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Minnesota State Highway 217

Minnesota State Highway 217 (MN 217) is a 17.342 mi highway in northern Minnesota, which runs from its intersection with State Highway 65 at Littlefork and continues east to its eastern terminus at its intersection with U.S. Highway 53 at Ray. MN 217 passes through the city of Littlefork.

Route description
Highway 217 serves as an east–west route between Littlefork and Ray near International Falls.

The route is also known as Main Street in Littlefork.

Highway 217 crosses the Little Fork River and the Rat Root River throughout its route.

The western terminus for Highway 217 is its intersection with State Highway 65 in Littlefork, 8 blocks from U.S. Highway 71.

History
Highway 217 was authorized on July 1, 1949.

The route was paved before 1960.

title: Minnesota State Highway 217


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Ann Bent

Ann Bent (1768–1857), was an American businessperson. She and Harriet Ryan were noted in the Memorial History of Boston as role models for successful businesswomen in Boston around the year 1800.

Life
Ann Bent became an apprentice at a "crockery and dry goods" firm in Boston at the age of sixteen. In 1792, she started her own crockery and dry-goods shop on Marlborough Street in Boston. Her firm became one of the most successful in Boston within its category. She was known for her success in using the idea of high quality in taste and style, and reached a success in which she did not have to advertise. She was remembered as a successful businesswomen in Boston history.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ann Bent


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File:ST-The AS.jpg

Fair use rationale for Star Trek: The Animated Series

 * It is a low resolution image
 * It is used to illustrate the difference between the animated Star Trek cast and the live action cast.
 * It doesn't prevent profit from being made.

Screenshot from Star Trek: The Animated Series.

title: File:ST-The AS.jpg


text:
lungworm

Noun

 * 1) Any of the diverse species of nematode worms that are parasitic to mammalian lungs, principally found in the superfamilies  and  in order Strongylida.

Derived terms

 * rat lungworm

title: lungworm


text:
Web Design/An Introduction to Programming with Javascript:Quals

The module: An Introduction to Programming with JavaScript is related to qualifications in the following countries:

Australia
The following units of competency from the ICA40305 Certificate IV in Information Technology (Websites) are related
 * ICAB4137A Produce basic client side script for dynamic web pages


text:
Category:Sfreddo & Paolini aircraft

This category is for those aircraft that have been designed and/or built by the argentinian Sfreddo & Paolini S.A. (SyP).

title: Category:Sfreddo & Paolini aircraft


text:
Martin Karplus

Martin Karplus (born March 15, 1930) is an Austrian and American theoretical chemist. He is the Director of the Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, a joint laboratory between the French National Center for Scientific Research and the University of Strasbourg, France. He is also the Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry, emeritus at Harvard University. Karplus received the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, together with Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel, for "the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems".

Early life
Martin Karplus was born in Vienna, Austria. He was a child when his family fled from the Nazi-occupation in Austria a few days after the Anschluss in March 1938, spending several months in Zürich, Switzerland and La Baule, France before immigrating to the United States. Prior to their immigration to the United States, the family was known for being "an intellectual and successful secular Jewish family" in Vienna. His grandfather, Johann Paul Karplus (1866–1936) was a highly acclaimed professor of psychiatry at the University of Vienna. His great-aunt, Eugenie Goldstern, was an ethnologist who was killed during the Holocaust. He is the nephew, by marriage, of the sociologist, philosopher and musicologist Theodor W. Adorno and grandnephew of the physicist Robert von Lieben. His brother, Robert Karplus, was an internationally recognized physicist and educator at University of California, Berkeley. Continuing with the academic family theme, his nephew, Andrew Karplus, is a highly respected biochemistry and biophysics professor at Oregon State University.

Education
After earning an AB degree from Harvard College in 1951, Karplus pursued graduate studies at the California Institute of Technology. He completed his PhD in 1953 under Nobel laureate Linus Pauling. According to Pauling, Karplus "was [his] most brilliant student." He was an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Oxford (1953–55) where he worked with Charles Coulson.

Teaching career
Karplus taught at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (1955–60) and then Columbia University (1960–65) before moving to chemistry faculty at Harvard in 1966.

He was a professor at the Louis Pasteur University in 1996 where he established a research group in Strasbourg, France, after two sabbatical visits between 1992 and 1995 in the NMR laboratory of Jean-François Lefèvre. He has supervised more than 200 graduate students and postdoctoral researchers over his career since 1955.

Research
He published his first academic paper when he was 17 years old. Karplus has contributed to many fields in physical chemistry, including chemical dynamics, quantum chemistry, and most notably, molecular dynamics simulations of biological macromolecules. He has also been influential in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, particularly to the understanding of nuclear spin-spin coupling and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The Karplus equation describing the correlation between coupling constants and dihedral angles in proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is named after him.

From 1969–1970, Karplus visited the Structural Studies Division at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

In 1970 postdoctoral fellow Arieh Warshel joined Karplus at Harvard. Together they wrote a computer program that modeled the atomic nuclei and some electrons of a molecule using classical physics and modeling other electrons using quantum mechanics. In 1974 Karplus, Washel and other collaborators published a paper based on this type of modeling which successfully modeled the change in shape of retinal, a large complex protein molecule important to vision.

His current research is concerned primarily with the properties of molecules of biological interest. His group originated and coordinated the development of the CHARMM program for molecular dynamics simulations.

Books

 * Martin Karplus. Spinach on the Ceiling: The Multifaceted Life of a Theoretical Chemist, World Scientific Publishing, UK 2020.
 * CL Brooks III, M Karplus, BM Pettitt. Proteins: A Theoretical Perspective of Dynamics, Structure and Thermodynamics, Volume LXXI, in: Advances in Chemical Physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1988.
 * Martin Karplus and Richard N. Porter. Atoms and Molecules: An Introduction for Students of Physical Chemistry. W. A. Benjamin, New York 1970.

Notable students and postdocs

 * Charles L. Brooks III (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor)
 * Axel T. Brünger (Stanford University)
 * J. Andrew McCammon (UCSD) (w/ Karplus and Gelin) published the first MD simulation of BPTI (see above publication)
 * P. T. Narasimhan (University of Illinois) Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * B. Montgomery Pettitt (University of Texas Medical Branch, Baylor College of Medicine, The Gulf Coast Consortia (GCC)])
 * Benoît Roux (University of Chicago)
 * Andrej Šali (University of California, San Francisco)
 * Klaus Schulten (University of Illinois)
 * Jeremy C. Smith (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
 * David J. States (The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston)
 * Arieh Warshel (University of Southern California) (co-recipient of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Karplus and Michael Levitt (Stanford))
 * Eugene Shakhnovich, Professor at Harvard University
 * Alexander D. MacKerell, Jr. (University of Maryland, Baltimore)

Awards and honours
Karplus was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1967. He was awarded the Irving Langmuir Award in 1987. He is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. He became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1991 and was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2000. He is a recipient of the Christian B. Anfinsen Award, given in 2001. He was awarded the Linus Pauling Award in 2004 and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2013.

Personal life
Karplus is married to Marci and has three children.

title: Martin Karplus


text:
Wikipedia talk:AutoWikiBrowser/Typos

Tie scores being treated as false positives
1-1, 2-2, etc. scores are being overlooked for ndash replacement and with all the sports articles I work on, this is getting a little too frustrating. - I found out you had made a change to make this a false positive in March 2020. Is there any way this can be made to bypass fewer of these (i.e. look for additional text to match)? A *lot* of tie scores aren't getting a correction (unless I catch it and perform the correction manually). Stefen Towers among the rest!  Gab • Gruntwerk 23:02, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * the relevant part of rule "0–0",, was moved the next day into rule "2–1", precisely so that "0–0" can find draws and ties. If "0–0" isn't finding ties now, it's not because of that lookbehind; it's because "0–0" needs to be expanded with more relevant keywords.   ~ Tom.Reding (talk ⋅dgaf)  13:33, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply.  is still in "2–1", and stopping corrections of draws/ties that don't meet "0–0". "0–0" currently doesn't cover a lot of scenarios I'm seeing in my typo correction work, but I don't know why the draws/ties need to be avoided in "2–1" 's general case in the first place. Is there any harm from removing that code? That's what I'm driving at.  Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 17:37, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * the reason that lookbehind exists is because the rule was incorrectly catching journal volume numbers, e.g. "Some Journal 5-5", preceded by "5-4" and succeeded by "5-6" etc., which should not be changed/en-dashed.  ~ Tom.Reding (talk ⋅dgaf)  17:46, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I can see why we don't want a journal volume number en-dashed, but I don't quite understand why volume numbers that look like draws/ties are more problematic than those where the numbers aren't equal (e.g. "5-4"). If the "5-4" is in the middle of the series instead of "5-5", wouldn't it be falsely corrected? Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 17:58, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Is it that a draw/tie is guaranteed to not be a number range if referring to a volume? If that's the case, I understand it better now after thinking more about it. At any rate, I am working on more cases to convert the ties to use ndash outside of this false positive check. But I wish this check wasn't needed - we really miss a lot of genuine draws/ties as it stands. Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 00:01, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * do you have a list of pages where ties are known to have been missed?  ~ Tom.Reding (talk ⋅dgaf)  11:59, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Tom.Reding I don't keep a list of these. I just keep seeing these missed, and I have to correct them manually. It's any draw/tie that the "2–1" rule would ordinarily catch but doesn't due to the false positive catch. If you run AWB typo checks in sports articles especially, it can get rather frustrating. Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 16:26, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Here is an example. While it shows "17-17" and "7-7" being corrected, that happened only because I saw in my AWB viewer they weren't corrected, and I manually placed the en dash there. Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 16:56, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

rule amended to find "17-17" and "7-7" in that example, but with enough specificity, I think, to avoid most/all freeform journal citations, which are unlikely to end the line at a journal volume (if so, they can/should have the page # appended). ~ Tom.Reding (talk ⋅dgaf) 21:32, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for addressing this. While I usually have no issue reading RegEx, it has been many months since I looked at this. So, I guess what you did is add code to catch more cases for the "0–0" rule, so any tie ranges within those cases won't be skipped in the "2–1" rule. Do I have it right? Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 05:25, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * correct for the "0–0" rule, which I did isolate & test. I did not look at the "2–1" rule, since it wasn't relevant to, nor triggered for, the "17-17"/"7-7" example. Also, rules aren't necessarily run in the order they appear on the typo page, and so should be coded in a way that is independent of the firing sequence of other rules.  ~ Tom.Reding (talk ⋅dgaf)  18:39, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

False Positive
Vice-President gets corrected to Vice-president, should be Vice President or vice president (I think) DarmaniLink (talk) 18:13, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

 * With respect to companies/organizations, I defer to them using a hyphen in the title per their choice. At the same time, titles like "Vice President of the United States" definitely don't have a hyphen. At any rate, created rules related to this, so maybe he has some thoughts here. In the meantime, feel free to skip any typo corrections you don't feel comfortable with, or do a manual edit if you so choose.  Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 17:38, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Stefen is correct. Note that in Europe the hyphen is generally used, while in the US it is less often used, but this has to be handled case by case. Chris the speller   yack  02:06, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Is it "Vice-president" or Vice-President" for british english/europe? DarmaniLink (talk) 02:09, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Most resources seem to suggest that for 'Vice President' both are capitalized when used as a title. Neils51 (talk) 23:54, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

Kuty
"ua" was flagged as a typo of "uk" (sorry about the previous mistakes, im sleep deprived). I'm not sure if this was the typos or something else that flagged this though. I'm not seeing a regex that would have done that, just saw the attempted diff. DarmaniLink (talk) 02:10, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
 * That was a general fix, not a typo fix. There is an entry in AutoWikiBrowser/Template redirects that tells the software to replace instances of the redirect lang-ua with lang-uk. -- John of Reading (talk) 07:59, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
 * ah, i assumed lang-uk was british english, I really don't know why
 * should have checked that, sorry DarmaniLink (talk) 15:11, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

Typos restructuring
As this is a complicated tool rather than an article, any major restructuring needs to be discussed. Please use this topic to explain what you think ought to be done here. Also, if changes are to be done, they need to be done more piecemeal, so editors can readily see what is moving where. A lot of difficult work has gone into building the list over time, and we need to be extra careful. Stefen Towers among the rest!  Gab • Gruntwerk 04:35, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Apologies, and noted. As it stands, the current structure of the list is highly disorganized, with many fixes lasting more than a year in a general section at the top of the page. This not only makes finding which issues have or haven't been addressed difficult, but also results in situations where the same issue may be covered twice via different means, such as km² via its own unicode to sup tag listing and one that also addresses m² and cm². I don't mean to remove recent additions from the top of the list, as I understand the importance of testing them extensively before they are integrated into the main lists, but I also think that it's important to sort articles into sections after the year time period has passed in order to maintain an effective organization scheme. In terms of organization, the Capitalisation, Grammar, and sections at the top do a pretty good job at dividing rules into groups (improving navigability, facilitating standardization, and making it easy to see what's not represented), ones with too many listings inevitably become bloated and should be divided into meaningful subsections. To illustrate my point, here's a restructured collection of the current sections, to be amended when the listings at the top are sorted:

4 Typo list 4.1 Recent additions 4.1.1 Unsorted 4.1.x Common subsections (TBD) 4.2 Academia 4.3.1 Academic titles 4.3.2 Academic fields 4.3.3 College degrees 4.3 Capitalisation 4.4.1 Brand names <IP_ADDRESS> Colleges and universities <IP_ADDRESS> Companies and organizations <IP_ADDRESS> Products <IP_ADDRESS> Technology <IP_ADDRESS> Websites <IP_ADDRESS> Unsorted 4.4.2 Placenames (high-level) <IP_ADDRESS> Continents and subcontinents <IP_ADDRESS> Oceans <IP_ADDRESS> Geographical proper names 4.4.3 Placenames (low-level) <IP_ADDRESS> Canada <IP_ADDRESS> France <IP_ADDRESS> United Kingdom <IP_ADDRESS> United States (states) <IP_ADDRESS> United States (cities) 4.4.4 Time <IP_ADDRESS> Calendrical proper nouns <IP_ADDRESS> Holidays <IP_ADDRESS> Epochs, ages and dynasties 4.4.5 Society <IP_ADDRESS> Cultures, languages, and ethnic groups <IP_ADDRESS> Ethnicity & language <IP_ADDRESS> Religious 4.4.6 Unsorted 4.4 Decapitalisation 4.5.1 Medals 4.5.2 Miscellaneous 4.5 Mispellings 4.5.1 A           4.5.2 B            4.5.3 C            4.5.4 D            4.5.5 E            4.5.6 F            4.5.7 G            4.5.8 H            4.5.9 I            4.5.10 J            4.5.11 K            4.5.12 L            4.5.13 M            4.5.14 N            4.5.15 O            4.5.16 P            4.5.17 Q            4.5.18 R            4.5.19 S            4.5.20 T            4.5.21 U            4.5.22 V            4.5.23 W            4.5.24 X            4.5.25 Y            4.5.26 Z        4.6 Accents and diacritics 4.7.1 Proper nouns 4.8 Formatting 4.8.1 Calendar dates 4.8.2 SI unit symbols 4.8.3 Symbols and HTML entities 4.9 Grammar 4.9.1 Articles 4.9.2 Contractions 4.9.3 Replace space by hyphen 4.9.4 Joined words 4.9.5 Split words 4.9.6 Duplicated words 4.9.7 Redundant words 4.9.8 Euphemisms 4.9.9 Preposition usage 4.9.10 Punctuation 4.9.11 Remove hyphens after adverbs ending in -ly 4.9.12 Remove other hyphens (replace with space) 4.10 General rules 4.10.1 Unsorted 4.10.2 Beginnings 4.10.3 Middles 4.10.4 Endings <IP_ADDRESS> A               <IP_ADDRESS> B                <IP_ADDRESS> C                <IP_ADDRESS> D                <IP_ADDRESS> E                <IP_ADDRESS> F                <IP_ADDRESS> G                <IP_ADDRESS> H                <IP_ADDRESS> I                <IP_ADDRESS> J–K <IP_ADDRESS> L               <IP_ADDRESS> M                <IP_ADDRESS> N                <IP_ADDRESS> O                <IP_ADDRESS> P                <IP_ADDRESS> Q                <IP_ADDRESS> R                <IP_ADDRESS> S                <IP_ADDRESS> T                <IP_ADDRESS> U–V <IP_ADDRESS> W       4.11 Incorrect phrases

 * While it would make the TOC longer, I think it would make it much easier for people to find issues they'd like to address (using the RegEx replacement rules to search for articles that fulfill those criteria), make it easier for people to make new rules to fill in the gaps of existing ones (such as the 'cubed' rule I previously added on the basis of the 'squared' rule), and facilitate the adding of new rules (by categorizing similar rules together, it's easier to see what's missing). For instance, by grouping together university capitalization rules into their own subsection, people may think of additional entries to add to that specific section that they might not have otherwise in looking at a more generalized list.

 * Apologies again for making such a drastic edit without consultation; it just seems like the potential of RegEx typo fixing would be doubled if there were a greater deal of clarity and structure in the rule categorization scheme. CoolieCoolster (talk) 05:16, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm looking through this and it's quite overwhelming. It would really help if you made a list of "change x to y" proposals, and possibly separating those out so they can be discussed individually. It's really difficult to grasp the value of this restructuring as a whole. What we had wasn't not working, and I can't yet see that the potential would be doubled with the proposed changes. Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 21:26, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It's just my proposed solution; the overall problem is that while the page mentions sorting listings into sections after a year, it doesn't appear that that is occurring in an organized manner on a consistent basis, making it difficult to interpret what is or isn't present without using the browser's search function for individual words. I don't mean to be blunt, but given that an effective reorganization would involve moving hundreds of lines to new or existing sections, discussing the moving of any individual line would be missing the forest for its trees. While moving any one line has no inherent value on its own, and should only be done if it functions identically when sorted as it did initially, the value of the sorted list as a whole is the ability to see what functions are currently unaccounted for, particularly for common typos that one might not have considered otherwise.
 * My intention is to help, not harm the project, so until consensus on the matter is reached I'll stick to just organizing any replacement rules I add myself to subcategories of the existing New additions section. However, given that organization is already listed as being part of the list-making process, as long as new organization keeps rules above the General rules section to avoid rule interference, it seems a shame to forgo the benefits of a sorted list for the sake of avoiding change for change's sake. CoolieCoolster (talk) 21:56, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * There is no "avoiding change for change's sake" going on here. I asked for a detailed explanation of the specific x-to-y changes. That's all. I already have read your overall contention about the structure. I'm not inclined to agree to such massive changes unless and until I (and hopefully others) can understand that they make sense. I am not against change or improvement. Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 22:01, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Need a project approach here. Firstly, is the proposal a good idea?  Namely, create a redefined list and cleanup entries.  In the interests of consensus, yes. Sure what's there works however it can be tricky to navigate and there is duplication.  Next, how to approach it?  It makes sense to me that a parallel (new) list is built on a subpage and material coped to it, removing the potential for harm of the active page.  A list of editors willing to be involved to be obtained on that page and a work list created where editors can put their name against specific components and thus spread the load.  A lot of the work may be sheer copy/paste, which if divvied up won’t be so onerous.  I would suggest that any entries that in the interim are added or revised in the active list have a date stamp against them (that seems to be happening) and perhaps the editor’s guesstimate as to classification against the new list. There are other aspects that will need addressing (testing, etc.) however at this stage not much point in writing a book. Neils51 (talk) 01:33, 13 April 2024 (UTC)
 * To make sure that there's enough people that both think list restructuring would be worthwhile and are willing to help with the restructure on a parallel page (enabling everyone involved to review it so that a consensus on a functional list can be established), I'll make a signup list below. Per my statements above, it won't involve making any modifications to the current list until consensus can be reached that the structure of the parallel list meets the needs of all users involved. I think having at least three people willing to work on the list would help in splitting the workload and ensuring that the structure is a product of consensus and not unilateral editing. CoolieCoolster (talk) 22:57, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * 1. CoolieCoolster (talk) 22:57, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * 2. Neils51 (talk) 09:03, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
 * 3.

 * I have doubts most folks who use the typo list are looking at the structure. They're just pulling the whole lot into AWB and using them for typo hunting. At any rate, I'd be happy to review what's done and offer feedback. My main concern is the typo rules themselves staying intact in the result and that the list is no less readable than it is now. I didn't put my name on the list because I don't entirely agree with the premises as stated and my time is eaten up with too many other things. Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 06:35, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

Misspelled CNN reporter name
I don't know if this is the right place for this, but there are 47 articles that misspell a CNN reporter's name in references as Arinne de Vogue instead of Ariane de Vogue. Annoyedhumanoid (talk) 02:35, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:AutoWikiBrowser/Typos


text:
Zyryanovka

Zyryanovka (Зыряновка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Zyryanovsky Selsoviet, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 355 as of 2013. There are 10 streets.

Geography
Zyryanovka is located 54 km east of Zarinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zhulanikha is the nearest rural locality.

title: Zyryanovka


text:
1861 Parramatta colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Parramatta on 10 April 1861 caused by the resignation of sitting member James Byrnes. At the election in December 1860 he gained second place behind a newcomer John Lackey. While still successful, Byrnes took offence at being placed second, stating that the majority of voters had decided that he was not fit to serve them and resigned in March 1861 without taking his seat.

Candidates

 * Charles Kemp was a journalist and businessman. He was a former member for Liverpool Plains who had been defeated at the election in December 1860.

 * Arthur Holroyd was a barrister and former member for Western Boroughs.

 * John Harrington West was a one-time candidate and very little is known about him. His nomination speech was greeted with much laughter, which suggests his candidacy was intended to be humorous. He did however hold a meeting to set out his political principles, and at the nominations the show of hands was declared to be in his favour.

title: 1861 Parramatta colonial by-election


text:
User:Friendly.ghost/sandbox

Angela Yvonne Davis (born January 26, 1944) is an American political activist, academic, and author. She emerged as a prominent counterculture activist and radical in the 1960s as a leader of the Communist Party USA, and had close relations with the Black Panther Party through her involvement in the Civil Rights Movement.

As a result of purchasing firearms used in the 1970 armed take-over of a Marin County, California courtroom, in which four persons were killed, she was prosecuted for conspiracy. She was later acquitted of this charge.

She was a professor (now retired) at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in its History of Consciousness Department and a former director of the university's Feminist Studies department. Her research interests are feminism, African-American studies, critical theory, Marxism, popular music, social consciousness, and the philosophy and history of punishment and prisons. She co-founded Critical Resistance, an organization working to abolish the prison-industrial complex.

Davis's membership in the CPUSA led California Governor Ronald Reagan in 1969 to attempt to have her barred from teaching at any university in the State of California. She supported the governments of the Soviet Bloc for several decades. During the 1980s, she was twice a candidate for Vice President on the CPUSA ticket, but in 1991 left the party. She continues to be active in the political arena.

title: User:Friendly.ghost/sandbox


text:
Rudolf Steiner's Mystery Dramas

Rudolf Steiner wrote four plays that follow the initiation journeys of a group of fictional characters through a series of lives. These plays were intended to be modern mystery plays. Steiner outlined the plot of a fifth play to be set at the Castalian spring at Delphi, but due to the outbreak of First World War, this remained an unfulfilled project.

The titles of the completed plays are:
 * The Portal of Initiation - World premiere on 15 August 1910, at the Schauspielhaus in Munich.
 * ''The Trial of the Soul' or 'The Soul's Probation'. - World premiere on 17 August 1911, in the Gardener's Place Theatre in Munich.
 * The Guardian of the Threshold - World premiere on 24 August 1912, in the Gardener's Place Theatre in Munich.
 * The Soul's Awakening - World premiere on 22 August 1913, at the National Theatre in Munich.

Genesis of the characters
In these four plays. Steiner intended to show how spiritual development might manifest in a karmically-intertwined group of people. The experiences of the main characters of the play, particularly Johannes Thomasius, Capesius and Strader, represent aspects of the path of initiation "differing according to the karma of the respective individualities."

Steiner based the first play on Goethe's "Tale of the Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily". In his first draft of the play, the names of the characters were those of the characters in Goethe's tale, but in the course of his work, he replaced the fairytale characters with characters of his own imagination. The following table shows the names from Goethe's fairy tale and the characters these turned into in this first drama:

The characters of Helena and Lucifer have no precedent in Goethe's fairy tale and were to be played by the same actress.

Historical antecedents
In 1907, at the Munich Theosophical Congress, Rudolf Steiner had directed a play by Édouard Schuré, "The Sacred Drama of Eleusis". Two years later, Steiner staged Schuré's "The Children of Lucifer". At this time, Steiner was looking for a spiritual content and artistic form that could reflect what he believed to be a new age in human consciousness.

Reincarnation and karma
For the first time in dramatic poetry, Rudolf Steiner in his dramas presents the driving forces of destiny events, openly and consistently on the stage. The success of the characterizing people towards the inevitability of fate, has always been the main nerve of tragic poetry, and Steiner's characters also remain true to these causes, which are ultimately enigmatic. Rudolf Steiner was the background of the fate complications to their true causes, namely karmic entanglements in former lives on earth, returning and brought dramatically to display in the present for the characters on stage. This is a critical and necessary impetus for the progress of dramatic art, even if it may take long time until it is taken up more widely by the public.

Lectures
Lectures on The Portal of Initiation:
 * Rudolf Steiner: The Secrets of the Biblical Creation Story, GA 122, lectures in Munich from 16.8 to 21.08, 1910.
 * Rudolf Steiner: The Gospel of Matthew, GA 123, lectures in Bern 2.9, 5.9, 10.9 and 12.09, 1910.
 * Rudolf Steiner: Answers to World and Life Issues through Anthroposophy, GA 125, lectures on 09.17.1910 Basel and 10.31.1910 Berlin.
 * Rudolf Steiner: From Jesus to Christ, GA 131, lecture from 13.10.1911 in Karlsruhe.

Lectures on The Trial of the Soul:
 * Rudolf Steiner: The Mission of the New Spirit Revelation, GA 127, lecture on 19.12.1911 in Berlin.
 * Rudolf Steiner: Wonders of the World, GA 129, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 10th, lectures in Munich.

Lectures on The Guardian of the Threshold:
 * Rudolf Steiner: Initiation, Eternity and the Passing Moment, GA 138, Lectures on 28.8. and 30.08.1912 in Munich.
 * Rudolf Steiner: The Value of Thinking for Sound Human Understanding, GA 164, lecture on 19.09.1915 in Dornach.

Lectures on The Soul's Awakening:
 * Rudolf Steiner: The Secrets of the Threshold, GA 147, lectures on 24, 27, 28 and 30, August 1913 in Munich.
 * Rudolf Steiner: Mystery centers of the Middle Ages, GA 233, lecture on 05.01.1924 in Dornach.

Music
Adolf Arenson composed the original music to accompany the four plays. Later productions had music by Elmar Lampson and Pedro Guiraud.

title: Rudolf Steiner's Mystery Dramas


text:
Principles of marketing

Welcome to Principles of Marketing, made up of many business majors.

Marketing is defined as "the total of activities involved in the transfer of goods from the producer or seller to the consumer or buyer, including advertising, shipping, storing, and selling."

An alternate definition is paraphrased from memory of an introductory business text is: Marketing is all activities conducted to prepare for sales. Sales is all activities required to close the deal. Shipping and customer satisfaction would be included in sales to avoid the customer from reversing or unclosing the deal.

Thus Marketing can be categorized as a branch of business as well as a social science. We buy goods (thus becoming the buyer/consumer) from a vendor (or producer/seller), creating a transaction. In the past, marketing involved traveling salesmen, while in modern times, marketing is more likely to involve television, the internet, and other forms of media bombardment.

As we progress in this age of technology it is vital for us to understand marketing and its place in the world. Understanding and applying the principles will be beneficial to the businessperson and the layperson.

What is Marketing?
Marketing refers to channeling the gap between service and product providers to service and product seekers. Also known as a way of satisfying needs. The Marketing Mix or the "4 Ps" are: The concept of the "4 Ps" has been replaced by the concept of the "7 Ps" they are These are employed to satisfy a target market or target demographic (the pool of potential customers).
 * product
 * place
 * promotion
 * price
 * product
 * price
 * place
 * promotion
 * people
 * positioning
 * packaging

Example:

 * Product: Procter and Gamble introduces a new toothpaste designed to taste good and fight cavities. Logo and packaging designed in bright colors to appeal to kids of elementary school age to encourage more tooth brushing.
 * Price: $2.00, and discounted by means of coupons
 * Promotion: television and radio commercials, magazine and newspaper ads, and a website; these use bright colors and happy music, perhaps an animated cartoon character for a fun and family-friendly attitude
 * Place (or distribution): Supermarkets, drugstores, discount stores such as Wal-Mart, the Internet has become an increasingly important place to conduct online shopping.

Target demographic:

 * Mothers with kids who make toothpaste buying decisions for the family (advertising could be shown on children's programming, promoting kids to ask parents to buy the toothpaste)

Creating utility
The American Heritage Dictionary defines utility as "the quality or condition of being useful". Utility is further defined as any quality and/or status that provides a product with the capability to satisfy the consumer's wants and needs. Marketing is responsible for creating most of a product's inherent utility.

There are four basic types of utility:

 * Form utility: production of the good or service, driven by the marketing function. For example, Procter and Gamble turns raw ingredients and chemicals into toothpaste.

 * Place utility: making the product available where customers will buy the product. Procter and Gamble secures shelf space for the toothpaste at a wide variety of retailers including supermarkets and drugstores.

 * Time utility: making the product available when customers want to buy the product. The U.S. drugstore chain Walgreens has many locations open 24 hours a day, and since the 1990's has placed most of their newer stores at major intersections.

 * Possession utility: once you have purchased the product, you have rights to use the product as intended, or (in theory) for any use you would like.

The fifth type of utility is often defined along with the above four types:

 * Image utility: the satisfaction acquired from the emotional or psychological meaning attached to products. Some people pay more for a toothpaste perceived to be more effective at fighting cavities and whitening teeth.

The exchange process
The exchange process is the process by which two or more parties give something of value to each other to satisfy the perceived needs. The marketer (a company like Procter and Gamble) offers goods and services desired by the market (the pool of potential customers). In return, the market (the customer) gives back something of value to the marketer, generally money. Both ends receive something of value in the exchange process. The marketer makes money and the customer receives goods, services, or ideas that satisfy their needs. The exchange process is the origin of marketing. The process creates utility.

For an exchange to occur:

 * Both parties must have something of value to exchange.
 * Both parties need to be able to communicate. Procter and Gamble (P&G), for example, must have money to purchase advertising space.
 * Both parties must be able to exchange. The toothpaste, in some cases, must be approved by the FDA in order for it to be sold.  The customer must be able to buy the product with his or her money and have access to a retail store where the product is sold to be able to buy it.
 * Both parties must want to exchange.
 * At least two parties are needed for an exchange to occur.

Marketing Management Process
This consists of:
 * analyzing market opportunities,
 * selecting target markets,
 * designing marketing strategies,
 * planning marketing programs,
 * organizing, implementing and controlling the marketing effort.

 * 1) Analyzing marketing opportunities
 * 2) *Defining the market
 * 3) *Consumer assessment
 * 4) *Environmental assessment
 * 5) *Company resource assessment
 * 6) *Demand analysis and sales forecast
 * 7) Identifying Market Segments and Selecting Target Markets
 * 8) *Marketers set priorities for business opportunities, concentrating on market segments within which they expect to achieve the best overall economic return from their product or service. Market segmentation and target marketing are the processes used to isolate these opportunities. Market segmentation is the process of grouping customers based on their similarities
 * 9) *Market segmentation allows a company to:
 * 10) **Understand the different behavioral patterns and decision-making processes of different groups of consumers
 * 11) **Select the most attractive segments or customers the company should target
 * 12) **Develop a strategy to target the selected segments based on their behavior
 * 13) Developing marketing strategies
 * 14) *Positioning
 * 15) *Develop new product, test, and launch
 * 16) *Modification in the stages of product life cycle
 * 17) *Strategy choice depends on the strategy pursued by the firm
 * 18) *Consider changing global opportunities and challenges
 * 19) Planning marketing programs
 * 20) *Transforming strategy into programs
 * 21) *Managing Product Lines, Brands, and Packaging
 * 22) *Managing Service Businesses and Ancillary Services
 * 23) *Designing Pricing Strategies and Programs
 * 24) *Selecting and Managing Marketing Channels
 * 25) *Managing Retailing, Wholesaling, and Physical-Distribution Systems
 * 26) *Designing Communication and Promotion Mix Strategies
 * 27) *Designing Effective Advertising Programs
 * 28) *Designing Direct-Marketing, Sales-Promotion, and Public-Relations Programs
 * 29) *Managing the Salesforce
 * 30) Managing marketing efforts
 * 31) *Organizing resources
 * 32) *Implementation
 * 33) *Control - Annual control, Profitability control, Strategic control

Product Management
Product development means offering new or improved products for the present market. By knowing what the present market's needs are, a firm may see ways to add or modify product features, create several quality levels, or add more types or sizes to better satisfy customers while seeking, also, to expand.

Product Management deals with bringing together all the strings that transform an idea into a product. "Product" does not refer to tangible goods only, intangible products like software also come under the category. A Product Manager (PdM) usually works with a number of teams and co-ordinates with various channels throughout the product development lifecycle. It all begins with an idea of a product. Now, this idea can either be a market/customer requirement or something completely new. There are usually three channels from where an idea can come from: Once an idea is decided to be taken up for development, the PdM then elaborates on the feature requirements and develops documents like Product Requirements Document (PRD), Functional Specification Document (FSD), etc. These documents are shared with all the stakeholders who are required to sign-off the requirements/specifications. Once that is done, the lifecycle moves to the development stage. The PdM works very closely with the development and quality assurance teams and ensures that the teams are completely aware of what is to be developed and how users would interact with the product. After development is complete and quality checked, the product is ready to be released. Usually, this release does not go to the customers directly, it goes to the sales teams who, in turn, provide demonstrations to the potential customers. After sufficient validations and demonstrations of the features in "Sandbox", the enhanced/new product is released to market.
 * 1) Market / Customer - Sales teams talk to the customers and try to get their requirements. Product experts envision requirements that might be required in the future or that give the product a competitive edge.
 * 2) Product Roadmap - Product Roadmap is a prioritized list of features that need to be built for a specific product. The priority of features keep on changing and it is the sole responsibility of a PdM to make the decision which features should be taken up for development.
 * 3) Innovation - Innovation cells in firms deal with coming up with new ideas to make their product more exciting and competitive.

The Product Life Cycle
Understanding the product life cycle is key to understanding how to market a product. Many marketing campaigns are won and lost because of knowledge of the product lifecycle. If understood, the product lifecycle will tell you how to market a product and how much money to spend.

The product life cycle is divided into four parts:
 * 1) Introduction phase
 * 2) Growth phase
 * 3) Maturity phase and
 * 4) Decline phase

These parts of the cycle follow the curve you would normally expect, a long slow initial acceptance, a period of rapid growth, a long length of time where the product has fully saturated the market, and its eventual decline in obsolescence.

The introduction phase of the product lifecycle is the easiest to market, but the most resource and cost intensive. The target market is the early adopter. The problem in the early adopter is the most difficult consumer to convince. The early adopter seeks status. They crave new products, not because of usefulness, but sexiness. They want to feel this product they are buying into will bring them some amount of prestige among their constituents.

The question then is, how do you market to them? Ad and event intensive sales are probably the most useful. Ads should focus less on the feature-benefits and more on the emotional aspect of the product. One company that makes this distinction very clear in their advertisements is Apple Computers. When advertising for their personal computing products, they use the PC vs. Mac ads. These ads are entertaining and grab your attention, but focus mainly on the feature-benefit aspects of a product. The iPhone ads are very low on feature-benefits and high on the coolness factor.

Growth is the period when everyone knows your product, but they aren't sure if they want to use it or not. Here it is important to stop focusing on the coolness of a product and start focusing on the features and benefits of a product. At this point, the early adopters have shown the world how cool the product is and how cool they are for having one. The rest of your market wants to know why it is they should get one. If they don't see a real benefit, then they will move on to the next product.

Maturity is the least expensive segment of a product's lifecycle. When a product has generally been accepted, and the market has reached its final penetration, it has reached this point. Your marketing techniques should focus on maintaining customers and customer satisfaction. Your advertisements can focus on what you can do for them while they keep using your product.

Decline is the most difficult segment for most companies. Decline requires a lot of soul-searching. If a company continues in the status quo, the product will decline and the company will continue to spend money on it. This is the recipe for disaster. A company has one of two paths it can take. Either, you can rebuild the product, or you must discontinue the product.

If the company wishes to revitalize a product, it usually does so in one of two ways. The first is nostalgia marketing. You remind the consumer about the product and that it was always there. The second is to refresh the product. You can create new promotional material, new packaging, new advertising or new features.

The process of rebuilding a product's market is often not feasible because of obsolescence. If this is the case, the company shouldn't just discontinue the product and leave the customer without replacement options. A well-designed marketing plan should inform customers of the end of the products life cycle, and move them onto another of the companies replacement products.

New Product Development
Every company must develop new products. New product development shapes the company’s future. A company can add new products through acquisition or development.

The acquisition route can take three forms:
 * 1) The company can buy other companies.
 * 2) It can acquire patents from other companies.
 * 3) It can buy a license or franchise from another company.

The development route can take two forms:
 * 1) The company can develop new products in its own laboratories; or
 * 2) It can contract with independent researchers or new-product development firms to develop specific new products.

Competition is strong and dynamic in most markets. So it essential for a firm to keep developing new products as well as modifying its current products-to meet changing customer needs and competitors’ actions.

Booz, Allen, and Hamilton have identified six categories of new products:
 * 1) New-to-the-world products
 * 2) New-product lines. New products that allow a company to enter an established market for the first time.
 * 3) Additional to existing product lines: New products that supplement a company’s established product lines (package sizes, flavor and so on.)
 * 4) Improvements and revisions to existing products: New products that provide improved performance or greater perceived value and replace existing products.
 * 5) Repositioning existing products that are targeted to new markets or market segmentation.
 * 6) Cost reduction: new products that provide similar performance at lower cost

An Organized New-Product Development Process is Critical Identifying and developing new-product ideas and effective strategies to go with them is often the key to a firm’s success and survival. New-product development demands effort, time and talent-and still the risks and costs of failure are high.

A new product may fail for many reasons. Most often, companies fail to offer a unique benefit or underestimate the competition. Specific reasons are: A high-level executive pushes a favorite idea thru’ in spite of negative market research findings.
 * The idea is good but the market size is over-estimated.
 * The product is not well designed.
 * The product is incorrectly positioned in the market, not advertised effectively or over-priced.
 * Development costs are higher than expected.
 * Competitors fight back harder than expected.

Several other factors hinder new-product development:
 * Shortage of important ideas in certain areas
 * Fragmented markets
 * Social and governmental constraints
 * Costliness of the development process
 * Capital shortages
 * Faster required development time
 * Shorter product life cycle

New Product Development Process
Idea Generation

Is the idea worth considering?

Ideas might come from:

Internal sources:
 * R & D
 * Top management employees

External sources:
 * Customers
 * Competitors
 * Distributors
 * Suppliers
 * Research institutes

Idea Screening

Is the product idea compatible with company objectives and strategies? Is the product idea compatible with company: Ideas are evaluated against criteria; most are eliminated. Errors:
 * Strengths
 * Weaknesses
 * Objectives
 * Market trends
 * Rough ROI (Return on Investment) estimate
 * A GO-Error
 * A DROP-Error

Concept Development and Testing

Can the company find a good concept for the product that consumers say they would try? Concept: Who will use the product? What primary benefit should the product provide? When will people consume? Concept testing is the way of testing new product concepts with a group of target consumers to find out if the concepts have strong consumer appeal. Concept testing can be presented symbolically or physically. New ideas are computer designed and developed. The company wants to obtain:
 * Reactions from customers
 * Rough estimates of cost
 * Sales and profits

Marketing Strategy Development

Can we find a cost-effective, affordable marketing strategy? Preliminary market strategy plan describe: •	The target market, product positioning, and sales, share, and profit goals for the first few years. •	Product price, distribution, and marketing budget for the first year. •	Long-run sales and profit goals and the marketing mix strategy.

Business Analysis

Evaluating proposal’s business attractiveness - Will this product meet the profit goal of the company? Management prepares sales, cost, and profit projections. As new information comes in, the analysis will undergo revision and expansion.

Product development

R&D or reengineering – developing physical product Prototype development and testing

Market testing

Not all companies undertake market testing. New-to-the-market products, high risk, high investment cost influence market testing.

Questions:
 * Have product sales met expectations?
 * Should the company send the idea back for product development (stage 6)?
 * How much market testing should be done?
 * What kind(s) of market testing?
 * How many test cities? Which cities?
 * Length of test?
 * What information?
 * What action to take?

Commercialization

Are product sales meeting expectations? Contracting to manufacture or build or rent a full-scale manufacturing facility. The company launching a new product must first decide on introduction timing, geographic strategy, target market prospects and introductory market strategy. When? (introduction timing) –	First entry –	Parallel entry –	Late entry (due to the many problems) - Where? (geographic strategy) –	single location, –	a region, –	the national market or –	the international market To Whom? (target market prospects) –	Determining initial distribution and promotion –	Early adopters, heavy users, and opinion leaders How? (introductory market strategy) –	Developing action plan for introducing the product –	Critical path scheduling (CPS) can be used

MANAGING PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE Stages of Product Life Cycle •	Introduction •	Growth •	Maturity •	Decline

Introduction •	Price: High •	Quality: Low •	Number of versions: Few •	Number of competitors: Few •	Intensity of Competition: Little •	Advertising: High to introduce •	Distribution: Little

Growth •	Price: High and dropping •	Quality: Low and growing •	Number of versions: Few and increasing •	Number of competitors: Few and growing •	Intensity of Competition: Growing •	Advertising: Still high to expand •	Distribution: Growing

Maturity •	Price: Dropping and stabilizing •	Quality: High •	Number of versions: Many •	Number of competitors: Many/dropping •	Intensity of Competition: High •	Advertising: Stable •	Distribution: Maximum

Decline •	Price: Dropping •	Quality: High •	Number of versions: Dropping •	Number of competitors: Dropping •	Intensity of Competition: Depends •	Advertising: Dropping •	Distribution: Losing

Product and Product Mix
Product Planning refers to the systematic decision making related to all aspects of the development and management of a firms products including branding and packaging. A product is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a want or need. Each product includes a bundle of attributes capable of exchange and use. Products that are marketed include physical goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, organizations, properties, information, and ideas. The marketing manager needs to understand how markets develop over time, in order better to plan and manage products, their life-cycles, and their marketing strategies.

Differences between Goods and Services o	Goods are tangible. You can see them, feel them, touch them etc. o	Services are intangible. The result of human or mechanical efforts to people or objects o	Sales of goods and services are frequently connected, i.e. a product will usually incorporate a tangible component (good) and an intangible component.

Product Levels A product has five levels.
 * 1) Core benefits - The essential service or benefit that the buyer is buying. E.g. getting clean, rest and sleep, etc.
 * 2) Basic (generic) products - The basic product recognized as such. E.g. soap; room components – bed, bathroom, etc.
 * 3) Expected products - The set of attributes and conditions that the buyer normally expects in buying the product. E.g. smell, shape; clean bed, towel, quietness, etc.
 * 4) Augmented products - Additional services and benefits that the seller adds to distinguish the offer from competitors. E.g. anti-bacterial, moisturizing; fresh flowers, rapid services, etc.
 * 5) Potential product - The set of possible new features and service that might eventually be added to the offer that exceeds customer expectations. E.g.  Vitamins; candy on the pillow, etc.

Product Classifications

 * 1) Durability and tangibility
 * 2) *Non-durable goods
 * 3) *Durable goods
 * 4) *Services
 * 5) Consumer goods classification - classified according to shopping habits:
 * 6) *Convenience goods
 * 7) *Shopping goods
 * 8) *Specialty goods
 * 9) *Unsought goods
 * 10) Industrial goods classification
 * 11) *Material and parts:
 * 12) **Raw material
 * 13) **Manufactured materials and parts
 * 14) *Capital items:
 * 15) **Installations
 * 16) **Equipment
 * 17) *Supplies and business services

Managing the Product Mix
If an organization is marketing more than one product it has a product mix. o	Product item -- A single product o	Product line -- All items of the same type o	Product mix -- Total group of products that an organization markets

In a dynamic marketing environment, the product mix is not static. The effects of changing technology, evolving competition and changes in customer needs mean that is most important for an organization to find ways of keeping its product ranges fresh and interesting. This opens up a number of management problems, requiring planned procedures and strategies in order to: o	Retain and maintain existing products so that they continue to meet their objectives o	Modify and adapt existing products to take advantage of new technology, emerging opportunities or changing market conditions. o	Delete old products that are close to the end of their working lives and no longer serve their purpose o	Introduce a flow of new products to maintain or improve sales and profit levels and to form a firm foundation for tomorrow’s market. Too many products could put an organization at risk, as a product launch is resource intensive with no guarantee of success. At the other extreme, too many declining products could threaten the future of the business as sales and profits start to fall.

Elements of a Product Mix Depth measures the # of products that are offered within each product line. Width measures the # of product lines a company offers.

Product decisions Marketers make product decisions at three levels: o	Individual product decisions o	Product line decisions o	Product mix decisions

1. Individual product decisions are focused on the development and marketing of: o	Product attributes o	Branding o	Packaging o	Labelling o	Product support services. 2. The product line is comprised of a group of products that are closely related because: o	They function in a similar manner o	Are sold to the same groups o	Are marketed through the same types of outlet o	Fall within given price ranges The product line length involves the number of items in the product line. It is greatly influenced by the company objectives and the resources. Product line growth needs to be planned carefully and is extended in two ways: ‘stretching’ and ‘filling’.

Product line stretching Downward stretch: Company initially located at the top end of the market and then ‘stretches’ downwards to pre-empt a competitor or respond to an attack. Example: The launch of C-Class by Mercedes-Benz. Upward stretch: Companies stretching upwards to add prestige to their existing range of products. Toyota with the Lexus. Can be risky due to customer perception and the inability of salespeople to trade up and negotiate to the new level. Two-way stretch: Extending product lines upwards and downwards to address different segments of the market.

Product line filling: Increasing the product line by adding more items within the present range of the line. Reasons for product filling: Care needs to be taken that the line filling does not lead to cannibalization and customer confusion.
 * Extra profits
 * Satisfying dealers
 * Using excess capacity
 * Being the leading full-line company
 * Plugging holes to keep out the opposition

3. Product mix decisions Product mix or product assortment consists of all the product lines and items that a particular seller offers for sale to buyers. Dimensions of the product mix Breadth or width - Wide product mix containing many different product lines. E.g Unilever producing cooking oil, toilet soap, cosmetics etc. Length - Total number of products in the product lines Depth - Different versions, such as the size of packaging and different formulations. Consistency - How closely related the various product lines are in end use, production requirements, distribution channels etc

Product mix strategies •	A company can add new product lines, thus widening the product mix. •	A company can lengthen the existing product lines to become more of a full line company. •	It can add more product versions of each product and deepen its product mix. •	The company can pursue more product line consistency, or less, depending on whether it wants to have a strong reputation in a single field or in several fields.

Branding
Branding is an important element of the tangible product and, particularly in consumer markets. It is a means of linking items within a product line or emphasizing what they stand for e.g. Coca-Cola. Brand mark: is specifically the element of the visual brand identity that does not consist of words, but of design and symbols eg, McDonalds symbol (M)

The benefits of branding

 * 1) 	The consumer
 * 2) 	Easier product identification
 * 3) 	Communicates features and benefits
 * 4) 	Helps products evaluation
 * 5) 	Establishes product’s position in the market
 * 6) 	Reduces risk in purchasing

 * 1) 	The manufacturer
 * 2) 	Helps creates loyalty
 * 3) 	Defends against competition
 * 4) 	Creates differential advantage
 * 5) 	Allows premium pricing
 * 6) 	Helps targeting/positioning
 * 7) 	Increases power over retailer

 * 1) 	The retailer
 * 2) 	Benefits from brand marketing support
 * 3) 	Attracts customer
 * 4) 	Helps differentiate the product from competitors

Types of brands: -

There are many forms of branding but primarily there are manufacturer, distributor, price and generic brands

Brand Equity: - a) is an asset b) a degree of brand-name recognition perceived brand quality, strong mental and emotional associations, and other assets such as patents, trademarks, and channel relationship. c) is a measure of a number of different components, including the beliefs, images and core associations consumer have about a particular brand.Brand equity is the positive differential effect that knowing the brand by the buyer has on the seller.

Packaging
Packaging includes the activities of designing and producing the container for a product. The package may include up to three levels of materials. E.g. Old Spice aftershave Packaging is any container or wrapping in which the product is offered for sale and can consist of a variety of materials such as glass, paper, metal or plastic depending on what is to be contained. Packaging is an important part of the product that not only serves a functional purpose but also acts as a means of communicating product information and brand character. The packaging is often the consumer’s first point of contact with the actual product and so it is essential to make it attractive and appropriate for both the products and the customers need. Due to the growth of mass merchants and self-service, manufacturers have come to realize the value of packaging as a marketing tool. Today it is a vital part of a firm’s product-development strategy; a package may even be an integral part of the product itself. Packaging has become a potent marketing tool. Well-designed packages can create convenience and promotional value.
 * 1) Bottle - primary package
 * 2) Cardboard box - secondary package
 * 3) Corrugated box - shipping package

Developing an effective package for a new product requires several decisions. The first task is to establish the packaging concept: defining what the package should basically be or do for the particular product. Decisions must include the following elements: size, shape, materials, color, text and brand mix.

The packaging elements must also be harmonized with decisions on pricing and other marketing elements. Once the packaging is designed, it must be tested.

Factors that have contributed to packaging growing use as a marketing tool:- •	Self-service: An increasing number of products are sold on a self-service basis. The package attract attention, describe the product's features, create consumer confidence and make a favorable overall impression •	Consumer affluence: Rising consumer affluence means consumers are willing to pay a little more for the convenience, appearance dependability and prestige of better packages. •	Company and brand image: Packages contribute to the instant recognition of the company or brand. It differentiates a product from competitors by its design, color, shapes, and methods. •	 Innovation opportunity: Innovative packaging can bring large benefits to consumers and profits to producers. Packaging can be a major element of new-product planning. •	Promotional tool: It serves as a promotional tool and is the final form of promotion the consumer sees prior to making a purchase decision. •	Reminder: A package also serves as a reminder after a purchase is made. Although packaging is expensive, developing effective packaging may cost several hundred thousand dollars and take several months to complete. Companies must pay attention to growing environmental and safety concerns about packaging. Shortages of paper, aluminum, and other materials suggest that marketers should try to reduce packaging.

Labeling
Labeling is a particular area within the packing field that represents the outermost layer of the product. Labels have a strong functional dimension, in that they include warnings and instructions, as well as information required by law on best industry practice. Labels state, at the very least, the weight or volume of the product. A barcode and the name and contact address of the producer. Consumer demand has also led to the inclusion of far more product information, such as ingredients, nutritional information and the environmental friendliness of the product. Information about the extent to which the packing is made of recycled materials is also much more common now. Sellers must label products. The label may be a simple tag attached to the product or an elaborately designed graphic that is part of the package. The label might carry only the brand name or a great deal of information. Even if the seller prefers a simple label, the law may require extra information. Label feels that it can be most trusted and loyal to the customer end (Example a baby girl photo on the Parle-G biscuit is printed in the minds of customer and on the product pack).

Free Audio Learning Resources

 * Chief Marketing Officers from many of the world's largest brands explain the latest changes in their approaches to marketing, Series began March 2007

title: Principles of marketing


text:
modifioida

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬), ultimately from and adapted with the verbal suffix.

Verb

 * 1)  To modify.

title: modifioida


text:
Od railway station

Od railway station is a railway station on the Western Railway network in the state of Gujarat, India. Od railway station is connected by rail to Anand Junction and Godhra Junction.

Od, on the Anand–Godhra section of Western Railway zone and Ib, near Jharsuguda are the shortest station name in India.

title: Od railway station


text:
DNA virus

Noun

 * 1) Any of a group of viruses whose nucleic acid is composed of DNA

Hyponyms

 * DNA viruses (dsDNA, Group 1), single-stranded DNA viruses (ssDNA, Group II) - Baltimore virus classification

title: DNA virus


text:
Scientific information on environmental issues in the age of digital media

- A critical analysis of the actual management model of scientific information  and some possible alternative models through collaborative platforms.

Author: [Mariano Senna da Costa], September 2006

Certified by: Prof. Dr. Joachim Hasebrook 1st. Thesis Adviser, International School of New Media / Luebeck, Germany Prof. Dr. Richard Scotti 2nd Thesis Advisory, International School of New Media / Luebeck, Germany

© Copyleft

Abstract
This paper consists of an investigation about the past, present and future of internal structures and processes of scientific information production and its management, with the focus on the analysis at institutions of environmental studies. Considering three dimensions of the communication process at academic institutions (technological, cultural and institutional), the research drawn near a philosophical review about some relations (economic, political and social) among these dimensions and therefore examine some aspects of the specialized information production and distribution.

Index
1. - Preface - The idea of this research 2. - Introduction 3. - Short review of philosophical aspects of Science, Technology and Social Communication
 * 3.1 - Technology's Interrelations
 * 3.2 - Science as a New Religion
 * 3.3 - Characteristics of Contemporary Science and Technology
 * 3.4 - Impacts of Science and Technology
 * 3.5 - Why Environmental Issues?
 * 3.6 - Information / Power / Society Control
 * 3.7 - The hypothesis of this work

4. - Subject and Methodology

5. - Results and early conclusions

6. - General Conclusion

7. - Further Research

8. - Bibliography

9. - Attachments


text:
Talk:Augustus Frederick Oldfield

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title: Talk:Augustus Frederick Oldfield


text:
Talk:Renée Elise Goldsberry

picture and other stuff
If you are indeed acting as representation for Goldsberry please be aware of WP:COI when editing this article. Furthermore as an official representative it should be no problem for you to upload a properly licensed picture of Goldsberry that is to her liking, until then however the current picture will have to do.--Kmhkmh (talk) 01:35, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

Unnamed father
I was able to update the article and add some information in Early Life using citeable sources. I have not been able to find her father's name. Since here father is a former chemist and automotive executive, a quick search points to Dr. Ronald Goldsberry. However...

Articles about Renée don't name Ronald; and articles about Ronald don't name Renée. I found an Instagram post by Renée that uses her father's name, but I don't believe it is citeable (the post includes a picture of the same Ronald from the automotive executive search):

"Thank You, Father, for all the fathers!!! With a special salute to my father, Ronald Goldsberry! And the father of my children, my husband, Alexis Johnson!"

If anyone can find a citeable reference for Renée's father, it would be appreciated.

Jeffrey Walton (talk) 12:26, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

Tiesha johnson
Bank account license $-& new officer apply to bank America checking There donation for utilities bills special office sharing is care pto <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:58, 30 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Renée Elise Goldsberry


text:
Talk:Rectal discharge

useful sources?
http://www.livestrong.com/rectal-mucous/ http://www.localhealth.com/article/rectal-discharge http://www.medhelp.org/posts/Gastroenterology---Digestive-Disorders/rectal-discharge/show/235299 http://www.proctocure.com/home.htm http://www.freemd.com/anal-discharge/overview.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5667935 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1607318/?tool=pubmed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3595359 http://www.patient.co.uk/leaflets/rectal_mucous.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1901588/?tool=pubmed — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tepi (talk • contribs) 06:16, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rectal discharge


text:
Tage

Etymology
From Old Danish Taki "a guarantor", used as a given name since the 17th century.

Proper noun

 * 1) Tagus (river in Spain and Portugal)

Noun

 * 1)  period, that time of the month female menstruation

Usage notes

 * Originally a euphemism, but no longer felt as such. It is always used with either a definite article or possessive pronoun ( etc.). It occurs most often with the verb.

Proper noun

 * 1)  of Danish origin

title: Tage


text:
User:JulianReiche

Wikipedia Article Evaluation: Economy of Cuba (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba) The Wikipedia article on the Economy of Cuba is under review as it “[…] has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality”. A complete reading of the article however brings fourth several other indicators of bad quality. Although the initial paragraphs of the article are of acceptable standards errors become notable in the bottom half of the article after the “Tourism in Cuba” section. There are several language problems, scarce references and conflicting statistics. The scarcity of references is evident in the US Dollar section for which only two footnotes are used in the section excluding citations for large policy reforms and statistics. Confusing and unclear sentence structure is abundant in the Cuban Revolution section which incoherently jumps between Cuba’s foreign aid history and repayment of seized assets within the opening paragraph. Within the Post-Fidel reforms section the page declares that doctors earn fifteen sterling pounds a month while under the Poverty section doctors are stated at earning thirty dollars a month which equates to just under twenty sterling pounds a month.

title: User:JulianReiche


text:
Puzzles/Geometric Puzzles/Connecting Utilities/Solution

Puzzles | Geometric puzzles | Connecting Utilities | Solution

This problem can be analyzed using graph theory.

The problem is essentially showing that the bipartite graph K3,3 is planar. However, Kuratowski ' s theorem tells us that this graph must not be planar.

Essentially, there is no solution and the required construction cannot be done! Sorry! :)

However, if we look at where the three houses and utilities are on a non-planar surface, such as a torus (or doughnut), we obtain some topological niceties that allow us to solve this problem.

Here is an example of one solution. Lines moving off the torus and looping around are signified with a V.

\   | |  |    |      /  |       ==V===V=V==V====V=====V===V====== : |  |  \  \   |    /    |     :  : |  /-\' | |  /-\'  |   /-\'   :  : |  |A|  | |  |B|   |   |C|    : : | - | | - |  -   :  : |__/ |  |  \_| |___/   | |    :  :      |   \____________/  |    :  :      \______     ________/    :  :             \   /             :  :              | |              :  :    [G]---\   [W]       [E]    : :    | \  |    |       / | \   :  ======V=V==V=====V=====V==V==V=== | | |    |     /   |   \

Here is a picture with forks, essentially equivalent to parallel connections

The solution usually given to this puzzle depends upon the fact that the puzzle, as stated, does not prohibit one of the connections going under a house (for example, the gas connection for A is routed G->pass under B->A). This appears to be topologically equivalent to the above(?).


text:
Talk:David Yassky

Untitled
I'm not sure where to start with this. The whole thing smacks of a political campaign website. There just wouldn't be any NPOV information left if you took away the political inserts.

Problem

 * Prideaux writes: Much of the text of this article as originally drafted was too time sensitive and not appropriate for a reference source.  Please adhere to Wikipedia's standards for biographical material or your editing privileges will be suspended.

Ruthfulbarbarity 06:00, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * There is already a dearth of information about Brooklyn-and in particular, Brooklyn politicians-on Wikipedia, and I can't comprehend why anyone would think that removing what little information exists would have an ameliorating effect upon the present situation.
 * And the people who continue to monkey with this article have decided not to respond.

 * Why doesn't that surprise me?

Ruthfulbarbarity 19:03, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The same user-once again-has deleted pertinent information from this article without providing so much as a one sentence explanation.

 * Which leads me to ask yet again, "why?"

 * What is his or her motivation?

 * Furthermore, why won't he or she explain that motivation on this article's relevant talk page?

 * I'm more than willing to compromise on any edits that that person feels were improper, but I want to know what led him/her to that conclusion. Ruthfulbarbarity 00:13, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I've restored all the deleted text. Clearly we've got an editor here whose sole purpose is to remove information not glowingly positive of Yassky.  No surprise there, I suppose, this is a political campaign... -/- Warren 01:22, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, the problem is that the information he deleted was not pejorative or adulatory as far as Yassky is concerned.

 * It was merely delineating the most important, most highly publicized issue of this campaign. Namely, the fact that Yassky is a white City Councilman from Brooklyn Heights running in a predominantly African-American, Flatbush-based congressional district.

 * Without that information even alluded to people coming to this article cold will scratch their heads and wonder why on earth this primary has attracted so much attention from the New York Times, Washington Post, etc., etc... Ruthfulbarbarity 00:47, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Reversion To Previous Page

 * No doubt we'll have to do this again pretty soon, if recent history is any guide.

 * sigh* Ruthfulbarbarity 02:04, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

irrelevant material
and politically biased at that, has been commented out. That two of the people who spoke against him arent from his district is not exactly relevant. DGG 03:00, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

The irrelevant material reappeared and it has been removed again 1/12/2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:54, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 13:01, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Yassky. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070312104840/http://www.ny1.com/ny/Election/2006primary/index.html?page_name=congress to http://www.ny1.com/ny/Election/2006primary/index.html?page_name=congress

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:46, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

2022 New York State Senate Campaign and Edits that Don't Conform to WP:BLP
I have been trying to clean up some non-neutral language and unsourced comments that I encountered on this page, and see that not only mine but other Wikipedians' edits are being removed and constructive changes being reverted. I see that the subject announced a new campaign in February 2022, and so I expect that unconstructive edits will be more common. Please keep in mind that Biographies of Living Persons have strict requirements and all edits should be from a neutral point of view, should be verifiable and should not contain original research. If pointed language is going to be used, ensure that it is attributed and well-sourced. Otherwise it will continue to be deleted, per the rules on biographies of living persons. Chaonautical (talk) 04:22, 16 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Yassky