text:
How to Become a Vocational Teacher

Who should and should not become a vocational teacher?
Teaching is not easy. Many people who really think they want to teach find out in the first few years that teaching is really not for them. There are a few attributes that I think a potential teacher would be good to possess if they hope to be successful, and happy as a teacher.

1. Patience – This is most important. You will be teaching beginners, and many of the assumptions you make about knowing something, they won’t know. You need to have a fair bit of patience with them.

2. Problem Solving – Teaching someone is often like solving a problem, what works to help one student often does not work for another student. Explanations often need to be done several different ways, with different types of analogies so everyone can understand.

3. Working in a Bureaucracy – Any public entity ends up being a bureaucracy. This is not necessarily something that is bad, but it is something that can be very frustrating for those who are used to small businesses, or who have been self employed. Things don’t move as fast as the real world, and you need to get consensus with people, and you sometimes need to play political games, or at least be wary of other people’s goals and fears.

Some people go into public service because they have a deep desire to help improve the world. Other people go into public service because it is a “safe” job that pays well. While there is nothing inherently wrong with the second reason, it is a reason that is generally based off of fear while the first reason is based off of love. If people who are in the job because they want safety, feel threatened by you, then you need to be careful. Bureaucracies don’t work by many of the same rules that you may be used to in the real world and I would suspect that the bureaucracy kills more wonderful teachers than the students!

Institutions that can be Taught in
In California:

1. Public High Schools – High schools are offering more vocational classes than they have ever done in the past. Many people think of woodshop or auto shop when they think of vocational classes in high school, but many schools are now offering computer courses, radio courses, multimedia courses, and more. Also most school districts have an ROP (Regional Occupational Program) than is associated with them. These programs help high school students and some adults learn a variety of vocational skills. A Vocational Teaching Credential or a Designated Special Subjects Teaching Credential can be used to teach many of these classes, neither of these requires a degree.

2. Private High Schools – While these are rarer than public high schools, and they tend to be religiously based, they too may have vocational programs. Also their requirements for teaching may be much less, as a teaching credential is often not required.

3. Adult Education – Every high school district in California also has an accompanying Adult Education program. While these programs were originally designed primarily to help students who dropped out of high school to get a diploma after they turned 18, or pass the GED, many of the Adult Education programs are also offering vocational classes. To teach these classes you generally need either a Vocational Teaching Credential or an Adult Education Teach Credential, neither of these requires a degree.

4. Community Colleges – Our college system has three major levels: UCs, CSUs, and Community Colleges. The UCs (University of Califoirnia) were supposed to be the most prestigious schools, CSUSs were supposed to be the next prestigious and Community Colleges were supposed to be for Vocational Education, and for those who could not get into one of the other colleges. I say “supposed” on all of these, because from my personal experience, I have found Community Colleges to often have excellent education, being taught by people who have real world experience, and who are not just lost in academia. So I personally think that many degrees from a Community college are better than ones from a four year university. But because they are a college, they do require having some formal education. Most classes require having a Master’s degree to teach, but many of the vocational classes only require an associates degree and verified experience in the field in order to teach them.

5. Private Vocational Schools – There are many private vocational schools, colleges, and training centers. The requirements to teach at these vary. My experience has not generally been very good with these organizations. Because they are private, and not government subsidized they charge much higher fees to their students, and often the administration is only interested in churning out graduates, and not truly interested in the education of the students. (Although my experience with Public School Administrators has not always been that much different!)

Requirements for Teaching in High Schools and Adult Education Programs
Becoming a Vocational Instructor at a High School or Adult Education Program requires the least amount of formal education. But there are plenty of hoops to jump through. Here are the basic steps:

1. Decide upon which subject you would like to teach, the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing has a webpage specifically about vocational teaching, which lists the subject areas for both a Vocational Credential and an Adult Education Credential.

2. Decide what type of Credential you want, either a Vocational or an Adult Education Credential, and whether you want a Part-Time or Full-Time credential. The biggest difference, as far as I’ve been able to ascertain, is that a Vocational Credential allows you to teach High School, ROP and Adult Education. An Adult Education Credential only allows you to teach Adults. But there are some non-vocational subjects you can get an Adult Education Credential in that you can not get with a Vocational Credential. Also, there are different requirements for the two, I believe the vocational credential requires more continuing education.

3. Determine if you have enough work experience and/or college credit to get your credential. Both credentials can be gained with only work experience. But if you have some college, this can ease the amount of experience required. You will also be asked to prove your work experience, so you will need to talk with your current or former employers to have a letter written.

4. Make sure you have a High School Diploma or equivalent. One of the funny/annoying things that happened while I was working on getting hired is that when I finished all the stuff I needed to get my credential, and I went to get hired, they required my Diploma. I had my associates degree with me, but the school district would not accept that!

5. Contact your Local Education Agency (LEA). This is who you will be doing most of your correspondence with. They are the ones who ultimately let you get your credential or don’t. I had some real problems with my LEA. I could not get good answers on many of my questions, and some of the information I wanted I was not given, although someone else I knew was given it later on. I was also forgotten about once when I had an appointment, and waited an hour before I had the front desk person remind my LEA contact that I was there. One of the reasons I’m creating this website is because I had such problems with my LEA.

But, my problems aside, the only way to get your credential is through the LEA, and there were several helpful things that they did for me. First, they sent me out a packet of information about what I needed to do to get my credential, and then I started to work on fulfilling those requirements. They also did answer many of my questions.

6. You will be required to pass a “U.S. Constitution” test, or have an equivalent college course. I highly recommend taking the test. While the call it a Constitution test, it is much more a citizenship test about many aspects of our government, and not what is strictly written in the constitution. If you get the book 25 Lessons for Citizenship, this will pretty much give you all the information you need to pass the test.

7. You will need to get your fingerprints taken. If you have any kind of past criminal record, your chances of getting a credential are much slimmer. You should get a listing of where you can get your fingerprints taken. I originally did mine with the Department of Justice, and later did another set with the Sacramento Sheriff’s Department to get hired. (Yes you probably will need to have them taken twice). If I was to do it over again, I would just do all of them with the Sheriffs. They were cheaper, and quicker. 8. After getting your initial credential, you may be required to take classes to keep your credential. You have 2 years to take your first set of classes, and 5 years total to take your second set of classes. Your LEA should give you information on these. I took all of mine through Sac State. By the way, Sac State has a Bachelors of Vocational Education program which is great because it allows you get credit towards a Bachelor’s degree by taking classes that are already required for you to keep your Credential! Several other colleges offer these classes, and others are now also offering similar degrees.

9. Once you get your credential, you will need to find a school that will hire you! Having the credential does not guarantee a job, but without it, or a full credential, you won’t get hired! If you can find people you know who work at a school, talk with them. It is always easier to get a job when you know someone there! Even if this isn’t supposed to happen, it does.

Requirements for Teaching in a Community College
I have never taught at a community college, so I don’t have any first hand experience about what is required to teach at one. But I did find some information on the Internet, and this is what I found:

1. There is no longer any California Community College Teaching Credentials being issued. (If you were fortunate and received one of these before 1990, you probably won’t have to worry about all the other requirements.)

2. Unless you have the coveted CCCTC (Community College Teaching Credential), then you will need to have the minimum requirements to teach at a Community College, which is generally an Associates Degree to teach most vocational subjects and for most Academic subjects, you need a Masters degree.

3. Under the specific documentation, on page 23, you will note that they say “The list of “areas also included in the discipline” is not exhaustive. Only those areas are included for which it might not be clear otherwise whether they were intended to be included.”  This means that even if your vocation isn’t listed, you might be able to get hired to teach it.

4. As you will find out from the above document, you need either a Bachelor’s Degree and 2 years experience or an Associate’s Degree and 6 years experience.

5. Since there is no longer any official credentialing happening, you should talk with the School that you wish to be hired with to see if there are any other requirements that they have.

All community college vocational instructors must have at least an associates degree, and tenured vocational instructors must have a bachelor's degree

Requirements for Teaching in a Private School
Private Schools usually have far less rules on them then do public entities. But if they are accredited, then they probably need to follow certain rules to keep their accreditation. So you should check with the schools individually to determine what their requirements are for hiring.

title: How to Become a Vocational Teacher


text:
Bruce Kidd

Bruce Kidd, (born July 26, 1943) is a Canadian academic, author, and athlete.

Born in Ottawa, Ontario, he was a member of the University of Toronto track and field team. He won 18 national senior championships in Canada, the United States, and Britain. He won a gold (in the 6 Miles event) and bronze medal (in the 3 Miles event) at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games and was a member of the Canadian 1964 Summer Olympics team (competing in the Men's 5000 metres, Men's 10000 metres and scheduled to start in the Men's marathon). His personal bests included a time of 2:20:18 to win the Peach Bowl Marathon in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 28, 1974, and an indoor best for two miles 8:39.0 in Wembley, England, on March 30, 1964. On outdoor tracks, he had times of 8:38.2, two months later in Modesto, California. For five kilometres, he ran 13:43.8, in Compton, California, when he was only eighteen years old, and 29:46.4 for ten kilometres in 1974 in Winnipeg, Manitoba. A short documentary film about him, entitled Runner, was produced and directed by Don Owen and narrated by W. H. Auden.

He received his Bachelor of Arts in Political Economy in 1965 from the University of Toronto and a Master of Arts in Adult Education in 1968 from the University of Chicago. He also received a Master of Arts in history in 1980 and a Ph.D. in history in 1990 from York University. Kidd has an honorary doctor of laws from Dalhousie University. In 1970, he joined the University of Toronto as a lecturer. He was appointed an assistant professor in 1973 and an associate professor in 1979. In 1991, he was appointed a professor. He was formerly director of the School of Physical and Health Education and acting director of the Department of Athletics and Recreation. He is a professor in the Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education and the Warden of Hart House at the University of Toronto. On February 27, 2014, Kidd was named to become the interim vice president and principal for University of Toronto Scarborough. Subsequently, in December 2014, he was appointed as the tenth principal of University of Toronto Scarborough.

He is an honorary member of the Canadian Olympic Committee and volunteer chair of the Selection Committee, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. In 2018, Bruce was inducted into Scarborough Walk of Fame.

Politics
Kidd ran for the Ontario New Democratic Party in the riding of Beaches—Woodbine in the 1971 Ontario general election. He lost with less than 40% of the vote.

Awards and honours

 * 1961 and 1962 – the Canadian Press' Athlete of the Year.
 * 1961 – awarded the Lou Marsh Trophy.
 * 1966 – inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame as an athlete.
 * 1968 – inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
 * 1988 – inducted into the University of Toronto Sports Hall of Fame.
 * 1994 – inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame as a builder. (Kidd is the only person to have been twice elected to this hall of fame).
 * 2004 – made an Officer of the Order of Canada for having "devoted his life to eradicating sexism and racism in sporting communities around the world".

Selected bibliography

 * The Death of Hockey (with John Mcfarlane, 1972)
 * The Political Economy of Sport (1979)
 * Tom Longboat (1980)
 * Hockey Showdown (1980)
 * Who's a Soccer Player (1980)
 * Athletes' Rights in Canada (with Mary Eberts, 1982)
 * The Struggle for Canadian Sport (1996), winner of the North American Society of Sport History book prize.
 * "Sports and Masculinity (2013)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bruce Kidd


text:
Timeline of Gatwick Airport

Gatwick Airport was in Surrey until 1974, when it became part of West Sussex as a result of a county boundary change. The original, pre-World War II airport was built on the site of a manor in the parish of Charlwood. The land was first used as an aerodrome in the 1920s, and in 1933 commercial flights there were approved by the Air Ministry.

Origins

 * 1241: First record of the name "Gatwick" (as "Gatwik"). Gatwick was a manor in the parish of Charlwood, a village in Surrey. Gatwick manor house (not the same as the present Gatwick Manor Hotel) was on the site of today's airport, on the northern edge of the North Terminal's aircraft taxiing area; until the 19th century, it was owned by the De Gatwick family. Its name derives from the Old English gāt (goat) and wīc (dairy farm); i.e. "goat farm".
 * 12 July 1841: The London and Brighton Railway opened, and ran near Gatwick Manor.
 * 1890: The descendants of the original owners sold the area to the newly established Gatwick Race Course Company.
 * 1891: The new owners opened a racecourse adjacent to the London-Brighton railway, to replace a racecourse in Croydon, and a dedicated station included sidings for horse boxes, and named Gatwick Racecourse Station. The course hosted steeplechases and flat races. During its time as a racecourse, many days were cancelled due to fog, fog would later continue to cause problems for the airport including the fatal crash involving Turkish Prime Minister's plane in 1959.
 * 1907: Gatwick Golf Club was founded.
 * 1916, 1917, 1918: The Grand National was run at Gatwick during the First World War. The Gatwick Golf Club disappeared following the end of the First World War.

1920–1945
Royal Air Force Squadrons: • No. 2 Squadron RAF
 * Late 1920s: Land adjacent to the racecourse (at Hunts Green Farm, along Tinsley Green Lane) was used as an aerodrome. The Hunts Green farmhouse on the land used for the aerodrome was converted into a clubhouse and terminal.
 * November 1928: From then, Dominion Aircraft Limited based its Avro 504 G-AACX at Gatwick.
 * 1 August 1930: Ronald Waters, manager of Home Counties Aircraft Service (based at Penshurst Airfield in Kent), who had come into possession of Gatwick Aerodrome, got a licence for it. He founded the Surrey Aero Club there.
 * 2–3 August 1930: Flying began with pleasure flights for the local population in Avro 504s of Waters's Surrey Aero Club.
 * 1932: The Redwing Aircraft Company bought the aerodrome, and operated a flying school; it was also used for pilots flying in for races.
 * 1933: The Air Ministry approved commercial flights from Gatwick.
 * September 1933: A. M. (Morris) Jackaman, who owned several light aircraft, bought the aerodrome for £13,500. He had bold ideas for its future, such as expanding it to make it suitable to use as a relief aerodrome for London (Croydon) Airport and providing a regular service to Paris using de Havilland DH.84 Dragon aircraft. He overcame resistance from the Air Ministry, which was concerned about the cost of draining the clayey land and diverting the River Mole.
 * 1934: Jackaman oversaw Gatwick's transition to a public aerodrome, licensed for non-private flights, and planned a proper terminal building linked to a new railway station on the adjacent Brighton Main Line. He formed a new airport company, Airports Limited. Hillman's Airways became Gatwick's first commercial airline operator, beginning scheduled services from the airport to Belfast and Paris.
 * January 1935: Hillman's Airways moved to Gatwick from Stapleford Aerodrome.
 * 1935: A new airline, Allied British Airways, was formed with the merger of Hillman's Airways, United Airways and Spartan Air Lines. The new carrier, which later shortened its name to British Airways, became Gatwick's principal operator. Dorking and Horley Rural District Council was concerned about possible compensation claims from local residents and the threat of facing liability for flying accidents, and it "could see no benefit" to allowing further development of the aerodrome.
 * 6 July 1935: The aerodrome closed temporarily for renovations, which included building the "Beehive", the world's first circular terminal building.
 * September 1935: Tinsley Green station opened on time, served by two trains per hour on the Victoria-Brighton line.
 * 30 September 1935: Tinsley Green station opened 0.85 mi south of the present Gatwick station.
 * October 1935: The contracted opening date, but it was not met, partly because of drainage problems.
 * 17 May 1936: The first scheduled flight departed from the Beehive terminal at 1:30 pm, bound for Paris Le Bourget. Jersey Airways operated this flight with a DH.86 under contract to British Airways Ltd., whose livery the aircraft wore. The airfare was £4 5s (including a first-class rail ticket from London Victoria Station), and there were up to three flights a day. Later the same day, British Airways Ltd. introduced another new scheduled service from Gatwick to Malmö, which routed via Amsterdam, Hamburg and Copenhagen. Total travelling time between Gatwick and Malmö was six-and-a-half hours.
 * 25 May 1936: British Airways Ltd. and Southern Railway jointly launched scheduled air services between Gatwick and the Isle of Wight.
 * 1 June 1936: Tinsley Green station was renamed "Gatwick Airport".
 * 6 June 1936: The airport was officially reopened by the Secretary of State for Air, Lord Swinton. It featured four grass landing strips which were linked to the terminal area by two concrete taxiways, one each for arriving and departing aircraft respectively. The Beehive, the new terminal, was officially opened the same day. The Beehive was designed by Frank Hoar and incorporated several novel features, including a subway to the railway station at Tinsley Green which allowed passengers to travel from Victoria Station to the aircraft without stepping outside (with a transfer time from train to plane of as little as 20 minutes ). Air Travel Ltd (a company specialising in aircraft and engine overhauls which had relocated to Gatwick from Penshurst) moved into the new airport's No. 1 hangar.
 * July 1936: British Airways Ltd. inaugurated regular night mail flights linking Gatwick with Cologne and Hanover.
 * September and November 1936: Two fatal accidents happened, raising questions about the airport's safety.  The area was foggy, and its clay soil drained poorly; this caused the new subway to flood after rain.
 * 17 February 1937: Gatwick was declared unserviceable due to waterlogging following repeated, heavy rainfalls. Because of this tendency to flood, and because longer landing strips were needed, the pre-war British Airways moved to Croydon Airport. Gatwick returned to private flying, and was used as a Royal Air Force (RAF) flying school.
 * October 1937: The No. 19 Elementary and Reserve Flying Training School RAF (E&RFTS) began instructing future RAF pilots at Gatwick on de Havilland Tiger Moth and Hawker Hart biplanes.
 * 1938: Airwork General Trading Co. moved into the hangar British Airways Ltd. had occupied at Gatwick. This enabled Heston-based Airwork to expand its aircraft manufacturing capacity on behalf of the Civilian Repair Organisation (CRO), which had awarded it a contract to modify Whitley bombers for the RAF. Southern Aircraft (Gatwick) Ltd. was another company working under contract to the CRO at Gatwick at the time. It had been licensed to assemble Stinson Reliants and Beechcraft Expeditors for the Royal Navy and also repaired damaged Beaufighters.
 * 25 June 1938: The first Daily Express Air Display was held at Gatwick. Aircraft participating in the flypast included a Short Empire flying boat, a Lufthansa Focke-Wulf Condor, a Sabena Savoia-Marchetti SM.83, several RAF types and aerobatic aircraft.
 * 1 September 1939: No. 19 E&RFTS ended its activities at Gatwick.
 * 3 September 1939: Following the declaration of war on Germany, all civilian flying at Gatwick and elsewhere in the UK stopped. As a consequence, civil aircraft maintenance and manufacturing activities at the airport stopped as well. This resulted in the airport being requisitioned by the Air Ministry, and becoming a base for RAF night-fighters and an Army co-operation squadron during World War II (primarily for repairs and maintenance and as an alternative to RAF Kenley in the event that Kenley was rendered inoperable by enemy action).
 * December 1939: The operations manager of British Airways Ltd., which had begun the process of merging with Imperial Airways to form British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), inspected Gatwick to assess its suitability as a base for the combined operations of the merged airline.
 * 1940: BOAC maintenance personnel began overhauling Armstrong Whitworth Ensigns and other aircraft types at Gatwick. Horse racing at Gatwick ended and never restarted.
 * 1940 and 1941: RAF units relocated to Gatwick from France. The airport became closely associated with the RAF Army Cooperation Command. As a result, several Army Cooperation Command aircraft were stationed at Gatwick. These included Westland Lysanders, Curtiss Tomahawks and North American Mustangs.
 * Late 1942: Gatwick began receiving RAF and USAAF bombers that were damaged or running short of fuel. The most common types were Avro Lancasters, Handley Page Halifaxes, Short Stirlings and Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses.
 * January 1945: Gatwick was taken over by the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force Disarmament Unit. As a result, it received a large number of transport and communications aircraft.

• No. 4 Squadron RAF

• No. 14 Squadron RAF

• No. 18 Squadron RAF

• No. 19 Squadron RAF

• No. 26 (South African) Squadron RAF

• No. 53 Squadron RAF

• No. 57 Squadron RAF

• No. 63 Squadron RAF

• No. 65 (East India) Squadron RAF

• No. 80 Squadron RAF

• No. 92 (East India) Squadron RAF

• No. 98 Squadron RAF

• No. 116 Squadron RAF

• No. 141 Squadron RAF

• No. 168 Squadron RAF

• No. 171 Squadron RAF

• No. 175 Squadron RAF

• No. 183 (Gold Coast) Squadron RAF

• No. 229 Squadron RAF

• No. 239 Squadron RAF

• No. 268 Squadron RAF

• No. 274 Squadron RAF

• No. 287 Squadron RAF

• No. 309 Polish Fighter-Reconnaissance Squadron

• No. 400 Squadron RAF

• No. 414 Squadron RCAF

• No. 430 Squadron RCAF

• No. 613 (City of Manchester) Squadron RAuxAF

• No. 655 Squadron RAF Royal Air Force units: • No. 1 Aircraft Delivery Flight RAF

• No. 1 Anti-Aircraft Calibration Flight RAF

• No. 1 Concealment and Decoy Unit

• No. 8 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF

• No. 13 Personnel Transit Centre

• No. 19 Elementary and Reserve Flying Training School RAF

• No. 74 (Bomber) Wing RAF

• No. 123 Airfield RAF

• No. 129 Airfield RAF

• No. 130 Airfield RAF

• No. 162 Gliding School RAF

• No. 404 Air Stores Park

• No. 407 Air Ammunition Park

• No. 412 (Polish) Repair & Salvage Unit

• No. 1311 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment

• No. 1335 Wing RAF Regiment

• No. 1336 Wing RAF Regiment

• No. 1337 Wing RAF Regiment

• No. 1338 Wing RAF Regiment

• No. 2701 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2702 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2710 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2736 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2742 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2749 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2765 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2773 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2786 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2792 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2793 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2798 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2822 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2881 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2883 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2895 Squadron RAF Regiment

• Canadian Casualty Air Evacuation Unit

• Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces (RAF) Communication Squadron

1945–1958

 * 1946: The airport was officially decommissioned on 31 August, but the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation continued operating it as a civil airfield (initially for a six-month trial period). Airwork provided maintenance at Gatwick and other charter airlines, flying war-surplus aircraft, began using the airport despite its persistent drainage problem. Most commercial air services were cargo flights. Bond Air Services was one of the first cargo charter airlines to move to Gatwick; it began flying converted Halifax bombers from the airport.
 * November 1946: Customs facilities began being provided at Gatwick.
 * March 1947: Luton-based Hunting Air Transport established a base at Gatwick. It became the airport's first operator of post-World War II British-designed aircraft following delivery of a de Havilland Dove and two Vickers Vikings. (Hunting moved its base to Bovingdon soon after it had taken delivery of the Vikings.)
 * January 1948: Airwork converted war-surplus Douglas Dakota aircraft for civil use at Gatwick, with work being carried out on up to 35 aircraft simultaneously. This included all British European Airways (BEA) aircraft, as well as many BOAC, Aer Lingus and KLM aircraft.
 * 1948: The second Daily Express Air Display at Gatwick drew a crowd of 70,000. It included an RAF flypast and flying displays by a British South American Airways Avro Tudor and a KLM Douglas DC-6.
 * November 1948: The airport's owners warned that it might revert to private use by November 1949; Stansted was favoured as London's second airport, and Gatwick's future was unclear.
 * 1949: The third and final Daily Express Air Display was held at Gatwick.
 * 1950: Despite local opposition, the Cabinet chose Gatwick as an alternative to Heathrow (then known as London Airport). BEA launched a seasonal scheduled service to Alderney in the Channel Islands, which operated for three consecutive summer seasons until 1952. At the time, there were three operational runways. These were aligned South-West–North-East, East–West and South-East–North-West. The first was 4200 ft long, 150 ft wide and covered in steel mesh; the second was 3600 ft long, 150 ft wide and covered in steel mesh as well; the third was of the same length and width as the second but was grass-covered.
 * May 1950: Gatwick's first charter flight left the airport's original grass runway for Calvi on Corsica (with a refuelling stop in Nice). Jersey-based UK independent airline Air Transport Charter operated this flight under contract to UK package tour pioneer Vladimir Raitz's Horizon Holidays with a 32-seat Douglas DC-3 carrying 11 passengers.
 * September 1951: BEA's Experimental Helicopter Unit moved to Gatwick from Peterborough.
 * 1952: BEA established a base at Gatwick for its helicopter operations. Silver City Airways introduced Gatwick's first car ferry flights. These were seasonal, operating in the summer twice a day between Gatwick and Le Touquet. They were flown with Bristol 170 Mk 31 Freighters, which were replaced with larger Mk 32 Superfreighters from April 1955.
 * July 1952: The British government confirmed that the airport would be renovated to provide sufficient capacity for an expected doubling of aircraft movements in the London area by 1960 and for aircraft diverted from Heathrow in bad weather.
 * 1953: Jersey Airlines began flying from Gatwick to Alderney. The airline's first scheduled service from the airport was flown with de Havilland DH.114 Heron aircraft.
 * 17 January 1956: The Gatwick Airport Consultative Committee held its first meeting.
 * 1956 to 1958: The airport was closed for the £7.8 million renovation; during that period, BEA continued using Gatwick for its helicopter operations. The renovations were performed by Alfred McAlpine; they entailed diverting the A23 London–Brighton trunk road and the River Mole, building a runway across the former racecourse and rebuilding the former racecourse railway station next to the new terminal. The new, 7000 ft concrete runway was the first in Britain to feature high-speed turn-offs on to a parallel taxiway. The masterplan for the new airport also provided for subsequent construction of second 7000 ft runway, as part of a second phase, northward extension of the airfield.

1958–1969

 * Late 1950s and after: A number of British contemporary private airlines relocated to Gatwick from rival airports that closed down, closed to commercial air traffic and/or could not accommodate modern aircraft, including large commercial jet aircraft such as the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8.
 * 28 May 1958: The original Gatwick railway station (which had been rebuilt) reopened as Gatwick Airport station, and Tinsley Green station was closed.
 * 30 May 1958: The first commercial air service to use the rebuilt airport was operated by Transair with a Vickers Viscount carrying troops from Malta; it landed at 3:45 pm. (The first scheduled air service to use the rebuilt airport was operated by Jersey Airlines with a de Havilland Heron. )
 * May–June 1958: Transair became the first airline to establish a base at the new Gatwick.
 * 9 June 1958: Official opening. Queen Elizabeth II flew into Gatwick in a de Havilland Heron of the Queen's Flight for the opening. The first "official" flight after the reopening ceremony was a BEA "Pionair" class DC-3 operating a charter for Surrey County Council to Jersey and Guernsey. Gatwick was the world's first airport with a direct railway link and the first to combine mainline rail, trunk road facilities and an air terminal building in one unit. It was also one of the first with an enclosed pier-based terminal, which allowed passengers to walk under cover to waiting areas near the aircraft (with only a short walk outdoors). At the time, this comprised a single pier (the central and main pier of what is now the South Terminal) with 11 aircraft stands. Another feature of Gatwick's new air terminal was its modular design, permitting subsequent, phased expansion.
 * 1958 and 1959: Sudan Airways and BWIA West Indies Airways were among Gatwick's first scheduled overseas airlines. The former's "Blue Nile" service was the first scheduled flight from Gatwick by a foreign airline. The service, between Khartoum and Gatwick via Cairo, Athens and Rome, initially used Airwork Viscount aircraft. US supplemental carriers Capitol International, Overseas National Airways (ONA), President Airlines, Seven Seas Airlines and Transocean Airlines and several South European and Scandinavian charter airlines were among the airport's early overseas users. Among the transatlantic flights Gatwick received during that period were several Pan American aircraft that diverted from London Airport due to bad weather in the Heathrow area. This included the first appearance of a Boeing 707 at the airport.
 * February 1959: Transair assumed the operation of the African "Safari" low-fare flights from parent company Airwork, along with two dedicated Viscount aircraft. This resulted in the service's London terminal moving from Blackbushe to Gatwick. Airwork ended its manufacturing and large-scale, third party aircraft maintenance activities at Gatwick following completion of a large scheduled servicing and repair contract for RAF F-86 Sabre fighters stationed in West Germany, which employed 550 at its peak.
 * Summer 1959: US supplementals Capitol International and ONA began a series of seasonal charter flights carrying American tourists to Europe, which transited Gatwick en route to their final destinations on the Continent.
 * September 1959: Morton Air Services moved to Gatwick following Croydon Airport's closure.
 * November 1959: Air Safaris moved to Gatwick from Southend Airport.
 * 1960: Overseas Aviation moved to Gatwick from Southend Airport.
 * 1 June 1960: Airwork, Dan-Air Services, Falcon Airways, Orion Airways and Pegasus Airlines moved to Gatwick following Blackbushe Airport's closure to commercial air traffic.
 * 14 June 1960: The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Aviation, Geoffrey Rippon, opened the new, £300,000 Overseas Aviation hangar at Gatwick. At the time, this was the largest clear-span timber structure in the UK.
 * 1 July 1960: Airwork (incorporating Gatwick-based Morton Air Services and Transair, Redhill-based Bristow Helicopters, and Southend-based Air Charter and Channel Air Bridge) merged with Hunting-Clan to form British United Airways (BUA). BUA assumed most of its predecessors' fixed-wing aircraft services, becoming Britain's biggest independent (and Gatwick's foremost resident) airline during the 1960s. By the end of the decade, it was the airport's leading scheduled operator, with a 44100 mi network of short-, medium- and long-haul routes across Europe, Africa and South America using contemporary BAC One-Eleven and Vickers VC10 jet aircraft. Despite the rapid expansion of BUA's (and other airlines') scheduled activities at Gatwick, the airport was dominated by non-scheduled services from the early 1960s until the end of the 1980s. Most were inclusive tour (IT) passenger services provided by a number of British independent operators and their overseas counterparts. This earned the airport its "bucket and spade" nickname.
 * 1960 and 1961: Air Couriers built a new engineering base at Gatwick to provide aircraft maintenance services to third parties, including airlines and corporate aircraft owners. Flying Tiger Line, Riddle Airlines and Saturn Airways began operating regular summer charters carrying passengers and cargo between Gatwick, the US, the Republic of Ireland, Continental Europe and Asia. These services compensated for traffic lost as a result of the collapse of several of Gatwick's resident airlines during that period.
 * 1961: BUA announced the construction of a new, £585,000 hangar and office complex at Gatwick.
 * 1 April 1961: The airport's designation became "London (Gatwick)", emphasising its status as a London airport. (London Airport became "London (Heathrow)".) Following the agreement with the British government to transfer some flights from Heathrow to improve Gatwick's utilisation, BEA and Air France moved some of their flights to Paris (Le Bourget) to Gatwick. BEA also moved some flights to other European destinations to Gatwick.
 * 29 November 1961: A Caledonian Airways Douglas DC-7C that was chartered by London Transport Executive landed at Gatwick with 95 immigrants from Barbados on board. This was the airline's first revenue flight.
 * 1962: Two additional piers were added to the terminal.
 * 1 May 1963: Non-scheduled operators began implementing the Ministry of Aviation's instruction to transfer all regular charter flights from Heathrow to Gatwick, restricting Heathrow's use for non-scheduled operations to "occasional" charter flights.
 * 26 May 1963: BUA launched "Silver Arrow", a twice-daily combined rail-air service between London and Paris, with a Viscount for the cross-Channel Gatwick–Le Touquet air service.
 * 29 June 1963: US President John F. Kennedy arrived at Gatwick, where he was met by UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.
 * 1 January 1964: BEA Helicopters made Gatwick their administrative and engineering base.
 * 1964: Gatwick's original, relatively short late-1950s paved runway was extended by 1200 ft to 8200 ft due to new noise rules governing the operation of jet aircraft at airports near (or surrounded by) densely populated urban areas.
 * 1965: By now, each of the three piers was nearly 1000 ft long, and the terminal complex had a floor area of 100000 sqft.
 * 9 April 1965: a BUA One-Eleven operated the type's first commercial service from Gatwick to Genoa.
 * 3 June 1965: BEA Hawker Siddeley Trident 1C G-ARPB became the first aircraft to fly an approach to Gatwick Airport automatically as part of a demonstration flight to journalists that included a total of nine fully automatic approaches to the airport.
 * 4 January 1966: BUA began Gatwick's first scheduled domestic jet service to Glasgow, Edinburgh and Belfast. The new service, known as "InterJet", made BUA the first UK domestic airline using jet aircraft exclusively.
 * 1966: Ariana Afghan Airlines, Kingdom of Libya Airlines and TAROM began regular scheduled services from Gatwick, and the newly formed Laker Airways established its base at the airport. Canadian charter airline Wardair launched the first of a series of transatlantic charter flights from Gatwick to Canada with Boeing 727s.
 * 1 April 1966: The British Airports Authority (BAA) came into being; it assumed the management of Gatwick, Heathrow and Stansted. BAA's first chairman, Peter Masefield, unfurled the new BAA standard on Gatwick's central pier and opened the airport's new general aviation terminal (located north of the passenger terminal), before leaving for Heathrow with a group of officials and journalists aboard a Channel Airways Hawker Siddeley 748.
 * Summer 1966 and after: Busy summer weekends featured frequent arrivals and departures throughout the night as there were no night flying restrictions at Gatwick at the time. These were mainly passenger charter flights to Mediterranean resorts, although some were cargo charters to the Channel Islands and special, seasonal low-fare scheduled services flown by Iberia, SAS and Swissair. As many airlines had begun phasing out their obsolete piston airliners, a growing number of these night flights were operated by first and second generation jet aircraft powered by noisy turbojet or low-bypass turbofan engines.
 * 1966–67 fiscal year: BAA began constructing a new, five-story office complex on top of the main terminal building.
 * 1967: Gatwick's last car ferry flight flew, following British Air Ferries' decision to withdraw the service it inherited from Silver City Airways when it merged with Channel Air Bridge in 1963 to form British United Air Ferries.
 * May 1967: Green Line Coaches launched an hourly inter-airport express coach service between Gatwick and Heathrow.
 * 14 and 15 September 1968: Torrential rains associated with thunderstorms in the Gatwick area caused the River Mole to burst its banks. This resulted in the worst recorded flooding in the area for 100 years, which necessitated Gatwick Airport's complete closure for several hours.
 * 12 November 1968: Pioneering Icelandic low-cost carrier Loftleiðir inaugurated Gatwick's first transatlantic scheduled passenger flight to New York's John F. Kennedy Airport via Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport.
 * 25 June 1969: Westward Airways began the first inter-airport air shuttle between Gatwick and Heathrow using Britten-Norman Islanders. The airline's nine-seater aircraft plied this route six times a day each way. The flying time was 15 minutes (compared with an average surface travelling time of one-and-a-half hours). Fares charged were £4 one-way.

1970–1979

 * 1970: A second 875 ft extension of Gatwick's runway was completed, bringing it to 9075 ft and allowing non-stop jet flights to the US east coast with a full payload and full range and payload operations by British United Airways and Caledonian Airways BAC One-Eleven 500s. BEA Airtours made Gatwick their base.
 * 6 March 1970: A BEA Airtours de Havilland Comet 4B performed the airline's first revenue flight from Gatwick to Palma de Mallorca.
 * May 1970: BAA published a 10-year draft plan for Gatwick. This envisaged expanding the area covered by the airport by 840 acres (340 hectares) to 2,273 acres (920 hectares), including a second, 7513 ft long, parallel runway, 2998 ft to the north of the existing runway to enable processing of 20 million passengers per annum at the end of this period. The draft plan also made provisions for another terminal and considered the possibility of a third, short takeoff and landing (STOL) runway further north of the proposed second runway at a future date.
 * 22 August 1970: Westward Airways discontinued its inter-airport air shuttle between Gatwick and Heathrow.
 * November 1970: Caledonian Airways bought British United Airways, following which the combined airline began trading as Caledonian/BUA. The acquisition let Caledonian become a scheduled airline; in addition to the routes inherited from BUA, it began scheduled services to Europe, North and West Africa, North America and the Middle and Far East during the 1970s and 1980s.
 * March 1971: Green Line extended its Gatwick–Heathrow inter-airport express coach service to Luton Airport.
 * September 1971: Caledonian/BUA was renamed British Caledonian (BCal).
 * 1 November 1971: BCal began the first scheduled service between London and Paris by a private UK airline since the 1930s, operating between Gatwick and Le Bourget.
 * 9 October 1972: The arrival at Gatwick of a Wardair Boeing 707 on a positioning flight from Honolulu was thought to be the longest non-stop flight of a Boeing 707 at the time.
 * November 1972: Laker Airways became the first operator of wide-body aircraft at Gatwick after the introduction of two McDonnell-Douglas DC-10-10 aircraft. Laker's DC-10 fleet expanded during the 1970s and early 1980s; this included longer-range -30s, introduced in 1980.
 * 21 November 1972: A Laker Airways DC-10-10 performed the first revenue flight of a DC-10 in Europe carrying 331 charter passengers from Gatwick to Palma de Mallorca. At the time, this was also the highest number of passengers carried on a single aircraft from the airport.
 * 1973: The third extension of Gatwick's runway was completed, bringing it to 10165 ft and allowing for non-stop narrow-body operations to the US west coast and commercially viable, long-range wide-body operations.
 * April 1973: BCal began the first transatlantic scheduled service by a private UK airline to New York and Los Angeles from Gatwick.
 * May 1973: KLM augmented its Heathrow–Amsterdam service with a Gatwick–Amsterdam route, making it the first non-UK airline to split operations between Heathrow and Gatwick for commercial reasons rather than to comply with government directives. Wardair and US supplemental World Airways became the first airlines to operate Boeing 747s at Gatwick.
 * 1974: The borough of Crawley was extended northwards to include Gatwick Airport and its surrounding land. Gatwick Airport thus moved from Surrey into West Sussex.
 * July 1974: BAA published a revised master plan for Gatwick to take account of lower demand for air travel than anticipated at the time of publication of the draft plan in May 1970, as a consequence of a fall in disposable incomes caused by the 1973 oil crisis. This resulted in abandoning the proposal for a second runway and in a downward revision of the number of passengers the airport was expected to handle in the early 1980s to 16 million.
 * March and May 1977: BCal introduced its first two DC-10-30s (its first wide-body aircraft) at the airport.
 * 26 September 1977: Laker Airways launched Skytrain, Gatwick's first daily long-haul, no-frills, non-stop flights to John F. Kennedy (JFK) Airport.
 * Late 1970s: By now, government initiatives supporting Gatwick's development resulted in steady growth in passenger traffic. Among these were policies seeking to transfer all scheduled services between London and the Iberian peninsula from Heathrow to Gatwick, banning whole-plane charters at Heathrow and requiring all airlines planning scheduled services to London for the first time to use Gatwick instead of Heathrow. This policy was known as the London [Air] Traffic Distribution Rules. The government also approved a high-frequency helicopter shuttle service linking Gatwick with Heathrow.
 * 18 March 1978: The launch of scheduled flights from Gatwick to Dallas–Fort Worth by Braniff Airways marked the first occasion a US certificated route air carrier flew to Gatwick rather than Heathrow, as a result of access restrictions to Heathrow implemented in the 1977 Bermuda II UK–US bilateral air transport agreement.
 * 1 April 1978: The London [Air] Traffic Distribution Rules became effective, retroactive to 1 April 1977. The rules were designed to increase Gatwick's utilisation and improve its efficiency across the operating day, all-year round to help it become profitable. British Airways (BA) and Aer Lingus began daily scheduled flights between Gatwick and Dublin, the first use of Gatwick as a London terminal for scheduled services between the British and Irish capitals and the first BA scheduled service from Gatwick with aircraft based at the airport. For Aer Lingus, it was the first scheduled service from Gatwick.
 * 9 June 1978: 20th anniversary of Gatwick's reopening by Queen Elizabeth II. BCal, British Airways Helicopters and BAA jointly introduced Airlink, a helicopter shuttle service operating 10 times daily to Heathrow.
 * 31 December 1978: By now, scheduled flights exceeded charter flights for the first time since the early 1960s.
 * 23 April 1979: The Gatwick–Heathrow Airlink carried its 50,000th passenger.
 * August 1979: BAA signed a legally binding agreement with West Sussex County Council not to build another runway at Gatwick for 40 years in return for gaining approval to upgrade the taxiway running parallel to the airport's existing runway to an emergency landing strip.
 * Late 1970s and early 1980s: Fully extendible jet bridges were added when the piers were rebuilt and extended.

1980–1989

 * 1 August 1980: BCal launched the UK's first private scheduled air service to Hong Kong (via Dubai) from the airport.
 * 9 November 1980: The departure from Gatwick of a Dan-Air Comet on a one-hour special charter flight for aircraft enthusiasts marked the last revenue service of the world's first commercial jet airliner.
 * 1982: BCal began operating a small fleet of Boeing 747-200s from Gatwick. BAA and British Airways Helicopters ended their involvement in the Gatwick–Heathrow Airlink, leaving BCal to assume sole responsibility for this service. This included British Caledonian Helicopters supplying both the helicopter and engineering backup.
 * 28 May 1982: Pope John Paul II arrived at Gatwick on an Alitalia Boeing 727-200 Advanced, beginning the first papal visit to the United Kingdom.
 * 2 June 1982: The Pope left Gatwick at the end of his visit aboard a BCal Boeing 707.
 * December 1982: The Gatwick Hilton opened as the first hotel in Britain to be part of an airport complex.
 * 1983: As passenger numbers grew, a circular satellite pier was added to the terminal building connected to the main terminal by the UK's first automated people mover system. (This replaced the original North pier dating from 1962, and the people mover connecting the main terminal with the satellite pier was subsequently replaced with a walkway and travelators). A second terminal was planned, and construction began on the North Terminal on the land earmarked for a second runway in the draft plan of May 1970. This was the largest construction project south of London in the 1980s, costing £200 million.
 * 1984: Gatwick's new air-traffic control tower opened, the tallest in the UK at the time. The Gatwick Express was launched by British Rail, the world's first non-stop airport-to-city-centre rail service (between the airport and Victoria Station).
 * 22 June 1984: Virgin Atlantic's first commercial flight left Gatwick for Newark Liberty International Airport.
 * 1985: Work began on converting the northern parallel taxiway into a second runway for emergency use.
 * June 1985: British Airways operated the first commercial Concorde flight from Gatwick.
 * 6 February 1986: The last Airlink helicopter shuttle service from Gatwick to Heathrow flew.
 * Year ending in April 1987: Gatwick overtook New York JFK as the world's second-busiest international airport with 15.86 million international passengers.
 * Late 1987 and early 1988: British Airways took over British Caledonian; the takeover began on 21 December 1987 and was completed on 14 April 1988.
 * 18 March 1988: The North Terminal was opened by Queen Elizabeth II (including an automated rapid transit system link to the South Terminal).

1990–1999

 * End of the 1989–90 fiscal year: By now, scheduled passengers consistently outnumbered non-scheduled passengers at the airport; non-scheduled passengers had accounted for more than half the airport's passengers for most of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
 * 1991: A second aircraft pier was added to the North Terminal. Dan-Air replaced Air Europe as Gatwick's principal short-haul scheduled operator after Air Europe ceased trading early in 1991; both played important roles in the development of the airport's short-haul scheduled route network.
 * 1994: The North Terminal international departure lounge and the first phase of the South Terminal international departure lounge opened, at a cost of £30 million.
 * 1998: The main runway was extended for a fourth time, reaching 10879 ft, to enable longer-range operations with wide-body aircraft.
 * December 1999: EasyJet began operating from the airport; its first route served Geneva with aircraft and crew from EasyJet Switzerland based at Geneva Airport.

2000–2009

 * 2000 to 2001: Gatwick's two terminals were further expanded to add seating, retail space and catering outlets, at a cost of £60 million; this included an extension to the North Terminal departure lounge, completed in 2001.
 * 2002: EasyJet began stationing planes at Gatwick.
 * 2005: An extension and refurbishment to the South Terminal's baggage reclaim hall (doubling it in size) was completed.
 * 16 May 2005: Pier 6 opened at a cost of £110 million, adding 11 pier-served aircraft stands. The pier is linked to the North Terminal's main building by the largest air passenger bridge in the world, spanning a taxiway and providing passengers with views of the airport and taxiing aircraft.
 * May 2008: An extension of the South Terminal's departure lounge was completed, and a second-floor security search area opened. This terminal is now primarily used by low-cost airlines; many former users moved to the North Terminal.
 * 12 October 2009: Qatar Airways's daily QR076 Gatwick–Doha scheduled service became the first commercial flight powered by fuel derived from natural gas. The Airbus A340-600HGW operating the six-hour flight ran on a 50–50 blend of synthetic gas-to-liquids (GTL) and conventional, oil-based kerosene developed by Shell instead of oil-based aviation fuel.
 * 3 December 2009: Following the agreement to sell the airport to Global Infrastructure Partners, ownership of the airport transferred from BAA Limited to a consortium of private equity funds (led by GIP).

2010–present
These and other planned improvements are designed to enable the airport to handle 53 million passengers by 2023.
 * After the sale of the airport to GIP, Gatwick's new owners announced their intention to proceed with a previously agreed £1 billion investment programme to upgrade and expand the airport's infrastructure from 2008 to 2014. GIP raised the improvement budget to £1.172 billion, and an additional £1 billion from 2014 to 2019 was agreed in February 2013. GIP began to use its relationships to persuade new and existing airlines to consider launching additional routes from Gatwick, reinstating services suspended as a result of the global recession following the 2007–2009 financial crisis and the EU-US Open Skies Agreement and expanding existing operations.
 * 22 June 2010: Gatwick Airport Limited (GAL) began a new advertising campaign (by Lewis Moberly) for the airport, featuring the slogan "Your London Airport – Gatwick" and dropped "London" from the airport's name.
 * 6 July 2012: An Emirates Airbus A380 operated the type's first scheduled service from Gatwick for the airline's 25th anniversary at the airport, in the UK and Europe and to test the aircraft's suitability for the airport.
 * Late February 2013: Two A380-compatible stands were completed, enabling jet bridge access from the west end of the North Terminal's Pier 6.
 * 26 March 2013: Emirates operated a second, one-off scheduled A380 flight from Gatwick to test the airport's new three-bridge gate facility at Pier 6's stand 110. This marked the opening of Gatwick's first pier-served, £6.4 million A380 stand.
 * 31 May 2013: Demolition began of Pier 1, Gatwick's second-oldest pier (the original 1962 South pier of what is now the South Terminal) for its replacement with a £180 million, two-storey structure with five pier-served aircraft stands and an automated baggage-storage facility, expected to become operational by summer 2016.
 * 21 June 2013: Thomson Airways operated the airport's first Boeing 787 Dreamliner flight, a charter to Menorca which was also the commercial debut of the type for the airline.
 * 30 March 2014: Emirates became Gatwick's first airline to operate a regular (as opposed to one-off) scheduled service with the A380.
 * 29 August 2014: Gatwick's main runway handled a record 906 movements, equating to an aircraft taking off or landing every 63 seconds. This was believed to be the first time a commercial airport handled more than 900 aircraft movements in one day using only one runway.
 * November 2015: Gatwick handled 40 million passengers in a 12-months period for the first time, which was believed to be a global first for a commercial airport with a single-use runway. The 40 millionth passenger departed the airport on board a Norwegian Air Shuttle scheduled flight to San Juan on 14 November.
 * 1 February 2016: Caroline Ansell, the MP for Eastbourne, officially opened the redeveloped pier 5 of Gatwick's North Terminal. The redevelopment of pier 5 cost £80 million and forms part of the airport's £2 billion improvement programme under GIP ownership. Its main feature is an additional second level that separates departing and arriving passenger flows vertically to increase capacity by an additional 30 flights or approximately 2,400 passengers per day. This increase in capacity is achieved by accommodating up to seven large and 12 smaller aircraft (or a combination of both) at the pier's redesigned aircraft stands to enhance operational flexibility for airlines and passengers and make passenger journeys smoother.
 * 17 May 2016: Gatwick celebrated the 80th anniversary of the first commercial air service from the original Beehive terminal.
 * 14 June 2016: Steve Reed, MP for Croydon North, officially opened the new pier 1 of Gatwick's South Terminal. The new pier cost £186 million. Its main feature is a new early bag store, the airport's first. This allows up to 2,600 bags to be checked up to 18 hours before departure. The new pier 1 development also features new dual boarding facilities enabling boarding/disembarkation both via airbridge or aircraft steps to reduce queues at the passenger gates and speed up the boarding/disembarkation process. Other features include a new lounge for premium passengers on top of the new pier with panoramic views across the airfield, four new taxiways and nine additional aircraft holding points
 * 24 to 25 January 2017: EasyJet consolidated all its Gatwick operations in the North Terminal on 24 January, while British Airways moved to the South Terminal and Virgin Atlantic to the North Terminal on 25 January to improve the airport's operational efficiency and resilience, as the use of different terminals by EasyJet and British Airways reduces pressure on the North Terminal's check-in, security, boarding and ramp areas at peak times.
 * June 2017: Gatwick handled more than 45 million passengers for the first time on a rolling 12-month basis. The airport also offered regular scheduled flights to more than 60 long-haul destinations for the first time, which was believed to be a global first for a commercial airport with a single-use runway.
 * 15 January 2018: Gatwick-bound scheduled Norwegian Air Shuttle flight DY7014 from New York JFK with 284 passengers on board, which was operated by the airline's Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner G-CKHL featuring an image of British aviation pioneer Amy Johnson on its tail fin, became the fastest transatlantic flight from New York to London by a subsonic passenger aircraft. The new record of 5 hours and 13 minutes was established as a result of tailwinds reaching a maximum speed of 202 mph over the Atlantic Ocean. This increased the aircraft's maximum speed to 776 mph and reduced the scheduled flying time by 53 minutes, which enabled the previous record to be bettered by three minutes.
 * 9 June 2018: Gatwick celebrated the 60th anniversary of the present-day airport's official opening.
 * 13 June 2018: Stewart Wingate, the chief executive of Gatwick Airport, announced the new five-year capital investment plan for the period until 2023 at the British-Irish Airports EXPO in London. This envisages an additional expenditure of £1.11 billion, which takes GIP's total investment since it bought Gatwick from BAA in 2009 to more than £3 billion. Of the planned additional expenditure, £266 million has been allocated to the 2018–19 fiscal year. Amongst others, the main projects covered by this additional expenditure include
 * a westward extension of the North Terminal's pier 6, involving the relocation of the A380 stand to pier 5 and related widening and reconfiguration of a taxiway to enable A380 operators to access the new stand at pier 5
 * a dedicated domestic arrival and baggage reclaim facility in the South Terminal
 * connecting the new Boeing hangar with the airfield.
 * 3 October 2018: A regularly scheduled service to Gatwick Airport from Orlando International Airport operated by a Virgin Atlantic Boeing 747-400 was claimed to be the first commercial flight powered by a new type of sustainable aviation biofuel made by US-based LanzaTech from recycled waste carbon gases.
 * 20 December 2018: Gatwick was closed for a record 33 hours due to drone activity resulting in the British Army being called to try and identify the drone operator and increase prevention.
 * 26 August 2020: Gatwick announced that has plans to cut over a quarter of its employees as a result of a planned company restructuring caused by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The planned cuts will bring the total workforce of the airport to 1,900; before the start of the pandemic it was 3,300, however, additional 785 jobs were cut earlier in 2020.
 * 27 April 2023: Gatwick Airport rebrands as London Gatwick, with a new logo and refreshed vision.

title: Timeline of Gatwick Airport


text:
User:Casssieandra/sandbox

Summary
Bunz Trading Zone is a Toronto based online start-up company comprising of multiple Facebook groups, an app, and a social media based community. The main purpose of the group is to act as a space for a modern day version of bartering and allows members to trade goods (like books, tall cans of beer, wine, furniture, clothes, etc) or services (haircuts, yoga classes, collaborative art projects) for other goods and services with people in their community. The Facebook group was originally founded by Emily Bitze, who is a part of Toronto bands Milk Lines and Wish, in 2014. It has since grown into a large group of over 46,000 members, with multiple sub-groups for specific purposes (Bunz Pet Zone for trading pet supplies, Bunz Helping Zone for asking for advice, Bunz Home Zone for posting apartment listings and asking for help about renting in the city, Bunz Employment + Entrepreneurial Zone for job listings, etc) and an app specifically designed for trading. A group member is referred to as a “bun,” with founder Emily Bitze being referred to as “mother bun.” Subgroups all use the same Bunz format but aren’t always officially affiliated with Emily Bitze or original group moderators. The group’s purpose is to establish a sustainable future by changing the ways in which citizens consume resources, and to ensure the local community can grow through “alternative economies, community building and radical recycling .”

History
Bunz Trading Zone was originally called Bumz Trading Zone and created by Emily Bitze in 2014. As a result of not being able to afford dinner one evening, she reached out to her social network and made a Facebook post asking for ingredients to make pasta. Following the success of her crowdsourced dinner, Bitze created a Facebook group for friends to trade with each other. Eventually the group extended further beyond her reach and new members were added, and new moderators were brought in to help manage posts. Bunz started as a group of people creating value for unwanted things by trading with each other. The group has now become an amalgamation of groups held together by a shared goal of sustainability and community growth. The groups have grown to 200,000+ members of nearly 200 Facebook groups in 47 cities in 8 countries. Groups who wish to use the Bunz name and be officially affiliated must contact Bunz headquarters at 372 Richmond St W, Toronto, ON M5V 2L7 and have their request approved by admin.

List of Bunz Facebook groups
Bunz Trading Zone: the original iteration of Bunz, a group where members of the community can trade items, no cash allowed, members must adhere to community guidelines

Bunz Helping Zone: a group where members of the community can ask questions, seek advice, seek support or assistance without fear of being judged

Bunz Home Zone: a group where members of the community can post apartment listings, ask questions about tenant rights, or look for roommates

Bunz Petz Zone: a group where members of the community can trade pet care items, post notices for lost or found pets, and ask advice about pet care, trading pets is not allowed or considered ethical

Bunz Hair Zone: a group where local professional and student hairstylists offer discounts for members of the community

Bunz Makeup Zone: a group where members of the community can trade makeup items, post tutorials, and ask for advice about makeup

Bunz Dank Meme Zone: a group where members of the community can share memes to make each other laugh, or offer support through humour, often also share selfies with each other, this group’s name changes each month but the typical format is Bunz Dank ______ Meme Zone, self-described as “A Finely Procured & Curated Stash of the Dankest Memes in All the Zones”

Creepy Bunz: a group where members of the community can share scary stories or their experiences with paranormal activity

Bunz Freebie Zone: a group where members of the community can post about free events, free giveaways, coupons, etc

Bunz Dating Zone: a group where members of the community can meet new people for the purpose of going on a date and “openly discuss the chaotic and yet all too beautiful dumpster fire that is modern dating”

Bunz Friending Zone: a group where members of the community can meet new people to make friends

Bunz Tattoo and Body Mod Zone: a group where members of the community who are body modification enthusiasts can post a piece of work (like a tattoo) that they are happy with, get connected with tattoo artists, or share advice

Bunz Employment + Entrepreneurial Zone: a group where members of the community can seek freelance work

Bunz Community Guidelines
The following standards apply to all official Bunz-affiliated groups. When joining a Bunz group, members “implicitly agree to these guidelines by becoming a member of Bunz Trading Zone, the Bunz app, or any affiliated “official” Bunz-branded groups on Facebook, and additional rules may apply to Bunz satellite groups at the discretion of their respective moderators.” Bunz admin and moderators operate with the rights to remove any and all content that violates the community rules and guidelines or puts the safety of members at risk including comments, images, items for trade, posts, videos, memes, and any other content. Admins also operate with the right to remove any and all members who are found to be in violation of the group rules. If a member finds that a post or another member violates the Bunz guidelines, they can choose to report them to the admin. The Bunz Community Guidelines are a collaborative effort written by the following individuals: Emily Bitze, Bethea Arielle, and Eli Klein in addition to recommendations from David Morton, Sheeman Bar, Rachel Lissner, Liz Went, Elliot Fonarev, Sarah Lee, Becky Vaughn, Andrew P. Wang, Farrell Rafferty, Sarena Ally, Jamin Chaput,and Grant Oyston as well as The Globe & Mail user guidelines & Facebook Community Standards

Bullying and Harassment
The Bunz community has a zero tolerance policy when it comes to bullying and harassment. Any posts that appear to be negatively targeting members of the community can be removed by admins. According to the Community Guidelines, this includes content or actions such as "images altered to degrade the subject, photos or videos of physical bullying posted to shame the victim, sharing personal information to blackmail or harass people, repeatedly targeting other people with unwanted friend requests or messages." The Bunz community also prohibits any of the following and have the right to delete posts that include "personal attacks and name-calling in comments, posting pictures that personally identify people, including screenshots. This includes, but is not limited to trades gone wrong, photos which allege that a crime is/was being committed (bike theft, assault, etc), and dating app profiles."

Targeted slurs/aggressive behaviour
Bunz takes hate speech very seriously and does not tolerate sexism, racism, sizeism, ageism, ableism, homophobia, transphobia. According to their Community Standards and Guidelnes, Bunz community "subscribes to a modern definition of racism which focuses on its systemic nature and the structures of power which support it. Admin reserve the right to remove users and/or posts/threads with no warning or explanation. Bunz recognizes that sometimes a comment may be meant in jest, or is written to intend satire or sarcasm. However, these tones sometimes translate poorly through digital mediums such as Facebook or in an app" so the community admins ask posters to be aware of the audience and their context before making a post.

Contacting other members
Bunz members are not allowed to contact other members unless they are getting in touch with them to do a trade, or are giving advice to members of Bunz Helping Zone, or to move forward with a social conversation taking place in the appropriate group (like in Bunz Friending Zone or Bunz Dating Zone). Direct private messages aren't allowed unless under specific conditions, and are consensual between the parties involved. Members do not owe other members a response in any circumstances. According to their Community Guidelines, "unwanted communication with fellow members may result in removal from any or all Bunz groups."

Trade Specific Standards
Bunz admins prefer that Bunz Trading Zones are restricted to only bartering posts, with the following exceptions: "posts about missing people, pets or lost or stolen belongings, discussion, feedback, and constructive criticism on how to make the Bunz community better, and community-focused posts such as warnings or PSAs (Public Service Announcements)."

Bunz admin have a strict rule regarding non-trade posts, and posts advertising monetary items or looking to exchange products/services for money. Their Community Standards Guideline states the following: "Posts that take the form of advertising or spam, including referral codes (Uber, Foodora, Tangerine, etc.), crowdfunding requests, fishing for ‘likes’ or follows" will be deleted. Bunz admin "may delete posts asking advice (advice questions are best asked in the Bunz Helping Zone), or suggestions towards engaging in behaviors or activities that threaten the safety of fellow Bunz. Admin will also delete shared content from other groups/sites that are irrelevant or lacking in purpose towards trading or community betterment."

Prohibited Items
Bunz does not allow the trading of the following items: "prescription drugs, firearms, ammunition, illegal weapons, and bodily fluids." When making trades involving tobacco, alcoholic drinks (wine and beer are common trades) or any other adult products, community members must follow all applicable laws and be aware of the age of those they are trading with.

Treating Pets in Bunz Petz Zone
Bunz are not allowed to trade animals and pets. Bunz Petz Zone is a Bunz Group associated with the official Bunz Trading Zone that can help pet owners or those looking for pets to be connected with ethical animal shelters and with pet supplies or to seek advice. The Bunz Petz Zone does not allow trading of pets or animals in any way. According to the Community Guidelines, it also "does not allow breeders to solicit for animals to breed and it does not allow members to seek money in exchange for an animal."

Formation of Online Communities
Over time, the various Bunz Zones have become online forums for internet activism. Through memes, long posts about politics, and debates/discussion in the comments sections members communicate with each other. Topics often include feminism, overcoming racism, how to make the space safer, being an ally, requests for people to walk home together in groups, how to deal with harassment, invites to attend rallies or protests, etc. For the safety of group members, posts often include a content warning or trigger warning to make sure that images or topics posted in the group do not offend or endanger a fellow “bun” with content that could be harmful for their mental health. The Bunz Meme Zone and the Bunz Helping Zone are most active with these kinds of communities. The Bunz Dank Meme Zone often uses the humour of memes as a coping mechanism or political subversive tool. Howley cites that the "political dimensions of Internet memes highlights users’ agency in challenging political authorities, media discourses and dominant ideologies", which are core priniciples of the Bunz communitiy. Bunz members are meant to help each other out through various types of support including: emotional support that consists of messages providing comfort and security during stressful times that lead the member to feel more appreciated, cared for, and valued, advice messages that provide “recommendations about what might be thought, said, or done to manage a problem”, and tangible support that provides physical assistance like clothing or food or services like protection and transportation and informational support messages that provide helpful facts and clarification .The social media driven platform has seen the rise of a Bunz specific politically charged internet activism that aims to be intersectional. Due to the rise of digital technologies, "internet activism through online groups and memes is made possible for activist efforts occurring on the margins of conventional political and social action."

Bunz Speak
Bunz members communicate through specific acronyms in addition to usual internet/text speak. When a member, or “bun,” needs an item or service they post ISO (in search of) on the group with a description of what they need and what they can trade. When talking about a specific post in a discussion thread, OP means original poster. TIA is short for thanks in advance. For content that may be upsetting to other members, they preface the post with CW (content warning) or TW (trigger warning). Other codes include GC (gift card) or 420 for trades involving marijuana. If members are open to trading something not included in their list, they post “name your trade .” TL;DR means “Too long, didn’t read” and prefaces a long post with a short summary. Bunz phrases often include “CURB ALERT,” meaning a group member has spotted furniture or items left out on someone’s curb. They include the location the curb alert was spotted and a photo of what is being thrown out in the case that another group member might want to go pick it up. In Bunz Home Zone, admin Kevin Douglas established the “CRANKY ADMIN NOTE,” meaning that any posts beginning with “CRANKY ADMIN NOTE” are rules that members of the community need to follow. Posts in Bunz Home Zone need to include the hashtags #ISOROOMMATE, #SUBLET, #ROOM4RENT so that other members know what the original poster is looking for.

Closing Time
On June 29 2016, a member made a post that sparked the Bunz cultural phenomenon of “Closing Time.” Below is the post:

“Dear bunz, This masked individual has been biking down my street for past couple days singing, “Closing Time” by Semisonic at the top of his lungs while flipping off everyone and everything in site. I don’t know what prompted this nasty behaviour but it is highly offensive and I am beginning to get scared and don’t know what he might do next. I thought about contacting the authorities but I thought I’d post here first to see if anyone else has experienced this or may know the culprit. I just wanna know what makes him think that this is okay?? ISO this mans identity and justice. Thank you”

The post has been liked by 2,300 other members and has 512 comments, and is accompanied by a photo of a man in a ski mask riding a bike through a Toronto neighbourhood, throwing his middle finger into the air. A series of posts followed the original including the ones below:

“DEAR BUNZ, IM SICK AND TIRED OF THIS "CLOSING TIME" HOAX. IT'S BECOME PAINFULLY OBVIOUS THAT THIS MAN WAS MERELY A CRISIS ACTOR. WHILE I APPLAUD THE CREATIVITY OF THESE MONEY GRUBBING MOGULS, IT ABUSES THE QUIRKY AND FUN-LOVING ATTRIBUTES OF THIS WONDERFUL COMMUNITY. THESE PEOPLE ARE LIARS AND DECEIVERS. BE THE CHANGE THAT YOU WANT TO SEE IN THE WORLD. SINCERELY, A CONCERNED AND DISTURBED BUN”

“ISO how to explain "Closing Time" to non Bunz.”

The post caused such a reaction in the Bunz community that it became an inside joke in the group, and one member made T-shirts out of the image of the masked individual. The T-shirt can be found here. It was on sale to the public for $20 but being traded to the community for “Tokens, Tall Cans, Justice, Goodvibes, 420, Pizza, Succulents.”

Bunz Trading App
As the Facebook groups began to grow and the company expanded, Bunz introduced an app to their platform to get away from the dependancy and disorganization of Facebook. In the app, what would’ve been separated by Facebook groups are presented as feeds, and the general feed is called the “City Network.” There is a feed for community discussion, or posts not related to feeds. There is also a dedicated feed for trades, and a separate feed for house hunting (on Facebook, known as Bunz Home Zone) and questions (on Facebook, known as Bunz Helping Zone). With this expansion, Bunz has moved their headquarters into an office in Downtown Toronto, located at 372 Richmond St W, Toronto, ON M5V 2L7. Since the Bunz app was first released in January 2016 for iPhone and Android phones, 100,000 users have downloaded the app. The app seeks to expand Bunz on an international level starting with Brooklyn, New York, and Austin, Texas.

Bunz in the News
In January 2017, Toronto actor Ken Ferguson started the #BathtubsofBunz project to take baths in strangers' houses. The project was meant to build community, friendliness, and light-heartedness during stressful times. The 32 year old actor participated in baths where he was "serenaded by a Bunz member, who strummed a ukulele from the toilet seat in exchange for tea; he washed wigs for a drag queen and was kept company by a 3-year-old Husky named Bowie." The story was covered in the Toronto Star. Ferguson has been an active Bunz member since 2015.

In 2016 NOW Magazine compiled a list of odd Bunz trades. Items that were up for trade included seven expired hams, which a Bunz user purchased "with the intention of meat-sliming" a former employer who was withholding his pay, "used (and thoroughly cleaned) sex toys and menstrual cups, the sign from College Street bar Rancho Relaxo (which was traded by the bar's then co-owner, Davy Love, for a pizza), human teeth, breast milk, a homemade coffee table featuring a life-size Han Solo in carbonate, someone's cut-off dreadlocks, ten industrial-sized boxes of Mr. Freeze popsicles, a school bus, and a 20-litre tub of mayonnaise." Items people were looking for included: "a replacement for a roommate's vibrator, which the poster's dog chewed to death, someone to strip at a baby shower, dead animals for taxidermy, a group of pugs for a boyfriend to hang out with as a birthday surprise." Other trades in the list included a granddaughter looking for a stand mixer for her grandma, who frequently baked for the whole neighbourhood, and furniture and housewares donated for Syrian refugees. Casssieandra (talk) 22:31, 16 January 2018 (UTC) Casssieandra (talk) 04:24, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Casssieandra (talk) 03:49, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Casssieandra (talk) 21:25, 1 November 2017 (UTC)

title: User:Casssieandra/sandbox


text:
Rukh (film)

Rukh is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language thriller-drama film directed by debutant director Atanu Mukherjee. The film stars Manoj Bajpayee, Smita Tambe, Kumud Mishra and Adarsh Gourav in lead roles. The film was released on 27 October 2017.

Plot
In a school yard fight, 18-year-old Dhruv Mathur (Adarsh Gourav) impetuously hits a fellow student, breaking his leg. He then gets scared and runs away. When the school expels him, his parents send him to a boarding school. Away from home in the boarding school, Dhruv is ignorant about the ongoing crisis in his family. His life takes an unexpected turn as he gets the news of his father Diwakar Mathur's (Manoj Bajpayee) death in a car accident. As he copes with the tragedy, he seeks to find out what happened. Hidden truths begin to unravel. Even as his mother Nandini (Smita Tambe) struggles to shield him, Dhruv starts looking for answers. The search leads to a series of unexpected revelations, as he discovers the shades of his father's personality and his business situation he had never known before. He discovers that his father's business partner, Robin (Kumud Mishra), was involved in shady business dealings and that his father was a good man. Dhruv believes that Robin, his father's crooked business partner, must have had his father murdered. The reality turns out to be something else and Dhruv's mother was trying to withhold information in order to protect Dhruv. Turns out Dhruv's father had borrowed money to pay the workers at his unexpectedly closed factory. The film has an unexpected ending when he is shocked to discover that his father had essentially committed suicide in order to keep his word to pay back the loan he took from a bank owner, and to leave some money for Dhruv and his mother. Dhruv grows up in this process and decides to seek and apologize to the boy he had struck in school a few years earlier.

Cast

 * Manoj Bajpayee as Divakar
 * Adarsh Gourav as Dhruv
 * Smita Tambe as Nandini
 * Kumud Mishra as Robin
 * Ila Bhate as Nirmala
 * Shubhrajyoti Barat as Jayant
 * Pawan Singh as Hassan
 * Bhushan Vikas as Shinde
 * Vedant Muchandi as Amrit
 * Kannan Arunachalam as Rangarajan
 * Sandesh Kulkarni as Arif
 * Siddharth Chanda as Digant
 * Anil Khopkar as Ajit
 * Ravi Mahashabde as Jayesh
 * Yagya Saxena as Chinmay
 * Ahsaas Channa as Shruti
 * Ravin Makhija as Bhushan
 * Swaroop Khopkar as Usha Aunty

Production
The motion poster of the film was released on 31 August 2017.

Soundtrack
The music of the film is composed by Amit Trivedi while the lyrics have been penned by Sidhant Mago. The first song of the film titled as "Hai Baaki" sung by Arijit Singh was released 11 October 2017.

Critical reception
Rukh received mostly positive reviews.

Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times gave the movie 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "Rukh has its own narrative technique. To categorise Rukh as an art-house film would be an injustice to Atanu Mukherjee's talent. It's a ‘different’ film, for the want of a better word."

Times of India also rated the movie 3.5/5 and said, "It's a rare, mature thriller that delivers the goods and keeps you engrossed."

Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV also gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "This film, an exemplar of the virtues of staying true to a chosen creative arc, announces the advent of a new writer-director clearly blessed with instinctive control over the medium."

Koimoi gave the film a 3/5 rating and said, "Manoj Bajpayee Holds Your Guts Till The Last Second".

Rajeev Masand also gave the movie 3 out of stars and stated, "Despite the overwhelming heaviness, and frankly a cop-out ending, the film is powered by its performances. Bajpayee and Tambe both have a melancholic stillness, while Gourav conveys angst and grief through restlessness."

Namrata Joshi of The Hindu called it "a meandering and monotonous feature film".

Anupama Chopra gave the movie 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated that the film is intermittently engaging yet never seems essential.

title: Rukh (film)


text:
Talk:Mind Sports Olympiad

this page was split
This page was split from Mind Sports Organisation not clear it was ready for this yet.Tetron76 (talk) 21:57, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Number of participants
The article says Demis Hassabis has won the Pentamind event five times. The meaning of this, and almost all other information in the article, depends on the number of participants of the various events/championships/competitions. I haven't read the full article, but at first glance none of the sections or related articles appear to say anything about the number of participants. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:31, 8 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The 2014 championship featured 334 participants, apparently. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:02, 9 December 2014 (UTC)

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External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Mind Sports Olympiad


text:
Unglück

Etymology
From, , , equivalent to. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) unhappiness; sorrow
 * 2) bad luck; misfortune
 * 3) accident, calamity, catastrophe
 * 1) accident, calamity, catastrophe
 * 1) accident, calamity, catastrophe

Usage notes

 * generally denotes a more serious accident than ; a fatal accident is more likely to be called an than an . Equally,  denotes a more serious kind of bad luck than.

title: Unglück


text:
Mizhigli

Mizhigli (Мижигли; Kaitag: Мижигъла; Dargwa: Мижгъели) is a rural locality (a selo) in Shilyaginsky Selsoviet, Kaytagsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 382 as of 2010. There are 21 streets.

Geography
Mizhigli is located 7 km southwest of Madzhalis (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dzhigiya, Shilyagi and Kulidzha are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Dargins live there.

title: Mizhigli


text:
Tolomeo e Alessandro

Tolomeo e Alessandro, ovvero la corona disprezzata is an Italian-language opera by Domenico Scarlatti to a libretto by Carlo Sigismondo Capece which premiered in Rome on 19 January 1711 at the Palazzo Zuccari, with scenery by Filippo Juvarra. It was second of the seven operas composed by Domenico for the Polish queen Maria Casimira Sobieski, following his pastorale in three acts La Silvia of 27 January 1710.

Recordings

 * Tolomeo e Alessandro - Ann Hallenberg (Tolomeo), Raffaella Milanesi (Alessandro), Klara Ek (Seleuce), Roberta Invernizzi (Elisa), Mary-Ellen Nesi (Dorisbe) Theodora Baka (Araspe). Il Complesso Barocco, Alan Curtis, 3 CDs, Fundación Caja Madrid 2010, digital download only DG-Archiv 47640349

title: Tolomeo e Alessandro


text:
Biblical psychology

A BIBLICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Lesson 1: Positive Disintegration <> “Unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies …” (John 12:24)

INTRODUCTION: This Lesson will present you with a theory of soul / psyche which matches up more closely with the Story of Job* and the psychological growth of Biblical Exemplars** than any other theory of Modern Psychology.
 * Chronologically, “Job” was the first written book of the Bible.
 * i.e. Jacob, David, Moses, Paul

PURPOSE: This Lesson will... 1) Introduce Kazmierz Dabrowski, author of the Theory of Positive Disintegration; Note: The Editor will, from Lesson 2 on, attempt a virtually seamless transition to [an overtly biblical] Psychology entitled “Creative Disintegration”;2) Introduce, as Psychology, “Unless a grain of wheat  falls into the earth and dies …” (John 12:24);3) Introduce the role of conflict in the developmental process;4) Offer both a cryptic contrast of “Biblical Psychology” to Freudand a comparison  with Jung.

LEARNING HINTS: As you read the Sources, look for the following: 1) A sense of both the person and the achievement of Professor Dabrowski; 2) An initial grasp of the essence of both "Unless a grain of wheat … ” and "Over-excitability"; 3) A sense of the role of conflict in the developmental process; 4) An initial "handle" on: a) Freud <> A Biblical Psychology contrast;     b) Jung <> A Biblical Psychology similarities. <<>>

To continue on to the Lesson itself, Click:

title: Biblical psychology


text:
1st Royal Tank Regiment

The 1st Royal Tank Regiment (1 RTR) was an armoured regiment of the British Army. It is part of the Royal Tank Regiment, itself part of the Royal Armoured Corps and operationally under 12th Armoured Infantry Brigade.

Formation
The regiment was originally formed as A Company, Heavy Section, Machine Gun Corps in May 1916 during the First World War (1914–1918). It took part in the first ever tank offensive in 1916 and saw action on the Western Front again in the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 and later in the Hundred Days Offensive. Remaining active in the army during the interwar period, in 1939 it was renamed the 1st Royal Tank Regiment.

Second World War
During the Second World War (1939–1945) the regiment took part in the Siege of Tobruk in the summer of 1941 and the Battle of El Alamein in October 1942, the advance up Italy in late 1943, the Normandy landings in June 1944 and the Western Allied invasion of Germany in 1945. From the Battle of El Alamein the regiment was part of the 22nd Armoured Brigade, itself part of the 7th Armoured Division, for the rest of the war.

Post war
After a period based in Germany, 1 RTR fought Communist forces during the Korean War.

The regiment was in the Suez Canal Zone as part of 25 Armoured Brigade to protect British interests in the Zone from in January 1954 to August 1955.

In 1957 the regiment was posted to Hong Kong as part of the 48th Gurkha Infantry Brigade. When it left Hong Kong in 1960 it replaced the Comet tanks with Centurions at Hohne, West Germany.

Amalgamation
In 1993, it amalgamated with the 4th Royal Tank Regiment without change of title. It incorporated both of the original regiments' traditional recruiting areas of Merseyside and Scotland.

In 1999, two squadrons were split off as part of the Joint NBC Regiment with No. 27 Squadron RAF Regiment. In December 2011 the Regiment handed over its responsibility for CBRN to the RAF Regiment.

On 25 June 2008 at Buckingham Palace, both 1RTR and 2 RTR were presented with their new Standard by The Queen, which included the new Battle Honour of Al Basrah 2003.

On 2 August 2014 the regiment merged with 2RTR to form the single battalion Royal Tank Regiment (RTR), based at Aliwal Barracks, Tidworth and is one of three armoured regiments equipped with the Challenger 2 tank.

The history and traditions of 1 RTR are preserved by 'Ajax" Squadron of the RTR.

Commanding Officers
The Commanding Officers have been:

 * style="text-align:left; width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
 * 1959–1961: Lt.-Col. Tresham D. Gregg
 * 1961–1963: Lt.-Col. John D. Masters
 * 1963–1966: Lt.-Col. Richard E. Simpkin
 * 1966–1967: Lt.-Col. Laurie W.G. Gingell
 * 1967–1969: Lt.-Col. Ian H. Baker
 * 1969–1972: Lt.-Col. Simon J. Beardsworth
 * 1972–1974: Lt.-Col. John P. Maxwel
 * 1974–1976: Lt.-Col. Antony K.F. Walker
 * 1976–1979: Lt.-Col. David L. Lewis
 * 1979–1981: Lt.-Col. A.S. Jeremy Blacker
 * 1981–1984: Lt.-Col. Michael Seymour
 * 1984–1986: Lt.-Col. Michael I. Keun
 * 1986–1989: Lt.-Col. Mark J.H. Goodson
 * 1989–1991: Lt.-Col. Timothy E. Hall

 * style="text-align:left; width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|

 * 1991–1993: Lt.-Col. Adrian G.R. Carroll
 * 1993–1995: Lt.-Col. Peter Gilchrist
 * 1995–1997: Lt.-Col. Ian J. Rodley
 * 1997–2000: Lt.-Col. David C. Eccles
 * 2000–2002: Lt.-Col. Christopher M. Deverell
 * 2002–2004: Lt.-Col. Patrick J. Kidd
 * 2004–2006: Lt.-Col. Hamish S. De Bretton-Gordon
 * 2006–2009: Lt.-Col. Ian J. Gibb
 * 2009–2011: Lt.-Col. Gavin J. Thompson
 * 2011–2013: Lt.-Col. Andrew M. Britton
 * 2013–2016: Lt.-Col. Nicholas J. Cowey
 * 2016–2018: Lt.-Col. Simon A. Ridgway
 * 2018–present: Lt.-Col. James R. Howard

Associated Cadet Forces

 * Mildenhall Detachment, Suffolk Army Cadet Force
 * Cadbury Heath Detachment, Bristol Army Cadet Force
 * Ainsdale Detachment, Merseyside Army Cadet Force
 * Westbury Detachment, Wiltshire Army Cadet Force
 * Oldham Detachment, Greater Manchester Army Cadet Force
 * 131 (Battersea) Detachment, South West London Army Cadet Force
 * Bovington and Purbeck Detachment, Dorset Army Cadet Force

title: 1st Royal Tank Regiment


text:
Talk:Chad Townsend

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title: Talk:Chad Townsend


text:
Talk:Thelma Grigg

Death
Her IMDB profile says that she died in 2003 at age 91, although I'm not sure of the source of that information.Skycloud86 (talk) 19:19, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Updated based on limited obit info and a news article that mentions her (second) marriage and move to Indiana. --RL0919 (talk) 18:45, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thelma Grigg


text:
All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation

The All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation (AIPSO) is an organization in India promoting peace, solidarity and friendship between peoples. AIPSO was founded in 1951 and is a member of the World Peace Council. Pallab Sengupta is the general secretary of AIPSO.

Among the 1951 founders of AIPSO were, according to the organization, "Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, veteran Congress leader and freedom fighter, Pandit Sundarlal, disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr M M Atal, leader of the Indian Medical Mission to China, Ajoy Ghosh, freedom fighter and Communist leader, A K Gopalan, freedom fighter and Communist leader, T B Cunha, leader of Goa, Prof. D D Kosambi, as also celebrated film personalities like Prithviraj Kapoor and Balraj Sahni, noted writers Krishan Chander, Rajendra Singh Bedi, renowned poets Vallathol, S. Gurbaksh Singh, and many other leading personalities".

In late 1964 AIPSO launched an fundraising campaign to help set up an office of the African National Congress in India. In September 1964 Yusuf Dadoo and J. B. Marks conducted a six-week speaking tour across India as part of the fundraising campaign, bringing accounts from the anti-Apartheid struggle to the Indian public. Over 40,000 INR was collected. At the time is had been 'the biggest sustained campaign undertaken on any single anti-imperialist issue in India'. The ANC office in New Delhi was inaugurated in 1967, with recognition from the Indian government. In 1969 it was re-baptised as the Asian Mission of the ANC. AIPSO also voiced support for MPLA in Angola.

AIPSO campaigned actively against U.S. intervention in Vietnam. In December 1974 AIPSO sent its first delegation to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The delegation, consisting of AIPSO general secretary Romesh Chandra, Vayalar Ravi (Member of Parliament) and Subrata Banerjee (Assistant Editor of The Economic Times), was received by Prime Minister Phạm Văn Đồng.

Together with the CPI, AIPSO campaign for support to the Saur Revolution in Afghanistan.

In the period of communal violence surrounding the 1992 Demolition of the Babri Masjid AIPSO organized peace marches and meetings to campaign for communal harmony. On January 30, 1993, it organized a conference on the death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, gathering Hindu, Muslim and Christian religious leaders.


text:
Cheryl Webb

Cheryl Webb (born 3 October 1976 in Penrith, New South Wales), is an Australian race walker. Webb won the bronze medal in the 20 km race at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. She is self coached since 2004.

Webb made her international debut in 2004. She finished 38th in the 20 km race at the 2004 Summer Olympics and 21st in the same event at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics.

Statistics

 * 2010: Commonwealth Games - Delhi, India (5th)
 * 2010: World Walking Cup - Chihuahua, Mexico (disqualified)
 * 2009: World Championships - Berlin, Germany (disqualified)
 * 2009: National Champion - Melbourne, Australia (fastest Australian female on Australian soil of all time over 20 km, 1.29.44)
 * 2006: Commonwealth Games - Melbourne, Australia (3rd, 1.36.03)
 * 2006: World Walking Cup - La Coruna, Spain (37th, 1.36.33)
 * 2005: World Championships - Helsinki, Finland (21st, 1.33.58)
 * 2004: Olympic Games - Athens, Greece (38th, 1.37.40)
 * 2004: World Walking Cup - Naumburg, Germany (26th, 1.31.42)

title: Cheryl Webb


text:
leaflessness

Noun

 * 1) The property of being leafless.
 * The tree's leaflessness made it look scrawny, though in summer it seemed full and bushy.

title: leaflessness


text:
User:Prabhat mohanta/sandbox

prabhat mohanta is an westbengal film and television cinematographer/photographer/drone operator..

title: User:Prabhat mohanta/sandbox