text:
South African Law/Cession/Classification

The definition of cession

 * Cedent ↔ (transfers his right to) ↔ Cessionary
 * ↑(obligation to cedent)
 * Debtor

The principles of cession were clearly defined in Johnson v Incorporated General Insurance Ltd 1983 (1) SA 318 (A), which stated that cession in our modern law can be seen as:
 * 1) A transvestitive (or translative) juristic act (oordragshandeling)
 * 2) Which transfers a personal incorporeal right emanating from an obligation (translatio iuris)
 * 3) By means of a real agreement (saaklike ooreenkoms)
 * 4) Made between the cedent and the cessionary
 * 5) Arising out of a iusta causa cessionis
 * 6) From which the cedent’s intention to transfer the right to claim (animus transferendi) appears or can be inferred
 * 7) From which the cessionary’s intention to become the holder of the right (animus acquirendi) appears or can be inferred.
 * 8) The causa cessionis can be a payment (solutio), securing of a debt, or an obligatory agreement (verbintenisskeppende ooreenkoms) embodying for example:
 * 9) *An alienation, e.g. sale, exchange, or donation;
 * 10) *A settlement (transactio);
 * 11) *A loan.
 * 12) The cessionary can cede his right to someone else; this is known as on-cession.
 * 13) If the on-cessionary (= retrocedent) cedes back his right to the original cessionary (= retrocessionary), we have a retrocession.
 * 14) If the parties wish to resile from the cession agreement;
 * 15) *and their intention is to cancel or take back the real agreement (animus cancellandi),
 * 16) *the dissolution agreement has the effect of a retrocession under which
 * 17) *the ceded right reverts back to the original cedent.

Various juristic acts distinguished
From the above, it will be seen that there are several juristic acts incorporated into any cession. These acts will be examined in more detail below.
 * 1) A vestitive act (e.g. an obligatory agreement)
 * 2) A transvestitive act embodied in the real agreement
 * 3) Two divestitive acts; and potentially
 * 4) A dissolution agreement.

Vestitive act
The vestitive (or constitutive) juristic act can be a will, subrogation, court order, securing of a debt or a mere payment (solutio), but is usually an obligatory agreement between the debtor and the cedent. This act creates an obligation which vests a personal right to performance (or ‘claim’ or ius crediti) in the cedent and a duty to perform in the debtor. It is in fact the causa of the cession agreement. If an obligatory agreement, it may arise from a number of causes, for example: Thus in schematic form, the vestitive act between the debtor and the cedent becomes the causa cessionis for the real agreement between the cedent and the cessionary.
 * a sale
 * a loan agreement
 * an undertaking to perform in future
 * a lease, etc.

 * Cedent ↔ (cession agreement) ↔ Cessionary
 * ↑(vestitive act = the causa cessionis)
 * Debtor

A series of propositions will be developed in the following discussions.
 * 1) Relating to the obligatory agreement, let us assume that Donald the debtor owes Cedric the cedent R100.00. The reason for his debt is the sale of goods by Cedric to Donald with payment to be made at the end of the month.

Transvestitive act
The transvestitive (or translative) juristic act is the cession agreement (pactum cessionis), that is, the real agreement between the cedent and the cessionary to divest the cedent’s right to performance and vest it in the cessionary.

It is not necessary for the cession agreement to be in writing, but it is advisable See Botha v Fick 1995 (2) SA 720 (A) where it was held that ‘mere consensus is sufficient to effect a cession’.

The essential elements of the cession agreement are:
 * 1) An animus transferendi - the cedent’s intention to transfer his/her claim to the cessionary;
 * 2) An animus acquirendi - the cessionary’s intention to accept transfer of the claim from the cedent; and
 * 3) A causa cessionis - the vestitive act constituting the underlying obligation between the debtor and cedent.

On performance of the cession agreement, the claim passes permanently to the cessionary. From that point onwards, the cession cannot be revoked unilaterally by either the cedent or the cessionary.

In schematic form the cession agreement is between:

 * Cedent ↔ (cession agreement) ↔ Cessionary
 * ↑(vestitive act)
 * Debtor

To continue with the proposition.
 * 1) Donald the debtor owes Cedric the Cedent R100.00
 * 2) Cedric wishes to sell his claim to Susan the cessionary for R90.00.
 * 3) Susan wishes to purchase the claim from Cedric for R90.00.

The Cedent and cessionary have two choices in drafting the cession agreement.
 * They can incorporate the sale of the claim and cession of the claim into one agreement.

 * 1) * Sale and cession: Cedric hereby sells and transfers (cedes) to Susan his claim against Donald in the sum of R100.00 for the sum of R90.00.

Alternatively they can separate the two agreements out. On payment of the sum of R90.00 by Susan to Cedric, Cedric will cede (transfer) his right title and interest in his claim against Donald to Susan.
 * 1) *Sale
 * Cedric sells his claim of R100.00 against Donald to Susan for the sum of R90.00
 * 1) *Cession

Once the cession is effected, the cedent falls out of the picture, and the vinculum iuris is between the debtor and the cessionary.

Divestitive acts
If one analyses it carefully one will see that there are in fact two divestitive acts extinguishing obligations.
 * 1) The first is the act extinguishing the cedent’s obligation to the cessionary. This occurs through the actual cession or transfer of the cedent's claim against the debtor. In our example, Cedric is divested of his claim for R100.00 owed by Donald when ceded to Susan.
 * 2) The second is the act extinguishing the cessionary’s obligation (if any) to the cedent. In our example it is the payment by Susan of R90.00 to Cedric the cedent. However, there may not be an obligation here if the claim is ceded gratuitously, i.e. a donative cession.
 * 3) The discharge of the debtor’s obligation to the cessionary is not strictly a part of the cession, as the real agreement is only between the cedent and the cessionary. But it is an inevitable consequence of the transfer of the claim and the causa cessionis in the first place. It is therefore mentioned here.

Resolutive or dissolution agreement
The resolutive agreement refers to an agreement between the cedent and cessionary where they agree to retrocede the ceded right for some or other reason. It may be for example that the cedent has borrowed money from the cessionary and ceded a claim due to him as security for the loan.

You will recall that on transfer, the ceded claim becomes an asset in the estate of the cessionary. Once the cedent’s debt has been repaid to the cessionary, the cessionary would be unjustly enriched if she retained the cedent’s [former] claim as she would have received both the money from the cedent and the claim. It is in circumstances such as this that a resolutive agreement comes into play. See for example Lief v Detmann 1964 (2) SA 525 (A) where it was stated that:
 * ‘The only way in which a right of action can be furnished as security for a debt is by way of cession, i.e. by a transaction which in our law results in the cedent being divested of his rights and those rights vesting in the cessionary. Where the cession is made in security for a debt, it does not in my opinion signify that the cedent retains any right in the subject matter of the cession; his continued interest flows from the agreement either express or implied with the cessionary that the right of action will be ceded back to him on the discharge of his debt.’


text:
Star Raiders: The Adventures of Saber Raine

Star Raiders: The Adventures of Saber Raine is a US-American 2017 science fiction film about a group of mercenaries who embark on a mission to rescue a prince and princess from an evil tyrant on a far away planet. It was directed by Mark Steven Grove, and stars Casper Van Dien, Cynthia Rothrock, James Lew, Brit Laree, Sara N. Salazar and Sarah Sansoni.

Plot
A prince and princess are abducted from their planet. Saber Raine, a soldier of fortune is hired to bring them back. Along with three others, he embarks on the mission. They end up on a planet in the depths of space which is run by an evil overlord called Sinjin. Having been freed from centuries of containment in a cryogenic prison, Sinjin is now teaming up with beings called the Quintari who have caused havoc throughout the galaxy. Sinjin has a plan of revenge against his betrayers' descendants and he has a powerful weapon.

Cast

 * Casper Van Dien as Saber Raine
 * Cynthia Rothrock as Kandra Syn
 * James Lew as Sinjin
 * Brit Laree as Fade
 * Sara N. Salazar as Caliope
 * Mark Steven Grove as Kor'Rok
 * Kevin Sean Ryan as Xorian
 * Sarah Sansoni as Andromeda
 * Cordy McGowan as Cersi
 * Adam Lipsius as Admiral Steele
 * Tyler Weaver Jr. as Tyr
 * Andy Hankins as Commander Voss
 * Holly Westwood as Crotalus
 * Nico Feula as Dane
 * Michael Grell as Jax Grymm
 * Scott Sheely as Mutate

Production
The film was produced by Uptown 6 Productions, Fusion Factory Films, and Don't Pose Productions. The film was co-produced by Adam Lipsius and Mark Steven Grove as well as directed by Grove.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Alexis Gonçalves

Alexis Gonçalves Pereira (born 4 April 1997) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Championnat National club GOAL FC. Born in France, he plays for the Cape Verde national team.

Club career
On 2 September 2019, Gonçalves signed his first professional contract with Châteauroux. He made his professional debut for Châteauroux in a 1–0 Ligue 2 loss to Lens on 16 September 2019.

On 8 July 2021, it was announced that Gonçalves had signed a one-year contract with the option of an additional year with Belgian First Division B club RWDM. On 26 January 2022, Gonçalves was loaned to Francs Borains in the third-tier Belgian National Division 1.

On 15 June 2022, Gonçalves signed for Championnat National 2 club GOAL FC.

International career
Gonçalves holds both French and Cape Verdean nationalities. He was called up to the Cape Verde national team for a pair of friendlies in June 2021. He debuted with the Cape Verde national team in a friendly 2–0 loss to Senegal on 8 June 2021.

title: Alexis Gonçalves


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Navid Nasseri (2nd nomination)

The result was delete. -- Patar knight - chat/contributions 05:00, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

Navid Nasseri
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Footballer who fails WP:NFOOTBALL because he has not played in a fully professional league or at senior international level, and about whom there doesn't seem to be enough significant independent coverage to pass WP:GNG. The previous AfD preceded his signing for a club in the Superettan, but that league isn't fully professional. And as noted at the previous AfD, the first-team appearance for Bury never happened, and playing in youth international football is specifically excluded by WP:NFOOTBALL. Struway2 (talk) 07:30, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related deletions. Struway2 (talk) 07:36, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Football-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 11:25, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of United Kingdom-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 11:25, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sportspeople-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 11:26, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete - Fails NFOOTY as has not played or managed senior international football nor played or managed in a fully professional league. No indication that subject has garnered significant reliable coverage for any other achievements to satisfy GNG. I'm not currently seeing any evidence to support the claim that he made an appearance for Bury. Fenix down (talk) 11:42, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete - He has not played in a fully pro league or received significant coverage, meaning the article fails WP:NSPORT and WP:GNG. Sir Sputnik (talk) 12:52, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete and SALT - fails WP:GNG and WP:NFOOTBALL. GiantSnowman 19:10, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep superettan is classed as a fully professional league where he has made 20 appearances. Along with the international recognition from Iran National Football team. He has a legitimate transfer value on tranfermarkt & features on games consoles such as Football manager & FIFA.
 * Superettan isn't listed at WP:FPL as a professional league. Mattythewhite (talk) 14:34, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete - Article doesn't satisfy the general notability guideline. Only online coverage consists of statistical database entries and trivial mentions in routine match reports and transfer announcements. Jogurney (talk) 14:25, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete According to soccerbase.com he hasn't played for Bury, so this article already has information that doesn't match up. There does seem plenty on content online about the player to maybe pass GNG if given a go. However I am inclined to delete on the evidence I've seen. Govvy (talk) 13:48, 23 September 2017 (UTC)


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Talk:Million Dollar Backfield (San Francisco 49ers)/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Harrias (talk · contribs) 10:21, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

Go on then, let's see if we can get one step closer to a Good topic. Harrias talk 10:21, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 * What reference is backing up the first half of the opening paragraph of the History section? The first one I see is ref #6, "Grid Rivalries Renewed Today In Pro Bowl", but that doesn't back up most of the information given.
 * ✅ Added refs, and the rest is supported by ref 10.

 * Is there a wikilink we could use for "rushing yards"?
 * ✅ Linked "rushing" to Rush (gridiron football).

 * "Perry, taking advantage of Johnson's blocking..." This is the first mention of Johnson's blocking – what is it, and was he well-known for being good at it?
 * ✅ Made mention of him being known for his blocking earlier in the section.

 * "The Million Dollar Backfield was disbanded after the 1956 season when Johnson was traded to Detroit. The backfield of Tittle, Perry, and McElhenny remained intact through the 1960 season." Given how good they were, it might be worth clarifying here why they made that trade, if there are sources to back it up.
 * ✅ Looks like they were desperate for defensive players.

 * "..with whom he had the successful years of his career.." Should this be "the most successful years"?

Other than that, I can't find much to fault with this, a nice piece of work. Harrias talk 10:52, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I believe that's all. Thanks for the review. Now I'll see about that good topic. Lizard  (talk) 02:39, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Two further questions; is there any information on who first applied the moniker to the players? And would it be worth mentioning in the prose (rather than just the See also section) that the Chicago Cardinals had a backfield with the same name? Harrias talk 06:36, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I managed to find the source of the moniker, but nothing that discusses the relation of the Cardinals' backfield to this one. It seems it was just a coincidence, so I don't think it's worth mentioning in prose. Lizard  (talk) 15:41, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your work, especially on some of my queries that definitely weren't necessary for GA, but were nice additions anyway! I found this a nice, well-written article that was accessible even to someone with very little american football knowledge. It passes all the GA criteria, well done. Harrias  talk 17:26, 20 September 2017 (UTC)


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Talk:Charge & Go! / Lights

External links modified
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title: Talk:Charge & Go! / Lights


text:
Bruce Herbelin-Earle

Bruce Charles Herbelin-Earle (born 1998) is an English-French actor and model, known for portraying the role of Marcus Greenbridge on the Netflix drama series Free Rein (2017–2020). He is signed to IMG Models.

Early life
Herbelin-Earle attended Imberhorne School.

Career
At the age of sixteen, Herbelin-Earle began looking at online casting calls, and auditioned for a role in the Disney Channel series The Lodge. Despite not getting the role, he was put into contact with an agent. Herbelin-Earle then auditioned for the role of Marcus Greenbridge in the Netflix drama series Free Rein, and as part of the process, he had to ride a horse, which he described as "terrifying". Talking about the audition to Wonderland, he stated that he had "no idea" about horse-riding, and that the other person auditioning for the role was "terrific" at it. He was told the day afterwards that he had gotten the role, which he portrayed until 2019. In 2018, Herbelin-Earle starred in and was the executive producer of a short film titled Wretched Things. Speaking about the decision to become the executive producer of the project, he said that he "wanted to more to be more involved with the project in an off-screen capacity", and that it "made it more like a collaborative project rather than me just coming in, doing my bit, and heading home". Later that year, he portrayed the role of Harry in the feature film 2: Hrs. Although he initially auditioned for the lead role, he stated that appreciated getting a role in the film regardless. Also in 2018, he appeared in an episode of the BBC medical drama series Casualty. In 2019, he starred in the Channel 5 miniseries 15 Days as Josh, alongside Free Rein co-star Freddy Carter. He described 15 Days as "great to film", and noted the "very different vibe" to Free Rein. In 2020, he is set to star in an episode of the Amazon Prime programme A Series of Light, which he cowrote.

title: Bruce Herbelin-Earle


text:
molski

Etymology 1

 * Borrowed from.
 * From the fabric often been used as material.

Noun

 * 1) moleskin fabric
 * 2)  a wrestling mat

title: molski


text:
obligado

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) obliged, obligated
 * 2) committed
 * 3) coerced, forced

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) obliged; compelled

title: obligado


text:
User:Maestro100/sandbox

Maestro Roger Torrison is an international concert pianist who resides in The United States. The maestro is well known for his performances of the piano music of Frederic Chopin and Sergi Rachmaninoff. The maestro studied with renowned concert pianist, Lillian Steuber and famed harpsichordist, Alice Ehlers. 35 Piano concertos ave been committed to memory, including the piano works of Beethoven, Brahms, Chopin, Gershwin, Liszt, Mozart, Prokofieff, Saint-Saens, and Rachmaninoff. Solo piano compositions include the entire works of Beethoven, Brahms, Chopin, Liszt and Rachmaninoff.

title: User:Maestro100/sandbox


text:
Hadsten Sports Klub Håndbold

Hadsten Sports Klub Håndbold is a handball club from Hadsten, Denmark. Currently, Hadsten SK competes in the women's Danish 1st Division. The home arena of the club is Vestjysk BANK Arena. Former female national team player Anne Dorthe Tanderup started her handball career as U8 player in Vissing-Hadsten HK and former national team player Maria Fisker has also played in the club.

The club was formed in 2005 as a merger between Vissing-Hadsten HK and Hadsten Gymnastikforening.

Current squad

 * Squad for the 2023-24 season

 * Goalkeeper
 * 12 Alberte Hamborg
 * 77 Lærke Ibsen Kristensen
 * Wingers
 * LW
 * 2 Helena Sall
 * 29 Signe Schaar
 * RW
 * 79 Julie Højbjerg Rasmussen
 * Pivots
 * 11 Kamilla Bruus
 * 27 Julie Molbech

 * Back players
 * LB
 * 8 Sofie Ladekjær
 * 15 Mathilde Pedersen
 * 17 Simone Handberg Pedersen
 * 20 Stine Kjær Schmidt
 * CB
 * 5 Lotte Vestergaard
 * 6 Camilla Madsen
 * 55 Ida Callisen

 * RB
 * 9 Kristina Bruus

Ryan Zinglersen Max Ørum Christensen
 * Coach
 * Assistant coach

Transfers

 * Transfers in the 2024-25 season.

 * Joining
 * Camilla Madsen (C)

 * Leaving
 * Ryan Zinglersen (C)
 * Max Ørum Christensen (AC)
 * Helena Sall

title: Hadsten Sports Klub Håndbold


text:
User:Cehjohnson

Problem
A rectangular pizza is placed on a tray. The sides of the tray extend by 4 units to the right and left and by 3 units (x) above and below. Calculate a value of x such that the area of the tray protruding is as small as possible.

Answer
The solution to this problem lies in differential calculus. Looking at the diagram below, we can see that the area of the tray extending from the pizza is given by

Substituting:

$${\mathrm y} = \frac{60}x$$

$$A = (\frac{60}x + 6)(x + 8) - 60$$

$$A = \frac{60x}x + 6x + \frac{480}{x} - 60$$

$$A = 6x + \frac{480}{x}$$

$$\frac{{\mathrm d}A}{{\mathrm d}x} = 6 - \frac{480}{x^2}$$

Since the area should be at a minimum:

$$0 = 6 - \frac{480}{x^2}$$

$$x = \sqrt80$$

title: User:Cehjohnson


text:
Dan Kelly (footballer)

Daniel Kelly (14 October 1899 – 24 August 1941) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a forward in Scottish football for Blantyre Victoria and Hamilton Academical, in the Football League for Derby County, Torquay United, York City and Doncaster Rovers, in Irish football for Dundalk and was on the books of Clapton Orient without making a league appearance.

Life
Kelly was born in Blantyre, South Lanarkshire to Daniel and Catherine (née Carabine). His father died five months before his birth. His maternal first cousin was the footballer Jimmy Carabine. He married Catherine Devlin at St Joseph's Church, Blantyre on 7 January 1931 and he remained a well respected member of the community in Blantyre following the end of his career. He died on 24 August 1941 aged 41 at Glasgow Royal Infirmary. His final occupation was a spirit salesman.

title: Dan Kelly (footballer)


text:
Nizhnechumanka

Nizhnechumanka (Нижнечуманка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Nizhnechumansky Selsoviet, Bayevsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 861 as of 2013. There are 13 streets.

Geography
Nizhnechumanka is located near the Kulunda river, 15 km southwest of Bayevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rybnye Borki is the nearest rural locality.

title: Nizhnechumanka


text:
2015 Supercar Challenge

The 2015 Supercar Challenge powered by Pirelli was the fifteenth Supercar Challenge season since it replaced the Supercar Cup in 2001. It began at Circuit Park Zandvoort on April 3 and ended at TT Circuit Assen on October 18. Roger Grouwels, Arjan van der Zwaan and Robert de Graaff entered the season as the defending Drivers' Champions in the highest class, the Super GT.

Super GT/GTB

 * Notes:

Supersport/Sport

 * Notes:

Scoring system
Championship points are awarded for the first ten positions in each race. The pole-sitter in Race 1 and Race 2 and the driver with the fastest lap in Race 1 and Race 2 also receive one point. The grid for Race 1 is decided by a normal qualifying, but the grid for Race 2 is decided by everyone's second best time in qualifying. If a guest driver gets Pole Position, the point will go to the best qualified regular driver. If a guest driver has the fastest lap, the point will go to the regular driver with the fastest lap. Entries are required to complete 75% of the winning car's (per division) race distance in order to be classified and earn points. Participants who join less than 4 events (8 races) will be treated as guest drivers and will not be included in the scoring and will not receive any points. All results shall count towards the year-end standings. There are no scratch results. If there are in a division on average less than 6 participants the overall points standing will be reduced with 75%.

Superlights (Race 2)

 * Notes:
 * At the Racing Festival Spa the scoring system for the Superlights races was reversed, so for Race 1 a maximum of 22 points was available and for Race 2 a maximum of 12 points was available.

Supersport/Sport
{|
 * valign="top"|
 * Notes:
 * 1 – Xavier Mezquita and Reiner Weishaupt were guest drivers at Brands Hatch and therefore ineligible to score championship points.
 * 2 – Priscilla Speelman was a guest driver at Assen (Round 9) and therefore ineligible to score championship points.

Superlights 1/Superlights 2

 * }

title: 2015 Supercar Challenge


text:
User:Abaravind05

Bala Aravind(born 10 Aug 1992) is an Indian cricketer playing for Rockers Cricket Club and Tamil Nadu.

title: User:Abaravind05


text:
rämistä

Etymology 1
From an root;.

Verb

 * 1)  to clatter, rattle
 * 2)  to crash, make a (low-pitched and loud) crashing sound

title: rämistä


text:
runlet

Etymology 1
From. Compare.

Noun

 * 1) A small brook or stream.

Etymology 2
From, from. More at.

Noun

 * 1)  A wine measure, equivalent to 18 gallons.

title: runlet


text:
The Once and Future King

The Once and Future King is a novel by T. H. White about the legend of King Arthur. It is often assigned reading in English literature classes and is composed of five books:

 * 1) /The Sword in the Stone/
 * 2) The Queen of Air and Darkness
 * 3) /The Ill-Made Knight/
 * 4) /The Candle in the Wind/
 * 5) /The Book of Merlyn/

While the first four were originally published separately, and reworked for inclusion in The Once and Future King, the last was to be published in the greater work for the first time. This was vetoed by White's publisher, supposedly due to wartime paper restrictions. It wasn't until after White's death that The Book of Merlyn joined the other four.

Characters

 * /Arthur/
 * /Merlyn/
 * /Kay/
 * /Lancelot/
 * /Templates/
 * /Gawaine/
 * /Gaheris/
 * /Gareth/
 * /Uther Pendragon/

title: The Once and Future King


text:
User:XiaowuZheng/sandbox

Anti-fashion Movement
Anti-fashion movement was a campaign that challenged the style of modern clothing in the 1970s. The youth in this period had a rebellious idea. They used the dressing to express their dissatisfaction with mainstream society. The features such as long hair, T-shirts, flared pants accelerated the neutralization of clothing. The trend of returning to nature also gave birth to the popular trend of pursuing national and folk flavours.

Designers
During this period of time, it appeared many famous designers both from the West and the Eastern countries, mainly in Japan.

Vivienne Westwood

With the emergence of counter-mainstream consciousness, a punk style that catered to people's thoughts emerged in this context. Punk has a great impact on fashion. The well-known designer Vivienne Westwood, who is known as the mother of punk, started her fashion career with punk. The clothes she designed not only have punk's iconic fetish fashion, restraint elements, pins, chains and other punk elements, but also incorporate traditional designs such as Scottish plaid and court ballet. The multi-wavy skirts, ruffled piping, pirate hats, and boots with romantic pirate styles published by Vivienne in her early days immediately pushed her to the stage of international popularity and gained attention. By the mid-1980s, Vivienne began to explore classical and British traditions. By the 1990s Vivienne designed irregular, exaggerated and complicated structures by contrasting and matching different materials and colours, which have become Vivienne's unique style.

Besides Vivienne in the western world, three eastern designers from Japan invaded Europe fashion scene during the 1980s.

Issey Miyake

Issey Miyake is a strong representative of Eastern anti-era designers. The clothes he designs have a distinctive style and are extremely individual, giving the clothing a new aesthetic connotation with unbridled expression. Issey Miyake released his first fashion show in 1971 with great success, and he has since entered the design career of a fashion master.

Rei Kawakubo

Rei Kawakubo is good at using low-chroma fabrics to design clothes. Many of them are designed in the same piece with the same colour of black, which can be said it is Kawakubo's representative colour. In 1981, Rei Kawakubo held her first press conference at the Paris Fashion Show, where she began to attract the attention of the global fashion industry. Then in the following year, her clothing had a simple nickname: the beggar’s outfit; leading to a designing trend of loose, deliberate three-dimensional, broken, asymmetric, and not revealing the shape of the body.

Yohji Yamamoto

For Yohji Yamamoto, the most basic concept of anti-fashion is not to follow the trend. Yohji Yamamoto's designing style has always been unconventional and gender-neutral, such as designing women's clothing according to the concept of men's clothing. He likes to cover women's body shapes with exaggerated proportions, bringing out the androgynous, asexual aesthetic concept. This new dress concept, which runs counter to the mainstream of the West, has not only established itself in the fashion industry but has also influenced Western designers.

Demeulemeester, Maison Martin Margiela and Raf Simons

In addition, designers such as Ann Demeulemeester, Maison Martin Margiela and Raf Simons are all anti-fashion pioneers. During the 1990s, the anti-fashion movement was at its peak; more designers were willing to put themselves out there to question the idealistic beauty and traditional fashion style. One of the original Antwerp sixAnn Demeulemeester debuted her first catwalk show in Paris in 1991, and she was famous for her asymmetry and unbalanced style. Maison Martin Margiela debuted his Salvation Armycollection in 1992; it was a sarcastic reaction towards the overflowing meaningless clothes in the fashion industry. Raf Simons debuted his first menswear collection in 1997 to showcase a sense of rave and the opposite example of traditional men’s fashion. The 1990s is a continuation of the 1980s anti-fashion movement but expanded into different aspects and perspectives.

title: User:XiaowuZheng/sandbox


text:
Talk:David Nicholson (civil servant)

External links modified
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title: Talk:David Nicholson (civil servant)


text:
User:KMiller23/more markup

"italic text"

Subsection
external link

bulleted list:

 * item 1
 * item 2
 * sub-item

numbered list:

 * 1) first item
 * 2) sub-item 1
 * 3) sub-item 2
 * 4) second item

template

signature:KMiller23 (talk) 17:25, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

title: User:KMiller23/more markup


text:
PHBV

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), commonly known as PHBV, is a polyhydroxyalkanoate-type polymer. It is biodegradable, nontoxic, biocompatible plastic produced naturally by bacteria and a good alternative for many non-biodegradable synthetic polymers. It is a thermoplastic linear aliphatic polyester. It is obtained by the copolymerization of 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid. PHBV is used in speciality packaging, orthopedic devices and in controlled release of drugs. PHBV undergoes bacterial degradation in the environment.

History
PHBV was first manufactured in 1983 by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). It is commercialized under the trade name Biopol. ICI (Zeneca) sold it to Monsanto in 1996. This was then obtained by Metabolix in 2001. Biomer L is the trade name of PHBV from Biomer.

Synthesis
PHBV is synthesized by bacteria as storage compounds under growth limiting conditions. It can be produced from glucose and propionate by the recombinant Escherichia coli strains. Many other bacteria like Paracoccus denitrificans and Ralstonia eutropha are also capable of producing it.

It can also be synthesized from genetically engineered plants.

PHBV is a copolymer of 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid. PHBV may also be synthesized from butyrolactone and valerolactone in the presence of oligomeric aluminoxane as catalyst.

Structure
The monomers, 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid, are joined by ester bonds; the back bone of the polymer is made up of carbon and oxygen atoms. The property of the PHBV depends upon the ratio of these two monomers in it. 3-hydroxybutanoic acid provides stiffness while 3-hydroxypentanoic acid promotes flexibility. Thus PHBV can be made to resemble either polypropylene or polyethylene by changing the ratio of monomers. Increase in the ratio of 3-hydroxybutanoic acid to 3-hydroxypentanoic acid results in an increase in melting point, water permeability, glass transition temperature (Tg) and tensile strength. However impact resistance is reduced.

Properties
PHBV is a thermoplastic polymer. It is brittle, has low elongation at break and low impact resistance.

Uses
PHBV find its application in controlled release of drugs, medical implants and repairs, specialty packaging, orthopedic devices and manufacturing bottles for consumer goods. It is also biodegradable which can be used as an alternative to non biodegradable plastics

Degradation
When disposed, PHBV degrades into carbon dioxide and water. PHBV undergo bacterial degradation. PHBV, just like fats to human, is an energy source to microorganisms. Enzymes produced by them degrade it and are consumed.

PHBV has a low thermal stability and the cleavage occurs at the ester bond by β elimination reaction.

Hydrolytic degradation occurs only slowly making it usable in medical applications.

Drawbacks
PHBV, being biodegradable, biocompatible and renewable, is a good alternative for synthetic nonbiodegradable polymers made from petroleum. But it has the following drawbacks,
 * Expensive
 * Low thermal stability
 * Brittle
 * Primitive mechanical properties
 * Processing difficulty

title: PHBV


text:
Talk:Carl Lindström Company

Additional searches
Try this search for more info? http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=%22Carl+Lindstrom+AG%22&btnG=Search

Here's one that might be useful: http://www.78online.com/forum/read.php?f=1&i=59884&t=59884 Here's another from Google books: http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0199254079&id=Qbq_kkejO50C&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=%22Carl+Lindstrom+AG%22&vq=%22Carl+Lindstrom+AG%22&sig=wKtDkbBWjLvwyCsM46aA7LBremw

Hope those help! + +Lar: t/c 03:15, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Print Ad
I found a German print ad for Parlophon. Just click on the adjacent link. Should that be incorporated into the article? Steelbeard1 17:25, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow, that is a cool image!!!! I am not a lawyer and I get burned on fair use questions all the time. It's a print ad but presumably one that is old enough that maybe it's out of copyright? I'd say ask an admin that deals with these image types. Maybe User:gmaxwell, or User:Kelly Martin, or User:ta bu shi da yu ... or ask on Village pump (policy) ? Sorry, I just don't know. I would love to see it used though as it rocks (here AND in Parlophone! ) Let's keep this convo on one place, here seems good. + +Lar: t/c 18:05, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Advertisements are one of the items in the drop down list on the upload form aren't they? I wouldn't know if it's out of copyright though, not that I even know how old the advert is! --kingboyk 19:19, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1927 according to that site. (It uses frames so is hard to link to... go here: http://www.grammophonclub.de/ then click on Galerie on the right, then click on Werbung under Geräte... it is link #2 under Schallplatten... here is a url of just that frame http://www.grammophonclub.de/galerie/werbung/w_tab.htm and here is the link#2 result http://www.grammophonclub.de/galerie/werbung/werpl_2.htm ) I say let's go for it. (so I did, I uploaded it and added it to the article. Great find!) + +Lar: t/c 22:43, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

₤
I'm sorry but what is the origin of this letter and in what way is it "Germanic"? --Chroniclev 06:33, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * See the articles Fraktur (typeface) and pound sign. Steelbeard1 07:04, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * So it's a fairly late German variation on roman script, I don't think that equates to Germanic, which would indicate something earlier. --Chroniclev 07:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it should be "German" then. I'm assuming that "Germanic" has some more specific meaning? --kingboyk 07:59, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks like a fairly non-controversial change, so I've changed the article. I haven't changed the front page version, pending feedback/advice. --kingboyk 08:02, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035429/http://www.mgthomas.co.uk/dancebands/Labels/LabelPhotos/Parlophone%20-%20purple.jpg to http://www.mgthomas.co.uk/dancebands/Labels/LabelPhotos/Parlophone%20-%20purple.jpg

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title: Talk:Carl Lindström Company


text:
Template:Sampletest

 Instructions: Edit the Q1= and Q2= to your choice

Question 3: this is an essay question. Create a subheader named ==Question three== and answer it by editing below.

 * You have more days to finish this test, which was started on 11/2

Usage

Which makes:

Answer Key
Teachers, edit these subpages after the time has run out. Remember to click on the history tab of the page with the template to make sure answers were not changes after the answers were given.

Answers for question 1: Template:Sampletest/A Template:Sampletest/B Template:Sampletest/C Template:Sampletest/D

Answers for question 2: Template:Sampletest/A2 Template:Sampletest/B2 Template:Sampletest/C2 Template:Sampletest/D2

title: Template:Sampletest


text:
Talk:what do you want, a cookie

Proverb? It might be a set-phrase, but doesn't seem to be idiomatic. --Connel MacKenzie 17:13, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I haven't created many entries. I have probably entered  it wrong in that case.  What would be the correct way to write this entry?  RobbieG 18:29, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I use the heading ===Phrase=== for things like this. --Connel MacKenzie 18:30, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:what do you want, a cookie


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Drew Olsen

The result of the debate was redirect. Shanel 02:03, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Drew Olsen
Definitely notable - but someone made a mistake here. The guy's name is Drew Olson - and he has an article with the exact same details under that name. Seems logical to delete this one.
 * Delete per nom JackO'Lantern 08:38, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete/Redirect per nom. Wickethewok 08:51, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect as plausible search term. Capitalistroadster 09:33, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Drew Olson. Lankiveil 11:37, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Next time be bold and do it yourself. ;) PJM 12:32, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Jud e (talk,contribs,email) 12:38, 20 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Nucklei

Hello.

I'm a 31 year-old guy with a Ph.D. in Immunology/Microbiology working as a staff scientist on HIV in an academic research center. I'm from Quebec (Canada) and I can write and speak english and french. I'm relatively new to Wikis but I'm a fast learner ;) I will mainly work on the Topic:Immunology and Topic:Virology sections and then gradually expand to other interests.

--Nucklei 03:14, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Nucklei


text:
Plotava, Bayevsky District, Altai Krai

Plotava (Плотава) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Plotavsky Selsoviet, Bayevsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 717 as of 2013. There are 11 streets.

Geography
Plotava is located 23 km north of Bayevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verkh-Chumanka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Plotava, Bayevsky District, Altai Krai


text:
Talk:The Mindy Project

18-49 rating
Please see this section of the Go On talk page for my reasons for reverting the removal of the 18-49 rating in the episode table. -- Tvwatchdog (talk) 09:03, 14 October 2012 (UTC)

First US comedy starring a South Asian American
First, the two sources for this are anything but reliable sources. A blog (which I got a 404 error trying to pull up) and a comedy routine?

Second, it is not the first comedy series starring a South Asian American character--- The tv series Outsourced had lead roles with Indian Characters.

This series may have een the first CREATED by AND STARRING, which is what the comedy source indicates.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:00, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

 * The lead actor from Outsourced was white, he was the star of the show. As for the sourcing, not really sure if they're reliable.Caringtype1 (talk) 03:24, 1 November 2012 (UTC)
 * The lead doesn't say "lead role" it says "starring". In outsourced, you had several characters of Indian decent in starring roles.  And again, a defunct blog and a comedy show are NOT reliable sources.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:04, 1 November 2012 (UTC)
 * The article says "...starring a South Asian American series lead". The Outsourced characters were all supporting roles. You need a better example.Caringtype1 (talk) 16:22, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

Deleting "Awards" section
I'm going to delete the Awards section for now, as it's verging on puffery. It needs to be re-worked, if included at all. Examples: TMP did not solely "win" Most Exciting New Series at the "Critics Choice" awards; it was one of several shows honored in that category. Awards for which the show was "nominated" may merit inclusion in an Awards section, but "pending" awards surely do not, to judge by other page. --Thumpress (talk) 05:25, 1 August 2013 (UTC)

 * I kept the People's Choice and WGA nominations, as they merit inclusion. --Thumpress (talk) 05:35, 1 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Add the section back, it isn't puffery (there is proof that shows the show was nominated or awarded) and change the title of the section to "Awards and Nominations". Also even though TMP wasn't the only on to win the "Most Exciting New Series" award at the "Critics Choice" awards, it still counts as an award(It is written that this award was shared at the bottom of the section). Just like it does on many other Wikipedia pages. Example: New Girl. FYI Pending means the show was in fact nominated and is waiting to see if it had won the award yet. Also, tell me if I need to add a reference to the awards TMP won. Thanks! :) BBINDFAN (talk) 22:17, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

 * No, it's still puffery. For instance, the show did not win a Gracie Award for "Best New Series," so I've removed that.  Mindy Kaling won a producing Gracie, so feel free to put that on her page.  And the Critics Choice Award is misleading.  It should not say "won," but "Shared Win" or "Tied."  Please correct this.  If you'd rather not, I'd be happy to. --Thumpress (talk) 08:05, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

 * I have placed the correct info about the CCTA Award in the awards box. Using a footnote is still too obscure. --Thumpress (talk) 14:18, 8 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The series still won the award! Who cares that other series also won the award? If anything, it can be changed from 'won' to 'honored'. And look at the source for Gracie Award, it clearly says "The Mindy Project".Caringtype1 (talk) 00:02, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Totally agree with Caringtype1. First of all, it absoutlely needed you can not have a TV show article, without the awards and nominations section, plus if you had reliable references, you would have you're answer if it right or wrongé Also, she did win the award, plus Caringtype1 added a reference to proof it. — SoapFan12 Talk Face-smile.svg   00:22, 15 August 2013 (UTC)

Update needed for international broadcast section
Given the series is now being made for Hulu, a service notorious for only being available within the United States (unlike Netflix, etc) it's more important than ever to keep this section updated for the 2015-2016 season. We already know it will air in Canada on City, but what about the other countries listed? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:02, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

Feminist themes
"Though controversy exists about certain aspects of the show, The Mindy Project is a significant step toward making positive and realistic representations of women more prevalent in television." uhm think needs to be more neutral <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:08, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

 * While the Mindy Project shows feminist themes, it could also be considered anti-feminist in some aspects. There are sources that argue for either. I think both sides should be shown. It should also be noted how feminism in the continuation of the seasons has changed for better or worse. How has the style of writing changed once Hulu picked up the show? Ref. Ref. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ashleighm71 (talk • contribs) 21:44, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

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The character table.
@Wattlebird I have put this section here for further discussion of the character table. Any other users are most welcome to add in their own opinions about how the table should be presented. Right now, the table is completely fine, it does not defy the Wiki Rules about character tables as there are no episode counts present, nor over specific notes/foot notes. If you feel the notes should be added in regards to Ike Barinholtz being a guest before becoming a main cast member or Stephen Tobolowsky leaving the show after only two episodes, even though the point is that he was still credited along with the main cast, then please add your opinions here. Majority of the character tables on popular and current TV show articles don't contain such notes, seeing as they deem to be redundant and over specific, as the matter is that they were apart of the main cast regardless of how they started on the show or how abruptly their character lasted. Characters usually appear in guest or recurring roles before becoming main cast members anyway, yet they are not noted - nor need to be - on the other articles, seeing as the 'end game' is that they were series regulars, eg. The Walking Dead; Alanna Masterson, Josh McDermitt, and Christian Serratos were credited as "Also Starring" during the premiere episode of the seventh season, then by the second episode, they were upgraded to "Main" as they were credited in the opening title sequence, yet that is not noted on the page seeing as it's not important and over specific, just like this issue. MSMRHurricane (talk) 06:38, 6 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Please discuss your issues here before making edits regarding the table. MSMRHurricane (talk) 17:16, 6 February 2017 (UTC)

I don't see anything wrong with the table. If you look at other tables like for The Walking Dead they also include Main and also starring. Zhyboo (talk) 17:33, 6 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Reply to : I am ready countless articles that refer to Ike Barinholtz as coming onto the show as a recurring character, I will have to do more research as to whether during the season they made him one of the main characters. As for Stephen Tobolowsky, he is credited as one of the main characters. I also have created the page List of The Mindy Project characters. I believe you should look at The Walking Dead (TV series) and List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters for references how to create the article and cast section. Stephen Tobolowsky can remain as one of the main characters for season 1, just like in The Walking Dead where various characters die, but we still list them as main characters for the season. Possibly in his description, we can explain how his character was removed from the show after two episodes. If Barinholtz was first a recurring character then became one of the main characters, this will also have to be detailed in some way. Both with notes or in some other way. However, the table does not belong on the main page. I will look further into this later. -- Chase |  talk 17:51, 6 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Notice to : Please discuss this further here or I will be forced to report you. If no discussion is had on this page, I will leave a warning on your talk page. -- Chase |  talk 17:51, 6 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Reply to : I have watched the entire show and I can definitely tell you for sure that Ike Barinholtz appeared as a guest/recurring character during the first season but he was upgraded to the main cast throughout that season. So therefore, the need to mention he was a guest character at first is rather redundant and over specific as many characters on other TV shows have appeared as guest and recurring characters and then were promoted to the main cast in the same season. MSMRHurricane (talk) 03:27, 7 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Why is Jody not listed as a main character alongside his sister? The reasoning there makes no sense to me - he was easily as much a part of the show as she was for the last several seasons. PeterCHayward (talk) 05:11, 19 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Mindy Project


text:
Fire and emergency management/Emergency Medical Services

 * Emergency Medical Dispatcher

 * 1st Responder

 * 1st Responder Refresher

 * EMT-Basic

 * EMT-Basic Refresher

 * EMT-Basic Supplemental Airway Modules

 * EMT-Intermediate

 * EMT-Intermediate Refresher

 * w:Introduction Article about Emergency Medical Technicians


text:
sonho

Etymology
. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) dream

Etymology 1
, from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) dream imaginary events seen while sleeping
 * 2)  dream a deep hope or desire
 * 3)  a traditional Christmas treat prepared with eggs and flour, fried in olive oil; beignet, fritter
 * 4)  Berliner a spherical piece of fried dough with a sweet filling
 * 1)  Berliner a spherical piece of fried dough with a sweet filling
 * 1)  Berliner a spherical piece of fried dough with a sweet filling

title: sonho


text:
Au roi de la bière

Au roi de la bière is a former brasserie in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. It has been an official Historic Monument since 1997.

Location
Au roi de la bière is located at 119 Rue Saint-Lazare in the 8th arrondissement, near the Saint-Lazare train station.

Architecture
The building stands on a narrow plot of about 10 meters wide. It has a ground floor, three upper floors and an attic. Its façade is made of bricks and varnished timber framing in an Alsatian regionalist style. The chimney features a stork statue. The central part of the façade has a statue of Gambrinus, the legendary king of beer.

History
The original restaurant was built in 1892 by architect Chausson. In 1894, the façade was completely modified and the building was raised by architect Paul Marbeau on behalf of Alsatian restaurateur Jacqueminot Graff.

The Alsatian-style façade and the roof (including the storck and Gambrinus statues), as well as the three adjoining rooms of the ground floor, were registered as a Historic Monument on November 18, 1997.

The building became a McDonald's restaurant in 1998.

title: Au roi de la bière


text:
Vera Ðurašković

Vera Ðurašković, born Čerepina, (born 29 August 1949) is a former basketball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1980 Summer Olympics.

title: Vera Ðurašković


text:
Talk:Paul Richards (baseball)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Paul Richards (baseball)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sasse (musician)

The result was   keep. The sources provided will need to be integrated into the article by Greek/Danish/German speakers. ItsZippy (talk • contributions) 15:47, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

Sasse (musician)

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

Fails WP:MUSBIO – Lionel (talk) 07:06, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Finland-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:07, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Germany-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:07, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:08, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, BusterD (talk) 15:18, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete unreferenced and no suitable merge / redirect targets within sight. Stuartyeates (talk) 09:32, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment - Per WP:NRVE, topic notability for Wikipedia articles is about the availability of significant coverage in reliable sources, and not based upon whether or not sources are present in articles. Northamerica1000(talk) 09:37, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep per, , , ; Resident Advisor has a brief biography of this producer: . Appears being notable in his genre, and passing, less or more weakly, GNG. Cavarrone (talk) 19:54, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm happy to withdraw my vote if/when those are integrated into article. I can't do it since none of the independent ones are in languages I speak. Stuartyeates (talk) 20:18, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, The Bushranger One ping only 18:41, 24 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
DirectX Media

DirectX Media is a set of multimedia-related APIs for Microsoft Windows complementing DirectX.

Retained Mode was used by a variety of applications and can still be implemented on systems newer than XP by copying the d3drm.dll file from an older version of Windows to the system32 directory (for 32-bit Windows) or SysWOW64 directory (for 64-bit Windows) to regain system-wide support.

title: DirectX Media


text:
User:Floridian/sandbox2

Athens is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia, situated on the Oconee River some 65 miles northeast of Atlanta, in the Piedmont region near the Blue Ridge foothills. A college town and home to the University of Georgia, Athens is known for its vibrant nightlife and eclectic culture. It is a historical center for alternative rock and new wave music and was home to the first and most famous college music scene in the country.

In 1996 Athens was the largest Olympic venue outside of the host city for the Centennial Olympic Games. Each spring since 1980 Athens has hosted the annual Twilight Series, including the country's most prestigious criterium race, Twilight Criterium.

Since 1991, the local government has been a consolidated city-county comprising the former city of Athens proper (the county seat) and Clarke County. In 2013, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated Athens–Clarke County had a population of 119,880 and a metropolitan population of 197,905.

Athens is on the Atlanta-Charlotte high-speed rail corridor.

It is one of the most politically liberal and solidly Democratic cities in Georgia.

It also has the highest cost of living index in the state and is ranked second in most income inequality in Georgia and eighth in the United States. Its poverty rate is the fourth highest in Georgia.

It has the highest proportion of adults with advanced degrees among the state's most populous cities.

The Oconee National Forest is some 10 miles to the south.

Since 2010 migration has accounted for more than one-third of the area's population growth: of an estimated 6,475 new residents, 2,246 are migrants, of whom 1,960—or 87 percent—are immigrants from other countries. This trend is consistent with. Altogether, over 30 percent of the area's population growth is attributed to immigrants from other countries.

Greater Athens has grown faster than the national average.

title: User:Floridian/sandbox2


text:
Night Songs (Barry Manilow album)

Night Songs is a studio album by Barry Manilow, released by Stiletto Entertainment on March 25, 2014. The album reached peak positions of number eight on the Billboard 200 and number three on Billboard Top Independent Albums chart, and earned Manilow a Grammy Award nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album.

Track listing

 * 1) "I Fall in Love Too Easily" (Sammy Cahn)
 * 2) "Alone Together" (Arthur Schwartz/Howard Dietz)
 * 3) "Blame It on My Youth" (Oscar Levant/Edward Heyman)
 * 4) "I Get Along Without You Very Well" (Hoagy Carmichael)
 * 5) "You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me"
 * 6) "It Amazes Me"
 * 7) "But Not for Me"
 * 8) "It's a New World"
 * 9) "While We're Young"
 * 10) "You Don't Know What Love Is"
 * 11) "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive" (Johnny Mercer)
 * 12) "My One and Only Love"
 * 13) "I've Never Been in Love Before"
 * 14) "I Walk a Little Faster" (Cy Coleman)
 * 15) "Here's That Rainy Day" (Jimmy Van Heusen)
 * 16) "Some Other Time" (Bernstein/Comden/Green)

title: Night Songs (Barry Manilow album)


text:
Talk:Free-space path loss

[Untitled]
There is an inconsistancy between this article and the article on attenuation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation) and also the article on free space loss (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_space_loss) - i.e., this article states that free space loss is attenuation but the article on attenuation states that attenuation includes all forms of decreases in intensity of a signal, etc. "not including the reduction due to geometric spreading". The article on free space loss states that 'free space loss assumes the transmitter and receiver are both located in free space and does not consider other sources of loss such as reflections, cable, connectors etc.', which I believe is correct and, therefore, I am changing this article to what I believe is the correct definition and also the definition that maintains consistency between the relevant articles. Note: I did notice the source for this definition and have sent an email to ATIS suggesting that they revise their definition.

 * Free-space loss is attenuation and attenuation is not (necessarily) free-space loss. There is no contradiction there. A cow is an animal but an animal is not necessarily a cow. --MarSch 11:27, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Waves and freespace
Attenuation is frequency dependent due to the nature of photons. It's obvious:

- One photon at 1 GHz has the probability to be found inside a spheric space region with 30 cm of diameter, because the wavelength is about 30 cm - One photon at 10 GHz has the probability to be found inside a spheric space region with 3 cm of diameter, because the wavelength is about 3 cm

So a 10 GHz photon as more energy respect to 1 GHz photon. If it's radiated the same power, at 10 GHz the number of photons will be less than the first case. Practical example:

A certain quantity is radiated from 2 antennas, the power is equal:

- 100 photons at 1 GHz (from first antenna) - 10 photons at 10 GHz (from second antenna)

The receiver will see less photon at 10 GHz, because the number of photons transmitted is distributed over a spheric surface having as radius the distance between antenna and receiver. The spheric surface covered by both antenna is the same but the number of photons at 10 GHz is less.

So the receiver at 10 GHz receive high energy photons but they are less, more rare. Proportion can be this:

100 photons (1 GHz) transmitted -> 25 photons received 10 photons (10 GHz) transmitted -> 2 photons received

it's not possible receive 2.5 photons, particles are discrete. --Artemis 10:22, 23 January 2013 (UTC)

 * The entire reason the FSPL has a wavelength dependence is that the Friis Transmission Formula it is derived from states, by definition, a dependence on receive antenna area. The poorly named derivative, Free-Space Path Loss, includes this behavior despite the confusing name. The article text has been adjusted appropriately and shrunk to address this point. crcwiki (talk) 15:37, 11 September 2017 (UTC)

Habicht - Why is the FSL frequency dependent?
I don't think that free space loss depends on the frequency because in free space you have no material that could attenuate the wave. Therefore the loss or attenuation arises from the geometric spreading of the wave which results in an decrease of the field intesity. As a wave normally propagates spherically the free space loss should be: $$free\ space\ loss = ( \frac{1}{4\pi R^2})$$ or expressed in dB $$free\ space\ loss = 10 * \log{ ( \frac{1}{4\pi R^2})}$$ Note that this formual is also state on the german wikipedia article about freiraumdämpfung. Habicht 16:35, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It seems very strange to me also. It seems very strange to me that there should be any terms which do not depend on the distance. Also the loss over a distance of 0 should be 0dB. Instead the current formulas have a pole of minus infinity at zero distance, which would mean that the signal would be amplified infinitely. --MarSch 11:35, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

If EM signal strength is $$s_0$$ at distance $$r_0$$ from the source, than it should be $$s_0 \left(\frac{r_0}{r}\right)^2$$ at distance r assuming the source beams equally in all directions because of conservation of energy. The loss from distance $$r_1$$ to distance $$r_2$$ from the source would be $$s_0 \left(\frac{r_0}{r_1}\right)^2 - s_0 \left(\frac{r_0}{r_2}\right)^2$$. The factor by which the signal decreased is new signal strength divided by old: $$\frac{ s_0 \left(\frac{r_0}{r_2}\right)^2 }{ s_0 \left(\frac{r_0}{r_1}\right)^2 } = \left(\frac{r_1}{r_2}\right)^2$$. To make decibels from this we need to take the logarithm. Signal loss in decibels is $$\log(\left(\frac{r_1}{r_2}\right)^2) = 2 (\log r_1 - \log r_2)$$ which is zero when r_1 and r_2 coincide as it should. --MarSch 12:06, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Path Loss is defined w.r.t. an antenna of fixed size in terms of lambda. This means that as lambda is increasing your antenna is actually shrinking which results in less energy captured and thus greater path loss. If the antenna was kept the same size the directivity of the antenna would :UnsignedIP -->

 * I have added some more explanation regarding frequency dependency (with references). Hope it is more clear now. Ev2geny (talk) 23:50, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

 * As the FSPL is a direct decendent of the Friis Transmission Formula, that incorporates receive antenna capture are by definition, I have removed the additional explanation section and woven its meanings directly in to the introduction and definition. This helps to make the point up front and keeps this article short and encyclopedic. crcwiki (talk) 15:30, 11 September 2017 (UTC)

The dB equation constants
For those who are confused (like I was), here is the derivation of where the +32.45 constant came from:

\begin{align} \mbox{FSPL(dB)} = 20\log_{10}(d) + 20\log_{10}(f) - 147.55 \end{align} $$

For typical radio applications, it is common to find $$\ f$$ measured in units of MHz and $$\ d$$ in km... OK, so if I want to count with km and MHz, I derive the new constant from the equation above this way:

\begin{align} \mbox{FSPL(dB)} &=20\log_{10}(10^3 d_{km}) + 20\log_{10}(10^6 f_{MHz}) - 147.55 \\ &=20\log_{10}(d_{km}) + 20\log_{10}(10^3) + 20\log_{10}(f_{MHz}) + 20\log_{10}(10^6) - 147.55 \\ &=20\log_{10}(d_{km}) + 60 + 20\log_{10}(f_{MHz}) + 120 - 147.55 \\ &=20\log_{10}(d_{km}) + 20\log_{10}(f_{MHz}) + 32.45 \end{align} $$

Then for $$\ d$$ in meters and $$\ f$$ in MHz, the constant would be $$\ - 147.55+120=-27.55$$.

Dulik (talk) 14:45, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

Comments of using dezibel (dB)
We are incorrect when using log functions on real values. A log function always has to have the unit [1], you can't take the log function of e.g. log(1 GHz).

Strictly spoken one has to rewrite these formulas, or indicate that $$ d_{km} = d[km], f_{MHz} = f[MHz] $$, meaning d measured in unit km and f measured in unit MHz.

The results are the same for the constants, but the formula should be written as:

\begin{align} \mbox{FSPL(dB)} &= 10\log_{10}\left(\left(\frac{4\pi}{c}df\right)^2\right) \\ &= 20\log_{10}\left(\frac{4\pi}{c}df\right) \\ &= 20\log_{10}(d_{m}) + 20\log_{10}(f_{Hz}) + 20\log_{10}\left(\frac{4\pi}{c_{[m/s]}}\right) \\ &= 20\log_{10}(d_{m}) + 20\log_{10}(f_{Hz}) - 147.55 \end{align} $$ with distance d in measured in m and frequency f measured in Hz: $$ d_m = d[m], f_{Hz}=f[Hz] $$

JosefNoll (talk) 14:48, 21 October 2013 (UTC)

I would suggest not to use indices, but instead do what is actually done: Divide and multiply by the reference measure, i.e.

\begin{align} \mbox{FSPL(dB)} &= 10\log_{10}\left(\left(\frac{4\pi}{c}df\right)^2\right) \\ &= 10\log_{10}\left(\left(\frac{4\pi}{c} \frac{d}{1 \text{m}} \cdot 1 \text{m} \cdot \frac{f}{1 \text{MHz}} \cdot 1 \text{MHz} \right)^2\right) \end{align} $$

you may even insert $$d_0$$ and $$f_0$$ as reference measures. This clarifies the process and makes the conversion "constant" easily adaptable.

Cweickhmann (talk) 09:33, 29 October 2014 (UTC)

Unreferenced text copying
Parts of the text are very similar to page 49 of "Sensors and Low Power Signal Processing" by AvSyed Kamrul Islam and Mohammad Rafiqul Haider.

http://books.google.com/books?id=0sIZoDVh7uMC&pg=PA49&dq=free+space+path+loss&hl=sv&ei=9mSVTo2DE-f34QTw-IHkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=3&ved=0CD0QuwUwAg#v=onepage&q=free%20space%20path%20loss&f=false

This book should be referenced, alternativly the common source should be cited. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:11, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

An error in dB koefficient estimation?
From the equation

20\log_{10}(d) + 20\log_{10}(f) + 20\log_{10}\left(\frac{4\pi}{c}\right) = 20\log_{10}(d) + 20\log_{10}(f) - 147.55 $$ follows, that $$20\log_{10}\left(\frac{4\pi}{c}\right) = -147$$, but careful estimation leads us to a different solution (matlab/octave code)

Why the reference?
Why is there a reference to someone's PhD thesis paper that's mostly about channel codes and only peripherally about propagation? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:24, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, because it was free on the Web. --Wtshymanski (talk) 17:09, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

There is a problem defining Pt as the EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiate Power). In fact, in the thefinition of the pathloss formula, we find Pt*Gt*Gr/Pr, which means that Pt*Gt is actually the EIRP and not Pt. Pt is infact the true transmitted power arriving to the antenna which undergo an amplification Gt in some direction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:49, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

Graph units
I find the units employed on the graphs confusing (e.g. "d/m"). I think what it means is distance expressed in meter, but the "d/m" is nonstandard and therefore open to interpretation. I propose to replace it by "d (m)", and similarly elsewhere. JanCeuleers (talk) 07:13, 19 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I cannot do this myself because it's embedded in graphs someone else contributed. JanCeuleers (talk) 09:51, 22 September 2016 (UTC)
 * The graphs don't seem to have much purpose as a visual aid in understanding FSPL and have been removed. crcwiki (talk) 15:32, 11 September 2017 (UTC)

What's in a name "Free Space Path Loss"
I see an anonymous user removed my wording "so called" in front of the phrase "Free-space path loss" claiming the name is its "scientific name." Okay fair enough that this is the "well known" name of this phenomena, but I challenge anyone to find a good text book reference that specifies this is anyway scientific. The Friis formula is what is actually used in professional circles. The term "free space" in the name is quite inaccurate and almost hopelessly misleading by not inferring the effects of antenna aperture. crcwiki (talk) 02:45, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

 * @Crcwiki Rappaport, Theodore S. (2010). Wireless communications: principles and practice (Second edition, twentieth impression 2019, Indian subcontinent adaption ed.). Noida: Pearson India Education Services. p. 107. ISBN 978-81-317-3186-4 . Check the section 'Free Space Propagation Model' he has defined path loss as dB difference between transmitted power and received signal. It is consistent with the article. Salekin.sami36 (talk) 13:16, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Free-space path loss


text:
UK Constitution and Government/House of Tudor

Presentation
The House of Tudor (1485-1603)

Previous Chapter | Next Chapter --

Henry VII
Henry VII was one of the most successful monarchs in British history. He was the Lancastrian claimant to the throne and lived in France so as to remain safe from the designs of the Yorkist Kings. At the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, he defeated and killed the Yorkist Richard III. His claim was weak due to questions relating to the legitimacy of certain births, but he was nonetheless awarded the throne.

Henry reformed the nation's taxation system and refilled the nation's treasury, which had been bankrupted by the fiscal irresponsibility of his predecessors. He also made peace with France so that the resources of the nation would not be spent trying to regain territories won during the Hundred Years' War. Henry also created marital alliances with Spain and Scotland. Henry's son, Arthur, married Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Furthermore, Henry's daughter Margaret married James IV, King of Scots.

When Henry's son Arthur died, he wished to protect the Anglo-Spanish alliance. Therefore, he obtained a dispensation from Pope Julius II allowing Henry's son, also named Henry, to marry Catherine. (Papal permission was necessary since Henry was marrying his brother's widow.) Upon Henry VII's death, Henry took the throne as Henry VIII.

Henry VIII
King Henry VIII is often remembered for his multiple marriages. In his quest to obtain a male heir to the throne, Henry married six different times. His first marriage, as noted above, was to his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. That marriage occurred in 1509 and was scarred by several tragedies involving their children. The couple's first child was stillborn, their second lived for just 52 days, the third pregnancy ended as a miscarriage and the product of the fourth pregnancy died soon after birth. In 1516, the couple had a daughter, named Mary, followed by another miscarriage. Henry was growing impatient with his wife and eagerly sought a male heir.

Henry sought to annul his marriage to Catherine. Ecclesiastic law permitted a man to marry his brother's widow only if the previous marriage had not been consummated. Catherine had informed the Pope that her marriage was non-consummate, so the Pope agreed to grant a dispensation allowing her to marry Henry. Now, however, Henry alleged that Catherine had lied, thereby rendering her marriage to him invalid. In 1533, an Act of Parliament annulled his marriage to Catherine, enabling him to marry Anne Boleyn. It was felt by many, however, that the Church, and not Parliament, could govern marriages. Henry had asked Pope Clement VII to issue a divorce several times. Under pressure from Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, the Pope refused. Parliament therefore passed an Act denying appeals to Rome from certain decisions of English Archbishops. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, annulled Henry's marriage to Catherine. In response, the Pope excommunicated Henry. Soon, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church. In 1534, all appeals to Rome from the decisions of the English clergy were stopped. An Act of Parliament passed in 1536 confirmed the King's position as Supreme Head of the Church of England, thereby ending any ceremonial influence that the Pope still had.

Anne Boleyn, meanwhile, was Henry's Queen, and the only surviving child from the marriage to Catherine, Mary, was declared illegitimate. Anne's first child, Elizabeth, was born in 1533. The next three pregnancies, however, all resulted in stillbirth or miscarriage. A dissatisfied Henry accused Anne of using witchcraft to entice him to marry her and to have five men enter into adulterous affairs with her. Furthermore, Anne was accused of treason because she had supposedly committed adultery while she was Queen. Anne's marriage to Henry VIII was annulled and she was executed at the Tower of London in 1536.

Within two weeks of Anne's death, Henry married Jane Seymour. In 1537, Jane produced the male heir that Henry had long desired. The boy was named Edward and would later succeed Henry to the throne. Meanwhile, his half-sister Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Shortly after the birth of the child, Jane died. Jane was followed as Queen by Anne of Cleeves, whom Henry married in 1540. Anne was the daughter of John III, Duke of Cleeves. Henry did not actually see Anne until shortly before their marriage; the relationship was contracted to establish an alliance between Henry and the Duke of Cleeves, a major Protestant leader. After Anne married him, Henry found her physically displeasing and unattractive. Shortly thereafter, the marriage was annulled on the grounds that Anne had previously been engaged to the Duke of Lorraine. After her divorce, Anne was treated well. She was given the title of Princess and allowed to live in Hever Castle, the former home of Anne Boleyn's family.

Henry VIII's next marriage was to Catherine Howard, an Englishwoman of noble birth. In 1542, she was charged and convicted of high treason after having admitted to being engaged in an adulterous affair. In 1543, Henry contracted his final marriage, wedding Catherine Parr. The marriage lasted for the remainder of Henry's life, which ended in 1547.

Edward VI and Lady Jane Grey
When Edward VI, son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, came to the throne, he was just ten years old. His uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset served as Lord Protector while the King was a minor. Several nobles attempted to take over Somerset's role. John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick was successful; he was later created Duke of Northumberland.

Edward VI was the first Protestant King of England. His father had broken away from the Roman Catholic Church but had not yet embraced Protestantism. Edward, however, was brought up Protestant. He sought to exclude his Catholic half-sister Mary from the line of succession. As he was dying at the age of fifteen, he made a document barring his half-sisters Mary and Elizabeth from the throne. He named the Lady Jane Grey, daughter-in-law of the Duke of Northumberland, his successor. Her claim to the throne was through her mother, who was a granddaughter of King Henry VII. Jane was proclaimed Queen upon Edward's death in 1553, but she served for only nine days before being deposed by Mary. Mary enjoyed far more popular support; the public also sympathised with the way her mother, Catherine of Aragon, had been treated. Jane was soon executed. She was seventeen years old at the time.

Mary I
Mary was deeply opposed to her father's break from the Church in Rome. She sought to reverse reforms instituted by her Protestant half-brother. Mary even resorted to violence in her attempt to restore Catholicism, earning her the nickname Bloody Mary. She executed several Protestants, including the former Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, on charges of heresy.

In 1554, Mary married the Catholic King of Spain, Philip II. The marriage was unpopular in England, even with Catholic subjects. The couple were unable to produce a child before Mary's death from cancer in 1558.

Elizabeth I
Mary's successor, her half-sister Elizabeth, was one of the most successful and popular British monarchs. The Elizabethan era was associated with cultural development and the expansion of English territory through colonialism.

After coming to power, Elizabeth quickly reversed many of Mary's policies. Elizabeth reinstated the Church of England and had Parliament pass the Act of Supremacy, which confirmed the Sovereign's position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The Act also forced public and clerical officers to take the Oath of Supremacy recognising the Sovereign's position. Elizabeth, however, did practice limited toleration towards Catholics.

After Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570, Elizabeth ended her policy of religious toleration. One of Elizabeth's chief Catholic enemies was the Queen of Scotland, Mary. Since Elizabeth neither married nor bore any children, her cousin Mary was a possible heir to the English throne. Another possible heir was Lady Jane Grey's sister, Catherine. However, when Lady Catherine Grey died in 1568, Elizabeth was forced to consider that Catholic Mary was the most likely heir. Mary, however, had earlier been deposed by Scottish nobles, putting her infant son James on the throne. Mary had fled to England, hoping Elizabeth would aid her efforts to regain the Scottish throne, but Elizabeth reconsidered after learning of the "Ridolfi Plot", a scheme to assassinate Elizabeth and put the Roman Catholic Mary on the English throne. In 1572, Parliament passed a bill to exclude Mary from the line of succession, but Elizabeth refused to grant Royal Assent to it. Eventually, however, Mary proved to be too much of a liability due to her constant involvement in plots to murder Elizabeth. In 1587, she was executed after having been convicted of being involved in one such plot.

Following Mary's execution, Philip II (widower of Mary I of England) sent a fleet of Spanish ships known as the Armada to invade England. England had supported a Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and was seen as a threat to Catholicism. Furthermore, England had interfered with Spanish shipping and trade. Using Mary's execution as an excuse, Philip II obtained the Pope's authority to depose Elizabeth. In 1588, the Spanish Armada set sail for England. Harmed by bad weather, the Armada was defeated by Elizabeth's naval leaders, including Sir Francis Drake and the Lord Howard of Effingham.

Towards the end of her life, Elizabeth still failed to name an heir. When she died, she was ironically succeeded by the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, James. James was already James VI, King of Scots; he became James I of England in 1603 and established the rule of the Stuart dynasty.


text:
Casting at the 1981 World Games

The sport casting events of World Games I were held on July 29–August 2, 1981, at Gunderson High School in San Jose, California, in the United States. These were the first World Games, an international quadrennial multi-sport event, and were hosted by the city of Santa Clara. The World Casting Championships were held simultaneously and included women, juniors and pros. The only World Games casting events were these 11 men’s contests. Casters from the United States won 18 of the 33 medals awarded, with Steve Rajeff collecting four gold medals.

Casting is the act of using a fishing rod and reel and accurately throwing the lure in a specific spot.

Medalists
Sources:

Fly skish accuracy
(first 11 places decided in a cast-off)

1. Harold Maehle, Norway, 100 points

2. Chris Korich, USA, 100

3. Harald Meindl, Austria, 100

4. John Waters, Australia, 100

5. Guido Vinck, Belgium, 100

6. Ron Reeves, Australia, 100

7. Raphael Lasseet, Belgium, 100

8. Bjorn Rogler, Norway, 100

9. Stefan Mantier, Austria, 100

10. James Tomlinson, Scotland, 100

11. Oyvind Forland, Norway, 100

Spinning accuracy Arenburg target
(ties broken in castoff)

1. Guid Vinck, Belgium, 100 points

2. Harold Maehle, Norway, 98

3. Steve Rajeff, USA, 98

4. Felix Roth, Switzerland, 98

5. Ron Reeves, Australia, 98

6. B.L. Farley, USA, 96

followed by at least 25 others

Spinning accuracy skish
(ties broken in castoff)

1. Oyvind Forland, Norway, 100

2. Tom Martens, Netherlands, 100

3. Helmut Hochwartner, Austria, 100

4. Felix Roth, Switzerland, 100

5. Harold Maehle, Norway, 100

6. Tim Rajeff, USA, 95

followed by at least 24 others

Fly distance single handed
1. Steve Rajeff, USA, 67.12 m

2. Peter Hayes, Australia, 64.43 m

3. Oyvind Forland, Norway, 63.39 m

Fly distance double handed
1. Steve Rajeff, USA, 79.94 m

2. Chris Korich, USA, 79.04 m

3. Oyvind Forland, Norway, 76.34 m

Spinning distance single handed
1. Ernst Rohatsch, Austria, 73.33m, 109.99 points

2. Peter Klausier, Switzerland, 71.94m, 107.91

3. Steve Rajeff, USA, 71.23m, 106.84

Spinning distance double handed
1. Chris Korich, USA, 122.06, 183.09 points

2. Helmut Hochwartner, Austria, 118.56, 178.84 3. Kevin Carriero, USA, 116.87, 175.30

Multiplier accuracy
1. Øyvind Førland, NOR

2. Chris Korich, USA

3. Zack Wilson, USA

Multiplier distance single handed
1. Steve Rajeff, USA

2. Chris Korich, USA

3. Zack Wilson, USA

Multiplier distance double handed
1. Steve Rajeff, USA

2. Art Walker, Canada

3. Keith Pryor, USA

All-round
1. Steve Rajeff, USA

2. Chris Korich, USA

3. Tim Rajeff, USA

title: Casting at the 1981 World Games


text:
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title: Wikiversity:Manual of Style


text:
Wolfgang R. Wasow

Wolfgang R. Wasow (25 July 1909 – 11 September 1993) was an American mathematician known for his work in asymptotic expansions and their applications in differential equations.

Early life
Wasow was born as Wolfgang Richard Thal in Vevey, Switzerland, to Jewish parents, Alma Thal and Max Richard Kleineibst, who had met in Paris. Alma Thal was from Jelgava in Latvia, a part of Czarist Russia at the time. Her family had sent her to Switzerland to put an end to her political activities. Richard Kleineibst was also a political activist and later gained prominence as a leftwing social democrat in the Weimar Republic. He became a founding member of Socialist Workers' Party of Germany in 1931 and was the first editor in chief of Sozialistische Arbeiter-Zeitung, its main organ.

Alma Thal moved to Germany in 1910 and then several more times within Germany. And so Wolfgang grew up first in Munich, and then in Freiburg, Heidelberg and Berlin. When Alma Thal married the Munich photographer Eduard Wasow, Wolfgang took his name. In 1921, Wolfgang Wasow was sent to a boarding school, the Freie Schul- und Werkgemeinschaft Letzlingen, founded by Bernhard Uffrecht, located in the Magdeburg district of Prussia. He passed the Abitur exam and graduated from the school in 1928. After studies at Humboldt and Sorbonne, he enrolled at Göttingen and passed the Staatsexamen (a government licensing examination for future teachers) in mathematics, physics and geology in 1933.

Emigration
Wasow left Germany in 1933 and spent time in Paris and Cambridge before taking a job as a teacher at  boarding schools for children of (predominantly Jewish) German emigrants in Italy, first  in Florence (1935–37) and then in Lana in Alto Adige (1937–38). After the closure of the latter school in 1938 due to the passage of the Italian Racial Laws, Wasow  emigrated to England and then to the United States in 1939.

Academic career
Wasow taught at Goddard College (1939–1941) and Connecticut College (1941–42) and was at the same time a PhD student in mathematics under the supervision of Kurt Otto Friedrichs at New York University. He received his PhD in 1942 and stayed to work as an instructor for mathematics until 1946.

He then held academic and research positions at Swarthmore, UCLA and University of Wisconsin–Madison 1946–1957, interrupted by a Fulbright Fellowship in Rome (1954–55). He was appointed full professor of mathematics in 1957 at Madison and Rudolf E. Langer Professor of Mathematics in 1973. He was department chair 1970–72. He retired in 1980.

Wolfgang Wasow's main research area was singular perturbation theory. A classical application is the thin boundary layer that forms on a solid surface as a fluid flows over it. Above the boundary layer, the fluid behaves approximately like a perfect fluid. But within the boundary layer, the velocity of the flow changes rapidly from the high velocity above the boundary layer to a velocity of 0 at the solid surface. Many technical problems can be modeled this way, including the flow of a liquid through a pipe and the flow of air over an airplane wing. Boundary layer problems are instances of a more general class of problems that today is part of the field of singular perturbations.

Starting with his 1941 PhD thesis, Wasow was one of the main contributors to developing a mathematical theory of the boundary layer problem and singular perturbations. The organizers of a symposium in his honor at the Mathematics Research Center at Madison write:

"In May 1980, the Mathematics Research Center organized a successful Advanced Seminar on Singular Perturbations and Asymptotics in honor of the retirement of a colleague, Wolfgang R. Wasow. His fundamental research is responsible for many other rapid developments in this field since 1940, and continues to play a vital role in modern theory and current applications. Wasow's Ph.D. dissertation (N.Y.U., 1941) ... represents the starting point of this important flourish of modern applicable research. ...  MRC is printing his 1941 thesis in its entirety ... Readers will note that the name "singular perturbations" (which was only coined several years later by K. O. Friedrichs or W. Wasow or possibly jointly, but neither is now able to recall the details) does not appear anywhere explicitly!"

Wasow was "a substantial contributor to the study of singular perturbations for over twenty years". His textbook "Asymptotic expansions for ordinary differential equations" was the first "authoritative treatment" of the subject.

The Wolfgang Wasow Memorial Lecture, an annual lecture at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, was established in Wasow's honor by his children in 1993.

Personal life
Wasow had three sons: Tom Wasow (linguist), Bernard Wasow (economist), and Oliver Wasow (artist). He also had two step-children.

Wolfgang Wasow self-published an autobiography for his family in 1986.

title: Wolfgang R. Wasow


text:
Patrick Nolan

Patrick or Pat Nolan may refer to:

 * Paddy Nolan (1862–1913), early Canadian lawyer
 * Paddy Nolan (ice hockey) (1897–1957), 1920s Canadian ice hockey player
 * Pat Nolan (born 1950), American lawyer
 * Pat Nolan (hurler) (1937–2021), Irish hurler
 * Patrick Joseph Nolan (1894–1984), Irish physicist
 * Patrick Nolan (artistic director) (fl. 2000s–present), Australian director of Kura Tungar – Songs from the River (2004)
 * Patrick Nolan (politician) (1881–1941), Canadian politician, mayor of Ottawa

title: Patrick Nolan