text:
FOSTA-SESTA

FOSTA (Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act) and SESTA (Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act) are U.S. Senate and House bills which became law on April 11, 2018. They clarify the country's sex trafficking law to make it illegal to knowingly assist, facilitate, or support sex trafficking, and amend the Section 230 safe harbors of the Communications Decency Act (which make online services immune from civil liability for the actions of their users) to exclude enforcement of federal or state sex trafficking laws from its immunity. Senate sponsor Rob Portman had previously led an investigation into the online classifieds service Backpage (which had been accused of facilitating child sex trafficking), and argued that Section 230 was protecting its "unscrupulous business practices" and was not designed to provide immunity to websites that facilitate sex trafficking.

SESTA received bipartisan support from U.S. senators, the Internet Association, as well as companies such as 21st Century Fox and Oracle, who supported the bill's goal to encourage proactive action against illegal sex trafficking. SESTA was criticized by pro-free speech groups for weakening section 230 safe harbors, alleging that it would make providers become liable for any usage of their platforms that facilitates sex trafficking, knowingly if they moderate for such content, and with reckless disregard if they do not proactively take steps to prevent such usage.

SESTA was incorporated into the House version of the bill with the "Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act" (FOSTA) and the joint proposal was known as the "FOSTA-SESTA package". On February 27, 2018, the FOSTA-SESTA package was passed in the House of Representatives with a vote of 388–25. On March 21, 2018, the FOSTA-SESTA package bill passed the Senate with a vote of 97–2, with only senators Ron Wyden and Rand Paul voting against it. The bill was signed into law by President Donald Trump on April 11, 2018.

Overview
The Section 230 safe harbor was established in 1996, making the providers of "interactive computer services" immune from liability under civil laws for the actions of their users if they publish objectionable content (such as defamatory and obscene content). Section 230 has been considered a key piece of Internet legislation, as operators of online services that handle user-generated content are not liable for civil wrongs committed by their users, if the service was not directly involved in the offending content. These provisions do not apply to criminal or intellectual property law. The Stop Advertising Victims of Exploitation (SAVE) Act made it illegal to advertise sex trafficking, knowingly benefit financially from participation in a venture that advertises sex trafficking, and to engage in activities related to sex trafficking besides advertising, knowingly or in reckless disregard of the fact that sex trafficking is involved.

In an op-ed, Portman cited numbers from the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, which showed an 846% increase in reports of suspected child sex trafficking to the organization from 2010 to 2015. He attributed this largely to Backpage, an online classifieds service that had been accused of knowingly accepting ads which facilitated child sex trafficking, and filtered specific keywords in order to obfuscate it. The site had faced legal disputes, and a government investigation spearheaded by Portman. Portman argued that Section 230 was being used to "protect its unscrupulous business practices", and that Section 230 protections "were never intended to apply – and they should not apply – to companies that knowingly facilitate sex trafficking." Attempts to stop Backpage and similar sites via the court system failed, as the Courts affirmed these sites have protection via Section 230, and those seeking action failed to enjoin the U.S. Supreme Court to consider the matter.

The Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act amends Section 1591 of Title 18 of the United States Code to add a definition of "participation in a venture", as knowingly assisting, facilitating, or supporting sex trafficking. It amends section 230 of Title 47 of the United States Code to state that it is policy to "ensure vigorous enforcement of Federal criminal and civil law relating to sex trafficking", and that section 230 does not impair enforcement of "any State criminal prosecution or civil enforcement action targeting conduct that violates a Federal criminal law prohibiting [sex trafficking]", nor "impair the enforcement or limit the application of section 1595 of title 18, United States Code."

Congress
SESTA was co-sponsored by 27 Democratic and Republican senators; early supporters of the bill included members of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, which was chaired by Portman and led the aforementioned investigation into Backpage. Representative Mimi Walters stated that websites such as Backpage have become the "storefronts" for the modern-day slave trade and that the FOSTA-SESTA legislation will help prosecutors "crack down on websites that promote sex trafficking" as well as provide recourse for victims. Representative Carolyn Maloney (D-NY) stated her support for the FOSTA-SESTA package, believing that "Congress must act to clarify that Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act was never meant to shield sex traffickers."

Advocacy groups
The New Jersey Coalition Against Human Trafficking called the FOSTA-SESTA package a "groundbreaking bill" in the effort to bring justice to victims. The FOSTA-SESTA package is also supported by other members of advocacy groups such as ECPAT Executive Director Carol Smolenski, Operation Texas Shield founder John Clark, and Faith & Freedom Coalition Executive Director Timothy Head.

Corporations
21st Century Fox and Oracle Corporation have pledged support for the bill; Oracle vice president Kenneth Glueck stated that it would "establish some measure of accountability for those that cynically sell advertising but are unprepared to help curtail sex trafficking". Fox stated that "everyone that does business in this medium has a civic responsibility to help stem illicit and illegal activity. While it is impossible to formulate laws to govern every possible situation, [the] legislation is a rational and measured effort to deal with a tragic and pernicious problem that is global in scope."

U.S. Department of Justice
Writing on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice, Assistant-Attorney General Stephen Boyd addressed Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, Bob Goodlatte, expressing concerns that provisions of the bill would make it even harder to prosecute sex traffickers. Additionally, he expressed concerns that certain provisions would violate the Constitution's ex post facto clause and thus be unconstitutional.

Congress
Opposition to the bill was voiced by members of Congress as well. In an official statement Senator Ron Wyden stated, "I continue to be deeply troubled that this bill’s approach will make it harder to catch dangerous criminals, that it will favor big tech companies at the expense of startups and that it will stifle innovation." The only other Senator to oppose the bill was Rand Paul.

Advocacy groups
SESTA has been criticized on free speech grounds and by advocacy groups due to concerns about disproportionate impact and disruptions to the lives of sex workers. Pro-free speech and pro-Internet groups, including the Woodhull Freedom Foundation, the Center for Democracy and Technology, Electronic Frontier Foundation, the ACLU, Engine Advocacy, the Sex Workers Outreach Project (which described SESTA as a "disguised internet censorship bill"), and the Wikimedia Foundation, argue that the bill weakens the section 230 safe harbors, and places an unnecessary burden on internet companies and intermediaries that handle user-generated content or communications. EFF staff attorney Aaron Mackey told the Washington Examiner that under SESTA, service providers would be required to proactively take action against sex trafficking activities, and would need a "team of lawyers" to evaluate all possible scenarios under state and federal law (which may be financially unfeasible for smaller companies). Online sex workers argued that SESTA would harm their safety, as the platforms they utilize for offering and discussing sexual services (as an alternative to street prostitution) had begun to reduce their services or shut down entirely due to the threat of liability under SESTA. Others have demonstrated how the platforms that still facilitate sex work have increased their prices and engaged in more exploitative practices, leaving sex workers with limited bargaining power. Social media hashtag campaigns emerged to advocate against the bill for these reasons, such as #LetUsSurvive and #SurvivorsAgainstSESTA.

In its original form, the bill defined "participation in a venture" as "knowing conduct by an individual or entity, by any means". The EFF and the Internet Association argued that any online service could theoretically be used to "facilitate" sex trafficking, and that the law would have a chilling effect on voluntary moderation of websites (as encouraged by the "Good Samaritan provision" of section 230, which states that providers are not liable on account of "any action voluntarily taken in good faith to restrict access to or availability of material that the provider or user considers to be [objectionable]"), as even the mere discovery of sex trafficking content could constitute knowing conduct of participation in a venture, and that dismissing the risk could constitute reckless disregard. The Senate voted down a proposed amendment by Ron Wyden, which would have clarified the law to ensure that moderation does not contribute to liability. The Consumer Technology Association stated that SESTA was well-intentioned but could "create a trial lawyer bonanza of overly-broad civil lawsuits".

The EFF further argued that websites which knowingly facilitate sex trafficking were already liable per Fair Housing Council of San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.com, LLC, which ruled that section 230 immunity does not apply if an online service was directly involved in the creation of content that violates civil law. Exposure of websites to liability under state trafficking laws was also considered a contradiction of 230, as it was designed to help protect service providers from varying state civil laws. In late March 2018 and early April 2018, following the bill's passage but prior to its implementation, courts in Massachusetts and Florida made rulings affirming that Backpage was liable for facilitating sex trafficking, because its practice of intentionally removing keywords pertaining to minors made it a provider of content subject to liability, as opposed to an interactive computer service.

The Internet Association stated that it would "support targeted amendments to the Communications Decency Act that would allow victims of sex trafficking crimes to seek justice against perpetrators", but initially criticized SESTA for using terms which were undefined or broadly-interpreted in case law, and argued that it would "introduce new legal risk not just for internet services that do not knowingly and intentionally facilitate illegal conduct, but also create risk for an incredibly broad number of innocent businesses by expanding the notion of contributory liability." The Internet Association pledged support for SESTA on November 3, 2017 after an agreement to clarify portions of it; in particular, the definition of "participation in a venture" was amended to replace "knowing conduct by an individual or entity, by any means, that assists, supports, or facilitates a violation" with just "knowingly assisting, supporting, or facilitating a violation".

It has been suggested that SESTA could be used as a model for future exclusions from Section 230 immunity, such as copyright infringement (especially with its support from major film studios), and terrorism content.

Some have argued that SESTA incorrectly claims that most women providing sexual services are victimized, and that the law is simply designed to raise the barrier to entry for legitimate sex workers, while failing to protect victims.

Corporations
Initially, The Internet Association (which represents Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and other tech companies) voiced opposition to the bill. However, after coming to a compromise on the wording of one section, they withdrew their opposition. The proposed bill originally defined participation as "knowing conduct, by an individual or entity, by any means, that assists, supports or facilitates a violation of sex trafficking laws" and was amended to "knowingly assisting, supporting, or facilitating a violation".

Media
Several media sources have described FOSTA-SESTA as a failure which has "only put sex workers in danger and wasted taxpayer money".

Government Accountability Office report

A June 2021 report from the Government Accountability Office reported that "Criminal restitution has not been sought and civil damages have not been awarded under section 3 of FOSTA". The report also found that only one civil case had sought damages under FOSTA, and that case was dismissed. Only crimes committed since FOSTA was signed can be prosecuted, and where it does apply, prosecutors have found racketeering and money laundering charges successful, leading to FOSTA's limited use in criminal cases. Possible reasons given by the GAO for the infrequent use of FOSTA in civil cases include the "new and untested" nature of the civil remedy provision and the DOJ seizure of Backpage.com, which occurred days before the law was signed and may have contributed to the dissolution of many commercial sex platforms.

FOSTA-SESTA package
On February 21, 2018, representative Ann Wagner (R-MO) issued a press release stating that the bill she sponsored, H.R. 1865, the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA), would be put on the House floor the week of February 26, 2018. According to Wagner, the bill was expected to be considered with an amendment from representative Mimi Walters (R-CA) that included victim-centered provisions from SESTA. Like SESTA, the FOSTA-SESTA package would clarify that section 230 of the CDA does not prevent states and victims of sex trafficking from pursuing a course of action against interactive computer service providers, such as Backpage. Wagner said she believed that "[o]nline trafficking is flourishing because there are no serious, legal consequences" for websites that profit from sex trafficking and that the "FOSTA-SESTA package will finally give prosecutors the tools they need to protect their communities and give victims a pathway to justice."

Response
Craigslist ceased offering its "Personals" section within all US domains in response to the bill's passing, stating "Any tool or service can be misused. We can't take such risk without jeopardizing all our other services." Furry personals website Pounced.org voluntarily shut down, citing increased liability under the bill, and the difficulty of monitoring all the listings on the site for a small organization.

The effectiveness of the bill has come into question, as it has purportedly endangered sex workers and has been ineffective in catching and stopping sex traffickers. Opponents have claimed the law does not directly address issues that contribute to sex trafficking, but instead has drastically limited the tools available for law enforcement to seek surviving victims of sex trade. The sex worker community has also been severely affected by the law, with sex workers losing access to online safety resources, facing financial hardship, and even going missing or dying because of the law. Similar consequences of the law's enactment have been reported internationally.

A number of policy changes enacted by the popular social networks Facebook and Tumblr (the latter having been well known for having liberal policies regarding adult content) to restrict the posting of sexual content on their respective platforms have also been cited as examples of proactive censorship in the wake of the law, and a wider pattern of increased targeted censorship towards LGBT communities.

In January 2020, Senator Elizabeth Warren introduced a bill meant to study the FOSTA-SESTA package titled the SAFE SEX Workers Study Act. However, the bill died in the Senate committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.

In 2021, The Hill reported that opposition to the bill had resulted in sex workers gaining support from a minority of Democratic lawmakers.

On August 24, 2021, Wilhan Martono, the previous owner of the now-defunct website CityxGuide, pleaded guilty to one count of promotion of prostitution and reckless disregard of sex trafficking, and one count of conspiracy to engage in interstate transportation in aid of racketeering enterprises and facilitating prostitution. Martono's plea is the first ever instance in which a defendant has pleaded guilty to violating FOSTA.

Legal challenges
On June 18, 2018, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) filed a federal lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the law (Woodhull Freedom Foundation, et al. v. U.S.), on behalf of the Internet Archive, Human Rights Watch, the Woodhull Freedom Foundation, Eric Koszyk, and Alex Andrews. The lawsuit argued that FOSTA is unconstitutionally overbroad and unconstitutionally vague.

On September 24, 2018, Judge Richard J. Leon dismissed the EFF's constitutional challenge against FOSTA for lack of standing. On the EFF's appeal, the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit reversed the lower court ruling on the matter of standing and sent the case back to the lower court on January 24, 2020. On March 29, 2022, Judge Richard J. Leon again dismissed the EFF's constitutional challenge against FOSTA, ruling that the EFF's arguments about FOSTA's unconstitutionality were without merit. On April 25, 2022, the EFF filed a notice of appeal. But on July 07, 2023, the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit rejected the EFF’s appeal and affirmed the district court’s ruling, agreeing that FOSTA-SESTA is not unconstitutionally overbroad or vague.

On January 5, 2021, Judge David C. Godbey of the United States District Court North District of Texas upheld the constitutionality of FOSTA, ruling that the statute is neither unconstitutionally overbroad nor unconstitutionally vague. His ruling was a response to a constitutional challenge brought by the defendant in the case of United States v. Martono, a criminal matter relating to the seizure of CityxGuide.

GAO report
The law required the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to conduct a study three years after enactment. The GAO report found two events in April 2018 disrupted the landscape of the online commercial sex market. First, federal authorities seized the largest online platform for buying and selling commercial sex, backpage.com. Second, FOSTA was enacted. These events led many who controlled platforms in this market to relocate their platforms overseas. Additionally, with backpage.com no longer in the market, buyers and sellers moved to other online platforms, and the market became fragmented. From 2014 through 2020, the Department of Justice (DOJ) brought at least 11 criminal cases against those who control platforms in this market, including three cases against those who control backpage.com.

The current landscape of the online commercial sex market heightens already-existing challenges law enforcement face in gathering tips and evidence. Specifically, gathering tips and evidence to investigate and prosecute those who control or use online platforms has become more difficult due to the relocation of platforms overseas, platforms' use of complex payment systems, and the increased use of social media platforms.

Criminal restitution has not been sought and civil damages have not been awarded under section 3 of FOSTA. In June 2020, DOJ brought one case under the criminal provision established by section 3 of FOSTA for aggravated violations involving the promotion of prostitution of five or more people or acting in reckless disregard of sex trafficking. As of March 2021, restitution had not been sought or awarded. According to DOJ officials, prosecutors have not brought more cases with charges under section 3 of FOSTA because the law is relatively new and prosecutors have had success using other criminal statutes. Finally, in November 2020 one individual sought civil damages under a number of constitutional and statutory provisions, including section 3 of FOSTA. However, in March 2021, the court dismissed the case without awarding damages after it had granted defendants' motions to dismiss.

title: FOSTA-SESTA


text:
User:Scholar of Chinatown and Little Saigon

Since I cannot "promote" myself here, I'll be brief.

I am a part-time geography instructor somewhere in California, with particular interest in Chinatowns and Little Saigon. I have done a dissertation on the causes, effects and implications of intra-Chinese demographic shifts and diversity of Los Angeles's Chinatown. I plan on doing some further specific research and work on the community of Little Saigon in Orange County, California, albeit not for Wikipedia.

Unlike many other people who seem to be overly (and sometimes, manically) absorbed in Wikipedia, I do not intend on being a frequent contributor to Wikipedia, but I will perhaps add an occasional work or two.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Zaplyvino

Zaplyvino (Заплывино) is a rural locality (a selo) in Tundrikhinsky Selsoviet, Zalesovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 214 as of 2013. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Zaplyvino is located 15 km southwest of Zalesovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ust-Kamenka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Zaplyvino


text:
PHP/25 Essential Functions

This is a list of 25 interesting PHP functions that are useful in a variety of situations. Please do not make changes to the actual set of functions without first discussing them on the talk page.

Function list
Following is the raw list of 25, in alphabetical order:
 * 1) ceil
 * 2) count
 * 3) die
 * 4) echo
 * 5) empty
 * 6) exit
 * 7) file_get_contents
 * 8) file_put_contents
 * 9) getenv
 * 10) header
 * 11) htmlentities
 * 12) include
 * 13) ini_set
 * 14) isset
 * 15) mail
 * 16) md5
 * 17) mkdir
 * 18) phpinfo
 * 19) preg_match
 * 20) print_r
 * 21) rand
 * 22) require
 * 23) str_replace
 * 24) str_len
 * 25) trim

Ceil
float ceil (float value)

Rounds up the supplied float value to the next integer and returns the result.

Usage

Practical applications
Can be used to check if a number divides evenly with another - for example:

$num1 = real line('enter the num1'); $num2 = real line('enter the num2'); $div = $num2 / $num1; if (ceil($div) == $div) echo "$num2 divides into $num1 evenly."; else echo "$num2 does not divide into $num1 easily ($div).";

Count
int count (mixed var)

Returns an integer value of the number of elements in the supplied variable - generally an array, as anything else will return 1.

Usage

Practical applications
Handling every element of an array - for example:  Bear in mind that this could be done without count using the foreach case structure anyway.

Die
void die ([string status])

Terminates the current script execution. If parameter 'status' is specified, also displays 'status' in an error message. Alias for exit.

Usage

Practical applications
Terminating the script if a database connection cannot be opened.

Echo
void echo (string outputstring)

Outputs data to the current stream (console, apache request etc.). Is more a language construct than a function, and can therefore be used without the parenthesis.

Usage

Practical applications

Empty
bool empty (mixed var)

Used to check if a variable is empty. Note: It is used to only check variables, thus empty(trim($var)); will result in a parse error.

Usage

Practical applications

Pitfall
0 is considered empty.

Exit
void exit ( [String status] ) void exit ( int status )

Exactly the same as die.

file_get_contents
String file_get_contents ( String filename [, boolean use_include_path [, resource context [, int offset [, int maxlen]]]] )

Reads a file into a string.

Usage

Practical applications

file_put_contents
int file_put_contents ( string filename, mixed data, [int flags , [resource context]] )

Writes data to a file. The flags are optional and can be FILE_USE_INCLUDE_PATH, FILE_APPEND and/or LOCK_EX. By default, without FILE_APPEND flag, function will overwrite file with given data.

Note: This is a PHP5 function only.

Will return false on failure, or the number of bytes written to the file.

Usage

Practical applications

PHP4 Workaround
There is nothing really special about this function, except it saves your time (it basically calls fopen, fwrite and fclose). Here is something that can be used for making sure your PHP script works with PHP5 and PHP4:

This is of course a very basic replacement and does not take into account any flags which goes beyond the scope of this document.

getenv
string getenv ( string varname)

Returns the value of an environment variable

Usage
<?php echo getenv('HTTP_USER_AGENT'); //will output what web browser is currently viewing the page ?>

Practical applications
Allows you to execute commands based on server information

<?php if (strpos(getenv('HTTP_USER_AGENT'), "Mozilla") !== FALSE) {    // Execute Mozilla specific code } ?>

header
void header (string string [, bool replace [, int http_response_code]] )

Updates the HTTP headers that are sent to the web browser

Usage
<?php header("Cache-Control: no-cache"); ?>

Practical applications
One use for the header function is to redirect the browser to a different web site

<?php if ($_POST['username'] == "") {    header("Location: http://my.url.com"); exit; } // Redirects the browser to http://my.url.com ?>

Another is to change how the browser will interpret the data that is sent to it

<?php header("Content-Type: text/xml") echo '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>'; // Rest of XML output ?>

title: PHP/25 Essential Functions


text:
izraz

Etymology
From /. .

Noun

 * 1) expression

Noun

 * 1) term, expression (particular way of phrasing an idea)

title: izraz


text:
User:Sebmol

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 95%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" ! style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | sebmol
 * style="background-color: #DFDFFF; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: white; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: white; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: white; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

General
Hi, I'm a full-time software developer in Berlin, Germany. Since March, I've been mostly active in the German Wikipedia editing articles about the politics of Germany and the United States. I've also started WikiProjects United States and Templates.

Custodian & Bureaucrat
I'm a custodian and bureaucrat on Wikiversity. If you need help or have a question about the software, Wikiversity or anything else, just leave a message on my talk page.

Top Ten Signs You Are Spending Too Much Time With Mediawiki

 * 10. You sign e-mails with ~.
 * 9. You notice what you've done and send them like that anyway.
 * 8. You look up Ursa Major and, three hours later, end up reading about Italian cuisine.
 * 7. Whenever you don't know something, you look in Wikipedia first.
 * 6. You setup a MediaWiki installation for work and create pages for Cleanup, Requests for Adminship and Articles for Deletion.
 * 5. You send a link to a Wikipedia article to a colleage by enclosing the subject with.
 * 4. Your watchlist contains more than 1,000 entries.
 * 3. You refresh your watchlist every 30 seconds to see what's changed recently.
 * 2. When visiting another web site, you notice a spelling mistake and start searching for the "edit" tab.
 * 1. You hear about an RFC and actually search for a place to leave your comments.

Quote of the Day

 * With Wikipedia, one often gets the impression discussions are the way but there's no goal.

Drafts

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: #EFFFEF; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" |

Useful Links

 * All templates
 * Parser functions
 * Magic words
 * Special:Prefixindex

Things to watch

 * Category:Candidates for speedy deletion
 * WV:RFD
 * Import

My stuff

 * My house
 * My car
 * My sandbox
 * My template sandbox
 * Special:Contributions/Sebbot

 * }

de:Benutzer:Sebmol

title: User:Sebmol


text:
Economics/Introduction

The Basic Economic Problem
"Economics is the study of the division of scarce resources between unlimited needs and wants"

Let us explain further. You are the head of your household. There are several things which are needed to keep the household running, e.g. food, electricity, gas and so forth. There are also wants, which may not have to be fulfilled per se, but will be acquired somehow.

A store manager has a limited budget to spend on various wants, his resources are scarce. He could spend his money on providing more staff, bringing in more stock from a wholesaler, marketing his product to increase demand through advertising, decorating or improving his store and paying for essential services like water and electricity. Effectively he has unlimited wants but limited means or resources. We say that his resources are scarce. The store manager must economise by choosing to use his resources to satisfy certain wants such as marketing instead of others like stock purchase. As earlier stated, economics is the study of the division of these resources to best satisfy the unlimited wants.

Every economy in the world face three main basic economics problems because the needs and wants of the society are unlimited but the resources available to satisfy those are limited. Whether a country is rich or poor this is a common situation to all of them. The main economics problem are:

 * 1) What to Produce in which quantities?
 * 2) How to Produce?
 * 3) For whom to Produce?

Lets look at the problems in details.

What to produce ?
In any society there are unlimited wants but resources are limited or resources are scarce. And these resources have alternative uses. Due to this each society has to decide what they are to produce using these scarce resources. So each economy has to make choice by thinking what kind of products or what quantity is to be produced. For example an economy has to decide whether to produce more services such as transport or hospitals, or consumable goods like more clothes and houses or more capital goods such as roads, buildings etc. The economy must decide which goods and services to produce and which goods and services to exclude from production is the problem of choice between commodities. Note that the decision of what to produce is made, having the consumers preferences in mind.

How to produce?
The problem of ‘how to produce’ means which combination of resources is to be used for the production-of goods and which technology is to be made use of in production. Once the society has decided what goods and services are to be produced and in what quantities, it must then decide how these goods shall be produced. There are various alternative methods of producing a good and the economy has to choose among them. For example, cloth can be produced either with automatic looms or power looms. Fields can be irrigated (and hence wheat can be produced) by building small irrigation works like tube-wells and tanks or by building large canals and dams. Therefore, the economy has to decide whether cloth is to be produced by power looms or automatic looms. Similarly, it has to decide if the irrigation has to be done by minor irrigation works or by major works. So Obviously, it is a problem of the choice of production

For whom to produce?
Once an economy has produced goods and services, it also has to decide who will consume those goods. This will be decided by different way by the nature of the economy.

Though the above three problem are common to each economy, an economy can take different approaches to solve these basic economics problems, and depending on the approach economies are organised in different way. This is why we find different economies such as market economy, centrally planned economy and mixed economy and so forth.

Another Perspective
Think about why you get up in the morning.

What motivates you to get out of bed? Eat food? Work? Dance? Make friends? Fear of starvation, failure or ridicule?

We are concerned with both the value of doing any given thing as well as the value of not doing any given thing (known hereafter as opportunity cost). Economics comes down to one idea, happiness.

Economics is the quantitative and eventual qualitative description of every human activity in our world. By studying economics you are analysing rational behavior to a higher degree than the level that we live by in our daily lives.

title: Economics/Introduction


text:
Saksild

Saksild is a village in Jutland, Denmark. It is located in Odder Municipality.

History
Saksild is first mentioned in 1203 as Saxwæl. Saksild Church was built around year 1200.

title: Saksild


text:
Hindi/Introduction

हिन्दी

 The word "Hindi" written in Devanagari

Usage
While the language has emigrated to all parts of the world, the noteworthy use of the language is in its country of origin - India. A large number of languages and dialects are spoken there, and no single one is spoken by all. The proper term for the form of Hindi used in northern India is Hindustani which is spoken in and around Delhi and borrows equally from other languages such as Urdu and Punjabi. Hindi though, is the most widely understood (~80%) and spoken (~66%) language in the region.
 * Click here for more on this topic

Writing System
Hindi is written in the Devanagari script (देवनागरी) a left-to-right writing system with a very characteristic top line. Several other languages such as Marathi, Nepali and Sanskrit use the Devanagari script.

History
Hindi originated in 17th century by the mixing of the Polulau languages of the areas around Delhi (capital of India) with Urdu and Persian (brought in by Muslim rulers from the west).

Hindi is derived from Prakrit from which the Indo-Aryan languages are derived. Hindi is heavily influenced by Urdu and even Persian, although it still retains the Devanagari script of Sanskrit.

Spoken Hindi and spoken Urdu are so similar that they are mutually intelligible by native speakers. In their literary forms, however, Hindi borrows more heavily from Sanskrit while Urdu borrows vocabulary from Persian and Arabic.

Other resources

 * eg.A hindi Website
 * eg.A hindi news information Website
 * eg.A hindi webdirectory
 * Wikipedia article about the Hindi language
 * Hindi-Urdu phrasebook on Wikivoyage

title: Hindi/Introduction


text:
Hyparrhenia filipendula

Hyparrhenia filipendula is a species of perennial bunchgrass commonly known as Tambookie grass, fine thatching grass, and fine hood grass. It grows to a height of 1 to 1.5 m.

Distribution
Hyparrhenia filipendula has a widespread native distribution, in semiarid Africa, Papuasia and Australia. It has been introduced into Sri Lanka, parts of Southeast Asia and Indonesia. It is an important component of acacia savannas with 900 - 1000 mm of annual precipitation in East Africa, which includes the wetter parts of the Serengeti ecosystem. It is commonly found in grasslands in combination with Themeda triandra and Hyparrhenia dissoluta.

Uses
Hyparrhenia filipendula is a fodder plant for wild and domestic grazers, but it is not well adapted to heavy grazing. In mixed grasslands with T. tiandra, it produces 6.8 grams of dry matter and 0.56 grams of protein per square meter per month per centimeter of rainfall.

title: Hyparrhenia filipendula


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/pashminacrafts.com

Links

 * pashminacrafts.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 1 additions.


text:
User:Daniel Mietchen/Talks/Wikimania 2012/Smithsonian Institution/Open Access at SI

 * Smithsonian publications available online since 2009
 * But under what licensing terms?
 * The most recent contribution was marked as "Compilation copyright © 2012 Smithsonian Institution"

 * What is the Open Access Index (percentage of BOAI-compliant publications) of the SI?
 * See also Altmetrics


text:
Mocis xylomiges

Mocis xylomiges is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Indonesia (Sulawesi, Java).

title: Mocis xylomiges


text:
Talk:Software testing/Design technique

white box
It is incredible, but none of the white box design techniques is created in English wikipedia, but in German wikipedia nearly all of them are available (I do not assess yet the quality of the German articles :-) ):
 * statement coverage
 * branch coverage
 * decision condition coverage
 * simple condition coverage
 * modified condition decision coverage or minimal multicondition coverage
 * multiple condition coverage
 * path coverage

So here is definitely action needed to create this articles. How come, this was never done? Interesting question. --Erkan Yilmaz 19:00, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * E.g. black box techniques are well represented in both wikipedia.
 * So, can there be concluded (please do not take this too serious now :-) ):
 * that white box techniques are not that much used in English speaking countries?
 * Also a comment by Boris Beizer:
 * "When most people first start testing, especially if they do so without for-mal training in the subject, they rediscover black-box testing ..." ((in: Black-Box Testing - Techniques for Functional Testing of Software and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995, ISBN 0-471-12094-4, page xi)
 * or that testers applying white box techniques do not have any time to create them in wikipedia?
 * in Germany there is more white box testing used?
 * white box testing is not important? (don't kill me now for this statement - it is just to keep the discussion going)
 * nobody wants to know how the white box techniques work, because there are many tools which do this automatically?
 * --Erkan Yilmaz 20:34, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I have requested for help to publish this info here:
 * in academia.wikia.com: at the Journal of Computer Science and Software Engineering here. Let's see what will happen. --Erkan Yilmaz 18:40, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Inter-lingua

 * The discussion in German.

title: Talk:Software testing/Design technique


text:
User:Jaakuuta~enwikiversity

¥Æ$ I am the so-called shadow song. I study many things. I am not an expert at any of them. However you can always feel free to ask questions, and if I've posted a topic about the particular question area of interest, then there is a better chance that I'll be able to answer your questions. As for math, I am in Calculus II, so you can ask me any math questions for basic math up to that point and I will be glad to give tutoring in those subjects for anyone who asks. I also study languages, and I would like to learn and teach a lot about languages as well. So if you have a question about grammar or syntax, I might be able to answer it. JoNNY 00:36, 27 October 2006 (UTC) Τζαακου Ουτα Джааку Ута

title: User:Jaakuuta~enwikiversity


text:
User:Titasumon

Nafiz Muhammad Arbab Jahangir is from Bangladesh. His interest is to provide accurate information to people. Nafiz's facebook link is here

title: User:Titasumon


text:
Talk:Venus Envy (sex shop)

New section
The deletion request cites the notability requirement, which demands that "The company or corporation has been the subject of multiple non-trivial published works whose source is independent of the company itself." The Venus Envy web site references quite a few publications that address the business as an item of interest in and of itself, or that cite its owner/employees as authorities on sexual health and other issues. Irrational 19:36, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Venus Envy (sex shop)


text:
Matthew Quick

Matthew Quick (born October 23, 1973) is an American writer of adult and young adult fiction. His 2008 debut novel, The Silver Linings Playbook, became a New York Times bestseller and was adapted as a 2012 movie of the same name starring Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence.

Quick was a finalist for a 2009 PEN/Hemingway Award, and his work has been translated into several languages. In 2012, his young-adult novel, Boy 21, was reviewed favorably by The New York Times.

Quick was a finalist for the TIME 100 most influential people of 2013.

Personal life
Quick grew up in Oaklyn, New Jersey and graduated from Collingswood High School. He has a degree in English literature and secondary education from La Salle University and an MFA from Goddard College. Quick taught high school literature in southern New Jersey for several years, before leaving his job as a tenured English teacher in Haddonfield, New Jersey to write his first novel. Quick lived in Massachusetts for several years; he and his wife, novelist and pianist Alicia Bessette, now live on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from La Salle in 2013.

Works
Source: Fiction Database

 * The Silver Linings Playbook (2008) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>480,
 * Sorta Like a Rockstar (2010) – YA ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>825,
 * Boy21 (2012) – YA ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>900,
 * Forgive Me, Leonard Peacock (2013) – YA
 * The Good Luck of Right Now (2014)
 * Love May Fail (2015) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>152,
 * Every Exquisite Thing (2016) – YA
 * The Reason You're Alive (2017)
 * We Are the Light (2022) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>422

Film adaptations

 * Silver Linings Playbook (2012)
 * All Together Now (2020)

title: Matthew Quick


text:
User:NoSeptember/Morse code

Dichotomic search
In order to understand the table, consider the second row: ·· is 'I'; ·- is 'A'; -· is 'N'; and -- is 'M'. You can follow a pattern of dots and dashes from the top and move left for dot and right for dash until the letter is complete.

Morse code

 * 1) ··· ··- ·--· ·--· --- ·-· -  NoSeptember   talk
 * 2) ··· ··- ·--· ·--· --- ·-· - --··--  -· --- ··· · ·--· - · -- -··· · ·-·

title: User:NoSeptember/Morse code


text:
The Hillz

The Hillz is a 2004 film written and directed by Saran Barnun and starring Rene Heger, Jesse Woodrow, and Paris Hilton. It centers around four kids from Beverly Hills who form a ruthless gang. The entire film features Steve's (Woodrow) feeble attempts to obtain Heather Smith (Hilton) as his girlfriend, and a ruthless rebel child with some clear psychological disorders named Duff and his friend T trying to earn respect in their gang.

Plot
The film follows the experiences of a promising athlete named Steve and his friends who live in a small southern California town. Steve's three friends, Duff, Seb, and T, all come from wealthy families and spend most of their time getting high, drinking at parties, and harassing Ahkmed, a convenience store clerk. After finding a gun in a girl's house, Duff starts violently pursuing a life of crime with T, the loudmouthed instigator with a Napoleon complex, at his side.

After Duff kills a kid who volunteers at the police department, the story fades away and we come back to find Steve returning home from college a year later just after being successful in college baseball. Steve came back to get his dream girl, Heather Smith, who told him that if he made it as a baseball player she would consider dating him. Steve runs into Duff's gang. Things spiral out of control for Steve as we learn that Duff and T have become submerged in what they think is one of the hardest gangs ever. In fact, shortly after Steve joins up with Duff and T, he witnesses them kill a man in broad daylight in the middle of the street over $80.

As the story unfolds, it is clear that Heather is being used and abused by her new boyfriend Todd, whom she is reluctant to leave for Steve. Later Steve convinces Seb, who broke his ties with Duff's crew, to come out and party with Duff and the old gang for a night. T insults two Korean men by calling them Gooks, who then fire an Uzi into Duff's car, killing Seb. Duff and T were later sold out to a crooked undercover cop and the older brother of the man who was previously shot over $80. They killed T and then a narcotics officer, and his team busted the door down and were all killed.

The end of the movie has Steve and Duff driving along the street when a couple of young kids throw something at Duff's car causing the two get to out of the car and chase after them. As they get near the kids, one of them turns, pulls a gun, and shoots Duff and Steve, killing them both.

title: The Hillz


text:
History of Quebec and Canada/Study Guide/Module 1: The French Empire in North America

Home | Module 1: | Module 2: | Module 3: | Module 4: | Module 5: | Module 6: | Module 7:

Unit 1: Occupation of the Territory

 * Topic 1: Reasons for Exploration

 * [[History_of_Quebec_and_Canada/Study_Guide/Topic_2:_Cartier's_Voyages|

Topic 2: Cartier's Voyages]]

 * Topic 3: Geographic Conditions

Unit 2: Amerindian Civilization

 * Topic 1: Sociocultural Organization

 * Topic 2: Mutual Influences

Unit 3: The Fur Trade

 * Topic 1: Concepts of Colonization

 * Topic 2: Mercantilism

 * Topic 3: Territorial and Military Consequences


text:
Electrodynamics/Lorentz Transformation

Fields and Forces
The forces caused by electric and magnetic fields are mostly what we can actually measure in electromagnetism. These vector quantities are related to the scalar and vector potentials as follows:

 * $$\mathbf{E} = -\nabla \phi - \frac{\partial \mathbf{A}}{\partial t}$$

 * $$\mathbf{B} = \nabla \times \mathbf{A} $$

The E is the electric field vector, and the B is the magnetic field vector. Because of these equations, electric fields are frequently called "E Fields", and magnetic fields are frequently called "B Fields". This book may use either of these notations.

Lorentz Equation
By comparison of these equations with the general expression for force in gauge theory, we find that the electromagnetic force on a particle with charge q is
 * $$\mathbf{F}=q\mathbf{E} + q \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B}$$

where v is the velocity of the particle. For historical reasons this is called the Lorentz force.

Relativity
Relativity is, in brief, the study of reference frames. A reference frame is a fixed coordinate system against which local measurements are taken. Consider the common example of two observers: Observer A is located on a moving train, and Observer B is standing in a field watching the train. Here is what the two observers see:

 * Observer A: Observer A sees the train as being stationary, and the field as moving.
 * Observer B: Observer B sees the field as stationary, and the train as moving.

Both observers are essentially the origin of their own coordinate system. Clearly, the two coordinate systems can be related together through some sort of transformation, that is that things that Observer A can see can be translated into coordinates according to Observer B, and vice-versa.

In linear algebra, a coordinate system has a basis, a small set of unit vectors that can be used to describe all the points in that system. If we can relate the basis vectors of Observer A and Observer B, then we can relate any point in either system to the other system.

Because basis vectors are vectors (rank-1 tensors), the transformations between them are typically matrices (rank-2 tensors).

Special Relativity is based on the idea that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames, and that the speed of light, c, is a constant regardless of the frame. An equation is said to be "Invariant under Lorentze Transformation" if it satisfies these requirements when a lorentz transformation is applied to it. We will see that the requirement of lorentz invariance is an important one in electrodynamics.

Another subject, General Relativity, expands the mathematical ideas of relativity to non-inertial frames. We will not consider general relativity topics in this book.

Lorentz Transformations
It is tempting, but naive, for us to consider only 3 basis vectors. These vectors, the spacial vectors, can be called without any lack of generality "X", "Y", and "Z". However, one of the important results from Einsteins work on relativity is that time is also dependent on the reference frame, and that therefore we need to consider all points in both space (X, Y, and Z vectors) but also in time (a T vector). All our vectors then have a length of 4, and our transformation matrices must be 4×4 matrices. A 4×4 transformation matrix that uses three spatial coordinates and 1 time coordinate is known as a lorentz transformation matrix, or simply a "lorentz transformation".

If we have two coordinate systems, (X, Y, Z, T), and (X', Y', Z', T') and they are non-inertial systems, we can relate the two systems using the L transformation functions:

 * $$X' = L_X(X)$$
 * $$Y' = L_Y(Y)$$
 * $$Z' = L_Z(Z)$$
 * $$T' = L_T(T)$$

Now, if each element X', Y', Z', and T' are linearly related to X, Y, Z, and T, we can convert L into a matrix:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix}X' \\ Y' \\ Z' \\ T'\end{bmatrix} = \mathbf{L}\begin{bmatrix}X \\ Y \\ Z \\ T\end{bmatrix}$$

As we can see from this equation, if we are going to apply a Lorentz transformation to a coordinate system, the coordinates must be specified in vectors of length 4. We will call all vectors with a length of 4 a "four vector". We will discuss four vectors in a later chapter.

Inertial vs. Non-Inertial Frames
An inertial frame is a frame with no net acceleration. Consider the case above with the two observers, Observer A, and Observer B. Observer A is on a train, and Observer B is looking at the train from a distance. If the train is moving at a constant speed and in a straight line, then the two frames are inertial. However, if the train is accelerating or decelerating, or if the train is not moving in a straight line, then the two frames are non-inertial.

The study of inertial frames is a field known as Special Relativity. The study of non-inertial frames is known as General Relativity. In this book, we will consider special relativity only.

Ohm's Law
The continuum form of Ohm's Law is only valid in the reference frame of the conducting material. If the material is moving at velocity v relative to a magnetic field B, a term must be added as follows:

\mathbf{J} = \sigma \cdot \left( \mathbf{E} + \mathbf{v}\times\mathbf{B} \right) $$

The analogy to the Lorentz force is obvious, and in fact Ohm's law can be derived from the Lorentz force and the assumption that there is a drag on the charge carriers proportional to their velocity.

title: Electrodynamics/Lorentz Transformation


text:
Cookbook:Contributors

The materials in the Wikimedia Cookbook come from many sources. If you know of a source that has been used, or have added material yourself, feel free to add to this list, in alphabetical order.

Other organizations

 * Open Source Cookbook - GFDL cookbook
 * US Department of Agriculture - Public domain articles about ingredients; public domain photos
 * Wikimedia Commons - GFDL images, other freely-licensed images
 * Wikipedia - GFDL articles about ingredients; GFDL recipes; GFDL photos

Individuals
In alphabetical order:
 * Adil - has added a few recipes.
 * AlbertCahalan - added a couple dozen recipes (the yummy ones)
 * Alsocal - Wikify pages, added content from Open Source Cookbook
 * BoldLuis
 * Datariumrex - Made a salmon recipe and related Wikidata item. Interested to learn how to represent recipes in Wikidata.
 * D'Ranged 1 – adding recipes as time allows; first recipe added was Acorn Squash with Orange Marmalade
 * Camille G. Weston contributed delicious gluten veggie meat recipe. Loves vegetarian and vegan cooking.
 * David Johnson - adds various things as/when he can. He's especially proud of his Chicken Tikka Masala recipe.
 * Geocachernemesis - has contributed 42 of his own images recently, along with a couple of recipes; also interested in standardising module naming capitalisation styles to fit in with Wikipedia and the rest of Wikibooks.
 * Gentgeen - maintains featured recipe and ingredient on the cookbook page; tries to keep all pages to a consistent format; has added a few recipes; added some meat and poultry articles, as well as some other ingredients.
 * Grimm - has added recipes and edited articles for grammar, format, and universal equivalents.
 * Shawn Hornickel - added a recipe, and hoping to add more.
 * Iwatchaltonbrown - has added over 50 recipes, improved quality of several pages, and corrected incorrect information.
 * Jmsfwk
 * Joe Jarvis
 * Karl Basallote adds few recipes on Filipino cuisine.
 * Kellen is mostly working on the vegan cuisine section, but is also interested in standardizing categories and naming and in the overall structure of the cookbook.
 * Kilometers to Verona
 * Klaus - has added a few recipes.
 * Liblamb - filled some cooking technique stubs and has added recipes.
 * Mcld - British recipes, and typesetting.
 * Meowmom - have cooked and baked for over 30 years, will share as often as possible :)
 * Moby-Dick4000 has written and contributed to all the paella recipes and three pasta recipes.
 * Morgan695 - contributed some recipes.
 * Nmontague - added some distinctly Canadian items, running through his Great Grandmother's recipe book
 * Paalappoo - added a few recipes and hopes to add more
 * Pencilsharp - uses his grocery industry experience to help where he can.
 * Phantom - has added info on baking and deep frying, based on his experience in the food industry.
 * Psychofarm - a real technology and cooking novice, but gets a strange sense of satisfaction from editing pages.
 * Redlentil - mostly interested in basics: ingredients rather than recipes.
 * Reubenbarton - added a few of my favorite recipes and a few that I have developed.
 * ShelleyAdams - editing and wikification.
 * Sir Myles na Gopaleen (the da) - Middle Eastern recipes
 * Barris - expanding the cookbook
 * Tannersf - adding all kinds of recipes
 * The bellman - I am going to do whatever i can to make this the greatest almanac of all things cooking the world has ever seen.
 * Thor Malmjursson - Gluten & Lactose Intolerant, so will try and help with dairy free and gluten free recipes.
 * Tonyr1988 - I'll try to add as many things as I can when I randomly find them.
 * Unacuoca - I've added a recipe and hope to add more. I also enjoy editing.
 * Xania - I'm adding metric measurements to all recipes and adding a few of my own too!
 * Webaware - main interest is in fermented foods.
 * Wikidsoup - main interest in vegetarian & vegan foods and health, and foods that I cook a lot: bread, soups and curries.
 * WikiUser70176 - cleanup and adding links

title: Cookbook:Contributors


text:
2005–06 Parma FC season

During the 2005–06 season, the Italian football club Parma F.C. was placed 7th in the Serie A. The team reached the fourth round of the Coppa Italia.

Coppa Italia
Parma lost 1-0 on aggregate.

title: 2005–06 Parma FC season


text:
Ben Sayers

Bernard "Ben" Sayers (23 June 1856 – 9 March 1924) was a Scottish professional golfer, who later became a distinguished golf teacher, golf course designer and manufacturer of golf clubs and equipment. Sayers had a reputation for making good quality gutta-percha golf balls.

Playing career
Sayers was born in Leith, Edinburgh, Scotland. After moving to Haddington with his family at the age of 12, Sayers began to play golf after being given a club by his uncle. He was short at 5 ft but strong, and on the verge of becoming a professional acrobat when he began to take golf seriously. He moved to North Berwick and after enjoying success in competitions at Dunbar, Hoylake and other courses he took up ballmaking, and also began to enter The Open Championship. He tied for second in the 1888 Open Championship and was third in 1889. Although he won 24 top-level tournaments he never lifted the "Old Claret Jug".

In January 1911, he took up the post of head professional at The Golf Club of Monte Carlo. While there, he was known for taking wagers on the course, presumably betting on himself against all takers of his challenges.

Instructor, club maker, and golf course architect
Sayers was a golf instructor to royalty, nobility and fellow professionals. In his day he taught Her Majesty Queen Alexandra, George, Prince of Wales (later King George V), Princess Victoria, the Duchess of Connaught and Princess Patricia of Connaught. He also instructed the great lady champion Dorothy Campbell (a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame) and Frenchman Arnaud Massy, who became the first overseas player to win the Open Championship.

He was also an innovative club maker, and patented several new club designs (see for example GB 21,122 and GB 24,473).

His course designing credits include the East course at North Berwick, Moffat, Rothesay, Craigielaw Links, the Merchants of Edinburgh, Adare Manor, West Monmouthshire, the Spey Bay Golf Club in Banffshire, and the Ballathie Hotel course in Perthshire.

Ben Sayers & Son
The Ben Sayers & Son factory in North Berwick was responsible for creating several revolutionary pieces of golf equipment, from gutta-percha balls and the "Benny" putter (the first to have a square-edged handgrip) to, in later years, the first set of carbon-shafted clubs and a specially commissioned putter for Jack Nicklaus. Ben Sayers Jnr. also designed the first "oversized" driver (the "Dreadnaught").

Ben Sayers is believed to be the oldest golf equipment company still surviving. Now owned by Tandem Group, after operating from North Berwick for 126 years, production was moved to China in 2003.

Death and legacy
Sayers died on 9 March 1924 at North Berwick, Scotland. He was one of the best players to play in the Open Championship and never win.

Results in The Open Championship
Note: Sayers played only in The Open Championship. DNP = Did not play CUT = missed the half-way cut ? = Competed, finish unknown

"T" indicates a tie for a place Yellow background for top-10

Team appearances

 * England–Scotland Professional Match (representing Scotland): 1903 (winners), 1904 (tie), 1905 (tie), 1906, 1907, 1909, 1910, 1912 (tie), 1913

title: Ben Sayers


text:
翠花樓

Proper noun

 * 1)  a building within the Changle Palace (in Luoyang, during the Eastern Han Dynasty)

title: 翠花樓


text:
Talk:Dick Motz

Dead link
Daily Telegraph obituary, ref 1, doesn't work, gives, and sticks on, front page of latest edition. Rothorpe (talk) 23:30, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dick Motz. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071001082611/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2530749.ece to http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2530749.ece

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:58, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dick Motz


text:
Talk:Stan Smith

Adidas Stan Smith Shoes
WHat the hell?? why is there no info on this —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)

 * It's difficult to find verifiable sources that set out to do anything other than sell the shoe. Such sources I've seen state that the shoe was originally dedicated to Robert Haillet, and they have since gone on to sell over 30 million pairs. That would make it highly notable info. slυмgυм [ ←→ ] 20:20, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Year links
Hi there. I'm cool if you want to have links like U.S. repeated seventy times or so since there is an exception to the overlinking guideline for tables. I do think that the bare year links (e.g. 1971) don't provide any context at all. I think a better idea would be to link to either " in sports" or "Category: in tennis" with a pipe link to make just the year appear (e.g. 1971 or 1971). Cheers! —Elipongo (Talk contribs) 09:35, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Intro redundant sentence
The intro states: "Smith also formed with his partner Bob Lutz one of the most successful doubles teams of all time. Together, they won many major titles all over the world". The second sentence is both self evident if the first is correct and adds nothing specific; accordingly it should be removed. There is no reference to the most successful claim and the highlighted word 'doubles' takes one to a Wikipedia article about type status of tennis match, not about why they were the most successful. A link or reference to 'Grand Slam related tennis records' may be relevant - in that it has Smith and Lutz listed as the 10= (with 8 others) for winning the most GS men's doubles tournaments (5). Antipodenz (talk) 08:33, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stan Smith


text:
Trichohathliodes

Trichohathliodes is a monotypic beetle genus in the family Cerambycidae described by Stephan von Breuning in 1959. Its only species, Trichohathliodes molitorius, was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1917.

title: Trichohathliodes


text:
Talk:David Aldridge

David is no longer with TNT, he is now the editor in chief at The Athletic. https://theathletic.com/author/david-aldridge/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zonker77 (talk • contribs) 08:35, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Aldridge. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070209150759/http://blogs.philly.com/blinq/2007/01/most_of_the_nam.html to http://blogs.philly.com/blinq/2007/01/most_of_the_nam.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:58, 31 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Aldridge


text:
Talk:Nevada-class battleship

Off target?
A few things.
 * "a tight tactical radius" I'm presuming this is turning radius (being 700yd), but a bit more clarity would be appreciated.
 * "girder strength" A bit more clarity?
 * "bigger" girders?
 * " Combining main and splinter decks into one, and raising it" I find this awkward, but I don't know how to fix it.
 * Same problem.
 * "covered by the mid grade casement armor" I find this awkward & unclear. I don't know enough to fix it.
 * Same problem.
 * " thick armor end bulkheads" I find this unclear. I don't know enough to fix it.
 * I don't know what this is talking about either...just rm it?
 * " turret roofs and decks" British deck armor is widely reported as inadequate; does Friedman confirm it at the cited page, or is he only talking about turrets? Can he be used to support with a different page-cite?
 * I'll check it...after class...unless I get a chance during... =D (I found that book on Google books, and that's how I am checking the sources)
 * "number 2 turret" Am I going too RN saying "'B' turret"?
 * I think so. I've only heard stuff about #'s for USN battleships...

More generally, I find myself wondering if "armor" & "armored" are being used interchangably, when they shouldn't be. Also, Fitzsimons has Pennsylvanias, New Mexicos, Tennessees, & Colorados following the Nevada scheme (without describing them as "standard", tho). He also has Nevada with 4 TT, while the page says 2 (& I'm betting 2 is correct...). TREKphiler  hit me ♠  06:55 & 06:58, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * DANFS has 4 too, but all of the other sources state that the Nevadas had 2.  -talk- the_ed17  -contribs- ' 13:39, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll bet that's where it came from in Fitzsimons (tho I confess I'm surprised Preston didn't catch it). I'll fix it in Nevada. A couple of others.
 * "faces were thickened to 18” (46 cm). This jump in armor"
 * How much was the increase? And is "jump" the most encyclopedic word?
 * Um, I think that the increase is compared to the armor on the New York class (I didn't add that part!)...and no, jump is not the right word...  -talk- the_ed17  -contribs-  17:50, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * "Even so, the cost of the bare hull (no armament) was US$5,895,000. "
 * I saw this as a "bare hull" number, but now I can't find it again... If it's sourced elsewhere, or if you're satisfied just putting in a cost as an indicator... (On the other hand...)  TREKphiler   hit me ♠  17:21& 17:33, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The cost is sourced farther down in the Nevada article, under 'Construction' somewhere. ;D Some journal from like 1917 or something.... and out of curiosity, can Fitzsimons cover ref #30 in the Nevada article? (There are questions about its reliability...)  -talk- the_ed17  -contribs-  17:50, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * A good, solid RS for the section dealing with how they are 'Standard' battleships? ...maybe. There is a bibliography towards the end, but is it self-published?  -talk-  the_ed17  -contribs-  18:02, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I spotted that (a bit late... :. If the ships are costed on their pages, I'll leave it off here, but I'd be interested knowing the total program cost, with some reference to the Navy budget at the time, so we get a sense of the scale & importance of BBs. (Contrast the cost of a CVN to an '08 budget of US$400 billion or so to see what I mean.) And while it may be a touch OT, in costing, don't omit ref to the cost of supporting CCs & DDs (& maybe crew, fuel, ammo...), 'cause they didn't operate solo.
 * No, Fitzsimons is much more design-oriented. Have a look at Daniel Madsen, Resurrection-Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor. (U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2003), & E.C Raymer, Descent Into Darkness (Presidio Press, 1996). They're mentioned here (Raymer cited); I'd bet they've got it, if it's true, or refute if not.
 * Re "standard". I think that qualifies as self-published, but his sources are solid, so it shouldn't be too hard to track if paper is preferred. I'd rather see specific cites for claims (which this doesn't offer), myself, but I'm not fanatic about it. If the website, & the mentioned sources, are enough, I'd say good to go. On another POV, tho, if we've got a cited claim for the classes being "standard", & support for them being a more/less common design, is that enough to say they're all "standard"? Or am I into synthesis?  TREKphiler   hit me ♠  18:08 & 18:30, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Lol, sorry. So would I, but I haven't seen a source for that anywhere...Hmm. I'll look for it this afternoon!  -talk- the_ed17  -contribs-  18:19, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Of course, I go online and search the library, and it's in the LSSU basement, not here. Ugh...  -talk- the_ed17  -contribs-  18:22, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh, I do that all the time. ;D It makes citation a bear, tho. =] That's why I try to look at only one source at a time (here, that's a real problem!).  TREKphiler   hit me ♠  18:30, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * One other thing. "not a good recipe" is based on what I understand is RN doctrine, heavy shell/lo vel, so Preston's (or Brit) bias may be coloring that; perhaps it should be taken out?  TREKphiler   hit me ♠  20:00, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * No, they don't have it...frustrating. I think that I'll make a pilgrimage over to my library tomorrow and request the first book from them...  -talk- the_ed17  -contribs-  20:32, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Gentlemen, have either of you have any background whatsoever in Naval/Maritime matters? Turret roofs/deck armor aka horizontal armor, please check armor systems pre-Nevada and check the article on all or nothing armor. Girder vs. Girth either may be used but for different reasons, Girder strength is a specific engineering phrase used for a specific purpose.  Folks you are delving into naval architecture here and thus that phraseology comes into play.  That isn't jargon but the language used by ship builders and naval architechs to describe various parts of a ship. Tirronan (talk) 21:09, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

There is an entire article on Jutland full of sources and citations on the battle and on the ships as well as dozens of books writen on the subject. Point of fact it was not just the British ships that lacked horizontal protection, EVERY SINGLE DREADNOUGHT TO THIS POINT IN TIME HAD THE SAME ISSUES FOR THE SAME REASONS. What you are missing in this is that the armor system was in fact a revolution in armor suites to that time. Once the lessons of Jutland were absorbed and the armor system of Nevada understood, nothing classed as a battleship ever left the design boards without considering plunging fire ever and the protection against it again. Both guns and fire control had now advanced to the point that this had to be considered and as such Nevada was the 1st answer. Tirronan (talk) 21:16, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

 * No argument. The problem is translating the technical into layman's language, by people who aren't technicians, & who themselves may not have full grasp of the complexities. If you do, I invite you to fix it.  TREKphiler   hit me ♠  21:38, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Casting oil upon the water

 * Copied from Talk:USS Nevada (BB-36)

I can't source it (so what else is new? ;D ), but I recall the headaches Rozhestvensky had en route Tsushima. Is it worth mentioning oil firing made fuelling at sea easier? Gong to far to say it made fuelling feasible? TREKphiler  hit me ♠  08:35, 7 December 2008 (UTC) (No, I didn't try & spell it... ;D)
 * Possibly, but I wouldn't be able to source it ether. :/ — Ed   17  (Talk /  Contribs)  20:10, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
 * And here you are claiming you got it to FA. =]  TREKphiler   hit me ♠  20:21, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Claiming? What does that star meant then? :D
 * When was the practice fueling at sea even began/thought up? I mean, if it wasn't an issue in 1912, then it actually shouldn't be included, as it had no bearing on the General Board's (or whoevers) decision! —  Ed   17  (Talk /  Contribs) ' 20:28, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't mean as a design issue/decision, I mean as an operational/service life matter. I don't doubt extending range & ease of operation were primary for the General Board, but given Orange anticipated transpacific ops, I have to think the need for at-sea/en route fuelling had crossed their minds. If not, it certainly played a part in the careers of oil-fired BBs.
 * As to when the idea was first mooted, I couldn't say, but it was first trialled (by USN, anyhow) in the '30s, FWI read, & I think USN was first to try it. (This may be source bias...)
 * What I'm getting at in raising the issue is, Nevadas stayed in service through that period, & I think the issue deserves mentioning, given a) its importance to the Pacific War, b) the chance the typical reader doesn't know it was done, c) the chance the typical reader didn't realize it could be done, & d) the chance the typical reader didn't know en route fuelling hadn't been invented by USN (whence ref Baltic Fleet, which I'd try & work in, to illo the difficulties of coaling at sea & contrast ease with oil). Now, maybe this belongs more properly on the class page, granted, but I thought of it here ;D, & I do think a passing ref might be useful.  TREKphiler   hit me ♠  21:25, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
 * So a "Background to my oil fuel" section (with a better title =]) is in order? I don't see any problem with that - there is enough about 'why oil is/was better' oil in the "Design" section of USS Nevada (BB-36) anyway, but it's just too short for a new section...but with this added, it would be enough IMO. — Ed   17  (Talk /  Contribs)  23:01, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I found this (presumably a DANFS copy) that shows that refueling was done during WWI... — Ed   17  (Talk /  Contribs)  03:02, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Hmm... Reading that, it's not completely clear that's underway refuelling. It's likely to be, but it's written assuming knowledge I don't have, namely, the state of play in 1918. This, by contrast, specifically says "fuelled at sea". I think War Plan Orange gives the genesis of underway fuelling. And Google Books search under Power at Sea by Lisle Abbott Rose says the need was shown by the Great White Fleet circumnavigation 1907-9 & reveals a certain Lt. C. W. Nimitz (never heard of him ;D) developed over-the-stern fuelling, sufficient for USN DDs to transit the Atlantic alone. Looks like enough for a new section, for sure. And before you rush out to find Rose, let me say my local has all 3 (yes 3) vols. Oh, crap; the 1918 vol is on loan... *sigh* Maybe you can get it first.  TREKphiler   hit me ♠  03:39, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

(out) Doubt it. My university library doesn't have it, and I seriously doubt that my hometown library has it (though that is so small, you can't search through their books online that I know of... -_-) However, I will help with whatever I can. You wanna start a drive to get this to FA? ;D — Ed   17  (Talk /  Contribs)  04:00, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Ooh. Can't even search online? And I thought mine was bad. -_- I put in a request, we'll see. I was going to look for WPO, too, but WorldCat's down. I'm pretty sure my university main branch has it, tho; I'll have a gander in a day or two.
 * FA, huh? Why not? I'm not doing anything for the next year. ;D Tell you what, you point me at the sources & watch the standard needing met, you're better at it, & let me see if I can write it up to pass, k?  TREKphiler   hit me ♠  04:33, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Lol I'll try. I will probably use many of the sources that I used in Nevada. :) I'll start in mid-January though, because my mother hates Wikipedia - so I can't go on very much at home. -_- — Ed   17  (Talk /  Contribs)  05:41, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Source
Comparison between the Queen Elizabeths and the Nevadas. Ed [talk] [majestic titan] 07:31, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

Errors in previous Version
The previous version had several errors in the second paragraph. First the prior version cited a design flaw in their lack of Deck Armor. Friedman's book (US Battleships an Illustrated Design History) cites that they were designed with two decks totaling 4.5 to 5" of armor. The Nevada class at the time of their contruction had more Deck Armor than any of its contemporaries and the basic armor scheme they introduced continued unchanged through the standard class well into the era of long range gunnery and plunging fire. When modernized the deck was strengthened adding 80lb STS (Friedman page 197) tot hge second deck incerasing the thickness to 4.75 or 5"

With respect to the quote about watertight integrity the source is quoted correctly but a reading of the actaul damage report written after the ship was salvaged (http://www.researcheratlarge.com/Ships/BB36/PearlHarborDamageReport/) does not support the assertion that older ships in general had deficient watertight integrity. To quote "The flooding from damage could have been isolated from a material standpoint, assuming effective closures, Condition Zed fully set, and the ship completely manned." This report should be considered definitive and does not support the original statement regarding the watertight imtegrity of older warships.

Finally to state that older ships did not have the same staying power as new designs no matter how well modernized is self evident and not related to the Nevada class. That a clean sheet new generation design (especially one begun 20+ years later) would be better is self evident. In fact a survey of how the standard class performed in WWII (http://www.navweaps.com/index_tech/tech-071.htm) indicates that the standards performed well and considerably better than their foreign contemporaries.

The edit offered (Friedman Chapter 5 as a source) emphasizes design features that made the Nevada's unique and in fact the prototype of the modern battleship. Ships designed post Jutland employed many of the same features (oil fuel, all or nothing armor, the elimination of mid-deck turrets, significant deck armor, and a focus on long range fire) that the Nevada's introduced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:49, 16 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I have Dr. Friedman's book and I believe that all the comments above are correct. Tirronan (talk) 23:41, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Nevada-class battleship. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20080918094229/http://www.battleship.org:80/html/Articles/Features/BuildBetter.htm to http://www.battleship.org/html/Articles/Features/BuildBetter.htm

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:45, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

Is the picture in the design section really the Texas?
The picture labeled as the USS Texas has three turrets before any superstructure. The Texas though has a turret amidship

I think that image is of another ship Fdr2001 (talk) 01:06, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You’re looking at it wrong - the photo is from astern, not ahead. Parsecboy (talk) 01:27, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Alternatively, may be thinking that there should be a mast in between turrets #3 and #4. Which isn't wrong later in the ship's life! But early on, that aft mast was ahead of the #3 turret. See Navsource for some chronologically ordered photos. Ed [talk] [OMT] 01:33, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Parsecboy has it right. I had the ship backwards Fdr2001 (talk) 01:46, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I’ve done the same thing too! Parsecboy (talk) 10:22, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nevada-class battleship


text:
User:TILRs/ImportantView

== Metroid Article Vandalism ==

At the top of the Article for Metroid I am seeing a banner with the following text, which cannot be removed through simple editing of an article. It states the following, and blocks all but a tiny sliver of the page from being readable at any given time on my Android phone:

(BLP allegation removed, WP:OVERSIGHT requested - Tigraan Click here to contact me 09:30, 18 September 2017 (UTC))

This must be investigated, and whomever had access to alter the page in such a fashion should have their permissions PERMANENTLY REVOKED. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:23, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I've had a look at it but more experienced editors like the Developers will need to look at this. I can't see any template or text in the source edit which has those comments etc. It does seem like major vandalism but don't know how to revert it as vandalism.  S. Little  talk  17:27, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * It was a temaplate, now reverted, protection requested. Crow  Caw  17:37, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Just observed the same at Affricate consonant briefly. -- Trɔpʏliʊm • blah 20:21, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Is this vandalism from Template:Vanchor? — Preceding unsigned comment added by TradeJackLandSim (talk • contribs) 01:05, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes. The vandalism has been removed from public view in the page history. Automatic updating of pages using a template sometimes takes a while. Purging a given page will force an immediate update. PrimeHunter (talk) 08:51, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

title: User:TILRs/ImportantView


text:
Metal assisted chemical etching

Metal Assisted Chemical Etching (also known as MACE) is the process of wet chemical etching of semiconductors (mainly silicon) with the use of a metal catalyst, usually deposited on the surface of a semiconductor in the form of a thin film or nanoparticles. The semiconductor, covered with the metal is then immersed in an etching solution containing and oxidizing agent and hydrofluoric acid. The metal on the surface catalyzes the reduction of the oxidizing agent and therefore in turn also the dissolution of silicon. In the majority of the conducted research this phenomenon of increased dissolution rate is also spatially confined, such that it is increased in close proximity to a metal particle at the surface. Eventually this leads to the formation of straight pores that are etched into the semiconductor (see figure to the right). This means that a pre-defined pattern of the metal on the surface can be directly transferred to a semiconductor substrate.

History of development
MACE is a relatively new technology in semiconductor engineering and therefore it has yet to be a process that is used in industry. The first attempts of MACE consisted of a silicon wafer that was partially covered with aluminum and then immersed in an etching solution. This material combination led to an increased etching rate compared to bare silicon. Often this very first attempt is also called galvanic etching instead of metal assisted chemical etching.

Further research showed that a thin film of a noble metal deposited on a silicon wafer's surface can also locally increase the etching rate. In particular, it was observed that noble metal particles sink down into the material when the sample is immersed in an etching solution containing an oxidizing agent and hydrofluoric acid (see image in the introduction). This method is now commonly called the metal assisted chemical etching of silicon. Other semiconductors were also successfully etched with MACE, such as silicon carbide or gallium nitride. However, the main portion of research is dedicated to MACE of silicon.

It has been shown that both noble metals such as gold, platinum, palladium, and silver, and base metals such as iron, nickel, copper, and aluminium can act as a catalyst in the process.

Theory
Some elements of MACE are commonly accepted in the scientific community, while others are still under debate. There is agreement that the reduction of the oxidizing agent is catalyzed by the noble metal particle (see figure to the left). This means that the metal particle has a surplus of positive charge which is eventually transferred to the silicon substrate. Each of the positive charges in the substrate can be identified as a hole (h+) in the valence band of the substrate, or in more chemical terms it may be interpreted as a weakened Si-Si bond due to the removal of an electron. The weakened bonds can be attacked by a nucleophilic species such as HF or H2O, which in turn leads to the dissolution of the silicon substrate in close proximity to the noble metal particle.

From a thermodynamic point of view, the MACE process is possible because the redox potential of the redox couple corresponding to the used oxidizing agents (hydrogen peroxide or potassium permanganate) are below the valence band edge at the electrochemical energy scale. Equivalently, one could say that the electrochemical potential of the electron in the etching solution (due to the presence of oxidizing agent) is lower than the electrochemical potential of the electron in the substrate, hence electrons are removed from the silicon. In the end, this accumulation of positive charge leads to the dissolution of the substrate by hydrofluoric acid.

MACE consists of multiple individual reactions. At the metal particle, the oxidizing agent is reduced. In the case of hydrogen peroxide this can be written down as follows:

The created holes (h+) are then consumed during the dissolution of silicon. There are several possible reactions via which the dissolution can take place, but here just one example is given:

There are still some unclear aspects of the MACE process. The model proposed above requires contact of the metal particle with the silicon substrate which is somehow conflicting with the etching solution being underneath the particle. This can be explained with a dissolution and redeposition of metal during MACE. In particular it is proposed, that some metal ions from the particle are dissolved and eventually are re-deposited at the silicon surface with a redox reaction. In this case the metal particle (or even larger noble metal thin films) could partially maintain contact to the substrate while also etching could partially take place underneath the metal.

It is also observed that in the vicinity of straight pores as shown in the introduction also a micro-porous region between the pores is formed. Generally this is attributed to holes that diffuse away from the particle and hence contribute to etching at more distant locations. This behavior is dependent on the doping type of substrate as well as on the type of noble metal particle. Therefore, it is proposed that the formation of such a porous region beneath the straight pores depends on the type of barrier that is formed at the metal/silicon interface. In the case of an upward band bending the electric field in the depletion layer would point towards the metal. Therefore, holes cannot diffuse further into the substrate and thus no formation of a micro-porous region is observed. In the case of downward band-bending holes could escape into the bulk of the silicon substrate and eventually lead to etching there.

Experimental procedure of MACE
As already stated above MACE requires metal particles or a thin metal thin film on top of a silicon substrate. This can be achieved with several methods such as sputter deposition or thermal evaporation. A method to obtain particles from a continuous thin film is thermal dewetting. These deposition methods can be combined with lithography such that only desired regions are covered with metal. Since MACE is an anisotropic etching method (etching takes place not in all spatial directions) a pre-defined metal pattern can be directly transferred into the silicon substrate. Another method of depositing metal particles or thin films is electroless plating of noble metals on the surface of silicon. Since the redox potentials of the redox couples of noble metals are below the valence band edge of silicon, noble metal ions can (like described in the theory section) inject holes (or extract electrons) from the substrate while they are reduced. In the end metallic particles or films are obtained at the surface. Finally, after the deposition of the metal on the surface of silicon, the sample is immersed in an etching solution containing hydrofluoric acid and oxidizing agent. Etching will take place as long as the oxidizing agent and the acid are consumed or until the sample is removed from the etching solution.

Applications of MACE
The reason why MACE is heavily researched is that it allows completely anisotropic etching of silicon substrates which is not possible with other wet chemical etching methods (see figure to the right). Usually the silicon substrate is covered with a protective layer such as photoresist before it is immersed in an etching solution. The etching solution usually has no preferred direction of attacking the substrate, therefore isotropic etching takes place. In semiconductor engineering, however it is often required that the sidewalls of the etched trenches are steep. This is usually realized with methods that operate in the gas-phase such as reactive ion etching. These methods require expensive equipment compared to simple wet etching. MACE, in principle allows the fabrication of steep trenches but is still cheap compared to gas-phase etching methods.

Porous silicon
Metal assisted chemical etching allows for the production of porous silicon with photoluminescence.

Black silicon
Black silicon is silicon with a modified surface and is a type of porous silicon. There are several works on obtaining black silicon using MACE technology. The main application of black silicon is solar energy.

Black Gallium Arsenide
Black Gallium Arsenide with light trapping properties have been also produced by MACE.

title: Metal assisted chemical etching


text:
Talk:The Last Enchantment

Fair use rationale for Image:MaryStewart TheLastEnchantment.jpg
Image:MaryStewart TheLastEnchantment.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:46, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Psychic?
While the talents that Stewart attributes to her Merlin do include a sort of visionary foresight that contemporary usage tends to call "psychic", she never actually uses this word. The word "psychic" is not attested in English prior to 1870, and strikes me as out of place here. I would suggest "prophetic" or "visionary" instead. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:42, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Last Enchantment


text:
Talk:Denise Filiatrault

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:45, 17 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Denise Filiatrault.jpg

title: Talk:Denise Filiatrault


text:
Talk:Markko Märtin

Chapters?
This article might be getting large enough to be split into chapters soon. SteelyDave 18:35, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Picture
There is a picture of him on the Estonian Wikipedia, but I'm unsure of it's protected or not. Someon e who can read Estonian might be able to add it. SteelyDave 18:51, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Inspiration
I would just like to say that Markko Martin and Michael Parks were two of the best influences on me. These great men taught me integrety, Perseverance, and the values of being humble (not only in racing but in life). They were like the dynamic duo; two great buds that make a personality. Although It's been a Year since I've Seen Markko and Michael on TV; I still often wonder what Markko is doing. I've always harbored the notion that if your dreams get shattered by life's occurances or other's getting in the way...the best thing you can do is to "Get Back Up Each Time You Fall." Never Let Go of your Dreams Martin...Just make 'Em Bigger and Bolder and it will make you Stronger.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yy_NilWnKw

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 23:31, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Shunt?
I replaced 'shunt' with 'crash' to describe the rallying accident which killed Michael Park. Firstly and pedantically, a shunt is a rear end crash. Secondly 'shunt' is used in racing to describe the myriad accidents which are part of the game and which result in damage to the vehicle and possibly minor injuries. Its use is somewhat sardonic. It is out of place in a description of a fatal accident.Cross Reference (talk) 13:40, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Markko Märtin


text:
add on

Verb

 * 1)  To incorporate (something extra, often an amount of money) into something else (often a bill).
 * 2)  To put an expansion (addition) onto a building, usually a home.

Noun

 * The manufacturer sold many add ons for the basic camera.
 * The secretary offered a typing and copying service for theses, with the option of binding as an add on.
 * The secretary offered a typing and copying service for theses, with the option of binding as an add on.

title: add on


text:
pompe

Etymology 1
From, from. Related to 🇨🇬. More at.

Noun

 * 1) pump
 * 2)  push-up
 * 3)  Style of strumming, used especially in gypsy jazz

Etymology 2
From, from , from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) a solemn procession
 * 2) pomp, vainglory
 * 3) style, class

Etymology 3
From, of uncertain origin.

Noun

 * 1)  shoe

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  pump

Noun

 * 1) extravagant ceremony; pomp

title: pompe


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Conservation Physiology

The result was   merge to Society for Experimental Biology. — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 00:41, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

Conservation Physiology

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Article dePRODded by IP without reason stated. PROD reason still stands: " Non-notable relatively new journal. Not indexed in any selective databases, no independent sources. Does not meet WP:NJournals or WP:GNG." Hence: Delete. Randykitty (talk) 09:49, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Literature-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:12, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Science-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:12, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Merge to Society for Experimental Biology, which presently only mentions the journal. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:14, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Merge, without prejudice against re-establishing a separate article if the journal succeeds. Opabinia regalis (talk) 07:08, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, N ORTH A MERICA 1000 16:21, 17 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, N ORTH A MERICA 1000 17:16, 24 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
atacado

Etymology
From the

Adjective

 * 1) attacked, assaulted
 * 2)  nervous

Noun

 * 1) wholesale

Adjective

 * 1) affronted

title: atacado


text:
Riesen

Etymology
Borrowed from Swiss.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Riesen is the 35945th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 624 individuals. Riesen is most common among White (95.51%) individuals.

title: Riesen


text:
User:<IP_ADDRESS>/Evaluate an Article

Article Evaluation: Tinbergen's four questions

There does not seem to be a lot of citations. Users on the talk page are debating whether or not certain information is correct or out of date. Information in the article does not seems unbiased. The opening paragraph could be longer or more detailed. On the talk page, it says the article is related with WikiProject Psychology, WikiProject Animals, and WikiProject Genetics.The article is rated in the B-class.

title: User:142.162.150.30/Evaluate an Article


text:
vino cotto

Etymology
lit. 'cooked wine'.

Noun

 * 1) a form of wine, from Le Marche, in which the must is reduced by boiling before fermentation

title: vino cotto