text:
Talk:Shrenu Parikh

Star Parivaar Awards
In this edit I removed the Star Parivaar Awards. Seems totally questionable that we're highlighting an award the subject received for being on a show that was on the Star network. It's total self-aggrandisement. If this had been a popular choice award where people get to nominate their favorites, then maybe, but a network congratulating itself is not particularly noteworthy. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 00:22, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

Reverted Edits
Hi, why are you constantly removing valubale edits? Edits I am making is to provide more information and slightly re-wording the text to improve it. Please stop reverting edits without any accurate edit summary. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:56A:F857:7200:39CC:F6AD:7E6A:3991 (talk) 02:41, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

Deleted "crowned" content
In this edit I deleted the following:
 * In 2007, Parikh was crowned Miss University which was followed by the title of Miss Vadodara in 2008.

The content is super vague and fully promotional. Who crowned her "Miss University"? Is this a notable, known organisation like Miss Universe? Or did she just win a prize at whatever university she attended? This requires sufficient sourcing to show notability per WP:FILMCRITICLIST, because otherwise, it's WP:PUFFERY. All I can find in support of this claim are what look to be press releases and press release sites. Same with "Miss Vadodara". Vadodara appears to be a populous city with 2+ million residents, but what entity issued this prize? Was either win the first step into a national beauty award? For instance, in the U.S., they might have Miss [CITY], who could become Miss [STATE], and who could become Miss America. Without those details, and without those accolades being attributed to reputable award outlets, this all reeks of trying to make a fledgling actor look more important, and Wikipedia is not part of Parikh's PR team. (And for whatever it's worth, note that IWMBuzz.com says that Parikh was runner-up as Miss Vadodara. So, even if it were a notable win, did she even win it?

Verifiability does not guarantee inclusion, which means that just because some Indian trades have picked up on the PR fluff doesn't mean that it's worthy of inclusion in our global encylopedia. We are able to be discriminate, as Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 01:46, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

Career cleanup
Re: the cleanup note I recently added to the Career section, Section basically repeats content found in her filmography, perhaps minus a few details. Subjects are not notable for the people they appeared with, so those details might be cut if not bolstered with significant context for readers to understand why they might be relevant.

Looking at quality GA-rated articles for guidance, I notice ones like Katrina Kaif, Benedict Cumberbatch and Kajol. In the career-centred sections of those articles, we find narratives that do more than repeat information found in the subjects' filmographies. We learn that Cumberbatch did lots of theatre, we learn where he did the theatre. We learn what his first main role was and what major awards he won. We learn that Kaif's first big role, Boom was screened at Cannes, that it performed poorly, and that she was heavily criticised for her lack of Hindi mastery, which also led to her losing a role to Tara Sharma. We learn that Udhaar Ki Zindagi was emotionally draining for Kajol but that Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge was a film she was emotionally invested in.

So, career sections have ambitions, and currently, Parikh's tells exactly what is in the filmography table, with the addition of co-star content. This feels like article padding—trying to make the article look beefier by duplicating content. Who an actor appeared opposite is not terribly relevant without context, and tends to look like we are using the names of other actors to make Parikh seem more notable. We don't, for instance, typically include co-stars in filmographies, (note examples at WP:FILMOGRAPHY) as articles should be about the article subject, not the tangential people they've worked with.

So, either the career section should be improved, or tossed until someone interested enough can build something of substance. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 12:42, 16 January 2021 (UTC)
 * u|Cyphoidbomb Firsty, I appreciate the examples you provided. However, let compare apples to apples. A film actor will have more editors contributing to make the article reach Wikipedia's guidelines. Hence, let alone the career, their early life, education, personal life, and so on would be much more detailed. It would be absurd to compare how the Grand Theft Auto article is presented compared to Modnation Racers. Anyways, I have updated the career section.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by RYLELT7 (talk • contribs) 21:04, 16 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Your concern was valid as it did simple repeat the filmography. (still not made how the film actor/actresses are, though.) But now this now be acceptable.RYLELT7 (talk) 21:08, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

Beauty pageant win/runner-up
The Times of India article currently being used to support the Miss Vadodara and Miss University pageant wins/runner-up-ships does not appear to support the claims, but it is entirely unclear who issued these titles. Most of the sources I can find about this appear to be regurgitations of press releases and flimsy slide shows, which would imply that the claims originated from Parikh's PR team.

This is in part why I am asking for clarification on what organisations issued these awards, because they seem unprovable, and that's problematic, especially considering how many award mills there are in India. There are probably as many pageant mills as well.

The similarity in name to the various well-established Miss ___ pageants (Miss India/Miss World/Miss Universe, etc), certainly makes the subject sound like she won significant competitions, and without knowing who issued the award, it is impossible to provide context, and Wikipedia becomes a potential shill for the subject's public relations campaign. I'll also note that typically when including awards, we should be sure they are notable, and without knowing what the awards are or what organisation issued them, it is impossible to determine if they are notable. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 21:54, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

 * I lot of you can you tell me beautiful raz <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:24, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

Filmography
Hi there, ready for another? Regarding your your most recent edit on Shrenu Parikh I cannot identify your ultimate stand here. At times you say Wikipedia provides academic information and at times you say Wikipedia is not a coatrack. Your unusual comparisons are confusing me and mask what your trying to get at. You reverted my edit and provided me with a features articles list. Please clue me in as to what that has to do with anything regarding the revereted edit. Am I violating a guideline set out by Wikipedia that you're trying to inform me? Is that for me to look at it as a reference? I assume that was for me to look at reference. Although these are labeled as featured articles, is there a guideline I am breaking that it says channels inclusions are prohibited? If Wikipedia is not a coatrack, then why do I see channels whom actors and actresses have worked for almost on almost every indian actor/actress? Your statement, I don't find many, if any, attempts to catalogue every company that these actors worked for., is adding a channel on which the actors/actresses worked covered a "coatrack" of information that simply aims to inform readers on which channel they worked for? The comparison of using the word "coatrack" and the actual removal of the edit seem inaccurate. The addition of adding these channels provide 2 pieces information at the same time:
 * 1 - on which channel this show airs on. (which is important since it informs what channel is broadcast on) Indian television has reached a point in where there are several broadcast companies out there)
 * 2 - it informs the readers where the actor/actresses have worked for (For example, are they typically seen being offered by channel X or are they typically seen being offered roles by channel Y).

Your respected claim that the purpose of an encyclopedia article is to provide academic information found here is certainly right. So, considering the above information, can I get an explanation as to why you view the addition of the channel seem practical and problematic in which you perceive that for no inclusion because apparently it's a "loadful" of information? I and many other editors do not see this as a cluster of information. Regards, RYLELT7 (talk) 22:58, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Going a bit off topic here but I am sure this is valid to some extent: You labelled the addition of the channels as "coatrack" of information. Ok. But recall the edits with Anupama. Weekly ratings update that will for sure, visually alone, be a huge cluster of information since it's already intended to take that path with your refusal of exclusion. I am so confused as to why you thought the addition of broadcasting company seemed a "coatrack" of information and the 100 long feet of ratings did not. By, RYLELT7 (talk) 23:03, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I'll remind you that when you are reverted, your recourse is to open a discussion on the article's talk page to seek consensus for the change, not to restore it, as the status quo typically remains. As for the rest of the above, I'll just direct you to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Actors and Filmmakers, where I've opened a discussion for you to get a greater community input. After all, this is a community project. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 23:13, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I love you lot of <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:24, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

June 2021
A) It's StarPlus, not Star Plus. Check official logo and more branding. B) We add the show's genre to be informative as we should in the lead. Fizconiz (talk) 20:35, 21 June 2021 (UTC)

Fizconiz, Ok but why do you revert every edit on this page behaving like you own the page when you don’t. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:07, 21 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I don't behave like I own the page. You're new here and you probably don't know Wikipedia's norms and stuff and that's totally fine. Neither do I. We all learn with time. But reverting edits on any article isn't claiming ownership. There are numerous reasons for reverting edits and it can be because of disruptive editing, unsourced/poorly sourced content, not writing in a neutral tone or in a proper encyclopedic tone, just to name a few. There are guidelines and policies here and if an editor doesn't adhere to it while contributing, whether it's in good-faith or not, it gets reverted. So, it's not only if there is vandalism we revert. Provide good edits, it'll stay. Provide poor edits, it'll be reverted. Even if I don't revert, someone else will revert it and that doesn't mean they are now claiming ownership. Since you may be confused about what ownership is, see WP:OWN. Fizconiz (talk) 21:28, 21 June 2021 (UTC)

Fizconiz Stop reverting edits for no reason if someone has edited the page is for a good reason. All the time I have seen you willing to not understand anything.

Yes ,Fizconiz you don't own the page. You are biased and fan of her. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2409:4063:4C95:9DFC:6531:523B:9213:D9B9 (talk) 18:52, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
 * The next time you use an accusatory tone in the edit summaries and accusing others of ownership, I will report you. That is considered harassment so I would suggest you refrain from doing so if you want to keep editing here. You're also reverting edits here, so according to you, should I report you for giving the impression that you're here to own this article? Because your edit summaries are confirming my slowly growing belief that you are as with your demands to tell me to stop changing the article. Stop engaging in edit wars as it's disruption. You need to discuss your changes on the talk page once your edits are opposed. You also need to reach consesuns to make changes once your edits have been reverted, which you evidently don't have. Reaching consensus here is a must and refusing to collaborate on an encyclopedia that requires collaboration, and going about your meaningless reverts each time, is also considered disruptive. Exactly where are you getting the information that dates aren't supposed to be in the lead? Are you looking at other articles and comparing it to this one? Because if you are, I'll tell you right now, that's isn't going to justify your removal. Also, stop getting whoever IP 2409.. is of yours, to back you up. It isn't going to make you look right and neither will help you. The type of actions you're doing here, will get you blocked for breaching policies on Wikipedia. Fizconiz (talk) 19:57, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

Look you reverted my edits i didn't and when you don't get what you want then you are threatening me. This is not harassment all i am saying is only revert those edits which are vandalism not just general edits which are not bad like my one's were. I did not say anything wrong but was calling you out for doing so. And for every edit you don't need to come on talk page for a consesuns only come if it is needed not if its good edits like I did. And when did i create edit wars you started reverting my edits.

All i am also saying is to let other users edit on the page that's all if they are good edits don't revert because then people will think you own it. Only revert if its vandalism. mine were not vandalism User:Fizconiz. You need to understand what others are saying don't get me wrong.

Also if you are reffering to many other artciles like Bigg Boss 14 i only reverted when there was vandalism in a page.
 * Not a valid response. I'm not threatening you, that's just what happens here. I don't randomly pull this out of my head and make it up. So whether you want to take that as a threat or not, it's reality and you can't avoid it. It is clear harassment when you constantly accuse others of owning an article when I'm actually here to improve sloppy edits. It is harassment and get that through your head and understand. Consistent false accusations, even after someone explains, it is harassment. Did you read what I mentioned regarding reversions in my previous response yesterday? Reverting edits are not only for vandalism. Addressing your last point for "don't come to talk page for every edit", too bad. Because the way it actually works is that if someone opposes an edit, regardless if it's good or bad, you need to reach a consensus. It is mandatory and I can't stress that enough. Why? Because I may feel that information should or shouldn't stay, you might feel different. So now what's the next step? Discuss, as I told you multiple times. Refusing to talk and reverting edits each time and talking in edit summaries, becomes edit-warring. Edit-warring is disruption. And FYI, for clear vandalism, you don't need consensus, you revert it without any discussion. Like I said before, Wikipedia articles are built off collaboration so you need to talk about it when your edits are reverted. Lastly, assume good-faith. This is a core policy and a common practice everyone should exercise when editing. Not everyone here is to harm. You didn't provide any reason for your edits to stay, so if you can't do so in a timely manner, I will restore the revision. Tip: Going forward, it'll greatly aid others to understand what you're saying if you put punctuations in your comments. Trust me, it makes a huge difference and will waste less time because then I don't have to make sense of your response by reading it several times, it's annoying. Fizconiz (talk) 21:00, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Your, "i know you don't own the page". Well ya, that's great. I don't. I'm glad you know that. So don't make irrelevant claims. Fizconiz (talk) 21:11, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

Then tell me why do you revert every edit on the page. If you do this and everyone will think you do.
 * Really? I don't think so. Because you're the only one and everyone who is familiar with what ownership actually is, won't "think" that. It will only be you and random IPs. Oh well, let them "think". I can't stop them from thinking, right? That would be the only thing they can do against me to think. Fizconiz (talk) 21:28, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

Ok but please tell me why you are reverting every edit on the page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:37, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
 * That was explained in my response. But if you can't address the disupte and/or manage to read the entirely of my response, you shouldn't be editing. Fizconiz (talk) 21:42, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

I’m ending it here as it seems like you don’t want to understand what I’m saying. If you want to keep reverting then it’s your wish. And I won’t ask you for help in the future I will ask an admin who is more experience. Have a nice day bye User:Fizconiz — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:48, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Bye. Glad this didn't end up in ANI. Have a great rest of your day, anon. Fizconiz (talk) 21:53, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

Also User:Fixconiz because you don’t want me editing on Parikhs or Sachdevs pages I won’t touch them. Nor will anyone else. Ok you can only edit on there as you wanted and and are not willing to understand anything I say. (Not saying you own them) just saying my point that you don’t want anyone editing those pages hence I won’t edit on them). User:Fizconiz you win you can just edit the pages no one will and ever will edit those pages because you don’t want anyone to edit them. User:Fizconiz

User:Fizconiz can you tell me don’t you like anyone editing in Shrenu Parikhs page??? Just a question don’t get rude. Please reply me User:Fizconiz because if you do that’s really bad as you are stopping people from editing her page.

In the media section
So the Times of India is reporting that the Times of India is giving her these awards? This is a marginally reliable source for entertainment news anyway, and now we're using them to source their own awards? I'm going to remove this. If anyone objects, let's discuss. —valereee (talk) 22:21, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

Times of India
My understanding is that the ToI is reliable except for entertainment news, which is basically paid advertising content. I'm going to suggest we try to replace the ToI sources; anything that isn't covered anywhere else may not be noteworthy. —valereee (talk) 22:25, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shrenu Parikh


text:
Talk:Oglesby, Texas

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title: Talk:Oglesby, Texas


text:
Penley (surname)

Penley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Aaron Edwin Penley (1806–1870), British painter
 * Howard E. Penley, American socialist organizer and official
 * W. S. Penley (1851–1912), British actor, singer, and comedian

title: Penley (surname)


text:
Guadalupe, Murcia

Guadalupe is a pedanía (village/suburban district) in the municipality of Murcia in the Region of Murcia, Spain. The main populated area is known as Guadalupe de Maciascoque.

El Escorial Murciano, the complex that contains the Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia and the Monasterio de los Jerónimos de San Pedro de la Ñora, an historic Hieronymite monastery, is located here.

Historically, in the Middle Ages, Guadalupe was home to a Jewish community until the expulsion of the Jews in 1492.

title: Guadalupe, Murcia


text:
Talk:Port Aransas, Texas

Semiarid?
According to the chart, Port A gets avg 32 inches of rain per year. That qualifies as semiarid? The semiarid article states 10-20 inches per year. The entire Texas Gulf Coast from Port Arthur to Brownsville is most accurately described as "humid subtropical." --stonetlee 3/29/2008 13:20 —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:20, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

History section
The history section is WAY too long. It needs to be shortened or have its own article, but there is absolutely no need for such length and detail in this article. Frecklegirl (talk) 07:12, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Nickname
Being a native Texan I have heard Port Aransas referred to by the nickname "Port A." Anyone else hear this before? --ProdigySportsman (talk) 17:18, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, it seems to be a fairly common nickname, at least in central/south Texas. -Nv8200p talk 03:39, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:01, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

As a person from Port A. we all call it Port A. The reason is Port A. is an easier to say and code for you belong.Marylonestar (talk) 01:30, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Roosevelt at the Tarpon Inn, Port Aransas, TX
[The following discussion has been copied here from the Humanities Reference Desk]

In your article about Port Aransas, TX, it states that Franking Roosevelt stayed at the Tarpon Inn in 1937. Not true. He never left the Presidential yacht and never put foot in Port Aransas. He was in Port Aransas for a fishing trip and the guides picked him up daily from the yacht, went fishing and returned him to the yacht. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:09, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
 * The published reference given for the statement in the article is the Tarpon Inn's own website, which states:
 * "The Tarpon Inn was made famous by the likes of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Hedy Lamarr and Duncan Hines, who all used the Tarpon Inn, as their island retreat while big game fishing in the surrounding waters."
 * Firstly, there is some ambiguity in that statement - it could cover Roosevelt using the facilities at the Inn (guides, food and drink supplies, jetty or moorings, etc) while not actually setting foot in it. Secondly, it's true that the Inn's own publicity is not an entirely disinterested and therefore "reliable" source, but it's better than nothing. To justify modifying the statement about Roosevelt, we would ideally need another published, more reliable source confirming what you say. Incidentally, the Inn's website can't be the only source for the article's text at that point, as that mentions additional personages not included on the website.
 * Unfortunately, people often make unfounded claims, so we can't just take the word of an anonymous poster without corroboration. Please tell us how you know about Roosevelt's movements 74 years ago - your own eyewitness (and did you keep him under observation 24/7) or other people's stories (did they)? - if so we can't weigh them above something published and hopefully checked at the time of its publication. If however you can refer us to newspaper accounts of the period, or a book about (for example) Roosevelt or the history of the Port or the Inn or the Yacht, or other such researched sources that state Roosevelt didn't enter the Inn, we can.
 * Incidentally, the best place to bring this up would have been on the 'Discussion' page of the article itself. {The poster formerly known as <IP_ADDRESS>} <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:49, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I only bring this up because the nature of the discussion is relevant to the mission of the reference desk— you're right that the Tarpon Inn's website is not a reliable source, but I disagree that it is better than nothing. Sources don't get first-mover advantage on Wikipedia. I agree that to modify the statement, a source should be given, but the claim can also be removed altogether and doing so would be entirely within policy, especially considering that the claim has been challenged. Regards, Orange Suede Sofa  (talk) 18:38, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't particularly quarrel with the claim being removed, but I'd first like to have seen a little more detail and ideally a reference from the OP challenger to explain the basis for their bald assertion. Also, as I said above, the current actual wording in the article (and for that matter, on the website) covers the possibility that the Yacht utilised the services of the Inn without FDR himself necessarily going ashore, which given his effective confinement to a wheelchair and the consequent difficulties involved would have been quite understandable.
 * I think the OP is over-interpreting the wording by thinking it necessarily means he actually entered/slept in/whatever the Inn. I am of course assuming no argument with the Yacht having visited the vicinity on one (or more) of FDR's game fishing trips in it, which are attested elsewhere, but it might be that a biography or other such reference details all of those trips and excludes such a visit.
 * If this discussion were copied to the article's discussion page (as I shall shortly do) perhaps one of its past editors or someone else with interest in these matters (I myself live on a different continent and had never heard of Port Aransas before now) will be motivated to track down relevant information. {The poster formerly known as <IP_ADDRESS>} <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:43, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

Aransas Pass Light Station
I would like to explore moving content to the main article (especially the history), leaving enough that would not affect the integrity of this article, yet placing it where it belongs. This article is about a city so needs to focus on that and not so much specifics on one place. Otr500 (talk) 02:42, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

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text:
Coeuve

Coeuve is a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

History
Coeuve is first mentioned in 1136 as Cova.

Geography
Coeuve has an area of. Of this area, 6.61 km2 or 56.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 4.36 km2 or 37.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.58 km2 or 5.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 or 0.1% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.5%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 37.9% is used for growing crops and 15.6% is pastures, while 3.3% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Porrentruy district.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a Bend sinister Or, in chief dexter a Fleur-de-lis of the same.

Demographics
Coeuve has a population of. , 6.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 3.3%. Migration accounted for 3.9%, while births and deaths accounted for 2.3%.

Most of the population speaks French (607 or 95.3%) as their first language, German is the second most common (18 or 2.8%) and Portuguese is the third (5 or 0.8%). and 1 person who speaks Romansh.

, the population was 47.7% male and 52.3% female. The population was made up of 305 Swiss men (44.7% of the population) and 21 (3.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 336 Swiss women (49.2%) and 21 (3.1%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 350 or about 54.9% were born in Coeuve and lived there in 2000. There were 171 or 26.8% who were born in the same canton, while 53 or 8.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 43 or 6.8% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 28.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 52.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.5%.

, there were 263 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 326 married individuals, 40 widows or widowers and 8 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 233 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.7 persons per household. There were 54 households that consist of only one person and 26 households with five or more people. , a total of 229 apartments (88.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 18 apartments (6.9%) were seasonally occupied and 13 apartments (5.0%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.34%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire village of Coeuve is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 31.67% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (23.21%), the SPS (22.56%) and the SVP (12.36%). In the federal election, a total of 236 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.1%.

Economy
, Coeuve had an unemployment rate of 3.8%. , there were 54 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 16 businesses involved in this sector. 56 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 9 businesses in this sector. 49 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 12 businesses in this sector. There were 284 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 38.4% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 124. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 33, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 53 of which 39 or (73.6%) were in manufacturing and 15 (28.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 38. In the tertiary sector; 8 or 21.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 9 or 23.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 6 or 15.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3 or 7.9% were technical professionals or scientists, 5 or 13.2% were in education.

, there were 91 workers who commuted into the municipality and 183 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 28.6% of the workforce coming into Coeuve are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 6% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.2% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 528 or 82.9% were Roman Catholic, while 29 or 4.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 6 individuals (or about 0.94% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 (or about 0.31% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist. 49 (or about 7.69% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 24 individuals (or about 3.77% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Coeuve about 173 or (27.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 33 or (5.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 33 who completed tertiary schooling, 78.8% were Swiss men, 18.2% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 42 students attending 3 classes in Coeuve. There were no kindergarten classes in the municipality. The municipality had 3 primary classes and 42 students. There are only nine Secondary schools in the canton, so all the students from Coeuve attend their secondary school in another municipality.

, there were 42 students from Coeuve who attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Coeuve


text:
Cookbook:Easy Chili

 * Texas cuisine

Chili originated in Texas in the 1800s, with many variations of evolving since then. A very simple chili recipe follows.

Ingredients

 * 30 oz medium or dark red kidney beans
 * 30 oz crushed tomatoes
 * ½–1 lb cooked ground beef, turkey, or equivalent portion of vegetarian ground beef substitute
 * 2 tsp chili powder, or use chili-flavored kidney beans above

Procedure

 * 1) Combine all ingredients in a pot. Cook on medium heat for 15 minutes.
 * 2) Taste kidney beans for flavor to determine when done.
 * 3) Serve with crackers, shredded cheese, and your favorite spices.

Warnings
If using dried beans, you must to soak them for longer than 12 hours and then pre-cook them before using in a recipe such as this. Dried kidney beans will cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea unless they have been boiled briskly (a slow cooker will not suffice) for at least twenty minutes to destroy the very indigestible phytohaemagglutinin that they contain. They will then need another 60-90 minutes at a slow simmer to be tender. Tinned beans are already soaked and pre-cooked, and they therefore do not require such preparation before use in cooking.

title: Cookbook:Easy Chili


text:
Carcinus aestuarii

Carcinus aestuarii, also known as the Mediterranean green crab is a littoral crab, native to the Mediterranean Sea.

Carcinus aestuarii bears some similarities to Carcinus maenas and was sometimes considered to be a subspecies thereof, rather than a species in its own right, but a molecular biological study using the COI gene found the difference between the two taxa to be substantial, supporting their status as separate species. The two taxa can be visually distinguished by the front of the carapace, between the eyes, which is short and toothed in C. aestuarii but longer and smoother in C. maenas. Also, the gonopods of C. aestuarii are straight and parallel, whereas those of C. maenas are curved.

Distribution
It is found in the Atlantic Ocean around the Canary Islands, all along the coasts of the Mediterranean and the Black and the Azov Seas including the Suez Canal.

As invasive species
Whereas C. maenas has invaded many shorelines throughout the world, C. aestuarii has only been implicated in one invasion; the coastline of Japan has been invaded by either C. aestuarii or a hybrid of C. aestuarii and C. maenas.

Diet
C. aestuarii is an omnivorous predator of small bivalves with soft shells, small crustaceans, annelids as well as being a scavenger of dead aquatic animals. Algae is also part of the diet. Eating habits can change throughout its lifespan and seasonally in relation with available food in its habitat.

title: Carcinus aestuarii


text:
Talk:Link

Do not delete this page. It is used as an example at Subpages. --JWSchmidt 18:58, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Link


text:
Elombe Brath

Cecil Elombe Brath (September 30, 1936 – May 19, 2014) was a Pan-African activist, born in New York City of Barbadian heritage, who is best known for founding the Patrice Lumumba Coalition. He was an influential activist, recognized by Stokely Carmichael as the "Dean of Harlem Nationalists" and by Dudley Thompson, an "Icon of the Pan-African Movement".

Biography
He was born in Brooklyn, New York, where his father had migrated from Barbados in the 1920s. Brath grew up in Harlem and Hunts Point, and attended the High School of Industrial Art (now Art and Design), later winning a college scholarship to the School of Visual Arts.

In 1956, he was among the co-founders of the African Jazz-Art Society & Studios "to reclaim jazz as music of contemporary African traditions that should be controlled by black artists", and in 1962, he began working as a graphic artist for ABC Television, remaining there until his retirement in 1999.

Brath fought to eliminate the usage of the term "negro" and, in 1961, launched a "Black is Beautiful" campaign with a series of Afrocentric fashion shows featuring African-American women who were known as the Grandassa Models and sported large afros.

In 1975 Brath founded, with Irving Davis, the Patrice Lumumba Coalition, which supported the right to self-determination for Angolans, South Africans, and Namibians and other African liberation movements. In 1976, the Coalition released a policy memo calling for the support of the Zimbabwe Liberation Army. They garnered attention for a 1977 boycott of Ipi Tombi, a Broadway musical that purportedly misrepresented life under apartheid.

Brath was the host of the New York City radio show Afrikaleidoscope on WBAI, and often organized events and panels in the city to bring attention to African politics and current events.

In 2003, Brath cofounded the World African Diaspora Union (WADU) to advocate for the unification of the African Diaspora politically, culturally, and economically with Africa. WADU was officially launched in 2004.

The great thinkers whom Brath counted as influences — Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X, Carlos A. Cooks, and his cousin Clennell Wickham — waged a political battle on behalf of working-class blacks in colonial Barbados.

Brath died in Harlem at the age of 77.

Legacy
In 2017, Elombe Brath Way was named in his honor.

title: Elombe Brath


text:
Portal:European History

Welcome to the Department of European History

''We are part of the School of History. A complete listing of history-related projects may be found at the History Portal.''

The goal of the European History Department will be to coordinate, organize, and provide material relating to the History of Europe. It is expected that other Departments may be created that will fall under this department, eventually covering all topics related to Europe in further detail.

'''New to Wikiversity or the European History Department? Want something to do? Click here!'''

Courses/Projects Currently Offered
Resources currently available at the Department of European History:
 * World War I
 * Russian Revolution
 * History of the Ottoman Empire
 * AP European History

Planned Courses/Projects
Also see the European History Task Page for other proposals.
 * History of Europe to 1648
 * Life of Alexander (in conjunction with the School of Classics)
 * Medieval History/Middle Ages
 * Spanish History
 * History of Ireland through Song
 * British Empire
 * The Great War and Versailles
 * History of Germany
 * Prussia and German Unification
 * History of Slav Peoples
 * History of Scotland

Shelved Courses/Projects
These are courses which have been shelved, but may be revitalised at a later date.
 * Hitler's Germany (last active: 2009)
 * Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) (last active: 2008)
 * Trench Warfare (last active: 2007)

Department news

 * October 7, 2006 - Department founded!

Participants

 * Since 22 November 2013 with History --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 12:30, 8 May 2018 (UTC).

Inactive participants

 * Inawe up to 22 March 2013.
 * User:Alexander.Llewelyn up to November 2011.
 *  Berek up to 8 October 2011.
 *  User:S.Venera up to 29 April 2011.
 *  Darklama  17 January 2011.
 * Leutha up to 25 August 2010.

Related Schools & Departments

 * Classics (Latin and Greek Studies)
 * Medieval History (archive)
 * Politics of the European Union

Readings and External Materials

 * History of European research universities
 * 120 Minutes with JTS (Jewish Theological Seminary): A wide variety of Jewish topics, many of which are about history.

title: Portal:European History


text:
Laura Devetach

Maria Laura Devetach (born 5 October 1936) is an Argentinian writer for children.

Life
Devetach was born in Reconquista, Santa Fe in 1936 to a Slavic father and an Argentine mother who was very skilled with textiles. She has worked as an educator of both children and adults. Devetach has published more than ninety books and many of these are for children. She was married to Gustavo Roldán who died in 2012 and they had two children. One of these children is a cartoonist named for his father. He has illustrated some of his mother's books.

title: Laura Devetach


text:
WHLT

WHLT (channel 22) is a television station in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States, affiliated with CBS and The CW Plus. The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group, and has studios on US 49 in Hattiesburg; its transmitter is located in unincorporated northeastern Forrest County.

Although identifying as a separate station in its own right, WHLT is considered a semi-satellite of sister station WJTV (channel 12) in Jackson. As such, it clears all network programming as provided through its parent and simulcasts most of WJTV's newscasts, but airs a separate offering of syndicated programming; there are also separate station identifications and local commercial inserts. WHLT's master control, as well as some internal operations, are housed at WJTV's studios on TV Road in southwest Jackson.

History
In the early 1980s, there was a need for a CBS affiliate in the Pine Belt region, as the four closest CBS affiliates to Hattiesburg, WJTV, WWL-TV in New Orleans, WHTV in Meridian, Mississippi, and WKRG in Mobile, all had signals that failed to provide at least a Grade B signal to the city proper. The FCC had an allocation for channel 18 in Laurel and channel 22 in Hattiesburg, with WHTV's owner, Frank K. Spain via his company Central Television, sought the license for Hattiesburg's channel 22 slot, and Capital Television, owner of WJTV, sought Laurel's channel 18. In 1982, the FCC awarded the license to Capital Television, as the CBS agreed to an affiliation for the new channel. Delays occurred as Central Television appealed the FCC's licensing decision, and WJTV was sold to News-Press & Gazette Company one year later. By 1985, NPG agreed to purchase Spain's license for Hattiesburg's channel 22 with Spain taking a consulting fee by agreeing to help sign on the station, as NPG had, at that time, never built constructed a new TV station.

WHLT signed began programming on January 12, 1987, bringing CBS programming to the Pine Belt for the first time, as well as giving News Press & Gazette the opportunity to take advantage of local advertising and news opportunities in the Pine Belt region. It also allowed the Jackson-based station's signal coverage area to be expanded in Southeastern Mississippi. Prior to its sign on, Hattiesburg's cable provider, UA-Columbia Cablevision, carried WJTV on its lineup, but due to marginal picture quality, the cable company switched to WKRG on September 5, 1986, after that station added a new relay, right as plans for WHLT were finalized. In 1993, News-Press & Gazette sold several of its outlets (including WHLT and WJTV) to the first incarnation of New Vision Television.

In turn, the company sold its entire station group to Ellis Communications in 1995. Ellis was subsequently merged into Raycom Media in 1996 after it was bought out by a media group led by the Retirement Systems of Alabama (who bought AFLAC's broadcasting group a few months earlier). In 1997, Media General acquired WHLT and WJTV (as well as Savannah, Georgia's WSAV-TV) from Raycom in a swap for Richmond, Virginia's WTVR-TV.

The trade was made in part due to Raycom's acquisition of rival WDAM-TV in Laurel and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules of the time did not permit duopolies. On April 16, 2009, WHLT "flash-cut" its signal after discontinuing analog broadcasts and began digital-only transmission. It originally applied to flash-cut earlier on February 17 but the FCC denied the station's request.

As part of a long-term affiliation renewal with The CW, Media General announced on December 23, 2014, that WHLT would add the network to their digital subchannel. This displaced The CW's previous home on WHPM-LD2. Comcast offers WHLT-DT2 in high definition on channel 1024 for Hattiesburg viewers. By spring 2017, the over-the-air feed for WHLT-DT2 was upgraded into 720p to allow for 16:9 high definition viewing for non-cable or satellite subscribers.

On January 27, 2016, Nexstar Broadcasting Group announced its acquisition of Media General; the deal was completed on January 17, 2017.

News operation
In February 1987, the station launched its fledgling two-person news operation, covering a major local news story, a deadly tornado in neighboring Jones County. That small beginning led to personnel growth and the production of half-hour newscasts airing weekdays at 6 and 10 p.m. This evolution grew out of the station's early practice of gathering local news stories and feeding them to sister station WJTV daily (via the back haul of a terrestrial microwave link) for inclusion in one block of WJTV's 6 and 10 p.m. newscasts. WHLT (in 1998) relaunched a full news department with shows known as 22 Daily News, had the same branding and slogan ("It's About Time") as the product at sister station WIAT in Birmingham, Alabama. Despite attaining decent ratings and winning numerous awards, it was unable to attract local advertising through consistent viewership. As a result, its newscasts were canceled after just two years.

As a semi-satellite of WJTV, WHLT simulcasts its parent outlet's weekday morning show.

In October 2013, WHLT began offering a 30-minute local newscast which airs weeknights at 10 p.m. This program features full local news coverage of the Hattiesburg–Laurel market, anchored by Melanie Christopher, Byron Brown, and chief meteorologist Ken South. Content for the local newscast is collected by three local Hattiesburg journalists on the WHLT 22 team and is supplemented by news content from WJTV. During the second block, there is a local weather segment (branded as "Storm Team 22") focusing on the Pine Belt viewing area.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

title: WHLT


text:
Talk:Redwater, Texas

Wrong Image
Um, you're using the Redlick Texas map, not the Redwater map. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:05, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Newspaper article on Quads
Here's a citation for the quads: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9907E1D81330E333A25757C1A9679D94669ED7CF

My great-great grandmother was one of the babies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:29, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Redwater, Texas


text:
LPI Linux Certification/LPIC1 Exam 101/Linux Filesystems

Section Overview

 * 1.104.1 Create partitions and filesystems
 * 1.104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems
 * 1.104.3 Control mounting and unmounting filesystems
 * 1.104.4 Managing disk quota
 * 1.104.5 Use file permissions to control access to files
 * 1.104.6 Manage file ownership
 * 1.104.7 Create and change hard and symbolic links
 * 1.104.8 Find system files and place files in the correct location

 * Linux filesystems
 * Create partitions and filesystems
 * Maintain the integrity of filesystems
 * Control mounting and unmounting filesystems
 * Managing disk quota
 * Use file permissions to control access to files
 * Manage file ownership
 * Create and change hard and symbolic links

Overview
Description: ''Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This objective includes using various mkfs commands to set up partitions to various filesystems, including ext2, ext3, reiserfs, vfat, and xfs.''

Key files terms and utilities include: fdisk mkfs

Partitions
Media can be divided into partitions. Partitions are usually created at installation time but can also be created with the fdisk program or other utilities. This will divide the media in partitions and different filesystems can be built and different operating systems can be installed.

IDE is recognized as follows:

 * Primary Master:
 * /dev/hda : Full disk
 * /dev/hda1: First partition
 * /dev/hda2: Second partition

 * Primary Slave: /dev/hdb
 * Secondary Master: /dev/hdc
 * Secondary Slave: /dev/hdd

SCSI is recognized as follows:

 * ID1:
 * /dev/sda: Full disk
 * /dev/sda1: First partition

 * ID2: /dev/sdb

USB and FireWire disks are recognized as SCSI disks.

Once it is partitioned it is possible to build a filesystem on every partition.

Filesystems
Filesystems exist to allow you to store, retrieve and manipulate data on a media. Filesystems maintain an internal data structure (meta-data) that keeps all you data organized and accessible. The structure of this meta-data gives the characteristic of the filesystem. A filesystem is accessed by a driver through the organized meta-data structure. When Linux boots it reads in /etc/fstab all the filesystems that needs to be mounted and checks if they are in an usable state.

When a power failure occurs Linux won't be able to unmout the filesystem properly and some data in the cache won't be synchronized on the media. The meta-data may be corrupted.

Once you reboot the system, it will detect this and do a fsck to the full meta-data structure for a consistency check. This can take a very long time. Few minutes to few hours in proportion of the media size. Journaling a filesystem is adding a new data structure called a journal. This journal is on-disk and before each modification to the meta-data is made by the driver it is first written into the journal. Before each meta-data modification the journal maintains a log of the next operation.

Now, when a power failure occurs there is only the need to check the journal. A journaling filesystem recovery is very fast. It just needs to go through the logs and fix the latest operation. Journaling filesystem recovery can take only few seconds.

On a cluster systems, journaling allows to quickly recover a shared partition of a node that went down.

Linux filesystems
...
 * ext2: Old very stable Linux filesystem. Efficient for files larger than ~2-3K.
 * ext3: Journaling extension for ext2. Possible to move a filesystem back and forth between ext2 and ext3.
 * Reiserfs: Journaling filesystem. 8-15 time faster than ext2 when manipulating small files.
 * XFS: A powerful journaling filesystem with possible quota and ACL
 * Msdos: MS-Windows FAT filesystem type. (mainly used for floppy)
 * Vfat: MS-Windows FAT filesystem type. (mainly used for large hdd partitions)
 * NTFS (ReadOnly but loop files): MS-Windows journaling filesystem
 * SMBFS: A filesystem to mount windows or samba sharing from Linux
 * NFS: Network File System

Filesystem tree
A Linux file system has one top directory called root (/) where all sub directories of the entire system is stored. The sub directories can be another partition, a remote directory, or a remote partition accessible through the network with NFS protocol.

Create filesystems
To create a file system on a partition, use mkfs.

mkfs [options] -t [fstype] device [blocksize]

Common options:
 * -t: fstype: File system type.
 * -c : Check the device for bad blocks before building the filesystem.

The full partition will be erased and organized to the type of filesystem requested. There is no undo command. The fstype possible are: msdos, ext2, ext3, reiserfs,minix,xfs

The blocksize allows to customize the block size for your filesystem.

Examples: mkfs -t msdos /dev/fd0 mkfs -t reiserfs /dev/hdd1 4096

Create extended filesystems
To create an extended (ext2, ext3) filesystem on an partition, use mke2fs.

mke2fs [options] device [blocksize]

Common options:
 * -b: Specify the block sizefstype: File system type.
 * -c : Check the device for bad blocks before building the filesystem.
 * -j: Create the filesystem with an ext3 journal.
 * -L: Set the volume label for the filesystem.

With mke2fs it is possible to store the super-block the journal information on another device. Examples:

mkefs -b 2048 /dev/fd0 -L floppy mkfs -V mke2fs 1.26 (3-Feb-2002) Using EXT2FS Library version 1.263

Monitoring disk usage
To print the disk usage, use du.

du [options] [files...]

Common options:
 * -a: All files not just directories
 * -b: Print size in bytes
 * -c: Total
 * -h: Human readable format. (1K, 20M,...)

Examples:

$ du -ch Documents 112k   Documents/Cours/LPI101 4.0k   Documents/Cours/LPI102 4.0k   Documents/Cours/LPI201 4.0k   Documents/Cours/LPI202 124k   total

du -sk ~ # Sums up your total disk usage in kilobytes

du -ak ~ | sort -n more # Display every file and its disk space in numerical order.

Filesystem disk space
A filesystem is composed of a meta-data structure plus a list of blocks. To print the filesystem disk space usage, use df.

df [options] [files...]

Common options:
 * -a: All included filesystems with 0 blocks.
 * -t: Limit listing to a filesystem type.
 * -h: Human readable format. (1K, 20M,...)

Examples:

$ df -t reiserfs -h F          1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/hda3             28771528   3121536  25649992  11% /

$ df -t ext2 -h Filesystem           Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/hda1              15M  3.8M   10M  27% /boot

Exercises

 * Exercises results.

Overview
Description: ''Candidates should be able to verify the integrity of filesystems, monitor free space and inodes, and repair simple filesystem problems. This objective includes the commands required to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.''

Key files terms and utilities include: du df fsck e2fsck mke2fs debugfs dumpe2fs tune2fs

Checking filesystems
To check filesystems consistency, use fsck.

fsck [options] -t [fstype] device [fsck-options]

Common options:
 * -A: Go through the /etc/fstab file and try to check all file systems. Typically  used  at boot time from a script.
 * -t fslist: Specify the type of file system to be checked. With -A,  only  filesystems  that match fslist are checked
 * -C: Display completion/progression bar.

Common fsck-options:
 * -a: Automatically repair.
 * -r: Interactively repair.

Examples:

fsck -t msdos /dev/fd0 -a fsck -t reiserfs /dev/hda2 -r

Checking extended filesystems
To check extended filesystems consistency, use e2fsck.

e2fsck [options] device

Common options:
 * -b: Use an alternate super block filename.
 * -c: This option makes badblocks program to run and marks all the bad blocks.
 * -f: Force checking even if the filesystem seems clean.
 * -a or -p: Automatically repair.
 * -y: non-interactive mode

Examples:

e2fsck -ay /dev/fd0 e2fsck -f /dev/hda2

Debugging extended filesystems
The debugfs program is an interactive file system debugger. It can be used to examine and change the state of an ext2 file system.

debugfs device

Common commands:
 * Help: Give an help on all the command available.
 * Stats: Give a statistics of the media.
 * Stat file: Give a statistic of the file on the media.
 * logdump: Dump the journal's media into a file

Example: stat haut.gif Inode: 14  Type: regular    Mode:  0644   Flags: 0x0   Generation: 67558 User:    0   Group:     0   Size: 3786 File ACL: 0   Directory ACL: 0 Links: 1  Blockcount: 8 Fragment: Address: 0    Number: 0    Size: 0 ctime: 0x3ddf3840 -- Sat Nov 23 09:11:44 2002 atime: 0x3ddf3840 -- Sat Nov 23 09:11:44 2002 mtime: 0x3ddf3840 -- Sat Nov 23 09:11:44 2002 BLOCKS: (0-3):55-58 TOTAL: 4

Dumping extended filesystems info
To print the super block and blocks group information of an extended filesystem, use dumpe2fs.

dumpe2fs [options] device

Common options:
 * -b: print the bad blocks of the filesystem.
 * -h: Display only the superblock information.

Example: dumpe2fs -h /dev/fd0 dumpe2fs 1.26 (3-Feb-2002) Filesystem volume name:  floppy Last mounted on: Filesystem state:        clean Errors behavior:         Continue Filesystem OS type:      Linux Inode count:             184 Block count:             1440 Reserved block count:    72 Free blocks:             1258 Free inodes:             168 First block:             1 Block size:              1024 First inode:             11 Inode size:              128 ...

Tuning extended filesystems
To tune an extended filesystem, use tune2fs.

tune2fs [options] device

Common options:
 * -i#: Interval between filesystem checks [d|m|w].
 * -l: List the contents of the filesystem superblock.
 * -L: Set the  volume  label  of  the  filesystem.

Examples: tune2fs -L floppy /dev/fd0 tune2fs -l /dev/fd0 (Same output as dumpe2fs -h /dev/fd0)

tune2fs 1.26 (3-Feb-2002) Filesystem volume name:  floppy Block count:             1440 Reserved block count:    72 Free blocks:             1258 Free inodes:             168 First block:             1 Block size:              1024 First inode:             11 Inode size:              128 ...

Exercises

 * Exercises results

.
 * 1) Build an ext2 file system, with a block size of 2048 bytes, on a floppy.
 * 2) Change the label of the floppy to BACKUP.
 * 3) Try to add a journal on the floppy media.
 * 4) Use debugfs to validate your floppy file system information, and check when it was last accessed.
 * 5) Use watch to monitor the size when you copy a big file.
 * 6) Create a shell script to list all files on the floppy bigger than 100 Kb.
 * 7) Display file system usage for all MSDOS file systems.
 * 8) Which directory MUST exist in / to qualify this OS as Linux?
 * 9) What is the file system usage of /proc?

Attach and detach filesystems

 * Control mounting and unmounting filesystems

Overview
Description: ''Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem. This objective includes the ability to manually mount and unmount filesystems, configure filesystem mounting on bootup, and configure user mountable removable filesystems such as tape drives, floppies, and CDs.''

Key files terms and utilities include: /etc/fstab mount umount

Attach a filesystem
The mount command serves to attach the file system found on some device to the big file tree.

mount [options] mount [options] [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir

If the device or directory is listed in /etc/fstab you can use the following:

mount [options] [-o options [,...]] device | dir

Normally only root has the privilege to mount devices unless it is specified in the /etc/fstab file. Examples: mount
 * 1) Print all the mounted filesystems (/etc/mtab).

mount -a
 * 1) Mount devices or dirs listed in /etc/fstab.

mount -n -o ro /dev/hdc /mnt
 * 1) Mount /dev/hdc partition in read only mode without updating /etc/mtab.

mount /media/cdrom mount /dev/cdrom
 * 1) Allow a user to mount the CDROM if the following line is in /etc/fstab:
 * 2) /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide

mount -o sync /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb
 * 1) Sync in realtime

Detach a filesystem
To detach a filesystem from the file tree, use umount.

umount [options] umount [options] [-o options [,...]] device | dir

A busy filesystem cannot be unmounted.
 * Open files
 * Working directory of a process.

Examples: umount -a # Unmount devices or dirs listed in /etc/fstab. umount /mnt # Unmount the filesystem attached to /mnt. umount /media/cdrom # Allow a user to unmount the CDROM if the following line is in /etc/fstab: /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom  iso9660  ro,user,noauto,unhide

File system information
The file /etc/fstab contains all the file systems and related information that will be used when doing a mount -a. (Boot time)

The file /etc/mtab is maintained by the kernel and keeps track on what is or isn't mounted. The /etc/fstab format is:

/dev/hda3  /              reiserfs defaults            1 2 /dev/hda1  /boot          ext2     defaults            1 2 /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom   auto     ro,noauto,user,exec 0 0 usbdevfs   /proc/bus/usb  usbdevfs noauto              0 0 /dev/hda2  swap           swap     pri=42              0 0
 * 1) Device    Mount point    Fs type  Options             1 2

Common options:
 * ro:     read only
 * noauto: Don't mount automatically
 * exec:   Can execute binary on the filesystem
 * suid:   Allow to setuser bit
 * user:   Allow a user to mount/unmount it
 * unhide: hidden file visible
 * async:  All operations will be done asynchronously
 * default: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async

Exercises

 * Exercises results

 * 1) Create a line in /etc/fstab that allows any user to access the floppy disk. Check that you can mount the floppy and can create a file with touch.
 * 2) Do the following manipulation:
 * 3) * Create an ext2 file system on the floppy.
 * 4) * Mount the floppy.
 * 5) *Copy all the files /etc/*.conf into the floppy.
 * 6) * Unmount it. What's happening?
 * 7) * Mount it back and check that all the files are there.
 * 8) * Issue the following command:
 * 9) * Tar cvf /dev/fd0 /etc/*.conf
 * 10) * Try to mount it back. What's happening?
 * 11) * Use tar to view the contents of the floppy..

Overview
Description: ''Candidates should be able to manage disk quotas for users. This objective includes setting up a disk quota for a filesystem, editing, checking, and generating user quota reports.''

Key files terms and utilities include: quota edquota repquota quotaon

 * Managing quotas for filesystems
 * Printing quota reports
 * Managing disk quota

Quotas
On a system, root can manage the usage of disk space per user and per filsystems. The two limits that can be setup are: The soft limit (soft =) specifies the maximum amount of disk usage a quota user is allowed to have. The hard limit (hard =) specifies the absolute limit on the disk usage a quota user can't go beyond it. There is also the possibility to setup a grace period that will enforce the soft limit only after an amount of time specified.

Setting up quotas for users
1) The keyword usrquota or/and grpquota must be added in file /etc/fstab for the partition interested.

/dev/fd0 /home/yann/mnt auto    rw,noauto,user,usrquota 0 0 /dev/hda5 /home    ext2    defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2

2) Add in each root filesystems the file user.quota or/and group.quota.

touch /mnt/aquota.user touch /home/aquota.user touch /home/aquota.group chmod 600 /mnt/aquota.user chmod 600 /home/aquota.user chmod 600 /home/aquota.group

Only root can do the quota administration and once the empty files have been created some disk quota can be set such as:
 * Soft limitation on number of files and inodes.
 * Hard limitation on number of files and inodes if the grace time is set.

Setting up quotas for users
3) Check the setting

quotacheck -v mnt quotacheck: Scanning /dev/fd0 [/home/yann/mnt] done quotacheck: Checked 6 directories and 1 files

4) Enable quota on the disk

quotaon -av /dev/fd0 [/home/yann/mnt]: user quotas turned on

5) Customize the disk quota limits:

$ edquota -u yann Disk quotas for user yann (uid 500): Filesystem   locks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard /dev/fd0      15          0          0          4        0        0

$ edquota -g yann

$ edquota -t Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users: Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds Filesystem            Block grace period     Inode grace period /dev/fd0                     7days                  7days

List quotas
To list quotas for a user or group, use quota.

quota [options] [user|group]

Common options:
 * -u:Default, print user quotas.
 * -g:Print group quotas for the group of which the user is a member.
 * -q: Print a more terse message, containing only information on filesystems where usage is over quota.

Example: quota -u yann

Display a quota report
To display a quota report, use repquota.

repquota [options] [user|group]

Common options:
 * -a: Report on all filesystems indicated in /etc/mtab to be read-write with quotas.
 * -g: Report for group.

Example:

$ repquota /dev/fd0 *** Report for user quotas on device /dev/fd0 Block grace time: 7days; Inode grace time: 7days Block limits                  File limits User           used    soft    hard  grace    used  soft  hard  grace -- root  --       8       0       0              2     0     0 yann  --      15       0       0              4     0     0

Exercises

 * Exercises results

 * 1) Setup a soft limitation for any users that have their home directory in /home to 500M.
 * 2) Change the grace time to 0.
 * 3) Log as the user and check if the limitation works..

Overview
Unix File Security File and Directory Permissions Default Permissions Changing File Permissions Changing File Owner and Group More Privileges Unix file security The biggest security problem may be you. You own any directory or files you created. You are responsible for accessibility of your files. You decide who can access which files and directories.

In your home directory you will be able to grant different levels of permission to yourself, users in your group and the all other users.

File and Directory Permissions
The permission of a file or of a directory can be viewed with ls -l.

File permissions
Examples of file permissions:

ls -l readme -rwxrw 1 toto users 14 Jul 5 10:00 readme

This means read,write, and execution permissions for user toto, read and write permissions for members of group users. No permissions for others. (0760)

ls -l /etc/hosts -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14 Jul 5 10:00 /etc/hosts

This means read and write permissions for user root, read permissions for members of group root and all others. (0644)

Examples of directory permissions:

ls -ld /bin drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 5 10:00 /bin

This means read,write, and execution permissions for user root, read and execution permissions for members of group root and others. (0755)

ls -l /home/toto drwxr-xr-x 10 toto users 4096 Jul 5 1:00 /home/toto

This means read, write, and execution permissions for user toto, read and execution permissions for members of group users and others. (0755)

Default permissions
The default permissions when creating a file are 0666 and when creating a directory are 0777. Most of the systems overwrite this at boot time with the program umask. Generally the mask value is 022. It means the write for group and other will be blocked. To check or change the mask value, do:

umask umask 066

Examples for file: default: rw- rw- rw- (0666) umask: 0 2 2 (0022) Block result: rw- r-- r-- (0644)

Examples for directory: default: rwx rwx rwx (0777) umask: 0 2 2 (0022) Block result: rwx r-x r-x (0755)

Changing file permissions
To change permissions on a file or directory, use chmod. To overwrite the existing permissions, do:

chmod 0755 /tmp #rwx for user, rx for group and others

To change add or cancel some permissions without overwriting all the existing permissions, do:

chmod u+w readme # Add write permission for user chmod +r readme # Add read permission for everybody chmod -r readme # Remove read permission for everybody chmod u+x,g=r readme # Add execution for user and set read for group chmod u=rwx,go=rx readme # Set read write and execution for user, read and execution for group and others

To change in recursive mode, use the -R option.

chmod -R +x /sbin/*

Exercises

 * Exercises results.

Overview
Description: ''Candidates should be able to control user and group ownership of files. This objective includes the ability to change the user and group owner of a file as well as the default group owner for new files.''

Key files terms and<tt> utilities</tt> include: <tt>chmod chown chgrp</tt>

Changing file owner and group
To change the owner of a file or directory, use chown.

chown yann mon_fichier.txt

To change the group of a file or directory, use chgrp.

chgrp dialout caller

The programs gpasswd and yast2 allow you to administrate groups.

gpasswd [-A user,...] [-M user,...] group
 * -A: Add users with group administrator privileges.
 * -M: Add members in group.

Group administrators can add or delete members of the group

gpasswd -d toto users gpasswd -a toto users

Group administrators can set or remove the password for the group.

gpasswd users gpasswd -r users

More privileges
It is possible to give more privileges to a user when it executes a particular script or program by setting the uid or gid bit of the file.

If the bit is set, the process will inherit the permissions of the owner of the file not the permissions of the user. To set the effective uid or gid, use chmod.

chmod 2640 [file] # (2) gid is inheritable for group. chmod 4640 [file] # (4) uid is inheritable for user.

Example of such program is /bin/passwd.

The sticky bit can also be set and can make the program text segment resident in RAM. chmod 1640 [file] (1) The file program stays in RAM.

Exercises

 * Exercises results

1) Write the command line by using letters with chmod to set the following permissions:

rwxrwxr-x : rwxr--r-- : r--r- : rwxr-xr-x : rwxr-xr-x : r-x--x--x : -w-rx : -xrwx :

2) Write the command line by using octal numbers with chmod to set the following permissions:

rwxrwxrwx : --x--x--x : r---w---x : -w--- : rw-r- : rwx--x--x :

3) With the following umask values what would be the files and directories creation permissions?

umask = 0027 File permissions: Directory permissions:

umask = 0011 File permissions: Directory permissions:

umask = 0541 File permissions: Directory permissions:

umask = 0777 File permissions: Directory permissions:

4) Create two user accounts

Logging in id: tst1, group users, with bash shell, home directory /home/tst1 Logging in id: tst2, group public, with bash shell, home directory /home/tst2 For the two accounts set a password.

Logging in as tst1 and copy /bin/ls into tst1 home directory as myls. Change the owner of myls to tst1 and the permissions to 0710. What does this permission value mean?

Logging in as tst2 and try to use /home/tst1/myls to list your current directory. Does it work ?

Create in /etc/group and /etc/gshadow a new group labo with tst1 and tst2. Change the owner group of myls to labo.

Try again from tst2 account to execute /home/tst1/myls to list your current directory. Does it work?.

Overview
Description: ''Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file. This objective includes the ability to create and identify links, copy files through links, and use linked files to support system administration tasks.''

Key files terms and<tt> utilities</tt> include: <tt>ln</tt>

Links
Use link when: You want to create a pathname to a file. Set a shorter or fixed pathname to a file.

To link one file to another, use ln:

ln [options] filename linkname ln [options] filename linkdirectory

Common options:
 * -f force: clobber existing link
 * -s symbolic link

The default links are hard links (ln without an option). On Windows they're called shortcuts. A hard link can only be created to an existing file on the same physical device, after creation no visible association can be displayed between a link name and a file name. A symbolic link can be created on a file that doesn’t exist yet, the association between the link name and the file name can be viewed with the ls command.

Linking to a file
The symbolic and hard link can be displayed with ls -l. Symbolic link are indicated with an arrow: link_name->real_filename.

$ ls -l /dev/midi lrwxrwxrwx  1   root   root        6    Jul 4 21:50   /dev/midi -> midi00

Hard links are indicated with the number of links counter (3-1=2 in this case).

$ ls -l readme -rwxrwxrwx  3   yann   users       677  Jul 4 21:50   readme

When removing a link name, use rm. Only the link will be removed not the linked file.

Exercises

 * Exercises results

 * 1) Create a directory etc and bin in your home directory.
 * 2) Copy all the files in recursive mode from /etc to your etc directory  and do the same for /bin to bin.
 * 3) In your local etc directory rename all files *.conf by *.conf.bak
 * 4) Create in your home directory a symbolic link call dir that points to your local bin/ls. Check if dir do execute ls.
 * 5) Remove the dir link. Is bin/ls still there?.

Exercices

 * Exercises results

Périphériques & Systèmes de fichiers Linux (LPIC101)


text:
Talk:Jason Campbell

Untitled
This seems like a short article. It could include statistics, and the QB battle for starter with Daniel Cobb.

Personal Life
Is that really noteworthy who he is dating? If it doesn't include more about his personal life then it shouldn't have that.

Is it noteworthy that he looks like nelly? i think so —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:03, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

A few changes
I made a few edits to the draft portion by indicating the trade that took place to grab Campbell. A citation was provided. Also I just did a very minor edit in the "2008" section by creating a bit more of a formal feel. The previous version referred to him just as "Jason" so I switched it over to "Campbell". Would like to see a more streamlined look as well as more information about prior seasons including high school and college. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Redskins0756 (talk • contribs) 02:19, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

This reads more like a fan page than an article. Citations such as the Zorn-era "Campbell now among the elite NFL QBs" are rather ridiculous; cherry-picking in the extreme, as I'm sure 99% of football "obervers" and simple fans would not consider Jason Campbell to be or ever to have been an elite quarterback. He had an average early career with a few short bursts of promise, and is now a solid journeyman back-up. No shame in that.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:14, 25 August 2012 (UTC)TexxasFinn
 * So? Fix it. Jauerbackdude?/dude. 05:25, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

Comparison of 2010 to 2011 season
Is it really neccessary to have a complete recap of the 2010 season game by game with an in-depth look. Generally, these sections sumarize the entire career, and point to a few notable games. What's more, if we are going to have 2010 so long, why is his 2011 season limited to one line? It was more notable despite the season-ending injury — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:43, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jason Campbell


text:
Talk:St Joseph's Convent, Taunton/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Caponer (talk · contribs) 16:01, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

, I will complete a thorough and comprehensive review of this article within the next 48 hours. Please let me know if you have any questions or concerns in the meantime. Thanks! -- Caponer (talk) 16:01, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * GA review (see here for what the criteria are, and here for what they are not)

, I have completed a thorough and comprehensive review and re-review, and I find that this article meets all criteria for Good Article status. I do have a few comments and questions that should be addressed prior to passage to GA status. Please let me know if you have any questions in the meantime. Great job on illustrating the history of the historic landmark! -- Caponer (talk) 16:28, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose, no copyvios, spelling and grammar): b (MoS for lead, layout, word choice, fiction, and lists):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (reference section): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) It is stable.
 * No edit wars, etc.:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images and other media, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free content have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images and other media, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free content have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:

Lede
 * Per Manual of Style/Lead section, the lede of this article stands alone as a concise overview. It defines the convent, establishes context, explain why the convent is notable, and summarizes the most important points of its history. The lede could stand to have a sentence or two regarding its architecture from that section.
 * I haven't added anything about the architecture, because it is hard to summarise that information; there is a lot of detail, and it is far from my area of expertise. Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The image in the template was taken by the author, is licensed CC BY-SA 3.0, and is therefore free for use here.
 * The Somerset locator map is licensed CC BY-SA 3.0 and is therefore free to use in this article.
 * Taunton should be wiki-linked and included in the first paragraph to establish the convent's location.
 * Added. Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I suggest rewriting this sentence as: "The buildings were sold out of the Catholic church in 1976, and were redeveloped as residential flats in 2005."
 * Done. Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * In the second paragraph, would it be appropriate for the sentence to read as: "The main building was begun in 1772 as a free hospital for the poor, but funding ran out two years later, and it was completed as a private residence."
 * Done. Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * It wouldn't hurt to wiki-link Winchester in the second paragraph.
 * Done. Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I suggest rewriting the years as twenty-six or 26 per Manual of Style/Dates and numbers.
 * Done. Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * This section is well-written, utilizes content from references which are internally-cited below, and I have no other comments or questions for this section.

History
 * Per Inline citation, inline citations are usually reserved for the end of sentences and paragraphs, but this is merely a suggestion.
 * I prefer to place them after a comma, rather than stack them at the end of a sentence, as I feel it makes it more obvious where each fact is referenced from. WP:INTEGRITY suggest that such placing for aesthetics is fine. Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * In the second paragraph, quibbles seems a bit COLLOQUIAL. Would "disagreements" or "conflicts" work better here?
 * I don't think quibble is at all a colloquialism, I think this might be more a BREng/AmEng variation. I can try and change it if you want, but it has a subtly different meaning to either disagreement or conflict, and I'm struggling to get the right feel with another word. Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Had could probably be removed from the sentence: "When the abbess had visited the Lodge prior to the purchase..."
 * Done. Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I suggest rewriting the final sentence in the second paragraph as: "The shell of the new body was completed by the autumn of 1808, but the work was delayed due to a lack of finances, as £1,908 had already been spent on altering the old building. This cost did not include the erection of the new wing, thus the constructions costs were already far surpassing the original estimate." Or something to this effect.
 * Done. Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The image of St George's Rectory is licensed CC BY-SA 2.0 and is therefore available for use here.
 * The final sentence of the fifth paragraph could be reworded as: "In 2005, the building complex was converted to "high quality" residential flats."
 * Done. Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * This section is well-written, utilizes content from references which are internally-cited within, and I have no other comments or questions for this section.

1809 miracle
 * This may seem silly, but I would wiki-link the first mention of miracle, which may provide more context to why this is relevant.
 * This subsection is well-written, utilizes content from references which are internally-cited within, and I have no other comments or questions for this subsection.

1851 case of Augusta Talbot
 * Per Inline citation, inline citations are usually reserved for the end of sentences and paragraphs, but this is merely a suggestion.
 * This subsection is well-written, utilizes content from references which are internally-cited within, and I have no other comments or questions for this subsection.

Architecture
 * The buildings image is licensed CC BY-SA 2.0 and is therefore allowable here.
 * Does the main building have a definable architectural style? Is it Georgian?
 * Nothing in any sources that I've come across, and I don't know enough myself to judge (though that would be WP:OR anyway, although it would not really be a contentious issue! Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * This section is well-written, utilizes content from references which are internally-cited within, and I have no other comments or questions for this section.

Thanks for your review, definitely one of the most professional I have come across in a while. I think I have dealt with the majority of your points, though I have noted a couple of times when I have not followed your suggestions: I am receptive to further discussion on those points. Harrias talk 19:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * , thank you for speedily addressing all my above questions and concerns. I've reviewed and re-reviewed the article, and I find that you have included the majority of my suggestions. As for the few minor points like quibble and inline citation placement, they are not deal breakers, and are outside of the criteria for Good Article status. Therefore, it is my privilege to pass this article to Good Article status. I appreciate all your diligence in crafting this article and it has been a pleasure reviewing it! -- Caponer (talk) 19:53, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:St Joseph's Convent, Taunton/GA1


text:
Bonfol

Bonfol is a former municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It was also home to one of the most hazardous waste landfills in all of Switzerland.

History
Bonfol is first mentioned in 1136 as Bunfol. The municipality was formerly known by its German name Pumpfel, however, that name is no longer used. According to tradition, the village was founded after the Burgundian Wars for Stephan of Hagenbach, a vassal of Charles the Bold, to replace his destroyed villages of Bonfol-le-Vieux, Trunchéré and Vareroille.

During World War I from 1914 until 1918, the Western Front between the Allies and Germany began at the village of Le Largin in Bonfol. On 1 January 2024, Bonfol is set to merge with Beurnevésin to form the new municipality of Basse-Vendline.

Geography
Bonfol has an area of. Of this area, 6.4 km2 or 47.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 5.96 km2 or 43.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.94 km2 or 6.9% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.2 km2 or 1.5% is either rivers or lakes and 0.07 km2 or 0.5% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.3%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 35.4% is used for growing crops and 11.6% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is in lakes.

The municipality is located in the Porrentruy district, in the north-east corner of the Ajoie region on the border with France.

The nature preserve Etangs de Bonfol is located close to the village.

Bonfol waste dump
Beginning in 1961 many of the largest pharmaceutical and chemical companies in and around Basel began burying chemical waste in a former clay mine outside the village. Eight of the largest, including BASF, Novartis, Roche and Syngenta, formed Basler Chemischen Industrie (BCI) to administer the site. The Bonfol dump remained in operation until 1976 and over those fifteen years about 114000 tonne of chemicals were dumped. After it was closed BCI believed the clay would hold the waste in place. The dump was buried and the 20000 m2 of land that it covered was replanted. However, in 1981 the first leaks were detected from the dump and from 1986 through 1995 BCI installed a drainage system and built a runoff treatment plant. After protests by Greenpeace and the passage of Switzerland’s Federal Ordinance on the Contaminated Sites in 1998, on 17 October 2000 BCI signed an agreement with the Canton to fully excavate and clean the entire dump.

In 2007 construction began on an excavation hall that covered the entire site. Using a large overhead crane and digging bucket up to 160 tonne of contaminated earth was excavated per day. It was then loaded on sealed rail cars and taken to incinerators in Germany where it was burned at temperatures up to 1200 C and turned into chemically stable ash. In July 2010 some of the chemicals in the dump exploded during excavation. One machinist suffered minor injuries and the project paused for several months to evaluate the hazard. At the end of August 2016 the last of the contaminated soil was removed, bringing the total removed and incinerated to 202200 tonne. The project cost BCI a total of CHF380 million.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent, a Bend Azure and in chief sinister a Mullet of five of the same.

Demographics
Bonfol has a population of. , 7.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of -6%. Migration accounted for 0.8%, while births and deaths accounted for -6.6%.

Most of the population speaks French (575 or 84.7%) as their first language, German is the second most common (83 or 12.2%) and Spanish is the third (11 or 1.6%). There are 4 people who speak Italian.

, the population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The population was made up of 293 Swiss men (42.8% of the population) and 32 (4.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 338 Swiss women (49.4%) and 21 (3.1%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 283 or about 41.7% were born in Bonfol and lived there in 2000. There were 149 or 21.9% who were born in the same canton, while 110 or 16.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 105 or 15.5% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 55.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 24.9%.

, there were 217 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 353 married individuals, 72 widows or widowers and 37 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 303 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.2 persons per household. There were 103 households that consist of only one person and 16 households with five or more people. , a total of 296 apartments (76.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 46 apartments (11.9%) were seasonally occupied and 46 apartments (11.9%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 8.56%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 26.89% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (25.21%), the SVP (23.74%) and the CVP (21.43%). In the federal election, a total of 250 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 43.6%.

Economy
, Bonfol had an unemployment rate of 6.1%. , there were 41 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 17 businesses involved in this sector. 145 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 11 businesses in this sector. 73 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 18 businesses in this sector. There were 305 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.6% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 221. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 32, of which 31 were in agriculture and 1 was in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 135 of which 131 or (97.0%) were in manufacturing and 4 (3.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 54. In the tertiary sector; 12 or 22.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 5 or 9.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 4 or 7.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was the insurance or financial industry, 3 or 5.6% were in education and 3 or 5.6% were in health care.

, there were 134 workers who commuted into the municipality and 150 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 19.4% of the workforce coming into Bonfol are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 6.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 55.1% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 447 or 65.8% were Roman Catholic, while 133 or 19.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.29% of the population), there were 3 individuals (or about 0.44% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 44 individuals (or about 6.48% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist and 2 individuals who were Hindu. 31 (or about 4.57% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 35 individuals (or about 5.15% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Bonfol about 180 or (26.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 36 or (5.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 36 who completed tertiary schooling, 58.3% were Swiss men, 38.9% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 34 students attending 3 classes in Bonfol. There were no kindergarten classes in the municipality. The municipality had 2.5 primary classes and 34 students. There are only nine Secondary schools in the canton, so all the students from Bonfol attend their secondary school in another municipality.

, there were 45 students from Bonfol who attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
Bonfol is located at the northern end of the Porrentruy–Bonfol railway line and has regular service at the Bonfol railway station.

title: Bonfol


text:
Talk:Inua Ellams

Name
Just for the record, the C.V. viewable at Ellams's website shows his name as "Inua M. M. Ellams"; per https://griotmag.com/en/barber-shop-chronicles-inua-ellams-disentangles-the-nuances-of-black-masculinity-in-play, his name is "Inua Mark Mohammed Ellams II", and per https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/backstage/podcasts/its-a-long-story/inua-ellams.html, "Inua Marc Mohamed Onore de Ellams, the Second". — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:29, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Nice find. It is added now. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:45, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

Infobox image
I would like to add this Flikr image (it is CreativeCommons-Attribution-ShareAlike which appears to be allowed in Wikipedia) to the article infobox. But I would like to avoid creating an account to add the image to Wikimedia Commons. Can anyone help me please? Also, can anyone find a better image? - <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:26, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inua Ellams


text:
Partition of Triparadisus

The Partition of Triparadisus was a power-sharing agreement passed at Triparadisus in 321 BC between the generals (Diadochi) of Alexander the Great, in which they named a new regent and arranged the repartition of the satrapies of Alexander's empire among themselves. It followed and modified the Partition of Babylon made in 323 BC upon Alexander's death.

Following the death of Alexander, the rule of his empire was given to his half-brother Philip Arrhidaeus and Alexander's son Alexander IV. However, since Philip was mentally ill and Alexander IV born only after the death of his father, a regent was named in Perdiccas; in the meantime, the former generals of Alexander were named satraps of the various regions of his empire.

Several satraps were eager to gain more power, and when Ptolemy I Soter, satrap of Egypt, rebelled with other generals, Perdiccas moved against the former but was killed by a mutiny in his camp. Ptolemy declined the regency and instead brought to the office Peithon and Arrhidaeus. This designation met the strong opposition of Eurydice, wife of Philip III, leading, in the meeting called in 321 BC at Triparadisus of all the generals, to their replacement with Antipater. The meeting also proceeded to divide again the satrapies between the various generals.

The treaty
Arrian described the result of the meeting in Events after Alexander, which were transmitted to us by the patriarch Photius (820–897):

"Then and there Antipater made a new division of Asia, wherein he partly confirmed the former and partly annulled it, according as the exigency of affairs required. For, in the first place, Egypt with Libya, and all the vast waste beyond it, and whatever else had been acquired to the westward, he assigned to Ptolemy; for it was deemed no easy matter to dispossess those who had been confirmed in their territories by Alexander himself, their power was grown so strong.
 * Syria to Laomedon of Mytilene;
 * Cilicia to Philoxenus, for he held it before.
 * Among the higher provinces, Mesopotamia and Arbelitis were bestowed on Amphimachus, the king's brother;
 * Babylonia, on Seleucus;
 * the prefecture of all the province of Susa, on Antigenes, who was captain of the Macedonian Argyraspides, and had first opposed Perdiccas.
 * Peucestas was confirmed in his government of Persis.
 * Tlepolemus in Carmania,
 * and Peithon in that of Media, as far as the Caspian Gates.
 * Philip in Parthia.
 * Stasander in Aria and Drangiana.
 * Stasanor the Solian, over Bactria and Sogdiana;
 * and Sibyrtius over Arachosia.
 * The country of the Parapamisians was bestowed upon Oxyartes, the father of Roxana;
 * and the skirts of India adjacent to Mount Parapamisus, on Peithon the son of Agenor.
 * As to the countries beyond that, those on the river Indus, with the city Patala (the capital of that part of India) were assigned to Porus.
 * Those upon the Hydaspes, to Taxiles the Indian;
 * Of the countries to the northward of Mount Taurus, Cappadocia was assigned to Nicanor;
 * Phrygia, Lycaonia, Pamphylia, and Lycia, as before, to Antigonus.
 * Caria to Asander;
 * Lydia to Cleitus;
 * and Hellespontine Phrygia to Arrhidaeus.

Antigenes was deputed collector of the tribute in the province of Susa, and three thousand of those Macedonians who were the most ready to mutiny, appointed to attend him.

Moreover, he appointed Autolychus the son of Agathocles, Amyntas the son of Alexander and brother of Peucestas, Ptolemy the son of Ptolemy, and Alexander the son of Polyperchon, as guards to surround the king's person.

To his son Cassander he gave the command of the horse; and to Antigonus, the troops that had before been assigned to Perdiccas, and the care and custody of the king's person, with order to prosecute the war against Eumenes. Which done, Antipater himself departed home, much applauded by all, for his wise and prudent management" (Translation John Rooke)

title: Partition of Triparadisus


text:
User:Tron Pyre/sandbox

Ndumiso Phiri (born June 21, 1996) otherwise as Tron Pyre is a South African singer/songwriter and performer who has built a cult like following through his musical outputs such as his 2018 debut EP PANGEA & the 2019 follow up entitled TEMPORUM. The latter garnered a great response, gaining traction both nationally and internationally.

In an era heavily focused on production, Tron Pyre has crafted his music such that his voice is the epicenter of his unique musical offering. His emotive lyricism, vocal prowess and dexterity immerses listeners in a cinematic world often draped in melancholy with a resounding sense of intimacy - an experience unlike any other.

title: User:Tron Pyre/sandbox


text:
Computer Programming/Highlevel

Computer languages come in many flavors. Generally there are high-level and low-level languages. The term "language level" is an attempt to convey information about how close the programming language is to the machine language of the particular hardware. Low-level languages are closer to the machine language, and high-level languages are further away from machine language, and close to natural languages (e.g., English).

An extreme example of a low-level language is the machine language which consists of ones and zeros. It is extremely rare (difficult, and error prone), however, for people to write programs in machine language. The closest programming language to machine language is assembly language, which normally has one instruction, or statement, for each machine language instruction. An example of the kind of instruction that exists in assembly language is to copy the contents of a particular memory address into a machine register.

One example of a high-level computer language might be Visual Basic/VB6, where the language is programmed by the user with specific words which can be found in the English dictionary.

Any language (computer or natural) still must have certain structures, though. English sentences are made of English words which are combined to respect the grammar (i.e., the structure) of English. We understand a sentence if the grammar is (more or less) correct. However, just because a high-level language uses some words which seem to be natural English does not mean that the computer can directly understand English sentences as we would speak them to a person. A program must be written to respect the structure (grammar) of the computer language used, if the computer is to understand. Typically the grammar of a computer language is more rigid than the grammar of a natural language.

title: Computer Programming/Highlevel


text:
Agnes Fingerin

Agnes Finger or Agnes Fingerin (d. 1514), was a German businessperson. She married a tailor in Görlitz, and became a childless widow after a short marriage in 1465. She took over the business of her late spouse and managed it for almost fifty years, never remarrying. She was rich and successful, and founded the charity foundation Fromme Stiftung von Brot und Salz in 1471, which distributed bread for the poor, Agnetenbrot, until 1563. She famously made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1476.

title: Agnes Fingerin