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User:Sambunk/sandbox

A killing spree was perpetrated on May 23, 2014, in Isla Vista, California, near the campus of University of California, Santa Barbara, by 22-year-old Elliot Rodger. Rodger killed six people and injured thirteen others before committing suicide.[1][2]

The spree began when Rodger stabbed to death three men in his apartment. Leaving the scene in his car, he drove to a sorority house, where he shot four people outside, killing two female students. He drove to a nearby delicatessen and shot to death a male student who was inside. He then sped through Isla Vista, shooting at pedestrians and wounding several of them, and striking four others with his car. Rodger exchanged gunfire with police twice during the killing spree, receiving a non-fatal gunshot to the hip.[2] The rampage ended when his car crashed into a parked vehicle and came to a stop. Police found him dead in the car, with a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head.[3][4][5]

Before driving to the sorority house, Rodger uploaded a video to YouTube, titled "Elliot Rodger's Retribution", in which he outlined details of his upcoming attack and the motivations behind his killing spree, which he described as a desire to punish women for rejecting him and also a desire to punish sexually active men for living a better life than his.[6] YouTube removed the video after the killings, saying it violated their guidelines with its threats of violence.[7][8]

After he uploaded the video, Rodger e-mailed a lengthy autobiographical manuscript to about a dozen acquaintances and family members.[9] The document, which he titled "My Twisted World", was made available on the Internet and became widely known as his "manifesto". In it, he describes his childhood, family conflicts, frustration over not being able to find a girlfriend, his hatred of women, his contempt for racial minorities and interracial couples, and his plans for the killing spree.[10][11][12]

Contents [hide] 1 Events 1.1 Preparation 1.2 Killing spree 1.3 Aftermath 2 Victims 3 Perpetrator 3.1 Early life and education 3.2 Mental health and social problems 3.3 Earlier incidents 3.4 Manifesto and online posts 3.4.1 Controversy over video airing 4 Reactions and discussion 4.1 Immediate reactions 4.2 Memorial services 4.3 Gun control and mental health 4.4 Misogyny 4.5 Congress 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Events[edit] Preparation[edit] In September 2012, Rodger visited a shooting range to train himself in firing handguns.[9] In November 2012, he purchased his first handgun, a Glock 34 pistol, in Goleta, after doing research on handguns and judging the Glock 34 to be "an efficient and highly accurate weapon", as documented in his manifesto.[13]

In the spring of 2013, Rodger bought two additional handguns, both SIG Sauer P226 pistols, writing that they were "of a much higher quality than the Glock" and "a lot more efficient".[9] He purchased the weapons in different cities, Oxnard and Burbank.[14]

According to his manifesto, Rodger had saved $5,000 to purchase the weapons and supplies that he needed.[9] Gun law experts have said that there was nothing in his known history that could have prevented him from making legal gun purchases.[15]

Killing spree[edit] The killing spree began at Rodger's apartment on Seville Road, where three men were found dead. They had been "stabbed to death", according to most sources.[4][16][17] Police removed a knife, a hammer, and two machetes from the apartment, but they have not said which weapon or weapons were used in the murders.[18] Authorities are investigating the possibility that all three men were killed while they were sleeping.[19]

Rodger was seen sitting in his car in the parking lot of his apartment building at about 8:30 p.m.[20] working on his laptop. He uploaded the "Retribution" video at 9:17 p.m., and sent his manifesto e-mail at 9:18 p.m.[21]

Rodger drove to the Alpha Phi sorority house at Embarcadero del Norte and Segovia Road.[note 1] He knocked on the sorority house door for a few minutes.[23] After no one answered,[24] he began shooting people who were nearby. He first shot three Delta Delta Delta sorority sisters, killing two of them and wounding the third.[25][26][27] He then fired at a nearby couple; the man was wounded, while the woman received a superficial graze injury.[28][29]

Returning to his car, Rodger drove two blocks to the Isla Vista Deli Mart on Pardall Road, where he briefly got out of his car and fatally shot a student who was inside the Deli Mart. His car was seen leaving the scene by four responding foot-patrol officers, but they did not identify him as the shooter.[25][28][30] He drove south on Embarcadero del Norte, on the wrong side of the street, where he fired at two pedestrians on the sidewalk, missing both. Embarcadero del Norte curves near a 7-Eleven convenience store, forming "The Loop", where he continued firing, hitting a woman in the leg.[31][32][33][34][35] Rodger drove south on El Embarcadero and shot at and missed a woman,[36] turned east on Del Playa Drive, then made a U-turn and drove west, where he exchanged fire with a sheriff's deputy who was responding to a 9:27 p.m. 9-1-1 call, and struck a bicyclist. Students at the Isla Vista Church, on Del Playa near Camino del Sur, were completing a service of worship at the time and heard gunfire.[28][30][34][37]

Turning north on Camino del Sur, Rodger shot and wounded three people at Sabado Tarde. Turning east on Sabado Tarde, he struck two skateboarders and shot another person at the intersection with Camino Pescadero. On Sabado Tarde near Little Acorn Park, he again exchanged gunfire, this time with three sheriff's deputies, and was wounded in the left hip.[4][27][28][30][38] He turned south a second time on El Embarcadero, then west again on Del Playa. He struck another bicyclist, then crashed on the north sidewalk just east of the intersection of Del Playa and Camino Pescadero.[39][40][note 2]

Rodger was found dead inside his vehicle, with a gunshot wound to his head; police said he had apparently committed suicide.[41][42] A total of seven people died, including Rodger, and thirteen others were wounded.[1][4][34][43]

Aftermath[edit] Police investigated twelve separate crime scenes in ten locations.[44] A search of Rodger's car recovered three 9mm semi-automatic pistols and more than 400 rounds of unspent ammunition, all loaded into 41 ten-round magazines. The guns were purchased legally in three different cities.[4][17][35][42][45] Santa Barbara County Sheriff Bill Brown said that there was video and written evidence suggesting the crime was premeditated and that preparations took over a year.[31][42][46]

Officers from the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives began searches of the separate homes of Rodger's mother and father.[42]

The media later reported the frantic attempt by Rodger's parents to intervene on the evening of the killings. After receiving a copy of the manifesto, Rodger's therapist phoned his mother. She checked his YouTube channel, where she found the "Retribution" video that he had uploaded minutes earlier. She called Rodger's father and they both left to drive up to Isla Vista. During the drive, she called police in Isla Vista and they arranged to meet when they arrived. Hearing a radio news report of a shooting in Isla Vista, his mother called the therapist who told her it was unrelated, saying that Rodger promised to act the following day and it would be unlike him to deviate from such details. When they reached the police station in Isla Vista, Rodger's parents learned that the news report was, in fact, about their son, and that he had killed six people.[47]

A month after the rampage, the parents of the stabbing victims expressed anger and frustration about multiple aspects of the case, including the failure of police to take preventive action before the killing spree, the limited amount of information that the authorities had released about their sons' murders, more public interest in Rodger than in the victims, and perceived emphasis on the rights of the mentally ill over those of potential victims.[48]

Victims[edit] Casualties Deaths in apartment stabbings George Chen (19) Cheng Yuan "James" Hong (20) Weihan "David" Wang (20) Deaths during shooting spree Katherine Breann Cooper (22)—shot near sorority house Christopher Ross Michaels-Martinez (20)—shot inside deli Veronika Elizabeth Weiss (19)—shot near sorority house Wounded and injured during spree Megan Carloto (22) shot on bicycle[49][50] Keith Cheung (21) struck on bicycle by Rodger's car[51] Bianca de Kock (20) shot near sorority house[52] Patrick Eggert (19) struck on bicycle by Rodger's car[38] Elliot Gee struck on skateboard by Rodger's car[53] Chris Johnson shot in front of pizza restaurant[54] Nick Pasichuke (19) struck on skateboard by Rodger's car[19] Six unidentified others All six murder victims were students at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB).[28][55] All were declared dead at the scenes of their attacks.[25]

The men killed at Rodger's apartment were identified as George Chen, 19; Cheng Yuan "James" Hong, 20; and Weihan "David" Wang, 20.[56][57] Hong and Chen were confirmed to be Rodger's co-tenants according to an apartment lease, while police were investigating whether Wang was also a resident or visiting the apartment on the night of the killings.[17][58][59][60][note 3]

The three who died of gunshot wounds were identified as Katherine Breann Cooper, 22; Christopher Ross Michaels-Martinez, 20; and Veronika Elizabeth Weiss, 19.[55] Cooper and Weiss, both members of the Delta Delta Delta sorority, were killed outside the Alpha Phi sorority house, while Michaels-Martinez died at the Isla Vista Deli Mart.[25][63]

Thirteen other people were injured, eight of them from various gunshot wounds and four others by blunt trauma sustained when they were struck by Rodger's vehicle. The nature of a thirteenth injury is not publicly known.[64] Eleven of the injured were taken to hospitals, seven of them to Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, where two were admitted in serious condition, one in fair condition, and two others in good condition, while the seventh patient was released on the same day. The remaining four injured were taken to Goleta Valley Cottage Hospital, where they were all treated and released.[19][26]

By June 14, graduation day at UCSB, all surviving victims had been released from the hospital, and five attended graduation ceremonies.[51][65] UCSB also awarded posthumous degrees to the six slain students.[66]

Perpetrator[edit] Elliot Rodger Rodger small.png Elliot Rodger as seen in his "Retribution" video, which he posted on YouTube several hours before the killings Born	Elliot Robertson Rodger July 24, 1991 London, England, UK Died	May 23, 2014 (aged 22) Isla Vista, California, U.S. Cause of death Self-inflicted gunshot Occupation	None Religion	Agnostic[67] Parents	Li Chin Rodger (mother) Peter Rodger (father) Soumaya Akaaboune (stepmother) Elliot Robertson Rodger[68] (July 24, 1991 – May 23, 2014) was confirmed by police to be the sole perpetrator of the killings.[17][25][33][69]

Early life and education[edit] Rodger was born in London, England, and moved to the United States when he was five years old.[70] He was raised in Los Angeles. His mother is Li-Chin Rodger, a Malaysian research assistant for a film company,[71][72] and his father is British filmmaker Peter Rodger, whose credits include working as a second unit assistant director for The Hunger Games.[73] His stepmother is Moroccan actress Soumaya Akaaboune; his paternal grandfather was photojournalist George Rodger.[69] He had a younger sister and a younger half-brother.[74]

Rodger attended Crespi Carmelite High School, an all-boys Catholic school in Encino, Los Angeles, and then Taft High School in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles.[75] He graduated from Independence Continuation High School in Lake Balboa, Los Angeles, in 2010.[75] He attended Santa Barbara City College (SBCC), writing in his manifesto that he dropped out of all his classes in February 2012.[9] The school said he was no longer taking classes.[27]

Mental health and social problems[edit] According to his family's attorney and a family friend, Rodger had seen multiple therapists since he was eight years old and while he was a student at SBCC.[27] The lawyer stated that Rodger was "receiving psychiatric treatment",[47][76][77] but Rodger was never formally diagnosed with a mental illness.[78]

By the ninth grade, Rodger was "increasingly bullied" and he wrote that he "cried by [himself] at school every day".[79] During his time at Crespi Carmelite High, he was bullied by other students, who once taped his head to his desk when he fell asleep.[25][80] According to Rodger, in 2012, "the one friend [he] had in the whole world who truly understood [him]" "blatantly said he didn't want to be friends anymore" without offering him a reason for ending the friendship.[79]

Rodger had a YouTube account and a blog titled "Elliot Rodger's Official Blog", both of which contained posts expressing loneliness and rejection. He wrote that he had been prescribed risperidone but refused to take it, stating, "After researching this medication, I found that it was the absolute wrong thing for me to take."[81]

After turning 18, Rodger began rejecting the mental health care that his family provided, and he became increasingly isolated. He said that he was unable to make friends, although acquaintances said that he rebuffed their attempts to be friendly.[15]

Screenwriter Dale Launer, who was a friend of the Rodger family, stated that he had counseled Rodger on approaching and befriending women, but that Rodger did not follow the advice. He said in an interview, "I first met [Rodger] when he was aged eight or nine and I could see then that there was something wrong with him. I'm not a psychologist, but looking back now he strikes me as someone who was broken from the moment of conception."[82]

Earlier incidents[edit] In July 2011, Rodger stalked and threw coffee on a couple outside of the Starbucks at the Camino Real Marketplace in Goleta,[22]:p.87 and in a later incident, threw coffee on two girls sitting at a bus stop in Isla Vista for not paying attention to him.[22]:p.100 In July 2012, Rodger purchased a Super Soaker, filled it with orange juice, and used it to spray a group playing kickball at Girsh Park, as documented in his manifesto.[22]:pp.106–107[83]

Relating an incident that occurred on July 20, 2013,[83] Rodger "wrote that he tried to shove 'girls' at a party over a ledge after being mocked, but he was so drunk he couldn't do it, and then men rushed to him and pushed him over". He said that he "felt a snap in [his] ankle, followed by a stinging pain" and "tried to get away from there as fast as [he] could". Realizing that he left his sunglasses at the party, Rodger returned to retrieve them but the "same people he had tangled with before began mocking him and calling him names, then dragged him into the driveway to beat him up". One of Rodger's neighbors said that "he saw Rodger come home, crying" and said that Rodger claimed that he was going to kill the men involved, and "kill myself".[79] Rodger told investigating officers that he had been assaulted, but they determined that he might have been the aggressor.[26][83][84] He wrote in his manifesto that the incident was the final trigger for his planning of the killing spree.[83]

Rodger originally sought to carry out his attack on Halloween of 2013, but reconsidered because "[t]here would be too many cops walking around during an event like Halloween, and cops are the only ones who could hinder my plans".[22]:p.110

On January 15, 2014, Rodger accused his roommate Cheng Yuan Hong of stealing his candles. Hong was arrested and charged with petty theft; he pled guilty to the charge.[85][86] Hong was one of Rodger's stabbing victims.[4]

On April 30, 2014, about three weeks before his killing spree,[42] Rodger's parents contacted police after becoming alarmed by his behavior and YouTube videos. He wrote in his manifesto that he had already planned the killings and purchased his guns by that time, and that officers who interviewed him at his apartment would have found the weapons if they had conducted a search of his bedroom.[22]:p.134[33][87] Santa Barbara County Sheriff Bill Brown later said that the deputies "determined he did not meet the criteria for an involuntary hold" and that Rodger told them "it was a misunderstanding".[76]

Manifesto and online posts[edit] Rodger's 107,000-word manifesto was titled "My Twisted World: The Story of Elliot Rodger".[88] He e-mailed it to about a dozen people[9] including his therapist,[13][47] his parents and some of his other family members,[89] former schoolteachers, and childhood friends.[90]

In his last YouTube video, titled "Elliot Rodger's Retribution", he complained of being rejected by women and described details of his upcoming attack,[46] also laying out his motivations and plans.[1] In the wake of the killings, the video was deleted from Rodger's account, but copies were repeatedly re-posted by other users.[31][91] In the video, he says:

Well, this is my last video, it all has to come to this. Tomorrow is the day of retribution, the day in which I will have my revenge against humanity, against all of you. For the last eight years of my life, ever since I hit puberty, I've been forced to endure an existence of loneliness, rejection and unfulfilled desires all because girls have never been attracted to me. Girls gave their affection, and sex and love to other men but never to me.[92]

I'm 22 years old and I'm still a virgin. I've never even kissed a girl. I've been through college for two and a half years, more than that actually, and I'm still a virgin. It has been very torturous. College is the time when everyone experiences those things such as sex and fun and pleasure. Within those years, I've had to rot in loneliness. It's not fair. You girls have never been attracted to me. I don't know why you girls aren't attracted to me, but I will punish you all for it. It's an injustice, a crime, because... I don't know what you don't see in me. I'm the perfect guy and yet you throw yourselves at these obnoxious men instead of me, the supreme gentleman.[92]

He wrote in "My Twisted World" that being of mixed race made him "different from the normal fully white kids".[25][79] On one online forum, he said that he opposed interracial dating and made several racist posts regarding African American, Hispanic, South Asian, and East Asian peoples, stating that seeing men of these ethnic groups socializing with white women "makes you want to quit life".[11][22]:p.87[79] In one online post, Rodger wrote:

Full Asian men are disgustingly ugly and white girls would never go for you. You're just butthurt that you were born as an asian piece of shit, so you lash out by linking these fake pictures. You even admit that you wish you were half white. You'll never be half-white and you'll never fulfill your dream of marrying a white woman. I suggest you jump off a bridge.[11]

Further, in his manifesto, he wrote:

How could an inferior, ugly black boy be able to get a white girl and not me? I am beautiful, and I am half white myself. I am descended from British aristocracy. He is descended from slaves.[22]:p.84

In the manifesto, he outlined some of his plans:

On the day before the Day of Retribution, I will start the First Phase of my vengeance: Silently killing as many people as I can around Isla Vista by luring them into my apartment through some form of trickery.[93]

The manifesto specifically mentions a "War on Women" as the second phase of his plan for "starving him of sex", in which he describes:[80]

The Second Phase will take place on the Day of Retribution itself, just before the climactic massacre. ... My War on Women. ... I will attack the very girls who represent everything I hate in the female gender: The hottest sorority of UCSB.[94]

In Rodger's self-proclaimed ideal world, he imagined that he would "quarantine all [women] in concentration camps. At these camps, the vast majority of the female population will be deliberately starved to death. That would be an efficient and fitting way to kill them all off... I would have an enormous tower built just for myself... and gleefully watch them all die."[22]:p.136

In the manifesto, he also said that he planned to kill his half-brother and stepmother, but wasn't mentally prepared to kill his father.[87]

Controversy over video airing[edit] Several news networks, including ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and MSNBC, limited use of the "Retribution" video out of fears of copycat crimes. The Fox News Channel refused to air the video altogether, instead showing five still photographs at the request of the network's vice president Michael Clemente. An ABC News spokesman, speaking for network president James Goldston, said, "James said that unless there is a specific editorial reason to use it, we would err on the side of not using it. We are going to be very judicious about the use of that video, mindful that its continued use turns it into wallpaper."[95]

Reactions and discussion[edit] Immediate reactions[edit] California Governor Jerry Brown offered condolences to the families of victims and said that he was "saddened to learn of this senseless tragedy". University of California President Janet Napolitano said in a statement while at Laney College, "This is almost the kind of event that's impossible to prevent and almost impossible to predict."[96]

Memorial services[edit]

Memorial service for the victims, Harder Stadium, May 27, 2014 Students and community members gathered at Anisq'Oyo' Park in Isla Vista on the evening of May 24 for a candlelight memorial to remember the victims.[64][97] In addition, the pastor of Isla Vista Church, one of the locations targeted by gunfire during the attacks,[30] made church members "available throughout the weekend for students who would like to receive prayer or need to talk".[98][99]

On May 26, UCSB canceled classes for the following day and scheduled a memorial service for that afternoon. It also set up counseling services and emergency housing for displaced students.[90] On the following day, more than 20,000 people attended the memorial service at Harder Stadium. For the memorial, UCSB chancellor Henry T. Yang and executive vice-chancellor Joel Michaelsen said in a written statement, "This is a period of mourning for all of us. The moving candlelight vigil that our students organized on Saturday evening began the process of healing. On Tuesday we will remember and honor the victims of this horrible event and come together as an academic community to reflect, talk with each other and think about the future."[100]

Gun control and mental health[edit] The attacks have renewed calls for gun control and improvements in the U.S. health care system, with Connecticut Senator Richard Blumenthal saying, "A year and half ago it seemed like we were on the verge of, potentially, legislation that would stop the madness and end the insanity that has killed too many young people, thousands, tens of thousands since Sandy Hook. I hope, I really, sincerely hope that this tragedy, this unimaginable, unspeakable tragedy, will provide impetus to bring back measures that would keep guns out of the hands of dangerous people who are severely troubled or deranged like this young man was."[101] Blumenthal also commented regarding the mental health debate, "And I am going to urge that we bring back those bills, maybe reconfigure them to center on mental health, which is a point where we can agree that we need more resources to make the country healthier and to make sure that these kinds of horrific, insane, mad occurrences are stopped. And the Congress will be complicit if we fail to act."[102] California Senator Dianne Feinstein blamed the National Rifle Association's "stranglehold" on gun laws for the shooting spree and said "shame on us" in Congress for failing to do something about it.[103] Pennsylvania Congressman Timothy F. Murphy, a clinical psychologist, said his bipartisan mental health overhaul would be a solution and urged Congress to pass it.[104]

Richard Martinez, the father of victim Christopher Michaels-Martinez, gave a speech in which he placed the blame of the attacks on "craven, irresponsible" politicians and the National Rifle Association.[101][105] Martinez later urged the public to join him in "demanding immediate action" from members of Congress regarding gun control. He also expressed his sympathy towards Rodger's parents.[106]

Doris A. Fuller, the executive director of the Treatment Advocacy Center, said that California law permitted emergency psychiatric evaluations of potentially dangerous individuals through provisions, but such actions were never enabled during the investigation. She said, "Once again, we are grieving over deaths and devastation caused by a young man who was sending up red flags for danger that failed to produce intervention in time to avert tragedy. In this case, the red flags were so big the killer's parents had called police...and yet the system failed."[107]

Some California lawmakers called for an investigation into the deputies' contact with Rodger on April 30. At the time of their visit, he had already bought at least two handguns, which had been entered into the California gun ownership database under his name, as required by California's universal registration law.[45] The deputies were unaware of that fact however, because they did not check the statewide gun ownership database. They also did not view the YouTube videos that had caused Rodger's parents to contact them. The sheriff's office defended the actions of the deputies, as did other state law enforcement agencies. Some state lawmakers said they planned to introduce legislation that they believe would help prevent future such tragedies.[108] On September 30, 2014, in the wake of the aforementioned incident, California passed a law which will allow a person to ask a judge to have guns seized from a family member who they feel is a danger to themselves or to others. The gun owner will have an opportunity to contest the seizure. Gun rights groups, including the National Rifle Association, opposed the legislation, citing that the rights of regular gun owners may be put in jeopardy due to a misunderstanding. The law will go into effect in 2016.[109]

Misogyny[edit] See also: NotAllMen and YesAllWomen The killing spree, videos, and written manifesto of Rodger sparked conversations about broader issues of violence against women and misogyny in society.[110][111] Prior to the killing spree, Rodger indicated in online postings and YouTube videos that he would punish women for denying him sex and he would also punish men who had access to sex with women, while he did not. Rodger also frequented forums where he and other men posted misogynistic statements about women.[112] For these reasons, as well as Rodger's apparent sense of entitlement to sex with women, he is generally described as misogynistic.[113][114][115][116]

Prior to his killing spree, Rodger wrote in his manifesto of his plan to invade a sorority house, which he concluded symbolized the world that tortured him, beautiful women whom he believed would have rejected him,[117] specifying, "I will slaughter every single spoiled, stuck-up, blond slut I see inside there. All those girls I've desired so much. They have all rejected me and looked down on me as an inferior man."[118] When Rodger was unable to gain access to the sorority house after "vigorous knocking" on the sorority house door, he improvised, opening fire on nearby students.[117][119]

Mary Elizabeth Williams, a staff writer for Salon, took issue with the media labeling Rodger as the "virgin killer", saying that it reinforces gender roles with a "not so subtle insinuation ... that one possible cause of male aggression is a lack of female sexual acquiescence".[120] Amanda Hess, writing for Slate, argued that even though Rodger killed more men than women, his motivations were still misogynistic because his reason for hating the men he attacked was that he thought they stole the women he felt entitled to.[113] Writing for Reason, Cathy Young countered that "that seems like a good example of stretching the concept into meaninglessness—or turning it into unfalsifiable quasi-religious dogma" and noted Rodger also wrote many hateful messages about other men.[121] National Post columnist Barbara Kay criticized the focus on the female victims and pointed to gendered massacres targeting males such as in Srebrenica and a school massacre carried out by Boko Haram.[122]

Comments and coverage of misogyny as a root cause have spawned criticisms of oversimplification and distortion of the events which included the killings of more men than women and mental health issues.[123] Chris Ferguson, a psychologist writing in Time, argued that laying the blame on misogynistic culture glosses over how Rodger was one particular mentally disturbed man (see above).[124] This line of thinking led to some using the #NotAllMen hashtag to express the fact that not all men are misogynistic and not all men commit murder. However, criticism arose from the use of this hashtag as it was considered to derail from the issue of violence against women.[112][125][126] This led to the creation of the Twitter hashtag #YesAllWomen on May 24 to express that all women experience misogyny and sexism, even though not all men are sexist.[125][127][128]

Congress[edit] The United States House of Representatives voted on June 10, 2014, to pass House Resolution 608, entitled Condemning the senseless rampage and mass shooting that took place in Isla Vista, California, on Friday May 23, 2014.[129][130] Rep. Lois Capps (D-CA) said that Congress needed to take more action to stop gun violence, saying, "We must not let the drumbeat fall silent. Congress has the power to act and we must."[129] Rep. Jackie Speier (D-CA) agreed with her, saying that "Americans, outraged by our inability to get anything done on the issue, are waiting for us to come to our senses and to act."[129]

title: User:Sambunk/sandbox


text:
Ylva

Etymology
From an byname.

Etymology
From ylfa.

Etymology
From ylfa, a feminine equivalent of  and 🇨🇬.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ylva


text:
Otto Koistinen

Otto Koistinen (August 7, 1925 - February 22, 2020) was a Finnish kantele maker who specialized in building acoustic kanteles and Estonian kannel. He started to make his first kanteles in 1957 while he was working as a pilot on Pielinen Lake in North Karelia, and also built a few mandolins and guitars. 10 years later he found kantele drawings in the library of a hospital in Kontioniemi. During the winter he built his first kantele in the sauna of Ahveninen pilot station. Otto had a deep respect and close relationship with nature and he wanted to bring the beauty of Karelian nature into his kanteles. This unique tradition of kantele sound is in the essence of work by Koistinen Kantele.

As the first instrument was completed during winter 1957, Koistinen found out a number of lacks in construction and sound and thus lifetime development of Finnish and later Estonian chromatic kanteles was initiated. The influence of the family has always had an important role in this process. Otto’s daughter, Ritva Koistinen, started to play kantele at early age showing high level of talent and thus brought motivation for her father’s work. Otto's son Hannu Koistinen started to build kanteles with his father at the age of seven and later continued to develop the instrument and preserve family tradition by establishing Koistinen Kantele company.

In 2010 Otto Koistinen received the Master Kantele Builder Honorary title from The Finnish Guild of Masters Craftsmen.

In the past years Otto Koistinen has devoted most of his time to building chromatic kanteles based on Estonian tradition. Among the players who have played his instruments are Kristi Mühling, Hedi Viisma, Anna-Liisa Eller, Ella Maidre and others. Otto Koistinen died at the age of 94 in 2020; he continued working on kantele development until he turned 90 years old.

title: Otto Koistinen


text:
Olga Masilionene

Olga Masilionene (born 25 January 1980 in Minsk, Soviet Union) is a Belarusian basketball player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

title: Olga Masilionene


text:
Talk:Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign

"Hard-money" vs. "Soft-money"
In the "Democratic nomination fight" section, a reference is made to Hendricks' "support of soft-money" contrasted with "Tilden's hard-money stance." These two terms mean quite different things today than they did in 1876. "Soft money" in politics refers to non-federal campaign contributions. I presume that in this context, the distinction is instead to fiat currency (soft) vs. representative money (hard). I don't want to edit in those links myself, since I don't know for sure, but I think would be helpful to other readers to have links in place. Kelseymh (talk) 20:58, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

Unreliable source?
I have tagged the linked article from "Buttons and Ballots" because I have suspicions that this source is not reliable enough to adequately support the rampant speculation that is included. I will check back and consider removing the material unless evidence to the contrary is provided. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:12, 8 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
bagnio

Etymology
From, from. .

Noun

 * 1) A brothel.
 * 2)  A building for bathing, sweating.
 * 3)  In Turkey, a prison for slaves.
 * 1)  In Turkey, a prison for slaves.

title: bagnio


text:
SAI International School

SAI International School is a CBSE cum IGCSE affiliated, day-cum boarding, co-educational school in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. It was founded by Late Dr. Bijaya Kumar Sahoo in 2008, and is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi.

The school received the D. L. Shah National Quality Gold Award by the Quality Council of India, and was ranked 1st in the Education World India School Rankings 2020-21. It was again ranked 1st second year in a row in the EducationWorld India School Ranking 2021–22. SAI International was included by Fortune India in the list of "Future 50 Schools Shaping Success". It was also awarded the International School Award in the "exemplary" category by the British Council for its achievements.

SAI Angan, the play school of the SAI International School, with a total area of 1,50,000 square feet caters to 1500 students in the age group of 2 to 7 years. SAI Angan was granted the International School Award (ISA) 2018-21 by the British Council on Wednesday, December 5, 2018.

title: SAI International School


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Henry McNeil

Henry McNeil (1850 – 2 June 1924) was a Scottish footballer.

During his career, McNeil played in several positions for Queen's Park (where he won five Scottish Cups) and Third Lanark, as well as the Scotland national team.

McNeil was football's caps world record holder from March 1881 (taking the title from clubmate Billy MacKinnon) until March 1882 when John Price of Wales earned his 11th cap.

He later managed a sports shop in central Glasgow with his brother Peter, ran a hotel in Bangor, County Down with his brother Moses, operated a public house in Rutherglen and worked as a travelling salesman.

His brothers Moses and Peter McNeil were also footballers, who were among the founders of Rangers F.C.; Henry contributed to some of Rangers' first matches in 1872 as a guest player and Moses and Henry McNeil played together for Scotland. Another sibling, William, also played for Rangers.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first.

title: Henry McNeil


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Dado Polumenta

Damir "Dado" Polumenta (born 29 August 1982) is a Montenegrin pop-folk recording artist.

Life and career
Polumenta was born into a Muslim family in Bijelo Polje, in northern Montenegro. His uncle Šako Polumenta is also a singer. In 2008 they released a duet single "Ljepša od noći" (More Beautiful Than Night) on Šako's album Sanjao sam san....

His first album, Jasmina, released in 2001 through the label Best Records, found little success. However, after a hiatus, Dado became prominent in the Balkans music industry after the release of his second album 100 stepeni (2005) under the label Grand Production.

In due course, he left Grand Production and, through his uncle, signed with Gold Music and recorded Volim te... (2007). On 26 June 2008, Dado released a single, a ballad titled "Moja srno", which was performed in the "Vogošća Festival 2008" in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Polumenta's fourth studio album Zauvijek tvoj was released 15 December 2008.

Polumenta released his fifth studio album Buntovnik (Rebel) on 18 November 2010 under Grand Production, his second project with the label.

Personal life
Polumenta has a son named Dorijan with Serbian model Anamarija Kikoš, with whom he lived for three years. She was his unmarried partner at the time but they broke up shortly after the child was born.

Polumenta is a practicing Muslim. His wedding to his first wife Selma Mekić in her hometown Novi Pazar on 12 December 2012 was in accordance with the Islamic faith. They divorced in June 2013. Polumeta had a daughter, Alea Polumenta on 25 October 2017 with his fiancé Ivona Ivković.

Albums

 * Jasmina (2001)
 * 100 stepeni (2005)
 * Volim te... (2007)
 * Zauvijek tvoj (2008)
 * Buntovnik (2010)
 * Virus (2011)
 * Ne dam ja na tebe (2013)

Singles

 * "Revolucija" feat. DJ Denial X and MC Mickelly (2014)
 * "Gužva je u gradu" (2014)
 * "Premija" with Nikolija (2014)
 * "Za tebe uvjek biću tu, s kraja svjeta ja ću doći" (2015)
 * "Ovisan sam o njoj" (2015)
 * "Balkan" with Rasta (2015)

title: Dado Polumenta


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Ivan Baron

Ivan Baron (born November 12, 1972) is an American former professional tennis player.

Career
Baron was seeded 6th at the 1989 Boys' Junior National Tennis Championship Boys' 18 singles but was ousted in the 1st round by Hector Nevares. He and Will Bull then lost to Steve Campbell and Rick Witsken in the 3rd round of the Boys' 18 doubles. His best year on the junior circuit was in 1990, when he won the Italian Open, reached the quarterfinals at the French Open and the semi-finals at Wimbledon.

At the 1990 US Open, Baron took part in the men's singles, men's doubles (with Michael Flanagan), and mixed doubles (with Lisa Raymond) as a wildcard. He lost in straight sets to Fabrice Santoro in the men's singles, and failed to make it past the 1st round in either doubles.

When he returned to the US Open main draw in 1993, it was as a qualifier. He lost in four sets to Renzo Furlan in the 1st round and also exited in the 1st round of the doubles, partnering with Michael Joyce. In the 1994 US Open, Baron appeared only in the doubles, with Martin Blackman. They lost in the opening round. Baron had a win over then world number 11, Magnus Larsson, at the 1995 International Tennis Championships, in Coral Springs. He and Brett Hansen-Dent were doubles runners-up at the same event the following year.

title: Ivan Baron


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Visual Language Interpreting/Introduction

A few assumptions
Visual Language interpreters may be found in nearly every part of public life, and so it is expected that those who look as this text will hardly be approaching without some opinion and background knowledge. Opinions and backgrounds vary widely, however, so it makes sense to outline the assumptions made by the authors of this book with respect to its readership.

What this book is for
This book is written for those with a strong interest in interpreting where at least one of the languages is visual (more on that below). Many of the readers will probably be on the cusp or in the process of formal education to become an interpreter. Others may be consumers of interpreting services who wish to have a greater appreciation and understanding of the interpreter's task.

The expectation is that most readers will know at least one visual language, in addition to a spoken language. For those wishing to become interpreters, it is expected that command of the spoken and visual languages will approach that of an educated native speaker; if there are any deficiencies in either language, it is vital for potential interpreters to make the necessary effort to ameliorate any problems.

What this book is not for
There was a time in the not-too-distant past when there were no courses on interpreting, no textbooks, no linguistic research. But there were still interpreters. So it is possible to be an interpreter and a skilled one without any hint of formal training. But what is possible is not always what is best, and in this case it is possible to be an interpreter without training in the way that it is possible to row a small boat across an ocean. The benefits of formal training outweigh any cost, and the cost of avoiding formal training are not paid for by any benefit.

Neither this nor any other book can be used as a substitute for a serious multi-year course of instruction by experts skilled both in the art interpretation and in the art of of teaching the art. Interpreting is not a "teach-it-yourself" occupation; the more experienced eyes are on you, the more feedback and instruction you receive, the greater the chanced that you will excel.

This is also not a textbook on a visual language. Although many examples of proper translations of sentences into visual languages (notably American Sign Language (ASL) are given, these are given in the context of the interpreting process. Natural conversation in a language is a qualitatively different cognitive task, and the two should not be confused.

There are setting when communication occurs in a visual medium, such as underwater among SCUBA divers or in a military/police operation. This is not a book about interpreting those situations.

Why "Visual Language?"
Given the fact that interpreters typically work between a spoken and a signed language, the term visual language may seem unnecessarily convoluted. Why not "sign language interpreting" or "interpreting for the deaf?"

The short answer (which will be elaborated on in the following chapters) is that such interpreting is not simply for those who are deaf (Note: following common convention, Deaf is capitalized when referring to members of a linguistic and cultural group which uses a signed language as the first language). Not only does this piece of verbal legerdemain place the deaf in the position of being helpless, it ignores the fact that in situations where there are deaf and hearing consumers of interpreting services, both sides are in need of such services. In fact, there are situations in which both consumers are hearing, but one may have a disorder such as an aphasia which necessitates the use of a visual language.

Furthermore, not all visual languages are signed languages. There are systems such as Cued Speech which, although they do not qualify as signed languages, are used under same circumstances as those encountered by sign language interpreters. For this reason, this book uses visual language, a decision which mirrors that of bodies such as the Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada.

"Field" or "Profession?"
It is often said that visual language interpreting is a profession, and many interpreters, when discussing professional practices compare interpreting to law, medicine, or another field of endeavor within the same societal rank.

Others agree that while that is a worthy goal, a profession has a complicated body of knowledge which takes years to master. Interpreting certainly is a complex and demanding task which is acquired on the order of years; the best interpreters are still learning. Still, there is no broad agreement on how that knowledge is to be effectively transmitted. Furthermore, the level of education is still a matter hotly debated within the profession. The Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) has recently passed a motion phasing in a degree requirement in the coming decade: first an associate's degree then a bachelor's degree will be required. There are also indications of growing pains in other areas which, the argument goes, are signs that visual language interpreting is not yet a profession in the strict sense.

Still others assert that aspiring to professional status is elitist, and that visual language interpreting has done fine without being in such highfalutin' company as the learned professions. Furthermore, they would argue, formal education is no guarantee of quality, and to pretend to do so ignores current facts on the ground. Many interpreters are "home-grown", and provide superior service. To them, interpreting is a trade, learned by long apprenticeship, but not necessarily in a college classroom.

Each of these viewpoints (and others) have powerful arguments both for and against them, and many of the authors of this text will hold to one or another of these views. In the interests of harmony, and while the debate is still far from concluded, this textbook will use the more neutral term field, which may be applied equally to medicine and cosmetology.

Conventions Used in this Book
Since sections of this book will be concerned with a particular brand of visual language, namely ASL, there are times when it will be necessary to represent utterances in that language. To that end, every effort will be made to include videos and illustrations as needed. However, sometimes the use of glosses will suffice, and standard glossing conventions as found in most standard ASL textbooks and research journals will be used. The glosses will be written in the format given below:

_cond_______________________________________________ _[smiling]__ SUPPOSE IX.2 READ IX."glossing on screen" UNDERSTAND, NONE PROBLEM.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sounds like chicken

The result was keep the band, no consensus on the EPs, since only two people mentioned them and others' arguments might or might not include the albums. - Bobet 09:14, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Sounds like chicken
Article for a non-notable band. Google hits for ("sounds like chicken" band -wikipedia -myspace) = 528. No listing on Allmusic or references in 3rd party sources (or press). Fails: Notability (music). Also nominated: Slowly Going the Way of the Chicken (EP) and Slowly Going the Way of the Stump (EP)--  Netsnipe  (Talk)  06:09, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep. Sounds Like Chicken have toured nationaly and have some of their songs on rotation on the Australian radio station Triple J. They also have a decent number of fans Australian wide and are well known for their contribution to Australian Ska music. So i believe the band meets the WP:BAND notabilty criteria. Dead Chook 06:39, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete I was unsure at first, but I don't see any signs of notability. Was their national tour notable enough to get a mention is notable sources like music magazines with a wide readership, or news stories? Just touring a country isn't enough. And how many fans is a "decent number"? Lurker  haver 10:20, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment The magazines i've seen them have been time-off and the other free ones that are available at basically every record shop that everyone picks up cause they're free. I don't know if they have been mentioned in any of the paying ones because I don't get them myself. Dead Chook 10:39, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

database, both in gig guides. The Herald-Sun mentioned that they have a single "Take a Bullet to the Grave". I cannot see the notable and verifiable sources. If they had verifiable evidence of a claim under WP:MUSIC I would support keeping it but I can't see one. Capitalistroadster 03:01, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep Has gone on an international concert tour, or a national concert tour in at least one large or medium-sized country, reported in notable and verifiable sources. There was a thing about them in Kerrang! a while back, and they've certainly gotten a good run from JJJ. Drett 01:08, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. I can find two mentions of them in a Australian media
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Australia-related deletions.   -- Capitalistroadster 03:06, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment Is this the band with "Dave from Dulwich Hill" who had a regular segment on Adam & Wil's Breakfast show on Triple J? He had a band called Sounds like Chicken and there is a Dave in this band.  If it is the same one I'm surprised the fact isn't mentioned in the article. -- Chuq 04:36, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that would be the band. Shannon from Cockatoo, who also had a regular segment on that show, was a big fan. Drett 13:59, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that would be the band. Shannon from Cockatoo, who also had a regular segment on that show, was a big fan. Drett 13:59, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep It meets more than one criteria in the WP:BAND and one is only needed to be considered meeting the criteria. <IP_ADDRESS> 05:19, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep They recieved regular mentions from Shannon from Cockatoo on Adam and Will's popular Breakfast show on Triple J Radio, so much so that their name was mentioned in the weekly intro to Shannon's segment along with well known Australian Punk Band Frenzal Rhomb. They also regularly tour Australia and have played in every Australian State, and have supported popular international ska bands Reel Big Fish and Mad Caddies. They are quite popular and well respected in the Australian Underground music scene due to their unique blend of Ska, Regaee, Hardcore and Rock. — Possible single purpose account: Cool bananas2 (talk • contribs) has made little or no other contributions outside this topic.
 * Keep. Quite notable - I've never heard their music, but I've certainly heard of them. Rebecca 00:58, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep and Delete The band is notable; headlined multiple national tours of a large country, several articles in national monthly music magazines such as Blunt and Kerrang, national radio play, and weekly mentions of the band on the most popular show on the only national youth radio station (as mentioned above). If I remember correctly I've also heard their music being played on extreme sports shows on national television. I support the deletion of the two EP articles though, not notable to non-fans. Non-notable releases of notable bands shouldn't be on Wikipedia. Kineticpast 03:25, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. the Band. Delete the CD's. The Shannon from Cockatoo/JJJ references are enough to warrant this.  They are just as well known for their memorable name as their music. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).


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User:NicoletteLynne/sandbox

Intro needs updating, - it is as follows - my plans for changes : (Article as is is not bolded, bold are edits I will be making)

Intro
A halo effect  is an outcome in one area due to factors derived from another ."The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which the brain allows specific positive traits to positively influence the overall evaluation of a person.

The Halo Effect can also be explained as the behavior (usually unconscious) of using evaluations based on things unrelated, to make judgments about something or someone. '''The Halo Effect specifically refers to when this behavior has a positive correlation, such as viewing someone who is attractive is more likely to be seen as successful and more popular. When this judgement has a negative connotation, such as someone unattractive being charged more firmly for a crime than someone attractive, it is referred to as the Horn Effect.'''

'''Another example of this is a study done where two people of the same age, sex, attire, and educational background, were put standing next to a mailbox at separate times. The person who looked older and was taller was seen as more likely to have had a better career and higher salary by those tested. There is a tendency to attribute positive traits to people that are attractive .'''

History
'''Halo Effect was named by psychologist Edward Thorndike in reference to a person being perceived as having a halo. Subsequent researchers have studied it in relation to attractiveness and its bearing on the judicial and educational systems. Thorndike originally coined the term referring only to people; however, its use has been greatly expanded especially in the area of brand marketing.The first use of this term in psychology was a 1920 paper by Edward Thorndike. ''The Business/marketing  use of this term was popularized by a 1966 textbook and software package. -' ''this last sentence originally had a source, but the source goes nowhere. If I cannot find a link then I will take this out.''

Background
'''The term "halo" is used in analogy with the religious concept: a glowing circle crowning the heads of saints in countless medieval and Renaissance paintings, bathing the saint's face in heavenly light. The observer may be subject to overestimating the worth of the observed by the presence of a quality that adds light on the whole like a halo. In other words, observers tend to bend their judgement according to one patent characteristic of the person (the "halo"), generalizing towards a judgement of that person's character (e.g., in the literal hagiologic case, "entirely good and worthy").'''

'''The effect works in both positive and negative directions (and is hence sometimes called the horns and halo effect). If the observer likes one aspect of something, they will have a positive predisposition toward everything about it. If the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition toward everything about it. This also works for opinions on people, if someone who is thought highly of commits a crime, it is more likely that people will defend him (Halo Effect), whereas when someone who is not thought highly of commits a crime people are more likely going to not defend him and more than likely act as though it isn't surprising (Horn Effect). '''

Cognitive Bias Section
This section is not listed in the Index, may pull some things and relocate them to the intro/history.

''' Halo effect as a cognitive bias refers to an observer's overall impression of a person, company, brand, or product influencing the observer's feelings and thoughts about that entity's character or properties.It was named by psychologist in reference to a person being perceived as having a halo. Subsequent researchers have studied it in relation to attractiveness and its bearing on the judicial and educational systems. The halo effect is a specific type of confirmation bias, wherein positive feelings in one area cause ambiguous or neutral traits to be viewed positively. Thorndike originally coined the term referring only to people; however, its use has been greatly expanded especially in the area of brand marketing . - MOVE TO INTRO'''

Devil Effect
'''This section is being removed - it is a mess of information that isn't fully accurate as well as not using correct terms. I will pull information that is relevant and add it into the intro, or create an actual category called Horn Effect --- The section below has been reformatted / restructured.'''

Horn Effect
The devil effect, also known as the Horn Effect is when people allow an undesirable trait to influence their evaluation of other traits. The Guardian wrote of the devil effect in relation to Hugo Chavez: "Some leaders can become so demonised that it's impossible to assess their achievements and failures in a balanced way." When someone is seen in a negative light, anything they do that is negative is exemplified, while the positive things they do are not seen, or are doubted.

The relation of a crime to attractiveness is also subject to the halo effect. A study presented two hypothetical crimes: a burglary and a swindle. The burglary involved a woman illegally obtaining a key and stealing $2,200; the swindle involved a woman manipulating a man to invest $2,200 in a nonexistent corporation. The results showed that when the offense was not related to attractiveness (as in the burglary) the unattractive defendant was punished more severely than the attractive one. However, when the offense was related to attractiveness (the swindle), the attractive defendant was punished more severely than the unattractive one. The study imputes that the usual leniency given to the attractive woman (as a result of the halo effect) was negated or reversed when the nature of the crime involved her looks. move to Judicial

Judicial:
Study results showing the influence of the halo effect in the judicial context exist:
 * Efran (1974) found subjects were more lenient when sentencing attractive individuals than unattractive ones, even though exactly the same crime was committed. The researchers attributed the result to a societal perception that people with a high level of attractiveness are seen as more likely to have successful futures due to corresponding socially desirable traits.

'''The relation of a crime to attractiveness is also proven to be subject to the halo effect. A study presented two hypothetical crimes: a burglary and a swindle. The burglary involved a woman illegally obtaining a key and stealing $2,200; the swindle involved a woman manipulating a man to invest $2,200 in a nonexistent corporation. The results showed that when the offense was not related to attractiveness (as in the burglary) the unattractive defendant was punished more severely than the attractive one. However, when the offense was related to attractiveness (the swindle), the attractive defendant was punished more severely than the unattractive one. The study imputes that the usual leniency given to the attractive woman (as a result of the halo effect) was negated or reversed when the nature of the crime involved her looks.'''
 * Monahan (1941) studied social workers who were accustomed to interacting with a diverse range of people and found that the majority experienced difficulty when asked to consider that a beautiful person was guilty of a crime.

Branding
The term halo effect is used in marketing to explain customer bias toward certain products because of favorable experience with other products made by the same company.

The halo effect is also present in the field of brand marketing. One common halo effect is when the perceived positive features of a particular item extend to a broader brand. A notable example is the manner in which the popularity of Apple’s iPod generated enthusiasm for the corporation's other products. Another example is Subway's brand image as a "healthy" variety of fast food. The perception of a restaurant as "healthy" causes consumers to underestimate the caloric content of its dishes. Marketers take advantage of the halo effect to sell products and services. When a celebrity spokesperson endorses a particular item, targeted people's positive evaluation of that individual can influence their perception of the product itself. Job applicants are also likely to feel the impact of the halo effect. If a prospective employer views the applicant as attractive or likeable, they are more likely to also rate the individual as intelligent, competent, and qualified.

The term health halo has been used regarding labeling and marketing of food items. A 2007 study showed that people perceived a Subway meal described as "healthy" as having up to 35 percent fewer calories than a McDonald’s meal with identical caloric content.

The term "halo effect" has also been applied to human rights organizations that have used their status to move away from their stated goals. Political scientist Gerald Steinberg has claimed that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) take advantage of the "halo effect" and are "given the status of impartial moral watchdogs" by governments and the news media.

The Ronald McDonald House, a widely known NGO, openly celebrates the positive outcomes it receives from the halo effect. The web page for the Ronald McDonald House in Durham, North Carolina, states that 95% of survey participants were aware of Ronald McDonald House Charities. This awareness is attributed to the halo effect, as employees, customers, and stakeholders are more likely to be involved in a charity that they recognize and trust, with a name and logo that are familiar.

A brand's halo effect can protect its reputation in the event of a crisis. An event that is detrimental to a brand that is viewed favorably would not be as threatening or damaging to a brand that consumers view unfavorably.

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Sekhar (actor)

J. V. Sekhar (7 January 1963 – 8 July 2003), better known as Master Sekhar, was an Indian child actor who predominantly appeared in Tamil and Malayalam films.

Early life and career
Sekhar was born on 7 January 1963. He performed more than 50 films in four languages (Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada). He was introduced to Tamil cinema as a child artist for the film Kudiyirundha Koyil in 1968. He performed in the lead roles in films including Manipayal and Oh Manju. He was famous for his child performance in many movies, and was called Master Sekhar. He played MGR's character as a child in films including Idhaya Veenai and Kudiyirundha Koyil. He also performed in TV serials. He is the son of cinematographer J.V. Vijayam.

He died on 8 July 2003 in Chennai after falling from the first floor of his house.

title: Sekhar (actor)


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Film school:Completed Homework Assignments

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid Green; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" |

Homework and Pop Quizzes: Basic Filmmaking

 * Basic Filmmaking Assignments
 * Below are all the completed assignments in the Basic Filmmaking course by Wikiversity Film Students.

 * }

Film School:Moods:Pop Quiz:Answers
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid Green; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" |

Homework and Pop Quizzes: Film Editing

 * Film Scoring
 * Below are all the completed assignments in the Film Editing course for filmmakers by Wikiversity Film Students.

 * }

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid Green; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" |

Homework and Pop Quizzes: Film Scoring for Musicians

 * Film Scoring for Musicians
 * Below are all the completed assignments in the Film Scoring course for musicians by Wikiversity Film Students.

 * }

Film Scoring for Musicians:Green Tea Smoothie:Completed Assignments
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid Green; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" |

Homework and Pop Quizzes: Script Writing

 * Script Writing
 * Below are all the completed assignments in the Script Writing for High School Drama Departments course by Wikiversity Film Students.

 * }

Film School:Script Writing Course:Completed Assignments
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #efffef; border: 1px solid Green; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" |

Homework and Pop Quizzes: Film Editing

 * Film Editing
 * Below are all the completed assignments in the film editing course by Wikiversity Film Students.

 * }


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kehottaa

Verb

 * 1) to urge, call on, instruct, encourage request something in a way that is more forceful than a polite request, but not as forceful as a demand; often implies that one does so from a position of authority

title: kehottaa


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Bisacquino

Bisacquino (Sicilian: Busacchinu) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Palermo in Sicily, Italy. It is located 82 km from Agrigento and has approximately 4,500 inhabitants. The small town rises on an inner hill zone and is 700 m above sea-level. The economy is based on agriculture and products are sold in abundance in the main town including cereals, olives, vegetables, almonds, hazel nuts and wine-grapes. Sheep breeding is also active in Bisacquino.

People

 * Legendary film director Frank Capra (1897–1991) was born in Bisacquino but emigrated as a child with his family to the United States.

Pop culture
In the Everybody Loves Raymond episode "Mia Famiglia", "Zia (aunt) Sarina" hails from Bisacquino.

title: Bisacquino


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Discrete Mathematics/Finite state automata

Formally, a Deterministc Finite Automaton (DFA) is a 5-tuple $$D = (Q, \Sigma, \delta, s, F)$$ where:

 * Q is the set of all states.
 * $$ \Sigma $$ is the alphabet being considered.
 * $$ \delta $$ is the set of transitions, including exactly one transition per element of the alphabet per state.
 * $$s$$ is the single starting state.
 * F is the set of all accepting states.

For a DFA, $$\delta$$ can be viewed as a function from $$ Q\times \Sigma \to Q$$.

Example: Consider the DFA $${A}=(\{p,q\},\{a,b\},\delta,p,\{q\})$$ with transitions given by table:

It is easy to verify that this DFA accepts the input "aaa".

Similarly, the formal definition of a Nondeterministic Finite Automaton is a 5-tuple $$N = (Q, \Sigma, \delta, s, F)$$ where:

 * Q is the set of all states.
 * $$ \Sigma $$ is the alphabet being considered.
 * $$ \delta $$ is the set of transitions, with $$ \epsilon$$ transitions and any number of transitions for any particular input on every state.
 * $$s$$ is the single starting state.
 * F is the set of all accepting states.

For a NFA, $$\delta$$ can be viewed as a function from $$ Q\times(\Sigma\cup\{\epsilon\}) \to P(Q)$$ where $$P(Q)$$ is the power set of $$Q$$.

Note that for both a NFA and a DFA, $$s$$ is not a set of states. Rather, it is a single state, as neither can begin at more than one state. However, a NFA can achieve similar function by adding a new starting state and epsilon-transitioning to all desired starting states.

The difference between a DFA and an NFA being the delta-transitions are allowed to contain epsilon-jumps(transitions on no input), unions of transitions on the same input, and no transition for any elements in the alphabet.

For any NFA $$N$$, there exists a DFA $$D$$ such that $$L(N) = L(D)$$


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Talk:David Day (historian)

Tony Rodi (talk) 00:30, 13 December 2016 (UTC) Hi David Day I found you under the category of Wikipedians in Sydney, with particular interest in you being a historian. Please excuse me if this seems to be an intrusion on your talk page. This is my Wikipedian Editor user page:-  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tony_Rodi, which I have been compiling in recent years. The object of interest is my claim in having had an exclusive role along with my now deceased associate, Paul Henry Johnson, in the most significant cultural and historic urban developments in Australia. Unfortunately, politics and vested interests have dominated with propaganda to keep this history well hidden from public view. My association with Lionel Todd ( now deceased), of Hall ,Todd and Littlemore, Stage 3 Sydney Opera House Architects, in relation to the East Circular Quay (Sydney Opera House Precinct), is largely unknown as is Peter Hall's true role in the completion of the Sydney Opera House. For what it’s worth, and In time, I’ll be expanding my Wikipedia page to accomodate some salient truths regarding the New Parliament House in Canberra, the Landing Site of the First Fleet, and East Circular Quay. The purpose being, to provide a better balance between historical facts and politically generated propaganda, deception and corruption.

On the 26th of January every year Australia Day celebrates the landing of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove, with the subsequent flag raising ceremony by Captain Arthur Phillip. The basement carpark under a 44 storey tower is hardly the most appropriate location for this most historic site. This anomaly was perpetrated by those who wish to not only bury this history, but would gladly sever ties with our European origins for profits, justified as political correctness.

Note:- From my user page which is under construction.

"1981 Major Submission To Sydney City Council for The Gateway Site. ie The Landing Site Of the First Fleet (26th of January 1788) where Captain Arthur Phillip raised the Flag on the first Australia Day.

Submission by the Quayhole Committee
Paul Johnson and Tony Rodi The Gateway proposal relocated development off the site, which would be restored to a naturalistic shoreline with original Tank Stream inlet in a Memorial Park. There it was proposed to enact a treaty between the Aboriginal people and the Australian Government.

The actual landing site is now located in the basement carpark of a 44 storey commercial tower built by the Hooker Corporation. A flag commemorating Captain Arthur Phillip's declaration of the establishment of the new British Colony is located at the bus stop adjacent to Customs House, Circular Quay. Australia Day commemorates the landing and establishment of the colony on the 26th of January, 1788. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Day"

Supporters. Jack Mundey who was elected to Sydney Council as representative of Gipps Ward on 14 April 1984 and served until 1987. He was chairman of the Planning committee from May 1984 to September 1985.

Peter Collins New South Wales State opposition leader of the Liberal Party, opposing Labor Premier Neville Wran, and Bob Carr, Minister for Planning and Environment.

If this communication engenders some interest, please have a look at my user page. Feel free to comment. I would value your advice on how to best proceed to communicate this important Architectural and Social History to the wider community.

Sincerely Tony Rodi

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on David Day (historian). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130409014515/http://davidday.com.au/ to http://www.davidday.com.au

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:21, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Day (historian)


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Malaysia Federal Route 69

Federal Route 69, or Jalan Bagan Datoh, is a federal road in Perak, Malaysia, connecting Simpang Empat Hutan Melintang to Bagan Datoh.

Route background
The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 69 starts at Simpang Empat Hutan Melintang.

Features
At most sections, the Federal Route 69 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.

title: Malaysia Federal Route 69


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Talk:Federal Correctional Institution, Florence

I understood. I won't interfere at all. However it would be great to join your ranks. Remove the spies and invite me. Thanks a conspirator. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:56, 22 November 2012 (UTC)


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James W. Brown

James W. Brown II (July 14, 1844 – October 23, 1909) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He worked in the iron and steel industry and served as vice president of the Crucible Steel Company. He was also engaged in banking, and was trustee of the Dollar Savings Bank.

James W. Brown II was a member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, whose earthen dam failed in May 1889, causing the Johnstown Flood. At the time of the Johnstown Flood, Brown was the secretary and treasurer of the Hussey, Howe and Company Steel Works Ltd. Soon after the disaster, Brown and several others of the Pittsburgh upper class bought summer vacation properties on Lake Muskoka, in Ontario, Canada, centered near the town of Beaumaris.

Brown was married to Clara Palmer Howe, the eighth child of U.S. Representative Thomas Marshall Howe and Mary Ann Palmer. James W. Brown II was the great-great-grandson of Fur Trader and Indian Agent/Interpreter Thomas McKee, who served under General Forbes at Fort Pitt circa 1758. He was a descendant of James McKee, whose mother, Margaret Tecumsepah Opessa was an older sister to Metheotashe Mary Opessa, the mother of Tecumseh, the great Shawnee leader and Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet. James W. Brown II was also brother-in-law to Pittsburgh Mayor and American ambassador to Japan, George W. Guthrie.

Brown was elected as an Independent Republican to the Fifty-eighth Congress. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1904. He resumed his former business pursuits and served as president of the Colonial Steel Company. He died at Pointe Mouillee, Michigan. Interment in Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh.

title: James W. Brown


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User:Mmorgal

Hello Wikipedia user! I am a Technical Writer who does some Wikipedia browsing and blogging on the side. I enjoy following the latest trends in web design, and I am always looking for ways to improve my online toolkit. I look forward to helping improve article content and making Wikipedia a better place.

Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need to reach me. Have a wonderful day!

title: User:Mmorgal


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Guitar/Learning Songs

Now that you've got a few chords under your belt, you're ready to start learning some songs. Great! There are several ways to learn songs, and some are more accessible than others.

General Tips
There are two basic forms that appear in thousands of songs. They are the twelve bar blues and the thirty-two bar ballad. Both forms are used extensively in all genres. The blues and rock 'n 'roll genres both use the twelve-bar blues form and many songs by Chuck Berry, Eddie Cochran and Buddy Holly are twelve bar blues and therefore very easy to learn. If you are trying to learn a jazz standard then you will find that many of them are of the thirty-two bar form. Practicing and understanding these two basic forms is essential for the guitarist who wishes to learn songs.

Practice the song slowly (especially if it's a fast song) until you can play it flawlessly. Then, when you are confident with the notes you are supposed to play, increase the speed until you can play along with the song.

Using a drum-machine or metronome when practicing is essential. An alternative method for improving timing is to play along with your favorite artists.

Sheet Music
The best way is to find sheet music for the song you are trying to learn, like a tab book, available from any guitar shop. Tab books are good, because they are almost always accurate, and they not only show the notes you're supposed to play, but they give good sense of how to play the notes. Generally they include both the rhythm and lead part, even written on the same page if they are played at the same time.

Tab books are expensive and there's a learning curve associated with fluent tab reading, especially if you have no prior knowledge of music notation. Understanding music theory, even just enough to properly (and easily) read a tab book is a challenge but not insurmountable. Being able to read music, whether it's tab or notation, will improve your playing.

Online Tab
A much quicker, cheaper and often faster way to learn is to search for an online tab of the song you're looking for. Simply type "Artist Name Song Name tab" into your favorite search engine, and "voila!", you have dozens to choose from. The online tab community is thriving, and there are many popular sites where you can find tabs for most popular songs. Some sites even feature a MIDI of the song, to make learning even easier.

There are several downsides to online tab, some of which are outlined in the Tablature section. The biggest problem is lack of accuracy. Always remember that online tabs are not made by professionals like tab books, and that somewhere down the line someone was sitting at home with a CD and figured it out by trial and error. Thus, the more complicated the song, the less likely the tab you are reading is 100% accurate. But since most people don't play a song exactly as it sounds on the album (even the recording artists!), this isn't such a big deal.

Another down side is that there is a huge amount of stealing in the community, and if you are looking for an obscure tab, you might only find one actual tab, with copies of it on every site you visit. Some sites allow for multiple versions, and some use voting or comments to give you a sense of how accurate the tab is. However, don't let voting alone determine which tab you read, because if the people who vote don't know how to play the song either, then they might vote a terrible tab really high. In general, you should read two or three tabs for a song, and then from that determine how you intend to play the song. Comments on a song can contain slight revisions or alternate fingerings for chords, so it is good to check those out.

By Ear
Songs can also be learned "by ear", with no sheet music. Essentially you just listen to the song and try to figure it out, with nothing for reference. Knowledge of music theory is particularly helpful for this method. It probably sounds a lot harder to learn this way than it is, but it is a really good way to practice whatever music knowledge you have. And it is especially rewarding being able to figure out a famous musicians piece and saying "I could have made that up!"

First, you should always try and figure out the key (or scale) the song is in. Knowing the key essentially tells you two important things; what the root notes are of the chords they are playing, and the scale that is used for soloing. When you know the scale, you can also probably figure out which scale degree is supposed to be major or minor.

To figure out the key, try playing random notes on the fretboard, and when one "works", play a major or minor pentatonic scale beginning with that note. Once you have figure out a few more notes, you will probably have a good idea of what scale is being used. If that doesn't work, try humming the chords being used, and then match those tones on the guitar. Be careful you don't accidentally start humming the lead vocals, because although that will help determine the key, the chords are likely different.

Once you know what key the song is in, the rest generally follows pretty quickly. Some of the tricky bits can be one-note riffs, arpeggios, of specific voicing of the chords they are using.

If have no experience of keys and their relationship to writing songs, then figuring out songs by ear is more difficult. Essentially you need to just find the same notes or chords and write them down or remember them. Generally this involves a lot of trial and error, but working this way provides excellent ear training.

Other Guitarists
This is perhaps the best way to learn. Playing with another guitarist gives you the opportunity to ask questions about chords and rhythms, and it gives you a chance to see and hear what the song is supposed to be like when it's performed live. However, the down side is that often a guitarist learns to play a song "their way", and they don't care about how it's "really" supposed to be played. Thus, you might not be learning the song exactly, but rather a slightly different version.

Concert Videos
Another place to learn is by watching concert videos, especially on DVDs where they allow you to pick camera angles. Often they will have a camera never breaks away from lead guitarist. By following along, you can learn exactly how a particular guitarist plays a particular song live.

The downside of this is that not every artist (especially new ones) has a concert DVD. Also, the guitarist may be playing the song differently live than on the album, so depending on how accurate you intend to be with your learning and playing, watching a video may not be the best way.

Chord Progressions
Songs are created using chords. Chords are derived from scales. The chords that are derived from one diatonic scale never change. If you learn the seven chords in the key of C major, then when you find a song in that key, you can quickly work out the chord progressions that make up the song.

Chords in C major

Note that the chords in the key of C major consists of 3 major chords, 3 minor chords and 1 diminished chord. This holds true for all major keys.

Chord Theory
Songs in the key of C major will start with a C major chord and end with a C major chord. The tonic chord of C major is the chord that defines the key ( the name tonic is derived from the word tonal). If you think of music as a journey then the tonic chord is the starting point and the return point. The notes in the scale of C major are named:

I is the Tonic

II is the Supertonic

III is the Mediant

IV is the Subdominant

V is the Dominant

VI is the Relative Minor

VII is the Leading Note

VIII is the Octave

Tonic - is the first note of the scale and it is this note that determines the tonality or key, hence the name Tonic.

Supertonic – the word “super” comes from the Latin verb “superare” which means “to be above”. The second note of any scale is always above the tonic.

Mediant – the mediant refers to the fact that this note lies halfway between the tonic and the dominant.

Subdominant – the word “sub” means "to be below". This note is below the dominant.

Dominant – this note has this name because with the tonic it sets the tonality or key. The tonic and dominant notes, more than any of the others, determines the tonality of a piece of music. The fifth note of the scale is therefore a dominant factor.

Relative Minor – so called because this is the tonic note of the corresponding natural minor scale. Every major scale has a corresponding natural minor scale that contains exactly the same notes. So the relative minor of the C major scale is A natural minor. It is also called the submediant because is lies three notes below the octave as the mediant lies three notes above the tonic.

Leading-note – whenever you play a scale and arrive at this note, you will find that it naturally wants to move up to the octave note. People have a psychological expectation of music. The most important need is for the “musical journey” to have a start and end. If you were to play the C major scale and stopped at the leading-note, you would always have the sense that the scale is incomplete.

Octave – the same note as the tonic but an octave higher in sound and the end of the musical journey that a scale takes us on.

All the chords in C major take the same names given to the degrees of the scale. You can refer to the dominant note or the dominant chord.

Common Progressions
The tonic, subdominant and dominant are called the tonal chords. The supertonic, mediant and relative minor are called the modal chords. The tonal chords define tonality (key) and the modal chords suggest modality. If you play only the modal chords Am and Em from the key of C major the listener will eventually interpret the music to be in the key of A minor (aeolian mode). It must be noted that Am and Em has to be stated over a lengthy period of time. Analyzing chord progressions starts with the tonal chords:

Step One: Try the progression I-V (Tonic to Dominant)

Step Two: Try the progression I-IV (Tonic to Subdominant)

Step Three: Try the progression I-VI or I-III (Tonic to Relative Minor) or (Tonic to Mediant)

Step Four: Try the progression I-II (Tonic to Supertonic)

If you know the song starts with a C major chord and none of the above works then the song may contain chromatic chords. It is common practice to change the modal chords which are minor into their major counterparts. So D minor becomes D major and E minor becomes E major. The chromatic supertonic and the chromatic mediant are a common compositional device. Even though you have added chromatic chords the listener will still interpret the key as C major.

Try playing this progression: C - E major - Am - G

In the above chord progression you have played a chord that doesn't belong to the key of C major. The tonality of the piece is preserved by the following chords which are diatonic to the key.

How To Continue Learning

 * Take formal lessons from a qualified teacher. Be sure to seek testimonials and references.
 * Watch others play. Notice what they have to pay attention to and what seems like magic.
 * Practice arbitrary scale runs. Go up and or down 3 or 4 notes and then move up the scale with the same interval.
 * Jam up with friends who are better than you as frequently as possible
 * Get some friends along who are at the same skill level and form a band of your own
 * Listen to your favorite music and try to envision what the guitarist is doing to make the notes come out as they do.
 * Listen to different music. It may open your mind to techniques and phrasing you never imagined using before.  It may also expand your musical library.  Pick any genre you're not familiar with.  Get a feel for the timing and note choice.  Into classical?  Try bluegrass.  Headbanger?  Pick up some jazz or blues.  Then move on to your hero's heroes.  Find out what musical influences got Jimi Hendrix, B.B King or Eric Clapton primed for stardom.

A great way to continue learning if you can already play is to teach guitar to other people.

title: Guitar/Learning Songs


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List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region

The tallest structure in the City of Paris and the Île-de-France remains the Eiffel Tower in the 7th arrondissement, 300 meters high (or 330 m including the broadcasting antenna at its top), completed in 1889 as the gateway to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. The tallest building in the Paris region is the Tour First, at 231 meters, located in La Défense. It is tied for ninth place among the tallest buildings in the European Union. The tallest building within the city limits of Paris is the Tour Montparnasse, 210 meters high.

Tallest buildings and structures
The Paris region has three of the tallest twenty-five buildings in the European Union: the Tour First, the Tour Hekla, and the Tour Montparnasse. As of 2022, there are 23 skyscrapers that reach a roof height of at least 150 metres.

Most of the Paris region's high-rise buildings are located in three distinct areas:

 * La Défense, located just west of the City of Paris in the département of the Hauts-de-Seine. Eight of the ten tallest buildings and structures in the region are located in La Defense.
 * Italie 13, located in the southern half of the 13th arrondissement: The 13th arrondissement towers are mostly residential, located in the south of the arrondissement, in what is today le Quartier chinois (Chinatown).
 * Front de Seine, located in the 15th arrondissement: Most of the buildings of the Front de Seine, which is in close proximity to the Eiffel Tower, were built in the 1970s and 1980s and are of mixed commercial and residential use. The tallest building is the Tour Montparnasse.

Other high-rise buildings are scattered throughout the Paris area, mainly in close proximity to the Périphérique freeway. These include Les Mercuriales in Bagnolet, the Tour Pleyel in Saint-Denis, and the Hôtel Hyatt Regency Paris Étoile in the city proper (near the Porte Maillot).

However the tallest tower is built within central Paris: the iconic Eiffel Tower standing alongside the Seine River at the heart of the 7th arrondissement. Built in 1889, it was the first man-made structure in the world to exceed 1,000 feet.

This list ranks the Paris area buildings and structures that stand at least 100 meters tall. Existing structures are included for ranking purposes based on present height.

Structures proposed, approved, or under construction
This is a list of structures that are either under construction or due to start construction soon. Structures are sorted by planned height. The Authority managing La Défense, the EPAD, has launched several contests for new towers in a large scale operation of renovation of the business district. Other proposed projects are currently being talked about in other municipalities of the inner suburbs such as Issy-les-Moulineaux, Boulogne-Billancourt or Saint-Denis.


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Victoria Hospital (Saint Lucia)

Victoria Hospital is a public health care facility in Saint Lucia. It is located in Castries. The hospital opened in 1887.

It was once the main hospital of the island but has since been replaced by the Owen King European Union Hospital (OKEU)

title: Victoria Hospital (Saint Lucia)


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Prolog/Putting it Together

This section serves both to combine the knowledge from the previous chapters and to review it. Prolog is first explained in more detail, true to its basic structure, and then a small program is presented that combines the knowledge from the previous chapters.

Prolog
A Prolog program consists of a database of rules. These rules are loaded into the compiler. The user can then run queries on the database. The compiler will try to prove that the query is true.

Everything in Prolog is described in logic (Prolog logic is variant of classic predicate- or first order logic). Starting from the atoms (the smallest bits) these are the most important logical symbols that make up a Prolog program or query.

constants
These consist of one or more lowercase characters, starting with a letter. A constant is not made up of other Prolog symbols (it's an atom) and it does not represent anything in the Prolog world except itself. A good way to think of atoms is as the objects of the prolog world. They have no meaning attached to them. Examples of valid constants: foo cd_p0345 a dirk

Variables
Variables are containers. They can represent pretty much any Prolog structure, from constants to predicates. Variables consist of one or more lower- or uppercase characters, starting with an uppercase letter. It's important to note that variables function differently in Prolog than in most programming languages. You do not assign a value to them and then use them, various values are assigned to them by Prolog when you run a query to try and make the query true. Examples of valid variables: B Parent Result

Predicates
Predicates consist of a functor (one or more lowercase characters, starting with a letter), possibly followed by a number of terms between brackets, separated by commas. A predicate is either true or false, based on its terms. Examples of valid predicates: childof(Child, Father) predicate(dog(x), cat(Y)) architect(a_vandelay) termless_predicate

Functions
A function is built up the same way as a predicate, but instead of being false or true, it can represent anything a variable can represent. For instance, the function sqrt(A), will return the square root of whatever number A represents.

Atomic Sentences
An atomic sentence is the smallest part in a prolog program that can take on the meaning true or false. All predicates are atomic sentences. Some other Prolog statements, such as unification (=) are atomic sentences as well. Examples of atomic sentences: childof(george_w_b, george_b) A = tan(B, C) + D

Sentences (and connectives)
Sentences are Prolog constructions that can take on the meaning true or false. Atomic Sentences are of course sentences. Other sentences (i.e., non-atomic ones) are comprised of atomic sentences joined together by connectives. The most important connective in Prolog is, (the "and" connective). If a sentence joins two atomic sentences with a comma, the sentence will be true if (and only if) both atomic sentences are true. Most sentences in Prolog are just a number of predicates with comma's between them, indicating that all atomic sentences need to be true for this sentence to be true. Note: The other connectives, important though they are, will come up later. Examples of sentences. childof(a, b), male(a), female(b) A = B * 3, even(A) dog(poochie), cat(scratchy), mouse(itchy)

Rules
A rule is a special type of sentence. It has a predicate on the left, and a sentence on the right separated by  . It's concluded by a period. Sentences are the lines in a Prolog program. A rule states that the predicate is true if the sentence is true. If there are variables in the rule, then the predicate is true for any instantiation of the variables for which the sentence is true. A rule with no sentence after the predicate (and thus, no  ) is called a fact and is considered true as is. Every sentence in a Prolog program is a rule.

Examples of rules. mother(A) :- has_child(A), female(A). car(porsche). equal(X, X).

Terms
A term is any Prolog construct representing an object. Constants and functions are always terms and variables can represent terms.

Other Prolog concepts are explained in the Glossary.

The Prolog Compiler
The Prolog compiler allows users to run queries on a database of rules (a Prolog program). Queries are special types of rules, with no predicate before the  . Once a query is entered, Prolog will check if it's true, given that the rules in the database are true. If the query has variables, Prolog will attempt to find an instantiation of the variables that will make the query true.

This instantiating of variables is based on the process of unification. If Prolog is trying to verify the query   and encounters the rule   in the database, it will unify the variable X with the constant a. In other words, it will instantiate the variable X to the value a. Since a(a) is true, Prolog will return X = a as a solution. Unification takes two predicates and sees if one can be used to instantiate the variables of the other. The following two predicates unify:

p(A, y) p(z, B) unification: A = z, B = y

As do these:

q(A, [y,z,C]) q(x, B) unification: A = x, B = [y,z,C]

However, these will not unify:

q(A, A) q(x, y)

This is because A can be x or y, but not both. These on the other hand: q(A, B) q(x, x)

will unify, because two different variables can be bound to the same constant.

If Prolog is trying to verify the query   and encounters the rule   It will unify the variable X to the variable A. Neither of the variables are instantiated yet (i.e., have values assigned to them) but they are bound to each other, they can only be instantiated to the same value. Prolog will now add   to its list of queries to verify. If it encounters the rule   in the database, it will (temporarily) instantiate A with c, and try to verify d. If d succeeds, Prolog will return   as a solution to the original query, if Prolog can't find anything in the database that makes d true, Prolog will forget this rule and try to make   true some other way. This is known as backtracking.

An example program
The following program checks if the sum of a list of numbers equals zero:

sum_is_zero(List) :- sum(List, Sum),			% Sum is the sum of the List Sum = 0. % Sum needs to be 0

sum([], 0). % the sum of an empty list is always 0 (stop predicate)

sum([FirstNumber|Tail], Sum) :-		% The list is split into its first number and its tail sum(Tail, TailSum),		% TailSum is the sum of the tail Sum is FirstNumber + TailSum. % Add the first number to that to get the Sum of the list.

The first rule in the program is pretty straightforward. It sums the list, using the sum predicate, and checks if it's equal to zero. The second two rules constitute the sum predicate. The first rule is the stop predicate. It simply states that an empty list has a sum of 0. The second rule first splits its list into a FirstNumber (the first number in the list, the 'head') and a Tail (the rest of the list). It calculates the sum of the tail recursively, and adds the first number to the sum of the tail.

Some queries: ?- sum_is_zero([1, -1]). Yes

?- sum_is_zero([1, 1, -2]). Yes

?- sum([-1.5, 2.7849, 3.383724], A). A = 4.66862 ; No

?- sum([-1.5, 2.7849, 3.383724], 42). No

Exercises
(1) Which of the following predicate pairs unify? If they do, give the instantiation of the variables, if they don't, explain why not.

1 child_of(M, P)  child_of(martha, doug) 2 dog(A) dog(B) 3 f(X, Y, e, Z)  f(a, b, d, c) 4 r(D, F)   r(p, c(martha, D))

previous:Math, Functions and Equality next:Cuts and Negation

title: Prolog/Putting it Together