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Mandarin/Mandarin One

Nǐ hǎo! Welcome to Mandarin One! This self-paced course will help introduce students to the basic spoken Mandarin and written Chinese language as learned in a first semester college course. This is for people studying for a test, like HSK, or while refreshing their knowledge before taking a more advanced course. At the same time it is meant to be as practical as possible for the person that simply wants to pick up some Chinese before their next trip.

 * Those wishing to learn the Traditional Character set can do so by using the new Simplified Chinese to Traditional Chinese translation tool on Google while studying these lessons.

Lesson One 第一课

 * Chapter One - Pronouncing Single Syllables
 * The four tones and Hanyu Pinyin.
 * Finals and Initials
 * Chapter One Quiz

/Lesson Two 第二课/

 * Chapter Two - Pronouncing Syllables in Combination
 * Numbers 1-10
 * Brief Chinese History
 * Chapter Two Quiz

/Lesson Three 第三课/
This Lesson introduces the vocabulary for an introductory conversation. This section also contains a brief introduction to Chinese names. The method for counting from 11 to 99 will be introduced.
 * Chapter Three Vocabulary - 生字
 * Chinese Names - 名字
 * Dialogue - 对话
 * Introductions - 介绍
 * Activity - What is your name? (你的名字是什么？)
 * Numbers 11-99 - 号码 十一到九十九
 * Asking for Help - 问题
 * Chapter Three Quiz - 第三课 小考
 * Chapters One - Three Test 第一章 第三棵 考试

/Lesson Four 第四课/

 * Chapter Four Vocabulary - Hěn gāoxìng rènshì nín. (Glad to meet you.)
 * Introduction to Chinese Writing
 * Grammer - Pronouns
 * Numbers 100-300

/Lesson Five 第五课/

 * Chapter Four Quiz

/Lesson Six 第六课/

 * Chapter Five Vocabulary - Nǐ yǒu méiyǒu xiōngdì jiěmèi? (Do you have brothers or sisters?)
 * Family

/Lesson Seven 第七课/

 * Celebrations and Festivals
 * Chapter Five Quiz

/Lesson Eight 第八课/

 * Chapter Six Vocabulary - Nǐ xiànzài yǒu méiyǒu shì? (Is there anything you have to do now?)
 * Writing Chinese Characters

/Lesson Nine 第九课/

 * Chapter Six Quiz
 * Chapters Four-Six Test

/Lesson Ten 第十课/

 * Chapter Seven Vocabulary - Nàme, nǐmen mài shénme? (Well, then what do you sell?)
 * Shopping, How Much?

/Lesson Eleven 第十一课/

 * Chapter Seven Quiz

/Lesson Twelve 第十二课/

 * Chapter Eight Vocabulary - Nǐmen yǒu fàngjiān ma? (Do you have any rooms?)

/Lesson Thirteen 第十三课/

 * Chapter Eight Quiz

/Lesson Fourteen 第十四课/

 * Chapter Nine Vocabulary - Nǐmen dǎsuàn zhù duōjiǔ? (How long do you plan to stay?)

/Lesson Fifteen 第十五课/

 * Chapter Nine Quiz
 * Final Exam

Required Texts

 * Williams, P.F.C., & Wu, Y.(1999). Chinese: The Easy Way. New York: Barron's Educational Series, Inc.
 * Chinese Wikibook

Required Free Software

 * Dim Sum: Chinese Reading Assistant and Dictionary
 * Shared Talk Language Exchange Network - for email and chatting with fluent speakers
 * Lab Recording: Mandarin syllables recorded on the Mandarin_sounds.zip file from chinese-lessons.com (same as the recordings used in the Dim Sum program).

Supplemental Materials

 * A comprehensive Chinese (Pinyin) - English Dictionary
 * Tao, S.(2005). Chinese Learning Cards for HSK Beijing: Morning Glory Publishers
 * Lafayette De Mente, B.(1995). Chinese in Plain English Chicago: Passport Books

Online Reference

 * Nciku online interactive dictionary - Dictionary, Pronunciation, Dialogues, Character Writing
 * Yellow Bridge online vocabulary resource - Dictionary, Flashcards, Character Writing
 * Google Translate basic online translation for web pages and text - Rudimentary translation

title: Mandarin/Mandarin One


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Linophryne arborifera

Linophryne arborifera, or illuminated netdevil, is an anglerfish of the family Linophrynidae, found in all tropical and subtropical oceans at depths below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in the Bathyal zone. Its length is up to 77 mm (3 inches). The female is significantly larger than the mature, parasitic male.

Characteristics
The literal translation is Linophryne arborifera, which is Greek for “tree-bearing flax-toad.” The female Linophryne has not only a luminous lure on the head, called the esca (Latin for “food”), but also a multibranched barbel hanging from the lower jaw. The barbel filaments contain many more bioluminescent organs.

At a length of up to 77 mm (3 inches), females are significantly larger than the males, which reach only about 15 mm (0.6 inches). After metamorphosis they are black in color. They have no scales and gelatinous skin. They are different from all other ceratioid families in having dorsal-fin rays 3 (rarely 4), anal-fin rays 3 (rarely 2 or 4), branchiostegal rays 5 (rarely 4), and a sinistral (opens to the left) anus. The eyes of linophrynid males are very well developed and unique among ceratioids in being tubular and directed somewhat forward. The nostrils of linophrynid males are also large and well developed.

Distribution
Linophryne arborifera is found in all tropical and subtropical oceans at depths below 1,000 m (3,300 ft).

Feeding
Recorded prey of the genus Linophryne include fishes and crustaceans. Attached males obtain their nutrition from the female. They attach to the female with their jaws on her ventral surface. Blood vessels and tissues between them become integrated, allowing nutrients to pass from the female to the male.

Based on finding empty stomachs in captured free-living males, scientists think linophrynid males are unable to feed during their free-living stage after metamorphosis. Also, the “short and stout” denticulars of the upper and lower jaws of these males do not seem suitable for prey capture, and the alimentary canal is undeveloped. Current understanding is that free-living males die after a few months if they do not attach to a female.

Growth and reproduction
In the family Linophrynidae, males are obligatory sexual parasites. Attached males are nearly always found upside down, facing forward, and attached to the belly close to the anus. In all specimens found so far, only one male is attached to each female, which differs from some other angler fish species. Females without attached males and free-living males do not have well-developed sexual organs, so it seems that they must be attached for maturation and reproduction to occur. A 77-mm female Linophryne arborifera, with a 15-mm parasitic male, was observed to have numerous eggs embedded in a gelatinous mass (the so-called “egg raft” or “veil,” a reproductive device characteristic of all lophiiform fishes) protruding from the genital opening; the eggs, 0.6–0.8mm in diameter, are among the largest known for any ceratioid.

Bioluminescence
Several species of deep-sea fish have luminous organs used to attract prey. Females of the genus Linophryne bear barbels containing luminous organs in addition to an escal light organ attached to the head. In L. arborifera, the top light organ has been likened to a pearl onion and contains luminous bacteria. The barbels, which look like seaweed fronds, do not contain bacteria but complex paracrystalline photogenic granules. The esca is ectodermal in origin whereas the barbel organs may be derived from the mesoderm.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Linophryne arborifera


text:
Tulsa Coliseum

The Tulsa Coliseum was an indoor arena built in Tulsa, Oklahoma at the corner of Fifth Street and Elgin Avenue. It hosted the Tulsa Oilers ice hockey team from 1929 to 1951. Many other sporting events were held at the facility including rodeos, track meets, professional wrestling, and boxing matches. The building was destroyed by fire in 1952.

Walter Whiteside, a wealthy native of Duluth, Minnesota who was attracted to Tulsa by the oil boom during the 1920s, partnered with W. S. Stryker to form the Magic City Amusement Company. The partnership commissioned noted Tulsa architect Leon Senter to design an indoor arena for the city in 1928. Whiteside, evidently the driving force of the partnership envisioned using the arena to present a variety of public entertainments, including such wintertime sports as ice hockey and ice shows, for which there were no suitable venues south of the Mason-Dixon Line. He even organized the Tulsa Oilers, the first Tulsa Hockey team.

Walter Whiteside, first owner
Walter Whiteside, a millionaire lumberman from Duluth, Minnesota, had it constructed in 1928 at a cost of US$800,000. Whiteside's family was successful in oil, mining and lumber. Whiteside himself was the owner of Douglas Oil Company. Joining forces with W. S. Stryker, he formed Magic City Amusement Co. to have an indoor arena built on Elgin Avenue and extending the entire block between Fifth and Sixth Streets on the east side of downtown Tulsa. Whiteside also intended to have the arena introduce winter entertainments such as ice hockey and ice shows. So, when he hired architect Leon B. Senter to design the facility, he specified that it must have the ability to cover the floor with ice within an 8-hour period. The skating oval measured 218 feet long by 96 feet wide. The building became the first indoor skating rink in this part of the United States.

The building opened on January 1, 1929, with skating displays by the Magic City Amusement Co. (also owned by Whiteside) and the first game of the new Tulsa Oilers, versus the Duluth Hornets. The facility had a seating capacity of 7,500, and boasted a $25,000 organ. The building was sold to Coliseum Corporation at a sheriff's sale in 1942 and later was sold to wrestling promoter Sam Avey in 1944 for $185,000, and it was also known as Avey's Coliseum.

Sam Avey, second owner
Sam Avey, a native of Kingfisher, Oklahoma was promoter of vaudeville shows. He had spent six years with vaudeville companies during the 1910 decade learning the trade. Shortly after the end of WWI, he went on a tour with noted promoter Billy Sandow and his professional wrestling show.

In 1924, Avey moved his family to Tulsa, intending to start a new venture for Sandow. Avey was well aware that the athletic program at Oklahoma A.& M. (now Oklahoma State University) had become notable for training prospective young professional wrestlers, but there was no venue in Oklahoma to stage public matches, which were becoming wildly popular elsewhere in the country. He met up with Whiteside and concluded that Tulsa was ripe and ready for such a venue.

Pro wrestling shows bore little resemblance to Olympic wrestling, the (Greco-Roman) type that A&M students learned. The emphasis was definitely put on showmanship. Its practitioners had outlandish personalities and questionable ethics. Avey first recruited a former A&M star named Leroy McGuirk, who had become the U.S. Junior Heavyweight wrestling champ. Out of town pros jumped at a chance to take down the local favorite, who was a credible opponent. Unfortunately, McGuirk was blinded in an auto accident en route to a match in Little Rock. Avey took him out of the ring, put him to work setting up matches, and gave him a stake in Avey's company. Other notable performers who graced the Coliseum ring included "Killer" Kowalski, "Strangler" Lewis, "Farmer" Jones and Al "Spider" Galento. "Spider was especially popular because he would offer money to any man in the audience who could stay in the ring with him for more than a minute. The cash reward was one dollar a minute and $100 to any volunteer who won.

The Oilers played in the American Hockey Association (AHA) from 1929 (1928–29 season) - 1942, and the United States Hockey League (USHL) from 1945 to 1951. The Oilers first disbanded in 1942, and were revived under the ownership of Avey in 1945. The Oilers disbanded when the USHL disbanded in 1951.

Destruction
Avey also owned the radio station KAKC, and it broadcast from the Coliseum basement. On September 20, 1952, the building caught fire when it was struck by lightning. A later report said that the KAKC antenna, which was located atop the building had attracted the bolt. The building's dry wooden roof accelerated the fire.

There were no events scheduled that night, so only two people were in the building, both KAKC employees. One happened to be outside on break, when the bolt hit. He went back to the basement office, where his co-worker was monitoring a network feed, unaware of what had just happened to their own building. After switching to look at images from the roof top camera, they exited quickly and safely. The first fire alarm was received at 9:31 PM. Two more alarms were turned in later. Within minutes, Tulsa Fire Department responded to the scene with ten fire trucks and 150 fire fighters. A significant number of responders had come from nearby cities, but all efforts subsequently proved futile. Before midnight, the entire roof collapsed into the building, pulling down much of the exterior walls as it fell. It seemed obvious then that the facility was a total loss.

Avey and his wife had gone out that night to a house-warming party for his daughter and son-in-law, so it took a while before one of his employees located him and gave him the bad news over the telephone. He drove to the site and arrived just after the west section of the roof collapsed. He then went home to watch reports on TV, after telling a reporter, "... I've had too many happy memories in that old barn to watch it die."

Police estimated that the raging fire attracted approximately 12,000 spectators as it occurred, and that another 125,000 drove by the next day to view the wreckage. When another reporter asked Avey about the damage estimate, the owner offhandedly said that it would be about one million dollars. Later, a professional estimate showed that replacement of the facility would cost around $2.5 million. Avey could not raise the additional funding, and had to file for bankruptcy. The debris was removed and the property was cleared for conversion into parking lots. The Coliseum was never repaired or replaced.

title: Tulsa Coliseum


text:
Philippa Mareri

Philippa Mareri was born in 1190/1200 and died in 1236. Beatified in 1247, her sanctuary is in Borgo San Pietro, a frazione of Petrella Salto. Her feast day is 16 February. She was the foundress of the monastery of Franciscan Sisters of Saint Philippa Mareri or Poor Clares.

Biography
Philippa Mareri was born towards the end of the 12th century into the noble Mareri family, in the family castle at Borgo San Pietro, situated along the road that ran from Assisi to Rome, in the present-day commune of Petrella Salto. Her brother Thomas Mareri held important positions such as that of Mayor of Forlì, and imperial representative in Romagna and Apulia; He was largely responsible for the founding of the city of L'Aquila. Of prime importance was Philippa’s meeting with Francis of Assisi, who introduced her to the monastic life. Her family tried to prevent this choice, so Philippa fled from home along with some companions and took refuge near Mareri, above the village of Piagge, in what is now called the "Grotto of Saint Filippa", and stayed there about three years, until 1228 when her two brothers gave her the castle with the annexed church of San Pietro de Molito. Philippa moved in with her companions and lived according to the rule of Saint Francis and Saint Clare of Assisi and the nuns of the Church of San Damiano, Assisi. The spiritual care of the monastery was entrusted by Francis to Roger Todi.

Cult

Philippa Mareri died on 16 February 1236 and her tomb became a place of pilgrimage, while there began to be registered many miracles attributed to her intercession. The title of ‘Santa’ (Saint) first appears in a bull of Innocent IV in 1247, just 11 years after her death. In 1706 during an examination of her remains, it was found that her heart was incorrupt. This is preserved today in a silver reliquary, while her other remains are preserved in the monastery of Borgo San Pietro in the Valle del Salto. Today, nearly eight centuries after her death, the devotion to the Philippa and the pilgrimage site has kept on growing not only in her homeland, but also in many other countries and other continents thanks to the initiative of many emigrants from the region. The liturgical Memorial of Philippa Mareri falls on 16 February. She is co-patron of Sulmona.

title: Philippa Mareri


text:
Michaela Pavlíčková

Michaela Pavlíčková (born 27 November 1977 in Prague) is a Czech former basketball player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics. A forward, she attended the University of Denver where she played for its women's basketball team, coming from her last secondary year at Boulder High School in Boulder, Colorado, after moving from Prague. Pavlíčková was drafted in the second round of the 2001 WNBA draft by the Utah Starzz, playing 18 games in two separate seasons for the Starzz and the Phoenix Mercury. After her WNBA stint was over, she moved back to Europe to finish her professional career.

title: Michaela Pavlíčková


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Video games/Newsletter/20120704/Quality content

Changes to Featured and Good content
Summary: In the past quarter the VG project gained 1 featured articles, 1 A-class article, and 12 good articles. In addition, the project lost one featured article and one good article.

Congratulations to the contributing editors!

Editor's note: Would also like to mention Nintendo GameCube became a Featured Picture on March 29 since we failed to mention it last quarter's issue. This was the project's third FP.

April 2012

 * Promoted FA/FL/FP: Bastion (video game)
 * Promoted AA: Dr. Mario
 * Promoted GA: Cave Story, Lure of the Temptress, Mega Man X2, Soft & Cuddly, Virtual Theatre

May 2012

 * Promoted GA: School Days (visual novel), In Cold Blood (video game), Rewrite (visual novel), Broken Sword: The Angel of Death, Tayutama: Kiss on my Deity, Mario Kart: Double Dash!!
 * Demoted FA: The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker
 * Demoted GA: Espio the Chameleon

June 2012

 * Promoted GA: Broken Sword


text:
Zugereister

Noun

 * 1)  someone who has traveled here [and stayed]
 * 2) someone who has moved to a different region and settled there for good, and who speaks German as their first language, but is recognized in the new region by their accent and regarded as "not one of us"

Usage notes
The term is mainly used in rural areas.

Synonyms

 * (in Hamburg)
 * (in Franconia)

title: Zugereister


text:
Wikipedia talk:Move review/Archive 2016

Post-close comments
So, in Move_review/Log/2016_October, User:Diego Moya posted a post-close comment. User:Oknazevad reverted, a little two-move revert war, then User:Salvidrim! (the admin MR closer) page protected.

As User:Diego Moya was replying to a statement made directly to him, he deserve the privilege of being able to reply. However, inside the closed discussion is not the place. Within closed discussions, typo corrections, link corrections, links to follow-up discussions are seen to happen, but to continue discussions post-close is too much.

I believe it is appropriate to make post-close replies outside, below, the collapse box formatting. This makes it clear that the close was made prior to further comments.

If the post-close reply is short and simple, and not demanding of further response, I think it is appropriate to simply post a comment below the archive box. If it is more than that, I would suggest posting post-close comments on the talk page (in this case: Wikipedia talk:Move review/Log/2016 October), and putting pointer to these comments below the archive box.

This sort of thing has been accepted/tolerated at DRV, in several instances. I think it should be, adhering to the following principles:
 * A closed discussion should be preserved to reflect the discussion at the time of close
 * The closing of a formal discussion is not intended to serve as a ban on continued discussion.
 * Project related discussions, such as relating to move reviews, should remain in more or less one place, not fragmented on to user talk pages, or in isolated segments on article talk pages.

If this is not disagreed with, I suggest User:Salvidrim! unprotect the page, and put User:Diego Moya's post-close comment outside and below the collapsed archive box, or on the talk page.

--SmokeyJoe (talk) 23:12, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

 * I would be fine with placing my reply below the discussion instead of inside it. If further comments are made, then it could be continued at the related article's talk page. What I'm poised off is that I couldn't set straight a reply that misrepresented my opinion of the review, merely because of the timing of the close. I don't want the discussion to go archived for future reference with such misunderstanding of my position without being able to even point out that I still had something to clarify; that's why I made my WP:IAR edits. Diego (talk) 23:40, 6 November 2016 (UTC)
 * TBH I don't much care about the validity of post-close comments, I only protected because of the edit warring. ☺ ·  Salvidrim!   ·  ✉  23:57, 6 November 2016 (UTC)
 * And I only reverted because the standard is closed discussions are not supposed to be edited; part of the purpose of the closing templates is to make clear what discussion was examined by the closer to come to their conclusion, and adding things later muddles that. Below the close comments, while still missing the other point of a close (to provide a conclusion to the discussion), don't do that and are better, if still not perfect. oknazevad (talk) 00:30, 7 November 2016 (UTC)
 * well lets allow but discourage post close comments. I do them sometimes when I have the page sitting for a few hours and want to say something, but by the time I click edit, someone has closed the discussion. Having extra comments is pretty harmless, even if useless, and on the talk page may be better. Reverting escalates the comment into conflict. So please don't revert unless there is a real reason the comment should be removed. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 04:35, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

Protected edit request
Add the following at the end of Move review/Log/2016 October, just below the ending tag, per discussion above:

"Reply to Alanscottwalker's last comment in the closed discussion above: My position is not to endorse the close, nor it is to endorse that there's was no consensus about the result; that is your interpretation. My position would be equivalent to the 7th option ('don't relist, yet don't endorse either') at the Typical move review decision options. At no point does the WP:MR page states that 'endorse' and 'overturn' are the only possible positions that commentators may state, so it doesn't make our position to 'do not endorse that this was a proper close' something out of process. Diego (talk) 10:08, 6 November 2016 (UTC)"

I'm posted this request here rather than at Wikipedia talk:Move review/Log/2016 October because it doesn't exist, and here is where the conversation has taken place. Diego (talk) 10:40, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

Diego (talk) 10:40, 7 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:37, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

Reply
Reply to post close comment of Diego: Your post close comment reinforces that you are not here to uphold process but to rather go against process, as you have edit warred to insert a comment not in the closed discussion. You did not cast a !Vote with the words Do not relist, and then you misrepresnt with quotation marks statements that are not elsewhere in the instructions or your ivote, so your now recasting of your ivote is again out-of-process, and demonstrates disdain for process. Alanscottwalker (talk) 12:36, 7 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please continue your discussion elsewhere — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 13:41, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

 * What? What's the reason for not posting this comment on the page but posting his comment? I will wait until the page is unprotected to correct the record, but I do not understand the apparent favoritism you are showing.  Alanscottwalker (talk) 13:52, 7 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Because my request to modify the protected page was made after a consensus was developed at this talk page. This template is expected to be used only when the agreement to make a particular change has been discussed and agreed. I'm not opposed to include your comment there, together with a link to wherever we continue the discussion if that happens; but you should ask for the other editors opinions to do that before placing the edit request. Diego (talk) 14:02, 7 November 2016 (UTC)
 * So, your now answering for MSGJ? Really. Besides as this discussion is now open the request remains unanswered. Alanscottwalker (talk) 14:13, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

- What are you talking about disruptive? Per adminact you have not answered the question on an admin act that shows favoritism. Clearly it was not about a talk page consensus, or you would have said you would post it after you get consensus and you would have done it on the talk page, and as consensus is now present why are you not posting it? Alanscottwalker (talk) 20:07, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

 * If you don't mind, we could continue this conversation either at our talk pages or at Talk:New York. In that case, adding a link to the new place for this conversation at the end of the move review would be needed. And, given that your reply is in the line of wanting to guess on my behavior and intentions rather than on the decision by the closer, I think our talk pages are the most appropriate place. Diego (talk) 13:44, 7 November 2016 (UTC)
 * No. My reply is in direct response to yours and your evidently gross misuse of quotation marks and false claims to upholding process, while you violate process. Alanscottwalker (talk) 13:55, 7 November 2016 (UTC)
 * FYI, those are quotes used for emphasis (i.e. "scare quotes" used "to signal that a term is being used in a non-standard sense"), not quotation of direct speech. I used them to mean that I was paraphrasing the 7th of the Typical move review decision options, that is put in contrast with the not-so-equivalent first option, which also results in a closed discussion without a move, but doesn't endorse the outcome - i.e. exactly the intent of my not-vote at the move review. Diego (talk) 14:10, 7 November 2016 (UTC)
 * So, your excuse, now, is that you were using the words you put in quotes in a non-standard fashion. That is ridiculous and makes no sense - in fact, such a practice is pretty much designed to make no sense (or perhaps to mislead). Thus, the record should be corrected.Alanscottwalker (talk) 15:03, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Move review is not protected, removing from fprot request queue. — xaosflux  Talk 12:59, 10 November 2016 (UTC)
 * No. I did not post it here.  I posted it at the talk page of the protected page.  It was moved here by an admin. Alanscottwalker (talk) 16:28, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Move review/Archive 2016


text:
User:A.Z./The reduction of NPOV to verifiability

This is the second essay that I start, right after "Every user should be able to block other users".

While the other one is an actual attempt to convince other people to change a process of Wikipedia, this one is just a lot of thoughts, not a proposal to merge both policies.


text:
Talk:Doreen Tracey

Birthdate
Please note the OTRS tag on this article. The subject has identified her correct birthdate as April 13th, 1943, not April 3rd. Unfortunately well-meaning editors keep reverting the date, due to IMDB still carrying the typo from The Official Mickey Mouse Handbook — Preceding unsigned comment added by Saratoga Sam (talk • contribs) 17:29, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

Date of Birth
All sources have said she was born on April 3, 1943. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:49, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

Classified as a start
This article has been classified as a start due to its level of detail. Capitalistroadster (talk) 02:06, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:37, 26 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Doreen Tracey.jpg

title: Talk:Doreen Tracey


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pakistan Institute of National Affairs

The result of the debate was delete. Mailer Diablo 01:45, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Pakistan Institute of National Affairs

 * Delete as article on a non-notable organization. Google search yields under 200 results. Topmost being this small article from Wikipedia. -Ambuj Saxena (talk) 05:44, 21 March 2006 (UTC).
 * Delete as non-notable organization -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 06:05, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom unless notability established. Does not assert it, so could maybe be speedied by applying various CSDs per analogiam. Sandstein 06:05, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. --Khoikhoi 08:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even if it were notable, address information does not belong in Wikipedia, and what would be left then would be a useless sub-stub. - Andre Engels 08:48, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Per nom. Nigelthefish 16:26, 21 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories

Additional sources for consideration
—  C M B J  14:28, 13 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Safety Problem: A Lab's Troubles Raise Doubts About Quality Of Drug Tests in U.S.; IBT Flunks Federal Exam, Loses Clients, and Causes A Furor in the Industry; Were There Deliberate Slips? Safety Problem: A Lab's Troubles Raise Doubts About Drug Testing. The Wall Street Journal (February 21, 1978, p. 1)
 * Sacramento Bee, October 1983
 * Doctor denies knowledge of faked lab data. Chicago Tribune. (September 15, 1983)
 * EPA study finds that 2/3 of all tests conducted by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories to establish safety of 212 pesticides and herbicides now on market are invalid. The New York Times (May 12, 1983, p. 1)
 * Pesticides Fact Book
 * 'Tested' pesticides' safety still in doubt. Chicago Tribune (May 3, 1981, p. B13)
 * Faulty data put pesticide safety in doubt. Chicago Sun-Times (March 17, 1991)
 * HARVEST OF POISON THE CHEMICALS IN OUR FOOD LAX REGULATIONS CITED BY CRITICS. Albany Times Union (May 17, 1987)
 * "Fraud...Again!" Boston Globe (June 1, 1983, p.7)
 * Since the Giant Fell. Linda Garmon. Sci. News, Vol 120 #1. (July 4, 1981)
 * Decision and Emergency Order Suspending the Registrations of All Pesticide Products Containing Dinoseb, 51 Fed. Reg. 36,634, 36,634 (Oct. 14, 1986)

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:08, 13 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tunisia men's national under-16 and under-17 basketball team

The result was procedural close. Nominated at Articles for deletion/Ethiopia men's national under-16 basketball team; no need for separate AfDs. (non-admin closure)  J 947(c) (m) 03:30, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

Tunisia men's national under-16 and under-17 basketball team

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

See Articles for deletion/Ethiopia men's national under-16 basketball team  Schwede 66  19:17, 21 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Dinah Christie

Date of birth
I rv the date of birth as unconfirmed. The year (1942) appears to be supported by the GRO of England and Wales (https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=BMD/B/1942/4/AZ/000201/085), but the birth was registered in the last quarter of 1942, which makes it almost inconceivable that she could have been born 29 December, two days before the registration closed, and still have had birth registered in the last quarter of 1942, during the war and bank holidays. Births even in late November (Hermione Baddeley, Cathleen Nesbitt) and early December (i.e. Liz Smith, Lynn Fontanne, Hermione Gingold) have all traditionally been registered in the first quarter of the next year. Quis separabit? 13:47, 20 March 2014 (UTC) "First name(s) 	DINAH B Last name 	CHRISTIE Birth year 	1942 Birth quarter 	4 Registration month 	- Mother's last name 	Syme District 	Hammersmith County 	London Country 	England Volume 	1A Page 	284 Record set 	England & Wales Births 1837-2006 Category 	Birth, Marriage, Death & Parish Records Subcategory 	Civil Births Collections from 	Great Britain, England." Quis separabit? 16:03, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dinah Christie


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Alpha Diagana

Alpha Diagana (born 5 November 1993) is a Mauritanian sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha, Qatar. He competed in the preliminary round and he did not advance to compete in the heats.

title: Alpha Diagana


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Francesco Accolti

Francesco Accolti (c. 1416 – 1488), also called Francesco d'Arezzo, was an Italian jurist. The brother of Benedetto Accolti, he professed jurisprudence at Bologna from 1440 to 1445, and afterwards at Ferrara, Siena, and Pisa.

He possessed a strong understanding and powerful eloquence. The distinction which he acquired was so great, that he flattered himself with the expectation of obtaining a cardinal's hat, on the accession of Sixtus IV to the pontifical throne; and when it was refused him, the pope though it necessary to accompany the refusal with this complimentary apology: "I would gladly have granted you the honor, had I not feared, that your preferment, by removing you from your school, would have hindered the progress of science." The reputation of Accolti was tarnished by the parsimony with which he amassed vast treasures. He wrote several treatises on law, and translated some of the writings of Chrysostom.

title: Francesco Accolti


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User:Nademcenter/sandbox

3rd Nepal Emergency Medicine International Conference 13-19 April 2015 Kathmandu, Nepal Present to the future for Emergency Medicine National and International Emergency Medicine Experts and Other Specialist for Present to the future for Emergency Medicine in Nepal Distinguished Guest Speakers from Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United State of America, Singapore, Germany, India, China, Nepal and much more……. Emergency Medicine + Emergency Nursing + Emergency Paramedics + Disaster Medicine Original Research Paper – Oral and Poster presentation 3rd NEM International Conference – A week for Emergency Medicine Festive in Kathmandu Valley 13 April 2015: Documentation and design of uniform ED form in Nepal – Possibility and Challenge 14 April 2015: Emergency Nursing – Importance and development in Nepal 15 April 2015: Emergency Paramedics – Importance and development in Nepal 16 April 2015: Toxicology Training for Emergency Physicians, Doctors, Nurses and Paramedics 17 April 2015: Toxicology Training for Emergency Physicians, Doctors, Nurses and Paramedics 18 April 2015: 3rd NEM International Conference + Emergency Advanced Airway Workshop 19 April 2015: 3rd NEM International Conference + Emergency Nerve Block Workshop Welcome in Himalayan Country, Simply the Natural- Nepal. For registration details<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and further more on www.nadem.org.np For travel in Nepal<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and further more on www.sworna.com Log on www.facebook.com/ncemnepal for more activities of NADEM, NCEM & EDoC Service.

The Organizer

Dr. Ramesh Kumar Maharjan, MD, DM EM Emergency Physician Coordinator 3rd NEMIC 2015 www.nadem.org.np www.facebook.com/ncemnepal

title: User:Nademcenter/sandbox


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User:DAVID IFEANYI NWORAH/sandbox

David Nworah
David Ifeanyi Nworah (born 18 October, 1994),is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Morocco team Olympique Club Safi <> <>

David Nworah was the captain of the national team at U-17 level in 2010/11, scored a goal in 4 international games.

David Nworah was call-up to the Nigeria Dream Team U23 2015 but wasn't released by his team Olympique Club De <>

Reference

 * africanfootball.com/news/489226/Nigeria-U23-call-up-excites-Onduku
 * www.transfermarkt.co.uk/david-nworah/profil/spieler/362290
 * www.footballzz.com/player.php?id=247226

title: User:DAVID IFEANYI NWORAH/sandbox


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Cookbook:Rice Pilaf

| Rice

Rice pilaf can be served as a side-dish or main dish.

Ingredients

 * 6 tbsp butter or margarine
 * ½ cup uncooked orzo pasta or uncooked vermicelli pasta broken into small pieces
 * 2 cups uncooked long grain rice
 * 4 cups boiling-hot chicken broth
 * ¼ tsp salt
 * 4 cloves of garlic
 * 1 big onion, finely chopped
 * 2 carrots, diced small

Procedure

 * 1) Melt butter or margarine in heavy deep pan or Dutch oven over medium heat.
 * 2) Add vegetables and let them be lightly cooked without coloring; using the vegetables would mean you omit the orzo pasta.
 * 3) Add orzo pasta (or small broken pieces of vermicelli pasta) and cook, stirring constantly until pasta is golden brown.
 * 4) Add rice and stir until rice is well coated with butter. Allow rice to simmer in butter for a minute or two.
 * 5) Add boiling chicken broth and salt.
 * 6) Lower heat to a simmer, cover pan and cook 25 minutes over low heat until liquid is absorbed.
 * 7) Gently fluff with a fork. Let stand for 15–20 minutes before serving.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Substitute an equal amount of vegetable broth for the chicken broth to create a vegetarian version of this recipe.
 * Substitute orzo with pine nuts if desired; this is traditionally done in Lebanon.

title: Cookbook:Rice Pilaf


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Moree Champion

The Moree Champion, previously published as the North West Champion, is a bi-weekly English language newspaper published in the Shire of Moree, New South Wales, Australia. The newspaper was first published in 1912. It is published each Tuesday and Thursday and is distributed throughout the north west region of New South Wales.

History
The paper was first published in 1912 as the North West Champion. In 1968, the newspaper was the first provincial press to convert from letterpress printing to high resolution web offset printing. The newspaper's proprietor, Harry Sullivan, commemorated the change with a new title. On 21 March 1968, the Moree Champion, Vol. 1, No. 1, new series, was published as a sixty four page issue containing some sections in colour.

Digitisation
The paper has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program hosted by the National Library of Australia in cooperation with the State Library of New South Wales.

title: Moree Champion


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2018–19 UEFA Nations League C

The 2018–19 UEFA Nations League C was the third division of the 2018–19 edition of the UEFA Nations League, the inaugural season of the international football competition involving the men's national teams of the 55 member associations of UEFA.

Format
League C consisted of 15 UEFA members ranked from 25 to 39, which were split into four groups (one group of three and three groups of four). The top two teams of each group were promoted to the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League B, and the bottom four ranked teams were initially relegated to the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League D (the bottom teams of Group 2, 3, and 4, along with the lowest ranked third-placed team of League C). However, following UEFA announcement of format changes for the next edition's groups in September 2019, none of the 2018–19 League C teams were relegated to League D.

In addition, League C was allocated one of the four remaining UEFA Euro 2020 places. The play-off berths were first allocated to each Nations League group winner, and if any of the group winners had already qualified for the European Championship finals, then to the next best-ranked team of the league, etc. As Finland already qualified for the European Championship finals through regular qualifiers and 11 teams in League A did the same, the seven best-ranked teams from League C competed in the play-offs, played in October and November 2020.

Seeding
Teams were allocated to League C according to their UEFA national team coefficients after the conclusion of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying group stage on 11 October 2017. Teams were split into four pots (three pots of four teams and one pot of the three lowest teams), ordered based on their UEFA national team coefficient. The group with three teams contained teams only from pots 1, 2, and 3. The seeding pots for the draw were announced on 7 December 2017.

The group draw took place at the SwissTech Convention Center in Lausanne, Switzerland on 24 January 2018, 12:00 CET. Due to winter venue restrictions, a group could only contain a maximum of two of the following teams: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania.

Groups
The fixture list was confirmed by UEFA on 24 January 2018 following the draw.

Times are CET/CEST, as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses).

Overall ranking
The 15 League C teams were ranked 25th to 39th overall in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League according to the following rules:
 * The teams finishing first in the groups will be ranked 25th to 28th according to the results of the league phase, not considering results against the fourth-placed teams.
 * The teams finishing second in the groups will be ranked 29th to 32nd according to the results of the league phase, not considering results against the fourth-placed teams.
 * The teams finishing third in the groups will be ranked 33rd to 36th according to the results of the league phase, not considering results against the fourth-placed teams.
 * The teams finishing fourth in the groups will be ranked 37th to 39th according to the results of the league phase, considering all results.

Prize money
The prize money to be distributed was announced in March 2018. Each team in League C received a solidarity fee of €750,000. In addition, the four group winners received double this amount with a €750,000 bonus fee. This meant that the maximum amount of solidarity and bonus fees for a team from League C was €1.5 million.

Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs
The seven best teams in League C according to the overall ranking that did not qualify for UEFA Euro 2020 through the qualifying group stage competed in the play-offs, with the winners qualifying for the final tournament.

title: 2018–19 UEFA Nations League C


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User:Conrad.Irwin

Todo
Things I may or may not do in the future possibly - feel free to add to the list, or rearrange it - or even better do some of this for me.

 * Refactor creation.js to use the new page count hack, and to be generally nicer (maybe just remove all of the generalizations [if statements] and have specific case switches for every possibility).

 * Finish going through Category:Phobias and removing "mention-only" words to Appendix:Invented phobias.

 * Some form of User input wizard/ Wiktionary syntax checker javascript prototype.
 * Create more flexible and robust hiding mechanisms, to keep Atelaes from crying.

Publicising small magic
A few little templates I made that do small things - but that I think should be used more ;)

 * For splitting long discussions.

 * to provide the type of page of maintenance templates.
 * gives a tab as might be found at the top of the monobook skin

title: User:Conrad.Irwin


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nonmetrical

Adjective

 * 1)  Without the constraints of a metronome; not played or sung with a strict underlying rhythmic method.

title: nonmetrical


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Parish Church of Our Lady of the Rosary

The Parish Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (Igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora do Rosário) is a 17th-century Roman Catholic church in Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil. Its construction began in the late 17th century and was completed in the 1750s, likely in 1754. The church was listed as a historic structure by National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 1939. The church is dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary and is constructed in the Baroque style.

History
Construction of Parish Church of Our Lady of the Rosary began at the end of the late 17th century and continued into the next century. Funding for the church came from the local population and the Portuguese crown. King John V of Portugal donated eight thousand cruzados for the construction of the main chapel, sacristy, and an administrative office, the casa de fábrica for its administrator, Francisco Amorim da Silva. Tile panels were installed in 1750.

A commission, which consisted of an engineer, bricklayer, and carpenter, surveyed the building in 1754 and found the construction of the church to be satisfactory, but at a cost that exceeded the donation of the crown. Francisco Amorim da Silva's request for reimbursement by the Treasury was granted in the same year, implying that construction of the church was completed per instructions of the Portuguese colonial government.

The church was the scene of bloody struggles by groups divided over its administration in 1842.

Location
The Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary forms a small block between Ana Nery Street and 13 de Maio Square in the lower part of the city. It was built in close proximity to the much smaller Chapel of Our Lady of Help (Capela de Nossa Senhora da Ajuda), which sits above the church on the Ladeira da Ajuda. The church is located close to the banks of the Paraguaçu River and has been subject to flooding. Its main façade faces Ana Nery Street to the east and provides a clear view to the interior of the city. The church tower provides a view of the city of Cachoeira and parts of São Felix, which is located on opposite bank of the Paraguaçu River. The church is part of the Historical Center of Cachoeira.

Structure
The church has a rectangular plan with a single nave. It has two side aisles superposed by tribunes and a cross sacristy; these are features common to churches of the period. It has walls of mixed masonry of stone and brick. The design of the frontispiece was inspired by two churches: that of the Church of Saint Bartolomeu in neighboring Maragogipe and the Church of Santo Antônio da Barra in Salvador. The portal of the church is of richly carved lioz stone with within three arches.

The frontispiece is flanked by two towers with pyramidal towers; they are glazed in tile in a distinctive zig-zag pattern, an element common to the Seminary of Belém, also in Cachoeira; the churches of Boa Viagem and Santa Casa de Misericórdia both in Salvador, and the Convent of Saint Antonio in the municipality of São Francisco do Conde. The church interior is richly decorated with numerous azulejos measuring 4 meter high. They are among the most important in Brazil and are typical of those produced in Lisbon in the 1750s.

The ceiling of the nave is of wood and painted in the Italian trompe-l'œil illusionist style; they were executed by José Joaquim da Rocha. Medallions are also painted in choir and sacristy areas. Carving work in the church from the 18th century is seen in the sacristy, pulpits, and tribunes. Other carvings date to a 19th-century renovation of the church in the Neoclassical style.

Carvings of lioz, a stone imported from Portugal, covers parts of the interior; this is an element common to 18th-century churches in Salvador, notably the churches of Pilar, Conceição da Praia and Lapa. Lioz carvings are found in the baptismal font, two seashell basins, and the stairway of the presbytery, and a lavabo with carvings of dolphins.

Protected status
The Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary was listed as a historic structure by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage in 1939. It was listed in the Book of Historical Works no 198.

title: Parish Church of Our Lady of the Rosary


text:
Yelunino

Yelunino (Елунино) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Yeluninsky Selsoviet, Pavlovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 676 as of 2013. There are 12 streets.

Geography
Yelunino is located 14 km north of Pavlovsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Borovikovo and Pavlovsk are the nearest rural localities.

title: Yelunino


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User:Arsalahmed786/sandbox

Waqar Zaka's info here isn't correct i'm submitting right information but they ain't accepting it.

How can i remove missleading information from wikipedia?

title: User:Arsalahmed786/sandbox


text:
karyology

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  The study of the nuclei of cells, especially with regard to the chromosomes which they contain.
 * 2)  The characteristics of a particular cellular nucleus or group of nuclei, or of the chromosomes therein.

title: karyology


text:
Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute

The Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute was founded in 1872 and is located in the town of Geisenheim, in Germany's Rheingau region. In 1876 Swiss-born professor Hermann Müller joined the institute, where he developed his namesake grape variety Müller-Thurgau, which became Germany's most-planted grape variety in the 1970s. Professor Helmut Becker worked at the institute from 1964 until his death in 1989.

Academic Grade
Geisenheim is the only German institution to award higher academic degrees in winemaking. Formally, undergraduate level viticulture and enology, ending with a bachelor's degree in engineering is awarded by the University of Applied Sciences in Wiesbaden, and the newly introduced master's degree is awarded by the Giessen University.

Breeds

 * White: Müller-Thurgau, Arnsburger, Ehrenfelser, Saphira, Reichensteiner, Ehrenbreitsteiner, Prinzipal, Osteiner, Witberger, Schönburger, Primera, Rabaner, Hibernal
 * Red: Rotberger, Dakapo
 * Improvements: Rondo, Orléans, Dunkelfelder

title: Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute


text:
Respublika (Lithuanian newspaper)

Respublika is a right-wing Lithuanian newspaper, published since September 16, 1989. Since January 7, 1991, it has published a Russian language edition (Республика).

In 1993 one of the founders, deputy editor-in-chief, and investigative journalist Vitas Lingys was shot to death in Vilnius after several death threats. Lingys wrote about organized crime and published several revealing stories about "Vilnius Brigade" crimes. Boris Dekanidze was found guilty of this crime and sentenced to death. He became the last person to be executed in July 1995 before the death sentence was abolished.

According to the TNS Gallup data, Respublika publication group used to be dominating in the country's press market. Newspaper by Respublika publication group (dailies Respublika (Lithuanian and Russian), Vakaro žinios, Šiaulių kraštas and Vakarų ekspresas) were read in average by 79.2% of all newspaper readers in early 2008. It became a weekly newspaper, rather than daily one starting from 2014. According to the Lithuanian influencer and a former advisor to the Prime Minister of Lithuania Skirmantas Malinauskas who worked in the newspaper for a short time in the past, Respublika.lt falls out of the top 15 of the most readable Lithuanian portals as of 2022.

Circulation of Lithuanian edition of Respublika reached 38,000 copies on Mondays–Thursdays and 55,000 copies on Fridays–Saturdays in 2005. In March 2007 26-year-old Ramunė Vaičiulytė became Respublika's first female editor-in-chief.

Content
In 2006, the paper published a story that called former Israeli general and Soviet partisan Yitzhak Arad a "war criminal" for his alleged role in the Koniuchy massacre which was perpetrated by anti-Nazi Soviet partisans. As a result, the Lithuanian state prosecutor initiated an investigation of Arad. However, following an international outcry, the investigation was dropped in the fall of 2008.

The newspaper republished few fake news about the Covid vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as a claim that vaccines killed more Israelis than the Covid virus would have killed without vaccines, quoting an institute named after Robert F. Kennedy Jr. From 2021 and 2022 the newspaper was a vocal supporter of the Great Family Defence March, a nationalist euroskeptic movement fighting against the ratification of Istanbul Convention, LGBT rights and vaccine passports.

The newspaper further gained notoriety when it kept criticizing Lithuanian foreign policy of supporting Ukraine after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The newspaper took a sympathetic stance towards the Russian government. As a result, two biggest retail chains in Lithuania (Rimi Baltic and Iki) and the Lithuanian Post stopped distributing the newspaper Respublika and its filial tabloid Vakaro žinios.

title: Respublika (Lithuanian newspaper)


text:
Template:Colonel/doc

Usage
Apply this template to the user talk page of someone who has said something that is far too silly and needs to stop now before they really make a fool of themselves. This template is intended for humorous use only!

title: Template:Colonel/doc


text:
Film editing/Understanding "L-Cuts"/What is

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #ffffaa; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | Editing the picture and the audio differently
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #fffff0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #fffff0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

Who's in charge?

 * Definition of conversation
 * The definition of a conversation is two or more people talking back and forth, back and forth without any pauses.  When this happens, the rules of film editing change.

 * In an action sequence, the editing is done based on the visual image (the picture). But when you have a conversation, things change.  The picture is no longer important.

 * Sound vs. Picture
 * In a conversation, the most important thing is the words. The words must flow naturally or the audience gets very upset.

 * If the picture looks bad in a conversation, people call it art. But if the dialog sounds bad, people complain.

 * Natural rhythm
 * When people talk, there is a natural rhythm. Back and forth, back and forth.

 * In a conversation, sound is the most important element. This sound must have a natural rhythm.

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"|

What are 'L-Cuts"?

 * Editing audio and video separately
 * In a conversation, the audio and the picture are usually busy doing different things. Therefore, it is only natural that the audio edits and the video edits do not happen at the same point in time.

 * This is called an "L-Cut" because, if you look at the timeline, the edit looks like an "L". (Well, sort of!)

 * How to add an "L-Cut
 * If you try to figure out exactly how to edit the picture and the audio separately at the same time, you will go bonkers (nuts, crazy, insane, etc.) It gets very complicated.  Some editors like to do this but I do not recommend this.

 * At the Star Movie Shop, they never edit the audio and the picture at the same time. Instead, they start with the most important element which is audio.  This makes editing so much easier!!!!

 * More than just separate edits
 * "L-Cuts" are more than just separate edits of the picture and the audio. "L-Cuts" also create emotion.

 * This lesson shows you how to create "L-Cuts" for a conversation and then tries to explain the different emotions that you can create with "L-Cuts".

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The next page

 * "L-Cuts" are a trick. But this trick only works at certain times.  When can you use "L-Cuts"?

 * When are "L-Cuts" allowed [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]]

 * }


text:
Using Firefox/Extensions

Extensions are small add-ons that add new functionality to Firefox, but should not be confused with plug-ins.

In Firefox, add-ons is a general term that in Firefox is applied to extensions proper, themes, userscripts, userstyles, service workers, plug-ins, spellcheckers and language packs. Extensions rely on built-in frameworks and API s within Firefox, and are integrated into the browser after installation. Whereas plug-ins, such as Adobe Flash, use programming not native to Firefox, and are usually embedded into a web page only when said page contains code that requires Flash to be loaded.

Extensions that use the legacy XPCOM, XUL, and JetPack frameworks, are supported until Firefox 56.0. These are known both as legacy extensions, and legacy versions of Firefox, respectively. In late 2018, Mozilla ceased support for XUL-based extensions, and no longer hosts them, though various ways of obtaining legacy extensions still exist.

WebExtensions were initially supported in Firefox 48.0, and beginning with Firefox 57.0, only WebExtensions are supported.

What can extensions do
Extensions can add anything from a toolbar button to a completely new feature. They allow the browser to be customized to fit the personal needs of each user, if they need additional features, while Firefox proper remains relatively unadorned.

Many links herein will not necessarily point to a specific extension, but rather to general links at the Mozilla Addons.

Mozilla Addons
Most extensions for Firefox, SeaMonkey, Thunderbird, and derivatives are available at the Mozilla Addons site, which hosts well over a thousand extensions. The great number of addons may make it difficult for people to find what they want.

Mozilla Addons has easy-to-use pages linking to extensions by category, popularity, or recommended status.

There are many themes available, which make Firefox more attractive. The most popular themes are listed here.

Mozilla once launched Fashion Your Firefox, an easy-to-use service for users who didn't want to go through the entire library of addons to choose just a few good ones based on what they use Firefox for. Fashion Your Firefox has since long been discontinued.

The below sections herein provide links to specific extension categories at Mozilla Addons — this means that the information will stay up-to-date.

Alternative sources
Since Mozilla no longer hosts legacy extensions, then their installers in the form of XPI files are still available from a number of places:
 * back-ups by various open-source volunteers;
 * occasional mirrors of Mozilla Addons FTP site;
 * the developers' own websites, or original web resources (MozDev, GitHub); and
 * at the Internet Archive WayBack Machine.

The Internet Archive serves as the resource closest-possible to the original Mozilla Addons site, and hosts most extensions' description and version pages. If an extension page was archived before October/November 2018 (inclusive), then it's mostly functional, too, such as showing if an extension is compatible with the visiting browser.

The requirement to see an extension's archived pages is to know its original address at the Mozilla Addons site. This can be found out from an extant extension's install information in a browser, or by searching the Internet using the addon's name.

If the "Add to Firefox" button on the archived page of an extension, or in its versions page is active (usually coloured green), then clicking the button may redirect the user to the extension's installer (XPI) file, but not always. The workaround is to right-click on the "Add to Firefox" button, and open the button's link (that directs to an XPI file) in a new tab. This would lead to a couple of redirects to the correct XPI file. Note also, that you'll have to allow installation of extensions from web.archive.org in an extension install notification window.

Not all extension installers are available from the WayBack Machine, due to not having been archived when they were originally available.

Alternative, and in some cases, more technical download sources of extensions for Firefox are available at XULRunner Hall of Fame at MozDev, at mirror.umd.edu, and at http://ftp.metu.edu.tr.

Content blocking

 * Adblock Plus — Blocks or hides advertisements and other annoyances from web pages, while still retaining the correct page format. It is designed around blocklists, and allows you to block flash and image banners built into the web page, as well as scripts. You add your own filters using wildcards (*) for simple custom filters, or regular expressions for advanced ones. Adblock Plus automatically downloads a pre-set blocklist, and provides additional lists of blocklists to enable and download, based on region or function (such as cryptominers).

 * Flashblock — A legacy Firefox add-on to easily block Flash, Silverlight, and HTML5 animations. The initial Flash file in each embed does get downloaded, but its animations are replaced with a click-to-play icon. Additional downloads via Flash are won't be initialised either.

Download Tools

 * DownThemAll! — Easily manage downloads while accelerating them as well.
 * Video DownloadHelper — Download video and audio files — Flash Video (.flv) files from sites like YouTube, MP3 files, and more.

E-mail and social

 * Cookiepie — An extension to handle multiple web accounts simultaneously, opening many Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail accounts in different tabs on the same browser. This extension is currently unmaintained.

 * All the below links are very outdated, with the last update made on 14 July 2013, which makes the newest links nearly seven years old as of January 2020. They are displayed here for historical purposes.

 * StumbleUpon — Lets you 'stumble upon' websites that have been recommended ("thumbed up") by friends and community members with interests similar to your own. See also StumbleUpon website.

Themes

 * Vista-aero — A theme for Firefox meant to look like Internet Explorer 7 in Windows Vista, with Aero-like visual effects.

Miscellaneous

 * BBCode — Enables you to quickly and easily insert various BBCode tags in editable textboxes from the context menu. Very handy for customizing posts on forums.

 * ChatZilla — A simple, straightforward Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client.

 * FoxyTunes — Adds media player controls within Firefox. Currently supports many different music players across multiple platforms.

 * FasterFox — A simple-to-use performance and network tweaker. Fasterfox allows you to change certain setting to make Firefox load pages more quickly, depending on your computer speed and Internet connection.

 * Wikipedia — Provides text formatting options in the context menu for use on wiki sites based on Mediawiki, such as Wikipedia and Wikibooks.

Mouse gestures

 * All-in-one mouse gestures — Enables you to use the mouse for a wide variety of customizable shortcuts.

Navigation

 * Linkification — Injects CSS on the fly making text URLs clickable with the default option to suppress referrer information.

 * Paste & Go — Lets you paste a URL from the clipboard and directly load it.

News

 * Sage — A lightweight RSS and Atom feed aggregator. Very useful for viewing news from many sites.

Page Display

 * Image Zoom — Adds zoom functionality for images. Functionality is also included in the Mouse Gestures extension.

Personal information management

 * Calculator — A simple calculator extension.

 * Calculator — An advanced calculator extension.

 * Calendar — An iCal compatible Calendar for Firefox. You can download calendars for your favourite sports teams, etc., from iCal Share

 * Quick Note — A note taking extension with advanced features.

Search tools

 * termBlaster — Lets you search selected text using search engines selected by context menu. It comes with 110+ search engines from encyclopedias to translators to web-search engines organized in folders.

 * Dictionary Search — Looks up selected word in a (customizable) online dictionary. Functionality is also included in the SmartSearch extension, which lacks the 4 search limitation.

 * Googlebar — The Google Toolbar for Firefox. Additionally, Googlebar Lite provides a simpler interface (which is recommended for new users).

 * Groowe Search Toolbar — Groowe Search Toolbar bundles Google toolbar, Yahoo, Ask Jeeves, Teoma, Amazon, Download.com and others. The application is available for Internet Explorer as well.

Tabs and windows

 * Focus Last Selected Tab — Brings focus to the last selected tab when closing the active tab. Functionality is also included in the TabMix extension.

 * Session Saver — Saves the open tabs when closing the browser, and restores them upon restarting it. Functionality is also included in the TabMix extension.

 * Single Window — A simple extension that allows Mozilla to fully utilize the built-in tabbed browsing behavior. Traps links that would normally open in a new window. Functionality is also included in the TabMix extension.

 * Tabbrowser Preferences — Enables enhanced control for tabbed browsing. Most functionality is also included in the TabMix extension. Recommended for users who would like to change the way tabs behave in Firefox.

 * TabMixPlus An extension that allows considerable customisation in the use of tabs and windows as well as a "restore" function that is as useful (or better) then the built in FireFox one.

 * Undoclosetab — Reopen a closed tab. Functionality is also included in the TabMix, SessionSaver, and Mouse Gestures extensions.

title: Using Firefox/Extensions


text:
Shadowserver Foundation

Shadowserver Foundation is a nonprofit security organization that gathers and analyzes data on malicious Internet activity (including malware, botnets, and computer fraud), sends daily network reports to subscribers, and works with law enforcement organizations around the world in cybercrime investigations. Established in 2004 as a "volunteer watchdog group," it liaises with national governments, CSIRTs, network providers, academic institutions, financial institutions, Fortune 500 companies, and end users to improve Internet security, enhance product capability, advance research, and dismantle criminal infrastructure. Shadowserver provides its data at no cost to national CSIRTs (by geo code) and network owners (according to their network space).

Funding
In early 2020, Cisco, which has been the primary funder for 15 years, announced they would be withdrawing their funding. In late May 2020 it was announced that the Shadowserver Foundation had received funding from various sources to enable “the group to continue in a more sustainable way without becoming dependent on a single backer again.” Funding now comes from donations, grants, projects, and/or supportive organisations can join the Shadowserver Alliance

Data collection
Shadowserver scans the IPv4 Internet over 100 times per day. It harvests data on malware, spam, bots, and botnets using large-scale sensor networks of honeypots and honeyclients placed throughout the world. It uses sinkholes to collect data on bots and DDOS attacks. It also receives additional malware and sinkhole data from governments, industry partners, and law enforcement agencies that have established reciprocal data-sharing agreements with Shadowserver.

Data analysis
Shadowserver stores raw malware data permanently in its repository. As new data are collected, Shadowserver analyzes them using thousands of virtual sandboxes and hundreds of bare metal sandboxes. It regularly re-analyzes raw data previously collected. The results of these analyses are stored in the organization's analysis cluster.

Network reporting
Shadowserver sends free daily network reports to users who have subscribed to them. The reports contain all the data that Shadowserver has collected and analyzed about any suspicious activity it was able to detect within the specific networks or regions for which the subscriber is responsible. For example, a national government might receive data aggregated by geo-spatial coordinates defined by latitude and longitude, while an international network provider might receive data filtered by ASN.

Investigation support
Shadowserver liaises with security organizations, national governments, and CSIRTs to dismantle global cybercrime networks; for example, it worked with the FBI, Europol, and Interpol to take down the Avalanche network in 2016. It also helps law enforcement partners to develop strategies against cyber security threats and to mitigate threats as they emerge, focusing on cases that involve criminal abuse of the Internet’s infrastructure.

title: Shadowserver Foundation


text:
User:Roadrunner~enwikiversity/Paper drafts

Here are some paper drafts, that I am working on.

 * Critique of Elenanor Fox's working paper on local protectionism and the anti-monopoly law
 * Toward a theory of corporate governance in China's socialist market economy
 * Global Imbalances: The Best of All Possible Worlds
 * Valuation of options using lottery ticket securities
 * Valuation of Renminbi options using a flucutation-dissipation model
 * Undergraduate education: A systems approach
 * Global imbalances: What is the endgame?
 * Passion and international law: A social constructivist approach


text:
Trigonometry/Double-Angle Formulas

Double angle formulae for cos and sine:

 * $$\cos(2a)=2\cos^2(a)-1$$

 * $$\sin(2a)=2\cos(a)\sin(a)$$

What Are the Double-Angle Formulae?
The Double-Angle formulas express the cosine and sine of twice an angle in terms of the cosine and sine of the original angle. We are going to derive them from the addition formulas for sine and cosine. The formulae are:
 * $$\cos(2a)=2\cos^2(a)-1$$

and
 * $$\sin(2a)=2\cos(a)\sin(a)$$

It is well worth practising the derivation so that you can do it quickly and easily. Then you will not need to remember the formulae, since you can get them quickly from the addition formulas for sine and cosine. It is also good to practice the derivation because being more fluent with the algebra will make you better at other algebra used with trigonometry.

Did we make a typo in these formulae? Check they at least make sense.
 * We know that $$\sin(0)=0$$ and $$\cos(0)=1$$ . Try those values out. Do the formulae work?
 * $$-1\le\cos(\theta)\leq 1$$ and $$-1\le\sin(\theta)\le 1$$ . Are the formulae consistent with that?
 * Make up your own additional 'spot check' to check the formulae

If we put $$\alpha=2a$$ we immediately get
 * $$\cos(\alpha)=2\cos^2\bigl(\tfrac{\alpha}{2}\bigr)-1$$

Check it. Do you agree? Or rearranging:
 * $$\cos\bigl(\tfrac{\alpha}{2}\bigr)=\sqrt\frac{\cos(\alpha)+1}{2}$$

So, if we know the cosine of $$90^\circ$$ (we do, it is zero), we can compute the cosine of $$45^\circ$$ and $$22.5^\circ$$ and $$11.25^\circ$$ and so on.
 * $$\cos(45^\circ)=\sqrt\frac{\cos(90^\circ)+1}{2}=\sqrt\frac{1}{2}$$

 * $$\cos(22.5^\circ)=\sqrt\frac{\cos(45^\circ)+1}{2}=\sqrt\frac{\sqrt\frac{1}{2}+1}{2}$$

 * $$\cos(11.25^\circ)=\sqrt\frac{\cos(22.5^\circ)+1}{2}=\sqrt\frac{\sqrt\frac{\sqrt\frac{1}{2}+1}{2}+1}{2} $$

Proofs for Double Angle Formulae
We'll prove the double angle formulae from the addition formulae. Recall that:
 * $$\cos(a+b)=\cos(a)\cos(b)-\sin(a)\sin(b)$$

Putting $$b=a$$ in the above formula yields:

 * $$\cos(2a)$$
 * $$=\cos(a+a)$$
 * $$=\cos(a)\cos(a)-\sin(a)\sin(a)$$
 * $$=\cos^2(a)-\sin^2(a)$$
 * }
 * $$=\cos^2(a)-\sin^2(a)$$
 * }
 * $$=\cos^2(a)-\sin^2(a)$$
 * }

So:
 * $$\cos(2a)=\cos^2(a)-\sin^2(a)$$

Compare this with the "Pythagorean Theorem" expressed in terms of sine and cosine. Notice the double angle formula above has a minus not a plus, otherwise it would be saying $$\cos(2a)=1$$, which would mean cos was 1 for all values of t, which we know is not true.

In terms of just cosine or just sine
The formula
 * $$\cos(2a)=\cos^2(a)-\sin^2(a)$$

isn't yet quite where we want it. We want to get rid of the sine term and express it all in terms of cosine. To do that we use the disguised "Pythagorean Theorem".
 * $$\cos^2(a)+\sin^2(a)=1$$

which is the same as:
 * $$-\sin^2(a)=\cos^2(a)-1$$

so
 * $$\cos(2a)=\cos^2(a)-\sin^2(a)=\cos^2(a)+\cos^2(a)-1=2\cos^2(a)-1$$

so
 * $$\cos(2a)=2\cos^2(a)-1$$

which is what we wanted.

We could, if we had preferred, have used the disguised Pythagorean theorem to replace the $$\cos^2(a)$$ in terms of $$\sin^2(a)$$

Do that now, in other words express:
 * $$\cos(2a)$$

in terms of $$\sin(a)$$
 * Check your answer, particularly to make sure that you have all the minus signs right.

Double angle formula for sine
Now we will get the double angle formula for sine, this time using the addition formula for sine.
 * $$\sin(a+b)=\sin(a)\cos(b)+\sin(b)\cos(a)$$

Check that we've quoted the addition formula correctly, and then put $$b=a$$ in the above

So:
 * $$\sin(2a)$$
 * $$=\sin(a+a)$$
 * $$=\sin(a)\cos(a)+\sin(a)\cos(a)$$
 * $$=2\cos(a)\sin(a)$$
 * }
 * $$=2\cos(a)\sin(a)$$
 * }
 * $$=2\cos(a)\sin(a)$$
 * }
 * $$\sin(2a)=2\cos(a)\sin(a)$$

Unlike the formula for cosine the substitutions to get $$\sin(2a)$$ just in terms of $$\sin(a)$$ would involve square roots, so we're not going to do that. The above formula is usually the nicest form to work with.

Treble and Higher Angles
Using the above procedures twice, and the Pythagorean theorem where appropriate, we find
 * $$\sin(3a)=3\sin(a)-4\sin^3(a)$$
 * $$\cos(3a)=4\cos^3(a)-3\cos(a)$$

By repeating the procedure, we can find formulae for $$\sin(na)$$ and $$\cos(na)$$ for any integer n. The formulas do however get rather long.

It is not really worthwhile remembering these formulae. They are not used often, and can either be looked up in tables of formulae or calculated when you need them. It is quite good for practising algebra to derive them yourself, so....

Derive the formulas for $$\sin(3\alpha)$$ and $$\cos(3\alpha)$$ yourself.

Double and Treble Angles for Tangents
By using $$\tan(a)=\frac{\sin(a)}{\cos(a)}$$, it can be worked out that:

 * $$\tan(2a)=\frac {2\tan(a)}{1-\tan^2(a)}$$

 * $$\tan(3a)=\frac {3\tan(a)-\tan^3(a)}{1-3\tan^2(a)}$$

Like the formulas for $$\sin(3\alpha)$$ and $$\cos(3\alpha)$$, these formulae aren't often useful, but again it is good to be able to work them out yourself.

Derive the formulas for $$\tan(2x)$$ and $$\tan(3x)$$ yourself.

 * If you don't get 'the right answer,' don't panic. It takes time and practice to become fluent at algebraic manipulations. Here, where you know the right answer, you can work through your steps and try and find for yourself where you went wrong. Very often it is a sign error somewhere, adding a value instead of subtracting, and then everything from that point on is wrong. You can use the trick of putting in actual values for $$x$$ (and calculating with a calculator) to check for the place where the first error creeps in.

title: Trigonometry/Double-Angle Formulas


text:
2020 Netball Superleague season

The 2020 Netball Superleague season was the fifteenth season of the Netball Superleague, the elite domestic netball competition in the United Kingdom. The season commenced on 22 February 2020. Manchester Thunder were the defending champions. In the midst of the fourth round of matches, the league announced the postponement of all future matches until at least 30 April 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. On 27 May 2020, the season was cancelled, with the fixtures declared null and void.

Format
The length of the regular season was originally expanded by one week to include 19 rounds, with the additional round counting towards each club's total points. The top four would have progressed to the playoffs and eventually two teams met in the Grand Final.

title: 2020 Netball Superleague season


text:
Talk:The Man with 80 Wives

Latter-Day Saint films
This film should not listed with the Latter-Day Saint films as it is not about Latter-Day Saints. <IP_ADDRESS> 18:45, 1 October 2006

 * You're being too restrictive on "Latter-day Saint" applying exclusively to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. But anyone looking at the article related to this category should know that this article doesn't belong to this article.  I'll start a discussion in Talk:LDS cinema about creation of a new category for movies like this. Val42 20:51, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Man with 80 Wives


text:
User:ZP 64

Hi! My name is Zac and I am a student at the University of Sydney, in Sydney Australia.

I am studying a double degree in law and arts.

I look forward to expanding my skills in the use of Wikipedia, and learning more about it's usefulness in everyday life. Please don’t bite me, I’m a newbie!

I’m a student at the University of Sydney, studying Writing in the Digital World in a Wikipedia Education class, and I’m currently learning how edit and contribute to Wikipedia. My tutor is Ajcwritwiki.

title: User:ZP 64


text:
User:Alex beta~enwikiversity/Logic:Introduction

Logic is most often defined as the study of valid inference. Inference is simply the process of deriving a conclusion from a set of assumptions (premises). An argument is said to be valid if, by virtue of its form, true premises necessarily imply a true conclusion.

This is the starting point of many logic text books. It will not, however, be our starting point.

There is, of course, no real disagreement between their point of view and ours, as we shall see; just a different approach.

Consistency
"'And if you take one from three hundred and sixty-five, what remains?' 'Three hundred and sixty-four, of course.' Humpty Dumpty looked doubtful. 'I'd rather see that done on paper,' he said. Alice couldn't help smiling as she took out her memorandum-book, and worked the sum for him: 365 - 1 _____ 364 Humpty Dumpty took the book and looked at it carefully. 'That seems to be done right—' he began. 'You're holding it upside down!' Alice interrupted. 'To be sure I was!' Humpty Dumpty said gaily, as she turned it round for him. 'I thought it looked a little queer. As I was saying, that seems to be done right — though I haven't time to look it over thoroughly just now —'[...] (Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass)" Let's start with something obvious: we cannot believe something that we know for certain is not true. We can imagine that we are flies, for example, but we can't actually believe it (assuming that we are fairly sane). As a consequence, if two beliefs are incompatible, that is, if they cannot both be true at the same time, and we realise this, then we cannot hold both beliefs. Note that this is just a description of what we often do, an apparent fact of rationality, if you like, and that we are not asking the question of whether we ought to be logical or rational.

Consider the following exchange:

'I'm sure I saw you in Paris last week'

'That's impossible! I spent last week in London.'

We usually assume that people cannot be in two distant places at once, so we would probably suspect that whoever says 'I spent the whole week in London' and 'I spent the whole week in Paris' is lying if they mean the same week. Furthermore, we accept statements like 'I spent last week in London, therefore I was not in Paris last week'. One could doubt the truth of the previous statement, but could one genuinely doubt that the argument is correct? Could one say, as Humpty Dumpty might, 'you were in London, yes, that seems to prove that you were not in Paris, though I haven't time to look it over thoroughly just now.'? As a matter of fact, we don't.

When we think things through, we tend naturally to discard beliefs that are incompatible with others that we hold more dearly. This will be our starting point.

A set of beliefs is consistent if they can all be true simultaneously or, in other words, if there are no contradictions among them. In logic, we will consider consistency carefully.

Consistency should not be confused with common sense, although they are certainly related. If I believe that the aliens have filled my house with secret cameras with the help of the CIA, then perhaps I am being unreasonable, but I am not necessarily being inconsistent. As long as this belief does not contradict anything else that I believe in, I am doing fine from a logical point of view. However, consistency does impose some restrictions on what we may believe in. For example, if I think that all bears have brown fur, then I cannot also believe that the caged polar bear that I am looking at in the zoo is a bear. It would be quite natural to think 'I used to believe that all bears had brown fur, but this bear standing in front of me has white fur. Therefore, not all bears have brown fur'.

Inference
A new belief can be inferred from a set of beliefs when the negation of the former contradicts the latter. For example, "this bear has brown fur" can be inferred from "all bears have brown fur" because the belief that this particular bear does not have brown fur contradicts the belief about all bears having brown fur.

The above example also illustrates another point. The existence of the polar bear leads us to reject either the belief "all bears have brown fur" or the belief "this so called polar bear is a bear". Both options are equally valid from the point of view of consistency. There are some beliefs, though, that we would find very difficult to abandon.

Beliefs *
What is a belief? Some believe in ghosts, others believe that the person they call mother is their biological mother, others may believe in Saint Anthony, I might believe that it will rain tomorrow, and it is difficult to determine how I came to believe one thing or another and whether it contradicts any other of my former beliefs.

We inevitably construct our whole lives around our beliefs, and they are at the foundation of our logical thought. When we begin to think logically, we already have many beliefs, with their own implications. We might realise that some of them are inconsistent and may, indeed, need to change them for others.

Descartes tried to construct his whole system of beliefs starting from his famous "I think, therefore I am", but most of us do not start from such a radical position. Each person has his or her own beliefs, and it might be better to take them into account from the beginning.

Deductive and inductive inferences **
Something is consistent if it holds firmly together. If I believe that all bears are brown, consistency demands that I believe that this bear is brown. But, having seen a thousands black crows, may I infer that all crows are black?

We have seen that "this bear is white" contradicts "all bears are brown", so the latter belief must be false if the former is true. But how can one say that all bears are brown if one has not seen all bears that were, are and will be?

Logic studies inferences, but there are two different types of inference mentioned above. On the one hand, we find so-called inductive inferences (or induction), which proceed from particular cases to a general law, as when we infer that all crows are black from having seen so many black crows. Deductive inferences (or deduction), on the other hand, infer the negation of anything which is inconsistent with a given set of beliefs. It is usually understood that logic studies deductive inferences only.

But are these two types of inference incompatible? May it not be true that inductive inferences are just one kind of deductive inference? It is clear that there is no logical way to assure that the next crow we will come across will be black just because every other crow we have ever seen is black, so it is possible to believe that it might or might not be black. There is no way to deduce that all crows are black, then. It would be possible, of course, if I had actually seen each and every crow and verified that they were all black. In that case, induction and deduction lead to the same conclusion. In logic and mathematics it is sometimes possible to use this reference to all the relevant cases, even in situations where the number of cases is infinite! But without a reference to all the particular cases, induction is not valid from a logical point of view.

Although we cannot guarantee the validity of inductive inferences, scientific theories often state general laws based on a limited amount of particular experiences. This means that scientific theories are only consistent as long as no contrary evidence is discovered. This led Karl Popper to argue that science progresses not by inductive inferences from greater and greater quantities of empirical data, but by falsifying provisional theories.

It is important to note the following fact: given a system of beliefs, we are not allowed to infer anything that is consistent with it, but only the negation of that which is inconsistent with the system. From the sentence A) "No communist is a capitalist" we may infer that B) "Lenin (who was a communist) was not a capitalist", but not C)"1 + 1 = 2", even though A and C are perfectly consistent (it is possible to believe both without falling into contradiction).

The complicated question of truth
It is said that the Nobel Prize physicist Niels Bohr had a horseshoe nailed to his door. One day a physics student asked him indignantly if he thought that it would bring him good luck. 'Of course not,' answered Bohr, 'but I have been told it works even if you don't believe in it.' 1

We are often worried about the consistency of our beliefs. Why? Couldn't we just take apparent contradictions as a feature of our eccentric personalities and say, as Bohr did, that contraria non contradictoria, sed complementaria sunt (opposites are not contradictory, but complementary)? In arguments, however, we often try to make the other party realise that they are holding contradictory positions in order to prove that they must be wrong, because if two statements contradict each other they cannot both be true. That is the key: what we are really worried about is truth.

"The word 'true' indicates the aim of logic as does 'beautiful' that of aesthetics or 'good' that of ethics. All sciences have truth as their goal; but logic is concerned with it in a quite different way from this. It has much the same relation to truth as physics has to weight or heat. To discover truths is the task of all sciences; it falls to logic to discern the laws of truth. 2"

If physics searches for truths about physical objects and biology for truths about living organisms, logic searches for truths about truth. This does not mean that logicians believe that they posses the ultimate truth and that they must dictate this truth to other disciplines, or that they can decide what will count as true and what will not. Logic does not discern the laws of truth in that sense.

"The word 'law' is used in two senses. When we speak of laws of morals or the state we mean regulations which ought to be obeyed but with which actual happenings are not always in conformity. Laws of nature are the generalization of natural occurrences with which the occurrences are always in accordance. It is rather in this sense that I speak of laws of truth. This is, to be sure, not so much a matter of what happens so much as of what is. 3"

Some logicians may use categorical and seemingly intolerant statements, but logic takes a relatively humble point of view when it comes to examining truth, for it only seeks to determine which relations are consistent and which are not. Alfred Tarski wrote an influential article in which he proposed a definition of the term 'truth' that included it among semantic terms, but he included the following warning:

It is perhaps worthwhile saying that semantics as it is conceived in this paper (and in former papers of the author) is a sober and modest discipline which has no pretensions of being a universal patent-medicine for all the ills and diseases of mankind. You will not find in semantics any remedy for decayed teeth or illusions of grandeur or class conflicts. Nor is semantics a device for establishing that everyone except the Speaker and his friends are speaking nonsense. 4

The concept of truth and the law of contradiction
"True" and "false" are adjectives that are used to describe statements or sentences. Aristotle defined these words as follows.

"To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true. 5"

Once it has been deciphered, the previous definition turns out to be absolutely obvious. We might as well have said that a sentence is true when it describes things as they are, and false if it does not. This seems to imply that the different parts of our sentences correspond to objects or relations in the real world and that our sentences are therefore true in some situations (when the objects we refer to are arranged in a way that corresponds to the arrangement of words in our sentence) and false in others. Wittgenstein thought this intuition through to its ultimate consequences in his famous Tractatus logico-philosophicus.

4.01 A proposition is a picture of reality. A proposition is a model of reality as we imagine it. 4.011 At first sight a proposition--one set out on the printed page, for example--does not seem to be a picture of the reality with which it is concerned. But neither do written notes seem at first sight to be a picture of a piece of music, nor our phonetic notation (the alphabet) to be a picture of our speech. And yet these sign-languages prove to be pictures, even in the ordinary sense, of what they represent. 6

The preceding comments show that truth is not a property of things in themselves, but rather has to do with the correspondence between words and things (or thoughts and things).

"For falsity and truth are not in things —it is not as if the good were true, and the bad were in itself false— but in thought. 7"

Aristotle admitted that a statement might be true in one sense and false in another, but he denied the possibility of it being simultaneously true and false in the same sense. This basic fact is known as the law of contradiction. Aristotle argued that it was impossible to prove this law because it was necessary to presuppose it in any demonstration.

"Some indeed demand that even this [the law of contradiction] shall be demonstrated, but this they do through want of education, for not to know of what things one should demand demonstration, and of what one should not, argues want of education. For it is impossible that there should be demonstration of absolutely everything (there would be an infinite regress, so there would be no demonstration); but if there are things of which one should not demand demonstration, these persons could not say what principle they maintain to be more self-evident than the present one. We can, however, demonstrate negatively that this view [that something is so and not so] is impossible, if our opponent will only say something; and if he says nothing, it is absurd to seek to give an account of our views to one who cannot give an account of anything, in so far as he cannot do so. For such a man, as such, is from the start no better than a vegetable. Now negative demonstration I distinguish from demonstration proper, because in a demonstration one might be thought to be begging the question, but if another person is responsible for the assumption we shall have negative proof, not demonstration. 8"

It is enough to say something to have already presupposed the law of contradiction, as it would be impossible for words to mean anything if each of our expressions both said and didn't say something. This comment must not be understood as proof, but rather as an explanation, because it too is based on the law of contradiction.

If it is impossible to prove this law of contradiction, how can it be defended? According to Aristotle, it can be "demonstrated negatively" by showing that those who do not accept this principle contradict themselves (that much is obvious, as they accept contradiction from the beginning) and that, consequently, their arguments stop being meaningful.

"If, however, [meanings] were not limited but one were to say that the word has an infinite number of meanings, obviously reasoning would be impossible; for not to have one meaning is to have no meaning, and if words have no meaning, our reasoning with one another, and indeed with ourselves, has been annihilated; for it is impossible to think of anything if we do not think of one thing; but if this is possible, one name might be assigned to this thing. 9"

If Aristotle was right, it is necessary to be consistent (not to contradict oneself) for thought to be possible.

But just because a predicate is consistent with other beliefs, this does not automatically mean that it is true because its truth ultimately depends on the objective situation that it describes (except in the case of tautologies).

"It is not because we think truly that you are pale, that you are pale, but because you are pale we who say this have the truth. 10"

Even if things in themselves are neither true nor false (because truth/falsehood are in the relation between things and words or thoughts), it is ultimately these things that determine what is true and what is not. 11 Truth could, therefore, also be understood in an primary and fundamental sense as this "discovery" of things. Although we have said that logic studies truth, it is important to emphasize that it does not deal with truth in this second sense.

Borderline cases and bizarre situations
Up until now we have assumed that a sentence either corresponds or does not correspond with reality, but there are many cases in which it is difficult to decide on this "correspondence". The difficulty might be caused by our incapacity to examine the reality which we are speaking about, as when we say that "Shakespeare took longer to write the second act in Romeo and Juliet than the first act in Hamlet". This sentence is obviously true or false, but it might be impossible for us to determine which.

In other cases, the problem is caused by the "incapacity" of an expression to correspond to reality. 12 Let us take, for example, the claim that "Clara is too thin". It is possible to imagine a controversy on the matter even if Clara were present for everyone to examine. Any dividing line between "too thin" and "not too thin" will be arbitrary in some way. If we imagined that Clara gained wait gradually, gram by gram, when would we be able to say that she had stopped being "too thin"? In borderline cases, the truth of a statement is a matter of opinion.

We sometimes encounter what we shall call bizarre situations, in which it is not even clear if our choice of words is appropriate. If I say that "there is a pen on top of the book", it is easy in everyday life to check the truth of my claim. But ordinary everyday life includes absolute notions of "up" and "down", and expressions like "under" and "on top of " are dependent on them. For astronauts in space these notions will loose their meaning, and they will not be able to determine whether "there is a pen on top of the book" or if "the constellation of Cignus is above the constellation of Draco".

The preceding reflections should give some idea of the limitations which we can encounter in philosophy when we deal with problems from a logical point of view.

Endnotes
* This section is a relatively free translation of a contribution written in Spanish by user MONIMINO

** This section is an adaptation of a contribution written in Spanish by users MONIMINO and Alex beta.

1 James S. Trefil: The Nature of Science: an A-Z guide to the laws and principles Governing our Universe, Houghton Mifflin Company (2003), p. 52.

2 Gottlob Frege: The Thought: a Logical Inquiry in Readings in the Philosophy of Language, MIT press (1997), p. 9. Frege was one of the founding fathers of the modern discipline of logic.

3 Ibid.

4 Alfred Tarski: The Semantic Conception of Truth

5 Aristotle: Metaphysics, Book IV, Chapter 7, 1011b. Translated by W.D. Ross.

6 Wittgenstein: Tractatus logico-philosophicus, 4.01-4.011. Wittgenstein eventually questioned this intuition and radically changed his conception of meaning.

7 Aristotle: Metaphysics, Book VI, Chapter 4, 1027b. Translated by W.D. Ross.

8 Ibid. Book IV, Chapter 4, 1006a.

9 Ibid. Book IV, Chapter 4, 1006b.

10 Ibid. Book IX, Chapter 10, 1051b.

11 There is an excellent study of the problem in Rodríguez, R.: Del sujeto y la verdad, Chapter 10, Aristóteles y la verdad antepredicativa.

12 This is clearly presented in Hodges, W.: ''Logic. An introduction to elementary logic.'', Penguin Books (1991), pp 31-36. The terms "borderline case" and "bizarre situations" are taken from this book.