text:
el (talk) 03:47, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * There is an entire article just for Romney's political positions. This is his biography - no politics are needed other than a narrative of what offices he's held or run for.  The section that's there now can be knocked down to 1/4 the size it is now without hurting the article.  Belchfire (talk) 03:51, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I was just responding to Wasted Time R' argument, but I agree fully with you. Go ahead and do it! Cwobeel (talk) 03:54, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * When I'm finished with my current project, I probably will. Belchfire (talk) 04:01, 25 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It sounds like people are not saying that this section is slanted, but rather that it is too long. I'll modify the template accordingly.  If you really want to shorten this section, probably the first step would be to copy it all to the sub-article so that none of the material is lost.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:09, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * These arguments don't add up to me. Whether the section in this article tries to summarize Romney's political positions by describing all of them briefly, or tries to summarize them by describing the basis for Romney's positions in general, is a matter of organizational strategy, not a matter of neutrality.  You can do either approach well and give a neutral treatment or you can do either approach poorly and give a non-neutral treatment.  So putting a neutrality tag on this section, when no lack of neutrality in the approach taken has been demonstrated, is not appropriate.  As for not discussing this material at all - the idea that this article should be solely about offices held or run for, with no description of positions taken or of general evolution of positions - that seems kind of empty to me.  It would be like an article about a musician that described all the albums she released and the chart positions she attained, without ever describing the themes of her albums.  Even if the album articles went into themes, the main article would still be lacking.  As for length, the 'agreement' between Cwobeel and Belchfire doesn't make sense to me.  You're going to reduce this section to 1/4 its current size and at the same time include a fair and neutral description of all of Romney's positions on all the issues that Cwobeel wants mentioned?  The current section is 1,363 words.  The current material in it on the abortion and other social views shift, and on Romneycare/Obamacare, both of which Cwobeel would presumably want to maintain (having already praised the latter), is 386 words.  That's 28 percent right there.  No room for anything else.  Does not compute.  Wasted Time R (talk) 10:54, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * We're mostly thinking along the same lines - in terms of organization. The key question is: How much material should we keep in the bio when there are articles available for both of Romney's presidential campaigns plus one dedicated to his political views?  What's the point of repeating 1000+ words of content?  And how credible is our encyclopedia if one or more of these articles conflicts with the others?  The obvious fix is compartmentalization.  Furthermore, we run serious risk of a POVFORK if we allow multiple articles to contain too much of the same material.  We have the groundwork in place for a logical division that is highly workable - bio, campaign histories, political platforms.  But if drive-by POV warriors are allowed to continually expand the articles beyond their scope, we'll wind up with a freaking mess.  We're well on our way to that now, if it isn't brought under control.  Belchfire (talk) 11:09, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Your general concerns are a valid criticism of WP:Summary style's requirement for summary sections and one I sometimes worry about.  I don't know if you have any computer science background, but WP's article content is an absolute disaster when looked at in terms of database normalization.  The same information and relationships between information are often represented using separate instances of text in multiple different articles, with the obvious and real possibilities of inconsistencies, anomalies, errors, and so forth. But in terms of the specific summary section in question, I think there is actually very little overlap between it and Political positions of Mitt Romney.  They are approaching the subject from two different perspectives.  To me that's one of the advantages of the current section.  As for the scope of the section, it's been pretty much the same since I first wrote it up a couple of years ago; it's not a result of out of control editing.  Wasted Time R (talk) 11:46, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * My point exactly! If there is no overlap, that is a problem.  Nothing should appear in the political section of this article if it is not covered in the more detailed article about Romney's politics.  In this environment, the only plausible way to control that is to pare this one down to bare bone, and funnel the detailed coverage into a central location.  Belchfire (talk) 02:08, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

 * My point is that we can't present this aspect from two different perspectives, otherwise this will become a WP:POVFORK. So, we need make this section a very short paragraph referring back to the full article of the Political positions or make this section better representative of that article. Cwobeel (talk) 15:22, 25 July 2012 (UTC)
 * One way to make this section better representative would be to copy this section into the sub-article. Also, merely because an article and a sub-article are edited by different editors and evolve in different directions does not necessarily mean that either one is non-neutral.  If one of them is non-neutral, it could be the sub-article instead of this article.  So, I object to the POV tag; a "very long" tag seems more than adequate.   Also, including third-party opinions about the positions is rarely useful, so they ought to be eliminated from both articles.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:58, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "including third-party opinions about the positions is rarely useful" - On the contrary ... the only way to have a neutral article is to report what different sources say about the subject. As for the POV tag, I know it is not "nice", but I think the whole idea is to prompt contributors to make an effort and correct the section. Cwobeel (talk) 02:00, 26 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I have no objection to POV tags when there's a real POV issue, regardless of whether the tag is nice or not. But here the "very long" tag is more accurate, and is sufficient to get users motivated to fix the problem.  I admit that a big swastika might get users more motivated, but it would hardly be accurate. Third-party reporting is fine, but reportage is not the same as opinion, and we could do without the latter.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:10, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I follow your thinking about the POV tag, but I question the propriety of placing it pre-emptively. I wonder if it wouldn't make more sense to put a hidden HTML comment in the text, cautioning partisan editors that they are being watched closely and that any horse do-do they insert is likely to be quickly reverted.  Belchfire (talk) 02:08, 26 July 2012 (UTC)
 * OK, following your last edit, I'm going to agree with you. I endorse the need for and the appropriateness of the section tags that are there now.  Belchfire (talk) 02:23, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Okay, I'm conceding on this. I still think my approach had merit even if a little unorthodox, but I have to admit that no one else over the last two years was equally enthusiastic about it, and now there's this discussion. I've taken a little bit from the very start of the section that deals with Romney's politics pre-1994 and moved it up to the bio section, where it works just as well. I've nuked everything else and removed the tags. So you guys now have a clean slate to work with for whatever you want to put here. Good luck, and I mean that sincerely. I can't remember the last time I deleted an entire section I had done all the writing on, so don't say I've never done anything for ya :-) Wasted Time R (talk) 04:34, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you, well done, I admire your courage to delete that long section. I just added the short lede from the sub-article as a start. Cwobeel (talk) 04:54, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

 * It needed to be done. The section was approaching article-length, and we already have an article covering the topic.  Now, the trick will be to keep it sufficiently short so as not to weigh down the rest of the biography.  Belchfire (talk) 04:58, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mitt Romney/Archive 16


text:
Template:User WikiProject Base-play

Use
To join this task force, add your username to: If you place   on your user page, this template will display the userbox above and add your user page to: This template is a member of the categories shown below.
 * WikiProject Baseball/Players
 * Category:Baseball Players task force participants.

title: Template:User WikiProject Base-play


text:
No Ceilings 3

No Ceilings 3 is a double disc mixtape by American rapper Lil Wayne, hosted by DJ Khaled. The A Side was released on November 27, 2020. It features guest appearances from Drake, Young Thug, Gudda Gudda, Euro, Cory Gunz, HoodyBaby, Vice Versa, YD, and Jay Jones. The B Side was released on December 18, with additional guest appearances from Big Sean, Rich The Kid, Lil Twist, and 2 Chainz.

Promotion
On August 28, 2020, Wayne re-released the 2009 mixtape No Ceilings for commercial release on streaming services. He also announced the second sequel to the mixtape during an interview on ESPN. On November 25, the mixtape was officially announced by DJ Khaled with the release date, previewing two songs. In an exclusive press release, Lil Wayne told Complex: "The mixtape game seemed to be a dying art and since I'm one of the pioneers of the craft, and it played such a big part in my career, I felt it was only right to resurrect it. Also, it's a lot of songs out here I wanted to kill my way." On December 1, "B.B. King Freestyle" was released commercially on streaming services.

title: No Ceilings 3


text:
Talk:Dave Draper

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title: Talk:Dave Draper


text:
User:MegFrank/sandbox

Thank You for your Peer Review -Maw222
Hi MegFrank! Thank you so much for your insightful review. I am happy to hear that you also agree with the changes and additions that I would like to make. If you have any more suggestions feel free to let me know. Happy editing!

Peer Review by Maw222
It is unclear what your assigned topic is. I am not sure if you will be creating a new article called "Resource Guarding", or if you will be adding to the article on dog behaviour. You appear to have some good references such as scientific journal articles, but I would highly recommend not using the website http://www.patriciamcconnell.com/theotherendoftheleash/resource-guarding-treatment-and-prevention as a resource since this is website with a blog. From quickly browsing the website, I did not see any references to any academic work such as books or peer reviewed journal articles. If this website does reference primary sources, I would use those original sources and not the website itself. A blog is not scientific and therefore may present the information in a bias manner. Try sticking to journal articles and books as sources, but defiantly feel free to use websites as a jumping off point for ideas on what you might want to conduct research on.

As for the content (i.e., what you plan to add) I can't really say much since there is minimal detail for me to comment on and make suggestions. Your topic seems interesting, but it's just really hard to ask specific questions. Here are some questions that I have:

Are you going to expand your introduction? It might help to include a little bit more detail into your introduction.

Why does this behaviour need to be prevented and treated? What are the consequences of guarding behaviour?

Will you mention all the things that are guarded and why?

Will you provide a little history about the topic and why it is of concern considering that it is something that requires treatment?

Are there any mechanisms that have been hypothesized to underlie such behaviour? If so, what are they?

I hope this helps. Good luck and I look forward to reading your section/article in the future! Happy editing!

Peer Review by Mdw087
From what I can tell, you have decided to add to the article on dog behavior rather than creating a new article. This is the best course of action since your topic of choice is a dog behavior and should definitely be part of said page so like information is kept together. You have some good references, peer reviewed journals are reliable, but I recommend you find different sources for the information you are gathering from the two blog sources you listed. Blogs tend to be biased and typically less reliable than a publish scientific article. If they have referenced a reliable source in their blog I suggest you look into those instead. The content you plan to add seems to be well organized and will be a good contribution to Wikipedia. The article lead seems pretty brief, but I understand you may not be using this now as you plan to contribute to an existing article, you may have wanted to mention that there are ways to prevent this behavior as well as treat it in the lead just to cover all the topics you will be discussing. I assume you will elaborate on the poor environment that leads to this behavior in shelters in your section on causes. It would be nice to see a description about the history of this behavior, its manifestation in domestic dogs may stems from their wild ancestry, or due to the way the individual dog was raised as though it were "spoiled rotten", or any other theories as to way this behavior exists. You should include the reason why this behavior requires prevention and treatment though it seems self explanatory but at least give it a mention, to prevent attacks for example. I look forward to reading your completed article and I hope my suggestions are of some help to you! Article Evaluation

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression

I thought that most of the sections in the article were relevant. One section I thought was more of a distraction was the part about etymology where they talked about where the word aggression comes from. I felt that it wasn't necessary to break it down that much as you could use another resource for that part in my opinion. There are a lot of topics covered in the article, some of which could possibly have been kept shorter and contained links to topics in greater detail depending on what the reader needed to know more about. Some of the sections were very long, like gender and physiology where others were very short like etymology. The article did not seem overly biased and the citations/references that I checked all worked. One possible addition could be adding in a social context view as most of this was history/biology based. The references used seemed to support the part of the article that the reference was used for. Based on what I saw, the information was up to date but could use some rewording. In the talk section, some users were discussing the use of aggression when maybe defence or a similar term should have been used. There is also a section on what some users removed and why theydid it. There were also sections on what was added in and a spot for questions. This article focused more on the what versus the why/ how that we study in class and was more general knowledge than specifics like we cover. -

Resource Guarding

Resource guarding is exhibited by many canines. If a canine places value on some resource (i.e. food, toys, etc.) they may attempt to guard it from other animals as well as people. The guarding can manifest in many different ways, such as growling, barking, or snapping. Some dogs will also resource guard their owners and can become aggressive if the behaviour is allowed to continue.. These behaviours are commonly seen in shelter animals, most likely due to insecurities cause by a poor environment.

Contents: 1. Causes 2. Manifestations 3. Prevention & Treatment 4. References

Potential resources: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159106002486 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1558787808000762 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159110003552 http://grishastewart.com/resource-guarding/ http://www.patriciamcconnell.com/theotherendoftheleash/resource-guarding-treatment-and-prevention

Topic suggestion:

I think the topic is worth-while but I would consider adding it to the dog behavior article. Additionally, some of the resources you have provided are good for helping find reputable references but in of itself are not the strongest.

Jpethier (talk) 16:17, 17 October 2017 (UTC)jpethier

Topic reevaluation: Based on feedback, and further attempted research on resource guarding, I think that contributing to an already existing article would be best as opposed to creating a new article. The topic of research guarding could be added to dog behaviour because it has sections on behaviour problems as well as dogs in society which both relate to resource guarding.

--

Behavior problems
There are many different types of behavioural issues that a dog can exhibit, including growling, snapping, barking, and invading human's space. A survey of 203 dog owners in Melbourne, Australia, found that the main behaviour problems reported by owners were overexcitement (63%) and jumping up on people (56%). . Some problems are related to attachment while others are neurological, as seen below.

Separation anxiety
When dogs are separated from humans, usually the owner, they often display behaviors which can be broken into the following four categories: exploratory behaviour, object play, destructive behaviour, and vocalization, and they are related to the canine's level of arousal. . These behaviours may manifest as destructiveness, fecal or urinary elimination, hypersalivation or vocalization among other things. Dogs from single-owner homes are approximately 2.5 times more likely to have separation anxiety compared to dogs from multiple-owner homes. Furthermore, sexually intact dogs are only one third as likely to have separation anxiety as neutered dogs. The sex of dogs and whether there is another pet in the home do not have an effect on separation anxiety. It has been estimated that at least 14% of dogs examined at typical veterinary practices in the United States have shown signs of separation anxiety. Dogs that have been diagnosed with profound separation anxiety can be left alone for no more than minutes before they begin to panic and exhibit the behaviors associated with separation anxiety. Separation problems have been found to be linked to the dog's dependency on it's owner, not because of disobedience. In the absence of treatment, affected dogs are often relinquished to a humane society or shelter, abandoned, or euthanized.

Resource Guarding
Resource guarding is exhibited by many canines, and is one of the most commonly reported behaviour issues to canine professionals. It is seen when a dog uses specific behaviour patterns so that they can control access to an item, and the patterns are flexible when people are around. If a canine places value on some resource (i.e. food, toys, etc.) they may attempt to guard it from other animals as well as people, which leads to behavioural problems if not treated. The guarding can show in many different ways from rapid ingestion of food to using the body to shield items. It manifests as aggressive behaviour including, but not limited to, growling, barking, or snapping. Some dogs will also resource guard their owners and can become aggressive if the behaviour is allowed to continue. Owners must learn to interpret their dog's body language in order to try to judge the dog's reaction, as visual signals are used (i.e. changes in body posture, facial expression, etc.) to communicate feeling and response. These behaviours are commonly seen in shelter animals, most likely due to insecurities cause by a poor environment. Resource guarding is a concern since it can lead to aggression, but research has found that aggression over guarding can be contained by teaching the dog to drop the item they are guarding.

Noise anxiety
Canines often fear, and exhibit stress responses to, loud noises. Noise-related anxieties in dogs may be triggered by fireworks, thunderstorms, gunshots, and even loud or sharp bird noises. Associated stimuli may also come to trigger the symptoms of the phobia or anxiety, such as a change in barometric pressure being associated with a thunderstorm, thus causing an anticipatory anxiety.

Tail chasing
Tail chasing can be classified as a stereotypy. It falls under obsessive compulsive disorder, which is a neuropsychiatric disorder that can present in dogs as canine compulsive disorder. In one clinical study on this potential behavioral problem, 18 tail-chasing terriers were given clomipramine orally at a dosage of 1 to 2 mg/kg (0.5 to 0.9 mg/lb) of body weight, every 12 hours. Three of the dogs required treatment at a slightly higher dosage range to control tail chasing, however, after 1 to 12 weeks of treatment, 9 of 12 dogs were reported to have a 75% or greater reduction in tail chasing. . Personality can also play a factor in tail chasing. Dogs who chase their tails have been found to be more shy than those who do not, and some dogs also show a lower level of response during tail chasing bouts.

Added to Behaviour Problems intro Added information to Separation Anxiety Added information to Tail Chasing Created Resource Guarding section
 * Edit notes:

title: User:MegFrank/sandbox


text:
Περσεφόνη

Etymology
Possibly composed of the elements, thus originally meaning “female thresher of corn”. Compare Rigvedic. Alternatively, from, akin to 🇨🇬.

Proper noun

 * 1) Persephone; Proserpina

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Persephone

title: Περσεφόνη


text:
temente

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) frightened suffering from fear
 * 2)  fearful having extreme awe towards a deity
 * 1)  fearful having extreme awe towards a deity

title: temente


text:
Cheng Feng-shih

Cheng Feng-shih (born 27 December 1941) is a Taiwanese politician.

Education
Cheng studied public relations at National Chengchi University, and later earned a master's degree in the subject at Tunghai University.

Career
Cheng was elected to the Taipei County Council in 1968. He was subsequently elected to the National Assembly in 1972 and 1975. During his tenure as an assemblyman, Cheng chaired the presidium of the National Assembly. Between 1981 and 1993, Cheng sat on the Taiwan Provincial Council. Cheng was elected to his first term on the Legislative Yuan in 1995 with 3.28% of the vote, representing the multimember Taipei County district. He was subsequently placed on the Kuomintang party list and reelected twice via proportional representation. Until August 2000, Cheng was chairman of Taiwan Television, when he was succeeded by Lai Kuo-chou.

As a legislator, Cheng was also a member of the board of Kuang Wu Institute of Technology. While a member of the Legislative Yuan, Cheng led the Kuomintang legislative caucus, within the Kuomintang's Central Standing Committee,  and was deputy director of the party's policy committee. He retained the policy committee position for some time after stepping down as a legislator.

During his third term on the Legislative Yuan, Cheng commented on Lee Teng-hui's affiliation with the Communist Party of China, operations of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission, and the exchange of political donations and favors, among them the December 2002 election of Chu An-hsiung as speaker of the Kaohsiung City Council, which was linked with black gold politics.

title: Cheng Feng-shih


text:
Peter-Paul Verbeek

Peter-Paul Verbeek (born 6 December 1970, in Middelburg) is Rector Magnificus of the University of Amsterdam and Professor of Philosophy and Ethics of Science and Technology in a Changing World since 1 October 2022.

Prior to his appointment in Amsterdam, Verbeek, a Dutch philosopher of technology, has been chair of the philosophy department at the University of Twente. He was a member of the Dutch council for the Humanities and chair of the Society for Philosophy and Technology. Since 2018, he has also been University Professor of Philosophy of Humans and Technology and scientific codirector of the DesignLab at the University of Twente. He is an honorary professor at Aalborg University in Denmark. Furthermore, Verbeek was, among other things, vice-chair of the Board of the Rathenau Institute and chair of the Committee for the Freedom of Scientific Pursuit at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Background
Verbeek studied Philosophy of Science, Technology & Society at the University of Twente and obtained his PhD in 2000. His dissertation was published in English under the title "What things do: philosophical reflections on technology, agency and design". He worked closely together with Hans Achterhuis and Don Ihde in formulating an original, post-phenomenological approach in the tradition of Philosophy of Technology. As chair of the philosophy department at the University of Twente, he has been chairman of the Young Academy, the platform for young researchers of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He worked on a research project for which he obtained an NWO Vici grant aimed at the expansion of his theory of technological mediation in the areas of metaphysics, epistemology and ethics.

In 2018 Verbeek was elected member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Theory of Technological Mediation
Verbeek's theory of technological mediation builds on the postphenomenological approach that was firstly stipulated by Don Ihde. This approach finds its origins in a synthesis between classical phenomenology and American pragmatism, with as one of its major premises the thesis that "technology only bears meaning in a use context". From a critique of classical philosophy of technology, in which Verbeek explicitly elaborates on the existentialist philosophy of Karl Jaspers and the hermeneutic philosophy of technology of Martin Heidegger.

Verbeek presents as the purpose of his theory of technological mediation to systematically analyzing the influence of technology on human behavior in terms of the role technology plays in human-world relations. In his original theory, a number of different human-technology-world relations are stipulated (the first four based on the philosophy of Don Ihde):
 * Embodiment relations: in which the technology does not call attention to itself but to aspects of the world given through it (e.g. glasses)
 * Hermeneutic relations: in which the technology represents a certain aspect of the world (e.g. a thermometer)
 * Background relations: in which technology shapes the experiential context, going beyond conscious experience (e.g. room temperature through a central heating system)
 * Alterity relations: in which technology presents itself as quasi other to the subject (e.g. an ATM)
 * Cyborg relations: in which technology merges with the human (e.g., brain implants)
 * Immersion relations: in which technology forms an interactive context (e.g., smart homes)
 * Augmentation relations: in which technology mediates and alters our experience of the world, e.g., Google Glass.

A unique feature of Verbeek's philosophy of technology is its basis in an empirical analysis of technologies. Instead of generating an overarching framework by which the universal features of specific technologies can be analyzed, Verbeek takes the technology itself as point of departure; which is for example illustrated by his analysis of ultrasound technology

Selected works

 * Verbeek, P.P. (2011), Moralizing Technology: Understanding and Designing the Morality of Things. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
 * Verbeek, P.P. (2005), What Things Do – Philosophical Reflections on Technology, Agency, and Design. Penn State: Penn State University Press, ISBN 0-271-02539-5 (264 pp.)
 * Kroes, P. and P.P. Verbeek (eds.) (2014), The Moral Status of Technical Artefacts. Dordrecht: Springer, ISBN 978-94-007-7913-6 (248 pp.)
 * Verbeek, P.P. and A. Slob (eds.) (2006), User Behavior and Technology Development – Shaping Sustainable Relations between Consumers and Technologies. Dordrecht: Springer, ISBN 1-4020-4433-X / 978-1-4020-4433-5 (412 pp.)

title: Peter-Paul Verbeek


text:
Talk:Constituting America

Advertising?
The article meets some of the criteria given in Identifying blatant advertising. Most of the edits and nearly all of the content was written by User:JacobVanDerwerken who is involved in the organization. A quarter of the references are to web pages or instagram accounts controlled by Constituting America. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:54, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Is the Organization Non-partisan?
The top of the article says Constituting America is a non-partisan group. But at least one of the references implies the organization is headed by conservatives. Perhaps "non-partisan" label should be removed. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:54, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Constituting America


text:
Australia at the 2019 World Athletics Championships

Australia will compete at the 2019 World Championships in Athletics in Doha, Qatar, from 27 September to 6 October 2019. Australia will be represented by 59 athletes.

Men

 * Track and road events

 * Field events

 * Combined events – Decathlon

Women

 * Track and road events

 * Field events


text:
Wikipedia:Meetup/San Francisco/International Women's Day 2015

International Women's Day is celebrated on March 8th in many countries, and there are edit-a-thons planned around the world on this day. Wikipedians in the San Francisco Bay Area are invited to an edit-a-thon at the Wikimedia Foundation on Sunday, March 8th. Come join the fun and be a part of something amazing, whether you're a new or experienced editor, and feel free to bring a friend! If you don't know anything about how to edit Wikipedia, other editors will teach you, and we will all learn more together. Remote participants are also welcome.

Please also consider attending the San Francisco ArtandFeminism edit-a-thon on Saturday, March 7th, which is part of the global Art+Feminism editing weekend.

Event details
As a part of WikiWomen's History Month, this event is one of many around the world that aims to engage more women to edit Wikipedia, and to improve coverage about women on Wikipedia.

 * Date: Sunday, March 8, 2015
 * Time: 1:00PM - 5:00PM
 * Venue: Wikimedia Foundation, 149 New Montgomery Street Floor 6, San Francisco
 * Cost: Free, of course!
 * Snacks: Light snacks will be provided.
 * Participants: This event is open to anyone interested in improving coverage related to women on Wikipedia. No wiki editing experience is necessary, and support will be on hand to help you out! Female editors are specifically encouraged to attend. Can't be there the whole time? No problem, join us as long or as little as you can.
 * Facilitators: User:Rosiestep, User:Snapdragon66 and User:Rachel.dicerbo
 * Details: Participants should bring their own laptop and power cords. Light food and drinks will be provided.
 * Twitter: #IWD #ArtAndFeminism
 * Facebook:

Register

 * 1) Rosiestep (talk) 16:57, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * 2) rachel (talk) 22:04, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * 3) Snapdragon66 (talk) 05:25, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * 4) (Melissacliver (talk) 00:58, 17 February 2015 (UTC))
 * 5) Yana
 * 6) Stephen (talk) 18:12, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * 7) AGomez (WMF) (talk) 18:31, 17 February 2015 (UTC) (maybe)
 * 8)   ɱ    (talk  ·  vbm)  23:17, 17 February 2015 (UTC) (also maybe)
 * 9) Mehtab
 * 10) Dreamyshade (talk) 05:08, 20 February 2015 (UTC)
 * 11) Ford MF (talk) 18:19, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * 12) User:Slventura (talk)
 * 13) Jenny MC
 * $$|$$ ozhu  (talk·contribs) 00:03, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * 1) Bloggervsmoothe (talk) 23:07, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * 2) Fanyijia (talk) 21:14, 1 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 3) ChesPal (talk) 21:50, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 4) Cullen328  Let's discuss it  06:12, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 5) Kaitymh (talk) 21:41, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 6) Nar1say (talk) 20:45, 8 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 7) Packedmytowel42 (talk) 22:52, 4 March 2015 (UTC)packedmytowel42
 * 8) Victoria Shchepakina
 * 9) Maria O'Neill
 * 10) phoebe / (talk to me) 19:46, 6 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 11) Jooojay (talk) 03:29, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 12) Jared Zimmerman (talk) 08:08, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 13) Susan Tan
 * 14) Hgrosser (talk) 04:34, 8 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 15)  Hypatiasrags (talk) 17:27, 8 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 16) Reettamarjaana (talk) 17:38, 8 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 17) Camera_itch13 (talk)
 * 18) Quirkify (talk)
 * 19) Kat Walsh (spill your mind?) 20:21, 8 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 20) Corcino (talk) 20:44, 8 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 21) James F. (talk)
 * 22) Vbrown608

Online participants
If you cannot make it to San Francisco in person, but would still like to participate, you are more than welcome to do so remotely. Sign up below, and please add any outcomes below. We will have Google Hangout set up so you can "drop by" and say hi.

Suggestions
Here are a few suggested articles to create or improve during this edit-a-thon, but you are welcome to work on anything you like. Please note: this is a crowdsourced list; you can help us by adding to it. Women-focused subjects please, from around the world.

Articles to create

 * Feminism in Bangladesh
 * Feminism in Brazil
 * Feminism in Indonesia
 * Feminism in Pakistan
 * Feminism in the Balkans
 * Women's rights in Egypt
 * Women's Joint Congressional Committee: U.S. congressional political organization
 * Fikirte Addis (born 1981), Ethiopian designer
 * Concepción Aleixandre (es) (1862-1952), first practicing Spanish woman doctor
 * Isabelle Bogelot (fr), French feminist and philanthropist
 * Jaqueline Jesus (es) (pt) (born 1978), Brazilian activist, psychologist, writer
 * Ernestina Naadu Mills, Ghanian education specialist, former First Lady of Ghana
 * Lely Morel (es), Argentine singer, actress, vedette
 * Sérgia Ribeiro da Silva (es) (pt) (1915-1994), Brazilian activist, guerrilla fighter
 * Patrícia Saboya (es) (pt) (born 1962), Brazilian politician, pedagogue, writer
 * Mari Montegriffo: Gibraltarian Mayor & government minister
 * Mildred Loomis decentralist writer, activist (see Ralph Borsodi)
 * Theodora W. Youmans: Wisconsin suffragette
 * Piedad Isla (es), Spanish photographer
 * Anna Karlin (art director), art director
 * Holly Hunt, interior designer
 * Nina Chanel Abney, contemporary artist
 * Claire Rosen, fashion and fine art photographer, video artist
 * Aurel Schmidt, contemporary artist
 * Molly Yestadt, milliner

Ginetta Sagan Award winners

 * Yolanda Becerra Vega, Colombia
 * Nebahat Akkoc, Turkey
 * Jeannine Mukanirwa, Democratic Republic of Congo
 * Helen Akongo, Uganda and Giulia Tamayo León, Peru
 * Beatrice Mukansinga, Rwanda

Biographies on women associated with food and wine

 * Susana Balbo (Argentina)
 * Vanya Cullen (Australia)
 * Cecilia Torres (Chile)
 * Cecilia Torres (Chile)
 * Isabelle Baratin-Canet (France)
 * Pascale Peyronie (France)
 * Lulu Peyraud (France)
 * Sandrine Garbay (France)
 * Anne-Claude Leflaive (France)
 * Cristina Mantilla (Spain)
 * Joy Andersen (Washington)
 * Patricia Green (wine) (Oregon)
 * Susan Sokol Blosser (Oregon)
 * Lynn Penner Ash (Oregon)
 * Alexia Luca de Tena (Spain)
 * Natalie Slater Creator of BakeandDestroy.com.
 * Dr. Linda Bisson
 * Celia Welch
 * Anna Monticelli
 * Ashley Heisey
 * Anne Vawter
 * Martha McCellan Levy
 * Mary Anne Tsai
 * Pam Starr
 * Milla Handley
 * Karen Cakebread
 * Joy Sterling
 * Gina Gallo
 * Alison Crowe
 * Kris Curran
 * Ashley Hepworth
 * Sally Johnson (wine)
 * Laurie Hook
 * Julianne Laks
 * Darice Spinelli
 * Genevieve Janssens

Biographies from Helen Rappaport (2001), Encyclopedia of women social reformers

 * Volume 1

 * Afghan Women Social Reformers / Women Social Reformers in Afhganistan
 * Alma Dolens
 * Tuba Azmudeh
 * Matilde Bajer
 * Hidiya Hanim Barakat
 * Domitila Barrios de Chungara / Domitla Barrios de Chungara
 * Mariam Behruzi
 * Amalia Gonzalez Caballero de Castillo Ledón / Amalia Caballero de Castillo Ledón
 * Cai Chang
 * Amy Wilson Carmichael
 * Fenia Chertkoff de Repetto
 * Maria Collado
 * Johanna Cornelius
 * Kathleen D'Olier Courtney
 * Sadiqa Daulatabadi
 * Agnes de Silva
 * Deng Yuzhi
 * Concepción Felix
 * Anna Filosova
 * Maria del Refugio García
 * Vilma Glücklich
 * Rosalia Gwis-Adami
 * Hani Motoko
 * He Xiangning
 * Mary Morton Kehew
 * Annie Kelley

 * Volume 2

 * Mehrangiz Manuchehrian
 * Rosa Manus
 * Catherine Marshall
 * Mary McDowell
 * Zinaida Mirovich
 * Fadela M'rabet
 * Priscilla Peckover
 * Františka Plamínková
 * Mariya Pokrovskaya
 * Elvita Rawson de Dellepiane
 * Rukhmabai
 * Mary Rutnam
 * Mariblanca Sábas Alomá
 * Adele Schreiber
 * Poliksena Shishkina-Yavein
 * Sister Subbalakshmi
 * Nani Soewondo-Soerasno
 * Susie Sorabji
 * Nadezhda Stasova
 * Lady Anna Stout
 * Lady Mehrbai Dorab Tata / Mehrbai Dorab Tata / Lady Mehrbai Tata / Mehrbai Tata / Meherbai Tata
 * Isabella Tod
 * Elena Torres
 * Mariya Trubnikova
 * Louisa Weiss
 * Ziang Jingyu
 * Mai Ziyadah

List of Articles Worked On
This is where we will put our article successes during and after the event!

Articles created

 * Isabelle Bogelot
 * Lely Morel
 * Sérgia Ribeiro da Silva
 * Women's Joint Congressional Committee
 * Jaqueline Jesus
 * Adele Stimmel Chase
 * Molly Yestadt
 * Fikirte Addis
 * Women and Girls Lead Global

Articles improved

 * Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, added sources
 * Tonita Peña, expanded, and added references
 * Taraneh Hemami, expanded, added references
 * Jane Fauntz, expanded, added references
 * Elizabeth Cotten, wikify
 * Imogen Cunningham, copy edit, wikify, added references, added books in further reading section
 * Karen Boccalero, expanded, added references
 * Sippie Wallace, added image
 * Dinah Washington,added image
 * Marguerite Zorach,added image
 * Nampeyo, added further reading section with a list of books
 * Helen Traubel added image
 * Bessie Smith added image
 * Janet Scudder added image
 * Augusta Savage added image
 * I. Rice Pereira added image
 * Camille Nickerson added further reading section with a list of books
 * Neysa McMein added image
 * Ethel Leginska added image
 * Adelaide Johnson added image
 * California Faience, expanded
 * Linda Vallejo, expanded, references

Drafts started

 * Draft:San Ildefonso Group
 * Draft:Abel Sánchez
 * Draft:Martina Vigil Montoya

Links

 * WikiProject Feminism, a project which addresses articles related to feminism and maintains the Feminism Portal
 * WikiProject Women artists, a project dedicated to coverage of biographies of women artists and their works
 * WikiProject Women scientists, a project dedicated to coverage of biographies of women scientists
 * WikiProject Women writers, a project dedicated to coverage of biographies of women writers and their works
 * WikiProject Women's History, a project dedicated to improving coverage of women's history
 * Meetup/San Francisco - information about the SF Bay Area Wikipedia community and other upcoming area events
 * Meetup/San Francisco/Invite - add your name to this list to receive notifications about upcoming events in the SF Bay Area

 * Lists of missing articles
 * Missing women of the Dictionary of National Biography
 * List of missing feminists
 * List of missing women writers and their works
 * WikiProject Feminism: open tasks

 * Categories with stub articles


text:
James J. Griffin

James J. Griffin (born 1949) is an American author of traditional western and Texas Ranger novels. Some of his series include the Jim Blawcyzk Texas Ranger stories, Cody Havlicek novels, the A Ranger Named Rowdy series. and the Lone Star Ranger series of Young Adult western novels. He is also a contributor to the Western Fictioneers' collaborative series, Wolf Creek. He is an enthusiast and former collector of Texas Rangers historical artefacts, and has contributed much material to the Waco Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum.

Griffin was educated at Notre Dame High School in West Haven, Connecticut, from where he progressed to the nearby Southern Connecticut State University.

title: James J. Griffin


text:
1949 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles

John Bromwich and Frank Sedgman were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals to Budge Patty and Eric Sturgess.

Pancho Gonzales and Frank Parker defeated Gardnar Mulloy and Ted Schroeder in the final, 6–4, 6–4, 6–2 to win the gentlemen's doubles tennis title at the 1949 Wimbledon Championship.

Seeds
🇺🇸 Gardnar Mulloy / 🇺🇸 Ted Schroeder (final) 🇦🇺 John Bromwich / 🇦🇺 Frank Sedgman (quarterfinals) 🇺🇸 Pancho Gonzales / 🇺🇸 Frank Parker (champions) Jaroslav Drobný / 🇺🇸 Bob Falkenburg (quarterfinals)


text:
Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974

Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974 or National Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards Act is a United States federal law establishing design and development safety standards for manufactured housing or prefabricated homes. The codified law authorized stipulations whereas any proposed safety standard shall be equitable for a particular type of mobile home with consideration of additional cost liabilities for the future homeownership. The Act of Congress endorsed violative civil penalties and judicial review of Federal mobile home construction and safety standards developed by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. The Act mandated the establishment of the National Mobile Home Advisory Council and National Mobile Home Administration.

The S. 2538 legislation appended the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 on February 27, 1974. The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 was a significant congressional amendment to the Housing Act of 1937. The United States housing authorization bill was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted into law by the 38th President of the United States Gerald Ford on August 22, 1974.

Amendments to 1974 Act
Congressional amendments to the Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards Act.


text:
deminutiivinen

Adjective

 * 1)  diminutive

Usage notes
This form is preferred in scientific context. In common language the parallel form is often used.

title: deminutiivinen


text:
Talk:Acer rubrum

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): EllenCat.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:19, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

GA
Hi - I feel this article is well-written and passes all GA criteria. congrats.

It is a nice platform for FAC at some stage but would require some more information (if known/researched/available) on:

 * ecology -any birds or insects make use of it?

 * Uses - expand information on use in lumber and maple syrup in terms of quantity/tunrover etc.

 * A Taxonomy section, who named it when and how?

 * The prose is good but there are a some sentences which could be rewritten (eg "species of tree" instead of "tree species" in first sentence and make 2nd sentence sound less repetitive)

 * Hopefully there'd be some more diverse references to assist in embellishing these.

Good luck. cheers, Cas Liber | talk  |  contribs 04:32, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

PS: I forgot to add the cultivar section would need a review before FAC - which are common, which are new, which are popular and why, and maybe a complete list on another page if this one sails over 35kb with a non-listy summary here. I am sure many plant articles will have this problem - I've been developing Banksia spinulosa :) cheers, Cas Liber | talk  |  contribs 20:57, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

What is lacking is a discussion of the fire ecology of red maple. I added that it was fire intolerant and took out the apparent irony of the absence of the tree from the prairie peninsula. While the "widespread" nature of the tree is covered well, the invasive aspect (into ecosystems where it was not in presettlement times to to fire suppression) isn't mentioned at all. A good article on this is at http://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/27/science/eastern-forests-change-color-as-red-maples-proliferate.html but I don't yet know how to add references to my edits MApandr (talk) 16:25, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I added material to the lead section regarding the red maple as being possibly considered to be invasive, using the USDA as well as the article you gave. I was concerned that someone reading just the basics would get an overly favorable impression, without any of the controversy. It may also be useful to add something about its shallow roots. This can be found at http://parks.cityofboise.org/community-forestry/street-trees/species-prohibited-on-public-rights-of-way/ though a better source should be found. Lena Key (talk) 15:04, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

GA Sweeps (Pass)
This article has been reviewed as part of WikiProject Good articles/Project quality task force. I believe the article currently meets the criteria and should remain listed as a Good article. The article history has been updated to reflect this review. Regards, Corvus coronoides  talk 23:20, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Adding something
Hi I think that this article is very well written and informative. I definitely appreciate the organization of the topics and the time spent creating this piece. However, I would like to add something to the distribution section. There is some evidence that phosphorous availability can affect the spread of Acer rubrum, and I would like to comment on that further. Also, I am interested in the ability of mycorrhizal fungi to increase the growth and spread of A. rubrum and would like to add some information about that as well. EllenCat (talk) 15:35, 19 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Acer rubrum. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070602040052/http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=1 to http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=1

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:49, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Possible image replacement
(pinging as primary contributor) - what do you think of File:Acer rubrum (red maple) female<PHONE_NUMBER>1).jpg as a replacement for the photo of female flowers in the article? Seems like the close-up would be better for that purpose, but since it's a GA I don't want to make an assumption. There's also File:Acer rubrum (red maple) Male<PHONE_NUMBER>1).jpg as a potential replacement for the male flowers (again a close-up on clean background). — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 20:44, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acer rubrum


text:
Bob Nonini

Robert Paul Nonini (born August 7, 1954 in Wallace, Idaho) is an American politician who was a Republican member of the Idaho Senate serving District 3 from 2012 to 2018. He previously served in the Idaho State Representative from 2004 to 2012 representing District 5 in the A seat.

Education
Nonini graduated from Wallace High School and attended North Idaho College.

2018 Lieutenant Governor's race
Nonini announced October 9, 2017 on social media that he will run for Lt. Governor of Idaho in 2018. He filed with the Secretary of State's office October 10, 2017.

On March 3, 2018, Nonini reportedly nodded when asked at a candidates forum if the punishment for getting an abortion should include the death penalty. However, he has denied ever having nodded in agreement. "Prosecutions have always been focused on the abortionist," he said later, but such a law and "...the threat of prosecution, would dramatically reduce abortion. That is my goal."

Nonni drew 15% of the primary election vote, placing fourth among Republicans seeking the office.

title: Bob Nonini


text:
Brookview, New Jersey

Brookview is an unincorporated community located within East Brunswick Township in Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The settlement is located along Church Lane at the former Newark–Trenton Fast Line right-of-way, now a PSE&G transmission line corridor. The Brookview Volunteer Fire Company, established in 1952, takes its name from the settlement.

title: Brookview, New Jersey


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Labelled bottles

The result of the debate was delete. Shanel 02:05, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Labelled bottles

 * Delete - Blatant advertisement. dewet|™ 07:13, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --Icarus 07:51, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, blatant spamvertising. -- Kinu t /c  08:03, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom ~Linuxerist L / T 08:23, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, hopeless advertising. J I P  | Talk 09:22, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete ad. Lankiveil 11:36, 20 March 2006 (UTC).
 * Delete as spam/ad. Jud e (talk,contribs,email) 12:35, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete advert. ¡Dustimagic!  ( T / C ) 13:51, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:23, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom Triage 14:30, 21 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
autónomo

Adjective

 * 1) autonomous
 * 2) self-employed, freelance

Noun

 * 1) freelancer

Etymology
, from, from +.

Adjective

 * 1) autonomous acting on one’s own
 * 2) autonomous self-governing

Etymology
, from +.

Adjective

 * 1) autonomous
 * 2) self-employed, freelance
 * 1) self-employed, freelance

Noun

 * 1) freelancer

title: autónomo


text:
Talk:David Nash (artist)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Nash (artist). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080917213153/http://www.hainesgallery.com/artists/Nash_David/Nash_bio.html to http://www.hainesgallery.com/artists/Nash_David/Nash_bio.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:44, 23 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Nash (artist)


text:
Caroline M. Sawyer

Caroline M. Sawyer (, Fisher; pen name, Mrs. C. M. Sawyer; December 10, 1812 – May 19, 1894) was a 19th-century American poet, writer, and editor. Her writings ranged through a wide variety of themes. Born in 1812, in Massachusetts, she began composing verse at an early age, but published little till after her marriage. Thereafter, she wrote much for various reviews and other miscellanies, besides several volumes of tales, sketches, and essays. She also made numerous translations from German literature, in prose and verse, in which she evinced an appreciation of the original. Sawyer's poems were numerous, sufficient for several volumes, though they were not published as a collection.

Early life and education
Caroline Mehitable Fisher was born in Newton, Massachusetts, December 10, 1812. She was related to the Gores, Danas, Gridleys, Foxcrofts and Kendricks, and was a descendant of Thomas Cranmer. Sawyer's maternal grandfather (with whom she lived with a widowed mother and a highly educated but invalid uncle) was John Kendrick, who commanded a company at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, and was a conscientious abolitionist.

At a Baptist Sunday school, where the Bible and Isaac Watts' hymns were committed to memory, Sawyer recited the first eight chapters of the Gospel of Mark when she was just eight years old. Before the age of ten, she had read Shakespeare, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Plutarch's Parallel Lives, as well as Hume's and Smollett's History of England.

At school, after eating lunch, she would improvise stories of knights and ladies, fairies and hobgoblins, for her fellow students. This continued until the invalid uncle, whose life had been passed in pursuits of science and literature, removed her from the country school to his own supervision. She was then carefully and thoroughly educated at home. Soon after this, he prepared an herbarium of the hundreds of wild plants of New England growing within 10 miles of Boston, for the Royal Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Scotland; in all these collections and preparations, the uncle instructed Sawyer in the science of nature. Sawyer was also educated in French and German, as well as history and mythology.

Career
Sawyer started writing when very young. The "Burlington Sentinel" published her first poem. Young as she was, she was a welcome contributor to the "Sentinel," and afterward to the "Boston Evening Gazette" and " Democratic Review."

In September 1831, she married Rev. Thomas J. Sawyer, D.D., the pastor of Orchard Street Church, in New York City. At the end of about 15 years, Rev. Sawyer was chosen president of Clinton Liberal Institute, Universalist seminary at Clinton, Oneida County, New York, and they moved to that town when he assumed the office.

Sawyer was one of the most prolific writers of Christian universalism denominational literature. During Sawyer's 25 years in New York, she was constantly recording writing. She was a contributor to "Graham's Magazine," the "Knickerbocker Magazine", and the "Democratic Review". For several years, she was a constant contributor to the "Odd Fellows' Magazine," published in Baltimore, Maryland; and for Horace Greeley's "New Yorker". Park Benjamin Sr., opened the door into the "New World" for Sawyer. Her stories, essays and poems were excellent. Her translations from the French and German were graceful.

Sawyer became editor of the "Rose of Sharon" in 1849; she was a constant contributor from its first appearance, in 1840, during Sarah Carter Edgarton Mayo's editorship. In 1860, she became editor of The Ladies' Repository. For several years, she was editor of the youth's department in the Christian Messenger, as well as the Universalist Union (1835–47).

Personal life
In 1881, Thomas J. Sawyer, D.D., was Packard Professor of Theology in Tufts College, and Dean of the Department of Divinity.

She died May 19, 1894, in Somerville, Massachusetts, and was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

title: Caroline M. Sawyer


text:
Declan Hulme

Declan Hulme (born 14 January 1993) is an English rugby league footballer who plays as a or on the  for the North Wales Crusaders in Betfred League 1.

Background
Hulme was born in St Helens, Merseyside, England.

Career
Hulme started his career at Widnes, and made his début against Salford at the end of the 2013 Super League season. He scored his first Vikings try during the 2014 season against Wakefield Trinity Wildcats.

title: Declan Hulme


text:
Talk:Care Bears

RFD discussion (1)
--Connel MacKenzie 18:08, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep. SIGH DAVilla 18:12, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Clarification: delete as promotional. --Connel MacKenzie 20:14, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Reluctant keep. These are recognizeable icons, like smurfs, Muppets, and Klingons.  Perhaps we need to start a page solely for hammering out policy on CFI for proper nouns, since the issue seems to be thorny and all too common of late. --EncycloPetey 20:28, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * These damn cartoon bears haven't enterred the English language. Get rif of it, and delete/RFD all in Category:Care Bears, then delete said category --Keene 22:37, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
 * No objection here to the latter. Are you able to propose any objective criteria for determining whether each name has entered the language or not? I would think Care Bear has, even if the individual Care Bears have not. But without guidelines, that's a subjective opinion. DAVilla 04:44, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * If they have entered the English language, we should be able to find people using the term outside the specific context without bothering to explain what it means. That is very easy for Care Bear but I believe it is impossible for Kingdom of Caring and the other members of the category. Kappa 01:59, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Keep and define Care Bear (which is a red link at the moment), since that (singular, and not plural) is what two of the quotations mention! — Beobach972 16:55, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

RFD discussion (2)
"A franchise of greeting cards and multiple derivative works of fiction starring Care Bears." Not dictionary material surely, also not a single word; why have this but not Kentucky Fried Chicken for example? Mglovesfun (talk) 20:24, 6 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete. Leasnam (talk) 20:33, 6 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete. — Ungoliant (Falai) 20:47, 6 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Why not RfV it under WT:BRAND. Slower, but less likely to lead to erroneous exclusion or excess gum-flapping here. DCDuring TALK 21:57, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete (but note non-brand video gaming term carebear). Equinox ◑ 23:04, 6 December 2012 (UTC)
 * RFV would not address two specific CFI issues. Not a word in a language (line 1) not idiomatic (line 3, with the text size I use). Why bother citing it for it to fail RFD at a later date? Mglovesfun (talk) 13:03, 7 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Exactly. DCDuring TALK 16:41, 11 December 2012 (UTC)
 * 1) I suppose World War II is not a term in a language either? This entry is most certainly English, and it is most certainly composed of words. If your claim is otherwise then it brings not only that point but your entire line of reasoning into question. The very absurdity of the statement gets under my skin.
 * 2) "Idiomatic" is to be interpreted in a broad sense, and we have clearly established rules for terms exactly like this to determine if they are worthy of inclusion. If you do not agree with those rules, then you are entitled to your opinion, but at least acknowledge as much in RFD instead of pretending that you are at liberty to entirely ignore them. DAVilla 10:51, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Deleted as it probably wouldn't pass RFV. DAVilla 06:30, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Care Bears


text:
Talk:Cryptography/History

Ist usage of the word 'Cryptography' occured in 1658 in Sir Thomas Browne's 'The Garden of Cyrus. ..quote ....'WE might abate the strange CRYPTOGRAPHY of Gaffarel in his Starrie Booke of heaven'.

munitions
What is the best way to copy-and-paste the paper -- "Cryptographic techniques as munitions: US export controls and EU approaches" by TJ Atkins -- into this Cryptography/History? My understanding is that Atkins has already given us permission to do this by releasing with a "Creative Commons 0 License". --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:18, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cryptography/History


text:
Myra Adele Logan

Myra Adele Logan (1908 - January 13, 1977) is known as the first African American female physician, surgeon, and anatomist to perform a successful open-heart surgery. Following this accomplishment, Logan focused her work on children's heart surgery and was involved in the development of the antibiotic Aureomycin which treated bacterial, viral, and rickettsial diseases with the majority of her medical practice done at the Harlem Hospital in New York. Logan attended medical school during the pre–Civil Rights era. The majority of black female physicians in this time period were forced to attend segregated schools. Earning a medical degree as an African American woman during this time period was extremely difficult.

Apart from her work as a medical professional, Logan also dedicated her time to organizations such as the NAACP, Planned Parenthood, and the New York State Commission on Discrimination.

Early life and education
Myra Adele Logan was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1908, to Warren and Adella Hunt Logan. She was the youngest of eight children and sister to Arthur R. Logan. Her mother was college-educated and involved in the suffrage and health care movements. Her father was treasurer and trustee of Tuskegee Institute and the first staff member selected by Booker T. Washington. Logan's primary school education was conducted at Tuskegee's Laboratory, the Children's house. After graduating with honors from Tuskegee High School, she attended a historically black college, Atlanta University, and graduated as valedictorian of her class in 1927. She then moved to New York and attended Columbia University, where she earned her M.S. degree in psychology. She worked for the YWCA in Connecticut before opting for a career in medicine. Logan was the first person to receive a four-year $10,000 Walter Gray Crump Scholarship that was exclusively for aiding African-American medical students to attend New York Medical College. She graduated from medical school in 1933. She was the second female African American intern at Harlem Hospital in New York and did her surgery residency there.

While working at Harlem Hospital, Logan met and married painter Charles Alston on April 8, 1944. Alston was working on a mural project at the hospital and he featured Logan as his model for work Modern Medicine. In the oil canvas painting, Logan appears as a nurse holding a baby. The project was intended to combine the fact of there being a lack of African American physicians during this time with the maternal gender role placed on women as well. Alston included her alongside Dr. Louis Wright who was the first African American physician at Harlem Hospital and Louis Pasteur in this work, showcasing the advancement of Western medicine with African American and Caucasian healthcare professionals working side by side.

That mural has been restored and can be viewed at the Harlem Hospital Gallery.

Later life
Outside of her career, Logan was a renowned classical pianist. After her retirement in 1970 and later served on the New York State Workmen's Compensation Board. On January 13, 1977, Logan died of lung cancer at Mount Sinai Hospital at the age of 68.

Surgery
Logan spent the majority of her career as an associate surgeon at the Harlem Hospital. She remained a surgeon past her term's completion. She was also a visiting surgeon at the Sydenham Hospital, and did all this while maintaining her own private practice. In 1943, Logan became the first woman to perform bypass surgery, an open-heart surgical procedure, which was the ninth of its kind in the world at the time. This was when she began dedicating her career towards children's heart surgery alongside developing the antibiotic Aureomycin. In 1951, Logan was elected as a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons.

Antibiotic Development
She worked with a team of doctors who effectively treated 25 lymphogranuloma venereum patients with the developed Aureomycin. After four days of Aureomycin treatment, the gland size of eight patients with buboes had reduced. Logan published these results in the Archives of Surgery and the Journal of American Medical Surgery; she also published results for her research with Puromycin in multiple journals and archives. She also worked with fellow Harlem Hospital physician, Dr. Louis T. Wright, on antibiotic research.

Breast Cancer Research
In the 1960s, she dedicated her time towards researching treatments for breast cancer which led to the development of x-ray technology processes that detected the differences in tissue density more accurately; this allowed for earlier and easier detection of breast cancer as well as other types of tumors.

The upper Manhattan Medical Group of the Health Insurance Plan (HIP) was one of the first few group practices within the United States, and Logan helped found the practice as well as serve as the treasurer. Logan worked within NAACP's Health Committee, the New York State Fair Employment Practice Committee, the National Cancer Committee, and the National Medical Association Committee.

Social Work
Logan was committed to social issues despite her busy schedule as a surgeon. During her career, she was a member of the New York State Committee on Discrimination, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and Planned Parenthood. During Governor Thomas E. Dewey's administration, Logan served as a member of the New York State Commission on Discrimination. She and 7 other members resigned from the commission in 1944 when Dewey shelved legislation they drafted in regards to anti-discrimination. She was an active member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated.

In 1970, upon retiring, she served on the New York State Workmen's Compensation Board.

title: Myra Adele Logan


text:
School:Business

 Welcome to Wikiversity's School of Business

Wikiversity Schools Main Page

Wikiversity's School of Business is the online community's center of business education, and is committed to teaching and educating the online community in all matters related to business.

The school aims to harness the community in writing Wikibooks, Learning Projects, and Learning Materials related to business.

Areas of Study
Currently the School of Business is composed of the following areas of studies, modeled after recognized existing universities.

 * Accounting
 * Actuarial science
 * Business administration
 * Economics
 * Entrepreneurship
 * Finance
 * Portal:Law
 * International Business
 * Management
 * Operations management
 * Organizational behavior
 * Marketing
 * Real estate
 * Social Enterprise

Learning resources

 * Profit

Core curriculum
In order to form a good basic understanding of business, it is recommended that students visit General Studies of Business Administration and study the following courses as prerequisites for all other concentrations.

Quantitative
 * Financial Accounting
 * Managerial Accounting
 * Corporate finance
 * Managerial Economics, including Game Theory
 * Operations management
 * Introduction to statistics
 * Statistics for Business Decisions

Qualitative/Philosophical
 * Macroeconomics
 * Microeconomics
 * Principles of marketing
 * Principles of Management
 * Introduction to Business Law
 * Management information systems

Further study
 * E-Commerce
 * Enterprise Resource Planning

School news

 * Thursday 9th August 2007 - Added 'Employee Training and Development' division to 'Human Resource Management' department.
 * Monday 18th December 2006 - Main page updated.
 * Sunday 17th December 2006 - 'Principles of Management' lesson updated.

Things you can do!

 * Clean up Draft:Economics and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.
 * Clean up Draft:Funding and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.
 * Clean up Draft:Insider trading and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.
 * Clean up Draft:Monopolistic practices and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.
 * Clean up Draft:Repellor vehicles and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.
 * Clean up Draft:Stroke management and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.

Active participants
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed).
 * JWSchmidt
 * Marshallsumter since 19 June 2014 - --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 02:59, 7 April 2018 (UTC)
 * MoundStudent

Inactive participants

 * Ray Shan
 * Prasenjit Paul
 * Humble Guy
 * Robbi G
 * Lisa M. Beeson
 * M. Judd Warren
 * Missqueenahearts
 * Perfect Jav
 * Matt Kinnia
 * Djamel Eddine Laouisset
 * Tafadzwa Jenami

Wikimedia resources

 * A business article from Wikipedia
 * Wikipedia:WikiProject Business
 * Some business textbooks from Wikibooks
 * Business-related media from Commons
 * Business news from Wikinews
 * Quotes about business from Wikiquote
 * Business texts from Wikisource
 * A business travel article from Wikivoyage

title: School:Business


text:
Talk:David McVicar

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title: Talk:David McVicar


text:
Suspense

Suspense is a state of anxiety or excitement caused by mysteriousness, uncertainty, doubt, or undecidedness. In a narrative work, suspense is the audience's excited anticipation about the plot or conflict (which may be heightened by a violent moment, stressful scene, puzzle, mystery, etc.),   particularly as it affects a character for whom the audience feels sympathy. However, suspense is not exclusive to narratives.

In narratives
In literature, films, television, and plays, suspense is a major device for securing and maintaining interest. It may be of several major types: in one, the outcome is uncertain and the suspense resides in the question of who, what, or how; in another, the outcome is inevitable from foregoing events, and the suspense resides in the audience's anxious or frightened anticipation in the question of when. Readers feel suspense when they are deeply curious about what will happen next, or when they know what is likely to happen but do not know how it will happen. Even in historical fiction, with characters whose life stories are well known, the why usually brings suspense to the novel.

An adjunct to suspense is foreshadowing, as found in hints of national crisis or revolution in Isabel Allende's House of the Spirits (1982).

Examples

 * In Sophocles' Oedipus Rex (429 B.C.), suspense is achieved through a withholding of the knowledge that Oedipus himself has killed Laius, his father. During the play, the spectators, aware that Oedipus will eventually make the discovery, share the hero's uncertainties and fears as he pursues the truth of his own past.
 * In George Washington Cable's story "Jean-ah Poquelin" (1875), the reader wants to know the cause of the strange smell and the unexplained disappearance of a brother.
 * In Mark Twain's Pudd'nhead Wilson (1895), the reader anticipates the outcome of the switching of a black infant with a white infant.
 * In Ernest J. Gaines's A Gathering of Old Men (1983), the reader waits for the court's decision at a murder trial.

Paradox of suspense
Some authors have tried to explain the "paradox of suspense", namely: a narrative tension that remains effective even when uncertainty is neutralized, because repeat audiences know exactly how the story resolves. Some theories assume that true repeat audiences are extremely rare because, in reiteration, we usually forget many details of the story and the interest arises due to these holes of memory; others claim that uncertainty remains even for often told stories because, during the immersion in the fictional world, we forget fictionally what we know factually or because we expect fictional worlds to look like the real world, where exact repetition of an event is impossible.

The position of Yanal is more radical and postulates that narrative tension that remains effective in true repetition should be clearly distinguished from genuine suspense, because uncertainty is part of the definition of suspense. Baroni proposes to name rappel this kind of suspense whose excitement relies on the ability of the audience to anticipate perfectly what is to come, a precognition that is particularly enjoyable for children dealing with well-known fairy tales. Baroni adds that another kind of suspense without uncertainty can emerge with the occasional contradiction between what the reader knows about the future (cognition) and what he desires (volition), especially in tragedy, when the protagonist eventually dies or fails (suspense par contradiction).

title: Suspense


text:
Korea National Maritime Museum

The Korea National Maritime Museum is a Korean maritime museum and the third largest museum in the South Korea. The museum was inaugurated on July 9, 2012, and is located in Dongsam-dong, Yeongdo-gu, Busan.

The museum exhibits more than 12,000 maritime relics, including the ‘Joseon Missional Ship’ which is the largest replica in South Korea - half the size of the actual ship.

Collections

 * Ship of Joseon Envoy
 * Globe and celestial globe
 * Secret of Sea
 * Johaengilrok
 * Hamgyeong-do Coastal Map
 * Juk-do Jechal

title: Korea National Maritime Museum


text:
Vietnamese/History

It seems likely that in the distant past Vietnamese shared more characteristics common to other languages in the Austroasiatic family, such as an inflectional morphology and a richer set of consonant clusters, which have subsequently disappeared from the language. However, Vietnamese appears to have been heavily influenced by its location in the Southeast Asian sprachbund—with the result that it has acquired or converged toward characteristics such as isolating morphology and tonogenesis. These characteristics, which may or may not have been part of proto-Austroasiatic, nonetheless have become part of many of the philologically unrelated languages of Southeast Asia—for example, Thai (one of the Tai-Kadai languages), Tsat (a member of the Malayo-Polynesian language group within Austronesian), and Vietnamese each developed tones as a phonemic feature, although their respective ancestral languages were not originally tonal.

The Vietnamese language has similarities with Cantonese in regard to the specific intonations and unreleased plosive consonant endings, a legacy of archaic Chinese that can also be found in Korean.

The ancestor of the Vietnamese language was originally based in the area of the Red River in what is now northern Vietnam, and during the subsequent expansion of the Vietnamese language and people into what is now central and southern Vietnam (through conquest of the ancient nation of Champa and the Khmer of the Mekong delta in the vicinity of present-day Ho Chi Minh City), Vietnamese was linguistically influenced primarily by Indic and Malayo-Polynesian languages at first, until Chinese came to politically predominate the Vietnamese area toward the middle of the first millennium AD.

With the rise of Chinese political dominance came a radical importation of Chinese vocabulary and grammatical influence. As Chinese was, for a prolonged period, the only medium of literature and government, as well as the primary language of the ruling class in Vietnam, much of the lexicon of Vietnamese in all realms consists of Hán Việt (Sino-Vietnamese) words. In fact, as the vernacular language of Vietnam gradually grew in prestige toward the beginning of the second millennium, the Vietnamese language was written using Chinese characters (see Chữ nôm) adapted to write Vietnamese, in a similar pattern as used in Japan (see kanji), Korea and other countries in the Chinese cultural sphere. The Nôm writing reached its zenith in the 18th century when many Vietnamese writers and poets composed their works in Chữ Nôm, most notably Nguyễn Du and Hồ Xuân Hương (dubbed "the Queen of Nôm poetry").

As contact with the West grew, the Quốc Ngữ system of Romanized writing was developed in the 17th century by Portuguese and other Europeans involved in proselytizing and trade in Vietnam. When France invaded Vietnam in the late 19th century, French gradually replaced Chinese as the official language in education and government. Vietnamese adopted many French terms, such as đầm (dame, from madame), ga (train station, from gare), and va-li (valise). In addition, many Sino-Vietnamese terms were devised for Western ideas imported through the French. However, the Romanized script did not come to predominate until the beginning of the 20th century, when education became widespread and a simpler writing system was found more expedient for teaching and communication with the general population.

title: Vietnamese/History


text:
Talk:Dave Butz

NRA Board of Directors
Mr. Butz has been nominated as in on the official 2007 ballot. See Talk:National Rifle Association. — RevRagnarok  Talk Contrib 02:28, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 15:21, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:38, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Butz


text:
Aircraft piloting/Aviation resources

Learning to fly
Many public, free sources of information about learning to fly are already available, especially for those who want to earn a pilot certificate, add a rating, or learn more about flying in the U.S. (although much of the information, except for specific regulations and procedures) is relevant outside the U.S.). For example:

 * For information about learning to fly, see:
 * AOPA Learn to Fly page: http://www.aopa.org/learntofly/
 * AOPA Flight Training Learn to Fly: http://flighttraining.aopa.org/learntofly/
 * Be A Pilot: http://www.beapilot.com/indexfl.html
 * Information about the new Sport Pilot certificate and Light Sport Aircraft: http://www.sportpilot.org/
 * Helpfull website for studying aeronautical charts (NOT TO BE USED FOR FLIGHT PLANNING) http://skyvector.com/

Free, Public-Domain Aviation Handbooks by the FAA
The FAA offers many complete, public-domain training handbooks for free download in PDF format. These books are the official references for many pilot certificates and ratings.

You can find currently available titles at: http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/ and http://www.faa.gov/pilots/training/ Other FAA publications available for download are listed at: http://www.faasafety.gov/onlineresources.aspx?categoryId=47&masterId=1

The following books available via the previous link are of particular interest:

Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/pilot_handbook/index.cfm The Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25A) is for aviators training for a private pilot certificate--and for pilots who want to refresh their knowledge of the fundamentals or learn about such advanced topics as operation of turbine engines and flying large and swept-wing aircraft. It introduces pilots to the theory and practical knowledge they will need as they progress in their pilot training from aerodynamics, engines, flight instruments, and navigation to avionics, weather, and airspace.

This 471-page handbook is available for download in PDF format directly from the FAA, by chapter. An unofficial copy, compiled into a single document and indexed with hyperlinks by section and subsection headings, can also be downloaded elsewhere.

Contents

 * Chapter 1-Introduction to Flying
 * Chapter 2-Aircraft Structure
 * Chapter 3-Principles of Flight
 * Chapter 4-Aerodynamics of Flight
 * Chapter 5-Flight Controls
 * Chapter 6-Aircraft Systems
 * Chapter 7-Flight Instruments
 * Chapter 8-Flight Manuals and Other Documents
 * Chapter 9-Weight and Balance
 * Chapter 10-Aircraft Performance
 * Chapter 11-Weather Theory
 * Chapter 12-Aviation Weather Services
 * Chapter 13-Airport Operations
 * Chapter 14-Airspace
 * Chapter 15-Navigation
 * Chapter 16-Aeromedical Factors
 * Chapter 17-Aeronautical Decision-Making

Flight Training Handbook
http://avstop.com/ac/flighttrainghandbook/

Contents

 * Preface
 * Chapter 1 - Introduction to Flight Training
 * Chapter 2 - Introduction to Airplanes and Engines
 * Chapter 3 - Introduction to the Basics of Flight
 * Chapter 4 - The Effect and Use of Controls
 * Chapter 5 - Ground Operations
 * Chapter 6 - Basic Flight Maneuvers
 * Chapter 7 - Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations
 * Chapter 8 - Takeoffs and Departure Climbs
 * Chapter 9 - Landing Approaches and Landings
 * Chapter 10 - Faulty Approaches and Landings
 * Chapter 11 - Proficiency Flight Maneuvers
 * Chapter 12 - Cross-Country Flying
 * Chapter 13 - Emergency Flight By Reference to Instruments
 * Chapter 14 - Night Flying
 * Chapter 15 - Seaplane Operations
 * Chapter 16 - Transition to Other Airplanes
 * Chapter 17 - Principles of Flight and Performance Characteristics

Airplane Flying Handbook
The Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3A) is the hands-on, how-to guide to flying all the maneuvers required for the private pilot and commercial pilot certificates. It is designed to assist student pilots learning to fly airplanes and to help current pilots and flight instructors expand their knowledge and skills. It's also one of the official references that pilot examiners use when testing the flying skills of pilots who are taking check rides.

This 210-page handbook is available for download in seven parts in PDF format.

Contents

 * Chapter 1-Introduction to Flight Training
 * Chapter 2-Preflight, Postflight, and Ground Operations
 * Chapter 3-Takeoffs and Climbs
 * Chapter 4-Basic Flight Maneuvers
 * Chapter 5-Slow Flight, Stalls, and Spins
 * Chapter 6-Ground Reference and Performance Maneuvers
 * Chapter 7-Airport Traffic Patterns, Approaches, and Landings
 * Chapter 8-Faulty Approaches and Landings
 * Chapter 9-Flight by Reference to Instruments
 * Chapter 10-Night Operations
 * Chapter 11-Navigation Systems
 * Chapter 12-Emergency Operations
 * Chapter 13-Transition to Different Airplanes and Systems
 * Chapter 14-Transition to a Multiengine Airplane
 * Chapter 15-Transition to Tailwheel Airplanes
 * Chapter 16-Transition to Seaplanes
 * Chapter 17-Transition to Skiplanes
 * Chapter 18-Aeronautical Decision Making

Instrument Flying Handbook
http://avstop.com/ac/instument/index.html

The Instrument Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-15) is the FAA's guide to all of the aeronautical knowledge and skills required to operate in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). It is designed for pilots training for an instrument rating, and for the instrument flight instructors who teach them. The Instrument Flying Handbook includes both theory and practical guidance on how to operate an aircraft solely by reference to instruments, from filing a flight plan and working with ATC to maintaining straight-and-level flight, flying DME arcs and holding patterns, and shooting ILS approaches.

This 280-page handbook is available for download in two parts in PDF format.

Contents

 * Chapter 1: Human Factors
 * Chapter 2: Aerodynamic Factors
 * Chapter 3: Flight Instruments
 * Chapter 4: Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying
 * Chapter 5: Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers
 * Chapter 6: Helicopter Attitude Instrument Flying
 * Chapter 7: Navigation Systems
 * Chapter 8: The National Airspace System
 * Chapter 9: The Air Traffic Control System
 * Chapter 10: IFR Flight
 * Chapter 11: Emergency Operations
 * Appendices
 * Glossary
 * Index

Instrument Procedures Handbook
http://avstop.com/ac/instrument_proc/index.html

The Instrument Procedures Handbook, a guide for advanced instrument pilots published by the FAA, is available for free download at: http://av-info.faa.gov/terps/IPH.htm

The Aeronautical Chart User's Guide
To learn more about aviation charts, you can download the Aeronautical Chart User's Guide (available in several parts in PDF format) from the FAA's National Aviation Charting Office (NACO): http://www.naco.faa.gov/index.asp?xml=naco/online/aero_guide

Other Free Reference Materials
The Aeronautical Information Manual and many other references of interest to pilots are available free online in both HTML and PDF format at http://www.faa.gov/atpubs/.

AOPA Air Safety Foundation's Online Safety Center
A wealth of practical information for pilots is also available free to everyone (although the content is copyrighted) from the AOPA Air Safety Foundation's Online Safety Center at http://www.aopa.org/asf/. Resources include a variety publications in PDF format, free online courses, etc.

Information from Manufacturers
You can also find much free information about weather, avionics, and other subjects on the Web.

For example, most manufacturers of GPS navigation gear offer their user manuals, PC-based simulators, training syllabi, and other resources via their Web sites. You needn't be an owner of the equipment to download the information and resources. See, for example, http://www.garmin.com/aviation/products.html#panel-mount.

title: Aircraft piloting/Aviation resources


text:
Talk:Onalaska Independent School District

Onalaska ISD superintendent controversy
From: WhisperToMe (talk) 05:42, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Onalaska-ISD-superintendent-who-made-racist-13245193.php
 * https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Onalaska-ISD-superintendent-apologizes-for-13236285.php


text:
Portal talk:Cardiology

Hi, I've noticed that there seems to be a lack of navigation arrows i.e. forward, back etc. on the page/s.

This makes it very hard to return to the next topic.

Suggest incorporation of these controls. --Richard 01:31, 13 September 2006 (UTC) Merge complete DónalMcK 06:55, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Cardiology


text:
Viral envelope

A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes. A viral envelope protein or E protein is a protein in the envelope, which may be acquired by the capsid from an infected host cell.

Numerous human pathogenic viruses in circulation are encased in lipid bilayers, and they infect their target cells by causing the viral envelope and cell membrane to fuse. Although there are effective vaccines against some of these viruses, there is no preventative or curative medicine for the majority of them. In most cases, the known vaccines operate by inducing antibodies that prevent the pathogen from entering cells. This happens in the case of enveloped viruses when the antibodies bind to the viral envelope proteins.

The membrane fusion event that triggers viral entrance is caused by the viral fusion protein. Many enveloped viruses only have one protein visible on the surface of the particle, which is required for both mediating adhesion to the cell surface and for the subsequent membrane fusion process. To create potentially protective vaccines for human pathogenic enveloped viruses for which there is currently no vaccine, it is essential to comprehend how antibodies interact with viral envelope proteins, particularly with the fusion protein, and how antibodies neutralize viruses.

Enveloped viruses enter cells by joining a cellular membrane to their lipid bilayer membrane. Priming by proteolytic processing, either of the fusion protein or of a companion protein, is necessary for the majority of viral fusion proteins. The priming stage then gets the fusion protein ready for triggering by the processes that go along with attachment and uptake, which frequently happens during transport of the fusion protein to the cell surface but may also happen extracellularly. So far, structural studies have revealed two kinds of viral fusion proteins. These proteins are believed to catalyze the same mechanism in both situations, resulting in the fusing of two bilayers. In other words, these proteins operate as enzymes, which while having various structural variations catalyze the same chemical reaction.

The envelopes are typically derived from portions of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. One of the main parts of human pathogenic viruses is glycoprotein. They have been shown to play significant roles in immunity and infection. Viral glycoproteins, a new class of cellular inhibitory proteins has been discovered. These include the E3 ubiquitin ligases of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family, which among other things, inhibits the expression of cell surface proteins implicated in adaptive immunity. Being made up mostly of host membrane, the viral envelope can also have the proteins associated with the host cell within their membrane after budding. Many enveloped viruses mature by budding at the plasma membrane, which allows them to be discharged from infected cells. During this procedure, viral transmembrane proteins, also known as spike proteins, are integrated into membrane vesicles containing components of the viral core (capsid).

For a very long time, it was thought that the spike proteins, which are necessary for infectivity, were directly incorporated into the viral core through their cytoplasmic domains. Recent research suggests that while such direct interactions may be what causes the budding of alphaviruses, this may not be the case for retroviruses and negative strand RNA viruses. These viruses can form bud particles even in the absence of spike proteins by relying only on viral core components. The spike proteins can occasionally be produced as virus-like particles without the viral core. Therefore, optimal budding and release may be dependent on a coordinated "push-and-pull" action between core and spike, where oligomerization of both components is essential.

They may help viruses avoid the host immune system. TAM receptor tyrosine kinases increase phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells and inhibit immunological responses brought on by Toll-like receptors and type I interferons (IFNs) when they are activated by the ligands Gas6 and Protein S. The phospholipid phosphatidylserine may be seen on the membranes of several enveloped viruses, which they employ to bind Gas6 and Protein S to activate TAM receptors.

Ligand-coated viruses stimulate type I IFN signaling, activate TAM receptors on dendritic cells (DCs), and suppress type II interferon signaling to circumvent host defenses and advance infection.TAM-deficient DCs exhibit type I IFN responses that are more pronounced than those of wild-type cells in response to viral exposure. As a result, flaviviruses and pseudo typed retroviruses have a harder time infecting TAM-deficient DCs, albeit infection can be brought back by type I IFN antibodies. A TAM kinase inhibitor, meanwhile, prevents infection of wild-type DCs. TAM receptors, which are potential targets for therapy, are thereby activated by viruses to reduce type I IFN signaling. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The particular set of viral proteins are engaged in a series of structural changes. When these changes are set/finished, there is then and only then, fusion with the host membrane. These glycoproteins mediate the interaction between virion and host cell, typically initiating the fusion between the viral envelope and the host's cellular membrane. In some cases, the virus with an envelope will form an endosome within the host cell. There are three main types of viral glycoproteins: Envelope proteins, membrane proteins, and spike proteins (E, M, and S). The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host.

All enveloped viruses also have a capsid, another protein layer, between the envelope and the genome. The virus wraps its delicate nucleic acid with a protein shell known as the capsid, from the Latin capsa, meaning "box," in order to shield it from this hostile environment. Similar to how numerous bricks come together to form a wall, the capsid is made up of one or more distinct protein types that repeatedly repeat to form the whole capsid. This repetitive pattern creates a robust but rather flexible capsid. The nucleic acid inside the capsid is appropriately protected by its modest size and physical difficulty in opening it. The nucleocapsid of the virion is made up of the nucleic acid and the capsid. Remember that the genomes of most viruses are very small. Genes code for instructions to make proteins, so small genomes cannot code for many proteins. Therefore, the virion capsid consists of one or only a few proteins that repeat over and over  to form the structure. The viral nucleic acid  would be physically too large to fit inside the capsid if it consisted of more than  a few proteins. The capsid, having a focused role of protecting the genome in addition to immune recognition evasion. The viral capsid is known for its protection of RNA before it is inserted into the host cell, unlike the viral envelope which protects the protein capsid.

The cell from which a virus buds often dies or is weakened, and sheds more viral particles for an extended period. The lipid bilayer envelope of these viruses is relatively sensitive to desiccation, heat, and amphiphiles such as soap and detergents, therefore these viruses are easier to sterilize than non-enveloped viruses, have limited survival outside host environments, and typically must transfer directly from host to host. Viral envelope persistence, whether it be enveloped or naked, are a factor in determining longevity of a virus on inanimate surfaces. Enveloped viruses possess great adaptability and can change in a short time in order to evade the immune system. Enveloped viruses can cause persistent infections.

Vaccination against enveloped viruses can function by neutralizing the glycoprotein activity with antibodies.

Examples of enveloped viruses
The following are some examples of enveloped virus species:

 * DNA viruses
 * Herpesviridae
 * Poxviridae
 * Hepadnaviridae
 * Asfarviridae
 * RNA viruses
 * Flaviviridae
 * Alphaviridae
 * Togaviridae
 * Coronavirus
 * Hepatitis D
 * Orthomyxoviruses
 * Paramyxoviridae
 * Rhabdovirus
 * Bunyaviruses
 * Filoviruses
 * Retroviruses
 * Retroviruses

Examples of non-enveloped viruses
The following are some examples of viruses without envelopes:

 * DNA viruses
 * Adenoviruses
 * Parvoviruses
 * Polyomaviruses
 * Anelloviruses
 * RNA viruses
 * Caliciviruses
 * Picornaviruses
 * Reoviruses
 * Astroviruses
 * Hepeviridae
 * Hepeviridae

title: Viral envelope