text:
User:Mr. Stradivarius/Connectionism

Connectionist accounts of language acquisition are hypotheses and models of how humans learn language that are made within the framework of connectionism. Connectionism is a general theory of cognition and learning that takes place across all domains of thought, and is not limited to language. Connectionists believe that language acquisition is an emergent phenomenon; that is, that it can be explained by simple rules that work together to create a complex system of language when exposed to large amounts of natural language input. Connectionism is one of several constructivist approaches to explaining language acquisition; along with the other constructivists, connectionists believe that language acquisition can be explained by general learning processes, and that there is no “special” process for language learning inside the brain.

Frequency
Connectionist models assume that language acquisition can be explained by the connections between synapses in the brain, and how they change over time. The basic assumption that connectionists make is that synapses that are fired at the same time will tend to be associated with one another. Thus the strongest connections are those which are fired together the most frequently. Furthermore, connectionists assume that this applies not just to single neurons, but to networks of neurons. These neural networks are hierarchical, meaning that connections are made at all different levels of language.

Chunking
Connectionists represent this through the concept of ‘’chunking’’. Chunking is the connection of different elements in short-term memory to make one ‘’chunk’’. This connection frees up mental resources to focus on other stimuli. The number of mental items a person can hold in short-term memory is limited to something between seven and nine. However, with chunking, the amount of information stored can be increased. According to Nick Ellis, this is the mechanism that makes the telephone number “0800-123777” easier to remember than the more random number “4957-632518”. Chunking is also recursive; things which are chunked together may themselves be chunks, and so on.

Connectionists hold that native speakers of have learned to chunk a great deal of their language, from individual sounds and letters to entire phrases and clauses. As Nick Ellis puts it:

"What’s next in a sentence beginning T…? Native English speakers know it is much more likely to be h or a vowel than it is z or other consonants, and that it could not be q. But they are never taught this. What is the first word in that sentence? We are likely to opt for the, or that, rather than thinks or theosophy. If The… begins the sentence, how does it continue? "With an adjective or noun," might be the reply. And, if the sentences (sic) starts with The cat…, then what? And then again, how should we complete The cat sat on the…?"

- Nick Ellis, 2003

title: User:Mr. Stradivarius/Connectionism


text:
Talk:Serbo-Croatian stream

I'm trying to find actual language lessons (Serbo-Croatian) here on Wikipedia. Where are they? Somebody, please help! Thanks, Sam<EMAIL_ADDRESS>

 * Everything here at Wikiversity is very new. I suggest you describe what your learning goals are and join in the creation of new learning resources. --JWSchmidt 23:17, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Serbo-Croatian stream


text:
Compiler Construction/Semantic Analysis

Semantic Analysis
This is roughly the equivalent of checking that some ordinary text written in a natural language (e.g. English) actually means something (whether or not that is what it was intended to mean).

The purpose of semantic analysis is to check that we have a meaningful sequence of tokens. Note that a sequence can be meaningful without being correct; in most programming languages, the phrase "x + 1" would be considered to be a meaningful arithmetic expression. However, if the programmer really meant to write "x - 1", then it is not correct.

Name Table
Time to read Aho & Ullman/Dragon book carefully.

Semantic analysis is the activity of a compiler to determine what the types of various values are, how those types interact in expressions, and whether those interactions are semantically reasonable. For instance, you can't reasonably multiply a string by class name, although no editor will stop you from writing

"abc" * MyClass To do this, the compiler must first identify declarations and scopes, and typically records the result of this step in a set of symbol tables. This tells it what specific identifiers means in specific contexts. It must also determine the types of various literal constants; "abc" is a different type than 12.2e-5.

Then it must visit all locations where identifiers and literals are used, and verify that the use of the identifier/literal, and the results computed, are compatible with the language definition (as in the above example).

As to how this is done: typically the source code is parsed, some representation of the program is constructed (syntax trees are very popular), and that representation is walked ("visited") element by element to collect/validate the semantic information. The symbol table is usually just a set of hash tables associated with the syntax tree representing a scope, hashing from identifiers to structures containing type declarations.

Type Checking
In a statically typed language, immediately following the parsing phase is the type checking phase. This attempts to catch programming errors based on the theory of types. In practice this is checking things like a variable declared as a string is not used in an expression requiring an integer.

In a dynamically typed language no type checking is performed (it is actually deferred until runtime).

title: Compiler Construction/Semantic Analysis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Contemporary electronic music

The result was keep. Talk about 'merging' can, of course, still occur. Eddie891 Talk Work 18:05, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Contemporary electronic music

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

replication of existing content, we already have articles on electronic music, electronic dance music, and 'electronica'.... unnecessary article on a niche term that describes precisely nothing. Acousmana (talk) 13:30, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Music-related deletion discussions. Acousmana (talk) 13:30, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete. It's an essay, so there's no point in merging. Electronic music and the other articles the nom points out cover it. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 14:26, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Electronica was boldly moved to Contemporary electronic music. I moved it back. – wbm1058 (talk) 17:16, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Admin note. If a consensus forms to delete this; please move it to Electronica (music) without leaving a redirect, in order to free up the page history at the title, and then move Electronica (disambiguation) to the base title. Thanks, wbm1058 (talk) 17:21, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep It's a well-known genre. If the quality of the article or its sourcing is at question, that can be addressed by improving it as the topic itself is notable. Walter Görlitz (talk) 22:05, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * This was the 'electronica' article, until a page move renamed it to the above. Can you give a definition of "contemporary electronic music"? Do you mean in the sense of institutional/academic electroacoustic music, or are you intending it to be an umbrella term for so-called vernacular electronic music? Acousmana (talk) 22:45, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I see that some in the genre we call "electronica" prefer "contemporary electronic music", but a change in title is different than a deletion discussion. I'm opposed to deletion of electronica, which is where the AfD template is currently located. made the move. I don't really understand why though, but this is now a very large mess. Walter Görlitz (talk) 23:11, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * it's a mess alright, i proposed the deletion before seeing what exactly had happened with page moves/redirects etc., electronica article certainly has issues, needs updating, but agree that deletion is unnecessary.Acousmana (talk) 10:23, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Aasim 17:47, 25 August 2020 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Article history is quite a mess. I entered this AfD with some skepticism for the "contemporary electronic music" title, but see now that it's just "electronica". I don't think there's a sufficiently clear distinction between "electronica" and "electronic dance music" sufficient to have two articles here, but certainly no need to delete. Neither is quite a genre as much as an umbrella term to make it easy to refer to a bunch of genres. The question is how best to Merge them together, probably under the latter title, with some give/take with electronic music, too. That's best handled on the article talk pages, though. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 00:00, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * it is complicated slightly by regional differences in the usage history of the word "electronica," before it was adopted by the US record industry in the mid 90s, it was used - primarily in the UK - to describe electronic music that would later be labelled IDM. This was never fleshed out properly in the electronica article but there are sources available hato could be cited. Acousmana (talk) 18:02, 26 August 2020 (UTC) On second thoughts, a redirect to electronic dance music probably the simplest thing at this point. Acousmana (talk) 18:27, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Except no one calls it "electronic dance music". They do call it "contemporary electronic music" though. Walter Görlitz (talk) 03:41, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, so we need usable musicological sources that very clearly outline the differences between electronic music, electronica, electronic dance music, and contemporary electronic music. Fan discourse, unless cited by WP:RS, doesn't solve the problem. Acousmana (talk) 21:51, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 22:19, 5 September 2020 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: final relist. Hopefully some more !votes will clear up what to do with the pages.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Eddie891 Talk Work 00:31, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep Electronica is distinct from electronic music in that the former is a music genre while the latter is a mode of music production. A clear conceptual distinction is that most modern music incorporates electronic music, but that act does not make a piece of music a form of electronica. The current article content needs to be improved, but the underlying concept is notable. Also note that electronica is distinct from EDM in that electronica incorporates non-dance oriented forms. SFB 11:59, 16 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep  ili (talk) 10:40, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep - I agree with Sillyfolkboy - electronica can sometimes mean nearly a wide variety of genres not necessarily made for dance - therefore is distinct from EDMMalmsimp (talk) 07:28, 22 September 2020 (UTC)


text:
bisbigliare

Etymology
. See also.

Verb

 * 1)  to whisper
 * 2)  to gossip, to speak ill
 * 1)  to gossip, to speak ill

title: bisbigliare


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sylvie Silva (2nd nomination)

The result was delete. — JJMC89  (T·C) 06:55, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

Sylvie Silva
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Apparently same page as one deleted, as evinced by Articles for deletion/Sylvie Silva being older than this page. Please salt. From AnUnnamedUser (open talk page) 03:19, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete Only known for one event, sources lacking and didn't win the event yet (WP:CRYSTALBALL. IlluminatingTrooper (talk) 03:29, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Would also delete Draft:Sylvie Silva and its talk page; would recommend salting it too. From AnUnnamedUser (open talk page)  03:45, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep: We have four sources now, the article is only short. Triila73 (talk) 04:07, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * You don't seem to understand the nomination. From AnUnnamedUser (open talk page)  04:12, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Administrator comment: This article was deleted on 17 September in accordance with WP:G5 because it was created by a banned user. Then on 21 September it was re-created by . All of the history has been restored so anyone can examine it. The new version from 9/21 is dissimilar to the deleted version from 9/6 and in spite of a sockpuppet of the banned user returning to edit the new version, it remains substantially different. Therefore, the rationale of this nomination isn't valid. ~Anachronist (talk) 05:30, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Slight correction to your comment. The current article at this AfD [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=create&user=Unitech2019&page=Sylvie+Silva was created] by on 9/22 who is now blocked as a sockpuppet. The version created by  on 9/21 [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=&user=CASSIOPEIA&page=Sylvie+Silva&wpdate=&tagfilter= was moved to draft] at the time.  It was later merged into this. So technically the article (before merge) qualified for G5 as a creation by , the problem was that another article (created by ) was merged into it; I am not sure why. And that's the reason the article "remains substantially different" from the first deleted version. The better thing would have been to delete the version by  when he was blocked and leave the draft version by  as it was, since they are different users and on different standings. – Ammarpad (talk) 05:58, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete a non-notable beauty queen.John Pack Lambert (talk) 06:57, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Women-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 07:05, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Beauty pageants-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 07:05, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Portugal-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 07:05, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Speedy Delete G5 - not only are both the creators sockpuppets of blocked users, so are most of the contributors,, , , , , . -- Cabayi (talk) 07:07, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete and Salt Per G5; Salt due to extensive socking. Kb03 (talk) 13:51, 23 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Shivnagar Vidya Prasarak Mandal

Shivnagar Vidya Prasarak Mandal (SVPM) [svpm.org.in] is an educational campus located in Malegaon (Bk.), Baramati in Pune district Maharashtra.This is prominent college of Baramati. Shivnagar Vidya Prasarak Mandal, Shivnagar was constituted in 1972 to bring the stream of education from pre - primary to diploma and degree level in the rural areas. It is sponsored by the Malegaon Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. Shivanagar, Tal. Baramati Dist. Pune. The educational institutions are run under the visionary and dynamic leadership of Hon'ble Shri. Sharadchandraji Pawar, Minister for Agricultural & Food Govt. of India who is the president. Respected Shri Chandrarao Taware is the Vice President. The SVPM trust conducts professional higher education in Engineering, Pharmacy & Management.

Educational Institutions

 * Institute of Pharmacy
 * College of Pharmacy
 * Institute of Engineering and Technology
 * College of Engineering
 * Institute of Management
 * College of Commerce Science and Computer Education (BBA/BCA/BCS/BCom)

Diploma Courses

 * Civil Diploma
 * Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
 * Electrical Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Computer Engineering
 * Automobile Engineering

Degree Courses

 * Civil Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
 * Computer Engineering
 * Information Technology Engineering
 * Electrical Engineering

PG in Engineering

 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

title: Shivnagar Vidya Prasarak Mandal


text:
Willard J. Peterson

Willard J. Peterson is an American historian and sinologist. He is Gordon Wu '58 Professor of Chinese Studies, Emeritus, and Professor of East Asian Studies and History, Emeritus at Princeton University. His research specialties include early Chinese philosophy and Chinese intellectual history and history of science during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Academic career
Peterson received his training as a sinologist from D. C. Lau and A. C. Graham in London in the 1960s. He went on to earn his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1970 and began teaching at Princeton University.

Peterson's early works focus on prominent Chinese intellectual figures in the seventeenth century such as Gu Yanwu and Fang Yizhi by placing their writings in the context of new trends of Neo-Confucian philosophy after Wang Yangming as well as the Ming-Qing transition. In the 1980s, he published some of his most influential works in the Sinology circle, including his original annotation on the classical Chinese text The Book of Change, and a series of seminal papers on the Jesuit missionaries and their role in facilitating interactions of scientific knowledges between the East and West in early modern global history. Later, he became an important contributor and editor of the renowned The Cambridge History of China. He was the head editor of its two-part volume 9 on history of the first half of the Qing dynasty, published in 2002 and 2016, respectively.

At Princeton University, Peterson taught a wide range of classes on Chinese philosophy and Chinese history before his retirement in 2020.

Notable publications

 * Peterson, Willard J. (1968). "The Life of Ku Yen-wu (1613-1682)." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 28: 114-156.
 * —— (1973). "Western Natural Philosophy Published in Late Ming China." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 117 (4): 295-322.
 * —— (1979). Bitter Gourd: Fang I-chih and the Impetus for Intellectual Change. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
 * —— (1979). "The Grounds of Mencius' Argument." Philosophy East and West 29 (3): 307-321.
 * —— (1980). "'Chinese Scientific Philosophy' and Some Chinese Attitudes towards Knowledge about the Realm of Heaven-and-Earth." Past & Present 87: 20-30.
 * —— (1982). "Making Connections: The Commentary on the Attached Verbalizations in the Book of Change." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 42 (1): 67-116.
 * —— (1986). "Calendar Reform Prior to the Arrival of Missionaries at the Ming Court." Ming Studies, 1986: 45-61.
 * —— (1988). "Squares and Circles: Mapping the History of Chinese Thought." Journal of the History of Ideas 49: 47-60.
 * —— (1988). "Why Did They Become Christians? Yang T'ing-yün, Li Chih-tsao and Hsü Kuang-ch'i." East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1592-1773. Chicago: Loyola University Press. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
 * —— (1994). "What to Wear? Observation and Participation by Jesuit Missionaries in Late Ming Society." Implicit Understandings: Observing, Reporting and Reflecting on the Encounters Between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
 * —— (1994). "Ssu-ma Ch'ien as Cultural Historian." The Power of Culture: Studies in Chinese Cultural History. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
 * —— (1998). "Confucian Learning in Late Ming Thought." The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2: 1368–1644. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>768
 * —— (1998). "Learning from Heaven: The Introduction of Christianity and Other Western ideas into Late Ming China." The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2: 1368–1644. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>768
 * Yu, Pauline, Peter Bol, Stephen Owen and Willard Peterson, eds. (2000). Ways with Words: Writing about Reading Texts from Early China. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>051
 * Peterson, Willard J., ed. (2002). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>462
 * —— (2016). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>044

Notable students

 * Peter Bol (Charles H. Carswell Professor of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University, USA)
 * David M. Robinson (Robert H. N. Ho Professor in Asian Studies and Professor of History, Colgate University, USA)

title: Willard J. Peterson


text:
User:MatthewAnderson707/GoodArticles

__NOINDEX__

Symbol support vote.svg Good Articles
• :Promoted September 18, 2019

• :Promoted September 20, 2019

• :Promoted December 13, 2019

• :Promoted March 28, 2020

title: User:MatthewAnderson707/GoodArticles


text:
above the salt

Etymology
In medieval times, salt (a valuable seasoning) was placed in the middle of a dining table and the lord and his family were seated "above the salt" and other guests or servants below.

Prepositional phrase

 * 1)  Of high standing or honor.

title: above the salt


text:
Talk:Sinking of the Titanic (disambiguation)

The lady with a penknife
I am told, that a relative of mine was on the RMS Titanic and was in fact the one who cut a cord which aided in successfully launching the lifeboat. I've never looked up info nor am sure of her name. She was from Ireland. Perhaps county Clare or Limerick. Her name may have been Morrissey or Keane. I've not met her. If you know any facts about the incident of the lifeboat that was stuck in its davit with rope and she leant her pen knife to cut the boat free saving many lives. You can contact me through email at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Just known facts please. No questions. The scene was prominent in a night to remember the movie. Thank you and may God bless you. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:13, 17 November 2021 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Richard Boyle (journalist)

Comments
I created this article, but hit "Publish" by accident, before I'd finished working on it. Another editor cleaned up a couple of format and category corrections a moment later. I'm coming back to work on this some more. Activist (talk) 21:25, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

Videos
I removed note that he made the documentary films, Sir! No Sir! (2005) and Into the Valley of Death (2001) because someone else is credited for the first one. FloridaArmy (talk) 13:19, 1 July 2022 (UTC)
 * He was in these films? FloridaArmy (talk) 13:20, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Boyle (journalist)


text:
Sergei Khoroshun

Sergei Khoroshun (born June 27, 1980) is a Russian professional ice hockey goaltender playing for Epinal Hockey Club of the FFHG Division 1.

Khoroshun previously played in the Kontinental Hockey League for HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk and Vityaz Chekov. He also played one game for Dinamo-Energija Yekaterinburg in the Russian Superleague. He also played in the Tipsport Liga for HC '05 Banská Bystrica and the Ligue Magnus for Aigles de Nice.

title: Sergei Khoroshun


text:
Talk:Diarmuid O'Carroll

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Diarmuid O'Carroll. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071215184545/http://www.celticfc.net/news/stories/news_061207111302.aspx to http://www.celticfc.net/news/stories/news_061207111302.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090731120149/http://shamrockrovers.ie/news/34-2009-match-reports/902-report-rovers-1-hibernian-fc-0 to http://www.shamrockrovers.ie/news/34-2009-match-reports/902-report-rovers-1-hibernian-fc-0

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:27, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Diarmuid O'Carroll. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120401181407/http://glenavonfc.com/blog/?paged=3 to http://glenavonfc.com/blog/?paged=3
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140501235802/http://glenavonfc.com/blog/?p=11773 to http://glenavonfc.com/blog/?p=11773
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140502001946/http://www.cliftonvillefc.net/report_leonidas_060112.html to http://www.cliftonvillefc.net/report_leonidas_060112.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:46, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diarmuid O'Carroll


text:
Viola Desmond

Viola Irene Desmond (July 6, 1914 – February 7, 1965) was a Canadian civil and women's rights activist and businesswoman of Black Nova Scotian descent. In 1946, she challenged racial segregation at a cinema in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, by refusing to leave a whites-only area of the Roseland Theatre. For this, she was convicted of a minor tax violation for the one-cent tax difference between the seat that she had paid for and the seat that she used, which was more expensive. Desmond's case is one of the most publicized incidents of racial discrimination in Canadian history and helped start the modern civil rights movement in Canada.

In 2010, Desmond was granted a posthumous free pardon, the first to be granted in Canada. A free pardon deems the person granted the pardon to have never committed the offence and cancels any consequence resulting from the conviction, such as fines, prohibitions or forfeitures. However, it was not until 2021 that the government repaid the $26 (worth $368 CAD as of 2021) fine to her estate in the form of a $1,000 scholarship that adjusted the amount to reflect the time value of money. The Crown-in-Right-of-Nova Scotia also apologized for prosecuting her for tax evasion and acknowledged she was rightfully resisting racial discrimination.

In late 2018, Desmond became the first Canadian-born woman to appear alone on a Canadian bank note—a $10 bill—which was unveiled by Finance Minister Bill Morneau and Bank of Canada Governor Stephen Poloz during a ceremony at the Halifax Central Library on March 8, 2018. Desmond was also named a National Historic Person in 2018.

Biography
Viola Desmond was born on July 6, 1914, one of ten children of James Albert and Gwendolin Irene (née Johnson) Davis. She was raised by her father and mother in Halifax. In 1917, Viola, then age 3, survived the Halifax Explosion, alongside her family. Viola's father worked as a stevedore for a number of years before he became a barber.

Growing up, Desmond noted the absence of professional hair and skin-care products for black women and set her sights on addressing this need. Being of African descent, she was not allowed to train to become a beautician in Halifax, so she left and received beautician training in Montreal, Atlantic City, and one of Madam C. J. Walker's beauty schools in New York. Upon finishing her training, Desmond returned to Halifax to start her own hair salon called Vi's Studio of Beauty Culture. Her clients included Portia White and Gwen Jenkins, later the first black nurse in Nova Scotia.

In addition to the salon, Desmond opened The Desmond School of Beauty Culture so that black women would not have to travel as far as they had to receive proper training. Catering to women from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Quebec, the school operated using a vertical integration framework. Students were provided with the skills required to open their own businesses and provide jobs for other black women within their communities. Each year as many as fifteen women graduated from the school, all of whom had been denied admission to whites-only training schools. Desmond also started her own line of beauty products, Vi's Beauty Products, which she marketed and sold herself.

Arrest
Viola Desmond joined her husband Jack Desmond in a combined barbershop and hairdressing salon on Gottingen Street. On November 8, 1946, while she was on a business trip to Sydney to sell her beauty products, Viola Desmond's car broke down in New Glasgow. She was told that she would have to wait a day before the parts to fix it became available. To pass the time while waiting, she went to see  The Dark Mirror starring Olivia de Havilland at the Roseland Film Theatre. There were no segregation laws for movie theatres in Nova Scotia, and the theatre had no sign telling its patrons about the policy, but main floor seats were reserved for white patrons, a discriminatory practice permitted in all Canadian provinces. Desmond was sold a ticket to the balcony. Unaware of the segregation and, being nearsighted, she went to sit in the floor section to be close to the screen. When she was asked to move, she realized what was happening, and refused to move because she had a better view from the main floor. When she requested to exchange her balcony ticket to the main floor for an additional cost, she was refused and forcefully removed from the theatre which caused an injury to her hip. She was also arrested and spent 12 hours in jail, and had to pay a $26 fine for tax evasion. The tax on the balcony price of 30 cents was two cents; the tax on the floor price of 40 cents was three cents. She was convicted of depriving the government of one cent in tax. Desmond was kept in jail overnight and was never informed about her right to legal advice, a lawyer, or bail.

Upon returning to Halifax, Desmond discussed the matter with her husband, and his advice was to let it go. However, she then sought advice from the leaders of her church, the Cornwallis Street Baptist Church, where the Minister William Pearly Oliver and his wife Pearline encouraged her to take action. With their support, Desmond decided to fight the charge in court.

Trials
Following the decision to fight the charge, Carrie Best broke the story of Desmond in the first edition of The Clarion, the first black-owned and published Nova Scotia newspaper. Best closely covered the story of Desmond on front page as she had herself previously confronted the racial segregation of the Roseland Theatre.

With the help of her church and the Nova Scotia Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NSAACP), Desmond hired a lawyer, Frederick William Bissett, who represented her in the criminal trials and attempted, unsuccessfully, to file a lawsuit against the Roseland Theatre.

During subsequent trials the government insisted on arguing that this was a case of tax evasion. A provincial act regulating cinemas and movie theatres required the payment of an amusement tax based on the price of the theatre ticket. Since the theatre would only agree to sell Desmond a cheaper balcony ticket, but she had insisted upon sitting in the much more expensive main floor seat, she was only one cent short on tax. The statute used to convict Desmond contained no explicitly racist or discriminatory language.

Bissett's decision to opt for a judicial review rather than appeal the original conviction proved disastrous. Desmond's lawyer tried to appeal the decision on the basis of her being wrongfully accused of tax evasion, not on the basis of racial discrimination. When dismissing the case, Justice William Lorimer Hall said: "Had the matter reached the court by some other method than certiorari there might have been an opportunity to right the wrong done this unfortunate woman. One wonders if the manager of the theatre who laid the complaint was so zealous because of a bona fide belief that there had been an attempt to defraud the province of Nova Scotia of the sum of one cent, or was it a surreptitious endeavour to enforce a Jim Crow rule by misuse of a public statute."

Her lawyer, Bissett, refused to bill Desmond, and the money was used to support William Pearly Oliver's newly established NSAACP.

Later life
After the trial and encounter with the legal system of Nova Scotia, her marriage ended. Desmond closed her business and moved to Montreal where she could enroll in a business college. She eventually settled in New York City, where she died from gastrointestinal bleeding on February 7, 1965, at the age of 50. She is buried at Camp Hill Cemetery in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Legacy
William Pearly Oliver later reflected on Desmond's legacy: "... this meant something to our people. Neither before or since has there been such an aggressive effort to obtain rights. The people arose as one and with one voice.  This positive stand enhanced the prestige of the Negro community throughout the Province. It is my conviction that much of the positive action that has since taken place stemmed from this ..."

Desmond is often compared to Rosa Parks, given they both challenged racism by refusing to vacate seats in "Whites Only" sections and contributed to the rise of the Civil Rights Movement. Despite Nova Scotia and other Canadian provinces having Jim Crow laws, for instance in education, there was no law specifically enforcing segregation in theatres.

Commemorations

On 28 January 2019, Temma Frecker, a Nova Scotia teacher at The Booker School, was awarded the Governor General's History Award for her class's proposal to build a statue of Desmond in Cornwallis Park. Her proposal was to include the existing Edward Cornwallis statue among three other statues of Acadian Noël Doiron, Black Nova Scotian Viola Desmond and Mi'kmaq Chief John Denny Jr. The four statutes would be positioned as if in a conversation with each other, discussing their accomplishments and struggles.

Cape Breton University established a scholarship campaign in the names of Viola Desmond and her sister Wanda Robson, and named Dr. Graham Reynolds the first Viola Desmond Chair in Social Justice in her honour. Additionally, Dr. Graham Reynolds, along with Wanda Robson, authored "Viola Desmond: Her Life and Times" and "Viola Desmond’s Canada: A History of Blacks and Racial Segregation in the Promised Land," the latter featuring a foreword by George Elliott Clarke.

In 2010, Mayann E. Francis Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia unveiled a portrait of Desmond which is on permanent display in the Ballroom at Government House (Nova Scotia).

In 2012, Desmond was portrayed on a commemorative stamp issued by Canada Post.

On July 7, 2016, a Halifax harbour ferry was launched bearing her name.

Viola Desmond was, on December 8, 2016, chosen from a shortlist of five to be the first Canadian-born woman, the fourth woman (after Queen Mary, Princess Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood, and Queen Elizabeth II), and the first non-royal to appear on her own on a Canadian banknote, to celebrate her achievements in the civil rights movement. In so doing, she also became the first black person featured in that way. On November 26, 2018, the Bank of Canada revealed the new design of the ten-dollar banknote, showing Desmond's effigy on the obverse and, on the back, a map of Halifax's historic north end and the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Desmond was named a National Historic Person on January 12, 2018.

In June 2018, Canada's Walk of Fame star was unveiled at the Halifax Ferry Terminal.

In June 2018, at the request of a local city councillor, Scarborough community council approved the renaming of Hupfield Park as Viola Desmond Park. The park is located in the Malvern neighbourhood of Scarborough within Toronto.

In July 2018, a short stretch of Forbes Street in New Glasgow outside of the former Roseland Theatre was renamed Viola's Way.

In February 2019, Royal Canadian Mint announced the release of first Black History Month coin, a pure silver coin featuring Viola Desmond.

In April 2019, the International Bank Note Society (IBNS) selected Canadian ten-dollar note featuring Viola Desmond to receive Bank Note of the Year Award for 2018.

In April 2021, the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board announced a new elementary school named after Desmond. The Viola Desmond Elementary School educates 682 students in kindergarten through to Grade 8 and opened in September 2021.

In November 2022, the Toronto International Film Festival announced that the largest screening room at the TIFF Bell Lightbox will be named the Viola Desmond Theatre in 2023.

The Arts
In 2000, Desmond and other Canadian civil rights activists were the subject of a National Film Board of Canada documentary Journey to Justice. A documentary film was made about her, entitled Long Road to Justice: The Viola Desmond Story.

Her sister, Wanda Robson, wrote a book about activism in her family and her experiences with her sister, titled Sister to Courage. Desmond was also the subject of a children's book Viola Desmond Won't Be Budged by Jody Nyasha Warner.

Singer Faith Nolan wrote a song about her.

On February 2, 2016, Historica Canada featured Desmond in a Heritage Minute, filmed in High River, Alberta, in June 2015. The video features Kandyse McClure as Viola Desmond. She became the first historical woman of colour to feature in a Heritage Minute.

Google's July 6, 2018 Doodle, created by Google artist Sophie Diao, celebrates the life and legacy of Viola Desmond and was distributed across Canada. Canada's New 10$ banknote issued in 2018 featured Viola Desmond.

Desmond's life and broader issues of racial discrimination in Canada are the subject of a play developed by Toronto playwright Andrea Scott. Controlled Damage was produced by Halifax's Neptune Theatre in association with the current productions of Toronto. The play premiered at Neptune on 4 February 2020 with Halifax actress Deborah Castrilli in the role of Viola Desmond.

Apology and pardon
On April 14, 2010, the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, Mayann Francis, on the advice of Premier Darrell Dexter, invoked the royal prerogative and granted Desmond a posthumous free pardon, the first to be granted in Canada. The free pardon, an extraordinary remedy granted under the royal prerogative of mercy only in the rarest of circumstances and the first one granted posthumously, differs from a simple pardon in that it is based on innocence and recognizes that a conviction was in error. Francis, herself a Black Canadian, remarked, "here I am, 64 years later—a black woman giving freedom to another black woman".

The Premier also made an apology. Desmond's younger sister, Wanda Robson, and Dr. Graham Reynolds, a professor of Cape Breton University, worked with Cabinet to ensure that Desmond's name was cleared; there was a public acknowledgement of the injustice and the Crown-in-Council reaffirmed its commitment to human rights. The provincial government declared in February 2015 the first Nova Scotia Heritage Day in Desmond's honour. Desmond's portrait also hangs in Government House, in Halifax.

Prompted by a request from Ontario high school student Varishini Deochand in 2021, the government of Nova Scotia offered a symbolic repayment of Desmond's original court fees to her only surviving family member, Robson. When Robson said she would use the money to make a one-time donation for a scholarship at Cape Breton University, the Crown-in-Council increased the repayment from the current valuation of $368.29 to $1,000. The provincial Crown also issued a commemorative cheque to display in the legislature. Original court costs were $26.

title: Viola Desmond


text:
Ironwood Forest National Monument

Ironwood Forest National Monument is located in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona. Created by Bill Clinton by Presidential Proclamation 7320 on June 9, 2000, the monument is managed by the Bureau of Land Management, an agency within the United States Department of the Interior. The monument covers 129,055 acres, of which 59,573 acres are non-federal and include private land holdings and Arizona State School Trust lands.

A significant concentration of ironwood (also known as desert ironwood, Olneya tesota) trees are found in the monument, along with two federally recognized endangered animal and plant species. More than 200 Hohokam archaeological sites have been identified in the monument, dated between 600 and 1450.

Flora
An array of flora are present in the Ironwood Forest National Monument. The lower elevations are in the Sonoran Desert ecoregion. One of the notable trees native here is the elephant tree (Bursera microphylla). Small populations of the endangered Nichols turk's head cactus, although not found among ironwood trees, occur in very localized limestone-rich areas within the monument.

The desert ironwood (Olneya tesota) is a very long-lived tree, with some specimens estimated to be more than 800 years old. Desert ironwood is a keystone species because it provides a nursery environment of shade and protection that enables young seedlings of other species to become established despite the harsh desert climate, where daytime high temperatures can exceed 105 °F. The ironwood also provides shade and roosting area habitats for birds. Its smoky lavender-colored blossoms provide nectar for bees and other insects, as well as forage for animals. The blossoms produce bean pods which also provide food for desert animals.
 * Ironwood trees

Lists of dominant plants in the prehistoric ecology and plant community of the Waterman Mountains area in the monument have been published in a sequence that currently dates back to the last glacial period, the Late Wisconsin glacial period. Dominant trees of that era, based upon pollen records, were Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla), and redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii), and understory plants included Monardella arizonica.
 * Prehistoric ecology

Fauna
According to Proclamation 7320, 674 plant and animal species have been identified in the Silver Bell Mountains within the monument, including 64 species of mammals and 57 species of birds, although the Bureau of Land Management has been unable to verify those claims. Recent studies by the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, however, have documented 560 plant species. Resident birdwatchers have documented more than 80 species of migratory and non-migratory birds.

One specimen of the endangered lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris curasoae) and a night roost were documented within the monument by bat researchers Karen Krebbs and Yar Petryszyn. They concluded that while the monument may be an important feeding stopover during spring migrations, the presence of L. curasoae in the monument is probably low or incidental. Leptonycteris curasoae is one of only a few bat species that migrate long distances, coming from as far south as Jalisco, Mexico, more than 1600 mi.

The Arizona desert bighorn sheep herd located within the monument is the last remaining relict population of desert bighorn sheep in southeastern Arizona, having first migrated into North America during the Pleistocene epoch. One or two specimens of the cactus ferruginous pygmy owl, which was listed as an endangered species in March 1997 and delisted by court order April 14, 2006, have been found within and near the monument by licensed surveyors.

History
The Hohokam people were the first miners in the area. They mined turquoise in the Silver Bell Mountains. Silver and copper mining began in the Silver Bell Mountains around 1850 and continues today. Bighorn sheep ewes prefer mine tailings for lambing grounds because the high, steep and open terrain enables them to see and escape from predators.

Activities
The Ironwood Forest National Monument is managed for multiple uses including recreation, cattle grazing and mining, although new mining claims and motorized off-road travel are prohibited by the establishing Proclamation. Livestock grazing, which has occurred continuously for at least the last 125 years within the monument, is currently managed at very light or conservative levels of approximately one cow per every 300 to 400 acre. Domestic sheep and goats are prohibited as a protection to the bighorn sheep. The monument offers almost no surface water but contains sufficient groundwater resources.

The cattle ranchers maintain more than 80 individual man-made water sources within the monument, in addition to the 14 water sources maintained by the Arizona Game and Fish Department and the Arizona Desert Bighorn Sheep Society. The presence of human-supplied water supports the exceptional abundance of birds, mule deer, coyotes, foxes, bobcats, mountain lions and other wildlife found in the monument.

title: Ironwood Forest National Monument


text:
Isn't It Time (The Beach Boys song)

"Isn't It Time" is a song from the American rock group, The Beach Boys. The song is the second single released from the band's twenty-ninth studio album, That's Why God Made the Radio.

A special single version was released as an EP with live versions of "California Girls", "Do It Again" and "Sail On, Sailor" from Chicago on September 28, 2012 on iTunes, and was also included on The Beach Boys 2012 compilation album Fifty Big Ones. It is significantly remixed and partially re-recorded. According to Mike Love, "We actually did a little bit of extra work on the bridge to make it more of a four-part (harmony) thing and changed the lyric a little bit as well."

Personnel

 * The Beach Boys
 * Brian Wilson – vocals
 * Mike Love – vocals
 * Al Jardine – vocals
 * Bruce Johnston – vocals
 * David Marks – guitar

 * Additional musicians
 * Jeff Foskett – vocals, guitar
 * Jim Peterik – ukulele, percussion
 * Larry Millas – bass

title: Isn't It Time (The Beach Boys song)


text:
File:StarWarsPosterPainting.jpg

Summary
Rough painting of poster which will be a prop for the movie set of "Seduced by the Dark Side!" for WikiU Film School. Created by Robert Elliott in ArtRage2 Free Demo version.

title: File:StarWarsPosterPainting.jpg


text:
Filmmaking Basics/Understanding Film Dailies

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Learn by examples
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;" rowspan="2"|

Look at real examples

 * In this lesson, we look at real examples from Hollywood. To do this, you need the disks from the Star Movie Shop. Currently, it takes up to 4 weeks to send disks to Africa, 12 days to Egypt, etc, so let me know your maling address.

Take the exams

 * Once you are finished looking the disks, you take an exam. Each disk has a separate introduction page and a separate exam page.

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

Disks from Star Movie Shop
 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

To do this lesson, you need to get the disks from the Star Movie Shop. The good news is you can get these disk for free if you have been a good student.
 * You need disks

These are the same disks used for the motion picture editing course at Wikiversity Film School. Therefore, by completing this lesson, you will be ready to take the film editing course.
 * Film Editing Disks

All of these disks are designed for the Macintosh computer. Fortunately, all of the disks are cross-platform disks. If you have trouble accessing any of the pieces of these disks, find someone with a Macintosh computer and ask them to convert them to whatever format your programs need.
 * Designed for the Macintosh

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |
 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

Use your points to get the disks.
 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

You can use your points to get these disks. (Unfortunately, these disks are not available in all locations.)
 * Get the disks for free

To get the disk, email me and tell me what you are ready for this lesson. @undefined.

 * Note : This offer is only for students who have already completed the first part of the filmmaking course.

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Begin with "Follow Dave?" Editing Workshop CD
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

The next page

 * And she said, "Follow Dave?"
 * Start with the first lesson on Editing a conversation - Overview

 * }


text:
Anatomy/Terminology

Anatomical Position
When discussing the anatomy of the human body, it is useful to first define a standard position in which the body will be presented. This standard allows the relative position of parts of the body to be described accurately and with less confusion. Anatomists use the anatomical position. A person in the anatomical position is standing up straight, with arms at the sides and palms facing forwards with the fingers extended. The feet are facing forward, as are the head and eyes (see the figure to the right).

Planes of the Body
Four planes through the body are used to describe the position and orientation of parts of the body. These are:

 * Median or Sagittal plane - This plane runs through the body from the head (cephalic end) to the feet (plantar end). A cut on the sagittal plane of humans creates a right and left bilaterally symmetrical half. Any plane parallel to this through the body is known as a para-sagittal plane.
 * Coronal plane/lateral/frontal - This plane runs through the body, also from the head to the feet, and divides the body into front and rear halves.
 * Transverse plane - This is any plane that runs left to right through the body and divides it into upper and lower sections.
 * Oblique plane - Any plane through the body that is not parallel to one of the former three.

Anatomical Terms
When discussing anatomy, the following terms are used to describe the relative positions of the parts of the body. When using these terms, it is assumed that the body is in the anatomical position.
 * Dorsal  - Location referring to the back or upper side of an organism or parts of an organism.
 * Ventral - On or relating to the underside of an animal or plant; abdominal.
 * Lateral - More distant to the body midline. In the anatomical position, the radius is lateral to the ulna. A simpler example is the "thumb" is lateral to the "pinky."
 * Medial  - Closer to the midline; on the inner side. The sternum (breast plate) is medial to the clavcle (shoulder bone).
 * Superior - Above, towards the cephalic (head) end. The cranial cavity (head cavity) is superior to the scapula (shoulder blade).
 * Inferior - Below, towards the plantar (foot) end. The patella (knee cap) is inferior to the femur (thigh bone).
 * Anterior - Towards the front of the body. The sternum is anterior to the spine. Also known as ventral, but this term is not as common in human anatomy.
 * Posterior - Towards the rear/backside of the body. The fibula is posterior to the tibia. Also known as dorsal, but this term is not as common.
 * "Oblique sections" - separates top from bottom at a diagonal. This term is common.

 * Superficial - Closer to the skin, nearer the body surface. Skin is superficial to the organs.
 * Deep - Further from the body surface.

In the limbs, the following terms are also used:

 * Distal - Further from the limb's attachment to the trunk (where 'trunk' refers to the 'torso' of the body: the body minus the head, kneck, and limbs).
 * proximal - Nearer to the limb's attachment to the trunk. The humerous is proximal to the radius.

Terms may also be combined to describe more complicated relative positions, for example anterolateral, meaning in front of and more lateral to something.

Examples

 * The thumbs are lateral to the index fingers.
 * The shoulder is superior to the hip.
 * The vertebrae of the spine are posterior to the abdominal muscles.
 * The wrist is distal to the elbow.
 * The nose is inferior to the eyes
 * The shoulder blade is posterolateral to the spine.

Movement terms
All acts of movement are considered to be a mixture or a single contribution of the following movement terms:

 * Flexion - where there is a reduction in the angle between bones or parts of the body. This term applies only to movement along the sagittal or median plane. An example of arms flexing is lifting a dinner plate. When applied to the trunk of the body, this term means bowing forwards.
 * Extension - is the opposite of flexion, and there is an increase in the angle. This term applies only to movement along the sagittal or median plane. With the trunk of the body, this movement is bowing backwards.

 * Adduction - where there is a reduction in the angle between bones or parts of the body. This only applies to movement along the coronal plane.
 * Abduction - the exact opposite, with an increase in the angle. Also only applies to movement along the coronal plane.An example of this is where extending arms outwards as if to fly.

 * Rotation - is rotation of an entire limb laterally (away from the body) or medially (towards the midline of the body).

 * Pronation - this is the rotation of the hand so that the palm faces posteriorly. This is not medial rotation as this must be performed when the arm is half flexed. Prone means the hand is facing posteriorly.
 * Supination - the rotation of the hand so that the palm faces anteriorly. The hand is supine (facing anteriorly) in the anatomical position.

 * Protrusion - is the anterior movement of an object. This term is often applied to the jaw.
 * Retrusion - the opposite of protrusion.

 * Elevation - superior movement. This term is often applied to the shoulders (eg shrugging shoulders is elevation)
 * Depression - inferior movement, opposite of elevation.

 * Circumduction - is a special case of movement involving adduction, flexion, extension and abduction. The resulting movement creates a circular path of movement. Circumduction can be done in the hip, shoulder, thumb and fingers.

Special cases
There are several cases where the meaning of the anatomical planes and terms are slightly different. Hence new definitions for movement applies. This is apparent in the foot, the tongue, the hand, the penis, the eyes, and the brain.

Foot and hand
The palm (adj palmar) of the hand corresponds to the sole (adj plantar) of the foot, and the dorsum (back) of the hand corresponds to the dorsum (top) of the foot.

From this, the term dorsiflexion means to flex upwards (true extension) and the term plantarflexion, meaning to extend downwards (true flexion) are derived.

The term volar, used mainly in orthopaedics, is synonymous with palmar and plantar.

The foot is also capable of movement along another axis due to the flexibility of the ankle joint. These movements are

 * Eversion - the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane.
 * Inversion - the movement of the sole towards the median plane. (same as when an ankle is twisted).

The position of the hand in anatomical position is considered supine, such that rotation of the hand so that the palm faces backwards is called pronation and the reverse action, supination.

Others
In the anatomical position, the penis is considered to be erect and pointing upwards, i.e. the dorsal side of the penis is what one would normally call its top side (meaning the side that would touch the belly).

The tongue has a dorsal side which is facing upwards (the side that tastes).

1.2 Introduction to Bones

title: Anatomy/Terminology


text:
Telemedicine in French-speaking Africa

Welcome to the project for Telemedicine in French-speaking Africa.

The Network in French-speaking Africa for Telemedicine (Réseau en Afrique Francophone pour la Télémédecine, RAFT) needs learning materials for public health topics such as Tuberculosis and HIV.

Public health topics

 * Public Health Strategies for Tuberculosis
 * Public Health Strategies for HIV

title: Telemedicine in French-speaking Africa


text:
User:Hedwig80/sandbox

This is my sandbox. Always be bold.

Lt. Butts legacy section-

Butts Army Airfield & Butts Rd, Fort Carson (Mount)

Butts-Clark American Legion, Medina, NY (Mount, MDJ, D&C) changed June 24, 1954

Butts Park, Medina, NY (D&C, JR) ded. June 14, 1980

Butts St, Fort Benning, GA (D&C, Mount, MDJR) article Mar 18, 1958

Ocean going vessel (Mount) article July 9, 1965

athletic field, Augusburg, Germany (D&C) article June 13, 1946

Lt. Butts heroics have lead to multiple medals and honors, including having 2 streets, an airfield, an American Legion Post, Park, an athletic field, and an ocean going vessel named after him. An athletic field in Augusburg, Germany was dedicated in Lt. Butts honor in 1946. In 1954, the Clark American Legion Post in Medina, NY changed its name to the Butts-Clark American Legion Post. In 1957, the Army airfield at Fort Carson, Colorado was named the Butts Army Airfield. Fort Carson, Colorado and Fort Benning, Georgia both have roads named after Lt. Butts. Medina dedicated a village park, the John E Butts Memorial Park, in 1980.

title: User:Hedwig80/sandbox


text:
2015 Team Tinkoff–Saxo season

The 2015 season for began in January with the Tour Down Under. As a UCI WorldTeam, they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour.

In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov. Media reports had initially indicated that Riis had been suspended when he did not appear at Milan–San Remo as planned, and that this was due to a disappointing start to the season for the team. On 29 March, it was announced that Riis had been released by the team. News reports cited the "tumultuous relationship" and "difference in character" between Riis and Tinkov as the reason for Riis's departure.

Team roster

 * Riders who joined the team for the 2015 season

 * Riders who left the team during or after the 2014 season

title: 2015 Team Tinkoff–Saxo season


text:
Talk:Axel Meyer

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 one external links on Axel Meyer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.evolutionsbiologie.uni-konstanz.de/index.php?section=25
 * Added tag to http://www.evolutionsbiologie.uni-konstanz.de/index.php?section=43
 * Added tag to http://www.evolutionsbiologie.uni-konstanz.de/index.php?section=71
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110723061857/http://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Akademie/Organisation/Neugewaehlte_Mitglieder_2009.pdf to http://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Akademie/Organisation/Neugewaehlte_Mitglieder_2009.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110723062308/http://www.leopoldina.org/de/akademie/preise-und-auszeichnungen/carus-medaille.html to http://www.leopoldina.org/de/akademie/preise-und-auszeichnungen/carus-medaille.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110722091616/http://www.embo.org/documents/press08/communications_award08.pdf to http://www.embo.org/documents/press08/communications_award08.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110628185337/http://www.gf.org/fellows/results?query=Axel+Meyer&lower_bound=1925&upper_bound=2011&competition=ALL&fellowship_category=ALL&x=11&y=5 to http://www.gf.org/fellows/results?query=Axel+Meyer&lower_bound=1925&upper_bound=2011&competition=ALL&fellowship_category=ALL&x=11&y=5
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110717135344/http://www.amnat.org/awa.html to http://www.amnat.org/awa.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150214163337/http://www.hector-fellow-academy.de/en/hector-fellow-academy/hector-fellows/hector-fellow-portraits/2012/prof-dr-meyer/index.htm to http://www.hector-fellow-academy.de/en/hector-fellow-academy/hector-fellows/hector-fellow-portraits/2012/prof-dr-meyer/index.htm
 * Added tag to http://www.evolutionsbiologie.uni-konstanz.de/index.php?section=25
 * Added tag to http://www.evolutionsbiologie.uni-konstanz.de/index.php?section=17
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110723062308/http://www.leopoldina.org/de/akademie/preise-und-auszeichnungen/carus-medaille.html to http://www.leopoldina.org/de/akademie/preise-und-auszeichnungen/carus-medaille.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110709082520/http://www.embo.org/policy-and-society/science-society/life-sciences-communication-award.html to http://www.embo.org/policy-and-society/science-society/life-sciences-communication-award.html
 * Added tag to http://www.evolutionsbiologie.uni-konstanz.de/index.php?section=25

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:49, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Axel Meyer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110723062308/http://www.leopoldina.org/de/akademie/preise-und-auszeichnungen/carus-medaille.html to http://www.leopoldina.org/de/akademie/preise-und-auszeichnungen/carus-medaille.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110709082520/http://www.embo.org/policy-and-society/science-society/life-sciences-communication-award.html to http://www.embo.org/policy-and-society/science-society/life-sciences-communication-award.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:31, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

Scientific misconduct
I have re-evaluated the case against Prof. Axel Meyer. Here is no proof for scientific misconduct. Therefore this section was deleted. Benutzer:Diwata2 18:04, 29. Nov. 2018 (CEST) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Diwata2 (talk • contribs) 17:05, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

This section has been repeatedly deleted to hide that Axel Meyer was found guilty of scientific misconduct by the University of Konstanz. The users EvolutionForever and Diawata ignore the evidence and provide no sources to support their claims that there was either no misconduct or that these findings were overturned. My original post cited two of the most prominent global scientific journals that both ran articles on this case. While I don’t think this page should have to be locked, it seems there is a coordinated effort by users “EvolutionForever” and “Diawata2” to completely hide information that is of interest to the public and to the academic community. Another user by the name of “Diawata” unsuccessfully attempted to delete the “controversial views” section on the German version of Axel Meyer’s page. I suspect EvolutionForever and Diawata/Diawata2 respectively are Axel Meyer and Ulrich Kutschera themselves since they appear to be the primary contributors of information to their respective pages. Evoluzzer 1 (talk) 21:29, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Axel Meyer


text:
Talk:Sprint train

Untitled
information in this article is just wrong. The first train is just developped by Cipollini, and certainly not within the Saeco team. He's know for some great victories some years earlier too, what was it back then, the GB/MG team or so ? --LimoWreck 08:06, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sprint train


text:
Dil Dhoondta Hai

Dil Dhoondta Hai is an Indian Hindi romantic drama television series, which premiered on September 21, 2017 and aired on Zee TV (now available on ZEE5). The series was produced by Dashami Creations of Nitin Vaidya. The series aired on weekday's at 10:30pm. Stavan Shinde & Shivya Pathania played the main characters and Ashish Dixit & Pratiksha Jadhav in Second Pivotal lead role. it was replaced by Aap Ke Aa Jane Se in its time slot.

Plot
The story is about Raavi (Shivya Pathania), whose house in Punjab was a standalone accommodation with separate rooms for each family member, and Vishi (Stavan Shinde) who has a Maharashtrian family that stays in a small room in a Mumbai chawl.

Cast

 * Stavan Shinde as Vishi or Vishvambar Dalvi.
 * Shivya Pathania as Raavi.
 * Ashish Dixit as Abhi or Abhijeet Dalvi.
 * Pratiksha Jadhav as Bela.
 * Purnima Talwalkar as Anjali Dalvi (Vishi's Mother)
 * Rajan Bhise as Avinash Dalvi (Vishi's Father)
 * Deepak Chadha as Daljit
 * Shadab Nadeem as Baldev
 * Prabhjeet Kaur as Pam

title: Dil Dhoondta Hai


text:
Talk:Leonard Bloomfield

“American Distributionalism”
Bloomfield was not the founder of “American Distributional”. Harris, Bloch and others were the proponents of Distributionalism. Bloomfield’s views in e.g. “Language” were much more nuanced, he never wrote anything to support Harris et. al. in this regard.

The two sources that allegedly support this are terrible and definitely are not “Reliable”.

P.H. Matthews’ book on American Structuralism makes this clear.

There’s also interesting discussion of distributionalism in several recentish articles by Mark Aronoff. Jomeara421 (talk) 19:02, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leonard Bloomfield


text:
User:Max Audius

Hello there, I am a new wikimedian and I'm glad to join the Wiki family

My interests are spaced across a wide range of topics which include sports, politics, economics and OIl & Gas.

I joined because there are so many Sub Saharan articles and personalities that do not have a Wikipedia page and Wikipedia despite not been accepted as academic reference, gives the best pointers

title: User:Max Audius


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Joan Carroll (soprano)

The result was: promoted by 97198 (talk) 12:43, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

Joan Carroll (soprano)

 * ... that coloratura soprano Joan Carroll appeared as Alban Berg's Lulu more than 100 times, including the US premiere at the Santa Fe Opera? Source:  for 100, several for the US premiere
 * Reviewed: Grover Cleveland presidential campaign, 1884

Created by Gerda Arendt (talk). Self-nominated at 16:27, 19 September 2017 (UTC).

 * Symbol voting keep.svg QPQ done, in time, created, no copyvio issues (block quote), long enough, hook is interesting, AGF on source, everything is fine. Good to go! :) Adityavagarwal (talk) 19:36, 19 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Talk:David Proval

Fair use rationale for Image:Richieaprile.PNG
Image:Richieaprile.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:12, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Personal Life?
Anything known about this? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:12, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

 * He's got a long filmography, he definitely deserves a longer page. I'll look for more to add, but I'm mostly finding bits of trivia.ItsRainingCatsAndDogsAndMen (talk) 16:21, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Proval


text:
User:Nicofilice/sandbox

= Article Evaluation = A lot of the important populations were not addressed in the article "Psychological trauma". Majority of the introduction included childhood psychological trauma, but did not address trauma in adults. The viewpoints that childhood trauma impacts future cognitive functioning was stressed, but the article did not properly address how functioning can change from normal to impaired due to a traumatic experience. I checked a couple of the references cited in the paper and they seemed to be recent and from credible journals. On the Talk page, it seems as if there are minimal edits to be made and the information being discussed isn't as relevant as I would have thought. This article is rated of moderate importance and is of interest to the psychology, medicine and physiology WikiProjects.

title: User:Nicofilice/sandbox


text:
Talk:Pollock Rip Lightship

Changed from single ship redirect
Over the 120 years eight separate ships served on the station. All but one appear to have no Wikipedia page. Palmeira (talk) 13:22, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pollock Rip Lightship


text:
Top-rated United States television programs of 1969–70

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1969–70 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
Clytus Gottwald

Clytus Gottwald (20 November 1925 – 18 January 2023) was a German composer, conductor, and musicologist who focused on choral music. He was considered by music critics to be a key figure in contemporary choral music, and is known for his arrangements for vocal ensembles of up to 16 voices. He founded and conducted the Schola Cantorum Stuttgart for this music.

Life and work
Gottwald was born in Ober Salzbrunn on 20 November 1925. After military service and being a prisoner of war in the United States, he studied voice with Gerhard Hüsch and choral conducting with Kurt Thomas. As a choir director, he was initially an assistant to Marcel Couraud from 1954 to 1958. From 1958 to 1970 he was cantor at the Paulus-Kirche in Stuttgart, conducting the Paulus-Chor Stuttgart.

Gottwald studied Protestant theology, sociology, and musicology in Tübingen and Frankfurt. In 1961 he completed his dissertation on the Renaissance composer Johannes Ghiselin in Frankfurt. As a musicologist, he edited numerous scholarly catalogues of music manuscripts.

In 1960 Gottwald founded the Schola Cantorum Stuttgart, a vocal ensemble of 16 to 18 professional singers, with a repertoire focused on both classical vocal polyphony as well as contemporary music. They performed more than 80 premieres and first performances of choral works. Among the composers who wrote music for the ensemble are Pierre Boulez, Brian Ferneyhough, Vinko Globokar, Gérard Grisey, Heinz Holliger, Mauricio Kagel, Helmut Lachenmann, György Ligeti, Krzysztof Penderecki, Steve Reich, Dieter Schnebel, and Hans Zender. Notably, Gottwald conducted the Schola Cantorum in a performance of Ligeti's Lux aeterna, which was later used in the Stanley Kubrick film 2001: A Space Odyssey. Gottwald directed the ensemble until its dissolution in 1990.

Gottwald was editor for Neue Musik (contemporary music) for the broadcaster Südfunk Stuttgart from 1967 to 1988.

As a composer, Gottwald specialised in "arranging" classical music from different genres for an a cappella group of up to 16 voices in the style of György Ligeti. He had the initial idea at a workshop of Pierre Boulez, "transcribing" Ravel's Soupir from his Trois poèmes de Mallarmé similarly to Ligeti's use of voices in Lux aeterna. In particular, his arrangement of Gustav Mahler's Rückert song "Ich bin der Welt abhanden gekommen" for voices (1985) was popularized by Swedish choral conductor Eric Ericson and has been performed by many leading choirs. Gottwald arranged works by Alban Berg (Die Nachtigall), Hector Berlioz (Sur les lagunes), Claude Debussy (Les Angelus, Des pas sur la neige), Franz Liszt (Zwei Lieder, two songs), Gustav Mahler (Drei Lieder, three songs), Giacomo Puccini, Maurice Ravel (Soupir), Richard Wagner (Zwei Studien zu "Tristan und Isolde"), Anton Webern (Vier frühe Lieder, four early songs), and Hugo Wolf (four songs including Auf ein altes Bild and Der Gärtner), among others. In his arrangements for voices, he borrowed lyrics freely, for example a combination of a French poem by Rilke with poetry by Mallarmé in his arrangement of Debussy's prelude for piano Des pas sur la neige. His adaptations of Wagner and Mahler were praised: "Gottwald has been truly effective at transferring the romantic orchestra onto the choir". His style of arrangement has been termed "re-create them in a magical choral world". In 2009 he received the Kulturpreis Baden-Württemberg (Cultural Award of Baden-Württemberg) for his lifetime achievement and in 2012 the Preis der Europäischen Kirchenmusik of Schwäbisch Gmünd, for his contributions to sacred music. He was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2014.

Gottwald died on 18 January 2023 at age 97.

Recordings
As choral conductor
 * Atelier Schola Cantorum. Neue Vokalmusik. Cadenza 800891–900. 10 CDs.
 * Dufay, Ockeghem, Josquin, Brumel, Isaac: Musica Mensurabilis. Bayer Records 100271–274. 4 CDs.
 * Nono: Ha venido, Canciones para Silvia (1960). WERGO WER 6038-2, 286 038–2

As composer
 * Clytus Gottwald: Transkriptionen. SWR Vokalensemble Stuttgart, Marcus Creed. Carus 83.181.
 * Clytus Gottwald: Vokalbearbeitungen. KammerChor Saarbrücken, Georg Grün, Carus 83.182. 2005.
 * Choral Arrangements by Clytus Gottwald. The Rudolfus Choir, Ralph Allwood, Signum Classics SIGCD102 2007
 * Hymnus an das Leben. KammerChor Saarbrücken, Georg Grün, conductor. Carus 83.458. 2013.

Publications

 * Johannes Ghiselin – Johannes Verbonnet: Stilkritische Untersuchung zum Problem ihrer Identität, Breitkopf & Härtel, Wiesbaden 1962, DNB-451628403 (Dissertation, University of Frankfurt 1961)
 * "Hallelujah" und die Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns. Ausgewählte Schriften. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-608-91923-6
 * Rückblick auf den Fortschritt. Eine Autobiographie. Carus-Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-89948-117-4

title: Clytus Gottwald


text:
Cookbook talk:Wiejska (Polish Pork and Veal Sausage)

This module used text origionally published in the Wikipedia article Kielbasa. The page history of the article at the time the text was transfered is included below:

* (cur) (last). . 06:57, 13 Mar 2004. . Halibutt * (cur) (last). . 02:34, 13 Mar 2004. . Sfdan (Settlers in the United States) * (cur) (last). . m 21:50, 16 Feb 2004. . Cogibyte (Spelling) * (cur) (last). . m 17:55, 2 Jan 2004. . Halibutt * (cur) (last). . 09:30, 17 Dec 2003. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . 09:18, 4 Dec 2003. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . 04:15, 18 Nov 2003. . Gentgeen (wikified, format) * (cur) (last). . m 21:32, 20 Oct 2003. . Jerzy (Copy edit) * (cur) (last). . m 00:51, 9 Oct 2003. . Robbot (Robot-assisted disambiguation Baden) * (cur) (last). . m 23:31, 6 Oct 2003. . <IP_ADDRESS> (Andre Engels: Robot-assisted disambiguation America) * (cur) (last). . 23:36, 9 Sep 2003. . <IP_ADDRESS> (Got rid of the ref. to Polish sauage. Added marjoram to recipe. Added note about ice.) * (cur) (last). . m 08:34, 4 Sep 2003. . Sannse (Disambiguating German) * (cur) (last). . 07:19, 29 Aug 2003. . Wirehead (Minor polish deli factoid) * (cur) (last). . 19:57, 28 Aug 2003. . <IP_ADDRESS> (This user uses far too many capital letters. (Everyone who writes about recipes does that, apparently. Maybe we need to gang up on them and fix the problem.)) * (cur) (last). . 19:23, 28 Aug 2003. . Thoth * (cur) (last). . 19:21, 28 Aug 2003. . Thoth * (cur) (last). . 19:17, 28 Aug 2003. . Thoth * (cur) (last). . 19:15, 28 Aug 2003. . Thoth

This module was the featured recipe on the main Cookbook page from May, 16, 2004 - May 23, 2004. Gentgeen 12:33, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Naming
Wiejska is in Polish a singular, feminine adjective. When trying to specify the name of this meal you should use also kiełbasa word to avoid confusion. We may say that wiejska describes something but we don't know what until we point on kiełbasa!

So, the proper, full name of this meal is kiełbasa wiejska — this also should be reflected in the names of articles considering this matter and in a way that meal is referred to.

<IP_ADDRESS> 12:15, 21 April 2006 (UTC) Konrad


text:
Talk:Dennis Ralston

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dennis Ralston. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072449/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/Aug/22/bill-bond-tennis-la-jolla/ to http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/Aug/22/bill-bond-tennis-la-jolla/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:48, 8 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dennis Ralston. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100330103204/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/dennis-ralston to http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/dennis-ralston

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:27, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dennis Ralston


text:
L'Homme à tête de chou (Alain Bashung album)

L'Homme à tête de chou (The cabbage-headed man) is the first posthumous studio album by Alain Bashung, issued in November 2011 on Barclay Records. It is a track-by-track rerecording of the album of the same name by Serge Gainsbourg, originally recorded as the soundtrack to a dance show by Jean-Claude Gallotta.

Musicians

 * Alain Bashung - Vocals
 * Denis Clavaizolle - Orchestration, arrangements, piano, keyboards, programmations, guitars, bass guitars
 * Jean Lamoot - Programmations
 * Éric Truffaz - Trumpet
 * Frédéric Havet - Guitar
 * Pierre Valéry Lobé, Mamadou Koné - Percussions
 * Yann Clavaizolle - Drums
 * Aurélie Chenille - Violin
 * Guillaume Bongiraud - Cello
 * Morgane Imbeaud - Background vocals

Production

 * element-s, Jérôme Witz: Drawings, graphism
 * Guy Delahaye, Marie Fonte, Yannick Hugron, Sylvain Decloitre, Loriane Wagner, Béatrice Warrand, Thierry Verger, Bernard Leloup: Photos

Show

 * Jean-Claude Gallotta: Choreography
 * Jean-Marc Ghanassia: Choreography production
 * Flam: Executive production
 * With support from the Centre Chorégraphique de Grenoble.


text:
Latin/First Declension (L2)

=First Declension=

The first declension is a group of Latin nouns with the same endings. It is the most regular of the five declensions, in that the twelve endings (6 cases X 2 numbers) are always exactly the same. All you need to do is find the stem. Most first declension nouns are feminine, though a few notable exceptions are masculine.

Case Endings
We've already seen the first declension in the charts in the introduction to nouns, but let's take a closer look now.

First, the singular:

Now, the plural:

You will have to memorize these endings; you should do this now. Memorize all twelve endings even though this lesson will only use four (nominative singular, nominative plural, accusative singular, accusative plural).

Finding the Stem
How do we determine what the stem (i.e., the part before the ending that remains the same in each case) is and what the ending is? Well, we go back to the dictionary entry that we learn for each word. First, we need to check to see if we have a first declension noun. If the nominative singular ends in -a and the genitive singular ends in -ae, we have a first declension noun.

 * mensa, mensae, f. Table.
 * puella, puellae, f. Girl.

Note how both of those words have the endings that we just said were marks of the first declension nouns. Knowing that -ae is the ending for the genitive singular, all we need to do is delete that ending from the word. So, mensae loses the -ae and becomes mens-. That is what is known as the stem of the word. You can add the necessary ending for whatever case and number is needed to that stem. So, if you want an ablative plural (case ending -is), you would just add that ending to mens- to get mensis.

Dictionary Convention
Often, dictionaries will shorten the entry by just printing the genitive singular ending instead of the entire genitive singular. So, "table" and "girl" will appear as:

 * mensa, -ae, f. Table.
 * puella, -ae, f. Girl.

If you see the -ae notation in an entry, it is clear that the word is a first declension noun.

=Nominative Case=

The nominative, or "name" from the Latin nomen, case is almost always used for the subject of a sentence. For instance, in the sentence "Julia gives" the subject is Julia (what she gives and to whom she's giving it, we don't know). She's the one doing the action. So, if the sentence were in Latin, Julia would have to be in the nominative case. Even in a more complex sentence such as "Julia hesitantly decided that it would be a wonderful idea to destroy the table by repeatedly kicking it", we can still find the subject fairly easily. It's still Julia doing the action.

Now, we're not even going to try translating that second sentence into Latin quite yet. But, we know most of what we need to know to translate the first one. First, we need to know how to say Julia in Latin. Luckily for us, many women's names were treated as first declension nouns in Latin, so:

 * Julia, -ae, f. Julia.

Julia has a stem of Juli- and in the nominative singular (nominative because Julia's the subject, singular because there's only one Julia) the ending is -a. Therefore, we have Julia.

"Julia gives"
We haven't learned any verbs yet and there is a lot to learn about verbs before they can be used well, but for our purpose right now we will just say that dat means "gives". So, if we want to say "Julia gives", the sentence in Latin is:

 * Julia dat.

Your first Latin sentence! Pretty simple, huh? Well, let's add on to it.

=Accusative Case=

The accusative case is often the direct object of a sentence. Take this sentence: "The boy reads a book." We know from our discussion on the nominative case that "the boy" is the subject. "Reads" is our verb, so the boy is reading something. The answer to the question "What is the boy reading?" is the direct object. In this case, the boy is reading a "book". "Book", then, is our direct object and would be in the accusative case in Latin.

"Julia gives a table"
So, going back to our earlier sentence with Julia, let's pick something for Julia to give. Maybe Julia has a lot of tables and wants to get rid of one. We still don't know who is going to get this table, but we can say "Julia gives a table." Recall that table is:

 * mensa, -ae, f. Table.

So, knowing that the stem of the word is mens- and the accusative single ending is -am, the table that Julia gives would be mensam. Because the article "a" from "a table" does not translate into Latin, we know all three of the words we need for our short sentence (dat, Julia, and mensam). But what order do they go in? In all actuality, the words could go in any order and you would be able to translate the sentence, because the case of each of the nouns tells you what its usage is. So, even if we said, "Mensam dat Julia.", you would know that the table cannot be the subject.

In actual Latin, the most common sentence structure is nominative-accusative-verb. Compare this to English subject-verb-object. So, if we use the Latin word order, we get:

 * Julia mensam dat.
 * Julia gives a table.

Note that if we decide Julia has to get rid of more than one table, we could say:

 * Julia mensas dat.
 * Julia gives tables.

The Accusative Case is:
 * Singular Plural

f.-am    -as m.-us   -os n.-um   -a

"The table gives Julia"
If we wanted to turn the tables (excuse the pun) and say that the table gives Julia (completely nonsensical, I know, but grammatically correct), we would have to put "Julia" in the accusative (Juli-am) and "table" in the nominative (mens-a). Then, we would get:

Mensa Juliam dat. The table gives Julia.

=Vocab=

So far we've learned:

 * mensa, -ae, f. table
 * puella, -ae, f. girl
 * Julia, -ae, f. Julia

Let's add a couple more. Make sure you memorize the three above as well as these two following.

 * sapientia, -ae, f. wisdom
 * poeta, -ae, m. poet

Wait a minute! Take a look at "poet" again. See something odd? It's not feminine! Poet is one of the few first declension nouns that are masculine. You don't really need to worry about that too much quite yet, because it does not affect how the noun is used. Later, when we get into adjectives and other things, you will need to know what each noun's gender is. For now, use poeta like you would any of the others and just keep its masculinity in the back of your mind.

=Exercises=

With those vocab words and translating dat as "gives" and amat as "loves", translate the following sentences.

 * 1) Poeta sapientiam dat.
 * 2) Poeta puellas amat.
 * 3) Julia poetas amat.
 * 4) Sapientia mensas dat.
 * 5) Puella Juliam amat.

Answers

=Summary=

Congratulations! You now know four common nouns and one name! You know the case endings for every single first declension word, so that even if you come across one that you've never seen before, you will know what case and number it has. You know how to use the nominative as the subject of a sentence, and how to use the accusative as the direct object.

In other words, you're ready to start learning some verbs. The next chapter, an introduction to verbs, will teach you the basics of Latin verbs.

Lesson 1 - Introduction to Nouns | Latin | Lesson 3 - Introduction to Verbs

L2 Word List

title: Latin/First Declension (L2)


text:
1965 Australia Cup

The 1965 Australia Cup was the fourth season of the Australia Cup, which was the main national association football knockout cup competition in Australia. Thirteen clubs from around Australia qualified to enter the competition.

Second leg
Sydney Hakoah won 6–2 on aggregate.

APIA Leichhardt won 6–3 on aggregate.

Final
After each team had taken 15 penalties, the shootout was abandoned in favour of a replay, due to diminishing light.

title: 1965 Australia Cup


text:
Electronics/Thevenin/Norton Equivalents

Source Transformation
Any linear time invariant network of impedances can be reduced to one equivalent impedance. In particular, any network of sources and resistors can be reduced to one ideal source and one resistor, in either the Thevenin or Norton configurations. In this way, a complicated network attached to a load resistor can be reduced to a single voltage divider (Thevenin) or current divider (Norton).

Thevenin and Norton equivalents allow a voltage source in series with a resistor to be replaced by a current source in parallel with that exact same resistor (or vice versa.) This is called a source transformation.

The point to be noted is that the block that is replaced with such an equivalent should be linear and time invariant, i.e. a linear change in the electrical source in that block produces a linear change in the equivalent source, and the behavior can be replicated if the initial conditions are replicated. '''The above shown transformation figures are true only if the circuit contains at least one independent voltage or current source. If the circuit comprises only dependent sources then Thevenin (and also Norton) equivalent consists of RTh alone'''

Thevenin Equivalents
The Thevenin equivalent circuit of a (two-terminal) network consists of a voltage source in series with a resistor. The Thevenin equivalent will have the same output voltage and current regardless of what is attached to the terminals.

Techniques For Finding Thevenin Equivalents

 * Network contains no sources (only resistors): The Thevenin resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance of the network. The Thevenin voltage is zero.

 * Basic: Works for any network except one with no independent sources. Find the voltage across the terminals (with positive reference at terminal A) when they are open-circuited.  Find the current from terminal A to terminal B when they are short-circuited.  Then
 * $$R_{th}=\frac{V_{oc}}{I_{sc}}$$

The Thevenin voltage source value is equivalent to the open-circuit voltage.

If the network has no dependent sources, the independent sources can be zeroed, and the Thevenin resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance of the network with zeroed sources. Then, find $$V_{oc}$$.

 * Only Dependent Sources:

If the network has only dependent sources, either attach a test voltage source to the terminal points and measure the current that passes from the positive terminal, or attach a test current source to the terminal points and measure the voltage difference across the terminals. In both cases you will have values for $$V_{oc}$$ and $$I_{sc}$$, allowing you to use the $$R_{th}=\frac{V_{oc}}{I_{sc}}$$ relation to find the Thevenin resistance.

Norton Equivalents
Norton equivalents can be found by performing a source transformation on the Thevenin equivalent. The Norton Equivalent of a Thevenin Equivalent consists of a current source, $$I_N= \frac {V_{th}}{R_{th}}$$ in parallel with $$R_{th}$$.

Thevenin and Norton Equivalent

The steps for creating the Equivalent are:
 * 1. Remove the load circuit.
 * 2. Calculate the voltage, V, at the output from the original sources.
 * 3. Now replace voltage sources with shorts and current sources with open circuits.
 * 4. Replace the load circuit with an imaginary ohm meter and measure the total resistance, R, looking back into the circuit, with the sources removed.
 * 5. The equivalent circuit is a voltage source with voltage V in series with a resistance R in series with the load.

The Thevenin Equivalent is determined with $$R_2$$ as the load as shown in Figure 1. The first step is to open circuit $$R_2$$. Then the voltage v is calculated with $$R_2$$ open circuited must be calculated. The voltage across $$R_2$$ is $$V_1$$ this is because no current flows in the circuit so the voltage across $$R_2$$ must be $$V_1$$ by KVL.

Since this circuit does not contain any dependent sources, all that needs to be done is for all the Independent Voltage sources to be shorted and for all Independent Current Sources to be open circuited. This results in the circuit shown in Figure 2.

Now the Thevenin Resistance is calculated looking into the two nodes. The Thevenin resistance is clearly $$R_1 + R_3 | | R_4 $$. The Thevenin Equivalent is shown in Figure 3 and $$R_{th}$$ and $$V_{th}$$ have the values shown below.
 * $$R_{th}=R_1 + R_3 | | R_4 \,$$ (1)
 * $$V_{th}=V_1\,$$

The Norton Equivalent is created by doing a source transformation using $$I_{N}=\frac {V_{th}}{R_{th}} \,$$.(2)

If $$R_2=R_1=6k \Omega$$ and $$R_3=R_4=2k \Omega$$ and $$V_1=15 V$$ then
 * $$R_{th}=1k + 4k | | 4k \,$$
 * $$R_{th}=6k \Omega \,$$

As a final note if the voltage across $$R_2$$ is calculate by Voltage Divider Rule using the Thevenin Equivalent circuit in Figure 3.
 * $$V_{R2}=\frac {V_{th}R_2}{R_{th}+R_2}$$ (3)

If the value of $$R_{th}$$ form equation 1 is substituted into equation 3.
 * $$V_{R2}=\frac {V_{th}R_2}{R_1 + R_3 | | R_4+R_2}$$ (4)

Now look at Figure 1 and calculate $$V_{R2}$$ by voltage divider rule it has the same value as equation 4. If the current through $$R_2$$ is calculated in Figure 4 by current divider rule.
 * $$I_{R2}=\frac {I_NR_{th}}{R_{th}+R_2}(5)$$

Substituting equation 2 into 5.
 * $$I_{R2}=\frac {V_{th}}{R_{th}+R_2}(4)$$

If equation 4 and Ohm's Law are used to get the voltage across $$R_2$$ equation 3 is reached.

Please note: The "||", a symbol that is used as an operator here, holds higher precedence than the "+" operator. As such, it is evaluated before a sum.

See Norton's theorem and Thevenin's theorem for more examples.

title: Electronics/Thevenin/Norton Equivalents


text:
User:KINGDAVID2000/sandbox

Prateek sharma–David sharma born 14 december 2001 bith name prateek sharma height 6f10in (208cm)weight302lbs

title: User:KINGDAVID2000/sandbox


text:
Old Courts Commercial Complex, Hisar

Old Court Commercial Complex is a commercial suburb located in Hisar city and Hisar Vidhan Sabha constituency of Haryana, India. The planning of this area is administered by Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA).

History
The building of the district court of Hisar was established here in 1832. Lala Lajpat Rai practised as a lawyer in here from 1886 to 1892. It served as the district court till 1973 when the court was shifted to the new Judiciary Complex adjoining the District Administrative Complex of Hisar. The area was left abandoned till 1998 when it was transferred to HUDA for redevelopment.

Location
The complex lies at the junction of National Highway 9 and National Highway 52. Adjacent to the complex lies Krantiman Park, the oldest park of Hisar. It is part of Municipal Corporation of Hisar, Hisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) and Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency).

Redevelopment
The redevelopment of the area as a commercial complex was started in 1998 by HUDA. A shopping complex was built in the area by HUDA and plots were allotted for commercial activities. The area is now a hub of coaching institutes of the city. The office of the Bhaichara Taxi Union of Hisar is also located here.

title: Old Courts Commercial Complex, Hisar


text:
Sokhna Galle

Sokhna Galle (born 22 April 1994) is a French female triple jumper, who won an individual gold medal at the Youth World Championships.

title: Sokhna Galle


text:
User:Allen4names/Cite index

TODO: Notes to avoid confusion between 'work' and 'publisher' parameters.

 * Help:Citation Style 1

title: User:Allen4names/Cite index


text:
Kay Harris

Kay Harris (August 18, 1919 – October 23, 1971) was an American actress who starred in eight films during the 1940s, including the title role in Tillie the Toiler.

Harris was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. James L. Harris. In 1937 she graduated from Elkhorn High School in Wisconsin, where she had been active in dramatics. She acted in summer stock theater for two years after graduation. She obtained a job at radio station WSAI in Cincinnati, Ohio. In Cincinnati she met Penny Singleton, whose husband urged Harris to take a screen test in Hollywood.

She was married to Army aviator Charles A. Peters until January 24, 1942, when they were divorced. On that same day she married cinematographer Henry Freulich. In January 1943, they separated, and Harris said that she planned to get a divorce.

Filmography

 * Tillie the Toiler (1941)
 * Parachute Nurse (1942)
 * Lucky Legs (1942)
 * Sabotage Squad (1942)
 * Smith of Minnesota (1942)
 * The Spirit of Stanford (1942)
 * Robin Hood of the Range (1943)
 * The Fighting Buckaroo (1943)

title: Kay Harris


text:
Talk:Paris Saint-Germain Boxing

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:14, 20 February 2021 (UTC)
 * France Flag.svg

title: Talk:Paris Saint-Germain Boxing


text:
-ums

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * : -ion

Etymology
From, possibly from an earlier suffix added to a u-stem (e.g., 🇨🇬, ), from which the u was reinterpreted as part of the suffix and then extended to other stems. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) Added to adjectives to form nouns indicating a state of being, similar to (and frequently corresponding to) 🇨🇬,,.
 * 2) Added to verbs to form nouns indicating an object produced by the action described by the verb.

title: -ums


text:
Ptichodis immunis

Ptichodis immunis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Yucatán), Belize, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso), Barbados, Cuba, Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Kitts, Antigua and Barbuda, Hispaniola, St. Vincent, Grenada, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the Virgin Islands, as well as in the United States, where it has been recorded from Georgia, Florida and Texas.

Adults are on wing from March to April in Florida and Georgia and from October to November in Texas.

title: Ptichodis immunis


text:
Johnny Frisbie

Florence Ngatokura "Johnny" Frisbie (born 19 June 1932), also known as Johnny Frisbie Hebenstreit, is a Cook Islands author. Her autobiographical children's novel, Miss Ulysses of Puka-Puka (1948), was the first published literary work by a Pacific Islander woman author.

Biography
Frisbie was born in Papeete, Tahiti, the second child of American writer Robert Dean Frisbie and Ngatokura ‘A Mata’a. In 1934 the family moved to Ngatokura's home of Pukapuka in the Cook Islands, where Frisbie was raised. As a child she helped her father type up his writings and kept a journal in Pukapukan, Cook Islands Māori, and English, which she learned from her father's library and from comic books. Following the death of her mother in 1939 the family left Pukapuka and travelled to Manihiki and Rarotonga before settling on Suwarrow in January 1942. Later that year the atoll was hit by a tropical cyclone which washed away 16 of its 22 islets; the Frisbies survived by tying themselves to trees and taking shelter in a tree house. The family continued to travel around the South Pacific until her father's death of tetanus in 1948. During this time, Frisbie published Miss Ulysses of Puka-Puka, dealing with her life on the atoll and her bond with her father and family.

Following her father's death, the family was split up to be raised by friends and relatives of her father in New Zealand and Hawaii. In 1950 Florence moved to O‘ahu to be raised by the Engle family. She attended Punahou School in Honolulu, and after graduating the author James A. Michener encouraged her to take a job in Japan as a secretary in the military. In 1956 she married TV personality Carl 'Kini Popo' Hebenstreit. In 1959 she published a biography of her family, The Frisbies of the South Seas. They subsequently moved to New Zealand, where Frisbie lived for thirty years, working for the University of Otago and writing children's books. After her husband acquired a commercial radio licence she became involved in commercial radio, and then in television, working with Selwyn Toogood as a panelist on the New Zealand version of Beauty and the Beast. She served on the Māori and South Pacific Arts Council and was later a founding member of P.A.C.I.F.I.C.A. She subsequently returned to the Cook Islands, and then Hawaii.

In 2015 Frisbie returned to Pukapuka to participate in a documentary about life on the atoll. The film The Island in Me (originally titled Homecoming) debuted in November 2021 at the Hawaii International Film Festival.

Honours
In the 1991 Queen's Birthday Honours, Frisbie was awarded the Queen's Service Medal for public services.

title: Johnny Frisbie