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Marko Jeremić

Marko Jeremić (Марко Јеремић; born November 23, 1991) is a Serbian professional basketball player for Cedevita Olimpija of the ABA League and Slovenian League.

Playing career
Jeremić played youth basketball for the BFC Beočin.

Jeremić played for Vojvodina from Novi Sad in the Second League of Serbia, and for the 2014–15 season, he moved to the city rival Vojvodina Srbijagas, which plays in the strongest league in Serbia. Jeremić also played for the Napredak Rubin from the Basketball League of Serbia. He played for the Mladost Mrkonjić Grad of the Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

On September 13, 2017, Jeremić signed a two-year deal with Serbian club FMP.

On 21 June 2020, Jeremić signed for a Monterenegin team Mornar.

On 26 July 2022, Jeremić signed a 1+1 contract for a Slovenian team Cedevita Olimpija.

National team career
Jeremić made his debut for the Serbia men's national team during the EuroBasket 2022 qualification.

title: Marko Jeremić


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Shanghai Xinbao

Shanghai Xinbao, also known as Shanghai Gazette or Shanghai New Daily or Shanghai Hsinpao or Shanghai News, was a commercial Chinese newspaper established in Shanghai in November 1861, edited successively by Marquis L. Wood, John Fryer and Young John Allen, which was based on the news reports translated from the North China Daily News.

The newspaper, founded by R. Alexander Jamieson, was the first Chinese language newspaper in Shanghai. It covered mostly in commercial and shipping news, with a small circulation confined to the Chinese merchants of the port.

From time to time, Shanghai Xinbao published limited but focused political news. The early focus was on the Taiping Rebellion, which increased its sales figures dramatically. On December 31, 1872, it ceased publication after a long-term competitive failure with the Shen Bao.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shanghai Xinbao


text:
Mallory O'Meara

Mallory O'Meara is an American non-fiction writer and podcaster.

Career
O'Meara is the author of The Lady from the Black Lagoon (2019), which serves as a biography of make-up artist Milicent Patrick as well as a chronicle of O'Meara's search for information about Patrick.

The book includes evidence that Patrick designed the iconic Gill-man from Creature from the Black Lagoon, and that Bud Westmore, a member of the influential Westmore family of Hollywood make-up artists, worked to deny her credit for this achievement. The book was nominated for Hugo and Locus awards, and won the 2019 Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Award for Book of the Year.

O'Meara's second book, Girly Drinks, about the history of women making and drinking alcohol throughout the world, was published in 2021 by Hanover Square Press. Girly Drinks won a 2022 James Beard Foundation Award.

O'Meara's third book, Girls Make Movies: A Follow-Your-Own-Path Guide for Aspiring Young Filmmakers, is forthcoming from Running Press on May 23, 2023. Girls Make Movies is illustrated by comic book creator Jen Vaughn.

Since 2017 O'Meara has co-hosted Reading Glasses, a weekly podcast about reading and books, with filmmaker Brea Grant. Reading Glasses is part of the Maximum Fun network.

From 2013 to 2019, O'Meara also worked as a writer and producer for Dark Dunes Productions in Los Angeles.

Works

 * The Lady from the Black Lagoon (2019, Hanover Square Press; ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>131)
 * Girly Drinks: A Women's History of Drinking (2021, Hanover Square Press; ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>408)
 * Girls Make Movies: A Follow-Your-Own-Path Guide for Aspiring Young Filmmakers (2023, Running Press; ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>989)

title: Mallory O'Meara


text:
Portal talk:Internet audio and video

VoIP experiments
We're starting to conduct VoIP (Voice over internet protocol) experiments using #wikiversity-en (IRC channel) as a coordination point. We'll also be creating learning resources for Skype, Asterisk and others, as we learn more about them. Feel free to join the fray. CQ 05:05, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

See: Wiki Campus Radio and Talk:Wiki Campus Radio

Progress for media files
Media handlers; media roadmap by Tim Starling--JWSchmidt 22:47, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Internet audio and video


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Talk:demographic

I heard this usage today: "They have to handle many different demographics." RJFJR 22:45, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:demographic


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come-all-you

Etymology
From the common occurrence in such songs of an exhortation beginning "come all you".

Noun

 * 1)  A traditional folk or country song.

title: come-all-you


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User:Velayudham T/sandbox

1.DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE CONTENT IN WATER

PRINCIPLE: This method is based on the precipitation and titration in which from the burette silver nitrate solution is released to the chloride ions and indicator containing water sample. The silver ions will react with chloride ions and the chromate ions to form white precipitate of silver chloride and red precipitate of silver chromate.

Ag+ + Cl–               AgCl (white precipitate)

2Ag+ + CrO42-                    Ag2CrO4 +   CrO42- (red precipitate)

CHEMICALS: Silver Nitrate (0.1 N)	Potassium Chromate ( 5 %) Distlled water GLASSWARES : Burette 50 ml	Pipette 1 ml	Conical flask 250 ml	Measuring cylinder 50 ml PROCEDURE: Take 25 ml of test sample ( water) in a 250 ml conical flask. Add 1 ml of 5% potassium chromate solution to this. Mix well and titrate against 0.1 N silver nitrate solution. The end point is yellow to brown colour appearance.

CALCULATION:

Chloride = (T.V ×N of AgNo3)/25 × 35.45 × 1000 Mg/Ltr.

2.DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ALKALINITY IN WATER

PRINCIPLE: Alkalinity of water means the total content of those substances in it which causes an increased OH- ion concentration up on dissociation or due to hydrolysis. The alkalinity of water is attributed to the presence of	Caustic alkalinity ( Due to OH- and CO32- ) Temporary hardness ( Due to HCO3- ) Alkalinity is a measure of ability of water to neutralize the acids. P = OH- + 1⁄2 CO32- M = OH- + CO32- + HCO3- CHEMICALS : Hydrochloric acid 0.1 N	Phenolphthalein indicator Methyl orange indicator GLASSWARES : 50 ml Burette Pipette Conical flask Funnel Measuring cylinder PROCEDURE: Take 20 ml of test sample ( water ) in a 100 ml conical flask. Add 4-5 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to this. To titrate against 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid till the pink colour disappear. Again add 4-5 drops of methyl orange indicator to the same flask. To titrate against the 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid the colour turns orange to yellow. CALCULATION: Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (P) = (V1 × N × 50 × 1000)/V  Mg/ltr

Methyl Orange Alkalinity (M) = (V2 × N × 50 × 1000)/V Mg/ltr Here: V = Total volume of sample used. V1 = ml of standard HCL used for discolouring of phenolphthalein indicator. V2 = ml of standard HCL used for Methyl orange end point. N  = Normality of Hydrochloric acid. Alkalinity relationship table: Result of titration	Hydroxide alkalinity as CaCo3	Carbonate alkalinity as CaCo3	Bicarbonate alkalinity as CaCo3 P = 0	0	0	T P < 1⁄2 T	0	2P	T – 2P P = 1⁄2 T	0	2P	0 P > 1⁄2 T	2P – T	2 ( T – P )	0 P = T	T	0	0

P = Phenolphthalein Alkalinity. T = Total Alkalinity

3.DETERMINATION OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN WATER

PRINCIPLE: The removal of  the water content of a compound can be determined by vaporizing the water using thermal energy (heat). Heat can also be used, if oxygen is present, for combustion to isolate the suspect species and obtain the desired results of mineral residues. EQUIPMENTS: Glass beaker 50 ml. Analytical Balance. Hot plate. Hot air oven. Pipette 10 ml. PROCEDURE: To take the 10 g of test sample ( water ) in a 50 ml of weighed beaker. Keep boiling to evaporate the water from beaker on hot plate. Then keep it into the hot air oven 1 hour at 100°c for removal of excess moisture. Then remove the beaker from oven and cool it at room temperature. After cooling weigh it and note down the beaker weight and calculate the TDS. CALCULATION:

TDS = (Dry Weight of the beaker  Empty Weight of the beaker)/(Sample weight) ×10×10×10×10×10×10 ppm

4.DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS OF WATER

PRINCIPLE: The estimation of water hardness is based on complexometric titration. The hardness of water is estimated by the titration against EDTA using Erichrome black-T as an indicator. Initially EBT forms a weak EBT Ca2+ / Mg2+ wine red coloured complex with Ca2+ / Mg2+ ions present in the hard water. On addition of EDTA solution, Ca2+ / Mg2+ ions preferably forms a stable EDTA - Ca2+ / Mg2+  complex with EDTA leaving the free EBT indicator in solution which is steel blue in colour in the presence of ammonia buffer.

Eriochrome Black-T + Ca2+ /Mg2+ → Eriochrome Black-T-Ca2+ /Mg2+  (Wine red) Eriochrome Black-T-Ca2+ /Mg2+ + (Wine red) + EDTA  →  EDTA- Ca2+ /Mg2+  + Eriochrome Black-T (Steel blue) CHEMICALS: Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Hydroxide Ethyline Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid ( EDTA ) Erichrome Black – T ( EBT ) Ethyl Alcohol ( Ethanol ) Distlled water GLASSWARE: 50 ml measuring cylinder 250 ml conical flask 2 ml pipette 1 ml pipette 50 ml burette

PROCEDURE: To take the 50 ml of test sample ( water ) in a clean 250 ml of conical flask. Add 2 ml of Ammonia Buffer to the flask and mix it. Add 0.1 or 0.2 ml of EBT indicator to the conical flask. To titrate against the standard burette solution of EDTA. The end point is wine red to steel blue colour appearance. Note the burette reading and calculate the total hardness of the water sample.

CALCULATION:

Total Hardness = (Titration Value ×1000)/50 ppm

CHEMICAL PREPARATION: 1.Standard EDTA (Ethyline Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid ) To take 3.798 g of EDTA in a 1000 ml of beaker add 1ltr of distilled water to this and mix with a glass rod it is 0.01 N of EDTA preserve it in a closed glass container. 2.Ammonia Buffer: Take 16.9 g of Ammonium Chloride in a 500 ml beaker and take add 250 ml of distilled water put it on magnetic stirrer mix well and then add slowly con.Ammonia solution to this measure the ph of the mixing solution the ph comes 10 then stop adding the Ammonia solution adding it takes approximate 143 ml of Ammonia solution. Then preserve it in a closed glass container. 3. Eriochrom Black – T : To take 100 ml of Ethanol in a glass bottle add 0.5 g of Eriochrom Black – T into that and mix it well it is 0.5 % of EBT solution.

title: User:Velayudham T/sandbox


text:
User:Ultraspiritual

hiye!, i am Ultraspiritual a Ultra spiritual power. i am new in Wikipedia. i love to edit and correct Wikipedia articles.

title: User:Ultraspiritual


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Talk:I Can See Your Voice (Philippine game show)

Introduction
This is the Philippine adaptation of I Can See Your Voice, and here are alternate terms used in the show rather than generic one that has used internationally:

 * SING-vestigator (a portmanteau of the words "sing" and "investigator"), a group of celebrity detectives or panelists.
 * SEE-cret songer (a portmanteau of words "see" and "secret", "song" and "singer"), a group of secret singers or mystery singers.
 * SEE-nger (playing on the word "singer"), a good singer.
 * SEE-ntunado (playing on the word "sintunado"), a bad singer.
 * Eyeward (a portmanteau of words "eye" and "award"), a trophy given by a guest artist(s) (a.k.a. music superstar) if the last mystery singer standing is a good singer.

Sources

Relocation to season page
Good afternoon, I'm had relocated the ICSYV PH episodes to the season 1 page. I'm also created them. You may now proceed to I Can See Your Voice (Philippines season 1). Makoy Canlas (talk) 06:04, 20 June 2018 (UTC)

Contestant
i would like to join for a contestant in I can see your voice. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:47, 12 August 2023 (UTC)


text:
Wikiversity:Colloquium/rss

   Wikiversity Colloquium http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Colloquium Do you have questions, comments or suggestions about Wikiversity? That's what this page is for! en     Sat, 06 Mar 2010 13:49:00 CST http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss Michael Billington's RSS feed generator 144       Feed is inactive http://en.wikiversity.org http://en.wikiversity.org
Feed has not been updated since June 2007. Maintainer hasn't been active since March 2008.

title: Wikiversity:Colloquium/rss


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Miško Jovanović

Mihajlo "Miško" Jovanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Михајло Мишко Јовановић; 15 June 1878 – 3 February 1915) was a Bosnian Serb who was involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

He was a Narodna Odbrana agent who aided the assassins of Young Bosnia. On 3 February 1915, he was executed by hanging, along with Danilo Ilić and Veljko Čubrilović.

title: Miško Jovanović


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Concept Classification, Page 3

Overview
Not surprisingly, the principles for teaching concept classification reflect the phases for learning concept classification:

 * Prototype formation
 * Discrimination
 * Generalization

Prototype formation
First, the learner should form a prototype. You can facilitate this by presenting a prototypical example. This example should be very common and highly representative of as many examples of the concept as possible.

Discrimination
Next, the learner should learn what the members of the concept class have in common so that she or he can distinguish them from nonmembers. These commonalities are the critical characteristics, and their acquisition can be facilitated in two major ways. One way is to tell the learners what they are. This is called a generality, or definition, of the concept. The other way is to contrast an example of the class with a nonexample that is as similar as possible to that example. This is called a matched nonexample, because its variable characteristics and all but one of its critical characteristic are matched with those of an example. The example and matched nonexample are presented simultaneously to facilitate identifying the critical characteristic that makes one an example and not the other.

Generalization
The learners must also learn to generalize from the prototype to all other members of the class. That is, they must learn how examples can differ from each other and still be members of the class. This requires learning which are the variable characteristics that should be ignored. You can facilitate this learning in two ways: by presenting a generality which identifies the most common of the variable characteristics or by presenting examples that are as different as possible from each other. These are called divergent examples. Of course, divergent practice is just as important.

It is helpful to notice that two learning processes occur in concept classification tasks. One of them is acquisition of some general representation of the concept in memory, which is probably a combination of the generality and the prototypical example. The other is learning to apply the concept representation to the classification of new examples. Acquisition of the generality is usually facilitated by presenting the generality and the prototypical example simultaneously. You could even make a game out of the instruction by presenting lots of examples without the generality and having the learners try to discover the critical characteristics (discover the generality). But this is very different from facilitating application of the generality, which requires presenting divergent examples and practice and matched nonexamples.

Therefore, there are two kinds of learner participation which can be designed into the instruction: one to facilitate acquisition of the generality, which is inductive in nature, and one to facilitate application of the generality, which is deductive in nature. Inductive participation alone is insufficient if concept classification is your objective.

So what tactics should instruction have for concept classification tasks? It may be helpful to distinguish between routine tactics (which are routinely included in all instruction for concept classification) and power tactics (which are usually only used to strengthen the instruction for difficult concept classification tasks. This distinction may well be useful for teaching all kinds of skill application, and perhaps even for facilitating other levels of learning.

Click the Next button to continue.

Source

 * Concept Classification by Charles M. Reigeluth. Used by Permission.

title: Concept Classification, Page 3


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Bob Havens

Robert Havens (born May 3, 1930) is an American big band and jazz musician who appeared on The Lawrence Welk Show from 1960 to 1982. His instrument is the trombone.

Early life
Born to a musical family in Quincy, Illinois, he began studying violin and trombone at age seven and played both instruments throughout his school years. He landed his first professional job with a local dance band at age 12. By the age of 16, Havens was awarded a scholarship to attend a summer program at the Interlochen Center for the Arts in Interlochen, Michigan. He held the first trombone chair in the school's 250-piece concert band. He later held the first trombone chair in the Quincy Symphony while also playing in many popular dance groups in Illinois.

Career
After serving in the Illinois National Guard as a bandsman during the Korean War, he left Quincy in 1955 to tour with the Ralph Flanagan Orchestra. In 1956, he joined George Girard's Dixieland Band at the Famous Door in New Orleans. There, he met his idol, Jack Teagarden.

In 1957, Havens joined Al Hirt at Dan's Pier 600 on Bourbon Street when Hirt formed his first band. The front line consisted of Hirt, Havens and Pete Fountain. During the time in New Orleans, he recorded albums for Good Times Jazz and Vic labels with the Girard band, and on Verve and Audio Fidelity with Hirt. He also recorded about a dozen albums for the Southland label with many other New Orleans musicians.

He stayed with this group until 1960, when he was persuaded to move to the West Coast and join the Lawrence Welk Orchestra, as a featured soloist on their weekly TV series. His tenure with this show lasted for 23 years until the show ended in 1982.

Following that, he continued as a freelance professional, working often with the Bob Crosby Bob Cats, and the Benny Goodman Orchestra (led by clarinetist Peanuts Hucko). From 1985 to 1995, Havens played with the Great Pacific Jazz Band along with Bob Ringwald (lead vocals/piano), Don Nelson (saxophone), and Zeke Zarchy (trumpet).

In 2005, he performed with the North Carolina Pops Orchestra at Campbell University, with fellow Welk star Ava Barber, in a benefit concert raising money for victims of Hurricane Katrina.

Personal life
Havens lives in Quincy, Illinois. He continues to record and appear at jazz festivals and concerts throughout the world.

title: Bob Havens


text:
by the looks of things

Adverb

 * 1) It appears; it seems; apparently.

Translations

 * Greek: έτσι όπως έχουν τα πράγματα, κατά τα φαινόμενα
 * Spanish: por lo que parece

title: by the looks of things


text:
Pavlovka, Loktevsky District, Altai Krai

Pavlovka (Павловка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Alexandrovsky Selsoviet, Loktevsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 141 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Pavlovka is located on the Aley River, 36 km northeast of Gornyak (the district's administrative centre) by road. Alexandrovka is the nearest rural locality.


text:
Reaktor/Ensembles/Best

You can add a list of your favourite ensembles, but please add a comment WHY you like them, what is so special about them etc...

Twisted Tools

 * Buffeater: Insane glitch effects plugin! Probably the best out there...internal automation, dynamic routing, high quality
 * Vortex: Amazing granular sampler/sequencer with a lot of modulation options. Easy to use and nice looking.
 * Colorflex Unique sequencer with cell matrix. Fun poly-rhythmic stuff!
 * Flakes Cool free granular sampler (there are a bunch of other cool free ones too...)

User 1

 * Wilderbeast: It's spacy and trippy in a 70s analog lasershow freakout kinda way.

 * Haseline II: Someday musicians will be replaced by machines. That day has come.

Ogo Pogo

 * Crow Orpheus: a monster-synth!
 * Vocal Modeler Xtreme: amazing vocal fx ensemble
 * Crow Oberline: a recreation of the Oberheim Sem

Kush Arora

 * Squarepusherizer: Generative drum and bass drum loop beat slice sequencer
 * FX swithcer: Sequencer based fx matrix
 * Bassy bass drum: The bassiest digital synth bass drum i've ever heard

Reaktor User Forum thread

 *

title: Reaktor/Ensembles/Best


text:
Robotics/Components/Actuation Devices

Actuation devices are the components of the robot that make it move (excluding your feet). Best known actuators are electric motors, servos and stepper motors and also pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders. Today there are new alternatives, some which wouldn't be out of place in a good SF-movie. One of the new types of actuators are Shape Memory Alloys (SMA). These are metal alloys that shrink or enlarge depending on how warm they are. Another new technique is the use of air-muscles.
 * 1) /Motors/
 * 2) /Shape Memory Alloys/
 * 3) /Air muscle/
 * 4) /Linear Electromagnetic/
 * 5) /Piezoelectric Actuators/
 * 6) Pneumatics/Hydraulics
 * 7) /Miniature internal combustion engines/

title: Robotics/Components/Actuation Devices


text:
Ulf

Etymology
From, from.

Etymology
From, from.

Etymology
From where ⟨f⟩ has been misinterpreted as. Compare the inherited and.

Etymology
From, from.

Proper noun

 * , revived in the twentieth century

title: Ulf


text:
Ust-Talovka

Ust-Talovka (Усть-Таловка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Ust-Talovsky Selsoviet, Kuryinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 948 as of 2013. There are 8 streets.

Geography
Ust-Talovka is located 19 km south of Kurya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kurya and Ruchyovo are the nearest rural localities.

title: Ust-Talovka


text:
User:JWSchmidt/Blog/25 March 2007

Reliable sources
Since Wikiversity passed the end of its initial six month "beta testing" period, I have been reflecting on the future of Wikiversity and trying to think about lessons that can be learned from Wikipedia. This page should be viewed as the third in a series that includes the previous blog pages about review of wiki edits made by anonymous editors and claims of credentials by Wikimedians.

In May 2005 an anonymous Wikipedia editor initiated the "Seigenthaler prank" by adding un-sourced claims to the Wikipedia article about John Seigenthaler, Sr.. This is the kind of editing by unregistered users that could be countered by having a "version flagging" system that required review of content added by anonymous editors. The "Seigenthaler prank" led to Wikipedia's policy for Biographies of living persons. The "Biographies of living persons" policy was created to make sure that biographical information is based on high quality sources. Wikiversity has a Reliable sources policy, but like Wikipedia, Wikiversity has large amounts of content that is not supported by citations to sources.

Wikiversity faces extra challenges that cannot be met by citing reliable sources. Since Wikiversity is open to explorations that concern the creation of new knowledge, some Wikiversity content extends into domains that cannot be built upon a solid foundation of existing published sources. I think this will lead to an unavoidable role for experts who can help guide the Wikiversity community in explorations of the boundary of knowledge. Can the Wikiversity community find ways to build upon the expertise of its participants with the goal of avoiding the dangers that exist in moving beyond the traditional Wikimedia Foundation policies for NPOV and NOR?

Case studies
The "Seigenthaler prank" had a simple solution: when the false and un-sourced information was discovered, other editors removed it.

Daniel Brandt
In a strange turn of events, Daniel Brandt was the person who "cracked the case" and figured out the real world location from which the original bogus content was added to the Seigenthaler article. Daniel Brandt has complained about the contents of the Wikipedia article about him. The Wikipedia Daniel Brandt article has been nominated for deletion thirteen times. The fact that the page still survives and its rather extensive references list suggest that there are a significant number of reliable sources that can be cited in the article, justifying for the community that there should be a Wikipedia article about Brandt, even if he thinks that the article is unfair or should not exist. In a dramatic turn of events, Wikipedian administrator Yanksox repeatedly deleted the article and lost his status as a Wikipedia administrator because of his action in repeatedly deleting the article. In deleting the article, Yanksox cited "privacy concerns", and the Wikipedia "Biographies of living persons" policy is pretty clear about the idea that "Biographies of living people must be written conservatively and with due regard to the subject's privacy." I think one can still question if many of the cited sources used the Wikipedia Daniel Brandt article are suitable sources for a biographical article. In citing sources, many Wikipedians seem to have adopted the attitude, "I saw it on the internet, that is good enough for me".

Update. Brandt wrote to Jimmy Wales complaining about the Daniel Brandt article on Wikipedia, making his case that, "Wikipedia is incapable of writing a biography of me that is encyclopedic, non-defamatory, and does not invade my privacy," and suggesting that Jimmy Wales and the Wikimedia Foundation can probably be held legally responsible for, "invasion of my privacy". Jimmy Wales unblocked Brandt with the comment, "Courtesy unblock, he asked nicely, we are talking about a productive way forward in the future, it has been more than a year". It is not clear if this will shift the Wikipedia community's position with respect to having a biographical article about Brandt.

Update June. The 14 deletion discussion for the article was closed with a plan to move all information about Brandt into related non-biographical articles. Deletion review confirmed the merge plan.

Archimedes Plutonium
The references cited in the Daniel Brandt article can be compared to those cited in the Wikipedia Archimedes Plutonium article. One can wonder why Wikipedia biographical articles about marginally notable people persist even without reliable sources. I think the only thing that will change the existing situation is if the Wikimedia Foundation is hit with a serious law suit.

Barbara Bauer
The Wikipedia article about Barbara Bauer (deleted 25 March 2007) is apparently now part of a lawsuit, "BAUER VS GLATZER" before the Superior Court of New Jersey with the Wikimedia Foundation as one of several defendants. Like the "Archimedes Plutonium" article, the Barbara Bauer article was built mostly upon unreliable sources, persitently violating Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons.

Update. After initially being deleted (as mentioned above), the article's deletion was reviewed and the article was restored. The article was finally deleted again and survived another "deletion review". See: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barbara Bauer (2nd nomination).

Reiki
The Wikiversity REIKI article is an example of one of the many Wikiversity articles that have been created without any serious attempt to cite reliable sources. I added the section REIKI in an attempt to "start the ball rolling" on citation of sources for this article. I admit that I had been waiting to have a chance to start Topic:Complementary and Alternative Medicine. There are many medical practices that have little or no support from evidence-based medicine and systematic efforts to verify that medical practices are safe and effective. The first line in the REIKI article is, "Reiki is an ancient Japanese science of healing". Other sources suggest that Reiki had no existence before about 1910. What is the best way for Wikiversity to deal with content that is not supported by reliable sources?

Update. I created History of Reiki as part of Evidence-based medicine.

Comments/Discussion
JW.. We seem to be on exactly the same page. I respect your desire to make Wikiversity more "wiki" versus estrangement by an interim panel or set of ethicists such as we would use in publishing in a credible scientific journal. However, I cant help but wonder whether or not a loose set of volunteer editors such as you have already alluded to could enhance the wiki-experience. That saying that we are all contributing and all editing. Perhaps a staged editor rating or even better a percentage degree of comfort from an editor of the references and citations provided by the writer. Eg poor to credible references may yield a rating of 25/100 if the content is barely adequate, but 90/100 if the content AND references are in line. Ultimately, thinking of statistics or using a Forest plot, we would expect the degree of correlations (percentages from editors) should be in line with other editors even if multiple editors review the same article and likely a high CI assuming all other factors similar. The resultant plot would be in line. Example: This in fact would open up a whole new "wiki-" experience. Reference:http://www.statsdirect.com/help/images/stat0004_wmf.gif Joel Lamoure 23:15, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I have a hunch that it should be possible to have useful rating/ranking systems for wiki content. My expectation would be that non-experts would rank some articles high while experts for that topic would have different ranking criteria and rank other types of articles high. Rankings might tell us as much about the people doing the ranking as they would about the wiki articles being ranked. User:Teemu has been pushing the idea that we should all use Knowledge user templates to let other wiki participants know what are areas of expertise and interest are. Some people question if such templates lead to unverified claims of expertise that would not be meaningful or useful. However, if people were honest, knowing something about the people providing article ratings  might lead to an article ranking system that would be "two dimensional", allowing beginners to find articles that are suited for beginners and allowing more advanced learners to find content that is referenced with a higher level of rigor and more in their "comfort zone". At Wikipedia there is one article for each topic and it has been suggested that articles can start with basic information and leave the details for sections further down the page. At Wikiversity we can have multiple pages for each topic and try to craft individual articles for different audiences. Rather than push for all Wikiversity pages to cite sources with the same degree of rigor, maybe we need to allow a range of approaches to citing sources with different strategies that are suited for different audiences. When my son who is in the second grade reads his first book about whales, he is not really interested in seeing a reference list, while a graduate student in marine biology reading something about whales would want to see a good set of cited sources. --JWSchmidt 04:01, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User:JWSchmidt/Blog/25 March 2007


text:
Arbor Place

Arbor Place is a shopping mall in Douglasville, Georgia, United States. Opened in 1999, the mall features the traditional retailers JCPenney, Belk, Macy's, and Dillard's.

History
Arbor Place was developed in 1999 by CBL & Associates Properties (now CBL Properties). Upon opening, the mall featured over 1000000 sqft of retail space. The original anchor stores were Bed Bath & Beyond, Old Navy, Parisian, Sears, and Borders Books & Music. An additional space was built for Uptons, but the chain went out of business before the mall opened. Arbor Place was the first retail development in Douglas County, Georgia. The unopened Uptons became a home furnishings store called Dekor in 2001, but this store liquidated after only a few months in operation. A year later, Rich's was added as well. JCPenney joined the mall in 2003, taking the place of Dekor.

On November 7, 2019, it was announced that Sears would shutter as part if an ongoing plan to eliminate its brick-and-mortar format.

title: Arbor Place


text:
Talk:Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – South

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User:Offcamera/sandbox

Off Camera (TV Series)
Off Camera is an interview based television show, magazine, and podcast created and hosted by photographer/director Sam Jones. Off Camera currently airs on DirecTV's Audience Network channel 239 and is currently in production on it's third season, scheduled to air in March 2015. Sam Jones (director of I Am Trying to Break Your Heart: A Film About Wilco) created the show out of his passion for the long form conversational interview, and as a way to share his conversations with a myriad of artists, actors, musicians, directors, skateboarders, photographers, and writers that pique his interest. Interviewees featured on Off Camera include Dave Grohl, Robert Downey Jr., Sarah Silverman, Jeff Bridges, Jackson Browne, Jessica Chastain, and Tony Hawk, among others.

Season 1
Season 1 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV in February 2014. It featured Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests:

 * 1. Val McCallum

 * 2. John Krasinski

 * 3. Blake Mills

 * 4. Aimee Mann

 * 5. Robert Downey Jr.

 * 6. Tony Hawk

 * 7. Dave Grohl

 * 8. Judd Apatow

 * 9. Laura Dern

 * 10. Stacy Peralta

 * 11. Martin Short

 * 12. Will Forte

 * 13. Michael B. Jordan

 * 14. Sarah Silverman

Season 2
Season 2 of Off Camera premiered on DirecTV in the Fall of 2014. It featured Sam Jones in conversation with the following guests:

 * 15. Matt Damon

 * 16. Ed Helms

 * 17. Jackson Browne

 * 18. Judy Greer

 * 19. Jeff Bridges

 * 20. Taylor Goldsmith

 * 21. Laird Hamilton

 * 22. Jon Brion

 * 23. Jason Sudeikis

 * 24. Chris Pine

 * 25. Jessica Chastain

Season 3
Season 3 of Off Camera is scheduled to premiere on DirecTV in March 2015. Guests in Season 3 include Jennifer Beals.

title: User:Offcamera/sandbox


text:
2012–13 Club América season

The 2012–13 América season was the 66th professional season of Mexico's top-flight football league. The season is split into two tournaments—the Torneo Apertura and the Torneo Clausura—each with identical formats and each contested by the same eighteen teams. América began their season on July 21, 2012 against Monterrey, América played most of their homes games on Saturdays at 5:00pm local time.

On May 26, 2013, América won the eleventh league title in their history by defeating Cruz Azul 4–2 on penalty kicks after a comeback from a 0–1 first leg loss to tie 2–2 on aggregate. With this, América become the most successful club, along with Guadalajara, in Mexico.

Final phase
América advanced 3–2 on aggregate

Toluca advanced 3–2 on aggregate

Regular season
Source:

Final phase
América advanced 3–1 on aggregate

América advanced 4–3 on aggregate

América won 4–2 on penalties

Regular season
Source:

title: 2012–13 Club América season


text:
Pleshkovo

Pleshkovo (Плешково) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Pleshkovsky Selsoviet, Zonalny District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1,280 as of 2013. There are 14 streets.

Geography
Pleshkovo is located 23 km northwest of Zonalnoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bulanikha is the nearest rural locality.

title: Pleshkovo


text:
File:Lancearmstrong Orbit.jpg

Summary
This orbit diagram was generated using the "JPL Small-Body Database Browser" found here: http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi

title: File:Lancearmstrong Orbit.jpg


text:
1909–10 Isthmian League

The 1909–10 season was the fifth in the history of the Isthmian League, an English football competition.

Bromley were champions for a second time in a row.

title: 1909–10 Isthmian League


text:
Help talk:Editing

VisualEditor
I maintain VisualEditor is a terrible idea, and that, in particular, encouraging new editors to use it would have disastrous long-term consequences, rather like painting a nursery with lead-based paint and then encouraging the children to chew on it. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 19:25, 6 June 2018 (UTC)

, hmmm... why? Why do you think it will have disasterous long-term consequences? Isn't VisualEditor easier to use - or do you mean that all editors should learn wiki syntax? I agree that learning it is not particularly difficult, but I thought that VisualEditor would help new editors more than anyone else. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 17:52, 7 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Well, here's one way to put it. The thing that makes wikis a thing is wiki markup, and the key to wiki markup is not just that it's easy to learn, but that users learn it by osmosis: in the process of doing some small thing, they see how existing wiki markup is put together, not only the thing they're changing but also stuff near it on the page.  There are things that could be done to make the experience of editing work better than the generic "edit window" approach, providing better support for osmosis-learning; but WYSIWYG is fundamentally antithetical to osmosis-learning, because the whole point of WYSIWYG is to prevent the user from seeing the underlying representation.
 * This goes hand-in-hand with doing everything using wiki markup, so that as everyone learns this one simple medium it gives everyone access to everything, rather than having some things separated by large gaps that cannot be overcome gradually by osmosis. Which is why I also disapprove of replacing template internals with Lua.  I'm developing tools meant to put more within the grasp of wiki markup, even while the Foundation is evidently working to do the opposite; my three key elements are dialog, evalx, and Module:TScope, the latter two of which handle large classes of "corner cases", while dialog brings interactivity to wiki markup as an alternative to writing specific interactive code in javascript.
 * Fwiw, I've got a general essay on all this, n:User:Pi zero/essays/vision/sisters. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 18:29, 7 June 2018 (UTC)

gallery
Hi. Here is

What do you think ? Soul windsurfer (discuss • contribs) 06:12, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Help talk:Editing


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/July 15, 2012

RKO Pictures is an American film production and distribution company. It was one of the Big Five studios of Hollywood's Golden Age. The business was formed after the Keith-Albee-Orpheum (KAO) theater chains and Joseph P. Kennedy's Film Booking Offices of America (FBO) studio were brought together under the control of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in October 1928. RKO has long been celebrated for its cycle of musicals starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers in the mid- to late 1930s. Actors Katharine Hepburn and, later, Robert Mitchum had their first major successes at the studio. Cary Grant was a mainstay for years. The work of producer Val Lewton's low-budget horror unit and RKO's many ventures into the field now known as film noir have been acclaimed by film critics and historians. The studio produced two of the most famous films in motion picture history: King Kong (poster pictured) and Citizen Kane. Maverick industrialist Howard Hughes took over RKO in 1948. After years of decline under his control, the studio was acquired by the General Tire and Rubber Company in 1955. The original RKO Pictures ceased production in 1957 and was effectively dissolved two years later. (more...)

Recently featured: Bal des Ardents – Santa Maria de Ovila – Andromeda


text:
User:Ali~enwikiversity

Hi,

I'm Alisdair - my research interests lie primarily in the areas of digital literacies, social software and socio-constructivist learning.

I am also interested in issues of accessibility, inclusivity and representation in media.

I'm a Research Assistant for the Academic Analytics Group, within the Teaching, Learning and Assessment Office of the University of Manchester. Our work involves process improvement in e-learning, using benchmarking tools.

title: User:Ali~enwikiversity


text:
Dygulybgey

Dygulybgey (Дыгулыбгей; Дыгулыбгъуей) is a rural locality (a selo) under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of republic significance of Baksan in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia. It is located along the northern border of Georgia. Population:  In 2002, 98.9% of population were ethnic Kabarday.

Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, is home to four mosques, several schools and cultural institutions, and an agro-industrial economy. Located in the Baksan urban district, the village boasts an array of facilities, including a dental center, sports and recreation complex, and multiple schools named after notable figures in local history.

16th Century: The Beginning of Diplomatic Relations
The first mention of Dygulybgey dates back to the 16th century, during the beginning of diplomatic relations between the Circassians (Circassians) and Russians. At that time, the village was known as Tambiyevo, named after its founder, the Kabardian vuork (nobleman) Dugulubg Tambiev. Tambiyevo was a small settlement with a few dozen households.

19th Century: A Village Named After Its Owner
In the middle of the 19th century, Tambiyevo was named after its owner, Lieutenant Zarakush Tambiev. During this time, the village was a thriving community with a population of over a thousand people. However, the population decreased sharply during the Caucasian War due to hostilities, migrations, and subsequent forced muhajirism to the Ottoman Empire.

1865: Land Reform and Enlargement of Villages
In 1865, during the Land reform of Kabarda and the program for the enlargement of Kabardian villages, the aul of Berd Tambiev and the aul of Shakmanei were attached to the aul of Zarakusha Tambiev (the then owner of the aul).

1920: Renaming Due to the Presence of Princely and Noble Surnames
In 1920, with the final establishment of Soviet power in Kabarda, Tambiyevo, like other Kabardian settlements, was renamed due to the presence of princely and noble surnames in their names. The village received a new name - Kyzburun III.

World War II: Occupation and Liberation
During the Great Patriotic War, in October 1942, the village was occupied by German troops. In January 1943, the village was liberated from the Nazi invaders.

1993: Return to Historical Name
In 1993, the village was returned to its historical name Dugulubgey, on behalf of the founder of the village - Dugulubg Tambiev.

2003: Inclusion in the City of Baksan
In 2003, the village of Dugulubgey and the village administration of the same name were abolished and included in the city of Baksan.

2008: Return to the Status of a Village
In 2008, after numerous requests from residents, Dugulubgey was returned to the status of a village, but as part of an urban district. At the same time, the name of the village was transformed into Dygulybgey.

Modern Times: Local Administration and Self-Government
Now, the village of Dygulybgey is administratively part of the urban district of the city of Baksan, and has a local administration (territorial executive district) and local self-government in the form of the Council of Elders.

Geography
Dygulybgei is located on the right bank of the Baksan River in the foothill zone of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia. The village is situated at the exit of the Baksan River from the gorge to the foothill plain. The northern part of the village merges with the city of Baksan and is separated from it by the Baksan River. Dygulybgei is located 18 km northwest of the city of Nalchik.

The federal highway "Kavkaz" M 29 passes along the southwestern outskirts of the village. Its bypass road passes through the center of the village, going through the city of Baksan. The regional highway A-158 "Prokhladny-Baksan-Elbrus", leading to the Elbrus National Park, runs along the northern and western outskirts of the village.

The settlement has a territory of 15.30 km2 and borders the lands of settlements such as Baksan in the north, Baksanyonok in the northeast, Kishpek in the east, Chegem II in the south, and Islamey in the west.

The average height in the village is 505 meters above sea level. The relief of the area is a foothill sloping plain, surrounded in the southwest by hills with cliffs. Further south of the village, the northern spurs of the Pasture Range begin to rise. The highest point in the vicinity of the village is the Mahogaps massif, located to the southwest of the settlement and reaching absolute heights of up to 1000 meters above sea level. The bowels of the territory of the village are composed of a thick layer of alluvial boulder-pebbles with sandy filling. Groundwater is located at a depth of 10–15 meters.

The hydrographic network is mainly represented by the Baksan River, which passes through the village. Its right tributary, Kishpek (Tyzhuko), flows into Baksan at the eastern outskirts of the village. Several flow channels of the Baksan River pass through the village itself, and there are also several artificial reservoirs.

The climate in Dygulybgei is humid temperate, with warm summers and cool winters. The average annual air temperature is about +9.5°С, and ranges from an average of +21.5°С in July to an average of −3.0°С in January. The average daily air temperature ranges from −10°С to +15°С in winter, and from +16°С to +30°С in summer. The average annual rainfall is about 650 mm. In early spring, with sudden changes in temperature, strong winds blow from the mountains.

Demography
The population density is 1362.88 people / km2.

Gender and age composition
Women make up the majority of the population at 51.6%, while men account for 48.4%. The average age of the population is 31.8 years, with a median age of 28.7 years. The average age of men is slightly lower than that of women, at 31.1 years and 32.5 years, respectively.

Local government and administration
The administration of Dygulybgei operates as the territorial executive body of the Baksan urban district and is responsible for carrying out executive and administrative functions within the village. The administration is located at st. Baksanova, 32 in the village of Dygulybgei.

The local self-government structure of the village includes two bodies: the executive and administrative body, which is the local administration of the village, and the representative body, which is the Council of Local Self-Government "Council of Elders." The head of the local administration of the village is Akhmed Sergeevich Akhiev, while the Chairman of the Council of Local Self-Government "Council of Elders" is Anatoly Zabubovich Arvanov.

title: Dygulybgey


text:
Talk:Paravane (water kite)

Combining article with water kite
Clearly, do it. There is no question that the hydrodynamic form is the same thing, so should be dealt with under a single article. A section onm the military applications can then address both the explosive forms (for high-speed A/S work) and the non-explosive types (used for minesweeping purposes). The explosive paravane does not demand its own WP article, quite honestly.

And, if necessary, create separate section for the explosive A/S type and the inert mine sweep. That would work, too.

But yes, combine them.2A00:23C7:3119:AD01:D8C3:8F66:3B45:1F4D (talk) 21:32, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅ Joyous! Noise! 20:52, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paravane (water kite)


text:
Canelo School

The Canelo School is a historic one-room schoolhouse in eastern Santa Cruz County, Arizona, in the ghost town of Canelo. Opened in 1912, the Canelo School is one of the few one-room adobe schoolhouses remaining in the state. As a rare and well-preserved surviving example of a once common school building type in southern Arizona. The Canelo School was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 31, 1991.

Name
"Canelo" comes from the Spanish word "canela", meaning cinnamon, and was the name applied to the nearby Canelo Hills, which have a light brownish or cinnamon colored appearance when viewed from the south. In 1904, the local Forest Ranger, Robert A. Rodgers, asked the county to establish a post office in town named "Canille", which was later changed to "Canela" and finally to "Canelo" over the following years. As a result of these alterations in spelling, the Canelo School is also referred to as the "Canille School".

History
The Canelo School was built in 1912 to replace a similar one-room adobe schoolhouse located in Camp Evans, which was a small silver mining camp two miles to the east of Canelo. The site chosen for construction of the new building was on the homestead of B.K. Wilson, who was the school teacher in Camp Evans. Wilson deeded the property to the Canelo School District about 1914 with a caveat that stated the land would be forfeited if used for commercial or industrial purposes. The deed was recorded in 1942 at the request of Cora Everhart, a Santa Cruz County superintendent who taught in many of the one-room schoolhouses in southern Arizona.

The Canelo School first opened in September 1912 with about twenty attendees and closed in 1948, when the number of students declined to just one. The first school teacher was Miss Fern Bartlett, a twenty-year-old woman who rode her horse eight miles to get to the schoolhouse every morning. Since its closing, the schoolhouse has served the people in the Canelo area as a community center, country store, church, and funeral home. In 1917, the trustees of the Canelo School District became the legal agents responsible for the Black Oak Cemetery, a free-use graveyard a few miles northwest of the townsite. The schoolhouse is currently occupied by the Canelo Cowboy Church and is open to visitors on Sundays.

The Canelo School has a stone and concrete foundation, adobe walls, a cedar roof and wooden floors made of pine and oak. Heat was originally supplied by a wood-burning stove. In the 1930s, the adobe walls were plastered and sections of tin were placed over the cedar shingles on the roof. The front entrance is at the northern end of the building, above which is a square bell tower with a pyramidal top. There are five windows on the western wall and four on the eastern side. A fifth window in the eastern wall was later converted into a doorway and side entrance. There are no doors or windows in the southern wall. In spite of some damage caused by vandalism and neglect, the Canelo School remains "virtually the same" as it was when built in 1912.

title: Canelo School


text:
User:Chef Micheal

Chef Micheal Ddumba. Born 15 feb 1997 Almamatar YMCA Parents Henry Kityo Father Mother Baluka Rebecca

title: User:Chef Micheal


text:
stump orator

Noun

 * 1) A politician who will speak from any available soapbox about any issue that comes up.

Translations

 * Irish: cainteoir aonaigh

title: stump orator


text:
User:Symkyn

Symkyn

Hi, I'm Symkyn from Aarau in Switzerland.

My interests are in historical linguistics and dialectology.

I haven't contributed much useful stuff yet, but I plan to do so in the near future.

 * Survey of English Dialects
 * Harold Orton
 * Guy Sumner Lowman, Jr.
 * Eugen Dieth

de:Benutzer:Symkyn als:Benutzer:Symkyn

title: User:Symkyn


text:
Army Service Component Command

Army Service Component Commands (ASCCs) are U.S. Army commands responsible for recommendations to the Joint Force Commander on the allocation and employment of U.S. Army forces within a unified combatant command (CCMD) or further assigned to a subordinate unified command.

The concept of unified combatant commands grew out of the World War II formation of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHEAF), coordinating the strategy and operation of multiple service branches. As of 2024, the United States Department of Defense has established 11 of these CCMDs, composed of units from two or more service branches of the United States Armed Forces, and conducts broad and continuing missions. For any such CCMDs that include units of the U.S. Army, an ASCC is attached.

In addition, in the event that the overall combatant commander creates a subordinate unified command within their CCMD, the Department of the Army will form a matching Army component headquarters.

In matching, the Secretary of the Army also has the authority to redirect service responsibilities outside of Army Service Command Component channels (to one of the other service branches attached to the subordinate CCMD). The Command itself may also redirect administrative responsibility outside Army forces. ASCCs also server administrative control for some of its functions, this is also typically true among Reserve Component forces. Shared administrative control also applies to direct reporting units of the Army that typically perform single or unique functions.

Four types of command authority can be distinguished:
 * 1) COCOM - combatant command: unitary control (not further delegatable by the combatant commander CCDR)
 * 2) ADCON - administrative control of the command function of "obtaining resources, direction for training, methods of morale and discipline"
 * 3) OPCON - operational control of say, sustainment, a command function, in this case, embodied in an Army Field Support Brigade (AFSB)
 * 4) TACON - tactical control of say, sustainment, as embodied in a Contracting Support Brigade

The Theater Army
According to U.S. Army Doctrine, a theater army headquarters is the army service component command assigned to a geographic combatant command. It is organized, manned and equipped to perform 3 roles:

 * 1) Theater army for the geographic combatant command
 * 2) Joint task force headquarters (with augmentation) for limited contingency operations
 * 3) Joint force land component headquarters (with augmentation) for limited contingency operations

A theater army is responsible for the administration and support of all United States Army forces assigned, attached, under the operational control of a geographic combatant command or transitioning to that area of responsibility (AOR). For example, United States Army Central (Formerly the Third United States Army) which is a theater army is responsible for the administration and support of all U.S. Army forces assigned, attached, under the operational control of United States Central Command, or transitioning into its area of responsibility. The theater army also provides most of the administrative control and army support to forces deployed in the joint operations area. In addition to these functions the theater army has a significant role in: coordinating, supporting, integrating all formations above brigade forces into geographic combatant command plans for that area of responsibility, and providing common-user logistics and Army executive agent services for all Army and joint forces operating in that AOR. The theater army is also responsible for distribution, recovery, and redistribution of supplies and equipment in joint operations areas. The theater army enables the combatant commander to employ across the scope of military operations.

Each theater army supports the Army strategic roles—prevent, shape, and win—and facilitates the use of landpower in JTFs

Theater Armies exercise operational control of all army forces under its command until the combatant commander attaches units to a subordinate joint command. The theater army retains administrative control of all army forces in the command regardless of whether the theater army has operational control over them; this responsibility extends to the entirety of the U.S. Army.

The theater army commander remains responsible to the Department of the Army for Service-specific requirements. This falls under the ADCON chain of authority

Theater Army in Army Service Component Command Role
Responsibilities of a Service component are determined from Title 10; DODD 5101.1; DA Memo 1-10; and combatant commander’s daily operational requirements.

These responsibilities may include:

 * Executing combatant commander's daily operation requirements
 * Setting the theater
 * Setting the Joint Operations Area
 * Serve as a Joint Task Force or Joint Force land Component Commander for immediate crisis response and limited, small-scale operations
 * Recommend proper employment, task organization, and command relationship of Army forces to the Joint Force Commander (JFC)
 * Integrate Army forces into the execution of theater engagement plans, and accomplish any operational missions assigned by the Joint Force Commander
 * Select and nominate specific Army units for attachment to other subordinate commands
 * Conduct joint training, including training of components of other Services for joint operations in which the Army is designated the lead service.
 * Early in the planning process, inform the Joint Force Commander, other component or supporting commanders, and the combatant commander of planning for changes in logistic support that would affect operational capability or sustainability
 * Develop program and budget requests that comply with combatant commander guidance on warfighting requirements and priorities.
 * Inform the combatant commander of program and budget decisions that may affect joint operation planning.
 * Provide AOR-wide contingency planning and coordination, develop and maintain operation and or contingency plans, update regionally focused intelligence estimates, and update Service supporting plans to the Combatant Commander theater campaign plan.
 * Provide, as requested, supporting joint operation and exercise plans with necessary force data to support missions that may be assigned by the combatant commander.

Additionally, the theater army is also responsible for administrative control of all U.S. Army forces in that AOR during times of peace and war.

title: Army Service Component Command


text:
Cookbook:Tripe Soup (Shkembe Chorba)

| Cuisine of Bulgaria

Shkembe chorba is a popular meat dish in Bulgarian cuisine.

Ingredients

 * 1 tbsp butter
 * 3½ cup beef stock
 * 1 ea. onion, chopped fine
 * 1 tsp salt
 * 1 ea. bell pepper, cut into thin-strips
 * ½ tsp dried marjoram
 * 1 ea. bay leaf
 * 2 tbsp flour
 * 2 tbsp parsley, chopped fine
 * 1 can (6 oz / 180 g) tomato paste
 * 1 ea. garlic clove, crushed
 * 1½ lb (675 g) tripe, cooked
 * ⅔ cup grated Kashkaval cheese

Procedure

 * 1) Combine onion, red pepper, butter in large saucepan.
 * 2) Sprinkle flour over onion mixture, then stir in the tomato paste.
 * 3) Cut tripe into thin strips.
 * 4) Add tripe pieces, stock, salt, marjoram and bay leaf to onion mixture.
 * 5) Partially cover the pot and simmer 30 minutes.
 * 6) Remove and discard bay leaf.
 * 7) Pour soup into a tureen or serve in individual bowls.
 * 8) In a small bowl, combine parsley, garlic and cheese. Sprinkle over hot soup and serve immediately.

title: Cookbook:Tripe Soup (Shkembe Chorba)


text:
Talk:MapReduce/Archive 1

Request clarification
gee wizz who wrote this article... the explaination of reduce in the 2nd paragraph escapes me, i don't think i quite understand it... clarification and a motion to edit would be much appreciated --Htmlism 18:13, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Needs to define terms before using them.
Indeed this is poorly written. Look for the first use of the word "key" ... it appears in the basic definition without itself being defined, let alone how a key plays a role in the algorithm.

Also look at the use of "domain" for the key-value pair. What does it mean that a key-value pair is "from a different domain"? Why is it important that it cannot be from the same domain? How does a key-value pair relate to a search task as manifest in Google? What is meant by the "type" of the key? Sorry to be harsh, but the use of undefined terms is rendering this prose practically useless. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:52, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

I'd also add "frozen" in the "Dataflow" section. The section starts with "The frozen..." as if the word frozen was defined and had some kind of contextual meaning.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:37, 14 November 2014 (UTC)

Whether or not MapReduce's map and reduce is really like map and reduce in Lisp ...
I would think that explaination of MapReduce could be improved by looking a bit deeper into the sort of recursion schemes that MapReduce's map and reduce are about. Even though it has been said many times (also in this Wikipedia article) that these functions were inspired by the same primitives in functional languages like Lisp, this comparison confuses matters quite a bit; see my paper on that subject. --Ralf Laemmel

 * Ralf, I would like to do that, but (speaking as the guy who largely wrote the article), what's there is already pushing the limits of my expertise- I can barely follow your paper, if at all. --maru (talk) contribs 17:42, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I have barely parsed Ralf's paper up to the point where I can confirm his claim. I have added to the lead paragraph a paragraph to address this distinction. Diego (talk) 13:44, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

I modified the page to discuss Map/Reduce as a general framework, since there are two independent implementations (Hadoop's and Google's). Starfish seems to be a distributed work queue with no sorting or maps or reduces and it might make sense to remove the link. Owen O'Malley

Credit for putting the page up, but I find Ralf's article much clearer. Thanks Ralf. -- Tamsin

I agree with removing the Starfish link. Although Starfish claimes to be MapReduce, it in fact isn't when you look at the code.

I would like to comment on the sentence "Thus the MapReduce framework transform a list of (key, value) pairs into a list of values." I don't think this is correct. Even though the Reduce function emits only a list, it is clear that the framework knows for which key it called the function and adds the key to the function's result. So the total output of the framework is not a list but a map, and from the user's perspective the framework transforms one map into another map. Just take a look at the basic example: word counting. Obviously it doesn't make sense to produce a list of counts as a result: it must be a map from word to count. WhAt (talk) 14:06, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

I agree with the above comment. The result of MapReduce is usually a map. In my opinion, it makes more sense if the reduce step is expressed as: Reduce(k2, list (v2)) -> (k2, v3) On looking at the Google paper again, 5 of the 6 examples shows Reduce returning a key value pair. Also they talk about the output of a MapReduce step being used as the input to another step, so the output must be a map.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:36, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

I made an exception over the criticism paragraph, referencing an article stating the visible comprehension flaws by the experts on the controversional critic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by LuzGamma (talk • contribs) 20:09, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

== 'receding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:28, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

How 'bout mentioning what language that example is in... python I think? ruby maybe? help a brotha out! —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:38, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Python. SteveLoughran (talk) 13:17, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Needs improvement
The description of MapReduce is bad. I found it difficult to read even being familiar with map and reduce functions in lisp/python/ruby. I suggest taking something from the google framework summary (http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html)(dead link) or related ACM paper (http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1327452.1327492) as starters, for anyone with time to improve. --JRavn talk —Preceding undated comment was added at 22:11, 24 November 2008 (UTC).
 * Well it looks like a significant part of the article was lifted verbatim from the ACM article. However it leaves out the basic explanation of what map and reduce do. The summaries at the links I provided do a good job, I think. --JRavn talk 22:18, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Yes, this is WikiPedia, not a technical journal. Someone should walk thru an example application written in laymans terms - and very slowly!--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:01, 3 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree! — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:18, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

This article does not described MapReduce for what it is: a programming pattern instead of a set of frameworks (frameworks implement the pattern, is more correct). Looking at the ACM article suggested above, and it's introduction this could be described perfectly without building the case for one specific (Google) implementation: "MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating large datasets that is amenable to a broad variety of real-world tasks. Users specify the computation in terms of a map and a reduce function, and the underlying runtime system automatically parallelizes the computation across large-scale clusters of machines, handles machine failures, and schedules inter-machine communication to make efficient use of the network and disks." I'd rewrite it if I had the time... Angeloh (talk) 20:46, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

Specific improvements?
I don't think it's that bad, but a simple dataflow diagram would help immensely. Also, it would really helpful to say, for each of the "hot spots" discussed, whether it runs on the master or on workers. For example, it's not clear from the (current state of the) page, whether a worker doing a reduce polls other workers for items with a given key (though I suspect that's not it), or whether all the maps send their output back to the master node, which partitions them by key and dispatches to the appropriate worker node (or something more complicated). I'd be happy to improve this myself (and provide a diagram), but I don't yet know the right answers....

If the partition is happening on the master node, doesn't that lead to bad consequence if a reducing node goes down (unless somebody keeps all the data -- does somebody keep track of all map output until the corresponding reduce is done? Expensive...). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sderose (talk • contribs) 17:02, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Request to add some historical dates
Maybe someone could add some historical dates to the article. When did the need for the framework become apparent? When did it get productive? The reference "Dean, Jeffrey & Ghemawat, Sanjay (2004)" suggests that it was in or before 2004. Jacosi (talk) 21:26, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

the example blows
Some arguments are never used, no description for some of the functions used makes it hard to read. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:07, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

Agree. First of all, don't use function parameters like k1, k2 etc, because they don't make sens in math or computational notation. Instead I would use someting like this: map (in_key, in_value) -> list(out_key, intermediate_value) Also explanation of MapReduce is vague and completely incomprehensible for novices. I've forwarded few people to wiki to read basics, but all came back to me for explanations as they did not understand a bit from this article. Even mathematicians and experienced software engineers. Good job on writing a bad article. :) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:10, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

The example doesn't make any sense. In "reduce", the argument "word" is not used. So it cannot possibly be correct. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 11:16, 25 October 2010 (UTC).

Citations need cleanup
Citation 7 and 9 link to the same article and it seems there is no reference to the critique of Map/Reduce by DeWitt and Stonebraker anywhere -- it appears that citation 7 was ment to be just that. I have searched for, but have not been able to find, any copy of the critique -- only the blog post linked to by citation 7 and 9 appears to be easy to find. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:35, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Localization
Should mention that the patent is only valid in the US. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:10, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Implementations
This list is misleading as it mixes in RDBMS systems that have been extended to include some MapReduce features (Like Greenplum) with actual MapReduce engines (like Hadoop). It might be a good idea to break the list of implementations down into two or more categories. Rdryfoos (talk) 20:12, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

 * go for it. '''Some illustrations might help. 17:55, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

'''

Comparisons to Oracle Parallel Execution
the description of the process sounds precisely like Oracle's Parallel Execution (PX), which features a Query Coordinator breaking down, say, a large full table scan into multiple ranges of blocks to be read and sending those ranges to slave processes to perform. If you add RAC to the mix, you could have slaves running across multiple servers. Could someone add a compare and contrast? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:27, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

Criticism
Someone just deleted a criticism in which someone says that alternatives are better if you can fit the data into memory. While I think the deletion was valid, I think it is a point to emphasise: MR is potentially overkill/inefficient if your data fits into RAM, where RAM can be 64-192GB in an off the shelf server. Indeed, Hadoop servers often come with that much RAM to keep their 6-12 cores busy.

I propose that we add some criticisms, we just need valid references

1. If the data fits into RAM you can do other algorithms, don't need to go through data linearly.

2. If the data fits into a database you can afford and its rate of change means the indexes work, you can get away with SELECT statements. That is, DB lookups are efficient on stable datasets. Stonebraker is probably the citation here.

Nobody who works in MR code is going to dispute these, the key point being once your data is measured in hundreds of GB and are things where you can scan through rather than index, MapReduce works well. We just need the citations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SteveLoughran (talk • contribs) 11:53, 27 February 2011

Patented?
The first sentence of an article should be intended to introduce the reader to the concept as quickly as possible. The very first descriptive terms are key. In this article, the very first descriptive term is, "patented."

This is not helpful to the vast majority of readers. Please consider an introduction that describes what MapReduce is to the widest possible spectrum of readers and then gets more specific, and finally, if the patenting of the algorithms involved is important for some reason, then introduce the fact that it's patented with information on why that's so important that it needs to be in the lead section. -Miskaton (talk) 16:50, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Dataflow unclear
The "Dataflow" section first refers to "a map function", implying one, and later to "each map function", implying more than one. Which is it? This is unclear. --beefyt (talk) 03:43, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

Multiple Issues
I noticed a few problems with this article, as compared to the MapReduce paper titled "MapReduce Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters".

For e.g. "Map" step: The master node takes the input, divides it into smaller sub-problems, and distributes them to worker nodes. A worker node may do this again in turn, leading to a multi-level tree structure. The worker node processes the smaller problem, and passes the answer back to its master node.

"Reduce" step: The master node then collects the answers to all the sub-problems and combines them in some way to form the output – the answer to the problem it was originally trying to solve.

In the paper, the map worker does not pass an answer to its master node. It only notifies the master of the location of its processed data while the data is left on the worker's disk.

Secondly, the master does not "collect the subproblems and combines them". That's the task of the reduce worker nodes. The master only allocates nodes.

Also, the example in the article, as mentioned by those above me, is no good. I propose to re-write a few of the sections of this article to better reflect the paper I pointed to above. Is this ok?

Shierro (talk) 03:17, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

Alternative example
The code sample seems illogical and may be incorrect. Here is an alternative (which needs verification because I am not expert).

The implied `submit` function dispatches the document as work-elements to processing-nodes and the corresponding `emit` function transmits the work-result back. Thus the expensive string comparisons are done in a distributed fashion and the cheaper counting functions are centralized (although they *could* also be distributed). — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:01, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I for one would love to see a more practical, even layman's, explanation to how map and reduce fits in to the framework/system. I'd love some boxes and arrows. --Popoi (talk) 05:06, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

Huaijun Wu (talk) 07:18, 13 December 2012 (UTC) Personally I think the `submit` function is also confusing. The `map` function takes an input of `key`， while `submit` function only takes one input `document`. So somewhere within `submit`, a list must be built to contain all distinctive words in the document. And then `map` function can be invoked with each word in the list and the document itself as a pair. But the building of this key list already go through all tokens of the document. Why bother to invoked the `map` function? We are in a paradox.Huaijun Wu (talk) 07:18, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

Considering that the example in the main article is basically copied line-for-line from the example slide of Google presentation on MapReduce, I'm thinking it's probably right.Dtanders (talk) 20:08, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

When I read this article, I was wondering, what on earth does the emit function do. It should be explained, although it might be obvious for most of the guys participating this discussion. 2014-09-07 02:26 (EET) — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk)

The example shown here is absolutely wrong!. The proposed solution fails in distributing locally, does not do the work expected in the first example, and is bad defined since 'key' in Map is not known where it comes from (-must be provided in main?- all wrong). The only thing this does is -with some major fixes- count one expected word in a document, potencially several different in different documents but only one on each document. This is doing all wrong... — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:54, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

Agree with the above user. The proposed example misrepresents the MapReduce paradigm. Do not switch to the above unless it is revised. key is not a word to be counted. In general in MR, the key given to map is the filename that contains the current value. The example used on the MR page produces a count of *all words* in input files to the MR job. That said, the OP is correct that the example actually used on the MR page is unclear... Plikarish (talk) 18:56, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

An actual implementation of the example pseudocode is in http://static.usenix.org/events/osdi04/tech/full_papers/dean/dean.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:32, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

There is a much clearer example, that's far easier to follow, here: http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/infosphere/hadoop/mapreduce/ <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:40, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

IBM version example is very clear and easy to understand. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:16, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

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Music appreciation and history

Elements
The first discovered musical scale was on an instrument called the Guqin. This instrument represented the scale of harmonics.

Middle Ages
The period of European History between 450 and 1400 A.D. is often called the Middle Ages. The beginning of this era was considered a "dark age" by many Europeans, due to the many migrations, wars, and upheavals therein. The later period of Middle Ages is known for much more cultural growth. Many Romanesque churches and monasteries were established between 1000 and 1150 and, later, the Gothic cathedrals were established (1150-1400). As the cathedrals dominated the medieval landscape and mind, most formal music was used in these churches. Boys received musical education in cathedral schools, while women were not allowed to sing (at least not as part of the church service). Most of medieval music was vocal, however some instruments were in common use. After 1100, instruments became more and more common in church. The Organ was very prominent, however it was very primitive and quite different from the modern instruments.

Gregorian Chant
"Gregorian Chant" is the primary official liturgical music of the medieval Church. The Mass, from the Renaissance Period consists of sacred Latin texts (with the exception of the Kyrie which is written in Greek) set to melody, and is traditionally sung monophonically without instrumental accompaniment (a cappella). Gregorian chants convey the calm, meditative atmosphere of the church prayers. The chants are now usually sung in a free-flowing style with notes of equal length, because scholars were in disagreement about whether or not the notation was intended to represent notes of various durations, although scholars now generally agree that the notation divides into sets of notes of longer and shorter values. Gregorian chant is named after Pope Gregory I. He is known for reorganizing and standardizing the liturgy during the period from 590 to 604. Most of these chants were created between 600 and 1300 CE. The composers of Gregorian chant, like the sculptors who decorated early medieval churches, remain anonymous. Gregorian chant is still used liturgically, and formed the basis for later polyphonic church music.

Church Modes
Gregorian Chant developed a system of 8 modes which are linked to 8 "species" of octaves. These "species" are like scales but have no single tonality associated with them as modern scales do, and this is what makes Gregorian modes different from the later Renaissance modes. The octave species were divided into two sets of 4 "authentic" and 4 "plagal" ranges. By the time of the Renaissance, the 8 species developed into scales and 4 new scales were added which are generally called the Renaissance modes. A lot of western folk music follows some of the Renaissance modes, either because as it has similar origins to them or has been influenced by them. One example of such folk music, which is in the Dorian mode, is "What Shall We Do With Drunken Sailor?" A perfect example of Gregorian Chant is a well-known Alleluia. They had 8 modes in total.

Secular Music in Middle Ages
In spite of Gregorian Chant domination, secular music was popular too. Most written secular music was composed by troubadours between the 12th and 13th centuries. Over 1650 troubadour melodies have survived. They do not have a rhythm, yet they do have regular meter and definite beat. That's their difference from Gregorian Chant which has no meter at all. During the middle ages wandering minstrels (or jongleurs) performed music and acrobatic tricks in castles, taverns, and town squares. They were lucky enough to work in steady service and ability.

The development of Polyphony
For centuries, music was mostly monophonic with a single melody line. But the years of 700 to 900 were revolutionary to music. Monks at monasteries started to add second melody lines to the melodies. The second line of melody duplicated the melody of the first, but with an interval of a few tones. Music of this kind is also known as Organum. By the year 1100 the second line was allowed to become more independent, not being restricted to note-against-note style. The lower chant tone was sung in very long notes, and the melody was in shorter notes on top. After 1150 the school of Notre Dame introduced the measured rhythm with definite time value and clearly defined meter. Beat notation had yet to be introduced.

14th Century, the "New Art" in France
In the years between 1337 and 1453, Europe suffered bubonic plague, which killed one-fourth of European population. As a consequence, both the feudal system and the church were weakened. It is not surprising that secular music became stronger in this period. Composers wrote music which was absolutely independent of Gregorian Chants. The works of that time were the drinking songs and pieces which comprised the bird calls, sounds of nature, sounds of hunting. Music notation evolved, and composers were able to specify the rhythmic pattern. The beats could be subdivided into two as well as three. Syncopation, rarely used earlier, became a more common practice. Changes both in music and in art during this time were so profound that theorists call them the "New Art" or arts nova. Guillame de Machaut is the most prominent figure of this period.

Renaissance
The 15th and 16th centuries in Europe are known as the "rebirth" or "Renaissance" of human creativity. This period is known for exploration by for example, Christopher Columbus (1492), Vasco da Gama (1498), and Ferdinand Magellan(1519-1522). It was the age of remarkable curiosity and creativity. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist and musician as well. During the Renaissance humanism, the dominant intellectual movement, was focused on human life and accomplishment. Being inspired by the pagan cultures and languages of the ancient Romans and Greeks, humanists were concerned by the issues of life, rather than afterlife activities. It was acceptable to picture the beauty of the nude human body. The Catholic church was less powerful in the Renaissance than in the Middle Ages, and no longer monopolized learning. Aristocrats and the upper middle class considered education as a status symbol, and people were hired to teach their children. The invention of printing with movable type (about 1436) accelerated the spread of learning; over 40,000 editions were printed in Europe. As in other forms of the arts, the horizons of music were greatly expanded. Printing widened the circulation of music, and a lot of scores were spread. As a consequence the number of composers and performers increased. The idea of "universal man" implied that everyone should be educated in music. Church choirs grew in size. Polyphonic church music was usually sung by multiple soloists and performed by entire male choirs. Kings and dukes competed for the finest composers and every court had a number of musicians. Women functioned as virtuoso singers during Late Renaissance.
 * Town musicians played both for civic processions and religious services.
 * Since humanistic interests in languages and vocal music existed, vocal music became important. Renaissance composers wrote music to enhance the measure of the text, unlike medieval composers. The term 'word paintings' was much in use, which is the musical representation of word specifics.

Characteristics of the Music in Renaissance
The most prominent ways in which the music of the Renaissance is distinguishable from medieval music is a much smoother sound, more homogeneous, and less contrast The sound is changed as a result of a compositional technique. The new polyphony style replaced the highly contrasting lines of medieval polyphony.
 * Imitation is a polyphonic form in which the musical phrase is represented by all musical lines, one after another. As each line enters, previous ones continue, without any overlapping. This strictest kind of imitation is a "round", where all the voices sing exactly the same thing in turn. Only the first few notes are sung by the entering voice, then the whole group continues.

Texture
The texture of Renaissance music was chiefly polyphonic. Typical choral pieces had four to five parts.
 * The bass register is used for the first time, expanding the pitch range for more than four octaves. Bass line led to a good harmony, so the term of chords became more popular. Composers became chord-oriented, yet thought of some melodic lines.
 * The rhythm of Renaissance music is more a gentle flow than a sharply defined beat. Melodic line is rhythmically independent. It is possible for one singer to start in the middle of the piece. Renaissance music is both for pleasure and challenge. But its pitch patterns are easy to sing. The melody moves in a scale with a few leaps.

Motet
is a polyphonic choral work set to sacred Latin text.

Renaissance mass
Also known as liturgical music, is a polyphonic choral composition, which comprises five sections: Palestrina's music was very widely used in mass music.
 * Kyrie
 * Gloria
 * Credo
 * Sanctus
 * Agnus Dei

The High Renaissance
The unifying the full use of imitation was established. Composers experimented by drawing musical materials from a single source. The source melody usually appeared in tenor voice, but other voices often derived from it as well.
 * The most versatile and gifted composer of this period was Josquin Desprez (c.1450-1521) He composed music in the three major genres of the Renaissance, which are: Masses, Motets, and secular songs. He brought the imitation to the new heights of clarify and flexibility. The examples are Pange Lingua Mass, and Pange Lingua Geoli, which is a plainchant hymn.

Late Renaissance
The sixteenth century is known for remarkable achievements, the balance, beauty and exquisite sound of the imitative polyphony was fully explored by all European composers. In addition, the music became more and more homogeneous. There were fewer contrasts between the lines. One technical change of the Renaissance is the sound of the last chord by the end of the sections. The Renaissance composers thought of full chord by the end of piece. The chord was supposed to be tonic, fifth and octave. The distinction between fifth, full, and root chords are apparently heard.

Baroque
The Baroque period is generally divided into 3 phases: Early (1600-1640), Middle (1640-1680) and Late (1680-1750).

Classicism
The classical period lasted from 1750 to roughly 1825. One of the primary trends which distinguishes classical era music is the rejection of the complex polyphony of the late baroque period in favor of a simpler, more balanced style. Music in this period is characterized by regular phrases, memorable melodies, and harmonious proportion. The primary texture of the classical period is homophony, the use of one principle melody with harmonic accompaniment.

The Multi-Movement Cycle

Another important innovation developed in the classical era is the multi-movement cycle. The multi-movement cycle applies to absolute music (instrumental music with no extra-musical references) starting in the classical period, and its use continued into the romantic era. A typical cycle includes 3 to 4 movements and follows some conventions in terms of the form of the individual movements. Symphonies, chamber music, sonatas, and concertos are genres in the classical period which follow the multi-movment cycle.

The first movement of the cycle is typically fast and in sonata allegro form. This form presents a number of contrasting themes (usually 2 or 3) which are later developed and then recapped. The second movement is most often slow and often uses a theme and variations form. The third movement is normally a minuet and trio or scherzo and trio. In either case, it comprises of 2 contrasting dances presented in a ternary or da capo form. The final movement of the cycle is fast and could be in a sonata allegro form or a rondo.

Concertos in the classical period only contain three of the four movements described above and follow a fast-slow-fast pattern in terms of the tempo of each movement. Also of note, the first movement of a classical concerto is a blend of the ritornello form prominent in the baroque concerto and the sonata allegro form.

Opera in the Classical Period

French Impressionism
French Impressionism (in music) is credited to the French composer Claude Debussy, although Mahler had earlier used some impressionistic idioms in some of his later music. The main other composer in this movement was Maurice Ravel, although his view on music is often considered to be more 'neo-classical'. Impressionism in music is characterised by extensive use of ninth chords and a turn toward ancient church music (e.g. church modes, gregorian chants, etc.) for an almost archaic 'mood'. Overall, Impressionism was meant to, as Debussy said: 'Be supple enough to adapt itself to the lyrical effusions of the soul and the fantasy in dreams'. Basically, although Debussy and the Impressionist composers rejected Romanticism, they were essentially still composing under a romantic idiom. Romanticism is macabre, passionate and active, but still tries to connect music as much as possible with the real world (e.g. tone poems, program music, etc.). Impressionism is quiet, floating and passive, but both still share the same basic goal, they simply express the human soul in different ways.

Another strong influence on Impressionism is non-western music Gamelan ensembles. Use of pentatonic scales, chromatic scales and the 'whole-tone scale' are found throughout the harmony and melody of French Impressionism.

German Expressionism
Arnold Schoenberg (German spelling: 'Schönberg')

German Expressionism was characterised by extremely wide melodic leaps and experimentation with the extreme registers of musical instruments. One of the main composers in this field was Arnold Schoenberg.

Schoenberg was born in Vienna in 1874. Even before his atonal days, Schoenberg's harmonies were very advanced, extending chromaticism to its limit in a Post-Wagnerian manner. His gigantic song-cycle 'Gurrelieder' (also: 'Gurre-Lieder') shows considerable Wagnerian influence in its harmonies, sometimes stretching chromaticism past its tonal limits into a 'pre-atonal feel'.

Although the first piece Schoenberg consciously composed using the twelve-tone system is considered to be Op. 19 "Sechs kleine Klavierstücke" ("Six small pieces for Piano"), from 1911 Schoenberg composed some earlier pieces that already had a 'pre-atonal feel' to them. Another example of this is the String Sextet 'Verklärte Nacht' (translated as 'Transfigured Night'). In this context, 'pre-atonal' merely states that those pieces already show Schoenberg's unique rhetoric, although he had not completed his ideas about the twelve-tone system yet.

It is important to note that Schoenberg did not use the term "atonality" in the first place. As a matter of fact, he rather liked to speak of his music being "pantonal" (gr. "pan" = "every"), since "atonal" was first used by his critics and can refer to music that literally "lacks tone".

The twelve-tone System/Atonality

The twelve-tone system is a method of atonal* composition developed by Schoenberg. The basic underlying rule of this system is in the use of a 'tone row'. A tone row usually includes all twelve chromatic notes, arranged in any conceivable order. Variations of a tone row often use techniques like transposition, retrograde, inversion, augmentation and diminishment. The aim in atonality is to create a music that has no principal tone. Each tone in the chromatic scale is treated equally. This is similar in idea to the Impressionistic idiom of "free[ing] it [i.e. music] from barren traditions that stifle it" (Claude Debussy) (i.e. dissolving the major-minor system that had dominated music since the baroque era). It would be wrong, however, to treat atonality and Impressionism as the same genre because of their role in 'the emancipation of dissonance'.

The Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg & Webern)

Modernism
Modernism is a movement in the arts which focusses on experimentation, rejection of tradition, and the search for new forms of expression. Modernism began in the late 19th century and lasted until the middle of the 20th century. Musical genres associated with modernism include impressionism, atonal music, 12-tone music, serialism, neoclassicism, and musique concreté, Compositional techniques employed by the modernists are diverse and may include the use of non-Western scales and harmonies, polyrhythm, frequent meter changes, polytonality, atonality, unusual instruments, playing, and singing techniques, and the use of prerecorded and electronically generated sounds.

Notable modernist composers include the German expressionist composers Arnold Schönberg, Anton Webern, and Alban Berg who comprised the 2nd Viennese School and are known for developing a style of atonal music known as 12-tone music. Composers such as Igor Stravinsky and Bela Bartok are known for their neoclassical style, prominent use of folk melodies (primitivism), as well as polytonality and polyrhythm. Other famous modernists include Charles Ives, Milton Babbitt, Pierre Schaeffer, Edgar Varèse, and Pierre Boulez.

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