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Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion/Archive 174

Draft:Virtuoso Guitarist Michael Laucke
I, OneMinuteContracts, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. OneMinuteContracts (talk) 12:26, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

 * X mark.svg Not done and will not be done: The page was deleted as a copyright violation (not under G13) because major parts were copy-pasted from here. No indication that the Wikipedia author is the copyright holder, or that the Segal Centre for Performing Arts has released that content under a free license. Even if the copyright issues were resolved, the copy-pasted text would be unduly promotional and would not make a good encyclopedia article. Huon (talk) 12:52, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

Webrex Technologies
I am Finding more information about this topic, I create this for information purpose about topic, Please restore it according to Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13 -Sandeep8851 (talk) 09:26, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * ❌ This article was not deleted under WP:CSD, it was deleted (four times) under WP:CSD no indication of significance or importance, and the title was protected because repeated re-creation was wasting everyone's time. Read WP:Notability (organizations and companies) and WP:Notability (summary). What is needed is evidence of "significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject." List entries, Wikimapia, Youtube etc show that the company exists, but not that it is notable in Wikipedia's sense. It is quite a difficult standard, and many perfectly good companies are not notable, but Wikipedia is not a business listing directory. If you think you can show notability, use WP:Articles for creation to make a draft article for someone to review. JohnCD (talk) 19:59, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/European Resolution Capital
I, Metkoht, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Metkoht (talk) 16:55, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

Hello,

Sadly I have been unable to use any online resources for the last 7 months. I am now back on line. I see that my submission for an article (captioned above) had some issues and was accelerated to deletion on the basis of a speedy decision. I am prepared to edit asd considered appropriate but need the draft recativated. Thank you for your assistance.

Met, Tallinn
 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request to a new location at Draft:European Resolution Capital. Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. JohnCD (talk) 20:02, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis
I, Mrmainelli, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. mrmainelli 18:00, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request to a new location at Draft:Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click the green notice in the template at the top of the page that says "Submit your draft when you are ready for it to be reviewed!"} JohnCD (talk) 20:09, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

ExpertScape
Enter your reasoning here and then click the "Save page" button below -S.Burntout123 (talk) 22:59, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Symbol note.svg|16px|link=|alt= ]] Note: The page isn't deleted, therefore there's no reason to undelete it. Please follow the instructions on the deletion tag in order to contest (if a speedy deletion or prod/stickyprod) or argue against (if a deletion debate) deletion. A7s won't be restored as-is, but you can request the page be restored as a draft after it gets deleted. I've removed the references, as they have no bearing on this request (and are best of being used to cite the page if it is still live anyways). — Jeremy  v^_^v  Bori! 23:10, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

Hassan Akkouch
i intend to start this article as i haven't even started this and i have made it official by accident-A Helping Hand Here (talk) 23:01, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol note.svg|16px|link=|alt= ]] Note: The page isn't deleted, therefore there's no reason to undelete it. Please follow the instructions on the deletion tag in order to contest (if a speedy deletion or prod/stickyprod) or argue against (if a deletion debate) deletion. A7s won't be restored as-is, but you can request the page be restored as a draft after it gets deleted. — Jeremy  v^_^v  Bori! 23:10, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

ExpertScape
Please userfy to a draft page (maybe Draft:ExpertScape) -S.Burntout123 (talk) 03:04, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

. We have asked the deleting editor who re-deleted the article on "ExpertScape" (despite contest) to start a discussion and evaluation with due process and to allow a healthy period of review and discussion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expertscape S.Burntout123 (talk) 01:35, 1 February 2015 (UTC) . The editor responded: "No, speedy deletes are just that, speedy. They don't require a discussion.--Bbb23 (talk) 01:38, 1 February 2015 (UTC)" . This response would not qualify the action and may misrepresent the true spirit of "collaborative" nature of Wikipedia. You deleted the article on "ExpertScape" despite contest to start a discussion and evaluation with due process and despite the request to allow a healthy period of review and discussion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expertscape Honestly I have no idea who or what runs the ExpertScape, and I am not even sure if this is a company or enterprise or autopilot web operation. I know that "notability" is met here, since the nationally renowned medical centers and USA based medical schools refer to ExpertScape rankings. If so the Wikipedia is warranted to have a neutral reference about this. One would benefit from seeing an informative article that is not promotional but indeed critical and questions certain angles such as source of funding and other limits. . Finally, EoRdE6 suggested: "To get Expertscape back I would suggest heading over to WP:UNDELETE and asking for Expertscape to be "userfied to Draft:Expertscape. Sound good? EoRdE6(Come Talk to Me!) 02:19, 1 February 2015 (UTC)" . Given the above mentioned significance and the deliberations, I hereby ask to un-delete the article.S.Burntout123 (talk) 03:04, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Significance

 * The sources listed are (1) a blog post by the company's managing partner (whatever that title means) and (2), (3) a couple of press releases. Reference (1), the blog post, doesn't even seem to support the vague and self-serving puffery given above.  This is an advertisement masquerading (poorly) as an article.  Bluntly, the text that he is asking for us to undelete is probably virtually unsalvageable; if there is an article to be written about this company it would be better to start from scratch.  (At a minimum, before undeleting this mess to anywhere on Wikipedia, Burntout123 should demonstrate there exists at least one reliable source about this company that would clear even the rather low bar of WP:CORP.) TenOfAllTrades(talk) 06:21, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Not an admin, so I cannot see the article, but I would point out that the deleted article Burnt-out diabetes mellitus has been in the editor's userspace (User:Burntout123/Burnt-out diabetes mellitus) since May 2010, and he hasn't done any appreciable work on it since May 2011, despite his stated intention to do so in 2013. Given this history, and the fact that Experscape has been deleted 4 times by 3 different admins for lack of notability, I suggest that userfying this article will only keep it alive on Wikipedia without resulting in any improvement which would make it suitable for mainspace. BMK (talk) 06:58, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I also have to ask: Why does Burntout123 need to have the deleted article userfied, when he has a version of it in his userspace at User:Burntout123/sandbox, put there on January 4, 2015? BMK (talk) 08:38, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Among other reasons, because I've just deleted that, since his edit summary creating the sandbox said right out that it was there for no other reason than to circumvent deletion. —Cryptic 08:41, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Looking at the deleted versions of the article, the speedy deletions look justified, and there's nothing of value worth undeleting. -- Kinu  t/c 08:55, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If WP:REFUND regulars are wondering why there's an unusual amount of third-party commentary here, see WP:ANI. —Cryptic 09:39, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

Chamu Krishna Shastry

Request to un-delete this article about Chamu Krishna Shastry who is the founder of Samskrita_Bharati he is public personality of note, an educationist who has been teaching Sanskrit for 32 years. The biographical article about him was deleted under expired WP:PROD, I have found evidence of his notability here and here and intend to improve the article. Indoscope (talk) 09:00, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - as a contested proposed deletion, the article has been restored on request. I will notify user, who proposed it, and who may choose to nominate it at WP:Articles for deletion, which would start a debate lasting seven days, to which you would be welcome to contribute. JohnCD (talk) 12:41, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Fateha-e-Yazdaham
Enter your reasoning here and then click the "Save page" button below -<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:14, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol note.svg|16px|link=|alt= ]] Note: Surely you jest! No page's ever existed under that title (or any reasonable permutation of it)! Are you sure that the page's title is correct, including the namespace prefixes (User:, Wikipedia talk:, etc.)? — Jeremy  v^_^v  Bori! 19:14, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * (The section title was right, but the link was mis-spelled) X mark.svg Not done - this page is a copyright violation. from http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/F_0042.htm. Wikipedia cannot accept copied material, not even temporarily. You must write in your own words - see Copy-paste. JohnCD (talk) 13:02, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Jack Warner-The American Musician
Enter your reasoning here and then click the "Save page" button below -Zongamonga (talk) 14:18, 1 February 2015 (UTC)My article has been on Wikipedia for many years with no problem. I just tried to add to my music page more info about my acting career as well when suddenly the article was completely deleted. i had no choice in the matter of restoring my page which was on Wikipedia for many years with no problem. So I would like my original page restored with all the pertinent info about my professional career as a musician and a member of the Grammy as well as the different genres of music that I have created. Thanks.
 * U5 deletions won't be restored here, as Wikipedia is not a web host for material unsuitable for an encyclopedia. The only reason it hadn't gotten deleted was because an administrator had not gotten to it yet. Please use a personal website, Facebook, or a personal blog for what you wish to do. — Jeremy  v^_^v  Bori! 19:14, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * ❌ - Jeremy is right, Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a site like Facebook or LinkedIn for people to maintain pages about themselves, see WP:NOTWEBHOST and WP:Autobiography. JohnCD (talk) 13:09, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Sous Song Veacha
The article was in process of being edited, and it is very tough to find supporting citation for Cambodian artists or individuals who would substantiate the validity of the article, due to world history through genocide and social disintegration and destruction of societal institutions during the 1970's in Cambodia. For that very reason I will produce the supporting information through translation of texts in several languages and establish the necessary evidence/websites/news/academic sources for the worthiness of the article for Wikipedia. -Johnston Thach ចនសុន ថាច់ (talk) 06:18, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol note.svg|16px|link=|alt= ]] Note: This page was deleted under speedy deletion criterion G11, indicating an page that was irredeemably promotional or blatant advertising. Note that G11 deletions are more an issue with the tone of the page as opposed to its sources or formatting. As articles deleted under G11 need to be rewritten from scratch, they will not be undeleted here or anywhere else; try contacting the deleting administrator in order to be emailed a copy of the article as it stood at time of deletion. — Jeremy   v^_^v  Bori! 09:05, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I took a look at the article and it doesn't look promotional to be, but is unacceptable for other reasons (lack of references to reliable sources). If you would like to give the article another try, let me know and I'd be willing to put it in draft space for you so you can work on it without threat of quick deletion.  (It could still be deleted in the end though if you fail to prove notability. --ThaddeusB (talk) 23:00, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The lack of references will be produced through my own independent scholarship.I would have to rummage through French books/sites & cite those sources since the majority of the surviving books should exist in France relating to Cambodian Art History. It would be nice to have it in the draft space since I wish to continue working on it. Other than that, I have enough experience to also produce a credible multilingual news institution and website that should uphold it's notability through active research application.If other Cambodians saw the article, they would no doubt collectively add to it. Thanks ThaddeusB ;) Johnstontouch (talk)  2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The page can now be found at Draft:Sous Song Veacha. When you feel the article is ready, hit the "submit your draft" button on that page and an independent reviewer will take a look before moving it back to mainspace (and give advice if needed).  Feel free to contact me directly on my talk page if you have questions. --ThaddeusB (talk) 23:54, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Devolver Digital Films
 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:43, 2 February 2015 (UTC) *Clerked for all the useful bits Hasteur (talk) 18:47, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Pages of note (or concern)
 * User talk:PezPoi
 * User talk:<IP_ADDRESS>
 * User talk:<IP_ADDRESS>
 * I think before we move forward, there needs to be a serious consideration of how many declines this article has racked up so quickly. Hasteur (talk) 18:51, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The company looks notable. I would be willing to restore it if a promise s made to address the concerns raised before resubmitting instead of wasting volunteer time by resubmitting over and over again without improvement. --ThaddeusB (talk) 23:56, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

The aambrus family
This page is to portray the group of friends who has start to raise fund in a friendly manner to support the educational need of poor peoples who cannot affort for their child's higher studies or urgent medical emergency help. Though the group is formed by group of friends, now they have already helped to fund for higher eduction for a girl child in virudhungar.
 * [[Image:Symbol note.svg|16px|link=|alt= ]] Note: The page isn't deleted, therefore there's no reason to undelete it. Please follow the instructions on the deletion tag in order to contest (if a speedy deletion or prod/stickyprod) or argue against (if a deletion debate) deletion. A7 speedy deletions will not be restored here, either. — Jeremy  v^_^v  Bori! 09:08, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * X mark.svg Not done - this page was deleted in accordance with criterion for speedy deletion A7. If you believe that this decision was made in error, or that significant new information has come to light since the deletion, please contact the administrator who carried out the deletion, user . If you have already done so, your concerns can be taken to deletion review. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 00:00, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Jordan Morgan
Morgan is now a professional basketball player, thus meeting WP:NBASKETBALL. -Arbor to SJ (talk) 23:22, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done - as a contested proposed deletion, the article has been restored on request. Please add sources ASAP to comply with policies regarding living people. --ThaddeusB (talk) 00:03, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

File:TFF Everybody Wants alt cover.jpg
History logs must be undeleted. -George Ho (talk) 19:28, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Graeme Bartlett (talk) 00:07, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Bodhtree (company)
I, Mahi kapoor, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Mahi kapoor (talk) 07:54, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request to a new location at Draft:Bodhtree (company). Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Please read carefully the comments made by the reviewers who have now declined this five times, and do not resubmit until you have added references showing "significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject" to establish WP:Notability. JohnCD (talk) 11:30, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

User:Klyderaetrell/sandbox
I, Klyderaetrell, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Klyderaetrell (talk) 08:06, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Please read WP:Notability and WP:Notability (summary). JohnCD (talk) 11:33, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Varduhi Aleksanyan
wikipedia page is about public figure -Tatev-22 (talk) 12:33, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done I have restored the page to Draft:Varduhi Aleksanyan.  Please add some sources and then either 1) submit it through article for creation by placing a  at the top of the page and following the instructions, or 2) contact me directly for review.  Thanks, ThaddeusB (talk) 15:50, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Paul Randles
Per this discussion, I am requesting to have Paul Randles restored to Draft:Paul Randles. -BOZ (talk) 15:17, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done The page can now be found at Draft:Paul Randles. Have fun :) --ThaddeusB (talk) 15:55, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks! :) BOZ (talk) 17:11, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Contemporary Aesthetics
I, Aberleant, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Aberleant (talk) 17:40, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * already ✅ on 7 January after this earlier request. JohnCD (talk) 18:32, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Draft:Confirmation.com
 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:47, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

 * X mark.svg Not done The page in question was declined as a copyright violation of . The content doesn't match the current version of that page, but I'm not sure if the incorrect link was put in the decline rationale or if that page has changed.  Either way, you would be better off starting from scratch than starting with a (probably) copyright violating page.  Let me know if you want me to retrieve the list of references for you. --ThaddeusB (talk) 19:12, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Bruce Mazlish
I, Forbruce, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Forbruce (talk) 18:59, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Hasn't been deleted yet; if you edit it now, it won't be. Origamiteⓣⓒ 19:18, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Actually, I just restored it. I went one better and accepted it to mainspace as well. However, please do improve the article if you can Forbruce. It can now be found at Bruce Mazlish. --ThaddeusB (talk) 19:26, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

File:Alireza JJ Yadegari.jpg
Alireza JJ's article needs that image -F4R4ZHER4VI (talk) 21:48, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * ❌. That file was deleted on Commons, which is a separate organization - see Commons:COM:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by F4R4ZHER4VI. You need to approach the Commons administrator who deleted it, whose name is shown there. For information, "Flickrwashing" means that it is suspected that Flickr did not have permission to display that image. JohnCD (talk) 22:28, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Francis Ngai
We have the copyright of Francis Ngai's bio. Please contact me if you need verification -Silvia Tse (talk) 02:41, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * X mark.svg Not done You must file a ticket through WP:OTRS that gives Wikipedia permission to use the material. However I will say that it'd be much, much easier for you to just write the article in your own words. While not over-the-top promotional, the article is phrased in such a way that it does come off as promotional at times, as it does contain WP:PEACOCK phrasing. The issue with using copyrighted material is that it's almost always written to promote the person or to at least discuss them in as positive a manner as possible, meaning that even if you give permission odds are that the article would have to be re-written. With phrases like "support and nurture social innovation", re-writing this would pretty much be inevitable. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   06:26, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Keith St John
I, Keith St John, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Keith St John (talk) 06:07, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click the green notice in the template at the top of the page that says "Submit your draft when you are ready for it to be reviewed!" Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   06:27, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * On a side note, you will need to read over the WP:COI guidelines, as writing an autobiography is strongly discouraged. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   06:27, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Jessie Stricchiola
Article has continued to improve since it was originally deleted. It was enhanced after userification, I moved it back to article space, and made a small enhancement there. The subject has continued to do notable work, e.g. publishing a second edition of their book. I would like the talk page to be undeleted as well, for a unified history. -Superm401 - Talk 22:42, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done I've restored the talk page. Tokyogirl79  (｡◕‿◕｡)   06:35, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

C3D_Labs
Before the C3D Labs company was established, C3D kernel was only used internally for KOMPAS-3D software developed by ASCON Group. However, ASCON took a decision to establish C3D Labs to develop C3D kernel as a standalone and to license it for other companies as well as a further step to challenge the French company Dassault Systèmes with its geometric kernel - Convergence Geometric Modeler - on international market. To my view the role of C3D Labs to ASCON Group is as Spatial Corp to Dassault Systèmes. -Bulava14 (talk) 21:56, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * X mark.svg Not done - this page was deleted in accordance with criterion for speedy deletion A7. If you believe that this decision was made in error, or that significant new information has come to light since the deletion, please contact the administrator who carried out the deletion, user . If you have already done so, your concerns can be taken to deletion review. Tokyogirl79  (｡◕‿◕｡)   06:41, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * On a side note, the existence of other articles does not automatically mean that the company is notable. It could just mean that the other articles either pass notability guidelines or haven't been deleted yet. The best way to make your case is to show where the company has received coverage in independent and reliable sources. However I do need to note that it does appear to really only be known for one product, which they did not originally create. While they may be C3D's current developers, that does not automatically mean that the company has inherited that notability. The company already has a brief mention in the main article for C3D, so odds are that this is really all that is warranted at this point in time unless you can provide coverage that focuses on the company. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   06:41, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Ruben Gasparyan
This information about this person is very imortant to be here "Save page" button below -MARIYANVA (talk) 08:19, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * X mark.svg Not done This page is currently up for deletion via AfD at Articles for deletion/Ruben Gasparyan and as such, cannot be kept through this page. The best way to salvage the article is to address the issue of notability by providing coverage in independent and reliable sources per WP:RS. Offhand it looks like you will have to prove that he passes WP:PROF. Simply existing as a professor is not enough - you have to provide coverage in reliable sources. I'd also like to caution you about promotional speak, as the article is filled with various WP:PEACOCK and other promotional phrases. These do not work to show notability on Wikipedia and actually runs the risk of making the person seem less notable rather than more notable since they're so typically used in spam and promotional articles for people that fail notability guidelines. This doesn't mean that this is your intent, but I'd also suggest re-writing the article to be less promotional. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   08:59, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Varduhi Aleksanyan, again
Enter your the artical is about living person and will be sourced after restoring and then click the "Save page" button below -Tatev-22 (talk) 09:43, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You were answered yesterday, see WP:REFUND. The article is now at Draft:Varduhi Aleksanyan where you can work on it. What it needs is references to reliable sources, for two reasons: (a) the WP:Verifiability policy, summarised as "any material challenged or likely to be challenged must be attributed to a reliable, published source", and (b) to establish WP:Notability, which needs evidence of "significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject." When you have added references, put at the top of the draft page to send it for review. JohnCD (talk) 10:19, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

DMB_Charles
Revision and correction has been done on the article "Save page" button below -<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:14, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * X mark.svg Not done and will not be done. Wikipedia is not a place for you to write about yourself. JohnCD (talk) 10:28, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Robert Blackman
 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:24, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment: I'm slightly worried about the tone in the article. It's not promotional per se, but it is written in such a casual tone that it could be interpreted as promotional or at the very least, like it was written by a friend or family member as a tribute to Blackman. Using the subject's first name is a big no-no in article for these very reasons. I'm also somewhat concerned about the overall notability, although that's not as worrisome as the article's tone. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   06:32, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. and please also improve the tone to make it more "encyclopedic". Graeme Bartlett (talk) 10:39, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Robert Young (longevity claims researcher)

Deletion review/Log/2015 January 27 was closed by as recreation permitted. I wrote at the DRV: "Comment: If the consensus is to restore, please history merge User:CBDunkerson/Sandbox and Robert Young (longevity claims researcher). Note that the sandbox had other material prior to the 21:14, 17 November 2007 (UTC) version. Please only merge revisions from User:CBDunkerson/Sandbox on or after 21:14, 17 November 2007 (UTC). Cunard (talk) 01:35, 27 January 2015 (UTC)" Would an admin implement this? Please note that this is also being discussed at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:CBDunkerson/Sandbox. Thanks, Cunard (talk) 01:07, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ history merge completed. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 10:50, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Development Alert!
I request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under G11. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it and improve it so that it will sound like a more neutral article.

Thanks you. -Dandrade.jet (talk) 16:37, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment: Not an AFC submission. Per G11, it was unambiguous advertising and will need to be completely rewritten in order to have it possibly have it be accepted. Hasteur (talk) 16:57, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Let us know if you want to put this into the draft namespace to rewrite. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 10:56, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Paul Davis
I, Carlosbog, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Carlosbog (talk) 11:53, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 13:09, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Moulai Abadullah
'Bohra myth credits Abadullah...' "Mullah on the Mainframe" p.41
 * X mark.svg Not done - this Requests for Undeletion process is only for articles that were deleted uncontroversially, and does not apply to articles deleted after a deletion discussion. Since the article you are here about was deleted after a discussion took place at Articles for deletion/Moulai Abadullah, it cannot be undeleted through this process. However, if you believe that the outcome of the discussion did not reflect the consensus of the participants, or that significant new information has come to light since the article was deleted, you may contact the administrator who closed the discussion, user . After you do so, if your concerns are not addressed and you still seek undeletion, a request may be made at deletion review.- McMatter (talk)/(contrib) 14:03, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Please review.

Unicommerce
It's a company page on wikipedia designed with proper information and not for any kind of promotion at all -Lipikadevi (talk) 10:37, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * X mark.svg Not done - this article has not been restored because it does not appear to meet our guidelines for inclusion of articles about companies. In general, Wikipedia considers a topic to be notable if there exist multiple reliable sources of information on the topic, external to the subject itself.  Articles concerning companies will be deleted on sight if they are considered to be unambiguous advertising or promotion, or if they do not contain a credible assertion of the significance of the subject. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 10:53, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You sure about that? Certainly looks like a notable company to me: .  That said, the article was pretty much useless/promotional as written.  I encourage  to read WP:Your first article and try again at Draft:Unicommerce where he/she can get help from experienced users without the threat of rapid deletion.  Let me know if interested in getting the article restored to there, but as I said it is probably easier just to start over since it would have to be completely re-written anyway.  Free free to contact me directly with any questions you may have. --ThaddeusB (talk) 15:58, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Looks like Lipikadevi has already started a draft before my comment. Good luck. --ThaddeusB (talk) 15:59, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Diaman Ratio
I, Cak81, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Cak81 (talk) 12:12, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. --ThaddeusB (talk) 16:03, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Draft:Edwin L. "Uncle Ted" Raub
I want my draft returned so I can figure out why it was not accepted. I cannot figure out which administrator deleted it. Also, the deletion notice I received did not explain specifically which other site the 'bot said my article too strongly resembles. I would like the administrator that deleted it help me compare my draft to the alleged infringed-upon site to see what the issue is. There were many ATTRIBUTED quotes in the article and maybe I missed referencing one, but I can't fix and resubmit the article if I don't have it. I am surprised that Wikipedia would destroy a work instead of returning it to the author. I spent many many hours/days composing and researching it and would like to find my error(s) and resubmit. next time I'll save it for myself somewhere else so this doesn't happen to me again. -Jhm795 (talk) 14:28, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I restored the page. It was declined by  and deleted by  as unambiguous copyright infringement.  However, if you look closely the "infringing" bit (see ) is actually two long quotes.  It might be advisable to remove the quote for other reasons (the article does reply heavily on quotes), but it isn't an "unambiguous copyright violation".  Even if it was, the vast majority of the article would still not be copyvio and the problem could simply to be fixed by removing the offending bit instead of deletion.  Please be more careful in the future Joseve & RHaworth.  --ThaddeusB (talk) 16:16, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * There are a couple phrase which do look to be close paraphrases of the original. For example, "In September 1944, Mr. Raub and some 30,000 American and British troops were flown behind enemy lines to capture eight bridges along the German-Dutch border." -> "some 30,000 American and British troops were flown behind enemy lines between September 17th and 25th in an attempt to capture eight bridges between the Dutch-German border".  If you could go through and make sure everything is original writing (i.e. not just a few words changed around/synonyms use), I would much appreciate it.  --ThaddeusB (talk) 16:20, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

User:AIDD2007/Design AIDD Architecture
I, <IP_ADDRESS>, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:23, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Next time you submit this, it may be moved to the draft space. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 20:55, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Sales Recruitment
 PeakSales (talk) 15:44, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 20:58, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Draft:Sarah Stanley
I, Marilyn Nix, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Marilyn Nix (talk) 17:11, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:01, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Drill Sergeant Joseph Willie
 Lostboy347 (talk) 19:12, 4 February 2015 (UTC) Clerking the request. Hasteur (talk) 19:44, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * ❌ This is a serious BLP violation. It looks to be written as a personal recollection rather than derived from other writings.  But if you need a copy emailed to you, you can ask for that.  Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:08, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/AIM Technology
I, Mistralmtn, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Mistralmtn (talk) 00:06, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. --ThaddeusB (talk) 00:39, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Isai Alvarado
Please userfy both talk page and article to my space. - Valoem  talk   contrib  08:47, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Userfied - the page has been restored to the userspace at User:Valoem/Isai Alvarado. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 09:43, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Hamilton Gray
Enter your reasoning here and then click the "Save page" button below -Jamiebally (talk) 12:42, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol note.svg|16px|link=|alt= ]] Note: The page was deleted under speedy deletion criterion A7, indicating an article that did not explain or prove why the subject was notable. A7 deletions are not overturned here; try contacting the deleting administrator instead. — Jeremy   v^_^v  Bori! 13:42, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Killik & Co
I, IzzySeekings, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. IzzySeekings (talk) 11:58, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. --ThaddeusB (talk) 15:36, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

chak no 16
revised -aasi jatt from civilized chak 16 13:04, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol note.svg|16px|link=|alt= ]] Note: Fixed report to point to correct title; remember that all page titles on Wikipedia are case-sensitive. — Jeremy  v^_^v  Bori! 13:43, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done The page can now be found at Draft:Chak No. 16.  I did some preliminary cleanup/formatting/organization work on it, but a lot of work is going to be needed to make it a viable article. --ThaddeusB (talk) 15:50, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Natural Retreats
I, Stevemc, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Stevemc (talk) 13:47, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * See also Draft:Natural Retreats. This has been CSD:G13ed wtice.  I'm really uncomfortable with it being restored again in a revolving door of G13. Hasteur (talk) 14:08, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Also pinging as the editor who requested the most recent G13. Hasteur (talk) 14:10, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done I restored it because the company is definitely notable. The page can be found at Draft:Natural Retreats.  Please work on the draft this time so that I am not forced to do the work myself.  Regardless, I will make sure this makes it out of draft this time.  --ThaddeusB (talk) 16:02, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Draft:Change Science
I, Change Science Institute, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Change Science Institute (talk) 15:47, 5 February 2015 (UTC) I, TSChange2015, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. TSChange2015 (talk) 16:10, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia.
 * I've restored it and cleared out all the inappropriate HTML formatting and amazon linkspam. Frankly, this looks like a copyright violation, copied from the cited book, and if that is the case it may be quickly deleted again. This needs a lot of work establishing notability before it can be accepted for publication in main article space. ~Amatulić (talk) 18:13, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Sheikh Motiur Rahman Madani
Enter your reasoning here and then click the "Save page" button below -Sheikh Motiur Rahman Madani (talk) 20:53, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ I have moved the most developed page to Draft:Sheikh Motiur Rahman Madani. This was obviously an attempt to write an article, so U5 speedy delete does not apply. There are two deleted copies, a basic one at and another at .  Your writings include no references at all, and looks to be an autobiography.  Wikipedia articles are based on what others have written, so you first need to find writings about Motiur Rahman Madani, perhaps in newspapers, or magazines, or even TV programs. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 22:05, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Draft:DigiPas USA LLC
I, Jing jsb, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Jing jsb (talk) 07:58, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please edit the page to address the issues raised when it was declined, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Stifle (talk) 09:11, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Exposing Lies
Why are you deleting the page even when it exists on many networks and so many people know about it? -Milindsagarvashist (talk) 11:48, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * X mark.svg Not done - this page was deleted in accordance with criterion for speedy deletion A7. If you believe that this decision was made in error, or that significant new information has come to light since the deletion, please contact the administrator who carried out the deletion, user . If you have already done so, your concerns can be taken to deletion review. Hasteur (talk) 13:02, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Draft:Dr.Kutikuppala Surya Rao
''I, Bhargav 123, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it.'' Bhargav 123 (talk) 15:58, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * @Bhargav 123:  Yes check.svg Done - as an Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13, the page has been restored on request. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click the green notice in the template at the top of the page that says "Submit your draft when you are ready for it to be reviewed!"--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 16:06, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Ali Channa
Enter your reasoning here and then click the "Save page" button below -<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:50, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * X mark.svg Not done - this page was deleted in accordance with criterion for speedy deletion G11. If you believe that this decision was made in error, or that significant new information has come to light since the deletion, please contact the administrator who carried out the deletion, user . If you have already done so, your concerns can be taken to deletion review. Stifle (talk) 09:10, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * If you wish to give it a try at rewriting it form scratch, you can do so at Draft: Ali Channa. However, I strongly suggest against this as the subject does not appear to be notable, so you'd just be wasting your time on something that would eventually be deleted on those grounds. --ThaddeusB (talk) 16:13, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Brian Eastham
I, Tracey eastham, request the undeletion of this Articles for creation submission deleted under CSD G13. Please restore the page as I intend to work on it. Tracey eastham (talk) 11:15, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Notice the connected names. Potentially a Conflict of interest between the user requesting the page back and the subject.  I suggest you read our advice for editors who may have a conflict of interest before proceeding with this request. Hasteur (talk) 13:01, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Editing with a COI is somewhat permissible in draft space, so I will restore it if you are sure you want this done. However, Brian is unlikely to be notable so I advise you to very carefully consider not proceeding as this will likely end up in hurt feelings and no article being created in the end. --ThaddeusB (talk) 16:17, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Raftaar (Singer)
This article WAS NOT an autobiography. You can search on facebook, twitter .etc Raftaar is a real singer and has sung songs in many Bollywood films too !! I dont know why this page was deleted !! I request you to please undelete the page !! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Raftaarbadshahm (talk • contribs)

 * X mark.svg Not done Being "a real singer" is not sufficient to justify an article.  Furthermore, the article not no content - it just said "Raftaar is an Indian singer".  If you wish to give it another try, I suggest you read WP:Your first article and then use the articles for creation process where you will have more time to develop the article before it is threatened with deletion. --ThaddeusB (talk) 16:23, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

History of Mokema Homestead Ecotourism Association
Hello admin Mokema Homestead is only a community initiative that aims to improve its community livelihood in general with the use of idling natural resources; and the initiative is not profit oriented. hence, the history of the non-profit making organization is important for student in their researches about ecological tourism in general, although I have just rewritten the article and removed promotional statements in it. for this reason and the other, I am making a plea for the article not to be removed.

hope for my plea to reach your consideration with regards lelokolisanyane author — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lelokolisanyane (talk • contribs) 14:01, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The page can now be found at Draft:Mokema Homestead Ecotourism Association. Please have a look at WP:Your first article to get an idea of our standards for articles.  The subject existing or being a good cause are not sufficient reasons for an article to exist.  If you can find reliable source coverage (for example, coverage in newspapers, books, etc.) of the subject, then it may be notable (worthy of an article).  If you find such coverage, add it to the article (see Help:Referencing for beginners) and follow the instructions at the top of the draft article page to submit it for review.  Good luck. --ThaddeusB (talk) 16:33, 6 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Mactan Newtown Beach Walk

Mactan Newtown Beach Walk is a shopping mall to be constructed in Mactan Newtown, Mactan Circumferential Road, Lapu-Lapu City.

History
On September 19, 2019, Megaworld Corporation announced that their plan to build a PHP 1.5 billion two-level mall in its 30-hectare Mactan Newtown development in Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu. It will have a 1.4-hectare man-made lagoon at the center with floating boardwalks and a bridge that will connect both sides of the mall. It will also have its own chapel, four cinemas, a food hall, al fresco areas, traveler's lounge and a view deck.

The mall will be operated by Megaworld Lifestyle Malls. A three-storey boutique hotel with 48 guestrooms will also be part of the mall complex. The mall was expected to be completed in 2021. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the opening was delayed to 2023.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mactan Newtown Beach Walk


text:
User:JohnI

 * NOTE: Please don't delete this User page. I may not visit often, but I will be back sometime. Regards JohnI 03:58, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Contributions: JohnI User contributions

Also see under <IP_ADDRESS> User contributions for further edits done without signing in:

-from 18:46, 28 November 2006 -to  current.

 * See: <IP_ADDRESS>
 * collage
 * montage

title: User:JohnI


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of years in Czech television

The result was delete. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 19:02, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

List of years in Czech television

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

 * 1955 in Czech television
 * 1956 in Czech television
 * 1957 in Czech television
 * 1958 in Czech television
 * 1961 in Czech television
 * 1963 in Czech television
 * 1964 in Czech television
 * 1965 in Czech television
 * 1966 in Czech television
 * 1967 in Czech television
 * 1968 in Czech television
 * 1969 in Czech television
 * 1970 in Czech television
 * 1971 in Czech television
 * 1972 in Czech television
 * 1973 in Czech television
 * 1974 in Czech television
 * 1975 in Czech television
 * 1976 in Czech television
 * 1977 in Czech television
 * 1978 in Czech television
 * 1979 in Czech television
 * 1981 in Czech television
 * 1982 in Czech television
 * 1983 in Czech television
 * 1985 in Czech television
 * 1987 in Czech television
 * 1988 in Czech television
 * 1996 in Czech television
 * 1998 in Czech television
 * 2004 in Czech television
 * 2005 in Czech television
 * 2006 in Czech television
 * 2007 in Czech television
 * 2008 in Czech television
 * 2010 in Czech television
 * 2012 in Czech television
 * 2013 in Czech television
 * 2015 in Czech television
 * 2016 in Czech television

In similar vein to this AFD and this AFD, this group of pages was mass-created by one user with almost zero information included. After an ANI discussion it was decided that we probably didn't need all of them.

The content in these articles is mostly just birth dates, which aren't really directly related "Albanian television" in that particular year. The other spattering is mostly trivial and could be covered by categories. Primefac (talk) 14:54, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions.  M assiveYR   ♠  15:05, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions.  M assiveYR   ♠  15:05, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Czech Republic-related deletion discussions.  M assiveYR   ♠  15:05, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete per the previous AfDs and as lists that are primarily lists of birth dates of BLPs without sourcing. That's deletable under per WP:DOB. TonyBallioni (talk) 15:12, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete all empty shells, per the previous AfD.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 18:16, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete - For whatever it worth. Although it should be noted I was heavily involved in the original discussion, so I'm not sure if my !vote should really count for much.  T J W  talk   19:30, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete. As an American TV year editor, I get what they're trying to do (except the births stuff), but a rule at WP is to have substance for an article creation prior. None of these have that and obviously no public interest to expand them. —  Wylie pedia  05:24, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete there's not enough information to support these pages. A single Timeline of Czech television page would likely be sufficient. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 05:35, 21 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
HyperText Markup Language/Text Formatting

The Text Formatting elements give logical structure to phrases in your HTML document. This structure is normally presented to the user by changing the appearance of the text.

We have seen in the Introduction to this book how we can emphasize text by using   tags. Graphical browsers normally present emphasized text in italics. Some Screen readers, utilities which read the page to the user, may speak emphasized words with a different inflection.

A common mistake is to tag an element to get a certain appearance instead of tagging its meaning. This issue becomes clearer when testing in multiple browsers, especially with graphical and text-only browsers as well as screen readers.

You can change the default presentation for any element using Cascading Style Sheets. For example, if you wanted all emphasized text to appear in red normal text you would use the following CSS rule:

In this section, we will explore a few basic ways in which you can markup the logical structure of your document.

Emphasis
HTML has elements for two degrees of emphasis:
 * The  element for emphasized text, usually rendered in italics.
 * The  element for strongly emphasized text, usually rendered in bold.

An example of emphasized text:

An example rendering:

An example of strongly emphasized text:

An example rendering:

Preformatted text
Preformatted text is rendered using fixed-width font, and without condensing multiple spaces into one, which results in preserved spacing. Newlines are rendered as newlines, unlike outside preformatted text. HTML markup in the preformatted text is still interpreted by browsers though, meaning that " a " will still be rendered as " a ".

To create preformatted text, start it with <pre> and end it with </pre>.

An example:

The resulting rendering:

,---, '---'
 * No. | Person         |
 * 1. | Bill Newton     |
 * 2. | Magaret Clapton |
 * 2. | Magaret Clapton |

Omitting the preformatting tags will cause the same text to appear all in one line:

,---, '---'
 * No. | Person         |
 * 1. | Bill Newton     |
 * 2. | Magaret Clapton |
 * 2. | Magaret Clapton |

Special Characters
To insert non-standard characters or characters that hold special meaning in HTML, a character reference is required. For example, to input the ampersand, "&", "&amp;" must be typed. Characters can also be inserted by their ASCII or Unicode number code.

Abbreviations
Another useful element is. This can be used to provide a definition for an abbreviation, e.g.

 * Will be displayed as: HTML
 * When you will hover over HTML, you see HyperText Markup Language

Graphical browsers often show abbreviations with a dotted underline. The  appears as a tooltip. Screen readers may read the  at the user's request.

Note: very old browsers (Internet Explorer version 6 and lower) do not support. Because they support the related element, that element has been commonly used for all abbreviations.

An acronym is a special abbreviation in which letters from several words are pronounced to form a new word (e.g. radar - Radio Detection And Ranging). The letters in HTML are pronounced separately, technically making it a different sort of abbreviation known as an initialism.

Discouraged Formatting
HTML supports various formatting elements whose use is discouraged in favor of the use of cascading style sheets (CSS). Here's a short overview of the discouraged formatting, so that you know what it is when you see it in some web page, and know how to replace it with CSS formatting. Some of the discouraged elements are merely discouraged, others are deprecated in addition.

Cascading Style Sheets
The use of style elements such as <b> for bold or <i> for italic is straight-forward, but it couples the presentation layer with the content layer. By using Cascading Style Sheets, the HTML author can decouple these two distinctly different parts so that a properly marked-up document may be rendered in various ways while the document itself remains unchanged. For example, if the publisher would like to change cited references in a document to appear as bold text as they were previously italic, they simply need to update the style sheet and not go through each document changing <b> to <i> and vice-versa. Cascading Style Sheets also allow the reader to make these choices, overriding those of the publisher.

Continuing with the above example, let's say that the publisher has correctly marked up all their documents by surround references to cited material (such as the name of a book) in the documents with the <cite> tag:

<cite>The Great Gatsby</cite>

Then to make all cited references bold, one would put something like the following in the style sheet:

cite { font-weight: bold; }

Later someone tells you that references really need to be italic. Before CSS, you would have to hunt through all your documents, changing the <b> and </b> to <i> and </i> (but being careful *not* to change words that are in bold that are not cited references).

But with CSS, it's as simple as changing one line in the style sheet to

cite { font-style: italic; }


text:
Popaganda

Popaganda is the second studio album by American rock band Head Automatica, released on June 6, 2006 through Warner Bros. Records. While touring in support of their debut studio album Decadence (2004), frontman Daryl Palumbo's Crohn's disease saw the cancellation of some shows throughout 2004 and 2005. By the middle of 2005, they had accumulated 40 songs; between October 2005 and January 2006, the band recorded their next album with producer Howard Benson. Sessions were held at two studios in California: Bay 7 in Valley Village and Sparky Dark in Calabasas. Popaganda is a power pop album that Palumbo said was influenced by the work of the Beatles and Elvis Costello.

Popaganda received mixed reviews from critics, some of whom complimented the songwriting, while others criticized Palumbo's voice and the album's uninspired sound. Before the album was released, Head Automatica embarked on two tours of the United States, one with support from Morningwood and the other with support from My American Heart. The band then supported Avenged Sevenfold and Coheed and Cambria on their co-headlining US tour, and then appeared at the Coachella festival. "Graduation Day" was released to radio in June 2006, which coincided with a support slot for Taking Back Sunday and Angels & Airwaves. They then embarked on a US tour with Rock Kills Kid and Men, Women & Children, following which, "Lying Through Your Teeth" was released to radio in October 2006.

Background and production
Head Automatica released their debut studio album Decadence in August 2004. The band promoted it with tours alongside Interpol, the Rapture and Thrice. As frontman Daryl Palumbo suffered from Crohn's disease, the band were forced to cancel a variety of shows throughout 2004 and 2005. By July 2005, the band had accumulated 40 songs, which they had been working on for the preceding seven months, with Palumbo theorising that their next album would arrive late in the year. Palumbo was due to support the Used on their headlining US tour for the next month with his other band Glassjaw but had to cancel because of Crohn's disease. In October 2005, Head Automatica started recorded with producer Howard Benson; sessions continued into January 2006.

Benson had previously worked on two songs for Decadence; as Palumbo was liked Benson's tendencies for song arrangements and vocals, he decided to enlist him as producer for the whole album. Recording was held at Bay 7 Studios, Valley Village, California and Sparky Dark Studio in Calabasas, California. In the midst of this, the band released to two covers, "Jackie Wilson Said" (1972) by Van Morrison and So It Goes" (1976) by Nick Lowe, to tide fans over until the album was finished. Mike Plotnikoff acted as engineer, and mixed "Laughing at You", "Nowhere Fast", "God", "Shot in the Back (The Platypus)", "She's Not It", "Egyptian Musk", "Cannibal Girl", and "K Horse" at Glenwood Place Studios in Burbank, California, with assistance from Ian Suddarth. Chris Lord-Alge mixed "Graduation Day", "Lying Through Your Teeth", "Scandalous", "Curious", and Million Dollar Decision", with assistant engineer Hatsukazu Inagaki.

Composition
Musically, the sound of Popaganda has been described as power pop. Vocalist/guitarist Daryl Palumbo described the album as being "more musical" than anything he had done previously, calling it highly melodic. Taking influence from the Beatles, in addition to the Mod revival of the 1970s, he wanted "all the hooks to soar and all the songs to be as memorable and melodic as possible." Breaking down the album into sections, he described it as "one part the Knack, one part Cheap Trick, five parts Elvis Costello and the Attractions, one part Graham Parker, and tons of Nick Lowe melody lines" with "a modern take on those artists". It marked a shift away from the dance and electronic influences of their past work. Keyboardist Jessie Nelson said it was inspired by pop musicians such as Costello, Mike and the Mechanics and Steve Winwood, alongside duos Cassius and the Rondo Brothers.

AllMusic reviewer Corey Apar said the band retained the "post-punk dance attitude", though its "filtered this time through late-'70s pop influences" instead of "back-alley beats and electro-rock fuzz" that their previous collaborate Dan the Automator favored. Two of the tracks, namely, "Nowhere Fast" and "Egyptian Musk", recalled the sound of Decadence. The staff at Ultimate Guitar called the guitar work "gritty and sharp" though they followed "plain structures" with three chords. Discussing the title, Palumbo explained it referred to the "writing zone I was in for this whole period in my life". He had toyed with releasing a double album as the song count had risen to 50 tracks.

The album's opening track, "Graduation Day" starts with guitar and piano parts which build into a pop song, akin to the material on early Costello releases. The song includes Gerard Way of My Chemical Romance doing backing vocals, who had been friends with Palumbo for a few years. "Lying Through Your Teeth" is a hair metal song with glam rock-lite chorus sections. It sees the narrator finding out about their partner cheating on them. "Nowhere Fast" incorporates some of the abnormal melodies that Palumbo employed on Glassjaw's Worship and Tribute (2002). "Scandalous" is a neo-doo-wop song that Palumbo attributed to British Invasion acts covering doo-wop songs, and is followed by the straight-forward power pop song "Curious". With "God", discussing having to deal with his Crohn's disease. The guitar-heavy "Million Dollar Decision" is a mid-tempo track. The electronic "Egyptian Musk" song evokes the sound of Death from Above, and has a 1980s club atmosphere. A Lord-Alge remix of "Beating Heart Baby", a song from their debut, was included as a bonus track; Palumbo explained that this was the "final mix" of the track which had been left unreleased.

Release
After finishing up recording, the group went on a tour of the US from late January to late February 2006. They were supported by Morningwood. On January 23, 2006, the album's title of Popaganda was revealed. On March 3, 2006, "Graduation Day" was made available for streaming through their Myspace profile. The band appeared at the South by Southwest music conference later that same month, and embarked on a tour of the US, running into April 2006, with My American Heart. On March 28, "Laughing at You" was made available for streaming, and the album's track listing was revealed. On April 4, a digital-only EP was released, titled Pop Rocks, it features the previously-released "Graduation Day" and "Laughing at You", as well as new songs "Nowhere Fast" and "God". In April, the band supported Avenged Sevenfold and Coheed and Cambria on their co-headlining tour of the US, but were unable to appear at some of the shows due to Palumbo's illness. On April 7, the album's artwork was revealed, and "Lying Through Your Teeth" was made available for streaming. "Nowhere Fast" was made available for streaming five days later. Following this, the band performed at Coachella. On May 3, a music video was released for "Graduation Day". It was based on 1980s John Hughes films and directed by Tony Petrossian. It was shot at the Loyola High School in Los Angeles, California. On May 24, "Scandalous" was posted on the band's Myspace profile.

Popaganda was made available for streaming through their Myspace on June 2, 2006, and released four days later through Warner Bros. Records. A Lord-Alge mix of "Beating Heart Baby", a song from Decadence, was included a bonus track. In June and July, the band went on tour with Taking Back Sunday and Angels & Airwaves. "Graduation Day" was released to radio on June 20, 2006. From August 2006, the group went on a US tour with Rock Kills Kid and Men, Women & Children, and appeared at the X96 Big Ass Show. Though the trek was intended to last until October 2006, the band cancelled the September and October dates. On August 25, a music video was released for "Lying Through Your Teeth" premiered through Alternative Press' website. "Lying Through Your Teeth" was released to radio on October 17, 2006. The following day, it was announced that drummer Larry Gorman was no longer in the band. Alternative Press reported that he had been kicked out, with Gorman explaining that it was mostly in part to "the fact that the relationship between Daryl and I has slowly been deteriorating over the last couple of years." In October and November, the band went on the MTV$2 Bill Tour alongside Thirty Seconds to Mars. During this trek, they appeared on Last Call with Carson Daly. In February 2007, the band supported Jack's Mannequin on their tour of the US.

Reception
Popaganda was met with mixed reviews from music critics. AllMusic reviewer Corey Apar said the band's change of sound "never seems forced or contrived". He mentioned that during the middle portion "some songs don't initially hit that hard, but the rest of the record keeps things moving along for later listens". Jeff Vrabel of Billboard noted that the album wears its big aspirations on its sequined sleeve", stating that it "drags in its second half and [while] Palumbo’s voice is certainly an acquired taste, his hooks hit more than they miss". Melodic staff writer Kaj Roth considered it an improvement over Decadence, saying that fans of that album would "find lots of future fave songs" on Popaganda. The staff at Ultimate Guitar praised the album for is variety of musical styles, saying it "appeared sounding organic with perky tracks and infectious melodies".

Punknews.org founder Aubin Paul said Palumbo "owes even more to Costello than just his voice", highlight "Graduation Day" as an example. He went to say that Head Automatica " hasn't fully committed to their new sound or discovered what it is -- with far too many borrowed moments" from Costello and his new wave contemporaries. Alternative Press writer J. Bennett said the "most refreshing thing" about the album was that Head Automatica "aren’t a pop band pretending a punk band, [...] or even an emo band pretending to be grown men--but that they’ll do whatever it takes to get Summer naked on the Bait Shop floor". The staff at Chart Attack lambasted it, stating that "between Palumbo's annoyingly affected vocals and the album's scarcity of catchy hooks, most of Popaganda feels thin, flat and desperately fun-free".

Popaganda reached and peaked at number 69 on the Billboard 200, and number 87 on the UK Albums Chart. By September 2006, the album sold 50,000 copies.

Track listing
All songs written by Daryl Palumbo.

 * 1) "Graduation Day" – 3:42
 * 2) "Laughing at You" – 2:45
 * 3) "Lying Through Your Teeth" – 3:29
 * 4) "Nowhere Fast" – 3:00
 * 5) "Scandalous" – 4:10
 * 6) "Curious" – 2:43
 * 7) "God" – 3:01
 * 8) "Shot in the Back (The Platypus)" – 3:43
 * 9) "Million Dollar Decision" – 4:04
 * 10) "She's Not It" – 3:29
 * 11) "Egyptian Musk" – 3:53
 * 12) "Cannibal Girl" – 3:10
 * 13) "K Horse" – 4:48

Bonus track
 * 1) "Beating Heart Baby" (Chris Lord-Alge mix) – 3:26

Personnel
Personnel per booklet.

Head Automatica Additional musicians
 * Daryl Palumbo – vocals, guitars, programming
 * Jarvis Morgan Holden – bass
 * Larry Gorman – drums, backing vocals
 * Brandon Arnovick – guitar
 * Craig Bonich – guitar
 * Jessie Nelson – organ, piano, keys
 * Gerard Way – backing vocals (track 1)

Production and design
 * Howard Benson – producer
 * Mike Plotnikoff – engineer, mixing (tracks 2, 4, 7, 8 and 10–13)
 * Ian Suddarth – assistant
 * Chris Lord-Alge – mixing (tracks 1, 3, 5, 6 and 9)
 * Hatsukazu Inagaki – assistant engineer
 * Sean McCabe – photography, art, design

title: Popaganda


text:
Talk:David Williams (Australian soccer)

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text:
GCSE Science/The motor effect

GCSE Science/Electricity

The motor effect is the term used when a current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field experiences a force. A simple experimental demonstration will show you that this is true.

Place a wire that is connected to a power pack in between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. Turn on the power and the wire moves. Often the movement is only very slight because a typical horseshoe magnet is not very strong.

The force depends on a number of things:
 * How strong the magnetic field is inside the loop of the magnetic coil as it is usually iron and iron is a good conductor of magnetic attraction.(B)
 * How much current is flowing through the wire. (I)
 * The angle formed between the wire and the direction of the magnetic field.(θ)
 * The length of the wire, carrying the current, in the magnetic field.(L)

The force obeys the formula: $$F=IBL\sin(\theta)$$

The first two points are pretty much obvious, so let's look at the third point in a little more detail. The magnetic field of a horseshoe magnet points pretty much in a straight line from the north pole to the south pole. If the wire cuts this field at right angles the resulting force will be a maximum. If the wire runs parallel to the field, from the north the south pole or vice versa, the wire will still experience the motor effect. However, the net result of this force is along the wire, not perpendicular to it, thus the wire does not turn.

Having said that, at GCSE you only really need to think about situations where the field and the wire cut each other at right angles. The force is always at right angles to both the field and the current flowing in the wire. This means that if you draw the direction of the magnetic field and the wire on a piece of paper the force will be out of the plane of the paper pointing straight up or down {More about how you work out which way later).

Look at the diagram above. For simplicity, only the two ends of the horseshoe magnet have been drawn. Also the power pack and connecting wires are not shown either. The magnetic field is going into the screen. The current is traveling from right to left. The black line represents the force, and therefore the direction that the wire moves.

 * Q1) Name one way that the force on the wire could be increased.
 * Q2) Name as many ways as you can to reduce the force on the wire.
 * Q3) Name two ways of reversing the force on the wire, so that it pushes the wire up rather than down.

Fleming's Left Hand Rule

This rule allows you to work out which direction the force will point in. Arrange your left hand with your thumb, first finger, and second fingers all pointing at right angles to one another.

 * Point your F irst finger in the direction of the magnetic  field.
 * Point your Se C ond finger in the direction of the current.
 * The Th umb will then give you the direction of the force ( thrust ).

Remember you have to use your left hand for this! Although you may use your right hand so long as you swap the direction of current with the force

Q4) A student uses her right hand instead of her left. What effect will that have on the force she works out?

You will recall that a current carrying wire is surrounded by its own magnetic field. The diagram below shows the wire end on in a magnetic field of two magnets that are NS facing. The field due to the magnets is shown in blue, and the field due to the current in the wire is shown in black.

Notice the direction of the two fields as shown by the arrows. On top of the wire the fields are both going in the same direction. They add up making an overall strong field.

Underneath the wire, they go in opposite directions. They cancel each other out to some extent making an overall weaker field. The new field is shown in the diagram below.

See how the field above the wire is stronger. The lines are closer together. Below the wire the field is weaker (due to partial canceling out) the field lines are further apart. The force pushes the wire downwards, away from the strong field into the weak field. It's as if the field lines try to repel each other. They don't like being squashed together and try to straighten out. They also act as if they are made of elastic bands, they don't like being stretched out of shape. (This is just a model of what's going on. The lines aren't real, they don't actually try to push each other away, but I find it a way of helping me understand what's going on. If it doesn't help you, don't use it)

 * Q5) Use the idea of field lines not liking being squashed together to explain why two magnets with like poles facing each other repel.
 * (Q6) Use the idea of field lines being made of elastic to explain why two magnets with opposite poles facing attract one another.

A simple electric motor
Ok, so far we have been looking at the force that results when we put a current carrying wire in a magnetic field. In this section we will look at a practical use for this force.As you have probably already guessed from the name of this page, the practical use is going to be an electric motor.

Look at the diagram above. A rectangular loop of wire is sitting inside a magnetic field. We can consider the current in the four sections of the loop and work out which way the force acts.
 * On the left hand side of the loop the current is flowing into the page or screen. The magnetic field will be going from left to right so from Flemming's left hand rule the force will be downwards.
 * On the back and front of the loops the current is parallel to the magnetic field so there is zero force.
 * On the right hand side of the loop the current is coming out of the page or screen. The field is still going from left to right so the force will be upwards.

The net result of these different forces is that there will be a turning moment that makes the coil rotate by 90°. At that point the upwards and downwards forces will be acting along the same line and the coil will stop turning. Another way to think about it is to consider the loop as a tiny little one turn solenoid. The solenoid will have a little north pole and a little south pole and will therefore move until its north pole lines up with the south pole of the magnet on the right, and its south pole lines up with the north pole of magnet on the left.

This is all very interesting but not much use as a motor. We want something that keeps turning all the time the current flows. They way this is achieved is by the use of the commutator – a circular metal ring that is split into two halves. The ends of the wire loop turn around inside the commutator. They are in electrical contact with it. One side of the commutator is connected to the positive output of a power pack or battery. the other half of the commutator is connected to the negative.

Let's look at what happens as the coil turns inside the commutator:
 * 1) The coil turns clockwise because of the forces on the two halves as explained above.
 * 2) As the coil turns the wires slip around on the inside of the commutator.
 * 3) When the coil is in a vertical position there is no force on it, but its momentum carries it forward a little.
 * 4) The wires inside the commutator make contact with the other half of the ring. I.e. the wire that was in contact with the positive half of the commutator now touches the negative half and vice versa.
 * 5) This causes the current to flow the other way around the coil, which reverses the little solenoid magnet.
 * 6) The coil therefore tries to line itself up with the magnetic field by continuing to turn so that it ultimately points in the other direction.
 * 7) Once the coil is vertical, and facing the other way, the wires touch their original halves of the commutator. and the whole cycle repeats over and over

Q7)A student sets up an electric motor and turns it on. The coil turns clockwise. List two ways she could reverse the direction.

<>

title: GCSE Science/The motor effect


text:
Calculus/Ordinary differential equations

Ordinary differential equations involve equations containing: and their solutions.
 * variables
 * functions
 * their derivatives

In studying integration, you already have considered solutions to very simple differential equations. For example, when you look to solving
 * $$\int f(x) \,dx=g(x)$$

for g(x), you are really solving the differential equation
 * $$ g'(x) = f(x) \,$$

Notations and terminology
The notations we use for solving differential equations will be crucial in the ease of solubility for these equations.

This document will be using three notations primarily:
 * f' to denote the derivative of f
 * D f to denote the derivative of f
 * $${df \over dx}$$ to denote the derivative of f (for separable equations).

Terminology
Consider the differential equation
 * $$3 f^{\prime \prime}(x)+5xf(x)=11$$

Since the equation's highest derivative is 2, we say that the differential equation is of order 2.

Some simple differential equations
A key idea in solving differential equations will be that of integration.

Let us consider the second order differential equation (remember that a function acts on a value).
 * $$f''(x)=2 \,$$

How would we go about solving this? It tells us that on differentiating twice, we obtain the constant 2 so, if we integrate twice, we should obtain our result.

Integrating once first of all:

 * $$\int f''(x) \,dx = \int 2 \,dx$$
 * $$f'(x)=2x+C_1 \,$$

We have transformed the apparently difficult second order differential equation into a rather simpler one, viz.

 * $$f'(x)=2x+C_1 \,$$

This equation tells us that if we differentiate a function once, we get $$2x+C_1$$. If we integrate once more, we should find the solution.

 * $$\int f'(x) \,dx = \int 2x+C_1 \,dx$$
 * $$f(x)=x^2+C_1x+C_2 \,$$

This is the solution to the differential equation. We will get $$f=2 \,$$ for all'' values of $$C_1$$ and $$C_2$$.

The values $$C_1$$ and $$C_2$$ are related to quantities known as initial conditions.

Why are initial conditions useful? ODEs (ordinary differential equations) are useful in modeling physical conditions. We may wish to model a certain physical system which is initially at rest (so one initial condition may be zero), or wound up to some point (so an initial condition may be nonzero, say 5 for instance) and we may wish to see how the system reacts under such an initial condition.

When we solve a system with given initial conditions, we substitute them after our process of integration.

Example
When we solved $$f''(x)=2 \,$$ say we had the initial conditions $$f'(0)=3 \,$$ and $$f(0)=2 \,$$. (Note, initial conditions need not occur at f(0)).

After we integrate we make substitutions:
 * $$f'(0)=2(0)+C_1 \,$$
 * $$3=C_1 \,$$
 * $$\int f'(x) \,dx = \int 2x+3 \,dx$$
 * $$f(x)=x^2+3x+C_2 \,$$
 * $$f(0)=0^2+3(0)+C_2 \,$$
 * $$2=C_2 \,$$
 * $$f(x)=x^2+3x+2 \,$$

Without initial conditions, the answer we obtain is known as the general solution or the solution to the family of equations. With them, our solution is known as a specific solution.

Basic first order DEs
In this section we will consider four main types of differential equations:
 * separable
 * homogeneous
 * linear
 * exact

There are many other forms of differential equation, however, and these will be dealt with in the next section

Separable equations
A separable equation is in the form (using dy/dx notation which will serve us greatly here)
 * $${dy \over dx} = f(x)/g(y)$$

Previously we have only dealt with simple differential equations with g(y)=1. How do we solve such a separable equation as above?

We group x and dx terms together, and y and dy terms together as well.
 * $$g(y)\ dy = f(x)\ dx$$

Integrating both sides with respect to y on the left hand side and x on the right hand side:
 * $$\int g(y)\,dy=\int f(x)\,dx+C$$

we will obtain the solution.

Worked example
Here is a worked example illustrating the process.

We are asked to solve
 * $${dy \over dx} = 3x^2y$$

Separating
 * $${dy \over y} = (3x^2)\,dx$$

Integrating
 * $$\int {dy \over y} = \int 3x^2\,dx$$
 * $$\ln{y}=x^3+C \,\!$$
 * $$y=e^{x^3+C}$$

Letting $$k = e^C$$ where k is a constant we obtain
 * $$y=ke^{x^3}$$

which is the general solution.

Verification
This step does not need to be part of your work, but if you want to check your solution, you can verify your answer by differentiation.

We obtained
 * $$y=ke^{x^3}$$

as the solution to
 * $${dy \over dx} = 3x^2y$$

Differentiating our solution with respect to x,
 * $${dy \over dx} = 3kx^2e^{x^3}$$

And since $$y=ke^{x^3}$$, we can write
 * $${dy \over dx} = 3x^2y$$

We see that we obtain our original differential equation, thus our work must be correct.

Homogeneous equations
A homogeneous equation is in the form
 * $${dy \over dx} = f(y/x)$$

This looks difficult as it stands, however we can utilize the substitution
 * $$v = {y \over x}$$

so that we are now dealing with F(v) rather than F(y/x).

Now we can express y in terms of v, as y=xv and use the product rule.

The equation above then becomes, using the product rule
 * $${dy \over dx} = v+x{dv \over dx}$$

Then
 * $$v+x{dv \over dx} = f(v)$$
 * $$x{dv \over dx} = f(v)-v$$
 * $${dv \over dx} = {f(v)-v \over x}$$

which is a separable equation and can be solved as above.

However let's look at a worked equation to see how homogeneous equations are solved.

Worked example
We have the equation
 * $$ {dy \over dx} = {y^2 + x^2 \over yx}$$

This does not appear to be immediately separable, but let us expand to get
 * $$ {dy \over dx} = {y^2 \over yx} + {x^2 \over yx}$$
 * $$ {dy \over dx} = {x \over y} + {y \over x}$$

Substituting y=xv which is the same as substituting v=y/x:
 * $$ {dy \over dx} = 1/v + v$$

Now
 * $$ v+x{dv \over dx} = 1/v + v$$

Canceling v from both sides
 * $$ x{dv \over dx} = 1/v$$

Separating
 * $$ v\, dv = dx/x$$

Integrating both sides
 * $$ {1 \over 2}v^2+C= \ln(x) \,$$
 * $$ {1 \over 2}\left({y \over x}\right)^2= \ln(x)-C$$
 * $$ y^2 = 2x^2 \ln(x) - 2Cx^2 \,$$
 * $$ y = x\sqrt{2 \ln(x) - 2C}$$

which is our desired solution.

Linear equations
A linear first order differential equation is a differential equation in the form
 * $$ a(x){dy \over dx} + b(x)y=c(x)$$

Multiplying or dividing this equation by any non-zero function of x makes no difference to its solutions so we could always divide by a(x) to make the coefficient of the differential 1, but writing the equation in this more general form may offer insights.

At first glance, it is not possible to integrate the left hand side, but there is one special case. If b happens to be the differential of a then we can write

 * $$a(x){dy \over dx} + b(x)y = a(x){dy \over dx} + y{da \over dx}

= {d \over dx}a(x)y $$

and integration is now straightforward.

Since we can freely multiply by any function, lets see if we can use this freedom to write the left hand side in this special form.

We multiply the entire equation by an arbitrary, I(x), getting

 * $$ aI{dy \over dx} + bIy=cI$$

then impose the condition

 * $$ \frac{d}{dx}aI = bI $$

If this is satisfied the new left hand side will have the special form. Note that multiplying I by any constant will leave this condition still satisfied.

Rearranging this condition gives

 * $$ \frac{1}{I}\frac{dI}{dx} = \frac{b-\frac{da}{dx}}{a} $$

We can integrate this to get

 * $$ \ln I(x) = \int \frac{b(z)}{a(z)}dz - \ln a(x) + c \quad

I(x)=\frac{k}{a(x)}e^{\int \frac{b(z)}{a(z)}dz}$$

We can set the constant k to be 1, since this makes no difference.

Next we use I on the original differential equation, getting

 * $$ e^{\int \frac{b(z)}{a(z)}dz}{dy \over dx} +

e^{\int \frac{b(z)}{a(z)}dz} \frac{b(x)}{a(x)}y =e^{\int \frac{b(z)}{a(z)}dz}\frac{c(x)}{a(x)}$$

Because we've chosen I to put the left hand side in the special form we can rewrite this as

 * $$ {d \over dx}(ye^{\int \frac{b(z)}{a(z)}dz}) =

e^{\int \frac{b(z)}{a(z)}dz}\frac{c(x)}{a(x)}$$

Integrating both sides and dividing by $$e^I$$ we obtain the final result

 * $$ y = e^{-\int \frac{b(z)}{a(z)}dz}

\left(\int e^{\int \frac{b(z)}{a(z)}dz}\frac{c(x)}{a(x)}dx + C\right) $$

We call I an integrating factor. Similar techniques can be used on some other calculus problems.

Example
Consider

 * $$\frac{dy}{dx} + y \tan x = 1 \quad y(0)=0$$

First we calculate the integrating factor.

 * $$I=e^{\int \tan x dx} = e^ {\ln \sec x} = \sec x $$

Multiplying the equation by this gives

 * $$\sec x \frac{dy}{dx} + y \sec x \tan x = \sec x $$

or

 * $$ \frac{d}{dx} y\sec x = \sec x $$

We can now integrate

 * $$ y = \cos x \int_0^x \sec z \, dz = \cos x \ln (\sec x + \tan x) $$

Exact equations
An exact equation is in the form
 * f(x, y) dx + g(x, y) dy = 0

and, has the property that
 * Dx f = Dy g

(If the differential equation does not have this property then we can't proceed any further).

As a result of this, if we have an exact equation then there exists a function h(x, y) such that
 * Dy h = f and Dx h = g

So then the solutions are in the form
 * h(x, y) = c

by using the fact of the total differential. We can find then h(x, y) by integration

Basic second and higher order ODE's
The generic solution of a nth order ODE will contain n constants of integration. To calculate them we need n more equations. Most often, we have either
 * boundary conditions, the values of y and its derivatives take for two different values of x

or
 * initial conditions, the values of y and its first n-1 derivatives take for one particular value of x.

Reducible ODE's
1. If the independent variable, x, does not occur in the differential equation then its order can be lowered by one. This will reduce a second order ODE to first order.

Consider the equation:
 * $$F\left(y,\frac{dy}{dx},\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}\right)=0$$

Define
 * $$u=\frac{dy}{dx}$$

Then
 * $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=\frac{du}{dx}=\frac{du}{dy}\cdot\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{du}{dy}\cdot u$$

Substitute these two expression into the equation and we get
 * $$F\left(y,u,\frac{du}{dy}\cdot u\right)$$=0

which is a first order ODE

Example
Solve
 * $$1+2y^2\operatorname{D}^2y=0$$

if at x=0, y=Dy=1

First, we make the substitution, getting
 * $$1+2y^2 u \frac{du}{dy}=0$$

This is a first order ODE. By rearranging terms we can separate the variables
 * $$udu=-\frac{dy}{2y^2}$$

Integrating this gives
 * $$u^2/2=c+1/2y$$

We know the values of y and u when x=0 so we can find c
 * $$c=u^2/2-1/2y=1^2/2-1/(2\cdot 1)=1/2-1/2=0$$

Next, we reverse the substitution
 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}^2=u^2=\frac{1}{y}$$

and take the square root
 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}=\pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{y}}$$

To find out which sign of the square root to keep, we use the initial condition, Dy=1 at x=0, again, and rule out the negative square root. We now have another separable first order ODE,
 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{y}}$$

Its solution is
 * $$\frac{2}{3}y^\frac{3}{2}= x+d$$

Since y=1 when x=0, d=2/3, and
 * $$y=\left(1 + \frac{3x}{2} \right)^\frac{2}{3}$$

2. If the dependent variable, y, does not occur in the differential equation then it may also be reduced to a first order equation.

Consider the equation:
 * $$F\left(x,\frac{dy}{dx},\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}\right)=0$$

Define
 * $$u=\frac{dy}{dx}$$

Then
 * $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=\frac{du}{dx}$$

Substitute these two expressions into the first equation and we get
 * $$F\left(x,u,\frac{du}{dx}\right)$$=0

which is a first order ODE

Linear ODEs
An ODE of the form
 * $$\frac{d^ny}{dx^n}+a_1(x)\frac{d^{n-1}y}{dx^{n-1}}+ ... +a_n y=F(x)$$

is called linear. Such equations are much simpler to solve than typical non-linear ODEs. Though only a few special cases can be solved exactly in terms of elementary functions, there is much that can be said about the solution of a generic linear ODE. A full account would be beyond the scope of this book

If F(x)=0 for all x the ODE is called homogeneous

Two useful properties of generic linear equations are
 * 1) Any linear combination of solutions of an homogeneous linear equation is also a solution.
 * 2) If we have a solution of a nonhomogeneous linear equation and we add any solution of the corresponding homogenous linear equation we get another solution of the nonhomogeneous linear equation

Variation of constants
Suppose we have a linear ODE,
 * $$\frac{d^ny}{dx^n}+a_1(x)\frac{d^{n-1}y}{dx^{n-1}}+ ... +a_n y=0$$

and we know one solution, y=w(x)

The other solutions can always be written as y=wz. This substitution in the ODE will give us terms involving every differential of z upto the nth, no higher, so we'll end up with an nth order linear ODE for z.

We know that z is constant is one solution, so the ODE for z must not contain a z term, which means it will effectively be an n-1th order linear ODE. We will have reduced the order by one.

Lets see how this works in practice.

Example
Consider
 * $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+\frac{2}{x}\frac{dy}{dx}-\frac{6}{x^2}y=0$$

One solution of this is y=x2, so substitute y=zx2 into this equation.

 * $$\left( x^2\frac{d^2z}{dx^2}+4x\frac{dz}{dx}+2z\right)

+\frac{2}{x} \left( x^2\frac{dz}{dx}+2xz \right) -\frac{6}{x^2}x^2 z=0$$

Rearrange and simplify.
 * $$x^2 D^2 z + 6xD z=0$$

This is first order for Dz. We can solve it to get
 * $$z=A x^{-5} \quad y=A x^{-3}$$

Since the equation is linear we can add this to any multiple of the other solution to get the general solution,

 * $$y=A x^{-3} + B x^2$$

Linear homogeneous ODE's with constant coefficients
Suppose we have a ODE
 * $$ (D^n+a_1 D^{n-1}+ ... + a_{n-1}D+a_0)y=0$$

we can take an inspired guess at a solution (motivate this)
 * $$y=e^{px}$$

For this function Dny=pny so the ODE becomes
 * $$ (p^n+a_1 p^{n-1}+ ... + a_{n-1}p+a_0)y=0$$

y=0 is a trivial solution of the ODE so we can discard it. We are then left with the equation
 * $$ p^n+a_1 p^{n-1}+ ... + a_{n-1}p+a_0=0$$

This is called the characteristic equation of the ODE.

It can have up to n roots, p1, p2 …  pn, each root giving us a different solution of the ODE.

Because the ODE is linear, we can add all those solution together in any linear combination to get a general solution
 * $$y=A_1 e^{p_1 x} +A_2 e^{p_2 x} + ... + A_n e^{p_n x}$$

To see how this works in practice we will look at the second order case. Solving equations like this of higher order uses exactly the same principles; only the algebra is more complex.

Second order
If the ODE is second order,
 * $$D^2 y + bDy+cy=0$$

then the characteristic equation is a quadratic,
 * $$p^2+bp+c=0$$

with roots
 * $$p_{\pm}=\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4c}}{2}$$

What these roots are like depends on the sign of b2-4c, so we have three cases to consider.

1) b2 > 4c

In this case we have two different real roots, so we can write down the solution straight away.
 * $$ y=A_{+}e^{p_{+}}+A_{-}e^{p_{-}}$$

2) b2 < 4c

In this case, both roots are imaginary. We could just put them directly in the formula, but if we are interested in real solutions it is more useful to write them another way.

Defining k2=4c-b2, then the solution is
 * $$y=A_{+}e^{ikx-\frac{bx}{2}}+A_{-}e^{-ikx-\frac{bx}{2}}$$

For this to be real, the A ' s must be complex conjugates
 * $$A_{\pm}=A e^{\pm ia}$$

Make this substitution and we can write,
 * $$y=A e^{-bx/2}\cos (kx+a)$$

If b is positive, this is a damped oscillation.

3) b2 = 4c

In this case the characteristic equation only gives us one root, p=-b/2. We must use another method to find the other solution.

We'll use the method of variation of constants. The ODE we need to solve is,
 * $$D^2 y -2pDy+p^2y=0$$

rewriting b and c in terms of the root. From the characteristic equation we know one solution is $$y=e^{px}$$ so we make the substitution $$y=ze^{px}$$, giving
 * $$ (e^{px}D^2z+2pe^{px}Dz+p^2e^{px}z)-2p(e^{px}Dz+pe^{px}z)+p^2e^{px}z=0 $$

This simplifies to D2z=0, which is easily solved. We get
 * $$z=Ax+B \quad y=(Ax+B)e^{px}$$

so the second solution is the first multiplied by x.

Higher order linear constant coefficient ODE's behave similarly: an exponential for every real root of the characteristic and a exponent multiplied by a trig factor for every complex conjugate pair, both being multiplied by a polynomial if the root is repeated.

E.g., if the characteristic equation factors to
 * $$(p-1)^4(p-3)(p^2+1)^2=0$$

the general solution of the ODE will be
 * $$y=(A+Bx+Cx^2+Dx^3)e^x + Ee^{3x}+ F \cos (x+a) +Gx \cos(x+b)$$

The most difficult part is finding the roots of the characteristic equation.

Linear nonhomogeneous ODEs with constant coefficients
First, let's consider the ODE
 * $$Dy-y=x$$

a nonhomogeneous first order ODE which we know how to solve.

Using the integrating factor e-x we find
 * $$y=c e^{-x} +1 -x$$

This is the sum of a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation, and a polynomial.

Nonhomogeneous ODE's of higher order behave similarly.

If we have a single solution, yp of the nonhomogeneous ODE, called a particular solution,
 * $$ (D^n+a_1 D^{n-1} + \cdots + a_n)y=F(x)$$

then the general solution is y=yp+yh, where yh is the general solution of the homogeneous ODE.

Find yp for an arbitrary F(x) requires methods beyond the scope of this chapter, but there are some special cases where finding yp is straightforward.

Remember that in the first order problem yp for a polynomial F(x) was itself a polynomial of the same order. We can extend this to higher orders.

Example:
 * $$D^2y+y=x^3-x+1$$

Consider a particular solution
 * $$y_p=b_0+b_1 x+b_2 x^2 + x^3$$

Substitute for y and collect coefficients
 * $$x^3 + b_2 x^2 +(6+b_1)x +(2b_2+b_0)=x^3-x+1$$

So b2=0, b1=-7, b0=1, and the general solution is
 * $$y=a \sin x + b \cos x + 1 -7x + x^3$$

This works because all the derivatives of a polynomial are themselves polynomials.

Two other special cases are
 * $$F(x)=P_n e^{kx} \quad y_p(x)=Q_n e^{kx}$$
 * $$F(x)=A_n \sin kx +B_n \cos kx \quad

y_p(x)=P_n \sin kx +Q_n \cos kx$$ where Pn,Qn,An, and Bn are all polynomials of degree n.

Making these substitutions will give a set of simultaneous linear equations for the coefficients of the polynomials.