text:
Scouting/BSA/Medicine Merit Badge

Key Historical Figures in Medicine
Discuss with your counselor the influence that EIGHT of the following people had on the history of medicine:

of Cos (c. 460 BC - 377 BC) was an Ancient Greek physician, is commonly regarded as one of the most outstanding figures in medicine of all time and has been called the father of medicine.

(April 1, 1578 - June 3, 1657) was a doctor who first correctly described in exact detail the circulatory system of blood being pumped around the body by the heart.

(October 24, 1632 - August 26, 1723) was a tradesman and scientist from Delft, in the Netherlands. He is best known for his contribution to improvement of the microscope and his contributions towards the establishment of cell biology. Using his handcrafted microscope he was the first to observe and describe muscles fibres, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels).

(May 17, 1749 - January 26, 1823) was an English country doctor practicing in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England, made famous by his invention of the vaccine.

(May 12, 1820 - August 13, 1910) - The Lady With The Lamp - was the pioneer of modern nursing.

(December 27, 1822 - September 28, 1895) was a French scientist who was a pioneer in microbiology.

was born on July 22, 1822, in Heinzendorf, Austria (now Hyncice, Czech Republic). He studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants, discovering the basic laws of inheritance. He is often called the father of genetics.

, 1st Baron Lister (April 5, 1827-February 10, 1912) was a famous British surgeon who promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Infirmary. He came from a rich Quaker home in Yorkshire.

(December 11, 1843 - May 27, 1910) was a German physician. He became famous for the discovery of the tubercle bacillus (1882) and the cholera bacillus (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905. He is considered one of the founders of bacteriology.

(March 27, 1845 - February 10, 1923) was a German physicist, of the University of Würzburg, who, on November 8, 1895, produced wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that are now known as x-rays. The machine which Röntgen built to emit these rays, was the x-ray machine.

(November 7, 1867 – July 4, 1934) and (May 15, 1859 – died April 19, 1906) were pioneers in the early field of radiation. Both were Nobel Laureates in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena.

(September 13, 1851 - November 23, 1902) was an American Army surgeon who led a team which discovered that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitos rather than direct contact. This insight opened entire new fields of epidemiology and biomedicine and most immediately allowed the resumption and completion of work on the Panama Canal (1904-14) by the United States.

(June 14, 1868 - June 26, 1943), was an Austrian biologist. In 1909 he developed the modern system of classification of blood groups and later identified agglutins and Rhesus factor for which he won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

(August 6, 1881 - March 11, 1955) a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. Fleming published many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. His best-known achievements are the discovery of the enzyme lysozyme in 1922 and isolation of the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945

(October 28, 1914 - June 23, 1995) is the discoverer/inventor of the vaccine for Polio which proved to be the first successful vaccine against a virus. The vaccine provides the recipient with immunity against Polio, and was seminal in the near eradication of a once widely-feared disease.

and are American molecular biologist who are best known as the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. This earned them the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine and a correct understanding of how "the molecular structure of nucleic acids transfer information in living material".[1]

Hippocratic Oath
'Explain the Hippocratic Oath to your counselor, and compare the original version to a more modern one. Discuss to whom those subscribing to the original version of the oath owe the greatest allegiance.'

 * Original text of the :

I swear by Apollo, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath. To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death. Nor will I give a woman a pessary to procure abortion. But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts. I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves. All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal. If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.

 * Modern text (from the ):
 * AT THE TIME OF BEING ADMITTED AS A MEMBER OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION:
 * I SOLEMNLY PLEDGE myself to consecrate my life to the service of humanity;
 * I WILL GIVE to my teachers the respect and gratitude which is their due;
 * I WILL PRACTICE my profession with conscience and dignity;
 * THE HEALTH OF MY PATIENT will be my first consideration;
 * I WILL RESPECT the secrets which are confided in me, even after the patient has died;
 * I WILL MAINTAIN by all the means in my power, the honor and the noble traditions of the medical profession;
 * MY COLLEAGUES will be my sisters and brothers;
 * I WILL NOT PERMIT considerations of age, disease or disability, creed, ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political affiliation, race, sexual orientation, or social standing to intervene between my duty and my patient;
 * I WILL MAINTAIN the utmost respect for human life from its beginning even under threat and I will not use my medical knowledge contrary to the laws of humanity;
 * I MAKE THESE PROMISES solemnly, freely and upon my honor."

Patient-Physician Relationship
'Discuss the health care "provider-patient" relationship with your counselor, and the importance of such a relationship in the delivery of quality care to the patient. Describe the role of confidentiality in this relationship.'
 * The essential nature of the Provider-Patient Relationship to the practice of medicine from the American Medical Association
 * Informed Consent
 * Ending the Patient-Physician Relationship
 * Patient Confidentiality
 * Patient Safety

Describe the roles the following people play in the delivery of health care in your state.

 * Physician - a person who practices some type of human biological medicine
 * Chiropractor - A system of therapy in which disease is considered the result of abnormal function of the skeletal system
 * Optometrist - studies the eyes and disorders of the eye
 * Podiatrist - studies the feet and disorders of the foot
 * Pharmacist - specialist in the use, function, and side effects of medication
 * Psychologist - studies the mind and disorders of the mind
 * Physician's assistant - are persons trained, certified, and licensed to take medical histories, conduct physical examinations, and diagnose and treat medical problems under the supervision of physicians.
 * Nurse practitioner - a registered nurse who, through advanced training, is qualified to assume some of the duties and responsibilities formerly assumed only by a physician.
 * Nurse-midwife - a registered nurse who has received additional training as a midwife, delivers infants, and provides antepartum and postpartum care
 * Registered nurse - a graduate nurse who has passed a state board examination and been registered and licensed to practice nursing.
 * Licensed vocational/practical nurse - a person who has not graduated from an accredited school of nursing but whose vocation is caring for the sick.
 * Medical assistant - a person trained to assist medical professionals
 * Emergency medical technician - stabilizes and cares for patients en route to advanced treatment
 * Medical laboratory technologist - a health-care professional who performs laboratory testing and analysis.
 * Radiologic technologist - a physician specializing in the use of radiant energy for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
 * Physical therapist - therapist who treats injury or dysfunction with exercises and other physical treatments of the disorder.
 * Occupational therapist - therapist who performs treatment or rehabilitation of physically or emotionally disabled people.
 * Respiratory therapist - therapist who performs treatment or management of acute and chronic breathing disorders, as through the administration of medication in the aerosol form and the use of ventilators and other life support systems.

Primary Care
'Tell what is meant by the term "primary care" within medicine. Briefly describe the types of work done by the physicians in the following "core" areas. Describe the educational requirements for these areas of medicine'
 * Primary Care definitions:
 * "Provision of health care that has the following six essential qualities -- accessible, acceptable, accountable, comprehensive, coordinated and continuing."
 * "Provision of integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community."
 * "Provision of services that include health promotion, identification of individuals at special risk, early detection of serious disease, management of acute emergencies, rendering continuous care to chronically ill patients, and referring the enrollee to another provider when necessary."
 * Primary Care Physician - training is accredited by the American College of Graduate Medical Education
 * Internal medicine - 3 year accredited residency program which meets the clinical, academic, and related Internal Medicine objectives of the ACGME
 * Family practice - 3 year accredited residency program which meets the clinical, academic, and related Family Medicine objectives of the ACGME
 * Obstetrics/gynecology - 4 year accredited residency program which meets the clinical, academic, and related Obstetrics and Gynecology objectives of the ACGME
 * Pediatrics - 3 year accredited residency program which meets the clinical, academic, and related Pediatrics objectives of the ACGME
 * Psychiatry - 4 year accredited residency program which meets the clinical, academic, and related Psychiatry objectives of the ACGME
 * Surgery - 5 year accredited residency program which meets the clinical, academic, and related Surgery objectives of the ACGME

Specialty Care
'Tell what is meant by the term "specialty care" within medicine. Briefly describe the types of work done by the FIVE of the specialty areas of medicine shown below. Describe the additional educational requirements for these specialty areas of medicine.'

 * Specialty Care definitions:
 * Description of
 * Typical a physician who has received additional education, experience, and expertise beyond a general residency in a accredited medical specialty program. The additional training is often called a fellowship, wherein they receive concentrated and specialized training. In the medical profession, specialists often serve as consultants, being called into difficult or challenging cases that are beyond the skill or training of a general physician.

 * Specialty Care Physicians - training is also accredited by the American College of Graduate Medical Education
 * Anesthesiology - 4 year accredited residency program which meets the clinical, academic, and related Anesthesia objectives of the ACGM
 * Emergency Medicine - 3 year accredited residency program which meets the clinical, academic, and related Emergency Medicine objectives of the ACGM
 * Infectious Disease - is a 1-3 year fellowship completed after a 3 year internal medicine residency program.
 * Orthopedic Surgery - 5 year accredited residency program which meets the clinical, academic, and related Anesthesia objectives of the ACGM
 * Vascular Surgery - is a minimum 2 year fellowship completed after a 5 year surgical residency program.

 * Other Specialty Care Physicians
 * Allergy/Immunology - specialization of disorders of the immune allergic/immune system.
 * CardioThoracic Surgery - specialization in the surgical repair of cardiovascular system (congential abnormalities, heart transplant, coronary artery disease surgeries, etc) related disorders
 * Colon and rectal surgery - specialization in the surgical repair of disorders of the lower gastrointestinal tract including the colon and rectum.
 * Dermatology - specialization in the management of skin related disorders.
 * Endocrinology - specialization in the management of the endocrine system, including the effect of hormones on metabolism, physiologic function, and overall health.
 * Gastroenterology - specialization in the management of the gastrointestinal system (mouth to anus)
 * Geriatric Medicine - specialization in the management of health, disease, and related ailments of aging.
 * Hematology/Oncology - specialization in the management of cancer and blood related diseases.
 * Nephrology - specialization in the management of kidney related disease.
 * Neuro Surgery - specialization in the surgical management of nervous system disorders.
 * Neurology - specialization in the medical management of nervous system disorders
 * Nuclear medicine - specialization in the use of radioactivity in medicine (both imaging and treatment).
 * Ophthalmologist - specialization in the management of the eye
 * Otolaryngology - specialization in the management of the Ear, Nose, and Throat
 * Pathology - specialization in the understanding of identification and cellular processes of disease.
 * Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - specialization in the management of patients requiring extensive rehabilitation.
 * Plastic Surgery - specialization in the surgical management of traumatic and cosmetic repair of the body
 * Preventive Medicine - specialization in public health and population based medicine
 * Radiology - specialization in various technologies for imaging the human body as part of the diagnostic and treatment process.
 * Rheumatology - specialization in the management of the joints and allied conditions of the connective tissues.
 * Urology - specialization in the medical and surgical issues related to the kidneys, bladder, and reproductive systems.

Office Visit
Visit a physician's office, preferably one who delivers "primary care" (This may be that of your counselor) and do the following:
 * Discuss components of a medical history and physical examination (an official BSA health form may be used to guide this discussion), and become familiar with the instruments used.
 * If this cannot be arranged, demonstrate to your counselor that you understand the components of a medical history and physical, and discuss the instruments involved.

Diagnostic Testing
'Describe the characteristics of a good diagnostic test to screen for disease (e.g. routine blood pressure measurement). Explain briefly why diagnostic tests are not perfect.'

Each diagnostic tests has different properties or abilities to accurately determine results. A good diagnostic test would be one in which the test is highly reliable for accurately diagnosing the condition of interest, would be inexpensive to administer, and would provide results quickly. In addition to how the test itself performs, one must ask if the result from test can be used to guide subsequent decisions on starting, stopping, or modifying treatment. Consequently, the practical value of a diagnostic test can only be assessed by taking into account subsequent health outcomes. In determining the value of various diagnostic tests, it is important to distinguish between these two features of the test (accuracy of the test itself) and (ability of the test to guide therapeutic decision making in altering health outcomes).

In terms of accuracy, diagnostic tests are judged by several characteristics, including:

Example, using pregnancy test results:

Taking a Blood Pressure Reading
Show how to take a blood pressure reading and a pulse reading.
 * Taking a Blood Pressure
 * Anatomy of Blood Pressure:

Health Care System

 * Discuss the roles medical societies, the insurance industry, and the government play in influencing the practice of medicine in the United States.
 * Medical Societies. These groups, made up of physician members of a designated specialty or common interest, can have a significant influence over the way their specialty is practiced. The traditional role of these societies has been to certify or license or practice in the designated field. Medical societies can be very effective in protecting the interests of the society through political action groups, accelerate the sharing of best practices across the field, and as an organizing influence for ongoing education, specialization, and training.
 * Insurance Industry - this industry has a major impact on medicine as it has developed into the primary means (~55%) whereby health care services are paid for. The essential idea behind insurance is to protect against risk - meaning that people are willing to pay insurance companies a known quantity of money (in the form of a monthly/annual "premium") to protect them against unknown medical expenses. Insurers often set the prices, determine if a medical expense meets their criteria for payment, and can significantly influence practice patterns by how they reimburse, or pay, for various healthcare services. Given the way the current insurance industry has been organized, they are often in an adversarial relationship with medical providers and the patients they serve.
 * Government. In the United States, the government pays for ~45% of all health care expenses. As a result, they have significant ability to influence the way medicine is practiced, the way that it is paid for, and how the delivery of health care is legislated. Government needs to be careful of this influence, and the traditional accepted role of government is not to intervene with the free market, but rather create an environment of standards, interoperability, and similar policies that enable

 * Briefly tell how your state monitors the quality of health care within its borders, and how it provides care to those who do not have health insurance.
 * Monitoring Quality - There are multiple quality organizations in the state of California. Medical Societies police themselves through a combination of licensure, certification, and ongoing education. Medical Boards are created as to ensure that standards of care are set and maintained by those who practice within that specialty. In addition, there are multiple public-private initiatives within the state to measure, monitor, and report the quality of care within the State.
 * Caring for those with no health insurance - This is an extremely challenging problem as there are more than 45 million people in the United States who do not have health insurance. In California, approximately 7 million people are uninsured. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger has proposed for sweeping changes in California's health care system to ensure that all Californians can obtain health care insurance. He presented the outline of his proposal in February 2007, and later called a special session of the state legislature in the fall of 2007, to debate the proposal. The essential concept is that we must provide insurance to all through a "shared responsibility" which includes taxes to businesses, hospitals, and physicians; some combination of touch credits/vouchers for the uninsured, and an increased public health awareness on prevention and healthy choices.

Global Health Care Delivery
Compare and discuss with your counselor the health care delivery systems in the United States, Sweden, and China.
 * United States
 * US Health Care Preview
 * Sweden
 * In Sweden, the publicly funded medical system is comprehensive and compulsory. Physician and hospital services take a small patient fee, but their services are funded through the taxation scheme of the County Councils of Sweden. There is a small private insurance industry in Sweden.
 * WHO Statistics on Sweden
 * Some of this form of healthcare
 * China
 * Who Statistics on China also at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8985446

Health Care Volunteer
Serve as a volunteer at a health-related event or facility in your community (e.g. blood drive, "health fair", blood pressure screening, etc.) approved by your counselor.

title: Scouting/BSA/Medicine Merit Badge


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User:AishaSophia

Aisha Kay McElya - born 17th December 1966 Birmingham, UK.

Early life

Aisha Kay McElya (born Julie Wilson) is the first daughter of Christopher Wilson and Maureen Wilson (Neild) who was born while her parents were in the first year at Birmingham Art College studying sculpture. They met at Manchester Art College where they were contemporaries of Kevin Godley and Lol Cream of the bands 10cc and Godley and Cream.

In 1969 her father was invited to work for and live with the sculptor Lynn Chadwick, at Lypiatt Park, Gloucestershire. Here she became, at the age of 3, life long friends with John Marjoram, the Green Party campaigner who was the gardener.

In her late teens, Aisha became a member of the Green Party, standing in local elections and protests including in 1988 the campaign to prevent 12 mature beech trees being felled to widen a road for Tesco supermarket in Stroud. It was here she met and was interviewed by a young Jeremy Vine for the Radio 4 Today programme.￼

Aisha is the cousin of Valerie Shawcross CBE deputy mayor of London to both Ken Livingstone and Sadiq Khan.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:AishaSophia


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Qaumi Jang

Qaumi Jang (قومی جنگ, 'People's War') was an Urdu language weekly newspaper published by the Communist Party of India from Bombay during World War II. It was founded in 1942 as the Urdu edition of People's War. Qaumi Jang was the central party organ in Urdu.

When Qaumi Jang was launched, a number of Muslim socialist writers moved to Bombay to work at the paper. Sajjad Zaheer, who had recently been released from jail, shifted to Bombay to become the editor of Qaumi Jang. Sibte Hassan was one of the Muslim intellectuals who came to Bombay to work as a Qaumi Jang staffer, serving as the assistant editor of the paper. Ashraf Ali Khan was a member of the Qaumi Jang staff. Saadat Hasan Manto was one of the writers for Qaumi Jang. Some of Manto's most notable short stories were published in Qaumi Jang, such as Kaali Shalwar, Dhuan and Bu.

Another Urdu poet, Kaifi Azmi arrived in Bombay in 1943 to begin writing for Qaumi Jang.

On 26 May 1945, the Government of the United Provinces issued a ban the sale and distribution of People's War, Qaumi Jang and Lok Yudh under the Defence of India Rules, citing that the newspapers had published to many biased reports.

After the end of World War II, Qaumi Jang was replaced by Naya Zamana ('New Age') as the new Urdu language central party organ.

title: Qaumi Jang


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Silta

Silta (Силта; СилтӀа) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kudalinsky Selsoviet, Gunibsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 257 as of 2010.

Geography
Silta is located 18 km east of Gunib (the district's administrative centre) by road, on the Bardakuli River. Salta and Kudali are the nearest rural localities.

title: Silta


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Talk:Japanese

The "Japanese" article should refer to the "Topic:Japanese" article because there people can get some general information about the resources available for learning Japanese here at Wikiversity. Redirecting to "Introduction to Japanese" will hinder the majority, in my opinion, who will be looking for general info about the course rather than a specific introductory course. I've made the change already, but I'm open to a debate on this topic. Any thoughts? -- Xlbnushk 01:17, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Japanese


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Thamine Tadama-Groeneveld

Tamina Henriëtte Bartholda Jacoba Tadama-Groeneveld (1871-1938) was a Dutch painter.

Biography
Tadama-Groeneveld was born on 15 October 1871 in Utrecht, Netherlands. She studied at an art academy in Amsterdam and was also a student of George Hitchcock. She was a member of Arti et Amicitiae. In 1895 she married fellow painter Fokko Tadama with whom she had two children. Tadama emigrated to the United States without Tadama-Groeneveld. Tadama-Groeneveld died on 3 April 1938 in Zandvoort.

title: Thamine Tadama-Groeneveld


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Senator McAllister

Senator McAllister may refer to:

 * Matthew Hall McAllister (1800–1865), Georgia State Senate
 * Norman H. McAllister (born 1951), Vermont State Senate
 * Thomas Stanislaus McAllister (1878–1950), Northern Irish Senate
 * William M. McAllister (1896–1986), Oregon State Senate

title: Senator McAllister


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jeremiah Duggan

The result of the debate was speedy keep per Tony Sidaway.--Sean Black (talk) 20:15, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Jeremiah Duggan
Delete. This persons death might be fit for an obit. But the person is not notable enough to warrant an entire article. It does not meet Wikipedia standards. It was created it seems to discredit Lyndon LaRouche - which no matter your opinion of this politician does not warrant this article. IAMthatIAM 17:15, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * This is pro-LaRouche vandalism, and I've removed the AfD tag. SlimVirgin (talk) 17:23, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment. Potentially an edit war between a new user IAMthatIAM, and the original creator of the page SlimVirgin.  See also the comments made by an apparently good faith editor here: NathanDW.  I have absolutely no idea where to go with this one, but I'm putting back the AfD tag so that the discussion will not be stifled.  Slowmover 17:43, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * This is not an edit war. It's a LaRouche activist with a new account trying to cause trouble. SlimVirgin (talk) 17:56, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I rarely say speedy keep, but this is a prime example. Duggan's death and the circumstances surrounding it made international news (BBC, Washington Post).  This is not a case for deletion, or merging, or anything else.  It's a rather complete article.  Perhaps it needs some editing, but Wikipedia is a work in progress. --Tony Sidaway 17:48, 20 March 2006 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anubhuti kashyap

The result was delete. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 19:03, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

Anubhuti kashyap

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Very little independent coverage to satisfy general notability.

Notability is not inherited. Robert McClenon (talk) 16:05, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 19:14, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 19:14, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Women-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 02:26, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 10:39, 25 September 2017 (UTC) Delete as WP:TOOSOON, only been the main director of one short film Atlantic306 (talk) 23:53, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete fails WP:FILMMAKER and WP:GNG as per Atlantic306 it is case of WP:TOOSOON.Pharaoh of the Wizards (talk) 03:51, 2 October 2017 (UTC)


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Japanese/Vocabulary/Phrases and Idioms

... が好きです
... ga suki desu

Expresses that a thing or person is liked. The subject, marked by が, is liked by the person marked with the topic marker は (if mentioned).

Examples

 * 彼はリンゴとバナナが好きです
 * kare wa ringo to banana ga suki desu.
 * He likes apples and bananas.

 * 英語を勉強するのがとても好きだよ！
 * eigo o benkyo suru no ga totemo suki da yo!
 * I really like studying English!

... なければならない
... nakereba naranai

The construction "(verb stem)なければならない", -nakereba naranai is used to express an obligation: something that has to be done.

(Literally, the -なければ -nakereba conjunction is the negative conditional form, "if not (this action)"; ならない naranai is "to not become", the plain negative of なる naru. The literal implication is that if the action is not done, nothing else can proceed.)

Examples

 * 今日は銀行にいかなければならない.
 * kyô wa ginko ni ikanakereba naranai.
 * I have to go to the bank today.

 * おじいさんがすぐに帰らなければ、私はマクドナルドに行きます.
 * Ojii-san ga suguni kaeranakereba watashi wa makudonarudo ni ikimasu.
 * If Grandpa doesn't return soon, I'm going to McDonald's.

Since ならない naranai is the plain-form negative of the verb なる naru (to become), in a more formal or polite situation one would use the polite negative form なりません narimasen instead.

下手の横好き（へたのよこずき）
heta no yoko-zuki

An idiom meaning that you are "unskilled but enthusiastic" or "crazy about it, but not very good at it". Used about a hobby or skilled activity.

Example

 * 山田： 田中さんは英語がお上手ですね.
 * Yamada：Tanaka-san wa eigo ga ojouzu desune.
 * Yamada: Mr Tanaka, you speak English well.

 * 田中： いいえ、下手の横好きなんですよ.
 * Tanaka: iie, heta no yoko-zuki nandesuyo.
 * Tanaka: Oh no, I like it, but I'm not very good at it

title: Japanese/Vocabulary/Phrases and Idioms


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Talk:Aircraft components

As pilots, I imagine, we are all rather familiar with the FAA xxxx Flying Handbook series. As official U.S. Government works these are not protected by any copyright within the U.S. (outside the U.S., however, they may be eligible for foreign copyright. but so far as I have found they are not protected).

Those familiar with these publications would likely agree that they are of limited use in their present form, as most of the information contained is rather basic in nature. However, this series may serve as a wonderful starting point for this Wikiversity School. That said, I encourage all of you to edit the information (just because it was produced by the FAA doesn't mean that it is perfect).

Haugenhaus 02:19, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aircraft components


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resuspension

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A second or subsequent suspension.
 * 2)  The renewed suspension of a precipitated sediment, such as stirring up settled mud at the bottom of a body of water.
 * 1)  The renewed suspension of a precipitated sediment, such as stirring up settled mud at the bottom of a body of water.

title: resuspension


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glander

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to do
 * 2)  to loaf around, to bum around, to cabbage
 * 1)  to loaf around, to bum around, to cabbage
 * 1)  to loaf around, to bum around, to cabbage

title: glander


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1997 Girabola

The 1996 Girabola was the 19th season of top-tier football competition in Angola. Primeiro de Agosto were the defending champions.

The league comprised 14 teams, the bottom two of which were relegated.

Petro de Luanda were crowned champions, winning their 11th title, while Benfica do Huambo and Primeiro de Maio were relegated.

Zé Neli of Petro do Huambo finished as the top scorer with 12 goals.

Changes from the 1996 season
Relegated: Nacional de Benguela Promoted: FC de Cabinda, Kabuscorp, Sonangol do Namibe

Top scorer

 * Zé Neli

Champions
Squad: Amaral, Aurélio, Betinho, Bodunha, Cacharamba, Chico Dinis, Delgado, Guedes, Gui, Joãozinho, Jonas, Langa, Maninho, Marito, Minhas, Nelo Bumba, Paulo Dias, Zico Head coach: Jorge Ferreira

title: 1997 Girabola


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Casey's Top 40

Casey's Top 40 was a syndicated radio music program that was distributed by the Westwood One radio network. The show was a vehicle for former American Top 40 host and co-creator Casey Kasem and ran for over nine years. Like Kasem's prior show, Casey's Top 40 aired on weekends, emanated from Hollywood, California, and was a countdown of the 40 biggest hits of the week on the popular music chart. Unlike American Top 40, this show is not replayed or syndicated, whilst the former is still currently being replayed and syndicated.

Background
In January 1988, Kasem was entering the final year of a seven-year contract as host of American Top 40 with syndicator ABC Watermark. The two sides were unable to come to an agreement for renewal, so on February 9, ABC Watermark announced that it would begin searching for a replacement host. The process would eventually result in the signing of Shadoe Stevens that May, and he would take over American Top 40 beginning with the August 13, 1988 episode.

Westwood One, who was already producing several countdown programs between itself and its recent acquisition Mutual, offered Kasem a contract that would have paid him triple what he was making on AT40. In April 1988, he agreed to a five-year contract to join Westwood One. However, Kasem's contract with ABC Watermark was in force for the remainder of the year and Westwood One could not use him until the contract was up. However, it did not stop them from promoting his arrival, and stations that signed up to air Kasem's new show were sent a promotional package that included a “Westwood One Survival Kit” for the interim period that was labeled “What to Do Until Casey Comes.” Inside the kit were a “shadow simulator” (portable flashlight), a button reading “Casey in ‘89,” and a pin with the date of his premiere on Westwood One.

Casey's Top 40 premiered on the weekend of January 21, 1989 on stations both within the United States and overseas. Some of those stations had been carrying American Top 40, and opted to drop it in favor of Kasem's new show; in some cases both countdowns aired on the same station.

Substitute hosts
As on AT40, Kasem would require substitute hosts from time to time. In the early years of the show, the role was filled by voiceover artist Mark Elliott, who had also been one of many substitutes for Kasem on AT40. From 1993 until 1998, veteran Los Angeles DJ David Perry was the designated fill-in.

Similarities between Casey's Top 40 and AT40
Casey's Top 40 was similar to Kasem's old AT40 show, featuring Kasem's trademark voice, teasers and trivia about songs and artists (including the "stretch" stories). However, while American Top 40 used the Billboard Hot 100 as its source, Casey's Top 40 used the weekly CHR airplay-based survey produced by Westwood One's then-subsidiary Radio & Records. AT40 would eventually follow suit by moving to airplay-only charts, switching first to the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart and then to its Mainstream Top 40 chart.

When it launched, Casey's Top 40 was one of several shows using the Radio & Records chart; in addition to Unistar Radio Network's Rick Dees Weekly Top 40, this list included two programs already under Westwood One's corporate umbrella, The National Music Survey hosted by Charlie Tuna for Mutual (but using the R&R AC survey instead) and Rockin' America Top 30 Countdown hosted by Scott Shannon for Westwood One.

In 1994, Radio & Records split its weekly CHR survey into two different trackers. One focused on stations with a dance/rap/R&B-centered playlist, called the "CHR/Rhythmic" chart. The other chart, which tracked more traditional pop music was now called CHR/Pop, and it became the new chart source for Kasem's countdown, beginning with the program airing the weekend of April 30, 1994.

Like AT40, Casey's Top 40 was timed to generally fit ten songs per one hour. The show divided each hour into segments, with four three-minute commercial breaks inserted per hour. Each hour consisted of five segments, the last of which was the shortest. Unique to Casey's Top 40, the last segment for each hour (never the last hour) consisted of one song and a teaser by Kasem used to segue into the next hour, followed by a musical bumper for stations to play their hourly required station identification, before immediately going into the next song on the countdown to start the next hour; this segue would carry over to the revived AT40 in 1998.

Features

 * Last Week's Top 3: As he had done on American Top 40, Kasem would begin each countdown a rundown of the top three songs from the previous week's survey, often playing the previous week's chart topper to begin the show (although this became more infrequent as the years went on). The first of these was "Two Hearts" by Phil Collins, which had reached the top spot the week before Casey's Top 40 premiered and would retain its No. 1 spot that week.
 * Jingles: A new set of jingles was recorded for Casey's Top 40 by JAM Creative Productions, which included the usual song-number and title bumper jingles as well as the trademark "Casey's coast to coast" jingle from AT40 recorded in a different rhythm and key. JAM also composed the show's opening theme, which included singers doing a count down shout counting down from ten over the music until they reached "Number One!", something that would follow Kasem for the rest of his career. His AC spinoff Casey's Countdown also had its slogan jingle created by JAM ("Casey Counts Them Down"), which would be later used on his other countdown shows. Initially, some of these jingles referred to the show as "CT40", but ABC Watermark won an injunction preventing this reference for being too similar to "AT40".
 * Droppers, Biggest Movers and Longest-Charting Song: For each song that debuted on the countdown, one had to fall out of the top 40 to make room. Kasem referred to these as "droppers" and would identify the songs that the show had to "say goodbye to" that week. He would also identify the song making the largest leap up the chart and the longest-charting song still in the Top 40.
 * Request and Dedication: Kasem continued to take requests from fans requesting songs dedicated to others who affected their lives. Since he could not use the AT40 title "Long Distance Dedication", these became known as "Requests and Dedications", with typically three of these segments airing per show. Originally, these requests were received entirely by postal mail, but listeners were later provided the ability to fax in their requests. Beginning with the countdown airing the weekend of July 8, 1995, listeners could also submit requests through an America Online email account created specifically for Kasem's program.
 * Request and Dedication Update: Later in the show's run, the producers began reaching out to the listeners who had their Requests and Dedications fulfilled. Those same people were encouraged to follow up with the show by sending postcards to the producers with their telephone numbers if they had updates on their situation. If one was selected, Kasem would phone that person and conduct a brief interview, of which a snippet would play during the following countdown. This was largely a feature unique to Casey's Top 40, as the original AT40 very seldom included updates for past Long-Distance Dedications.
 * Affiliate mentions: Another AT40 staple included in Casey's Top 40 was Kasem's hourly mention of some of the "great radio stations" carrying his show.
 * Other charts: Kasem continued his AT40 tradition of announcing the songs topping other Radio & Records charts during the final hour of each countdown. He usually made mention of the R&B (originally Black) and country charts, later adding the adult contemporary chart and the alternative rock chart once those launched. If any of those songs appeared in the top 40, Kasem would make note of it before playing the song.
 * Special reports: Usually at least once per episode, Kasem would break from the countdown to report on an item of relevance, such as a snippet of music news, or field a listener question.
 * Trivia Quiz: Once per episode, Kasem would lead into a commercial with a music question with three multiple-choice answers. After the commercial played, he would answer.
 * Casey's Top 40 Concert Calendar: Unique to Casey's Top 40, Kasem would give a rundown of prominent bands with upcoming concerts.
 * Closing: The final segment of each countdown featured the top two songs on the survey, just as Kasem had done on AT40. After playing the No. 1 song of the week, Kasem would read the show's credits and sign off with his trademark "keep your feet on the ground and keep reaching for the stars". He would also usually add "and keep your dial/radio tuned right where it is" to encourage listeners to keep listening to their Casey's Top 40 affiliate. That last portion was another carryover from AT40, which was used from 1977 to 1984, and would be used with AT40's revival in 1998.

Casey's Biggest Hits
As a further promotional tool for the show, Westwood One added a weekly strip of interstitial segments featuring past chart hits to the countdown package shipped to the affiliates, designed to be played during the week. Each week, five segments were produced, each usually longer than five minutes, with Kasem offering a teaser for the past hit. After a 60-second commercial break, he would return with the story behind the teaser and then play the song.

Special shows
Kasem would occasionally host special countdowns focusing on past hits, such as his countdown of the greatest summer songs of the 1980s, which aired on July 7, 1990.

Year-end Top 100
As with AT40, each December, Kasem presented a two-part, eight-hour, 100-song countdown of the past year's hits. These episodes were usually aired around Christmas and New Year's Day, with the first 50 songs comprising one episode and the rest airing the following week. Kasem did a total of nine of these year-end countdowns, with the last airing over the weekends of December 27, 1997 and January 3, 1998.

Below is a chart of the songs that finished the year at No. 1. For the first year CT40 was on the air, only a Top 40 list was compiled.

Expansion into adult contemporary charts
As with AT40, Casey's Top 40 also had problems with some stations reluctant to play music that did not agree with their format. In one example, WSTR in Atlanta, Georgia, being an anti-rap station and a very Adult Contemporary-leaning CHR, edited "Another Night" by Real McCoy (a Euro disco record with rap breaks) out of its broadcasts of Casey's Top 40 in 1994, even while the song was at No. 1 on the show.

In 1992, Kasem added a second countdown show. With mainstream pop radio in decline, and many Casey's Top 40 affiliates having an adult contemporary format, Westwood One launched Casey's Countdown on March 7, 1992, as a three-hour, 25-song countdown (reduced to 20 on August 13, 1994 ), using the Radio & Records AC chart. In addition to the weekly hits and "Request and Dedication" pieces, Casey’s Countdown also included what was referred to as “Extras”, which were past hits from artists with anecdotes from Kasem.

On November 5, 1994, Kasem began yet another show, Casey's Hot 20, a three-hour countdown that used a new Radio & Records hot adult contemporary chart that had launched in April. The format was nearly identical to Casey’s Countdown.

As on the parent program, both Casey's Countdown and Casey's Hot 20 concluded their years with an annual special featuring the top hits of the year. Casey's Countdown featured a two-part, seventy-song countdown in 1992 and 1993, reduced to thirty-five beginning in 1994. Casey's Hot 20 only featured thirty-five songs in its abbreviated first year countdown, but beginning in 1995 this was expanded to sixty over two programs.

The songs that finished the year atop the charts are as follows:

1 In 1994, Radio & Records did not compile a year end Hot AC list. The countdown was instead based on data gathered by the producers of Casey's Hot 20.

The end at Westwood One, and the rebirth of AT40
Entering the final months of 1997, with Kasem’s contract once again up for renewal, problems surfaced between himself and his syndicator. While Casey’s Top 40 was still a popular program domestically and overseas, by 1997 it was not airing on as many stations as it had during its peak and had disappeared from several large markets altogether. Westwood One felt that the decline in affiliates and the subsequent loss of advertising revenue did not justify the demands made by Kasem. Kasem was also upset, as a series of mergers made during the previous contract period brought Westwood One under the CBS corporate umbrella and he felt that the new parent had not taken advantage of potential crossover marketing opportunities.

Still, Westwood One was not willing to risk losing Kasem to a competitor after having him on their roster for the previous nine years and the two sides struck an agreement in December. Unlike the previous contracts, Westwood One only agreed to a one-year renewal and included a contingency plan regarding advertising revenue; this would prove important in what followed.

In January 1998, AMFM Radio Networks, the syndication arm of broadcaster Chancellor Media and forerunner of today's Premiere Radio Networks, was organized, and upon its establishment, the new company sought big-name radio talent. Although Kasem has just signed his renewal with Westwood One, he was still receptive to overtures made by the new syndicator. This all happened to coincide with a piece of Kasem’s broadcasting history returning to his control.

As part of his exit from American Top 40, Kasem negotiated a deal with ABC Watermark for the potential return of the branding to him and his co-creator, Don Bustany. In order for ABC Watermark to keep the rights to the name, the network would either have to keep the program in production or continue to pay to license it. American Top 40 was cancelled by ABC Watermark in the summer of 1994, but continued on internationally until early 1995. In late 1997 they decided to end the licensing agreement, but since Bustany had retired from any involvement with the program in 1988 the rights reverted solely to Kasem. He had wanted to exploit them earlier, but Westwood One was not receptive. AMFM was, and Kasem worked to sign a new deal with them despite what had just happened at Westwood One. Examining his new deal, Kasem found an out in the advertising revenue clause mentioned before. The clause stated that if the countdown was not generating $6 million in advertising revenue, both sides had an option to break the contract.

While he and AMFM continued to negotiate terms, Kasem continued on with his other countdowns through the first two months of 1998. On the weekend of February 21, which was also the week of the annual presentation of the Grammy Awards, Kasem presided over all three of his Westwood One shows for what would prove to be the final time. He gave no indication on air that he would be leaving, instead signing off as he always did by inviting the listeners to join him on the following program and saying his famous “keep your feet on the ground and keep reaching for the stars” catchphrase. Shortly thereafter, Kasem announced he was exercising his option to end the contract early and that he was leaving Westwood One for AMFM. The deal included the transferring of the AT40 branding to the new syndicator. CBS, Westwood One, and its parent company Infinity Broadcasting responded by filing a breach of contract lawsuit against Kasem, who justified the decision by criticizing the lack of effort to promote the countdown across the networks of CBS.

Meanwhile, Westwood One carried on with the three weekend countdowns as they had before. David Perry took over as host for Kasem beginning on February 28, with veteran show staffer Ben Harris promoted to producer as previous producer Lorre Crimi followed Kasem to AMFM. Then, on March 14, another set of changes were made. Casey’s Top 40 and Casey’s Hot 20 saw their titles add the word “Countdown” to them while dropping Kasem's name (becoming The Top 40 Countdown and The Hot 20 Countdown), while Casey’s Countdown changed its name to The AC Countdown. Although the special features of these shows, especially the Requests and Dedications, were otherwise left intact, the host would read the body of the request and not mention Kasem at all or even start with “Dear Casey”.

However, after making these changes, Westwood One abruptly shifted course and cancelled all three countdowns. Their final editions all aired a week after the name changes became official, on the weekend of March 21, 1998. Perry was not involved; instead the hosting duties were shared by Jeff Wyatt, who hosted the pop and AC countdowns, and John Tesh, who hosted the hot AC countdown. Westwood One gave no indication of the cancellation on any of the three countdowns that week, as Wyatt and Tesh both continued to solicit for Requests and Dedications as well as updates from past senders.

Although the legal dispute over Kasem's departure continued, Westwood One did not object to his continued use of the Radio & Records charts for the new American Top 40, which premiered on March 28, 1998. (The show would continue to use the chart for several more years before switching to Mediabase to track its songs.)

Kasem's adult contemporary countdowns were rebranded as, American Top 20  for their debut on the network. Kasem would host all three countdowns simultaneously until January 3, 2004; after this, he continued on with his adult contemporary countdowns until his retirement on July 4, 2009.

title: Casey's Top 40


text:
Paul Bunyan (disambiguation)

Paul Bunyan is a mythical lumberjack.

Paul Bunyan may also refer to:

 * Paul Bunyan (novel), a 1924 novel written by Esther Shephard and illustrated by Rockwell Kent
 * Paul Bunyan (book), a 1925 book by James Stevens
 * Paul Bunyan (film), a 1958 Walt Disney film, directed by Les Clark
 * Paul Bunyan (operetta), a 1941 choral operetta composed by Benjamin Britten
 * Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox, a 1937 set of statues in Minnesota
 * Paul Bunyan's Axe, a traveling trophy passed between the University of Minnesota and the University of Wisconsin
 * Paul Bunyan Broadcasting, a broadcasting company based in Bemidji, Minnesota
 * Paul Bunyan Land, an amusement park in Brainerd, Minnesota
 * Paul Bunyan Network, a group of radio stations in Michigan
 * Paul Bunyan State Forest, a state forest in Minnesota
 * Paul Bunyan State Trail, a rail trail in Minnesota
 * Paul Bunyan Trophy, a college rivalry trophy awarded to the winner of the annual American football game between the University of Michigan and Michigan State University
 * Operation Paul Bunyan, a show of force by the United States military in response to an attack by North Korean soldiers
 * SS Paul Bunyan, a cargo ship built in the United States during World War II
 * Paul Bunyan, the former stage name of professional wrestler Max Palmer.

title: Paul Bunyan (disambiguation)


text:
Claude Rodier

Claude Rodier (21 July 1903 – 10 November 1944) was a physicist, teacher and staff sergeant in the Mouvements Unis de la Résistance (MUR), part of the French Resistance in Auvergne, France.

Origins and education
Claude Rodier was born on 21 July 1903  in Saint-Éloy-les-Mines (Puy-de-Dôme) to a family of secular, republican teachers. Her ancestors were miners, and one of her grandfathers died in a mining accident in the Combrailles region.

Rodier enrolled into the École normale supérieure de jeunes filles in Sèvres in 1921, where she took several courses taught by the physicist and antifascist Paul Langevin. She was one of the youngest students at the time to hold the agrégé degree — the highest in France — in physics.

Before the Second World War
After having taught for some time at Pamiers, she relocated to Riom where she became a teacher at a secondary school for girls. On 28 August 1926, Rodier married Pierre Virlogeux, a young ceramic engineer in Clermont-Ferrand. The couple had two sons, Jean (1927–2006) and Marc (1934–2008). In 1929, she and her husband started a ceramics business called Les Grès Flammés" where she put to work her expertise in physics and chemistry.

During the Second World War
In 1939, United States embassy officials approached Rodier because of her background in atomic physics and offered her to immigrate to the USA. Confident in the future of France and concerned with the family business and her young children, she did not accept this offer. In 1940, after the available workforce diminished due to the large numbers of war prisoners detained in Germany, Rodier returned to teaching at the girls' school in Riom.

Arrest
Claude Rodier was arrested on 8 February 1944 with her husband, her two sons, and Pierre's father. Marc and his grandfather were released the same day. Rodier was held at the military prison of the 92nd Regiment of the French Infantry with the wife of General André Marteau and Marie Pfister, grandmother of the writer Patrick Raynal. Rodier and Pfister were deported to the women's concentration camp in northern Germany, Ravensbrück by transport departing from Paris-Romainville on 13 May 1944. (Their ID numbers were 39037 and 38971, respectively). Marie Pfister would remain with Rodier until her death.

Deportation
After Rodier arrived at the camp, another captive who had come separately from the 92nd Regiment told her of the suicide of her husband on the night of her arrest. He died at the Anthéroche barracks in Riom.

Claude Rodier remained at Ravensbrück for several weeks. Also present were Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz, Odette Sansom, Margarete Buber-Neumann, and Germaine Tillion. The Nazis expected Rodier to participate as an atomic physicist in the German nuclear weapons program. After her refusal, she was condemned to unloading coal barges on the German lake, Schwedtsee, where she contracted pleurisy, from which she died on 10 November 1944.

Posthumous Recognition

After the war, the municipality of Riom changed the name of Riom-Châtelguyon avenue, which led from the city center to the SNCF train station, to avenue Virlogeux. On this avenue, a monument to Rodier and Virlogeux was erected. Upon a base of ceramic tile rests a slab of stone cut in the form of a menhir, containing a portrait of Claude Rodier in profile and topped with a bust of Pierre Virlogeux, both portraits being made by Virlogeux himself.

The 19th century park along this avenue was also renamed square Virlogeux in their honor.

The public high school of Riom, constructed on the site of the Anthéroche barracks where Pierre Virlogeux committed suicide and where his body was hidden by the SS of Clermont-Ferrand, was named lycée Pierre-et-Claude-Virlogeux.

Family

 * Jean Virlogeux (1927–2006)

In 1940, as a French Scout, Jean participated in welcoming refugees into Riom. In 1943, he attempted, with a comrade, to join the maquis. Under the authority of his father, he participated in the Resistance in several capacities, including as a messenger and a receiver of airdrops.

On the night of his arrest, 8 February 1944, Jean Virlogeux had just celebrated his seventeenth birthday. After his arrest, he was violently shaken, notably by Ursula Brandt. Transferred to the 92nd Regiment's barracks in Clermont-Ferrand, he began a journey which, as a deportee under the German Nacht und Nebel program, would take him to Compiègne-Royallieu (with a captivity in the Paris region to disarm bombs from the sorting station of La Chapelle), to the camp of Neuengamme, to the Kommando of Fallersleben, where he worked in Volkswagen factories as an electrical worker.

Upon returning from Germany, Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz carried Claude Rodier's glasses and returned them to her parents, who still had not heard the fate of their grandson, Jean Virlogeux. He had been liberated on 2 May 1945 from the Wöbbelin concentration camp by the 82nd Airborne Division of the United States and was repatriated to France on 29 July 1945 after a stay at the hospital of Ludwigslust to treat typhus and advanced bone decalcification.

 * Marc Virlogeux (1934–2008)

Marc was 10 years old when he was arrested with his brother, parents and grandfather. Their ages being taken into account, he and his grandfather were liberated on the evening of 8 February 1944 but he never saw his parents again. He remained ignorant of their fate until the Liberation for his father, and the liberation of the concentration camps for his mother. He was profoundly affected by this for the rest of his life.

title: Claude Rodier


text:
Portal talk:Spaceflight

Interactive 3D models!
Wikimedia has recently allowed the upload of 3D models. The addition of 3D models will allow a much better understanding of the structure of spacecrafts and rockets than 2D diagrams. @Fac-tory-o already made several models of spacecrafts, including Juno and Voyager. It would be great to have more.

I think there are also some 3D models on the official NASA website that are open source. Converting them to .stl and uploading them to Commons should be fairly easy.

Article on the introduction of 3D models on Wikipedia. Note that only .stl files are supported right now.

 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:3D_models_of_rockets
 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:3D_models_of_spacecraft

XYZtSpace (talk) 23:39, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

Did You Know section not cycling
Bug or feature? :)

--Neopeius (talk) 15:05, 9 February 2019 (UTC)

Do you know the answer to Neopeius' question?  Kees08  (Talk)   18:03, 9 February 2019 (UTC)

 * If it was not reshuffling with a purge, then it was a bug, maybe. The DYK entries were organized in groups, and the group selected at random. It is possible a group could be displayed twice or even three times in a row even though randomly chosen. You might be wondering why I wrote "was a bug"...

 * I've taken the liberty to restart the portal, upgrading it to a single-page, more automated, design. The excerpts are now all transcluded, meaning they will always match the source rather than be a static copy-and-paste copy of it; that is, now they won't go stale over time. I've replaced the single-entry "Selected" sections with excerpt slideshows, that let the user browse through a selection of up to 50 entries at a time (randomized with each purge). I've expanded the entries in the overall selections being drawn from as well, which now include many more topics and more images, and hundreds of biographies. The selections are dynamic, and will change over time along with the source destinations -- as entries are added to those, they will in turn be available in the portal. The "Did you know" and "In the news" sections are search-parameter driven, showing entries from the past 36 months and 45 days respectively, thus, showing new entries over time. I hope you like it.  — The Transhumanist   06:48, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

 * P.S.: (ping)

 * Wow! Thanks so much for the quick response. :)  --Neopeius (talk) 15:30, 10 February 2019 (UTC

 * How does one update the DYK section? One of them referred to the "upcoming" film, Hidden Figures, for instance.  --Neopeius (talk) 15:33, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

Amur rocket?
TASS gives some cost estimates for a planned Russian "Amur" rocket. I don't find it on Wikipedia and I would be surprised if we missed that completely - did it have a different name before? This website links it to Angara-5, but that is flying and not reusable. --mfb (talk) 21:55, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

spacefacts.de reliable source?
We have an IP that repeatedly adds a list of people for Crew-3 to SpaceX Dragon 2. We also have that list in SpaceX Crew-3 and Commercial Crew Program. I don't find any announcement by NASA, SpaceX, or anyone else. The only reference I find is the one in the article, going to spacefacts.de. Is that reliable, and where did they get that information from? Because I fear they copied the Wikipedia table (which is older than spacefacts.de's page, creating "facts" via circular referencing. --mfb (talk) 20:56, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Someone removed it again from the Crew-3 page, I removed it from three other articles. --mfb (talk) 12:34, 28 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Probably not. CactiStaccingCrane (talk) 08:58, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Spaceflight


text:
User:Mohanvenkatipete/sandbox

I have logged into wikipedia. This encyclopedia is very useful to evey one Mohan V H Lecturer in Biology, G PUC, Arehalli, Belur (T) Hassan(D)

title: User:Mohanvenkatipete/sandbox


text:
Raschig process

The Raschig process could mean:

 * The Raschig process for the production of hydroxylamine
 * The Olin Raschig process for the production of hydrazine
 * The Raschig–Hooker process for the production of phenol

title: Raschig process


text:
Help:HTML in wikitext

Permitted HTML
The following HTML elements are currently permitted:

The following excerpt from OutputPage.php additionally shows which attributes are allowed.

 * Update: In 1.4rc1, the removeHTMLtags function is located in Parser.php.

 * Update: In 1.5, the removeHTMLtags function is now located in Sanitizer.php.

For many HTML elements, more convenient wikitext code is available, see Help:Editing. On the other hand, HTML tags allow an id that can be referenced in one's user style css, and allows the tag to be used as link target.

/* private */ function removeHTMLtags( $text ) {		wfProfileIn( "OutputPage::removeHTMLtags" ); $htmlpairs = array( # Tags that must be closed			"b", "i", "u", "font", "big", "small", "sub", "sup", "h1",			"h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6", "cite", "code", "em", "s",			"strike", "strong", "tt", "var", "div", "center",			"blockquote", "ol", "ul", "dl", "table", "caption", "pre",			"ruby", "rt", "rb" , "rp"		); $htmlsingle = array(			"br", "p", "hr", "li", "dt", "dd"		); $htmlnest = array( # Tags that can be nested--??			"table", "tr", "td", "th", "div", "blockquote", "ol", "ul",			"dl", "font", "big", "small", "sub", "sup"		); $tabletags = array( # Can only appear inside table			"td", "th", "tr"		);

$htmlsingle = array_merge( $tabletags, $htmlsingle ); $htmlelements = array_merge( $htmlsingle, $htmlpairs );

$htmlattrs = array( # Allowed attributes--no scripting, etc.			"title", "align", "lang", "dir", "width", "height",			"bgcolor", "clear", /* BR */ "noshade", /* HR */			"cite", /* BLOCKQUOTE, Q */ "size", "face", "color",			/* FONT */ "type", "start", "value", "compact",			/* For various lists, mostly deprecated but safe */			"summary", "width", "border", "frame", "rules",			"cellspacing", "cellpadding", "valign", "char",			"charoff", "colgroup", "col", "span", "abbr", "axis",			"headers", "scope", "rowspan", "colspan", /* Tables */			"id", "class", "name", "style" /* For CSS */		);

E.g., element "a" is not allowed, and the wikitext

Main Page

produces the HTML code

&lt;a href=" http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "&gt;Main Page&lt;/a&gt;

which renders as the wikitext, not working as a link.

Span
, a generic inline text container, is now allowed on default MediaWiki installations (as of version 1.5). Span can be ID'd, classed, or styled:

This is red text. This is identified text. This is classed text. produces:

This is red text.

This is identified text.

This is classed text.

IDs and classes are used in conjunction with stylesheets to give a piece of text a descriptive class (or unique identifier) and to refer to that in a stylesheet.

Note that in most cases, one can use a more descriptive tag, for instance,  (which can be classed, identified, and styled, as well) to indicate an important piece of text, or   (subject to the same things as strong) to indicate an emphasized piece of text. For instance, the above might be better reformulated as

This is red text.

"This is red text."

This not only draws the user's attention to the text, but can also alert those who are using nonvisual browsers or have sight impairments, etc. to the fact that that is emphasized text.

Using, "a height of 20000 ft above sea level" gives "a height of 20000 ft above sea level" (note the hover box over "20000 ft").

Font
Note: This element is deprecated (should not be used) in favor of   .

For some attributes, like color, one can also use

a red word

or

a red word.

giving

a red word

a red word

Div
E.g. to assign the class "red" to a text one can put

example text

which gives example text which is in red if the css line

.red {color:red}

is applicable.

This is suitable if the color is specifically intended to be red; if it is just for emphasis a more general term for the class would be more appropriate, because css allows the user to choose another method of emphasis (another color, bold, enlarged, etc.).

Note that many readers will not have their own css with such lines as ".red {color:red}", so one cannot refer to "the red text above", etc.

title: Help:HTML in wikitext


text:
Internet Technologies/History of the Web

The Web grew out of a project at CERN, beginning around 1989, where Tim Berners Lee and Robert Cailliau built the prototype system that became the core of what is now the World Wide Web. The original intent of the system was to make it easier to share research papers among colleagues. The original name of the first prototype was Enquire Within Upon Everything, after a famous 19th century reference work of how-tos. Berners-Lee released files describing his idea for the "World Wide Web" onto the Internet on August 6, 1991.


text:
Cookbook:Pasta

Pasta refers to class of foods made from an unleavened, typically semolina-based dough formed into a variety of shapes. It is a carbohydrate-rich basis for many meals. Pasta should not be confused with noodles—while some types of pasta such as spaghetti and linguine are also noodles, noodles and pasta have two separate meanings.

Origin
Decades ago in Italy, fresh pasta was always made at home.

Characteristics
Pasta is highly varied and comes in a variety of formats.

Ingredients
Pasta is typically made with wheat flour, and most Italian pasta is very specifically made from durum wheat semolina. The durum wheat has a high protein content that helps to make the pasta firm. Some varieties of pasta contain eggs, and these may be referred to as egg pasta. Further varieties of pasta are filled with mixtures of cheese, meat, and/or vegetables.

Flavor and color
In some pastas the dough is flavoured or colored with an extra ingredient such as squid ink (for a black color), beet juice (for a vibrant red), tomato puree (for an orange tint) or spinach (for a green color). Pasta can also be flavoured with chili peppers for a spicy kick, or with truffles, for the unique flavour that only truffles can bring to a dish. When incorporating a flavoring or coloring ingredient into pasta dough, it's important to take the water content into consideration. Beets, for instance, contain a lot of moisture, so less water should be added to the dough to compensate.

Production
In the process of mass production of pasta, the end product is transported through an oven which dries the dough. With lower quality pasta this process is done relatively quickly, resulting in a darker coloring. High quality pasta is dried much slower and as a result is much lighter in color - and more expensive.

Procurement and storage
Pasta can be homemade, and it is widely available for purchase in fresh or dried form. Dried pasta has a very long shelf life when stored at room temperature, and it is frequently a pantry staple. Fresh pasta is more perishable and must be stored in the fridge or freezer for freshness.

Varieties
Pasta is available in various forms, and there are over 650 distinct varieties, some of which are highly local to their region of origin. Pasta names ending in -ini refer to a small variety of some type of pasta, and those ending in -oni or -one refer to a large variety. For instance, farfallini are small farfalle and farfallone are large ones.

 * bucatini: thick-walled tubes
 * capellini: known as angel hair pasta in English; a very fine, fast-cooking pasta
 * ditalini: a small, tubed-shaped pasta (can be used in minestrone)
 * farfalle: 'bow ties', usually made with egg and/or spinach
 * fettuccine: wide flat noodles in varying lengths and widths
 * fusilli: narrow corkscrews
 * gnocchi: potato or ricotta pasta
 * lasagne: a wide flat pasta, used for the classic baked dish
 * linguine: long flattened ovals, similar to spaghetti
 * cornetti: small maccheroni
 * maccheroni: the ubiquitous small curled tubes
 * orzo: pasta in the form of large grains of rice.
 * pappardelle: a long inch-wide flat pasta with crinkled edges, usually served with a very rich sauce
 * penne: long narrow tubes cut diagonally at the ends
 * ravioli: square stuffed pasta, often filled with meat or a cheese-based filling
 * rigatoni: inch-long ridged tubes, often used in baked dishes
 * spaghettini: spaghetti with a small diameter
 * spaghetti: the traditional long narrow noodles
 * spaghettoni: spaghetti with a large diameter
 * tagliatelle: ribbons of pasta, work well with hearty meat-based sauces
 * tortellini: a crescent-shaped stuffed pasta
 * vermicelli: thin, worm-shaped noodles, used most often in potage (broth)
 * paternoster: pasta generally used for minestrone (small maccheroni)
 * piombi and fregola: small balls pre-cooked or not about 5 mm

Use
Pasta is used in a wide variety of dishes, ranging from relatively simple sauced noodles to soups and casseroles. Plain cooked pasta is usually bland and is rarely served on its own—usually it is at least minimally tossed with a simple sauce or dressing. Tomato-based sauces are classically associated with Italian pasta dishes.

Cooking pasta
Both fresh and dried pasta are usually cooked by boiling in a large amount of water, which may be salted according to taste—on average, for every 200 grams of pasta you need 4 liters of water. Fresh pasta will cook in less than five minutes; dried pasta takes longer: 9 to 12 minutes, depending on the variety. If you are cooking an unfamiliar brand or variety, keep checking. Most people prefer pasta when it is al dente—that is when it is soft but still offers some resistance to the bite. The thinner and smaller a pasta is, the quicker it will cook.

Consult the boiled pasta page for a more thorough explanation of how to cook pasta.

When making a pasta sauce (whether based on tomatoes, cream, bechamel or just 'dry' vegetables), it's a good idea to add a couple of tablespoons of the sauce's cooking fat (usually butter or olive oil) to the pasta when tossing it. Fresh pasta has a lighter flavor and a more tender bite, so it's better suited for more delicate sauces than dried pasta.

Recipes

 * Pasta recipes
 * Fresh Egg Pasta (Pasta Fresca All'uovo)

title: Cookbook:Pasta


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Category:User es-N

Category:User es-N: Users whose native language is Spanish

Category:User es-4: Users with fluent or near-native level of Spanish

Category:User es-3: Users with advanced level of Spanish

Category:User es-2: Users with intermediate level of Spanish

Category:User es-1: Users with basic level of Spanish

Category:User es-0: Users with no level of Spanish

title: Category:User es-N


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anarcho-capitalism

Etymology
From. Earliest extant attestation is in American author 's essay “The Death of Politics”, originally published by , in March 1969. Even though American economist is credited with coining this word, it possibly first appeared in his 1971 essay “Know Your Rights”,  published two years after Hess's essay.

Noun

 * 1)  A political and economic philosophy that advocates the elimination of the state and other coercive institutions in favour of individual self-ownership and free market.

Translations

 * Arabic: لاسلطوية رأسمالية
 * Bulgarian: анархокапитализъм
 * Catalan: anarcocapitalisme
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 無政府資本主義
 * Czech: anarchokapitalismus
 * Danish: anarkokapitalisme
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: anarki-kapitalismo, anarkikapitalismo
 * Estonian: anarhokapitalism
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: ანარქო-კაპიტალიზმი
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: אנרכו־קפיטליזם
 * Ido: anarkio-kapitalismo
 * Indonesian: anarko kapitalisme
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese: 無政府資本主義
 * Korean: 아나코 자본주의
 * Latvian: anarhokapitālisms
 * Lithuanian: anarchokapitalizmas
 * Macedonian: анархокапитализам
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: anarkokapitalisme
 * Nynorsk: anarkokapitalisme
 * Persian: آنارکو-کاپیتالیسم
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: anarcocapitalismo
 * Romanian: anarho-capitalism
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian: anarho-kapitalizam
 * Slovak: anarchokapitalizmus
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tamil: அரசழிவு முதலாளித்துவம்
 * Turkish: anarko-kapitalizm
 * Uzbek: anarxo-kapitalizm

title: anarcho-capitalism


text:
bont en blauw

Etymology
Literally, “multicoloured and blue”.

Phrase

 * 1) black and blue (so badly bruised that the skin is discolored)

title: bont en blauw


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Talk:Deborah Grant

Article name/move
Any reason why this article is Deborah Grant (actress) with a redirect from Deborah Grant. Cant see any reason for the disambiuation suffix if she is the only one on Wikipedia. Suggest move to Deborah Grant. MilborneOne (talk) 18:45, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:54, 25 June 2019 (UTC)
 * DeborahGrant2.jpg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:08, 25 June 2019 (UTC)
 * DeborahGrant2.jpg

title: Talk:Deborah Grant


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User:ESE98/Evaluate an Article

Evaluate an Article

 * The evaluated article: Harem (zoology)
 * Ever since I was academically introduced to the Harem system that some animals like elephant seals form, I have wondered why would these animals form such an intricate social community and reproductive strategy as Harems despite the risk of possible inbreeding's genetic consequences! In other words, I chose to evaluate this article because I was curious to know the evolutionary costs and benefits of Harem systems in animals.

Lead
The lead well defines the harem system in the animal kingdom in a concise manner. It provides an overview of the sections later discussed in the article without being very detailed. Moreover, the lead does not introduce any information that is not well defined later in the article.

Content
Overall, the content of the article is sufficient to understand the topic "Harem" where the overview section provides adequate information on the social system and the reproductive strategy employed by animals in harems. I found that all the discussed information were relevant, and necessary, to the topic discussion. However, the article only lists examples of animals that form harems without providing any detailed explanation of some or all of these examples which, in my opinion, does not allow the reader to fully understand the diversity in Harem formation across different animal species. Moreover, the article is relatively not up-to-date as the last publication was made in 2011 with most of the cited sources the article draws the information from being published in the late 1980's and early 2000's.

Tone and Balance
This evaluation criterion does not particularly apply to the herein evaluated article. However, the article concisely provides a neutral viewpoint on the discussed topic with references to different inferences made about the evolutionary benefits and costs of Harem forming in animal species. In other words, there is observed bias in the article.

Sources and References
Despite being short in length, the article draws information form over 20 peer-reviewed journal articles which indicates that the information used in the article is reliable and representative of different scientific findings. All the information presented in the article are referenced with a proper citation; almost every sentence in the article content is referenced to one or more sources. In other words, all claims in the article are supported by findings drawn from variable, reliable sources. However, some of the links in the references section do not work which makes it more time-consuming for the reader to search for the source him or herself.

Organization
The article discusses the topic in a concise manner with attention drawn to the important aspects of this topic's discussion. Overall, the article is well-organized with an informative lead, a descriptive overview, and specific subheadings to the evolutionary cost and benefits of Harem formation in animal species. However, the length of each of the subheadings is not appropriate and does not emphasize the importance of the subheadings' discussed information. Moreover, each of the subheadings "costs" and "benefits" should have included further subheadings to "male" and "female" to make it easier and more clear for the reader to follow the presented information. No major grammatical or spelling mistakes were detected.

Images and Media
This article definitely lacks visual representation of the topic through images and media. However, the one image included in the article is well-captioned and does not violate Wikipedia's copyright regulations as the image is categorized as public domain. Even though, the image is well representing the harem society in animals, more images of harem societies in different animal species, for example, or of the sneaking theory would have made the article more engaging to the reader.

Checking the Talk Page
This article is a part of WikiProject Animals, and is rated as Stub-class, mid-importance article. The talk page included discussions about the overall representation of the article as to whether detailed examples of animal harems should be included or only listed with references to other Wikipedia articles. In the talk page, some edits to the information and the references have also been made by other editors on Wikipedia. However, no recent discussions have been made on this article's talk page since 2014.

Overall Impressions
Overall, the article is well-written and its discussed information is reliable and well-referenced. Another strength in the article is that it is concise and unbiased. Some of the drawbacks that I observed in the article included: lack of sufficient visual representation of the topic, the inactivity of some of the references links, and the outdated resources used. This article is underdeveloped and can be improved by including information form recent resources that support or undermine the current theories on the evolutionary costs and benefits of harems, for instance.

title: User:ESE98/Evaluate an Article


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Greatwall large.jpg

The Great Wall of China

Articles: Great Wall of China

This breath taking photograph captured almost a hundred years ago by Herbert Ponting (1870-1935) is a wonderful depiction of the wonders of the great wall. The Chinese in the foreground are all wearing hanfu and the Great Wall is in need of repair. The wall's lack of care represents how vulnerable China is at the time to invading forces. It is also clearly shown in the photograph that the Great Wall is no ordinary wall in that it rises and falls; following the curvature of the mountains. This amazing photograph is "re-encoded, color corrected, resized and sharpened" by Zanaq, which is released under the Text of the GNU Free Documentation License.

Source: http://www.geocities.com/blackinkal4/RoyalGeographicalSociety_Asia_2.html
 * http://images.rgs.org/herbertponting.aspx

 * Nominate and support - --Ryz05 02:01, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support original, larger version. Why reduce the size? The original is sharp enough. I only adjusted the brightness & contrast, nothing else. I think the first upload is too brightly colored, too. --Janke | Talk 06:52, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Conditional Support "Original, larger size" version.. The coloring of the first nom is too distracting.  The 2nd does a better job.  If this version is used in the Great Wall of China article I'll support. --PS2pcGAMER (talk) 06:15, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * If the larger version is chosen here, I'll put that version in the article. --Janke | Talk 09:19, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Support larger, per above. –Joke 23:29, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support the original version only. The color on the upper one is hard on the eyes.--Looper5920 11:31, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support per above, though the figures in the photo appear to wear contemporary Manchu-based dress and not Hanfu--Jiang 04:38, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

--PS2pcGAMER (talk) 07:06, 3 April 2006 (UTC)


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Talk:High School Mathematics Extensions/Counting and Generating Functions

I think the guessing part is bad mathematics
I think the guessing solution is bad mathematics. I dont know who came up with the idea of guessing. I know that part of the mathematics isn't guessing, it's an observation turned generalisation. Nothing is guesswork, but careful deduction and elimination. I think it would be good to just keep it there for the moment being. But it will need to be heavily edited before the first draft.Xiaodai 22:54, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Uh, smart guessing isn't bad mathematics - if you have a problem and you have a good idea that it may lead to a positive outcome, then there's no real harm in guessing - afterward you can clean up, and justify the guess. I suppose you'd like some justification of the "guess", and I should have done that earlier, so I apologise Dysprosia 23:20, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah. Justification would be nice, but I think the idea comes from the derivation method. I dont think we should say it's guesswork, because it's something that follows naturally once you know the work. Xiaodai 00:29, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I would argue the opposite, if, say, you were confronting the theory of linear recurrence relations for the first time. You might try polynomials at first and see that they don't work, or try something else - then see that exponentials work, then try and fiddle around with exponentials and then see that they form the general solution, then try and explain why exponentials work. It's much more difficult to come up with some general theory, and then make it more specific. Dysprosia 01:41, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Alternate solution to example 1
We have $$x_n = 2x_{n-1} + 3x_{n-2}$$. Let us suppose that we will have a solution will be in the form rn for some r (Later we will show you that this is just the right form of solution to choose). If we substitute this guess in, we obtain
 * rn = 2rn-1+3rn-2

Divide throughout by rn-2
 * r2 = 2r+3

But this is just a quadratic equation - we can easily solve to get roots
 * α=-1, β=3

So we have two solutions, A(-1)n, and B(3n). We can add these solutions together to get a new solution*, but we need to find out what coefficients A and B are. We've been given initial conditions x0 = 1, x1 = 1. So, let's substitute x0 into xn=A(-1) n +B(3 n).
 * 1 = A(-1)^0+B(3^0)
 * 1 = A+B

Now substitute x1
 * 1 = -A+3B

Solve these two to get A=B=1/2.

So our solution is xn=1/2((-1)n+3n), same as above.

 * We know this because, if an and bn are both solutions, and we substitute into the general recurrence relation
 * xn=Axn-1+Bxn-2

we get, for an and bn, since they are solutions
 * 0=Aan-1+Ban-2-an
 * 0=Abn-1+Bbn-2-bn

Substituting their sum,
 * A(an-1+bn-1)+B(an-2+bn-2) - (an+bn)
 * =Aan-1+Ban-2-an+
 * Abn-1+Bbn-2-bn
 * =0+0=0

So both the solutions and their sum satisfy the linear recurrence.

Now why is rn such a good solution for linear recurrences? For simplicity, we'll prove this for recurrences in the form an=Aan-1+Ban-2, but the proof can be extended easily to general linear recurrences like the ones you see below.

Now r must be a solution of the quadratic equation x2-Ax-B=0 to be a solution. Why is this so? We have the recurrence
 * an=Aan-1+Ban-2

rearranging
 * an-Aan-1-Ban-2=0

Substitute rn (r not zero) into the recurrence to get
 * rn-Arn-1-Brn-2=0

Now factor out by rn-2, the term farthest on the right
 * rn-2(r2-Ar-B)=0

We know that r isn't zero, so rn-2 can never be zero. So r2-Ar-B must be zero, and so rn, with r a solution of r2-Ar-B=0, will be a solution of the linear recurrence.

Why is this removed, now? If you don't like the approach, just say the word, but it's just a good and logical method as the ones featured in the text. Dysprosia 05:34, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * This removal is temporary. I think what you have done there is good work. What I would like to do with is to modify it a little so that it's a demonstrastion of how this method of guessing is derived, not just an alternate solution to example 1, but something bigger and more general. The work you have done on this section isn't all that convincing, because the justification (derivation) part isn't fully complete. This will need to be modified (by you or me), before incorporating back into the main article. That's why I just copy-and-pasted it, I see value in this, but not just a solution for example 1. Xiaodai 00:35, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks Xiaodai. How's this: moved to Discrete mathematics/Recursion Feel free to merge some stuff across here, if you like :)

Note there are special circumstances when the roots of the characteristic equation are not distinct, and I'll add them later. Dysprosia 04:49, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Partial fraction
Has anyone done a tutorial on how to do partial fractions? Like how to separate into fraction with unique denomiators? Or do I have to write my own?

 * It's not so easy to cover systematically and gently, but I'll have a go if I have some time to spare... Calculus/Integration techniques or something ... Dysprosia 00:04, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Some hints please (1.1 2c)
I am kind of stuck on finding the answer to 1.1 2c (finding f(n) for $$\frac{z^2 - 1}{1 + 3z^3} $$) I would really like it if somebody could give me some hints on how to solve this problem. Mmartin 15:18, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well this is a hard exercise and it's requires a deep understanding of the topic. Try to emulate the derivation of the closed form of other generating functions. Note that
 * $$\frac{1}{1 - z} = 1 + z + z^2 + ... $$

now replace z by 3w^3, what happens? Xiaodai 07:10, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If you know Taylor series, you can try and apply that and glean the general form for the coefficients :P Dysprosia 12:48, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Project
I'm considering writing a project on power sum,it may cross this chapter and the mathematical proof chapter. Anyway here is the working draft, I'll place it in the correct location once it has been done to a certain degrees.

Note: Notation is quite a problem here, in question 1, S(z) is a generating function of square number, Sn is the sum of the first n square number, and P2 is a generating function of power sum in degrees 2, i.e. the sum of square number.

Project-Power Sum-First draft 1.a) Find the closed-form of the generating function
 * $$S(z)=1^2+2^{2}z+3^{2}z^{2}+4^{2}z^{3}+...$$
 * (Hint:Reduce it into a linear generating function first)
 * b) Hence find the generating function of
 * $$P_{2}(z)=S_{1}+S_{2}z+S_{3}z^2+S_{4}z^3+...$$
 * Where $$S_n=1^2+2^2+3^2+...+n^2$$
 * And then find out the general formula for Sn

1.a)

$$ \begin{matrix} & & S(z) &=& 1^2 & +2^{2}z & +3^{2}z^{2} & +4^{2}z^{3}+...\\ z & \times & S(z) &=& & z & +2^{2}z^2 & +3^{2}z^3+...\\ (1-z) & \times & S(z) &=& 1 & +3z & +5z^2 & +7z^3+...\\ \end{matrix} $$

$$ \begin{matrix} & & (1-z)S(z) &=& 1 & +3z & +5z^2 & +7z^3+...\\ z & \times & (1-z)S(z) &=& & z & +3z^2 & +5z^3+...\\ (1-z) & \times & (1-z)S(z) &=& 1 & +2z & +2z^2 & +2z^3+...\\ & & (1-z)^{2}S(z) &=& \frac{2}{1-z} -1\\ \end{matrix} $$

$$S(z) = \frac{2}{(1-z)^3} - \frac{1}{(1-z)^2}$$

 * b)

$$ \begin{matrix} & & S(z) &=& 1^2 & +2^{2}z & +3^{2}z^{2} & +4^{2}z^{3}+...\\ z & \times & S(z) &=& & 1^{2}z & +2^{2}z^2 & +3^{2}z^3+...\\ z^2 & \times & S(z) &=& &  & 1^{2}z^2 & +2^{2}z^3+...\\ z^3 & \times & S(z) &=& &  &  & 1^{2}z^3+...\\ ...\\ (1+z+z^2+z^3+...) & \times & S(z) &=& S_{1} & + S_{2}z & + S_{3}z^2 & + S_{4}z^3+ ...\\ \end{matrix} $$

$$\frac{S(z)}{1-z} = P_{2}(z)$$ $$P_{2}(z) = \frac{2}{(1-z)^4} - \frac{1}{(1-z)^3}$$

$$\sum_{i=0}^{\infty} [2{4+i-1 \choose i} z^i] - \sum_{i=0}^{\infty} [{3+i-1 \choose i} z^i] = P_{2}(z)$$ $$\sum_{i=0}^{\infty} [2{3+i \choose i} - {2+i \choose i}] z^i = \sum_{i=0}^{\infty} S_{i+1} z^i$$ $$[2{3+i \choose i} - {2+i \choose i}] z^i = S_{i+1} z^i$$ $$2{3+i \choose i} - {2+i \choose i} = S_{i+1}$$ So n = i+1. $$2{n+2 \choose n-1} - {n+1 \choose n-1} = S_{n}$$ $$S_{n} = 2{n+2 \choose (n+2)-(n-1)} - {n+1 \choose (n+1)-(n-1)}$$ $$S_{n} = 2{n+2 \choose 3} - {n+1 \choose 2}$$ $$S_{n} = \frac{2(n+2)(n+1)n}{6} - \frac{(n+1)n}{2}$$ $$S_{n} = \frac{2(n+2)(n+1)n - 3(n+1)n}{6}$$ $$S_{n} = \frac{[2(n+2) - 3](n+1)n}{6}$$ $$S_{n} = \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}$$

2.Let $$p_n = 1^n + 2^n z + 3^n z^2 + 4^n z^3 + ...$$
 * a)Recall that $$\frac{d}{dx}x^n = nx^{n-1}$$
 * Try to define pn recursively.
 * b)Using 2a), or otherwise, find out the closed-form of the generating function of p3, p4, and p5.

 * Ok, cool. I will read the thing carefully now. Xiaodai 23:39, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Update:It appears that power sum is a deep and difficult topic, so... I've discovered that the topic of generating function is deep and wide, that we couldn't possibly cover 'em all in those 25 pages. I propose exploring exponential generating function in the project, is it ok? Somehow it is the most common generating function right after ordinary generating function. --Lemontea 10:49, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds good, i can't pretend to have cover everything i know about generating functions in those pages. Feel free to add your own content! It's great. But somehow i dont know how ppl will discover how to diff e^x. Xiaodai 14:14, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Ha! When I learn differentiating, I was told to define e so that we can differentiate log x, then went on to discover e^x is the solution of the differential equation f'(x) = f(x) lol. (Opps, I spoiled what will appear later on!) --Lemontea 14:33, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Generating functions and the z-transformation
What do the counting and generating functions have in common with the z-transformation. (The z-transformation of $$f(n)$$ I came across is defined by $$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}f(n)z^n$$) It seems to me that the generating function of some series is the z-transform of the function that gives the coefficients of the polynomial. If that's the case it might be nice to inform the reader about it.

Counting and Generating Functions
In the first section of "Counting and Generating Functions", there is a note about it called "Info - Infinite Sums". It says that the two expressions (the infinite geometric series and the formula for it) are not equal. An example was also given by adding a finite amount of terms of the series and comparing the sum with the result from the formula. I disagree with this statement that the two expressions are not equal. First, infinite sums have to be defined and it is DEFINED to be the limit of the partial sum as the number of terms go to infinity if the limit exists. So when the formula was derived, it IS equal to the geometric series according to the definition. The example is not a valid way of showing that the two things are different since it was a finite amount of terms, so of course the number will be close but not equal. According to the definition the value of the infinite series is the LIMIT defined before, so in the example it is 2 and the formula also gives 2 which are equal. Also, I am not just making up this definition, its in any rigorous calculus book such as by Spivak.


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Aristotle/On the Soul: discussion group

Welcome to the Discussion group for On the Soul by Aristotle.

Content summary
Panpsychism is still a popular world view among people who have not taken a skeptical approach to the idea that all living organisms have a common feature: mind. Aristotle studied many types of living things and observed that they display different types of sensory and cognitive abilities. Aristotle noted that both plants and animals obtain what they need for growth and reproduction but only animals have a sense of touch, the simplest kind of perception. At the same time, some plants are able to display sense of touch to aid in their survival mechanism. Aristotle was concerned with making the distinction between those animals that can feel pleasure and pain and those that cannot.to discover about these expressions will depend on how closer we are to the animal language. Language barrier between different organisms makes it difficult to familiarise ourselves adequately with them hence their emotional expressions may be hard to be perceived across different organisms. Some animals have complex abilities for memory and the control of their behavior. In the case of humans, our memories allow us to produce rational thought processes and have what we experience as a mind. In line with this, we are trying to figure out about our true identity.The mind is trying to find out its true nature and this brings about the big question about the mind and at the same time the mind itself will find the probable solutions to the big questions.

Goals
This learning project offers learning activities to explore the classical Greek understanding of the mind.

Concepts to learn include: how modern concepts of the mind arose from earlier ideas and the future of the mind such as the possibility of conscious mind transfer.

Learning materials
Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

You should also read about the Learning model. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.
 * ../On the Soul: Outline/ Outline of the work studied.
 * Vitalism. Was Aristotle a vitalist?

Texts

 * The book "De Anima: On the Soul" by Hugh Lawson-Tancred (ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>) has a useful introduction and can be found in book stores.
 * Consciousness Studies/Early ideas - at Wikibooks

Activities

 * read the book (see the previous section of this page)
 * discuss the book (see the next section of this page)
 * etc.

Discussion
Did Aristotle use the word "soul"? Why do some translators translate "De Anima" as "On the Soul"? (Greek - Peri Psyche, Latin - De Anima, English - all of the following have been suggested for translations of "psyche": "soul," "spirit," "principle of life," and "mind"). "Psyche", "Thumos", and "Pneuma" are all terms that may be translated as "soul" in different authors and contexts. However, the Greek "psyche," the Latin "anima" and the English "soul" have always been regarded as cognates; likewise for "pneuma," "spiritus," and "spirit". In Aristotle, "Psyche" is not well translated as "mind". This is so for two reasons. It is neither identical with the brain nor the thing that thinks ("Nous" is translated as "Mind" in this latter sense). The soul is either the structure or the thing that provides structure to the living thing.

What are the main topics for the three parts of "De Anima"?

Did Aristotle have a modern conceptualization of the human mind? What passages from his book support your view?

Additional Readings

 * Wikipedia article: On the Soul
 * Aristotle's biology - Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.
 * Aristotle's Biology: Recommended Readings - Cynthia Freeland
 * Daniel Dennett's book "Kinds of Minds", Chapter 2. Dennett desribes Aristotle's "nutritive soul" as a principle of organization by which living organisms respond to their environment so as to self-regulate and self-protect. How does Dennett's efforts to understand mind within the frame of biological evolution go beyond what was possible for the ancient Greeks?
 * The biochemist Albert L. Lehninger wrote about the "molecular logic of the living state". Is it possible to provide a coherent study of life and mind without any knowledge of the molecular basis of living organisms?
 * etc.

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 * Portal: Humanities
 * School: School of Philosophy
 * Department: Classical Philosophy of Mind
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title: Aristotle/On the Soul: discussion group


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Talk:David W. Wolfe

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title: Talk:David W. Wolfe