text:
Horn/General/Types

Natural
The natural horn is the ancient ancestor of all modern horns, having no valves whatsoever. Since it lacks valves, only the notes in the harmonic series can be produced without the use of the right hand. In order to play notes outside of the harmonic series,hornists originally used varying hand positions, a practice still commonly used today on modern horns to make minor pitch adjustments. Today, when playing music written before the advent of valves, we see parts written for horn in many keys besides F. While multiple keys consistently challenge players of modern valved horns to accurately transpose by sight, they actually simplify the reading and playing of music for the natural horn. The hornist would just add the correct crook to change the natural horn's key, thereby enabling the player to both read the music as written and more easily play passages with the hand. Realizing that handhorn technique doesn't change between keys can help make transposition much easier. All we need to know is which key combinations are equivalent to the key of the horn part.

List of natural horn keys with their corresponding fingering on the modern horn:
 * C alto - none
 * B alto - none
 * Bb alto - T0
 * A alto - T2
 * Ab alto - T1
 * G - T12 or T3
 * Gb - T23
 * F - F0 or T13
 * E - F2 or T123
 * Eb - F1
 * D - F12 or F3
 * Db - F23
 * C - F13
 * B basso - F123
 * Bb basso - none
 * A basso - none
 * Ab basso - none

Handhorn Technique
Before starting to learn handhorn get to know the harmonic series of the horn or the notes that can naturally be played without valves.

For every pitch there are a few things we can do to give us a near chromatic range:
 * To play one half-step lower, close off the bell a bit. This will take some experimenting to figure out how much, but it should be relatively easy.
 * To play one half-step higher, fully stop the bell. (For a full explanation see Stopped horn.) For modern horns, we are encouraged to make this sound quite nasally. For the natural horn, it should be much smoother. Experiment to make the note sound more uniform with other notes. This may even require playing some of the open notes slightly more closed.
 * Pitch bending with the lips is required for some notes. For example Beethoven especially likes throwing in low written G's (bottom line base clef in new notation). This is not a note in the harmonic series, but bending the pitch that low is quite possible. Another example that is not used often is for playing the D just below the treble clef staff. It is a whole step away from the C and E which can be played open. Bending all the way to the D from either note is quite difficult, but a half-step bend down from the E is very doable. So if we bend a half-step and then close off the bell a bit we can get a D.

Some repertoire for natural horn:
 * Mozart Horn Concerti
 * Beethoven Sonata for Horn

Single
The single horn has three valves which lower the pitch of the instrument two, one, and three half steps respectively. Valves eliminate the need for hand-horning, though stopped horn is still commonly used among modern players. Single horns are usually made in the key of F, though many can be found in Bb alto.

Double
The double horn combines the F and Bb single horns into one instrument. Double horns have four valves; the three valves of the single horn plus an additional valve, played with the thumb, to switch between the F and Bb horn. The double horn is the most commonly used today. It gives players extra versatility by allowing them to use the Bb horn to produce better tone in the upper register and in the low range from the F below middle C to the C a fourth below that. The F horn is typically used in the mid-low to middle register.

Descant
The descant horn is a single horn in the key of F, but pitched an octave higher than the usual F horn. It is often used for pieces in which the horn part is entirely in the upper and upper-middle registers.

Triple
The triple horn combines the single F, single Bb, and descant horns into one instrument. It has the four valves of a double horn plus a fifth valve to switch to the descant "side" of the horn.

Closely related instruments

 * Alp Horn
 * Wagner Tuba

For more information on all types of horns see Horn.

title: Horn/General/Types


text:
M. George Henry

Matthew George Henry (October 25, 1910 – March 19, 1975) was the third diocesan bishop of Western North Carolina in The Episcopal Church, serving from September 29, 1948, until his death.

Early life and education
Henry was born on October 25, 1910, in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the son of Dr George Kenneth Grant, professor of Latin and later assistant registrar at the University of North Carolina, and Mary Elizabeth Harding who was descendant from a line of Episcopal clergymen. Henry attended the public schools in Chapel Hill and then studied at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in chemistry in 1931. He became a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and after graduation he held a teaching fellowship at the University of South Carolina. He then attended the Virginia Theological Seminary from where he earned a Bachelor of Divinity in 1935.

Ordained ministry
Henry was ordained deacon on June 16, 1935, in the Chapel of the Cross in Chapel Hill, North Carolina by Edwin A. Penick, Bishop of North Carolina. He then became curate at St Philip's Church in Durham, North Carolina and in November of that same year, he served at St Paul's Church in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. In 1936, he became deacon-in-charge of Christ Church in Walnut Cove, North Carolina, Messiah Church in Mayodan, North Carolina, St Philip's Church in Germantown, North Carolina, and Emmanuel Church in Stoneville, North Carolina. He was ordained priest in the Church of the Messiah, Mayodan, North Carolina on May 23, 1936, by Bishop Penick and became priest-in-charge of the church within which he served as deacon. That same year, in 1936, Henry transferred to Calvary Church in Tarboro, North Carolina to serve as its rector. In 1943, he left Tarboro and became rector of Christ Church in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Bishop
On May 14, 1948, Henry was elected on the ninth ballot as the third Bishop of Western North Carolina, during the diocesan annual convention held in Asheville, North Carolina. He was consecrated on September 29, 1948, at Trinity Church in Asheville, North Carolina by Presiding Bishop Henry St. George Tucker. Henry died in office of a heart attack on March 19, 1975.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: M. George Henry


text:
Talk:Doug Wimbish

Rapper's Delight
'The rhythm tracks for this song were played by the group Positive Force': I read that its based on a sample from Chic's Good Times (according to: The Rifftionary Bass. Faber Music Ltd. London 2008.). --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:39, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

 * You are right that the rhythm tracks to Rapper's Delight (the famous bass line in particular) were based on the song Good Times by Chic (not sampled though if that's what you mean). Not sure if it's necessary to mention it here. After all, the article is about DW and he did not play on the song. The only reason it's mentioned is to avoid people thinking that DW having played bass for Sugar Hill Gang he must have also played bass on their greatest hit. --Vunzmstr (talk) 10:44, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

new pic
I have another pic of Wimbish but the article seems crowded so I'll put it here for now. PermanentVacay (talk) 21:51, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doug Wimbish


text:
User:Brooke Vibber/Test

Current guides and walkthroughs for the TI 83+:
 * Return to Video Game Walkthroughs

Note: The TI 83+ is a calculator that you can download games from the internet (via a USB cable) onto.

 * 1) Phoenix [[Image:Solid_red.png]]

title: User:Brooke Vibber/Test


text:
User:Giovanni~enwikiversity

Username Giovanni is a psuedonym for a student currently studying applied linguistics (Romance Languages and Literatures) at the University of Notre Dame. He is currently being trained in Italian and Portuguese, but speaks French and English. His other interests include the entire field of linguistics, politics, history, culture, applied theology and law.

title: User:Giovanni~enwikiversity


text:
User:Roy.morgenshtern

hi... i'm roy morgenshtern, also known as morgy. 21 YO, israel.

i belive wikis and the internet is the best way to help people learn and develop, and i'm here to help.

my first try to help people learn freely by the internet is "morgy words". it is a website that shows you all the words for the psychometric exam in israel(in hebrew), and let you browse card after card... here is the link:

i'll try to promote this cause farther...

title: User:Roy.morgenshtern


text:
User:Eneide~enwiki

Jean-Pierre AUDOUARD, Ph.D. Senior Corrosion Expert, Stainless Steel Specialist, E-mail : jpa.eneide.42@voila.fr

title: User:Eneide~enwiki


text:
Rainer Henkel

Rainer Henkel (born 27 February 1964 in Opladen) is a former freestyle swimmer from Germany, who won the bronze medal in the 4×200 m freestyle relay for West Germany at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.

At the World Championships Henkel won four medals: two golds in the 400 m freestyle and 1500 m freestyle in 1986, silver in the 4×200 m freestyle, and bronze in the 4×200 m freestyle. Furthermore, he won five medals at the European Championships: two golds in the 1500 m freestyle and 4×200 m freestyle in 1987, two silver medals in the 1500 m freestyle in 1985 and the 400 m freestyle in 1987, and one bronze in the 400 m freestyle in 1985.

From 1989 to 2001 he was married to the former German high jumper Heike Henkel.

title: Rainer Henkel


text:
Template:EMDisclaimers

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 * The information in this textbook can be edited by anyone, regardless of whether they are medically trained or not, regardless of whether they are providing good information or misleading information. The information in this textbook may be wrong! Using this information to make health decisions for yourself or anyone in your care may lead to death, disability, pain and suffering, or worse!
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title: Template:EMDisclaimers


text:
Gourcuff

Gourcuff or Gourkuñv also associated to Corcuff is a surname, and may refer to;

Gourkuñv derives from gour and kuñv which means a charming, affable, gentle or conciliatory man in Breton. Like for the surname Henaff, the digraph -ff was introduced by Middle Ages' authors to indicate a nasalized vowel.

 * Yoann Gourcuff, French footballer
 * Christian Gourcuff, French football coach
 * Guillaume de Gourcuff, Breton noble who participated in the Sixth Crusade. His name is mentioned in the third Salle des Croisades.
 * Marguerite de Gourcuff a.k.a. Daisy de Galard, French journalist
 * Olivier de Gourcuff, French writer
 * Laurent de Gourcuff, French businessman

title: Gourcuff


text:
schijthuis

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  shithouse, outhouse
 * 2)  term of abuse for a coward
 * 1)  term of abuse for a coward

title: schijthuis


text:
Talk:Marco Villagatti

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Marco Villagatti. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150211161932/http://sorrentocalcio.com/stampa-e-multimedia/archivio-notizie/1749-il-difensore-marco-villagatti-e-del-sorrento.html to http://sorrentocalcio.com/stampa-e-multimedia/archivio-notizie/1749-il-difensore-marco-villagatti-e-del-sorrento.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150213140005/http://www.arezzocalcio.com/it/news/news-squadra/villagatti-un-nuovo-giocatore-dellus-arezzo_1331.html to http://www.arezzocalcio.com/it/news/news-squadra/villagatti-un-nuovo-giocatore-dellus-arezzo_1331.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:38, 16 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marco Villagatti


text:
William H. Kinne

William Halsey Kinne (April 22, 1846 – March 16, 1943) was an American merchant and politician from New York.

Life
Kinne was born on April 22, 1846, in Romulus, New York. His parents, Mr. and Mrs. Silas Kinne, were pioneer settlers of south Seneca County.

Kinne attended Ovid Academy. He then moved to Ovid and worked as a coal and lumber dealer. He was a member of the Kinne Bros. firm, dealers of lumber, coal, builders' supplies, and farm machinery.

In 1891, Kinne was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Democrat, representing Seneca County. He served in the Assembly in 1892 and 1896. In 1913, he was appointed postmaster for the village of Ovid.

Kinne was married to Elnora Blaine. Their children were Mrs. John G. Gordon, Mrs. S. E. Mekell, Charles, and James B. For the last several years of his life, he lived with his son Charles in Waterloo.

Kinne died on March 16, 1943, at his son Charles' home in Waterloo. He was buried in the Ovid Union Cemetery.

title: William H. Kinne


text:
Mariana Scandura

Mariana Beatriz Scandura (born 2 May 1994) is an Argentinian field hockey player.

Hockey career
In 2018, Scandura was called into the senior national women's team that won the 2018 South American Games.

title: Mariana Scandura


text:
The Spotlight (film)

The Spotlight is a 1927 American silent comedy film directed by Frank Tuttle, written by Hope Loring, Herman J. Mankiewicz and Rita Weiman, and starring Esther Ralston, Neil Hamilton, Nicholas Soussanin, Arlette Marchal and Arthur Housman. It was released on November 19, 1927, by Paramount Pictures.

Cast

 * Esther Ralston as Lizzie Stokes / Olga Rostova
 * Neil Hamilton as Norman Brooke
 * Nicholas Soussanin as Daniel Hoffman
 * Arlette Marchal as Maggie Courtney
 * Arthur Housman as Ebbetts

Production
The film is a remake of the 1921 film Footlights.

Preservation status
The Spotlight is a lost film.

title: The Spotlight (film)


text:
Mandarin/Mandarin One/Lesson One/Lesson One Quiz

Pronunciation

 * The Tones
 * Initials
 * Finals

(5=Highest Normal Pitch, 1=Lowest Normal Pitch) {What is the pitch range for the High Rising tone? - 5-5 + 3-5 - 2-1-4 - 1, 2, 3, or 4 - None of the above
 * type=""}
 * The pitch range for High Flat is 5-5.
 * Correct! The pitch range for the High Rising tone is 3-5.
 * The pitch range for the Low Dropping and Rising is tone 2-1-4.
 * The pitch range for Neutral tone varies according to the preceding syllable.

{What tone number starts from a high of 4 and ends with a low of 3? - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 + None of the above
 * type=""}
 * The pitch range for the High Flat tone is 5-5.
 * The pitch range for the High Rising tone is 3-5.
 * The pitch range for the Low Dropping and Rising tone is 2-1-4.
 * The pitch range for the Sharply Dropping tone is 5-1.
 * The pitch range for Neutral tone varies according to the preceding syllable.
 * Correct; no tones in Mandarin correspond to those levels

{What tone number falls from 2 to 1 and then rises from 1 to 4? - 1 - 2 + 3 - 4 - 5 - None of the above
 * type=""}
 * The pitch range for the High Flat tone is 5-5.
 * The pitch range for the High Rising tone is 3-5.
 * The Low Dropping and Rising tone is correct.
 * The pitch range for the Sharply Dropping tone is 5-1.
 * The pitch range for Neutral tone varies according to the preceding syllable.

{What initial sounds are Unaspirated (unvoiced)? - pō, tē, cī, chī, qī, kē + bō, dē, zī, zhī, jī, gē - mō, nē - fō, sī, shī, xī, hē - lē, rī - None of the above
 * type=""}
 * Aspirated - A puff of air is used to make all of these sounds that is stronger than in English.
 * Correct! No puffs of air are produced to make these sounds. The initial b sounds like an unvoiced version of p, d is like t, and g like k.

{The initial sound zhī sounds like what English equivalent? - The "chi" in chirp - The "sh" in shirt - The "j" in jeep + the "j" in "j" in adjure - None of the above
 * type=""}
 * used in the initial sound: chī
 * used in the initial sound: shī
 * used in the initial sound: jī
 * Correct!

{What group of initials are the most different from how they would be pronounced in English, are called Retroflexes, and the sound is made by rolling the tongue back? - pō, tē, cī, chī, qī, kē - bō, dē, zī, zhī, jī, gē + zhī, chī, shī, rī - jī, qī, xī - zī, cī, sī - None of the above
 * type=""}
 * Aspirated - A puff of air is used to make all of these sounds that is stronger than in English.
 * These are unasperated
 * Correct!
 * These are the palatals
 * These are the dental silibants

{How is the final ü written when it there is no initial? - y - u - wu + yu - ü - None of the above
 * type=""}
 * This is not left in a syllable by itself. The "i" sound in a stand-alone syllable is spelled yi.
 * This is not left in a syllable by itself. The "u" sound in a stand-alone syllable is spelled wu.
 * This is spelling of the "u" sound in a stand-alone syllable.
 * Correct!
 * This is not left in a syllable by itself. The "ü" sound in a stand-alone syllable is spelled yu.

{What final sounds like the first part of British English "angst"? - en - an - ung - eng + ang - None of the above
 * type=""}
 * is like un in "women
 * is like ahn
 * This is not a final.
 * Eng is like ung in "rung"
 * Correct!

{What tone is voiced at one of four different pitch levels depending on the preceeding syllable? - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 + 5 - None of the above
 * type=""}
 * is high flat 1-1
 * is high rising 3-5
 * is low dropping and rising 2-1-4
 * is sharply dropping 5-1
 * Correct! It is the neutral tone.

{What final sounds like won? - wen - uan + un - eng - ung - None of the above
 * type=""}
 * is like wun in "won"
 * is like wahn in the Spanish "Juan"
 * Correct!
 * is like ung in "rung"
 * This is not a final.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/yogaplanet.jp

Links

 * yogaplanet.jp resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 1 additions.


text:
Apis mellifera lamarckii

Lamarck's honey bee or the Egyptian honey bee, Apis mellifera lamarckii, is a subspecies of honey bee occurring in a narrow range along the Egyptian Nile Valley of Egypt and Sudan, named after Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and is considered the first honey bee domesticated, before 2600BC.

Description
It is a dark honey bee with yellow abdomen, and is a small subspecies like the subspecies south of the Sahara. The Lamarck's mitotype can also be identified in honey bees from California and in feral bees from Florida.

A trait of the A. m. lamarckii is that it does not collect propolis nor does it form winter clusters and therefore may not overwinter well in areas that experience freezing temperatures or prolonged winters.

It is considered aggressive, with a low honey yield.

title: Apis mellifera lamarckii


text:
iron cage

Noun

 * 1)  A theory proposed by Max Weber which argues that rationalization and rules trap humans in a figurative "cage" of thought.

title: iron cage


text:
Abraham Lincoln

Etymology
From Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), the sixteenth president of the United States of America, noted for his integrity and for abolishing slavery.

Noun

 * 1) An emancipator or analogous reformer.
 * 2) * 1908, William Garrison, quoted in Annie Le Porte Diggs, The Story of Jerry Simpson, Jane Simpson (publisher), pg. 252:
 * He was greatly beloved and regarded as the Abraham Lincoln of Kansas. When the history of reform is written; when we have a government administered by and for the people let it be said of Jerry Simpson that he gave the best of his life to free labor from the bondage of capital.
 * 1) * (Quoted passage) 1995, "Pakistanis silence youthful voice against child labor," 1995, April 1, Chicago Tribune, p. 6, in 2005, William A. Corsaro, The Sociology of Childhood, Pine Forge Press, pg. 25 ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>:
 * In a seven-minute acceptance speech, Iqbal said he wanted to become a lawyer "'so he could become the Abraham Lincoln of his people'"
 * 1) * 2001, Barbara Olson quoted in Evelyn L. Damore, The Rattle and Hiss of the Tin Gods, iUniverse, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>, pg. 180:
 * In the words of Clinton's openly homosexual advisor David Mixner, 'Clinton became the Abraham Lincoln of our movement'
 * 1)  A penny.
 * 1)  A penny.

title: Abraham Lincoln


text:
Cookbook:Texas Easy Chili

| Texas cuisine

Texas easy chili is a chili powder and tomato juice based sauce combined with cubed or ground beef. Chili originated in Texas in the 1800s. There are many variations of chili. This version does not contain beans.

Ingredients

 * 3 pounds chuck roast or ground beef, cubed or formed into small meatballs
 * 2 tablespoons oil
 * 2 cloves of garlic, minced
 * 6 tablespoons chili powder
 * 5 tablespoons flour
 * 1 tablespoon dried oregano
 * 1 teaspoon ground cumin
 * 3 cups tomato juice or V8
 * 3 beef bouillon cubes
 * Salt to taste
 * Black pepper to taste
 * Lime wedges
 * Sour cream

Procedure

 * 1) Cut chuck roast into bite-size pieces or form ground beef into small meatballs (1 inch / 25 mm in size).
 * 2) Fry beef in cooking oil until outside is browned.
 * 3) Add minced garlic and cook for 2 minutes.
 * 4) Combine chili powder, flour, oregano and cumin in bowl and mix well. Sprinkle mixture over cooking beef and stir until beef is well coated with spice mixture. Cook for 1 minute.
 * 5) Add tomato juice and bullion cubes. Stir for about 15 seconds.
 * 6) Simmer for 45 minutes, stirring occasionally.
 * 7) Remove from heat and add salt and black pepper to taste.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Cool and refrigerate overnight to develop flavors (if you can wait; if not, enjoy).
 * Heat and serve in bowls with 1 tablespoon of lime juice and 1 tablespoon of sour cream added to top.
 * Serve with cornbread or sourdough bread.
 * For a cool treat, spoon a tablespoon of ranch dressing on top of your chili, along with some cheese!

title: Cookbook:Texas Easy Chili


text:
Cantellated 120-cell

In four-dimensional geometry, a cantellated 120-cell is a convex uniform 4-polytope, being a cantellation (a 2nd order truncation) of the regular 120-cell.

There are four degrees of cantellations of the 120-cell including with permutations truncations. Two are expressed relative to the dual 600-cell.

Cantellated 120-cell

The cantellated 120-cell is a uniform 4-polytope. It is named by its construction as a Cantellation operation applied to the regular 120-cell. It contains 1920 cells, including 120 rhombicosidodecahedra, 1200 triangular prisms, 600 octahedra. Its vertex figure is a wedge, with two rhombicosidodecahedra, two triangular prisms, and one octahedron meeting at each vertex.

Alternative names

 * Cantellated 120-cell Norman Johnson
 * Cantellated hecatonicosachoron / Cantellated dodecacontachoron / Cantellated polydodecahedron
 * Small rhombated hecatonicosachoron (Acronym srahi) (George Olshevsky and Jonathan Bowers)
 * Ambo-02 polydodecahedron (John Conway)

Cantitruncated 120-cell
The cantitruncated 120-cell polychoron is a uniform polychoron.

This 4-polytope is related to the regular 120-cell. The cantitruncation operation create new truncated tetrahedral cells at the vertices, and triangular prisms at the edges. The original dodecahedron cells are cantitruncated into great rhombicosidodecahedron cells.

The image shows the 4-polytope drawn as a Schlegel diagram, which projects the 4-dimensional figure into 3-space, distorting the sizes of the cells. In addition, the decagonal faces are hidden, allowing us to see the elemented projected inside.

Alternative names

 * Cantitruncated 120-cell Norman Johnson
 * Cantitruncated hecatonicosachoron / Cantitruncated polydodecahedron
 * Great rhombated hecatonicosachoron (Acronym grahi) (George Olshevsky and Jonthan Bowers)
 * Ambo-012 polydodecahedron (John Conway)

Cantellated 600-cell
The cantellated 600-cell is a uniform 4-polytope. It has 1440 cells: 120 icosidodecahedra, 600 cuboctahedra, and 720 pentagonal prisms. Its vertex figure is an isosceles triangular prism, defined by one icosidodecahedron, two cuboctahedra, and two pentagonal prisms.

Alternative names

 * Cantellated 600-cell Norman Johnson
 * Cantellated hexacosichoron / Cantellated tetraplex
 * Small rhombihexacosichoron (Acronym srix) (George Olshevsky and Jonathan Bowers)
 * Ambo-02 tetraplex (John Conway)

Construction
This 4-polytope has cells at 3 of 4 positions in the fundamental domain, extracted from the Coxeter diagram by removing one node at a time:

There are 1440 pentagonal faces between the icosidodecahedra and pentagonal prisms. There are 3600 squares between the cuboctahedra and pentagonal prisms. There are 2400 triangular faces between the icosidodecahedra and cuboctahedra, and 1200 triangular faces between pairs of cuboctahedra.

There are two classes of edges: 3-4-4, 3-4-5: 3600 have two squares and a triangle around it, and 7200 have one triangle, one square, and one pentagon.

Cantitruncated 600-cell
The cantitruncated 600-cell is a uniform 4-polytope. It is composed of 1440 cells: 120 truncated icosahedra, 720 pentagonal prisms and 600 truncated octahedra. It has 7200 vertices, 14400 edges, and 8640 faces (3600 squares, 1440 pentagons, and 3600 hexagons). It has an irregular tetrahedral vertex figure, filled by one truncated icosahedron, one pentagonal prism and two truncated octahedra.

Alternative names

 * Cantitruncated 600-cell (Norman Johnson)
 * Cantitruncated hexacosichoron / Cantitruncated polydodecahedron
 * Great rhombated hexacosichoron (acronym grix) (George Olshevsky and Jonathan Bowers)
 * Ambo-012 polytetrahedron (John Conway)

title: Cantellated 120-cell


text:
Magistra

Noun

 * 1) magister (female); an academic degree usually comparable to an M.A. or M.Sc.

Noun

 * 1)  The high priestess or female leader of a coven, the feminine of Magister or Master.

title: Magistra


text:
Timo Jalkanen

Timo Jussi Jalkanen (born 1936) was a Finnish diplomat and jurist. He served as the Finnish Ambassador to Iran and Pakistan from 1983 to 1987, in the Philippines from 1987 to 1990 and in Ireland from 1996 to 2001. He also served as office manager for the Ministry for Foreign Affairs between 1978 and 1983, Deputy Director General of the Protocol Department from 1990 to 1995 and has been the head of department since 1995.

title: Timo Jalkanen


text:
buso

Etymology
Internationalism, ultimately from a shortening of, dative plural of.

Noun

 * 1) bus, coach, autobus
 * 2)  bus electrical conductor or interface
 * 1)  bus electrical conductor or interface

Noun

 * 1) mouth (of a fish)

Etymology
From, a variant of.

Noun

 * 1) face

title: buso


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/basantikekapde.com

Links

 * basantikekapde.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 4 additions.


text:
Talk:Richards, Texas

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Vaccine Revolt

The Vaccine Revolt (Revolta da Vacina) was a popular riot that took place between 10 and 16 November 1904 in the city of Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of Brazil. Its immediate pretext was a law that made vaccination against smallpox compulsory, but it is also associated with deeper causes, such as the urban reforms being carried out by mayor Pereira Passos and the sanitation campaigns led by physician Oswaldo Cruz.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the urban planning of the city of Rio de Janeiro, inherited from the colonial period and the Empire, no longer matched its status as a capital and center of economic activities. In addition, the city suffered from serious public health problems. Diseases such as smallpox, bubonic plague and yellow fever ravaged the population and worried the authorities. In order to modernize the city and control such epidemics, president Rodrigues Alves initiated a series of urban and sanitary reforms that changed the city's geography and the daily life of its population. The architectural changes in the city were the responsibility of engineer Pereira Passos, appointed mayor of the then Federal District. Streets were widened, tenements were destroyed and the poor were removed from their former homes. Doctor Oswaldo Cruz, who took over the General Directorate of Public Health in 1903, was responsible for the sanitation campaign in the city, which aimed to eradicate yellow fever, bubonic plague and smallpox. To this end, in June 1904, the government proposed a law that made vaccinatation mandatory. The law generated heated debates between legislators and the population, and, despite a strong opposition campaign, was approved on 31 October.

The trigger for the revolt was the publication of a project to regulate the application of the mandatory vaccine in the newspaper A Notícia, on 9 January 1904. The project required proof of vaccination for enrollment in schools, for obtaining jobs, travel, accommodations and weddings. It also provided for the payment of fines for those who resisted vaccination. When the proposal leaked to the press, the indignant and upset people started a series of conflicts and demonstrations that lasted for about a week. Although mandatory vaccination triggered the revolt, protests soon began to target public services in general and government representatives, in particular against repressive forces. A group of florianist and positivist soldiers, with the support of some civil sectors, tried to take advantage of popular discontent to carry out a coup d'état in the early hours of 14 to 15 November, which, however, was defeated.

On 16 November, a state of emergency was decreed and mandatory vaccination was suspended. Given the systematic repression and extinguished the triggering cause, the movement ebbed. In the repression that followed the revolt, the police forces arrested a number of suspects and individuals considered to be troublemakers, regardless of whether they were involved in the revolt or not. The total balance was 945 people arrested on Ilha das Cobras, 30 dead, 110 injured and 461 deported to the remote state of Acre.

Background

At the turn of the 19th century, at the same time as the abolitionist movements that put an end to slavery and the monarchy took place, in addition to the revolts that convulsed the first years of the First Brazilian Republic, large contingents of European immigrants and former slaves from the decaying coffee producing zones flocked to Rio de Janeiro, then capital of Brazil. The city underwent a process of industrialization and population growth, rising from 522,651 to 811,444 inhabitants between 1890 and 1906. The pressure for housing led the owners of the large imperial and colonial buildings, which occupied the central region of the city, to divide them internally into several cubicles, transforming them into boarding houses and tenements (cortiços) and renting them out to entire families.

The precarious sanitary conditions favored the proliferation of diseases such as the bubonic plague, smallpox and yellow fever, endemic in Rio de Janeiro, especially in the poorest regions. Epidemics gave Rio de Janeiro the reputation of being a plague-ridden and deadly city, driving away foreigners, fearful of contracting diseases, and the urban planning inherited from the colonial period and the Empire no longer matched its condition as the capital and center of economic activities in Brazil of that period.

In this context, Rodrigues Alves was inaugurated president of Brazil in November 1902. In his first message to Congress, he declared that problems in the capital affected and disturbed national development as a whole, and adopted sanitation and improvement of the port of Rio de Janeiro as priorities for his government. Rodrigues Alves had inherited a temporarily stabilized economy from Campos Sales after the Encilhamento crisis, thanks to the recovery of coffee prices on the international market and Sales' austere and unpopular financial policy. Without significantly changing the financial policy of his predecessor, Rodrigues Alves embarked on an intensive program of public works, financed by external resources, which managed to start the economic recovery.

Causes of the revolt

Relying on a large majority in Congress, Rodrigues Alves soon took action to make the sanitation and urban reform works in the city viable. He attributed the task of reforming the port, with discretionary powers and resources, to Lauro Müller, then Minister of Industry, Transport and Public Works. The budget law of 30 December 1902 provided the Ministry of Transport with substantial resources, destined for the restructuring and expansion works of the port, which, in addition to modernizing the existing pier, intended to expand the port facilities of Prainha, passing through Praia de São Cristóvão, to Ponta do Caju. The same law authorized the issuance of bonds with a aiming at increasing the capital intended for investment. It also released any loan that came to be arranged by the contractors in charge of the works, under any terms and with any credit agencies, and even agreed with the demolitions and construction of works parallel to the pier, surrounding or connected to the port facilities, which ensure storage and free and rapid circulation of exchanged goods.

Despite being the most important in the country and one of the busiest on the American continent at the time, the port of Rio de Janeiro still had an old-fashioned and restricted structure, incompatible with its fundamental role in Brazilian economic activity. The limits of the pier and the shallow depth prevented the docking of large international transatlantic ships, which were anchored offshore, forcing a complicated, time-consuming and costly system of transhipment of goods and passengers to smaller vessels. Once the goods were transported to land, the problems continued. The space on the docks was too small to store items intended for the national and international market. The products had to be taken to the railway junctions, which connected Rio de Janeiro to the rest of the country, in coordination with cabotage navigation. The city streets, however, were still colonial alleys, narrow, tortuous, dark and with very steep slopes. Thus, the improvement of the port of Rio de Janeiro also implied a broad urban reform.

Urban reform

Engineer Pereira Passos was nominated as mayor of the Federal District to carry out the necessary reforms. Knowing the extent and urgency of the works he had to carry out and prefiguring the resistance and reactions of the population to the demolitions, Passos demanded full freedom of action to accept the position, without being subject to legal, budgetary or material embarrassments. Rodrigues Alves, through the law of 29 December 1902, created a new statute of municipal organization for the Federal District, attributing broad powers to the mayor.

The law foresaw that the judicial, federal or local authorities could not revoke administrative measures and acts of the municipality, nor grant possessory interdicts against acts of the municipal government exercised for imperative reasons; it ended any bureaucratic control or postponement of the reforms and, in cases of demolition, eviction or interdiction, there would be only one notice posted in the place, providing for penalties against disobedience; it also provided for the eviction of residents in the buildings to be demolished, as well as the removal of their furniture and belongings, which would be done by the police.

At the same time that he led the works, Pereira Passos also took a series of measures aimed at prohibiting and changing the forms of work, leisure and sociability considered incompatible with a cosmopolitan and modern capital. He banned stray dogs and dairy cows from the streets; ordered the beggars to be collected in asylums; prohibited the cultivation of vegetable gardens and grasslands, the raising of pigs, the itinerant sale of lottery tickets; he also ordered people not to spit on the streets and inside vehicles, not to urinate outside urinals, and not to fly kites.

The works on the port were contracted in 1903 with the English firm C. H. Walker, which had built the docks in Buenos Aires, and began in March 1904, comprising in its first part the 600-meter stretch that went from the Mangue to the Gamboa pier. Complementary works on Avenida Central, Avenida do Cais (now Avenida Rodrigues Alves) and the Mangue canal were the responsibility of the federal government itself, under the direction of a commission whose chief engineer was Paulo de Frontin. The expropriations for the construction of the new avenue began in December 1903 and the demolitions in February 1904, when work on the Mangue canal also began. At the same time, the city government was in charge of widening some downtown streets.

By November 1904, the date of the uprising, the demolition of houses to open up Avenida Central had ended and 16 of the new buildings were under construction. The avenue's central axis was inaugurated on 7 September, amidst large parties, already with tram service and electric lighting. The demolition of around 640 buildings had torn, through the most inhabited part of the city, a corridor that ran from the beach to the Passeio Público. Part of the rubble still covered the sides of the avenue. On the same date, the streets of Acre (formerly Prainha), São Bento, Visconde de Inhaúma, Assembleia and Sete de Setembro were being widened. Rua do Sacramento was extended to Avenida Marechal Floriano Peixoto, with the new part named Avenida Passos. The demolition of the old buildings, by then almost all converted into boarding houses and tenements, caused a housing crisis that raised rents and pressured the popular classes towards the suburbs and up the hills that surround the city.

Sanitation measures
In the early 1900s, Rio de Janeiro was an endemic focus for several diseases, including yellow fever, typhoid fever, malaria, smallpox, bubonic plague and tuberculosis. Of these, yellow fever and smallpox caused the greatest number of victims in the capital. The crews and passengers arriving at the port often did not even get off the ships to avoid contracting such diseases. So that the campaign to attract capital, immigrants, technicians and foreign equipment with the improvement of the port could be effectively carried out, it was essential to proceed with the sanitation of the city. Thus, sanitation in Rio de Janeiro maintained an intimate relationship with the improvement of the port and also with urban reform, since the sanitation problem was considered to depend on an architectural remodeling of the city and, consequently, the opening of double access roads and airy communications, replacing the narrow streets, overloaded with intense traffic, without enough ventilation, without trees and flanked by buildings that were considered unhygienic.

Doctor Oswaldo Cruz was in charge of sanitation in the city, assuming the General Directorate of Public Health (DGSP) with the intention of tackling yellow fever, smallpox and the bubonic plague. To this end, he demanded from Rodrigues Alves the most complete freedom of action, in addition to resources for the application of his measures. In 1904, the sanitary services were reformed, suppressing the dual attributions between the municipal and federal governments after the approval of a bill that had already been in process since the previous year. Thus, the DGSP could invade, inspect and demolish houses and buildings, in addition to having a special forum, with a specially appointed judge to resolve issues and overcome resistance.

First, Oswaldo Cruz faced yellow fever, tackling the disease by eliminating mosquitoes and isolating patients in hospitals. He structured his campaign on military bases, using legal instruments of coercion and, to a lesser extent, means of persuasion, such as the "Councils to the People", published in the government press. The city was divided into ten health districts, with health departments, whose personnel were responsible for receiving notifications of patients, administering serums and vaccines, fining and subpoenaing property owners and detecting epidemic outbreaks. The section in charge of maps and epidemiological statistics provided coordinates to the mosquito killer brigades, which roamed the streets neutralizing water deposits with mosquito larvae. Another section purged the houses with sulfur and pyrethrum, after covering them with huge cotton cloths to kill adult mosquitoes. Soon after, Oswaldo Cruz turned to the bubonic plague, which required the extermination of rats and fleas and the cleaning and disinfection of streets and houses. The de-rat control of the city resulted in the issuance of hundreds of subpoenas to property owners requesting them to remove rubble and carry out renovations, especially the waterproofing of the ground and the suppression of basements. To prevent resistance from residents, the brigades were always accompanied by police soldiers. The preferred targets for visits were the poorest and most densely populated areas. DGSP's actions were not well received by the population, especially by the owners of pension houses and tenements considered unhygienic, forced to renovate or demolish them, and by tenants forced to receive public health employees, to leave the houses for disinfection, or even to abandon the dwelling when condemned to demolition.

The fight against smallpox, in turn, depended on vaccination. A bill that made smallpox vaccination mandatory throughout Brazil was presented on 29 June 1904 by senator Manuel José Duarte from Alagoas. The project was approved with 11 votes against, on 20 July, entering the Chamber of Deputies on 18 August and being approved by a large majority at the end of October, becoming law on the 31 of that month. The project generated a heated debate between legislators and the population. While government legislators argued that vaccination was of undeniable and essential interest for public health, opponents considered that the methods of applying the vaccination decree were truculent, and that serums and, above all, their applicators, were unreliable. In the Senate, the biggest opponent of the project was lieutenant-colonel Lauro Sodré, while in the Chamber major Barbosa Lima stood out, both positivist and florianist soldiers. Outside Congress, the fight against mandatory vaccines took place mainly in the press, especially in Correio da Manhã and Commercio do Brazil. During the discussion, several lists of anti-mandatory signatures were sent to Congress. Two of them were organized by the Centro das Classes Operárias, with the signatures of Vicente de Souza, the president, Jansen Tavares, the first secretary, and all the other members of the board. In another list, 78 military personnel appeared, mostly ensign-students at the Military School of Praia Vermelha. In all, 15 thousand signatures were added against the project. After the approval of the bill, the League Against Mandatory Vaccine was founded on 5 November, in a meeting at the Centro das Classes Operárias presided over by Lauro Sodré and Vicente de Souza and with the presence of two thousand people. The League was formed by a coalition of radical republican politicians, ideological factions within the Brazilian Army, and journalists.

There was great popular irritation with the government's actions in the area of public health, especially with regard to house inspections and disinfections. In the justifications of the petitions sent to the Chamber by workers, the invasion of houses, the demand for residents to leave for disinfection, and the damage caused to domestic utensils were mentioned more than once as a reason for complaints. There was also a certain fear about the vaccine itself, and the opposition sought to give the anti-vaccination campaign a moralistic tone, exploiting the idea of house invasions and offending the fathers' honor by forcing their daughters and wives to undress in front of strangers for the application of the vaccine.

First demonstrations
On 9 November 1904, the newspaper A Notícia (Rio de Janeiro) published a plan to regulate the application of the mandatory vaccine. The project offered the option of vaccination by a private physician, but the certificate would have to be notarized. In addition, there would be fines for refractory workers and a vaccination certificate would be required for enrollment in schools, access to government jobs, employment in factories, accommodation in hotels and guesthouses, travel, marriage and voting. There was a violent reaction on the part of the population, and on the following day large gatherings took over Rua do Ouvidor, Praça Tiradentes and Largo de São Francisco de Paula, where popular speakers spoke against the law and vaccine regulations.

The disturbances started around six in the afternoon, when a group of students started a demonstration in the São Francisco square, where the Polytechnic School was located, making humorous and rhyming speeches. The group walked down Rua do Ouvidor, where the speaker, student Jayme Cohen, preached resistance to the vaccine. A police chief summoned him to go to the police station. There was popular backlash against the arrest. Upon arriving near Tiradentes Square, the group came face to face with police cavalry soldiers, erupting in boos and shouts of "Die the police! Down with the vaccine!". There was, then, conflict with the police forces and attempts to snatch Cohen away. In the end, fifteen people were arrested, including five students and two civil servants. At 7:30 PM the situation returned to normal, with the police remaining on guard at Praça Tiradentes.

On the 11th, demonstrators gathered again in the São Francisco square, summoned by the League Against Mandatory Vaccine. When the League's leaders did not attend, popular speakers gave impromptu speeches. Police authorities were ordered to intervene and, as they approached the demonstration, they were the target of boos and taunts. When the police tried to make the arrests, clashes broke out. Protesters used rubble from the ongoing renovations and armed themselves with iron, sticks and stones. There was a rush and pursuit by the police, extending to Praça Tiradentes and Largo do Rosário. Eighteen people were arrested for using illegal weapons.

On the 12th, there was a new meeting to discuss and approve the bases of the League. The meeting was scheduled for eight in the evening, at the headquarters of the Centro das Classes Operárias on Rua do Espírito Santo, close to Praça Tiradentes. From five in the afternoon, demonstrators began to gather in the São Francisco square. A group of working-class boys playfully started the demonstrations. Mounted on pieces of wood removed from the works, they began to play the events of the day before, simulating the beating of the population by the police cavalry. At eight, everyone headed to the Center. According to Correio da Manhã, around four thousand people from all social classes were present at the meeting, from merchants, workers, military men and students. Lauro Sodré and Barbosa Lima tried to secure the leadership of the popular movement for themselves, giving a political meaning to the revolt. Together with the leaders of the Centro das Classes Operárias, they conspired to overthrow the government through a coup d'état. However, the movement took on an increasingly dispersive and spontaneous character.

At the end of the meeting, the crowd marched to Rua do Ouvidor, where they cheered Correio da Manhã, which had its headquarters there, and booed the government newspapers. Next, a group headed to the Catete Palace, passing through Lapa and Glória. On the way, they booed the Minister of War's car, applauded the Army's 9th Cavalry Regiment, booed and shot the Police Brigade commander's car, general Piragibe. The palace was heavily guarded. The crowd turned around and returned to the center. In Glória, Alfredo Varela spoke from the window of his house, advising the protesters to disperse. In Lapa, demonstrators fired again at Piragibe's car, who ordered the troops to charge at them. During the day there were rumors that the Minister of Justice's house had been stoned, which did not happen. However, his house was guarded by the police, as was Oswaldo Cruz's. Soon the Army came into readiness and cavalry and infantry soldiers were sent to guard Catete.

Generalization of conflicts and coup attempt

On Sunday 13th, the conflict became generalized and took on a more violent character. A notice in Correio da Manhã the day before had summoned the people to wait in Praça Tiradentes, where the Ministry of Justice was located, for the results of the commission that would examine the vaccine regulation project. Still during the meeting, at two o'clock in the afternoon, police chief Cardoso de Castro had his car stoned upon arriving at the scene. The police charged into the crowd and the conflict began. Gradually, the disturbances spread to adjacent streets, to Sacramento and Avenida Passos, to Largo de São Francisco, Teatro, Andradas, Assembly, Sete de Setembro, Regente, Camões and São Jorge streets.

Trams were attacked, overturned and set on fire. Gas burners were broken and electric lighting wires on Avenida Central were cut. Barricades were erected on Avenida Passos and adjacent streets. On Senador Dantas Street, newly planted trees were uprooted. In São Jorge, prostitutes went out into the street and confronted the police, one of them getting injured in the face. There were attacks on police stations and the cavalry barracks on Frei Caneca. There were also attacks on the gasometer and on the tram companies. The conflicts spread, reaching Praça Onze, Tijuca, Gamboa, Saúde, Prainha, Botafogo, Laranjeiras, Catumbi, Rio Comprido and Engenho Novo.

The authorities lost control of the central region and peripheral neighborhoods. In Saúde and Gamboa, the repressive forces were summarily expelled by the residents. At that moment, the speeches and slogans against the vaccine, as well as the attacks on government action symbols in the area of public health, were disappearing. The popular revolt began to be directed towards public services and government representatives, especially against repressive forces. The reaction to mandatory vaccination, interpreted as an attempt to invade private space by public authorities, triggered a broader and deeper protest movement.

The skirmishes continued into the night, with the city partly in darkness as a result of the broken lights. There were shootouts and thieves took advantage to rob passers-by. The owner of a warehouse on Rua do Hospício was arrested, accused of supplying kerosene for demonstrators to burn trams. At the end of the night, Companhia Carris Urbanos already had 22 destroyed trams. The Gas Company informed that more than 100 combustors had been damaged and more than 700 were rendered unusable. At the end of the conflict, several civilians and twelve police officers were injured and there was at least one dead. The Army and Navy began to man buildings and strategic locations. Even when they came forward to disperse the demonstrators, the Army troops were met with great applause by the demonstrators.

Already at dawn on the 14th, the agitation resumed. Throughout the day, it tended to concentrate in two strongholds, one in the Sacramento district, near Tiradentes square, São Jorge, Sacramento, Regente, Conceição, Senhor dos Passos streets and Passos avenue; and the other in Saúde, extending to Gamboa and Cidade Nova. During the early hours of the morning, two hundred men tried to rob the 3rd Urban Police Station on Rua da Saúde. Nearby, the 2nd Police Station, on Rua Estreita de São Joaquim, was taken over by protesters and soon after abandoned with the arrival of Army troops. In Saúde, there were shootings all day long.

At night, still in Saúde, large groups got together and began to break gas burners, destroy telephone lines and erect barricades. The police force had to be withdrawn and replaced by a contingent of 150 Marines. In Gamboa, Moinho Inglês was attacked, with its gates and glass broken and machinery damaged. On Rua do Regente, there was intense conflict between demonstrators and cavalry, resulting in three deaths. In Prainha, the ferry from Petrópolis was attacked by a group of more than two thousand people, who destroyed the station without disturbing the passengers. There were also attempts to rob gun stores. At night, the Luz Steárica candle factory in São Cristóvão was attacked. The same happened with the gasometers at Mangue, Vila Isabel and Botafogo. On Avenida Central, Public Works wagons were overturned. In Visconde de Itaúna, there was a shootout between civil guards and Army soldiers, commanded by lieutenant Varela, from the 22nd Infantry Battalion. Soldiers arrested and wounded some guards to the cheers of protesters. City Improvements company employees, with a red flag, tried to stop the police assistance wagon and one of them was injured.

During the day, bulletins issued by the chief of police asked "the peaceful population" to return to their homes so that the "disorderly" could be treated with the "maximum rigor". Faced with the generalization of the conflict and by understandings between the Ministers of Justice, the Navy and the Army, the city was divided into three policing zones, with the entire coastline falling to the Navy, the Army to the part north of Avenida Passos, including São Cristóvão and Vila Isabel; and to the police the part south of Avenida Passos. The Army's 38th Infantry Battalion was called from Niterói. Trains left to pick up the 12th Battalion from Lorena, in São Paulo, and the 28th Battalion from São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais.

At the same time, Lauro Sodré and other seditious soldiers were plotting a coup d'état. At first, the coup had been planned for the night of 17 October 1904, the birthday of Lauro Sodré, who would be given the presidency. The denunciation of the conspiracy by the press, however, forced the rebels to postpone their plans. The coup was originally scheduled to take place during the 15 November military parade. It would be up to general Silvestre Travassos, one of the leaders of the plot, to command the troops on parade. He would incite the troops to rebel, gaining the support of the officers already in alliance, imposing the consent of the vacillating ones and disarming the opposing ones. The Vaccine Revolt, however, caused the parade to be suspended. Thus, on the 14th, a meeting was held at the Military Club, attended by Lauro Sodré, Travassos, major Gomes de Castro, deputy Varela, Vicente de Souza and Pinto de Andrade. The Minister of War became aware of the meeting and ordered the president of the club, general Leite de Castro, to dissolve it. On his way to the city center after the meeting, Vicente de Souza was arrested on Rua do Passeio. At night, part of the group that had participated in the meeting went to the Preparatory and Tactical School of Realengo and tried to revolt. The reaction of the commander, general Hermes da Fonseca, thwarted the plan, and major Gomes de Castro and Pinto de Andrade were arrested.

The other group, made up of Lauro Sodré, Travassos and Varela, raised the Military School of Praia Vermelha without major difficulties. Warned, the government concentrated troops from the Army, Navy, Brigade and Firefighters around the Catete Palace and sent a contingent to face the school, which had set off at ten o'clock with about three hundred cadets. The two troops met and exchanged fire on Rua da Passagem, which was completely dark because of the broken lamps. During the skirmish, part of the government troops went over to the side of the rebels, general Travassos fell wounded, Lauro Sodré disappeared and, finally, both sides fled, without knowing what was happening to the other. General Piragibe went to Catete to announce the disbandment of his troops, causing fear in Catete. It was suggested to the president that he retire to a warship anchored in the bay and from there organize the resistance. President Rodrigues Alves turned down the proposal. Soon after, it was reported that the students had also backed out and returned to school. On the morning of the 15th, the cadets surrendered without resistance and were arrest and sent to prison. The rebelling side suffered more casualties, with three killed and several wounded. Among the government troops, thirty-two were wounded.

Last outbreaks of the revolt

The popular protests continued, starting at dawn on the 15th and continuing throughout the day. The main centers of revolt were concentrated in Saúde and Sacramento. In the first, from the top of a trench, in front of Mortona Hill, a red flag was flying. In the vicinity of the second, on Rua Frei Caneca, there was a large trench. Around six hundred workers from the Corcovado and Carioca textile factories and the São Carlos sock factory, all in Jardim Botânico, set up barricades and attacked the 19th Urban Police Station, shouting "die" to the government and the police. A corporal of the guard was killed and the three factories were also attacked and had their windows broken. Attacks continued on police stations, on the gasometer, on weapons stores and even on a funeral home in Frei Caneca. There were disturbances in Méier, Engenho de Dentro, Encantado, Catumbi, São Diogo, Vila Isabel, Andaraí, Matadouro, Aldeia Campista and Laranjeiras. On the same day, army battalions from Minas Gerais and São Paulo arrived. Two battalions of the Public Force of São Paulo also arrived. The government of the state of Rio de Janeiro offered assistance from its police force. In Saúde, the police ordered the Navy to attack the rebels by sea, while families began to leave the neighborhood, fearful of a possible naval bombardment. Rumors circulated that the rebels had cannons and dynamite.

On the 16th, a state of emergency was declared. The repressive operations focused on the Saúde neighborhood, which the government newspaper O Paiz called "the last stronghold of anarchism". In the center of the city, especially in the Sacramento stronghold, skirmishes between the population and the police continued, although with less intensity than in the previous days. The clashes resulted in several injuries. At nightfall, large barricades appeared on Frei Caneca. The actions persisted in Cidade Nova as well. In Jardim Botânico, trams were robbed and the 19th Police Station was abandoned by the police. The Confiança Industrial fabric factory in Vila Isabel was attacked.

Shortly before the final assault on the Saúde neighborhood, to be carried out by land by the 7th Infantry Battalion and by sea by the battleship Deodoro, Horácio José da Silva, known as Prata Preta, was arrested. A stevedore and practitioner of capoeira, Prata Preta was one of the main and most feared leaders of the revolt, leading the protesters on the barricades of the Saúde neighborhood. Before his arrest, he also killed an Army soldier and wounded two policemen. When he was taken to the police station, he was almost lynched by the soldiers, but the chief of police stopped them. He had to be placed in a straitjacket, and even then he continued to insult and threaten the soldiers. Around three in the afternoon, troopa landed near the Moinho Inglês and took a first trench. The battleship Deodoro then approached, while the Army troops advanced along the Mortona hill. By this time, the trenches had been completely abandoned. It was also verified that the dynamites and cannons were nothing more than a decoy. The first ones were, in fact, pieces of wood wrapped in silver paper, suspended by wires around the trenches, while the cannons were nothing more than a public lighting pipe placed on two wagon wheels.

Until the 20th, there were isolated outbreaks of revolt. On the 18th, there was a shooting at a quarry in Catete, which resulted in the death of one civilian and two soldiers, in addition to 80 prisoners. Police chiefs began to sweep the territories under their jurisdiction, arresting suspects and those they considered troublemakers, whether they were related to the revolt or not. On the 19th, the Luz Steárica factory was attacked and several lamps were broken in São Cristóvão, Bonfim and Ponta do Caju. On the 20th, there were a large number of arrests in Gávea. The following day, the number of prisoners on Ilha das Cobras already reached 543. On that day, the Minister of Justice received a complaint that "three dangerous anarchists" had been sent to Rio de Janeiro with the intention of agitating the working class and ordered that measures be taken to prevent disembarkation. As a final act, on the 23rd, the police raided Favela Hill, mobilizing 180 soldiers. The huts on the hill were swept away. On the way back, the troops searched tenement houses and arrested several people. By then, there were more than seven hundred prisoners on the island.

Aftermath
Despite its relatively swift downfall, the revolt convinced the mayor and his cabinet to abandon the forced-vaccination program for the time being. This concession was ultimately demonstrated to have been quite superficial, however, as the policy was re-instated several years later. Whatever popular frustrations or progressive ideals that the anti-vaccination movement and its allies might have expressed were thoroughly swept aside with the re-imposition of lawful authority, as the processes of unequal economic development and gentrification continued to accelerate following the uprising. Trade unions were severely marginalized, increasingly dismissed by political elites and middle-class professionals as an unsophisticated reaction against modernization. Moreover, the economic power of these native-born Brazilian workers was further diminished as increasingly large quantities of foreign laborers arrived in Rio de Janeiro on an annual basis. Senator Lauro Sodré subsequently enjoyed a figurehead status among Rodrigues Alves' opposition. The military uprising, in turn, had repercussions in Bahia, where a garrison rose up and was promptly neutralized. In Recife, the agitation of the press favorable to the revolt provoked some innocuous marches through the city. In Rio de Janeiro, the Military School of Praia Vermelha was closed and its students exiled to Brazil's remote border regions and then dismissed from the Army.

Among the civilians, only four were prosecuted – Alfredo Varela, Vicente de Souza, Pinto de Andrade and Arthur Rodrigues. In all, 945 people were arrested. Of these, 461 had a criminal record and were deported. The remaining 481 were released. Seven foreigners were deported. The poor rank-and-file of the revolt were much less fortunate, as many hundreds were deported to both the offshore detention facility of Ilha das Cobras and the frontier region of Acre, although their participation was not always proven. Those transported to this distant territory were shipped aboard "coastal packet-boats", where it was claimed that they faced egregious conditions. In addition to the fierce repression launched by the government, the population of Rio de Janeiro would have to endure a smallpox epidemic in 1908, in which almost 6,400 people died.

In fiction

 * Sonhos Tropicais, a 2001 film adaptation of cited Scliar's book. Synopsis: in english and in Portuguese
 * Sonhos Tropicais, a 2001 film adaptation of cited Scliar's book. Synopsis: in english and in Portuguese

title: Vaccine Revolt


text:
Talk:Voyelles

Why is there no mention of the obvious synesthesia in this poem? Martin Nutt 8/1/23 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:35, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Voyelles


text:
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The current Windows version of Firefox supports Windows 7 and later, and is distributed as an installer called, where (version) corresponds to the version of Firefox you're installing. You won't need to do this process after Firefox is installed; Firefox checks for updates in the background and installs the update on the next launch.

To install Firefox, double click on the installer and follow the installation instructions. Choosing the standard installation is recommended for most new users. This will install Firefox under Program Files, and create a desktop and start menu shortcut. These can be changed by clicking "Custom installation" instead.

You can run Firefox from the Program Files entry or by double-clicking the Firefox icon on your desktop. The first run of Firefox will give you the option of importing your settings from Microsoft Edge (or any other browser installed on your computer). Choosing 'Yes' will import all your bookmarks (also known as favorites), saved passwords, history and browsing options. After it finishes importing all these settings, the Firefox browser will start up and a dialog box will pop up alerting you that Firefox is not set as the default browser. Selecting 'Yes' will associate Firefox with web related files on your PC and Firefox will also open when links are selected from (most) external applications, such as from an instant messenger.

Firefox should automatically appear on Windows's Start Menu. However, if it doesn't, it can be manually set.

Mac OS X
Double click on the compressed Disk Image to mount it. Drag the Firefox application icon to the "Applications" folder on your hard drive. Do not double-click the Firefox icon inside the Disk Image; doing so can cause a program hang. To make Firefox always appear in the dock, drag the icon from the "Applications" folder to the dock.

Linux distributions
Many distributions include Firefox by default. Check your distribution's documentation for details. There should be a Firefox icon in your desktop environment's program menu.

If your distribution does not come with Firefox pre-installed, it may be in the repository. Go to your package manager and search for firefox. Look for a  or sometimes   package and install it. The package manager may tell you that the package will require dependencies to install. Once installed, Firefox may appear in the menu. If you are using your OS repository, you may not have access to the latest version, but should be safe and the system will manage the updates for you.

If your distribution does not include or carry Firefox, you can download it from the official Firefox website. Once the download is complete, decompress the file, which can be done usually by opening the file in a file archiver (such as ark or file roller) and extract it to another folder. Alternatively, typing tar -xvzf firefox- .tar.gz or tar -xvzf firefox* at a command line will generate directory named "firefox." This directory can be moved anywhere. Typing ./firefox in the shell from the install directory should launch Firefox. You may need to use chmod +x firefox  to give it execution permissions.

Usually, for manual installation you would put the files in the next locations: Executables: /usr/lib/firefox If not available: /lib/firefox Desktop file: /usr/share/applications/firefox.destop This can also be done with thunderbird, Mozilla's email client.

Your desktop file should look like this (based on Fedora's version):

Flatpak
There also is available a Flatpak version of Firefox. You can install it by running on your terminal  sudo flatpak install flathub org.mozilla.firefox . You will need the flathub repository for this. You can add it via  sudo flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo . If you have not Flatpak you can get setup here:  https://www.flatpak.org/setup/ . There also is an snap version. You can install it via: <tt>sudo snap install firefox</tt>.

Those options will always keep you up to date.

Android
Firefox for Android can be installed from the Google Play store. It can also be installed on open source android repos like F-Droid.

Unlike many mobile browsers, Firefox for Android supports installing add-ons, allowing you to customize your mobile browsing experience.

iOS
iOS can be installed from the official app store. While Firefox on iOS is somewhat different from other versions, it still supports many features and syncing with Firefox for other platforms.

Other Operating Systems
Since the Mozilla Foundation makes the Firefox source code available, users can also compile and run Firefox on a variety of other architectures and operating systems. Building source code can be hard if you are a beginner in informatics, it will require building dependence packages and a compiler. Operating systems not supported by Firefox, but known to run the browser include:
 * Solaris (x86 and SPARC)
 * OS/2
 * AIX
 * FreeBSD
 * PC-BSD
 * NetBSD
 * BeOS
 * SkyOS
 * RISC OS (ARM)
 * OpenBSD

Firefox/Installation Mozilla Firefox/Installazione

title: Using Firefox/Installation


text:
Mikkelin Pallo-Kissat

Mikkelin Pallo-Kissat (or MiPK) is a Finnish football club, based in Mikkeli.

Background
MiPK was founded in 1946, after footballers from local sports club Vauhti, wanted their own club specialized in ball games. MiPK is a member of Finnish Workers' Sports Federation. In early 1980s club was driven into financial difficulties and their final season was in 1983, new club called Mikkelin Kissat was formed to continue clubs operations. MiPK was able to avoid bankruptcy and in 1997 they re-joined Finnish FA. Since 2016 Mikkelin Kissat has used Mikkelin Pallo-Kissat as their men's name as a homage to original MiPK. In 2020 Mikkelin Kissat continued as a Mikkelin Pallo-Kissat. MiPK shares a local rivalry with MP, in the past MiPK was considered as a working class club while MP was more middle class.

title: Mikkelin Pallo-Kissat


text:
Baillo

Baillo is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Jorge Gómez Baillo (born 1959), Argentine chess master
 * José Antonio Sánchez Baíllo (born 1953), Spanish painter and engraver

title: Baillo


text:
Zygrita

Zygrita diva is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Zygrita. It was described by Thomson in 1860.

title: Zygrita


text:
Introduction to Philosophy/Marx and Marxists

< Introduction to Philosophy

There may be no philosopher that has had more of an impact on society and politics than Karl Marx. His theory, in essence, embraces radical and revolutionary change.

Marx argues that the working class, or proletariat, are oppressed and alienated in the process of production (what Marx calls "alienated labor"). Unlike the skilled artisans of the past who could craft a product from start to finish, industrialization has led to the division of labor into many smaller repetitve processes. For example, a worker might only pull a lever, or attach a rivet, instead of crafting an entire product. In this way, workers became alientated from their final product. Likewise, in the competition of workers to be more 'profitable' to their employers, they initiate a 'race to the bottom' of the wage pile, willing to work for less and less. In this way, workers create strife amongst themselves and must sell themselves to their employers. This alienates themselves from each other (undermining class solidarity) and from their humanity — with a similar effect as prostitution.

According to Marx, the means of production must be appropriated by the workers and freed from the dehumanizing commodity form to meet the needs of society (production for the benefit of humankind, not for profit of the property-owning and ruling class, the bourgeois). Marx envisioned and projected a society free from social stratification, in which individual contribution and distribution of goods could be summarized: "From each according to ability, to each according to need." (Critique of the Gotha Program, 1875.)

The most influential book written by him was the Communist Manifesto.

Other works include:
 * Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
 * The German Ideology
 * The Poverty of Philosophy
 * Capital


text:
Talk:Buru (beach soccer)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Buru (beach soccer). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120328144131/http://cbbsbrasil.com.br/selecao-brasileira/jogadores/buru/?TB_iframe=true&height=300&width=500 to http://cbbsbrasil.com.br/selecao-brasileira/jogadores/buru/?TB_iframe=true&height=300&width=500

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:46, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buru (beach soccer)


text:
Zenbu Kimi no Sei da.

Zenbu Kimi no Sei da. (ぜんぶ君のせいだ. ) is a Japanese alternative idol girl group formed in 2015. They released their debut album, "Yamikawa IMRAD", on January 27, 2016.

title: Zenbu Kimi no Sei da.


text:
Web Writing

Topic:Literary Studies > (Please see Template talk:Unit boilerplate for more information.)

Unit Summary

 * Course code: ALTU???
 * Suggested Prerequisites: Basic knowledge of coding, web design, and advanced writing courses.
 * Time investment:
 * Assessment suggestions:
 * Faculty: Arts
 * School: School:Language and Literature
 * Department: Topic:Literary Studies
 * Stream
 * Level: Third year undergraduate
 * Level: Third year undergraduate

Lessons

 * Lesson 1: /Introduction/
 * Lesson 2: /Blogs/
 * Lesson 3: /Wikis/
 * Lesson 4: /Computer Based Literature/

title: Web Writing


text:
Umali Thilakarathne

Irudini Umali Thilakarathna (උමාලී තිලකරත්න) is a Sri Lankan cinema, teledrama and stage actress. She was awarded the best actress in 2017 for her role in "Bohimiyanuwa" in both Sumathi Tele Awards and Raigam Tele Awards. In addition to working in Sri Lanka, she is an established and recognised actress in Japan, frequently contributing to Japanese production in both theatre and film.

Personal life
Umali was married to Sri Lankan actor Saranga Disasekara, they divorced in 2018.

Short films

 * Miss You (2022)
 * Moment (2021)
 * Alice - Christmas Tele Film (2021)

title: Umali Thilakarathne


text:
症候群

Noun

 * 1)  syndrome

Noun

 * 1)  syndrome

Related terms

 * : disease, sickness
 * : disease, illness

title: 症候群


text:
8:00 class/15 May 2007

This is an archive of Wikiversity current events from 15 May 2007

Colloquium summary
Short summaries of active discussions at Colloquium

 * Problem with test/quiz boxes. Related page: new quiz/test question format.
 * Cut and paste content from other wikis.
 * Linkspam warning template for commercial links of no educational value.

Internet Relay Chat topics of the day
Re-cap of topics discussed in #wikiversity-en.

 * Is there a fair use policy at Wikiversity? "Taking copyright advice from a free-software activist is sort of like learning about evolution from George Bush" - User:AmiDaniel. Related category: Category:Non-free image copyright tags.
 * Fundraising/Video Kiosk (image to right).
 * Happy Birthday Tutchek!

Email discussions and blogs
Summaries of Email discussions and blogs with relevance to Wikiversity participants.

 * Wikis as tools of Critical Discourse Analysis by Said Kassem Hamideh. Related link: Collaboratively Building Concepts.
 * Technical articles on Wikipedia. Can Wikiversity help? Related link: Wikiversity and Wikipedia services.
 * Memory Archive - is this wiki of interest to School:History, School:Sociology? (mentioned on WikiEN-l)

Recent changes
Today's trends in active editing efforts.
 * Elementary Curriculum and Training - by User:Harriska2.
 * Time sensitive: Wikiversity workshop at Wikimania 2007.
 * New quiz/test template. Related link Test and Quiz.

title: 8:00 class/15 May 2007


text:
Musical direction

<!--

Course Information & A Little More Housecleaning

 * This Class
 * Thanks for visiting this course. This course is intended to teach the basics of Musical Direction for Musical Theatre Productions. This will cover all aspects of the process, from understanding the music, to the audition process, all the way to organizing and conducting the band and singers.

Thanks again for visiting!!

--Pianoman55 01:45, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
 * }

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" |

Lessons

 * The Lessons
 * /Introduction/ - Why?- The Immortal Question Answered]]
 * A brief history of Musical Theatre
 * Lesson 1- The Score
 * Lesson 2- Auditions & Casting
 * Lesson 3- Rehearsals
 * Lesson 4- The Week Before We Open (Hell Week)
 * Lesson 5- Performance

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: cornsilk; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 100px;" rowspan="1" |

Homework/Quizzes/Tests

 * Homework

 * Quizzes/Tests

 * }

title: Musical direction


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Rumah Adat Mbaru Niang

Mbaru Niang house, East Nusa Tenggara
Voting period ends on 30 Aug 2020  at 01:07:30 (UTC)
 * Reason:High quality large image. Illustrates article well.
 * Articles in which this image appears:Rumah Adat
 * FP category for this image:Featured_pictures/Culture,_entertainment,_and_lifestyle/Culture_and_lifestyle
 * Creator:AsdarMunandar

 * Support as nominator – Nyanardsan (talk) 01:07, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support Adam Cuerden (talk)Has about 7.4% of all FPs 02:11, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose – the far right area (particularly top right) is terribly soft, it's easy to see at full size (100% magnification). AsdarMunandar, in the reason section you wrote "FP on Commons", but I see no evidence of it. Bammesk (talk) 03:38, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose I know nothing about the subject, but this image is not representative of the structures in the article. Charlesjsharp (talk) 08:48, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per both above. --Janke | Talk 11:55, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose – 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 10:10, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

--Armbrust The Homunculus 09:16, 30 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Valarie Allman

Valarie Carolyn Allman (born February 23, 1995) is an American track and field athlete specializing in the discus throw. She won the gold medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Allman earned bronze at the 2022 World Athletics Championships, which made her the first American woman to win a world championship medal in the discus throw and later added a silver medal at the 2023 World Championships. She is the North American record holder for the event.

Personal life
Valarie Allman was born at Christiana Hospital in Newark, Delaware. She graduated from Silver Creek High School, in Longmont, Colorado in 2013. She then graduated from Stanford University in 2017 with a B.S. in product design.

Career
Allman was a seven-time All-American at Stanford University. She went on to represent her country at the 2017 Summer Universiade, where she won a silver medal, and the 2017 World Championships, where she did not qualify for the final. She was the 2018 National Champion. Also, she earned bronze at the 2018 Athletics World Cup and silver at the 2018 NACAC Championships. She won the gold medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics. At the 2022 World Athletics Championships, she won a bronze medal, which made her the first American woman to win a world championship medal in the discus throw.

Allman's personal best in the discus event is, set at the Triton Invitational in La Jolla on 8 April 2022. This was the 15th longest throw in history and the longest in almost 30 years.

She now resides in Austin, Texas, and trains under Coach Zebulon Sion at the University of Texas, where she is a volunteer assistant. She was sponsored by Oiselle through 2020, as well as the New York Athletic Club. She is currently sponsored by Asics.

Personal bests

 * Discus throw – (San Diego, CA 2022) North American record

title: Valarie Allman


text:
Aaron Sopher

Aaron Sopher (1905–1972) was an American artist who is known for his depictions of Baltimore, United States.

Early life and education
Aaron Sopher, the tenth of the thirteen children of Samuel A. Sopher and Jennie Saperstein, was born in East Baltimore, Maryland, on December 16, 1905. His father owned a small cigar factory and tobacco shop near the Baltimore harbor. Sopher attended Maryland Institute of Fine and Applied Arts, now known as the Maryland Institute College of Art, where he trained with Alon Bement, the director of the institution. When a new director replaced Bement, Aaron Sopher was not awarded his diploma in 1925 due to his frequent absences and lack of discipline.

Work
Following his stint at the Maryland Institute of Fine and Applied Arts, Sopher worked as a freelance illustrator for The Baltimore Sun, where his drawings began to appear regularly. In 1927, he received his first large commission from the newspaper to illustrate a story about the Baltimore waterfront, which was the first illustration to bring him wide recognition. Sopher then moved to New York City in 1929 where he resided until 1931. His cartoons appeared in The New Yorker, and his sketches of week were often included in The New Masses, a leftist publication devoted to social commentary.

During the Depression, Sopher portrayed the devastation faced by the American people. Several of his ink drawings and watercolors from this period were done under the auspices of Writers Sapos, a program for public works projects administered in Maryland.

Publication and exhibition
Sopher's work appeared in prominent magazines and newspapers such as Harper's Magazine, Johns Hopkins Magazine (pub. Johns Hopkins University), The Wall Street Journal, The New Yorker, and Vanity Fair. Sopher's drawings and watercolors have been featured in exhibitions at Maryland Institute College of Art, Carnegie Institute, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Art Institute of Chicago, San Francisco Museum of Art, Denver Art Museum, Library of Congress, and New York Public Library. During his career, he was supported by many Baltimore and Washington, D.C. institutions such as the Corcoran, the Peale Museum, and the Baltimore Museum of Art.

title: Aaron Sopher


text:
Phaedropsis beckeri

Phaedropsis beckeri is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1995. It is found in Venezuela.

title: Phaedropsis beckeri


text:
User:Linaria1/sandbox

Edmund William Sheehan (born 18 February 1969, London, United Kingdom) is an Irish singer and guitarist. He also plays other instruments such as mandola, bass and piano.

Career
Eddie Sheehan moved to Manchester in 1987 when he was 18 years old. He met .. and ... and started a band called Toss the Feathers.. part of Manchester's folk music scene.

Left Toss the Feathers, live in Ireland. Released album in 96.

Released Let the Light in, 2014.

Released Sharing a Song, 2017.

Solo

 * What's the Mystery of It All (1996)
 * Let the Light in (2014)
 * The Gift EP (2017)
 * Sharing a Song (2017)

Toss the Feathers

 * Live at the 32 Club (1988)
 * Columbus Eclipse (1989)
 * Awakening (1991)

title: User:Linaria1/sandbox


text:
Talk:Junior Boys

Untitled
New album and EP information is from the myspace account, first blog entry

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Junior Boys. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090130092715/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendID=48342023&blogID=464375374 to http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendID=48342023&blogID=464375374

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:50, 29 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Junior Boys


text:
Talk:Real Analysis

I feel that Real analysis now contains quite a bit of stuff on quite a few topics. However, the book needs some clean-up and some major re-organisation to make it more reader-friendly (though new material is also welcome, particularly on multivariable analysis and Fourier analysis).

SPat (talk) 08:46, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Also, these are suggestions from previous authors (moved here from the contents page)

 Other suggested topics for inclusion

Since the goal here is to put calculus on a solid footing, I am going to add background, so that we develop the concept of a number first, and work to functions more slowly and methodically, to include Heine-Borel, Weierstrass, etc.

Things that seem to fit in this context:
 * (Basic) functional analysis:
 * Uniform Convergence, function spaces
 * Arzela-Ascoli Theorem
 * Stone-Weierstrass Theorem
 * Riemann-Stieltjes integrals and bounded variation
 * Measure theory:
 * Measure theory/Lebesgue integrals
 * Generalized function (distributions) theory
 * Some basic harmonic analysis (Fourier series and transforms).

However, both functional analysis and measure theory could do with their own Wikibooks

Things that might better be in Set Theory:
 * Infinite sets and cardinality

Things that might better be in Topology:
 * Introduction to different concepts of space: topological, metric, normed, inner product
 * Basic topology: accumulation points, closure, interior, boundary, convergence of sequences, in each case with discussion of the type of space the concept is appropriate to.
 * Completeness
 * Compactness
 * Connectedness
 * Continuous maps
 * Metric spaces
 * Contraction Mapping Principle

Comments by Msmithma

 * I have just submitted a major rewrite of the Sequences section. Amongst other things I changed the notation for sequences from $$\{x_n\}_{n=1}^\infty$$ to $$(x_n)_{n=1}^\infty$$.  This is more standard, easier to type, easier to read in source and will not conflict with the set theory book (if that is ever written).  It also inlines better (in the form $$(x_n)$$) when you have the "Recommended for modern browsers" math view option selected. J Bytheway 15:56, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Incidentally, I would welcome discussion concerning the structure and approach that should be taken in this book, but in the mean time I shall continue to do things the way I think they should be done. J Bytheway 22:55, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I too was a little overwhelmed by the work to be done in the set theory book, will start on Topology/Compactness tomorrow. Made minor edit to Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, Bolzano was spelt wrong and definition was not limited to the reals. Will check the proof tomorrow as I'm too tired for reasoned arguement now. Badge 01:31, 04 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I just did a major re-write/organization of "The real numbers" section. Added a couple sections on ordered sets and fields, didn't put much onto the field section.  I broke the main chapter of the section up into two pages so that the wiki stoped complaining about the size of the page and to make it easier to read.  Now the axioms are on one page and the properties/consequences are on the next. I also added a cover page as per the wikibooks style guide. Also add your names to the Real analysis/Authors  Page! Msmithma 07:42, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

--Msmithma 11:13, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I just merged the edits on the natural numbers section with the original text, there was some redundant text that was removed and I'm not sure I did a great job placing the two new axiomatic approaches to the natural numbers but it restores the old flow while truing to incorporate the new material. We should probably choose if we want the natural numbers to start at 1 or 0, I vote 1.

Differentiation

 * Personally, I would like to see there be separate sections for Functions and Differentiation, rather than differentiation as a subsection of Functions as it is now. How does everyone else (assuming there is anyone else :-p) feel about this change? --Notanut 10:43, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Topics Covered
Ch.0, Background 0.0 Sets (unless it's assumed the reader is already familiar) 0.1 The Real Numbers 0.2 Construction (though I still don't know what is planned for this) 0.3 Metric Spaces (maybe) 0.4 Regions (ie Neighborhoods, Open/Closed sets, Boundaries, Compactness... all that fun stuff) Ch.1, Real Variables and Functions 1.1 Functions 1.2 Limits 1.3 Continuity 1.4 Sequences 1.5 Series Ch.2, Differentiation 2.1 Derivatives 2.2 Stuff about derivatives 2.3 L'hospital (maybe) 2.4 Taylor's Theorem Ch.3, Integration 3.1 Riemann Integration 3.2 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 3.3 Lebesgue Integration Ch.4, Advanced Topics 4.1 Measures 4.2 Fourier Series 4.3 Distributions 4.4 Hilbert Spaces 4.5 Other Forms of Integration (like Riemann-Stieltjes and so on) Obviously Ch.4's outline is wildly unorganized, and the rest could probably be improved upon. Suggestions are welcome, especially since I've never had formal training in Real Analysis. --Notanut 12:12, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * In response to the comment about structures and topics, I've started this thread. Personally, I don't like the current organization very much and I would also like to see a broader coverage of topics (ie a little basic topology - open/closed set, compactness and the like) in addition to coverage of topics currently deemed too advanced (especially integrals other than the Riemann integral... at least I think Lebesgue integrals are currently out because they're too advanced). I think a good organization would be something mor or less of the form:

 * In principle I agree with you. When I laid out the present structure I would have included more metric/topological stuff had it not been for the fact that there was already a Topology book.  I thought it would be better to have two seperate works, but heavily intertwined.  With luck, this would allow people who don't want to study topology the chance to learn real analysis independantly, and those who do the chance to learn the two together (which, I agree, is somewhat more elegant).  Writing it all out twice may aid learners who want a different presentation, but it nevertheless seems slightly silly when we have the opportunity to make good use of the wiki format to avoid it.
 * A presentation along the lines suggested above would certainly work, although I would rather put Lebesgue integration after measures, and relegate most of the other advanced topics to a book on functional analysis (with a link in the "where next?.." section of this book).
 * The construction section (about which you seem confused) is intended to describe ways of constructing the real numbers (out of the rational numbers, e.g. as equivalence classes of Cauchy sequences). When I learnt real analysis, this aspect was very much brushed over, and I feel it deserves more attention.  It's certainly not crucial for understanding of the other topics, however. J Bytheway 16:12, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I provided a proof of the Squeeze Theorem, and added the equivelant characterizations of completeness that were promised in the "Real Numbers" section. If I did something terrible, let me know.   The proofs I gave could doubtlessly be improved, and I will keep editing them myself.  I did this more as a way of getting some text out there than anything else.  I'm a bit of a newcomer here, so I apologize for any faux pas I may have committed.  I think most of the changes I made are of a reversible nature, anyway.  Also, I had some problems with the math formatting that I couldn't fix.  If someone knows how to make things work right, please do.  L Culler 3:46, 11 May 2005

Set Theory Notation

 * I find some of the Set Theory notation odd. For example: $$\forall\epsilon>0:\exists N:\forall n \geq N:|x_n-a|\leq\epsilon$$,doesn't have an implication arrow.  Neither does any other theorem have an implication arrow.  I am used to seeing set theoretic statements written as such:$$(\forall\epsilon>0)(\exists N)(\forall n \geq N)\implies |x_n-a|\leq\epsilon$$, which is a little less ambiguous. But, $$(\forall\epsilon\in\mathbb{R}>0)(\exists N\in\mathbb{N})(\forall n\in\mathbb{N}\geq N)\implies |x_n-a|\leq\epsilon$$ is even less ambiguous.  What do you think?  --Fraxtal 22:44, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Welcome to Wikibooks Math! MikeBorkowski 20:56, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Why was the Real Analysis book moved be be a Topology sub-book?
Why was the Real Analysis book moved be be a Topology sub-book? Surely these should be separate books. Would anybody object if I moved Real Analysis to be its own book again? --JMRyan T E C20:11, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I second that vote and will start the move --M. Smith-Martinez

Measure and Integration
I'm interested in begin a wikibook about measure and integration and i want to know if someone has some work done to cooperate or begin the book myself. --Bunder 05:13, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Why Analysis?
As a newcomer I'm unsure if this belongs here, but one of the things which I struggled with (and which many other newcomers to analysis struggle with) is the question of why analysis needs to be done at all.

The common situation is that a first-year undergraduate mathematician will have studied calculus at A-level, concentrating on the how and trusting in the why (or seeing an intuitive, rather than rigorous, proof of the why). This is no bad thing IMO, but it does result in a feeling of confusion and disappointment as our undergraduates learn that they're going to spend their first year "learning differentiation and integration".

Of course, once the course is over it's more apparent why it was necessary, but until then the whole thing is rather bewildering.

So one thing I'd like to propose writing is a sort of streetmap of real analysis, explaining - in fairly untechnical language - how all the parts of the topic slot together, where everything fits, and why it's not the same as calculus.

Would this be a good place to add it? (I've yet to sign up for a username, but will likely do so soon...)

 * Ah... ignore that. I've just seen that the front page has exactly that. --<IP_ADDRESS> 14:53, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Exponential Function
I am adding a chapter solely on the exponential and logarithmic functions. The usual way to construct these functions is to define the logarithm as $$\int_1^x\frac{dx}{x}$$ and $$e^x$$ as its inverse. Although the method I'm providing is longer, I believe it has its own merits.

I am also moving the section on rational exponentiation currently in the Continuity chapter to the new chapter. SPat (talk) 09:48, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Cover
This is my temporary proposal for a cove page. Please feel free to comment or edit/replace as you may see fit

SPat (talk) 05:53, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

analysis book in portuguese
hi.. i'm writing the Real analysis's book in portuguese and if somepeaple wann to help in verification of demonstration, proof, ..., etc. Let welcome. Thank you!! Real analysis's book in portuguese
 * Thiago Marcel

Introduction
The introduction seems opiniated and vague. It might be best not to state that " the subject of Real Analysis may seem rather senseless and trivial " in the first paragraph. The introduction should rather explain why real analysis has an important place in higher mathematics, and how its study is necessary for the understanding of other more advanced or applied subjects. I also disagree that real analysis "is simply a nearly linear development of mathematical ideas you have come across". The subject is often presented in this way to students not majoring in math, but it is not true of the whole subjet. <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 13:44, 24 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Real Analysis