text:
General Miguel Costa (CPTM)

General Miguel Costa is a train station, belonging to ViaMobilidade Line 8-Diamond, located in the municipality of Osasco, Brazil.

History
With the expansion of São Paulo, the supply of inhabitants became a vital issue. Until then, the city had the Vila Mariana Slaughterhouse to supply the city with fresh meat. This structure became outdated in the beginning of the 1910s and obligated the government to authorize interested businessmen to build new slaughterhouses. One of these was planned by Colonel Delfino Cerqueira. Authorized by Municipal Resolution no. 50 of 20 August 1914, Colonel Cerqueira implanted in 1920 a slaughterhouse, located by Kilometer 21 of the main line of Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana. With the construction of the slaughterhouse, Sorocabana built a train yard to receive cargo wagons that transported oxen to the slaughter. Besides Cerqueira's interests in having a station beside the Kilometer 21 Slaughterhouse, his application was archived by the municipality in 1924. The slaughterhouse was instituted in 1938 and operated until the mid-1960s, when it was deactivated.

In 1951, Quilômetro 21 stop was built, in front of the old slaughterhouse, which became the popular name of the small station. With the deactivation and abandonment of the slaughterhouse in the 1960s, its facilities were invaded and transformed into slums that evolved into a huge favela beside the station. In the mid-1960s, Sorocabana renamed the station to Matadouro, creating protests of the residents of the housings built by Cohab-SP nearby the station in 1972.

In 1996, the station (and West and South Lines) were transferred from FEPASA to CPTM. While the south access of the station, built over the tracks, became as the main access, the north access was built and underused, due to giving access to an empty area of 100000 m2 and was closed to avoid income evasion.

In 2002, Rodoanel Mario Covas was built over the station and the favela was entirely removed. Later, in 2007, the Prefecture of Osasco hired the architecture office Vigliecca e Associados to project a housing in the area of 97757 m2 next to the north access of the station. With a capacity for 1592 housing units, the works for Miguel Costa housing, named after the nearby station, delayed to begin. Besides that, the capacity was reduced to 960 housing units. The first ones were scheduled to be delivered in 2018, despite the lack of road access (due to the area be surrounded by areas belonging to the Army) delayed the deliver to mid-2019.

Projected since 1978, Km 21 Bus Terminal was built only in 2017, receiving in majority municipal bus lines of Carapicuíba, besides it was a bus terminal and stop for municipal lines of Osasco and EMTU metropolitan lines. Despite the construction of these developments, General Miguel Costa station didn't receive modernization works of its outdated structure until this day, which complicates its use and connection to the bus terminal by commuters.

Toponymy
Opened in 1951, the station initially received the name of the nearest milestone, Km 21. In the mid-1960s, Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana changes its name to Matadouro, due to a facility located next to the station. The deactivation of the slaughterhouse and the negative connotation of its name obligated FEPASA to rename the station back to its old name only in 1979.

A campaign led by professor Miguel Costa Júnior to rename the station after his father, Miguel Costa, was succeeded and resulted in the renaming of the station from Km 21 to General Miguel Costa in December 1987 through State Law Project no. 5832 of 20 October 1987.

Miguel Costa (1885-1959) was an official of São Paulo Public Force, one of the main participants of the 1924 tenentism uprising, of Coluna Prestes (which he led along with Luís Carlos Prestes, the 1930 Revolution and the 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution. According to his son, Miguel Costa was a frequent visitor of the region and, due to his rank, used to stop the train circulation in the area, so he and his accompaniment could fish in a nearby lake. Later, Miguel Costa's family radicated themselves in Carapicuíba.

title: General Miguel Costa (CPTM)


text:
Istanbul–Tehran–lslamabad railway

Istanbul–Tehran–lslamabad railway or (ITI Train) is an international freight train service between Islamabad, Pakistan and Istanbul, Turkey via Tehran, Iran. The train was launched on 14 August 2009 on trial basis. It is an important project of Economic Cooperation Organization.

The train connects Islamabad, Tehran and Istanbul by covering 6,500 kilometers or 4,040 miles in 15 days. There is a break-of-gauge between Iran Railways, Standard gauge and Pakistan Railways, broad gauge at Zahedan. A container terminal is proposed in Zahedan for transshipment of containers from Standard gauge to Broad gauge. A passenger train service is also under consideration on this route. The main obstacle in project is the poor railway infrastructure between Quetta and Taftan in Pakistan.

The 10th edition of the joint meetup of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) held in Istanbul national railways of Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan have mutually agreed to resume regular operations after a meeting Turkey’s Transport Minister, Adil Karaismailoğlu, informed all requirements for the railway triad have been fulfilled. The train is expected to resume operations in 2021. The Islamabad-Tehran-Istanbul Freight Train Project, which was implemented between Turkey, Iran and Pakistan in 2009 and stopped in 2011, was restarted with the train departing from Islamabad on December 21, 2021. The train reached Ankara with a load of 150 tonnes of pink salt on January 4, 14 days later.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Istanbul–Tehran–lslamabad railway


text:
User:John fuery

About John Fuery

Born in Coventry to Irish parents in 1955, John followed fellow Coventrian and former Hull Uni librarian, Philip Larkin, to Humberside 1975. He divided the next three years between the uni's American Studies department and several less salubrious Spring Bank boozers. After finally meeting “Mr. They fuck you up, your mum and dad” during an anti-apartheid occupation of the Administration Block, John began an initially bumpy career as an advertising copywriter in Manchester in early 1979. The intervening 40 years have seen him wield his pen everywhere from post-Death of a Princess Saudi Arabia to pre-1997 handover Hong Kong. Along the way John was also fortunate enough to spend extended periods in Bahrain, Dubai, Kenya and Vietnam, as well as shorter stints in countries such as Australia, Ethiopia, Kuwait and Singapore. In 2000, John established his own freelance creative consultancy in Hong Kong, often working as a “script doctor” for EDKO Picture’s Academy Award-nominated HK producer, Bill Kong. In autumn 2013, he moved back to Ireland to be close to what was left of his family. He has spent much of his semi-retirement/declining years crafting a lifetime’s worth of sometimes scabrous but never less than entertaining anecdotes into his warts’n’all Amazon Kindle-published autobiog, Good Morning, Mr. Sh*ttybottom.

About Good Morning, Mr. Sh*ttybottom

Eager to establish just how far you need to turn back your watch before your plane lands in Saudi Arabia? – about 1400 years apparently. Or why you should never, ever eat scrambled eggs you’ve not prepared yourself? – trust us, you really don’t want to know! They’re just two of the many terrific tales Hull Uni alumni, John Fuery, has squeezed into the 489 pages of Good Morning, Mr. Sh*ttybottom following a 40-year globe-trotting advertising career. Those putting in a reluctant cameo include the arrogant Western CEO whose poor treatment of his Chinese staff resulted in their losing face and his receiving the come-uppance that gives Fuery’s book its title. There’s even some semi-naked gyrating from The Spice Girls whose TV commercial the author managed to get pulled off the airwaves in Vietnam.

With an eye-catching cover to match its audacious contents, the book should have had dead-tree and kindle copies of Fuery’s meisterwork flying off both physical store and virtual bookshelves. Frustratingly, while happy to publish and sell the book, Amazon refused to allow the author to run an ad campaign om its behalf. As Fuery says himself, “no one ever said this writing malarkey was going to be easy”.

''Good Morning, Mr. Sh*ttybottom is now available from amazon.co.uk priced just UK£2.99 (kindle e-book). Containing some 20 pages of bonus material about advertising and living overseas and costing just UK£9.99, the paperback is even better value – even if Fuery does say so himself.''

title: User:John fuery


text:
Cookbook:Azteca (Aztec-inspired Bean Soup)

| Side dishes

This is from Bob Uhl’s recipe for Azteca found on his bachelor recipes site. It is inspired—in the loosest sense; it is not at all historical—by the diet of the Aztecs, whence comes the name. It’s quite tasty and filling.

Ingredients

 * 1 can (~2 cups) corn
 * 1 can (~2 cups) kidney beans
 * 1 can (~2 cups) black beans
 * ½ onion, finely minced
 * 4 cloves garlic, finely minced
 * 6 dried pequin chiles, chopped
 * Mustard seed, salt, and freshly-ground black pepper, to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Mix ingredients in pot.
 * 2) Add three cans of water.
 * 3) Boil until done.


text:
Talk:Raid on Cortley Ridge

Coordinates
The coordinates given are the location of the oil storage facilities. GeorgeofOrange (talk) 01:53, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raid on Cortley Ridge


text:
Talk:Embedded Systems/8051 Microcontroller/Internal Architecture

The phrase "NEXT:" should be excised from the topic. The title of wiki links can be specified:

[[ Page | Title of link ]]

which renders:

Title of link

Moreover, the title should reflect that the internal architecture is of a particular chip.

--Eibwen 21:10, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Braegarie

The result was keep. Yunshui 雲 水 10:31, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Braegarie

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

This article is about a house in Scotland ...period. Absolutely no claims of notability, no SIGCOV at all. The picture shows a dam. Fails WP:NBUILD Rogermx (talk) 01:19, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete - I've started calling my house 'Lavandula Manor'. May write an article about it someday.Hydromania (talk) 02:42, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * , why did you de-PROD this article? The subject seems completely non-notable. – Lord Bolingbroke (talk) 03:22, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I am a prod patroller and saw the topic listed at CAT:ALLPROD during a routine patrol. The title seemed to be Scottish and I am familiar with such topics.  I checked it out, had no difficulty finding a detailed historical source, concluded that the topic had merit and so removed the prod as that's the process.  Note that "PROD must only be used if no opposition to the deletion is expected."  Editors should expect opposition in such cases. Andrew D. (talk) 08:16, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Mind pointing us to this detailed historical source? Hydromania (talk) 08:20, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Please note that any prodded article may be deprodded for any reason or none. See WP:DEPROD. Prodding should never be used unless an article is very clearly non-notable. The discussion here shows that this is not the case. -- Necrothesp (talk) 09:05, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Architecture-related deletion discussions. – Lord Bolingbroke (talk) 03:25, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Scotland-related deletion discussions. – Lord Bolingbroke (talk) 03:25, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep When the article was first created, it was as "settlement", not an individual house. This source validates that it once was some kind of populated place ("his wife was from Braegarie") which would probably meet WP:GEOLAND. Another PDF document also refers to "the older settlements of Balintuim and Braegarie". So it indeed was once a settlement. I don't know if more sources can be found that would allow further growth of the article.
 * (I can't save the link to the second PDF because the url is blacklisted. I removed "https:" so I could save this edit - //www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=42&ved=2ahUKEwjpgYfa-OXkAhWKsZ4KHdiECG04KBAWMAF6BAgFEAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcairngorms.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2F07-Corriemulzie-rpt-H.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0Fpf73C0eok8FJq5-B1_tv) MB 03:28, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Solid point. I've gone ahead and changed it back to 'village', may as well discuss the actual subject. still not changing my vote though. Hydromania (talk) 03:35, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Can you find any evidence that Braegarie was ever legally recognized, as required by WP:GEOLAND? The only other source I found was this, which identifies Braegarie as a place "of three small farmhouses, each of which has suitable offices attached". – Lord Bolingbroke (talk) 03:39, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The above is no evidence that this is or was a settlement. Phrases such "his wife was from Braegarie" were used in relation to farms. The PDF document you refer to is presumably this which sources the statement ""the older settlements of Balintuim and Braegarie" to nothing more than the "OS First Edition (1867)", which in its labelling does not differentiate between a simple farm and a hamlet, so cannot be used to verify this claim.Pontificalibus 10:44, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Merge to Places, place names, and structures on Mar Lodge Estate. A separate article is not supported by WP:GEOLAND as this is a populated place without legal recognition (or at least was in the past) and for which there aren’t sufficient sources to satisfy WP:GNG.Pontificalibus 06:46, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep This is a named settlement and so passes WP:GEOLAND. This is a bleak part of the world and so the population is low but so it goes.  We do not discriminate against rural areas and communities. Andrew D. (talk) 08:16, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * According to GEOLAND, there should be legal recognition of a place. If not, it goes on a case-by-case basis.  If we can't determine what this place is or was, I doubt it is notable. Rogermx (talk) 12:05, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * There doesn't seem to be any difficulty determining the nature of the place which seems quite legal and respectable. We have multiple sources showing that this was a named settlement of several households and so we're good.  There was perhaps some confusion when it seemed that it was just a house but now that is resolved there is no case for deletion. My !vote stands. Andrew D. (talk) 15:14, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * It's common for farms to be subdivided between different tenant farmers, or have worker's cottages etc - that doesn't make them settlements. Even if we accept that this is a a settlement, there is no evidence it was legally recognised as such, so WP:GEOLAND would have us merge it in the absence of sources giving sufficient coverage to write an article.Pontificalibus 16:00, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Braegarie was recorded as a separate place with multiple households in multiple censuses. That seems adequate as legal evidence.  In any case, it up to those who want to make a change to justify it.  I am content with the status quo – that we maintain the page – and can't see any benefit in chopping and changing it.  The main issue here is deletion.  It appears that we can now rule this out and so we're done. Andrew D. (talk) 07:50, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Merge to the list, or to Corriemulzie. Peter James (talk) 13:35, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep. If the house in question was originally a settlement that held a population, then it is perfectly suitable for Wikipedia to have an article on the topic. Even if the population in itself has diminished to just the occupants of a house, it is still a piece of land that qualifies for an article under WP:GEOLAND. Utopes (talk) 01:19, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Merge to Corriemulzie, where Braegarie is already mentioned, or to Places, place names, and structures on Mar Lodge Estate. While Wikipedia is supposed to function as a gazetteer, it is not an indiscriminate collection of place names or geographic features. WP:GEOLAND says that "populated, legally recognized places" are presumed to be notable, not that "all populated places with a name" are presumed to be notable. According to this source, Braegarie comprised three small farmhouses belonging to the Earl of Fife. I don't think that counts as a "legally recognized" settlement. GEOLAND says that populated places without legal recognition are evaluated against the general notability guideline, and I'm not seeing evidence that Braegarie passes GNG either. This seems like a clear-cut case for a merge. – Lord Bolingbroke (talk) 02:20, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The phrase "legally-recognised" is not defined but common sense indicates that it means that the place was recognised by the legal authorities; that it was not an ad hoc encampment or unauthorised squat. The proximity of this place to the main lodge of the Earl indicates that the tenancies were well recognised and legal and that everyone, including the national government, recognised this place as having a separate and distinct name for centuries.  How is this not legal? Andrew D. (talk) 08:12, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * According to this "isolated dwellings" are regarded as settlements in the UK. Also "It should be noted that some small clusters of properties are classified neither as hamlets or villages. These include traditional rural settlement forms such as isolated farmsteads with or without additional dwellings..." This would suggest that named farms satisfy WP:GEOLAND. Pontificalibus 12:30, 27 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep. It was clearly once a recognised settlement, so is notable per WP:GEOLAND. -- Necrothesp (talk) 08:59, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Geography-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 13:23, 26 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
George Y. Johnson

George Young Johnson (1820 Guilderland, Albany County, New York – June 30, 1872 Altamont, Albany County, New York) was an American politician from New York.

Life
He was the son of Dr. Jonathan Johnson, a physician, and Gertrude (Waldron) Johnson (1793–1864). He attended a district school, and at age 16 became a clerk in a dry-goods store. Four years later he opened his own store. About 1853, he bought a farm, and engaged in agricultural pursuits. While in business, he studied privately medicine and law, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, but did not practice.

He was Supervisor of the Town of Guilderland from 1855 to 1857, and in 1856 was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Albany County.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (13th D.) in 1858 and 1859, nominated on the Know Nothing ticket, and endorsed by the Republicans.

His cousin Gertrude Young (b. 1810) was married to Wisconsin State Senator George Gale (1816–1868).

title: George Y. Johnson


text:
možnost

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) possibility property of being possible
 * 2) option, possibility, choice, alternative

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) possibility

title: možnost


text:
Talk:Denis Foley

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Denis Foley. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200044/http://www.rte.ie/news/2013/1027/482948-denis-foley/ to http://www.rte.ie/news/2013/1027/482948-denis-foley/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:23, 11 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denis Foley


text:
User:Wesromens

I am studying abroad right now and I am about to go on a trip around europe. I enjoy hockey and wathcing movies so lets kick it if you want to do any of those things.

title: User:Wesromens


text:
Talk:Wandering Rocks (sculpture)

Disambiguation --> article about series
I'm not opposed to having a single article about the sculpture series, but perhaps you could ping some of the editors involved in the related article and/or submit a formal merge proposal so others can weigh in as well? --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 02:00, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 * OK, well, feel free to have a discussion (formal or otherwise) if you want one. I don't see any reason why the works of Tony Smith should be exempt from the guidance at Manual of Style/Visual arts:
 * Where a work of art is produced in multiple copies, as with a cast bronze sculpture, a print, or works of decorative art produced under factory conditions, the article should as far as possible cover all copies, and normally should reflect this in its title and text, rather than specifying one location. The same generally goes for objects produced as a matching set, even if they are now separated. If the articles get long enough, it may be appropriate to give individual members of a set their own articles ...
 * It is not just this sculpture - why do we have Tau (sculpture) and Tau (1/3) (and there was a Tau (AP) that got merged in) - Moses (1968) and Moses (3/3) - Throwback (1/3) and Throwback (3/3)?
 * The answer may be something to do with WikiProject Public art/TheArtistResearchProject/TonySmith. Theramin (talk) 23:25, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Just putting this discussion on your radar as editors of Wandering Rocks (2/5) and/or Wandering Rocks (4/5). Thanks! --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 00:59, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Subject to any objections, I'd propose just to redirecting Wandering Rocks (AP), Wandering Rocks (2/5) and Wandering Rocks (4/5) here. I can't see much point in keeping three separate stubby articles, when there is more content here anyway. Theramin (talk) 03:31, 11 January 2021 (UTC)

 * OK, have done as I suggested. I think we would also be better off merging Tau (1/3) into Tau (sculpture), and creating overarching articles for complete series where we currently deal with instances of a series separately. Theramin (talk) 00:31, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wandering Rocks (sculpture)


text:
-alo

Etymology
The reason for the -a- is not well understood.

Usage notes
Attached only to e-stems.

Etymology
, from.

title: -alo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Celestial creature

The result was delete. Yunshui 雲 水 10:39, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Celestial creature

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Utterly non-notable fictional "creature". It is not even an actual monster, so to speak, just a template that can be applied to any animal in D&D. There is no indication of notability at all on this concept, as evidenced by the fact that only reference being used is a single, primary source and that any additional reliable sources that discuss this concept in any depth don't exist. Rorshacma (talk) 06:19, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Games-related deletion discussions. Rorshacma (talk) 06:19, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Fictional elements-related deletion discussions.  CASSIOPEIA(talk) 10:47, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep or merge to List of Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition monsters. BOZ (talk) 12:09, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete I don't think we will find any non-primary sources discussing this particular phenomenon except in passing. A retrospective on D&D 3rd edition might mention templating monsters since it was a major part of the game system, but I doubt they would dedicate space to discussing the ability to turn any creature into an angelic version of itself except, as I just did, in passing. I don't think this is a valid redirect term both because I think the proposed redirect target should be deleted and because celestial creature might also point at Uma Thurman. Rockphed (talk) 17:42, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete extremely vague term that can also apply to real life mythology, especially the angels and seraphs. Article has no notability. Maybe bundle this with Celestial (Dungeons & Dragons) though?ZXCVBNM (TALK) 00:51, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete Crufty, poorly sourced (only one and it's primary,) fails WP:GNG. SportingFlyer  T · C  22:36, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Science fiction-related deletion discussions. Necrothesp (talk) 10:38, 25 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
pupe

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A pupa.

Etymology
, from a specialized use of.

Noun

 * 1) a pupa

title: pupe


text:
Portal:Practical Arts and Sciences/Related portals

Construction - Engineering and Technology - Life Sciences - Mathematics - Physical Sciences - Social Sciences - General Science - Fine Arts - Art and Design


text:
User:UP3~enwiki

For more information visit my czech page.

This user use the counter of edits.

 * Wikimedia Commons
 * Meta-Wiki

My only page *0:

Languages

 * List of language families *3

Legend

 * *0 - without redirects and pages with a low importance
 * *3 - I founded this page by copying

cs:User:UP3 de:User:UP3 hsb:User:UP3 sk:User:UP3

title: User:UP3~enwiki


text:
Carolin Schäfer

Carolin Schäfer (born 5 December 1991) is a German athlete who specialises in the heptathlon. She won the silver medal in the event at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics. Schäfer took bronze at the 2018 European Athletics Championships.

At the age of 15, she won the silver medal at the 2007 World Youth Championships. She was the heptathlon 2008 World junior and 2009 European junior champion. Schäfer represented Germany at the 2016 Rio and 2020 Tokyo Olympics, where she finished fifth and seventh respectively.

Personal bests

 * Heptathlon – 6836 pts (Götzis 2017)
 * 100 m hurdles – 13.07 s (+2.0 m/s, Ratingen 2017)
 * High jump – 1.86 m (Götzis 2017)
 * Shot put – 14.84 m (London 2017)
 * 200 metres – 23.27 s (+0.3 m/s, Ratingen 2017)
 * Long jump – 6.57 m (+0.9 m/s, Götzis 2017)
 * Javelin throw – 54.10 m (Tokyo 2021)
 * 800 metres – 2:13.95 min (Ratingen 2022)
 * Indoors
 * Pentathlon – 4098 pts (Hamburg 2009)
 * 60 m hurdles – 8.35 s (Sindelfingen 2023)
 * High jump – 1.79 m (Hanau 2015)
 * Shot put – 14.24 m (Frankfurt 2016)
 * Long jump – 6.12 m (Frankfurt 2017)
 * 800 metres – 2:16.61 min (Frankfurt-Kalbach 2014)
 * 60 metres – 7.72 s (Ludwigshafen 2023)

Circuit wins and titles, National titles

 * World Athletics Combined Events Tour Overall winner: 2016, 2017, 2018
 * 2014: Décastar
 * 2017: Mehrkampf-Meeting
 * 2018: Mehrkampf-Meeting, Décastar
 * German Athletics Championships
 * Heptathlon: 2013, 2020

title: Carolin Schäfer


text:
User:Harry the Dirty Dog/sandbox

<!-- Wikipedia is not for writing about yourself Hi. Welcome to Wikipedia, but it is not a place like Myspace or Facebook for people to write about themselves. It is a different sort of site, a project to build an encyclopedia, so it is selective about subjects for articles, and writing about oneself is strongly discouraged, for reasons explained at Wikipedia is not about YOU and Autobiography. The links in the Welcome message at the top of this page will tell you more about Wikipedia.

There's a page about creating articles you may want to read called Your first article. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Teahouse, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type help me on this page, followed by your question, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. ~

Hi. Welcome to Wikipedia. I have placed a speedy deletion notice on an article that you have recently created. I have done this because the subject of the article does not appear to be notable the article appears to be only promotional in nature. The speedy deletion notice does not necessarily mean that the article will be deleted. If you believe that it meets Wikipedia's notability guidelines please put a notice on the article's talk page (following the instructions on the deletion notice) indicating why you believe the article should not be deleted. You can then discuss the matter with other editors who can help you if the subject is indeed notable.

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Hi. Welcome to Wikipedia. I have placed some tags on an article that you have recently created. I have done this because the article has several issues that need to be addressed. If these problems are not fixed, the article could be deleted. The tags invite you to discuss the issues raised on the article's talk page.

There's also a page about creating articles you may want to read called Your first article. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Teahouse, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type help me on this page, followed by your question, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. ~

Wikipedia user pages are not like those at social-networking sites. Their use is explained at WP:NOTWEBHOST: "'Wikipedians have their own user pages, but they should be used primarily to present information relevant to working on the encyclopedia. Limited biographical information is allowed, but user pages should not function as personal webpages or be repositories for large amounts of material that is irrelevant to collaborating on Wikipedia. If you are looking to make a personal webpage or blog or to post your résumé, please make use of one of the many free providers on the Internet or any hosting included with your Internet account.'" ~

{| align="center" class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="clear:both;margin-bottom: 0.5em " width=100% ! style="background:#FFFFFF; align=center" | My Travels -->

title: User:Harry the Dirty Dog/sandbox


text:
Cookbook talk:Shepherd's Pie II

So the last changes here purged a lot of the previous article. Someone with more knowledge of this dish should resolve any problems that came w/ the changes. Kellen T 17:37, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It had been 50% a procedure for mashing potatoes. Not much else changed: elimination of non-creamed corn, paprika instead of black pepper, green ketchup as an alternative to red ketchup, more formal writing. AlbertCahalan 19:23, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

This recipe was originaly published in the Wikipedia article Pate Chinois. The page history of that page is included below.

 * 17:18, 3 Oct 2004 Qartis m
 * 17:17, 3 Oct 2004 Qartis m (Fix)
 * 16:50, 3 Oct 2004 Qartis m
 * 15:14, 3 Aug 2004 Rbrwr (wikify, format, )
 * 08:44, 2 Aug 2004 Burschik m (added category)
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 * 23:12, 6 Mar 2004 <IP_ADDRESS>

title: Cookbook talk:Shepherd's Pie II


text:
Cookbook talk:Broiling

The initial post was copied and pasted from the "Woman's Institute Library of Cookery Volume 1", found at Project Gutenberg. liblamb 20:09, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

European ovens and grilling
I propose to (eventually) change this article to reflect the fact that most European ovens include a grill. Also, grilling is usually considered a healthy option because fat released from the cooking food cannot be reabsorbed. This tends to contradict the article's assertion that it is used to retain the juices of meat. LittlePete 11:27, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Is there evidence for the searing claim
Given that this post contradicts the long standing advice from many cooks that one should sear a steak at high temperature to retain the juices first not last, is there any reference to back up this interesting claim to do the opposite? IanKloester (discuss • contribs) 22:27, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Broiling


text:
Saxophone/Getting Started

IMPORTANT!
Though this is an online guide to Saxophone, we recommend that you first seek a qualified and reputable saxophone teacher in order to monitor your progress. It is possible to self-study an instrument, however it is extremely difficult for an instrument such as the saxophone, where there are various aspects such as intonation and embouchure which are very difficult to self-monitor. That said, we hope you enjoy the tips from this book!

Getting Started
You may or may not currently own or have access to a saxophone. Whether or not you have one, and whatever type of saxophone it is (alto, tenor, soprano, baritone), there are some basic technical aspects you need to understand about the saxophone.

Family
Many people wrongly consider the saxophone to be a brass instrument. Strictly speaking, the saxophone is a member of the woodwind family as a result of the method of sound production. Under the woodwind family, the saxophone is a member of the single-reed instruments, which include the clarinet and saxophone.

Reeds

The fundamental sound-producing mechanism of your saxophone is the reed and mouthpiece. As you blow through the mouthpiece, the reed vibrates, which produces the sound. This sound resonates throughout the rest of the instrument and by changing the length of this resonating tube of brass (by pressing different keys), we achieve a wide range of pitches. When you first open your instrument, You should try to locate the mouthpiece, which should look like this. If it doesn't have one, you can try buying one from the music store; for starters you can just buy a cheap student mouthpiece which shouldn't cost more than about $20. Make sure the size of the mouthpiece fits the size of your instrument!!! For example, if you have an alto saxophone, make sure you buy an alto-saxophone mouthpiece. If in doubt, take the whole lot to the music shop and they should be able to help you. Next, if there is a reed attached to the mouthpiece, loosen the metal clamp (this is called the ligature) and remove the reed. This is very important for hygiene reasons, as we will soon discover! Avoid using a second hand reed at all costs. Again, reeds can be purchased at the music shop for about $2 each, or they also come in boxes of 5, 10, 20. When starting, we recommend using soft reed because these are the easiest to make a sound on. They will also prevent your cheeks from getting sore, which can occur for the beginner. Again, make sure when purchasing these that they are the right size for your mouthpiece and instrument! Reeds are highly fragile and special care should be taken when handling them.

Preparing the reed
The reed will only work properly when it is wet. To do this, soak the reed in a glass of water for about 1-2 minutes. This should get the reed soaked enough to vibrate freely. Alternatively, you can moisten the reed in your mouth by sticking it in your mouth while you assemble your saxophone.

Reeds come in sizes ranging from 1-5 and usually also come in half sizes. Some companies gauge the reed's strength with soft, medium, or hard. Be aware that these strengths are somewhat subjective and there is no definitive scale, so one vendor's 3 may be 'harder' than another vendor's 2.5 size. Beginners usually play with a size 2 or 2.5 reed, and as they progress and develop as a player may choose to use harder reeds. The higher the number, the harder the reed.

Harder reeds provide more air resistance at the mouthpiece, and therefore allow the player to play louder but require more control and diaphragm support. In general, it is easier to play low notes on a softer reed and easier to play high notes (especially altissimo tones) on a harder reed. It is common practice for a saxophone player to keep between 4 and 10 good reeds on hand and rotate their use so that their performance stays consistent and so that there is always an available reed in case of breakage.

A common practice by some saxophone players (particularly in pop and jazz music) is to keep their reeds soaked constantly in a water/alcohol solution (diluted mouthwash or vodka). This method requires harder reeds and more embouchure control, but the reeds' quality remains consistent and they are immediately ready to use. As with all aspects of playing music, every player has differing opinions and tastes as to what works for them, and the only way to find out what works best for oneself is to try it.

Positioning the reed on the mouthpiece
The reed should have a thick end and a thin end. The thin end should have a rounded edge which corresponds to the rounded edge of the mouthpiece. Place the reed on the flat part of the mouthpiece so it covers the rectangular hole and the top, rounded edge of the reed matches the rounded edge of the mouthpiece. Move the reed down slightly just so that there is 1-2mm gap between the top of the reed and the top of the mouthpiece. If the reed is too high up, it will block the air and you won't be able to make a sound. If it is too low, the air will flow too quickly and the reed won't be able to vibrate. Once this is done, pop the ligature over the ensemble, and tighten it, making sure the ligature has been put through the right way (wide end down), and the screws sit above the reed. Make sure while you tighten it that the reed doesn't move out of position. Tighten the screws just enough so they are finger-tight. Try blowing through this mouthpiece ensemble. It should make a terrible yelp. Congratulations, you have blown your first note on the saxophone (mouthpiece)!

Advanced tip: Positioning the reed slightly higher or lower on the mouthpiece will make the reed harder or softer respectfully.

title: Saxophone/Getting Started


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Philippa Walton

Philippa Walton (née Bourchier; 1674/75 – 7 December 1749) was a British businessperson. From 1711 onward, she managed one of the biggest gunpowder factories in England, and established herself as one of the major providers of gunpowder to the British Army.

Biography
Philippa was born in 1674 or 1675, the fourth of five daughters and the coheir of John Bourchier, a doctor from Ipswich. She married William Walton, a London merchant who in 1702 took over the powder mills at Waltham Abbey. Previously owned by the Hudson family, the mills had fallen into disgrace at the end of the 17th century after Peter Hudson was accused of supplying bad powder in 1693.

With a rising demand for gunpowder thanks to the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) William was awarded his first contract in 1702, soon after acquiring the mills. Following his early death in 1711, Philippa, at that time 36 years old and with ten young children, took over the enterprise. She ran the mills independently until 1723, when she took one of her sons, John, into partnership with her.

Under Philippa's ownership the Waltham Abbey Mills became one of the most important gunpowder mills in the country, featuring several horse mills and stamp mills. It established itself as one of the major suppliers to the government, during a period of almost uninterrupted war between European powers.

Philippa died on 7 December 1749 at the age of 74 and was buried in St. Michael's Churchyard, Mickleham.

Legacy
In 1757 John Walton died, and the factory was inherited by his brothers Thomas and Bouchier. Meanwhile, in the wake of the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, the Waltham Abbey gunpowder factory was becoming an increasingly important asset for the British Army. The British government began nationalising gunpowder mills in 1759, when it purchased the Faversham Mills; in 1787 the Crown acquired the Waltham Abbey Mills from the Walton family, making them one of the three Royal Gunpowder Mills in the United Kingdom (the others being at Ballincollig and Faversham).

Commemoration
A blue plaque was unveiled in Philippa Walton's honour in 2022 on Walton House at the Royal Gunpowder Mills, recommended by the Essex Women’s Commemoration Project.

title: Philippa Walton


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Talk:David Batty

Orphaned references in David Batty
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of David Batty's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Goal": From Pablo Hernández (footballer, born 1985):  From Eric Cantona:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 17:20, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Batty


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Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Primates/Humans

 * 1) What are the implications of the shared characteristics between humans and the other primates?
 * 2) Why do anthropologists study the social behavior of monkeys and apes?

Information about primate behavior and ecology plays an integral role in the story of human evolution.

 * 1) Humans are primates, and the first members of the human species were probably more similar to living nonhuman primates than to any other animals on earth. Thus, by studying living primates we can learn something about the lives of our ancestors.
 * 2) Humans are closely related to primates and similar to them in many ways. If we understand how evolution has shaped the behavior of animals so much like ourselves, we may have greater insights about the way evolution has shaped our own behavior and the behavior of our ancestors.

Primate social behavior
Over the past four decades, primatologists have made prolonged close-range observations of monkeys and apes in their natural habitats, and we are discovering much about social organization, learning ability, and communication among our closest relatives (chimpanzees, and gorillas) in the animal kingdom.

In particular, we are finding that a number of behavioral traits that we used to think of as distinctively human are found to one degree or another among other primates, reminding us that many of the differences between us and them are differences of degree, rather than kind.

The Group
Primates are social animals, living and travelling in groups that vary in size from species to species. In most species, females and their offspring constitute core of social system.

Among chimps, the largest organizational unit is the community, composed of 50 or more individuals. Rarely however are all these animals together at a single time. Instead they are usually ranging singly or in small subgroups consisting of adult males together, females with their young, or males and females together with their young. In the course of their travels, subgroups may join forces and forage together, but sooner or later these will break up into smaller units.

Dominance
Many primate societies are organized into dominance hierarchies, that impose some degree of order with groups by establishing parameters of individual behavior.

Although aggression is frequently a means of increasing one's status, dominance usually serves to reduce the amount of actual physical violence. Not only are lower-ranking animals unlikely to attack or even threaten a higher-ranking one, but dominant animals are also frequently able to exert control simply by making a threatening gesture.

Individual rank or status may be measured by access to resources, including food items and mating partners.

An individual's rank is not permanent and changes throughout life. It is influenced by many factors, including sex, age, level of aggression, amount of time spent in the group, intelligence, etc.

In species organized into groups containing a number of females associated with one or several adult males, the males are generally dominant to females. Within such groups, males and females have separate hierarchies, although very high ranking females can dominate the lowest-ranking males (particularly young ones).

Yet many exceptions to this pattern of male dominance:
 * Among many lemur species, females are the dominant sex
 * Among species that form monogamous pairs (e.g., indris, gibbons), males and females are codominant

Aggression
Within primate societies, there is an interplay between affiliative behaviors that promote group cohesion and aggressive behaviors that can lead to group disruption. Conflict within a group frequently develops out of competition for resources, including mating partners and food items. Instead of actual attacks or fighting, most intragroup aggression occurs in the form of various signals and displays, frequently within the context of dominance hierarchy. Majority of such situations are resolved through various submissive and appeasement behaviors.

But conflict is not always resolved peacefully.
 * High-ranking female macaques frequently intimidate, harass, and even attack lower-ranking females, particularly to restrict their access to food
 * Competition between males for mates frequently results in injury and occasionally in death
 * Aggressive encounters occur between groups as well as within groups
 * Aggression occurs in the defense of territories

Individual interaction
To minimize actual violence and to defuse potentially dangerous situations, there is an array of affiliative, or friendly, behaviors that serve to reinforce bonds between individuals and enhance group stability. Common affiliative behaviors include reconciliation, consolation, and simple interactions between friends and relatives.

Most such behaviors involve various forms of physical contact including touching, hand holding, hugging, and, among chimpanzees, kissing. In fact, physical contact is one of the most important factors in primate development and is crucial in promoting peaceful relationships in many primate social groups.

One of the most notable primate activities is grooming, the ritual cleaning of another animal's coat to remove parasites, shreds of grass or other matter. Among bonobos and chimps, grooming is a gesture of friendliness, submission, appeasement or closeness.

The mother-infant bond is the strongest and most long-lasting in the group. It may last for many years; commonly for the lifetime of the mother.

Play
Frequent play activity among primate infants and juveniles is a means of learning about the environment, testing strength, and generally learning how to behave as adults. For example, Chimpanzee infants mimic the food-getting activities of their mothers, "attack" dozing adults, and "harass" adolescents.

Communication
Primates, like many animals, vocalize. They have a great range of calls that are often used together with movements of the face or body to convey a message.

Observers have not yet established the meaning of all the sounds, but a good number have been distinguished, such as warning calls, threat calls, defense calls, and gathering calls. Much of the communication takes place by the use of specific gestures and postures.

Home range
Primates usually move about within circumscribed areas, or home ranges, which are of varying sizes, depending on the size of the group and on ecological factors, such as availability of food. Home ranges are often moved seasonally. The distance traveled by a group in a day varies, but may include many miles.

Within this home range is a portion known as the core area, which contains the highest concentration of predictable resources (water, food) and where the group is most frequently found (with resting places and sleeping trees).

The core area can also be said to be a group's territory, and it is this portion of the home range that is usually defended against intrusion by others:
 * Gorillas do not defend their home ranges against incursions of others of their kind
 * Chimps, by contrast, have been observed patrolling their territories to ward off potential trespassers

Among primates in general, the clearest territoriality appears in forest species, rather than in those that are terrestrial in their habits.

Tool use
A tool may be defined as an object used to facilitate some task or activity. A distinction must be made between simple tool use and tool making, which involves deliberate modification of some material for its intended use.

In the wild, gorillas do not make or use tools in any significant way, but chimpanzees do. Chimps modify objects to make them suitable for particular purposes. They can also pick up and even prepare objects for future use at some other location, and they can use objects as tools to solve new and novel problems.

Examples:
 * use of stalks of grass to collect termites
 * use of leaves as wipes or sponges to get water out of a hollow to drink
 * use of rocks as hammers and anvils to open palm nuts and hard fruits

Primates and human evolution
Studies of monkeys and apes living today [especially those most closely related to humans: gorillas, bonobos and chimpanzees] provide essential clues in the reconstruction of adaptations and behavior patterns involved in the emergence of our earliest ancestors.

These practices have several implications:
 * Chimpanzees can be engaged in activities that prepare them for a future (not immediate) task at a somewhat distant location. These actions imply planning and forethought
 * Attention to the shape and size of the raw material indicates that chimpanzee toolmakers have a preconceived idea of what the finished product needs to be in order to be useful

To produce a tool, even a simple tool, based on a concept is an extremely complex behavior. Scientists previously believed that such behavior was the exclusive domain of humans, but now we must question this very basic assumption.

At the same time, we must be careful about how we reconstruct this development. Primates have changed in various ways from earlier times, and undoubtedly certain forms of behavior that they now exhibit were not found among their ancestors.

Also it is important to remember that present-day primate behavior shows considerable variation, not just from one species to another, but also from one population to another within a single species.

Primate fossils
The study of early primate fossils tells us something we can use to interpret the evolution of the entire primate line, including ourselves. It gives us a better understanding of the physical forces that caused these primitive creatures to evolve into today's primates.

Ultimately, the study of these ancient ancestors gives us a fuller knowledge of the processes through which insect-eating, small-brained animals evolved into a toolmaker and thinker that is recognizably human.

Rise of the primates
For animals that have often lived where conditions for fossilization are generally poor, we do have a surprisingly large number of primate fossils. Some are relatively complete skeletons, while most are teeth and jaw fragments.

Primates arose as part of a great adaptive radiation that began more than 100 million years after the appearance of the first mammals. The reason for this late diversification of mammals was that most ecological niches that they have since occupied were either preempted by reptiles or were nonexistent until the flowering plants became widespread beginning about 65 million years ago.

By 65 million years ago, primates were probably beginning to diverge from other mammalian lineages (such as those which later led to rodents, bats and carnivores). For the period between 65-55 Myrs ago (Paleocene), it is extremely difficult to identify the earliest members of the primate order:
 * available fossil material is scarce
 * first primates were not easily distinguished from other early (generalized) mammals

Eocene primates
First fossil forms that are clearly identifiable as primates appeared during Eocene (55-34 million years ago). From this period have been recovered a wide variety of primates, which can all be called prosimians. Lemur-like adapids were common in the Eocene, as were species of tarsier-like primates.

These first primates were insect eaters and their characteristics developed as an adaptation to the initial tree-dwelling environment:
 * larger, rounder braincases
 * nails instead of claws
 * eyes that are rotated forward, allowing overlapping fields of perception and thus binocular vision
 * presence of opposable large toe

This time period exhibited the widest geographical distribution and broadest adaptive radiation ever displayed by prosimians. In recent years, numerous finds of Late Eocene (36-34 Myrs ago) suggest that members of the adapid family were the most likely candidates as ancestors of early anthropoids.

Oligocene primates
The center of action for primate evolution after Eocene is confined largely to Old World. Only on the continents of Africa and Eurasia can we trace the evolutionary development of apes and hominids due to crucial geological events; particularly continental drift.

During the Oligocene (34-23 Myrs ago), a great deal of diversification among primates occurred. The vast majority of Old World primate fossils for this period comes from just one locality: the Fayum area of Egypt. From Fayum, 21 different species have been identified.

Apidium

 * Most abundant of all Oligocene forms
 * This animal was about size of squirrel
 * Teeth suggest diet composed of fruits and probably seeds
 * Preserved remains of the limbs indicate that this creature was a small arboreal quadruped, adept at leaping and springing

Propliopithecus

 * Morphologically, quite primitive
 * Not showing particular derived tendencies in any direction
 * Small to medium in size
 * Likely fruit eaters

Aegyptopithecus

 * Largest of Fayum anthropoids, roughly the size of modern howler (13 to 18 pounds)
 * Primitive skull, which is small and resembles the one of a monkey in some details
 * From analysis of limb proportions and muscle insertions, Aegyptopithecus was a short-limbed, heavily muscled, slow-moving arboreal quadruped
 * This form of primates important because, better than any other fossil primate, it bridges the gap between the Eocene prosimians and the Miocene hominoids.

Miocene Primates
A great abundance of hominoid fossil material has been found in the Old World from the Miocene (23-7 million years ago).

Based on size, these fossils can be divided into two major subgroupings: small-bodied and large-bodied hominoids.
 * Small-bodied varieties comprise gibbon and siamang
 * Large-bodied hominoids are Pongo (orangutan), Gorilla, Pan (chimpanzees and bonobos) and Homo. These four forms can then be subdivided into two major subgroups: Asian large-bodied (orangutans) and African large-bodied (gorillas, chimpanzees and humans).

The remarkable evolutionary success represented by the adaptive radiation of large-bodied hominoids is shown in its geographical range from Africa to Eurasia. Large-bodied hominoids first evolved in Africa around 23 million years ago. Then they migrated into Eurasia,	dispersed rapidly and diversified into a variety of species. After 14 million years ago, we have evidence of widely distributed hominoids in many parts of Asia and Europe. The separation of the Asian large-bodied hominoid line from the African stock (leading ultimately to gorillas, chimps and humans) thus would have occurred at about that time.

African Forms

 * A wealth of early hominoid fossils has come from deep and rich stratigraphic layers of Kenya and Uganda
 * These diverse forms are presently classified into at least 23 species of hominoids
 * Best samples and thus best known forms are those of genus Proconsul
 * Environmental niches were quite varied: some species were apparently confined to dense rain forests, others potentially exploited more open woodlands
 * Considerable diversity of locomotor behaviors: some were at least partially terrestrial - on the ground, some may have even occasionally adopted a bipedal position
 * Most forms were probably fruit eaters, some may also have included considerable amounts of leaves in their diet

European Forms

 * Very few fossils have been discovered
 * Most researchers would place these forms into the genus Dryopithecus
 * Evolutionary relationship with other hominoids is both difficult and controversial at this point.

South/Southwest Asian Forms

 * Remains have been found in Turkey, India and Pakistan
 * Attributed to genus Sivapithecus
 * Probably good-sized hominoid (70-150 pounds), that inhabited a mostly arboreal niche
 * Facial remains have concave profiles and projecting incisors, which bear striking similarities with the orangutan
 * Other traits are distinctively unlike an orangutan. For example, the forelimb suggests a unique mixture of traits, indicating probably some mode of arboreal quadrupedalism but with no suspensory component.

Miocene apes and Human Origin
The large-bodied African hominoids appeared by 16 million years ago and were widespread even as recently as 8 million years ago.

Based on fossils of teeth and jaws, it was easy to postulate some sort of relationship between them and humans. A number of features: position of incisors, reduced canines, thick enamel of the molars, and shape of tooth row, seemed to point in a somewhat human direction.

Although the African hominoids display a number of features from which hominine characteristics may be derived, and some may occasionally have walked bipedally, they were much too apelike to be considered hominines.

Nevertheless, existing evidence allows the hypothesis that apes and humans separated from a common evolutionary line sometime during the Late Miocene and some fossils, particularly the African hominoids, do possess traits associated with humans.

Not all African apes evolved into hominines. Those that remained in the forests and woodlands continued to develop as arboreal apes, although ultimately some of them took up a more terrestrial life. These are the bonobos, chimpanzees and gorillas, who have changed far more from the ancestral condition than have the still arboreal orangutans.

Summary

 * When did the first primates appear, and what were they like?
 * The earliest primates had developed by 60 million years ago and were small, arboreal insect eaters. Their initial adaptation to life in trees set the stage for the	subsequent appearance of other primate models.

 * When did the first monkeys and apes appear, and what were they like?
 * By the Late Eocene (about 37 Myrs ago), monkeys and apes about the size of modern house cats were living in Africa. By about 20 million years ago, they had proliferated and soon spread over many parts of the Old World. Some forms remained relatively small, while others became quite large, some even larger than present-day gorillas.

 * When did group of primates give rise to the human line of evolution?
 * Present evidence suggests that our own ancestors are to be found among the African large-bodied hominoids, which were widespread between approximately 17 and 8 million years ago. Some of these ape-like primates lived in situations in which the right kind of selective pressure existed to transform them into primitive hominines.


text:
The British Party System

The British Party System (1944) is a "playlet" by George Bernard Shaw satirically analysing the origins of the party system in British politics in the form of a pair of conversations between scheming power-brokers at various points in history, who devise it and adapt it to suit their personal ends.

Creation
The playlet appears in Chapter III of Shaw's 1944 book Everybody's Political What's What?. It was never intended for performance, and is rather an essay in the form of a mini play. A similar previous playlet Arthur and the Acetone had been written in 1936 about the Balfour declaration.

Shaw introduces the playlet with as comment about how party politics came into being: "What are the facts? Let me put them in the form of a little historical drama, as that comes easiest to me and is the most amusing." He then goes on to explore the significance of party politics.

Plot
Scene: Althorp, the residence of the Spencers, Earls of Sunderland.

King William III and Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland discuss the latter's plan to create government through parties, rather than by choosing ministers on individual merit. Sunderland says that this system will ensure that members of parliament cannot function independently, but will always be under the control of the party in power for fear that the other party will take over. Both parties will have to appeal to the basic prejudices of the voting public to have a chance of power.

25 years later, Robert Walpole and Sutherland's son Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland, argue about relative power of the King and the House of Lords. Walpole resists Sunderland's plans to restrict the number of peerages in the Upper House.

Context
Shaw follows this playlet with the provocative comment: "This lands us in the unexpected conclusion that government by Parliaments modelled on the British Party System, far from being a guarantee of liberty and enlightened progress, must be ruthlessly discarded in the fullest agreement with Oliver Cromwell, Charles Dickens, John Ruskin, Thomas Carlyle, Adolf Hitler, Pilsudski, Benito Mussolini, Stalin and everyone else who has tried to govern efficiently and incorruptly by it, or who has studied its operation with a knowledge of its history and that of the Industrial Revolution."

title: The British Party System


text:
Talk:Listed buildings in Swinton and Pendlebury

Municipal Borough of Swinton and Pendlebury
Former borough (1934-1974) — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:03, 3 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
Corey-Pauling rules

In biochemistry, the Corey-Pauling rules are a set of three basic statements that govern the secondary nature of proteins, in particular, the CO-NH peptide link. They were originally proposed by Robert Corey and Linus Pauling.

The rules are as follows:
 * 1) The atoms in a peptide link all lie on the same plane.
 * 2) The nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a hydrogen bond are approximately in a straight line.
 * 3) The carbon-oxygen and nitrogen-hydrogen groups are all involved in bonding.

title: Corey-Pauling rules


text:
Kumbhaka

Kumbhaka is the retention of the breath in the yoga practice of pranayama. It has two types, accompanied (by breathing) whether after inhalation or after exhalation, and, the ultimate aim, unaccompanied. That state is kevala kumbhaka, the complete suspension of the breath for as long as the practitioner wishes.

Breath retention
The name kumbhaka is from Sanskrit कुम्भ kumbha, a pot, comparing the torso to a vessel full of air.

Kumbhaka is the retention of the breath in pranayama, either after inhalation, the inner or Antara Kumbhaka, or after exhalation, the outer or Bahya Kumbhaka (also called Bahir Kumbhaka ). According to B.K.S. Iyengar in Light on Yoga, kumbhaka is the "retention or holding the breath, a state where there is no inhalation or exhalation".

Sahit or Sahaja Kumbhaka is an intermediate state, when breath retention becomes natural, at the stage of withdrawal of the senses, Pratyahara, the fifth of the eight limbs of yoga.

Kevala Kumbhaka, when inhalation and exhalation can be suspended at will, is the extreme stage of Kumbhaka "parallel with the state of Samadhi", or union with the divine, the last of the eight limbs of yoga, attained only by continuous long term pranayama and kumbhaka exercises. The 18th century Joga Pradipika states that the highest breath control, which it defines as inhaling to a count (mātrā) of 8, holding to a count of 19, and exhaling to a count of 9, confers liberation and Samadhi.

The Yoga Institute recommends sitting in a meditative posture such as Sukhasana for Kumbhaka practice. After a full inhalation for 5 seconds, it suggests retaining the air for 10 seconds, exhaling smoothly, and then taking several ordinary breaths. It recommends five such rounds per pranayama session, increasing the time of retention as far as is comfortable by one second each week of practice.

Historical purpose

The yoga scholar Andrea Jain states that while pranayama in modern yoga as exercise consists of synchronising the breath with movements (between asanas), in ancient texts like the Bhagavad Gita and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, pranayama meant "complete cessation of breathing", for which she cites Bronkhorst 2007. The Yoga Sutras state:

"[D]istractions ... act as barriers to stillness. ... One can subdue these distractions by ... pausing after breath flows in or out."

- Yoga Sutras, 1:30-34, translated by Chip Hartranft

"With effort relaxing, the flow of inhalation and exhalation can be brought to a standstill; this is called breath regulation."

- Yoga Sutras, 2:49, translated by Chip Hartranft

According to the scholar-practitioner of yoga Theos Bernard, the ultimate aim of pranayama is the suspension of breathing, "causing the mind to swoon". Swami Yogananda writes, "The real meaning of Pranayama, according to Patanjali, the founder of Yoga philosophy, is the gradual cessation of breathing, the discontinuance of inhalation and exhalation".

The yoga scholars James Mallinson and Mark Singleton write that "pure breath-retention" (without inhalation or exhalation) is the ultimate pranayama practice in later hatha yoga texts. They give as an example the account in the c. 13th century Dattātreyayogaśāstra of kevala kumbhaka (breath retention unaccompanied by breathing). They note that this is "the only advanced technique" of breath-control in that text, stating that in it the breath can be held "for as long as one wishes". The Dattātreyayogaśāstra states that kevala kumbhaka

"Once unaccompanied [kevala] breath-retention, free from exhalation and inhalation, is mastered, there is nothing in the three worlds that is unattainable."

- Dattātreyayogaśāstra 74

The 15th century Hatha Yoga Pradipika states that the kumbhakas force the breath into the central sushumna channel (allowing kundalini to rise and cause liberation).

The 18th century Gheranda Samhita states that death is impossible when the breath is held in the body.

Mallinson and Singleton note that sahita kumbhaka, the intermediate state which is still accompanied (the meaning of sahita) by breathing, was described in detail. They write that the Goraksha Sataka describes four sahita kumbhakas, and that the Hatha Yoga Pradipika describes another four. They point out, however, that these supposed kumbhakas differ in their styles of breathing, giving the example of the buzzing noise made while breathing in bhramari.

title: Kumbhaka


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Frances Rutherford

Frances Moran Rutherford (29 April 1912 in Masterton, New Zealand – 22 November 2006 in Auckland, New Zealand) was an artist, an occupational therapist and educator who was instrumental in gaining recognition for occupational therapy in New Zealand.

Early life and education
Frances Moran Rutherford was the fourth of five children of Charles William Rutherford and Althea Mary Rutherford, nee Robinson. Rutherford was disabled by poliomyelitis at the age of ten. She left secondary education without qualifications. At the age of 26, she enrolled at the Canterbury College of Fine Arts, now Ilam School of Fine Arts. Rutherford graduated with a Diploma in Fine Arts and worked as an art mistress undefined In 1948 she travelled to London to study at the Central School of Arts and Crafts, now the Central School of Art and Design.

Occupational therapy
Sometime after post graduate study in London, Rutherford began a second career as an occupational therapist. Her application to train at the only school in New Zealand in Auckland was rejected due to her disability. She was accepted by a new school in Britain. The Liverpool School of Occupational Therapy in Huyton was opened in 1947 by Constance Owens, nee Tebbit. Owens was the first Principal at Dorset House, the first School in England established by Dr Elizabeth Casson in 1930. Rutherford qualified in 1952 and was awarded the Diploma of the Association of Occupational Therapists, having completed the national examinations set by the professional body for England, Northern Ireland and Wales.

In 1954 Rutherford described using art therapy with tuberculosis patients in the sanatoria at Masterton Public Hospital. In a conference paper for the New Zealand Registered Occupational Therapists Association, she explained how 'art therapy emphasized the emotional and creative aspects of living and helped in the readjustment of the patient'.

Rutherford was appointed Vice Principal in 1955 and later Principal of the New Zealand School of Occupational Therapy, based at Auckland Mental Hospital. She was the third Principal, following Margaret Buchanan (nee Inman) 1940–1950 and Hazel Skilton (nee Barton) 1950–1960. 187 Rutherford built on their work, creating a new syllabus in collaboration with Head Therapists from five teaching hospitals; promoting self-directed learning and better facilities for students. She believed that 'the school must encourage good creative activity … the student must be helped to develop a wider knowledge of life and people therefore becoming a better person for having studied and lived within the community life of the Training School'. 20

In 1958 Rutherford was the first New Zealander to be awarded a Teachers' Diploma of the Association of Occupational Therapists. The Diploma was by examination of a thesis that investigated the merits and disadvantages of state control of occupational therapy education in New Zealand. She was one of only twelve Teaching Members of the Association.

As Principal of the Auckland School, Rutherford was the Dominion Supervisor of Occupational Therapy in New Zealand, a senior official of the Health Department. She inspected hospitals where qualified occupational therapists were employed, arranged clinical training for students and dealt with enquires from Medical Superintendents and Matrons. 18-19

Rutherford was the New Zealand delegate for the World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) at the Council meeting held in Sydney in September 1960. Occupational Therapy New Zealand/Whakaora Ngangahau Aotearoa was one of ten Associations that set up the World Federation in 1952.

She led the Auckland School until 1972. She retired when the School closed and occupational therapy education was relocated to the new Central Institute of Technology, near Wellington. Rutherford recorded the history of the school, completing the document in 1976.

Artist
Rutherford was a notable artist. Her works include My View No. 8 (Auckland Harbour).

She exhibited with the Auckland Society of Arts and at the New Visions Gallery, including the Nikau Palms exhibition in 1967.

Death and legacy
Frances Moran Rutherford died on 22 November 2006, aged 94. She was buried in the family grave at Archer Street Cemetery, Masterton.

Her legacy is the continued expansion of occupational therapy in New Zealand. The first School opened in 1940. Ten years later circa 50 therapists 'from many parts of the Dominion' attended the first convention organised by the New Zealand Occupational Therapy Association. The 2022 Annual Report of the Occupational Therapy Board of New Zealand/Te Poari Whakaora Ngangahau o Aotearoa records that there were 3,319 occupational therapists holding a current annual practising certificate and 304 Māori or Pasifika practitioners.

Another legacy is the Frances Rutherford Lecture Award. This was established in 1983 by Occupational Therapy New Zealand/Whakaora Ngangahau Aotearoa to recognise the contribution she made to occupational therapy. The award is presented biennially at the Occupational Therapy New Zealand/Whakaora Ngangahau Aotearoa Conference. Rutherford is remembered for 'her commitment to occupational therapy; the holistic view of persons integrated in mind, body and spirit; and her belief in self directed learning.' 55   She was a 'a warm and caring person who was visionary in her drive for the advanced preparation of New Zealand occupational therapy clinical leaders and educators'. 188

title: Frances Rutherford


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User:Mimamai/sandbox

boldness

Working on bold

Starting. Trying out.B old text
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bold

bold bold
 * Read
 * Read
 * Read
 * Playing with the text.
 * Playing with the text.
 * Playing with the text.

title: User:Mimamai/sandbox


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dr. Richard Edward Veech

The result was speedy deleted. ➨  ЯEDVERS  15:59, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Dr. Richard Edward Veech
Hoax/insult: "youngest person ever to receive his phd in homosexual relations". Speedy delete, if possible. Medtopic 15:53, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Definitely an insult thingy, and they can't even be bothered to spell properly... Supersheep 15:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)


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Shri Dutt Sharma

 Shri Dutt Sharma  is an Indian politician and was a member of the Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi. He is a member of the Aam Aadmi Party and represented Ghonda (Assembly constituency) of Delhi from 2015 to 2020. Also, he is the founder of Pt. Yad Ram Secondary Public School Bhajanpura Delhi (Estd. in 1992).

Early life and education
Shri Dutt Sharma belongs to social and pious family residing in Vill. Gamri, Bhajanpura, Delhi before 17th century.

Shri Dutt Sharma was born on 1 July 1960 in Delhi. He passed his Intermediate examination from CBSE (Raghuber Dayal Jan Kalyan School Bhajanpura).

To know his family background, past life and life journey you may visit video interview given to HamareNetaji.com : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9csJdFiUOOo

Political career
He joined Aam Aadmi Party on 10 December 2013. He contested Delhi Assembly Election 2015 and defeated Sh. Sahib Singh Chauhan (BJP) & Sh. Bhisham Sharma (Congress).

He lost to Ajay Mahawar (BJP) by a margin of 28370 votes in 2020 elections.

Posts Held
Chairman of District Development Committee (North East Delhi) 2015-2020

title: Shri Dutt Sharma


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User:Dismas juma kalenda

Dismas juma kalenda alias clever bee jumareh is an aspiring politician.Born on 5th of june 1992,in bungoma district. His father is Wanyonyi wafula kalenda a lecturer  at sangalo  institute and his mother is pouline naswa dewanje juma. Dismas has nine siblings Victor, Lilian,Deborah,alias,lucy,philip, Ferdinand and onesmus. EDUCATION dismas started school in 1997 in Siangalamwe primary school, later to kapchonge, ngaira vision Christian academy ,kiminini fym, lukhome primary.He joined Chesamisi high school in 2006-2009

TRAINING BACHELORS DEGREE SCIENCE IN NURSING MASTERS STUDENT MOI UNIVERSITY

LEADERSHIP WIPER DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT OF KENYA

PRINCIPLES AND VALUES jumaree will never take bribe

title: User:Dismas juma kalenda


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GENtle/Sequence editor

The sequence editor holds the key to several properties of a sequence. It consists of several tabs, depending on the type of sequence, which can be DNA or amino acid.

Properties
Here, the title and description of the sequence can be altered. As for feature descriptions, the sequence description will make http references clickable.

For DNA sequences, sticky ends can be entered.

Features
This tab shows a list of all features of the sequence. Features can be added, edited, and deleted. Most of the settings should be self-explanatory.
 * The setting reading frame is only available when the type is set to "CDS" ("coding sequence").
 * A leading sequence is read 5'→3'; leading unchecked, 3'→5'
 * Edit feature will invoke an additional "Edit feature" dialog

Edit feature
The list box below contains original data from GenBank format import.
 * Fill color is the color of the feature; it will invoke a color choice dialog
 * Type in sequence display determines how that feature is drawn in the sequence map
 * Use offset sets the numbering for the first amino acid of the feature; useful if the feature marks a part of a protein

Restriction enzymes
When editing a DNA sequence, two tabs with settings for restriction enzymes are available. The first one is identical to the enzyme management dialog. The second one is identical to the global enzyme settings tab, but contains the settings for this sequence alone. By default, its options are disabled, and the global options are used. By activation the options here, global settings are overridden.

Proteases
This tab holds a list of available proteases. Potential cleavage sites for selected (checked) proteases are shown in the sequence ( not in the ../DNA map/).

New proteases can be added similar to the following examples:
 * Example : "Thermolysin"
 * Sequence for this protease : "!DE|AFILMV"
 * Explanation: "Not D or E", "cut", "then A, F, I, L, M, or V"
 * Example: Proline-endopeptidase
 * Sequence for this protease : "HKR,P|!P"
 * Explanation : "H, K, or R", "then P", "cut", "then not P"

title: GENtle/Sequence editor


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Guyana at the 1996 Summer Olympics

Guyana competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Athletics

 * Key
 * Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
 * Q = Qualified for the next round
 * q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target

 * Men
 * Track & road events

 * Women
 * Field events

title: Guyana at the 1996 Summer Olympics


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Ainaži

Ainaži (Heinaste; Āinast) is a Latvian port town by the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic Sea. Administratively, it is part of the Limbaži Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. It is located on the south side of the Estonia-Latvia international border, on the site of an ancient Livonian fishing village.

Etymology
The name Ainaži may be derived from the Estonian language word heina(s)-tee 'hay-road'. Other possibilities include the Livonian words āina 'hay' or āinagi 'lonely, only'. Historically, the German language variants of the same name (e.g., Haynasch), were used in most written records from the late Middle Ages until the first half of the 20th century.

History
Ainaži existed for centuries as a Livonian fishing village. The town itself was first mentioned in 1564, and through the ages, changed hands among various barons and estates. Ainaži entered a great period of growth in the 1870s when its history of shipbuilding and seafaring began.

In the 19th century, Vidzeme and Courland were covered with vast forests of pine trees. Ainaži's strategic position on the sea and proximity to lumber made it a perfect place for shipbuilding. In 1864, Krišjānis Valdemārs sponsored the first naval school in Livonia (today Latvia), training young Estonian and Latvian farmers to become ship captains for free. The school stood for 50 years until it was destroyed in World War I. With the opening of the school and shipbuilding industry, Ainaži grew for the rest of the 19th century. From 1857 to 1913, over 50 seaworthy vessels were built in the town, and in 1902 a working port and railway station opened. By World War I, Ainaži was the fourth-largest port in all of Latvia and chief in Vidzeme, overtaking neighboring Salacgrīva. The town also had its own windmills, fish-processing plant, and brick kiln.

In World War I Ainaži was heavily damaged. The port was ruined and the entire shipping fleet destroyed. In February 1919, the Estonian army drove the Germans from Ainaži and subsequently occupied it. After the war, Ainaži became part of Latvia after its inhabitants voted for Latvia in a referendum, but Estonia's troops remained stationed there until 1920 and Estonia kept the northern section of the town, the Ikla village.

In the years of independent Republic of Latvia (1918–1940) Ainaži was revitalized. The Ainaži fleet, sunken in the war, had completely barricaded the harbor and had to be removed. The harbor was then deepened, and the port was rebuilt in 1923 with new breakers. In 1930 the Ainaži lighthouse was built.

In World War II, however, Ainaži was destroyed again. The second naval academy burned down, the port was bombed, and the warehouses were plundered. Though the port was partially rebuilt after the war, Ainaži was overshadowed by nearby Pärnu, and lost its fish-processing factory to Salacgrīva.

After Latvia's independence was restored in 1991, a wind turbine was built in Ainaži, as well as a customs house on the Estonian border. Today, the building of the naval school hosts the (Ainažu jūrskolas muzejs), dedicated to the history of the school and the tradition of shipbuilding along the Vidzeme coast.

Climate
Ainaži has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb).

Economy
The most important industries are forestry, woodworking, and trade. In addition, its location at the Latvia-Estonia border on the A1 road (Latvia), which is part of the Via Baltica international highway, favors transit/transport industries.

Demographics
The population of Ainaži and the surrounding area in 2005 was 1,794 people, the smallest official town of Vidzeme. Latvians made up 92% of the inhabitants, Russians 3%, Estonians 2%, and others 4%. From 2004 the population had decreased by 5.08% (96 inhabitants).

Sister cities

 * 🇪🇪 Häädemeeste Parish, Estonia
 * 🇱🇻 Cēsis, Latvia
 * 🇱🇹 Miežiškiai, Lithuania

title: Ainaži


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User:EuropracBHIT~enwikibooks

Hello, everyone! Just a clear-up here. No, I'm not Polish, as you might see from my history page. This below is an answer to a query I had about Polish food and cuisine in celebrations last year (2004) as you will see.

1. Boże Narodzenie (God's Birth) 2. On Xmas Eve, we don't eat any meat, so traditional dishes might be:fish soup, beetroot soup with ravioli (pierogi) fried fish, fish (carp in jelly) sourkraut with mashrooms (served hot) herrings in sour cream later cakes, like ginger cakes, cheese cakes, poppyseed cake But each region in Poland has different dihes 3.On other holidays no special dishes are served

title: User:EuropracBHIT~enwikibooks