text:
Joe McGinness

Joseph Daniel McGinness (1914–2003), known as "Uncle Joe'", was an Aboriginal Australian activist and the first Aboriginal president of the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI).

Early life and family
McGinness was born in 1914 in the Northern Territory to Alngindabu (also known as Lucy), a Kungarakany woman, and Stephen McGinness, an Irish prospector and operator of a tin mine. McGinness was baptised in his father's Catholic faith. The McGinnesses had five children; Joe's brother Val McGinness would also be an activist as well as a musician and sportsman. His sister, Margaret Edwards, was active in the Council for Aboriginal Rights in Melbourne in the 1960s. Another brother, Jack McGinness, was also an activist, and the Northern Territory's and Australia's first elected Aboriginal union leader in 1955 as president of NAWU.

When their father died, McGinness, aged eight, and his siblings were taken into Kahlin Compound for "half-caste" children in Darwin.

Career
McGinness served in Borneo in World War II, and upon his return worked on the docks in Cairns, when he was active in the Waterside Workers' Federation.

His experience in the union movement led him to political activism with the Cairns Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Advancement League and later the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement, later known as the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI), of which he was president for around a decade. He visited Adelaide, in South Australia, several times, to liaise with activists such as John Moriarty.

He worked on the campaign for the 1967 referendum regarding Aboriginal affairs in Australia.

He was later manager of Aboriginal Hostels Limited for the northern region.

He was also known as "Uncle Joe".

Honours
McGinness was made a Member of the Order of Australia in the 1990 Australia Day Honours list for service to the Aboriginal community.

Personal life
McGinness married Amy, a Torres Strait Islander woman.

Publications

 * Son of Alyandabu: My Fight for Aboriginal Rights (1991) – autobiography

title: Joe McGinness


text:
Albert Ravila

Johan Albert Ravila (28 December 1897 – 28 June 1980) was a Finnish sports shooter and a military officer. He finished in seventh place in the 50 m rifle event at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Albert Ravila


text:
Trichopterolophia

Trichopterolophia is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:

 * Trichopterolophia andamanica Breuning, 1960
 * Trichopterolophia schurmanni Breuning, 1980

title: Trichopterolophia


text:
User:UBX/NISA-Cosmos2/doc

Default
User:UBX/NISA-Cosmos2 yields:

and does not add the invoking page to any category.

Category adder
Adding "nocat=no", "nocat=false" or "nocat=0" as a parameter will cause the invoking page to be added to Category:Wikipedians interested in New York Cosmos (2010) if it is in the user namespace.

User:UBX/NISA-Cosmos2 yields:

and adds the invoking page to Category:Wikipedians interested in New York Cosmos (2010) if it is in the user namespace.

title: User:UBX/NISA-Cosmos2/doc


text:
влага

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  moisture very small drops of water that are present in the air, on a surface or in a substance
 * 2)  humor one of the basic substances in the body, such as blood, phlegm and bile
 * 1)  humor one of the basic substances in the body, such as blood, phlegm and bile

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) humidity, moisture

Verb

 * 1)  to enter

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬/, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) moisture

Etymology
, from. Displaced the 🇨🇬 inherited form.

Noun

 * 1) moisture

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  moisture

title: влага


text:
User:QuarksAndElectrons

I am QuarksAndElectrons, the name referring to the fermions that make up all ordinary matter. I am currently doing a PhD in physics. Other interests include mathematics, philosophy and whatever presently preoccupies me.

I am mostly a user of Wikipedia, and will therefore attempt to fix any minor or major mistakes and annoyances that i spot when browsing. Perhaps at some point I will start to properly contribute to my areas of interest.

title: User:QuarksAndElectrons


text:
CisLunarFreighter/Implementation suggestions for extreme programming

Story 1
 * A splashscreen showing a hyster loading a pallet, a takeoff, dodging a few asteroids or meteors, and a lunar landing.

Story 2
 * Given x number of dollars to start with, purchase a ship or upgrade.

Story 3
 * Select a cargo or mission.

Story 4
 * Develop a load plan for the cargo. Poorly loaded cargo affects the handling of the ship itself.

Story 5
 * After receiving clearance from control. See STC (Space Traffic Control).  Take off using less than half your feul to achieve high orbit.

Story 6
 * Dodge asteroids, pirates, meteor showers etc. on the way to destination.

Story 7
 * Receive clearance from Space Traffic Control to Land. Land at Lunar Spaceport. Receive credit for mission or cargo delivered.

Story7A Subgame
 * Deliver high value cargo via rover over lunar surface to various homesteads as per minimap.

Story 8
 * Same as story 3 but with lunar background.

Story 9
 * Captured by pirates. Sneak into ship, fight pirates, steal their ship, eliminate them, arrest them, or blast for civilization. Perhaps ship is empty, perhaps it has treasure with large reward for return to Space Patrol. Maybe they're is a bounty for their arrest.

Story 10
 * Damaged by pirates. Wait for rendezvous with Space Patrol. Resume mission after repairs.

Story 11
 * Rendezvous/dock on large asteroid, stabilize it. Erect robominer. Hereafter when you dock the robominer will fill cargo hold with valuable minerals. Watch your feul levels!

Story 12
 * Rendezvous with large comet, stabilize it, erect a fuel facility. Hereafter when you dock the robo feuler will fill up your feul tanks. When others dock you will receive a fee for the feul.

Story 13
 * Land assault force on pirate base while under attack. Fly either fighters trying to take out pill boxes or assault shuttle trying to get to ground intact.


text:
Arbolí

Arbolí is a municipality in the comarca of the Baix Camp in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the west of the comarca in the Prades mountains. A local road links the village with the C-242 road.

The Prades Mountains are located in the vicinity of this municipality.

Note

 * 1) Arbolí became part of the Baix Camp in the comarcal revision of 1990: previously it formed part of the Priorat.

title: Arbolí


text:
uncross

Verb

 * 1)  To move something, especially one's arms or legs, from a crossed position.
 * 2)  To undo the crossing or traversal of.

title: uncross


text:
User:AlexIafrate/sandbox

This is an awesome class.

Level 3
Banana

banana

fruit

York University Website

York University is the best university.

The European Crowdfunding Network AISBL (ECN), based in Brussels, is an international non-profit organisation aiming to support and promote crowdfunding as an alternative funding mechanism for small and medium sized enterprises and innovative projects.

Citizenergy
Is a platform funded by Intelligent Energy Europe - European Commission that allows citizens to invest in renewable energy projects throughout the EU. The Lisboa based company was founded in 2014 and is operational across 8 different European counties (Belgium, Croatia, France, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom).

With the backing of many partners (Ateknea - Coordinator, Boa Energis, Lumo, Abundance, Green Crowding, Som Energia, De Windvogel, ECN, Cittadinanzattiva ONLUS, Eurada, Climate Alliance, UNDP, Eupportunity, Universidade de Santiago) the company's goal is to attract citizens to invest in citizen-owned renewable energy source projects in order to reduce emissions in the EU and contribute to the EU 20-20-20 goals.

Crowdfunding for Cultural and Creative Sectors
Crowdfunding 4 Culture is a initiative funded by the European Commission that investigates the importance of crowdfunding on the cultural and creative sectors and offers greater awareness on crowdfunding practices for cultural organizations in Europe.

In 2015 a pilot project was proposed to the European Parliament called the 'Kick-starting the cultural economy (crowdfunding) ' project. The goal of this project was to identify and analyze the best practices for crowdfunding in Europe, specifically for the cultural and creative industries. The project was later approved by the European Parliament in September of 2015. Led by the consulting group IDEA Consult and its partners European Crowdfunding Network (ECN), and Ecorys the initiative was officially launched on January 15 2016, but was publicly launched through its website Crowdfunding4Culture.eu in March of 2016.

The project was initially created to promote crowdfunding for the cultural and creative sectors, which are essential drivers of the European economy, roughly accounting for 5.3% of the European Union's GDP and employs around 7.5% of all persons employed in the European economy. . The sector has seen funding cut severely over the years making growth in these industries difficult without the help of crowdfunding.

The project will run until November 15th 2017

title: User:AlexIafrate/sandbox


text:
collective security

Noun

 * 1) The concept of maintaining peace among all nations or members of a group by making the security concerns of one member important to all members.

Related terms

 * /se

Translations

 * Finnish: kollektiivinen turvallisuus
 * Georgian: კოლექტიური უსაფრთხოება
 * Irish: slándáil chomhchoiteann
 * Korean: 집단 안전
 * Polish: bezpieczeństwo zbiorowe
 * Romanian:
 * Ukrainian: колекти́вна безпе́ка

title: collective security


text:
Wikijunior:Solar System/Moon

How big is the moon?
Most of the planets in the Solar System are much bigger than their moons, but the Earth and the Moon are much closer in size. The Moon is just under 3,500 kilometers (km) wide. That's over a quarter of the size of the Earth (about 12,600 km wide) as you can see in the picture below. Because of this, the Earth and Moon together are sometimes called a binary or double planet system.

What is the moon's surface like?
The Moon has no atmosphere. It also has no liquid water on its surface. During the day it becomes very hot, but at night it is icy cold. A person visiting the Moon needs an air supply and a special suit.

The Moon has many craters on its surface. The largest one is called the South Pole-Aitken Basin and is roughly 2500 km across.

We think nearly all the craters on moons or planets were made by huge rocks hitting them a long time ago. These collisions are called impacts.

Some of the craters on the Moon look as if they have rays coming out of them. These rays are rocks thrown across the Moon by the impacts that made the craters. Some of the craters around the poles of the Moon may have ice in them.

There are also darker areas called maria (said "MARR-ee-ah"). These are large pools of lava that cooled a long time ago. Most maria are on the side of the Moon we see from Earth. The lighter areas on the Moon are highlands.

How long is the Moon's revolution?
The Moon takes just over 27 Earth days to rotate (rotate means spin around) once.

How long is a year on the moon?
The Moon also takes just over 27 days to orbit (move around) the Earth. This is why we always see the same side of the Moon when we look from the Earth. We call this side the near side. The other side we call the far side. In 1959, a probe called Luna 3 sent back pictures of the far side. That was the first time anyone saw what it looked like.

What is the Moon made of?
The surface of the Moon is made of rocks and dust. The outer layer of the Moon is called the crust. The crust is about 70 km thick on the near side and 100 km thick on the far side. It is thinner under the maria and thicker under the highlands. There may be more maria on the near side because the crust is thinner. It was easier for lava to rise up to the surface.

We think the Moon has a small core (center) about 300 km across. The core is composed of solid iron. Because the core is solid, the Moon does not have its own magnetic field.

How much would the Moon's gravity pull on me?
If you were on the Moon, it would pull you down about a sixth as much as the Earth does, so you'd weigh a sixth as much. So would anything else. That's why it was much easier for the astronauts visiting the Moon to pick up rocks there.

Who is the moon named after?
The names Moon and month both come from the ancient Greek name for the Moon, Mene. There have been other names for the Moon, like Selene and Luna. Selene was the Greek goddess of the Moon. Luna was the Roman goddess of the Moon. The Roman people also associated their goddess Diana with the Moon.

Who discovered the Moon?
Ancient Greece and Ancient China noted over 2000 years ago that the light from the Moon is reflected from the Sun. Also, Ancient Greece noted that the Moon causes tides on Earth. More recently, Luna 1 was the first spacecraft to perform a flyby of the moon. Luna 2 was the first spacecraft to land on the moon, and Luna 3 was the first to photograph the far side of the Moon which you can not see from Earth. Luna 1 through 3 all were launched in 1959. Surveyor 3, in 1967, was the first to examine the soil of the Moon. It dug to 17.5 cm. In 1969, Apollo 11 was the very first spacecraft to land people on the moon.

Next Topic: Mars

title: Wikijunior:Solar System/Moon


text:
How To Search/Millennium-III

Millennium is an integrated library system written and maintained by the company Innovative Interfaces, Inc. It is the software that libraries buy and it is where they place their catalog records for library items. The operators and fields are similar across most Millenium installations.

title: How To Search/Millennium-III


text:
Category:Wikipedian surfers

This user category contains links to the user pages of Wikipedians who surf.
 * For Wikipedians interested in or fans of surfing, see Category:Wikipedians interested in surfing.

To add your user page to this user category, place one of the following pieces of Wikitext on your user page.

title: Category:Wikipedian surfers


text:
Edward Battersby Bailey

Sir Edward Battersby Bailey FRS FRSE MC LLD (1 July 1881 – 19 March 1965) was an English geologist.

Life
Bailey was born in Marden, Kent, the son of Dr James Battersby Bailey and Louise Florence Carr.

He was educated at Kendal grammar school and Clare College, Cambridge. He gained first-class honours in both parts one and two of the natural sciences tripos. He also won a heavyweight boxing medal while at Cambridge.

From 1915 to 1919 he served as a Lieutenant with the Royal Garrison Artillery and was twice wounded, losing his left eye and much of the use of his left arm. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1916 and the French Croix de Guerre with palms in 1919. He was also made a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.

He was Vice President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh from 1935 to 1937.

From 1929 to 1937, he held the chair in geology at the University of Glasgow, where he was succeeded by Sir Arthur Elijah Trueman (chair in geology 1937–1946).

He was director of the British Geological Survey from 1937 to 1945.

He was an atheist.

He died in Middlesex Hospital in London. He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.

Family
His first wife, Alice Meason, died in 1956. He remarried, to Mary M W Young in 1962.

Honours and awards
Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1930, in 1943 he was awarded its Royal Medal. In 1948 he received the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society. He was also a foreign member of the national academies of Belgium, India, Norway, Switzerland, and the United States.

Bailey was a knighted in the 1945 New Year Honours and received the accolade from the King on 13 February 1945.

title: Edward Battersby Bailey


text:
Template:Portal Header/Concept

 * Education
 * Engineering and Technology
 * Humanities

 * Interdisciplinary Studies
 * Learning Materials
 * Learning Projects

 * Life Sciences
 * Mathematics
 * Media

 * Social Sciences
 * Physical Sciences
 * Practical Arts and Sciences

 * Professions
 * Writing Center
 * Other portals

title: Template:Portal Header/Concept


text:
User:Ajgenius

Andrew Johnson otherwise known as ajgenius.

About me
I am a thinker of insane proportions, and interested in pretty much everything everywhere, everywhen. I am especially focused on the broad view of topics, the ways in which everything fits together, as opposed to the ways in which they differ. I am an arm-chair scientist, in the sense that I study all sciences to some degree or another, in the academic sense. One of the reasons I never studied a specific branch of science in a formal setting, is for the very reason that I am interested in how they all tie together, the places where astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology, biology, neurology, psychology, and sociology meet. And there is unfortunately, no formal schooling on science as a whole, only on more and more specialized branches ever more focused on one part, to the exclusion of the whole.

I am also interested in computer science, and of course artificial intelligence, and human computer interactions. Due to my curiosity, and incessant thinking, I am also a programmer of sorts, but mostly because of the lack of good human computer interactive systems, lack of intelligent design and integration in current generations of systems as a whole. As such, many of my thoughts and ideas revolve around Operating Systems, User Interfaces, modular flexible systems, system resources etc.

Beyond that, I am a wanna-be musician, FOSS advocate, Creative Commons advocate, and book worm.

They all tie together into the way I look at problems (including many most people don't know are problems).

Because of all this, I am constantly thinking about how things tie together, finding solutions to problems, dreaming up better ways to do things, and coming up with theories and project ideas that could help take computers to the next levels in computer human interaction, and in using them to take sciences to new levels at advanced rates.

Music and FOSS
Being a proponent of music and the arts, I have a strong opinion regarding FOSS, and why the best music studio and graphics design and video studio systems should all be FOSS and freely available etc etc.. more on this concept and why later, copyright, patents, monetary issues etc. (expand this - break into a set of subpages on these principles and/or link to existing/new wikiversity or wikipedia pages/portals/schools)

I mostly became aware of these issues after being introduced to them through Thom of UNIT-E, and quickly developed opinions of my own, as developed out of things I already knew about copyright, and economy in general. Also See my page at UNIT-E

UNIT-E is in fact, a direct response to these issues, and exists, and I am a part of it, for the purpose of helping facilitate the needs of the artists - first by encouraging the arts, especially music, but not exclusively, by creating social networking spaces; second by creating knowledge bases for accessible information on learning artistic theories, methods, and general principles; third by encouraging and promoting (or even creating as it may be) Free Software programs for the creation and advancement of artistic work; and fourth by helping distribute artistic works for artists in various ways, to increase the awareness of their works.

As part of this we have in the past developed our own knowledgebase at various times, which I hope to help recreate and encourage extending here on WV, by means of software & hardware guides, concept overviews, principles and examples of how to aproach various music tasks such as Recording, Synthesis, and Production; and in addition, introductions to knowledge on such concepts as Copyright Law & Purpose, Creative Commons, Economy, Music Disitribution, profit and non-profit business models.

Computer usage concepts

 * design
 * accessibility
 * availability
 * simplicity
 * flexibility
 * maintability
 * interactive
 * morphable
 * evolutionary

title: User:Ajgenius


text:
Tom Durkin (sportscaster)

Tom Durkin (born November 30, 1950) is a semi-retired American sportscaster and public address announcer specializing in Thoroughbred horse racing. He was the race caller for NBC Sports from 1984 through 2010 and served as announcer for the New York Racing Association from 1990 until retiring in 2014. For his career-long dedication, he was awarded the Eclipse Award of Merit in January 2015.

Life and career
Durkin was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied drama at St. Norbert College in De Pere, Wisconsin. In 1971, he was hired as a race caller at Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred races at county fairs in Wisconsin. He did this each summer through 1975 then the following year was employed by the Daily Racing Form as a call taker responsible for documenting the comments and statistics used in the official charts of the races at Cahokia Downs and Thistledown Racecourse. He went on to work as a race caller at Florida Downs in Oldsmar, Florida, Miles Park in Louisville, Kentucky, Quad City Downs in East Moline, Illinois, Balmoral Park Racetrack in Crete, Illinois, Hialeah Park Race Track in Hialeah, Florida, Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford, New Jersey and Gulfstream Park in Hallandale Beach, Florida.

At The Meadowlands, Durkin called the match race in 1989 Hambletonian Stakes harness race between Park Avenue Joe and Probe: the horses finished in a dead heat, becoming the only co-winners of the prestigious race.

NYRA
In 1990, Durkin was hired to call races at the New York Racing Association's Aqueduct Racetrack Belmont Park and Saratoga Race Course. Like his predecessor at NYRA, Marshall Cassidy, Durkin also served as TV voice on important stakes races on ESPN beyond the Triple Crown and Breeders' Cup series.

On May 10, 2014, Durkin announced that he would retire from his announcer position on August 31 near end of the 2014 Saratoga meet. He owed his "inexpressible gratitude" to the racing fans and horseplayers in a retirement speech following his final race call.

Almost a decade later, Durkin came out of retirement to call the 2023 Belmont Stakes for FOX as part of the network’s coverage for its debut of the race.

NBC
Durkin served as the Breeders Cup's chief TV voice from its inception through 2005 and was a longtime broadcaster on NBC as part of the network's sportscasting crew for horse races, providing analysis, commentary and features in addition to the descriptions of races.

Durkin earned fame in this decade from calling the U.S. Triple Crown races for NBC, which took over coverage of the events in 2001. Due to his contract with NBC, Durkin no longer called Breeders' Cup races, starting from 2006 as those races moved to ESPN. However, he continued calling the Belmont Stakes, which aired on ABC because of his position as the track announcer at Belmont Park.

On April 26, 2011, Durkin announced his decision not to renew his contract with NBC Sports, citing anxiety and stress. “It’s just the stress got to be too much,” he told Daily Racing Form.

In popular culture
In 1980, Durkin appeared as a contestant on the game show Match Game PM and won $1,000.

title: Tom Durkin (sportscaster)


text:
Calculus II/Moments

The moment of inertia is sometimes called and referred to as "angular mass." It is the "amount of resistance" to changes in rotational motion.

The moment of inertia of a point mass m at a distance r from the axis of rotation is

 * $$I \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ m r^2\,\!$$

The moment of inertia is additive, therefore, for a collection of $$N$$ point masses $$m_{i}$$ with distances $$r_{i}$$ to the rotation axis, the total moment of inertia is the sum of the point-mass moments of inertia

 * $$I \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \sum_{i=1}^{N} {m_{i} r_{i}^2}\,\!$$

The moment of inertia is commonly used to calculate torque when multiplied by the angular acceleration. This is analogous to F = ma.

 * $$Torque = Ia\,$$

title: Calculus II/Moments


text:
Adjheï Abbady

Adjheï Abbady (born June 17, 1987) is an Ivorian female professional basketball player.

title: Adjheï Abbady


text:
User:Cyberfactotum

OK. I'm new to Wiki, so I hope I don't embarrass myself (too much) here. --Cyberfactotum 17:20, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Movies I Have Appreciated

 * 12 Monkeys (1996)
 * 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
 * A Clockwork Orange (1972)
 * Alien (1979)
 * Alien Nation (1988)
 * Aliens (1986)
 * American Beauty (1999)
 * American Pimp (1999)
 * Baraka (1992)
 * Being John Malkovich (1999)
 * Big Blue (1988)
 * Blade Runner (1982)
 * Bowling For Columbine (2002)
 * Buena Vista Social Club (1999)
 * Children Of Dune (2003)
 * Crumb (1995)
 * Dark City (1998)
 * Die Hard (1988)
 * Die Hard 2 (1990)
 * Donnie Darko (2001)
 * Dr. Strangelove Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)
 * Fast, Cheap & Out of Control (1997)
 * Fight Club (1999)
 * Ghost Dog - The Way of the Samurai (1999)
 * La Femme Nikita (1991)
 * Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
 * Mountains of the Moon (1990)
 * Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)
 * One Day in September (1999)
 * Pitch Black (2000)
 * Predator (1987)
 * Predator 2 (1990)
 * Ram Dass Fierce Grace (2001)
 * Rickson Gracie: Choke (1998)
 * Rush (1991)
 * Seven Samurai (1956)
 * Spirited Away (2001)
 * Straw Dogs (1971)
 * Talking Heads - Stop Making Sense (1984)
 * The Atomic Cafe (1982)
 * The Exorcist (1973)
 * The Experiment (2001)
 * The Godfather (2001)
 * The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1967)
 * The Last Waltz (1978)
 * The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976)
 * The Matrix (2000)
 * The Professional (1994)
 * The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
 * The Wizard of Oz (1939)
 * Total Recall (1990)
 * Waco: Rules of Engagement
 * When We Were Kings (1997)
 * Zatoichi

Books I Have Appreciated

 * 1984
 * A Clockwork Orange
 * A Modest Proposal and Other Satires (Literary Classics)
 * A Plague of Angels
 * Alice in Wonderland
 * American Gods
 * American Tabloid
 * And Chaos Died
 * Animal Farm
 * Breakfast of Champions
 * Catch 22
 * Chariots of the Gods: Unsolved Mysteries of the Past
 * Children of Dune
 * Cities of the Red Night
 * City of Saints and Madmen
 * Cold Mountain: 100 Poems
 * Communion : A True Story
 * Cornelius Chronicles
 * Deathbird Stories
 * Defender
 * Dhalgren
 * Doctor Rat
 * Doomsday Book
 * Downbelow Station
 * Drifted in the Deeper Land: Talks on Relinquishing the Superficiality of Mortal Existence and Falling by Grace into the Divine Depth That Is Reality Itself
 * Dune
 * Dune Messiah
 * Dying Inside
 * Ender's Game
 * Explorer
 * Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
 * Ficciones (English Translation)
 * Flashman and the Dragon
 * Flashman and the Tiger: And Other Extracts from the Flashman Papers
 * Flashman in the Great Game: From the Flashman Papers 1856-1858
 * Flashman: From the Flashman Papers, 1839-1842
 * French Lieutenant's Woman,the
 * God Emperor of Dune
 * Gods of Riverworld (Riverworld Sage, No 5)
 * Gorky Park
 * Gravity's Rainbow
 * Green Eyes
 * Gulliver's Travels
 * Handmaid's Tale
 * Heroes Die
 * Holy Blood, Holy Grail
 * House of Leaves
 * Illearth War
 * In Green's Jungles (Book of the Short Sun, Book 2)
 * Inheritor
 * Interview with the Vampire
 * Invader
 * Invisible Man
 * Ishta: The Way of Devotional Surrender to the Divine Person
 * It
 * Jerusalem Poker
 * JOURNEY TO IXTLAN
 * JR (Penguin Twentieth-Century Classics)
 * Justine
 * King Rat
 * Laws of Form
 * Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right
 * Lolita (Vintage International)
 * Lonesome Dove
 * Lord Foul's Bane (The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever, Book 1)
 * Lord of Light
 * Lord Valentine's Castle
 * Magister Ludi: The Glass Bead Game
 * Marathon Man
 * More Than Human
 * Naked Buddhism: 39 Ways to Free Your Heart and Awaken to Now
 * Naked Lunch
 * Name of the Rose
 * Neuromancer
 * Nine Princes in Amber
 * O-Zone
 * On Blue's Waters (The Book of the Short Sun, Vol 1)
 * One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest
 * One Hundred Years of Solitude
 * Parable of the Sower
 * Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (Vintage International)
 * Picnic on Paradise
 * Pollen
 * Precursor
 * Random Acts of Senseless Violence
 * Return to the Whorl (Book of the Short Sun, Volume 3)
 * Riddley Walker
 * Ringworld
 * Robinson Crusoe
 * Run
 * Saga of the Pliocene #02: The Golden Torc
 * Saga of the Pliocene #03: The Nonborn King
 * Saga Pliocene #01 the Many-Colored Land
 * Saga Pliocene #04: Adversary
 * SEPARATE REALITY
 * Seventh Son
 * Shadow & Claw: The First Half of the Book of the New Sun: The Shadow of the Torturer/the Claw of the Conciliator (Wolfe, Gene. Book of the New Sun, V. 1-2.)
 * Shambhala: Sacred Path of the Warrior
 * Siddhartha
 * Sinai Tapestry
 * Slaughterhouse-Five
 * Slow River
 * Soldier of Arete
 * Soldier of the Mist
 * Stand on Zanzibar
 * Steppenwolf: A Novel
 * Stone City: A Novel
 * Stranger Than Science
 * Sword & Citadel: The Second Half of the Book of the New Sun: The Sword of the Lictor and the Citadel of the Autarch
 * Tales of Ordinary Madness
 * TALES OF POWER
 * Tao Te Ching
 * Teachings Don Juan : A Yaqui Way Of Knowledge
 * The Birth of the People's Republic of Antarctica: A Novel
 * The Chanur Saga
 * The Creature from Jekyll Island
 * The Dark Design (Riverworld Saga, Book 3)
 * The Demolished Man
 * The Executioner's Song
 * The Exorcist
 * The Fabulous Riverboat (Riverworld Saga, Book 2)
 * The Fellowship of the Ring (The Lord of the Rings, Part 1)
 * The Female Man
 * The Futurological Congress: From the Memoirs of Ijon Tichy
 * The Godfather
 * The Hobbit or There and Back Again
 * The Land of Laughs
 * The Long Goodbye (Vintage Crime/Black Lizard)
 * The Magic Labyrinth (Riverworld Saga, Book 4)
 * The Magus
 * The Man in the High Castle
 * The Martian Chronicles
 * The Once and Future King
 * The One Tree (The Second Chronicles of Thomas Covenant, Book 2)
 * The Power That Preserves (The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever, Book 3)
 * The Princess Bride: S Morgenstern's Classic Tale of True Love and High Adventure
 * The Red Magician
 * The Return of the King (The Lord of The Rings, Part 3)
 * The Sot-Weed Factor (The Anchor Literary Library)
 * The Stand
 * The Stars My Destination
 * The Thackery T. Lambshead Guide to Eccentric and Discredited Diseases: Guide to Eccentric and Discredited Diseases
 * The time machine
 * The Tin Drum (Vintage International)
 * The Tracker
 * The Two Towers (The Lord of the Rings, Part 2)
 * The Vision
 * The Way of the Superior Man : A Spiritual Guide to Mastering the Challenges of Women, Work, and Sexual Desire
 * The Western Lands
 * The Wounded Land (The Second Chronicles of Thomas Covenant, Book 1)
 * Time Enough for Love
 * Titan
 * To Kill a Mockingbird
 * To Your Scattered Bodies Go (Riverworld Saga, Book 1)
 * Training the Mind & Cultivating Loving-Kindness
 * V.
 * Veniss Underground
 * Vurt
 * White Gold Wielder (The Second Chronicles of Thomas Covenant, Book 3)
 * Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
 * Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West
 * Wild Seed
 * Wizard
 * Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within
 * Zod Wallop

title: User:Cyberfactotum


text:
User:<IP_ADDRESS>/Choose an Article

Article Selection
Please list articles that you're considering for your Wikipedia assignment below. Begin to critique these articles and find relevant sources.

Option 1

 * Article title
 * Green infrastructure

 * Article Evaluation
 * Overall the article is just a small look into what Green infrastructure is and the benefits it has on our society and nature

 * Sources
 * Green infrastructure

Option 2

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 3

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 4

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
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Option 5

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
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title: User:134.197.153.251/Choose an Article


text:
Teletraffic engineering/Routing/Answer 1

Answer 1

 * 1) Assembling and distributing information on the state of the network and user traffic that is used to generate and select routes.
 * 2) Generating and selecting feasible and optimal routes based on network and user traffic state information.
 * 3) Forwarding user traffic along the selected routes.


text:
Talovka, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai

Talovka (Таловка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Zhuravlikhinsky Selsoviet, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 100 as of 2013. There are 5 streets.

Geography
Talovka is located 55 km northeast of Novoaltaysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novopovalikha is the nearest rural locality.


text:
Bont F.C.

Bont F.C. (Clwb Pêl Droed Y Bont) are a Welsh football club based at Pontrhydfendigaid, a small village in Ceredigion, Wales. They currently play in the Aberystwyth League, where they are one of the league's most successful clubs.

History
The club is officially called Pontrhydfendigaid & District Football Club but are universally known as Bont. The club played its first competitive match in 1947, entering the Second Division of the Aberystwyth League. They were winners of this league at their first attempt.

Honours

 * Aberystwyth League Division One – Champions (8): 1947–48; 1964–65; 1966–67; 1969–70; 1970–71; 2009–10; 2016–17, 2023–24
 * Aberystwyth League Division One – Runners-up: 2021–22

title: Bont F.C.


text:
Shilyagi

Shilyagi (Шиляги; Kaitag and Dargwa: Шилагьи) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Shilyaginsky Selsoviet, Kaytagsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 484 as of 2010. There are 19 streets.

Nationalities
Dargins live there.

Geography
Shilyagi is located 9 km southwest of Madzhalis (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kulidzha and Khungiya are the nearest rural localities.

title: Shilyagi


text:
User:Pedromax~enwikiversity

I'm from Portugal. I'm thirty and I love film. I'm an amateur photographer (I'm working on my site) and a professional computer tech.

My passion for the visual arts derive from my lack of ability to hand draw. Fortunately there are this things called machines to help us :D. I think cinema is the natural extension from photography and that's why I'm here.

Right now I'm working on the storyboard thumbnails.

title: User:Pedromax~enwikiversity


text:
1952 SMU Mustangs football team

The 1952 SMU Mustangs football team represented Southern Methodist University (SMU) as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1952 college football season. Led by Rusty Russell in his third and final season as head coach, the Mustangs compiled an overall record of 4–5–1 with a mark of 3–2–1 in conference play, placing third in the SWC. SMU played home games at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas. Bill Forester was the team captain.

title: 1952 SMU Mustangs football team


text:
It Ain't Over

It Ain't Over may refer to:

 * It Ain't Over..., a 2008 album by The Outfield
 * It Ain't Over (Paul Carrack album), a 2003 album
 * "It Ain't Over", a song from WOW Gospel 2010
 * "It Ain't Over", a 2017 song by RuPaul from American
 * It Ain't Over (film), a 2022 documentary film about Yogi Berra

title: It Ain't Over


text:
Template talk:EuropeanHistoryTOC

Other possibility:

<< Back to Contents Preface | 1. Shift to Europe | 2. Renaissance | 3. Exploration | 4. Reformation 5. Religious War | 6. Absolutism | 7. Political Wars | 8. Enlightenment | 9. French Revolution 10. Napoleon | 11. Age of Revolutions | 12. Imperialism | 13. World War I

title: Template talk:EuropeanHistoryTOC


text:
Talk:Dominique A

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Dominique A. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060519050323/http://www.rfimusique.com:80/siteEn/biographie/biographie_6264.asp to http://www.rfimusique.com/siteen/biographie/biographie_6264.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060715103400/http://www.labels.tm.fr:80/fr/artiste.asp?artiste=DO023 to http://www.labels.tm.fr/fr/artiste.asp?artiste=DO023

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:24, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dominique A


text:
Talk:Mato Kosyk

Original translation request

 * Article : nl:Mato Kosyk
 * Corresponding English-language article : Mato Kosyk
 * Worth doing because : No corresponding English article -- relates to Oklahoma
 * Originally Requested by : — Tfine80 03:03, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Status: Completed --MJ( ☎ 17:01, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Other notes
 * Supported

title: Talk:Mato Kosyk


text:
User:Cindycchu/Choose an Article

Article Selection
Please list articles that you're considering for your Wikipedia assignment below. Begin to critique these articles and find relevant sources.

Option 1

 * Article title
 * Cooperativity

 * Article Evaluation
 * Areas of the article can be strengthened. Some sections are lacking a lot in terms of content compared to other sections. Also, it's already noted that more citations are needed and cross-verification is necessary (according to the talk page) for certain claims made in the article.

 * Sources

Option 2

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 3

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
 * Sources
 * Sources
 * Sources

Option 4

 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
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 * Article title
 * Article Evaluation
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title: User:Cindycchu/Choose an Article


text:
Euchrysops mauensis

Euchrysops mauensis, the Mau blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of open grassland.

Subspecies

 * Euchrysops mauensis mauensis (Kenya: highlands west of the Rift Valley, northern Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Kivu)
 * Euchrysops mauensis abyssiniae Storace, 1950 (Ethiopia)

title: Euchrysops mauensis


text:
Krishnadhan Das

Krishnadhan Das is a member of 12th Tripura Legislative Assembly. He belongs to Bharatiya Janata Party and represented Bamutia (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency).

Criminal Case

 * Charges were pressed against Krishnadhan for voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty under IPC section 332, punishment of criminal conspiracy under IPC section 120B, assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty under IPC section 353 and mischief causing damage to amount of fifty rupees under IPC section 427.
 * In February 2020, a non-bailable warrant was issued against BJP MLA Krishnadhan Das.

Controversy

 * In May 2022, BJP MLA from Tripura's Bamutia district, Krishnadhan Das had his dancing video become popular on social media. He was seen in the video enjoying the event and showing off his moves to the audience.

title: Krishnadhan Das


text:
Basic Electrical Generation and Distribution

This is a document for everyday use of electricity in a household. Many circuits are a mixture of electrical, mechanical, and electronic components, which interact in different ways to produce strange and useful effects. Topics include commercially generated AC as well as AC generated from inverters for alternative power use (such as off-the-grid homes, cabins or recreational vehicles.) Electricity has become an integral part of life and difficult to imagine to be without it.

Distribution and Domestic Power Supply
Alternating Current is used for electric power distribution because it can easily be transformed to a higher or lower voltage. Electrical energy losses are dependent on current flow. By using transformers, the voltage can be stepped up so that the same amount of power may be distributed over long distances at lower currents and hence lower losses due to the resistance of the conductors. The voltage can also be stepped down again so it is safe for domestic supply.

Three-phase electrical generation and transmission is common and is an efficient use of conductors as the current-rating of each conductor can be fully utilized in transporting power from generation through transmission and distribution to final use. Three-phase electricity is supplied only in industrial premises and many industrial electric motors are designed for it. Three voltage waveforms are generated that are 120 degrees out of phase with each other. At the load end of the circuit the return legs of the three phase circuits can be coupled together at a 'neutral point', where the three currents sum to zero if supplied to a balanced load. This means that all the current can be carried using only three cables, rather than the six that would otherwise be needed. Three phase power is a type of polyphase system.

In most situations only a single phase is needed to supply street lights or residential consumers. When distributing three-phase electric power, a fourth or neutral cable is run in the street distribution to provide one complete circuit to each house. Different houses in the street are placed on different phases of the supply so that the load is balanced, or spread evenly, across the three phases when consumers are connected. Thus the supply cable to each house can consist of a live and neutral conductor with possibly an earthed armoured sheath. In North America, the most common technique is to use a transformer to convert one distribution phase to a center-tapped 'split-phase' 240 V winding; the connection to the consumer is typically two 120-volt power lines out of phase with each other, and a grounded 'neutral' wire, which also acts as the physical support wire. In India there is a recent trend of providing a High Voltage line up to the residence & then stepping it down to domestic power on premises to avoid pilferage of the Energy. Although this method has certain advantages, there are obvious potential dangers associated with it.

The use of "split phase" power, two 120-volt power lines out of phase with each other, as described above, allows high-powered appliances to be run on 240 V, thus decreasing the amount of current required per phase, while allowing the rest of the residence to be wired for the safer 120 V. For example, a clothes dryer may need 3600 W of power, which translates to a circuit rating of 30 A at 120 V. If the dryer can instead be run on 240 V, the service required is only 15 A. Granted, you would then need two 15 A circuit breakers, one for each side of the circuit, and you would need to provide two 'hot' lines, one neutral, and a ground in the distribution wiring, but that is offset by the lower cost of the wires for the lower current. Houses are generally wired so that the two phases are loaded about equally; connecting the high-power appliances such as clothes dryers, kitchen ranges, and built-in space heaters across both phases helps to ensure that the loads will remain balanced across the two phases.

For safety, a third wire is often connected between the individual electrical appliances in the house and the main electric switchboard or fusebox. The third wire is known in Britain and most other English-speaking countries as the earth wire, whereas in North America it is the ground wire. At the main switchboard the earth wire is connected to the neutral wire and also connected to an earth stake or other convenient earthing point (to Americans, the grounding point) such as a water pipe. In the event of a fault, the earth wire can carry enough current to blow a fuse and isolate the faulty circuit. The earth connection also means that the surrounding building is at the same voltage as the neutral point. The most common form of electrical shock occurs when a person accidentally forms a circuit between a live conductor and ground. A residual-current circuit breaker (also called a Ground Fault Interrupter, GFI, or Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter, GFCI) is designed to detect such a problem and break the circuit before electric shock causes death. As many parts of the neutral system are connected to the earth, balancing currents, known as earth currents, may flow between the distribution transformer and the consumer and other parts of the system, which are also earthed, this acts to keep the neutral voltage at a safe level. This system of earthing the neutral points to balance the current flows for safety reasons is known as a multiple earth neutral system.

Overcurrent protection
In households circuit breakers or fuses are used to switch off the supply of electricity quickly if the current is too large, for example there is a limit of 15 amperes in a normal 115/120 volt circuit.

 * In distribution systems automatic protection is used for the same purpose. There may be two stages:

 * A very fast disconnection if the problem causing the overcurrent condition is nearby, and
 * A time-delayed backup operation if the overcurrent originates outside the local area.

Unfortunately in some cases this 'protection' can have a cascading effect, because the switching-off of one circuit can lead to an overload of adjacent circuits that may switch off later. "Blackouts" can be the result if further failures occur.

 * There is also the problem of a power source thereby becoming disconnected from its load, causing disruption to generation and altering the balance between the amount of power needed and the amount of power available in many parts of, or the entire system.

The amount of time taken to restore generation and reestablish that balance depends on the type of generation (thermal, hydroelectric. nuclear or other) available, - after a "blackout" it can take many hours to restore the system.

Single phase electric power
The generation of AC electric power is commonly three phase, in which the waveforms of three supply conductors are offset from one another by 120°. The design of the power generators has three sets of coils placed 120 degrees apart rotating in a magnetic field. This creates three separate sine waves of electricity that are displaced from each other in time by 120 degrees of rotation (1/3 of a circle). Standard frequencies of rotation are either 50 Hertz (cycles per second) in Europe or 60 Hertz in North America. The voltage across any pair of these three conductors, or between a single conductor and ground (in a grounded system) is what is known as "single phase" electric power. Single phase power is what is commonly available to residential and light-commercial consumers in most distribution power grids. In North America, the single phase that is supplied is developed across a transformer coil at the utility pole (for aerial drop) or transformer pad (for underground) distribution. This single coil is center tapped and the tap is grounded. This creates a 120/240 volt system that is delivered to the customer. The voltage from either side of the coil to the center tap (ground) is 120 volts whereas the voltage between the two conductors on either end of the coil develops the full voltage of 240 volts.

Inverters and Battery Based AC
An inverter is a circuit for converting direct current to alternating current. An inverter can have one or two switched-mode power supplies (SMPS).

Early inverters consisted of an oscillator driving a transistor as an on/off switch, that is used to interrupt the incoming direct current to create a square wave. This is then fed through a transformer to smooth the square wave into a sine wave and to produce the required output voltage.

More efficient inverters use various methods to produce an approximate sine wave at the transformer input rather than relying on the transformer to smooth it. Capacitors can be used to smooth the flow of current into and out of the transformer. It is also possible to produce a more sinusoidal wave by having split-rail direct current inputs at two voltages, (positive and negative inputs with a central ground). By connecting the transformer input terminals in a timed sequence between the positive rail and ground, the positive rail and the negative rail, the ground rail and the negative rail, then both to the ground rail, a 'stepped sinusoid' is generated at the transformer input and the current drain on the direct current supply is less variable.

Modified Sine Wave inverters convert the (usually 12 V DC) battery voltage to high frequency (20 kHz) AC, so that a smaller transformer can be used for stepping up to a higher voltage (say 160 V) AC. This output is converted to DC at the same voltage, and then inverted again to a quasi sine wave output (about 120 V RMS). A disadvantage of the modified sine wave inverters is that the output voltage depends on the battery voltage.

It is quite difficult to obtain a good sine wave from an inverter. The quoted accuracy (harmonic distortion) for most is less than 60%, and will have an effect on the appliances connected to the output of the inverter. This might mean noisy operation in some appliances and/or damaged electric motors, because they will run less efficiently and could overheat. High end inverters (> $2,000) produce waveforms which are closer to the sine wave produced by a utility.

Batteries
Most home systems use conventional lead acid batteries for storage. They are cheap, and are deep cycle batteries, i.e., they can be discharged completely and charged again many times. You cannot use automobile batteries in inverters, as they are only used to provide a large starting current, and are not meant to be discharged completely. The lead acid batteries have the disadvantage that they have to be replenished with distilled water every few months, and if it dries out, it cannot be repaired. However, they can provide the large surge currents which are required by many loads (such as induction motors) which may be connected to the system.

Switched Mode Power Supply
A switched-mode power supply, or SMPS or switching regulator, is an electronic power supply circuit that attempts to produce a smoothed, constant-voltage, output from a varying input voltage.

Switched-mode power supplies may be designed to convert from alternating current or direct current, or both. They generally output direct current, although an inverter is technically a switched-mode power supply.

Switched-mode power supplies operate by using an inverter to convert the input direct current supply to alternating current, usually at around 20 kHz. If the input is alternating current but at a lower frequency (such as 50 Hz or 60 Hz line power) then an inverter is still used to bump the frequency up.

This high frequency means that the output transformer of the inverter will operate more efficiently than if it were run at 50 Hz or 60 Hz, due to hysteresis in the transformer core, and the transformer will not need to be as large or heavy. This high-frequency output is then fed through a rectifier to produce the output direct current.

Regulation is achieved through feedback. The output voltage is compared to a reference voltage and the result used to alter the switching frequency or duty cycle of the inverter oscillator, which affects its output voltage.

Switched-mode PSUs in domestic products such as personal computers often have universal inputs, meaning that they can accept power from most mains supplies throughout the world, with frequencies from 50 Hz to 60 Hz and voltages from 100 V to 240 V.

Unlike most other appliances, switched mode power supplies tend to be constant power devices, drawing more current as the line voltage reduces. This may cause stability problems in some situations such as emergency generator systems.

Also, maximum current draw occurs at the peaks of the waveform cycle. This means that basic switched mode power supplies tend to produce more harmonics and have a worse power factor than other types of appliances. However, higher-quality switched-mode power supplies with power-factor correction (PFC) are available, which are designed to present close to a resistive load to the mains.

The term power factor with respect to switched-mode supplies is misleading as it doesn't have much to do with leading or lagging voltage, but the way in which it loads the circuit (i.e. only at certain points in the cycle).

There are several types of switched-mode power supplies, classified according to the circuit topology.

 * 1) buck regulator (single inductor; output voltage < input voltage)
 * 2) boost regulator (single inductor; output voltage > input voltage)
 * 3) buckboost regulator (single inductor; output voltage can be more or less than the input voltage)
 * 4) flyback regulator (uses output transformer; allows multiple outputs and input-to-output isolation)
 * 5) forward regulator (uses output transformer; allows multiple outputs and input-to-output isolation)
 * 6) Cuk converter (uses a capacitor for energy storage; produces negative voltage for positive input)

Single-Phase AC motors
The most common single-phase motor is the shaded-pole synchronous motor, which is most commonly used in devices requiring lower torque such as electric fans, microwave ovens and other small household appliances.

Another common single-phase AC motor is the induction motor, commonly used in major appliances such as washing machines and clothes dryers. These motors can generally provide greater starting torque by using a special startup winding in conjunction with a starting capacitor and a centrifugal switch. When starting, the capacitor and special winding are temporarily connected to the power source and provide starting torque. Once the motor reaches speed, the centrifugal switch disconnects the capacitor and startup winding.

Shaded-pole synchronous motor
Shaded-pole synchronous motors are a class of AC motor that uses single phase electric power to convert electric power to mechanical energy. They work by using a squirrel-cage rotor and a split stator that has copper shorting rings placed on it so as to shade a portion of the stator's magnetic field enough to provide starting torque.

The number of poles in an induction motor is an important factor in its interaction with non sine wave input. As a rule of thumb, motors with larger number of poles are more sensitive to harmonic distortion.

Incandescent Lamps
Early applications of lighting was using lamps which used a heated filament to provide light. The filament was made of tungsten and was placed inside a near vacuum glass enclosure. While it was cheap, it produced a lot of heat, so that it was inefficient too. Note that the incandescent bulb is a purely resistive load (power factor 1).

Inrush Current
The incandescent bulb is designed to operate at high temperatures. At normal operating temperatures, a tungsten filament has a resistance nearly 20 times its room-temperature resistance. So when a bulb is turned on, it draws a current nearly 20 times the normal current until it warms up. This current surge is called the inrush current, which lasts for 30-100 milliseconds. Again, something different from the "dumb load" point of view. Thus, 5 100 W bulbs in parallel, which would consume just 500 W in normal circumstances, will have a inrush load of more than 10000 W. More importantly, a huge current flows, and it is important that all components on the line can carry the current. For larger lamps, a small current flows to keep it at a reasonable temperature, called the "keep alive".

Evaporation
Another factor often overlooked in lamps is the resistance vs. time values. For an incandescent lamp, the power is proportional to the area. The tungsten slowly evaporates as the bulb ages, so that the power (and hence the light) produced by the lamp drops. Further, the light drops at about 5 times the rate of the power drop, so that the lamp becomes very inefficient with age.

After running for 75% of its rated life, an incandescent lamp must produce more than 93% of its initial light output in order to pass the standard test described in IEC Publication 60064.

Voltage and Efficiency
The efficiency of an incandescent lamp is measured in terms of the amount of light produced per watt of power consumed. As the temperature of the lamp decreases, the light output per watt decreases. Thus, at a lower voltage (brownout), the efficiency of the lamp is very low.

 * saying that the efficiency is "very low" is purely subjective - "very low" compared to what?

The tungsten filament normal operating temperature is selected to minimize the net cost of running lighting fixtures, balancing efficiency and lifetime. Hotter filament temperatures cost more because they wear out the filament faster and require more frequent replacements. Colder filament temperatures cost more because they require more electrical power for a given amount of visible light.

The luminous efficiency of any black-body radiator increases with temperature up to 6300 °C (6600 K or 11,500 °F). Tungsten melts at 3695 K (6192°F), where it, like any black-body radiator, would theoretically have a luminous efficiency of 52 lumens per watt.

A 50-hour-life projection bulb is designed to operate at 50 °C (90 °F) below that melting point, where it may achieve up to 22 lumens/watt.

A 1000 hour lifespan general service bulb typically operates at 2000 K to 3300 K (about 3100-5400°F), achieving 10 to 17 lumens/watt. As you increase the voltage V of an incandescent light bulb, the incandescent bulb puts out more light -- proportional to the fourth power of V -- but the life of the incandescent bulb is then decreased by the eighth power of V.

Fluorescent Lamps
The tungsten lamp has been replaced in most applications by fluorescent lamps. Fluorescent lamps have a power factor close to 0.25. Fluorescent lamps typically rate about 40 W, and they provide much more (about 5 times) light compared to an incandescent lamp of the same wattage. They also give out less heat.

Passive Control
Early fluorescent lamps used a ballast (also called a choke coil), which was essentially an inductor to control the current in the lamp. Also, the lamp was started by using a starter, which is essentially a neon thermistor which heats up and closes a circuit. With the choke coil in series with it, the lamp has a relatively small voltage drop across it so that the starter doesn't close again. As the starter is in parallel with the lamp, the same starter can be used to start several lamps. One particularly annoying aspect of the electromagnetic ballast is the 60 Hz flicker produced. While it does not bother most people, some find it extremely irritating. Also, the electromagnetic ballast increases power consumption by about 25% when on utility power.

Active (Electronic) Control
Modern lamps use electronic circuits to control the current, so that both the starter and the choke coil are redundant, and they behave much better on both inverter based and utility power. Many electronic ballasts will boost the frequency to something in the range of 20 kHz, so that there is no flicker problem.

CRT Based Appliances
The other major source of power consumption are CRTs (Cathode Ray Tubes) like computer monitors and televisions.

Computer Towers
The towers of a modern computer draw their power from a SMPS, which has been detailed below. The most popular computers today (running P4s and 3D cards) consume several hundred watts of power.

Other Electronic Loads
Other electronic items in a household draw their power from the mains using a wall wart. The steady state power consumed by each component is pretty low, and in many cases (like printers, scanners etc.), they don't work continuously.

Control Elements
Control elements are the switches, dimmers, and regulators which are connected to the circuit. They are, by their very nature non linear elements and their behavior is quite complicated, and not quite well represented by their simple schematic symbols.

Light Dimmers
Light dimmers work by cutting off parts of the input sine wave. While this works for resistive loads, even here it has side effects.

Energy Meters
Most households are on the grid, i.e. their electricity comes from a utility, which installs an energy meter on the premises. The meter is then read either manually or by phone line connection to the utility offices.

The utility wants your power factor to be as close to 1 as possible, and businesses are penalized if they cannot achieve a target set by the utility, as the transmission losses are nearly the same for both active and reactive power consumed. For home users no such rule exists, and it is interesting to see the changes in the power consumption patterns now that most of the home electricity use is not lighting, and even the lighting is by fluorescent lamps which are not resistive in nature. The utility only charges the home uses for active power, so that a low power factor is not an issue from an economic perspective, and transmission losses within the household are negligible.

Mechanical Energy Meters
Mechanical energy meters are discussed in high school physics books as applications of Lenz's law, viz., the generation of eddy currents which oppose the change that caused it. The number of revolutions of a metal disc between the poles of an electromagnet represents the amount of energy consumed. They are more accurately described as electro-mechanical meters, as they use mechanical components like a spinning disc to measure the energy consumed.

Electronic Energy Meters
Electronic meters work by measuring the current flowing through the resistors in it at any time. The unit of measurement in the meter is the number of pulses, which is the smallest unit of energy measured by the meter. The pulses are calibrated in terms of kilowatt-hours of electricity, typically 3200 pulses per unit. Apart from the numbered wheel display found in mechanical meters, the energy consumed is also noted inside chips in the meter, so tampering can be detected.

Lightning
Lightning is a very major cause for concern for a home user. Lightning consists of an immense current source which discharges itself through anything it can find. Proper lightning control and defense is very tricky, and improper methods can increase the risk to man and machine.

A simple lightning arrestor consists of a choke which is in series with the loads. A spark gap which is grounded runs parallel. When lightning strikes, the pulse is almost a square wave, and the choke acts as a large resistance. At the same time, the large voltage generated causes the air to break down across the spark gap, and it acts as a short,


text:
General insurance

An Introduction
Insurance companies satisfy much of society's demand for risk management. This is good for groups and individuals as it allows more risky ventures to be undertaken.

Examples of short term insurance companies are :
 * United States:
 * State Farm Group
 * Allstate Insurance
 * Berkshire Hathaway

 * Japan
 * Tokio Insurance
 * Yasuda
 * Mitsui

 * Germany
 * Allianz Vers
 * AXA Colonia Vers
 * HUK Coburg

 * United Kingdom
 * Royal and Sun Alliance
 * Guardian Royal Exchange
 * BUPA

 * France
 * AXA
 * Groupama
 * AGF

 * Italy
 * Generali
 * Assitalia
 * Sai

 * Canada
 * CGU Group Canada
 * ING Canada
 * Co-Operators Group

 * Malawi
 * General Alliance Insurance Limited

 * Tanzania
 * Star General Insurance (Tanzania) Limited
 * Thailand
 * The Viriyah Insurance

 * Zambia
 * General Alliance Insurance (Zambia) Ltd

Most insurers today are shareholder owned (proprietary) companies. There are still, however, many policyholder owned (mutual) insurance groups.

The Balance sheet
The financial position of an insurance group can be described using a balance sheet. Balance sheets show a listing of a business's (1) assets and (2) liabilities.

On the asset side, insurance companies hold various items, such as :
 * equity (ownership in other companies)
 * bonds (certificates entitling the company to interest and capital repayment from government or other companies)
 * property (real estate)
 * cash
 * other assets (works of art etc.)

The policyholder liabilities (reserves) of a short term insurer's balance sheet typically consists of :
 * liabilities with respect to past events / outstanding claims
 * outstanding reported claims reserves
 * reserves in respect of potential claims that have not yet been reported (IBNR)
 * reserves in respect of claims that could potentially be re-opened
 * reserves in respect of claims handling costs

 * liabilities with respect to potential future events / unexpired risks
 * reserves in respect of premium received but which is not yet earned
 * reserves in respect of risk periods that have not yet elapsed

The liabilities can be shown as an aggregate amount for outstanding claims as well as an aggregate amount for unexpired risks.

In addition to the above, some (re)insurers also hold reserves with respect to potential catastrophes and so-called claims equalization reserves.

Outstanding Claims
Outstanding claims liabilities exist as a result of delays between the occurrence of the loss event and the reporting of the event (reporting delays => IBNR reserves) as well as delays between the reporting and settling of claims (settlement delays => outstanding case reserves). Premature closing of claims result in re-opened claims, and this results in reserves for future potential re-opened claims.

Reserves are typically larger for classes of insurance where delays between loss events and settlement are the longest (eg. Product Liability).

Estimates of claims reserves are made using two approaches :
 * case reserves : estimating future payments in respect of individual (large) reported claims
 * statistical reserves : using statistical methods to estimate ultimate claims (and therefore the amount of required reserves)

Case reserves are only made for reported claims. They are not made for unreported claims. Statistical methods are used to estimate the amount of 'incurred but not reported' (IBNR) claims.

Claims reserves are only estimates. As such, care must be taken to allow for the assumptions and uncertainty associated with the reserve estimates. Uncertainty is usually greater for 'longer tailed' classes of business (e.g. Product Liability).

Unexpired Risks
Unexpired risk reserve (URR) is a prospective assessment of the amount that needs to be set aside in order to provide for claims and costs that will result out of unexpired future periods of cover. This could be greater than the corresponding amount of premiums charged (UPR).

Unearned premium reserves (UPR) are premiums which have been set aside because the corresponding period of insurance cover has not yet elapsed. E.g. Premiums received in 2007 in respect of insurance cover in 2008 will not add to the 'earned premium' of the insurer in 2007, but will be set aside in a reserve (UPR).

AURR is the amount by which the URR exceeds the UPR (if any). If AURR > 0, it suggests that premium rates were originally set too low (at loss making levels).

Shareholder capital
Shareholder capital (aka free capital / free assets / solvency margin / shareholder funds / capital used ) is the amount by which assets exceed policyholder liabilities.

Higher levels of shareholder capital typically allows :
 * a larger amount of business which the insurer can reasonably transact
 * bigger risks can be underwritten
 * more risk can be taken with asset investment (in pursuit of higher returns)
 * less reinsurance protection is required

The main influences on the investment strategy of a short term insurer are :
 * the nature, duration, level and currency of potential claims outgo
 * the relative size of shareholders' capital
 * relevant legistlation / regulation

A short term insurer's profit is the amount by which premiums exceed claims and cost outgo.

When calculating profit, one needs to use earned premium (as opposed to received), and incurred losses (as opposed to paid).

Incurred losses equal paid losses plus the change in reserves (claims reserves at yearend less claims reserves at the beginning of the year).

Underwriting profits equal earned premium less incurred claims less incurred costs.

Cash flow
A short term insurer's cash flow consists of :

Inflow :
 * premiums
 * investment income (dividends from shares / interest from bonds)
 * capital inflow (from shareholders)
 * reinsurance receipts (recoveries)

Outflow :
 * claims
 * costs
 * investment made in shares / bonds
 * distribution payments (dividends) to owners (shareholders) and creditors (bondholders) of the insurer
 * tax to the government
 * reinsurance payments (premiums)

Reinsurance
Reinsurance protects insurers against claims and losses from events which could otherwise threaten the continued existence of the insurance company.

Premium rating
Premiums are the amounts paid by policyholders to insurers for protection against unintentional and accidental losses. The starting point with premium calculation is normally the determination of expected claims outgo (aka the risk premium).

Experience rating is an approach adopted where the premium charges depends (at least in part) on the policyholder's past claims experience. It can be applied retrospectively (where premiums charged for past periods of cover are adjusted) or prospectively (where premiums are determined for future periods of cover). Experience rating can be applied with reference to either claims frequency or claims size.

The risk premium
The risk premium is the amount of premium needed to cover the expected claim amount of a policy. It is defined as :

Risk premium = expected number of claims x expected claim amount per claim

This can be expresed in terms of the insured value as follow :

Expected claims ratio = expected loss frequency per policy / average insured value per policy x expected loss size

For the purpose of analysis, data is typcally grouped into homogeneous groups.

In order to correctly price contracts, insurers require a sufficient amount of relevant, complete, and reliable data. Policy data as well as claims data is required as well as additional data to allow necessary adjustments and loadings to be made.

Internal data is often more appropriate than external data, although knowledge about market experience and competitors' premium rates is very important as well.

Proposed premium rates should allow for circumstances expected during the period of cover. Abnormal data features, changes in cover provided, and trends in claims size as well as claims frequency should be allowed for (adjustments made).

A so-called burning cost approach is often adopted whereby the actual cost of losses incurred during a previous period is expressed as an annual rate per unit of insured value (exposure). This is an example of an experience based approach to rating.

The office premium
The office premium (also known as gross premium) is the theoretically correct premium that insurance companies charge policyholders.

In practice, calculations become very complicated when allowance is made for : • reporting and settlement delays • investment income • changes in policy conditions and exposure • trends in claim size and frequency

A theoretical office premium could take the risk premium as a starting point and adjust it to include loadings for commission, office expenses, unanticipated losses, reinsurance cost. The office premium should also allow for investment income earned from the investment of premium income (discounting).

The basic office premium formula is given as :

(1-k)x OP = RP*(1+d) + c*OP + FE + v*OP + VE + CF*CE + p*OP

where

• OP = Office Premium • RP = Risk Premium • FE = Fixed Expenses • CF = Expected Claims Frequency • CE = Expected Claims Expenses • k = contingency factor for expenses arising from poor investment, over-run expenses, etc • d = contingency factor for claims variability • c = commission as a percentage of Office Premium • v = variable expenses as a percentage of Office Premium • p = explicit profit criterion as a percentage of Office Premium

The basic office premium calculation formula is to demonstrate how premium formulas are built up and is not only way that premium rating process is done. The formula may be more complicated with additional items such as investment income, reinsurance, tax, etc. The level of complexity depends on how much adjustment is made to the risk premium.

Reserving
Reserves are required to cover outstanding claims as well as unexpired risks.

Estimates of outstanding claims can be done on either : • A case by case basis • Using statistical methods at a portfolio level

There are two aspects to setting (calculating) reserves : • Estimating future claims payments • Applying judgement regarding the required level of prudence (conservatism)

Most statistical methods use a tabulation of claims payments by origin period (rows) and development period (columns). Assumptions regarding the stability of the past claims development pattern as well as whether or not the pattern will continue into the future are made.

Statistical method can be applied to various aspects of the claims experience that are sufficiently stable over time and measurable (e.g. claims count or claims size development).

In practise, statistical methods can be flawed by problems that can distort the results : • Errors in the data • Large claims • Inflation • Latent claims • Catastrophes • Changes in procedure (claims reporting, settlement) • Changes in the mix of business written (e.g. liability vs material damage cover) • Insufficient or inadequate data

These problems do not, however, mean that statistical methods are useless. In practise, adjustments are often made to compensate for such problems.

The Basic chain ladder method
The Basic chain ladder method is based on the assumption that the proportion of claims from a given origin period belonging to each development period remains constant.

The Basic chain ladder methods works as follow : • tabulate claims cumulatively ; (e.g. C[2,3] is the sum of claims from origin period 2, that developed by development period 3) • calculate the development ratio d[j-1,j] = sum { C[i,j] } / sum { C[i,j-1] } • use the derived development ratios to complete the tabulation • using the tabulation – calculate the amount of claims that will develop in future periods (for each origin year)

The Basic chain ladder method implicitly assumes that past inflation will continue into the future. The Inflation adjusted chain ladder method can be used to make explicit assumptions about future inflation levels.

There are also variants of the chain ladder method that assume a stable average cost per claim. These methods require development tables for claims count as well as tables for average claims cost.

The Bornhuetter Ferguson method
The Bornhuetter Ferguson method uses an assumption regarding the claims development pattern, as well as an assumption regarding the ultimate claims for each origin period. The estimate of ultimate claims is typically made using a loss ratio assumption. For each origin year : the loss ratio assumption is then divided into an historic and future component – relative to the reserving date (using the assumptions regarding claims development pattern stability).

title: General insurance


text:
Talk:Sabarmati River

where did gandhi ji stay while dandi march?

WP:INDIA Banner/Rajasthan workgroup Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Rajasthan workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Rajasthan or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 09:15, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Major edit proposed: Deleting improperly unsourced and spurious information
Paragraph 2 of the Basin section contains information that, prima facie, appears spurious. For example, (1) states that the basin lies in Rajasthan whereas several other sources on the page state it spans both Rajasthan and Gujarat; (2) states that Gujarat forms the basin's southern border when other sources cited on the page state it flows through Gujarat; (3) states Banas basin both east and west of Sabarmati Basin. It appears to be a good faith contribution from someone who mistook a reference to the Rajasthan portion of the Sabarmati basin as description of the entire basin. If no objections, I would like to entirely delete this paragraph.Deccantrap (talk) 04:10, 13 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sabarmati River


text:
Wale (Pukapuka)

Wale ("house") is one of three islands in the Pukapuka atoll of the Cook Islands. It forms the northern apex of Pukapuka's triangular atoll, and is the only permanently inhabited island. The island is low-lying, with a maximum elevation of 4 meters above sea level. The three villages of Yato, Loto, and Ngake are located on the island, and regulate the other two islands as food sources.

Niua School is located on Wale.

title: Wale (Pukapuka)


text:
Talk:Victor Daniels (weightlifter)

Requested move 10 January 2024

The result of the move request was: no consensus. There is no consensus to move Victor Daniels (weightlifter) to Victor Daniels. Based on guidelines such as use commonly recognisable names guideline, disambiguation guideline, and choosing between disambiguation pages and hatnotes guideline, it seems that a disambiguation page would be more appropriate than a hatnote for the name Victor Daniels, since there are at least two topics that could reasonably be called by that name. (closed by non-admin page mover) Vanderwaalforces (talk) 08:37, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

Victor Daniels (weightlifter) → Victor Daniels – The subject of this three-sentence stub has the sole Wikipedia entry bearing such exact main title header. An actor who used the stage name Chief Thundercloud was purportedly born under this name, but his origins are shrouded in uncertainty and, in any event, he was never credited or known to the public as "Victor Daniels" and used the name "Victor Vasquez" in his early years. A hatnote atop the weightlifter's entry — For the actor whose birth name was "Victor Daniels", see Chief Thundercloud — would suffice if consensus decides that a hatnote is even needed. — Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 04:32, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Biography has been notified of this discussion. Vanderwaalforces (talk) 06:36, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The British weightlifter, whose article averages about 10 clicks per month, is not the primary topic. I'd consider making Victor Daniels a disambiguation page, but that's a discussion for WP:RFD, not here. 162 etc. (talk) 17:06, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose the real name of "Chief Thundercloud" is "Victor Daniels" and Chief Thundercloud has 2,002 views compared with only 8[|Victor_Daniels_(weightlifter)] for the weightlifter meaning even if Chief Thundercloud was called Victor Daniels rarely its unlikely the weightlifter would be primary.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:29, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment. It needs to be emphasized that this nomination does not posit the weightlifter as the primary topic — it posits him as the only topic. Although his Wikipedia entry consists of a three-sentence stub, those three sentences do confirm that he "...represented Great Britain in the 1976 Summer Olympics. He represented England in the 60 kg featherweight division, at the 1978 Commonwealth Games..." Born in 1951, the 72-year-old Olympian used the name "Victor Daniels" throughout his life.
 * On the other hand, the primary topic grab, as of this writing, of the name "Victor Daniels" by Chief Thundercloud, does appear to be counterintuitive. The character actor who adopted the stage name "Chief Thundercloud" has 82 credits on IMDb, with 31 of those being unbilled. Even the actor himself, at the start of his career, did not use the name "Victor Daniels" but instead presented himself as "Victor Vasquez" or "Victor Vazquez", although he never received on-screen billing under those names.
 * Almost all of his roles were minor or bit parts, with the notable exception of two serials in which he played Lone Ranger's sidekick Tonto. As a result, it is indeed true that "Chief Thundercloud has 2,002 views compared with only 8 for the weightlifter". However, all those thousands of views are for "Chief Thundercloud" as Tonto, not for "Victor Daniels" as Tonto. Granted, that if a user prompts a search engine for "Chief Thundercloud", the search may return a mention that he was born "Victor Daniels", but that fact would be of no help or of no use to anyone researching Tonto.
 * It would seem a safe assumption that no one interested in Tonto would even think of typing "Victor Daniels" and the only users who would type "Victor Daniels" are those researching the history of weightlifting at the Olympics or at the Commonwealth Games. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 23:55, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Victor Daniels (weightlifter) is certainly not the "only" topic - it is undoubtedly ambiguous with Chief Thundercloud. 162 etc. (talk) 01:37, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victor Daniels (weightlifter)