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Atriplex stipitata

Atriplex stipitata, commonly known as mallee saltbush, bitter saltbush and kidney saltbush, is a species of shrub in the family Amaranthaceae, found in all mainland states of Australia.

In South Australia, it flowers all year round, however in other states generally flowers from spring through to autumn. A. stipitata is not considered a threatened species.

Description
Atriplex stipitata is an erect, generally dioecious, shrub which grows to 1 m in height. Its leaves are elliptic and entire, with the apices either obtuse or rounded. The leaf blade is 7 to 25 mm long on a petiole which is 2 to 3 mm long. Male flowers form disjunct spikes, and the well-spaced clusters of female flowers form slender spikes. Bracteoles surround a superior ovary, on a slender stipe which is up to 1 cm long. A. stipitata generally flowers from spring through to autumn. The common name 'kidney saltbush' is derived from the kidney shape of the fruits. When in season, the distinctive fruits make it easily identified.

In 2020, N.G.Walsh & Sluiter described a sub species of A. stipitata. This sub species, miscella, presents as a monoecious plant. This sub species varies to the dioecious form. It is distinguished by having finer stems with narrow leaves. It is an erect and gracile shrub and is not as robust as the dioecious taxa with a shorter lifespan. Miscella grows from 60-100 cm with sparser stems, making it a more narrow shrub than the sub species stipitatas which is often wider than it is tall.

Taxonomy and naming
George Bentham first described A. stipitata in 1870. The specific epithet, stipitata, is a Latin adjective (past participle) meaning "stemmed", that is, "having a stipe or a stem", and refers to the stemmed fruit.

There are 2 subspecies of A. stipitata in the Flora of Victoria as listed below

The epithet, miscella, is a Latin word meaning “mixed”, believed to be referring to the mixed male and female flowers presented together.
 * Atriplex stipitata subsp. miscella N.G.Walsh & Sluiter
 * Atriplex stipitata subsp. stipitata

Distribution and occurrence
A. stipitata is widely spread across Australia, found in all mainland states. It is most abundant in semi arid and arid zones of inland parts of South Australia and Western New South Wales. Although A. stipitata has been observed in numerous different habitats, it predominately occurs in the mallee region of Victoria and South Australia and in open wooded areas.

Western Australia – subsp. stipitata is commonly found in the south-western region. Subsp. miscella remains rare, with only a single collection.

Northern Territory – subsp. miscella is the more common species found in Northern Territory, however both species are present in the southern regions.

South Australia – subsp. stipitata can be found in all mainland regions of South Australia except the south-east. Subsp. miscella is currently limited to the Flinders Ranges and Murray Mallee regions.

Queensland – subsp. miscella is the more common species in Queensland, however both species are relatively rare in the state, appearing only in the Warrego Pastoral District.

New South Wales – both subsp's are similarly dispersed across western New South Wales.

Victoria – subsp. stipitata occurs in the far north-west and near Bacchus Marsh. Subsp. miscella is limited to the far north-west.

Seeds from the A. stipitata can be distributed worldwide. A. stipitata has been introduced to the California coastline in the United States of America to aid in the rehabilitation of saline soils.

Habitat
A. stipitata prefers saline soils of clay loam and coarse textured soils. It is often sighted in areas with solonized brown soils which are high in calcium and magnesium carbonate, and thrives in eroded red soils when there is limited competition from other species. A.stipitata subsp stipitata is more frequently observed in mixed chenopod shrublands and has a stronger affinity to saline soils whereas subsp miscella is more commonly observed in open woodlands. A. stipitata survives well in dry degraded soils and has been reportedly sighted in creek banks, stony flats, slopes and ridges, flat plains and outwash plains.

Traditional
A. stipitata, also known as bitter saltbush, is one of the lesser consumed saltbush due to its bitter flavour. However, saltbush was used for traditional medicinal purposes. The leaves of saltbush plants were ground down and mixed with water to form a saline solution used to clean and disinfect mild skin conditions and wounds.

Agricultural
A. stipitata performs well on agricultural land, as it is not the most palatable of the saltbush species. This species only becomes favourable to sheep and livestock when other forage is scarce. A. stipitata is high in potassium, nitrogen and protein with high digestibility making it suitable for agriculture grazing, however the high sodium content in the plant make it only desirable when there is water readily available. Agriculture farmers have observed a link to saltbush grazing and an increase in milk production and more successful birth rates in sheep. This is attested not only to the nutrient value of the plant, but also to the increased water intake of the sheep when grazing.

title: Atriplex stipitata


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Meg Patterson

The result was keep. It's snowing. (non-admin closure) Winged Blades of Godric On leave 08:29, 29 September 2017 (UTC)

Meg Patterson

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Not a notable person. Alexbrn (talk) 11:34, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Err... is that it? “Not a notable person”. Not exactly attempting to explain in what ways she fails our notability guidelines. I would have thought that a British Medical Journal obituary might have carried some weight. Or did you just not bother checking? Her BMJ obituary goes so far as to claim that she ought to have won the Nobel Prize (maybe pushing it a bit)Mais oui! (talk) 12:32, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Lack of notability is a reason for deletion. Apparently no source has "significant coverage" of Meg Patterson, so she cannot be notable in Wikipedia's terms. Alexbrn (talk) 14:31, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * That depends on what you consider "significant". The sources provided below seem significant to me. Diego (talk) 15:36, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * A Google Books search for  and   reveals pages of stuff. Can we WP:SNOW close this now? Ritchie333 (talk)  (cont)  19:50, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Thus Keep. merge and redirect the content with the article of the notable person she was related to. Diego (talk) 11:45, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * She was awarded an MBE but her husband wasn’t, and yet he is notable, and she isn’t. Hmmm... go figure.Mais oui! (talk) 12:25, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Changed to Keep after finding several newspapers mentioning her. [ http://www.wnd.com/1999/08/3778/ ] It seems that nominator failed to perform a proper WP:BEFORE search for "Meg Patterson, neuro electric therapy". Diego (talk) 14:15, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I did indeed look and there are indeed "mentions". But mentions don't constitute notability. "Neuro electric therapy" is more notable (though not enough for an article IMO) and we already have a redirect for that. Alexbrn (talk) 14:19, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The WND article (assuming it is RS,and I have never heard of them) would pass muster, but we need multiple RS giving in depth coverage to establish notability, not just one article and a few passing mentions.Slatersteven (talk) 14:30, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * No WND is not RS .Slatersteven (talk) 14:40, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * And how about Wired and The Scotsman? The latter is an in-depth article about the person, and the former provides a notability-conveying assertion (not merely a mention in passing), and a link to UNODC's website where a report by Patterson was published. Diego (talk) 15:34, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The Scotsman piece is hardly about her (not "directly and in detail"), but is about the therapy. This suggests a brief mention of this person may be due at our Cranial electrotherapy stimulation article, but it's not going to be possible to make a credible article by scraping together mentions. Alexbrn (talk) 15:39, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * She's also described in this paper as "In Britain, the best known exponent of this sort of approach in the management of withdrawal", so arguably she passes WP:NACADEMIC. BTW, Notability doesn't require that the articles themselves in RSs are directly and exclusively about the topic, just that its coverage is significant. Diego (talk) 15:42, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Wired (on sentence about her, about as trivial as it gets), the Scotsman (about 5 sentences (her husband gets almost as many in this article), the article is about NEt, not her). Find another couple if sources with the depth of the Scotsman and we may have something.Slatersteven (talk) 15:45, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The sentence in question at Wired is Dr. Meg Patterson invented Neuroelectric therapy and contains a link to her work published by a United Nations organization. I wouldn't call that "trivial"; so I suppose we just will have to agree to disagree. Diego (talk) 15:50, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Yeah but NET is quackery. And what this article is (or would be) is a coat rack for it. I wonder if there's a topic to be unearthed on the historical place of electric shock therapy in religious thinking? Alexbrn (talk) 16:20, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Keep. This properly referenced sentence, which helps established her notability was removed, twice, with no attempt at explanation in the Edit summary. It is indicative of an attempt to downplay the significance of this woman. (“She established that electro-acupuncture analgesia, usually applied to control pain post-surgery, could also significantly ameliorate the symptoms of opiate withdrawal.”)Mais oui! (talk) 12:22, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * merge and redirectThe only source is actually about her husband.Slatersteven (talk) 12:34, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Nonsense. That is not “the only source”. There are lots of sources. But that was the only one I managed to get up before the page received a barrage of attacks, including the removal of properly referenced material establishing notability.Mais oui! (talk) 12:36, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Sorry but I can only judge on the ones I can see,not the ones that I have not seen. If it did not have an inline citation it was not "properly referenced", and the only inline citation I can see is not about her.Slatersteven (talk) 12:49, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * It did have an inline citation, but was removed, twice, with no explanation in the Edit summary. You clearly do not understand how AFD works: it is our job to assess the notability of the *topic* (ie. Meg Patterson). It is *not* our job to take the fact that the article is only a stub as some kind of evidence of non-notability. Lots of notable topics only have stub articles.Mais oui! (talk) 12:55, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I have looked for sources and have not found any. And in an AFD if you cannot find sources you vote for delete or merge. As I said I can only see one inline citation ever in this article, and it is not about her. If there was another please post it here.Slatersteven (talk) 12:58, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Keep she seems mostly known for WP:FRINGE stuff, but that nonetheless counts as being known for something. This passes WP:GNG, and should be kept. Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 13:51, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Did you find some sources? Alexbrn (talk) 14:08, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Keep. As per W:BIO, this person is notable because she was awarded both an MBE and a FRCSE; a cursory internet search pulled up a People Magazine article written about how Boy George used her approach in the 80s for heroin detox and the controversy involved. To properly reflect notability, the page needs to have a source other than her husband's obituary. --Blueclaw (talk) 14:02, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Yet her BMJ obituary makes no mention of an MBE.Slatersteven (talk) 14:06, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * A mention of her supposed "heroin detox" method doesn't count as significant coverage of the person, does it. Alexbrn (talk) 14:08, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * That would depend on whether it was a passing mention or an in depth article about her.Slatersteven (talk) 14:10, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes indeed. Perhaps can furnish us with a link? It appears that "NeuroElectric Therapy" is more notable than its inventor - though is pure nonsense. Alexbrn (talk) 14:12, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I mention the People Magazine article because it indicates that she entered the public zeitgeist at some point, which means that there is likely other information available to write a satisfactory article beyond somebody else's obituary. Her having an MBE and a FRCSE already meets the criteria to keep a biography article. It doesn't matter that her scientific/medical contributions are now regarded as more of fringe than fact - MIT scientists Stephanie Seneff and Peter L. Hagelstein both have pages in spite of their contributions being debunked. --Blueclaw (talk) 19:27, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Medicine-related deletion discussions. Mais oui! (talk) 14:56, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Science-related deletion discussions. Mais oui! (talk) 14:56, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Scotland-related deletion discussions. Mais oui! (talk) 14:56, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Women-related deletion discussions. Mais oui! (talk) 14:56, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Keep. The bio at the bottom of this piece in the Scottsman verifies her MBE in 1961 and her FRCSE at age 25 for her work in India. It also identifies her as "one of Scotland's most renowned medics of the last 50 years". In addition, her obit from BMJ was also printed on the National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine site. Whether or not NET is quackery, she meets GNG. Cheers! — Grand'mere Eugene (talk) 17:03, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Keep - As per Mais oui! and Grand'mere Eugene, the sources they have found in the BMJ Journal and The Scotsman demonstrate that she meets WP:GNG. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 18:52, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep - Satisfies professional notability. Robert McClenon (talk) 05:44, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep - She got Pete Townshend off heroin - what more do you want? There are two pages in Dave Marsh's biography of The Who that cover his stay at Meg's clinic, so I've dropped that into the article. I dare say any decent Eric Clapton source will give a paragraph or two over to her as well. And she cleaned up Keith Richards too, so as a result of this woman, we've got The Who, The Stones and Clapton all touring as of 2017 (I'll leave whether that's good or bad to the reader, but at least it's happening!) Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  17:24, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Economic Classroom Experiments/Insurance

The Insurance Experiment: Introduction
This experiment illustrates how additional information can damage insurance markets making all parties worse off. This possibility was first mentioned by Hirschleifer (1971).

It demonstrates how undergraduate students’ own decisions when they act either as company or as consumer (player) do depend on the information they have. This asymmetric information leads to adverse selection in an insurance market. When companies realise this problem they stop supplying insurance policies and the insurance market will break down. In this experiment the consumers have the chance to receive information about their risk type. We want to explain how this additional information influences the decision of whether to buy or not an insurance contract.

Description of the Experiment
At the beginning of the lesson every student receives one sheet of paper. More specifically 50% receive an information sheet to act as a company and the remaining to act as a player (consumer). The instructions for companies and players are slightly different. The student who has to act as a company has to decide whether or not she/he wants to supply an insurance contract over a fixed payment. And then the player has to decide if it worth of buying an insurance or not. This is the decision problem in the first round.

In the second step a program for testing the risk type of the player is available. Both, companies and players know that this software is available. The player will definitely undergo the testing of his risk type. Again the company-player has to decide if he/she is willing to supply the insurance. The players are asked to decide whether or not to buy the policy in both cases. Their final decision depends whether the people are a risk type and suffer from an illness or not.

The students have five minutes to read through the instructions and afterwards the experiment instructor/teacher will repeat the most important things. Here are the two sheets which are distributed to players and companies:

Decision Problem: Player
You have a fantastic job as a professional video-game player that pays £100,000 per year. The group Parents against Violence of Videogames PAVLOV secretly put subliminal messages in the video game Halo2. These messages will cause a condition in people that have played Halo2 at the start of the year 2007. This will cause players to start drooling whenever they shoot people in video games. Such drooling is detrimental to playing the game at a world-class level. Fortunately, this condition is only triggered in roughly half the population that played Halo2. Also fortunately, several expensive sessions with a renowned psychologist can cure the condition. The cure is worth it and costs £100,000. There is an insurance company that may offer you insurance for a price of £60,000.

You have to decide on whether or not to buy the insurance if it is made available. (Assuming that you purchase the cure whether or not you have insurance.) At the same time, the insurance company has to decide whether or not to offer the insurance.

The payoffs for both the company and the video game player are displayed in the following table. The payoffs depend upon whether the player tries to buy insurance, whether the company is willing to sell insurance, and upon whether the player is not susceptible (Good) or susceptible (Bad) to the messages. Note that the payoffs are in utility and the player is risk-averse. This causes having 40k to be utility 60 while having a 100k to be utility 100 and 0k to be utility 0.

Please make the decision whether to try to buy insurance by circling your choice: BUY or NOT BUY.

___________________________________________________________ Step 2

Suddenly Microsoft announces that it has a downloadable program that will present a test that will tell you for certain whether you were susceptible to the subliminal messages. The insurance company does not know this information.

We ask you to make the decision to buy the insurance contingent on the outcome of the test. Do so by circling your choice.

If you ARE susceptible, will you BUY or NOT BUY.

If you ARE NOT susceptible, will you BUY or NOT BUY.

Decision Problem: Company
You are the CEO of an insurance company. There is a professional video-game player that earns £100,000 per year. The group Parents against Violence of Videogames PAVLOV secretly put subliminal messages in the video game Halo2. These messages will cause a condition in people that have played Halo2 at the start of the year 2007. This will cause players to start drooling whenever they shoot people in video games. Such drooling is detrimental to playing the game at a world-class level. Fortunately, this condition is only triggered in roughly half the population that played Halo2. Also fortunately, several expensive sessions with a renowned psychologist can cure the condition. The cure is well worth it and costs £100,000.

You have to decide to offer this player insurance at a rate of £60,000. (Assume that this is the only possible price.) At the same time the player has to decide whether or not to buy the insurance.

The payoffs for both the company and the video game player are displayed in the following table. The payoffs depend upon whether the player tries to buy insurance, whether the company is willing to sell insurance, and upon whether the player is not susceptible (Good) or susceptible (Bad) to the messages. Note that the payoffs are in utility and the player is risk-averse. This causes having 40k to be utility 60 while having a 100k to be utility 100 and 0k to be utility 0

Please make the decision whether to offer insurance assuming that there is no way the player can know she/he is susceptible by circling your choice: SELL or NOT SELL.

___________________________________________________________ Step 2

Suddenly Microsoft announces that it has a downloadable program that will present a test that will tell the player for certain whether or not she/he is susceptible to the subliminal messages.

Please make the decision whether to offer insurance knowing that this test is available by circling your choice: SELL or NOT SELL.

Procedure

 * 1) 	Distribution of the sheets to the students
 * 2) 	Students have 5 minutes to read the instructions
 * 3) 	Instructor/Teacher repeats the main information
 * 4) 	People make their decisions and hand their answer-sheets in
 * 5) 	The sheets are divided into ‘Company’ and ‘Player’ and the decisions in step one and step two are calculated
 * 6) 	The results of the whole class are filled into an Excel Spreadsheet which is projected on the Blackboard via a beamer
 * 7) 	The teacher interprets the results of the experiment together with the students

Hint: when the group is very large, it is probably better only to calculate some of the answer sheets. Otherwise this calculation can last too long and it is boring for the students.

Theoretical Background
The aggregated payoff table has two Nash Equilibria, where the players are weakly better off by buying insurance and the companies supply insurance. The two actions buying and selling are weakly dominant. But besides this Pareto optimal Nash equilibrium, we have a second Nash equilibrium too, when players do not buy insurance then companies should not even supply them. In the two equilibria (shadowed payoffs) both parties choose the best reply to the behaviour of the other party. (Note that only the Pareto optimal Nash equilibrium is perfect.)

Results of the Experiment
In the first round we can conclude that most of the companies and the players are willing to sell and pay for the insurance. About 70% of players are willing to buy insurance because of uncertainty about their type. In the beginning the players know that the probability to be a risk type is 50%. That means that about 50% of the players will be drooling when they are shooting people in this special computer game. As a result the players feel insecure and the majority is willing to buy the insurance from the companies.

Because of the uncertainty which is faced by the players, companies have a large profit opportunity. Most of the companies wanted to benefit from the situation, and as a result 88% of the companies were willing to sell insurance. Thus the large majority of companies choose the best reply against the average behaviour of the players, which is selling insurance. This means that the theoretical predicted equilibrium will be reached by the majority of 61% (88% times 69%) of the decisions made. We can conclude that the insurance market works quite efficient in the first round.

In the second round, however, the conditions are changing dramatically because of the announcement of the existence of a downloadable software program which presents a test that will tell whether or not you are susceptible to suffer from drooling during the game.

The players have to make the decision whether to buy insurance or not in accordance to the degree of susceptibility towards the disease. We expected that players would not buy insurance when they are informed that are not susceptible. 97% of the students did not buy insurance when they knew that they will not suffer from drooling. The opposite happened when people were acting as susceptible person, 93% of students bought insurance. Obviously the different kinds of information led to two totally different ways of behaviour from the players. The testing software leads to adverse selections! When they know that they will definitely have to suffer from drooling their willingness to buy insurance is much higher. However, when they are informed that they are not in a risk then the players are not willing to pay for insurance.

For the companies we can see that after the results they are not willing to sell insurance because they are realised the problem of adverse selection and therefore they stop supplying insurance policies. Because of risk adversity, companies are in apposition to realise that only ‘bad’ people will be willing to buy insurance. Thus the company in the future will be obliged to pay the insurance back. Thus the companies can not make any profits with their clients and therefore have no incentive to supply policies. Only 13% of companies supplied insurance in the second round of the experiment. These companies would face a loss because 57 out of 59 customers are from the ‘bad’ type. They are definitely looking forward to receive payments from the companies because they suffer from the game.

The insurance market will collapse because of the operating loss of the companies. The loss is a direct consequence of the adverse selection which is caused from the type testing software. In reality people who are really suffering would have no possibility to insure their selves against this ‘disease’. Also the companies are not able to make a profit in this environment. In general adverse selection leads to inefficiencies and especially in the insurance market it leads to a breakdown of the markets.

Interpretation
The experiment shows that people are using the information to maximise their payments. We observed the behaviour was very close to the ex-ante efficient outcome (which was buying and selling insurance) in the first round. Additional information for buyers, however, destroys the ex-ante efficient outcome. Ex-post it is efficient not to buy insurance at all when you are a ‘good’ player and to buy insurance when you are a ‘bad’ player. Also in the second round we can observe a strong tendency of the participants of the experiment to choose the best reply and this leads to a quite efficient outcome of 84% and 81%. The derived conclusions of the model are limited because of the simplicity of the setup and the fixed amount of insurance. In reality companies would probably charge flexible prices for example.

But we can say when information is only attainable for consumers in the insurance market it leads to adverse selection. Only people who definitely know that they will become ill or will be suffering from something are willing to buy insurance. Whilst ‘healthy’ people with the same information are not willing to buy any insurance any longer. Therefore the market becomes for insurance companies uninteresting, because the possibility of making profits is decreasing. Especially if the payment of the policy is fixed, like in this particular case.

When we relate this result to reality we can say that adverse selection leads not only to inefficient markets but it also reduces the possibility for risk suffering people to buy cheap insurances.

More details about the Results
About 121 undergraduate students took part at the experiment in March 2006. These were students at the University of Exeter taking Economics of Social Policy taught by Alison Wride. The procedure was supervised by Dieter Balkenborg and Todd Kaplan. The procedure was exactly as described above and the setup of the experiment was identical to the way described in the beginning. These are the results of the two rounds where we divided the students in two groups (Company and Players). Answers which did not fit the instructions where not taken into account.

First Round
About 53 companies out of 60 (88%) decided to sell insurance while only 7 companies (12%) take the decision not to sell insurance. 42 players out of 61 (69%) decided to buy insurance, while 19 players (31%) decided not to buy insurance.

If we multiply the percentage of the players who wanted to buy insurance (69%) with the percentage of the companies which wanted to sell insurance (88%) we get 61% of players who can sign a contract with a company. With the same procedure you can calculate the other percentages in the table above.

As in the information text mentioned an income of £40.000 gives the player a utility level of 60. When the player is insured he will always have an income of £40.000. In all other ways there is a 50% chance to suffer from drooling and the expected income is thus only £50.000, because of uncertainty. The possible utility level is therefore 50.

The next step was to measure the expected utility-payoffs of the players and the companies according to the decisions they made in the first round when they have not been supplied with the testing software yet. (All the numbers are measured in utility)

The utility-payoff for the players who bought insurance is 60. All the other payoffs will be 50 because of the 50% chance to suffer from the illness during the game. To calculate the subtotal payoffs in the experiment we multiplied the payoffs in the table with the percentages of the companies whether or not they wanted to sell insurances. (60*88% + 50*12% = 58.8). The total payoff of the players is the weighted sum of people who wanted to buy or not to buy insurance and equals 56.1 which can be seen as social welfare level. (58.8*69% + 50*21% = 56.1)

We followed a similar procedure for the companies to calculate the expected utility-payoffs. The expected payoff for a company which runs a contract is 10, because the firm has a 50% chance to either earn £60.000 or to lose £40.000. Then we multiplied the payoffs of the companies with the percentages of the players who wanted to buy insurance (10*69% = 6.9). We compute the total expected payoff (6.1) of firms by multiplying 6.9 with the percentage of companies (88%) which were willing to supply insurance. Hence also companies make profits in the insurance market even when the probability of customers who occupy payments in the future is 50%.

The overall utility-payoff of the society would be the sum of player’s payoffs (56.1) and companies’ payoffs (6.1) which equals 62.2.

Second Round
After the decisions in the first round all participants of the experiment were informed that a downloadable test is available which shows whether or not the player is susceptible. If a player is susceptible she/he would be seen as ‘bad’ person, if not susceptible she/he would be seen as ‘good’ person. The players were asked to act once as ‘bad’ and once as ‘good’ person. However the companies could only decide once whether or not supply insurance. As a consequence the decisions changed dramatically in comparison to the result of the first round. 93% of the players bought insurance when they were acting as ‘bad’ person whilst only 3% bought insurance when they were a ‘good’ person.

We can conclude that the test influenced the decisions of players and companies. Only 8 companies out of 60 (13%) decided to sell insurance and 52 companies (87%) decided not to sell insurance. The following table shows how we derived the different percentages we need to estimate the payoffs.

We followed the procedure of the first round and calculated the expected payoffs. All numbers in the table above are measured in utility level. The payments for the ‘good’ players would be very high because nobody has the danger of becoming ill and thus only few people sign an insurance contract. Thus the players save their whole wage and have a high utility. However the payments of the ‘bad’ players are very low, because everybody faces the possibility of the illness and even if people want to sign insurance, the supply of insurances is too low. The average payoff would be 53.7 and is lower than in the first round (56.1).

Obviously players are not buying insurance when they have the information that they are not susceptible of becoming ill. Hence the companies can make hardly any profits, the total utility-payoffs for companies equals 0.3 in the experiment. This outcome becomes even worse when people are informed that they are susceptible (‘bad’). Only ‘bad’ people, who would be receiving payments from the insurance in the future, are now willing to buy insurance. Hence the companies would even make a loss of –5 on average.

Also the overall average payoff with the same likelihood of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ players is negative (-2.4). Thus the insurance market will break down, because of the unwillingness of companies to supply insurance. The reason for the collapse is the adverse selection which gives players a huge advantage in decision making and leads to inefficiencies in the insurance market.

Computerized Version
There is a computerized version of this experiment available on the Exeter games site.

You may find the sample instructions helpful.

Conclusion
The Insurance Experiment shows students in an easy way how asymmetric information can lead to inefficient outcomes. Especially in the insurance market adverse selection can lead to a collapse of the whole market. Only ‘bad’ people will try to buy insurance and no company is willing to insure people because of the asymmetric information. As consequence people who are willing to buy insurance are not able to do so.

However, the simplification that the rate of payment is fixed did not allow the charge higher payments from the consumers when the company knows that only ill people are buying insurance. The overall statement stays the same, perfect adverse selection can lead to a break down of insurance markets. The experiment is very suitable for application in class and is a good basis for further discussions about asymmetric information and its consequences.

Hints for the use of the spreadsheet
The spreadsheet with all the tables and already programmed formulas needed is provided at the homepage as well. Thus it is quite easy and not time consuming to cheek the answer-sheets after the experiment and sort it for buyers and sellers. For the first round you have to fill in only the number of companies which are either 'do sell' or 'do not sell' insurance in the provided table which you can see below. After you have done this calculation for the players as well the table will calculate the different percentages automatically.

Then we have to measure the expected payoffs. The utility-payoff for the players who bought insurance is 60. All the other payoffs will be 50 because of the 50% chance to suffer from the illness during the game. To calculate the subtotal payoffs in the experiment we multiplied the payoffs in the table with the percentages of the companies whether or not they wanted to sell insurances. (60*88% + 50*12% = 58.8). The total payoff of the players is the weighted sum of people who wanted to buy or not to buy insurance and equals 56.1 which can be seen as social welfare level. (58.8*69% + 50*21% = 56.1) Again, the different values will be calculated automatically when you fill in the first table.

With the same procedure we are calculating the expected payoffs of the companies.

In the second round we have to distinguish the players to ‘good’ and ‘bad’ which depends on the condition they are. Again we have the number of the companies that have decided to sell or not to sell insurance. Then we are calculating the percentages of the numbers, and we are doing the same procedure for the number of the ‘good’ players that decided to buy or not to buy insurance. You have only to fill in the numbers of the decisions in the provided table below. The values of the percentages will then be calculated by the table. With the same procedure you can easily measure the results for the ‘bad’ players.

All other tables you have seen in the interpretation above are calculated automatically and thus need no further description.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Serbia men's national under-16 and under-17 basketball team

The result was procedural close. Nominated at Articles for deletion/Ethiopia men's national under-16 basketball team; no need for separate AfDs. (non-admin closure)  J 947(c) (m) 03:31, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

Serbia men's national under-16 and under-17 basketball team

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

See Articles for deletion/Ethiopia men's national under-16 basketball team  Schwede 66  19:17, 21 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Skirwith Cave

Welcome article
It is great to see this here; thanks to for starting it off so well and for others joining in with help. There's a great photo on Flickr of the ex-car-park and a derelict building (http://www.flickr.com/photos/obiwan74/3206691499/) but sadly it's copyrighted. It would be nice to find a photo or documentation from its brief period as a showcave, but don't hold your breath. The assertion about access, even as a showcave, being more difficult is supported not only by my memories (not an RS!) but also by the ref given in that paragraph; indeed the (re-)quoted author there is absolutely right that it increased the appeal for the more adventurous: it was not just a straightforward stroll through. I'd be delighted if anyone can turn up anything else on this and I will certainly try myself. There must have been maps and postcards and guidebooks and stuff at the time, but I doubt that we still have any. ALSO: is it rare for a show cave to close? I can't think of other examples, but maybe that's just because I happened to know this one. If it's a rarity, is it worth a mention? Best wishes to all DBaK (talk) 09:38, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Other examples of show caves closing are Yordas Cave (Kingsdale) and Weathercote Cave (Chapel-le-Dale). The latter had (has?) a flight of slimy rickety steps leading down into it. I'm not sure that Yordas survived the nineteenth century as a show cave, but I believe Weathercote, which was a self-guided tour, closed after a visitor died after being hit by a rock in 1971. Langcliffe (talk) 17:02, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Maybe not an angle that must be pursued then. Cheers DBaK (talk) 21:09, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skirwith Cave


text:
investigador

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) investigator, researcher

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) investigator, researcher

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) investigator, researcher

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) investigator one who investigates
 * 2)  researcher

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) researching, investigating

Noun

 * 1) researcher, investigator

title: investigador


text:
Lawrence Laurent

Lawrence Laurent (March 9, 1925 – August 1, 2020) was an American radio and television critic for The Washington Post from 1951 to 1982. He also taught at American University and George Washington University.

title: Lawrence Laurent


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Characters of Spriggan

The result of the debate was Speedily Deleted as author/only contributor's request. — xaosflux  Talk  02:00, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Characters of Spriggan
Was a mistake. Don't need this article for now Ominae 20:04, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete G7. Eivindt@c 20:17, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete - Authors request. -- light darkness (talk) 22:21, 21 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Deaths in 2006/Archive 1

Order of dates reversed
Is there any reason why the usual date order (latest shown at top) has been reversed? JackofOz 00:05, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Stupidity :) Make sure to begin each day with a semicolon only, to avoid the Table of Contents. 17:24, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

If you want to avoid the toc, then hide the toc, but please leave the headers so we have the ability to edit sections instead of having to edit the whole list at once. Gamaliel 19:33, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Billy Hughes
@Gamaliel about Lassie actor http://news.google.it/news?hl=it&q=morto%20lassie&sa=N&tab=wn Clutcher 22:53, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Billy Hughes the Lassie actor died December 20th and is listed there. Williamb 23:34, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Barry Cowsill
There are reports that Barry Cowsill's remains were identified in Baton Rouge as one of the Katrina victims. If this is true what date will we put his death at?

Cowsill was last heard from on, and appears to have died on, September 1, 2005. Sometimes we put (body identified) dates, but these are reserved for cases where date of death is very speculative. Since Cowsill was found on a wharf, I think it is safe to save the flood killed him quickly. 07:44, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

They Shoot Horses, Don't They?
Re Jeune: What's the threshhold for including horses in this necrology? Seems to me there are lots and lots of "Cup"-winning horses that could be included, but do we really want to? Wouldn't we then have to include names of Best in Show dogs and cats? Call me species-ist, but I think this list should be limited to humans. Bruxism 18:55, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

I agree, animals don't belong here. It also seems to be a rather parochial addition as the vastly more significant Danzig also dies this week but didn't garner a mention. Andypasto 20:46, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This question comes up with monotonous regularity, and we go thru the debate all over again every time. It's like recreating the wheel about 6 times a year.  There really should be a clear rule about this so that everyone knows for certain whether animals are in or out.  You can't let one horse in and exclude others.  JackofOz 20:58, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Personally, I think that animals should be included on the list. Gamaliel 21:12, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Yeah no horses! BDSIII

I think if it's an animal that would be known outside the niche (say like Koko the Gorilla or Dolly the Sheep), then it's a candidate for inclusion. Otherwise, forget about it. Canadian Paul 09:13, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Wouldn't it be a better idea just to have a seperate page for recently deceased famous animals? --Rai 10:53, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In previous discussion, the consensus was that there are too few of them, per month, to bother with a separate page. Xoloz 13:14, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree with Rai, a separate page for the animals would make more sense... Joe Mariachi 16:30, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Ariel Sharon
What's with people's egos lately? Ariel Sharon is sick but still very much alive. Twice now his name has been added and removed. Can't people just wait till a guy is actually dead before adding him here? Being the one to add a new name is really not that huge a deal. JackofOz 10:20, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Apparently there were silly rumours in Israel that the government are covering up his death. --Whouk (talk) 10:36, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I thought doctors said he would survive under any circumstance. Has this been changed? Or was I misinformed?- TopAce 14:38, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Sago Mine deaths
While everyone agrees that the deaths were very sad, none of those listed were "notable" in the sense of this encyclopedia. If these names are kept, then I would petition for the names of everyone who has ever died in such an accident to be added to Wikipedia. --Zaphod Beeblebrox 18:27, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed, if it made headlines then it gets in WikiNews and possibly the current events header...but unless we have individual articles for each of the miners, showing their role in the collapse, then there's no reason for them to be on here. Sherurcij (talk) (Terrorist Wikiproject) 19:23, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Formating
Is it appropriate to start a discussion about the formating of entries, several recent ones have been confusing. For example it reads like Baron Stratford was the minister for Sport, stroke and cerebral haemorrhage. --Gonzo 17:47, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Betty Hockin
Why is this lady listed here? Being a notable person's grandmother is not, in itself, notable. JackofOz 20:05, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. I have removed her entry. Cheers TigerShark 20:18, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

The Thames Whale
Now I love whales as much as the next guy but is a whale really "notable?" It's kind of in the same vein as the horses eh?Galuple 01:36, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought the same but left it in on the grounds that it has its own full article. --Whouk (talk) 09:10, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Family members
What are Rose Nader (mother of Ralph) and Alex Smith (son of Ian) doing on this list? What did they ever do in their own right to make them notable? JackofOz 20:07, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree and have removed them. Cheers TigerShark 22:10, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Personally, I think including family members of particularly famous people on the list is pretty harmless, but I'm not going to press this point. However, I've restored Rose Nader because I think a NYTimes obit indicates sufficient notability for inclusion for anyone. Gamaliel 21:47, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Personally I agree we shouldn't, but I recognise it'll be a 50/50 split among people's opinions...and I'd rather save my efforts for fighting against the constant US executions being listed instead. Sherurcij (talk) (Terrorist Wikiproject) 22:56, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, but the US execution listings have also been discussed amply, and are at least likewise 50/50 among the community. Xoloz 04:28, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

I don't have a problem with listing late family members here if they get a significant mention in the subject's own article. By significant, I don't just mean that "Joe Bloggs had a daughter named Phyllis". Phyllis must have done something in relation to her father's life that is worthy of mention in Joe's article. That would make Phyllis noteworthy in her own right, not merely because she just happened to be the daughter of a noteworthy person. That it might not justify Phyllis having her own Wiki article would not matter.

I realise this is a double-edged sword, however. Some children of celebrities become noteworthy (notorious?) because of their "lifestyles". If they were the children of nonentities, the media would not be fawning over them and the world would never have heard of them. Once a person becomes well-known - however that may have come about - that is usually enough to keep them well-known and in someone's spotlight. Money creates money, and fame creates fame. Some do of course fade into the obscurity they so richly deserve. (I think I'm ranting now so I'll stop.) JackofOz 08:22, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

American Executions
Does every executed prisoner in the United States need to make this page? I can understand Stanley Williams, but Marion Dudley? --Visual77 04:34, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Please review the archives for the ample discussion on this topic. Certainly, each side has arguments, but opinion is at least split 50/50, and, as a general rule, Wikipedia defaults to inclusion. Note Dudley now has an article. -- Xoloz

Also, now that Dudley has an article, you may seek to have that deleted via AfD. Many precedents suggest the article will be kept, but you are welcome to try. -- Xoloz

 * I have nothing against articles for those executed, though I still dispute their place on this list. But at the very least, we should take a stance of "If they don't have an article, then no".  If somebody wants them on the list badly enough, they can take five minutes to draw up a nice stub article at least Sherurcij (talk) (Terrorist Wikiproject) 18:07, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * We list other folks who have red links here, assuming articles will be written -- if they have a source, and meet general criteria, they're in. Readding the latest.  There is really no point in playing the revert game about this, as the result of default inclusion is acknowledged by everybody as the likely outcome. -- Xoloz

Well, personally, I think that the fact that only the executed from the United States are listed, and not the thousands others who are put to death every day all around the world is an injustice to the anonymous, rarely reported. Also, for a worldwide organization like Wikipedia, the listing of American criminals, is very Americo-centric. In consequance, believe that either everyone be listed (which would be ridiculous) or that no one is.Yellowmellow45 21:51, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

(I'm only opposed to their listing on the recent deaths page and not them having an article)Yellowmellow45 22:04, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * In general, I would say that only people who are notable enough to have their own article should be included in this list. This should apply to executed persons, as much as anybody else. We should therefore remove any "execution" entries that are not notable in their own right. TigerShark 22:14, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

I feel somewhat as if I'm repeating myself but: 1) Executions in the US are notable, verifiable, and controversial events (the Roman Catholic Church, largest denomination in the US, opposes them.) I wish we could list all executions, but executions in closed states are not verifiable, nor are they controversial (in the sense that there is domestic dispute documented.)  This is why other nations aren't listed: no other free nation has state executions besides the US; if one did, it would be here.  Not Americo-centrism, just an unfortunate reflection of reality.

2) Executed criminals survive AfD routinely. Even those "less" famous executed are still the subject of at least state-wide press over the course of their arrests, trials, and deaths.  Additionally, even the "less" famous are valid subjects for criminological study -- studies of crime do not rely on the Bundies and Mansons of the world in isolation.  As such, there is much information to be shared on each person, sufficient to pass WP:BIO, and none has ever been deleted at AfD.  Longstanding precedent dictates that anything living valuable enough to merit an article merits listing here: we don't make additional bars of noteworthiness, to avoid squabbles over what countries' artists, leaders, and notables are "worthy".

3) Although no one has mentioned this directly yet, Recent Deaths doesn't list only "likeable people" who have died. The mission of an encyclopedia is to chronicle both the noble and the ignoble extremes of experience.  Although it is a bit odd to list a criminal next to a Nobel-prize winning scientist, it is essential, if the encyclopedia is to avoid seeing the world through "rose-colored" lens.

All of this has been argued ad nauseam before, by me, and many long before my time. See Deaths in 2005 talk archive. Based on the warrant of the 10 or so AfDs I personally remember on this subject, I make sure to maintain executed criminals on the list; enough people find this information useful such that striking it is a waste of time. -- Xoloz
 * I am not going to rehash the argument here, my point of view has been stated. I do think that to prevent having this discussion over and over again a formal, binding, survey on this issue would be warranted. I have too little time myself to set it up and such but I would welcome it if it happened.--Kalsermar 16:14, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * IMO, the late Mr. Jacob Robida sheds more light on our question. He was "suspect", unconvicted, in a crime that is certainly notorious at the moment in the US; but, the shelf life of his story is questionable, I think.  Yet, he has an article, and I strongly suspect an effort to AfD him would fail.  The average executed criminal, given the time spent on death row, has at least a decade in the public eye, albeit somewhat marginally.  My point is, though, that this long duration ensures the average convicted, executed killer has much, much more press attention than Mr. Robida.  To me, Robida is the test case/fence-sitting figure for criminal notability, not someone who has been subject to trials, appeals, and the press coverage thereof. Xoloz 20:52, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, he seriously breaks the mold for "He's only famous because he's dead", and certainly nobody outside the US cares about the case I imagine. Surely we're not going down the slippery slope of listing people killed in shootouts now? Sherurcij (talk) (Terrorist Wikiproject) 22:49, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Press attention in itself really isn't much of a criteria, considering that most of the USA believe capital punishment is a done deal and wish the press would stop yammering about it so much. What the press decides to publish sometimes is really a far cry from what is actually notable.
 * This appears to be from Williamb, and is a strange comment. While a majority of the US does support capital punishment, a significant minority (between 30-45%, depending on your source) is very vocal in its opposition, including (I say again) the very significant US Roman Catholic Church.  Of course, internationally, the US is widely questioned for the practice, now unique in the western world.    These facts together obviously generate, and justify, newsworthiness.  His contrary argument is merely POV, I'm afraid. Xoloz 16:40, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yet your insistence on listing every last one whether they get very much press at all seems to be as much POV as anything else. Williamb 20:21, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * No, because I came to my view through the experience of arguing this question over and over, and realizing that striking could never succeed. As it happens, I support the death penalty, albeit much less extensively than it is used today.  When I first came to Wikipedia, I couldn't have cared less whether the executed got articles or not.  Now, I perfer to argue for inclusion just to keep us from jumping through the same hoops over and over.  Remember, "writing for the enemy" is Wikipedia guideline, and good advance in analytical thinking generally. Xoloz 01:58, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * If someone is notable enough to have an article in their own right, then they should be on here regardless. Then it's an AfD thing rather than a Deaths in YYYY issue. —Whouk (talk) 23:09, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. Xoloz 16:40, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

I've said this before, but speaking as a historian, and considering Wikipedia as a research source, and not as a topical magazine, having information on every executed criminal in the U.S. (and other states), and the legal process by which the sentence was imposed, is a very valuable resource. Scholars, whether they want to argue for or against the death penalty, will be able to find quick information and links on executions for general reference or for studies they may wish to do later. That's what an encyclopedia is for, in my opinion, and that's why an inclusive encyclopedia, when space is not an issue, is the ideal. Bruxism 22:24, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Nonsense! The United statyes execution page on wiki has enough info already. This is just another ploy to get around it being POV. Basically the POV anti-death penalty are going to force their view on everybody else whether they are actually right or not. Williamb 07:07, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * As mentioned above, I support the death penalty, and continue to agree with Bruxism. You are incorrect in your characterization of this choice as a "ploy". Xoloz 15:56, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm also a feverent opponent of the death penalty, but do not want American executions listed on here, because it is horrible US-centric, and most of them are really not notable. "omg, Carter killed 2 people in 1978! I've learned so much today" compared to reading about a Serbian politician, an Chadian music conductor or the inventor of 2000 Flushes. shrugs so no, as Xoloz said, this really has nothing to do with personal POVs about capital punishment. Sherurcij (talk) (Terrorist Wikiproject) 15:00, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Jack Taylor
The wikilink for Jack Taylor, who died on 2/6 and was apparently the heaviest man in Britain, directs to a disambig page (here), but none of the men listed are the Taylor who died recently. I removed the link, but my edit was reverted. Does this guy have an article? I can't find it. Is he notable enough for a mention on this page? --buck 23:04, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Although I am also wary of Mr. Taylor noteworthiness, he should have a chance to get an article (and be AfD'ed), as he is sourced, and some probably consider weight records notable. I have added a red-link to the disambig. page to distinguish him. His link at Recent Deaths is probably best left blue (to the disamb.), only because Jack Taylor is a very common name. Xoloz 17:24, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

*Zachary Edward Holmes,13,Humboldt, Tennessee
- Febuary 17 2006 We lost a dear friend of ours. He was strucken by a car along with best friend Benjamin Pratt. Which is still in critical condition). Zach donated all of his last working organs in hopes that he could save someone else.

 * I think someone's put this in the wrong place. And the subject may be tragic, but is also non-notable.

User who keeps removing middle initials
You keep breaking the link to the original article, pointing to a disambiguation page, or pointing to an entirely different person with a similar name. Don't remove middle initials just for the heck of it. Fan1967 19:26, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Check the history, you should be able to find the culprit(s) that way. Joe Mariachi 16:31, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

EDIT: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Deaths_in_2006&action=history There's the history page if you need it... Joe Mariachi 16:33, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Actors and roles
When an actor dies it is common to include a well known, or preferably "best known" role as part of the summary. I notice that Darren McGavin's has been changed a few times since his death. Unless there is a role that immediately recalls the actor and is synonymous with him or her (eg Dennis Weaver in McCloud, Bob Denver in Gilligan's Island, Don Adams in Get Smart, Elizabeth Montgomery in Bewitched etc) it should not be mentioned. In my opinion, McGavin's best known role is Kolchak:The Night Stalker. I don't care - that's my POV. Christmas Story (which I've never heard of although I've followed McGavin's career with vague interest) is obviously someone else's POV. Let's keep this sort of thing off the page - this is not a forum for voting for our favourite performances. If there is no clear cut iconic role to mention, the name, age, profession and cause of death should suffice. Thanks. Rossrs 09:00, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm a big fan of Kolchak and not a fan of A Christmas Story, but CS is mentioned in every McGavin obit that I've read, often more promiently than KTNS. Last time I looked, both were mentioned, but now neither appear. There's no harm in mentioning one or two promient roles, and is a lot more informative than "TV and movie actor". Gamaliel 09:09, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I stand corrected. It is mentioned rather prominently isn't it?  Citing both, as you have, is good. Rossrs 09:19, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

John Parkinson
This entry links to a john parkinson from the 1650s.... is someone going to create a stub for the titanic john? Lukas 22:47, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Personally, I set the bar pretty low for inclusion here, but is the president of the "Belfast Titanic Society" important enough to note? Gamaliel 07:08, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The only thing that gives me pause is that the Titanic was built in Belfast. It is remotely possible that, as a young boy, Parkinson did something to "assist" in building the ship.  I agree, though, citation is needed. -- Xoloz

 * It turns out your hunch is mostly correct. He did work at H&W.  He was too young to work on the ship, but his father did work on it. Gamaliel 19:22, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Eldred Gunniernos
Could someone please create an article for Eldred Gunniernos. -DGFS6691, March 4, 2006

Kirby Puckett
I know it looks dire, but there has not been confirmation of his death as of yet. --Mhking 01:12, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Stephen Kuhn
I rm this person; while all deaths are tragic this person is not even notable enough to appear in the Lake Forest Academy article. While I'm sure someone will get around to inserting Kuhn into the article in question (perhaps quite properly), merely being mentioned in an article does not make one notable.

Also, there is no source for this obit; Google returns zero hits for "Stephen H. Kuhn" "lake forest academy" shot and likewise zero for "Stephen Kuhn" "lake forest academy"  shot. Well, if it did happen, it happened today, so perhaps this will change. But I still would want to see some grounds for notability. John Reid 04:27, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Ivor Cutler
Removed duplicate entry at 8th.

Mortimo Planno
Planno is listed twice, on the 6th and 5th. Plus, he's referred as Mortimo and Mortimer. And... two ages (85 and 76). Appears as though two different people.

title: Talk:Deaths in 2006/Archive 1


text:
Madison Blue Spring State Park

Madison Blue Spring State Park is a Florida State Park, located approximately ten miles east of Madison on the west bank of the Withlacoochee River. It contains one of the state's 33 first magnitude springs. This title entails that the spring is discharging at least 2,800 liters of water per second.

History
The park was established after a private owner sold 38 acres at the spring in 2000. Prior to the property being sold Madison Blue Spring was utilized as a fresh water source for local inhabitants. This crystal-clear spring is about 25 feet deep, 82 feet wide, and includes a 150-foot spring run that pours into the Withlacoochee River. This rolling water stems from a 25 feet deep cavern. Florida State parks explains how this stream of water impacts 23.7% of flow of the Withlacoochee River, into the opposite direction. This then results in a swept river bottom along with the formation of a large arc of clear water.

Along the Withlacoochee River one can find distinct examples of karst topography, which includes Suwannee Limestone, of the Oligocene age. Subsequently, Nestlé bought 2 adjoining acres, and a preexisting, but unused, bottling permit. After contentious hearings, the state authorized Nestlé to move forward, and tax incentives were approved for Nestlé's construction of a bottling plant. The plant opened in 2004. Water from this operation is used for Nestlé's Deer Park and Zephyrhills bottled water brands. Not only is Madison Blue Springs State a prime source for bottle planting but it also provides many recreational resources for individuals. These of which include birding, fishing, paddling, picking, diving, swimming, and tubing.

Features
Madison Blue Spring is known for its cool waters and underwater caves. The waters remain at a constant temperature of 72 F year-round. Madison Blue Springs underwater cave systems are internationally known, meaning they attract a variety of divers nationwide. According to Florida State Parks, exploration of over 26,000 feet of underground passages has occurred. Within the spring, one can easily spot catfish, freshwater turtles, and sunfish. Yet, this is not the only marine life, below the surface within the intricate cave systems, three rather unique species of crustaceans exist and thrive. As reported by Florida State Parks, these include Hobb's cave amphipod, the pallid cave crayfish, and the swimming little cave isopod.

title: Madison Blue Spring State Park


text:
Priscila Jardel

Pricila Jardel Mateos (born 16 January 1996) is an Argentinian field hockey player.

Hockey career
Jardel was part of the Argentina Junior National Team at the 2016 Junior World Cup where the team won the gold medal, defeating the Netherlands in the final.

In 2018, Jardel took part of the team that won the 2018 South American Games.

title: Priscila Jardel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tupac:187

The result was   delete. postdlf (talk) 18:47, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

Tupac:187

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

non-notable per WP:BOOK, no independent reviews found, possible advertising Deunanknute (talk) 02:18, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Literature-related deletion discussions.  Everymorning   talk  02:37, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 17:58, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of United States of America-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 17:58, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Spirit of Eagle (talk) 04:02, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete. I can't find any reliable sources for this book and I think that the author's page (and the page for his film) could probably be deleted as well via AfD. This book just doesn't seem to be notable. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   04:54, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't seem to have any coverage at all. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 04:35, 21 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Tsutsube

Tsutsube is a traditional dance and accompanying music in Botswana which is practiced by Basarwa or San people. Tsutsube is performed in four ritualistic categories or stages which are the first kill, puberty, marriage and trance. According to the history, the first kill was for males or boys, and trance dance was for healing purposes to engage ancestors spirits.

Origin
Tsutsube was originally a dance genre that was associated with the Ghanzi and the Kgalagadi regions but it has now spread around most parts of the country. It is now performed in different areas of Botswana and some areas parts of the North West province of South Africa.

title: Tsutsube


text:
Talk:Carina Cruz

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Carina Cruz. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.colarte.arts.co/actores/CruzCarina/recuento.htm?nomartista=Cruz%2CCarina%2C+Karina&idartista=16460
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111125222737/http://www.farandula.co/2010/05/salvador-de-mujeres/ to http://www.farandula.co/2010/05/salvador-de-mujeres/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111125234745/http://www.farandula.co/2010/02/el-encantador/ to http://www.farandula.co/2010/02/el-encantador/
 * Added tag to http://www.elperiodico.com.co/newperiod/index.php?modulo=articulos&accion=verArticulo&id=1217
 * Added tag to http://www.collywood.co/2011/07/karina-cruz-primera-dama.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:51, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carina Cruz


text:
In-Public

In-Public (sometimes written iN-PUBLiC) is an international group of street photographers that operates as a collective. It was established in 2000 by Nick Turpin with the intention of bringing together like minded photographers to hold exhibitions, produce books and conduct workshops and promote street photography.

It was the first international collective of street photographers, its geographically disparate membership facilitated by the Internet. New members were accepted but the recruitment process was "haphazard and organic".

It ended in 2018 but was relaunched in 2020.

History
In-Public was established in 2000 by Nick Turpin. Turpin left the collective in 2018. Its website stated that the collective ended in October 2018 because of a division between its members over the posting by two of them of a computational image and a staged image. Many of the old members formed a new group, UP Photographers.

In April 2020 In-Public's website stated that the group had relaunched, "with a new remit to promote and celebrate photographers who eschew staging and manipulation". The new group included a few from its previous membership, including Turpin.

Masters
• Christophe Agou (joined in 2005, died in 2015 )

• Richard Kalvar (joined in 2007)

• Saul Leiter (joined in 2013)

• Vivian Maier (adopted in 2016)

• Joel Meyerowitz (joined in 2006)

Members of first incarnation (2000–2018)
• Blake Andrews (joined in 2006)

• Narelle Autio (joined in 2001)

• Richard Bram (joined in 2001)

• Maciej Dakowicz (joined in 2013)

• Melanie Einzig (joined in 2002)

• David Gibson (joined in 2000)

• Siegfried Hansen (joined in 2014)

• Jesse Marlow (joined in 2001)

• Igor Mukhin (joined in 2018)

• Shin Noguchi (joined in 2018)

• Trent Parke (joined in 2001)

• Gus Powell (joined in 2003)

• Mark Powell (joined in 2011)

• Paul Russell (joined in 2010)

• David Solomons (joined in 2008)

• Matt Stuart (joined in 2001)

Publications by In-Public

 * 10 – 10 Years of In-Public. London: Nick Turpin, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9563322-1-9. Includes an essay by Jonathan Glancey, "Outlandish Harmony"; a foreword by Nick Turpin; and a chapter each by Turpin, Gibson, Bram, Stuart, Morley-Hall, Parke, Autio, Marlow, Fisk, Jorgensen, Melanie Einzig, Ladd, Willett, Gus Powell, Agou, Snoek, Andrews, Solomons, Kelly and Russell.

Publications with significant contributions by multiple In-Public members

 * Threee. London: Self-published / Hat-Trick Design, 2003. Photographs by Turpin, Gibson and Stuart.
 * Street Photography Now. London: Thames & Hudson, 2010. ISBN 978-0-500-54393-1. Edited by Sophie Howarth and Stephen McLaren. Includes work by Agou, Autio, Dakowicz, Einzig, Gibson, Hansen, Jorgensen, Marlow, Parke, Gus Powell, Mark Powell, Russell, Snoek, Stuart, Turpin and Willett, and others.
 * London Street Photography: 1860–2010. London: Museum of London; Stockport: Dewi Lewis, 2011. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>032. Selected from the Museum of London collection by Mike Seaborne and Anna Sparham. Includes work from Bram, Fisk, Gibson, Jorgensen, Russell, Solomons, Stuart and Turpin, and others. Published to accompany an exhibition at the Museum of London.
 * The Street Photographer's Manual. London: Thames & Hudson, 2014. ISBN 978-0-500-29130-6. By David Gibson. Includes profiles on Stuart, Andrews, Jorgensen, Parke, Marlow, Solomons, Shin and Autio; also includes contributions from Russell, Turpin, Bram, Morley-Hall and Gus Powell, and others.

 * 100 Great Street Photographs. Munich, London, New York: Prestel, 2017. By David Gibson. Includes a commentary on a photograph by each of Agou, Bram, Dakowicz, Hansen, Jorgensen, Kelly, Kool, Kydonakis, Marlow, Noguchi, Parke, Mark Powell, Russell, and Tavepong, as well as others. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>132.

Film

 * In-Sight (2011). 38 minute documentary directed and edited by Nick Turpin, commissioned by Format for Format International Photography Festival, Derby, 2011. Includes interviews with Turpin, Gibson, Solomons, Bram, Einzig, Powell, Agou, Marlow and Snoek, and shows them at work.

Exhibitions

 * In-Public.com: Street Photography, Acute Angle Gallery, Bankside, London, June / July 2002. Included the work of seven members of In-Public.
 * in-public @ 10, Photofusion, Brixton, London, May– July 2010. Travelled to Les Ballades Photographiques de Seyssel, Seyssel, France, July 2011, where it also included the film In-Sight (2011) and The French exhibition by Turpin.  Photographs by In-Public members Turpin, Gibson, Bram, Stuart, Morley-Hall, Parke, Autio, Fisk, Jorgensen, Marlow, Einzig, Ladd, Willett, Gus Powell, Agou, Snoek, Andrews, Solomons, Kelly and Russell.
 * London Street Photography: 1860–2010, Museum of London, London, February–September 2011. Travelled to Museum of the City of New York, New York, July–December 2012.     Included photographs by In-Public members Bram, Fisk, Gibson, Jorgensen, Russell, Solomons, Stuart and Turpin, and others.
 * Derby Museum and Art Gallery, Format International Photography Festival, Derby, UK, March– April 2011. Exhibition of photographs by In-Public members Agou, Andrews, Autio, Bram, Einzig, Fisk, Gibson, Jorgensen, Kelly, Ladd, Morley-Hall, Marlow, Parke, Gus Powell, Turpin, Russell, Snoek, Solomons, Stuart, Willett, and the film In-Sight (2011), commissioned for the festival.
 * From Distant Streets: Contemporary International Street Photography, Galerie Hertz, Louisville, KY, October–November 2011. Part of Louisville Photo Biennial. Curated by Richard Bram. Included 14 In-Public members, of the 29 photographers included.
 * iN-PUBLiC: An Exhibition of Street Photography, Thailand Creative and Design Centre, Bangkok, Thailand, February–March 2013. In conjunction with the British Council. Photographs by In-Public members Agou, Andrews, Autio, Bram, Einzig, Fisk, Gibson, Jorgensen, Kelly, Ladd, Morley-Hall, Marlow, Parke, Gus Powell, Turpin, Russell, Snoek, Solomons, Stuart, and Willett.
 * In Public, Snickarbacken 7, Stockholm, Sweden, May–June 2013. An augmented version of their in-public @ 10 exhibition alongside an exhibition of five Stockholm street photographers organised by Contemporary Urban Photography (CUP). Photographs by In-Public members Agou, Andrews, Autio, Bram, Einzig, Fisk, Gibson, Jorgensen, Kelly, Ladd, Morley-Hall, Marlow, Parke, Gus Powell, Turpin, Russell, Snoek, Solomons, Stuart, and Willett.
 * Miami Street Photography Festival, Miami, FL, December 2013. In-Public group exhibition along with other collectives STRATA and CALLE 35, and showing of the film In-Sight (2011).
 * Night of Collectives, Street Parade festival, Paris, 18 November 2014. Also with Strange.rs and Burn My Eye street photography collectives.
 * The Sharp Eye. In-Public in Mexico, Foto Mexico, Cine Tonalá, Mexico City, Mexico, October–November 2015. Slideshow of photographs by Agou, Andrews, Bram, Dakowicz, Einzig, Fisk, Gibson, Gross, Hansen, Jorgensen, Kelly, Marlow, Morley-Hall, Parke, Gus Powell, Mark Powell, Russell, Snoek, Solomons, Stuart, Turpin, and Amani Willett. Curated by Mark Powell, Carlos Álvarez Montero and Alfredo Esparza.

Collections
The following public collection holds work by In-Public as a group:
 * Museum of London, London. Holds the work included in the exhibition London Street Photography: 1860–2010, by Bram, Fisk, Gibson, Jorgensen, Russell, Solomons, Stuart and Turpin.

title: In-Public


text:
GCSE Science/Carbon dioxide production of yeast as affected by temperature

Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to discover the effect of temperature upon the rising of bread dough. The process of dough rising is based on yeast. Yeast is a type of fungus which breaks sugar down into smaller components. The type of yeast used for these tests is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which was domesticated for wine, beer and bread production thousands of years ago. S. cerevisiae is commonly referred to as baker’s yeast or brewer’s yeast for this reason.

Yeasts used for leavening bread can be either caught from the environment or produced commercially. In the environment, yeast can easily be found in fruits and berries (such as apples, peaches, and grapes), as well as in plant exudates (such as sap).

When mixed with bread dough, the yeast converts sugar molecules into carbon dioxide (CO2), alcohol and water. The CO2 expands in the dough to produce gaseous bubbles. These bubbles cause the bread to rise - the more CO2 present, the faster the bread will rise. If temperature is related to the amount of CO2 produced by yeast, then higher temperatures will result in increased production of CO2.

Procedure
Materials:
 * 1 Erlenmeyer Flask
 * 1 One-hole Rubber Stopper
 * 1 hir
 * 1 Striker
 * 1 Glass Beaker of any size (large enough to contain flask)
 * 1 Thermometer
 * Yeast Solution
 * Petroleum Jelly
 * ice
 * Glass Tubing
 * Hot Plate
 * Table for the recording of data (Figure 2)
 * Access to tap water and natural gas will also be necessary.

1. Using the bunsen burner, bend the glass tubing so that it will reach from the inside of the Erlenmeyer flask to the bottom of the glass beaker, leaving enough room for gas to escape while in the beaker. (See Figure 1)

2. Add 75 ml of yeast solution to the flask.

3. Add 500 ml of water to the beaker.

4. Place the rubber stopper in the flask and apply petroleum jelly around the hole of the stopper to stop gas from escaping. Insert the glass tubing so that it will receive gas from the flask and carry it underneath the water in the beaker, and place the beaker and flask on a lab counter. (See Figure 3)

5. Observe the beaker for ten minutes and count the number of bubbles escaping into the water. Record this information and the current room temperature in a data table. (See Figure 2)

6. Find the average number of bubbles per minute and record this in the data table.

7. Remove the glass tubing from the apparatus.

8. Repeat steps 2-7 at a temperature of 83 degrees Celsius, placing the flask in a hot water bath prepared using the hot plate and waiting for five minutes to allow the yeast to reach the appropriate temperature before inserting the glass tubing. (See Fig. 4)

9. Repeat steps 2-7 at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius, placing the flask in a container full of snow or a cold water bath and waiting for five minutes to allow the yeast to reach the appropriate temperature before inserting the glass tubing. (See Fig. 5)

10. Disconnect the materials, clean them and replace them in their proper locations.

Conclusions
The data collected (as seen in Figure 10) shows an average of 0 carbon dioxide bubbles per minute at 0 degrees Celsius, an average of 11.5 bubbles per minute at 19 degrees Celsius, and an average of 76.8 bubbles per minute at 83 degrees Celsius.

The test at 83 deg. C showed a near-constant decline in the amount of bubbles as time passed. This mostly occurred because enzymes denatured and could no longer catalyse the reaction. The high number of bubbles at the beginning is probably due to the rapid expansion of gas at high temperatures and does not actually represent carbon dioxide (See Fig. 6). The test at 0 degrees Celsius showed no production of carbon dioxide, presumably because the low temperatures froze the yeast. (See Fig. 7). The room temperature test (19 deg. C) showed a fairly even level of carbon dioxide production, but not enough to be useful in the making of leavened bread. (See Fig. 8)

We incurred two experimental errors in the first testing at 0 degrees Celsius. By beginning the testing immediately following the insertion of the yeast solution into the cold water bath, the warm air molecules in the flask were not given an opportunity to cool before being attached to the rest of the apparatus. This caused a vacuum to form in the glass tubing, pulling water up the tubing rather than pushing the gas out. Attempting to remedy the situation, we moved the flask into a slightly warmer area, skewing the results by raising the temperature enough to allow carbon dioxide production. Applying this knowledge to the second test eliminated these anomalies.

This experiment shows that carbon dioxide production from yeast increases with increased temperature, as the number of carbon dioxide bubbles increased as the temperature rose. (See Fig. 9). Then as temperatures rose too high the enzymes denatured and could not catalyse the reaction. Because the rising of bread dough is dependent on the amount of carbon dioxide produced, increased temperatures slightly will result in bread rising farther than it would at room temperatures but once at 83 degrees Celsius the yeast will die. It can also be concluded that bread will not rise at freezing temperatures, as the carbon dioxide necessary to make the bread do so is not present.


text:
Talk:National Woman's Press Association

Illinois Woman's Press Association
To the person whose deletion I just reverted. The IWPA's own account of its history mentions the NWPA and Marion McBride. Of course it's no longer part of the NWPA since the NWPA is defunct. But the IWPA, and the other groups listed, were founded as a result of that meeting in New Orleans (at least, according to the sources I cited; you didn't cite any). --MopTop (talk) 12:18, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:National Woman's Press Association


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SOL theory

The result of the debate was closed, to be settled by CFD. Mailer Diablo 02:08, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Category:SOL_theory
Here's the article in question:. Fan1967 20:57, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

I'm not quite sure how to link to this page since it seems to be both an article and a Category page. SOL_theory, Category:SOL_theory, or ? What ever it is, it's a mess. If you can't see it, click on the Category link at the bottom of the page... you'll see. Inappropriate category, wrong place for an article, poorly written fictional entry. Front243 19:14, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The article is in the wrong space, but isn't this nom as well, WP:CFD would be better. Delete regardless Eivindt@c 20:02, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Speculative OR, matches content at Satelitte Ordance Laser. Fan1967 20:57, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:NOR.--Isotope23 21:01, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, insufficient context for fictional article. The way to link to categories is to put a colon in front of category, like this: Category:SOL_theory . ×Meegs 04:40, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Fixed top link per Meegs...--Isotope23 14:00, 22 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Village idiot~enwikibooks

This is my page. I am the user village_idiot (wikibooks isn't rendering the _ in the username.).

title: User:Village idiot~enwikibooks


text:
Asemoneinae

Asemoneinae is a subfamily of jumping spiders (family Salticidae). It was created in 2015 by Wayne Maddison. Most species are found in Africa or Asia. The subfamily initially had five genera, but Hindumanes was later transferred to the subfamily Lyssomaninae.

Description
Members of the subfamily Asemoneinae are translucent and long-legged relative to most other salticids. They resemble members of the subfamilies Onomastinae and Lyssomaninae sensu Madison, 2015. The posterior median eyes are unusually central for salticids, being distinctly closer to the midline than is the inner edge of the anterior lateral eyes.

Taxonomy
In 2015, Wayne Maddison divided the subfamily Lyssomaninae, as circumscribed in 1980 by Wanless, into three subfamilies, Onomastinae, Asemoneinae and Lyssomaninae s.s. Maddison included five genera. Molecular data united the three sampled genera, Asemonea, Goleba and Pandisus. Two genera, Hindumanes and Macopaeus, were included based on previous classifications. In 2017, Hindumanes, whose type species was originally placed in Lyssomanes, was moved to Lyssomaninae s.s., on the basis of the similarity of the male palpal bulb.

Genera
, four genera were placed in the subfamily:
 * Asemonea O. P.-Cambridge, 1869
 * Goleba Wanless, 1980
 * Macopaeus Simon, 1900
 * Pandisus Simon, 1900

title: Asemoneinae


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tee Smoov

The result was speedy delete as WP:A7. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   09:25, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Tee Smoov

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No notability established; no reliable sources. Previously at CSD. seicer |  talk  |  contribs  04:43, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. -War wizard90 (talk) 05:22, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Music-related deletion discussions. -War wizard90 (talk) 05:22, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. -War wizard90 (talk) 05:22, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Texas-related deletion discussions. -War wizard90 (talk) 05:22, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Speedy Delete No indication of significance. -War wizard90 (talk) 05:23, 10 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Alberto Bragaglia

Alberto Bragaglia (January 26, 1896 - April 30, 1985) was an Italian Futurist painter.

title: Alberto Bragaglia


text:
Wilton High School

Wilton High School is a public high school in Wilton, Connecticut, U.S., considered "one of Connecticut's top performers" in various measures of school success in 2007, including scores on standardized mathematics and reading tests. In 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked Wilton as the 7th best public high school in Connecticut and 386th in the United States.

The school's present, permanent location did not open until 1971. Since then, the school has experienced rapid population growth. From the height of the 1970s to 2006, the student body grew by 7.5 times. In fall 2001, a major multimillion-dollar construction project was completed, significantly expanding the square footage of the school. Enrollment increased by 29 percent from 2001 to 2006.

The school's current principal is Robert O'Donnell, who in 2011 replaced long-time-principal Timothy H. Canty, himself a Wilton graduate. Canty was involved in several high-profile free speech disputes with students before transferring to the Board of Education for two years and then announcing his departure from the school district in 2013.

Demographics
The demographics of the school are unusual for Connecticut. Historically, compared to other high schools in the state, the student body of Wilton High School has been more affluent and substantially Caucasian:

The most recent statistics published by the state for the student population of the district as a whole for the academic year 2015–16

Before 1959
Even though Wilton became an independent town in 1802, separating from Norwalk, its education system was highly unorganized until the late 1950s.

In the early and mid-20th century, Wilton students went to high schools in Westport, New Canaan, Norwalk (until 1930), Danbury and Ridgefield. Since the schools in these communities were becoming overcrowded with population growth, a regional high school for Wilton was proposed in 1935 but was vetoed by the state governor. In the following year, Wilton, Weston and Redding began a joint study, which rejected the idea again. Instead, the committee recommended that Wilton wait for population to increase enough to support a high school and, in the meantime, buy enough land for the school. In 1940, a town meeting approved the purchase of the Harbs Farm property, a 65 acre tract near the intersection of School and Danbury Roads. In 1944, a regional high school was proposed again and again the idea was rejected, this time by the town of Redding, which killed the proposal. A consultant hired by Wilton town officials recommended in 1948 that town population growth could support a high school in less than a decade. The regional high school idea was then permanently dropped.

Before the 1959 academic year, all students seeking public secondary school education had to attend Staples High School in Westport. In 1951, Westport officials, facing their own town's population growth, notified Wilton that it should prepare to remove its high school students from that town's school by 1957. In 1956, 10th-grade students began attending classes in the Wilton Junior High School building and 11th-grade students joined them there in fall 1957, so that only Wilton's seniors were at the Westport high school. In that final school year for Wilton students in Westport, the top two graduating seniors at Staples High School were from Wilton. A $1.2 million wing was completed for the junior high school building in fall 1958.

High School shuffle (1959-1971)
In 1962, the public secondary education building moved again. This time, the destination was a brand new structure currently known as Middlebrook School. The first graduating class of this new high school, the class of 1963, numbered 170. Overall enrollment that year was 615. Although this was a new facility, it was quickly deemed inappropriate due to its small size, in the wake of the "baby boomer" education era.

In 1966, a building committee was created to expand the new high school building, but the group recommended that the town instead buy land to the northwest of the high school building and in 1967, the town approved the idea. The land was condemned but the property owners appealed to the courts, delaying the project. Temporary classrooms were set up outside the old high school building. The town approved $12.6 million for the building and the new structure was built to hold 1,500 students, with the possibility of expansion to hold 2,000.

The present day Wilton High School opened in September 1971, reaching a maximum student population of 1,646 during the 1976-77 academic year. WHS has graduated nearly 12,500 students up to the 2006-07 academic year.

A Better Chance
Starting in 1996, Wilton High School participated in the A Better Chance (formerly called ABC) program, which brought minority students from inner-city schools to live in town and attend the school. From 2004, A Better Chance leased the former Goslee House at 6 Godfrey Place from the town library for student housing.

Later construction
In 2001, two extensive additions to the school were completed, as well as other renovations. The project included new classrooms, more modern science laboratories, new music rooms, a larger cafeteria and a new theater building with an 800-seat auditorium.

Treatment of special needs students
In 2007, the state of Connecticut enacted legislation preventing physical restraint or seclusion of special needs students, except in limited situations, largely as a result of allegations of mistreatment of four special education students in Wilton High School and other Wilton schools in 2005. Jill Ely claimed that, without notifying her, the school forced her intellectually disabled son into a room at the high school that was held shut until he became completely quiet. She said that her son injured his arm trying to get out and once, she later learned, "he was left crying and whimpering for almost the entire day." An investigation by the Wilton Bulletin in 2006 found that the high school "safe room" had never been inspected by the fire marshal and lacked a Building Department certificate of occupancy. Maryanne Lombardi made similar claims that her 9-year old autistic son, who did not speak, was routinely sent to a "padded cell called the timeout room" at another Wilton school. Gloria Bass, the grandmother of two special needs students, also said that one child had been restrained for months in a storage closet without her knowledge. Superintendent Gary Richards defended the schools’ actions, saying, "We do the best we can with kids who sometimes are very challenged."

Free speech
In March 2007, a controversy arose that achieved national prominence when the principal, Timothy Canty, on the objection of a student, cancelled an original student play by an advanced theater class concerning the Iraq War, a project he had originally approved. He justified his action by claiming it might hurt Wilton families "who had lost loved ones or who had individuals serving as we speak," and that there was not enough classroom and rehearsal time to ensure it would provide "a legitimate instructional experience for our students." The play, Voices in Conflict, had been written and produced by students under the direction of Bonnie Dickinson, a Theatre teacher with 13 years' experience. It was supposed to have been performed in school during the day. School officials, including Superintendent Gary Richards, notwithstanding national attention over the cancellation and a letter protesting signed by Stephen Sondheim, Edward Albee, Christopher Durang, John Guare and John Patrick Shanley, refused to allow the production to be performed at the school.

Theater groups rallied to the students’ defense and the play was subsequently performed at the Fairfield Theatre Company, The Vineyard Theatre, The Culture Project and The Public Theater. The play was produced for Connecticut Public Television and Dickinson became the official 2007 Honoree of the National Coalition Against Censorship and the winner of the Connecticut Center for First Amendment Rights' 2007 "Freedom Award."

Boys' lacrosse
Since the sport gained school-sponsorship, the team has won 21 Connecticut state championships and 13 FCIAC titles. In 2011, they were ranked 64th in the nation by LaxPower.

Girls' lacrosse
The girls' lacrosse team won 13 FCIAC titles in 15 years, as well as several state championships, the first of which in 2001 over rival Darien.

Notable alumni

 * Peter Anspatch, Rick Miarotonda and Trevor Weeks – members of the band Goose
 * Jeremy Black – actor, best known for his role in The Boys from Brazil
 * Paul Dano – actor best known for his roles in The Girl Next Door, Little Miss Sunshine, There Will Be Blood and, The Batman''
 * Lydia Hearst-Shaw – supermodel, heiress, socialite and daughter of Patty Hearst
 * Sam Hyde – comedian, writer and actor
 * Daniel Kellogg – American composer
 * Kristine Lilly – soccer player; the high school's north field was named after her
 * Buffy Neuffer – journalist for the Boston Globe
 * Mike Pressler – lacrosse coach
 * Simon Rosenberg (class of 1981) – founder and president of New Democrat Network, a think tank
 * John Scofield – jazz guitarist, attended the school in the late 1960s
 * Frank Sesno – CNN journalist and professor of media and public affairs at The George Washington University
 * Dan Shevchik – 1999 Pan American games Bronze Medalist
 * Brit & Alex Smith – child actors who appeared at the age of three in the soap opera One Life to Live
 * Craig S. Smith – New York Times foreign correspondent
 * Zachary Cole Smith – frontman of DIIV
 * Donald Verrilli – United States Solicitor General.
 * Emily Weiss – founder of the cosmetics company Glossier and the blog Into the Gloss

title: Wilton High School


text:
intestare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to address (a letter, etc.)
 * 2) to register in the name of
 * 3) to butt join end to end
 * 4)  to face (the ends of a cylindrical element)

title: intestare


text:
Talk:Charles Haertling

External links modified
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I have just modified 10 one external links on Charles Haertling. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090514234806/http://www.atomix.com:80/haertling/haertling_bio.html to http://www.atomix.com/haertling/haertling_bio.html#awards
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090514234812/http://www.atomix.com:80/haertling/haertling_foundation.html to http://www.atomix.com/haertling/haertling_foundation.html
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:14, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Haertling


text:
Talk:Beitou Cable Car

Significance
I suggest this section to be removed. It does not represent a NPOV and it seems that the section has been heavily affected by the polarization that rules the Taiwanese media. I don't think Wikipedia readers should get sucked into this. I therefore propose to wait with a "significance" section until investigations at hand reveal more details that support the claims of corruption. JoakimJ 10:51, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Under construction?
The article mentions a "construction phase", is the project under construction? Btw, the timeline link is unavailable at the moment. --JensMueller (talk) 13:56, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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SSH TECH
SSH TECH focuses SSH TECH efforts in two service areas: Software and Hardware development and support. SSH TECH strives to foster and maintain solid relationships with SSH TECH clients, fine tune SSH TECH services, and continue to develop innovative business solutions that will improve the way their clients do business. Be Dedicated. Every day, consistency is key. SSH TECH is dedicated to each and every job – down to the very last detail. It is this tenacity, attention and focus to detail on each and every project that defines the success of this organization. SSH TECH (talk) 13:20, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

SSH TECH
SSH TECH focuses SSH TECH efforts in two service areas: Software and Hardware development and support. SSH TECH strives to foster and maintain solid relationships with SSH TECH clients, fine tune SSH TECH services, and continue to develop innovative business solutions that will improve the way their clients do business. Be Dedicated. Every day, consistency is key. SSH TECH is dedicated to each and every job – down to the very last detail. It is this tenacity, attention and focus to detail on each and every project that defines the success of this organization. SSH TECH (talk) 13:21, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beitou Cable Car


text:
Butler City

Butler City may refer to multiple historic place names:

 * Tonopah, Nevada (originally named Butler City after founder Jim Butler)
 * Blaine, Kansas (originally named Butler City after Thomas A. Butler)

title: Butler City