text:
Conic sections

Conic sections are curves created by the intersection of a plane and a cone. There are six types of conic section: the circle, ellipse, hyperbola, parabola, a pair of intersecting straight lines and a single point.

All conics (as they are known) have at least two foci, although the two may coincide or one may be at infinity. They may also be defined as the locus of a point moving between a point and a line, a directrix, such that the ratio between the distances is constant. This ratio is known as "e", or eccentricity.

Ellipses

An ellipse is a locus where the sum of the distances to two foci is kept constant. This sum is also equivalent to the major axis of the ellipse - the major axis being longer of the two lines of symmetry of the ellipse, running through both foci. The eccentricity of an ellipse is less than one.

In Cartesian coordinates, if an ellipse is centered at (h,k), the equation for the ellipse is

 * $$\frac{(x-h)^2}{a^2}+\frac{(y-k)^2}{b^2}=1$$   (equation 1)

The lengths of the major and minor axes (also known as the conjugate and transverse) are "a" and "b" respectively.

Exercise 1. Derive equation 1. (hint)

A circle circumscribed about the ellipse, touching at the two end points of the major axis, is known as the auxiliary circle. The latus rectum of an ellipse passes through the foci and is perpendicular to the major axis.

From a point P($$x_1$$, $$y_1$$) tangents will have the equation:

 * $$\frac{xx_1}{a^2} + \frac{yy_1}{b^2} = 1$$

And normals:

 * $$\frac{xa^2}{x_1} - \frac{yb^2}{y_1} = a^2 - b^2$$

Likewise for the parametric coordinates of P, (a $$\cos \alpha$$, b $$\sin \alpha$$),

 * $$\frac{x\cos\alpha}{a} + \frac{y\sin\alpha}{b} = 1$$

Properties of Ellipses
S and S' are typically regarded as the two foci of the ellipse. Where $$a > b$$, these become (ae, 0) and (-ae, 0) respectively. Where $$a < b$$ these become (0, be) and (0, -be) respectively.

A point P on the ellipse will move about these two foci ut $$|PS + PS'| = 2a$$

Where a > b, which is to say the Ellipse will have a major-axes parallel to the x-axis:

$$b^2 = a^2(1-e^2)$$

The directrix will be: $$x = \pm \frac{a}{e}$$

Circles
A circle is a special type of the ellipse where the foci are the same point.

Hence, the equation becomes:

$$x^2+y^2 = r^2$$

Where 'r' represents the radius. And the circle is centered at the origin (0,0)

Hyperbolas
A special case where the eccentricity of the conic shape is greater than one.

Centered at the origin, Hyperbolas have the general equation:

 * $$\frac{x^2}{a^2} - \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1$$

A point P on will move about the two foci ut $$|PS - PS'| = 2a$$

The equations for the tangent and normal to the hyperbola closely resemble that of the ellipse.

From a point P($$x_1$$, $$y_1$$) tangents will have the equation:

 * $$\frac{xx_1}{a^2} - \frac{yy_1}{b^2} = 1$$

And normals:

 * $$\frac{xa^2}{x_1} + \frac{yb^2}{y_1} = a^2 + b^2$$

The directrixes (singular directrix) and foci of hyperbolas are the same as those of ellipses, namely directrixes of $$ x = \pm \frac{a}{e} $$  and foci of   $$ ( \pm ae, 0) $$

The asymptotes of a hyperbola lie at $$ y = \pm \frac {b}{a}x $$

Rectangular Hyperbolas
Rectangular Hyperbolas are special cases of hyperbolas where the asymptotes are perpendicular. These have the general equation:

$$ xy = c $$

Conic sections generally
Within the two dimensional space of Cartesian Coordinate Geometry a conic section may be located anywhere and have any orientation.

This section examines the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, showing how to calculate the equation of the conic section, and also how to calculate the foci and directrices given the equation.

Deriving the equation
The curve is defined as a point whose distance to the focus and distance to a line, the directrix, have a fixed ratio, eccentricity $$e.$$ Distance from focus to directrix must be non-zero.

Let the point have coordinates $$(x,y).$$

Let the focus have coordinates $$(p,q).$$

Let the directrix have equation $$ax + by + c = 0$$ where $$a^2 + b^2 = 1.$$

Then $$e = \frac {\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}}$$ $$= \frac{\sqrt{(x-p)^2 + (y-q)^2}}{ax + by + c}$$

$$e(ax + by + c) = \sqrt{(x-p)^2 + (y-q)^2}$$

Square both sides: $$(ax + by + c)(ax + by + c)e^2 = (x-p)^2 + (y-q)^2$$

Rearrange: $$(x-p)^2 + (y-q)^2 - (ax + by + c)(ax + by + c)e^2 = 0\ \dots\ (1).$$

Expand $$(1),$$ simplify, gather like terms and result is:

$$Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0$$ where:

$$X = e^2$$

$$A = Xa^2 - 1$$

$$B = Xb^2 - 1$$

$$C = 2Xab$$

$$D = 2p + 2Xac$$

$$E = 2q + 2Xbc$$

$$F = Xc^2 - p^2 - q^2$$

Note that values $$A,B,C,D,E,F$$ depend on:

 * $$e$$ non-zero. This method is not suitable for circle where $$e = 0.$$

 * $$e^2.$$ Sign of $$e \pm$$ is not significant.

 * $$(ax + by + c)^2.\ ((-a)x + (-b)y + (-c))^2$$ or $$((-1)(ax + by + c))^2$$ and $$(ax + by + c)^2$$ produce same result.

For example, directrix $$0.6x - 0.8y + 3 = 0$$ and directrix $$-0.6x + 0.8y - 3 = 0$$ produce same result.

Parabola
Every parabola has eccentricity $$e = 1.$$

Simple quadratic function:

Let focus be point $$(0,1).$$

Let directrix have equation: $$y = -1$$ or $$(0)x + (1)y + 1 = 0.$$

As conic section curve has equation: $$(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (4)y + (0) = 0$$

Curve is quadratic function: $$4y = x^2$$ or $$y = \frac{x^2}{4}$$

For a quick check select some random points on the curve:

Gallery
Curve in Figure 1 below has:

 * Directrix: $$y = -23$$

 * Focus: $$(7,-21)$$

 * Equation: $$(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0$$ or $$y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}$$

Curve in Figure 2 below has:

 * Directrix: $$x = 12$$

 * Focus: $$(10,-7)$$

 * Equation: $$(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0$$ or $$x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}$$

Curve in Figure 3 below has:

 * Directrix: $$(0.6)x - (0.8)y + (2.0) = 0$$

 * Focus: $$(6.6, 6.2)$$

 * Equation: $$-(0.64)x^2 - (0.36)y^2 - (0.96)xy + (15.6)x + (9.2)y - (78) = 0$$

Ellipse
Every ellipse has eccentricity $$1 > e > 0.$$

A simple ellipse:

Let focus be point $$(p,q)$$ where $$p,q = -1,0$$

Let directrix have equation: $$(1)x + (0)y + 16 = 0$$ or $$x = -16.$$

Let eccentricity $$e = 0.25$$

Ellipse has center at origin and equation: $$(0.9375)x^2 + (1)y^2 = (15).$$

Some basic checking:

The effect of eccentricity.

All ellipses in diagram have:

 * Focus at point $$(-1,0)$$

 * Directrix with equation $$x = -16.$$

Five ellipses are shown with eccentricities varying from $$0.1$$ to $$0.9.$$

Gallery
Curve in Figure 1 below has:

 * Directrix: $$x = -10$$

 * Focus: $$(3,0)$$

 * Eccentricity: $$e = 0.5$$

 * Equation: $$(-0.75)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (11)x + (0)y + (16) = 0$$

Curve in Figure 2 below has:

 * Directrix: $$y = -12$$

 * Focus: $$(7,-4)$$

 * Eccentricity: $$e = 0.7$$

 * Equation: $$(-1)x^2 + (-0.51)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (3.76)y + (5.56) = 0$$

Curve in Figure 3 below has:

 * Directrix: $$(0.6)x - (0.8)y + (2.0) = 0$$

 * Focus: $$(8,5)$$

 * Eccentricity: $$e = 0.9$$

 * Equation: $$(-0.7084)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (-0.7776)xy + (17.944)x + (7.408)y + (-85.76) = 0$$

Hyperbola
Every hyperbola has eccentricity $$e > 1.$$

A simple hyperbola:

Let focus be point $$(p,q)$$ where $$p,q = 0,-9$$

Let directrix have equation: $$(0)x + (1)y + 4 = 0$$ or $$y = -4.$$

Let eccentricity $$e = 1.5$$

Hyperbola has center at origin and equation: $$(1.25)y^2 - x^2 = 45.$$

Some basic checking:

The effect of eccentricity.

All hyperbolas in diagram have:

 * Focus at point $$(0,-9)$$

 * Directrix with equation $$y = -4.$$

Six hyperbolas are shown with eccentricities varying from $$1.5$$ to $$20.$$

Gallery
Curve in Figure 1 below has:

 * Directrix: $$y = 6$$

 * Focus: $$(0,1)$$

 * Eccentricity: $$e = 1.5$$

 * Equation: $$(-1)x^2 + (1.25)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (-25)y + (80) = 0$$

Curve in Figure 2 below has:

 * Directrix: $$x = 1$$

 * Focus: $$(-5,6)$$

 * Eccentricity: $$e = 2.5$$

 * Equation: $$(5.25)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-22.5)x + (12)y + (-54.75) = 0$$

Curve in Figure 3 below has:

 * Directrix: $$(0.8)x + (0.6)y + (2.0) = 0$$

 * Focus: $$(-28,12)$$

 * Eccentricity: $$e = 1.2$$

 * Equation: $$(-0.0784)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (1.3824)xy + (-51.392)x + (27.456)y + (-922.24) = 0$$

Reversing the process
The expression "reversing the process" means calculating the values of $$e,$$ focus and directrix when given the equation of the conic section, the familiar values $$A,B,C,D,E,F.$$

Consider the equation of a simple ellipse: $$0.9375 x^2 + y^2 = 15.$$ This is a conic section where $$A,B,C,D,E,F = -0.9375, -1, 0, 0, 0, 15.$$

This ellipse may be expressed as $$15 x^2 + 16 y^2 = 240,$$ a format more appealing to the eye than numbers containing fractions or decimals.

However, when this ellipse is expressed as $$-0.9375x^2 - y^2 + 15 = 0,$$ this format is the ellipse expressed in "standard form," a notation that greatly simplifies the calculation of $$a,b,c,e,p,q.$$

Modify the equations for $$A,B,C$$ slightly:

$$KA = Xaa - 1$$ or $$Xaa = KA + 1\ \dots\ (1)$$

$$KB = Xbb - 1$$ or $$Xbb = KB + 1\ \dots\ (2)$$

$$KC = 2Xab\ \dots\ (3)$$

$$(3)\ \text{squared:}\ KKCC = 4XaaXbb\ \dots\ (4)$$

In $$(4)$$ substitute for $$Xaa, Xbb:$$ $$C^2 K^2 = 4(KA+1)(KB+1)\ \dots\ (5)$$

$$(5)$$ is a quadratic equation in $$K:\ (a\_)K^2 + (b\_) K + (c\_) = 0$$ where:

$$a\_ = 4AB - C^2$$

$$b\_ = 4(A+B)$$

$$c\_ = 4$$

Because $$(5)$$ is a quadratic equation, the solution of $$(5)$$ may contain an unwanted value of $$K$$ that will be eliminated later.

From $$(1)$$ and $$(2):$$

$$Xaa + Xbb = KA + KB + 2$$

$$X(aa + bb) = KA + KB + 2$$

Because $$aa + bb = 1,\ X = KA + KB + 2$$

More calculations
The values $$D,E,F:$$

$$D = 2p + 2Xac;\ 2p = (D - 2Xac)$$

$$E = 2q + 2Xbc;\ 2q = (E - 2Xbc)$$

$$F = Xcc - pp - qq\ \dots\ (10)$$

$$(10)*4:\ 4F = 4Xcc - 4pp - 4qq\ \dots\ (11)$$

In $$(11)$$ replace $$4pp, 4qq:\ 4F = 4Xcc - (D - 2Xac)(D - 2Xac) - (E - 2Xbc)(E - 2Xbc)\ \dots\ (12)$$

Expand $$(12),$$ simplify, gather like terms and result is quadratic function in $$c:$$

$$(a\_)c^2 + (b\_)c + (c\_) = 0\ \dots\ (14)$$ where:

$$a\_ = 4X(1 - Xaa - Xbb)$$

$$aa + bb = 1,$$ Therefore:

$$a\_ = 4X(1 - X)$$

$$b\_ = 4X(Da + Eb)$$

$$c\_ = -(D^2 + E^2 + 4F)$$

For parabola, there is one value of $$c$$ because there is one directrix.

For ellipse and hyperbola, there are two values of $$c$$ because there are two directrices.

Parabola
Given equation of conic section: $$16x^2 + 9y^2 - 24xy + 410x - 420y + 3175 = 0.$$

Calculate $$\text{eccentricity, focus, directrix.}$$ interpreted as:

Directrix: $$0.6x + 0.8y + 3 = 0$$

Eccentricity: $$e = 1$$

Focus: $$p,q = -10,6$$

Because eccentricity is $$1,$$ curve is parabola.

Because curve is parabola, there is one directrix and one focus.

For more insight into the method of calculation and also to check the calculation:

Ellipse
Given equation of conic section: $$481x^2 + 369y^2 - 384xy + 5190x + 5670y + 7650 = 0.$$

Calculate $$\text{eccentricity, foci, directrices.}$$ interpreted as:

Directrix 1: $$0.6x + 0.8y - 3 = 0$$

Eccentricity: $$e = 0.8$$

Focus 1: $$p,q = -3, -3$$

Directrix 2: $$0.6x + 0.8y + 37 = 0$$

Eccentricity: $$e = 0.8$$

Focus 2: $$p,q = -18.36, -23.48$$

Because eccentricity is $$0.8,$$ curve is ellipse.

Because curve is ellipse, there are two directrices and two foci.

For more insight into the method of calculation and also to check the calculation:

Hyperbola
Given equation of conic section: $$7x^2 + 0y^2 - 24xy + 90x + 216y - 81 = 0.$$

Calculate $$\text{eccentricity, foci, directrices.}$$ interpreted as:

Directrix 1: $$0.6x + 0.8y - 3 = 0$$

Eccentricity: $$e = 1.25$$

Focus 1: $$p,q = 0, -3$$

Directrix 2: $$0.6x + 0.8y - 22.2 = 0$$

Eccentricity: $$e = 1.25$$

Focus 2: $$p,q = 18, 21$$

Because eccentricity is $$1.25,$$ curve is hyperbola.

Because curve is hyperbola, there are two directrices and two foci.

For more insight into the method of calculation and also to check the calculation:

Slope of curve
Given equation of conic section: $$Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0,$$

differentiate both sides with respect to $$x.$$

$$2Ax + B(2yy') + C(xy' + y) + D + Ey' = 0$$

$$2Ax + 2Byy' + Cxy' + Cy + D + Ey' = 0$$

$$2Byy' + Cxy' + Ey' + 2Ax + Cy + D = 0$$

$$y'(2By + Cx + E) = -(2Ax + Cy + D)$$

$$y' = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}$$

For slope horizontal: $$2Ax + Cy + D = 0.$$

For slope vertical: $$Cx + 2By + E = 0.$$

For given slope $$m = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}$$

$$m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D$$

$$mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0$$

$$(mC + 2A)x + (m2B + C)y + (mE + D) = 0.$$

y = f(x)
Consider conic section: $$(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0.$$

This is quadratic function: $$y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}$$

Slope of this curve: $$m = y' = \frac{2x - 14}{4}$$

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope $$5:$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Check results:

x = f(y)
Consider conic section: $$(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0.$$

This is quadratic function: $$x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}$$

Slope of this curve: $$\frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{-2y - 14}{4}$$

$$m = y' = \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-4}{2y + 14}$$

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope $$0.5:$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Check results:

Parabola
Consider conic section: $$(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.$$

This curve is a parabola.

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope $$2:$$ Because all 3 lines are parallel to axis, all 3 lines have slope $$\frac{3}{4}.$$

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope $$0.75:$$ Axis has slope $$0.75$$ and curve is never parallel to axis.

Ellipse
Consider conic section: $$(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.$$

This curve is an ellipse.

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope $$-1:$$ Because curve is closed loop, slope of curve may be any value including $$\frac{1}{0}.$$

If slope of curve is given as $$\frac{1}{0},$$ it means that curve is vertical at that point and tangent to curve has equation $$x = k.$$

For any given slope there are always 2 points on opposite sides of curve where tangent to curve at each of those points has the given slope.

Hyperbola
Consider conic section: $$(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.$$

This curve is a hyperbola.

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope $$2:$$

Asymptotes of Hyperbola
Let the conic section have the familiar equation: $$Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0.$$

Let a line have equation: $$y = f(x) = mx + c.$$

Let $$f(x)$$ intersect the conic section. For $$y$$ in equation of conic section substitute $$(mx + c).$$

$$y = g(x) = Ax^2 + B(mx+c)^2 + Cx(mx+c) + Dx + E(mx+c) + F = 0.$$

Expand $$g(x),$$ simplify, gather like terms and result is quadratic function in $$x:$$

$$h(x) = (a$$_$$)x^2 + (b$$_$$)x + (c$$_$$) = 0$$ where:

$$a$$_ $$ = A + Bm^2 + Cm$$

$$b$$_ $$ = 2Bcm + cC + D + Em$$

$$c$$_ $$ = Ec + F + Bc^2$$

If line $$f(x)$$ is an asymptote, then $$a$$_ $$ = b$$_ $$ = 0,$$ in which case:

$$j(m) =\ ($$_$$a)m^2 + ($$_$$b)m + ($$_$$c) = 0$$ where:

_$$a = B;\ $$_$$b = C;\ $$_$$c = A$$

and $$m_1,m_2$$ (roots of $$j(m)$$) are the slopes of the 2 asymptotes.

Latera recta et cetera
"Latus rectum" is a Latin expression meaning "straight side." According to Google, the Latin plural of "latus rectum" is "latera recta," but English allows "latus rectums" or possibly "lati rectums." The title of this section is poetry to the eyes and music to the ears of a Latin student and this author hopes that the gentle reader will permit such poetic licence in a mathematical topic.

The translation of the title is "Latus rectums and other things." This section describes the calculation of interesting items associated with the ellipse: latus rectums, major axis, minor axis, focal chords, directrices and various points on these lines.

When given the equation of an ellipse, the first thing is to calculate eccentricity, foci and directrices as shown above. Then verify that the curve is in fact an ellipse.

From these values everything about the ellipse may be calculated. For example:

Consider conic section: $$1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.$$

This curve is ellipse with random orientation.

Major axis
Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points $$I2, ID2.$$

Latus rectums
Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points $$R, S.$$

Checking
All interesting points have been calculated without using equations of any of the relevant lines.

However, equations of relevant lines are very useful for testing, for example:

 * Check that points $$ID2, I2, F2, M, F1, I1, ID1$$ are on axis.

 * Check that points $$R, F2, S$$ are on latus rectum through $$F2.$$

 * Check that points $$Q, M, T$$ are on minor axis through $$M.$$

 * Check that points $$P, F1, U$$ are on latus rectum through $$F1.$$

Test below checks that 8 points $$I1, I2, P, Q, R, S, T, U$$ are on ellipse and satisfy eccentricity $$e = 0.9.$$

Note the differences between "raw" values of $$e_1$$ and "clean" values of $$e_2.$$

Other resources

 * Should the contents of this Wikiversity page be merged into the related Wikibooks modules such as Conic Sections/Ellipse?

title: Conic sections


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User:Abdallah albeltagy/Books/The Tallest Buildings

in the world

 * List of largest buildings in the world
 * List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
 * List of tallest structures in the world
 * List of tallest buildings in the world
 * List of tallest towers in the world
 * Burj Khalifa
 * Shanghai Tower
 * Abraj Al Bait
 * CTF Finance Centre
 * One World Trade Center
 * Taipei 101
 * Shanghai World Financial Center
 * International Commerce Centre
 * Petronas Towers
 * Zifeng Tower
 * Willis Tower
 * KK100
 * Guangzhou International Finance Center
 * 432 Park Avenue
 * Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)
 * Jin Mao Tower
 * Princess Tower
 * Al Hamra Tower
 * International Finance Centre
 * 23 Marina
 * CITIC Plaza
 * Shun Hing Square
 * Empire State Building
 * John Hancock Center
 * Tokyo Skytree
 * Canton Tower
 * CN Tower
 * Ostankino Tower
 * Oriental Pearl Tower
 * Elite Residence
 * Eiffel Tower


text:
The Place of Dead Roads

The Place of Dead Roads is a 1983 novel by William S. Burroughs, the second book of the trilogy that begins with Cities of the Red Night (1981) and concludes with The Western Lands (1987). It chronicles the story of a gay gunfighter in the American West, beginning with the gunfighter's death in 1899, incorporates contrasting themes and time travel episodes, and makes use of Burroughs’ extensive knowledge of firearms. Non-linear in construction, it makes use of vivid imagery and repetition but does not employ the famous “cut-up” method of literary collage used in his earlier novels.

The novel received a negative review from Kirkus Reviews.

title: The Place of Dead Roads


text:
Antonio Pollina

Antonio Domenico "Mr. Miggs" Pollina (September 20, 1892 – February 27, 1993) was an Italian-American mobster and was the short lived boss of the Philadelphia crime family during the late 1950s.

Early life
Antonio Pollina was born in Caccamo, Sicily and became a naturalized American citizen in 1944. His rap sheet dated back to 1927 and included arrests for murder, concealed weapons, untaxed liquor, assault & battery. His legitimate employment was as a cheese salesman for Maggio Cheese Co. Pollina was one of the top leaders of the mafia group known as "The Greaser Gang" and controlled a large loanshark operation.

Boss
In 1959 Pollina was handed the reins of the family when Joseph Ida fled the United States to avoid an indictment on narcotic charges. Pollina began plotting the murder of Angelo Bruno.

Pollina ordered his Underboss, Ignazio Denaro, to murder Angelo Bruno, but Denaro instead informed Bruno of Pollina's intentions. Bruno used his connections to The Commission to take Pollina's power away from him. The Commission authorized Bruno to murder Pollina. Pollina stepped down and Angelo Bruno replaced him and kept Denaro as his underboss.

Later life and death
In spite of the alleged murder plot, Pollina remained in Philadelphia and reportedly felt secure enough to ask Angelo Bruno to name him as his consigliere after the death of Joe Rugnetta in 1977. Bruno is said to have declined his request and placed the man who would arrange his death 3 years later instead, Antonio Caponigro. Pollina died of natural causes in 1993. He's buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, Yeadon, Pennsylvania.

title: Antonio Pollina


text:
who cares

Phrase

 * 1) * c.1888, George Manville Fenn, Dick o' the Fens: A Tale of the Great Eastern Swamp,
 * "No, but it's not nice all the same to live in a place where lots of people were murdered."
 * "Tchah! who cares! I don't. It's a capital old place, and you never dig anywhere without finding something."
 * "Yes," said Tom solemnly, "something that isn't always nice."
 * 1) * c.1888, George Manville Fenn, Dick o' the Fens: A Tale of the Great Eastern Swamp,
 * "No, but it's not nice all the same to live in a place where lots of people were murdered."
 * "Tchah! who cares! I don't. It's a capital old place, and you never dig anywhere without finding something."
 * "Yes," said Tom solemnly, "something that isn't always nice."

Antonyms

 * See Thesaurus:care § Antonyms

title: who cares


text:
User:Rakib Kawser

Rakib Kawser

Bron in Barisal, Bangladesh, 1996. Live in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. His Father is Abul Hossain and mother is Laily Begum. He has a sister, her name is rakhi mony. Rakib kawser live with his family in dhaka.

His complited P.S.C(2009), J.S.C(2012) & S.S.C(2015) from Haji Ashraf Ali High School, Dhaka. Then he complited H.S.C(2017) from North Western college, Mirpur, Dhaka.

His home town is located in barisal. His village name is Ghatkhali. Now he live in shewrapara, Mirpur, Dhaka

title: User:Rakib Kawser


text:
Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttarakhand

Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttarakhand or BJP Uttarakhand is a state unit of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Uttarakhand.

Mahendra Bhatt is the current president of the BJP Uttarakhand.

title: Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttarakhand


text:
Catherine Bruhier

Catherine Bruhier is a Canadian actress and filmmaker. Born in Belize, she was raised in New Brunswick and has worked in Canada and the United States.

Early life and education
Catherine Bruhier was born in Belize (formerly British Honduras), Central America. Her mother and father were both born and raised in Belize. Her family moved to Saint John, New Brunswick when she was an infant. After graduating from Saint John High School and winning a scholarship and an artistic award, she moved to Toronto to pursue her acting career.

A graduate of the George Brown College Theatre program, she also attended York University. She studied in Los Angeles with director Jim Pasternak.

Career
Bruhier was cast in Theatre New Brunswick, in David French's two-hander Salt-Water Moon, directed by playwright Sharon Pollock and co-starring Eric McCormack from Will & Grace fame.

She was one of eight directors in Canada chosen to attend the 2010 Women in the Directors Chair at the Banff Arts Centre.

Bruhier is a member of Canadian Actors Equity Association (CAEA), Alliance of Canadian Television and Radio Artists (ACTRA), and Screen Actors Guild.

Stage work
Bruhier has performed leading roles in theatres across Canada, including Shaw Festival, Grand Theatre London, Factory Theatre, Theatre Passe Muraille, Theatre Aquarius, and Theatre Plus Toronto. She appeared in the Dora Award-winning production of Carrying the Calf.

Screen work
Her most notable role was starring in 3 seasons as Elaine Besbriss on the Paul Haggis created series Due South.

She co-hosted two seasons of the children's program The Polka Dot Door.

Other screen credits include Jimmy Kimmel Live!, 9-1-1, How to Get Away with Murder, Kim's Convenience, Rookie Blue, Flashpoint, Soulfood, Yes Dear, Frasier, and Port Charles.

In 2013, Bruhier appeared in the feature film The Best Man Holiday, directed by Malcolm D. Lee.

Filmmaker
Her short film, The Sacrifice, marked her directorial debut and first project from co-founded production company Breaking Ground Productions. While living in Toronto, she was one of the 2011 grant recipients of the Ontario Art Council's Emerging Filmmakers Grant to direct her 2nd short film Clean Teeth Wednesdays.

title: Catherine Bruhier


text:
Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer

Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer (VISAGE) is a proposed Venus lander mission that would perform atmospheric and surface science investigations.

The mission was proposed in 2017 to NASA's New Frontiers program to compete for funding and development, but it was not selected.

Overview
If selected for development, VISAGE would have launched in December 2024 with a targeted flyby of Venus in May 2025, and Venus arrival in December 2025. A carrier spacecraft would deploy the lander five days before it flew by Venus. The atmosphere of Venus at the surface has an average temperature of 450 °C and is highly acidic and corrosive, which severely limits the time a lander can function. The VISAGE lander would function autonomously while descending (1 hour) and would operate on the surface for additional 3.5 hours, and it would transmit its acquired data to the nearby carrier module for relay to Earth.

Science investigations
During its parachute descent, the VISAGE lander would analyse atmospheric noble gases and light stable isotopes inventory, as well as reactive and trace gases, and measure the atmospheric structure profile. It would also image the surface starting from an altitude of 15 km and acquire panoramic images of the landing site.

The VISAGE lander would drill on the shallow subsurface and samples would be brought on board to measure the mineralogy and elemental composition.

Goals
The proposed mission goals are:
 * to measure noble gases to test models of the origin and evolution of Venus, and measure sulfur compounds and trace gas profiles to constrain atmospheric cycles, surface-atmosphere interactions, and climate models.
 * to understand whether Venus was ever like Earth: VISAGE would measure surface and subsurface composition, determine surface rock type, mineralogy, and texture to understand geochemical processes, weathering, and aeolian processes.
 * to understand clues about exoplanets.

Payload
The proposed lander payload comprises five instruments: the Atmospheric Structure Investigation including Doppler Wind measurements, a Neutral Mass Spectrometer, an Imaging System, an X-ray Fluorescence experiment, and a Visible Near-Infrared Spectrometer. The total surface science data return is expected to be ~1.4 GBits.


text:
Talk:metropoli

RFV discussion for the English entry
This entry was generated automatically, presumably based on Widsith's addition to metropolis. A Google search turns up this word only on foreign language pages, not English, and it is not the plural one would expect from a Latin or Greek root. The English-form plural is metropolises (for the "city" definition), and I can find evidence that the plural for the Orthodox sense is metropolia, but I can't find metropoli. --EncycloPetey 17:31, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * A few google books hits for "metropoli like": . Kappa 17:41, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * 216 for metropoleis: . † Raifʻhār Doremítzwr 17:54, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * And all of them are about the ancient world, not the modern definition, so that works for only one sense. The question is still whether metropoli is valid, not what other forms are out there. --EncycloPetey 17:55, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Now there are three citations for each sense. † Raifʻhār Doremítzwr 00:33, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Only just saw this discussion. For reference, the OED lists the following plural forms: metropolisses (16th century, now obsolete), metropolis's (17th century, now obsolute), and the current ones metropolises (attested since 18th century) and metropoli (attested since 19th century). Widsith 15:22, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

RFV failed. Reports of this being cited have been greatly exaggerated. Entry deleted. —RuakhTALK 00:58, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

 * FYI: In Latin, the plural of metropolis, metropolis (3rd declension) should be metropoles. I understand it's a Greek word, but the English is most probably filtered through Latin, and hence may well take the latin plural. 18:40, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:metropoli


text:
lexer

Etymology
, ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1)  A computer program that performs lexical analysis.

Translations

 * Serbo-Croatian: lekser

title: lexer


text:
User:OctoFluorescent/Books/mysteries

and other curiosities

 * Cabinet of curiosities
 * Coincidence
 * Dyatlov Pass incident
 * Enchanted forest
 * Form constant
 * Gef
 * Hanlon's razor
 * Hypnagogia
 * MacGuffin
 * Maco light
 * Metaphysical naturalism
 * Mike Alder
 * Occam's razor
 * Out-of-place artifact
 * Overtoun House
 * Pareidolia
 * Phosphene
 * Psychophysics
 * Qualia
 * Rationalism
 * Russian geoglyph
 * Simulacrum
 * Spontaneous human combustion
 * Street light interference phenomenon
 * Streetlight effect
 * Tetris effect
 * Vile Vortices
 * Watermelon snow

title: User:OctoFluorescent/Books/mysteries


text:
Refuge island

A refuge island, also known as a pedestrian refuge or pedestrian island, is a small section of pavement or sidewalk, surrounded by asphalt or other road materials, where pedestrians can stop before finishing crossing a road. It is typically used when a street is very wide, as the pedestrian crossing can be too long for some individuals to cross in one traffic light cycle. They may also be seen on roads with higher speed limits. In the United Kingdom, refuge islands are commonly illuminated by a white 300 mm beacon mounted on a 5 m grey pole with white reflective bands.

Refuge islands may also be used when no light exists and pedestrians need safe harbour after managing one direction of traffic and before carrying on to the next. This significantly improves amenity for pedestrians trying to cross busy streets, as they are much more likely to find two small gaps in traffic rather than one situation in which gaps for both directions coincide. Since this reduces pedestrians' average waiting time, it also improves safety, with impatient pedestrians less likely to use gaps that turn out to be too short for safe crossing.

title: Refuge island


text:
Trading up the chain

Trading up the chain is a marketing and propaganda tactic of deliberately inducing circular reporting, by seeding a message or claim in a less-credible medium, with the intent of it being quoted and repeated by publications (or people) who appeal to a wider audience. Those more-authoritative sources are then cited, to build up the message's credibility and publicize it further. Trading up the chain can be a tactic for disinformation and media manipulation.

The term was publicized by the author and marketer Ryan Holiday, who described its use in marketing and politics.

title: Trading up the chain


text:
Time (bicycle company)

Time (previously known as: Time Sport) (stylized as TIME) is a manufacturer of pedals and bicycles.

History
Time was founded in 1987 by Roland Cattin.

Time products became popular in the early 1990s, through sponsorship of Pedro Delgado in 1988, then multiple Tour de France winner Greg LeMond in his 1989 Tour de France victory, followed by multiple Tour de France winner Miguel Indurain.

Sponsorship
Time has sponsored several professional cycling teams, most recently ProTour teams Quick Step-Innergetic, Cofidis and Bouygues Telecom. Several other professionals and teams use Time shoes and/or pedals, including Saunier-Duval, Ag2r, and 2008 Beijing Olympic mountain biking gold medalist Julien Absalon.

Pedro Delgado used Time clipless pedals and Time cycling shoes in the 1988 Tour de France and Greg Lemond won the Tour the following year wearing Time Equipe cycling shoes.

During the 2004 Tour de France, Thomas Voeckler used a Time VXRS bicycle with Time Impact pedals.

Tom Boonen, the 2005 Road Race World Champion, used Time bikes while he was with Quick Step-Innergetic. His successful 2005 season included the Tour of Flanders, Paris–Roubaix, the Tour of Belgium and the 2005 World Road Race Championships in Madrid, Spain. The following season, Time developed a special bike, the Time VXS, for Boonen to ride in the 2006 spring classics. The VXS is similar to the VXRS Ulteam, but is a little more compliant as a result of a longer wheelbase and the vectran fibres that are used in the Time manufactured carbon fibre.

In addition to Boonen's triumphs, Time has been ridden to more victories at the Olympics and World Championships. Italian rider Paolo Bettini rode Time bicycles during his gold medal-winning ride in the 2004 Athens Olympic Road Race and in the 2006 World Championship Road Race. Australian rider Michael Rogers rode a Time time-trial bike to victory in the 2003, 2004, and 2005 world championship time-trials.

The Giro d'Italia, la Vuelta a España, Paris–Roubaix, the Olympic games, World Championship and the Tour de France (10 Times winner) have been won using Time products.

In 2021, after Cardinal Cycling Group bought Time bicycles and SRAM bought Time pedals, the first teams to be sponsored were : Besides cycling, Time has also sponsored teams and Olympic athletes such as:
 * Le Stade Rochelais Charente Maritime women cycling for frames
 * Team Absolut Absalon for MTB pedals
 * Rally UHC and SD Worx for road pedals

 * Martin Fourcade
 * Teddy Rinner
 * Poissy Triathlon (triathlon team of numerous international triathlon stars such as Andrea Hewitt, Dorian Coninx and Cassandre Beaugrand)

title: Time (bicycle company)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Help desk/Archives/2020 August 11

= August 11 =

04:08:36, 11 August 2020 review of submission by Markkaempfer
Markkaempfer (talk) 04:08, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , Does the church have a historical designation? For example, buildings on the National Register of Historic Places are automatically notable, but other buildings need to meet a higher standard. CaptainEek  Edits Ho Cap'n!⚓ 05:53, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

The church may not be as historically important as churches located in large, major cities, but I think it is still noteworthy, and I would argue that articles representing rural areas need cultivating on Wikipedia as much as urban areas.

07:51:25, 11 August 2020 review of submission by Sanjaysharma5882
Hi, I edited the page Draft:Zeeshan_Khan one month ago, but the page is still pending for review. I just want to know if there is any problem in this draft why it has not reviewed still.

Sanjaysharma5882 (talk) 07:51, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid your draft is not pending review it was rejected last October and will not be considered further. Theroadislong (talk) 07:55, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , You failed to submit it. It was rejected a long while ago. I have not looked at what you have done. If you are sure that the referencing meets our needs please press the submit button
 * For a living person we have a high standard of referencing. Every substantive fact you assert, especially one that is susceptible to potential challenge, requires a citation with a reference that is about them, and is independent of them, and is in WP:RS, and is significant coverage. Please also see WP:PRIMARY which details the limited permitted usage of primary sources and WP:SELFPUB which has clear limitations on self published sources. Providing sufficient references, ideally one per fact cited, that meet these tough criteria is likely to make this draft a clear acceptance (0.9 probability). Lack of them or an inability to find them is likely to mean that the person is not suitable for inclusion, certainly today. Fiddle   Faddle  07:55, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Now I have looked. Any resubmission will fail. Fiddle   Faddle  07:57, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

08:18:19, 11 August 2020 review of draft by JKMFraser
can you remind me how to add text below a photo in Wikipedia ? thank you so much

jennifer

JKMFraser (talk) 08:18, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I believe Help:Pictures should have what you are looking for.  JTP (talk • contribs) 08:24, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

08:36:24, 11 August 2020 review of submission by Pipsta
Pipsta (talk) 08:36, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You don't ask a question, but your draft has been rejected, meaning that it will not be considered further. It appears that the person you wrote about does not meet Wikipedia's special definition of a notable person. 331dot (talk) 08:39, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

How do I submit an article for review? Thanks. I think I may have posted this a few times so my apologies Pipsta (talk) 08:44, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * If you have additional comment, please edit this existing thread, instead of creating additional threads. Just click "edit" near the section header. As noted, you can't submit it again. 331dot (talk) 08:47, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

10:35:59, 11 August 2020 review of submission by RIYA ADVANI
RIYA ADVANI (talk) 10:35, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

plz help me in article creation
 * I have detected the following problems:

 * This submission lacks reliable sources that are independent of the subject and have some coverage of the subject. It therefore currently fails WP:NCORP.
 * Google Searches arent considered reliable because they are highely dynamic, and in most cases they arent with significant coverage either
 * The subject's social media pages (Facebook, YouTube, Linkedin, Twitter, Instagram arent considered reliable because they are user-generated content and self-published. they arent independent of the subject either.
 * The submission contains pufferey respectively "marketing-speech".
 * Wikipedia articles usally dont include the full contact information. If any folks out there are interested, they can look it up. Victor Schmidt (talk) 12:20, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

18:40:09, 11 August 2020 review of submission by Heathervale
Hi, it says it reads like an ad and isn't neutral enough ... but I was very careful to make it totally neutral and not put anything that didn't have available citations.

Also, why is it not OK for the topic to be mentioned in the articles but not have the articles completely about the topic? Most journalists like to include 2 or 3 examples at least. Heathervale (talk) 18:40, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , please concentrate on making the changes the reviewer has pointed out to you. We coudl discuss angels dancing in a pin fir a long time. Crypto currency article are viewed with special care here to make sure they comply in all respects with our policies. The onus is on the creating editor to make that so. Fiddle   Faddle  09:17, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Request on 19:24:32, 11 August 2020 for assistance on AfC submission by InfoGautam
Atul kumar gautam satna amarpatan Satna

InfoGautam (talk) 19:24, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * There's no indication your topic meets notability standards. Please note that this is an encyclopedia, not a social-networking site.   78.26  (spin me / revolutions) 20:59, 11 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Rob Graafland

Rob Graafland (26 November 1875 – 28 April 1940) was a Dutch painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Rob Graafland


text:
Talk:Deidre Holland

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Deidre Holland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.avnawards.com/halloffame.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071007005528/http://www.bwdl.net/XRCO-2/hall.htm to http://www.bwdl.net/XRCO-2/hall.htm

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:28, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Deidre Holland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160112022836/http://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=DHolland/gender=female to http://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=DHolland/gender=female

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:21, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deidre Holland


text:
User:MarkGoff/TWA/Earth/2

Shape and structure

Tectonic plates

Surface

Atmosphere

Weather, climate, and water cycle

Orbit and rotation

title: User:MarkGoff/TWA/Earth/2


text:
Polish/More on adjectives

= More on Adjectives =

Adjectives in Polish can be used in various ways, including:
 * In constructs "X is Y"
 * As nouns
 * As descriptors for nouns, usually placed before nouns

The English construct "X is Y" has multiple meanings. If Y is a noun, it typically implies that X is a member of a certain class, for example, "Kasia jest dziewczyną" (Kasia is a girl). In this case, Y should be used in the instrumental case. However, if Y is an adjective, it implies that Y has a certain feature. For instance, "Kot jest czarny" (the cat is black) doesn't mean that the cat is a member of the class of black things. To distinguish this situation, the nominative is used for Y. In the case of adjectives that can be used as nouns, both cases may be used, but the nominative is much more common.

Here is the conjugation of the verb "to be":

Examples:
 * Agnieszka jest ładna - Agnieszka is pretty
 * Kot Basi jest czarny - Basia's cat is black
 * Krowy rolnika są białe - The farmer's cows are white
 * Jestem wysoki - I'm tall
 * Jesteś gruby - You're fat (singular you)
 * Jesteśmy młodzi - We're young
 * Jesteście bogaci - You're rich (plural you)

Here are some adjectives and their antonyms, in the feminine singular nominative:
 * ładna - pretty
 * brzydka - ugly
 * czarna - black
 * biała - white
 * wysoka - tall/high
 * niska - short (height)
 * gruba - thick/fat
 * chuda - thin
 * młoda - young
 * stara - old
 * bogata - rich
 * biedna - poor

Here are some examples with adjectives used as nouns:
 * Czarni lubią muzykę - Black people like music (the fact that it's black people discussed must be found out from context)
 * Basia lubi czarną - Basia likes black coffee (of course it could have also been in the context of "pornography")
 * Bogaci lubią golf - Rich people like golf

If an adjective describes a noun, it has to be used in the same case, number, and gender as the noun. Here are some examples:
 * Biały kot pije mleko - A white cat drinks milk (white in nominative)
 * Ładna dziewczyna ma białego kota - The pretty girl has a white cat (pretty in nominative, white in accusative)
 * Gruby chłopak nie ma czarnego kota - The fat boy doesn't have a black cat (fat in nominative, black in genitive)
 * Czarne oczy Marty są ładne - Marta's black eyes are pretty (black and pretty in nominative)
 * Dorota jest stara - Dorota is old (old in nominative)
 * Dorota jest starą kobietą - Dorota is an old woman (old in instrumental)

You can also stack adjectives:
 * Basia ma grubego czarnego kota - Basia has a fat black cat (fat and black in accusative)

title: Polish/More on adjectives


text:
Korskrogens IK

Korskrogens IK is a sports club in Korskrogen, Sweden, established in 1931.

The women's soccer team played three seasons in the Swedish top division between 1978 and 1980.

title: Korskrogens IK


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/BISWAJIT JASU/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Special:Contributions/Biswajit_Jaasu & Special:Contributions/BISWAJIT_JASU, appear single-purpose. Also similar name. RegistryKey(RegEdit) 06:37, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * Obvious VoA's, blocked. No need to CU them. Courcelles (talk) 18:39, 18 September 2017 (UTC)