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C. V. S. Rao

C.V.S. Rao IPS (9 October 1918 – 8 October 1993) was a senior police officer in the Indian Police Service. Chitradurga Vasudeva Sreenivasa Rao was born in Mysore, India. His notable accomplishments in his 24 years of service included the computerisation of criminal records at a time when computer technology was in its infant stages, the design and implementation of the Police Memorial and the observance of Police Commemoration Day in the state on 21 October, setting up of the Police Benevolent Fund and the first Accident Relief Unit (ambulance vans and police officers trained in first-aid) in Bangalore.

Before CVS Rao took office, the uniforms worn by police constables were outdated and cumbersome, making them less responsive and unattractive. Rao implemented new, better looking and better fitting uniforms and higher uniform allowances for both men and women of the Karnataka Police.

CVS set up the Corps of Detectives in 1974 to ensure serious crimes received the focus they needed. Homicide, vice, fraud and other squads were set up to significantly reduce crimes such as the abduction of girls, maiming of children, homicides and white-collar crimes. He also set up the Civil Rights Enforcement Cell to help eradicate harassment and atrocities against certain minorities.

Early life
CVS started school at Government Middle School in Mysore and completed his high school at King George English School in Bombay (Mumbai). He received his bachelor's degree from Elphinston College and his Bachelor of Commerce from Sydenhane College, both in Bombay (Mumbai).

He started his career at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in Bangalore.

Police career
In 1952, CVS Rao joined the Indian Police Service under the Emergency Recruitment Scheme and started his police training at the Central Police Training (CPT) College in Mount Abu. He received his practical training at North Arcot District in Chennai and at Madira Circle of Khammampet District in Hyderabad.

His first position was Assistant Superintendent of Police for the Mahaboob Sub-Division in Khammampet District in Hyderabad. A year later CVS was appointed as [Superintendent of Police] in Raichur and two months later moved to Hyderabad as Assistant Inspector General of Police.

After two years, CVS was promoted to the position of Superintendent of Police in charge of the Anti-Corruption department in Bangalore. During his tenure in Bangalore he was also in charge of revising the Karnataka Police Manual. During this time, the new Mysore State was formed and Rao played a large role in several re-organisation schemes including the drafting of the common Police Act, the common Police Manual and other measures to bring about uniformity in Police administration of the New State.

In 1965, CVS Rao was deputised to the Government of India starting as Superintendent of Police at Gulbarga and then to New Delhi as Deputy Inspector General of Police in the Indo-Tibetan Border Police. After New Delhi, he was posted in Ranikhet for a number of years.

In 1972, CVS returned to Bangalore as Inspector General of Police of Karnataka, the highest position in the state's police department.

Accomplishments as IGP
CVS Rao was Inspector General of Police of Karnataka between 1972 and 1976. In these four years, he accomplished a great deal for the Karnataka State Police as detailed in the 37 pages of the Karnataka State Police Growth in a Century book.

In addition to the accomplishments noted in the introduction above, he was responsible for the following:
 * Installation of the first Police Printing Press in Karnataka which was used to print and circulate all Laws, Bulletins, Circulars, Guidelines and Standing Orders of the Police department since 1975
 * Expansion and strengthening of the Women police force
 * Setup of the first State Industrial Security Force to help secure the large industrial complexes in the state
 * Development of a fully staffed Police Research Center
 * Grant of a uniform allowance to officers and men below the rank of Police Inspectors
 * Revision of Uniforms of Head Constables and Police Constables and a 33% increase in free uniforms
 * Organized and hosted the XI All India Police Science Congress
 * For the first time, paychecks were computerised in 1974 under Rao's leadership

During the building and operation (it was launched from Russia) of the first Indian Scientific Satellite, Aryabhata, the Police played a key role which was recognised by the Director of the Satellite project in a letter to C.V.S. Rao. "Our efforts could not have come true, but for the unstinted support and cooperation that we have received from you"

Personal life
He married Ahalya Seetharamachar, the daughter of a well known attorney in Bangalore. CVS was the oldest of six children and Ahalya was the second youngest of eight children. They had three children, six grandchildren and many close nephews and nieces. They both loved Carnatic music and playing Gin rummy with their friends and relatives. CVS died in October 1993 from colon cancer. After his passing, Ahalya learned computer skills and working with University Women's Association, helped set up a computer lab and training center for impoverished women. Ahalya joined CVS in heaven on November 11, 2020, after suffering from a heart attack.

CVS and Ahalya were like a Banyan tree with roots that spread around the world and gave solace and shelter to many.

title: C. V. S. Rao


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Vicky Smith

Vicky Smith is an English table tennis player.

Vicky was number 1 in England in the under 18 girls in 2012 and she has been part of the England National Team since she was 14.

Vicky started playing at 4 years old as her father created a small table tennis club at the local community centre. The first tournament Vicky remembers playing was the Plymouth Primary Schools event for under 11s, where she won aged 6. She had won the Home International Singles, received Gold in the School Games where she had the privilege to compete in the 2012 Olympic venue, and received Bronze in the World Schools in Italy.

Vicky was picked to play in the European Youths in Austria in 2012.

During the 2012 London Olympics, Vicky was the first torch bearer of the Olympic torch at the starting location in Land’s End on 19 May 2012.

She stopped playing in international tournaments after 2012 to focus on her education but has remained in the top 20 of the English women's rankings and was selected by England Schools to compete in the 2014 Home Internationals, winning both singles and doubles titles. She has continued to represent YHL in the Premier Division of the Women's British League with Yolanda King and Rachel Trevorrow, winning the title in 2016-17.

Education
Vicky completed her study of Medicine at the University of East Anglia in 2019.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vicky Smith


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Investing/Stock market

The stock markets are a means to buy and sell, but they are a market place: when, what, and how often and how much one buys, accumulates or sells is NOT the province of the market: that is the province of the field of investment which is covered elsewhere. Investment in general is a rich and complex field as it serves all kinds of investors, government, corporations, services, groups and individuals: each investor has their own objective and their own access to capital which to invest. Indeed, the subject of investing can well be approached from the investors point of view. Given that I am writing this here in a wiki, an information forum open to and created by the community of the world, it might be appropriate to direct this summary to the individual small investor, who invests as part of a long term and life long plan of savings for them, their family and heirs. Again, the market is a place where one trades (buys and sells) financial instruments, such as stock, bonds and the many forms of these instruments, and is not itself concerned with investing, ie, the strategy for making a profit under many many varied desires and circumstances. This section under the stock market should be dry, technical and thorough, and should serve as a reference. However, to understand the vehicles, form a coherent view of ones own objectives and the appropriate vehicles: stocks (common, preferred) bonds (convertible or not) one should start with an introduction to investing, and most likely, focusing at first on individual investing, which should be the most straight forward and the most useful.

Traditionally the US stock exchange has given an annual average return of seven percent after adjusting for inflation. This makes it one of the most lucrative investments available. Granted, there is no guarantee that the market will behave in the future as it has in the past, but it has been consistent in some respects over its 70+ year history.

The challenge and lure of Investing come from the fact that it is an inexact science. In physics, there are a few laws which govern a large variety of physical phenomena. In Investing, there are no such comparable laws. Investing is all about predicting the future. Since, there are a large number of factors influencing the future price of a stock, there is always a degree of uncertainty with any position.

Stocks are just one kind of financial instruments. The field is complicated by the fact that there are mutual funds, Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), options, futures, bonds and several other kind of financial instruments. It takes almost a year to just familiarize oneself with the jargon of the field.

Finding a broker
There are several options to consider when finding a broker. These include but are not limited to the following: Full service brokers, discount brokers, and financial advisors. Each have their advantages and disadvantages. Transaction cost, experience, history and strategy are all factors to consider when hiring a broker.

A full service broker is a broker that will generally come with the highest up front costs. These costs are probably the full service broker's biggest disadvantage. However, the broker history plays a large role in the weight of this disadvantage. If the full service broker proves to have a history of high returns, they may be worth the initial fee, with the assumption they may be able to make you more than your average expected return after the fees are paid. When choosing a full service broker, one should interview several brokers. This serves as a good way to view their history, ask about their experience, costs and finally their strategy. Their strategy is what stocks and funds they are most familiar with and their justification as to why they pick the stocks they do. If one is adverse to larger transaction costs and doesn't mind using a more hands on approach, then they may want to look at more cost effective methods, such as a discount broker. Generally these brokers will be cheaper than their full service cousins (hence the name 'discount'), but they may require more interaction from the user.

Ameritrade, Brown & Co, and Interactive Brokers are some of the most cost effective brokers around. Barron's and Forbes periodically compare these brokers.

Understanding Stock Fundamentals
Stock market prices fluctuate everyday, and no stock is completely safe. However, there are certain things that you can look at to try to determine the best stocks. The price of stocks is based on two things: hype, and the fundamental value of the company. You must be careful about stocks with lots of hype that lack strong fundamentals, because they have strong potential to lose much of their value rather quickly.

When looking at a company, you will first notice its price. The listed price is generally taken as the most recent trade price on an open market. If you multiply the total shares outstanding by the price per share, you get the market capitalization (abbreviated market cap), which reflects the current market value of the company. The book value is the value of the various assets that make up the company. Many companys' market values are many times the book value, which reflects non-tangible assets like customer relationships.

What really drives the prices, however, is earnings. The earnings are the money made, which is the sales or revenue minus the costs of doing business, among other things. Earnings are analyzed in relation to price by a value called the P/E or price to earnings ratio. The primary way to use the P/E ratio is in a relative valuation. That means, how cheap is this company/stock compared to similar companies. If company A and B are equally profitable, have similar levels of assets and debt, and are growing at similar rates, then the stock with the lower P/E would appear to be a "better deal" or is possibly undervalued. The major pitfall in this approach comes when both companies A and B are presently overvalued, which could precede a drop in the stock price. There were numerous examples of this during the dot-com "bubble" and it's subsequent "burst".

Again, as a warning, it is imperative to note that one of the major conditions for determining relative value using P/E ratios is the growth rate of a company. If company A has a higher P/E ratio than company B, it is highly likely that the higher ratio is justified by a higher growth rate of company A's earnings.

Research stocks over the Internet
Many free websites can help you learn more about stocks. Here are just a few:

 * Yahoo Finance
 * Google Finance
 * investor.msn.com
 * reuters.com
 * bloomberg.com
 * morningstar.com
 *
 *

Understanding Stock Technicals
Some people give lots of importance to the price/volume behavior of stocks. The price and volume of a stock can be charted against time. A good thing about the price/volume history is that it does not lie.

Also, you will read the disclaimer in several places that past performance does not predict the future. If the past performance, does not mean anything to future, why even study it? No amount of chart reading would have predicted the Enron Collapse.

The rationale for looking at the charts is that it helps you identify the patterns and/or trends. Fundamental analysis tells you what to buy and technical analysis is supposed to tell you when to buy.

Choosing stocks
The first thing to remember is that stocks are risky, and even the least risky stock can on occasion go down in value or even bankrupt. You can find out about companies from all over, but before buying you should thoroughly research the company. Also, keep in mind that many people including so-called professionals are often wrong. Over 80% of actively managed mutual funds do not generate better returns (after they take their fees) than the major indexes.

A well known investor named Warren Buffett claims that "Rule number one" is, "don't lose money." This is easier said than done and if you can not tolerate modest, near term, temporary losses, simply buy new issue Treasury Bonds, hold them to maturity and do not expect much income (that will be taxed like wages, at higher rates), after inflation. Historically, stocks have generally provided better returns albeit with added risk. The older you are the less risk you should be willing tolerate.

Warnings aside, the first thing to consider is risk. How much debt does the company have? Are they earning money, and will they continue earning money. Read their annual report, and look at their business, and think about what could happen that could hurt their business. Listening to conference calls is a rarely used but great way to assess the company's management. You can hear if the presentation of results and predictions made sound honest and realistic. Risky stocks may be a good investment, but you should always be aware of the risks beforehand, and decide what you are going to do if the worst comes to pass.

After taking a hard look at the risks, you also have to look at the potential for the company, and the likelihood that it will happen. For example a solar cell company, may have huge potential if the government mandated solar cells on top of every building, but that is very unlikely to happen.

Look at the current price/earnings(P/E) ratio and what it would be in the future with various levels of growth. Also, look and see if the company pays dividends. Often, the earning number is inflated through accounting tricks, but the dividend is what the company paid stockholders last year. If the company has a good dividend, you can make a bit every year while continuing to hold the stock.

While the fundamentals, and how much money the company makes will affect it over the long term, other factors often dominate the markets in the short term. During the late 90's tech stocks got bid up, because they were hyped up in the media. After September 11, investors worried about terrorism, and stocks were priced accordingly. The market has day-to-day fluctuations, but usually there are certain themes from the media that hype something, that over-values or under-values certain stocks and segments of the market. However, when the theme goes away--often rather quickly--those stocks will correct (go up or down to their intrinsic or fundamental value). One short-term strategy would be to try to ride the themes, and profit, but it can at times be quite difficult, and mistakes often result in heavy losses. If you are going to buy a stock that you think will go up on hype use extreme caution. A more sensible approach is to try to buy things that are fundamentally undervalued before you think a cycle will start hyping that particular area of the market.

The value of a share of stock is based on many things but how much the "market" thinks the company will make in the future is the usually the biggest factor in what dicatates the current selling price.

Anticipating price movements will generally give much better results than reacting to them, in both the short and long term. It is important to recognize that the past does not dictate the future, but it can give some insight. Stocks with long histories of increasing value (including dividends when applicable) are more likely to continue appreciating than those with an erratic past.

Recognize that the sector a company is in can be as or even more important to the share price as the company's fundamental future earnings expectations. Chasing after stocks with significant recent price appreciation may work but more likely buying an already over priced stock will cause losses. An important truism is that, "The wise man(woman) does first what a foolish one does last." Ask anyone who waited until late 1999 to buy tech stocks because they decided, "everyone is getting rich except me."

Consider reviewing the past price performance of each security you consider buying or selling as a small part of your fundamental analysis. This is best achieved by using price charts of varying lengths of time.

The easiest part of stock investing is buying; you just need money. The hardest part is deciding if and/or when to sell; that requires wisdom. Failing to sell or buying an overvalued stock will almost always lead to losses and vice versa. It is wise to decide on your selling price and loss limit before you buy a stock (and sticking to them).

Never let tax consequences dictate you purchases and sales but keep in mind there are tax incentives (different tax rates on gains and losses) for holding shares with gains for a year and a day. This also serves to diminish the tax benefit if you have losses. It is always better to pay a high tax on a high gain than a low tax on a high gain that evaporates into a low gain.

No one likes to lose money but it is part of all but the most conservative investment strategies; no one honestly bats 1000. Try very hard not to allow emotions, hope or pride to affect your decisions. It is far better to acknowledge a mistake and take a small loss (that is not likely to be short lived) than to let to let it become a large loss. Never chide yourself for buying or selling too early. It is far better than waiting until it is too late and realizing a larger loss. There are very few stocks that you can buy and hold for a lifetime.

If you are unwilling to learn about a company/industry/sector on a fundamental basis you should not attempt to pick individual stocks. It is more appropriate to buy an index, mutual, or exchange traded fund based on your views of the future. This entails less risk (as well as lower returns) than stock picking, reducing possible losses. If you have the inclination and time to learn how and do fundamental analysis you will generally realize better results over time.

You must also recognize that share prices can sometimes become completely disconnected and unrelated to fundamental, intrinsic value not merely over or under priced. That is the greatest opportunity for gains (or losses) as noted above over the long term.

There is only one true thing about the stock market and stock prices; they will fluctuate. This observation is attributed to JP Morgan.

Risk, Risk Premiums and Diversification
Stocks are risky. There is no guarantee that the return on a particular stock will beat the market average or even be positive. The riskier a stock is the greater its average return (but with a greater risk of no return or worse). This is called the "risk premium". Essentially, the seller is giving a discount to the buyer in return for taking on risk.

Risk can be reduced through diversification while retaining the same average return (called the "expected return"). Imagine a stock (stock A) costing $10 with a 50% chance of paying $2 and a 50% chance of paying $0. This stock would have an expected return of $1 (the average of 2 and 0) but would be risky. Now imagine that instead of buying 10 shares of stock A we bought 5 shares plus 5 shares of stock B. The cost and payback of B is identical to A with the caveat that B is a stock in an industry totally unrelated to A, and thus is not linked in its results. The stock A + B combination now has exactly the same expected return as A alone, but with lower risk! In other words:

DIVERSIFICATION LOWERS RISK WHILE MAINTAINING RETURNS.

The more diverse a portfolio is, the less risky it is. This is one of the rationals behind the new breed of index funds which recreate broad indexes such as the S&P 500 or the Wiltshire index. For long-term investing, index funds of this type are an excellent choice.

When to Sell
Knowing when to sell is often the most difficult part of buying and selling stocks. When a stock goes down, it is often difficult to admit that you made a mistake. When a stock goes up, will it keep going up? It is easy in hindsight to think that you should have held onto stock when you see it go up after you sold.

You generally don't know when a stock has really reached its peak, or whether it will go back up again, but there are some things to look for. Remember the reason you bought the stock. Considering all currently available data, is that reason still valid? Try to avoid coming up with new justifications for holding a falling stock. If you bought the stock, because you thought the company's new product would do really well, and it hasn't it may be time to sell.

There is nothing wrong with admitting you were wrong. However, you also need to be careful you aren't just selling to buy into the latest fad, either. The way the stock market works has been fairly consistent for many years. Different sectors have become hot, and later become not so hot. If you are going to revise your strategy, make you sure you still consider long term trends.

However, if something doesn't continue to fit your strategy, sell it. It doesn't matter if it has gone up a lot, or is almost worthless. Unless, you still think it fits with your strategy sell it. Remember, just because it may have a chance of going up a lot, doesn't mean there isn't another stock out there that is better. Selling based simply on past performance is generally a bad idea.

title: Investing/Stock market


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Galala University

Galala University (Arabic: جامعة الجلالة) is a national, non-profit Egyptian university located in Al Galala in Suez. The university includes 13 faculties in different fields of study. It was established by presidential decree in August 2020.

Location
Galala University is located in the city of Galala Plateau in the Governorate of Suez on the coast of the Red Sea, on the El Galala Maritime Plateau, which is 700 meters above sea level between Ain Sokhna and Zaafarana.

Project
The Armed Forces Engineering Authority, about 100 Egyptian national companies, and 150,000 workers, employees and engineers participated in the Galala Plateau project. Galala University was one of the project's goals on 173.5 feddans.

Studying System
The study at the university is based on the credit hour system that allows students to choose the courses they register to study in each semester, under academic guidance that tracks the student’s progress and ability to continue their studies.

In May 2021, GU signed an agreement with Arizona State University which aims to grant GU graduates dual degrees in the future in the fields of Engineering, Social & Human Sciences, Basic Sciences, Administrative Sciences, Media Production, and Art & Design, in addition to granting an accredited certificate from GU with administrative assistance from the commercial partner of Arizona State University (CINTANA) for the Fields of Pharmacy. Physical therapy, Nursing, and Food Industries.

Faculties and Centers
Galala University contains 13 faculties, and offers 66 programs in fields of study ranging from medicine, science, engineering, media and communication, in addition to a college for graduate studies and 4 research and technology centers in addition to the Higher Academy of Sciences, a university hospital, and housing for students and professors. The university will accommodate 12,750 students in its three stages.

Faculties:

 * Faculty of social and human science
 * Faculty of administrative science
 * Faculty of Mass media and Communication
 * Faculty of Arts
 * Faculty of Engineering
 * Faculty of Computer science
 * Faculty of Architecture
 * Faculty of Food and Food industries
 * Faculty of Medicine
 * Faculty of dentistry
 * Faculty of Physical Therapy
 * Faculty of Pharmacy (pharma D Program)

Faculty of Engineering

 * Construction Engineering & Specialized Construction Program.
 * Architecture Engineering:
 * Architectural Design & Digital Architecture Program.
 * Environmental Architecture & Building Technology Program.
 * Mechanical Engineering:
 * Mechatronics & Industrial Automation Engineering Program.
 * Material & Manufacturing Engineering Program.
 * Electrical Engineering:
 * Power Engineering.
 * Computer Engineering Program.
 * Artificial Intelligence Engineering Program.

title: Galala University


text:
Talk:Diane Modahl

Beliefs
Article states 'her known religious beliefs', yet fails to state what religion she is. P Cezanne (talk) 18:41, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Additional bio
I have done some work to tidy up the content, spelling and grammar, add sections, links and request inline citations, but it was only a first pass and needs more work on clarity and refs, e.g. I assume that refs to the peer-reviewed study will be online somewhere but haven't had time to look. I really think it needs a section on her athletics career as it almost entirely focuses on the drug test and related issues. I also propose removing the para on the career of Prof Gaskell as his bio does not seem relevant to this article, sim the list of others given an honorary degree at the same time as her. Beantrees (talk) 16:55, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diane Modahl


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Pervomaysky, Aleysky District, Altai Krai

Pervomaysky (Первомайский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Aleysky Selsoviet, Aleysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 160 as of 2013. There are 4 streets.

Geography
Pervomaysky is located 13 km west of Aleysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zavety Ilyicha is the nearest rural locality.


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Sefu bin Hamid

Sefu bin Hamid or Sayf bin Hamed (1850 – 20 October 1893) was an Arab Zanzibari slave trader and administrative official. The son of Tippu Tip, he was killed while fighting in the Congo–Arab War.

Governor of the Stanley Falls District
In early 1887, Henry Morton Stanley arrived in Zanzibar and proposed that Tippu Tip be made governor of the Stanley Falls District in the Congo Free State. Both Leopold II and Barghash bin Said agreed and on February 24, 1887, Tippu Tip accepted. Around 1890/91, Tippu Tip returned to Zanzibar where he retired. Sefu bin Hamid represented his father in the eastern Congo region of Kasongo and carried on the war in his stead.

Participation in the Congo–Arab War
During March and April 1892, Sefu repeatedly attacked Congo Free State (CFS) personnel in the eastern Congo, including ivory traderivory tradesmen which ended up starting the Congo–Arab War.

On 19 September 1892, after suffering an early defeat, Ngongo Lutete betrayed Sefu bin Hamid and defected to the Force Publique. In response to this, Sefu put the Resident of Kasongo, Lieutenant Joseph Lippens, and his adjunct, Sergeant Henri De Bruyne, under house arrest. Sefu urged for a renegotiation of the borders of his territories and demanded Francis Dhanis to deliver him Ngongo Lutete through a prisoner exchange. De Bruyne was escorted to Francis Dhanis on 15 November to inform him of Sefu's demands. Dhanis refused to agree to these terms and De Bruyne returned to Kasongo. This was considered by Sefu bin Hamid as an act of war.

Sefu crossed the Lomami River with 10,000 men—some 500 Zanzibari officers and the rest Congolese—and set up two forts on the Lomami River, where he was attacked by the Force Publique and eventually was forced to retreat. In retaliation, Lippens and De Bruyne were killed in Kasongo, on 1 December 1892. After the capture of on Kasongo 22 April 1893, the Force Publique discovered the graves of Lippens and De Bruyne, they also found the diaries of Emin Pasha, which indicated that he was killed on 23 October 1892.

The war's last major battle occurred on 20 October 1893, on the Luama River, west of Lake Tanganyika. It was a tactical stalemate, but eventually Sefu was defeated and was killed in action.

title: Sefu bin Hamid


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1952 Kansas Jayhawks football team

The 1952 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Seven Conference during the 1952 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Jules V. Sikes, the Jayhawks compiled a 7–3 record (3–3 against conference opponents), finished fourth in the Big Seven Conference, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 214 to 110. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.

The team's statistical leaders included Charlie Hoag with 469 rushing yards, Bob Brandeberry with 54 points scored, and Jerry Robertson with 868 passing yards. Hoag and Oliver Spencer were the team captains.

title: 1952 Kansas Jayhawks football team


text:
Talk:Tattered Cover

Significant indie bookstore, also took on bookstore chains
Worthy of some more work as most booksellers in the country know of this shop, as there was little case law on the issue of bookbuyers' anonymity beforehand. Indeed, as the Court declared:

"Had it not been for the Tattered Cover's steadfast stance, the zealousness of the city would have led to the disclosure of information that we ultimately conclude is constitutionally protected."

--Paulscrawl (talk) 18:23, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tattered Cover


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Per Erik Rundquist

Per Erik Rundquist (1912 – 1986) was a Swedish novelist and poet. He made his literary debut in 1938, with the novel Sven-Patrik. Among his later novels are Kalla mig Ismael! from 1950, and Generalen from 1953. He was awarded the Dobloug Prize in 1974.

title: Per Erik Rundquist


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donator

Etymology
From, from and ; equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1)  Donor, one who donates.

Usage notes
Most commonly used in legal documents.

Translations

 * Danish: donator
 * Dutch:, , , begiftiger
 * French: ,
 * German:
 * Hebrew: תורם
 * Italian:, donatrice
 * Malay: pederma
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: donator
 * Swedish:

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) donor,

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) donor

Etymology
. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) donor

Noun

 * 1) donor,

Noun

 * 1) a donor
 * 2)  a donor

title: donator


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Talk:Cinderella (sports)

Why are the 2013 Seahawks listed as a Cinderella team?

1991 24 Hours of Le Mans
How many sources do I need as a proof, for basically a car who was on its last competitive year of racing going on an all or nothing mission to becoming the unexpected winner of the most prestigious racing event in the world. ...and will five sources be enough evidence? Donnie Park (talk) 16:30, 11 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Donnie Park none of the provided examples actually describe it as a Cinderella story. While it could be inferred from the references you cite - to do so would constitute original research and is your own analysis or which as per policy is not something that should be on Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information and a list such as this, by it's very nature, will never be complete. The list therefore attempts to only show Examples and not a complete list of every team, event, person etc... that could be considered a Cinderella Story. Rehnn83 Talk 09:32, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

Gibberish
This is the current wording of the F1/Brawn GP entry:

Brawn GP – prior to the 2009 Formula One season, the team, who in previous season was Honda Racing F1, a fully factory supported team with lacklustre results despite a $300 million budget and staff of 700, before the team pulled out.[42] A few weeks before the season was about to start, the team went into a management buyout by Ross Brawn and chief executive Nick Fry[43] and subsequent rebranded as Brawn GP.[44] The team began its season with Jenson Button and Rubens Barrichello scoring a 1–2 victory respectively[45] from pole,[46] then winning its following 5 of its 6 races (also by Button)[47][48][49][50][51][52][53] before its well funded (and factory supported) oppositions began to catch-up with Barichello catching up in the points.[54][55][56][57][58] By the end of the season, they managed to score an extra two victory by Barrichello was enough for the team to take the constructor's championship and put himself in contention for the driver's championship and Button managing to take the driver's title[59] in a season that began without certainty of winning, losses of 270 jobs following its first Grand Prix to survive[60] and managing with only three cars as opposed to eight on better funded teams.[61]

It's gibberish! I can't even begin to decipher it enough to correct the glaring problems of comprehension, spelling, grammar etc. Aerach (talk) 22:22, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

Greece Euro 2014
This has to be included. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:21, 16 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Do You mean Euro 2004? Rehnn83 Talk 14:02, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

1969 Boston Celtics
This is a team that had won 9 of the past 10 titles and 10 of the past 12. They didn't have their best season in '69, but there has virtually never in the history of sports been a team that was as dominant as the 1960s Celtics. By the definition given in this very article, Cinderella stories are "situations in which competitors achieve far greater success than would reasonably have been expected". Rarely has there ever been a team for whom success was more expected than for the '69 Celtics. Wowwhostolemyusername (talk) 08:07, 31 December 2015 (UTC)

Leicester City F.C.
It's very close to happening, and in my opinion, that should qualify here. Someone who follows English football more closely may improve the text below, but I came up with that for a start.

In 2014-15, Leicester City F.C. had sat on the last place for majority of the season. Following four-match winning streak in April and subsequent five matches in which the club won three, the team ended in 14th, staying in the Premier League for the next season.

Despite the late season heroics, the manager Nigel Pearson was sacked in the summer and replaced by Claudio Ranieri. The team was widely predicted to be relegated by the experts, including nine of 11 Guardian football writers.

Leicester City came up with good start, winning first two matches and staying undefeated for first six. The team regained the top position in December, lost it temporarily during the rough patch around new year, but after beating Stoke City F.C. on January 23 and Arsenal F.C. losing to Chelsea F.C. on the same day, Leicester F.C was able to grab the lead again and not losing it anymore during the season. The team would eventually clinch the championship on... BleuDXXXIV (talk) 08:32, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree that Leicester City are looking like a potential Cinderella Story. We'd need to find independent sources describing their (soon to be) title success as a Cinderella story, but at this stage it's looking reasonable to include them as an example. Rehnn83 Talk 10:25, 27 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I was going to propose this last week as well, as with sources, there should be plenty now. Donnie Park (talk) 17:30, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

Nashville Predators?
Is it too soon to add the Nashville Predators to the list? They have made it to the Stanley Cup Finals, but the series has not started yet --danikayser84 ★  01:30, 25 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I think it's too early yet. Remember the subjective nature of this list means that they're only examples and can never be exhaustive. There's already examples listed of NHL teams, in order to add Nashville Predators to the list, there'd have to be some justification to them replacing another team. Exactly how anyone one quantifies that one team is more notable than another is really difficult (if not impossible) to say Rehnn83 Talk 09:16, 25 May 2017 (UTC)
 * A further point to consider is Wikipedia's article of Recentism Rehnn83 Talk 09:53, 1 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The Predators qualified for the 2017 playoffs as the eighth seed in the Western Conference (and the sixteenth seed overall) by finishing fourth in the Central Division with 94 points. They upset the Chicago Blackhawks by sweeping them in 4 games in the first round. In the next to rounds, they defeated the St. Louis Blues and the Anaheim Ducks in six games to win their first conference championship. In 2017 Stanley Cup Finals, they were defeated by the Pittsburgh Penguins in six games; the Penguins became the first team to win consecutive Stanley Cup championships in 19 years. J4lambert (talk) 00:20, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

Re-vamping article
I'm proposing significantly rewriting this article and in effect cutting this list. This very nature of this list means that it's subjective and no list can ever be exhaustive. I'm proposing limiting the examples to 2 or 3 teams/individuals. Rehnn83 Talk 15:22, 21 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Currently there definitely are way too many very recent examples that are more debatable than prominent, if Canada winning an ice hockey title is a fairy-tale run then anything is. But that makes the whole article superfluous. -<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:06, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

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Are the 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers really a Cinderella?
A brief, recent entry on this article includes the 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers as a Cinderella.

Yes, they became the first team in NBA Finals history to overcome both 2-0 and 3-1 deficits. They also beat the defending champion Golden State Warriors with the greatest ever regular season of 73-9 and the first ever unanimous MVP.

However, the 2016 Cavaliers did not emerge out of nowhere at the beginning of the 2015-16 season to win it all. They reached the Finals that previous year and were projected by ESPN to at least win 56 games and the top seed in the Eastern Conference. In the opening weeks of the 2015-16 season, projections by FiveThirtyEight gave the Cavaliers the greatest chance to win the championship. At the beginning of the postseason, they also projected the Cavaliers would have the greatest chance to reach the Finals from the East.

Most sports teams on the list, considered to be Cinderella stories, were not expected to be contenders at the beginning of their seasons. So, I’ll remove the Cavaliers entry, until a case could be made that they were truly a Cinderella story. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:47, 16 July 2018 (UTC)

Eddie Irvine during the 1999 Formula One season?
Could Eddie Irvine be considered to be a Cinderella that didn't win the championship? From 1996-1998 he was the clear number two driver to Michael Schumacher, unable to even win races while Schumacher was fighting for championships. It wasn't until 1999 that Irvine himself was able to win a race, and then during the season he still got team orders to let Schumacher past, until the British Grand Prix, where Schumacher was injured, leaving Irvine in charge of the driver's championship fight. It was at least unexpected that Irvine would be fighting for the Formula One World Championship after being the number two driver for so long. I think it would be worth mentioning on the page.

Non-NCAA basketball usage
Tbis is a well written and documented article, but I have rarely heard the term "Cinderella" in a sports context outside of the NCAA Men's College Basketball tournament. I do not think that the term should not be used for other sports and teams, but more emphasis could be given to the college basketball aspect. Am I wrong? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:11, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

Spam
The article, instead of informing about the term's concept, is turning into a spam of cinderella stories that nobody cares. Should those "stories" be split into a separate "list of cinderella stories"? Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 17:58, 13 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree. That it has both the Steelers and Seahawks as "Cinderella" teams for their matchup in Super Bowl XL makes their addition here extremely questionable. The omission of Gonzaga Men's Basketball in 1999, which was a team widely regarded as a "Cinderella" at the time in sports media and since, is notable. By my inexpert sporting opinion this appears to be a list of notable teams or games made by a dedicated but inaccurate fanbase and needs significant pruning. If nothing else than the corrections to the sports lore of Washington State. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:50, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

2021–22 New York Rangers season
Should the 2021–22 New York Rangers be included in this page under "Cinderella teams that did not win the championship"? The team entered the season expecting to be a playoff contender but not a cup contender. They weren't even expected to make the Eastern Conference Finals. They were led by Igor Shesterkin and were two years ago moving on from Henrik Lundqvist. They made the playoffs for the first time since the 2017 season excluding the 2020 bubble. Before this season, the team was rebuilding, as shown when the team wrote a letter to the fans informing them about it. In the playoffs, they went further than people expected. They overcame a 3-1 series deficit to beat the Pittsburgh Penguins and then they would upset the Carolina Hurricanes in 7 games after losing the first three road games of the series. They would, however, go on to lose the series in 6 games to the Tampa Bay Lightning despite having a 2-0 series lead. If the 2021–22 Rangers are included, it is also worthy to mention the Kid Line. There are several articles that mentions the word "Cinderella" when describing this year's team. I'm not sure what to say and I would like someone to help me with what to say. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:02, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Cinderella (sports)
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Cinderella (sports)'s orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "TFT": From 1980 Copa del Rey Final:  From 1974 European Cup Final:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 22:09, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

Should performance of Morocco in FIFA 22 be considered here?
Defeating Portugal in QF is certainly some underdog performance! Srijan Suryansh (talk) 04:01, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

Many dubious examples for NFL teams
There are many examples of Cinderella runs given for the NFL which I don't think truly qualify. While a lot of these teams weren't favorites to win the Super Bowl, either entering the season, or entering the Playoffs, a bunch of teams are listed which were 2 seeds and had first round byes. I don't think most people would consider a lot of these teams to have gone on Cinderella runs, especially given the term is used far less frequently to refer to the NFL than other sports, and the fact that generally speaking with the relative parity within the league (although a more recent phenomenon) and no more than 43.75% of teams making the playoffs in any non-strike shortened season, the cases of teams who actually went on a run improbable enough to be considered Cinderella teams are particularly few and far between as the vast majority of teams which have ever made the playoffs tend to be good teams. Given the high percentage of Super Bowl appearances taken up by top 2 seeds (who both had a bye for 30 years) it can make sense to apply the label to a significant number of teams which had to play in the wild card round, and there is certainly room for debate, but I don't think most NFL fans would agree with the list compiled here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:25, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

Page content
There is a discussion regarding this page's content at —Bagumba (talk) 09:15, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cinderella (sports)


text:
Talk:Taigei-class submarine

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:48, 18 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Naming and Launch Ceremony of SS Taigei.jpg

title: Talk:Taigei-class submarine


text:
consolate

Etymology
, p.p. See (transitive verb). .

Adjective

 * 1)  Comforted, consoled.
 * 2)  Not disconsolate; contented.

Verb

 * 1)  To console; to comfort.

title: consolate


text:
Talk:Bernardo Tovar

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title: Talk:Bernardo Tovar


text:
Wikiversity talk:Sign your posts on talk pages

Merger of the two pages Signature and Sign Your Posts on Talk Pages seems like a good idea. — morley 00:58, 13 November 2006 (UTC)


text:
Evgeniia Levanova

Evgeniia Levanova (Евгения Леванова; born August 16, 2000) is a Russian group rhythmic gymnast. She is a three-time (2017–2019) World Group all-around champion.

Career
Evgeniia took up rhythmic gymnastics at the age of 4 in her home town Cheboksary, Russia. Her mother introduced her to this sport. At the age of 12, she entered the artistic gymnastics department of the Nizhny Novgorod School of the Olympic Reserve. She joined Russian National team in 2016.

In September 2019, Levanova and the Russian group won the Group All-Around title at the 2019 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships. They won bronze medal in 5 Balls final and another gold in 3 Hoops + 4 Clubs final the next day.

She competed at Grand Prix Moscow in 2020, and apparently retired sometime in 2021.

Personal life
According to her social media, Evgeniia is dating a retired Russian figure skater Maxim Kovtun since 2018. In August 2021, the couple announced their engagement.

title: Evgeniia Levanova


text:
Oylegate–Glenbrien GAA

Oylegate–Glenbrien GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in the villages of Oylegate (Oilgate) and Glenbrien in County Wexford, Ireland. The club fields teams in both hurling and Gaelic football.

Honours

 * Wexford Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1963
 * Wexford Intermediate Hurling Championship (5): 1959, 1992, 2012, 2016, 2021
 * Wexford Junior Hurling Championship (1): 1955

title: Oylegate–Glenbrien GAA


text:
Portal:Science/Learn/News

The Wikiversity Science Journalism Center is a content development project where Wikiversity participants can collaborate to develop learning resources for science journalism. The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello for their discovery of RNA interference.

 * July 2008 Science could halt or reverse ageing

title: Portal:Science/Learn/News


text:
cake walk

Noun

 * 1) A type of dance originating in the United States in the 19th century.
 * 2) From the mid 1900s, a game at a fair or party in which people walk around a numbered circle along to music. When the music is stopped, the caller draws a number from a jar and whoever is standing on or closest to that number wins a cake.
 * 3)  Something extremely easy.
 * 1)  Something extremely easy.
 * 1)  Something extremely easy.

title: cake walk


text:
Talk:Chinese (Mandarin)/Lesson 3

Untitled
The scholarly uses are rarely seen in modern literature and are only seen in very old books. I think it's ok to ignore them altogether. Maybe they will disappear.

 * I'll agree to that. In my second year and never heard of or used them. Introduce them later when they have a chance of being useful instead of just intimidating clutter. - Everlong 03:30, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The scholarly uses are rarely seen in modern literature and are only seen in very old books. I think it's ok to ignore them altogether. Maybe they will disappear.

 * I'll agree to that. In my second year and never heard of or used them. Introduce them later when they have a chance of being useful instead of just intimidating clutter. - Everlong 03:30, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Clarification please
The text reads: The Zhe/Zháo particle is another particle that you'll frequently encounter in the course of your Chinese studies

Which is the Zhe/Zháo particle in chinese characters? Is it 著? Why does it have two pinyin equivalents? What is the rule to determine its placement in a sentence?

Please keep in mind the outlook of the neophyte reader. Many thanks for your splendid efforts!

--Philopedia 23:22, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

I agree that the pace of the whole book needs to be slowed considerably.<IP_ADDRESS> 11:13, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

the word pronounced as 着 is much more common as 'zhe' rather than 'zhao2'. The word ‘到’ should be introduced before the word 着 as most people think of the word '到', which is more 'direct' in a sense, rather than the word '着' in the case of '我拿到(so-and-so)了！’ rather than '我拿着(so-and-so)了！‘ --chinzh

title: Talk:Chinese (Mandarin)/Lesson 3


text:
Dicktown

Dicktown may refer to:

 * Dicktown, New York, a ghost town
 * Dicktown (TV series), an American adult animated sitcom

title: Dicktown


text:
William Culbertson (businessman)

William Stuart Culbertson was once the richest man in Indiana. Born in New Market, Pennsylvania, he migrated at age 21 to find his fortune along the Ohio River. He settled in New Albany, Indiana, taking a job as a dry goods clerk, but by 1860 had found his wealth in dry goods. In 1868 he retired from dry goods to become an investor. When he died in 1892, he was worth $3.5 million, leaving behind his third wife after two wives died before him. Culbertson Mansion State Historic Site in New Albany, Indiana, was his home.

Early life
William Culbertson was born on February 4, 1814, in New Market, York County, Pennsylvania. He was the second of six children born to William Culbertson and Julia Stuart. William grew up learning the mercantile business, as his parents ran a successful one in New Market. At age 21, William left home to find work in Louisville, Kentucky but was turned away.

Marriage and personal life
William Culbertson married his first wife Eliza Vance on February 19, 1840. They had eight children before her death from typhoid fever on January 3, 1865. William then married Cornelia Eggleston on January 10, 1867. They had two children before her death on October 18, 1880. He then married widow Rebecca Keith Spears Young.

Blanche Culbertson French, his daughter with his wife Cornelia, was the most notable among his children due to her involvement in the suffrage movement. She was President of the Equal Franchise League of New Rochelle, New York, and a member of the National Woman's Suffrage Association. His great-granddaughter was Rebekah Harkness, a socialite, philanthropist, and one of the richest women in America.

Philanthropy
Throughout his life, Culbertson assisted those less fortunate. As a utility company president he subsidized the city gas supply in order to provide heat to all residents, distributed meals to the hungry every day, and helped to combat water-borne disease as president of the water company.

In 1873, Culbertson organized the construction of the Culbertson Widows' Home. He had been led by the conditions in which the widows of the Civil War had found themselves. Culbertson paid $25,000 for its construction, and set up an endowment of $150,000 for its continued operation. The home closed in 1971.

In 1881, Culbertson gifted a large plot of land, as well as the construction of a large brick building to be used by the Orphans Home Society. His wife Cornelia had been the president of the association and died the previous year. The home was named in memory of Cornelia Culbertson.

Later life and death
William S. Culbertson died on June 25, 1892, in New Albany, Indiana. He is buried in Fairview Cemetery in New Albany, Indiana.

title: William Culbertson (businessman)


text:
Kansas's 24th Senate district

Kansas's 24th Senate district is one of 40 districts in the Kansas Senate. It has been represented by Republican former State Representative J. R. Claeys.

Geography
District 24 is based in the city of Salina, also covering Abilene, Solomon, Chapman, and other smaller communities in Saline County and some of Dickinson County.

The district is located entirely within Kansas's 1st congressional district, and overlaps with the 69th, 70th, 71st, and 108th districts of the Kansas House of Representatives.

title: Kansas's 24th Senate district


text:
Talk:Wild mouse

Untitled
The Wildcat at Cedar Point is not a wild mouse coaster. I will remove it unless someone objects. dj_ansi 08:24, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

The same goes for the Timberland Twister at MOA. It is a tougher call than the Wildcat, but as rcdb.com does not list it as a wild mouse, and I tend to agree. dj_ansi 08:27, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * This ride is tough on the neck. -Yancyfry 03:38, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

hi Spinball whizzer is not a wild mouse coaster it is a spinning coaster Trfccurt (talk)

Old Wild Mouse at Lagoon.
Lagoon used to have a wooden Wild Mouse until 1986 or 1987. It was demolished in 1987 or 1988 to make way for the current steel Wild Mouse. Bizzybody (talk) 03:51, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

The Fly
I think the rollercoaster The Fly found at Canada's Wonderland could be added to the list found under the Installations heading. Flagrant hysterical curious (talk) 21:50, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

Mad Mouse
I used to love the Mad Mouse at King’s Island. Isn’t that a wild mouse type coaster? 2601:645:700:2EB6:B0FE:776D:7841:7D19 (talk) 19:07, 21 January 2023 (UTC)
 * There's no mention of a mouse at Kings Island at the Roller Coaster Database. Barry Wom (talk) 10:37, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wild mouse


text:
Category:Listed parks and gardens in Nofolk

Parks and gardens in Norfolk listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England.


text:
Mikhaylovka, Kuryinsky District, Altai Krai

Mikhaylovka (Михайловка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Ust-Talovsky Selsoviet, Kuryinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 12 as of 2013. There is 1 street.

Geography
Mikhaylovka is located 20 km southwest of Kurya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ust-Talovka is the nearest rural locality.


text:
User:Historybuff/wikimap

Faculty (Portal) -> School (School) -> Division (Topic) -> Department (Topic) -> Course (?) -> Lesson (Mainspace)

Faculty of Eng. and Tech

 * portal, under construction
 * School:Information Technology
 * Topic:Network Administration
 * Website Administration
 * Computer Technology Support
 * Computer Technology Logistics
 * Network Administration
 * Network Security
 * Computer Security
 * Computer Forensics
 * School:Computer Science
 * CS course calendar (supposedly)
 * Topic:Algorithms
 * Topic:Artificial Intelligence
 * Topic:Bioinformatics
 * Topic:Business Process Management
 * Topic:Compilers and Language Theory
 * Topic:Complexity Theory
 * Topic:Computational linguistics
 * Topic:Computer Logic
 * Topic:Concurrency and Real-Time Programming
 * Topic:Dynamic Programming
 * Topic:Geoinformatics (i.e. GIS)
 * Topic:Graph Theory
 * Topic:Graphic design with computers
 * Topic:Object-Oriented Programming
 * Topic:Quantum Computing
 * Shared CS IT Topics
 * Topic:Applied Computer Science
 * Topic:Software Project Management
 * Topic:Information Security
 * Topic:Software Freedom
 * Topic:Software testing
 * Topic:Software Quality Assurance test
 * Topic:Information Security
 * Topic:Web Design
 * Topic:Information Systems
 * Topic:User Interfaces
 * Topic:Scientific Computing
 * Topic:Operating Systems
 * Topic:Cryptography
 * Topic:Databases
 * Topic:Computer Architecture
 * Topic:Computer Programming
 * Topic:Networking

 * Topic:GIMP - Nothing
 * Topic:Computer Networks - Not much
 * Link to TCP/IP_Protocol_Architecture -Nothing

title: User:Historybuff/wikimap


text:
Mirabad (36°18′ N 58°49′ E), Mazul

Mirabad (, also Romanized as Mīrābād; also known as Mehrābād and Mihrābād) is a village in Mazul Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,331, in 581 families.

title: Mirabad (36°18′ N 58°49′ E), Mazul


text:
How people learn: brain, mind, experience and school

Why is this study group needed?
Wikiversity needs to be able to plan and create effective learning experiences for participants.

"Technology can help to create an active environment in which students not only solve problems, but also find their own problems. This approach to learning is very different from the typical school classrooms, in which students spend most of their time learning facts from a lecture or text and doing the problems at the end of the chapter." Technology to Support Learning --JWSchmidt 03:49, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

What does this study group hope to archive?
This study group aims to identify how this can be done drawing on the information provided at the website How people learn: brain, mind, experience and school.

Who is this project for?
This project is for anyone who is interested in how to improve learning.

Active participants

 * Mystictim 20:39, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * --JWSchmidt 03:43, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * vannin 23 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Dionysios (talk), a Participant in the Wikiversity School of Advanced General Studies, Date: 2007-07-06 (July 6, 2007) Time: 1206 UTC

When will this project take place?
The initial phase of this project will be conducted during January 2007.

How will this project be conducted?
If you would like to take part in this project you can begin by reading the executive summary of the website How people learn: brain, mind, experience and school. The main strand of this project will be a critical reading of this website.

Related learning projects

 * Learning to learn a wiki way
 * About learning a report by Demos study group aims to investigate the implications of this report for Wikiversity in general and this learning project specifically.

Websites
How people learn: brain, mind, experience and school

Documents
About learning

Selected quotes from the report
"Social opportunities also affect motivation. Feeling that one is contributing something to others appears to be especially motivating (Schwartz et al., in press). For example, young learners are highly motivated to write stories and draw pictures that they can share with others. First graders in an inner-city school were so highly motivated to write books to be shared with others that the teachers had to make a rule: "No leaving recess early to go back to class to work on your book" (Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt, 1998)" Learning and Transfer


text:
Why The Question

Human language is a very flexible tool that allows us to generate a seemingly endless series of questions about the world we find ourselves in. Some aspects of the universe are very well hidden from us, so if we are curious about the world then we are driven to keep asking questions that cannot be easily answered. Some people find it frustrating to be subjected to these circumstances and hope that there is a "foundation", an ultimate set of questions and answers that will provide an end to our questioning.

One modern incarnation of the desire for a solid foundation is found in attempts by physicists to devise a Theory of everything.

title: Why The Question


text:
Conlang/Types

Conlangs are classified into types and subtypes based mainly on why they are created. The three basic types are engelangs (engineered languages), auxlangs (auxiliary languages), and artlangs (artistic languages).

Whatever your reason for making a language, it's good to keep always in mind why you started it in the first place.

Engineered languages
Engelangs, sometimes called englangs, are conlangs designed to meet objective criteria, rather than subjective goals like "elegance" or "ease of use". For example, one might design an engelang so that the arrangement of sounds in a word classifies its meaning; or so that its grammatical structure imitates formal logic; or so that its expressions conform to a certain ideology or point of view (say, Taoism, or feminism). Subjective goals are always around — motivating the choice of objective criteria, and filling in gaps in the language design that the objective criteria don't address. As long as the technical criteria take precedence when deciding features of the language design, it's an engelang.

Be aware (and beware) that the names for this type of conlang and its subtypes vary a bit across the conlanging community. What we're calling engelangs here, some conlangers call loglangs (a term we're using just for the ones that implement formal logic); and some other conlangers call them philosophical languages (a term we're using for a subtype of engelangs distinct from loglangs).

Logical languages
Loglangs are conlangs built around the structure of formal logic. They are usually designed to investigate how the human mind would work when using a language with that structure. Logical languages tend to have few or no irregularities and be similar in style to computer programming or markup languages. They advocate a logical and consistent architectural structure of utterances. Lojban, a language created to test the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis (the idea that language shapes the operation of the mind), is considered archetypal of the genre. Others are like Ithkuil, a language created by John Quijada: Ithkuil exists as an exercise in how human languages could function. These often overlap with philosophical languages.

Some examples of loglangs:
 * — developed in the mid-twentieth century, originally as a tool with which to test the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis.
 * — a community-driven offshoot of Loglan. Its development is ongoing.
 * — originally inspired by Loglan, then took a turn toward the naturalistic.
 * — a knowledge representation language, for an attempt to create artificial intelligence through vast accumulation of knowledge.
 * — intended to express thoughts precisely and densely.

Philosophical languages
Philosophical languages are conlangs constructed to meet some philosophical goal. This goal can be to explore how the mind works by altering the fundamental structure of the language (which is the aim of some loglangs, such as Ithkuil), or it can be to see if language is even possible when certain elements are changed. In general, philosophical languages are experimental.

In some of them, for example, all the words for manmade objects (artifacts) might begin with the same letter, t for instance, all the words for pieces of furniture would begin with to-, the word for "chair" would be tod, words for different types of chairs would begin with tod-, organisms with v, plant species with ve- while animals would begin with vu-, all vertebrates with vuz-, mammals with vuzu- and rodents with vuzum-.

A common criticism of languages that use such a word categorization system is that the words that are most similar in meaning and topic, and will therefore most need to be distinguished from each other, will sound too alike, and become too confusable to learn, even though the goal of these languages is usually to make memorization easier. In a few of these languages a single phoneme or very short (two-letter) syllable will indicate an element of meaning, such as "light/vision", "female", or "many".

Some examples of philosophical languages:

 * — seventeenth century classification language. It has been described as paving the way for Roget's Thesaurus.
 * — 1960s. Each sound has a meaning, and the meanings of words are built up from the meanings of the sounds.
 * — early twentieth century classification language. One of its supporters was Melvil Dewey, creator of the Dewey Decimal System.
 * — twenty-first century. Two-letter morphemes carry meaning, and longer words are built up as compounds.
 * — twenty-first century. Designed to facilitate Taoist thinking.  Very few words with no inflections and uncomplicated meanings, and very simple grammar.
 * —1982. Designed to support women's perceptions and thoughts.

Auxiliary languages
Auxlangs are designed to help ease communication between two or more linguistically diverse communities. They use simple phonology and grammar to try to make them easy to learn. Their grammars are made in such a way as to express the widest range of meanings possible. There are many Auxlangs, and some of them were among the first constructed languages ever made.

Some examples of auxlangs:

 * — probably the most widely known auxlang. It includes words from languages of several Indo-European branches and has a highly developed system of word derivation.
 * — the most successful auxlang prior to Esperanto. Its vocabulary is derived from Germanic roots.
 * — derived from Esperanto, separating in an event called the schism (or even the Great Schism) from which resentments have not entirely faded more than a century later. Ido uses a Romance-derived vocabulary.
 * — based on without inflections.
 * — based on modern West European languages.
 * — based on the musical scale. It can be sung and played.
 * — based on modern Slavic languages and Old Church Slavonic; designed to be intelligible to all speakers of the former.

Many auxlangs borrow their vocabulary entirely from the Indo-European languages — often from a mix of Romance and Germanic languages, but most often entirely from Romance languages. As a result, the vocabulary and general method of reaching the goal of universality sound a lot alike from auxlang to auxlang. These auxlangs are often called "Euroclones". More recent auxlangs that take their vocabulary from more diverse sources and use non-Indo-European grammar include, , , and.

Artistic languages
Artlangs are created for a wide range of reasons: fleshing out works of fiction, fun, experimentation, or even historical study (colloquially called "if-langs"). Most people who create artlangs do so simply because they enjoy it. Several artlangs have gained high visibility in popular culture in recent years, such as Klingon, created for the Star Trek franchise by professional linguist Marc Okrand; the many Elvish languages, especially Quenya and Sindarin, in Tolkien's Middle-earth; and Dothraki, created by conlanger David J. Peterson for the Game of Thrones television series.

Fictional languages
The most familiar and general subset of artlangs are fictional languages. These are spoken by the inhabitants of the fictional worlds of a book, movie, television show, video game, comic, or toy, such as Middle-earth, the Star Trek universe, or the game Myst. These worlds in which they are spoken are called conworlds, inhabited by fictional concultures. The conworld influences what words the language will have for flora and fauna, articles of clothing, foods, objects of technology (such as bricks, cannons, or telephones), sports, music genres, ethnic groups, religious concepts, and place names.

The culture will also have an influence on some things like verb tenses (how your people view the future and the past, or whether time should even be grammatically indicated at all any more than place should), pronouns (whether the speakers need fine enough shades of "we" to distinguish the concept of "you and I" from "them and I", or whether they have different levels of formality for "you"), and how kinship terms are split up (some languages have different words for older and younger brothers, others do not distinguish "brother" from "sister", and some have different words for the sister of a sister and the sister of a brother). Tolkien started out inventing languages for his amusement and then retroengineered a fictional universe to have a world in which these languages would be spoken.

Since the Internet became popular, many people have now become able to put up information on their conlangs and associated conworlds on their sites, and these have become famous. Verdurian, the language of Mark Rosenfelder's Verduria on the planet of Almea, is often invoked as a symbolic representative of these Net-based fictional languages.

Some examples of fictional languages:

 * — created for the Star Trek franchise by linguist Marc Okrand; meant to have a harsh sound, but be pronounceable by actors, and to reflect a suitably bellicose worldview.
 * — created for the movie Avatar by professor Paul Frommer; meant to fit the film concept, and be pronounceable by actors, but not sound like any particular human language.
 * — created for the television series Game of Thrones by conlanger David J. Peterson.
 * — described in George Orwell's novel 1984; supposed to prevent dissident thoughts by not allowing them to be expressed.
 * and — the most prominent of J.R.R. Tolkien's Elvish languages; designed to Tolkien's personal taste.  He created Middle-earth as background for the languages.
 * — created by Mark Rosenfelder for a Dungeons & Dragons world; borrows from various European languages, but doesn't closely resemble any of them.

Altlangs
Altlangs are also known as What if? languages or if-langs. They speculate on an alternate history and try to reconstruct how a family of natural languages would have evolved if things had been different. What if King Harold had won the Battle of Hastings? What if the Polynesians had settled in Central America during the time of Meso-American Empires? What if Alexander the Great had not been able to conquer Egypt? What if Greek civilization went on to thrive without a Roman Empire, leaving Greek and not Latin to develop several modern descendants? The language that would have evolved is then traced step by step in its evolution, to reach its final form.

The revered grandfather of this genre is Andrew Smith's Brithenig, which attempts to determine what Romance languages would have evolved into had the Romans displaced the Celtic people in Great Britain. The vocabulary of Latin is altered through the same evolution that befell Welsh from the evolution of the Celtic languages through the present day. An altlang will typically base itself on the core vocabulary of one language and the phonology of another. An altlang will ideally have meticulous understanding and admirable imagination as to world history, sturdy knowledge of linguistics, and ingenious improvisation when it becomes necessary to "toss it up".

Some examples of altlangs:
 * — might have evolved if Latin had displaced the native Celtic language in Great Britain.
 * — might have evolved if Latin had displaced the native Celtic language in Ireland.
 * — might have evolved if the Romans had conquered Poland.

Personal languages
Personal languages are languages that are created by and belong just to the inventor, for just the inventor to see, or perhaps to show off. A personal language is created for the ultimate purpose of creating a language. There is no conworld motivating it, no people whom the creator actually expects to speak it, no product that will be manufactured in its language. A personal language is considered by many to be artlanging in its purest form, although a personal language may well have no artistic intention behind it. A personal language may be invented to create a beautiful language or for self-expression. It may be invented to give out a tribute to a language or language family the creator really likes, attempting to capture the flavor of the original as much as possible, or it may be created just for the fun that there is in creating a language.

Personal languages are often created as practices in linguistics; a conlanger learning about ergativity might write out the grammar of an ergative conlang in order to understand how ergative languages work. Some exist to test outlandish phonologies or orthographic systems, or have hundreds of noun cases or tens of millions of possible verb forms. Many are invented simply because people love constructing languages! The creators of personal languages often share their languages and update their progress over the Internet, and many habitually scrap an old conlang project that hasn't gotten beyond a lexicon of 50 words and start a new one. These personal languages tend to have short lifespans, but others are developed for years on end as their creators try to become truly fluent in them, perhaps using them for diaries and other writings.

 * — well-known personal language of conlanger Sally Caves. Winner of the 2007 Smiley Award.

Micronational languages
Some artlangs are micronational languages — like fictional languages, but their creators make them real. They declare territory, issue official flags and currency, and recruit citizens, then have the citizens learn the language. These are the languages of micronations, sometimes created for entertainment, but often breakaway nations that are created for political purposes, declaring themselves to exist alongside UN-recognized nations (such as Sealand, the Conch Republic, or Atlantium). The members of these micronations meet up and speak the language they have learned when they are participating in these meets. The language and its creation belong to all the citizens of these micronations. They determine the direction of its evolution, invent new grammatical constructions when they discover it is necessary, and coin new words as they speak.

 * — created in 1980 by Robert Ben Madison for his micronation Talosa. Has its own ISO language code.

In-between goals
The three broad kinds of goals we've described — technical features, cross-cultural communication, and art — aren't mutually exclusive. What if your goal is to see whether a certain technical goal can be successfully combined with your personal aesthetics? Is that an engelang or an artlang? is a conlang with just that sort of goals, and its author has suggested that conlangs should be placed on the interior of a triangle, with the three pure types of conlangs at its corners (the ).

Even if a conlang has a single, pure primary goal, there are enough details in any conlang that the primary goal probably doesn't cover all of them. Auxlangs have some artistry in their making — it's been argued (see sources) that artistic merit is part of why Esperanto has succeeded so much better than its competitors. Engelangs may have some artistry in them, too; and artlangs often have some technical aspirations lurking under the surface.

A particular class of mixed-goal conlangs with its own name is the fauxlangs, short for fictional auxlangs. These are supposed auxlangs created by characters in a fictional setting, often in an alternative history. Examples include
 * Rex May's — created by L.L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, in an alternative history where he emigrated to the Republic of Texas.
 * At one time, Ray Brown's ("Greek without inflections") was a fauxlang — the analog, in an alternative history where Alexander the Great conquered Rome, of Giuseppe Peano's 1903 auxlang .  It was revised a few years ago, though, to be more of an englang because the fictional setting was found too limiting.

Relexes
A relex is a conlang generated from a pre-existing language by replacing the forms of the words, while leaving most of the rest of the original language unchanged — especially, With both of these unchanged, the conlang is a sort of word-replacement code for the original language. By extension, relex is sometimes used as a broad criticism of any conlang seen as too closely copying another language.
 * the exact meanings of the words from the original language, and/or
 * the grammar of the original language.

The largest class of relexes are (by reputation, at least) artlangs whose authors failed to notice that they were copying most of the look and feel of their native language. Not all relexes are artlangs, though, and not all are unintentional. Auxlangs and  have both been criticized as relexes of English. The loglang started as a deliberate relex of, since which their grammars and vocabularies have gradually diverged as both languages underwent further development (see sources).

Some relexes may be used for specific purposes. For example, the Israeli military uses a relex of Hebrew called "NADBAR".

The conlanging term relex is a shortening of the term relexification, borrowed and adapted from linguistics proper. The linguistic term has a narrower meaning: in linguistic, a pre-existing language keeps its grammar but replaces its vocabulary from another pre-existing language. The language from which the vocabulary is taken is called the lexifier.

A priori and a posteriori
Particular features of a conlang can be a posteriori — meaning borrowed from natural languages, rather than invented — or a priori, meaning invented rather than borrowed from natural languages. These terms are most often used to describe the forms of words, as with the words toki, from the Pidgin word toki (talk), and pona, from Esperanto bona (good). An entire conlang may also be described as a priori/posteriori if most of its grammar and vocabulary are of that type. A conlang described as a posteriori usually borrows from several, or even many, different natlangs; relexes are not normally called a posteriori.

Classification-based vocabulary is an a priori strategy that has been used in a number of engelangs (e.g., ) and some auxlangs (e.g., ). Most auxlangs make extensive use of a posteriori vocabulary.

Diachronic languages
A diachronic conlang is equipped with an internal, i.e., fictional, linguistic history. Since the internal history is fictional, all diachronic conlangs are artlangs; but most subtypes of artlangs include both diachronic and non-diachronic (synchronic) languages.

Tolkien's Elvish languages are the most famous example of diachronic conlanging, with an entire family of languages descended from a common ancestor,. Many artlangs, though by no means all, have at least some suggestions of internal history about them, even if no parent language has been fully worked out.

Altlangs are diachronic, by definition.

Kitchen sink languages
A kitchen sink conlang is one that has way too many exotic features, all at once for no apparent reason — "everything including the kitchen sink" in an uncoordinated mishmash. Unlike relex, kitchen sink has no neutral technical sense; it's always a strong term of opprobrium.

Kitchen sink languages are at the opposite end of a spectrum from relexes: where too little tinkering can produce a relex (that lacks interest), too much tinkering can produce a kitchen sink language (that lacks plausibility). It has been suggested that a conlanger's second conlang — after they've made a relex for their first — is often a kitchen sink language; but even experienced conlangers, tempted by the lure of exotic features, can sometimes fall into the trap of kitchen-sink-ism.

Caution should also be exercised, though, in applying the term kitchen sink to a conlang — not only because it's such a strong term, but because just having many unusual features doesn't necessarily make it a kitchen sink language (which is why the term is so strong). For proper use of the term, the many unusual features should be unjustified; in principle, at least, it's possible for many unusual features to occur in a smoothly coherent design, so that they all feel quite natural in context. The catch is that — as David Peterson remarked when awarding the 2007 to, a highly respected conlang with several unusual features — there is a double standard at work between natlangs and conlangs:  any bizarre features of a natlang are natural by definition, but the same features in a conlang would have to persuade on their own merits. His case in point is, a natlang with no way of expressing time; no way of counting; a culture with no storytelling, oral history, or art; it can be spoken, whistled, hummed, or drummed; and it has different phonologies for men and women. If it were a conlang instead of a natlang, its creator would have a hard time passing it off as naturalistic.

title: Conlang/Types


text:
Bo Sherman

Eugene H. "Bo" Sherman (c. 1906 – June 19, 1964) was an American football and basketball coach. He served as the head football coach at Henderson State Teachers College—now known as Henderson State University—from 1931 to 1934, at Arkansas Agricultural and Mechanical College—now known as the University of Arkansas at Monticello—from 1935 to 1937, and at George Washington University from 1952 to 1959, compiling a career college football coaching record of 56–62–3. Sherman was a native of Dardanelle, Arkansas. He died on June 19, 1964, at the age of 57, at the University of Virginia Hospital in Charlottesville, Virginia.

title: Bo Sherman


text:
List of star-forming regions in the Local Group

This is a list of star-forming regions located in the Milky Way Galaxy and in the Local Group. Star formation occurs in molecular clouds which become unstable to gravitational collapse, and these complexes may contain clusters of young stars and regions of ionized gas called H II regions. Stars typically form in groups of many stars, rather than in isolation.


text:
Wikipedia talk:Education noticeboard/Header

Added a link to the header
I just wanted to note here that I updated the header to include a link to the global education program since it includes English-speaking communities, for example, in Australia and New Zealand. I'm not sure if that's the best place for that link in the header, but it seemed to fit nicely alongside the link to Wiki Ed. Pinging Thanks. Anna Koval (WMF) (talk) 16:03, 9 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

.

1
I am somewhat hesitant about starting on the post reconstruction titles, as in that case all i have to go on is the newton encyc. and a few ADL publications. I've sent an ILL out for the 1916 ed. of the Kloran, but haven't heard anything back yet. The only Kloran that is up is the Miss White Knights, and theirs was apparently very different from alot of other modern klans. The Newton books relies mainly on an Illinois legislative report from the seventies dealing with mostly the UKA. Ideally I would use the Klorans from all these groups as a primary references, but I do not at present have that luxury. I think msu has a few constitutions and bye-laws, I'll see what i can get out of them.--Dudeman5685 (talk) 21:50, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Misspelling?
"The Dominion was headed by a Great Titan assisted by six Furries,"

'Furies' has one 'r'. 'Furries' means something quite different. Not sure if this is an honest mistake or a deliberate prank.

'but always styled Ancient and Honorable and Mirth-Provoking '

Ah. I think I'll go for "deliberate prank". Not necessarily. The very original KKK initiation instructed the blindfolded initiate to approach a mirror and his blindfold was removed. He then beheld himself wearing a pair of donkey's ears. This was before the group took a more sinister turn, of course.

Paul Murray (talk) 02:40, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

The "furies"/"Furries" thing has already been added and taken away again. I have the horrifying suspicion that it will become a meme.

https://bbs.boingboing.net/t/kkk-vs-d-d-the-surprising-high-fantasy-vocabulary-of-racism/74501/5 --Bellerophon5685 (talk) 15:25, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

"klavern"
Having grown up in South Carolina, the word 'klavern' was used to describe a "local chapter" of the Klan - even if this was unofficial slang for this despicable organization, it was widespread and the article should mention it. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:01, 17 February 2017 (UTC)

 * It already does "Over time, the term klavern replaced klan for local groups"--Bellerophon5685 (talk) 21:54, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

What is the Cyclops?
A Cyclops is listed as a role in the organization but the duties of the Cyclops does not appear to be explained. Several other roles seems to be equally undefined. (talk) 07:48, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

 * An Exalted Cyclops is the leader of a local klan or klavern.--Bellerophon5685 (talk) 21:15, 11 August 2018 (UTC)

In order
Can somebody put the second Klan ranks in order? 2001:5B0:2B3D:B7C8:146B:7864:308B:E8F8 (talk) 00:34, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary


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timone

Etymology
From, alteration of. Or directly inherited into Italian from the Classical form, with pretonic /e/ > /i/.

Noun

 * 1) rudder
 * 2) shaft (of a cart)
 * 3) plow beam

title: timone


text:
Danilovka, Altaysky District, Altai Krai

Danilovka (Даниловка) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Starobelokurikhinsky Selsoviet, Altaysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Danilovka is located 52 km west of Altayskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Belokurikha is the nearest rural locality.


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Yellow light

Yellow light may refer to:

Other uses

 * Light in the visible color spectrum that is yellow (575~594 nm)
 * A yellow traffic light (also described as an "amber light")
 * Manjal Veiyil (English: Yellow Light), a 2009 Tamil language film starring Prasanna and Sandhya in the lead roles

Songs

 * "Yellow Light", by Pharrell Williams, created for the soundtrack of the 2017 film Despicable Me 3
 * "Yellow Light", by Of Monsters and Men on My Head Is an Animal
 * "Yellow Light", by Silver Sun from Silver Sun

title: Yellow light


text:
User:Khirurg/Sources

Epirus definition

 * John Wilkes, "The Illyrians", 1992.
 * p. 92: Appian's description of the Illyrian territories records a southern boundary with Chaonia and Thesprotia where Epirus began south of the river Aous.
 * p. 96: Yet this first authentic accoun of the Adriatic lists the names of several Illyrian peoples on the east coast down as far as the river Aous.

 * N.G.L. Hammond, "Illyris", in Cambridge Ancient History, Boardman & Hammond (eds)., 1982.
 * p. 261 : Illyris, a geographical term with the Greeks applied to a territory neighboring their own, covers more or less the territory of modern northern and central Albania, down to the mouth of the river Aous.

 * Panayotis Filos, "The dialectical variety of Epirus", in "Studies in Ancient Greek dialects: from central Greece to the Black Sea", 2018
 * p. 216-217 : Nonetheless one may say with some degree of certainty that from the 4th century BC onwards the geographic boundaries of Epirus were by and large set as follows: the so-called Keraunia or Akrokeraunia mountain range to the north...
 * p. 241 : The northern parts of Epirus, e.g. Chaonia, bordered on S. Illyrian territory

Epirus and Illyria

 * John Wilkes, "The Illyrians", 1992.
 * p.12: : These reconstructions of prehistory 'houses of cards' according to one scholar - prove surprisingly difficult to demolish even long after their foundations have been shown not to exist. Similar problems arise regarding the peoples of ancient Epirus, now divided between Albania and Greece. Against a widespread view that they spoke a form of Greek the Albanians argue that the Epirotes were one with the rest of the Illyrians.
 * Panayotis Filos, "The dialectical variety of Epirus", in "Studies in Ancient Greek dialects: from central Greece to the Black Sea", 2018.
 * p.224: : In fact, contact with non-Greek populations (Illyrians) in the northern part of Epirus...

Epirus Language

 * Panayotis Filos, "The dialectical variety of Epirus", in "Studies in Ancient Greek dialects: from central Greece to the Black Sea", 2018.
 * p. 221-222 : In spite of some ancient testimonies, the epigraphic evidence from the late Archaic period (6th-5th century BC) indicates that population of Epirus proper spoke a dialectical variety akin to the so-called North-West (NW) Doric, (or North-West Greek).
 * p. 224 : There is an overall consensus nowadays that the Greek-speaking populations of Epirus...spoke a North West Doric variety akin to numerous populations of Central and Western Greece'''.
 * p. 241 : The northern parts of Epirus, e.g. Chaonia, bordered on S. Illyrian territory.
 * Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", in Oxford Companion to Macedonia, 2010.
 * p. 83 : Old genealogical links...strongly connected Epirus to the rest of Greece...and precluded any serious debate about the Greekness of the Epirotans. Epirotic language was regarded a primitive North-Western Greek dialect, but there was no discussion that it was basically Greek. Epirotans...lived an archaic way of life with old fashioned and some crude customs...Nevertheless there was never a sharp discussion of their Greekness.

Atintanians

 * M.B. Hatzopoulos, "Ancient Macedonia", 2010.
 * ..there has been no consensus on the location of Atintania. The obvious and after all roughly correct solution...that Atintania was the middle valley of the Aoos.
 * Polybius' authority is confirmed by Thucydides, who couples the Atintanes with the Molossi going to battle under the same commander, by Strabo, who cites the Atintanes along with the Epiroteethne...
 * Appian's use of the ethnic "Illyrian" for the Atintanes has been explained away as referring to their political situation after annexation by Illyrian rulers.

 * Panayotis Filos, "The dialectical variety of Epirus", in "Studies in Ancient Greek dialects: from central Greece to the Black Sea", 2018.
 * p. 224 : There is an overall consensus nowadays that the Greek-speaking populations of Epirus, despite its fragmentation into major (Molossoi, Thesprotoi, Chaones) and minor (Athamanes, Atintanes...), spoke a North West Doric variety akin to numerous populations of Central and Western Greece.'''.

 * Ils peuvent apparaître comme Épirotes à certains moments et Macédoniens à d'autres. C'est le cas des Atintanes, cédés à Pyrrhos en 295 mais qui reviennent aux Macédoniens lors de la paix de Phoinicé en 205."
 * Ils peuvent apparaître comme Épirotes à certains moments et Macédoniens à d'autres. C'est le cas des Atintanes, cédés à Pyrrhos en 295 mais qui reviennent aux Macédoniens lors de la paix de Phoinicé en 205."

 * Hammond, N. G. L. (1994a). "Illyrians and North-west Greeks". In Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John; Hornblower, Simon; Ostwald, M. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Fourth Century B.C. Cambridge University Press. pp. 422–443.
 * The north-west Greeks occupied a large area, extending in the west from the Gulf of Ambracia to the Gulf of Oricum and in the east to an imaginary line from the upper Achelous valley to the upper Erigon valley... The main groups from south to north were called Thesproti, Athamanes, Molossi, Atintanes, Chaones, Parauaei, Orestae, Elimeotae, Lyncestae and Pelagones.

 * Wilkes, John (1995). Pierre Cabanes (ed.). "L'Illyrie méridionale et l'Epire dans l'antiquité. II". Journal of Hellenic Studies.
 * Unable to accept Hammond's duality, Hatzopoulos presumes an error on the part of Polyaenus (based on Hieronymus of Cardia) who would have been ignorant of local geography. Along with the Chaones, the Atintanes will have been the most northerly of the Epirote communities. On the north, between them and the Parthini, Taulantians and the real Illyrian Dassareatii, existed a mixed zone as a part of Illyria but culturally an extension of Greek-speaking Epirus
 * According to M. B. Hatzopoulos, the Atintanes, together with the Chaonians constituted the northernmost Epirote community.

 * Hatzopoulos, M. B. (1997). "The Borders of Hellenism in Epirus during Antiquity". In M. V. Sakellariou (ed.). Ηπειρος: 4000 χρόνια ελληνικής ιστορίας και πολιτισμού. Ekdotike Athenon. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>712.
 * Various hypotheses have been formed to reconcile the contradictory statements in the sources. H. and N. Ceka for example consider Byllis and Nikaia to be part of the great Illyrian tribe of Atintanes, which also included Amantia, Olympe, and even Antigoneia. Hammond asserts that Byllis was a Greek colony...Fanoula Papazoglou also speaks of "Greek foundation on barbarian territory". The theory of greater Atintania has been rebutted.

 * Mallios, Georgios (2011). Μύθος και ιστορία: η περίπτωση της Αρχαίας Μακεδονίας (in Greek).
 * Ωστόσο, χρειάζεται να επισημάνουμε ότι οι Ατιντάνες βρίσκονταν παραδοσιακά εκτός των συνόρων του μακεδονικού βασιλείου. Άλλοι τους κατατάσσουν στα ποικιλώνυμα ηπειρωτικά φύλα, άλλοι τους συνδέουν με τους Ιλλυριούς. Ο Hammond πειστικά επιχειρηματολόγησε για την ένταξή τους στα ηπειρωτικά φύλα και υποστήριξε την αποσύνδεση τους από τους Ιλλυριούς· από την άλλη όμως θεώρησε ότι οι Ηπειρώτες Ατιντάνες, τους οποίους τοποθέτησε περίπου στην περιοχή του Άνω Δρίνου και του Καλαμά, στα δυτικά των Μολοσσών, διαχωρίζονται από τους Ατιντανούς που περιλήφθηκαν στο μακεδονικό βασίλειο στα τέλη του 3ου αι. π.Χ. Αυτούς τους τοποθέτησε στην περιοχή βορείως και δυτικά της Λυχνίτιδας και της Λυγκηστίδας, επισημαίνοντας ότι ένα τμήμα του πληθυσμού αυτού παρέμεινε σε ιλλυρικά εδάφη. Ως μια υποδιαίρεση των Ατιντανών της Μακεδονίας αναγνωρίζει τους Αντανούς που εντοπίζονται από επιγραφικές μαρτυρίες στην περιοχή της Ηράκλειας. Σε σχετικό του άρθρο ο Χατζόπουλος συμφώνησε με τον Hammond ως προς την αποσύνδεση των Ατιντανών από τους Ιλλυριούς, ωστόσο,μετά από μια λεπτομερή εξέταση των γραπτών πηγών, απέρριψε το ενδεχόμενο να υπάρχουν δύο έθνη (ένα ηπειρωτικό και ένα μακεδονικό) με το ίδιο όνομα.

title: User:Khirurg/Sources


text:
小姐

Noun

 * 1) Miss
 * 2) young lady
 * 3)  barmaid; prostitute
 * 1) young lady
 * 2)  barmaid; prostitute

Usage notes

 * In mainland China, 小姐 is less used to mean “young lady” because the meaning “prostitute” took over the original meaning; is used instead.
 * One can still use 小姐 as a title (see the usage example).
 * One should not use 小姐 to call a waitress; the neutral word should be used for that instead.
 * The definition may revert somewhat in the distant future (as with ).
 * The term is still used in some compound words such as.

title: 小姐