text:
Russian Revolution/Week 2

Introduction
The House of Romanov (Рома́нов), was the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled Muscovy and the Russian Empire for five generations from 1613 to 1762. From 1762 to 1917 Russia was ruled by a line descended from the marriage of a Romanov grand duchess to the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, which was normally also called Romanov, but was sometimes formally known as Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.

Origins
The Romanov’s earliest common ancestor is Andrei Kobyla, attested as a boyar in the service of Semyon I of Moscow. Later generations would be assigned to Kobyla, the most illustrious pedigrees. At first it was claimed that he came to Moscow from Prussia in 1341, where his father had been a famous rebel. In the late 17th century, a fictional line of his descent from Julius Caesar was published, but has since been rejected and disproved. of Nikita Romanovich.]]

It's likely that Kobyla's origins were less spectacular. Not only is Kobyla Russian for mare, but his relatives were also nicknamed after horses and other house animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the royal equerries. One of Kobyla's sons, Fyodor, a boyar in the boyar duma of Dmitri Donskoi, was nicknamed Koshka (cat). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin, which family later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev and Zakharin-Yuriev. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the former family became known as Yakovlev (Alexander Herzen being the most illustrious of them), whereas grandchildren of Roman Zakharin-Yuriev changed their name to Romanov.

Rise to power
The Romanovs came to power when Anastasia Zakharyina married the young Ivan IV of Muscovy in February 1547. After her husband assumed the title of tsar, she was crowned the very first tsaritsa. Their marriage was a happy one, but her untimely and mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan's character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, the tsar started the reign of terror against them. Among his children by Anastasia, the elder (Ivan) was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger Fyodor, a pious and lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father's death.

Throughout Fyodor's reign, the Russian government was contested between his brother-in-law and his Romanov cousins. Upon the death of childless Fyodor, the 700-year-old line of Moscow Rurikids came to an end. After a long struggle, the party of Boris Godunov prevailed over the Romanovs and was elected new tsar. The Romanovs' fortunes again changed drastically with the fall of the Godunov dynasty in 1606. As a former leader of the anti-Godunov party and cousin of the last legitimate tsar, Filaret Romanov was raised him to the dignity of patriarch. Upon expulsion of Poles from Moscow in 1612, the Assembly of the Land offered the Russian crown to several Rurikid and Gediminid princes, but all of them declined the honour of it.

On being offered the Russian crown, Filaret's 16-year-old son Mikhail Romanov, then living at the Ipatiev Monastery of Kostroma, burst into tears of fear and despair. He was finally persuaded to accept the throne by his mother Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova, who blessed him with the holy image of Our Lady of St. Theodore. Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to stress his ties with the last Rurikid tsars and sought advice from the Assembly of the Land on every important issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were generally loved by the population as in-laws of Ivan the Terrible and innocent martyrs of Godunov's wrath.

The era of dynastic crises
Mikhail was succeeded by his only son Alexei, who steered the country quietly through numerous troubles. Upon his death, there was a period of dynastic struggles between his children by his first wife (Feodor III, Sofia Alexeevna, Ivan V) and his son by his second wife, Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, the future Peter the Great. New dynastic struggles followed the death of Peter, who had his only son Alexei executed and never named another heir. The Romanov male line actually expired in 1730, with the death of Peter II on the very day of his projected wedding. The last female Romanovs were his aunts, Empresses Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740) and Elizabeth Petrovna (1709-1762), who reigned successively for most of the period from 1730 to 1762.

As neither Anna nor Elizabeth produced a male heir, the succession could devolve either on a Brunswick grand-nephew of Anna (Ivan VI of Russia) or on a Holstein nephew of Elizabeth (Duke Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp), who was also an heir presumptive to the thrones of Sweden. Elizabeth naturally favoured her own nephew, although he was of petulant character. With the accession of Karl Peter Ulrich as Emperor Peter III in 1762 the new reigning dynasty of Holstein-Gottorp, or Oldenburg-Romanov, began. .]]

The Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov Dynasty
The Holstein-Gottorps of Russia, however, kept the surname Romanov and sought to emphasise their female-line descent from Peter the Great. Paul I was particularly proud to be great-grandson of the illustrious Russian monarch, although his German-born mother, Catherine II (of the House of Anhalt-Zerbst), insinuated in her memoirs that Paul's real father had been her lover Serge Saltykov. Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul established the house law of the Romanovs, one of the strictest in Europe, basing the succession to agnatic primogeniture, as well as requiring Orthodox faith from the monarch and dynasts, as well as from the consort of emperor and from those of first heirs in line. Later, Alexander I, facing prospect of a morganatic alliance of his brother and heir, added the requirement that consorts of Russian dynasts had to be of equal birth (i.e., born to a royal or sovereign house). Otherwise their children forfeited all rights to the throne.

Paul I was murdered in his palace in Saint Petersburg and Alexander I succeeded him on the throne. He later died without having left a male heir so Nicholas I, a brother of the latter monarch, was surprised to find himself on the throne. His era, like the one of Paul I, was marked by enormous attention to the army. Nonetheless, Russia lost the Crimean War, although it had some brilliant admirals on its side, including Pavel Nakhimov. Nicholas I fathered four sons, all of whom, he thought, could one day face the challenge of ruling Russia. Trying to prepare all the boys for the future, he provided an excellent education, especially a military one, for all of them.

Alexander II became the next Russian emperor. Alexander was an educated, intelligent man, who held that his task was to keep peace in Europe and Russia. However, he believed only a country with a strong army could keep the peace. By paying attention to the army, giving much freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861, he gained much support (Finns still dearly remember him). His family life was not so happy- his beloved wife Maria Alexandrovna had serious problems with her lungs, which led to her death and to the dissolution of the close-knit family. On March 13, 1881, Alexander was killed after returning from a military parade. His carriage was struck by a hand-made bomb, luckily sparing the Tsar's life. However, he exited the carriage to examine what had happened, and was struck by a second bomb, this time resulting in his death. His assassin Ignacy Hryniewiecki was also mortally wounded. Slavic patriotism, cultural revival, and Panslavist ideas grew in importance in the latter half of this century, drawing the dynasty to look like more Russian. Yet tighter commitment to orthodox faith was required of Romanovs. Several marriages were contracted with princesses from other Slavic monarchies and other orthodox kingdoms, and even a couple of cadet-line princesses were allowed to marry Russian high noblemen - when until 1850s, practically all marriages have been with German princelings.

Alexander II was succeeded by his son Alexander III of Russia. A gigantic and imposing, if somewhat dull man, with great stamina, great lethargy and poor manners, Alexander, fearful of the fate which had befallen his father, strengthened autocratic rule in Russia. Many of the reforms the more liberal Alexander II had pushed through were reversed. Alexander, at his brother's death, not only inherited heirship of the throne, but a betrothed - Scandinavian princess Dagmar (Maria Fyodorovna of Denmark). Despite contrasting natures and size, the pair got on famously, and produced six children.

The eldest, Nicholas, became Tsar upon his father's sudden death (due to kidney disease) at age 49. Unready to inherit the throne, Nicholas himself said, "I am not ready, I do not want it. I am not a Tsar." Though an intelligent and kind-hearted man, lacking any preparation to rule, he continued his father's harsh polices. His Tsarina, the emotionally fragile German princess Alexandra Fyodorovna of Hesse, was also a liability. While the Tsar bustled about on the front lines during World War I, the stubborn, traditionalist Tsarina held sway in court and in government.

Constantine Pavlovich and Michael Alexandrovich, although sometimes counted among Russian monarchs, were not crowned and never reigned. They both married morganatically, as did Alexander II with his second wife. Six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line include: Paul (1796-1801), Alexander I (1801-1826), Nicholas I (1826-56), Alexander II (1856-81), Alexander III (1881-94), and Nicholas II (1894-1917).

Downfall
All these emperors (except Alexander III) had German-born consorts, a circumstance that cost the Romanovs their popularity during World War I. Nicholas's wife Alexandra Fyodorovna, although devoutly Orthodox, was particularly hated by the populace.

Alexandra Fyodorovna brought to the Romanov family a mutated gene of her grandmother, Queen Victoria, which was responsible for her son's (the long-awaited heir to the throne, Alexei) hemophilia. Nicholas and Alexandra had 4 daughters (Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia).

When the Romanov family celebrated the tercentenary of its rule, in 1913, the solemnities were clouded by numerous bad omens. Our Lady of St. Theodore, a patron icon of the family, blackened so badly that the image has been hardly visible ever since. Grigori Rasputin proclaimed that the Romanovs' power wouldn't last for a year after his death, and he was murdered by one of the Romanov Grand Dukes several months before the February Revolution of 1917, which actually dethroned Nicholas II.

Bolshevik authorities murdered the last Romanov monarch, Nicholas II of Russia, and his immediate family in the cellar of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on July 17, 1918 (although some unscholarly accounts suggest only Nicholas had been shot). Ironically, the Ipatiev House has the same name as the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, where Mikhail Romanov had been offered the Russian crown in 1613. The spot where the Ipatiev House once stood has recently been commemorated by a magnificent cathedral "on the blood". After years of controversy, Nikolai II and his family were proclaimed saints by the Russian Orthodox church in 2000. In 1991, the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, along with three of their five children as well as four of their servants, were exhumed from their graves of over 70 years (although some will always question the authenticity of these bones, despite DNA testing). The fact that two bodies were not present leads many people to believe that two Romanov children escaped the killings. Ever since there has been great debate as to which two children's bodies are missing. A Russian scientist made photographic superimpositions and determined that Maria and Alexei weren't accounted for. Later, an American scientist determined from dental, vertebral, and other remnants that it was Anastasia and Alexei that were missing. A great mystery surrounds Anastasia, and several films have even been made, including a 1997 full length animated feature by Twentieth Century Fox, suggesting that she lived.

After the bodies were exhumed in June, 1991, they sat in laboratories for years while Russians fought over where they should be buried, Yekaterinburg or St. Petersburg. A Russian commission eventually chose St. Petersburg and the last known direct Romanovs (as well as several loyal servants who died with them) were interred in a special chapel in the Peter and Paul Cathedral near to the tombs of their ancestors.

In September 2006, Empress Marie Fedorovna, the consort of Alexander III, was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral beside her husband. Having fled Russia at the time of the Revolution, she had spent her remaining years in exile in her native Denmark, where she was initially buried in Roskilde Cathedral. The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate set of ceremonies, including at St. Isaac's officiated by the Patriarch. For monarchists, the reburial of the Empress in the former imperial capital so many years after her death further underscored the downfall of the dynasty.

Contemporary Romanovs
The Romanov family continues to exist today. Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia is seen by many to have the strongest claim to the Russian throne. However, despite the collapse of the Soviet Union and campaigns by her supporters for recognition as the constitutional monarch, it seems unlikely that she will ever gain the throne. The Russian people have so far evidenced little popular support for the resurrection of a Russian monarchy, even on a constitutional basis.

Maria Vladimirovna's father, Vladimir Cyrillovitch, was the last male dynast of the Romanov Family. The basis of which is the contention that all other males descended from Emperor Nicholas I of Russia married in violation of the House Laws with the result that their offspring did not possess any inheritance rights to the Russian throne. Under the Semi-Salic succession promulgated by Emperor Paul I of Russia, when the last male Romanov dynast died, the succession would pass to his closest female relative with valid succession rights. Contending that he was the last male Romanov dynast, Vladimir Cyrillovitch declared that his daughter would succeed as his closest female relation. A moral objection to Grand Duke Cyrillovich's clain to the throne is that he was the first Romanov to join the Revolution donning a red armband with the Preobrazhnsky guards. Accordingly, when her father died in 1992, Maria succeeded as the Head of the Imperial Family of Russia on the basis of her assertion that she is now the last male-line descendant of any Russian emperor not to be of a morganatic marriage.

Maria Vladimirovna's claim to the throne is contested. The biggest objection is the assertion that although her father was a dynast, Maria Vladimirovna is not. They argue that the marriage of her parents, Vladimir Cyrillovich and Leonida Bagration-Mukharsky was not one between equals. The Bagration-Mukharskys were decended from the medieval Kings of Georgia, but since Georgia's incorporation into the Russian empire had been regarded as nobility and not royalty in Russia, Maria and her defenders argue that the Bagration-Mukarskys were indeed royal, and that the marriage was between equals, and thus Maria is a dynast. One of her critics is the Romanov Family Association which claims as members all male-line descendants of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia. It is unclear how many of the claimed members actually participate in the association's activities. Maria and her late father clearly did not participate but were nevertheless listed as members. Prince Nicholas Romanov (who styles himself His Highness, Prince Nicholas Romanovich, Prince of Russia) is the president of the association. It is sometimes alleged that Prince Nicholas is the senior genealogical male-line descendant of Nicholas I, but it is difficult to see the basis for this claim since there are living male-line descendants of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. Prince Nicholas is descended from one of Alexander II's younger brothers.

Czarist Rule in Russia
To understand why Czar Nicholas I freed the serfs from serfdom, we must look at Russia in the mid-18th century.

Questions
Week 2 Questions

Next week's materials
Week 3

title: Russian Revolution/Week 2


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Susan Cummings (actress)

Susan Cummings (née Gerda Susanne Tafel; July 10, 1930 – December 3, 2016) was a German-American actress active from the 1940s to 1960s who started as a teenager in the earliest days of commercial television and appeared in television shows, feature films and on Broadway. Her birth surname of Tafel was sometimes printed as Ta Fel.

Early years
Born Gerda Susanne Tafel in Bavaria, Germany, she immigrated to the United States at age 7 on March 12, 1938, shortly before the outbreak of World War II. The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Tafel, she was raised in Newark, New Jersey, where her father ran a bakery.

Career
Cummings (billed as Suzanne Tafel) was a teenager when she became a regular on the American television variety series At Home, which aired on New York City station WCBW (now WCBS-TV) from 1944 to 1945 in the earliest years of commercial television. She first appeared in Broadway theatre in 1945, portraying Susan Peters in Carousel.

During the 1958–59 season, Cummings portrayed Georgia, proprietress of the Golden Nugget Saloon, in the syndicated Western television series Union Pacific.

She made two guest appearances on Perry Mason: one as Lois Fenton in the title role in the 1957 episode "The Case of the Fan Dancer's Horse" and as Margaret Swaine in the 1959 episode "The Case of the Lame Canary".

In 1960, she appeared as Stella Carney, a love interest of Marshal Dillon, in an episode of the television Western series Gunsmoke. She appeared as Patty in a 1962 episode of The Twilight Zone titled "To Serve Man". In February 1964, she appeared in an episode of the TV series McHale's Navy.

Personal life
In the late 1940s, Cummings was married to rodeo performer Wayne Dunafon. She married actor Keith Larsen on December 28, 1953, in Ensenada, Mexico. She was also married to actor Charles T. Pawley and accountant Robert E. Strasser.

According to Cummings, she was a registered Republican and was raised Lutheran but converted to Mormonism upon her marriage to Larsen.

Cummings died on December 3, 2016.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Susan Cummings (actress)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kraft, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

The result was delete. Tone 09:04, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Kraft, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No indication of notability. Entire article dedicated to his ancestry except for short unsourced blurb on his house. Google search returns genealogy sites, wiki mirrors, and Walmart ("Free 2-day shipping. Buy Kraft, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg at Walmart.com"). JoelleJay (talk) 04:31, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. JoelleJay (talk) 04:31, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Germany-related deletion discussions. JoelleJay (talk) 04:31, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete non notable --Devokewater @ 08:31, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete, This guy fails WP:GNG, and the article in its current state fails WP:NOTGENEALOGY. Devonian Wombat (talk) 10:58, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep Highly notable: "titular Fürst von Hohenlohe-Langenburg". Oleryhlolsson (talk) 16:20, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oleryhlolsson, what references are you using to support he is "highly notable"? Or even that he is the "titular Fürst von Hohenlohe-Langenburg"? JoelleJay (talk) 17:56, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete, fairly minor "prince". It has been 200+ years since his ancestors actually ruled anything. The article doesn't contain any individual claim for personal notability, just genealogical information. —Kusma (t·c) 19:43, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom, he wasn't a prince, total fantasy, no indication of notability.Smeat75 (talk) 21:15, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete: This article is nothing more than a genealogical record plus a bit of trivia. The topic fails WP:GNG and WP:BASIC. There are no reliable sources independent of the subject that cover anything directly and indepth about this individual because they have done absolutely nothing notable. Being related to a public figure is not notable WP:INVALIDBIO WP:NOTINHERITED. Wikipedia is WP:NOTGENEALOGY   // Timothy ::  talk  01:35, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete This title was abolished 129 years before his birth. This is the most extreme example of someone not notable for a title I have seen in a while. This is an example of dragging content kicking and screaming into the 21st century, in this case a title so long dead that not even the Council of Vienna was able to revive it.John Pack Lambert (talk) 19:40, 21 August 2020 (UTC)


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User:Ajrchristy97/sandbox

Gender dysphoria in children (GD), also known as gender incongruence of childhood, is a formal diagnosis for children who experience significant discontent (gender dysphoria) due to a mismatch between their assigned sex and gender identity. The diagnostic label gender identity disorder in children (GIDC) was used by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) until it was renamed gender dysphoria in children in 2013 with the release of the DSM-5. The diagnosis was renamed to remove the stigma associated with the term disorder.

Gender dysphoria in children is more heavily linked with adult homosexuality than an adult transgender identity. According to prospective studies, the majority of children diagnosed with gender dysphoria cease to desire to be the other sex by puberty, with most growing up to identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, with or without therapeutic intervention. If the dysphoria persists into puberty, it is very likely permanent.

Controversy surrounding the pathologization and treatment of a transgender identity and associated behaviors, particularly in children, has been evident in the literature since the 1980s. Proponents of the GD diagnoses argue that therapeutic intervention helps children be more comfortable in their bodies, have better peer relations and therefore better self-esteem. This research indicates there is existing forms of distress associated directly with children's gender variance, and that treatment can prevent adult GD. Opponents have compared therapeutic interventions that aim to alter a child's gender identity to conversion (or reparative) therapy for gay men and lesbians. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health also known as the WPATH, states that treatment aimed at trying to change a person's gender identity and gender expression to become more congruent with sex assigned at birth "is no longer considered ethical."

Critics also argue that therapeutic interventions that aim to alter a child's gender identity relies on the assumption that an adult transgender identity is undesirable, challenging this assumption along with the lack of clinical data to support outcomes and efficacy. Other therapeutic interventions do not seek to change a child's gender identity, but are instead focused on creating a supportive and safe environment for the child to explore their gender identity and gender expression.

Adosh's Work Log
October 6th 2019

I spent 40 minutes editing the article on Gender Dysphoria in children. I I took abbreviations and made them into their real wording. I edited grammar errors. (40 minutes)

October 20th 2019 @ 6pm

6pm started putting my previous edits to the article in BOLD letters as directed. I look for more errors or things that can be added to strength the article.

October 20tg 2019 @ 9:25pm

I finished putting my previous edits into BOLD letters I looked for more errors and still did not find anything that could be edited or added to this article in terms of words

Heather's Comments
10/2- This is how the Sandbox should start looking. Be sure to watch the video in Introduction to Week 5 if you haven't yet. Please let me know here what Wikipedia page you'll be editing, even if you can't assign one to yourself in WikiEdu. Use "Evaluate Wikipedia" to help you figure out what needs to be improved in your article. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Evaluating_Wikipedia_brochure_%28Wiki_Education_Foundation%29.pdf

10/15- Can you clarify what you changed (just what's in bold above?)

Gender dysphoria in children

Gender dysphoria in children (GD), also known as gender incongruence of childhood, is a formal diagnosis for children who experience significant discontent (gender dysphoria) due to a mismatch between their assigned sex and gender identity. The diagnostic label gender identity disorder in children (GIDC) was used by the DSM until it was renamed gender dysphoria in children in 2013 with the release of the DSM-5. The diagnosis was renamed to remove the stigma associated with the term disorder.[1]

Gender dysphoria in children Other names Gender identity disorder in children, gender incongruence of childhood Specialty Psychiatry Edit this on Wikidata Usual onset Childhood Gender dysphoria in children is more heavily linked with adult homosexuality than an adult transgender identity. According to prospective studies, the majority of children diagnosed with gender dysphoria cease to desire to be the other sex by puberty, with most growing up to identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, with or without therapeutic intervention.[2][3][4] If the dysphoria persists into puberty, it is very likely permanent.[2][4]

Controversy surrounding the pathologization and treatment of a transgender identity and associated behaviors, particularly in children, has been evident in the literature since the 1980s. Proponents of the GD diagnoses argue that therapeutic intervention helps children be more comfortable in their bodies, have better peer relations and therefore better self-esteem, that research indicates there exists forms of distress associated directly with children's gender variance, and that treatment can prevent adult GD.[1] Opponents have compared therapeutic interventions that aim to alter a child's gender identity to conversion (or reparative) therapy for gay men and lesbians.[5] The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) states that treatment aimed at trying to change a person's gender identity and gender expression to become more congruent with sex assigned at birth "is no longer considered ethical."[6]

Critics also argue that therapeutic interventions that aim to alter a child's gender identity rely on the assumption that an adult transgender identity is undesirable, challenging this assumption along with the lack of clinical data to support outcomes and efficacy.[5] Other therapeutic interventions do not seek to change a child's gender identity, but are instead focused on creating a supportive and safe environment for the child to explore their gender identity and gender expression.[7]

11/1- Looks good! Move changes to main space and you're all done!

What exactly do you mean by main space?

title: User:Ajrchristy97/sandbox


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/camping-astrid.be

Links

 * camping-astrid.be resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
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Additions

 * Displayed all 7 additions.


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DESTINY+

DESTINY+ (Demonstration and Experiment of Space Technology for INterplanetary voYage with Phaethon fLyby and dUst Science) is a planned mission to flyby the Geminids meteor shower parent body 3200 Phaethon, and sample dust originating from the "rock comet". The spacecraft is being developed by the Japanese space agency JAXA, and will demonstrate advanced technologies for future deep space exploration. As of 2023, DESTINY+ is planned to be launched in 2025.

Overview
DESTINY+ will be launched from Uchinoura Space Center by an Epsilon S launch vehicle into low Earth orbit, and will spend 1.5 years raising its orbit with ion engines. A lunar flyby (at ~300000 km) will accelerate the probe into an interplanetary orbit. During this cruise time it will fly by a few near Earth objects for study, including the transition body 3200 Phaethon in 2029, as well as measure interplanetary and interstellar dust.

The probe's ion engines have the capability to perform another orbit transfer to study additional objects.

Objectives
DESTINY+ will be a technology demonstrator to further improve operations of low cost solar electric propulsion in deep space. It will also demonstrate innovative light-weight solar array panel technology. The scientific aspect of this mission is to understand origin and nature of dusts, which are key sources of organic compounds to Earth. It will also observe dusts from comet/asteroid 3200 Phaethon using a dust analyzer and will map its surface using a multiband telescopic camera to understand the mechanisms of dust ejection. The spacecraft will come as close as 500 km from 3200 Phaethon.

Spacecraft
DESTINY+ will use ultra light-weight solar panels and heat-actuated folding radiators, along with compact avionics. The spacecraft is designed to tolerate a radiation dose up to approximately 30 krad by using a 3 mm aluminum shield.

Propulsion
The spacecraft will be propelled by four μ10 solar electric ion engines, as used by Hayabusa and Hayabusa2, but while its predecessors operated only up to three engines simultaneously, DESTINY+ will use all four simultaneously for a total thrust of 40 mN (specific impulse: 3000 seconds; acceleration: 83 μm/s2; power: 1670 watts. ) The total dry mass (excludes xenon propellant) of the ion engine system is 59 kg.

Payload
DESTINY+ will carry three scientific instruments:

 * DESTINY Dust Analyzer (DDA) — The DESTINY Dust Analyzer (2.7 kg) will be provided by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), and is being developed by the University of Stuttgart.
 * Telescopic Camera for Phaethon (TCAP) — The telescopic camera has a mass of 15.8 kg.
 * Multiband Camera for Phaethon (MCAP) — The multiband camera has a mass of 3.5 kg and will detect light in 390 nm, 550 nm, 700 nm, 850 nm wavelengths.

title: DESTINY+


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User:Angelic Vocals

Angelic Vocals is a male acapella trio "Kulani Mashimbye,Irvin Ndlovu, Kulani Macie", The Group Was established on the 27th of November 2017 in South Africa/ Phalaborwa /Lulekani, Throughout the course of Afro-Pop/Soul Music they've made a Appearances on some good platforms also winning music Competitions while weighing up the rate of their fans with their eye catching performances and they are working  on their first album titled "The Dream" which will be released in late September 2020

title: User:Angelic Vocals


text:
factice

Noun

 * 1) Vulcanized unsaturated vegetable or animal oil, used as a processing aid and property modifier in rubber.
 * 2) An oversized, mock perfume bottle, usually filled with colored water instead of perfume, used for display purposes in perfumeries.
 * 1) An oversized, mock perfume bottle, usually filled with colored water instead of perfume, used for display purposes in perfumeries.

Etymology
. Compare the inherited Old French form as well as the doublet, borrowed from Portuguese.

Adjective

 * 1) fake, artificial, false

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) fake, artificial, false

title: factice


text:
exitium

Etymology
From the stem of.

Noun

 * 1) a going out, egress
 * 2) destruction, ruin
 * 3) the cause of destruction or ruin
 * 1) destruction, ruin
 * 2) the cause of destruction or ruin
 * 1) the cause of destruction or ruin

title: exitium


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Patania menoni

Patania menoni is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Jagbir Singh Kirti and Navneet Singh Gill in 2007. It is found in Arunachal Pradesh, India.

title: Patania menoni


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shirley Braha (2nd nomination)

The result was   keep. Per the discussion herein and after two relistings, the overall impetus for article retention is present, although more participation would have been ideal. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 00:51, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

Shirley Braha
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Not notable. Marnie the Dog (the dog Braha owns) is more notable than her. She was the tv producer for 3 shows. Per WP:ENTERTAINER, she's doesn't meet notability guidelines of having done something significant. Has mere mentions in articles when they are more about the dog than her, so fails WP:GNG LADY LOTUS • TALK 21:56, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of New York-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 17:39, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 17:40, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 17:40, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Redirect to New York Noise. It's the only thing notable about her, and she is already mentioned there. --MelanieN (talk) 03:54, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- Sam Sing! 18:47, 16 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Redirect Keep: After some research, I conclude that the subject meets WP:GNG. Esquivalience t 22:46, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep. Current references in the article (as of Feb 17 2015) count as in-depth, independent and reliable sources, plus there are more possible such as this one and this one. Clearly meets WP:GNG.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 13:46, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 00:55, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I think this one squeaks by: weak keep. Drmies (talk) 03:15, 24 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
User:Jp3z/Ferdinand Schupp

Ferdinand Schupp was a pilot for United Fruit in Guatemala during the 1950s known for his anti-Communist ties.

title: User:Jp3z/Ferdinand Schupp


text:
User:Jharri19/be bold

Being bold is important on Wikipedia.

Being bold means editing and sharing information, such as links to news sources.

title: User:Jharri19/be bold


text:
List of number-one Billboard Tropical Songs of 2015

The Billboard Tropical Airplay chart ranks the best-performing tropical songs of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems based collectively on each single's weekly airplay.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Logitravel

The result was Delete. --MelanieN (talk) 04:33, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Logitravel

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Delete: Not notable and appears to be promotional.  Arun Kumar SINGH (Talk)  19:43, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That article is not intended to be promotional. The creator of that article (Denis Arnaud, me) is not, in any way, employed by, or affiliated to, Logitravel. I searched on the Web for primary sources, but could not find any better ones than the Web site or social network profiles. -- Denis.arnaud (talk) 19:51, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * speedy delete: no indication of importance. ubiquity (talk) 19:44, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Spain-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:56, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:56, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Websites-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:56, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom. If the article's creator couldn't find anything other than the company's website and social media for sources, it is clearly not notable. YSSYguy (talk) 11:53, 12 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
User:Ahmad Pavilion/sandbox

Ahmad Pavilion (talk) 17:08, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

Abu Mohammed, Interested in Islamic Studies, Earth and Planetary Science, Civil and Construction Management

title: User:Ahmad Pavilion/sandbox


text:
User:Ladyofthelibrary

I'm a library director in a library in the U.S. midwest. I'm participating in a class called Wikipedia + Libraries: Better Together.

title: User:Ladyofthelibrary


text:
Timeline of Lviv

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Lviv, Ukraine.

Prior to 18th century

 * 1256 - Lviv mentioned in the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle.
 * 1272 - Leo I of Galicia relocates Galicia-Volhynia capital to Lviv from Halych (approximate date).
 * 1340 - Town taken by forces of Casimir III of Poland.
 * 1356 - City granted Magdeburg rights.
 * 1362 - High Castle rebuilt.
 * 1363 - Armenian church built.
 * 1365 - Roman Catholic Diocese of Lwów established.
 * 1370 - Latin Cathedral construction begins (approximate date).
 * 1387 - 27 September: Petru II of Moldavia paid homage to Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło and Queen Jadwiga of Poland making Moldavia a vassal principality of the Kingdom of Poland.
 * 1412 - Catholic see established.
 * 1434 - City becomes capital of the Polish Ruthenian Voivodeship.
 * 1480 - Latin Cathedral construction completed.
 * 1527 -.
 * 1550 - Church of St. Onuphrius built.
 * 1556 - Arsenal built.
 * 1580 - Korniakt Palace built on Market Square.
 * 1582 - Karaite synagogue built.
 * 1586 - Ukrainian Lviv Dormition Brotherhood established.
 * 1589 - Bandinelli Palace built on Market Square.
 * 1593 - Printing press in operation.
 * 1596 - Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church founded.
 * 1609 - Golden Rose Synagogue opens.
 * 1618 - Hlyniany Gate built.
 * 1626 - City becomes seat of Armenian bishopric.
 * 1629 - Dormition Church built.
 * 1630 - Bernardine Church and Monastery and Church of St. Mary Magdalene consecrated.
 * 1648 - City besieged by Cossacks.
 * 1655 - City besieged by Cossacks again.
 * 1656 - Lwów Oath.
 * 1661 - Jesuit Lviv University founded.
 * 1672 - Siege of Lviv by Turks.
 * 1675 - Battle of Lwów (1675).

18th–19th centuries

 * 1704 - City besieged by forces of Charles XII of Sweden.
 * 1762 - Greek Catholic St. George's Cathedral built.
 * 1771 - 4th Infantry Regiment of the Polish Crown Army stationed in Lwów.
 * 1772 - City annexed by Austria in the First Partition of Poland and made the capital of the newly formed Austrian Galicia under the Germanized name Lemberg.
 * 1776 - Population: 29,500.
 * 1784
 * Secular University established.
 * Brygidki prison in use.
 * 1787 - Lychakiv Cemetery established.
 * 1788 - Stauropegion Institute founded.
 * 1809
 * May: 19th Polish Uhlan Regiment formed in Lwów.
 * 27 May-19 June: City taken by forces of Józef Poniatowski.
 * 1810 -  newspaper begins publication.
 * 1817 - Polish Ossolineum founded.
 * 1825 - German designated as official administrative language.
 * 1829 - Viennese Cafe in business.
 * 1835 - Town Hall and Ivan Franko Park gazebo built.
 * 1842 - Skarbek Theatre opens.
 * 1844 - Technical Academy established.
 * 1846 - Tempel Synagogue built.
 * 1848
 * 2 November: City "bombarded by the Austrians."
 *  newspaper begins publication.
 * 1850 - Chamber of Commerce founded.
 * 1853
 * Ignacy Łukasiewicz invents kerosene lamp.
 * Street lighting installed.
 * 1863 - built.
 * 1867
 * 7 February: Polish Gymnastic Society "Sokół" founded.
 * Pravda newspaper begins publication.
 * 1868 - Prosvita society founded.
 * 1870
 * City self-government in effect.
 * Population: 87,105.
 * 1873 - Shevchenko Scientific Society founded.
 * 1877 - Industrial exhibition held.
 * 1878 - Government House built.
 * 1880 - Dilo (newspaper) newspaper begins publication.
 * 1881
 * founded.
 * Galician Regional Diet building constructed.
 * 1883 -  newspaper begins publication.
 * 1890 - Population: 128,419.
 * 1892 - Lychakivskyi Park laid out.
 * 1893 - Grand Hotel built on.
 * 1894 - held.
 * 1898
 * John III Sobieski Monument erected in.
 * Literaturno-naukovyi vistnyk literary-scientific journal begins publication.
 * 1900
 * Grand Theatre built.
 * Population: 159,618.

1900–1939

 * 1901 - Hotel George opens.
 * 1903
 * Lechia Lwów founded as the oldest Polish football club.
 * Czarni Lwów founded as the second oldest Polish football club.
 * 1904
 * Railway station opens.
 * Pogoń Lwów founded as the third oldest Polish football club.
 * 1905 - Lwow Ecclesiastical Museum established.
 * 1907 - Galician Music Society building constructed.
 * 1908
 * 12 April: Politician assassinated.
 * established.
 * 1909 - Industry and Crafts College built.
 * 1911 - Church of Sts. Olha and Elizabeth built.
 * 1913 - Magnus department store built on.
 * 1914
 * 26 August-1 September: German-Russian conflict.
 * September: Russian occupation begins.
 * 1915
 * May: Austrians in power.
 * 3–22 June: German-Russian conflict.
 * July: Russian occupation ends.
 * 1918
 * 1 November: City becomes capital of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic; Battle of Lemberg (1918) begins.
 * 21–23 November: Lwów pogrom (1918).
 * November: Poles in power.
 * 1920 - July–September: Battle of Lwów (1920).
 * 1923 - City confirmed as part of Poland per Conference of Ambassadors.
 * 1924 - Polish Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów established.
 * 1925 - Beis Aharon V'Yisrael Synagogue built.
 * 1929 - Members of the Lwów School of Mathematics, Stefan Banach and Hugo Steinhaus, establish Studia Mathematica journal.
 * 1930 - Area of city: 66 square kilometers.
 * 1936
 * April 14 - demonstration of unemployed people shot by Polish police. Killed 1 worker V. Kozak.
 * April 16 - funeral of the killed worker Kozak, police fights against workers. 46 people killed.
 * 1937 - Academy of Foreign Trade in Lwów established.

World War II (1939–1945)

 * 1939
 * 12 September: German forces attack the city. Battle of Lwów (1939) begins.
 * 18 September: Soviet forces join the German siege of the city.
 * 22 September: End of the Battle of Lwów. Soviet occupation begins.
 * September: Polish resistance movement established in the city.
 * The Soviets carried out deportations of captured Polish POWs to the USSR, mostly to Starobilsk.
 * October: Czerwony Sztandar Polish-language communist newspaper begins publication.
 * November: City annexed into Soviet Ukraine, and made capital of the newly formed Lviv Oblast.
 * 1940
 * General Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski, leader of the Polish resistance, arrested by the NKVD.
 * April–May: Many Polish defenders of the city murdered in the Katyn massacre by the Soviets.
 * 19–20 November: The Soviets sentenced 14 leaders of the local branch of the Union of Armed Struggle Polish resistance organization to death.
 * branch and Ukrainian State Institute of Urban Planning branch organized.
 * 1941
 * 24 February: 13 leaders of the Union of Armed Struggle executed by the Soviets following their sentencing in November 1940.
 * 22–30 June: Battle of Lwów (1941).
 * 30 June: German occupation begins.
 * June–July: Lviv pogroms (1941).
 * July: Massacre of Lwów professors.
 * 26 July: Execution of pre-war Prime Minister of Poland Kazimierz Bartel by the Germans.
 * 1 August: City made capital of the newly formed District of Galicia within the General Government of occupied Poland.
 * 3 August: Stalag 328 prisoner-of-war camp established by the Germans.
 * September: Janowska concentration camp begins operating.
 * 8 November: Lwów Ghetto is established.
 * 1942 - Local branch of the Żegota underground Polish resistance organization established to rescue Jews from the Holocaust.
 * 1943
 * January: Stalag 328 POW camp relocated to Drohobycz.
 * November: Stalag 328 POW camp relocated from Drohobycz back to Lwów.
 * 1944
 * 1 February: Stalag 328 POW camp converted into the Oflag 76 POW camp for officers.
 * 9 May: Oflag 76 POW camp dissolved.
 * 23–27 July: Polish Lwów Uprising against German occupation.
 * 27 July: German occupation ends; city re-occupied by the Soviet Union.
 * December: begins.
 * established.
 * 1945 - City annexed from Poland by the Soviet Union, and renamed to Lviv.

1945–2000

 * 1945 – Lviv Bus Factory built.
 * 1952
 * Lenin statue erected.
 * monument and built.
 * 1957 - Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsia Institute established.
 * 1958 - Polish People's Theatre established.
 * 1963
 * Football Club Karpaty Lviv formed.
 * Ukraina Stadium opens.
 * 1965 - Population: 496,000.
 * 1966 - Pharmacy Museum opens.
 * 1970
 * Ukraïnskyi visnyk magazine begins publication.
 * Population: 553,452.
 * 1979 - Population: 665,065.
 * 1985 - Population: 742,000.
 * 1987
 * Lion Society formed.
 * Levshan-zillia magazine begins publication.
 * 1989
 * Dead Rooster musical group formed.
 * Population: 786,903.
 * 1990
 * festival begins.
 * becomes mayor.
 * Gazeta Lwowska Polish-language magazine begins publication.
 * Russian Cultural Centre opens.
 * Area of city: 90 square kilometers.
 * 1991
 * City becomes part of independent Ukraine.
 * Chervona Ruta (festival) of music held.
 * Lviv Physics and Mathematics Lyceum founded.
 * 1992
 * September: Chrysler Imperial rock opera performed.
 * Ekspres newspaper begins publication.
 * Austrian Library opens.
 * begins broadcasting.
 * 1993 - Znesinnia Regional Landscape Park established.
 * 1994 - Vasyl Kuybida becomes mayor.
 * 1996 - Lviv Suburban railway station built.
 * 1998 - Old Town (Lviv) designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.

21st century

 * 2001 - Population: 725,202.
 * 2002
 * 27 July: Air show disaster occurs near city.
 * Ukrainian Catholic University established.
 * 2004 - Center for Urban History of East Central Europe founded.
 * 2006 - Andriy Sadovyi becomes mayor.
 * 2008 - Etnovyr folklore festival and Wiz-Art film festival begin.
 * 2009 - Pogoń Lwów football club re-established.
 * 2011 - Arena Lviv opens.
 * 2012 - June: Some UEFA Euro 2012 football games played in Lviv.
 * 2014
 * January: 2014 Euromaidan regional state administration occupation.
 * February: 2014 Ukrainian revolution.
 * 2018 - Population: 720,105 (estimate).
 * 2022 - Russian missile attack on the city.

title: Timeline of Lviv


text:
Talk:Bill Carlton

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bill Carlton


text:
Talk:Flightless (record label)

Untitled
Hi, I'm working on this page for a Uni assignment until June. Please refrain from removing heaps of content from this article until June. Thanks! GC2021 (talk) 04:55, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:19, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Flightless Distribution
The label has recently announced that they are starting a vinyl distribution service, and while I don't think enough information is available yet to put into the article, but I recommend for anyone to keep an eye out and possibly add it on.

Roster
The roster page on the flightless website hasn't been updated since before Eggy signed with the label. I believe Amyl and the Sniffers, Babe Rainbow, Civic, Grace Cummings, King Gizzard, The Murlocs and Tropical Fuck Storm are no longer on the label as none of the new releases of any of those bands (including 5 records from king gizzard) have been on the label. It may not be able to properly cite the roster due to this lack of update from the cite but I believe what I say is accurate Beatlebyrd050 (talk) 09:38, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

 * That conclusion is wp:SYNTHESIS. Adakiko (talk) 09:39, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I could cite discogs, or the pages from the other labels? but there has been no statements from any of the artists nor flightless and I'm not sure there will be. I have found an article stating civic have signed with a new label https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/civic-new-album-sign-with-cooking-vinyl-australia/ but I'm not sure if this is a good enough source Beatlebyrd050 (talk) 09:43, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I have also personally asked Gareth Liddiard of Tropical Fuck Storm about Flightless and he told me that it was private so I don't believe we will get an official statement from them. I also believe that when bands such as love migrate, sagamore, and sleep decade left the label there wasn't word on it (although i might be mistaken) Beatlebyrd050 (talk) 09:45, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not an expert in the music area. FYI: Discogs is wp:user-generated content (UGC) and is not wp:RS. See WP:RSDISCOGS and WP:RSPSS for the list. Nothing found for musiclist.com.au on WP:RSP nor archives. If it's not wp:UGC nor wp:SPS (self-published source) it's probably OK especially this. Cheers Adakiko (talk) 09:52, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I would cite everything if I could, however with no official word anywhere and most likely none on the horizon (unless its reflected in a potential future website update) really the only way to have the current roster here is to go off the bands releases no longer being on flightless Beatlebyrd050 (talk) 09:56, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I believe there won't be official word due to their biggest act king gizzard releasing 5 albums not on the label without anything being said by either the band or the label. so I'm not really sure how I can put the current roster up with seeming lack of official sources Beatlebyrd050 (talk) 09:57, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * That might by synth again. Please ask at the Teahouse, it's beyond my knowledge. Cheers Adakiko (talk) 10:05, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Ask at the wp:Teahouse! Adakiko (talk) 09:53, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi, I saw this at the Teahouse. Amyl and the Sniffers definitely were with Flightless, so they should be listed somewhere here. Seems that Alumni is a more likely fit than Current, in the absence of an explicit statement either way. That's just my opinion, and I'm inexperienced with music articles. Somebody may be able to make a stronger argument.
 * See also Teahouse ⁓ Pelagic ( messages ) 11:30, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * As of 2022 there have been more roster changes to Flightless. However, Flightless has yet to update their Artists page on their website. None of the Artists that have left Flightless have made a statement about doing so besides announcing a record under a new label. Intrasport (talk) 10:11, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flightless (record label)


text:
User:Khanashirjaved/sandbox

Ashir Javed khan is a Muslim boy. He born on 18 Novemvber 1986 in Gujranwala Pakistan. He is a Banker also he has a personal software house as on name of AshHome. He is also a Marshal Artist who is Expert in Wing Chan. He is MMA fighter also he win 27 fights out of 29 he is fast n hit very strongly also he has smart and slim body he has fair color his body weight is 63kg only. He can 36 pushups in 1 mint and 1 hand he can 48 pushup with both hands. He is honest and hr loves his country he wish to join to Pakistani Army but due to week eyesight he cant join he is a civil person now but he never miss any chance to do something for his country. In 2016 he got a road accident he got seriously damage his ribs lungs and shoulder only 20%chance he will be alive but he is a brave person and recovers very early after this incident he leaves MMA Street Fights. He became a Radio Jokey as on name of RJ Hero and after it he work in HBL bank and he spend his life simple style.

title: User:Khanashirjaved/sandbox


text:
elution

Etymology
From the verb.

Noun

 * 1)  The process of removing materials that are absorbed with a solvent.

Translations

 * Finnish: eluutio

title: elution


text:
Talk:Software Freedom

I wrote this text at the beginning of the first (non-Wiki) version of this curriculum).

 * At any moment in time, this curriculum exists as a fixed text and a fixed set of ideas and suggestions. However -- like the software that is its subject -- it is designed to be taken, adapted and built upon.

 * The person who would teach this curriculum without alteration or improvement has not understood or embraced the content of or motivation behind the project. More importantly, by not putting themselves into this curriculum and letting themselves shape it -- and by not offering the same opportunity to each student -- they have done a disservice to everyone involved and sacrificed the principles this curriculum intends to communicate through the process of communication.

I figured it deserved a place somewhere here. --mako 06:00, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Being a disenfranchised newbie
I can't move these pages into a semblance of order. I cry. !Sj 20:20, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Please keep Software Freedom lessons
It it only me who finds strange proposal on top of main article? Cleanup? Deleting page about software freedom, proposed by one of leading advocate of free software, hosted on free software wiki? You must be kidding.

It's free information: use it as is, if it fits, or adapt it to your needs. I will find out who pays for hosting and will complain about this ridiculous "cleanup" proposal. Please suggest changes, or if hard - clone whole article and make it better, but not remove it. Ridiculous.

 * I think e should make the article better organized. The cleanup tag doesn't require or suggest that it should be removed. --mako 20:17, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Software Freedom


text:
SmartKey

SmartKey was the first macro processing program of its type, and the first terminate-and-stay-resident program for PCs and CP/M microcomputers, their eight bit predecessors.

Smartkey's "keyboard definitions" were first used with the early word processing program WordStar to change margins of screenplays. Thousands of other uses were made for the program.

SmartKey was originally written by Nick Hammond, an admiral in the Royal Australian Navy, and originally published by Software Research Technologies, founded by Stan Brin and Reid H. Griffin.

SmartKey received two Editor's Choice awards from PC Magazine due to its tight code and powerful features, but was never able to counter the marketing muscle of its largest competitor, SuperKey, a product of Borland International. SmartKey 6.0, the final version was released in May 1990, with the Program Design credited to Nick Hammond and the actual program to Nick Hammond and Bill Dunn; that final version was published by Executive Services Inc. for No Brainer Software, and came in two editions, "SmartKey Junior" and "SmartKey Advanced," which added additional features, including custom screens, programming and branching logic, context-sensitive macros (based on screen condition, time of day, and so forth), as well as calling DOS functions.

title: SmartKey


text:
Conlang/Beginner/Sounds

Spoken language is much older than written language. Many beginning conlangers try to build their first languages out of written words without paying too much attention to what they will sound like, but this approach, while usable, is really the wrong way 'round. Before any written language existed, all the rules that govern how languages work — the rules of grammar — were already in place; what they determined was how language was built from patterns of sound.

What sounds will you have?
The first step is to decide on what sounds to use in your language. No languages use precisely the same set of sounds; for example, the sound "th" in English does not occur in most other languages (although it does in some, such as Swahili, Greek, and European Spanish); conversely, many languages contain sounds that English does not use at all.

You probably already know that sounds are classed as consonants and vowels. In deciding on what sounds to use in your language, it often helps to consider these two categories separately. A chart of consonant and vowel sounds is available in an appendix. For now, don't worry about the symbols used; just enjoy hearing some of the exotic sounds you might want to add to your language! But don't get too exotic; make sure that you can pronounce all the sounds you're going to use, and that you can tell them apart easily. (There will be plenty of time for building conlangs that you can't pronounce yourself after you've built ones you can — like a juggler practicing with eyes open before trying it blindfolded!) Another guideline is: don't add more sounds than you will actually need. If you want to use lots of non-English sounds, maybe think about deleting some sounds that English does use as well.

But regardless of what sounds you ultimately decide to use or not use, remember that it is important not to throw in every sound you come across; limit yourself to a system of sounds, rather than every sound that exists. If you find yourself with 50 sounds without a good reason why, you have probably gone overboard. The sounds should also be similar to one another in some way; avoid having "freak" sounds that have no relatives. For example, if you have an aspirated stop (a hard consonant like "t", with a puff of air after it), try to have more than one (but not every aspirated stop).

Choose a convenient way to spell out the sounds you've chosen, so that you can easily write about them, and be sure to write down a clear explanation of just what your spelling rules are. It's a good idea to imitate standard descriptions of your sounds, rather than devising your own; that's the best way to be sure it's clear — even to you, some time later — just what sounds you intended. In the Intermediate level of this wikibook, we'll cover the computer-friendly notation CXS (short for Conlang X-SAMPA), and its big brother IPA (the International Phonetic Alphabet), which are ways to spell out sounds without depending on the spelling rules of any particular language.

What sounds can go where?
When you have your sounds, you will have to work on ways of putting them together. Languages differ greatly in this respect: for example, English usually requires every syllable to contain a vowel; even words with no vowel written, such as the mathematical term "nth", are pronounced with one — "enth". Not all languages follow this rule; some, on the other hand, require every syllable to end with a vowel. If you are going to allow consonants to come after vowels at the end of syllables, you might only allow one consonant, or you might allow a cluster (as English does). Some sounds might be prohibited from certain positions; for instance, the "ng" sound in English can never begin a word, but in Tagalog it can. English allows many clusters of consonants, but prohibits many others: a word may begin str, but not zdr. You can make your own decisions on what clusters to allow; Russian and Polish, for example, have no problem with clusters like zdr.

What sounds do I want?
The types of sound used in a language (especially a themed language, such as Elvish) depends on the theme itself. For example, an Elvish language would be very liquid-heavy with many approximants while Orcish would have fewer gliding sounds and more gruff chokes. Keep in mind that there are two kinds of sounds: voiced and unvoiced. Feel free to pick and choose, but remember that if your people can make a voiced sound, they can most likely make a voiceless one, and vice versa.

title: Conlang/Beginner/Sounds


text:
Talk:Minnesota State Knowledge Bowl Meet

Someone who can fix up the tables for the respective years would be great, as would someone who can find further information. I believe the person to contact would be Sue DeNio (sdenio@lcsc.org). Cheers.

Clean Up
Is it possible to tabulate all the historical data at the State Meet this year? Also what do we need to clean up, really? 16:33, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

How's that for clean up? I'll finish when I get back to school next week. -CL, Chaska —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:13, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * A bit of the data was lost in it (2006-2007), but that can be recovered from the page history, I believe. If I can muster through the coding in the next couple days, I'll try to sort it out and reintroduce a bit of prose and some linking to schools. matt91486 (talk) 08:11, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I would also argue that we don't really need to keep data on 4-6th place, even if it was around before. If there are no huge objections to it, I think we can limit it to top 3 safely. matt91486 (talk) 08:13, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

-I went with 1st - 6th since that's what they award trophies for. I've got the complete results going back quite far, but they're at school. I only put in what I've got here at home for now. Next week I'll pick them up at school and put them in. Any reason NOT to track places 1-6? -CL, Chaska <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:31, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * --Well, just typically, if you look at results pages for any competition, top 3 is typically what's tracked. That's the only major reason. matt91486 (talk) 16:44, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, I've linked to the first appearance of each school with an article in the table. Schools without articles, I haven't red-linked yet, but that can be done by looking at List of high schools in Minnesota.  And if there's a general desire to link every appearance in the table, that can be done by just copying the links already there.  Also, a quick question, since you're as likely to as anyone, do you happen to have any newspaper articles saved anywhere about it that could be used to write a more general prose introduction - I might have a couple clippings, but they'd be limited in time frame.  Internet archive searches are also easy enough, but I figured if you happened to have any around it would be handy. It's easier to find what's there if you already know what you're looking for. matt91486 (talk) 17:03, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Nice. I've now filled in most of the top 6 that I have records for, and will finish the rest shortly.  Any reason to not just link all the school names?  And just out of curiosity, who are you? -CL <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:27, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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text:
Abdullahi Bile Noor

Abdullahi Bile Noor (Cabdulaahi Bile Nuur, ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ بيلي ﻧﻮﺭ), better known as Bile, is a Somali politician. He served for many years in the government and has extensive experience in public policy, public administration and business. He currently serves as Member of the Federal Parliament of Somalia and a member of the current cabinet. He is one of Somalia's longest serving national legislators.

Career
Bile served for the government for many years and was a cabinet member for various Somali governments. He is one of the country's most popular politicians due to his long-time national service.

On August 13, 2000, Bile was selected as a member of the newly installed transitional parliament of Somalia; he still holds this post.

On 17 January 2015, Bile was appointed the new State Minister of Post, Telecommunication and Technology of Somalia by Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khaire.

He previously served as Assistant Minister of Information, Postal Cooperation and Telecommunication of Somalia later formed part of government served as State Minister of Justice. Bile was later switched into Ministry of Education, Cultural & Higher Education of Somalia where he served as State Minister.

Early life
Bile is originally from northeastern Puntland. He hails Dishiishe clan and was born in the coastal town of Bosaso in the northeastern Bari region of Somalia.

He graduated with honor from Somali National University.

title: Abdullahi Bile Noor


text:
Cookbook:Broiling

Broiling or Grilling is the use of radiant heat for cooking, usually called grilling in British and Australian English and broiling in US English. Typically this is done in an electric oven, using only the upper heating element, with the door partially open. Gas ovens often provide a very effective lower drawer for broiling. Gas ovens, in a way analogous to gas ranges, provide a hotter, flame-based heat source that is preferred by most cooks over electric broilers. This is where the term "flame broiled" comes from.

Broiling is used to retain the juices of meat while developing flavor. Broiling does not soften the fibers of tough meat. It is best used for tender meat, including poultry. Broiling is not the most economical way of cooking, and the browning of meat can create carcinogenic (albeit tasty) chemicals.

The food should be exposed to intense heat last, to ensure even cooking and less juice escaping. How does that work? Heat damages surface proteins that keep the juice in. The higher the heat, the more damage. So, contrary to popular belief, searing before cooking through will NOT lock in the juices. The food that is being broiled should be turned just once. Once the outside is browned, the heat may need to be reduced to ensure that the center will cook before the outside burns.

title: Cookbook:Broiling


text:
Talk:Dick A. Greco

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Dick A. Greco


text:
The Voynich Manuscript/F2v

Transcription, comments, theories, links to do with VMs page f2v to be added here... :-)

Description:
One plant centered on page.

 * Root: long straight rhizome, covered with scales or round stalk scars.
 * Stem: single, vertical, slightly bent, shooting out from middle of rhizome; dark painted.
 * Branches: there is the stub of a lost branch at mid-stalk.
 * Leaves: a single large leaf, horizontal, shaped like a very fat C, with smooth rim. Painted solid dark.
 * Stalk: short.
 * Flowers: one white flower, pointing almost straight up.
 * Stalk: long, light colored, with a darker vein; part of it obscured by leaf which should be behind it.
 * Chalyx: well-drawn, with thick tongue-shaped sepals, light colored.
 * Petals: well-drawn, flaring, lily shaped, serrated edges, white underpaint.
 * Core: not visible.
 * Stamen: long, with a few short hairs.

Two paragraphs (with lines, respectively), left- and right-justified: one at the top, interrupted by the single flower, and one just below mid-page, interrupted by the main stem.

Comments:
The plant looks quite natural and well-drawn.

Presumably, the flower stem was in front of the leaf in the original drawing; but the dark overpaint covered it. The original outline of the leaf may have been obscured, too.

The leaf shape suggests it is a water plant. With that assumption, the choices are quite few. Rene suggested

Nymphaea candida (a.k.a. Nymphaea alba; water lily, seerose)

http://runeberg.org/nordflor/pics/181.jpg

title: The Voynich Manuscript/F2v


text:
User:Nathan Hamblen~enwikibooks

I'm a software programmer in New York. During the school year of 2003 — 2004, I tought English in France to 8 year-olds (CE2) in three primary schools (Théophile Gautier, Paul-Bert, and Henri IV) in Tarbes, France. Leland and I started off the Teaching Assistant in France Survival Guide to help future assitants. We now live in New York.

See my user page at Wikipedia for more.

title: User:Nathan Hamblen~enwikibooks


text:
Seawillow, Texas

Seawillow is an unincorporated community in Caldwell County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had an estimated population of 100 in 2000. It is located within the Greater Austin metropolitan area.

History
Seawillow was named for Margaret Ann Wells (née Pipkin). She went by Seawillow because she was born under a willow tree in 1855. Before her birth, her mother was rescued by the slaves who worked for her family when she got caught in a flood. The area in what is now known as Seawillow today was named for Wells at a request from her husband after she moved with her family to this present-day area. A post office was established at Seawillow in 1899 and remained in operation until 1903. After its closure, mail began being delivered to the community from Lockhart in 1940. Before the discovery of oil in Caldwell County in the 1920s and 30s, the main agricultural products shipped by farmers who lived in the area were cotton and grain. The community began to disappear in the 1940s and only a few buildings and oil tanks remained there by the 1980s. The population was 100 in 2000.

A 22-year-old man was arrested and charged with aggravated assault with a deadly weapon after stabbing a resident in Seawillow.

Geography
Seawillow is located at the intersection of Farm to Market Roads 197 and 204, 6 mi southeast of Lockhart in the central part of Caldwell County.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Seawillow has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Education
"Seawillow" Margaret Ann Wells was a schoolteacher in Lockhart. Children who lived in the area attended the Lone Star School from the 1880s until the community got its own school in 1910. This school then joined with the Glendale Common School District sometime after 1922. Today the community is served by the Lockhart Independent School District.

title: Seawillow, Texas


text:
User:HagermanBot~enwikiversity

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title: User:HagermanBot~enwikiversity


text:
TimedText:Lucio Battisti - E penso a te.ogg.en.srt

1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,500 I wasn't funny

2 00:00:03,500 --> 00:00:07,000 ... and I think of you

3 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:10,000 I'm in the dark

4 00:00:10,000 --> 00:00:12,500 ... and I think of you

5 00:00:12,500 --> 00:00:14,000 I close my eyes

6 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:16,500 ... and I think of you

7 00:00:16,500 --> 00:00:18,000 I can't sleep

8 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:21,500 ... and I think of you


text:
flessione

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) bending
 * 2) bend (any of several gymnastic movements), squat
 * 3) slight fall or drop
 * 4) inflection
 * 5) push-up

title: flessione


text:
Cookbook:Dairy

| Basic foodstuffs

Dairy ingredients are generally the products of milk and are used in a variety of different ways. Almost all of the dairy consumed by humans is derived from domesticated herbivores, such as cows, goats, sheep, buffalo, etc. Dairy products from cows are most prominent globally, but many cultures and specialty products rely on other animal sources.

Characteristics
Most dairy products have a white or off-white color and a mild, slightly sweet flavor—the exception is fermented dairy products (e.g. yogurt, cheese), which develop more complex flavors, textures, and colorations as a result of the microbial action on the initial milk or cream. Unless the fat has been removed, dairy products are rich, but the final fat content depends on the processing techniques.

Varieties
All dairy products begin with milk, which is then processed in a variety of ways to make different products:

Selection and storage
Most dairy products—especially fresh ones—are perishable, and they must be stored carefully in the refrigerator. Fermented, cured, and pasteurized dairy products have a longer shelf life, but some may still be perishable, depending on the method of production.

Use
Dairy products have a wide range of uses in cooking, where they typically contribute to flavor and texture. Both the proteins and sugars in dairy products can contribute to the maillard reaction, resulting in the generation of browning and complex flavors. Yeasted products especially benefit from this, as the yeast cannot break down the added lactose. Dairy products containing fat will also contribute richness, tenderness, and flavor to dishes. Fermented dairy products can add acidity. All dairy products will also contribute moisture, although the amount will depend on the specific product.

Abstinence
People abstain from dairy as a category for a variety of reasons. Health-wise, a large number of adults are lactose intolerant, which requires them to avoid certain dairy products, most often fresh dairy products where the lactose has not been broken down by fermentation. Individuals may also be allergic to some of the proteins in milk, which typically prevents the consumption of all dairy products. Under the Jewish laws of kashrut, dairy products may not be combined with meat. Vegans abstain from all animal products, including dairy. Individuals with lactose intolerance may need

Substitution
Sometimes, different dairy products can substitute for each other, depending on the exact characteristics called for in the original recipe. You'll want to assess the moisture content, fat content, and acidity and choose/modify a substitute to match the original characteristics as much as possible. Similarly, in certain circumstances, dairy products can be substituted by non-dairy ingredients, depending on the function of the dairy in the original recipe. It will, however, be harder to match the flavor profile and milkfat characteristics.

Index
For a full list of dairy ingredients, see Category:Dairy or browse below:

title: Cookbook:Dairy


text:
Alder Brook (West Branch French Creek tributary)

Alder Brook is a 2.93 mi long tributary to West Branch French Creek that is classed as a 1st order stream on the EPA waters geoviewer site.

Course
Alder Brook rises in Venango Township of eastern Erie County, Pennsylvania and then flows east to meet West Branch French Creek north of Lowville.

Watershed
Alder Brook drains 6.63 sqmi of Erie Drift Plain (glacial geology). The watershed receives an average of 46.2 in/year of precipitation and has a wetness index of 473.57. The watershed is about 41% forested.


text:
Velikent

Velikent (Великент; Вәликәнд, Vəlikənd) is a rural locality (a selo) in Derbentsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 4,202 as of 2010. The village has an Azerbaijani-majority. There are 47 streets.

Geography
Velikent is located 24 km northwest of Derbent (the district's administrative centre) by road. Padar and Karadagly are the nearest rural localities.

title: Velikent


text:
Talk:November 1989 tornado outbreak

Relationship to East Coldenham Elementary School disaster
Was this tornado outbreak related to the East Coldenham Elementary School disaster which happened the very next day (questionable tornado that killed nine) at all? Or were they different systems? CrazyC83 01:13, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Living remarkably close from Newburg, I think that they were the from the same system. Juliancolton 14:49, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Mont Saint-Hilaire Tornado
I have been listening to Meteo Media in Quebec when i've learn about the Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec tornado that occured on the 16th. Since i've caught the info about the Huntsville tornado that occured a day earlier and that it was a very warm day in Quebec on the 16th (and likely the storm was from the same and powerful system that hit Alabama)i've added that tornado in the total count which brings it to 19 for the outbreak (It was an F2 by the way).

I've presumed by the way that this tornado was not counted (since it says only the eastern U.S, if not put it back to 18 (and 7 for F2)--JForget 18:16, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I am trying to put all the pieces to the puzzle myself - if that was related, the East Coldenham tornado (9 deaths) was definitely also related. If all the pieces come together and they were indeed related, then I will recommend a merge and expansion (with Huntsville obviously getting a large section). A similar case is going on with May 30-31, 1998 (which is currently scattered in three articles - tornado outbreak afternoon of the 30th, derecho overnight, another tornado outbreak the next afternoon. CrazyC83 04:45, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I went through the NCDC database and found a large number of tornadoes in the Mid-Atlantic and a few in the Carolinas. Conclusion: they were indeed connected. There were up to 45 tornadoes in the US on November 15 and 16, 1989. Hence, I recommend a large-scale merge, into a renamed article November 1989 Tornado Outbreak (or Mid-November 1989 Tornado Outbreak if it needs to be disambiguated). Geographic names become useless due to two deadly and noteworthy tornadoes. CrazyC83 05:02, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Considering that the article is a stub, it can very well be added as a section to this article. Although, considering that this tornado was by far the deadliest of the outbreak it would be preferable to keep the name Huntsville in the title, maybe to change it to the 1989 Huntsville tornado outbreak or something like that. --JForget 21:34, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The Mid-Atlantic states are a long way from Alabama though... CrazyC83 04:03, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Merges, rewriting and addition of other tornadoes completed. The actual outbreak total is 40. CrazyC83 04:04, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Tornado or downburst
''The leading expert in tornadoes and wind damage surveys, Ted Fujita, surveyed this event soon after its occurrence and was confident that it was caused by straight-line winds (a downburst), not a tornado. The NWS did not change this in the official record, however. I don't have the original survey documents, but this is verifiable from Significant Tornadoes (1993) by Thomas P. Grazulis. Evolauxia 11:43, 25 July 2006 (UTC)'' Gopher backer 04:35, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Name
I moved the article named "November 1989 Tornado Outbreak" to "November 1989 tornado outbreak" to comply with Naming conventions (events). --Rosiestep (talk) 23:15, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:November 1989 tornado outbreak


text:
Bill Dawley

William Chester Dawley (born February 6, 1958) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played all or part of seven seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1983 to 1989, for the Houston Astros, Chicago White Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies, and Oakland Athletics. Dawley was used exclusively as a relief pitcher during his major league career, appearing in 275 games as a reliever.

Reds farm system
Dawley was drafted out of Griswold High School in the seventh round of the 1976 Major League Baseball Draft by the Cincinnati Reds. Over the next six seasons, he worked his way up through the Reds' farm system as a starting pitcher, pitching substantially in relief only in 1980 with the Indianapolis Indians. During spring training in 1983, he was traded to the Astros along with infielder Tony Walker in exchange for backup catcher Alan Knicely.

1983: All-Star rookie
Dawley made the Astros roster out of spring training as a relief pitcher. Despite having little experience out of the bullpen, Dawley got off to a great start, being chosen for and playing in the All-Star Game after going 5–2 with a 1.88 earned-run average before the All-Star break. Dawley finished his rookie season with a 6–6 record and a 2.82 ERA and 14 saves.

In the All-Star Game itself, Dawley took the mound for the National League with two outs in the bottom of the third inning after the American League's Fred Lynn hit the first grand slam in All-Star history off Atlee Hammaker. Dawley retired Jim Rice on a pop fly to end the third, then retired George Brett on a flyout and struck out Lance Parrish. After giving up a single to Dave Winfield, he got Manny Trillo to fly out to end the inning. Dickie Thon, his teammate with the Astros, then batted for him in the fifth inning.

Remaining career
In 1984, Dawley set career highs in several categories, going 11–4 with a 1.93 ERA. However, he never again matched the success of his first two seasons. After slumping to a 5–3 record and a 3.56 ERA in 1985, he was released at the end of spring training in 1986. He signed with the White Sox, and although his ERA did bounce back slightly to 3.32, he failed to win a game, going 0–7 with 2 saves.

During the next offseason, Dawley was traded to the Cardinals for infielder Fred Manrique. Dawley's numbers continued to decline as he posted an ERA of 4.47 while losing a career-high eight games against five wins, and he was left off the team's postseason roster.

He was released by the Cardinals that winter, signing with the Phillies. He started the season with two losses in his first five appearances, posting an ERA of 17.05 before being sent to the minors in mid-May. He spent most of 1988 season with the minor league Maine Phillies before returning to the majors in September, but appeared in just three more games, then was released again.

Prior to the 1989 season, Dawley signed a minor league contract with Oakland. He started the season with the Tacoma Tigers, where he earned a return trip to the majors by posting a 3–1 record with 3 saves and a 2.56 ERA along with 44 strikeouts in 38.2 innings pitched. On June 23, he threw four scoreless innings against the Toronto Blue Jays. On July 4, however, he gave up four runs in just $2/3$ of an inning against the Kansas City Royals. He was returned to Tacoma, then released on July 27. He was signed by the Milwaukee Brewers the next day. He finished the season with their top farm club, the Denver Zephyrs and became a free agent after the season, ending his professional career.

title: Bill Dawley


text:
Portal talk:Mechanical engineering

hi, can somebody start it in table format name, school which ppl belong etc.

Accessible publications for Mechanical Engineering
It would be a very users attracting method to publish list or access to freely accessible publications. (it could also be a good source for interesting news and topics on ME)

Here I post 2 I've found so far, feel free to add more!

 * MCADonline Magazine
 * Prototype Magazine

best regards, WiKimik 19:55, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Organization?
Departments like the French department have an obvious structure to the courses. For example, if you know nothing about French, it's fairly intuitive to start with French I, then move to French II, etc. Instead of just having a massive list of courses, do we want to develop some sort of structure? For example, have an introductory courses section, having statics, dynamics, thermodynamics, etc, then move on to intermediate courses with solid mechanics, then have more advanced courses which assume the students have the basic knowledge.
 * Might want to check out topic:engineeringand/or engineering for basic courses like statics, dynamics, thermo, etc. rather than redo them all from a mechanical engineering viewpoint.  Mirwin 03:11, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

removal of animation
comment by IP: "sorry, but this animation conflicts with my subconcious motion-detection-mechanisms..." - see. And this is the animation: , Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 06:30, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Утка полезна ли как продукт питания?
В советское время уток в магазинах было завались и дешево! А сейчас почему дорого и огромные?! Хочется покупать маленькие тушки утиные и по цене куриных!

title: Portal talk:Mechanical engineering


text:
Anja Daniela Wagner

Anja Daniela Wagner (born 11 March 1969, in Halle/Saale) is a German operatic mezzo-soprano and photographer.

Life and work
After a training in picture retouching, Wagner, the daughter of the artist couple Heidi Wagner-Kerkhof and Hannes H. Wagner, studied singing at the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig with Jitka Kovarikova. With Cornelia Melian from Munich, she also received training in "historical singing" in early music. After graduating, she completed postgraduate studies at the Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber in Dresden. Her teacher there was Hartmut Zabel. This was followed by master classes with Jessica Cash, Hermann Christian Polster and chamber music singer Brigitte Fassbaender.

Wagner gave her debut on the opera stage during her studies as Hansel in E. Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel at the Zwickau theatre.

In 2003 she was engaged at the Theater Nordhausen and is active there until today (2017). In 2004 she took part in the world premiere of the opera The Legend of Paul and Paula (after the same name film) by Ludger Vollmer as Paula / Laura. As in the film, the opera is based on the novel by Ulrich Plenzdorf. She sang a.o. Carmen in Carmen, Dorabella in Così fan tutte, Olga in Eugene Onegin, Flora Bervoix in La Traviata, Anita in West Side Story, Nehebka in Aida and the Countess in Der Wildschütz by Albert Lortzing at the Nordhausen and Meiningen theatres

Her activity in the singing of oratorios is manifold.

In the CD production of the liturgical movements by Hugo Distler she was awarded the German Record Prize "Echo Klassik" as soloist for the alto voice in 2001.

In 2017 she received the 11th Nordhäuser Theater Prize, an award for special artistic achievements. It is a foundation of the Kreissparkasse Nordhausen.

title: Anja Daniela Wagner


text:
Hobbs, Kentucky

Hobbs is an unincorporated community located in Bullitt County, Kentucky, United States. It was also known as Quarry Switch.

title: Hobbs, Kentucky


text:
Pleasure & Pain (112 album)

Pleasure & Pain is the fifth studio album by American R&B group 112. It was released by Def Soul on March 29, 2005 in the United States. Named after the song "Pleasure & Pain" on 112's 1996 eponymous debut album, 112, the album did not fare as well as their first three albums, but the album did manage to spawn one hit single in 2005; the single "U Already Know" peaked at #32 on the Billboard Hot 100, while the second single "What If" reached #74. It was the first 112 album to get a Parental Advisory sticker (although a few songs from earlier releases contain profanity as well). The single, "U Already Know", has two official remixes, the official Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule & Harry O and the official Roc-A-Fella Remix featuring Foxy Brown.

Critical reception
Andy Kellman of AllMusic found that Pleasure & Pain "isn't much different from the previous albums, with a few standout singles and album tracks surrounded by a generous amount of forgettable moments, and a similar ratio of upbeat numbers and ballads to match."

Commercial performance
Pleasure & Pain debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart, with sales of 118,000 copies its first week of release. This marked the group's second top-ten album on the chart. On July 15, 2005, it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States.

Track listing
Notes
 * $undefined$ denotes co-producer(s)

Sample credits
 * "U Already Know" contains a sample of "Can We Fall in Love Again", as performed by Phyllis Hyman.
 * "The Way" contains an interpolation of "Change the Game", as performed by Jay-Z featuring Memphis Bleek and Beanie Sigel.
 * "That's How Close We Are" contains a sample of "That Sweet Woman of Mine", as performed by Leon Haywood.

Personnel

 * 112 – vocals (background), executive producer
 * L.A. Reid – executive producer
 * Shakir Stewart – executive producer
 * Marcus T. Grant – executive producer
 * Daron Jones – producer
 * Bryan-Michael Cox – producer
 * The Track Boyz – producer
 * Jermaine Dupri – producer, mixing
 * Kevin Wales – producer
 * Mario Winans – producer
 * Ken Fambro – producer
 * Sean Garrett – producer, vocal producer
 * Focus... – producer
 * Michael Keith – vocal producer
 * Quinnes Parker – vocal producer
 * Clifford Henson – vocal engineer
 * Paul Osborn – vocal engineer
 * Roxanne Estrada – vocals (background)
 * Jeanne Allamby – production coordination
 * Darrell "Delite" Allamby – producer, engineer, editing, mixing, tracking, vocal engineer, instrumentation
 * Bam – producer, instrumentation
 * Butch Bonner – guitar
 * Floyd "Tag" Merriweather – guitar
 * Vernon Mungo – engineer, mixing
 * Alvin Speights – mixing
 * Bruce Buechner – engineer
 * Eric Hunter – engineer
 * Tommy Jamin – engineer
 * Brian Frye – engineer
 * Manny Marroquin – mixing
 * Phil Tan – mixing
 * Ben Arrindell – mixing
 * Jim Beeman – mixing
 * Jean-Marie Horvat – mixing
 * Ryan Evans – assistant engineer, assistant
 * James M. Wisner – assistant engineer
 * Josh Monroy – assistant engineer
 * John Horesco IV – assistant
 * Khary Menelik – assistant
 * James Mungo – assistant
 * Rob Skipworth – assistant
 * Erica Bowen – recording director
 * Sandra Campbell – project coordinator
 * Warryn Campbell – programming, producer, instrumentation
 * Sean Cooper – sound design
 * Tom Coyne – mastering
 * Nichell Delvaille – art producer
 * Roger Erickson – photography
 * Sybil Pennix – wardrobe
 * Robert Sims – design, creative director
 * Eric Weissman – sample clearance
 * Matthew Betmalik – prop stylist

title: Pleasure & Pain (112 album)


text:
Talk:William Bailey (British Army officer)

POV tag
The article as it stands today is heavily skewed to the Chetnik perspective of Bailey, and fails to take into account the extensive and neutral coverage of Bailey's involvement provided in Tomasevich's Chetniks among other reliable sources. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 07:15, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I have also tagged it due to the use of contemporary or near contemporary congressional records, clearly primary and way out of date. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 04:20, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

British change of support
Winston Churchill’s reason for change was the evidence of Ultra decrypts from the Government Code and Cipher School in Bletchley Park (which he read; they were secret until the 1970s) that Tito's Partisans were a "much more effective and reliable ally in the war against Germany"; see Yugoslavia and the Allies. Hugo999 (talk) 03:51, 16 May 2020 (UTC)