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High School Mathematics Extensions/Set Theory and Infinite Processes

Introduction
As soon as a child first learns about numbers, they become interested in big ones, a million, a billion, a trillion. They even make up their own, a zillion etc. One of the first mathematical questions a child asks is "what is the largest number?" This will often lead to a short explanation that there are infinitely many numbers.

But there are many different types of infinity - in fact, there are infinite types of infinity! This chapter will try to explain what some of these types mean and the differences between them.

Finite and Infinite Sets
There was once a mathematician called Georg Cantor who created a new branch of mathematics called set theory in the late 19th century. Set theory involves collections of numbers or objects. Here's a set:

 * $$\{1,2,3,4,5\}$$

This set consists of five elements, namely the first five natural numbers. Now consider the set:

 * $$\{6,7,8,9,10\}$$

Are these sets of the same size? Yes, they are. This is because they both have five elements. As we will see later, this method of comparing sizes does not work for all sets. An alternate method for comparing set sizes is to match elements of sets in a one-one fashion.

Think of a small child who wants to compare the number of marbles she has with her brother's collection. Let's say she doesn't know how to count beyond ten. She can still compare the sizes of their collections of marbles by lining up their marbles in two parallel lines. The line on the left contains her marbles while the one on the right contains her brother's. If each marble on the left is aligned with exactly one marble on the right, then they both have the same number of marbles.

We can use the same idea to compare infinite sets. If we can find a way to pair up one member of set A with one member of set B, and if there are no members of A without a partner in B and vice versa then we can say that set A and set B have the same number of members. Formally, two sets $$A$$ and $$B$$ are of the same size if there is a function $$f$$ such that for every $$a$$ in $$A$$, we have $$f(a)$$ in $$B$$ and moreover, for every $$b$$ in $$B$$, there exists an $$a$$ in $$A$$ such that $$f(a) = b$$.

Example
Consider our previous example. We want to know if the sets $$\{1,2,3,4,5\}$$ and $$\{6,7,8,9,10\}$$ have the same size. We can create the following matching.

Example
Let Set N be all counting numbers. N is called the set of natural numbers. 1,2,3,4,5,6,... and so on. Let Set B be the negative numbers -1,-2,-3, ... and so on. Can the members of N and B be paired up? The formal way of saying this is "Can A and B be put into a one to one correspondence"?

Obviously the answer is yes. 1 in set N corresponds with -1 in B. Likewise:
 * N  B
 * 1  -1
 * 2  -2
 * 3  -3

and so on. Here, the one-one function that maps from A to B is $$f(x) = -x$$.

So useful is the set of counting numbers that any set that can be put into a one to one correspondence with it is said to be countably infinite.

Example
The set of integers is the set containing all elements from the set N, the set B and the element 0. That is

{... -3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

The set of integers is usually denoted by Z. Note that N the set of natural numbers is a subset of Z. All members of N are in Z, but not all members of Z are in N.

Is the set of integers countably infinite? In other words, can the set of integers be put in one-one correspondence with the set of all natural numbers?

Since the set N is contained in the set Z, we may be tempted to declare that these two sets are not of the same size. However, we can

 * Z  N
 * 0  1
 * -1  2
 * 1  3
 * -2  4

and so on. We can write this one-one correspondence as a function

$$f(x) = \left\{\begin{array}{cl} \frac{x - 1}{2} & x \text{ is odd} \\ \frac{-x}{2} & x \text{ is even} \end{array} \right. $$

We can verify that this function generates all the integers in Z from the natural numbers in N.

Strange indeed! A subset of Z (namely the natural numbers) has the same size as Z itself! Infinite sets are not like ordinary finite sets. In fact this is sometimes used as a definition of an infinite set. An infinite set is any set which can be put into a one to one correspondence with at least one of its subsets. Rather than saying "The number of members" of a set, people sometimes use the word cardinality or cardinal value. Z and N are said to have the same cardinality.

Exercises

 * 1) Is the number of even numbers the same as the natural numbers?
 * 2) What about the number of square numbers?
 * 3) Is the cardinality of positive even numbers less than 100 equal to the cardinality of natural numbers less than 100? Which set is bigger? How do you know? In what ways do finite sets differ from infinite ones?

Is the set of rational numbers bigger than N?
In this section we will look to see if we can find a set that is bigger than the countable infinity we have looked at so far. To illustrate the idea we can imagine a story.

There was once a criminal who went to prison. The prison was not a nice place so the poor criminal went to the prison master and pleaded to be let out. She replied:

"Oh all right - I'm thinking of a number, every day you can have a go at guessing it. If you get it correct, you can leave."

Now the question is - can the criminal get himself out of jail? (Think about if for a while before you read on)

Obviously it depends on the number. If the prison master chooses a natural number, then the criminal guesses 1, the first day, 2,the second day and so on until he reaches the correct number. Likewise for the integers 0 on the first day, -1 on the second day. 1 on the third day and so on. If the number is very large then it may take a long time to get out of prison but get out he will.

What the prison master needs to do is choose a set that is not countable in this way. Think of a number line. The integers are widely spaced out. There are plenty of numbers in between the integers 0 and 1 for example. So we need to look at denser sets. The first set that springs to most peoples mind are the fractions. There are an infinite number of fractions between 0 and 1 so surely there are more fractions than integers? Is it possible to count fractions? Let's think about that possibility for a while. If we try to use the approach of counting all the fractions between 0 & 1 then go on to 1 - 2 and so on we will come unstuck because we will never finish counting the ones up to 1 ( there are an infinite number of them). But does this mean that they are uncountable ? Think of the situation with the integers. Ordering them ...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ... renders them impossible to count, but reordering them 0, -1, 1, -2, 2, ... allows them to be counted.

There is in fact a way of ordering fractions to allow them to be counted. Before we go on to it let's revert to the normal mathematical language. Mathematicians use the term rational number to define what we have been calling fractions. A rational number is any number that can be written in the form p/q where p and q are integers. So 3/4 is rational, as is -1/2. The set of all rational numbers is usually called Q. Note that Z is a subset of Q because any integer can be divided by 1 to make it into a rational. E.g. the number 3 can be written in the form p/q as 3/1.

Now as all the numbers in Q are defined by two numbers p and q it makes sense to write Q out in the form of a table.

$$\begin{matrix}\frac{1}{1} & \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{3} & \cdots\\ & & \\\frac{2}{1} & \frac {2}{2} & \frac{2}{3} & \cdots\\ & & \\\frac{3}{1} & \frac{3}{2} & \frac{3}{3} & \cdots\\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots\end{matrix}$$

Note that this table isn't an exact representation of Q. It only has the positive members of Q and has a number of multiple entries.( e.g. 1/1 and 2/2 are the same number) We shall call this set Q'. It is simple enough to see that if Q' is countable then so is Q.

So how do we go about counting Q'? If we try counting the first row then the second and so on we will fail because the rows are infinite in length. Likewise if we try to count columns. But look at the diagonals. In one direction they are infinite ( e.g. 1/1, 2/2, 3/3, ...) but in the other direction they are finite. So this set is countable. We count them along the finite diagonals, 1/1, 1/2, 2/1,   1/3, 2/2, 3/1....

Exercises

 * 1) Adapt the method of counting the set Q' to show that the set Q is also countable. How will you include 0 and the negative rationals? How will you solve the problem of multiple entries representing the same number ?
 * 2) Show that $$ \infty \times \infty = \infty $$ (provided that the infinites are both countable)

Can we find any sets that are bigger than N?
So far we have looked at N, Z, and Q and found them all to be the same size, even though N is a subset of Z which is a subset of Q. You might be beginning to think "Is that it? Are all infinities the same size?" In this section we will look at a set that is bigger than N. A set that cannot be put into a one to one correspondence with N, no matter how it is arranged.

The set in question is R: the real numbers. A real number is any number on the number line. Remember that the set Q contains all the numbers that can be written in the form p/q with p and q integers, q different from 0. Most real numbers can never be put in this form and they are named "irrational numbers". Examples of irrational numbers include $$ \pi$$, $$ e,$$ and $$\sqrt{2} $$.

The set R is huge! Much bigger than Q. To get a feel for the different sizes of these two infinite sets consider the decimal expansions of a real number and a rational number. Rational numbers always either terminate:
 * 1/8 = 0.125

or repeat:
 * 1/9 = 0.1111111......

Imagine measuring an object such as a book. If you use a ruler you might get 10cm. If you take a bit more care to and read the mm you might get 10.2cm. You'd then have to go on to more accurate measuring devices such as vernier micrometers and find that you get 10.235cm. Going onto a travelling microscope you may find its 10.235823cm and so on. In general the decimal expansion of any real measurement will be a list of digits that look completely random.

Now imagine you measure a book and found it to be 10.101010101010cm. You'd be pretty surprised wouldn't you? But this is exactly the sort of result you would need to get if the book's length were rational. Rational numbers are dense (you find them all over the number line), infinite, yet much much rarer than real numbers.

How we can prove that R is bigger than Q
It's good to get a feel for the size of infinities as in the previous section. But to be really sure we have to come up with some form of proof. In order to prove that R is bigger than Q we use a classic method. We assume that R is the same size as Q and come up with a contradiction. For the sake of clarity we will restrict our proof to the real numbers between 0 and 1. We will call this set R'. Clearly if we can prove that R' is bigger than Q then R must be bigger than Q also.

If R' was the same size as Q it would mean that it is countable. This means that we would be able to write out some form of list of all the members of R' (This is what countable means, so far we have managed to write out all our infinite sets in the form of an infinitely long list). Let's consider this list.

 * R1
 * R2
 * R3
 * R4

Where R1 is the first number in our list, R2 is the second, and so on. Note that we haven't said what order the list is to be written. For this proof we don't need to say what the order of the list needs to be, only that the members of R are listable (hence countable).

Now lets write out the decimal expansion of each of the numbers in the list.

 * 0.r11r12r13r14...
 * 0.r21r22r23r24...
 * 0.r31r32r33r44...
 * 0.r41r42r43r44...

Here r11 means the first digit after the decimal point of the first number in the list. So if our first number happened to be 0.36921... r11 would be 3, r12 would be 6 and so on. Remember that this list is meant to be complete. By that we mean that it contains every member of R'. What we are going to do in order to prove that R is not countable is to construct a number in R' that is not already on the list. Since the list is supposed to contain every member of R', this will cause a contradiction and therefore show that R' is unlistable.

In order to construct this unlisted number we choose a decimal representation:

 * 0.a1a2a3a4...

Where a1 is the first digit after the point etc.

We let a1 take any value from 0 - 9 inclusive except the digit r11. So if r11 = 3 then a1 can be 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. Then we let a2 be any digit except r22 (the second digit of the second number on the list). Then a3 be any digit except r33 and so on.

Now if this number, that we have just constructed were on the list somewhere then it would have to be equal to Rsomething. Let's see what Rsomething it might be equal to. It can't be equal to R1 because it has a different first digit (r11 and a1. Nor can it be equal to R2 because it has a different second digit, and so on. In fact it can't be equal to any number on the list because it differs by at least one digit from all of them.

We have done what we set out to do. We have constructed a number that is in R' but is not on the list of all members of R'. This contradiction means that R' is bigger than any list. It is not listable. It is not countable. It is a bigger infinity than Q.

Are there even bigger infinities?
There are but they are difficult to describe. The set of all the possible combinations of any number of real numbers is a bigger infinity than R. However trying to imagine such a set is mind boggling. Let's look instead at a set that looks like it should be bigger than R but turns out not to be.

Remember R', which we defined earlier on as the set of all numbers on the number line between 0 and 1. Let us now consider the set of all numbers in the plane from [0,0] to [1,1]. At first sight it would seem obvious that there must be more points on the whole plane than there are in a line. But in transfinite mathematics the "obvious" is not always true and proof is the only way to go. Cantor spent three years trying to prove it true but failed. His reason for failure was the best possible. It's false.

Each point in this plane is specified by two numbers, the x coordinate and the y coordinate; x and y both belong to R. Lets consider one point in the line. 0.a1a2a3a4.... Can you think of a way of using this one number to specify a point in the plane ? Likewise can you think of a way of combining the two numbers x= 0.x1x2x3x4.... and y= 0.y1y2y3y4.... to specify a point on the line? (think about it before you read on)

One way is to do it is to take
 * a1 = x1
 * a2 = y1
 * a3 = x2
 * a4 = y2

This defines a one to one correspondence between the points in the plane and the points in the line. (Actually, for the sharp amongst you, not quite one to one. Can you spot the problem and how to cure it?)

Exercises

 * 1) Prove that the number of points in a cube is the same as the number of points on one of its sides.

Continuum hypothesis
We shall end the section on infinite sets by looking at the Continuum hypothesis. This hypothesis states that there are no infinities between the natural numbers and the real numbers. Cantor came up with a number system for transfinite numbers. He called the smallest infinity $$\aleph_0$$ with the next biggest one $$\aleph_1$$ and so on. It is easy to prove that the cardinality of N is $$\aleph_0$$ (Write any smaller infinity out as a list. Either the list terminates, in which case it's finite, or it goes on forever, in which case it's the same size as N) but is the cardinality of the reals = $$\aleph_1$$?

To put it another way, the hypotheses states that:
 * There are no infinite sets larger than the set of natural numbers but smaller than the set of real numbers.

The hypothesis is interesting because it has been proved that "It is not possible to prove the hypothesis true or false, using the normal axioms of set theory"

Limits Infinity got rid of
The theory of infinite sets seems weird to us in the 21st century, but in Cantor's day it was downright unpalatable for most mathematicians. In those days the idea of infinity was too troublesome, they tried to avoid it wherever possible.

Unfortunately the mathematical topic called analysis was found to be highly useful in mathematics, physics, engineering. It was far too useful a field to simply drop yet analysis relies on infinity or at least infinite processes. To get around this problem the idea of a limit was invented.

Consider the series
 * $$\frac{1}{1}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{4}, \cdots, \frac{1}{n} \cdots $$

This series is called the harmonic series.

Note that the terms of the series get smaller and smaller as you go further and further along the series. What happens if we let n become infinite? The term would become $$ \frac{1}{\infty}$$

But this doesn't make sense. (Mathematicians consider it sloppy to divide by infinity. Infinity is not a real number, you can't divide by it). A better way to think about it (The way you probably already do think about it, if you've ever considered the matter) is to take this approach: Infinity is very big, bigger than any number you care to think about. So let's let n become bigger and bigger and see if 1/n approaches some fixed number. In this case as n gets bigger and bigger 1/n gets smaller and smaller. So it is reasonable to say that the limit is 0.

In mathematics we write this as
 * $$ \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac {1}{n} = 0 $$

and it reads:
 * the limit of 1/n as n approaches infinity is zero

Note that we are not dividing 1 by infinity and getting the answer 0. We are letting the number n get bigger and bigger and so the reciprocal gets closer and closer to zero. Those 18th Century mathematicians loved this idea because it got rid of the pesky idea of dividing by infinity. At all times n remains finite. Of course, no matter how huge n is, 1/n will not be exactly equal to zero, there is always a small difference. This difference (or error) is usually denoted by ε (epsilon).

info -- infinitely small
 When we talk about infinity, we think of it as something big. But there is also the infinitely small, denoted by ε (epsilon). This animal is closer to zero than any other number. Mathematicians also use the character ε to represent anything small. For example, the famous Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdos used to refer to small children as epsilons.

Examples
Lets look at the function
 * $$ \frac{x^2 + x}{x^2} $$

What is the limit as x approaches infinity ?

This is where the idea of limits really come into its own. Just replacing x with infinity gives us very little:
 * $$ \ \frac{\infty^2 + \infty}{\infty^2} = ? $$

But by using limits we can solve it
 * $$ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x^2 + x}{x^2} = 1 + \lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{ 1}{x} = 1$$

For our second example consider this limit as x approaches infinity of $$ x^3 -x^2 $$

Again lets look at the wrong way to do it. Substituting $$ x = \infty$$ into the expression gives $$ \infty^3 -\infty^2 $$. Note that you cannot say that these two infinities just cancel out to give the answer zero.

Now lets look at doing it the correct way, using limits
 * $$\lim_{x \to \infty}x^3 -x^2 = \lim_{x \to \infty}x^2(x-1) = \infty $$

The last expression is two functions multiplied together. Both of these functions approach infinity as x approaches infinity, so the product is infinity also. This means that the limit does not exist, i.e. there is no finite number that the function approaches as x gets bigger and bigger.

One more just to get you really familiar with how it works. Calculate:
 * $$\lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{\sin x}{x} $$

To make things very clear we shall rewrite it as
 * $$\lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{1}{x}(\sin x) $$

Now to calculate this limit we need to look at the properties of sin(x). Sin(x)is a function that you should already be familiar with (or you soon will be) its value oscillates between 1 and -1 depending on x. This means that the absolute value of sin(x) (the value ignoring the plus or minus sign) is always less than or equal to 1:
 * $$ |\sin x| \le 1$$

So we have 1/x which we already know goes to zero as x goes to infinity multiplied by sin(x) which always remains finite no matter how big x gets. This gives us
 * $$\lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{1}{x}(\sin x) = 0 $$

Exercises
Evaluate the following limits;

 * 1) $$\lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{3x^2 -4}{2x^2 +x} $$
 * 2) $$\lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{x^2 -1}{2x^3 +3} $$
 * 3) $$\lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{cos x}{x^2} $$
 * 4) $$\lim_{x \to \infty}(2x^2 -x^4) $$

Infinite series
Consider the infinite sum 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + .... Do you think that this sum will equal infinity once all the terms have been added ? Let's sum the first few terms.

$$ \begin{matrix} S_1 &=& \frac{1}{1} &=& 1 \\ S_2 &=& \frac{1}{1} + \frac{1}{2} &=& 1.5 \\ S_3 &=& \frac{1}{1} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} &=& 1.75 \\ S_4 &=& \frac{1}{1} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{8} &=& 1.8750 \\ \end{matrix} $$

Can you guess what $$S_\infty$$ is ?

Here is another way of looking at it. Imagine a point on a number line moving along as the sum progresses. In the first term the point jumps to the position 1. This is half way from 0 to 2. In the second stage the point jumps to position 1.5 - half way from 1 to 2. At each stage in the process (shown in a different colour on the diagram) the distance to 2 is halved. The point can get as close to the point 2 as you like. You just need to do the appropriate number of jumps, but the point will never actually reach 2 in a finite number of steps. We say that in the limit as n approaches infinity, Sn approaches 2.

Zeno's Paradox
The ancient Greeks had a big problem with summing infinite series. A famous paradox from the philosopher Zeno is as follows:

In the paradox of Achilles and the tortoise, we imagine the Greek hero Achilles in a footrace with the plodding reptile. Because he is so fast a runner, Achilles graciously allows the tortoise a head start of a hundred feet. If we suppose that each racer starts running at some constant speed (one very fast and one very slow), then after some finite time, Achilles will have run a hundred feet, bringing him to the tortoise's starting point.

During this time, the tortoise has "run" a (much shorter) distance, say one foot. It will then take Achilles some further period of time to run that distance, during which the tortoise will advance farther; and then another period of time to reach this third point, while the tortoise moves ahead. Thus, whenever Achilles reaches somewhere the tortoise has been, he still has farther to go. Therefore, Zeno says, swift Achilles can never overtake the tortoise.


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Asami Ueno

Asami Ueno (上野愛咲美), born 26 October 2001, is a Japanese professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in since 2016.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Asami Ueno


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Talk:A Band Apart

Missing information
Where is the company located? --Stilfehler 21:47, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Luc Besson?
Over on Quentin Tarantino's article(at Wiki), it has listed Luc Besson(of Leon: The Professional & The Fifth Element) as one of the members of A Band Apart. Although on here, his name is missing from the list. Is there any truth to this? Is he really a member?

Closure?
The article says "A Band Apart" closed in June of 2006. This contradicts the fact that Grindhouse was released in April of 2007. Also, maybe there should be a Band Apart category for all of it's productions and such. Chivesontheweb 01:12, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * A Band Apart still appears to have a business license as of 2009 (as well as a credit in the latest Tarantino film), so we should probably just get rid of this part that says it closed in the article. JoeD80 (talk) 21:28, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Biography
Should this page be part of the Biography WikiProject as it is a company. --Drumncars1996 (talk) 18:11, 27 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Removed.-- Auric    talk  14:44, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on A Band Apart. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080209183734/http://articles.citypages.com:80/2007-10-10/news/reservoir-dog-days/ to http://articles.citypages.com/2007-10-10/news/reservoir-dog-days/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080209183734/http://articles.citypages.com:80/2007-10-10/news/reservoir-dog-days/ to http://articles.citypages.com/2007-10-10/news/reservoir-dog-days/

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title: Talk:A Band Apart


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of the most subscribed users on YouTube

The result was   keep. postdlf (talk) 02:17, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

List of the most subscribed users on YouTube

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Violates WP:IINFO. The article is a collection of data without third-party context. It will (by its nature) always suffer from WP:Recentism as well. Tgeairn (talk) 04:50, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note/Keep - Originally, this article was a historical listing (which is now found in the 2nd section; users who have reached peak position). In that case, I feel this is an obvious keep. As a historical listing with various references from various sources, that's a clean keep. I can see concerns for the section on top (the current most subscribed users). And while I can see the WP:Recentism coming into play for that top section, I feel that section is made in the same vain as, say, a list of NBA career scoring leaders. Now of course this isn't the smoothest comparison, but I feel it's an adequate enough one. When I first made this page, the first to subscriber milestones section wasn't as messy. I didn't imagine PewDiePie or any YouTuber hitting 34 million subscribers this quickly. I feel that section is the most vulnerable to criticism and should be trimmed. The milestones of (100K, 1million, 5million, 10million, 25million should be kept in some form or another though). Now, I feel this shouldn't have been tagged for AfD without a discussion on how to improve the article first. Without that last messy section I mentioned, this article still has a rane of 20-30 solid references, so that's why I'm voting keep. Soulbust (talk) 05:26, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Websites-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:07, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Lists of people-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:07, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep - Does not violate WP:IINFO at all. The listing of youtube channels at the page is neither indiscriminate nor excessive. It's a useful historical record of which channels have achieved the status of most subscribed, the amount of time held, and which channels have achieved specific milestones first. The first section serves as a snapshot of the current climate of the site. It would violate WP:IINFO if it attempted to list a ridiculous number of channels, but the current consensus to only list the ones with over 10,000,000 subscribers is not cause for any concern. Just like how List of countries and dependencies by population gives an up-to-date representation of population around the globe, this page should provide a picture of subscribers on the site.  Event horizon51  (talk) 02:50, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep per above. I can see where the concern is coming from, but this topic is something that gets discussed in the media on a somewhat regular basis. It's not indiscriminate in that in order to get on the list you must have a very large number of followers over a certain amount and right now the list only has 19 people on the list. It also doesn't include channels, which may have otherwise made the list somewhat unwieldy. It probably could be tightened in a few places but that's something to discuss on the article talk page. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   06:31, 9 February 2015 (UTC)


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Talk:Ophelia (album)

 * "Natalie has said that this song is a tribute to Jesus." Can we get a source on this? I've been given to understand that Merchant is pretty critical of religion and Christianity.Kyeo77 22:33, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Natalie Merchant Ophelia.jpg
Image:Natalie Merchant Ophelia.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:02, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ophelia (album)


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History of Quebec and Canada/Study Guide/Topic 3: Territorial and Military Consequences

What were the territorial and military consequnces of the fur trade on New France? Territorial Consequences The most important territorial consequence for New France was the growth of its territory.

Over a period of one hundred fifty years New France's territory spread from a tiny colony on the St. Lawrence River to one that extended from the Atlantic to the Prairies, and from the lands surrounding Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. The demands of the fur trade and missionary zeal led to the exploration of the continent by explorers such as Jolliet and Marquette, LaVérendrye, LaSalle, Father Albanel and Radisson.

Military Consequences The fur trade brought about a series of alliances with the Native populations. The French allied themselves with the Hurons and Algonquians while the Dutch, and later the English, allied themselves with the Iroquois. This led to numerous battles and skirmishes between the Europeans and their Native allies over the control of the fur trade. In 1649, the Hurons were destroyed by the Iroquois forcing the French to use coureurs de bois as their middlemen in the fur trade.

The expansion of New France's territory also brought about the

encirclement of the English colonies. The English felt threatened by this since their own expansion westwards and their access to fur resources was now limited. This as well leads to numerous battles and wars and to the eventual conquest of New France by the English in 1760. Try the following questions on the Topic 3: Territorial and Military Consequences 1. IDENTIFY ONE CONSEQUENCE OF THE FUR TRADE IN NORTH AMERICA. A) the expansion of the territory of New France B) the establishment of farming areas C) the substantial increase in trade with the English colonies D) the search for a route to Asia ANSWER: A B C D

2. WHICH THREE OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS RELATE TO THE FUR TRADE AS IT WAS CARRIED OUT IN NORTH AMERICA?

1. The fur trade provoked military confrontations between the French, the English and their allies. 2. The fur trade was controlled by chartered companies who obtained a monopoly in return for fulfilling certain obligations. 3. The fur trade favoured the development of agriculture. 4. The Amerindians became wealthy as a result of their participation in the fur trade. 5. The fur trade led to the expansion of the colony's territory. 6. As a result of the fur trade, New France had a rich and diversified economy.

A)    1,     2    and     5                                     C)     2,     4    and     6 B)    1,     3    and     6                                     D)     3,     4    and     5 ANSWER: A B C D

3. WHY DID NEW FRANCE EXPAND ITS TERRITORY?

A)   To convert as many Amerindians as possible to Christianity B)    To find new sources of gold and silver C)   To find new land for settlers D)    To find new land to supply the fur trade ANSWER: A B C D

TRY THE FOLLOWING SYNTHESIS TYPE QUESTIONS DEALING WITH MODULE 1.


text:
Ultra B

Ultra B (ウルトラB, Urutora Bi) is a manga series by Fujiko Fujio A (Motoo Abiko) that first made its debut in Chuokoron-Shinsha's Fujiko Fujio Land series of tankōbon books in 1984 and was released in individual tankōbon until 1989. In 1987, the manga was adapted into a 118-episode anime of the same name by Shin-Ei Animation which aired on TV Asahi from 4 April 1987 to 27 March 1989.

Plot
One day, a mysterious alien baby named Ultra B from outer space comes to Earth, and a boy named Michio Suzumoto finds him. He takes him as his own child, much to the surprise of his family. As he discovers he can talk (although not perfectly), walk, and do magic, and he causes havoc for Michio with his powers. Like Nobita Nobi from Doraemon (Another manga series from Abiko's friend Fujiko F. Fujio), Michio does bad at work and is clumsy, so things go worse when it comes to UB's mischief, even though he's only a baby. The manga and anime tells the story of the duo and their adventures.

Cast

 * Yuko Mita as Ultra B (Also known as UB, in Japanese ユビ, Yubi)
 * Chiyoko Kawashima as Michio Suzumoto
 * Naoko Matsui as Takemi Aoba
 * Shigeru Chiba as Tateo Tosaka
 * Gara Tajashima as Kasumi
 * Sukekiyo Kameyama as Daibutsu Tanyoika
 * Kaneta Kimotsuki as Shinichi Suzumoto
 * Kazuyo Aoki as Dota Yukei
 * Masako Nozawa as Kazuyo Suzumoto
 * Rei Sakuma as Doji

Music
Opening Theme Song - "Babibabibabibu Ultra B" (バビバビバビブー　ウルトラB) Performed by Yuko Mita feat Morinoki Children's Chorus | Music composed by Shunsuke Kikuchi | Lyrics written by Fujiko Fujio A

Ending Theme Song - "Kiss Ultra B" (ウルトラBにチュッ!, Movie Only) Performed by Bunkekana and Koorogi '73 | Music composed by Shunsuke Kikuchi | Lyrics written by Takada Hiroo

title: Ultra B


text:
Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973

The Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 (c. 36) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which received royal assent on 18 July 1973. The act abolished the suspended Parliament of Northern Ireland and the post of Governor and made provision for a devolved administration consisting of an Executive chosen by the new Northern Ireland Assembly devised under the Sunningdale Agreement; the assembly had already been created by the Northern Ireland Assembly Act 1973, passed two months earlier.

"Status of Northern Ireland as part of United Kingdom"
When the Republic of Ireland ceased to be a member of the British Commonwealth, Westminster had responded with the Ireland Act 1949. Amongst its other provisions, the act had guaranteed that Northern Ireland would not cease to remain a part of the United Kingdom "without the consent of the Parliament of Northern Ireland" (s. 1(2)); this declaration had proven to be controversial both with the Irish government and with Northern Ireland's nationalist community.

Since the 1973 act abolished the Parliament of Northern Ireland, it replaced the 1949 guarantee with one based on a popular vote rather than a parliamentary vote:

A referendum on similar lines had already been held on 8 March 1973, with 98.9% of voters backing the union after a nationalist boycott of the poll. Schedule 1 of the Constitution Act provided that no further referendum was to be held before 9 March 1983. If the result of that or any future referendum meant that Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, a subsequent referendum on the issue could not be held for a further ten years.

The Northern Ireland Act 1998 replaced the 1973 referendum requirement, requiring a referendum if it "appears likely" to pass and unity negotiations if it does pass, and reducing the gap between referendums to seven years.

Attempts to prevent discrimination
Part III of the Act dealt with discrimination "on the ground of religious belief or political opinion." Any existing Act of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, any Measure to be passed by the new Assembly, and any secondary legislation was declared to be void if it discriminated against an individual or "class of persons" on the basis of their religious or political beliefs. It was also said to be unlawful for the Executive or a government body to "discriminate, or aid, induce or incite another to discriminate" against someone on the same grounds. Discrimination was defined as "treat[ing a] person or [a] class [of persons] less favourably in any circumstances than other persons are treated in those circumstances by the law for the time being in force in Northern Ireland."

The Standing Advisory Commission on Human Rights (SACHR) was also created.

Abolition of the Parliament, etc
The Parliament of Northern Ireland, which had been indefinitely suspended on 30 March 1972 by the Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972, was now permanently abolished. Its staff were transferred to work for the new assembly.

The office of Governor of Northern Ireland was also abolished. Unlike the position with the parliament, his duties were not transferred to a new role but were mainly absorbed by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. Responsibility for appointing (or removing) the Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland was given to the Attorney General for Northern Ireland (which office was now attached to that of the Attorney General for England and Wales).

Devolution
Devolution was only to come into effect if an executive (government) could be formed that had the support of the assembly and that was "likely to be widely accepted throughout the community". The act listed excepted matters and reserved matters; the former were areas in which the assembly was not permitted to legislate; the latter were areas which the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland could transfer into the assembly's power when and if he saw fit.

Excepted matters

 * the monarchy
 * the Westminster parliament
 * international relations (other than dealings with the Republic of Ireland in a limited set of fields)
 * certain topics covered by the European Communities Act
 * the armed forces
 * dignities and titles of honour
 * treason and treason felony
 * nationality and immigration
 * pre-existing taxes
 * the appointment or removal of judges
 * elections
 * coinage and banknotes
 * the National Savings Bank
 * extraordinary powers for dealing with terrorism or "subversion"

The executive
The Northern Ireland Executive was to be headed by a chief executive and was to include a maximum of eleven other members (including the heads of the various government departments). The chief executive was also to be ex officio "Leader of the Assembly".

New members of the executive were also required to take an oath (or make an affirmation): "I swear by Almighty God [or I affirm] that I will uphold the laws of Northern Ireland and conscientiously fulfil as a member of the Northern Ireland Executive my duties under the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 in the interests of Northern Ireland and its people."

title: Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973


text:
Talk:Rebecca Holden

Error in dating
How is it possible for Holden to have released a single in 2013 that was recorded in August 2014? Could someone please correct the dates? I don't know enough about the subject to figure out the correct info. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:38, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

Error in dating her age: born June 12, 1953 (vs 1958)
IMDB lists her birth info as "June 12, 1958 in Dallas, Texas, USA". But if you also look back to archived pages from IMDB, it had also stated that she is a "1975 graduate of the University of North Texas at Denton".

Does it seem credible that she had graduated college at the age of 17? If this was accurate, we could expect that there would be many sources that would highlight this. I'm not aware of a single reference in which she discusses graduating from college at an extremely early age.

An alternative explanation is that her age, that is to say, the year of her birth, has been MISREPRESENTED. That a full 5 years had been shaved off of her actual age, which is not a rare occurrence, particularly with females in Hollywood. Apple's iTunes clearly lists her birthdate as "BORN Jun 12, 1953". https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/rebecca-holden/310372906

This would have that 1975 college graduation year at the much more reasonable age of ~22 years old. I am adding this 1953 birthdate to the article, citing Apple.com as the reference. This Google search turns up a bunch more places where June 12, 1953 is stated as her birthdate: GoogleSearch=

And here is what I see to be perhaps the most informative info: http://austinhigh.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=33&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=50 http://austinhigh.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=2597&sid=321b07beed20b004caab84260a4a9e60

 * "Quote: What about Becky Bloomer? She graduated in'71 and she was in the choir with me. She did some country western singing and then she was on some TV show starring David Hasselhoff that had a real fancy car. I think the car even talked. (posted June 1, 2004 by Carol Alston Roessler) ... I found a Rebecca Holden on Knight Rider from Austin Texas. See: http://members.fortunecity.com/knightriders/articles/27.htm (archive.org) for a photo to see if it is Becky Bloomer. She may have changed her birthday, however, because based on the dates given, she would have graduated at 13. (posted June 1, 2004 by Sidney W. Frost) ... ... That is the Becky Bloomer I was referring to. I do remember her changing her name to Rebecca Holden. I saw it in a magazine article. I went to both of the web sites. The June 12, 1953 date is correct. I was born in '55 and she is two years older than me. The other web site said June 12 but the year was 1958. I believe that was a typo because, as you must know, if a woman is going to lie about her age she would want to appear younger. That is, unless you are just under the drinking age! Becky was the accompanist for the choir in high school. She also had the most amazing voice. When we did 'Bye Bye Birdie' in 1971 she played the lead. It was great! (posted June 2, 2004 by Carol Alston Roessler)"

That is a thread with info from people who state that they were in high school with her. Given the totality of info available, it seems clear that her birthdate is June 12, 1953, and that the Apple iTunes info is accurate. So that is what I will be adding to the article.

Suggestion for future improvement to this article: Explain that the name she used during high school was Becky Bloomer, and then give info regarding how she arrived at the name "Rebecca Holden".--Breezy Foal (talk) 23:25, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

A newspaper article was found on how Holden had been known as Becky Bloomer. So this fact has been added to the article, with further info provide in the new Talk section just now added below.--Breezy Foal (talk) 00:33, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

"Becky Bloomer"
In the section above it was pointed out that Holden used to go by the name Becky Bloomer. And this is the name by which her friends in high school knew her as. I was able to find a reference myself. This newspaper article from 1980 explains how Holden had competed in the Miss Texas pageant and became 1st Runner-Up, while the winner went on to become Miss America: Quad-City Times (Davenport, Iowa, November 3, 1980)

That info has now been added to the article. And it would appear that this is a topic that can be expanded upon, given the notability of Miss America and the friendship that Holden has stated that she has with her.--Breezy Foal (talk) 00:31, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

Bio
About 2/3 of the bio section is copy/pasted from http://www.rebeccaholden.com/bio/ and does read like some fan entry. Who cares about what the "jewelry line" is "packaged with"? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:58, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing that out. Deleted now: Special:Diff/985018881. — Pelagic ( messages ) – (23:46 Fri 23, AEST) 13:46, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rebecca Holden


text:
Akram Khan Durrani

Akram Khan Durrani (, اکرم خان دراني; born 2 March 1960) is a Pakistani politician who was the Leader of the Opposition in the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in office from 2 October 2018 till 18 January 2023. He previously served as the Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from 2002 to 2007. He served as Federal Minister for Housing and Works, in the Abbasi cabinet from August 2017 to May 2018 and as the Federal Minister for Housing and Works in the third Sharif ministry from June 2013 to July 2017. He was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from June 2013 to May 2018 from NA-26 (Bannu).

Early life
Durrani was born on 2 March 1960. He belongs to Mewa Khel, a sub-tribe of the Durrani Pashtuns residing in Surrani, Bannu.

Political career
Durrani was elected several times to the provincial assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from his home constituency of Bannu. In September 2002, he was elected by the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) as the Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa where he served until 2007. He survived an assassination attempt in 2007 when he was the chief minister.

In 2013 Pakistani general election he was elected as the member of the National Assembly of Pakistan. He also won provincial assembly seat which he relinquished in order to retain his national assembly seat.

Durrani was appointed as Minister for Housing & Works by the President of Pakistan Mamnoon Hussain on the advice of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 29 August 2013. On 27 November 2015, Durrani survived an attempt on his life as his convoy came under a bomb attack in Narmikhail area of Bannu.

He had ceased to hold ministerial office in July 2017 when the federal cabinet was disbanded following the resignation of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif after Panama Papers case decision. Following the election of Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as Prime Minister of Pakistan in August 2017, he was inducted into the federal cabinet of Abbasi. He was appointed as the Minister for Housing and Works for the second time. Upon the dissolution of the National Assembly on the expiration of its term on 31 May 2018, Durrani ceased to hold the office as Federal Minister for Housing and Works.

On 13 July 2018, Durrani remained safe despite a blast near his convoy that killed four people and injured 32 others.

He was re-elected to Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a candidate of MMA from Constituency PK-90 (Bannu-IV) in 2018 Pakistani general election.

On 2 October 2018, he became leader of the opposition in the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Chief Minister Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Akram Khan Durrani remained Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from 2002 to 2007. One of his work was that he declared the 'Girl campus of Khyber Medical College' as an independent medical college by name Khyber Girls Medical College

title: Akram Khan Durrani


text:
Cookbook:Chocolate Pear Bake

| Dessert

A chocolate pear bake is a dessert that resembles a brownie in appearance, yet contains no flour, instead using whipped egg whites to provide structure. The pear adds a nice mild fruit tone to the chocolate.

Ingredients

 * 7 oz (200 g) semisweet chocolate, chopped or in chips
 * ½ cup (120 g) butter or margarine
 * 4 eggs, separated
 * ½ cup (120 g) white granulated sugar
 * 2 pears, sliced
 * Lightly whipped cream, to serve

Procedure

 * 1) Grease a 9 x 9-inch (22 x 22 cm) baking dish, and preheat the oven to 325°F (170°C).
 * 2) In a double boiler, melt the chocolate and butter or margarine. When melted, remove from the heat.
 * 3) Whisk the egg yolks and sugar together until they become thick and pale yellow.
 * 4) In a separate bowl, whisk the egg whites until firm.
 * 5) Combine the chocolate and egg yolk mixture, and mix well.
 * 6) Beginning with about ⅓ the egg whites, gently fold them into the chocolate/egg yolk mixture.
 * 7) Add the slices of pear, and stir once or twice. Add the entire mixture to the baking dish.
 * 8) Bake for 35–40 minutes, until the bake is springy yet firm to the touch.
 * 9) Serve hot with whipped cream.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Substitute sliced peaches, apples, or orange segments for the pears.
 * You are able to get all of these ingredients from your local grocery store.

Warnings

 * Overmixing after the egg whites have been added to the batter can result in the bake being too dense.

title: Cookbook:Chocolate Pear Bake


text:
Talk:David J. C. MacKay

Add review
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:24, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * What Will It Take to Save the Earth? April 26, 2012 by Joel E. Cohen in The New York Review of Books
 * Why add non-notable review? — Arthur Rubin (talk) 06:10, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Erdős number belongs in the article
Earlier today, I restored the lost information that MacKay has an Erdős number of 2 to the article, reverting the edit of User:Solomon7968, who had previously deleted it. No question has been raised about the correctness or verifiability of this information. The article is only some 700 words long, and thus could benefit from a considerably deeper exploration of MacKay's life and work, and his Erdős number is one piece of information that moves us in that direction.

User:Solomon7968 reverted my reversion, although without explaining why on the talk page. Their edit comment read as follows:

 * (WP:NOTINHERITED, WP:TRIVIA, WP:PUFFERY for starters, co-author of co-author doesn't confers [sic] notability, find independent sources please; same way erdos [sic] is not notable for having MacKay number 2)

Two of the things they are citing are non-authoritative meta-Wikipedia pages, neither of which are relevant to this discussion, since both of them are about establishing the notability of Wikipedia article subjects, and neither are about judging what information should be removed from articles that should definitely exist. The third is an actual Guideline, which says that Wikipedia articles should ideally not have trivia sections, instead integrating "trivia" into other more topical sections, which is irrelevant since neither version of this article has a trivia section. This seems like an attempt to inundate the discussion with references to irrelevant texts that a casual observer might falsely believe to be relevant, and borders on WP:Wikilawyering.

In fact, the entire commentary in this comment seems to be predicated on the false assumption that I am trying to establish MacKay's WP:NOTABILITY. However, as far as I can tell, MacKay's notability is not in question — we are not engaged in a deletion debate — instead, we are attempting to improve the article on him to include more relevant and interesting information. As explained in NOTABILITY, which is in fact an official guideline, unlike most of the things User:Solomon7968 refers to in their comment:

> These guidelines only outline how suitable a topic is for its own article or list. They do not limit the content of an article or list.

All in all, User:Solomon7968's attempt at contributing to Wikipedia here falls very far short of being successful, apparently due to a lack of understanding of the objectives Wikipedia is attempting to accomplish and the lack of effort at collaborating with other users manifest in the poor spelling of their reversion comment.

For these reasons, I will restore the deleted information tomorrow, unless presented with good arguments as to why the article is better without it.

Kragen Javier Sitaker (talk) 04:24, 4 November 2015 (UTC)
 * This person is indeed notable but I wonder why you think having Erdős number 2 is "more relevant and interesting information". I will repeat being "co-author of co-author" of someone doesn't makes someone notable, no matter what the stature of the person is. You won't advocate adding MacKay number 2 to Paul Erdos's bio, would you? I am taking the liberty here to ping, a neutral editor experienced in this sort of topics. Solomon7968 04:37, 4 November 2015 (UTC)
 * My feeling is that if the subject of an article has a (sourced) story about their connection to Erdős, that story can be mentioned in the article, but that a bare Erdős number is not interesting enough to be worth mentioning in an individual article. (They can be listed in List of people by Erdős number, of course, for people with an article whose Erdős number is at most three.) Sometimes Solomon7968's efforts to cut these from articles go too far, and cut actual stories, but not in this case. I would however suggest removing NOTINHERITED and PUFFERY from the edit summaries — they are both inaccurately applied to this issue and lacking in good faith. WP:TRIVIA is a sufficient reason by itself. —David Eppstein (talk) 04:45, 4 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I think "Puffery" is a better descriptor of this rather than "Trivia". Erdős number has been used in many occasions to show prove notability in case of borderline academics. See for example Articles for deletion/David B. Weinberger (which resulted in delete) where someone said: He also has an Erdos number of 3. WP:NOTINHERITED definitely applies there. Solomon7968 05:02, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

SEWTHA
Should Wikipedia have an article on MacKay's book Sustainable Energy Without The Hot Air? I am not well enough versed in the ways of WP to argue a case that it should (or should not) but as a WP user I'm surprised there isn't one. John Stumbles (talk) 14:37, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

Picture credit
Is the picture credit correct? It would make more sense if it was taken by Nicholas Stern rather than David Stern. Could be a typo? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:30, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * No, if you follow the source on the picture, it comes from the freely released Sustainable Energy: Without the Hot Air where David Stern is acknowledged for both contributions to the book and specifically for the portrait. Mountain cirque 10:11, 17 July 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David J. C. MacKay. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110105153412/http://www.thegatesnotes.com/(S(5osgmx55hyed2r55b5ytzr45))/Learning/Article.aspx?ID=61 to http://www.thegatesnotes.com/Learning/article.aspx?ID=61

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:43, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David J. C. MacKay


text:
User:Dr.ved prakash kumar

DR.VEDPRAKASH KUMAR''' (BORN 22 Feb 1995)in an Ayurveda(b.a.m.s)student final pro. form S.N.K.A. Medical College. &. R.K.M.S. Charitable Hospital. Pisawa Road, Chandaus, Aligarh (u.p) in present time.

Biography ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

Dr.Vedprakash was born on 22fab 1995( viram samwant tithi krishana paksha saptami magha maase 2051 san) at jadgishpur in west champran district in the north-east india state of bihar.

———————————————————————————————

future program

ferther study in ayurvedic M.D. IN KUMARBHRITYA. then etabilist the ayu.cilinic and hospital

title: User:Dr.ved prakash kumar


text:
Cookbook:Mortar and Pestle

| Kitchen tools

A mortar and pestle is a pair of tools used with each other to grind and mix substances, such as nuts, herbs, and spices.

The mortar is a bowl-like vessel used to contain the substance to be ground. Mortars have smooth, rounded bottoms and wide mouths. The pestle is the pounding and grinding instrument. The mortar and pestle are usually made of wood.

Inexpensive ones may be plastic, but these do not work very well. More expensive ones may be made of stone or porcelain, perhaps with a wooden handle. Wooden mortar and pestle sets should only be used with dry food, such as dried spices.

To grind spices, you should normally apply a decent amount of force in a way that causes the spices to get dragged under the sideways-moving pestle. Create a fine powder to help the spices release flavor. A bit of salt, commonly needed in a recipe anyway, will make this work much better. After you have emptied out the spices, a wooden mortar-and-pestle set should be cleaned by grinding some plain salt. (you may discard the salt if you wish). Do not wash a wooden set.

When grinding wetter ingredients, like garlic or ginger, salt can be added to give better grip and help stop the garlic cloves slipping out of the mortar when hit.

In Japanese cuisine, very large mortars are used with wooden mallets to prepare Mochi. A regular sized Japanese mortar and pestle is called suribachi and surikogi.

The Mexican version of this set of tools is the Molcajete y Tejolote (from Nahuatl, literally "sauce bowl" and "stone doll"), which are often made of basalt, giving them a rough finish and dark grey or black color. They are well-suited to grinding wet ingredients such as tomatillos and avocados.

Pesto and tapenade are traditionally prepared in a mortar and pestle, though most modern recipes recommend using a blender or food processor.

title: Cookbook:Mortar and Pestle


text:
User:JC713

Hello, I am JC713 and I enjoy editing Wikipedia articles pertaining to technology and science. If you want to learn more about me, check out my userboxes below.

Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower.

The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination.

title: User:JC713


text:
Wikipedia:Wiki Ed/Washington University/Bio4492 - Infectious Disease (Fall 2017)

Bio 4492 is an upper level discussion-based class that intended to familiarize students with topics in infectious disease and microbiology.

Week 1
The first step in this assignment will be for everyone to create a Wikipedia account.

 * If you have not already created an account, we will go over this in-class on Tuesday 09/25 to make sure that everyone on the class is registered before the next assignment.
 * Once everyone has an account, I will add you as students to the course page on Wikipedia where you will be able to see a timeline of what is expected for the assignment.

Once you have created an account and joined the course, please complete the following tasks to get started on Wikipedia:

 * Create an account and join this course page, using the enrollment link your instructor sent you. (To avoid hitting Wikipedia's account creation limits, this is best done outside of class. Only 6 new accounts may be created per day from the same IP address.)
 * It's time to dive into Wikipedia. Below, you'll find the first set of online trainings you'll need to take. New modules will appear on this timeline as you get to new milestones. Be sure to check back and complete them!
 * While completing these assignments, it may be useful to refer to the Wikipedia editing guidebook.
 * Please complete the modules below by the end of the week on Friday at midnight (09/29/17). The modules are just reading and should take about an hour in total.
 * Obviously, this assignment will not be possible without an account, so it will also be expected that you have an account and have joined the course by this date.
 * Completion of the modules by the expected date will be worth 5 points.

Please email me<EMAIL_ADDRESS>if you have trouble accessing or completing any of the modules.

In class on Thursday 09/28, we will go over the expectations and goals for this assignment.

To get ready for next week, look over some topics and microbiology that you find interesting and look at the status of the Wikipedia articles for those topics.

 * Look up 3-5 potential topics related to the course that you might want to update on Wikipedia. Review the content of the article and check the Talk page to see what other Wikipedians are already contributing. Identify one or two subsections from each that you could improve. Alternatively, if you feel that a notable topic is missing from an article, consider writing a new subsection.
 * Your sandbox is a good resource to keep track of articles that you are thinking about.
 * For this assignment, submit a list of 3-5 topics that you are interested in contributing to. Send the list to Dennis by Wednesday 10/04/17 by midnight so that we can discuss them in class on Thursday.
 * This assignment will be worth 5 points.

Week 2

 * Blog posts and press releases are considered poor sources of reliable information. Why?
 * What are some reasons you might not want to use a company's website as the main source of information about that company?
 * What is the difference between a copyright violation and plagiarism?
 * What are some good techniques to avoid close paraphrasing and plagiarism?

Since we will be contributing to articles involving medical topics, please review Wikipedia's rules for topics related to medicine, human health, and psychology.

 * On the Students tab, assign your chosen topic to yourself.
 * Submit a document that includes:
 * Your chosen topic
 * 3-5 sentences explaining the gap in content on that topic
 * 3-5 primary sources on the topic
 * When selecting your sources, identify what type of articles will be the most useful for addressing the gap of knowledge in the Wikipedia article. If the article is missing key information about the topic, an older source may be necessary. Most likely, the article can be improved by adding information that has been discovered in a contemporary source.

The assignment is due by midnight on Tuesday 10/17 and should be emailed to Dennis (dennis.zhu@undefinedwustl.edu). I will review your topics and then give you feedback on Thursday 10/19. Once your topic has been approved you can start writing the first draft of your article.

 * This assignment will be worth 10 points.

Week 3
Continue reviewing articles to edit and researching sources for these topics.

If you need help, feel free to email Dennis (dennis.zhu@undefinedwustl.edu).

Week 4
You've picked a topic and found your sources. Now it's time to start writing your first draft. This draft should be written in a separate word document and not directly on the Wikipedia page. Feel free to explore and contribute the Talk page of the topic you are writing about to see what other editors are talking about. (Contributions to the Talk page will not be graded)

The first draft will be graded for completion and shared for peer-review. Keep a few things in mind as you are writing:

 * Remember to keep your tone neutral and follow the rules of
 * Your audience is an intelligent member of the general public, so avoid jargon.
 * Include in-text citations when you are referencing information from one of your sources.
 * Write concisely, the target length of the section you are writing is 150-300 words. Identify the key developments and conclusions that can be extracted from your sources. Try to avoid including technical details and extraneous information.

Keep reading your sources, too, as you prepare to write the body of the article.

'''Improving an existing article?

'''

 * Identify what's missing from the current form of the article. Make notes for improvement in your sandbox.

Resources: Editing Wikipedia pages 7–9

This assignment should be submitted to Dennis through email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>by midnight on Thursday 11/02. Completion of the assignment will be worth 20 points.

Once all of the drafts have been submitted, you will be assigned a classmate's article to read and peer review.

Week 5
Everyone has begun writing their article drafts.

 * Keep working on transforming your article into a complete first draft. Get draft ready for peer-review.
 * If you'd like a Wikipedia Expert to review your draft, now is the time! Click the "Get Help" button in your sandbox to request notes.

Week 6
On Thursday night 11/02, you will receive an email with the first draft of a classmate's article to peer review along with a grading rubric. Use the rubric as a guide for your review.

 * Reviewing should be performed using the 'Track Changes' feature in Microsoft Word. If you do not have Microsoft Word or need help using 'Track Changes', email Dennis or contact him before or after class.
 * Include a 2-3 sentence response to the draft. Comment on the overall tone/language of the article. Does it read like an article you might expect to find on Wikipedia?

Recommendations from Wikipedia

First, take the "Peer Review" online training.

 * Peer review your classmates' drafts. If you are participating in the Talk pages for the topics, leave suggestions on on the Talk page of the article, or sandbox, that your fellow student is working on. Other editors may be reviewing your work, so look for their comments! Be sure to acknowledge feedback from other Wikipedians.
 * As you review, make spelling, grammar, and other adjustments. Pay attention to the tone of the article. Is it encyclopedic?

This assignment should be submitted to Dennis through email by midnight on Tuesday 11/07. Completion of your peer review will be worth 10 points.

 * Optional: For new articles or qualifying expansions of stubs, compose a one-sentence “hook,” nominate it for “Did you know,” (see the DYK instructions handout) and monitor the nomination for any issues identified by other editors. Wiki Education staff can provide support for this process.

-

Handout:

Week 7
In class on Thursday 11/09, you will receive a document with feedback on your first draft from both a peer review and your instructor. Read over the comments in each document and begin working on the final draft of your article!

 * Be sure to address the suggestions in your feedback. Either revise your article to satisfy the review or justify why you do not think the article needs changes in your Peer Review Feedback
 * You may need to research additional sources for your topic as you write
 * Remember that the target length for your article should be 150-300 words. This length is just a soft guideline. Your articles may be slightly longer but should not be significantly shorter.
 * Use the rubric that you used for your peer review as a guideline for how the final draft should be written. The final draft will be graded on an additional criteria of 'Revision' based on effort in improving the final draft from the second draft.

 * Read Editing Wikipedia page 15 to review a final check-list before completing your assignment.
 * Don't forget that you can ask for help from your Wikipedia Expert at any time!

This assignment will be due on Thursday 11/30 at midnight. The final draft of your article will be worth 30 points.

You probably have some feedback from other students and possibly other Wikipedians. It's time to work with that feedback to improve your article!

Choose at least 2 specific changes or recommendations mentioned in either your peer review or instructor feedback. Either state how you will address the changes, or justify why you believe the article does not need the changes. Each response should be 1-2 sentences.

 * Read Editing Wikipedia pages 12 and 14.
 * Return to your draft or article and think about the suggestions. Decide which ones to start implementing. Reach out to your instructor or your Wikipedia Expert if you have any questions.

This assignment is due Thursday 11/16 by midnight. Completion of this assignment will be worth 10 points.

Week 8
Every student has finished reviewing their assigned articles, making sure that every article has been reviewed.

Continue to expand and improve your work, and format your article to match Wikipedia's tone and standards. Remember to contact your Wikipedia Expert at any time if you need further help!

Write a short reflective essay (1 paragraph) on your Wikipedia contributions.

Consider the following questions as you reflect on your Wikipedia assignment:

 * Critiquing articles: What did you learn about Wikipedia during the article evaluation? How did you approach critiquing the article you selected for this assignment? How did you decide what to add to your chosen article?
 * Summarizing your contributions: include a summary of your edits and why you felt they were a valuable addition to the article. How does your article compare to earlier versions?
 * Peer Review: If your class did peer review, include information about the peer review process. What did you contribute in your review of your peers article? What did your peers recommend you change on your article?
 * Feedback: Did you receive feedback from other Wikipedia editors, and if so, how did you respond to and handle that feedback?
 * Wikipedia generally: What did you learn from contributing to Wikipedia? How does a Wikipedia assignment compare to other assignments you've done in the past? How can Wikipedia be used to improve public understanding of our field/your topic? Why is this important?

Submit this reflection to Dennis when you submit the final draft of your article by Thursday 11/30. The reflection will be worth 10 points.

Week 9
Everyone should have finished all of the work they'll do on Wikipedia, and be ready for grading.

Once you've made improvements to your article based on peer review feedback, it's time to move your work to Wikipedia proper - the "mainspace."

'''Editing an existing article?

'''

 * NEVER copy and paste your draft of an article over the entire article. Instead, edit small sections at a time.
 * Copy your edits into the article. Make many small edits, saving each time, and leaving an edit summary. Never replace more than one to two sentences without saving!
 * Be sure to copy text from your sandbox while the sandbox page is in 'Edit' mode. This ensures that the formatting is transferred correctly.

This assignment is optional and will not be included in your grade for the overall assignment. We may spend a day in class to try and get our articles onto Wikipedia proper. It would be really great to see the work that you put in available to the public!

Do additional research and writing to make further improvements to your article, based on suggestions and your own critique.

 * Read Editing Wikipedia page 12 to see how to create links from your article to others, and from other articles to your own. Try to link to 3–5 articles, and link to your article from 2–3 other articles.
 * Consider adding an image to your article. Wikipedia has strict rules about what media can be added, so make sure to take Contributing Images and Media Files training before you upload an image.


text:
Coluber constrictor anthicus

Coluber constrictor anthicus, commonly known as the buttermilk racer, is a subspecies of the eastern racer, a nonvenomous colubrid snake, endemic to the southern United States.

Description
The buttermilk racer is a thin-bodied snake, capable of attaining a total length of 1.52 m (60 inches). Its color is a unique pattern of black, greens, yellows, greys and even sometimes blues, flecked with white or yellow. Their underside is white or cream-colored.

Geographic range
The buttermilk racer is found only in the United States, in southern Arkansas, Louisiana and southern and eastern Texas.

Common names
Other common names for Coluber constrictor anthicus include the following: ash snake, blue racer, brown racer, Louisiana black snake, spotted black snake, spotted racer, variegated racer, and white oak racer.

Behavior
Racers are diurnal, active predators. They are fast moving, and are often quick to bite if handled. They generally eat rodents, lizards and frogs, but as juveniles they will also consume various kinds of soft-bodied insects. They are fairly nervous snakes, and as such, do not typically fare well in captivity. For protection, they release a foul-smelling scent when caught to deter predators. They also thrash around to escape and can unknowingly injure themselves.

title: Coluber constrictor anthicus


text:
GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 2 answer 4

I'm sorry but this is the wrong answer. The 4Ω resistor gets the full 6V and the two 2Ω resistors have to share the 6V between them because they are in series. They therefore get 3V each.

On to the next question


text:
клѧтва

Etymology
From, per Brückner derived from due to touching the ground with a hand during this type of oath. .

Per Trubachev, Old Lithuanian klentêt and Old Prussian klantemmai are borrowings from Slavic.

Noun

 * 1) oath
 * 2) curse

title: клѧтва


text:
Rich McKay

Richard James McKay (born March 16, 1959) is an American football executive who is the CEO of the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). Prior to joining the Falcons, he was the general manager of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1994 to 2003 and was a part of their Super Bowl XXXVII-winning season.

Early years
McKay is the youngest son of the late John McKay, who was the Buccaneers' first head coach. McKay was a ball boy for the Buccaneers when his father was the head coach. While his father was head coach at USC in Los Angeles, McKay played wide receiver, with quarterback Paul McDonald, at Bishop Amat High School in La Puente, California. When John McKay took the Tampa Bay job he moved his family, including son Rich, to Florida where McKay played quarterback his senior year at Jesuit High School of Tampa the 1976–1977 season. He earned his bachelor's degree from Princeton University in 1981 and graduated from Stetson University College of Law in 1984. Prior to entering the NFL, McKay was an attorney with the Tampa law firm of Hill, Ward, and Henderson. He and his wife, Terrin, have two sons, Hunter and John.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On November 8, 1994, McKay was promoted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (as run by a trust set up after the death of Hugh Culverhouse earlier in the year) to serve as general manager. McKay had served as the vice president of football administration since 1992 and had been a member of the NFL's Competition Committee since being appointed earlier in 1994. The tasks granted to him involved a bigger role in supervising the personnel departments in the college and pros for Tampa alongside more input in drafting and free agency (as opposed to having in the hands of head coach Sam Wyche), complete with final word on drafting. This differed from the traditional setup used by Culverhouse as owner, in which the coach would generally have control (Wyche would retain the position of coach and director of football operations).

On December 27, 1995, McKay fired Wyche as coach, stating that the team was better off than they were when they hired Wyche (McKay called it a mutually agreed decision while Wyche called it a firing). On January 23, 1996, McKay hired Tony Dungy (who had interviewed for the position four years prior) as head coach. The decision came after the Glazers had first pushed for Steve Spurrier; once that failed, they focused their efforts on Dungy, until he came aboard. The 1997 team improved from six wins to ten while qualifying for the playoffs for the first time since 1982, which included a 5–0 start and a Wild Card playoff win against Detroit for their first playoff game victory since 1979. They regressed the following year but bounced back in 1999 with eleven wins and a NFC Central title, the first since 1981, doing so on the efforts of rookie quarterback Shaun King after incumbent quarterback Trent Dilfer was hurt. They made it all the way to the NFC Championship game, which they lost 11-6 to the St. Louis Rams.

During his tenure as general manager, McKay drafted players such as Warren Sapp, Mike Alstott, Ronde Barber, Derrick Brooks, and Warrick Dunn. McKay constructed the 2002 Buccaneers' Super Bowl-winning roster that featured seven Pro Bowl players. The Buccaneers' 41 Pro Bowl selections between 1997 through 2002 were the most in the NFL. In 1998, McKay, then president and general manager of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, worked closely with the Glazer Family, the city of Tampa, former Tampa Mayor Dick Greco, and Tampa Stadium Authority on the successful construction and opening of Raymond James Stadium. Both Sapp and Brooks, selected by McKay in the same first round of the 1995 NFL Draft, went on to become members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Sapp was enshrined in 2013 and Brooks was inducted in 2014. According to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, McKay is the only general manager in NFL history to have his first two draft picks as a GM be inducted into the Hall of Fame.

On January 14, 2002, Dungy was fired, against the wishes of McKay, after a second straight lopsided loss to the Philadelphia Eagles in the Wild Card round. Bill Parcells was offered the position by the team (as coveted by the Glazers) but backed out of the agreement; McKay had been asked to take the position of team president if Parcells was named coach in favor of Mike Tannenbaum being the new general manager. McKay then interviewed three coaches with Marvin Lewis, Mike Mularkey, and Norv Turner before he had his mind set on Lewis. So confident was McKay that he started to help Lewis assemble a coaching staff before a face-to-face meeting between Lewis and the Glazers resulted in rejection and a move to push for Gruden (eventually, the team traded two first round picks, two second-round picks, plus $8 million, to the Oakland Raiders, in exchange for Gruden). Rejecting a contract extension offer, McKay considered leaving the organization during that time but did not.

Despite the Super Bowl victory, McKay and Gruden did not get along. Gruden's suggestions on free agents such as Emmitt Smith were rejected by McKay, while Gruden reportedly went over McKay's rejection to deactivate Keyshawn Johnson to appeal directly to the Glazer family. On December 12, 2003, McKay and the Buccaneers came to an agreement that would see McKay leave the organization with the freedom to join any team he wanted, with no compensation required.

As the general manager for the Buccaneers from 1994 to 2003, McKay directed five teams that reached the NFC playoffs and one team that won a Super Bowl title.

Atlanta Falcons
In December 2003, McKay left the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to become president and general manager of the Atlanta Falcons. In his first season of directing operations, the Falcons went to the NFC Championship game against the Philadelphia Eagles. In January 2008, the Falcons hired Thomas Dimitroff as general manager, relegating McKay to the position of team president, although McKay negotiated Matt Ryan's contract. McKay's Falcons in 2010–11 had 9 Pro Bowlers.

Sixteen years after building Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, McKay, as president and CEO of the Atlanta Falcons, worked closely with Falcons Chairman and owner Arthur Blank, the city of Atlanta, and the Georgia World Congress Center stadium authority to secure approval and financing for the Falcons to build a new $1.2 billion stadium in downtown Atlanta. The Falcons broke ground on the new building on May 19, 2014, and the stadium, known as Mercedes Benz Stadium, opened on August 26, 2017.

McKay is believed to be the only current NFL executive who has been the point person for the negotiation and construction of two NFL stadiums.

On January 9, 2023, McKay's position with the Atlanta Falcons was reduced to just CEO. Greg Beadles was selected to take over as president. McKay remains in charge of football operations while Beadles operates the business side.

NFL committees
McKay is the longest standing member in the history of the NFL Competition Committee (30 consecutive years, 26 of which he has served in the chairmanship role), making him one of the more influential executives in the league.

McKay has served on the NFL Management Council Working Group of League executives that helps advise on collective bargaining issues. During the 2011 NFL lockout, McKay helped in negotiating a new collective bargaining agreement with the NFLPA. McKay is also a member of the NFL's Health & Safety Committee.

In April 2015, McKay was suspended from the Competition Committee by the NFL after the Falcons were found guilty of piping crowd noise into the Georgia Dome. McKay remained suspended for nearly five months before he was reinstated by the NFL. The Falcons were fined $350,000 and stripped of a 2016 fifth round draft pick for the two-year scheme.

title: Rich McKay


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Jonathan Hammond (sport shooter)

Jonathan Hammond (sport shooter)

 * ... that 2012 British Olympic shooter Jonathan Hammond is the most successful athlete ever for Scotland at a Commonwealth Games, having won four medals in 2010?
 * Reviewed: Amy Clay
 * Comment: Could be saved for the Olympic period

Created/expanded by Basement12 (talk). Self nom at 15:21, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol confirmed.svg Meets all the requirements, and the hook is catchy enough. Should be added to the pile for the Games. Miyagawa   (talk)  20:40, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
down cellar

Adverb

 * 1)  Downstairs; the opposite of upstairs.
 * I had to run down cellar to turn off the water main.

title: down cellar


text:
User:M Moniruzzaman (Moni)

Name : এম মনিরুজ্জামান (মনি)

Occupation : Structural Engineer,Consultant & Designer,Pioneer in Computer Aided Design

Education : BUET, Notre Dame College.

Country : Dhaka,Bangladesh

Blog : (Admin & Author) www.engrmoni.blogspot.com

Education : In early life, he completed secondary level from Dhaka Residential Model College & his bachelor degree on Civil Engineering from BUET.He also studied in Notre Dame College.

Career : He is Pioneer in Computer Aided Structural Design.He is self employed. Also he works as a structural consultant at home & abroad (India,USA,UK).

Software Skill : ETABS,STAAD ProV8i,SAFE,SAP2000,staad.foundation, FEA,FEM,GRILLEG.

He is expert in all advanced analysis stated in BNBC,IBC,ASCE,EUROCODE,Indian Building Code.

title: User:M Moniruzzaman (Moni)


text:
rippi

Etymology
, from. .

Noun

 * 1)  A confession disclosure of one's sins to a priest.
 * 2)  A confirmation sacrament of sealing and strengthening in many Christian religions.
 * 3)  A Communion Holy Communion.
 * 1)  A Communion Holy Communion.

title: rippi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stavros Malas

The result was   keep. (non-admin closure) BusterD (talk) 01:11, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Stavros Malas

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

I'm nominating this under the thinking that we can't have articles on every minister of health in every country, especially for articles of this short of a length. I'm not against the person being written about, I just think that if we allow this, then we're allowing one-liners on every ministers in or out of office. Please excuse me if I'm thinking about this incorrectly, as this is my first Afd submission, but I strongly disagree with allowing this article to stay in its current shape  Kangaroo  powah  03:30, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep This person meets WP:POLITICIAN as the health minister (a cabinet level position) of Cyprus. Nominator claims that we "we can't have articles on every minister of health in every country" but this is not a valid argument for deletion. We ought to have referenced articles about every cabinet level minister in every country throughout history, even if practical considerations dictate that we won't have all those articles any time soon. If the nominator is concerned that the article is too short, then please expand it and reference it. References are available using the search tool provided above: Financial Mirror, Helsing Sanomat. The Cyprus Mail covers this person frequently, although most of the articles are archived rather than readily available online. Some recent Cyprus Mail articles available here indicate that he may be a presidential candidate next year, which increases his notability.  Cullen 328  Let's discuss it  04:54, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep The health minister of a foreign country means he seats at the cabinet and passes WP:POLITICIAN. This article establishes that he exists and this article is genuine. Strangely, there is no Greek wikipedia article on him. --Artene50 (talk) 04:59, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Cyprus-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 12:09, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Medicine-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 12:09, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Politicians-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 12:09, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep per WP:GNG (sources abound) and WP:POLITICIAN (presumption of notability). Location (talk) 13:13, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment - The special notability guideline WP:POLITICIAN is referenced repeatedly above. It does not speak to automatic notability of cabinet officials, however:

In the case of candidates for political office who do not meet this guideline, the general rule is to redirect to an appropriate page covering the election or political office sought in lieu of deletion. Relevant material from the biographical article can be merged into the election or political office page if appropriate.
 * 1) Politicians and judges who have held international, national or sub-national (statewide/provincewide) office, and members or former members of a national, state or provincial legislature.(FOOTNOTE) This is a secondary criterion.  People who satisfy this criterion will almost always satisfy the primary criterion.  Biographers and historians will usually have already written about the past and present holders of major political offices.  However, this criterion ensures that our coverage of major political offices, incorporating all of the present and past holders of that office, will be complete regardless.(END OF NOTE) This will also apply to those who have been elected but not yet sworn into such offices.
 * 2) Major local political figures who have received significant press coverage.
 * 3) Just being an elected local official, or an unelected candidate for political office, does not guarantee notability, although such people can still be notable if they meet the primary notability criterion of "significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject of the article".

Far be it from me to argue that cabinet ministers shouldn't receive a free pass under this rule — they should. But a cabinet ministry is not an office, therefore a valid defense rationale should be based upon either GNG (the citation of multiple, independent, published sources), or upon the use of common sense that this is the sort of material that SHOULD be in an encyclopedia, WP:IAR. Carrite (talk) 15:01, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Although cabinet members are not explicitly referenced in WP:POLITICIAN, my interpretation is that a cabinet member is someone who holds a national political office. By definition, an official is someone who holds an office and cabinet members are considered officials. (A politician, of course, is someone who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making and need not be elected.)
 * I am not completely opposed to expanding the guideline to include what you have suggested below, but I fear instruction creep where the guideline is already sufficient to establish a person's notability. My preference would be to clarify the definition of "politician" and "office". Let me know if you think any of this should be raised in Wikipedia talk:Notability (people). Location (talk) 16:28, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep under the principle of WP:Ignore All Rules. This is exactly the sort of material that SHOULD be in an encyclopedia. The Politician notability guideline should be expanded to include: "Individuals holding cabinet-level positions in national governments." Carrite (talk) 15:04, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep the spirit of the law in WP:POLITICIAN is clearly that cabinet ministers are presumed notable, ("national office") however per User:Cullen328 above, he clearly also meets the WP:GNG. This is a good faith nomination however AFD is not the place to clean up articles. Valenciano (talk) 18:41, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep WP:GNG.  I also support the presumption of cabinet ministers as notable under WP:POLITICAN #1.  --j⚛e deckertalk 01:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep. Not only is he a government minister, which would in itself make his inclusion a no-brainer, he's also the governing party's presidential candidate. Someone please close this early and counsel the nominator about how misguided this nomination was. Everyking (talk) 19:39, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Just saying, but I nominated this article not as is, but when it was the first revision of the article. I realize that this was made incorrectly, but had the article included the info it has now, I wouldn't have nominated it. -- Kangaroo  powah  23:30, 16 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
User:Yiddophile

Okay, where do I begin?

Should I adopt an encyclopedic format, or shall I simply spout from the keyboard (a 1987 IBM Type M, I must add)?

I was born in 1974 in Cardiff, Wales to Canadian parents who moved shortly thereafter to Montreal. My father is a ship's captain, my mother was a registered nurse. If I'd had a choice of where to be born, it would have been anywhere in the United States, not some sheep-shit-soaked place which can't even figure out what kind of outlets to have on their baseboards (just look at the myriad electrical "standards" in Europe!). I have European citizenship as well as Canadian - but since childhood I've identified more with, and highly admired, American do-it-yourself spirit.

Scholastically, I am a "gifted underachiever"; as such I am stereotypically fascinated with any knowledge specifically NOT connected to any current academic undertaking. I cannot rationalize such behavior; it is idiotic and counterproductive yet it is a fundamental part of my makeup. I am a compulsive reader known for accidentally destroying books by attempting to read them in the shower, yet I have a hard time focusing on materials relevant to me. Classic ADD, though I consider it to be a blessing rather than a curse - it keeps me original and out-of-the-box.

I am a muscle car enthusiast, antique radio and television collector and restorer, and "mature" (note the quotes) electrical engineering student at a prominent Ottawa university. Prior to the recession of 2001, I worked for Litton, where I designed radar equipment despite being the sole member of my design team who lacked an iron ring.

I am a homosexual. I did not choose to be gay; no rational person would - after all, who would want to be part of a feared and hated minority? I know I didn't choose what turns me on anymore than a leg man or a breast man chose to be a leg man or a breast man!

Having been born in Wales where circumcision isn't routine, I sought out circumcision as an adult, and I love being circumcised - the singular negative that I've encountered is rejection from gay men who find foreskin attractive. On the other hand, most gay men (and women - yes, I have slept with women) find circumcised men more attractive. I consented to circumcision with videotaping (faceless); videos before, during and after remain readily available on the Internet, even a decade later! I am very much an advocate of circumcision - man did not evolve wearing pants, and clothing turns the foreskin into a liability - so I am willing to entertain questions on the subject. I remain grateful to a certain doctor, a noted (though misguided) anticircumcision advocate, for my daily enjoyment of my unit.

I love primitive technology and I have a great deal of experience with much of it. I have over 20 years of experience (yes, I was ten years old!) repairing, collecting, and restoring old radio and television receivers. I love old cars. And whatever the machine, from a flashlight to a CANDU nuclear reactor (which I have also worked on!) I think nothing of whipping out my Craftsman combination wrench and seeing if I can fix or improve it.

My style is Art Deco. My car is a 1974 Plymouth Valiant. My washing machine is a 1954 Maytag. My computer is a TI-99/4A, though I run Linux on a Wintel box for competitive reasons. My personality is analytical and introverted, though I am very good at pretending to be social - so good that I can work at Home Depot part time while I finish my degree. Nebulous as I may appear to be, I am a fan of David Lynch and Stanley Kubrick. Do they help explain me? If not, cope.

I have four great addictions which I am working to resolve: The Internet, The Howard Stern Show, ethanol and nicotine. Thus far, I have been only mildly successful despite mounting personal and extreme financial pressures - I yearn for at least a month without any of these stimuli, but I remain very concerned that my e-mail in box (Mozilla Thunderbird) will contain at least a few things to make me think of Baba Booey.

And guys - my taste in men is 1972 to legal, intelligent, rational, and hot. Celebs I've never met? Jeremy Miller, Omri Katz, Scott Mechlowicz and Danny Pintauro are my personal faves, most dating back to my teenage heartthrob realizations of the late 1980s. If you're intelligent, cute and cut, you're probably in - but my sainted Martin will first have to vet your qualifications in keeping me warm these cold Ottawa nights. (Warning: Martin has veto power.)

title: User:Yiddophile


text:
Talk:Horse racing/to do

Suggestions...
 * Introduce structure
 * Cite references
 * Australasia
 * New Zealand
 * Asia
 * Dubai
 * Japan
 * Europe
 * France
 * Training and trainers
 * Buying, selling and owners
 * Jockeys and tactics

title: Talk:Horse racing/to do


text:
veðurfastur

Etymology
Compound of veður (‘weather’) and fastur (‘fixed, fast, firm’)

Adjective

 * 1) ‘weather-fastened’ (when the weather conditions prevent one's getting away from a place)
 * 2) * Hon situr veðurføst har uppi.
 * She sits ‘weather fastned’ up there (can't move from there due to the weather).
 * 1) * Veðurføst is the title of the first play in Faroese language by Helena Patursson 1889
 * 1) * Veðurføst is the title of the first play in Faroese language by Helena Patursson 1889

title: veðurfastur


text:
Puzzles/Decision puzzles/Yet Another Weighing

Puzzles | Decision puzzles | Yet another Weighing

You have a balance and the following items of which you know the weights: a stapler weighing 80g, a pen weighing 40g, an eraser weighing 20g, a ruler weighing 10g, and a small coin weighing 5g.

How many different weights can you measure with these items?

solution


text:
User:MaryGaulke/sandbox/Terren Peizer mockup marked up

Terren Scott Peizer, is an investor , ; financier , ; and stock promoter founder, chairman and CEO of Ontrak. He is also chairman the founder of the Los Angeles-based investment company Acuitas Group Holdings, and is the CEO of Ontrak.

Peizer has held various senior executive positions within several technology and biotech companies. In the 1980s, and was employed by Goldman Sachs, First Boston and he was a bond trader at Drexel Burnham Lambert as a bond salesman.

Early life and education
Peizer was born in 1959, and raised in Beachwood, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland. He graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

Early career and Drexel Burnham Lambert
In 1983, Peizer worked began his career at Goldman Sachs and First Boston, where he worked as a high yield bond salesman. After two years there he was interviewed by Michael Milken then hired Peizer as a bond salesman for a position at Drexel Burnham Lambert in 1985. Peizer received Even though Michael's brother Lowell disapproved of Peizer, he was hired nevertheless, and given a $3.5 million dollar salary, as well as and a $500,000 loan, so he could to invest in the partnership. Peizer worked directly under (and at the same desk as) Milken, whom he admired, sometimes pretending to be him on the phone, and calling him "Dad".

When investigations into Milken's illegal activities started, Peizer approached the investigators, and offered them agreed to provide material evidence, to prosecutors in exchange for immunity. Peizer later claimed he felt "compelled" to testify against Milken, although he (Peizer) was not specifically the subject of the investigation.

1989–2000
In 1989, after losing his job at Drexel Burnham Lambert (who were about to go bankrupt), Peizer moved back to his parents in Cleveland, and purchased a minor league basketball team, the Omaha Racers, which he sold again after about a year. . He sold his majority stake a year later.

Major deals and financial transactions
Following his departure from Drexel Burnham Lambert, Peizer took on leadership roles at a series of medical and technology companies and promoted their stocks. In Between 1991 and '95 Peizer was also he became Chairman & CEO of Urethane Technologies (then UTI Chemicals), which was producing produced bicycle tires. He exited the company in 1994; it The company had been making losses since its inception in 1985, and went bankrupt in 1997.

From 1993 to '95 he 1995, Peizer was the Chairman at of CMS Enhancements (a subsidiary of Ameriquest), which produced computer parts. From 1997 to '99 1999, Peizer he was president of Hollis-Eden, a pharmaceutical company that was developing a drug that would work against to treat HIV/AIDS , malaria, tuberculosis & biowarfare. In August 1999, Peizer raised money for became chairman of Tera Computer Company, a manufacturer of supercomputers , which allowed them to later buy out Cray Research. Peizer became chairman & director of Cray, until he stepped back one year later. At Tera, Peizer raised funding and led the acquisition of Cray from SGI in March 2000. The merged company took the name Cray, Inc. Peizer left the chairman role at Cray in December 2000 but stayed with the company as a director.

Financial vehicles
Over the years Peizer has used the following holding and investment companies to conduct business (listed roughly in chronological order):
 * Financial Group Holdings (California)
 * Beachwood Financial (California)
 * Wendover Financial (California)
 * Socius Capital Group (Delaware)
 * Socius CG II (Bermuda)
 * Crede Capital Group (Delaware)
 * Crede CG II (Bermuda)
 * Crede CG III (Bermuda)
 * Intellect Capital Group (Delaware)
 * Acuitas Group Holdings (California)
 * Acuitas Capital Group (California)
 * Acuitas Financial Group (California)
 * Optimus Capital Partners (Delaware)
 * Optimus CG II (Cayman Islands)
 * Optimus Life Sciences Capital Partners (Cayman Islands)

Prometa
Peizer founded Hythiam, an addiction treatment company, in 2004. According to Peizer, he became interested in addiction treatment because of his half-brother's struggles with addiction. In 2007, 60 Minutes and The Dallas Morning News have criticized Peizer for bypassing after Hythiam circumvented clinical studies and government approval when bringing his Prometa, a treatment program for methamphetamine addiction, to market.

In 2011, Hythiam changed its name to Catasys, retaining Peizer as chairman and CEO of the company.

2018–present
In 2018, Peizer became CEO and director of BioVie, a pharmaceutical company. In July 2020, Catasys, of which Peizer is chairman and CEO, changed its name to that of its Ontrak product.