text:
User:Emmaspen 4/sandbox

This is a good place for drafts

Article Evaluation

As you read, consider the following questions (but don't feel limited to these):
 * Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
 * The section titled “Risk groups” does not fit well with the information in that paragraph; it may have been better to split this section into “Gleason Score” and “Treatment” or “Treatment by Staging”
 * There is only one reference for the entire page; this should be checked and more references should be added.
 * All the acronyms are a bit distracting; perhaps they could be presented in a more straightforward way, or more clearly defined in one place at the start of the article.

 * Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * The article appears to be presented in a fairly factual and neutral tone; however, the article does make some claims that are not supported with references. For example, stating that one method is more commonly used in comparison to another method, but not backing this up with empirical evidence.
 * This article would be strengthened by the inclusion of more references to support the claims, or to substantiate that these are in fact the most common/up to date prostate cancer staging methods.

 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * The major staging systems for prostate cancer are discussed in the article, but the article is over-representing the information from that one particular source. The use of other credible sources to support the content in the article would improve the WikiPage quality. Furthermore, the article places too much emphasis on the TNM staging relative to the Whitmore-Jewett stage because of an unsupported claim that the latter is not commonly used by physicians.

 * Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
 * There is only 1 citation that is from a book published in 2006, titled Contemporary Issues in Prostate Cancer: A Nursing Perspective. The link to this reference works, however, the reference is outdated by 11 years. To add, the article claims that the TNM staging is commonly used as per the 6th edition guidelines of the American Joint Committee of Cancer. However, this is false as the 7th edition has already been implemented and not many clinicians use use the 6th edition guidelines anymore. As such, the Wiki Article could benefit from a recent systematic review performed within the last 5 years to increase the accuracy and validity of the information.

 * Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are they secondary sources? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?

 * Only one source is provided, and this source is only referenced one time in the article. This source is a textbook, “Contemporary Issues in Prostate Cancer: A Nursing Perspective,” which  is a neutral secondary source. The article would benefit from having more statements referenced individually to at least substantiate that more than one source confirms the information presented in the article.

 * Is any information out of date (within 5 years from the publication date)? Is anything missing that could be added?

 * The referenced source for the article was published in 2006.
 * The article could benefit from more internal Wikipedia links, for example a link to a Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) article, as PSA is an important part of tracking prostate cancer development that is alluded to in the article on many occasions.
 * Some systematic reviews could be included to speak to the effectiveness or use in practice of these staging scales
 * The article could have delved deeper into the prognoses for each stage, since it states at the beginning of the article that this is what cancer staging is for (however, reference question 7 for Talk Page concerns/discussions about doing this).

 * Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * According to the talk page, this article has been rated as Start-Class and of High-Importance.
 * The majority of the conversations that have taken place on this page are from 2005. Other than addressing basic concerns such as the appropriate title for the article, avoiding copyright violation, or highlighting the use of outdated staging guidelines, there have been conversations regarding the inclusion of a section on prognosis related to prostate cancer staging. The final consensus was to exclude that section because it may cause undue stress to men with prostate cancer reading about their prognosis, and because prognostic information can best be contextualized and applied in individual circumstances using a physician’s clinical judgment.

 * Outline the article as it stands. What do you plan to contribute?
 * The article starts with an overview of prostate cancer staging and mentions the two common schemes used to stage prostate cancer.
 * Next, the article outlines the two different approaches for staging: TNM staging and Whitmore-Jewett staging.
 * Finally, the article outlines some of the risk groups
 * We plan to contribute the following:
 * Addition of up-to-date references/sources to support some of the claims outlined in the article (e.g., systematic reviews)
 * Reviewing claims and ensuring they are accurate and supported by current research on the topic
 * Addition of pictures or diagrams
 * More internal hyperlinks to major terms for more background information (e.g., a link to prostate cancer, PSA)
 * Possible addition of new sections depending on what is found during a review of current literature.

"Emmaspen 4 (talk) 19:36, 31 October 2017 (UTC)" adds my signature

title: User:Emmaspen 4/sandbox


text:
moño

Etymology
Apparently from the word.

Noun

 * 1) bun, chignon (hairstyle)
 * 2) headpad (a turban of wound cloth used for carrying loads on the head)
 * 3)  bow (of ribbon)
 * 4)  bow tie, bowtie
 * 1)  bow tie, bowtie

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: moño


text:
Talk:FOSTA-SESTA

Senate vote
Does the date when this will happen get announced in advance? ScratchMarshall --(talk) 23:10, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

 * According to the Senate's website this already passed the Senate and is supposedly on its way too, or already in the hands of POTUS. Not sure why gov track has not updated the information. --Pirhounix 21:07, 27 March 2018 (UTC)

Questionable Neutrality
The neutrality of the article seems quite questionable to me. For one, the “criticism” section is much, much longer and more detailed than the “support” section, despite the bill’s many supporters. Furthermore, the “response” section essentially states that the critics were right about the bill, even though it acknowledges that such evidence is only anecdotal. It’s my opinion that the article clearly takes a stance a opposing the bill and thus does not fit the site’s neutrality guidelines.Jogarz1921 (talk) 23:41, 28 August 2018 (UTC)
 * "Many supporters? Who supports this law, and how many of them have the same talking points already listed?  ViperSnake151   Talk  19:18, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

 * The Wikipedia expectation is that, if you feel that there is too much criticism vs. support, or too much support vs. criticism, on an article then you should find sources that have the views that you think are unrepresented, and add them to the page.

 * Also please take note, that "the bill has many supporters" is entirely irrelevant to your argument about a lack of neutrality. Even if there were some kind of count of how many people do or do not support the bill, that is not how anyone should decide what information goes in the support/criticism section. The bodies which do or do not support the legislation, and the arguments they present for their pro/con positions, should be provided in an encyclopedic fashion. It's as simple as that. If you believe there is more relevant information to be documented in the support section, document it. But do not expect anyone to reduce the criticism section to create a false balance.  CleverTitania (talk) 07:52, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

No mention of opposition from sex workers?
The criticism section does not include any information about the massive criticism of the bill by those in the sex industry. Sex workers have argued that the bill will do nothing to reduce trafficking and in fact would make it harder to find traffickers all while putting them at significantly greater risk due to loss of advertising venues and verification sites. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:01, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 1 October 2022

Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act → FOSTA-SESTA – It is most commonly known as FOSTA-SESTA, not Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act (SESTA). Moreover, the actual bill when passed was called "Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act" (FOSTA) but the media and most people referred to it as "FOSTA-SESTA". Llightex (talk) 18:43, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. int21h (talk · contribs · email) 13:20, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:FOSTA-SESTA


text:
The Savage Bees

The Savage Bees is a 1976 American natural horror television film directed and produced by Bruce Geller and written by Guerdon Trueblood. The film stars Ben Johnson, Michael Parks, Paul Hecht, Gretchen Corbett, and Horst Buchholz. It follows a swarm of killer bees threatening people during Mardi Gras in New Orleans.

Cast

 * Ben Johnson as Sheriff Donald McKew
 * Michael Parks as Dr. Jeff DuRand
 * Paul Hecht as Dr. Rufus Carter
 * Gretchen Corbett as Jeannie Devereaux
 * Horst Buchholz as Dr. Jorge Meuller
 * Bruce French as Police Lieutenant
 * James Best as Pelligrino
 * David L. Gray as Coast Guard Lieutenant
 * Richard Charles Boyle as Coast Guard Chief
 * Eliott Keener as Freighter Boatswain
 * Boardman O'Connor as Freighter Captain
 * Danny Barker as Taxicab Driver
 * Don Hood as Deputy Churn
 * Bill Holliday as Deputy Stilt
 * Carol Sutton as Mrs. Compher
 * Tiffany Gautier Chase as Julie Compher
 * Shirl Cieutat as Mrs. Bryant

Release
The Savage Bees premiered on NBC in the United States on November 22, 1976, as part of Monday Night at the Movies. The film was theatrically released in the United Kingdom by Columbia-Warner Distributors on April 23, 1978.

Sequel
A sequel, titled Terror Out of the Sky, was directed by Lee H. Katzin and written by Guerdon Trueblood and Doris Silverton. It premiered on CBS in the United States on December 26, 1978.

Cast

 * Efrem Zimbalist Jr. as David Martin
 * Dan Haggerty as Nick Willis
 * Tovah Feldshuh as Jeannie Devereux
 * Lonny Chapman as Earl Logan
 * Ike Eisenmann as Eric Mangus
 * Joe E. Tata as Groves
 * Richard Herd as Col. Mangus
 * Charles Hallahan as Tibbles Sr.
 * Bruce French as Eli Nathanson
 * Steve Franken as Paul Gladstone

title: The Savage Bees


text:
Talk:Davis Guggenheim

An Inconvenient Truth
I know - I can't spell. But not the point. Shouldn't this film be in the tagline of this article. It is by far his most acknowledged and significant work. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:09, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you mean by "tagline", but An Inconvenient Truth is mentioned in the article. Whether it's Guggenheim's "most acknowledged and significant work" or not is subject to some debate.  Frankly, most people I've talked to about it aren't even aware of Guggenheim's involvement.  They just refer to it as Al Gore's movie.--CurtisSwain (talk) 21:55, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

The Guggenheim family
Does he belong to the famous Guggenheim family?-- An d Re w 18:34, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

Superman
So the article says that the new film Waiting for Superman is about "the failures in public education". Is that really all it's about? It seems that more detail is needed here. nut-meg (talk) 04:00, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Davis Guggenheim. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:37, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Davis Guggenheim


text:
1930 Persian legislative election

The elections for the eighth Majlis were held in the summer of 1930.

The Communist Party planned to run their own candidates, however they failed due to internal conflicts, as well as Reza Shah's substantial control over the process.

Like its predecessor, the election was "systematically controlled by the royal court".

title: 1930 Persian legislative election


text:
Harry Forbes (cinematographer)

Harry Forbes was an American cinematographer whose career spanned the silent and sound eras. His first film was 1915's The Victory of Virtue, billed as Harry W. Forbes.

Forbes died on August 17, 1939, shortly after the release of the final film he worked on, Death Goes North.

Selected filmography

 * Little Miss Nobody (1917)
 * The Little Terror (1917)
 * Beggar's Holiday (1934)
 * Marrying Widows (1934)
 * Million Dollar Haul (1935)

title: Harry Forbes (cinematographer)


text:
Chikkadu Dorakadu

Chikkadu Dorakadu may refer to
 * Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)
 * Chikkadu Dorakadu (1988 film)

title: Chikkadu Dorakadu


text:
Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship

Requests and Nominations for Curatorship

 * Notes:
 * 1) Registered users can either request curatorship, or be nominated for it by others. Candidates who have not accepted a nomination, or have failed to secure a mentor within one week are archived as incomplete.
 * 2) See Special:UserGroupRights for some details on what options are available for curators.
 * 3) Candidates can request a mentor from those listed at List of custodian mentors; the requested mentor must agree.
 * 4) Candidates: please respond to any questions from the community about your wiki editing and wiki participation.

None at present.

Nominations for Custodianship

 * Notes:
 * 1) Candidates for custodianship are listed here.
 * 2) Candidates must be 18 years of age or older, of legal age in place of residence, and be familiar with Privacy policy.
 * 3) Archived requests can be seen at Special:PrefixIndex/Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/

None at present.

Nominations for CheckUser
CheckUsers are required to follow Wikimedia Foundation's CheckUser policy, including requirements for gaining access to the checkuser tools.
 * Notes:
 * 1) Candidates must be 18 years of age or older, of legal age in place of residence, be familiar with Privacy policy, and supply identification to the Wikimedia Foundation.
 * 2) Candidates must have 70–80% agreed consensus or more and a minimum of 25–30 votes in support by local community members. Following this, permission must be requested from the Wikimedia Foundation. Projects must have 2 or more check users, or none at all.

None at present.


text:
Calculus/Vectors

A vector is an object that contains both magnitude and direction. A good example of a vector would be velocity. Velocity represents somethings direction and speed. A vector is essentially a representation of motion in a direction. Another way to describe a vector would be as a force. Forces have both magnitude and direction. A scalar only has magnitude.

title: Calculus/Vectors


text:
Partial derivative

Introduction to partial derivatives
This is an image of the function $$z=x\sin(x) + y\cos(y)$$. Hopefully, after you have gotten this far, you have seen functions and graphs of two variables. If you have not, then they are usually in the form F(x,y) in functions and are graphed like the graph above.

The slope of a tangent line of a point will equal the derivative at that point. Unfortunately for us, this 3D graph doesn't have tangent lines; instead, it has tangent planes! We obviously can't find the derivative in the normal sense at any point, for there are infinite different tangent lines we can use. Partial differentiation is the act of choosing one of these lines, and finding the derivative from it.

For example, say we have the point (3,4,-2.191) for our above function. What tangent line should we use? Let's start by using the tangent line that has a constant y value of 4. But how do we even find this derivative? To do this, we will use the graph of a new function with y equal to the constant of 4. This graph is of the equation $$y=x\sin (x)+4\cos (4)$$. Notice that this graph is a slice of our above graph (with y substituted for z) that contains (3,4,-2.191), and is parallel to the y axis of that graph. The next step; we need to find what the derivative of this graph is at (3,-2.191), and we will know what one of this functions partial derivatives is! So we find the derivative.

TTYS 1- Find the value of the derivative of the above expression at (3,-2.191)

Now, hopefully you got that the answer was -2.829. If you didn't, it means either I screwed up or you screwed up. Maybe someone will change the answer if they know it is incorrect? Ah well. However, if you did get -2.829, congratulations! You have taken your first partial derivative. Now for the fun part. Treat y as a constant, but don't define the constant, and leave it as the letter y; treat x as the variable. Now we find the general function that will create the partial derivative as y remains constant anywhere on the graph. Time for real partial derivatives!

TTYS 2- I love using these. They mean I can leave out redundant information, such as the way you can find the partial derivative of the function xsin(x)+ycos(y) as you leave y constant. Hmm ha ha.

Now, hopefully again, you got the general partial derivative of this function as you leave y constant as xcos(x)+sin(x). If you did, congratulations! You now can basically find the partial derivative of anything if you leave y constant. But what if you leave x constant.

TTYS 3- Find the partial derivative of the previous expression, only leaving x constant this time.

The answer; cos(y)-ysin(y). Now you have two partial derivatives to choose from; the one where you leave x constant, and the one where you leave y constant.

TTYS 4- Find the partial derivatives of xsin(y)+ycos(x).

The partial derivatives of the previous expression are, leaving x constant, xcos(y)+cos(x)(Remember to treat x as a constant!) and, leaving y constant, sin(y)-ysin(x). Think you have a handle on this? Now for notation!

Notation of Partial derivatives
For a function F(x,y), the partial derivative with respect to x (use this wording from now on as opposed to "leaving y constant") can be written as
 * $$F_x, \,\ \frac{\partial F}{\partial x}, \,\ Z_x, \,\ \frac{\partial z} {\partial x}$$

Likewise, the partial derivative with respect to y can be written as
 * $$F_y, \,\ \frac{\partial F}{\partial y}, \,\ z_y, \,\ \frac{\partial z} {\partial y}$$

Problems

Second partial derivatives; partial derivatives of more than two variables
The second partial derivative is not that hard to understand; it's just like the regular second derivative of one-variable functions.

Suppose$$ \,\ f(x,y) = y \sin(x) +x \cos(y) $$. Then

 * $$ \,\ F_x = y \cos(x) + \cos(y) $$

To find the second derivative of f(x,y), you only need to take the partial derivative of its partial derivative. So,

 * $$ \frac {\partial F_x}{\partial x} = -y \sin(x)$$

Problems

Partial derivative chain rules
Say we have a function, f(x,y,z). Then it can be shown that

$$df = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} dx + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} dy + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} dz$$

df is said to be the "total differential" because it takes into account not only changes in x, as would $$\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} dx$$, but also changes in y and z. That is, if we move dx in the x direction, dy in the y direction, and dz in the z direction, we know that the function will approximately change by df. When dx, dy, and dz become smaller, df approaches the actual value $$\delta f$$. One caveat is that the partial derivatives must be continuous. As far as physics goes, this is usually not a problem. Notice also that if f is a function of n variables, the chain rule extends in the obvious way.

Now, let us examine several special cases of the chain rule.

If x, y, and z are all functions of t, then the chain rule becomes

$$\frac{df}{dt} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \frac{dx}{dt} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \frac{dy}{dt} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} \frac{dz}{dt}$$.

Although you can think of this as simply dividing by dt, it is not. It is obtained through methods beyond the scope of this physics-oriented calculus class. You should recognize it, however, as a special case of the chain rule with x, y, and z as functions of two variables (or n variables, but n variables should be clear from the case n=2).

$$\left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial t} \right)_s = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \left( \frac{\partial x}{\partial t} \right)_s + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \left(\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}\right)_s + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} \left( \frac{\partial z}{\partial t} \right) _s$$.

We could follow the same pattern and write $$\left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \right)_{y,z}$$ but we will take the convention that the partial derivative with respect to a variable automatically assumes that the other explicitly appearing variables are constant. Using this convention,

$$ \frac{\partial f}{\partial t} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \frac{\partial x}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \frac{\partial y}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} \frac{\partial z}{\partial t} $$.

Now, for the more tricky case, suppose we have f(x, y(x), z(x)) (the same techniques used here will apply to anything similar). Let's apply the chain rule to find the total derivative of f with respect to x, including changes that occur through y and z.

$$ \frac{df}{dx} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \frac{dy}{dx} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} \frac{dz}{dx}.$$

Notice that you can obtain this by dividing the differential form of the chain rule by dx. But this does not always work, so beware.

Let's consider one final case, if we have f(x, y, z(x,y))

$$ \left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \right)_y = \left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \right)_{y,z} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} $$.

Putting the subscripts to indicate what is held constant is absolutely critical here. I put in the subscripts on the first term on the right-hand side for emphasis. The left-hand side is the derivative of f(x,y), with z having been replaced by something in terms of x's and y's, which is the whole point of the chain rule in the first place. Notice that if I accidentally omitted the subscript on the left, then it would cancel with the term on the right, and leave me with a horribly wrong answer. Also notice that the derivative with respect to y disappeared on the right, that is because the partial derivative of y with respect to x is zero since we assumed them to be independent.

When working with partial derivatives, you should never cancel them or treat them as fractions. When in doubt, apply the chain rule, not intuition. Also, it may be helpful to check your answers, as well as the results here, concrete examples.

Problems

Differentials using partial derivatives
Problems

Critical points, maximums, and minimums
Problems

title: Partial derivative


text:
Duakar

Duakar (Дуакар; Dargwa: ДугIахъар) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Duakarsky Selsoviet, Dakhadayevsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 250 as of 2010.

Geography
Duakar is located 34 southwest km of Urkarakh (the district's administrative centre) by road. Urari and Guladty are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Dargins live there.

title: Duakar


text:
Kenny More

Kenny More (born December 30, 1966) is a Scottish curler and curling coach.

As a coach of British wheelchair curling team he participated in 2018 Winter Paralympics.

title: Kenny More


text:
List of Ivory Coast women's international footballers

This is a list of Ivory Coast women's international footballers who have played for the Ivory Coast women's national football team.


text:
Twig borer

Twig borer refers to a number of species of beetles and moths that chew holes into small branches of trees and shrubs. Many of these insects are agricultural pests. Animals that are called twig borers include:

Family Bostrichidae

 * Amphicerus bicaudatus (apple twig borer or grape cane borer)
 * Amphicerus bimaculatus (grape cane borer beetle)
 * Melalgus confertus (branch and twig borer)

Family Curculionidae

 * Xylosandrus compactus (black twig borer or coffee twig borer)

Family Cerambycidae

 * Chlorophorus varius (grape wood borer)
 * Bacchisa fortunei (blue pear twig borer)
 * Oberea tripunctata (dogwood twig borer)
 * Oberea delongi (poplar twig borer)
 * Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus (grape twig borer)

Family Gelechiidae

 * Coleotechnites bacchariella (coyote brush twig borer moth)
 * Anarsia lineatella (peach twig borer)

Family Crambidae

 * Terastia meticulosalis (erythrina twigborer)

Family Tortricidae

 * Gypsonoma haimbachiana (cottonwood twig borer)
 * Hystrichophora taleana (indigobush twig borer)
 * Ecdytolopha insiticiana (locust twig borer)

Genus Proteoteras

 * Proteoteras willingana (eastern boxelder twig borer moth)
 * Proteoteras aesculana (maple twig borer)
 * Proteoteras crescentana (northern boxelder twig borer moth)
 * Proteoteras arizonae (western boxelder twig borer moth)

title: Twig borer


text:
Talk:1997 Major League Baseball expansion draft

Title
Wouldn't the appropriate title be "1997 Major League Baseball expansion draft"? <IP_ADDRESS> 17:23, 20 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Pieter Grove

Pieter Grove (born March 20, 1986) is a Namibian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman. During February 2006 he played five games in the Under-19 World Cup. Generally speaking, Grove is a high middle-order batsman, batting at third throughout the entire World Cup. Attended Bishop Strachan school.

Grove made his first appearance outside of the Under-19 squad for a Namibia A team visited by Canada in October 2007, and made his List A debut in February 2008.

title: Pieter Grove


text:
HP ConvergedSystem

HP ConvergedSystem is a portfolio of system-based products from Hewlett-Packard (HP) that integrates preconfigured IT components into systems for virtualization, cloud computing, big data, collaboration, converged management, and client virtualization. Composed of servers, storage, networking, and integrated software and services, the systems are designed to address the cost and complexity of data center operations and maintenance by pulling the IT components together into a single resource pool so they are easier to manage and faster to deploy. Where previously it would take three to six months from the time of order to get a system up and running, it now reportedly takes as few as 20 days with the HP ConvergedSystem.

HP ConvergedSystem uses a common Converged infrastructure architecture, the same common foundation used for all HP server, storage, and networking products. HP Converged Infrastructure pools resources so that they can be shared across different applications while being managed from a standardized management platform and security software. The convergence of server, storage, and networking can help user organizations save investment on equipment maintenance and management.

HP Converged Systems includes HP ConvergedSystem for Virtualization, for developing and managing virtualized environments; HP CloudSystem, for building and managing cloud computing services across private, public and hybrid clouds; HP ConvergedSystem for Big Data, for loading, analyzing and managing vast quantities of data;

HP ConvergedSystem for Collaboration, for configuration and deployment of Microsoft unified communications software; HP OneView for converged infrastructure management; and HP ConvergedSystem for Client Virtualization, for running Virtual desktop infrastructure.

HP CloudSystem is an integrated cloud infrastructure for delivering private, public, and hybrid cloud services. It integrates HP cloud software with HP servers, storage, and networking technologies into a single system.

The HP OneView converged infrastructure management product provides a unified interface that lets users automate formerly labor-intensive manual Data center management and maintenance tasks, as part of a Software-defined data center.

HP ConvergedSystem for Virtualization
HP ConvergedSystem for Virtualization consists of a series of integrated server, storage and networking infrastructures that offer Scalability with modular virtualization systems that can support 50 to 1,000 Virtual machines each. The HP ConvergedSystem 300, designed to support 50 to 300 virtual machines, comes configured with HP ProLiant servers. The HP ConvergedSystem 700 is designed for larger enterprise installations of 100 to more than 1,000 virtual machines and comes configured with HP BladeSystem servers. For both models, customers can choose between VMware or Microsoft virtualization environments. Customers of the 700 model can also install their own virtualization software. All of the models are managed from a single console. It has been reported that HP ConvergedSystem for Virtualization performs twice as fast and costs 25 percent less than competing systems.

HP CloudSystem
HP CloudSystem is used by enterprises and service providers to build and manage private, public and hybrid cloud services. The system includes a consumer-style user interface and streamlined management tools. Based on HP Converged Infrastructure, HP CloudSystem modular infrastructure and HP Cloud Service Automation Software, CloudSystem integrates servers, storage, networking, security, and management to automate the application and infrastructure lifecycle for service delivery via private and hybrid clouds.

HP CloudSystem is a component of HP Converged Cloud, which combines software and cloud services into a unified set of packages and under a single unified architecture. HP CloudSystem is built on HP Cloud OS, which features OpenStack technology and enables users to choose from multiple Hypervisors and operating systems, including those from Microsoft and VMware. HP CloudSystem can automatically shift workloads to external clouds during busy periods, based on pre-defined business policies. Supported public clouds include those from Arsys and SFR, as well as Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Windows Azure. This function is commonly known as cloud bursting. HP CloudSystem has lifecycle management tools to automate the process of application provisioning, customization and configuration, patch management and retirement. HP CloudSystem Foundation features the core components. Additional management capabilities and a simplified installation are included with HP CloudSystem Enterprise.

HP ConvergedSystem for Big Data
HP ConvergedSystem for Big Data provides workload-specific, single-purpose systems that support tasks for which performance is critical, such as Data analytics, Data warehousing, and business applications. Software applications are pre-integrated and designed for the integrated hardware, networking, and storage components. The HP ConvergedSystem 300 for Vertica is designed for businesses that run the HP Vertica data analytics solution. The system works with the Cloudera, Hortonworks, and MapR versions of Apache Hadoop. It has been reported that the system can operate from 50 to 1,000 times faster than competitors’ data warehouse offerings. The HP ConvergedSystem 300 for Microsoft Analytics Platform System (APS) includes SQL Server Parallel Data Warehouse (PDW) and can be configured with HDInsight Hadoop nodes. It is possible to run PolyBase queries against SQL Server PDW and Cloudera, Apache, or Hortonworks HDP nodes.

The HP ConvergedSystem 500 for SAP HANA operates the SAP HANA in-memory data management platform for data analytics and data warehousing. It has been reported that the system can process data analytics twice as fast as competing systems for SAP HANA. The HP ConvergedSystem 500 for SAP HANA includes ConvergedSystem 500 hardware and HP ServiceGuard for SAP HANA, a data management tool that protects against unscheduled downtime by providing the capability for automatic failover. The HP ConvergedSystem 500 for SAP HANA enables users to run data analytics and Enterprise resource planning (ERP) on the same workload-based system. It has been reported that data analytics processes that used to take days or weeks to run can now be accessed in real-time. The HP ConvergedSystem 900 for SAP HANA is designed to manage and analyze very large and varied data sets. It has been reported that the HP ConvergedSystem 900 for SAP HANA is capable of supplying 12 terabytes of data in one memory pool.

HP ConvergedSystem for Collaboration
HP ConvergedSystem for Collaboration integrates hardware, software and services to provide Unified communications for specific platforms. The pre-supplied workload configurations include the HP Collaboration Solutions for Microsoft SharePoint Server. These include HP SharePoint Business Decision for business intelligence and combines HP ProLiant Gen8 servers with SharePoint 2013 and SQL Server’s Power View. It has been reported that the system takes less than an hour to install and launch.

HP ConvergedSystems Solutions for Microsoft Exchange Server is designed for users to deploy a business email system in a modular, simplified manner. HP Converged Systems Solutions for Microsoft Lync Server streamlines deployment of Microsoft Lync communications for voice, instant messaging and video and includes a reference architecture for small to medium enterprises.

HP OneView for Converged Infrastructure Management
HP OneView for converged infrastructure management enables data center administrators to perform automated lifecycle management for HP servers, as part of a software-defined data center. Unlike legacy converged infrastructure management software, which focuses on managing devices, HP OneView is designed to help administrators enable tasks. Administrators can view resources and their relationships through a visual map and use the Representational state transfer (REST) application programming interface (API) to automate system management tasks.

The HP OneView interface is modeled after consumer applications, to more efficiently manage HP BladeSystem and HP ProLiant generation 7 and 8 servers, with support for HP Moonshot Arm servers planned. It has been reported that because of HP OneView’s deep knowledge of these servers and HP Virtual Connect virtualization technology, administrators can deploy a 16-node Computer cluster 12 times faster than they could using manual operations.

Administrators can also use HP OneView to provision and maintain Firmware across HP BladeSystem enclosures, servers, and Virtual Connect modules, as well as manage a Virtual LAN (VLAN) through the network edge. An HP OneView Plug-in for the VMware vCenter virtualization console enables administrators to work directly through the vCenter console. Operations for VMware vSphere hosts and clusters can be managed and automated, reducing the number of steps it takes to carry out tasks like setting up a new cluster.

HP ConvergedSystem for Client Virtualization
HP ConvergedSystem 100 for Hosted Desktops works with the software-defined HP Moonshot m700 microserver systems and includes software, hardware and services to provide users with an environment for running Virtual desktops. Each user gets a dedicated CPU and GPU, which removes the need for a hypervisor. According to published reports, the Moonshot server consumes up to 63 percent less power than competing systems, and can lower the total cost of ownership by 44 percent compared to standard desktop computer systems. Built as a joint effort with AMD and Citrix, the system is reported to provide graphics that are six times faster than those of competing products. Client virtualization also provides a way for users to more securely access business applications and data from mobile devices.

title: HP ConvergedSystem


text:
1974 Nebraska gubernatorial election

The 1974 Nebraska gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1974, and featured incumbent Governor James Exon, a Democrat, defeating Republican nominee, state Senator Richard D. Marvel. Independent state Senator Ernie Chambers also captured 5% of the vote as a write-in candidate. This was the first gubernatorial election in Nebraska in which the nominees for Governor and Lieutenant Governor ran as a single ticket in the general election, though they were chosen in separate primary elections.

Candidates

 * James Exon, incumbent Governor
 * Richard D. Schmitz

Candidates

 * Julius W. Burbach, member of the Nebraska Legislature in District 19 since 1957 and unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for Nebraska governor in 1966 and 1970
 * Terry Carpenter, member of the Nebraska Legislature in District 48 since 1963 and previously from 1953 to 1955 and 1957 to 1961, former United States Representative from 1933 to 1935, and unsuccessful candidate for governor, lieutenant governor, and United States senate several times.
 * James LaHood
 * Frank Lewis
 * Gerald T. Whelan, lawyer and unsuccessful Democratic nominee for Nebraska's 1st congressional district in 1960 (endorsed by James Exon )

Candidates

 * Richard D. Marvel, member of the Nebraska Legislature

Candidates

 * Anne S. Batchelder, businesswoman, wife of Clifton B. Batchelder, and daughter of R. Douglas Stuart
 * William M. Wylie, farmer, businessman, and former member of the Nebraska Legislature in District 20 and District 40 from 1965 to 1971

title: 1974 Nebraska gubernatorial election


text:
Ceilândia Sul station

Ceilândia Sul is a Federal District Metro brazilian station on Green line. It was opened for full service on 23 April 2007 as the west terminus of the section between Praça do Relógio and Ceilândia Sul, though the shuttle service at this section started in November 2006. On 16 April 2008 the line was extended to Terminal Ceilândia. The station is located between Centro Metropolitano and Guariroba.

title: Ceilândia Sul station


text:
Martin Barras

Martin Barras (born 23 February 1962 in Quebec) is a French-Canadian cycling coach who has coached British and Australian Olympic teams.

Barras was employed as a track cycling coach at the Western Australian Institute of Sport from 1995 to 1998 where he coached Ryan Bayley. In 1999, he was appointed coach with Great Britain's sprint cycling program and his athletes - won gold (Jason Queally) and silver medals (team sprint) at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. In 2001, he was appointed Australian Institute of Sport / Cycling Australia track sprint coach. In 2002 and 2004, he was named Australian Institute of Sport Coach of the Year.

He had a very successful 2004 Athens Olympics with Ryan Bayley winning two gold medals, Anna Meares one gold medal and one bronze medal and Shane Kelly winning a bronze medal. After the being track sprint coach at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, where the Australian team won only one track medal, he transferred to Australia Institute of Sport / Cycling Australia women's road cycling program. He was women's road coach at the 2012 London Olympics and 2016 Rio Olympics.

In November 2017, he was appointed High Performance Director of Cycling New Zealand.

Barras resigned from Cycling NZ in 2021 after an integrity breach occurred regarding athlete selection for the Tokyo Olympics, accepting responsibility "for the conduct of the New Zealand Cycling Team at the Olympic Games".

title: Martin Barras


text:
Patricia Gonzalez

Patricia González is a Colombian-born American artist.

Born in Cartagena, she moved to London, England with her family. She studied art at the Central School of Art and Design and at the Wimbledon School of Art. In 1981, she moved to Houston. In 1987, she received a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship and, 1987 was included in the "Hispanic Art in the United States: Thirty Contemporary Painters and Sculptors" exhibition at the Corcoran, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston and several other museums. In 1989, she had a solo exhibition at the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston. Her work has also been exhibited in Los Angeles, New York City, Austin, Washington and Cartagena.

Gonzalez was included in the 1989 book Exposures, Women & Their Art.

title: Patricia Gonzalez


text:
GCSE Science/Parallel and series circuits answers

Answers to practice questions on series circuits

 * Q1)Let R1 = 2Ω, R2= 3Ω, and V=5V what is the voltage across R1 and R2 ?
 * The total resistance =5Ω
 * So the current is = 1A
 * Apply Ohm's law to each resistor in turn gives:
 * V1 = 2V
 * V2 = 3V

 * Q2)Let R1 = 3Ω, R2= 3Ω, and V=6V what is the voltage across R1 and R2 ?
 * The total resistance is 6V
 * The current is therefore 1A
 * V1 = 3V
 * V2 = 3V

 * Q3)Let R1 = 2Ω, V=5V  and I= 1A what is the value of resistor R2 ?
 * The total resistance = V/I
 * =5/1
 * = 5Ω

So R2 = 3Ω

Answers to Questions on Parallel Circuits

 * Q4)You disconnect one of the bulbs, does the other stay lit?

Yes it does.

 * Q5)You reconnect the disconnected bulb, does the other dim or brighten?

Ideally it should not make any difference. The brightness of the lit bulb should remain the same. (In practice the bulb will probably dim a tiny bit because of the internal resistance of the battery, but that's more advanced than this course)

 * Q6)Would it be reasonable to say "each branch of the circuit behaves as if the other branch weren't there" ?

It certainly would.

 * Q7) Calculate the resistance of the above pair of resistors if they had been in series rather than parallel.

R1 + R2 = 1 + 1 = 2 Ω
 * Q8) A parallel circuit has two resistors, one is 2 Ω the other is 3Ω what is the total resistance of the circuit?

Let the Voltage be V.

From Ohm's Law
 * current I1 = V/2 A
 * current I2 = V/3 A

So the total Current I = V/2+V/3
 * = V(1/2 +1/3)
 * = V (5/6)

Now we Apply Ohm's Law to the circuit again only this time using the total current so that we know what the total resistance is-

R = V/I
 * = V/{V(5/6)}
 * = 1/(5/6)         We cancel the V's
 * = 6/5             To divide by a fraction, turn it upside down and multiply

 * Q9) Three resistors are in parallel (three separate branches) their resistances are 2Ω,2Ω and 3 Ω what is the resistance of the circuit?

Rather than going through the whole procedure for Q8 again we note that -

1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
 * = 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/3
 * = 4/3

So R = 3/4 Ω


text:
Go

Go is thought to be the world's most ancient board game, with deceptively simple rules that lead to deep strategy. After centuries of play, new ideas about the game are still being developed on a regular basis.

The game is believed to have originated in China, and is still most popular in East Asia, particularly Korea, Japan, and China. In Korea, it is called 바둑 (Baduk), pronounced / pa.tukʰ /, Japan where it is sometimes known as 囲碁 (I-Go), pronounced i.ɡo, and China, the game's original home, where it is named 圍棋 (trad.) / 围棋 (simp.) / wéiqí (Pinyin) pronounced ueɪ2.tɕʰi2. Each of these three countries have professional associations that allow individuals to hold the status of a professional Go player. It enjoys a small but rising popularity in other parts of the world.

For consistency, the rest of the book will use the name Go, and use Japanese terms. Korean and Chinese terms will still be listed.

Introduction

 * 1) /About this book/
 * 2) /Why should I learn to play Go?/
 * 3) /Philosophical Beginnings/
 * 4) /How to Learn/
 * 5) /History/

Beginners

 * 1) /What you need to play/
 * 2) /Lesson 1: Step-By-Step Guide to Playing/
 * 3) /Lesson 2: Basic Rules and Foundational concepts/
 * 4) /Lesson 3: Basic Capturing Techniques/
 * 5) /Lesson 4: Life and Death/
 * 6) /Strategy/

Intermediate

 * 1) /Lesson 3: Fuseki/
 * 2) /Lesson 4: Joseki/
 * 3) /Intermediate strategy/

Advanced

 * 1) /Advanced strategy/
 * 2) /Tutoring/

Beyond the Guide

 * 1) /Glossary of terms/
 * 2) /Resources/
 * 3) /Contributors e.g. authors and editors/

Go Manual de Go Jeu de go 囲碁 바둑 ตำราหมากล้อม

title: Go


text:
Chequesset Inn

The Chequesset Inn was a 62-room hotel in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. It is credited with beginning the development of the town's tourism industry.

History
The Chequesset Inn was built in 1902 on Mercantile Wharf, which stood on the banks of Wellfleet Harbor on what is currently Mayo Beach. L.D. Baker commissioned the construction of the inn after the collapse of the town's fishing industry. Before the inn was built, the town was home to a few Boston residents during the summer, but not many. The decline of the town's population was reversed after construction and tourism grew for years, giving rise to many businesses.

The Great Depression hit Wellfleet's economy hard in the 1930s, and the inn didn't survive to see it through. In 1934, a particularly cold winter caused ice chunks to form in the harbor, heavily damaging the pier's pilings and causing a partial collapse of the inn. The entire structure was torn down shortly after.

Today
A marker currently sits where the wharf met the road. At low tide, the harbor's water recedes several hundred yards and the rotted stumps of the pilings of Mercantile Wharf are visible.

title: Chequesset Inn


text:
Talk:Object Oriented Software Design

Discuss Object Oriented Software Design here. Opened 19:00, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

UML
I was pleased to see some interest in the Unified Modeling Language so I went ahead and started our own local UML resource.

Background: I first learned of OO back in the late 90s while working with Visio tm at my engineering job in the Rail industry. That's where I first learned of Grady Booch and the OMG. I've experimented with Gentleware's Poseidon for UML tool and the UML tools that come with Dia. I've also tried working with the Eclipse IDE but my current yard-sale computer just lacks the resources to run it.

Objectives: I'd like to get back into UML diagramming, but in a more focused way with collaborators. I'm leaning toward Applied Computer Science (listed as a red link at School:Computer Science) and would like to be part of such a group, if it forms. As i've stated in other places, I think a UML treatment of MediaWiki and Wikiversity would be cool.

You really need other heads in there with ya on endeavers like this or it'll eat you alive! CQ 19:29, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Design Pattern Model - A Corpus
I have found a design pattern model I think we can "use productively somewhere in a real design". I haven't yet discovered any actual "detailed design documentation related to the pattern" yet but I do believe that a scad of it exists. The topic is Computational linguistics and I have an ally or two here at Wikiversity that share an interest in developing an original corpus custom-built for Wikiversity translations. This is a real-world example that is close to home, here.

We start with a finite scope based in MediaWiki and its application here (see above post). The constraints of the practical model are established at the outset by the fact that Wikiversity is implemented in only three languages. The implementation diagram, therefore has a well-scoped finite constrained initiallization that is represented by translators:

This template has a built-n classifier that establishes relationships between English, Spanish and German Languages. This classifier functions "out-of-the-box" through MediaWiki's Categories. The thoughtfulness exhibited early-on by Wikversity founders' naming conventions helped set a useful precedent which allows a robust extention to the core classifier which is already illustrated nicely:

Most all of the elements of the UML backbone are represented by these two objects. We now have a set of Actors - Wikiversity participants - each of whom speak and write in one or more languages. The actors create objects:
 * pages, sections, templates, categories, files, etc.

These objects have properties and attributes and as part of a dynamic application (MediaWiki) and a robust community (Wikiversity) are capable of traversing domains on many levels:
 * 1) top-level .org domain - generally reserved for a non-profit organization.
 * 2) mid-level wikimedia.org domain - defined and constrained by the Wikimedia Foundation and its organizational principles and inclusive of Wiktionary (essentially a corpus), Wikipedia (a massive interlingual activity), the Wikimedia Commons (a repository of objects [images and media files]) and other sister projects.
 * 3) lower-mid-level wikiversity.org domain - a self-organizing multi-lingual entity which is host to this very idea expressed here at...
 * 4) low-level (specialized) Object Oriented Software Design domain - by the...
 * 5) bottom-level (specialist) domain - the English-speaking actor — me.

Now we have a finite progression from a generalized global context to a specialized personal context through a composite design pattern. (perspective of a UML diagrammer). From this, we can establish a constrained set of:
 * rules, methods, procedures, objects, containers, activities, implementations, interactions, states, relationships, componants, and most importantly, collaborations.

...all of which lend well to diagrammatics and built on an existing product and group — the MediaWiki Project.

These collaborations are configured at the most fine-grained level by each actor within this domain of Object Oriented Software Design. I shall now add stubs outwardly from my experiential design pattern model through an interface domain (object container for machine translator and CAT toolbox) — Computational linguistics which will in turn be pointed at my first product — Wikipedia:WikiProject_Keywords... ''finally! (I knew I started that silly project for some reason) See also Computational sociology'' • CQ 00:25, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

My 2 cents
I know I'm an annonymous editor though I think I can help with peer reviewing the article. My little comment is about the fact that one who is reading the page has to systematically change page to find the material to read and in that view, it is really frustrating to have to reload a new page to "go on with the class". This can be seen as going from one classroom to another in order to get the all of what the class is worth. Also, one doesn't get the idea of what the class is by just looking at the page so maybe an overview for this page or an introductory page would be nice. <IP_ADDRESS> 14:39, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the ante, anonymous. The links are provided for background, pre-requisite knowledge and other context the writer thought you should be aware of. Sometimes, these links appear too profusely and assumtions are made by the contributor that the reader has a familiarity with the subject matter. I shall review the lesson page and try to make sure the material is more clear. I will see your 2 cents and raise you a nickle. CQ 00:30, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Style and Focus
I just edited the page to make some serious style changes—can we be a bit more careful about how we link? Standard wiki (and Internet) practice is to make a statement and link the relevant part of the text:

 * Lemurs are mammals.

Not:

 * This here link talks about mammals: . Which is what lemurs are, described by this here link:.

Also, I think we need to tighten this page up quite a bit. A lot of the resources are far too specific to be mentioned on a page that's supposed to be discussing OO development. We have to remember that the people that come to this page are looking to understand the basics of OO software design. If they're looking for information on design patterns, they'll go to a page on design patterns. We can write other pages and cross-link here as part of this topic, but we should focus on this topic here.

Behavior
It is currently written: "We can also define behaviors that all dogs share such as eat, sleep, bark, and run. The behaviors we define may use the state stored in the variables to determine how to correctly carry out the behavior"

I think that these examples are misleading because afaik a behavior is a responsability that the objects carry out when solicited by other entities. So eat, sleep and run seem operations that the dogs do and not operations that the invokers can do with dogs. For instance, if we were speaking about a videogame, these operations would animate digital dogs. But, because this is not the case, I suggest to identify operations like pet, feed, wash and so on...

 * I had the same problem the first time i heard about the "responsabilities" of some object. It led me to some confutions... whenever i wanted to design a class, i spotted some actions that must be made. I didn't know where this actions must be coded. I think the problem you say must be consider, and the reader must be warned about the importance of the "context" in spotting the responsabilities of an object... Vengadora (discuss • contribs) 03:28, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Object Oriented Software Design


text:
User:Christos.i

Hi,

Welcome to my user page. My name is Christos Ioannidis,i´m attending 12th grade in Eichstätt, at the Willibald-Gymnasium. My two main subjects I choose (we have to do so in germany in the last two years of our school career (12th and 13th grade)) are English and French.

My Participation in other Wikipedia Work
Our French intensive course represented in the german Wikiversity

Our own UN assembly

Lithuania: Member of the European Union

de:Benutzer:Christos.i

title: User:Christos.i


text:
List of protected heritage sites in Somme-Leuze

This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Somme-Leuze. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.

 * }


text:
2020 Mjøndalen IF Fotball season

The 2020 season was Mjøndalen IF's second successive season in the Eliteserien following their promotion in 2018.

Season events
On 12 June, the Norwegian Football Federation announced that a maximum of 200 home fans would be allowed to attend the upcoming seasons matches.

On 10 September, the Norwegian Football Federation cancelled the 2020 Norwegian Cup due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway.

On 30 September, the Minister of Culture and Gender Equality, Abid Raja, announced that clubs would be able to have crowds of 600 at games from 12 October.

Appearances and goals

 * colspan="14"|Players away from Mjøndalen on loan:
 * colspan="14"|Players away from Mjøndalen on loan:

 * colspan="14"|''Players who left Mjøndalen during the season
 * }
 * }

title: 2020 Mjøndalen IF Fotball season


text:
ekspres

Adjective

 * 1) express

Noun

 * 1) express train

Etymology
From, from , from.

Etymology
From, from , from +.

Adjective

 * 1) express, fast

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 2
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  train that stops only at major cities, faster than an express train

Etymology 3
, from.

Noun

 * 1) coffee machine, coffeemaker

Usage notes
Often disambiguated as.

Etymology 4
, from, from.

Noun

 * 1) expedited service
 * 2)  quickdraw
 * 3)  type of double-barrelled rifle
 * 4)  zip, zip fastener, zipper

Etymology
From, from , from +.

Noun

 * 1) express

Etymology
, ultimately borrowed from or.

Noun

 * 1) express train

title: ekspres


text:
Using GNOME/File manager wastebasket

The Waste basket is a place to store unwanted files. Emptying the wastebasket deletes all files in it permanently, so make sure there is no important files in there by mistake.

You can also have the option to delete files instantly without moving it to the wastebasket first. To enable this, choose "Edit, Preferences" from the file manager window, then on the behavior tab select "Include a Delete command that bypasses Wastebasket". use this with care. It is like using a shredder to destroy a document.

Back to contents page

title: Using GNOME/File manager wastebasket


text:
Astronomy Project

Welcome to the Astronomy Learning Project. This learning project offers activities that allow Wikiversity participants to learn astronomy "on the job" by participating in analysis of astronomical observations. Participants in this project access public astronomy data to explore objects in our universe.

SkyCam
The SkyCam project uses an automated camera system to periodically record images of the entire sky from dusk until dawn. These images will be incorporated into other learning projects that include real-time scientific data as dynamic curricular content.  category       = SkyCam namespace      = (Main) ordermethod    = categorysortkey order          = ascending redirects      = exclude shownamespace  = false

Observational Astronomy
Astronomers can gain an understanding of objects in the universe by studying them with a telescope. In this learning project computer programs will be used to view and study images or measurements taken with a telescope to learn basic concepts in astronomy.  category       = Observational astronomy namespace      = (Main) ordermethod    = categorysortkey order          = ascending redirects      = exclude shownamespace  = false

Pages

 * Asteroid Surveys
 * Binary Stars and Extrasolar Planets
 * Cosmological simulations
 * Earth-impact events
 * Epsilon Aurigae
 * Galactic evolution - participants analyze data from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) Mission
 * Galaxy Zoo - an off-wiki project for galaxy classification.
 * International Year of Astronomy

title: Astronomy Project


title: Wikipedia:Map data/Wikipedia KML/Virginia State Route 110


text:
Flute

The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. Unlike other woodwind instruments, a flute produces its sound from the flow of air against an edge, instead of using a reed. The most common type is the Western concert flute or C flute (most flutes are tuned to to the key of C). A musician who plays the flute is generally called a flautist or flutist. Thousands of works have been composed for flute. Flutes are used in many ensembles including concert bands, orchestras, flute ensebles, ocasionally jazz bands and big bands.

Playing a Western concert flute
Good flute technique requires that the flute be pressed against the lower lip in such a way that it is possible to efficiently blow directly at the far wall of the lip plate (embouchure) at any angle.

A maladjusted flute is much more difficult to play, and beginning flute-players should invest in a professional adjustment if their instrument is not new. The most common problem as a flute ages is that its pads rot and leak. In addition, rough handling can bend the pads and make them leak. The return springs can also weaken, causing slow or unsynchronized opening of the holes. In addition, the pad-closure mechanisms can become misaligned or misadjusted. Occasionally the alignment pins can fall out.

Beginning flute-players frequently find themselves unable to produce a sound. The most common reasons are that the hole produced by the player's mouth is not aligned with the tone-hole or/and the player is blowing lots of air past the tone hole instead of angling a smaller air stream into the hole. The standard beginning technique is to feel for the tone hole with one's tongue, and then roll the flute away to the correct angle. It is important to blow less air than most beginners want to, but angle it into the hole.

Beginning flute-players also often have improper embouchures: The correct embouchure is a small elliptical or slot-like hole formed by the lips and directed at the edge of the tone-hole opposite the player. The aim should be outward, with faster air for higher, or more brilliant sounds (more high-frequency overtones), and lower, more into the hole, with slower air for lower notes. One reliable way to aim is to move one's chin in and out, but it is best to develop the flexibility to change the relationship between one's lips and tongue and the lip plate, as needed for changes in air direction.

Correct breath control requires a player to emit large amounts of air at times, especially in softer and higher passages, but also requires a player to emit very small streams of air directly into the hole for loud notes in the lower register, which often do not speak if forced. All things being equal, a breathy sound is preferable to a pinched sound, but an efficient approach to air stream direction is best.

Flutes often have some of the most rapidly changing parts in orchestral music. To become able to play these parts, one should practice complex scales and arpeggios in different modes and keys.

More advanced flute-players can also employ vibrato. When playing with vibrato, a player varies the amount of air blown through the instrument at a rapid rate to create a wobble in the pitch and amplitude of the tone. Most classical and some jazz flute players tend to play with a continuous vibrato, though the amount and speed of vibrato can be altered for expressive purposes. Many purists contend that Baroque music should be played without vibrato, or with vibrato only on certain notes. More specifically, most flute methods from that period call for vibrati - a finger vibrato - rather than a vibrato of breath pulsations. The most common way to learn vibrato is to practice breath attacks (short bursts of increased air within a constant tone) as half notes, then quarter notes, then eighth notes, then triplets, then sixteenth notes. Eventually, when the breath attacks are too fast to be counted as separate notes, they become an instant though not yet subtle vibrato.

In outdoor playing, wind can "blow out" players' embouchures, causing the air stream to become misplaced. It is normal practice for the piccolo and flute players of a marching band to face away from the wind in heavy weather. The section-leader of the flutes in the marching band normally makes this decision.

Links

 * Flute on Wikipedia
 * Flute Workbook

title: Flute


text:
Qaleh Now, Nishapur

Qaleh Now (, also Romanized as Qal`eh Now; also known as Qal‘eh Now-ye Seyyedhā, Ghilāna, Qal‘eh Now-e Chambarān, Qal‘ehnow-e Seyyedha, and Qīlāneh) is a village in Darbqazi Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 8 families.

title: Qaleh Now, Nishapur


text:
User:Diksha Wankhade

Username: Diksha Wankhade City: Ulhasnager Country: India Education: F.Y.CS Skills: communication skills Interests: Love Dancing,reading,painting

title: User:Diksha Wankhade


text:
informado

Etymology
Past participle of.

Adjective

 * 1) informed

Etymology
Past participle of.

Adjective

 * 1) informed, aware of

title: informado


text:
Music Theory

This book discusses tonal music theory, specifically of the common practice period onwards, including jazz, blues, rock, and other modern styles. It focuses mostly on Western (i.e., Western European, Euro-American, and Afro-American) styles, however, all styles of music are discussed.

Basics

 * /Introduction/
 * /How to read Music/
 * /Music Notation Systems/
 * /Rhythm/
 * /Scales and Intervals/
 * /Modes/
 * /Chords/
 * /Chord Structures/
 * /Consonance and Dissonance/

Common Practice Styles

 * /Fundamentals of Common Practice Music/

Harmony

 * /Triads/
 * /Seventh chords/
 * /Functions/
 * /Cadences and Progressions/
 * /Secondary dominant/
 * /Dominant substitute/
 * /Reharmonization/
 * /Voicing/

Modal Harmony

 * /Modes/

Tones, overtones, and harmonics

 * /Harmony/
 * /Counterpoint/
 * /Form/

Beyond the Basics

 * /The Physics of Music/
 * /Finding the Key and Mode of a Piece/
 * /Playing by Ear/
 * /Complete List of Chord Patterns/
 * /Modulation/
 * /Chromaticism/
 * /Syncopation/

Modern Styles

 * /Barbershop/
 * /Blues/
 * /Country/
 * /Dance/
 * /Folk/, Old Time, Bluegrass, etc.
 * /Funk/
 * /Hip Hop/, Rap, etc.
 * /Hymn/
 * /Jazz/, incl. Swing
 * /Metal/
 * /New Age/
 * /Pop/, Pop/Rock, etc.
 * /Punk Rock/, Hardcore, Pop-Punk, etc.
 * /Reggae/
 * /Rock/, Hard Rock, etc.
 * /Samba/
 * /Ska/
 * /Miscellaneous Styles/
 * /R&B/
 * /Reggae/

Styles in the Western Classical Tradition

 * /Plainsong/
 * /Early Western European/
 * /Renaissance/
 * /Baroque/
 * /Classical/
 * /Romantic/
 * /Atonal/
 * /Serialism/
 * /Spectralism/

Traditional and Folk styles

 * /African/
 * /Arabic/
 * /Calypso/
 * /Celtic/
 * /Chinese/
 * /Eastern European/
 * /Indian/
 * /Japanese/
 * /Korean/
 * /South East Asian/

Composing

 * /Necessary Tools/
 * /Software Needed/
 * /Four Part/
 * /Melody(Soprano)/
 * /Phrasing/
 * /Bass/
 * /Alto And Tenor/
 * /Counterpoint/

Appendices

 * /Authors/
 * /Real Book Errata/

Musiklehre Teoría musical Bases de solfège Teoria musicale 音楽理論

title: Music Theory


text:
Dark Signal

Dark Signal is a 2016 British supernatural thriller directed by Edward Evers-Swindell. It stars Siwan Morris, Gareth David-Lloyd, Joanna Ignaczewska, and Cinzia Monreale. A radio DJ (Morris) and her engineer (David-Lloyd) invite a psychic (Monreale) on their last broadcast. At the same time, a listener (Ignaczewska) is haunted by the victim of a serial killer. It was shot in Wales in late 2014 and released in the UK in April 2016.

Plot
A serial killer stalks young women in Northern Wales. Known as the Wedlock Killer, he chops off a finger before brutally murdering his victims. Amid reports of a new victim, Laurie Wolf, a radio DJ, becomes bitter when her local radio program is cancelled and she has trouble finding a new job. On the last day of her show, she rants to her listeners about the disappearance of local radio programs and ignores the corporate playlist. Ben Evans, her engineer, suggests they have a psychic, Carla Zaza, as a guest. Laurie, a sceptic, reluctantly agrees when Ben says it will further annoy the owners.

Before the broadcast begins, Kate Komisarczyk speaks with Ben over the internet, upsetting her boyfriend, Nick Keller. Though Kate has refused to meet Ben, Nick believes she is being naive by befriending people from the internet. Kate and Nick leave her disabled son, Marek, with a babysitter. Kate tells the babysitter she is visiting Ben to attend the radio broadcast, but she instead drives Nick to a house he intends to burgle. Although Kate is nervous, Nick reassures her that they are not truly stealing anything, as the money is from a client who has refused to repay his debt.

Nick enters a nearby mansion and leaves Kate as lookout. As she listens to Laurie's broadcast, she fails to notice a bloody and battered ghost has momentarily appeared in her car. An old man surprises her when he approaches. When he complains she is on private property, Kate says her boyfriend has gone to find a petrol station and will return shortly. Dubious, the man insists on waiting with her. Kate listens to Laurie dismissively interview Carla. At the station, Carla becomes curious when she hears an anomaly in the broadcast, eventually convincing Ben and then Laurie that it is electronic voice phenomenon.

When Nick calls Kate to check on her, she uses the opportunity to get rid of the old man by saying Nick found escaped farm animals, assuming he is a local farmer Nick said may appear. Before leaving to investigate her report, the man indicates that he lives in the mansion. Confused, Kate demands answers from Nick, who admits his story is untrue; before he can explain further, he is apparently murdered. As Kate investigates the mansion, Carla performs a live seance. The spirit, Sarah, says the Wedlock Killer murdered her on a farm.

As Kate discovers Sarah's body in the mansion, the old man, revealed to be Nick's father, Alan, accuses her of killing his daughter. Before he can exact vengeance on her, the Wedlock Killer surprises and kills him. The Wedlock Killer expresses surprise that Kate is there, cripples her, and leaves to retrieve her son to kill in front of her. After Kate frees herself, she finds her dying boyfriend; Nick gives her the money and explains that he did not want her to know he was desperate enough to steal from his own family.

Marek becomes possessed by Sarah while listening to the seance on the radio. Kate leaves for the radio station, where her babysitter has taken Marek. When she arrives, she finds everyone but Marek and Ben dead. Ben explains that the show was recorded last night and was broadcast from tape. He plays the last part of the tape for her, where Laurie discovers evidence he is the Wedlock Killer. After sabotaging any parts of the broadcast that could reveal his guilt, he killed Laurie and Carla. Kate stabs him and flees, guided by Sarah's ghost to a room where Ben has handcuffed Marek to the wall. Before she can free him, Ben knocks her unconscious.

Kate revives as Ben is about to immolate her. She fights him off but is again overpowered. Before Ben can douse her in petrol, Sarah appears in front of him, momentarily frightening him and causing him to spill the petrol on himself. Kate grabs his lighter and sets him on fire, killing him. As she returns to the radio station to free Marek, Laurie's last words play, questioning whether there is an afterlife and repudiating her earlier sceptism about the paranormal.

Cast

 * Siwan Morris as Laurie Wolf
 * Gareth David-Lloyd as Ben Evans
 * Joanna Ignaczewska as Kate Komisarczyk
 * Duncan Pow as Nick Keller
 * Eleanor Gecks as Sarah Keller
 * Cinzia Monreale as Carla Zaza
 * James Cosmo as Alan Keller
 * Kai Coleman as Marek Komisarczyk
 * Luing Andrews as Bob

Production
Neil Marshall, a friend of director Edward Evers-Swindell, executive produced the film. The two had previously collaborated on several films, including Dog Soldiers, Marshall's debut. Shooting took place from 18 August to 13 September 2014 in Wales, mostly in Ruabon. Evers-Swindell said he wanted to explicitly set the film in Wales because the area was frequently seen in films but doubled for other locations.

Release
Dark Signal opened in the UK on 21 April 2016. It was theatrically released in the US on 2 June 2017 and on video on demand four days later.

Reception
Though he complimented the directing and cast, Paul Mount of Starburst said the film has a "sluggish and often unfocussed script", unlikable characters, and a villain without any apparent motivation. Mount rated it 6/10 stars, concluding that it is entertaining but not memorable. Kimber Myers of the Los Angeles Times called it a "dull, poorly structured movie" that substitutes scenes of violent gore for atmosphere. Craig D. Lindsey of LA Weekly wrote that the film becomes incoherent because too many different ideas were combined.

title: Dark Signal


text:
skinny as a rail

Adjective

 * 1)  Especially of a person, very skinny.
 * At fifteen, he was already six feet tall and skinny as a rail.

title: skinny as a rail


text:
User:Vuara/Oral tradition of the Ancient

 * Ancient tribes of the Southwest

http://www.viewzone.com/negev.pueblomap.jpg

 * An example of a ligature

http://www.viewzone.com/ligature.gif

 * This panel is almost 6 meters square

http://www.viewzone.com/B1anim.gif

 * In this panel the symbols begin in the upper left and move down.

http://www.viewzone.com/B1art.gif

Introduction and translations by Dr. James R. Harris Expedition material and subsequent translations by Gary Vey.

Oral Tradition and History of the Ancient People

Information concerning the ancient ancestors of the Eastern Pueblos is scarce but certainly not totally missing. What contemporary descendants are able to tell us of their forefathers ranks high in value as we piece together the elements of this complex historical equation.

In 1976 a well educated and articulate Jemez Pueblo man named Joe S. Sando, son of Juanito Sando, published a book titled, The Pueblo Indians. Pages seventeen to nineteen of Chapter 2, summarizing most of the oral tradition concerning Eastern Pueblo origins known to Professor Sando. (See also the "Historical Outline," pp. 207-208). Some quotes from his text follow:

The people came from the north to their present areas of residence, from the place of origin in Shibapu, where they emerged from the underworld by way of a lake. I suggest that just as we speak of the Old and New Worlds being separated from each other by two great oceans, this ancient Pueblo tradition portrays a journey from an earlier world through water to the present world. From our studies of emergence symbols coupled with inscriptions it is clear that emergence from the first world to the fourth and present world does not end the emergence cycle. Rather we are continuing to emerge with a potential to reach the Seventh World and the realm of Yah, whose name appears so often in the inscriptions of the Ancients.

During their journeys they were led by the War Chief. This chief served for life. With his assistants and annually appointed captains and their staffs, they constituted a force responsible for clearing the path upon which the people traveled. And with them came the Great Spirit, and he guided the ancient ones through the many arduous tasks of daily life. For unknown ages the ancient people were led from place to place upon this great continent [North America]. Many of them finally settled in the four corners area [the junction of Colorado, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico], where they developed their civilization and settled for some hundreds of years before moving to their present homeland. As the ancient one related, it was in order to preserve the people from total annihilation that the Great Spirit impelled them to migrate. This they did, in groups and in different directions. Thus it is that the people created new dialects. The country where the ancient people lived was a vast open land of deserts, plains, and mountains. Here they built their villages and enhanced their lives. But they were filled with longing for perfection in their lives, harmony with their environment, and so they moved from time to time to other places with better sources of food and a better environment. (Sando 1975, p.17). The monumental constructions and prosperous communities that spread over a wide area from northeastern Arizona to northeastern New Mexico are called to our attention by Sando. He was concerned with pointing out that the great success of the Pueblo people was maintained because when "they came face to face with nature, [they] did not exploit her. They became part of the ecological balance instead of abusing and finally destroying it."(Sando, 1976, pp.18-19).

It seems probable that learning to live in harmony with nature was a long process (even for the ancients). The most ancient Hohokam prospered using channel irrigation and thus maximized the use of the waters of the Salt and Gila Rivers. A series of dry years resulted in abandoning channel communities and removing some to areas near the river and extending colonization establishments to the Verde, the Little Colorado, the San Juan, the Virgin, the Lower Colorado, and also the Sevier River.

Ancient tribes of the Southwest as envisioned and classified by modern anthropologists.

These colonizations were sub-cultures of the Hohokam and their material remains were named by modern man as Sinagua, Anasazi, Fremont, Mogollon, and Patayan (the latter term is not a tribal designation but refers to a family of tribes located in the Lower Colorado River area).

In these sub-cultures the building skills (stone construction), the agricultural technology and even the alphabetic writing system has survived on the rock inscriptions. The inscriptions seem to be most numerous in the early stages of the development of these sub-cultures (for example Anasazi, Basket-maker II, is the stage of the longest, oldest and most accurately constructed sign forms). The Classic period appears to have Great Kivas, and large condos but also to have lost completely the skill of writing and reading the ancient Southwestern script (or with the utilization of the Kiva, sacred things may have been written on perishable material kept in the Kiva).

The different names given to these cultures has suggested to the minds of most modern investigators that these were different peoples. May we suggest while their ancestral roots consisted of a hybrid made of Old Semitic speakers up from Mexico and the very ancient Desert Archaic people that were in the Southwest "from of old," they were the same people whose culture was further modified by adapting to different environments and further encounters with other cultures.

Why do people think that if you wear different shoes, and have different colored dishes, with different designs and some different tools to work with, you are a different race of people? In May of 1980 I was in Albuquerque, to participate in an ARARA convention, and had an opportunity to visit with Joe Sando and his lovely wife at their home just outside of Albuquerque. One of the statements made by Joe, among others that have stuck in my mind, was, "Why do people think that if you wear different shoes, and have different colored dishes, with different designs and some different tools to work with, you are a different race of people?" Archaeologists and anthropologists have differentiated these ancient cultures on the basis of something as superficial as their material cultural remains with the result described above.

We now have something far less superficial to add to the unveiling of the origin of ancient cultures in the Southwest. We have a script of twenty two sounds, a language that gives it meaning, and small windows of history through which we can view the ancient religious ideas, and ethical values of these ancients.

The above remarks do not mean that we regard the classification and orderly identification of material cultural remains to have been a wasted effort. These laborious scientifically reconstructed patterns of material cultural movement are invaluable in the determination of places, times, and movements of peoples with the rock art inscriptions that are coexistent with their artifacts.

Since we are going to take a hard look at the inscriptions found in the Purgatory River (AKA "Picket Wire River") area of Southeastern Colorado the scientific study unveiling the Largo-Gallina Phase in north-central New Mexico will help us to see that there are some very plausible ties between Taos and Picuris (also Tanoans in general), with the ancient peoples that produced these inscriptions.

In the description given by Wormington, this culture is described as "Pueblo-like" and fits into "Great Pueblo" times, although it is not entirely Anasazi. Tree-ring dates place the period of occupation from the beginning of the twelfth to the middle of the thirteenth century [a period when the great Southwestern cultures fade into small tribal units on the move].

It is possible that the inscriptions were composed centuries before this period and that reading and writing skills had been lost in earlier centuries.

Dwellings include pit houses, surface houses of uncoarsed stone, and surface houses of coursed stone. Still later structures seem to be small pueblos. The Largo county site is in on the west of the continental divide while Gallina is on the east slope of the continental divide. Similar characteristics are found at both sites. Walls of homes are often four feet thick. Floors are often covered with flagstone, and roofs are of pole and adobe foundation with flagstones providing a shingle effect. In summary, these sites have been described as "a marginal Anasazi development from Basketmaker III to Pueblo I times" and showing foreign influence from the north (H.M. Wormington, 1947, pp.102-105, 176).

The head waters of the Purgatory River are about twelve miles north of the Colorado - New Mexico border, just east of the continental divide.

The Purgatory River panels from the McGlone-Leonard collection were included in a study titled "Age Determination of Petroglyphs in Southeastern Colorado" by Dorn, McGlone & Leonard, appearing in South-western Lore, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp.21 and another article in South-western Lore, by Gerald Blair, "Archaeological Investigations In the Upper Purgatory River Drainage Southeastern Colorado," Vol. 41, No. 3, September 1975, p.41, contained a useful comment as follows:

[The Purgatory River area] has a very complex history of occupation which has changed significantly previous ideas concerning the prehistory of the Purgatory drainage. An early pithouse on the western terrace has a ramp entry way not unlike Mogollon structures farther south in northern New Mexico. It is not unreasonable to expect Mogollon influence in the Trinidad region.

All of the panels shown in this article are but a small part of a collection made by Phil Leonard and William McGlone within the last decade. In 1992, Bill McGlone allowed Brian Stubbs to sketch a selection of these inscriptions from his file of sketches and photographs kept at his home in La Junta, Colorado. Later, Brian allowed me (J. Harris) to copy his set of inscriptions so that I would be able to do some independent studies and work with the signs. I selected about twenty of the most promising panels for their similarity to Old Negev and because they appeared to carry clear letter forms. A major interest in them was to obtain a large enough sample of signs to determine if we are dealing with the same alphabet found in Arizona and Utah. There is no doubt, from the sign studies, that the Purgatory Script has a close tie with Old Negev found throughout the desert Southwest and in the Negev region of the Middle East.

It is equally clear that the Purgatory script is a regional variation and, in addition to modifications in sign forms, may also have usage features that modestly differ from Old Negev of the more Western Pueblo ancestors.

Brian Stubbs also mentioned that he was working with photographs and slides when he obtained the sketches used in this article and that he could not always be certain of the correct orientation of the signs (i.e. right side up or up side down).

Translation Program In Progress Use Explorer only.

This program is 250k and contains a javascript database created by Gary Vey, Viewzone Editor, that will operate on cross-platform browsers. It is presently 90 percent complete and will translate most of the old Negev script into familiar English phrases. To use this you must first understand how to read ligatures and other combined symbols. (See also FAQ.) This will take a few minutes to download but it is worthwhile and can be used on a laptop running a javascript browser. I (Harris) sent copies of the sketches back to McGlone and Leonard, asking that they identify any that were incorrectly sketched. They agreed to do so but never followed through. This could have meant that they changed their minds or that the orientations were all correct. If a few of the translated sketches are found to be up side down it will not change the general conclusions drawn here.

The panel selection is too small to attempt a reconstruction of the language and script usage characteristics but some tentative possibilities and tentative translations will be presented in this article.

We (Harris and Hone) would like to see Phil Leonard team up with a competent and courageous West Semitic scholar (one not afraid to challenge main stream canonized doctrine) and reconstruct the language and script usage in the Purgatory inscriptions (beginning where Harris and Hone left off).

We suggest that there is a very great possibility, indicated by both the language and the script, that these ancients who wrote the Purgatory River [or Picket Wire River] inscriptions, were descendents of the Old Semitic speakers up from Mexico that became the Hohokam. They were likely members of the colony that were sent to the Virgin River area and, sometime later, whose descendents moved East, mixing with more of their Desert Archaic cousins.

It is also quite possible that this eastward movement resulted in a loss of reading and writing skills which furthered diversity of dialects and languages. Pueblo brothers and sisters say "hello" to some of your ancestors, "Shalom."

+++

Ancient History from the Scribes of Purgatory Commentary by Gary Vey

The petroglyphs of the Purgatory River (called "Picket Wire" River by the locals) are very old and worn by wind and the extreme temperatures of the region. The symbols are formed by pecking at the canyon wall with some sharp tool and the impressions, although once deep, are now very shallow and barely visible to the naked eye. [See close-up at right] In fact, the best way to view these petroglyphs is to approach the wall when the sun is at a right angle to the wall and will cast shadows in the tiny pits and grooves that are left in the stone.

The Purgatory River canyons were home to the Plains Indians, who found the area a good hunting ground. Thus, often the faint symbols of the ancient carvers have been covered with more recent art of the Ute and other tribes. It is only when one is trained to recognize the twenty two symbols of Old Negev, and the variants of each symbol to the region, that one can successfully identify a group or panel of the script.

The chart below shows some of the variants of the ancient alphabet as it was found in the Negev desert of Israel (known to have been made around 1500 BC) and in the Purgatory River canyons of Colorado. The corresponding Hebrew symbols are also shown.

You will note that each Old Negev symbol has a corresponding Hebrew character which represents a phonetic sound. A "Yod" will have the sound of a "Y," while a "He" will have the sound of an "H," and so on. As in Hebrew, the signs are often read from right to left, but not always. In ancient times there was really no convention for writing in a particular direction; however, the Purgatory scripts appear to use the right-to-left direction in most circumstances.

Another interesting and important feature of this ancient writing system is the use of what are called ligatures. Since the symbols are often made from basic geometric shapes, they can be combined in visually interesting ways to form words. An example of a ligature is shown on the right. Notice how the ligature combines two basic symbols to spell the name of the deity, Yah. The vowel, in this case an "a" is omitted out of respect for the deity, whose name was never written on either continent out of respect for its sacred invocation. Ligatures sometimes can be designed to imitate the concept that they represent and their instant recognition helped facilitate the translation. Dr. James Harris has noted that, in the Sinai desert, certain symbols are sometimes enlarged, rotated or inverted to indicate the end of a word or phrase. He also has recognized that many archaic symbols, called ideograms, appear to add meaning to the script. Ideograms were also used by the Plains Indians as a kind of shorthand - the most widely used was the outline of a reclining figure (below) with a pipe or protrusion extending from the mouth. Ideograms such as this were used in the same manner as one would use "once upon a time, long ago..." to introduce a story or legend.

The method of translating the Purgatory River canyon symbols is fairly straight forward. Gary Vey has described many minor variants of the Colorado script from the Sinai version, but notes that these are only two letters of the alphabet. "In both cases," says Vey, "the people [in Colorado] reverted to a regional style based on the classic symbol but drawn their way." A group of Old Negev symbols is first identified and recorded. Any ligatures that appear are then broken down to their fundamental alphabetical elements and the Old Negev is then translated using old Hebrew sounds. The resulting language is then translated using an old Hebrew dialect. The following panel will illustrate this method.

+++

Ancient History from the Scribes of Purgatory

Of the hundreds of panels located at this particular site, south of La Junta, Colorado, most were grouped in long, horizontal rows. Some of these rows extended almost 60 feet. Photographing a panel of this size was not anticipated at the time of Viewzone's 1998 Expedition, led by Gary Vey; however, thanks to the Polaroid Corporation, we have been given a hi-resolution camera which has enabled permanent digital records of this site to be made. We located three medium resolution photographs that were taken in the 1998 Expedition and were able to combine these digital images to illustrate a panel that is almost 6 meters square. This panel is shown on the right.

The canyon itself is the perfect place to use flooding techniques for farming and there is ample evidence of many thriving communities along the sunny side of the canyon walls. There is evidence of canopy construction from the pairs of holes in the canyon's western face. These would have supported wooden poles which would then become the supports for a roof. [In the linked photograph you can see the holes (white arrows) - and also a "Yah" symbol, presumably placed over the roof line as a sign of respect - and a curious petroglyph of a crib? (red arrows)].

The panel (right) shows some excellent examples of the Old Negev script and is almost free from the Plains Indian carvings that often make translations so difficult to read.

This panel illustrates several "ligatures" which combine the basic alphabetical symbols. It also includes the utilization of "ideograms" such as "the pillar of truth" which denotes that the phrase is an important one whose validity and certainty are not to be doubted.

Once the collection of symbols is copied, the flow and direction of the translation must be determined. In this panel the symbols begin in the upper left and move down. Then, the symbols are read from right to left, following the horizontal pattern, then they continue from top to bottom. An understanding of old Hebrew and a familiarity with Old Negev are assets that Dr. Harris, who translated this panel, has acquired in his years of studying such petroglyphs in the Sinai, Utah and Nevada. His initial translations are often right on target. On certain panels, he attempts to translate in different directions to see if the results vary or are still linguistically patent. It not uncommon to find a series of letters that reads from both directions and each meaning compliments the other. As Vey states, "This is one way that this ancient language of 22 symbols and of words no longer than three characters could be so specific in meaning. Ligatures are another such tool, allowing the arrangement of symbols to be both 'read' in the traditional sense, and also 'recognized' by their configuration."

The panel above was successfully organized as seen below:

As the First and the Last, He will be, He will be, Yah. Fear the sound of increasing truth (pillar of truth) descending from my cover (hiding place).

Obviously, as with all of the translations, the context of the phrases cannot be known and so the exact meaning of the words is lost to time. This could have been a prayer or a song or an idiom expression.

Consider some of our common expressions like, "The grass is always greener..." or "A stitch in time saves nine..." These phrases could pose similar problems to future scholars of our language if they were to be interpreted literally. Perhaps "increasing truth descending from my cover (hiding place)" is another way of asking for blessings to be bestowed on one's home.

In any case, this translation, and the several examples that follow, demonstrate the ability to give meaning to the Colorado petroglyphs and show a cultural link between these authors and their ancestors who lived in the middle east some 3500 years ago. The following examples are translations from the Purgatory River area which are based upon sketches that were drawn from slides and photographs of Bill McGlone, who hosted Viewzone's visit to the site in 1998. Bill had an extensive collection of photographs that he took of each panel of petroglyphs at different times of the day. He always attempted to photograph the canyon walls when the sun was at just the right angle to illuminate the faint depressions and his expertise in knowing the optimal time for each particular location allowed many of the most ancient petroglyphs to be seen when they would otherwise never have been noticed. Although we do not have the photographs to accompany these translations, Viewzone did, in fact, witness a majority of the collection being presented in this feature.

More ligatures from the "mound."

Dating techniques have placed the old negev style of writing, found on the most obvious and recent layers, to be a few hundred years BC. The hundreds of years difference in the use of old negev script in Israel and in Colorado is likely due to the spread and assimilation of this Semitic culture from their more ancient colonies in Mexico. Dr. Harris is especially careful in illustrating this in his book. Several layers deep there is still more old negev, suggesting an inhabitation period of substantial length.

Ted Barker and his wife, Alma, worked closely with McGlone for years. They have been responsible for many unique discoveries, such as the Solar alignment of certain symbols and shadows cast by geographic elements. Ted's knowledge of the area and its unpredictable terrain allowed the team to explore this extremely remote area of America.

In this photograph you can see how the canyon walls have literally been ground to a flat finish by the millennia of script. The interesting "figure" in the far right of the picture is actually made up entirely of old negev characters. Some of the older and more abstract petroglyphs lie hidden beneath these more recent creations. With each harsh, hot summer and frigid winter, these petroglyphs sustain the effects of cracking and flaking. Unless they are documented soon, an important part of early American history will be lost forever.

Since this preliminary publication on Viewzone.com, we have made provisional arrangements to accompany Dr. James Harris to Cairo and the Negev region to document the widdle-east version of this alphabet system. We will then be comparing this, along with attempted translations, as we examine the Colorado site in mid-Spring. A translation program has been designed that converts symbols from negev to english meanings and is available at www.viewzone.com/negev/z.html. It has a database that is 70 percent complete and is a work in progress. Some examples of translations which utilized this program can be seen at www.viewzone.com/negev.protection.html.

The translation program is only as good as the data which is entered. The sequence of letters is not covered by any known convention, and therefore some interpretation of the pattern is needed. Most, but not all, Colorado petroglyphs are read from right-to-left. With a stacked ligature, bottom-to-top reading is usually associated with references to God, while the reverse is true for earthly matters. With experience, complex ligatures can be successfully broken down into their correct sequence and will result in accurate translations.

Distinguishing between word groups was accomplished by repeating the last letter in a word or phrase. A double letter, therefore, is a helpful indicator of the sequence with which old Negev alphabetical letters should be read. This rule is also not adhered to completely and some scripts simply end with no duplicity.