text:
Investigating 3D geometric algebra

Geometric algebra has been around since the work of William Clifford in the 19th Century but was relatively unknown until a resurgence in the 1980's through the work of David Hestenes. Since then, Geometric algebra has become a popular way of describing many problems in physics and other areas.

Unfortunately Geometric algebra is often introduced using many terms and symbols that are foreign to most people, the result being that it remains inaccessible to many without a sufficient background in Mathematics. The primary goal of this learning project is to introduce Geometric Algebra in an accessible and fun way for people with a high school background in Math and Physics.

Project Goals
This learning project aims to:
 * introduce you to Geometric Algebra within our familiar three-dimensional space.

Target participants
This learning project is targetted at people with an interest in maths or Physics. If you're interested in either topic, then you might enjoy learning, participating, contributing, editing, simplifying or just helping me understand my mistakes.

Assumed background knowledge/skills
You can start learning Geometric Algebra with a high school level of algebra and geometry. For this learning project, if you can answer the following without too much effort (and without a calculator!), then you should be fine:

 * What is the value of $$x$$ if $$\frac{x^{2}}{3} = 12$$?
 * Expand $$(x + 3y)(2x + y)$$.
 * What shape is created by tracing out the points p1=(2,0,0), p2=(2,1,0), p3=(0,1,0), p4=(0,0,0)?
 * What is the distance between the points p1=(1,1) and p2=(0,-1)?
 * What is the value of $$\cos{(60^{\circ})}$$ (Hint: You'll need to draw an equilateral triangle with sides of length 2 and remember SOH-CAH-TOA)?
 * What is the value of $$\sin{\frac{\pi}{2}}$$?
 * Is $$\cos{(100^{\circ})}$$ positive or negative (All Stations To Central or All Students Take Calculus)

If you find any of the above difficult then you may want to revise some of your algebra or geometry, otherwise you are ready to start! The following skills, although not essential, will be very helpful for understanding Geometric Algebra:

 * A good mental model of 3 dimensional vectors: if you can visualise the dot and cross product of two vectors it will help you visualise Geometric Algebra. (TODO: reword into a skill)

Two dimensional coordinates: Starting with the familiar
Two dimensional cartesian coordinate's are usually familiar to those of us with a high school Mathematics background. Typical uses of Cartesian Coordinates in high school is to plot parabolas such as $$f(x) = x^{2}$$ and visualising where they intersect the x and y-axis, or simply to draw two dimensional geometric shapes such as triangles or parallelograms.

Three dimensional coordinates
A three dimensional cartesian coordinate system can be created quite easily by simply adding an extra z-axis that is perpindicular to the x and y-axis and pointing out of the page. (add ref about Right-hand-rule).

Any point in a 3D space can then be represented using the coordingates along the x, y, and z axis respectively as: $$a = (a_{x},a_{y},a_{z})$$.

Using an extension of Pythagoras' theorem (called the Euclidean distance), the square of the distance between the point $$a$$ and the origin is:

$$|a|^2 = a_{x}^{2} + a_{y}^{2} + a_{z}^{2}$$

Challenges

 * What is the distance between the point $$p=(1,2,2)$$ and the origin?
 * What is the distance between the points $$p=(1,2,2)$$ and $$q=(1,-1,-2)$$?
 * Define the points to describe a cube centred on the origin, with a side-length of 2 units.

A three dimensional vector space
The geometry of three-dimensional space can be represented similarly using three basis vectors $$ \mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y} $$ and $$ \mathbf{z}$$, one along each of the $$x,y$$ and $$z$$-axis, where each basis vector has a length of 1 unit.

Any three-dimensional vector can then be represented as a combination of these basis vectors,

$$ \mathbf{a} = a_{x}\mathbf{x} + a_{y}\mathbf{y} + a_{z}\mathbf{z} $$

as shown in Figure 2.

Traditionally, there are two ways that you can multiply vectors: the dot product, and the cross product. It will be helpful at a later point to visualise the dot and cross product as they reveal themselves in Geometric Algebra (maybe a separate Learning Project: Visualizing vector products?), but for the moment it is enough to note that in Euclidean space, where our basis vectors are all perpendicular to each other (orthogonal) and of length 1 (normal), there is a strong relationship between the dot product and the length of a vector. For a vector a,

 * $$ \mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{a} = a_x^2 + a_y^2 + a_z^2$$

which is equivalent to the definition of $$|\mathbf{a}|^{2}$$ for Cartesian coordinates above.

Activities: Define 3 vectors, calculate various dot products, answer lengths. Include x.x and x.y.

Multiplying two vectors
The multiplication of two such vectors can then be written as

$$\mathbf{ab} = (a_{x}\mathbf{x} + a_{y}\mathbf{y} + a_{z}\mathbf{z})(b_{x}\mathbf{x} + b_{y}\mathbf{y} + b_{z}\mathbf{z})$$

evaluating as

$$      \mathbf{ab}   =  a_{x}b_{x}\mathbf{x}^{2} + a_{y}b_{y}\mathbf{y}^{2} + a_{z}b_{z}\mathbf{z}^{2} + a_{y}b_{z}\mathbf{y}\mathbf{z} + a_{z}b_{y}\mathbf{z}\mathbf{y} + a_{z}b_{x}\mathbf{z}\mathbf{x} + a_{x}b_{z}\mathbf{x}\mathbf{z} + a_{x}b_{y}\mathbf{x}\mathbf{y} + a_{y}b_{x}\mathbf{y}\mathbf{x} $$ but to go any further, we need to define the geometric product for our basis vectors to evaluate xx and xy etc.

The Geometric Product
If we define the length-squared of a vector to be equal to the vector squared:
 * $$\mathbf{a}^2 = |\mathbf{a}|^{2} = a_{x}^{2} + a_{y}^{2} + a_{z}^{2}$$

(TODO: Make the following an activity) then calculating $$\mathbf{a}^{2}$$, $$      \mathbf{a}^{2}   =  a_{x}^{2}\mathbf{x}^{2} + a_{y}^{2}\mathbf{y}^{2} + a_{z}^{2}\mathbf{z}^{2} + a_{y}a_{z}\mathbf{y}\mathbf{z} + a_{z}a_{y}\mathbf{z}\mathbf{y} + a_{z}a_{x}\mathbf{z}\mathbf{x} + a_{x}a_{z}\mathbf{x}\mathbf{z} + a_{x}a_{y}\mathbf{x}\mathbf{y} + a_{y}a_{x}\mathbf{y}\mathbf{x} $$

For our definition of length to hold,
 * $$\mathbf{x}^{2} = \mathbf{y}^{2} = \mathbf{z}^{2} = 1$$

which, according to our definition simply means that our basis vectors are of unit length (normal), and

 * $$\mathbf{x}\mathbf{y} = -\mathbf{y}\mathbf{x}$$,

 * $$\mathbf{y}\mathbf{z} = -\mathbf{z}\mathbf{y}$$,

 * $$\mathbf{z}\mathbf{x} = -\mathbf{x}\mathbf{z}$$,

which implies that our basis vectors are all at right-angles to one another (orthogonal). Get to:

 * $$\mathbf{a}\mathbf{b} = \mathbf{a}\cdot\mathbf{b} + (\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b})\mathbf{x}\mathbf{y}\mathbf{z}$$

Rotating vectors in 3D space
Someone who know's their "sh*t" SEND HELP !!!

Let's remove Quaternions from every 3D Engine (An Interactive Introduction to Rotors from Geometric Algebra) by Marc ten Bosch

Geometric Algebra for Physicists by Chris Doran and Anthony Lasenby

title: Investigating 3D geometric algebra


text:
Jijabad

Jijabad (, also Romanized as Jījābād) is a village in Darbqazi Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 98, in 32 families.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jijabad


text:
User:Jimregan/C Primer chapter 6

Programming In C++: Classes
The central core concept of C++ is the class, and this chapter describes its essential features in an introductory fashion. The ramifications of classes are highly complicated, and this chapter does not, could not, explain them in detail. It simply provides a basis for further study.

C++ Classes
In C, you define variables of various types and create functions to manipulate them. In C++, you define variables and functions and bind them together as a new data type, or "class".

We've already seen how in C++ structures can encapsulate both data and functions. A C++ class is an extension of the definition of C++ structures that adds several important features.

To start off the discussion, let's define a class to define cubes. This example has a few new features which will be explained in following text:

// clscube.cpp

#include

class Cube                        // Cube class. {    private: int height, width, depth;     // Private data members. public: Cube( int, int, int );        // Constructor function prototype. ~Cube;                      // Destructor function prototype. int volume;                 // Member function prototype. };

Cube::Cube( int h, int w, int d ) // Constructor function definition. {    height = h;     width = w;     depth = d;   };

Cube::~Cube                     // Destructor function definition. {    // Does nothing. };

int Cube::volume                // A member function (computes volume). {    return height * width * depth; };

void main                       // This program demonstrates the class. {    Cube somecube( 3, 3, 3 );        // Allocate a cube. cout << somecube.volume << '\n'; }

This example has a few interesting new features. The most important feature is that the class definition is divided into two sections: a "public" section (which, in this case, contains the class's function definitions) and a remaining "private" section (containing variables in this case) which is hidden from view from outside the class.

You could define either functions or variables as either "public" or "private", but in practice the idea is to hide the variables and only allow access to them through functions, so the division in this example is typical and is the recommended usage.

This is one of the essentials of the class concept: to hide data details from the program, allowing it to manipulate data elements through member functions without any knowledge of the actual data structure. This allows a considerable degree of data independence.

The default is "private". If you don't specify if class element is "public" or "private", it is automatically defined as "private".

You can also use "public" and "private" in structure definitions, but once you do so, you might as well declare a class and be done with it. There are some other keywords related to "public" and "private", but we'll put off discussion of them to later.

Note the definition of the function "Cube":

Cube::Cube( int h, int w, int d )

This is a special member function, called a "constructor", that is used to initialize an instance of a class when it is created. The declaration of an instance of a class automatically and transparently invokes the constructor.

In this example, an instance of the class is declared and allocated as follows:

Cube somecube( 3, 3, 3 );

This declaration invokes the constructor function to initialize the instance.

You can also specify default values if desired in the constructor definition:

Cube::Cube( int h = 1, int w = 1, int d = 1 )

In this case, if you define an instance of the class without parameters:

Cube defcube;

-- then its three private variables will all default to a value of 1.

A constructor function doesn't return a value and so it is not declared as a type, not even of type "void".

There is another curious definition here, for the function "~Cube". This is a "destructor" function, and it is automatically and transparently called when the program exits the context in which the class instance was created.

In this case, the destructor doesn't really do anything, it's just there to illustrate the thing exists. A destructor is useful when the constructor allocates memory that must be returned to the free pool after the class has outlived its usefulness. A destructor is also automatically and transparently invoked when the program context in which the class is defined is exited.

Neither constructors nor destructors are required for class definitions.

 * Member functions, which actually do the work the class was defined to do, are declared as they are in C++ structures:

int Cube::volume

The member function, as with C++ structures, of course has direct access to the structure's variables and so they don't need to be specified as parameters.

The class can contain functions defined either as conventional functions or as inline functions, discussed in the previous chapter. C++ notation allows the inline functions to be incorporated directly into the class definition.

For example, the class definition in the example above could be made much more compact by eliminating the unneeded destructor function and writing the remaining constructor and member function in inline form:

class Cube {      int height, width, depth;   // Implied "private" variables. public: Cube( int h, int w, int d ); { height = h; width = w; depth = d; } int volume; { return height * width * depth; } };

This gives the complete class definition. Notice that the inline functions are coded on a single line, which is a common convention that emphasizes their nature as inline functions. It is a good rule of thumb that if an inline function can't be coded on a single line, it shouldn't be an inline function.

It is also possible to have overloaded constructor functions that perform different actions when given different parameters:

class Cube {      int height, width, depth; public: Cube; Cube( int h, int w, int d ); { height = h; width = w; depth = d; } int volume; { return height * width * depth; } };

In this class definition, there are two constructor functions, one which has no parameters and doesn't initialize the private variables, and one that had parameters and does.

As a class is a C++ data type, it can imply the use of type conversions. If you assign an "int" value to a "float" variable, C or C++ will automatically perform the appropriate conversion. Of course, this requires a certain amount of smarts on the part of the compiler to recognize the need for the conversion, since the number formats are very different and the bits from the "int" variable need to be rearranged.

Since the C++ compiler doesn't have any more knowledge of a class than you define for it, it can't automatically perform type conversions, so you have to provide functions yourself for your class to do the job. This is a somewhat advanced topic and a detailed discussion of it is beyond the scope of this document, but the following example demonstrates:

// julie.cpp

#include

class Julian  // Julian (date by number of day in year) date class. {      int day, year; public: Julian {} Julian( int d, int y ) { day = d; year = y; } void display { cout << year << '-' << day << "\n"; } int& getday { return day; } };

class Date    // Month-day-year class. {      int month, day, year; public: Date( int m, int d, int y ) { month = m; day = d; year = y; } operator Julian; // Conversion function. };

class Tester  // A class that is initialized to a Julian date. {      Julian jd; public: Tester( Julian j ) { jd = j; } void display { jd.display; } };

static int ndays[] = { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };

Date::operator Julian  // Julian <- Date conversion member function. {    Julian jd( 0, year ); for( int i = 0; i < ( month - 1 ); i++ ) {      jd.getday += ndays[i]; };    jd.getday += day; return jd; };

void dispdate( Julian jd )  // A function that expects a Julian date. {    jd.display; };

void main  // Illustrate the different ways to perform the conversion. {    Date dt( 03, 25, 95 ); Julian jd; jd = dt;               // Convert Date to Julian by assigment. cout << "assignment: "; jd.display; jd = (Julian) dt;      // Convert Date to Julian by cast. cout << "cast: "; jd.display; jd = Julian( dt );     // Convert by calling conversion function. cout << "function: "; jd.display; cout << "parameter: "; dispdate( dt );        // Convert by using as function parameter. Tester ts( dt );       // Convert by initialization. cout << "init: "; ts.display; }

This example creates an "operator" function associated with the "Date" class:

Date::operator Julian

-- that takes an instance of the "Date" class and converts it to the "Julian" class. The C++ compiler is smart enough to figure out how to use this function in the appropriate circumstances.

One interesting point about this example is that it illustrates the properties of references. In accordance with the good principles of data hiding, the only access to the "day" member function of class "Julian" is through the "getday" member function:

int& getday { return day; }

This function returns a reference to the "day" member variable. This allows the function to be used on both sides of an equation, a concept quite alien to C:

jd.getday += ndays[i];

This is possible because "jd.getday", as a reference, is seen by the formula simply as the "day" member variable, so as far as the equation is concerned this is exactly comparable to:

jd.day += ndays[i];

The example above converts from one class to another. The conversion could be from a to a simpler data type, such as a "long", if desired.

While date hiding is an essential component of C++'s object-oriented philosophy, like all rules sometimes it is wiser to break it, and C++ actually provides a provision for breaking it in a controlled fashion.

One class can allow another class to access their private member functions by declaring the class as "friend":

// cpfriend.cpp

#include

class Date;   // "Prototype" for Date class definition.

class Julian  // Julian (date by number of day in year) date class. {      int day, year; public: Julian {} Julian( int d, int y ) { day = d; year = y; } void display { cout << '\n' << year << '-' << day; } friend Date;  // Date members have access to Julian private members. };

class Date    // Month-day-year class. {      int month, day, year; public: Date( int m, int d, int y ) { month = m; day = d; year = y; } operator Julian; // Conversion function. };

static int ndays[] = { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };

Date::operator Julian  // Julian <- Date conversion member function. {    Julian jd( 0, year ); for( int i = 0; i < ( month - 1 ); i++ ) {      jd.day += ndays[i];   // This Date member function has access to     }                       // Julian private variables. jd.day += day; return jd; }

void main {    Date dt( 11, 17, 89 ); Julian jd; jd = dt; jd.display; }

Since the "Julian" class definition refers to the "Date" class definition before it is defined in the program listing, the "Date" class is "prototyped" to keep the compiler from getting confused:

class Date;

The "Julian" class defines "Date" as a "friend" function with:

friend Date;

-- and so the "Date" conversion function can have access to a "Julian" private variable:

jd.day += ndays[i];

Actually allowing an entire class access to another class is not recommended procedure, however, and it is just as easy to only allow access by one member function. In the example above, the "Julian" definition could be modified by adding the declaration:

friend Date::Date( Julian );

You can declare an element of a class as "static", in which case all instances of the class access one and the same element. For example, a static class variable is a "global" variable, if just for that particular class. You can also have "static" member functions, which are simply member functions that only access static member variables.

Another related C++ concept is the "this" pointer, which is just a pointer to the instance of an object that a member function is executing in. This may seem a little absurd. After all, if the member function is executing in one instance of a particular object, it obviously has access to that instance's member functions:

void Date::dispmonth {    cout << month;                      // Display the month. cout << this->month;               // Display the month. }

-- but the trick is that the member function can return the pointer to let some other function know what object it is executing in:

return *this;        // Return object pointed to by "this".

C++ Operator Overloading
Along with the ability to overload functions, C++ provides the ability to overload operators. C itself actually has overloaded operators; "+", for instance, can be used to add a variety of data types even though the addition operation is performed differently for each. C++ simply extends this concept to allow the user to define his or her own overloaded operators.

The following example overloads the "+" operator to allow an "integer" to be added to an instance of the "Date" class, returning an instance of the "Date" class:

// overops.cpp

#include

class Date    // Month-day-year class. {      int month, day, year; public: Date( int m, int d, int y ) { month = m; day = d; year = y; } void display { cout << month << '/' << day << '/' << year; } Date operator+(int)      // Overloaded "+" operator. };

static int ndays[] = { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };

Date Date::operator+(int n)        // Overloaded "+" operator. {    Date dt = *this;                  // Connect to current object instance. n += dt.day while( n > ndays[dt.month - 1]   // Add integer number to date.     {       n -= ndays[dt.month - 1];       {         if( ++dt.month == 13 )	 {	   dt.month = 1;	   dt.year++;	 }       }       dt.day = n;       return dt;                      // Return date object.     }

void main {    Date olddate( 5, 3, 95 ); Date newdate; newdate = olddate + 21;          // Add integer to date. newdate.display; }

Notice the use of the "this" pointer to return the object so it can be assigned to "newdate". This is an extremely important use of the "this" pointer.

Operator overloading can be performed by similar means for other binary arithmetic operations, for relational operations, increment and decrement operators, array subscripting, and so on. Be warned that operator overloading is tricky, can cause a lot of trouble, and must be done wisely. One C++ guru once noted that C++ programmers first learn to overload operators, and then they learn not to.

C++ Class Inheritance
One of the important features of classes is that, once you define a class, you can build, or "derive", classes from it that are a superset of the original, or "base", class's capabilities. This feature is known as "class inheritance". This scheme allows you to define a general base class -- say, as an arbitrary silly example, a class to describe a bird -- and then derive new classes from it to define more specific types -- say, derived classes to describe hawks, owls, ducks, hummingbirds, and so on.

Let's consider a base class definition for a class named "Time" along with a derived class named "Timezone":

// derive.cpp

#include

// *** Time class definition. ****************************************

class Time {    protected: int hours, minutes, seconds; public: Time( int hr, int min, int sec ); void display; };

Time::Time( int hr, int min, int sec ) {    hours = hr; minutes = min; seconds = sec; }

void Time::display {    cout << hours << ':' << minutes << ':' << seconds; }

enum timezone { gmt, est, cst, mst, pst };

// *** TimeZone class definition. ************************************

class TimeZone : public Time {      timezone zone; protected: const char *Zone; public: TimeZone( int h, int min, int sec, timezone zn ); void display; };

static const char *TZ[] = { "GMT", "EST", "CST", "MST", "PST" };

TimeZone::TimeZone( int hr, int min, int sec, timezone zn ) : Time( hr, min, sec ) {    zone = zn; }

void TimeZone::display {    Time::display; cout << ' ' << Zone; }

const char *TimeZone::Zone {    return TZ[zone]; }

// *** Main program. **************************************************

void main {    Time tm( 10, 13, 30 ); tm.display; cout << '\n'; TimeZone tz( 11, 14, 35, est ); tz.display; }

There are several interesting features in this program. First, the "protected" keyword is used in the "Time" class definition. This is almost the same as the "private" keyword, but it allows classes derived from this base class to have access to that keyword, a privilege they don't get if it is are declared "private".

The "TimeZone" class is derived from the "Time" class with the statement:

class TimeZone : public Time { ... }

The derived class can declare the base class as "private", "public", or "protected".

Calling a constructor function for a derived class implies calling the constructor function for the base class. You have to specify the relationship of the constructor's parameters between the two classes as follows:

TimeZone::TimeZone( int hr, int min, int sec, timezone zn ) : Time( hr, min, sec )

C++ class construction also allows a curious reversal of this relationship. A base class can have a "virtual" function, declared, say, as:

virtual void display;

-- that, when invoked through a derived class, passes execution back to the overloaded function in the derived class.

Both the base and derived class have a function named "display". This implies function overloading on the part of the derived class, meaning its version of "display" will be called rather than that of the base class.

It is possible of course to then derive further classes from the derived class, or derive a class from multiple classes ("multiple inheritance").

C++ Input/Output Streams
Previous examples in this discussion have used the "iostream" capabilities of C++ for console I/O:

cout << "What's your name? "; cin >> name;

The "iostream" capabilities are actually defined by classes that permit general-purpose I/O. These classes are derived by a (mostly hidden) base class named "ios".

These classes have much more functionality than has been used so for. For starters, C++ output is "buffered", meaning that you can output from a program for some time before an output buffer is filled and the buffer is dumped to standard output. You can force the buffer to be dumped using the "flush" operator:

cout << "Danger, Will Robinson!\n"" << flush;

Other useful new functions allow you to set fixed or format numeric output formats (the default is scientific), the output width, and the padding character used to fill out the field:

// strsci.cpp

#include

void main {    pi = 3.141; cout.setf( ios::fixed, ios::scientific ); // Set fixed, clear scientific. cout.width( 10 );                        // 10 character output width. cout.fill("*");                          // Set "*" as pad character. cout << pi << '\n'; }

This prints:

*****3.141

The "iostream" class also contains a number of member functions that duplicate the functionality of C console-I/O routines:

// strcons.cpp

#include

void main {    char c, l[100], s[] = "Banzai!";

// Output a character.

cout.put( 'X' ); cout.put( '\n' );

// Get a character.

cout << "Input a character, then press Enter: "; cin.get( c ); cout << "You input: " << c << '\n'; cin.get( c ); // Get a line of text terminated by a newline.

cout << "Type a line of text, then press Enter: " << "\n\n"; cin.getline( l, 100 ); cout << '\n' << "You entered: " << l << "\n\n";

}

Finally, you can use more or less the same operations for reading and writing files. This requires use of the "fstream" class (which is a superset of the "iostream" class and so supports its functionality). For example:

// strfile.cpp

#include

void main {     int n;

ofstream outfile( "data.txt" );     // Open output file. for( n = 1; n <= 10; ++n )          // Dump text to it. {       outfile << n << '\n'; }     outfile.close;                     // Close it.

ifstream infile( "data.txt" );      // Open it again. while( 1 )                          // Read to EOF. {       infile >> n;                       // Get number. if( infile.eof) {    	  break; }    	cout << n << '\n';                 // Output it. }       infile.close; }

The "get" and "getline" functions work as well.

v2.0.7 / 6 of 7 / 01 feb 02 / greg goebel / public domain

title: User:Jimregan/C Primer chapter 6


text:
Acts Retirement-Life Communities

Acts Retirement-Life Communities (Acts), based out of Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, is the third largest not-for-profit owner, operator and developer of continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs) in the United States. Acts Life Care® communities provide independent living residences for people age 62 and above, with access to assisted living and skilled nursing care services, usually on the same campus.

History
Acts began in the early 1970s, when a suburban Philadelphia pastor and members of the Church of the Open Door, a nondenominational church, sought a new and better way of living for the retired church members. Fulfilling instruction of the Scriptures, their idea was to provide a fulfilling and meaningful independent living lifestyle with a quality skilled health care environment that would be available if ever needed. Using their own resources, this group built the first part of what today is known as Fort Washington Estates, which opened in 1972.

As of 2023, Acts provides housing and services to more than 10,000 seniors through its family of 26 senior living communities in nine states, and employs approximately 8,000 people.

Organization
Acts is divided into four regions:
 * Northeast - includes Pennsylvania with eight campuses
 * Mid-Atlantic - includes Delaware, New Jersey, and Maryland with eight campuses
 * Mid-South - includes Alabama, Georgia, North and South Carolina with five campuses
 * Southeast - includes Florida and Alabama with five campuses

Alabama

 * Magnolia Trace, Huntsville
 * Westminster Village, Spanish Fort

Delaware

 * Country House, Greenville
 * Manor House, Seaford
 * Cokesbury Village, Hockessin

Florida

 * Azalea Trace, Pensacola
 * Edgewater Pointe Estates, Boca Raton
 * Indian River Estates, Vero Beach
 * St. Andrews Estates, Boca Raton

Georgia

 * Lanier Village Estates, Gainesville

Maryland

 * Heron Point, Chestertown
 * Bayleigh Chase, Easton
 * Buckingham's Choice, Adamstown
 * Fairhaven, Sykesville

New Jersey

 * The Evergreens, Moorestown

North Carolina

 * Matthews Glen, Matthews
 * Tryon Estates, Columbus

South Carolina

 * Park Pointe Village, Rock Hill

Pennsylvania

 * Brittany Pointe Estates, Lansdale
 * Fort Washington Estates, Fort Washington
 * Granite Farms Estates, Media
 * Gwynedd Estates, Ambler
 * Lima Estates, Media
 * Normandy Farms Estates, Blue Bell
 * Southampton Estates, Southampton
 * Spring House Estates, Lower Gwynedd

title: Acts Retirement-Life Communities


text:
pegado

Adjective

 * 1) close, near
 * 2) side-by-side

Adjective

 * 1) next
 * 2) stuck, joint

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) cleaving, sticking, stuck
 * 2) form-fitting, figure-hugging
 * 3) attached
 * 4)  hanging

title: pegado


text:
User:Actionadventure/sandbox

Structural discrimination in Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Structural discrimination (also known as structural inequality, systemic discrimination, or institutional racism) occurs in a society "when an entire network of rules and practices disadvantages less empowered groups while serving at the same time to advantage the dominant group".[1] The Human Rights Commission has asserted that there is strong, consistent evidence that structural discrimination is a real and ongoing issue in the LDS Church.[2] The Commission has acknowledged the importance of addressing institutional barriers within the Church, stating that these barriers help to create social inequalities which in turn limit the access to and fulfillment of America's human rights obligations.[3]

In a Department of Social Welfare's (1988) Report, it was noted that structural discrimination is “the most insidious and destructive form of racism.”[4] The Report found that the negative effects of structural discrimination were wide reaching and inter-generational and primarily disadvantaged Church's most vulnerable groups.[5] It stated that the systems and processes in the LDS Church disciplinary system are not sufficiently sensitive to the diversity of its population.[6] He argued that addressing structural discrimination is vitally important for America as currently structural disadvantage is being perpetuated with American's with Disabilities not getting equal outcomes through their access and interaction with church service bodies.[7]

title: User:Actionadventure/sandbox


text:
Top-rated United States television programs of 1993–94

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1993–94 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
User:Moishygoldman

Bobby (Robert, Raphael) Plax

Bobby is known for his pursuit of love, exotic experiences, bold outreach and fun times at farbrengens around the world.

title: User:Moishygoldman


text:
Inorganic Chemistry/Transition metals

In the extended form of periodic table, the elements have been grouped into four blocks, the s, p, d, and f-blocks. The elements in groups 3-12 are called d-block or transition elements. The properties of these elements are unlike those of s-block and p-block elements. D-block elements represent a change or transition between the s- and p-block elements, hence why they are called transition elements. Previously transition elements were regarded as those which possessed partially filled penultimate d-subshell in their ground state or in one of their commonly occurring oxidation states. However the above definition doesn't cover the elements of group 12 i.e. Zinc metals(Zn,Cd and Hg) as these elements do not have partially filled (n-1)d-subshells in their ground state and neither too in their ionic state. However Zinc metals showing similarity with other transition metals were included in the transition metals. So forty elements belong to the transition metals family, 10 each in 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th period. The transition elements include the most common elements used. These include iron, aluminium, titanium, which form the base of the construction and manufacturing industry, metals that are valued for their beauty i.e. gold, silver, and platinum and metals such as palladium, ruthenium and osmium which have catalytic properties. These contain the densest metals like osmium(d=22.49 gm cm-3), the metals with the highest and lowest melting points, tungsten(mpt. 3683K) and mercury(mpt. 234K). Certain transition metals are also important in living organisms. Iron, Fe, is present in the protein hemoglobin which is responsible for the transport of the oxygen in the living organisms. Cobalt, Co, present in vitamin B12 help in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in the human body. Copper and Zinc are important in biological catalysis. Cobalt, nickel, manganese, and molybednum are essential components of certain enzymes.

Transition metals all share some general characteristics, they:

 * form complexes
 * form ions which result in a coloured solution
 * have variable oxidation states
 * show catalytic activity

Complexes
When ligands form co-ordinate bonds with transition metals ions a complex is formed. Common ligands are H2O and NH3. The transition metal ion acts as a Lewis Acid and the ligand acts as a Lewis base. The number of co-ordinate bonds in the complex is the co-ordination number of that complex. Example of complexes are the tetrachlorocobaltate(II) ion, [CoCl4]2- and the hexaqaua-iron(III) ion, [Fe(H2O)6]3+

Ligands
Ligands can be divided into three categories: unidentate, bidentate and multidentate. Unidentate ligands can form one co-ordinate bond with a central metal ion. Bidentate ligands can form two co-ordinate bonds with a central metal ion and so on. Another type of ligand is an ambidentate ligand. An ambidentate ligand contains two sites which can form a co-ordinate bond with a central metal ion, though they cannot both form a bond with the same metal ion at the same time. They can however simultaneously bond to separate ions creating a bridge between two complexes.

EDTA
Antidote EDTA reacts with metal ions to produce stable EDTA complexes. It can therefore be used to remove poisonous metal ions such as lead and mercury from the bloodstream. The complexes are then excreted. Surgery EDTA can remove calcium ions from bloodstream. The removal of these ions prevents the blood from clotting which is necessary during surgical procedures. Water softener EDTA can remove calcium ions from hard water, thereby softening it. This helps to prevent the formation of limescale.

Cisplatin
Cisplatin [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] is a cytotoxic complex used during cancer treatment. It is usually used to treat ovarian, testicular, lung, bladder, gullet and stomach cancers.

Silver
Tollen's reagent When silver nitrate is dissolved in aqueous ammonia [Ag(NH3)2]+ is formed. More commonly known as Tollen's reagent this complex is used in the test to distinguish ketones from aldehydes. Electroplating When a silver salt is dissolved in aqueous Potassium (or sodium) cyanide the [Ag(CN)2] - is formed. The complex is used as the electrolyte in the silver-plating process.

title: Inorganic Chemistry/Transition metals


text:
Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/October 2, 2019

I don't believe that "constituting" is the correct word in the 4th sentence: it is not an identification made in the article. The country and the peninsula are not coterminous. I think we would need something like "Much of the country is made up of the large peninsular landmass of the Indian subcontinent", but there should also be clarity about which "it" pushed north from deep in the southern hemisphere. Kevin McE (talk) 21:10, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

Company rule in India indeed started 190 years before independence, but that did not mean that India was part of the British Empire then: that happened with transference of powers to the British Raj in 1858. "After 190 years of British rule, India gained its independence in 1947". Kevin McE (talk) 21:10, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Could you point me to the blurb? I seem to have forgotten all about it.  Best  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  21:17, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * This is the talk page for the blurb, F&F. I don't have any problems wiht the suggested changes, btw. - Dank (push to talk) 21:52, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Oh, I see. Silly me.   Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  22:00, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, you have some valid points. We have guests, so expect a reply sometime tomorrow morning.  Thanks.   Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  22:52, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

Thank you for spotting the errors, and for your critical insight. Also pinging   How about this version:

India is a large country in South Asia. Dominating the peninsula of the Indian subcontinent, India owes its geography, climate and biodiversity to ancient plate tectonics which pushed the Indian plate north from deep in the Southern Hemisphere. Modern humans first migrated into the subcontinent over 55,000 years ago, and settled life emerged in the western margins of the Indus River basin 9,000 years ago. Second only to Africa in human genetic diversity, India is home to a large mix of languages, religions, and cultures. India is the world's largest democracy, with a population of 1.3 billion people, and a secular federal republic governed in a parliamentary system. It is the world's third-largest economy in purchasing power parity, as well as the fastest-growing major economy. After 190 years in the British Empire, India gained its independence in 1947. Mahatma Gandhi (born 2 October 1869) is widely considered to be the founder of the modern nation.

I've changed "constituting" for "dominating." Thank you for that. Although using "India" for the Indian tectonic plate is commonly done, I've added Indian plate. I've removed "multi-cultural" because it is repeated in the "large mix" bit. I've rearranged the order of the sentences so that geography etc is in one place. The first few sentences also serve the purpose of making an unfamiliar user aware of the expressions, "India," "South Asia," and the "Indian subcontinent."

Now to the British Empire. The British Empire page had managed to forget about the Raj (i.e. Crown rule, Direct rule) in its section title until my recent intervention. In other words, Company rule in India is very much considered to be part of the British Empire's spread, the Company increasingly acting as a sovereign power on behalf of the Crown, or the Crown increasingly controlling the Company's doings, sending troops to fight its wars, and so forth. The bibliography of the India page itself speaks to this: The back cover of Peer's book says, "Between 1700 and 1885 the British became the paramount power on the Indian subcontinent, their authority extending from Sri Lanka in the south to the Himalaya's in the north. It was a massive empire, inspiring both pride and anxiety amongst the British, and forcing change upon the lives of its Indian subjects." The 1885 date (and not 1858 the beginning of Crown rule), incidentally, is a reference both to the Third Anglo-Burmese War (which capped the expansion of British rule that began informally with the founding of Presidency towns of Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, and formally with the Battle of Plassey in 1757) and the founding of the Indian National Congress which spelled the Empire's unmaking, not just in India but in Africa and Asia as well. Best regards, Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  13:26, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you: I like that, and the rearrangement of sentences works particularly well. Kevin McE (talk) 14:12, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * A few comments from me, as this blurb seems to differ quite substantially from the text of the article... I understand that for a big topic like this, in which the lede is quite substantial, it will be a hard job to condense it into a short TFA blurb, but it seems like the text should still be supported somehow, preferably in what's in the lede. For example:
 * "Dominating the peninsula of the Indian subcontinent" - I'm not seeing the word "dominating" anywhere in the article. The lede doesn't mention this, and the geography section says "India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent". It would be better to use that wording.
 * "Modern humans first migrated into the subcontinent over 55,000 years ago" - the lede says, in a similar number of words, "Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago.", which seems a more encyclopedic and polished line.
 * "It is the world's third-largest economy in purchasing power parity, as well as the fastest-growing major economy - neither of these facts is mentioned in the article lede. And the body qualifies the latter statement with: "making it potentially the world's fastest-growing major economy".
 * The final line seems a bit odd to me... Gandhi is not mentioned at all in the lede of the article, and only once in the body, with the line "the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-co-operation, of which Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol". I'm generally wary of saying "widely considered" per WP:WEASEL, and as this is unsupported by further detail in the article, we should amend it to something else. Thanks — Amakuru (talk) 13:25, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The lead was rewritten recently. I was waiting for the GOCE copy edit to end to transfer the citations of the lead to the history and other sections.  Please give me a few days.  I don't believe though that a blurb needs to be a close paraphrase of the lead.  Why would a reader want a repetition of the prose again when they click on the article?  "Dominating" is a reasonable paraphrase of "comprising the bulk of."  "Over 55,000 years ago" is a reasonable paraphrase of "no later than 55,000 years ago." Gandhi was mentioned in the lead of the article until a month ago.  He is still mentioned implicitly ("a pioneering and influential nationalist movement emerged, which was noted for nonviolent resistance"); the explicit mention was taken out because of the TFA appearance of India on his 150th birthday, and the caution sounded by some reviewers about keeping his mention understated.  There are plenty references for Gandhi being the "leading genius," the "the principal architect," "the father of the nation" in India.  I don't believe "widely considered" in this instance is a weasel word.  However, I will incorporate the spirit of your critique in the phrasing in several places.  Like I said, please give me a few days.  Thanks.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  14:00, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I tried, but transferring the citations etc from the lead to the history sections will take more time than I have now, and will have until after the TFA. I really am flat out of time.  I am reasonably sure that what is in the blurb is true, even if there are slight differences in phrasing between the blurb and the main article.  India is the fastest-growing major economy.  You can see that by clicking on the link in fast-growing major economy in the lead. India is the seventh, and the first six are small.  It is the third-largest economy in PPP.  You can see that in the infobox of India.  I respect your suggestions but am unwilling to change the text, especially as the article has just had a GOCE review for the TFA.  But others who have worked on the TFA may have other views.  Best regards,   Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  16:16, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm making a couple of changes as a result of your suggestions. Thanks.   Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  20:41, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Alright, thanks... will take another look tomorrow. — Amakuru (talk) 20:43, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

Indian Plate or Indian plate?
The blurb has been changed to capitalise 'plate' in the name of avoiding a redirect. The India article uses lower case 'plate' throughout, the article Indian Plate is inconsistent, which I have pointed out on its talk page, with a slight majority of upper case. Which is it going to be? Kevin McE (talk) 11:35, 27 September 2019 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that the place to argue this would be at Talk:Indian Plate, but I don't feel strongly about it. - Dank (push to talk) 15:13, 27 September 2019 (UTC)
 * As already stated, I had raised it there. Someone there has made it consistent around the capitalised version, so I guess this should do the same.  I'll check that India article is consistent.  Kevin McE (talk) 07:15, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

Is India a tiger? Are tigers India?
Alongside an extract about the country India, we have an unexplained and uncaptioned picture of a tiger. There is a note in the picture, stating that 'India has the majority of the world's wild tigers' (sourced in an exceptionally long caption but not in the main text), but that isn't going to be seen by most. Most people know that there are tigers in India, but that is not really sufficient to justify the unexplained picture. Kevin McE (talk) 09:22, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * It's always going to be a difficult decision how to distill an entire country down to just one image... Just checked what happened with my Rwanda article, and it seems a lake and volcano pic were used, but also without further context. I personally think this is OK... As you say, tigers are prominently associated with India, and the image in question is a featured picture. A caption would be better, but presumably TFA does not use them for whatever reason. — Amakuru (talk) 09:58, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Pinging David Levy. - Dank (push to talk) 11:31, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Well. This for me was a difficult decision.  I kept the caption short because I was under the impression that it too was included in the character count for which there was an upper limit of 1000.  The reason why the tiger is there is that the increase by some 30% in the number of wild tigers in India in the quadrennial tiger-census was announced in late July at the time I was helping compose the TFA blurb.   Although these numbers have been exaggerated in the last two censuses, it is still, in my view, a piece of important news.  (A single wild tiger requires a very large area of viable prey populations, in a relatively dense jungle environment which allows a tiger to use camouflage to stalk its prey.  Wild tigers will not survive in a Ngorongoro crater where everything is visible.  Each prey population, in turn, requires ample natural resources in a complex, many-tiered ecology. Not the same thing as the cute, obese, genetically-abused creatures running around in Seigfried and Roy's Las Vegas ranch, or the ones in the zoos here whose celebrity directors make smarmy claims on Animal Planet about the tiger being really, really in danger in the wild and they being its saviors.  The census itself apparently needed over 26,000 camera traps and over 100,000 rangers) So there I said it. :)  But that was my justification.  In a blurb that mentions the human occupation of India, I thought the tiger as a visual counterpoint, a symbol of the last unoccupied bit, made sense.  That it is a Featured Picture is an added bonus.  (Pretty much all the pictures in the article are FPs.)   Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  11:45, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * PS I had originally added File:Rajagopal speaking to 25,000 people, Janadesh 2007, India.jpg, a picture of a Gandhian activist addressing a large group of Adivasi people, a nod to Gandhi's 150th on October 2. But then I changed my mind.   Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  11:56, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Did you consider using an image of Gandhi himself, given that the dating of the blurb is linked to him and he is mentioned as well? I'm personally fine with the tiger, but would be OK with that one too if people feel that's more suitable. — Amakuru (talk) 16:09, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

A Gandhi picture is fine too. Let me look through his portfolio. Fowler&fowler «Talk»  17:38, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Gandhi Commons.jpg

 * Here is one, a Wikipedian's effort. Most black and white images of Gandhi have copyright issues.  I still prefer the tiger though.    Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  18:33, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

I raised the issue at WP:ERRORS. - Dank (push to talk) 13:47, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

I've converted the image title to a visible caption. For the record, I have no objection to the use of the tiger image, which I regard as suitable for the reasons discussed above. Many other image selections would be reasonable as well, of course. —David Levy 19:05, 30 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Ken Salazar

"Environmentalist"?
The lead of the intro claims Salazar is an environmentalist. What is the basis of that description? I suggest it be removed if it cannot be justified (realizing there is no universally accepted standard for being an environmentalist, I am personally willing to accept a broad definition, but nothing in this guy's past suggests he is one). --FNV (talk) 01:28, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Yes, there is plenty of info to document him being an environementalist.

http://www.doi.gov/welcome.html

Not only has Salazar been a "farmer for more than thirty years," he also "worked for eleven years as a water and environmental lawyer with some of the top firms in the West."

Also

"From 1987 to 1994 Salazar served in the Cabinet of Governor Roy Romer as chief legal counsel and executive director of the Colorado Department of Natural Resources, where he crafted reforms for oil, mining, and gas operations to better protect the environment and the public. He fought to uphold Colorado's interstate water compacts, created the Youth in Natural Resources program to educate thousands of young people about Colorado's natural resources, and authored the Colorado constitutional amendment creating Great Outdoors Colorado. He served as the first chairman of that movement, helping make it one of the most successful land conservation efforts in the United States." —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:29, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

environmental
As it exists presently, the newly-added section on the environmental record of the Senator appears to only list fairly anti-environmental items. A first quick examination of other sources via Google and VoteSmart suggests these items were cherry-picked, that is, there was ample evidence of enviornmental groups such as the League of Conservation Voters having a high rating of the Senator. I have not deeply examined the information as a whole, but it looks pretty NPOV to me. --Joe Decker (talk) 03:35, 16 December 2008 (UTC) (edited/expanded --Joe Decker (talk) 03:37, 16 December 2008 (UTC))
 * I agree, having looked around a little myself (Salazar has a respectable 85% LCV rating). The information in this section, as best I can tell, is accurate, but it is cherry picked and needs to include examples of him siding with environmentalists as well. --Mr Beale (talk) 03:51, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Totally inappropriate revert. Feel free to add additional content, but these are cited actual votes. Lokiloki (talk) 04:19, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Lokoloki's additions were totally misleading. We give overviews here (see WP:WEIGHT), not a short list of factoids, carefuly cherry-picked to misrepresent the actual views of a politician. Example from Project Vote Smart: 2008 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the Environment America 90 percent in 2008. 2007 Based on a point system, with points assigned for actions in support of or in opposition to American Land Rights Association's position, Senator Salazar received a rating of 40. 2007 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the Defenders of Wildlife Action Fund 60 percent in 2007. 2007 Based on a point system, with points assigned for actions in support of or in opposition to League of Conservation Voters's position, Senator Salazar received a rating of 73. 2006 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the American Land Rights Association 22 percent in 2006. 2006 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the American Wind Energy Association 100 percent in 2006. 2006 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the League of Conservation Voters 71 percent in 2006. 2005-2006 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the American Lands Alliance 50 percent in 2005-2006. 2005-2006 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the American Wilderness Coalition 100 percent in 2005-2006. 2005-2006 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the Comprehensive US Sustainable Population 54 percent in 2005-2006. 2005-2006 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the Defenders of Wildlife Action Fund 73 percent in 2005-2006 2005-2006 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the Partnership for America 20 percent in 2005-2006. 2005 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the American Land Rights Association 33 percent in 2005. 2005 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the American Wilderness Coalition 100 percent in 2005. 2005 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the League of Conservation Voters 80 percent in 2005. 2004 Senator Salazar supported the interests of the American Land Rights Association 86 percent in 2004. Lokoloki has been running around adding 'Environmental Record' (sic) sections to articles about other politicians as well, and in each case they're heavy on animal rights issues (as opposed to the environment), quite slanted, and ignore the overall balance of the existing articles. Flatterworld (talk) 04:57, 16 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Rather than simply deleting the work of another editor, you should try your hand at editing yourself, rather than wholesale deletion. If you have particular problems with the Vote Smart stuff, then edit that.  But the content lokiloki added is not solely about Vote Smart.  Best wishes,
 * Oregondesert (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 05:00, 16 December 2008 (UTC).

Actually, I have added no other "environmental records" to any other page. Get your facts straight. Lokiloki (talk) 05:07, 16 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you forgot your work today on Raúl Grijalva and Mike Thompson, the other possible nominees for Secretary of the Interior. Oregondesert, my points about cherry-picking and slanting were not limited to Project Vote Smart. As I said, I used that as an example of what Lokoloko did. Please remember we are an encyclopedia, not a place to post polemics against politicians, based on selective 'reporting'. (As for editing myself, I've done plenty.) Flatterworld (talk) 05:30, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Again, get your facts straight. You said: "Lokoloki has been running around adding 'Environmental Record' (sic) sections to articles". I added no such new sections to Thompson or Grijalva. I simply edited the ones already there. Just so you remember: GET YOUR FACTS STRAIGHT! Lokiloki (talk) 05:32, 16 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I added some compliments that Salazar has received from the LCV - hopefully that will even things out a bit here.--Mr Beale (talk) 23:14, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Category:American people of Spanish descent
I can't see any evidence he is of Spanish descent in the article. So

Chairman of FGDC
Should we mention that Salazar is chairman of the Federal Geographic data committee? --RomneySupporter77 (talk) 20:19, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

SOUND SPELLINGS
PEOPLE KNOW HOW TO SAY SALAZAR! WE DON'T NEED YOUR CONDESCENSION!--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:12, 21 May 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ken Salazar


text:
1891 Bourke colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Bourke on 4 December 1891 because of the resignation of Peter Howe, which was given to the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly after he had been convicted of conspiracy to defraud.

Result
Peter Howe resigned.

title: 1891 Bourke colonial by-election


text:
Electronics/CMOS

CMOS
CMOS stands for Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor refers to the construction method of the component Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), and Complementary means that CMOS uses both n-type (nMOS) and p-type (pMOS) transistors. Older designs had used only n-type transistors, and are referred to as NMOS logic.

n-type MOSFETs are active (conductive) when their input voltage is high, while p-type MOSFETs are active when their input voltage is low.

All CMOS gates are arranged in two parts: the pull-up network (PUN), built from p-type transistors and connect to source; and the pull-down network (PDN), built from n-type transistors and connected to ground (also called drain). The two parts are logical duals of each other, so that if the PUN is active, then the PDN is inactive, and vice-versa. In this way there can never be a direct path between source and ground (in any steady state).

The biggest advantage of CMOS over NMOS is that CMOS has a rapid change from both hi-to-low and from low-to-hi. NMOS transitions only slowly from low-to-hi (because it uses a resistor in place of a PUN), and since overall circuit speed must take into account the worst case, NMOS circuits must be much slower.

 * [[Image:Electronics_Klunky_CMOS_NPN.PNG]]
 * [[Image:Electronics_Klunky_CMOS_PNP.PNG]]

NOT
The simplest CMOS circuit: the NOT gate, or inverter. Although uncomplicated, it demonstrates the basic structure of a CMOS gate; a series of inputs (in this case, one) which are connected to the transistors, the PUN (consisting of a single p-type transistor) connected to source, the PDN (consisting of a single n-type transistor) connected to ground, and the output which is fed from both the PUN and PDN.

When the input voltage is high, the p-type transistor will be inactive, and the n-type transistor will be active. This creates a connection between ground and the gate output, pulling the gate's output to low. Conversely, when the input voltage is low, the p-type transistor will be active instead, creating a connection between the output and source, pulling the gate's output to high.

NAND
The PUN for NAND consists of a pair of p-type transistors in parallel, one with the A input feeding it and one with the B input feeding it. Therefore the PUN is active, and the output of the gate is high, as long as either of these inputs is low.

The PDN for NAND consists of a pair of n-type transistors in series, also each fed by one of the two inputs. Therefore the PDN is active, and the output of the gate is low, only if both of the inputs are high.it uses the logic a bar(OR)b bar

AND
A CMOS AND gate is constructed by driving a NOT gate from the output of a NAND gate.

NOR
"Upside down" relative to the NAND gate, the NOR gate is made from a PUN of two p-type transistors in series and a PDN of two n-type transistors in parallel.

OR
As AND is to NAND, OR is to NOR. CMOS OR is constructed by feeding the output of NOR to a NOT gate.

XNOR
To build an XNOR gate, first we will need easy access to the inverted inputs. This is accomplished with a pair of NOT gates. The original inputs are A and B, and their inverted forms we will call NOT-A and NOT-B. Both the PUN and PDN are made of four of the appropriate type of transistor, in two parallel sets, of series of two transistors each. In the PUN there is one series fed by A and B and the other is fed by NOT-A and NOT-B; in the PDN one series is fed by A and NOT-B and the other is fed by NOT-A and B.

All told, this takes 12 transistors (4 in the PUN, 4 in the PDN, and 2 for each inverter). There are more efficient designs for the XNOR circuit, but they require a more detailed analysis than we will go into here. Instead of serving as an example of an actual XNOR design, this section should instead help to suggest the methods one could use to generate a CMOS circuit for any arbitrary boolean function.

XOR
If you've been following along, you may guess that an XOR gate is made by attaching a NOT onto the end of the XNOR; while this will produce a correct circuit, it is not the most correct (or efficient) circuit. Instead, we could use the same 12 transistors and simply shuffle around the wires. This is left as an exercise for the reader. it uses the logic a.b bar(OR) a bar.b

title: Electronics/CMOS


text:
sick day

Noun

 * 1) A paid personal day intended to be used due to illness either for recuperation or medical treatment.

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Ukrainian: лікарня́ний

title: sick day


text:
2017–18 Liga Națională (women's handball)

The 2017–18 Liga Națională was the 60th season of Liga Națională, the top-level women's professional handball league. The league comprises 14 teams. CSM București were the defending champions, for the third season in a row.

To Liga Națională
Promoted from Divizia A
 * Rapid București
 * CSM Slatina

From Liga Națională
Relegated to Divizia A

Liga Națională play-offs
The 11th and 12th-placed teams of the Liga Națională faced the 2nd and 3rd-placed teams of the Divizia A, from both Seria A and Seria B. The first place from each play-off group promoted to Liga Națională.


text:
Blagoja Georgievski

Blagoja Georgievski (alternate spelling: Blagoje Georgijevski, Благоја Георгиевски; 15 October 1950 – 29 January 2020) was a Macedonian professional basketball player and coach. He represented the Yugoslavia national basketball team internationally.

National team career
Georgievski competed for SFR Yugoslavia in the 1972 Summer Olympics and in the 1976 Summer Olympics.

title: Blagoja Georgievski


text:
Template talk:Hebr

test

 * 1) ייִדיש לעבט

SBL Hebrew
Can we put SBL Hebrew at the top of the list, above David which is currently there? SBL Hebrew is extremely niqqud-friendly and elegantly combines extended cantillation marks. David has always seemed limited in scope to secular phonetic use, with only basic niqqud. SBL Hebrew also seems to hint much better at small point sizes. - Gilgamesh 00:06, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Sure. What's the exact font name? "SBL Hebrew"? —Ruakh TALK 04:03, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, precisely. Also, I was thinking...it could be 125% base font size, like the same template on Wikipedia. - Gilgamesh 05:24, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm hesitant to mess with the font size again; a while back, I would occasionally raise it, and another editor would occasionally lower it. We seem to have found a size we can both leave be, and I don't want to touch that. ;-) —Ruakh TALK 00:17, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Alright, Rūaḥ. Can we update Template:Hebr to have SBL Hebrew at the top, now? :3 - Gilgamesh 05:51, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. —Ruakh TALK 23:51, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Merge from hebrew and yi-Hebr
It's been proposed to merge and  into this one, since the three are nearly identical. Please comment at Grease pit. —Michael Z. 2008-11-25 16:02 z

 * Done. —Michael Z. 2008-11-26 05:22 z

פסח [and Hebrew articles in general]
The niqqud in the inflection line and the user examples (i.e., practically everywhere in the article) show up in exploded view, i.e. to the left of the letter it is modifying, instead of under it. Is there a way that I could view the niqqud in unexploded form? AugPi 16:59, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I have no idea what could have caused this. I see no recent change to [[פסח]] or [[mediawiki:Common.css]] or [[template:Hebr]] that could be responsible. Perhaps someone else knows. —msh210℠ 17:10, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

And this goes for Hebrew articles in general: to me, Hebrew script showing the niqqud in exploded view doesn't look good at all: I much prefer seeing the niqqud where it's supposed to be. AugPi 17:07, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * What goes for Hebrew in general: merely that "exploded" vowelization doesn't look good, or also that you see the pages that way? (I agree that no one should see "exploded" vowelization.) —msh210℠ 17:10, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * So it's only me who is seeing this? I use Safari 4.0.3 on a MacBook...   AugPi 17:13, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Do you see the same problem on other Hebr pages? —msh210℠ 17:39, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, all Hebrew pages on en.wikt, and even Niqqud on Wikipedia. Switching to Firefox doesn't help either.  However, when I tried using the PC, the niqqud showed up correctly (i.e. "unexploded").  One way I can get the niqqud to collapse is to copy, say, a user example, then paste it onto TextEdit, then click on the Format menu, then click on "Make Plain Text," and that causes the niqqud to collapse to their correct places (under the letters).  Then if I click on the Format menu and click on "Make Rich Text," the niqqud remain in their correct places, and when I copy a line of "unexploded" Hebrew text from TextEdit to here (en.wikt edit window):

 * רָאָה אֶת הַדָּם עַל הַמַּשְׁקוֹף וְעַל שְׁתֵּי הַמְּזוּזֹת וּפָסַח יהוה עַל הַפֶּתַח וְלֹא יִתֵּן הַמַּשְׁחִית לָבֹא אֶל בָּתֵּיכֶם לִנְגֹּף:

 * the niqqud shows up correctly, and when I click on "Show preview," the niqqud is still showing up correctly. Maybe this is something that I should bring up on the Grease Pit or maybe even consult with the Genius Bar at a Mac store...   AugPi 18:16, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * It's been this way for a while, and it never occurred to me to ask until now: so I don't think it would be caused by any recent change to, say, mediawiki:Common.css.  AugPi 18:19, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * For a while now in Firefox on this Linux machine I've seen the vowels shifted leftward, so each appears to be (roughly) on the letter after the one it's on. Perhaps Common.css needs a beter choice of font. I've been ignoring the problem. —msh210℠ 18:22, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I have just tried viewing http://he.wiktionary.org/wiki/פסח from Safari (on my MacBook) and the niqqud in that article showed up correctly.  AugPi 18:37, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * So I looked at http://he.wiktionary.org/wiki/מדיה_ויקי:Common.css and saw that it did not mention any Hebrew font, so I tried removing mention of Hebrew fonts on en.wikt's mediawiki:Common.css, and after I refreshed, the niqqud in the פסח article had collapsed to their correct places.  AugPi 18:47, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Here too! Well, that improves things for you and me, apparently. Perhaps post a question in the GP (with a pointer to it from Wiktionary talk:About Hebrew) whether it worsens things for anyone, or what else can be done. (I think Conrad has said that the font definitions are needed only for IE users, so it may be wise to check in IE whether your edit to Common ruined things.) —msh210℠ 18:50, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I tried refreshing (Shift+reload) the פסח page on IE, and the Hebrew font seemed to change somewhat (though the niqqud remained in their correct places [the font changed from serif to sans-serif  AugPi 19:32, 16 June 2010 (UTC)  ]).  However, when I switched to the Hebrew version of that article, i.e. פסח, I saw that it has the same font to which IE switched after the refresh.  This makes sense because, as I mentioned above, he.wikt's he:mediawiki:Common.css doesn't specify a Hebrew font. [if he.wikt can get away with it, then en.wikt probably can too]   AugPi 19:04, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Hebr


text:
Talk:Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth

Untitled
I think there should be a seperate page for Carswell, and one for NASJRB. One for historical reference, the other for currenet uses. Bwmoll3 (talk) 17:54, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Airport Code Confusion
This page lists the ICAO airport code as KNFW. However, the list at ICAO shows it as KFWH, which matches the pattern in the US of prepending the IATA code with a "K" (see ICAO_airport_code). List_of_airports_by_ICAO_code:_K doesn't show either of them. Which is it? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:39, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Page name / URL
"NAS Fort Worth JRB", NOT what it is. Need a ref?? Please move. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:09, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

The CNIC page only confuses this more. The name of the page is the same as the name of this entry, but it is refered to as Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base throughout the website. The Navy page uses NASJRBFW in its URL, but also uses NAS Fort Worth JRB within the webpage. While I tend to agree with <IP_ADDRESS>, I don't think that there is a clear consensus. I do think the page name should match the first sentence (I don't know how to change the name of a page; otherwise I would). Broccoliboy5 (talk) 16:09, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

Smaller twin-engine aircraft in picture?
Can anyone verify the identity of the small twin-engine aircraft behind the B-36 in the YB-52 photo? It looks like the sole flyable North American XA2J Super Savage prototype. Carguychris (talk) 21:57, 21 November 2014 (UTC)

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Femtowatt hour hatnote
FWH and fW h should be mentioned in the hatnote. Further info: SI prefix. 2600:4040:208F:2A00:A61A:47EE:934E:63C7 (talk) 01:27, 12 October 2023 (UTC)


text:
Template:Origscript

"Seduced by the Dark Side!"

An old (yet wise) person and a young (but curious) person are outside a movie theater where they have just seen the movie "Star Wars". Now they stand looking at the movie poster on the wall outside the theater.

The younger person says, "That was a great movie... but I don't understand one thing." The older person says, "Hum, what's that?". The young person says, "I don't understand how anyone can be 'seduced by the dark side'".

The older person thinks for a while and then answers, "What computer do you use at home?"

The young person immediately responds eagerly, "A Macintosh."

Then the older person slowly says, "But what computer does your father use at work?"

The young person thinks for a while and then smiles in amazement, exclaiming loudly, "Seduced by the Dark Side!"

The older person smiles knowingly at the young person. The young person is very happy knowing he has just learned a very important lesson. Now the two have formed a bond that will last a lifetime.

They begin walking slowly home together.

The End

title: Template:Origscript


text:
Anthroposystem

The term anthroposystem is used to describe the anthropological analogue to the ecosystem. In other words, the anthroposystem model serves to compare the flow of materials through human systems to those in naturally occurring systems. As defined by Santos, an anthroposystem is "the orderly combination or arrangement of physical and biological environments for the purpose of maintaining human civilization...built by man to sustain his kind." The anthroposystem is intimately linked to economic and ecological systems as well.

Description
Both the anthroposystem and ecosystem can be divided into three groups: producers, consumers, and recyclers. In the ecosystem, the producers or autotrophs consist of plants and some bacteria capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis or chemical synthesis, the consumers consist of animals that obtain energy from grazing and/or by feeding on other animals and the recyclers consist of decomposers such as fungi and bacteria.

In the anthroposystem, the producers consist of the energy production through fossil fuels, manufacturing with non-fuel minerals and growing food; the consumers consist of humans and domestic animals and the recyclers consist of the decomposing or recycling activities (i.e. waste water treatment, metal and solid waste recycling).

The ecosystem is sustainable whereas the anthroposystem is not. The ecosystem is a closed loop in which nearly everything is recycled whereas the anthroposystem is an open loop where very little is recycled. In contrast to the ecosystem, the anthroposystem's producers and consumers are significantly more spatially displaced than those in the ecosystem and thus, more energy is required to transfer matter to a producer or recycler. Currently, a large majority of this energy comes from non-renewable fossil fuels.

Additionally, recycling is a naturally occurring component of the ecosystem, and is responsible for much of the resources used by the system. Under the anthroposystem model, however, recycling does not naturally occur. Outside input is relied on for material and energy supplies, and recycling systems that do exist are artificially created. The process of improving the flow of energy, such that waste can be reused as input resources, is known as industrial ecology.

A matrix can be used to describe the anthropological network of producers, consumers and recyclers and the movement of materials between each.

However, the matrix model of the anthroposystem - based on a model for the ecosystem - fails in acknowledging the physical redistribution of mobilized matter. In developing the anthroposystem model, there is a trade-off between simplicity and completeness. A simple representative model can be created involving only producers, consumers, and recyclers, but this is an open, incomplete system. More components and analogues (such as a matrix that encompasses the producers, consumers and recyclers) can be added to the system to make a more complete model, but the model loses simplicity in the process. Though the anthroposystem concept is flawed in this manner, it is a very good starting point for analyzing human activities and their effects on the environment.

When viewing the Earth as one large anthroposystem, we are essentially eliminating the uncertainty in material flow. All goods (i.e. fossil fuels) will still exist in the system but in a new form (i.e. pollutants). Therefore, the Laws of Conservation of Matter and Conservation of Energy can be applied to analyze how material flow will impact the environment.

title: Anthroposystem


text:
GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 6 answer 1

I'm sorry but this is the wrong answer.

Increasing the voltage would increase the current making the layer of silver thicker. But the question asked which one of the four possible measures would not increase the thickness of the layer.

<<Back


text:
William Henry Edwards

William Henry Edwards (March 15, 1822 – April 2, 1909) was an American businessman and entomologist. He was an industrial pioneer in the coalfields of West Virginia, opening some of the earliest mines in the southern part of the state. He was also a prominent naturalist specializing in the study of butterflies. He wrote The Butterflies of North America, a three-volume treatise that is highly regarded for its scholarship and the quality of its illustrations.

Biography
Edwards was born in Hunter, New York, a village that had been founded by his family just five years earlier and originally called Edwardsville. The son of William W. Edwards and Helen Ann (Mann) Edwards, he came from a prominent and successful American family. His father was a businessman involved in banking, insurance and European imports. His grandfather was Colonel William Edwards, founder of the family tannery business and inventor of several devices used in the manufacture of leather goods. His great-great-grandfather, Jonathan Edwards, was a distinguished theologian and revivalist preacher.

The Edwards family owned and managed a very large tannery in Hunter that relied on tanbark harvested from the hemlock forests of their country estate in the Catskill Mountains. Edwards grew up on the estate where he developed a lifelong appreciation of nature and an interest in natural history.

After attending the local village school in Hunter, Edwards went on to Williams College, Massachusetts in 1838. He disliked the strong religious tone at Williams, but greatly appreciated that the school was one of the first colleges in America to make natural history an important part of the curriculum. Edwards graduated in 1842 and then studied law in New York City with the expectation that he would join the family business. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1846, but did not pursue a career in law.

Amazon River
In 1846 Edwards traveled to Brazil and journeyed up the Amazon River with his uncle, Armory Edwards. Armory had been the US consul in Buenos Aires and worked in Argentina for the family's leather business. It is possible that the original purpose of their trip was related to family business concerns but for Edwards the focus of this trip became the beauty and untrammeled wilderness he experienced as they explored the huge delta island of Marajo and went upriver from Belém to Manaus.

Edwards took careful note of his experiences and shortly afterwards wrote a book, A Voyage Up the River Amazon, published in 1847. It is credited with sparking an interest in the region among natural scientists; in particular, Henry Walter Bates and Alfred Russel Wallace read Edward's account and were inspired to make the Amazon the destination for their famous expedition. Eventually, Edwards' book was just the first of several works written by naturalists that recorded the growing interest in the scientific exploration of the Amazon.

Coal business
Upon the death of his youngest brother in 1847, Edwards inherited 30,000 acres in Kanawha Valley, West Virginia (then still part of Virginia). His family had purchased the property sight-unseen from land speculators but Edwards soon determined that it was prime coal country, sitting atop some of the thickest coal seams in the world. He became one of the earliest entrants to the coal mining business in the region. In 1852 he opened the first coal mines on Paint Creek and developed the first cannel coal oil refinery in 1856. During the Civil War, Edwards organized the Kanawha and Ohio Coal Company and opened mines at Coalburg in 1863. Later, Edwards launched the mining industry's first coal towboat and used it to haul coal on the Ohio River to Cincinnati.

Butterflies
Although Edwards had been interested in natural history since his childhood, he only became a serious collector and student of butterflies around 1856 at the age of 33. He probably picked up the basics of entomology from John Weidemeyer, a New York entomologist who wrote one of the first American books on butterflies and John Akhurst, a New York taxidermist who also collected insects. During the 1850s Edwards built a significant collection of butterflies and corresponded with many prominent entomologists and other naturalists including Spencer Fullerton Baird. Baird, the first curator at the Smithsonian Institution, was supportive of Edward's new passion and sent him numerous butterfly specimens from the museum collections. Other museums followed suit and sent butterflies from around the world for identification.

Edwards published his first scientific paper in 1861 describing several new butterfly species. During the course of his career he published some 250 scientific papers on Lepidoptera. In addition to numerous papers describing new species of butterflies, he made important contributions in the area of polymorphism (the occurrence of more than one form in the same population of a species). Entomologists began to see polymorphism in insects as a demonstration of natural selection and an opportunity to study evolutionary processes. Edwards discovered many examples of polymorphism among butterflies in North America and showed that temperature was one environmental factor that influenced polymorphic species.

By 1865 Edwards had begun work on the Butterflies of North America, a three-volume masterpiece that has been called "one of the most important entomological publications of the 19th century." Originally intended to be a descriptive catalog of North American species, the scope grew to include detailed life histories of many species and some of the best butterfly illustrations ever published. The illustrations were drawn by Mary Peart, a talented Pennsylvanian artist, and hand-colored by Lydia Brown. Edwards spent the rest of his career completing what was to become his most important legacy. The third and final volume was published in 1897. Edwards retired from entomology shortly thereafter.

Personal life
Edward married Catherine Colt Tappan, the daughter of abolitionist Arthur Tappan, in 1851. They raised three children. Their son, William Seymour Edwards grew up to become prominent in West Virginia politics, industry and literature. Their daughter, Edith Edwards, married Theodore Luqueer Mead, a notable entomologist who had apprenticed for her father.

Edwards died at his home "Bellefleur" in Coalburg, West Virginia. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Works
Edwards published over 250 works including:
 * A Voyage up the River Amazon (1847);
 * The Butterflies of North America, volumes 1-3 (1868-1897);
 * Synopsis of North American Butterflies (1872);
 * "Catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico";
 * "Revised Catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico" (1884);

After 1897 Edwards retired from his work in entomology. He wrote a genealogy of the Edwards family and published a monograph disputing the authorship of Shakespeare's plays:
 * Memoirs of Col. William Edwards (1897)
 * Shaksper not Shakespeare (1900)

title: William Henry Edwards


text:
Talk:La Moine River

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Damarla Chennapa Nayaka

Damarla Chennapa Nayaka was a Nayaka ruler of Kalahasti and Vandavasi under the suzerainty of Vijayanagar emperor Venkatapati Raya ((r. 1585 – 1614)). He was also the Dalavoy or the Commander-in-Chief of the emperor.

The city of Chennai (originally called "Chennapatam") was founded by his sons, Venkatappa and Ayyappa, and named after Chennapa Nayaka. It was established in order to separate the warring Europeans within the region, the Dutch based at Pulicat and the Portuguese based at Mylapore. Later the British establishment at Madras (Fort St. George) was set up to the south of Chennapatam.

Family background
Chennapa Nayaka belonged to the Velama caste. *  He married Akkamamba, the daughter of Venkatagiri ruler Velugoti Kasturi Ranga and younger sister of Velugoti Yachama Nayaka. The line of Nayakas were chieftains during the Vijayanagar empire and attained full power after its decline, becoming independent Nayaks.

Service under Sriranga Deva Raya
Chennappa served under Sriranga Deva Raya assisting him against the Golkonda forces of Ibrahim Qutb Shah in several battles,notably in 1576 when Penukonda was captured by Ali Adil Shah and in 1579 when he captured the Golkonda Commander Murari Rao.

Death
In 1580, Ibrahim Qutb Shah invaded Kondavidu. Later he took the Udayagiri Fort and began to massacre the locals. However he was defeated after a brief fight with the Raya's army. Qutb Shah later took the fort of Vinukonda. Sriranga defeated the Sultan's forces with the assistance of his generals Muthuraja Chennappa(Damarla was his surname) and Kasturiranga. During this fight, Chennappa lost his life. He was succeeded by Kasturiranga. The East India Company established the St.George fort in the present day Chennai, for which the permission was granted by Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka, the local polygar of that area, under the condition that the area is to be named in the honour of his father from Chennapatnam, which was a nearby town named by Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka in honour of his father, Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, the East India Company in brief named the area as Madras.

title: Damarla Chennapa Nayaka


text:
Stephen J. Page

Stephen J. Page is an American biomedical researcher, scholar, clinician, professional speaker, and science educator known for his research on motor recovery and neurorehabilitation after stroke. Page developed stroke interventions such as modified constraint-induced movement therapy and applications of mental practice in neurorehabilitation, including the first application of mental practice to stroke survivors to increase neuroplasticity Page has authored scientific research articles about topics such as electrical stimulation, myoelectrics, outcome measurement, and neuromodulation. He has held academic appointments at The Ohio State University Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.

A 2017 study in The American Journal of Occupational Therapy named Stephen J. Page the most-cited author in occupational therapy from 1991 to 2014.

Education
Before earning a PhD in motor learning and control from The University of Tennessee in 1998, Page earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1993 from The College of Wooster and a Master of Science in exercise science from Ball State University in 1995.

Page completed a multidisciplinary post-doctoral fellowship in rehabilitation research at The Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, where he subsequently worked as a clinical research scientist from 2000-2002.

In 2012, Page earned a postdoctoral Master's of Occupational Therapy (MOT) from The University of Findlay.

Academic career
Stephen J. Page has authored or co-authored more than 130 scholarly journal articles, book chapters, and monographs. According to Google Scholar, his research articles have been cited by 10,842 publications.

Page began his academic career at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine's Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation from 2002 to 2011 as an associate professor in Rehabilitation Sciences and Neurosciences and Director of the Neuromotor Recovery and Rehabilitation Laboratory.

From 2011 to 2020, Stephen Page was on the occupational therapy faculty at Ohio State University at the Wexner Medical Center's School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, where he created and co-directed the Ohio Neurorehabilitation Academy and also directed the Better Rehabilitation and Assessment for Improved Neuro-recovery (B.R.A.I.N.) Laboratory.

Professional Career in Stroke Rehabilitation and Health Communication
Beyond his academic career, Stephen Page is a practitioner and educator in treating strokes through neurorehabilitation.

A Licensed Occupational Therapist in the State of Ohio, Page received certification in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) from Harvard Medical School and the National Center for Neuromodulation in Rehabilitation at the Medical University of South Carolina. Page has advocated the usage of these technologies in the neurorehabilitation of patients following strokes, traumatic brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, focal hand dystonia, and neuropathic pain.

In 2012, Page co-founded the Certified Stroke Rehabilitation Specialist program, the sole stroke rehabilitation certification program for physical and occupational therapists, offered by Neurorecovery Unlimited, LLC, in conjunction with the American Stroke Association.

Page served as a health/medical communications team leader for The National Stroke Association from 2012 to 2018.

Since leaving academia in 2020, Page has worked as an independent biomedical communicator, professional speaker, and stroke rehabilitation educator as President of Neurorecovery Unlimited, LLC, to train clinicians globally. He remains affiliated with academic research as an invited editor and manuscript reviewer for many scholarly journals in his field.

Selected Honors and Awards

 * Fellow, The American Heart Association
 * Fellow, The American Occupational Therapy Association
 * Fellow, The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine
 * Fellow, Research Consortium, The American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation
 * Distinguished Member Award, The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine
 * Deborah Wilkerson Award (inaugural recipient), The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine

Selected publications

 * Page, S. J., Levine, P., & Leonard, A. (2007). Mental practice in chronic stroke: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke, 38(4), 1293–1297. (Cited 617 times)
 * Page, S. J., Fulk, G. D., & Boyne, P. (2012). Clinically important differences for the upper-extremity Fugl-Meyer Scale in people with minimal to moderate impairment due to chronic stroke. Physical Therapy, 92(6), 791–798. (Cited 600 times)
 * Page, S. J., Levine, P., Sisto, S., & Johnston, M. V. (2001). A randomized efficacy and feasibility study of imagery in acute stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation, 15(3), 233–240. (Cited 502 times)
 * Page, S. J., Sisto, S., Levine, P., & McGrath, R. E. (2004). Efficacy of modified constraint-induced movement therapy in chronic stroke: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 85(1), 14–18. (Cited 470 times)
 * Page, Stephen J; Levine, Peter; Leonard, Anthony; Szaflarski, Jerzy P; Kissela, Brett M (2008-03-01). Modified Constraint-Induced Therapy in Chronic Stroke: Results of a Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Physical Therapy. 88(3): 333–340 (Cited 265 times)
 * Page, Stephen J.; Szaflarski, Jerzy P.; Eliassen, James C.; Pan, Hai; Cramer, Steven C. (May 2009). Cortical Plasticity Following Motor Skill Learning During Mental Practice in Stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 23(4): 382–388 (Cited 261 times)
 * Wilson, Richard D.; Page, Stephen J.; Delahanty, Michael; Knutson, Jayme S.; Gunzler, Douglas; Sheffler, Lynne; Chae, John (November 2016). Upper Limb Recovery after Stroke: A randomized, controlled trial comparing EMG-triggered, cyclic, and sensory electrical stimulation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 30(10): 978–987 (Cited 85 times)
 * Page, Stephen J.; Griffin, Christine; White, Susan (2020). Efficacy of Myoelectric Bracing in Moderately Impaired Stroke: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 52(2) (Cited 13 times)

title: Stephen J. Page