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Court of Criminal Appeal (England and Wales)

[[File:Punch cartoon - Court of Criminal Appeal.png|thumb|Home Sec. "Oh, dear! Oh, dear! Why leave it to Me!"

Mr. P. (sympathetically). "Why, indeed? But I don't see any Help for it till we get a Court of Criminal Appeal."

Punch magazine cartoon from 1890, noting then current discussion as to the need to relieve the Home Secretary, Henry Matthews, of the responsibility for determining criminal case appeals. ]] The Court of Criminal Appeal was an English appellate court for criminal cases established by the Criminal Appeal Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7. c. 23) It superseded the Court for Crown Cases Reserved to which referral had been solely discretionary and which could only consider points of law. Throughout the nineteenth century, there had been opposition from lawyers, judges and the Home Office against such an appeal court with collateral right of appeal. However, disquiet over the convictions of Adolf Beck and George Edalji led to the concession of a new court that could hear matters of law, fact or mixed law and fact.

Though the court was staffed with the judges who had shown such hostility (consisting of the Lord Chief Justice and eight judges of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court), it had a restraining effect on the excesses of prosecutors. During the period 1909–1912, there was an average of 450 annual applications for leave to appeal of which an average of 170 were granted. Of that 170, conviction was quashed in 20 percent of cases and sentence varied in another 22 per cent. Rulings of the court included limitation of the lower courts' ability simultaneously to try multiple defendants, multiple indictments and disparate counts within an indictment. The ability of the prosecution to introduce further evidence after the close of the prosecution case was curtailed as were several prejudicial practices with a defendant's previous criminal record. Further, trial judges' ability to invade the jury's role as trier of fact came under scrutiny, as did the practice of insisting that the defence proceed even in the case of an inadequate prima facie case by the prosecution. The Court also did much to refine and systematise the law of evidence.

On 1 October 1966, the Court of Criminal Appeal was superseded by the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales.


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Mocis phasianoides

Mocis phasianoides is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Uruguay and Paraguay.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mocis phasianoides


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User:Ncnefan

This user is a big fan of Nebraska City, Nebraska, USA--home of Arbor Day. Plant trees!

I am a librarian at the Morton-James Public Library in Nebraska CIty, NE, the community's public library.

As a librarian I have user-familiarity with WIkipedia, and am now learning how to contribute to this resource by taking the WebJunction course offered this fall 2017: Wikipedia + Libraries: Better Together.

I will always strive to strictly abide by Wikipedia's accepted practices on conflicts of interest, neutrality, and notability.

I will modify my editing behavior based on problems cited by other editors or if my editing conflicts with other WIkipedia guidelines. I ask that other editors do not hesitate to contact me, via my user talk page, if I appear to be going against this declaration.

References, and general things
Greetings! Are you by chance the editor who created the Morton-James Public Library article?

I notice your recent edit to Nebraska City, Nebraska, adding James Olson's This is Nebraska as a general reference. Are you doing so because it supports material in the "History" section of the article, which is lamentably short on inline citations; or are you just adding it as a book to which people might turn in order to learn more about Nebraska City, and not because it supports anything specific in the article?

If the former, may I suggest that you take on the task of adding those inline citations? It'd be nice if we could get rid of that "refimprove section" template at the beginning of the section. If you want to cite different pages of Olson to support different points, I'd suggest an approach like that one that I used at Engineer Cantonment: put the bibliographic material on Olson in a new section titled "References", and change the title of the section with the specific citations from "References" to "Notes". I'd be glad to help you with any difficulties you might have with the technical side of adding citations; just drop a note at my talk page. Ammodramus (talk) 01:55, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

title: User:Ncnefan


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Talk:Grace Tanda

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:38, 14 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Grace Tanda Gefle IF.jpg
 * Grace Tanda Team picture with the Congo U22.jpg
 * Grace Tanda celebrating a goal with teammates in Motala AIF FK.jpg
 * Grace Tanda in Thanh Hoa FC .jpg
 * Grace Tanda Östersund FK.jpg

title: Talk:Grace Tanda


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sršeň

Etymology
From, from (stem ), from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) hornet

Usage notes

 * The masculine gender predominates in everyday use, but the feminine gender is normally used in technical zoological contexts.

Declension
when masculine:

when feminine:

title: sršeň


text:
GM Family Z engine

Family Z is a turbocharged common rail diesel engine produced by General Motors Korea since 2010. It replaced VM Motori RA 420 diesel engine in a number of GM applications, such as the diesel versions of vehicles sold as Chevrolet made for North America, Daewoo made for Korea, Opel made for Europe and Holden made for Australia.

The engine features chain driven DOHC valvetrain with hydraulic tensioners, twin balance shafts in the oil pump and electronically controlled variable-geometry turbocharger; the common rail system operates at pressures of up to 1800 bar, maximum in-cylinder pressure is 180 bar, improving on power and torque. Compression ratio is 16.5:1.

For 2012, compression ration is reduced to 16.3:1, and a new intake port increases air flow and swirl control, improving nitrogen oxide emissions and performance.

title: GM Family Z engine


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User:Amazing Reet22

This article is about an amazing girl named Reet Grover. She is born in August 2007. She is interested in Art and gymnastics. She is a kind girl, with an amazing personality. The school she goes to will stay anonymous as we don’t want anyone stealing her... Reet loves to learn and to go to school. The names of her main friends are, Pahal, Christina, Meghna and Arin.

For safety reasons there is no picture of her! :)

title: User:Amazing Reet22


text:
User:MarioandLuigi5034

Favorite game: New super Mario bros wii/Mario Galaxy. Favorite nintendo console: Wii. Favorite plush brand: Sanei. Favorite color is red. My favorite show the adventures of mario 3. I have a samsung galaxy s9 phone. I have been using YouTube for 7 years just didn't have a account. My favorite Mario character is Mario. If you came here to know more about me🙃You are a Hard core fan of MARIO! Wait how🤨 Well I love perfect cream on the google play store. I freakin love cooking mama....NOT G*Y!

title: User:MarioandLuigi5034


text:
oltavat

Etymology
Plural of, passive present participle of.

Noun

 * 1) conditions, circumstances always with an attribute; various other ways of translating into English exist
 * Eläimillä ei ollut sinä kesänä huonot oltavat, vaikka ne tekivät kovaa työtä.
 * The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the hardness of their work. (1945, George Orwell, Animal Farm)
 * The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the hardness of their work. (1945, George Orwell, Animal Farm)

title: oltavat


text:
haalia

Verb

 * 1)  to scrape together, rustle up, drum up; gather, collect

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) lukewarm
 * 2) pale

title: haalia


text:
User:DoubleM2001/sandbox

= Second Roman Republic = The Second Roman Republic ( Publica Romanorum Secundi ) or simply the Roman Republic ( Publica Romanorum ) is a country located in southern Europe where it borders Croatia to the east, Gaulia to the northwest and Germania to the north, sharing a maritime border with Hispania in the west and the Hellenic Republic to the southeast. It's capital city is Rome and is one of the oldest capital cities in Europe, founded in the year 753 BC. Rome has an area of 407,047 square kilometres with a population of 64 million who are primarily Christian with a small Pagan population.

The city of Rome was founded in the year 753 BC, starting off the Kingdom period of Roman history which lasted up until 509 BC when the First Roman Republic was formed. It was during this period that the Rome had truly began expanding, forming the very first outlines of a proper empire. With the death of Julius Caesar, a period of instability lead to his nephew proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome thus starting the Imperial period of Roman history.

title: User:DoubleM2001/sandbox


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Peter Harper (American artist)

Peter M. Harper (born in 1974) is an American sculptor, musician, and academic. He is best known for his vocals and tenor guitar, especially in France, where he has had made several concert tours.

Early life and education
Harper was born in 1974, the youngest child of a black father and a Jewish mother, multi-instrumentalist Ellen Harper (née Chase). They divorced before Peter was two years old, and he and his elder brothers, Ben and Joel, were raised by their mother. Friday and Saturday nights she played in a band, working the rest of the time at her parents' music store, the Folk Music Center, in Claremont, California. The shop was a music hub. It sold and repaired instruments, gave music lessons, hosted performances, and in 1976 added a museum of rare and antique instruments and folk art. Harper received no formal art instruction at school, but in the afternoons hung out at the store, where he was exposed to all kinds of instruments, music, and musicians. There he learned instrument repair and started crafting small ceramic sculptures. In his late teens and early twenties, he dabbled with playing guitar, but was unsatisfied with it.

Harper attended Pitzer College in Claremont, where he majored in political studies with an emphasis on the Third World. A semester studying abroad in Zimbabwe when he was 19 was extended after he was admitted to the Mzilikazi Arts and Crafts Centre in Bulawayo. There he received intensive formal training in figural sculpture. The next year he returned to Pitzer, and completed his BA in 1996. He went on to earn an MA in art at New York University (NYU). After graduate school he returned to Pomona, California, where he learned mold making, and bronze became his favorite medium of sculpture. Through 2006, he averaged about two exhibitions a year, in California and New York.

Career
Harper wasn't a surfer until his brother Ben tried it and rhapsodized about the experience. Peter got a friend who surfs to take him out, and was immediately hooked. Not long thereafter, at the filming of the music video for Ben's 2003 song With My Own Two Hands, Peter met three brothers who allowed that they surfed "sometimes", and invited him to join them. When he did, it immediately became obvious that they were experts, although it wasn't until later that Harper learned the three, Chris, Dan, and Keith Malloy, are famous surfers. It was partly through the Malloys that in 2005 Harper became involved with the Surfrider Foundation. Chris Malloy was helping coordinate a charity art auction for the environmental organization, and asked him to participate. Harper turned a surfboard into a work of art for the fundraiser. It marked the beginning of his commitment to environmental awareness.

In August 2006 he joined California State University Channel Islands as a lecturer in art.

In his mid-thirties he circled back to music, falling in love with the ukulele, and then the tenor guitar (a four-string relative of the guitar, banjo, and ukulele), and starting to write songs. As he expresses it,

"The message I wanted to transmit through my art could no longer take the form of a tangible three dimensional object. I needed to reach deeper into people's minds to make a more profound impact."

He continued to sculpt and teach, but focused increasingly on his music. In 2013, Harper released his self-titled debut album of eleven tracks. He made a solo tour of France in May 2016, playing 17 concerts in intimate venues, mostly in the southwest. A European edition of his first album followed in January 2017, with two additional tracks: an acoustic version of "Take it Home", and an English-French bilingual version of "Can't Stop Now".

At a studio run by Sheldon Gomberg, he recorded a second album, Break the Cycle, with some of the musicians who tour with him in the United States as "Racing Alone". The name of the group echos his conviction that people focus too much on competition, whereas the competition that matters is with oneself, to be better tomorrow than yesterday. He made a second European tour of 28 dates in January–February 2017, concentrated in France, but also including Belgium, England, Spain, and Switzerland. The tour was organized in conjunction with the Surfrider Foundation Europe, for which he formally became an ambassador. Break the Cycle was released in April.

Discography

 * 2013 – Peter Harper
 * 2016 – Peter Harper: European release
 * 2017 – Break the Cycle
 * 2019 - Twilight Time

title: Peter Harper (American artist)


text:
Talk:Power Drift

Translation request
The Japanese article has some information the English article lacks. Parrothead1983 (talk) 06:57, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Power Drift. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.sega.co.jp/sega/p_cafe/DB/09181/09181.html

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 01:28, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Power Drift


text:
The Malacia Tapestry

The Malacia Tapestry is a fantasy-historical novel by British writer Brian Aldiss, published in 1976. The story takes place in a fictional port city called Malacia, which is an alternate history version of a Renaissance city-state. It tells the story of a poor young actor named Perian de Chirolo who hopes to change his station in life so he can marry a wealthy merchant's daughter. While Malacia is considered a near-utopia, the happiness in the city belies the authoritarian rule of the powerful Supreme Council, which uses fear to prevent progress.

Plot
The Malacia Tapestry is a novel about Perian de Chirolo, a poor young man who is both a rogue and rarely-working actor, in the imaginary city of Malacia, which resembles Renaissance Venice. De Chirolo lives in a humble attic, cadges meals and drinks in taverns, seeks love affairs with many women, and mingles with artists, astrologers, magicians, and nobility in the bustling port town. As the story opens, De Chirolo enjoys his free time with his young friend Guy de Lambert, who is also an actor. The pair pass their days drinking, jesting, and having affairs with women.

Malacia has a legendary curse that it can never progress or change, which is enforced by a powerful Supreme Council, which also eliminates heretics and other freethinkers. The craftsman Otto Bengtsohn, though, defies the anti-progress edicts and invents a type of early photography. Bengtsohn uses the camera to make slides of a play, which is funded by the powerful and wealthy Andrus Hoytola. De Chirolo falls in love with Hoytola's daughter, Armida, who is acting in the play. De Chirolo starts a secret love affair with the wealthy Armida, but she tells him they cannot marry unless he achieves enough in to make an acceptable mate.

Despite De Chirolo's professions of love to Armida, and their secret plan to marry, De Chirolo has sexual encounters with a number of women. De Chirolo starts to fall in love, and decides to cease his womanizing. As De Chirolo works with the other participants in the play, he meets working-class apprentices who call for progress and changes in society, which is against the law in Malacia. As De Chirolo tries to rise in Malacian society, he feels frustrated at his lack of progress in being accepted by the nobles.

When Andrus Hoytola invites de Chirolo to join the annual hunt for "ancestral animals" (rare examples of the almost-extinct dinosaurs), de Chirolo is pleased to mingle with nobles and slay a seven-ton Devil-Jaw. However, de Chirolo's rise in Malacian society unravels when Andrus Hoytola learns that Bengtsohn is a Progressive who hopes that his zahnoscope slides can be used to foment a revolution against the ruling class. As the elder Hoytola suspects that de Chirolo is in league with Bengtsohn, de Chirolo ends up banished from society and Bengtsohn is killed. As the story ends, Bengtsohn's fellow Progressives try to recruit de Chirolo to join their plans for a class revolution.

Characters

 * Perian de Chirolo: young man who works occasionally as an actor
 * Guy de Lambert: young man in the same theatre troupe as Perian de Chirolo and one of his friends; he is described as handsome, witty, idle and vain
 * Pozzi Kemperer: a middle-aged theatre impresario and actor, sometimes hires de Chirolo and de Lambert
 * La Singla: beautiful young actress with golden hair and an ample figure who is married to Kemperer, she has amorous encounters with de Chirolo
 * Caylus Nortolini: a "lordly young man" known as a ladies' man and sword fighter, who is liked for his generosity buying drinks at local taverns
 * Bedalar Nortolini: an attractive young woman, Caylus' sister, and a friend to Armida Hoytola, the daughter of a wealthy merchant
 * Armida Hoytola: the beautiful, slender 18-year-old daughter of Andrus Hoytola, a wealthy merchant
 * Andrus Hoytola: a wealthy merchant who seeks to rise in Malacian society, he lives in a mansion and owns 80 horses and a country estate, Juracia

Progressives

 * Otto Bengtsohn: old inventor and craftsman from Tolkhorm, a northern town known for its enlightened Progressive political leanings; he has invented the zahnoscope, a Daguerreotype-style early camera
 * Bonihatch: an apprentice to Bengtsohn and a fellow Progressive
 * Letitia Zlatorog: an impoverished young seamstress; Bonihatch is in love with her and Perian tries to seduce her. She is also a Progressive

Minor characters

 * Piebald Pete: a balding, impoverished marionette artisan, who once entertained in the houses of the nobility, but has now become mostly a busker on the streets
 * Bledlore: a brilliant glassworker who once did work for the nobility, but who now has become impoverished, living in a shabby room atop a crumbling warehouse
 * Yolaria: Armida's "whey-faced" old chaperone, she supervises most of Armida's social activities
 * Man in black coat: this anonymous figure wears a large black coat and a black tricorne hat over a grey wig. His hat bears the Supreme Council's emblem, showing he is a representative of the powerful, but shadowy ruling body which ensures order and stability in Malacia through disappearances, torture and executions
 * Captain John: A Captain in the Tuscady Heavy Cavalry, which is posted temporarily in Malacia to defend it from the Turkish attacks; he is in love with La Singla
 * Katarini de Chirolo: Perian de Chirolo's sister, married to the rarely-home merchant Volpato; they live in a crumbling castle
 * Elder de Chirolo: Perian de Chirolo's elderly, sick father; he is a scholar who is obsessed with his historical research and writing

Setting
Malacia is a walled city with a port where merchant ships unload their cargo. The River Toi winds through the city. Stary Most ("old bridge" in Russian) is a busy market where street astrologers, busking jugglers, snake charmers, acrobats and prostitutes ply their trades amidst the market stalls. The Fragrant Quarter is the area where the spice ships used to unload, but now the old warehouses have mostly been converted to smaller units. To the north is countryside, and then in the distance, the Vokoban Mountains. To the south is a long, dusty road to Byzantium. To the south-east is the tree-lined Valmonal Canal. The Hoytola mansion is near the canal. To the west is the Prilipit Mountains, a jagged and distorted terrain where the Chabrizzi, a noble family, have their palace, which is filled with winding corridors and chained-up old "ancestral animals". In the country is Juracia, the Hoytola family's huge country estate, which includes vast wooded areas where "ancestral animals" still roam.

Play within story
The novel has a fictional play within the story, Prince Mendicula: The Joyous Tragedy of the Prince and Patricia and General Gerald and Jemina. This play, written by Bengtsohn, is the work which the actors are portraying in the photo-play slides. In the play, the revolutionary-minded Bonihatch (Bengtsohn's young apprentice), plays the Prince; Armida plays his wife, the Princess Patricia; Perian plays General Gerald; and the young, poor seamstress Letitia Zlatorog plays Lady Jemina. The events in the play end up being paralleled by the events in the story (albeit with some changes of people), as Perian is in love with Armida in the story, while also trying to unsuccessfully seduce Letitia, and Perian encourages his best friend Guy to befriend Armida.

Plot
In the fictional play, Prince Mendicula is a powerful prince who has just conquered the kingdom of Gorica, which lies in ruins as a result of his attack. The Prince was aided in this military conquest by his General Gerald, a noble, rich friend. The Prince's wife is the beautiful Princess Patricia. General Gerald has no wife as the play starts, but he hopes to marry a woman from the conquered city, the Lady Jemina. As the Prince tours the captured city, he becomes entranced with a dark-haired woman who he meets at the inn he is staying in, and he makes drunken advances on her, which she rebuffs; unbeknownst to the Prince, the object of his affections was Lady Jemina.

During the time that the Prince is exploring Gorica, he worries that Patricia may have been unfaithful with General Gerald, so he rushes back, but he finds them asleep in separate rooms. Patricia smells the liquor on the Prince's breath, and draws away from his embrace. Her coolness plants a seed of anxiety in the Prince's mind regarding Patricia and the General. After struggling with his doubts, the Prince urges Patricia and the General to enjoy their friendship. When the Prince leaves to establish his rule in Gorica, the General takes Patricia to balls and opera shows. Patricia becomes less warm towards the Prince, which makes the Prince feel guilty for his attempted seduction of the dark-haired woman at the inn. The Prince begins to obsess over the dark-haired woman, seeing her at the inn and talking with her all night. When the Prince returns home in the early hours of the morning, he finds Patricia and the General together, walking in the garden, which they claim was a coincidental early arising.

The General tells the Prince that he wants the Prince to meet his unnamed bride-to-be soon (which we know to be Lady Jemina). The General praises the Prince for his enlightened attitude towards the General's relationship with Patricia and for the Prince's seeming lack of jealousy. The Prince accuses Patricia of a sexual relationship with the General, a suspicious attitude which only serves to push her more into the General's arms. Meanwhile, the Prince happens to encounter the dark-haired woman, who is upset that her husband-to-be is consorting with another woman. The Prince consoles the dark-haired woman and holds her, which leads to sexual intercourse.

The next day is the dark-haired woman's wedding day, so when she awakes, she feels she has betrayed the General, and says that she must die by suicide to end her dishonour. The Prince finds it a strange coincidence that the dark-haired woman's wedding is on the same day as General Gerald's wedding. When the Prince tells the dark-haired woman about his friend General Gerald's impending wedding, the dark-haired woman, Lady Jemina, is distraught even more.

When the Prince realizes that his lover is General Gerald's bride-to-be, the Prince tells Lady Jemina that Patricia has been spotless in her virtue. The Prince goes to Patricia and tells her he will cease looking at other women, and begs her forgiveness. Patricia is cool towards him and says she takes his guilt as an admission of having taken a lover. Patricia gets remote and haughty, and she tells the Prince that despite his repentance, it is too late, and that she is enjoying her affair with Gerald too much. The Prince is shocked at their affair, but Patricia insists the Prince must have known, as he encouraged them to spend time together. Patricia expresses scorn for the Prince, and even when he gets angry, she is only amused, and tells him that she is not attracted to him because the Prince is not frivolous and superficial enough, traits she has come to find relaxing and appealing.

When General Gerald enters, the Prince calls him out as a vile betrayer, and the Prince draws his sword. The General draws his sword, and they duel. The General is wounded, and falls back. The Prince hesitates from delivering the death blow, when suddenly a messenger runs in. The Lady Jemina has been found dead by suicide, dressed in her bridal gown. The Prince is stricken by grief, and falls back. Seeing his opportunity, the General leaps up and stabs the Prince, who gives a last look at Princess Patricia, before dying on her bed.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews states that it is "...a tribute to the sheer exuberance of Aldiss' invention that his considerable freight of thematic baggage doesn't simply collapse under its own weight", calling the book a "...provocative, remarkably successful marriage of breezy jeu d'esprit and historical reflection." C. Ben Ostrander reviewed The Malacia Tapestry in The Space Gamer No. 17, and commented that the novel "is a stylistic and imaginative masterpiece [...] I have no doubt that it is a classic, an example of what can be done with a science fiction novel."

Reviews

 * Review by David Wingrove (1976) in Vector 78
 * Review by David Pringle (1977) in Foundation, #11 and 12 March 1977
 * Review by Jeff Schalles (1978) in Thrust, #11, Fall 1978
 * Review by Richard Lupoff (1979) in Starship, Spring 1979
 * Review by David Pringle (1988) in Modern Fantasy: The Hundred Best Novels

title: The Malacia Tapestry


text:
User:Meady3000/Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency

Deals with both kinds of radiation: ionising and non-ionising

 * Ionising radiation
 * Two forms: waves and particles
 * Examples: x-rays, CT scanners, high UV rays, gamma rays
 * Non-ionising radiation
 * Part of the electromagnetic spectrum that does not cause ionisation (insufficient energy).
 * Examples: low UV rays (like the sun), microwaves, infrared rays

Regulates Australian companies that utilise radiation

Under the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Act 1998 (ARPANS Act), ARPANSA has a duty to protect Australian citizens from both ionising and non-ionising radiation

While ARPANSA has a national role of enforcing radiation protection, there are individual state and territory departments that govern their particularly jurisdiction.

blah

blah2 Classification: non-corporate


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jack Merridew (YouTuber)

The result was delete. Tone 07:00, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

Jack Merridew (YouTuber)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

small time youtuber with no meaningful in depth coverage. Huffpo piece is a contributor piece, not from their editorial staff, the rest are questionable in terms of reliability/interviews or puff pieces and the ithacan isn't exactly a large publication that would establish notability. Praxidicae (talk) 13:14, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Authors-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 13:32, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Pennsylvania-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 13:32, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete No indication of notability. Some sources, but generally not RS. ~ EDDY  ( talk / contribs )~ 23:20, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete Does not seem to meet WP:GNG either. Eternal Shadow   Talk  22:57, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete: Simply put, meets neither the GNG nor any other notability criteria.   Ravenswing     05:22, 26 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Mathematics/2020 August 10

= August 10 =

compactness
Why is compactness important? I understand the definitions and examples but am missing the applications, particularly for integration. Thanks. 2602:24A:DE47:BB20:50DE:F402:42A6:A17D (talk) 13:40, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Courtesy link: Compactness -> Compact space. -- ToE 15:19, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * That's kind of a broad question, but there are a lot of useful theorems (not just about integration) that require compactness somewhere. For example, the Extreme value theorem guarantees that a continuous function $$f\colon X\to \mathbb{R}$$ attains a minimum and maximum value, but it does so under the assumption that $$X$$ is a compact topological space.  This in turn is a direct consequence of the fact that the image of a continuous function on a compact space is itself compact. Now that I think about where you're coming from in asking the question, it may depend a little.  Compactness is often taught in terms of the real numbers first instead of the more general notion of topological spaces.  So how to answer the question may depend a bit on that.  –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 13:49, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah the extreme value theorem is close to the basic definition though. Compact sets are apparently important for measurability (this came up in another refdesk question a while back).  Tightness of measures may have something to do with it.  Compact support is also a term I hear a lot, but it seems like an odd concept if I'm used to smooth functions that can't totally flatline like that.  But I think it comes up in probability so I wonder how.  Thanks. 2602:24A:DE47:BB20:50DE:F402:42A6:A17D (talk) 23:40, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * At a high level, compactness is useful because it allows you to turn infinite things into finite things. This often allows you to prove things more easily. Recall the definition of compactness: a space is compact if given any open cover, we can extract a finite subcover.  Your open cover may be uncountable, but if the space is compact, we can instead work with a finite number of open sets just as well. There are other flavors of compactness, but passing from the infinite to the finite, where arguments are easier, is the important part.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:00, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks, that is very helpful. 2602:24A:DE47:BB20:50DE:F402:42A6:A17D (talk) 08:09, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Circle group restrict to algebraic coordinates
Could we say the Circle group, intersected with the set of algebraic points on the x-y plane, is profinite?UsingNewWikiName (talk) 15:44, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I'm not an expert with this stuff, but I don't think so. Certainly not with the usual topology since the resulting space isn't compact.  Is there some motivation or extra detail behind this question? –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 17:36, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't understand why that wouldn't be compact and totally disconnected under the subspace topology. Isn't the circle group compact?UsingNewWikiName (talk) 18:10, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The circle group certainly is compact, but the subgroup of points with algebraic coordinates isn't, since it's not a closed subset (its closure is the whole circle). –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 18:16, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You mean it's not closed under limits of sequences? Okay, but wouldn't it be compact in the sense of any open cover having a finite subcover?UsingNewWikiName (talk) 18:24, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No. Hint: Take a sequence from your set which converges to a point not in the set and use that sequence to construct an open cover with no finite subcover. -- ToE 18:41, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Alternately, consider why [0,1]∩{real algebraic numbers} isn't compact using either formulation and then apply that understanding to your set. -- ToE 18:51, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Guess I have a lot to learn.UsingNewWikiName (talk) 18:56, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * As do we all. Are you at least able to construct an example open cover of your set without a finite subcover?  If not, please ask.  We're not here to tutor, but this is simple enough that you shouldn't leave without it. -- ToE 20:22, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't know if this is relevant, but if ρ is an algebraic element of the circle group then ρ+ρ-1 is an algebraic real number between -2 and 2. Conversely, if r is an algebraic real number between -2 and 2 then the two solutions to ρ+ρ-1 = r are algebraic elements of the circle group. The point is that there are more algebraic elements in the circle group than you might think. Topologically it would be two copies of [-2,2]∩{real algebraic numbers} with corresponding endpoints identified. --RDBury (talk) 22:48, 10 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
passerelle

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A gangplank or platform used to board or leave a large yacht.
 * 2) A semicircular ramp or catwalk that extends from the stage of a theater around the orchestra pit.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) footbridge
 * 2)  bridge
 * 3)  gangway, bridge
 * 4)  gateway
 * 5)  bridging program, bridging course

title: passerelle


text:
Botswana Diamond Sorters & Valuators' Union

The Botswana Diamond Sorters & Valuators' Union (BDSVU) is a trade union affiliate of the Botswana Federation of Trade Unions.


text:
Quanitta Underwood

Quanitta 'Queen' Underwood (born May 8, 1984 ) is an American boxer. She discovered the sport at the age of nineteen when she wandered into Cappy's Boxing Gym and Club. Underwood represented the United States at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

title: Quanitta Underwood


text:
RightRides

RightRides for Women's Safety was a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that served four boroughs in New York City, offering late-night rides home for women and LGBT individuals. The RightRides program began in 2004 and ceased operation around September 2013.

History
Oraia Reid and Consuelo Ruybal, the founders of RightRides, learned of an increasing number of sexual assaults on women walking home by themselves late at night in Williamsburg and Greenpoint, two North Brooklyn neighborhoods. They then started RightRides for Women's Safety as a community-based response in 2004. It was a free rideshare program.

Using their own car, the pair began offering cisgender and transgender women a free ride home on Saturday nights.

Initially, RightRides operated in three neighborhoods—Williamsburg, Greenpoint, and the Lower East Side. However, a vehicle sponsorship with Zipcar in 2006 enabled RightRides to expand the program significantly by enlisting community members to volunteer to operate the donated vehicles and implementing a dispatch system to coordinate the cars. At the peak of its operation, RightRides served 45 neighborhoods in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx every Friday and Saturday night from 11:59 p.m. to 3:00 a.m. transporting anyone who identified as LGBT+ or a woman safely home.

Each volunteer driving team was composed of a driver and a navigator, and at least one member of each team identified as a woman. All volunteers were required to pass a criminal background check. Driving teams were required to wait outside for their riders to enter their residence in order to ensure their safety.

In 2009, RightRides co-founded New Yorkers for Safe Transit, a coalition in New York City working to end gender-based discrimination, harassment, and assault in the city’s mass transit system. This community organizing effort came as a result of teaming up with Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer to produce Hidden in Plain Sight: Sexual Harassment and Assault in the New York City Subway System, a report on the frequency of gender-based violence in the city’s mass transit system. The report found that 63% of respondents reported having been sexually harassed and 10% had been sexually assaulted in the New York City Subway system. In 2009, Oraia Reid testified at a joint New York City Council hearing called by Committees on Women's Issues, Public Safety, and Transportation to discuss subway safety. In 2010, Mandy Van Deven testified on behalf of RightRides at the first-ever New York City Council hearing on street harassment, called by Council Member Julissa Ferreras and covered by over 200 media outlets worldwide.

The RightRides service ceased operation around September 2013. In an update posted to the RightRides official website, executive director Radha Patel wrote: "RRWS’ Board have concluded that for the longer sustainability of the organization and the RR program, we have decided to suspend the RightRides program and our community organizing work, resulting in the layoffs of our Program Manager and community organizer, effective this month. While difficult, this decision allows time for us to assess and review our operations model, its effectiveness, and overall sustainability, as well as a greater focus on building a stronger funding base. We are committed to revising our programs for better service to women and the LGBT*Q community."

Awards and recognition
For its grassroots efforts, RightRides won several awards, including a Proclamation from the New York City Mayor's Office announcing December 12, 2005, as "RightRides For Women's Safety Day," presented by New York City Human Rights Commissioner Patricia Gatling. In February 2006, RightRides received the Susan B. Anthony Award for excellence in furthering women's equality from the New York City chapter of the National Organization for Women. In March 2006, New York City Council Member Diana Reyna presented RightRides with the annual Pacesetter Award for capturing the spirit of New York City through their volunteer efforts. In 2007, Oraia Reid and Consuelo Ruybal were named New Yorkers of the Week by NY1. In 2010, Oraia Reid was named by Metro News as an NYC Local Hero and was also recognized by the National Association for Female Executives as a Woman of Excellence for her service to NYC.

title: RightRides


text:
User:Jwheare/Comparison of Internet Relay Chat daemons

This is an archive of a deleted page: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_daemons&action=history https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Comparison_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_daemons

The following tables compare general and technical information including the differences in feature sets between popular IRC daemons. Grey entries in the list represent supposedly unmaintained daemons.

This article is neither all-inclusive nor necessarily up-to-date, be warned.

Operating system support
The operating systems the daemons can run on without emulation; also supported I/O facilities for network sockets (see IRCd for further information).

Technology
Various networking and IRC technology implemented to date.

Features
IRC server features, mostly extensions to RFC 1459. Probably also implementations of RFC 2810, RFC 2811, RFC 2812, RFC 2813, and possibly IRCX.

 * +channels (In early IRCds, these were simply named channels. At least one modern IRCd (IRCD) uses the + prefix for modeless channels, i.e. no modes are supported other than +t, which is forced. Since no user can become a chanop, no topic can be set. This is described in RFC 2811.)
 * #channels ("+channels" were later replaced with "#channels" in version 2.7, numeric channels were removed entirely and channel bans (mode +b) were implemented.)
 * &channels (irc2.8, those that exist only on the current server, rather than the entire network)
 * !channels (irc2.10, those that are theoretically safe from suffering from the many ways that a user could exploit a channel by "riding a netsplit"; IRCds using timestamping provide (most of) this functionality on #channels)
 * %#channels (#channels whose name are in UTF-8 for IRCX)
 * %&channels (&channels whose name are in UTF-8 for IRCX)
 * %!channels (!channels whose name are in UTF-8 for IRCX)


text:
Janské Lázně

Janské Lázně (Johannisbad) is a spa town in Trutnov District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants. It lies in the Giant Mountains.

Geography
Janské Lázně is located about 11 km northwest of Trutnov and 46 km north of Hradec Králové. It lies in the Giant Mountains, and its northern part lies in the Krkonoše National Park. The highest point is the mountain Černá hora with an elevation of 1299 m. The Janský Creek springs here and flows through the municipality.

History
According to the chronicle of Simon Hüttel, a hot spring was discovered here on 6 June 1006 by Jan of Chockov, after whom the town was later named. The name literally means "Jan's Spa".

The hot water was originally used to drive the water wheel, which activated the hammer mill. The first records of using the thermal spring for bathing is from the 14th century. In 1485, an accommodation house was built next to the spring. During 1675–1680 a village was founded here by order of Johann Adolf, Prince of Schwarzenberg. In 1881, it was promoted to a market town. In 1902, the spa was bought by the municipality. Janské Lázně was promoted to a town in 1965.

In 1928, the first funicular from Janské Lázně to the Černá hora Mountain was built. In 1980, the old funicular to Černá hora was replaced by a new one with a different route.

Economy
The largest employer in Janské Lázně is the spa. The spa is focused mainly of treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. The water bath runs at a natural temperature of 27 °C.

Sport
Janské Lázně is known for its ski resort and have a reputation of both summer and winter sports centre. It was host of the 1925 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and 1937 Workers' Winter Olympiad.

Sights
The Art Nouveau colonnade built in 1904 is the most popular sight in the town. There is also the Krakonoš statue from 1906.

The neo-Gothic Church of Saint John the Baptist was built in the 1880s.

To the west of the town, there is the Krkonoše Tree Top Trail, a frequent tourist destination. It is an educational trail with a total length of over 1500 m. It is formed by a 45 m high tower.

Twin towns – sister cities
Janské Lázně is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Polanica-Zdrój, Poland

title: Janské Lázně


text:
Indonesian Reader

Perkenalan (Introduction)
This book is rather different. The system used here focuses on vocabulary, and exposes how words are used and sentences are formed through direct examples. In each lesson, you'll be introduced to only 10 new words. Additional word forms (using various affixes) and phrases are also introduced. The sentences, dialogs, and readings show how these words are used in context. After studying the 10 new words, you should be able to understand all the sentences, dialogs, and readings. Sentence structures will range from simple to complex.

Unit 1

 * Lesson 1
 * Lesson 2
 * Lesson 3
 * Lesson 4
 * Lesson 5
 * Lesson 6
 * Lesson 7
 * Lesson 8
 * Lesson 9
 * Lesson 10
 * Lesson 11
 * Lesson 12
 * Lesson 13
 * Lesson 14
 * Lesson 15

Lihat juga (See also)

 * Indonesian - another Wikibook for learning Indonesian.

title: Indonesian Reader


text:
Portal:Physical Sciences/Intro

Welcome to the Physical Sciences Portal! This page connects browsers to the learning materials that have been developed by the various Wikiversity Physical Sciences content development projects. This portal features exciting examples of Physical Sciences learning resources.

The content development projects are the schools, departments and divisions linked to from this page. Wikiversity participants who are interested in the Physical Sciences are invited to create and develop learning projects and learning resources and help organize access to them by developing this portal.

View a list of learning projects for Physical Sciences: learning projects for Physical Sciences.

title: Portal:Physical Sciences/Intro


text:
Introduction to Pharmacology

Pharmacology
Introduction to Pharmacology

Drugs—chemical substances used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological condition or pathological state for the benefit of the recipient. Drugs may be used for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Major divisions of pharmacology—

1. Pharmacokinetics.

2. Pharmacodynamics.

Other divisions—

1. Pharmacotherapeutics.

2. Clinical pharmacology.

3. Pharmacogenetics

4. Immunopharmacology

5. Pharmacognosy

6. Toxicology

7. Pharmacopoeia

Pharmacokinetics—(what the body does to the drug)—it is the branch of pharmacology that deals with drug dose, routes of administration and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

Pharmacodynamics—(what the drug does to the body)—it is a branch of pharmacology that deals with the mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, indication and contraindication of use and adverse effects of drugs.

Toxicology—it is the branch of pharmacology which deals with poisonous drugs, their source, properties, sign-symptoms they produce and management of poisoning.

Pharmacopoeia—it is a book published by authority of recognized body which contains the list of drug, their properties, description, preparation and method of prescribing.

Pharmacogenetics—it is that branch of pharmacology which deals with genetic variations in the drug response.

Ex—

§   Isoniazid is an anti-tubercular drug which is metabolized by acetylation. If acetylation process is increased by that person for the genetic factor then more drug is needed.

§   Patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency may produce haemolytic anaemia if anti-malarial drug is given

Learning Module Summary
To learn the overview of psychopharmacology in accordance with current observations with the underlying premise of the patients basic Bill of "Rights". That is for the practitioner to get the right drug to the right patient at the right time for the right condition with a a minimum of adverse effects.

Joel Lamoure 14:53, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

With the "Bill of Rights" comes patient safety, discontinuation syndrome, compliance, stigma. We will address DS to start and ultimately all 3 of these topics as they apply to psychopharmacology, under the umbrella and auspices of Patient Safety.Joel Lamoure 21:53, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Types of Reactions
The vast majority of adverse psychiatric drug reactions are of Type A in that they are dose-dependent or recognizably related to the known pharmacological properties of the drug. These could tritely be labelled as "Anticipated" reactions. the Type B reactions are those that encompass immunological like reactions, such as anaphylaxis demonstrated from penicllin class agents.

Psychiatric Disorders - Iatrogenic (Doctor Induced) Disease
Drug	             Psychiatric Effects Antihypertensive drugs	 -Clonidine: Depression, mania, agitation

-Propanolol: Depression, mania, delirium, psychosis

-Nifedipine: Depression

-Captopril: Mania, agitation

-Antiarrhythmics (Procaninamide): Depression, mania, delirium, psychosis

-Lignocaine: Depression, delirium, psychosis

-Disopyramide: Delirium, psychosis

Antimicrobial Agents -Penicillins: Depression, agitation, visual hallucinations

-Tetracycline: Depression, hallucinations

-Cephalosporins: Delirium, psychosis

-Antimalarials: Psychosis, visual hallucinations

Antiparkinson drugs

-Anticholinergics: Delirium, psychosis, visual hallucinations, dementia

-Amantadine: Depression, agitation, delirium, psychosis visual hallucinations

-Levodopa: Depression, mania, anxiety, agitation, psychosis visual hallucinations, delirium, cognitive impairment

Antihistamines -H1 Blockers (diphenhydramine/dimenhydrinate): Delirium

-H2 Blockers (cimetidine): Depression, mania, delirium, psychosis, visual hallucinations

Antineoplastic drugs

-Interferon: Depression, agitation, delirium

-Vincristine: Depression

-C-asparaginase: Depression, delirium, psychosis

Endocrine Agents

-Corticosteroids: Depression, mania, psychosis, delirium

-Oral contraceptives: Depression

-Thyroxine: Anxiety, agitation, mania, psychosis, visual hallucinations

Antiepileptic drugs -Barbiturates (phenobarbitone, primidone): Hyperactivity (especially in children), sedation, sexual dysfunction, aggression, learning deficits, cognitive impairmant, depression, personality change

Positive effects: anxiolytic/hypnotic (hypnotic, or soporific drugs produce sleep by depressing brain function and often cause hangover effects in the morning)

-Benzodiazepines (clonazepam, diazepam): Aggression, confusion, depression, disinhibition, irritability, cognitive impairment

Positive effects: anxiolytic/hypnotic; antimanic (clonazepam)

-Carbamazepine: Depression, irritability, sexual dysfunction, mania

Positive effects: antidepressant, antimanic, treatment of aggression and bipolar disorder

-Clobazam: Similar side effect profile to other benzodiazepines but may have lower overall incidence of cognitive and behavioral side effects anxiolytic/positive psychotropic effects

-Gabapentin: Sedation, ataxia, (shaky movements) aggression and hyperactivity (children); Few drug interactions, positive psychotropic effects,

-Hydantoins (phenytoin): Sedation, ataxia, dementia, affective disorder, confusion, cognitive impairment, progressive encephalopathy (disease that affects functioning of the brain)

Positive effects: Antiaggressive, anxiolytic effects

-Lamotrigine: May have added toxicity when used with carbamazepine: ataxia, dizziness; positive psychotropic effects

-Succinimides (ethosuximide, methsuximide): Psychosis ("alternating psychosis"- adolescents, young adults) Drowsiness, insomnia, irritability, cognitive effects, personality change,

Positive effects: improvement in attention/concentration (likely related to seizure improvement)

-Topirimate: Sedation, confusion, cognitive dysfunction, asthenia (weakness loss of strength)

-Valproate: Progressive encephalopathy, dementia, depression, extra pyramidal effects (muscle spasms etc)

Positive effects: antimanic, treatment of aggression and bipolar disorder

-Vigabatrin: Depression and psychosis

Section Reference: Nursing Diagnosis in Psychiatric Nursing-Pocket Guide for Care Plan Construction

What are the most commonly used drugs in the Mental Health Setting? (Generic Names)
Section Reference: Nursing Diagnosis in Psychiatric Nursing - Pocket Guide for Care Plan Construction. 3rd Ed.

ANTIMANICS Lithium Carbonate – Carbamazapine Lamotrigine Olanzapine Valproic Acid

Lithium facts: •	It works by enhancing reuptake of amines in the brain, thus lowering levels in the body & alters Na+ within nerve & muscle cells. •	Drug of choice to tx/prevent bipolar mania. •	Most common side effects - drowsiness, dizziness, headache, dry mouth, thirst, GI upset, nausea/vomiting, fine hand tremors, hypotension, irregular pulse, arrhythmias, polyuria, dehydration & weight gain. •	Give with food or milk to  GI irritation. •	Low Na+ levels may predispose to toxicity, teach pt to drink 2000-3000mL fluids & eat a diet moderate in salt. Also avoid excess coffee, tea or cola (has a diuretic effect). Avoid excess Na+ loss i.e. heavy exertion & exercise in hot weather & saunas (causes excess sweating). Other losses may be due to fever, vomiting & diarrhea. •	The therapeutic range according to this reference is: •	0.7-1.0 mEq/L For acute mania •	0.6 –0.8 mEq/L For maintenance (prevention) •	Anything above the range is toxic because there is an extremely narrow margin between the therapeutic & toxic levels. •	Contraindicated in the first three months of pregnancy & in the elderly.

ANTIANXIETY Alprazolam Diazepam Lorazepam Chlordiazepoxide

Buspirone - interacts with neurotransmitters	a.k.a anxiolytics, minor tranquilizers and sedatives. •	Work by depressing the CNS EXCEPT for BuSpar that instead interacts with serotonin, dopamine & other neurotransmitters. •	Side effects include the following: •	Drowsiness, confusion & lethargy •	Tolerance: physical & psychological dependence (shouldn't stop abruptly). •	Potentates the effects of other CNS depressants i.e. alcohol & other meds. •	Orthostatic hypotensions, paradoxical excitement, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, blood dyscrasias & delayed onset with BuSpar (7-10 days - thus this is not an effective prn medication).

ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Newer Atypicals: Risperidone Olanzapine Quetiapine Clozapine Reference: Lamoure J, Bush H. Atypical Antipsychotics as Poison in Overdose. Cdn. J of CME 2005; 17(5):71-73)

Older Antipsychotics: Haloperidol Chlopromazine Trifluoperazine Zuclopenthioxol Methotrimeprazine + more Antipsychotics - a.k.a. major tranquilizers, neuroleptics & antiemetics. •	Are thought to act by blocking dopamine receptors throughout the brain.

•	Are used to treat psychotic disorders, severe behavior problems in children & severe nausea, vomiting & intractable hiccups.

Noted side effects include: •	Anticholingeric effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation & urinary retention). •	Nausea; GI upset (give with food). •	Skin rash, orthostatic hypotension, photosensitivity & sedation (give at bedtime), weight gain, difficulty maintaining body temperature, urine may turn pink to reddish-brown, reduction in seizure threshold. •	Hormonal effects - decreased Libido, retrograde ejaculation, gynecomastia (males), amenorrhea (females) •	Agranulocytosis - a rare but serious side effect where WBC count drops extremely low HOWEVER 1%-2% of pts taking Clozaril (clozapine) develop it - so must have blood levels drawn weekly. If WBC count falls  3000mm3 or granulocyte count falls  1500mm3 the drug is discontinued. •	Extra pyramidal Symptoms (EPS) (side effects) include: •	Pseudoparkinsonism - tremor, shuffling gait, drooling & rigidity (can appear 1-5 days after starting the medication). •	Akinesia - muscular weakness. •	Akathisia - continuous restlessness & fidgeting (can occur 50-60 days after starting the med). •	Dystonia - involuntary muscular movements (spasms) of the face, arms, legs & neck. •	Oculogyric Crisis - uncontrolled rolling back of the eyes Tardive Dyskinesia - bizarre facial & tongue movements; stiff neck & difficulty swallowing. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - rare but potentially fatal. S/S includes - hyperpyrexia ( to 107°F), tachycardia, tachypnea, and fluctuations in BP, diaphoresis, decreased in mental status. If Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome occurs - the drug must be stopped immediately.

**Please note that the newer atypical agents have a far lower propensity to cause movement disorders. Risperidone over 6mg/day is linked with increased EPS however. Atypical Antipsychotics have their own unique side effect profiles that include metabolic changes, prolactin alterations and fluctuations in the patients sugars and cholesterol values.

ANTIDEPRESSANTS Fluoxetine (SSRI) - weight loss noted with drug. Sertraline (SSRI) Paroxetine (SSRI) Buproprion (SNRI) Amitriptylline (TCA) Trazodone (TCA) - priapism is a possible side effect. Phenylzine (MAOI) - hypertensive crisis possible Moclobemide (MAOI-B) Clomipramine (TCA) Nortriptylline (TCA) Imipramine (TCA) Mirtazapine (NASSA) Venlafaxine (SNRI) + more	Work to increase the concentration of norepinephrine & serotonin in the body by blocking: •	The reuptake of these chemicals by the neurons (such as with tricyclics & others). •	Or inhibiting an enzyme (such as with MAO inhibitors). Work to elevate mood & alleviate other symptoms (use with psychotherapy). •	Symptomatic relief is usually achieved in 1 to 4 weeks. •	As mood lifts remember to assess for suicide, as potential often increases as depression lifts. Side effects include: •	Anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation & urinary retention). •	Sedation, orthostatic hypotension, reduction of seizure threshold, tachycardia and arrhythmias and photosensitivity. •	Hypertensive Crisis (with MAO inhibitors) to avoid such crisis teach the patients not to consume tyramine containing foods as follows: aged cheese, or other aged or fermented foods, pickled herring, beef & chicken livers, preserved sausages, beer, wine (esp. chianti), chocolate, caffeine, canned figs, sour cream, yogurt, soy

HYPNOTICS Temazapam Oxazepam Chloral Hydrate Hydroxyzine Flurazepam + more See same side effects as for antianxiety drugs. Addiction potential

STIMULANTS Methylphenidate Dexamphetamine +moreAddiction potential

ANTICONVULSANTS Valproic Acid Carbamazepine Primidone Lamotrigine Phenytoin Topiramate With VPA - Monitor CBC & serum levels of valproic acid .A side effect to monitor with Depakote is prolonged bleeding time - noting any bruising or spontaneous bleeding. Monitor Dilantin levels - Therapeutic blood levels are between Topiramate- Weight Negative

ANTIPARKINSONISM Benztropine Procyclidine Diphenhydramine	Antiparkinsonism drugs: •	Work to restore the balance of neurotransmitters acetylcholine & dopamine  this imbalance results in excessive cholinergic activity. •	Are used to TX all forms Parkinsonism & drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions. •	Side effects: exacerbation of psychosis. •	Anticholinergic effects - dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, Paralytic Ileus, urinary retention, tachycardia, decreased sweating (body may not be able to cool self), elevated temperatures & orthostatic hypotension. •	Nausea & GI upset. •	Sedation: Given at bedtime if possible

Discontinuation Syndrome in Patients
Joel Lamoure 21:43, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

The Principles of Discontinuation Syndrome
Joel Lamoure 21:43, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

(Adopted and modified from "Lamoure J. Discontinuation Syndrome: Relapse vs. Withdrawal.  Cdn. J of Diagnosis 2006; 23(9):95-98")

Understanding discontinuation syndrome (DS) and becoming familiar with the medications that cause it are important issues in the treatment of patients with mental health conditions. The purpose of this article is to enhance the awareness of the potential that your patients may be experiencing DS. There is a challenge in this field, in that the symptoms of DS in the medications that will be explored in this article often mimics the initial condition for which they were employed. Even with antidepressants, only 72% of psychiatrists and 30% of GPs were aware that patients might experience DS. (1)

What is DS?

Discontinuation Syndrome (DS) is a condition where the patient experiences adverse effects that result from an abrupt discontinuation of the medication. Symptoms of DS begin to appear generally within the first 24-48 hours after drug discontinuation or dose reduction and last for up to 7-14 days depending on the medication. (2) Also, some adverse effects from discontinuation may persist from months after, as seen with paroxetine. Symptoms of DS are distinct from relapse of underlying disease and will resolve after drug reinstitution, but as alluded to, often mimic or appear to be a relapse of the initial mental health condition (2,3). In this article, we will address tricyclic antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. There are discontinuation syndromes seen also with a myriad of agents including beta blockers (eg propranolol) and narcotics/ opiates, which will not be addressed herein. It becomes an issue for practitioners as inherently patients in mental health are not compliant, due to cost, adverse effects or stigma and also in medical situations where there is a decision to hold medications (e.g. pre and post-operatively). (4)

Medications causing DS
There are three classes of drugs implicated in DS we will cover in this subsection:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)/ Serotonin-nor epinephrine reuptake inhibitor •(SNRI) agents. Although these agents are the cornerstones of therapy for depression, abrupt discontinuation may lead to major adverse reactions, as we shall visit. •Antipsychotics (E.g.: Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone and Clozapine) used in psychosis, agitation, anxiety and as mood stabilizers

• Benzodiazepines for sleep disturbances, anxiety and agitation in psychiatry.

Discontinuation syndrome can occur with different agents, including opiates, beta- blockers and more for the purpose of this article, we will focus on the first three items. If we look at the numbers, up to 30% of the population may need one of these 3 classes for depression, schizophrenia or bipolar in their lifetime. '''For all intents and purposes, an agent that has physiological or psychological effects may result in patients experiencing discontinuation syndrome. however, certain agents are more susceptible to producing discontinuation syndrome. These are agents with very short half-lives, no active metabolites, dosed at high levels or agents that are used for a protracted period.'''

Etiology (2,5,6,7)
Physiological dependence on these medications is a normal consequence of pharmacological receptor site activity. Receptors that may be involved with the TCA agents (e.g. imipramine) can be explained by adrenergic overdrive or cholinergic overdrive. In adrenergic overdrive, TCA’s inhibit NE uptake, increasing synaptic NE concentrations. Alpha2 receptor stimulation occurs via negative feedback resulting in decreased adrenergic firing. So prolonged TCA use causes blunting of this loop and thus when TCA’s are discontinued, the negative feedback loop inhibits adrenergic firing. In cholinergic overdrive, TCA bind to muscarinic receptors cebtrally and peripherally, leading to muscarinic up regulation. When the TCA is abruptly stopped, there are cholinergic symptoms from cholinergic hyperactivity.

Antidepressant DS may occur with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and SSRIs. Symptoms usually start within a few days at most of treatment cessation, or rarely, when tapering down a dosage. Distinguishing antidepressant DS from the underlying depression is important. DS symptoms usually present within one day to three days, whereas depressive symptoms usually only present two weeks to three weeks after antidepressant medication is stopped. DS usually subsides in a few days, especially if antidepressant treatment is re-started. Up to 30% of patients who stop SSRI treatment will experience DS.

Proposed mechanisms with the SSRI agents include that there is an increased concentration of serotonin in the synapse. This then results in a desensitization of the postsynaptic serotonin receptor by down regulation. When the agents are discontinued, there is a temporary deficiency of serotonin in the synapse, which leads to the physical symptoms.

With the antipsychotics, DS was first identified in the late 1950’s with chlorpromazine when it was being trailed as an anti-TB agent. The DS occurred in 5/17 subjects. Most atypical agents have some serotonin-dopamergic antagonism and there are now case reports for all of the atypical agents. The proposed mechanism of action is that there is weak dopamine D2 antagonism and potent serotoninergic (5HT2) antagonism. Also they inherently have effects (antagonism) at the alpha-adrenergic, histaminergic and cholinergic receptors, the ratio depending on the individual agent. Thus, we see a rebound from these receptors when the agent is stopped. This also explains why the atypicals have a very specific DS for each different agent.

In benzodiazepines, they modulate the neurotransmitter activity of GABA and interact with binding sites on the GABA receptor complex. This results in an increased receptor affinity for GABA. When the benzodiazepine is stopped, there are decreased GABA binding sites/ inhibitory effects and the increased glutamate, which yield the excitatory effects. Chronic use of benzodiazepines leads to adaptive changes, including GABA receptor down regulation and increased glutamate. This contributes in part to the DS seen with benzodiazepines.

Conclusions and impact to practice
Given the fact that up to 25% of the population may have depression in their lifetime, 1-2% schizophrenia and 5-7% bipolar disorder, physicians involved in mental health care need to be aware of the main factors precipitating DS. These include risk factors may be directly related to higher doses, or usage for prolonged duration of time As well as possibly a past history of substance abuse (8) considering the psychological “need” to continue with a medication. Additionally, by recognizing characteristic symptoms, avoiding abrupt discontinuation and providing adequate patient counseling and follow-up, physicians can play an active role in diminishing the occurrence of DS. A helpful tool for practitioners to identify DS in patients is the acronym FINISH:

•F  Fever

•I  Insomnia

•N  Nausea

•I  Irritability

•S  Sensory Changes

•H  Headache

We must be aware that if a patient presents with signs and symptoms listed above, it is may be as a result of medication discontinuation.''' In general, the discontinuation syndrome signs and symptoms occur before the relapse of the Axis I disorder as the DS occurs within hours of drug discontinuation. Considering all of the factors such as patient diet, hydration and compliance are generally patient specific factors. Also, there are medication specific variables. These include concurrent medications that may affect metabolism, half-life of the medication and active metabolites. Other factors may be the patient’s dependence lability (psychological vs. physical withdrawal syndromes) and duration of therapy with the agent.''' One can determine if the symptoms that present are as a result of DS by simply introducing a low dose of the agent suspected. Signs and symptoms are ameliorated within a very short time period depending on the dose, concentration, Cmax and Tmax plus half-life of the agent.

Discontinuation Syndrome Section References:
1)	Young A and Currie, A. Physician Knowledge of Antidepressant Withdrawal effects: A Survey. J Clin Psychiatry 1997:58 (suppl 7) pp 28-30

2)	Cheng, L. What Pharmacists should know about medications Associated with Discontinuation Syndrome. CSHP Clinical Symposium September 18,2004

3)	Lejoyeux M and Ades, J. Antidepressant Discontinuation: A review of the Literature. . J Clin Psychiatry 1997:58 (suppl 7) pp 11-16

4)	Kaplan E. Antidepressant Noncompliance as a factor in the Discontinuation Syndrome. . J Clin Psychiatry 1997:58 (suppl 7) pp 31-36

5)	Schatzberg, A, Haddad P, Kaplan E, Lejoyeux M, Rosenblum J et al. Possible Biological Mechanisms of the Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Discontinuation Syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1997:58 (suppl 7) pp 23-27

6)	Healy D SSRI and Withdrawal/Dependence Briefing Paper http://www.socialaudit.org.uk/58092-DH.htm

7)	Raffel S, Kochan I, Poland N, Hollister LE. The action of chlorpromazine upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis Am Rev Respir Dis. 1960 Apr;81: 555-61.

8)	Psychiatric Quarterly 1998; 50 (4) 251-261

9)	Haddad P. Newer Antidepressants and the Discontinuation Syndrome. . J Clin Psychiatry 1997:58 (suppl 7) pp 17- 22

10)	Bhanji, N et al. Persistant Tarditive Rebound Panic Disorder, rebound Anxiety and Insomnia following paroxetine withdrawal: A Review of Rebound-Withdrawal Phenomena. Can J. Pharmacol. Jan 23 2006; 1: e69-e74

11)	Haddad P et al., Depression, Stroke Diagnosis and SSRI Discontinuation Syndrome. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49:344-345

title: Introduction to Pharmacology


text:
Introduction to Astrophysics/Sun

The Sun is an ordinary star that was born out of a cloud of matter called the primordial nebula 4½ thousand million years ago (4.5 billion years), along with the eight known planets in our corner of space called the Solar System. The Sun is mainly composed of hydrogen, a much smaller amount of helium together with other chemical elements. It is a globe of intensely hot plasma, 1,391,785,000 km in diameter, more than a million times bigger than our Earth. It shines through an atomic process called nuclear-fusion: four bits of hydrogen join to four bits of helium; the Sun gives off heat and light, and loses solid material into space. This all happens every second and our Sun loses 4 million tonnes of matter during that brief time. The Sun's centre has a temperature of 15 million degrees centigrade, cooling to 6 thousand degrees at its gaseous surface. Our Sun is not motionless in space; in fact, it has two kinds of motion. One is a seemingly straight-line motion in the direction of the constellation Hercules at the rate of about 12 Km per second. But since the Sun is a part of the Milky Way system, and since our Milky Way galaxy rotates slowly around its own centre, the Sun also moves at the rate of 175 Km per second as part of the rotating Milky Way system.

Our Sun is one star in 100,000 million, which goes to make up our galaxy, the Milky Way. Some stars are small and dim while others are super-giants by comparison. Our Milky Way is shaped like two fried eggs back to back and is a noticeable spiral formation of stars. In terms of size, our galaxy is huge, at the speed of light of 300,000 km a second it takes 4.2 years to travel to Earth from our nearest star - Proxima Centauri. On this scale it takes a single pulse of light 100,000 years to travel across the length of our galaxy from end to end.

As the Sun ages, it gradually expands and cools; although; prior to that period, the Sun will "burn" helium or other even heavier elements as the core of the Sun reaches higher and higher temperatures and densities. As a result of the Sun's increased temperature life on Earth will cease. The extreme heat generated will be catastrophic for Earth: the oceans will boil away and life as we know it will end. Long before the Sun reaches the Red Giant phase, the surface of the Earth will literally be molten as the temperature of the Sun increases. It is estimated that the Sun's brilliancy will increase by 10% over the next 1.1 billion years or more, and in about 6.5 billion years, our aging star will have doubled its present luminosity.

Eight billion years from now, when the Sun does reach the Red Giant phase, the Sun's radius will extend beyond the present orbit of Venus, causing the total destruction of Earth.

Our own Sun will continue to shine for generations to come, until its supply of hydrogen fuel is used up, and then its central regions will shrink as different fusion reactions compensate. The Sun will then expand into a huge red-giant star eating up all of the planets from Mercury to Mars (Earth included), and vaporising the atmospheres of the remaining gas giant planets until these too are destroyed. Fortunately by this time our human race will have become technically advanced, so we will have set off on journeys to find safe havens on other planets among the stars - Star Trek style.

The sun’s brilliant surface layer is called the photosphere (which means the ‘sphere-of-light’). Incorrect observation of the Sun causes blindness because of the tremendous amount of visible and invisible light coming off of its surface.

Sunspots are appropriately named. They appear as spots on the disk of the Sun. A sunspot will have a very dark central region known as the umbra. It is often surrounded by a less dark halo known as the penumbra.

The umbra is dark because it is cooler (around 3,500°C) than the surrounding sunspace (around 5,500°C). They appear move across the Sun as the Sun spins on its axis. Because the Sun is gaseous in nature and behaves like a fluid it does not spin as a rigid body. A spot near the equator will take about 25 days to complete one rotation. A spot near a pole, if there were ever one there, will take over a month to make the trip. Collections of sunspot sketches over a period of several years reveal the 11-year cycle of sunspots. Over that period the numbers of spots goes from a maximum to a minimum and back.

There also appears to be a relationship with the size and number of sunspots and Earth’s weather. During the Maunder minimum 1645–1715 there were no observable sunspots and Britain plunged into a mini ice age. However in recent years 2003–2004 there have been large sunspot numbers with some unusually large sunspots. This has coincided with hot summers and is believed to be one of the causes for global warming.

In addition to heat and light, the Sun also generates solar wind, a stream of ionized particles that radiates outward through the solar system at high speeds. One of the effects of solar wind is that it forces the tails of comets to point away from the Sun.

The solar wind also interacts with the Earth's magnetic field, causing the aurora and other phenomena. Solar flares — eruptions — of hydrogen gas on the surface of the Sun can also cause disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field.

The chromosphere is above the photosphere. Solar energy passes through this region on its way out from the centre of the Sun.

Faculae and flares arise in the chromosphere. Faculae are bright luminous hydrogen clouds, which form above regions where sunspots are about to form. Flares are bright filaments of hot gas emerging from sunspot regions.

Sunspots are dark depressions on the photosphere with a typical temperature of 4,000°C. In 1998, scientists observed for the first time solar flares producing seismic waves in the Sun's interior that resemble those created by earthquakes. They observed a flare-generated solar quake equivalent to an 11.3 magnitude earthquake. It contained about 40,000 times the energy released in the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

The corona is the outer part of the Sun's atmosphere. It is in this region that prominences appear. Prominences are immense clouds of glowing gas that erupt from the upper chromosphere. The outer region of the corona stretches far into space and consists of particles travelling slowly away from the Sun. The corona can only be seen during total solar eclipses.

Eclipses occur when the Sun, Earth and Moon line up. They are rare because the Moon usually passes above or below the imaginary line connecting Earth and the Sun. In a solar eclipse the Moon passes directly in front of the Sun. This can only happen when the phase of the Moon is "new." That occurs because for Earth-based observers, the far side of the Moon is illuminated while the side facing Earth is in darkness. The Moon like any sphere, casts a shadow. A solar eclipse occurs when that shadow sweeps across Earth. The black cone is called the umbra. An observer anywhere inside that region is completely in shade. None of the Sun is visible from there.

Surrounding the umbra is the penumbra. An observer there will see some, but not all, of the Sun. Outside of these regions all of the Sun is visible. Note that the tip of the umbra barely touches Earth. At the current time the position of the Moon relative to the Sun is such that the Moon, which is 1/400 as large as the Sun, is 400 times closer! This means that the two objects appear to be the same size in the sky. Only observers at the tip of the umbral cone will see a total solar eclipse. A large number of observers across the globe will see a partial solar eclipse if they are in the penumbra. An annular eclipse is a special partial solar eclipse. Because the Moon's orbit around Earth is an ellipse, not a circle, the Moon's distance from Earth varies. When the Moon is far from Earth it appears slightly smaller in the sky. (Earth's orbit around the Sun is also an ellipse, and during January, Earth is at its closest point to the Sun. The Sun's size is slightly larger than during the rest of the year.) With a "small" Moon and a "large" Sun the Moon will not completely block out the Sun. The umbra does not touch Earth. An observer would have to be above the surface of Earth to see a total eclipse. For individuals in just the right location, the Sun appears as a ring (annulus) around the silhouetted Moon.

In a lunar eclipse the Moon moves into Earth's shadow. They can only occur when the moon is "full." Observers on the night side of Earth see the Moon take on a reddish hue as it moves into Earth's umbra. If the entire disk of the Moon moves into the umbra it is a total lunar eclipse. If only a portion does, then it is a partial lunar eclipse.

Penumbral lunar eclipses are very difficult to detect because the Moon dims only slightly while moving through that region. Lunar eclipses are more common than solar eclipses. Total eclipses of the Sun and Moon are partial before and after totality.

Moving away from the sun at the centre of our solar system we arrive at the closest planet, Mercury, while there are eight known planets altogether including Earth. A planet is a sizeable body that orbits around a star. A planet also has no light of its own and therefore is only visible by reflecting starlight, in our case sunlight off its surface.

title: Introduction to Astrophysics/Sun