text:
Talk:Liberal Arts and Science Academy

Unsourced and Uninformative
This article is extremely poor, particularly the "traditions" section. Completely unsourced and irrelevant information that doesn't belong in a Wikipedia article. This isn't an school tour, it's an article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:04, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

negative info
Also, perhaps it should incorporate at least a little negative press. How about the overwhelming pressure of attending such a rigorous school? The crime and violence? The controversy of the LAA/ SA merge? The over-focus on science and math to the exclusion of English and Social Studies? The departure of Paula Tyler? The inequalities and poor relations between magnet and host students?

It might be hard to discuss the LAA and SA merge as it occurred a fairly long time ago - there might be limited resources. Same with Paula Tyler. I haven't noticed poor relations between magnet and host students, and I don't think there is much documentation of any animosity. Kids tend to be cast as LAs or SAs, but the liberal arts programs certainly aren't ignored. The rigor would likely be a valid point.

The English and Social Studies have a significant amount of focus. One of the teachers in the social studies department recently won the Milken Award, and the teachers there are very good, enough to equal the science and math teachers. The rigor is a valid point, but it should be extended. Many kids at LASA are turning to performance enhancing drugs like adderall to keep up. GladiusMaximus34 (talk) 02:57, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

There surely are negative sides to LASA, but, given the organization of the article, it can be rather unclear as to where that information would go. Also, including such information tends to border on being subjective. Also, speaking from personal experience, GladiusMaximus34's point about students at LASA resorting to performance-enhancing drugs to "keep up" with the workload is not at all true. -- Shahrukhkhan1968, the Wikipedia account of a student at LASA.

Sounds like an advertisement
Half of this article sounds like advertisement. I personally don't go here (although I'm applying). Can anyone who goes here make this into a real encyclopedia article? --Shrapnelwolf 00:11, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

I've been accepted and are going for the 2008-2009 school year but I'm very inexperienced in editing so if you would tell me what to change i could help...I'll scan the article checking for mistakes  Xor  24  talk to me  01:59, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

do not understand what exactly about this article makes it sound like an advertisement. All the information in it is verifiable and correct, if not a little outdated. -- Shahrukhkhan1968.

quidditch
removed quidditch as an offered sport, unless this somehow became Harry Potter's alma mater —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mjuarez (talk • contribs) 22:27, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

There are schools that play Quidditch as a recreational sport. Its inclusion as one of the sports offered at LASA was not a simple joke. -- Shahrukhkhan1968.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Liberal Arts and Science Academy. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20061217024727/http://www.icsrc.org:80/ncsssmst06/Conf06Presentations_final.pdf to http://www.icsrc.org/ncsssmst06/Conf06Presentations_final.pdf

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 16:03, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Response to constant revisions from IP addresses
Dear <IP_ADDRESS>

You recently undid my revision to the article, citing "please refrain from editing our wikipedia page despite what you might think is credible." However, Wikipedia guidelines state that "A school's own website is not an independent source, though can be an acceptable source for information sections involving no value judgments, such as school structure. References from third-party sources are preferable and particularly important for school awards and contentious statements." I guess it is reasonable to keep the "signature courses" section of the wikipedia page even though it would be preferable to have 3rd party sources. Additionally, generally one citation is not sufficient for a paragraph as that section is relying on only one source.

Additionally, anybody is allowed to edit a wikipedia page. This is in contrary to what you said: "please refrain from editing our wikipedia page." It does not matter how accurate a wikipedia page is if it is unsourced. I recommend you create a wikipedia account, as that will give you more resources for editing pages. I go to LASA as well.

Thanks!

Sam-2727 (talk) 00:19, 29 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liberal Arts and Science Academy


text:
Joe Willock

Joseph George Willock (born 20 August 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Newcastle United.

Arsenal
A youth product of Arsenal, Willock joined Arsenal at age four-and-a-half, having been allowed to play alongside his older brothers. He made his first-team debut for the club on 20 September 2017 in the EFL Cup against Doncaster Rovers.

Willock made his Premier League debut against Newcastle United on 15 April 2018. He scored his first senior goal on 29 November 2018 in a 3–0 UEFA Europa League victory away at Vorskla Poltava. He then scored his first brace in a 3–0 FA Cup victory away at Blackpool on 5 January 2019.

On 12 September 2019, it was announced that Willock had signed a new long-term contract with Arsenal. On 19 September 2019, he played as Arsenal won 3–0 against Eintracht Frankfurt by scoring a deflected effort to open the scoring in the opening matchday of the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League. Willock scored his first goal at the Emirates Stadium on 24 September 2019 after tapping-in Arsenal's third goal in a 5–0 EFL Cup win over Nottingham Forest, set-up by Héctor Bellerín. On 25 June 2020, he scored his first Premier League goal in a 2–0 win over Southampton.

Newcastle United
On 1 February 2021, Willock joined Newcastle United on loan for the remainder of the 2020–21 season. On 6 February, Willock scored in the 16th minute on his debut in a 3–2 win over Southampton. After scoring in three consecutive substitute appearances against Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United and Liverpool,  Willock was rewarded with a start against Leicester City, where he was once again on target, scoring the opening goal in a 4–2 win. On 14 May, Willock scored in a 4–3 defeat against Manchester City. On 19 May, he scored in his sixth consecutive league game, becoming the youngest player in Premier League history to do so at the age of 21 years and 272 days, a record previously held by Romelu Lukaku. This was surpassed by Rasmus Højlund on 18 February 2024. Four days later, on the final day of the Premier League season, he scored again to equal the club record of consecutive games scored in, set by Alan Shearer.

On 13 August 2021, Newcastle confirmed the signing of Willock on a six-year contract. The fee was reported to be £25 million. On 19 February 2022, Willock scored his first goal since signing permanently for the club, in a 1–1 draw against West Ham United. The following week, he scored Newcastle's second goal in a 2–0 win over Brentford.

International career
Willock scored for the England under-16 team against Scotland in the 2014 Victory Shield. He also represented the England under-19 team but was one of a number of players withdrawn from selection for the 2018 UEFA European Under-19 Championship by their club.

Willock represented the England under-20 team in the 2018–19 Under 20 Elite League and scored the winning goals in games against Italy and Germany. Willock was a member of an England Under-20 side at the 2019 Toulon Tournament and scored in group stage defeats against Portugal and Chile.

On 30 August 2019, Willock was included in the England under-21 squad for the first time but had to withdraw due to injury. He eventually made his U21 debut on 11 October 2019 during a 2–2 with Slovenia in Maribor.

Personal life
Willock was born in Walthamstow which is located in Waltham Forest, Greater London. His brothers, Chris and Matty, are also footballers. All three brothers shared a pitch when Manchester United played a reserve game against Arsenal in May 2017. He is of Montserratian descent.

Honours
Arsenal
 * FA Cup: 2019–20
 * FA Community Shield: 2017, 2020
 * UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2018–19

Newcastle United
 * EFL Cup runner-up: 2022–23

Individual
 * Premier League Player of the Month: May 2021

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joe Willock


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/LeGoyeau Apartments

The result was redirect. There was nearly a consensus to delete. Redirecting and keeping the history allows someone to carry out a merge (the other possible outcome of this debate) if they wish, and consensus at the destination article allows. Petros471 16:30, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

LeGoyeau Apartments
An apartment building, little different from thousands of others in the world. The article claims its T-shape makes it notable, but it is hardly the only building with such a shape, which is certainly not rare. One of a series of articles on buildings in Windsor, Ontario, one of which has already been deleted (see Articles for deletion/Solidarity Towers). Indrian 18:28, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable building. Akradecki 19:08, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge into "urban renewal" or "high-rise buildings" section in Windsor, Ontario article?  User:Raccoon Fox • Talk • Stalk''' 16:23, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vegaswikian 17:30, 14 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Athous axillaris

Athous axillaris is a species of click beetle from the family Elateridae. It was described by George Henry Horn in 1871 and is endemic to California.

Description
Athous axillaris is 9.4 - 12.9 mm long, dark brown to black in colour, and has a muddy orange coloured head and pronotum.

title: Athous axillaris


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Talk:Battle of Collecchio

Fornovo di Taro
The location's battle is Fornovo di Taro. Not Collecchio — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:40, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140303041640/http://sotcw.co.uk/downloads/Collecchio_-_Italy_1945.pdf to http://sotcw.co.uk/downloads/Collecchio_-_Italy_1945.pdf

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split this article into "battle of collechio" and "battle of fornovo di taro"
we should split it, because fornovo di taro was an completely separate battle, not part of collechio's battle.2804:14D:4488:201C:45A2:EA71:CD8F:75BA (talk) 19:14, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Collecchio


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Hurricane Gloria/archive1

Hurricane Gloria
Another very complete tropical cyclone article by WikiProject Tropical cyclones, which has been previously assessed and is expected to be a Featured article candidate soon. Tito xd (?!? - help us) 23:14, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I like it. Things that are needed are a longer intro and possibly more structure to aftermath. Hurricanehink 23:54, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The lead, per WP:LEAD, should be expanded to a minimum of two paragraphs. AndyZ 01:03, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've expanded it now. Tito xd (?!? - help us) 00:53, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

This is a very good article, but there are two one issue s I need to bring up. First, I'm not sure that the paragraphs about Hurricane Bob are necessary. Second, although Image:H52 hurricane gloria 1985.jpg is from the Wikimedia Commons, it has no source so I may have to nominate it for deletion there. Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 18:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Never mind the second point. I just checked at the Commons, and it is a coast guard photo, although I don't know why I can't see that from here. Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 18:47, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll remove the Bob information. The only reason why I put it in was due to the complacency left behind by Gloria, but I guess that's irrevelent. Hurricanehink 19:54, 21 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Designing a Training Manual

This page has been copied from Wikipedia, specifically ; because its style was instructive rather than encyclopedic. Duncharris 12:59, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * When you want content added from Wikipedia, please request an import so we don't lose the edit histoy. It's more work to import, then history-merge. Please ask at WB:RFI or WB:AN for imports in the future. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:20, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Designing a Training Manual


text:
Talk:PPTV

Basic operation & Compatibility
somebody please re-organize the words, better re-write — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 2006-05-15T11:49:46 (UTC)

title: Talk:PPTV


text:
User:Lbhiggin

''Hello, I am L.B. Higginbotham from Lubbock, Texas. My interest are science, music, computers, space.''

title: User:Lbhiggin


text:
New Works Programme

The New Works Programme of 1935–1940 was the major investment programme delivered by the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB), commonly known as London Transport, which had been created in 1933 to coordinate underground train, tram, trolleybus and bus services in the capital and the surrounding areas. The programme was to develop many aspects of the public transport services run by the LPTB and the suburban rail services of the Great Western Railway (GWR) and London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). The investment was largely backed by government assistance as well as by the issuing of financial bonds and was estimated to cost £42,286,000 in 1936 (approximately £ today).

London Underground
The Programme saw major reconstructions of many central area Underground stations, with escalators being installed to replace lifts; extensions of several tube lines; and connection to and electrification of a number of suburban lines. These included:
 * Metropolitan line (The majority of projects had been initially planned by the Metropolitan Railway, the owner of the line prior to absorption into the LPTB in 1933.)
 * provision of additional parallel tracks between and
 * electrification of the tracks from Rickmansworth to Aylesbury and
 * installation of colourlight signals on the line between Rickmansworth and Aylesbury and platform extensions for stations on this stretch of the line
 * Bakerloo line
 * new tunnels to form a branch from to, where they connected with and took over the realigned slow tracks of the Metropolitan line to  and the  branch
 * new Bakerloo line stations at and  between  and Baker Street, to replace three closing stations on the Metropolitan line
 * Northern line (The Northern Heights Plan)
 * transfer of the Metropolitan line's Great Northern & City (GN&C) branch to Northern line operation
 * connection of the GN&C branch at to the LNER's line to Edgware, High Barnet and Alexandra Palace
 * construction of new tunnels from (then Highgate) to  and  to connect to the  and  branches
 * extension from Edgware to
 * Central line
 * relining of the tunnels and lengthening of station platforms between and  to increase speeds and allow longer trains
 * replacement of the line's non-standard track power supply with the Underground's normal fourth rail system
 * western extension from to connect to and take over the GWR's suburban line to Denham
 * eastern extension from Liverpool Street via to connect to and take over the LNER's lines to,  and
 * Rolling stock
 * design and construction of a new fleet of trains, the 1938 stock, to operate on the Central line and Northern line extensions
 * further conversion of existing locomotive-hauled "Dreadnought" coaches to electric working for the newly electrified Metropolitan Mainline to Aylesbury. Extra "T" stock driving motor coaches had been constructed to allow for this. This scheme was abandoned and later new stock was designed. When rolled out, this was to be the A60 stock
 * Design and construction of a new fleet of trains for the Hammersmith and City Line, the "O" stock
 * Provision of similar new trains for the Metropolitan line to Uxbridge, the "P" stock
 * Conversion of existing hand-worked-door stock to air-door operation and the construction of some new stock for the District line, the "Q" stock programme
 * Infrastructure
 * improvements to the power supply system from Lots Road Power Station
 * improvements to and rebuilding of many busy central area stations including the installation of escalators to replace lifts

Road transport
On the city's roads, the programme was to see the large-scale abandonment of trams and their replacement by trolleybuses, creating the world's largest trolleybus system at that date.

Before and during World War II
Substantial and rapid progress was made on the network across the capital before the advent of World War II delayed, then prevented its completion. The Central line tunnel relining works were completed in 1938 and the replacement of the line's power supply was completed in 1940. The Bakerloo line service to Stanmore started on 20 November 1939. The 1938 tube stock came into operation as intended although the extensions they were built for were not completed at once.

Progress on the Northern line works enabled the extension from to come into service as far as  on 3 July 1939 (excluding Highgate station), where interchanges were made with the LNER services. Underground services to High Barnet commenced on 14 April 1940. Highgate station came into use on 19 January 1941 and services started operating on the branch to Mill Hill East on 18 May 1941. This latter section was finished, exceptionally, to serve Inglis Barracks. The outstanding electrification works on the remainder of the LNER's branch from Finsbury Park to Highgate, from Highgate to Alexandra Palace and from Mill Hill East to Edgware were halted. Works on the extension beyond Edgware were also stopped, although the construction of the new tube depot at Aldenham was completed and the buildings were used to construct Halifax bomber aircraft for the RAF. Other parts of the land purchased for the Bushey Heath extension were farmed during the war to provide food for London Transport canteens.

On the Central line, works on the eastern extension had progressed furthest with tunnels constructed to and from  to. These were put into service as air-raid shelters (with disastrous results at Bethnal Green) and as underground factories operated by Plessey.

Postwar changes
After the war, a prioritisation of the limited resources available to London Transport saw the Central line extensions progressed, with the first new section in the east opening to Stratford in 1946 and the services to and  starting in 1948 and 1949. Initially, plans were put in place to complete the Northern Heights project during 1947 and 1948 and the plans for the extension to Bushey Heath were revised and parliamentary powers were renewed in 1947 for most of the outstanding New Works Programme.

The cases for the Northern line extension to and the continuation of the Central line extension beyond West Ruislip to Denham were damaged by the introduction of the Town and Country Planning Act 1947, which led to the creation of Metropolitan Green Belt around the capital including areas of land through which the new lines were planned and which had been intended for development as housing. Plans for the Bushey Heath Extension were reduced to an extension to in 1949. In 1953 the decision was made to cancel this part as well.

The GN&C branch had transferred to the Northern line before the war and remained under its control after the war, but it was never integrated into the rest of the line. The completion of the electrification of the LNER's remaining tracks from Finsbury Park to Alexandra Palace and from Mill Hill East to Edgware was abandoned, and equipment already installed was removed for reuse elsewhere. The bridge, just east of Mill Hill East, was rebuilt with provision for a second track, which was never laid. The Finsbury Park-to-Alexandra Palace section remained with the LNER, and then British Railways, until it was closed in 1954. The Mill Hill-to-Edgware section, which had been closed to passenger traffic, remained in use as a single-track goods line until closed in 1964.

The electrification of the Metropolitan line from Rickmansworth to Amersham and Chesham was not completed until 12 September 1960. and the quadrupling of the tracks was not completed until 1961, but only to a point north of Moor Park. The complete re-signalling of the line north of was done by 1959. As electrification did not take place all the way north to Aylesbury, the Metropolitan line service north of Amersham was withdrawn in 1961. The Plan to convert locomotive-hauled steam stock to electric working was abandoned, and new EMUs, designed in the 1950s, replaced existing steam and electric locomotives from 1960. They were called the A60 stock.

The scheme to replace trams with trolleybuses was halted shortly after the outbreak of war, with the final conversion taking place on 9 June 1940. The remaining tram routes, mainly in South London, were not finally replaced until 6 July 1952, and then by diesel buses, rather than trolleybuses. The Aldenham site was converted for use as a bus overhaul works for all London Transport buses and opened in 1955.

title: New Works Programme


text:
Talk:Catherine Read

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2021 and 15 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): WingWong20.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:32, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Maurice Quentin de La Tour
The paragraph about her early life suggests that de La Tour gave her a basic education. But the second following section says that she studied art under de La Tour in Paris. It is conceivable that both statements are true. However, they need to be reconciled. Humpster (talk) 07:57, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Catherine Read


text:
Serial Programming/Forming Data Packets

Just about every idea for communicating between computers involves "data packets", especially when more than 2 computers are involved.

The idea is very similar to putting a check in an envelope to mail to the electricity company. We take the data (the "check") we want to send to a particular computer, and we place it inside an "envelope" that includes the address of that particular computer.

A packet of data starts with a preamble, followed by a header, followed by the raw data, and finishes up with a few more bytes of transmission-related error-detection information -- often a Fletcher-32  checksum. We will talk more about what we do with this error-detection information in the next chapter, Serial Programming/Error Correction Methods.

The accountant at the electricity company throws away the envelope when she gets the check. She already knows the address of her own company. Does this mean the "overhead" of the envelope is useless ? No.

In a similar way, once a computer receives a packet, it immediately throws away the preamble. If the computer sees that the packet is addressed to itself, and has no errors, then it discards the wrapper and keeps the data.

The header contains the destination address information used by all the routers and switches to send the complete packet to the correct destination address, like a paper envelope bears the destination address used by the postal workers that carry the mail to the correct destination address. Most protocol use a header that, like most paper mail envelopes, also include the source address and a few other bits of transmission-related information.

Unfortunately, there are dozens of slightly different, incompatible protocols for data packets, because people pick slightly different ways to represent the address information and the error-detection information.

... gateways between incompatible protocols ...

Packet size tradeoffs
Protocol designers pick a maximum and minimum packet size based on many tradeoffs.
 * packets should be "small" to prevent one transmitter transmitting a long packet from hogging the network.
 * packets should be "small" so that a single error can be corrected by retransmitting one small packet rather than one large packet.
 * packets should be "large" so more time is spent transmitting good data and less time is spent on overhead (preamble, header, footer, postamble, and between-packet gap).
 * the packet header and trailing footer should be short, to reduce overhead.
 * the footer should hold a large error-detection codeword field, because a shorter codeword is more likely to incorrectly accept an error-riddled packet (we discuss error-detection in more detail in the next chapter, ../Error Correction Methods/).
 * making the packet header a little longer, so that meaningful fields fall on byte or word boundaries, rather than highly encoded bit fields, makes it easier for a CPU to interpret them, allowing lower-cost network hardware.
 * making the packet header a little longer -- instead of a single error-detection field that covers the whole packet, we have one error-detection field for the header, and another error-detection field for the data -- allows a node to immediately reject a packet with a bit error in the destination address or the length field, avoiding needless processing. The same CRC polynomial is used for both. Such an "extra" CRC that covers only the header is used in several file formats -- it's an optional feature of the MPEG audio file format,  an optional feature of the gzip format, etc.

 * fixed-size packets -- where all packets fall into a few length categories -- do not require a "length" field, and simplify buffer allocation, but waste "internal" data space on padding the last packet when you want to send data that is not an exact multiple of the fixed data size.

Start-of-packet and transparency tradeoffs
Unfortunately, it is impossible for any communication protocol to have all these nice-to-have features:
 * transparency: data communication is transparent and "8 bit clean" -- (a) any possible data file can be transmitted, (b) byte sequences in the file always handled as data, and never mis-interpreted as something else, and (c) the destination receives the entire data file without error, without any additions or deletions.
 * simple copy: forming packets is easiest if we simply blindly copy data from the source to the data field of the packet without change.
 * unique start: the start-of-packet symbol is easy to recognize, because it is a known constant byte that never occurs anywhere else in the headers, header CRC, data payload, or data CRC.
 * 8-bit: only uses 8-bit bytes.

Some communication protocols break transparency, requiring extra complexity elsewhere -- requiring higher network layers to implement work-arounds such as binary-to-text encoding or else suffer mysterious errors, as with the Time Independent Escape Sequence.

Some communication protocols break "8-bit" -- i.e., in addition to the 256 possible bytes, they have "extra symbols". Some communication protocols have just a few extra non-data symbols -- such as the "long pause" used as part of the Hayes escape sequence; the "long break" used as part of the SDI-12 protocol; "command characters" or "control symbols" in 4B5B coding, 8b/10b encoding; etc. Other systems, such as 9-bit protocols, transmit 9 bit symbols. Typically the first 9-bit symbol of a packet has its high bit set to 1, waking up all nodes; then each node checks the destination address of the packet, and all nodes other than the addressed node go back to sleep. The rest of the data in the packet (and the ACK response) is transmitted as 9 bit symbols with the high bit cleared to 0, effectively 8 bit values, which is ignored by the sleeping nodes. (This is similar to the way that all data bytes in a MIDI message are effectively 7 bit values; the high bit is set only on the first byte in a MIDI message). Alas, some UARTs make it awkward, difficult, or impossible to send and receive such 9-bit characters.

Some communication protocols break "unique start" -- i.e., they allow the no-longer-unique start-of-packet symbol to occur elsewhere -- most often because we are sending a file that includes that byte, and "simple copy" puts that byte in the data payload. When a receiver is first turned on, or when cables are unplugged and later reconnected, or when noise corrupts what was intended to be the real start-of-packet symbol, the receiver will incorrectly interpret that data as the start-of-packet. Even though the receiver usually recognizes that something is wrong (checksum failure), a single such noise glitch may lead to a cascade of many lost packets, as the receiver goes back and forth between (incorrectly) interpreting that data byte in the payload as a start-of-packet, and then (incorrectly) interpreting a real start-of-packet symbol as payload data. Even worse, such common problems may cause the receiver to lose track of where characters begin and end. Early protocol designers believed that once synchronization has been lost, there must be a unique start-of-packet character sequence required to regain synchronization. Later protocol designers have designed a few protocols, such as CRC-based framing, that not only break "unique start" -- allow the data payload contain the same byte sequence as the start-of-packet, supporting simple-copy transparency -- they don't even need a fixed unchanging start-of-packet character sequence.

In order to keep the "unique start" feature, many communication protocols break "simple copy". This requires a little extra software and a little more time per packet than simply copying the data -- which is usually insignificant with modern processors. The awkwardness comes from (a) making sure that the entire process -- the transmitter encoding/escaping a chunk of raw data into a packet payload that must not include the start-of-packet byte, and the receiver decoding/unescaping the packet payload into a chunk of raw data -- is completely transparent to any possible sequence of raw data bytes, even if those bytes include one or more start-of-packet bytes, and (b) since the encoded/escaped payload data inevitably requires more bytes than the raw data, we must make sure we don't overflow any buffers even with the worst possible expansion, and (c) unlike "simple copy" where a constant bitrate of payload data bits results in the same constant goodput of raw data bits, we must make sure that the system is designed to handle the variations in payload data bitrate or raw data bit goodput or both. Some of this awkwardness can be reduced by using consistent-overhead byte stuffing (COBS). rather than variable-overhead byte stuffing techniques such as the one used by SLIP.

Calculate the CRC and append it to the packet *before* encoding both the raw data and the CRC with COBS.

preamble
Two popular approaches to preambles are:

 * The first transmitter sends just enough preamble bits for this hop's receiver to lock on. Then it sends the packet. That receiver, once it knows it needs to forward the packet another hop, transmits a fresh new full-size preamble over the next hop, followed by the data packet. The benefit is that a relatively short, fixed-length preamble is adequate no matter how many hops the data packet jumps over.

 * The first transmitter sends a much longer preamble, much longer than is really necessary for this hop's receiver to lock on. Then it sends the packet. That receiver, as soon at it detects the preamble, immediately transmits each incoming bit out the other port(s) until it gets to the end of the packet. The benefit is that relay nodes can be extremely simple, since they don't have to store any data. Preamble consumption (5-4-3 rule) makes the preamble get shorter and shorter after each hop -- too many bits lost and eventually there is not enough preamble bits to lock on and the entire packet is lost.

For further reading

 * Optical and radio receivers usually require a preamble of some minimum length in order to synchronize bit clocks. For detailed information on calculating exactly how long (how many transitions) the preamble needs to be, see Clock and Data Recovery/Structures and types of CDRs/The CDR based on a first order PLL.
 * http://intcomm.wiki.taoriver.net/moin.cgi/ProtocolMadness
 * UDP
 * Internet Technologies/Protocols including TCP/IP and HTTP
 * ATM
 * VSCP - Very Simple Control Protocol http://www.vscp.org/ "The protocol is free"
 * "Protocol Design Folklore" by Radia Perlman. Jan 15, 2001. http://www.awprofessional.com/articles/article.asp?p=20482
 * "Devices that play together, work together: UPnP defines common protocols and procedures to guarantee interoperability among network-enabled PCs, appliances, and wireless devices." article by Edward F Steinfeld, EDN, 9/13/2001 http://www.reed-electronics.com/ednmag/index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA154802&spacedesc=readersChoice&rid=0&rme=0&cfd=1
 * CAN bus http://computer-solutions.co.uk/ http://computer-solutions.co.uk/gendev/can-module.htm
 * "CMX-MicroNet is the first system that allows TCP/IP
 * and other protocols to be run natively on small processors
 * ... [including] AVR, PIC 18, M16C."

 * "byteflight is a high speed data bus protocol for automotive applications" http://byteflight.com/
 * Nagle's rule ... The Nagle algorithm. "Nagle's rule is a heuristic to avoid sending particularly small IP packets, also called tinygrams. Tinygrams are usually created by interactive networking tools that transmit single keystrokes, such as telnet or rsh. Tinygrams can become particularly wasteful on low-bandwidth links like SLIP. The Nagle algorithm attempts to avoid them by holding back transmission of TCP data briefly under some circumstances." -- http://www.tldp.org/LDP/nag/node45.html
 * The SLIMP3 Client Protocol
 * Beej's Guide to Network Programming Using Internet Sockets by Brian "Beej" Hall 2005-11-05
 * "RF Link Using the Z86E08" describes yet another "simple" packet protocol ... also mentions a preamble to train the RF receiver just before the rest of the packet.
 * Algorithm Implementation/Checksums
 * ... other packet protocols ? ...
 * Communication Systems/Packet Data Systems
 * Communication Networks

title: Serial Programming/Forming Data Packets


text:
Talk:Charles McIntosh

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Charles McIntosh. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131227192150/http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Membership-of-Legislatures.pdf to http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Membership-of-Legislatures.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:23, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles McIntosh


text:
Talk:Test and Quiz

Removing quiz extension from this page
Someone confused the issue by adding an example of the quiz extension onto this page, when it's supposed to be a different kind of widget. Can we remove the example and concentrate on the boxes? McCormack 17:58, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Hide answers
Can we tweak this so by default the answer does not show up first? --HappyCamper 13:58, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Real test
Could you show a real test for its example, that I would be able understand how it works?--Juan 14:42, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Didn't the two examples in Test_and_Quiz help? --Erkan Yilmaz 18:48, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Well. Ill test it and ill see if some q will rise. Thanks.--Juan 14:35, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Proposal for an extension: wikiquiz
I developed an extension for mediawiki: wikiquiz and I think that this one could be useful to wikiversity. At this moment, the English version of the page presenting the extension is full of mistakes, but I am rewriting it. If you are interested, juste reply to this message. Thank you. Lrbabe 14:13, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * We are in the process of evaluating the code and trying to get it included. I have a local test wiki, and will be setting up a more accessible test wiki shortly. Historybuff 22:06, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Historybuff, I've been really busy in the last few days and haven't had a chance to keep up with the news about this extention. You can see the extention working at .  If the code does the same thing on your sever, I would say it would be very helpful.--Rayc 19:46, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * One thing I noticed was that I was able to score below 0 points. How is this possible?--Rayc 19:58, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * "It's not a bug, it's a feature !" ;). This is because you can define a negative score for wrong answers (and no answer gives you 0), and I wanted that the user knows which score he really obtained, without remaining within the school framework: the notes start to 0. This may change in the future, beacause 'am gonna change the correction layout again. I think the actual one is still too complex to understand (too many colors, the correction is displayed on several lines with small screen resolution...) and could be improved.
 * It's ok. We aren't suppose to conform to school grading standards anyways. One thing I haven't been able to figure out is how you set the answers without letting students click edit and see the answers. My first attempt was to hide the answer using a I and l.  There is another version made by a user in the spanish wikipedia that I've been testing (User:Rayc/monobook.js).  See if any of this is helpful.--Rayc 22:32, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The answer must be AFTER || to be hidden and then displayed by the correction. Beware, if you use sandbox on my own wiki, you'll have trouble since the syntaxe has changed with 1.0 (wich will be released soon, when documentation will be ready).
 * I mean I was creating two different pages, El Salón de Clase quizI and El Salón de Clase quizl and hoping no one would notice that they were two different pages. --Rayc 21:22, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Results prewiev
If I fill up the test e.g. handout test, can I see somewhere the results? I mean for example a summary of my ansers.--Juan 19:41, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Dynamics
We've started a learning project Generating dynamic content with MediaWiki and Test and Quiz is just the sort of thing we would like to include as the next phase. We're just now approaching the topic of content that can change on an hourly basis and beginning to dive into the realm of MediaWiki variables and parser functions that can deal with fast changes such as timed tests and minute-by-minute accounts of things. This is just the sort of project that could apply such magic. We would also like to look into some more uses of javascript in templates and would like to include that in the dynamic content learning project and other MediaWiki Project endeavors. Can we come up with a "Take a random test" challenge each hour on the Main Page, just for fun? Please have a look and comment on how we're doing so far. -- CQ 21:08, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Flashcard Randomization
There is an error in the original calculation posted for flashcard randomization. The original calculation was. The problem with this approach is that it returns a number greater than the item count for the last few seconds of each minute.

While it is possible to correct for this using instead, this is still not an optimal solution for two reasons. First, the randomization is ultimately based on parts of a minute rather than on seconds. With three cards, for the first 20 seconds you get one card, then the next 20 seconds are the second card, and the final 20 seconds are the third card. Second, this approach is limited to no more than 60 items in the switch.

I'm replacing the calculation with. This is based on integer calculations, which perform faster, has no practical limit to the number of items in the switch, and will vary the card returned each second. Additional information on how the calculation works and another example of flashcards is being added to the resource text.

-- Dave Braunschweig (talk) 14:04, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Test and Quiz


text:
Template:Mathematics/Related portals

Many mathematics-related learning resources are for specific scientific sub-disciplines and can be found with the aid of other Wikiversity portals: Engineering and Technology - Life Sciences - Physical Sciences - Social Sciences - - General Science Portal

title: Template:Mathematics/Related portals


text:
Dilwale (2015 film)

Dilwale is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language rom-com action film directed by Rohit Shetty, who co-produced the film with Gauri Khan under Red Chillies Entertainment and Rohit Shetty Entertainments. The film stars Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol, Varun Dhawan, and Kriti Sanon, alongside Pankaj Tripathi, Mukesh Tiwari, Varun Sharma, Boman Irani, Vinod Khanna, Kabir Bedi and Johnny Lever. The film marks the final appearance of Vinod Khanna, before his death on 27 April 2017.

Dilwale was released theatrically worldwide on 18 December 2015, a week prior to the Christmas period. The film became a commercial success, earning over inr<PHONE_NUMBER> worldwide and becoming the thirteenth highest-grossing Indian film overseas. At the 61st Filmfare Awards, Dilwale received 5 nominations, including Best Actor (Khan) and Best Actress (Kajol).

Plot
Veer Bakshi and Raj Bakshi are brothers who work as car tuners in Panaji, Goa. Veer meets an educated young girl named Ishita, where he helps her and damages the car of a customer in the process. As a penance, Raj makes Veer to fix the car in the night. Veer falls asleep while fixing the car and awakes to find that the car's sound system is stolen. Veer soon gets into a tussle with a drug baron named King, whose henchmen threatened Ishita. Veer gets knocked out and gets admitted to the hospital. Raj learns about this and kills the gang members with the help of his friends Shakti and Anwar. Raj also burn their stash and reveals himself as Kaali. King suspects Raj to be Kaali due to the tussle between him and Veer. However, Raj's humbleness convinces King that he is harmless and makes a deal to fix their car in exchange for their safety and protection.

2000: In Sofia, Bulgaria, Kaali and Veer are sons of a crime boss, Randhir Bakshi. Kaali comes across Meera during one of their chases with Randhir's rival, Dev Narayan Malik. Kaali falls in love with her and the two begin to spend time with each other. During a shipment delivery to his father, Kaali gets attacked by Dev's henchmen where Meera reveals herself as Malik's daughter. Meera spares Kaali's life as it was her birthday. Kaali confronts Meera shortly, chases her car and saves her life when she almost falls off a cliff. Overcome by remorse, Meera declares her love for Kaali, who then, eventually forgives her. Kaali and Meera reveal their relationship to Randhir and Dev who agree to meet each other. However, Dev tries to kill Kaali and his father in a shootout. Dev and Randhir end up shooting each other to death. Meera sees Kaali holding a gun next to Dev's body and, convinced that Kaali has betrayed her, shoots him. Kaali survives and is convinced by Shakti and Anwar to forget about the past and start a new life with his brother Veer, while Meera starts a new life with her sister Ishita.

Present: Veer discovers that his friend, Shakti's brother Siddhu, was the thief who stole the car's parts, but spares him as Siddhu reveals that he did this for his girlfriend Jenny. Veer proposes to Ishita. Raj learns about their relationship and decide to meet Ishita's family. However, Ishita's family is Meera, her elder sister. Upon meeting Raj, Meera immediately forbids Ishita from meeting Veer again. Veer and Ishita try to figure about why their siblings dislike each other so much. Veer and Siddhu try to confront Shakti and Anwar. They panic and cook up a ridiculous story that Raj was a washerman named "Ramlal" and Meera was a girl named "Pogo" who left him for money. Veer and Ishita scheme together to rekindle Raj and Meera's relationship, but they are unsuccessful. Raj's lieutenant Mani steals one of King's cars and brings it to the shop. Veer, Mani and Siddhu discover drugs in the car's decklid and burn them. Upon realizing Ishita loves Veer greatly, Meera issues an ultimatum that Veer must move in with Meera in order to marry Ishita, leaving Raj in the process.

Enraged, Veer proceeds to storm out and Meera reveals to Veer that Raj was actually Randhir's adopted son and not Veer's biological brother. Raj confirms this and embraces Veer. Raj confronts Meera for trying to ruin his relationship with his brother, where he reveals that he never betrayed her. Malik's right hand Raghav meets Meera and reveals Raj's innocence. Meera takes Ishita to Raj's house, declaring that Veer can live with Raj and Ishita after marriage. Meera apologizes to Raj and they rekindle their relationship. At Siddhu and Jenny's wedding in a church, King finds his car (which was being used as a wedding car) and brings Mani, Oscar and Veer, demanding to know about his drugs. He loses his temper when he learns what happened and a fight ensues where Raj reveals himself as Kaali and thrashes King. King tries to kill Raj, but Meera takes the bullet and King is beaten to death by Raj's men. Meera is admitted to the hospital, where she recovers, reconciles and reunites with Raj.

Development
In January 2015, Rohit Shetty announced a project with Shah Rukh Khan in the lead which would be their second collaboration after the 2013 film Chennai Express. Shetty stated that he would start filming in March 2015. Shetty paired actress Kajol with Khan, making it the seventh time they were cast opposite each other. He also signed actor Varun Dhawan who was reportedly playing Khan's brother, while actress Kriti Sanon was signed opposite him and Kajol's sister.

Filming
Principal photography began on 20 March 2015 with Dhawan in Goa. Khan and Kajol first joined the crew for filming in Bulgaria from June 2015. Later that month, the first song from the film was shot on Dhawan and Kriti Sanon, in Bulgaria. The schedule there was wrapped up by late July. In August 2015, a romantic song featuring the lead pair was shot in Iceland. The entire team then left for Hyderabad in early September to shoot what was touted to be the final schedule of filming. However, the work in Hyderabad was completed by late October, and filming officially came to an end with a brief schedule in Goa, the same location where it was started. In December, after the promotions had commenced, another song was shot in haste. It featured all four lead actors and had to be played simultaneously with the end-credits.

Theatrical
Dilwale was released in the United Arab Emirates a day before its worldwide release on 18 December 2015. The film was released in around 3100 screens in India.

On 14 December 2015, in the United Kingdom, the film received a 12A classification from the British Board of Film Classification for "moderate violence". The film's UK distributor chose to remove thirteen seconds to obtain this rating (the excised material being scenes involving stronger violence than possible for a 12A rating). An uncut 15-rated version is available.

Home media
The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sony Pictures Networks as part of a deal worth inr<PHONE_NUMBER>.

Box office
Dilwale made around inr<PHONE_NUMBER> worldwide in its opening weekend, the third highest of the year.

India
The film, releasing alongside Bajirao Mastani, opened number one at the box office, and collected inr 210000000 nett in India on its opening day, the third highest of the year after Prem Ratan Dhan Payo and Bajrangi Bhaijaan. The film showed little drop on its second day, and earned nearly inr 200000000 nett. On its first Sunday, Dilwale took in approximately inr 230000000 nett, bringing the three-day nett to an estimated inr 640000000. Dilwale had a first week of inr 970000000 nett in the domestic market.

The film earned around inr 210000000 nett in its second weekend. It grossed little over inr 310000000 nett in week two, taking its business to inr<PHONE_NUMBER> nett. The film made around inr 110000000 nett more in the third week.

Khan expressed disappointment with the film's domestic performance in India. Kajol was also reportedly disappointed, with reports claiming that she regretted turning down the lead role in a Sujoy Ghosh film in favour of Dilwale.

Other territories
Dilwale had the highest opening of 2015 abroad and the second highest ever, with a weekend gross of around 8.5 million. The film also set an all-time record opening in the Persian Gulf region. In Pakistan, the film earned inr 65000000 in its first three days. The film collected ₹9.13 crore in Pakistan in the first week. The film went on to earn over $13 million overseas in the first week, again the highest of the year.

Dilwale grossed another $3.75 million in the second weekend, for an overall $16.75 million in ten days. After two weeks, the film's earnings abroad were more than $20.5 million. The film had grossed around $23.3 million outside India as of 12 January 2016 to become the highest-grossing film starring Shah Rukh Khan in overseas markets.

Dilwale sales reached more than $25 million following openings in new markets such as Germany, Netherlands and Indonesia. The film went on to earn approximately $26.6 million (INR 1756.5 million) by February 2016. The film's final overseas gross was US$30.2 million (₹194crore), the highest ever for a Shah Rukh Khan film, and making it the twelfth highest-grossing Indian film overseas.

Critical response
Dilwale received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 20% approval rating based on 15 critical reviews.

Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama gave the film 4/5 stars, saying, "On the whole, Dilwale is akin to a mouthwatering meal that satiates the craving of those who relish masalathons, besides being an absolute treat for SRK-Kajol fans. An unadulterated crowd-pleaser, Dilwale delivers what you expect from a Rohit Shetty film: King-sized entertainment. Go for it!". Komal Nahta in his review of the film said, "Dilwale is a masala entertainer from the start till the end." Rachit Gupta from Filmfare gave it 4/5 stars and added, "Dilwale is the quintessential popcorn flick. It's colorful, bright and entertaining. It smartly keeps its play on the SRK-Kajol chemistry (watch out for the brilliant ending). It has fantastic music. Decent laughs too. Definitely worth a dekho." Sarita A Tanwar of DNA gave the film 3/5 stars, saying "Dilwale is flawed, but it's right for those who believe that love does conquer it all, actually."

Ananya Bhattacharya of India Today also rated the film 3/5 and concluded, "Dilwale is immensely enjoyable despite an oh-my-god-this-is-so-predictable story. Keep your brains out of the picture, and you have an out-and-out entertainer which fits perfectly in the mould of a guilty pleasure. Go indulge!" Shubha Shetty-Saha of Mid-Day gave the film 3 stars as well and said, "Watch this for the chemistry between SRK and Kajol which refuses to simmer down even after all these years." Meena Iyer from The Times of India gave the film 3/5 stars, criticizing the plot, and stated, "Dilwale leans heavily on Shah Rukh's mega-stardom, Varun's effervescence, breathtaking locales (Iceland and Bulgaria), orchestrated car chases and over-the-top situations, which have you chuckling."

NDTV felt that the film's plot "went in circles" and that while Kajol was great, the film overall failed to appeal. The Economic Times gave the film 2.5/5 stars and felt that it "lacked soul and freshness" and stated that it would only appeal to fans of Khan and Kajol. Rajeev Masand of IBN Live gave the film 2 out of 5 and said, "The real problem with Dilwale is the sheer artificiality of the enterprise. From the rainbow-hued sets and the touched-up landscapes in the Gerua song, to many moments of comedic and emotional payoff, so much of it just feels fake." Namrata Joshi of The Hindu commented, "With Dilwale, Rohit Shetty goes hopelessly wrong despite much that he had at his disposal, including a power-packed cast and producer". Joshi also felt that the attempt to repackage Khan and Kajol had backfired. Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times gave the film a 1.5/5 rating and called the plot "highly predictable". Anupama Chopra of Hindustan Times gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and said, "Even in the context of Shetty's oeuvre, Dilwale is a low. It made me nostalgic for Chennai Express...Rohit and leading man Shah Rukh Khan have clearly positioned Dilwale as a masala entertainer. Which means that we must not expect logic, coherence, characters or depth." Raja Sen of Rediff gave the film 1 out of 5 stars and said, "Budget and access. These have long been Shetty's favoured Lego blocks, and they have never been more visible than in Dilwale, where the greatest on screen pair in modern Hindi cinema are reduced to insignificance."

Soundtrack
The songs featured in the film as are composed by Pritam, and lyrics are written by Amitabh Bhattacharya. Amar Mohile has composed the film score.

A track titled "Gerua" was released on 18 November 2015 as the first single prior to the soundtrack album's release. The second single to be released was "Manma Emotion Jaage" which was released on 26 November 2015. The album features seven tracks and was released on 4 December 2015 by Sony Music India. Sony Music India acquired the music rights of the film for a record inr 190000000.

The song "Gerua" also had different versions. An Arabic version called "Telagena" was released on 11 December 2015 while a Malay version entitled "Warna Cinta" featuring vocals from Aliff Aziz and Kilafairy was released later on 18 December 2015.

title: Dilwale (2015 film)


text:
User:Jpeloquin17/Evaluate an Article

Evaluate an article
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article: Camouflage
 * Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate. [I chose this article to further understand the evolutionary trend of organisms who use camouflage to evade predators.

Lead

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
 * Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
 * Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

Lead evaluation
The Lead begins with the general definition of the word camouflage, and immediately after goes into specific examples to compliment the definition. Alongside the lead are two images, the first being a biological example of camouflage, the peacock flounder uses camouflage to hide from predators. The second example is of a military soldier, who uses camouflage clothing to blend in with it's environment and hide from the enemy, similar to the biological usage. The lead generally describes the article's major sections, but not all of them. The article addresses the military usage of camouflage as a large topic of interest for this article and goes in depth for about one paragraph about military use, while it then addresses every other use of camouflage as "non-military". The lead contains information that can be found in the article itself. The lead is generally concise, however, the part of the lead that talks about military usage can be cut down.

Content

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article's content relevant to the topic?
 * Is the content up-to-date?
 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?

Content evaluation
Yes, the article's content is very relevant to the topic. Camouflage as a topic is very general and has many applications. The article goes through the history of camouflage, it's principles and characteristics (such as resemblance to surroundings, disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, etc.), applications of camouflage (both military and non-military, such as for hunting, civil structures, fashion, art, society, etc.). Searching through the bibliography and content of the article, it does not seem to have been updated with new sources in some time. The latest article credited is from 2015, which is about 4 years ago, however, not much has changed about camouflage and it's applications which could be reason why we do not see many new updates. Indeed this could change in the future. The article is very throughout on each specific topic that it touches upon, giving detailed information. For example, in the military applications, the article touches upon the evolutionary use of camouflage through time, beginning with before 1880s, to world war II, to modern day. The article goes into great, up-to-date detail about the biological uses that natural selection has chosen for organisms and examples, such as the 'pepper moth", which are caterpillars who mimic twigs on trees. There appears to be no content that is alarming or missing from this article.

Tone and Balance

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article neutral?
 * Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

Tone and balance evaluation
The tone of this article is generally neutral. However, there are some topics that are very underrepresented, while others are over represented. Specifically, towards the end of the article, the "Hunting" section is only given a small section, however, hunters have been using camouflage for centuries, and there is a deep, rich history to using camouflage for hunting. Hunting is large aspect to how first humans were able to stay alive and reproduce, which is a big deal in terms of how we use similar aspects of camouflage in our military today. I believe that the military aspect of camouflage is slightly over represented in this article. The lead touches upon analysis of the military application, which creates a disrupted balance in the importance of the biological application. It can be argued that the biological origin of camouflage is much more important to the history of camouflage and I believe that the article should make the biological aspect a larger focus. This may lead the reader into thinking that the military application is the more extraordinary position to be reading about, however, it should be more appreciated to understand how evolution and natural selection has built in camouflage into organisms' DNA to protect them from predators and allow those organisms to reproduce and survive.

Sources and References

 * Guiding questions

 * Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
 * Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
 * Are the sources current?
 * Check a few links. Do they work?

Sources and references evaluation
Yes, all of the facts are backed up by scientific, reliable secondary sources of information. The sources reflect the literature on the topic, and are relevant to the discussion. The sources are rather older, ranging from 1900's to 2015. There are not many articles from 2016-2019, so this article has not been updated with modern sources, however, there may not be a ton of new information on camouflage, which may be the explanation for why we see this trend.

After clicking on several links, I did not run into any problems, they are all working and updated.

Organization

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
 * Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors?
 * Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

Organization evaluation
This article is well-written; each section that is covers is very clear and concise about what it is discussing. The headers and bold topic sections make the article organized and easy for anyone to understand. There are few grammatical or spelling errors, or at least very few that I was able to catch. The article is written professionally and easy for anyone to understand. The article, as stated earlier, is broken down into very specific sections that reflect the topic of camouflage very well. There are numerous (more than 20) sections of camouflage that the article covers, which is fair and truthful to how extensive and applicable camouflage is.

Images and Media

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
 * Are images well-captioned?
 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

Images and media evaluation
There are numerous images throughout the article that enhance the understanding of the topic. Each section of the article contains AT LEAST one image. There are about 30 sections of discussion about camouflage in this article, and each of these sections contains at least one image, but most of them have more than one. This helps the reader understand the topic at hand even further. All of the images adhere to the Wikipedia copyright regulations. The images are laid out in a clever way, each section has an image next to it's description which helps both visual learners and learners who gain knowledge through reading the information.

Checking the talk page

 * Guiding questions

 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?

Talk page evaluation
The article Camouflage has been listed as a level-4 vital article in Biology. Wikiproject military history rated GA-Class, Wikiproject Ecology rated GA-Class High importance, and the WikiProject Evolutionary Biology rated GA-Class Mid-Importance. There is a very low level of conversation for this article; one person made a modification to two external links on the article. The person added two archived links, however, no one responded to the person and no other conversation was pushed forward. We did not cover the topic of camouflage in class.

Overall impressions

 * Guiding questions

 * What is the article's overall status?
 * What are the article's strengths?
 * How can the article be improved?
 * How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed?

Overall evaluation
The article overall has been listed as one of the "Natural sciences good articles under the good article criteria". The article covers the biological aspects of camouflage extensively, which is a strong strength because the natural sciences is of high importance and relevance when it come to the topic of camouflage. The article can be improved but talking less about the military aspect and more about other applications, such as hunting, evolution, and more biology. Overall, the article is very well developed. It summarized camouflage well in the lead section, and it goes into enough detail through the content of the article while also being concise about the detailed. This article has been nominated a couple of times for it's completeness, thorough detail and organization. This is a complete, organized article.

Optional activity

 * Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback

with four tildes — ~

 * Link to feedback:

title: User:Jpeloquin17/Evaluate an Article


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Karluk Manor

The result was keep. – Joe (talk) 07:38, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

Karluk Manor

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Does not meet notability that surpass WP:NORG or WP:NONPROFIT. One of those dime a dozen local area oriented homeless thing that is of no significance outside of that community. Graywalls (talk) 04:13, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. Graywalls (talk) 04:13, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Alaska-related deletion discussions. Graywalls (talk) 04:13, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep Sustained significant coverage in the Anchorage Daily News. I saw one significant write-up in the Seattle Weekly, and some in Al Jazeera. I think I also saw an atticle in the Fairbanks News-Miner. There is also some coverage of the facility in Google Scholar. This was the first Housing First facility in Alaska and has attracted a lot of attention. I'm on my cell at te moment so it's not the easiest to round up sources. Perhaps this could eventually be merged into an article on homelessness in Anchorage if someone writes one, but it satisfies WP's notability requirements even as a standalone article. Calliopejen1 (talk) 06:02, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I have now added significant coverage to the article in a further reading section. There is also more that could be added from the Anchorage Daily News beyond what I put in further reading. Calliopejen1 (talk) 17:58, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I've moved them over to talk, because article space is not a scratch pad for something like this. Graywalls (talk) 03:14, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * In other words, you've already made up your mind and are utilizing trickery to maintain your denial about a staggering number of sources for something you claim to be "...dime a dozen local..." yada yada yada. The basic starting point for notability is sustained coverage in independent, third-party sources, which has been met in spades.  Now for the other side of the coin.  For an article that's existed for nearly a decade with a WP:BEFORE search turning up such a laundry list of diverse sources, there's really nothing worth reading there.  This suggests a classic WP:AFDISNTCLEANUP nomination, further pushing the project in the direction of a popularity contest.  Calliopejen is on to something with her suggestion, though.  Homelessness in Anchorage is a topic with substantial coverage and no article (the ADN is several months into a year-long series with reporters dedicated to the topic, no doubt part of their ProPublica partnership).  Karluk Manor's operator, RurAL CAP, has existed for 55 years, is a substantial organization and has many verifiable accomplishments to its credit, and no article.  Mention of this could easily be redirected there, or to existing content such as Fairview, Anchorage, Housing First or Homelessness in the United States by state.  I seem to recall coming across a list of Housing First facilities, which appears to no longer exist. RadioKAOS / Talk to me, Billy / Transmissions  13:06, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, – Joe (talk) 17:21, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment Of the redirect targets suggested by RadioKAOS, Homelessness in the United States by state is probably the best one, but if we put it there, we would probably end up losing the work I did to assemble sources. I think it's better to keep it where it is for now. Fairview, Anchorage is probably where it would get lost the least, but I don't know that the neighborhood would appreciate being the place for people to write a massive section about something they may consider a negative part of their community, and one that attracts more than its fair share of attention compared to the rest of the neighborhood. Calliopejen1 (talk) 17:34, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * As a matter of practice, the practice of merging organizations/companies failing notability into a city/town/village page is probably not a good idea. Graywalls (talk) 18:50, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I disagree with you about whether this particular organization is notable, but agree on the broader point. Calliopejen1 (talk) 18:52, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep - The sources found by Calliopejen1 seem sufficient to meet GNG/CORP. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 00:17, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep I think Calliopejen1's sources are enough to establish notability. Eddie891 Talk Work 13:24, 2 September 2020 (UTC)


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User:Grandchi/sandbox

Augmented cognition is an interdisciplinary area of psychology and engineering, attracting researchers from the more traditional fields of human-computer interaction, psychology, ergonomics and neuroscience. Augmented cognition research generally focuses on tasks and environments where human-computer interaction and interfaces already exist. Developers, leveraging the tools and findings of neuroscience, aim to develop applications which capture the human user's cognitive state in order to drive real-time computer systems. In doing so, these systems are able to provide operational data specifically targeted for the user in a given context. Three major areas of research in the field are: Cognitive State Assessment (CSA), Mitigation Strategies (MS), and Robust Controllers (RC). A subfield of the science, Augmented Social Cognition, endeavours to enhance the "ability of a group of people to remember, think, and reason."

History
Modern augmented cognition began to emerge in the early 2000s. Advances in cognitive, behavioral, and neurological sciences during the 1990s set the stage for the emerging field of augmented cognition - this period has been termed the "Decade of the Brain." Major advancements in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) have been pivotal in the emergence of augmented cognition technologies which seek to monitor the user's cognitive abilities. As these tools were primarily used in controlled environments, their further development was essential to pragmatic augmented cognition applications.

DARPA's Augmented Cognition Program
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has been one of the primary funding agencies for augmented cognition investigators. A major focus of DARPA's augmented cognition program (AugCog) has been developing more robust tools for monitoring cognitive state and integrating them with computer systems. The program envisions "order of magnitude increases in available, net thinking power resulting from linked human-machine dyads [that] will provide such clear informational superiority that few rational individuals or organizations would challenge under the consequences of mortality."

The program began in 2001, and has since be renamed to Improving Warfighter Information Intake Under Stress Program. By leveraging such tools, the program seeks to provide warfighters with enhanced cognitive abilities, especially under complex or stressful war conditions. As of 2002, the program vision is divided into four phases: Proof of concept was carried out in two phases: near real time monitoring of the user's cognitive activity, and subsequent manipulation of the user's cognitive state.
 * Phase 1: Real-time Cognitive State Detection
 * Phase 2: Real-time Cognitive State Manipulation
 * Phase 3: Autonomous Cognitive State Manipulation
 * Phase 4: Operation Demonstration and Transition

Augmented Cognition International (ACI) Society
The Augmented Cognition International (ACI) Society held its first conference in July 2005. At the society's first conference, attendees from a diverse background including academia, government, and industry came together to create an agenda for future research. The agenda focused on near-, medium-, and long-term research and development goals in key augmented cognition science and technology areas. The International Conference on Human Computer Interaction, where the society first established itself, continues to host the society's activities.

title: User:Grandchi/sandbox


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User:ZamanChaudhary

Abrar uz Zaman
==== Mr. Abrar-uz-Zaman belongs to Rahim yar khan, Pakistan. Abrar is self-motivated and a patriotic person with a clear vision of life and also live with spirit of serving humanity. He is Founder & President of "FREEDOM Movement". Currently He is a Student of M.A (Political Science). He is an inspiring Human Rights, Peace and Youth Activist and working with many other organizations on National and International level. Presently, Abrar is writing articles on different Social, Political, National and international issues. His main goal of life is Peace, Love and freedom for World Humanity. ====

title: User:ZamanChaudhary


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Talk:Tales of the Beanworld

Untitled
Just a heads up. I'm trading email with Larry Marder (and also Mark "Half" Irons, keeper of BeanWeb) about expanding this article. Should have a bunch of good stuff to put up real soon. Frankie 17:03, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

p.s. Larry says he plans to publish more Beanworld in 2007.

 * sounds good! I think everyone had assumed Beanworld had died, despite his assurances that he would continue to write it forever... --duncan 07:25, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Hoka hoka hay. --Salix alba (talk) 10:39, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Multiple issues?
What are the 'multiple issues' that this article has? Can we get around to fixing them? Centerone (talk) 15:53, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

 * The really big issue at the moment is references. There is only one but nothing which really justifies notability. Currently the article could be probably be speedy deleted.
 * A quick search for suitable cites gives the

 * New York Journal of Books http://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/tales-beanworld-volume-35-hc
 * http://forbiddenplanet.blog/2009/propagandas-least-objective-review-ever-beanworlds-back/
 * these only just about meet RS standards. --Salix alba (talk): 09:22, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Certainly it could stand additional citations. I meant more along the lines of the cleanup, and what other issues there may be. I believe there are certainly a number of other citations.  Check scholar and books.  Tales of the Beanworld was surprisingly well received and respected for what it was (and is.) I'm not terribly good at wikipedia citations however.  Centerone (talk) 05:21, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tales of the Beanworld


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Talk:Miyajima, Hiroshima

Article title
The title of the article "Miyajima-chō, Hiroshima," resulting from the May 31, 2008 renaming, is not correct according to Manual of Style (Japan-related articles). The previous title, Miyajima, Hiroshima, is the correct title. Discussion of this is welcome at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Japan. Fg2 (talk) 22:26, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Fixed. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjoe 18:35, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Town versus City
This article is wrong. The physical town still exists and was not moved to Hatsukaichi, only the administration was changed. I am happy to change this, but I suspect others will want to changed it back. Whats up skip (talk) 01:08, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi Whats up skip, I'm not sure what you would change the article to say. It doesn't say things were physically moved; the town government was amalgamated into the city government of Hatsukaichi. Miyajima no longer has an elected town council or mayor; its voters elect members of the Hatsukaichi city council and mayor. That's what a governmental merger is.

 * The title is correct. Here's why. The article is about the former town. It is not about "Miyajima" in all senses or uses of the name; it's about the former town of Miyajima. We've got a separate article about the island popularly known by that name, and another separate article about the shrine popularly known by that name, and one more article about the city of Hatsukaichi. And to help readers get to the right article, there's Miyajima, with descriptions of all relevant articles and links to them.

 * All articles about present and former prefectures, provinces, cities, towns and villages in Japan have names that follow the conventions in the Manual of Style for Japan-related articles. Wikipedia keeps many articles on former municipalities even after mergers. That's why we still have this one about the town. All up-to-date information belongs in the article Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, the city that governs the island.

 * Please note that "Miyajima, Hiroshima" does not popularly refer to the island. Also, "Miyajima (宮島町 Miyajima-chō?)" does not refer to the island; the "chō" means "town." Only "Miyajima" popularly refers to the island. Any reader who types "Miyajima" into the Wikipedia search box will go to Miyajima where we already have that information. It's already in Itsukushima too. But since hardly any readers will type "Miyajima, Hiroshima" into the search box when they want to learn about the island, the explanation "(commonly refers to the island of Itsukushima)" is unnecessary in the article on the town.

 * I hope this is a complete explanation of the reason for the article and its title and the reason for removing the "popularly known as" explanation.

 * Best regards, Fg2 (talk) 01:58, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miyajima, Hiroshima


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Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud (1942–2014)

Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud (عبد الرحمن بن الفيصل آل سعود; 1942 – March 2014) was a Saudi royal, military officer, and businessman.

Early life and education
Prince Abdul Rahman was born in Taif in 1942. He was the fifth child and third son of King Faisal and Iffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan. His full siblings were Sara bint Faisal, Mohammed bin Faisal, Latifa bint Faisal, Saud bin Faisal, Bandar bin Faisal, Turki bin Faisal, Luluwah bint Faisal and Haifa bint Faisal.

Prince Abdul Rahman graduated from the Hun School and then, from the Sandhurst Military Academy in 1963. During his studies at the Sandhurst Military Academy he participated in fencing competitions representing the Academy.

Career
Following his graduation Prince Abdul Rahman joined land forces of Saudi army. He served as a commander of an armoured brigade in the tank corps and headed the armour project of the army. Later he retired from the military career and involved in business activities.

Personal life and death
Prince Abdul Rahman married Moudi bint Khalid, daughter of King Khalid. He had three children with her: Princess Sarah, Prince Saud and Princess Al Bandari. Al Bandari bint Abdul Rahman died in March 2019. His son, Saud, is a businessman and a member of the board of trustees of Arab Thought Foundation. Prince Saud has also been a member of the Effat University's board of founders and board of trustees since 2014.

In early March 2014 Saudi royal court announced the death of Prince Abdul Rahman. Funeral ceremony was held after the afternoon prayer on 5 March 2014 at the Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque in Riyadh.


text:
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text:
Topic talk:Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence and Mind

Wow, brains, machines and mathematics... What should we put here? Mundhenk 21:37, 6 March 2007 (UTC)


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Emilio de Brigard Ortiz

Emilio de Brigard Ortiz (15 May 1888 – 6 March 1986) was a Colombian prelate of the Catholic Church. From 1944 until his death in 1986, he was an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Bogotá.

Born in Chía, Cundinamarca, he entered the Major Seminary of Bogotá as a child and was ordained a priest in 1911. He studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University, returning to Colombia in 1918. He served the Archdiocese of Bogotá in varied capacities, including as a chaplain for clergy, and a school chaplain. In 1944, he was ordained a bishop and was appointed auxiliary bishop of Bogotá. In 1950, he became the vicar general for the archdiocese. In the 1960s, he was made a titular archbishop and participated in the Second Vatican Council.

Early life and education
Emilio de Brigard Ortiz was born on 15 May 1888, in Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia. He was of Spanish, French, and Polish descent. His great-great-grandfather was Antonio Nariño, the Colombian independence fighter and statesman. His parents, Luís de Brigard Saíz and María Josefa Ortiz Álvarez, both came from prominent families, and were dignified but simple people. They instilled in Brigard humanitarian principles and a devout Catholic faith. He had three siblings: Julio, Arturo, and María Luisa.

Brigard was admitted as a child to the Major Seminary of Bogotá to study. He was ordained to the priesthood on 28 October 1911, at the age of 23, by the Archbishop of Bogotá, Bernardo Herrera Restrepo. A few months later he was appointed chaplain of the San Antonio Asylum. Soon after, he was sent to Rome, Italy, and entered the Pontifical Pio Latino American College. He earned two advanced degrees from the Pontifical Gregorian University, graduating with his Doctor of Theology in 1915 and his Doctor of Canon Law in 1917.

Priesthood
After completing his education in Rome, he returned to Colombia in 1918 and began a long and varied career in service of the Archdiocese of Bogotá. His work was often focused especially on care for children, the poor and the sick, and took up the cause of striving to gain better working conditions for laborers. He provided support to poorly-funded charity homes and provided charity to those in need. He was revered by the many he served and worked with, and was affectionately nicknamed "el Doctorcito" (diminutive of "the Doctor").

Officially, he served in various offices throughout his priesthood: as a chaplain to fellow priests, director of the "Home for Homeless Children," and the chaplain of the Visitation Order monastery in Bogotá. However, he was best known for serving as the chaplain of the Gimnasio Moderno, Gimnasio Nuevo, Gimnasio Femenino, and the Colegio de la Presentación Centro schools in Bogotá. He was also on the faculty of the Major Seminary of Bogotá, his alma mater, and the Pontifical Xavierian University, among others. He also served as the chancellor of the archdiocese.

Auxiliary bishop
On 29 July 1944, Brigard was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Bogotá and Titular Bishop of Coracesium by Pope Pius XII. His episcopal consecration took place on 3 September 1944 at the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá, with the Archbishop of Bogotá Ismael Perdomo Borrero, as principal consecrator. The Bishop of Manizales, Luis Concha Córdoba, and the Bishop of Antioquía, Luis Andrade Valderrama, served as co-consecrators.

As auxiliary bishop, Brigard grew very close to Archbishop Perdomo. By the mid-1940s, the archbishop was in his 70s, and Brigard assisted him in leading the archdiocese. Brigard often represented the archdiocese at international events, such as the Second National Eucharistic Congress in Ecuador in 1949, and the Quinquennial visit ad limina in the Vatican City in 1950. When Archbishop Perdomo died on 3 June 1950, Brigard was appointed vicar capitular, in which capacity he administered the archdiocese until 8 September 1950, when Crisanto Luque Sánchez was installed as archbishop. He then became the vicar general of the archdiocese.

Throughout his episcopacy, Brigard ordained many priests and co-consecrated multiple bishops. He ordained Father José Miguel López Hurtado in 1946, and ordained two priests who went on to become bishops: Héctor Luis Gutiérrez Pabón in 1962 and Fabio Suescún Mutis in 1966. The bishops he co-consecrated were: Vicente Roig y Villalba in 1945, Luis Pérez Hernández in 1946, Camilo Plácido Crous y Salichs in 1947, Baltasar Álvarez Restrepo in 1949, Antonio Torasso in 1952, Pedro Grau y Arola in 1953, and Pablo Correa León in 1957.

On 11 October 1961, Brigard celebrated his Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood. The occasion was a very important social event in Bogotá, with many prominent people attending the ceremonies. He was even honored by the pope, who elevated him to Titular Archbishop of Dysti two days before the anniversary. Beginning in 1962, he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council. For his 90th birthday in 1978, he directed his many friends to, instead of giving him gifts, help him start a charitable foundation. Upon the death of Bishop Pierre Kamel Medawar on 27 April 1985, Brigard, at age 96, became the oldest living Catholic bishop, a title he held for less than a year before his death.

Death and legacy
Brigard died on March 6, 1986, in Bogotá. He is buried in the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá. His legacy lives on in the charitable foundation he started, which now bears his name, and the school Gimnasio Emilio de Brigard in Bogotá, also named for him. The Fundación Emilio de Brigard is based in the Gimnasio Moderno, where Brigard was chaplain.

Episcopal lineage

 * Cardinal Scipione Rebiba
 * Cardinal Giulio Antonio Santorio (1566)
 * Cardinal Girolamo Bernerio, OP (1586)
 * Archbishop Galeazzo Sanvitale (1604)
 * Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi (1621)
 * Cardinal Luigi Caetani (1622)
 * Cardinal Ulderico Carpegna (1630)
 * Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni (1666)
 * Pope Benedict XIII (1675)
 * Pope Benedict XIV (1724)
 * Pope Clement XIII (1743)
 * Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna (1762)
 * Cardinal Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil, CRSP (1777)
 * Cardinal Giulio Maria della Somaglia (1788)
 * Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi, SJ (1823)
 * Cardinal Costantino Patrizi Naro (1828)
 * Cardinal Lucido Parocchi (1871)
 * Cardinal Girolamo Maria Gotti, OCD (1892)
 * Archbishop Ismael Perdomo Borrero (1903)
 * Archbishop Emilio de Brigard Ortiz (1944)

title: Emilio de Brigard Ortiz


text:
User:RyanB88~enwikiversity

 Warning: I will never tolerate vandalism, if you have come to Wikiversity to vandalize, you might just as well leave now, because I will revert your edits!

 Introduction My name is Ryan, I am from Washington state, I have my own wiki called coDEVwiki, if you need me to handle anything drop me a line on my talk page or on the IRC chat.

 About coDEVwiki coDEVwiki is the idea for a collaborate development wiki that anyone can join in on and submit code, in whole, or in chunks.

 Important Links
 * My Userpage on Wikinews

 My Programming Experience I started programming in Middle School at the age of 13 in Qbasic. I moved on to Visual Basic for Applications in High school at just 14. Then at around 15 I move to Visual Basic .NET I am now only 18.

 My Contributions A FULL List of My Contributions To Wikiversity

 Enhance my Userpage! My user page can be edited by anyone, feel free to do what you please, enhancements to it are appriciated, and just a fair warning, ALL vandalism will be quickly reverted, and the vandal WILL be blocked from editing for a short period of time.

title: User:RyanB88~enwikiversity


text:
Hotin County

Hotin County was a county (ținut is Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, județ after) in the Principality of Moldavia (1359–1812), the Governorate of Bessarabia (1812–1917), the Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917–1918), and the Kingdom of Romania (1918–1940, 1941–1944).

Its capital was in the city of Hotin (today Khotyn). The territory of the county is currently divided between Ukraine (northern half) and Moldova (southern half).

Geography
Between the two world wars, Hotin County covered 3,782 km2 and was located in the northeastern part of Greater Romania, being the northernmost County of Bessarabia. It was located on the border with the Soviet Union. In the interwar period, its borders were as follows: the Vinnytsia Oblast in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union to the north and north-east, the Stanislawow Voivodship of Poland to the north-west, Soroca County to the south-east, Bălți County to south, Dorohoi County to the south and south-west, and Cernăuți County to the west.

Administrative organization
Administratively, Hotin County was divided administratively into the city of Hotin and four (later six) districts (plăşi, singular plasă): Subsequently, two more districts were created:
 * 1) Plasa Briceni
 * 2) Plasa Hotin
 * 3) Plasa Lipcani
 * 4) Plasa Secureni
 * 1) Plasa Sulița
 * 2) Plasa I.G. Duca

At the autumn 1941 census, the county was administrative divided as follows:
 * 1) city of Hotin
 * 2) city of Sulița
 * 3) Plasa Cetatea Hotinului (or Clișcăuți), headquartered at Clișcăuți
 * 4) Plasa Chelmenți (or Vadul lui Traian), headquartered at Chelmenți
 * 5) Plasa Briceni, headquartered at Briceni
 * 6) Plasa Lipcani, headquartered at Lipcani
 * 7) Plasa Secureni, headquartered at Secureni
 * 8) Plasa Sulița (or B.P. Hașdeu), headquartered at Sulița

Population
According to the Romanian census of 1930 the population of Hotin County was 392,430, of which 41.6% were ethnic Ukrainians, 35.0% ethnic Romanians, 13.6% ethnic Russians, 9.2% Jews, 0.3% ethnic Poles. Classified by mother tongue: 45.1% spoke Ukrainian, 33.4% spoke Romanian, 12.0% spoke Russian, 9.2% spoke Yiddish. Classified by religion: 87.0% were Orthodox Christian, 9.2% Jewish, 1.9% Baptist, 1.0% Old Believers, and 0.3% Roman Catholic.

According to Russian census of 1897, Ukrainians (Little Russians) represented the majority of population of Khotin Uyezd. There were 160,000 Ukrainians (55%) in rural areas, or 164,000 (53%) including urban areas.

Urban population
In 1930 the urban population of Hotin County was 15,334, which included 37.7% Jews, 36.6% Russians, 14.8% Ukrainians, 8.8% Romanians, and 1.5% Poles by ethnicity. The major mother tongues among the urban population were: Yiddish (37.6%), Russian (37.5%), Ukrainian (14.7%), Romanian (8.6%), and Polish (1.2%) The religious mix of the urban population was 57.6% Eastern Orthodox, 37.7% Jewish, 2.1% Old Believers, and 1.6% Roman Catholic.

History
After the Union of Bessarabia with Romania in 1918, the county was part of Romania, which set up the county formally in 1925.

The area county of the county was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and became part of the Moldavian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR. The area returned to Romanian administration following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1941. A military administration was established and the region's Jewish population was either executed on the spot or deported to Transnistria, where further numbers were killed. Despite the Hotin County was geographically part of Bessarabia, it was not incorporated into the Bessarabia Governorate, but rather in the Bukovina Governorate, centered around the geographical region of Bukovina. Dorohoi County was also posteriously attached to the governorate even though it was not in Bukovina either. As the Soviet Union's offensive pushed the Axis powers back, the area again was under Soviet control. On September 12, 1944, Romania signed the Moscow Armistice with the Allies. The Armistice, as well as the subsequent peace treaty of 1947, confirmed the Soviet-Romanian border as it was on January 1, 1941. The areas of the county, along with the rest of the Moldavian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR, became part of the independent countries of Moldova and Ukraine, respectively.

title: Hotin County