text:
User:Gravislizard/sandbox/Display Standards

= Computer Display Standards = A computer display standard is a standard for video output from a computer system. Throughout the history of computers, display standards have developed from custom circuitry which required unique programming on every platform, with accompanying custom monitors, into high-level APIs implementing accelerated operations on generic display devices.

Early custom hardware
Early home computers primarily output ordinary television signals in the NTSC, PAL or SECAM standards, either as composite video into a monitor or modulated RF directly into an ordinary television at resolutions of 240p to 480i.

Their video display controllers consisted of discrete components (Apple II, ZX Spectrum) or dedicated video output ASICs developed by companies like Texas Instruments (TMS9918) or Motorola (MC6845). The functionality of this hardware was hardwired and its implementation was unique to each model of computer it was used in. Even between computers sharing the same graphics chip, software developers had to follow the specific guidelines of their particular platform.

Early compatible standards
In the 80s, video hardware became an interchangeable component of many microcomputers with expansion slots such as the IBM PC and compatibles, Macintosh and Sun.

IBM
On the IBM PC, compatible video hardware used the same specifications as IBM's video cards, such as the MDA, CGA, EGA and VGA. Occasionally non-IBM cards became standards, such as the Hercules Graphics Card.

Cards compatible with these standards used the same video memory and register layouts, meaning that values written by program code to specific locations in the computer's address space would always result in updating the displayed picture or changing the configuration of the card in the same way. Many cards expanded on these capabilities with vendor-specific customizations, while maintaining compatibility with the capabilities of the original specification. These were known colloquially as "Super" cards, such as "Super EGA" and "Super VGA."

The VESA Bios Extensions represented the last register-compatible video card standard for the IBM PC, which persists in graphics cards to this day.

Macintosh
Early Macintosh computers did not include expansion slots, and had no intended mechanism for hardware expansion. Beginning in the late 80s Apple introduced expansion slots, and third parties began producing NuBus and PDS video cards. Macintosh video cards required a low-level driver in an onboard ROM to communicate with MacOS, after which the card's capabilities would become available through QuickDraw.

Other
In the 1970s, the Tektronix 4010 established a de-facto standard for vector graphics in the CAD industry.

Modern API-based standards
While video cards with custom interfaces have been available throughout computer history, as GUI-based operating systems increased in complexity, computers shifted from dependence on register-compatible video hardware to cards implementing a basic functional mode (usually VBE on PC compatibles) for startup and diagnostics, and then a proprietary custom interface implemented by a software driver to enable full features and performance.

These custom drivers are not utilized directly by application developers, due to the operating system HAL. Instead, developers address the hardware through OS graphics APIs.

On Windows these include GDI, GDI+ and DirectDraw for 2D operations, and Direct3D for 3D operations.

On Mac these include QuickDraw 3D, Core Image

Multiple platforms now support common 3D APIs such as OpenGL and Vulkan.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Women's issues in Algeria

Proposed merge with Women in Algeria
Overlapping scope Kaldari (talk) 04:05, 28 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Support merge - this reads like an essay anyway. Fyddlestix (talk) 05:15, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Women's issues in Algeria


text:
rekonstruoida

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬). Adapted with the verbal suffix.

Verb

 * 1)  To reconstruct to create a copy e.g. of a relic; to reconstruct a situation.

title: rekonstruoida


text:
Novy Mir, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai

Novy Mir (Новый Мир) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Logovskoy Selsoviet, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 400 as of 2013. There is 1 street.

Geography
Novy Mir is located 40 km northeast of Novoaltaysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Logovskoye is the nearest rural locality.


text:
Talk:Don Koharski

Infringement

 * It appears that significant portions of this article are copied from . This should be remedied  as it is in violation of the copyright from hockeyrefs.com.  It appears that the content was added on May 2nd, 2006, slightly less than a month after the date of the original article above.  Pridkett 20:26, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Bias in YouTube Link

 * I would recommend removing the youtube link at the bottom of the page. It links to a very biased video that doesn't add anything to the article and would definitely not fit within Wikipedia's rules on POV. Any comments? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kylewalken (talk • contribs)
 * ✅ fahadsadah (talk,contribs) 09:09, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Koharski


text:
Talk:Medical device regulation

Convert to disambiguation page
Removed the proper noun aspect of the former article title (now named Medical device regulation, not Medical Device Regulation;
 * AND

have converted the page to a disambiguation page so it refers to more than merely the European regulatory jurisdiction. N2e (talk) 01:12, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Medical device regulation


text:
Talk:Naomi Kawashima

Untitled
Initial content from Japanese Wikipedia and external reference Fg2 11:33, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Naomi Kawashima


text:
David Wessel

David Meyer Wessel (born February 21, 1954) is an American journalist and writer. He has shared two Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. He is director of the Hutchins Center on Fiscal & Monetary Policy at the Brookings Institution and a contributing correspondent to The Wall Street Journal, where he worked for 30 years. Wessel appears frequently on National Public Radio's Morning Edition.

Biography
Wessel is a native of New Haven, Connecticut. He is the son of Morris A. Wessel, a pediatrician, and Irmgard R. Wessel, a clinical social worker. Wessel graduated from New Haven's Richard C. Lee High School in 1971 and from Haverford College in 1975, where he majored in economics. In 2009, he was awarded an honorary doctorate in humane letters by Eureka College.

Wessel began his reporting career at the Middletown, Connecticut Press in 1975 and joined the staff of the Hartford Courant in 1977. He left Hartford in 1980 to spend a year as a Knight-Bagehot Fellow in Business and Economics Journalism at Columbia's Graduate School of Journalism. He moved to The Boston Globe in 1981 and was hired in 1983 as a reporter in The Wall Street Journal's Boston bureau. He transferred to the Washington, D.C. bureau in 1987 and worked there for the duration of his time at the WSJ, except for a brief period as the paper's Berlin bureau chief in 1999-2000.

On December 4, 2013, The Brookings Institution announced that Wessel would become the founding director of its new Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy.

Wessel and his wife Naomi Karp, formerly a senior policy analyst at the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Office for Older Americans, have two children, Julia and Ben.

Awards
Wessel has shared two Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. In 1984, The Boston Globe and seven of its staff won the Pulitzer Prize for Local Investigative Specialized Reporting, citing a 1983 "series examining race relations in Boston, a notable exercise in public service that turned a searching gaze on some the city's most honored institutions including The Globe itself". The series highlighted the persistence of racism in employment in Boston.

He and others on the WSJ staff were nominated for Public Service in 2003 but awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, citing "clear, concise and comprehensive stories that illuminated the roots, significance and impact of corporate scandals in America".

Works
Wessel is the author of several books and the editor of Central Banking after the Great Recession (2014), which features an interview between Ben Bernanke and Liaquat Ahamed as well as chapters by John C. Williams, Donald Kohn, and Paul Tucker.

Prosperity: The Coming 20-Year Boom and What It Means for You (1998), co-written with Bob Davis, is a look at the prospects for the American middle class. In Fed We Trust: Ben Bernanke's War on the Great Panic (2009), a New York Times Best Seller, chronicles the Federal Reserve's response to the financial crisis of 2007–08. Michiko Kakutani's review in The New York Times calls it "essential, lucid—and, it turns out, riveting—reading". Red Ink: Inside the High-Stakes Politics of the Federal Budget is a primer on the federal budget and the deficit, published in July 2012 by Crown Business. Wessel's latest book Only the Rich Can Play: How Washington Works in the New Gilded Age, the story of Opportunity Zones, was published in October 2021 by PublicAffairs. "He has a reporters eye for detail, an ability to tell the story in an exciting way, but also blends in rigorous policy analytics and a certain degree of sympathy and open mindedness--while being willing to make the calls when they are obvious," Jason Furman wrote about the book.

title: David Wessel


text:
Moses Melchior (1736–1817)

Moses Melchior (1736–1817) was a Jewish-Danish merchant. He founded the trading house Moses & Søn G. Melchior.

Biography
Moses Melchior was born in Hamburg, the son of Marcus Melchior and Zippora Rosbach. He first visited Copenhagen in about 1750 to establish connections for his merchant father and moved there on a permanent basis in 1760. For the first 20 years he dealt mainly with tobacco from the Netherlands and Bremen, partly in partnership with his brother-in-law Akiba Jakobsen. He later founded the trading house Moses & Søn G. Melchior. By 1790 he traded on the Danish West Indies.

title: Moses Melchior (1736–1817)


text:
spaccio

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) trafficking (in)
 * 2) passing (of) (forged goods etc.)
 * 3) store
 * 4) dispatchment

title: spaccio


text:
User:S. Todd Stevens

Samuel Todd Stevens occasionally edits things on Wikipedia, you know, when he feels like it.

Contact Info
Only contact via carrier pigeon

title: User:S. Todd Stevens


text:
User:Srmadhusudan/sandbox

Madhusudan Sahoo (born 08 december 1992)is an indian businessman.
 * He is working at Zarurats.com as a chief marketing officer.

Madhusudan was born in Dhenkanal,Odisha,India.759121 His father Basudev Sahoo is a politician and also a businessman - and his mother Jally Sahoo is a house wife Cantact - +91-9777102322 f/srmadhusudan t/srmadhusudan visit- srmadhusudan.tumblr.com

title: User:Srmadhusudan/sandbox


text:
The Galleria at Fort Lauderdale

The Galleria at Fort Lauderdale is an upscale super regional shopping mall on Sunrise Boulevard in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. It was originally constructed in 1954 as the open-air shopping mall the Sunrise Center.

The mall is owned by Keystone Florida Property Holding Corporation, a title holding company for the Pennsylvania Public School Employees' Retirement System. The mall managed by the Kravco Company and its successors Kravco Simon and Simon Property Group up until May 2012, when management was taken over by Jones Lang LaSalle.

History
The Galleria was originally the Sunrise Center, an open-air shopping mall constructed in 1954, but was demolished except for the Jordan Marsh store (reopened as South Florida's first Dillard's, followed by Pembroke Lakes Mall in 1995 and The Mall at Wellington Green in 2001), and rebuilt as an enclosed mall. The Galleria opened in three phases, initially on November 11, 1980, with Burdines (now Macy's) and Saks Fifth Avenue (mostly now H&M and IWG), second in 1982 featuring Neiman Marcus (which closed in 2020 following an announcement on July 23 ) and lastly in 1983 with Lord & Taylor (partially now Powerhouse Gym).

The Pennsylvania Public School Employees' Retirement System pension fund bought the mall in 1993 for $125 million.

From 2001 to 2003, $44 million was spent on renovations that included bringing in palm trees, opening windows and adding tri-color floor tiles.

In 2014, redevelopment of the area around The Galleria was proposed, with 1,600 condos and 150 hotel rooms. The redevelopment never materialized due to community opposition.

In 2018, an aquarium was proposed for the space previously occupied by Lord & Taylor. Aquarium operator SeaQuest proposed adding 1,200 marine animals, including sharks and stingrays to the space. The plan never materialized.

Current anchors

 * Dillard's; 192174 sqft
 * H&M; 28000 sqft
 * Macy's; 198433 sqft

Former anchors

 * Burdines (converted to Macy's in 2005)
 * Jordan Marsh (closed in 1991 and became Dillard's in 1993)
 * Lord & Taylor (closed in February 2002 and is now partially split into a 22,000 square foot Powerhouse Gym and a 63,000 square foot vacant space.)
 * Neiman Marcus (closed in September 2020)
 * Saks Fifth Avenue (closed in July 2008, became a Publix Health and Fitness Expo in 2011, then mostly split into a 28,000 square foot H&M and a 22,781 square foot IWG in 2016 with a 22,000 square foot vacant space)

title: The Galleria at Fort Lauderdale


text:
Self Paced Reading Labs/Quiz

Draft - Consult Rayc for where latest quiz html or templates are and how to use them.

Questions:

Q. What is cheese made from?
 * A. Milk

Q. Can cheese be made only from cow's milk?
 * A. No.  Cheese can be made from any milk which is created by mammals.

Q. What is used for curdling milk?
 * A. Some kinds of acid such as lemon juice or vinegar.

title: Self Paced Reading Labs/Quiz


text:
Talk:Newmark Group

Untitled
I would like to add an Overview section to the article. It would look like this:

Overview

Newmark was founded as a commercial real estate services firm in Manhattan in 1929. In 2000, Newmark embarked upon a national expansion, and in 2006, formed a partnership with London-headquartered Knight Frank, creating Newmark Knight Frank, one of the largest, independent full-service real estate firms with global capabilities.

In October 2011, Newmark Knight Frank became a part of BGC Partners, Inc.[2] (NASDAQ:BGCP),[3] a leading global brokerage company primarily servicing the wholesale financial markets with approximately 220 financial products and offices in over 35 major markets.

In April 2012, Newmark Knight Frank and Grubb & Ellis came together to create Newmark Grubb Knight Frank, a game-changing platform in commercial real estate. Newmark Grubb Knight Frank now has more than 100 offices in North America, 250 million square feet in property and facilities management, and a national appraisal business.

Newmark Grubb Knight Frank is headquartered at 125 Park Avenue in New York City. Newmark Grubb Knight Frank offers a fully integrated platform of services for its clients- whether corporate or institutional, multinational or local- developing real estate strategies that enhance and support their business objectives. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sam Rose Gold (talk • contribs) 17:40, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:21, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Newmark Group logo.png

Proposed edits to intro
I work for Newmark and want to propose some factual changes and additional sources for this article. I have read Wikipedia’s guidelines around neutrality, reliable sources, etc. and fully intend to abide by them. My goal is to propose changes that are factual and ultimately make this article more high quality and reflective of information from reliable, independent third party sources.

Below is what I propose:

Newmark Group Inc. is a commercial real estate advisory and services firm headquartered in New York, New York. The company operates as Newmark and is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "NMRK”.[1] The company’s services include Capital Markets, Global Corporate Services, Industrial and Logistics Services, Landlord Representation, Property Management, Retail Services, Tenant Representation and Valuation & Advisory.[2] According to Real Capital Analytics, Newmark was the 3rd largest investment broker in the Americas in 2020 based on sell-side investment sales activity.[3] In its ‘Top 15 Most Powerful Brokerage Firms of 2021, Commercial Property Executive ranked Newmark 3rd.[4] Newmark has acquired more than 50 companies since 2010.[5] The company, along with its business partners, operates from more than 160 office locations and employs approximately 6,200 professionals worldwide.[6]

[1] Bockmann, Rich (November 1, 2017). “A wide open lane for commercial brokerage IPOs.” The Real Deal. Retrieved on February 9, 2022.

[2] “Services.” Newmark website. Retrieved on February 11, 2022.

[3] “Top Global Investment Brokers 2020.” Real Capital Analytics. March 2021. Retrieved on February 11, 2022.

[4] “2021 Top Commercial Real Estate Brokerage Firms.” Commercial Property Executive. June 3, 2021. Retrieved on February 9, 2022.

[5] “Newmark Drops the Knight Frank.” Real Estate Weekly. October 19, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2022.

[6] “Offices.” Newmark website. Retrieved February 14, 2022.

Olive0323 (talk) 18:44, 18 February 2022 (UTC)

 * @Olive0323 Cleaning up this out of date request. It appears the requestor lost patience after several weeks and made the edit themselves. I reviewed the article and see no issues (IMO) but the user is cautioned not to make changes in the future.  Please request an edit and let an editor without a COI make them for you.  Cheers. Duke Gilmore (talk) 19:01, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

Lawsuits section
Hi all - Looking at the new lawsuits section by User:Bangabandhu, I wanted to raise a number of issues that might make this section problematic.

First, re: language, a number of details presented as allegations in the news articles are stated as fact in the Wikipedia article. (“While working in the firm, she was suffered repeated sexual advances, which she rebuffed. When she raised the issue to human resources, she was terminated.”) Suggested changes to correct this in brackets: “While working in the firm, she [“alleged suffering” instead of “was suffered”] repeated sexual advances, which she rebuffed. [“She further claimed that when” instead of “when”] she raised the issue to human resources, she was terminated. [24]

Also, regarding the section in general - the lawsuit section is one of just three sections, making up a significant part of the article, and in each lawsuit the main fact reported on in the press is that the lawsuit was filed; no other outcome has been documented in the press as far as I can tell, and each lawsuit relies on just one article from a small outlet. I’m curious if others feel this section is presented with due weight according to Wikipedia’s NPOV guideline? In general, does the mere fact of a lawsuit being filed against a company (with no other developments / conclusions as to the validity of the plaintiff’s claims) mean that that lawsuit belongs on a company’s Wikipedia article? I’m not a Wikipedia expert and as someone who works for Newmark (I have disclosed my affiliation earlier on this talk page), I defer to other Wikipedians so am honestly asking!

But if folks decide that this section should remain, one way it could be improved is by removing the “sexual harassments” sub-header while keeping all three lawsuits directly under the “lawsuits” header. The current structure with the first lawsuit under no subheader and the next two under a “sexual harassments” subheader (which appears in the table of contents) brings a lot of attention to those two lawsuits vis a vis all other parts of the article and does seem to be unbalanced. Olive0323 (talk) 20:21, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Newmark Group


text:
Shubinka, Rodinsky District, Altai Krai

Shubinka (Шубинка) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Pokrovsky Selsoviet, Rodinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 25 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Shubinka is located 37 km north of Rodino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pokrovka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Shubinka, Rodinsky District, Altai Krai


text:
ballerino

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) The star male ballet performer of a company.

Translations

 * Polish:

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) dancing
 * 2) unstable

Noun

 * 1) dancer, ballet dancer (male) hoofer

title: ballerino


text:
Truth Hurts (song)

"Truth Hurts" is a song released by American singer and rapper Lizzo. It was originally released on September 19, 2017, by Nice Life Recording Company and Atlantic Records, but then re-released as a radio single on March 22, 2019. It was written by Lizzo alongside Jesse Saint John and producers Steven "Tele" Cheung and Ricky Reed.

Music journalists have described "Truth Hurts" as trap, hip hop, and pop. Though it did not chart upon release, it became a viral sleeper hit in 2019 after gaining popularity on the TikTok video sharing app and being used in the Netflix movie Someone Great. The song was included as a bonus track on the deluxe version of Lizzo's third studio album Cuz I Love You (2019) and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Lizzo's first song to do so. She followed Lauryn Hill and Cardi B as the only female rappers to achieve that with a solo song. It spent seven weeks at number one, becoming the longest-running number-one for a solo song by a female rapper, earning her a Guinness World Record. The accompanying music video stars Lizzo playing a bride that marries herself.

The song received critical acclaim by music critics and, despite being released in 2017, was eligible for the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards in 2020, being nominated for three awards, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year, and winning for Best Pop Solo Performance. The song has been certified 7× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Rolling Stone listed it as the 24th best song of the decade, and Billboard included it among the 100 songs that defined the decade. In 2021, it was included in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

Composition
Musically, it is a trap, hip hop, and pop song led by a "glittering" piano loop. Lyrically, the song sees the singer addressing romantic problems, singing the lyrics, "'You coulda had a bad bitch, non-committal/ Help you with your career, just a little', she sings. 'You're 'posed to hold me down/ But you're holding me back/ And that's the sound of me not calling you back'."

During a 2019 concert in her native Detroit, Lizzo declared that "the person I wrote that song about is from Detroit."

North America
In the United States "Truth Hurts" became a sleeper hit two years after its release; the song was originally released in September 2017 and eventually charted in the spring of 2019. On the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, the song debuted at number 50 on the week ending May 18, 2019. Its high debut was due to a Billboard rule that affects songs older than one year from entering the Hot 100 unless obtaining a substantial number of chart points. The track reached number one in September 2019, becoming Lizzo's first number one song in the United States. "Truth Hurts" became the third solo song by a female rapper to top the Hot 100, following Lauryn Hill's "Doo Wop (That Thing)" and Cardi B's "Bodak Yellow". On its fourth week at number one, it became the longest-leading rap number one single by a female artist unaccompanied by another act in the chart's history, surpassing Cardi B's three-week reign with "Bodak Yellow" in October 2017. It spent seven non-consecutive weeks at number one, tying Iggy Azalea's "Fancy", featuring Charli XCX, for the longest-leading rap song by a female artist on the chart. On November 2, 2019, it was replaced by "Someone You Loved" by Lewis Capaldi.

"Truth Hurts" debuted at number 33 on Mainstream Top 40 following its entry on the Hot 100 and reached number one, giving Lizzo her first chart topper on that chart. The song also hit number one on the US Rhythmic chart, where it became Lizzo's first Billboard chart topper; and one of five songs to reach number one with a 5-1 jump on that chart since its October 1992 inception. On Billboard's Dance/Mix Show Airplay, the single became her first top 10, and also reached number one in September 2019 (spending nine weeks, the most ever for a Rap song recorded by a female Rap artist since its 2003 inception), eclipsing "Juice" which peaked at number 25 in May 2019. In Canada, "Truth Hurts" opened at number 43 on the Hot 100 for the week ending May 18, 2019; it has since peaked at number seven.

Europe and Oceania
In the United Kingdom, "Truth Hurts" has debuted at number 67 on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending May 9, 2019, later peaking at number 29 on the week ending September 19, 2019. In Belgium, the song entered the top 10 of the Belgian Singles Chart, at number two, becoming Lizzo's first and highest-charting entry in the country. The song also entered the top 10 of the Belgium Urban Singles Chart, at number nine, also becoming her first and highest-charting entry on the chart, respectively.

In New Zealand, "Truth Hurts" peaked at number five on the New Zealand Singles Chart. In Australia, the song entered the top 30, at number 21 on the week ending May 25, 2019. It has since reached number 15 there.

Critical reception
"Truth Hurts" was received critical acclaim by music critics. Ashley Monaé, writing for Pitchfork, stated the song contains "sobering moments of truth where Lizzo’s charisma wins us over and sets her apart." DIY magazine wrote that the song "continues to show off her relatable rap." Rolling Stone staff stated that "yes, 'Truth Hurts' came out in 2017, but there's no denying the song's effect on not just Lizzo's career but the entire year in culture", and added that Lizzo "exhibits the ultimate form of self-care" on an "unstoppable breakup anthem."

Accolades
* denotes an unordered list

Music video
A music video was released to accompany "Truth Hurts", styled by Brooke Candy. It depicts the singer at a wedding, then leaving the groom at the altar. The video finishes with the singer marrying herself, followed by a dance party. Scenes of the singer in lingerie are interspersed throughout the video. As of September 2020, the music video has amassed more than 220 million views on YouTube. The video's story was later continued in the music video for "2 Be Loved (Am I Ready)", released in 2022.

Live performances
Lizzo performed "Truth Hurts" at the 2019 BET Awards. She opened the number on top of a big wedding cake wearing a white veil and a lacy white teddy, surrounded by dancers also wearing wedding dresses with bouquets in hands. The performance included a flute solo; "two bright trills" according to Classic FM. She also performed at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards in a medley. She opened the VMAs performance wearing a cowgirl attire surrounded by dancers in front of an "inflatable ass" bouncing to the beat. Then, wearing a neon yellow leotard, she transitioned into "Good as Hell" with digital clouds in the background. In Rolling Stone, Rob Sheffield opined that Taylor Swift, Missy Elliott and Lizzo "saved" the ceremony, further adding that Lizzo "stole the show". Writing for Esquire, Matt Miller said that, "If there was a star-making performance of the night it was this one, an unforgettable moment that I'm hoping we'll see at more award shows".

Lizzo performed "Truth Hurts" on December 22, 2019, on Saturday Night Live accompanied by an all-female live band. For the intro, her guitarist Celisse Henderson paid homage to Sister Rosetta Tharpe by playing an altered version of the song's lead melody on a cream-colored Gibson SG Custom.

On January 26, 2020, Lizzo opened the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards with a medley of "Cuz I Love You" and "Truth Hurts". After performing "Cuz I Love You", ballerinas wearing do-rags appeared on stage as she changed into a Tron-esque, glow-in-the-dark bodysuit to perform "Truth Hurts". The Washington Post editors considered it "a classic Lizzo number, as she also dazzled the crowd by breaking out her flute for a solo". In USA Today, Patrick Ryan opined that the performance showed that "she's one of the most joyful entertainers in music right now". Rolling Stone editors opined that she "topped the whole thing off with five words that made the performance a mic-drop for the ages: "Welcome to the Grammys, bitch!"". The three publications ranked it among the best performances of the ceremony. She also performed a medley of "Cuz I Love You", "Truth Hurts", "Good as Hell" and "Juice" at the 2020 Brit Awards.

Use in media
Lizzo performed the song on the season 45 episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by former cast member Eddie Murphy.

The song's lyrics in which she references the Minnesota Vikings were edited out by one station: Top 40/CHR WIXX in Green Bay, due to the Packers' rivalry with them and the station broadcasting games on the Packers Radio Network. Atlantic allowed the station to make changes to the song and was ultimately "cool with it" when it came to the adjustment.

In a 2020 episode of the American game show Jeopardy!, host Alex Trebek recited the lyrics as a clue in the category "Lyrics of Today." Once a contestant gave the correct answer, Trebek quipped, "I did it exactly like (Lizzo) does, didn't I?"

Awards and nominations
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width: 60%;" ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Ceremony ! scope="col" | Category ! scope="col" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref.
 * rowspan="3"| 2019
 * MTV Video Music Awards
 * Song of Summer
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * Teen Choice Awards
 * |Choice Summer Song
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * Guinness World Records
 * Most weeks at No.1 on the US singles charts for a rap single by a female artist
 * Won
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * rowspan="10"| 2020
 * rowspan="3"| Grammy Awards
 * Record of the Year
 * style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|
 * Song of the Year
 * Best Pop Solo Performance
 * Won
 * iHeartRadio Music Awards
 * Song of the Year
 * Won
 * style="text-align:center;" |
 * BMI Pop Awards
 * Award Winning Songs
 * Won
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * BMI R&B/Hip-Hop Awards
 * Award Winning Songs
 * Won
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * rowspan=4| Billboard Music Awards
 * Top Hot 100 Song
 * Nominated
 * style="text-align:center;" rowspan=4|
 * Top Rap Song
 * Nominated
 * Top Selling Song
 * Nominated
 * Top Radio Song
 * Nominated
 * Award Winning Songs
 * Won
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * rowspan=4| Billboard Music Awards
 * Top Hot 100 Song
 * Nominated
 * style="text-align:center;" rowspan=4|
 * Top Rap Song
 * Nominated
 * Top Selling Song
 * Nominated
 * Top Radio Song
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * Top Radio Song
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Remixes
Two official remixes of "Truth Hurts" were released by Lizzo. One features production from the DJ CID and was released on August 22, 2019. The other features Charlotte rapper DaBaby and was released on August 23, 2019. The release of the remixes were an effort to get "Truth Hurts" to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100. A limited edition vinyl included an extended version of the CID remix. On September 24, 2019, a third remix featuring South Korean boy band AB6IX was released.

Controversies
I did a DNA test and found out I'm 100% that bitch. February 24, 2017 "Truth Hurts" was the subject of two allegations of plagiarism concerning its opening line "I just took a DNA test, turns out I'm 100% that bitch". After Lizzo filed a trademark application for the phrase "100% that bitch" on June 10, 2019, singer Mina Lioness (Amina Bogle-Barriteau) tweeted on August 28 that she shared a similar Twitter post in February 2017 "I did a DNA test and found out I'm 100% that bitch." Lizzo responded that her use of the phrase "I'm 100% that bitch" was based on an Instagram meme and that she was not aware of Lioness's original tweet.

On October 15, producers Justin and Jeremiah Raisen posted on Instagram that the opening line was lifted from an unreleased demo, "Healthy", that they co-wrote with Lizzo and other songwriters. They attributed the lyric to Lioness's tweet. In response, Lizzo's lawyer stated that the Raisens did not co-write "Truth Hurts" and that the Raisens "expressly renounced any claim to the work, in writing, months ago".

Lioness was credited as a co-writer of the song on October 23, 2019. On the same day, Lizzo filed a lawsuit against the Raisens for alleged harassment. In an Instagram post, Lizzo wrote "The creator of the tweet is the person I am sharing my success with...not these men. Period."

Lioness posted a Tweet on October 23, 2019 saying "I just took a DNA test, turns out I'm a credited writer for the number one song on Billboard."

Track listing
Digital download 12" single
 * 1) "Truth Hurts" – 2:53
 * 2) "Truth Hurts" (DaBaby Remix) (featuring DaBaby) – 3:17
 * 3) "Truth Hurts" (CID Remix) – 2:58
 * 1) "Truth Hurts" – 2:53
 * 2) "Truth Hurts" (DaBaby Remix) – 3:17
 * 3) "Truth Hurts" (CID Remix) – 2:58
 * 4) "Truth Hurts" (CID Remix Extended) – 3:55

Personnel
Adapted from Tidal.
 * Lizzo – lead artist, songwriter
 * Ricky Reed – producer, songwriter
 * Jesse Saint John – songwriter
 * Steven Cheung – songwriter
 * Mina Lioness – songwriter
 * Tele – co-producer
 * Ethan Shumaker – engineer
 * Chris Gehringer – masterer
 * Manny Marroquin – mixer
 * Chris Galland – mixing engineer
 * Robin Florent – assistant mix engineer
 * Scott Desmarais – assistant mix engineer

title: Truth Hurts (song)


text:
Talk:Female genital mutilation in the United States

Untitled
I will try to improve the article, which is tagged for multiple issues.2A02:2F0A:508F:FFFF:0:0:BC19:AACB (talk) 09:07, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I made several changes, I think the article is now in an acceptable state, so I removed the tag.2A02:2F0A:508F:FFFF:0:0:BC19:AACB (talk) 09:56, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Cox Marguerite. Peer reviewers: Arcendeight, Owlettes.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:09, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Greetings
It would be helpful to engage with the current debate on recognizing a cultural defense to the crime of female genital mutilation in the United States in the legislative framework or prosecution section. LaurenAnneCapo (talk) 16:58, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi, please feel free to add that to the article, and if you have any interest in working on it in general, that would be wonderful. It badly needs expansion and updating. The Centers for Disease Control published estimates this year of people at risk in the United States, based on 2012 figures. SarahSV (talk) 17:17, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Female genital mutilation in the United States. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150715233215/http://data.unicef.org/child-protection/fgmc to http://data.unicef.org/child-protection/fgmc
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130515174555/http://theahafoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/FGMLAWS_2013011.pdf to http://theahafoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/FGMLAWS_2013011.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:18, 30 December 2016 (UTC)

Hello
I think it may become even more informative if you begin to further explain how female genital mutilation is such a horrible thing in the United States, how did female genital mutilation even make its way to the U.S, things like that. Add just enough background information so that people are better able to understand why this is a huge issue.

Gstew42 (talk) 21:10, 30 August 2017 (UTC)Gillian Stewart

Hello Wikipedians, I am considering adding more information to this article to help with it's content. I am a student at Rice University. I would love to hear any feedback. Thanks! Cox Marguerite (talk) 05:10, 19 September 2017 (UTC) Cox Marguerite (talk) 03:14, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

Edit proposal
Edit Proposal - Female genital mutilation in the United States

Hello fellow Wikipedians! I plan on editing the page “Female genital mutilation in the United States”. I will be correcting grammatical errors throughout the article, and adding additional information. I will be adding to the Introduction so that it is more substantial. Once the Introduction is more substantial, I will be removing the Overview section. I will be adding more information about the history of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in the United States. I will be adding to the Prevalence section, and adding a substantial amount of data from the major studies conducted. I will describe the methods used to collect this data, as well as the difficulties encountered by those performing the studies. Lastly, I will be adding a section about the controversy surrounding the American Academy of Pediatricians’ discussion of the possibility of “genital nicking” as an option to avoid more drastic measures.

Sources

Kmietowkz, Zosia. "UK Colleges Criticise US Advice on Female Genital Mutilation." BMJ: British Medical Journal 340, no. 7756 (2010): 1103. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40702226.

This source explains the controversy of the American Academy of Pediatricians.

Jones, W K., J Smith, B Kieke and L Wilcox. "Female genital mutilation." Female circumcision. Who is at risk in the U.S.? Public Health Reports 112 (1997): 377. This source has information about the statistics collected about the number of women and girls at risk in America.

Goldberg, Howard, Paul Stupp, Ekwutosi Okoroh, Ghenet Besera, David Goodman, and Isabella Danel. "Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in the United States: Updated Estimates of Women and Girls at Risk, 2012." This article also has information about the statistics and the methods used to gather them.

"Female Genital Mutilation Outlawed In United States." BMJ: British Medical Journal 313, no. 7065 (1996): 1103. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29733347.

This article, from 1996, provides a perspective into the initial outlaw of FGM/C in the United States. Cox Marguerite (talk) 01:08, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi, that sounds like a good idea. In case it helps, here are some other sources about the American Academy of Pediatricians' statement (later withdrawn):

 * "Female Genital Mutilation", Pediatrics, 102(1), 1 July 1998, 153–156.
 * Withdrawn policy: "Ritual Genital Cutting of Female Minors", Pediatrics, 25(5), 1 May 2010, 1088–1093.
 * Pam Belluck, "Group Backs Ritual 'Nick' as Female Circumcision Option", The New York Times, 6 May 2010.

 * SarahSV (talk) 01:44, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

Comments on Edits
Hi ; Good job on expanding this article, particularly the History and Prevalence sections. I think your expansion of the History section was particularly needed. Moving forward, I would recommend expanding the lead and final sections, specifically the Legislative Framework and Overview ones. I would also recommend varying your sources a bit more in the History section in order to preempt conflict and link to some more articles. Best of luck moving forward! Arcendeight (talk) 21:50, 26 October 2017 (UTC)

Peer Review
The article clearly articulates what FGM is. I think the history and prevalence sections are well developed. It is concise and to the point. There’s no unnecessary information present in the article. I think you have done a substantial amount of research which is awesome. You have so many citations to back up all your claims from a variety of sources. The article is really to understand. The lead is only two sentences. So I think information summarizing some of your other sections in the article would be helpful to give an overview of what your article is going to include. Additionally, I’m not sure what purpose the overview section serves in regards to the article as a whole since it doesn’t really mention much about FGM in the U.S. You could potentially merge the overview section with the lead. I would also add more to the legislative framework section. You could compare and contrast laws with the United States versus other countries. And you couldn’t mention a bit about what cultural implications are present in certain societies that would not legislate against FGM. What is their role in the law? Overall, I think making the first sentence of the article stronger and more informative is important. Also, I think that you could add more to the legislative framework section. Add more maps about the U.S. and FGM if there are any? And consider merging the overview with the lead and including more U.S. specific information in the lead/ overview. Add more links if to some of the conditions FGM was supposed to cure, if there any? I think it’s a good start!

Dmazero (talk) 18:08, 27 October 2017 (UTC)Dmazero

Comments on Revision
Cox Marguerite: Your contributions to the Prevalence and History section of this article are excellent! They’re very well written, well sourced, and give sufficient context to the issue without being too heavy. I would recommend editing the lead to give more information and more accurately reflect the information given in the article, and adding more to the other sections as well. Your contributions are great, keep up the good work! --Owlettes (talk) 01:26, 31 October 2017 (UTC)

Separate out the "at risk of" numbers from the prevalence numbers
It needs
 * 1) Number of women and girls already had FGM done
 * 2) Number of women and girls having FGM done before immigrating to the USA
 * 3) Number of women and girls at risk of a possible FGM being done

It's impossible to tell if women and girls with FGM in the USA got it while in another country or if it was done, in violation of federal law, in the USA.

The way it is written to include all of the "at risk of" numbers, FGM done in another country, FGM done in the USA is in need of a clean up.

For context, Wikipidia would exclude a citation having a statement "160 million women have been sexually harassed or are at risk of being sexually harassed" in the USA as it would include all of the women in the country. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:59, 21 December 2022 (UTC)


text:
User:Seldon~enwikibooks

Ph.D. student in the Biomolecular Structure & Design Program and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry at the University of Washington.

Bachelor's in Biology and Chemistry from the University of Virginia.

"Arrr! The laws of Science be a harsh mistress." --Bender, Futurama. (For best results, say in a pirate accent. Void where prohibited.)

title: User:Seldon~enwikibooks


text:
Pete Zorn

Pete Zorn (29 May 1950 – 19 April 2016) was an American multi-instrumentalist who was a longstanding member of Richard Thompson's backing band. He was also a member of Steeleye Span, The Albion Band, and Driver 67.

Career
As a member of Thompson's backing group, Zorn played acoustic guitar, mandolin, saxophone, flute, and tin whistle and acted as a backing vocalist. He was also a bass guitarist.

Zorn performed on Thompson's albums Hand of Kindness (1983), Sweet Talker (1991), and Dream Attic (2010). He was also one of two credited bass guitarists on the 1982 Richard & Linda Thompson album Shoot Out the Lights.

Although he frequently toured with Thompson, Zorn had also played with many other singers and groups including Arizona Smoke Revue, formed by older brother Bill Zorn, Show of Hands, the Phil Beer Band, Elaine Paige, Thomas Anders, Gerry Rafferty, Barbara Dickson, Chris Rainbow, and his band WAZ, which features Steve Tilston.

He appeared in the UK top 10 in 1979 as part of Driver 67 with his brother-in-law Paul Phillips on the single "Car 67". He and Phillips met when Zorn came to London with Fishbaugh, Fishbaugh, and Zorn, a three-piece folk rock band signed to CBS Records in London. Because of his talent on so many instruments and his vocal range, Zorn became a staple of many sessions produced by Phillips in the early and mid-seventies. After the hit with Car 67, they made an album called Hey Mister Record Man, under the name Tax Loss. Bill and Conrad Zorn also played.

In 1988 Zorn played the saxophone to the theme song of the British children's television series TUGS (which only aired on ITV once in 1989 and only lasted for 13 episodes) with the series' composers Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell (who were also friends of his and have also composed music for the original series of Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends of whom many of the crew members including former director David Mitton had worked on TUGS) composing the music.

In 2009 Zorn joined Steeleye Span on the spring section of the band's 40th anniversary tour, replacing Rick Kemp, who was absent for health reasons. He also replaced Kemp on the American and Australian legs of the tour. Kemp returned for the winter leg of the tour, but Zorn stayed with the band as a guitarist and multi-instrumentalist due to various strains on the band.

He played on the albums Now We Are Six Again and Wintersmith and appeared on all Steeleye tours until spring 2015, when he left the band.

Death
Zorn died on April 19, 2016, following a battle with cancer. His death was announced by Zorn's family, and by Thompson, on their respective Facebook pages.

With Richard Thompson
Pete Zorn was a member of Thompson's touring band from 1982 to 1984 and from 1991 onwards and appears on all his live albums recorded with a band from then until 2010.

 * Shoot Out the Lights (1982)
 * Hand of Kindness (1983)
 * Sweet Talker (1991)
 * Two Letter Words (1996)
 * Semi-Detached Mock Tudor (2002)
 * Live Warrior (2007)
 * Dream Attic (2010)
 * Live at the BBC (2011)
 * Cabaret of Souls (2012)
 * Live at Rockpalast (recorded during the 1983-4 Hand of Kindness tour) (2017)

With Gerry Rafferty

 * Snakes and Ladders (1980)
 * North and South (1988)
 * Over My Head (1994)

With The Albion Band

 * Give Me A Saddle, I'll Trade You A Car (as Albion Band '89) (1989)
 * An Evening With The Albion Band (2002)

With Steeleye Span

 * Now We Are Six Again (2011)
 * Wintersmith (2013)

title: Pete Zorn


text:
дневник

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) diary, journal
 * 2) notebook

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) diary, journal
 * 2) daily newspaper
 * 3) daily news program

Etymology
Calqued from in the 18th century. .

Noun

 * 1) diary
 * 2) journal, datebook, daybook
 * 3) school record book

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) diary

title: дневник


text:
USA-190

USA-190, also known as GPS IIR-15(M), GPS IIRM-2 and GPS SVN-52, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the second of eight Block IIRM satellites to be launched, and the fifteenth of twenty one Block IIR satellites overall. It was built by Lockheed Martin, using the AS-4000 satellite bus.

USA-190 was launched at 18:50 UTC on 25 September 2006, atop a Delta II carrier rocket, flight number D318, flying in the 7925-9.5 configuration. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-190 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37FM apogee motor.

By 25 November 2006, USA-190 was in an orbit with a perigee of 20018 km, an apogee of 20343 km, a period of 717.9 minutes, and 55 degrees of inclination to the equator. It is used to broadcast the PRN 31 signal, and operates in slot 2 of plane A of the GPS constellation. The satellite has a mass of 2032 kg, and a design life of 10 years. As of 2012 it remains in service.

title: USA-190


text:
dog and cat

Noun

 * 1)  A team comprising one male and one female, either working as associates or having one as the second-in-command to the other.

title: dog and cat


text:
User:Jfingers88/To do

 * 2004 Summer Olympics articles
 * Archery
 * Athletics (track and field)
 * Badminton
 * Baseball
 * Basketball
 * Boxing
 * Canoeing
 * Cycling
 * Diving
 * Equestrian
 * Fencing
 * Football (soccer)
 * Gymnastics
 * Handball
 * Hockey
 * Judo
 * Modern Pentathlon
 * Rowing
 * Sailing
 * Shooting
 * Softball
 * Swimming
 * Synchronized Swimming
 * Table Tennis
 * Taekwondo
 * Tennis
 * Triathlon
 * Volleyball
 * Water Polo
 * Weightlifting
 * Wheelchair Racing (demonstration sport)
 * Wrestling

title: User:Jfingers88/To do


text:
Talk:Federal Science and Technical College, Usi-Ekiti

Feedback from New Page Review process
I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: Thanks for creating..

— Nnadigoodluck 🇳🇬 22:25, 18 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Wildstorm Thunderbook

The Wildstorm Thunderbook is a comic book anthology that was published by DC Comics/Wildstorm in 2000.

Stories
This prestige format one-shot relaunched a few characters such as Cybernary 2.0 and Jet, and featured the following stories:

 * Wham! (Gen13)
 * Professionals (Grifter)
 * Family Matters (Jet)
 * Return to Gamorra (Cybernary 2.0)
 * Down and Out with the Deviants (DV8)

title: Wildstorm Thunderbook


text:
Talk:Kailash Gahlot

Sir for neglessy of work in your rto office and officers saria kale kha rto office mlo officer
Sir i purchased a royal Enfield bike from my friend and i snd them my rc( DL1SW4899) for ownership transfer on name of my sister (Anu mehta )she is living in bank colony mandoli delhi but they  send me message on 3-12-2021 they dispatch the rc to my sister s adress but we can't receive it on 2-2-2022. After 2 months when I go rto Sarai kale kha they said me they dispatch it.and the speed post bar code given by them is already used bar code the give these work to third party and they past wrong bar code on the envelope. so we couldn't found the speed post /and we search in post office civil line the number of speed post is wrong given by them and they do not take any action on it. they rudely behave us. plz take right action amoung them. my cell number is<PHONE_NUMBER>8/#7428148740#9871754865 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:00, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

Why they change again and again of printing setup of registration certificate of vechile in one place to another place in delhi
Sir your rto officers change a rc printing place second time in delhi which is very painful for us amoung all these movements there is impossible to handle all records of rc documents they lost many of them when people go in rto to find out their rc documents they harrs people and send them here and there but they hide actually thing they lost their rc certificates sir plz take necessary action amoung them specifically rto people's srai kale kha mlo officer their staff could not respond properly and they can't give right information and give permission to meet mlo officer sari kale kha they hide it .they can't able to handle properly the printing work of rc documents they give it to third party and illiterate people who r contract bases work on printing of rc documents sir plz take necessary action and when they found its not a task to handle they send it to rohini and they miss guide us and said the corona is going on so we changed the place they give wrong used bar code on rc postal envelopes by third party they give their work of rc printing to contact base company that company done wrong way of printing process of rc and sending their owners and people can't receive them so please sir take action on it and stop changing the printing place setups of rc printing of vehicles in all these process they lost many rc documents. My cell number #9958783748#7428148740#9871754865 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:26, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kailash Gahlot


text:
Introduction to Reading English/Adjectives

Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe nouns.

Syntax
In English, adjectives go before nouns, for example 'The black cat.'

Gradable and non-gradable
Adjectives are generally gradable or non-gradable. Gradable adjectives can take the word "very", but not the words "completely" or "absolutely", whereas non-gradable adjectives are the reverse: they sound strange with the word "very" and do take the words "absolutely" or "completely."

Examples of gradable and non-gradable adjective pairs:

Choosing a gradable or non-gradable adjective can change the force of your language, which is important for example for communicating your feelings when giving praise or making complaints, or for using exaggeration to make a story more interesting.


text:
Germ-free animal

Germ-free organisms are multi-cellular organisms that have no microorganisms living in or on them. Such organisms are raised using various methods to control their exposure to viral, bacterial or parasitic agents. When known microbiota are introduced to a germ-free organism, it usually is referred to as a gnotobiotic organism, however technically speaking, germ-free organisms are also gnotobiotic because the status of their microbial community is known. Due to lacking a microbiome, many germ-free organisms exhibit health deficits such as defects in the immune system and difficulties with energy acquisition. Typically germ-free organisms are used in the study of a microbiome where careful control of outside contaminants is required.

Generation and cultivation
Germ-free organisms are generated by a variety of different means, but a common practice shared by many of them is some form of sterilization step followed by seclusion from the surrounding environment to prevent contamination.

Poultry
Germ-free poultry typically undergo multiple sterilization steps while still at the egg life-stage. This can involve either washing with bleach or an antibiotic solution to surface sterilize the egg. The eggs are then transferred to a sterile incubator where they are grown until hatching. Once hatched, they are provided with sterilized water and a gamma-irradiated feed. This prevents introduction of foreign microbes into their intestinal tracts. The incubators and animals' waste products are continuously monitored for possible contamination. Typically, when being used in experiments, a known microbiome is introduced to the animals at a few days of age. Contamination is still monitored and controlled for after this point, but the presence of microbes is expected.

Mice
Mice undergo a slightly different process due to lacking an egg life-stage. To create a germ-free mouse, an embryo is created through in vitro fertilization and then transplanted into a germ-free mother. If this method is not available, a mouse can be born through cesarean birth, but this comes with a higher risk of contamination. This process uses a non-germ-free mother which is sacrificed and sterilized before the pups' birth. After the cesarean birth, the pups must then be transferred to a sterile incubator with a germ-free mother for feeding and growth. These methods are only required for the generation of a germ-free mouse line. Once a line is generated, all progeny will be germ-free unless contaminated. These progeny can then be used for experimentation. Typically for experiments, each mouse is housed separately in a sterile isolator to prevent cross-contamination between mice. The mice are provided with sterilized food and water to prevent contamination. The sterilization methods can vary between experiments due to different diets or drugs the mice are exposed to. The isolators and waste products are continuously monitored for possible contamination to ensure complete sterility. As with poultry, a known microbiome can be introduced into the animals but contamination is still monitored for.

Nematodes
Nematodes can also be grown germ-free. Germ-free offspring of the nematode C. elegans, which is used in research, can be produced by rupturing adult worms to release eggs. The standard method for this is to introduce a population of adult worms to a bleach solution. This bleach solution ruptures the adult worms, breaking them down while simultaneously releasing and surface sterilizing any eggs. The sterilized eggs are washed and transferred to a plate of agar containing food for the worms. C. elegans consumes bacteria, so before the eggs can be transferred to the plate, the food must be killed by either heat or irradiation. This method for creating germ-free nematodes has the added benefit of age-synchronizing the worms, so that they are all of similar ages as they grow. Typically the worms will need to be transferred to a new plate as they consume all the food on the current plate, with each plate having been treated with heat or radiation as well. The plates can be protected from outside contamination by covering them and isolating them from possible contamination sources.

Plants
Seeds are surface sterilized with chemicals, such as ethanol or an antibiotic solution, to produce a germ-free plant. The seeds are then grown in water or other mediums until germination. After germination, the seeds are transferred to either sterile soil or soil with a specific microbiota for use in experiments. Seeds may also be transferred directly to soil and allowed to germinate. If the plants are transferred to sterile soil, typically there are two types of growth methods. The first is where the entire plant is kept sterile and in the other, only the root system is kept sterile. The method is chosen based on the requirements for the experiment. The plants are grown in isolators which are frequently checked for contamination along with the soil that the plants grow in.

Fruit Flies
Fruit flies, specifically the Drosophila species, have been one of the most used model organisms. Drosophila species has mostly been used in the field of genetics. There are two main methods for yielding gnotobiotic or axenic flies. One of them is to collect the eggs and dechorionate them. A chorion is the outer membrane around the embryo. In aseptic conditions, the eggs are washed twice for 2.5 minutes each, in 0.6% sodium hypochlorite solution. They are then placed with the specimens cup in 90 ml of bleach. Following this, they are washed thrice in sterile water. The dechorionated eggs are then placed in vials containing sterile diet.

The second method is by the use of antibiotics. Media, such as standard yeast-cornmeal diet, is supplemented with streptomycin or a combination of antibiotics. The concentration of the antibiotic is 400 μg/ml. Once the yeast-cornmeal diet has cooled, 4 ml of solution containing 10g of streptomycin dissolved in 100 ml of ethanol is added per litre of food. The media is then poured into vials and the freshly harvested eggs are transferred into the vials.

Health effects on organism
Due to lacking a healthy microbiome, many germ-free organisms exhibit major health deficits. The methods used to produce germ-free organisms can also have negative side effects on the organism. Decreased hatching rates were observed in chicken eggs incubated with mercuric chloride, while treatment with peracetic acid did not cause a significant effect on hatching rates. The chickens also exhibited defects in small intestine growth and health. Germ-free mice have been shown to have defects in their immune system and energy uptake due to lacking a healthy microbiome. There is also strong evidence for interactions between the mouse microbiome and its brain development and health. Germ-free plants exhibit severe growth defects due to lacking symbionts that provide necessary nutrients to them.

Microbiome research
Germ-free animals are routinely used to establish causality in studies of the microbiome. This is done by comparing animals with a standard commensal gut microbiome to germ free, or by colonising a germ free animal with an organism of interest. The gut microbiota can vary between research facilities which can be a confounder in experiments and be a cause of lack of reproducibility. Several control microbiomes have been developed which correct the major health defects commonly present in germ free animals and can act as a reproducible control community. Germ free animals have been used to demonstrate a causal role for the gut microbiome in varied settings such as neural development, longevity, cancer immunotherapy and numerous other health related contexts.

title: Germ-free animal


text:
Barada Charan Gupta

Barada Charan Gupta was part of the short-lived but influential Sabujpatra group of writers in colonial Bengal that published its journal from 1922 to 1927. His parents were residents of Gayeshpur (which now in East Bengal, Bangladesh). Barada was a geologist, and was the second son and third child of Durga Charan Gupta. He had one brother and two sisters.

Work
After completing his education from the National Council of Education West Bengal (the first nationalistic technical institute), he joined the Geological Survey of India working with Mr. Heron, the geologist in the capacity of field supervisor. At GSI he was involved in field surveys for mineral resource of India and traveled extensively across the country, staying in different states like Bihar, Rajputana, Orissa in places like Mewar, Jaisagar and Telinagar etc. His surveys included the examination of the wolfram deposit in Orissa and the granite sheet jointing and quartzite ridge survey in the Aravalli Range, which are still used. The evidence of his detailed study on the field of rocks and minerals can be found in the different memoirs published at that time by the GSI and other field notes now in possession of his family.

Nationalist Politics
As a Gandhian, Barada Gupta learned to use the charkha spinning wheel to make bundles of thread, which his wife Nanibala Gupta also practiced. According to his sons and daughters, when the family went shopping for Puja clothes, he insisted on khādī and he would sweep aside the imported colourful, soft, shimmering, fabrics.

He was awarded the Rai Saheb Title from the British Government for visionary leadership and exemplary service to the nation. But Gupta declined the title and discouraged people from even mentioning him.

Gupta was part of a movement that aimed to disprove the label of effeminacy that the British had imposed upon the Bengalis. Centres of physical training, wrestling and yoga had come up all over Bengal, with the militant Swadeshi movement often operating out of these. Gupta was part of a group that claimed that the regeneration of masculinity was critical to the spirit of anti-colonial nationalism. He also promoted youth sports. Along with his hectic work schedule which involved an average of 6 months of touring per year, he initiated and organized an annual football event, the Tarini Charan Memorial Shield, where players from adjoining states would travel to Rangpur. Tarini Charan, whose name the shield bore, had sponsored his school education when Gupta lost his father at a young age.

Literary interests
Gupta was a member of the Sabujpatra group. He wrote in the Cholitobhasha, or Standard Colloquial Bengali dialect that was showcased and promoted by Sabujpatra and which is today the standard Bengali writing style. Gupta authored the essay 'Samajik Sahitya' which appeared in Volume V, Issue 12 of Sabujpatra (1918). His contributions to the different volumes of Sabujpatra and some new prose was collected and published as Shashwata Tarun, to which Pramatha Chowdhury wrote the Introduction and Rabindranath Tagore the foreword. Gupta authored a second book which is preserved in its manuscript form.

Barada Charan Gupta died on December 20, 1955, at the early age of 62 due to a sudden cardiac failure while taking his regular early morning walk.

title: Barada Charan Gupta


text:
Talk:Romanian

Untitled
Note that the Romanian flag is just 3 colours and no emblem in the centre colour.

This is to denounce the communist regime

title: Talk:Romanian


text:
European History/Renaissance Europe

The Italian Renaissance of the 13th and 14th centuries spread through the rest of Europe, representing a time when Europe sought knowledge from the ancient world and moved out of the Dark Ages. A renewed interest in science and experimentation, and a focus on the importance of living well in the present as opposed to the afterlife as promoted by the Church. The Renaissance brought on an explosion in art, poetry, and architecture. New techniques and styles developed as these art forms moved away from the colder and darker styles of the Middle Ages. This period, in this view, represents Europe emerging from a long period of backwardness and the rise of trade and exploration. The Italian Renaissance is often labeled as the beginning of the "modern" epoch.

However, it is important to recognize the countless modern institutions that did have their roots in the Middle Ages, such as nation-states, parliaments, limited government, bureaucracies, and regulation of goods and services.

Origins
In the wake of the Black Death, which decreased in incidence in 1351, faith in the power and significance of the church declined. The multitude of deaths (approximately 25-30 million between 1347 and 1351) signaled the need for a revival in art, education, and society in general. A large decrease in workers led to demands for higher wages, and thus uprisings were staged in several countries throughout Europe, particularly Germany, France, and Italy.

The Renaissance began in northern Italy in the early 1300s. Although it was not inevitable, several factors—nationalism (due to an increased pride in the days of early Rome), the Crusades, revival of trade—helped to bring about reform. Throughout Italy (Florence, Genoa, Rome, Naples, and Milan in particular) scholars revived their studies of early Greek and Latin literature, derived from archived manuscripts. Upon examining these early works, they realized that culture was essential to living a meaningful life, and education (especially history) was important in understanding both the world of yesterday and contemporary times, as well as gaining insight into the future. Thus, Italian scholars called for a 'Renaissance' (French for rebirth) in European education and culture.

Florentine Social Divisions
The denizens of Florence fell into one of four main social classes. These included the grandi (the great), the rulers of the city; the popolo grosso (big people), the capitalist merchants (these challenged the grandi for power); the smaller businesspeople, and the popolo minuto (little people), the lower economic classes, such as the paupers, who, despite constituting a third of the Florentine population, had no wealth at all.

This division of society was prone to conflict, and eventually resulted in the successful Ciompi Revolt of 1378. The Ciompi Revolt was that of the poor, who revolted because of the constant feuds between the grandi and the popolo grosso, the anarchy from the Black Death, and the collapse of banks, which made the popolo minuto even poorer. After a while, the Ciompi Revolt led to a four-year reign by the popolo minuto until Cosimo de’ Medici came into power in 1434 and restored the stability of Florence.

The Household
The plague resulted in more favorable working positions for women, although the overall participation of women in public life varied with class as well as region. Married couples worked together frequently, and most men and women remarried quickly if their spouse died.

Women's Education
Prior to the Protestant Reformation, Catholic convents were the primary mode of education for unmarried women. The focus of studies at these institutions was religion and spirituality. As Catholicism declined, women had to find new venues of learning, especially in Protestant countries. Many wrote and studied from their homes. When women were able to receive formal education, it was often not for the sake of their own intellectual development; rather, it was so that they were better able to educate their children.

The Querelle de Femmes, or the Woman Question, was the debate surrounding the intellectual equality of women and men. Some believed that women’s secondary status was a direct result of their lack of access to education and opportunity. However, others believed that women were inherently inferior to their male counterparts. They justified these beliefs with the claims that men were physically stronger than women, God created Adam first, and Eve ate the apple that led to humanity’s banishment from the Garden of Eden. Also, during the Scientific Revolution, inaccurate portrayals of female anatomy were used to justify claims of male intellectual superiority.

This topic would continue to be debated into the eighteenth century. Even as they preached the virtue of equality, the views of Enlightenment thinkers on the rights of women often diverged. One such philosopher, François Poullain de la Barre, wrote, “It would be a pleasant thing indeed to see a lady serve as a professor… or playing the part of an attorney… or leading an army… or speaking before states and princes as the head of an embassy.” He also believed that “the mind has no sex,” meaning that men and women shared the same intellectual capabilities. However, thinkers such as Rousseau disagreed, insisting that women were, by nature, less rational than men. This is striking because many of the people who conceived of and developed modern ideas of equality and freedom were, in fact, not advocates of equality for all, but only for a select group of the population.

Witch Trials
Though the European witch trials began in the early sixteenth century and gained traction throughout the Protestant Reformation, the religious ideas utilized during the trials had been seen much earlier. In 1374, Pope Gregory XI declared that demons aided the practice of magic; 100 years later, Pope Innocent VIII published Desiring with the Greatest Ardour, which condemned witchcraft. By 1517, the beginning of the Reformation, witchcraft was widely condemned by the Catholic Church. Starting in 1560, the trials spread throughout Europe. Economists Peter Leeson and Jacob Russ argue that the Protestants used the witch trials as a form of coercion because Catholics and Protestants both wanted to convert Europeans to their religions. The regions with the highest concentrations of the trials were also populated by Protestants. Germany, the birthplace of the religion, had 40% of the witch trials. Protestantism also spread to Switzerland, France, England, and the Netherlands, and these regions contained 35% of the trials. Meanwhile, Catholic nations—Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Ireland—contained only six percent.

In addition to the religious dimension, the European witch hunts of the early modern era were also gendered. The witch hunts in Europe targeted independent women. Overall, eighty percent of all accused were women, and, in Russia specifically, ninety to ninety-five percent of the accused were women. In contrast, witch hunters were disproportionately male. Most accusations were against independent women, often older widows, who lacked the support of a husband or family. Witch hunts also targeted gender non-conforming women and others who lived outside the social norms. Women who gathered in groups were viewed as a threat to authorities. The process of finding and executing witches was known as gender cleansing. According to Heinrich Kramer’s Malleus Maleficarum - Hammer of Witches, published in 1487, women were inclined towards satan by nature. This sentiment was widely used as justification for the witch hunts and executions. The religious scriptures followed by witch-hunting groups also deemed the female body impure and vulnerable to evil. Many of the accused were tortured into false confessions. In Europe, hangmen would carry out the torture and inspect the accused for physical signs of witchcraft. In her book Caliban and the Witch, Silvia Federici writes, “It is generally agreed that the witch-hunt aimed at destroying the control that women had exercised over their reproductive function and served to pave the way for the development of a more oppressive patriarchal regime” (Federici 14).

Underclass
At the beginning of the Renaissance, the boundary between the poor and criminals was very thin. Larger cities frequently had problems with organized gangs. The so-called "decent society" treated the marginal elements of society with great suspicion and hatred. Women were featured prominently in the underclass, and many poor women found prostitution their only option.

Hard Times for Business
The Hundred Years' War resulted in the various governments in Europe borrowing a great deal of money that they could not pay back. Thus, merchants were less likely to take risks, and instead invested in government bonds. The result of this was an overall decrease in trade.

The Birth of Humanism

At the time, Italy was the center of culture in Europe. Middle class writers were supported by noble patronage, and as a result, during the beginning of the Renaissance literature blossomed alongside classic revival. This resulted in the rise of humanism, an intellectual movement that advocated the study of history and literature as the chief means of identifying with the glories of the ancient world. Humanism advocated classical learning and active participation of the individual in civic affairs.

Renaissance scholars advocated the concept of "returning to the sources," attempting to reconcile the disciplines of the Christian faith with ancient learning. In addition, the concept of civic humanism arose, which advocated participation in government. Civilization was inspired by the writings of Roman emperors, and by the end of the 1400s intellectuals had a command of the Latin language.

In the 1440s, Johannes Gutenberg created a printing press with movable type. This revolution in communication greatly assisted in the spread of Renaissance ideals throughout Europe, allowing the ideas to be printed for mass circulation, for the first time in history. Gutenberg was the first European ever to create a printing press with a movable type, though the Chinese had long before innovated this technology.

The Renaissance conception of life and man's role on earth was more secular than in the past, but in no way was it nonreligious. It was now believed that God holds people above everything else, and that the greatest thing about being human is the human's free will to choose. People were celebrated, as Renaissance scholars argued that men are made in God's image, and that we should celebrate our God-given talents and abilities. People believed that life on Earth was intrinsically valuable, and that citizens should strive to be the best that they can. The emphasis of the Renaissance was on the individual rather than the collective.

Italian Humanists
Francesco Petrarch (1304–1374) was an Italian scholar, poet, and early humanist. In his sonnets, he created the image of real people with personality, debunking the typical Medieval conceptions and stereotypes of people.

Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375) wrote The Decameron, a short story about the lives of people living during the Black Death. The book focused on people's responses to the plague rather than God's wrath. In this sense, the book was not about religion, but rather about people, a relatively new concept at the time.

Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494) was an Italian Renaissance humanist philosopher and scholar. He authored the "Oration on the Dignity of Man," which has become known as the "Manifesto of the Renaissance." In this, he explained that man has unlimited potential, and with his free will can be anything he wants to be. He argued that man should make use of his abilities and not waste them. Finally, he explained that people should live their life with virtue, or the quality of being a man - shaping their own destiny, using all of their opportunities, and working aggressively through life.

Northern Humanists
Sir Thomas More was an English lawyer, writer, and politician. He was a devout Catholic who wrote Utopia, a novel that depicted Christian Humanist ideals producing an ideal fictional society. In his utopia, there was no crime, poverty, nor war. Much of the novel is a conversation that criticizes European practices, especially capital punishment.

Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch humanist and theologian. He was also a Catholic. In his Handbook of a Christian Knight, he argued that through education, society can be reformed in the pious Christian model. He believed faith, good works, and charity were the core Christian values, and that elaborate ceremonies were superfluous. In his The Praise of Folly, Erasmus claimed that the true Christian table of virtues, namely modesty, humility, and simplicity, had been replaced by a different, perverted value system of opulence, power, wealth, and so on.

Arts
Renaissance art tended to focus on the human body with accurate proportions, and the most common subjects of art were religion, mythology, portraits, and the use of classical (Greco-Roman) subjects. Artisans of the Renaissance used oil paint to add shadow and light, and the use of the vanishing point in art became prominent during this time.

Artists of the Renaissance depended on patronage, or financial support from the wealthy.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
Leonardo da Vinci of Florence was known as one of the great masters of the High Renaissance, as a result of his innovations in both art and science. Leonardo is often viewed as the archetype of the "Renaissance Man" or "polymath" because of his expertise and interest in many different areas, including art, science, music, mechanics, architecture and the arts of war and philosophy.

Leonardo is best known for his paintings, the most famous of which are The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa. There remain about fifteen paintings attributed reliably to Leonardo, and many others to his pupils and imitators. He also left several important drawings of which the "Vitruvian Man" is the most famous and probably the most reproduced drawing in the world. Leonardo left many note books of studies of many subjects, often profusely illustrated. Much of his work was intended for publication but only a small percentage of his work was published, relating to art and mathematics.

In science, Leonardo practised meticulous observation and documentation. He dissected thirty corpses in order to study human anatomy and produced detailed drawings of the human skeletal, muscular, and internal organ systems including human fetuses. He made discoveries in anatomy, meteorology and geology, hydraulics, and aerodynamics. This led to his devising of many ingenious plans, including an underwater diving suit and non-functioning flying machines. He also sketched plans for elaborate killing machines. Many of these projects have proved impossible to create. On the other hand, he successfully built a mechanical lion that walked, roared and opened its chest to produce a bunch of flowers.

Michelangelo (1475–1564)

Michelangelo was one of the most prominent and important artists of the Renaissance, supported by the Medici family of Florence. Michelangelo's monumental sculpture of David preparing to kill the giant Goliath with his rock and sling is the perfect confirmation of the return to a humanistic appreciation of physical beauty from the austere medieval conception of emaciated, self-flagellated saints. Michelangelo also adorned the ceiling of the Vatican's Sistine Chapel with his "Creation of Adam" and other scenes and painted the Last Judgment on one wall of the Sistine Chapel in present day Vatican City.

Raphael (1483-1520)
Raphael was a famous painter and architect during the Renaissance.

Some of Raphael's famous paintings include The School Of Athens, The Nymph Galatea, and Portrait of Pope Leo X with two Cardinals.

The Prince
The Prince, a political treatise by the Florentine writer Niccolò Machiavelli (1464–1527), was an essential work of the Renaissance. For the first time, politics was presented as an objective science. Machiavelli recorded successful rulers and then drew conclusions without judgments. In other words, Machiavelli's politics were divorced from morality and religion.

Machiavelli's research showed that a successful leader of a nation acted in a number of ways:

 * His power should be held as more important than ethics and morals.
 * It is better to be feared, not loved, but he should never be hated.
 * His advisers should be truthful and loyal, he should avoid flatterers, and he should select old and experienced advisers because they lack ambition to attempt to steal his power.
 * He should be both the lion (brave) and the fox (cunning).
 * He should break treaties and promises when it benefits him and he should assume everyone else will do the same.

Northern Renaissance vs. Italian Renaissance
The Southern Renaissance in Italy occurred earlier, from about 1300 to 1600, while the Northern Renaissance occurred later, ending in about 1630. The Southern Renaissance emphasized pagan and Greco-Roman ideals, and as a result was considerably more secular, while the Northern Renaissance advocated "Christian" humanism, or humility, tolerance, focus on the individual, and the importance of earnest life on earth. While the Southern Renaissance emphasized art and culture, the Northern Renaissance emphasized the sciences and new technology. This failed to occur in the south primarily because the Roman Catholic Church stunted learning and the sciences. While the Northern Renaissance was religiously diverse, with the rise of Protestantism and a great deal of religious division, the Southern Renaissance was entirely Roman Catholic. The Southern Renaissance saw far fewer universities, while the Northern Renaissance saw more universities and education. Also, Northern Renaissance humanists pushed for social reform based on Christian ideals.

The New Monarchies
With the Renaissance came the rise of new monarchs. These new monarchs were kings who took responsibility for the welfare of all of society. They centralized power and consolidated authority - the kings now controlled tariffs, taxes, the army, many aspects of religion, and the laws and judiciary.

In the way of the rise of new monarchs stood the church and nobles, who feared losing their power to the king. In addition, these new monarchs needed money, and they needed to establish a competent military rather than mercenaries.

The middle class allied themselves with the new monarchs. The monarchs desired their support because their money came from trade, and this trade provided a great source of taxable revenue. The middle class supported the monarchs because they received the elimination of local tariffs, as well as peace and stability.

France
From the tenth century onwards France had been governed by the Capetian dynasty. Although the family ruled over what might be, in theory, considered the most powerful country in Europe, the French monarchs had little control over their vassals, and many parts of France functioned as though they were independent states. The most powerful vassals of the French kings were the Plantagenet dynasty of England, who, through their Angevin ancestry, ruled large parts of western France. The ensuing conflicts, known as the Hundred Years War, helped to solidify the power of the French monarchs over their country.

In France, the Valois dynasty came to the throne in 1328.

Charles VII expelled the English and lowered the church's power under the state in 1422.

Louis XI expanded the French state, laying the foundations for absolutism, in 1461.

England
Edward IV began the restoration of royal authority, but the strengthening of the crown gained momentum only after the Tudor family came to power.

Henry VII manipulated the Parliament to make it a tool of the king. He created the Royal court and the Star Chamber, in which royalty had the power to torture while questioning; this legal system allowed the king to limit the power of the aristocracy. He also promoted trade in order to gain the support of the middle class.

His son, Henry VIII, took this process still further when, as a result of his desire to have a male heir, he founded the Anglican Church in England and broke away from the Catholic Church (this was also known as the reformation) After Henry married Catherine of Aragon, she failed to produce a male heir, and Henry desired to divorce her in order to marry a new lady, Anne Boleyn, who he hoped would be able to produce a son. The Catholic Church strictly prohibited divorce, however, and Henry found that the only way to sever his marriage was to separate from the Pope's jurisdiction. As a result, he withdrew England from the Catholic Church, establishing the Church of England, and in the First Act of Supremacy he established the monarch of England as the head of the Church.

Spain
With the success of the Spanish reconquista, Spain expelled the Jews and Muslims. The marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Catholic monarchs (Spanish:Los Reyes Católicos), was the final element which unified Spain. They revived the Spanish Inquisition to remove the last of the Jews.

Holy Roman Empire
In the Holy Roman Empire, which occupied Austria and Bohemia, the Hapsburg Dynasty began. The Empire expanded its territory, acquiring Burgundy and attempting to unite Germany. The emperor's son married the daughter of the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella; their son, Charles V, became heir to Spain, Austria, and Burgundy.

Ottoman Turks
The Ottoman Turks were Muslims from Asia Minor who gradually conquered the old Byzantine Empire, completed in 1453 with the fall of Constantinople (renamed to Istanbul).

The Rise of Court Life
New monarchs began to utilize the court during this time to increase their power by setting themselves apart from the lay people and by allowing the king to control the nobles. The court became the center of politics and religion in their respective nations.

Nobles were required to live in the courts, and were as a result under constant watch by the king. Thus, the most important function of the court was that it allowed the king to control the nobles and prevent coup. In addition, however, the courts served an important social function, as the king's social circle was the nobles, and the court allowed him to interact with them.

Court life was incredibly lavish, with events including hunting, mock battles, balls, parties, dances, celebratory dinners, gambling, and general socialization. The middle class loved this, and frequently copied the behaviors of the nobility from the courts.

title: European History/Renaissance Europe


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Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Ghfreestyledotcom/Archive

09 February 2015

 * Suspected sockpuppets

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Both have created the duplicate page of Moxkito aka Moxflex (also spelled as Moxkito aka MoxFlex). and Moxkito aka Moxflex (Record Producer) Wgolf (talk) 21:39, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Comments by other users

No sockpuppetry. The first user was softblocked as a promotional username and encouraged to create a new account, which they apparently did. The article creation may be problematic, but that's a different issue. --Bongwarrior (talk) 21:54, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * I'm closing this case with no action taken. It may be best to address the promotional concerns with the user on his or her talk page. Mike V • Talk 00:22, 10 February 2015 (UTC)