedman%20The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Food%20pdf.pdf
 * https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KiEi6azAHykC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=food+and+economy&ots=wvkavx5xIe&sig=QdqWkJz6iY9Gw1yGs3-kKAl2vEY#v=onepage&q=food%20and%20economy&f=false
 * https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yxLblqMoBiEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=food+economy&ots=5LZyh-tItR&sig=VPS_dDTj03OZ6-E-bBCJhryRc50#v=onepage&q=food%20economy&f=false
 * https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100615/4-countries-produce-most-food.asp
 * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-best-countries-for-food-security.html
 * https://www.fastcompany.com/1680250/how-the-worlds-countries-rank-for-food-security
 * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-american-food-giant-the-largest-exporter-of-food-in-the-world.html
 * https://www.mbaskool.com/fun-corner/top-brand-lists/17226-top-10-agricultural-countries-by-gdp-contribution-2017.html

Option 4

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Article Evaluation

Option 5

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources


text:
Cold Meadows Guard Station

The Cold Meadows Guard Station is a ranger station located northeast of McCall, Idaho in the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness and the Payette National Forest. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

The listing included five contributing buildings and one contributing structure: a dwelling, a bunkhouse, a storehouse, a woodshed, an outhouse, and a "Fly Shed". The Fly Shed, a 21x30 ft structure built of logs and canvas, was built in 1918;  the rest of the complex was complete by 1935.

The NRHP nomination asserts that "the guard/ranger station complex is among the most remote in the lower 48 states."

title: Cold Meadows Guard Station


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/kcbs.hc.edu.tw

Links

 * kcbs.hc.edu.tw resolves to [//X X]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 4 additions.


text:
Results of the 1869–70 New South Wales colonial election

The 1869–70 New South Wales colonial election was for 72 members representing 60 electoral districts. The election was conducted on the basis of a simple majority or first-past-the-post voting system. In this election there were 8 multi-member districts returning 20 members and 52 single member districts. In the multi-member districts each elector could vote for as many candidates as there were vacancies. 11 districts were uncontested.

There were three districts that did not have a residential or property qualification, Goldfields North (850), Goldfields South (2,240) and Goldfields West (6,000). The average number of enrolled voters per seat in the other districts was 1,649 ranging from The Paterson (583) to The Lachlan (3,857). The electoral boundaries were established under the Electoral Act 1858 (NSW).


text:
knul

Noun

 * 1) A crude boor, lout, sull; the diminutive often lacks the derogatory connotation
 * 2) A dude, young guy

title: knul


text:
Talk:Tornado outbreak of April 20, 2004

Tags
The section on aftermath seemed like a lot of heresay and conjecture, so I tagged it as OR. Sources need to be cited there and throughout the article, some of these claims are pretty bold so for the reader it should be easy to see where they come from. It looks like the ELs were supposed to be references so if I get some time I may sort through them and see which ones should be cited.--IvoShandor (talk) 20:34, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah... I checked and that dates back to 2005, before I knew about inline referencing. I think, though I'll have to check again, that info comes from the Wicked Wind reference. Could be wrong. — Rob (  talk  ) 05:09, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * No big deal. We'll sort through it, I am particularly concerned about the statements concerning the woman's unborn son. That needs a couple sources, it seems like a thinly veiled attempt at pro-life POV, of course, I could be mistaken. --IvoShandor (talk) 05:54, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Reasons for move
Thanks to anyone who puts imput into this disscussion, I will respond to any questions on this rename on this page. Marcusmax ( speak ) 00:09, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Using the term "Utica" downplays the other tornadoes impacts across the Midwest in Joliet a tornado caused $5,000,000 worth of damage and received coverage from reliable sources and caused damage in a major metropolitan area.
 * As stated above the Utica tornado was not the only notable tornado in fact a tornado near Kokomo injured 1 person and another one near Jamestown injured 8 people, other tornadoes caused heavy damage throughout the region.
 * Of course the Utica tornado was unique in that it formed in a river valley, however what makes the entire event even more unique is the fact that no one predicted a tornado outbreak would even happen, I quote from a National Weather Service report, "This Severe Weather Event was largely unanticipated and one of the more difficult outbreaks in recent history to forecast". That same report also says, "The April 20 2004 Tornado Outbreak serves as an excellent example to forecasters regarding the importance of monitoring and making major adjustments to model-derived forecasts based on observed data in real time." the full report can be read here.
 * Lastly no one (I can find) but Wikipedia calls this the April 2004 Utica tornado outbreak while the more commonly used names are similiar such as Severe Weather Outbreak of April 20, 2004, April 20, 2004 Deadly Tornado Outbreak in Illinois and Indiana.

Rename/Move
April 2004 Utica tornado outbreak → April 20, 2004 tornado outbreak — It seems important that this article be renamed and moved, from its current title to one the better sums up the full incident. When I was a much less experienced editor I attempted to move this article to April 20, 2004 Tornado Outbreak to better sum up the entire tornado outbreak instead of just the Utica Tornado. But I failed to obtain consensus and it was undone, so I seek consensus this time. See my full explanation above. - Marcusmax  ( speak ) 00:25, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Comment. As I see it, there have been three moves. For one thing, Tornado Outbreak is not a proper noun, and would certainly not be capitalized. For another, I see no value in specifying April 20, vs. April, and finally, for me it is much more useful to indicate some sort of geographic location, rather than just tornado - for there are tornadoes in many many locations. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:37, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I was not aware there was another move sorry for not mentioning that. However back to the main reason for doing this as stated at WikiProject Severe weather/Tornado, "If more than one name is in common use, that used by NOAA or an official weather agency should take precedence except in extraordinary circumstances, with any other names a redirect." NOAA has named this "Severe Weather Outbreak of April 20, 2004", and also the "4/20/04 Outbreak in Illinois and Indiana" nowhere is it called the Utica tornado outbreak. That same project guideline (I am not sure if they ever had a convention) says that if there is no one accepted name then a geographic locale can be entered. In that case if users feel that just the date is not good enough then we can use a geogrpahic locale but one that better sums up the incident like the April 20, 2004 Midwest tornado outbreak or use a nickname like the April 2004 Grain Belt tornado outbreak. However using Utica makes little sense, as some of the tornadoes took place far away from Utica and in other states. I am curious if you think such a solution would be better. Oh and my fault on the caps its been switched. - Marcusmax  ( speak ) 03:06, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Support: move to April 20, 2004 tornado outbreak or April 20, 2004 Midwest tornado outbreak. Do not support using a nickname like Grain Belt, which I'm not sure will add any understanding, but rather confusion. I live in the area and have never heard it referred to as the "grain belt" myself, doesn't mean it isn't just that it's not very commonly known as such, at least in the area.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:05, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I know this is an old discussion, but Support move to April 20, 2004 tornado outbreak. Any other name is likely original research, and I doubt this was the only tornado outbreak in April 2004, so the full date is needed. - Running On Brains (talk) 04:24, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ – Juliancolton  | Talk 15:40, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:Tornado outbreak of April 20, 2004


text:
Landsknecht (game)

Part of The School of Strategic Studies>Universal Tactical Simulation

Description
A wargame, played on a chessboard or other checkered surface, with either miniatures or just bits of paper or cardboard. Loosely simulates combat during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance in Europe. It is a very simple game that introduces very basic military concepts such as formation, drill, enfilade, defilade, and battlefield manoeuver.

Object
To defeat, rout, or annihilate the opposing force.

Setup
The field of battle is an 8x8 checkerboard the same as those used in the game of Chess. Setup varies depending on scenario.

There are three different basic types of unit:
 * Infantry: solid in defence
 * Cavalry: fierce in attack
 * Ranged: long-ranged attack

Every unit is representative of a standardized Late Medieval German unit of heavily-armoured trained militia or mercenaries. Units can be represented on the board in any number of ways, from bits of paper to painted figurines. Ideas will be given along with this document. For example, printable flag pages (such as this one for the Holy Roman Empire) can be made to add colour to your board and help identify friendly pieces:

The size of each square is approximately 25x25 yards, making the battlefield 200 yards long and wide.

The people in each unit, for ease of play, are represented by "gleven" which were an arbitrary number and composition of troops that was the basis for the makeup and command structure of German mediaeval armies. A "Gleve" is a 'levy' in English.

Some gleven were 2 horsemen, some were up to 10 footsoldiers, but this game uses the term to denote 20 troops, meaning the average square fits up to 20 gleven of troops organized in two units of 10 gleven each. A typical group of German infantry would contain 2 Rotten (platoons) of 10 men in each gleve.

Each square can accommodate two of any type of unit, the maximum size of each unit being 200 people. This is based on the idea that each unit is 25 files across and 8 ranks deep. This is the standard for regular one-arms dressing, meaning every man is exactly one arms length from the other in any direction.

Open order is possible so skrmishers may be created. Open order cuts the number of gleven per square in half as the order is two arm lengths from each man.

Close-order or shoulder dressing packs men shoulder-to-shoulder, and this may be done for shield walls, pike hedges and nifty formations like the Spartan Phalanx or the Roman Testudo. This doubles the number of gleven in a square.

The only exception to this rule is that only one cavalry unit of 25 files with 8 ranks may fit into one square, not two such units. Cavalry can never be in any less than standard order, and cavalry skermishers can open their order as above.

The changing of order could be done such that a small number of men are holding a long front, or it can be used in skermishing. No unit in close order can charge. No unit in open order can set against charge. open order allows instant facing and direction changes without any penalty, skermishers can turn about as much as they want and change facing however they wish. Horse archers must ride in skermish order.

At setup, players may decide on the order (closed, open, regular) in which their troops occupy the board.

Movement
Generals will roll a die at the beginning of each round with the higher roller deciding who will move first in that round. The one who moves first may move all or none of their units to the maximum of their allowable movement each round, followed by the second mover. Units are not moved in alternation.

A troop of soldiers have a number of choices of movement which can be broken down into TURNS, FORMS, and MARCHES.
 * A TURN is where a unit turns 90 degrees or 180 degrees in place. The frontage of the unit on the battlefield does not change, but the facing does.
 * A FORM is where the unit makes a change of facing AND frontage. The entire unit remains in the same square, and can change their frontage to the right or left 90 degrees.
 * A MARCH is where the unit moves by marching forward or charging. A MARCH may be undertaken after a TURN, but not after a FORM.

Marches
There are two types of MARCH: a standard march and a charge. Each unit has different numbers of squares it may travel doing either.
 * Infantry:
 * March-1 square
 * Charge-2 squares

 * Cavalry:
 * March-2 squares
 * Charge-6 squares

 * Ranged:
 * March-1 square
 * Charge-2 squares

(but ranged troops do not gain an attack bonus for charging into combat)

Turns and Forms
Whenever a unit TURNS and then proceeds to MARCH in column of eights, the unit is considered to end their round by turning to advance or retire. For example, the unit may go back to facing their previous front or rear, but never will they face in column of eights at the end of the turn.

A unit may TURN or FORM 90 degrees, or TURN 180 degrees, but TURNing or FORMing cannot be done in increments of 45 degrees.

In order to give the units more freedom of movement, the incline (a 45 degree turn) may be used such that the unit may move directly forward, or to the forward left or right. The unit facing is returned once again to the way in which it began the round.

Combat
A unit's combat effectiveness is determined by its Facing, Depth

Frontage, Flank, Rear
The unit's frontage is defined as the front three squares of the 8 that surround it.

Its flank is the side two squares on either side, and its rear is the back one square.

There is some overlap of flank and rear, and it is described with the help of the picture to the right. The overlap of the flank and rear is resolved by the direction from which the attacker enters the adjacent square. If the attacking unit enters the adjacent square from the border that is coloured yellow, that attack will be considered a flank. If the attacker enters from the border that is coloured red, that attack will be considered an attack on the rear.

A unit may attack to the three squares of its frontage.

Combat happens in a square to the front of the attacker. Base-to-base combat requires that the squares the units occupy must be adjacent.

Depth and Dice for Attack
The strength of a combat unit is determined by its depth in ranks. Each rank which can fight is worth 1 die in combat.

For a unit composed of one gleven, there is only one rank. Two gleven is two ranks, three gleven is three ranks, and after this it doesn't matter because the maximum number of ranks that can enter combat is three.

If, for example, two units of Infantry are in pitched combat, they will each roll one die per rank in combat to a maximum of three.

If there are 4 gleven in one unit and three in the other, in combat they will both roll three dice respectively. The total amount of pips that show on the dice rolled by each side are added up.

This is the strength of the unit in attack, and for every four pips, one gleve of enemy Infantry is considered to have become casualties.

For every remainder of two or three pips, a gleve is given a "step loss" - that is half their number is composed of casualties. Place a step loss counter on the unit. Any less than two pips of remainder is discarded.

Modifiers to Combat
Different bonuses are given to the attacker and defender in certain circumstances. Follow these guidelines for awarding extra combat dice to the units who outmanoever others:

+1 die		Defender (Infantry only) did not move this turn and was charged by Infantry (order: "set against charge").

+2 dice		Defender (Infantry only) did not move this turn and was charged by Cavalry (order: "prepare to receive cavalry").

+1 die		Attacker charges a foe that moved last turn (Cavalry gain a +2 dice bonus).

+1 die		Attacker attacks foe on the flank. In this case, the Defender may not roll more than 1 combat die.

+2 dice		Attacker attacks foe in the rear. Defender may not roll any combat dice.

Running Combat
Combat is run simultaneously, so all casualties are removed after all the combat has been done, not before.

The attacker must use one "move" in order to attack. This means that the attacker must enter a square adjacent the target and then still have one move left to enter combat.

Archers have a range of up to 6 squares. They roll 1 combat die for every two gleven of archers that fire, and then compare this result to the range table: This suggests that at close range, archers are particularly ineffective due to the need for direct fire, and in their range "sweet spot" they are far more effective, as all ranks can concentrate fire on the target. Effectiveness then decreases again due to a lack of accuracy. To read the table, simply note that when a band of archers rolls a total number of pips N, at range 1, the total amount of damage done to the enemy is N/7, rounded down to a minimum of 0. At range 2, the total amount of damage done to the enemy is N/4, and so on.

Cavalry, once they attack an Infantry or Archer unit, MUST force their opponent back into retiring or else they are considered 'bogged'.

This means the cavalry are caught up in the mass of troops and cannot manoever. A cavalry unit caught in such a way is subject to a penalty of -1 combat dice to a minimum of 1 die.

Archers cannot charge or set against charge in the way Infantry can, but they can fight base-to-base like Infantry. All German Archers had to have armour and swords as well as bows.

Morale
Morale is one of the major determinants of battlefield loss or victory. Each full unit of men, mainly due to the cohesion of forces working in close quarters, is affected by one morale value. Every unit represented as one mass on the board will need a morale die to represent its morale level. All regular units begin at morale 5. All rabble and irregular units begin at morale 3. Specially religious or elite units may begin above four due to their fanaticism or contempt of death. Morale checks are required when a unit is attacked and ends up losing out in combat, when a unit retires due to stress, when attacked by weapons that cause fear, and when a unit is being rallied by its commander.

Morale Improvement
Units which succeed against opponents have a chance to improve their morale by passing a leadership test. Any unit facing a unit that falls to “shaken” status may make a command check to gain morale. In addition, command checks can be made (as per the rally rules) in stationary and unengaged units to raise their morale back to “normal.” Highly skilled commanders may be able to rile their troops up in this way so much that they can become “spirited” or even “frenzied.”

Making a Morale Check
Morale is rolled against the unit’s combined morale rating. Typically, morale for any unit is 7, though veteran troops normally have 8 or 9, and rabble can have 5 or 6. The check is made with two dice. If the result is equal to or lower than the unit’s morale rating, then the check has been passed. In the event of the roll being higher than the rating, the check has been failed.

Modifiers to Morale
Modifiers to Morale include if the target unit is:
 * Attacked from the rear –1
 * At half strength or less –1
 * Attacked by a frenzied unit –1
 * At quarter strength or less –2
 * Successfully charged –1
 * Backed against an obstacle (wall or river, etc.) -2
 * Attacked by double the amount of men in their own unit –1
 * Not under the effects of a commander –2
 * Green troops, engaging the foe for the first time –1
 * Fatigued –1
 * Pushing back a foe +1
 * Forcing a foe to rout +1
 * Reloading ranged weapons –2

Advanced Unit Types
Other types of troops exist than the basic three above.

Sword and Pike Infantry
Infantry comes in both sword and pike varieties, but is considered for the sake of a simple game to be the same thing. In the case of making a differentiation between sword and pike infantry, the following is taken into consideration:
 * sword is a more versatile melee weapon than pike.
 * pike sets against charge where sword cannot.
 * swordsmen may carry shields.
 * pikemen will engage before swords, and more of them can attack the enemy, especially in a closed order formation.
 * swordsmen work best in skermish and in shield walls, there is no middle ground.

Therefore, to compensate for these problems, apply the following rules of thumb:

 * It is considered only the first three ranks of a sword unit may fight if the unit is in regular order. If in close order, only the first rank alone may enter combat.  If in skermish order, the swords may attack with all three ranks.
 * Pikes may always attack with three ranks in any formation.
 * Pikes can never skirmish. You may if wished, but it is suicide.
 * pikes may set against charge.
 * Swordmen may use shield wall if they are so trained.
 * Every sword gleve gets a shield save when threatened with annihilation. A roll of 1-2 on a d6 reduces the damage to a half-loss only.  A half-gleve may be saved completely from harmby a roll of 1-2.
 * When a sword unit attacks pike, roll the attacks. Generally, a pike unit will have more dice to bear on a sword unit as it can pack more densely. If the pike attack is higher than the sword attack, apply the damage immediately to the swords, and roll sword morale.  If the number of gleven in a sword unit changes enough to change the amount of attack dice it has, roll again for damage against the pikes, otherwise run the first combat as usual.
 * If swords can hold against pikes for one turn, they gain a bonus of being able to attack with four ranks. The shield save is also changed: a roll of 1 saves the gleve, 2-3 the gleve is only cut in half.
 * Sword skermishers that have passed the first assault of the pikes may infiltrate the pike ranks, doing one full free attack and causing the pikes to withdraw automatically.

Arquebus
The Arquebus is a ranged firelock weapon with an effective range of about 40-50 yards. Though the ball from an Arquebus can continue for a much greater distance than this, the vagaries of air pressure (that also plague slicing golf balls) make the weapon highly inaccurate. In Arquebus troops, only the front rank may fire. This lends them to use in close order, from which a maximum of two gleven may bring their fire to bear. An Arquebus takes a full turn to reload, and an Arquebus unit cannot perform any other action while reloading. Arquebus do damage per gleven based on the following table: This table implies that arquebus units side-by-side may concentrate fire to be effective at long range. Arquebus, when attacked, if they are in good order and facing the attacker, may fire prior to entering combat. This damage is resolved before the enemy attacker makes an attack. In all cases when a unit is fired upon by Arquebus, they must make a morale check, because Arquebus cause fear.

Swiss Pikemen
Swiss Pikemen are so exquisitely trained that they can turn without effort, and face the direction of the enemy - even when it isn't their turn. In this way, Swiss pikes never have to turn, they can move in any direction the player wishes. When receiving attacks from different directions, Swiss troops suffer no derogatory morale, and if they are attacked from more than one different direction, they can form square such that all sides of their unit are counted as "front." Forming square occurs at any time, and the Swiss player can even do it when attacked in the opponent's round. If this is the case, the Swiss unit may only move half rate in the next turn. Swiss Pike units are formed of 40 gleven and fill a full board square, and should be represented by a Cavalry-size box.

Spanish Tercio
Spanish Tercio are a blend of Pike and Arquebus that is particularly effective. Represented on the board by a band of Arquebus with a unit of Pike behind, they may choose, at any time, to switch positions at the cost of only one movement point. If the Tercio player saves a movement point at the end of his turn, the Tercio may do this at will during the opponent's turn.

Scenarios
Make some!

title: Landsknecht (game)


text:
Talk:Priscilla Slade

Balance needed
While the criminal trial has made more news than Slades earlier years, in order to have a balanced article, more details of her tenure as TSU president should be added.—User: (talk) 11:16, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

wow, who wrote this last version? her mother? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aaslatten (talk • contribs) 22:02, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

I cannot believe who wrote this article. It is not balanced. More information needed on her misdeeds. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:11, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Priscilla Slade


text:
Talk:Henrik Skadelår

Translation
Someone should translate this source and add it to the article.--The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 00:28, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

For his sons Buris and Canute articles should created from these links.--The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 00:50, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Confusion as to Buris Henriksson's wife
All the articles on Buris Henriksson or his father (and by 'all', I mean all the translations, as far as I can tell) claim Buris was married to Luitgard, daughter of Rudolf I von Stade and Richardis, and have her date of death as 1152. But none of the articles on Luitgard have Buris as among her three husbands, and not only have her married to Hermann II of Winzenburg in 1152, claim she was murdered along with him. The articles on Luitgard, her father, and Hermann II all say this. So this needs to be corrected. But... Which is correct? Unless, somehow, both "versions" are the historical consensus and nobody's noticed the conflict. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:25, 24 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Not great evidence, but I Google translated the transcription of the article on Buris linked above, and it says (or seems to be saying, it's still Google translate) that Buris married A DAUGHTER of Luitgard. Luitgard's article also says her DAUGHTER married Buris. I'd just go and fix this myself, but this error appears to be on EVERY article regarding Buris, across the language spectrum, and seems important enough to point out to someone with, like, some kind of authority, and knowledge of Norwegian and Swedish. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:33, 24 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henrik Skadelår


text:
Communication/Activities

Communication is the activity of conveying information. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender. Feedback is critical to effective communication between parties.

The goal of this page is to prompt students to think about how the media of communication limit the nature of what people can and cannot communicate to each other.

Types of communication
Communication can be classified into various types based on different criteria. Here are some common types of communication:

 * 1) Verbal Communication: This involves the use of spoken or written words to convey messages. It includes face-to-face conversations, phone calls, presentations, speeches, interviews, letters, emails, and other written documents.
 * 2) Nonverbal Communication: Nonverbal communication refers to the exchange of information without the use of words. It includes body language, facial expressions, gestures, posture, eye contact, tone of voice, touch, and even the use of physical space.
 * 3) Visual Communication: Visual communication involves the use of visual elements to convey information, such as graphs, charts, diagrams, maps, photographs, videos, symbols, and illustrations. It's particularly effective for presenting complex data in a clear and concise manner.
 * 4) Written Communication: This type of communication involves the exchange of information through written words. It includes emails, letters, memos, reports, manuals, newsletters, articles, and any other text-based documents.
 * 5) Interpersonal Communication: Interpersonal communication occurs between two or more people and involves the exchange of thoughts, feelings, and information. It encompasses face-to-face conversations, phone calls, video calls, and any other form of direct interaction between individuals.
 * 6) Group Communication: Group communication involves communication among members of a group or team. It can take place in various settings, such as meetings, brainstorming sessions, workshops, conferences, and group discussions.
 * 7) Mass Communication: Mass communication involves the transmission of messages to a large and diverse audience through mass media channels, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, websites, social media, and advertising.
 * 8) Digital Communication: Digital communication refers to the exchange of information using electronic devices and digital technologies. It includes emails, text messages, instant messaging, social media platforms, video conferencing, and other online communication tools.
 * 9) Formal Communication: Formal communication follows established rules, procedures, and protocols within organizations. It includes official announcements, reports, policies, procedures, and other communications that adhere to organizational hierarchies and structures.
 * 10) Informal Communication: Informal communication occurs spontaneously and without following formal channels. It includes casual conversations, gossip, rumors, social interactions, and other informal exchanges of information within organizations or social groups.

These types of communication can overlap and intersect in various ways, and effective communication often involves a combination of different methods depending on the context and purpose of the communication.

Theoretical communication
Def. a "concept or state of exchanging data or information between entities" is called communication.

Communication media
Def. a "conceptual barrier to effective communication, that occurs when people who speak different languages attempt to communicate with each other" is called a language barrier.

Def. an "electronic communication medium that allows the transmission of real-time visual images, and often sound" is called television.

Def. a "technology that allows for the transmission of sound or other signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves" is called radio.

Def. a "publication, usually published daily or weekly and usually printed on cheap, low-quality paper, containing news and other articles" is called a newspaper.

Def. any "set of computer networks that communicate using the Internet Protocol" is called an internet.

Communication in software
A second goal is to prompt students to think about the way that communication technology (and software in particular) is playing an increasingly important role in providing the mediums of communication and to ask students to ponder the impact of technological decisions on communication.

Explorations and Activities
This section may be well served by the Software Freedom/Controlling Communication Activity.

Alternatively, the following related activities or explorations might help the students explore and discover the key concepts in this section. Each is framed in terms of the key questions it raises.

Activity: Designing Communication
An activity or discussion around an actual communications technology that has been intentionally designed to prevent a certain type of use.

Some good examples include Digital Rights Management technologies that prevent copying or types of copying. Questions to raise in discussion might include:

 * Was the design of the system fair or unfair? Why?
 * Whose interests were being served by the design in question? Whose interests were not being served?
 * If students could redesign the system, how would they do so?

This might also involve an experiment that prompts the users to modify an existing communication program on their computer (e.g., through the creation of "filters"). This might be as simple as an email filter that hid, redirected, or changed incoming messages. It might also be a filter for the IM client that made a superficial or meaningful change. It could be something more complex as well.

Students would then be asked to share their projects with each other and reflect on issues that each one raised:

 * What is the purpose of the filter? What is the effect? Are these different?
 * Would these systems make it easier or more difficult for people to communicate with you?
 * How might these filters affect the way you understand messages?
 * In what ways might your understanding of a message be different than the intention? Is this a problem? Why or why not?
 * Would you use this filter? Why or why not?

Exploration: Communication Control and Censorship
An activity that prompts students to compare any previous background or reading they have done in the area of censorship with the idea of network filtering or more "innocent" changes to communication technology that alter the terms on which students communicate.

Key concepts
Student could walk away from this section with:

 * An understanding of the way that medium can effect messages being communicated.
 * Knowledge of the power of communication technology (and computer software in particular) to control and limit the spread and the message of information.
 * A feeling for the way the interests of individuals and organizations -- for better or for worse -- can be reflected in the technologies and have a meaningful effect on what is and is not communicated and how.
 * An understanding of the student's role in relation to this technology and a feeling that they are not completely passive observers
 * The various methods of communication that affect civic discourse and how media can be leveraged to influence political decisions.

Hypotheses

 * 1) Successful communication prevents destructive conflict.
 * 2) Effective communication leads to better collaboration.

title: Communication/Activities


text:
Stroudville, Tennessee

Stroudville is an unincorporated community in Robertson County, Tennessee, in the United States.

History
A post office was established at Stroudsville in 1900, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1903.

title: Stroudville, Tennessee


text:
User:Monis Anwar

Monis Anwar is a Hindi and Urdu News Anchor. He is from a little town of a Uttar Pradesh State. He is from Basi Kiratpur Distt. Bijnor. He studied BJMC from IMS University Dehradun Uttarakhand. He sarted working from a Hindi web portal name Khabar Non Stop than he Join Urdu National Channel Munsif TV Hyderabad as a News Anchor and Sub Editor. He lives in Hyderabad Right now. He is doing a special program Badi Khabar in which Top news of the day discussed with the politicians and second news done by everyday by Monis Anwar is Munsif Sports.

title: User:Monis Anwar


text:
Essex (Province of Canada electoral district)

Essex was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, in Canada West, at the south-western tip of the Ontario Peninsula. It was created in 1841, upon the establishment of the Province of Canada by the union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Essex was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. It was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Ontario.

Boundaries
Essex electoral district was located at the southwestern tip of the Ontario Peninsula. It was based on the boundaries of Essex County, in Canada West (now the province of Ontario).

The Union Act, 1840 had merged the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished. The Union Act provided that the pre-existing electoral boundaries of Upper Canada would continue to be used in the new Parliament, unless altered by the Union Act itself.

Essex County had been an electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, and its boundaries were not altered by the Act. Those boundaries had originally been set by a proclamation of the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, in 1792:

That the eighteenth of the said counties be hereafter called by the name of the county of Essex; which county is to be bounded on the east by the county of Suffolk, on the south by lake Erie, on the west by the river Detroit to Maisonville's mill, from thence by a line running parallel to the river Detroit and lake St. Clair, at the distance of four miles, until it meets the river La Tranche or Thames, thence up the said river to the northwest boundary of the county of Suffolk.

The boundaries had been further defined by a statute of Upper Canada in 1798:

That the townships of Rochester, Mersea, Gosfield, Maidstone, Sandwich, Colchester, Malden, and the tracts of land occupied by the Huron and other Indians upon the Strait, together with such of the Islands as are in Lakes Erie, Sinclair or the Straits, do constitute and form the County of Essex.

Since Essex electoral district was not changed by the Union Act, those boundaries continued to be used for the new electoral district. Essex was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly.

Members of the Legislative Assembly
Essex was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. The following were the members for Essex:

Abolition
The district was abolished on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act, 1867 came into force, creating Canada and splitting the Province of Canada into Quebec and Ontario. It was succeeded by electoral districts of the same name in the House of Commons of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.


text:
User:Jacob Mohorovic/sandbox

Jacob (Jake) Mohorovic, Jr. (b.July 22, 1950 - present) resides in Dundalk (Baltimore County), Maryland.

Jake attended Saint Rita Elementary School and Dundalk High School. Jake earned a Bachelor of Science studying Political Science and Economics at Towson College and a Masters Degree in Public Administration from the University of Baltimore.

From January, 1995 to January, 2003, Jake served in the Maryland House of Delegates representing Dundalk, Edgemere, Fort Howard, Millers Island and Rosedale. Delegate Jake Mohorovic served on the House Environmental Committee.

title: User:Jacob Mohorovic/sandbox


text:
User:Willems66/Books/Industry 4.0 (1row)

Information Summary by FEST

 * Industry 4.0
 * Internet of things
 * Cyber-physical system
 * Big data
 * Cloud computing
 * Smart grid
 * Machine to machine
 * Overall equipment effectiveness
 * Predictive maintenance
 * Radio-frequency identification
 * MQTT
 * Computer security
 * Information security management
 * ISO/IEC 27001:2013


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of albums released by Motown

The result was keep.  Sango 123  03:06, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

List of albums released by Motown
Destined to be unweidly: Motown has released literally thousands of albums, as this external link shows. Better if categorized (in the already available category Category:Motown albums. --FuriousFreddy 03:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Already has a category doing exactly the same thing as this article.  --דניאל talk  contribs   Email 04:00, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. The list is chronological, so it is not the same thing as the category. Disclosure: I originally created both the category and the list; the majority of entries on both were added by me. Mike Dillon 04:07, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * My point is that this list, if it were to be accurate (as any encyclopedia article should strive to be), it would contain far too many entries to neatly display on one page. There's absolutley no reason to display a grossly incomplete list just for the sake of having an incomplete list (especially one like this, which is barely 5% complete, if that). Also note that, if truly desired, a category could have its entries sort-keyed to be chronological.--FuriousFreddy 06:03, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep but limit to albums that have articles of their own. Maybe rename it "List of successful albums released by Motown" or some such.--T. Anthony 04:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * "Successful" is subjective. What justifies success? There is no available sales information on most Motown releases before 1976, so I suppose charts would have to be relied upon. Changing the name in this way will probably just lead to POV battles. --FuriousFreddy 06:03, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep — article can be split up into shorter ones (e.g. "List of albums released by Motown 1960-1970", etc.) as and when needed. Category performs a different job (sort by title). Mike Peel 10:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep, and split into sub-articles. --TheM62Manchester 10:18, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep this list does something categories can't seem to do. Of historical interest. Title does not mention success, thus no subjectivity in compiling the list. Ohconfucius 04:15, 12 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Arbër Basha

Arbër Basha (born 13 January 1998) is an Albanian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Liria Prizren in Kosovo.

Narva Trans
Basha began his professional career in Kosovo, spending time in the youth ranks at Vllaznia before returning to his native Albania with Kamza, albeit making no first-team appearances. In June 2018, Basha moved to Estonian club Narva Trans. Basha's goal was to use the move to prompt an eventual transfer to the Russian Premier League. He made his competitive debut for the club on 12 July 2018 in a UEFA Europa League tie against Željezničar; a 2–0 defeat. He scored his first goal for the club in August of that year, the fifth in a 7–0 victory over SK Kadrina.

Kastrioti
In August 2019, Basha returned to Albania, joining then-Albanian First Division club Kastrioti. He made his competitive debut for the club on 14 September 2019 in a 3–2 victory over Egnatia.

International
In October 2018, Basha was called up to the Albania U21 team.

title: Arbër Basha


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Tomáš Paul

Tomáš Paul (born 3 April 1988 in Prague ) is a Czech curler.

Men's
Playing of Charles University, Paul has played in two Winter Universiades. The first was the 2011 Winter Universiade, where Paul threw second stones for the Czech team, skipped by Lukáš Klíma, winning a bronze medal. He played in the 2013 Winter Universiade as well, with Klíma skipping. They had less success, finishing in 7th place. Paul first played for the Czech national team at the men's level at the 2015 European Curling Championships, playing second for the team skipped by David Šik. The team finished in 9th place. He played again for Šik at the 2018 European Curling Championships, this time in B Division play. They went undefeated in the round robin but faltered in the playoffs, settling for third place in the division.

Mixed doubles
In addition to regular curling, Paul plays mixed doubles. He has played in five World Mixed Doubles Curling Championships for his native Czech Republic. At his first World Championship in 2013, he and partner Zuzana Paulová ended up capturing the bronze medal. At the 2014 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship, the pair finished in 7th, and at the 2017 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship, they finished 4th, which would not be enough to qualify them for the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Paulová and Paul represented the Czech Republic again at the 2018 and 2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championships, finishing 10th in 2018 and losing in the quarterfinals in 2019.

In February 2020, Paulová and Paul won 2020 Czech Mixed Doubles Curling Championship one more time. They were set to represent the Czech Republic at the 2020 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship before the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: Tomáš Paul